bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M.
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter highlights how the Republican Party has been substantially transformed by the experience of having Donald Trump at its head. The president's reelection in 2020 would only deepen that transformation. Deep sociological forces—in particular, a Republican Party base that is increasingly white, working class, Christian, less formally educated, and older—will lead the party to go where its voters are. What Trump started, his Republican successors will finish. Just as parties of the right across the Western world have become more populist and nationalist, so will the Republicans. That, of course, bodes poorly for most of the Never Trumpers, who combined a deep distaste for Trump personally with a professional interest in a less populist governing style and a disinclination to see their party go ideologically where he wanted to take it. Ultimately, the future is unwritten because it will be shaped by the choices of individuals. Never Trump will have failed comprehensively in its founding mission, which was to prevent the poison of Donald Trump from entering the nation's political bloodstream. However, it is likely to be seen, in decades to come, as the first foray into a new era of American politics.
Visualizing “Everything under the Sun”
Authors: Hoof Florian
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 gives a detailed introduction to the book’s historical-epistemological perspective, a combination of approaches from business and media history, media archeology, German media theory, and social theory. First, it establishes a systematic approach to understand visual consulting knowledge as media boundary objects and as part of a historically emergent graphic media network. It looks at the genealogy of the static, kinetic, and calculative media devices that form the graphic media network. Second, it traces the popularization of visualization methods that were originally developed in disciplines such as statistics, engineering, physiology, and macroeconomics. It shows the utopian potential that was attributed to visualization devices, which were conceived as new modes of intuitive thinking. It describes how management in industrial and commercial firms increasingly made use of these graphic, photographic, and filmic techniques. The chapter shows how this connection leads to fundamental changes in business practices, which are characterized as a form of “visual management.”
Gilbreth, Inc.
Authors: Hoof Florian
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 focuses on the emergence of the consulting industry and discusses early visual consulting models. It describes them as intrinsic parts of marketing efforts undertaken by consulting companies to boost their business model. It specifically focuses on the case of the early corporate consulting firm Gilbreth, Inc., which developed its “lab-based consulting” approach, with a significant use of film and media, as the firm’s main unique selling proposition. Gilbreth, Inc. strategically used a broad range of different visualization techniques—including motion studies conducted in a laboratory setting—in order to separate themselves from other corporate consultants, such as Harrington Emerson and Frederick Taylor. They communicated this in a broadly conceived marketing campaign, which in turn has relevance for the development of management theory and practice, since it popularized a specific model of business leadership among a wider expert audience.
Failing in Style
Authors: Hoof Florian
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 focuses on the restructuring of the Berlin-based Auergesellschaft, one of the Gilbreths’ first consulting contracts, in which, from 1914 on, they began to implement their consulting method on a major scale. It charts the Gilbreths’ strategic use of sports studies from baseball and fencing to showcase their method to potential customers—which included the German military—and how they eventually acquired a long-term contract with the Auergesellschaft. It describes the installation of a central planning room and a charting department, as well as the implementation of visualization techniques, including route models and flow charts. It analyzes how such visualization devices were used to train workers, while also allowing Gilbreth to give lectures about his system to middle management, thereby legitimizing his consulting model. The failure of the restructuring process shows the gap produced between the aspirations of their method and the reality of their concrete consulting activity, but also the high value that media techniques were given in this process.
A Long, Long Way
Authors: Garrett Greg
Published: May 2020

Hollywood films are perhaps the most powerful storytellers in American history, and their depiction of race and culture has helped to shape the way people around the world respond to race and prejudice. Over the past one hundred years, films have moved from the radically prejudiced views of people of color to the depiction of people of color by writers and filmmakers from within those cultures. In the process, we begin to see how films have depicted negative versions of people outside the white mainstream, and how film might become a vehicle for racial reconciliation. Religious traditions offer powerful correctives to our cultural narratives, and this work incorporates both narrative truth-telling and religious truth-telling as we consider race and film and work toward reconciliation. By exploring the hundred-year period from The Birth of a Nation to Get Out, this work acknowledges the racist history of America and offers the possibility of hope for the future.
Crashing into Each Other
Authors: Garrett Greg
Published: May 2020

