bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On‐demand killing of adherent cells on photo‐acid‐generating culture substrates
Authors: Sumaru Kimio , Kikuchi Kyoko , Takagi Toshiyuki , Yamaguchi Manae , Satoh Taku , Morishita Kana , Kanamori Toshiyuki
Published: July 2012

As a powerful tool of cell screening and cell purification, we developed a novel method to kill adherent cells as cultured on a substrate by micro‐projection of incoherent visible light. To kill the cells by the mild light irradiated by electrically controllable micro‐projection systems currently available, we introduced the assist of the photo‐responsive culture substrates functionalized with a photo‐acid‐generating polymer. In clear contrast to the existing laser‐based methods requiring point scanning, areal micro‐prjection of blue light with the wavelength 436 nm killed many CHO‐K1 cells at a time in the irradiated area on the substrate. The effect of the photo‐generated acid was so confined that selective killing of targeted cells was achieved without critical damage to the neighboring cells. Further, we demonstrated the photo‐selective killing of the adherent cells after preliminarily patterning through the photo‐induced removal of cell adhesion‐inhibiting polymer. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 348–352. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Algal swimming velocities signal fatty acid accumulation
Authors: Hansen Travis J. , Hondzo Miki , Mashek Mara T. , Mashek Douglas G. , Lefebvre Paul A.
Published: July 2012

The use of microalgae for biofuel production will be beneficial to society if we can produce biofuels at large scales with minimal mechanical energy input in the production process. Understanding micro‐algal physiological responses under variable environmental conditions in bioreactors is essential for the optimization of biofuel production. We demonstrate that measuring micro‐algal swimming speed provides information on culture health and total fatty acid accumulation. Three strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were grown heterotrophically on acetate and subjected to various levels of nitrogen starvation. Other nutrient levels were explored to determine their effect on micro‐algal kinetics. Swimming velocities were measured with two‐dimensional micro‐particle tracking velocimetry. The results show an inverse linear relationship between normalized total fatty acid mass versus swimming speed of micro‐algal cells. Analysis of RNA sequencing data confirms these results by demonstrating that the biological processes of cell motion and the generation of energy precursors are significantly down‐regulated. Experiments demonstrate that changes in nutrient concentration in the surrounding media also affect swimming speed. The findings have the potential for the in situ and indirect assessment of lipid content by measuring micro‐algal swimming kinetics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 143–152. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A simple and sensitive HPLC‐UV determination of 7‐O‐succinyl macrolactin A in rat plasma and urine and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Kim Ju Myung , Jung Ji Won , Kim Dong Hee , Kang Jae Seon , Kim Chun Gyu , Kang Hee Eun
Published: July 2012

A simple, sensitive and reproducible isocratic reversed‐phase (C18) high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to determine 7‐O‐succinyl macrolactin A (SMA) in rat plasma and urine samples using UV detector set at 230 nm. Lamotrigine was used as internal standards (IS) to ensure the precision and accuracy of the method. The retention times of SMA and IS for the plasma sample were 9.2 and 4.4 min, respectively, and those for the urine samples were 7.9 and 4.3 min, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day variations of the analytical responses, expressed in terms of relative standard deviation, were less than 14.9%. The accuracy, in terms of average analytical recovery, ranged from 90.4 to 119%. The lower limits of quantification of SMA in rat plasma and urine samples were 0.02 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. This method is applicable for the pharmacokinetic studies of SMA in rats. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat transfer and flow pattern in co‐current downward steam condensation in vertical pipes‐II: Comparison with published work
Authors: Ganguli Arijit A. , Dahikar Sachin K. , Gandhi Mayurkumar S. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. , Vijayan Pallippattu K.
Published: July 2012

The condensation of pure steam flowing downward inside a vertical tube has been extensively studied. Considerable amount of experimental and analytical efforts can be found due to the significance of this subject in practice. In this work, a critical review of the most important experimental, analytical and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) investigations have been presented. CFD simulations for the geometries of Goodykoontz and Dorsch [Goodykoontz and Dorsch, NASA TN D‐3326, 1966; Goodykoontz and Dorsch, NASA TN D‐3953, 1967], Kim and No [Kim and No, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2000;43:4031–4042] and the present work have been performed and compared with the experimental data reported in these investigations. CFD predictions of the pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) were in close agreement with the experimental values. A preliminary regime map has been constructed for downward flow steam condensation inside pipes. Finally, all the published semi‐empirical correlations for the HTC have been critically analysed and compared with the CFD predictions. An attempt has been made to make specific recommendations. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
An optimisation approach for increasing the profit of a commercial VGO hydrocracking process
Authors: Sadighi Sepehr , Ahmad Arshad
Published: July 2012

