bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF WORK CLIMATE ON JOB SATISFACTION IN FOREIGN CAPITAL COMPANIES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR
Authors: Diar Fachmi Rachmat Chaidar
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The work environment is important in encouraging employees to be enthusiastic about working. Creating a good work environment is one of the many systems a company must use to run a large business. Therefore, this research aims to find out how the work environment influences job satisfaction in foreign companies working in the manufacturing industry. Data collection was carried out through descriptive and verification research. The results showed that most respondents felt and accepted the organization's policies, practices, and procedures. Therefore, the conclusion shows that the work environment only influences job satisfaction marginally.
Keyword : Job Climate, Job Satisfaction, Manufacturing Sector Foreign Capital Companies
Anteseden Dan Konsekuensi Kepercayaan Generasi Z Kepada Pemimpinnya Dalam Lingkungan Kerja Virtual
Authors: Pradana Wina Driyan , Dian Juliarti Bantam
Published: August 2024

Minimnya interaksi tatap muka dan keterbatasan penggunaan bahasa non-verbal mengakibatkan kekayaan komunikasi dalam lingkungan virtual sangat terbatas yang berdampak pada efisiensi kinerja tim. Pemimpin mempunyai peran yang signifikan dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut. Berbeda dengan lingkungan tradisional, pemimpin membutuhkan upaya yang cukup besar dalam mengelola pekerjaan dan membangun hubungan yang baik dengan bawahannya di lingkungan virtual. Oleh karena itu, kepercayaan menjadi faktor penting yang membantu pemimpin dalam mengelola tim virtual. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji apakah kepercayaan pada pemimpin merupakan salah satu faktor yang paling relevan terhadap keberhasilan tim kerja virtual dengan menganalisis berbagai anteseden kepercayaan dan konsekuensinya. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh perilaku tertentu dari pemimpin seperti keadilan, empati dan kemampuan mendengarkan terhadap tingkat kepercayaan anggotanya. Selanjutnya, peneliti menguji pengaruh kepercayaan terhadap efisiensi tim, dalam hal ini adalah komitmen karyawan pada organisasi. Penelitian ini berfokus pada 152 karyawan generasi z yang bekerja di lingkungan virtual dengan metode survei. menggunakan teknik analisis Structural Equation Model (SEM). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perilaku pemimpin keadilan, empati dan kemampuan mendengarkan berpengaruh pada kepercayaan anggota kepada pemimpin. Selanjutnya, kepercayaan kepada pemimpin berpengaruh pada komitmen organisasi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kepercayaan kepada pemimpin dapat meningkatkan kinerja tim virtual.
ANALISIS DAMPAK KEPERCAYAAN MEREK DAN PERSEPSI KUALITAS PADA PUTUSAN BELANJA MOBIL MEREK TOYOTA
Authors: Mashuri Dian Imami , Palupi Nur Wulan Intan , Febrima Achmad Yoki
Published: August 2024

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of brand trust and perceived quality on the purchasing decisions of consumers who choose Toyota cars. This research uses a population consist-ing of all customers who purchased Toyota cars from official deal-ers located in Kudus, Jepara and Pati Regencies. Researchers took a sample of 97 people from this population. There are two types of data sources used in this research, namely secondary and primary data. By distributing closed questionnaires to respondents, re-searchers will obtain primary data in this research. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained from relevant sources. The data un-derwent analysis employing the multiple linear regression tech-nique facilitated by the SPSS software. To test the hypothesis, researchers used simultaneous tests, partial tests, and coefficient of determination. The research results show that brand trust and per-ceived quality together have significant and a positive influence on the purchasing decisions of consumers who choose Toyota cars. Separately, the trustworthiness of a brand and the perceived quality of its products play a significant role in shaping choices when making a purchase.
MANAJEMEN PEMASARAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEPUASAN PELANGGAN DI SMP HOLY FAITHFUL OBEDIENT DEPOK
Authors: Kota Aleksander , Budianto Irawan R.D.
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine marketing management in increasing customer satisfaction at Holy Faithful Obedient Junior High School Depok through a qualitative approach descriptive method with documentation, interviews, and observations as techniques in collecting data. The results show that marketing management through a marketing mix or marketing mix strategy in educational services as a tactical tool for promoting school excellence products with 7Ps (process, pshycal evidence, people, promotion, place, price, and product) has run quite well in increasing customer satisfaction at Holy Faithful Obedient Junior High School Depok. The increasing number of learners every year is proof of this statement. There are three elements that dominate the marketing mix in influencing customer satisfaction such as excellent academic and non-academic programs. But the output results have not been as expected. The costs that must be incurred are community participation or donations of education costs from the results of meetings between parents, guardians and the school and some free fees provided by the government. Holy Faithful Obedient Junior High School Depok is a school located in the city of Depok.Holy Faithful Obedient Junior High School Depok carries out learning programs based on the Independent Curriculum for Grade VII and the 2013 Curriculum applies to grades VIII and IX.
PENGARUH PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL TERHADAP PENJUALAN PT X
Authors: Lindawati Ayu Carolin Ruripratiti , Astrini Aning Widoretno
Published: August 2024

