bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Radiative Transfer Module for Calculating Photolysis Rates
and Solar Heating in Climate Models: Solar-J 7.5
Authors: Hsu Juno , Prather Michael , Cameron-Smith Philip , Veidenbaum Alex , Nicolau Alex
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Solar-J is a comprehensive model for radiative transfer over the solar spectrum that addresses the needs of both photochemistry and solar heating in Earth system models. Solar-J includes an 8-stream scattering, plane-parallel radiative transfer solver with corrections for sphericity. It uses the scattering phase function of aerosols and clouds expanded to 8th order and thus makes no isotropic-equivalent approximations that are prevalent in most solar heating codes. It calculates both chemical photolysis rates and the absorption of sunlight and thus the heating rates throughout the Earth's atmosphere. Solar-J is a spectral extension of Fast-J, a standard in many chemical models that calculates photolysis rates in the 0.18–0.85 μm region. For solar heating, Solar-J extends its calculation out to 12 μm using correlated-k gas absorption bins in the infrared from the shortwave Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for GCM applications (RRTMG-SW). Solar-J successfully matches RRTMG's atmospheric heating profile in a clear-sky, aerosol-free, tropical atmosphere. We compare both codes in cloudy atmospheres with a liquid-water stratus cloud and an ice-crystal cirrus cloud. For the stratus cloud both models use the same physical properties, and we find a systematic low bias in the RRTMG-SW of about 3 % in planetary albedo across all solar zenith angles, caused by RRTMG-SW's 2-stream scattering. Discrepancies with the cirrus cloud using any of RRTMG's three different parameterizations are larger, less systematic, and occur throughout the atmosphere. Effectively, Solar-J has combined the best components of RRTMG and Fast-J to build a high-fidelity module for the scattering and absorption of sunlight in the Earth's atmosphere, for which the three major components – wavelength integration, scattering, and averaging over cloud fields all have comparably small errors. More accurate solutions come with increased computational costs, about 5x that of RRTMG, but there are options for reduced costs or computational acceleration that would bring costs down while maintaining balanced errors across components and improved fidelity.
Historic global biomass burning emissions based on merging satellite
observations with proxies and fire models (1750–2015)
Authors: van Marle Margreet J. E. , Kloster Silvia , Magi Brian I. , Marlon Jennifer R. , Daniau Anne-Laure , Field Robert D. , Arneth Almut , Forrest Matthew , Hantson Stijn , Kehrwald Natalie M. , Knorr Wolfgang , Lasslop Gitta , Li Fang , Mangeon Stéphane , Yue Chao , Kaiser Johannes W. , van der Werf Guido R.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Fires have influenced atmospheric composition and climate since the rise of vascular plants, and satellite data has shown the overall global extent of fires. Our knowledge of historic fire emissions has progressively improved over the past decades due mostly to the development of new proxies and the improvement of fire models. Currently there is a suite of proxies including sedimentary charcoal records, measurements of fire-emitted trace gases and black carbon stored in ice and firn, and visibility observations. These proxies provide opportunities to extrapolate emissions estimates based on satellite data starting in 1997 back in time, but each proxy has strengths and weaknesses regarding, for example, the spatial and temporal extents over which they are representative. We developed a new historic biomass burning emissions dataset starting in 1750 that merges the satellite record with several existing proxies, and uses the average of six models from the Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) protocol to estimate emissions when the available proxies had limited coverage. According to our approach, global biomass burning emissions were relatively constant with 10-year averages varying between 1.8 and 2.3 Pg C year−1. Carbon emissions increased only slightly over the full time period and peaked during the 1990s after which they decreased gradually. There is substantial uncertainty in these estimates and patterns varied depending on choices regarding data representation, especially on regional scales. The observed pattern in fire carbon emissions is for a large part driven by African fires, which accounted for 58 % of global fire carbon emissions. African fire emissions declined since about 1950 due to conversion of savanna to cropland, and this decrease is partially compensated for by increasing emissions in deforestation zones of South America and Asia. These global fire emissions estimates are mostly suited for global analyses and will be used in the IPCC CMIP simulations.
The residence time of water in the atmosphere revisited
Authors: van der Ent Ruud J. , Tuinenburg Obbe A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This paper revisits the knowledge on the residence time of water in the atmosphere. Based on state-of-the-art data of the hydrological cycle we derive a global average residence time of 8.9 ± 0.4 days (uncertainty given as 1 standard deviation). We use two different atmospheric moisture tracking models (WAM-2layers and 3D-T) to obtain atmospheric residence time characteristics in time and space. The tracking models estimate the global average residence time to be around 8.5 days based on ERA-Interim data. We conclude that the statement of a recent study that the global average residence time of water in the atmosphere is 4–5 days, is not correct. We derive spatial maps of residence time, attributed to evaporation and precipitation, and age of atmospheric water, showing that there are different ways of looking at temporal characteristics of atmospheric water. Longer evaporation residence times often indicate larger distances towards areas of high precipitation. From our analysis we find that the residence time over the ocean is about 2 days less than over land. It can be seen that in winter, the age of atmospheric moisture tends to be much lower than in summer. In the Northern Hemisphere, due to the contrast in ocean-to-land temperature and associated evaporation rates, the age of atmospheric moisture increases following atmospheric moisture flow inland in winter, and decreases in summer. Looking at the probability density functions of atmospheric residence time for precipitation and evaporation, we find long-tailed distributions with the median around 5 days. Overall, our research confirms the 8–10-day traditional estimate for the global mean residence time of atmospheric water, and our research contributes to a more complete view of the characteristics of the turnover of water in the atmosphere in time and space.
Breaking supercontinents; no need to choose between passive or
active
Authors: Wolstencroft Martin , Davies Huw
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Much debate has centred on whether continental break-up is predominantly caused by active upwelling in the mantle (e.g. plumes) or by long-range extensional stresses in the lithosphere. We propose the hypothesis that global supercontinent break-up events should always involve both. The fundamental principle involved is the conservation of mass within the spherical shell of the mantle, which requires a return flow for any major upwelling beneath a supercontinent. This shallow horizontal return flow away from the locus of upwelling produces extensional stress. We demonstrate this principle with numerical models, which simultaneously exhibit both upwellings and significant lateral flow in the upper mantle. For non-global break-up the geometry of the mantle will be less influential, weakening this process. This observation should motivate future studies of continental break-up to explicitly consider the global perspective, even when observations or models are of regional extent.
Community-weighted mean traits but not functional diversity determine the changes in soil properties during wetland drying on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Wei , Epstein Howard E. , Wen Zhongming , Zhao Jie , Jin Jingwei , Jing Guanghua , Cheng Jimin , Du Guozhen
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Climate change and human activities have caused a shift in vegetation composition and soil biogeochemical cycles of alpine wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau. The primary goal of this study was to test for associations between community-weighted mean (CWM) traits, functional diversity, and soil properties during wetland drying. We collected soil samples and investigated the aboveground vegetation in swamp, swamp meadow, and typical meadow environments. Four CWM trait values (specific leaf area is SLA, leaf dry matter content is LDMC, leaf area is LA, and mature plant height is MPH) for 42 common species were measured across the three habitats; three components of functional diversity (functional richness, functional evenness, and functional divergence) were also quantified at these sites. Our results showed that the drying of the wetland dramatically altered plant community and soil properties. There was a significant correlation between CWM of traits and soil properties, but not a significant correlation between functional diversity and soil properties. Our results further showed that CWM-LA, CWM-SLA, and CWM-LDMC had positive correlations with soil readily available nutrients (available nitrogen, AN; available phosphorus, AP), but negative correlations with total soil nutrients (soil organic carbon is SOC, total nitrogen is TN, and total phosphorus is TP). Our study demonstrated that simple, quantitative plant functional traits, but not functional diversity, are directly related to soil C and N properties, and they likely play an important role in plant–soil interactions. Our results also suggest that functional identity of species may be more important than functional diversity in influencing ecosystem processes during wetland drying.
Brief communication: Observations of a glacier outburst flood from Lhotse Glacier, Everest area, Nepal
Authors: Rounce David R. , Byers Alton C. , Byers Elizabeth A. , McKinney Daene C.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Glacier outburst floods with origins from Lhotse Glacier, located in the Everest region of Nepal, occurred on 25 May 2015 and 12 June 2016. The most recent event was witnessed by investigators, which provided unique insights into the magnitude, source, and triggering mechanism of the flood. The field assessment and satellite imagery analysis following the event revealed that most of the flood water was stored englacially and that the flood was likely triggered by dam failure. The flood's peak discharge was estimated to be 210 m3 s−1.
Minería de texto en la clasificación de documentos digitales
Authors: Contreras Barrera Marcial
Published: February 2017

