bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Peters Helen J.
Published: June 2007

There are four groundwater resources to be managed: yield, storage capacity, water‐in‐storage, and transmissivity. Management concepts have changed over the years, with today's concept which covers comprehensive integrated use of the four groundwater resources with surface water resources to provide the most efficient water service for an area in terms of quantity, quality, and cost. Complete geologic and hydrologic understanding provides a base for formulation of plans which can utilize the techniques of artificial recharge, control of sea water intrusion, and variation of pumping patterns while protecting the resources through proper well construction and abandonment, placement of sanitary landfills, and liquid waste disposal.

Plan formulation involves varying recharge and extraction amounts while maintaining the total of pumped groundwater and developed surface water equal to the projected and future demand. Physical limitations of the system must be recognized to assure reality of the plans. Legal constraints should not be placed on the plan formulation process. A present worth or other technique is used to provide an economic comparison among plans. Implementation will entail development of legal and organizational structure, with the most difficult problems relating to the management organization in terms of boundaries and powers.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT STAGING POLICY1
Authors: Singh Krishan P. , Lonnquist Carl G.
Published: June 2007

Economics of treatment plant staging or capacity expansions is governed by the initial water demand rate, Q0; the anticipated demand growth rate, G; the discount rate, D; the cost of operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR); the useful plant life, T, as a function of the quality of design, construction, and OMR; the treatment plant load factor, Lf; the salvage value of the plant at the end of the project period; the efficiency of the plant‐staging design, eta; and the length of the project period, Ts. Various staging policies are investigated to find an optimal policy. The desirability of adopting a staging policy is governed by the magnitude of percent savings that can be achieved by adopting this policy instead of a no‐staging policy. A detailed analysis of the problem shows that the percent savings because of staging increase with an increase in Q, G, D, T, and eta;. A reduction in the plant load factor increases the total costs. Information about the effect of variation in the parameters should help the planner and designer to work out an economical schedule of treatment plant capacity expansions.
GOALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT1
Authors: Jones Maynard K. , Jennelle Ernest M.
Published: June 2007

Within a few years all domestic wastewater effluents in the United States will be subjected to a minimum of a properly operated primary and secondary treatment process. This implies a very high degree of removal of the more readily biologically degradable material as measured by the BOD test. This practice will to a large degree negate the value of the BOD test as a pollution parameter. Organic carbon appears to be a more suitable means for determining the strength of a wastewater or for controlling the operation of physical and chemical treatment processes. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of time of passage on the ratio of organic carbon to BOD, COD and carbohydrate. The ratio was found to vary with both time and the state of the sample. The carbon content was reduced to a lesser degree than the other parameters. Organic carbon content appears to correlate better with COD than with BOD. The efficiency of a chemical precipitation process can be determined on the basis of organic carbon removal.
COSTS AND EFFECTS OF A WATER PROGRAM FOR A SMALL STRIPPING COMPANY‐SOUTHEASTERN OHIO1
Authors: Dreese G. Richard , Bryant Harold L.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of the study was to use economic analysis in determining the ability of a small strip mining company to incure the financial burden of carrying out various alternative mine drainage abatement programs. The quantity and quality of water with which the company has to deal were determined and treatment and diversion programs were costed out. The company's market area and the market structure were analyzed. It was found that pricing policies were determined by a dominant firm, so the target company had no control over its price per ton of coal.

The costs and revenue of the firm were analyzed for the period 1960‐1970 and, even without a water quality program, losses were incurred in six out of eleven years. Analysis of the average cost curve indicates that the per unit cost could have been reduced by increasing output thereby increasing efficiency.

The conclusions of the study were that the small company could not unilaterally implement mine drainage programs because the added costs would seriously worsen its already precarious financial position. Even uniformly enforced legislation might reduce the small firms competitive position because of economies of scale associated with the large treatment facilities used by big mining companies.
AN ANALOG COMPUTER DEMONSTRATION OF DOUBLE‐PEAKED INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPHS1
Authors: Diskin M. H. , McCarthy J. R.
Published: June 2007

The properties of an instantaneous unit hydrograph model consisting of two cascades of linear reservoirs in parallel were explored with the aid of an analog computer. By proper choice of the model parameters it is possible to produce two‐peaked instantaneous unit hydrographs. The relative magnitudes and locations of the two peaks can be varied by changing the values of the parameters. An example of the use of the analog computer to select the parameters of the model giving the best fit to an observed runoff hydrograph is also included. The analog computer used in the study was the ASTRAC II developed at the University of Arizona.
KINEMATIC FLOW ON LONG IMPERMEABLE PLANES1
Authors: Overton D. E.
