bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pasado inconcluso. Las tensiones entre la historia y la memoria bajo el signo del exilio
Authors: Sánchez Cuervo Antolín
Published: June 2012

La creciente relevancia de la memoria en toda aproximación al pasado ha obligado a la historia a ofrecer respuestas a sus preguntas, objeciones y ambigüedades, más allá de los tópicos historicistas. Incluso cabe plantear una “historia anamnética”, inspirada en las aportaciones de la memoria crítica o benjaminiana, que además encuentra en la experiencia del exilio motivos de reflexión muy fecundos. Ciertos escritos de María Zambrano constituyen un buen ejemplo de esta fecundidad.
La legitimidad de las desigualdades salariales. Una aproximación multidimensional
Authors: Castillo Valenzuela Juan Carlos
Published: June 2012

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar la legitimidad de la desigualdad salarial en contextos con distintos niveles de desigualdad económica. La pregunta que guía la investigación es: ¿cómo influye un alto nivel de desigualdad económica en la legitimidad de las desigualdades salariales? Tal pregunta requiere, en primer lugar, abordar teóricamente el concepto de legitimidad –característico de la sociología desde weber en adelante– así como también su medición empírica, para lo cual se propone un modelo multidimensional de medición de la legitimidad basado en la teoría de David Beetham. el análisis contempla la estimación empírica de este modelo mediante ecuaciones estructurales y modelos multinivel utilizando datos del Programa Internacional de Encuestas Sociales (ISSP).
Los enfoques centrados en las prácticas de los productores familiares. Una discusión de perspectivas para la investigación en sociología rural
Authors: Craviotti Clara
Published: June 2012

El propósito de este artículo es contribuir a la discusión de algunas de las perspectivas para la investigación sobre uno de los actores fundamentales de la sociología rural, los productores familiares. Se considera el marco de surgimiento de estos enfoques, así como las metodologías y dimensiones de análisis privilegiadas; sus potencialidades relativas y los vacíos o problemas por resolver. Se plantea que la noción de “estrategias de resistencia” constituye una vía de entrada interesante para el estudio de los comportamientos de este tipo de productores en el actual contexto de evolución de los sistemas agroalimentarios, porque permite dar cuenta de las contradictorias formas de vinculación establecidas, tanto con el régimen sociotécnico actualmente dominante en la producción agraria, como con los procesos de transformación experimentados por las áreas rurales, no estrictamente ligados a la cuestión agraria. Ciertos recaudos deben ser tomados, sin embargo, para no cosificar la noción de estrategia, y para no extender una lógica “resistencial” al conjunto de las prácticas desplegadas por los productores.
Velocity and attenuation dispersion relations for the effective Biot model: total‐field formulation
Authors: Greenhalgh Stewart , Liu Xu , Zhou Bing
Published: June 2012

In this paper, two approaches ‐ the host phase fields and the total fields, were respectively applied to formulate the effective Biot governing equations from the original double‐porosity dual‐permeability (DPDP) model. The host‐phase formulation given previously in the literature is made under the assumption that the macroscopic fluid flux of the included phase is zero, so that this term can be ignored in the conservation of the momentum equation. The total‐field formulation developed here has no such limiting assumption and gives rise to new and general governing equations that cover the host‐field approach as a special case. By computing the phase velocity and attenuation dispersion curves of sample rocks, we show that the two sets of governing equations are consistent at a very low frequency but for larger volume fractions of phase 2, there is a significantly increasing discrepancy in the slow P‐wave as the frequency increases. The slow P‐wave, whilst difficult to observe, does exist and must be considered when computing the frequency‐dependent reflection coefficients at an interface with a porous medium.
Electromagnetic induction antenna modelling using a linear system of complex antenna transfer functions
Authors: Moghadas Davood , André Frédéric , Bradford John H. , van der Kruk Jan , Vereecken Harry , Lambot Sébastien
Published: June 2012

The quantitative retrieval of soil apparent electrical conductivity using electromagnetic induction (EMI) has remained limited due to strong simplifications regarding EMI antenna modelling. In this paper, a new technique for EMI antenna modelling is applied for the common‐offset EMI systems. The EMI system is efficiently described using global transmission and reflection coefficients and Green's functions are used to describe wave diffusion for horizontal and vertical dipole modes. We performed EMI measurements along a 180‐metre‐long transect with two different instrument heights above the soil surface, as well as with different orientations and frequencies. To ensure proper retrieval of the soil apparent electrical conductivity, the reference values were obtained from electrical conductivity data measured from 11 undisturbed soil cores taken along the EMI transect. The apparent electrical conductivity values calculated by applying the proposed model have a good agreement with reference values, however some discrepancies can be observed that are mainly attributed to the presence of local heterogeneities and also errors due to the variations in the height of the EMI instruments above the ground. The proposed method appears to be promising for quantitative retrieval of soil apparent electrical conductivity and resolving calibration issues that are typically encountered using EMI. In addition, the model calibration (antenna transfer functions determination) was successfully accomplished using conductivity values measured from the soil cores.
Users of ICT at Public Access Centers
Authors: Gomez Ricardo , Camacho Kemly
Published: June 2012