Pengendalian internal ditetapkan oleh suatu Perusahaan untuk memastikan keamanan aset dan data perusahaan dengan meminimalkan risiko ke tingkat yang dapat diterima, memverifikasi keakuratan data, meningkatkan efisiensi operasional, dan mematuhi peraturan yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: apa pengaruh pengendalian internal terhadap penjualan dan apakah pengendalian internal efektif dalam penjualan Perusahaan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa pengendalian internal terhadap penjualan telah berjalan efektif.
Kata kunci: Pengendalian internal, penjualan, efektif
Preoperative bedside test indicators as predictors of difficult video laryngoscopy in obese patients: a prospective observational study
Authors: Li Liumei , Yang Guanyu , Li ShiYing , Liu Xue , Zhu Ya Fei , Chu Qinjun
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with difficult video laryngoscopy in obese patients.

Methods

A total of 579 obese patients undergoing elective laparoscopic weight loss surgery were intubated with a single-lumen endotracheal tube using a video laryngoscopy under general anesthesia, and the patients were divided into two groups based on the Cormack-Lehane classification (difficult video laryngoscopy defined as ≥ 3): the easy video laryngoscopy group and the difficult video laryngoscopy group. Record the general condition of the patient, bedside testing indicators related to the airway, Cormack-Lehane classification during intubation, and intubation failure rate.

Results

The findings of this study show that the incidence of difficult video laryngoscopy in obese patients is 4.8%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that body mass index was significantly associated with difficult video laryngoscopy (OR = 1.082, 95% CI [1.033–1.132], P < 0.001).

Conclusion

For Chinese obese patients without known difficult airways, the incidence of difficult video laryngoscopy is 4.8%. Body mass index is associated factors for the occurrence of difficult video laryngoscopy, with an increased risk observed as body mass index rise.
The Effect of ESG on Firm Value and Performance During Covid-19
Authors: Dogi Dean Charlos Padji , Lomousinea Ian Edbert , Widuri Retnaningtyas
Published: August 2024

The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), corporate value and performance, with the aim of establishing a basis for assessing ESG. An independent variable is the ESG score. The variables that will be measured are firm value and performance. Firm performance will be assessed using return on assets (ROA), while firm value will be indicated by Tobin's Q. Industrial growth, which quantifies the development of industrial aspects, will serve as a moderator to harmonise the connection between the independent and dependent variables. Analysis of data indicates that ESG factors have a detrimental effect on company value. ESG improves the performance of enterprises. Moreover, the growth of the industry does not alleviate the connection between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors and the value of a business. The correlation between ESG and corporate success is mitigated by the growth of the industry.
Boric Oxide, Boric Acid, and Borates
Authors: Schubert David M.
Published: January 2015

Often referred to as borates, boron oxide compounds find extensive industrial use. These compounds, in which boron is bonded exclusively to oxygen, are produced on a vastly larger scale than all other classes of boron compounds combined. Global consumption of borates in 2014 was estimated at 2.0 × 106t of B2O3equivalent. Borates are used for the manufacture of many products, such as flat‐screen displays, kitchenware, ceramic glazes and enamels, industrial fluids, high‐strength alloys, personal care and cleaning products, fiberglass insulation, and building materials. Borates are also vital agricultural micronutrients. Important borate mineral resources are the sodium borates kernite and tincal (borax), the calcium borate colemanite, and the sodium calcium borate ulexite, which together account for ca. 90% of industrial borate production. More than 70% of borate production is based in Turkey and the USA, and the remainder primarily in South America and East Asia. Chemical and physical properties of the more important refined and mineral borates are described. The more significant industrial applications of borates are described, and toxicological aspects of borates are reviewed.

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Resources3.Nomenclature4.Boric Oxide4.1.Physical Properties4.2.Chemical Properties4.3.Production5.Boric Acid5.1.Physical Properties5.2.Chemical Properties5.3.Production6.Aqueous Borate Solutions7.Sodium Borates7.1.Sodium Tetraborates7.2.Sodium Metaborate Hydrates7.3.Sodium Pentaborate7.4.Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate7.5.Sodium Peroxoborates8.Calcium and Sodium Calcium Borates9.Lithium Borates10.Potassium Borates11.Ammonium Borates12.Zinc Borates13.Borate Glasses14.Quality Specifications15.Analysis16.Uses16.1.Glasses and Ceramics16.2.Industrial Fluids16.3.Adhesives16.4.Oil and Gas Recovery16.5.Water Treatment16.6.Agriculture16.7.Biocides16.8.Cleaning and Personal‐Care Products.16.9.Fire Retardants16.10.Metallurgy16.11.Gypsum Wallboard16.12.Nuclear Technology16.13.Pulp and Paper17.Economic Aspects18.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Volcanic tremor and frequency gliding during dike intrusions at Kı̄lauea—A tale of three eruptions
Authors: Unglert K. , Jellinek A. M.
Published: January 2015

