bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A case of tribal defilement in a Kenyan rural village: A narratological and socio-rhetorical function of the motifs of ‘hearing and understanding’ and ‘contrast’ in Matthew 15:10–11 vis-à-vis Leviticus 11:1–4
Authors: M’bwangi Ferdinand M.
Published: August 2011

This article employed a case study to explore the theme of defilement as experienced in a Kenyan village. To provide a basis for the theological reflection on this case study, the article investigated two motifs in Matthew 15:10–11. ‘Hearing and understanding’ and ‘contrast’ [[Refer to PDF], ‘not…but’] was examined in respect of Leviticus 11:1–8 to determine the extent to which Matthew 15:10–11 depicts Jesus as ‘relativising’ the Mosaic law (Lv 11:1–8). This approach provided a basis to argue that defilement in Matthew 15:10–11 is not only a matter of external or ritual perspective, but of moral disposition. A methodology that combines both socio-rhetorical (Socio-rhetorical criticism is a methodology that derives value and meaning as an outcome of an active reading process that occurs within specific cultural contexts. In this case, the examiner produced the meaning of given texts by participating in a complex of socially constructed practices’ [Growler n.d., http://userwww.Service.emory. edu/~dgowler/chapter.htm]) and narratological (Narratological criticism is the study of narratives that involves a kind of ‘structure and practice that illuminates temporality and human beings as temporal beings’. Using classifications such as plot, narrator and narratee, narratology becomes a useful instrument for the description, classification and interpretation of literary narratives [see http://www.hum.aau.dk/~yding/storytelling/narratology%20rerevisited. pdf]) approaches were engaged as the most appropriate to address the concerns of this article. These two methodologies greatly helped this article to explain the meaning and significance of defilement in Leviticus 11 with respect to the theological understanding of the Leviticus code of purity. This code presents a temporal view of defilement intended to reflect on the holiness and sovereignty of Yahweh, over and against idols of the surrounding nations. In addition, this kind of methodology facilitated an interpretation of the motif of ‘contrast’ [[Refer to PDF], ‘not but’] in Matthew 15:11 as the evangelist’s intentional attempt to depict Jesus intensifying the Leviticus code of ritual purity within an ethical frame work. The village case study was surveyed, exegesis done on Matthew 15:10–11 with respect to Leviticus 11:1–8, the perception of defilement for 1st century Jews assessed and a brief comparative study of the findings from Matthew 15:10–11 engaged with a Kenyan village-case study for ethical reflections. This case study pointed out that cultural difference prompted a major tribe (Wataita) to consider a minor tribe (Wasanye) to be defiled, albeit the minor tribe did not describe the major tribe in the same derogatory term.
Cavitation Corrosion Behavior of Anodized Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Yong X. , Hou C. , Wu J. , Zhang Z. , Li D.
Published: August 2011

The cavitation corrosion behavior and surface morphology of anodized aluminum alloy in 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution were investigated using weight loss and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical corrosion mechanism during cavitation corrosion was studied using electrochemical polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The cavitation corrosion process could be divided into three stages: quick removal of the porous outer layer, slowly fragmenting and removing of the dense inner layer, and fast erosion of the aluminum alloy. Increasing the thickness of the anodized layer improved the cavitation corrosion resistance of the anodized aluminum alloy. Electrochemical corrosion processes under cavitation conditions were controlled by mixed cathodic and anodic processes. EIS spectra of anodized aluminum alloy under cavitation conditions resembled those from porous electrodes. Cavitation accelerated the electrochemical corrosion. Cavitation corrosion of anodized aluminum alloy showed strong synergism between mechanical and electrochemical corrosion factors.
Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies
Authors: Ervens B. , Turpin B. J. , Weber R. J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Progress has been made over the past decade in predicting secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass in the atmosphere using vapor pressure-driven partitioning, which implies that SOA compounds are formed in the gas phase and then partition to an organic phase (gasSOA). However, discrepancies in predicting organic aerosol oxidation state, size and product (molecular mass) distribution, relative humidity (RH) dependence, color, and vertical profile suggest that additional SOA sources and aging processes may be important. The formation of SOA in cloud and aerosol water (aqSOA) is not considered in these models even though water is an abundant medium for atmospheric chemistry and such chemistry can form dicarboxylic acids and "humic-like substances" (oligomers, high-molecular-weight compounds), i.e., compounds that do not have any gas phase sources but comprise a significant fraction of the total SOA mass. There is direct evidence from field observations and laboratory studies that organic aerosol is formed in cloud and aerosol water, contributing substantial mass to the droplet mode. This review summarizes the current knowledge on aqueous phase organic reactions and combines evidence that points to a significant role of aqSOA formation in the atmosphere. Model studies are discussed that explore the importance of aqSOA formation and suggestions for model improvements are made based on the comprehensive set of laboratory data presented here. A first comparison is made between aqSOA and gasSOA yields and mass predictions for selected conditions. These simulations suggest that aqSOA might contribute almost as much mass as gasSOA to the SOA budget, with highest contributions from biogenic VOC emissions in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants (i.e., NOx) at high relative humidity and cloudiness. Gaps in the current understanding of aqSOA processes are discussed and further studies (laboratory, field, model) are outlined to complement current data sets.
Isoprene in poplar emissions: effects on new particle formation and OH concentrations
Authors: Kiendler-Scharr A. , Andres S. , Bachner M. , Behnke K. , Broch S. , Hofzumahaus A. , Holland F. , Kleist E. , Mentel T. F. , Rubach F. , Springer M. , Steitz B. , Tillmann R. , Wahner A. , Schnitzler J.-P. , Wildt J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Stress-induced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from transgenic Grey poplar, modified in isoprene emission potential were used for the investigation of photochemical secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Nucleation rates of up to 3600 cm−3 s−1 were observed in our experiments. In poplar, acute ozone stress induces the emission of a wide array of VOCs dominated by sesquiterpenes and aromatic VOCs. Constitutive light-dependent emission of isoprene ranged between 66 nmol m−2 s−1 in non-transgenic controls (wild type WT) and nearly zero (<0.5 nmol m−2 s−1) in isoprene emission-repressed lines (line RA22), respectively. In the presence of isoprene new particle formation was suppressed compared to non-isoprene containing VOC mixtures. Compared to isoprene/monoterpene systems emitted from other plants the suppression of nucleation by isoprene was less effective for the VOC mixture emitted from stressed poplar. This is explained by the observed high efficiency of new particle formation for emissions from stressed poplar. Direct measurements of OH in the reaction chamber revealed that the steady state concentration of OH is lower in the presence of isoprene than in the absence of isoprene, supporting the hypothesis that isoprenes' suppressing effect on nucleation is related to radical chemistry. In order to test whether isoprene contributes to SOA mass formation, fully deuterated isoprene (C5D8) was added to the stress-induced emission profile of an isoprene free poplar mutant. Mass spectral analysis showed that, despite the isoprene-induced suppression of particle formation, fractions of deuterated isoprene were incorporated into the SOA. A fractional mass yield of 2.3 % of isoprene was observed. Future emission changes due to land use and climate change may therefore affect both gas phase oxidation capacity and new particle number formation.
Multiple receptor-mediated functions of activated protein C
Authors: Weiler H.
Published: August 2011

