bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coccidial Infections in Ranch Mink
Authors: Myers G. H. , Foreyt W. J. , Hartsough G. R. , Todd A. C.
Published: February 2025

A field study was conducted from April through June of 1976 to determine whether coccidial infections adversely affect the growth and survivability of young mink. Two anticoccidials, lasalocid (62 mg/kg of feed) and an antibiotic-sulfonamide preparation (220 mg/kg of feed), were incorporated into a standard pelleted ration. Comparisons of weight gains, mortality, and oocyst numbers were made between control and treated groups. Treatment reduced mortality (P<0.001) but did not significantly affect weight gains. The antibiotic-sulfonamide preparation and, to a lesser extent lasalocid, reduced oocyst discharge. Increased oocyst shedding was detected among adult female mink from parturition to weaning of their kits.
Prevalence of Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii Among Bobcats of West Virginia and Georgia
Authors: Oertley K. D. , Walls K. W.
Published: February 2025

Bobcats (Felis rufus) from West Virginia and Georgia were examined for Toxoplasma gondii serum antibodies and fecal oocysts. Of the 150 bobcats, 27 (18%) had antibody titers ≥ 1:16, as detected by the indirect hemagglutination test. Oocysts typical of T gondii were not seen in any of the fecal specimens.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Nonhuman Primate
Authors: Gilroy B. A. , Rockoff Μ. A. , Dunlop B. J. , Shapiro H. Μ.
Published: February 2025

Seventeen adult male Cynamolgus monkeys were subjected to potassium chloride-induced cardiopulmonary arrests of 10 to 12 minutes. Pupils became dilated and fixed at a mean interval of 30±11 seconds, and the electroencephalogram became isoelectric at a mean interval of 34±13 seconds. The monkeys were resuscitated by means of oxygen, external cardiac massage, epinephrine, calcium, and bicarbonate. The mean time required to resuscitate the monkeys was 140±70 seconds. After resuscitation, the monkeys were kept in an intensive care unit. Pupillary responsiveness and electroencephalographic activity were slow to return, with mean intervals of 90 ±85 and 108 ±36 minutes, respectively. Although all 17 monkeys were resuscitated, only 9 survived 96 hours or more. Of the 9 survivors, 2 appeared neurologically normal, 3 were moderately impaired, and 4 were severely impaired.
Triple Osteotomy of the Pelvis as a Treatment for Canine Hip Dysplasia
Authors: Schrader Steven C.
Published: February 2025

Triple osteotomy of the pelvis was performed on 9 dysplastic hip joints in 5 dogs. Acetabular redirection and fixation were unopposed by muscular forces, and bony union was achieved in all cases without complications. Two months postoperatively all hip joints were clinically and radiographically stable.
Cross Lid Flap for Repair of Large Upper Eyelid Defects
Authors: Munger Robert J. , Gourley I. M.
Published: February 2025

A 2-stage technique for reconstruction of large, upper eyelid defects was adapted from a technique used in man for use in lower animals. The technique utilized a flap from the lower lid and was applied successfully in a dog with a melanoma and in 2 cats with colobomas.
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia in Three Miniature Poodles
Authors: Kern Thomas J. , Riis Ronald C.
Published: February 2025

Three young Miniature Poodles, including 2 littermates, were referred independently for evaluation of visual deficits and aberrant behavior. One dog was blind, another had minimal useful vision, and a 3rd had relatively normal vision-directed behavior. Reduced pupillary reflexes and poor menace responses were demonstrable in 5 of 6 eyes. The diagnosis in each case was optic nerve hypoplasia.
Unusual Disease Conditions in Pet and Aviary Birds
Authors: Panigrahy B. , Mathewson J. J. , Hall C. F. , Grumbles L. C.
Published: February 2025

Ninety percent to 100% mortality in budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) nestlings from 2 aviaries was attributed to giardiasis. Treatment with dimetridazole in drinking water was effective in controlling mortality. Aeromonas hydrophila infection incriminated in acute deaths of aviary canaries (Serinus canarius) was successfully treated with chlortetracycline. Aeromonas hydrophila also was isolated in pure culture from a toucan (Ramphastostoco) with acute nephrosis and a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) with chlamydiosis (psittacosis). Coccidiosis associated with hemorrhagic enteritis, diarrhea, and mortality was diagnosed in budgerigars originating from 3 aviaries. Sporulated oocysts from 1 group of budgerigars were identified as Eimera sp. Sulfamethazine in drinking water was an effective treatment.
A Gastric Nematode (Ollulanus tricuspis) in Cats in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Hargis Ann M. , Prieur David J. , Wescott Richard B.
Published: February 2025

Ollulanus tricuspis, a minute gastric nematode not previously documented in the United States, was identified by histologic examination and by dissecting microscopic examination of stomach contents of 7 cats from 3 breeding colonies in the Pacific Northwest. The nematode may have contributed to chronic weight loss and undernutrition in part by causing gastric irritation, with resultant vomiting. The findings suggest that infection with Ollulanus parasites may be more widespread in the United States than realized.
Serologic Prevalence of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia in a Western Range Flock of Sheep
Authors: Huffman E. M. , Kirk J. H. , Winward L. , Gorham J. R.
Published: February 2025

