bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Epidemic of Youth Violence in America: Using Public Health Prevention Strategies to Prevent Violence
Authors: Prothrow-Stith Deborah B.
Published: July 2012

Violence is exacting an increasingly heavy toll on individuals across the country, causing a marked rise in fear and frustration. However, historical attempts to address violence have been both episodic and inconsistent. There has not been a comprehensive and coordinated, prevention-oriented approach. Many law enforcement experts now agree that violence must be met with solutions from disciplines other than law enforcement, those of public health included. These experts acknowledge that social conditions such as family stability, education, and other societal institutions directly affect the behavior of juveniles and thereby the safety of communities. No single strategy, institution, or discipline can create the changes needed to reduce violence in America. Preventing violence demands not only a long-term commitment but a comprehensive set of strategies and new partnerships. These combined efforts must focus on prevention and not solely on aggressive responses to violence.
Resisting "Dull and Torpid" Assent: Returning to the Debate Over the Foundations of Human Rights
Authors: Parekh Serena
Published: July 2012

This article examines a number of the more well-known theories of the foundations of human rights that have been developed in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and adds to this discussion the voice of a less well-known theorist of human rights, Hannah Arendt. The traditional theories of the foundations of human rights are divided into two camps, the essentialists and the anti-essentialists, and the benefits and limitations of each camp are analyzed. The author then articulates Arendt's view of human rights and situates her voice within the contemporary debate on human rights.
The Rejection of Human Rights Framings: The Case of LGBT Advocacy in the US
Authors: Mertus Julie
Published: July 2012

This article explores why many advocates concerned with lesbian, gay, and transgendered (LGBT) rights in the US have not chosen to frame their struggles in human rights terms. The article recognizes that framing a cause in human rights terms can be an effective way of claiming the moral high ground and of asserting affinity with others throughout the world who seek to condemn human wrongs and promote human dignity. However, this is not always the case. This article uses a historical review of LGBT organizing in the US to explain why human rights framings also may be viewed as unduly restrictive and even detrimental when identity is the central organizing factor.
College Counseling in Charter High Schools: Examining the Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Farmer-Hinton Raquel L. , McCullough Ruanda Garth
Published: July 2012

Through analyses of counselor interview data, the authors highlight the challenges to and opportunities of college counseling in a recently chartered college preparatory high school. The findings suggest that the charter school framework provides counselors with innovative organizational structures to foster college counseling and student social supports, but the organizational challenges of sustaining a new school distracts counselors from reflecting on and implementing a comprehensive college counseling model.
From Human Nature to Normal Humanity: Joseph de Maistre, Rousseau, and the Origins of Moral Statistics
Authors: Armenteros Carolina
Published: July 2012

In 1798 the French Directory began to collect moral statistics systematically for the first time in history. The bureaucratic and scientific developments that preceded this policy are well known. Yet the reasons for its abrupt adoption, and the intellectual origins of moral statistics (as distinguished from the topographical statistics previously practiced), have until now remained obscure. This paper contends that, in the aftermath of the Terror, Joseph de Maistre sketched philosophical tools and made political observations that aided the rise of the new state science. In particular, Maistre’s anti-Rousseauian essay On the State of Nature (composed 1794-1796), a critique of Rousseau’s second Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1755), outlined theoretical concepts crucial to moral statistics. Maistre’s widely read Considerations on France (1797) later made these concepts available to the French public in an accessible and memorable style. In On the State of Nature Maistre set down his ideas on reason, human nature, human perfectibility, justice, conscience, Providence and chance. These ideas presented the agency of the moral in an innovative way that not only suggested immediate systematic applications, but also helped prepare the French sociological project. Indeed if any text made the theoretical shift away from the model of human nature to the paradigm of normal people with laws of dispersion that Ian Hacking claims set French sociology apart, it is On the State of Nature. Moreover, Maistre’s realist critique of Rousseau’s imagination augured the notion of the social fact that Comte transformed, and Durkheim defined.
"Some Other Kinde of Being and Condition": The Controversy in Mid-Seventeenth-Century England over the Peopling of Ancient America
Authors: Cogley Richard W.
Published: July 2012

This essay reassesses a well-known controversy in mid-seventeenth-century England about the lost tribes of Israel. Scholars view the dispute as a conflict over a possible Israelite migration to aboriginal America, an interpretive angle which privileges one participant in the debate, Menasseh ben Israel, at the expense of the others, Thomas Thorowgood, Hamon l'Estrange, and l'Estrange's late mentor Edward Brerewood. The essay sees the controversy as a disagreement over two theories about the Native Americans' ancestry: the Israelite, which assumed that the Indians' putative barbarism was an acquired cultural trait, and the Tartar, which held that barbarism was their innate condition.
Angola's Façade Democracy
Authors: Roque Paula Cristina
Published: July 2012

