bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeitos do sombreamento em mudas de Cabralea glaberrima Juss. sob condições de viveiro
Authors: Oliveira Odilson Dos Santos , Hoppe Juarez Martins , Champanhol Élio Luiz
Published: October 2018

In the nursery at the Department of Science Foresty, of the UFSM, the development of seedlings of cangerana (Cabralea glaberrima) was analysed with 0, 25, 50, 70 and 80 percent of shade. The experiment was set under iron bell-glass and web plastic. After a period of 12 months results were obtained of the height of seedlings in 70 and 80% of shade levels statistically greater than for the rest of treatment. The production of dry matter also was statistically greater being influenced by a larger production of dry matter of the aerial part. Regarding the collor diameter no significant difference was found.
Comparison of Model-Scale and Full-Scale Planing Craft Accelerations in Waves
Authors: Judge Carolyn , VanDerwerken Douglas
Published: October 2018

We examine the degree to which acceleration data from model-scale testing agree with acceleration data from full-scale testing. We find strong evidence that the model testing fails to recreate a certain type of low-acceleration impact that is found in full-scale data. In addition, there is some indication that model-scale testing may underestimate the frequency with which full-scale planing craft experience extreme vertical accelerations. Finally, we present evidence that spectrum type plays only a negligible role in the distribution of vertical and longitudinal accelerations.

1. Introduction

Planing hulls operating at sea experience frequent wave impacts. Extreme impacts can result in structural damage, equipment malfunction or failure, or personnel discomfort or injury, or may require reduced speed to avoid such results. The vertical accelerations measured during these wave slams are used as one of the key design factors for the assessment of onboard comfort level, operational limits, and structural design. However, there is only limited ability to predict the vertical accelerations a planing hull will experience. Computational fluid dynamics models show great promise, but they are still in the validation stages (Fu et al. 2013; Fu et al. 2014; Maousaviraad et al. 2015). Guidelines used in structural design are based on empirical relationships determined from model testing results. Yet, there is little research into the connections between the accelerations measured during model testing in tow-tank-generated waves and the actual accelerations of full-scale planing hulls operating in real seas.

Full-scale measurements of accelerations are obtained under conditions that are hard to know precisely. The wave conditions are typically determined from buoys that are not necessarily located very close to the testing area. In addition, the information from the buoys is generally limited to a significant wave height and modal or average wave period. Researchers often do not have access to information about the frequency distribution of the waves or an estimate of the wave energy spectrum type. Researchers conducting model testing must, therefore, make assumptions about the irregular waves when deciding what waves to generate in the tank. In addition, many tow-tank tests use methods to propel the models that are very different from the self-propelled, nonconstrained motion of a full-scale planing craft. When vertical accelerations are investigated during model testing, little research is conducted on the longitudinal accelerations for the model.
TATA KELOLA DAN METODE PROMOSI INDUSTRI PERBANKAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN LITERASI KEUANGAN NASABAH
Authors: Kesa Deni D.
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine information system success of Accounting Information System  based on individual performance and its impact to user satisfaction.  The model used in this study is the modified IS  Success Model of DeLone and McLean.   The study uses primary data and data collection techniques using  questionaires distributed to employee of Finance Directorate of University of Indonesia.  This study used SEM approach, while analysis used LISREL software.   The results showed that system quality and information quality significantly affects the individual performance while the service quality does not affect individual performance.    On the other hand,   the study finds that individual performance significantly affects user satisfaction. Keyword; system quality, information quality, service quality, user satisfaction, individual performance
Humor supporting preschoolers in designing and making crafts
Authors: Rönkkö Marja-Leena , Aerila Juli-Anna
Published: October 2018

This study aims to examine how designing and making humorous craft products can be connected to storytelling. The study involved 17 preschoolers who were tasked to design a soft toy that would make others laugh. The brainstorming was supported by collaborative and individual activities (e.g., discussions and sketching). The preschoolers told humorous stories inspired by the craft process. Humor and different activities form an inspiring starting point for the design process. Craft making with humor motivates children, gives them story ideas, and makes learning more holistic. Storytelling makes children’s thoughts on their soft toys visible. Girls’ and boys’ views differ on what makes others laugh. Girls prefer to laugh together, whereas boys’ humor is aggressive, unconventional, and may be based on embarrassing others or laughing at others’ expense. Girls emphasize the significance of cheering up others; thus, they are more product oriented than boys.
Assessment of textile craft products’ creativity in the Latvian competition for pupils
Authors: Urdziņa-Deruma Māra
Published: October 2018

The purpose of the research is to explore the results of pupils’ creative activity in a competition in textile craft in Latvia and to find trends in the creation of textile craft products. The applied method is the analysis of creative work items made by pupils from Forms 6–7 (N1 = 106) and Forms 8–9 (N2 = 132): photos, designs and textile craft products. Among the hand and foot garments, the most popular products in both age groups were fingerless gloves. The knitting technique was used most frequently, and most of the items were wearable. Creativity predominantly manifested in the combinations of colours, techniques and materials, followed by creative technology solutions and creative product shapes. The results regarding creativity were higher for the creation of textile craft products than for creating designs.
A continuum of measures of validity for research in the making fields
Authors: Wang David
Published: October 2018