Published: June 2007

An analysis of more than 200 overland flow hydrographs generated by simulated rainfall on long impermeable planes showed that kinematic waves prevailed over dynamic waves. Although laminar flow appears to occur at low flows, most flows appear to be either in the transition from the laminar to the turbulent state or in a fully developed turbulent state. Location of the laminar‐turbulent transition could not be explained in terms of Reynolds number alone. The transition was significantly affected by rainfall intensity‐a factor which rendered quantification of the transition indeterminate. However, the error involved in treating all flows as turbulent would be small with the resulting analysis made considerably less complex.
REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY THE GENERALIZED REDUCED GRADIENT METHOD1
Authors: Hwang C. L. , Williams J. L. , Shojalashkari R. , Fan L. T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:A river basin‐wide water quality management system is considered. The river receives thermal as well as organic wastes. At‐source treatment of these pollutants is imposed to control the basin‐wide water quality. The related water quality standards are: the minimum DO concentration, the maximum allowable BOD concentration, the maximum allowable stream temperature, and the allowable rise in stream temperature. The general dynamic mathematical model representing water quality in streams and the thermal effects on BOD and DO concentrations is presented. The model is highly nonlinear in nature. The optimal management problem involving the model is solved by a recently developed nonlinear propgramming technique ‐ the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) method. Comparison of results obtained by the GRG method vs. dynamic programming, and of results using a more realistic mathematical model vs. a simple model are presented. The analysis procedure can be applied to designing new and examining existing water quality programs, and to study the influence of alternate policies and constraints.
CHEAP POWER ‐ AN EXPENSIVE FAILURE: HYDRO‐ELECTRIC POWER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NEWFOUNDLAND1
Authors: Crabb Peter
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT By creating the 459,000 kW Bay d'Espoir h.e.p. scheme, the Newfoundland government hoped that the consequent doubling of the island's electricity supply would not only eliminate a deficite situation but provide power for industrial development. These hopes have not been fulfilled, and only one company, producing elemental phosphorus, was attracted to the island by the government's ‘cheap power’ policy. In addition to the continuing power subidy, this company received considerable federal and provincial incentives by locating its plant in Newfoundland. To these direct financial costs have to be added the environmental destruction and deterioration stemming from the h.e.p. development and the haste with which its construction was undertaken, and the catastrophic pollution problem created by effluent from the phosphorus plant. The costs of the ‘cheap power’ policy have been, and continue to be, massive for Newfoundland, Canada's poorest province. Further, the policy has made little or no impact on the small job market and the very large unemployment problem.
EFFECT OF TWO IMPOUNDMENTS ON THE SALINITY AND QUANTITY OF STORED WATERS1
Authors: Pionke H.B. , Workman O.D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The effect of hydrologic and chemical processes on salinization of stored waters was determined for two small floodwater‐retarding structures located in western Oklahoma. One structure, already designed to accommodate a large influx of sediment, was further overdesigned hydrologically by upstream diversion of approximately one‐half the inflow. Over a 2‐year period, the total salinity of stored waters increased approximately 22 times and the stored water volume decreased to 1/33 its initial volume in the overdesigned structure, while both volume and salinity of stored waters remained comparatively stable in the other structure. The lack of sufficient dilution by better quality surface runoff and the increased residence time of water in the impoundment apparently caused most of the salinity increase. The bulk of the salt load entering the over‐designed structure, to be concentrated later by evaporation, was associated with base rather than storm inflow. After base inflow ceased, substantial losses of salt load and stored water occurred concurrently. The loss was not adequately explained by chemical precipitation in association with evaporation. Seepage and evaporation‐associated variables appeared to account for much of the hydrologically unexplained loss of stored waters.
WATER USE RELATIONSHIPS AND PROJECTION CORRESPONDING WITH REGIONAL GROWTH, SEATTLE REGION1
Authors: Willsie Roger H. , Ratt Harry L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The paper outlines both the methods used and the results obtained in a study of the demand for municipal and industrial water for the Seattle region. The study was made as part of a regional water management study program, one objective of which is to “… identify, quantify, and set priorities for all current and future water uses …”. A basic concept in the study of municipal and industrial water use is that the demand for water is derived from the demand for output and the direct services that water provides. Principal characteristics of the study are: (1) Water use is studied by type ‐ residential, commercial, industrial and public ‐with identification of factors affecting each; (2) Water demands are studied by season as well as on an annual basis; (3) Projections of future water use are tied directly to projections of economic change in the service area; and (4) The effects of alternative policies on water use are estimated. Water use levels are projected under alternative regional growth assumptions provided by the Puget Sound Governmental Conference, a regional planning agency. Thus, the water use planning is consistent with other regional planning programs in this respect. The results can be varied according to changes in specific factors affecting water use. The factors considered in the present study include: single‐family residential lot size, distribution of population between single‐ and multi‐family units, per capita water use by multi‐family unit residents, and industrial and commercial water use per employee. An income elasticity of demand was estimated for single‐family residential water use.
