bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dynamic pattern of glucocorticoid receptor‐mediated transcriptional responses in neuronal PC12 cells
Authors: Morsink M. C. , Joëls M. , Sarabdjitsingh R. A. , Meijer O. C. , De Kloet E. R. , Datson N. A.
Published: October 2006

The aim of the current study was (i) to examine the overlap in the pattern of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)‐mediated transcriptional responses between different neuronal substrates and (ii) to assess the nature of these responses by differentiating between primary and downstream GR‐responsive genes. For this purpose, nerve growth factor‐differentiated catecholaminergic PC12 cells were used in which endogenous GRs were activated briefly with a high dose of corticosterone followed by gene expression profiling 1 and 3 h afterwards using Affymetrix GeneChips. The results revealed a strikingly similar temporal pattern to that which was reported previously in hippocampus, with only down‐regulated genes 1 h after GR activation and the majority of genes up‐regulated 3 h after GR activation. Real‐time quantatitive PCR of transcripts in cycloheximide‐treated cells showed that all five GR‐responsive genes selected from the 1‐h time point were primary responsive, whereas all four GR‐responsive genes selected from the 3‐h time point were downstream responsive. At the level of individual genes, the overlap with the previously generated hippocampal data sets was small, illustrating the cell‐type specifity of GR‐mediated genomic responses. Finally, we identified a number of interesting genes, such as SWI/SNF, synaptosomal‐associated protein 25 and certain Rab proteins which may play a role in the effects of glucocorticoids on catecholaminergic neuronal functioning.
Improved accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation with the Zeiss IOLMaster
Authors: Olsen Thomas
Published: October 2006

Purpose:  This study aimed to demonstrate how the level of accuracy in intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation can be improved with optical biometry using partial optical coherence interferometry (PCI) (Zeiss IOLMaster) and current anterior chamber depth (ACD) prediction algorithms.

Methods:  Intraocular lens power in 461 consecutive cataract operations was calculated using both PCI and ultrasound and the accuracy of the results of each technique were compared. To illustrate the importance of ACD prediction per se, predictions were calculated using both a recently published 5‐variable method and the Haigis 2‐variable method and the results compared. All calculations were optimized in retrospect to account for systematic errors, including IOL constants and other off‐set errors.

Results:  The average absolute IOL prediction error (observed minus expected refraction) was 0.65 dioptres with ultrasound and 0.43 D with PCI using the 5‐variable ACD prediction method (p < 0.00001). The number of predictions within ± 0.5 D, ± 1.0 D and ± 2.0 D of the expected outcome was 62.5%, 92.4% and 99.9% with PCI, compared with 45.5%, 77.3% and 98.4% with ultrasound, respectively (p < 0.00001). The 2‐variable ACD method resulted in an average error in PCI predictions of 0.46 D, which was significantly higher than the error in the 5‐variable method (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:  The accuracy of IOL power calculation can be significantly improved using calibrated axial length readings obtained with PCI and modern IOL power calculation formulas incorporating the latest generation ACD prediction algorithms.
Photosensitivity as a Cause of Falsely Positive Cephalincholesterol Flocculation Tests
Authors: Neefe John R. , Reinhold John G.
Published: October 2006

(1) Flocculation of cephalin-cholesterol emulsions by blood serum is markedly influenced by the amount of light to which the serum-saline-antigen suspensions are exposed. Protection from bright light, natural and artificial, has eliminated many falsely positive reactions. (2) Other factors that appear to influence the cephalin flocculation procedure have been briefly mentioned. Misses Dorothy Feinberg, Arvilla Howley and Mary Lanning contributed helpful technical assistance.
Hemoglobin, Glucose, Oxygen and Water in the Erythrocyte
Authors: Drabkin David L.
Published: October 2006

Calculations have been presented to illustrate the insight which may be gained from the development of concepts of biological magnitudes upon the basis of molecular dimensions.
The Specificity of the Xanthydrol-Pyridine Reaction for 2,2 Bis (p-Chlorophenyl) 1,1,1 Trichloroethane (DDT)
Authors: Irreverre Filadelfo , Sharpless Norman E.
Published: October 2006

The Stiff and Castillo colorimetric test for DDT was extended to eighteen analogues and derivatives of DDT. The absorption maxima and extinction coefficients of the colored reactions were also obtained. The test is not specific for DDT. Of the compounds tested, the reaction was given by those having the structure > CHCX
3
or > C=CX
2
The Ratio of Carotene to Carotenoid Pigments in Sweet-potato Varieties
Authors: Ezell Boyce D. , Wilcox Marguerite S.
Published: October 2006

The fleshy roots of the sweet potato are shown to contain appreciable amounts of yellow pigments other than β-carotene. The carotene/total-pigment ratio varies among different varieties and within varieties. In the varieties tested, the carotene/total-pigment ratio increased with increase in intensity of yellow color. Triumph, a very light-colored variety, contained a small amount of carotene shortly after harvest, but this soon disappeared in storage.
On the Specificity of Epidemic and Murine Typhus
Authors: Groupé Vincent , Donovick Richard
Published: October 2006

The specificity of epidemic and murine typhus has been shown by active immunization of mice with killed rickettsial suspensions and subsequent challenge with heterologous and homologoustoxic substance.

