bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory fitness, regular physical activity, and autonomic nervous system reactivity to laboratory and daily life stress
Authors: van der Mee Denise Johanna , Gevonden Martin J. , Westerink Joyce H. D. M. , de Geus Eco J. C.
Published: November 2022

The cross‐stressor adaptation hypothesis—which posits that adjustment to physical stress as a result of regular physical activity and its effects on fitness crosses over to psychological stress reactivity—has been around for over four decades. However, the literature has been plagued by heterogeneities preventing definitive conclusions. We address these heterogeneity issues in a combined laboratory and daily life study of 116 young adults (M = 22.48 SD = 3.56, 57.76% female). The exposure, i.e., the potential driver of adaptation, was defined in three ways. First, a submaximal test was performed to obtain aerobic fitness measured as the VO2max (kg/ml/min). Second, leisure time exercise behavior, and third, overall moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), were obtained from a structured interview. Outcomes were autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity and affective responsiveness to stressors. ANS activity was measured continuously and expressed as inter‐beat‐interval (IBI), pre‐ejection‐period (PEP), respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA), and non‐specific Skin Conductance Responses (ns.SCR). Negative and positive affect were recorded after each experimental condition in the laboratory and hourly in daily life with a nine‐item digital questionnaire. Linear regressions were performed between the three exposure measures as predictors and the various laboratory and daily life stress measurements as outcomes. Our results support the resting heart rate reducing effect of aerobic fitness and total MVPA in both the laboratory and daily life. We did not find evidence for the cross‐stressor adaptation hypothesis, irrespective of ANS or affective outcome measure or whether the exposure was defined as exercise/MVPA or aerobic fitness.
Severe acute haemolytic transfusion reaction secondary to a plasma incompatible group B platelet transfusion
Authors: Bienz Marc , Gupta Akash , Goldstein Jenette , Kennedy James , Lin Yulia
Published: November 2022

Objectives

To report a rare case of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR) following an ABO plasma incompatible group B platelet transfusion.

Background

AHTR is an uncommon, but potentially fatal event. Most reported cases of platelet transfusions associated with AHTR involve group O donors.

Case Report

A 34‐year‐old man, recipient of a group AB haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), had received re‐induction chemotherapy for leukaemia relapse. A group B whole blood‐derived buffy coat platelet pool was transfused. He developed rigours/fever, profound hemolytic anaemia, and hemodynamic instability. Serological investigations revealed AHTR from passive transfer of high titre anti‐A (256 for IgM and 8192 for IgG).

Discussion

This case highlights the potential risks associated with ABO‐mismatched transfusions, and the complexity associated with transfusing HSCT recipients and red cell transfusion recipients with dual populations of circulating red cells. The literature on minor ABO plasma incompatible transfusions, challenges in establishing local policies to limit the risks of AHTR and risk mitigation strategies are discussed.

Conclusion

Clinicians must maintain a high level of suspicion for AHTR after ABO plasma incompatible platelet transfusions. Patients must be aware of the risks of AHTR, and early recognition and diagnosis of this complication may be lifesaving.
An analysis of data sources and study registries used in systematic reviews
Authors: Nick Jan M. , Sarpy Nancy L.
Published: November 2022

Background

Reporting standards for data sources in systematic reviews (SRs) have been developed, yet research shows varying compliance in the methods section. When this happens, replication of search results is difficult and creates ambiguous and biased data sources.

Aims

This study captured author practices in choosing English and non‐English‐language databases, listing all the databases searched, and incorporating study registries as part of the search strategy.

Methods

Using an analytic, cross‐sectional, study design, volunteer data collectors (n = 107) searched one of two assigned English language platforms for SRs on specified health conditions. All the data sources found in the methods section of each SR were documented and analyzed for patterns using bibliographic techniques.

Results

The final sample size of the SRs reviewed was N = 199. The mean number of data sources seen in the SRs was 3.9 (SD 2), with a range of 1–10. Eighteen records (9%) used a single data source to conduct the SRs. Four leading language platforms were seen in the SRs: English (100% of occurrences), up to 8% used Chinese data sources, and 4% included Spanish or Portuguese. The four most frequently used data sources were: (1) Medline (98%), (2) Embase (65%), (3) Cochrane Library (56%), and (4) Web of Science (33%). The percentage of SRs listing study registries was 30%.

Linking Evidence to Action

Strategies to reduce bias and increase the rigor and reliability of SRs include comprehensive search practices by exploring non‐English‐language databases, using multiple data sources, and searching study registries. By following PRISMA‐S guidelines to report data sources correctly, reproducibility can be accomplished.
Gravity Balancing of a Two-Degree-of-Freedom Parallel Robotic Platform With Variable Payloads
Authors: Nguyen Vu Linh
Published: November 2022

This paper presents a gravity-balancing method for a two-degree-of-freedom (2-DoF) parallel robotic platform with variable payloads. The robotic platform is constructed with a parallelogram-based five-bar parallel mechanism, and it is gravity balanced by adopting a pair of gear-spring units (GSUs). Each GSU is formed by a geared seven-link mechanism with a tension spring. The parameters of the GSUs are realized from an analytical solution for approximate gravity balancing. The significance of the proposed method is that it can work with a range of payloads via energy-free adjustment and enables a choice in spring stiffness. In this paper, theoretical and practical models are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results showed that the actuator torque of a robotic platform with different payloads could be reduced by 98.2% with gravity balancing. Experimental tests with a prototype were conducted in which the measured driving force of the robotic platform along a trajectory showed a reduction of 87.1%.
Optimizing Internal Energy Streams in Micro Gas Turbines in Cogeneration toward Flexible Heat-to-Power Ratio—Global Thermodynamic Performance Assessment and Specific Case Studies
Authors: De Paepe Ward , Clymans Tom
Published: November 2022

