bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemistry
Authors: Quastel J. H.
Published: August 2008

I want to speak of the work we have been doing in Cardiff on the metabolism of the nervous system. The work was carried out there because of the importance of the narcosis treatment. It seemed to us there a pity that a treatment such as that should be given up because of the considerable toxicity possible in relation to it. The research was undertaken to see if we could diminish the toxicity, at the same time seeking an idea as to how narcotics work. I ask that you will realize that the main substance burned by the brain is glucose. The dominant form of metabolism in the nervous system is connected with the breakdown of glucose and lactic acid, and this can be proved by experiment in the living animal and with brain-tissue in vitro. In doing experiments we are not able to carry out work with human brain, because we cannot get human tissue fresh enough, so we have to carry out experiments with animals. They are carried out in this way. We cut slices of the cortex of the brain as soon as the animal is dead, that is to say, within ten minutes of death the brain is out and slices have been cut. They are placed in a physiological medium in the presence of glucose, and we follow the metabolism of that tissue, which allows us to estimate the amount of oxygen being taken up by the brain. If luminal, chloretone, hyoscine or somnifaine be placed with the brain-tissue, then the respiration, instead of being at the usual level, starts lower down, and maintains a straight line. We wanted to see whether this action is reversible or irreversible. If the latter, then on removing the brain-slices from the narcotic it should no longer behave like a normal piece of tissue. Actually, when the brain-slice is removed and placed in Ringer solution, with no narcotic, the respiration goes up and becomes equal to that shown by the slice which had no narcotic. That is to say, the process is reversible.
The Hyperglycæmic Index As an Aid to Prognosis
Authors: McCowan P. K.
Published: August 2008

The observations I wish to make in this paper are based upon some work which my colleagues at Cardiff and I have carried out, and which has a bearing on the question of prognosis in the manic-depressive psychoses.
An Investigation Concerning Mental Disorder in the Nyasaland Natives
Authors: Shelley Horace M. , Watson W. H.
Published: August 2008

Nyasaland is a narrow strip of land 40,000 square miles in extent. It lies approximately between latitude S. 9’ 45” and 17’ 15”, and longitude E. 33’ and 36’. It is bounded on the North by Tanganyika Territory, on the East by Lake Nyasa and Portuguese East Africa, and on the West by Northern Rhodesia and Portuguese East Africa.
Association-Motor Investigation in Clinical Psychiatry
Authors: Ebaugh Franklin G.
Published: August 2008

The material to be presented in this paper is based on the association-motor records of 100 normal controls and 297 psychiatric cases examined by this method during the past three and a half years. The procedure introduced by Luria (1) in 1932, and subsequently modified and adapted by us to meet the expediencies of everyday clinical practice, consists of Jung's word-association technique combined with motor activity.
The Excretion of Sodium Barbitone in Patients Suffering from Mental Illness
Authors: Kitching E. H. , Dignam A.
Published: August 2008

The subject of the fate of sodium barbitone in the body appears still to be a valid subject for discussion; various workers have investigated the excretion of the drug in the urine of normal persons and persons suffering from bodily—not mental—illness.
Attempted Suicide: An Investigation
Authors: Hopkins F.
Published: August 2008

Provision for the observation of cases of mental disturbance occurring in the administrative and the user area of the Liverpool Corporation is made in one of the city institutions, Smithdown Road Hospital. In this large general hospital are located two special divisions, containing 180 beds, one for female and one for male patients, and to the wards of these divisions are receivable all cases of attempted suicide occurring in Liverpool.
Mental Observation Wards: A Discussion of their Work and its Objects
Authors: Pentreath E. U. H. , Dax E. Cunningham
Published: August 2008

For many years it has been the policy of the London Authority to avoid the certification of patients directly from their own homes, by passing them through an observation ward before making a decision as to their disposal. The system originated partly from the fact that the London Mental Hospitals are some distance from town, and partly from the shortage of accommodation, it being necessary to secure the safe custody of the patients pending their admission. The small scattered wards have now been fused together to form larger and more efficient units, which ensure every case having the fullest consideration and investigation before deciding upon any method of disposal. The various points arising in this paper are illustrated by reference to the work of the largest of these units.
Acrocyanosis
Authors: Stern Edward Samuel
Published: August 2008

When normal human skin is moderately cooled it goes blue, owing to a contraction of the arteries and arterioles, and a relaxation of the capillaries and subpapillary venous plexus of the epidermis. This blueness is light in colour. In certain individuals, however, it is deep, or relatively saturated, in the hands or feet or both; these include cases of acrocyanosis (extremity, = dark blue). This condition, though rare in the general population, is common among the inmates of mental institutions.
The Circulatory System and Mental Disorder
Authors: Golla F. L.
Published: August 2008