The central effector protease of the protein C pathway, activated protein C (APC), interacts with the endothelial cell protein C receptor, with protease activated receptors (PAR), the apolipoprotein E2 receptor, and integrins to exert multiple effects on haemostasis and immune cell function. Such receptor interactions modify the activation of PC and determine the biological response to endogenous and therapeutically administered APC. This review summarizes the current knowledge about interactions of APC with cell surface-associated receptors, novel substrates such as histones and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and their implications for the biologic function of APC in the control of coagulation and inflammation.
Nonstick, Modulus‐Tunable and Gas‐Permeable Replicas for Mold‐Based, High‐Resolution Nanolithography
Authors: Lee Bong Kuk , Cho Hyunmin , Chung Bong Hyun
Published: August 2011

A fundamental approach to fabricating a nonstick replica mold with high performance for the manufacturing of high‐resolution nanostructures using mold‐based lithography is presented. Low‐viscosity liquid blends consisting of methacrylate multi‐functionalized silsesquioxane (SSQMA), difunctional acrylics, and a small amount of silicone diacrylate (Si‐DA) with low surface tension were used as nonstick replica‐mold materials. The cured SSQMA/acrylic/Si‐DA networks showed a high resistance to organic solvents (<1.2 wt.%), high UV transparency (>90% at 365 nm), hydrophobicity (water contact angle >90°), high modulus and wide‐range modulus tunability (0.6–4.42 GPa) and small shrinkage (<3% in height). The mold materials with a nonstick property conferred by Si‐DA possessed the ability to form sub‐25‐nm features with a high line‐to‐space ratio (1:1) and a high aspect ratio (4:1). In addition, a sufficiently cured replica mold with a low concentration of residual, uncross‐linked (meth)acrylates was able to successfully replicate sub‐25‐nm features with a high line‐to‐space ratio (1:1) and a high aspect ratio (4:1), even if the release agent was not modified. Furthermore, replica molds can potentially be used to fabricate patterns free of bubble defects because of sufficient gas permeability.
Viscoelastic properties of nanosilica‐filled polypropylene in the molten state: Effect of particle size
Authors: Haghtalab Ali , Marzban Reza
Published: August 2011