In this paper, an optimisation approach is proposed to increase the profit of a commercial hydrocracking unit called Isomax. To represent the system, a full‐lump kinetic model incorporating the flow rate of fresh vacuum gas oil (VGO), bed temperatures, recycle flow rate and the catalyst life is developed. This model is capable of predicting the yield of all products, and it improves with respect to the previous works by considering LPG and light gases, fresh VGO and recycle streams as separate lumps. After developing and validating the model, the profit function of the plant, including the value of the products, fresh feed and hydrogen, as well as energy expenses, is optimised by manipulating the bed temperatures, flow rate of fresh VGO and combined feed ratio (CFR) whilst all process limitations and operating constraints are taken into account. During two years of study and considering all mechanical and operational constraints, the results confirm that the decision variables, generated by the optimisation package, can increase the gross profit of the Isomax process to about 8.17%, which is equal to $5.6 million of net profit annually. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Spatial spectral imaging as an adjunct to the Bethesda classification of thyroid fine‐needle aspiration specimens
Authors: Hahn Lewis D. , Hoyt Clifford , Rimm David L. , Theoharis Constantine
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND:

Thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, the preoperative diagnostic standard of care for patients with thyroid nodules, has limitations. Spectral imaging captures visible light information that is beyond the capability of the human eye, potentially increasing the accuracy of FNA biopsy. In the current study, the authors demonstrated the feasibility of using spectral imaging in combination with automated spatial analysis based on trainable pattern recognition as an adjunct test for thyroid FNA classification by developing an algorithm that distinguishes between images of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and benign goiter (BG).

METHODS:

A multispectral camera was used to capture spectral images representing 100 cases of PTC and BG. Used in conjunction with commercial software, 10 cases were used as a training set to develop a “classifier,” a classification algorithm that segments digitized multispectral images into regions of PTC, BG, and “nonfeature.” This algorithm was used to generate a screening test and a diagnostic test that were validated on an independent set of images representing 30 cases of PTC and 30 cases of BG.

RESULTS:

The area under the receiver operating characteristic for the PTC/BG classifier was 0.90. The screening test had a sensitivity of 0.93 and a specificity of 0.73. The diagnostic test had a sensitivity of 0.70 and a specificity of 0.90.

CONCLUSIONS:

The authors developed image classification tests that distinguish between FNAs of PTC and BG, demonstrating the potential value of spatial spectral imaging as an adjunct test for the classification of thyroid FNA samples. The data support prospective testing to determine the value of the PTC/BG classifier in routine clinical use. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
The use of reflectance measurements in the determination of diffusion of reactive dyes into cellulosic fiber
Authors: Khatri Awais , White Max , Padhye Rajiv , Momin Nasar H.
Published: July 2012

Reactive dye fixation and color yield of a dyed cellulosic fiber significantly depend on the dye diffusion into the fiber polymer system. In case of pad‐dyeing processes, dye diffusion exerts a more significant influence on dye fixation and hence color yield. This article proposes a new method for determining the extent of diffusion of reactive dyes into the fiber in pad dyeings using Kubelka–Munk equation. The K/S values are used as in an equation, %D (extent of dye diffusion) = 100 − [(K/Sdiffusion index)/ (K/Sreference) × 100]. The article introduces and explains how to determine the new K/S variables used in this equation. The new method is simple, nondestructive, relatively faster, and applicable to industrial dyehouses, and was validated by a microscopic analysis of dyed fiber cross‐section carried out in this work and to the dye manufacturer's recommendations for dyebath‐ingredient concentrations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 63–69, 2014
LAF: a new XML encoding and indexing strategy for keyword‐based XML search
Authors: Deng Zhi‐Hong , Xiang Yong‐Qing , Gao Ning
Published: July 2012

As a large number of corpuses are represented, stored and published in XML format, how to find useful information from XML databases has become an increasingly important issue. Keyword search enables web users to easily access XML data without the need to learn a structured query language or to study complex data schemas. Most existing indexing strategies for XML keyword search are based upon Dewey encoding. In this paper, we proposed a new encoding method called Level Order and Father (LAF) for XML documents. With LAF encoding, we devised a new index structure, called two‐layer LAF inverted index, which can greatly decrease the space complexity compared with Dewey encoding‐based inverted index. Furthermore, with two‐layer LAF inverted index, we proposed a new keyword query algorithm called Algorithm based on Binary Search (ABS) that can quickly find all Smallest Lowest Common Ancestor. We experimentally evaluate two‐layer LAF inverted index and ABS algorithm on four real XML data sets selected from Wikipedia. The experimental results prove the advantages of our index method and querying algorithm. The space consumed by two‐layer LAF index is less than half of that consumed by Dewey inverted index. Moreover, ABS is about one to two orders of magnitude faster than the classic Stack algorithm. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 2012.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ Fuel Processing in a Microbial Fuel Cell
Authors: Bahartan Karnit , Amir Liron , Israel Alvaro , Lichtenstein Rachel G. , Alfonta Lital
Published: July 2012

