bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reforming Health Care with the United States
Authors: Yamagishi Takakazu
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores health care during the postwar U.S. occupation period, which lasted from September 1945 to April 1952. There was a wider array of health policy options with new policy ideas coming from the United States, which had a different historical background and had experienced a different course of health policy development from Japan's. Many actors within General Headquarters (GHQ)—the occupation authority—and from the United States tried to influence reforms. Japanese actors also tried to influence reforms within the institutional framework set by GHQ. Interestingly, the political battle ended up solidifying the institutional and political developments that had taken place during the war. In terms of historical institutionalism, the postwar reconstruction period could have been another critical juncture, but postwar reconstruction instead played a role in consolidating the institutional arrangements for health care that Japan had developed during the war.
Spaces of Samizdat Sociality
Authors: Komaromi Ann
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at public discourse in terms of the imagined “space of discussion.” In the case of the late Soviet underground, this was not a unified space but a collection of different discursive spheres associated with the communities who projected and represented themselves through samizdat periodical editions. Some of these underground groups maintained strong ties with one another, sharing spaces of discourse, while others sought to mark their distance from more dominant groups. One notable phenomenon consisted of groups trying to distance themselves from the influential and centrally located group of rights activists. This seemed to be as or more urgent a task than separating from official culture for some. People also sought to adapt official spaces of discourse: this fact helps underscore the embeddedness of underground groups within Soviet society. The space of discourse is also related to a geographic location—things could be said and done in the Soviet capital that were not possible in the other republics and provinces. On the other hand, the Moscow center could be used by more peripheral groups as a central point of exchange and transmission.
The Last Cigarette
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the cigarette motif and its lingering presence in noir cinema. It considers the many uses of a cigarette in the language of film and fiction. As a prop, the cigarette can convey many things: seduction, fellowship, fear, desperation, loneliness, and even intimacy. The act of cigarette smoking itself can also be used to enhance dialogue. One can take a drag, puff out smoke, or gesture with a cigarette in hand to emphasize an argument. In film, the image of a cigarette's smoke and flame can also be used to convey a particular mood or atmosphere in a scene. The addictive nature of cigarettes also presents a certain allure. Indeed, as the chapter shows, cigarette use in noir films reflects the item's popularity during the 1940s, when many classic noir films were produced.
Paperclip (Raymond Chandler)
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter contains a brief quote from Raymond Chandler, who boils down the emotional impact of detective fiction down to the image of a paperclip. Chandler, the premier practitioner of the American hard-boiled detective novel, elevated the wisecrack into a rhetorical figure somewhere between sarcasm and simile, as the chapter shows. Chandler was an opinionated man capable of aphoristic pith. From there, the chapter reveals Chandler's eloquent “theory” of detective fiction, in which he illustrates the struggle inherent in the dying moments of a hypothetical character. In this brief passage, Chandler tells of the victim's struggles in picking up a paperclip, thus revealing what he considers to be the true impact of a detective novel upon the reader.
Ed McBain
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the poetry inherent in the works of Ed McBain. Here, the poetic element in McBain's books is not a certain feeling for the fictional city of Isola (patterned after New York City), but the associative and sometimes literary logic that animates them. Many of McBain's titles announce the leitmotif that pops up again and again, thus unifying the book. The chapter goes on to argue that McBain's great achievement was to move the police procedural forward from the stodgy days of Freeman Wills Croft. The genre as defined by Croft is aptly named “police routine.” In contrast, the “routine” in McBain's romans policiers does not overwhelm the prose. As the chapter shows, McBain's Isola has the feel of New York City in the second half of the twentieth century.
An Exchange of Bullets in Belfast
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses Carol Reed's Odd Man Out (1947) and argues as to why this film is the best of her work. Odd Man Out is a modern passion play about a doomed man in the shadows and alleys of his last hours alive. The film foregrounds political and religious themes and differs thereby from most film noirs. The setting is Belfast, Northern Ireland, where the people take their Catholicism seriously, and the robbery that triggers the plot is committed not by typical thieves but by an unnamed underground movement. Here, the cinematography—the hero's haunted profile, the desolate cityscape, the long narrow alleys—reveals a Belfast that is a dark and bleak war zone. The film's narrative, as the chapter reveals, is similarly bleak, though quite intelligent and meticulously crafted.
Blind Accidents
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter explains the romance of the caper in John Huston's The Asphalt Jungle (1950). Based on the novel by W. R. Burnett, The Asphalt Jungle is the ur-example for the subgenre. The chapter contends that, whatever the setting, the result of a heist in these kinds of movies is failure not because of the ratiocinative powers of the police but because of the inevitability of betrayal, miscalculation, and violent death. Nearly all of noir is founded on this assumption made somehow romantic and even almost glamorous. Through the film, the chapter briefly explains the ways in which heists can go wrong very quickly, and what it means for the characters involved in the caper.
Epitaph for a Genre
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter turns to the classic noir film, The Killing (1956), by Stanley Kubrick. Adapted from the Lionel White novel, Clean Break (1955), The Killing tells a story about an expertly planned racetrack heist that goes spectacularly wrong because the weak link in the chain of confederates is married to a two-timing frail. The film is a taut black-and-white depiction of futility and failure. The chapter goes through the movie's narrative to explore the perfect setup for a crime which falls apart spectacularly later on. It also examines the ultimate fate of the film's main character, as it has been changed from the novel's original ending.
Three Astrological Profiles
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides three astrological charts and readings for three famous figures in noir. Here, their personalities and accomplishments are connected to various zodiac signs and astrological concepts. The chapter begins with Barbara Stanwyck, characterizing her as an atypical Cancer and unfolding her life's story in astrological terms. Next to be profiled is Graham Greene, a Libra. Here, Greene's chart shows an author, who loves language, as a fickle lover with money to burn loves the French Riviera. Finally, there is Marlene Dietrich, who is revealed to be a lusty Capricorn with Virgo rising. Dietrich gives off the scent of sex as a kind of combat, involving struggle, conquest, surrender, and perhaps turnabout.
