bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Lolium Multiflorum Endosperm in Tissue Culture III. Structural Studies on the Cell Walls
Authors: L Anderson Robin , Stone BA
Published: July 2016

Cell wall preparations from ryegrass endosperm cells grown in tissue culture contain polysaccharides composed of glucose, xylose, arabinose and galactose residues. The protein content is very low. The cell wa.ll preparations have been fractionated by successive extraction with water at 40�C, 8 M urea, O�5 M KOH, 4�27 M KOH and 6 M NaOH-O' 81 M H3B03 ? The polysaccharides in the fractions were identified by monosaccharide and methylation analysis, supplemented by the use of a specific fi-glucan hydrolase. The results indicate that the three' main types of polysaccharide present are 1,3: 1,4-fi-glucan, arabinoxylan and/or galacto-arabinoxylan and cellulose.
The Administration of Flumethasone, by Three Different Routes, its Measurement in the Plasma and Some Effects on Wool Growth in Merino Wethers
Authors: Panaretto BA , Wallace ALC
Published: July 2016

Flumethasone was given to Merino wethers weighing 30-50 kg at rates of 0�62-1� 35 mg/kgO'7 5 by intravenous (experiments 1 and 2), intraruminal (experiment 4) and subcutaneous (experiment 5) routes over 8 days. In experiment 3, 1� 2 mgflumethasone/kg'"?" was given intravenously over 4, 5 or 6 days. The plasma concentration profiles showed concentrations in the order: intravenous > subcutaneous > intraruminal. Plasma concentration patterns usually were highest during the first 48 h of infusion followed by relatively stable values. This last feature was not evident in experiments when the rate of hormone infusion was increased. Estimates of the metabolic clearance rates for flumethasone in experiments 1, 2 and 5 were 200-700 ml/min during the' equilibrium concentration periods.
Effects of Reduced Food Intake on Reproduction in Mice
Authors: Javad Zamiri Mohammad
Published: July 2016

The effect of undernutrition on the reproductive performance of the Quackenbush strain of mice was studied using four dietary levels: ad libitum (8' 0 g per mouse per day; D 1 00), 85%(D 85), 70% (D 7 0 ) , and 55%(D s s) of ad libitum food intake.
Effects of Ovarian Hormones on Foetal and Placental Growth in the Mouse
Authors: Miller BG
Published: July 2016

The effects of ovariectomy and treatment with progesterone and oestradiol on foetal and placental growth were examined. The occurrence of cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the placenta in response to treatments was determined by measuring protein, DNA and RNA: DNA ratios. In control mice, which had not been ovariectomized, the daily administration of O�01-2' 56 J1g oestradiol on days 10-15 of pregnancy caused only small decreases in the number of live foetuses and foetal and placental weights on day 16. When mice were ovariectomized on day 10, gestation was maintained by administering 5 mg progesterone daily, but terminated when only 1 mg progesterone was given daily. However, when ovariectomized mice receiving 1 mg progesterone were also givenO'OlJ1g oestradiol on days 10-15, gestation was maintained and the number of live foetuses and foetal and placental weights on day 16 were normal. Increasing the daily dose of oestradiol up to 2� 56J1g in mice receiving 1 mg progesterone on days 10-15 had no effecton foetal and placental growth. In contrast, the daily administration of 0�64-2� 56J1g oestradiol to ovariectomized mice receiving 5 mg progesterone on days 10-15 terminated gestation in some mice and considerably reduced the number of live foetuses and foetal and placental weights in those mice which remained pregnant on day 16.
Fertility of Frozen-Thawed Boar Semen
Authors: Maxweli WMC , Salamon S
Published: July 2016

Farrowing results of six fertility tests are presented. Semen was processed by removal of seminal plasma and addition of glycerol at 30�C before (method A) or after (method B) stepwise cooling to 5�C, and by the Beltsville method (C). Sperm concentrations at freezing were 0�9 x 109/ml (A and B) and 0�6x 109/ml (C).
Cell Proliferation and Cortical Cell Production in Relation to Wool Growth
Authors: A Wilson Patricia , Short BF
Published: July 2016

The relationship of wool growth to cell proliferation in the follicle bulb and to the subsequent migration and growth of the fibre cortical cells was investigated in 10 Peppin Merino sheep. These sheep had been maintained on a low, medium or high level of nutrient intake to ensure a wide range in wool growth. The number and mitotic activity of the germinal cells in the follicle bulb were determined after administration of colchicine. Cortical cell size was measured following isolation of the fibre cells by acid-treatment of wool.
Acute Effects of Lithium on Central Dopamine and Serotonin Activity Reflected by Inhibition of Prolactin and Growth Hormone Secretion in the Rat
Authors: Smythe GA , Brandstater JF , Lazarus L
Published: July 2016

The acute administration of lithium chloride significantly inhibits both prolactin and growth hormone secretion in the rat. In terms of known neuroendocrine relationships this finding indicates that lithium administration alters both dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) activity in the hypothalamus. The data suggest that DA activity is increased (inhibiting prolactin release) and 5-HT activity is decreased (reducing growth hormone stimulation). The data are in agreement with fluorescent histological studies on the effects of chronic lithium administration and suggest that endocrine parameters may be used to provide neuropharmacological information about compounds which alter brain monoamine activity.
The Failure of Prolactin to Initiate Lactogenesis in the Ewe
Authors: Hooley RD
Published: July 2016