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) was designed in which fuel is generated in the cell by the enzyme glucoamylase, which is displayed on the surface of yeast. The enzyme digests starch specifically into monomeric glucose units and as a consequence enables further glucose oxidation by microorganisms present in the MFC anode. The oxidative enzyme glucose oxidase was coupled to the glucoamylase digestive enzyme. When both enzymes were displayed on the surface of yeast cells in a mixed culture, superior fuel‐cell performance was observed in comparison with other combinations of yeast cells, unmodified yeast, or pure enzymes. The feasibility of the use of the green macroalgae Ulva lactuca in such a genetically modified MFC was also demonstrated. Herein, we report the performance of such fuel cells as a proof of concept for the enzymatic digestion of complex organic fuels in the anode of MFCs to render the fuel more available to microorganisms.
Stability and synchronization of directed complex dynamical networks with random packet loss: the continuous‐time case and the discrete‐time case
Authors: Yang Meng , Wang Yan‐Wu , Yi Jing‐Wen , Huang Yuehua
Published: July 2012

This paper presents models for both the continuous‐time and discrete‐time directed complex dynamical networks (CDNs) with random packet loss, respectively. The packet loss may take place in the communication between every two neighbor nodes. The exponential mean‐square stability and the exponential mean‐square synchronization for both the continuous‐time and discrete‐time CDNs with random packet loss are investigated, respectively, by defining the packet loss probability matrix. In addition, two special cases, the CDN with synchronous packet loss and the CDN with node‐dependent packet loss, are discussed. Numerical examples are provided for illustrations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Tantalum Oxide and Tantalum Silicate from Chloride Precursors
Authors: Adelmann Christoph , Delabie Annelies , Schepers Bart , Rodriguez Leonard N. J. , Franquet Alexis , Conard Thierry , Opsomer Karl , Vaesen Inge , Moussa Alain , Pourtois Geoffrey , Pierloot Kristine , Caymax Matty , Van Elshocht Sven
Published: July 2012

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Ta2O5 and TaSiOx from TaCl5, SiCl4, and H2O is reported. Both processes are influenced by the concomitant etching of Ta2O5 and TaSiOx by TaCl5. The optimum deposition temperature is found to be 250 °C for both Ta2O5 and TaSiOx. For lower deposition temperatures, the large Cl contamination leads to poor dielectric properties of the films, whereas higher temperatures lead to poor within‐wafer (WiW) thickness non‐uniformity due to etching. Si incorporation is limited to Si/(Si + Ta) ∼ 0.65 because of the slow adsorption kinetics of SiCl4 on SiOH‐terminated surfaces. Under optimum conditions, amorphous films with good dielectric quality are obtained.
Effective/census population size ratio estimation: a compendium and appraisal
Authors: Palstra Friso P. , Fraser Dylan J.
Published: July 2012

With an ecological‐evolutionary perspective increasingly applied toward the conservation and management of endangered or exploited species, the genetic estimation of effective population size (N
e) has proliferated. Based on a comprehensive analysis of empirical literature from the past two decades, we asked: (i) how often do studies link N
e to the adult census population size (N)? (ii) To what extent is N
e correctly linked to N? (iii) How readily is uncertainty accounted for in both N
e and N when quantifying N
e/N ratios? and (iv) how frequently and to what degree might errors in the estimation of N
e or N affect inferences of N
e/N ratios? We found that only 20% of available N
e estimates (508 of 2617; 233 studies) explicitly attempted to link N
e and N; of these, only 31% (160 of 508) correctly linked N
e and N. Moreover, only 7% (41 of 508) of N
e/N ratios (correctly linked or not) reported confidence intervals for both N
e and N; for those cases where confidence intervals were reported for N
e only, 31% of N
e/N ratios overlapped with 1, of which more than half also reached below N
e/N = 0.01. Uncertainty in N
e
/N ratios thus sometimes spanned at least two orders of magnitude. We conclude that the estimation of N
e/N ratios in natural populations could be significantly improved, discuss several options for doing so, and briefly outline some future research directions.
Diversifying and correlational selection on behavior toward conspecific and heterospecific competitors in brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans)
Authors: Peiman Kathryn S. , Robinson Beren W.
Published: July 2012

Behaviors toward heterospecifics and conspecifics may be correlated because of shared mechanisms of expression in both social contexts (nonadaptive covariation) or because correlational selection favors adaptive covariation. We evaluated these hypotheses by comparing behavior toward conspecifics and heterospecifics in brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) from three populations sympatric with and three allopatric from a competitor, the ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius). Behavioral traits were classified into three multivariate components: overt aggression, sociability, and activity. The correlation of behavior between social contexts for both overt aggression and activity varied among populations in a way unrelated to sympatry with ninespine stickleback, while mean aggression was reduced in sympatry. Correlations in allopatric populations suggest that overt aggression and activity may genetically covary between social contexts for nonadaptive reasons. Sociability was rarely correlated in allopatry but was consistently correlated in sympatry despite reduced mean sociability, suggesting that correlational selection may favor a sociability syndrome in brook stickleback when they coexist with ninespine stickleback. Thus, interspecific competition may impose diversifying selection on behavior among populations, although the causes of correlated behavior toward conspecifics and heterospecifics and whether it can evolve in one social context independent of the other may depend on the type of behavior.
Complexes of Zinc(II) withN‐Imidazolyl‐ andN‐Pyrazolylpyrimidine Donor Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Theoretical Study
Authors: Cañellas Pablo , Torres Marta , Bauzá Antonio , Cánaves María M. , Sánchez Kika , Cabra María I. , García‐Raso Angel , Fiol Juan J. , Deyà Pere M. , Molins Elies , Mata Ignasi , Frontera Antonio
Published: July 2012

