bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a methodology for determining the content of non-metallic inclusions in steel
Authors: Morozov A. O. , Komolova O. A. , Em A. Yu. , Zhemkov A. A. , Grigorovich K. V. , Yakubenko E. V. , Cherkashina T. I. , Dagman A. I.
Published: October 2024

As part of the study, a method was proposed for assessing the metal purity for non-metallic inclusions using optical emission spectrometry. To assess the content of non-metallic inclusions in the slabs, two columns of metal were selected from two slabs of low-alloy metal deoxidized with aluminum. Each column was divided into seven samples in the direction from the small radius of the continuously cast ingot to the large one. We studied these samples to assess metal contamination with non-metallic inclusions using quantitative optical metallography according to ASTM E1245-03, fractional gas analysis (FGA) and optical emission spectral analysis PDA. Analysis of the samples according to ASTM E1245-03 standard showed that in all samples the percentage of oxides and sulfides is on average 10 and 90 %, respectively. According to the results of FGA, it was concluded that such non-metallic oxide inclusions as aluminates predominate in the metal samples of both ingots. A comparison was made between the results of the determination of oxygen in non-metallic inclusions obtained by FGA method and the number of sparks in inclusions at the analysis by PDA method; analysis of the dependencies showed that there are two clearly defined point distributions. To carry out PDA analysis, a program was deve­loped that allows determining the number of inclusions of various types and calculate their volume fraction.
İbn Haldun ve Aristoteles'te İnsanın Tabiatı İtibariyle Medeniliği Meselesi
Authors: Kayapınar Mehmet Akif
Published: October 2024

İkincil literatürde, özellikle de oryantalist çevrelerde, İbn Haldun’un genelde Yunan felsefi geleneğinin, daha özelde de Aristoteles’in düşüncesinin sadık bir takipçisi olduğu yönünde yaygın sayılabilecek bir kanaat bulunmaktadır. Ancak, İslam düşüncesinin müteahhirîn dönemi düşüncesinin genel karakterine uygun olarak yer yer felsefi birikimden istifade etmekte bir beis görmeyen İbn Haldun’un, felsefi paradigmaya ve felsefi modellere yaklaşımı dikkat çekici bir biçimde seçmeci ve eleştireldir. Bu eleştirellik ve seçmeciliğin tezahür ettiği yerlerden biri onun Aristoteles’in meşhur “insan tabiatı itibariyle medenidir” ifadesini kullanım biçimidir. Aristoteles için bu ifade, insanın mahiyetinin (tabiatı ve özü) zorunlu bir sonucu olarak vücut bulan metafizik ve ahlaki bir devlet anlayışını yansıtırken, İbn Haldun bu ifadeyi toplumsallık bağlamında ve insanların maddi varoluşlarını ve güvenliklerini sağlamak için işbölümüne dayalı bir biraradalığa ihtiyaç duymaları şeklinde yorumlar. Bunun ötesinde İbn Haldun ne toplumsallık anlamında kullandığı umrana ne de devlete/mülke Aristoteles ve onun Fârâbî, İbn Sînâ ve Tûsî gibi Müslüman takipçilerinin benimsediği şekilde metafizik ve ahlaki bir anlam ve işlev yüklemez. Dahası İbn Haldun söz konusu filozofları böyle yaptıkları için eleştirir ve umran ilminin siyaset felsefesinden farklı bir disiplin olduğu hususunun altını kalın çizgilerle çizer.
Determination of the continuous grade of a binder in the South African performance grade binder specification
Authors: Bredenhann S J , Rowe G M , Myburgh P A
Published: October 2024

A Performance Grade (PG) Bitumen Specification, SATS-3208 (SATS 2019), was developed in South Africa during the period up to 2019. Since that time a period of implementation has begun on selected projects in South Africa. The implementation activities have included testing of data in accordance with the final anticipated standards. Formulation of a national standard is in the final stages and is expected to be published towards the end of 2024. The PG grade is specified using a high temperature number and a minimum temperature number that indicate the climate range within which a bitumen would be expected to perform. For example, a PG64-22 has a high temperature of 64°C and a minimum temperature of -22°C, from which intermediate and low operating temperatures are derived. A material meeting this grade will always have a performance range which is, ideally, just bigger than the specification grade and this is typically referenced as the continuous grade. A further definition is the difference between the two continuous grade numbers, referenced as the "Useful Temperature Interval" or UTI. As part of this implementation, it is required to determine the continuous grade for bitumen, including for modified binders, to ensure compliance with the specification. The UTI must be equal to or greater than 80°C. This technical note has been developed to demonstrate correct procedure to determine the continuous grade and UTI.
Jeremiah 50-51 (MT) as Catalyst in the Development of Babylon as a Symbol of Oppressive Empire
Authors: Terblanche Marius D.
Published: October 2024