Introduction
Authors: Dailey Alice
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between William Shakespeare's English history plays with reproductive technologies and representational media spanning several centuries. These artifacts have in common with Shakespeare's histories a preoccupation with undead afterlives. The book deals with the luminous spiral, arguing that Shakespeare constitutes history at the threshold of possibility between dead and alive, object and subject, and that his histories occupy this threshold with a multitude of other reproductive technologies. The chapter then looks at an object from the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London: a cigarette box of Richard II's relics. Through its opening, the box comes to function like a wormhole—a portal through which one can “literally touch history.” Contesting the dominant critical assumption that historical consciousness means chronological specificity, the book rethinks what history is and does by contextualizing Shakespeare's plays within the ongoing human enterprise of representing and relating to the dead.
One World Natural Grocery
Authors: Meyers Joan S. M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the One World Natural Grocery and its unusual hybrid of representative and participatory democratic control, in which a network of autonomous work groups and elected committees share responsibility for managing day-to-day and long-term operations. Unlike either the older collectivist-democratic cooperatives or the managerial bakery, the grocery's hybrid democracy is not coupled with unequal economic rewards or political power. The chapter first explores the allocation of earnings within the grocery, and contextualizes them at its locale. Next, it describes the grocery's political organization, detailing the workings of a complex and decentralized form of organizational power where governance and management overlap in unusual ways. The chapter then addresses the grocery's successes and failures in distributing economic and political rewards and rights across differences of class, race/ethnicity, and gender. Finally, it summarizes the potential and limits of such a densely clustered democratic structure for an alternative market organization, and what lessons the grocery might offer to workers more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at the significance, scale, threat, complexity, and challenges associated with the interface between roads and nature. It draws attention to what can happen because of these ubiquitous constructions. The chapter also describes the global road system, and examines how despite its extraordinary scale, this vast, inescapable, indispensable network is effectively invisible. The chapter then jumps to review the cumulative distance of all roads globally and the impact of habitat destruction on biodiversity. The relentless fragmentation of natural environments for any number of legitimate reasons—food production, housing, mining—typically and obviously has a devastating impact on the communities of animals and plants that originally occupied these areas. The chapter focuses on the new field known as road ecology. It details the nature and scale of this challenge requiring collaboration between a diverse array of scientific fields and seemingly disparate professional disciplines such as transport planning and policy, road design, engineering, and economics.
Know-How
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This chapter seeks to answer the question: Is it possible to build a road through almost pristine habitat without it having a catastrophic impact? The chapter narrates how environmentalists began to see just how important the road was for the Faith Community and the region's indigenous people. The local Navajo started to appreciate that the conservationists were trying to protect their totemic species. The road project had made it a priority to avoid the slopes of the region's main hills and to skirt several sensitive wetland areas. The chapter outlines the plan for the road project, noting that the road needed to be as safe as possible for motorists. And second, as it would be cutting through an important conservation park, it needed to cause as little disruption to wildlife as possible. The chapter then looks at a more rigorous and systematic approach to conducting research that would actually be taken up by the people building the roads.
Signs of Change
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores some of the innovative methods being used to understand and influence drivers and their behavior. It first looks at the amount of road construction underway around the world—old roads are being resurfaced and upgraded, additional lanes are being added to existing highways, and unauthorized tracks are penetrating into forests in remote regions. The chapter argues that the scale of all of this work is almost impossible to comprehend or conceive. The giant continues to grow restlessly and relentlessly. As the global road network expands, the chapter stresses that it consumes and modifies the land it encompasses, isolating and fragmenting the places where biodiversity persists. The chapter concludes by discussing autonomous vehicles. It notes that we will soon be able to travel with a much lower risk of collisions (with other vehicles as well as animals, it must be said) and, therefore, with far less direct impact on wildlife. It seems that this technology does mean we can reverse the global impact of vehicles.
Policing Sex and Desire
Authors: Petri Olga
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that day-to-day policing in St. Petersburg frequently involved the use of nuisance laws and administrative prerogatives but was also instanced in thinly veiled refusals to carry out direct orders to manage the spaces and environments in which queer men acted out their desires. This regime involved the exercise of broad police discretion and can be plausibly reconstructed based on the surviving evidence of police activity—or inactivity—in relation to queer spatial practices in the city. This regime can be referred to as queer sexual policing, which includes the decisions and actions of constables and officers in conducting surveillance of men presumed to be amenable to having sex with other men, curtailing opportunities for sex between men, or targeting behavior understood as a precursor to sex between men. More generally, queer sexual policing encompasses a revealing range of modalities of informal policing. It addresses the liminal space between law and lawlessness in the city, taking into account the obvious difficulty of detecting, let alone preventing, actual breaches of sodomy laws. Understanding and providing plausible interpretive models of queer policing helps reveal how a vision of spatial order held by the city's administrative elites was made operational on the streets.
Animating Air
Authors: Kay Sarah
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses song as resulting from and dependent on air, which directly ties with life or death in theory and practice. It considers the physiology and psychology of the singing voice in its relation to the rest of nature. According to Aristotle's account, the origin of voice comes from an encounter in the larynx between air and the life principle, which is also an account that both integrates the human voice with that of other animals, and associates it with poetry and song. Songs by twelfth- and thirteenth-century troubadours provide terrain to realize the idea of human song related to the singing of the spheres as a microcosm to macrocosm. The chapter looks into the consequences of withholding air by referencing Machaut's Judgment poems and the “Lay de plour.”
North-North Dialogues
Authors: Franczak Michael
Published: January 2023