Of 254 sheep examined for antibodies to the virus of ovine progressive pneumonia, 162 (63.8%) were seropositive. The mean age of the seropositive ewes was 4.9 ± 1.8 years, which was significantly greater than that for the seronegative ewes (4.1 ± 2.3 years). The age-specific prevalence increased with ewe age, from 25% among yearling ewes to 85% among 7-year-old ewes. Seropositive ewes produced more pounds of live lamb at birth than did seronegative ewes.
Pneumonia in Goats Caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides
Authors: Thigpen J. E. , Kornegay R. W. , Chang J. , McGhee C. E. , Thierry V. L.
Published: February 2025

Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (large-colony type) was isolated from the lungs of a goat with pneumonia. Clinical signs included inappetence, weakness, listlessness, coughing, dyspnea, pyrexia, slight nasal discharge, and lameness. Tylosin (4 mg/kg of body weight) was administered each day for 4 days, resulting in slow recovery. Three weeks later, the clinical signs recurred and the kid was anemic. It was given a single blood transfusion and tylosin was administered daily. The kid's health status steadily declined and it died after 6 days’ treatment. At necropsy, the lungs were edematous and congested. Histopathologic findings were those of septicemia and pneumonia.
Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence in Dogs: Role of the Urethral Pressure Profile
Authors: Rosin Anne E. , Barsanti Jeanne A.
Published: February 2025

Nine cases of urinary incontinence in dogs were evaluated by various diagnostic methods, including the urethral pressure profile (upp).

The upp was derived from a need to study the dynamics of the urethra in patients with urinary tract obstruction or incompetence of the urethral sphincteric mechanism and was obtained in dogs with similar problems. The method involved slowly withdrawing a fluid-filled catheter through the urethra while a chart recorder graphed the pressure changes within the urethral lumen. The graphs obtained from clinical cases were compared with normal values established for the upp in dogs.

The upp proved to be a simple and reliable means by which to determine intraurethral events and aided in establishing the cause of urinary incontinence in several dogs. The profile provided a graphic description of intraurethral resistance in each case and was valuable in localizing areas of increased urethral resistance or obstructions and decreased urethral resistance or incompetence. Frequently, specific therapy for the urinary incontinence was instituted on the basis of the upp.
Effect of Functional Adrenocortical Tumors on Plasma Cortisol and Corticotropin Concentrations in Dogs
Authors: Feldman Edward C.
Published: February 2025

Plasma endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) concentrations as well as basal and post-acth-stimulation plasma cortisol concentrations were measured in 6 dogs ultimately shown to have hyperfunctioning adrenocortical tumors. The basal and post-acth-stimulation plasma cortisol concentrations were found to fluctuate in 4 dogs in which repeat studies were done. Three dogs had at least 1 normal and 1 abnormally high plasma cortisol concentration after exogenous acth administration. A 4th dog had 1 normal and 1 abnormally high resting cortisol concentration. One dog tested twice 3 days apart had similar test results each time and a 6th dog was tested once. All of the dogs had at least 1 plasma endogenous acth concentration greater than 2 standard deviations below the normal mean. All endogenous acth concentrations were less than those previously reported for dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The results indicated that the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumor cannot reliably be made on the basis of the plasma cortisol response to exogenous acth; however, the use of plasma endogenous acth determination can be an important diagnostic aid.
Patterns of Shedding of Cryptosporidial Oocysts in Idaho Calves
Authors: Anderson Bruce C.
Published: February 2025

Fecal flotation was found to be a practical procedure for detecting cryptosporidial infection in diarrheic calves. Fifteen naturally infected diarrheic Holstein-Friesian calves passed Cryptosporidium oocysts, beginning 5 to 12 days after birth and continuing for 3 to 12 days.
Development and Resolution of Radiographic Lesions in Canine Heartworm Disease
Authors: Rowlings C. A. , Losonsky J. M. , Lewis R. E. , McCall J. W.
Published: February 2025

Thoracic radiography of 7 Beagles was performed before heartworm infection, during a 1-year heart-worm infection, and for 1 year following appropriate treatment. Cardiac and vascular lesions on thoracic radiographs were compared with angiographic changes. Within 3 months of obstructed blood flow in the caudal lobar arteries, associated increased focal parenchymal densities were detected. These lesions were regarded as characteristic of heartworm disease. Although the most severe arteriographic changes were in the caudal lobar arteries, lobar arterial changes on a lateral view were best detected in the right cranial lobar artery. These arteries increased in size during infection and decreased in size after treatment. It was concluded that the dorsoventral view is best for evaluation of the caudal lobar arteries. The most marked parenchymal lesions were detected during the first 6 months following adulticide treatment. These lesions and the other radiographic alterations then decreased in severity. Persistence of the parenchymal lesions were related to persistence of heartworm infection.
Aplastic Anemia Associated with Estrus in Pet Ferrets
Authors: Kociba Gary J. , Caputo Cheryl A.
Published: February 2025

Aplastic anemia in association with estrus was diagnosed in 6 pet ferrets. The ferrets had been examined because of anorexia, depression, and lethargy of 2-5 days' duration. Consistent clinical findings were pale mucous membranes and enlargement of the vulva. Hemorrhages were found in 3 ferrets. Hematologic findings included severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, and hy-pocellularity of the bone marrow. The aplastic anemia was attributed to prolonged estrogenic exposure in ferrets with protracted estrus.
Canine Struvite Urolithiasis: Problems and Their Dissolution
Authors: Osborne Carl A. , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Krawiec Donald R. , Griffith Donald P.
Published: February 2025

Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) uroliths are found more frequently in the urinary tracts of dogs than are other types of uroliths. Infection of the urinary tract with urease-producing bacteria, especially staphylococci, plays an important role in urolith formation. inherited predisposition to urinary tract infection may be associated with the high rate of occurrence of struvite uroliths in some dogs.

