bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poor Relief in an English Medieval Town (the Case of Monastic Town of Reading)
Authors: Anisimova Anna
Published: October 2023

In the article, the example of Reading, a town situated in south-east England, is used to investigate the issue of poor relief in an English medieval town. A distinguishing characteristic of this particular town was that it remained under the monastic rule (local abbey) during the Middle Ages. This fact allows us to discuss the combination and coexistence of monastic and urban charities, in particular, their policy and actions for poor relief. That pairing was quite typical for medieval towns in general, but in these circumstances, it is reasonable to expect a certain inclination. Institutionally, systematic care of poor people took form of a hospital or an almshouse. Originally the monastic house was in the lead, but with the decline of their foundations, in the 15th century the initiative was seized by the townspeople. It was private initiatives of some individuals, but eventually the urban corporation had to, however sometimes informally, take over their care. Short-term support in form of distribution of food, money, and other essentials was undertaken on a regular basis by the monastery, especially as there was a designated official for this purpose — an almoner. The townspeople mostly left something in their bequests, other informal help is impossible to measure. The comparison of the case of Reading with other monastic towns of the same region shows that it was rather atypical for a small seigneurial town in this regard.
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and Society for Aid to Fire Victims of Moscow and Moscow Province
Authors: Gromova Anna
Published: October 2023

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in Russia there was an intensive development of the charitable movement, in which the Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna took the most active part. Possessing organizational skills, the Grand Duchess was able to involve public and state leaders, clergy and private individuals in implementing her charitable projects. One of the most important areas of her charitable work became aid to the poorest fire victims in Moscow and Moscow province. In 1989 was founded “The Society for the Relief of Moscow and Moscow Province Fire Victims, under the auspices of Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna”. The society actively carried out educational work among the population on fire-prevention safety. Substantial assistance was rendered in insuring the population against fires, opening nurseries or orphanages for children of working parents, etc. The article analyses the calculation of fire statistics and the causes of fires and the decisions made to counteract the occurrence of fires.
Helping Refugees in Russia During the First World War: the Tatiana Committee
Authors: Khitrov Alexey
Published: October 2023

The publication is devoted to the study of assistance to refugees in Russia during the First World War. The author considers the activities of the Committee of Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna for providing assistance to victims of military disasters as a special charitable organization under the auspices of the imperial family. The article examines the reasons for the formation of the committee as a charitable public organization, directions, forms and methods of helping refugees. The nature of the relationship between the Tatyana Committee and public organizations, the coordination of the activities of the state and society in organizing assistance to refugees is being studied.
Working Hours in 13th Century Paris
Authors: Kirillova Ekaterina
Published: October 2023

Methods for determining the exact time by artisans and merchants of Paris in the 13th century considered in the paper on the material of the regulations of the “Book of Crafts” and the statutes on Parisian trade duties. The focus is on “hours” (“hour” as a synonym for “time”, the first, third and ninth hours of the dayetc.) and their relationship with other criteria that determined the start and end of the working day: the bell ringing, the cry of the herald, the actions of other artisans and townspeople. This allowed the author to correct ideas about natural cycles and “church time” as key ways of determining time, to show the need of urban artisansand merchants for a more accurate accounting and definition of time in general and its individual momentsduring the day, the need to use different methods of estimating the time of day and, accordingly, of working time, the need to overcome the subjectivity of the workshop owner or client.
Impeachment in the Medieval English Parliament
Authors: Kalmykova Elena
Published: October 2023

This article explores four cases of impeaching high officials of the Kingdom of England. The first impeachment occurred in 1376 and was legally codified in 1383 and 1386. The law however was not used again until 1450. After another long break, impeachment was properly developed in the Stuart period and from 1621 it became an effective tool of confronting the abuses of power by royal favourites, ministerial misgovernance and other forms of damage done to the king and the kingdom. While demanding the punishment of guilty individuals, the members of the Parliament insisted not only on the financial compensation of damages but also tried to establish the principle of the announcement of the appointments in the Parliament. Although the notion of ministerial accountability developed only later, the monarchs drastically rejected any attempts to limit their right to appoint their own candidates to offices and control their activities.
Medieval Monastic Consuetudines: in Search of Definition and Classification
Authors: Mastyayeva Irina
Published: October 2023