During the preparation of this manuscript, Fitzpatrick published findings showing that 3 of 8 mice immunized with murine typhus vaccine were protected against 3 MLD of epidemic toxic substance administered intravenously and that 8 of 16 mice immunized with epidemic vaccine were protected against < 1 MLD of murine typhus rickettsiae administered intraperitoneally. These results suggested to Fitzpatrick that the toxic factor in the two strains is identical. Although there are antigens common to both strains, our findings do not support the suggestion that the two toxic substances are identical.
The Low Therapeutic Activity of Penicillin K Relative to That of Penicillins F, G, and X, and Its Pharmacological Basis
Authors: Eagle Harry , Musselman Arlyne
Published: October 2006

One hour after the injection into rabbits or man of penicillins F, G, K, and X at 0.6 mg./kg., blood levels of K were one-fourth to one-eleventh of those observed with the other penicillins, and K persisted at demonstrable levels for relatively short periods.

In both rabbits and man the recovery of K in the urine averaged 30-35 per cent. This compares with an average recovery for F, G, and X of 74 per cent in rabbits and 91 per cent in man.

In the treatment of experimental pneumococcal infections in white mice, an impure preparation of K was one-sixth as active as G and one-eighth as active as X. In the treatment of experimental streptococcal infections in white mice, a pure preparation of K was one-eleventh as active as G, and one-thirtieth as active as X.

The above data suggest that penicillin K is inactivated in the body to a greater extent and more rapidly than either F, G, or X, resulting in a far lower therapeutic activity than would be anticipated from its bactericidal action
in vitro.
It seems clear that the amount of K in commercial penicillin should be minimized; and it would seem desirable to standardize impure mixtures of penicillins for therapeutic use by some method other than their bactericidal activity
in vitro.
Famine Edema and the Mechanism of Its Formation
Authors: Keys Ancel , Taylor Henry Longstreet , Mickelsen Olaf , Henschel Austin
Published: October 2006

Famine edema was produced experimentally in 34 normal men who lost a quarter of their body weight while subsisting for 6 months on a European type of semi-starvation diet. The ratio of extracellular water to cellular tissue was roughly doubled. Their clinical state closely resembled that seen in Europe in 1945. There were no signs of renal or cardiac failure. The plasma protein concentration fell only slightly and the A/G ratio remained within normal limits. The venous pressure was roughly 50 per cent below normal. Data from the field lend support to these indications that famine edema is not simply a result of hypoproteinemia or of renal or cardiac failure. It is concluded that there is a dynamic nonequilibrium state of the capillary wall and, accordingly, calculations from equilibrium equations are inadmissible.
Eye Malformations in Rats: Induction by Prenatal Exposure to Nickel Carbonyl
Authors: Sunderman F. William , Allpass Patricia R. , Mitchell John M. , Baselt Randall C. , Albert Daniel M.
Published: October 2006

Exposure of pregnant rats to inhalation of nickel carbonyl on days 7 or 8 of gestation frequently causes the progeny to develop ocular anomalies, including anophthalmia and microphthalmia. The incidence of extraocular anomalies is very low. The specificity of nickel carbonyl for induction of ocular anomalies in rats appears to be unique among known teratogenic agents.
Molecular Vehicle Properties of the Broad Host Range Plasmid RK2
Authors: Meyer Richard , Figurski David , Helinski Donald R.
Published: October 2006

The plasmid RK2 is stably maintained in a broad range of gram-negative bacteria. The RK2 DNA has a single Eco RI restriction site. The insertion of a DNA fragment into this site does not interfere with either plasmid maintenance or self-transmissibility. Because RK2 has a broad host range, it should be useful for the construction in vitro of hybrid plasmid molecules capable of being established by conjugal transfer or transformation into many genera of gram-negative organisms.
Enkephalin-Induced Depression of Single Neurons in Brain Areas with Opiate Receptors—Antagonism by Naloxone
Authors: Frederickson Robert C. A. , Norris Franklin H.
Published: October 2006

Enkephalin, applied microiontophoretically, depressed spontaneous and glutamate-induced firing of single neurons in frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and periaqueductal gray matter, where enkephalin and high concentrations of opiate receptors are found. Many of the depressions were blocked by the specific narcotic antagonist naloxone. The data are compatible with a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator role for this new brain pentapeptide.
Inhibition of Gonadotropin by Δ
9
-Tetrahydrocannabinol:mediation by Steroid Receptors?
Authors: Smith Roy G. , Besch Norma F. , Besch Paige K. , Smith Carol G.
Published: October 2006

Competition assays for estradiol receptors in cytosol preparations of uteri from rhesus monkeys and humans showed that Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) does not compete with estradiol for intracellular estrogen receptors. Although isotopically labeled THC bound to macromolecules in uterine cytosol from the rhesus monkey, the binding was not displaced by unlabeled THC, diethylstilbestrol, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, or 5 α-dihydrotestosterone. Scatchard analyses indicated that high-affinity saturable binding of THC to cytosol did not occur. Thus the inhibitory effect of THC on gonadotropin and steroid secretion in primates is not mediated by the interaction of THC with intracellular steroid hormone receptors.
Gene Exchange and Natural Selection Cause
Bacillus subtilis
to Evolve in Soil Culture
Authors: Graham J. B. , Istock C. A.
Published: October 2006

