bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of mineral dust on cloud formation during the Saharan dust event in April 2014 over Europe
Authors: Weger Michael , Heinold Bernd , Tegen Ina , Engler Christa , Seifert Patric , Baars Holger , Senf Fabian , Hoose Corinna , Ullrich Romy , Seifert Axel , Blahak Ulrich , Krämer Martina , Schumann Ulrich , Voigt Christiane , Borrmann Stephan
Published: August 2018

Abstract. A regional modeling study on the impact of desert dust on cloud formation is presented for a major Saharan dust outbreak over Europe from 2 April to 5 April 2014. The dust event coincided with an extensive and dense cirrus cloud layer, suggesting an influence of dust on atmospheric ice nucleation. Using interactive simulation with the regional dust model COSMO-MUSCAT, we investigate cloud and precipitation representation in the model and test the sensitivity of cloud parameters to dust-cloud and dust-radiation interactions of the simulated dust plume. We evaluate model results with ground-based and space-borne remote sensings of aerosol and cloud properties, as well as the in situ measurements obtained during the ML-CIRRUS aircraft campaign. A run of the model with single-moment bulk microphysics without online dust feedback considerably underestimated cirrus cloud cover over Germany in the comparison with infrared satellite imagery. This was also reflected in simulated upper-tropospheric ice water content (IWC), which accounted only for 20 % of the observed values. The interactive dust simulation with COSMO-MUSCAT, including a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme and dust-cloud as well as dust-radiation feedback, in contrast, led to significant improvements. The modeled cirrus cloud cover and IWC were by at least a factor of two higher in the relevant altitudes compared to the non-interactive model run. We attributed these improvements mainly to enhanced deposition freezing in response to the high mineral dust concentrations. This was corroborated further in a significant decrease in ice particle radii towards more realistic values, as compared to in situ measurements from the ML-CIRRUS aircraft campaign. By testing different empirical ice nucleation parameterizations, we further demonstrate that remaining uncertainties in the ice nucleating properties of mineral dust affect the model performance at least as significantly as to whether including the online representation of the mineral distribution. Dust-radiation interactions played a secondary role for cirrus cloud formation, but contributed to a more realistic representation of precipitation by suppressing moist convection in southern Germany. In addition, a too low specific humidity in the 7 to 10 km altitude range in the boundary conditions was identified as a main reason of misrepresentation of cirrus clouds in this model study.
Impact of magnetic storms on the global TEC distribution
Authors: Blagoveshchensky Donat V. , Maltseva Olga A. , Sergeeva Maria A.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The study is focused on the analysis of total electron content (TEC)
variations during six geomagnetic storms of different intensity: from
Dstmin=-46 nT to Dstmin=-223 nT. The values of TEC deviations from its 27-day median value
(δTEC) were calculated during the periods of the storms along three
meridians: American, Euro-African and Asian-Australian. The following results
were obtained. For the majority of the storms almost simultaneous occurrence
of δTEC maximums was observed along all three meridians at the
beginning of the storm. The transition from a weak storm to a superstorm (the
increase of magnetic activity) almost does not affect the intensity of the
δTEC maximum. The seasonal effect was most pronounced along the
Asian-Australian meridian, less often along the Euro-African meridian and was
not revealed along the American meridian. Sometimes the seasonal effect can
penetrate to the opposite hemisphere. The character of average δTEC
variations for the intense storms was confirmed by GOES satellite data.
Though there are some common features of TEC variation revealed during each
storm phase, in general no clear dependence of TEC responses on the storm
phases was found: the effects were different during each storm at different
locations. The behavior of the correlation coefficient (R) between δTEC values along the three meridians was analyzed for each storm. In
general, R>0.5 between δTEC values averaged along each meridian.
This result is new. The possible reasons for the exceptions (when R<0.5)
were provided: the complexity of phenomena during the intense storms and
discordance in local time of the geomagnetic storm beginning along different
meridians. Notwithstanding the complex dependence of R on the intensity of
magnetic disturbance, in general R decreased with the growth of storm
intensity.
SCOPE Climate: a 142-year daily high-resolution ensemble
meteorological reconstruction dataset over France
Authors: Caillouet Laurie , Vidal Jean-Philippe , Sauquet Eric , Graff Benjamin , Soubeyroux Jean-Michel
Published: August 2018

Abstract. SCOPE Climate (Spatially COherent Probabilistic Extended Climate dataset) is a 25-member ensemble of 142-year daily high-resolution reconstructions of precipitation, temperature and Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration over France, from 1 January 1871 to 29 December 2012. SCOPE Climate provides an ensemble of 25 spatially coherent gridded multivariate time series. It is derived from the statistical downscaling of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) by the SCOPE method (Spatially COherent Probabilistic Extended method) which is based on the analogue approach. SCOPE Climate performs well in comparison to both dependent and independent data for precipitation and temperature. The ensemble aspect corresponds to the uncertainty related to the SCOPE method. SCOPE Climate is the first century-long gridded high-resolution homogeneous dataset available over France and thus paves the way for improving the knowledge on specific past meteorological events or for improving the knowledge on climate variability since the end of the 19th century. This dataset has also been designed as a forcing dataset for long-term hydrological applications and studies of the hydrological consequences of climate variability over France. SCOPE Climate is freely available for any non-commercial use, and can be downloaded as NetCDF files from http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1299760 for precipitation, http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1299712 for temperature, and http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1251843 for reference evapotranspiration.
Das PaGeS-Korpus, ein Parallelkorpus der deutschen und spanischen GegenwartsspracheEl corpus PaGeS, un corpus paralelo de textos alemanes y españoles contemporáneos
Authors: Doval Irene
Published: August 2018