Infusion of exogenous prolactin (NIH-P-Sll) at 1 mg/h for 10 h into ewes pretreated for 30 days with oestradiol benzoate and progesterone was unable to initiate milk secretion.
Selection for Ethanol Tolerance in Two Populations of Drosophila Melanogaster Segregating Alcohol Dehydrogenase Allozymes
Authors: B Gibson John , Lewis NigeI , Adena MichaeI , R Wilson Susan
Published: July 2016

Selection for ethanol tolerance was equally successful in two populations of D. melanogaster in both of which the frequency of AdhF was 0�5 at the start of the experiment.
Enzyme Histochemistry of the Sheep Uterus During the Oestrous Cycle
Authors: Javad Zamiri M , W Blackshaw Alan
Published: July 2016

Enzyme histochemical techniques were applied to frozen sheep uteri from different stages of the oestrous cycle. The localization and activities of succinate, lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, and isocitrate (NADP+) dehyrogenases and acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in the luminal and glandular epithelia, caruncle and myometrium. Enzyme activity in the sections was scored on a scale of 0-5.
Microfibrillar Proteins of Wool: Partial Specific Volumes and Molecular Weights in Denaturing Solvents
Authors: Woods EF
Published: July 2016

The molecular weights of the reduced and S-carboxymethylated microfibrillar protein components of wool have been investigated by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The microfibrillar proteins have molecular weights of 57000 (component 5), 58000 (component 7c); 50000 (component 8c-l) with a range of values for the other component 8 polypeptide chains of 45 000--50 000. The proteins migrate anomalously in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate as seen from a comparison of the free mobilities and retardation coefficients of standard proteins with those of the wool proteins. More reliable molecular weights were obtained by plotting the retardation coefficients against molecular weights (Ferguson plot). The partial specific volumes of the microfibrillar proteins have been measured in dilute aqueous buffer solutions, 8 M urea and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The values are compared to those calculated from the amino acid compositions.
Comparison of Some Microfibrillar Proteins From Wool
Authors: M Dowling Lyndsay , H Gough Keith , S Inglis Adam , G Sparrow Lindsay
Published: July 2016

The molecular properties of components 5 and 7c, two low-sulfur proteins from the microfibril of wool, have been compared. These proteins have almost identical molecular weights and very similar amino acid compositions. Comparison of the partial amino acid sequences determined to date show extensive regions of sequence homology. No such sequence homologies are observed when these components are compared with component 8c-1, another low-sulfur protein from wool.
Degradation of Hexachlorocyclohexanes and Structurally Related Substances by Clostridium Sphenoides
Authors: Heritage AD , MacRae IC
Published: July 2016

Washed cell suspensions of C. sphelloides adapted to the y-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (y-HCH), metabolized IX- and y-HCH but not p- and o-HCH. Temperature and pH optima for the metabolism of y- HCH were found to be 40�C and pH 8 �0. The y-HCH-adapted suspensions also metabolized the P-, y- and o-isomers of 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-l-cyclohexene, 2,3,4,5,6-pentachloro-2- cyclohexen-l-ol, y-l ,2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohex-l-ene, and 1,2,3,4,5-pentachlorocyclohexane. The suspensions did not metabolize a selection of chlorinated benzenes, dichlorocyclohexane and chlorocyclohexane.
Size of Lipoproteins in Intestinal Lymph of Sheep and Suckling Lambs
Authors: Gooden JM , Fraser R , Bosanquet AG , Bickerstaffe R
Published: July 2016

The relative importance of chylomicrons (Sf> 400) and very low density lipoproteins (Sf 20-400) in transporting lipids in lymph was investigated in surgically prepared adult sheep and pre-ruminant lambs fed low fat diets or infused intraduodenally with corn oil. The concentration of triacylglycerol in the intestinal lymph of sheep and lambs was increased from 520 and 925 mg/1oo ml to 2326 and 2367 mg/loo ml respectively when corn oil was infused into the duodenum and the ratio of triacylglycerol to phospholipid changed from 3 �7 and 5 . 5 to 9�5 and 9�7 respectively. The flow of lymph also increased. Electron microscopy and analytical and preparative ultracentrifugation showed that lymph lipoproteins from sheep and lambs fed low fat diets consisted mainly of lipoproteins 50 nm in diameter and that very low density lipoproteins (Sf 20-400) contributed up to 75 % of the Sf > 20 lipoproteins. There were no lipoproteins with diameters above 150 nm.
Effects of Progesterone on the Oestrogen-Stimulated Uterus: a Comparative Study of the Mouse, Guinea Pig, Rabbit and Sheep
Authors: Miller BG , Wild Jennifer , Stone GM
Published: July 2016