Libraries, telecenters, and cybercafés offer opportunities for wider public access to information and communication technologies (ICT). This paper presents findings of a global exploratory study on the landscape public access venues in 25 countries around the world. The goal of the project was to better understand the users of public access venues and their needs, this being one of several papers that result from the global study. This paper identifies profiles of the users of the different types of venues with respect to age, income, education and gender. While findings are not new, their value lies in the compelling evidence drawn from 25 countries and across different types of public access venues, which has never been done before. Results highlight the importance of strengthening public access venues in non-urban settings and to strengthen programs that reach out to underserved populations. The authors also point to special challenges faced by libraries and telecenters given the immense growth of cybercafés as public access venues in most of the countries studied.
Impact of Technology-Related Environment Issues on Trust in B2B E-Commerce
Authors: Kumar Muneesh , Sareen Mamta
Published: June 2012

The virtual environment of B2B e-commerce interactions has been considered to be a barrier in building trust of trading partners. There is adequate empirical evidence that supports the relationship between various trust related technology issues such as security, privacy, authentication, etc. However, there is dearth of evidence confirming the causal relationship between environment related trust issues such as social-cultural characteristics, technology standards, and regulatory framework. Based on a survey of 106 Indian companies using inter-organizational systems, this paper makes an attempt to identify specific attributes of these three environment-related issues that have the potential to influence trust in B2B e-commerce.
E-Business in Agribusiness
Authors: Molla Alemayehu , Peszynski Konrad
Published: June 2012

This paper explores the e-readiness of firms in the Australian horticulture supply chain. The paper draws from the perceived e-readiness model (PERM) and relies on data collected from a survey of firms in the horticulture sector in Australia. The results indicate that while horticulture firms demonstrate relative organizational preparation for the conduct of e-business, the value network within which they operate does not appear to encourage and support their endeavour. In particular, government and industry associations do not appear to play supportive roles in encouraging the use of e-business among members of the horticulture supply chain. This paper highlights factors that are likely to facilitate or inhibit e-business in agribusiness, an area lacking in research globally. Practitioners such as governments, horticulture associations, growers and growers’ associations, and digital marketplace operators, through understanding the e-readiness factors affecting e-business, can make effective decisions to develop their support, capabilities and offerings respectively.
From Rural Outsourcing to Rural Opportunities
Authors: Kawlra Aarti
Published: June 2012

Inspired by the potential of Information and Communication Technologies, henceforth ICTs, for socio-economic development, and supported by a university based technology and business incubator, Rural Production Company, henceforth RPC, was set up in 2007 employing an ICT-mediated distributed production model. This paper reveals how RPC, initially an exploratory project whose key innovation was its Internet kiosk-facilitated model of crafts production and local empowerment, morphed into a social enterprise catering to global demands. The context of innovation provided by the Incubator led to a transformation of an ICT4D (ICT for Development) project into a business venture through the practice of formal and informal questioning at every stage of its implementation. This paper focuses on the iterative method adopted while highlighting the role of the incubator in the overall design and development process of the enterprise. This paper is a reflexive mapping of the organization’s evolution from the original research agenda of outsourcing production cum rural employment, to one that privileges local networks both as a conscious business strategy and as an arena for collaborative change for human development.
Web-Based Intellectual Property Marketplace
Authors: Ramos Isabel , Fernandes José
Published: June 2012

In the past year, knowledge and innovation management have acquired increasing relevance in organizations. In the last decade, open innovation strategy, and in particular, crowdsourcing innovation model has also gained increasing importance. This model is seen as a new innovation model, capable of accelerating the innovation process. Therefore, it is important to understand how organizations can best take advantage of this innovation model. This paper approaches in two ways for commercializing intellectual property: crowdsourcing innovation, and intellectual property marketplaces. Thus, with the intention of understanding the concepts and practices, the study started by collecting scientific articles through bibliographic data bases. The paper provides knowledge about concepts and practices underlying the ways for commercializing intellectual property. It also contributes with a proposal of architecture for an intellectual property marketplace, based on the analysis of practices about crowdsourcing innovation and intellectual property marketplaces. This architecture is still in a draft stage, but already includes helpful insights for organizations interested in applying the open innovation strategy.
An Application of the UTAUT Model for Understanding Acceptance and Use of ICT by Nigerian University Academicians
Authors: Oye N. D. , Iahad N. A. , Rahim Nor Zairah Ab
Published: June 2012