Strains of "
Bacillus subtilis
exchange linked blocks of genes when growing together in soil; such exchange leads to extensive reorganization of the genotypic structure of the population and to the appearance and eventual dominance of a single phenotype. This process illustrates how recombination and selection lead to adaptive changes in populations.
Yeast Chromatin Subunit Structure
Authors: Lohr Dennis , Van Holde K. E.
Published: October 2006

Micrococcal nuclease digestion of in situ (intranuclear) and in vitro yeast chromatin produces distributions of DNA molecules of discrete sizes. In both cases, these molecules appear to be integral multiples of the smallest size on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This result implies a widespread generic occurrence of the periodic organization of chromatin seen in mammalian systems.
Superior Colliculus: Visuotopic-Somatotopic Overlap
Authors: Stein Barry E. , Magalhães-Castro Braulio , Kruger Lawrence
Published: October 2006

A laminar organization was present in the superior colliculus of the cat, with upper layer cells exclusively visual, lower layer cells primarily somatic (or acoustic), and intermediate layers showing significant modality overlap. The close topographic correspondence between the visual and somatic representations observed within this laminar pattern and the similarities in visual and somatic response specificity may be consistent with the hypothesis that the colliculus combines several sensory modalities to facilitate tracking of a given stimulus.
Behavior Maintained by Termination of a Schedule of Self-Administered Cocaine
Authors: Spealman Roger D.
Published: October 2006

Squirrel monkeys self-administered cocaine by pressing a lever while under a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. At the same time, they terminated the availability of self-administered cocaine by pressing a second lever while under a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. The maintenance of behavior by scheduled drug injections and by termination of scheduled drug injections, usually considered to be processes associated with different classes of drugs, can occur simultaneously when behavior is controlled by different contingencies associated with a single drug.
Retrograde Amnesia: Temporal Gradient in Very Long Term Memory Following Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Squire Larry R. , Slater Pamela C. , Chace Paul M.
Published: October 2006

A newly designed remote memory test has been used to assess the temporal dimension of prolonged retrograde amnesia. Patients given a course of electroconvulsive treatments for relief of depressive illness exhibited a temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia after five treatments. Memories acquired up to about 3 years before treatment were impaired, but memories acquired 4 to 17 years before treatment were not affected. The results suggest that the neural substrate of memory gradually changes with the passage of time after learning and that resistance to amnesic treatment can continue to develop for years.
Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Activity in Brains of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Wyatt R. J. , Schwartz M. A. , Erdelyi E. , Barchas J. D.
Published: October 2006

Postmortem brain specimens from nine chronic schizophrenic patients and nine controls were assayed for activity of dopamine β-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. Unlike the results of previous reports, there was no statistically significant difference in enzyme activity between the patient and control groups. There were, however, significant negative correlations between dopamine β-hydroxylase activity and the time spent in the morgue before autopsy, and between enzyme activity of schizophrenics and dosage of chlorpromazine or its equivalent.
Quantum Sensitivity of Rods in the Toad Retina
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: October 2006

A dark-adapted toad rod can respond consistently to flashes of light which bleach an average of less than one pigment molecule in its outer segment. These responses are much less variable in amplitude than would be expected if rods were independent quantum detectors. Rods interact with one another by pooling their signals, so that at least 85 to 90 percent of the response recorded from a single rod is generated by pigment molecules bleached in other receptors.
Copulatory Plugs in Snakes: Enforced Chastity
Authors: Devine Michael C.
Published: October 2006

The male of some snake species forms a copulatory plug which occludes the oviductal parts of the female's cloaca for a few days. The plug, apparently formed from secretions of the kidney immediately after insemination, probably prevents rival males from copulating with the same female.
Malignant Hemangioendotheliomas Produced by Subcutaneous Inoculation of Balb/3T3 Cells Attached to Glass Beads
Authors: Boone Charles W.
Published: October 2006

The Balb/3T3 mouse embryo cell line has been frequently used in cancer research as representative of nontumorigenic cells with the characteristic in vitro properties of postconfluence inhibition of cell division, low saturation density, and anchorage dependence. On the reasoning that anchorage dependence might also apply in vivo, each of nine mice were subcutaneously inoculated with an average of 15,400 Balb/3T3 cells attached to two glass beads 3 millimeters in diameter. After 8 weeks, all the mice had developed large bloody tumors that microscopically proved to be hemangioendotheliomas. The inoculation of Balb/3T3 cells alone or beads alone produced no tumors. Transplants of each tumor into normal mice grew to kill the animal within 6 weeks. Tumor cells from collagenase-disaggregated tumor tissue had a plating efficiency of 21.2 percent compared to that of normal adult subcutaneous fibroblasts of less than 0.1 percent. The tumor cells in vitro closely resembled Balb/3T3 cells in appearance and were tumorigenic at a dose of 10
-4
cells. A second, repeat experiment produced the same type of tumors grossly and microscopically in 17 of 25 mice between 99 and 211 days after inoculation of the Balb/3T3 cells attached to glass beads. These findings require a reassessment of the postulate that low saturation density, postconfluence of cell division, and anchorage dependence are characteristic in vitro properties only of nonneoplastic cells.
Development of Specific Sensory-Evoked Synaptic Networks in Fetal Mouse Cord-Brainstem Cultures
Authors: Crain Stanley M. , Peterson Edith R.
Published: October 2006

