bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘A well-dressed actress’: Exploring the Theatrical Wardrobe of Ellen Terry
Authors: Isaac Veronica
Published: March 2018

A leading actress of the late nineteenth century, Dame Ellen Terry (1847–1928) exercised an unusual degree of control over her theatre costumes and played an active role in the design and creation of these garments. Drawing upon evidence gathered from a wide range of material culture sources, most notably her surviving costumes, this article considers the theatrical, historical, social and artistic context which shaped Terry's theatrical performances and stage dress. Terry's theatre costumes also reflected her personal views on dress, both on and off the stage. Particular attention will therefore be paid to the changes which occurred in Terry's stage dress as her increasing fame and financial independence enabled her to achieve greater control over the design and, importantly, the designers, of her theatre costumes. Through a close analysis of key pieces from Terry's stage wardrobe, this article will draw attention to the important part her theatre costumes played in a wider process of self-fashioning in which Terry used her dress, both on and off the stage, to establish her status as an ‘Icon of Aestheticism’ and secure her enduring legacy as an actress who understood the ‘art’ of theatre.
Gerald McCann: The Rediscovery of a Fashion Designer
Authors: Almond Kevin , Riches Caroline
Published: March 2018

This article was prompted by the discovery of the archive of international fashion designer Gerald McCann, hidden in a garage in Fleetwood, Lancashire, UK. The contents of the archive revealed a treasure trove of press cuttings, photographs, fashion drawings and interviews as well as designs and costings from a once well-known designer, whose significance to the global fashion industry is sparsely documented and largely forgotten. The article reveals the history of the designer, who graduated from the Royal College of Art in London in the 1950s, during the tenure of Professor Madge Garland, and forged a career at the heart of ‘Swinging London’ in the 1960s. He was lured to the USA in the 1970s, returning to the UK in the 1990s as a designer for House of Fraser and Harrods. The research offers the first significant assessment of McCann's position in global fashion and the value and relevance of his legacy, as well as exploring the rationale for documenting the history of forgotten fashion designers.
‘Books are not absolutely dead things’: English Literature, Material Culture and Mapping Text
Authors: Eskin Catherine R.
Published: March 2018

John Milton's 1644 declaration that ‘Books are not absolutely dead things’ makes him a rock star among undergraduate English majors who are covetous of the material, reassuringly physical book. This essay explores that metonymic dichotomy through a project that combined the ‘old’ technology of the hand-press book and the ‘new’ technology of GIS story-telling. Using a visiting special collection of rare books for students at a small college, the project approached hand-press era books in three phases: 1) a bibliographic description and transcription; 2) book forensics, and 3) a ‘deep map’ of a book. With mapping—understood as an expression of spatial thinking—as a guide, students recognized that the singular text, even the dialogic text, is far less remarkable than locating and articulating the links between history, place, literature, and culture. Students engaged with terminology (descriptive bibliography), recognized the temporal lines of the book as an object (provenance), followed the development of a book as a polyglotous intellectual entity, and reviewed the geographic/historical experiences of the author and of the book (biography, publishing). The spatial turn allowed students to construct (and in some cases, deconstruct) the cultural world in which texts, authors and printers collide.
Pilgrimage, Place, Pedagogy: How Mapping Tools can Enhance First Year Experience Abroad
Authors: Smith Alison T.
Published: March 2018

High impact learning experiences hold forth great promise for enhancing the personal and intellectual development of students. First year experience abroad offers opportunities for students to explore a study abroad topic in depth at an early point in their academic career. Recently, significant numbers of faculty have begun to lead study abroad groups on the Camino de Santiago in Spain. Due to the increasing popularity of walking the Camino overall, overcrowding and other related issues are becoming a problem. I propose that faculty leading student groups on the Camino incorporate digital mapping tools as part of the curriculum to increase awareness among students about the potential impact they may have on local communities. Furthermore, the use of digital mapping tools to either complement or replace the more traditionally assigned journal will help the student meet the desired learning outcomes set forth by the first year experience abroad program—develop, experience and reflect. By understanding spatial relationships, students will ask questions and make connections that they otherwise would not have.
Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis
Authors: Tastekova Elina A , Polyakov Alexander Yu , Goldt Anastasia E , Sidorov Alexander V , Oshmyanskaya Alexandra A , Sukhorukova Irina V , Shtansky Dmitry V , Grünert Wolgang , Grigorieva Anastasia V
Published: March 2018

Mesoporous silver nanoparticles were easily synthesized through the bulk reduction of crystalline silver(I) oxide and used for the preparation of highly porous surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrates. An analogous procedure was successfully performed for the production of mesoporous silver films by chemical reduction of oxidized silver films. The sponge-like silver blocks with high surface area and the in-situ-prepared mesoporous silver films are efficient as both analyte adsorbents and Raman signal enhancement mediators. The efficiency of silver reduction was characterized by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The developed substrates were applied for SERS detection of rhodamine 6G (enhancement factor of about 1–5 × 105) and an anti-ischemic mildronate drug (meldonium; enhancement factor of ≈102) that is known for its ability to increase the endurance performance of athletes.
Maternal hemodynamic responses to two different types of moderate physical exercise during pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Tavares Jousilene de Sales , Melo Adriana , Maciel Bruno , Vasconcelos Amanda , Alves Joao Guilherme , Amorim Melania
Published: March 2018

Background/Aim:  Maternal hemodynamic responses (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were compared during two types of moderate-intensity physical exercise.