Objetivo: Desarrollar un clasificador automatizado para la clasificación de material bibliográfico por medio de la minería de texto. Metodología: La minería de texto es empleada para el desarrollo del clasificador, basado en un método de tipo supervisado conformado por dos etapas; de aprendizaje y reconocimiento, en la etapa de aprendizaje, el clasificador aprende patrones a través del análisis de registros bibliográficos, de la clasificación Z, del área de bibliotecología, ciencias de la información y recursos de información recuperados de la base de datos LIBRUNAM , en esta etapa se obtiene el clasificador capaz de reconocer diferentes subclases (LC). En la etapa de reconocimiento el clasificador se valida y evalúa a través de pruebas de clasificación, para este fin se toman aleatoriamente registros bibliográficos de la clasificación Z, clasificados por un catalogador y procesados por el clasificador automatizado, con el fin de obtener la precisión del clasificador automatizado. Resultados: La utilización de la minería de texto permitió el desarrollo del clasificador automatizado, a través del método de clasificación de documentos de tipo supervisado. La precisión del clasificador fue calculada realizando la comparación entre los temas asignados de manera manual y automatizada obteniendo un grado de precisión del 75.70%. Conclusiones: La aplicación de la minería de texto facilito la creación del clasificador automatizado, permitiendo obtener tecnología útil para la clasificación de material bibliográfico con la finalidad de mejorar y agilizar el proceso de organización de información.
In the PaLRaP Spotlight: Christi Buker
Authors: Campbell Stephanie
Published: February 2017

