bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precipitation trends over the Russian permafrost‐free zone: removing the artifacts of pre‐processing
Authors: Groisman Pavel Ya. , Rankova Esfir Ya.
Published: August 2002

Rain gauge changes, changes in the number of observations per day, and inconsistent corrections to observed precipitation data during the 20th century of the meteorological network of the former Soviet Union make it difficult to address the issue of century time‐scale precipitation changes. In this paper, we use daily and sub‐daily synoptic data to account for the effects of these changes on the instrumental homogeneity of precipitation measurements over the Russian permafrost‐free zone (RPF, most populous western and central parts of the country). Re‐adjustments that were developed during this assessment allow us to (a) develop a system of scale corrections that remove the inhomogeneity owing to wetting/observation time changes over most of the former Soviet Union during the past century, and (b) to estimate precipitation trends over the RPF, reconciling previously contradictory results. The trend that emerges is an increase of about 5% per century. This estimate can be further refined after a more comprehensive set of supplementary data (precipitation type and wind) and metadata (information about the exposure of meteorological sites) is employed. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Precipitation anomalies in southern South America associated with a finer classification of El Niño and La Niña events
Authors: Kane R.P.
Published: August 2002

The relationship between rainfall in sub‐regions of Uruguay and South Brazil and a finer classification of El Niños (ENs), was studied. ENSOWs were defined as years when an EN existed on the Peruvian coast, the southern oscillation index (SOI = Tahiti minus Darwin pressure) was negative (SO), and Pacific sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies were positive (W). Further, unambiguous ENSOWs were defined as years when SO and W occurred in the middle of the calendar year, and ambiguous ENSOWs were defined as years when SO and W occurred in the earlier or later part of the calendar year (not in the middle). In contrast with India and some other regions where unambiguous ENSOWs were associated predominantly with droughts, in the case of southern South America the association was with excess rains. Among the ambiguous ENSOWs, some were associated with floods in southern South America, but some had normal or mixed rainfalls (floods in some sub‐regions, droughts in others) and a few even had droughts. C events (La Niñas, i.e. no EN, SOI positive, and SST negative) were associated mostly with droughts, but occasionally with floods in southern South America. Many non‐events were associated with floods or droughts, indicating that factors other than EN/La Niña could also be important. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Distribution and temporal variability of 500 hPa cyclone characteristics in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Keable Murray , Simmonds Ian , Keay Kevin
Published: August 2002

A 40 year period (1958–97) of US National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data has been used to diagnose the behaviour and variability of 500 hPa extratropical cyclones for the Southern Hemisphere using a Lagrangian perspective. The ‘finding’ and ‘tracking’ of these systems were performed using a fully automated scheme. Seasonal distributions of system density, cyclone formation (cyclogenesis), decay (cyclolysis), cyclone centre velocity and intensity/strength are presented. System density is shown to exhibit a maximum in the surface circumpolar trough region and over the Antarctic continent. A broad band of enhanced cyclone system density was evident across the South Pacific from southeast Australia to South America in all seasons, most markedly in winter. As this feature appears also at the surface level, strong vertical consistency of these cyclones in the low and middle troposphere is indicated. Velocities of cyclone centres were found to peak in the latitudes 50–55 °S, and 500 hPa systems appeared to move on average in a much more zonal (easterly) direction than their sea‐level counterparts.

The mean number of midlatitude cyclones per analysis has exhibited a significant downward trend over the record, with particularly low values observed in the early 1980s. Offsetting this trend have been increases in three measures of mean cyclone vigour.

Three orographic features, in particular, are seen to influence the behaviour of 500 hPa cyclones: the mountains of New Zealand, the Antarctic Peninsula and the southern Andes. Over most of Antarctica the rate of cyclogenesis exceeds that of cyclolysis, indicating that many of the cyclones being formed in the vortex are actually exported out (i.e. to the north) of the continent. In the subtropics, considerable numbers of systems are formed in the Mozambique Sea region, but these tend to be quasi‐stationary features. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Synthesis of soluble metallophthalocyanines from a metal-free phthalocyanine by microwave irradiation
Authors: LIU LUNG-CHANG , LEE CHUNG-CHUN , TEH HU ANDREW
Published: August 2002

We report a fast, simple, safe, and effective procedure for the synthesis of several soluble metal tetrakis(tert-butyl)phthalocyaninates, M ( TBPc ) ( M = Zn , Mg , Co , Cu ) and M ( TBPc )2 ( M = Tb , La ), from the respective metal-free phthalocyanine by microwave irradiation. Metal chlorides and acetates are used as metal sources.
Dinoflagellate cyst evidence for warm interglacial conditions at the northern Barents Sea margin during marine oxygen isotope stage 5
Authors: Matthiessen Jens , Knies Jochen
Published: August 2002