Neurites of nerve growth factor-enhanced fetal mouse dorsal root ganglion cells can not only establish characteristic sensory synaptic network functions in dorsal regions of attached spinal cord explants, but some of the neurites may grow through the cord tissue in these cultures and make similar functional synaptic connections with specific types of "target" neurons in localized zones within nearby medulla explants.
Moving Visual Phantoms: A New Contour Completion Effect
Authors: Tynan Paul , Sekular Robert
Published: October 2006

Moving contours surrounding an empty region make phantoms appear to move through the empty region. The phantoms are contours, dimmer than the inducing contours but of the same pattern, color, speed, and direction of movement. The phantoms originate in the brain and may be related to completion effects most often seen with visual pathology.
Angiotensin II Stimulation of Prostaglandin Production in Cultured Human Vascular Endothelium
Authors: Gimbrone Michael A. , Alexander R. Wayne
Published: October 2006

Immunoreactive material resembling prostaglandin E accumulates in the medium of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Production is inhibited by indomethacin and stimulated by angiotensin II. Prostaglandin secretion by endothelium may be important in platelet-dependent thrombotic phenomena, and in local control of vascular permeability and tone in vivo.
Vomeronasal Organ: Critical Role in Mediating Sexual Behavior of the Male Hamster
Authors: Powers J. Bradley , Winans Sarah S.
Published: October 2006

Sexual behavior in male hamsters is totally abolished by bilateral removal of the olfactory bulbs. This operation eliminates sensory input from both the olfactory and the vomeronasal systems. We previously demonstrated that peripheral destruction of the olfactory receptors caused anosmia but did not impair male hamster mating behavior. Here we demonstrate that peripheral deafferentation of the vomeronasal system produces severe sexual behavior deficits in approximately one-third of the treated animals. Combined deafferentation of both the vomeronasal and the olfactory systems eliminates copulation in 100 percent of the animals. This is the first experimental demonstration of a functional role for the vomeronasal organ in a mammalian species.
Erythrocyte Receptors for (
Plasmodium Knowlesi
) Malaria: Duffy Blood Group Determinants
Authors: Miller Louis H. , Mason Steven J. , Dvorak James A. , McGinniss Mary H. , Rothman Ivan K.
Published: October 2006

Duffy blood group negative human erythrocytes (
FyFy
) are resistant to infection by
Plasmodium knowlesi
, a simian malaria that infects Duffy positive human erythrocytes. The
P. knowlesi
resistance factor, Duffy negative erythrocytes, occurs in high frequency in West Africa, where the people are resistant to vivax malaria. This suggests that Duffy blood group determinants (
Fy
a
or
Fy
b
) may be erythrocyte receptors for
P. vivax
.
Glucoregulatory Feeding by Rats After Intraventricular 6-Hydroxydopamine or Lateral Hypothalamic Lesions
Authors: Stricker Edward M. , Friedman Mark I. , Zigmond Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Rats given intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine or bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus do not show the normal increase in food intake in response to large decreases in glucose utilization or exposure to severe cold stress. However, they will eat more during chronic glucoprivation that is less intense, or during exposure to more moderate cold stress. Thus, the feeding deficits of these lesioned rats may not reflect an inability to respond to certain qualitatively different stimuli, but rather an inability to respond to quantitatively different intensities of the same stimulus.
Swarming Behavior: Evidence for Communication in Social Wasps
Authors: Naumann Martin G.
Published: October 2006

Behavior of wasps at sites around swarms and along emigration routes suggests the use of odor marks. Wasps perform breaking runs through swarms, resulting in dispersal of clustered wasps. Orientation in flight of swarm mates to specific trail sites facilitates swarm emigration to the new nest.
Tetrahymena
: Growth Without Phagocytosis
Authors: Basmussen Leif , Orias Eduardo
Published: October 2006

We have succeeded in growing a
Tetrahymena
mutant without food vacuoles in growth media supplemented with vitamins and heavy-metal salts. This finding implies the existence of adequate alternative routes of entry for every required nutrient, and clearly indicates that the food vacuole in
Tetrahymena
is a dispensable cellular organelle. The growth of the mutant without food vacuoles makes available a valuable experimental tool.
Neural Connections of Sparrow Pineal: Role in Circadian Control of Activity
Authors: Zimmerman Natille H. , Menaker Michael
Published: October 2006

Surgical and chemical interference with the neural connections of the house sparrow (
Passer domesticus
) pineal does not abolish the free-running rhythm in constant darkness, unlike pinealectomy. Pineals transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye are capable of restoring rhythmicity to pinealectomized birds in constant darkness. The avian pineal does not appear to be neurally coupled to other components of the circadian system.
Chromosome-Wide Event Accompanies the Expression of Recessive Mutations in Tetraploid Cells
Authors: Chasin Lawrence A. , Urlaub Gail
Published: October 2006

Mutants resistant to 6-thioguanine were induced in pseudotetraploid hybrid Chinese hamster cells homozygous wild-type at the locus for hypoxanthine phophoribosyl transferase but heterozygous for the linked marker glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. About half of these mutants had concomitantly lost the wild-type allele for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, as expected if mutation plus chromosome segregation had occurred.
Right Hemisphere Lateralization for Emotion in the Human Brain: Interactions with Cognition
Authors: Schwartz Gary E. , Davidson Richard J. , Maer Foster
Published: October 2006

