bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bandgap-adjustment and enhanced surface photovoltage in Y-substituted LaTaIVO2N
Authors: Bubeck Cora , Widenmeyer Marc , De Denko Alexandra T. , Richter Gunther , Coduri Mauro , Colera Eduardo Salas , Goering Eberhard , Zhang Hongbin , Yoon Songhak , Osterloh Frank E. , Weidenkaff Anke
Published: May 2020

Microstructure controlled ammonolysis allowed the synthesis of oxynitrides La1−xYxTaIVO2N (x ≤ 0.3) and YTa(O,N)3 of which the first ones showed a remarkable up-built of photovoltage even in the presence of reduced tantalum (e.g. Ta4+).
Perovskite ferroelectric thin film as an efficient interface to enhance the photovoltaic characteristics of Si/SnOx heterojunctions
Authors: Silva J. P. B. , Vieira E. M. F. , Silva J. M. B. , Gwozdz K. , Figueiras F. G. , Veltruská K. , Matolín V. , Istrate M. C. , Ghica C. , Sekhar K. C. , Kholkin A. L. , Goncalves L. M. , Chahboun A. , Pereira M.
Published: May 2020

Ferroelectric thin layer as an interface to enhance the photovoltaic characteristics of Si/SnOx heterojunctions for building efficient ferroelectric-based solar cells.
Ultrathin AgPt alloy nanorods as low-cost oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Fidiani Elok , Thirunavukkarasu Gnanavel , Li Yang , Chiu Yu-Lung , Du Shangfeng
Published: May 2020

One-dimensional (1D) single crystal AgPt alloy nanostructures show excellent catalytic activities and reasonable stability toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cell operation.
A solar and thermal multi-sensing microfiber supercapacitor with intelligent self-conditioned capacitance and body temperature monitoring
Authors: Teng Youchao , Wei Jing , Du Hongbiao , Mojtaba Mansoorianfar , Li Dagang
Published: May 2020

A solar and thermal multi-sensing microfiber supercapacitor was fabricated for photothermal conversion capacitance enhancement and body temperature monitoring.
Recent advances in structural engineering of MXene electrocatalysts
Authors: Wang Hao , Lee Jong-Min
Published: May 2020

This review highlights the recent advances in the structural engineering of MXene electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction and beyond.
Intercalation and exfoliation chemistries of transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Zhang Qingyong , Mei Liang , Cao Xiehong , Tang Yuxin , Zeng Zhiyuan
Published: May 2020

This review provides a comprehensive summary of the intercalation and exfoliation processes in TMDs, as well as their properties and applications.
Highly efficient non-fullerene polymer solar cells from a benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran-based conjugated polymer with improved stabilities
Authors: He Enfang , Zheng Zhi , Lu Yi , Guo Fengyun , Gao Shiyong , Pang Xinchang , Mola Genene Tessema , Zhao Liancheng , Zhang Yong
Published: May 2020

A novel benzodifuran (BDF)-based polymer (PDiFPBDF-TBz, F13) was designed and synthesized for non-fullerene polymer solar cells with the impressive power conversion efficiencies of up to 13.34% and improved stabilities.
Mechanisms for overcharging of carbon electrodes in lithium-ion/sodium-ion batteries analysed by operando solid-state NMR
Authors: Gotoh Kazuma , Yamakami Tomu , Nishimura Ishin , Kometani Hina , Ando Hideka , Hashi Kenjiro , Shimizu Tadashi , Ishida Hiroyuki
Published: May 2020

An in-depth investigation of the overlithiation/oversodiation and subsequent delithiation/desodiation of graphite and hard carbon electrodes in the first cycle was conducted using operando7Li/23Na solid-state NMR.
Single plasmonic nanostructures for biomedical diagnosis
Authors: Ma Xingyi , Sim Sang Jun
Published: May 2020

This work discusses prominent advantages and advances in single-nanoparticle characterization and synthesis, and gives an outlook on particle-based biomedical diagnosis.
Graphene oxide-coated porous titanium for pulp sealing: an antibacterial and dentino-inductive restorative material
Authors: Sun Ningjia , Yin Shi , Lu Yuezhi , Zhang Wenjie , Jiang Xinquan
Published: May 2020

Dentin mineralization deposition at the MAO–GO coating, and infection prevention ability are two salient indices of odontointegration.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes in cancer medicine
Authors: Wiesmann Nadine , Tremel Wolfgang , Brieger Juergen
Published: May 2020

Zinc oxide nanoparticles are characterized by a good biocompatibility while providing a versatile potential as innovative therapeutic agents in cancer medicine.
Programmable assembly of gold nanoparticle nanoclusters and lattices
Authors: Shen Luyao , Pan Victor , Li Haofei , Zhang Yunlong , Wang Pengfei , Ke Yonggang
Published: May 2020

Deterministic assembly of metallic nanoparticles (e.g.gold nanoparticles) into prescribed configurations has promising applications in many fields such as biosensing and drug delivery.
Research status and development potential of composite hemostatic materials
Authors: Zheng Caiyun , Zeng Qingyan , Pimpi SaHu , Wu Wendong , Han Kai , Dong Kai , Lu Tingli
Published: May 2020

