bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of 3‐Arylmethylindoles as Selective COX‐2 Inhibitors.
Authors: Campbell Jeffrey A. , Bordunov Viola , Broka Chris A. , Dankwardt John , Hendricks Robert T. , Kress James M. , Walker Keith A. M. , Wang Jin‐Hai
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Indoline Derivatives as 5‐HT2C Receptor Agonists.
Authors: Bentley J. M. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Azines and Their Acyclic Derivatives as Transferrers of One‐Carbon Fragment in Reaction with Pyrazolones.
Authors: Azez Yu. A. , Gryazeva O. V. , Golomolzin B. V.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel Derivatives of 4‐Amino‐3,5‐dicyanopyrazole.
Authors: Goncalves M. Sameiro T. , Oliveira‐Campos Ana M. F. , Rodrigues Ligia M. , Proenca M. Fernanda R. P. , Griffiths John , Maia Hernani L. S. , Kaja Martin , Hrdina Radim
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bergman Cycloaromatization of Imidazole‐Fused Enediynes: The Remarkable Effect of N‐Aryl Substitution.
Authors: Zhao Zhengrong , Peng Yunshan , Dalley N. Kent , Cannon John F. , Peterson Matt A.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Study of SNAr Reactions of Halobenzenes with Imidazole under Ultrasonic and Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Meciarova Maria , Podlesna Janka , Toma Stefan
Published: August 2004

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(E)‐Selective Wittig Reactions of Garner′s Aldehyde with Nonstabilized Ylides.
Authors: Oh Joon Seok , Kim Byung Hyun , Kim Young Gyu
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bioisosteric Replacement of Anilide with Benzoxazole: Potent and Orally Bioavailable Antagonists of VLA‐4.
Authors: Lin Linus S. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

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Unusual Hydroxymethylation of 2‐Amino‐4‐thiazolinone.
Authors: Ramsh S. M. , Ivanenko A. G.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antimycobacterial Activity of 1,2,4‐Triazole 3‐Benzylsulfanyl Derivatives.
Authors: Klimesova Vera , Zahajska Lenka , Waisser Karel , Kaustova Jarmila , Moellmann Ute
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of 3‐Aryl(hetaryl)‐4‐ (2‐cyanophenyl)‐Δ2‐1,2,4‐triazolin‐5‐ones.
Authors: Stankevicius A. P. , Terentiev P. B. , Janushene L. N. , Zhevzhikoviene A. A.
Published: August 2004

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The First General Synthesis of 3‐Iodo‐4‐R‐furazans.
Authors: Sheremetev Aleksei B. , Shamshina Julia L. , Dmitriev Dmitry E. , Lyubetskii Denis V. , Antipin Mikhail Yu.
Published: August 2004

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Cytotoxicity of Furoxans: Quantitative Structure—Activity Relationships Study.
Authors: Boiani Mariana , Cerecetto Hugo , Gonzalez Mercedes
Published: August 2004

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Conversion of Coumarins Accompanied by Opening and Recyclization of the Lactone Ring. Part 1. Study of the Reaction of 3‐Ethoxycarbonyl(3‐acyl)coumarins with Cyanoacetylhydrazine and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Nemeryuk M. P. , Dimitrova V. D. , Anisimova O. S. , Sedov A. L. , Solov'eva N. P. , Traven V. F.
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Novel Carboxylated Benzoxazolylcoumarins.
Authors: Rodrigues Ligia M. , Luan X. H. , Oliveira Ana M. A. G. , Oliveira‐Campos Ana M. F.
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis and Evaluation of Substituted 4‐Alkoxy‐2‐aminopyridines as Novel Neuropeptide Y1 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Sato Nagaaki , Shibata Takunobu , Jitsuoka Makoto , Ohno Toshiyuki , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Hirohashi Tomoko , Kanno Tetsuya , Iwaasa Hisashi , Kanatani Akio , Fukami Takehiro
Published: August 2004

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Lipophilic 4‐Imidazolyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines: Synthesis, Calcium Channel Antagonist Activity and Protection Against Pentylenetetrazole‐Induced Seizure.
Authors: Navidpour Latifeh , Shafaroodi Hamed , Miri Ramin , Dehpour Ahmad Reza , Shafiee Abbas
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Azolyl‐1‐pyridylethan‐1‐ols.
Authors: Kuzenkov A. V.
Published: August 2004

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Reactions of Polyhalopyridines. Part 17. Synthesis of 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐Perfluoroalkylthiopolychloropyridines.
Authors: Sipyagin A. M. , Enshov V. S. , Boiko G. N. , Lebedev A. T. , Karakhanova N. K.
Published: August 2004

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First Intramolecular Enantioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Aminations.
Authors: Welter Carolin , Koch Oliver , Lipowsky Gunter , Helmchen Guenter
Published: August 2004

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C‐Branched Glycals as Monosaccharidic Push—Pull Butadienes.
Authors: Rudloff Ivo , Bari Ahmed , Feist Holger , Michalik Manfred , Reinke Helmut , Peseke Klaus
Published: August 2004