To characterize syneruptive/intrusive deviations from background volcanic tremor at Kı̄lauea, Hawai‘i, we analyze the spatial and temporal properties of broadband tremor during dike intrusions into the East Rift Zone (ERZ) in 2007 and 2011, as well as during explosive eruptive activity at Kı̄lauea's summit in 2008. Background tremor was similar for each event, and the 2008 explosions did not affect its properties. In contrast, the intrusions were accompanied by departures from this background in the form of two phases of seismicity that were separated in space and time. In both 2007 and 2011, Phase I was characterized by a quick succession of discrete events, which were most intense at the onset of intrusion near the presumed locations of the dikes intruding into the ERZ. Phase II, marked by continuous broadband tremor around the summit, followed 10–14 h later. In 2007, Phase II tremor was accompanied by a monotonic downward shift (glide) of spectral peaks between ∼0.6 and 1.5 Hz over at least 15 h. During Phase II in 2011, a gradual upward and subsequent symmetric downward glide between ∼0.6 and 6.6 Hz occurred over 5–10 h, respectively. The spectra during both phases differed from the background and 2008, as well as from each other, indicating different physical mechanisms. Phase I in 2007 and 2011 is probably related to the mechanics of dike intrusion. Phase II tremor may be characteristic for evolving magma‐bubble dynamics related to the geometry of the plumbing system and the style of magma flow.
Remote versus local influence of ENSO on the California Current System
Authors: Frischknecht M. , Münnich M. , Gruber N.
Published: January 2015

Much of the observed interannual variability in the physical and biogeochemical state of the California Current System (CalCS) is associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation. Yet it is unclear whether this is primarily a result of atmospheric teleconnections forcing the ocean locally through changes in wind and fluxes of heat and freshwater, or whether this is a consequence of oceanic interior processes that transport tropical variability through, e.g., coastally trapped waves to the region. Here we investigate the relative contribution of these two mechanisms in the CalCS using a novel setup of the Regional Oceanic Modeling System coupled to a biogeochemical/ecological model. We conducted a hindcast simulation over the period 1979–2013 and contrast the results with those from sensitivity simulations with climatological atmospheric boundary conditions either for the U.S. West Coast or the rest of the Pacific. We find that remote forcing dominates the variability of the physical state in the nearshore region of the CalCS, explaining up to 80% of monthly mean sea‐surface height and temperature variability. In contrast, local processes tend to drive variations in the biogeochemical/ecological state, particularly along central and northern California, explaining up to 50% of the observed surface variability. Most of the remote forcing is a consequence of coastally trapped waves that travel northward at speeds of approximately 230 km d−1, and thereby alter sea‐level height, thermocline structure, and upwelling along California. Biogeochemically active tracers respond to this remote forcing as well, especially at depth, but are more strongly modulated by local atmospheric forcing, especially variations in upwelling‐favorable winds.
Yeast Mating Type
Authors: Montelone Beth A
Published: January 2015

Mating type in baker's yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been extensively studied as a model system for cell fate determination, gene regulation, chromosome structure and genetic recombination. This work has shown that mating type is determined by alleles of a single genetic locus that codes for regulatory proteins governing genes encoding mating pheromones, pheromone receptors and downstream effectors controlling cell type. Some yeast strains are capable of switching mating type, a process involving gene replacement by information transferred from silenced copies of the mating‐type locus found elsewhere in the genome. A combination of genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches has elucidated the mechanisms of silencing and mating‐type switching and has shown them to involve processes that are conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom.

Key Concepts

Mating type in baker's yeast is determined by alleles of a single gene.

Products of the mating‐type locus are regulatory proteins that interact to control transcription at multiple other loci that determine cell fate.

A genetic approach involving isolation of sterile mutants unable to mate provided the first clues to the structure and function of the mating‐type locus.

Mating involves production of soluble protein mating factors and membrane‐bound receptors that trigger a signal transduction cascade upon binding of mating factor to receptor.

Mating is coordinated with progression through the yeast cell cycle.

Yeast can exist as either haploid or diploid cells with one or two sets of chromosomes; haploids can mate to form diploids.

Some yeast strains are homothallic and can switch mating type.

Mating‐type switching involves silent copies of the mating‐type locus and a site‐specific endonuclease that directs recombination between the active mating‐type locus and one of the silent copies.

The silent copies of the mating‐type locus are present in a heterochromatin‐like configuration that prevents their expression.

General recombination functions are required for mating‐type switching.
Codes of Ethics for Genetics Professionals
Authors: Shuster Julia , FitzGerald Kevin
Published: January 2015

The field of genetic research, technology, and application is rapidly advancing. While such advancement provides great promise to evaluate, diagnose and treat medical conditions, there are many ethical and regulatory questions and challenges that must be addressed. In this article, we attempt to highlight both government regulation and professional codes of ethics as they relate to biomedical genetic technology. This article starts by articulating the first genetic code of ethics published in Canada in 1986, as well as other North American organisations, followed by European Union organisations, efforts around the globe and, finally, published guidelines or ethical codes that serve genetic professionals on an international scale. We also highlight that as genetic technology constantly changes, professionals and their ethical guidelines must adapt as well.