Through the discussion of the coagulation mechanism of compositehemostatic materials, the future development potential of hemostatic materials is proposed.
Acceptor modulation for improving a spiro-type thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter
Authors: Zhu Xiang-Dong , Peng Chen-Chen , Kong Fan-Cheng , Yang Sheng-Yi , Li Hong-Cheng , Kumar Sarvendra , Wang Tong-Tong , Jiang Zuo-Quan , Liao Liang-Sheng
Published: May 2020

A novel donor (D)–spiro-acceptor (A) emitter, namely 10-phenyl-10H-spiro[acridine-9,9′-fluorene]-2′,4′,7′-tricarbonitrile (SAF-3CN), was synthesized for high efficiency, yellowish green third-generation thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Bright mechanoluminescent luminogens even in daylight through close intermolecular interaction with the characteristic of hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT)
Authors: Li Dan , Yang Jie , Wang Yunsheng , Li Xiaoning , Zhu Dongxia , Fang Manman , Li Zhen
Published: May 2020

Three D–A molecules are designed and synthesized via Friedel–Crafts reaction in one step. They exhibit unique HLCT state characteristics, which lead to very bright mechanoluminescence (ML) in FCO-TPA.
Hole transport layer-free deep-blue OLEDs with outstanding colour purity and high efficiency
Authors: Huang Fei , Liu Hongli , Sun Wei , Li Xianggao , Wang Shirong
Published: May 2020

Through suppressing excimer emission by modifying ITO, simplified-structured blue OLEDs achieved extremely high deep-blue emission, outstanding colour purity and high efficiency.
Ordered structures of alkylated carbon dots and their applications in nonlinear optics
Authors: Yin Keyang , Lu Dandan , Tian Wendong , Zhang Rui , Yu Haohai , Gorecka Ewa , Pociecha Damian , Godbert Nicolas , Hao Junying , Li Hongguang
Published: May 2020

C dots with peripheral alkyl chains have been prepared, which undergo self-organization in the solvent-free state. A nonlinear optical response with reverse saturable absorption behavior has been found in the film state, which opens the door for potential applications in laser protection.
miR-137 targets the inhibition of TCF4 to reverse the progression of osteoarthritis through the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Jinyu , Fang Liming , Ye Lili , Ma Shiliang , Huang Haoran , Lan Xiaoquan , Ma Jianlin
Published: May 2020

Purpose: To explore the regulatory mechanism of miR-137 and transcription factor 4 (TCF4) in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA).

Patients and Methods: The expressions of miR-137 and TCF4 were detected in OA cartilage tissue, chondrocytes and OA rat cartilage tissue. miR-137 and TCF4 were up-regulated or down-regulated and transfected into chondrocytes and OA rat cartilage tissue. The gene expression, protein level, cell proliferation, apoptosis and inflammatory factors were detected, respectively. LPS and anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) on the right knee were used to induce chondrocyte inflammation and establish rat OA model, respectively.

Results: miR-137 was low expressed in cartilage tissue of OA group, while TCF4 expression and protein level were significantly higher, showing significant negative correlation. In LPS group, chondrocyte activity was significantly inhibited, cell apoptosis ability was significantly enhanced, and the levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 were significantly increased. However, the above results were significantly improved after the up-regulation of miR-137 or down-regulation of TCF4. Double luciferase report revealed that miR-137 and TCF4 had targeted relationship. LPS induced activation of AMPK/NF-κB pathway and higher level of apoptosis. AMPK/NF-κB pathway inhibitor C could inhibit activation of this pathway, and up-regulation of miR-137 or down-regulation of TCF4 could significantly weaken the regulation of LPS on the pathway and apoptosis. Analysis of OA rat model showed that over-expression of miR-137 could inhibit up-regulation of inflammatory factors and activation of AMPK/NF-κB pathway.

Conclusion: miR-137 targets the inhibition of TCF4 to reverse the progression of OA through the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Ultrasonic imaging beyond diffraction limit using conventional transducers with conical baffles
Authors: Maheshwari H.K. , Syed Akbar Ali M.S. , Rajagopal P.
Published: May 2020

Conventional ultrasonic imaging systems suffer from poor resolution imposed by the diffraction limit. The authors have recently demonstrated the use of holey‐structured metamaterials (HSMs) to enable resolution beyond the diffraction limit in the ultrasonic regime. However, imaging with HSM requires acquisition of data at fine spatial intervals. Although the use of laser Doppler vibrometers (LDV) as a receiver can be a solution for this as reported in earlier experimental studies, they are highly sensitive to ambient disturbances, suffer from low signal‐to‐noise ratio and are also expensive, hampering a wider practical implementation. This Letter presents experimental results using hollow cone attachments coupled with conventional ultrasonic transducers for achieving subwavelength resolution imaging at a relatively higher speed and minimal cost. The proposed methodology can be implemented easily for practical inspections and has great potential for commercialisation.
Spinal cord stimulation for the restoration of bladder function after spinal cord injury
Authors: Steadman Casey J. , Grill Warren M.
Published: May 2020