An intervew with Christi Buker, new Executive Director of the Pennsylvania Library Association.
“We All Make Mistakes!”. Analysing an Error-coded Corpus of Spanish University Students’ Written English
Authors: MacDonald Penny
Published: February 2017

The present study analyses the errors identified in the written argumentative texts of 304 Spanish university students of English taken from two different corpora –one from a technical university context and the other from learners enrolled in the Humanities. Considered an important design criterion for computer learner corpora studies, the metadata of the students’ was recorded and their competence levels were measured using the Oxford Quick Placement Test. The scores obtained (0 to 60) were then related to the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) levels ranging from A1 to C2. Within the field of applied linguistics and language teaching/learning, many studies have been carried out over the years designed to address the phenomenon of interlanguage errors made by learners of English (Dusková 1969, Green & Hecht 1985, Lennon 1991, Olsen 1999, among many others). These studies involved analyzing a small number of texts with a limited number of tags, based on either linguistic taxonomies or surface structure categories of errors (Dulay, Burt, & Krashen 1982). However, in the last three decades, technological advances have been made which have facilitated the analysis of much larger amounts of data using computers for both the development of learner corpora and programs for a more detailed analysis of the learner data. The error coding system used in the present research work has been designed to address all the possible levels of error (with as many sub-categories as required) since learners writing in a foreign language not only make errors related to grammar and vocabulary, but also with regard to their competence in the use of syntax, discourse relations and pragmatics, among others. The aim of the present study is two-fold. Firstly, we explore the nature of the errors coded in the corpus i.e. which errors are most frequent, including not only the main categories but also the most delicate levels of errors. Secondly, we address the question of the relationship, if any, of the learners’ competence levels and the type and frequency of the errors they make. The results show that grammar errors are the most frequent, and that the linguistic competence of the learners has a lower than expected influence on the most frequent types of errors coded in the corpus.
Las lenguas inmigrantes en el IES Eclipse: un análisis desde la política lingüística de la Comunidad de Madrid
Authors: Solís Casco Isabel
Published: February 2017

La política lingüística educativa europea se caracteriza por el progresivo fomento del multilingüismo entre sus ciudadanos y el reconocimiento de la riqueza cultural de las lenguas asentadas en Europa. Sin embargo, no todas las lenguas han obtenido el mismo grado de promoción ni de reconocimiento en los sistemas educativos europeos. En el caso de las lenguas inmigrantes su estatus y grado de visibilidad apenas ha variado desde que en los setenta se publicaron las primeras normas para su regulación. A través de un estudio de caso, que forma parte de una investigación más amplia sobre la política lingüística educativa llevada a cabo en  la Comunidad de Madrid, se estudia la visibilidad de las lenguas inmigrantes en un centro educativo de Secundaria y la ideología lingüística respecto a estas lenguas. Siguiendo el método etnográfico, a partir del estudio de documentos oficiales del centro y del paisaje lingüístico del instituto, se llega a la conclusión de que en el contexto educativo prevalece una ideología lingüística de invisibilización de las lenguas inmigrantes, a pesar de la normativa y de los estudios que han demostrado los beneficios de valorar las lenguas inmigrantes en la escuela.
Calidad de vida, alojamiento con apoyo y trastorno mental severo: el valor de la perspectiva socioeducativa en su recuperación
Authors: García-Pérez Omar , Fernández García Carmen María , Inda Caro María de las Mercedes
Published: February 2017