Key Concepts

Molecular biologists, biochemists, informatics professionals, genomicists and clinical researchers as well as clinicians and genetic counsellors are using genetic technology.

Government regulation alone is not enough to ensure that this technology is being used appropriately.

Many independent and professional organisations are also contributing to this arena.

This review for genetic professionals attempts to provide an overview of both comprehensive formal codes and decisions by various bodies that guide ethical medical genetics practices and supplement federal regulations.

The spread of genetic technologies around the world is adding to the challenge of adequately addressing the ethical issues raised in various nations and cultures.
DNA
Technology: ‘Moratorium’ on Use and Asilomar Conference
Authors: Rasmussen Nicolas
Published: January 2015

In 1974, leading American molecular biologists called for a voluntary moratorium on the rapidly developing practice of recombinant
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid), halting many types of experiments mainly because of concerns they might accidentally create a dangerous new pathogen. A year later, they convened an international meeting of involved scientists in Asilomar, California, to draft a proposed set of safety regulations governing genetic engineering. These proposals, with few modifications, quickly became funding agency regulations or laws in many countries, and they were rapidly relaxed. The 1975 Asilomar conference is seen a landmark in the history of genetic engineering, an event that served as an influential model for policy making at that time. Its role as a model for self‐regulation and citizen participation in policy making on risky technologies has been questioned, particularly because commercial interests have been seen as major influences on the field's rapid development.

Key Concepts

Molecular biologists in 1974 called attention to the dangers associated with their new methods of recombinant DNA (gene splicing) and declared a temporary halt to much work of this kind.

Leading biologists, together with scientific institutions such as the US National Institutes of Health and the National Academy of Sciences, organised a meeting in 1975 at Asilomar, California, where the biologists decided among themselves what restrictions should apply to various types of genetic manipulation, addressing only laboratory safety but not wider social concerns.

The restrictions on gene splicing proposed at Asilomar by the scientists practicing the techniques became the basis for regulations and laws in many countries, under which gene splicing re‐commenced in 1976.

Although admired at the time, the way in which the regulations rapidly relaxed, as private companies created by some of the same scientists who crafted the regulations moved forward with commercial genetic engineering, has since attracted criticism of Asilomar as a tactic to forestall more restrictive regulation.
Novel Molybdenum Carbide–Tungsten Carbide Composite Nanowires and Their Electrochemical Activation for Efficient and Stable Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Xiao Peng , Ge Xiaoming , Wang Haibo , Liu Zhaolin , Fisher Adrian , Wang Xin
Published: January 2015

Development of nonnoble metal catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is critical to enable an efficient production of hydrogen at low cost and large scale. In this work, a novel bimetallic carbide nanostructure consisting of Mo2C and WC is synthesized. Based on a highly conductive WC backbone, nanosized Mo2C particles are integrated onto WC, forming a well‐defined and highly robust nanowire structure. More importantly, it is found that electrochemical activation can partially remove surface carbon and activate the catalyst by changing its surface hydrophilicity. As a result, the residual carbon contributes positively to the activity, besides its role of protecting carbide from oxidation. Benefiting from the structure, the catalyst achieves high activity, stable electrolysis towards HER.
Spatio‐Temporal Control of LbL Films for Biomedical Applications: From 2D to 3D
Authors: Monge Claire , Almodóvar Jorge , Boudou Thomas , Picart Catherine
Published: January 2015

Introduced in the '90s by Prof. Moehwald, Lvov, and Decher, the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly of polyelectrolytes has become a popular technique to engineer various types of objects such as films, capsules and free standing membranes, with an unprecedented control at the nanometer and micrometer scales. The LbL technique allows to engineer biofunctional surface coatings, which may be dedicated to biomedical applications in vivo but also to fundamental studies and diagnosis in vitro. Initially mostly developed as 2D coatings and hollow capsules, the range of complex objects created by the LbL technique has greatly expanded in the past 10 years. In this Review, the aim is to highlight the recent progress in the field of LbL films for biomedical applications and to discuss the various ways to spatially and temporally control the biochemical and mechanical properties of multilayers. In particular, three major developments of LbL films are discussed: 1) the new methods and templates to engineer LbL films and control cellular processes from adhesion to differentiation, 2) the major ways to achieve temporal control by chemical, biological and physical triggers and, 3) the combinations of LbL technique, cells and scaffolds for repairing 3D tissues, including cardio‐vascular devices, bone implants and neuro‐prosthetic devices.
Prediction of brain age suggests accelerated atrophy after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Cole James H. , Leech Robert , Sharp David J. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: January 2015

Objective

The long‐term effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) can resemble observed in normal ageing, suggesting that TBI may accelerate the ageing process. We investigate this using a neuroimaging model that predicts brain age in healthy individuals and then apply it to TBI patients. We define individuals' differences in chronological and predicted structural "brain age," and test whether TBI produces progressive atrophy and how this relates to cognitive function.