Although the simultaneous production of heat and power, the so-called combined heat and power (CHP), is from a thermodynamic point of view still the most efficient energy conversion method, cogeneration units have nowadays problems to position themselves in the current and future energy market. The increasing renewable energy penetration requires CHP units to become more flexible, especially on their currently fixed heat-to-power ratio. Within this framework, micro-gas turbines (mGTs), as small-scale decentralized cogeneration units, offer opportunities. Since they use the recuperated Brayton cycle, they offer the theoretic option to adjust the internal heat streams to provide a flexible heat-to-power ratio as well as the unique feature of a tunable outlet temperature, making the unit feasible/interesting for a larger range of applications having a combined heat and power demand. Hence, in this paper, we assessed the impact of the use of a recuperator bypass for enhanced operational flexibility of mGT. In a first step, the optimal pathway for the recuperator bypass, i.e., cold or hot side bypass, is selected for a typical mGT, the Turbec T100 (currently commercially available as the AE-T100), considering both thermodynamics as well as technological feasibility. Moreover, the potential performance impact on the electrical and total efficiency is calculated as well as on the total available thermal power. In a second step, the specific performance of the option of using a recuperator bypass is assessed for two specific cases: flexible heat-to-power ratio at low temperature and high temperature, i.e., steam generation, cogeneration. Thermodynamic simulations show that the impact on the electric efficiency remains rather limited (maximal 6% absolute efficiency reduction for a 40% bypass ratio), while the available thermal energy and exergy increase significantly: up to 60% increase for thermal power and even 115% increase in the exergy content of the flue gases. Moreover, there is no distinct difference between cold or hot bypass, leaving the selection of the optimal bypass route a pure technical choice. Finally, considering the specific cases studied, simulation results show that heat-to-power ratio could be increased by more than 50% for all power outputs for the low temperature CHP applications, even resulting in a global efficiency increase, while for the high temperature case, recuperator bypass allows for a significant increase in steam production, at total efficiencies comparable to the separate production (i.e., boiler and grid), clearly highlighting the benefits and potential of a recuperator bypass.
One-Dimensional Plasma Model of Electrical Discharge Machining in Deionized Water for Prediction of Plasma Characteristics Along the Interelectrode Gap
Authors: Tanveer Asif , Kapoor Shiv G. , Mujumdar Soham , Curreli Davide
Published: November 2022

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a nonconventional machining process that involves the formation of a plasma in an interelectrode gap filled with a dielectric that melts and vaporizes the electrodes (tool and workpiece) when a voltage is applied across them. This work models the plasma discharge in the EDM process to describe plasma characteristics such as electron density, heavy species densities, plasma potential, and plasma temperature using chemical kinetics, fluid flow, and heat transfer mechanisms in a 1D domain in the direction of the gap. The 1D domain allows the model to utilize surface reactions on the electrode walls necessary for sustaining the plasma reactions. The domain also provides a perspective of the plasma characteristics near the workpiece. Temperature results are compared with the experimental data obtained from spectrometer measurements. Additionally, an estimate of the plasma diameter is made and compared with actual high-speed camera images. The effect of EDM parameters such as supply voltage and interelectrode gap size on plasma characteristics is studied. The model predicts the incumbent heat flux on the workpiece electrode for small gaps which could have applications in the development of melt-pool models of EDM. Finally, the model provides a physics-based understanding of the mechanisms of plasma generation in the EDM process.
Axial Wall Displacement at the Common Carotid Artery is Associated With the Lamb Waves
Authors: Hao Zhili , Rahman MD Mahfuzur , Jutlah Lauren B. L. , Athaide Chloe E. , Au Jason S.
Published: November 2022

As compared with its radial wall displacement, axial wall displacement at the common carotid artery (CCA) carries independent clinical values, but its physical mechanisms are unclear. This study aims to investigate whether axial wall displacement at the CCA is solely from Young waves. A pulse wave propagation theory is utilized to identify two types of waves, Young waves, and Lamb waves, in an artery, and identifies two sources for axial wall displacement, wall shear stress and radial wall displacement gradient with a factor of the difference between axial and circumferential initial tension, which reveals the influence of axial initial tension on the waveform of axial wall displacement. Theoretical expressions are derived for calculating the waveforms of axial wall displacement and its two sources in the Young waves. With the measured pulsatile pressure and blood velocity at the CA of three healthy adults as the inputs, the waveforms of axial wall displacement in the Young waves are calculated at different values of axial initial tension and are found to greatly differ from their measured counterparts. As such, the Lamb waves may contribute to axial wall displacement at the CCA and the associated physical and physiological implications are discussed. Given the clinical values of axial wall displacement at the CCA, the Lamb waves may play a non-negligible role in determining arterial health and needs to be further studied for a comprehensive assessment of arterial wall mechanics.
Combining Feature Learning and Transfer Learning in Balancing Anomaly Detection for Gas Turbine Engine Vibration Analysis
Authors: Xie Jiarui , Schmidt Katherine , Budeanu Nausica , Letendre Vincent , Zhao Yaoyao Fiona
Published: November 2022