With the growth of “making” doctorates in design-related fields comes the need to define how dissertations in these fields achieve doctoral robustness.  This paper first suggests that this new category of doctoral degree is justifiable from a historical point of view.  A brief survey of how the PhD emerged in the European tradition, and its trajectory through the centuries, reveals there have been previous changes in the areas of study deemed worthy of doctoral distinction.  On this view, we can justify awarding doctorates in the “making” fields, from art to architecture, on historical grounds.  The aspect that has remained constant through the years, however, is that the doctoral degree signifies inclusion in a community of learners and, in turn, doctoral learning has positively impacted human community in general.  Making doctorates should therefore not be so unique and exclusive that they separate themselves from the historic community-building role doctorates have played.  The second part of this paper suggests a way towards this inclusivity.  This paper proposes a “continuum of measures of research validity” to help researchers (and evaluators) in making doctorates anchor their research logic in measures that have roots in scientific method.  The continuum is purposefully broad, beginning with standard measures of scientific research, but stretching those measures all the way to fictive constructions.  Within this broad continuum, dissertations in the making fields can comfortably fall within the scope of doctoral research using expanded definitions for measures of validity. The paper concludes with four recommendations for candidates in the making fields, for the committees that guide them, and for the emerging community of making doctoral research as a whole.
Begynnaropplæring i teikning
Authors: Brænne Karen , Heggvoll Janne
Published: October 2018

Artikkelen har begynnaropplæring i teikning som tema. Ved å studere fagstoff om teikneopplæring nytta ved norske grunnskulelærarutdanningar, utviklar denne teksten tre ulike teoretiske kategoriar som skildrar teiknemetodiske tilnærmingar. Kategoriane er forma med støtte frå lese- og skriveopplæringsfeltet og omgrepa analytiske og syntetiske tilnærmingar, samt kunnskapsteoretiske og læringsteoretiske posisjonar. I tillegg blir omgrepet progresjon ved Ralph Tyler (1948) nytta for å utdjupe det som kjem fram. Bidraget er meint å vere ein forsiktig start på å utvikle ei teikneteoretisk plattform til støtte for dei institusjonane som utdannar lærarar for dei minste i skulen.
Striper
Authors: Berg Arild , Disen Karen
Published: October 2018

Striper blir i denne studien undersøkt gjennom Friedrich Schillers konsepter om menneskets tre grunndrifter i form; formdrift, stoffdrift og lekedrift. Schillers teoretiske begreper brukes til å fokusere på forskning om form i forhold til menneskets trang og ønske om å forme. Gjennom å vise konkrete eksempler av striper som er materialisert på ulike måter i kunst og design viser artikkelen hvordan Schillers begreper kan brukes til å øve studenter og lærere i design- og kunstutdannelse til å se egen og andres praksis gjennom et kunstteoretisk blikk, og slik gi økt forståelse for sammenheng mellom teori og praksis.
Epiphyte type and sampling height impact mesofauna communities in Douglas-fir trees
Authors: Young Alexander R. , Miller Jesse E.D. , Villella John , Carey Greg , Miller William R.
Published: October 2018

Branches and boles of trees in wet forests are often carpeted with lichens and bryophytes capable of providing periodically saturated habitat suitable for microfauna, animals that include tardigrades, rotifers, nematodes, mites, and springtails. Although resident microfauna likely exhibit habitat preferences structured by fine-scale environmental factors, previous studies rarely report associations between microfaunal communities and habitat type (e.g., communities that develop in lichens vs. bryophytes). Microfaunal communities were examined across three types of epiphyte and three sampling heights to capture gradients of microenvironment. Tardigrades, rotifers, and nematodes were significantly more abundant in bryophytes than fruticose lichen or foliose lichen. Eight tardigrade species and four tardigrade taxa were found, representing two classes, three orders, six families, and eight genera. Tardigrade community composition was significantly different between bryophytes, foliose lichen, fruticose lichen, and sampling heights. We show that microenvironmental factors including epiphyte type and sampling height shape microfaunal communities and may mirror the environmental preferences of their epiphyte hosts.
Shifts in community composition and co-occurrence patterns of phyllosphere fungi inhabitingMussaenda shikokianaalong an elevation gradient
Authors: Qian Xin , Chen Liang , Guo Xiaoming , He Dan , Shi Miaomiao , Zhang Dianxiang
Published: October 2018