The synthesis and crystal‐structure determination of three zinc(II) complexes with 2‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)pyrimidine(imipyr) and 2‐(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyrimidine (pyrapyr) ligands are reported. Complexes [Zn(imipyr)2Cl2] (1) and[Zn(pyrapyr)2Cl2] (2) are mononuclear systems, and [Zn2(pyrapyr)2(Cl)4] (3) is a dinuclear complex with two chlorido bridging ligands. In complex3, the coordination numbers of the two differently coordinated Zn ions are four and six. All complexes were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. A high‐level theoretical study was performed to rationalize the interesting noncovalent interactions observed in the solid state. All three structures show a peculiar π stacking, which is characterized by the absence of π–π ring‐plane overlapping. In this slipped stacking mode, the rings are antiparallely displaced, and alternating C···N interactions are established. Moreover, complex3forms infinite 1D columns by means of double anion–π interactions with pyrapyr. The atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) theory proposed by Bader was used to characterize the anion–π and π–π interactions observed in the solid state. A high‐level ab initio study (RI‐MP2/def2‐TZVP level of theory) was performed to analyze the anion–π binding affinity of the pyrapyr ligand coordinated to the transition metal atom. Finally, a CSD search demonstrates that the structure of3is quite unique, because dinuclear Zn complexes that contain one tetracoordinate and one hexacoordinate metal center are rare, whereas this combination is common in trinuclear, linear complexes. With bridging chlorido ligands, this simultaneous tetra‐ and hexacoordination is unprecedented.
One‐Step Formation both of C–N and of C–O Bonds of N‐Alkoxyamides through NHC‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reactions of Enals, Nitrosoarenes, and Enones
Authors: Sun Zhong‐Xin , Cheng Ying
Published: July 2012

NHC‐catalyzed three‐component reactions of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes (enals), nitrosoarenes, and α,β‐unsaturated ketones (enones) were studied. The reactions proceeded through a cascade aza‐benzoin condensation/oxo‐Michael addition sequence to produce N,O‐bisfunctionalized N‐hydroxylacrylamides in moderate to good yields. This work not only provides an efficient method for the one‐step formation both of the C–N and of the C–O bonds in N‐alkoxyamides, but also advances the application of NHC organocatalysis in the field of multicomponent reactions.
Synthesis of a New 2,3‐Diaminoconduritol with Conduritol F Structure
Authors: Ekmekci Zeynep , Balci Metin
Published: July 2012

A new 2,3‐diaminoconduritol derivative with the conduritol F structure was prepared starting from cyclohexa‐1,4‐diene. Initially, a lactam, prepared by the cycloaddition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) to cyclohexa‐1,4‐diene, was converted into an amino acid. The conversion of the acid functionality into an isocyanate resulted in the formation of an imidazolidinone derivative, formed by an intramolecular cyclization. In the second part of this work, the known anhydride, 3a,4,7,7a‐tetrahydroisobenzofuran‐1,3‐dione was successfully converted into the desired bis(carbamate). The bromination of the double bond in the six‐membered ring followed by a DBU‐induced (DBU = 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene) HBr elimination furnished the symmetrical diene. The photooxygenation of the diene unit afforded the bicyclic endoperoxide. The reaction of the endoperoxide with thiourea followed by acetylation resulted in the formation of a syn‐configured diacetate. The deprotection of the urethane and acetate groups gave the new 2,3‐diaminoconduritol with the conduritol F structure.
Performance analysis of reliable flooding in duty‐cycle wireless sensor networks
Authors: Zhang Linchao , Ferrero Renato , Sanchez Erwing Ricardo , Rebaudengo Maurizio
Published: July 2012

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology widely applied in modern applications. The resource limitations and the peculiarity of broadcast communication have made traditional flooding methods suffering severe performance degradation if directly applied to duty‐cycle WSNs in which each node auto‐activates for a brief interval and stays dormant most of time. In this work, a theoretical performance analysis of acknowledgement (ACK)‐based and non‐acknowledgement (NoACK)‐based transmission mechanisms is presented. The evaluation considers both a point‐to‐point model and a point‐to‐multipoint one. Furthermore, the opportunistic flooding algorithm, which considers the effects of both duty cycle and unreliable wireless links of WSN, is implemented and evaluated considering both the ACK‐based and NoACK‐based transmission mechanisms. A solid framework is proposed in order to optimise the flooding in duty‐cycle WSNs according to the network requirements. Extensive simulations show that ACK‐based and NoACK‐based implementations produce a similar performance on the flooding delay, but with significantly different costs on the energy consumption. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence issues in using high‐resolution schemes and lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel method for steady shock‐induced combustion problems
Authors: Li Bin , Yuan Li
Published: July 2012