By the beginning of the 12th century, the life of a monk in Latin West was regulated by a complex set of normative documents. Among the latter were customaries, consuetudines, which for a long time remained perhaps the least studied normative sources on the history of Western monasticism. In the 1950s, the works of K. Hallinger laid the foundation for the scholarly study of consuetudines: the very first critical editions of customaries were published, a definition of this type of source was formulated, and the first classification was compiled. Subsequently, through the efforts of a number of scholars representing different scientific schools and research centers around the world, the definition and classifications were refined, becoming increasingly precise and complex. As a result, by the present time, the place of consuetudines in the system of normative documents regulating monastic life in the Latin West in the Middle Ages is clearly defined: they are perceived as local customizations of monastic rules. Several hypotheses have been formulated to explain the origin and development of customaries, and a sufficient number of quite intricate classifications of consuetudines have been created to assist historians in working with this historical source.
Charitable Associations and the Formation of the Public Sphere in the Russian Empire in the 19th Century
Authors: Tumanova Anastasiya
Published: October 2023

The author recreates the life cycle of a charitable organization in Imperial Russia. It based on the materials of a wide range of sources, primarily documents of the records of charitable associations, their reports, charters, minutes of meetings, etc., as well as archival documents and periodical materials. The author makes an attempt to identify the specific features and peculiarities of voluntary charitable associations, to find out their role in the formation of the public sphere of Imperial Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that charitable associations played a significant role in the formation of the public sphere. By developing effective forms of social assistance they contributed to the formation of values of altruism and solidarity in society, in the development of ideas and principles of service to one's neighbor, as well as the consolidation of representatives of various social groups and professional communities around them. By helping the people of various social and professional status, consolidating professional communities on significant tasks, charitable associations contributed to the formation of elements of civil society within the “soslovnoye” society. They were a model of partnership between society and the state in solving social issues. In the absence of a state social security system in pre-revolutionary Russia, the emerging mechanism of social assistance turned out to be very viable.
Time and the Universe in the Iconography of the Guyart des Moulins’s “Bible Historiale”
Authors: Kseniia Soshnikova
Published: October 2023

This article is devoted to the study of Guyart des Moulins’s “Bible Historiale” (“Historical Bible”) illumination art on the example of two codices preserved in the National Library of Russia. The “Bible Historiale”, which combined the translation of the Vulgate and the “Historia Scholastica” by Peter Comestor into French, was one of the most popular translations of the Bible in France and preserved in numerous copies. The manuscripts from the National Library of Russia stand out among other surviving copies of the Guyart des Moulins’s work for their unusual iconography. The author examines the illumination features of the Bible in the 14th century and shows how the subjects of time and the universe, the order of the earthly and heavenly worlds were reflected in the miniatures and the text of the Historical Bible. These topics reveal the outlook on the universe of medieval man, his attitude to life and history.
Scientific and Technical Cooperation of the Eastern Bloc Countries in the Context of the COMECON Reform (1969—1971)
Authors: Kuzmichev Ilya
Published: October 2023

В научной статье на базе материалов фонда СЭВ анализируется научно-техническое сотрудничество в рамках Совета экономической взаимопомощи во второй половине 1960-х — начале 1970-х гг. В материале впервые сформирована комплексная картина национальных установок стран-членов в сфере науки и техники перед реформой СЭВ, а также показано, какое отражение они нашли в процессе разработки раздела по науке и технике Комплексной программы социалистической экономической интеграции 1971 г. Приводимые в статье новые архивные данные проливают свет на уникальный процесс проектной работы над разделом в рамках ad hoc рабочей группы № 4. На основе анализа материалов автор приходит к выводу, что импульс развитию многосторонних научно-технических контактов в рамках СЭВ придали процессы экономических преобразований в странах-членах, запрос сторон на институциональные реформы самого Совета, а также активное развертывание в странах-членах научно-технической революции. Как показывает автор, в дискуссиях остро проявилось расхождение между прогрессивными и консервативными установками отдельных сторон, однако существовал консенсус относительно усиления сотрудничества как такового. В материале показано, что сотрудничество в области науки и техники стран СЭВ мыслилось в категориях экономического соревнования двух систем, что влекло за собой активное развитие в те годы научно-технической дипломатии в отношении стран «глобального Юга» и защиты интереса в международных институтах системы ООН. В статье также высказан вывод, что положительный опыт работы группы № 4 на уровне руководителей профильных органов сторон послужил решающим аргументом в пользу дальнейшего повышения статуса комиссии СЭВ до комитета с широкими межотраслевыми полномочиями.
On the Changes in Administrative Boundaries during the Paul I’s Provincial Reform
Authors: Khitrov Dmitry
Published: October 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the restructuring of provincial and uezd borders carried out during the transformations of Paul I in 1796—1797, in 25 central provinces of European Russia. Based on cartographic sources, primarily atlases of 1792 and 1800, electronic maps of administrative border systems were created at the end of the reign of Catherine II and at the end of the reign of Paul I. The study and correlation of the received multi-time electronic maps of the administrative division showed that the transformations covered all regions of the country, but to varying degrees. In the interior of the country, only two governorships were abolished, and, with this exception, the borders of the provinces did not undergo significant changes. However, the situation was different at the uezd level. In each province (except Arkhangelsk), cities were abolished and their uezds were dismantled. The study showed that mainly "new" administrative centers, which received city status during the reform of 1775, were subject to abolition. The territories of the abolished counties were distributed among neighboring ones. Although the population was not taken into account when determining which counties would be abolished, in many regions administrators sought to preserve the approximate equality of counties by residents, and other parts were often cut off from counties that acquired large plots in order to even out the resulting imbalance.
The Cadaster Book of 1628—1630 as a Source of the Historical Geography of Toropetsky Uezd of the First Third of the 17th Century
Authors: Karpova Mariya
Published: October 2023

