bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syntheses of 6,8‐disubstituted‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphates
Authors: Boswell Kay H. , Christensen Leon F. , Shuman Dennis A. , Robins Roland K.
Published: April 2009

A series of 6,8‐disubstituted‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphates were prepared employing preformed 9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate precursors. Three synthetic approaches were utilized to accomplish the syntheses. The first approach involved a study of the order of nucleophilic substitution, 6 vs 8, of the intermediate 6,8‐dichloro‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyipurine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphates (2) with various nucleophilic agents to yield 8‐amino‐6‐chloro‐, 8‐chloro‐6‐(diethylamino)‐, 6‐chloro‐8‐(diethylamino)‐, 6,8‐bis‐(diethylamino)‐ and 8‐(benzylthio)‐6‐chloro‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate (4, 9, 10, 11, 13) respectively and 6‐chloro‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurin‐8‐one 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate (5) and 8‐amino‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine‐6‐thione 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate (6). The order of substitution was compared to similar substitutions on 6,8‐dichloropurines and 6,8‐dichloropurine nucleosides. The second scheme utilized nucleophilic substitution of 6‐chloro‐8‐substituted‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine 3′,5′‐cyclic, phosphates obtained from the corresponding 8‐subslituted inosine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphates by phosphoryl chloride, 6,8‐bis‐(benzylthio)‐, 6‐(diethylamino)‐8‐(benzylthio),8‐(p‐chlorophenylthio(‐6‐(diethylamino)‐ and 6,8‐bis‐(methyl‐thio)‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphates (14, 12, 20, and 21) respectively, were prepared in this manner. The final scheme involved N1‐alkylation of an 8‐substituted adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate followed by a Dimroth rearrangement to give 6‐(benzylamino)‐8‐(methylthio)‐ and 6‐(benzylamino)‐8‐bromo‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate (24 and 25).
Chemical studies of carbohydrates. Part I. Conversion of derivatives of glucose and allose into pyrazoles and pyridazines
Authors: Smit P. , Stork G. A. , Van Der Plas H. C.
Published: April 2009

On reaction of 1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidenc‐3‐O‐(p‐tolylsulfonyl)‐α‐D‐glueofuranose (1) with hydrazine hydrate at 140° besides formation of 3‐deoxy‐3‐hydrazino‐1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐allofuranose (2) and 3‐dcoxy‐1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐erythro‐hex‐3‐enofuranose (3), ring transformation into 3‐[4′‐(2′,2′‐dimethyl‐1′,3′‐dioxolanyl)]pyridazine (4) takes place. At 170°, however, only 2 and 4 are formed, indicating that 3 is the precursor of 4. Treatment of 3 with hydrazine hydrate at 170° indeed gives a nearly quantitative ring expansion into 4. Treatment of 3‐dcoxy‐3‐hydrazino‐1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidenc‐α‐D‐glucofuranose (8) as well as the stereoisomeric allofuranose 2 with concentrated hydrochloric acid gives a nearly quantitative ring interconversion into 3‐(D‐erythro‐trihydroxypropyl)pyrazole (9).
Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Part DCXII. A simple synthesis of benzopyran and dibenzopyran derivatives
Authors: Kametani Tetsuji , Kigasawa Kazuo , Hiiragi Mineharu , Ishimaru Haruhide , Wagatsuma Nagatoshi , Haga Seiji , Kusama Osamu
Published: April 2009

trans‐2‐(3‐Hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexanol (1b) was converted into 6‐methyl‐6‐phenylbenzopyran (11a) and 6‐spirocyclohexanobenzopyran (11b) by phenolic cyclization or under acidic condition. This type of reaction was also applied to the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐1‐methoxycarbonyl‐1‐methyl‐1H‐2‐benzopyran (IV).
Chemical studies of carbohydrates (II) On the mechanism of the conversion of a glucose derivative into a pyridazine compound
Authors: Smit P. , Stork G. A. , Van Der Plas H. C.
Published: April 2009

The formation of 3‐(2′,2′‐dimethyl‐1′,3′‐dioxolan‐4′‐yl)pyridazine (4) by reacting 1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐3‐O‐(p‐tolylsulfonyl)‐α‐D‐glucofuranose (1) with hydrazine hydrate via the intermediate 3‐deoxy‐1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐erythro‐hex‐3‐enofuranose (3) is explained by a mechanism, involving an initial attack of the hydrazine molecule at position 4 in compound 3, a subsequent ring opening by fission of the C4O bond and a ring closure by formation of a NC1 bond.
The reaction of α‐haloketones with N‐alkyl benzothiazolium salts
Authors: Van Allan J. A. , Mee John D. , Maggiulli C. A. , Henion R. S.
Published: April 2009

Phenacyl chloride (1a) reacts with the 3‐methylbenzothiazolium quaternary salt (2) to give 4‐methyl‐2‐benzoyl‐4H‐1,4‐benzothiazine (4a). A mechanism is discussed. Secondary α‐haloketones give benzothiazolines. Merocyanine dyes are formed by the reaction of 2 with carbanions. It is shown that 2 functions as a hydride ion abstractor in the formation of merocyanine dyes.
Further investigations of the interaction of trimethylsilyl azide with substituted maleic anhydrides. Synthesis of 4‐ and 5‐aryl substituted 1,3‐(3H)oxazine‐2,6‐diones
Authors: MacMillan John H. , Washburne Stephen S.
Published: April 2009