En el nuevo marco de atención comunitaria a personas con Trastorno Mental Severo (TMS), el alojamiento con apoyo se convierte en un componente crucial de intervención socioeducativa, constatando los efectos positivos para su recuperación y mejora de calidad de vida. El objetivo es analizar la calidad de vida de los usuarios de las viviendas supervisadas en Asturias y determinar en qué medida influyen en ella las variables socioclínicas, su funcionamiento personal y social y su apoyo social y comunitario. Se utilizan diversos instrumentos y entrevistas: Lancashire Quality of Life Profile-LQOLP; BELS-Basic Everyday Living Schedule; SBS-Social Behaviour Schedule; EMAS-Entrevista Mannheim de Apoyo Social y el Cuestionario de Apoyo Social Comunitario. Se obtienen resultados óptimos en: seguridad y actividades de tiempo libre; mejorables en: finanzas, trabajo, familia y estado de salud. Su funcionamiento básico-social repercute directamente sobre su calidad de vida, así como tener un empleo. El alojamiento con apoyo incrementa su calidad de vida, ayuda a mejorar su inclusión social y colabora en su recuperación. Se propone un cambio transformador en las políticas públicas sociosanitarias, destacando la trascendencia de la perspectiva socioeducativa para conseguir el desarrollo integral de la persona y un entorno comunitario favorable.
Trabalho escravo contemporâneo: o caso trabalhadores da Fazenda Brasil Verde vs. Brasil
Authors: Noda Juliana Markendorf , Oliveira Thâmisa Gonzalez de
Published: February 2017

Este presente trabalho tem por finalidade ampliar a discussão sobre o caso Fazenda Brasil Verde vs. Brasil, o primeiro caso sobre escravidão levado a julgamento na Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, a partir da perspectiva do trabalho escravo contemporâneo, cujo combate deve ser intensificado através da atuação estatal. Palavras-chave: escravidão; Fazenda Verde vs. Brasil.
Editorial
Authors: Pereira Alexsandro Eugenio , Silva Caroline Cordeiro Viana , Mattos Mylena
Published: February 2017

Não tem resumo
Apresentação Dossiê - “Paz nas Relações Internacionais”
Authors: Blanco Ramon , Gomes Aureo De Toledo
Published: February 2017

Não tem resumo
Consolidação internacional da paz versus percepções locais sobre a paz: encontros e desencontros
Authors: Maschietto Roberta Holanda
Published: February 2017

Este artigo discute a virada local na análise da consolidação da paz, em especial o conceito de paz híbrida, alertando para as limitações desse debate no que concerne à ótica cultural utilizada. Argumenta-se que, à medida que a discussão sobre paz híbrida está atada à da paz liberal e enfatiza dinâmicas de resistência, ela limita a própria discussão da dimensão cultural ao excluir da análise aspectos mais interpretativos sobre a paz, não necessariamente relacionados à paz liberal.
A agenda de segurança estadunidense no pós-Guerra Fria e o emprego das Forças Armadas na Argentina e no Brasil
Authors: Succi Junior David
Published: February 2017

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o modo como, no pós-Guerra Fria, o ímpeto estadunidense de envolver as Forças Armadas latino-americanas em atividades domésticas, com base na ideia de novas ameaças, foi absorvido por Argentina e Brasil. Busca-se, por meio de uma análise comparada, demonstrar como as especificidades das relações entre os civis e os militares em cada um dos países determinaram esse processo.
O papel do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos em face das leis de anistia
Authors: Camilo Guilherme Vitor de Gonzaga
Published: February 2017

O presente artigo analisa o papel do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos em face das leis de anistia promulgadas por seus países-membros em decorrência dos períodos de ditadura vivenciados. Para isso, apresentam-se a construção desse sistema – retratando o funcionamento de suas organizações participantes –, a doutrina do Controle de Convencionalidade adotada pela Corte Interamericana, a jurisprudência em relação às leis de anistia e, por fim, o alinhamento do Brasil à sua posição.
The Fascinating Symmetries of Golden Clusters Containing Two Skeletal Elements [M-2] in the Cluster Nucleus
Authors: Kiremire Enos Masheija Rwantale
Published: February 2017

The golden clusters containing two skeletal atoms in the cluster nucleus have been analyzed more carefully with the help of the 4n series method. Their shapes can reasonably and readily be predicted by mapping the [M-2] capped clusters of 3 to 13 nuclearity onto Pivoriunas geometrical model. Some of these clusters were historically categorized as being spherically centered.
Millennial Generations & Their Parents: Similarities and Differences
Authors: Sulaiman Suad. M. A. , Al-Muscati Sura. R. A.
Published: February 2017

This study aims to investigate the similarities and differences between the youth generation and their parents. The youth’s generation’s personality characteristics, work values, life style, social and cultural values, preference of communications ways seems different from their parent’s generation. The previous information helps parents to provide effective parenting strategies to develop their offspring’s personalities, abilities, and potential to the ultimate level. Also, the research findings will help family counselors, university counselors, educators, and administrators to understand the youths, as well as provide effective services for them to enhance their growth level in different areas. A sample of 616 students consisting of male and female students was selected randomly from eight scientific and humanities colleges at Sultan Qaboos University. A questionnaire was used to measure factors that generate similarities and differences between the youth generations and their parents. The reliability and the validity of the instrument were high and suitable for implementation. The study shows that the millennial generation has similarity to parents in the cultural values, work values. Differences indicated in the communication styles and optimism in the new generations due to social media and technology effect. Farther results of the current study were discussed in details. This study gives the needed insight for the governmental agencies in getting better understanding of the needs of current youth. The recommendation for parents, family counselors, university counselors, educators and administrators was discussed.
Dental and skeletal changes after intra-oral molar distalization using a “Distal Driver” appliance: a pilot study
Authors: Urbaniak-Malinowska Gabriela , Gibas-Stanek Marta , Williams Stephen , Loster Bartłomiej
Published: February 2017