Diagnosis of struvite urolithiasis should encompass analysis of the mineral composition of calculi and identification of concomitant urinary tract infection. Since urinary tract infections occur as sequelae to abnormalities in local or systemic host-defense mechanisms, appropriate effort should be directed toward detection of these abnormalities.

Therapy of struvite urolithiasis should encompass relief of obstruction to outflow when necessary, elimination of existing calculi, eradication or control of urinary tract infection, and prevention of recurrence. Although surgical removal remains as the preferred method to eliminate struvite uroliths from dogs, nonsurgical methods of urolith dissolution should be considered. Recurrence of struvite uroliths may be prevented by various combinations of antimicrobial therapy, administration of urease inhibitors, acidification of urine, and induction of diuresis.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Anatomy and Surgery in a Cat
Authors: Jones Charla L. , Buchanan James W.
Published: February 2025

A 5-month-old cat with patent ductus arteriosus (pda) and probable small ventricular septal defect had severe cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure. The cat improved slightly with medical therapy and markedly after surgical closure of the ductus. A 4th left intercostal space thoracotomy gave good exposure. The external anatomy of the pda was similar to that of a short, wide pda in dogs; however, the internal aortic orifice was situated more cranial than in dogs, as evidenced by preoperative cardiac catheterization. Examination 1 year later showed marked reductions in heart size and electrocardiographic amplitude.

The cat was 1 of 3 with clinically diagnosed pda at the University of Pennsylvania from 1968 to 1980. The prevalence of pda in 14,224 cats (0.2/1,000) was significantly less than in 68,049 dogs (4.7/1,000).
Overwintering of Larvae of the Cattle Lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) on Pasture in Kentucky
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Hemken R. D. , Button F. S.
Published: February 2025

Seventeen dairy calves, raised lungworm-free, were used in an experiment to determine whether lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) larvae survived on a pasture in central Kentucky during the winter of 1979/1980. On Apr 22, 1980, the calves were placed on pasture. Three calves were put on pasture A, on which no cattle had grazed for over 20 years. Fourteen calves were put on pasture B, which had been vacant since Dec 12, 1979 (132 days before beginning of experiment), when several lungworm-infected calves had been removed from the pasture. Fecal samples from the 17 calves were examined for lungworm larvae at weekly intervals for about 6 weeks; lungworm larvae were not found in any of the 3 calves on pasture A, but were found in 12 of 14 (86%) calves on pasture B. One calf from pasture A and 3 calves from pasture B were euthanatized 37 days after being placed on pasture; lungworms were recovered from 1 calf from pasture B.
Bullous Pemphigoid Refractory to Recommended Dosage of Prednisolone in a Dog
Authors: Turnwald G. H. , Ochoa R. , Barta O.
Published: February 2025

Bullous pemphigoid in a dog was diagnosed on the basis of clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic criteria. There were widespread ulcerative lesions of the skin. Numerous ulcerative lesions and occasional bullous lesions were on the oral mucous membranes. Histopathologic changes included dermal-epidermal separation, with subepidermal production of bullae. Direct immunofluorescent staining of the skin revealed depositions of immunoglobulin G and of the 3rd component of the complement system. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of donor skin sections pretreated with patient's serum revealed antibasement membrane antibody in the patient's serum. Most of the data in the serum immune profile were within normal ranges. Prednisolone therapy did not effect remission at the dosage of 4.4 mg/kg/day, but led to the beginning of remission within 7 days at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg/day. The dosage was gradually reduced to 1.1 mg/kg, at 30 days, after which the drug was given on alternate days at that dosage. The healing was complete within 35 days, without any remissions when the dog was last examined (ie, over 6 months).
Patterns of Oral Bacterial Infection in Captive Snakes
Authors: Draper C. S. , Walker R. D. , Lawler H. E.
Published: February 2025

The bacterial isolates from culture specimens of snakes with infectious stomatitis were compared with those from culture specimens of the oral cavity of healthy captive snakes. Cloacal swab specimens were also taken from healthy snakes to compare their intestinal and oral bacterial populations.

The healthy snakes had a predominantly gram-positive oral flora, with Corynebacterium spp and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp being the organisms isolated most frequently. The specimens from snakes with infectious stomatitis yielded predominantly gram-negative bacteria. The organisms most frequently isolated from these specimens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia rettgeri, and P maltophilia. The cloacal swabbing of healthy snakes also resulted in the isolation of predominantly gram-negative organisms, suggesting that these bacteria are not exogenous pathogens but opportunistic invaders.
Fatal Herpesvirus Infection in Patas Monkeys and a Black and White Colobus Monkey
Authors: Loomis Michael R. , O'Neill Timothy , Bush Mitchell , Montali Richard J.
Published: February 2025

Fatal herpesvirus infections were diagnosed in 3 patas monkeys and 1 black and white colobus monkey over a 4-week period. Herpesvirus was isolated from 1 patas monkey and from the black and white colobus monkey. Both isolates had growth characteristics similar to Herpesvirus hominis and Herpesvirus simiae. The isolate from the colobus monkey antigenically appeared to be H simiae or H simiae-like, whereas the isolate from the patas monkey could not be conclusively identified with the antisera used. All affected animals were housed in close proximity to rhesus monkeys, the carrier host of H simiae.
Maternally Derived Immunity to Canine Parvovirus Infection: Transfer, Decline, and Interference with Vaccination
Authors: Pollock R.V.H. , Carmichael L. E.
Published: February 2025