Right-handed subjects tend to look to the left when answering affective questions. The relative shift in gaze from right to left is accentuated when the questions also involve spatial manipulation and attenuated when the questions require verbal manipulation. The data support the hypothesis that the right hemisphere has a special role in emotion in the intact brain, and that predictable patterning of hemispheric activity can occur when specific combinations of cognitive and affective processes interact.
Antibody Formation in First and Second Generation Offspring of Nutritionally Deprived Rats
Authors: Chandra R. K.
Published: October 2006

Prolonged partial restriction of calorie intake in young rats results in reduced growth, involution of lymphoid organs, and lymphopenia. After immunization with sheep red blood cells, the number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen and serum hemolysin titers are markedly reduced. The effect is more pronounced on the primary response and on immunoglobulin G antibody-forming cells. Significant impairment of antibody formation is detectable in the first (F
1
) and second (F
2
) generation offspring of starved F
0
mothers.
Regulation of Serum 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
3
by Calcium and Phosphate in the Rat
Authors: Hughes Mark R. , Brumbaugh Peter F. , Hussler Mark R. , Wergedal Jon E. , Baylink David J.
Published: October 2006

A new radioreceptor assay was used to quantify changes in serum concentration of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
in rats with low calcium or low phosphate diets. Low availability of either ion elicits a fivefold increase in the circulating concentration of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
. The enhancement of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
concentration in response to calcium deficiency is dependent on the presence of the parathyroid or thyroid glands (or both), suggesting that this effect is mediated by parathyroid hormone. In contrast, the response to phosphate deficiency is independent of these glands and may result from an action of low serum phosphate concentration or some factor associated with phosphate depletion on the renal synthesis of the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
hormone.
Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferation: Induction by Two Novel Compounds Structurally Unrelated to Clofibrate
Authors: Reddy Janardan K. , Krishnakantha T. P.
Published: October 2006

Two hypolipidemic compounds [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] acetic acid, and 2-chloro-5-(3,5-dimethylpiperidinosulfonyl)benzoic acid (tibric acid) greatly increased the number of peroxisomes (microbodies) in liver cells of rats and mice. This augmented peroxisome population was accompanied by significant elevation of liver catalase activity. These two hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators are structurally different from ethyl α-
p
-chlorophenozyisobutyrate (clofibrate) and other hypolipidemic, aryloxyisobutyrate derivatives which cause hepatic peroxisome proliferation. Induction of peroxisome proliferation by these structurally unrelated hypolipidemic compounds suggests a possible relation between hepatic peroxisome proliferation and hypolipidemia.
Sex Recognition in the Crayfish
Procambarus clarkii
Authors: Ameyaw-Akumfi Christopher , Hazlett Brian A.
Published: October 2006

Male crayfish,
Procambarus clarkii
, show different behaviors toward males (aggression) and females (submission, courtship). Behavioral and neurophysiological tests with water in which the crayfish had been held demonstrated the existence of sex pheromones. The inner rami of the antennules are the site of reception, and the chemicals are probably carbohydrates.
Absolute Chronology of the Last Glaciation
Authors: Suess Hans E.
Published: October 2006

It appears that there is evidence for two main types of climatic fluctuations that have occurred during the Last Glaciation on two different time scales, one of the order of 40,000 years and another of the order of 3500 years. The Last Glaciation embraces at least two of the long periods (Fig. 1) upon which are superimposed oscillations of the short period (Table 1). Apparent contradictions in radiocarbon dates are at least in part the result of miscorrelations between events on these two different time scales .
Wheat Gluten as a Pathogenic Factor in Schizophrenia
Authors: Singh Man Mohan , Kay Stanley R.
Published: October 2006

Schizophrenics maintained on a cereal grain-free and milk-free diet and receiving optimal treatment with neuroleptics showed an interruption or reversal of their therapeutic progress during a period of "blind" wheat gluten challenge. The exacerbation of the disease process was not due to variations in neuroleptic doses. After termination of the gluten challenge, the course of improvement was reinstated. The observed effects seemed to be due to a primary schizophrenia-promoting effect of wheat gluten.
Field Evaluation of Benzopyrene Hydroxylase Induction as a Monitor for Marine Petroleum Pollution
Authors: Payne J. F.
Published: October 2006

Fish from petroleum-contaminated sites in the marine environment have elevated levels of benzopyrene hydroxylase activity in liver and gill tissue. This sublethal response appears to be a practical biological monitor for marine petroleum pollution.
Fishes in Oxygen-Minimum Zones: Blood Oxygenation Characteristics
Authors: Douglas Everett L. , Friedl William A. , Pickwell George V.
Published: October 2006

Teleosts living in some mid-water pelagic regions of the Pacific are hypoxic or anaerobic during most of the day and become aerobic only during their diurnal migrations to and from the sea surface. The blood oxygen capacities of these fishes are among the lowest ever reported, and the oxygen dissociation curves show a very low affinity for oxygen.
Marine
Oscillatoria
(
Trichodesmium
): Explanation for Aerobic Nitrogen Fixation Without Heterocysts
Authors: Carpenter Edward J. , Price Charles C.
Published: October 2006

