bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Investigations Concerning UPVC Water and Sewer Pipes and Fittings
Authors: Janson Lars‐Eric , Välimaa Pentti
Published: February 2018

Recent research in the Scandinavian countries has pointed out the importance of manufacturing fittings to the same specifications as corresponding pipes. New resins and new test methods show that long‐term behavior of pipes and fittings is dependent in large part on specifications of the raw materials used.
Control of Water Quality in Transmission and Distribution Mains
Authors: Victoreen Hugo T.
Published: February 2018

Far from improving with age, the quality of water deteriorates, as evidenced by changes in appearance as well as in odor and taste. However, the technology exists to control this deterioration, if effectively applied.
The Problem of Employee Turnover: Can Training Help?
Authors: Robinson W. Lewis
Published: February 2018

Training is an essential part of any industrial complex and is vital for the success of any operation. But it is the properly executed training program that will yield satisfied employees who intend to remain with the company. The reduction of a high turnover rate is discussed in this article.
The Important Element in Providing Quality Water Service
Authors: Dyer Garvin H.
Published: February 2018

The water‐supply industry is one of the largest industries in the US. Despite its size, the industry is seriously lacking in competent professionals and will suffer a critical manpower shortage if professionally qualified personnel are not attracted to serve it. Some of the causes of this dilemma are discussed in this article.
Corrosion of Water Pipes
Authors: Holler Albert C.
Published: February 2018

Many factors contribute to water‐line corrosion. The author briefly reviews the more common types, with emphasis on the problems confronting copper services.
Production and Analysis of a Humic‐Acid‐Like Exudate from the Aquatic Fungus Aureobasidium pullulans
Authors: Day Harold R. , Felbeck George T.
Published: February 2018

Corrosion problems can induce changes in water quality. By the same token, biological action can bring about similar changes. This article discusses the effect of decaying plant life with regard to water coloring and quality.
A Study: Effects of Geology and Nutrients on Water‐Quality Development
Authors: Stone Larry J.
Published: February 2018

Beaver Reservoir in northwest Arkansas serves as the major water‐supply source for several cities, including Bentonville, Fayetteville, Rogers, and Springdale, with an estimated total population approaching 75 000. The objective of the study of the main tributaries to this reservoir—White River and War Eagle Creek—was to relate stream‐water‐quality development to the environmental factors present in each ecosystem.
Research Needs and the AWWA Research Foundation
Authors: Spitzer Elroy F.
Published: February 2018

Research is a vital function of many organizations. All too often it is forgotten that present‐day progress is a result of yesterday's research. With constant support, the efforts of the Res. Fdn. will continue to keep AWWA abreast of the times.
Asbestos in Drinking Water
Authors: Kay G. H.
Published: February 2018

The discovery of asbestos in drinking water in Ontario led to a study of the amount of asbestos actually present and its effect, if any, on those drinking the water.
Effective Public Relations for Public Utilities
Authors: Minors Charles R.
Published: February 2018

The larger a company becomes, the more problems it incurs, and one of the most difficult problems that big‐business personnel face is that of attaining and maintaining the good will of consumers.
Water‐Quality Considerations in Water Distribution From Two Sources
Authors: Pearson Harold E. , Singer Paul R.
Published: February 2018

The service area of the Metropolitan Water Dist. of Southern California has only a limited supply of water available through the natural hydrological cycle and is largely dependent upon imported water to meet the needs of a large population. Of the three important systems now bringing water into the area. Metropolitan is responsible for the distribution of two sources.
Removal of Trace Metals During Conventional Water Treatment
Authors: Zemansky Gilbert M.
Published: February 2018

Widespread occurrence of trace metals and their potential impact have only recently been extensively recognized. It took the mercury crisis of 1970 to demonstrate the inadequate state‐of‐knowledge concerning trace‐metal pollution. Presented here are the results of a study made of trace‐metal removal.
Reminiscences About Gordon Maskew Fair (1894–1970)
Authors: Monie William D.
Published: February 2018

Occasionally a man and his achievements are both so great that there are too few accolades that can sufficiently honor him. Mankind benefited from Gordon Maskew Fair's knowledge and his concern for the world's peoples.
Water Supply—An Unresolved Problem in Cooperation
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

Water shortages that were only prophesies several years ago are now realities for many parts of the world and several areas of the US. Regardless of what the causes of the shortages may be—monetary, managerial, or political bungling—a solution must be found within the very near future.
Colloid Destabilization With Cationic Polyelectrolytes as Affected by Velocity Gradients
Authors: Morrow John J. , Rausch Emerson G.
Published: February 2018

