bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cue-Induced Cocaine Seeking and Relapse Are Reduced by Disruption of Drug Memory Reconsolidation
Authors: Lee Jonathan L. C. , Milton Amy L. , Everitt Barry J.
Published: May 2006

Long-lasting vulnerability to drug cue-induced relapse to a drug-taking habit is a major challenge to the treatment of drug addiction. Here we show that blockade of drug memory reconsolidation, through infusion of Zif268 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into the basolateral amygdala shortly before reexposure to a cocaine-associated stimulus but not simply to the training context, severely impaired subsequently cue-maintained cocaine seeking under a second-order schedule of reinforcement and abolished cue-induced reinstatement of and relapse to cocaine seeking. This reduction in relapse after disrupted memory reconsolidation was not only seen after several hundred pairings of the stimulus with self-administered cocaine, but older, as well as recent, memories were also disrupted. Reconsolidation blockade may thus provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of relapse in drug addiction.
A Revised Alverson and Carney Model for Estimating the Instantaneous Rate of Natural Mortality
Authors: Zhang Chang‐Ik , Megrey Bernard A.
Published: May 2006

The Alverson and Carney (AC) model for estimating the instantaneous rate of natural mortality (M) was reformulated to include β andt0parameters. The revised Zhang and Megrey (ZM) model could be used for the estimation ofMinstead of the AC model since von Bertalanffy and allometric growth parameters are readily available for most exploited fish stocks. It was determined from the new formulation that the ratios of the age at maximum biomass (tmb) to the maximum age (tmax) for pelagic and demersal species were significantly different from 0.38, the value originally proposed by Alverson and Carney. The ratios for these two ecological groups were 0.302 and 0.440, respectively, and were significantly different. We examined the sensitivity and bias inMfrom the new formulation relative to those from the AC model, which assumed that β = 3.0 andt0= 0. Estimates ofMfrom the AC model are most sensitive to the assumption that growth starts att0= 0 when growth rates are high as well as to the β andtmbassumptions. The performance of the revised ZM model was evaluated by comparing calculatedMvalues from the two models based on a paired‐samplet‐test. The results of the two statistical analyses showed that the ZM model produced values ofMcloser to published estimates than did the AC model. Thus, the ratiotmb/tmaxfor specific ecological groups should be used rather than Alverson and Carney's constant 0.38. Analyses of exploited stock dynamics might be conducted using the possible range ofMinstead of the constant value. The range could be estimated from the ZM model using the mean ratiotmb/tmax± SD to get thetmbfor each subgroup or by explicit variance calculations.
Do Brown Trout Choose Locations with Reduced Turbulence?
Authors: Cotel Aline J. , Webb Paul W. , Tritico Hans
Published: May 2006

The physical habitat requirements of cover, depth, and current speed for brown trout Salmo trutta are associated with high shear zones in stream flows, which in turn result in high turbulence. Observations were made on current speeds and turbulence intensity (TI) in a sand‐bed trout stream. Exemplary transects showed that current speeds ranged from 0 to 60 cm/s and that TI ranged from 0 to 0.7. Turbulence intensity was inversely related to current speed. Brown trout were usually found in the lower 5 cm of the stream, where shear forces result in high turbulence. Locations occupied by brown trout had lower TI than similar locations without brown trout but higher TI than is typical of an average stream.
Admixture Analysis of Florida Largemouth Bass and Northern Largemouth Bass using Microsatellite Loci
Authors: Lutz‐Carrillo Dijar J. , Nice Chris C. , Bonner Timothy H. , Forstner Michael R. J. , Fries Loraine T.
Published: May 2006

Microsatellite DNA variation was examined at 11 loci in five populations of Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus (N = 175) and eight populations of northern largemouth bass M. s. salmoides (N = 249). Distinct allele frequencies with 33 private alleles between subspecies (threshold frequency, ≥0.05) and 19 private alleles among three geographic regions distinguished between Florida largemouth bass and northern largemouth bass as well as between northern largemouth bass from northern and southern latitudes in North America. Variation at microsatellite loci also provided sufficient resolution to discriminate among some populations within regions. Allele frequencies indicated that of 37 trophy bass (defined here as fish weighing 5.90 kg or more) donated to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) between 2004 and 2005, all had more than 50% Florida largemouth bass influence with ancestry genetically similar to that of populations sampled in western Florida. Some fish (N = 24) were direct descendents of Florida largemouth bass (either remnants or direct descendants from introductions), whereas others (N = 13) were admixed with northern largemouth bass. Of the 13 admixed fish, 11 had ancestry in lineages of southern‐latitude northern largemouth bass. Genetic variation within northern largemouth bass populations was depressed at northern latitudes (mean heterozygosity, 0.37; SD, 0.26; mean number of alleles per locus, 2.91; SD, 1.51) relative to southern latitudes (mean heterozygosity, 0.52; SD, 0.25; mean number of alleles per locus, 4.57; SD, 2.88); Florida largemouth bass exhibited intermediate heterozygosity (mean, 0.41; SD, 0.32) and an allelic richness (mean, 4.51; SD, 4.58) similar to that of southern‐latitude northern largemouth bass. Overall, the variation observed at these loci is greater than that at other codominant markers explored in this species, providing additional power to detect admixture in populations and individuals.
Spawning Habitat Associations and Selection by Fishes in a Flow‐Regulated Prairie River
Authors: Brewer Shannon K. , Papoulias Diana M. , Rabeni Charles F.
Published: May 2006