Dinoflagellate cyst analysis has been conducted on a sediment core from the northern Barents Sea margin (eastern Arctic Ocean) to reconstruct sea‐surface conditions during marine oxygen isotope stage 5. Cyst concentrations and composition of assemblages display a distinct variability reflecting deglacial warming and the onset of relatively warm interglacial conditions in early stage 5. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages of the last interglacial, which corresponds broadly to substage 5e, are comparable with those from recent sediments of the area, but have lower abundances of cold water taxa. Such assemblages suggest that sea‐surface temperatures of the last interglacial were therefore at least as warm as today or even warmer. After a distinct cooling, relatively stable cold conditions with minor periods of surface water warming prevailed from mid‐substages 5d to 5b. Temperatures might have been similar in substages 5a and 5e, but the different compositions of assemblages indicate a stronger stratification of surface waters, probably owing to a larger meltwater supply, in substage 5a. These results are compared with previous studies on marine carbonate and calcareous microfossil records from the Fram Strait and Yermak Plateau area, which show that the general view of a cold last interglacial in the eastern Arctic Ocean is untenable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene environmental reconstruction from deltaic deposits in northeast Greenland
Authors: Christiansen Hanne H. , Bennike Ole , Böcher Jens , Elberling Bo , Humlum Ole , Jakobsen Bjarne H.
Published: August 2002

Terraces of different age in the Zackenberg delta, located at 74°N in northeast Greenland, have provided the opportunity for an interdisciplinary approach to the investigation of Holocene glacial, periglacial, pedological, biological and archaeological conditions that existed during and after delta deposition.

The raised Zackenberg delta accumulated mainly during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, starting slightly prior to 9500 cal. yr BP (30 m a.s.l.) and continued until at least 6300 cal. yr BP (0.5 m a.s.l.). Evidence of sea‐level change is based on conventional14C dates of shells from the marine delta bottomsets,14C AMS dating of macroscopic plant material from the foresets and of fluvial deposits. Arthropod and plant remains from 7960 cal. yr BP in the delta foresets include the oldest evidence of the arctic hare in Greenland and evidence of a rich herb flora slightly different from the modern flora.Empetrum nigrumandSalix herbacearemains indicate a summer temperature at least as high as today during delta deposition. Post‐depositional nivation activity, dated by luminescence, lichenometry and Schmidt Hammer measurements indicate mainly late Holocene activity, at least since 2900 yr BP, including Little Ice Age (LIA) avalanche activity. Pedological analyses of fossil podsols in the Zackenberg delta, including14C AMS dating of selected organic rich B‐horizons, show continued podsol development during the Holocene Climatic Optimum and into the subsequent colder period of the late Holocene, until 3000–2400 yr BP. A Neo‐Eskimo house ruin found on the lower part of the delta, presently being eroded by the sea, is dated toAD1800. It presumably was abandoned prior toAD1869, and suggests that some of the last Eskimos that lived in northeast Greenland might have occupied the Zackenberg delta. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure‐induced phase transitions in CuGeO3 from Raman spectroscopic studies†
Authors: Jayaraman A. , Shieh S. R. , Sharma S. K. , Ming L. C. , Wang S. Y.
Published: August 2002

Pressure‐induced phase transitions in the normal phase (I) and metastably retained phase III of CuGeO3 were investigated up to 30 and 36 GPa, respectively, by Raman spectroscopy, using single‐crystal samples in helium and methanol–ethanol mixture (M/E) as pressure medium. Phase I undergoes two pressure‐induced phase transitions; the previously reported I–II near 7 GPa and another near 18 GPa to a phase designated VI. With phase III as the starting material three reversible pressure‐induced phase transitions occur: IV, IV′, V at 8, 12.5 and 18 GPa. The above sequence of phase transitions is observed in helium and in M/E. A highly disordered phase occurs only when phase II is pressurized in M/E but not in helium. The Raman data are discussed in terms of plausible structure models for the high‐pressure phases of CuGeO3, indicated by the x‐ray diffraction data, as well as the high‐pressure crystal chemistry of other divalent metagermanates. The need for further detailed x‐ray diffraction studies is stressed, to gain a deeper understanding of the two different pathways that the pressure‐induced transitions follow, depending on the nature of the pressure medium. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman phonons and Raman Jahn–Teller bands in perovskite‐like manganites
Authors: Iliev Milko N. , Abrashev Miroslav V.
Published: August 2002

