bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Croissance, développement et fin d'une secte conversioniste : les Jesus People de Milwaukee (*)
Authors: Jacobson Cardell K. , Pilarzyk Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

The origin and history of a commune of American Jesus People is briefly described and its growth, development, and ultimate demise examined in terms of Wilson's typology of sectarian movements. This conversionist sect successfully, if temporarily, established an alternative form of religious ex pression. There was amplc evidence that processes of in stitutionalization were occurring. Several factors relevant to conversionist sects, however, became increasingly critical for the group's continued growth and development. These included the failure to maintain or routinize the affective and in strumental roles of the charismatic leader and the failure to effectively socialize all the converts recruited into the commune. The problem of socialization arose because of contradictory group demands concerning boundary-expansion and boundary- maintenance. It was the failure of the Jesus People to over come this complex set of related problems that led to their eventual disbandment and return to a more vigorous sectarian emphasis upon separation from the world. The authors feel that similar conversionist sects of the Jesus People movement in the United States will have to confront and solve similar sets of problems if they are to remain a viable form of religious expression.
La liturgie en tant que comportement social (1)
Authors: Volpe Rainer
Published: March 2007

The question of the continuity or discontinuity of human signs is intensified in liturgical behaviour. Comparable ob servations must be gathered without neglecting the religions specific to the process (not elaborated theologically) present both in the profane culture of our time as well as in the historical traditions of the church.
Reflections on the Relationship between the Church and the Christian Democratic Party in Italy
Authors: Macioti Maria Immacolata
Published: March 2007

Cet article analyse le développement de la Démocratie Chrétienne italienne depuis ses origines jusqu'à son affir mation comme parti unique des catholiques, son expansion dans une multitude de courants et son accession au pouvoir.
Social History and Millennial Movements : the Watch Tower in South Central Africa
Authors: Cross Sholto
Published: March 2007

Durant la période coloniale, le Mouvement de la Tour de Garde s'est adapté de façon remarquable à une grande va riété de contextes sociaux en Afrique centrale. Tout essai d'évaluation sociologique de cette période de l'histoire du continent africain doit nécessairement en tenir compte.

La tendance actuelle qui consiste à analyser la participation au Mouvement comme typique de l'imergence d'une religio sité de prolétaires apparait comme contestable à l'Auteur. Cette approche se borne trop exclusivement à prendre en con sidération les revendications de travailleurs migrants sur le continent noir à un stade bien précis de leur prise de conscience sociale et psychologique. Les succès du Mouvement de la Tour de Garde doivent au contraire être expliqués comme ceux d'un culte lié au déracinement de la sorcellerie, aux rébellions millénaristes dans un contexte tribal ou même dans des con textes plus « orthodoxes » proches de la forme « église ». La formation des Etats nationaux en Afrique centrale et les changements politiques qui s'y sont opérés durant la période coloniale doivent aussi être pris en considération. L'Auteur conclut son article en défendant l'idée que les concepts issus de la perspective théorique « pluralisme/masse » se révèlent plus féconds que ceux issus des théories concernant la for mation des classes sociales si l'on veut évaluer la signification historique du Mouvement de la Tour de Garde en Afrique centrale.
The Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Southern Africa
Authors: Jubber Ken
Published: March 2007

Cet article, qui traite de la persécution des Témoins de Jéhovah dans les pays d'Afrique du Sud, montre que celle-ci est considérable, tant en intensité qu'en fréquence.

L'Auteur examine et discute les antécédents historiques expliquant éventuellement les modalités actuelles de ces per sécutions. Mais c'est surtout l'analyse des éléments particuliers de la doctrine et des comportements des Témoins servant à justifier officiellement ces persécutions par les gouvernements d'Afrique du Sud qui retient son attention.

Dans le contexte de l'Afrique du Sud contemporaire, la position politiquement neutre des Témoins semble constituer l'élément le plus provocateur. Selon l'Auteur, et compte tenu des développements de la situation en cours dans cette région, il semble probable que la persécution des Témoins de Jéhovah y deviendra encore plus courante et plus intense dans un proche avenir qu'elle ne l'est actuellement.
Le renouveau charismatique au Bresil
Authors: Ribeiro De Oliveira Pedro A.
Published: March 2007

This article, based upon a survey carried out in Brazil, is a study of the charismatic renewal as it presents itself within Brazilian Catholicism.

First of all, it poses the question of the religious status of the members of this movement : the empirical data which have been gathered indicate clearly that the charismatic renewal is not a movement of conversion, but of re ~activation of Ca tholic spirituality.

When we approach the problem of the social bases of the Catholic charismatic movement in Brazil, it appears that these bases are composed of the culturally and professionally privi ledged social strata. In this regard, the Charismatic renewal is clearly distinguished from the " popular Catholicism" widely present in the subordinate classes of society.