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Chloramine‐T Mediated Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazolo[4,3‐a][1,8]naphthyridines under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Mogilaiah K. , Reddy G. Randheer
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N,N‐Dialkyl‐4‐[(8‐azabicyclo [3.2.1]‐oct‐3‐ylidene)phenylmethyl]benzamides, Potent, Selective δ Opioid Agonists.
Authors: Carson John R. , Coats Steven J. , Codd Ellen E. , Dax Scott L. , Lee Jung , Martinez Rebecca P. , Neilson Lou Anne , Pitis Philip M. , Zhang Sui‐Po
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of 5‐Azaindolizine Derivatives by the Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkylidenecyclopropanes with 1,2‐Diazines.
Authors: Siriwardana Amal I. , Nakamura Itaru , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]quinoline as a Potential Promising New Scaffold for the Synthesis of Novel Antiinflammatory and Antibacterial Agents.
Authors: Bekhit Adnan A. , El‐Sayed Ola A. , Aboulmagd Elsayed , Park Ji Young
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Spiro[pyrimidine‐5,4′‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline]‐2,4,6‐triones.
Authors: D'yachenko E. V. , Glukhareva T. V. , Morzherin Yu. Yu.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design, Synthesis, and SAR of 2‐Dialkylamino‐4‐arylpyrimidines as Potent and Selective Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor1 (CRF1) Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Huang Charles Q. , Grigoriadis Dimitri E. , Liu Zhengyu , McCarthy James R. , Ramphal John , Webb Thomas , Whitten Jeffrey P. , Xie Michael Y. , Chen Chen
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
General Method for the Synthesis of 8‐Arylsulfanyl Adenine Derivatives.
Authors: He Huazhong , Llauger Laura , Rosen Neal , Chiosis Gabriela
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Design, Preparation and SAR of Novel Small Molecule Sodium (Na+) Channel Blockers.
Authors: Ashwell Mark A. , Lapierre Jean‐Marc , Kaplan Alan , Li Jenny , Marr Christopher , Yuan Jin
Published: August 2004

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The Synthesis of Chiral Functionalized Morpholine N‐Oxides Using a Tandem Cope Elimination/Reverse‐Cope Elimination Protocol.
Authors: O'Neil Ian A. , Cleator Ed , Ramos V. Elena , Chorlton Alan P. , Tapolczay David J.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Preparative Method for Synthesis of Isoindolo[2,1‐b]benz‐2‐azepine‐8‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Zubkov F. I. , Boltukhina E. V. , Krapivko A. P. , Varlamov A. V.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Method for the Preparation of Dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepines.
Authors: Fujii Takayoshi , Hao Wei , Yoshimura Toshiaki
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of 3‐Phosphorylated Indoles from α‐Chloro Aldehydes.
Authors: Asadov Kh. A. , Gurevich P. A. , Egorova E. A. , Burangulova R. N. , Guseinov F. N.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Potential Chelating Agents: Catechol—Bisphosphonate Conjugates for Metal Intoxication Therapy.
Authors: Xu Guangyu , Yang Chunhao , Liu Bo , Wu Xihan , Xie Yuyuan
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Chiral ortho‐Thio‐Substituted Phenyl Phosphonodiamidates via a P—S to P—C Rearrangement.
Authors: Mauger Christelle , Vazeux Michel , Masson Serge
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Reaction of Phosphorylated N‐Sulfonylimines with Hydrophosphoryl Agents Involving C→N Transfer of Phosphoryl Groups.
Authors: Rassukana Yuliya V. , Onys'ko Petro P. , Davydova Kateryna O. , Sinitsa Anatolii D.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation and Characterization of N,N‐Disubstituted 2‐Amino‐5H‐selenophenes.
Authors: Zug Ines , Hartmann Horst
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Preparation of Organyltellurophosphates Using a Polymer‐Supported Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent.
Authors: Chen Jiang‐Min , Lin Xiang‐Jin , Huang Xian
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (Z)‐1‐(Triphenylstannyl)‐3‐p‐chlorophenyl‐1‐butene‐3‐ol.
Authors: Li Xing‐Qi , Zhu Dong‐Sheng , Du Xi‐Guang , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Yang Xing‐Hua
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Naphthoquinones from Heterophragma adenophyllum.
Authors: Jassbi Amir Reza , Singh Pahup , Jain Sonakshi , Tahara Satoshi
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrophobic Aminostyryl Quinolinium Dyes as New Fluorescent Stains for Proteins in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate‐polyacrylamide Gel
Authors: Hong Sooyeon , Yoon Seung Soo , Kang Chulhun , Suh Myungkoo
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Leucosceptrine (I) — A Novel Sesterterpene with Prolylendopeptidase Inhibitory Activity from Leucosceptrum canum
Authors: Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal , Ranjit Rosa , Atta‐ur‐Rahman Atta‐ur‐Rahman , Shrestha Tirtha Maiya , Yasin Amsha , Parvez Masood
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Complestatin Synthetic Studies: The Effect of the Amino Acid Configuration on Peptide Backbone Conformation in the Common Western BCD Macrocycle.
Authors: Smith III Amos B. , Chruma Jason J. , Han Qiang , Barbosa Joseph
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
D‐Amino Acid Homopiperazine Amides: Discovery of A‐320436, a Potent and Selective Non‐Imidazole Histamine H3‐Receptor Antagonist.
Authors: Curtis Michael P. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cycloanthranilylproline‐Derived Constituents from a Myxomycete Fuligo candida.
Authors: Nakatani Satomi , Yamamoto Yukinori , Hayashi Masahiko , Komiyama Kanki , Ishibashi Masami
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic and Antitumor Activity of 1,2‐Dihydroxy‐1,2‐dihydrobenzo[b]acronycine Diacid Hemiesters and Carbamates.
Authors: Doan Thi Mai Huong , Gaslonde Thomas , Michel Sylvie , Koch Michel , Tillequin Francois , Pfeiffer Bruno , Renard Pierre , Kraus‐Berthier Laurence , Leonce Stephane , Pierre Alain
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Construction of Fused Pyrrolidine Systems that Contain a Quaternary Stereocenter: Concise Formal Synthesis of (+)‐Conessine.
Authors: Jiang Biao , Xu Min
Published: August 2004