Methods:  A randomized clinical trial compared 120 pregnant women performing physical exercise on a treadmill (n=64) or stationary bicycle (n=56).  In 44 of these women (n=23 treadmill; n=21 bicycle), blood pressure was monitored for 24 hours following exercise.  Repeated-measures analysis compared maternal heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure before, during and in the 24 hours following exercise in both groups. 

Results:  Maternal heart rate increased significantly (p<0.001) with both types of exercise (from 84 at rest to 112 bpm on the treadmill and from 87 at rest to 107 bpm on the bicycle), without exceeding the limit of 140 bpm.  Systolic pressure increased from 110 at rest to 118 mmHg on the bicycle (p=0.06) and from 112 at rest to 120 mmHg on the treadmill (p=0.02).  Systolic pressure dropped steadily following exercise, reaching its lowest level (104 mmHg) after 14 hours, increasing thereafter and returning to pre-exercise levels by the 19th hour.  Diastolic pressure increased during exercise irrespective of the type of exercise (p=0.27), from 70 at rest to 75 mmHg on the bicycle (p=0.39) and from 70 at rest to 76 mmHg on the treadmill (p=0.18), with the lowest level (59 mmHg) being at the 13th hour.

Conclusions:  A slight increase in blood pressure levels was found during exercise; however, this was not clinically significant and was followed by a substantial hypotensive effect that lasted around 19 hours.

Register: Clinical Trials NCT01383889.
Multiple Paths of Deuterium Fractionation in Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Aikawa Yuri , Furuya Kenji , Hincelin Ugo , Herbst Eric
Published: March 2018

We investigate deuterium chemistry coupled with the nuclear spin-state chemistry of H2 and

in protoplanetary disks. Multiple paths of deuterium fractionation are found; exchange reactions with D atoms, such as HCO+ + D, are effective in addition to those with HD. In a disk model with grain sizes appropriate for dark clouds, the freeze-out of molecules is severe in the outer midplane, while the disk surface is shielded from UV radiation. Gaseous molecules, including DCO+, thus become abundant at the disk surface, which tends to make their column density distribution relatively flat. If the dust grains have grown to millimeter size, the freeze-out rate of neutral species is reduced and the abundances of gaseous molecules, including DCO+ and N2D+, are enhanced in the cold midplane. Turbulent diffusion transports D atoms and radicals at the disk surface to the midplane, and stable ice species in the midplane to the disk surface. The effects of turbulence on chemistry are thus multifold; while DCO+ and N2D+ abundances increase or decrease depending on the regions, HCN and DCN in the gas and ice are greatly reduced at the innermost radii, compared to the model without turbulence. When cosmic rays penetrate the disk, the ortho-to-para ratio (OPR) of H2 is found to be thermal in the disk, except in the cold (≲10 K) midplane. We also analyze the OPR of

and H2D+, as well as the main reactions of H2D+, DCO+, and N2D+, in order to analytically derive their abundances in the cold midplane.
Dropping Hints: Estimating the diets of livestock in rangelands using DNA metabarcoding of faeces
Authors: Lee Timothy , Alemseged Yohannes , Mitchell Andrew
Published: March 2018

The introduction of domesticated animals into new environments can lead to considerable ecological disruption, and it can be difficult to predict their impact on the new ecosystem. In this study, we use faecal metabarcoding to characterize the diets of three ruminant taxa in the rangelands of south-western New South Wales, Australia. Our study organisms included goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) and two breeds of sheep (Ovis aries): Merinos, which have been present in Australia for over two hundred years, and Dorpers, which were introduced in the 1990s. We used High-Throughput Sequencing methods to sequence the rbcL and ITS2 genes of plants in the faecal samples, and identified the samples using the GenBank and BOLD online databases, as well as a reference collection of sequences from plants collected in the study area. We found that the diets of all three taxa were dominated by the family Malvaceae, and that the Dorper diet was more diverse than the Merino diet at both the family and the species level. We conclude that Dorpers, like Merinos, are potentially a threat to some vulnerable species in the rangelands of New South Wales.
Describing terminologies and discussing records: More discoveries of facultative vivipary in the genus Hedychium J.Koenig (Zingiberaceae) from Northeast India
Authors: Ashokan Ajith , Gowda Vinita
Published: March 2018

