bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motor demands influence conflict processing in a mouse-tracking Simon task
Authors: Mittelstädt Victor , Leuthold Hartmut , Mackenzie Ian Grant
Published: November 2022

Previous studies have shown incorrect motor activation when making perceptual decisions under conflict, but the potential involvement of motor processes in conflict resolution is still unclear. The present study tested whether the effects of distracting information may be reduced when anticipated motor processing demands increase. Specifically, across two mouse-tracking Simon experiments, we manipulated blockwise motor demands (high vs. low) by requiring participants to move a mouse cursor to either large versus small (Experiment 1) or near versus far (Experiment 2) response boxes presented on the screen. We reasoned that participants would increase action control in blocks with high versus low motor demands and that this would reduce the distracting effect of location-based activation. The results support this hypothesis: Simon effects were reduced under high versus low motor demands and this modulation held even when controlling for time-varying fluctuations in distractor-based activation via distributional analyses (i.e., delta plots). Thus, the present findings indicate that anticipation of different motor costs can influence conflict processing. We propose that the competition between distractor-based and target-based activation is biased at premotor and/or motor stages in anticipation of motor demands, but also discuss alternative implementations of action control.
Benzyl- and dibenzyl tetrahydropyridinylidene ammonium salts with antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activity
Authors: Seebacher Werner , Kaiser Marcel , Mäser Pascal , Saf Robert , Pferschy-Wenzig Eva-Maria , Weis Robert
Published: November 2022

Several 1-benzyl and 1,3-dibenzyl derivatives of tetrahydropyridinylidene salts with differing electron withdrawing substituents at the aromatic residues have been prepared. In addition, the amine moiety in position 4 was varied. The new compounds were investigated for their antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities as well as for their cytotoxicity. They were characterized using FT-IR, HRMS and NMR spectroscopy. Structure–activity relationships including reported compounds are discussed.

Graphical abstract
Allies or enemies? The effect of regulatory T cells and related T lymphocytes on the profibrotic environment in bleomycin-injured lung mouse models
Authors: Seyran Mutlu , Melanie Scalise , Philip Stumbles , Amiq Gazdhar , Fabian Blank
Published: November 2022

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by permanent scarring of lung tissue and declining lung function, and is an incurable disease with increase in prevalence over the past decade. The current consensus is that aberrant wound healing following repeated injuries to the pulmonary epithelium is the most probable cause of IPF, with various immune inflammatory pathways having been reported to impact disease pathogenesis. While the role of immune cells, specifically T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells (Treg), in IPF pathogenesis has been reported and discussed recently, the pathogenic or beneficial roles of these cells in inducing or preventing lung fibrosis is still debated. This lack of understanding could be due in part to the difficulty in obtaining diseased human lung tissue for research purposes. For this reason, many animal models have been developed over the years to attempt to mimic the main clinical hallmarks of IPF: among these, inducing lung injury in rodents with the anti-cancer agent bleomycin has now become the most commonly studied animal model of IPF. Pulmonary fibrosis is the major side effect when bleomycin is administered for cancer treatment in human patients, and a similar effect can be observed after intra-tracheal administration of bleomycin to rodents. Despite many pathophysiological pathways of lung fibrosis having been investigated in bleomycin-injured animal models, one central facet still remains controversial, namely the involvement of specific T lymphocyte subsets, and in particular Treg, in disease pathogenesis. This review aims to summarize the major findings and conclusions regarding the involvement of immune cells and their receptors in the pathogenesis of IPF, and to elaborate on important parallels between animal models and the human disease. A more detailed understanding of the role of Treg and other immune cell subsets in lung injury and fibrosis derived from animal models is a critical basis for translating this knowledge to the development of new immune-based therapies for the treatment of human IPF.
The impact of neoadjuvant systemic treatment on postoperative complications in breast cancer surgery
Authors: Nussbaumer R. L. , Maggi N. , Castrezana L. , Zehnpfennig L. , Schwab F. D. , Krol J. , Oberhauser I. , Weber W. P. , Kurzeder C. , Haug M. D. , Kappos Elisabeth A.
Published: November 2022

Purpose

The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NST) on postoperative complications and the beginning of adjuvant treatment.

Methods

This study includes data from a prospectively maintained database including patients with breast cancer (BC) stage I–IV with or without NST undergoing breast cancer surgery between January 2010 and September 2021.

Results

Out of 517 enrolled patients, 77 received NST, 440 had primary breast surgery. After NST patients underwent surgery after a meantime of 34 days (26.5–40 days). No statistical significance could be found comparing the complication grading according to the Clavien Dindo classification. The complications were most frequently rated as grade 3b. There were no complications with grade 4 or higher. When differentiating into short and long-term, the overall rate of short-term complications was 20.3% with no significant difference between the two groups (20.8% vs. 20.2%). Regarding long-term complications, there was more impairment of shoulder mobility (26.0% vs. 9.5%, p ≤ 0.001) and chronic pain (42.9% vs. 28.6%, p ≤ 0.016) for patients with NST. The beginning of the administration of the adjuvant treatment was comparable in both groups (46.3 days vs. 50.5 days).