This chapter emphasizes how the New International Economic Order (NIEO) both exposed deep divisions in the transatlantic alliance. It argues that the NIEO prompted its renewal in the semi-institutional Group of 7. While the United States remained divided over its policy response to the NIEO, the chapter highlights that its closest allies in Europe were converging. The chapter then outlines how Henry Kissinger, the architect of the new partnership, promoted economic managerialism among the North and economic concessions to the South as a way to break the “unholy alliance” between oil-importing developing nations and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and to prevent both from striking separate deals with the European Community. The chapter follows how this move toward transatlantic unity in the emerging North–South dialogue stalled divergence in the North's economic policies, after more than a decade of troubling drift, while also weakening the resolve of the OPEC–No-PEC alliance and thus the South's negotiating power.
Neoconservatives and the NIEO at the United Nations
Authors: Franczak Michael
Published: January 2023

This chapter investigates the New International Economic Order#x0027;s (NIEO) impact on the early neoconservative movement. Although Gerald Ford's advisers saw the NIEO in terms of economic ideologies, a growing number of “new conservatives” believed the North–South divide represented a fateful struggle between US liberalism and its antiliberal Third World detractors. The chapter then looks at Ford's appointment of self-described “Harry Truman Democrat” Daniel Patrick Moynihan as UN ambassador, and assesses his call for the United States to “go into opposition” against the postcolonial UN majority. Moynihan's forced exit by Henry Kissinger after just seven months on the job reflected the secretary of state's commitment to his own approach of conciliatory rhetoric and limited compromise. The chapter concludes with Kissinger's May 1976 charm offensive in Africa, which he had never previously visited in any official capacity. It considers how Kissinger declared his support for “liberation on two scales,” and reviews his government's commitment to negotiating a Common Fund for Commodities, a key plank of the NIEO platform.
5 Experienced and Pragmatic
Authors: Kramer Elisabeth
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts the story of a different type of candidate who, despite presenting himself as keen to eradicate corruption, took a much more pragmatic view of money politics in the elections. The candidate, who the author calls Bontor, ran in the province of North Sumatra. Bontor fervently promoted himself as an “anticorruption candidate,” styling his campaign pitch around his extensive experience and “track record” (rekam jejak) as a sitting politician. The chapter analyzes the value of community ties, Bontor's background of being from the area, and his familiarity with campaigning. Conducting his campaign squarely within the bounds of electoral norms while also presenting himself as an “anticorruption candidate,” the chapter demonstrates how Bontor's experience reflected the manifestation of the dual influence of corruption upon Indonesian elections. As the chapter stresses, Bontor both strove to portray an anticorruption image but unashamedly engaged in vote-buying behavior to increase his chances of success.
Uncivilized City
Authors: Grant Andrew
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at Tibetans' critiques of the urban, which stemmed from both experiences of ethnic stigmatization and a rejection of urbanization as bad for Tibetan livelihoods, society, and Buddhist personhoods. Plugging their own ethical and social capacities into the civilizing machine, the chapter unveils how some Tibetans rejected Xining City as itself intolerant, superficial, and conducive to deceitful behavior. It argues that by engaging with and critiquing the aesthetic of redeveloped urban spaces, Tibetan urbanites and artists have participated in a politics of place that devalues Chinese urban civilization. The chapter demonstrates that urban Tibetans have used the countryside as a resource with which to stem the urban's negative normative and moral effects. Interlocutors stressed that their hometowns were milieus where language, morality, and other unconscious dispositions could be instilled into Tibetans at a young age; they strategized to send their children home for periods of time to acquire these dispositions.
Introduction English Subjecthood at Kingdom’s Edge
Authors: Selwood Jacob
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how the story of Jeronimy Clifford exposes some of the challenges English subjects faced at the imperial periphery, at kingdom's edge. It shows how one man living in a South American colony articulated his subjecthood through two changes in sovereignty, the Dutch conquest of English Suriname and the Glorious Revolution. Clifford faced a dilemma encountered by many other English people overseas: how to stay English in a profoundly foreign environment. When a foreign power conquered an English colony, the subjects there had to choose whether to retain their status, either by leaving or by clinging to it under their new rulers, or whether to let it atrophy by assimilation. All these choices took place in environments that were geographically and demographically very different from England itself. The chapter then looks at Suriname in the seventeenth century and considers subjecthood in a colonial context.
The Many Afterlives of Jeronimy Clifford (1737–1780)
Authors: Selwood Jacob
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the many afterlives of Jeronimy Clifford's case in the years between his death and the dawn of the revolutionary era. Shortly after he died in 1737, at least two parties revived his claim. One person, who may have been in debtors' prison with Clifford, purported to possess his will and attempted to extort the Society of Suriname. Another group sought to settle Clifford's claim against the society, seeking justice (and profit) on his behalf. The latter party printed a number of pro-Clifford texts, which prompted the issue of other books and pamphlets about the case. The claim's advocates moved the English Crown to again intercede with the Dutch, but without achieving satisfaction. These reverberations of the Clifford case show the uses to which seventeenth-century colonial English subjecthood was being put by the second half of the eighteenth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Smiley Erica , Gupta Sarita
Published: January 2023