Antibody to canine parvovirus (cpv) was transferred from an immune bitch to her pups through the placenta and colostrum. Colostral transfer accounted for approximately 90% of the maternally-derived cpvantibody. After suckling, pups had hemagglutination-inhibition titers that averaged 50% of their dam's titer. Maternally derived cpv antibody declined with a half-life of 9.7 days. Pups with hemagglutination-inhibition titers ≥1:80 were immune to oronasal challenge with virulent cpv, but any detectable hemagglutination-inhibition antibody (titer ≥1:10) interfered with active immunization by modified-live feline panleukopenia virus, inactivated feline panleukopenia virus, or inactivated cpv vaccines.
Salmonellosis in Dogs with Lymphosarcoma
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Leifer Connie E.
Published: February 2025

In 6 dogs with multicentric lymphosarcoma, salmonellosis developed shortly after the start of anticancer chemotherapy. Three of the dogs died. Signs of illness in those that died were vomiting, diarrhea, neutropenia, anorexia, and fever, usually within 3 days of the start of chemotherapy.
Treatment of canine actinomycosis
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Barsanti Jeanne A.
Published: February 2025

Sixteen cases of actinomycosis seen at the University of Georgia were reviewed. Treatment in 15 cases consisted of long-term antibiotic therapy combined with lavage and drainage of the affected area. Surgical debridement was used in several cases. Treatment was successful in 12 cases.
Phenoxybenzamine for the treatment of severe nonresponsive diarrhea in the horse
Authors: Hood David M. , Stephens Kay A. , Bowen M. J.
Published: February 2025

Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha adrenergic antagonist, was administered iv to 6 clinically normal horses, 5 horses with experimentally induced diarrhea, and 7 horses with naturally occurring diarrhea. It was established that a total of 2 mg of phenoxybenzamine/kg of body weight given in divided doses resulted in alpha adrenergic blockage of approximately 72 hours’ duration, tranquilization, and mild constipation in the normal horse. The 5 experimental cases of diarrhea were involved in a laminitis research protocol in which laminitis was induced by oral carbohydrate overload. In all 5 of those cases, the severity of the diarrhea that accompanied the carbohydrate overload was reduced. The 7 clinical cases consisted of 2 foals and 5 adults with diarrhea, some of which were nonresponsive to conventional treatment. One of the foals did not respond to the phenoxybenzamine, and the other had a questionable response, whereas the 5 adults all responded favorably to the agent.

It was concluded that phenoxybenzamine has a potential place in the therapy of some cases of diarrhea that are nonresponsive to conventional therapy. The mechanism of action of phenoxybenzamine on diarrhea is not known at this time.
Acute vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) toxicosis in horses: Case report and experimental studies
Authors: Harrington Daniel D.
Published: February 2025

Acute accidental vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) toxicosis was diagnosed in a 6-month-old foal with extensive lesions of soft tissue mineralization. In an experimental study, three 18-month-old horses were given ergocalciferol per os at a rate of 9,300, 22,200, or 47,200 IU/kg of body weight/day for 21 days. Clinical signs or lesions were not seen in horses given the low and intermediate doses, whereas the horse receiving the highest dose developed clinical signs and lesions similar to those noted in the foal. Signs included depression, loss of appetite, weakness, limb stiffness with impaired mobility, and cessation of growth or weight loss. Gross and histologic lesions of mineralization of various soft tissues, especially of the endocardium and wall of large blood vessels, were seen in the foal and the horse given the high dose. Marked, persistent, hyperphosphatemia (7.0 to 13.0 mg of P/dl of serum) developed in each horse. The horse given the intermediate dose remained normocalcemic. Horses given the low and high doses became hypercalcemic (13.6 to 14.5 mg of Ca/dl of serum), but serum calcium concentrations varied from day to day and both horses were normocalcemic at necropsy (12.4 to 12.7 mg of Ca/dl of serum). Distal metacarpal bone ash concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium of the foal were (mg/g of bone ash) 400.5, 180.5, and 5.30, respectively. In the horses, treatment with ergocalciferol also had no significant effect on serum magnesium (1.88 to 2.18 mg/dl of serum) or distal metacarpal bone ash concentrations of calcium (352.5 to 362.5 mg/g of bone ash), phosphorus (182.5 to 184.0 mg/g of bone ash), or magnesium (5.48 to 6.02 mg/g of bone ash).
Electrocardiographic findings in 45 cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Keene Bruce , Ferguson Duncan C. , Pipers Frank S.
Published: February 2025

Electrocardiographic (ecg) abnormalities were recorded in 36 (80%) of 45 cats with untreated hyperthyroidism caused by hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas (adenomatous hyperplasia). Tachycardia (≥ 240/min) and increased R-wave amplitude in lead II (≥ 0.9 mV) were the most frequent abnormalities recorded (62% and 49%, respectively). Other abnormalities included atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (20%), prolonged QRS duration (16%), shortened Q-T interval (11%), intraventricular conduction disturbances (3%), and ventricular pre-excitation (1%). In 17 cats, repeat ecg were recorded 6 months after hemi- or total thyroidectomy; resolution of tachycardia, increased R-wave amplitudes, shortened Q-T intervals, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias had occurred in all cats. It was concluded that many of the ecg changes associated with feline hyperthyroidism are similar to those associated with primary myocardial disease in cats; however, the ecg abnormalities and associated cardiovascular signs of hyperthyroidism generally resolve after successful treatment of the hyperthyroid state.
Migration of a spiruroid nematode through the brain of a horse
Authors: Mayhew I. G. , Lichtenfels J. R. , Greiner E. C. , MacKay R. J. , Enloe C. W.
Published: February 2025