Following the Angolan ruling party's crushing defeat of the opposition in the first postwar elections, held in September 2008, the Movement for the Total Liberation of Angola (MPLA) has proceeded to consolidate in the last year its hegemonic rule in the country, effectively giving rise to another African hybrid regime. The regime's security and financial apparatus and national institutions have since been further molded to serve the Presidency and the military and business elites. Having acquired its democratic credentials and secure of the strength of its relevance in the international petroleum arena, Luanda has transformed a once failed state into a reformed autocracy.
Poverty, Inequality, and Democracy (II): How Regions Differ
Authors: Haggard Stephan , Kaufman Robert R.
Published: July 2012

Abstract: Does democracy lead to more inclusive and equitable social contracts? Our answer is a qualified "yes." Democratization in Latin America and Eastern Europe increased attention to social policy despite wrenching economic crises. Yet welfare legacies of the early and mid-twentieth century affected the new policy course. In Latin America, unequal entitlements eased political constraints on liberal reforms of existing social insurance systems and encouraged targeted assistance to the poor. Eastern Europe pursued a more solidaristic approach that avoided segmented assistance to the poor. But this approach also reproduced many inefficiencies and de facto rationing of the socialist period.
Iran in Ferment: The Green Wave
Authors: Afshari Ali , Underwood H. Graham
Published: July 2012

Abstract: In early May 2009, it looked as if incumbent Mahmoud Ahmedinejad would easily win a second term as Iran's president. Within just a few weeks, however, a popular movement known as the Green Wave picked up speed and carried opposition candidate Mir Hosein Musavi into an eagerly anticipated election day on June 12. The Wave surged into a tsunami of protest when authorities claimed that Ahmedinejad had beaten his rival—and with him the forces of reform—by a none-too-credible 63 to 33 percent. Now, the Green Wave must determine its future direction, particularly with regarding the question of centralized leadership. There is, however, reason to be optimistic: the Green Wave is indisputably the largest and broadest opposition gathering in the Islamic Republic's three-decade history, and it has galvanized Iran's massive younger generations like nothing before it.
Iran in Ferment: Cracks in the Regime
Authors: Milani Abbas
Published: July 2012

Abstract: In today's theocratic Iran, everyone remains guilty until proven innocent. The ruling mullahs and their lieutenants operate on the premise that each citizen's every deed or word is potentially both a crime and an act of disobedience. Yet there are reliable indications that many in the ministry either sympathize with the reform movement or simply do not believe the paranoid "Western conspiracy" theory of all that has happened since June 12, and see it instead for what it is: an outpouring of deep and genuine popular discontent. In addition, rifts within the IRGC-Khamenei-Ahmedinejad triumvirate have become public. Yet while the opposition movement has not been crushed even by months of brutal repression, neither has it carried the day and pushed the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) toward a decisively more democratic alternative.
The Arroyo Imbroglio in the Philippines
Authors: Hutchcroft Paul D. (Paul David)
Published: July 2012

In her seven years as Philippine president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has found political legitimacy elusive. She has survived numerous travails by very effectively wielding the substantial powers of her office, but exhibits no qualms about further undermining the country's already weak political institutions. Post-Marcos Philippine democracy can boast many strengths, including a vibrant civil society, but it has been battered in recent years by a major electoral scandal, extrajudicial killings, attacks on the press, a recurrence of military adventurism, and on-going patterns of corruption and violence. The Arroyo imbroglio strains the country's longstanding but patronage-infested democratic structures, thus highlighting the necessity of well-considered political reform. A central goal should be the fostering of stronger and more programmatic political parties.
Likely to Become a Public Charge: Deserted Women and the Family Law of the Poor in New York City, 1910-1936
Authors: Igra Anna R
Published: July 2012

Marital status structured poor women's interactions
with the proto-welfare state of the early-twentieth-century United
States. Deserted women--"husbandless wives"--occupied a liminal category
between widows and unmarried women. In New York City, Progressive
Era reformers created an antidesertion system that consisted of the
"family law of the poor," domestic relations courts, and welfare
policies designed to defer and deny deserted applicants' requests for
assistance. Reformers' fiscal concerns and gender assumptions
both converged and competed in the new system. The goal of enforcing
male breadwinning in order to contain dependent women and children's
poverty within families conflicted with legal provisions that
prioritized family "independence," even if it meant occasionally
compelling a wife to support her husband. As evidence from three hundred
legal aid case files indicates, most deserted clients engaged in
time-consuming, repetitive, and generally fruitless prosecution of their
husbands. Ultimately, the antidesertion system disciplined women more
than the men who were its ostensible targets.
Feminist Maternalists and the French State: Two Inspectresses General in the Pre-World War I Third Republic
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: July 2012