The perovskite‐like manganites R1−xAxMnO3, where R is a trivalent rare earth or Y and A is a divalent alkaline earth element, are characterized by a strong interplay of magnetism, electric transport and crystallographic distortion. At doping levels 0.15 < x < 0.45 the materials exhibit colossal magnetoresistance near the concomitant ferromagnetic and insulator–metal transitions. At a fractional doping level, such as x = 0.5, the crystallographic and magnetic environment is strongly modified and charge ordering between Mn3+ and Mn4+ or phase separation takes place. In this work, the polarized Raman spectra of the orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases of parent RMnO3 compound were analyzed in close comparison with results of lattice dynamic calculations. We argue that the strong high‐wavenumber bands between 400 and 700 cm−1, which dominate the Raman spectra of rhombohedral RMnO3 and magnetoresistive La1−xAxMnO3 are not proper Raman modes for the R3c or Pnma structures. Rather, the bands are of phonon density‐of‐states origin and correspond to oxygen phonon branches activated by the non‐coherent Jahn–Teller distortions of the Mn3+O6 octahedra. The reduction of these bands upon doping of La1−xAxMnO3 and their disappearance in the ferromagnetic metallic phase support the model. The variation with temperature of the Raman spectra of La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 is also discussed. The results give a strong indication for charge and orbital ordering and formation of superstructure at low temperatures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ Raman studies on the interaction of oxygen and methanol with an iodine‐modified electrolytic silver catalyst
Authors: Dai Wei‐Lin , Dong Yi , Cao Yong , Deng Jing‐Fa , Fan Kang‐Nian , Liao Yuan‐Yan , Hong Bi‐Feng
Published: August 2002

In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to study the interaction of iodine‐modified electrolytic silver with oxygen and methanol at atmospheric pressure at temperatures between 25 and 500°C. It is shown that the presence of iodine inhibits the formation of surface oxygen species corresponding to deep oxidation and reduces the vibrational wavenumber of the modes corresponding to surface oxygen species. Moreover, it is found that methanol can be adsorbed and reacted on the surface of the modified silver without the co‐adsorption of oxygen, resulting in iodine‐induced adsorption of methanol. The intermediates at various temperatures were identified as methoxy and formate groups. According to the results, the reaction pathways in the practical process were proposed and compared with the conclusion obtained from the system without iodine modification, and remarkably close agreement was observed. The detailed mechanism of the oxidative reaction of methanol and the promotion effect of iodine modifier on the working catalyst is also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular structures of supported metal oxide catalysts under different environments
Authors: Bañares M. A. , Wachs I. E.
Published: August 2002

The use of in situ Raman spectroscopy to study the molecular structures of supported metal oxide catalysts under different environments is reviewed. The molecular structures under ambient (hydrated) and dehydrated conditions are presented. The effect of moisture at elevated temperatures is also presented and discussed with regard to its implications for catalytic phenomena. The molecular structural transformations during C2–C4 lower alkane (LPG) oxidation, methane oxidation, methanol oxidation and selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 reaction conditions are presented. In situ spectroscopy during catalytic reaction with simultaneous activity/selectivity measurement (‘operando’ spectroscopy) is emphasized owing to its contribution to the fundamental understanding of catalytic performance. The reducibility of the different surface metal oxide species, the relevance of surface coverage (surface monomeric vs polymeric species) and the specific oxide support are discussed when LPG, methane, methanol or hydrogen is the reducing agent. In situ Raman spectroscopy provides molecular‐level information about the surface metal oxide species: structures, stability and transformations under different environments. In many cases, the use of complementary spectroscopic techniques results in a more complete understanding of the molecular structure–activity/selectivity relationships for supported metal oxide catalysts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated HPLC method for the measurement of free amino acids including cysteine in musts and wines; first applications
Authors: Pripis‐Nicolau Laura , de Revel Gilles , Marchand Stéphanie , Beloqui Angel Anocibar , Bertrand Alain
Published: August 2002

An analytical method for the determination of free amino acids and especially of cysteine in musts and wines is reported. This technique involves the use of a pre‐column derivatisation with iodoacetic acid (IDA) and o‐phthaldialdehyde (OPA). Isoindole‐type fluorescent derivatives were formed in alkaline solution from OPA, 2‐sulphanylethanol and the primary amine group of the amino acids. The derivatives were separated by HPLC using a linear multistep solvent gradient and were detected by spectrofluorimetry. This method is suitable for the separation of most free amino acids including cysteine. It allows high recovery and satisfies the necessary requirements with respect to accuracy, repeatability and sensitivity. The first application of this analytical method to the measurement of cysteine in musts and wines is reported.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Lycopene content differs among red‐fleshed watermelon cultivars
Authors: Perkins‐Veazie Penelope , Collins Julie K , Pair Sam D , Roberts Warren
Published: August 2002

Lycopene, a carotenoid, has antioxidant properties that may reduce the incidence of certain cancers. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai) is a natural source of lycopene, with a reported average content of 48.7 µg g−1 fresh weight based on samples taken from retail produce. This study demonstrated the variability of lycopene content in 11 red‐fleshed watermelon cultivars grown at one location, representing seedless, open‐pollinated and hybrid types, and in commercially shipped hybrid and seedless melons, representing seasonal production periods. Tristimulus colorimeter a* and chroma values were positively correlated with lycopene values, but linear or quadratic regressions of colorimeter data against lycopene values were not significant. Tristimulus colorimeter readings from cut melons were compared to amounts of lycopene extracted from the same melons. Lycopene content varied widely among cultivars, with four cultivars having mean values greater than 65.0 µg g−1 fresh weight. Seedless types sampled tended to have higher amounts of lycopene (>50.0 µg g−1 fresh weight) than seeded types. Watermelon lycopene content changed for some cultivars with production season.