The reactions of phenyl‐, o‐chlorophenyl‐, p‐chlorophenyl‐, 3,4‐dichlorophenyl‐, p‐fluoro‐ and p‐anisylmaleic anhydrides with trimethylsilyl azide are described. In all cases mixtures of isomeric 4‐ and 5‐aryl‐2H‐1,3‐(3H)oxazine‐2,6‐diones are obtained after hydrolysis with the 4‐isomer predominating. The yield of 5‐isomer is greatest for o‐chlorophenyl maleic anhydride, and substantial for other arylmaleic anhydrides, indicating increased importance of steric effects in these reactions, in contrast to previously reported syntheses of methyl and halo‐substituted oxazine‐diones, where electronic factors appeared dominant.
The stobbe condensation with dimethyl homophthalate. II
Authors: El‐Rayyes N. R. , Ali A. H. A.
Published: April 2009

The condensation of some heterocyclic aldehydes with dimethyl homophthalate in the presence of either sodium hydride or potassium t‐butoxide as condensing agents gave either the (E)‐or the (Z)‐half‐ester (1b) as the predominant product. The structure and configuration of the products has been established by both chemical and spectroscopic tools.
Reaction of Sulfene wild Heterocyclic N,N‐Disubstituted α‐Aminomethylene Ketones IV. Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydro‐5H‐[1]benzothiopyratio [3,4‐e]‐1,2‐oxathiin and 2,3,6,7‐Tetrahydro‐5H‐thiopyrano[3,4‐e]‐1,2‐oxathiin Derivatives
Authors: Schenone Pietro , Mosti Luisa , Bignardi Gaetano
Published: April 2009

The reaction of sulfene with N,N‐disubstituted 3‐aminomethylene‐2,3‐dihydro‐4‐thiochromanones and‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydro‐4‐thiopyranones gave 1,4‐cycloadducts which are derivatives of new heterocyclic systems, namely 3,4‐dihydro‐5H‐[1]benzothiopyrano[3,4‐e]‐1,2‐oxathiin and 3,4,7,8‐tetrahydro‐5H‐thiopyrano[3,4‐e]‐1,2‐oxathiin, respectively. Furthermore, some pyrazole derivatives VII and VIII were prepared from 3‐hydroxymethylene‐2,3‐dihydro‐4‐thiochromanone or 2,3,5,6‐tetrahydro‐4‐thiopyranone and hydrazines.
Mononuclear heterocyclic rearrangement. Note I. Kinetic study of the rearrangement of the phenylhydrazone of 3‐benzoyl‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole into 2,5‐diphenyl‐4‐benzoylamino‐1,2,3‐triazole
Authors: Spinelli Domenico , Corrao Anlonino , Frenna Vincenzo , Vivona NicolÒ , Ruccia Michele , Cusmano Giuseppe
Published: April 2009

The rates of the mononuclear heterocyclic rearrangement of the phenylhydrazone of 3‐benzoyl‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole (1) into 2,5‐diphenyl‐4‐benzoylamino‐1,2,3‐triazole (II) have heen measured in dioxane/water (50:50, v:v) in the range of pS+ 3.8–12.2 at various temperatures and the activation parameters determined. On the basis of the results obtained, we present evidence for the occurrence of two different types of reaction: the first, base‐catalyzed; the second, pS+ ‐independent. In the base‐catalyzed range the catalysis is of the general type.
Condensation de la base de mannich de l'hydroxy‐3 pyridine avec les ethers vinyliques: Accés aux alcoxy‐2 aza‐5 chromannes
Authors: Sliwa H. , Blondeau D.
Published: April 2009

La condensation thermique de la base de Mannich de l'hydroxy‐3 pyridine avec les éthers vinyliques conduit aux alcoxy‐2 aza‐5 chromannes; la condensation avec l'α‐pyranne fournit le cis hexahydro‐5,6,7,8,8a,10a oxa‐5 aza‐1 xanthène.
The preparation of heterocyclic materials from 2‐isocyanatobenzoyl chloride and difunctional nucleophiles
Authors: Beam Charles F. , Heindel Ned D. , Chun Maria , Stefanski Anthony
Published: April 2009

2‐Isocyanatobenzoyl chloride was treated with difunctional nucleophiles such as o‐phenylenediamine, 1,8‐diaminonaphthalene, o‐aminothiophenol, and thioacetamide. The diaminonucleophiles gave intermediates which were thermally cyclized, and the other nucleophilic reagents gave heterocyclic materials directly.
Reactions of pyranylidenemethylpyrylium salts with ammonia and amines
Authors: Van Allan J. A. , Reynolds G. A.
Published: April 2009

Pyranylidenemethylpyrylium salts (1) react with ammonia to give pyranylidenepyridines as a result of the replacement of one of the oxygen atoms of 1 by nitrogen. Aliphatic primary amines react with 1 by replacing both of the oxygen atoms by nitrogens. Aniline and 1 give the monoreplacement product. Pyranylidenemethylthiopyrylium salts have only the oxygen atom replaced by reaction with primary aliphatic amines.
A heterocyclic arene oxide. 5,6‐Diphenylbenz[c]acridine 5,6‐oxide
Authors: Avnir David , Blum Jochanan
Published: April 2009

The first synthesis of a benz[c]acridine 5,6‐oxide is described. Treatment of 5,6‐benz[c]‐acridinequinone with phenylmagnesium bromide results in the formation of a trans‐diol, which gives the title compound upon dehydration with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal. In sulfuric acid, the epoxide rearranges mainly into 6,6‐diphenyl‐5‐benz[c]acridone.
Some ring expansion and related reactions of the phosphindole system
Authors: Hughes Alan N. , Amornraksa Kitti , Phisithkul Siriporn , Reutrakul Vichai
Published: April 2009