This chapter recalls leaders, who were clear about what needs to be done to ensure that people can achieve economic dignity as they shared deep personal stories. It looks back at the leaders' struggles to manage the changes in work, the economy, and politics as a nation as they were certain that this is all about choices. It also discusses how working people need to be able to exercise collective power and action to create a future that offers opportunities for mobility, human prosperity, and economic dignity in order to influence choices and shape future changes. The chapter reviews collective bargaining, which is fundamental to building a healthy democracy by creating pathways for elevating the decisions of workers alongside those of employers. In an era of advanced global capitalism, where financialization, fissured employment, and entrenched white supremacy and patriarchy exist, collective bargaining must be expanded to meet the needs of modern workers.
Squatter Self-Organization and Collective Struggle
Authors: Campbell Stephen
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on the cases of squatter self-organization where Yadana's residents have mobilized to address collective concerns. The attempt to evict squatters highlights the enduring relevance of self-organization and collective struggle among squatters on Yangon's industrial frontier. Contemporary proletarian politics reveals deep contradictions ranging between benevolent state intervention and the conditions of dispossession and political marginalization. The chapter looks into the limits of industrial relations. It explains that collective proletarian struggle remained widespread and vibrant across Myanmar's expanding industrial zones as industrial relations mechanisms did not manage to ensure employers' compliance with existing labor protection laws and to contain workers' insubordinate fury.
Substance Use Disorder: A Case of Alcohol Withdrawal in a 40 Year Old Man
Authors: Elendu Chukwuka , Ayabazu Chiagozie P. , Udoyen Abasi-Okot A. , Kalu-Udeh Nnenna O. , Okabekwa Olisa S. , Dada Rachel E. , Ante Precious A. , Egbunu Emmanuel O. , Eze Michael C. , Okafor Geraldine C. , Enyong Joy M. , Bassey Blessing N. , Avong Joy H. , Okongko Anietienteabasi O.
Published: January 2023

Alcohol withdrawal is a clinical state characterized by symptoms such as tremors, tachycardia, sweating, nausea and vomiting, headache, malaise, insomnia, grand mal convulsions amongst others. Patients typically present acutely with a history of recent cessation or reduction of heavy alcohol use after a long period of repeated, persistent use. It may feature perceptual disturbances such as illusions or hallucinations. It may present with delirium in a condition known as delirium tremens, which typically occurs after recent cessation or reduction of very heavy alcohol use in patients with a long-standing history of alcohol dependence syndrome, who may also have coexisting medical conditions. We herein report a case of a 40 year old man, with a 12-month history of persistent alcohol use, who presented with classical symptoms of alcohol withdrawal including inability to sleep, excessive sweating, tachycardia, vomiting, and hallucinations. There is no associated history of convulsions or co-morbid medical conditions. Features of this case are discussed, as well as evaluation and treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
Evaluation of Faculty Parental Leave Policies at Medical Schools Ranked by US News & World Report in 2020
Authors: Slostad Jessica , Jain Shikha , McKinnon Marie , Chokkara Sukarn , Laiteerapong Neda
Published: January 2023

Importance

Physician parents, particularly women, are more likely to experience burnout, poor family-career balance, adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, and stigmatization compared with nonparent colleagues. Because many physicians delay child-rearing due to the rigorous demands of medical training, favorable parental leave policies for faculty physicians are crucial to prevent physician workforce attrition.