The central theme of the Catholic charismatic renewal is that of liberation in Jesus-Christ. But this liberation is viewed in almost exclusively optimistic and intimistic terms. This corresponds well to the social position of the members of this movement which is composed of people whose basic needs — food, lodging, clothing — are satisfied.

Does this necessarily lead to the conclusion that the Catholic charismatic renewal in Brazil is merely a spiritual movement ? This is by no means the case, for its function within Brazilian Catholicism as a whole could well be that of opposition to the liberation movement as it is conceived in basic Church communities. It thus would oppose the religious movement which is developing in a popular milieu and which views the question of the Kingdom of God as a reality which occurs within history, through the struggle against diverse forms of oppression and injustice.
Social Basis of the Korean Cultural and Religious Values
Authors: Seung Kook Lew
Published: March 2007

L'article du Professeur Lew insiste sur les bases historiques de la pensée coréenne en montrant comment les valeurs socia les se sont construites en deux étapes principales. La première dont on possède des traces à travers des écrits chinois princi palement est caractérisée par des sociétés claniques, aux valeurs de solidarité particulièrement poussées. La seconde est celle des royaumes tributaires, où la justice entre tous les groupes est mise en valeur. C'est aussi la naissance d'une éthique. Il montre aussi que le faible développement des forces productives a pour effet de rendre les expressions religieuses tributaires des rapports avec la nature.
Aspects sociologiques de la genèse de l'Islam
Authors: Lemercinier Geneviève
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the impact of the ideological function of Islam on its religious content during the first centuries following its genesis. The author shows first that the new religion was in fact a social protest against the upper social groups of Medina, the Christians and the Jews. The reaction against this socio-religious movement provoked armed conflicts and finally, after the death of the founder, the establishment of a kingdom in which the religious leaders had also the political power. The fact that the Islamic religion became the ideology, was at the origin of a necessity to produce new religious meanings which were able to justify the political power. It explains the development of new religious roles growind together with the secularisation of the political ones. The Koran was the first written production of those theo logians in which they included, in an integrated system, the beliefs preached by the founder and their own production.
Protestant Piety Movements in the Process of Modern Social Differentiation
Authors: Drehsen Volker
Published: March 2007

Quelles sont les raisons pour lesquelles la «piété» est deve nue un sujet de recherche interdisciplinaire ?
Essai d'interprétation historique de la réforme sociale et de l'action ecclésiale au Costa Rica
Authors: Vasquez Rodrigo Fernandez
Published: March 2007

This article brings out the impact of social, economic and political processes on the Church's action in Costa Rica between 1940 and 1982. We can detect various types of relations which have developed, over the years, between the State and the Church. A distinction is put forward between three periods which are important for an understanding of the change. Ideological inter dependence and the ecclesiastical machinery's support for social democrat reformism seem to characterize the period under consi deration.
Éthique et pouvoir religieux dans le domaine de la reproduction de la vie humaine
Authors: Ladrière Paul
Published: March 2007

For the Catholic religious authorities, the biological proces ses through which human life is reproduced, for the simple reason that they are "natural", contain a normative value for action and thus become a moral standard. This conviction governs the action they take in connection with both abortion and contraception. This postulate makes sense within the neo-scholastic interpreta tion of Thomism. It is questioned by critical Thomism, and more radically by a line of thought inspired by Kant, which connects the ethical problem with a theory of action. It is alien to Protestant theology whose biblical, but also Kantian, inspiration makes ethics autonomous.
La querelle de l'intégrisme en France
Authors: Poulat Émile
Published: March 2007

Integrism as a phenomenon is difficult to circumscribe in rea lity. Moreover, it has been the subject of much fantasizing, indeed of many conflicting interpretations. Yet, these complex and some times different realities have been subsumed under one word: integrism.
L'intégrisme islamique en Iran
Authors: Richard Yann
Published: March 2007

What terms should we use to describe Islamic radicalism? We can distinguish two different types: fundamentalist and integrist. Although the second term is difficult to translate into English, it enables us to make enriching comparisons with modern Catho licism.
The Social Philosophy of Buddhism and the Problem of Inequality
Authors: Chakravarti Uma
Published: March 2007

L'auteur de cet article analyse la relation existant entre le Bouddhisme et la société indienne du VIe siècle avant J. C. qui I'a vu apparaître.

Cette période fut marquée par le processus de formation de l'Etat basé sur une société rurale en expansion. Un phénomène de profonde stratification engendra l'émergence d'une grande pau vreté des uns face à la prospérité des autres. Les rapports de pro duction (avec leurs inégalités sociales, économiques et hiérarchiques) inhérents à cette nouvelle société se cristallisèrent dans des institutions permanentes.