3‐Butyl‐1,2‐diphenylphosphindole reacts smoothly with ethyl propiolate and water and with benzoyl chloride and water to give ring expanded products. The second of these products is further expanded to a seven‐membered system by treatment with sodium hydride. With diiodo‐methane followed by hydroxide ion, cleavage of the phosphorus‐containing ring occurs. The nmr and mass spectral data are analyzed in detail and the results are discussed in the context of related studies with simple phospholes and dibenzophospholes. Some of the results further illustrate that predictions regarding the types of reaction entered into by phosphorus heterocycles must be made with caution.
Photochemistry of methylenenitrones and related compounds. A study of oxaziridine and nitrene formation
Authors: Druelinger Melvin L. , Shelton Robert W. , Lammert Steven R.
Published: April 2009

A series of N‐alkylmethylenenitrones has been prepared and can be irradiated cleanly to simple N‐alkyloxaziridines. Further irradiations of these systems lead to N‐alkylformamides via a singlet state rearrangement process. Triplet state fragmentation to give amines, presumably via alkyl nitrenes, has been observed but with very low efficiency. Only N‐aryl systems appear to lead to significant nitrene formation.
Synthetic studies of the antitumor antibiotic streptonigrin. I. Synthesis of the A‐B ring portion of streptonigrin
Authors: Liao T. K. , Nyberg Wayne H. , Cheng C. C.
Published: April 2009

Bromination of 6‐methoxy‐5,8‐quinolinedione gave the 7‐bromo derivative in quantitative yield. Treatment of the bromo compound with sodium azide followed by hydrogenation yielded 7‐amino‐6‐methoxy‐5,8‐quinolinedione, the A‐B ring portion of the antitumor antibiotic strep tonigrin. The corresponding 2‐methyl homolog was prepared in a similar manner from 6‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐8‐nitroquinoline, which in turn, was obtained by a Skraup synthesis from 2‐nitro‐anisidine and crotonaldehyde.
Isothiazoles VI: 4,5‐dihaloisothiazolidin‐3‐one 1‐Oxides
Authors: Weiler Ernest D. , Miller George A.
Published: April 2009

A useful and facile procedure for preparing 4,5‐dihaloisothiazolidin‐3‐one 1‐oxides is reported. Chlorination or bromination of various 4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one 1‐oxides yielded the title compounds.
Oxidation of methylbenzimidazoles with ceric ammonium nitrate
Authors: Talaty C. N. , Zenker N. , Callery P. S.
Published: April 2009

A convenient method for the preparation of benzimidazole carboxaldehydes by the oxidation of methylbenzimidazoles with cerie ammonium nitrate is described. A series of methyl, dimethyl, and trimethylbenzimidazoles was treated with ceric ammonium nitrate in sulfuric acid, and the major ethyl acetate soluble products were characterized. In addition to carboxaldehyde products, side reactions yielding benzimidazolediones and nitrobenzimidazoles were also observed.
Reissert compound studies. XXVII. The reaction of the anion with 4‐piperidones
Authors: Popp Frank D. , Watts Raymond F.
Published: April 2009

The anion of the isoquinoline Reissert compound has been found to react with 4‐piperidones to give esters of tertiary alcohols.
Synthesis and michael reaction of 3,4‐dimethylpyrrole
Authors: Cheng D. O. , Bowman T. L. , Legoff E.
Published: April 2009

A two step synthesis of 3,4‐dimethylpyrrole via the reduction of 3‐carboethoxy‐4‐methyl‐pyrrole is described. Michael addition of methyl vinyl ketone and butyn‐2‐one to 3,4‐dimethylpyrrole gives the bisadducts, 2,5‐bis(3‐oxobutyl)‐3,4‐dimethylpyrrole and 2,5‐bis(3‐oxobutenyl)‐3,4‐dimethylpyrrole, respectively, while ethyl propiolate affords only the monoadduct, ethyl 3‐(3,4‐dimethylpyrrol‐2‐yl)propenoate. Catalytic reduction of the latter ester gives ethyl 3‐(3,4‐dimethylpyrrol‐2‐yl)propanoate which with ethyl propiolate gives ethyl 3‐(5‐carbethoxyethyl‐3,4‐dimethyl‐2‐yl)propenoate.
Rearrangement of 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2,4‐diones to 3,l‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones
Authors: Anhydride Acetic , Kim Dong Han
Published: April 2009

Treatment of 7‐chloro‐3,4‐dihydro‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2,5‐dione (Ia) with refluxing acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine afforded 6‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4H‐3,1‐benzoxazin‐4‐one (IIa). A plausible reaction path for this novel rearrangement reaction is described: Ia → 4‐acetyl‐7‐chloro‐3,4‐dihydro‐lH‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2,5‐dione → 7‐chloro‐1,4‐diacetyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐lH‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2,4‐dione → IIa. When 7‐chloro‐3,4‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐lH‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2,5‐dione (Ib), 3,4‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2,5‐dione (Id) and 3,4‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2,5‐dione (Ie) were allowed to react with acetic anhydride under conditions similar to those used for the rearrangement reaction, only acetylation occurred.
Reaction of dichloroketene and sulfenc with N,N‐disubstituted 2‐aminomethylene‐1 ‐indanones. Synthesis of indeno[ 1,2‐b ] pyran and lndeno[2,l‐e] ‐1,2‐oxathiin derivatives
Authors: Mosti Luisa , Kvangelisti Filippo , Bignardi Caetano , Schenone Pietro
Published: April 2009