Published in 2001 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Porcine plasma protein as proteinase inhibitor in bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) muscle and surimi
Authors: Benjakul Soottawat , Visessanguan Wonnop , Srivilai Chantira
Published: August 2002

Porcine plasma protein (PPP) showed inhibitory activity towards trypsin, papain, digestive enzymes and modori‐inducing proteinases from bigeye snapper. Among the fractions prepared, fraction IV‐1 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against all proteinases tested and the autolysis of fish muscle. At a level of 0.5% (w/w), both PPP and fraction IV‐1 effectively prevented the degradation of myosin heavy chain in fish muscle. The inhibitory activity of fraction IV‐1 was stable up to 60 °C. Incorporation of fraction IV‐1 significantly increased the breaking force, deformation and water‐holding capacity of surimi gel from bigeye snapper (P < 0.05). However, no increase in breaking force and deformation was found when fraction IV‐1 was added at a level above 0.3% (w/w) (P > 0.05). No significant change in whiteness of surimi gel was observed with the addition of fraction IV‐1 (P > 0.05).

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Carotenoids and flavonoids in organically grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L) genotypes after deep frozen storage
Authors: Kidmose Ulla , Knuthsen Pia , Edelenbos Merete , Justesen Ulla , Hegelund Erling
Published: August 2002

After frozen storage the content of individual carotenoids and flavonoids was determined in organically grown spinach genotypes (Spinacia oleracea L) which differed in leaf colour and shape. The spinach was sorted, washed, blanched in steam for 3 min and frozen in liquid nitrogen. After frozen storage the green colour was determined by sensory evaluation and HunterLab colorimetry. The content of individual chlorophylls, carotenoids and flavonoids was determined using HPLC. Lutein, β‐carotene, violaxanthin and 9′‐(Z)‐neoxanthin were the main carotenoids in processed spinach. The total content of carotenoids varied from 176.6 mg kg−1 ‘wet weight’ as eaten in the lightest green genotype to 226.3 mg kg−1 ‘wet weight’ as eaten in the darkest green genotype. The highest content of β‐carotene (83.1 mg kg−1 ‘wet weight’ as eaten) was found in the dark green genotype. The content of lutein and neoxanthin varied significantly between genotypes, and the highest content was found in the dark green genotype (76.0 and 25.4 mg kg−1 ‘wet weight’ as eaten respectively). The total flavonoid content and the relative content of individual flavonoids were found to vary between the six genotypes. Seven main flavonoids were identified.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Micro‐lymph node metastasis and its correlation with cathepsin D expression in early gastric cancer
Authors: Ikeguchi Masahide , Fukuda Kenji , Oka Shin‐Ichi , Hisamitsu Kazunori , Katano Kuniyuki , Tsujitani Shun‐Ichi , Kaibara Nobuaki
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Limited operations for early gastric cancer (EGC) have been recommended based on data from lymph node (LN) metastasis detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Recently, the clinical importance of micro‐LN metastasis has been reported. In this study, the indication of limited operations for EGC was re‐evaluated based on the data from micro‐LN metastasis detected by cytokeratin (CK) immunostaining. Also, the correlation between micro‐LN metastasis and lysosomal acidic protease cathepsin D (CD) expression in primary tumors was evaluated.

Methods

A total of 5,949 LNs from 160 patients with EGC were stained by anti‐CK monoclonal antibody (CAM 5.2). Also, the 160 primary EGCs were stained by CD.

Results

The incidence of LN metastasis increased from 7.5% (12/160) by HE‐staining to 27.5% (44 of 160) by CK immunostaining. The incidence of micro‐LN metastasis increased according to the depth of tumor invasion (mucosal cancer: 19% and submucosal cancer: 36.8%) and the size of tumors (≤1.0 cm: 5.9%, 1.1–2.0 cm: 25.6%, and >2.1 cm: 31.7%). The CK‐staining patterns were classified into the three subgroups (CK‐negative, n = 116; single cell type, n = 27; and clustered type, n = 17). The occurrence of cancer recurrence was significantly higher in clustered type (17.6%) than in single cell type (3.7%) and in CK‐negative (0%, P < 0.0001). The mean percentage of CD‐positive cancer cells of primary tumors in clustered type (17.2%) was significantly higher than in single cell type (12.3%) and in CK‐negative (7.5%, P = 0.0036).

Conclusions

The acidic protease CD may play an important role of cancer metastasis in EGC. The limited operation without lymphadenectomy should be indicated for EGC with CD‐negative. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:188–194. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survival after conservative (palliative) management of pleural malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Merritt Neil , Blewett Christopher J. , Miller John D. , Bennett W. Frederick , Young J. Edward M. , Urschel John D.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Malignant mesothelioma is a lethal disease. Aggressive multimodality treatment protocols are reportedly associated with improved survival, but the apparent survival benefits may simply reflect patient selection and the variable natural history of this malignancy. Before embarking on our own protocol of experimental treatment for mesothelioma, we sought to identify important prognostic factors and document the survival of patients treated conservatively (with palliative intent only) in our region.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of all patients with a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma seen at our center between 1987 and 1999. Since curative intent treatment had not been given, we assumed that measured survival would largely reflect the natural history of the malignancy.