This research is a continuation of the author’s study of the historical geography of the Upper Podvinye (in particular, Toropetskaya land) in the 16th — 17th centuries. The article analyzes the cadaster book of Toropetsky uezd of the 1620s, which provides information about the territorial system, land ownership and landuse in the region in the first third of the 17th century. The study of the source showed that by the 1620s the number of volosty increased from 8 to 13, while preserving most of the volosty known from the Toropet's cadaster book of 1540. It was found out that the archaic features of the territorial structure of Toropetsky uezd (perevary), which made up a significant land fund in the middle of the 16th century, gradually adapted to the typical Moscow state structure and by the 1620s turned into volosty. It is determined that the local system of Toropetsky uezd, genetically dating back to the 1540s, expanded due to the inclusion of landowner families that had not previously been in the region, while preserving as the basis those clans that had significant land holdings in the second quarter of the 16th century (among them are Golenishchevs, Tchoglokovs, Kushelevs, Kaftyrevs, Zeleny, Chikhachevs, etc.). It is revealed that the events of the beginning of the 17th century had a negative impact on the economic development of the Toropet’s land, expressed in the desolation of 90 % of all agricultural land, a small part of which is involved in economic processing by the end of the first third of the 17th century. The data obtained significantly complement the ideas of modern historiography about the development of the Toropet’s land in the first third of the 17th century.
The Horseman of the Seal of Ivan III: Sources of Visual Image
Authors: Pchelov Evgeny
Published: October 2023

The article analyzes the image of a rider defeating a dragon on the front side of the seal of Ivan III of the 1490s. This image has a number of characteristic features, including a special method of sitting on a horse and holding a spear. These features are not characteristic of the old Russian art of the XV century, however, they find analogues in the works of art of the Italian Quattrocento. They go back to the ancient tradition of depicting a horseman armed with a spear, which Renaissance masters could get acquainted with by the example of the monumental monuments of Rome. Thus, the master of the seal of Ivan III could belong to the Florentine-Roman art school, and perhaps it was the Roman master Christopher mentioned in the chronicles.
Continuity of Vocational Training in the Regulations of French Manufactories
Authors: Kirillova Ekaterina
Published: October 2023

The article examines the regulation of the terms and process of vocational training in Modern History by the common to French kingdom and separate manufacturing regulations. Their prescriptions are compared with guild traditions, which allows to raise the question of the continuity of ideas and practices, as well as the traditional and new terminology of normative acts. Manufactories set the training duration, which was its main normative characteristic, and, like the guilds, assumed the continuity of this process as an unconditional rule, as well as for professional activity in general, but they could not ignore objective life circumstances and personal conflicts (the death of a master, lack of work, escapes of apprentices, etc.). The author analyzes how the regulations qualified “the absence” or presence of an apprentice and a master in the workshop during training, its duration and consequences.
Eaglet, Liberty, Hercules, and a Beehive: from the History of the Evolution of the State Seal of France in the Time of Napoleon
Authors: Mitrofanov Andrey
Published: October 2023

The article is devoted to the formation of republican and imperial emblems of the late 18th — early 19th centuries. in France, an important element of which was the state seal. A complete break with the heraldic tradition of the Old Order ended not in 1789, but in 1792 in connection with the overthrow of the monarchy. In August 1792, the National Convention approved a new state seal, which was used until 1804 with minor changes. The central element of the seal — the allegory of Liberty in the image of a woman was a well-known visual representation of the image of France from the very beginning of the Revolution, but in September 1792 it for the first time acquires the official status of a state emblem. The author shows how the revolutionary leaders made attempts to replace this image with others, wanting to emphasize the radical break and aspects of their political program. The projects of 1793 by Jean-Louis David and 1796 by Henri Gregoire differed significantly from each other. But the decree on the state seal of 1793, according to which the image of Liberty should be replaced by the image of Hercules, was not put into practice, and Gregoire’s proposals were completely rejected. On the basis of elements of revolutionary emblematic and neoclassical heraldic designs, in June — July 1804, a new state seal of the empire was created, the central elements of which are a golden eagle on an azure field and the image of Napoleon sitting on a throne in imperial insignia. The author emphasizes that the Napoleonic system of heraldic representation was originally conceived by Bonaparte and his advisers as an important political resource.
Manorial Custom and Its Role in the World of English Copyhold
Authors: Vinokurova Marina
Published: October 2023