The 1,4‐cycloaddition of dichloroketene to N,N‐disubstituted 2‐aminomethylcnc‐l‐indanones afforded N,N‐disubstituted 4‐ainino‐3,3‐dichloro‐3,4‐dihydro‐2‐oxoindeno[1,2‐b ]pyrans only in the case of full or partial aromatic N‐substitution. The diphenylamino adduct gave 3‐chloro‐4‐diphenylamino‐2‐oxoindeno[ 1,2‐b]pyran by dehydrochlorination with DBN. The 1,4‐cycloaddition with sulfene occurred only in the case of 2‐diethylaininomethylene‐1‐indanone to give 4‐diethylamino‐3,4‐dihydroindeno[2, 1‐e]‐1,2‐oxathiin 2,2‐dioxide, a derivative of a new hetero‐cyclic system.
Synthesis of the 13,14‐diazasteroid ring system
Authors: Prickett J. E. , Gillis B. T.
Published: April 2009

l‐Vinyl‐6‐methoxy‐3,4‐dihydronaphthalene (1) reacted with azo dienophiles to form cyclo‐adducts II, III, IV, and V. The reaction of adduct II with bromine resulted in the aromatization of the B ring to form the cycloadduct VIII.
The synthesis of 5‐amino‐v‐triazolo[4,5‐b] pyridin‐7‐one (l‐deaza‐8‐azaguanine) and 5‐amino‐3‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐v‐triazolo[4,5‐b] pyridin‐7‐one (1‐deaza‐8‐azaguanosine)
Authors: Cline Barry L. , Panzica Raymond P. , Townsend Leroy B.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of l‐deaza‐8‐azaguanine has been accomplished via a facile route from pyridine precursors. The site of rihosylation and anomeric configuration of l‐deaza‐8‐azaguanosine and several closely related derivatives was accomplished by cmr and pmr, respectively.
Micropreparative fractionation of the complexome by blue native continuous elution electrophoresis
Authors: Huang Kuan Yen , Filarsky Michael , Padula Matthew P. , Raftery Mark J. , Herbert Ben R. , Wilkins Marc R.
Published: April 2009

The large‐scale analysis of protein complexes is an emerging challenge in the field of proteomics. Currently, there are few methods available for the fractionation of protein complexes that are compatible with downstream proteomic techniques. Here, we describe the technique of blue native continuous elution electrophoresis (BN‐CEE). It combines the features of blue native PAGE (BN‐PAGE) and continuous elution electrophoresis (CEE), generating liquid‐phase fractions of protein complexes of up to 800 kDa. The resulting complexes can be further analysed by BN‐PAGE, by SDS‐PAGE and/or by MS. This can help define the constituent proteins of many complexes and their stoichiometry. As BN‐CEE is also micropreparative, with a capacity to separate milligram quantities of protein complexes, it will assist the study of proteins of lower abundance. In this regard, the acrylamide concentration and elution rate during separation can be controlled to help ‘zoom in’ on particular high mass regions and thus complexes of interest. We illustrate the utility of the technique in the analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cellular lysate.
Free Hand Abroad, Divide and Rule at Home
Authors: Snyder Jack , Shapiro Robert Y. , Bloch-Elkon Yaeli
Published: April 2009

Under unipolarity, the immediate costs and risks of war are more likely to seem manageable for a militarily dominant power like the U.S. This does not necessarily make the use of force cheap or wise, but it means that the costs and risks attendant on its use are comparatively indirect, long term, and thus highly subject to interpretation. Unipolarity, combined with the opportunity created by September 11, opened a space for interpretation that tempted a highly ideological foreign policy cohort to seize on international terrorism as an issue to transform the balance of power both in the international system and in American party politics. This cohort's response to the terrorist attack was grounded in ideological sincerity but also in the routine practice of wedge issue politics, which had been honed on domestic issues during three decades of partisan ideological polarization and then extended into foreign policy.
I Think My Professor is a Democrat: Considering Whether
Students Recognize and React to Faculty Politics
Authors: Woessner Matthew , Kelly-Woessner April
Published: April 2009

Notwithstanding political science professors' concerted efforts to
remain politically neutral in the classroom, we find evidence that
students are able to successfully identify the partisan loyalties of
their professors. Furthermore, we find that there is a tendency for
students to drift toward the Democratic Party over the course of the
semester, yet the direction of the shift appears to be unrelated to
either the instructor's actual political loyalties, or to the
student's perception of the professor's partisan preferences. Given
that political science professors appear to exert no real influence
on students' party loyalties, it is unclear whether efforts to
diversify the field by hiring more Republican professors would
actually reduce the “liberalizing” effects of higher education.
Simulating the Foreign Policy Decision-Making Process in
the Undergraduate Classroom
Authors: Loggins Julie A.
Published: April 2009

A simulation of the foreign policy decision-making process, as
described in this article, can assist an instructor in linking
students' abstract understanding of complex political events,
circumstances, and decision making to the real-world interplay of
the multiple factors involved in decision making. It is this type of
active learning that helps bring a student's abstract understanding
into the concrete world. Instead of being passive learners relying
on an instructor's knowledge, students are active participants in
the learning process.
Report of the Editors of the American Political
Science Review, 2007–2008
Authors: Rogowski Ronald , Treisman Daniel
Published: April 2009

This report was the first to be prepared by the UCLA-based team of
co-editors that took over leadership of the Review
in July 2007 from Lee Sigelman, who had edited it for the previous
six years. Here we report on the journal's operations during the
year from July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2008, including both decisions
made during the early months by Lee, as he closed up shop, and those
made by the new team. Because revisions often take authors many
months to complete, the time span between original submission and
final acceptance of an article can be long. As a result, the issues
of the journal published between mid-2007 and mid-2008 owe at least
as much to Lee as they do to us—indeed, of the articles accepted
during those 12 months, 83% either had been accepted by Lee or came
to us as revised versions of papers he had initially handled, almost
all of which we accepted. So our first task is to acknowledge the
extremely important contribution Lee made to the publication in this
transitional year, even as he was beginning a well-deserved rest. We
are grateful to Lee for all his help, and our respect for his
management skills only increases with time.
HARRY S. HALL
Authors: Malecki Edward S. , Anagnoson J. Theodore
Published: April 2009