Nitrogen fixation in marine
Oscillatoria
appears to be associated with differentiated cells located in the center of the colony. These central cells exhibit reduced pigmentation relative to peripherally located cells and do not incorporate
14
CO
2
in photosynthesis. Central cells apparently do not produce O
2
which would deactivate nitrogenase. When central cells are exposed to O
2
via disruption of the colonies, N
2
fixation (acetylene reduction) decreases sharply even though individual trichomes remain intact. Disruption of colonies in the absence of O
2
does not cause reduced nitrogenase activity. In the sea, turbulence from wave action apparently separates trichomes allowing O
2
to enter thus decreasing nitrogenase activity. These observations explain how
Oscillatoria
is able to fix N
2
without heterocysts in an aerobic environment and why its blooms virtually always occur in calm seas.
Nonenzymic Joining of Oligoadenylates on a Polyuridylic Acid Template
Authors: Usher D. A. , McHale A. H.
Published: October 2006

3′,5′-Linked hexa-adenylic acid with a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate terminus [(A)
5
A <
p
] couples on a polyuridylic acid template in the presence of ethylenediamine to form the dodecamer (24 percent) and octadecamer (5 percent). The bond produced is largely that of the 2′,5′ isomer.
A Comparison of Fourier Analysis and Feature Analysis in Pattern-Specific Color Aftereffects
Authors: Green Marc , Corwin Thomas , Zemon Vance
Published: October 2006

Subjects were adapted to alternating upright red and oblique green checkerboards. After adaptation, vertical and horizontal gratings appeared pink and oblique gratings appeared green. The results show an orientation and spatial frequency selectivity predicted by two-dimensional Fourier analysis.
Sexual Differences in the Auditory System of the Tree Frog
Eleutherodactylus coqui
Authors: Narins Peter M. , Capranica Robert R.
Published: October 2006

Acoustic playback experiments with calling males in their natural habitat and two-choice orientation experiments with females indicate that males and females of the neotropical tree frog
Eleutherodactylus coqui
respond to different notes in the two-note call of the male. This functional dichotomy of the two notes in the male's call reflects a difference in the distribution of the best excitatory frequencies of primary auditory neurons for the males and females. To the best of our knowledge,
Eleutherodactylus
is the first known example of a vertebrate in which the peripheral auditory sensitivity shows a sexual difference.
Eyeblink Inhibition by Monaural and Binaural Stimulation: One Ear Is Better Than Two
Authors: Marsh Roger R. , Hoffman Howard S. , Stitt Christopher L.
Published: October 2006

Airpuff-elicited eyeblink, like many other reflexes, may be inhibited when an auditory stimulus precedes the reflex-eliciting stimulus by approximately 100 milliseconds. This inhibition is greater when the auditory stimulus is delivered to one ear than when it is presented binaurally.
Dendritic Reorganization of an Identified Motoneuron During Metamorphosis of the Tobacco Hornworm Moth
Authors: Truman James W. , Reiss Shirley E.
Published: October 2006

In the tobacco hornworm, many larval motoneurons become respecified and supply new muscles in the adult. Changes in the morphology of one such neuron were examined through metamorphosis. The dendritic pattern of the adult comes about both by outgrowth from the primary and secondary branches of the larval neuron and by the development of new branches that are unique to the adult.
Uptake of Bovine Serum Albumin by Rainbow Trout from Hyperosmotic Solutions: A Model for Vaccinating Fish
Authors: Amend Donald F. , Fender Daniel C.
Published: October 2006

Immersion of juvenile rainbow trout (
Salmo gairdneri
) in a solution containing either urea or sodium chloride at 1650 milliosmoles and 2 percent of bovine serum albumin (BSA) resulted in an uptake of BSA into the blood of the fish after a 3-minute exposure. Similar blood levels of BSA were also obtained by placing the fish in 1650 milliosmoles of sodium chloride for about 2 minutes, and then immersing them in 2 percent BSA solution for 3 minutes. Uptake of BSA into the fish appeared to be primarily through the lateral line system and secondarily through the gills.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Patterns of Intracellular Water as a Function of HeLa Cell Cycle
Authors: Beall Paula T. , Hazlewood Carlton F. , Rao Potu N.
Published: October 2006

Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time (T
1
) of the intracellular water protons and water content were measured in synchronized HeLa cells. The T
1
was maximum (1020 milliseconds) in mitotic and minimum (534 milliseconds) in S phase cells. The cyclic pattern of T
1
values correlated well with the chromosome condensation cycle. By treating cells with spermine, it was possible to alter T
1
without a significant change in the water content. The results of this study suggest that an additional variable, namely, the conformational state of macromolecules, should be included in any expression explaining the shortened relaxation times of water protons in biological systems.
Human Handedness: A Partial Cross-Fostering Study
Authors: Hicks Robert E. , Kinsbourne Marcel
Published: October 2006

The hand preference of college students correlated significantly with the writing hand of their biological parents but not that of their stepparents. The results are consistent with a genetic theory of the origin of human handedness.
Photosynthesis
Authors: Warburg Otto
Published: October 2006

With the establishment of conditions for optimum culturing and measurement, there is now final proof that in photosynthesis at high as well as low light intensities the light energy can be almost completely converted into chemical energy. There is thus drawn to a close an investigation that was initiated many years ago in Berlin in the Imperial Institute of Physics (9).

The second result is the establishment of a general physical mechanism of photosynthesis, involving an interplay between light energy and respiratory energy, and therewith the solution of the quantum problem in photosynthesis.

The third result is the establishment of the function of chlorophyll as a stoichiometric, chemically reacting component in photosynthesis.