The authors introduce the term facultative vivipary for the first time in gingers and elaborate on this reproductive strategy. Four new observations of facultative vivipary are reported in the genus Hedychium which were discovered during botanical explorations by the authors in Northeast India (NE India) over the past three years. The viviparous taxa are H.marginatum C.B.Clarke, H.speciosumvar.gardnerianum (Ker Gawl.) Sanoj & M.Sabu (previously, H.gardnerianum Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.), H.thyrsiforme Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. and H.urophyllum G.Lodd. The authors also attempt to summarise the occurrence of vivipary in the family Zingiberaceae from published reports and to clarify a taxonomic misidentification in a previously known report of vivipary in Hedychiumelatum.
The family Lohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida) II: two new Oribatid mites, Meristacarus perikopesis sp. n. from Costa Rica and Torpacarus eidikoterai sp. n. from Kenya
Authors: Fernandez Nestor , Theron Pieter , Leiva Sergio , Jordaan Anine
Published: March 2018

Two very particular new species of the family Lohmanniidae were studied and described using optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).Meristacarusperikopesissp. n.displays complex cuticular microsculpture with cross-shaped grooves and pusticulate porose areas; ten transversal bands, with reticulate-foveate microsculpture;S4,S5,S7,S10not crossing medial notogastral plane, amongst other characters.Torpacaruseidikoteraisp. n.with: prodorsum - rostrum weakly bilobate with small central structure and CSO present. Six transversal depressions present, transversal bands absent; but six transversal depressions present, none of the depressions crossing medial notogastral plane.
Drowning Prevention in Pediatrics
Authors: Conover Katie , Romero Sarah
Published: March 2018

Drowning contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population but it is largely preventable through judicious use of safety measures. To affect outcomes surrounding drowning, pediatricians need to understand the most updated terminology, the basic resuscitation protocols, and the assessment and management of a drowning victim. Most importantly, pediatricians must appreciate the importance of properly counseling patients and families about drowning prevention. Effective preventive measures supported by the literature include constant and reliable adult supervision, swim instruction for most children older than age 4 years, pool isolation fencing, and the proper use of personal floatation devices.

[
Pediatr Ann.
2018;47(3):e112–e117.]
Effective Decision-Making in Project Based Environments
Authors: Galli Brian J.
Published: March 2018

Effective decision-making requires economic analysis to be beneficial in a project environment. Producing effective economic decisions is based on various factors and methods, including payback period (PBP), internal rate of return (IRR), and net present value (NPV). Once projects are identified, a managerial team can begin the financial process of determining whether the project should be accepted. The team should use one of the mentioned tools. By analyzing past research, it is concluded that NPV is a vital tool that leads to the most effective project evaluation. NPV, in comparison to PBP and IRR, provides more realistic and effective value with little marginal error. This article illustrates the superiority of NPV by presenting evidence from existing research, scenarios, limitations, and future direction to use this tool in economic decision-making.
Beacon of Hope
Authors: Cherrstrom Catherine A. , Boden Carrie J.
Published: March 2018

Many Americans dream of completing a college degree, positively influencing wages and economic mobility. The number of students entering college or returning to college later in life is growing. Up to 75% of university enrollments are comprised of students in one or more of the following circumstances: 25 years old or older, attend school part-time, work full-time, parents. These students, described in the literature as non-traditional or post-traditional students, have different needs from traditionally-aged students. The award-winning Bachelor of Applied Arts and Sciences (BAAS) program, in Texas State University's Department of Occupational, Workforce, and Leadership Studies (OWLS), provides a pathway for post-traditional students to earn a college degree. This article features the voices of post-traditional students and discusses background information as context. The work of Malcolm Knowles and his ideas about andragogy serve as a framework for analyzing the BAAS program as well as implications and future.
An Online Intrusion Detection System to Cloud Computing Based on Neucube Algorithms
Authors: Almomani Ammar , Alauthman Mohammad , Albalas Firas , Dorgham O. , Obeidat Atef
Published: March 2018

This article describes how as network traffic grows, attacks on traffic become more complicated and harder to detect. Recently, researchers have begun to explore machine learning techniques with cloud computing technologies to classify network threats. So, new and creative ways are needed to enhance intrusion detection system. This article addresses the source of the above issues through detecting an intrusion in cloud computing before it further disrupts normal network operations, because the complexity of malicious attack techniques have evolved from traditional malicious attack technologies (direct malicious attack), which include different malicious attack classes, such as DoS, Probe, R2L, and U2R malicious attacks, especially the zero-day attack in online mode. The proposed online intrusion detection cloud system (OIDCS) adopts the principles of the new spiking neural network architecture called NeuCube algorithm. It is proposed that this system is the first filtering system approach that utilizes the NeuCube algorithm. The OIDCS inherits the hybrid (supervised/unsupervised) learning feature of the NeuCube algorithm and uses this algorithm in an online system with lifelong learning to classify input while learning the system. The system is accurate, especially when working with a zero-day attack, reaching approximately 97% accuracy based on the to-be-remembered (TBR) encoding algorithm.
Ten Challenges for Digital Humanities and the Way Forward
Authors: Pavlidis George , Markantonatou Stella , Donig Simon , Koumpis Adamantios
Published: March 2018