The figure of Babylon became a symbol of any oppressive empire in Jewish as well as Christian literature. This essay proposes that the particular placement of the oracles against Babylon as attested in the Masoretic Text of the book of Jeremiah was a catalyst in the development of this conception of the figure of Babylon. It is proposed that the oracles against Babylon have been placed deliberately in their present location in Jeremiah MT. As a result, Babylon evolved to represent more than the historical Babylon. When the oracles against Babylon are read in combination with Jer 25, Babylon becomes the ultimate enemy of YHWH, the entity that stands under an almost cosmic judgment. Since the oracles against Babylon occur in the Septuagint in a position to which no importance can be attached, a comparison between the MT and LXX versions of the book of Jeremiah is taken as a point of departure.
Graph methods for recognition of CMOS gates in transistor-level circuits
Authors:   The United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Cheremisinov D.I. , Cheremisinova L. D. ,   The United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Published: October 2024

The paper focuses on the decompilation of a flat transistor circuit in SPICE format into a hierarchical network of logic gates. The problem arises in VLSI layout verification as well as in reverse engineering transistor circuit to redesign integrated circuit and to detect untrusted attachments. The most general case is considered when the extraction of functional level structure from transistor-level circuit is performed without any predetermined cell library. Graph methods for solving some key tasks in this area are proposed. The presented graph methods have been implemented in C++ as a part of a decompilation program, which has been tested using practical transistorlevel circuits.
Teachers' Point of View Concerning the Impact of Bedouin Culture on EFL Speaking Skills Among High School Arab Students in the Negev, Israel
Authors: Murad Tareq , Assadi Jamal , Assa Roqaya Abo
Published: October 2024

This research is aimed at exploring the influence of Bedouin culture on the development of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) speaking skills in high school Arab students residing in Israel's Negev region, as perceived by educators. To achieve this, the study involves conducting interviews with experienced English teachers and delving into various cultural factors, including the impact of dialects and accents in students' first language (L1), parental education levels, socioeconomic status, and gender dynamics. The findings shed light on the intricate relationship between culture and language proficiency, revealing that students' strong attachment to their native dialects and accents can present challenges in acquiring English-speaking skills. Furthermore, the research highlights the significance of parental education, with higher levels of parental education positively correlated with students' speaking abilities. Socioeconomic status emerges as a notable influencer of language resources, which, in turn, affects language development and proficiency. Additionally, gender dynamics come into play, showing how cultural norms can influence male and female students differently in their language learning activities. These results underscore the importance of employing culturally sensitive approaches to language education, providing valuable insights for educators and policymakers striving to enhance EFL speaking skills in students from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Restoring Gilgamesh Through AI With a Negotiation Algorithm Approach
Authors: Ismail Ismail Abdulwahhab
Published: October 2024

In this study, the AI tool ChatGPT is utilised to enhance Tablet 2 of the Epic of Gilgamesh by using a perfected approach for restoration. The proposed negotiation algorithm regulates the interaction of ChatGPT with a human expert and ensures that the words generated are stylistically suitable. ChatGPT employs an interactive scheme, proposing different alternatives for each missing line, and the human specialist evaluates these alternatives in terms of their coherence, consistency, and adherence to the story. The expert evaluation is the key factor in the improvement of the text generation process, as this evaluation increases the restoration efficiency. This combination of AI and human intelligence, in turn, refines Tablet 2 by obtaining more accurate paragraphs and, thus, making the restoration more appropriate. Through this model, ChatGPT not only helps with the comprehension of the epic but also provides new insights into the work’s literary and historical importance. The negotiation algorithm is an outstanding method that may provide a better understanding of the whole work by providing new insights. This study reveals the possibility of using the collaboration between AI and human thinking in the field of literary restoration, which represents a new direction for understanding and enjoying ancient literary texts.
Obstacles Encountered by Saudi Cadets in English Speaking Skill Competence
Authors: Algofaili Sulaiman R.
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to investigate the obstacles faced by Saudi cadets in developing their speaking skills and to identify the difficulties that may hinder their ability to speak fluently. Data for this study were collected through field observations of students' classes and semi-structured survey interviews with English instructors. The participants in this study were Saudi cadets enrolled at King Abdulaziz Military Academy during the academic year (2023-2024). The results of the study revealed several challenges faced by cadets, including limited opportunities to practice speaking, a lack of motivation, insufficient self-confidence, and a fear of criticism. Furthermore, some cadets exhibited weaknesses in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Additionally, the teaching of speaking skills was predominantly instructor-centered, the allocated time for practicing speaking skills was inadequate, and the assessment of speaking skills in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) course was not tested.
Heterogloss in Chinese Undergraduates’ Oral Presentations in the EAP Pedagogical Setting
Authors: Ma Junming , Liu Chengyu
Published: October 2024