Conclusion

In our cohort, complications between both groups were comparable according to Clavien Dindo. This study shows that NST has no negative impact on postoperative short-term complications and most importantly did not lead to a delay of the beginning of adjuvant treatment. Therefore, NST can be safely admitted, even when followed by extensive breast reconstruction surgery.
Place and the (trans) formation of self-identity in Ezzedine Fishere’s Farah’s Story
Authors: Youssef Rania Samir
Published: November 2022

Place is a field that is related to various disciplines like geography, sociology, psychology, environment and literature among others. In this interdisciplinary study, place attachment and place identity and their correlation with self –identity (its formation and transformation) are being traced to reveal that similar to real life powerful place experiences that influence one’s identity, literary place experiences have deep ramifications on a literary work’s characters. Borrowing theories from geography and Social Psychology, Edward Relph’s phenomenology of place with its vast array of levels of insideness and outsideness, together with Glynis Breakwell’s Identity Process Theory are employed to closely follow Ezzedine Fishere’s Farah in his latest literary production Farah’s Story (2021). Although Farah’s childhood attachment to place form her conformant identity, later powerful place experiences transform her into an iron-willed rebellious woman who rejects all forms of attachment or authority.
The starch hydrolysis by α-amylase Bacillus spp.: an estimation of the optimum temperatures, the activation and deactivation energies
Authors: Miłek Justyna , Lamkiewicz Jan
Published: November 2022

Amylases have potential application, inter alia, in processes with starch hydrolysis. The present paper reports the estimation of the optimum temperatures, the activation and deactivation energies of starch hydrolysis by $${\alpha }$$
α
-amylase Bacillus spp. The literature activity of $${\alpha }$$
α
-amylase Bacillus spp. versus temperature curves was analyzed. The mathematical model presented the activity of $${\alpha }$$
α
-amylase Bacillus spp. and the starch hydrolysis. Both the starch hydrolysis and the deactivation process of $${\alpha }$$
α
-amylase were analyzed by the first-order equations according to the enzyme concentration. Determined optimum temperatures $${T}_\textrm{opt}$$

T
opt

were in the range from $$323.67 \pm 1.48$$

323.67
±
1.48

 K to $$354.00 \pm 2.27$$

354.00
±
2.27

 K, activation energies $$E_\textrm{r}$$

E
r

were in the range from $$18.01 \pm 7.22$$

18.01
±
7.22

 kJ mol-1 to $$102.85 \pm 20.53$$

102.85
±
20.53

 kJ mol-1, and the values of deactivation energies $$E_\textrm{d}$$

E
d

were in the range from $$79.76 \pm 8.77$$

79.76
±
8.77

 kJ mol-1 to $$162.85 \pm 32.23$$

162.85
±
32.23

 kJ mol-1. The present study is related to the starch hydrolysis by $${\alpha }$$
α
-amylase Bacillus spp. The obtained results might find application in the industry hydrolysis of starch.
A new defense of Tarski's solution to the liar paradox
Authors: Sher Gila
Published: November 2022

Tarski's hierarchical solution to the Liar paradox is widely viewed as ad hoc. In this paper I show that, on the contrary, Tarski's solution is justified by a sound philosophical principle that concerns the inner structure of truth. This principle provides a common philosophical basis to a number of solutions to the Liar paradox, including Tarski's and Kripke's. Tarski himself may not have been aware of this principle, but by providing a philosophical basis to his hierarchical solution to the paradox, it undermines the ad-hocness objection to this solution. Indeed, it contributes to the defense of Tarski's theory against other objections as well.
Deep learning study of induced stochastic pattern formation in the gravure printing fluid splitting process
Authors: Brumm Pauline , Ciotta Nicola , Sauer Hans Martin , Blaeser Andreas , Dörsam Edgar
Published: November 2022

We use deep learning (DL) algorithms for the phenomenological classification of Saffman-Taylor-instability-driven spontaneous pattern formation at the liquid meniscus in the fluid splitting in a gravure printing press. The DL algorithms are applied to high-speed video recordings of the fluid splitting process between the rotating gravure cylinder and the co-moving planar target substrate. Depending on rotation velocity or printing velocity and gravure raster of the engraved printing cylinder, a variety of transient liquid wetting patterns, e.g., a raster of separate drops, viscous fingers, or more complex, branched liquid bridges appear in the printing nip. We discuss how these patterns are classified with DL methods, and how this could serve the identification of different hydrodynamic flow regimes in the nip, e.g., point or lamella splitting.
MET fusions and splicing variants convergently define a subgroup of glioma sensitive to MET inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Ke-Nan , Zhao Zheng , Chen Jing , Bao Zhaoshi , Chai Rui-Chao , Sun Zhiyan , Wu Lingxiang , Wang Zhiliang , Liu Hanjie , Mu Quanhua , Hu Huimin , Zeng Fan , Wang Zheng , Li Guanzhang , Chang Yuanhao , Wang Qiangwei , Wu Fan , Zhang Ying , Liu Yuqing , Jiang Chunjie , Kahlert Ulf Dietrich , Nam Do-Hyun , Zhang Wei , Kang Chunsheng , Wang Jiguang , Tao Rongjie , Wang Qianghu , Jiang Tao
Published: November 2022

Purpose

Our previous study has shown that PTPRZ1-MET (ZM) fusion is a viable target for MET inhibitors in gliomas. However, the diversity and prevalence of somatic MET alterations in diffuse gliomas are still elusive and need to be extensively characterized for identifying novel therapeutic targets.