Prof. Golla, in introducing the discussion, said: I do not think there is any subject that is of greater importance at the present moment than the physiology and the pathology of the circulation of the central nervous system. I am dealing now with the physiology, with a view to putting a few facts before you which are fairly well authenticated, and pointing out how very little we know at present. I do not intend to speak of the pathological aspect, but I may remind you, in passing, of such things as the therapeutic effects of amytal and of CO2. Again, in the case of epilepsy, whatever one's ultimate view of epilepsy is, we are all agreed that circulatory disturbance plays a very large part.
The Histopathological Criteria of Vascular Disturbances in the Brain.∗
Authors: Meyer Alfred
Published: August 2008

Vascular lesions, identical in appearance with the sequelae of organic diseases of the blood-vessels, have been found in a great variety of conditions (for instance in epilepsy, hypertension and cardiac disease, psychoses associated with infectious and toxic conditions, head injuries, certain groups of mental deficiency) in which no organic lesion of the blood-vessels themselves could be demonstrated. The theory has been put forward (Ricker, Spielmeyer and others) that these lesions owe their origin to functional disorder of the vascular system, and that this common factor accounts for the identity in histological appearance in spite of the profound ætiological differences.
The Value of Continuous Narcosis in the Treatment of Mental Disorder
Authors: Palmer Harold A.
Published: August 2008

There does not appear in the literature any method of treatment to which the term “prolonged narcosis” can be applied prior to the year 1897, when Macleod (47, 48) published his first article on the bromide sleep treatment. The Hippocratic “Aphorisms” (126) mention that immoderate sleep is bad for the patient, but Celsus (129) quotes Asclepiades as being in favour of procuring sleep, and remarks that some insane patients recover if sleep is obtained, and Paulus Aegineta (128) observes that sleep produces oblivion of mental suffering and rectifies the distracted powers of reason. Aretaeus (127) in discussing satyriasis mentions “very protracted sleep” as the proper cure for the condition”.
Huntington's Chorea: A Study of Thirty-Four Families
Authors: Minski L. , Guttmann E.
Published: August 2008

The hereditary aspect of mental disease is at the present time a preferential topic of research, and the importance of constitutional factors in the causation of neuroses and psychoses is generally admitted. In many instances the term “constitution” is merely a hypothetical “X” introduced because of the absence of other facts which could account for clinical symptoms. Constitution is given a positive meaning only if it is identified with hereditary equipment, which has to be assessed by the careful analysis of the clinical aspect of the disease as a whole, including its hereditary and familial aspects, as well as environmental and other exogenous causal factors. Unfortunately, psychiatric illnesses as a whole do not lend themselves readily to this type of investigation. It is usual, therefore, to apply the results of studies of heredity in non-psychiatric conditions to psychiatric illnesses themselves. As neurological conditions are the most closely allied to psychiatric ones, they are most commonly used. One of the most convenient types of illness to study from this point of view is Huntington's chorea, not only because of its psychiatric aspects, but also because of its striking symptomatology and course.
The Impedance Angle and its Relation to Thyroid Treatment in Mental Disorder
Authors: Sargant William , Fraser Russell , Brazier M. A. B.
Published: August 2008

Numerous workers have experimented with thyroid treatment in mental disorder ever since this drug was first introduced into therapeutics. While some of them have reported success in a small proportion of their cases, others have remained quite unconvinced of its efficacy, except in mental disorder secondary to recognizable myxódema, and have attributed the changes observed to the known tendency of psychotic patients to periodic fluctuations or spontaneous recovery. Thyroid has been used in a variety of ways. Doses ranging from 1 gr. up to 70 gr. of the thyroideum siccum a day have been prescribed, and as a result it has been found that many schizophrenic patients have an abnormal tolerance for thyroid. For instance, Hoskins (1929) reported the administration of 48 gr. of thyroideum siccum a day for six months to a schizophrenic patient who showed apparent improvement and no toxic effects; but he has pointed out that not all schizophrenics can tolerate these enormous dosages without being intoxicated and made worse. It has, however, been the deliberate aim of some workers in the past to produce an intoxication, but this method has now largely been abandoned.
Cardiac Complications in Cardiazol Treatment; Observations in Four Cases
Authors: Dick A. , McAdam W.
Published: August 2008

The occurrence of auricular fibrillation in three patients; notes regarding onset, nature and duration of manifestations.

Electro-cardiographic diagnosis, interpretation of and comparison with organic fibrillation.

The onset of heart-block immediately following a convulsion in another patient. Discussion of subsequent course and treatment.

Comment on the significance of these complications in relation to the safety of convulsive therapies.