In the wake of the 9/11 attacks, many Americans gave in to a narrative of universal fear and mistrust. In contrast, the movie Crash offers a multicultural narrative that explores the universal difficulty of relating to those who look, act, or believe differently from ourselves. In each of its storylines it invites us to stake out a position—and then reveals that position as one that radically misses the essence of its characters. Its moral lesson is how we are called to live in difficult and complicated community, and to recognize both their and our own imperfections. This film represents a casual multiculturalism that stands in opposition to earlier Hollywood films.
The Western Wall
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 examines the state preference model of religion–state relations at contested sacred sites. Section A explores the case of the Women of the Wall as a case in which the state of Israel adopts the preference model—favoring ultra-Orthodox Judaism—in managing the contestation over prayer arrangements at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. Section B explores the general religion-majoritarian approach which serves as the framework for the model of state preference at contested sites. Section C presents the specific techniques and policy tools, as well as the advantages and main weaknesses, of the third model of governing contested sacred sites examined in the current study: the model of “preference.” The last section (D) presents several arguments for the undesirability of state support for religion from the perspective of religious interests, emphasizing the applicability of this undesirability to the category of contested sacred sites.
Eyes Westward
Authors: Patterson Sara M.
Published: May 2020

The Smithification of the American West refers to the process whereby Utah Mormons embraced and emphasized a historical narrative that proclaimed that the prophet Joseph Smith had known all along that the Mormons would wind up in Utah. It suggests not only that Brigham Young was the rightful heir to Smith’s prophetic office but also that Smith knew the landscapes of the American West intimately because he had seen them in prophetic vision.
Sesquicentennial Spectacular!
Authors: Patterson Sara M.
Published: May 2020

The LDS Church’s 1997 sesquicentennial events allowed the community to celebrate its pioneer heritage, while working to “pioneerify” its increasingly international community, who had no blood connections to that story. Thus the story of the pioneers was unmoored from the more literal, historical understanding of generations past. Zion, gathering, and pioneer identity were spiritualized in new ways.
Traveling Zions
Authors: Patterson Sara M.
Published: May 2020

Historical spaces have become increasingly important in the lives of some church members and to the institutional church. Yet the ritual of the trek points to something new and indicates that the spatial sense of rootedness, a connection to the LDS chain of memory that feels three-dimensional in that it is rooted not just in time but in place, has taken on a different look in the twenty-first century.
The Science of College
Authors: Herzog Patricia S. , Harris Casey T. , Morimoto Shauna A. , Barker Shane W. , Wheeler Jill G. , Barnum A. Justin , Boyd Terrance L.
Published: May 2020

This book aids entering college students—and the people who support college students—in navigating college successfully. In an environment of information overload, where bad advice abounds, this book offers readers practical tips and guidance. The up-to-date recommendations in this book are based upon real students, sound social science research, and the collective experiences of faculty, lecturers, advisors, and student support staff. The central thesis of the book is that the transition to adulthood is a complex process, and college is pivotal to this experience. This book seeks to help young people navigate the college process. The student stories in this book highlight how the challenges that college students can encounter vary in important ways based on demographics and social backgrounds. Despite these varied backgrounds, getting invested in the community is crucial for college success for all students. Universities have many resources available, but students need to learn when to access which resources and how best to engage with people serving students through different roles and with distinct expertise. There is no single template for student success. Yet, this book highlights common issues that many students face and provides science-based advice for how to navigate college. Each chapter is geared toward college students with a focus on the life stage that many entering college students are in: emerging adulthood. In addition to the student-focused chapters, the book includes an appendix for parents and for academics, along with supplemental website materials of instructional activities related to the content of the book.
Finnish Educational Background
Authors: Andere Eduardo
Published: May 2020