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in the inability to empty the bladder voluntarily, and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) negatively impact both the health and quality of life of persons with SCI. Current approaches to treat bladder dysfunction in persons with SCI, including self‐catheterisation and anticholinergic medications, are inadequate, and novel approaches are required to restore continence with increased bladder capacity, as well as to provide predictable and efficient on‐demand voiding. Improvements in bladder function following SCI have been documented using a number of different modalities of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in both persons with SCI and animal models, including SCS alone or SCS with concomitant activity‐based training. Improvements include increased volitional voiding, voided volumes, bladder capacity, and quality of life, as well as decreases in NDO and DSD. Further, SCS is a well‐developed therapy for chronic pain, and existing Food And Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved devices provide a clear pathway to sustainable commercial availability and impact. However, the effective stimulation parameters and the appropriate timing and location of stimulation for SCS‐mediated restoration of bladder function require further study, and studies are needed to determine underlying mechanisms of action.
Low complexity interference compensation for DFRFT‐based OFDM system with CFO
Authors: Trivedi Vinay Kumar , Kumar Preetam
Published: May 2020

Discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFRFT) based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system significantly outperforms the conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based OFDM system in the presence of carrier frequency offset (CFO). However, to achieve the interference‐free performance, the residual interference remaining after the channel equalisation in the fractional Fourier domain needs to be compensated. To enable this residual interference compensation with low complexity after DFRFT at the receiver, an accurate and generalized expression for inter‐carrier interference (ICI) coefficient from interfering to the desired subcarrier is derived over a multipath fading channel with CFO. The derived ICI coefficient is validated at the DFRFT angle equal to (i.e., for DFT‐OFDM system) and over AWGN and flat channel. Monte Carlo simulation of symbol error rate (SER) over the Rayleigh fading channel is also carried out to verify the derived theoretical closed‐form ICI coefficient for different values of the DFRFT angle. At the receiver, a low complexity residual interference cancellation stage is introduced by utilizing the banded matrix implementation of the derived closed‐form residual ICI matrix for the DFRFT‐OFDM system which only needs to perform operations for closely preserving the interference‐free performance.
Fault current limiter for the MMC‐based multi‐terminal DC grids
Authors: Huang Qiang , Zou Guibin , Sun Weijie , Xu Chunhua
Published: May 2020

In the modular multilevel converter (MMC)‐based multi‐terminal high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) system, the fault current rises rapidly due to sub‐module capacitors discharging when a DC‐side short‐circuit fault occurs, which makes the MMC easily blocked for self‐protection. To avoid the blocking of the converter station and lower the DC fault current, this study proposes a novel fault current limiter (FCL) for MMC‐based multi‐terminal DC grids. First, the fault current limiting circuit, which consists of resistance, capacitance and power electronic components is designed. Then, the operation principle of the FCL is analysed in detail. Afterwards, the startup criterion is constructed, and the selection method of the key parameters in the fault current limiting circuit is also introduced in order to prevent the converter station from blocking in the case of DC short‐circuit fault. Finally, a simulation model was built using PSCAD/EMTDC software, and extensive simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed FCL.
Dual‐to‐quad‐band evanescent‐mode substrate‐integrated waveguide band‐pass filters
Authors: Nosrati Amir , Mohammad‐Taheri Mahmud , Nosrati Mehdi
Published: May 2020

A new design methodology is presented for multi‐band evanescent‐mode band‐pass filters (BPFs) realisation by integrating substrate‐integrated waveguide structure with multiple short‐circuited irises. The electro magnetic (EM)‐behaviour of the distributed‐element structure is modelled with the lumped‐element equivalent circuit in a wide frequency range. Arbitrary transmission poles (TPs) and transmission zeros (TZs) corresponding to the different irises are characterised. Moreover, a rigorous prescribed filtering function is developed to design dual‐band evanescent‐mode BPFs in terms of independently tunable TPs and TZs. The proposed structure is reported to not only demonstrate miniaturised high quality‐factor dual‐band BPFs but also obviate the design challenges of multi‐band BPFs below the cut‐off frequency. Furthermore, two triple‐ and quadruple‐band evanescent‐mode BPFs are experimentally examined for the proposed concept verification.
Geochemical studies of surface bottom sediments and soils of small watercourses
Authors: Nesterov Evgeni , Belyakov Timofei , Dubrova Stanislav , Egorov Pavel
Published: May 2020

Analytical data on samples of bottom sediments of the Novaya river watercourse made it possible to identify areas of pollution, sources of pollution and determine the nature of the influence of the anthropogenic factor on the state of the river. It was found that bottom sediments are divided into slightly polluted, moderately polluted, and dangerously polluted. Soils on the total indicator of pollution belong to the permissible category. The list of defined indicators includes: hydrogen index (pH), total metal content (cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc), arsenic, petroleum products, benz(a)pyrene, ammonium nitrogen, phosphate ion, organic matter. Based on the results of the interpretation of the laboratory data, it was found that in accordance with the Regional standard, the precipitation the majority of samples are slightly polluted; at some samples, are moderately polluted; at a quarter of samples are dangerously polluted.
Using remote sensing for monitoring the dynamic of soil organic carbon concentration in Lake Valencia basin, Venezuela, based on Landsat 8 data
Authors: Arias Govín Israel Jose , Stanis Elena V. , Latushkina Elena N. , Ospanova Aigul
Published: May 2020