Abstract: Although recent historians of women reformers' contributions
to the development of welfare states have underscored the importance of
maternalist arguments for opening new roles to women in the public sphere,
French examples of women filling such roles have been neglected. The
careers of inspectresses general Pauline Kergomard and Olympe Gevin-Cassal
provide case studies that illustrate the link between maternalism and
women's access to positions of responsibility in public administration in
pre-World War I France. Kergomard, an inspectress general of nursery
schools, and Gevin-Cassal, an inspectress general of children's services
for the Ministry of the Interior, utilized maternalist discourse to defend
their positions and advocate new professional opportunities for other
women. Their secular outlooks suited the anticlerical Third Republic but
differentiated them from Catholic women. Gender-specific assignments
gave women a place in some inspectorates before 1914 but their numbers
were restricted.
Sex in Politics: Victoria Woodhull as an American Public Woman, 1870-1876
Authors: Frisken Amanda
Published: July 2012

This article explores the figure of the "public woman"
in the United States through an analysis of media representations of sex
radical and cultural politician Victoria Woodhull. "The Woodhull," as she
was epithetically known, became a dangerous icon of the public woman in
the 1870s because her personal behavior and politics transgressed the
boundary of the public/private divide. In this context, suffragists
contended with Woodhull's radical public image while asserting an
alternative public woman and seeking a rationale for suffrage that was
acceptable for 1870s popular culture. Woodhull's class difference from
most suffrage women allowed her to take flamboyant positions in
the debate over public womanhood, and her public demonstrations in turn
contributed to a "respectability crisis" within the suffrage struggle. As
the representative "sex radical" suffragist, Woodhull forced the movement
to redefine the suffrage woman, and a new maternalist rationale for
suffrage emerged, opening the prosuffrage cause to more conservative
women. At the same time, her insistence on bringing the most private
issues into public and political debate set a precedent for future
challenges to the sexual status quo.
Domestic Violence by Another Name: Crimes of Passion in Fin-de-Siècle Paris
Authors: Ferguson Eliza Earle
Published: July 2012

This article investigates practices of domestic violence behind "crimes of passion" in fin-de-siècle Paris. Professional discourses attributed crimes of passion to a loss of rational control caused by suggestive images in the media and the atomization of modern urban life. Yet far from being symptomatic of social disintegration, this article argues that crimes of passion reveal complex local systems of social control at the household and neighborhood level. Testimony in more than 250 cases of violent crime between domestic partners tried in the assize court of the Seine shows that victims and perpetrators alike were firmly embedded in close-knit urban communities, where neighbors had detailed knowledge of each other's daily lives and readily intervened in domestic disputes. From this perspective, it is possible to construct a social history of domestic violence even in a time and place where the concept was not yet subject to feminist analysis.
The Masculine Degenerate: American Doctors' Portrayals of the Lesbian Intellect, 1880-1949
Authors: Gibson Margaret
Published: July 2012

Beginning in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, American medical writers first attempted to define the troubling specter of the lesbian. As a central part of this endeavor, medical professionals tried to pinpoint the lesbian's status in the intellectual hierarchy of the era. Given the assumptions of the time that masculine intellect was superior and that lesbians were masculine, medical writers had to respond to the possibility of a "superior" lesbian intellect. The resulting tension between prevailing medical images of the lesbian as both "degenerate" and "intellectual" played a significant role in the explosive controversies surrounding women's higher education, and in debates about the proper place of homosexuals in society. Furthermore, discussions of the lesbian intellect indicated the lack of a single unified medical evaluation of "masculinity" and "deviance" in this time period, producing a diversity that should be considered by historians of gender and sexuality.
Hetty Shepard, Dorothy Dudley, and Other Fictional Colonial Women I Have Come to Know Altogether Too Well
Authors: Norton Mary Beth
Published: July 2012

In a commendable attempt to make available to current undergraduates authentic documents written by colonial American women, some recent editors unfortunately have reprinted several fakes composed in the nineteenth century. Those attributed to "Dorothy Dudley" and "Mary Titus Post" already have been publicly exposed as fraudulent but still have been republished as genuine. This article focuses on a so-called "Puritan Maiden's Diary," purportedly written by one "Hetty Shepard" in 1675-1677, and demonstrates conclusively that it was in fact composed in the late nineteenth century by its nominal editor, Adeline E. Herbert Slicer. The article closes with some observations about patterns of women's diary-keeping, pointing out that historians should have been more skeptical about any document claiming to be a personal journal penned by a seventeenth-century American woman.
Patriot or Prostitute?: Sexual Discourses, Print Media, and American Women during World War II
Authors: Hegarty Marilyn E.
Published: July 2012