USER‐ORIENTED RESEARCH DESIGNS1
Authors: Viessman Warren , Stork Karen E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A user‐oriented research plan is presented herein. Its principal components are: (1) a mechanism for identifying social goals and translating them into research objectives; (2) procedures for setting priorities; (3) a program planning technique for designing projects to impact on important research objectives; (4) a mechanism for coordinating research activities of important research producers; (5) a structure for encouraging and establishing interdisciplinary team efforts when they are required; (6) a well‐coordinated technology transfer plan; and (7) an effective method for promoting and sustaining user‐researcher cooperation. Both basic and applied research designs are examined and criteria presented. The implementation of research plans is also discussed and various factors which play a role in implementation are outlined including: coordination, goal interpretation and priority setting, project Planning, Project review, interdisciplinary considerations and the user‐researcher interface.
DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FEDERAL GRANTS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL1
Authors: Kalter Robert J. , Gosse Lois E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The income redistribution effects of waste water treatment grants are estimated for each state participating in five federal programs. Both gross and net effects per state and per capita are discussed. The impact of the tax structure used to finance such grants and the grant formulae are investigated.
APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVES IN PLANNING1
Authors: Johnson William K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. In the past planners have used various approaches to develop alternative plans for planning studies. These include: rational thought which draws upon the planners' knowledge, experience and judgement; objectives which emphasize specific values such as economic and environmental; technologies which achieve the same objective; public preferences which reflect public values and interests; alternative futures which array a diverse range of possible futures; mathematical models which rapidly evaluate possible alternatives; cost sharing policies which consider a participant's financial interest; Delphi technique utilizing a diversity of professional expertise; the IDEA method which stimulates and evaluates large numbers of alternatives. Most of these approaches have found application on various planning studies.
ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE BY RIVER PARTICULATE MATTER1
Authors: Wang Wun‐Cheng
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The adsorption of phosphate on particulate matter from the Illinois and Spoon Rivers was investigated. Adsoprtion reached equilibrium after 5 to 6 days and adsorption isotherms were linear for both constant and varying amounts of particulate matter. Adsorption was maximum at pH 8.3 – 8.4 and minimum at 6.0. Rates of adsorption were influenced by the equilibrium concentration of phosphate‐P and were essentially the same for the Illinois and Spoon Rivers. However, the quantity of phosphate‐P adsorbed per unit weight of particulate matter differed for the two streams with that in the Illinois River exhibiting an adsorption capacity 7 times that of the Spoon River.
THE APPLICATION OF RIDGE REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO A HYDROLOGIC TARGET‐CONTROL MODEL1
Authors: Anderson Donald A. , Scott Richard G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ridge regression analysis is used to investigate the stability of regression estimates over twenty‐three years of data in a target‐control model. Two target stations in the Wind River Range in Wyoming are studied using two sets of control variables. The predictive ability of ridge regression analysis is compared to that of ordinary regression analysis. The results of this study indicate improved stability of the estimates of ridge regression over ordinary regression. The predictive ability of the ridge regression estimates is as good or better than regression estimates.
PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF WATER QUALITY IN A METROPOLITAN AREA1
Authors: Hines William W. , Willeke Gene E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A survey of public‐perception of water quality problems in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area was undertaken in 1970, using a 1594 case probability sample of households in Fulton and DeKalb Counties. The survey showed that 2/3 of the population considered water quality problems serious or critical, and 56 percent thought they were getting worse. A stronger enforcement role for the State and increased expenditures for improved treatment facilities were favored by 3/4 of the population. Both industries and municipalities were considered major contributors to water pollution. Those most familiar with the water quality situation considered the problem more serious and getting worse than did the remainder of the population. Perceptual variables were far more important as explanatory factors than were any demographic variables.
REGIONAL IMPACT OF WATER RESOURCE INVESTMENTS IN A DEVELOPING AREA1
Authors: Attanasi Emil
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Regional development and industrialization patterns are investigated and related via regression analysis to water resource investments for the island of Puerto Rico. Although results of this study indicate such investments have little immediate or short‐term impact, significant relationships and variations in regional responses appear over longer time periods. This is shown by applying a variation of Zellner's method of performing seemingly unrelated regressions jointly. By this method, subsets of parameter coefficients of specific economic variables were restricted across regional equations while unrestricted coefficients were interpreted as explaining systematic regional variations in response to public investment. Regional differences, obtained by using this method, are frequently neglected when simply examining the overall development process. Among the more interesting results in terms of policy implications is the apparent significant relationship, over the period considered, between changes in the distribution of income and the pattern of water resource development.