Methods

Totally, 1,350 glioma patients and 31 patient-derived cells were collected from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and published data. All kinds of MET fusions and/or splicing variants (MET F/SVs) were identified by bioinformatical methods. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were used for validation. In vitro experiments of drug resistance were conducted for the possibility of MET-targeted treatment.

Results

MET F/SVs but not genomic amplification, were highly enriched in the secondary glioblastomas (sGBM) and marked worse prognosis. Further molecular and scRNA-seq analysis revealed that MET F/SVs were induced in the course of glioma evolution and highly associated with MET overexpression. Subsequent in vitro and the clinical study showed that cells and patients harboring MET F/SVs have better response to MET inhibitors.

Conclusion

Our findings expanded the percentage of gliomas with abnormal MET alterations and suggested that a subgroup of gliomas harboring MET F/SVs may benefit from MET-targeted therapy.
Class and society in Ithaca under Tocco and early Venetian rule (1357–ca. 1600)
Authors: Nikias Kyriaco
Published: November 2022

Whereas the presence of class divisions in the larger Ionian islands has been well studied, the character of society in smaller Ithaca under Latin rule has been largely ignored. This article examines the evidence for social structures in Ithaca before and after its Venetian capture. Under the rule of the Tocco, the only nobles on Ithaca were the Galati, a family granted privileges for service to the court. The continuation of these privileges into the Venetian period was an exception in a society conditioned by a new agricultural economy following the resettlement of the island in 1504. This article shows how the development of the new economy did eventually allow for inequalities in the mass population to develop, though these were limited by the small size of the island's agricultural economy. The evolution of these structures reflected the tension between the feudal legacy of the Tocco period and the new economy conditioned by the Venetian resettlement. Yet the economic divisions of Venetian Ithaca were not recognized by the state as formal classes.
The 2021 “Complex Systems” Nobel Prize: The Climate, With and Without Geocomplexity
Authors: Lovejoy S.
Published: November 2022

One half of 2021s Nobel Physics prize was awarded to statistical physicist Giorgio Parisi and the other—the first in geophysics in 75 years—to climate scientists Syukoro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann, the former for pioneering General Circulation Models and the latter (primarily) for proposing a statistical model explaining the climate as a slowly varying state driven by random weather noise. However, the Nobel committee recognized the climate laureates' work almost exclusively from the 1960s and 1970s. We update their report with the contributions from nonlinear geophysics and discuss the implications for the unity of geoscience, and for future climate modeling.
On the Origin of Small‐Scale Seismic Scatters at 660‐km Depth
Authors: Mao Wei , Gurnis Michael , Wu Wenbo
Published: November 2022

Strong small‐scale seismic scatters (<10 km) have been recently observed at 660 km depth, but their origin remains uncertain. We systematically conduct both high‐resolution 2‐D geodynamic computations that include realistic thermodynamic properties, synthetic seismic waveforms, and insight from shallow seismic observations to explore their origin. We demonstrate that neither short‐term subduction, nor long‐term mechanical mantle mixing processes can produce sufficiently strong heterogeneities to explain the origin of such small‐scale seismic scatters. Instead, the intrinsic heterogeneities inside the oceanic lithosphere which subducts into the mantle transition zone and the uppermost lower mantle can explain the observed short‐wavelength scatter waves.
A Kinematic Model of Quaternary Fault Slip Rates and Distributed Deformation at the New Zealand Plate Boundary
Authors: Hirschberg H. , Sutherland R.
Published: November 2022

We construct a kinematic model of Quaternary long‐term deformation at the New Zealand plate boundary, including slip rates on major faults and strain rates between faults. We use an iterative method based on statistical and physical principles to find a velocity field that fits fault slip rate observations, has consistent off‐fault strain‐rate style, and is constrained by known plate motion. The kinematic model balances on‐fault and off‐fault deformation and provides improved estimates of fault slip rates and uncertainties in a statistically rigorous manner. We predict shortening rates of 45 ± 8, 34 ± 3, and 20 ± 3 mm/yr across the northern, central, and southern portions of the Hikurangi subduction margin, respectively; these rates are lower and better constrained by regional kinematics than previous estimates. In addition, the model predicts large strains adjacent to the Alpine Fault, indicating ∼9 mm/yr of plate motion in central South Island on faults with currently unknown slip rates. Differences between our long‐term velocity field and a contemporary velocity field arise mainly through interseismic locking on major faults. However, we suggest that differences with contemporary deformation in northeastern North Island are due to uncertainty in Havre Trough extension parameters and <5–10 mm/yr of missing dextral slip on unknown onshore faults, which implies seismic hazard is under‐predicted in that region.
Role of space station instruments for improving tropical carbon flux estimates using atmospheric data
Authors: Palmer Paul I. , Woodwark A. Jerome P. , Finch Douglas P. , Taylor Thomas E. , Butz André , Tamminen Johanna , Bösch Hartmut , Eldering Annmarie , Vincent-Bonnieu Sebastien
Published: November 2022