This article examines the simultaneous mobilization and control of female sexuality in the United States during the World War II era. It focuses, in part, on the role that print media played in encouraging women to support the war effort both in industrial and entertainment milieus. In a sense, female bodies were drafted for the duration. The government campaign to mobilize women was, however, complicated by a concurrent campaign to prevent and control venereal diseases in the military. As wartime women necessarily crossed established gender boundaries by responding to their prescribed civic obligations, in both factory and dance hall, they became suspicious individuals. Print media reflected and reinforced sociopolitical concerns regarding "excessively" sexual women who came to symbolize contamination. The line between the patriotic "good girl" and the prostitute or "promiscuous bad girl" collapsed and produced the "patriotute."
Federal Expansion, Fertility Control, and Physicians in the United States: The Politics of Maternal Welfare in the Interwar Years
Authors: Rosen Robyn L.
Published: July 2012

This article reconsiders connections between the movements for birth control and maternal and infant welfare in the early-twentieth-century United States. I argue that since both movements were dedicated to lowering infant and maternal mortality rates and ameliorating the harsh conditions surrounding maternity, motherhood, and infancy, their separateness and even rivalry require examination by historians. Among the most important factors that shaped the distinct political trajectories of each movement were the strategic alliances they forged and their perspectives on and positions within the growing welfare state.
Women in the Medieval and Early Modern Netherlands
Authors: Dekker Rudolf Michel
Published: July 2012

This survey of old and recent literature about Dutch women in medieval and early modern times discusses power and politics, labor, religion, criminality and prostitution, family, body and sexuality, arts and sciences, and, finally, image and self-image. Women in the Netherlands share a history with other European women, but they also were distinctive in some respects. Beguines, women of the Modern Devotion movement, kloppen (semireligious women), midwives, female cross-dressers, and prostitutes give Dutch women's history a character of its own. What Dutch scholars call "egodocuments," such as autobiographies, diaries, and letters, are especially important because women's voices can be heard.
Practicing Feminist Politics: Emily Newell Blair and U.S. Women's Political Choices in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Anderson Kathryn
Published: July 2012

Emily Newell Blair played a major role in efforts to negotiate the meaning of political equality in the first decade of the Nineteenth Amendment. This examination of her choices as her role expanded from midwestern wife, mother, and clubwoman to include wage-earning writer and national political leader illustrates the complexities and ambiguous consequences of new options available to U.S. women in the early twentieth century. Women's groups anchored Blair's strategies for integrating party politics and sustained her as she struggled to balance leadership among women with leadership in politics. Resistance from male-dominated political structures deepened Blair's feminist analysis and in the 1930s inspired her to reconsider the potential for a kind of sex consciousness that she had rejected a decade earlier. Politically, Blair experienced the classic dilemma of being part of a structure one seeks to transform; personally, she faced the familiar conflict between public and private roles. Blair resolved both with some success, but her legacy lies in her ability to articulate the distance remaining between political realities and feminist goals for political equality.
The New Religious Politics and Women Worldwide: A Comparative Study
Authors: Keddie Nikki R.
Published: July 2012

This article accounts for the approaches to women and gender in two types of New Religious Politics: those aimed at taking control of governments, and those targeted at nationalist and territorial goals. The former, which include many Islamist and Christian right movements, usually have conservative, scripturally oriented positions on women and the family. The latter, which include Hindu and other South Asian (Sikh, Buddhist) nationalists and such territorial Israeli groups as Gush Emunim, may not take conservative positions on women, and, insofar as their enemies are Muslim, may even stress their gender-egalitarianism as compared to Muslims. The article also discusses dissimilarities between cultural relativists, who explain gender-inegalitarian trends from inside a culture, and universalists, who defend women's rights as part of universal human rights. Finally, this article explains the appeal of New Religious Politics to many women, for whom it may provide a respectable way to participate in education, work, politics, and other elements of the modern world, while preserving protections found in, or attributed to, older family relations.
Revolution, Religion, and Gender Politics: Iran and Afghanistan Compared
Authors: Moghadam Valentine M.
Published: July 2012

This article compares the trajectory of gender politics and religiopolitics in revolutionary Afghanistan and revolutionary Iran since the late 1970s, and draws attention to the gendered nature of political and cultural projects. Whereas the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan began as a secular regime that sought to extend women's rights, the Islamic Republic of Iran was a religious regime that worked to circumscribe women's roles. In the 1990s, the Islamic Republic of Iran has become less rigid and more secular in its approach to social and economic issues while Afghanistan has become a captive of religious fanaticism. Women have increased their visibility and public participation in the Islamic Republic of Iran; in contrast, women have become all but invisible in Afghanistan. This article explains the divergent and unintended outcomes in terms of tribal patriarchy and underdevelopment in Afghanistan versus Islamic modernism and socioeconomic development in Iran.
Fundamentalisms and Patriarchal Gender Politics
Authors: Riesebrodt Martin , Chong Kelly H.
Published: July 2012