To examine more closely the anti-oestrogenic action of progesterone (P), its effect on various parameters in the 17 fl-oestradiol (E2)-primed uterus of the mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and ewe was studied. Changes in uterine wet weight, rate of in vitro protein synthesis, protein: DNA and RNA :. DNA ratios, peroxidase activity and the level of cytosol receptors for E2 and P were measured. Considerable between-species differences in the effect of P on these parameters were observed. The anti-uterotrophic action was greater in the mouse than in the guinea pig and was not seen in the rabbit or ewe. P inhibited protein synthesis in the mouse, was without significant effect in the guinea pig and was mildly stimulatory in the rabbit and ewe. Inhibitory effects on protein: DNA and RNA: DNA ratios were substantial in the mouse, minor in the guinea pig and absent in the rabbit and ewe. Peroxidase activity was decreased in the mouse and guinea pig, essentially lacking in the rabbit and not detectable in the ewe. In all species the level of both oestrogen and progesterone cytosol receptors was decreased, although the effect on the E2 receptor was less marked in the ewe.
Site of Action of a Temperature-Sensitive Maternal Effect Mutation in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Brink NG
Published: July 2016

Previous studies have shown that the D. melanogaster mutant 1(1)1074" is sensitive to temperature changes towards the end of oogenesis, during the sixth to twelfth hour of embryogenesis and again during larval and early pupal development. The 1(1) 1074" gene product resulting from activity of the nuclear gene appears to be important for pupation.
Electron Microscopic Evidence for a Multimeric System of Plasmids in Fast-Growing Rhizobium Spp.
Authors: Schwinghamer EA , Dennis ES
Published: July 2016

Covalently closed circular (CCC)-DNA could be isolated, by dye-buoyant density centrifugation, from l3 out of 15 strains from three species of fast-growing rhizobia. The plasmid band was also present in ineffective mutants and non-infective mutants derived from symbiotically effective, plasmid-carrying parent strains. The buoyant density in caesium chloride was 1� 719 g/cm3 for chromosomal DNA and 1� 715-1� 716 g/cm3 for plasmid DNA in the four strains examined. Electron microscopy of the CCC-DNA from five strains revealed a wide size range of large circular molecules, with the contour length ranging from l3. 5 to c. 170 jim (mol. wt range 28 x 106-352 x 106 ). Analysis of the size distribution of open circular molecules from the five strains indicated that a multimeric series of plasmid molecules may occur in these bacteria, with an estimated mean monomer length of l3�5 jlin.
Amino Acid Sequence of Cyanogen Bromide Fragment CN2 From a Hong Kong Influenza Haemagglutinin Heavy Chain
Authors: W Ward Colin , AA Dopheide Theo , S Inglis Adam
Published: July 2016

The amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide peptide CN2 from the heavy chain (HAl) of the haemagglutinin of the Hong Kong variant A/Memphis/l02/72 has been obtained by direct, automated sequence analysis on the whole fragment and by manual dansyl-Edman degradation of tryptic, peptic and chymotryptic peptides. It was found to contain 92 amino acid residues, including a large, insoluble, tryptic core peptide (residues 62-87). It did not contain any half-cystine residues or carbohydrate. The determination of its structure was complicated by the presence of an Asn-Ile bond at positions 48-49 which was readily cleaved by both trypsin and chymotrypsin.
Oestrogen-Induced Hyperprolactinaemia in the Rat: Reduced Concentrations of Hypothalamic Dopamine and the Effects of Bromocriptine
Authors: Smythe GA , Brandstater JF
Published: July 2016

The induction of hyperprolactinaemia in the male rat following chronic oestrogen administration over 3 months was shown to result in a highly significant reduction in hypothalamic dopamine (DA) concentration as well as significant reductions in hypothalamic noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT). Significant increases in hypothalamic DA synthesis were found 4 days after a single dose of oestrogen but not after 3 months' chronic treatment. However, after the latter treatment there was a reduction in the ratio of the level of DA to its acidic metabolites in the hypothalami of the rats.
Ecological Genetics of the Wild Rabbit in Australia. II. Protein Variation in British, French and Australian Rabbits and the Geographical Distribution of the Variation in Australia
Authors: Richardson BJ , Rogers PM , Hewitt GM
Published: July 2016

A survey for genetic variation was carried out using 21 proteins controlled by 26 loci in rabbits from Britain, Mediterranean France and Australia. Five enzymes, adenosine deaminase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, carboxylesterase, carbonate dehydratase and dihydrolipoamide reductase (NAD+) were found to be polymorphic. The average heterozygosity in wild rabbits was 6%. The genetic distances separating the various populations indicated that three different stocks were present in these populations. The rabbits from Britain and mainland Australia belonged to one group, those from France to a second group and the rabbits from southern Tasmania were a distinctive third group. Highly significant differences in gene frequency were found between the various local populations studied from mainland Australia. This variation showed no clear pattern and was attributed to genetic drift due to small effective population sizes. Bottlenecks in population size occur regularly in local rabbit populations in Australia through, for example, drought, myxomatosis outbreaks or rabbit control programs.
Pituitary Responsiveness to LH-RH in Post-partum Ewes Treated With Oestradiol-17ß and Failing to Show a Plasma LH Surge
Authors: Wright PJ , Stelmasiak T , Chamley WA
Published: July 2016

Oestradiol-17 p (40 fig intravenously) failed to elicit a surge in plasma LH levels by 13 h after administration in 64 % (16 out of 25) Merino ewes about 30 days post partum in the anoestrous season. LH-RH responsiveness and LH-RH priming effect were significantly greater in these ewes than in similar post-partum (n = 9) and non-parturient ewes (n = 3) not treated with oestradiol. This suggests that the failure of the oestrogen-positive feedback effect on LH release in post-partum ewes is not due to a failure of oestradiol action on the pituitary increasing pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH and LH-RH priming effect, but could be due to inadequate release of LH-RH from the hypothalamus.
Rhizobium trifolii Mutant Interactions During the Establishment of Nodulation in White Clover
Authors: G Rolfe Barry , M Gresshoff Peter
Published: July 2016