This study examines the acceptance and use of ICT by Nigerian university academicians. The model validated is the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Using a pilot study, one hundred questionnaires were administered and collected at the University of Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. The construct was significantly correlated with behavioral intention (BI). This implies that the university ICT system makes tasks easier to accomplish, thereby making academicians more productive. The survey shows that 86.5% agree. Effort expectancy (EE) was significantly correlated with BI. The result shows that 84.3% agreed that they could use ICT. Among the four UTAUT constructs, performance expectancy exerted the strongest effect. The UTAUT model shows age effects for older workers and a stronger willingness for the younger workers to adopt new IT products. According to this study age and gender do not have significant effect on acceptance and use of ICT. Performance expectancy (PE) and Effort expectancy (EE) are found to be the most significant predictors of academic staffs’ acceptance of ICT and use.
Proposing a Hierarchical Utility Package with Reference to Mobile Advertising
Authors: Tripathi Shalini N. , Siddiqui Masood H.
Published: June 2012

Mobile advertising is a powerful tool for direct and interactive marketing. However effective marketing requires examining consumers’ psyche. This study proposes a hierarchical utility package (in the consumers’ perception) with reference to mobile advertising, thus enhancing its acceptance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed four consolidated utility dimensions (with reference to mobile advertising). Binary logistic regression was used to create a hierarchical utility package with respondents giving the highest priority to Customization rather than Location based messaging, followed by Incentives and Session based messages. By incorporating the utility package in the mobile advertising format, mobile advertisers can ensure greater acceptance and develop competitive advantage.
Value-Based Analysis of Mobile Tagging
Authors: Aygoren Oguzhan , Varnali Kaan
Published: June 2012

Innovative use of the mobile medium in delivering customer value presents unprecedented opportunities for marketers. Various types of mobile applications have evolved to provide ubiquitous and instant customer service to capitalize on this opportunity. One application is mobile tagging, a mobile-based innovative tool for convergence marketing. The accumulated academic knowledge on mobile marketing lacks consumer-centric information about this phenomenon. This paper addresses this issue and contributes to the understanding of theoretical and practical issues related to the use of mobile tagging in consumer markets.
XBRL Taxonomy for Estimating the Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Corporate Financial Positions
Authors: Satoh Fumiko
Published: June 2012

Companies around the world are increasingly expected to report their greenhouse gas emissions. Currently there are various formulas to calculate emissions, and there are different reporting formats. Most of the reporting formats are paper-based or non-readable-by-machine formats. The emissions of companies will influence their accounting results due to ‘cap & trade’ systems or environmental taxes. Analyses of financial impacts are important for management decisions and corporate evaluations by interested third parties. A standardized reporting format for GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions is critical for reliable analysis of the impact of emissions on finances. This paper proposes an XBRL (eXtensible Business Markup Language) format as the foundation for standardizing the emissions reporting formats, and provides a preliminary XBRL taxonomy for emissions reporting. XBRL makes it possible to combine the financial reports and the emissions reports. Evaluations of the emissions impact are easier for both managers of the company and external parties, even if a large number of emissions reports must be analyzed.
The Role of Litigation in First-Mover Performance in M-Business
Authors: Usero Belén , Ortiz María
Published: June 2012

In recent years, technological advances and regulatory change have profoundly modified many Internet-related supply and user services. In some cases, although entry barriers for new competitors have been lowered, established companies have been able to reap certain sources of first-mover advantages (FMAs) as a result of their early entry into the market. Here, non-market strategies can be used by rivals and other industry participants to neutralize FMAs. This paper has two main objectives: on the one hand, to reflect on FMAs in an Internet-enabled market environment, specifically, mobile service providers; on the other hand, to study the impact of litigation on first-mover performance in the Spanish mobile services industry between November 2000 and July 2006. The results obtained show that litigation processes initiated against first mover Movistar, do not, on average, have a negative impact on market performance. Similarly, we observed that when legal proceedings do have an impact on a company’s stock market valuation, the negative impact, on average, outweighs the positive. Last, we also observed that the impact of some legal disputes on the first mover’s share price varies depending on who initiates legal actions and on the nature of the lawsuit filed.
An Empirical Investigation into the Sources of Customer Dissatisfaction with Online Games
Authors: Tseng Fan-Chen , Teng Ching-I
Published: June 2012