Composites of polypropylene (PP) with nontreated nanosilica at different particle sizes are prepared, and their viscoelastic properties are studied by dynamic strain‐ and frequency‐sweep experiments. It is clear that incorporation of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix due to the huge specific surface area enhances both moduli so that the storage modulus is intensified more than loss modulus. The specific surface area of a particles increases as a particle size decreases, leading to a stronger tendency to form reinforcing structures. In nanocomposites of smaller particles due to existence of a larger contact area between particles, more and stronger filler clusters are formed. Thus, a stronger filler‐‐filler network is formed by decreasing the particle size so that both storage and loss moduli present higher values. The slope of dynamic moduli as a function of frequency decreases with filler loading augmentation in a low‐frequency region, and this solid‐like behavior becomes more significant with particle size reduction. The PP composites in high filler loadings exhibit a yield stress, and weight fraction corresponds to the onset of this well‐defined yield stress and is lower in the case of smaller filler particles. In addition, the polymer chains adsorption on the particles and/or clusters surface and formation of filler‐‐polymer network increases with filler loading augmentation. The influence of these two reinforcing mechanisms leads to a gradual enhancement of the Payne effect and the solid‐like behavior in strain‐ and frequency‐sweep experiments, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 30: 203–218, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20217
Modeling the ultrasonic cavitation‐enhanced removal of nitrogen oxide in a bubble column reactor
Authors: Adewuyi Yusuf G. , Khan Nymul E.
Published: August 2011

A model study of the sonochemical removal of nitric oxide (NO) in a bubble column reactor is presented. The detailed model is developed to investigate the actual cavitation phenomena taking place during the absorption of NO. The expansion and subsequent collapse of cavitation bubble according to the theory of cavity collapse—initially developed by Lord Rayleigh and then improved on by coupling the energy balance equation of the bubble and the chemical reactions taking place inside the cavity to calculate the composition of different species formed during the collapse—are modeled. The model takes into consideration (1) cavitation bubble dynamics, (2) generation and transfer of oxidizing species from bubble collapse through reaction kinetics, (3) transfer of NO from gas to liquid, and (4) chemical reactions of oxidizing species with dissolved NO. The results of the simulations surprisingly indicate that the chemistry induced by ultrasonic cavitation cannot explain the absorption of NO beyond about 30% of the inlet concentration if the mass transfer is assumed to be the same as that in the bubble column without ultrasound. When experimental values of mass‐transfer coefficients, calculated in the studies by other researchers (which are in the range of about five times the physical mass‐transfer coefficient in a bubble column), are used, absorption up to 80% are calculated in the simulations consistent with experimental results obtained from the sonochemical bubble column reactor. The present model provides a framework on which more robust and rigorous models can be developed for the complex gas‐liquid sonochemical systems and reactors. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2397–2411, 2012
A synthesis method for multicomponent distillation sequences with fewer columns
Authors: Shenvi Anirudh A. , Shah Vishesh H. , Zeller Jeremy A. , Agrawal Rakesh
Published: August 2011

An easy‐to‐use matrix‐based method for the systematic synthesis of distillation configurations using less than n‐1 columns to separate any zeotropic n‐component feed into n product streams is described. The method is easily extended to obtain additional thermally coupled configurations. The only information needed to generate the configurations is the number of components in the feed, or equivalently, the number of distinct composition final product streams. We have successfully enumerated configurations for feeds containing up to eight components. This has resulted in a large number of hitherto unknown configurations even for four‐component separations. Some of the novel configurations generated using the method have substantially lower heat duty than the previously known fewer column configurations for a four‐component feed separation. Therefore, it is essential to include these novel configurations in the search space to find the optimal distillation configuration with fewer columns for a given application. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2479–2494, 2012
A dynamic analysis of chalcopyrite bioleaching in continuous flow reactor systems
Authors: Kotsiopoulos Athanasios , Hansford Geoffrey S. , Rawatlal Randhir
Published: August 2011

A dynamic analysis of chalcopyrite bioleaching was performed in continuous flow systems. In contrast to a previous batch analysis1 in which the influence of particle surface area on reaction rate was not accounted for, the unsteady‐state change in particle surface area was integrated into the dynamic analysis by application of the modified PBM.2 The current study extends the analysis to include the influence of convective flow on the system. It is demonstrated that the analysis can be used to determine feasible control strategies for operating near the steady‐state maximum rate that is stable. Two strategies were evaluated for the purpose of increasing the leaching rates, showing that an increased rate of 56% is feasible. Analysis on experimental data showed that increased rates can be achieved by controlling the biomass concentration and ferric:ferrous ion ratio at an optimum by increasing the solids loading [m/v] in the reactor. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2428–2440, 2012
Energetic consequences of seasonal breeding in female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Garcia Cécile , Huffman Michael A. , Shimizu Keiko , Speakman John R.
Published: August 2011

Japanese macaques inhabit a relatively cold environment and females of this species could have developed strategies of energy economy to face the sometimes‐harsh seasonal conditions of temperate climates, as well as reproductive costs, and thus regulate their energy balance. Here, we explore the relationship between nutritional status, body composition, seasonality, and reproductive status using isotope‐labeled water, anthropometric measurements, and leptin assays from 14 captive female Japanese macaques. Our results indicated that body mass provided the best predictor of fat‐free mass and fat mass. These females varied in estimated percent body fat between 8 and 25% (18% on average at the beginning of the mating season and 13% during the birth season). Higher body mass and body fat content were observed at the beginning of the mating season, which supports the hypothesis that individual females need to attain a sufficient physical condition to cover energy costs associated with mating activity, and to survive under severe ecological conditions in winter with high thermoregulatory costs. We found a relationship between conception rates and energetic condition or body fat, with females that conceived during one mating season being fatter after the end of their previous mating season. Together, these results suggest that, even in captive settings with constant food availability, seasonal breeding entails relatively high energy costs, and that females with higher energy status could invest more in reproductive activities and could afford to reproduce more rapidly. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regionalized autosomal STR profiles among Armenian groups suggest disparate genetic influences
Authors: Lowery Robert K. , Herrera Kristian J. , Barrett Dianne A. , Rodriguez Rosa , Hadden Laura R. M. , Harutyunyan Ashot , Margaryan Ashot , Yepiskoposyan Levon , Herrera Rene J.
Published: August 2011