A pregnant 10-year-old Paint mare was examined because of an acute neurologic disturbance. Physical examination revealed signs consistent with extensive, asymmetric brain stem disease. The hemogram, serum chemical panel, and results of lumbosacral spinal fluid analysis were within normal limits. A primary diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was considered, and the mare was placed on treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. After 5 weeks of steady improvement, an acute exacerbation of neurologic signs necessitated euthanasia of the mare. At necropsy, large, malacic tracts were found extending through the brain stem and cerebral cortex. Cross sections of a nematode were observed microscopically and subsequently were identified as belonging to a single gravid female Draschia megastoma.
Degenerative joint disease with osteochondrosis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in young horses
Authors: Trotter G. W. , Mcllwraith C. W. , Norrdin R. W. , Turner A. S.
Published: February 2025

Degenerative joint disease of the proximal interphalangeal joint was diagnosed in 9 joints of 6 horses. All of the horses were 3 years old or younger and the affected joints were in the hindlimbs. Radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis involving the distal end of the proximal phalanx was apparent in 5 joints. Lameness and local soft tissue swelling were prominent in all cases. In 1 horse euthanatized because of lameness, histologic examination of joint tissues revealed osteochondrosis as well as severe osteoarthritis. Surgical arthrodesis of the affected joint was performed on 2 horses, one of which became sound.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and oocysts in pound-source cats
Authors: Ladiges Warren C. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Yamaguchi Richard A.
Published: February 2025

The overall prevalence of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in 87 pound-source cats from the state of Washington was 31%; it was 41% for stray cats and 28% for owner-relinquished cats. Approximately 60% of the 27 seropositive cats had dye-test titers ≥ 1:256. Oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii were not observed in fecal specimens from 73 of the cats. It was concluded that the high antibody titers, indicative of recently acquired infection, could result in increased risk to persons handling tissues of such cats.
Radiotherapy and hyperthermia in the treatment of fibrosarcomas in the dog
Authors: Brewer William G. , Turrel Jane M.
Published: February 2025

Ten dogs with oral or external nasal fibrosarcoma were treated sequentially with orthovoltage radiation and radiofrequency (rf)-induced hyperthermia. Total radiation doses ranged from 3,200 to 4,800 rad given in 8 to 12 fractions of 400 rad. Immediately after 2 to 4 radiation treatments, hyperthermia was given. Six oral fibrosarcomas were heated to 50 C for 30 sec, using a hand-held rf generator. Four nasomaxillary fibrosarcomas were heated to 43 C for 30 minutes, using a 500-kHz rf generator. Hyperthermia of 50 C resulted in tumor necrosis and infection in 3 dogs and fatal septicemia in 1 dog.

Nine of 10 tumors responded to therapy. One year after therapy, 5 dogs were free of disease. Tumor regrowth occurred in 5 dogs. Mean time to tumor regrowth and mean survival time of all dogs were 343 and 398 days, respectively.

The results suggested that sequential radiation hyperthermia is an effective therapeutic regimen for canine fibrosarcoma. It was concluded that this modality not only may be beneficial in the treatment of canine tumors but may be useful for designing new therapeutic approaches to similar tumors in man.
Distribution of Ehrlichia canis among military working dogs in the world and selected civilian dogs in the United States
Authors: Keefe Thomas J. , Holland Cynthia J. , Salyer Paul E. , Ristic Miodrag
Published: February 2025

Antibodies to Ehrlichia canis were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in sera from 233 of 2,077 (11%) military working dogs in various locations throughout the world and from 535 of938 (57%) civilian dogs in the United States during a 1-year period of study. Overall, E canis infection rates ranged from 13% in the tropical and temperate zones below 45 degrees N to 8% in the cold zone north of 45 degrees N latitude. The highest antibody prevalence rate (24%) was found among a select population of dogs stationed between 40 degrees and 45 degrees north latitude (Japan and Okinawa). The seropositive military dogs did not have clinical signs of ehrlichiosis, thus indicating that the predominant form of infection was subclinical. On the other hand, 216 (23%) of the seropositive civilian dogs had various signs of the disease. The difference was attributed to the fact that the sera from civilian dogs were submitted by practitioners who suspected the disease.
Hemoparasitism, humoral immunodeficiency, and an IgG1 fragment in a cow
Authors: Baker D. C. , Gaunt S. D. , Nielsen K. H. , Adams L. G.
Published: February 2025

An adult cow with nonregenerative anemia was found to be infected with Eperythrozoon wenyoni and Trypanosoma theileri. Further laboratory testing revealed hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, decreased numbers of circulating B lymphocytes, and presence of a serum immunoglobulin G1 fragment. Reduced B-lymphocyte regions in lymphoid tissue, evidence of chronic nephritis, and infection with Fasciola hepatica and Sarcocystis spp were found at necropsy. The cause of the acquired humoral immunodeficiency and the serum immunoglobulin G1 fragment was undetermined.
Cryptosporidial infection in idaho dairy calves
Authors: Anderson Bruce C. , Hall Richard F.
Published: February 2025