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Acyclonucleoside Iron Chelators of 1‐(2‐Hydroxyethoxy)methyl‐2‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyridinones: Potential Oral Iron Chelation Therapeutics.
Authors: Liu Gang , Men Ping , Kenner Gerry H. , Miller Scott C. , Bruenger Fred W.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Use of Allene in 1,3‐Dipolar Addition to a Carbonyl Ylide: Syntheses of 3‐Hydroxy‐cis‐nemorensic Acid and Nemorensic Acid.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Le Strat Frederic
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of a Conagenin Skeletal Amide Moiety.
Authors: Rodrigues J. Augusto R. , Moran Paulo J. S. , Milagre Cintia D. F. , Ursini Cleber V.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Kuehneromycin B (I) and Panudial (II) from Kuehneromycin A (III)
Authors: Wallner Carsten , Jauch Johann
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Abyssomicin C:A Polycyclic Antibiotic from a Marine Verrucosispora Strain as an Inhibitor of the p‐Aminobenzoic Acid/Tetrahydrofolate Biosynthesis Pathway.
Authors: Bister Bojan , Bischoff Daniel , Stroebele Markus , Riedlinger Julia , Reicke Andreas , Wolter Falko , Bull Alan T. , Zaehner Hans , Fiedler Hans‐Peter , Suessmuth Roderich D.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Meridianins, a New Family of Protein Kinase Inhibitors Isolated from the Ascidian Aplidium meridianum.
Authors: Gompel Marie , Leost Maryse , Bal De Kier Joffe Elisa , Puricelli Lydia , Hernandez Franco Laura , Palermo Jorge , Meijer Laurent
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two New Arylnaphthalide Lignans and Antiplatelet Constituents from Justicia procumbens
Authors: Weng Jing‐Ru , Ko Horng‐Huey , Yeh Ting‐Li , Lin Hsien‐Cheng , Lin Chun‐Nan
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Impossible Dreams
Authors: Corey E. J.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of N‐Propylurea 3‐Benzylpiperidines as Selective CC Chemokine Receptor‐3 (CCR3) Antagonists.
Authors: Wacker Dean A. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isopropyl Amide Derivatives of Potent and Selective Muscarinic M2 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Palani Anandan , Dugar Sundeep , Clader John W. , Greenlee William J. , Ruperto Vilma , Duffy Ruth A. , Lachowicz Jean E.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ceramic Nanoparticle Synthesis
Authors: Feng Xiangdong , Hu Michael Z.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nanostructured Metals in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Nogueira Helena I. S. , Teixeira‐Dias Jose J. C. , Trindade Tito
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electromagnetism in Nanogranular Metal Oxides
Authors: Brosseau Christian
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nanocables and Nanojunctions
Authors: Zhang Yuegang , Han Weiqiang , Gu Gang
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Aspects of Tetraorganotins and Organotin(IV) Halides
Authors: Thoonen Sander H. L. , Deelman Berth‐Jan , van Koten Gerard
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Trends in the Chemistry of Condensed Heteromacrocycles. Part B. Macrocyclic Formazans
Authors: Ibrahim Yehia A. , Abbas Ashraf A. , Elwahy Ahmed H. M.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium Catalyzed Aerobic Dehydrogenation: From Alcohols to Indoles and Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Stoltz Brian M.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hybrid Inorganic—Organic Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Kickelbick Guido
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Synthesis Using Microwaves and Supported Reagents
Authors: Varma Rajender S.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave and Phase‐Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Loupy Andre , Petit Alain , Bogdal Dariusz
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sialic Acid Donors: Chemical Synthesis and Glycosylation
Authors: Ress Dino K. , Linhardt Robert J.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclopolymerization of Dianhydro Sugar Leading to Novel Carbohydrate Polymers as Macromolecular Ionophores
Authors: Satoh Toshifumi , Kakuchi Toyoji
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Diazo Ketone Approach to the Isoprostanes
Authors: Taber Douglass F. , Hoerrner R. Scott , Herr R. Jason , Gleave D. Mark , Kanai Kazuo , Pina Richard , Jiang Qin , Xu Ming
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Syntheses of Iso‐, Neuro‐ and Phytoprostanes: New Insight in Lipid Chemistry
Authors: Durand Thierry , Guy Alexandre , Henry Olivier , Roland Arlene , Bernad Stephane , El Fangour Siham , Vidal Jean‐Pierre , Rossi Jean‐Claude
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in the Stereoselective Synthesis of Isoprostanes and Neuroprostanes
Authors: Quan Long Guo , Cha Jin Kun
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biocatalysis in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Sheldon Roger A. , Lau Rute Madeira , Sorgedrager Menno J. , van Rantwijk Fred , Seddon Kenneth R.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Synthesis Using Microwave in Homogeneous Media
Authors: Gedye Richard N.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Moran Paul
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metal Nanoparticles for Catalysis
Authors: Toshima Naoki
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nickel Molybdate Catalysts and Their Use in the Selective Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
Authors: Madeira L. M. , Portela M. F. , Mazzocchia C.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Decade of Glycodendrimer Chemistry
Authors: Roy Rene
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Glycosylamidines as Potent Selective and Easily Accessible Glycosidase Inhibitors and Their Application to Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Hiratake Jun , Sakata Kanzo
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Coupling Techniques of 2‐Methyl‐4‐aryl‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinolines: Application to the Synthesis of the Cherylline and Latifine Alkaloids
Authors: Lebrun Stephane , Couture Axel , Grandclaudon Pierre
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Studies on Biologically Active Alkaloids Starting from Lactam‐type Chiral Building Blocks
Authors: Toyooka Naoki , Nemoto Hideo
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of Biologically Intriguing Drimane‐type Sesquiterpenoids via Intramolecular Diels—Alder Approaches
Authors: Suzuki Yoshikazu , Takao Ken‐Ichi , Tadano Kin‐Ichi
Published: August 2004