Maintaining or increasing SOC concentration is fundamental for reducing the effects of global warming and increasing soil productivity. In this paper, a method based on Landsat 8 OLI products was developed for qualitatively monitoring in the Lake Valencia basin (Venezuela) the dynamic of SOC concentration between the years 2013 to 2018. The developed method uses the Green (B3), NIR (B5) and SW1 (B6) bands of Landsat 8 OLI sensor for detecting changes in the spectral signatures of bare soils that indicate possible variations in their concentrations of SOC. It was found that for the study period, the Lake Valencia basin soils do not present spectral features of significant variation in SOC concentration. An area of 8.61Km2 (0.3% of the study area) was identified as a zone with a possible reduction of SOC concentration. In case of insufficient data for developing remote sensing based predictive models, the proposed method allows qualitatively monitoring and categorizing the dynamic of SOC concentration and identifying areas with spectral features of a possible variation in SOC concentration.
Improving radio-ecological monitoring of potentially radon-hazardous territories
Authors: Lashchenova Tatiana , Karl Lidiya , Marenny Albert , Kiselev Sergey
Published: May 2020

Radioecological monitoring of radon-hazardous territories in residential and public buildings of the towns of Lermontov (Russia, Stavropol Region) and Baley (Russia, Transbaikal Region) made it possible to reveal that the volume activity of radon in premises on 1 floor of buildings reliably characterizes the radon inflow from the soil surface. This control parameter, which can be used to estimate the radon danger of the territory, to make decisions on the sanitary condition of the building, to estimate the potential danger to the population or personnel, to calculate the potential dose rates. Improvement of radio-ecological monitoring in potentially radon-hazardous areas is aimed at monitoring the volume activity of radon on 1 floor of buildings, the excess of which is higher than the normal values is the basis for making managerial decisions to protect the population or staff.
Sustainability as a basic property of the phenomenon of life organized in supraorganismal systems
Authors: Nikol’skii Alexander , Belovezhets Konstantin , Vanisova Elena
Published: May 2020

The phenomenon of life is organized in supraorganismal systems, populations and ecosystems. The main mechanisms of sustainability of these systems are: 1) the influence of limiting factors on population growth and ecosystem development; 2) the allocation of plant and animal species into ecological niches; 3) co-adaptation of plants and animals; 4) species genetic integration; 5) biocommunications. Limiting factors inhibit populations’ growth and distribution of organisms, so that populations obey the logistic growth, reaching a relatively stable climax stage. The space of limiting factors restricted by the tolerance limits of organisms forms an ecological niche of species. During long-joint evolution (co-evolution), species form co-adaptations (mutual adaptations). As a result of species genetic integrity, each new generation inherits not only adaptations for its specific ecological niche, but also a determined physical space including all the environmental factors to which the species is adapted. Consolidation of individuals with a related genotype is supported by intraspecific communication processes. Means of communication are genetically determined. Humankind is the only species on Earth that has subjugated limiting factors. As a result the population of humans shows an unlimited exponential growth, population explosion. It is a basic factor in the instability of the Nature - Society system.
Environmentally-induced alternative oncogenesis: EROS arrows
Authors: Pinaev Sergey K. , Pinaeva Olga G. , Chizhov Alexey Ya.
Published: May 2020

The cause of the oncological diseases in children and the specific spectrum of this pathology, with hemangiomas prevailing among benign tumors (BT), and leukemia, lymphomas, and neural tissue tumors among malignant neoplasms (MN), remains unknown. The authors studied the similarities and differences of the connections between environmental factors, benign tumors and MN, as well as the relations between BT and MN. The causality of the so-called “sporadic” fluctuations in the incidence of neoplasms and their relations with environmental factors were revealed. A hypothesis of environmentally-induced alternative oncogenesis is suggested. According to the hypothesis, fetal hemoglobin enhances environmentally-related oxidative stress (EROS), leading to epigenomic regulation disorder of SEMA 7A and MICAL family proteins in the endothelium, axon growth cone, and hematopoietic stem cells.
Toxic communication as a risk factor when promoting Health, Safety & Environmental culture in an organization
Authors: Pavlova Elena , Terentyeva Elena , Matevosyan Armine
Published: May 2020

The study focuses on the problem of toxic communication as one of the risk factors in Health, Safety & Environmental culture development. The data obtained indicate that the effectiveness of Health, Safety & Environmental communication is reduced due to the expansion of toxic communication, which includes such phenomena as intentional confusion, topic overdiscussing, lack of dialogue on equal footing, lack of feedback, and weak corporate culture. It is also shown that in most cases, ineffective Health, Safety & Environmental leadership of managers and chiefs demonstrates the communicative behaviour of a toxic boss. The conclusion is drawn on the need for further studies of toxic communication in order to reduce its negative impact on Health, Safety & Environmental culture promotion.
Physicochemical and biochemical characterizations of some Tunisian seed oils
Authors: Karoui Iness J. , Ayari Jihene , Ghazouani Nessrine , Abderrabba Manef
Published: May 2020

