bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enamel Carious Lesion Development in Response to Sucrose and Fluoride Concentrations and to Time of Biofilm Formation: An Artificial-Mouth Study
Authors: Arthur Rodrigo Alex , Kohara Eduardo Kazuo , Waeiss Robert Aaron , Eckert George J. , Zero Domenick , Ando Masatoshi
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate both sucrose and fluoride concentrations and time of biofilm formation on enamel carious lesions induced by an in vitro artificial-mouth caries model. For Study 1, biofilms formed by streptococci and lactobacilli were grown on the surface of human enamel slabs and exposed to artificial saliva containing 0.50 or 0.75 ppmF (22.5 h/d) and broth containing 3 or 5% sucrose (30 min; 3x/d) over 5 d. In Study 2, biofilms were grown in the presence of 0.75 ppmF and 3% sucrose over 3 and 9 days. Counts of viable cells on biofilms, lesion depth (LD), and the integrated mineral loss (IML) on enamel specimens were assessed at the end of the tested conditions. Counts of total viable cells and L. casei were affected by sucrose and fluoride concentrations as well as by time of biofilm formation. Enamel carious lesions were shallower and IML was lower in the presence of 0.75 ppmF than in the presence of 0.50 ppmF (P<0.005). No significant effect of sucrose concentrations was found with respect to LD and IML (P>0.25). Additionally, deeper lesions and higher IML were found after 9 d of biofilm formation (P<0.005). Distinct sucrose concentrations did not affect enamel carious lesion development. The severity of enamel demineralization was reduced by the presence of the higher fluoride concentration. Additionally, an increase in the time of biofilm formation produced greater demineralization. Our results also suggest that the present model is suitable for studying aspects related to caries lesion development.
Mucosal Immunity in the Female Genital Tract, HIV/AIDS
Authors: Reis Machado Juliana , da Silva Marcos Vinícius , Cavellani Camila Lourencini , Antônia dos Reis Marlene , Monteiro Maria Luiza Gonçalves dos Reis , Teixeira Vicente de Paula Antunes , Rosa Miranda Corrêa Rosana
Published: September 2014

Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. Despite having been the subject of intensive studies, it is not fully elucidated what exactly occurs after HIV contact with the female genital tract mucosa. The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. Several characteristics of the female genital tract make it suitable for inoculation, establishment of infection, and systemic spread of the virus, which causes local changes that may favor the development of infections by other pathogens, often called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The relationship of these STDs with HIV infection has been widely studied. Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs.
Generalized Guidance Scheme for Low‐Thrust Orbit Transfer
Authors: Leeghim Henzeh , Cho Dong-Hyun , Jo Su-Jang , Kim Donghoon
Published: September 2014

The authors present an orbital guidance scheme for the satellite with an electrical propulsion system using a Lyapunov feedback control. The construction of a Lyapunov candidate is based on orbital elements, which consist of angular momentum and eccentricity vectors. This approach performs orbit transfers between any two arbitrary elliptic or circular orbits without
any singularity issues. These orbital elements uniquely describe a non degenerate Keplerian orbit. The authors improve the reliability of the existing Lyapunov orbital guidance scheme by considering the energy term. Additional improvement is achieved by adding the penalty function. Furthermore, it is shown that the final suggested approach is suitable for the satellite passing
the earth’s shadow area.
Pixel Color Clustering of Multi-Temporally Acquired Digital Photographs of a Rice Canopy by Luminosity-Normalization and Pseudo-Red-Green-Blue Color Imaging
Authors: Doi Ryoichi , Arif Chusnul , Setiawan Budi Indra , Mizoguchi Masaru
Published: September 2014

Red-green-blue (RGB) channels of RGB digital photographs were loaded with luminosity-adjusted R, G, and completely white grayscale images, respectively (RGwhtB method), or R, G, and R + G (RGB yellow) grayscale images, respectively (RGrgbyB method), to adjust the brightness of the entire area of multi-temporally acquired color digital photographs of a rice canopy. From the RGwhtB or RGrgbyB pseudocolor image, cyan, magenta, CMYK yellow, black,L*,a*, andb*grayscale images were prepared. Using these grayscale images and R, G, and RGB yellow grayscale images, the luminosity-adjusted pixels of the canopy photographs were statistically clustered. With the RGrgbyB and the RGwhtB methods, seven and five major color clusters were given, respectively. The RGrgbyB method showed clear differences among three rice growth stages, and the vegetative stage was further divided into two substages. The RGwhtB method could not clearly discriminate between the second vegetative and midseason stages. The relative advantages of the RGrgbyB method were attributed to the R, G, B, magenta, yellow,L*, anda*grayscale images that contained richer information to show the colorimetrical differences among objects than those of the RGwhtB method. The comparison of rice canopy colors at different time points was enabled by the pseudocolor imaging method.
Radiation OncologyIn Vitro: Trends to Improve Radiotherapy through Molecular Targets
Authors: Feofanova Natália , Geraldo Jony Marques , Andrade Lídia Maria de
Published: September 2014