Methods

A predictive model of normal ageing was defined using machine learning in 1,537 healthy individuals, based on magnetic resonance imaging–derived estimates of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM). This ageing model was then applied to test 99 TBI patients and 113 healthy controls to estimate brain age.

Results

The initial model accurately predicted age in healthy individuals (r = 0.92). TBI brains were estimated to be "older," with a mean predicted age difference (PAD) between chronological and estimated brain age of 4.66 years (±10.8) for GM and 5.97 years (±11.22) for WM. This PAD predicted cognitive impairment and correlated strongly with the time since TBI, indicating that brain tissue loss increases throughout the chronic postinjury phase.

Interpretation

TBI patients' brains were estimated to be older than their chronological age. This discrepancy increases with time since injury, suggesting that TBI accelerates the rate of brain atrophy. This may be an important factor in the increased susceptibility in TBI patients for dementia and other age‐associated conditions, motivating further research into the age‐like effects of brain injury and other neurological diseases. Ann Neurol 2015;77:571–581
Persistence and pathogenesis of the neurotropic polyomavirus JC
Authors: Wollebo Hassen S. , White Martyn K. , Gordon Jennifer , Berger Joseph R. , Khalili Kamel
Published: January 2015

Many neurological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are underpinned by malfunctions of the immune system, including disorders involving opportunistic infections. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a lethal CNS demyelinating disease caused by the human neurotropic polyomavirus JC (JCV) and is found almost exclusively in individuals with immune disruption, including patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, patients receiving therapeutic immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies to treat conditions such as multiple sclerosis, and transplant recipients. Thus, the public health significance of this disease is high, because of the number of individuals constituting the at‐risk population. The incidence of PML is very low, whereas seroprevalence for the virus is high, suggesting infection by the virus is very common, and so it is thought that the virus is restrained but it persists in an asymptomatic state that can only occasionally be disrupted to lead to viral reactivation and PML. When JCV actively replicates in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes of the CNS, it produces cytolysis, leading to formation of demyelinated lesions with devastating consequences. Defining the molecular nature of persistence and events leading to reactivation of the virus to cause PML has proved to be elusive. In this review, we examine the current state of knowledge of the JCV life cycle and mechanisms of pathogenesis. We will discuss the normal course of the JCV life cycle including transmission, primary infection, viremia, and establishment of asymptomatic persistence as well as pathogenic events including migration of the virus to the brain, reactivation from persistence, viral infection, and replication in the glial cells of the CNS and escape from immunosurveillance. Ann Neurol 2015;77:560–570
Differential effects of deep brain stimulation target on motor subtypes in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Katz Maya , Luciano Marta San , Carlson Kimberly , Luo Ping , Marks William J. , Larson Paul S. , Starr Philip A. , Follett Kenneth A. , Weaver Frances M. , Stern Matthew B. , Reda Domenic J. , Ostrem Jill L. ,   and CSP 468 study group
Published: January 2015

Objective

The Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies Program #468, a multicenter study that randomized Parkinson's disease (PD) patients to either subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS), found that stimulation at either target provided similar overall motoric benefits. We conducted an additional analysis of this data set to evaluate whether PD motor subtypes responded differently to the 2 stimulation targets.

Methods

We classified 235 subjects by motor subtype: tremor dominant (TD), intermediate (I), or postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD), based on pre‐DBS baseline Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores off‐medication. The primary outcome was change in UPDRS part III (UPDRS‐III) off‐medication scores from baseline to 24 months post‐DBS, compared among subjects with particular PD motor subtypes and by DBS target (STN vs GPi). Changes in tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and gait scores were also assessed using the UPDRS.

Results

TD patients had greater mean overall motor improvement, measured by UPDRS‐III, after GPi DBS, compared to STN DBS (17.5 ± 13.0 vs 14.6 ± 14.9, p = 0.02), with improvement in gait accounting for this difference. Regardless of stimulation target, PIGD subjects had lower mean overall improvement in UPDRS‐III scores compared with I or TD subjects (8.7 ± 12.2 vs 21.7 ± 11.2 vs 16.3 ± 13.8, p = 0.001).