Results

There were 101 patients (80 males and 21 females). Mean age was 65 ± 9.2 years. Symptoms of disease were present for a median time of 5 months before the diagnosis was established. The most common presenting symptoms were dyspnea (46 patients), chest pain (30 patients), and weight loss (22 patients). Sixty‐eight patients (68%) had a history of asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma subtypes included epithelial (43 patients), sarcomatous (26 patients), mixed (19 patients), desmoplastic (4 patients), and unspecified (9 patients). All 101 patients were treated with palliative intent. Talc pleurodesis was performed in 70 patients. At the time of analysis, 90 patients had died and 11 remained alive. Median survival was 213 (95% CI 137–289) days. Survival for the three major histological subtypes was significantly different (log rank, P = 0.0016). Histological subtype (epithelial favorable) was the only significant independent prognostic factor (Cox proportional hazard regression, P = 0.0009).

Conclusions

Patients with epithelial mesothelioma survive longer than those with other histological subtypes. Conservatively managed patients with pleural malignant mesothelioma have a median survival of approximately 7 months. These data from conservatively treated patients can serve as baseline information for future studies of experimental treatments. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:171–174. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The gas‐phase oxidation ofn‐hexadecane
Authors: Fournet R. , Battin‐Leclerc F. , Glaude P. A. , Judenherc B. , Warth V. , Côme G. M. , Scacchi G. , Ristori A. , Pengloan G. , Dagaut P. , Cathonnet M.
Published: August 2002

Sincen‐hexadecane or cetane is a reference fuel for the estimation of cetane numbers in diesel engines, a detailed chemical model of its gas‐phase oxidation and combustion will help to enhance diesel performance and reduce the emission of pollutants at their outlet. However, until recently the gas‐phase reactions ofn‐hexadecane had not been experimentally studied, prohibiting a validation of oxidation models which could be written.

This paper presents a modeling study of the oxidation ofn‐hexadecane based on experiments performed in a jet‐stirred reactor, at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1250 K, 1‐atm pressure, a constant mean residence time of 0.07 s, and high degree of nitrogen dilution (0.03 mol% of fuel) for equivalence ratios equal to 0.5, 1, and 1.5. A detailed kinetic mechanism was automatically generated by using the computer package (EXGAS) developed in Nancy. The long linear chain of this alkane necessitates the use of a detailed secondary mechanism for the consumption of the alkenes formed as a result of primary parent fuel decomposition. This high‐temperature mechanism includes 1787 reactions and 265 species, featuring satisfactory agreement for both the consumption of reactants and the formation of products. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 574–586, 2001
Nevus of Ota: A new classification based on the response to laser treatment
Authors: Chan Henry H. , Lam Lai‐kun , Wong David S.Y. , Leung Ronald S.C. , Ying Shun‐yuen , Lai Cham‐fai , Ho Wai‐sun , Chua John K.H.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

For 60 years, Tanino's classification has been used to classify the extent of nevus of Ota. However, such classification not only fails to address variants such as phacomatosis pigmentovascularis but also cannot be used to predict the therapeutic outcome. Our objective is to retrospectively study our series of laser‐treated patients with the aim of re‐classifying nevus of Ota, so that such important issues can be taken into account.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

One hundred nineteen patients that had received Q‐switched laser treatment were recruited into the study. They were recalled for interview and examination for evidence of coexisting birthmarks and extracutaneous involvement. Two observers assessed the pre‐ and posttreatment clinical photographs for evidence of periorbital under‐response (panda's sign), defined as the degree of periorbital laser clearing significantly less than clearing in the other area.

Results

A total of 47.8% of the patients with periorbital pigmentation were considered by the observers to have significant periorbital under‐response (panda's sign). Additionally, 10.1% had other birthmarks, and extracutaneous involvement was seen in 31.4% of the patients.

Conclusion

Periorbital under‐response is commonly seen in patients with periorbital pigmentation. Taking this and other factors into consideration, we have proposed a new classification for nevus of Ota that allows for the prediction of the clinical outcome of laser treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:267–272, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Hot” KTP‐laser treatment of facial angiofibromata*
Authors: Tope Whitney D. , Kageyama Nobuyoshi
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Treatment of facial angiofibromata (AF) relied largely upon cutaneous resurfacing. While effective, resurfacing affects large areas with attendant risks of dyspigmentation, infection, and scarring. We investigated the pulsed KTP (532 nm) laser energy for its high absorption by melanin and hemoglobin as a photothermal destructive method for treating AF.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

In five patients (Fitzpatrick phototypes II–;VI), AF were treated with the KTP laser (10 ms, 20 J/cm2, 2 mm beam) using stacked pulses (2–3.3 Hz) or passes. No cooling device was employed. Each pulse evoked puffs of steam and caused progressive flattening of AF. Normal intervening skin was strictly avoided. Patients underwent one to five sessions in which as many as 100 lesions were treated.