This chapter on Finnish educational background begins with some information about the prominent position of Finland in education around the world; then, it very briefly describes the late industrial development of Finland, to provide, in a rather anecdotal way, the reasons behind its success. Then the chapter describes the most important aspects for understanding the Finnish educational system. For those new to the topic of Finnish education, this chapter sets the arena for common ground knowledge about Finland. It facilitates reading the chapters that follow. For knowledgeable readers, the chapter provides an update concerning information about Finnish educational organization, numbers, and structure.
Preservice Teacher Education
Authors: Andere Eduardo
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains in detail the new preservice teacher training curriculum at the University of Jyväskylä and tries to go as deep as possible in understanding a totally new and progressive way of training class and subject teachers. It is not a simple task, so the chapter draws heavily on interviews with the architects of the new preservice teaching education curriculum, as well as from lecturers and university students. In this chapter, preservice teachers are being trained in the new topics of interactions, emotions, and collaboration. To balance the view about preservice teacher education in Finland, the chapter presents a summary of current changes in preservice teacher education at three additional universities: the University of Helsinki, the University of Turku, and the University of Eastern Finland. The University of Jyväskylä has the most progressive view, and although all universities have a common core about teacher education, not all of them have moved as far and as quickly as the University of Jyväskylä. The “dialogue” that the chapter presents among the four universities enriches our understanding of teacher education toward the 2030s.
Is There a Degree of Repetitiveness in Schools and Teachers in Finland?
Authors: Andere Eduardo
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows the main results from the interviews, question after question, in a summarized way. Some trends or patterns were found in answers to questions relating to issues: the main pedagogical principles in the schools, the main curricula changes, the level of understanding about these changes, the mindsets of principals and teachers, the key factors behind Finnish school success, what is missing in schools in Finland, why teachers became teachers in the first place, and how happy individuals are with their career as teachers. At the same time, using the same data, a hypothesis was tested about the degree of “repetitiveness” in schools and teaching in Finland regarding whether schools and teachers think and implement teaching and learning in the same way or not.
With All Due Respect
Authors: Harrison Brian F.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 details the psychology and science behind disagreement and attitude entrenchment. It opens with a broad discussion of why divergent views are important for democratic ideals and governance. It underscores the contemporary degree of American public intolerance of difference, one that lacks the motivation (and perhaps the skills) to talk about politics with those with whom it disagrees. Public opinion scholarship shows that on average, public preferences, even on some of the most contentious and hot-button issues, generally do not change quickly over time. There has been uncharacteristic change on attitudes toward LGBT people and rights in a short period of time, however; based on communication strategies and tactics focusing on shared identities, these changes give hope to what seems like immovable political groupthink. The chapter closes with the roadmap of the book so we can all use to start to talk politics with each other like grown-ups again.
Exploring the Universe of Pulse Surveys and Continuous Listening Opportunities
Authors: Jolton Jeffrey A. , Klein Cameron
Published: May 2020

Organizational leaders recognize how shifts in employee attitudes and behaviors can have a notable impact on a variety of customer and business outcomes, and the collection of timely people insights has become a critical tool to help organizations shape and inform actions and decisions. These efforts are aided by technological advances that allow for more frequent and diverse ways to assess employee perceptions and preferences. However, these methods come with inherent risks and opportunities. This chapter is designed to help organizations better understand and implement pulsing and continuous listening approaches. The authors outline considerations for successful programs and propose a taxonomy to define the surveys that may be used. The taxonomy joins two continua—action focus (action-tracking or action-driving) and formality (formal or informal). With the understanding that there is no one-size-fits-all approach for listening programs, the authors encourage careful consideration and program design that acknowledges organizational strategies, culture, and business need.
Writing Organizational Survey Items That Predict What Matters in Organizations
Authors: Ingels Daniel J. , Keeton Kathryn E. , Spitzmueller Christiane
Published: May 2020

Organizational surveys are essential tools for gathering data in 21st-century organizations. This chapter provides a practitioner-oriented guide to developing survey content and items. In this chapter, the authors highlight the need to first determine highly specific survey project goals and deduce broad survey content domains based on those goals. They advise practitioners to build close relationships with employees and line managers to develop short survey tools that are organizationally relevant and predictive of organizational outcomes of interest (i.e., customer satisfaction, employee retention). Based on extant research evidence around item and scale development, they discuss response formats, survey length considerations, respondent literacy issues, and cultural as well as language considerations relevant to survey development. They conclude with ethical considerations and a brief summary.
Africa The Diverse:
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2020

Africa is becoming the second most populous continent and several of Africa’s countries the most populous on the planet, after India and China. This surge of people will explode Africa’s cities, cause a massive youth bulge, and demand that African countries attract investors, create jobs, and cope with the social consequences of a median age under thirty. Meanwhile, Islam will spread and so will Pentecostal Christian sects. Inter-religious, inter-ethnic, and anomic conflicts will arise amid the spread of climate change effects such as drought, floods, and rising coastal waters. Africans will need to be resilient in the face of natural as well as demographic challenges.
The Varieties of African Leadership
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2020

The political leaders of Africa come in all sizes, shapes, and persuasions. There are liberal democratic heads of state and heads of government, presidents and prime ministers; elected democratic leaders who become wily autocrats; strong authoritarians who brook no opposition and respect few freedoms; military men ruling because their followers are well-armed; kleptocrats who govern so that they can steal from the state and its citizens; a few who profess strong support for the public interest; and many who serve clan, family, and narrow conceptions of national “interest.” There are few women. Ideology plays little part in the very different styles and mechanisms of governance that these political leaders display. But nearly all of them are transactional; hardly anyone today is transformational in the manner of several of Africa’s founding fathers, such as Nelson Mandela.
Corruption Retards Progress
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2020