DEOXYGENATION IN NATURAL STREAMS1
Authors: Bansal Mahendra K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Deoxygenation process in which carbonaceous BOD is biochemically oxidized to reduced inorganic compounds is of great significance in the oxygen demand of stream waters. The BOD decay rate traditionally determined in a laboratory might not necessarily be the same as estimated for a natural stream. The variation in biochemical activity could occur due to differences in adsorption, dispersion, and biophysical processes taking place in the two environments. The first stage biochemical oxygen demand and benthal oxygen demand that occur simultaneously in a stream, have been considered together to calculate the gross rate of deoxygenation in polluted waters. The available data on deoxygenation measurements has been analyzed in this study to calculate the carbonaceous BOD rate constants in natural streams. The analysis indicates that the dimensionless deoxygenation parameter is a function of the ratio of the Reynolds number and Froude number of flow. The functional relationship between these two parameters essentially follows a straight line on a log‐log plot. The applicability of the relationship does not depend upon the volume of the organic load, size, or location of the stream.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FRESH‐SALT WATER INTERFACES USING FINITE ELEMENT AND SIMPLE APPROACHES
Authors: Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I. , Safar Mahmoud M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The fresh‐salt water interface in artesian aquifers has been investigated by various techniques on the basis of its analogy to the free surface in earth dams or cores of dams. Although various approximations are used, some more or less exact solutions exist. One of the simple methods, that would appeal to practical workers, was developed by the analysis of hydraulic forces. However, this method has not been checked thoroughly due to the lack of wide ranges of coverage by the more or less exact solutions. In this paper a suggested finite element method is used for the purpose of comparing with the method of hydraulic forces. The presented procedure eliminates some of the difficulties and uncertainties in current finite element procedures. Both methods proved to be in close agreement. Moreover, the hydraulic heads along the upper boundary of the artesian aquifer were found to be in close agreement with Dupuit's equation. The results of this investigation would greatly simplify the more complex management problems when the effects of discharge and/or recharge wells are added to the natural flow effects.
ON TAXATION AND FIRMS CHOICE OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY1
Authors: Bundgaard‐Nielsen M. , Hwang C. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The interaction between the level of taxation and the firms accruing choice of treatment technology is discussed. It is shown that there is a risk of overtaxation, that is, simply increasing taxation may fail to improve environmental quality but only increase production costs and thus consumer prices.
EVALUATION OF COPPER ACCUMULATION IN PART OF THE CALIFORNIA AQUEDUCT1
Authors: Fuller Richard H. , Averett Robert C
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Copper sulfate has been used extensively in the California Aqueduct to control phytoplankton and the alga Cladophora. Since 1969 more than 250,000 pounds of copper sulfate has been added to a part of the aqueduct. Although copper sulfate is effective in controlling algae, copper tends to accumulate in the system in which it is applied. Samples of water, biota including plants, clams, and snails, as well as sediment were analyzed for copper. Results of these analyses showed that copper concentrations in the water, with three exceptions, were less than 10 micrograms per litre. Samples of plant tissue showed a 198 percent increase in copper concentration in the treated reach of the aqueduct, and clam tissue showed a 68 percent increase. Snails in the treated reach had 77 percent more copper than in the untreated reach whereas copper concentrations in the sediment doubled. None of the concentrations found are considered to be harmful to the biota.
A GRAPHICAL PROCEDURE FOR CLASSIFYING AQUIFER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Authors: Sharp John M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A graphical procedure for classifying aquifer management strategy is proposed for use as a visual aid. The increasing demand for water, changes in the type of water uses and water sources, and economic consideration indicate that optimal strategies can shift over time. The procedure is described and, as an example, applied to the Tucson Basin. This procedure provides a simple visual tool for nonhydrologists, demonstrates the importance of water use and source interplay, and allows consideration of the time element in managing ground‐water resources.
DETERMINATION OF CATION‐EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT1
Authors: Wang Wun‐Cheng
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A procedure for determining cation‐exchange capacity of river suspended sediment is described. Water samples for suspended sediment analyses were obtained from the Spoon River in Illinois. The procedure involves two substitution steps to convert all exchange sites to potassium, five washing steps to remove the excess cation, and two replacement steps using barium. The replaced potassium was determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Reproducibility is excellent; and the procedure is applicable to a wide range of suspended sediment concentration.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SNOWFALL AMOUNTS1
Authors: Reschta Robert L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Long‐term climatic data from National Weather Service stations in six areas of the United States were utilized to develop regression equations relating a “snowfall index” parameter and air temperature. Nearly 200 stations, representing a wide range in physiographic and climatic conditions, were selected for analysis. Snowfall index is defined as the ratio of snowfall depth to precipitation. Using annual data, regression analysis indicated snowfall index to be significantly (α= 0.01) related to temperature for five of the six areas studied. Differences between equations were attributed to the effects of precipitation and temperature during non‐snowfall periods. Mean monthly data were also considered and significant equations (α= 0.011, representing a family of similarly shaped curves, were obtained. The illustrated equations can be used for estimating mean monthly and annual snowfall amounts for stations having only temperature and precipitation measurements.
