bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valorization of Sweet Lime Peel for the Extraction of Essential Oil by Solvent Free Microwave Extraction Enhanced with Ultrasound Pretreatment
Authors: Arafat Yasir , Altemimi Ammar , Ibrahim Salam Adnan , Badwaik Laxmikant Shivnath
Published: September 2020

Essential oils of sweet lime peel, a waste by-product in the juice industry, were extracted using the vacuum assisted solvent free microwave extraction (VASFME) method. The effects of microwave output power (500–1000 W) and extraction time (20–30 min) on the essential oils yield and antimicrobial property were investigated. Optimal conditions were observed at 797.844 W microwave output power and 30 min extraction time. The essential oils yield and antimicrobial property under these conditions were 0.792 ± 0.03% and 18.25 ± 1.45 mm, respectively, which agrees with the predicted values of 0.757% and 16.50 mm. The essential oils were extracted at optimized conditions and analyzed through GCMS for compound identification. A total of 49 compounds were identified, with limonene content (43.47%) being the highest among all sweet lime peel oil compounds. Moreover, the sweet lime peels were subjected to ultrasound pre-treatment before microwave extraction. The ultrasound pre-treatment helped to increase the essential oils yield from 0.84 to 1.06% as the treatment time increased from 30 to 90 min. The increase in yield was 37.66% more compared to VASFME at 90 min treatment time.
Preparation and Characterization of Two Immunogens and Production of Polyclonal Antibody with High Affinity and Specificity for Darunavir
Authors: Darwish Ibrahim A. , Almehizia Abdulrahman A. , Radwan Awwad A. , Herqash Rashed N.
Published: September 2020

Darunavir (DRV) is a potent antiviral drug used for treatment of infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Effective and safe treatment with DRV requires its therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patient’s plasma during therapy. To support TDM of DRV, a specific antibody with high affinity is required in order to develop a sensitive immunoassay for the accurate determination of DRV in plasma. In this study, two new and different immunogens were prepared and characterized. These immunogens were the DRV conjugates with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) protein. The first immunogen (DRV-KLH) was prepared by zero-length direct linking of DRV via its aromatic amino group with the tyrosine amino acid residues of KLH by diazotization/coupling reaction. The second immunogen (G-DRV-KLH) was prepared by conjugation of the N-glutaryl derivative of DRV (G-DRV) with KLH. The 5-carbon atoms-spacing G-DRV hapten was synthesized by reaction of DRV via its aromatic amino group with glutaric anhydride. The reaction was monitored by HPLC and the chemical structure of G-DRV was confirmed by mass, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The hapten (G-DRV) was linked to the KLH protein by water-soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) coupling procedure. The pertinence of the coupling reactions of haptens to protein was confirmed, and the immunogens were characterized by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. Both DRV-KLH and G-DRV-KLH were used for the immunization of animals and the animal’s antiserum that showed the highest affinity was selected. The collected antiserum (polyclonal antibody) had very high affinity to DRV (IC50 value = 0.2 ng mL−1; defining IC50 as the DRV concentration that can inhibit antibody binding by 50% of its maximum binding) and high specificity to DRV among other drugs used in the combination therapy with DRV. Cumulative results from direct and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using this polyclonal antibody proved that the immunogens were highly antigenic and elicited a specific polyclonal antibody. The produced polyclonal antibody is valuable for the development of highly sensitive and selective immunoassays for TDM of DRV.
The New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Comprehensive Review on Immunity and the Application of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling to the Discovery of Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents
Authors: Villas-Boas Gustavo R. , Rescia Vanessa C. , Paes Marina M. , Lavorato Stefânia N. , Magalhães-Filho Manoel F. de , Cunha Mila S. , Simões Rafael da C. , Lacerda Roseli B. de , Freitas-Júnior Renilson S. de , Ramos Bruno H. da S. , Mapeli Ana M. , Henriques Matheus da S. T. , Freitas William R. de , Lopes Luiz A. F. , Oliveira Luiz G. R. , Silva Jonatas G. da , Silva-Filho Saulo E. , Silveira Ana P. S. da , Leão Katyuscya V. , Matos Maria M. de S. , Fernandes Jamille S. , Cuman Roberto K. N. , Silva-Comar Francielli M. de S. , Comar Jurandir F. , Brasileiro Luana do A. , Santos Jussileide N. dos , Oesterreich Silvia A.
Published: September 2020

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the outbreak caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) a pandemic. The rapid spread of the disease surprised the scientific and medical community. Based on the latest reports, news, and scientific articles published, there is no doubt that the coronavirus has overloaded health systems globally. Practical actions against the recent emergence and rapid expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 require the development and use of tools for discovering new molecular anti-SARS-CoV-2 targets. Thus, this review presents bioinformatics and molecular modeling strategies that aim to assist in the discovery of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Besides, we reviewed the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity, since understanding the structures involved in this infection can contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets. Bioinformatics is a technology that assists researchers in coping with diseases by investigating genetic sequencing and seeking structural models of potential molecular targets present in SARS-CoV2. The details provided in this review provide future points of consideration in the field of virology and medical sciences that will contribute to clarifying potential therapeutic targets for anti-SARS-CoV-2 and for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis and virulence of SARS-CoV-2.
Stochastic Finite Element Analysis Framework for Modelling Electrical Properties of Particle-Modified Polymer Composites
Authors: Ahmadi Moghaddam Hamidreza , Mertiny Pierre
Published: September 2020