Corruption is an insidious cancer of national bodies politic. Corrupt practices harshly cut across classes and castes, cripple institutions, disturb communities, and infect the very structure of people’s lives. Corruption destroys nations and saps their moral fiber. Moreover, corruption is invasive and unforgiving. It degrades governance, distorts and criminalizes national priorities, and privileges skimming natural resource wealth, patrimonial theft, and personal and family gains over concern for the commonweal. In Africa, corruption is rife, with half to two-thirds of all African countries deeply compromised in this manner. Only three or four countries are non-corrupt. Beating back corruption and thus delivering economic development, improved governance, and a sustainable belief in the overarching national enterprise are goals available to any of Africa’s ruling regimes when they renounce kleptocratic and rent-seeking ambitions
The Preferred Account of Human Capabilities
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 translates the idea of dignity as species integrity into the more grounded idea of respecting central human capabilities. Fleshing out human capabilities yields a preferred capability list, which is balanced, life stage sensitive, and provisional. This conception of human dignity carries the advantage of avoiding speciesism, the view that members of one’s own species are morally superior. It leaves open the possibility that members of nonhuman species possess their own kind of dignity, based on central capabilities for their species. Dignity as species integrity carries the advantage of avoiding ableism. In contrast to Kantian conceptions, which regard highly developed cognitive functioning as necessary for dignity, Chapter 3 equates dignity with possessing at least one central human capability. Infants and people with disabilities who can affiliate, express emotion, or exercise senses and imagination possess a human dignity that demands respect, even if they lack specific cognitive capabilities.
Healthcare Across the Lifespan
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Part II draws on the philosophical framework set forth in Part I to tackle practical and policy concerns. Chapter 6 demonstrates the tendency toward midlife bias in both geriatric and pediatric bioethics and counters it with techniques that use life stage sensitive values. The chapter puts forth a 3-step dignity-guided method for addressing paradigmatic geriatric cases, such as dementia, where central capabilities are at-risk. The chapter also interrogates Joel Feinberg’s influential view that stresses children’s future autonomy. It argues that this approach overlooks children’s life stage–related capabilities and the value of nurturing care during early childhood. Chapters 7 and 8 turn to long-term care and assess 3 options for meeting the needs of care-dependent older adults: family caregiving, migrant caregiving, and robotic caregiving. It highlights the dignity of family and migrant caregivers as well as their elderly care recipients. It cautions against midlife bias in designing and deploying robotic caregivers and underscores the importance of sociable robots that offer companionship for older end users. Chapter 9 turns to ageism and its appearance in polices ranging from selecting subjects for clinical research to allocating scarce healthcare resources and mandating retirement. Chapter 10 applies a dignity analysis to the end of life, exploring respect for dignity of dying, newly dead, and long-gone human beings. Using narrative analysis, the chapter invites thinking about the end of life and the period following as the winding down of a story, which does not necessarily occur in a linear fashion or simultaneous with human biological death. The closing chapters spotlight the future of population aging (Chapter 11) and make a pitch for life stage sensitive moral theory (Chapter 12).
Niebuhrian International Relations
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971) may have been the most influential and insightful American thinker of the twentieth century. In dealing with the intricacies of human nature, society, politics, ethics, theology, racism, and international relations, Niebuhr the teacher, preacher, philosopher, social critic, and ethicist was highly influential and difficult to ignore during the World War II and Cold War eras because of his intellectual heft and the novel manner in which he addressed the economic, spiritual, social, and political problems of his time. This book distills Niebuhr’s disparate and now difficult-to-access work on international relations into one volume, making it more easily accessible than ever before, at the same time bringing his work into the twenty-first century. It argues that if he were alive today Niebuhr would be a champion of the United Nations, a supporter of globalization, a fierce opponent of America’s 2003 Iraq War (for all the reasons he opposed the Vietnam War), an advocate of responsibility to protect, and a pragmatic hawk on China as it rises today. This book also highlights his many contributions to international relations (IR) theory, from Realism to Liberalism to existentialism to the English School to constructivism. This is the first book that focuses exclusively on the IR thought of Reinhold Niebuhr, one of America’s most important public intellectuals and classical Realism’s most important figures, dubbed “the father of us all” by American diplomat and Realist George Kennan.
Introduction
Authors: Stimeling Travis D.
Published: May 2020