A more refined bacteroid isolation procedure was developed and used to investigate the establishment of nodulation of white clovers by Rhizobium tri/olii strain T1. Combinations of a variety of bacterial strains were mixed together for inoculation of clovers. The results showed that in nodules containing two different strains of Rhizobium only one type of inoculum strain could be reisolated from any one plant cell. Furthermore, it was found that nodules which resulted from inoculation with cell mixtures containing the non-invasive Agrobacterium tume/aciens strain B6S3 and a nodulating Rhizobium strain at various cell ratios did not contain strain B6S3. However, a number of invasive but non-nodulating mutants of Rhizobium could be readily reisolated from nodules resulting from inoculation with cell mixtures containing both the mutant and its parent strain. Moreover, some combinations of symbiotic mutants showed a cooperative interaction giving rise to nitrogen-fixing nodules. From an investigation of the genetic characteristics of the bacterial cells isolated from nodules, it was concluded that this interaction between different symbiotically defective mutants of Rhizobium is a form of cross-feeding and not genetic complementation. Furthermore, there are four possible steps in the nodulation process where the intra-nodule interactions can occur between different strains of Rhizobium.
Changes in the Carbohydrates of Allomyces Macrogynus During the Selective Development of Either Zoosporangia or Resistant Sporangia
Authors: Youatt Jean
Published: July 2016

Allomyces macrogynus synthesized trehalose but did not appear to metabolize it. Trehalose was released to the suspending medium before the development of zoosporangia by plants suspended in water and before the development of resistant sporangia by plants in glutamic acid and glucose solution. Plants in the latter solution accumulated high levels of glycogen and trehalose before mRNA was transcribed for the development of resistant sporangia. Before the transcription of mRNA for either zoosporangia or resistant sporangia there was a period during which the plant content of glycogen, trehalose, protein and nucleic acid was constant. The increase in wall glycans and chitin during the development of zoosporangia was measured and possible origins of the walls are discussed.
A New Insulin Derivative for the Preparation of Insulin-Enzyme Conjugates: An Application in the Enzyme Immunoassay of Insulin
Authors: GR Hurrell John , M Malouf PauI , Conway Richard
Published: July 2016

A new insulin derivative, mercaptobutyrimidyl pyridine disulfide insulin, was prepared under conditions which directed the reaction preferentially through the terminal (X-amino group of the A-chain. The purified monosubstituted insulin exhibited only a marginal decrease in antigenicity as measured by radioimmunoassay; there was, however, a significant reduction in biological activity in the mouse convulsion assay. Conjugation of the insulin derivative to human placental alkaline phosphatase was carried out via a thiol interchange reaction and the resulting conjugate was active in a double-antibody, solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for insulin.
Amino Acid Sequence Studies on Sheep Liver Fructose-Bisphosphatase. I. The S-Peptide
Authors: Fisher WK , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

Fructose-bisphosphatase has been isolated from sheep liver using affinity-elution chromatography from carboxymethykellulose as the final purification step. The purified enzyme was homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis.
Long-Term Selection for a Quantitative Character in Large Replicate Populations of Drosophila Melanogaster. V. The Inbreeding Effect of Selection
Authors: Yoo BH
Published: July 2016

Four replicate lines of D. melanogaster, which had been selected for increased abdominal bristle number for 58 or 69 generations, were pedigreed for nine generations under selection with or without replacements for failed matings (SW and SO sublines) and under relaxed selection also with or without replacements (RW and RO sublines).
Field Studies on Insecticide Resistance in the Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia Cuprina
Authors: Whitten MJ , Dearn JM , McKenzie JA
Published: July 2016

Eggs and larvae of L. cuprina were coIJected from natural fly strikes in a flock of Merino ewes in which sheep had been either treated with the insecticide dieldrin or left as controls. An analysis of gene and genotype frequencies of Rdl locus, which determines resistance to dieldrin, provides support for the existence of strong selection operating during larval development on sheep whose fleece contain insecticide residue. Resistance genotypes appear to be at a disadvantage both in the laboratory and in the insecticide-free environment of control sheep. There is no evidence that flies of different resistance status choose oviposition sites on the basis of the presence of dieldrin residues in the fleece.
Identification of some Neutral Lipids of Thiobacillus Thioparus Using Gas Chromatography-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Christopher RK , Duffield AM , Ralph BJ
Published: July 2016

The neutral lipid fraction of two strains of T. thioparus was examined using gas chromatographychemical ionization mass spectrometry. Both strains were found to produce fatty acid ethyl esters, long-chain alcohols and. wax esters. In addition, one strain produced substantial quantities of squalene, although no sterols or triterpenoids could be detected. However, in the second strain, although squalene was present at greatly reduced levels, cholesterol, lanosteryl acetate and 24,25-dihydrolanosteryl acetate were identified.
Bovine ß-Lactoglobulin E, F and G of Bali (Banteng) Cattle, Bos (Bihos) Javanicus
Authors: Bell K , McKenzie HA , Shaw DC
Published: July 2016