Observations on blood-pressure in some of the above cases.
The Psycho-Somatic Unity—A Few Practical Inferences
Authors: Heyer G. R.
Published: August 2008

The fact that in the course of many neuroses there occur associated feelings of inferiority of a bodily nature, as well as the fact that there are neuroses originating in disturbances of bodily functioning—organ neuroses—compels us to scrutinize our hitherto accepted ideas of the nature and meaning, both of the somatic and of the psychic analysis of the latter. This need is based not merely on speculative grounds and on clinically or experimentally determined facts of recent medical research, but also in reference to the conceptions of modern physics and the views due to advances in zoology and biology. The accurate observations of these scientific disciplines and the inferences drawn from them no longer allow us to consider the somatic as merely secondarily informed by the psyche or as though inspired by a psychic act of projection. Just as the “wave “of the physicist is as much the carrier of the same primeval essence as is the “atom”, so also the world of organic forms has not been constructed secondarily by the conscious thinking spirit; on the contrary—apart from the aberrant (?) adaptations—we must recognize a prototypical pattern (?) also throughout the plant-animal kingdom. We have to recognize an aesthetic controlling principle that belongs to the somatic as such and is innate with it. The great creative artists have always sought for this essential pattern.
Love As a Process of Maturation
Authors: von Hattingberg H.
Published: August 2008

It is a matter of fact that love represents an indispensable function in the development of the personality. It is true for the peculiar relation arising out of human contact as well as for the critical processes which passion evokes in our psychic life. The importance of this function has increased concomitantly with our constantly growing consciousness. Analytical psychology has occupied itself at various times with the problem of the development of the personality through love—in a certain sense we might say that this is one of its basic ideas. It is therefore all the more remarkable that the literature offers nowhere a clear expression of this idea. In any event the decisive conclusions to be drawn from the assumption of this conception have never been formulated, much less accepted.
The Psychogenic Factor in Hæmatemesis
Authors: Wilson A. T. M.
Published: August 2008

The usual cause of hæmatemesis is erosion of the gastric mucosa through some acute peptic ulcer, or as a complication in chronic peptic ulcer. Dated clinical and personal histories and an outline of the characteristics of the individual before the onset of symptoms were obtained from 16 female and 34 unselected male patients with severe hæmatemesis.
The Relation of the Psyche to the Endocrine Glands
Authors: Allen Clifford
Published: August 2008

The study of the relationship of the psychical and the endocrine mechanisms is made more difficult by the fact that the body does not react by separate systems, but as a coherent interlocking piece of machinery. Not only does the mind react on the glands and vice versa, but each gland reacts on the others to some extent. If follows therefore that one syndrome can be produced by two or more glands or by the mind and one gland. An example of the first is the adiposity, sexual dystrophy and hirsutism which make adrenal and pituitary syndromes so confusing, and of the second the difficulty in differentiating anxiety states from thyroid disease.
The Iron Content of the Human Brain.—II
Authors: Tingey A. H.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (1) the iron, copper and manganese content of the human brain were recorded, with special reference to the G.P.I. cortex, which in certain cases contained an excess of both total and “available” (i.e., non-hæmatin) iron.
A Preliminary Inquiry into the Part Played by Character and Temperament in Accident Causation
Authors: Chambers E. G.
Published: August 2008

The concept of accident-proneness is by no means a new one; but the term has passed into popular use, and although the colloquial usage of the term is frequently incorrect, yet the idea that some people are more liable to sustain accidents than their more fortunate fellows is now widely accepted. Of late years psychologists have made it their business to inquire into the nature of this susceptibility to accidents, and have found that whilst mankind in general is characterized by this proneness, there are individual differences in the degree to which it is possessed. In any sufficiently large observational group it is usually found that most of the accidents are sustained by a minority of the members of that group, and it is obviously of importance to discover what are the personal qualities or lack of abilities which make this minority specially accident-prone.
Diffuse Sclerosis with Preserved Myelin Islands: A Pathological Report of a Case, with a Note on Cerebral Involvement in Raynaud's Disease
Authors: Horanyi-Hechst B. , Meyer A.
Published: August 2008

Pelizaeus (1885) described a family of which five members exhibited a rather uniform clinical symptomatology, consisting of tremor of the head, nystagmus, spastic paraplegia, etc. He thought he was dealing with an atypical familial form of disseminated sclerosis. Twenty-five years later Merzbacher (1910) investigated the same family and found the symptoms in twelve members, representing four generations. Symptomatology and clinical course of the condition was, in all patients, approximately identical: onset within the first months of life, rapid progression within the first six years, slowing down later considerably, death after twenty to thirty years due to intercurrent disease. The symptoms were tremor of the head, nystagmus; later paraplegia, ataxia, visual and auditory disturbances, involuntary movements, etc. The emotional and intellectual sphere remained comparatively unimpaired. The heredity was found to be recessive: the mothers, though themselves spared by the disease, pass it on to their sons (though among the twelve cases of Merzbacher there were also two females). In the one case investigated histopathologically by Merzbacher a diffuse demyelinization was found, particularly marked within the occipital region, distributed symmetrically in both the hemispheres and characterized by the persistence of myelin islands, often around vessels, which gave the condition the appearance of a tiger's skin. Merzbacher thought he was dealing with an hereditary aplasia of axis cylinders and myelin fibres, and called the condition aplasia axialis extra-corticalis congenita.
Resultant and Purposive in Psychiatry
Authors: Crichton-Miller H.
Published: August 2008

Ladies and Gentlemen,—I have to acknowledge with grateful appreciation the honour you have done me in electing me to the Presidency of this Section.