Introduction. Loss of space in the maxillary arch is a frequent consequence of early loss of deciduous molars indicating distalisation of the mesialised molar tooth. A number of methods using either extra-oral appliances or intra oral appliances of various types have been suggested. While extra-oral appliances exert a high but intermittent force many of the intraoral ones deliver a modest, though constant, force and demands no patient cooperation. Aim of study. To investigate the effect of an intra-oral fixed appliance (Distal Driver) based on a NiTi spring incorporating also a standardised anchorage unit on the position of the maxillary first molar as well as on the facial skeleton and the dentition in general. Material and methods. The experimental group comprised 6 child patients exhibiting a distal molar relationship (Unilateral or Bilateral) of at least ½ premolar unit. The mesialised molars were distalised by means of a “Distal driver” exerting a force of 150 gm for a period of 3-4 weeks. Anchorage was created by a fixed modified palatal bar cemented on the premolars supporting an acrylic palatal button ad modum Nance. The clinical situation was recorded before and after molar distalisation by means of study casts, cephalograms, panoramic radiographs as well as intra-oral photographs. The distalisation of the molars as well as the effect on anchorage teeth was quantitated on digital models derived from the plaster casts. Evaluation of the observed distal and vertical changes in molar position was performed on the lateral cephalogram. Results. Cast analysis showed a clear distalising effect on the maxillary first molars ranging from 1.25 mm to 6.18 mm as well as mesial movement of the premolar anchorage teeth from 0.46 mm to 5.55mm. The cephalometric analysis revealed a first molar distalisation of 0.9 mm to 5.6 mm though again with a mesial movement of the first premolar varying from 0.5 mm to 3.7 mm. A clear distal tipping of the first and second molars simultaneously with a mesial tipping of the first premolars was also recorded. Conclusion. The Distal Driver constitutes an efficient method of maxillary molar distalisation though is often accompanied by a distal rotation of these teeth and a mesial tipping of the anchorage premolars. Careful monitoring of anchorage loss is necessary if good results are to be achieved.
The Tuition Battle at Mexico's National University
Authors: Levy Daniel , Arenas Jorge
Published: February 2017

The battle now raging over tuition at Mexico’s National University (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México—UNAM) echoes battles of yesteryear while also reflecting new realities of Mexico in both higher education and politics. On March 15th of this year, the University’s council passed the General Bylaw on Payments, breaking a tradition of virtually no tuition for the institution’s student body of roughly 300,000 (which includes those at the “preparatory” preuniversity level). By April, UNAM found itself paralyzed by a student strike, and some “solidarity” strikes had spread to other institutions. For weeks, the strike and related issues have been front-page news in Mexico.
Entering International Markets: New Zealand's Problems
Authors: Xiaoying Ma , Abbott Malcolm
Published: February 2017

In recent years a number of universities have sought to take advantage of the increased willingness of students to study abroad. In the New Zealand case, the number of international students at the universities rose from 3,402 in 1998 to 28,195 in 2004. The total number of international students in New Zealand at all educational institutions rose from 26,021 in 1998 to peak at 115,197 in 2003. Since 2004, international student numbers have declined sharply in New Zealand, reducing an important export income for the country and forcing a number of universities to retrench staff.
The Private Financing of Higher Education
Authors: Hahn Ryan
Published: February 2017

In recent years, cost sharing has been on the rise. The growth of mechanisms such as bond issuances, private equity, and philanthropy have marked an increased role for private finance in higher education, but these mechanisms have not been widely adopted. Both students and institutions continue to face credit constraints on worthwhile educational investments. While private finance presents its own risk, if greater cost sharing is to achieve what its proponents claim it cannamely, greater efficiency, equity, and accessprivate finance will have to play a greater role in overcoming these credit constraints.
Higher Education Finance in Ghana
Authors: Atuahene Francis
Published: February 2017

The diminishing financial resources and the growing demand for participation remain the biggest threat to higher education in Ghana. Cognizant of these quagmires and realizing the impact of higher education on national development, the National Union of Ghanaian Students proposed and the government established a special education trust fund called the Ghana Education Trust Fund bill (GETFund) in 2000. Despite these challenges, the GETFund is making significant contributions toward higher education development in Ghana in infrastructure, student development, faculty research, and staff support.
New Developments in International Research Collaboration
Authors: Hatakenaka Sachi
Published: February 2017