Recent studies of North American and Latin American evangelicalism suggest that the ideology and politics of charismatic and legalistic-literalist fundamentalist groups differ with regard to gender relations. Although both advocate patriarchal structures of authority, women in charismatic groups can negotiate gender relations more actively, thereby promoting their own interests. Applying this basic distinction to evangelical groups in South Korea, however, suggests that differences among the outcomes for women depend on preexisting structures of authority rather than the type of fundamentalism. When patriarchal structures of authority, especially in the family, still function, the differences between charismatic and legalistic-literalist fundamentalism become minimized. However, when these structures are breaking down or already have eroded, charismatic types of fundamentalism offer women a stronger voice and greater opportunities to renegotiate gender relations than do literalist-legalistic ones.
Trapped between State and Society: Women's Liberation and Islam in Soviet Uzbekistan, 1926-1941
Authors: Keller Shoshana
Published: July 2012

The Soviet campaign for the liberation of women in Uzbekistan consisted of two major components. The first was freeing women from Muslim social and religious strictures. The second was moving large numbers of women into the new agricultural and industrial workforce. This article focuses on the method and results of the first component. The Communist Party attempted to destroy by administrative fiat arranged marriage, bride-price, the marriage of young girls to adult men, the seclusion of women from public life, polygyny, and other customs. While the Soviets made significant changes in women's status, particularly among the educated classes, in the end they failed to stamp out any of the traditional practices they had campaigned against. The liberation effort, while claiming to help Uzbek women, instead bound them in a terrible dilemma. Women found themselves caught between obeying the government, remaining loyal to their families, communities, and customs, and trying to realize their own desires in a bewildering sea of new opportunities. Ultimately, thousands of women became victims of the very forces claiming to help them.
African-American Women and the Struggle for Equality in the Meatpacking Industry, 1940-1960
Authors: Fehn Bruce
Published: July 2012

Between 1940 and 1960, African-American women in the United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA) forged interracial coalitions to address race and sex discrimination in the meatpacking industry. Drawing upon experiences obtained in African-American community organizations, they took advantage of openings provided by the UPWA's progressive leadership to attack companies' discriminatory employment practices and break down workplace segregation. The racial integration of women's work spaces solidified interracial alliances and helped African-American and white women recognize shared interests based upon gender. With the help of UPWA-organized women's committees and conventions, women urged the union to confront wage differentials between male and female workers. In addition, they called the union's attention to the lack of women representatives in the union hierarchy and sexist behavior of male unionists.
The Cult of the Saints in Lurianic Kabbalah
Authors: Garb Jonathan
Published: July 2012

The article argues that the saint (tsadik) was the centerpiece of the Lurianic circle that flourished in the Galilean town of Safed in the sixteenth century. It examines a complex of practices designed towards communion with the souls of elect figures both living and departed. These practices reflect a sophisticated and intensive cult of the saints in these circles. I suggest that this cult influenced similar social and ideational structures in the later Eastern European Hasidic movement. The article also examines several phenomenological and anthropological themes related to communion with the souls of the saints, such as danger, sexuality and nationality.
The First Jewish Books and the Early History of Jewish Reading
Authors: Stern David
Published: July 2012

Among the earliest surviving dated Jewish codices are a group of Bibles that were produced in the Near East—Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Tunisia, and Iraq—between the early tenth and mid-eleventh century. Known as Masoretic codices—because they also are the first Bibles to contain the marginal annotations known as the Masorah—these books have long attracted scholarly attention for multiple reasons— for their biblical texts and Masoretic annotations, for their codicological significance, and for their decoration and art. This article seeks to show that they also represent a watershed moment in the early history of Jewish reading. The first half of the article describes these codices and their contents, the Masorah in particular. The second half of the article argues that these codices are our earliest evidence for a professional class of Jewish readers, namely, the Masoretes, who are the first figures known in Jewish history to have acquired actual knowledge of the Bible from the visual experience of reading its text on a written surface. In the earlier classical rabbinic period, knowledge of the Bible was primarily acquired through the auditory experience of hearing the Bible read aloud. The final part of the article attempts to contextualize this signal moment in the history of Jewish reading practice within a number of other contemporary and early medieval developments, including the rise of Karaism and the growth of new types of biblical interpretations, peshat in particular.
A Descriptive Analysis of NBC's Coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics
Authors: Tuggle C. A. , Huffman Suzanne , Rosengard Dana
Published: July 2012