Much has been investigated to improve the beneficial effects of radiotherapy especially in that case where radioresistant behavior is observed. Beyond simple identification of resistant phenotype the discovery and development of specific molecular targets have demonstrated therapeutic potential in cancer treatment including radiotherapy. Alterations on transduction signaling pathway related with MAPK cascade are the main axis in cancer cellular proliferation even as cell migration and invasiveness in irradiated tumor cell lines; then, for that reason, more studies are in course focusing on, among others, DNA damage enhancement, apoptosis stimulation, and growth factors receptor blockages, showing promisingin vitroresults highlighting molecular targets associated with ionizing radiation as a new radiotherapy strategy to improve clinical outcome. In this review we discuss some of the main molecular targets related with tumor cell proliferation and migration as well as their potential contributions to radiation oncology improvements.
An Advanced Coupled Genetic Algorithm for Identifying Unknown Moving Loads on Bridge Decks
Authors: Lee Sang-Youl
Published: September 2014

This study deals with an inverse method to identify moving loads on bridge decks using the finite element method (FEM) and a coupled genetic algorithm (c‐GA). We developed the inverse technique using a coupled genetic algorithm that can make global solution searches possible as opposed to classical gradient‐based optimization techniques. The technique described in this paper allows us to not only detect the weight of moving vehicles but also find their moving velocities. To demonstrate the feasibility of the method, the algorithm is applied to a bridge deck model with beam elements. In addition, 1D and 3D finite element models are simulated to study the influence of measurement errors and model uncertainty between numerical and real structures. The results demonstrate the excellence of the method from the standpoints of computation efficiency and avoidance of premature convergence.
SDHB-Associated Paraganglioma in a Pediatric Patient and Literature Review on Hereditary Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma Syndromes
Authors: Choat Heather , Derrevere Kerri , Knight Lisa , Brown Whitney , Mack Elizabeth H.
Published: September 2014

Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma are rare in the pediatric population occurring in approximately 1 in 50,000 children. While some cases are sporadic, they have commonly been associated with syndromes such as von Hippel-Lindau, multiple endocrine neoplasia types IIa and IIb, neurofibromatosis type 1, and hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma syndromes. In children less than 18 years of age approximately 60% of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are associated with a germline mutation. We present an 11-year-old child with an abdominal paraganglioma related to a succinate dehydrogenase subunit B gene mutation whose father had a previously resected abdominal paraganglioma and was found to carry the same mutation. In addition, we review the etiology, genetics, diagnostic approach, and challenges of preoperative management of secretory pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas in children.
A Study on Overestimating a Given Fraction Defective by an Imperfect Inspector
Authors: Yang Moon Hee , Chang Kyung
Published: September 2014

It has been believed that even an imperfect inspector with nonzero inspection errors could either overestimate or underestimate a given FD (fraction defective) with a 50 : 50 chance. What happens to the existing inspection plans, if an imperfect inspector overestimates a known FD, when it is very low? We deal with this fundamental question, by constructing four mathematical models, under the assumptions that an infinite sequence of items with a known FD is given to an imperfect inspector with nonzero inspection errors, which can be constant and/or randomly distributed with a uniform distribution. We derive four analytical formulas for computing the probability of overestimation (POE) and prove that an imperfect inspector overestimates a given FD with more than 50%, if the FD is less than a value termed as a critical FD. Our mathematical proof indicates that the POE approaches one when FD approaches zero under our assumptions. Hence, if a given FD is very low, commercial inspection plans should be revised with the POE concept in the near future, for the fairness of commercial trades.
In VivoProtection against Strychnine Toxicity in Mice by the Glycine Receptor Agonist Ivermectin
Authors: Maher Ahmed , Radwan Rasha , Breitinger Hans-Georg
Published: September 2014

The inhibitory glycine receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel that mediates fast synaptic inhibition in mammalian spinal cord and brainstem, is potently and selectively inhibited by the alkaloid strychnine. The anthelminthic and anticonvulsant ivermectin is a strychnine-independent agonist of spinal glycine receptors. Here we show that ivermectin is an effective antidote of strychnine toxicityin vivoand determine time course and extent of ivermectin protection. Mice received doses of 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg ivermectin orally or intraperitoneally, followed by an intraperitoneal strychnine challenge (2 mg/kg). Ivermectin, through both routes of application, protected mice against strychnine toxicity. Maximum protection was observed 14 hours after ivermectin administration. Combining intraperitoneal and oral dosage of ivermectin further improved protection, resulting in survival rates of up to 80% of animals and a significant delay of strychnine effects in up to 100% of tested animals. Strychnine action developed within minutes, much faster than ivermectin, which acted on a time scale of hours. The data agree with a two-compartment distribution of ivermectin, with fat deposits acting as storage compartment. The data demonstrate that toxic effects of strychnine in mice can be prevented if a basal level of glycinergic signalling is maintained through receptor activation by ivermectin.
Interleaved-MIMO DAS for Indoor Radio Coverage: Guidelines for Planning
Authors: Vitucci E. M. , Fuschini F. , Degli-Esposti V. , Tarlazzi L.
Published: September 2014