L'Auteur examine la réponse des philosophes de cette période aux problèmes posés par une société en évolution rapide. Il analyse en particulier les principales idées de la philosophie boud dhiste face au problème de l'inégalité. Cette dernière se limita à préconiser une attitude humaine vis-à-vis de ceux se trouvant au bas de l'échelle sociale plutôt qu'elle ne chercha à abolir les insti tutions se trouvant à l'origine de l'inégalité socio-économique.
Catholic Piety in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Sweeney Bill Mc
Published: March 2007

L'Eglise catholique au XIXè siècle fut placée devant la cruelle question de la disparition de l'ordre social attaché à la chrétienté médiévale. Le monde moderne comptait pour elle beaucoup d'ennemis qu'elle se mit à dénoncer. Elle s'employa en outre d accentuer l'efficience de l'autorité pontificale et de la bureaucratie romaine. Mais surtout, elle opposa à l'invasion des idées mondaines dans la conscience des catholiques une stratégie de contrôle de leur appartenance par le biais de la diffusion d'une piété ecclésio-centrique.
Régulations idéologiques officielles et nébuleuses d'hétérodoxies A propos des rapports entre religion et santé
Authors: Maitre Jacques
Published: March 2007

Rapports between religion and health are analysed here, within the context of contemporary France, based upon a distinc tion between the major "official" instances of belief regulation (State, science, dominant religious confessions) and the "nebula" of heterodoxies, meaning by this representations and social practi ces which set themselves up in competition with the "offcial"sec tor, for example astrology or unorthodox medicines or post-psycho-analytical, psycho-corporal groups of activities. In this perspective, the reference to the linguistic notion of the "floa ting significant", introduced by LEVI-STRA USS, enters into an enlightening symbiosis with the psycho-analytical notion of "transitional phenomenon", defined by WINNICOTT.
Spiritualist Healing Outcomes and the Status Quo : A Micro and Macro Analysis
Authors: Finkler Kaja
Published: March 2007

A travers l'histoire, santé et religion ont longtemps été asso ciées sur la base d'une étiologie morale du bien-être et de l'afflic tion. Il n'en va normalement plus ainsi aujourd'hui, où la santé est du ressort de la biochimie, domaine séparé des explications religieuses.
La décomposition marxiste de la religion : Marx, Engels, Gramsci, Bloch
Authors: La Rocca Tomaso
Published: March 2007

Marxism is one of the most radical attempts at critique of religion, this taking place on various levels. The concept of "decomposition" does not signify destruction but critique or dis mantling. Marx realized an ideological decomposition, perceiving a narrow analogy between religious alienation and political aliena tion, but equally the positive dimension of religion, always inscri bed within a dual active-passive sense or within religion as critical consciousness. Engels realized a historical decomposition, studying primitive Christianity and its evolution into a tool for control in Roman society, reformed Christianity and various functions and the continuum between Christianity and socialism, this latter assuming its revolutionary functions. Gramsci accom plished a political decomposition, showing the political task of Catholicism in Europe, the Church trying to establish hegemony over the political or civil society, according to diverse strategies depending upon the historical epoch. This has also provoked internal crises and ruptures within Catholicism. He takes up the thesis of Engels, seeing in socialism the heir of the Reformation. Bloch has undertaken a biblical decomposition. For him, the Bible is a history of heretics. He attaches particular attention to the figure of Job, the blasphemer and to Jesus, the new Job, usur per of the "Father's Throne". The exodus is a representation of liberation. There are in the Bible two opposed currents of the image of God: the liberating providence and the Tyrant, procee ding from two opposed movements. From Bloch there emerges the "Principle of Hope" which allows religion to continue to exist as a utopian imperative of history.
Gramsci, la religion et les systèmes socio-économiques
Authors: Caceres Mario
Published: March 2007

This reading of the "Prison Notebooks" begins with the hypothe sis that the Gramscian theory of religion is harmonized around two distinct perspectives. Gramsci envisages, on the one hand, religion as one of the ideological superstructures of a given social formation. On the other hand, he considers it as imbricated in the socio-economic structure upon which rests, finally, the entire superstructural edifice of the society. It is under this double aspect that this article analyses social practice and religion in general, and the Catholic Church, of which he studies the ecclesiastical system and the magnificence of the mass, most particularly.
La recherche d'un lieu sacré: la trajectoire sociale et religieuse des pobladores au Chili (1962-1992)
Authors: C. Maximiliano SALINAS
Published: March 2007

Between 1962 and 1992, the pobladores, inhabitants of the poor quarters of Chilean cities, carried on their cultural and religious lives on the periphery of westernized cities like Santiago. Initially (1962-1973) social life was established through land appropriation and simultaneous creation of their own community organizations. Subsequently, the pobladores had to defend their way of life against the military government (1973-1986), by means that were at once specifically concrete and spiritual. At length, when the military government began to make way for a civil regime, the pobladores had to define or redefine the meaning that lay in those quarters (1986-1992). In this article, the author attempts to illuminate the cultural and religious behaviour of the pobladores, reduced to the status of targets of a “modernization” sought by the authorities throughout the past 30 years.
Compromis religieux et transactions sociales dans la sphère catholique
Authors: REMY Jean , TURCOTTE Paul-André
Published: March 2007