Regardless of whether one supports Digital Humanities as a discipline in its own, ‘traditional' Humanities are transforming with the incorporation of computational approaches. In this short position paper, we outline ten challenges that we consider important and propose to kick-off an in-depth dialog for the future shaping of Digital Humanities, without prejudices and preconceptions. The presentation of the challenges situates them with respect to trends and evolutionary developments in society and technology, and some first comments are being made in kicking-off the dialog for the shaping of the future.
Enhanced Virtual Reality Experience in Personalised Virtual Museums
Authors: Kiourt Chairi , Koutsoudis Anestis , Kalles Dimitris
Published: March 2018

This article focuses on important factors in the creation of enhanced personalised experiences in virtual environments for cultural heritage applications, especially those targeting virtual museums and exhibitions. Some of the most important factors relating to personalised virtual museums that relate to intelligent content and user modelling in virtual environments are being highlighted and discussed. After an extensive review of the current trends in the domain, the article presents a generalised framework for the development of the next generation enhanced VR experiences in personalised virtual museums. This framework, which naturally surfaces from the domain, was put to the test in the development of the DynaMus platform and two case studies based on this platform are referenced and commented to support such an approach. This concept can serve as the general framework for developing enhanced personalised virtual environments for cultural heritage applications.
Mobile Health Initiatives in Malawi
Authors: Malanga Donald Flywell , Chigona Wallace
Published: March 2018

Mobile health (mHealth) has emerged as a tool to enhance efficiency of healthcare service delivery in developing countries especially in hard-to-reach areas. The purpose of this article was to review the mHealth initiatives implemented in Malawi as a developing country, since 2010-2017 and their impact on health outcomes. Data was gathered through published reports, peer-reviewed papers, grey-literature on electronic health (eHealth), telemedicine and mHealth. The findings reveal that although the majority of mHealth projects have registered positive impacts, implementation challenges still exist. The study also revealed that the majority of mHealth projects are driven and funded by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) and have not moved beyond pilot phase. There is also lack of funding model on part of the Malawi Government to scale-up the mHealth programmes. Based on the challenges, the article makes some recommendations.
An Efficient Feed Foreword Network Model with Sine Cosine Algorithm for Breast Cancer Classification
Authors: Majhi Santosh Kumar
Published: March 2018

This article describes how breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in females worldwide and is major cause of deaths. The diagnoses of breast cancer include mammograms, breast ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ductogram and biopsy. Biopsy is best and only way to know if the breast tumour is cancerous. Reports say that positive detection of breast cancer through biopsy can reach as low as 10%. So many statistical techniques and cognitive science approaches like artificial intelligence are being used to detect the type of breast cancer in a patient. This article presents the breast cancer classification using a feed foreword neural network trained by a sine-cosine algorithm. The superiority of the SCA-NN is shown by experimenting on the Wisconsin Hospital data set and comparing with the recently reported results. The evaluations show that the proposed approach is very robust, effective and gives better correct classification as compared to other classifiers.
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller
Authors: Bouzaida Sana , Sakly Anis
Published: March 2018

A novel adaptive sliding mode controller using neuro-fuzzy network based on adaptive cooperative particle sub-swarm optimization (ACPSSO) is presented in this article for nonlinear systems control. The proposed scheme combines the advantages of adaptive control, neuro-fuzzy control, and sliding mode control (SMC) strategies without system model information. An adaptive training algorithm based on cooperative particle sub-swarm optimization is used for the online tuning of the controller parameters to deal with system uncertainties and disturbances. The algorithm was derived in the sense of Lyapunov stability analysis in order to guarantee the high quality of the controlled system. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated against two well-known benchmark problems and simulation results that illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Fish Market, Consumption and Consumer Behavior
Authors: Pllana Mustafe , Tufa Saranda
Published: March 2018

This article describes how fish is a primary source of nutrition and fisheries are a primary source of income. The health benefits for people eating fish are: reduction of risk of heart attack, lower blood pressure, reduction of risk of cancer, balancing dietary cholesterol and other health benefits. In addition to health, recreational fishing activity are contributing to a healthier population, where millions of people are finding pleasure but also sporting the fishing industry. Trend growth is expected in the future, even in developed countries. Factors which affect fish consumption are: culture and tradition, market, e.g. economic conditions, price, and income; personal factors e.g. taste, smell, bones, habit, awareness of health impact, ignorance of preparation; knowledge of these factors, views, preferences regarding fish. Kosovo has around 1,8 million inhabitants, with a fish consumption per capita of 0,8 kg of fish per year. This article will examine consumer behavior at Kosovo fish markets, based on data collected from the field research.
Fractal Entanglement Between Observer and Observed
Authors: Marks-Tarlow Terry
Published: March 2018