In the early 1950s, country music was a cottage industry in Nashville, supporting a handful of small recording studios, publishers, and managers, and Nashville was known primarily as the home of The Grand Ole Opry. By the mid-1960s, however, Nashville had become “Music City, USA,” a bustling town known around the world as the epicenter of country music production and dissemination. As Nashville underwent this transformation, popular music consumption in the United States also underwent a radical change, as disc jockey programs replaced live performance on radio stations across the United States. Drawing upon recent academic work in the musicology of recording, the Introduction considers how these changes affected the ways that audiences heard country music during the 1950s and 1960s. In its focus on recorded country music, the Nashville Sound era begs for a musicological inquiry examining the creative decisions of session musicians, recording engineers, and record producers and the impacts of those decisions on the listeners who engaged with their work.
The Birth of the Nashville Recording Industry
Authors: Stimeling Travis D.
Published: May 2020

Country music was recorded in Nashville as early as the 1920s, but it was not until the mid-1950s that the city became a significant center for the production of recorded country music. This chapter traces the development of Nashville’s recording studio infrastructure from ad hoc facilities used in the decade following the end of World War II to the mid-1970s, when the city was home to several state-of-the-art permanent recording facilities. This chapter not only explores the business of recording in Nashville, but also examines how new technologies that were deployed within the city’s recording studios changed the ways in which musicians created their work (Horning 2013). Finally, this chapter considers how trade publications, the mainstream press, and films promoted Nashville as both a state-of-the-art recording center and a relaxed, small-town alternative to urban recording industries in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles.
Introduction
Authors: Kuehn Evan F.
Published: May 2020

Although Troeltsch is often read as merely a voice of criticism in theology, this book argues that he makes an important constructive contribution to theology, namely, an eschatological conception of the Absolute. Two points of clarification are made in order to curtail skepticism in areas where misconceptions about Troeltsch’s theological project may arise. First, the book distinguishes Troeltsch’s critique of absoluteness in the history of religions from his idea of the Absolute itself, which is the proper focus of the current study. Second, the coherence of Troeltsch’s theological project, even into his late work on the philosophy of history and his posthumous lectures on world religions, is explained.
Ontological Implications
Authors: Kuehn Evan F.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 examines the ontological implications of Troeltsch’s eschatological Absolute by considering his critique of pantheistic and monistic conceptions of the Absolute. Monism was an important philosophical force in early twentieth-century religion, popularized by writers such as Ernst Haeckel and radical preachers such as Carl Jatho. Beginning in his own lifetime, some interpreters considered Troeltsch himself a monist or even a sort of pantheist. This chapter clarifies Troeltsch’s commitment to a metaphysical dualism and transcendence by examining critiques of Troeltsch and his responses to them. It also provides an account of the theological context within which various misreadings of Troeltsch circulated.
Introduction
Authors: Games Alison
Published: May 2020

A conspiracy trial featuring English, Japanese, and Indo-Portuguese co-conspirators in the Indian Ocean in 1623 caused a diplomatic crisis in Europe and became known in English culture for four centuries as the Amboyna Massacre. This introduction explains the European context of the Anglo-Dutch alliance that helped produce the conspiracy and that in turn enabled the English East India Company to create the massacre. In creating the incident as a massacre, the English East India Company yoked the episode to a new word, “massacre”; detached the conspiracy from its regional setting; and created new histories for the episode—as a massacre and as a story of violence against English innocents that would in turn become foundational to the history of the British Empire.
From Competition to Conspiracy
Authors: Games Alison
Published: May 2020

For twenty years, the Dutch and English East India Companies cooperated and competed throughout the Indian Ocean in search of dominance in the spice trade. Conflicts over nutmeg and cloves in Banda and the Moluccas were especially deadly for Europeans and non-Europeans alike. The two companies were constrained in their actions in the Indian Ocean by the nations’ historical ties in Europe and by decisions made by their employers, which ultimately forced them into partnership in 1619 in the wake of overt conflict. That new partnership placed the English in a secondary position. A new type of conflict erupted, one centered on conspiracies. To further trust, the companies required traders to live together in shared houses in the clove-trading posts on Ambon, but the scheme backfired and their intimacy was their undoing.
The Amboyna Business
Authors: Games Alison
Published: May 2020

This chapter reconstructs the conspiracy trial on Ambon in 1623 by drawing on over fifty depositions and other sources, almost all created after the trial. It analyzes why a Japanese soldier’s questions triggered VOC suspicions of a regional plot featuring Japanese, English, and Indo-Portuguese co-conspirators, and why the alleged plot took the form the VOC believed it did. It explores the role of torture in the legal process. In the course of presenting a narrative of the conspiracy trial, it sifts through conflicting perspectives and interpretations of events. Almost all aspects of the trial were later disputed in Europe, and this chapter deals directly with the interpretive problems posed by the surviving sources.
Inventing the Amboyna Massacre
Authors: Games Alison
Published: May 2020