An electrophoretic examination is made of samples of milk from eight Bali (banteng) cattle, Bos (Bibos) javanicus, in the Northern Territory of Australia. There are two new electrophoretically distinct bovine ft-Iactoglobulins, designated E and F, present in these samples. It is shown by amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide mapping of isolated samples that: (I) both E and F differ from the B variant of domestic cattle (Bos taurus) by + 1 G1y, -1 Glu at residue 157 or 158; and (2) the F variant has the additional charge differences from E and B due to + I Tyr, -1 Asp at residue 129 or 130. It is also shown by studies of peptides produced by the action of Staphylococcus aureus strain V8 protease and by more recent amino acid analyses that (1) the GlyjGlu substitution is at residue 158; (2) there is an additional Bali variant, designated ft-lactoglobulin G, differing from E by + 1 Met, -1 lie at residue 78, but having the same mobility as E; and (3) there is an hitherto undetected neutral residue substitution of + 1 Ser, -1 Pro at position 50 in the F variant. The relation of these variants to other known ft-lactoglobulin variants of the Bos genus is discussed.
Preparation of Monospecific Antiserum to Lupin Nodule Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Authors: T Tchan Y , Wyszomirska-Dreher Z , Kennedy LR
Published: July 2016

Immunization of rabbit, using biochemically homogeneous glutamate dehydrogenase, proved to be unsuitable to produce monospecific antiserum. The presence of traces of contaminating immunogen (undetected by physicochemical methods) induced the production of other antibodies. Procedures for rigorously establishing monospecificity of antisera and a technique for preparation of monospecific antiserum, using immunologically impure antigens, are described.
Zinc and Magnesium in the Uterus of the Pregnant and Pseudopregnant Mouse and the Effects of Mg2+ Ions on Uterine Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: E Buxton Louise , Murdoch RN
Published: July 2016

The levels of zinc and magnesium in the mouse uterus during early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy techniques. The total zinc and magnesium content of the uterus increased between days 5 and 12 of pregnancy and between days 5 and 9 of pseudopregnancy when decidual ceIls were present. However, the metals were not accumulated at a rate sufficient to match increases in uterine weight and constant concentrations (micrograms of metals per gram wet weight of tissue) were not maintained over the various reproductive stages studied. The accumulation of the metals was associated with the presence of decidual ceIIs, and non-decidualized horns of pseudopregnant mice failed to increase their total content of zinc and magnesium between days 5 and 9. The magnesium content of each uterus was usuaIly between 5- and I3-fold greater than the total zinc content.
Uterine and Placental Growth: RNA and Protein Metabolism and Steroid Hormone Receptor Levels in the Endometrium, Whole Uterus and Cotyledons during Pregnancy in the Ewe
Authors: Miller BG , Stone GM
Published: July 2016

Some aspects of uterine and placental growth have been examined during pregnancy in the ewe. Changes in in vitro rates of protein synthesis, RNA:DNA and protein:DNA ratios and the tissue concentration of DNA in intercaruncular endometrium and caruncles/cotyledons between days 0 (oestrus) and 112 of pregnancy were compared with corresponding changes in the concentrations of high-affinity cytosol receptors for oestradiol and progesterone in whole uterus and caruncles/maternal cotyledons. Rapid growth of the intercaruncular endometrium between days 28 and 112 and of the developing cotyledons between days 28 and 84 occur in the presence of tissue levels of both steroid receptors that are extremely low in relation to the corresponding levels seen in the uterus at oestrus. If uterine responses to steroid hormones are regulated by the amounts of specific receptor present in the tissue, the results support the concept that uterine growth after day 28 of pregnancy results primarily from the physical stimulus of the growing conceptus rather than from the actions of endogenous steroid sex hormones.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function in Normal Ewes and Ewes which Grazed Oestrogenic Subterranean Clover for Several Years
Authors: Chamley WA , Adams NR , Hooley RD , Carson R
Published: July 2016

Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were measured in normal Merino ewes and in Merino ewes with lowered fertility which had resulted from prolonged grazing of Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Dinninup. During the anoestrous season, LH was measured at frequent intervals before and following administration of oestradiol-17 P or gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), and around the time of spontaneous oestrus.
Eastern Grey Kangaroo Muscle Creatine Kinase
Authors: Grossman G , O'Sullivan WJ
Published: July 2016

Creatine kinase has been purified to homogeneity from skeletal muscle of the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus. The procedure included ethanol fractionation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 86 000 with two subunits of 43 500. Two sulfhydryl groups were determined for the intact molecule and a further four on unfolding. Under standardized conditions, the metal ion specificity was determined as MgADP- > MnADP- > CoADP-, CaADP-; and the substrate specifiCity as MgADP- > MgdADP- > MgGDP- > MgXDP-.
Pancreatic Response of Anaesthetized and Conscious Rats to Bolus Injection of Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin
Authors: Oates PS , Morgan RGH
Published: July 2016