The altitudinal effects on the distributions of phyllosphere fungal assemblages in conspecific plants remain poorly elucidated. To address this, phyllosphere fungal communities associated withMussaenda shikokianawere investigated at four sites across a 350 m elevation gradient in a subtropical forest by employing Illumina metabarcoding of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Our results demonstrated that phyllosphere fungal assemblages with a single host possessed high taxonomic diversity and multiple trophic guilds. OTU richness was significantly influenced by elevation. The elevation gradient also entailed distinct shifts in the community composition of phyllosphere fungi, which was significantly related to geographical distance and mean annual temperature (MAT). Additionally, comparison of phyllosphere fungal networks showed reduced connectivity with increasing elevation. Our data provide insights on the distribution and interactions of the phyllosphere fungal community associated with a single host along a short elevation gradient.
Assessment of the kidney and lung as immune barriers and hematopoietic sites in the invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata
Authors: Rodriguez Cristian , Prieto Guido I. , Vega Israel A. , Castro-Vazquez Alfredo
Published: October 2018

Knowledge on the immune system of Pomacea canaliculata is becoming increasingly important, because of this gastropod’s role as intermediate host and vector of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningitis in humans and domestic animals. Immune defenses of this gastropod comprise both humoral and cellular components, but they may also involve organs that act as immune barriers to prevent the spread of alien molecules and organisms. Both the kidney and lung are here shown to serve this function, because of (1) their positions in blood circulation, (2) the intricate architecture of their blood spaces, and (3) the proliferative and nodulation reactions of hemocytes to an immune challenge. However, these organs differ in that only the kidney shows permanent hemocyte aggregations. Microcirculation in the kidney was found to flow through an intricate vascular bed containing the permanent aggregations, which occurred either as hemocyte islets anchored by cytoplasmic projections of the renal epithelium or as perivascular accretions. Within 96 h of the injection of yeast cells, hemocyte nodules were formed both in the kidney and lung. Moreover, cell proliferation in renal hemocyte islets was measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. The proportion of BrdU positive nuclei increased 48 h after injection. Signs of nodule regression (apoptotic bodies, lipofuscin-like deposits) and a decrease in the proportion of BrdU positive nuclei were found at 96 h. In addition, the area of renal hemocyte islets was significantly increased 96 h after injection. Nevertheless, the high complexity of the small vascular chambers that constitute the lung’s respiratory lamina would also facilitate hemocyte-antigen contacts, required to elicit cellular aggregation, and hence, nodulation. To our knowledge, this paper includes the first quantitative indication of hemocyte proliferation after an immune challenge among Caenogastropoda.
Diurnal protein oscillation profiles in Drosophila head
Authors: Du Juan , Zhang Yifan , Xue Yongbo , Zhao Xiaoyun , Zhao Xianguo , Wei Yu , Li Zhen , Zhang Yong , Zhao Zhangwu
Published: October 2018

Circadian clocks control daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism and behaviour in most organisms. Proteome‐wide analysis of protein oscillations is still lacking in Drosophila. In this study, the total protein and phosphorylated protein in Drosophila heads in a 24‐h daily time‐course were assayed by using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method, and 10 and 7 oscillating proteins as well as 19 and 22 oscillating phosphoproteins in the w1118 control and ClkJrk mutant strains were separately identified. Lastly, we performed a mini screen to investigate the functions of some oscillating proteins in circadian locomotion rhythms. This study provides the first proteomic profiling of diurnally oscillating proteins in fly heads, thereby providing a basis for further mechanistic studies of these proteins in circadian rhythm.
Magnetic Interaction of Multifunctional Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Highly Effective Theranostics
Authors: Yang Ming‐Da , Ho Chien‐Hsin , Ruta Sergiu , Chantrell Roy , Krycka Kathryn , Hovorka Ondrej , Chen Fu‐Rong , Lai Ping‐Shan , Lai Chih‐Huang
Published: October 2018

The controlled size and surface treatment of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) make one‐stage combination feasible for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast and effective hyperthermia. However, superparamagnetic behavior, essential for avoiding the aggregation of magnetic NPs, substantially limits their performance. Here, a superparamagnetic core–shell structure is developed, which promotes the formation of vortex‐like intraparticle magnetization structures in the remanent state, leading to reduced dipolar interactions between two neighboring NPs, while during an MRI scan, the presence of a DC magnetic field induces the formation of NP chains, introducing increased local inhomogeneous dipole fields that enhance relaxivity. The core–shell NPs also reveal an augmented anisotropy, due to exchange coupling to the high anisotropy core, which enhances the specific absorption rate. This in vivo tumor study reveals that the tumor cells can be clearly diagnosed during an MRI scan and the tumor size is substantially reduced through hyperthermia therapy by using the same FePt@iron oxide nanoparticles, realizing the concept of theranostics.
Continuous Surface Polymerization via Fe(II)‐Mediated Redox Reaction for Thick Hydrogel Coatings on Versatile Substrates
Authors: Ma Shuanhong , Yan Changyou , Cai Meirong , Yang Jun , Wang Xiaolong , Zhou Feng , Liu Weimin
Published: October 2018