Results

Individual lesions responded with complete flattening in one or two treatments. While this effect has persisted for 18–;24 months, slow recrudescence is expected. Transient hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation were localized to treated skin. No scarring, infection, or other adverse events were observed. Patient satisfaction with this method was high due to rapid healing time ( < 10 days), minimal pain, ease of wound care, and efficacy.

Conclusions

“Hot” KTP laser is an effective and safe method of treatment for facial AF. Limiting treatment only to lesional skin allowed rapid healing and very limited adverse effects despite the increased non‐specific thermal damage caused by high fluence, long pulse duration, and an absence of superficial tissue cooling. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:78–81, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A retrospective study looking at the long‐term complications of Q‐switched Ruby laser in the treatment of nevus of Ota
Authors: Kono Taro , Nozaki Motohiro , Chan Henry H. , Mikashima Yoshinori
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective:

Despite the extensive use of QS Ruby, there is no report looking at its long‐term complication in the treatment of nevus of Ota. To look at the long‐term complications of nevus of Ota patients treated with QS Ruby laser.

Study Design/Materials and Methods:

A teaching hospital in Japan where over 400 patients with nevus of Ota had been treated since 1984. Hundred and one nevus of Ota patients that had been treated with QS Ruby laser, but had not received treatment for 12 months prior to the study, were called back for further assessment. Patients were called back to the hospital where they were interviewed and examined by two independent clinicians.

Results:

Hypopigmentation was the most common complication, affecting 16.8% of the patients and 5.9% had hyperpigmentation. One patient that had complete clearance post‐laser surgery developed recurrence.

Conclusion:

QS Ruby laser is effective in the treatment of nevus of Ota. Recurrence is rare, but hypopigmentation is common and can be permanent. Further prospective study comparing its use with other Q‐switched lasers is necessary. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:156–159, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consumer resistance in a world of advertising clutter: The case of Adbusters
Authors: Rumbo Joseph D.
Published: August 2002

The pervasive influence of advertising and consumer culture is examined in relation to a postmodern condition marked by increased speed, fragmentation, and the decentering of the subject. This condition often prompts the consumer to develop ad‐avoidance strategies that protect his/her psychic space by filtering out excess advertising clutter (which also colonizes the public and discursive space of consumer culture). The struggle for these cultural spaces resembles a war of position between the ideology of consumerism and its opponents, who attempt to cultivate alternative worldviews toward consumerism. Although some perspectives see consumption as a means for self‐expression and the fashioning of multiple identities, this position valorizes consumption practices irrespective of their environmental and social impact. An evaluation of the antiadvertising magazine Adbusters illustrates the obstacles inherent in launching challenges to consumerism, and the difficulty of resisting consumerism given advertising's control over cultural spaces. Marketers have converted resistance efforts from some of consumption's most ardent critics into market segments by targeting certain goods and services toward them. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
APC‐dependent regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in human colon tumor cells
Authors: Fultz Kimberly E. , Gerner Eugene W.
Published: August 2002

Mutation/deletion of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene in germline cells of rodents and humans is associated with increased intestinal activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first enzyme in polyamine synthesis, and intestinal neoplasia. To study the role of APC in signaling ODC expression, we used the human colon tumor cell line HT29 (wtAPC−/−), which has been stably transfected with a zinc‐inducible wild‐type APC gene. The addition of ZnCl2 to HT29‐APC cells increased wild‐type APC protein and Mad1 RNA and protein and decreased levels of c‐myc and ODC RNA and protein, relative to these parameters in HT29 cells transfected with the same plasmid containing the β‐galactosidase gene in place of APC. Upon induction of APC expression, ODC promoter activity and RNA levels were suppressed. When the e‐box domain in the 5′ flanking region of the ODC gene was mutated, ODC promoter activity was unaffected by wild‐type APC expression. Antisense, but not missense, c‐myc oligonucleotides decreased ODC activity in HT29 cells expressing mutant APC. These results demonstrated that wild‐type APC suppressed c‐myc and activated Mad1 expression in HT29 colon‐derived cells. These proteins, in turn, regulated the transcription of target genes, including ODC. The data presented indicate that ODC is a modifier of APC‐dependent signaling in intestinal cells and tissues. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the CDKN2A and ARF genes in UV‐induced melanocytic hyperplasias and melanomas of an opossum (Monodelphis domestica)
Authors: Chan Jeannie , Robinson Edward S. , Atencio Julia , Wang Zhiqiang , Kazianis Steven , Coletta Luis Della , Nairn Rodney S. , McCarrey John R.
Published: August 2002