We used histological features to identify the spawning chronologies of river‐dwelling populations of slenderhead darter Percina phoxocephala, suckermouth minnow Phenacobius mirabilis, stonecat Noturus flavus, and red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis and to relate their reproductive status to microhabitat associations. We identified spawning and nonspawning differences in habitat associations resulting from 1 year of field data via logistic regression modeling and identified shifts in microhabitat selection via frequency‐of‐use and availability histograms. Each species demonstrated different habitat associations between spawning and nonspawning periods. The peak spawning period for slenderhead darters was April to May in high‐velocity microhabitats containing cobble. Individuals were associated with similar microhabitats during the postspawn summer and began migrating to deeper habitats in the fall. Most suckermouth minnow spawned from late March through early May in shallow microhabitats. The probability of the presence of these fish in shallow habitats declined postspawn, as fish apparently shifted to deeper habitats. Stonecats conducted prespawn activities in nearshore microhabitats containing large substrates but probably moved to deeper habitats during summer to spawn. Microhabitats with shallow depths containing cobble were associated with the presence of spawning red shiners during the summer. Prespawn fish selected low‐velocity microhabitats during the spring, whereas postspawn fish selected habitats similar to the spawning habitat but added a shallow depth component. Hydraulic variables had the most influence on microhabitat models for all of these species, emphasizing the importance of flow in habitat selection by river‐dwelling fishes. Histological analyses allowed us to more precisely document the time periods when habitat use is critical to species success. Without evidence demonstrating the functional mechanisms behind habitat associations, protective flows implemented for habitat protection are unlikely to be effective.
Effects of River Discharge, Temperature, and Future Climates on Energetics and Mortality of Adult Migrating Fraser River Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Rand P. S. , Hinch S. G. , Morrison J. , Foreman M. G. G. , MacNutt M. J. , Macdonald J. S. , Healey M. C. , Farrell A. P. , Higgs D. A.
Published: May 2006

We evaluated the effects of past and future trends in temperature and discharge in the Fraser River on the migratory performance of the early Stuart population of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Fish of lower condition exhibited disproportionately higher mortality during the spawning run, elucidating a critical link between energetic condition and a fish's ability to reach the spawning grounds. We simulated spawning migrations by accounting for energetic demands for an average individual in the population from the time of entry into the Fraser River estuary to arrival on the spawning grounds (about 1,200 km upstream) and estimated energy expenditures for the average migrant during 1950–2001. The model output indicates relatively high interannual variability in migration energy use and a marked increase in energy demands in recent years related to unusually high discharges (e.g., 1997) and warmer than average water temperature (e.g., 1998). We examined how global climate change might effect discharge, water temperature, and the energy used by sockeye salmon during their spawning migration. Expected future reductions in peak flows during freshets markedly reduced transit time to the spawning ground, representing a substantial energy savings that compensated for the effect of the increased metabolic rate resulting from exposure to warmer river temperatures. We suggest that such watershed‐scale compensatory mechanisms may be critical to the long‐term sustainability of Pacific salmon, given expected changes in climate. However, such compensation will probably only be applicable to some stocks and may be limited under extremely high temperatures where nonenergetic factors such as disease and stress may play a more dominant role in defining mortality. Our results further indicate that a long‐term decline in the mean mass of adult sockeye salmon completing their marine residency could erode their migratory fitness during the river migration and hence jeopardize the sustainability of sockeye salmon and the fishery that targets them.
Change in the Upper Extent of Fish Distribution in Eastern Washington Streams between 2001 and 2002
Authors: Cole Michael B. , Price David M. , Fransen Brian R.
Published: May 2006

The upper extent of fish distribution in streams has received increasing attention in recent years because fish‐bearing streams in the Pacific Northwest receive greater protection from timber harvest than do non‐fish‐bearing waters. Significant amounts of time and funding have been spent surveying streams for the upper extent of fish distribution and, more recently, in developing models that predict where fish use ends in streams. The reliability of each approach rests in part on the assumption that the upper extent of fish distribution can be accurately determined by a single survey and that fish distribution boundaries (FDBs) do not shift appreciably through time. To examine changes in the upper extent of fish distribution, streams were surveyed throughout 10 forested watersheds in eastern Washington in the summers of 2001 and 2002. In 2002, 308 FDBs were resurveyed. Resurveys resulted in the establishment of 172 terminal boundaries (occurring mid‐channel or at the confluence of two non‐fish‐bearing streams) and 136 lateral boundaries (occurring where a non‐fish‐bearing channel laterally intersects a fish‐bearing channel). The number of terminal boundary changes was approximately evenly distributed among upstream shifts, no change, and downstream shifts. Excluding two relatively large downstream shifts, the mean distance between 2002 and 2001 terminal boundaries was −2.5 m, which is not statistically or biologically significant. Terminal boundaries most often occurred immediately below small impasses created by large woody debris. Of the 136 streams occurring above lateral boundaries in 2001, 134 were again found to support no fish. The upper extent of fish distribution was similar between these 2 years, perhaps because of similar streamflows during the two sampling sessions. The number of terminal‐to‐lateral boundary shifts equaled the estimated number of lateral‐to‐terminal boundary shifts, indicating that no net change in the use of small tributaries occurred between the 2 years.
Juvenile Pallid Sturgeon are Piscivorous: A Call for Conserving Native Cyprinids
Authors: Gerrity Paul C. , Guy Christopher S. , Gardner William M.
Published: May 2006