This paper reports numerical convergence study for simulations of steady shock‐induced combustion problems with high‐resolution shock‐capturing schemes. Five typical schemes are used: the Roe flux‐based monotone upstream‐centered scheme for conservation laws (MUSCL) and weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) schemes, the Lax–Friedrichs splitting‐based non‐oscillatory no‐free parameter dissipative (NND) and WENO schemes, and the Harten–Yee upwind total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme. These schemes are implemented with the finite volume discretization on structured quadrilateral meshes in dimension‐by‐dimension way and the lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel (LU–SGS) relaxation method for solving the axisymmetric multispecies reactive Navier–Stokes equations. Comparison of iterative convergence between different schemes has been made using supersonic combustion flows around a spherical projectile with Mach numbers M = 3.55 and 6.46 and a ram accelerator with M = 6.7. These test cases were regarded as steady combustion problems in literature. Calculations on gradually refined meshes show that the second‐order NND, MUSCL, and TVD schemes can converge well to steady states from coarse through fine meshes for M = 3.55 case in which shock and combustion fronts are separate, whereas the (nominally) fifth‐order WENO schemes can only converge to some residual level. More interestingly, the numerical results show that all the schemes do not converge to steady‐state solutions for M = 6.46 in the spherical projectile and M = 6.7 in the ram accelerator cases on fine meshes although they all converge on coarser meshes or on fine meshes without chemical reactions. The result is based on the particular preconditioner of LU–SGS scheme. Possible reasons for the nonconvergence in reactive flow simulation are discussed.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High detection rate of clinically relevant genomic abnormalities in plasma cells enriched from patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Stevens‐Kroef Marian , Weghuis Daniel Olde , Croockewit Sandra , Derksen Leo , Hooijer Jeroen , ElIdrissi‐Zaynoun Najat , Siepman Angelique , Simons Annet , Kessel Ad Geurts van
Published: July 2012

Multiple myeloma is a heterogeneous disease, which is characterized by the occurrence of specific genomic abnormalities that are both of diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Since the detection of these abnormalities through molecular‐genetic techniques is hampered by the overall low percentage of plasma cells present in primary bone marrow aspirates, we assessed the efficacy of these techniques in enriched plasma cell fractions from 61 multiple myeloma patients. Using interphase FISH, genomic abnormalities could be detected in 96% of the enriched samples as compared to 61% in the cultured whole bone marrow samples. We also found that microarray‐based genomic profiling of enriched plasma samples facilitates the detection of additional, possibly clinically relevant, genomic abnormalities. We conclude that the genomic delineation of enriched plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients results in a significantly increased detection rate of clinically relevant genomic abnormalities. In order to facilitate molecular‐genetic data interpretation, we recommend morphological assessment of plasma cell purity after enrichment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
It's Taking Shape: Shared Object Features Influence Novel Noun Generalizations
Authors: Horst Jessica S. , Twomey Katherine E.
Published: July 2012

Children's early noun vocabularies are dominated by names for shape‐based categories. However, along with shape, material and colour are also important features of many early categories. In the current study, we investigate how the number of shared features among objects influences children's novel noun generalizations, explanations for these generalizations and spontaneous speech. Preschool children and adults were presented with test objects that shared only one feature (e.g. shape) or that shared two features (e.g. material and colour). After each trial, participants were asked, ‘how did you know that was your [novel name]?’ Overall, participants generalized novel names on the basis of shape more when objects shared shape and a second feature with the exemplar. All participants provided shape‐based explanations of their choices, but explanations were increasingly more abstract across development. Finally, children's spontaneous speech was dominated by references to the objects' shape, and this did not change across development or number of shared features. Overall, these data demonstrate that the shape bias is enhanced when objects share shape and a second feature but weakened for 3‐year‐old children when objects share two non‐shape features. These findings have implications for our understanding of how children learn names for objects that belong to multiple categories. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myelinated nerve bundles developed on the plano‐concave fibers containing nerve conduit
Authors: Huang Wei‐Chin , Liao Jiunn‐Der , Lin Chou‐Ching K. , Ju Ming‐Shaung
Published: July 2012

Morphologically and chemically modified plano‐concave fibers (PCFs) are designed as a unit of guided channels for supporting Schwann cells to facilitate mass transport and promote nerve regeneration. The surface‐modified PCFs are imprinted with linearly patterned grooves (LPGs) to guide adherent Schwann cell elongation and axon extension. After being cocultured with PC12 neuron‐like cells, Schwann cells differentiate into the myelinated type and interact with PC12 axons. The myelinated axons aggregate as a linear bundle and extend along the direction of LPGs on a PCF. The cross section of a myelin structure is examined using a transmission electron microscope. The PCFs can potentially bridge gaps in injured nerves, improving the therapeutic efficacy of nerve regeneration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3490–3495, 2012.
Synthesis and characterization of sensitive hydrogels based on semi‐interpenetrated networks of poly[2‐ethyl‐(2‐pyrrolidone) methacrylate] and hyaluronic acid
Authors: Magalhães Joana , Sousa Rui A. , Mano João F. , Reis Rui L. , Blanco Francisco J. , Román Julio San
Published: July 2012