Appropriately incorporating other perspectives in an academic text is a challenge for second language learners and their incorporating practices in oral academic discourse are under-researched. Drawing on the account of heterogloss by Martin and his associates (e.g. Martin & Rose, 2007; Martin & White, 2005), this study investigated the heteroglossic practices in 81 oral presentations by the undergraduates enrolled in a 16-week course on English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in China. Textual analysis reveals the learners’ insufficient understanding of legitimate evidence and reporting verbs, overreliance on the high value modal verb (i.e. should) in presenting a proposal, and inappropriate sourcing for generating a concession in academic discourse. Based on the findings, a triadic model concerning heteroglossic practices in learners’ academic discourse is proposed, and pedagogical implications are discussed.
The Speech Act of Criticism Strategy Analysis on the Hashtag #Wadasmelawan
Authors: Riani  , Lubna Syarifah , Nurlina Wiwin Erni Siti , Setiyanto Edi , Hestiyana  , Rosita Erlinda , Abdulmalik Irmayani , Asfar Dedy Ari , Febrianti Binar Kurniasari , Yulianti Yeni
Published: October 2024

The study aims to describe the function of the hashtag #WadasMelawan and the criticism speech act strategy in voicing social justice for Wadas residents. Wadas is a village in the Central Java Province of Indonesia that is projected to be developed as an adhesive mining site—a government plan that the local Wadas villagers reject. The data in this study were collected on February 8 and 9, 2022, and processed using NVivo software. A total of 1550 tweets were analyzed using the hashtag function (Simpson, 2018) and the speech acts of criticism strategy (Nguyen, 2005). The results indicated that the #WadasMelawan has functions in expressing victimhood, solidarity, integration (victimhood and solidarity), and hashtag alone (expressing either solidarity or empathy). The speech acts of criticism strategy are negative evaluation, disapproval, disagreement, statement of difficulty, and consequences. In addition, indirect strategies are correction, indicating standards, preaching, demand for change, advice on change, uncertainty, asking, sarcasm, and the use of emojis or pictures. The #WadasMelawan and criticism strategy involved the media voicing justice for Wadas on X (formerly known as Twitter).
Social Attitudes Towards the Central Najdi Dialect Among Speakers of Other Najdi Dialects
Authors: Alajmi Nasser M.
Published: October 2024

This study examines the social attitudes towards the Central Najdi dialect among speakers of other Najdi dialects, i.e., Qassimi and Northern dialect. The Central dialect, spoken in the capital city of Riyadh, which has the largest population in the kingdom, is considered representative of Saudi Arabic. Based on the gravity model (Trudgill, 1974), it is hypothesized that other Najdi dialects will gravitate towards the dialect of Central Najd. The social attitudes towards the Central dialect will be assessed using the indirect method known as the verbal-guise test. The test measures individuals' implicit attitudes towards a dialect or a language. Participants listen to authentic short speech excerpts from each of the dialects understudy and rate each speaker based on selected status and solidarity traits. Findings indicate that the Central Najdi dialect is perceived more favorably in terms of status traits such as being civilized, educated, and open-minded compared to Qassimi and Northern dialect.
Translating Four-Character Structures in Chinese Literary Works on Traditional Architecture—A Case Analysis of Canal Towns South of the Yangtze and Folk Houses South of the Yangtze
Authors: Wang Yujun
Published: October 2024

Traditional Chinese architecture boasts a unique style and profound cultural connotations. Accordingly, the related literary works attain value for international dissemination. The four-character structures in these works serve as concise expressions for describing architectural details and design concepts. However, due to their linguistic implicitness, grammatical structure diversity, and rich cultural images, their translation into English requires multidimensional shift, redundancy elimination, and the avoidance of cultural defaults. This research has developed an effective translation workflow that leverages the synergistic strengths of Large Language Models (LLMs) and the human translator. By strategically employing tailored methods and techniques, it addresses the challenges in the translation process. Analysis suggests: It is recommended that the technique of shift be employed to address the implicit content and complex grammatical structures in translating four-character structures in Chinese literary works on traditional architecture into English. Besides, the selective application of combination and omission can help deal with information redundancy. Furthermore, it is advisable to apply foreignization and a combined method of literal translation and paraphrasing in conveying cultural images. These approaches will, to a certain extent, convert the untranslatability of four-character structures into translatability, enhancing the dissemination of the essence of traditional Chinese architecture.
The Interaction and De-Categorization of Word Meaning Categories—The Radical Stage of Word Meaning Evolution
Authors: Zeng Rong
Published: October 2024