I recall that my immediate predecessor, in his learned address from this chair, deplored the slow progress of psychiatry in the last half century. He stressed the necessity for intensive research in many directions. As I listened to him I felt that there was one supreme need in psychiatry, and that need was the co-ordination of biological and psychological views. As it seems to me, we have an increasing volume of research proceeding on these two lines, yet the lines never seem to meet. The psychologists pour out an incessant stream of literature, equalled only by the joint efforts of histologists, biochemists, neurologists and the rest. But what psychopathologist would bring himself to refer to Alzheimer cells, or what biochemist could make mention of an Œdipus complex? Yet in some of our patients—perhaps in most, if not in' all—such factors co-exist. I venture to express the hope that during this session our discussions may elaborate the leitmotif of synergic ietiology.
Disturbances of Glucose Tolerance and of the Acid-Base Equilibrium in Manic-Depressive Insanity
Authors: Marshall J. K.
Published: August 2008

It has been recognized for many years that in certain cases of mental disorder there is a demonstrable disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism. Among early observations may be mentioned those of Raimann (1902), Schultz and Knauer (1909) and Laudenheimer (1898). These workers reported the presence of sugar in the urine of patients suffering from depressive and anxiety states, and noted that the glycosuria often varied with the severity of the mental disturbances and disappeared with them. They remarked, however, that the phenomenon was of little diagnostic importance, inasmuch as it could be found in depressive states associated with many different types of mental illness. Such observations were of value as an indication for further research, but until it was established that the glycosuria was not due to a derangement of the renal mechanism of sugar excretion, it could not be claimed that the findings indicated such a fundamental metabolic disturbance as is now known to exist. Although Santenoise and Tinel (1923) stated that the renal threshold varies according to the mental state of the patient, many more recent workers have shown that the increased sugar excretion is always associated with a greater or less degree of hyperglycæmia, and, although agreement on this point is not complete, the balance of evidence favours the belief that such hyperglycæmia is alimentary in origin, and not spontaneous. As the earliest workers appeared to recognize, the metabolic disturbance is found mainly in states of depression, which may be retarded or agitated, and in certain cases of schizophrenia, which, too, may be stuporose or restless. Some investigators are of the opinion that the same disturbance may be found in states of mania as well as or even to the exclusion of depressive states, but this is a view which is held only by a minority.
Congenital Ichthyosis, Idiocy, Infantilism and Epilepsy—The Syndrome of Rud
Authors: Stewart R. M.
Published: August 2008

To the student of mental deficiency the lower grades of oligophrenia offer endless opportunities for the exercise of his diagnostic acumen, and in this largely unexplored terrain there are doubtless many syndromes awaiting discovery.
A Century of Psychiatry in the Punjab
Authors: Patch C. J. Lodge
Published: August 2008

The choice of my subject for this address has been determined by two factors: firstly, the precedent set by many Presidents of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, when, as medical superintendents of modern mental hospitals which have emerged from ancient asylums, they spoke fascinatingly of their institutions' more remote past. Secondly, it has always been a cause for regret that I was not able to complete the centennial cycle in a book which I published eight or nine years ago entitled, A Critical Review of the Mental Hospitals in the Punjab from 1840 to 1930. It would be possible now, in this year of grace 1939, to hold a psychiatric centenary and to publish a new, revised and up-to-date edition, but the contents of a volume cannot be conveniently condensed into a few pages of typescript. All that can be done is to indicate retrospectively some of the ups and downs of the past century, to paint rapidly some of the high-lights and shadows which have alternately illuminated and darkened the history of psychiatry in this province. So if my recital seems disjointed, if there is little logical connection between one silhouette and the next, if there appears to be a flight of ideas, I beg that you will not regard this address as more maniacal than chairmaniacal.
Insulin Therapy
Authors: Dunne John , O'Brien Eveleen
Published: August 2008

As the title suggests, this paper is a review of insulin therapy in our hospital, and as such we shall discuss only actual cases with their results.
Sterilization Policy, Economic Expediency and Fundamental Inheritance, with Especial Reference to the Inheritance of the Intelligence Quotient
Authors: Southwick Walter E.
Published: August 2008

In a social system where responsibility for the care and support of children rests with the parents, society is justified in imposing restrictions designed to prevent the births of children to a socially incompetent person who is unable to assume such responsibility. Owing to the overcrowded conditions of state institutions for the care of the mentally defective, it is certain that patients committed to such institutions are scarcely able to provide satisfactory care and support for themselves, and would not be able to provide adequately for any children that they might produce. On this basis, society is quite justified in enacting the regulation, as, according to Popenoe (1, 2), has been done in one State, that no patient who has been committed to a state institution for the care of the feeble-minded shall be allowed to leave the institution without having first been sterilized.
Psychic and Somatic Reactions to Subconvulsive and Convulsive Doses of Triazol
Authors: Dynes John B. , Tod Henry
Published: August 2008