Properties such as low specific gravity and cost make polymers attractive for many engineering applications, yet their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties are typically inferior compared to other engineering materials. Material designers have been seeking to improve polymer properties, which may be achieved by adding suitable particulate fillers. However, the design process is challenging due to countless permutations of available filler materials, different morphologies, filler loadings and fabrication routes. Designing materials solely through experimentation is ineffective given the considerable time and cost associated with such campaigns. Analytical models, on the other hand, typically lack detail, accuracy and versatility. Increasingly powerful numerical techniques are a promising route to alleviate these shortcomings. A stochastic finite element analysis method for predicting the properties of filler-modified polymers is herein presented with a focus on electrical properties, i.e., conductivity, percolation, and piezoresistivity behavior of composites with randomly distributed and dispersed filler particles. The effect of temperature was also explored. While the modeling framework enables prediction of the properties for a variety of filler morphologies, the present study considers spherical particles for the case of nano-silver modified epoxy polymer. Predicted properties were contrasted with data available in the technical literature to demonstrate the viability of the developed modeling approach.
A Novel Genotype and First Record of Trypanosoma lainsoni in Argentina
Authors: Díaz Anahí G. , Ragone Paula G. , Rusman Fanny , Floridia-Yapur Noelia , Barquez Rubén M. , Díaz M. Mónica , Tomasini Nicolás , Diosque Patricio
Published: September 2020

Trypanosomes are a group of parasitic flagellates with medical and veterinary importance. Despite many species having been described in this genus, little is known about many of them. Here, we report a genetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomatids isolated from wild mammals from the Argentine Chaco region. Parasites were morphologically and ultrastructurally characterized by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, 18s rRNA and gGAPDH genes were sequenced and analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Morphological characterization showed clear characteristics associated with the Trypanosoma genus. The genetic characterization demonstrates that the studied isolates have identical sequences and a pairwise identity of 99% with Trypanosoma lainsoni, which belongs to the clade of lizards and snakes/rodents and marsupials. To date, this species had only been found in the Amazon region. Our finding represents the second report of T. lainsoni and the first record for the Chaco region. Furthermore, we ultrastructurally described for the first time the species. Finally, the host range of T. lainsoni was expanded (Leopardus geoffroyi, Carenivora, Felidae; and Calomys sp., Rodentia, Cricetidae), showing a wide host range for this species.
Biological and Genetic Heterogeneity in Trypanosoma dionisii Isolates from Hematophagous and Insectivorous Bats
Authors: Barros Juliana Helena da Silva , Roque André Luiz Rodrigues , Xavier Samanta Cristina das Chagas , Nascimento Kátia Cristina Silva , Toma Helena Keiko , Madeira Maria de Fatima
Published: September 2020

This study describes the morphological, biochemical, and molecular differences among Trypanosoma dionisii isolates from hemocultures of hematophagous (Desmodus rotundus; n = 2) and insectivorous (Lonchorhina aurita; n = 1) bats from the Atlantic Rainforest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fusiform epimastigotes from the hematophagous isolates were elongated, whereas those of the insectivorous isolate were stumpy, reflected in statistically evident differences in the cell body and flagellum lengths. In the hemocultures, a higher percentage of trypomastigote forms (60%) was observed in the hematophagous bat isolates than that in the isolate from the insectivorous bat (4%), which demonstrated globular morphology. Three molecular DNA regions were analyzed: V7V8 (18S rDNA), glycosomal glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene, and mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The samples were also subjected to multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. All isolates were identified as T. dionisii by phylogenetic analysis. These sequences were clustered into two separate subgroups with high bootstrap values according to the feeding habits of the bats from which the parasites were isolated. However, other T. dionisii samples from bats with different feeding habits were found in the same branch. These results support the separation of the three isolates into two subgroups, demonstrating that different subpopulations of T. dionisii circulate among bats.
Pharmacy Implementation of a New Law Allowing Year-Long Hormonal Contraception Supplies
Authors: Nikpour Gelareh , Allen Antoinette , Rafie Sally , Sim Myung , Rible Radhika , Chen Angela
Published: September 2020