El corpus PaGeS es un corpus bilingüe paralelo que incluye una colección de textos con­temporáneos alemanes y españoles. Este artículo describe las sucesivas fases en la elaboración del corpus. Esta descripción incluye el proceso de preparación de los textos para procesarlos, la anotación lingüística y el procedimiento de alineación automático y manual. Se aborda el tema del acceso y de la visualización de los resultados, así como las diferentes posibilidades de búsqueda. Finalmente se esbozan los pasos futuros.
Caracterización socioproductiva y ambiental de la comunidad peñas blancas, del Municipio de El Cuá, Departamento de Jinotega
Authors: Aguilar Eveling Anahis , Martínez Montes Sandra Mayerling , López Zeledón Arlen Wilkerson
Published: August 2018

El presente trabajo nos da a entender las dinámicas territoriales, determinando aspectos socio productivo, y ambiental en la Comunidad de Peñas Blanca, caracterizando su funcionamiento actual dentro de la comunidad y a nivel de fincas o unidades productivas, donde, todo esto nos lleva a reflexionar y a proponer alternativas de cambio o desarrollo que se adapten a las nuevas condiciones agroclimáticas.  Por un lado, a la determinación de aquellos atributos particulares que presenta una persona o una cosa y que por tanto la distingue claramente. Y por otra parte, a instancias del mundo artístico, especialmente en los ámbitos del teatro, el cine y la tevé, se denomina caracterización a la adecuación de un actor en cuanto a los rasgos físicos, haciendo uso de maquillaje y vestuario, del personaje que le ha tocado interpretar. Los aspectos sociales son de gran interés para la sociedad por que los brinda mejoramientos tanto como en educación, Infraestructura, y servicios tecnológicos entre otros. La agricultura ha sido de gran abundancia por precipitaciones abundantes. Lo cual la mayor parte de año llueve. La caficultura genera empleo y economía es la mayor producción de los agricultores del municipio y también los granos básicos. En lo pecuario es un segundo rubro que genera economía a los productores. Para producción pecuaria se implementa sistemas silvo pastoril y bancos forrajeros. La biodiversidad ha sido de gran importancia en lo ambiental donde se brinda parte de la flora y fauna partes boscosas, recursos hídricos.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 12, No. 8
Authors: Lee Sunny
Published: August 2018

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 12, No. 8
DEAF AND HARD OF HEARING PEOPLE
AS AWARE RECIPIENTS AND CREATORS
OF THE CULTURAL OFFER
Authors: Kościelniak Lucyna
Published: August 2018

The article attempts to approach the subject
of making culture accessible for people with hearing
impairment from the perspective including social, cultural
and linguistic issues. The most important matters discussed
in the first part of the article are: history of the sign language
and the Deaf culture in Poland as well as ambiguities related
to communication methods, i.e. differentiating between the
sign language and the manual code for spoken language.
Based upon the considerations above, the following issues
are presented: the role of a sign language interpreter in
the process of making culture accessible, and the role
of Polish language as an uncertain medium of conveying
information to people with hearing impairment. In the
article, theoretical considerations alternate with practical
guidelines and solutions, which might facilitate the process
of creating an offer for this particular type of museum
visitor. The concluding part contains a list of the most
interesting projects being conducted in Poland, which might
be valuable as an inspiration for beginners in organising
events dedicated to the deaf and hard of hearing people.
Enquanto artista: rumos de uma poética
Authors: Minuzzi Reinilda De Fátima Berguenmayer
Published: August 2018

Artista-professor ou professor-artista e/ou artista-pesquisador ou pesquisador-artista: vários ângulos de uma mesma questão, equacionada diferentemente na prática pessoal e de muitos docentes que atuam no campo da Arte. No caso particular, vão-se mais de duas décadas em produções artísticas híbridas, mais recentemente fundadas em Arte e Tecnologia, revelando peculiaridades do percurso que teve base gráfica em experimentações com o desenho, a colagem, o objeto-arte, os materiais têxteis, a impressão e a estampa. Ora plana, ora tridimensional, ora imaterial, a produção artística pessoal, nesta trajetória, parte de algo físico, tangível e agrega a isso, em seu caminho, a imagem digital fixa ou não. Neste sentido, o artigo apresenta considerações sobre passos e projetos da prática artística, condicionados por contextos específicos e realizados em torno do âmbito institucional, ou seja, como professora-artista.
Pensando metamorfoses e modos de trabalhar
Authors: Correa Helga
Published: August 2018

Nesse ensaio, registro reflexões sobre minha trajetória como pesquisadora em artes visuais, sobretudo aquelas correspondentes à década que vivemos, a dos anos 2010. São apresentados alguns resultados materiais das pesquisas que realizei, bem como as reflexões que motivaram e dão sentido a essas investigações que têm a natureza e suas relações com a sustentabilidade como preocupação e interesse.
Corpo-arte: a performatividade em foco
Authors: Biancalana Gisela Reis
Published: August 2018