This paper employs the framework of "dynamic categorization" from cognitive linguistics to examine a more radical phase of word meaning derivation. Specifically, it investigates the interaction between word meaning categories and de-categorization in order to elucidate the principles governing word meaning derivation. Through a comprehensive analysis of extensive Chinese and English corpora, our findings indicate that the interaction between word meaning categories primarily is manifested in two forms: (1) expansion between adjacent categories; (2) expansion between analogous categories. The expansion between adjacent categories encompasses linguistic, conceptual, and factual expansions, whereas expansion between analogous categories involves both objective and psychological similarities. Such interaction between word meaning categories may result in partial grammaticalization, antonymization, and polysemy. De-categorization, on the other hand, is primarily achieved through word conversion, grammaticalization, and subjectivization. These processes contribute to the evolution of word meaning beyond conventional clustering models, transitioning from concrete to abstract and from literal to figurative interpretations.
Исповедание
Authors: Меркулова Ю.В.
Published: October 2024

Книга включает три главы. Первая глава делится на два раздела. В первом разделе первой главы я описываю трагическую историю судьбы моих родных бабушки и деда по маминой линии, рассказываю об их истории любви и о влиянии Великой Отечественной войны на их судьбы, а также об их роли в истории, о тайной и неизвестной судьбе моего деда, В.Ф. Чичканова, и особенно о его роли в истории как главного конструктора военной техники и его вкладе в Победу в Великой Отечественной войне. Второй раздел первой главы посвящён истории судьбы моих родных бабушки и деда по отцовской линии, их истории любви, а также о том, какой вклад мой дед по отцовской линии внёс в противовоздушную оборону Москвы и в Победу в Великой Отечественной войне. Я рассказываю удивительные истории любви и истории разных судеб в контексте происходящих событий, Великой Отечественной войны, которые потом переплелись и объединились в одну семью после брачного союза моих родителей. Этот рассказ имеет историческую достоверность, так как основан на сохранившихся документах и на воспоминаниях очевидцев тех событий. Это воспоминания моей мамы и мои личные воспоминания о моих родных, особенно о родителях моего отца, которые внесли очень большой вклад в моё воспитание и многое мне рассказывали о своей жизни в разные исторические периоды.
“I bet she’s ‘not like other girls’”: Discursive Construction of the Ideal Gaming Woman on r/GirlGamers
Authors: Ruotsalainen Maria , Meriläinen Mikko
Published: October 2024

Research on women and hostile behaviour in video games has largely focused on women as victims rather than perpetuators of hostile behaviour. In this study, by utilizing discourse analysis, we examine how women’s hostile behaviour is discussed in the subreddit r/GirlGamers, and how the ideal gaming woman is discursively constructed in these discussions.
REVOLUTIONIZING SOLAR CHIMNEYS IN HARVESTING CLEAN ENERGY: A REVIEW
Authors: Panda Tapas Kumar , Pandey Mukundjee , Mohanty Ardhendu Mouli , Mishra Ipsita , Pandey Madhusudan
Published: October 2024

Harvesting solar energy is increasingly popular, with researchers exploring various optimization techniques, including solar chimneys. This article integrates findings from numerous investigations on solar chimney power plants (SCPPs), showcasing their diverse applications and developments. This research aims to explore solar chimneys’ potential for sustainable energy solutions, focusing on power generation, water desalination, and air purification, while enhancing performance through innovative designs and hybrid system integration. This study introduces novel insights by integrating photovoltaic systems for air purification and employing heat-recovery techniques in low-light conditions. It also explores phase-change materials and unique geometric configurations to optimize efficiency and expand applications in sustainable energy and water solutions. This study highlights the potential of solar chimneys as sustainable solutions for environmental challenges, including power generation, water desalination, and air purification. Key advancements include the integration of photovoltaic systems for air purification, the use of heat-recovery techniques for energy production in low-light conditions, and the incorporation of computational fluid dynamics for continuous power generation. Hybrid solar chimneys with wind systems show promise for sustainable energy and water supply, while phase-change materials enhance performance in ventilation and thermal management. Geometric optimization further improves efficiency, and innovative solar desalination systems address water scarcity. The research underscores the adaptability of solar chimneys and anticipates ongoing technological advancements for a cleaner future.
IMPACT OF WASTE GLASS AND PET PLASTIC ON THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Authors: Samaouali Abderrahim , Balizi Fouzia , Boulla Douha , Bouhaddour Nora , Arbaoui Asmae , Fertahi Saïf ed-Dîn
Published: October 2024

The present work contributes to the study of the thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity) of a composite concrete material (PET, glass). Cement and sand were replaced, respectively, by 5% of glass, and different proportions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) of PET plastic. Thermophysical properties were determined using a CT meter at an ambient temperature of 25°C. The results demonstrated that as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic powder is added, thermal conductivity and heat capacity decreased. The percentage reductions are 29.27% and 19.04%, respectively. The similar phenomenon was observed for thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity. Consequently, the addition of 5% waste glass and 25% PET plastic powder can significantly affect the thermophysical properties of ordinary concrete. This composite material delivers good thermal insulation performance.
DIGITAL LEARNING SUPPORT ELEMENTS IN THE ONLINE TEACHING OF GERMAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Markus Eva , Lehr-balló Dorothee , Svraka Bernadett
Published: October 2024