The archeology and ethnology of Armenia suggest that this region has acted as a crossroads for human migrations from Europe and the Middle East since at least the Neolithic. Near continual foreign influx has, in turn, led to the supposition that the gene pools of geographically separated Armenian populations may have diverged as differing historical influences potentially left distinct genetic traces in the various regions of the Armenian plateau. In this study, we seek to address whether any evidence for such genetic regional partitioning in Armenians exists by analyzing, for the first time, 15 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci in 404 Armenians from four geographically well‐characterized collections (Ararat Valley, Gardman, Sasun, and Lake Van) that represent distinct communities from across Historical Armenia. In addition, to determine whether genetic differences among these four Armenian populations are the result of differential affinities to populations of known historical influence in Armenia, we utilize 27 biogeographically targeted reference populations for phylogenetic and admixture analyses. From these examinations, we find that while close genetic affiliations exist between the two easternmost Armenian groups analyzed, Ararat Valley and Gardman, the remaining two populations display substantial distinctions. In particular, Sasun is distinguished by evidence for genetic contributions from Turkey, while a stronger Balkan component is detected in Lake Van, potentially suggestive of remnant genetic influences from ancient Greek and Phrygian populations in this region. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: The midline and endocranial volume of the Taung endocast
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. , Broadfield Douglas C.
Published: August 2011

The Taung endocast is one of the best‐preserved and most important known in paleoanthropology. Although the endocast is undistorted and preserves distinctive landmarks, Taung has proved a difficult endocast, because it is only about 60% complete. To reconstruct Taung it is necessary to first use the available anatomical landmarks to define the midline of the endocast. It is only with a proper description of the midline that it is possible to reconstruct the endocast and obtain an accurate measurement of Taung's endocranial volume. Holloway (Science 168 (1970) 966–968) determined a conservative estimate for Taung of 404 ml. More recently this estimate has been revised downward by Falk and Clarke (Am J Phys Anthropol 134 (2007) 529–534) to 382 ml, giving Taung the smallest endocast for A. africanus. Certain challenges exist with the reconstruction of any endocast, particularly a hemi‐endocast such as Taung. A virtual reconstruction of Taung must assume perfect symmetry, a feature called into question here in Taung's most recent reconstruction by Falk and Clarke (2007). Holloway's (1970) reconstruction of Taung provides a guidepost for a conservative approach to endocast reconstructions, and the most reliable measurement of Taung's true endocranial volume. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mechanical significance of morphological variation in the macaque mandibular symphysis during mastication
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Olga , Cobb Samuel N.
Published: August 2011

Catarrhine symphyseal morphology displays considerable variation. Although this has been related to dentition, phylogeny, sexual dimorphism, and facial orientation, most emphasis has been given to the functional significance of the symphysis to mechanical loading during mastication. The current state of knowledge regarding the mechanical significance of the symphysis is based on a combination of in vivo experimental and comparative studies on Macaca fascicularis. These approaches have provided considerable insight into the stereotypical patterns of loading in the symphyseal region during chewing and hypotheses related to the associated symphyseal morphologies. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to assess how in silico manipulation translates into the mechanical loading hypotheses previously proposed experimentally. In particular, this study tests the form‐function relationship of the symphysis of an adult M. fascicularis mandible during lateral transverse bending and dorsoventral shear of the mandibular symphysis, and a series of modified hypothetical morphologies including absence/presence of tori and variation in the inclination and depth of the symphysis. FEA results of this study support previous findings that stresses associated with lateral transverse bending and dorsoventral shear of the mandibular symphysis can be minimized via an increased labio‐lingual thickness in the superior transverse torus, an oblique symphyseal inclination, and/or an increased symphyseal depth. The finding that reduction of strains related to lateral transverse bending and dorsoventral shear can be achieved through a number of different morphologies contributes to our understanding of the influence of morphological and/or developmental constraints, such as dental development, on symphyseal form. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ein einfaches Rezept für raffinierte Cocktails: organokatalysierte Eintopf‐Reaktionen – Konzept, Nomenklatur und Ausblick
Authors: Albrecht Łukasz , Jiang Hao , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: August 2011