Rotor imbalance is a vital measure that indicates the health state of a gas turbine (GT). Abnormal balancing patterns will lead to excessive vibration and gradually compromise structural integrity. This paper presents the construction of anomaly detection (AD) models that recognize abnormal balancing patterns for two aeroderivative GTs, AGT-A and AGT-B, from Siemens Energy. Such a diagnostic tool can predict at an early stage whether a high vibration would occur during the vibration test and avoid engine reject for re-balance. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been extensively utilized to conduct GT design space exploration and condition monitoring. However, ML has not been implemented to improve the efficiency of GT manufacturing processes, mainly due to data scarcity. The authors propose a combined feature learning and transfer learning technique to leverage the data resources of GT manufacturing processes. The physical and operational similarities between GTs belonging to the same series imply the transferability of features between models. The normal balancing patterns of the data-rich AGT-A were first learned by a sparse autoencoder to detect balancing anomalies. Then, the learned features were used to initialize the balancing AD model for the data-poor AGT-B. The test accuracy of the AGT-B AD model was increased from 75% to 92% with transfer learning. The presented methodology can facilitate and enable various data-driven analysis tasks for the manufacturing processes of original equipment manufacturers.
Multi-Scale Topology Optimization With Neural Network-Assisted Optimizer
Authors: Rastegarzadeh Sina , Wang Jun , Huang Jida
Published: November 2022

High-resolution structural designs attracts researchers to multi-scale topology optimizations (TO) paradigms. With the advances of machine learning (ML) methods, the integration of ML with TO has been attempted in many works. However, most works employ ML in a data-driven paradigm, which requires abundant training data. The generalization ability of such a data-driven paradigm is also ambiguous. This research aims to utilize the machine learning techniques as an optimizer for multi-scale structural design problems to address the connectivity issues of adjacent microstructures, a common problem in the multi-scale structure design. First, parameterized cellular materials (PCM) are utilized to develop a multi-scale parameterized TO problem. Then the problem is reformulated into a single unconstrained objective function using the penalty method and parameterized into a neural network (NN) that optimizes its weights and biases. The optimized network acts as a continuous model all over the design domain with the cellular material parameter as its response. This approach does not need to eliminate the elements with the intermediate densities, unlike density-based TO frameworks (e.g., SIMP). Using the NN-assisted optimizer, to handle the connectivity issue, the optimized NN can be discretized to a higher resolution, eliminating the need to use an interpolation filter. The performance of the proposed framework is significantly enhanced compared to the previously published method.
Hierarchical Surrogate Modeling With Multiple Order Partially Observed Information
Authors: Xu Yanwen , Wang Pingfeng
Published: November 2022

Understanding the input and output relationship of a complex engineering system is an essential task that attracts widespread interests in engineering design fields. To investigate the system performance, surrogate models can be developed based upon a finite set of input-output sample points, and then used to replace expensive black box type performance function and reduce the cost on function evaluations for system design optimization. The finite set of sample points could be obtained from multiple information sources such as experiments with different tests or simulation using different order of computer models. There is a pressing need for an efficient surrogate modeling method that can comprehensively utilize all available information, both fully and partially observed information (POI) collected from sources with different fidelities and dimensionalities. This paper proposes a multi-order system modeling method for partially observed information (MOSM-POI), which takes account of the POI structure and sparseness and uses multiple reduced order models to assist the understanding of the high-dimensional complex system. The Bayesian Gaussian process latent variable model (BGP-LVM) was employed to incorporate POI and a new framework was developed to cope with the high sparseness POI. The numerical experiments demonstrated that the proposed MOSM-POI method provides an accurate solution to take advantage of partially observed information from the multi-order system in developing surrogate models for complex systems.
Medial Axis Transformation Based Design and Process Planning Methodology for Discrete Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Manoharan Madhanagopal , Naidu Potnuru Hema Praneetha , Joy Midhun , Kumaraguru Senthilkumaran
Published: November 2022

Additive Manufacturing (AM) eases the fabrication of multifunctional simultaneous printing of multi-materials, which is quite cumbersome to fabricate in traditional manufacturing processes. Heterogeneous objects are entities engineered with multiple materials, and their emergence with the advent of AM is sporadic. This paper presents the novel layer decomposition methodology by utilizing Medial Axis Transformation (MAT) to generate discrete volumes for multi-material printing. Further, these discrete geometries are printed using multi-material addons, such as Palette Pro for material extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing systems. Tensile testing is performed to analyze the effectiveness and characteristics of the layer decomposition strategy. However, fabrication of the generated heterogeneous objects utilizes a computational model that maps the geometry of the object with the material composition. This methodology can also be applicable to model compositional heterogeneity for part fabrication using a metal-based Direct Energy Deposition (DED) process.
Automated CAD Modelling of Cam Profiles and FEA Fatigue Analysis of Cam-Follower Mechanisms
Authors: Theril Krishnajith , Zhang Shengyong
Published: November 2022