This article explores paradoxical dynamics embedded in the fabric of existence. The logic of Spencer-Brown, as extended by Francisco Varela, is placed within the historical context of cybernetics. Varela's concept of reentry provides a bridge to fractal geometry through recursive iteration on the complex number plane. Fractals are dynamic process-structures that negotiate spatial and temporal interfaces between various forces and dimensions of existence. This article argues that fractal reentry dynamics provide contradictory foundations by which different levels of nature, including mind and matter, both separate and connect. Finally, natural fractals reveal a new level of reflexivity in science, by which the observer is paradoxically embodied within the observed.
The Emergence of Issues in Everyday Discussions Between Adults and Children
Authors: Schär Rebecca , Greco Sara
Published: March 2018

This article studies how discussion issues emerge and argumentative discussions are initiated. Studying how discussions are initiated enables us to understand who is a legitimate instigator of a discussion issue and to what extent the freedom rule of argumentation is granted in a given context. This is of particular importance in asymmetrical contexts, such as discussions between adults and children. In this article, the authors consider the case of adult-child discussions taking place in an informal family setting and propose a typology of how issues emerge and discussions are initiated. This analysis shows that, in informal settings, children are able to introduce new issues for argumentation. It demonstrates that in collaborative argumentation, issues have precedence over standpoints. Finally, it indicates that the possibility of introducing new issues represents the ultimate application of the freedom rule of a critical discussion.
Rhetoric and Ideology in Communication Today
Authors: Ponzio Augusto
Published: March 2018

This article describes how the concept of communication is reconsidered under two aspects, theoretical and historical-social relatively to today's world. The first: communication cannot be reduced to a process of exteriorisation according to a limited view of communication. This contrasts with global semiotics (Sebeok) and the fact that being, life is communication. The second: with respect to economic reality, the industrial revolution of automation, globalisation of communication, universalisation of the market, communication in the production, exchange, consumption cycle is present in all three phases and not only in exchange. The dominant communication-production system tends to present itself through massmedial communication, and through the rhetoric of its ideo-logic as the only system possible, to maintain and reproduce at all costs, despite its openly destructive character. Semiotics must cultivate a global vision, which as semioethics and in a “semio-dialogic” perspective will interrogate dominant ideo-logic and propose new forms of living together.
Aspects of the life cycle of the avian parasitePhilornis torquans(Diptera: Muscidae) under laboratory rearing conditions
Authors: Saravia-Pietropaolo María José , Arce Sofía I. , Manzoli Darío E. , Quiroga Martín , Beldomenico Pablo M.
Published: March 2018

The life cycle of the avian parasitic fliesPhilornisMeinert (Diptera: Muscidae) is poorly known, limiting the understanding of the ecology of these flies, including interactions with their hosts. We provide data on length and survival of pupal and adult stages and the duration of the pre-oviposition period ofPhilornis torquansNielsen. Specimens were collected at larval and pupal stages from infested broods. The pupal stage lasted on average 10.5 days and adults lived up to 100 days in the laboratory. At least 90.2% of larvae pupated and 85.7% of the latter emerged as adults. For individuals collected as larvae, pupal mortality was 3.5 times higher than for those collected as pupae. Females laid from 1–8 clutches in their lifetime and deposited, on average, 41 eggs per female (range: 1–148). Females collected as pupae were larger and had shorter pre-oviposition periods and lifespans than females collected as larvae, but there were no differences in the total eggs laid by these females. This is the first information on reproductive parameters of a subcutaneous species ofPhilornis, and forms the basis for studies on conditions required for reproduction of this species in captivity.
An Innovative Solution for Preventing Gas Migration through Cement Slurry in the Lower Indus Basin of Pakistan
Authors: Irawan Sonny , Kalwar Shuaib Ahmed , Abbas Ghulam , Kumar Sandeep
Published: March 2018

The integrity of well construction plays an important role to recover the hydrocarbons from subsurface to surface safely and economically. The poor cement integrity behind the casing becomes the cause of gas migration and ultimate well abandonment. The lower Indus basin of Pakistan has the majority of gas producing wells and some of them are plugged due to poor cementing. This is caused by the substantial decrease in the performance of cement slurry with increase in temperature as a function of depth.

Therefore, it is essential to improve the API properties of cement slurry at high temperature for minimizing fluid loss and preventing the gas migration. For this purpose, different types of polymer have widely been used as the additives in cement slurry, but those polymers show thermal thinning behavior above 158 °F temperature. Polymers have also been modified by adding chemicals to improve their thermal stability range. However, the addition of chemicals affects the properties of other additives and increases the cost of cementing operation.