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Phosphorylation of Organic Compounds by Inorganic Cyclotriphosphate
Authors: Inoue Hideko , Nakayama Hirokazu , Tsuhako Mitsutomo
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyrylium Salts
Authors: Balaban T. S. , Balaban A. T.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Catalysis in Complex Target Synthesis
Authors: Taylor Mark S. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selenopyrylium and Benzoselenopyrylium Salts
Authors: Murphy P. J.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions and Kinetics of Unsaturated C2 Hydrocarbon Radicals
Authors: Laufer Allan H. , Fahr Askar
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)
Authors: Richter Mark M.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kinetics of Aerobic Liquid‐Phase Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Bukharkina Tatiana V. , Digurov Nikolai G.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Staudinger Ligation — A Gift to Chemical Biology
Authors: Koehn Maja , Breinbauer Rolf
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Synthetic Antithrombin III Binding Pentasaccharide Is Now a Drug! What Comes Next?
Authors: Petitou Maurice , van Boeckel Constant A. A.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transient Species in the Stepwise Interconversion of NADH and NAD+
Authors: Gebicki Jerzy , Marcinek Andrzej , Zielonka Jacek
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Knowledge of the Proposed Chemical Mechanism of Action and Cytochrome P450 Metabolism of Antimalarial Trioxanes Like Artemisinin Allows Rational Design of New Antimalarial Peroxides
Authors: Posner Gary H. , O'Neill Paul M.
Published: August 2004

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Ca2+‐Regulated Photoproteins: Structural Insight into the Bioluminescence Mechanism
Authors: Vysotski Eugene S. , Lee John
Published: August 2004

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Allosteric Supramolecular Receptors and Catalysts
Authors: Kovbasyuk Larisa , Kraemer Roland
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Breaking, Making, and Twisting of Chemical Bonds in Gas, Liquid, and Nanocavities
Authors: Douhal Abderrazzak
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Time interval to the development of breast carcinoma after treatment for Hodgkin disease
Authors: Wendland Merideth M. M. , Tsodikov Alexander , Glenn Martha J. , Gaffney David K.
Published: August 2004

BACKGROUND

Women with Hodgkin disease (HD) who received mantle irradiation had an increased risk of developing breast carcinoma. The authors examined the influence of radiotherapy on the time interval to the development of breast carcinoma.

METHODS

Using population, cancer incidence, and survival data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries, standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated and Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed to estimate breast carcinoma‐free survival in women with HD treated with and without radiotherapy. The log‐rank test was utilized and multivariate proportional hazard regression analysis was performed. Multivariate analysis was also performed using the PHPH regression model.