There remains the special chemistry of photosynthesis. In this still-unfinished field of investigation, the latest discovery is the labile carbon dioxide of
Chlorella
, connected with the decomposition and resynthesis of glutamic acid in living
Chlorella
, and connected with the possible function of the amino acids, aspartic and glutamic, in the binding and reduction of carbonic acid. The dissociating CO
2
is bound by
Chlorella
only in the presence of O
2
and of cellular glutamic acid. This CO
2
is released if the oxygen pressure is lowered below 2 mm of water or if—in the presence of oxygen—the glutamic acid is split in the living
Chlorella
, for example, by
N
/10,000 benzoquinone. This is the CO
2
that is used in light and taken up in the dark.
Property of Cerebrospinal Fluid Associated with Disturbed Metabolism of Central Nervous System
Authors: Chapman Loring F. , Wolff Harold G.
Published: October 2006

Cerebrospinal fluid was assayed for the capacity to contract smooth muscle and for the capacity to develop such activity when incubated with globulin. Activity was observed in fluid collected from patients with inflammatory or degenerative disease of the central nervous system, sustained intracranial vasodilatation, sustained noxious stimulation, or chronic schizophrenia. Control specimens lacked measurable activity.
Acute Infection of Mice with Smith Strain of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Hunt George A. , Moses A. J.
Published: October 2006

Two serologically distinct variants found in a unique strain of staphylococcus produce coagulase and are phagocytized, but only one is virulent to mice. Only virulent cocci grow rapidly within leukocytes. Leukocyte destruction by the virulent strain and release of many phagocytized cocci precedes mouse death. The leukocidic agent may be delta-hemolysin.
Interleukin-8 as a Macrophage-Derived Mediator of Angiogenesis
Authors: Koch Alisa E. , Polverini Peter J. , Kunkel Steven L. , Harlow Lisa A. , DiPietro Luisa A. , Elner Victor M. , Elner Susan G. , Strieter Robert M.
Published: October 2006

Angiogenic factors produced by monocytes-macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by persistent angiogenesis. The possibility was tested that interleukin-8 (IL-8), which is a cytokine that is chemotactic for lymphocytes and neutrophils, is also angiogenic. Human recombinant IL-8 was potently angiogenic when implanted in the rat cornea and induced proliferation and chemotaxis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Angiogenic activity present in the conditioned media of inflamed human rheumatoid synovial tissue macrophages or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood monocytes was equally blocked by antibodies to either IL-8 or tumor necrosis factor-α. An IL-8 antisense oligonucleotide specifically blocked the production of monocyte-induced angiogenic activity. These data suggest a function for macrophage-derived IL-8 in angiogenesis-dependent disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, tumor growth, and wound repair.
Changes in Psychological Test Performances of Brain-Operated Schizophrenics after 8 Years
Authors: Smith Aaron , Kinder Claine F.
Published: October 2006

Long-term effects of topectomy showed statistically significant losses not present shortly after psychosurgery in eight of 14 psychological test measures. Site of operation, length of postoperative interval, age, and nature of the measure were factors determining the effects of brain damage.
Hemoglobin Patterns in American Indians
Authors: Pollitzer W. S. , Chernoff A. I. , Horton L. L. , Froehlich M.
Published: October 2006

Two populations of North Carolina have been analyzed for hemoglobin patterns by paper electrophoresis. Of 534 Cherokee Indians, both mixed and full bloods, all showed normal hemoglobin. Lumbee Indians of less certain ethnic status had 1.7 percent of hemoglobin S, an equal amount of hemoglobin C, and one possible hemoglobin D trait among 1332 bloods studied.
Significance of Mitochondria for Porphyrin and Heme Biosynthesis
Authors: Sano Seiyo , Inoue Susumu , Tanabe Yoichi , Sumiya Chiyoo , Koike Shiro
Published: October 2006

It is concluded that mitochondria are involved in three steps of porphyrin and heme biosynthesis—first, in the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid from glycine and active succinate; second, in the synthesis of protoporphyrin; third, in the incorporation of iron into the porphyrin ring—that is, in heme formation.
Nitrogen Partition in Excreta of Three Species of Mosquitoes
Authors: Irreverre F. , Terzian Levon A.
Published: October 2006

Adults of three species of mosquitoes,
Aedes aegypti
,
Anopheles quadrimaculatus
and
Culex pipiens
, showed essentially similar patterns of nitrogen output as judged by their excretion of total nitrogen and by their excretion of nitrogen as uric acid, urea, ammonia, amino acid, and protein. About 80 percent of their total nitrogen has been accounted for. Substances that seem on analysis to be like glycoprotein have been found in the excreta of the three species.
The Interpretive Cortex
Authors: Penfield Wilder
Published: October 2006

The interpretive cortex has in it a mechanism for instant reactivation of the detailed record of the past. It has a mechanism also for the production of interpretive signals. Such signals could only be significant if past records are scanned and relevant experiences are selected for comparison with present experience. This is a subconscious process. But it may well be that this scanning of past experience and selection from it also renders the relevant past available for conscious consideration as well. Thus, the individual may refer to the record as he employs other circuits of the brain.

Access to the record of the past seems to be as readily available from the temporal cortex of one side as from that of the other. Auditory illusions (or interpretations of the distance, loudness, or tempo of sounds) have been produced by stimulation of the temporal cortex of either side. The same is true of illusional emotions, such as fear and disgust.