THE EFFECTS OF DIPOTASSIUM ENDOTHALL ON THE ZOOPLANKTON AND WATER QUALITY OF A SMALL POND1
Authors: Serns Steven L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Zooplankton samples and dissolved oxygen‐temperature readings and water samples were taken from a treatment and control pond on 41 and 42 separate occasions, respectively, both before and after the application of 5.0 mg/l (a.i.) dipotassium endothall to the 0.31 ha treatment pond on May 31, 1973. Seasonal fluctuations in the density of Cladocera and Copepoda coincided quite closely in both ponds and were similar to the fluctuations reported in the literature to be typical of temperate region ponds and lakes. An apparent seasonal shift in generic composition from .Daphnia spp. in May to Ceriodaphnia spp. in June to Chydorus spp. from July/early September occurred in both ponds and is thought to be at least partially due to fish predation. No apparent changes in species composition or generic densities of Cladocerans was noted in the treatment pond that did not also occur in the control pond. There were no noticeable effects of the dipotassium endothall on either the Calanoida or Cyclopoida suborders of Copepoda. A later pulse of Ostracoda in the treatment pond, when compared to the control, may have been due to the dipotassium endothall or to a combination of the effects of the herbicide on the macrophytes and the method of sampling. A decrease in dissolved oxygen below saturation, occurring in the treated pond from 3–21 days after treatment, was attributed to an increase in biological oxygen demand associated with weed‐kill. There was no noticeable increase in plant nutrients (N and P) in the treated pond following herbicide application, nor were there any apparent changes in the other chemical parameters studied.
INEQUITIES FOR SMALL FOOD PROCESSING PLANTS RESULTING FROM LIQUID WASTE TREATMENT REGULATIONS1
Authors: McMillan Eric William , Brill Earl Downey
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The cost of the liquid wast treatment measures required to meet federal as well as typical state and local regulations was examined for dairy processing plants of various sizes. Federal effluent standards were found to produce higher estimated capital costs per unit of raw material for smaller plants, even with relaxed requirements for smaller plants. State regulations limiting the effluent BOD5‐ concentration were also found to result in inequitable costs for smaller processors. These inequities result from economies of scale and not such factors as level of process technology employed or amount of waste produced per unit of raw material. In contrast, applying an example sewer surcharge formula did not produce inequities from economies of scale.
PRELIMINARY ESTIMATION OF COLD WATER AVAILABILITY IN LAKES FOR FISH HATCHERIES1
Authors: Balachandran G. , Wisner P. E. , Belore H. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Fish hatcheiies for cold water species (e.g., salmonids) require water below a certain specified optimum temperature. Deep lakes and reservoirs, which are thermally stratified, will have cold water below the thermocline suitable for fish hatchery supplies. Proper management will require withdrawal of water at different depths and a mixture of correct proportions can yield water at desired temperatures and quality. For preliminary studies, a mathematical model can be used to show by a comparatively simple computation the effect of different withdrawal rates of cold water and to check if the situation is critical. A critical situation may warrant the application of sophisticated computer models and/or the use of chilling at the hatchery. The method is illustrated by a case study for a small lake in the Province of Nova Scotia.
INTER‐STATE WATER DISPUTES: A CASE STUDY OF INDIA1
Authors: Gautam Sid
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the last 27 years of independence, a large number of inter‐state water disputes cropped up over the use of rivers. Surprisingly enough, more disputes developed in this short period than in the earlier 200 years of the development of irrigation and so far none of the disputes has been permanently solved. The major rivers of India are all inter‐state rivers and this is one of the more important reasons why some of them are not yet fully developed for irrigation or power production. The Union Government has set up, so far, only three tribunals to adjudicate inter‐state disputes. But the problems do not end simply by setting up the tribunals. In practice, it has also proved a dilatory process. None of the tribunals has been successful in settling any dispute in the long years of their existence. There is no codified law prescribing rights and the notion of “equity” has come to prevail restraining the upper states from drawing such quantities of water as would injure the interests of the lower states. Though the general principle of equitable apportionment had been advocated many times, in practice each contending state had given this principle an interpretation that suited it. The basic principle would be to harness the rivers not for the benefit of a particular state but for the maximization of agricultural, industrial, and navigational potential in the areas served by the rivers.