Researchers examined the amount and scope of NBC's coverage of men and women competing in the 2004 Summer Olympic Games and compared that coverage to previous years. Male athletes received more prime-time coverage than female athletes did, but by only a relatively small margin. Men involved in individual events received considerably more coverage than female competitors in individual events did, but the overall amount of air time devoted to women's teams was notably higher than the amount of time devoted to men's teams.As has been the case historically, coverage of men's sports involving power or contact was much greater than coverage of women's events involving those characteristics.
Muslims and Social Change in the Atlantic Basin
Authors: Foley Sean
Published: July 2012

Many people perceive America’s relationship with Islam and Muslims as a twentieth-century phenomenon. In reality, America’s relationship with Islam predates the creation of the United States and reflects America’s European, African, and Middle Eastern heritage. Islam was also a key component of Atlantic history in both the eastern and western hemispheres as a rival civilization and a vehicle for religious and political reform. This article will discuss the role of Islam at three crucial turning points in Atlantic history: the Protestant Reformation, the emergence of European nation-states, and the rise of notions of universal human rights.
Casuistry: An Alternative or Complement to Principles?
Authors: Jonsen Albert R.
Published: July 2012

Casuistry is a traditional method of interpreting and resolving moral problems. It focuses on the circumstances of particular cases rather than on the application of ethical theories and principles. After a brief history of casuistry, the method is explained and its relation to theory and principles is discussed.
The Social and Ethical Implications of Universal Access to Health Care in Russia
Authors: Korotkikh Raisa V.
Published: July 2012

The availability of free health care to all citizens has been regarded as a great achievement of the Soviet society. In recent decades, however, decreased funding of the state-run health care system has led to a deterioration in the quality and quantity of available medical equipment and services. More than 50 percent of the Russian population is dissatisfied with the health care system and the attitudes and moral standards of their health care providers. This article discusses the degree, nature, and some of the causes of the public's dissatisfaction and concludes with a preliminary look toward the future of the Russian health care system.
Statutory Definitions of Death and the Management of Terminally Ill Patients Who May Become Organ Donors after Death
Authors: Cole David
Published: July 2012

The law stipulates that death is irreversible. Patients treated in accord with the Pittsburgh protocol have death pronounced when their condition might well be reversed by intervention that is intentionally withheld. Nevertheless, the protocol is in accord with the medical "Guidelines for the Determination of Death." However, the Guidelines fail to capture the intent of the law, which turns out to be a good thing, for the law embodies a faulty definition of death. The inclusion of "irreversible" in the legal definition makes that definition excessively demanding and out of step with the ordinary concept of death. On this basis the protocol is absolved of the moral but not the legal charge that it involves vivisection.
Multiple Listing for Organ Transplantation: Autonomy Unbounded
Authors: Miller Tracy E.
Published: July 2012

Recently, debate about the distribution of scarce organs for transplantation has focused on whether patients should have the right to place themselves on waiting lists at several transplant centers, thereby gaining an advantage over other potential recipients. This article explores the social and ethical issues raised by multiple listing, contrasting policies adopted at the national level with those implemented in New York State. It concludes by examining the implications of the debate for broader questions about entitlement and access to health care.
Embryos Created for Research Purposes
Authors: Davis Dena S.
Published: July 2012

The creation of embryos for research use has drawn a great deal of criticism. It is difficult to defend an ethical distinction between what one can do to "spare" embryos and what one can do to "research" embryos. The strongest ground on which to argue against the creation of embryos for research is a symbolic one, having to do with respect for human life. Ronald Dworkin's work in Life's Dominion on the symbolic meaning of the abortion debate throws a helpful light on this dispute. By understanding the basic question to be, Does the creation of research embryos weaken or insult our communal respect for the sanctity of human life in some way that in vitro fertilization (IVF) or the experimental use of "spare" embryos does not? , the debate can move in a more constructive direction.
Universal Health Care, American Style: A Single Fund Approach to Health Care Reform
Authors: Beauchamp Dan E.
Published: July 2012

With increasing momentum for health care reform, attention is shifting to finance reform that will provide for direct methods for controlling health care spending. This article outlines the two principal paths to direct cost control and outlines a national plan that retains our multiple sources of payment, yet also contains a powerful direct cost control technique: a single fund to finance all health care.
Patient Choices, Family Interests, and Physician Obligations
Authors: Mappes Thomas A. , Zembaty Jane S.
Published: July 2012

Recent articles in biomedical ethics have begun to explore both the relevance of family interests in treatment decisions and the resultant ramifications for physicians' obligations to patients. This article addresses two important questions regarding physicians' obligations vis-a-vis family interests: (1) What should a physician do when the exercise of patient autonomy threatens to negate the patient's moral obligations to other family members? (2) Does respect for patient autonomy typically require efforts on the part of physicians to keep patients' treatment decisions from being influenced by family considerations? A series of clarifications about the concept of autonomy is also presented.
Negotiating the Moral Order: Paradoxes of Ethics Consultation
Authors: Crigger Bette-Jane
Published: July 2012