This final article offers a theoretical complement to the preceding contributions. We have developed our analysis in two sections. First, we look at religious compromise and the Catholic compromise through the relations between religion and the world, and Church and society, with particular reference to the work of Ernst Troeltsch; second, we consider religious compromise and social transactions from the viewpoint of Georg Simmel, who characterized social life in terms of oppositions that are mediated in social forms. Their different approaches allow us to view recent history in a wider perspective, and offer useful frameworks for the analysis and interpretation of empirical data.
Religious and Secular France Between Northern and Southern Europe
Authors: WILLAIME Jean-Paul
Published: March 2007

France is a Catholic country with a secular culture, a country which belongs simultaneously to the Northern European area and to the Southern European area. In the religious field, France indeed occupies the middle ground between Northern Europe and Southern Europe. Nevertheless, as regards religion, there appears to be no striking difference between Northern France and Southern France. In this secular country, Catholicism continues to play a public role, especially in times of national mourning. Finally, the author considers whether, with the recent secularization of laïcité itself, we shall shortly see the end of the “French exception”.
Religiousness in Russia after the Collapse of Communism
Authors: KÄÄRIÄINEN Kimmo
Published: March 2007

Russia's religious situation today is often described in terms of a “religious renaissance”. However, this is only one aspect of the situation. There were indeed some important changes at the beginning of the 1990s and the number of believers increased significantly. But since then the situation has stablized. Later in the decade, only one-third of the Russian population considered themselves believers, the majority remaining indifferent towards religion. Furthermore, because of their atheist heritage, most people have only a cursory knowledge of religion. Believers in Russia today for the most part also believe in astrology, magic, reincarnation, and so on. The Russian Orthodox Church is respected, but only a minority of the people describe themselves as Orthodox. Furthermore, despite the growing number of churches and parishes across the country, Russians go to church less often than other Europeans.
At Face Value? Image Consultancy, Emotional Labour and Professional Work
Authors: Wellington Christine A. , Bryson John R.
Published: March 2007

This paper draws upon empirical research into the image consultancy industry in the United Kingdom. This industry is becoming increasingly important as a provider of knowledge and expertise to employers and individuals. We suggest that the literature on new forms of service employment (emotional labour and hybrid forms of work) has neglected to explore well-paid professional employees. We argue that this group is equally implicated in societal pressures to conform to conventional heterosexual images of femininity and masculinity. Pressures to conform do not have to come from management, but from professional bodies, the media and clients. Image consultancy provides one way of encouraging employees to alter their image as the advice can be packaged as independent of the employer and professional. We conclude that the new profession of image consultancy is more about gender than image. Consultants are selling codified knowledge for the construction of particularly socially accepted or preferred forms of bodily identity.
Cancer Heroics: A Study of News Reports with Particular Reference to Gender
Authors: Seale Clive
Published: March 2007

Media portrayals of women with cancer emphasize women's emotionality in the face of life-threatening disease. For some sociological commentators, this weakens women in an exercise of patriarchal control by medicine and the media. The present study, of news reports of people with cancer in the media of several anglophone countries, compares portrayals of men and women. Media representations of the emotions of people with cancer are found to emphasize women's skills in the emotional labour of self-transformation, something which is particularly prevalent in reports of breast cancer activism. In men, cancer is more commonly portrayed as a test of pre-existing character. Both sexes, in these representations, are offered paths to the common goal of a self-willed victory over cancer and the limitations of the body. This media-orchestrated fantasy about human powers resonates with broader analyses of heroic projects of self-identity in late modernity, in which women's advertised expertise in the management of emotions plays an important part. The imagined superpowers of people with cancer also involve a denial of disappointment that parallels the supposed efficacy of prayer and religious observance in traditional societies.
Mechanics of Elastic Performance of Textile Materials
Authors: Platt Milton M. , Klein William G. , Hamburger Walter J.
Published: March 2007

This paper is the first of a series which will deal with torque in textile systems. It is concerned principally with the analysis of torque developed in twisted singles yarns as created by (a) fiber bending, ( b ) fiber torsion, and (c) bending and torsion in com bination. Equations are developed, using elastic theory, relating singles yarn torque to fiber elastic properties, fiber geometry, and singles yarn structure. Extension and application of the theory presented herein to torque in higher order textile structure, e.g., plied yarns and fabrics, will appear in subsequent publications.
Findings and Recommendations on the Use of the Vibroscope
Authors: Patt D.H.
Published: March 2007