Four Tunisian vegetable oils extracted from seeds (Nigella sativa,Opuntia ficus indica,Pistacia lentiscusandHibiscus sabdariffa) have been characterized in this study. The following parameters were determined: acidity, peroxide value, saponification value, specific extinction coefficients K232, K270, chlorophylls and carotenoids content. The triglyceride and tocopherol compositions of the oils were determined using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and the fatty acids (FA) and phytosterol compositions were determined using a gas chromatography (GC) with a flame ionization detector (FID). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were predominant in all tested samples except inPistacia lentiscusoil where monounsaturated fatty acids were predominant. Major FA were linoleic and oleic acids. β-sitosterol was the most abundant phytosterol. All samples had high content of TAGs with an equivalent carbon number of 44, 46 and 48.Nigella sativaoil had the highest content of tocopherols.
Recent progress on sunflower broomrape research in China
Authors: Shi Bixian , Zhao Jun
Published: May 2020

Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a holoparasitic plant which parasites sunflower roots. The infected sunflower plants are smaller, have a reduced kernel/husk ratio and yield decreases dramatically. It has become a severe problem for sunflower production all over the world. In recent years, due to importation of sunflower hybrid seeds, frequent local seed transportation and insufficient plant quarantine, broomrape widely occurs in sunflower production areas of China. This review addresses recent research progress on sunflower broomrape in China, focusing on occurrence, potential damage, seed germination mechanisms, physiological race identification, integrated control and breeding of resistant sunflowers. This review should provide useful reference information for future research and also integrated control of sunflower broomrape.
High-Flow-Sauerstofftherapie – Schritt für Schritt
Authors: Wachs Christian , Grensemann Jörn , Kluge Stefan
Published: May 2020

In recent years, high-flow oxygen therapy (HFNC) has become established and proven as an oxygenation method for patients with severe respiratory restrictions in most intensive care units. Advantages of this method, which is used especially for patients with hypoxaemia, are the easy application and the compliance by the patient. Devices are used which enable individual oxygen therapy by means of humidification, warming up and gas flow regulation options.
Osmokinetics: Defining the Characteristics of Osmotic Challenge to the Ocular Surface
Authors: van Setten Gysbert Botho
Published: May 2020

The association of severe dry eye disease with elevated osmolarity in the tear film is a subject of ongoing discussions. As the absolute value of osmolarity in tear film is highly variable, the daily variation in osmolarity (DVO) has recently been proposed to further identify the osmotic stress at the ocular surface. However, the DVO alone does not explain the variations in the available published data or allow their use in diagnostic testing or therapy. We therefore investigated and evaluated further details of osmokinetics and their importance for ocular surface disease on the basis of the available literature. Additionally, osmolarity was measured in the tear samples of volunteers in the morning hours between 8 – 10 a. m., midday noon–2 p. m., and afternoon between 3 – 5 p. m., i.e., during normal office hours. The results were compared with available published data which suggested that within the DVO, the daily maximal amplitude of osmotic variation (M-DVO) and the frequency of osmotic cycles (defined as daily osmolarity cycles, DOC) could be the main factors that further characterize osmokinetics. In addition, a decisive role could be the level of osmolarity at which the variation does occurs (L-DVO). The possible effects of these characteristics on ocular surface pathophysiology are discussed, along with their relationship to topical therapy with hypo-osmolar solutions, and the model of the osmotic roller coaster is introduced.
Makulaödem bei Uveitis: Pathogenese, Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Deuter Christoph , Grajewski Rafael S.
Published: May 2020

Das Makulaödem ist die häufigste Ursache einer irreversiblen Visusminderung bei Patienten mit Uveitis. Pathogenetisch führen proinflammatorische Zytokine zu einem Zusammenbruch der Blut-Retina-Schranke. Zur Diagnostik des entzündlichen Makulaödems wird heutzutage überwiegend die optische Kohärenztomografie eingesetzt, welche die Fluoreszenzangiografie jedoch nicht immer zu ersetzen vermag. Die Therapie erfolgt überwiegend mittels intravitreal applizierter Kortikosteroide sowie systemischer immunmodulierender Substanzen und sollte so früh wie möglich einsetzen, um einer Chronifizierung des Makulaödems vorzubeugen.
Tumorrisiken nach Organtransplantation
Authors: Thorban Stefan , Matevossian Edouard
Published: May 2020

Seit Beginn der Organtransplantation in Deutschland vor fast 40 Jahren steigt die Zahl der Langzeittransplantierten und damit das Tumorrisiko für die Empfänger. Tumorgenese und Tumorinzidenz bei verschiedenen Tumorentitäten werden insbesondere unter dem Aspekt der Langzeitimmunsuppression untersucht. Notwendige Screeningverfahren, Prävention und Risikofaktoren bei den einzelnen Tumortypen werden analysiert sowie Therapieempfehlungen untersucht. Im Gespräch mit dem Patienten sind der Verlust der Lebensqualität mit einem möglichem Transplantatverlust unter der Therapie gegenüber der zu erwartenden Lebenserwartung zu erörtern.
Veranstaltungsankündigung
Authors: Bundschu Marion
Published: May 2020