Harry S. Hall, emeritus professor of political science, died at the
age of 86 from natural causes on October 4, 2008.
What People Buy From Fast‐food Restaurants: Caloric Content and Menu Item Selection, New York City 2007
Authors: Dumanovsky Tamara , Nonas Cathy A. , Huang Christina Y. , Silver Lynn D. , Bassett Mary T.
Published: April 2009

Fast‐food restaurants provide a growing share of daily food intake, but little information is available in the public health literature about customer purchases. In order to establish baseline data on mean calorie intake, this study was completed in the Spring of 2007, before calorie labeling regulations went into effect in New York City. Receipts were collected from lunchtime customers, at randomly selected New York City fast‐food chains. A supplementary survey was also administered to clarify receipt items. Calorie information was obtained through company websites and ascribed to purchases. Lunchtime purchases for 7,750 customers averaged 827 calories and were lowest for sandwich chains (734 calories); and highest for chicken chains (931 calories). Overall, one‐third of purchases were over 1,000 calories, predominantly from hamburger chains (39%) and chicken chains (48%); sandwich chains were the lowest, with only 20% of purchases over 1,000 calories. “Combination meals” at hamburger chains accounted for 31% of all purchases and averaged over 1,200 calories; side orders accounted for almost one‐third of these calories. Lunch meals at these fast‐food chains are high in calorie content. Although calorie posting may help to raise awareness of the high calories in fast‐food offerings, reducing portion sizes and changing popular combination meals to include lower calorie options could significantly reduce the average calorie content of purchases.
Daily Intraparaventricular Orexin‐A Treatment Induces Weight Loss in Rats
Authors: Novak Colleen M. , Levine James A.
Published: April 2009

The neuropeptide orexin (hypocretin) increases energy expenditure partially through increasing spontaneous physical activity. The ability of exogenous orexin to alter body weight has never been established, however. We sought to determine whether orexin‐A microinjected into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) induced weight loss in rats. Chronic guide cannulae were implanted into rats, aimed at the PVN. Rats were given daily microinjections of orexin (0.5 nmol) or vehicle into the PVN for 6 days; food intake and body weight were measured daily. In a separate group of rats, we injected orexin‐A and vehicle intra‐PVN and measured daily activity levels. Daily orexin treatment induced weight loss: orexin‐A‐treated rats lost significantly more weight than their vehicle‐injected counterparts without a significant difference in food intake. Rats were significantly more active after intra‐PVN orexin compared to vehicle. These results support the concept that orexinergic agents have the potential to produce negative energy balance through increasing physical activity. This presents a promising, untapped potential resource for weight loss.
Epitaxial film growth and optoelectrical properties of layered semiconductors, LaMnXO (X=P, As, and Sb)
Authors: Kayanuma Kentaro , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Kamiya Toshio , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo
Published: April 2009

Thin films of LaMnXO (X=P, As, and Sb), which are isostructural compounds of the newly discovered superconductor, LaFeAsO, were grown epitaxially on MgO (001) substrates at ∼680 °C by pulsed laser deposition. Postdeposition thermal annealing at 1000 °C in evacuated silica glass ampoules improved the crystallinity and orientation for the LaMnPO and LaMnAsO films, but it led to the phase segregation of the LaMnSbO film. Thermopower and optical absorption measurements revealed that all the films are p-type semiconductors with indirect bandgaps from 1.0 to 1.4 eV, which are supported by density functional calculations with the GGA+U approximation.
The Weibel instability inside the electron-positron Harris sheet
Authors: Liu Yi-Hsin , Swisdak M. , Drake J. F.
Published: April 2009

Recent full-particle simulations of electron-positron reconnection revealed that the Weibel instability plays an active role in controlling the dynamics of the current layer and maintaining fast reconnection. A four-beam model is developed to explore the development of the instability within a narrow current layer characteristic of reconnection. The problem is reduced to two coupled second-order differential equations, whose growing eigenmodes are obtained via both asymptotic approximations and finite difference methods. Full particle simulations confirm the linear theory and help probe the nonlinear development of the instability. The current layer broadening in the reconnection outflow jet is linked to the scattering of high-velocity streaming particles in the Weibel-generated, out-of-plane magnetic field.
Surface passivation and interface reactions induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment of n-type ZnO (0001¯)
Authors: Schifano R. , Monakhov E. V. , Svensson B. G. , Diplas S.
Published: April 2009

X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and electrical measurements have been employed to study O-face (0001¯) n-type ZnO samples treated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A highly resistive and oxygen-rich surface layer is revealed, presumably caused by a high concentration of zinc vacancies and/or adsorbed O2 molecules. As a result, the surface exhibits upward energy band bending (∼0.4 eV) promoting the formation of high barrier Schottky contacts and suppressing the surface leakage current. Furthermore, after Pd deposition an enhanced formation of PdO is found at the Pd/ZnO interface for the H2O2-treated samples, and this is also expected to increase the resulting Schottky barrier height (∼0.6 eV), which yields up to seven orders of magnitude in current rectification between forward and reverse bias voltage.
A geometric interpretation of coherent structures in Navier–Stokes flows
Authors: Roulstone I. , Banos B. , Gibbon J.D. , Roubtsov V.N.
Published: April 2009

The pressure in the incompressible three-dimensional Navier–Stokes and Euler equations is governed by Poisson's equation: this equation is studied using the geometry of three-forms in six dimensions. By studying the linear algebra of the vector space of three-forms
Λ
3
W
*
where
W
is a six-dimensional real vector space, we relate the characterization of non-degenerate elements of
Λ
3
W
*
to the sign of the Laplacian of the pressure—and hence to the balance between the vorticity and the rate of strain. When the Laplacian of the pressure, Δ
p
, satisfies Δ
p
>0, the three-form associated with Poisson's equation is the real part of a decomposable complex form and an almost-complex structure can be identified. When Δ
p
<0, a real decomposable structure is identified. These results are discussed in the context of coherent structures in turbulence.
The fracture behaviour of functionally graded piezoelectric materials containing collinear dielectric cracks
Authors: Yan Zhi , Jiang Liying , Dryden John R.
Published: April 2009