Die asymmetrische Organokatalyse konnte erfolgreich in vielen mehrstufigen Eintopf‐Sequenzen eingebunden werden und stellt so einen einfachen, hoch stereoselektiven Zugang zu strukturell komplexen Zielmolekülen dar. Der Schlüssel zu diesem Erfolg liegt in der Eigenschaft organokatalysierter Reaktionen, auch in Gegenwart großer Mengen unbeteiligter Reagentien effizient zu verlaufen. Da der Organokatalysator in substöchiometrischen Mengen vorliegt und es sich um ein organisches Molekül handelt, kann man erwarten, dass er sich in nachfolgenden Reaktionen ebenfalls als passiver Zuschauer verhält. In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird ein einfach anzuwendendes Klassifizierungs‐ und Nomenklatursystem vorgestellt, das die systematische und aussagekräftige Beschreibung von Eintopf‐Reaktionen ermöglicht, und ausgewählte Beiträge aus dem Feld der organokatalysierten Eintopf‐Reaktionen werden gemäß diesem System besprochen. Zum Schluss wird ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Entwicklungen gegeben.
A Simple Recipe for Sophisticated Cocktails: Organocatalytic One‐Pot Reactions—Concept, Nomenclature, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Albrecht Łukasz , Jiang Hao , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: August 2011

Asymmetric organocatalysis has been successfully incorporated in many multistep one‐pot sequences to provide simple access to structurally complex target molecules in a highly stereoselective fashion. The key feature behind this success is the ability of organocatalyzed reactions to proceed efficiently in the presence of large amounts of spectator reagents. Additionally, owing to their organic nature and substoichiometric presence, organocatalysts are also expected to become innocent bystanders in subsequent transformations. In this Minireview, an easy‐to‐use classification and nomenclatural system that is capable of systematically and informatively describing each one‐pot reaction is introduced, and selected important contributions within the field of organocatalytic one‐pot reactions are reviewed according to this new system. Finally, future developments and perspectives in the field are discussed.
Surface properties of polyurethane powder lacquers modified with polysiloxane‐methacrylic core‐shell nanoparticles
Authors: Pilch‐Pitera Barbara
Published: August 2011

Non‐ and core‐shell nanoparticles‐containing polyurethane‐based powder coating systems, crosslinked with allophanate bonds containing polyisocyanates were examined. The surface structure of the powder coatings were investigated with a confocal microscopy and polarized optical microscopy (POM) using reflected light. The three‐dimensional surface topography and the values of surface roughness were determined. The surface structure was correlated with the chemical structure of the coatings and macroscopic surface behavior: surface free energy and gloss. These experimental results led to a better understanding of the development of surface topography and morphology and provide valuable information for the development of new polyurethane powder coating systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Investigation of liquefied wood residues based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
Authors: Zhang HaiRong , Pang Hao , Shi Jingzhi , Fu TieZhu , Liao Bing
Published: August 2011

Chinese eucalyptus was subjected to a liquefaction process using glycerol/ethylene glycol (EG) as liquefaction solvent. The effects of various liquefaction conditions, including reaction time, liquefaction temperature, acid concentration, and liquor ratio on the chemical composition of liquefied wood residues were studied. The results showed that the whole liquefaction process took place in two stages, the liquefaction yield of wood depended on the reaction temperature, acid concentration and liquor ratio. With increased acid concentration the liquefaction yield, acid‐insoluble lignin, and hemicellulose content of the residues were increased, and the relative content of cellulose was decreased. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) analyses of the residues showed that hemicellulose and lignin were almost decomposed at the initial stages of reaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Impact of organoclay and maleated polyethylene on the rheology and instabilities in the extrusion of high density polyethylene
Authors: Adesina Ayuba A. , Hussein Ibnelwaleed A.
Published: August 2011

The impact of organoclay on the rheology and extrusion of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied. Organoclay effect was studied at very low clay loading (≤0.1 wt %) while serving as a processing aid. A special design slit die with three transducers was used in the study of the extrusion melt instabilities. The rheological results showed that normal stress difference of HDPE was reduced during steady shear rate and stress growth tests when organoclay (≤0.1 wt %) was added. The extensional strain and stress growth of HDPE reduced with the addition of organoclay. So, organoclay (≤0.1 wt %) has an effect on the shear and extensional rheology of HDPE. The intensity of the melt instability was characterized with both a moment analysis and distortion factor (DF) from an advanced Fourier transform analysis. Both showed the same trends in the characterization of the pressure fluctuations in the die. Generally, addition of organoclay (≤0.1 wt %) to HDPE led to the reduction in DF. The ratio of first and second moment analyses became reduced as well. The results quantified the extent of elimination of gross melt fracture in HDPE by organoclay. Also, the extrusion pressure was reduced with organoclay (≤0.1 wt %) inclusion hence more throughput. There was a good correlation between rheology and extrusion. Both showed that the platy‐like organoclay streamlined the melt flow. However, the maleated polyethylene added as a compatibilizer did not give substantial synergistic effect. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Stress softening of NR reinforced by in situ prepared zinc dimethacrylate
Authors: Chen Yukun , Xu Chuanhui
Published: August 2011