Der Schulungsort ist das Hotel Seligweiler (Seligweiler 1, 89081 Ulm-Seligweiler). Weitere Informationen zu den Veranstaltungen finden Sie unter
www.wbs-ulm.de

.
Dialkyl Diazomalonates in Transition-Metal-Free, Thermally Promoted, Diastereoselective Wolff β-Lactam Synthesis
Authors: Krasavin Mikhail , Synofzik Judith , Bakulina Olga , Dar’in Dmitry , Kantin Grigory
Published: May 2020

Metal-free, thermally promoted synthesis of 3-alkoxy-3-alkoxycarbonyl-2-azetidinones via the Wolff-Staudinger β-lactam synthesis using dialkyl diazomalonates is described. The reaction appears fairly general and delivers only one diastereomer.
Outcomes after Surgical Repair of Medial Meniscal Root Tears: A Review
Authors: Edwards Chad , Goldman Brian H. , Turley Jeffery , Richey Bradley , Deal Matthew Jordan , Kalbac Daniel
Published: May 2020

At the present time, there is a paucity of literature regarding medial meniscal posterior root repair and outcomes. This review seeks to examine the currently available data to further elucidate the clinical risks and benefits and any associated risks of medial meniscal posterior root repair. A systematic literature search was performed up to July 2018 in the databases of Medline via PubMed, EBSCOhost, and EMBASE. The results were reviewed independently by two authors and appropriate articles were reviewed and eligibility determined based on established criteria. The best-evidence synthesis was subsequently used. Thirteen studies (324 patients) were included in this review with a mean patient age of 54 years. There were no control studies with nonoperative treatment of medial meniscal posterior root tears. All studies included a minimum of 10 patients in a case series or case-control manner. Of patients treated with medial meniscal posterior root repair, 62.43% demonstrated complete healing on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or second-look arthroscopy. Among them, 32.60% demonstrated incomplete healing, loosening of the construct, or excessive scar tissues formation. Also, 4.97% demonstrated complete failure or retearing of the construction. At a mean follow-up period of 33 months, patients demonstrated a mean improvement in Lysholm's score of 30.5 (p < 0.00001), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score of 31.9 (p < 0.00001), and HSS Knee Score of 38.3 (p < .00001). Surgical repair of medial meniscus posterior root tears appears to result in highly satisfying subjective outcomes. Patients included in this review meet criteria for both statistically and clinically significant improvement, based on published guidelines for minimal clinically important difference. Despite this, however, postoperative MRI and second-look arthroscopy demonstrate a relatively high rate of incomplete healing (32.60%) or retearing and failure of the construct (4.97%). More highly powered studies are required to confirm these findings.
Exclusion of Pregnant Women from Clinical Trials during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Review of International Registries
Authors: Smith Devin D. , Pippen Jessica L. , Adesomo Adebayo A. , Rood Kara M. , Landon Mark B. , Costantine Maged M.
Published: May 2020

Objective Pregnant women have been historically excluded from clinical trials for nonobstetric conditions, even during prior epidemics. The objective of this review is to describe the current state of research for pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Study Design We conducted a search of international trial registries for trials relating to the novel coronavirus. The eligibility criteria for each trial were reviewed for inclusion/exclusion of pregnant women. Relevant data were extracted and descriptive statistics were calculated for individual and combined data. The total number of trials from each registry were compared, as well as the proportions of pregnancy-related trials within each.

Results Among 621,370 trials in the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry, 927 (0.15%) were COVID-19 related. Of those, the majority (52%) explicitly excluded pregnancy or failed to address pregnancy at all (46%) and only 16 (1.7%) were pregnancy specific. When categorized by region, 688 (74.2%) of COVID-19 trials were in Asia, followed by 128 (13.8%) in Europe, and 66 (7.2%) in North America. Of the COVID-19 trials which included pregnant women, only three were randomized-controlled drug trials.

Conclusion Approximately 1.7% of current COVID-19 research is pregnancy related and the majority of trials either explicitly exclude or fail to address pregnancy. Only three interventional trials worldwide involved pregnant women. The knowledge gap concerning the safety and efficacy of interventions for COVID-19 created by the exclusion of pregnant women may ultimately harm them. While “ethical” concerns about fetal exposure are often cited, it is in fact unethical to habitually exclude pregnant women from research.