We examined the diets of age‐6 and age‐7 hatchery‐reared juvenile pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus (mean fork length [FL] = 538 ± 13 mm [90% confidence interval]; mean weight = 518 ± 49 g) and indigenous shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus (mean FL = 525 ± 12 mm; mean weight = 683 ± 41 g) sampled in 2003 and 2004 from the Missouri River above Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana. Diet overlap between juvenile pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon was low. Fish were the primary prey of juvenile pallid sturgeon, and aquatic insects were the primary prey of shovelnose sturgeon. Sturgeon chub Macrhybopsis gelida and sicklefin chub M. meeki, two species that have declined throughout much of the Missouri River, comprised 79% of the number of identifiable fish in juvenile pallid sturgeon stomachs. The prevalence of sicklefin chub and sturgeon chub as a food resource of juvenile pallid sturgeon indicates that recovery and management of native cyprinids is a potentially important step in the recovery of pallid sturgeon.
Evaluation of Methods to Estimate Lake Herring Spawner Abundance in Lake Superior
Authors: Yule Daniel L. , Stockwell Jason D. , Cholwek Gary A. , Evrard Lori M. , Schram Steven , Seider Michael , Symbal Matthew
Published: May 2006

Historically, commercial fishers harvested Lake Superior lake herring Coregonus artedi for their flesh, but recently operators have targeted lake herring for roe. Because no surveys have estimated spawning female abundance, direct estimates of fishing mortality are lacking. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using acoustic techniques in combination with midwater trawling to estimate spawning female lake herring densities in a Lake Superior statistical grid (i.e., a 10′ latitude × 10′ longitude area over which annual commercial harvest statistics are compiled). Midwater trawling showed that mature female lake herring were largely pelagic during the night in late November, accounting for 94.5% of all fish caught exceeding 250 mm total length. When calculating acoustic estimates of mature female lake herring, we excluded backscattering from smaller pelagic fishes like immature lake herring and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax by applying an empirically derived threshold of −35.6 dB. We estimated the average density of mature females in statistical grid 1409 at 13.3 fish/ha and the total number of spawning females at 227,600 (95% confidence interval = 172,500–282,700). Using information on mature female densities, size structure, and fecundity, we estimate that females deposited 3.027 billion (109) eggs in grid 1409 (95% confidence interval = 2.356–3.778 billion). The relative estimation error of the mature female density estimate derived using a geostatistical model—based approach was low (12.3%), suggesting that the employed method was robust. Fishing mortality rates of all mature females and their eggs were estimated at 2.3% and 3.8%, respectively. The techniques described for enumerating spawning female lake herring could be used to develop a more accurate stock–recruitment model for Lake Superior lake herring.
Influence of Combinations of Bacteria on the Levels of Prostaglandin E2, Interleukin‐1β, and Granulocyte Elastase in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and on the Severity of Periodontal Disease
Authors: Airila‐Månsson Stella , Söder Birgitta , Kari Kirsti , Meurman Jukka H.
Published: May 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous presence of periodontal microbiota on inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid from individuals with periodontal diseases.

Methods: A total of 82 individuals with periodontal disease (mean age: 54.3 ± 3.0 years) and 31 periodontally healthy individuals (mean age: 53.2 ± 3.0 years) were randomly chosen and underwent clinical oral examinations in 2003 with the determination of the dental plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and periodontal probing depth (PD). The simultaneous presence of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐assessed periodontal bacteria, levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), granulocyte elastase, interleukin 1‐beta (IL‐1β), and total protein concentration were determined from the pockets. Marginal bone height percent was measured on x‐rays. Analysis of variance and χ2 tests were used to analyze the results.

Results: In sites with Tannerella forsythensis, levels of PGE2 (pg/site), granulocyte elastase (monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)/site), and total protein (mg/ml) were significantly higher than in sites without T. forsythensis (P <0.05, P <0.01, and P <0.05, respectively). Those with periodontal disease with simultaneous presence of T. forsythensis and Porphyromonas gingivalis, or T. forsythensis and Prevotella nigrescens, showed significantly higher PI and GI, deeper PD, more loss of attachment, and more release of PGE2 and granulocyte elastase than did periodontitis patients without these bacteria.

Conclusion: The simultaneous presence of T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis, or T. forsythensis and P. nigrescens, seemed to promote the release of subgingival inflammatory mediators and seemed to be associated with more severe periodontal disease.
Associations Between Lifestyle and Depressed Mood: Longitudinal Results From the Maastricht Aging Study
Authors: van Gool Coen H. , Kempen Gertrudis I.J.M. , Bosma Hans , van Boxtel Martin P.J. , Jolles Jelle , van Eijk Jacques T.M.
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We examined whether healthy lifestyles are associated with absence of depressed mood.