Background: Prescription hormonal contraceptive methods are vital to prevention of unplanned pregnancies. New legislation among 23 states has expanded access to contraception. In California, a 2017 law requires pharmacists to dispense year-long supplies of contraception and insurance plans to cover it upon patients’ request. This study assesses pharmacist knowledge of this new law 6 months after enactment. Methods: From July to November 2017, a random selection of 600 community pharmacies were called requesting a pharmacist (n = 532, 88.7% response). Pharmacists were asked if they had heard of the new law, if they would dispense a year-long supply to cash-pay, privately or publicly insured patients, and what they perceived as obstacles to dispensing year-long supplies. Results: Awareness of this law was assessed through these surveys. Most pharmacists responded they would dispense year-long supplies to cash-pay patients, regardless of knowledge of the new law (81% of “knew”, 70% of “did not know”, p = 0.1046). The top two perceived obstacles were insurance reimbursement (55.8%) and store policy (13.4%). Conclusion: Despite a new law requiring insurance coverage of a year-long supply of prescription birth control, most pharmacists were unaware at six months after the policy went into effect. Of those who were aware, the majority did not clearly understand it. Compliance among insurance plans is unknown. There was no implementation plan or awareness campaign for the new law.
The Emerging Role of Community Pharmacists in Remote Patient Monitoring Services
Authors: Abubakar Amina , Sinclair Jessica
Published: September 2020

Remote physiologic monitoring (RPM) services involve the transmission of patient-collected physiologic data to the healthcare team. These data are then analyzed to determine what changes may be needed to enhance patient care. While pharmacists may not be recognized as billing providers through some payers, there are opportunities for pharmacist collaboration with providers to enhance patient access to RPM services. Community pharmacist services are traditionally tied to a product, but pharmacists are skilled in medication management, disease state evaluation, and patient counseling, which are skills that can contribute to an elevated RPM program.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling High-Temperature Tolerance in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Seedlings
Authors: Dong Shaoyun , Zhang Song , Wei Shuang , Liu Yanyan , Li Caixia , Bo Kailiang , Miao Han , Gu Xingfang , Zhang Shengping
Published: September 2020

High temperature is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect cucumber growth and development. Heat stress often leads to metabolic malfunction, dehydration, wilting and death, which has a great impact on the yield and fruit quality. In this study, genetic analysis and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for thermotolerance in cucumber seedlings was investigated using a recombinant inbred line (RILs; HR) population and a doubled haploid (DH; HP) population derived from two parental lines ‘65G’ (heat-sensitive) and ‘02245′ (heat-tolerant). Inheritance analysis suggested that both short-term extreme and long-term mild thermotolerance in cucumber seedlings were determined by multiple genes. Six QTLs for heat tolerance including qHT3.1, qHT3.2, qHT3.3, qHT4.1, qHT4.2, and qHT6.1 were detected. Among them, the major QTL, qHT3.2, was repeatedly detected for three times in HR and HP at different environments, explained 28.3% of the phenotypic variability. The 481.2 kb region harbored 79 genes, nine of which might involve in heat stress response. This study provides a basis for further identifying thermotolerant genes and helps understanding the molecular mechanism underlying thermotolerance in cucumber seedlings.
Simulation Data of Regional Economic Analysis of OTEC for Applicable Area
Authors: Seungtaek Lim , Hosaeng Lee , Junghyun Moon , Hyeonju Kim
Published: September 2020

To mitigate the power shortage problem in the South Pacific island nations and the equatorial area, we studied the development characteristics of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) using abundant clean ocean energy. Through the simulation of open- and closed-cycle OTEC, the generation amount and its economic efficiency were compared, and the application characteristics of the power generation cycle according to the seawater temperature distribution were compared by applying various seawater temperature conditions. According to the characteristics of seawater heat sources in the region, the power generation output was about 883.2 kW in Samoa, and the average power generation by region was about 650.5 kW for the open-cycle OTEC model. Regional revenue up to approximately $8,487,000 was generated in Kiribati, driven by the higher electricity tariff of $0.327/kWh and high water costs of $5.86/ton. With the spread of 50 MW commercial plants, Kiribati had a high net present value of $1,930,402,000, and its internal rate of return was more than 37.0%. This paper is presents a method of securing economic feasibility of OTEC according to various heat source conditions and economic conditions in the region, while it also analyzes the capacity and type of the power plant.
Melt Stable Functionalized Organosolv and Kraft Lignin Thermoplastic
Authors: Bhattacharyya Shubhankar , Matsakas Leonidas , Rova Ulrika , Christakopoulos Paul
Published: September 2020

A shift towards an economically viable biomass biorefinery concept requires the use of all biomass fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the production of high added-value products. As lignin is often underutilized, the establishment of lignin valorization routes is highly important. In-house produced organosolv as well as commercial Kraft lignin were used in this study. The aim of the current work was to make a comparative study of thermoplastic biomaterials from two different types of lignins. Native lignins were alkylate with two different alkyl iodides to produce ether-functionalized lignins. Successful etherification was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy, changes in the molecular weight of lignin, as well as 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The thermal stability of etherified lignin samples was considerably improved with the T2% of organosolv to increase from 143 °C to up to 213 °C and of Kraft lignin from 133 °C to up to 168 °C, and glass transition temperature was observed. The present study shows that etherification of both organosolv and Kraft lignin with alkyl halides can produce lignin thermoplastic biomaterials with low glass transition temperature. The length of the alkyl chain affects thermal stability as well as other thermal properties.
Invasive versus Non-Invasive Neuroprosthetics of the Upper Limb: Which Way to Go?
Authors: Otte Andreas
Published: September 2020