Pancreatic secretion was studied in anaesthetized rats tested immediately after surgery or in conscious rats tested 48 h after the cannulation of the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic flow, protein output and enzyme output were measured over a 30-min period in the unstimulated state and after the intravenous injection of bolus doses of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) ranging from 1�25 to 20 Crick-Harper-Raper units (CHRU). Each animal received three doses of CCK-PZ, as either ascending or descending doses.
In vitro Noradrenaline Accumulation by Sheep Skin: Partial Characterization and Localization
Authors: Foldes A , James SB
Published: July 2016

Previous studies from this labOl:atory have implicated the sympathetic neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) in regulation of woolft'_z The current study was undertaken to investigate [3H]NA accumulation and its localization by Merino skin, and to determine the effects of gonadal and glucocorticoid steroids on such uptake.
Structure-Function Relationships in the Wall of the Ovarian Follicle
Authors: O'Shea JD
Published: July 2016

This paper reviews current knowledge of the light and electron microscopic structure of the three layers of the mammalian follicular wall-follicular epithelium (membrana granulosa), theca interna and theca externa-and discusses correlations between structure and function. The ultrastructure of follicular epithelial cells in growing follicles emphasizes their protein synthetic and secretory functions; features suggestive of a major steroidogenic function appear only at later stages. Regional differences in follicular epithelial cell function are probably important, although structurally these cells are relatively homogeneous. Structural diversity is more marked in the thecal layers : differentiation in the theca interna is towards fibrocytic and steroidogenic cell types, while that in the theca externa is towards fibrocytic and myoid types. Adherens and gap junctions are present between cells in all layers; however, tight (occludens) junctions have not been convincingly demonstrated between the cells in any of the three layers. Blood and lymph vessels are confined to the thecal layers. However, follicles possess no structural barrier comparable to that associated with the 'blood-testis barrier', and show a correspondingly greater permeability to large molecules than seminiferous tubules. Interactions between the layers of the follicular wall have not yet been intensively investigated, but are likely to play an important role in follicular function. To date, the best-documented interaction between layers is that described in the 'two-cell hypothesis' of oestrogen production. Some potentially useful directions for future research are proposed.
Reactions of I,I-Diacetoxyiodobenzene with Proteins: Conversion of Amide Side-Chains to Amines
Authors: A Holt Leo , Milligan Brian
Published: July 2016

Experiments with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of asparagine and glutamine as models show that, in unbuffered solutions, I,I-diacetoxyiodobenzene (1) is more effective than the corresponding trifluoroacetoxy derivative (2) for converting the amide side-chains of proteins to amines. Maximum modification of the glutamine residues of insulin and lysozyme occurs within 1-2 h of treatment with 1 in aqueous methyl cyanide at 20�C, but asparagine residues react more slowly. The amide side-chains are converted to the corresponding amines in at least 90 % yield, as shown by analysis of acid hydrolysates for aspartic acid, lX,p-diaminopropionic acid, glutamic acid and lX,y-diaminobutyric acid. Numerous side-reactions also occur, tyrosine, cystine, methionine, arginine, lysine and N-terminal residues all being modified to some extent.
Peptide Regulators in the Ovarian Follicle
Authors: M Hammond James
Published: July 2016

Data generated within the last several years have shown that follicular fluid contains substances, presumably peptide in nature, which exert potentially important effects on granulosa cells and the oocyte. This review briefly summarizes the current evidence concerning the nature and importance of these putative regulators including the luteinization inhibitor, oocyte maturation inhibitor, inhibitors of the binding of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, stimulators of ornithine decarboxylase and intrafollicular peptides with gonadotrophin-releasing activity. Although the existence of such activities has been clearly demonstrated, the evidence for a regulatory role of these agents in the control of ovarian physiology is not compelling. However, their occurrence must now be taken into account in our attempts to understand the mechanism of follicular growth, differentiation and atresia.
Some Properties of Glutamine Synthetase From the Nitrifying Bacterium Nitrosomonas Euro Paea
Authors: Bhandari Basant , Nicholas DJD
Published: July 2016

Nitrosomonas europaea oxidizes ammonia to nitrite, thereby deriving energy for growth. Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.4.1.4) is the main route for the incorporation of ammonia into glutamic acid, because glutamate synthase (NADPH) (EC 1.4.1.13) was not detected in cell-free extracts of N. europaea.
Effects of Exercise and Plane of Nutrition on Nutrient Utilization by the Hind Limb of the Sheep
Authors: Bird AR , Chandler KD , Bell AW
Published: July 2016

Net uptake, by the hind limb, of oxygen and a number of energy substrates was measured in sheep fed semicontinuously at maintenance or 1�5 times maintenance, while standing at rest or walking on a moving-belt treadmill at 0�7 ms- 1, on a 10� slope for 60 min. Exercise caused a six- to sevenfold increase in hind-limb oxygen uptake, due mainly to increased blood flow, assisted by an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of arterial blood. Major changes in nutrient supply and utilization included hyperglycaemia, hyperlactacidaemia, free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization, and substantially increased uptakes of glucose and FFA by the hind limb. Acetate uptake was unchanged during exercise in maintenance-fed sheep, but was significantly increased in sheep fed at levels above maintenance. Plane of nutrition had little effect on hind-limb uptake of other nutrients in resting or exercising animals.
Muzzle Secretion Electrolytes as a Possible Indicator of Sodium Status in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves: Effects of Sodium Depletion and Aldosterone Administration
Authors: Kumar S , Singh SP
Published: July 2016