O presente texto tem como objetivo refletir sobre o corpo em estado de arte, trazendo a performatividade de Marina Abramovich como exemplo da discussão levantada. Portanto, o percurso metodológico adotado para alavancar a discussão proposta foi desenvolver um breve percurso histórico, apenas no sentido de situar a reflexão. Em seguida, coloca-se em discussão algumas abordagens atuais focadas no cuidado de si para, finalmente, trazer a Performance Arte e a artista Marina Abramovich como exemplo das proposições reflexivas levantadas.
In medias res, A Moment of Silence
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: August 2018

No Abstract
Genetic diversity of Microsporidia in the circulatory system of endemic amphipods from different locations and depths of ancient Lake Baikal
Authors: Dimova Mariya , Madyarova Ekaterina , Gurkov Anton , Drozdova Polina , Lubyaga Yulia , Kondrateva Elizaveta , Adelshin Renat , Timofeyev Maxim
Published: August 2018

Endemic amphipods (Amphipoda, Crustacea) of the most ancient and large freshwater Lake Baikal (Siberia, Russia) are a highly diverse group comprising >15% of all known species of continental amphipods. The extensive endemic biodiversity of Baikal amphipods provides the unique opportunity to study interactions and possible coevolution of this group and their parasites, such as Microsporidia. In this study, we investigated microsporidian diversity in the circulatory system of 22 endemic species of amphipods inhabiting littoral, sublittoral and deep-water zones in all three basins of Lake Baikal. Using molecular genetic techniques, we found microsporidian DNA in two littoral (Eulimnogammarus verrucosus,Eulimnogammarus cyaneus), two littoral/sublittoral (Pallasea cancellus,Eulimnogammarus marituji) and two sublittoral/deep-water (Acanthogammarus lappaceus longispinus,Acanthogammarus victorii maculosus) endemic species. Twenty sequences of the small subunit ribosomal (SSU) rDNA were obtained from the haemolymph of the six endemic amphipod species sampled from 0–60 m depths at the Southern Lake Baikal’s basin (only the Western shore) and at the Central Baikal. They form clusters with similarity toEnterocytospora,Cucumispora,Dictyocoela, and several unassigned Microsporidia sequences, respectively. Our sequence data show similarity to previously identified microsporidian DNA from inhabitants of both Lake Baikal and other water reservoirs. The results of our study suggest that the genetic diversity of Microsporidia in haemolymph of endemic amphipods from Lake Baikal does not correlate with host species, geographic location or depth factors but is homogeneously diverse.
Diastereospecific Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cyclization Cascade for the Controlled Preparation of N‐ and N,O‐Heterocycles
Authors: Muratore Michael E. , Konovalov Andrey I. , Armengol‐Relats Helena , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: August 2018

The reaction of oxime‐tethered 1,6‐enynes with a cationic gold(I) catalyst demonstrates a great potential for the synthesis of a range of heterocycles in a diastereospecific fashion. The control of the configuration of the oxime and the alkene of the enyne moiety is the key to selectively obtain dihydro‐1,2‐oxazines, isoxazolines or dihydropyrrole‐N‐oxides as single diastereoisomers. As supported by DFT calculations, these cascade reactions proceed stepwise, by the intramolecular addition of the O or N atom of the oxime onto cyclopropyl gold(I) carbene intermediates. In this study, a rare [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement of nitrones is also observed.
Inhibition of angiotensin II receptor I prevents inflammation and bone loss in periodontitis
Authors: Li Jinle , Xiao Xun , Wei Wei , Ding Handong , Yue Yuan , Tian Ye , Nabar Neel R. , Liu Zhaohui , Yang Zheng , Wang Min
Published: August 2018

Background

Periodontal disease is characterized by alveolar bone destruction and degenerative lesions of the periodontal ligament (PDL); it is initiated by bacterial infection of the oral cavity, but the clinical effects are secondary to an aberrant host immune response. Primary hypertension (PH), which causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, has also been shown to be an inflammatory disease characterized by aberrant immune cell infiltration and activation. Clinical retrospective studies have shown a link between PH and periodontitis with PH exacerbating periodontitis and vice versa, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for this remain unknown.

Methods

In this study, we investigate the underlying mechanisms behind PH exacerbation of periodontitis by using a bacteria‐induced periodontitis model in normotensive and hypertensive (Nos3−/−) mice treated with or without an Angiotensin II (Ang II) specific receptor 1 (AT1) antagonist, losartan. The histologic analyses including immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence were carried out. The qRT‐PCR and ELISAs were applied for the target gene and protein detection.

Results

We find that PH worsens bone resorption and PDL destruction in periodontitis and that treatment with losartan, rescues this. We also show that PH increases dendritic cell (DC) and osteoclast (OC) infiltration in periodontitis, which is also dependent on Ang II. Finally, we show that PH augments the pro‐inflammatory state in periodontitis infiltrating DCs in an Ang II‐dependent manner and use in vitro studies to show that Ang II directly augments DC Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling.