This paper presents the incorporation of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) cellulose type polymer in cement slurry which acts as a thickener, film foamer and water retention agent. It is capable of increasing the viscosity at elevated temperature. The viscosity of HPMC solutions was determined experimentally at different temperatures ranging from 86 °F to 212 °F with respect to shear rates. The HPMC polymer showed remarkable rheological properties as a thermal thickener at 194 °F. HPMC solution was then combined with cement slurry to evaluate its API properties such as rheology, fluid loss, free water settling, thickening time and transition time at 194 °F. The experimental results showed that HPMC based cement slurries have significant rheology, minimal fluid loss, zero free water, extended thickening time. The transition time of slurries was less than 45 minutes which is considered as the excellent cement slurry for preventing gas migration as per API standards.

It is concluded that HPMC based cement slurries performed as the multifunctional additive, which successfully improved the properties of slurry and prevented the gas migration at high temperature. Hence, field application of HPMC polymer will be a prominent and a cost effective technique for the petroleum industry during cementing operation in the lower Indus basin, Pakistan.
Certification Schemes for Marine Renewable Energy Technologies
Authors: Boutrot Jonathan , Lariviere-Gillet Nicolas
Published: March 2018

Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWT), Current and Tidal Turbines (CTT), Wave Energy Converters (WEC) and Ocean Thermal Energy Converters (OTEC) are promising Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) technologies. Considering the emerging stage of development of MRE technologies, no dedicated certification scheme has been developed so far by international organizations. Technical specifications are under development in the framework of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee (TC) 114 and IEC Renewable Energy (IECRE) has been recently created. Within IECRE, the Marine Energy Operational Management Committee (ME OMC) is in charge of the development of a conformity assessment system dedicated to MRE.

In this context, Bureau Veritas (BV) has issued a Guidance Note NI631 Certification Scheme for Marine Renewable Energy Technologies to support technology developers and speed up commercial phases. The note NI631 covers different types of technology for energy conversion from wind, wave, tidal or temperature gradients at sea.

This paper presents the Guidance Note NI631, which purpose is to provide an overview of the certification schemes applicable to MRE technologies, addressing prototype, component, type and project certification. Main objective, scope, intermediary steps to be completed and resulting certificates will be detailed for each certification scheme, as well as their interactions.

Finally, focus will be made on a riskbased approach developed by Bureau Veritas to define the reference set of standards used as a basis for certification. A methodology relying on the qualification of new technology process will be detailed when no guidelines or standards are available for the most innovative parts of any MECs, or when existing standards from related sectors, such as wind energy, shipping or offshore Oil&Gas, require adaptations to fit their requirements to the specific MRE conditions.
Mobile Water Injection Facilities: Case Study of Brownfield Redevelopment Strategy
Authors: Lim Jit Sen , Bakar Dayang Amalina Azyyati Awang
Published: March 2018

Brownfield redevelopment presents challenges such as project risks, uncertain rate of return and cost optimization. A Malaysian offshore brownfield, which has been producing for more than 30 years, is redeveloped through infill drilling of new oil producer wells and water injector wells. Water injection facilities are brought into this brownfield by an MOPU. In this case study, a previous drilling rig was refurbished and converted into a mobile water injection facilities jack-up. Total duration of 12 months was taken to complete the conversion, mobilize, install, tie-in to the brownfield facilities, and commission the unit. The mobile and leased application of this water injection facilities jack-up mitigates the project risks, addresses the uncertain returns, reduces the initial capital investment, and has the flexibility to be relocated. It also contributes to the overall brownfield operations, by upgrading its philosophy from unmanned to manned concept.
Characterization and Wax Mass Flux Analysis of Bakrol Field India Crude Oil
Authors: Agarwal J. R. , Kumar S. , Shah S. N. , Sircar A.
Published: March 2018

Wax deposition is one of the most expensive flow assurance issues encountered in crude oil production and transportation. It can lead to drastic production loss and ultimately heavy economic losses to E&P companies. Thus, precise prediction for field case is necessary to avoid this issue. Generally, two basic models, Film Mass Transfer (FMT) and Equilibrium Model (EM) are utilized to determine wax mass deposition in the crude oil pipelines. In this study, theoretical wax mass flux is computed based on these methods and compared with a field data point of wax mass deposited in 1.7 km long buried gathering line at Bakrol field, Gujarat, India. For a field flow rate of 100 m3/day in 4 in. pipe (ID = 3.765 in.), the fluid is in laminar flow regime. This contradicts the presumption that only turbulent flow condition prevails in the field. In addition to this, the analysis revealed that actual field wax mass flux for Bakrol field gathering line is close to the estimated value using FMT model and not EM. This agreement of the field data with laboratory flow loop data might be due to the closeness of field pipe ID (3.76 in.) with flow loop pipe ID (0.5 to 2 in.). Therefore, for Bakrol field, it is suggested to use FMT model for the calculation of wax mass flux rather than the EM model. However, previous researchers have reported predictions from FMT model also holds true for turbulent flow conditions in field case, which is in contradiction with the observation and explanation available in the literature for laboratory scale flow loop data. Thus, field data with larger diameter pipe and different waxy crude oils are required to make a robust conclusion.
Flow Assurance Challenges for FLNG Project
Authors: Hashim Wan Mahsuri Wan , Johar Juhaida M , Norpiah Rohaizad M
Published: March 2018