We examined the involvement of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) locus in the pathogenesis of ultraviolet (UV) radiation–induced melanomas in an opossum (Monodelphis domestica) melanoma model in which suckling young were exposed to UVB to produce melanocytic lesions. Monodelphis CDKN2A and alternated reading frame (ARF) cDNAs were cloned and sequenced, and the expression patterns of these genes were determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in normal tissues, 39 primary melanocytic skin lesions, and two tumor‐derived cell lines, one nonmetastatic and one metastatic. Primary melanocytic lesions, including hyperplasias, benign melanomas, melanomas metastatic to lymph nodes, and melanomas metastatic to nodes and additional visceral organs, were categorized accordingly as types I–IV. Levels of CDKN2A transcripts were most abundant in type III tumor samples and the metastatic cell line but absent in the nonmetastatic cell line. ARF transcripts were expressed in all tumors and cell lines. A UV‐signature mutation was detected with the wild‐type allele at the CDKN2A locus in type II and III primary tumor samples and in the nonmetastatic cell line. Interestingly, in the metastatic cell line, only the mutant allele was present and expressed. These data suggest dynamic changes in the expression and/or structure of the CDKN2A and ARF genes represent one molecular defect associated with the etiology of melanoma formation and progression in the Monodelphis model system. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Foreign direct investment and global sourcing choices of firms in the US
Authors: Park Hong Y
Published: August 2002

This paper investigates factors affecting the global sourcing choices of firms in the US: (1) US investment abroad; (2) foreign direct investment in the US; (3) wage–productivity ratio; and (4) transaction cost. I found that there is a statistically significant association between the country of sourcing choices and foreign direct investment. Both the wage–productivity ratios and transaction costs are not statistically significant at the conventional significance level, but their regression coefficients show proper signs. The paper also examines the patterns of foreign direct investment among countries and compares transaction costs by income group. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation and quality of life in advanced Parkinson's disease
Authors: Martínez‐Martín Pablo , Valldeoriola Francesc , Tolosa Eduardo , Pilleri Manuela , Molinuevo José Luis , Rumià Jordi , Ferrer Enric
Published: August 2002

We examined the impact of the subthalamic nuclei (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the health‐related quality of life (QoL) of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Seventeen consecutive patients with refractory motor fluctuations and dyskinesia were included in the study (mean age, 60.9 ± 7.7 years [range, 43–74 years]; disease duration, 16.4 ± 8.5 years [range, 7–38 years]; mean off‐medication Hoehn and Yahr stage, 4.23 ± 0.66 [range, 2.5–5]). Each patient's assessment was carried out using common rating scales, following the Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantation (CAPIT) protocol. Dyskinesia and emotional state were evaluated through the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). QoL was assessed by means of the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire Spanish version (PDQ‐39). Significant benefit was obtained in the motor manifestations and complications of disease, as well as in the functional state and mood (P < 0.001). Some QoL dimensions (mobility and activities of daily living) and the PDQ‐39 Summary Index (PDQ‐39SI) showed a significant improvement (P < 0.001). Benefit was modest (P < 0.05) for three other domains (emotional well‐being, stigma, bodily discomfort) and nil for the rest. There was no correlation between the change obtained in the QoL (PDQ‐39SI) and in the other variables. As measured by the PDQ‐39, STN‐DBS significantly improves important aspects of QoL in patients with advanced PD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Impairment of eyeblink classical conditioning in progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Sommer Martin , Grafman Jordan , Litvan Irene , Hallett Mark
Published: August 2002

In a previous study we showed that learning in eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) is normal in Parkinson's disease (PD) and that the serial reaction time task (SRTT) is only marginally impaired. Since pathological lesions are more widespread in the atypical parkinsonian disorder of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) than in PD, we hypothesized that PSP patients may show more profound deficits in the EBCC and SRTT learning tasks. We therefore investigated EBCC with a delay and two trace paradigms, an SRTT and the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) in eight patients with PSP and an age‐matched control group. In all EBCC paradigms, we found a significant difference between groups with no significant learning in PSP patients. In the SRTT, implicit learning may have been impaired, but verbal and manual sequence recall were only marginally impaired. Verbal memory was significantly worse in PSP patients than in the control group. Our study shows a dissociated pattern of learning abilities in PSP, where the EBCC as a measure of implicit learning is impaired, the explicit sequence detection in the SRTT is relatively preserved, and the verbal memory impaired. We hypothesize that the PSP patients' deficits in EBCC learning may be due to lesions of deep cerebellar nuclei. There may be a clinical role for EBCC in distinguishing PD and PSP patients. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Antiparkinsonian activity and dyskinesia risk of ropinirole and L‐DOPA combination therapy in drug naive MPTP‐lesioned common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Maratos Eleni C. , Jackson Michael J. , Pearce Ronald K. B. , Jenner Peter
Published: August 2002

De novo administration of long‐acting dopamine agonists, such as ropinirole, to patients with Parkinson's disease or to 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐treated subhuman primates produces a lower incidence of dyskinesia than occurs with L‐DOPA. This study compares the intensity of dyskinesia produced by combinations of L‐DOPA and ropinirole and by these drugs alone, using the MPTP‐treated common marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. The objective is to determine the optimum therapeutic strategy for the long‐term control of Parkinson's disease with a minimal risk of dyskinesia.