The article deals with the problem of manorial custom and its role in the life of peasant world of medieval England. Manorial custom is defined as a legal phenomenon of local significance, as its socio-economic, legal and moral public norm, balancing thepowerful will of manorial lord. Peculiar regulative features of manorial custom revealed themselves in the sphere of socio-economic development and manorial jurisdiction of customary courts, in the rules of inheritance and women’s property rights including widow law, in compliance with behavioral norms. Manorial custom was based on such criteria as antiquity of legal rules, reasonableness (its correlation with everyday life and manorial economic development), permanence and continuity of reliance on the custom (its frequent usage). Historical destiny of manorial custom revealed itself in the process of coercive deformation by the powerful lord’s will, constantly growing in its significance in the period of agrarian revolution because of the market conjuncture’s changing. Its role had been gradually decreasing, and this fact (together with other circumstances) partly brought to mass expropriation of English peasantry in the period of parliamentary enclosures of 18th century.
City and Castle in Castile and Leon from the End of the 12th to the Middle of the 14th Century: a Subject from the History of Feudal Power
Authors: Aurov Oleg
Published: October 2023

The article attempts to analyze a complex of mutual relations between City and Castle or Alcazar (urban reinforced residence of kings and lords) in the period from the edition of Latin Fuero of Cuenca (after 1177) till the time of “Ordenamiento de Alcalá” (1348). Then the urban castle (alcazar) was a key element of city fortifications, that why it was an important object of royal and lord powers. Chatelens (alcaydes) were receiving castles (alcazars) as tenants. The castle (alcazar) was contraposed to the city in military, political, social and legal spheres. The castle (alcazar) was a source of violence and booty to the citizens especially in the periods of weakening of royal power. The attempts of citizens to control the castles (or the alcazars) using the promotion of any urban knights or any representatives of rich burghers to the position of alcayde was rarely successful, though sometimes this aim could be reached by them.
Imperial Rhetoric in the Publicism of the Palatinate before the Bohemian Coronation of Elector Frederick V
Authors: Berezhnaya Natalia
Published: October 2023

At the turn of the 16th — 17th centuries, the imperial discourse was changing, the new German princes were determined to protect the “true faith”, and they were not against revising the agreements reached by their predecessors. Confessional and imperial propaganda was on the increase in Germany. Did the publicism of the beginning of the 17th century reflect the religious social and political demarcation between the Catholic and Evangelical estate? In the Palatinate funeral sermons and speeches of professors of the University of Heidelberg, which were distributed among the subjects of the Palatinate and fellow Calvinists, the apology of the “true faith” came to the fore, and the place of the “imperial estate” was occupied by the Evangelical and Catholic estates, which were opposed to each other. However, in the writings that had spread throughout Germany, imperial rhetoric did not recede into the background, but was transformed along with the image of the Empire itself. This was evidenced by an anonymous text of 1618 of Palatinate origin on the reasons for the destruction by the troops of the Evangelical Union of the fortress of Udenheim, erected by the bishop of Speyer, a member of the Catholic League. In the 1570s — 1580s the Empire was presented as a common home for Protestants and Catholics, an assembly of estates headed by the emperor, and before the Thirty Years’ War the rhetoric of the texts of the Palatinate was increasingly moving towards understanding the Empire only as an elite community without a clear leader. This source allows us to speak about two motives of the Elector of the Palatinate Frederick V’s decision to demolish the Udenheim fortifications: the protection of the Empire and the protection of hereditary possessions, and both of these motives are indissoluble linked — the security of hereditary lands and subjects could only be ensured in the absence of threats to the Empire. Frederick V is shown in the text as one of the main persons responsible for the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation on the banks of the Rhine. The defense of the Empire for him meant the defense of his own corner of the imperial home — territories that had traditionally, since the 14th century, been under the influence of the Rhine palatine counts.
Noble Comitats (Noble Counties) of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Fifteen Years’ War (1593—1606): the Limits of Possibilities
Authors: Gusarova Tatyana
Published: October 2023