Floating LNG (FLNG) plant is one of the options to monetize remote and marginal gas field. A robust upstream facility design requirement should include flow a assurance assessment in order to achieve stable operations and protect the integrity of the LNG facility. In this case study for a specific FLNG project, flow assurance issues associated with the FLNG receiving dehydrated gas from a processing platform are explained. The aspects include hydrate management, flow stability and location of the pressure control system. For FLNG, the producing wells normally produced as wet gas to the processing facility via a relatively short pipeline.

A LNG plant requires constant pressure, flowrates and compositions to operate in a stable manner because most equipment such as refrigerant loops, compressor and distillation columns are sensitive to changes in inlet conditions. Consequently the location of the pressure control valve (PCV) and the impact of transient operations on the dehydrated gas were studies including the effect of the gas dehydration unit offline. For the pipeline, the location of the PCV at the upstream facility and FLNG facility affect the pipeline survival time in term of seconds versus minutes.

During normal operating condition, the dehydrated gas poses no major threat to operations as the inlet facility had been designed for, except for low temperature during the initial start-up and the gas turndown requirement during pigging operation. Sensitivity cases indicated that when the dehydration unit is offline, hydrate inhibition is required for shutdown, restart and depressurisation operations. The hydrate inhibition requirement depended on the mode of inhibition required i.e. continuous vs. intermittent or the availability of inhibition for the existing field. An integrated flow assurance study between departing upstream and inlet receiving facilities of FLNG enabled the design of a robust inlet facility suitable for the FLNG process.
Quantitative Seismic Reservoir Modeling – Optimizing Field Development Value through Early and Continuous Data Integration
Authors: Zirczy Helena , Hwang Yong Keun , Gelinsky Stephan
Published: March 2018

Field development costs continue to face tremendous downward pressure. Value preservation in a lowprice environment requires optimum placement of a minimum number of development wells that safely produce the maximum possible amount hydrocarbon resources. To achieve this ambitious goal, all relevant data need to be integrated earlier and faster to provide a solid basis for a realistic base case reservoir model to underpin the field development plan and to sketch out low and high case scenarios to ensure plan robustness and capture possible upside.
Experience with Chemical Sand Consolidation: Case Studies from West Africa
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Affeld C. J.
Published: March 2018

This paper presents experiences gained from several Chemical sand consolidation treatments performed in one of the field in West Africa. Success rate was 60% and there were learnings from failures. Case studies for several wells are provided to highlight the key aspect and learnings which are essential to improve the chances of any sand consolidation treatment.

Chemical Sand consolidation (SCON) treatment provides in situ sand influx control by treating the incompetent formation around the wellbore itself. The treatment consists of injecting the immediate near wellbore area of the reservoir with a fluid containing an adhesive or epoxy resins, which increases the strength of the formation without significant loss of permeability. The ideal sand consolidation system provides the highest possible resistance to sand production at the lowest impairment. However, there are many factors which generally not thought of could lead to potential job failure. Several SCON treatments have been done in the field. Of the total number of jobs conducted over time, there were some failures reported as well therefore a detailed after action review was conducted which highlighted some important factors responsible for failure. The factors responsible for the failure of these wells were found non-associated with each other. Key areas like candidate selection, well preparation prior to SCON treatment, design and modeling, SCON chemical validation and testing, job execution, well start-up post treatment were looked into details to summarize the findings. For successful SCON treatment, well preparation is very important. Well preparation conveyance method is typically coil tubing unit, bullheading or workover. Especially well preparation via either means requires extra considerations therefore some important learning will also be discussed apart from SCON treatment aspect.

The findings and learnings from these jobs were incorporated into future campaigns to maximize the success. Sand consolidation proved to be a successful means to add production gains in a low cost environment.
Analysis of a Fixed Yaw Weathervane Offshore Wind Turbine Having Single Point Mooring
Authors: Nathanial C. W. , Vijay K. G. , Sarkar A.
Published: March 2018