The combination of distributed antenna systems (DAS) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) schemes opens the way to a variety of coverage solutions for indoor environment. In this paperinterleaved-MIMO (i-MIMO) DASindoor coverage extension strategies are studied. Their performance in high-order MIMO cases is investigated in realistic conditions through LTE-A link-level simulations, based on statistical data extracted from radio channel measurements; the impact of the deployment strategy on performance is then evaluated and useful planning guidelines are derived to determine the optimum deployment for a given propagation environment.
Environmental and Organizational Factors Associated with Elbow/Forearm and Hand/Wrist Disorder among Sewing Machine Operators of Garment Industry in Ethiopia
Authors: Kebede Deyyas Wakjira , Tafese Ararso
Published: September 2014

Occupational health problems related to upper limp musculoskeletal disorders were the major issue among sewing machine operators of garment industries in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of work related elbow and wrist musculoskeletal disorders among sewing machine operators of garment industries in Galan City, Oromia Regional State. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to 30, 2012. A total of 422 study subjects were included in this study. Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to collect detailed information on musculoskeletal symptom, sociodemographic data, and factors associated with the problems through face to face interview. From a total of 422 sewing machine operators included in the study 370 (87.7%) were females and 306 (72.5%) were in the age group of <30 years. The prevalence of self-reported work related elbow and wrist musculoskeletal disorders was 40% and 37.7%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, those who had >16 years of service were about five times more likely to develop elbow and wrist musculoskeletal disorders than those who had short (1–5 years) year of services [AOR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.55–13.02], physical activities [AOR = 5.02, 95% CI: 1.57–16.00], and methods of payment [AOR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.23–3.28], factors significantly associated with this disorders. Work related elbow and wrist musculoskeletal disorders were high among sewing machine operators in selected garment industries. Moreover, personal and environmental factors were identified as the potential risk factors related to elbow and wrist musculoskeletal disorders among the study group. Therefore, government and the owner of the garment industries should give special attention to prevent and control the problems through proper occupational health and safety policy implementation in the country.
Sex, Diastolic Blood Pressure, and Outcome after Thrombolysis for Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Nathanson David , Patrone Cesare , Nyström Thomas , von Euler Mia
Published: September 2014

Background. The goal of this study was to identify differences in risk factors and functional outcome between the two sexes in patients treated with thrombolysis for ischemic stroke.Methods. This cohort study audited data from patients treated with thrombolysis for ischemic stroke during a 3-year period at Södersjukhuset, Stockholm.Results. Of the 355 patients included in the study, 162 (45%) were women and 193 (54%) were men. Women were older with a median age of 76 years; median age for men was 69 years (P<0.0001). Diastolic blood pressure was lower for women compared to men (P=0.001). At admission fewer women had a favorable modified Rankin Scale score compared to men (93.8% versus 99%,P=0.008). Three months after discharge functional status did not differ significantly between the two sexes. Diastolic blood pressure was associated to functional outcome only in men when sex specific odds ratios were calculated (OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.7–20).Conclusion. The study indicates that females appear to gain a relatively greater benefit from thrombolytic therapy than men due to a better functional recovery. A higher diastolic blood pressure increases the risk for a worse prospective functional status in men.
Grave’s Disease with Severe Hepatic Dysfunction: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge
Authors: Bhuyan Ashok Krishna , Sarma Dipti , Kaimal Saikia Uma , Choudhury Bipul Kumar
Published: September 2014

Hepatic dysfunction in a patient with thyrotoxicosis may result from hyperthyroidism per se, as a side effect of antithyroid drugs, and causes unrelated to hyperthyroidism which sometimes causes diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. A young female patient was admitted to our hospital with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, diffuse goiter and ophthalmopathy along with cholestatic pattern of jaundice, and proximal muscle weakness. She was treated with propylthiouracil with gradual recovery. She was continuing her antithyroid medication with regular follow-up. The patient was readmitted a few months later with worsening thyrotoxicosis, proximal muscle weakness, fever, and a hepatocellular pattern of jaundice with sepsis. Propylthiouracil was stopped and lithium along with steroid coverage was given to control her thyrotoxicosis which was later changed to methimazole. Broad spectrum antibiotic therapy was also started but without any response. During her hospital stay, the patient also developed a flaccid paraplegia resembling Guillain-Barre syndrome. IV steroid was started for the neuropathy but meanwhile the patient succumbed to her illness. So in centers where facility for radioiodine therapy is not readily available, some definite well-tested protocols should be formulated to address such common but complicated clinical situations.
Sustained Release and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Carbon Nanotube‐Mediated Drug Delivery System for Betulinic Acid
Authors: Tan Julia M. , Karthivashan Govindarajan , Arulselvan Palanisamy , Fakurazi Sharida , Hussein Mohd Zobir
Published: September 2014