Sensitive hydrogels attract interest due to their soft wet appearance and shape response to environmental variations. The synthesis and characterization of semi‐interpenetrated hydrogels obtained by radical‐induced polymerization of 2‐ethyl‐(2‐pyrrolidone)methacrylate (EPM) in the presence of different concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA) using N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide or triethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker, followed by freeze‐drying, are described. Polymeric systems were characterized by NMR, FTIR, SEM, TGA, and DMA. PEPMHA hydrogels' mechanical properties and swelling were found to be intimately related to HA concentration and crosslinker. The swelling response was assessed for temperature and pH variation in order to study the behavior of the hydrogels. We found that the presence of HA in PEPM polymeric systems induced a sensitivity to pH variation rather than temperature. Finally, the biocompatibility profile of the hydrogels was evaluated, using mesenchymal stem cells. Cell adhesion and proliferation results revealed the non‐cytotoxicity of the systems. We estimate that PEPMHA hydrogels can be used for applications in tissue engineering and for the controlled release of bioactive compounds. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A:157–166, 2013.
Fractal dimension and Shannon's entropy analyses of the architectural complexity caused by the inflammatory reactions induced by highly crystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) microspheres implanted in subcutaneous tissues of the Wistar rats
Authors: Silva Danilo A. , Basso Glaucia G. , Semenzim Vinícius L. , Godoy Moacir F. , Taboga Sebastião R. , Andrade Alexandre L. , Luvizotto Maria C. R. , Braile Domingo M. , Nery José G.
Published: July 2012

The results of the histopathological analyses after the implantation of highly crystalline PVA microspheres in subcutaneous tissues of Wistar rats are here in reported. Three different groups of PVA microparticles were systematically studied: highly crystalline, amorphous, and commercial ones. In addition to these experiments, complementary analyses of architectural complexity were performed using fractal dimension (FD), and Shannon's entropy (SE) concepts. The highly crystalline microspheres induced inflammatory reactions similar to the ones observed for the commercial ones, while the inflammatory reactions caused by the amorphous ones were less intense. Statistical analyses of the subcutaneous tissues of Wistar rats implanted with the highly crystalline microspheres resulted in FD and SE values significantly higher than the statistical parameters observed for the amorphous ones. The FD and SE parameters obtained for the subcutaneous tissues of Wistar rats implanted with crystalline and commercial microparticles were statistically similar. Briefly, the results indicated that the new highly crystalline microspheres had biocompatible behavior comparable to the commercial ones. In addition, statistical tools such as FD and SE analyses when combined with histopathological analyses can be useful tools to investigate the architectural complexity tissues caused by complex inflammatory reactions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Measurement Equivalence of the Brief Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Scale in a Multiethnic Sample of College Students
Authors: Ham Lindsay S. , Wang Yijie , Kim Su Yeong , Zamboanga Byron L.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

This study examined the measurement equivalence of the Brief Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol scale (B‐CEOA; Ham et al., 2005)—a measure that assesses alcohol outcome expectancies (AOE) and expectancy evaluations—across ethnic groups and genders among multiethnic college student samples.

Method

Undergraduates provided self‐report data in two multisite studies (Study 1: N = 1,536, 75.5% women, Mage = 19.6 years old, 56.4% European American, 9.8% African American, 7.6% Asian American, and 26.2% Hispanic/Latino American; Study 2: N = 7,767, 72.6% women, Mage = 19.8 years old, 63.3% European American, 7.9% African American, 14.3% Asian American, and 14.5% Hispanic/Latino American).

Results

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a positive and negative 4‐factor model. Positive and negative AOE and expectancy evaluations were positively associated with hazardous alcohol use. Measurement equivalence of the B‐CEOA across ethnicities and genders was largely supported.

Conclusions

This study provides support for the utility of the B‐CEOA in college students of different ethnicities and genders in assessment and prevention.
Electrophysiological evidence for the presence of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in mouse sperm
Authors: Figueiras‐Fierro Dulce , Acevedo Juan José , Martínez‐López Pablo , Escoffier Jessica , Sepúlveda Francisco V. , Balderas Enrique , Orta Gerardo , Visconti Pablo E. , Darszon Alberto
Published: July 2012