Cationic polyelectrolytes can effectively destabilize colloidal and particulate matter without the use of inorganic salts by one's applying increased mixing energy to rapid‐mix basins. A comparison of the sludges produced by polyelectrolytes and inorganic coagulants indicates that polymer sludge has a greater density, more rapid settling, improved dewatering characteristics, and significantly lower volume. Because of this and the increased ease of handling, cationic polyelectrolytes provide the advantage of lower overall treatment costs.
Optimization of Sludge Dewaterability in Sludge‐Disposal Lagoons
Authors: Hubbs Stephen A. , Pavoni Joseph L.
Published: February 2018

Sludge lagoons have proved to be an effective type of disposal system in many parts of the world. Ideal as it may saem, lagooning of sludge is not cheap, nor is it a simple process. The brevity of the usable life span of a sludge lagoon—and its cost—should be seriously considered beforehand.
A Limnological Study of Silverwood Lake: Impact of Water Transport on Water Quality
Authors: Kubomoto Rod , Miller Jim , Worthington Ron
Published: February 2018

When state agencies involved with the California Wtr. Proj. realized the major need for more recreational areas in Southern California, they designed Silverwood Lake, located near the headwaters of the west fork of the Mojave River, as a multipurpose reservoir. One purpose of the lake is to serve as a storage reservoir for the fresh‐water influx of Northern California water. Taking advantage of this research opportunity, three California Sate Polytech. students launched a five‐month study of the lake's water quality, the results of which are presented here.
Ozone Disinfection Pilot‐Plant Studies at Laconia, N.H.
Authors: Keller James W. , Morin Robert A. , Schaffernoth Timothy J.
Published: February 2018

The State of New Hampshire has mandated that alt water intended for potable purposes should be thoroughly and effectively treated. Because Laconia's water is of near‐potable quality without treatment, the decision was made to substitute carbon adsorption for coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration in combination with ozone disinfection.
Virus Removal by Diatomaceous‐Earth Filtration–Part 2
Authors: Brown Thomas S. , Mauna Joseph F. , Moore Barbara D.
Published: February 2018

The removal of viruses from drinking‐water supplies is not a long‐established practice, but it is an issue of major concern. Diatorhaceous‐earth filtration has been demonstrated to remove viruses from water effectively; however, as this article emphasizes, more research of and experimentation with this process is necessary. Part 1, involving the study of the bacteriophage T2 for E. coli, appeared in JOURNAL AWWA, 66:2:98 (Feb. 1974).
Analytical Techniques for Measuring and Monitoring Trace Metals
Authors: Minear Roger A.
Published: February 2018

Problems concerning trace metals must be acknowledged and dealt with when one generates continuous data on a real‐time basis. What is needed is an understanding of the response obtained by data systems and how it relates to the total trace‐metal content. This information must then be defined and resolved in terms of achievement at reasonable cost, reliability, and time scale of results.
Ion‐Selective Electrodes for Quality Measurement and Control
Authors: Babcock R.H.
Published: February 2018

Ion‐selective electrodes may be useful for the continuous measurement of water quality throughout water‐treatment and water‐distribution facilities. A basic understanding of ion‐selective‐electrode theory will be helpful to water‐supply engineers and operators.
The Mechanism of Flocculation Processes in the Presence of Humic Substances
Authors: Narkis N. , Rebhun M.
Published: February 2018

The mechanism of flocculation of clay suspensions in various conditions of interaction with humic and fulvic acids has been investigated using a radioactively labelled cationic polyelectrolyte. It was found that the presence of organic matter in solution or as a complex on the mineral clay particle surface inhibits the process of flocculation. Therefore large doses of flocculant are necessary to produce conditions favorable for complete reaction.
Electrolytic Control of Algae
Authors: Paul S.K. , Chari K. V. , Bhattacharyya B.
Published: February 2018

Biological or chemical methods for the control of algae require considerable time. Algicides often leave undesirable residuals in the treated water. Both of these drawbacks may be overcome by the electrolytic treatment of algae‐laden water. In this method of treatment, algae are killed instantaneously. Dead organisms tend to settle quickly without the addition of any coagulant.
Treatment Processes for Coping With Variation in Raw‐Water Quality
Authors: Symons James M. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

One of the major problems to be acknowledged when designing a water‐treatment plant is the quality of the raw water that the plant will receive. Because of the many facets that this problem can present, designers are usually perplexed as to how to cope with it before construction. This article offers some information that may help designers and operators to understand the issue.
Contingency Planning for Water Utilities
Authors: Agardy Franklin J.
Published: February 2018