Idaho dairy farmers were asked to cooperate in a survey for estimation of cryptosporidial infection in 12-day-old calves. Of 73 herds from which fecal samples were obtained, 41 had 1 or more calves with the infection. Of the fecal samples from positive herds, 64% contained oocysts. Attempt was not made to correlate the finding of oocysts with clinical signs.
Immunoglobulin structure and function: Genetic control of antibody diversity
Authors: Kehoe J. Michael , Seide Rochelle K.
Published: February 2025

Recent studies of the molecular biological characteristics of lymphoid cells have markedly increased our understanding of how millions of different antibodies can be synthesized by an individual mammal. In particular, studies have shown how antibody genes are arranged and rearranged within B-lymphocyte clones to provide each cell clone with antibody of defined specificity for antigen. The process involves the assembly, from disparate genetic elements, of a complete antibody gene that will code for an antibody protein. The assembly process, in itself, also provides mechanisms for generating the diversity of antibody variable region structure (that part of an antibody molecule that actually binds antigen) that is essential to a full role for humoral immunity in host defense mechanisms.

Specifically, the diversity of structure characteristic of mature antibodies derives from 3 distinct mechanisms: innate variability of germ-line genes; mismatching of individual gene segments during their somatic rearrangement leading to junctional diversity; and somatic mutation in variable region genetic material during or after the rearrangement. Thus, it is now clearly understood that several processes are involved in explaining the origin of the antigen-combining diversity of antibody proteins. Certain “lottery-like” aspects of these genetic processes add to the combinatorial possibilities that are characteristic of the humoral immune system.
Monoclonal antibodies: Technology and potential use
Authors: Antczak Douglas F.
Published: February 2025

The production of monoclonal antibodies through cell hybridization is a form of biotechnology that permits the dissection of complex antibody responses into their individual components. The procedure makes use of simple cell fusion techniques and standard in vitro tissue culture systems. The 2 essential biological components are immunized mice or rats and tumor cell lines of lymphoid origin called myelomas. Single antibody-forming cells from immunized rodents are fused with myeloma cells to create hybrid cells with properties of both parent cell types. The hybrids have an unlimited capacity to grow similar to the myeloma parent, and they produce the single type of antibody molecule that they inherited from the normal antibody-forming cell parent. Hybrid cells derived in this way can produce unlimited quantities of specific antibody in tissue culture or when grown in vivo as ascites tumors. By appropriate selection techniques, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies to virtually any antigen. Because the monoclonal antibodies are a completely homogeneous population, their use in laboratory tests incurs fewer problems with cross-reactivity than is often observed with conventional antisera. Monoclonal antibodies are finding wide application in many areas of medicine and biological science.
Myopathy in the nyala
Authors: Liu Si-kwang , Dolensek Emil P. , Herron Alan J. , Stover Janet , Doherty James G.
Published: February 2025

Between January 1973 and June 1981, a total of 21 nyalas (Tragelaphus angasi) died with clinical and/or pathologic evidence of myopathy. The main clinical signs were stiffness, inability to rise, and failure to suckle in newborn fawns. Death usually occurred without premonitory signs of disease. Gross lesions were characterized by white or pale patches of skeletal or cardiac muscle. Histologically, acute degeneration or necrosis and mineralization were commonly observed in skeletal muscle. Acute necrosis of the myocardium with or without arteriolar fibrinoid necrosis was usually found in juvenile animals. Interstitial fibrosis of the myocardium with arteriosclerosis was commonly observed in adults. The plasma alpha tocopherol values of 3 affected nyalas ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 mg/dl (mean, 0.05 mg/dl). Unaffected nyalas from the same herd had a range of 0.09 to 0.24 mg/dl (mean, 0.13 mg/dl), which is low enough to be considered clinically deficient. The blood selenium values of the affected nyalas and other nyalas from the same herd ranged from 0.30 to 0.33 ppm (mean, 0.32 ppm), and were considered normal.
Induced Toxoplasma gondii, Toxocara canis, and Isospora canis infections in coyotes
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

Six littermate laboratory-raised coyotes (No. 1-6) were used to study the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii from cats and mice, and Toxocara canis and Isospora canis from dogs and mice. Coyotes 1 and 2 were inoculated orally with 1,000 infective oocysts of the TC-1 strain of T gondii; coyotes 3 and 4 were fed mice infected with tissue cysts of the TC-1 strain of T gondii. Eight days after inoculation with T gondii, the same 4 coyotes were exposed to Toxocara canis, coyotes 1 and 2 were inoculated orally with 500 embryonated eggs, and coyotes 3 and 4 were fed mice infected with Toxocara canis. Fifteen days after exposure to Toxocara canis, the same 4 coyotes were fed mice infected with I canis Two coyotes (No. 5 and 6) did not receive any organism and they served as controls.