Ethics consultation at the bedside has been hailed as a better way than courts and ethics committees to empower patients and make explicit the value components of treatment decisions. But close examination of the practice of ethics consultation reveals that it in fact risks subverting those ends by interpolating a third (expert) party into the doctor-patient encounter. In addition, the practice of bioethics through consultation does the broader cultural work of fashioning a shared moral order in the face of manifestly plural individual commitments. In doing so, however, bioethics furthers medicine's position as a privileged domain of public moral discourse in contemporary American society.
Interpersonal Issues in the Wanglie Case
Authors: Miles Steven H.
Published: July 2012

The case of Helga Wanglie involved a conflict between the medical team, which concluded that a respirator was providing no medical benefit to the 87-year-old woman and should therefore be discontinued, and Ms. Wanglie's family who did not want the respirator removed. Most published commentary on the case has analyzed the medical team's conclusion. In contrast, this article examines the impact of the conflict on the conduct of the clinical case, and on the relationships among the various parties involved.
The Morality of Induced Delivery of the Anencephalic Fetus Prior to Viability
Authors: Walsh James L. , McQueen Moira M.
Published: July 2012

In situations where anencephaly is diagnosed and where the mother's life or health is threatened Roman Catholic hospitals are faced with the dilemma of waiting until viability before inducing the fetus, thus potentially putting the mother at further risk. According to most Roman Catholic ethicists, induced delivery before viability is contrary to the Church's prohibition of direct killing of the innocent. The authors propose for discussion a reconsideration of this position in the case of the anencephalic fetus and conclude that taking the life of such a fetus does not constitute an attack on its personal dignity and therefore is morally permissible.
But Doctor, It's My Hip!: The Fate of Failed Medical Devices
Authors: Fielder John H. , Black Jonathan
Published: July 2012

It is difficult to study failed medical devices because of a lack of data. Routine device retrieval and analysis (DRA) is essential to performance evaluation, which, in turn, is essential to good patient care. We argue for the development of a national DRA program and medical device database and discuss the major ethical and policy issues associated with this proposal.
Japan's Dilemma with the Definition of Death
Authors: Kimura Rihito
Published: July 2012

Japan is unusual among industrialized countries in its reluctance to use brain criteria to determine death and harvest transplant organs. This results from public distrust of the medical profession due to an earlier incident, and from concern that technological interventions will threaten religious and cultural traditions surrounding death and dying. Public acceptance is growing, however, as medical professional groups and universities develop brain criteria, and as pressure from patients who could benefit from a transplant, as well as from foreign countries, increases.
Philosophical Foundations of Respect for Autonomy
Authors: Gauthier Candace Cummins
Published: July 2012

Understanding the philosophical foundations of the principle of respect for autonomy is essential for its proper application within medical ethics. The foundations provided by Immanuel Kant's principle of humanity and John Stuart Mill's principle of liberty share substantial areas of agreement including: the grounding of respect for autonomy in the capacity for rational agency, the restriction of this principle to rational agents, and the important distinction between influence and control. Their work helps to clarify the scope and role of the principle of respect for autonomy in health care delivery; its implications for truth telling, informed consent, and confidentiality; and its relationship to other moral principles, such as beneficence and distributive justice.
The Science, Fiction, and Reality of Embryo Cloning
Authors: Cohen Jacques , Tomkin Giles
Published: July 2012

Although many scientists view cloning as a useful procedure for scientific research into early embryo development—one that cannot currently be used to produce multiple copies of humans—the popular literature has led some individuals to view it as sinister. To address the concerns of the public, various conceptions of cloning are distinguished and their basis in fact analyzed. The possible uses, benefits, and detriments of both embryo splitting and nuclear transplantation are explained. Once the nature and purposes of cloning are understood, and the distinctive ethical dilemmas created by embryo splitting and nuclear transplantation are sorted out, these procedures should be clinically implemented to assist in vitro fertilization treatment for those who are infertile and to further other therapeutic and investigational efforts in medicine.
Ethical Considerations Surrounding First Time Procedures: A Study and Analysis of Patient Attitudes Toward Spinal Taps by Students
Authors: Williams Charles Telfer , Fost Norman
Published: July 2012

A patient is not always told when a student is performing a procedure for the first time. Withholding this information is a form of deception. It is justified on paternalistic grounds (it is in the patient's interest not to know), or on public policy grounds (given the choice, patients would refuse, thus compromising the training of future physicians). Using the spinal tap procedure (lumbar puncture) as a paradigm, 173 patients were surveyed to determine how they felt about first time procedures by medical students, interns, and residents. The patients indicated that they would be willing to be the subject for a student's (52%), intern's (62%), or resident's (66%) first spinal tap. This paper reassesses the ethics of consent for first time procedures based on responses to this survey.
What We May Do with Preembryos: A Response to Richard A. McCormick
Authors: Robertson John A.
Published: July 2012