International research collaboration has entered an era in which networking has a direct economic significance. Some governments are already beginning to pay a premium to become hubs in global excellence networks. The approaches include strengthening its bilateral ties, investing in world-class research center of excellence. The question is whether these developments will produce significant changes in the world's research capacity.
50 Issues - A Dozen Years of Service to Higher Education
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

This is the 50th issue of International Higher Education. Our first issue appeared in the spring of 1995, almost 13 years ago. Our commitment then, as now, is to provide thoughtful analysis of contemporary events in higher education worldwide and information on current developments, especially in countries that do not receive much attention. We have a special concern with the broad issues of globalization and internationalization. Because of our sponsorship by a Jesuit university, we have been interested in issues relating to Catholic and Jesuit education worldwide. Ours has been an effort at network building and information provision.
Internationalization: A Decade of Changes and Challenges
Authors: Knight Jane
Published: February 2017

During the last decade internationalization has increased in importance, impact, and complexity. In fact, international education is now seen by both politicians and academic leaders as instrumental to regionalization initiatives. students. In the past decade the importance and benefits of internationalization have been recognized, but at the same time, new risks have been widely acknowledged, such as commercialization, foreign degree mills, brain drain, and growing elitism. All in all, we have seen a very dynamic evolution of internationalization in the past 10 years.
The Lithuanian Case of Higher Education Reforms in Europe
Authors: Leisyte Liudvika
Published: February 2017

The Bologna process has spurred higher education reforms in various European countries. Higher education reforms in Lithuania took place rather incrementally and represented an interaction between two strong powersthe state and the academic oligarchy. In the 1990s, the structural changes at the forefront of the Bologna-related reforms in Lithuania, but higher education reforms have remained stagnant in Lithuania. It is too early to draw conclusions about the success of the reforms, but the involvement of various stakeholders and the vision of broad reforms increase hopes for prospects of a more radical change of the Lithuanian higher education landscape.
The Costs and Benefits of "Open Access" Scholarship
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

The Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences recently joined the open access movement, urging its professors to post their research on an open access Harvard Web site. This movement may well ensure that scholars prominent in the world of knowledge remain a dominant force, while recognition of the work of others may prove to be more difficult. Traditional scholarly journal uses a means of selection, the peer-review system, which has served as the quality control, though this system also is imperfect. Open access, while it seems like an easy panacea, has problems that deserve careful consideration.
The Humanities and Social Sciences in Asia: Endangered Species?
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

The humanities and to a lesser extent the social sciences are in crisis in many East Asian universities. Several key challenges are evident: to improve the image of the soft sciences at every university; to provide capacity in a country to educate scholars at a high level in the various soft science disciplines (all universities of course need not offer a full range of specialties); to integrate the humanities and social sciences into interdisciplinary programs in professional and other fields; and to have capacity in these fields to contribute to general education.
Higher Education and Wayward Labor Markets in Mexico
Authors: De Vries Wietse , Cabrera Alberto , Anderson Shaquana
Published: February 2017

In an attempt to prepare students for the labor market using predictions on future employment trends, many Latin American institutions created new programs, systems, and incentives for unique, specialized majors, like nanotechnology and environmental design. These students seem to be having a harder time finding and feeling fulfilled by their work than many of their traditional-major counterparts. Shifting focus back to more broad, traditional courses of study such as law, civil engineering, and medicine may be challenging after two decades of contrary policy decisions.
Internationalization: Unintended Consequences?
Authors: Knight Jane
Published: February 2017

International Student Populations have risen dramatically in Australian tertiary education, allowing a drop in the amount required to publicly fund education; however, concerns arise that reliance on international student tuition may adversely effect quality, and a focus on education as industry (and it is currently Australia's 3rd largest export) may skew educational priorities.
For-profit versus Nonprofit Private Higher Education
Authors: Levy Daniel
Published: February 2017

Distinctions between the three sectors of education -- public, private non-profit, and for-profit -- are often difficult to draw. While certain legally-mandated financial standards divide them, domestic and foreign for-profit institutions may look and behave like private non-profit institutions. Further complicating the equation are cross-border partnerships between these sectors.
The Global Market for International Students: American Perspectives
Authors: Douglass John , Edelstein Richard
Published: February 2017

Though the United States is the number one destination for international students, a shift to other countries might occur because of an explosion of a demand for higher education worldwide as well as an emergence of new competitors. Some countries use higher education to accept educated immigrants for national workforce. Foreign students, who often used to choose to stay in the US after their graduation, are going back to their home countries. Therefore, the United States should set a national strategy on international higher education.
Regional Education Hubs -- Rhetoric or Reality
Authors: Knight Jane
Published: February 2017

The recent trend in cross-border education is building education hubs. There are three categories among education hubs. First, the student hub focuses on recruitment of international students. Second, the education and training hub includes invitation of foreign universities to set up branch campuses. Finally, the knowledge and innovation hub encourages foreign universities to set up a research base to collaborate with local institutions for the production and distribution of knowledge and innovation. Further work is needed to analyze these education hubs.
Elite Inclusiveness: The Case of Oxford
Authors: Zimdars Anna
Published: February 2017