In two separate experiments, the effects of sodium depletion and aldosterone administration on sodium and potassium concentrations in muzzle secretion, saliva and urine were studied in buffalo calves. Sodium deficiency in the animals was experimentally produced by unilateral parotid saliva deprivation for 18 days. During sodium depletion, the sodium levels in saliva and muzzle secretion gradually fell while the potassium level gradually rose. The concentrations of both of these cations in urine gradually fell during the course of sodium depletion.
An Electrophoretically Cryptic Alcohol Dehydrogenase Variant in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Biochemical Properties and Comparison with Common Enzyme Forms
Authors: Chambers GK , Wilks AV , Gibson JB
Published: July 2016

The biochemical properties of the heat-stable alcohol dehydrogenase variant ADH-FCh.D. have been investigated and compared with those of the two common enzyme forms ADH-F and ADH-S. The results show that ADH-F and ADH-S differ with respect to substrate specificity, their response to high concentrations of secondary alcohols and their apparent Michaelis constants for three alcohols in two different buffer systems. In all these tests the enzyme ADH-FCh.D. resembles ADH-S much more closely than ADH-F.
Inhibition of Wool Growth in Merino Sheep following Administration of Mouse Epidermal Growth Factor and a Derivative
Authors: Moore GPM , Panaretto BA , Robertson D
Published: July 2016

The present study investigates the effects of dosage and different modes of delivery of mouse epidermal growth factor (EG F) on the production of breaks in the fleece and on wool growth in Merino wethers. Subcutaneous infusions of EGF of ~O� 25 mg kg- o.75 for 7-28 h resulted in a dose-dependent total or partial inhibition of wool production 2-4 weeks later. A complete break appeared in the fleece that was shed. Lower doses had lesser inhibitory effects on wool growth: the fleece was not shed but bore a zone of weakness, termed an incomplete break. Inclusion of the glucocorticoid analogue dexamethasone in the infusate did not alter the action of EGF on the fleece. Although a higher plane of nutrition increased the rate of fibre production, it did not alter the extent of inhibition of wool growth by EGF. Infusion of a peptide from EGF, which lacked eight of the C-terminal amino acids (EGFl _ 45), was as effective as the parent molecule in inhibiting wool growth. EGF administered as a single subcutaneous injection was less reliable as a method for producing breaks in the fleece. Of seven wethers that received EGF at a dose level between 0�27 and 0�32 mg kg- o. 7 5, only three shed their fleeces. The remainder either developed incomplete breaks in the wool or were not affected. Administration of EGF at a dose level of 0�56 mg kg- 0. 7 5 via a rumen tube to one sheep had no discernible inhibitory effect on wool growth.
Uptake and Incorporation of Glucose especially into the Glycogen Pools of Preimplantation Mouse Embryos during Culture in vitro
Authors: L Pike I , Wales RG
Published: July 2016

Rate of [14C]glucose uptake by mouse embryos during in vitro culture in media containing optimal concentrations of lactate and pyruvate increased throughout preimplantation development. A reduction in the glucose concentration of the medium from 5�56 to 0�28 mM resulted in a two- to fivefold decrease in glucose metabolism, suggesting near-saturation of the membrane carrier at the lower concentration. Changes in the level of lactate and pyruvate in the medium had little effect on glucose metabolism after the third cleavage division. However, further evidence of interaction between energy substrates during the initial cleavage was obtained.
Loss of Hypothalamic Dopaminergic Control of Prolactin Secretion in the Hyperprolactinaemic Rat
Authors: Smythe GA , Bradshaw JE , Duncan M
Published: July 2016

The possibility that chronic hyperprolactinaemia results in loss of the ability of hypothalamic dopamine activity to inhibit prolactin secretion was studied in rats. Two degrees of hyperprolactinaemia (moderate and gross) were induced in the animals following the chronic administration of two different doses of oestradiol valerate. In rats with high chronic serum prolactin concentrations (approximately 20 times normal) there was a profound increase in prolactin secretion following inhibition of brain dopamine (DA) synthesis by 3-iodo-L-tyrosine, indicating intact and highly active hypothalamic DA-inhibitory control of prolactin release. However, the degree of hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release relative to normal controls was significantly reduced. In animals with grossly elevated chronic serum prolactin concentrations (approximately 100 times normal) a prolactin response to DA synthesis inhibition was absent despite a highly significant reduction in hypothalamic DA concentrations induced by 3-iodo-L-tyrosine. These observations show that chronic and gross hyperprolactinaemia in the rat results in loss of hypothalamic DA inhibitory control of prolactin secretion. The use of 3-iodo-L-tyrosine to block brain DA synthesis in these studies has provided significant new data relating to prolactin control in hyperprolactinaemic states and indicates that this compound could be a useful clinical tool in the study of human hyperprolactinaemia.
Possible Mechanisms of Vasectomy-exacerbated Atherosclerosis
Authors: J Alexander Nancy
Published: July 2016