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely utilized as a novel drug carrier with promising future applications in biomedical therapies due to their distinct characteristics. In the present work, carboxylic acid‐functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐SWCNTs) were used as the starting material to react with anticancer drug, BA to produce f‐SWCNTs‐BA conjugate via π‐π stacking interaction. The conjugate was extensively characterized for drug loading capacity, physicochemical properties, surface morphology, drug releasing characteristics, and cytotoxicity evaluation. The results indicated that the drug loading capacity was determined to be around 20 wt% and this value has been verified by thermogravimetric analysis. The binding of BA onto the surface of f‐SWCNTs was confirmed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. Powder XRD analysis showed that the structure of the conjugate was unaffected by the loading of BA. The developed conjugate was found to release the drug in a controlled manner with a prolonged release property. According to the preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity studies, the conjugate was not toxic in a standard fibroblast cell line, and anticancer activity was significantly higher in A549 than HepG2 cell line. This study suggests that f‐SWCNTs could be developed as an efficient drug carrier to conjugate drugs for pharmaceutical applications in cancer chemotherapies.
Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Scaffold
Authors: Kamarul Tunku , Krishnamurithy G. , Salih Noman D. , Ibrahim Nurul Syuhada , Raghavendran Hanumantha Rao Balaji , Suhaeb Abdul Razzaq , Choon D. S. K.
Published: September 2014

The in vivo biocompatibility and toxicity of PVA/NOCC scaffold were tested by comparing them with those of a biocompatible inert material HAM in a rat model. On Day 5, changes in the blood parameters of the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats were significantly higher than those of the control. The levels of potassium, creatinine, total protein, A/G, hemoglobulin, erythrocytes, WBC, and platelets were not significantly altered in the HAM-implanted rats, when compared with those in the control. On Day 10, an increase in potassium, urea, and GGT levels and a decrease in ALP, platelet, and eosinophil levels were noted in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, when compared with control. These changes were almost similar to those noted in the HAM-implanted rats, except for the unaltered potassium and increased neutrophil levels. On Day 15, the total protein, A/G, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil levels remained unaltered in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, whereas urea, A/G, WBC, lymphocyte, and monocyte levels remained unchanged in the HAM-implanted rats. Histology and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed inflammatory infiltration in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, but not in the HAM-implanted rats. Although a low toxic tissue response was observed in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, further studies are necessary to justify the use of this material in tissue engineering applications.
Optic Nerve Injury in a Patient with Chronic Allergic Conjunctivitis
Authors: Hazin Ribhi , Elia Christopher J. , Putruss Maria , Bazzi Amanda
Published: September 2014

Manipulation of the optic nerve can lead to irreversible vision changes. We present a patient with a past medical history of skin allergy and allergic conjunctivitis (AC) who presented with insidious unexplained unilateral vision loss. Physical exam revealed significant blepharospasm, mild lid edema, bulbar conjunctival hyperemia, afferent pupillary defect, and slight papillary hypertrophy. Slit lamp examination demonstrated superior and inferior conjunctival scarring as well as superior corneal scarring but no signs of external trauma or neurological damage were noted. Conjunctival cultures and cytologic evaluation demonstrated significant eosinophilic infiltration. Subsequent ophthalmoscopic examination revealed optic nerve atrophy. Upon further questioning, the patient admitted to vigorous itching of the affected eye for many months. Given the presenting symptoms, history, and negative ophthalmological workup, it was determined that the optic nerve atrophy was likely secondary to digital pressure from vigorous itching. Although AC can be a significant source of decreased vision via corneal ulceration, no reported cases have ever described AC-induced vision loss of this degree from vigorous itching and chronic pressure leading to optic nerve damage. Despite being self-limiting in nature, allergic conjunctivitis should be properly managed as extreme cases can result in mechanical compression of the optic nerve and compromise vision.
Determination of Critical Parameters of Drug Substance Influencing Dissolution: A Case Study
Authors: Bojnanska Erika , Kalina Michal , Parizek Ladislav , Bartonickova Eva , Opravil Tomas , Vesely Michal , Pekar Miloslav , Jampilek Josef
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study was to specify critical parameters (physicochemical characteristics) of drug substance that can affect dissolution profile/dissolution rate of the final drug product manufactured by validated procedure from various batches of the same drug substance received from different suppliers. The target was to design a sufficiently robust drug substance specification allowing to obtain a satisfactory drug product. For this reason, five batches of the drug substance and five samples of the final peroral drug products were analysed with the use of solid state analysis methods on the bulk level. Besides polymorphism, particle size distribution, surface area, zeta potential, and water content were identified as important parameters, and the zeta potential and the particle size distribution of the drug substance seem to be critical quality attributes affecting the dissolution rate of the drug substance released from the final peroral drug formulation.
Entrapment of α-Amylase in Agar Beads for Biocatalysis of Macromolecular Substrate
Authors: Sharma Manu , Sharma Vinay , Majumdar Dipak K.
Published: September 2014