The English East India Company turned the Amboyna conspiracy into the Amboyna massacre in 1624. Massacre was a relatively new word in the English language. This chapter analyzes how the company drew on this new word, detached the incident from its Indian Ocean origins, and obscured the participation of non-Europeans in creating the massacre. At a time of renewed Anglo-Dutch alliance, the company could not use the word massacre in print, so it created this powerful message in other ways, especially in a pamphlet called the True Relation and through illustrations of tortured traders. By linking the executed English traders to martyrs, miracles, and acts of divine providence, the company crafted an enduring history of the Amboyna Massacre. The Habsburg Empire printed its own works in an effort to sever the alliance. This chapter charts the tension between the EIC and the English government as the government sought to secure the Dutch alliance and suppressed multiple works connected to Amboyna.
The Reckoning
Authors: Games Alison
Published: May 2020

The English government struggled for thirty years to receive restitution for the incident they had come to know as the Amboyna Massacre. This chapter traces the repercussions in the Indian Ocean and especially in Europe. In England, the English traders who had survived the conspiracy trial became the key witnesses for the East India Company. This chapter explores how these men created new lives for themselves in the wake of the trial. A central component to the success of the East India Company in securing restitution was the publication of old and new Amboyna pamphlets, as well as new illustrations, especially during the 1650s and the First Anglo-Dutch War. The Treaty of Westminster resolved all outstanding claims in 1654, but the animosities of the Amboyna crisis ensured that the English remained dissatisfied with a financial settlement alone and still looked for justice.
Domesticating Amboyna
Authors: Games Alison
Published: May 2020

Despite the resolution in the Treaty of Westminster (1654), the Amboyna massacre became entrenched in English culture as a familiar cultural touchstone. Three further wars with the Dutch led to new Amboyna pamphlets. Amboyna also became part of internal political disputes in which Tories wrote Amboyna pamphlets to attack Whig rivals. In a wide-ranging exploration of multiple genres of popular and print culture, including plays, advice manuals, fiction, and library catalogues, this chapter analyzes the many ways in which Amboyna became domesticated in English culture. By the end of the seventeenth century it had shed its political significance as a symbol of ingratitude and instead became a consummate tale of cruelty. It also endured as a tale of unrequited injury. British authors such as Dryden, Defoe, and Swift were part of this process. By the end of the eighteenth century, with a final True Relation, it had become a legend.
Legacies
Authors: Games Alison
Published: May 2020

By the nineteenth century, the Amboyna massacre had become the linchpin of the British Empire, explaining why the British came to have a stronghold in India. This chapter looks at a convergence of circumstances in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including the new availability of historical sources, the rise of imperial history as an academic subject, and the crisis of empire posed by the Boer War, to explore the centrality of Amboyna in British history. Works of history and children’s schoolbooks are key sources. The triumph of the Amboyna Massacre—in British history and culture, in reference works, in modern library subject classification systems—reveals that the English at Amboyna may have lost their heads, but they got the last word.
Epilogue
Authors: Games Alison
Published: May 2020

Although the Amboyna Massacre had not originally been the first English massacre, by the eighteenth century that is what it had become. The epilogue analyzes how the incident displaced previous incidents and acquired historical primacy, drawing on contemporary histories and almanacs to chart this process. It situates Amboyna in the context of other massacres around the world to assess what distinguished Amboyna from other episodes of violence. It concludes by arguing that Amboyna’s status as the first English massacre, along with its origin at the time the word massacre itself entered the English language, shaped the meaning of subsequent violent episodes, and placed intimacy, treachery, and ingratitude at the center of massacres in ways that endure to the present day.
Presbyterians in the English Revolution
Authors: Vernon Elliot
Published: May 2020