The tropics is the nexus for many of the remaining gaps in our knowledge of environmental science, including the carbon cycle and atmospheric chemistry, with dire consequences for our ability to describe the Earth system response to a warming world. Difficulties associated with accessibility, coordinated funding models and economic instabilities preclude the establishment of a dense pan-tropical ground-based atmospheric measurement network that would otherwise help to describe the evolving state of tropical ecosystems and the associated biosphere-atmosphere fluxes on decadal timescales. The growing number of relevant sensors aboard sun-synchronous polar orbiters provide invaluable information over the remote tropics, but a large fraction of the data collected along their orbits is from higher latitudes. The International Space Station (ISS), which is in a low-inclination, precessing orbit, has already demonstrated value as a proving ground for Earth observing atmospheric sensors and as a testbed for new technology. Because low-inclination orbits spend more time collecting data over the tropics, we argue that the ISS and its successors, offer key opportunities to host new Earth-observing atmospheric sensors that can lead to a step change in our understanding of tropical carbon fluxes.
Global and regional estimates of orphans attributed to maternal cancer mortality in 2020
Authors: Guida Florence , Kidman Rachel , Ferlay Jacques , Schüz Joachim , Soerjomataram Isabelle , Kithaka Benda , Ginsburg Ophira , Mailhot Vega Raymond B. , Galukande Moses , Parham Groesbeck , Vaccarella Salvatore , Canfell Karen , Ilbawi Andre M. , Anderson Benjamin O. , Bray Freddie , dos-Santos-Silva Isabel , McCormack Valerie
Published: November 2022

Despite women being disproportionally affected by cancer deaths at young ages, there are no global estimates of the resulting maternal orphans, who experience health and education disadvantages throughout their lives. We estimated the number of children who became maternal orphans in 2020 due to their mother dying from cancer in that year, for 185 countries worldwide and by cause of cancer-related death. Female cancer deaths—by country, cancer type and age (derived from GLOBOCAN estimates)—were multiplied by each woman’s estimated number of children under the age of 18 years at the time of her death (fertility data were derived from United Nations World Population Prospects for birth cohort), accounting for child mortality and parity-cancer risk associations. Globally, there were 1,047,000 such orphans. Over half of these were orphans due to maternal deaths from breast (258,000, 25%), cervix (210,000, 20%) and upper-gastrointestinal cancers (136,000, 13%), and most occurred in Asia (48%: India 15%, China 10%, rest of Asia 23%) and Africa (35%). Globally, there were 40 new maternal orphans due to cancer per 100,000 children, with a declining trend with a higher Human Development Index (range: 121 in Malawi to 15 in Malta). An estimated 7 million children were prevalent maternal orphans due to cancer in mid-2020. Accelerating the implementation of the World Health Organization’s cervical and breast cancer initiatives has the potential to avert not only millions of preventable female cancer deaths but also the associated, often-overlooked, intergenerational consequences of these deaths.
Observation of Rayleigh-Lamb waves generated by the 2022 Hunga-Tonga volcanic eruption with the POLA detectors at Ny-Ålesund
Authors: Abbrescia M. , Avanzini C. , Baldini L. , Ferroli R. Baldini , Batignani G. , Battaglieri M. , Boi S. , Bossini E. , Carnesecchi F. , Casula M. , Cavazza D. , Cicalò C. , Cifarelli L. , Coccetti F. , Coccia E. , Corvaglia A. , Gruttola D. De , Pasquale S. De , Galante L. , Garbini M. , Gemme G. , Gnesi I. , Gramstad E. , Grazzi S. , Haland E. S. , Hatzifotiadou D. , Rocca P. La , Liu Z. , Lombardo L. , Mandaglio G. , Margotti A. , Maron G. , Mazziotta M. N. , Mazzola M. , Mulliri A. , Nania R. , Noferini F. , Nozzoli F. , Ould-Saada F. , Palmonari F. , Panareo M. , Panetta M. P. , Paoletti R. , Parvis M. , Pellegrino C. , Perasso L. , Pinazza O. , Pinto C. , Pisano S. , Riggi F. , Righini G. , Ripoli C. , Rizzi M. , Sartorelli G. , Scapparone E. , Schioppa M. , Scioli G. , Scribano A. , Selvi M. , Taiuti M. , Terreni G. , Trifirò A. , Trimarchi M. , Viola A. P. , Vistoli C. , Votano L. , Williams M. C. S. , Zichichi A. , Zuyeuski R.
Published: November 2022