Conclusion

Our studies show a central role for Ang II as a pro‐inflammatory Toll‐like receptor mediator in the pathogenesis of PH‐exacerbated periodontitis, indicating that Ang II may be a reasonable target in patients with PH and periodontitis comorbidity.
Novel Post‐Treatment Approaches to Tailor the Pore Size of PS‐b‐PHEMA Isoporous Membranes
Authors: Wang Jiali , Rahman Md. Mushfequr , Abetz Clarissa , Rangou Sofia , Zhang Zhenzhen , Abetz Volker
Published: August 2018

Using the example of an integral‐asymmetric isoporous membrane prepared from polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PHEMA), physical and chemical ways of post‐treatment are introduced with the aim to tailor the pore size. These post‐treatments are i) thermal annealing and ii) urethane chemistry of ethyl isocyanate (EI) in the presence of perfluoro(methyl cyclohexane). Via these approaches, the pore size of PS‐b‐PHEMA membranes is successfully tailored in the range of 10–20 nm with narrow pore size distribution by controlling the duration of thermal annealing and chemical reaction, respectively. The excellent hydrophilicity of the PS‐b‐PHEMA membrane is not changed by thermal annealing. The chemical postmodification using EI is associated with a loss of hydrophilicity with increasing conversion.
Direct Ordering of Anchoring Events at the Surface of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Enabled by A Stepwise Phase‐Transfer Strategy
Authors: Okada Yohei , Asama Hitomi , Koike Natsumi , Yamashita Shohei , Maeta Naoya , Uesaka Atsuko , Kamiya Hidehiro
Published: August 2018

For most nanoparticle applications, understanding the “strength” of anchoring events at the surface is necessary to design effective ligand exchange processes. The present report demonstrates the ability to direct the ordering of phosphonic acid, catechol, and carboxylic acid as anchoring groups for iron oxide nanoparticles, enabled by a stepwise phase‐transfer strategy. A key feature was the use of a cyclohexane‐based thermomorphic system that provided a unique homogeneous field for ligand‐exchange processes, where hydrophobic nanoparticles and a hydrophilic ligand, or hydrophilic nanoparticles and a hydrophobic ligand, effectively mixed together within a moderate temperature range.
Laser ablation of block copolymers with hydrogen-bonded azobenzene derivatives
Authors: Huang Jintang , Huang Youju , Wu Si
Published: August 2018

Supramolecular assemblies (PS-b-P4VP (AzoR)) are fabricated by hydrogen-bonding azobenzene derivatives (AzoR) to poly(4-vinyl pyridine) blocks of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-b-P4VP). PS-b-P4VP(AzoR) forms phase separated nanostructures with a period of ∼75–105 nm. A second length scale structure with a period of 2 μm is fabricated on phase separated PS-b-P4VP(AzoR) by laser interference ablation. Both the concentration and the substituent of AzoR in PS-b-P4VP(AzoR) affect the laser ablation process. The laser ablation threshold of PS-b-P4VP(AzoR) decreases as the concentration of AzoR increases. In PS-b-P4VP(AzoR) with different substituents (R = CN, H, and CH3), ablation thresholds follow the trend: PS-b-P4VP(AzoCN)<PS-b-P4VP(AzoCH3)<PS-b-P4VP(AzoH). This result indicates that the electron donor group (CH3) and the electron acceptor group (CN) can lower the ablation threshold of PS-b-P4VP(AzoR).
Unrecognized Prediabetes Is Highly Prevalent in Men With Erectile Dysfunction–Results From a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Boeri Luca , Capogrosso Paolo , Pederzoli Filippo , Ventimiglia Eugenio , Frego Nicola , Chierigo Francesco , Montanari Emanuele , Montorsi Francesco , Salonia Andrea
Published: August 2018

Introduction

The association between prediabetes (PreDM) and erectile dysfunction (ED) has been analyzed scantly.

Aim

To assess the association between PreDM and erectile function (EF) in a cohort of white European men with ED.

Methods

Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from 372 consecutive men were analyzed. Health-significant comorbidities were scored with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Patients were invited to complete the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-EF domain questionnaire. The EF domain was categorized according to Cappelleri’s criteria. Men were defined as having PreDM according to the criteria defined by the American Diabetes Association (2015). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models tested the association between clinical variables and PreDM status and severe ED.

Main Outcome Measures

We assessed the prevalence of PreDM in our cohort of men with ED and the potential association of PreDM and sexual health within the same cohort.

Results

Of 372 men, +PreDM was found in 86 (23.1%) patients. Men with +PreDM had lower total testosterone (tT), higher triglycerides, and higher total cholesterol values (all P < .03) than those without PreDM. Likewise, +PreDM patients had a higher rate of CCI ≥1 (P = .03) and more frequently had severe ED (P = .013) compared with –PreDM. Age (OR 1.03; P = .01); lower tT (OR 0.81; P = .02); and severe ED (OR 3.37; P = .004) were associated with +PreDM status, after accounting for BMI, CCI, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking. Similarly, age (OR 1.02; P = .02) and +PreDM (OR 2.02; P = .02) were associated with severe ED, after accounting for other clinical variables.