RESULTS

In 9 SEER registries, 8036 females were identified who were diagnosed with HD between 1973 and 1999. Of these women, 183 (2.3%) were subsequently diagnosed with breast carcinoma. The use of radiotherapy in the treatment of HD resulted in an increased risk of development of breast carcinoma (SIR = 1.90, P < 0.01). The log‐rank test and proportional hazard regression model failed to detect a difference (P = 0.79) in breast carcinoma‐free survival for women treated with and without radiotherapy. The PHPH regression model revealed that the use of radiotherapy had an adverse effect on long‐term survival (relative risk [RR] = 1.84, P = 0.01), but was associated with a short‐term survival advantage (RR = 0.45, P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Use of the PHPH model indicated that the use of radiotherapy in the treatment of HD resulted in an increased long‐term risk for the subsequent development of breast carcinoma, but conferred a short‐term reduction. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Expression of Concern: Up‐regulation of Wnt‐1 and β‐catenin production in patients with advanced metastatic prostate carcinoma
Authors: Chen Gaoping , Shukeir Nicholas , Potti Anil , Sircar Kanishka , Aprikian Armen , Goltzman David , Rabbani Shafaat A.
Published: August 2004

BACKGROUND

Wnt‐1 and β‐catenin expression levels play an important role in several malignancies. The authors determined the level of production of Wnt‐1 and β‐catenin in normal and malignant human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Surgical pathology specimens from primary prostatic adenocarcinoma, lymph node metastases, and skeletal metastases were used to establish a correlation between the level of Wnt‐1/β‐catenin expression, Gleason score, serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) status, and androgen receptor (AR) status.

METHODS

Immunohistochemical analysis was used to investigate the expression of Wnt‐1 and β‐catenin in human prostate carcinoma cell lines and in paraffin embedded sections of archival samples from 67 patients with prostate carcinoma. Comparison was made with the expression of tumoral AR and lymph node and skeletal metastases. These results were used to establish a correlation with the clinicopathologic status of patients with prostate carcinoma.

RESULTS

Levels of both Wnt‐1 and β‐catenin were low in normal prostate cells and were expressed highly in human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Wnt‐1 and cytoplasmic/nuclear β‐catenin expression was observed in 52% and 34%, respectively, of primary prostate carcinoma specimens. High levels of expression of Wnt‐1 and β‐catenin were seen in 77% of lymph node metastases and in 85% of skeletal metastases. These increased levels of expression were related directly to the Gleason score and to serum PSA levels in these patients. Maximum levels of Wnt‐1 and β‐catenin production were observed in skeletal metastases, whereas normal prostatic tissue failed to exhibit any detectable nuclear staining for β‐catenin.

CONCLUSIONS

High levels of Wnt‐1 and β‐catenin expression were associated with advanced, metastatic, hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma, in which they can serve as markers of disease progression. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Low Temperature Synthesis of Zeolite Films on Glassy Carbon: Towards Designing Molecularly Selective Electrochemical Devices
Authors: Walcarius Alain , Ganesan Vellaichamy , Larlus Olivier , Valtchev Valentin
Published: August 2004

Faujasite‐type zeolite films have been grown on glassy carbon electrode surfaces embedded in an epoxy resin matrix by a quasi ambient temperature hydrothermal synthesis. The resulting zeolite modified electrodes are mechanically stable and provide an advantageous combination of electrochemical detection with charge and size selectivities at the molecular level, as demonstrated with the aid of some model electroactive probes or analytes (Ru(NH3)63+, Fe(CN)63−, Ru(bpy)32+, dopamine, ascorbic acid). To act efficiently as a physical molecular sieve barrier between the electrode surface and the external solution, these films must have a thickness of about 0.7 μm. These results open the door for further development of molecular sieving electrochemistry.
Mechanistic – Kinetic Scheme of Oxidation/Reduction of TEMPO Involving Hydrogen Bonded Dimer. RDE Probe for Availability of Protons in Reaction Environment
Authors: Janiszewska Anna Maria , Grzeszczuk Maria
Published: August 2004

Mechanistic – kinetic studies on the electrochemical oxidation/reduction process of radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl) under ionic strength (0.1 M, 1.0 M) and pH (0, 7) of aqueous perchlorate electrolyte (NaClO4‐HClO4) have been undertaken. Analytical and/or digital simulation methods for voltammetry at stationary (CV) and rotating electrode (RDE) have allowed one to determine numerical values of twelve parameters characterizing two electrode reactions (oxidation and reduction of the radical) and three chemical reactions (protonation, disproportionation, dimerization involving the radical and/or electrogenerated species). A potential window of the measurements was 0.6 V and it corresponded to that where the oxidation wave of TEMPO in neutral aqueous solution is situated. To account for the observed pH effect, the hydrogen bonded dimer resulting from the radical reactant and the protonation product of its reduction has been postulated to form in solution near the electrode surface. The RDE voltammetric discernables of the TEMPO process (i.e., absolute RDE wave current, zero RDE current potential, oxidation and reduction limiting RDE currents) can be considered good candidates for a use to follow acidity of complex reactive media.
Detection of chondroitin sulfate‐binding proteins on the membrane
Authors: Saito Akio , Munakata Hiroshi
Published: August 2004