But, on the contrary, visual illusions (interpretations of the distance, dimension, erectness, and tempo of things seen) are only produced by stimulation of the temporal cortex on the nondominant (normally, right) side of the brain. Illusions of recognition, such as familiarity or strangeness, were also elicited only from the nondominant side, except in one case.
Nitrogen Fixation in Lakes
Authors: Dugdale Richard , Dugdale Vera , Neess John , Goering John
Published: October 2006

Incorporation of N
15
into the fixed nitrogen fraction of natural lake waters has been studied for the purpose of estimating rates of primary nitrogen fixation. Experiments in Pymatuning Reservoir, Pennsylvania, in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, and in two lakes in Alaska indicate that fixation occurs at measurable, sometimes high, rates.
Cache Valley Virus, a Previously Undescribed Mosquito-Borne Agent
Authors: Holden Preston , Hess A. D.
Published: October 2006

Cache Valley virus was isolated from
Culiseta inornata
mosquitoes collected in Utah. The newly isolated agent causes signs of encephalitis in mice inoculated intracerebrally. It has been classified with the Bunyamwera group of anthropod-borne (Arbor) viruses.
Role of Trehalose in Ascospores of
Neurospora tetrasperma
Authors: Sussman Alfred S. , Lingappa Banadakappa T.
Published: October 2006

The anthrone-positive material extractable in 80 percent alcohol, whose disappearance is correlated with the breaking of dormancy, has been found to be a non-reducing sugar which yields only glucose upon hydrolysis. On the basis of its crystal structure, infrared spectrum, melting point, specific rotation, and chromatographic properties, this material has been identified as trehalose.
Relationship of Stress-Induced Histidine Decarboxylase to Circulatory Homeostasis and Shock
Authors: Schayer Richard W.
Published: October 2006

Histidine decarboxylase activity of mouse tissues is increased by stress and by injection of epinephrine and norepinephrine, suggesting a balance between histamine and catechol amines producing a component of circulatory homeostasis. Imbalance during intense stress might lead to failure of circulatory homeostasis and to shock. Reasons for discounting histamine as "shock toxin" may be invalid.
Solid-Counting of Octadecane-1-H
3
Authors: Muramatsu Mitsuo , Sasaki Tsunetaka
Published: October 2006

A solid sample of octadecane-1-H
3
was found to show a fairly good proportionality of the counting rate to the amount of the sample. Taking account of the synthetic process, nonvolatility, and spreadability of octadecane, this compound offers a possibility of being used as a standard sample for counting the radioactivity of tritium.
Resetting the Sporulation Rhythm in
Pilobolus
with Short Light Flashes of High Intensity
Authors: Bruce V. G. , Weight F. , Pittendrigh C. S.
Published: October 2006

The "clock-controlled" endogenous sporulation rhythm in the fungus
Pilobolus sphaerosporus
has been investigated as part of a comparative study aimed at elucidating characteristic common features of circadian rhythms.
Pilobolus
was chosen for inclusion in this study because of its demonstrated rhythm and sensitivity to light, and because it is a relatively simple plant. It has been shown that a single, high-intensity, 1/2000 second light flash will completely reset (shift the phase of) a rhythm persisting in continuous dim red light at constant temperature, and that one or more transient cycles occur before the phase shift is complete. The significance of these results is discussed.
Effects of Solar Radiation Pressure on Earth Satellite Orbits
Authors: Parkinson R. W. , Jones H. M. , Shapiro I. I.
Published: October 2006

Calculations show that, at a mean altitude of 1000 miles, radiation pressure can displace the orbit of the 100-foot Echo balloon at rates up to 3.7 miles per day, the orbit of the 12-foot Beacon satellite at 0.7 mile per day. For certain resonant conditions this effect accumulates, drastically affecting the satellite's lifetime.
Perturbations in Perigee Height of Vanguard I
Authors: Musen P. , Bryant R. , Bailie A.
Published: October 2006

The effect of solar radiation pressure on the perigee height of satellite 1958β
2
(Vanguard I) has been considered. Previous consideration of the effect of the third harmonic and the lunar and solar gravitational perturbations left an unexplained discrepancy between the observed and calculated values of perigee height. The inclusion of the effect of radiation pressure leads to close agreement between the orbit data and the theoretical results for Vanguard I.
Extracellular Invertase Production by Sexually Agglutinative Mating Types of
Saccharomyces kluyveri
Authors: Wickerham Lynferd J. , Dworschack Robert G.
Published: October 2006

Unisexual strains of both mating types of
Saccharomyces kluyveri
produce exceedingly high yields of extracellular invertase. Yields generally increase with an increase in the number of sets of chromosomes possessed by the unisexuals. The bisexual forms give small amounts in comparison.
Enzymatic O-Methylation of N-Acetylserotonin to Melatonin
Authors: Axelrod Julius , Weissbach Herbert
Published: October 2006

An enzyme, hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase, that can transfer the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine to the hydroxy group of N-acetylserotonin to form the hormone melatonin is described. This enzyme, which is highly localized in the pineal gland, also O-methylates serotonin.
Technique for the Study of Alternate Metabolic Pathways; Epinephrine Metabolism in Man
Authors: Kopin Irwin J.
Published: October 2006

A general method of determining the relative magnitudes of different pathways of formation of a urinary metabolite from a single precursor substance is described. The method requires the administration of the precursor and an intermediate labeled with different isotopes, and the determination of the ratio of the isotopes in the metabolites. A preliminary application to epinephrine metabolism in man is presented.