This investigation attempts to determine what effect a sub-convulsive dose of triazol had on the individual patient as compared with a convulsive dose, and in addition to study and compare the reactions of a group of deteriorated schizophrenic patients with those of a heterogeneous group composed of mental disorders not schizophrenic. There were 12 patients in each group. The first group of schizophrenic patients was made up of individuals who showed marked emotional deterioration, with either a poverty of affective response or a definitely inappropriate affect. All these patients had had their mental disorder for many years. The average duration of the psychosis in the schizophrenic group was 9 years, and the average age of the group was 31 years. The heterogeneous group was composed of three patients classified as manic-depressive in the depressed phase, two depressed patients in a stuporous condition, three psychoneurotic patients with chronic anxiety states, and four with chronic obsessive states. The average age of the heterogeneous group was 33 years.
“Watchman, What of the Night?”
Authors: Boyle A. Helen A.
Published: August 2008

I chose the title “Watchman, What of the Night?” because I hope to show that “the night is departing, the day is approaching”.

When I was thinking, with considerable anxiety, how I should start this address to you I was at the same time listening to the anthem by Brahms: “Blesseadre they that mourn”. Surely this omen was a good omen. How ever I may mourn to fall short of the high standard you are accustomed to, you will I trust bless and comfort me by your kind-hearted and friendly reception of my effort.
Co-Operation Between Skin and Nervous Clinics at a General Hospital
Authors: Davies J. H. Twiston
Published: August 2008

I would first like to thank you for the honour and privilege of addressing you on this subject of co-operation between special departments of a general hospital.
Some Practical Considerations in Relation to In-Patient and Out-Patient Treatment in the Psychoneuroses
Authors: Flind James
Published: August 2008

My remarks in this paper are based on two inquiries I have made into the case material with which I dealt while I had charge of one of the weekly Out-Patient Departments at The Lady Chichester Hospital.
The Relationship of Dementia Præcox to Mental Deficiency
Authors: James Stanley G.
Published: August 2008

From a clinical point of view, mental deficiency and insanity are usually considered to be separate disorders. The members of each group who require institutional care are collected in separate hospitals and the methods of treatment are on different lines.
A Study of Folie à Deux
Authors: Coleman Stanley M. , Last Samuel L.
Published: August 2008

During the last century the fact that two people share a psychosis has been recognized as constituting a problem of psychiatry. Although quite a number of cases have been published, we were surprised at the relatively small number. The subject lends itself admirably to systematization, and the classification which has been accepted by most writers is the one evolved by French authors.
Some Further Observations on Vitamin C Estimations in Psychotic and Psychopathic Patients
Authors: Minski Louis , Constantine N. D.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper published in the Journal for July, 1938, the vitamin C content of the urine of 50 psychotic patients was estimated. Although it was found that the urine content was on the low side, no definite conclusion could be reached as to whether there was any correlation between the form of mental disorder and the deficiency of vitamin C. Since that time the urines of another 256 patients have been examined, which, together with the original 50, make a total of 306.
“Stationary” General Paralysis of the Insane. A Report on a Case of Thirty-One Years' Duration
Authors: Galbraith A. J.
Published: August 2008

Mr. W. T. O—, aged 48. Admitted to Han well (now St. Bernard's) Hospital on 15. iv. 1904.

The patient was admitted from Wormwood Scrubs prison, and there is no available information regarding his condition before his admission to hospital. At this time it was stated that he was confused and unable to give any accurate information about himself. He was garrulous and his conversation was largely incoherent. There are no details of his physical condition on admission. In 1908 he is described as being elated and garrulous. He expressed many delusions of grandeur, stating, for instance, that he was owed large sums of money and possessed his own private carriages, etc. He was rather childish and his memory was impaired. His physical condition was stated to be “much improved “and he was able to be up and about. Even so he showed definite and obvious physical signs of general paralysis (unequal pupils, reacting only sluggishly to light, tremor of lips, etc.).
Brain Respiration and Glycolysis in Cardiazol Convulsions
Authors: MacLeod Leslie Dundonald , Reiss Max
Published: August 2008

Since Hildebrandt (1926) described the convulsant effect of cardiazol injection, several studies have been carried out on the mechanism of such convulsions. Zung and Tremonti (1931) suggested a direct action on the respiratory centre when cardiazol is used as a stimulant; Kerr and Antaki (1937) found no effect on brain glycogen or phosphocreatine in cardiazol-induced convulsions; Hashimoto (1937) found differences in distribution of calcium and potassium ions in the central nervous system after cardiazol. Goodwin and Lloyd (1938) recorded a direct effect on brain potential changes as shown on oscillographic records. Leibel and Hall (1938) found a large (75 per cent.) diminution of cerebral blood-flow at the onset of cardiazol convulsions. Weigand (1938) found no effect on liver glycogen or vitamin A content, reducing power of suprarenal cortex or blood picture. Denyssen and Watterson (1938) and Watterson and Macdonald (1939) attribute the convulsions to action on the vasomotor centre and note the action of vasodilator drugs in inhibiting convulsions. Wortis (1938) quoted by Quastel (1939) found no effect on brain respiration.
The Influence of the Endocrines on Cerebral Circulation
Authors: Reiss Max , Golla Yolande M. L.
Published: August 2008

This paper represents a preliminary attempt to investigate some aspects of the influence exercised by the endocrine glands on the cerebral blood supply at various stages of development.
An Attempt to Induce Patients Suffering from Catatonia to Active and Voluntary Movements
Authors: Bierer J.
Published: August 2008

The management and treatment of patients suffering from catatonia are constantly presenting a problem for mental hospital staffs, particularly in modern times, when more emphasis is laid on treatment than on custodial care.