Chondroitin sulfate is a ubiquitous component of proteoglycans that is present both in the extracellular matrix and at the cell surface of various tissues. Until recently, chondroitin sulfate has attracted less attention than heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, owing to the limited number of known chondroitin sulfate‐binding proteins. To determine the biological function of chondroitin sulfate, biotinylated probes were prepared and used to search for binding proteins. Chondroitin sulfates A, C, D, and E were biotinylated through either the uronic acid or the residual core peptide. Lysates from mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) cells were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane after sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and the membrane was treated with the biotinylated chondroitin sulfates. Among the chondroitin sulfate variants, the E type showed the most intense bands upon visualization of the membrane with avidin‐conjugated alkaline phosphatase and the appropriate substrates. The binding of chondroitin sulfate E to proteins in the cell lysate was not affected by the A, C or D variants but was reduced by treatment with dermatan sulfate. Lysates from 3LL cells were also treated with biotinylated chondroitin sulfate E and, after two‐dimensional (2‐D) electrophoresis and blotting, several chondroitin sulfate E‐binding proteins including lamins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins were identified by mass spectrometry.
Sensitive silver staining of protein in sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gels using an azo dye, calconcarboxylic acid, as a silver‐ion sensitizer
Authors: Jin Li‐Tai , Hwang Sun‐Young , Yoo Gyurng‐Soo , Choi Jung‐Kap
Published: August 2004

A highly sensitive silver staining method for detecting proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) was developed. It is based on the silver nitrate staining method but also employs an azo dye, calconcarboxylic acid (NN), as a silver‐ion sensitizer. It increases silver binding on protein bands or spots by the formation of a silver‐dye complex and also increases the reducing power of silver ions to metallic silver by NN itself with formaldehyde. After a 2 h gel fixing step, the protocol including sensitization, silver‐ion impregnation, and reduction steps can be completed in 1 h. The sensitivity is superior to that of silver stain with glutardialdehyde as a silver‐ion sensitizer. The detection limit of NN‐silver stain is 0.05–0.2 ng protein. Considering the high sensitivity without using glutardialdehyde, the NN‐silver stain would be useful for routine silver staining of proteins.
The utility of a two‐color fluorescence electrophoretic mobility shift assay procedure for the analysis of DNA replication complexes
Authors: Jing Debra , Beechem Joseph M. , Patton Wayne F.
Published: August 2004

Protein‐DNA and protein‐protein interactions play essential roles in many biologic processes such as transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair. One of the most popular approaches to investigate specific protein‐nucleic acid interactions is the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). We have developed a new nonradioactive method to detect both nucleotides and protein in EMSA. Nucleic acids are detected with SYBR® Green EMSA dye, while proteins are subsequently detected with SYPRO® Ruby EMSA dye. All fluorescent staining steps are performed after the entire gel‐shift experiment is completed, so there is no need to prelabel either the nucleic acids or the protein. The two‐color fluorescence dye staining procedure is fast, simple, and allows independent quantitative determination of either free or bound nucleic acids and protein. The interactions between lac repressor‐operator, and among the T4 primase‐helicase, primase‐DNA, helicase‐DNA, and within T4 [ssDNA‐primase‐helicase6] primosome, were used to demonstrate the advantages of this two‐color fluorescence detection EMSA method.
Ultrafiltration for proteomic sample preparation
Authors: Chernokalskaya Elena , Gutierrez Sara , Pitt Aldo M. , Leonard Jack T.
Published: August 2004

Proteome analysis represents significant challenges to the existing sample preparation techniques. Traditional methods, such as two‐dimensional electrophoresis, typically separate high‐molecular‐weight proteins while discarding low‐molecular‐weight species. This approach is well justified considering the complexity of any proteome. However, it is desirable to extract the maximum amount of information from each sample to investigate the entire range of biomolecules. We have demonstrated that ultrafiltration not only improves two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) resolution of the protein fraction but also yields the low‐molecular‐weight fraction amenable for further analysis by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. This approach was successfully adapted to the variety of biological samples including cell and tissue lysates and serum. Therefore, ultrafiltration offers an alternative sample preparation technique that enables more thorough analysis of a proteome.
Selective proteome‐wide detection of hydrophobic integral membrane proteins using a novel fluorescence‐based staining technology
Authors: Hart Courtenay , Schulenberg Birte , Patton Wayne F.
Published: August 2004

Integral proteins containing two or more α‐helical membrane‐spanning domains are underrepresented in two‐dimensional gels. While sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gels separate these proteins, staining profiles are usually dominated by high‐abundance hydrophilic proteins in the specimen. A fluorescence‐based stain is presented that selectively highlights integral proteins containing two or more α‐helical transmembrane domains but does not detect lipoproteins or proteins with hydrophobic pockets, such as albumin. The stain detects as little as 5–10 ng of bacteriorhodopsin, a seven‐helix transmembrane protein. Stained proteins are detected using a laser scanner or charge‐coupled device (CCD) camera imaging system. Fluorescence intensity of stained bands is linear with protein quantity over at least two orders of magnitude. After visualizing transmembraneous proteins, the total protein profile may be revealed using a general protein stain. Analysis of the multisubunit protein F1F0 ATP synthase revealed selective staining of the a and c subunits, polypeptides known to possess 5 and 2 transmembrane domains, respectively.
Flow and evaporation cells for the detection of proteins on membranes with the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescent reaction in organic media
Authors: Castro‐Hartmann Pablo , Daban Joan‐Ramon
Published: August 2004