Key Points
Coagulopathy in COVID-19: Connecting the Dots Together
Authors: Gandhi Ajay , Görlinger Klaus
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) virus has spread quickly and become a public health emergency of global concern. Originating in the Wuhan district of China, which has reportedly been declared free of it now, the rest of the world continues to struggle with its severity and spread. While a lot of scientific publications and clinical data are available, newer clinical investigations and experiences continue to evolve, thereby depicting the dynamic nature of the disease and the knowledge around it. Researchers and clinical professionals continue to collect scientific information, clinical data, and evidence to help build a knowledge pool and guidance for the health care professionals to manage those affected with this pandemic disease. As significant and new data emerge, a lot of already available information gets confirmed and updated, while some of it also getting rejected or disapproved. In this article, we aim to put together the scientific and clinical information that is proven so far and the areas where more data or evidence is needed before a clear understanding can be achieved and guidance can be developed.
A club’s contribution to global climate governance: the case of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition
Authors: Unger Charlotte , Mar Kathleen A. , Gürtler Konrad
Published: May 2020

Not only is the climate changing, but so is global climate governance. Climate policy initiatives have proliferated within and beyond the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) regime in a polycentric pattern. Nevertheless, promised action under the Paris Agreement (PA) is far from being sufficient to achieve its targets of keeping global warming below 2 °C. A special research focus has emerged on international ‘climate clubs’, referring to a smaller group’s greater ability to make progress in international climate policy compared to large global forums. Against this background, our paper reflects on the club functions of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), a transnational partnership that aims at slowing the rate of near-term global warming through the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). How does the CCAC contribute to global climate governance and how does this relate to existing structures, such as the UNFCCC process and the PA? Researchers have generally found that climate clubs can raise ambition, produce emissions reductions, and/or enhance cooperation, while generating additional benefits for its members. However, their specific governance contribution remains rather opaque, for example, how emissions reductions are achieved. There is a lack of analytical application, knowledge of the political practice and of in-depth case studies of the clubs concept. This paper contributes to filling this gap by applying central aspects of clubs research, namely membership and size, public goods, and the provision of additional benefits as an analytical framework in one in-depth case study of a governance initiative that has not yet been the subject of academic scrutiny: the CCAC. The results are based on expert interviews and the analysis of strategic and academic documents. Overall, this research finds that the CCAC’s largest contribution to global climate governance lies in preparing SLCP emissions reductions through raising awareness, orchestrating different actors and actions related to SLCPs, and establishing a large technical cooperation network. To some degree it also directly implements SLCP reduction projects. Ultimately, it complements the UNFCCC and especially the Paris Agreement. Members are part of the CCAC because its benefits go beyond climate change mitigation. Its large transnational membership constellation both supports and challenges its governance contribution.
Correction: The impact a-gender: gendered orientations towards research Impact and its evaluation
Authors: Chubb J. , Derrick G. E.
Published: May 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
On the shock change equations
Authors: Radulescu M. I.
Published: May 2020

We revisit and derive the shock change equations relating the dynamics of a shock wave with the partial derivatives describing the motion of a reactive fluid with the general equation of state in a stream-tube with arbitrary area variation. We specialize these to a perfect gas in which we obtain all shock change equations in closed form. These are further simplified for strong shocks. We discuss the general usefulness of these equations in problems of reactive compressible flow and in the development of intrinsic evolution equations for the shock, such as the approximations made by Whitham and Sharma.
Combination of counterflow jet and cavity for heat flux and drag reduction
Authors: Sharma Kartikey , Nair Manoj T.
Published: May 2020

In the present work, a computational study is carried out to explore the potential of a combination of a forward-facing cavity and a counterflow jet for drag and heat flux mitigation for an axisymmetric body in a supersonic free stream of Mach 2. A comparison between the axisymmetric body with a forward-facing cavity and counterflow jet and the baseline geometry without the cavity and jet is made. The first part of this study focuses on capturing the transition point of the two counterflow jet modes, Long Penetration Mode (LPM) and Short Penetration Mode (SPM), by changing the pressure ratio of the nozzle. It gave an appropriate nozzle operating pressure selection based on the design requirement. The LPM is found to be suitable when only drag reduction is required, while the SPM provides both drag and heat flux reduction, but at a higher operating jet pressure. Next, a study is conducted to characterize the effect of the angle of attack on system performance. The LPM shows improvement over the baseline geometry for only a narrow range of angles of attack, while the SPM provides improved performance for a wider range of angles of attack. The effect of cavity and cavity dimensions on performance is then studied.
The ion cyclotron parametric instabilities and the anomalous heating of ions in the tokamak edge plasma in the fast wave heating regime
Authors: Mikhailenko V. S. , Mikhailenko V. V. , Lee Hae June
Published: May 2020

The theory of the ion cyclotron (IC) electrostatic parametric instabilities of plasma, which are driven by the elliptically polarized fast wave (FW) of the finite wavelength, is developed. This theory provides the analytical treatment of the parametric instabilities with wavelengths comparable with the displacements of ions relative to electrons in the FW. The numerical solution of the dispersion equation for a three wave system that contains the IC mode and two beat waves with frequencies equal to the difference of the IC mode frequency and harmonics of the FW is performed. It reveals the parametric IC instability for this wave system with the maximum growth rate for the IC waves with wavelengths comparable with the thermal ion Larmor radius. The anomalous heating rates of ions resulting from the interactions of ions with parametric IC turbulence are determined employing the developed quasilinear theory for the IC quasimode decay instability. The derived results reveal that the experimentally observed anisotropic heating of cold scrape-off layer (SOL) ions may be the result of the interaction of the SOL ions with IC parametric turbulence. However, the IC parametric turbulence is unlikely to be responsible for the experimentally observed bursts of poorly confined suprathermal ions in the SOL of tokamak plasmas.
Room temperature multiferroicity and magnetodielectric coupling in 0–3 composite thin films
Authors: Pradhan Dhiren K. , Kumari Shalini , Vasudevan Rama K. , Dugu Sita , Das Proloy T. , Puli Venkata S. , Pradhan Dillip K. , Kalinin Sergei V. , Katiyar Ram S. , Rack Philip D. , Kumar Ashok
Published: May 2020