All 4 inoculated coyotes remained clinically normal but became infected with all 3 organisms. Toxoplasma gondii was recovered from the brain, heart, diaphragm, and muscles of limbs of coyotes killed 49 and 66 days after inoculation with oocysts, but only from muscles of limbs of coyote 4, killed at 84 days, and from the brain and muscles of limbs of coyote 3, killed at 72 days after feeding infected mice. Control coyotes did not acquire any of the 3 infections.
Effect of hunters' switch from lead to steel shot on potential for oral lead poisoning in ducks
Authors: Calle Paul P. , Kowalczyk David F. , Dein F. Joshua , Hartman Fred E.
Published: February 2025

Mallards and black ducks (n = 409) killed by hunters during the 1980 and 1981 hunting seasons in Pennsylvania (Susquehanna River and Crawford County) were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of regulations that converted the studied areas from lead to steel shotgun pellets in 1977-1978.

Gizzards were examined for ingested lead and steel shot, and liver specimens were analyzed for lead. Since there is no evidence to suggest that ducks preferentially ingest steel or lead shot, it was concluded that ducks with steel shot would have contained lead shot. Therefore, we concluded that the conversion to steel shotgun pellets accounted for the decreased prevalence of ingested lead shot from 11.2% to 5.6%.

Toxic concentrations of lead (≥6 ppm, wet weight) in the liver were found in 6 of 23 ducks that contained lead shot, whereas only 2 of 386 ducks without lead pellets had toxic concentrations. It was concluded that the conversion to steel shotgun pellets in the studied areas probably has decreased the exposure of ducks to lead shot, thereby decreasing the potential for lead poisoning.
Candidiasis in captive cetaceans
Authors: Dunn J. Lawrence , Buck John D. , Spotte Stephen
Published: February 2025

Disseminated Candida albicans infections were found or suspected in 4 captive cetaceans. Ketoconazole at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, bid, administered orally for 18 days, followed by 8 biweekly oral doses of levamisole hydrochloride at the rate of 9 mg/ kg, resulted in regression of clinical signs of candidiasis in an adult male Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). A higher dosage of ketoconazole (6 mg/kg, bid) was effective in eliminating the shedding of C albicans from an adult male belukha whale (Delphinapterus leucas). A juvenile female harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) treated with nystatin died with disseminated candidiasis, as did a juvenile male longfinned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) treated with nystatin and levamisole. Three other adult bottlenose dolphins, a juvenile female belukha whale, and a female Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) kept in the same water system never had evidence of candidiasis. A 5th bottlenose dolphin (an adult female) was culture-positive on 1 occasion, but never had signs of the disease.
Therapeutic serum concentrations of primidone and its metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide in epileptic dogs
Authors: Cunningham James G. , Haidukewych Dan , Jensen Holly A.
Published: February 2025

Fifteen dogs with idiopathic epilepsy were included in a 9-month clinical trial to determine the therapeutic serum concentrations of primidone and its active metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide. Dogs with a seizure frequency greater than 1/mo or with a record of multiple seizures greater than 1/day were chosen for the study. Each dog was given primidone 3 times daily at dosages intended to maximize seizure control and to minimize undesired side effects.

Maintenance period blood samples were taken from fasted dogs 7 hours after dosing in the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th months of the trial to determine therapeutic serum concentrations of primidone and its metabolites. Two blood samples also were taken from all dogs 7 hours after dosing, during an enforced drowsy period, to establish upper limits of desirable serum concentrations of the drug.

Seizure frequencies during the trial were controlled in 13 dogs, 7 of which had no seizures during the 9-month trial. The mean percentage reduction in seizure frequency from pre trial frequency was 85%. Two dogs appeared refractory to primidone therapy.

Serum phenobarbital was the best metabolite of primidone to use to assess therapeutic serum concentrations. The therapeutic antiepileptic serum concentration of phenobarbital was found to be between 25 and 40 µg/ml of serum. Serum phenobarbital concentrations >40 µg/ml resulted in side effects in most dogs.
Bovine anaplasmosis: Elimination of the carrier state with injectable long-acting oxytetracycline
Authors: Swift Brinton L. , Thomas George M.
Published: February 2025

Long-acting oxytetracycline was administered intramuscularly (20 mg/kg) at 3-day intervals to each of 16 naturally infected Anaplasma marginale carrier beef cows; 8 of the 16 cows were given 3 injections and the other 8 cows were given 4 injections. Four cows seropositive for A marginale served as untreated controls. Rapid card agglutination and complement fixation tests were performed 5 times during the 130- day posttreatment period. All treated cows became negative to both serologic procedures, whereas control cows remained seropositive. Three splenectomized calves that received pooled blood from the treated cows, 120 days following treatment, remained free of anaplasmosis for 60 days following inoculation. One splenectomized calf that received blood from the control cows developed anaplasmosis. It was concluded that long-acting oxytetracycline can be used to eliminate the naturally acquired carrier state of anaplasmosis in cattle.
Apical fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in 109 Standardbred horses
Authors: Spurlock G. H. , Gabel A. A.
Published: February 2025

One-hundred and nine apical fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones were diagnosed in Standardbred racehorses at the Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital during a 5-year period ending December 1978. Lateral sesamoids of the hindlimbs accounted for 61 of the 109 fractures, which was a significantly (P<0.05) greater proportion than that for fractures in all other sesamoid bones. Two- and three-year-old horses accounted for 73 of the 109 apical sesamoid fractures. The remaining 36 apical sesamoid fractures were in horses 4 to 9 years old.