Attempts have been made to optimize immobilization parameters, catalytic property, and stability of immobilized α-amylase in agar. The work compares natural entrapment efficiency of agar with the ionotropically cross-linked agar hydrogel, with the advantage of easy scale-up and cost and time effectiveness. Beads prepared with 3% (w/v) agar and 75 mM calcium chloride and hardened for 20 minutes were selected for further studies on the basis of entrapment efficiency (80%) and physical stability. Following entrapment, pH and temperature optima of enzyme were shifted from 6 to 6.5 and 50 to 55°C, respectively. Michaelis constant (Km) for both free and entrapped enzymes remained the same (0.83%) suggesting no change in substrate affinity. However, Vmax⁡ of entrapped enzyme decreased ~37.5-fold. The midpoint of thermal inactivation for entrapped enzyme increased by 8 ± 1°C implying its higher thermal stability. The entrapped enzyme in calcium agar bead had an Ea value of 27.49 kcal/mol compared to 17.6 kcal/mol for free enzyme indicating increased stability on entrapment. Half-life of enzyme increased ~2.2 times after entrapment in calcium agar at 60°C indicating stabilization of enzyme. The reusability of beads was size dependent. Beads with diameter <710 μm were stable and could be reused for 6 cycles with ~22% loss in activity.
A Numerical Investigation of the Precipitation over Lake Victoria Basin Using a Coupled Atmosphere-Lake Limited-Area Model
Authors: Sun Xia , Xie Lian , Semazzi Fredrick H. M. , Liu Bin
Published: September 2014

By using a coupled atmosphere-lake model, which consists of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), the present study generated realistic lake surface temperature (LST) over Lake Victoria and revealed the prime importance of LST on the precipitation pattern over the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB). A suite of sensitivity experiments was conducted for the selection of an optimal combination of physics options including cumulus, microphysics, and planetary boundary layer schemes for simulating precipitation over the LVB. The WRF-POM coupled system made a great performance on simulating the expected LST, which is featured with eastward temperature gradient as in the real bathymetry of the lake. Under thorough examination of diagnostic analysis, a distinguished diurnal phenomenon has been unveiled. The precipitation mainly occurs during the nocturnal peak between midnight and early in the morning, which is associated with the strong land breeze circulation, when the lake temperature is warmer than the adjacent land. Further exploration of vertical velocity, surface divergence pattern, and maximum radar reflectivity confirms such conjecture. The time-longitude analysis of maximum radar reflectivity over the entire lake also shows a noticeable pattern of dominating westward propagation.
In SilicoIdentification, Phylogenetic and Bioinformatic Analysis of Argonaute Genes in Plants
Authors: Mirzaei Khaled , Bahramnejad Bahman , Shamsifard Mohammad Hasan , Zamani Wahid
Published: September 2014

Argonaute protein family is the key players in pathways of gene silencing and small regulatory RNAs in different organisms. Argonaute proteins can bind small noncoding RNAs and control protein synthesis, affect messenger RNA stability, and even participate in the production of new forms of small RNAs. The aim of this study was to characterize and perform bioinformatic analysis of Argonaute proteins in 32 plant species that their genome was sequenced. A total of 437 Argonaute genes were identified and were analyzed based on lengths, gene structure, and protein structure. Results showed that Argonaute proteins were highly conserved across plant kingdom. Phylogenic analysis divided plant Argonautes into three classes. Argonaute proteins have three conserved domains PAZ, MID and PIWI. In addition to three conserved domains namely, PAZ, MID, and PIWI, we identified few more domains in AGO of some plant species. Expression profile analysis of Argonaute proteins showed that expression of these genes varies in most of tissues, which means that these proteins are involved in regulation of most pathways of the plant system. Numbers of alternative transcripts of Argonaute genes were highly variable among the plants. A thorough analysis of large number of putative Argonaute genes revealed several interesting aspects associated with this protein and brought novel information with promising usefulness for both basic and biotechnological applications.
How Important Are Social Support, Expectations and Coping Patterns during Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Blikman Maria J. C. , Jacobsen Hege R. , Eide Geir Egil , Meland Eivind
Published: September 2014

Purpose.To investigate the predictive role of relevant social and psychosocial determinants on emotional distress among patients after cardiac rehabilitation.Methods.A longitudinal prospective study examined short-term (6 months) and long-term (2 years) impact of predictors on anxiety and depression complaints in 183 patients with 6-months follow-up data attending a four-week rehabilitation stay at the Krokeide Centre in Bergen, Norway. The patients mainly suffered from coronary heart disease. Emotional distress, coping, social support, socioeconomic status, and negative expectations were measured by means of internationally validated questionnaires. A composite score of anxiety and depression complaints was used as the outcome measure in the study.Results.This study revealed that task-oriented coping improved emotional status in long-term followup, and negative expectations were associated with emotional distress in short-term followup. A higher socioeconomic status and more social support predicted improved emotional status in short- as well as long-term followup.Conclusions.Fewer negative expectations and functional coping along with social support are important factors for the prevention of emotional distress after cardiac disease. Such elements should be addressed and encouraged in patients during cardiac rehabilitation.
Nanosphere of Semicrystalline Polyaniline Powder: An Effective, Versatile, and Reusable Catalyst for Hantzsch Reaction
Authors: Bolagam Ravi , Boddula Rajender , Srinivasan Palaniappan
Published: September 2014