Clinical Implications

Identifying +PreDM status in ED men is clinically relevant in order to adopt preventive strategies to attempt and reduce risk of developing DM and subsequent cardiovascular diseases.

Strengths & Limitations

To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the prevalence of unrecognized PreDM and the association of PreDM and ED severity in a real-life setting. Limitations are the retrospective nature of the cross-sectional study and the lack of haemodynamic parameters for every patient.

Conclusions

1 in 5 men seeking medical help for new-onset ED showed glucose values suggestive for unrecognized PreDM and +PreDM status was associated with worse hormonal and metabolic profiles, along with a higher risk of severe ED than −PreDM.
The motion of long drops in rectangular microchannels at low capillary numbers
Authors: Rao Sai Sashankh , Wong Harris
Published: August 2018

Drop flow in rectangular microchannels has been utilized extensively in microfluidics. However, the pressure-gradient versus flow-rate relation is still not well understood. We study the motion of a long drop in a rectangular microchannel in the limit the capillary number $Ca\rightarrow 0$ ($Ca=\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}U/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$, where $U$ is the constant drop velocity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ is the viscosity of the carrier liquid and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$ is the interfacial tension). In this limit, the moving drop looks like the static drop and has two end caps connected by a long column, which is surrounded by thin films on the microchannel wall and by menisci along the microchannel corners. Integral axial force balances on the drop fluid and on the carrier liquid surrounding the drop relate the carrier-liquid pressure gradient to the drop-fluid pressure gradient and the contact-line drag. The contact-line drag is argued to be the same as that for a long bubble (which has been determined by Wong et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 292, 1995b, pp. 95–110)) if the viscosity ratio $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\ll Ca^{-1/3}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\ll L$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$, $\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}$ is the drop viscosity and $L~(\gg 1)$ is the dimensionless drop length. Thus, the force balances yield one equation relating the two pressure gradients. The two pressure gradients also drive unidirectional flows in the drop and in the corner channels along the long middle column. These coupled flows are solved by a finite-element method to yield another equation relating the two pressure gradients. From the two equations, we determine the pressure gradients and thus the unidirectional velocity fields inside and outside the drop for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=0$–100 and various microchannel aspect ratios. We find that in the limit $LCa^{1/3}\rightarrow 0$, the contact-line drag dominates and the carrier liquid bypasses the drop through the corner channels alongside the drop. For $LCa^{1/3}\gg 1$, the contact-line drag is negligible and the corner fluid is stationary. Thus, the drop moves as a leaky piston. We extend our model to a train of long drops, and compare our model predictions with published experiments.
Digital inclusion in later life: cohort changes in internet use over a ten-year period in England
Authors: MATTHEWS KATEY , NAZROO JAMES , MARSHALL ALAN
Published: August 2018

The ability to use the internet frequently is likely to provide a useful means of engaging with society and using services in later life, yet older people are the most likely to suffer digital exclusion, with those of the oldest ages at the greatest risk. Using six waves (2002–2012) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we model cohort-specific patterns of frequent internet use for people aged 50 and over. Multi-level growth models are used to observe trajectories of internet use over the ten-year period. Firstly, analyses are stratified by gender and wealth, and secondly we additionally test for health effects. The study finds cohort-specific differences in patterns of internet use. Rates of internet use increase faster among younger cohorts yet, despite initially increasing, begin to decline among older cohorts. Poor health is shown to be a key factor in shaping the trajectory of internet use over time. Rates of internet use are consistently lower for women than men and for those in poorer financial circumstances, independently of age cohort. The findings demonstrate the importance of ensuring older people can remain digitally included throughout later life, including after the onset of poorer health, especially as some of these individuals might benefit the most from some of the services the internet can provide.
‘The own’ and ‘the wise’ as social support for older people living with HIV in the United Kingdom
Authors: Rosenfeld Dana , Anderson Jane
Published: August 2018

As the HIV population ages, how the ageing and HIV experiences intersect to shape the lives of older people living with HIV (PLWH) becomes an increasingly pressing question. This multi-method study investigated social support, mental health and quality of life among 100 older PLWH in the United Kingdom. Drawing on data from three focus groups and 74 life-history interviews with older (aged 50+) White men who have sex with men (MSM), and Black African and White heterosexual men and women, living with HIV, we explore participants’ distinctions between, evaluations of and access to sources of social support. Participants distinguished between support from the HIV-negative (Goffman's ‘the own’) and experientially based support from other PLWH (Goffman's ‘the wise’), and viewed the former, while valuable, as needing to be supplemented by the latter. Furthermore, access to experientially based support varied across participant groups, whose communities had different histories with HIV/AIDS and thus different degrees of knowledge about HIV and avenues for connecting to other PLWH. Thus, social support among older PLWH cannot be neatly divided into ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ domains, or fully appreciated by applying traditional social support measures, including, in the context of health conditions, ‘peer support’ created through formal service organisations. Rather, older PLWH's own distinctions and evaluations better illuminate the complexities of social support in the context of ageing with HIV.
The distribution of consecutive prime biases and sums of sawtooth random variables
Authors: LEMKE OLIVER ROBERT J. , SOUNDARARAJAN KANNAN
Published: August 2018