The development of versatile generalized strategies for easy surface modification is of immense scientific interest. Herein, a novel mechanism to form functional hydrogel coatings on a wide variety of substrate materials including polymers, polymeric resins, ceramics, and intermetallic compounds, enabling easy change of the surface wettability and lubrication property, is reported. In situ polymerization and hydrogel coating formation is initiated by free radicals generated through the redox reaction between Fe2+ and S2O82− at the solid–liquid interface, which shows controllable growth kinetics. Hydrogel modification is fast, controllable, and performed in mild conditions at room temperature. The chemical components, thickness, and network structure of the hydrogel coating can be well controlled. The surface catalytically initiated radical polymerization method allows reinitiation of the polymerization when the grafted hydrogel coating is polished away, and allows continuous surface polymerization to form multi‐interpenetrating network hydrogel coatings. Interestingly, it is fully compatible with 3D‐printing technology, and by using 3D‐printed composites as the catalytic template, it demonstrates an extreme advantage for engineering 3D hollow hydrogel objects with various complex structures. The versatility of this method makes it generate potential applications in the field of surface/interface and biological engineering.
Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Academic Emergency Medicine: How Far Have We Come? Next Steps for the Future
Authors: Boatright Dowin , Branzetti Jeremy , Duong David , Hicks Marquita , Moll Joel , Perry Marcia , Pierce Ava , Samuels Elizabeth , Smith Teresa , Angerhofer Christy , Heron Sheryl
Published: October 2018

Although the U.S. population continues to become more diverse, black, Hispanic, and Native American doctors remain underrepresented in emergency medicine (EM). The benefits of a diverse medical workforce have been well described, but the percentage of EM residents from underrepresented groups is small and has not significantly increased over the past 20 years. A group of experts in the field of diversity and inclusion convened a work group during the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Program Directors (CORD) and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) national meetings. The objective of the discussion was to develop strategies to help EM residency programs examine and improve racial and ethnic diversity in their institutions. Specific recommendations included strategies to recruit racially and ethnically diverse residency candidates and strategies to mentor, develop, retain, and promote minority faculty.
Solvent‐free route for metal–organic framework membranes growth aiming for efficient gas separation
Authors: Hou Jiamin , Hong Xilu , Zhou Sheng , Wei Yanying , Wang Haihui
Published: October 2018

Industrial applications of membranes based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are challenged by their complex fabrication procedures and poor processability, despite their huge potential for efficient gas separation. Especially, the consumption of a large amount of toxic, expensive solvent, and harsh operation by conventional solvothermal growth also make it less attractive for industrial production. Herein, a solvent‐free method is proposed to fabricate continuous defect‐free MOF membranes on commercial porous stainless steel substrates, where the metal precursors are electrodeposited on the support followed by a heat treatment with the ligand powder via solid‐state reaction without using any solvent. This strategy is proven to be applicable for various MOF membranes and it is expected to be a facile, cheap, and environmental friendly way for future large‐scale production. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 712–722, 2019
Application of chemical reaction engineering principles to “body‐on‐a‐chip” systems
Authors: Sung Jong Hwan , Wang Ying I. , Kim Jung Hun , Lee Jong Min , Shuler Michael L.
Published: October 2018

The combination of cell culture models with microscale technology has fostered emergence of in vitro cell‐based microphysiological models, also known as organ‐on‐a‐chip systems. Body‐on‐a‐chip (BOC) systems, which are multiorgan systems on a chip to mimic physiological relations, enable recapitulation of organ–organ interactions and potentially whole‐body response to drugs, as well as serve as models of diseases. Chemical reaction engineering principles can be applied to understanding complex reactions inside the cell or human body, which can be treated as a multireactor system. These systems use physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to guide the development of microscale systems of the body where organs or tissues are represented by living cells or tissues, and integrated into BOC systems. Here, we provide a brief overview on the concept of chemical reaction engineering and how its principles can be applied to understanding and predicting the behavior of BOC systems. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 4351–4360, 2018
Quantitative proteomic analysis of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis biofilms
Authors: Chignell Jeremy F. , Schlegel Christin , Ulber Roland , Reardon Kenneth F.
Published: October 2018

Lactic acid is a valuable organic acid that can be produced by fermentation of renewable sugar. Lactate productivity can be increased by retaining cells within the reactor, enabling continuous operation with higher cell concentrations. Biofilms are an inexpensive cell immobilization method. While much is known about the differences in physiology and metabolism of pathogenic biofilms, biofilms relevant to industrial processes are less characterized. The goal of this study was to identify metabolic features of biofilm metabolism of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis using quantitative proteomics. Compounds in biofilm samples negatively affected LC–MS/MS performance, indicating the importance of sample precipitation. Among other differences, proteins associated with metabolic processes such as fatty acid biosynthesis and metal oxidation were more abundant in biofilm cells, as were proteins associated with stress. This is the first proteomic study of a Lactobacillus species in biofilms with relevance to industrial biotechnology. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 4341–4350, 2018
Long‐term treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin has minor effect on clinical laboratory markers in middle‐aged marmosets
Authors: Sills Aubrey M. , Artavia Joselyn M. , DeRosa Brian D. , Ross Corinna N. , Salmon Adam B.
Published: October 2018