Mammalian sperm must undergo a maturational process, named capacitation, in the female reproductive tract to fertilize the egg. Sperm capacitation is regulated by a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and involves increases in intracellular Ca2+, pH, Cl−, protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and in mouse and some other mammals a membrane potential hyperpolarization. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a Cl− channel modulated by cAMP/PKA and ATP, was detected in mammalian sperm and proposed to modulate capacitation. Our whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings from testicular mouse sperm now reveal a Cl− selective component to membrane current that is ATP‐dependent, stimulated by cAMP, cGMP, and genistein (a CFTR agonist, at low concentrations), and inhibited by DPC and CFTRinh‐172, two well‐known CFTR antagonists. Furthermore, the Cl− current component activated by cAMP and inhibited by CFTRinh‐172 is absent in recordings on testicular sperm from mice possessing the CFTR ΔF508 loss‐of‐function mutation, indicating that CFTR is responsible for this component. A Cl− selective like current component displaying CFTR characteristics was also found in wild type epididymal sperm bearing the cytoplasmatic droplet. Capacitated sperm treated with CFTRinh‐172 undergo a shape change, suggesting that CFTR is involved in cell volume regulation. These findings indicate that functional CFTR channels are present in mouse sperm and their biophysical properties are consistent with their proposed participation in capacitation. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 590–601, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differences among nursing homes in outcomes of a safe resident handling program
Authors: Kurowski Alicia , Gore Rebecca , Buchholz Bryan , Punnett Laura
Published: July 2012

A large nursing home corporation implemented a safe resident handling program (SRHP) in 2004‐2007. We evaluated its efficacy over a 2‐year period by examining differences among 5 centers in program outcomes and potential predictors of those differences. We observed nurs‐ing assistants (NAs), recording activities and body postures at 60‐second intervals on personal digital assistants at baseline and at 3‐month, 12‐month, and 24‐month follow‐ups. The two outcomes computed were change in equipment use during resident handling and change in a physical workload index that estimated spinal loading due to body postures and handled loads. Potential explanatory factors were extracted from post‐observation interviews, investigator surveys of the workforce, from administrative data, and employee satisfaction surveys. The facility with the most positive outcome measures was associated with many positive changes in explanatory factors and the facility with the fewest positive outcome measures experienced negative changes in the same factors. These findings suggest greater SRHP benefits where there was lower NA turnover and agency staffing; less time pressure; and better teamwork, staff communication, and supervisory support.
Identification of synthetic organic pigments: the role of a comprehensive digital Raman spectral library
Authors: Fremout Wim , Saverwyns Steven
Published: July 2012

Identification of pigments in modern and contemporary arts is indispensable to determine correct conservation strategies, to study degradation processes and to answer authenticity‐related questions. Since the early 20th century, the introduction of synthetic organic pigments (SOPs) has enormously increased the number of available pigments. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy has proven to be the first line technique for the identification of these pigments, which often only show small variations on the same basic chemical structures. To ensure a correct identification, however, an as complete as possible library of reference spectra is needed. Although reference spectra of SOPs have been published before, they have always been limited to a certain number of pigments. Some publications discuss only one or a few chemical classes, and others are limited to a certain number of pigments belonging to different classes; none, however, have attempted to create an extensive library of commercially available pigments. Moreover, most of the reference spectra published so far are only available as small imprints or as peak lists and, as such, hardly usable for spectral matching algorithms. Often, flow charts have been developed on the basis of the pigments studied, to help in identifying unknown SOPs. In this paper, a digital spectral library that comprehends almost 300 spectra of different SOPs is presented. The library was tested by means of non‐invasive analysis of four contemporary paintings from the collections of the Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (Ghent, Belgium). Published flow charts have been evaluated in relation to digital search algorithms by using the extensive library of SOPs. To enable fellow research and conservation institutes to make use of these data, the nearly 300 reference spectra of synthetic organic pigments are available in digital format on http://modern.kikirpa.be. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental health training with soldiers four months after returning from iraq: Randomization by platoon
Authors: Castro Carl Andrew , Adler Amy B. , McGurk Dennis , Bliese Paul D.
Published: July 2012

Military personnel report significant and increasing mental health problems in the months following return from combat. Nevertheless, studies have not assessed the impact of mental health training with this at‐risk population. The present study evaluated the efficacy of a prototype mental health training module designed for U.S. soldiers 3–6 months after returning from combat; the module was a component of the Battlemind Training system. Soldiers (N = 1,645) were randomly assigned by platoon to 1 hour of training or a survey‐only control group. Baseline surveys were conducted immediately before training; a training satisfaction survey was administered immediately after training, and a follow‐up survey was administered 6 months later. Immediate postsession surveys were conducted with 681 subjects, and follow‐up surveys were conducted with 542 soldiers. The Battlemind Training module received positive ratings from participants, and those who received it reported significantly better adjustment in terms of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, depression, and life satisfaction at follow‐up compared to those in the survey‐only control group. Changes in attitudes about the stigma of seeking mental health care were found immediately posttraining, but not at follow‐up. The findings demonstrate that brief mental health training can be effective in reducing mental health systems with at‐risk occupational groups.
Accounting for wildlife life‐history strategies when modeling stochastic density‐dependent populations: A review
Authors: Williams Christopher K.
Published: July 2012