In recent years, pedagogical design and practice have undergone a forced transformation that has brought many innovative methods and tools to the implementation process. The transition to online education has demanded new infrastructural solutions that have temporarily replaced traditional classroom practices. Most teachers seem to have adapted well to these new challenges. Learning support platforms and online teaching elements had to be harnessed by teachers who, in many cases, acquired this knowledge on their own, in awareness of their importance. Our study examines the need for digital learning support elements in primary schools of the German national minority in Hungary. Our research tools comprised an online questionnaire survey conducted in 2022. The goal of our study was to identify the problems that teachers faced in the transition to online teaching during the period of distance learning introduced due to the COVID pandemic in 2020 and since; the forms of support teachers received nationwide; and the measure of success in their work as language teachers. We also looked at the factors that influenced the digital elements being used. Finally, we examined whether teachers are still willing to use online learning support tools when returning to face-to-face teaching.
NONLINEAR LEARNING PATH: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Rahayu Nur W. , Adi Agung Nugroho , Ferdiana Ridi , Kusumawardani Sri Suning
Published: October 2024

Students benefit from a nonlinear learning path, also known as a nonsequential learning path, because it allows them to control the pace and sequence of their learning. However, the dynamics of a nonlinear learning path, particularly within an open learning environment like MOOCs, remain underexplored. The current study aims to map out various nonlinear learning paths and explore the potential for personalisation within these environments. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 Statement, we conducted a comprehensive review of 3,418 articles from three databases, focusing on 30 that were relevant to nonlinear learning paths in open learning environments. We discovered that a nonlinear learning path in MOOCs involves path selection, cyclical paths, or skipped paths, all influenced by the design of the MOOC learning materials. In classrooms utilizing an open learning environment, a nonlinear learning path is facilitated by activities such as face-to- face or online discussions, self-study materials, student-created content, project mentoring or coaching, peer feedback, and co-learning activities. Additionally, personalisation, tailored by educators or technology, is key to preventing students from becoming disoriented within these open learning environments. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting nonlinear learning paths in both classrooms and MOOCs, developing learning path recommender systems, and creating supportive MOOC learning materials. Future research should explore students’ perceptions of nonlinear learning paths within an open learning environment, particularly focusing on the integration and impact of MOOC learning materials.
Predisposing Factors of Cybervictimization among Adolescents: Comparative Analysis of Research Results
Authors: Ekimova V.I. , Brykova E.Ju. , Kozlova A.B. , Litvinova A.V.
Published: October 2024

The article presents a comparative analysis of data from modern foreign publications on the problem of cyber aggression and the predisposition of adolescents to cyber victimization. The results of large-scale systematic and meta-analytic studies of numerous risk factors for adolescents' involvement in aggressive interactions in cyberspace are discussed, and the protective resources that prevent the young users’ involvement in cyberstalking are analyzed. The negative aspects of the specialists’ increased interest in the problem of cyber aggression — the “dichotomy of multiplicity” — are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the prepositional factors of cyber victimization of adolescents in the online space: systemic, contextual-situational, personal and symptomatic. The results of our own research into key areas of vulnerability of adolescents in the virtual communication space are presented, such as problematic use of the Internet and cognitive-behavioral attitudes of adolescents (emotional intolerance in communication). Scientific and practical prospects for using the model of predisposition (vulnerability) to study the causes and psychological mechanisms of adolescent’ cyber victimization are outlined.
Spectrum of Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease — a Review
Authors: Rizvi Syed Zohair Husain , Palimar Vikram , Gupta Chandni , Andrade Lydia S.
Published: October 2024

Motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and their management have been evaluated in numerous studies. Four classical symptoms, including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural abnormalities, are used to establish a clinical diagnosis of PD. However, this research is aimed at exploring the range of non-motor symptoms with an emphasis upon their ability to affect the patients with PD and their quality of life.
With a slow onset of the known symptoms like tremor or rhythmic shaking of limbs called “pill-rolling tremor”, slowed movement (bradykinesia), muscle rigidity, stooped and altered posture, loss of the ability to blink or smile, and various speech and writing changes; the disease takes a leap into the non-motor symptoms like dementia, drooling, swallowing issues, difficulty urinating, and constipation. The dopaminergic pathophysiology of PD explains the anxiety, slowness of thought, fatigue, and dysphoria. Knowing the non-motor symptoms is crucial to help the clinician to make early diagnosis and to better understand the prognosis of the spectrum of this disease.
Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Emotional Memory and “Face Reading”: a Neurobiological Approach and Clinical Aspects
Authors: Gorina Yana V. , Lopatina Olga L. , Mararitsa Larisa V.
Published: October 2024