This paper illustrates a method to automate the 3D designing process of Simple harmonic motion (SHM) cam profile in CATIA CAD package. In a more user-friendly approach, a graphical user interface (GUI) is developed, where the users can enter the cam parameters and obtain 3D CAD model as direct result. It is observed that 90% time will be reduced by using this automated designing and also chance of errors also reduces. Due to the high follower load impacting on cam profile, high contact stresses induced on the component surfaces due to the asperity contacts cause the cam or roller surfaces to be subjected to high risk of contact fatigue failure. Present work focuses on comparing fatigue life of SHM and Cycloidal cam functions. The fatigue life is assessed using finite element analysis (FEA) in ANSYS Workbench. We have considered follower as flat-faced and frictionless contact between cam and follower in this study. After developing the 3D model of SHM and cycloidal cam profile through automated method, both the models were then imported to ANSYS for fatigue analysis under the same loading conditions. It has been found that cycloidal function has more fatigue life than SHM function.
Fault Detection and Diagnosis for a Hydraulic Press by Use of a Mixed Domain Database
Authors: Makansi Faried , Schmitz Katharina
Published: November 2022

An automated detection and diagnosis of machine and process faults is a core element of modern maintenance strategies. Data-driven methods, often summarized by the term machine learning, potentially provide manifold advantages in this area compared to conventional approaches. However, the necessity of a comprehensive database, which covers a variety of operation and fault cases, poses a remaining challenge for the application of data-driven methods. One way to mitigate the issue of costly data acquisition is to merge datasets from different, but related systems and applications to a larger dataset. In this contribution, the mixing of data obtained from a hydraulic press and a corresponding simulation model is investigated. For this, datasets comprising regular and faulty machine operation are generated in both domains. Using different mixing ratios of real and simulated data-instances, models for fault classification are derived and evaluated. The results show that an instance-based transfer from the simulated domain to the real domain can help reducing the amount of training data required from the physical machine. The mixing ratio appears to be decisive for a beneficial effect of mixing data from the two domains.
Morphological changes of nanostructures on silicon induced by C60-ion irradiation
Authors: Oishi Naoto , Murao Yoshiki , Nitta Noriko , Tsuchida Hidetsugu , Tomita Shigeo , Sasa Kimikazu , Hirata Kouichi , Shibata Hiromi , Hirano Yoshimi , Yamada Keisuke , Chiba Atsuya , Saitoh Yuichi , Narumi Kazumasa , Hoshino Yasushi
Published: November 2022

We study morphological changes on the Si surface induced by the C60 ion beam under various irradiation conditions. The fluence and incident energy of the C60 ion beam was 1 × 1016–1 × 1019 ions/m2 and 50 keV–9 MeV, respectively. The beam’s incident angle to the surface normal was 0° or 60°. As a result of the changes in these variables, three types of nanostructures were observed: concave and convex, stringlike, and ripple structures. Structure shapes or sizes varied with changes in the parameters. Almost all cases showed concave and convex structures at an incident angle of 0°. At a 60° incident angle, stringlike or ripple structures were formed. Stringlike structures were formed at higher incident energy, while ripple structures were formed at lower incident energy. We found that both stringlike and ripple structures can form from sputtering and thermal effects. The formation of string structure requires a thicker amorphous layer and the proper balance of sputtering and annealing.
Clusters of Activity-Related Social and Physical Home Environmental Factors and Their Association With Children’s Home-Based Physical Activity and Sitting
Authors: Sheldrick Michael P. , Maitland Clover , Mackintosh Kelly A. , Rosenberg Michael , Griffiths Lucy J. , Fry Richard , Stratton Gareth
Published: November 2022

Purpose: Understanding which physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior correlates cluster in children is important, particularly in the home, where children spend significant time. Therefore, this study aimed to assess clustering of physical and social activity-related factors at home, and whether these clusters are related to home-based sitting and PA in children. A secondary aim was to explore whether the clusters were associated with child, parent, and family characteristics. Methods: Altogether, 235 children (55% girls, mean age = 10.2 [0.7] y) and their parents took part. Physical (eg, PA and electronic media equipment, house and garden size, layout) and social (eg, activity preferences, priorities, parental rules) home environmental factors were obtained via the HomeSPACE-II audit and self-report, respectively. Principal component analysis was used to identify clusters of physical and social environmental factors. Backward regression analysis and partial correlations were used to examine relationships between clusters, children’s device-measured home-based activity behaviors, and background characteristics. Results: The findings show that physical and social environment activity-related factors at home cluster. The clusters were associated with several background characteristics, with socioeconomic factors appearing to be particularly influential. The clusters were also associated with home-based activity behaviors in the hypothesized directions. Conclusion: Interventions which target clusters of social and physical factors at home, especially among low-socioeconomic status families, are warranted.
Atoms to fibers: Identifying novel processing methods in the synthesis of pitch-based carbon fibers
Authors: Jana Asmita , Zhu Taishan , Wang Yanming , Adams Jeramie J. , Kearney Logan T. , Naskar Amit K. , Grossman Jeffrey C. , Ferralis Nicola
Published: November 2022