Most extant research focused on the attractiveness of online games, but paid scant attention to the sources of customer dissatisfaction with online games. Thus, this study investigates the sources of customer dissatisfaction (dissatisfiers) with online games. From an online survey, this study identified five factors as the sources of customer dissatisfaction: (1) the deceptive behavior of other online gamers, (2) the discourteous behavior of other online gamers, (3) the unattractive design of online games, (4) the ineffective customer support of online game service providers, and (5) the undesirable restrictions or regulations imposed by online game service providers. Findings in this study highlighted the fact that the anonymous and intensive interactions among online customers themselves can result in customer-originated dissatisfiers such as deceptive behavior and discourteous behavior. This study also reminded online service providers of company-originated dissatisfiers such as ineffective customer support and improper constraints.
The Virtual Individual Education Plan (IEP) Team
Authors: Catagnus Robyn M. , Hantula Donald A.
Published: June 2012

A team of professional educators in a private school for children with disabilities (a Virtual IEP Team) used an online platform to collaborate and produce a behavior intervention plan for a student. The collaboration was effective and efficient; the plan was produced in 9 days, rather than the customary 3-6 weeks. Qualitative data yielded four major themes: beneficial augmentation, reflective practice, barriers to change, and improved interactions. Quantitative results showed that although end user satisfaction was moderate, educators produced a successful behavior intervention plan that showed positive changes in both the teacher and student behavior. An increase of in-person staff discussion as a result of online dialogue was a unique finding in this study warranting further investigation. Now that federal (U.S.) education law has changed to allow technologically mediated IEP meetings, the Virtual IEP Team may serve as a model for more efficient use of education professionals’ time.
The Influence of Information Technology on Organizational Behavior
Authors: Sohrabi Babak , Gholipour Aryan , Amiri Behnam
Published: June 2012

This paper attempts to examine the effects of virtual team dimensions on social identities of its members. A review of the literature shows that the geographically dispersed, culturally diverse as well as temporary dimensions of virtual teams do not match with their stability as members have different ethnic, social, or cultural backgrounds. Sources like culture, place, and time seem to continuously acquire social identities. Due to the importance of social identity, an attempt has been made to examine its influence on organizational variables (i.e. job satisfaction, job involvement, job commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior). Questionnaire-based data have been accomplished from 149 members of 44 teams. The hypothesized relationships among the proposed variables are tested via a structural equation model (SEM). Results show that the geographically disperse and culturally diverse variables are negatively related to the social identity as against those of temporary and organizational variables which are related positively.
Working Effectively in a Matrix
Authors: Forgie Jennifer
Published: June 2012

The complexities of today’s organizations have made it increasingly challenging for leaders to encourage and sustain a culture of cooperation. As organizations become flatter and leaner and people are required to do “more with less,” the key to success is the ability to coordinate decisions and actions across organizational boundaries and gain the support of people who often have competing priorities or conflicting goals. Further, the increasing prevalence of virtual teamwork and widespread use of e-collaboration tools have additional implications for how leaders encourage cooperation and coordinate work. This article explores the critical organizational factors and leadership skills that are required to build a culture of cooperation in today’s highly matrix, and often virtual, organizations.
Exploring the Influence of Affiliation Motivation in the Effectiveness of Web-Based Courses
Authors: Testa Maurício Gregianin , Luciano Edimara Mezzomo
Published: June 2012

Students are considered the central element of any learning process. This article examines one specific characteristic of students in Web-based courses: their affiliation motivation. The objective is to explore the influence of affiliation motivation on students in the effectiveness of Web-based courses. The authors conducted a case study of a Brazilian Web-based course. Six different data collection strategies were used: open and semi-structured interviews, direct observations, record and document analyses, and a structured survey. The results show the significant influence of three main constructs related to affiliation motivation (attention, positive stimulation, and emotional support) in four dimensions related to students: (1) their satisfaction, (2) their perceptions of course results and quality, (3) their perceptions of the effectiveness of Web-based courses compared with that of on-site courses, and (4) their perceptions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of Web-based courses.
Design and Evaluation of a Web-Based Tool for Teaching Computer Network Design to Undergraduates
Authors: Sarkar Nurul I. , Petrova Krassie
Published: June 2012

Previous studies have shown that motivating students to learn about local area network (LAN) design can be difficult when presented in the traditional lecture format. To overcome this problem, a Web-based tool (“WebLan-Designer”) was developed as an aid in teaching and learning of LAN design at the introductory level. A WebLan-Designer provides a set of learning resources (tutorials, quizzes, network modeling, network design scenarios, key terms and definitions, and review questions and answers) and assists undergraduate students in learning the basics of both wired and wireless LAN design. The tool is Internet-based and can be accessed at any time so that students can study LAN design at their own pace and convenience. This flexible learning approach contributes positively to distance education and e-learning. The effectiveness of WebLan-Designer is evaluated both formally and informally; positive student and peer feedback indicates that the design and implementation of the tool has been successful and that using WebLan-Designer may have a positive impact on student learning and comprehension.
PATIENTS WITH ≥ 20 X 109/L PLATELETS AT BASELINE MAY HAVE A PROMPT RESPONSE TO ROMIPLOSTIM DURING THE EARLY PHASE OF TREATMENT: AN ITALIAN SINGLE-INSTITUTION EXPERIENCE
Authors: Baldini Simone , Rigacci Luigi , Carrai Valentina , Alterini Renato , Fjerza Rajmonda , Bosi Alberto
Published: June 2012

Patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia treated with romiplostim may benefit from a higher starting dose when a rapid increase in count is needed, but it could be avoided in those with a prompt response to the standard dosage. We hypothesized that a platelet count ≥ 20 x 109/l at baseline could distinguish subjects with such response from those with a delayed one during the early phase of treatment. Our work is a retrospective and single-institution analysis comparing the median platelet count, the median weekly dosage of romiplostim and the median number of weekly platelet counts < 50 x 109/l between patients with a baseline ≥ 20 x 109/l platelets (n=10, 2 splenectomized) and those with a lower one (n=8, 3 splenectomized) during the first month of treatment with romiplostim. The results show a higher median platelet count (79,5 vs 40,5 x 109/l, p=0,002) and a lower median dose of romiplostim (1 vs 2 mcg/kg/week, p=0,01) in subjects with a baseline ≥ 20 x 109/l  platelets, who also had a trend of less weekly counts < 50  x 109/l  platelets (1 vs 2, p=0,054). These data suggest that patients with ≥ 20 x 109/l platelets at baseline may achieve a prompt response with the standard dose of romiplostim, but further and larger data are needed in order to assess whether it can be considered in clinical practice.
The impact of Memory Transfer Language (MTL) on reducing misconceptions in teaching programming to novices
Authors: Mselle Leonard J. , Twaakyondo Hashim
Published: June 2012

Despite the fact that programming is at the heart of computer science, it is argued that even at its simplest level it is a difficult subject to teach and learn. For any new learner programming concepts are abstract and confusing. As teaching programming continues to be a daunting task, this article revisits common challenges inherent in teaching computer programming to novices. Further, Memory Transfer Language (MTL) as used to teach programming is introduced and demonstrated. Different kinds of misconceptions in programming and their associated bugs are analysed. An experiment using MTL to teach programming was carried out, using error-counts in examination scripts from two groups of students, one instructed using MTL and the other through the conventional approach. Results indicated a highly significant statistical difference (p = 0) between the two groups, showing that MTL can help novices avoid common programming misconceptions and reduce the errors they make. This shows that if programming is taught using MTL, comprehension is enhanced.
Alport Syndrome: De Novo Mutation in the COL4A5 Gene Converting Glycine 1205 to Valine
Authors: Antón-Martín Pilar , López Cristina Aparicio , Ramiro-León Soraya , Garzón Sonia Santillán , Santos-Simarro Fernando , Gil-Fournier Belén
Published: June 2012

Background

Alport syndrome is a primary basement membrane disorder arising from mutations in genes encoding the type IV collagen protein family. It is a genetically heterogeneous disease with different mutations and forms of inheritance that presents with renal affection, hearing loss and eye defects. Several new mutations related to X-linked forms have been previously determined.

Methods

We report the case of a 12 years old male and his family diagnosed with Alport syndrome after genetic analysis was performed.

Result

Anew mutation determining a nucleotide change C.3614G > T (p. Gly1205Val) in hemizygosis in the COL4A5 gene was found. This molecular defect has not been previously described.

Conclusion

Molecular biology has helped us to comprehend the mechanisms of pathophysiology in Alport syndrome. Genetic analysis provides the only conclusive diagnosis of the disorder at the moment. Our contribution with a new mutation further supports the need of more sophisticated molecular methods to increase the mutation detection rates with lower costs and less time.
Improving Older Trauma Patients’ Outcomes Through Targeted Occupational Therapy and Functional Conditioning
Authors: O’Brien Lisa , Bynon Shai , Morarty Jacqui , Presnell Scott
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE. Hospitalized older people are at risk of functional decline, and risk increases with length of stay (LOS). We measured the impact on LOS and discharge destination of targeted occupational therapy and a functional conditioning program (FCP) for older adults admitted to a metropolitan trauma unit.

METHOD. The intervention group consisted of 50 participants >65 yr old living independently in the community before admission. Outcomes were compared with historical control group data (N = 105).

RESULTS. The intervention group’s mean LOS was 2 days less than that of the control group (p = .04). A higher proportion in the intervention group was also discharged to home, but the difference was not statistically significant. Referrals to occupational therapy increased significantly (p = .05), and participants were seen 1.5 days sooner (p = .003) than the control group. Referral to FCP was 7 times higher in the intervention group (p = .001).