The vibroscope method of determining linear density of fibers is based on the prin ciple of the vibrating string, wherein the linear density is directly determined by tension and length of a fiber vibrating at resonance. In establishing a standard ASTM method for use of an instrument operating on this principle, the effect of three factors inherent in fibers had to be determined. These are (a) shape of fiber cross section. (b) area of cross section, and (c) Young's modulus. This paper is a report of the cooperative test program under ASTM auspices. Results indicated that equipment and procedure used without corrections for the effect of the various factors involved furnish reliable linear density measurements within about 5% of the denier value obtained.
Cleaning Up and Maintenance in the Wake of an Urban School Administration Tempest
Authors: Murtadha-Watts Khuala
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author uses the metaphor of a tempest to describe superintendency succession and reform in urban schools. This article describes the context of a city corporation’s attempt at initiating reform and focuses on two city school administrators—one a newly hired Latina superintendent and the other an African American female assistant superintendent.
Political Ideology and School Board Politics
Authors: Mitchell Douglas E. , Badarak Gary W.
Published: March 2007

School board politics are more understandable when ideologies are taken into account.
Racial Patterns and School District Policy
Authors: Jones Ruth S.
Published: March 2007

Local control allows flexibility, but in this sample of school systems there was only limited adaptation as the systems were desegregated.
Magnet Schools as a Desegregation Tool
Authors: Rossell Christine H.
Published: March 2007

As devices for desegregation, magnet schools sometimes have only slight attractiveness.
Organizational Patterns, Work, and Burnout in the Public School
Authors: Mcneely R. L.
Published: March 2007

Symptoms of "burnout" are widely discussed. Its underlying cause, it is argued, lies in the organizational patterns of schools and in routinization of instruction.
Education and Reform in Buffalo Women's Clubs, 1876-1914
Authors: Blair Karen J.
Published: March 2007

Social reform and education of self and others go hand in hand in Buffalo's women's club movement.
The Financing of College Education by Hispanic Parents
Authors: So Alvin Y.
Published: March 2007

If Hispanic parents must finance Hispanic children's education, Hispanics will be barredfrom college.
A New Look at the Effective Schools Literature
Authors: Stedman Lawrence C.
Published: March 2007

There are limits to the "more effective schools" research. "Teaching to the test" may, paradoxically, result in attenuated education.
Voting Habits, Parental Status, and Need for Evaluation Information
Authors: Newman Dianna L. , Bull Kay S.
Published: March 2007

The lay public's desire for school evaluation information is linked with parenthood, voting, the nature of the issue, and anticipated impact upon their children.
In-Service Training of Teachers in Multicultural Urban Schools
Authors: Nickolai-Mays Susanne , Davis Jerry L.
Published: March 2007

Guidelines and goals for in-service programs in city schools.
Marketing and Recruiting in Urban Magnet Schools
Authors: Blank Rolf K.
Published: March 2007

Magnet schools' "marketing" and recruitment takes several forms and has important side effects.
Ability Grouping and Students' Social Orientations
Authors: Schmida Mirjam , Katz Yaa'Cov J. , Cohen Arie
Published: March 2007

In Israel, there are statistical relationships between students' social orientations and the ability group to which they are assigned.
"Between God and the Youth of Our City"
Authors: Mirel Jeffrey E.
Published: March 2007

The teaching of religion in the schools has a lengthy and informative history of its own.
Reform and Reaction in Australian Education
Authors: Robertson Susan L. , Woock Roger R.
Published: March 2007

In Australia the "New Right" has made the needs of the economy thecriterion for rationalizing schooling.
Developing the Scholar's Ethos in Minority High School Students
Authors: Welch Olga M. , Hodges Carolyn , Warden Kathleen
Published: March 2007

High school students in "EXCEL" are prepared for college by enrichment, career explorations, and the "demystification " of college.
Being Good at Being Bad
Authors: Rosado Jose
Published: March 2007

Puerto Rican students are as a group "at risk": Contributing factors, suggested remedies.
Literacy, Education, and Identity among African-Americans
Authors: Gadsden Vivian L.
Published: March 2007

The acquisition of literacy and uses of knowledge are tied to the transitions that people make and to understanding life and work in communities. They are intertwined with the community members' sense of self; history, and hopes for educational achievement. This article focuses on the dualism of literacy and education as an individual possession and communally embedded commodity within many segments of the African-American community. The discussion is based on the premise that literacy should be seen as a continuous, ever-changing activity, transformed by critical life events, translated as a result of life-span transitions, and defined and shaped by cultural and community beliefs about the price of education and the expected rewards of learning.
Building Conditions, Parental Involvement, and Student Achievement in the District of Columbia Public School System
Authors: Berner Maureen M.
Published: March 2007

Little research has been done on the need to repair and refurbish school buildings because of the impact that the condition of buildings has on the students, rather than just the need to maintain local government's capital investment. This study uses Washington, DC, as a case study showing that the size of a public school's Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) budget is positively related to the school building 's condition. The condition is, in turn, shown to be statistically related to the student's academic achievement. An improvement in the school's condition by one category, say from poor to fair. is associated with a 5.5 point improvement in average academic achievement scores.
How are We Doing?
Authors: Mertz Norma T. , McNeely Sonja R.
Published: March 2007