Understanding and optimizing the key mechanisms used in the synthesis of pitch-based carbon fibers (CFs) are challenging, because unlike polyacrylonitrile-based CFs, the feedstock for pitch-based CFs is chemically heterogeneous, resulting in complex fabrication leading to inconsistency in the final properties. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to explore the processing and chemical phase space through a framework of CF models to identify their effects on elastic performance. The results are in excellent agreement with experiments. We find that density, followed by alignment, and functionality of the molecular constituents dictate the CF mechanical properties more strongly than their size and shape. Last, we propose a previously unexplored fabrication route for high-modulus CFs. Unlike graphitization, this results in increased sp
3
fraction, achieved via generating high-density CFs. In addition, the high sp
3
fraction leads to the fabrication of CFs with isometric compressive and tensile moduli, enabling their potential applications for compressive loading.
Tripartite extended amygdala–basal ganglia CRH circuit drives locomotor activation and avoidance behavior
Authors: Chang Simon , Fermani Federica , Lao Chu-Lan , Huang Lianyun , Jakovcevski Mira , Di Giaimo Rossella , Gagliardi Miriam , Menegaz Danusa , Hennrich Alexandru Adrian , Ziller Michael , Eder Matthias , Klein Rüdiger , Cai Na , Deussing Jan M.
Published: November 2022

An adaptive stress response involves various mediators and circuits orchestrating a complex interplay of physiological, emotional, and behavioral adjustments. We identified a population of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the lateral part of the interstitial nucleus of the anterior commissure (IPACL), a subdivision of the extended amygdala, which exclusively innervate the substantia nigra (SN). Specific stimulation of this circuit elicits hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, locomotor activation, and avoidance behavior contingent on CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1) located at axon terminals in the SN, which originate from external globus pallidus (GPe) neurons. The neuronal activity prompting the observed behavior is shaped by IPACL
CRH
and GPe
CRHR1
neurons coalescing in the SN. These results delineate a previously unidentified tripartite CRH circuit functionally connecting extended amygdala and basal ganglia nuclei to drive locomotor activation and avoidance behavior.
First asteroid gas sample delivered by the Hayabusa2 mission: A treasure box from Ryugu
Authors: Okazaki Ryuji , Miura Yayoi N. , Takano Yoshinori , Sawada Hirotaka , Sakamoto Kanako , Yada Toru , Yamada Keita , Kawagucci Shinsuke , Matsui Yohei , Hashizume Ko , Ishida Akizumi , Broadley Michael W. , Marty Bernard , Byrne David , Füri Evelyn , Meshik Alex , Pravdivtseva Olga , Busemann Henner , Riebe My E.I. , Gilmour Jamie , Park Jisun , Bajo Ken-ichi , Righter Kevin , Sakai Saburo , Sekimoto Shun , Kitajima Fumio , Crowther Sarah A. , Iwata Naoyoshi , Shirai Naoki , Ebihara Mitsuru , Yokochi Reika , Nishiizumi Kunihiko , Nagao Keisuke , Lee Jong Ik , Clay Patricia , Kano Akihiro , Caffee Marc W. , Uemura Ryu , Inagaki Makoto , Krietsch Daniela , Maden Colin , Yamamoto Mizuki , Fawcett Lydia , Lawton Thomas , Nakamura Tomoki , Naraoka Hiroshi , Noguchi Takaaki , Yabuta Hikaru , Yurimoto Hisayoshi , Tsuda Yuichi , Watanabe Sei-ichiro , Abe Masanao , Arakawa Masahiko , Fujii Atsushi , Hayakawa Masahiko , Hirata Naoyuki , Hirata Naru , Honda Rie , Honda Chikatoshi , Hosoda Satoshi , Iijima Yu-ichi , Ikeda Hitoshi , Ishiguro Masateru , Ishihara Yoshiaki , Iwata Takahiro , Kawahara Kosuke , Kikuchi Shota , Kitazato Kohei , Matsumoto Koji , Matsuoka Moe , Michikami Tatsuhiro , Mimasu Yuya , Miura Akira , Morota Tomokatsu , Nakazawa Satoru , Namiki Noriyuki , Noda Hirotomo , Noguchi Rina , Ogawa Naoko , Ogawa Kazunori , Okada Tatsuaki , Okamoto Chisato , Ono Go , Ozaki Masanobu , Saiki Takanao , Sakatani Naoya , Senshu Hiroki , Shimaki Yuri , Shirai Kei , Sugita Seiji , Takei Yuto , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Tanaka Satoshi , Tatsumi Eri , Terui Fuyuto , Tsukizaki Ryudo , Wada Koji , Yamada Manabu , Yamada Tetsuya , Yamamoto Yukio , Yano Hajime , Yokota Yasuhiro , Yoshihara Keisuke , Yoshikawa Makoto , Yoshikawa Kent , Furuya Shizuho , Hatakeda Kentaro , Hayashi Tasuku , Hitomi Yuya , Kumagai Kazuya , Miyazaki Akiko , Nakato Aiko , Nishimura Masahiro , Soejima Hiromichi , Iwamae Ayako , Yamamoto Daiki , Yogata Kasumi , Yoshitake Miwa , Fukai Ryota , Usui Tomohiro , Ireland Trevor , Connolly Harold C. , Lauretta Dante S. , Tachibana Shogo
Published: November 2022