The University of Oxford can be used as a case study to illustrate three basic challenges faced in admitting undergraduates at highly selective universities: a normative (philosophical), empirical (social research), and policy level. The case of Oxford illustrates that universities are responsive to the social climate in which they operate. The undergraduate selection process can take into account the perceived wishes of government and society; achieving more inclusiveness in enrollment at selective universities is possible.
China's Polytechnic Transformation
Authors: Hayhoe Ruth , Qiang Zha
Published: February 2017

In China, after the revolution of 1949, the percentage of engineering enrollments rose, and polytechnic universities have also developed. China's top polytechnic universities have unique advantages with governmental support for serving national competitiveness. The greatest disadvantage faced by polytechnic universities is their limited curricular coverage of areas outside the sciences and engineering.
The Quest for Quality in China's Higher Education
Authors: Li Qi
Published: February 2017

China began to enter the mass higher education era in 2002. In 2003 the Ministry of Education launched the Quality and Reform of Undergraduate Teaching and Learning Project. This project has focused on enhancing the quality of undergraduate teaching and learning by means of reforms and resource sharing. There are challenges in unaddressed conflicts of interest, unfair advantages for some applicants, and the gap between rhetoric and reality
Kerala: The Dilemmas of Equality in Higher Education
Authors: Altbach Philip , Mathews Eldho
Published: February 2017

The system of higher education in the state of Kerala, on India's southwest coast, has developed under unique social and political circumstances. Kerala is by most educationally measures the most advanced state in India. Its current government is a coalition dominated by the Marxist Communist Party of India. The state's higher education future is complex but practical. Careful attention needs to be given to the organization of the higher education system.
Discipline and Institution Commitment: Professorial Views
Authors: Glaz-Fontes Jesús
Published: February 2017

Amid increasing expectations for socioeconomic relevance, higher education confronts, in many countries, a similar set of challenges: declining general-support levels linked with more performance-based funding, expanded enrollment demand, an increasingly knowledge-based and global economy, and a more intense managerialism. While giving unprecedented centrality to academic work, deteriorating conditions of work and of increased accountability has placed more performance pressure on the faculty.
The Decline of Colombian Private Higher Education
Authors: Uribe Lina
Published: February 2017

Colombian higher education experiences a recent private-sector decline despite its traditional dominance over public institutions. Though historically, Colombia has largely grown its higher education system as a result of the private initiative, the recent private sector's downfall is due to the astonishing public education growth and possibly the increased tuition for private institutions, reducing affordability, and shrinking the tuition gap between public and private institutions.
African Higher Education: The Rise and Fall in the 20th Century
Authors: Mohamedbhai Goolam
Published: February 2017

After the independence of the colonies in the 1960s, African universities became autonomous and modeled on European ones. The late 1970s and 1980s became the difficult years of economic turmoil. At the same time, a demand for higher education increased. In the 1990s, most universities in sub-Saharan Africa stood in a deplorable state. The turning point in the African universities' fates came with the UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education held in 1998, which provided a framework for renewed support to higher education and led to a revitalization of African universities.
Private Higher Education and Regional Inequalities: The Ethiopian Experience
Authors: Gidey Tilahun , Teixeira Pedro
Published: February 2017

Over the last decade, Ethiopia has seen a major leap in education enrollment. The private sector has provided a significant contribution to this expansion, notably in higher education. The expansion of higher education has been accompanied by an attempt on the part of the government to establish at least one university in each regional state. Regional diversification and the quality evaluation process are the coning issues, which will certainly feature increasing tension between the private sector and the government.
Five Myths about Internationalization
Authors: Knight Jane
Published: February 2017

Five myths about internationalization are explored. A common element of each myths is that the benefits of internationalization or the degree of internationality can be measured quantitatively. The purpose of identifying and reflecting on these myths and truths is to ensure that internationalization is on the right track and that we, as higher education sectors, are aware of intended and unintended consequences.
Higher Education in Africa: Facing the Challenges in the 21st Century
Authors: Mohamedbhai Goolam
Published: February 2017

The article discusses some of the daunting challenges currently facing higher education in Africa, such as student enrollment, funding, research and quality assurance. It emphasises that successfully addressing these challenges requires multiple approaches at institutional, national and regional levels, and needs commitment and collaboration of all stakeholders.
Strategic Management of Brazilian Universities
Authors: Yahn de Andrade Cibele , Rus Perez José Roberto
Published: February 2017