Contingency planning is an essential facet of water‐utility management but one that is often overlooked. Although utilities in different areas of the US will be vulnerable to different kinds of natural disasters, the effects of these disasters, in many cases, will be similar. As a first step toward an effective contingency plan, each utility should make an assessment of its own vulnerabilities; then a comprehensive plan of action can be developed and implemented.
Planning for Emergencies at Water Utilities
Authors: Novak John T.
Published: February 2018

All utilities are subject to disasters of one kind or another. The first step in preparing for such emergencies is a vulnerability assessment. When a utility knows its most vulnerable systems, it can begin to implement a plan of action that will reduce the damage any potential disaster might incur.
How Richmond, Va., Wins Friends, Influences People, and Cuts Costs
Authors: Hall William H.
Published: February 2018

Effecting economies, efficiencies, and methods of improving customer relations are difficult tasks; although it is difficult to accomplish all three concurrently, it is possible and can yield material and intangible dividends.
Majority Rule... Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Phillips Robert V.
Published: February 2018

Attention is called to the dangers of allowing vocal pressure groups representing minority opinions to sway legislation in technological areas affecting the utility. Utility managers should concentrate their efforts toward informing the public of the potential costs and inconveniences created by the uninformed meddling of politically active special‐interest groups.
Water Rates: An Assessment of Current Issues
Authors: Hanke Steve H.
Published: February 2018

Scientific as well as philosophical bases for determining rate‐making policies have been increasingly questioned by a wider cross section of professional and public interest groups, and the water‐utility industry has begun to respond to criticisms of traditional rate policies. These trends have resulted in several fundamental changes that are more significant than any that have been made since the turn of the century. Acknowledging the new inclinations, this article focuses upon inquiries being made and the resulting responses.
True Cost of Conventional Water
Authors: Montanari F. W. , Mattern David E.
Published: February 2018

An important consideration in the development of different types of water sources is, of course, relative cost. It is intended to provide here a data base of the costs of conventional water sources that can be compared with other water sources, such as desalting or recycling. Also individual utilities may compare their costs with other systems in the country.
Trends in Water Rates
Authors: Keller Charles W.
Published: February 2018

Many approaches are open to water‐utility managers when setting rates. Some are discussed here in an overview appraisal of a complicated and controversial subject.
Water Rate Reformulation
Authors: Maitland Algert J.
Published: February 2018

The Wilmington, Del., water department decided in 1966 that its rate schedule penalized the low‐volume user. Presented here is a synopsis of the way the department reviewed and revised its rates.
An Analysis of Delinquent Residential Water Account Shutoffs
Authors: Clark C. Scott , Judson Harry R.
Published: February 2018

Although there is an increased consumer interest in water utility practices, there is little information available concerning the effects of the widely practiced policy of water shutoff caused by a delinquent account. To remedy this deficiency partially a 10 per cent sample of shutoffs during a recent twelve‐month period in a large midwestern metropolitan area (Cincinnati, Ohio) was analyzed.
Scheduling Major Capital Expenditures to Minimize Costs
Authors: Sinnott Walter B.
Published: February 2018

A decision to rush to make improvements now because construction costs are rising can be costly. Bulging construction charges must be weighed against financing as they exist now and will exist in the coming few years.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Williams D. B.
Published: February 2018

The following pertains to an article that appeared on p. 699 of the Dec. 1974 Journal.
Computer Analysis of Water‐Distribution Systems
Authors: Bonansinga Paul
Published: February 2018

Utilizing its speed, a properly programmed computer can solve mathematical models and equations with a higher degree of accuracy than noncomputerized methods. These characteristics make the digital computer an effective tool for solving water‐distribution flow problems.
Can a Computer Really Operate a Water‐Filtration Plant?
Authors: Watkins Jack
Published: February 2018

Factors are presented that influence the possibility of independent performance of control functions in a water‐filtration plant by a computer, and the necessity for development of mathematical models is stressed. Recommendations are made that include enlisting aid of a control systems engineer and selecting an appropriate computer.
A Metricized Article
Authors: Walder E. J. , Hay W. A. , Prendiville P. W.
Published: February 2018

When completed, the Prospect water‐treatment plant in Australia will be the principal treatment facility in the supply system controlled by the Sydney Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Bd. The plant will be constructed to treat a capacity of 840 mgd (3.2 mil m3/day) initially with expansion planned to 1 050 mgd (4.0 mil m3/day).
Water‐Supply R&D — An International View
Authors: Kepinski Alfred
Published: February 2018