In this paper, the problem of two collinear cracks in functionally graded piezoelectric materials (FGPMs) under in-plane electromechanical loads is examined. The elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constants of the FGPMs are assumed to vary continuously in space. The theoretical formulations are derived by using Fourier transforms and the resulting singular integral equations are solved with Chebyshev polynomials. A dielectric crack model with deformation-dependent electric boundary condition is adopted in the fracture analysis of FGPMs. Numerical simulations are made to show the effect of the dielectric medium, the material gradient and the geometry of interacting cracks upon the fracture parameters at crack tips. A critical state for applied electromechanical loading is identified, which determines whether the traditionally impermeable (or permeable) crack model serves as the upper or lower bound of the current dielectric crack model.
Epithelium‐derived chemokines induce airway smooth muscle cell migration
Authors: Takeda N. , Sumi Y. , Préfontaine D. , Al Abri J. , Al Heialy N. , Al‐Ramli W. , Michoud M‐C , Martin J. G. , Hamid Q.
Published: April 2009

Background
The remodelling of airway smooth muscle (ASM) associated with asthma severity may involve the migration of ASM cells towards the epithelium. However, little is known about the mechanisms of cell migration and the effect of epithelial‐derived mediators on this process.

Objective
The main objective of the current study is to assess the effects of epithelial‐derived chemokines on ASM cell migration.

Methods
Normal human ASM cells were incubated with supernatants from cells of the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS‐2B and normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. To induce chemokine production, epithelial cells were treated with TNF‐α. Chemokine expression by epithelial cells was evaluated by quantitative real‐time PCR, ELISA and membrane antibody array. To identify the role of individual chemokines in ASM cell migration, we performed migration assays with a modified Boyden chamber using specific neutralizing antibodies to block chemokine effects.

Results
Supernatants from BEAS‐2B cells treated with TNF‐α increased ASM cell migration; migration was increased 1.6 and 2.5‐fold by supernatant from BEAS‐2B cells treated with 10 and 100 ng/mL TNF‐α, respectively. Protein levels in supernatants and mRNA expression by BEAS‐2B cells of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and IL‐8 were significantly increased by 100 ng/mL TNF‐α treatment. The incubation of supernatant with antibodies to RANTES or IL‐8 significantly reduced ASM cell migration, and the combined antibodies further inhibited the cell migration. The migratory effects of supernatants and inhibiting effects of RANTES and/or IL‐8 were confirmed also using NHBE cells.

Conclusion
The results show that chemokines from airway epithelial cells cause ASM cell migration and might potentially play a role in the process of airway remodelling in asthma.
Cell‐specific mechanisms and systemic signalling as emerging themes in light acclimation of C3 plants
Authors: KANGASJÄRVI SAIJALIISA , NURMI MARKUS , TIKKANEN MIKKO , ARO EVA‐MARI
Published: April 2009

Chloroplasts perform essential signalling functions in light acclimation and various stress responses in plants. Research on chloroplast signalling has provided fundamental information concerning the diversity of cellular responses to changing environmental conditions. Evidence has also accumulated indicating that different cell types possess specialized roles in regulation of leaf development and stress acclimation when challenged by environmental cues. Leaf veins are flanked by a layer of elongated chloroplast‐containing bundle sheath cells, which due to their central position hold the potential to control the flux of information inside the leaves. Indeed, a specific role for bundle sheath cells in plant acclimation to various light regimes is currently emerging. Moreover, perception of light stress initiates systemic signals that spread through the vasculature to confer stress resistance in non‐exposed parts of the plant. Such long‐distance signalling functions are related to unique characteristics of reactive oxygen species and their detoxification in bundle sheath cells. Novel techniques for analysis of distinct tissue types, together with Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with vasculature‐specific phenotypes, have proven instrumental in dissection of structural hierarchy among regulatory processes in leaves. This review emphasizes the current knowledge concerning the role of vascular bundle sheath cells in light‐dependent acclimation processes of C3 plants.
The impact of caesarean delivery and type of feeding on cow’s milk allergy in infants and subsequent development of allergic march in childhood
Authors: Sánchez‐Valverde F. , Gil F. , Martinez D. , Fernandez B. , Aznal E. , Oscoz M. , Olivera J. E.
Published: April 2009

Background:  The incidence of IgE‐mediated cow’s milk allergy (CMA) has increased over the last few years. There are several genetic and environmental risk factors that may be related to this allergy and the subsequent allergic march (AM).

Methods:  A prospective, cohort study was conducted in patients recruited into the study between 1998 and 2002. Information on clinical variables and complementary tests, perinatal and obstetric factors and the type of hydrolysed formula used was recorded. A cross sectional study on the prevalence of allergic diseases in this cohort was performed in 2004.

Results:  We compared IgE‐mediated CMA patients with non‐IgE‐mediated CMA patients and found that IgE‐mediated CMA is associated with caesarean delivery (OR = 2.14 95% CI: 1.02–4.49), duration of breast feeding (>2 months, OR = 4.14; 95% CI: 2.17–7.89) and the use of supplementary artificial formula whilst breast feeding (OR = 2.86; 95% CI: 1.33–6.13). The factors associated with AM in IgE‐mediated CMA patients were caesarean delivery (OR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.19–0.92) and the use of more extensively hydrolysed high grade hydrolysates (+EH/HGH) (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20–0.98), both as protective factors.