MPTP‐treated marmosets received either L‐DOPA alone, ropinirole alone, or one of two combinations of these drugs (either L‐DOPA dominant or ropinirole dominant) daily for 28 days in doses titrated to produce a similar improvement in disability and increase in locomotion. In the group receiving L‐DOPA alone, there was a trend for peak dose locomotor activity to increase and the duration of drug effect to decline over the period of the study. L‐DOPA alone induced marked dyskinesia over the period of treatment, in contrast to ropinirole which produced a low intensity of involuntary movements. The L‐DOPA dominant combination initially produced little dyskinesia, but this became increasingly intense as the study progressed. In contrast, the ropinirole dominant combination produced no greater intensity of dyskinesia than was produced by ropinirole alone.

These data suggest that in early Parkinson's disease, the use of ropinirole alone or in combination with a low‐dose L‐DOPA might delay the induction of dyskinesias while improving motor performance. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Prevalence of restless legs syndrome among men aged 18 to 64 years: An association with somatic disease and neuropsychiatric symptoms
Authors: Ulfberg Jan , Nyström Birgitta , Carter Ned , Edling Christer
Published: August 2002

Standardized diagnostic criteria determined by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group were used to investigate the current prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Possible associations between RLS and neuropsychiatric and somatic complaints were also investigated. A random sample of 4,000 men living in central Sweden were sent a questionnaire that included questions about sleep habits, symptoms of sleepiness, and somatic and neuropsychiatric complaints. Four symptom questions accepted as minimal diagnostic criteria for RLS were also included. Odds (OR) ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) for different variables were calculated by means of multivariate logistic regression; 5.8% of the men suffered from RLS. The prevalence of RLS increased with age. Sleep‐related complaints were more frequent among the RLS sufferers. Complaints of headache at awakening and daytime headache were reported three to five times more frequently among RLS sufferers and there was a tendency toward reported social isolation related to RLS. Subjects with RLS more frequently reported depressed mood (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.8–3.8), and complained more often of reduced libido (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4–3.3). RLS sufferers more frequently reported hypertension (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.9–2.4) and heart problems (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4–4.3). Results show that restless legs syndrome is common among men. It is hypothesized that RLS may be associated with several somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Chronic high‐frequency globus pallidus internus stimulation in different types of dystonia: A clinical, video, and MRI report of six patients presenting with segmental, cervical, and generalized dystonia
Authors: Bereznai Benjamin , Steude Ulrich , Seelos Klaus , Bötzel Kai
Published: August 2002

The results of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (Gpi) in six patients with generalized, focal, and segmental dystonia are presented. Pre‐ and postoperative assessments are given for one patient with generalized inherited dystonia and for five patients with idiopathic segmental or cervical dystonia. Clinical symptoms were evaluated before and 3–12 months after surgery using the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden (BFM) dystonia rating scale for primary torsion dystonia and the Tsui scale for cervical dystonia. The Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) was completed by each patient to document preoperative and postoperative health status. Also, neurological status was documented by video before and during chronic stimulation. Magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed to show the anatomical localization of the electrode leads. Five patients showed a progressive improvement within 7 days. One patient with cervical dystonia and Meige's syndrome showed no improvement for 3 months, but beneficial effects were observed after 12 months. On average, the BFM movement scale scores decreased by 72.5% and Tsui scale scores by 63%. SF‐36 showed an improvement in health status by an average of 36% according to eight different health categories. We conclude that chronic high‐frequency Gpi stimulation in different types of dystonia is a very effective and safe treatment. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Postmortem analysis of bilateral subthalamic electrode implants in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Henderson Jasmine M. , Pell Malcolm , O'Sullivan Dudley J. , McCusker Elizabeth A. , Fung Victor S.C. , Hedges Philippa , Halliday Glenda M.
Published: August 2002

This is the second neuropathological report detailing bilateral electrodes targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). The patient presented with unilateral tremor‐dominant parkinsonism. Bilateral STN stimulation was carried out 7 years later due to significant disease progression and severe motor fluctuations. The patient exhibited bilateral improvements in rigidity and bradykinesia both intraoperatively and postoperatively. The patient died 2 months later from aspiration pneumonia. Neuropathological examination confirmed both the diagnosis of PD and the electrode placements. The tip of the left electrode was located medially and posteriorly in the left STN and the tip of the right electrode entered the base of the thalamus/zona incerta immediately above the right STN. Tissue changes associated with the subthalamic electrode tracts included mild cell loss, astrogliosis, and some tissue vacuolation. Our postmortem analysis indicates little tissue damage associated with STN stimulation for PD. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.