The Hayabusa2 spacecraft returned to Earth from the asteroid 162173 Ryugu on 6 December 2020. One day after the recovery, the gas species retained in the sample container were extracted and measured on-site and stored in gas collection bottles. The container gas consists of helium and neon with an extraterrestrial
3
He/
4
He and
20
Ne/
22
Ne ratios, along with some contaminant terrestrial atmospheric gases. A mixture of solar and Earth’s atmospheric gas is the best explanation for the container gas composition. Fragmentation of Ryugu grains within the sample container is discussed on the basis of the estimated amount of indigenous He and the size distribution of the recovered Ryugu grains. This is the first successful return of gas species from a near-Earth asteroid.
Late delivery of exotic chromium to the crust of Mars by water-rich carbonaceous asteroids
Authors: Zhu Ke , Schiller Martin , Pan Lu , Saji Nikitha Susan , Larsen Kirsten K. , Amsellem Elsa , Rundhaug Courtney , Sossi Paolo , Leya Ingo , Moynier Frederic , Bizzarro Martin
Published: November 2022

The terrestrial planets endured a phase of bombardment following their accretion, but the nature of this late accreted material is debated, preventing a full understanding of the origin of inner solar system volatiles. We report the discovery of nucleosynthetic chromium isotope variability (μ
54
Cr) in Martian meteorites that represent mantle-derived magmas intruded in the Martian crust. The μ
54
Cr variability, ranging from −33.1 ± 5.4 to +6.8 ± 1.5 parts per million, correlates with magma chemistry such that samples having assimilated crustal material define a positive μ
54
Cr endmember. This compositional endmember represents the primordial crust modified by impacting outer solar system bodies of carbonaceous composition. Late delivery of this volatile-rich material to Mars provided an exotic water inventory corresponding to a global water layer >300 meters deep, in addition to the primordial water reservoir from mantle outgassing. This carbonaceous material may also have delivered a source of biologically relevant molecules to early Mars.
Global reorganization of deep-sea circulation and carbon storage after the last ice age
Authors: Rafter Patrick A. , Gray William R. , Hines Sophia K.V. , Burke Andrea , Costa Kassandra M. , Gottschalk Julia , Hain Mathis P. , Rae James W.B. , Southon John R. , Walczak Maureen H. , Yu Jimin , Adkins Jess F. , DeVries Timothy
Published: November 2022

Using new and published marine fossil radiocarbon (
14
C/C) measurements, a tracer uniquely sensitive to circulation and air-sea gas exchange, we establish several benchmarks for Atlantic, Southern, and Pacific deep-sea circulation and ventilation since the last ice age. We find the most
14
C-depleted water in glacial Pacific bottom depths, rather than the mid-depths as they are today, which is best explained by a slowdown in glacial deep-sea overturning in addition to a “flipped” glacial Pacific overturning configuration. These observations cannot be produced by changes in air-sea gas exchange alone, and they underscore the major role for changes in the overturning circulation for glacial deep-sea carbon storage in the vast Pacific abyss and the concomitant drawdown of atmospheric CO
2
.
Ubiquitin-based pathway acts inside chloroplasts to regulate photosynthesis
Authors: Sun Yi , Yao Zujie , Ye Yiting , Fang Jun , Chen Honglin , Lyu Yuping , Broad William , Fournier Marjorie , Chen Genyun , Hu Yonghong , Mohammed Shabaz , Ling Qihua , Jarvis R. Paul
Published: November 2022

Photosynthesis is the energetic basis for most life on Earth, and in plants it operates inside double membrane–bound organelles called chloroplasts. The photosynthetic apparatus comprises numerous proteins encoded by the nuclear and organellar genomes. Maintenance of this apparatus requires the action of internal chloroplast proteases, but a role for the nucleocytosolic ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was not expected, owing to the barrier presented by the double-membrane envelope. Here, we show that photosynthesis proteins (including those encoded internally by chloroplast genes) are ubiquitinated and processed via the CHLORAD pathway: They are degraded by the 26
S
proteasome following CDC48-dependent retrotranslocation to the cytosol. This demonstrates that the reach of the UPS extends to the interior of endosymbiotically derived chloroplasts, where it acts to regulate photosynthesis, arguably the most fundamental process of life.
Global biogeography and projection of soil antibiotic resistance genes
Authors: Zheng Dongsheng , Yin Guoyu , Liu Min , Hou Lijun , Yang Yi , Van Boeckel Thomas P. , Zheng Yanling , Li Ye
Published: November 2022

Although edaphic antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose serious threats to human well-being, their spatially explicit patterns and responses to environmental constraints at the global scale are not well understood. This knowledge gap is hindering the global action plan on antibiotic resistance launched by the World Health Organization. Here, a global analysis of 1088 soil metagenomic samples detected 558 ARGs in soils, where ARG abundance in agricultural habitats was higher than that in nonagricultural habitats. Soil ARGs were mostly carried by clinical pathogens and gut microbes that mediated the control of climatic and anthropogenic factors to ARGs. We generated a global map of soil ARG abundance, where the identified microbial hosts, agricultural activities, and anthropogenic factors explained ARG hot spots in India, East Asia, Western Europe, and the United States. Our results highlight health threats from soil clinical pathogens carrying ARGs and determine regions prioritized to control soil antibiotic resistance worldwide.
Food-specific immunoglobulin A does not correlate with natural tolerance to peanut or egg allergens
Authors: Liu Elise G. , Zhang Biyan , Martin Victoria , Anthonypillai John , Kraft Magdalena , Grishin Alexander , Grishina Galina , Catanzaro Jason R. , Chinthrajah Sharon , Sindher Tina , Manohar Monali , Quake Antonia Zoe , Nadeau Kari , Burks A. Wesley , Kim Edwin H. , Kulis Michael D. , Henning Alice K. , Jones Stacie M. , Leung Donald Y. M. , Sicherer Scott H. , Wood Robert A. , Yuan Qian , Shreffler Wayne , Sampson Hugh , Shabanova Veronika , Eisenbarth Stephanie C.
Published: November 2022