In order to respond quickly and effectively to the urgency of increasing participation and improving overall quality, strategic planning is key to improvements in Brazilian higher education. Aiming to stimulate the development of a planning culture, in 2001 the federal government began to require that all higher education institutions prepare an Institutional Development Plan (PDI) in order to get approval for their courses and credentials. Yet there is no single formula applicable to Brazil given the diversity of the sector and the different goals and challenges of public and private institutions.
Deemed Universities in India: Confusion Reigns
Authors: Gupta Asha
Published: February 2017

Deemed universities"--institutions determined to be equivalent to the established universities--in India have become a complex issue. These institutions are defined and analyzed.
Tuition Fees and Student Financial Assistance: 2010 Global Year
Authors: Marcucci Pamela , Usher Alex
Published: February 2017

In the face of the on-going global financial crisis, higher education budgets are under pressure. As of 2010, tuition fees are not yet rising in most countries, and some countries continue to make steps to make education more affordable. However, on balance, the global trend in 2010 was towards greater cost-sharing (higher tuition, lower student aid), and this trend is expected to accelerate in the coming years.
University Autonomy and Academic Freedom: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Guruz Kemal
Published: February 2017

A brief summary of the historical development of the concepts of academic freedom and university autonomy is presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the changing interpretation of university autonomy that has paralleled the changing role of the state from regulatory to evaluative.
The Availability of Academic Journals in Africa
Authors: Harle Jonathan
Published: February 2017

Research requires a good flow of the latest scholarly informationbooks, journals, dataand sub-Saharan universities have long faced particular challenges in Africa. But the past decade has shown considerable efforts to address this information gap. In fact, a study published by the Association of Commonwealth Universities last year suggests that the picture may actually be much brighter than is often assumed.
Student Activism and the "Global University" in Tanzania
Authors: Benbow Ross
Published: February 2017

Mirroring the onset of university student protests around the world, this article analyzes recent student protests at the Tanzanian University of Dar es Salaam and situates this activism in an historical context. While the activism is connected to cost-sharing policies and equity issues arising from country-specific higher education reforms, university student strikes in Tanzania are shown to inform broader dialogues on educational privatization and the Tanzanian university's place within discussions on 'The Global University.'
The Road to Differentiation in Slovenia
Authors: Klemencic Manja , Komljenovic Janja
Published: February 2017

While diversity of higher education institutions is in principle almost unanimously viewed as a favorable condition, the mechanisms to achieve it are the source for much contention. Positive financial incentives ("carrots") are proving to be more politically palatable, and hence easier to implement, than negative financial measures ("sticks"). The article describes the case of Slovenia, where the government has proposed positive financial incentives to achieve two goals: to reward excellence, but also to "shape-up" the least successful institutions, and, thus, instigated institutional diversification in Slovenian higher education.
Korean Students in the United States
Authors: Kim Hanna
Published: February 2017

Ongoing globalization efforts in Korean society have increased the value of a U.S. college education, giving applicants the greatest competitive edge in the job-searching process. Diverse cultural experience and a sound understanding of the English language are a few of many benefits of studying in the U.S.--qualities Korean corporations are looking for in prospective employees. As the number of Korean students seeking U.S. college degrees continues to escalate, it is imperative that they become able to utilize the opportunities granted by such an experience.
The Decline of Japanese International Students
Authors: Shimmi Yukiko
Published: February 2017

The number of Japanese students who study in the United States has decreased recent years. Several structural issues that are influencing the current declines are explored: a demographic shift, an increased capacity at domestic universities, an economic stagnation, the season of job-hunting for Japanese college students, and academic requirements. Then, new trends and approaches for the increase are discussed.
Quality Assurance in China: The Changing Context
Authors: Mohrman Kathryn
Published: February 2017

Since 2003, China has assessed undergraduate education at hundreds of campuses. The overall result has been greater attention to and investment in teaching by the universities involved, although experience has identified some shortcomings in the process. The Ministry of Education has addressed some of these problem areas, including vague indicators, data fraud, and a "one size fits all" approach that was inappropriate for some institutions. Overall, the process demonstrates both decentralization and the continuing involvement of the central government.
Oman's Academic Dreams
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Oman's Sultan Qaboos University, created less than four decades ago, has made remarkable progress. Now it is searching for ways to join the ranks of world-class universities. This is not an easy taskimprovements in the academic culture and other aspects of the university will need attention.
Foreign Outposts of Colleges and Universities
Authors: Kinser Kevin , Lane Jason
Published: February 2017

Understanding the phenomenon of international branch campuses requires expanding our understanding of the various ways universities operate foreign educational outposts. A wide variety of transnational activity exists that represents intriguing variations on the typical branch campus form.
Institutional Diversity in China
Authors: Hayhoe Ruth , Li Jun
Published: February 2017

This article explains how diversity has been maintained in spite of the homogenizing pressures of globalization on Chinese higher education. As a result of national policy and institutional initiative, normal universities, agricultural universities and universities focusing on minority cultures have maintained their unique identities.