The article studies the daily activity of the noble comitats of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Fifteen Years’, or Long, War (1593—1606) i.e. the war between the Austrian Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire, which erupted on the territory of what was then Hungary. The period was not selected at random. The tension and concentration of the social forces were most noticeable in the conditions of war and, first of all, at the local level, because the local population suffered from the war and bore all its burdens: military operations, mobilization, growing taxes, lawlessness and irreparable damage caused by their own and other troops, forced gratuitous labour, military supplies, etc. In that difficult situation, society had to self-organize. The functioning and interaction of the central and local authorities became the key factor in the country resistance to the Ottomans. The noble community, united locally in a self-governing corporation, was aware of its obligations to the country when it came to its defence and tried to comply with them. But such possibilities also had limits that the population could not physically overcome, and local authorities, in dialogue with the central authorities, marked these limitations in various ways. Comitat statutes, as well as minutes of noble assemblies, contain extensive material on this issue. In combination with the laws of state assemblies, they provide an objective and fairly complete picture of this interaction.
Ericus Olai, the Praise of Sweden and the Concept “Uppsala as a New Syon” in the “Chronica Regni Gothorum”
Authors: Shcheglov Andrey
Published: October 2023

The hero of the article is Ericus Olai, the 15th century theologian and historian, and his “Chronica regni Gothorum”, the history of Sweden from primordial times to the second half of the 15th century. In the preface the author stresses the role of the Church in the society, and proclaims that the secular authorities must cooperate with the Church. This thought serves as one of the key ideas for the whole chronicle. Uppsala, the ecclesiastical centre of Sweden, is given the central place in Chronica regni Gothorum. Ericus portrays Uppsala as a place which initially was a site where pagan gods were worshiped, and which subsequently became a prominent centre of Christianity. According to Ericus Olai, Uppsala is a successor of Jerusalem and Rome. The author of the chronicle praises not only Uppsala, but also Sweden in general; he portrays Sweden as a blessed country which abounds in various natural resources. However, the concept “Uppsala as a new Syon” did not spread widely; Ericus Olai’s ideas, based on Catholic theological thought, became out of date – to a great extent in connection with the Reformation.
An Uneliminated Enemy: the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1944 to 1949
Authors: Rupasov Aleksander
Published: October 2023

The Armistice Agreement signed in September 1944 did not entail any serious changes in the political structure of Finland. However, the access of the banned Communist Party to public life in the country and the liquidation of a number of structures and organizations created the preconditions to develop the internal political situation in the country in a direction favorable to the Soviet Union. This was the reason for the fairly quiet attitude of the Soviet delegation to the Allied Control Commission in 1944—1945 towards the activities of the Social Democratic Party. This attitude was maintained in spite of the fact that this party was seen as the main political enemy, creating a split in the labour movement and preventing the strengthening of the positions of the Communists and the Democratic Union of the People of Finland. The retention of the dominant positions in the SDP leadership by V. Tanner’s supporters and nominees (U. Varjonen, V. Leskinen and others) came as a surprise to the Soviet side. All the more unexpected was the well-organized struggle of the new Party leadership against the Communists. The success accompanying this anti-communist campaign was largely due to the attitude of President J. K. Paasikivi. The formation of a Social-Democratic government, headed by K. -A. Fagerholm, must indirectly have been an indication that the dangerous years had passed, as far as Finland’s political elite was concerned. Paasikivi and the Fagerholm government made it clear that in relations with the Soviet Union the Communists as intermediaries were an unnecessary link. For the Soviets, the Social Democratic Party was a key ideological opponent, and its participation in the Government was to be prevented or at least minimized. This task was not possible.
Pushing the Boundaries: How the US Redefined the Atlantic Border of the Western Hemisphere prior to the 1941 Occupation of Iceland
Authors: Vorotnikov Vladislav
Published: October 2023

The article dwells on how the US administration redefined the Western Hemisphere in the 1930s, as special emphasis is placed on its Atlantic borders and, thus, motivations that prompted President Franklin D. Roosevelt to include Iceland in the territorial zone of the Monroe Doctrine. The analysis of public debates on this issue, with prominent officials, geographers, and analysts being involved, leads to the conclusion that first signs of gradual departure from “half-and-half” hemispherical principle of global space structuring upon which the Monroe doctrine was premised became visible after WWI. This process accelerated in the 1930s amid the deteriorating security environment that rendered this principle obsolete and led to tangible foreign political steps. It is also noted that any attempts of the academic community to find a well-substantiated justification for the politically motivated rearrangement of the Western Hemisphere boundaries were unsuccessful.
“Poor Cousins”: National Minorities in Latvia in Cartoons by S. A. Tsivinsky (1920s — 1930s)
Authors: Mikhailova Yulia
Published: October 2023