The high‐energy intermediates generated in the reaction of bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO) with H2O2 can excite electronically different fluorophores with a high quantum yield in organic solvents. We have previously applied this peroxyoxalate chemiluminescent reaction to the detection of proteins labeled with the fluorescent dye 2‐methoxy‐2,4‐diphenyl‐3(2H)‐furanone (MDPF) on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. In this work, we have investigated the possibility to enhance the sensitivity of this detection method using specially designed cells in which the reagents TCPO and H2O2 in acetone are continuously renewed. In the flow cell, two syringes are used to renew the reagents in the reaction chamber containing the PVDF membrane with blotted proteins labeled with MDPF. In the evaporation cell, a fresh solution of reagents continuously replaces the volume of acetone evaporated in the reaction chamber. Both cells show a low emission background but the observed elution of proteins from the membrane produced by the flow of reagents in acetone limits the maximum sensitivity attainable with these cells. The best result (detection of 1 ng of MDPF‐labeled protein) has been obtained with the evaporation cell.
Optimized conditions for diluting and reusing a fluorescent protein gel stain
Authors: Ahnert Nancy , Patton Wayne F. , Schulenberg Birte
Published: August 2004

This study elucidates the optimum conditions at the minimum cost for using SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain. It deals with the effects of gel fixation and staining times, as well as dilution and reuse of SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain in one‐dimensional (1‐D) gels. Signal strength and dynamic range were highest in gels that were fixed thoroughly before staining, followed by overnight staining. Using the optimized protocol, dilution or reuse of the stain reduces the dynamic range and signal intensity. Sensitivity remains high if the stain is reused up to two times, but signal intensity is reduced up to 2.5‐fold in twice used stain. Sensitivity also remains high if the stain is diluted 1:2 in water, but signal intensity is reduced up to 6‐fold. Of the two options, reuse or dilution, reuse better retains signal intensity and dynamic range.
Comparison of fluorescent stains: Relative photostability and differential staining of proteins in two‐dimensional gels
Authors: Smejkal Gary B. , Robinson Myra H. , Lazarev Alexander
Published: August 2004

The fluorescence of proteins stained with Deep Purple and SYPRO Ruby was measured over a time course of UV transillumination to determine the relative photostability of each stain. Mean spot fluorescence (n = 200 matched spots) in gels stained with Deep Purple decreased 27% following 2 min of UV transillumination, compared to SYPRO Ruby, which decreased 17%. After 19 min, an 83% decrease in Deep Purple fluorescence was observed, compared to 44% for SYPRO Ruby. By interpolation, the half‐life of Deep Purple fluorescence was estimated to be approximately 6 min. The half‐life of SYPRO Ruby fluorescence was not reached during the 19 min time course. Further, differential staining of proteins was observed in gels stained with Deep Purple and SYPRO Ruby as compared to colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue and silver staining.
Focused proteomics: Monoclonal antibody‐based isolation of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery and detection of phosphoproteins using a fluorescent phosphoprotein gel stain
Authors: Murray James , Marusich Michael F. , Capaldi Roderick A. , Aggeler Robert
Published: August 2004

We have raised monoclonal antibodies capable of immunocapturing all five complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation for evaluating their post‐translational modifications. Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), complex II (succinate dehydrogenase), complex III (cytochrome c reductase), complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), and complex V (F1F0 ATP synthase) from bovine heart mitochondria were obtained in good yield from small amounts of tissue in more than 90% purity in one step. The composition and purity of the complexes was evaluated by Western blotting using monoclonal antibodies against individual subunits of the five complexes. In this first study, the phosphorylation state of the proteins without inducing phosphorylation or dephosphorylation was identified by using the novel Pro‐Q Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain. The major phosphorylated components were the same as described before in sucrose gradient enriched complexes. In addition a few additional potential phosphoproteins were observed. Since the described monoclonal antibodies show cross reactivity to human proteins, this procedure will be a fast and efficient way of studying post‐translational modifications in control and patient samples using only small amounts of tissue.
Characterization of dynamic and steady‐state protein phosphorylation using a fluorescent phosphoprotein gel stain and mass spectrometry
Authors: Schulenberg Birte , Goodman Terrie N. , Aggeler Robert , Capaldi Roderick A. , Patton Wayne F.
Published: August 2004

Protein phosphorylation plays a vital role in the regulation of most aspects of cellular activity, being key to propagating messages within signal transduction pathways and to modulating protein function. Pro‐Q® Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain is suitable for the fluorescence detection of phosphoserine‐, phosphothreonine‐, and phosphotyrosine‐containing proteins directly in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gels. The technology is especially appropriate for profiling steady‐state and dynamic phosphorylation on a proteome‐wide scale, as demonstrated through detection of the native phosphorylation of cardiac mitochondrial phosphoproteins and changes in this profile arising from the activity of a protein kinase. For example, Pro‐Q Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain was employed to demonstrate that among the 46 subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), a 42 kDa subunit is phosphorylated in the steady‐state. However, exposure of mitochondria to cAMP‐dependent protein kinase increases phosphorylation of this 42 kDa subunit and results in de novo phosphorylation of an 18 kDa subunit as well. Since Pro‐Q Diamond dye binds to phosphorylated residues noncovalently, the staining technology is fully compatible with modern microchemical analysis procedures, such as peptide mass profiling by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry and post‐source decay analysis of peptide phosphorylation.
Combining microscale solution‐phase isoelectric focusing with Multiplexed Proteomics® dye staining to analyze protein post‐translational modifications
Authors: Schulenberg Birte , Patton Wayne F.
Published: August 2004