In this editorial, a topic for general discussion in the field of neuroprosthetics of the upper limb is addressed: which way—invasive or non-invasive—is the right one for the future in the development of neuroprosthetic concepts. At present, two groups of research priorities (namely the invasive versus the non-invasive approach) seem to be emerging, without taking a closer look at the wishes but also the concerns of the patients. This piece is intended to stimulate the discussion on this.
Nature and Magic as Representation of “The Sami”—Sami Shamanistic Material in Popular Culture
Authors: Kalvig Anne
Published: September 2020

This article examines how magic and nature become representations of both “the Sami” and “Sami shamanism” in animation films Frozen 2 and Klaus, in the television crime series Midnattssol (Midnight Sun) and in three Eurovision Song Contest contributions partly by Sami artists, containing joik. With a methodological ludism approach and with material theory, the article asks how “the Sami” and shamanism are made relevant as spiritual or religious categories within popular cultural products, and how (and why) spirituality is being constructed and communicated on a more general level in a time of eco-crisis, where there is a growing global interest in perceived shamanistic and animistic perceptions of the world, nature, and ourselves.
Victim to Victor: The Appeal of Apocalyptic Hope
Authors: Whitaker Robyn
Published: September 2020

Jewish apocalyptic literature emerged as a form of resistance literature during the intertestamental period. A product of marginalized communities, such literature is highly political, articulating the worldview of the politically oppressed and those who considered their religious freedoms to be under threat. As resistance literature, apocalypses cathartically utilize vivid descriptions of violence and poetic symbols of hope to encourage those who identify as victims to maintain their resistance to political pressure or injustice. This paper explores the ways the Christian Book of Revelation builds on this tradition to envisage hope in the face of systemic evil, political oppression, and injustice. Neither the noun nor verb for hope appear in Revelation, yet its eschatological vision of vindication, victory, and shared rule in New Jerusalem for those who are oppressed has inspired many Christians to hope for a new world order with significant implications for the present. After considering the historical context of Revelation, this paper will examine the ways the apocalyptic imagination of Revelation continues to be invoked and (mis)used in contemporary Christianized political discourse. I argue that the Book of Revelation continues to appeal precisely because it offers a framework for believing that the victim will become the victor in the eschaton.
ScientIST: Biomedical Engineering Experiments Supported by Mobile Devices, Cloud and IoT
Authors: Pinto Joana F. , Silva Hugo Plácido da , Melo Francisco , Fred Ana
Published: September 2020

Currently, mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets are widespread within the student community. However, their potential to be used in classrooms is yet to be fully explored. Our work proposes an approach that benefits from the ease of access to mobile devices, and combines it with state-of-the-art software and hardware. This approach builds upon previous developments from our team on biosignal acquisition and analysis, and is designed towards the enrichment of the teaching experience for students, namely in what concerns laboratory activities in the field of biomedical engineering. The implementation of such methodology aims at involving students more actively in the learning process, using case studies and emerging educational approaches such as project-based, active and research-based learning. It also provides an effective option for remote teaching, as recently required by the COVID-19 outbreak. In our approach (ScientIST) we explore the use of the Arduino MKR WIFI 1010, a variant of the popular electronic platform, recently launched for prototyping Internet of Things (IoT) applications, and the Google Science Journal (GSJ), a digital notebook created by Google, to support laboratory activities using mobile devices. This approach has shown promising results in two case studies, namely, documenting a Histology laboratory class and a Photoplethysmography (PPG) data acquisition and processing experiment. The System Usability Scale (SUS) was used in the evaluation of the students’ experience, revealing an overall score of 78.68%.
Enhanced Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial NOMA with Cooperative Device-to-Device Communication
Authors: Karavolos Michail , Nomikos Nikolaos , Vouyioukas Demosthenes
Published: September 2020

The currently deployed terrestrial wireless networks experience difficulties while coping with the massive connectivity demands of coexisting users and devices. The addition of satellite segments has been proposed as a viable way of providing improved coverage and capacity, leading to the formation of integrated satellite-terrestrial networks. In such topologies, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can further enhance the efficient use of wireless resources by simultaneously serving multiple users. In this paper, an integrated satellite-terrestrial NOMA network is studied where cooperation between ground users is allowed, following the device-to-device (D2D) paradigm. More specifically, the proposed satellite NOMA cooperative (SANOCO) D2D scheme optimally selects pairs of users, by considering the channel conditions of the satellite and the terrestrial D2D links. In SANOCO-D2D users are served through NOMA in the satellite link, and then, if the weak user fails to decode its signal, terrestrial D2D communication is activated to maintain the total sum rate of the system. Comparisons with conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and an alternative NOMA optimal user pairing scheme show that significant sum rate and spectral efficiency gains can be harvested through SANOCO-D2D under varying channel conditions and terrestrial D2D bandwidth.
Global Perspectives on Arbovirus Outbreaks: A 2020 Snapshot
Authors: Kading Rebekah C. , Brault Aaron C. , Beckham J. David
Published: September 2020