The article considers the activity of the cartoonist S. A. Tsivinsky (1895—1941), who closely cooperating with a number of Latvian newspapers during the period of the first independence. Не became the author of many political cartoons reflecting the social and political life of the country. Cartoons of S. A. Tsivinsky reflected the problem of the struggle of national minorities for their rights in the political and public spheres. He illustrated such aspects as the formation of ruling cabinets based on certain national minorities, the complex relationship between the title nation and those who until recently held a dominant position in Latvia (primarily the Baltic Germans and Russians), the gradual growth of nationalism and anti-Semitism in Latvia. Cartoons of S. A. Tsivinsky complement the material of the Latvian newspapers of the interwar period and serve as an interesting source illustrating the problems of social and political life in Latvia during the period of the first independence.
A Book on the History of Sweden in the Context of Soviet-Swedish Relations at the Turn of the 1940s — 1950s
Authors: Nazarova Evgenia
Published: October 2023

The paper refers to the authorship of the foreword to the Russian edition of “The History of Sweden” by Ingvar Andersson, published in 1951. The foreword was written by the Latvian Soviet historian Janis Zutis. According to the content and tone of the text the foreword is clearly divided into two parts. The bulk of the foreword, together with the commentary on Andersson's text, looks like Zutis’ review of the book, written from the Marxist standpoint, but in a benevolent manner. But the first few pages of the preface speak about Sweden's aggressive policy toward Russia and the Soviet Union from the Middle Ages until the mid-20th century. So, this part of the foreword is perceived as a kind of political statement in an anti-Swedish spirit. The author of the article points out that the manuscript of the book arrived at the publishing house at the end of 1950, but the foreword mentions the “Riksdag of Peace”, which took place in Stockholm on March, 3—5, 1951. As the manuscript was signed for print on March 15, 1951, the part of the preface which mentions this event must have been written between these dates. It seems that such a politicized addition to the foreword was made at the request of the censor or the publishing house management in order to comply with the official point of view on the foreign policy of the Swedish authorities in those years. But Zutis himself was actively engaged in scientific and social activities in Riga in those days and had no opportunity to divert to the addition of the foreword in the Moscow publishing house. Obviously, this work was done by someone else, not caring about the consistency of style between this part and the scientific one of the foreword.
New Archival Documents on the Finnish Occupation of Karelia (1941—1944)
Authors: Verigin Sergey
Published: October 2023

The relevance of the article is due to the special importance of preserving historical memory for modern society about the genocide of the Nazis and their allies in the occupied territory of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Its novelty is determined by the introduction of extensive archival material into scientific circulation, on the basis of which numerous aspects of the content of civilians in Finnish concentration camps are studied: the difficult situation with food; the nature of the work performed by prisoners; quarantine measures of the occupation regime in the camps; facts of war crimes of the Finnish occupiers against prisoners. Particular attention is paid to the causes of high mortality in Finnish concentration camps in 1941—1944.
The Economic Policy of Hitler’s Germany in the Occupied Countries of Northern Europe as Views of Foreign Historians
Authors: Bogdashkin Aleksandr
Published: October 2023

This article discusses the evolution of the views of foreign historians on economic goals of Nazi Germany in relation to Norway and Denmark and the methods for their implementation. The problem of economic collaboration — cooperation between the owners and management staff of industrial and banking companies in occupied countries with concerns and economic departments of the Third Reich is a theme that has been increasingly studied by historians in the last decade. The main attention author paid to the analysis of the views of national historians, as well as researchers from the UK, the USA, the FRG and the GDR, whose works contributed to the intensification of the study of this topic in Norwegian and Danish historiographies. The author concludes that not all researchers are interested in an impartial examination of the relationship between the Nazi authorities and the business community.
Science as Arbitrator on Arctic Land-Use Issues: а Historical Appraisal
Authors: Wråkberg Urban
Published: October 2023

The article offers a historical review of the practice of prioritizing scientific advice in land-use policies of the Arctic. It uses the high-arctic Svalbard archipelago as its main case study. It articulates the need for historians to contribute insights into the ways scientific communities have set much of the international agenda of Arctic and Antarctic matters over the last century. From a cultural heritage standpoint, today’s situation on Svalbard illustrates some problems of the currently widely accepted ideas of global (Arctic) governance. The author raises the question, according some points of view, whether the idea of Circumarctic, globally governed by scientific diplomacy, will not turn into something “sectorally” divided — a future that, as Arctic historians know, has a past in Arctic geopolitics from which lessons can be learned.
Sweden’s Policy of Non-Alignment in the European Integration Processes, 1950s — Early 1960s
Authors: Sadomtseva Anna
Published: October 2023

The article deals with the position of Stockholm in relation to the integration processes in Europe in the 1950s — early 1960s. It makes an attempt to explain the reason why the Swedish leadership avoided participating in the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community. It is also considered the motives of the Swedish Government, which prompted to participate in the European Free Trade Association for the purpose of long-term cooperation. The author refers to the minutes of the meetings of the Swedish Riksdag (Riksdagens protokoll), which allow to determine the positions in various political circles of Sweden regarding the “Schumann Plan” and the Treaty of Rome, as well as the possible participation of Stockholm in the integration processes. In addition, the article shows the reaction of the leaders of the bipolar system blocs — the USSR and the USA — to the actions of the Swedish leadership in relation to the European integration processes.
How Easy Is It to Eliminate an Office? Royal Edicts on the Elimination of Offices (France, Later 16th Century)
Authors: Altukhova Natalia
Published: October 2023