The ability to adequately perceive and recognize emotions is a key and universal tool in interpersonal communication, which allows people to understand feelings, intentions, and emotional reactions of themselves and others. Throughout their life, people have to make inferences about mental state of others by interpreting subtle social signals, such as facial expressions, to understand or predict others’ behavior, which is crucial in constructive social interactions. Therefore, emotional memory associated with the ability to identify emotions based on one’s life experience is the cornerstone of social cognition and interpersonal relationships. Oxytocin and vasopressin are neurohypophysial peptides that have attracted scientific attention due to their role in the emotional and social aspects of behavior. Variable and contrasting effects of oxytocin and vasopressin may be related to the sites of the brain where they exert their activity.
Aim. This review aimed to evaluate neural mechanisms underlying oxytocin-mediated and vasopressin-mediated modulation of emotional memory; to assess how cerebral oxytocin-signal and vasopressin-signal transduction mediates emotional and social behavior; to discuss the role of the two neuropeptides in non-verbal interpersonal communication; and to present their cerebral effects in relation to an ability for “face reading” in patients with mental disorders.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnostics of Vascular Myelopathies: from Basic Sequences to Promising Imaging Protocols
Authors: Ponomarev Grigory V. , Agafonov Andrey O. , Barilyak Nikolay L. , Amelin Alexander V. , Skoromets Alexander A.
Published: October 2024

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the method of choice in diagnostics and differential diagnosis of spinal cord arterial infarction and venous insufficiency. However, imaging of vascular myelopathy is complicated by the lack of clear diagnostic criteria. Basic MRI sequences have low sensitivity at disease onset, and described MR patterns do not sufficiently increase imaging specificity for spinal cord ischemia, so imaging protocols are to be elaborated.
Diffusion-weighted imaging is a key additional sequence that allows establishing the ischemic nature of myelopathy.
Inclusion of spinal MR angiography in comprehensive MR examination allows visualization of aorta abnormalities, its large branches or spinal arteriovenous fistulas, so that they can be treated early.
We presented an optimal MRI protocol for patients with suspected ischemic spinal stroke. Promising high-tech MR sequences for visualization of vascular myelopathies were reviewed.
Clinical and Neuroimaging Patterns of Ischemic Stroke in Ph-negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Tanashyan Мarine М. , Kuznetsova Polina I. , Raskurazhev Anton A. , Melikyan Anait L. , Subortseva Irina N. , Shabalina Аlla A. , Morozova Sofia N.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a rare blood disorder characterized by pancytosis and thrombohemorrhagic complications.
The aim of this article is to describe clinical and neuroimaging patterns of brain changes in patients with MPN.
Materials and methods. The study included 152 patients with an established diagnosis of MPN (according to WHO criteria 2008, 2016). A clinical and neurological examination, laboratory tests, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were performed.
Results. In patients with polycythemia vera and primary myelofibrosis, neuroimaging patterns are represented by small (up to 1.5 cm) post-infarction lesions in the brainstem, cerebellum, and cortex in adjacent perfusion territories after hemorheological microocclusive stroke. In patients with essential thrombocythemia, the neuroimaging pattern is more often represented by massive post-infarction changes in cortical-subcortical brain tissue with atherosclerotic lesions of the major head arteries, which appear to be atherothrombotic. Stroke preceded hematologic diagnosis in 30% of polycythemia vera cases, 40% of essential thrombocythemia cases, and 25% of primary myelofibrosis cases.
Reproducing Experimental H/V Spectral Ratios of Ambient Vibrations: Empirical Testing of Current Numerical Models
Authors: Tanzini Anna , Paolucci Enrico , Albarello Dario
Published: October 2024

Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios of ambient vibrations represent an important tool to provide information about the seismic configurations of subsoil. This requires the application of inversion procedures based on numerical models aiming at reproducing observations from hypothetical subsoil configurations. In the current literature, several models have been proposed on purpose, which, however, provide different outcomes when applied to the same configuration. To evaluate how and at what extent the proposed models can fit observations, experimental ambient vibration measurements have been collected at 116 sites in central Italy, in which reliable VS and VP profiles were available from standardized downhole measurements. The comparison between experimental curves and outcomes from all the alternative models proposed in the literature has been carried out. This comparison confirms some theoretical findings about the best-performing models but also reveals that a significant fit is obtained only in about 80% of cases. This suggests that all the considered models present important limitations, possibly related to the general assumption of a 1D subsoil configuration and suggests caution in considering outcomes of the current inversion procedures.
Abnormal Head Position «Astrologer Posture» in Ophthalmology. Review
Authors: Gladysheva G. V. , Ananyeva N. V. , Plisov I. L.
Published: October 2024