A FICKIAN ANALYSIS OF LAKE SEDIMENT UPSURGE1
Authors: Thibodeaux L. , Cheng C. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The fundamental hypothesis of this paper is that the stratified‐mixed states which occur annually in lakes play a dominant role in the movement of nutrient‐rich material from the lake bottom upward into the water column. The stratified‐mixed history has been used previously to develop a Fourier type, semi‐infinite slab energy model to represent the lake surface temperature, thermal profile, and thermocline position with Julian day (Thibodeaux, 1975). The present paper extends the semi‐infinite slab idea to include a Fickian type model for the upsurge of nutrients from the sediment‐water interface upward. Relations will be developed for the rate of nutrient upwelling into the epilimnion and the photoactive zone of a lake. A lake time constant emerges from the model equations. This constant is thought to be important in predicting the likelihood of a fall algal bloom. Results of model verification attempts on three lakes are presented.
THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ON A NORTH FLORIDA WATERSHED1
Authors: Burton Thomas M. , Turner Ralph R. , Harriss Robert C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A 20 month study of some effects of highway construction on water quality was conducted during construction of Interstate 10 at Tallahassee, Florida. Highway construction resulted in significant increases in turbidity, suspended solids, total phosphorus, and dissolved silicon in downstream waters despite use of recommended procedures for erosion control. Highway construction did not result in significant increases in dissolved phosphorus or nitrogen.
URBAN SERVICE PRICING AND LAND USE: SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS1
Authors: Skjei Stephen S. , Freed Rod
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The use of public policy variables to control urban land use has been suggested or implied by a number of authors. This paper presents a conceptual foundation for doing so and the results of some empirical analyses based on this conceptual foundation. The method developed appears to constitute an alternative to more expensive approaches to the analysis of the relation between policy variables and land use. The empirical results tend to support earlier suggestions advanced by other researchers.
DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE STRAIT OF CANSO1
Authors: Wang S. T. , McMillan A. F. , Chen B. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT By using the method of successive approximations, the one‐dimensional diffusion equation was solved for the distribution of pollutant from an instantaneous point source in a semi‐infinite body of water under the influence of wind‐generated waves. The solution was obtained with the aid of an expression developed in this study to relate the dispersion coefficient to wind speed, characteristics of a wind‐generated wave, and drift current velocities. The results indicate that the wave causes the local concentration to oscillate with respect to time around a mean concentration distribution curve. The period of the oscillation is about that of the wave, and its amplitude is always less than 7 percent of the mean. The effect of a chemical reaction is to reduce the level of pollutant concentration, the magnitude of the reduction being dependent upon both the rate constant and the order of reaction. The case of simultaneous dumping of one pollutant at different sites was also considered.
EFFECTS OF DIPOTASSIUM ENDOTHALL ON ROOTED AQUATICS AND ADULT AND FIRST GENERATION BLUEGILLS1
Authors: Serns Steven L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A 0.31‐ha pond was treated with 5.0 mg/l dipotassium endothall on May 31, 1973, and the effects of this treatment on the rooted aquatics, on bluegill reproduction, survival, and growth, and on the buildup of endothall residues in bluegill flesh was investigated. The treatment eliminated Myriophyllum exalbescens, Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton crispus, and Anacharis canadenis during the first season, however, all but C. demersum became reestablished the following year. Little endothall was incorporated into edible bluegill flesh. The dipotassium endothall did not affect the number of young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) bluegills produced by the original adult stocking during the year of treatment and the year following treatment and did not affect the reproduction of first generation bluegills. The survival of adult and first generation bluegills was not affected by the herbicide. Bluegills were slower growing in the treatment than the control pond, when similar densities were present in each pond. It is not known whether this was due to some unknown effect of the dipotassium endothall or to other factors.
PHYSICAL AND CONCEPTUAL SIMULATION OF EFFLUENTS FROM DREDGED MATERIAL CONFINEMENT FACILITIES1
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jospeph A. , Atmatzidis Dimitrios K. , Krizek Raymond J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Environmental protection dictates that effluents of desired quality should be dischargd from dredged material confinement facilities. In general, this can be accomplished by supplementing the solid‐liquid separation obtained by simple sedimentation with appropriate filter systems which provide additional clarification. A methodology to estimate the sedimentation required in a disposal area was developed on the basis of classical sedimentation theories and compared favorably with field data. A procedure was then advanced and documented whereby effluents from dredged material confinement facilities can be successfully modeled for laboratory filtration tests. For these purposes inorganic suspended solids can be simulted reasonably well by adjusting the concentration of commercially available clays, and fresh or saline water environments can be simulated satisfactorily by tap water or sodium chloride solutions, respectively.