ImmunoglobulinA (IgA) is the predominant antibody isotype in the gut, where it regulates commensal flora and neutralizes toxins and pathogens. The function of food-specific IgA in the gut is unknown but is presumed to protect from food allergy. Specifically, it has been hypothesized that food-specific IgA binds ingested allergens and promotes tolerance by immune exclusion; however, the evidence to support this hypothesis is indirect and mixed. Although it is known that healthy adults have peanut-specific IgA in the gut, it is unclear whether children also have gut peanut-specific IgA. We found in a cohort of non–food-allergic infants (
n
 = 112) that there is detectable stool peanut-specific IgA that is similar to adult quantities of gut peanut-specific IgA. To investigate whether this peanut-specific IgA is associated with peanut tolerance, we examined a separate cohort of atopic children (
n
 = 441) and found that gut peanut-specific IgA does not predict protection from development of future peanut allergy in infants nor does it correlate with concurrent oral tolerance of peanut in older children. We observed higher plasma peanut-specific IgA in those with peanut allergy. Similarly, egg white–specific IgA was detectable in infant stools and did not predict egg tolerance or outgrowth of egg allergy. Bead-based epitope assay analysis of gut peanut-specific IgA revealed similar epitope specificity between children with peanut allergy and those without; however, gut peanut-specific IgA and plasma peanut-specific IgE had different epitope specificities. These findings call into question the presumed protective role of food-specific IgA in food allergy.
Global Cellular Metabolic Rewiring Adapts Corynebacterium glutamicum to Efficient Nonnatural Xylose Utilization
Authors: Sun Xi , Mao Yufeng , Luo Jiahao , Liu Pi , Jiang Meiru , He Guimei , Zhang Zhidan , Cao Qichen , Shen Jie , Ma Hongwu , Chen Tao , Wang Zhiwen
Published: November 2022

A novel xylose regulatory mechanism mediated by the transcription factor IpsA was revealed. A synergistic effect on carbon metabolism and energy supply was found to endow
C. glutamicum
with the efficient xylose utilization and rapid growth phenotype.
You Exude What You Eat: How Carbon-, Nitrogen-, and Sulfur-Rich Organic Substrates Shape Microbial Community Composition and the Dissolved Organic Matter Pool
Authors: Xu Jinxin , Chen Qi , Lønborg Christian , Li Yunyun , Cai Ruanhong , He Chen , Shi Quan , Hu Yuxing , Wang Yimeng , Jiao Nianzhi , Zheng Qiang
Published: November 2022

Nitrogen (N)- and sulfur (S)-containing compounds are normally considered part of the labile organic matter pool that fuels heterotrophic bacterial activity in the ocean. Both glycine betaine (GBT) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) are representative N- and S-containing organic compounds, respectively, that are important phytoplankton cellular compounds.
Lack of Specificity in
Geobacter
Periplasmic Electron Transfer
Authors: Choi Sol , Chan Chi Ho , Bond Daniel R.
Published: November 2022

Many inner and outer membrane cytochromes used by
Geobacter
for electron transfer to extracellular acceptors have specific functions. How these are connected by periplasmic carriers remains poorly understood.
G. sulfurreducens
contains multiple triheme periplasmic cytochromes with unique biochemical properties and expression profiles.
The Mobilizable Plasmid P3 of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium SL1344 Depends on the P2 Plasmid for Conjugative Transfer into a Broad Range of Bacteria
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Authors: Gaissmaier Marla Sofie , Laganenka Leanid , Herzog Mathias Klaus-Maria , Bakkeren Erik , Hardt Wolf-Dietrich
Published: November 2022

S.
Typhimurium is a globally abundant bacterial species that rapidly occupies new niches and survives unstable environmental conditions. As an enteric pathogen,
S.
Typhimurium interacts with a broad range of bacterial species residing in the mammalian gut.
The Use of a Multimodal Case Study To Illustrate Microbial Genetics, Metabolism, and Evolution: The Emergence of VRSA-1
Authors: Boury N. , Van den Bogaard M. E. D. , Wasendorf C. , Amon J. , Judson S. , Maroushek S. R. , Peters N. T.
Published: November 2022

Antibiotic Resistance (ABR) is a global concern and while many students are aware of this issue, many of them are unclear on the mechanisms by which ABR may emerge. The mechanism of horizontal gene transfer is something many students are not familiar with.
Aspect-dependent bedrock weathering, cliff retreat, and cliff morphology in a hyperarid environment
Authors: Shmilovitz Yuval , Enzel Yehouda , Morin Efrat , Armon Moshe , Matmon Ari , Mushkin Amit , Pederson Joel , Haviv Itai
Published: November 2022