Polyaniline salt containing 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid with nanosphere morphology in semicrystalline powder form was successfully synthesized by interfacial polymerization pathway and demonstrated as polymer based acid catalyzed in the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. This catalyst promotes the reaction under solvent free condition in excellent yield in 10 min with recyclability. The advantages of this methodology are the easy synthesis of polymer containing acid group catalyst in powder form having easily handlable, efficient, versatile, and reusable nature.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting RAC–p21-Activated Serine–Threonine Kinase Signaling in RAS-Driven Cancers
Authors: Baker Nicole M. , Yee Chow Hoi , Chernoff Jonathan , Der Channing J.
Published: September 2014

Cancers driven by oncogenic Ras proteins encompass some of the most deadly human cancer types, and there is a pressing need to develop therapies for these diseases. Although recent studies suggest that mutant Ras proteins may yet be druggable, the most promising and advanced efforts involve inhibitors of Ras effector signaling. Most efforts to target Ras signaling have been aimed at the ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling networks. However, to date, no inhibitors of these Ras effector pathways have been effective against RAS-mutant cancers. This ineffectiveness is due, in part, to the involvement of additional effectors in Ras-dependent cancer growth, such as the Rac small GTPase and the p21-activated serine–threonine kinases (PAK). PAK proteins are involved in many survival, cell motility, and proliferative pathways in the cell and may present a viable new target in Ras-driven cancers. In this review, we address the role and therapeutic potential of Rac and group I PAK proteins in driving mutant Ras cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 20(18); 4740–6. ©2014 AACR.
Atopic Dirty Neck or Acquired Atopic Hyperpigmentation? An Epidemiological and Clinical Study from the National Skin Centre in Singapore
Authors: Seghers Amélie C. , Lee Joyce S.S. , Tan Chuen Seng , Koh Yun Pei , Ho Madeline S.L. , Lim Yen Loo , Giam Yoke Chin , Tang Mark B.Y.
Published: September 2014

Background: ‘Atopic dirty neck' is a poorly understood acquired hyperpigmentation in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Objective: To report a single-centre experience with synthesis of this entity's features. Methods: All patients with AD with dirty neck seen over a 5-month period at the National Skin Centre were invited to participate. Results: Out of 544 AD patients examined, 78 (14.3%) had acquired pigmentation of the neck. The majority had moderate-to-severe underlying eczema. Histopathology showed increased epidermal melanin and dermal melanophages, a thickened basement membrane and a dense superficial perivascular infiltrate. Conclusion: Acquired atopic hyperpigmentation has a high prevalence, particularly in adolescent Asian males. Clinico-pathological correlation suggests it results from both frictional melanosis and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. The rippled appearance and the onset in adolescence are probably due to accentuation of the juxta-clavicular beaded lines. Optimal control of eczema may improve and potentially prevent the development, which is of importance considering the psychosocial impact of the condition.
Biochemical Variables and Survival of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes on Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Helve Jaakko , Haapio Mikko , Groop Per-Henrik , Grönhagen-Riska Carola , Finne Patrik
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is one of the most serious complications of type 1 diabetes, but scarcely studied. Our aim was to estimate the association between biochemical variables and survival among these patients. Methods: This was an incident cohort study of patients with type 1 diabetes entering chronic renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Finland 2000-2011 (n = 834). Biochemical variables were measured before the initiation of RRT. Adjusted relative risk of death according to biochemical variables was estimated by Cox regression. Results: When adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, and initial treatment modality of RRT, the most important predictors of death were low creatinine and albumin and high C-reactive protein. Conclusion: Among type 1 diabetes patients entering chronic RRT, biochemical variables independently associated with survival are creatinine, albumin and C-reactive protein. They reflect the nutritional status, proteinuria, liver function, and ongoing inflammatory process. Treatment of these might improve survival.
What Is Single Needle Cannulation Hemodialysis: Is It Adequate?
Authors: Huang Shih-Han S. , Shah Sachin , Thomson Benjamin K.A. , Laporte Sally , Filler Guido , Lindsay Robert M.
Published: September 2014

Background: It is important to know the relative clearances obtained when using single-needle versus double-needle cannulation techniques. Method: Twelve hemodialysis treatments were conducted using a machine that is capable of single-needle as well as double-needle cannulation. Single-needle and double-needle blood flow rates, as well as urea clearance, were compared. Results: The measured blood flow rates were 368 ± 11 ml/min, 294 ± 4 ml/min, 200 ± 0 ml/min, and 100 ± 0 ml/min during double-needle hemodialysis and were 201 ± 10.9 ml/min, 173 ± 44.9 ml/min, 103 ± 4.1 ml/min, and 45 ± 4.9 ml/min during single-needle hemodialysis. The hemodialysis urea clearances at similar blood flow rate (approximately 200 ml/min) were 167 ± 4 ml/min and 161 ± 9 ml/min (paired t test; p > 0.05), respectively. Conclusion: The measured blood flow rates and urea clearances during single-needle hemodialysis were approximately half of the measured blood flow rate during double-needle hemodialysis, and should be used in selected settings.
Evidence that Nitric Oxide Is a Non-Adrenergic Non-Cholinergic Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the Circular Muscle of the Mouse Distal Colon: A Study on the Mechanism of Nitric Oxide-Induced Relaxation
Authors: Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Azuma Yasu-Taka , Shintaku Kazuma , Yoshida Natsuho , Nakajima Hidemitsu , Takeuchi Tadayoshi
Published: September 2014