Interventions to extend lifespan and improve health with increasing age would have significant impact on a growing aged population. There are now several pharmaceutical interventions that extend lifespan in laboratory rodent models with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) being the most well studied. In this study, we report on the hematological effects in a cohort of middle‐aged common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) that were enrolled in a study to test the effects of daily rapamycin treatment on aging in this species. In addition, we assessed whether sex was a significant factor in either baseline assessment or as an interaction with rapamycin treatment. Among our cohort at baseline, we found few differences in either basic morphology or hematological markers of blood cell counts, metabolism or inflammation between male and female marmosets. After dosing with rapamycin, surprisingly we found trough blood concentrations of rapamycin were significantly lower in female compared to male marmosets. Despite this pharmacological difference, both sexes had only minor changes in cellular blood counts after 9 months of rapamycin. These data then suggest that the potential clinical hematological side effects of rapamycin are not likely outcomes of long‐term rapamycin in relatively healthy, middle‐aged marmosets.
Unbalanced Superconductivity Induced by the Constant Electron–Phonon Coupling on a Square Lattice
Authors: Szewczyk Kamila A. , Szczȩśniak Radosław , Szczȩśniak Dominik
Published: October 2018

The properties of the unbalanced superconducting state on a square lattice with the constant value of the electron–phonon coupling function are analyzed. The analysis is conducted in the framework of the Eliashberg formalism, explicitly considering the k‐dependence of the electron and phonon dispersion relations. It is found that the balanced superconducting state does not induce itself in the system due to the high value of the electron effective mass. However, in the unbalanced case, the thermodynamic properties of the superconducting condensate can be distinctly different from the predictions of the Bardeen–Cooper–Schieffer theory, when the coupling constant value in the diagonal channel of the self‐energy is diminished compared with the non‐diagonal channel. This is due to the reduced dimensionality of the tested system and the strong‐coupling effects included in the Eliashberg formalism.
Chemical Cutting of Perovskite Nanowires into Single‐Photon Emissive Low‐Aspect‐Ratio CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) Nanorods
Authors: Tong Yu , Fu Ming , Bladt Eva , Huang He , Richter Alexander F. , Wang Kun , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Bals Sara , Tamarat Philippe , Lounis Brahim , Feldmann Jochen , Polavarapu Lakshminarayana
Published: October 2018

Post‐synthetic shape‐transformation processes provide access to colloidal nanocrystal morphologies that are unattainable by direct synthetic routes. Herein, we report our finding about the ligand‐induced fragmentation of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanowires (NWs) into low aspect‐ratio CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br and I) nanorods (NRs) during halide ion exchange reaction with PbX2–ligand solution. The shape transformation of NWs‐to‐NRs resulted in an increase of photoluminescence efficiency owing to a decrease of nonradiative decay rates. Importantly, we found that the perovskite NRs exhibit single photon emission as revealed by photon antibunching measurements, while it is not detected in parent NWs. This work not only reports on the quantum light emission of low aspect ratio perovskite NRs, but also expands our current understanding of shape‐dependent optical properties of perovskite nanocrystals.
Single‐Site Molybdenum on Solid Support Materials for Catalytic Hydrogenation of N2‐into‐NH3
Authors: Azofra Luis Miguel , Morlanés Natalia , Poater Albert , Samantaray Manoja K. , Vidjayacoumar Balamurugan , Albahily Khalid , Cavallo Luigi , Basset Jean‐Marie
Published: October 2018

Very stable in operando and low‐loaded atomic molybdenum on solid‐support materials have been prepared and tested to be catalytically active for N2‐into‐NH3 hydrogenation. Ammonia synthesis is reported at atmospheric pressure and 400 °C with NH3 rates of approximately 1.3×103 μmol h−1 gMo−1 using a well‐defined Mo‐hydride grafted on silica (SiO2‐700). DFT modelling on the reaction mechanism suggests that N2 spontaneously binds on monopodal [(≡Si−O‐)MoH3]. Based on calculations, the fourth hydrogenation step involving the release of the first NH3 molecule represents the rate‐limiting step of the whole reaction. The inclusion of cobalt co‐catalyst and an alkali caesium additive impregnated on a mesoporous SBA‐15 support increases the formation of NH3 with rates of circa 3.5×103 μmol h−1 gMo−1 under similar operating conditions and maximum yield of 29×103 μmol h−1 gMo−1 when the pressure is increased to 30 atm.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed C(sp2)‐ or C(sp3)−H Bond Functionalization Assisted by Removable Directing Groups
Authors: Rej Supriya , Chatani Naoto
Published: October 2018

In recent years, transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H activation has become a key strategy in the field of organic synthesis. Rhodium complexes are widely used as catalysts in a variety of C−H functionalization reactions because of their high reactivity and selectivity. The availability of a number of rhodium complexes in various oxidation states enables diverse reaction patterns to be obtained. Regioselectivity, an important issue in C−H activation chemistry, can be accomplished by using a directing group to assist the reaction. However, to obtain the target functionalized compounds, it is also necessary to use a directing group that can be easily removed. A wide range of directed C−H functionalization reactions catalyzed by rhodium complexes have been reported to date. In this Review, we discuss Rh‐catalyzed C−H functionalization reactions that are aided by the use of a removable directing group such as phenol, amine, aldehyde, ketones, ester, acid, sulfonic acid, and N‐heteroaromatic derivatives.
Molecular Mimics of Heterogeneous Metal Phosphides: Thermochemistry, Hydride‐Proton Isomerism, and HER Reactivity
Authors: Buss Joshua A. , Hirahara Masanari , Ueda Yohei , Agapie Theodor
Published: October 2018