Using data from 43 of the largest (student population) urban school districts in the nation, the article examines the progress women have made in securing line administrative positions in urban school districts in 20 years since the passage of Title IX. The study showed that women had made statistically significant progress in moving into such positions and had increased their numbers and percentages in all positions in the years 1972-1982 and 1982-1992. Indeed, women were found to be closing in on 50% of such positions.
Parents and Mathematics Education Reform
Authors: Graue M. Elizabeth , Smith Stephanie Z.
Published: March 2007

In this article, we explore the meaning that parents bring to and make out of their interactions with the school through assessment. Based on a qualitative study of mathematics reform, we examine interviews with 18 parents of middle school students. Through a Bakhtinian analysis, we find that parents' perspectives on assessment are framed by their past experiences with schools. Their reaction is situated historically, politically, and socially; the evidence that many of them used to evaluate new forms of schooling was assessment. We argue that assessment can be seen as a voice of authority in the discourse of teaching and learning and that it speaks loudly to frame students and their parents in particular ways.
Success and Failure
Authors: E. Wait David L , Roessingh Hetty , Bosetti Lynn
Published: March 2007

Quantitative studies, such as tracking for high school dropout among English as a second language (ESL) students (Alberta Education, 1992; Watt & Roessingh, 1994a, 1994b) or using survey data to identify second language students' needs (Davis & McDaid, 1992), offer only partial insight into the success and failure of ESL students in the educational system. This study sought to refine our understanding of ESL students' educational and cultural adjustment to high school. Students' stories, in the form of autobiographical narratives, indicate a boom-and-bust pattern of cultural and educational adjustment common to both successful and unsuccessful ESL students in high school. An awareness of the pattern can assist ESL and mainstream teachers in offering appropriate support at times when the students are most at risk offailure.
A Qualitative Study of Preservice Teachers' Early Field Experiences in an Urban, Culturally Different School
Authors: Fry Pamela G. , Mckinney Linda J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to better understand how to prepare teachers for a diverse student population. The study addressed the significance of field experiences by focusing on the following research question: How do preservice teaching experiences at an urban, culturally different school affect teaching practices? Using several data sources, four conceptual categories formed the study's interpretive themes: (a) attitudes toward culturally different people, (b) pedagogy, (c) career expectations, and (d) senses of preparedness. Findings indicated that this experience positively affected the cultural attitudes and practices of the participants, increased cultural awareness, altered career expectations, and influenced the preservice teachers' sense of preparedness to teach culturally different children.
Teacher Education in Urban School-Based, Multiagency Collaboratives
Authors: Murtadha-Waits Khaula
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that students in teacher education programs can benefit from the experience of working with an urban school-based multiagency collaborative if presented early in the learning process. This is particularly important because constructing new learnings about issues of race and poverty may affect students' ability to successfully teach in an urban school. Second, it presents a case study of one site where students within the teacher education major began an initial introduction to the diversity of urban schools through a service learning project connected to an educational psychology class. Finally, this article cautions that although using sites that are full-service schools for professional development is becoming increasingly popular teacher educators would be considered naive if they failed to point out the politics of multiagency school collaboratives in urban settings.
Implementation of Systemic Reform
Authors: Zetlin Andrea G. , Lim Cynthia
Published: March 2007

The issue of systemic change is receiving prominent attention. This article presents three case studies of the initial efforts of change agents in a large urban school district as they develop mechanisms to coordinate resources at school sites and to establish linkages with community agencies. The process of change is described as well as the barriers encountered. The case studies demonstrate that implementation of change differed according to the local context and the personal vision of the change agents. Among the barriers faced were difficulties due to multiple reforms being implemented simultaneously and the administrative structure of the change agent position.
Trends in Youth Crime and Well-Being Since the Abolition of Corporal Punishment in Sweden
Authors: DURRANT JOAN E.
Published: March 2007

Trends in the well-being of Swedish youth were examined to determine whether they have shown improvement or deterioration since the passage of the 1979 corporal punishment ban. Rates of youth involvement in crime, alcohol and drug use, rape, and suicide have decreased. Trends in rates of nonsexual assault are equivocal due to shifts in enforcement. Legal sanctioning of corporal punishment appears to be unnecessary to improve youth well-being.
Gender Differences of Neighborhood and Social Control Processes
Authors: RAMIREZ-VALLES JESUS , ZIMMERMAN MARC A. , JUAREZ LUCIA
Published: March 2007