The apical fragment was removed in 80 of the horses. Thirty-six (45%) of these had raced prior to surgery, and 40 (50%) of them raced after surgery. Surgical treatment did not significantly change the earnings, starts, or order of finish score of the horse, when average before-injury performance values were compared with average after-surgery performance values. Sixty-four percent of horses that raced before injury raced after surgery. Horses that raced before injury had significantly better (P < 0.05) performance after surgery than those not raced prior to injury. Sixty percent of horses undergoing surgery within 30 days of injury returned to race performance, and these horses had significantly (P<0.05) better performance after surgery than those operated on more than 30 days after injury. Thirty-six percent of horses with suspensory desmitis raced after surgery, and their race performance was poor.

Twenty-nine horses with apical fractures were treated nonsurgically. Twenty-one (69%) had raced before injury, and 10 (37%) raced after injury. The performance of the 10 was significantly poorer (P<0.05) when their preinjury performance was compared to their after-injury performance. There was bias in selecting patients for nonsurgical treatment.
Identification of carriers of Streptococcus equi in a naturally infected herd
Authors: George J. L. , Reif J. S. , Shideler R. K. , Small C. J. , Ellis R. P. , Snyder S. P. , McChesney A. E.
Published: February 2025

During an outbreak of strangles in a population of research horses, 4 mares were identified as carriers of Streptococcus equi. Three of the mares had typical signs of strangles (severe regional lymphadenitis with or without rupture of abscessed lymph nodes). The 4th mare experienced episodes of serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, but never had more than a mild degree of lymph node enlargement.

Streptococcus equi was isolated from the abscessed lymph nodes and from nasopharyngeal swab specimens from the first 3 mares from 6 to 19 weeks after rupture of involved nodes. Streptococcus equi was isolated from the nasopharynx of the 4th mare on introduction into the herd and intermittently over the ensuing 6 months. During the 7th month, mare 4 was placed in isolation, where she continued to shed S equi for 4 more months. A complete physical examination during the 10th month, including radiography of the head and thorax, did not reveal any relevant abnormalities, but a pharyngeal swab specimen was culture-positive for S equi. This isolate was used to inoculate 2 yearling colts, which developed strangles and from which S equi was reisolated. Shedding of S equi by mare 4 ceased in the 11th month, and at necropsy 2 months later, S equi was not recovered from any organ or tissue. Corticosteroid administration 3 weeks prior to necropsy had induced neither shedding of the organism nor clinical signs of strangles.

The study provided clinical, epidemiologic, and bacteriologic evidence to support the existence of a carrier state following natural infection with S equi.
Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from an aborted caprine fetus
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Hamoud M. M. , Urbance J. W. , Rhoades H. E. , Bryner J. H.
Published: February 2025

Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in pure culture from the tissues and stomach contents of an aborted fetus from a mixed-breed Illinois goat herd. In the herd, 5 of 21 does aborted in late gestation. The does had diarrhea before or concurrent with the abortions. Does that did not abort were vaccinated with ovine C fetus bacterin and were given chlortetracycline orally at the rate of 75 mg/day for 2 weeks. Further abortions did not occur.
Biometry and clinical characteristics of congenital cataracts and microphthalmia in the Miniature Schnauzer
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Samuelson Don A. , Barrie Kathleen P. , Das Noveen D. , Wolf E. Daniel , Bauer John E. , Andresen Thomas L.
Published: February 2025

Forty-two Miniature Schnauzer pups and adults with congenital cataracts and microphthalmia were evaluated by serial ophthalmic examinations, slit lamp biomicroscopic photography, and A-scan ultrasonography.

The cataracts were evident when the eyelids opened at 2 weeks, affecting predominantly the lens nucleus and posterior cortex. Lenticonus was evident in 19% of the cataractous lenses. Progression of the cataracts was variable and related to involvement of the equatorial and posterior cortices. Lens-induced uveitis developed in some adult dogs with advanced hypermature cataracts.

The globe and lens were smaller than normal in the cataractous eyes, as ascertained by A-scan ultrasonography. Age-matched comparisons of clear lens carrier Miniature Schnauzers and normal Beagles with the cataractous Miniature Schnauzers indicated affected globes and cataractous lenses were reduced 10% to 20% in their anteroposterior lengths. The microphthalmia appeared related to the congenital microphakic cataract.
Open drainage and delayed autogenous cancellous bone grafting for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in dogs and cats
Authors: Bardet J. F. , Hohn R. B. , Basinger R.
Published: February 2025

Ten dogs and 1 cat with 12 chronically infected bones were treated surgically by means of saucerization, primary internal or external rigid fixation, and open irrigation drainage. After formation of a healthy granulation bed, autogenous cancellous bone grafting and skin closure were performed. Eleven of 12 bones healed 4 to 7 weeks (mean, 4.8 weeks) after treatment, without recurrence of infection. Eight of 12 chronically infected bones had a polymicrobial infection, with 2 to 6 bacterial species isolated. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 7 of the 12 bones, and anaerobic bacteria were isolated twice.
Effect of levamisole on induced bovine viral diarrhea
Authors: Saperstein G. , Mohanty S. B. , Rockemann D. D. , Russek E.
Published: February 2025

The effect of levamisole in calves experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus was evaluated in a double-blind study. The infection was mild and there was no difference in severity of infection or speed of recovery between levamisole-treated and 0.9% NaCl solution-treated (control) calves. Also, the serum antibody titers and viral recovery data of these calves were comparable. The white blood cell counts were consistently higher in the treated group than in the control group, with the difference peaking on postinoculation day 15. The detection of marked lymphopenia in control calves but not in levamisole-treated calves indicated a potential use of levamisole in bovine viral diarrhea.