Our laboratory as well as those of others have demonstrated that in experimental animals vasectomy results in immune-complex deposition not only in the reproductive tract but also in the renal glomerulus. We have shown that in two species of monkeys vasectomy results in a significant increase in atherosclerosis and have postulated that this may be due to circulating immune complexes. We have shown a mild change in arteriolar vessels in a small study of vasectomized men and have found a mild but insignificant increase in systolic blood pressure in vasectomized men over time compared to an age-matched group. One cannot ignore the fact that persistent autoimmune responses to spermatozoal antigens are generated in both vasectomized men and animals. The paucity of direct information about whether vasectomy exacerbates atherosclerosis in human subjects has made reliance on animal studies unavoidable. But to date there is no evidence that vasectomy causes a similar effect in human beings.
Effect of Streptozotocin on Foetal Lambs in Mid-pregnancy
Authors: W Brinsmead M , Thorburn GD
Published: July 2016

Streptozotocin was administered to 11 foetal lambs in utero at 70-85 days of gestation. Four of the foetuses survived and, when delivered at 134-142 days, exhibited significant growth retardation of the trunk and delayed osseous maturation in limb bones. The foetal kidneys and livers were most affected, but in three of the four foetuses, the weight of the brain was appropriate for gestational age. Likewise head size, measured by length or biparietal diameter, was normal. The insulin content of the foetal pancreas was less after streptozotocin-treatment than in normal animals of a similar gestation. Two streptozotocin-treated foetuses, catheterized at 120 days gestation, had higher glucose concentrations and lower insulin responses than in controls when infused with glucose .. Plasma concentrations of ovine placental lactogen were lower in streptozotocin-treated foetuses than in controls, but serum somatomedin-like activity measured by receptor assay was greater than in controls. When the foetal serum was chromatographed on Sephadex G150 at acid pH, the major increase in somatomedin-like activity was found in the smaller molecular weight fraction (molecular size about 10000). The foetal growth retardation associated with streptozotocin administration in mid-pregnancy may be due to insulin deficiency, but the normal brain weight which occurred suggests that some other factor (possibly a somatomedin) regulates the growth of this organ.
Inhibition of Fructolysis in Boar Spermatozoa by the Male Antifertility Agent (S)-a-Chlorohydrin
Authors: Stevenson Denise , RJones A
Published: July 2016

The (S)-isomer of the male antifertility agent IX-chlorohydrin strongly inhibited the oxidative metabolism of fructose by boar spermatozoa in vitro. The result of this action, which has been deduced to be an inhibition of glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, caused an accumulation of fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate and the triosephosphates, and a decrease in substrate-level phosphorylation with a concomitant lowering of the energy charge potential of the spermatozoa. The (R)-isomer of IX-chlorohydrin had no inhibitory activity on fructolysis.
Chromosomal Contamination for Male Recombination in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sved JA , Colgan DJ
Published: July 2016

It has previously been shown that the ability to induce male recombination may be passed from one chromosome to another, not necessarily homologous, chromosome. This phenomenon is investigated, using strains known to interact in the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis, and is shown to be analogous to the phenomenon of 'chromosomal contamination' in the I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis, in that the passage of properties from one chromosome to another is correlated with other manifestations of dysgenesis. Unlike the I-R system, contamination can occur in males as well as in females in the P-M system, a result which is consistent with other differences between the two systems. The contaminated chromosome acquires only a portion of the dysgenic properties of the original chromosome, and the inheritance is unstable over more than a few generations.
Temporal Pattern of Bristle Development on Drosophila melanogaster Sternites
Authors: Claxton JH
Published: July 2016

Bristle development in D. melanogaster can be prevented with X-rays administered prior to the final differentiative divisions of bristle-committed epidermal cells. The epidermal cells are radiationinsensitive if the same dose is given after cell division. By subjecting variously aged early pupae to X-radiation and subsequently scoring bristle numbers in adults, a temporal pattern of radiation insensitivity was established on the abdominal sternites. The pattern is a simple gradient extending anteriorly and medially from the posterior lateral sternite �corners'. The possible significance of this to the origin of bristle spatial patterns is discussed.
Conversion of Fensulfothion by Klebsiella pneumoniae to Fensulfothion Sulfide and Its Accumulation.
Authors: Timms P , MacRae IC
Published: July 2016

In a detailed study it was shown that washed cell suspensions of K. pneumoniae reduced the organophosphorus pesticide fensulfothion to fensulfothion sulfide. Temperature and pH optima for this conversion plus sensitivity to sulfydryl-reacting agents strongly suggested enzyme involvement. The reaction was also quite sensitive to molecular oxygen, only proceeding under conditions of low oxygen tension. Once formed, the fensulfothion sulfide was rapidly bound by living and heat-killed cells. A combination of lysozyme treatment and differential centrifugation showed 90 % of the sulfide to be concentrated in the cell membrane fraction of exposed cells.
Serological Relationships of the Housefly Virus and Some Members of the Family Reoviridae
Authors: Youssef Moussa Ahmed , A Hawkes Royle , Dickson MR , Shipp E , Woods A
Published: July 2016

The use of immunodiffusion to test the serological relationships among members of the family Reoviridae has shown that the housefly virus (HFV) is highly divergent from members of other genera in the family. HFV virions gave five distinct precipitin lines, indicating that they contain five specific antigens. Two of these lines contained recognizable viral structural components when sections of them were examined in the electron microscope. No antibodies to HFV double-stranded RNA were detected in HFV antiserum, indicating that none of the five precipitin lines is a result of HFV double-stranded RNA antigen-antibody reaction.