Methods. A sample of 1169 adult participants in the Maastricht Aging Study provided baseline and 6-year follow-up data on smoking, alcohol use, physical exercise, body mass index, and mood. We examined associations between lifestyles and depressed mood using longitudinal analyses controlling for baseline depressive symptoms and covariates.

Results. Reports of excessive alcohol use at baseline predicted depressed mood at follow-up (relative risk [RR] = 2.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 5.69), and reports of more than 30 minutes of physical exercise per day at baseline were associated with an absence of depressed mood at follow-up (RR=0.52; 95% CI=0.29, 0.92). Reports of being engaged in physical exercise throughout the 6-year follow-up period were also associated with absence of depressed mood (RR=0.56; 95% CI=0.34, 0.93).

Conclusions. In this relatively healthy population sample, certain lifestyles either predicted or protected against depressed mood. Adopting or maintaining healthy lifestyles might be a starting point in preventing or treating depressed mood over time.
Effect of Educational Level and Minority Status on Nursing Home Choice After Hospital Discharge
Authors: Angelelli Joseph , Grabowski David C. , Mor Vincent
Published: May 2006

Objectives. The movement to publicly report data on provider quality to inform consumer choices is predicated on assumptions of equal access and knowledge. We examine the validity of this assumption by testing whether minority/less educated Medicare patients are at greater risk of being discharged from a hospital to the lowest-quality nursing homes in a geographic area.

Methods. We used the 2002 national Minimum Data Set to identify 62601 new Medicare admissions to nursing homes in 95 hospital service areas with at least 4 freestanding nursing homes and at least 50 African Americans aged 65 years or older with Medicare admissions to nursing homes.

Results. The probability of African Americans’ being admitted to nursing homes in the lowest-quality quartile in the area was greater (relative risk [RR]=1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.0, 8.45) in comparison with Whites. Individuals without a high-school degree were also more likely to be admitted to a low-quality nursing home (RR=1.22; 95% CI=1.0, 1.46).

Conclusions. African American and poorly educated patients enter the worst-quality nursing facilities. This finding raises concerns about the usefulness of the current public reporting model for certain consumers.
Longitudinal Analysis of the Association Between Vasomotor Symptoms and Race/Ethnicity Across the Menopausal Transition: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation
Authors: Gold Ellen B. , Colvin Alicia , Avis Nancy , Bromberger Joyce , Greendale Gail A. , Powell Lynda , Sternfeld Barbara , Matthews Karen
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We investigated whether vasomotor symptom reporting or patterns of change in symptom reporting over the perimenopausal transition among women enrolled in a national study differed according to race/ethnicity. We also sought to determine whether racial/ethnic differences were explained by sociodemographic, health, or lifestyle factors.

Methods. We followed 3198 women enrolled in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation during 1996 through 2002. We analyzed frequency of vasomotor symptom reporting using longitudinal multiple logistic regressions.

Results. Rates of vasomotor symptom reporting were highest among African Americans (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.21, 2.20). The transition to late perimenopause exhibited the strongest association with vasomotor symptoms (adjusted OR = 6.64; 95% CI = 4.80, 9.20). Other risk factors were age (adjusted OR=1.17; 95% CI=1.13, 1.21), having less than a college education (adjusted OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.40, 2.61), increasing body mass index (adjusted OR=1.03 per unit of increase; 95% CI=1.01, 1.04), smoking (adjusted OR=1.63; 95% CI=1.25, 2.12), and anxiety symptoms at baseline (adjusted OR=3.10; 95% CI=2.33, 4.12).

Conclusions. Among the risk factors assessed, vasomotor symptoms were most strongly associated with menopausal status. After adjustment for covariates, symptoms were reported most often in all racial/ethnic groups in late perimenopause and nearly as often in postmenopause.
Sediment contamination in floodplains and alluvial terraces as an historical record of gold exploitation in the Carmo River basin, Southeast Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Terezinha Costa Adivane , Arias Nalini Hermínio , de Tarso Amorim Castro Paulo , Carvalho de Lena Jorge , Morgenstern Peter , Friese Kurt
Published: May 2006

This paper describes the geochemistry of sediment samples placed in floodplains and alluvial terraces downstream from gold mines in the Carmo River basin, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The geochemistry signature Na2O, K2O, SiO2, CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, P2O5, Mn, As, Cu, Zn, Ba, Ni, Cr, S, Co were analyzed in different facies from stratigraphic profiles. As, Cu, Zn, and Mn anomalies are mainly associated with the clayed facies deposited in floodplains and oxbow lakes, and with coarse‐sediment facies deposited in the channel. The facies were accumulated by the gold exploitation activity in the region. The contamination of As, Cu, and Zn was controlled by minerals such as iron oxides and hydroxides (hematite, magnetite, and mainly goethite), manganese oxides, and sulfide‐rich minerals. The As‐bearing sediments of the region characterize one of the most As contaminated area of Brazil. Their main source is associated with gold exploration in the last three centuries.
A Crossed Molecular Beam Imaging Study of the O(1D2)+HCl→OH+Cl(2PJ=3/2, 1/2) Reaction
Authors: Kohguchi Hiroshi , Suzuki Toshinori
Published: May 2006