Objective

To evaluate paid and unpaid parental leave policies at medical schools ranked by US News & World Report in 2020 and identify factors associated with leave policies.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional national study was performed at US medical schools reviewed from December 1, 2019, through May 31, 2020, and February 1 through March 31, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All medical schools ranked by US News & World Report in 2020 were included.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the number of weeks of paid and unpaid leave for birth, nonbirth, adoption, and foster care physician parents. Institutional policies for the number of weeks of leave and requirements to use vacation, sick, or disability leave were characterized. Institutional factors were evaluated for association with the duration of paid parental leave using χ2 tests.

Results

Among the 90 ranked medical schools, 87 had available data. Sixty-three medical schools (72.4%) had some paid leave for birth mothers, but only 13 (14.9%) offered 12 weeks of fully paid leave. While 11 medical schools (12.6%) offered 12 weeks of full paid leave for nonbirth parents, 38 (43.7%) had no paid leave for nonbirth parents. Adoptive and foster parents had no paid leave in 35 (40.2%) and 65 (74.7%) medical schools, respectively. Median paid parental leave was 4 (IQR, 0-8) weeks for birth parents, 4 (IQR, 0-6) weeks for adoptive parents, 3 (IQR, 0-6) weeks for nonbirth parents, and 0 (IQR, 0-1) weeks for foster parents. About one-third of medical schools required birth mothers to use vacation (29 [33.3%]), sick leave (31 [35.6%]), or short-term disability (9 [10.3%]). Among institutional characteristics, higher ranking (top vs bottom quartile: 30.4% vs 4.0%; P = .03) and private designation (private vs public, 23.5% vs 9.4%; P < .001) was associated with a higher rate of 12 weeks of paid leave for birth mothers.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional national study of medical schools ranked by US News & World Report in 2020, many physician faculty receive no or very limited paid parental leave. The lack of paid parental leave was associated with higher rates of physician burnout and work-life integration dissatisfaction and may further perpetuate sex, racial and ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in academic medicine.
Comparison of Blood Transfusion Rates Before and After Implementation of a Quality Improvement Initiative for Transfusion Safety and Appropriateness
Authors: Lee Todd C. , Almeida Nisha , Pelletier Patricia , McDonald Emily G.
Published: January 2023

This quality improvement study compares blood transfusion rates among patients at a single tertiary care hospital before and after the implementation of a transfusion training model completed by incoming resident physicians.
Head Injury and Long-term Mortality Risk in Community-Dwelling Adults
Authors: Elser Holly , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Walter Alexa E. , Coresh Josef , Diaz-Arrastia Ramon , Mosley Thomas H. , Schneider Andrea L. C.
Published: January 2023

Importance

Head injury is associated with significant short-term morbidity and mortality. Research regarding the implications of head injury for long-term survival in community-dwelling adults remains limited.

Objective

To evaluate the association of head injury with long-term all-cause mortality risk among community-dwelling adults, with consideration of head injury frequency and severity.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included participants with and without head injury in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, an ongoing prospective cohort study with follow-up from 1987 through 2019 in 4 US communities in Minnesota, Maryland, North Carolina, and Mississippi. Of 15 792 ARIC participants initially enrolled, 1957 were ineligible due to self-reported head injury at baseline; 103 participants not of Black or White race and Black participants at the Minnesota and Maryland field centers were excluded due to race-site aliasing; and an additional 695 participants with missing head injury date or covariate data were excluded, resulting in 13 037 eligible participants.

Exposures

Head injury frequency and severity, as defined via self-report in response to interview questions and via hospital-based International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes (with head injury severity defined in the subset of head injury cases identified using these codes). Head injury was analyzed as a time-varying exposure.

Main Outcomes and Measures

All-cause mortality was ascertained via linkage to the National Death Index. Data were analyzed between August 5, 2021, and October 23, 2022.