In recent work, we considered the frequencies of patterns of consecutive primes (mod q) and numerically found biases toward certain patterns and against others. We made a conjecture explaining these biases, the dominant factor in which permits an easy description but fails to distinguish many patterns that have seemingly very different frequencies. There was a secondary factor in our conjecture accounting for this additional variation, but it was given only by a complicated expression whose distribution was not easily understood. Here, we study this term, which proves to be connected to both the Fourier transform of classical Dedekind sums and the error term in the asymptotic formula for the sum of φ(n).
Specification and Design of Safety Functions for the Prevention of Ship-to-Ship Collisions on the High Seas
Authors: Argüelles Reyes Poo , Maza Jesús A. García , Martín Felipe Mateos
Published: August 2018

Maritime accident statistics reveal that ship collisions are among the most frequent and severe accidents. The same statistics indicate that most of them are caused by human error, mainly due to breaches of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) and to the lack of communication between ships. There are also special situations where there is some ambiguity in the application of the COLREGs. In such occasions, and if there is no communication between the ships involved, compliance with the Rules may still end up in a collision. This article brings a new approach to Collision Avoidance Systems (CAS) and presents the earliest stages in the development of safety functions for the reduction of ship-to-ship collision risk on the high seas. These functions will help the concerned ships achieve coordinated compliance with the COLREGs. Functional safety standards are applied and, in their implementation, real, accessible electronic programmable systems (hardware and software) will be used.
A Passive Acoustic Positioning Algorithm Based on Virtual Long Baseline Matrix Window
Authors: Zhang Tao , Wang Ziqiang , Li Yao , Tong Jinwu
Published: August 2018

A new acoustic positioning method for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) that uses a single underwater hydrophone is proposed in this paper to solve problems of Long Baseline (LBL) array laying and communication synchronisation problems among all hydrophones in the traditional method. The proposed system comprises a Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS), a single hydrophone installed at the bottom of the AUV and a single underwater sound source that emits signals periodically. A matrix of several virtual hydrophones is formed with the movement of the AUV. In every virtual LBL window, the time difference from the transmitted sound source to each virtual hydrophone is obtained by means of a Smooth Coherent Transformation (SCOT) weighting cross-correlation in the frequency domain. Then, the recent location of the AUV can be calculated. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively compensate for the position error of SINS. Thus, the positioning accuracy can be confined to 2 m, and the method achieves good applicability. Compared with traditional underwater acoustic positioning systems, the proposed method can provide great convenience in engineering implementation and can reduce costs.
Quantifying potentially infectious sharing patterns among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, USA
Authors: Smith M. K. , Graham M. , Latkin C. A. , Mehta S. H. , Cummings D. A. T.
Published: August 2018

Mixing matrices quantify how people with similar or different characteristics make contact with each other, creating potential for disease transmission. Little empirical data on mixing patterns among persons who inject drugs (PWID) are available to inform models of blood-borne disease such as HIV and hepatitis C virus. Egocentric drug network data provided by PWID in Baltimore, Maryland between 2005 and 2007 were used to characterise drug equipment-sharing patterns according to age, race and gender. Black PWID and PWID who were single (i.e. no stable sexual partner) self-reported larger equipment-sharing networks than their white and non-single counterparts. We also found evidence of assortative mixing according to age, gender and race, though to a slightly lesser degree in the case of gender. Highly assortative mixing according to race and gender highlights the existence of demographically isolated clusters, for whom generalised treatment interventions may have limited benefits unless targeted directly. These findings provide novel insights into mixing patterns of PWID for which little empirical data are available. The age-specific assortativity we observed is also significant in light of its role as a key driver of transmission for other pathogens such as influenza and tuberculosis.
Local outbreak of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F caused high morbidity and mortality among children and adults
Authors: Ikuse T. , Habuka R. , Wakamatsu Y. , Nakajima T. , Saitoh N. , Yoshida H. , Chang B. , Morita M. , Ohnishi M. , Oishi K. , Saitoh A.
Published: August 2018

Pneumococcal serotype replacement is an important issue after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in children. After the introduction of 13-valent PCV, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F (Sp12F) have increased in some countries; however, an outbreak of Sp12F has not reported in the post-13-valent PCV era. We experienced a local outbreak of Sp12F during March through May 2016 in Tsuruoka city, Japan after the introduction of 13-valent PCV in 2013. The IPD patients were two children and seven adults, three of whom died with a rapid disease progress. Although the clear transmission route was not determined, eight of the nine patients (89%) had close contact with children, which suggests that transmitted colonisation of Sp12F among children and adults might be the source of transmission. Continuous monitoring of IPDs, along with the determination of pneumococcal serotypes, is warranted in the post–13-valent PCV era. New IPD control strategies may be needed if this fatal outbreak continues to occur.
Prenatal inflammation and risk for schizophrenia: A role for immune proteins in neurodevelopment
Authors: Allswede Dana M. , Cannon Tyrone D.
Published: August 2018