A crossed molecular beam study is presented for the O(1D2)+HCl→OH+Cl(2PJ) reaction at the collision energy of 6 kcal mol−1. State‐resolved doubly differential cross sections are obtained for the Cl(2PJ=3/2 ) and Cl*(2PJ=1/2 ) products by velocity‐map ion imaging. Both products are slightly more forward scattered, which suggests a reaction mechanism without a long‐lived intermediate in the ground electronic state. A small fraction (23 %) of the energy release into the translational degree of freedom indicates strong internal excitation of the counterpart OH radical. The contribution of the electronic excited states of OHCl to the overall reaction is also examined from the doubly differential cross sections.
Monitoring Protein Interactions in the Living Cell Through the Fluorescence Decays of the Cyan Fluorescent Protein
Authors: Grailhe Regis , Merola Fabienne , Ridard Jacqueline , Couvignou Stephen , Le Poupon Chantal , Changeux Jean‐Pierre , Laguitton‐Pasquier Helene
Published: May 2006

Using fluorescence lifetime microspectroscopy and imaging techniques, we have studied the fluorescence of cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) transiently expressed in HEK‐293 cells, in the presence or absence of its fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) partner, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). When the two proteins are attached through a 27‐amino‐acid linker, a 33 % average efficiency of intramolecular energy transfer is accurately determined inside the cell. Additionally, we observe a systematic quenching of the CFP fluorescence with increasing levels of protein expression. This quenching cannot be accounted for by formation of the previously described dimer of GFP‐related proteins, since its magnitude is unchanged when the fluorescent proteins carry the mutation A206K shown to dissociate this dimer in vitro. Even when the intracellular protein concentration largely exceeds the in vitro dissociation constant of the dimer, self‐association remains undetectable, either between free proteins or intramolecularly within the CFP–YFP construct. Instead, the detailed concentration effects are satisfactorily accounted for by a model of intermolecular, concentration‐dependent energy transfer, arising from molecular proximity and crowding. In the case of CFP alone, we suggest that self‐quenching could result from a pseudo‐homo FRET mechanism between different, spectrally shifted emissive forms of the protein. These phenomena require careful consideration in intracellular FRET studies.
ETA‐Leitlinie für Kunststoffdübel
Authors: Laternser Klaus
Published: May 2006

ETAG 020 – “Leitlinie für die europäische technische Zulassung für Kunststoffdübel als Mehrfachbefestigung von nichttragenden Systemen zur Verankerung im Beton und Mauerwerk” soll durch das Exekutiv‐Komitee der EOTA und nach positiver Stellungnahme des Ständigen Ausschusses für das Bauwesen von der Europäischen Kommission den Mitgliedstaaten zur Veröffentlichung empfohlen werden.
Evaluation of an injectable bone substitute (βTCP/hydroxyapatite/hydroxy‐propyl‐methyl‐cellulose) in severely osteopenic and aged rats
Authors: Blouin S. , Moreau M.F. , Weiss P. , Daculsi G. , Baslé M.F. , Chappard D.
Published: May 2006

The use of injectable biomaterials is of interest in osteoporotic patients to locally restore bone mass in sites at risk of fracture. An injectable bone substitute (IBS1 made of βTCP/hydroxyapatite as a calcium phosphate substitute and hydroxy‐propyl‐methyl‐cellulose as a polymer carrier) was used in a severely osteopenic rat model obtained by combining orchidectomy (ORX) and disuse (paralysis induced by botulinum toxin ‐ BTX). Fifty‐six aged male rats were randomized into three groups: 18 were SHAM operated; 38 were ORX and BTX injected in the right hindlimb; they constituted the OP (osteoporotic) group. One month after ORX–BTX surgery, 20 of these OP rats received a IBS1 injection in the right femur (OP‐IBS1 rats). Animals were studied at the time of IBS1 injection 1 month post ORX–BTX (M1), 1 month (M2) and 2 months (M3) after IBS1 injection. Bone mass (BV/TV) and microarchitectural parameters were measured by microCT. BV/TV was decreased after ORX–BTX; ORX and BTX had cumulative effects on bone loss (differences maximized on the right femur). BV/TV (combining the volume of both bone and material in OP‐IBS1 rats) was elevated at M1 but decreased at M2. Marked bone formation was found onto the biomaterial granules but bone had a woven texture. A marked increase in the number of nonosteoclastic TRAcP+ cells was found in the implanted area. IBS1 induced new bone formation shortly after implantation but both IBS1 and woven bone were resorbed without inducing lamellar bone. Biomaterial trials must be conducted with long‐term implantation periods, in aged osteoporotic animals. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Improvement of the surface biocompatibility of silicone intraocular lens by the plasma‐induced tethering of phospholipid moieties
Authors: Yao Ke , Huang Xiao‐Dan , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Xu Zhi‐Kang
Published: May 2006