In the recent years, offshore wind energy has gained much importance owing to its viability and technical advances in the performance predictions. The thirst for steady energy supply from wind has pushed the wind turbine industry to offshore waters requiring floaters as the only possible and feasible solution. The floater along with wind turbine sets up the basis for any offshore floating wind turbines. The costs and the complexity involved in yaw mechanism are very high. To tackle this issue, a weathervane wind turbine system is proposed to eliminate the use of turbine yaw mechanism. In the concept of weathervane wind turbines, the floating wind turbine is connected to a single point mooring (SPM) about which it weathervanes. To better understand and to make practical decisions in real scenarios, performance analysis is carried out for a weathervane wind turbine system of a semisubmersible type. For present study, NREL 1.5 MW wind turbine is chosen as it is readily available and is widely preferred for preliminary studies. The numerical simulations are carried out using effective coupling of FAST code with OrcaFlex. The responses of the floating wind turbine systems not only depend on the floater but also on the coupled motions of wind turbine with SPM subjected to turbulence wind loadings. This non-linear coupling is analyzed in the time domain combining the effects of floater hydrodynamics, wind turbine system and mooring system. Numerical results along with discussions are presented. This preliminary global performance analysis gives a vision on its capability to better suit offshore, meeting the global standards.
Fracturing Methane Hydrate in Sand: A Review of the Current Status
Authors: Too Jun Lin , Cheng Arthur , Linga Praveen
Published: March 2018

Natural occurring methane hydrate (MH) is found abundantly in sediments and rocks under stable thermodynamic conditions. The majority of this resource is located under the permafrost layer and in the shallow depths of the seafloor in the deepwater regions. Over the past two decades, a variety of efforts were dedicated in laboratory researches and field production tests using different methods to examine the best production strategy that is economically viable for commercialization. In order to produce gas, the solid methane hydrate in pores of sediment or rock will need to be dissociated either by reducing the pore pressure, increasing the temperature, injection of inhibitors, or undergo gas exchange using carbon dioxide. It is possible to have a combination of these options in the gas production. Currently, the depressurization method is deemed the most efficient way to produce gas.

The key controlling factor in dissociating, exchanging or producing gas from methane hydrate is the flow conductivity through the pores of the hydrate-bearing layer. Larger contact exposure area between solid methane hydrate to the fluid pore pressure enables more dissociation to occur using the methods above. In this aspect, the creation of artificial fracture in hydrate-bearing layers is thought to promote a better dissociation process. This idea has surfaced with numerous efforts from the research community to explore its feasibility. There are multiple technical challenges and uncertainties to address if methane hydrate in sand can be fractured artificially. These challenges and the recent progressions in identifying/determining its fracture properties are discussed with some future considerations required to move towards the prospect of introducing artificial fractures for gas production purposes.
Valuable Improvements of Data Preparation and Controlling Operational Regime Practices at Mature Field as A Basic Part of a Smart Field Concept Usage Case Study
Authors: Kyrnaev D. , Fomin V. , Maslanov A. , Karpov V. , Amirov A. , Sleptsov D. , Batilov I. , Ratanov K. , Kozhin A. , Klemba A. , Rybalko A. , Guletzskiy M.
Published: March 2018

In introduction, will be given the short history of maturity field from 1976 year, main challenges, road map of implementing Smart Field (SF), current raediness. The main difficulties of implementing SF are depended on two factors: 1) Accuracy of tuning the components of integrated asset model-reservoir, wells and gathering networks by utilizing real-time data from SCADA systems, 2) Accuracy of execution the plan of injection and production at a field by field staff, subcontractors.

This paper is focused on the two very crucial workflows which are helped to connect the integrated asset model with reality and increase helpful of usage model based approach: 1) real-time data preparation for executing the well model matching procedure and 2) maintaining operational regime for production and injection wells which is calculated by integrated asset model. Each workflow is organized as a sequence of steps which can be executed manually especially for the very complex well behavior or in an automated mode in simple case.

The novelty of that experience includes the usage schemes and principals for mentioned routines: 1) special order of preparing data for further matching procedure of well/net/reservoir models, and readiness additional sets of transient data for further interpretation procedures 2) controlling execution process of maintaining the operational parameters at a field, generating some complex indicators show what to need to adjust models, measurement devices or submersible equipments.
Lessons Learnt in Executing Human Factors Engineering in FLNG Projects
Authors: Chandrasegaran D. , Al Sharifi H. , Mohd Noor M. H. , Abdullah M. K.
Published: March 2018

Human Factor Engineering (HFE) addresses interactions in the work environment between people, a facility and its management. FLNG projects bring new HFE challenges with more equipment items that are often larger and often more sophisticated than previously deployed offshore. Deployment of HFE is most cost efficient when started in the early design stages. Timely application of HFE can bring many benefits such as:Designing to allow operation and maintenance throughout the facility’s life considering every single task requiring handling of mechanical components and verification of the FLNG operation and maintenance teams’ resources.Holistic material handling system designBetter construction planning

This paper will present the findings and lessons learned from engineering and construction of recent offshore LNG facilities by TechnipFMC. The perspective of operation and maintenance teams is considered in the HFE process to ensure that experiences and needs are incorporated in the new design. The findings and lessons learned are summarized under keywords for further discussion and recommendation.

Codes, standards and guidelines that are relevant to HFE and material handling are discussed to establish if there is adequate coverage of the requirements for the design, construction and operation of FLNG. Although the discussions of human factors are based on case studies from offshore facilities such as FLNG and large gas processing platforms, the observations and recommendations could be extended to other types of oil and gas facilities.