CONCLUSION. Targeted occupational therapy and FCP can improve LOS in older trauma patients.
Regional air-quality forecasting for the Pacific Northwest using MOPITT/TERRA assimilated carbon monoxide MOZART-4 forecasts as a near real-time boundary condition
Authors: Herron-Thorpe F. L. , Mount G. H. , Emmons L. K. , Lamb B. K. , Chung S. H. , Vaughan J. K.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Results from a regional air quality forecast model, AIRPACT-3, were compared to AIRS carbon monoxide column densities for the spring of 2010 over the Pacific Northwest. AIRPACT-3 column densities showed high correlation (R > 0.9) but were significantly biased (~25%) with consistent under-predictions for spring months when there is significant transport from Asia. The AIRPACT-3 CO bias relative to AIRS was eliminated by incorporating dynamic boundary conditions derived from NCAR's MOZART forecasts with assimilated MOPITT carbon monoxide. Changes in ozone-related boundary conditions derived from MOZART forecasts are also discussed and found to affect background levels by ± 10 ppb but not found to significantly affect peak ozone surface concentrations.
Semi-continuous gas and inorganic aerosol measurements at a Finnish urban site: comparisons with filters, nitrogen in aerosol and gas phases, and aerosol acidity
Authors: Makkonen U. , Virkkula A. , Mäntykenttä J. , Hakola H. , Keronen P. , Vakkari V. , Aalto P. P.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Concentrations of 5 gases (HCl, HNO3, HONO, NH3, SO2) and 8 major inorganic ions in particles (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) were measured with an online monitor MARGA 2S in two size ranges, Dp <2.5 μm and Dp < 10 μm, in Helsinki, Finland from November 2009 to May 2010. The results were compared with filter sampling, mass concentrations obtained from particle number size distributions, and a conventional SO2 monitor. The MARGA yielded lower concentrations than those analyzed from the filter samples for most ions. Linear regression yielded the following MARGA vs. filter slopes: 0.72 for Cl−, 0.90 for NO3−, 0.85 for SO42−, 0.91 for NH4+ , 0.49 for Na+, 3.0 for Mg2+, and 3.0 for Ca2+ and 0.90 for the MARGA vs. SO2 monitor. For K+ there were not enough data points to calculate a statistically significant linear regression. There were clear seasonal cycles in the concentrations of the nitrogen-containing gases: the median concentrations of HNO3, HONO, and NH3 were 0.09 ppb, 0.37 ppb, and 0.01 ppb in winter, respectively, and 0.15, 0.15, and 0.14 in spring, respectively. The gas-phase fraction of nitrogen decreased roughly with decreasing temperature, so that in the coldest period from January to February the median contribution was 28% but in April to May was 53%. There were also large fractionation variations that temperature alone cannot explain. HONO correlated well with NOx but a large fraction of the HONO-to-NOx ratios were larger than published ratios in a road traffic tunnel, suggesting that a large amount of HONO had other sources than vehicle exhaust. Aerosol acidity was estimated by calculating ion equivalent ratios. The sources of acidic aerosols were studied with trajectory statistics that showed that continental aerosol is mainly neutralized and marine aerosol acidic.
Formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide over the remote Western Pacific Ocean: SCIAMACHY and GOME-2 validation
Authors: Peters E. , Wittrock F. , Großmann K. , Frieß U. , Richter A. , Burrows J. P.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. In October 2009, ship-borne Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements were performed during the TransBrom campaign over the Western Pacific Ocean (≈40° N to −207° S). Vertical tropospheric trace gas columns and profiles of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) as well as stratospheric NO2 columns were retrieved in order to validate corresponding measurements from the GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY satellite instruments and to estimate tropospheric background concentrations of these trace gases. All instruments reproduced the same characteristic latitude-dependent shape of stratospheric NO2. SCIAMACHY and GOME-2 data differ by about 1% from each other while yielding lower vertical columns than MAX-DOAS morning values as a consequence of measurement time and stratospheric NO2 diurnal cycle. At low latitudes, an increase of 8.7 ± 0.5 × 1013 molec cm−2 h−1 of stratospheric NO2 was estimated from MAX-DOAS data. Tropospheric NO2 was above the detection limit only in regions of higher anthropogenic impact (ship traffic, transport of pollution from land). A background column of 1.3 × 1014 molec cm−2 (or roughly 50 ppt BL concentration) can be estimated as upper limit for the remote ocean, which is in agreement with GOME-2 monthly mean values. In the marine boundary layer close to the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu, up to 0.8 ppbv were retrieved close to the surface. Background HCHO concentrations over the remote ocean exhibit a diurnal cycle with maximum values (depending strongly on weather conditions) of 4 × 1015 molec cm−2 for the vertical column at noon-time. Corresponding peak concentrations of up to 1.1 ppbv were retrieved in altitudes of 400–600 m around noon while maximum concentrations in the evening are close to the ground. An agreement between MAX-DOAS and GOME-2 data was found for typical vertical columns of 3 × 1015 molec cm−2 over the remote ocean at the time of overpass.
Does atmospheric CO2 seasonality play an important role in governing the air-sea flux of CO2?
Authors: Halloran P. R.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The amplitude, phase, and form of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 concentrations varies on many time and space scales (Peters et al., 2007). Intra-annual CO2 variation is primarily driven by seasonal uptake and release of CO2 by the terrestrial biosphere (Machta et al., 1977; Buchwitz et al., 2007), with a small (Cadule et al., 2010; Heimann et al., 1998), but potentially changing (Gorgues et al., 2010) contribution from the ocean. Variability in the magnitude, spatial distribution, and seasonal drivers of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) will be induced by, amongst other factors, anthropogenic CO2 release (Keeling et al., 1996), land-use change (Zimov et al., 1999) and planetary orbital variability, and will lead to changes in CO2atm seasonality. Despite CO2atm seasonality being a dynamic and prominent feature of the Earth System, its potential to drive changes in the air-sea flux of CO2 has not previously (to the best of my knowledge) been explored. It is important that we investigate the impact of CO2atm seasonality change, and the potential for carbon-cycle feedbacks to operate through the modification of the CO2atm seasonal cycle, because the decision had been made to prescribe CO2atm concentrations (rather than emissions) within model simulations for the fifth IPCC climate assessment (Taylor et al., 2009). In this study I undertake ocean-model simulations within which different magnitude CO2atm seasonal cycles are prescribed. These simulations allow me to examine the effect of a change in CO2atm seasonal cycle magnitude on the air-sea CO2 flux. I then use an off-line model to isolate the drivers of the identified air-sea CO2 flux change, and propose mechanisms by which this change may come about. Three mechanisms are identified by which co-variability of the seasonal cycles in atmospheric CO2 concentration, and seasonality in sea-ice extent, wind-speed and ocean temperature, could potentially lead to changes in the air-sea flux of CO2 at mid-to-high latitudes. The sea-ice driven mechanism responds to an increase in CO2atm seasonality by pumping CO2 into the ocean, the wind-speed and solubility-driven mechanisms, by releasing CO2 from the ocean (in a relative sense). The relative importance of the mechanisms will be determined by, amongst other variables, the seasonal extent of sea-ice. To capture the described feedbacks within earth system models, CO2atm concentrations must be allowed to evolve freely, forced only by anthropogenic emissions rather than prescribed CO2atm concentrations; however, time-integrated ocean simulations imply that the cumulative net air-sea flux could be at most equivalent to a few ppm CO2atm. The findings presented here suggest that, at least under pre-industrial conditions, the prescription of CO2atm concentrations rather than emissions within simulations will have little impact on the marine anthropogenic CO2 sink.