The eruption of the Hunga-Tonga volcano in the South Pacific Ocean on January 15, 2022, at about 4:15 UTC, generated a violent explosion, which created atmospheric pressure disturbances in the form of Rayleigh-Lamb waves detected all over the globe. Here we discuss the observation of the Hunga-Tonga shock-wave performed at the Ny-Ålesund Research Station on the Spitsbergen island, by the detectors of the PolarquEEEst experiment and their ancillary sensors. Online pressure data as well as the results of dedicated offline analysis are presented and discussed in details. Results include wave arrival times, wave amplitude measurements and wave velocity calculation. We observed five passages of the shock wave with a significance larger than 3 $$\sigma$$
σ
and an amplitude up to 1 hPa. The average propagation velocity resulted to be (308 ± 0.6) m/s. Possible effects of the atmospheric pressure variation associated with the shock-wave multiple passages on the cosmic-ray rate at ground level are also investigated. We did not find any significant evidence of this effect.
A familial case of MYH9 gene mutation associated with multiple functional and structural platelet abnormalities
Authors: Safiullina Svetlana I. , Evtugina Natalia G. , Andrianova Izabella A. , Khismatullin Rafael R. , Kravtsova Olga A. , Khabirova Alina I. , Nagaswami Chandrasekaran , Daminova Amina G. , Peshkova Alina D. , Litvinov Rustem I. , Weisel John W.
Published: November 2022

Mutations in the MYH9 gene result in macrothrombocytopenia often associated with hemorrhages. Here, we studied the function and structure of platelets in three family members with a heterozygous mutation R1933X in the MYH9 gene, characteristic of closely related disorders known as the May-Hegglin anomaly and Sebastian syndrome. The examination included complete blood count, blood smear microscopy, platelet flow cytometry (expression of P-selectin and active integrin αIIbβ3 before and after activation), the kinetics of platelet-driven contraction (retraction) of blood clots, as well as scanning/transmission electron microscopy of platelets. Despite severe thrombocytopenia ranging (36–86) × 109/l, none of the patients had hemorrhages at the time of examination, although they had a history of heavy menstruation, spontaneous ecchymosis, and postpartum hemorrhage. Flow cytometry showed background platelet activation, revealed by overexpression of P-selectin and active αIIbβ3 integrin above normal levels. After TRAP-induced stimulation, the fractions of platelets expressing P-selectin in the proband and her sister were below normal response, indicating partial platelet refractoriness. The initiation of clot contraction was delayed. Electron microscopy revealed giant platelets with multiple filopodia and fusion of α-granules with dilated open canalicular system, containing filamentous and vesicular inclusions. The novel concept implies that the R1933X mutation in the MYH9 gene is associated not only with thrombocytopenia, but also with qualitative structural and functional defects in platelets. Platelet dysfunction includes impaired contractility, which can disrupt the compaction of hemostatic clots, making the clots weak and permeable, therefore predisposing patients with MYH9 gene mutations to the hemorrhagic phenotype.
Predicting building types using OpenStreetMap
Authors: Atwal Kuldip Singh , Anderson Taylor , Pfoser Dieter , Züfle Andreas
Published: November 2022

Having accurate building information is paramount for a plethora of applications, including humanitarian efforts, city planning, scientific studies, and navigation systems. While volunteered geographic information from sources such as OpenStreetMap (OSM) has good building geometry coverage, descriptive attributes such as the type of a building are sparse. To fill this gap, this study proposes a supervised learning-based approach to provide meaningful, semantic information for OSM data without manual intervention. We present a basic demonstration of our approach that classifies buildings into eitherresidentialornon-residentialtypes for three study areas: Fairfax County in Virginia (VA), Mecklenburg County in North Carolina (NC), and the City of Boulder in Colorado (CO). The model leverages (i) available OSM tags capturing non-spatial attributes, (ii) geometric and topological properties of the building footprints including adjacent types of roads, proximity to parking lots, and building size. The model is trained and tested using ground truth data available for the three study areas. The results show that our approach achieves high accuracy in predicting building types for the selected areas. Additionally, a trained model is transferable with high accuracy to other regions where ground truth data is unavailable. The OSM and data science community are invited to build upon our approach to further enrich the volunteered geographic information in an automated manner.
Analysis of influence of deformation modes of retaining structures on deformation of a side shield tunnel
Authors: Wei Gang , Guo Binglai , Wang Zhe , Diao Hongguo , Wang Xinquan
Published: November 2022

In the process of foundation pit excavation, different retaining structures and support stiffness may lead to different deformation modes of retaining structures. The soil displacement cause by the deformation of the retaining structure is calculated by the virtual image technique. Meanwhile, the collaborative deformation model for rotation and dislocation is introduced to analyze the tunnel longitudinal deformation caused by different deformation modes as well as the tunnel maximum displacement equivalent field, and two case verifications are carried out. The study shows that there is a large difference in the size and distribution law of the soil displacement field caused by different enclosure structure deformation modes. The horizontal displacement of soil caused by the cantilever type always shows a "cantilever type" curve with increasing horizontal distance from the enclosure structure, while the composite type, inner convex type and kicker type develop from the "bow" to the "cantilever type" curve. The vertical displacement field of the soil is in the shape of a "spoon" and the soil exhibits a certain bulge deformation below the critical depth. The critical depths of the composite type and inner convex type are similar, while the kick type is the largest and the cantilever type is the smallest. The influence area of the maximum horizontal displacement of the tunnel outside the pit of the inner convex type and the composite type is basically the same. The influence area of the cantilever mode is the smallest, while the influence depth of the kick-in mode is higher than that of the other three deformation modes.
A 24-metal Cd(ii)–Sm(iii) nanocage with a rapid triple-emissive response for 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline
Authors: Cheng Yuebo , Ma Yanan , Yang Xiaoping , Li Hao , Zhang Zhen , Schipper Desmond
Published: November 2022