During the Ancient regime in France, the selling of offices (vénalité des offices) was one of the important sources to replenish the royal coffers. Despite the advantage of this practice for both the Crown and office-holders (the prestige of a regal employment, a salary or payment for services, social mobility, etc.), the selling of offices was always criticized by society. The deputies of the States General held during the later 16th century demanded to cease the selling of new offices, cut down the number of officials, and eliminate unnecessary positions and jurisdictions. That time can be considered as a ‘field of compromises’, as kings were not yet ready to relinquish the profit they were getting from the sale of offices but displayed willingness to implement some reforms. Although it was a king’s right to create new offices and eliminate the old ones, the only way to reduce the number of offices was to eliminate the vacant ones, i.e., those whose holders had died, otherwise the king would have to reimburse the owners. The analysis of acts and other decrees concerning the elimination of offices which were distinguished in the legislation of King Henry III Valois demonstrates that neither office-holders (owners of offices), nor the Crown were, in fact, interested in the elimination of offices. Some edicts concerning the elimination of offices were later cancelled.
The Conversion of Muhammad Shaybani Khan (Shakhbakht) from Desht-I-Kipchak and About the First Period His Stay in Maverannahr
Authors: Ayagan Burkutbay
Published: October 2023

In this article, the authors presents brief biographical information about Muhammad Shaybani Khan and his parents based on reliable historical sources. Also the course of his struggle in Maverannakhr for the restoration of the lost rule of his family in Desht-i-Kipchak is considered. Muhammad Shaybani and his brother Mahmud Sultan after the death of their uncle Sheikh Haydar and many wanderers took refuge from the persecution in Maverannahr. It should be said that relations between the Timurid rulers of Maverannahr and the rulers of Desht-i-Kipchak, including the grandfather of Shaybani Khan, Abulkhair Khan, were strengthened by family ties. This became the reason that their guardian of nephews of Abulkhair Khan decided to send Muhammad Sheibani and his brother to this safe land for them – to Maverannahr. The rulers of Maverannahr and Mahmud Khan the Moghul ruler of Tashkent, wanted to use the grandchildren of Abul Khair Khan in their own interests. The main results of the authors of the article were the identification of the purposes and reasons for the migration of Muhammad Shaibani to the territory of Maverannahr and the decision to consolidate this territory.
Conceptual tools for effective school administration, factors affecting job design
Authors: Sabauri Tinatin
Published: October 2023

The article focuses on conceptual factors that contribute to the formation of the school as an exemplary educational institution. The questions about effective administration and leadership are answered by analyzing the findings and insights of educational theorists. What are the moral criteria of leadership and the ambiguous and complex decision-making process? How the insights from important work design theories correlate with important conceptual approaches to school management. An important emphasis is placed on diversity and the concept of the school microcosm: how effective administration can increase the self-efficacy of teachers, which in turn always positively affects the academic performance of students. The scientific novelty of the article discusses the views of heads of public schools in Georgia, their subjective experiences, and recommendations, together with the theoretical and conceptual tools of school management. Through the phenomenological analysis conducted with school leaders in Georgia, we will get to know the professional skills and strategies that lead to the strengthening of the school’s pulse and focusing on the so-called “school of the future” model.
“Para a esperança que está perto": Entrevista com Teresa Cristina Cerdeira
Authors: Mattia Bianca Rosina , Cerdeira Teresa Cristina
Published: October 2023

Há, sem dúvida, à comunidade de pesquisadoras e pesquisadores da obra de José Saramago, referências que, por serem iniciais dos estudos saramaguianos, e especialmente por os terem feito com tamanha envergadura, são incontornáveis às pesquisas que se seguiram e às que prosseguem, em grande profusão, como bem demonstram as atividades acadêmicas em torno do centenário do escritor. As pesquisas da professora Teresa Cristina Cerdeira são parte da construção de uma geração de novas pesquisadoras e novos pesquisadores, de tal modo a permitir a reafirmação da vitalidade da literatura de José Saramago. Foi com imensa generosidade que a professora Teresa aceitou tão prontamente o meu convite para esta entrevista. Estamos aqui como que em um passeio pela obra de José Saramago, mas não vamos distraídos, guia-nos a sua leitura atenta, cuidadosa, sensível. O olhar de quem viu e reparou, e que continua a ver e a reparar.
José Saramago: a sobrevivência da utopia
Authors: Cerdeira Teresa Cristina
Published: October 2023