The stress softening effect of nature rubber (NR) reinforced by in situ prepared zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) was studied. Degree of stress softening effect (Ds) in the 4th stress–strain cycle of the NR with 10 phr (parts per hundreds of rubber) ZDMA was only 2.23 (strain = 100%), whereas it reached to 59.98 at 50 phr ZDMA (strain = 200%). The stress softening effects of carbon black filled into NR, and compared with the ZDMA effect, was also studied here. Mooney–Rivlin semiempirical equation was introduced here to analysis the stress–strain behavior of the NR vulcanize filled with in situ prepared ZDMA, and the results showed that the ZDMA/NR system has an obvious Payne effect which is in good agreement with the stress softening effect. Crosslink density analysis indicated a high ionic crosslink density in the NR filled with high content ZDMA, which contributed to the low elastic recovery of the stress softening. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of the feed ratio of polyethylene oxide (0 ∼ 10 wt % PEO) in the nylon‐6/PEO copolymer system
Authors: Tseng Yu‐Chi , Rwei Syang‐Peng
Published: August 2011

In this work, we have synthesis nylon‐6/polyethylene oxide (PEO) copolymer system based on feed ratio of PEO (0∼ 10 wt %) through condensation polymerization in a pilot scale. The structure of copolymer was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and verified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR). The thermal properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and indicated both melting temperature (Tm) and cold crystallization temperature (Tc) appearing unapparent decreased while increased PEO content in copolymers. The incorporation of PEO into the nylon‐6 chain reduced its tensile strength, modulus, and heat distortion temperature (HDT). The notched Izod impact strength of and ductility of the copolymers improved significantly as the PEO content was increased. The plasticizing effect was caused by the soft segments from PEO, which increases the mobility of the molecular chain in the copolymers. The results of mechanical tests agree closely with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements. A rheological investigation revealed that neat nylon‐6 and its copolymer displayed similar behavior. The crystalline structure was examined by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The results demonstrate that the addition of a little PEO altered the crystallization from the α form to the γ form, mainly owing to the breaking parts of the original H‐bonds by the incorporation of ether groups. A mechanism of interaction between the amide and the ether group in nylon‐6/PEO copolymers is proposed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Integrated impact indicators compared with impact factors: An alternative research design with policy implications
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet , Bornmann Lutz
Published: August 2011

In bibliometrics, the association of “impact” with central‐tendency statistics is mistaken. Impacts add up, and citation curves therefore should be integrated instead of averaged. For example, the journals MIS Quarterly and Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology differ by a factor of 2 in terms of their respective impact factors (IF), but the journal with the lower IF has the higher impact. Using percentile ranks (e.g., top‐1%, top‐10%, etc.), an Integrated Impact Indicator (I3) can be based on integration of the citation curves, but after normalization of the citation curves to the same scale. The results across document sets can be compared as percentages of the total impact of a reference set. Total number of citations, however, should not be used instead because the shape of the citation curves is then not appreciated. I3 can be applied to any document set and any citation window. The results of the integration (summation) are fully decomposable in terms of journals or institutional units such as nations, universities, and so on because percentile ranks are determined at the paper level. In this study, we first compare I3 with IFs for the journals in two Institute for Scientific Information subject categories (“Information Science & Library Science” and “Multidisciplinary Sciences”). The library and information science set is additionally decomposed in terms of nations. Policy implications of this possible paradigm shift in citation impact analysis are specified.
Cold European winters: interplay between the NAO and the East Atlantic mode
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Renfrew I. A.
Published: August 2011

Western Europe has experienced a sequence of unusually cold winters culminating in December 2010, which was the coldest December in the United Kingdom for over 100 years. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the most important indicator of the climate of the North Atlantic and Western Europe. However, in this article, we argue that the record cold temperatures in December 2010 cannot be explained by appeal to the NAO alone. Rather we show that the consideration of another atmospheric teleconnection pattern, the East Atlantic (EA) pattern, provides for a more robust explanation as to why December 2010 was so cold. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Untersuchungen zu Alterung und Wärmebrücken bei Vakuum‐Isolations‐Paneelen (VIP) für Bauanwendungen
Authors: Sprengard Christoph , Spitzner Martin H.
Published: August 2011

Der Artikel stellt u.a. umfangreiche Berechnungen zur Wärmebrückenproblematik am VIP‐Rand dar, die im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes “Energetische und wirtschaftliche Optimierung von VIP‐Paneelen“ durchgeführt wurden. Zusätzlich wird eine Vielzahl von Messwerten der Wärmeleitfähigkeit von VIP ausgewertet, die aus eigenen Untersuchungen und anderen Forschungsprojekten stammen, um die unterschiedlichen Temperaturlagerungen und Klimawechselprüfungen hinsichtlich des Anstiegs der Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Paneele zu vergleichen. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Hinweise für die Produktion der Paneele abgeleitet und die Rahmenbedingungen für den Einsatz günstigerer Stützkerne aus Mineralfasern untersucht.