Magnetoelectric (ME) composite thin films are promising candidates for novel applications in future nanoelectronics, spintronics, memory, and other multifunctional devices as they exhibit much higher ME coupling and transition temperatures (Tc) than well-known single phase multiferroics discovered to date. Among the three types of multiferroic composite nanostructures, (2–2) layered and (1–3) vertically aligned composite nanostructures exhibit comparatively smaller ME coupling due to different shortcomings that restrict their use in many applications. Here, we study the morphological, piezoresponse force microscopic (PFM), ferroelectric, magnetic, and magnetodielectric properties of 0–3 [magnetic nanoparticles (0) homogeneously distributed in ferroelectric matrices (3)] multiferroic composite thin films. The Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 (PFN)–Ni0.65Zn0.35Fe2O4 (NZFO) particulate composite films were synthesized by pulsed laser deposition. These particulate composite thin films are completely c-axis oriented with very low surface roughness. We observed magnetic and ferroelectric Tc above room temperature (RT) for all composite thin films. The PFN–NZFO 0–3 composites exhibit large polarization, high saturated magnetization with low coercive field, and low dielectric loss along with magnetodielectric coupling at RT. These nanocomposites might be utilized in next generation nano/microelectronics and spintronic devices.
Adaptive density-guided approach to double incremental potential energy surface construction
Authors: Artiukhin Denis G. , Klinting Emil Lund , König Carolin , Christiansen Ove
Published: May 2020

We present a combination of the recently developed double incremental expansion of potential energy surfaces with the well-established adaptive density-guided approach to grid construction. This unique methodology is based on the use of an incremental expansion for potential energy surfaces, known as n-mode expansion; an incremental many-body representation of the electronic energy; and an efficient vibrational density-guided approach to automated determination of grid dimensions and granularity. The reliability of the method is validated calculating potential energy surfaces and obtaining fundamental excitation energies for three moderate-size chain-like molecular systems. The use of our methodology leads to considerable computational savings for potential energy surface construction compared to standard approaches while maintaining a high level of accuracy in the resulting potential energy surfaces. Additional investigations indicate that our method can be applied to covalently bound and strongly interacting molecular systems, even though these cases are known to be very unfavorable for fragmentation schemes. We therefore conclude that the presented methodology is a robust and flexible approach to potential energy surface construction, which introduces considerable computational savings without compromising the accuracy of vibrational spectra calculations.
Thickness-dependent thermal conductivity of mechanically exfoliated
β
-Ga2O3 thin films
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Su Qun , Zhu Jie , Koirala Sandhaya , Koester Steven J. , Wang Xiaojia
Published: May 2020

Beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3), the most thermally stable phase of Ga2O3, has stimulated great interest in power electronics due to its ultra-wide bandgap (∼4.9 eV) and high breakdown electric field. The relatively low thermal conductivity of β-Ga2O3, however, limits the device performance due to excessive temperature driven by self-heating. Recently, integrating β-Ga2O3 thin films on substrates with high thermal conductivities has been proposed to improve heat rejection and device reliability. In this work, we prepare high-quality single-crystal β-Ga2O3 thin films by mechanical exfoliation of bulk crystals and study their thermal transport properties. Both the anisotropic thermal conductivity of β-Ga2O3 bulk crystals and the thickness-dependent thermal conductivity of β-Ga2O3 thin films are measured using the time-domain thermoreflectance technique. The reduction in the thin-film thermal conductivity, compared to the bulk value, can be well explained by the size effect resulting from the enhanced phonon-boundary scattering when the film thickness decreases. This work not only provides fundamental insight into the thermal transport mechanisms for high-quality β-Ga2O3 thin films but also facilitates the design and optimization of β-Ga2O3-based electronic devices.
Synthesis and ambipolar transistor properties of tungsten diselenide nanotubes
Authors: Yomogida Yohei , Kainuma Yoshiki , Endo Takahiko , Miyata Yasumitsu , Yanagi Kazuhiro
Published: May 2020

Recently, the electrical properties of inorganic nanotubes made by rolling up transition metal dichalcogenide sheets have attracted much attention. There are various types of inorganic nanotubes with different metal and chalcogen atoms, which can provide a variety of electrical properties; however, the inorganic nanotubes whose electrical properties were revealed have been mostly limited to WS2 nanotubes. Here, we investigated the electrical properties of another type of inorganic nanotube, namely, WSe2 nanotubes, and revealed their ambipolar transistor properties through the development of a facile synthesis method. WSe2 nanotubes were synthesized by the selenization of solution-synthesized tungsten oxide nanowires. We found that the introduction of a specific concentration of H2 during selenization was crucial for obtaining WSe2 nanotubes with relatively small diameters. The obtained WSe2 nanotubes exhibited ambipolar transistor operation with higher performance than WS2 nanotubes.