The problem of making people suffering from catatonia into useful members of the hospital community seemed, from the very beginning, to be bound to fail, as long as the difficulty of inducing them to active and voluntary movements was not overcome.
Morgagni's Syndrome: A Clinical and Pathological Study
Authors: Hemphill R. E. , Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

In recent years attention has been drawn afresh to a group of cases in which there is a hyperostosis of the flat bones of the skull, associated with various mental changes and signs of endocrinological disturbances. In 1761 Morgagni mentioned the existence of hyperostosis of the inner table of the skull, and referred to its association with virilism and obesity. Morgagni's brilliant observation was neglected until recently, when it was proposed to name the condition Morgagni's syndrome. F. Morel (1931) published his monograph on frontal hyperostosis of the skull, and expressed the opinion that hyperostosis frontalis interna is a well-defined disease. He suggested that the proliferation of bone is provoked by adhesions between the dura and the inner table of the skull. As characteristics of the syndrome he described obesity, polyphagia, polydipsia, disturbance of sleep, weakness of muscles, loss of sight, headaches, and sometimes epileptic fits. In his opinion a pituitary disturbance is the primary cause of the disease. Shortly before Morel, R. M. Stewart (1928) described cases of insanity with localized calvarial hyperostosis. He found sclerosis of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which he considered was the responsible cause. Schiff and Trelles (1931) suggested that there might be a relationship with Dercum's disease. Dressier (1927) and Greig (1928) dealt with the pathology of the bony changes. Greig suggests that a disturbance of the calcium and phosphorus metabolism is the causative agent. Critchley (1931), dealing with the neurology of old age, emphasized the importance of hyperostosis frontalis interna. A very extensive series of skulls taken from the average hospital population was investigated by Sherwood Moore (1936), 6,650 in all. In his case material there was 1.4 per cent. of hyperostosis. He tried to classify hyperostosis into four forms.
The Influence of Cardiazol on Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Bain A. J.
Published: August 2008

A small controlled series of cases of schizophrenia was treated with cardiazol at this hospital. A list of all those thought suitable for treatment was drawn up in order of date of admission and divided into two by selecting alternate cases. From the prognostic point of view there was little to choose between the two groups. The average duration of illness for all patients was six years. At the Berne-Munsingen Congress it was agreed that the remission rate falls rapidly with the duration of the illness, and that few cases of over four years' duration recovered with cardiazol treatment. This is also the opinion of others (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), so no startling results were anticipated.
Convulsion Therapy by Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Dax E. Cunningham
Published: August 2008

It is generally agreed that there are many objections to the use of cardiazol and azoman (triazol) as convulsants. The treatment is generally disliked and the injections are attended by much apprehension. There is frequently amnesia, though usually of a temporary nature. There may be some actual damage to the brain, fractures are not infrequent, and other complications sometimes occur. Old tuberculous lesions have been reactivated and deaths have occurred in status epilepticus from the use of azoman.
Compensatory Enlargement of the Posterior Communicating Artery Following Arterio-Sclerotic Changes of the Posterior Cerebral Artery
Authors: Klein R.
Published: August 2008

While a vast literature refers to anomalies in various arteries of the brain, there are only a few reports concerning anatomical changes of vessels following altered circulatory conditions. Critchley mentions in his study of the anterior cerebral artery and its syndromes, an observation in which an arterio-sclerotic anterior cerebral artery of one side was so small as to be incapable of maintaining an adequate circulation, so that by way of an abnormally large anterior communicating artery the opposite anterior cerebral supplied both hemispheres. Critchley adds to that case several similar observations from the literature. The application of arteriography to circulatory disturbances has directed attention to analogous cases. Thus Moniz reported several observations in which a closure of the carotid artery of one side led to a distension of the anterior communicating in order to establish collateral circulation. The same mechanism appeared to be effective in the following two cases which we met in the course of our studies on brain vessels.
The Trial of Alexander Milne for Murder in Edinburgh
Authors: Yellowlees D.
Published: August 2008

There has recently taken place before the High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh a trial for murder, in which the insanity of the prisoner was pleaded as the defence, and in the course of which several questions of great difficulty and importance were raised. We give a brief abstract of the trial, with a still briefer comment.
On Melancholia
Authors: Sankey W. H. O.
Published: August 2008