Results

More than one-half of participants were female (57.7%; 42.3% men), 27.9% were Black (72.1% White), and the median age at baseline was 54 years (IQR, 49-59 years). Median follow-up time was 27.0 years (IQR, 17.6-30.5 years). Head injuries occurred among 2402 participants (18.4%), most of which were classified as mild. The hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality among individuals with head injury was 1.99 (95% CI, 1.88-2.11) compared with those with no head injury, with evidence of a dose-dependent association with head injury frequency (1 head injury: HR, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.56-1.77]; 2 or more head injuries: HR, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.89-2.37]) and severity (mild: HR, 2.16 [95% CI, 2.01-2.31]; moderate, severe, or penetrating: HR, 2.87 [95% CI, 2.55-3.22]). Estimates were similar by sex and race, with attenuated associations among individuals aged 54 years or older at baseline.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this community-based cohort with more than 3 decades of longitudinal follow-up, head injury was associated with decreased long-term survival time in a dose-dependent manner, underscoring the importance of measures aimed at prevention and clinical interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality due to head injury.
Emotions and Economy
Authors: Bandelj Nina , Kim Jinna J.
Published: January 2023

Sociologists have long considered emotions as central to social life, but their investigations have remained largely outside of the subfield of economic sociology. This entry takes a wide lens to the topic of emotions and economy. It begins with a brief reflection on the statements of classical sociologists and political economists before reporting on research on emotion work, the central sociological concept in the intersection of economy and emotions. The second part reviews newer research that examines emotions in economic, financial, and consumer interactions as well as how emotions provide a currency in contemporary forms of capitalism.
Mind
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: January 2023

Mind has a long history, both in evolution and in philosophical understanding. Ancient western concepts focused on intellectual aspects of mind and distinguished mind from body. Mental experience came with a higher degree of certitude than material existence. Although characterized by intentionality (directedness beyond itself), modern conceptions emphasized the internal aspects of mind, leading to information‐processing views based on the computer metaphor. Recent views emphasize embodied approaches to mind.
Institute of Sociology (UK)
Authors: Scott John
Published: January 2023

The Institute of Sociology was formed from the Sociological Society in London, founded in 1903. It was the first professional organization of sociologists in Britain and published a journal and a book series, and organized conferences. It brought together disparate groups and had a factionalized history through the 1920s and 1930s. It gradually declined in importance despite the growth of sociology as a subject, and it was finally wound up in 1955.
Antioxidase‐Like Nanobiocatalysts with Ultrafast and Reversible Redox‐Centers to Secure Stem Cells and Periodontal Tissues
Authors: Guo Jiusi , Xing Zhenyu , Liu Luchang , Sun Yimin , Zhou Hongju , Bai Mingru , Liu Xikui , Adeli Mohsen , Cheng Chong , Han Xianglong
Published: January 2023

Exploration of efficient antioxidase‐like reactive oxygen nanobiocatalysts (ROBCs) is a major challenge in combating oxidative stress‐related diseases. Herein, the molecularly well‐defined Ru‐porphyrin‐networks (Ru‐Por‐Net)‐based ROBCs with ultrafast and reversible redox‐centers for catalytic elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reported. Owing to the large π‐conjugated networks, Ru–N coordination structures, and unique electronic and redox properties of atomic Ru sites, the Ru‐Por‐Net‐based ROBCs exhibit exceptional catalytic ROS‐scavenging activities. It is considerably more efficient than recently reported state‐of‐the‐art anti‐ROS biocatalysts. Notably, a new nucleophilic attack pathway to eliminate H2O2 and produce O2 is proposed via theoretical calculations, and the desorption of the OO* process is identified as the rate‐determining step of atomic Ru centers. Cellular studies reveal that the new ROBCs can efficiently secure the survival, adhesion, spreading, and differentiation of the stem cells in high‐ROS‐level microenvironments. In vivo rat periodontitis treatments further demonstrate their superior anti‐ROS therapeutic effects. This study provides significant insights into the crucial functions of Ru–N coordinated porphyrin‐networks in catalytic ROS‐scavenging and offers a new strategy to engineer high‐performance antioxidase‐like nanobiocatalysts for stem cell‐based therapies and inflammatory diseases.
Catching the Killer: Dynamic Disorder Design Rules for Small‐Molecule Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Dettmann Makena A. , Cavalcante Lucas S. R. , Magdaleno Corina A. , Moulé Adam J.
Published: January 2023

Small‐molecule organic semiconductors are promising materials for applications ranging from solar cells to medical sensors. Their nearly infinite design space means that, in theory, it is possible to tailor the material to the exact specifications of a particular application. In reality; however, design rules to improve mobility (μ) remain elusive because of the complex calculations required to understand its limiters. Transient localization theory posits that charge carriers are slowed down by the collective phonon motions, called dynamic disorder, which localize charge carriers temporarily. Traditionally, a mode‐by‐mode analysis is performed to try and identify “killer” modes. Herein, the flaws are demonstrated with this analysis and present a streamlined simulation workflow that simplifies simulation of dynamic disorder and enables engineering of new molecular structures based on phonon dynamics. This workflow is combined with a novel visualization technique that enables per‐atom insights into how μ is limited. This workflow is applied and analyzed to a series of ‐acenes and a series of BTBT‐based molecules. Then design rules are identified in each series that identify possible ways to improve the μ beyond current experimental limits using phonon engineering.
MoxWx–1S2 Nanotubes for Advanced Field Emission Application
Authors: Pirker Luka , Ławrowski Robert , Schreiner Rupert , Remškar Maja , Višić Bojana
Published: January 2023