Conclusions:  Caesarean delivery is demonstrated as being a risk factor for IgE‐mediated CMA, but it does not increase the risk of AM in these infants. The use of +EH/HGH appears to protect IgE‐mediated CMA patients from eventually developing AM.
The significance of subclinical rejection
Authors: El‐Amm Jose‐Marie , Gruber Scott A.
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  Subclinical rejection (SCR) is quite common early following renal transplantation and decreases progressively with time. The immunological profile of the recipient, the immunosuppressive regimen used, and the occurrence of prior episodes of clinical acute rejection (AR) are all risk factors for SCR. SCR, in turn, is a risk factor for chronic interstitial and tubular fibrosis and has been associated with worse glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and graft survival. Early SCR should be initially treated with pulse steroids. SCR is a form of biopsy‐proven AR and, particularly if treated, must be fairly reported and displayed as a solid endpoint in clinical studies.
PARTIAL PRIVATIZATION IN A MIXED DUOPOLY WITH AN R&D RIVALRY
Authors: Heywood John S. , Ye Guangliang
Published: April 2009

This paper is the first to examine the incentive for partial privatization in a mixed duopoly with R&D rivalry. We show that because mixed duopolies engage in more R&D, the optimal extent of privatization is unambiguously reduced. Yet, this reduction is often very modest. Adopting the extent of privatization that would be optimal if one ignored the R&D rivalry routinely results in greater welfare than retaining a fully public firm and ignoring partial privatization. Only when R&D has an extremely low cost would it be preferable to ignore partial privatization.
A RULE FOR AGGREGATING INDIVIDUAL WELFARE MEASURES
Authors: Pench Alberto
Published: April 2009

It is common, but often incorrect, practice in most applied works, especially in the field of applied general equilibrium models, to evaluate the overall impact of alternative policy changes by means of the sum of equivalent variations of (different classes of) individual consumers. This note proposes to use these same equivalent variations in a different way, namely, to aggregate them by the Borda rule.
Design and Use of a Quantitative Scale for Measuring Presyncope
Authors: SHELDON ROBERT S. , AMUAH JOSEPH E. , CONNOLLY STUART J. , ROSE SARAH , MORILLO CARLOS A. , TALAJIC MARIO , KUS TERESA , FOUAD‐TARAZI FETNAT , KLINGENHEBEN THOMAS , KRAHN ANDREW D. , SHELDON AARON , KOSHMAN MARY‐LOU , RITCHIE DEBBIE
Published: April 2009

Introduction: Vasovagal syncope is common and distressing. One important symptom is presyncope, but there are no clinimetric measures of this. We developed the Calgary Presyncope Form (CPF) and used it to test whether metoprolol reduces presyncope in a randomized trial.

Methods: The CPF captures the frequency, duration, and severity of presyncope. We administered it to participants in the Prevention of Syncope Trial (POST), a randomized clinical trial that tested the hypothesis that metoprolol reduces syncope and presyncope in adult patients with vasovagal syncope.

Results: The CPF was completed by 44 patients on metoprolol and 39 patients on placebo, of a total of 208 subjects. Completion of the CPF for each of the threedimensions was 84–87% in the 83 respondents. Results were centrally distributed in duration and severity dimensions, but not in frequency. Patients had a median of 1.2 presyncopal spells per day, with a median moderate severity, lasting a median 10 minutes. The 3 scales were statistically independent of each other. These results were independent of subject age, and results in all 3 dimensions were stable over the observation period. There was no significant difference between patients on metoprolol and placebo in any dimension.

Conclusion: The 3‐dimensional CPF is simple, easy to use, stable over time, measures 3 independent variables, and documents that metoprolol does not reduce presyncope.
Feasibility of Contactless 3D Optical Measurement for the Analysis of Bone and Soft Tissue Lesions: New Technologies and Perspectives in Forensic Sciences
Authors: Sansoni Giovanna , Cattaneo Cristina , Trebeschi Marco , Gibelli Daniele , Porta Davide , Picozzi Massimo
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  In forensic pathology and anthropology, a correct analysis of lesions on soft tissues and bones is of the utmost importance, in order to verify the cause and manner of death. Photographs, videos, and photogrammetry may be an optimal manner of immortalizing a lesion, both on cadavers and skeletal remains; however, none of these can supply a detailed three‐dimensional (3D) modeling of the lesion. Up to now, only the use of casts has given us the possibility of studying deep lesions such as saw marks with an accurate and complete 3D reconstruction of bone structure. The present study aims at verifying the applicability of 3D optical contactless measurement for the accurate recording of soft tissue and bone lesions, in order to develop a unique and precise method of registering and analyzing lesions, both in forensic pathology and anthropology. Three cases were analyzed: the first, a car accident with blunt force skin injuries; the second, a murder with blunt force injury to the head applied with a metal rod; the third, a series of sharp force knife and saw lesions on bone. Results confirm that 3D optical digitizing technology is a crucial tool in the immortalization of wound morphology in the medico‐legal context even on “difficult” substrates such as cut marks and saw marks on bone.
Reproduction of the common buzzard at its northern range margin under climatic change
Authors: Lehikoinen Aleksi , Byholm Patrik , Ranta Esa , Saurola Pertti , Valkama Jari , Korpimäki Erkki , Pietiäinen Hannu , Henttonen Heikki
Published: April 2009