During the past few years there have been published, both in this country and on the continent, several comprehensive treatises on the subject of insanity, as well as new editions of older works. In England there has been issued a new edition of the volume by Drs. Bucknill and Tuke, a volume on ‘Obscure Mental Disease,’ &c., by Dr. Forbes Winslow. In Germany, a new edition of the work of Griesinger, ‘Die Pathologie und Therapie der Psychischen Krankheiten;’ and in 1859, ‘Lehrbuch der Psychiatre,’ by Neumann, and ‘Allgemeine Pathologie der Seele,’ by Wachsmuth, each of which enjoys an extensive reputation. In France, a ‘Traité Elémentaire et Pratique des Maladies Mentales,’ par Dr. Dagonet, of Strasbourg; ‘Traité Pratique des Maladies Mentales,’ par Dr. L. V. Marcé, of Paris. In 1860, ‘Traité des Maladies Mentales,’ par Dr. B. A. Morel, of Rouen; in 1859, ‘Traité des Maladies Inflammatoires du Cerveau,’ par le Dr. L. F. Calmeil. It is the aim of the present article to examine into views entertained by the authors of the above works on the subject of melancholia, and to compare them with those contained in the writings of older writers, as well as with opinions to be found scattered in the periodical literature of insanity. It is true, that the aim of the different writers named was different while writing their works. One class of them have had for their object to produce digested handbooks, others original and scientific treatises. While the one avoid discussion on disputed points, the others make such discussion an important part of their works.
A Rational and Practical Classification of Insanity
Authors: Skae David
Published: August 2008

I thank you most heartily and sincerely for the very high honour you have conferred upon me in electing me as your President for the ensuing year. I confess that I feel myself very undeserving of this distinction, and very unequal, I fear, to discharge the duties attached to the office in a manner becoming its dignity and importance. The head and front of my ill desert has been my irregular attendance, or rather my regular absence from the meetings of the Association; and it was, therefore, with feelings of surprise, as well as gratification, that I heard of my election at your last annual meeting, where, as usual, I was absent. That I should have been elected in those circumstances, I cannot but regard simply as a compliment to Scotland, and to its metropolitan asylum, of which I have the fortune to be the chief. I thank you, therefore, most cordially, not only for myself, but for old Scotland and its modern Athens, as some of your poets have called her, or rather, I should say, for the town which we ourselves call by the more endearing name of Auld Reekie.
Homicidal Insanity
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

On considering the uncertain state of popular and scientific opinion with regard to homicidal insanity, it will appear that the confusion is due mainly to the influence of the method of studying mental phenomena, to the false foundation upon which psychology rests. The method is subjective, whereas it should rightly be objective. Each philosopher looks into his own consciousness, makes generalisations from what he thinks he finds there, and then, with these false visions of unseen realities, constructs the fabric of his system. As, however, the animal, the infant, the idiot, the uncultivated man of every clime and time, are none of them capable of introspective consciousness, it is obvious that a very large part of psychical nature is ignored by the subjective method. It is furthermore evident that a system which thus concerns itself with the most complex, with mind only at a certain degree of development, and neglects, instead of beginning with, the most simple, has no right whatsoever to the claim which it sometimes makes of being inductive. Accordingly it is found that the advances which in recent times psychology has made, have been actual appropriations from the physiologist. Beneke's psychology is in great part physiology clothed in psychological language; and Sir W. Hamilton borrowed from Beneke.
Chance
Authors: Bushnan J. Stevenson
Published: August 2008

“There is no such thing as chance,” cries the would-be philosopher. How, then, should there be such a word representing, as it surely does, a distinct idea? Our confident friend will hardly deny that equivalent to chance there is in every language not merely one but many words, each conveying the same definite thought from one mind to another, from boy to boy, from girl to girl, from woman to woman, from man to man. Does Tom speak unintelligibly to his fellows when, seeing Jack throw a stone and hit a bird, he shouts out, “Ah! by chance. Jack is no marksman”? When Jane threads her needle more cleverly than her more expert sister Mary, is she reproved for obscurity if she confesses to her superior readiness that time having been by chance? When Miss Emma writes to her dearest friend how she begins to suspect it can hardly be by chance that Mr. Edward meets her so very often in her walks, does her dearest friend fail perfectly to understand her meaning? When B. says that C. and his partner were winners at whist last night by the mere chance of good cards, is there any one so dull as to misapprehend the observation? When the traveller views Stonehenge, he pronounces it at once a work of design. When he gazes on Staffa or on the Giant's Causeway, in spite of the perpetual intrusion of the idea of these being works of art, he satisfies himself at every moment, by a slight reflection, of their being the effects of chance; and so, likewise, of the Grotto of Pausilippo, and many other natural appearances over the world.
The Effect of Passive Movement on Denervated Soleus Highlights a Differential Nerve Control on SERCA and MyHC Isoforms
Authors: Szabó András , Wuytack Frank , Zádor Ernő
Published: August 2008

The sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATP-ase (SERCA) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) levels were measured in hindlimb-denervated and selectively denervated rat soleus muscles. Selective denervation allowed passive movement of the soleus, whereas hindlimb denervation rendered it to passivity. To minimize chronic effects, we followed the changes only for 2 weeks. Selective denervation resulted in less muscle atrophy, a faster slow-to-fast transition of MyHC isoforms, and less coordinated expressions of the slow vs fast isoforms of MyHC and SERCA. Generally, expression of the slow-twitch type SERCA2a was found to be less dependent, whereas the slow-twitch type MyHC1 was the most dependent on innervation. Our study shows that passive movement is able to ameliorate denervation-induced atrophy of the soleus and that it also accentuates the dyscoordination in the expression of the corresponding slow and fast isoforms of MyHC and SERCA.
Increased 5-Lipoxygenase Immunoreactivity in the Hippocampus of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Ikonomovic Milos D. , Abrahamson Eric E. , Uz Tolga , Manev Hari , DeKosky Steven T.
Published: August 2008

The proinflammatory enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its localization and association with the hallmark lesions of the disease, β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), is unknown. This study examined the distribution and cellular localization of 5-LOX in the medial temporal lobe from AD and control subjects. The spatial relationship between 5-LOX immunoreactive structures and AD lesions was also examined. We report that, in AD subjects, 5-LOX immunoreactivity is elevated relative to controls, and its localization is dependent on the antibody-targeted portion of the 5-LOX amino acid sequence. Carboxy terminus-directed antibodies detected 5-LOX in glial cells and neurons, but less frequently in neurons with dystrophic (NFT) morphology. In contrast, immunoreactivity observed using 5-LOX amino terminus-directed antibodies was virtually absent in neurons and abundant in NFTs, neuritic plaques, and glia. Double-labeling studies showed a close association of 5-LOX-immunoreactive processes and glial cells with Aβ immunoreactive plaques and vasculature and also detected 5-LOX in tau immunoreactive and amyloid containing NFTs. Different immunolabeling patterns with antibodies against carboxy vs amino terminus of 5-LOX may be caused by post-translational modifications of 5-LOX protein in Aβ plaques and NFTs. The relationship between elevated intracellular 5-LOX and hallmark AD pathological lesions provides further evidence that neuroinflammatory pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of AD.
Elimination of hop latent viroid upon developmental activation of pollen nucleases
Authors: Matoušek Jaroslav , Orctová Lidmila , Škopek Josef , Pešina Karel , Steger Gerhard
Published: August 2008

Hop latent viroid (HLVd) is not transmissible through hop generative tissues and seeds. Here we describe the process of HLVd elimination during development of hop pollen. HLVd propagates in uninucleate hop pollen, but is eliminated at stages following first pollen mitosis during pollen vacuolization and maturation. Only traces of HLVd were detected by RT-PCR in mature pollen after anthesis and no viroid was detectable in in vitro germinating pollen, suggesting complete degradation of circular and linear HLVd forms. The majority of the degraded HLVd RNA in immature pollen included discrete products in the range of 230–100 nucleotides and therefore did not correspond to siRNAs. HLVd eradication from pollen correlated with developmental expression of a pollen nuclease and specific RNAses. Activity of the pollen nuclease HBN1 was maximal during the vacuolization step and decreased in mature pollen. Total RNAse activity increased continuously up to the final steps of pollen maturation. HBN1 mRNA, which is abundant at the uninucleate microspore stage, encodes a protein of 300 amino acids (34.1 kDa, isoeletric point 5.1). Sequence comparisons revealed that HBN1 is a homolog of S1-like bifunctional plant endonucleases. The developmentally activated HBN1 and pollen ribonucleases could participate in the mechanism of HLVd recognition and degradation.
Reconstitution of human azurocidin catalytic triad and proteolytic activity by site-directed mutagenesis
Authors: Olczak Mariusz , Indyk Katarzyna , Olczak Teresa
Published: August 2008

Azurocidin belongs to the serprocidin family, but it is devoid of proteolytic activity due to a substitution of His and Ser residues in the catalytic triad. The aim of this study was to reconstitute the active site of azurocidin by site-directed mutagenesis, analyze its processing and restored proteolytic activity. Azurocidin expressed inSf9 insect cells possessing the reconstituted His41-Asp89-Ser175 triad exhibited significant proteolytic activity toward casein with a pH optimum of approximately 8–9, but a reconstitution of only one active site amino acid did not result in proteolytically active protein. Enzymatically active recombinant azurocidin caused cleavage of the C-terminal fusion tag with the primary cleavage site after lysine at Lys-Leu and after alanine at Ala-Ala, and the secondary cleavage site after arginine at Arg-Gln, as well as with low efficiency caused cleavage of insulin chain B after leucine at Leu-Tyr and Leu-Cys, and after alanine at Ala-Leu. We demonstrate that cleavage of the azurocidin C-terminal tripeptide is not necessary for its enzymatic activity. The first isoleucine present in mature azurocidin can be replaced by similar amino acids, such as leucine or valine, but its substitution by histidine or arginine decreases proteolytic activity.