Interpretation

Our results suggest that responsiveness to both GPi and STN DBS is similar among different PD motor subtypes, although the TD motor subtype may have a greater response to GPi DBS with respect to gait. PIGD patients obtained less overall benefit from stimulation. Ann Neurol 2015;77:710–719
Multi‐GCM by multi‐RAM experiments for dynamical downscaling on summertime climate change in Hokkaido
Authors: Inatsu Masaru , Sato Tomonori , Yamada Tomohito J. , Kuno Ryusuke , Sugimoto Shiori , Farukh Murad A. , Pokhrel Yadu N. , Kure Shuichi
Published: January 2015

The experiments with three general circulation models (GCMs) by three regional atmospheric models (RAMs) for the dynamical downscaling (DDS) have been performed to evaluate the uncertainty in the global warming response during summertime in Hokkaido, Japan. The results of a 10‐year RAM integration nested into GCM under present or future climate conditions were synthesized after applying bias correction. For the target decades during which the global‐mean temperature increases by 2 K in each GCM, the DDS results indicate that surface air temperature and precipitation mostly depend on the GCM imposed as the lateral boundary condition.
Implication of Madden–Julian Oscillation phase on the Eastern Amazon climate
Authors: de Oliveira Juarez Ventura , Vitorino Maria Isabel , de Abreu Sá Leonardo Deane
Published: January 2015

The Student's t‐test was used to statistically prove the existence of a significant difference between mean values of several meteorological variables for the active and inactive phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) in the Eastern Amazon. The wavelet transform was used to identify 14 cases of the MJO occurrence, in which the analyses were performed. The analysis shown that the variables influenced by the convection such as outgoing longwave radiation, mean and maximum temperature, and insolation presented differences, between each MJO phase, at significance levels of 95% or higher.
Systematic review of surgical innovation reporting in laparoendoscopic colonic polyp resection
Authors: Currie A , Brigic A , Blencowe N S , Potter S , Faiz O D , Kennedy R H , Blazeby J M
Published: January 2015

Background

The IDEAL framework (Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term study) proposes a staged assessment of surgical innovation, but whether it can be used in practice is uncertain. This study aimed to review the reporting of a surgical innovation according to the IDEAL framework.

Methods

Systematic literature searches identified articles reporting laparoendoscopic excision for benign colonic polyps. Using the IDEAL stage recommendations, data were collected on: patient selection, surgeon and unit expertise, description of the intervention and modifications, outcome reporting, and research governance. Studies were categorized by IDEAL stages: 0/1, simple technical preclinical/clinical reports; 2a, technique modifications with rationale and safety data; 2b, expanded patient selection and reporting of both innovation and standard care outcomes; 3, formal randomized controlled trials; and 4, long-term audit and registry studies. Each stage has specific requirements for reporting of surgeon expertise, governance details and outcome reporting.

Results

Of 615 abstracts screened, 16 papers reporting outcomes of 550 patients were included. Only two studies could be put into IDEAL categories. One animal study was classified as stage 0 and one clinical study as stage 2a through prospective ethical approval, protocol registration and data collection. Studies could not be classified according to IDEAL for insufficient reporting details of patient selection, relevant surgeon expertise, and how and why the technique was modified or adapted.

Conclusion

The reporting of innovation in the context of laparoendoscopic colonic polyp excision would benefit from standardized methods.
Biomechanical abdominal wall model applied to hernia repair
Authors: Lyons M , Mohan H , Winter D C , Simms C K
Published: January 2015

Background

Most surgical innovations require extensive preclinical testing before employment in the operative environment. There is currently no way to develop and test innovations for abdominal wall surgery that is cheap, repeatable and easy to use. In hernia repair, the required mesh overlap relative to defect size is not established. The aims of this study were to develop a biomechanical model of the abdominal wall based on in vivo pressure measurements, and to apply this to study mesh overlap in hernia repair.

Methods

An observational study of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) levels throughout abdominal surgery was conducted to identify the peak perioperative IAP in vivo. This was then applied in the development of a surrogate abdominal wall model. An in vitro study of mesh overlap for various defect sizes was then conducted using this clinically relevant surrogate abdomen model.

Results

The mean peak perioperative IAP recorded in the clinical study was 1740 Pa, and occurred during awakening from anaesthesia. This was reproduced in the surrogate abdomen model, which was also able to replicate incisional hernia formation. Using this model, the mesh overlap necessary to prevent hernia formation up to 20 kPa was found, independent of anatomical variations, to be 2 × (defect diameter) + 25 mm.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that a surgically relevant surrogate abdominal wall model is a useful translational tool in the study of hernia repair. Surgical relevanceThis study examined the mesh overlap requirements for hernia repair, evaluated in a biomechanical model of the abdomen. Currently, mesh size is selected based on empirical evidence and may underpredict the requirement for large meshes.The study proposes a relationship between the defect size and mesh size to select the appropriate mesh size. Following further trials and investigations, this could be used in clinical practice to reduce the incidence of hernia recurrence.
Development of resorbable nanocomposite tracheal and bronchial scaffolds for paediatric applications
Authors: Teoh G Z , Crowley C , Birchall M A , Seifalian A M
Published: January 2015

Background

Congenital tracheal defects and prolonged intubation following premature birth have resulted in an unmet clinical need for tracheal replacement. Advances in stem cell technology, tissue engineering and material sciences have inspired the development of a resorbable, nanocomposite tracheal and bronchial scaffold.