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The Role of Social Enterprises in Urban Sustainability: Insights from Anyang, South Korea
Authors: Marshall Tony , Jang June-ho
Published: September 2020

The collaboration of Social enterprises (SEs) and the government to maximize the socio-economic prosperity of citizens, including minor ethnic groups and low-income classes, is one of the key tools that leads to the sustainable development of a city. Notably, though, is that a seamless coordination of development processes between SEs and relevant government agencies is often challenging to attain because it is usually affected by several factors. Some of these factors include lack of enough funding, depletion of natural resources and inadequate social capital. Besides such factors, there has also been another conspicuous factor— the increasing number of emerging cities, an example being the City of Anyang, which is located in Gyeonggi province of South Korea. Based on the issue of emerging cities, the objective of conducting this research was to find out what mechanisms of SEs can positively affect sustainable development and urban regeneration for the City of Anyang. As for the methodology, primary data were collected by use of questionnaires and the methodologies of factor analysis and correlation analysis tools, such as Cronbach and varimax rotation, applied to evaluate the results. The sample of the survey consisted of 1062 stakeholders recruited from over 18 economic sectors. The findings suggest that a significant number of respondents demonstrated a low confidence level in the social enterprises’ abilities to address all the emerging economic and social development issues. Regardless of the low levels of confidence exhibited by the study participants in the ability of SEs to address emerging economic and social development issues, other factors, such as employment creation, support for vulnerable groups, and environmental conservation had significantly high scores. Based on these findings, it is a reasonable assertion that SEs can effectively use these abilities to affect urban regeneration and sustainable development positively. Unfortunately, other values associated with enterprises, such as promoting access to quality education, affordable housing, addressing financial exclusion and disability, provision of the grants to other organizations, and support to other social enterprises, were ranked below the expected level. Based on the results from the study, it is evident that instruments of SEs, such as supporting the vulnerable population, the creation of employment opportunities, and environmental conservation positively influence Anyang’s urban regeneration process and its sustainable development.
Assessment of the Impact of Sewage Storage Ponds on the Water Environment in Surrounding Area
Authors: Ospanov Kairat , Rakhimov Timur , Myrzakhmetov Menlibai , Andraka Dariusz
Published: September 2020

Due to geographical limitations (lack of natural receivers of treated wastewater) large sewage storage ponds are the main method of sewage disposal in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper presents the results of research on the environmental impact of sewage ponds serving the city of Kostanay (Kazakhstan). The scope of the research included the determination of basic quality parameters of raw and treated wastewater, the analysis of the chemical composition of groundwater in the vicinity of sewage ponds, and the analysis of the water quality of the Tobol River. The obtained results showed that efficiency of treatment facilities was unsatisfactory and water quality in the ponds did not meet requirements for surface waters for fishery. Highest contamination of groundwater was observed in sampling points close to the sewage ponds and was decreasing while the distance from the ponds was increasing. Multivariate analysis of the research data indicated that sewage from storage ponds, infiltrating into the ground, may affect quality of groundwater, which in turn supplying the Tobol River may also determine the quality of the river water.
Entropy-Based Research on Precipitation Variability in the Source Region of China’s Yellow River
Authors: Gu Henan , Yu Zhongbo , Li Guofang , Luo Jian , Ju Qin , Huang Yan , Fu Xiaolei
Published: September 2020

The headwater regions in the Tibetan Plateau play an essential role in the hydrological cycle, however the variation characteristics in the long-term precipitation and throughout-the-year apportionment remain ambiguous. To investigate the spatio-temporal variability of precipitation in the source region of the Yellow River (SRYR), different time scale data during 1979–2015 were studied based on Shannon entropy theory. Long-term marginal disorder index (LMDI) was defined to evaluate the inter-annual hydrologic budget for annual (AP) and monthly precipitation (MP), and annual marginal disorder index (AMDI) to measure intra-annual moisture supply disorderliness for daily precipitation (DP). Results reveal that the AP over the SRYR exhibits remarkable variation, with an inclination rate of 2.7 mm/year, and a significant increasing trend. The climatic trend reversed from warm–dry to warm–wet around the turn of this century. The start of the wet season has advanced from May instead of June, supported by the proportion of MP in AP and the LMDI for May are both comparable with the values during June–September. May contributes the main changes in AP, as it is the only month in the wet season which shows a significant increasing trend during 1979–2015, and has a value in the LMDI that divides the basin in half spatially, the same as AP, with a high value in the northwest and low in the southeast. The AMDI roughly rises with latitude in spatial distribution, with wetlands and glaciers disturbing the continuity of the pattern for a relatively perennial moisture supply. AP has increased on northwest high-altitude areas first and then the southern corner since the beginning of this century. Wetting is mainly attributed to the enhanced southwest monsoon and the warming-induced freeze-thaw process. Meanwhile, AMDI variation concentrated on the Zoige Plateau Wetland, the headwater corner, the summit and part of the North Slope in the Bayan Har Mountain, as a result of a single or combined effect of global climate change and human protection.
Oncogenic Viruses and Their Molecular Diagnosis in Poultry
Authors: YILDIZ Berkant İsmail , ERSAL Mustafa , KARABAĞ Kemal
Published: September 2020