A new series of low‐valent dinuclear molybdenum complexes bearing phosphido or phosphinidene bridging ligands was synthesized as a structural model of heterogeneous metal phosphide catalysts. Addition of acid to a monocationic Mo2‐μ‐P complex results in phosphide protonation, affording a dicationic Mo2‐μ‐PH species. Alternatively, reaction of an isoelectronic Mo2‐μ‐P precursor with LiBEt3H gives a Mo2H‐μ‐P complex. Mixing these species, one bearing a Mo−H and the other a P−H bond, results in facile H2 production at room temperature.
Sunlight‐Driven Water Transport via a Reconfigurable Pump
Authors: Geng Hongya , Zhou Ke , Zhou Jiajia , Ma Hongyun , Lv Cunjing , Li Chun , Xu Zhiping , Qu Liangti
Published: October 2018

Fast and controllable water transport in microchannels has implications for many applications. A combination of stimuli‐responsive asymmetrical changes in the geometry and gradient in the surface wettability offers the possibility to accelerate the transport and realize controllability. Herein, we introduce a meters‐long sunlight‐powered reconfigurable water pump constructed by tubular poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) premixed with chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO), in which the inner wall is modified with thermal‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel (PNIPAm). This sunlight‐powered water pump delivers a record‐high advance speed of 1.5 mm s−1 and 13.6 kg h−1 m−2 under 1.5 sun. Theoretical and experimental results reveal that the remarkable performance results from the synergistic effect of the contact‐angle gradient arising from the reversible hydrophilic/hydrophobic switch of PNIPAm and the capillary force arising from the geometric deformation of the microchannel.
Development of polystyrene composites based on blue agave bagasse by in situ RAFT polymerization
Authors: Vega‐Hernández Miguel Ángel , Rosas‐Aburto Alberto , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo , Vázquez‐Torres Humberto , Cano‐Díaz Gema Susana , Pérez‐Salinas Patricia , Hernández‐Luna Martín Guillermo , Alcaraz‐Cienfuegos Jorge , Zolotukhin Mikhail G.
Published: October 2018

A new approach for the production of polystyrene‐blue agave bagasse (BAB) composite materials is presented. In this approach, dried powdered raw BAB is press molded in the presence of a coupling agent based on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), producing a hybrid material of poly(GMA) grafted onto BAB. The in situ reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene in presence of this poly(GMA)‐graft‐BAB hybrid material results in a reinforced composite material. These composites are characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, impact test analyses, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The characterization results show that the amount of GMA coupling agent plays a key role in the efficiency of the process, manifested as improvement of the mechanical properties of polystyrene. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47089.
Wet‐spun conductive silk fibroin–polyaniline filaments prepared from a formic acid–shell solution
Authors: Li X. , Ming J. , Ning X.
Published: October 2018

Shell wastes represent a considerable quantity of byproducts in the coastal area. From the viewpoint of ecofriendly and economical disposal, shell wastes are dissolved in formic acid to prepare an ionic liquid at room temperature and dissolve silk fibers to prepare a spinning solution. In this study, we developed conductive filaments made of silk fibroin (SF) and polyaniline (PANI) with wet‐spinning techniques and a water coagulation bath. We then evaluated its surface morphologies and structural, mechanical, and electrical properties. The average diameters of the SF–PANI filaments increased with SF concentration from 8.0 to 14.0 wt % when PANI content was 0.1 wt %. The structure of SF–PANI filaments included the coexistence of silk I and silk II and was not affected by the addition of PANI. Moreover, the stress and strain of the SF–PANI filament were 4.46 ± 0.57 MPa and 16.18 ± 2.35%, respectively. After three drafts, the stress and strain of the SF–PANI filaments reached their maxima: 22.08 ± 0.2 MPa and 63.2 ± 2.56%, respectively. In addition, the electrical properties of the SF–PANI filaments increased with the addition of PANI. Thus, all data in this study suggest that recycled shell wastes can be reused as dissolution systems to prepare SF‐based functional conductive filaments. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47127.
Photoinduced healing of polyolefin dielectrics enabled by surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Yu , Yang Minhao , Zhang Sumei , Lin Xiang , Dang Zhi‐Min , Wang Dongrui
Published: October 2018