Deciphering aspect-related hillslope asymmetry can enhance our understanding of the influence of climate on Earth’s surface morphology and the linkage between topographic morphology and erosion processes. Although hillslope asymmetry is documented worldwide, the role of microclimatic factors in the evolution of dryland cliffs has received little attention. Here, we address this gap by quantifying aspect-dependent bedrock weathering, slope-rill morphology, and sub-cliff clast transport rates in the hyperarid Negev desert, Israel, based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-derived topography, clast-size measurements, and cosmogenic 10Be concentrations. Cliff retreat rates were evaluated using extrapolated profiles from dated talus flatirons and 10Be measurements from the cliff face and sub-cliff sediments. We document systematic, aspect-dependent patterns of south-facing slopes being less steep and finer-grained relative to east- and north-facing aspects. In addition, cliff retreat and clast transport rates on slopes of the south-facing aspect are faster compared to the other aspects. Our data demonstrate that bedrock weathering of the cliff face and the corresponding grain size of cliff-derived clasts delivered to the slopes constitute a first-order control on cliff retreat and sediment transport rates. We demonstrate that the morphology of the cliff and the pattern of bedrock weathering co-vary with the solar radiation flux and hence that cliff evolution in hyperarid regions is modulated by aspect-dependent solar radiation. These results help to better understand interactions between climate and dryland surface processes.
Cilioretinal artery occlusion in antiphospholipid syndrome and the decision to anticoagulate
Authors: Delavar Arash , Baxter Sally L
Published: November 2022

A patient in her late 50s with antiphospholipid syndrome presented to general ophthalmology clinic for annual hydroxychloroquine retinopathy screening. She had taken 400 mg hydroxychloroquine daily for over a decade. She denied any visual changes and visual acuity was 20/20. Her examination and fundus photos were normal, but macular optical coherence tomography of the right eye demonstrated inner retinal atrophy and visual field tests revealed a corresponding paracentral scotoma, consistent with a prior cilioretinal artery occlusion. Prior testing from visits with other ophthalmologists revealed that this occlusion had occurred previously, but she had only been informed of not having hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. The possibility of vision loss prompted her to reconsider her prior decision to discontinue anticoagulation. This case demonstrates how anchoring bias may lead clinicians astray, and how the risk of blindness is a strong motivator for patients regarding anticoagulation.
Functional consequences of pathogenic variant c.61G>C in the inflammasome geneNLRP3underlying keratitis fugax hereditaria
Authors: Kawan Sabita , Backlund Michael Paul , Immonen Annamari Tuulia , Kivelä Tero Tapani , Turunen Joni Antero
Published: November 2022

Aims

To elucidate the effect ofNLRP3variant c.61G>C on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion in keratitis fugax hereditaria (KFH), a cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome limited to the eye, and to probe the potential modifying role of prednisolone.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from whole blood of patients with KFH and healthy controls were grown under steady-state conditions or primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without prednisolone, and subsequently activated with ATP. Cell lysates and proteins precipitated from the cell culture media were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. NLRP3, procaspase-1, and IL-1β were visualised by western blotting. The concentration of secreted IL-1β in the culture media was quantified by ELISA.

Results

Following priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome with LPS, a lower threshold for IL-1β secretion was observed in patient-derived PBMCs, compared with healthy controls (median, 124 vs 10 pg/mL, respectively). Interestingly, in PBMCs derived from patients with frequent KFH symptoms, LPS priming alone was able to trigger substantial IL-1β secretion (median, 522 pg/mL), whereas those of patients experiencing occasional KFH attacks showed a subtler release of IL-1β (median, 85 pg/mL). NLRP3 expression was significantly enhanced with LPS stimulation (p=0.03) whereas procaspase-1 expression was not affected. LPS and ATP treated PBMCs from patients with KFH showed significantly diminished IL-1β secretion with prednisolone treatment (p=0.04).

Conclusions

PBMCs from patients with KFH are more prone to secrete IL-1β, confirming the presumption that the c.61G>C is a gain-of-function variant. Furthermore, prednisolone is confirmed as a potent drug to reduce IL-1β secretion in KFH.
Innovative models of care for the health facility of the future: a protocol for a mixed-methods study to elicit consumer and provider views
Authors: Carrigan Ann , Roberts Natalie , Clay-Williams Robyn , Hibbert Peter D , Pomare Chiara , Mahmoud Zeyad , Maka Katherine , Mitchell Rebecca , Zurynski Yvonne , Long Janet C , Rapport Frances , Arnolda Gaston , Loy Graeme , Braithwaite Jeffrey
Published: November 2022

Introduction

To address the challenges of rapidly changing healthcare, governments and health services are increasingly emphasising healthcare delivery models that are flexible, person centred, cost-effective and integrate hospital services more closely with primary healthcare and social services. In addition, such models increasingly embed consumer codesign, integration of services, and leverage digital technologies such as telehealth and sophisticated medical records systems.

Objectives

This paper provides a study protocol to describe a method to elicit consumer and healthcare provider needs and expectations for the development of innovative care models.

Methods and analysis

A literature review identified six key models of care, supported by a common theme of consumer-focused care, along with the international evidence supporting the efficacy of these models. A mixed-methods study of the needs and expectations of consumer members and health providers who reside or work in the area of a new hospital catchment will be undertaken. They will complete a community-specific and provider-specific, short demographic questionnaire (delivered during the recruitment process) and be assigned to facilitator-coordinated online workshops comprising small focus groups. Follow-up interviews will be offered. Culturally and linguistically diverse members and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Elders and their communities will also be consulted. Data will be analysed thematically (qualitative) and statistically (quantitative), and findings synthesised using a triangulated approach.

Ethics and dissemination

The results will be actively disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and in a report to stakeholders. This study was reviewed and approved by the relevant Ethics Committee in New South Wales, Australia.