Prenatal inflammation is an established risk factor for schizophrenia. However, the specific inflammatory pathways that mediate this association remain unclear. Potential candidate systems include inflammatory markers produced by microglia, such as cytokines and complement. Accumulating evidence suggests that these markers play a role in typical neurodevelopmental processes, such as synapse formation and interneuron migration. Rodent models demonstrate that altered marker levels during the prenatal period can cause lasting deficits in these systems, leading to cognitive deficits that resemble schizophrenia. This review assesses the potential role of prenatal cytokine and complement elevations on the etiology of schizophrenia. The current neurobiological understanding of the development of schizophrenia is reviewed to identify candidate cellular mechanisms that may be influenced by prenatal inflammation. We discuss the functions that cytokines and complement may play in prenatal neurodevelopment, review evidence that links exposure to these factors with risk for schizophrenia, and consider how these markers may interact with genetic vulnerabilities to influence the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia. We consider how prenatal inflammatory exposure may influence childhood and adolescent developmental risk trajectories for schizophrenia. Finally, we identify areas of further research needed to support the development of anti-inflammatory treatments to prevent the development of schizophrenia in at-risk neonates.
Prenatal stress and models explaining risk for psychopathology revisited: Generic vulnerability and divergent pathways
Authors: Huizink Anja C. , de Rooij Susanne R.
Published: August 2018

The present review revisits three hypothesized models that potentially could explain how prenatal maternal stress influences fetal development, birth outcomes, and subsequent developmental psychopathology. These models were mostly based on animal models, and new evidence for these models from human studies is evaluated. Furthermore, divergent trajectories from prenatal exposure to adversities to offspring affected outcomes are reviewed, including the comparison of studies on prenatal maternal stress with research on maternal substance use and maternal malnutrition during pregnancy. Finally, new directions in research on the mechanism underlying prenatal stress effects on human offspring is summarized. While it is concluded that there is abundant evidence for the negative associations between prenatal maternal stress and offspring behavioral, brain, and psychopathological outcomes in humans, there is no consistent evidence for specific mechanisms or specific outcomes in relation to stress exposure in utero. Rather, principles of multifinality and equifinality best describe the consequences for the offspring, suggesting a generic vulnerability and different pathways from prenatal adversities to developmental psychopathology, which complicates the search for underlying mechanisms. New and promising directions for research are provided to get a better understanding of how prenatal stress gets under the skin to affect fetal development.
Testosterone–cortisol dissociation in children exposed to prenatal maternal stress, and relationship with aggression: Project Ice Storm
Authors: Nguyen Tuong-Vi , Jones Sherri L. , Elgbeili Guillaume , Monnier Patricia , Yu Chunbo , Laplante David P. , King Suzanne
Published: August 2018

Prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) has been associated with postnatal behavioral alterations that may be partly explained by interactions between the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axes. Yet it remains unclear whether PNMS leads to enduring HPA–HPG alterations in the offspring, and whether HPA–HPG interactions can impact behavior during development, in particular levels of aggression in childhood. Here we investigated the relationship between a marker for HPG axis function (baseline testosterone) and a marker for HPA axis response (cortisol area under the curve) in 11½-year-olds whose mothers were exposed to the 1998 Quebec ice storm during pregnancy (n= 59 children; 31 boys, 28 girls). We examined (a) whether the degree of objective or subjective PNMS regulates the testosterone–cortisol relationship at age 11½, and (b) whether this testosterone–cortisol relationship is associated with differences in aggressive behavior. We found that, at lower levels of subjective PNMS, baseline testosterone and cortisol reactivity were positively correlated; in contrast, there was no relationship between these hormones at higher levels of subjective PNMS. Cortisol response moderated the relationship between testosterone and aggression. These results support the notion PNMS may explain variance in fetal HPA–HPG interactions, and that these interactions may be associated with aggressive behavior in late childhood.
Limit Shapes via Bijections
Authors: DeSALVO STEPHEN , PAK IGOR
Published: August 2018

We compute the limit shape for several classes of restricted integer partitions, where the restrictions are placed on the part sizes rather than the multiplicities. Our approach utilizes certain classes of bijections which map limit shapes continuously in the plane. We start with bijections outlined in [43], and extend them to include limit shapes with different scaling functions.
The Darwinian dynamic of sexual selection that Thorstein Veblen missed and its relevance to institutional economics
Authors: WISMAN JON D.
Published: August 2018

Thorstein Veblen was a pioneer in recognizing the necessity of grounding social science in Darwinian biology and exploring how evolving institutions channel biological proclivities. He especially focused upon how capitalism's social institutions guided the innate need for social status into conspicuous consumption. But why do humans seek status? Surprisingly, Veblen did not pick up on Darwin's concept of sexual selection and recognize it as the driving force behind behavior intended to favorably impress others. This article adds the Darwinian depth that Veblen missed to his understanding of the biologically driven quest for status and its channeling by social institutions. It then explores the turn of most institutionalists away from Veblen's focus on innate behavioral drives in favor of viewing human behavior as more exclusively determined by social conditions. It concludes with reflections on the implications of sexual selection and biological grounding more generally for a theory of institutional economics.
The Kepler Revolution
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: August 2018