THE ROLE OF MINIMUM VARIANCE THEORY IN DEFINING THE REGIME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LOWER NAMOI‐GWYDIR DRAINAGE BASIN1
Authors: Riley S. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: While minimum variance theory appears to offer an explanation for the hydraulic behaviour and regularity among channel systems it is not entirely successful in predicting the regime of a channel system. In the case of the Namoi‐Gwydir river system the hydraulic variables velocity, depth, width, slope, friction, and shear appear to govern the behaviour and, hence regime of the channels. The significance of sediment load in determining regime could not be assessed.
LAKE LEVEL CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT ‐ A CASE STUDY1
Authors: Yomtovian Issac
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The frequent high water levels in Chisago Chain of Lakes, located in east‐central Minnesota, have caused extensive flood damages. Recent floods raised the concern of the local property owners and they pressured the Chisago County Board of Managers to initiate a study of alternative lake control levels. A study was carried out to identify potential flood control alternatives, screen out the most promising feasible alternatives, and recommend the most cost‐effective flood control measure. Several flood control alternatives were considered ‐ eight of them were analyzed and evaluated in detail. A statistical method was used to estimate the expected annual flood damages under existing and future conditions. The effect of all proposed control measures on the annual flood damage reductions (benefits) were determined. Detailed benefit/cost analyses were carried out to evaluate the economic feasibility of alternatives. The effect of potential flood control measures on the environment was also studied. The economic analysis of the most cost‐effective alternative did not strongly support artificial lake level control, therefore the decision‐making authorities were even more firm in their position to maintain the present condition and chose the Null Alternative as the most suitable alternative.
WATER DATA AND SERVICES AVAILABLE FROM PARTICIPANTS IN THE NATIONAL WATER DATA EXCHANGE1
Authors: Edwards Melvin D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: The National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) was implemented in January 1976 as an interagency program managed and coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey. The program is directed at improving access to existing water and water‐related data. Almost 150 organizations from the Federal, state‐governmental, local‐governmental, interstate, academic, private, and foreign sectors currently participate in the program. This article describes the NAWDEX program and contains descriptions of the types of data and services available from organizations participating in NAWDEX. A point of contact for obtaining data and services is provided for each organization.
COLIFORMS AND WATER QUALITY: USE OF DATA IN PROJECT DESIGN AND OPERATION1
Authors: Thornton Kent W. , Nix Joe F. , Bragg Jimmy D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Knowledge of coliform transport and disappearance may provide information for project design and operation that minimizes potential water quality problems such as the violation of body contact recreation standards. Storm events were sampled in the Caddo River above DeGray Reservoir, Arkansas, and then tracked through the reservoir using the increased turbidity associated with the storm flows. Fecal coliforms were sampled both in the river and throughout the water column in the reservoir. In general, increased fecal coliform concentrations were closely associated with the increased turbidity resulting from the storm flows. This association existed for all three types of turbidity plume movement ‐ overflow, interflow, and underflow. As the turbidity plume moved down the reservoir, fecal coliform concentrations decreased due to die‐off, settling, and dilution. With several assumptions, it is possible to use this information to assist in locating recreational sites in a reservoir or to anticipate possible body contact standard violations at existing recreation sites.
WATER QUALITY MODELING IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE CHOWAN RIVER1
Authors: Contractor D. N. , King P. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Chowan River system consists of three rivers in southeast Virginia that form two confluences before flowing into Albermarle Sound in North Carolina. A computer program was written to simulate flows through the river system to determine flow rates, velocities, and depths. The output of the flow program was input into a second program that calculated the concentrations of BOD5, COD, DO, and four nitrogen parameters (organic, ammonia, nitrite‐nitrate and algal‐N). Measured field data were used to calibrate the model. The effect of reducing the concentration of nutrients from overland runoff on algal concentrations at the mouth of the river was studied. The program was also run to simulate the water quality of the watershed in a primitive condition, in which the watershed was assumed to consist only of forests. The results of the computer program indicate that the major changes in the water quality of the river are simulated satisfactorily. The program can be used to assess the impact of any management scheme to improve water quality.
AN EX POST ANALYSIS OF THE UNCOMPAHGRE PROJECT1
Authors: Sander William H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The national and regional economic impact of the Bureau of Reclamation's Uncompahgre Project which was authorized in 1903 is assessed. Benefit‐cost ratios for the project are calculated for a range of production cost estimates and discount rates. An economic base approach is used to estimate the project's regional economic impact. Although the project has been marginal in terms of an economic efficiency rationale it has been an important impetus to regional economic growth in the Uncompahgre Region over time.