A standard test case suite for two-dimensional linear transport on the sphere
Authors: Lauritzen P. H. , Skamarock W. C. , Prather M. J. , Taylor M. A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. It is the purpose of this paper to propose a standard test case suite for two-dimensional transport schemes on the sphere intended to be used for model development and facilitating scheme intercomparison. The test cases are designed to assess important aspects of accuracy in geophysical fluid dynamics such as numerical order of convergence, "minimal" resolution, the ability of the transport scheme to preserve filaments, transport "rough" distributions, and to preserve pre-existing functional relations between species/tracers under challenging flow conditions. The experiments are designed to be easy to set up. They are specified in terms of two analytical wind fields (one non-divergent and one divergent) and four analytical initial conditions (varying from smooth to discontinuous). Both conventional error norms as well as novel mixing and filament preservation diagnostics are used that are easy to implement. The experiments pose different challenges for the range of transport approaches from Lagrangian to Eulerian. The mixing and filament preservation diagnostics do not require an analytical/reference solution, which is in contrast to standard error norms where a "true" solution is needed. Results using the CSLAM (Conservative Semi-Lagrangian Multi-tracer) scheme on the cubed-sphere are presented for reference and illustrative purposes.
Modelling the mid-Pliocene Warm Period climate with the IPSL coupled model and its atmospheric component LMDZ5A
Authors: Contoux C. , Ramstein G. , Jost A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. This paper describes the experimental design and model results of the climate simulations of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP, ca. 3.3–3 Ma) using the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace model (IPSLCM5A), in the framework of the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP). We use the IPSL atmosphere ocean general circulation model (AOGCM), and its atmospheric component alone (AGCM), to simulate the climate of the mPWP. Boundary conditions such as sea surface temperatures (SSTs), topography, ice-sheet extent and vegetation are derived from the ones imposed by the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP), described in Haywood et al. (2010, 2011). We first describe the IPSL model main features, and then give a full description of the boundary conditions used for atmospheric model and coupled model experiments. The climatic outputs of the mPWP simulations are detailed and compared to the corresponding control simulations. The simulated warming relative to the control simulation is 1.94 °C in the atmospheric and 2.07 °C in the coupled model experiments. In both experiments, warming is larger at high latitudes. Mechanisms governing the simulated precipitation patterns are different in the coupled model than in the atmospheric model alone, because of the reduced gradients in imposed SSTs, which impacts the Hadley and Walker circulations. In addition, a sensitivity test to the change of land-sea mask in the atmospheric model, representing a sea-level change from present-day to 25 m higher during the mid-Pliocene, is described. We find that surface temperature differences can be large (several degrees Celsius) but are restricted to the areas that were changed from ocean to land or vice versa. In terms of precipitation, impact on polar regions is minor although the change in land-sea mask is significant in these areas.
Up the down escalator: the exhumation of (ultra)-high pressure terranes during on-going subduction
Authors: Warren C. J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The exhumation of high and ultra-high pressure rocks is ubiquitous in Phanerozoic orogens created during continental collisions, and is common in many ocean-ocean and ocean-continent subduction zone environments. Three different tectonic environments have previously been reported, which exhume deeply buried material by different mechanisms and at different rates. However it is becoming increasingly clear that no single mechanism dominates in any particular tectonic environment, and the mechanism may change in time and space within the same subduction zone. In order for buoyant continental crust to subduct, it must remain attached to a stronger and denser substrate, but in order to exhume, it must detach (and therefore at least locally weaken) and be initially buoyant. Denser oceanic crust subducts more readily than more buoyant continental crust but exhumation must be assisted by entrainment within more buoyant and weak material such as serpentinite or driven by the exhumation of structurally lower continental crustal material. Weakening mechanisms responsible for the detachment of crust at depth include strain, hydration, melting, grain size reduction and the development of foliation. These may act locally or may act on the bulk of the subducted material. Metamorphic reactions, metastability and the composition of the subducted crust all affect buoyancy and overall strength. Subduction zones change in style both in time and space, and exhumation mechanisms change to reflect the tectonic style and overall force regime within the subduction zone. Exhumation events may be transient and occur only once in a particular subduction zone or orogen, or may be more continuous or occur multiple times.
Effects of nonlinear rheology, temperature and anisotropy on the relationship between age and depth at ice divides
Authors: Martín C. , Gudmundsson G. H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Ice flow in divide areas is strongly anisotropic. The evolution of ice fabric, from the onset of divide flow towards steady-state with a fully-developed fabric, has been shown to profoundly affect both the stratigraphy and surface topography of ice divides. Here, we investigate the effects of ice flow on the age-versus-depth relationship at ice divides by using a full Stokes thermomechanical model with a non-linear anisotropic constitutive relation between stress and strain rates. We compare our results with analytical approximations commonly employed in age–depth predictions such as the Dansgaard and Lliboutry approximations. We show that these approximations systematically underestimate the age of ice at fully-developed divides by as much as one order of magnitude. We also show that divides with fully-developed fabric are ideal locations for ice-core extraction because ice under them can be up to one order of magnitude older than ice at the same depth at the flanks. In addition, these divides have a distinctive morphological structure that allows them to be clearly identified from satellite imagery or ground-penetrating radar data. Our results are particularly relevant in coastal areas of Antarctica where divides with fully-developed ice fabric are widespread.
Apixaban
Authors: Münzel T. , Konstantinides S.
Published: June 2012