This study examines the gender-specific contextual and individual socioeconomic predictors of the timing of first intercourse among low-achieving African American youth. Following financial deprivation and collective socialization theories, the authors test separate models for males and females and include neighborhood poverty and race composition, family social class position, and social control mechanisms such as family structure, parental involvement, and prosocial activities as predictors. The sample comprises 558 African American high school students followed over a 3-year period. For young women, the significant predictors are age, mother's education, time with mother, and involvement in church activities. For young men, the significant factors are school achievement, an interaction between living in an two-parent family and time with father, participation in family decision making, and neighborhood poverty level. Thus, males and females are differently affected by social control processes and neighborhood poverty plays a significant role in young African American men's sexual behaviors.
Reaffirming Rehabilitation in Juvenile Justice
Authors: MACALLAIR DAN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the decline of rehabilitation in juvenile justice throughout much of the United States over the past 20 years. This decline was facilitated by the progressive community's abandonment of rehabilitation and their acceptance of the justice model as a means to restrict the growing number of youths in correctional institutions. The justice model was conceived as a means to impose confinement limitations through standardized sentencing while accommodating conservative demands for retribution and punishment. However, contrary to expectations, the justice model promoted an unprecedented rise in the number of incarcerated youths and a deterioration in institutional conditions. This was occurring despite mounting evidence demonstrating the superior effectiveness of rehabilitation models in altering patterns of delinquency. Conclusions were based on an analysis of juvenile correction systems in California, Massachusetts, Utah, and Washington. The evidence shows that rehabilitation should be reaffirmed as the foundation for a progressive agenda in juvenile justice.
School-to-Work Transition
Authors: SMITH CLIFTON L. , ROJEWSKI JAY W.
Published: March 2007

Pedagogical alternatives for preparing students to make the transition from school to work are examined and synthesized into six key components needed for successful school-to-work transition programs. These key components include coordinated, nonfragmented services; strong education-business partnerships resulting in paid work experiences; relevance in the learning process through linkage of instruction and work; early and continuing career counseling and guidance; program accountability to students and community; and a wide range of career/employment options available upon completion of transition services. Four desired outcomes for participants of transition programs are also described and include connecting theory with practice, developing personal and career maturity, gaining personal awareness, and attaining professional insight.
Correlates of Alcohol and Marijuana Use among Junior High School Students
Authors: McBROOM JAMES R.
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes survey data collected from over 400 junior high school students in Grades 7 and 8 in an attempt to determine the relationships between family drug use factors; peer drug use factors; school problems; psychosocial concerns; alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use; and abstinence. Socialization theory is used as the theoretical framework, factor analysis is used to create indexes, and analysis of variance and regression procedures are used for analysis. Based on the findings, implications for policy, prevention, and treatment programs are discussed.
A Structural Model of Appropriate Adult Functioning for Boys with Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: FORCE RONALD C. , KLINGSPORN M. JAMES , JACKSON DENNIS L. , NANSEL TONJA R. , BURDSAL CHARLES A.
Published: March 2007

Saint Francis Academy is a residential treatment center for boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Previously collected posttreatment data was factor analyzed yielding nine factors, six of which contributed to a second-order factor called Appropriate Adult Functioning. A structural model using these six factors produced from data collected from ex-residents at 2 years postrelease was analyzed using EQS (a structural modeling program). The model was then validated using data from subsequent follow-ups. Results required the removal of one path, but otherwise the a priori model fit the data for all three follow-ups. The adjustments in path values required for subsequent follow-ups allowed for dynamic interpretations. Of particular interest were the findings regarding the growing impact of Responsibility on Emotional-Well Being and Financial Independence and the relationship of Financial Independence to Legal Involvement. Implications for treatment design and evaluation strategies are given.
Boundaries of Youth
Authors: VAN ROOSMALEN ERICA , KRAHN HARVEY
Published: March 2007

To date, the sociological study of Canadian youth culture has lacked analytical attention. In this article, attention is directed toward exploring and understanding normative, everyday gendered youth culture among a sample of 2,074 high school seniors in 3 Canadian cities. The recognition in this study of women's and men's varied youth culture activities provides an opportunity to show how both traditional male and liberal feminist models of youth culture have structured not just the popular view of youth culture but also the compartmentalization of social life into separable structures with separate functions.
Rating Electronic Games
Authors: FUNK JEANNE B. , FLORES GEYSA , BUCHMAN DEBRA D. , GERMANN JULIE N.
Published: March 2007

Commercial ratings assist parents in monitoring their children's media experiences. Exposure to media violence may affect attitudes and behavior, and rating systems should accurately reflect the presence of violent content. Validity indicators for commercial rating systems are examined, including consistency with consumer perceptions. Violent electronic games are a contemporary media phenomenon. A comparison of commercial ratings for popular electronic games with consumer perceptions of game content indicates that, for games with obviously nonviolent or very violent content, there is agreement between consumers and the commercial system. However, there is considerable disagreement about notable violent content in games with cartoon-type violence. Recommendations include incorporating consumer perceptions into a comprehensive, content-based, informational rating system for all entertainment media.
The September Bombings: a Turning Point in US-Russian Relations?
Authors: Rutland Peter
Published: March 2007