Este ensaio pretende reler o caminho ficcional de José Saramago desde a solaridade de Levantado do chão (1980) à pequenina luz que surge intermitentemente em Ensaio sobre a cegueira (1996) a partir de uma aposta ética na sobrevivência da utopia. Tomando por base as metáforas de Dante (il sole et l’altre stelle) e de Pasolini (lucciole), relidas por Didi-Huberman em A sobrevivência dos vagalumes, desejo pôr em evidência, o engajamento de um autor que não descuida da possibilidade de os homens minarem, com pequenos gestos positivos, a distopia em que a viragem do século parecia já submergir.
FEATURES AND CURRENT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUPERVISOR'S PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY IN SPECIAL EDUCATION AND SOCIAL WORK
Authors: Astremska Iryna , Anholenko Valentyna , Pecherytsia Nataliia , Ponomarenko Liudmyla , Kvitko Nataliia
Published: October 2023

The article is devoted to supervision, which is becoming more and more necessary in all spheres of social life, including in the system of social work and special education. It is shown that one of the tasks of supervision is the development of certain skills and expansion of the supervised's understanding and capabilities. It is justified that for the effective performance of such tasks, the supervisor himself must have the appropriate skills and abilities. The purpose of the article is to study the specifics and consider modern requirements for the professional activity of a supervisor. The task of the article: to analyze the views of scientists on the goals and functions of supervision; consider the personal and professional characteristics of supervisors and the roles they perform; to investigate the content of supervision of social work and education. It was concluded that the purpose of supervision is to help the supervisee (them) more effectively perform the tasks defined in job duties through the development of emotional maturity, and the task of supervision is to satisfy organizational, professional and personal needs.
DIGITALIZATION OF EDUCATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Authors: Hotsalyuk Alla , Chornomordenko Ivan , Varekh Nonna , Havrylo Olena , Harmatiuk Rostyslav
Published: October 2023

The article theoretically substantiates, developed and practically implemented a structural and functional model for the formation of ICT competence of students of a pedagogical university, taking into account interdisciplinary integration; the pedagogical conditions that contribute to the formation of ICT competence of students of a pedagogical university are determined: interdisciplinary integration as the basis for building an interdisciplinary course, the content of which is aimed at the formation of ICT competence; informational, didactic, technological components as a basis for the formation of ICT competence; integration of formal, non-formal and informal education to implement the integrity of the acquired knowledge, skills, experience as the basis for the formation of ICT competence of future teachers; the creation and use of a set of tasks as special means of forming ICT competence, the educational process of a pedagogical university will be built in accordance with the conditions for the digitalization of education and aimed at the formation of students' ICT competence as the basis for the implementation of their future professional activities.
LIFE STRATEGIES OF RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN FEMALE STUDENTS:
Authors: Eflova Maria , Matveeva Elizaveta , Maximova Olga
Published: October 2023

Contemporary society provides people with various ways of personality development. Young people are most susceptible to changes that occur in economics, politics, and technology. Different types of life strategies are formed and realized by young women and men, and they eventually transform public consciousness in general. The article is devoted to the analysis of life strategies and scenarios of female students living in Russia and European countries. For this purpose, a series of in-depth interviews with girls was conducted, as well as a visual analysis of the accounts of young women on the social network Instagram. Today, the process of westernization is observable – the adoption of Western European structures, practices, and lifestyles by non-European societies and countries has become a significant cultural phenomenon. Thus, based on the data obtained, it is possible to define a life strategy as a system of ideas and guidelines of the individual, aimed at the conscious design of the future. It determines and directs the behavior of individuals, reflecting the idea of the future and life path. A life strategy includes not only orientations, but also ways to achieve and realize certain goals and expectations.
THE DISCRIMINATORY SIGNIFICANCE BETWEEN THOSE WITH HIGH AND LOW ACADEMIC EFFICACY IN STRATEGIC THINKING AND HABITS OF MIND AMONG FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Hassan Mohamed Hend Salah El Din
Published: October 2023

The current research aimed to identify the discriminatory significance between those with high and low academic efficacy in strategic thinking and productive habits of mind among female university students. For this purpose, the academic efficacy scale, the strategic thinking scale, and the productive habits of mind scale were applied to a sample consisting of (126) female students. The descriptive research approach was utilized due to its suitability to the research nature. Results indicated that there was a low level of strategic thinking among university students, there was a relationship between strategic thinking and productive habits of mind, and there were statistically significant differences between those of high and low academic efficacy in strategic thinking and habits of mind. These results can be utilized in enhancing academic proficiency among university female students and providing planners with practical outcomes that contribute to promoting academic proficiency, strategic thinking, and productive mental habits among university students.