An abnormal or compensatory head posture occurs when the head deviates from its normal primary position. The cause can be ocular, orthopedic, and neurological. Since the etiology is not always obvious, such patients need to be carefully examined, and sometimes a multidisciplinary examination should be carried out. Compensatory head position in ophthalmology is usually an attempt to improve visual acuity or create binocularity. An abnormal head position can be manifested by a change in the position of the chin up, down, tilting the head to the right or left, turning the face to the right or left, or a combination of both. The purpose of our review is to provide literature data of the most common ophthalmic diseases in children, accompanied by a compensatory head position “astrologer posture”. Methods used to find, select and obtain information as well as to synthesize the data are information search on the Internet through Google Scholar, PubMed and eLibrary. Number of sources: 35 (from 1905 to 2022).
New Aspects of the Antibiotics Use in Ophthalmology: the View of a Clinical Pharmacologist
Authors: Knorring G. Yu.
Published: October 2024

For infectious and inflammatory eye lesions, the main methods of controlling pathogens include antibacterial agents of various classes and antiseptics. However, the use of these agents has a number of limitations: they are able to act primarily on the surface of the eye tissue, and in accordance with clinical recommendations, they should be used as an addition to antibacterial therapy.

Antibacterial therapy remains the main recommendation for the treatment of bacterial eye infections, both in the anterior segment and in deeper lesions. In most countries, drugs from the group of fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides are more often prescribed empirically, to which an acceptable level of sensitivity of microorganisms remains. Among aminoglycosides, the greatest sensitivity of eye infection pathogens is currently determined to netilmicin.

The review examines the prospects and effectiveness of using netilmicin as monotherapy, as well as in combination with fluoroquinolones for topical treatment of bacterial infections in ophthalmology, and provides examples of the successful use of netilmicin.
The Potential of a Laser-Aspiration Solution for Refractive Lens Exchange
Authors: Arakelyan D. E. , Kopaev S. Yu. , Il’inskaya I. A. , Pominova V. V.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. This review presents the current knowledge about the methods of lens surgery for the correction of refractive errors in patients with presbyopia and other refractive errors. And also about possible methods of minimization of ultrasound load during the surgery.

Purpose. To present current relevant literature scientific knowledge on refractive lens surgery, possible ways of minimization of ultrasound load and new IOL models.

Material and methods. To perform the review the literature references were searched through the abstract databases PubMed and Scopus for the period up to and including 2023 using the keywords “zero phaco”, “refractive lens exchange”, “presbyopia”, “femtosecond laser”, “U/S phaco”, “premium IOL”, “refractive error surgery”, “endothelial dystrophy”. A total of 76 articles related to the review topic were selected.

Results. Multiple studies confirmed efficacy, safety and fast visual rehabilitation after lens surgery with maximal ultrasound load reduction, in particular in patients with metabolic disorders and predisposition to corneal dystrophies.

Conclusion. The literature review suggests that with increasing patient expectations and the use of premium IOLs in the era of refractive lens surgery, predictability and accuracy have become essential. Thus, the technology of safe lens femtosurgery has greatly improved surgical techniques and has revolutionized ophthalmic surgery in recent decades.
Endoscopic Laser Cyclodestruction: Clinical Aspects
Authors: Kulikov A. N. , Skvortsov V. Yu. , Tulin D. V.
Published: October 2024

Glaucoma is one of the main causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide, its prevalence is increasing with age, reaching 10 % in individuals over 90 years old. Combined surgical treatment of cataract and glaucoma has proven to be safe and effective, reducing overall treatment costs. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) combined with cataract surgery has become a popular alternative to traditional methods. One such intervention is endoscopic laser cyclodestruction (ELCD), aimed at reducing the production of aqueous humor.

Objective: To evaluate the conditions for achieving maximum efficacy and safety of endoscopic laser cyclodestruction (ELCD) in the combined surgical treatment of glaucoma and cataract.

Methods. A clinical study was conducted involving 110 patients (56 males and 54 females) with a mean age of 73.7 years, who underwent combined surgery (phacoemulsification + ELCD). Inclusion criteria were stages I-IV glaucoma and initial complicated cataract, while exclusion criteria included lens subluxation and presence of uveal processes or their consequences. ELCD was performed using the Endo Optiks Inc (USA) video-endoscopic ophthalmic laser device. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and followed up at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months postoperatively. The primary safety outcomes included the frequency of intraand postoperative complications, and efficacy outcomes were based on intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction.

Results. No hemorrhagic complications were noted. An inflammatory reaction was observed in 18.2% cases, which was managed with subconjunctival injections of prourokinase. The frequency of postoperative IOP elevation correlated negatively with preoperative IOP levels. ELCD demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in IOP and medication burden, with a complete success rate of 52.7 % and a partial success rate of 90.3 %. The extent of cyclodestruction (180–360°) did not significantly affect IOP reduction outcomes.