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanotubes complement the field of low‐dimensional materials with their quasi‐1D morphology and a wide set of intriguing properties. By introducing different transition metals into the crystal structure, their properties can be tailored for specific purpose and applications. Herein, the characterization and a subsequent preparation of single‐nanotube field emission devices of MoxWx‐1S2 nanotubes prepared via the chemical vapor transport reaction is presented. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction  indicate that the molybdenum and tungsten atoms are randomly distributed within the crystal structure and that the material is highly crystalline. High resolution transmission electron microscopy  and electron diffraction (ED) patterns further corroborate these findings. A detailed analysis of the ED patterns from an eight‐layer nanotube reveal that the nanotubes grow in the 2H structure, with each shell consists of one bilayer. The work function of the nanotubes is comparable to that of pure MoS2 and lower of pure WS2 NTs, making them ideal candidates for field emission applications. Two devices with different geometrical setup are prepared and tested as field emitters, showing promising results for single nanotube field emission applications.
Optimizing the Oxygen‐Catalytic Performance of Zn–Mn–Co Spinel by Regulating the Bond Competition at Octahedral Sites
Authors: Wang Zepan , Wu Peiyuan , Zou Xubing , Wang Sheng , Du Lei , Ouyang Ting , Liu Zhao‐Qing
Published: January 2023

By using the more electro‐negative Mn3+ ion to partially replace Co3+ at the octahedral site of spinel ZnCo2O4, i.e., forming ternary Zn–Mn–Co spinel oxide, the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction/evolution activity is found to be significantly increased. Considering the physical characterization and theoretical calculations, it demonstrated that the bond competition played a key role in regulating the cobalt valence state and the electrocatalytic activity. The partial replacement of octahedral‐site‐occupied Co3+ by Mn3+ can effectively modulate the adjacent Co–O bond and induce the Jahn–Teller effect, thus changing the originally stable crystal structure and optimizing the binding strength between the active center and reaction intermediates. Certainly, the Mn‐substituted ZnMn1.4Co0.6O4/NCNTs exhibit higher electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity than that of ZnCo2O4/NCNTs and ZnMn2O4/NCNTs, supporting that the Co–O bond covalency determines the ORR activity of spinel ZnCo2O4. This study offers the competition between adjacent Co–O and Mn–O bonds via the BOh–O–BOh edge‐sharing geometry. The ion substitution at octahedral sites by less electronegative cations can be a new and effective way to improve the electrocatalytic performance of cobalt‐based spinel oxides.
Quantitative SERS Analysis by Employing Janus Nanoparticles with Internal Standards
Authors: Li Guoqun , Hao Qi , Li Mingze , Zhao Xing , Song Wenzhe , Fan Xingce , Qiu Teng
Published: January 2023

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), a powerful analysis technique featuring ultrahigh sensitivity and the ability in chemically specific detection, has encountered intrinsic challenges in quantitative analysis due to the signal heterogeneity arising from sample preparation, molecular distribution, and experimental conditions. Herein, the plasmonic Janus nanoparticle, which is curved on one side and flat on the other, as a universal platform for quantitative analysis is proposed. The probe molecules are adsorbed on the curved side as internal standards to correct the signal fluctuation while the target molecules are adsorbed on the flat side for SERS measurement, and thus competitive adsorption between different molecules is prevented. Moreover, the Janus nanoparticles are partially embedded in a flexible and transparent membrane, enabling liquid‐state SERS measurement which is favorable to form a uniform self‐assembly molecular monolayer for quantitative SERS analysis. The quantitation of different biochemical molecules including Rhodamine 6G, crystal violet, and adenine are demonstrated, and an extension in linear response region for quantitative analysis is observed. The findings suggest a robust approach toward quantitative analysis.
Plasma‐Assisted Defect Engineering on p‐n Heterojunction for High‐Efficiency Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Liu Jiameng , He Linghao , Zhao Shuangrun , Li Sizhuan , Hu Lijun , Tian Jia‐Yue , Ding Junwei , Zhang Zhihong , Du Miao
Published: January 2023

A defect‐rich 2D p‐n heterojunction, CoxNi3‐x(HITP)2/BNSs‐P (HITP: 2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexaiminotriphenylene), is constructed using a semiconductive metal–organic framework (MOF) and boron nanosheets (BNSs) by in situ solution plasma modification. The heterojunction is an effective catalyst for the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) under ambient conditions. Interface engineering and plasma‐assisted defects on the p‐n CoxNi3‐x(HITP)2/BNSs‐P heterojunction led to the formation of both Co‐N3 and B…O dual‐active sites. As a result, CoxNi3‐x(HITP)2/BNSs‐P has a high NH3 yield of 128.26 ± 2.27 µg h−1 mgcat.−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 52.92 ± 1.83% in 0.1 m HCl solution. The catalytic mechanism for the eNRR is also studied by in situ FTIR spectra and DFT calculations. A CoxNi3‐x(HITP)2/BNSs‐P‐based Zn‐N2 battery achieved an unprecedented power output with a peak power density of 5.40 mW cm−2 and an energy density of 240 mA h gzn−1 in 0.1 m HCl. This study establishes an efficient strategy for the rational design, using defect and interfacial engineering, of advanced eNRR catalysts for ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions.
Engineering the Electronic Interaction between Atomically Dispersed Fe and RuO2 Attaining High Catalytic Activity and Durability Catalyst for Li‐O2 Battery
Authors: Lian Zheng , Lu Youcai , Zhao Shaoze , Li Zhongjun , Liu Qingchao
Published: January 2023