Apixaban is a potent reversible inhibitor of the activated human coagulation factor X. This new oral anticoagulant has favourable pharmacokinetic and pharmocodynamic properties which include a concentration-dependent anticoagulant effect, good oral bioavailability, balanced elimination and excretion, infrequent drug or food interactions, and the lack of liver toxicity. Apixaban has already completed a large part of its phase 3 clinical trial programme. In the ARISTOTLE study, which focused on stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, apixaban showed a balanced efficacy and safety profile, being superior to warfarin both in the prevention of strokes and in the risk of causing major bleeding. A further trial related to this indication, AVERROES, demonstrated the clear superiority of apixaban compared to aspirin treatment. In the primary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism after orthopaedic surgery, apixaban successfully completed the ADVANCE study programme and was approved in Europe for patients undergoing elective hip or knee replacement. The results of the AMPLIFY and AMPLIFY- EXT studies will soon show whether the inhibitor is also effective in the treatment and secondary prophylaxis after acute deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. On the other hand, the use of apixaban in the primary prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in hospitalised medical patients, and its administration on top of antiplatelet therapy to patients who have suffered an acute coronary syndrome, have not received support by the results of ADOPT and APPRAISE-II, respectively. In conclusion, on the basis of the available evidence, apixaban appears to be a valuable therapeutic option for the prevention of venous thrombosis and embolic stroke.