To improve the surface biocompatibility of the silicone intraocular lens (IOL), 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was tethered onto the IOL through air plasma treatment. Chemical changes on the IOL surface were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the covalent binding of MPC. Morphologies of the IOL surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to optimize the plasma treatment process. The hydrophilicity and biocompatibility of the control and modified IOLs were compared by the measurements of water contact angle, platelet adhesion, macrophage cell culture, and lens epithelial cell (LEC) attachment. It was found that, after the tethering of MPC, the hydrophilicity of the IOL can be improved significantly and permanently, and the platelet, macrophage, and LEC adhesion on the IOL surface are obviously suppressed, which indicated the enhancement of surface biocompatibility. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Expansion of engrafting human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in three‐dimensional scaffolds with surface‐immobilized fibronectin
Authors: Feng Qi , Chai Chou , Jiang Xue‐Song , Leong Kam W. , Mao Hai‐Quan
Published: May 2006

An efficient and practical ex vivo expansion methodology for human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) is critical in realizing the potential of HSPC transplantation in treating a variety of hematologic disorders and as a supportive therapy for malignant diseases. We report here an expansion strategy using a three‐dimensional (3D) scaffold conjugated with an extracellular matrix molecule, fibronectin (FN), to partially mimic the hematopoietic stem cell niche. FN‐immobilized 3D polyethylene terephthalate (PET) scaffold was synthesized and evaluated for HSPC expansion efficiency, in comparison with a FN‐immobilized 2D PET substrate and a 3D scaffold with FN supplemented in the medium. Covalent conjugation of FN produced substrate and scaffold with higher cell expansion efficiency than that on their unmodified counterparts. After 10 days of culture in serum‐free medium, human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells cultured in FN‐conjugated scaffold yielded the highest expansion of CD34+ cells (∼100 fold) and long‐term culture initiating cells (∼47‐fold). The expanded human CD34+ cells successfully reconstituted hematopoiesis in NOD/SCID mice. This study demonstrated the synergistic effect between the three‐dimensionality of the scaffold and surface‐conjugated FN, and the potential of this FN‐conjugated 3D scaffold for ex vivo expansion of HSPCs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Measuring social capital: An exploration in community–research partnership
Authors: Chaskin Robert J. , Goerge Robert M. , Skyles Ada , Guiltinan Shannon
Published: May 2006

Large numbers of social policy initiatives and community organizations are currently engaged in “community building” efforts that seek, in part, to strengthen informal relationships and the organizational infrastructure of communities and to build the capacity of communities to manage and foster community change. One critical requirement for improving such practice is for communities to have greater access and capacity to use information for planning, advocacy, and assessment. There are, however, a number of challenges to this, especially as it concerns understanding complex, sometimes elusive, dimensions of community circumstances and dynamics—the level of community “social capital,” for example—that are of central interest to those involved in community‐building efforts. The authors describe what was learned through a community–research partnership that attempted to test practical options for community‐based organizations (CBOs) to measure aspects of community social capital for their own purposes and within the constraints of budget, time, and skills under which they work. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Evolutionist and Missionary,” the Reverend John Thomas Gulick (1832–1923). Part II: coincident or ontogenetic selection—the Baldwin effect
Authors: Hall Brian K.
Published: May 2006

During the last third of the 19th and first third of the 20th centuries, John Thomas Gulick (1832–1923) was one of the most well‐known and influential evolutionists. His research on the nonadaptive geographical variation in snails of the genus Achatinella in the valleys of Oahu in the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) demonstrated the importance of geographical isolation in speciation, anticipating Ernst Mayr's proposal of the founder principle and Sewell Wright's mechanisms of genetic drift and genetic isolation. Gulick mechanisms for species transformation were twofold. Both are known today under different names: geographical isolation—which Gulick called cumulative segregation—and organic selection (the Baldwin effect), which Gulick called coincident or ontogenetic selection, the topic of this paper to accompany a paper on Gulick's concept of cumulative segregation. With coincident selection, Gulick saw organisms as active participants in, and in interaction with, their environment, able to respond to environmental change without the action of, or with minimal and secondary input from, natural selection. Gulick stands in the same relationship to the Baldwin effect (coincident selection) as he does to the geographical isolation (cumulative segregation) and the founder principle (indiscriminate isolation): elucidator, original thinker, anticipator and founding father—truly an evolutionist extraordinaire, whom we should recognize as one of the earliest, most original and most innovative of evolutionary biologists. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Eiol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A frequency dependent transmission line model for a counterpoise
Authors: Mishra Arbind Kumar , Nagaoka Naoto , Ametani Akhihiro
Published: May 2006

This paper has proposed a methodology to obtain a frequency dependent distributed‐parameter model for a buried bare conductor employing a time‐domain fitting from measured transient voltages and injected currents. The transient characteristic impedance and propagation function are expressed by a rational function in a z‐plane and a genetic algorithm (GA) has been used as an optimization tool. Frequency dependence of the per unit line parameters (RLGC) is derived from the obtained propagation parameters. Simulation results by the proposed model agree well with that from the measured results. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel induction generator system using bi‐directional PWM converter for small‐scale power applications
Authors: Nishida Katsumi , Ahmed Tarek , Nakaoka Mutsuo
Published: May 2006