Methods

A bifurcated scaffold was designed and constructed using a novel, resorbable nanocomposite polymer, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane poly(ϵ-caprolactone) urea urethane (POSS-PCL). Material characterization studies included tensile strength, suture retention and surface characteristics. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) and human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) were cultured on POSS-PCL for up to 14 days, and metabolic activity and cell morphology were assessed. Quantum dots conjugated to RGD (l-arginine, glycine and l-aspartic acid) tripeptides and anticollagen type I antibody were then employed to observe cell migration throughout the scaffold.

Results

POSS-PCL exhibited good mechanical properties, and the relationship between the solid elastomer and foam elastomer of POSS-PCL was comparable to that between the cartilaginous U-shaped rings and interconnective cartilage of the native human trachea. Good suture retention was also achieved. Cell attachment and a significant, steady increase in proliferation were observed for both cell types (bmMSCs, P = 0·001; HBECs, P = 0·003). Quantum dot imaging illustrated adequate cell penetration throughout the scaffold, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.

Conclusion

This mechanically viable scaffold successfully supports bmMSC and HBEC attachment and proliferation, demonstrating its potential as a tissue-engineered solution to tracheal replacement.
Novel approaches to surgical trials and the assessment of new surgical technologies
Authors: Pinkney T D , Morton D G M
Published: January 2015

Many types of trial available for surgical patients
Robotic surgery
Authors: Diana M , Marescaux J
Published: January 2015

Background

Proficiency in minimally invasive surgery requires intensive and continuous training, as it is technically challenging for unnatural visual and haptic perceptions. Robotic and computer sciences are producing innovations to augment the surgeon's skills to achieve accuracy and high precision during complex surgery. This article reviews the current use of robotically assisted surgery, focusing on technology as well as main applications in digestive surgery, and future perspectives.

Methods

The PubMed database was interrogated to retrieve evidence-based data on surgical applications. Internal and external consulting with key opinion leaders, renowned robotics laboratories and robotic platform manufacturers was used to produce state-of-the art business intelligence around robotically assisted surgery.

Results

Selected digestive procedures (oesophagectomy, gastric bypass, pancreatic and liver resections, rectal resection for cancer) might benefit from robotic assistance, although the current level of evidence is insufficient to support widespread adoption. The surgical robotic market is growing, and a variety of projects have recently been launched at both academic and corporate levels to develop lightweight, miniaturized surgical robotic prototypes.

Conclusion

The magnified view, and improved ergonomics and dexterity offered by robotic platforms, might facilitate the uptake of minimally invasive procedures. Image guidance to complement robotically assisted procedures, through the concepts of augmented reality, could well represent a major revolution to increase safety and deal with difficulties associated with the new minimally invasive approaches.
Magnetic guidance for cancer surgery
Authors: Anninga B , Ahmed M , Douek M
Published: January 2015

Attractive
Strategic Shareholder Management—Directors' Best Answer to Shareholder Activism
Authors: Sikavica Katarina
Published: January 2015

Corporations' legal owners are their shareholders, and shareholders appear to be wanting to get more involved. In this article, Dr. Katarina Sikavica, Director of Business Development, CEO and Board Practice at Korn Ferry, Switzerland, and Researcher in Residence at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, proposes how boards can make the most of their ownership linkage.
Boronate affinity adsorption of cis‐diol‐containing biomolecules in nonaqueous solvent
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Chaozhan , Wei Yinmao
Published: January 2015

Boronate affinity has attracted much attention in recent years. It has been broadly used for selective isolation and enrichment of cis‐diol‐containing molecules. Conventionally, the cis‐diols are adsorbed in mild alkaline aqueous solutions. In this work, for the first time, we found that boronate affinity adsorption could also be performed in nonaqueous solvent at nonbasic pH. Cis‐diol‐containing compounds present in herbal medicines were used for the adsorption test. The results indicated that all compounds obtained higher recoveries in the organic solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate) compared with alkaline buffer. The adsorption of vicinal cis‐diol‐containing molecules in organic solvents could be accomplished rapidly, with high selectivity and high recoveries (>80%). These results shed light on the possibility of boronate affinity adsorption in nonaqueous solvents. The results are very important for the isolation and enrichment of cis‐diols, which have poor solubility in water, especially for those in herbal medicines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Image
Authors: Freeman Stephen D. , Keino‐Masu Kazuko , Masu Masayuki , Ladher Raj K.
Published: January 2015

Background: Inner ear morphogenesis is tightly regulated by the temporally and spatially coordinated action of signaling ligands and their receptors. Ligand–receptor interactions are influenced by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), cell surface molecules that consist of glycosaminoglycan chains bound to a protein core. Diversity in the sulfation pattern within glycosaminoglycan chains creates binding sites for numerous cell signaling factors, whose activities and distribution are modified by their association with HSPGs. Results: Here we describe the expression patterns of two extracellular 6‐O‐endosulfatases, Sulf1 and Sulf2, whose activity modifies the 6‐O‐sulfation pattern of HSPGs. We use in situ hybridization to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of transcripts during the development of the chick and mouse inner ear. We also use immunocytochemistry to determine the cellular localization of Sulf1 and Sulf2 within the sensory epithelia. Furthermore, we analyze the organ of Corti in Sulf1/Sulf2 double knockout mice and describe an increase in the number of mechanosensory hair cells. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the tuning of intracellular signaling, mediated by Sulf activity, plays an important role in the development of the inner ear. Developmental Dynamics 244:168–180, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal relationships between financial difficulties and eating attitudes in undergraduate students
Authors: Richardson Thomas , Elliott Peter , Waller Glenn , Bell Lorraine
Published: January 2015

Objective

Previous research has shown a relationship between financial difficulties and poor mental health in students, but there has been no research examining such a relationship for eating attitudes.