It is significant to develop catalysts with high catalytic activity and durability to improve the electrochemical performances of lithium‐oxygen batteries (LOBs). While electronic metal‐support interaction (EMSI) between metal atoms and support has shown great potential in catalytic field. Hence, to effectively improve the electrochemical performance of LOBs, atomically dispersed Fe modified RuO2 nanoparticles are designed to be loaded on hierarchical porous carbon shells (FeSA‐RuO2/HPCS) based on EMSI criterion. It is revealed that the Ru‐O‐Fe1 structure is formed between the atomically dispersed Fe atoms and the surrounding Ru sites through electron interaction, and this structure could act as the ultra‐high activity driving force center of oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER). Specifically, the Ru‐O‐Fe1 structure enhances the reaction kinetics of ORR to a certain extent, and optimizes the morphology of discharge products by reducing the adsorption energy of catalyst for O2 and LiO2; while during the OER process, the Ru‐O‐Fe1 structure not only greatly enhances the reaction kinetics of OER, but also catalyzes the efficient decomposition of the discharge products Li2O2 by the favorable electron transfer between the active sites and the discharge products. Hence, LOBs based on FeSA‐RuO2/HPCS cathodes show an ultra‐low over‐potential, high discharge capacity and superior durability.
Dimeric Pillar[5]arene as a Novel Fluorescent Host for Controllable Fabrication of Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Wang Kaiya , Zhang Rongbo , Song Zejing , Zhang Kaituo , Tian Xueqi , Pangannaya Srikala , Zuo Minzan , Hu Xiao‐Yu
Published: January 2023

A dimeric fluorescent macrocycle m‐TPE Di‐EtP5 (meso‐tetraphenylethylene dimeric ethoxypillar[5]arene) is synthesized based on the meso‐functionalized ethoxy pillar[5]arene. Through the connectivity of two pillar[5]arenes by CC double bond, the central tetraphenylethylene (TPE) moiety is simultaneously formed. The resultant bicyclic molecule not only retains the host–guest properties of pillararenes but also introduces the interesting aggregation‐induced emission properties inherent in the embedded TPE structure. Three dinitrile derivatives with various linkers are designed as guests (G1, G2, and G3) to form host–guest assemblies with m‐TPE Di‐EtP5. The morphological control and fluorescence properties of the assemblies are successfully realized. G1 with a shorter alkyl chain as the linker completely threads into the cavities of the host. G2, due to its longer chain length, forms a linear supramolecular polymer upon binding to m‐TPE Di‐EtP5. G3 differs from G2 by possessing a bulky phenyl group in the middle of the chain, which can be further assembled with m‐TPE Di‐EtP5 to form supramolecular layered polymer and precipitated out in solution, and can be efficiently applied to photocatalytic reactions.
Effects of Oxygen Plasma Treatment on Fermi‐Level Pinning and Tunneling at the Metal–Semiconductor Interface of WSe2 FETs
Authors: Lee Kwangro , Ngo Tien Dat , Lee Sungwon , Shin Hoseong , Choi Min Sup , Hone James , Yoo Won Jong
Published: January 2023

Recently, 2D materials have been intensively investigated for their novel nanoelectronic applications; among these materials, tungsten diselenide (WSe2) is attracting substantial research interest due to its high mobility, sizable bandgap, and ambipolar characteristics. However, Fermi‐level pinning (FLP) at the metal–semiconductor contact is a critical issue preventing further integration of WSe2 to complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this study, a facile doping method of oxygen (O2) plasma treatment and an aging effect to overcome the FLP of WSe2 field‐effect transistors (FETs) are utilized. After aging, a reduction is observed in FLP on oxidized WSe2 FETs, along with a decrease in pinning factor (S) for holes from −0.06 to −0.36. Further, the field‐effect mobility of high‐ (Pd) and low‐ (In) work‐function contacted WSe2 devices indicates the presence of more improvement in high‐work‐function metal‐contacted p‐type WSe2 FETs, which further strengthens the Fermi level de‐pinning behavior attributed to the O2 plasma and aging processes. The existence of different tunneling behaviors of Pd and In devices also confirms the effect of O2 plasma doping into WSe2 FETs. Ultimately, this work demonstrates a simple and efficient method for achieving the de‐pinning of Fermi‐levels and modulating FLP of 2D FETs.