The Kepler Space Telescope will soon run out of fuel and end its mission. Here are nine fundamental discoveries about planets aided by Kepler in the 9 years since its launch.
NOx Lifetime and NOy Partitioning During WINTER
Authors: Kenagy Hannah S. , Sparks Tamara L. , Ebben Carlena J. , Wooldrige Paul J. , Lopez‐Hilfiker Felipe D. , Lee Ben H. , Thornton Joel A. , McDuffie Erin E. , Fibiger Dorothy L. , Brown Steven S. , Montzka Denise D. , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Schroder Jason C. , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Day Douglas A. , Jimenez Jose L. , Dibb Jack E. , Campos Teresa , Shah Viral , Jaeglé Lyatt , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: August 2018

Although urban NOx lifetimes have been examined extensively during summertime conditions, wintertime NOx chemistry has been comparatively less studied. We use measurements of NOx and its oxidation products from the aircraft‐based WINTER (Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emissions, and Reactivity) experiment over the northeastern United States during February–March 2015 to describe the NOx lifetime during conditions when days are shorter, actinic flux is reduced, and temperatures are colder. By analyzing regional outflow from the East Coast, we show that NOx is long lived during the winter, with a longer daytime lifetime (29 hr) than nighttime lifetime (6.3 hr). We demonstrate that wintertime NOx emissions have an overall lifetime controlled by the nighttime conversion of NOx to nitric acid (HNO3) via N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry, and we discuss constraints on the rates of NOx conversion to HNO3. Additionally, analysis of the nighttime Ox budget suggests that approximately 15% of O3 is lost overnight through N2O5 production and subsequent reaction with aerosol to form HNO3.
Variation in Hydrogen Isotope Composition Among Salt Marsh Plant Organic Compounds Highlights Biochemical Mechanisms Controlling Biosynthetic Fractionation
Authors: Eley Yvette , White Joseph , Dawson Lorna , Hren Michael , Pedentchouk Nikolai
Published: August 2018

Hydrogen isotopes of plant‐derived biomarkers can vary by >100‰ at a single location. Isotope fractionation associated with the movement of water in plant leaves cannot account for this variability alone. Biochemical processes therefore must play a fundamental role in controlling hydrogen isotope fractionation during secondary compound biosynthesis. Different biosynthetic pathways utilize discrete hydrogen pools and occur within distinct cell compartments. We analyzed hydrogen isotope compositions of C16 and C18 fatty acids and phytol from seven salt marsh plants and compared these data with (i) leaf water and n‐alkane δ2H, (ii) leaf carbon and nitrogen contents, and (iii) nitrogen isotopes of bulk tissue, to evaluate the relationship between biochemical processes, cellular compartmentalization, and hydrogen isotope fractionation. Interspecies variation in chloroplastic fatty acids and phytol δ2H exceeds leaf water δ2H, indicating that different commitments of metabolites among species at branching points in chloroplast metabolic processes may be important determinants of lipid δ2H values. Dominant osmoregulatory strategies, in particular, show strong correlation with leaf wax n‐alkane δ2H. Species that preferentially produce nitrogenous compounds (dicots/shrubs) as protective solutes have 2H‐enriched n‐alkanes relative to species that produce mainly carbohydrates (monocots). n‐Alkane δ2H values, in combination with δ15N data and elemental (C, N) composition, together provide information about biochemical environmental adaptations exhibited by different higher plant species in response to environmental stresses. Thus, while spatial and temporal integration of biomarkers may produce an isotopic record of ecosystem function, biomarkers from individual plant or microbial remains may hold additional details into biologic function and adaptation to ancient environments.
Contrasting distribution patterns between aquatic and terrestrial Phytophthora species along a climatic gradient are linked to functional traits
Authors: Redondo Miguel A , Boberg Johanna , Stenlid Jan , Oliva Jonàs
Published: August 2018

Diversity of microbial organisms is linked to global climatic gradients. The genus Phytophthora includes both aquatic and terrestrial plant pathogenic species that display a large variation of functional traits. The extent to which the physical environment (water or soil) modulates the interaction of microorganisms with climate is unknown. Here, we explored the main environmental drivers of diversity and functional trait composition of Phytophthora communities. Communities were obtained by a novel metabarcoding setup based on PacBio sequencing of river filtrates in 96 river sites along a geographical gradient. Species were classified as terrestrial or aquatic based on their phylogenetic clade. Overall, terrestrial and aquatic species showed contrasting patterns of diversity. For terrestrial species, precipitation was a stronger driver than temperature, and diversity and functional diversity decreased with decreasing temperature and precipitation. In cold and dry areas, the dominant species formed resistant structures and had a low optimum temperature. By contrast, for aquatic species, temperature and water chemistry were the strongest drivers, and diversity increased with decreasing temperature and precipitation. Within the same area, environmental filtering affected terrestrial species more strongly than aquatic species (20% versus 3% of the studied communities, respectively). Our results highlight the importance of functional traits and the physical environment in which microorganisms develop their life cycle when predicting their distribution under changing climatic conditions. Temperature and rainfall may be buffered differently by water and soil, and thus pose contrasting constrains to microbial assemblies.
Publisher Correction: Sensory overamplification in layer 5 auditory corticofugal projection neurons following cochlear nerve synaptic damage
Authors: Asokan Meenakshi M. , Williamson Ross S. , Hancock Kenneth E. , Polley Daniel B.
Published: August 2018

In the originally published version of this Article, refs. 54 to 63 were incorrectly cited in the first sentence of the fifth paragraph of the Discussion section. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.