A 24-metal Cd(ii)–Sm(iii) nanocluster (molecular sizes: 1.9 × 1.9 × 2.1 nm) was constructed for the rapid and reliable triple-emissive detection of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline (DCN) as a pesticide.
Examining the diversity of scientific methods in college entrance chemistry examinations in China
Authors: Xu Yufeng , Liu Huinan , Chen Bo , Huang Sihui , Zhong Chongyu
Published: November 2022

Scientific methods have received widespread attention in recent years. Based on the analytical framework derived from Brandon's matrix consisting of four categories of scientific methods, this paper aims to conduct a content analysis to examine how the diversity of scientific methods is represented in college entrance chemistry examination papers from three exam boards in China. It was found that the percentages of the four categories of scientific methods in the examination papers varied significantly from each exam board, highlighting an imbalanced representation of scientific methods. Furthermore, among the four categories of scientific methods, non-manipulative parameter measurement (Non-MPM) accounted for the largest proportion in each examination paper, while the proportion of manipulative hypothesis testing (MHT) was very small, indicating that the practical chemistry items in China are less experimental. At the end of this paper, the implications of the findings and suggestions for further studies are discussed.
Impedance modelling and stability analysis of modular multilevel converter with different types of grid‐forming control schemes
Authors: Guo Hanlin , Zhang Zheren , Xu Zheng
Published: November 2022

With the increasing penetration of power electronics, grid‐forming modular multilevel converters (MMCs) have attracted great attention in the upcoming MMC‐based high‐voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) projects. Power synchronization control (PSC) and direct power control (DPC) are two typical grid‐forming control schemes for MMCs. This paper sets out to investigate the impedance‐based stability characteristics of PSC‐MMC and DPC‐MMC. Utilizing the harmonic state space (HSS), equivalent impedance models of PSC‐MMC and DPC‐MMC are developed with the consideration of complete controllers and MMC internal dynamic characteristics. Impedance shaping effects of the major controllers are further analyzed to identify the frequency bands where the MMCs have negative resistive impedance characteristics. Finally, potential instability phenomena of the interconnected system are shown through the case studies, and the virtual impedance method is introduced as the stabilization control scheme. The electromagnetic transient simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC verify the accuracy of the impedance models and the effectivity of the stabilization control scheme.
Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Phosphorothioates via P–S Coupling ­Reaction of Dialkyl Phosphites with Thiols
Authors: Kaboudin Babak , Daliri Payam , Esfandiari Hesam , Kazemi Foad
Published: November 2022

A catalyst-free synthesis of phosphorothioates via a P–S cross-coupling reaction of thiols with dialkyl phosphites has been studied. With presented method, various phosphorothioates were obtained by the reaction of thiols with H-dialkyl phosphites in the presence of DMSO as both solvent and oxidant under transition-metal-free conditions. Mechanistic studies showed that the reaction proceeds with formation of a known disulfide intermediate via the oxidation of thiols in the presence of DMSO. Nucleophilic substitution of dialkyl phosphite with the disulfide intermediate gave phosphorothioate. The presented method is a convenient process for the synthesis of phosphorothioates under catalyst-free conditions.
Studies Towards the Total Synthesis of Populusone: Stereoselective Construction of Functionalized 2-Oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octenes
Authors: Schmalz Hans-Günther , Hemmersbach Lars
Published: November 2022

A short and efficient synthetic access to functionalized compounds displaying major structural elements of the natural product populusone is elaborated by exploiting a diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol addition followed by a triflic anhydride-induced oxa-Michael addition to construct the sensitive 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octene unit as an enol triflate, which is directly used in a subsequent Suzuki cross-coupling. While attempts to close the strained 10-membered ring by means of Ru-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis were not successful, the developed synthetic scheme opens a rapid synthetic access to advanced intermediates, which may allow the completion of the total synthesis of populusone in the future.
Reassembly of Unsaturated C–C Bonds by a Cutting/Insertion Cascade
Authors: Jiang Yaojia , Xu Ying , Li Ling , Zhao Min
Published: November 2022

The reassembly of unsaturated C–C bonds has attracted widespread attention from synthetic chemists due to its advantages of unique reactivity, easy handling, and high atom and step economies. We recently explored a cutting/insertion cascade as a means of introducing a new C1 source and constructing functionalized 1,4-keto aldehyde and 2H-furan derivatives through cyclopropanation of enamines with various carbene precursors and subsequent ring-opening reactions in situ. Aminocyclopropanes are believed to be involved as key intermediates in these transformations. This Synpacts article outlines our recent contributions to this increasingly important research area.