Dielectrics with the capability to sustain large electric fields and to repair electrical damages rapidly are attracting for advanced insulation systems. Herein we demonstrate, for the first time, polymer blends with a co‐continuous structure can heal electrical‐breakdown‐damage under laser illumination. Polymer blends consisting of polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) plus a small amount of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared via a solvent‐assisted approach. The co‐continuous structure was obtained by controlling the mass ratio of PE/EVA to 50/50 wt %. The PE/EVA blend showed a relatively high dielectric strength of 215 kV mm−1 at room temperature under a direct current electric field. The dielectric strength was slightly reduced to 202 kV mm−1 by incorporating with 0.42 wt % of AuNPs. Importantly, after electrical breakdown, the AuNPs‐filled blend films were able to restore their dielectric strength to 80% of the initial values by laser irradiation for seconds. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47158.
Elaboration of a feather keratin/carboxymethyl cellulose complex exhibiting pH sensitivity for sustained pesticide release
Authors: Lin G. , Chen X. , Zhou H. , Zhou X. , Xu H. , Chen H.
Published: October 2018

Feather keratin (FK) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used as raw materials to prepare a FK/CMC polyelectrolyte complex via electrostatic interactions. Using avermectin (AVM) as a model drug and elevated temperature, an FK/CMC@AVM drug‐carrying complex was obtained. The structure and morphology of FK/CMC@AVM were both analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the encapsulation efficiency, anti‐ultraviolet, sustained release, and toxicity properties of FK/CMC@AVM were studied. The results showed that the average particle size of FK/CMC@AVM was 386.57 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 67.06%. Under UV light irradiation, FK/CMC@AVM significantly improved the stability of AVM and the half‐life of AVM was found to be delayed from 354 to 1800 min. Moreover, the sustained release of AVM featured pH sensitivity and was consistent with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Upon increasing the pH from 1.5 to 9.5, the release mechanism of AVM changed from Fick diffusion to non‐Fick diffusion. Finally, the toxicity characteristics of FK/CMC@AVM were not significantly different from those of nonmodified AVM. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47160.
Loss of thermoplastic elastomer toughening in polylactide after weathering
Authors: Meyva‐Zeybek Y. , Kaynak C.
Published: October 2018

It has been already pointed out that one of the best ways to increase toughness of the inherently brittle polylactide (PLA) without sacrificing strength and modulus is the use of thermoplastic elastomer toughening approach; but what happens under outdoor conditions was not explored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the degree of losses especially in fracture toughness of PLA when blended with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer or thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPE) after weathering. For this purpose, neat PLA, its 10 phr TPU and TPE blends were exposed to accelerated weathering conditions of both ultraviolet‐irradiation cycles and moisture cycles as described in the standard of ISO 4892‐3 for various periods. In general, due to the significant molecular weight reduction via chain scission reactions, drastic losses in the strength and toughness of the specimens were observed. On the other hand, in terms of %retention in the properties after weathering periods, it could be suggested that, rather than use of neat PLA, the use of its TPU or TPE blends would be still advantageous for both “indoor use” and also for “outdoor use.” © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47177.
Calponins Are Recruited to Actin‐Rich Structures Generated by Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Salmonella
Authors: Chua Michael Dominic , Walker Brittany Dominique , Jin Jian‐Ping , Guttman Julian A.
Published: October 2018

The ingestion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium leads to their colonization of the intestinal lumen, which ultimately causes an array of ailments ranging from diarrhea to bacteremia. Once in the intestines, these microbes generate various actin‐rich structures to attach, invade, or move within the host intestinal epithelial cells. Although an assortment of actin‐associated proteins has been identified to varying degrees at these structures, the localization of many actin stabilizing proteins have yet to be analyzed. Here, we examined the recruitment of the actin‐associated proteins, calponin 1 and 2 at EPEC pedestals, L. monocytogenes actin clouds, comet tails and listeriopods, and S. Typhimurium membrane ruffles. In other systems, calponins are known to bind to and stabilize actin filaments. In EPEC pedestals, calponin 1 was recruited uniformly throughout the structures while calponin 2 was enriched at the apical tip. During L. monocytogenes infections, calponin 1 was found through all the actin‐rich structures generated by the bacteria, while calponin 2 was only present within actin‐rich structures formed by L. monocytogenes near the host cell membrane. Finally, both calponins were found within S. Typhimurium‐generated membrane ruffles. Taken together, we have shown that although calponin 1 is recruited to actin‐rich structures formed by the three bacteria, calponin 2 is specifically recruited to only membrane‐bound actin‐rich structures formed by the bacteria. Thus, our findings suggest that calponin 2 is a novel marker for membrane‐bound actin structures formed by pathogenic bacteria. Anat Rec, 301:2103–2111, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation and Assembly of Actomyosin Contractile Rings in Cytokinesis and Cell Repair
Authors: Dekraker Corina , Boucher Eric , Mandato Craig A.
Published: October 2018