Method

A group of 444 British undergraduate students completed the Index of Financial Stress and the Eating Attitudes Test (26‐item version) at up to four time points across a year at university.

Results

Higher baseline financial difficulties significantly predicted higher eating attitudes scores at Times 3 and 4 (up to a year), after adjusting for demographic variables and baseline eating attitudes score. Lower family affluence also predicted higher eating attitudes scores at Time 4 (up to a year). A higher eating attitudes score at baseline also significantly predicted greater financial difficulties at Time 2 (3–4 months). When considering these relationships by gender, they were significant for women only.

Discussion

Greater financial difficulties and lower family affluence predict a worsening in eating attitudes over time in female students. The relationship appears to be partially bi‐directional, with financial difficulties driving poorer eating attitudes in the shorter term. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:517–521)
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 controls IL‐10 expression in CD4+ effector T‐cell subsets through epigenetic modification of the IL‐10 promoter
Authors: Hill Elaine V. , Ng T. H. Sky , Burton Bronwen R. , Oakley Charly M. , Malik Karim , Wraith David C.
Published: January 2015

The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3) plays an important role in balancing pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines. We have examined the role of GSK3 in production of IL‐10 by subsets of CD4+ T helper cells. Treatment of naive murine CD4+ T cells with GSK3 inhibitors did not affect their production of IL‐10. However, treatment of Th1 and Th2 cells with GSK3 inhibitors dramatically increased production of IL‐10. GSK3 inhibition also led to upregulation of IL‐10 among Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets isolated from human blood. The encephalitogenic potential of GSK3 inhibitor treated murine Th1 cells was significantly reduced in adoptive transfer experiments by an IL‐10‐dependent mechanism. Analysis of the murine IL‐10 promoter in response to inhibition of GSK3 in Th1 cells showed modification to a transcriptionally active state indicated by changes in histone H3 acetylation and methylation. Additionally, GSK3 inhibition increased expression of the transcription factors c‐Maf, Nfil3, and GATA3, correlating with the increase in IL‐10. These findings are important in the context of autoimmune disease since they show that it is possible to reprogram disease‐causing cells through GSK3 inhibition.
Premature thymic involution is independent of structural plasticity of the thymic stroma
Authors: Franckaert Dean , Schlenner Susan M. , Heirman Nathalie , Gill Jason , Skogberg Gabriel , Ekwall Olov , Put Karen , Linterman Michelle A. , Dooley James , Liston Adrian
Published: January 2015

The thymus is the organ devoted to T‐cell production. The thymus undergoes multiple rounds of atrophy and redevelopment before degenerating with age in a process known as involution. This process is poorly understood, despite the influence the phenomenon has on peripheral T‐cell numbers. Here we have investigated the FVB/N mouse strain, which displays premature thymic involution. We find multiple architectural and cellular features that precede thymic involution, including disruption of the epithelial–endothelial relationship and a progressive loss of pro‐T cells. The architectural features, reminiscent of the human thymus, are intrinsic to the nonhematopoietic compartment and are neither necessary nor sufficient for thymic involution. By contrast, the loss of pro‐T cells is intrinsic to the hematopoietic compartment, and is sufficient to drive premature involution. These results identify pro‐T‐cell loss as the main driver of premature thymic involution, and highlight the plasticity of the thymic stroma, capable of maintaining function across diverse interstrain architectures.
Studies on N‐Activation for the Lipase‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Preparation of β‐Amino Esters from 4‐Phenylazetidin‐2‐one
Authors: Sundell Riku , Kanerva Liisa T.
Published: January 2015

The effect of N‐substitution was examined for the enantioselective lipase‐catalyzed ring‐opening reaction of racemic 4‐phenylazetidin‐2‐one with methanol in dry organic solvents. Marked differences in the reactivity of various N‐protected 4‐phenylazetidin‐2‐ones were observed. Preparative‐scale reactions with Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435 preparation) yielded N‐acylated methyl (R)‐3‐amino‐3‐phenylpropanoates with enantiomeric excess (ee) values >99 % in up to a 49 % isolated yield, whereas Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (Lipozyme TM IM) gave enantiomerically enriched methyl (S)‐3‐acetamido‐3‐phenylpropanoate. Candida antarctica lipase A catalyzed the cleavage of the N‐chloroacetyl protective group, whereas all of the other examined lipases underwent the ring‐opening reaction.