This paper presents a deadbeat current control structure for a bidirectional power flow pulse‐width modulation (PWM) converter connected to a stand‐alone induction generator (IG), which works with variable speed and different types of loads. Sensorless control of the IG, meaning stator voltage vector control without a mechanical shaft sensor, is considered to regulate both the IG line‐to‐line voltage and the DC‐bus voltage of the PWM converter. In the proposed system, a newly designed phase locked loop (PLL) circuit is used to determine the stator voltage vector position of the IG. A 2.2 kW laboratory prototype has been built to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method. The proposed cost‐effective IG system with a deadbeat current‐controlled PWM converter and capacitor bank requires only three sensors. Moreover, the required rating of the PWM converter becomes smaller due to the existence of the capacitor bank. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advanced motion control by multi‐sensor‐based disturbance observer
Authors: Irie Kouhei , Katsura Seiichiro , Ohishi Kiyoshi
Published: May 2006

Motion control has been widely used in industry applications. One of the key technologies of motion control is a disturbance observer, which quarries a disturbance torque of a motion system and realizes a robust acceleration control. The disturbance observer can observe and suppress the disturbance torque within its bandwidth. Recent motion systems have begun to spread in society and are required to have the ability to make contact with the unknown environment. Such a haptic motion requires a much wider bandwidth. However, since the conventional disturbance observer attains the acceleration response by the second‐order derivative of position response, the bandwidth is limited because of the derivative noise.

This paper proposes a novel structure of a disturbance observer. The proposed disturbance observer uses an acceleration sensor for enlargement of bandwidth. Generally, the bandwidth of an acceleration sensor is from 1 Hz to more than 1 kHz. To cover the DC range, the conventional position sensor‐based disturbance observer is integrated. Thus, the performance of the proposed multisensor based disturbance observer (MSDO) is superior to the conventional one. The MSDO is applied to position control (infinity stiffness) and force control (zero stiffness). The experimental results show the viability of the method proposed. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A fuzzy logic‐controlled SMES for damping shaft torsional oscillations of synchronous generator
Authors: Ali Mohd. Hasan , Murata Toshiaki , Tamura Junji
Published: May 2006

This paper presents a fuzzy logic control scheme for the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) based on a PWM voltage source converter and a two‐quadrant chopper using an insulated‐gate‐bipolar‐transistor (IGBT) to dampen turbine‐generator shaft torsional oscillations. Simulation results of balanced faults in a single machine connected to an infinite bus system show that the proposed fuzzy logic‐controlled SMES is effective in damping shaft torsional oscillations of synchronous generators (GENs). © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cognitive function in unaffected twins discordant for affective disorder
Authors: CHRISTENSEN MAJ VINBERG , KYVIK KIRSTEN OHM , KESSING LARS VEDEL
Published: May 2006

Background. Patients may present with cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of affective disorder, but it is unclear whether the impairment is prevalent before onset of the illness. The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that genetic liability to affective disorder is associated with cognitive impairment.

Method. In a cross-sectional high-risk case–control study, healthy monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins with (High-Risk twins) and without (the control group/Low-Risk twins) a co-twin history of affective disorder were identified through nationwide registers. Cognitive performance of 203 High-Risk and Low-Risk twins was compared.

Results. Healthy twins discordant for unipolar disorder showed lower performance on almost all measures of cognitive function: selective and sustained attention, executive function, language processing and working and declarative memory, and also after adjustment for demographic variables, subclinical symptoms and minor psychopathology. Healthy twins discordant for bipolar disorder showed lower performance on tests measuring episodic and working memory, also after adjustment for the above-mentioned covariables. The discrete cognitive impairment found seemed to be related to genetic liability, as the MZ High-Risk twins showed significant impairment on selective and sustained attention, executive function, language processing and working and declarative memory, whereas the DZ High-Risk twins presented with significantly lower scores only on language processing and episodic memory.

Conclusions. The hypothesis that discrete cognitive impairment is present before the onset of the affective disorder and is genetically transmitted was supported. Thus, cognitive function may be a candidate endophenotype for affective disorders.
Thoraxschmerzen, Sturzsenkung, Mikrohämaturie und ein rotes Ohr – Woran der Kliniker auch noch denken sollte!
Authors: Cuculi  , Brink  , Fischer  , Hadjeres
Published: May 2006

Eine 71-jährige Patientin wurde vom Hausarzt zur Abklärung von Dyspnoe und rechts-thorakalen Schmerzen zugewiesen. Sie wurde bis zur Einweisung während zwei Wochen wegen Verdachts auf Pneumonie mit drei verschiedenen Antibiotika erfolglos behandelt. Die Patientin hatte bei Eintritt erhöhte Entzündungsparameter (CRP 77 mg/l, BSG 90 mm/h) und beidseitige Pleuraergüsse im Röntgenbild. Am Folgetag klagte sie über Schmerzen im Bereich des linken Ohres, das gerötet, überwärmt und geschwollen war. Da das Ohrläppchen ausgespart war, wurde die Diagnose einer Perichondritis gestellt. Zusätzlich entwickelte die Patientin eine Episkleritis des rechten Auges, die BSG stieg auf über 100 mm/h an, das Kreatinin betrug 96 µmol/l und die Urinuntersuchung zeigte eine glomeruläre Mikrohämaturie und eine Proteinurie. Die c-ANCA-Serologie war mit einem Titer von 1:2560 deutlich positiv. Die Nierenbiopsie zeigte eine extrakapillär proliferative, pauciimmune Glomerulonephritis, vereinbar mit der Diagnose eines Morbus Wegeners. Unter kombinierter Immunosuppression mit Prednison (50 mg/Tag) und Endoxan (100 mg/Tag) war der Verlauf durch das Verschwinden der Perichondritis, Pleuritis, Episkleritis und durch eine Normalisierung der Nierenfunktion gekennzeichnet. Eine Perichondritis des Ohres ist ein seltenes, jedoch wichtiges Präsentationszeichen eines Morbus Wegeners.
Native nickel in the TAG hydrothermal field sediments (Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 26°N): Space trotter, guest from mantle, or a widespread mineral, connected with serpentinization?
Authors: Dekov Vesselin
Published: May 2006