Previously, a strategy for rapidly identifying mitochondrial phosphoproteins was presented that involves prefractionating multisubunit complexes by sucrose gradient centrifugation, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and selective staining of phosphoproteins and total protein with fluorescent dyes [1]. Though suitable for evaluating the mitochondrial proteome, which consists of numerous multisubunit complexes, the strategy is not generally applicable to other complex proteomes. We determined that prefractionating samples by solution‐phase isoelectric focusing is an effective alternative to sucrose‐gradient fractionation that can be applied equally well to the analysis of mitochondrial and plasma proteins. Fluorescence‐based multiplexing dye technologies greatly extend the capacity of SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with respect to the investigation of proteome‐wide changes in protein expression and post‐translational modification, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation [2]. Overall, the prefractionation/Multiplexed Proteomics® staining technology permits rapid, higher throughput screening of specimens for the identification of potentially interesting fractions that can subsequently be evaluated more thoroughly by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis.
A two‐dimensional electrophoresis map of Chinese hamster ovary cell proteins based on fluorescence staining
Authors: Hayduk Eric J. , Choe Leila H. , Lee Kelvin H.
Published: August 2004

We report on the development of a detailed two‐dimensional electrophoresis map of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell proteins based on fluorescence staining and tandem time‐of‐flight (TOF/TOF)‐mass spectrometry. We observed a 71% success rate in the identification of proteins even though the CHO genome is not sequenced. The map consists of 224 protein identifications present in 274 two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) gel spots. We have also initiated a study of the phosphoproteome using a commercially available phosphoprotein‐specific fluorescent stain. Using this stain, we observe 672 phosphorylated proteins, including many proteins known to be phosphorylated, which is 36% of the proteins we visualized with a total protein stain and consistent with expectations.
Microscale fractionation facilitates detection of differentially expressed proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain samples
Authors: Lopez Mary F. , Mikulskis Alvydas , Golenko Eva , Melov Simon , Bennett David , Cherkasskiy Alex , Kuzdzal Scott , Kramer Susan , Sissors Dan
Published: August 2004

Fractionation enhances the resolution of proteins with similar characteristics by reducing the number of proteins that comigrate in gels, thus facilitating the detection of lower‐abundance proteins and the accurate determination of quantitative and qualitative differences in disease and normal samples. An efficient, reproducible microscale fractionation protocol for complex protein mixtures using novel ion‐exchange membrane chromatographic substrates (PerkinElmer, Boston, MA, USA; Vivascience, Carlsbad, CA, USA) is described. The fractionation techniques were used in combination with two‐dimensional (2‐D) gels and orthogonal matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry to identify differentially expressed proteins in brain samples from persons with and without Alzheimer's disease.
Towards two‐dimensional electrophoresis mapping of the cerebrospinal fluid proteome from a single individual
Authors: Finehout Erin J. , Franck Zsofia , Lee Kelvin H.
Published: August 2004

We test the ability of state‐of‐the‐art two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) technology to enable the proteome mapping of ante mortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a single individual. Using the sensitive technologies of a fluorescent protein stain and fluorescence laser scanning of 2‐DE gels, combined with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight/time of flight‐mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS) for protein identification, a highly detailed 2‐DE map of the CSF proteome was created. The 2‐DE map contains 600 identified spots representing 82 different proteins. Of the 82 proteins identified, 25 have not appeared in any previously published 2‐DE map of CSF, and 11 have not been previously reported to exist in CSF. Most of the identifications originate from an ante mortem CSF sample collected from a single hydrocephalus patient. A supplemental map created from neurologically normal patients is also presented. A webpage with protein identification and scoring information from both maps is available at http://www.leelab.org/csfmap.
Differential expression of the skeletal muscle proteome in mdx mice at different ages
Authors: Ge Yue , Molloy Mark P. , Chamberlain Jeffrey S. , Andrews Philip C.
Published: August 2004

The mdx mouse is the most commonly used animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a disease caused by the absence of dystrophin. Although much has been done to elucidate the structure and function of dystrophin and the dystrophin‐associated glycoprotein complex (DGC), little is known about the cascade of molecular events triggered by the absence of dystrophin that lead to muscle degeneration. To study the molecular basis of DMD, we decided to systematically study the skeletal muscle proteome in mdx mice at different ages. By using two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis, we defined changes in the protein expression pattern between mdx and control muscles. Approximately 46 differentially expressed proteins from the cytosolic fraction of mdx hindlimb muscles at three months of age were detected by 2‐D gel analysis, of which 24 were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization‐ mass spectrometry. Most of the proteins fell into five groups of functionally related proteins. These functional categories are (i) metabolism and energy production, (ii) serine protease inhibitor family, (iii) growth and differentiation, (iv) calcium homeostasis, and (v) cytoskeletal reorganization and biogenesis. The potential roles of the differentially expressed proteins are discussed in the context of the mdx phenotype. Finally, we analyzed alterations of protein expression in mdx mice at one and six months of age to determine how protein expression changes with disease progression.