Vladimir Putin surprised observers with his resolute support for President Bush's war on terrorism, even accepting a US military presence in Central Asia. But this policy is consistent with Putin's strategy of integrating Russia with the West, a policy he has followed since becoming president in January 2000.
Nuclear Weapons as Obstacles to International Security
Authors: Hanson Marianne
Published: March 2007

This article argues that nuclear weapons serve no useful purpose in military calculations; moreover, their continued retention invites the dangers of further proliferation and of accidental use. They are thus defined here as obstacles to, rather than as facilitators of, international security. Seven reasons are presented to support this contention, including an assessment of the moral implications and the strategic limitations of nuclear weapons. Despite these limitations, and the recent commitments made by the nuclear weapon states to eliminate their arsenals, nuclear weapons remain central to the strategic doctrines of these states. Several reasons are put forward to explain why this retention continues, including the unchanging nature of strategic mindsets, the presence of vested interests, and now, in the case of the USA at least, a renewed reliance on nuclear weapons, regardless of how appropriate and effective such a strategy might be against emerging terrorist or `rogue state' threats.
Same or Different?
Authors: McDERMOTT SHAUN , NAGIN DANIEL S.
Published: March 2007

Recent theoretical and empirical work in criminology supports the classification of individuals in criminal groups, where groups differ in the determinants of antisocial behavior and resulting trajectories of offending over time. This article presents methods for finding distinctions between offender groups in key time-varying factors: measures of social control, negative parent labels, delinquent peers, and family structure. The authors use self-report data on 835 males from the National Youth Survey and apply group-based modeling to estimate three age-crime trajectories, corresponding to three offender groups. Emerging from the analysis is a view of offender groups, as defined by age-crime trajectories, that combines elements of typological and general theories of crime. Individuals in the sample, although widely dissimilar in their offending patterns, share common fundamental processes that influence their criminal behavior. However, the nature of that influence appears to differ according to the pattern of offending, that is, according to offender group.
The Strength of the Causal Relationship between Living Conditions and Satisfaction
Authors: SARIS WILLEM E.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to explicate the subjective variable satisfaction with life in general by means of the objective variable income. The reason for this study is that, so far, the objective living conditions have been found to have little effect on the subjective feelings of people. Several different approaches have been used to estimate the strength of this relationship. First, correction for measurement errors was tried, then an alternative formulation of the relationship was tested using difference scores instead of the original variables. Next, nonlinear relationships between these variables were introduced. None of these methods led to any substantial strengthening of the relationship. Finally, a model was tested controlling for lagged variables and correcting for measurement errors in a panel design. The combination of these changes led to a considerable effect of the objective variable on satisfaction. This article shows how biased estimates of relationships can be. A specific combination of approaches led to a fundamentally different result.
A Simultaneous Equation Model for the Division of Household Labor
Authors: Berk Richard A. , Berk Sarah Fenstermaker
Published: March 2007

In this paper a three-equation, nonrecursive model for the household division of labor is proposed based on recent work in the New Home Economics. The model is estimated with data from a sample of 184 households. In contrast to the earlier studies of household work, direct measures are provided for the household efforts of husbands and children and substitution effects are isolated from income effects. While wives (as expected) are found to do the majority of household tasks almost regardless of circumstances, the household division of labor does respond in many ways which are consistent with the Household Production Function. However, important anomalies also surface which call into question many of the model's underlying assumptions.
Structures of Well-Being
Authors: Burt Ronald S. , Fischer Michael G. , Christman Kenneth P.
Published: March 2007

An example demonstrates that Joreskog's (1969) suggested sufficient condi tions for identifying unknown parameters in a confirmatory factor analytic model with correlated factors are not sufficrent. Sufficient conditions for identifying parameters in the class of models used by Burt et al. (1978) to estimate population structures of well-being from various indicators of satisfaction are given. The six hypotheses stated in Burt et al. are reconsidered and similarly supported when their final covariance model is restricted so as to meet the sufficiency conditions given here.
Heterogeneous Samples in Organizational Research
Authors: Gillespie David F. , Mileti Dennis S.
Published: March 2007

The utility of heterogeneous versus homogeneous samples in comparative organizational research is appraised through a path analytic comparison of the relationships between organizational size, spatial, vertical and horizontal differentiation established with samples representing different degrees of homo-heterogeneity. A causal model is estimated on data of 115 business and government organizations. The estimated parameters of the model are compared to those of Blau and Schoenherr based on a homogeneous sample of employment agencies, and Mileti, Gillespie, and Haas's sample of mixed government agencies. The findings suggest the potential utility of increasing our use of heterogeneous samples in comparative organizational research.