Cytokinesis and single‐cell wound repair both involve contractile assemblies of filamentous actin (F‐actin) and myosin II organized into characteristic ring‐like arrays. The assembly of these actomyosin contractile rings (CRs) is specified spatially and temporally by small Rho GTPases, which trigger local actin polymerization and myosin II contractility via a variety of downstream effectors. We now have a much clearer view of the Rho GTPase signaling cascade that leads to the formation of CRs, but some factors involved in CR positioning, assembly, and function remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that this regulation is multifactorial and goes beyond the long‐established Ca2+‐dependent processes. There is substantial evidence that the Ca2+‐independent changes in cell shape, tension, and plasma membrane composition that characterize cytokinesis and single‐cell wound repair also regulate CR formation. Elucidating the regulation and mechanistic properties of CRs is important to our understanding of basic cell biology and holds potential for therapeutic applications in human disease. In this review, we present a primer on the factors influencing and regulating CR positioning, assembly, and contraction as they occur in a variety of cytokinetic and single‐cell wound repair models. Anat Rec, 301:2051–2066, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple Pools of Nuclear Actin
Authors: Wineland Dylane M. , Kelpsch Daniel J. , Tootle Tina L.
Published: October 2018

While nuclear actin was reported ~50 years ago, it's in vivo prevalence and structure remain largely unknown. Here, we use Drosophila oogenesis, that is, follicle development, to characterize nuclear actin. We find that three different reagents—DNase I, anti‐actin C4, and anti‐actin AC15—recognize distinct pools of nuclear actin. DNase I labels monomeric or G‐actin, and, during follicle development, G‐actin is present in the nucleus of every cell. Some G‐actin is recognized by the C4 antibody. In particular, C4 nuclear actin colocalizes with DNase I to the nucleolus in anterior escort cells, follicle stem cells, some mitotic follicle cells, and a subset of nurse cells during early oogenesis. C4 also labels polymeric nuclear actin in the nucleoplasm of the germline stem cells, early cystoblasts, and oocytes. The AC15 antibody labels a completely distinct pool of nuclear actin from that of DNase I and C4. Specifically, AC15 nuclear actin localizes to the chromatin in the nurse and follicle cells during mid‐to‐late oogenesis. Within the oocyte, AC15 nuclear actin progresses from localizing to puncta surrounding the DNA, to forming a filamentous cage around the chromosomes. Together these findings reveal that nuclear actin is highly prevalent in vivo, and multiple pools of nuclear actin exist and can be recognized using different reagents. Additionally, our localization studies suggest that nuclear actin may regulate stemness, nucleolar structure and function, transcription, and nuclear structure. Such findings call for further studies to explore the prevalence, diversity, and functions of nuclear actin across tissues and organisms. Anat Rec, 301:2014–2036, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effective Mechanical Advantage Allometry of Felid Elbow and Knee Extensors
Authors: Harper Christine M. , Sylvester Adam D.
Published: October 2018

Larger terrestrial mammals have generally been found to use more extended limb postures, a mechanism which maintains muscular requirements at larger sizes by improving the effective mechanical advantage (EMA) of limb musculature. Felids, however, have been documented to maintain joint angles across body sizes. If felid morphology scales isometrically, it would mean larger felids have relatively weaker muscles, compromising locomotor activities. Here, we examine the allometric relationships between the EMA of the elbow and knee extensors and body mass, finding that the EMA of the triceps brachii and quadriceps muscles scale with positive allometry. When species‐specific joint angles were used rather than felid‐average joint angles, EMA scales to body mass with more positive allometry. When the scaling of the muscle and ground reaction force (GRF) lever arms were investigated individually the allometric signal was lost; however, the muscle lever arms generally have allometric slope coefficients that are consistent with positive allometry, while the GRF lever arms demonstrate negative allometric slope coefficients. This suggests there are subtle alterations to limb morphology allowing different felid species to achieve an increased EMA via distinctive mechanisms. The quadriceps EMA was found to scale with sufficient positive allometry to compensate for increases in size without alteration in muscular anatomy; however, this is not the case for the triceps brachii EMA. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:775–784, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Analysis of Extraocular Muscle Forces in the Piked Dogfish (Squalus acanthias)
Authors: Gurley Matthew , Motta Philip
Published: October 2018

Vertebrates utilize six extraocular muscles that attach to a tough, protective sclera to rotate the eye. The goal of the study was to describe the maximum tetanic forces, as well as the torques produced by the six extraocular muscles of the piked dogfish Squalus acanthias to understand the forces exerted on the eye. The lateral rectus extraocular muscle of Squalus acanthias was determined to be parallel fibered with the muscle fibers bundled into discrete fascicles. The extraocular muscles attach to the sclera by muscular insertions. The total tensile forces generated by the extraocular muscles ranged from 1.18 N to 2.21 N. The torques of the extraocular muscles ranged from 0.39 N to 2.34 N. The torques were greatest in the principal direction of movement for each specific muscle. The lateral rectus produced the greatest total tensile force, as well as the greatest torque force component, while the medial rectus produced the second greatest. This is likely due to the constant rotational movement of the eye anteriorly and posteriorly to stabilize the visual image, as well as increase the effective visual field during swimming. Rotational forces in dimensions other than the primary direction of movement may contribute to motion in directions other than the principal direction during multi‐muscle contraction that occurs in the vertebrate eye. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:837–844, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.