This article briefly reviews and provides discussion on the evidence for, and nature of, density‐dependence patterns inrandK‐selected species. In this review, I discuss how life‐history strategies cause different nonlinear density‐dependence patterns and I provide a simple modeling recommendation to incorporate nonlinear density dependence in population growth equations. Second, I discuss the importance of incorporation of environmental stochasticity and local extinction associated with nonlinear density dependence associated with life‐history patterns through a novel modeling exercise. Last, I discuss the importance of considering how life‐history nonlinear density dependence could affect optimal harvest yields. Though these topics are extensive, this review should spur wildlife biologists and managers to consider more inclusive population models that incorporate life‐history strategies and stochasticity in their decision‐making processes. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Coblation tonsillectomy in children: Incidence of bleeding
Authors: Walner David L. , Miller Steven P. , Villines Dana , Bussell Gregory S.
Published: July 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To evaluate the intraoperative and postoperative bleeding rate utilizing the Coblation device for total tonsillectomy in children.

Study Design:

Prospectively designed clinical study.

Methods:

Institutional review board approval was obtained to study patients undergoing Coblation tonsillectomy. Records of all children 1 to 18 years of age undergoing tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy from April 2003 to April 2010 were reviewed. All children underwent total tonsillectomy utilizing the Coblation device, and the intraoperative and postoperative bleeding complications were analyzed. The data were also analyzed to determine whether surgeon experience with the technique influenced the bleeding rate.

Results:

A total of 1,918 patients were evaluated. Intraoperative blood loss was <5 mL in >90% of the patients, with no patients experiencing >20 mL of blood loss. The postoperative bleeding rate was consistent with the literature (n = 87, 4.5%). Of the patients with bleeding following surgery, five (5.7%) experienced primary bleeding and 82 (94.3%) secondary bleeding. Postoperative bleeding that ceased spontaneously and did not require intervention was present in 56 (2.9%). The number of patients who actually required intervention to control postoperative bleeding was 31 (1.6%). The majority of bleeding occurred by postoperative day 7. There was no statistically significant difference in bleeding rates by age, and there was no evidence found to support a surgeon learning curve for performing Coblation tonsillectomy.

Conclusions:

This study provides further support that Coblation total tonsillectomy in children is a reliable and safe procedure with a relatively low incidence of intraoperative and postoperative bleeding.
Membrane Affinity and Antibacterial Properties of Cationic Polyelectrolytes With Different Hydrophobicity
Authors: Kiss Éva , Heine Elisabeth T. , Hill Katalin , He Ying Chun , Keusgen Nina , Pénzes Csanád B. , Schnöller Donát , Gyulai Gergő , Mendrek Aleksandra , Keul Helmut , Moeller Martin
Published: July 2012

The antibacterial behavior of cationic polyelectrolytes is studied using model membrane experiments and in vitro bacterial investigations. The molecular interaction with lipid films is evaluated by the degree of penetration of the polymers into Langmuir monolayers of neutral or negatively charged lipids. The polymer/lipid interaction results in structural changes of the penetrated lipid layer visualized using AFM. The polymers are found to be effective in inhibiting the proliferation of E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus. The influence of the chemical structure on the functional behavior is related to the conformational properties. An optimum structure is identified on the basis of antibacterial and hemolytic tests as well as membrane‐destroying efficacy of the antimicrobial polymers.

magnified image
Quantifying the Effect of Covalently Immobilized Enzymes on Biofilm Formation by Atomic Force Microscopy‐Based Single‐Cell Force Spectroscopy
Authors: Friedrichs Jens , Zieris Andrea , Prokoph Silvana , Werner Carsten
Published: July 2012

A novel atomic force microscopy‐based single‐cell force spectroscopy assay to quantify the adhesion of bacterial cells to surfaces was developed. The assay was applied to quantify the effect of two biofilm‐degrading enzymes, the protease Subtilisin A and glycoside hydrolase cellulase, on the attachment of the biofilm‐forming bacterial strain Cobetia marina. Insights on the mechanism of the initial adhesion and on the nature of the adhesion‐mediating molecules were gained. The assay can be easily adapted to various other substrates, different bacterial strains and other fouling species (e.g., algae and diatoms).
Towards fund‐raising excellence in museums—linking governance with performance
Authors: Betzler Diana , Gmür Markus
Published: July 2012

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between fund‐raising governance characteristics and fund‐raising performance in a sample of 98 Swiss museums. We propose a governance model that reflects the developmental level of an organization's fund‐raising in regard to success. Inspired by research on business excellence, the proposed model extends the primarily qualitative and theory‐based concepts of dynamic organization life‐cycle models, which are found in nonprofit research, by taking a quantitative approach. We explore five fund‐raising governance factors: boards' fund‐raising activity, board as symbolic decision maker, board as donor, fund‐raising strategic planning and controlling, and fund‐raising techniques. Museums are classified into fund‐raising governance levels: ‘zero’, ‘awareness’, ‘composition’ and ‘integration’. The model is shown to be linked with fund‐raising income.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.