Infectious animal diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses threaten the health and well-being of wildlife, livestock and human populations, limit productivity and causes significant economic losses for each. Avian oncogenic viruses are one of the most dangerous pathogenic microorganisms that threaten the poultry industry and cause damage of over billions dollars annually worldwide. These viruses include a highly contagious herpesvirus Marek’s disease virus (MDV), as well as retroviruses such as avian leukosis virus (ALV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Each group is distinguished by its nucleic acid type, antigenicity, epidemiology, host range and molecular characteristics. These viruses are cells associated with tumors and are in all organs except in the feather follicle where enveloped infectious virions egress from the body. It is difficult to detect diseases caused by these viruses and at the same time, vaccines that can provide sterile immunity against these diseases and prevent infection are incomplete. In order to be able to fight oncogenic viruses more effectively in the future, it is vital to learn more about the host immunity-oncovirus interaction and to determine powerful diagnostic techniques. In this review, oncogenic viruses and effective diagnostic techniques for these viruses are emphasized in poultry.
Investigation of Studies on Natural Gas Consumption Forecasting by Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: KANT Bedia , ODABAS Mehmet Serhat
Published: September 2020

Demand forecasting is the estimation of how much goods and services the consumer will request in the future. The purpose of this study is to investigate how demand forecasting Works are done in the natural gas sector by using artificial neural Networks in the literature. As it is known, we follow a foreign-dependent policy in terms of natural gas supply. Today, it has an important position among natural gas anergy sources due to its stragetic and commercial advantages. Demand forecasting in the natural gas sector is of great stragetic importance, both in terms of investment planning and economics. In terms of natural gas, adhering to foreign countries is important in terms of determining the amount of gas to be bought and prices.
படகுமூலம் புலம்பெயர்வோரின் பயண அனுபவமும் வாழ்வும்
Authors: Megarajah T
Published: September 2020

Sri Lankan Tamil’s diaspora’s experience are different. which has appeared from time to time in Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora literature. Uyirvaasam novel of Taamaraichelvi is important in Australia’s Tamil novel history. It is about boat peoples went from Sri Lanka to Australia. They went by the political Situation in Sri Lanka by boat. This is the first novel to be published on this subject. The plight of Sri Lankans Tamil Diaspora is recorded in the novel. It has been written realistically, from Sri Lanka to reaching Australia and experiencing various hardships. It is talk about death while sailing boat, children and women been affected and sent off to Sri Lanka after inquiry. These are presented through analytical, descriptive and historical approaches
கருவாச்சி காவியம், கதை கேட்கும் சுவர்கள் புதினங்களில் - ஒப்பிலக்கிய இணைநிலைகள்
Authors: Sumathi P
Published: September 2020

A comparative study would be at its best when the elements compared are more similar to the point. A parallel study in Comparative Research is studying the similar elements found in two different literatures that are taken for research. In that way, the Tamil novel Karuvaachi Kaaviyam and the Malayalam Novel Kadahai Kaetkum Suvargal which was translated into Tamil, are taken for a comparative analysis. Both these novels portray the life struggles of women. The main characters of these novels Karuvaachi in Karuvaachi Kaaviyam and Umadevi in Kadhai Kaetkum Suvargal, are sexually harassed by their husbands Kattaiyan and Preman respectively. Inspite of being ill-treated, they are highly sentimental about their Mangal Sutra (Thaali) as their social set up has made it deep-rooted in their minds that it is the symbol of security and protection for women. The characters of Karuvaachi and Umadevi, clearly show the simple and submissive attitude of women which forgives men when they apologize even if they are faulty and not perfect just because they are the stronger sex. But end of the Kattaiyan affected by leprosy and Preman who dies of multi-resistant tuberculosis throw light into the fact that men who do injustice to women can never escape punishment. The parallel study of the Comparative research has surveyed the similarities in these novels and brings out the thought that both Karuvaachi and Umadevi have been depicted as typical women trying their best to preserve their virtual integrity and culture to the core.
சூளாமணி காட்டும் மன்னனின் மாண்புகள்
Authors: Thiruveni V
Published: September 2020