This chapter is concerned with English Presbyterians and Presbyterianism during the Civil Wars and the Interregnum. It traces the emergence of an English Presbyterian position from the Puritan and nonconformist networks of the 1630s to the opening of the Westminster Assembly in 1643. The Westminster Assembly and the influence of the Scottish Covenanters are explored in the emergence of the Assembly’s Presbyterian platform. The chapter looks at the ‘Erastian’ controversy with the Long Parliament over the power of parochial presbyteries to suspend and excommunicate the sinful and ignorant from the Lord’s Supper. The issue of toleration and the Presbyterians’ opposition to the Long Parliament granting a wide liberty of conscience is also discussed. The chapter concludes by looking at how English Presbyterians fared under the Cromwellian Protectorate and their journey towards Dissent in the early Restoration.
Early Quakerism and its Origins
Authors: Hessayon Ariel
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins with some historical background followed by a summary of the main scholarly literature on early Quakerism, together with an assessment of its merits. It then examines the origins of the name, comparing it with the ways in which polemicists used other terms of abuse, before suggesting that Quakerism had multiple, loosely interlinked beginnings rather than a singular basis. Other aspects of early Quakerism that are discussed include its defining characteristics, social composition, and the beliefs of its adherents: namely the supremacy of individual experience over religious traditions and dogma; their anti-sacramentalism, anticlericalism, hostility to tithes, pleas for toleration, concern for social justice, and calls for legal and medical reform; as well as their attitude towards the Bible, Apocrypha, extra-canonical texts, and the ‘occult’. In addition, consideration is given to Quaker preaching, literary style, modes of speech, use of silence, prophetic behaviour, and attempted miracle working within the context of a widespread belief in an imminent apocalypse and the re-emergence of Christian primitivism. Finally some reasons are suggested for early Quakerism’s success.
Dissent and the State
Authors: Rose Jacqueline
Published: May 2020

The relationships between persecution, toleration, dissent, and the state were often paradoxical. The chapter outlines justifications for and forms of persecution and toleration, echoing recent emphasis on how the two were entwined. It argues that, while dissenting identities often emerged in the circumstances of state persecution, dissenters could be as keen on capturing as on rejecting the state, understood in three different ways. First, as an apparatus of enforcement, the state relied on individuals who negotiated demands for persecution or toleration at every level, creating a fragile patchwork of religious freedom and restraint. Second, demands made for persecution of other religious groups by those who felt monarchs were being too tolerant turned obedient subjects into active citizens. Third, dissenters flexibly sought prerogative, parliamentary, or Protectoral aid. While historians have often asked whether the state possessed the power to persecute, they should also consider whether it wielded the authority to tolerate.
Arena of Desire
Authors: Seymour Mark
Published: May 2020

The arrival of a circus in Raffaella Saraceni’s home town in Calabria forms the basis of this chapter, which investigates the intense emotional experiences, particularly desire, evoked within this distinctive social and cultural arena. The circus arts represented by this small provincial troupe, based around an extended family, are contextualized within the broader history of the circus, mostly in the nineteenth century but also reaching back to ancient Roman arenas. Personal testimonies give surprising evidence about the degree of desire experienced and expressed in this arena, particularly by women towards the leading performer, Pietro Cardinali. It appears that Cardinali was the provincial version of more famous contemporary practitioners of the circus arts such as Jules Léotard. The chapter explores evidence about the way Cardinali’s circus performers participated in the social life of a small Calabrian town during their month-long visit, which provides means to think more generally about the cultural and social dynamics of southern Italian provincial life in the 1870s. Forensic evidence also supports exploration of the emotional ‘regime’ within the circus family, in which male desire and female fear were central. Cardinali and his sister Antonietta were favoured guests at soirées held in Raffaella Saraceni’s family home, and it was not long before the town’s gossip mill, or voce pubblica (public voice), became firmly convinced that Raffaella, now estranged from her husband, had herself embarked upon a love affair with Pietro Cardinali.
Of Constituent Nations
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the ways in which the debates about the nature and implications of the theory of constituent power that arose during the French Revolution reappeared in later constituent episodes. It pays particular attention to the electoral rules regulating citizen activity and to the types of constitutional forms that resulted from them. In Part I, the chapter explores the distinction between the constituent power of the people and the constituent power of the nation. From each of these notions, emanate different types of legal and institutional demands on the juridical order. After distinguishing between these two approaches, the chapter examines, in Part II, the ways in which they were (or not) put into practice in the constitution-making process that resulted in the creation of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. Part III focuses on the creation of the Venezuelan Constitution of 1811 and Part IV examines the process that led to the adoption of the Colombian Constitution of 1886. During these three processes, constituent power became an extraordinary constitution-making jurisdiction directed at the identification of the common good, and as a power that could be exercised through mechanisms that excluded important parts of the population.
Sovereignty and Dictatorship
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