Investigations into Ageing and Thermal Bridging in Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) for Construction Applications. The article describes inter alia extensive calculations for thermal bridging problems at the VIP edge, which were conducted as part of a research project entitled “Optimisation of the energy‐related and commercial aspects of VIP panels“. In addition, a number of measurements of the thermal conductivity of VIP are evaluated. These measurements came from our own studies and other research projects, and the purpose of the evaluation is to compare the effects of different storage temperatures and climate‐change tests on the increase in the thermal conductivity of the panels. Guidelines for the production of panels are derived from the results, and the conditions for the use of more economical mineral‐fibre support cores are investigated.
Universelle Energiekennzahlen für Deutschland
Authors: Schröder Franz , Altendorf Lars , Greller Martin , Boegelein Tobias
Published: August 2011

Die universellen Energiekennzahlen für Deutschland beinhalten bis dato über eine viertel Million Energieverbrauchskennzahlen von durch die BRUNATA‐METRONA‐Gruppe betreuten Mehrfamilienhäusern aus den vergangenen sechs Jahren. Ergänzt werden diese durch Energiekennzahlen aus dem privaten Einfamilienhausbereich, die das Institut für Gebäude‐ und Solartechnik der Technischen Universität Braunschweig erhoben hat. Die einheitliche Datenaufbereitung umfasst die rückwirkende Revision bzw. Normierung aller Energiekennzahlen anhand neuer ortsgenauer Klimafaktoren des Deutschen Wetterdienstes. Eine Auswahl von etwa 70.000 Energiekennzahlen gas‐ und ölbeheizter kleiner Wohngebäude bis typisch 280 m2 Nutzfläche werden gemäß ihrer Kennzahlenentwicklung nach Gebäudegröße und Nutzung als Mehrfamilienhaus oder Einfamilienhaus aufgeschlüsselt. Die Ergebnisse sollen u. a. dazu beitragen, den Heizenergieverbrauch und die Energiekennzahlverteilung des gesamten bundesdeutschen Wohnungsbestandes belastbar hochzurechnen.

Universal Energy Ratings for Germany – Part 4: Specific heating‐energy consumption of small houses and consumption projection for the total housing stock. To date, the universal energy ratings for Germany contain more than a quarter of a million energy‐consumption ratings from the apartment buildings serviced by the BRUNATA‐METRONA Group over the past six years. These are supplemented by energy ratings from the private detached i.e. one‐family house sector, which have been compiled by the Institute for Building and Solar Technology at the Technical University of Braunschweig. The standard data processing includes the retroactive revision or normalisation of all the energy ratings using new, localised climate factors from the German Weather Service. A subset of some 70,000 energy ratings for small, gas‐ or oil‐heated residential buildings up to typically 280 m2 floor area is broken down by change in energy rating as a function of building size and of their use as apartment houses or detached, one‐family houses. Among other uses, the results will help to extrapolate the heating‐energy consumption and the energy‐rating distribution of the entire German housing stock in a robust and resilient manner.
Papain‐Catalyzed Peptide Bond Formation: Enzyme‐Specific Activation with Guanidinophenyl Esters
Authors: de Beer Roseri J. A. C. , Zarzycka Barbara , Amatdjais‐Groenen Helene I. V. , Jans Sander C. B. , Nuijens Timo , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , van Delft Floris L. , Nabuurs Sander B. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: August 2011

The substrate mimetics approach is a versatile method for small‐scale enzymatic peptide‐bond synthesis in aqueous systems. The protease‐recognized amino acid side chain is incorporated in an ester leaving group, the substrate mimetic. This shift of the specific moiety enables the acceptance of amino acids and peptide sequences that are normally not recognized by the enzyme. The guanidinophenyl group (OGp), a known substrate mimetic for the serine proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, has now been applied for the first time in combination with papain, a cheap and commercially available cysteine protease. To provide insight in the binding mode of various Z‐XAA‐OGp esters, computational docking studies were performed. The results strongly point at enzyme‐specific activation of the OGp esters in papain through a novel mode of action, rather than their functioning as mimetics. Furthermore, the scope of a model dipeptide synthesis was investigated with respect to both the amino acid donor and the nucleophile. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to prioritize 22 natural and unnatural amino acid donors for synthesis. Experimental results correlate well with the predicted ranking and show that nearly all amino acids are accepted by papain.
Individual‐level interventions for alcohol‐related violence: A rapid evidence assessment
Authors: McMurran Mary
Published: August 2011

Background

Alcohol‐related violence is of major concern to society. Around half of all violent crimes are alcohol related, and yet interventions for alcohol‐related violence are under‐developed. Often, offenders receive treatment for substance use or violence, but not the two in nexus.

Aim

My aim was to conduct a Rapid Evidence Assessment of interventions with a focus on treating established nonsexual violence in the context of alcohol use, to describe the content of these interventions, where they take place and their effectiveness in reducing alcohol problems and/or violence.

Methods

The electronic databases Embase, Medline, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched together with the Campbell Collaboration; Cochrane Reviews and selected government websites using terms for alcohol, violence and treatment/interventions. The search excluded sexual and intimate partner violence. The focus was on psychosocial interventions with people already in difficulties, not prevention. All empirical study types with people of any age and in any setting (criminal justice, health, social services or education) were included. The principal outcomes of interest were change in alcohol use, violence and alcohol‐related violence.