The gastrointestinal tract is composed of outer longitudinal muscle layers and inner circular muscle layers. Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and ATP play major roles as non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory neurotransmitters in the longitudinal muscle of the mouse distal colon, whereas it is unclear which NANC inhibitory neurotransmitters are in its circular muscle. We investigated the electric field stimulation (EFS)-induced relaxations in the circular smooth muscle of the distal colon under NANC conditions. In the experiments in which Nω-nitro-L-arginine, an inhibitor of NO synthase, was added, the EFS-induced relaxation decreased in a concentration-dependent manner and finally vanished. In contrast, CO, purinergic receptor ligands, and peptidergic substances do not play major roles as NANC neurotransmitters in the circular muscle of the mouse distal colon. ODQ, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, strongly attenuated EFS-induced relaxation. Ryanodine, a Ca2+ release modulator at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, strongly attenuated EFS-induced relaxation as well. Relaxation induced by NOR-1, which generates NO, was inhibited by ODQ and ryanodine. Next, we performed experiments that simultaneously measured tension and the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt). NOR-1 decreased the tension and [Ca2+]cyt levels in the circular muscle. ODQ and ryanodine strongly attenuated the NOR-1-induced change in both tension and [Ca2+]cyt levels. In this study, we demonstrate that NO functions as a NANC inhibitory neurotransmitter in the circular muscle obtained from the mouse distal colon.
Sclerostin Declines during Hemodialysis and Appears in Dialysate
Authors: Bielesz Bernhard O. , Hempfing Till , Kieweg Heidi , Marculescu Rodrig , Haas Martin , Cejka Daniel
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims: Sclerostin, a soluble inhibitor of Wnt-signaling, inhibits bone formation. We assessed the impact of dialysis on serum sclerostin and whether sclerostin is detectable in effluent dialysates. Methods: In a prospective study of 54 prevalent hemodialysis patients, parameters of bone and mineral metabolism were assessed at the beginning and at the end of dialysis. In a subset of patients (n = 19) sclerostin was measured in serum at start, 1, 2, and 3 h of dialysis and in the effluent dialysate at several points in time. Results: Sclerostin serum levels decreased from median 71.4 pmol/l to 43.5 pmol/l during dialysis (p < 0.0001). In patients with high pre-dialysis sclerostin serum levels, sclerostin was detected in the dialysate. Higher Kt/V correlated with greater relative decrease of sclerostin (r = 0.467; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Sclerostin is dialysable. Furthermore, sclerostin serum levels decrease during dialysis. Whether targeting lower sclerostin levels by means of improved dialysis adequacy has direct relevance to bone disease remains to be shown.
Acoustic Correlates of English Rhythmic Patterns for American versus Japanese Speakers
Authors: Mori Yoko , Hori Tomoko , Erickson Donna
Published: September 2014

This study investigates acoustic correlates of English rhythmic patterns for 20 American English speakers (AS) and 42 Japanese learners of English (JS). The results indicate that for AS in an English sentence where monosyllabic content and function words alternate, the vowels in content words are over twice as long as those in function words, resulting in alternating long-short vowels. In contrast, the JS show no stress-related duration control and realize a similar rhythmic pattern mostly through recursive high-low fundamental frequency (F0). In a sentence with a sequence of content words in which 4 stressed syllables occur successively, the AS show recursion of strong-weak syllables by means of F0, intensity and first formant, whereas JS show inconsistent stress patterns. These results indicate that the AS apply different strategies for implementing rhythmic alternation depending on sentence stress patterns, and these strategies are different from those of JS. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Cancer Patients' Preferences for Quantity or Quality of Life: German Translation and Validation of the Quality and Quantity Questionnaire
Authors: Laryionava Katsiaryna , Sklenarova Halina , Heußner Pia , Haun Markus W. , Stiggelbout Anne M. , Hartmann Mechthild , Winkler Eva C.
Published: September 2014

Background: Decision-making with patients with incurable cancer often requires trade-offs between quality and length of life. The ‘Quality and Quantity Questionnaire' (QQ) is an English-language measure of patients' preference for length or quality of life. The aim of this study was to translate and validate this questionnaire. Materials and Methods: 1 new item was formulated to improve the ‘Quality of life' scale. Construct validity including exploratory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity, and reliability was determined in n = 194 patients. Results: The acceptability of the questionnaire among patients was high. The item-non-response rate was very low (2.5-4%). The 2 QQ scales ‘Quality of life' (QL) and ‘Length of life' (LL) had good and acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's = 0.71 for LL and 0.59 for QL). Convergent validity was shown by significant correlation of the QL subscale with the CCAT (Cancer Communication Assessment Tool) subscale ‘Limitation of treatment' (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) and the LL scale with the CCAT subscale ‘Continuing treatment' (r = 0.24, p = 0.00). Conclusion: The German version of ‘QQ' has satisfactory psychometric properties for measuring patients' preferences for LL or QL. It can be used in all research fields that should be informed by patients' preferences: shared decision-making, palliative care, and health services.
Mapping Through Listening
Authors: Caramiaux Baptiste , Françoise Jules , Schnell Norbert , Bevilacqua Frédéric
Published: September 2014