The Kappiyams, or Epics, were written as means of guiding humanity under the 4 codes of life, Aram (virtue), Porul (wealth), Inbam (pleasure), Veedu (spiritual release). Among these, the epics which followed all four were segregated as Aimperum Kappiyangal or The Five Great, Epics, while the epics which followed one or two of the four were segregated as The Five Minor Epics. One of the most important among the five minor epics is Sulamani, written by Tholamozhi Thevar. Through his epic, he guided not just the people, but also the rulers of the country on the mandates a king must follow. This paper intends to review topics such as the guidance to the king like the powers of a king, the troubles of materialistic pleasures, ruling under the guidance of informed counsel, the greatness of patience, providing quality education, standing by justice all the time, warming up to the people like the moon, dying people wanting to live some more under the king’s rule, the rule as a penance, the ways to rule the skies, and protecting people’s life as his own and for guidance for the subjects such as people always following the footsteps of their king and people being potient and accepting when a king’s rule is difficult and reaping its benefits later. Whatever be the epic, it is the duty of a poet to judge it based on the principles of morality it espouses. Sulamani portrays a king’s rule; based on justice and the effect it has on his subjects. It also puts forward the fact that a good rule is judged based on the livelihood of the subjects. By doing this, gives us deep insights into the rule of the country in it’s contemporary times.
பண்டைய தமிழர்களின் எண்கணித முறை
Authors: Prabhakaran N
Published: September 2020

No one looks back on the mathematical system of the ancient Tamils in this age of science and mathematics. Contemporary mathematicians are not much interested either. This is due to the long gap between the old ancient mathematical system and today’s mathematical system. Not only that but it is not easy to understand.Looking at the mathematical method of the ancients it is possible to know that they had a very subtle knowledge.The ancients calculated by putting fractional numbers. If the fractional number is the number 1/8, 1/4, 3/4, 1/2 then we know the fraction. But they have also used more subtle fractional numbers than this.
செவ்விலக்கியக் கவிதைகளில் யாப்பு முறைமைகள் : தமிழ் மற்றும் அரபிக் கவிதைகளை முன்வைத்து
Authors: Ahmad Zubair K M A
Published: September 2020

The Prosodical rules should be followed properly in the composition of Classical Rhymed poems/ verses in Tamil and Arabic. In both these classical languages, Tamil and Arabic; there are set of Prosodical rules. In the Prosodical elements namely syllable, poetic word pattern and stanza, we found unique similarities in both these classical poems. The aim of this article is to throw light on the similarities found in these Prosodical elements of classical Arabic and Tamil Poems.
குறுந்தொகையில் முல்லை மற்றும் மருதத்திணையில் தோழி கூற்றில் உவமைகள்
Authors: Sathya S
Published: September 2020

The article focuses on the Mullai and Marudha Thinaiyil Thozhi Kootril Uvamial in Kurunthogai. ‘Kurunthogai’ is a classical Tamil poetic work in the second book of the “Ettuthogai” (Eight Anthologies). It is content matters were poem contains love and separation. Content matters were written by numerous authors. The ancient Sangam literature had witnessed the life style of the people in five phases of lands as Kurunji, Mullai, Neithal, Palai and Marutham. The first land surface is mountains and hills and the places is termed as ‘Kurunchi’. There are many Uvamais in Kurunthogai. This research paper explains the Uvamais found in ‘Kurunthogai Kurinji Thozhi Kottru Songs’
இன்றையச்சூழலில் தமிழ்மொழி கற்றல் கற்பித்தலில் தொழிற்நுட்பத்தின் தேவை
Authors: Periyaswamy B
Published: September 2020

The world has been transformed by the intellect of man. Technological human inventions have also changed the world greatly. Many innovative communication worlds are popping up to connect with the multi-lingual people who live in the world. Internet Tips for Teaching Tamil Language Learning From Primary Education to Doctoral Studies. Today’s internet has created opportunities to study in Tamil. Because it has the characteristics of simplicity, quickness, ambition, effectiveness, attraction, pleasure, multimedia, etc. The education system through the internet has become very relevant and unavoidable today. How to unleash students’ talents by simplifying teaching. This article is based on the study. The thirst of Tamils will not be quenched until they find the directory in an immortal state. Technological development has shrunk the world under one umbrella. The development of knowledge today has paved the way for the massive Tamil language to grow and at the same time take root. Tamil development should not be stunted except that Tamil should be developed in portable devices. Modify the functions of mobile devices based on Tamil. Portable devices should not be blamed for the destruction of a language. There are many intelligent geniuses among the Tamils. They need to develop software that is powered by the Tamil language. It is important to note the changes and developments that are emerging in the field in line with the “old decay and new influx”. We have to accept the changes caused by the circumstances in the language which has a long tradition like Tamil. All Tamils around the world should strive to promote the Tamil development trend through the Internet with the help of computers.
ச.வே. சுப்பிரமணியனாரின் தொல்காப்பிய உரைத் திறன்
Authors: Ravishankar C
Published: September 2020

Tholkappiyam illustrates the grammar of the Tamil language. Since the Tholkappiyam was composed many centuries ago, the meaning or meaning of the threads in the text is not clear to anyone. So at many times many orators wrote texts with words and meanings of their time. They are still writing the text today. In that sense, many texts have been written from Ilampooranar to the present day. This article examines the special features and examples found in the speeches of S.V. Subramaniam among them.
தொல்காப்பிய மரபியல் கோட்பாடுகள்
Authors: Umarani R
Published: September 2020