Results

Only four studies of two different interventions were identified. Control of Violence for Angry Impulsive Drinkers has been evaluated with small samples using a nonequivalent comparison group and a single case methodology. Changes were evident on measures of alcohol‐related aggression. In a randomised controlled trial, SafERteens participants showed greater improvements in attitudes to alcohol and violence compared with a leaflet only condition.

Discussion

Directions for developing interventions based on alcohol and aggression research are discussed. Interventions targeting primarily alcohol consumption, primarily violence and alcohol‐related violence in nexus should be compared. In evaluating these interventions, robust outcome measures should be used across studies to allow comparisons to be made. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Clinical Implications

Skills for coping with perceived provocation may be taught, so that nonviolent options are available and so that they become more accessible when people are under the influence of alcohol.

Alcohol's effect on reducing self‐awareness may be counteracted by teaching mindfulness techniques and the ability to ‘act sober’ in provocative situations.

Setting individual implementation intentions may facilitate harm avoidance in high‐risk social situations through preplanning of specific sensible behavioural strategies.
Xenon–Nitrogen Chemistry: Gas‐Phase Generation and Theoretical Investigation of the Xenon–Difluoronitrenium Ion F2NXe+
Authors: Operti Lorenza , Rabezzana Roberto , Turco Francesca , Borocci Stefano , Giordani Maria , Grandinetti Felice
Published: August 2011

The xenon–difluoronitrenium ion F2NXe+, a novel xenon–nitrogen species, was obtained in the gas phase by the nucleophilic displacement of HF from protonated NF3by Xe. According to Møller–Plesset (MP2) and CCSD(T) theoretical calculations, the enthalpy and Gibbs energy changes (ΔHand ΔG) of this process are predicted to be −3 kcal mol−1. The conceivable alternative formation of the inserted isomers FNXeF+is instead endothermic by approximately 40–60 kcal mol−1and is not attainable under the employed ion‐trap mass spectrometric conditions. F2NXe+is theoretically characterized as a weak electrostatic complex between NF2+and Xe, with a XeN bond length of 2.4–2.5 Å, and a dissociation enthalpy and free energy into its constituting fragments of 15 and 8 kcal mol−1, respectively. F2NXe+is more fragile than the xenon–nitrenium ions (FO2S)2NXe+, F5SN(H)Xe+, and F5TeN(H)Xe+observed in the condensed phase, but it is still stable enough to be observed in the gas phase. Other otherwise elusive xenon–nitrogen species could be obtained under these experimental conditions.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Some Ellipticine‐Like 11H‐Pyrido[a]carbazole Derivatives
Authors: Ferlin Maria Grazia , Gia Ornella , Dalla Via Lisa
Published: August 2011

Some modified 11H‐pyrido[a]carbazoles (11H‐PyC) and their corresponding tetrahydro derivatives (11H‐THPyC) were prepared. A common multistep pathway characterized by conventional reactions, including a Fischer‐indole‐type synthesis, yielded the tetracyclic compounds. To improve cytotoxicity, 11H‐PyC and 11H‐THPyC derivatives were endowed with a diethylaminoethyl side chain. The antiproliferative activity was assessed in three human tumor cell lines, and a number of derivatives showed a cytotoxic effect in agreement with their capacity to form a molecular intercalative complex with DNA and to interfere with the relaxation activity of DNA topoisomerase II. In contrast, three derivatives that exhibited significant antiproliferative efficacy, showed no inhibition of topoisomerase II, thus suggesting an unexpected and novel mode of action for these ellipticine‐like compounds independent of topoisomerase II activity.
Neuropeptide F immunoreactive clock neurons modify evening locomotor activity and free‐running period in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Hermann Christiane , Yoshii Taishi , Dusik Verena , Helfrich‐Förster Charlotte
Published: August 2011

Different subsets of Drosophila melanogaster's clock neurons are characterized by their specific functions in daily locomotor rhythms and the differences in their neurotransmitter composition. We investigated the function of the neuropeptide F (NPF) immunoreactive clock neurons in the rhythmic locomotor behavior of adult flies. We newly identified the fifth s‐LNv and a subset of the l‐LNvs as NPF‐positive in addition to the three LNds that have been described previously. We then selectively ablated different subsets of NPF‐expressing neurons using npfGal4‐targeted expression of the cell death gene head involution defective (hid) in combination with cryGal80 and pdfGal80. By analyzing daily locomotor rhythms in these flies, we show that the NPF‐positive clock neurons—especially the fifth s‐LNv and the LNds—are involved in both the control of the free‐running period in constant darkness (DD) and the phasing and amplitude of the evening activity in light‐dark (LD) cycles. Furthermore, we show that the simultaneous ablation of NPF and pigment dispersing factor (PDF)‐immunoreactive neurons has additive effects in LD, resulting in an evening peak phase that is even more advanced in comparison to PDF‐ablated flies. We also found that this more advanced evening peak is additionally reduced in amplitude. To putatively assign the observed phenotypes to the action of NPF, we knocked it down in conjunction with PDF using RNA‐interference (RNAi) and further suggest a possible role for NPF in the control of the flies' evening activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:970–987, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.