1 Introduction

2 Cleavage of Enamine C=C Double Bonds and Hydrolysis to 1,4-Keto Aldehydes

3 Cleavage of Enamine C=C Double Bonds and Cyclization to 2H-Furans

4 Cleavage of Ynone/Ynoate C≡C Triple Bonds

5 Conclusion
Dynamic just-in-time learning based model predictive control for variable pitch wind energy conversion system
Authors: Yang Wei , Jia Li , Zhou Chengyu , Xu Yue
Published: November 2022

The pitch adjustment is critical to maintain the stable operation of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) under high wind speed, which can reduce mechanical load and provide safe and reliable power input for the power grid. It makes the design of a pitch controller arduous because the WECS is the high order system with nonlinear, multi-variable, and strong coupling. Based on this, a novel pitch controller is presented by employing dynamic just-in-time learning (JITL) based model predictive control to investigate wind turbine performance in a high wind speed operating region. This method captures the wind power process nonlinearities by the set of local models available online via JITL technology. Moreover, in order to meet the requirements of the real-time operation of the wind power process, a three-dimensional space data classification algorithm is employed to classify the data by calculating the local density and the minimum distance. Furthermore, considering the multi-objective and strongly nonlinear optimal control characteristics of model predictive control, the proposed dynamic linear model is introduced into the design of the nonlinear wind power model predictive control system. The optimal control rate of the controller is determined by solving the convex optimization problem within the design framework. Finally, the feasibility and superiority of the strategy are demonstrated by a typical wind power process.
Shape-dependent regions for inertialess spheroids in turbulent channel flow
Authors: Cui Zhiwen , Zhao Lihao
Published: November 2022

The alignment between the inertialess spheroids and the directions of the fluid Lagrangian stretching or compression is sensitive to the particles shape near the wall but not near the center of the channel [Cui et al. “Alignment statistics of rods with the Lagrangian stretching direction in a channel flow,” J. Fluid Mech. 901, A16 (2020)]. This observation is further investigated in the current study to uncover the mechanism of particle alignment behavior in different regions of channel flows at Reτ≈180 and 1000. Meanwhile, by using the probability distributions of the sign of the discriminant of the linear term in the Jeffery equation, we find that the turbulent channel flow can be distinctly divided into strong and weak shape-dependent regions. In the weak shape-dependent region, the slender (flat) particles have extraordinarily similar alignments with the directions of fluid Lagrangian stretching (compression). However, in the strong shape-dependent region, the alignments of these inertialess particles are sensitive to the particles shape, especially with the particle positions approaching the wall. The ranges of these shape-dependent regions rely on the Reynolds number, but the probability distributions of the sign of the discriminant of the linear term in the Jeffery equation are a useful tool to distinguish these shape-dependent regions in the wall turbulence regardless of the Reynolds number.
Wall pressure fluctuations in supersonic boundary layers over compression ramps with different turning angles
Authors: Cai HengYu , Yu Ming , Sun Dong , Ye ZhengYin , Liu PengXin , Yuan XianXu
Published: November 2022

In the present study, we investigate influences of shock intensity on wall pressure fluctuations by performing direct numerical simulations of supersonic turbulence boundary layers over compression ramps with different turning angles. We found that as the turning angle increases, low-frequency motions of the separation shock are enhanced, accompanied by enlarged energetic pressure structures with lower convection velocities. By inspecting wavenumber-frequency spectra under the assumption of streamwise homogeneity, we further identified two energetic modes convected at different velocities. The one with the lower convection velocity, namely, the “slow mode,” inherited from the upstream pressure fluctuations of the turbulent boundary layer, is decelerated when passing through the oblique shock, during which the “rapid mode” with pressure fluctuations convected at higher speeds are generated. The increasing turning angle decelerates the slow mode and intensifies the fast mode. The reconstruction of the flow field suggests that the rapid mode is associated with the shear layer generated adjacent to the interaction zone, while the slow mode is associated with the Görtler vortices on the ramp.
Aerodynamic shape optimization of co-flow jet airfoil using a multi-island genetic algorithm
Authors: Jiang Hao , Xu Min , Yao Weigang
Published: November 2022

The co-flow jet is a zero-net-mass-flux active flow control strategy and presents great potential to improve the aerodynamic efficiency of future fuel-efficient aircrafts. The present work is to integrate the co-flow jet technology into aerodynamic shape optimization to further realize the potential of co-flow-jet technology and improve co-flow jet airfoil performance. The optimization results show that the maximum energy efficiency ratio of lift augmentation and drag reduction increased by 203.53% (α = 0°) and 10.25% (α = 10°) at the Power-1 condition (power coefficient of 0.3), respectively. A larger curvature is observed near the leading edge of the optimized aerodynamic shape, which leads to the early onset of flow separation and improves energy transfer efficiency from the jet to the free stream. In addition, the higher mid-chord of the optimized airfoil is characterized by accelerating the flow in the middle of the airfoil, increasing the strength of the negative pressure zone, thus improving the stall margin and enhancing the co-flow jet circulation.
The internal flow behaviors during Taylor cone formation of pulsating electrohydrodynamic jet printing
Authors: Guan Yin , Wang Mengduo , Wu Shuang , Sha Yanxiu , Tian Yu , Ye Dong , Huang YongAn
Published: November 2022