The genetics at the end of the Tholgappiam explains the protocol that is followed in language and life. Tholkappiyam genetics refers to the way in which the young names, male names, female names of animals and birds were studied in the traditional way.That is to say, after explaining the youth, male and female of the creatures, one can see that the monogamous creatures have discriminated against the people in the middle. Because these are set to establish that interpolation.Furthermore, after the threads that are the backbone of genetics, there are distinctions in the text, strategy, and text as a link. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explain the Tholkappiya economy, the life of the Tamil people and their relationship with animals and birds.
Catalytic Membrane Aided Pervaporation Applications in Esterification Reactions
Authors: ÜNLÜ Derya
Published: September 2020

The development of the chemical industry has resulted in the usage more solvents in various chemical and physical processes. The increase in the amount of used solvent also increases the economic burden to the industry. The recovery, reuse, and purification of solvents became the essential requirements of the industry. In addition, the obtainment of high-quality, economic product with low environmental impact and high yield is important. The catalytic membrane aided pervaporation application is considered as one of the new alternative solutions of both reaction and separation problems in the industries. Catalytic membrane aided pervaporation application is one of the developing membrane technologies. It is a hybrid and integrated process combining separation and reaction units. This article is concentrated on catalytic membrane aided pervaporation applications of the esterification reactions. Some important information about catalytic membrane, pervaporation and catalytic membrane aided pervaporation has been firstly reported. Different configurations of catalytic membrane aided pervaporation have been defined and explained. Advantages of the hybrid catalytic membrane aided pervaporation processes have been listed. The factors affecting the catalytic membrane aided pervaporation are briefly discussed. The important catalytic membrane aided pervaporation, reaction conditions and the obtained results in literature are also summarized. The important catalytic membrane aided pervaporation studies in literature, operation conditions and the obtained results have been summarized.
RADIOTERAPIA CONFORMADA TRIDIMENSIONAL EM CÂNCER DE MAMA BILATERAL
Authors: Eduardo Ribeiro dos Santos Paulo , Zeraik Lima Del Debbio Zaroni Luiza , Bazzanelli Leitão Amanda , Eduardo De Albuquerque Baía Carlos , Cezar De Godoy Junior Paulo , Rezende Savian Tiago , Traldi Jubran Lucas , Suzuke Viviane , Cândida de Resende Fraga Carolina
Published: September 2020

Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy is one of the most effective methods for adjunctive treatment of synchronous bilateral breast cancer, with few changes between planning and execution. The study is characterized as a qualitative documentary, case study type, performed in a medical record of a patient hospitalized at Hospital Vitória, where we extracted the data of clinical history, requested subsidiary exams and employed therapy. The female patient, 57 years old, was diagnosed with bilateral breast cancer in November 2015 with associated lymph axillary dissection and hysterectomy. The initial objective was to obtain the smallest amount of ionizing radiation in the adjacent organs, and this percentage should be below the indicated. It has been concluded that three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy is one of the most effective methods for adjunctive treatment of synchronous bilateral breast cancer, with few changes between planning and execution.
Sequential applied Benzalkonium Chloride and Insulin Eye Drops Reduces Ocular Central Macular Thickness and Improves vision of Diabetics and Non-Diabetics
Authors: Themen Herman C.I. , Toelsie Jerry R. , Pawiroredjo Jerrel C. , Jiawan Dinesh , Bipat Robbert
Published: September 2020

Introduction

 Macular Edema is a rather disabling condition that can be the consequence of several disorders of the eye. Most of the time it occurs in patients suffering from diabetic eye retinopathy. The exact pathophysiological mechanism of this condition is not clear, but it is probably the result of inflammatory processes or structural and mechanical disturbances of the vitreomacular tissue. Due to this obscure pathophysiological mechanism, a targeted efficient treatment is still lacking. However, accumulating evidence is suggesting that local application of insulin might reduce the structural and functional defects of this disorder. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of sequential applied benzalkonium chloride and Insulin eye drops on the visual acuity and central macular thickness of eyes suffering from macular edema.

Methods

Patients refractive to or refusing treatment with anti-VEGF agents were selected. Their visual acuity and central macular thickness were measured immediately before and until six months after treatment. The treatment consisted of twice a day application of specially prepared benzalkonium chloride and Insulin eye drops. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. The procedures followed were all in line with the guides for ethics of the hospital and were not in conflict with the declaration of Helsinki.

Result

After six months, the mean visual acuity increased significantly from 0.28±0.17 to 0.53±0.27 (p = 0.001) and the central macular thickness decreased from 393±122 µm to 250±72 µm (p = 0.0001).

Conclusion

Sequential applied benzalkonium chloride and insulin eye drops improve visual acuity and reduce central macular thickness in eyes suffering from macular edema. Further studies to elucidate the exact mechanism of action are necessary. Apart from this, the use of these drops may prove to be a cheaper and more efficient method to treat the rather disabling condition.