If preembryos are not persons, as Professor Richard A. McCormick recently argued in an article in this journal, then a variety of actions with preembryos should be permitted to follow. These actions include discard, freezing, research, and preimplantation genetic analysis.
The Doctor-Proxy Relationship: The Neglected Connection
Authors: Dubler Nancy Neveloff
Published: July 2012

Advance directives have been lauded by scholars and supported by professional organizations, Congress, and the United States Supreme Court. Despite this encouragement, only a small number of capable patients execute living wills or appoint health care agents. When patients do empower proxies, doctors may be uncertain about the scope of their duties and obligations to these persons who, in theory, stand in the shoes of the patient. This article argues for a conscious focus on the ethical duties, emotional supports, and guidance owed by physicians to health care agents.
Bioethics and Anti-Bioethics in Light of Nazi Medicine: What Must We Remember?
Authors: Wikler Daniel , Barondess Jeremiah
Published: July 2012

Only recently have historians explored in depth the role of the medical profession in Nazi Germany. Several recent works reveal that physicians joined the Nazi party in disproportionate numbers and lent both their efforts and their authority to Nazi eugenic and racist programs. While the crimes of the physician Mengele and a few others are well known, recent research points to a much broader involvement by the profession, even in its everyday clinical work. Analogous activities existed in the German legal and industrial communities; disruption of the medical ethic thus sprang from the broader social contexts of Nazi Germany. The new United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, now opening on the Mall in Washington, D.C, will have an opportunity to educate the public about both the great crimes at Auschwitz and other camps, and the gradual but thorough degradation of ethics in the German medical profession. From this presentation, contemporary bioethics can ponder the proper use of the Nazi analogy in bioethical debate.
Non-Heart-Beating Organ Donation: Personal and Institutional Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Frader Joel
Published: July 2012

While procurement of organs from donors who are not "brain dead" does not appear to pose insurmountable moral obstacles, the social practice may raise questions of conflict of interest. Non-heart-beating organ donation opens the door for pressure on patients or families to forgo possibly beneficial treatment to provide organs to save others. The combined effects of non-heart-beating donation and organ shortages at major transplant centers brought about by the 1991 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) local-use organ allocation policy created potential conflicts, including the fact that candidates for organs become potential donors far more frequently than previously. Hospitals with a major emphasis on transplantation have economic and academic interests that may have been hurt by the relative organ shortage. Some may view non-heart-beating organ donation as a way to restore weakened programs and thus unconsciously compromise recognition of problems associated with non-heart-beating donation.
Alzheimer Disease and the "Then" Self
Authors: Post Stephen G.
Published: July 2012

The authority of the intact self over the future severely demented self is based on notions of integrity and precedent autonomy. Despite criticism of this authority, the principle of precedent autonomy in the care of people with Alzheimer disease or other progressive and irreversible dementias retains its moral significance.
Splitting Embryos on the Slippery Slope: Ethics and Public Policy
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: July 2012

Neither the George Washington University embryo splitting experiment nor the technique of embryo splitting itself has ethical flaws. The experiment harmed or wronged no one, and the investigators followed intramural review procedures for the experiment, although some might fault them for failing to seek extramural consultation or for not waiting until national guidelines for research on preembryos were developed. Ethical objections to such cloning on the basis of possible loss of individuality, possible lessening of individual worth, and concern about potential harm to the resulting children are discussed and challenged, as are objections to the creation of embryos for the purpose of genetic diagnosis. Many of the ethical questions raised by the George Washington experiment are similar to those posed by existing reproductive technologies that allow the simultaneous production of several embryos. A multidisciplinary group should consider whether regulation of cloning is needed, and laws should be enacted to prohibit a commercial market for all frozen embryos.
Religious Ethics and Active Euthanasia in a Pluralistic Society
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: July 2012

This article sets out a descriptive typology of religious perspectives on legalized euthanasia—political advocacy, individual conscience, silence, embedded opposition, and formal public opposition—and then examines the normative basis for these perspectives through the themes of sovereignty, stewardship, and the self. It also explores the public relevance of these religious perspectives for debates over legalized euthanasia, particularly in the realm of public policy. Ironically, the moral discourse of religious traditions on euthanasia may gain public relevance at the expense of its religious content. Nonetheless, religious traditions can provide a context of ultimacy and meaning to this debate, which is a condition for genuine pluralism. A table setting out the views of various denominations with regard to euthanasia is included.