A changing climate induces shifts in the location of biomes. Tracing such a shift may pose problems for life history traits adapted to the prior conditions, so that, e.g. the timing of reproduction and the time with sufficient resources for rearing hatchlings do not match. We show that the timing of breeding of Finnish common buzzards Buteo buteo, has advanced with over ten days as a response to the warming of early spring, during 1979–2004. During the same period the isoclines of the onset of breeding have moved about 200 km to the north‐east. However, the reproductive performance of the common buzzard has not increased as a response to these changes. Despite increasing temperatures during early spring, the temperatures of early summer have remained the same since the 1970s. Combined, the early onset of breeding and the unchanged temperatures of early summer have lead to decreased post‐hatching temperatures. Under these circumstances, common buzzard offspring now face a higher risk to hatch into less favourable weather conditions than three decades ago. Furthermore, summer precipitation, harmful for nestlings, has been predicted to increase in the future, thus possibly further worsening the circumstances for breeding common buzzards. Our results demonstrate that even if common buzzards in Finland breed at the northern limit of the species’ distribution, and could therefore be expected to gain advantage from a warming climate, the opposite is the case.
Does attraction to conspecifics explain the patch‐size effect? An experimental test
Authors: Fletcher Robert J.
Published: April 2009

Recent theory suggests that attraction to conspecifics during habitat selection can be one potential, yet untested, mechanism for animal sensitivity to habitat fragmentation. The least flycatcher Empidonax minimus, a highly territorial migratory bird, has previously been shown to be attracted to conspecifics and sensitive to patch size by avoiding small patches of riparian forest in Montana, USA. I used a large‐scale field experiment in this region to test the conspecific attraction hypothesis for explaining sensitivity to patch size, and I supplemented this experiment by estimating whether vegetation structure, nest predation, or nest parasitism rates could better explain patterns of sensitivity to patch size. Vegetation structure did not vary consistently with patch size, based on a random sample of patches across 150 km of the Madison and Missouri Rivers, Montana. Nest predation and parasitism rates by brown‐headed cowbirds Molothrus ater also did not vary with patch size during the experiment. However, when conspecific cues were simulated across a gradient of patch sizes, flycatchers settled in all patches – and their sensitivity to patch size vanished – providing strong support for the conspecific attraction hypothesis. These results provide the first experimental evidence that attraction to conspecifics can indeed help explain area sensitivity in nature and highlight how understanding the role of animal behavior in heterogeneous landscapes can aid in interpreting pressing conservation issues.
Diabetic foot ulcers and ethnicity in Tanzania: a contrast between African and Asian populations
Authors: Abbas Zulfiqarali G. , Lutale Janet K. , Archibald Lennox K.
Published: April 2009

To characterise the role of ethnicity in the occurrence of foot ulcer disease in persons with diabetes, we analysed prospectively collected data for persons attending the diabetes clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A case was defined as any adult presenting to MNH with an ulcer at or below the ankle joint during July 1998–June 2005. We documented clinical and epidemiologic characteristics, progress, interventions and outcome. Seven hundred and eight persons met the case definition – 570 (80%) ethnic Africans and 138 (20%) Asian Indians. Ethnic Africans were more likely to present with gangrene (P < 0.01); Indians were more likely to be obese (P < 0.001) or have large vessel disease (P < 0.001). For Africans, intrinsic complications (neuro‐ischaemia or macrovascular disease) delayed ulcer healing; for Asian Indians, mode of intervention (e.g. sloughectomy or glycaemic control with insulin or oral agents) determined the same outcome. Indigenous ethnic African and Asian Indian populations with diabetes display contrasting foot ulcer epidemiology. Peripheral vascular disease and gangrene are playing a larger role in ulcer pathogenesis and outcomes for both ethnic groups than was previously thought. Preventive efforts and interventions should be tailored to the two ethnic groups to achieve complete ulcer healing.
Exploration of nurse practitioner practice with clients who are grieving
Authors: White Patricia , Ferszt Ginette
Published: April 2009

Purpose: Nurse practitioners (NPs) have provided care to clients in primary care settings for more than 40 years. Although NP practice standards have identified grief as a health concern that needs to be addressed, little is known about the practice of NPs with this population. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical practice of NPs in primary care with clients who were grieving the death of a significant person.

Data sources: This descriptive exploratory qualitative study explored NPs’ assessment, plan of care, and evaluation of healthcare outcomes for their clients who were grieving. Semi‐structured audiotaped interviews with nine NPs providing primary care to clients were completed. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Conclusions: The NPs’ descriptions of their clinical practice yielded important information about their assessment, intervention, and evaluation of grieving clients. Descriptions of assessments by NPs provided important data that were categorized as physical complaints, overall functioning, and emotional well‐being or coping. Descriptions of interventions included validation of clients’ grief, prescriptions, and teaching or referral. Descriptions of outcomes included relief of physical complaints and stabilized chronic illness, improvements in overall functioning, and improvements in clients’ emotional well‐being and coping.

Implications for practice: For NPs to be able to provide effective care to clients grieving the death of a loved one, they need a better understanding of theoretical models and current research related to grief. Further studies are needed to provide insight into the practice of NPs with this population.
Understanding the Alternative Globalisation Movement
Authors: Ibrahim Yousaf
Published: April 2009

Resistance to neo‐liberalism had been gathering pace for sometime before it crystallised into the alternative globalisation movement (AGM) in 1999 at the Third Ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organisation in Seattle, WA, USA. Since then, many more protests have ensued in cities around the globe against the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the G8. The emergence of this phenomenon has precipitated new research and debates for social movement studies and social sciences generally. This paper critically reviews some of the new academic perspectives on the AGM including, post‐structuralist anarchist, autonomist, complexity theorisations, as well as new applications of older social movement theories such as the political process approach and new social movement theory. The paper explains the emergence and establishment of the World Social Forum (WSF) and the theoretical and practical difficulties of a charter which suggests such an inclusive an open ended rubric. Finally, the paper concludes by arguing that further research on the tensions within the WSF and the AGM is required if an answer is to be provided to the question: Is another World Possible?