Gesture-to-sound mapping is generally defined as the association between gestural and sound parameters. This article describes an approach that brings forward the perception–action loop as a fundamental design principle for gesture–sound mapping in digital music instrument. Our approach considers the processes of listening as the foundation—and the first step—in the design of action–sound relationships. In this design process, the relationship between action and sound is derived from actions that can be perceived in the sound. Building on previous work on listening modes and gestural descriptions, we propose to distinguish between three mapping strategies: instantaneous, temporal, and metaphorical. Our approach makes use of machine-learning techniques for building prototypes, from digital music instruments to interactive installations. Four different examples of scenarios and prototypes are described and discussed.
Compositional and Performance Mapping in Computer Chamber Music: A Case
Study
Authors: Lyon Eric , Knapp R. Benjamin , Ouzounian Gascia
Published: September 2014

The mapping problem is inherent to digital musical instruments (DMIs), which require, at the very least, an association between physical gestures and digital synthesis algorithms to transform human bodily performance into sound. This article considers the DMI mapping problem in the context of the creation and performance of a heterogeneous computer chamber music piece, a trio for violin, biosensors, and computer. Our discussion situates the DMI mapping problem within the broader set of interdependent musical interaction issues that surfaced during the composition and rehearsal of the trio. Through descriptions of the development of the piece, development of the hardware and software interfaces, lessons learned through rehearsal, and self-reporting by the participants, the rich musical possibilities and technical challenges of the integration of digital musical instruments into computer chamber music are demonstrated.
Catalogue of the type specimens deposited in the Mollusca Collection of the Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: PIMENTA ALEXANDRE DIAS , MONTEIRO JÚLIO CÉSAR , BARBOSA ANDRÉ FAVARETTO , SALGADO NORMA CAMPOS , COELHO ARNALDO CAMPOS DOS SANTOS
Published: September 2014

A curatorial revision of the type specimens deposited in the Mollusca Collection of the Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (MNRJ) revealed the existence of 518 lots of type specimens (holotypes, neotypes, syntypes and paratypes) for 285 names of molluscan taxa from 88 families, including 247 gastropods, 30 bivalves, three cephalopods and five scaphopods. A total of 106 holotypes and one neotype are deposited in the MNRJ. Type material for ten nominal taxa described as being deposited in the MNRJ was not located; the probable reasons are discussed. Some previously published erroneous information about types in the MNRJ is rectified. A total of 37 type specimens are illustrated.
Phylogeny and taxonomy of Petroschmidtia teraoi (Katayama, 1943) (Osteichthyes: Perciformes: Zoarcidae)
Authors: NAZARKIN MIKHAIL V. , SHINOHARA GENTO , SHIRAI SHIGERU M.
Published: September 2014

A morphological and genetic reassessment of the phylogeny and taxonomy of the dwarf zoarcid fish Lycodes teraoi Katayama, 1943 indicated that the species, a senior synonym of Lycodes sadoensis Toyoshima & Honma, 1980, should be placed in the genus Petroschmidtia. A redescription of P. teraoi is provided, with remarks on its taxonomy. Numerous specimens revealed a wide distribution of P. teraoi in the Sea of Japan, as well as in the southern Sea of Okhotsk.
First record of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), in Hungary,
with description of the genitalia of both sexes
Authors: VÉTEK GÁBOR , PAPP VERONIKA , HALTRICH ATTILA , RÉDEI DÁVID
Published: September 2014

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is recorded for the first time from Hungary. The circumstances of finding this species and a detailed description of both male and female genitalia are given. The currently known distribution, biology and significance of the species are briefly reviewed.
Two squat lobster species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from the Persian Gulf, with description of a new species of Raymunida Macpherson & Machordom, 2000
Authors: OSAWA MASAYUKI , SAFAIE MOHSEN
Published: September 2014

Galathea ternatensis De Man, 1902 and Raymunida iranica n. sp., are reported from the Iranian coast as the first records of squat lobster species from the Persian Gulf. The new species morphologically resembles R. cagnetei Macpherson & Machordom, 2000, but is unique in the genus in having a small spine near the base of each supraocular spine and a spine ventral to the second branchial marginal spine of the carapace.
A new species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta, Solitaria) from the White Sea: Loxosomella unicornis sp. nov.
Authors: BORISANOVA ANASTASIYA O. , KRYLOVA ELENA M.
Published: September 2014

A new solitary entoproct, Loxosomella unicornis sp. nov., is described. The species was found on the gymnolaemate bryozoans Cribrilina sp. and Electra sp. in Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea. Loxosomella unicornis sp. nov. is a medium-sized species with a total length up to 650 µm, eight tentacles and a conspicuous horn-shaped appendage on the top part of calyx.