The toroidal vortex inside the Taylor cone is one of the most interesting features in electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. However, due to the considerable difficulty in capturing the microscopic internal fluid flow from the experiment, many aspects of the printing process are still not fully understood. Here, we present a numerical study on the Taylor cone formation process of pulsating EHD jet printing under the variations of several key operational parameters and liquid properties, namely, electric voltage, nozzle height, liquid surface tension coefficient, and liquid dynamic viscosity. In addition to the electrohydrodynamic motion of the liquid–gas interface, we focus our attention to the time evolution of the liquid flow and vortex inside the Taylor cone. The intensity of the vortex is evaluated by analyzing the absolute value of the swirling strength throughout the formation process. By virtue of examining the electric field distribution, interface charge density, velocity field, and the absolute value of the swirling strength from the numerical data, we elucidate the influences of the aforementioned parameters on Taylor cone formation and internal flow behaviors. Eventually, a scaling law of λ2max∝Boe/Ca2 between the maximum absolute value of the swirling strength and the dimensionless variables electric bond number Boe and capillary number Ca is proposed, which applies to all the parameters investigated in this work.
Numerical investigation on unsteady interaction of oblique/bow shock during rotation based on non-inertial coordinate system
Authors: Wang Dagao , Han Guilai , Liu Meikuan , Jiang Zonglin
Published: November 2022

In this Letter, the dynamic effect of rotation on unsteady shock interaction between an oblique shock wave and bow shock ahead of an elliptic cylinder is numerically investigated. First, a non-deforming grid method based on a non-inertial reference frame is applied for supersonic/hypersonic flow around an arbitrarily moving body. A simulation considering a rotating elliptic cylinder is then conducted at Ma5 with forced-oscillation approach. The results show that the shock interaction structure during rotation has obvious hysteresis compared with the static condition, and transition among different types of shock interaction is also affected by rotation direction and speed. The mechanisms are briefly addressed.
Droplet penetration through an inclined mesh
Authors: Xu Long , Zong Shaoqiang , Hao Jiguang , Floryan J. M.
Published: November 2022

Droplets with different Weber numbers We impacting meshes at various inclination angles α were investigated using high-speed photography. It was found that the droplet mesh penetration can be completely suppressed by inclining the mesh. Phase diagrams in the (We, α)-plane determining the expected type of penetration have been determined experimentally for meshes of various structures. It was shown that the Weber numbers for transition between no-penetration and incomplete penetration as well as for transition between incomplete penetration and complete penetration increase monotonically with α. A simple model for predicting transition thresholds is proposed and is validated by comparisons with experimental results. It is shown that both the inclination angle and the mesh open area fraction determine the type of penetration.
Thermal mixing and dispersion in a confined swirling flow
Authors: Hota Suvechha , Rout Sunil , Chaudhury Kaustav
Published: November 2022

We present a swirl chamber with an embedded heating coil where the swirl flow is generated by a tangential entry of water into a cylindrical chamber. This apparently simple setup, as we show here, provides a rapid thermal mixing and thereby endorses a quick attainment of an asymptotic steady temperature rise at the outlet. However, the interplay between the incipient momentum and energy transport is far from being trivial. Here, we present a thermal dispersion-based paradigm that is found to capture this asymptotic behavior satisfactorily with respect to the experimental observations. The combined experimental observations and the theoretical analysis reveal that the asymptotic behavior is due to a near perfect mixing that is promoted by the stirring ability of the incipient swirling flow. The dispersion model, for the present scenario, conforms to an effective thermal diffusivity that varies linearly with the flow rate; this contrasts with the conventional dispersion model where the effective diffusivity varies quadratically with the flow rate. The asymptote of the temperature rise is found to be inversely proportional to the flow rate. The time to reach this asymptotic behavior, or equivalently the pre-asymptotic duration, is also found to be inversely proportional to the flow rate.
Analysis of wave propagation and pulsation in an elastic tube using a diaphragm pump
Authors: Roknujjaman Md. , Sekine Genki , Kyotoh Harumichi
Published: November 2022

In this research, the flow wave propagation, speed, and pulsation suppression in an elastic tube were studied using a diaphragm pump. The flow fluctuations with shocking pressure fluctuations occur in the elastic tube because the check ball was blocked, thereby preventing reverse flow. Consequently, the check ball is one of the causes of pulsating flows in diaphragm pumps. However, only a few studies have analyzed the relationship among the check ball movement, pressure, and flow fluctuations. In this study, we constructed several elastic tube experiments: (i) single-tube model; (ii) two-tube model. To predict the flow wave propagation and pulsation in an elastic tube, we developed an axisymmetric theoretical model and compared into the experimental results. Based on our study, the main results were as follows: the relationship among the check ball movement, pressure, and flow fluctuations showed that the pressure and flow rate pulsation were caused by the asymmetry of the check ball movement. Additionally, we observed that the theoretical flow wave propagation trend had a good agreement with the experimental results, although the flow wave speed in the urethane-tube experiment differed considerably from the theoretical prediction. Furthermore, the amplitude of the pulsation increased considerably owing to the reflected wave at the tube exit, although it did not increase when the resistance was added at the exit. Finally, we observed that the pulsation reduced more in the silicon tubes compared to the urethane tubes because the deformation of the silicon tubes was larger than that of the urethane tubes.