This chapter develops a distinction between sovereignty and constituent power. It argues that when distinguished from constituent power, sovereignty appears not as a constitution-making force, but as the ability to create any legal content without being subject to the separation of powers. A sovereign, in this sense, is best understood as an individual or entity who enjoys an uncontrollable jurisdiction to transform its will into law. The exercise of constituent power, in contrast, only involves a constitution-making authority; it can only produce constitutional norms. Part I examines Jellinek’s conception of constituent power, which he developed in the context of his discussion of the theory of the organ. In his work, constituent power usually appears as an extra-legal force, inseparable from the notion of an omnipotent law-maker. Part II contrasts that conception with that of Carré de Malberg, who tried to avoid the risks of a constitution-maker attributed with the totality of political power by conceiving the nation as a sovereign entity that could only act and will through state organs who never enjoyed sovereign authority. Part III argues that it is in Schmitt’s work where the distinction between sovereignty and constituent power (between sovereignty and sovereign dictatorship) appears more clearly. Part IV considers examples of entities that, in the 20th and 21st centuries, have understood themselves as the means for the exercise of constituent power and have assumed sovereign authority. The emphasis will be on the Colombian Constituent Assembly of 1991 and in the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly of 2017.
Conclusion
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter summarizes the main insights of the book, which present constituent power as an eminently juridical concept, one that can play a key role in determinations of legal validity and that places important demands on constitutional orders. It also identifies avenues for further research, particularly with respect to the imperative mandate, primary assemblies, the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments, the legality of informal but democratic constitution-making processes, and the enforceability of constituent mandates. The chapter concludes by arguing that to approach constituent power through legal lenses does not necessarily entail an attempt to domesticate an otherwise revolutionary concept. In the case of this book, such an approach seeks to realize part of the radical democratic potential of the concept: that, as in Rousseau, it is the sovereign people, and not its representatives, who must determine the content of the fundamental laws.
Shocking the Conscience of Humanity
Authors: deGuzman Margaret M.
Published: May 2020

The most commonly cited justification for international criminal law is that it addresses crimes of such gravity that they “shock the conscience of humanity.” From decisions about how to define crimes and when to exercise jurisdiction, to limitations on defenses and sentencing determinations, gravity rhetoric permeates the discourse of international criminal law. Yet the concept of gravity remains highly undertheorized. This book uncovers the consequences for the regime’s legitimacy of its heavy reliance on this poorly understood idea. It argues that gravity’s ambiguity may at times enable a thin consensus to emerge around decisions, such as the creation of an institution or the definition of a crime, but that, increasingly, it undermines efforts to build a strong and resilient global justice community. The book suggests ways to reconceptualize gravity in line with global values and goals to better support the long-term legitimacy of international criminal law.
The Arena of Conformal Models
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Chapter 14 discusses how the identification of a class of universality is one of the central questions needing an answer for those in the field of statistical physics. This chapter discusses in detail the class of universality of several models, and provides examples that include the Ising model, the tricritical Ising model and its structure constants, the Yang–Lee model and the 3-state Potts model. This chapter also covers the study of the statistical models of geometric type (as, for instance, those that describe the self-avoiding walks) and their formulation in terms of conformal minimal models, including conformal models with O(n) symmetry.
S-matrix Theory
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Chapter 17 discusses the S-matrix theory of two-dimensional integrable models. From a mathematical point of view, the two-dimensional nature of the systems and their integrability are the crucial features that lead to important simplifications of the formalism and its successful application. This chapter deals with the analytic theory of the S-matrix of the integrable models. A particular emphasis is put on the dynamical principle of bootstrap, which gives rise to a recursive structure of the amplitudes. It also covers several dynamical quantities, such as mass ratios or three-coupling constants, which have an elegant mathematic formulation that is also of easy geometrical interpretation.
Symbolic Management
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun
Published: May 2020

This book presents the symbolic management perspective as a comprehensive, behavioral theory of corporate governance. It describes a pervasive pattern of symbolic decoupling, or separation between appearances and reality, at each level of the governance system. The processes of governance are less efficient or effective than they appear, at every level: from interpersonal relations within organizations, such as relations between chief executive officers and directors and between top managers and lower-level employees, between firm leaders and external stakeholders, and between communities of leaders and groups of constituents. There is even a separation between appearances and reality at the level of the governance system. Symbolic management comprises the agentic practices by which decoupling is maintained at different levels of the system, including internal and external communications by firm leaders that conform to prevailing cultural values. The symbolic management perspective not only provides an integrative, behavioral alternative to economic theories of governance such as agency theory, but it subsumes economic theory. Agency theory is reconceived as a historically contingent, institutional logic, or a set of cultural values, assumptions, and prescriptions that became taken for granted among key stakeholders for a period of time. We reveal a gradual shift in institutional logics of governance, away from the traditional agency logic, and toward an alternative “neo-corporate” logic that reinterprets agency prescriptions and drops fundamental economic assumptions of agency theory. Our theory and research ultimately demonstrate how the symbolic management activities of firm leaders have contributed to this historical shift in prevailing logics of governance.