SUMMER FLOODING AT CHICAGO AND POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS TO URBAN‐INCREASED HEAVY RAINFALL1
Authors: Changnon Stanley A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: :

Studies of two measures of flooding in the Chicago metropolitan area reveal a wide range of floods with the magnitude related to recurrence interval expressions of rain intensity. Minor type floods (in basements and underpasses) usually result from localized heavy rains (≤ 3‐hour duration) with return intervals of 1 to 2 years, and more major floods result from rains with return intervals of 2 to 5 years (or more). Urban‐factors help lead to increases in warm season rain events in Chicago with 1‐ to 4‐year return intervals. These apparently help lead to 10 to 100 percent more flooding events in Chicago than expected. The range of increase varies depending on locale and type of flood, but the increases in storms should be accounted for in drainage designs.
WATER SAVINGS FROM LAWN WATERING RESTRICTIONS DURING A DROUGHT YEAR, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO1
Authors: Anderson Raymond L. , Miller Thomas A. , Washburn Monty C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the drought year of 1977, unusually low river flows during the summer caused the City of Fort Collins, Colorado, to institute lawn watering restrictions for six weeks as a conservation measure. Water use during the restriction period decreased 41 percent below the previous year. The effectiveness of the restrictions, however, has been unclear because abnormally wet weather also appeared to reduce evapotranspiration rates during the period the restrictions were in effect. The statistical analysis indicates that the reduction in water use due to lawn watering restrictions was 603 acre‐feet and that abnormal weather reduced use by an additional 659 acre‐feet during the same period. During a period of normal evapotranspiration rates, such restrictions would be expected to reduce Fort Collins municipal water usage by 19.7 percent.
ANALYSIS OF DETENTION BASIN SYSTEMS1
Authors: Mein Russell G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A runoff routing model, originally developed for rural, areas and later adapted for application in urban areas, is shown to be, very suitable for use in design detention basin systems. The model, computes design inflow hydrographs for basins and routes flow through, basins to the next downstream point of interest. Some general conclusions are drawn on the effects of different basin configurations.
NUTRIENT AND HEAVY METAL TRANSPORT CAPABILITIES OF SEDIMENT IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES1
Authors: Gosz James R. , White Carleton S. , Ffolliott Peter F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Most studies of nutrient loss from small study watersheds ignore a potentially important loss transported by the suspended sediment load. We proposed that the geology and vegetation of a watershed are predictors of the nutrient and heavy metal transporting capacity of its suspended sediment. Analyses of acid‐digestable and extractable nutrients showed differences for sediments derived from ponderosa pine forests in the Southwest on different geologies. These differences were similar for soil, stream bank, and stream channel material for a given site. Suspended sediment collections had nutrient concentrations similar to those of stream channel collections. Different vegetation on a given geology affected primarily the organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, total P, and levels of extractable nutrients in sediment.
WATER CONSTRAINTS ON EMERGING ENERGY PRODUCTION1
Authors: Hampton Norman F. , Ryan Bennett Y.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive nationwide recognizance‐level assessment of water needs for energy development over the 1985 to 2000 time frame and options for overcoming any actual or potential water supply problems are summarized. Water requirements for energy production and other uses are totaled for each geographic region of the United States and compared with available stream flow to identify regions with potentially inadequate water supplies to meet expanding energy needs. Water quality impacts and water‐related institutional factors affecting energy development are also considered. It is concluded that, if proper planning measures are not initiated, water demands for energy production will not be satisfied by the year 2000, particularly in those areas with known fossil energy resources. No unmanageable water quality problems are foreseen, and water‐related institutional factors will primarily delay rather than exclud energy development.
RESPONSE FUNCTIONS OF CROPS YIELD TO SOIL MOISTURE STRESS1
Authors: Palacios Enrique V.
Published: June 2007

: A methodology for determining an optimal irrigation policy to obtain maximum economic yield of crops is presented. The method is based on an empirical response function, relating crop yield to soil moisture stress in different stages of plant growth. The function was developed from data obtained in field experiments on several crops and may be useful in determining when and how much to irrigate. Additionally, a mathematical expression is derived from that function which estimates the economic loss if irrigation is not applied in the opportune moment.
NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF PRECIPITATION AND CANOPY THROUGHFALL UNDER CORN, SOYBEANS, AND OATS1
Authors: White Everett M.
Published: June 2007

: The effects of corn, soybean, and oat canopies on plant nutrient contents of throughfall precipitation (TFP) were studied to determine if canopies alter the meteoric precipitation (MP) composition. TFP samples collected at 5 cm from corn or soybean rows contained more NH4, NO3, soluble PO4, total PO4, and soluble K ions than samples collected at 25 and 45 cm distances from the row. Enrichment of MP by the canopies was least at the 45 cm distance. Oat canopies enriched MP more than soybean or corn canopies for most of the ions, probably due to the difference in season of growth. Thus, canopies of these crops alter the nutrient concentration of MP.