Conclusion. ELCD, performed as part of combined surgery for glaucoma and cataract, proved to be effective and safe, achieving significant IOP reduction and decreasing the need for antiglaucoma medications. Recommendations include avoiding vaporization effects during surgery and preferring patients with preoperative IOP above 27 mm Hg for optimal outcomes.
Efficiency and Safety of the Domestic Device KERATOLINK for the Treatment of Patients with Bacterial Corneal Ulcers
Authors: Seliverstova K. E. , Iomdina E. N. , Yani E. V.
Published: October 2024

Ultraviolet cross-linking (CXL) of corneal collagen is one of the promising methods for treating bacterial corneal ulcers.

Purpose of the work: to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the use of a new domestic device for corneal CXL KERATOLINK in the treatment of patients with a bacterial corneal ulcer.

Materials and methods. Local CXL was performed in 24 patients (24 eyes) aged from 18 to 74 years, who made up the main group. The comparison group included 10 patients of the same age group. To treat ulcerative lesions, drug therapy (antibacterial, corticosteroid, tear replacement and reparative) was used in both groups, but CXL was also used in the main group. The CXL procedure was performed for 5 minutes using the “accelerated cross-linking 2 — ACL 2” program. Each patient underwent 3 procedures with an interval of 2 days. Ophthalmological examination in the main group before treatment, 3 days after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd procedures, as well as 1, 3, 6 months after completion of CXL included visometry, tonometry, microbiological examination of discharge, determination of the size of the defect, optical coherence tomography of the anterior department of the eye (OCT-AS). The comparison group was examined at the same time using the same set of methods.

Results. All CXL procedures were completed without complications, no adverse events were identified, and in all cases the recovery period was uneventful. 6 months after CXL, the average uncorrected visual acuity increased from 0.029 ± 0.026 to 0.195 ± 0.175. Already 3 days after the third CXL procedure, there was an absence of microorganisms in the cultures, a significant decrease in the area and depth of the corneal defect (associated with its almost complete epithelization) and a decrease in inflammatory edema according to OCT-АS data. The average period of epithelization of the ulcerative defect was 12 days. Subsequently, stable healing was observed for 6 months, no relapses were detected. In the comparison group, on the 15th day of observation, complete epithelialization was achieved in only 40% of patients.

Conclusion. CXL using the KERATOLINK device is a technically simple, minimally invasive method for treating corneal ulcers. A significant reduction in epithelialization time and an increase in visual acuity indicate the effectiveness and safety of the accelerated CXL procedure. The use of an accelerated local CXL protocol with a significant reduction in exposure time helps to increase the comfort and tolerability of the procedure, as well as reduce the risk of complications.
Prevention of Dry Eye Syndrome Before Phacoemulsification of Cataracts in Patients with a History of Cosmetic Procedures in the Periorbital Area
Authors: Trubilin А. V. , Poluninа E. G. , Trubilin V. N. , Zakatianskii V. S.
Published: October 2024

Phacoemulsification of cataracts in modern ophthalmological practice has reached its peak in terms of safety, predictability of the result and patient satisfaction with the result obtained. The effect of dry eye syndrome on the effectiveness of this surgical intervention has been studied to a large extent, but new risk factors affecting the development of dry eye syndrome arise, such as cosmetic intervention in the periorbital zone (botulinum toxin injections in the periorbital zone, eyelash extensions, blepharoplasty). The effect of these risk factors for the development of dry eye syndrome (DES) on the course of the postoperative period has not been sufficiently studied. An important aspect in preparing patients for ophthalmic surgery, in particular, for phacoemulsification of cataracts, which has moved into the category of, among other things, refractive surgeries, is stabilization of the ocular surface and relief of signs and symptoms of DES.

Materials and methods. The study included 117 patients who were planned to undergo phacoemulsification of cataracts. All 117 patients were female for the unification of the study. The first group included 85 people with risk factors for developed dry eye syndrome (botox, tattooing, eyelash extensions, blepharoplasty) in the preoperative period of at least 3 years after cosmetology intervention in the periorbital area. The second control group included 32 patients without risk factors for development in the form of cosmetology intervention in the periorbital area in the preoperative period. The first group was divided into 3 subgroups depending on the type of patient preparation for surgery: 1A (main group) — 30 patients: tear replacement therapy without complex therapy (eyelid hygiene according to the developed technique + massage in the periorbital area), 1B — 29 patients: tear replacement therapy + complex therapy according to the developed technique; 1B — 26 patients: tear replacement therapy + complex therapy according to the standard technique. As the study showed, in the presence of risk factors for the development of dry eye syndrome in the preoperative period before phacoemulsification, including a history of cosmetic interventions in the periorbital area, an increased risk of developing a severe form of dry eye syndrome and an inflammatory process in the early postoperative period was noted at a 2-week observation period. This group of patients is recommended to undergo a set of therapeutic physiotherapeutic procedures — eyelid hygiene + massage in the periorbital area, aimed at restoring the functional activity of the meibomian glands and increasing the stability of the tear film, which reduces the incidence of severe dry eye syndrome and inflammation in the postoperative period after cataract phacoemulsification by 19.89%.