Tiny metallic particles have been found in the sediments of the Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) hydrothermal field, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR). The metallic grains are almost pure Ni and have compositional and structural characteristics similar to those of other terrestrial metallic Ni0occurrences. Native nickel grains, documented here for the first time in oceanic sediments, appear in calcareous oozes intercalated with metalliferous layers, layers with bedrock rubble, and sporadically scattered cosmic microspherules. There are three possibilities for the metallic Ni0genesis: (1) cosmic, (2) lower mantle at the core‐mantle boundary, or (3) upper mantle/lower crust. The flake‐like appearance of the Ni0grains rules out cosmic ablation origin. No unequivocal evidence was found that the Ni0particles could have formed under high‐pressure conditions similar to those at the core‐mantle boundary. Ni0formation through seawater serpentinization of the upper mantle/lower crust is the most plausible mechanism. At the slow spreading MAR, seawater penetrates down through highly fractured crest zone and serpentinizes the olivine and pyroxene of the upper mantle/lower crust ultramafics/mafics. Serpentinization results in the generation of highly reduced volatile species: H2and hydrocarbons. In such an extremely reduced environment, Fe and other transition metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) released from olivines and pyroxenes tend to appear as native metals if fS2approaches 0. The lightened serpentinized blocks uplift and expose the serpentinized ultramafics/mafics at the rift valley's walls. I speculate that tectonic movements and weathering could liberate the native metallic grains scattered in the serpentinized rocks, which may then have been dispersed in the proximate sediments by near‐bottom currents.
Compression of the Earth's magnetotail by interplanetary shocks directly drives transient magnetic flux closure
Authors: Hubert B. , Palmroth M. , Laitinen T. V. , Janhunen P. , Milan S. E. , Grocott A. , Cowley S. W. H. , Pulkkinen T. , Gérard J.‐C.
Published: May 2006

We use a novel method to evaluate the global opening and closure of magnetic flux in the terrestrial system, and to analyse two interplanetary shock passages that occurred during magnetically quiet periods. We find that, even under these quiet conditions, where the amount of open flux was already low, the compression of the magnetotail by the shocks still created intense but short‐lived bursts of flux closure reaching ∼130 kV, comparable to values obtained shortly after a substorm onset, although no expansion phase developed. The results, supported by a global MHD simulation of the space environment, point to a trigger mechanism of flux closure directly driven by the solar wind compression, independent of the usual substorm expansion phase process.
Pyruvate Improves Recovery after PARP-1-Associated Energy Failure Induced by Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Rat Cerebrocortical Slices
Authors: Zeng Jianying , Yang Guo-Yuan , Ying Weihai , Kelly Mark , Hirai Kiyoshi , James Thomas L , Swanson Raymond A , Litt Lawrence
Published: May 2006

Previous neuron and glial cell culture studies of excessive poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) activation found NAD+ depletion, glycolytic arrest, and cell death that could be avoided by exogenous tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites, especially pyruvate (pyr). Pyruvate neuroprotection has been attributed to cytosolic NAD+ replenishment, TCA metabolism, and antioxidant activity. We investigated the first two mechanisms in respiring cerebrocortical slices after a 1-h H2O2 exposure to activate PARP-1. H2O2 was followed by a 4-h recovery with oxy-artificial cerebrospinal fluid superfusion having either: (1) no glucose (glc) or pyruvate; (2) 10 mmol/L glc only; (3) 10 mmol/L pyruvate only; (4) both 10 mmol/L glc and 10 mmol/L pyruvate. Poly-ADP-ribosylation was quantified from Western blots and immunohistochemistry. Perchloric acid extracts were quantified with 14.1 T 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Just after H2O2 exposure, ATP and NAD+ decreased by ≈50%, PCr decreased by 75%, and the ADP/ATP ratio approximately doubled. ATP and NAD+ changes, but not PCr changes, were nearly eliminated if PARP inhibitors accompanied the H2O2. Recovery with both pyruvate and glc was better than with glc alone, having higher ATP (0.161 versus 0.075, P < 0.01) and PCr levels (0.144 versus 0.078, P < 0.01), and higher viable cell counts in TUNEL and Fluoro-Jade B staining. Two-dimensional [1H-13C] HSQC spectra showed metabolism during recovery of 13C glc or pyr. Pyruvate metabolism was primarily via pyruvate dehydrogenase, with some via pyruvate carboxylation. Pyruvate superfusion of PARP-injured brain slices helps replenish NAD+ while providing metabolic fuel. Although this augments recovery, a strong antioxidant role for pyruvate has not been ruled out.