The growing worldwide interest in the development of community water supplies calls for a searching look at the necessity — and possibilities — for internationalizing research efforts in the field. Some practical suggestions are presented for the establishment of working relationships among researchers and research institutions, for identifying research priorities, for selecting problems amenable to international cooperation, and for accelerating the pace of progress of developing the community's supply of water in both the developed and technologically underdeveloped areas.
Improved Design of Distribution Networks by Minimum Route
Authors: Nakajima Shigeki
Published: February 2018

A program is explained that provides the designer with a technique to establish the lowest cost pipe‐laying plan using market‐ready pipe.
Health Aspects of Uncovered Reservoirs
Authors: Pluntze James C.
Published: February 2018

Open distribution reservoirs are remnants of a bygone era. The water‐quality objective at the time many of them were built was prevention of typhoid fever, and adequate protection was isolation from city‐wide conflagrations. Open reservoirs do not fit in with today's attitudes, Standards, conditions, knowledge, or technology. Suggestions are made in the following, which pertain to this problem.
The Safe Drinking Water Act and EPA's Role in Training
Authors: McDermott James H.
Published: February 2018

Under a previous, largely permissive authority, EPA's trainlng programs evolved as spin‐offs from research developments or as results of specific needs. Resources were meager, and EPA's efforts reached only a fraction of the total number of State, local and Operator levels that needed assistance. The Safe Drinking Water Act is expected to effect some positive changes in this area.
Researching Health Hazards in the Environment
Authors: Rall David P.
Published: February 2018

The advent of technological progress has helped introduce heretofore unknown Chemicals onto the market. Few if any data are available on these substances which may be hazardous if not lethal to life forms. Therefore more studies must be initiated as soon as possible to curtail possible deadly contamination.
Fluoridation Analysis: The Boston Story
Authors: Matera James J.
Published: February 2018

Directed by the State health authorities to Upgrade the fluoride Contents of the water supply for its 33 member communities, the Boston Metropolitan District Com. (MDC) was faced with making an analysis of its distribution System first. Complexity of the MDC water System required a comprehensive study in order to determine alternatives for fluoride injection and monitoring locations.
Notes and Comments
Authors: White Geo. Clifford
Published: February 2018

This pertains to an article by James H. McDermott that appeared in the Dec. 1974 issue of the Journal entitled “Virus Problems and Their Relation to Water Supplies.”
Artificial Ground‐Water Recharge and Wastewater Reclamation
Authors: Baffa John J.
Published: February 2018

Discussed in the following are the economical, conservational, and research factors involved in ground‐water recharge and wastewater processing, in addition to results obtained from an experimental project.
Solving the Adverse Salt Balance in the Orange County Ground‐Water Basin
Authors: Cofer James R. , Owen Langdon W.
Published: February 2018

The quality of the ground‐water supplies in the Orange County Basin, Calif., is decreasing because more salts are added to the basin water supplies than are removed. This article describes the components of the basin salt balance and the development of alternative projects to accomplish salt removal and a salt balance in the basin. Evaluation of the cost‐effectiveness of desalting alternatives and the proposed management strategy is also discussed.
EPA Standards: Health or Headache?
Authors: Schnare David W.
Published: February 2018

The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 directed EPA to establish interim primary drinking‐water Standards. Promulgated Jun. 6, 1975, they are to be implemented Dec. 24, 1976. Implementation of the Standards will involve large expenditures and initiate new Communications between the public and the water‐supply professional. Identified here are weaknesses in the Standards and suggested means to correct them.
From Lagooning to Farmland Application: The Next Step in Lime Sludge Disposal
Authors: Russell George A.
Published: February 2018

In searching for efficient methods to dispose of lime Sludge, an Illinois Company finally discovered a process that not only serves the disposal purpose but also aids the agricuitural Community.
Maintenance Management of Water‐Utility Systems
Authors: Smith J. L.
Published: February 2018

This article briefly describes the planning and control principles involved in managing of maintenance Operations, the cost and benefits of which are included. Also discussed are tradeoffs between cost and level of Service and methods of budget preparation.
Heuristic Analysis of Lime—Soda Softening Processes
Authors: McGhee Terence J.
Published: February 2018

Here is a textbook type approach to water‐softening calculations that should produce a better understanding of what transpires during the treatment process. Although actual operating conditions usually will require dosage modifications through empiricism, the technique is valuable because it readily provides first order approximations.
Notes and Comments Use of Ordinary pH Meters With lon‐Selective Electrodes
Authors: Rands David G. , Bayer Charles F.
Published: February 2018

Many ordinary laboratory pH meters that have automatic temperature compensation may be simply and inexpensively modified to provide scale expansion sufficiently sensitive for ion‐selective electrodes. Details for the modification and use of such meters are presented.
Polyelectrolyte Update — EPA
Authors: Symons James M.
Published: February 2018

This comment pertains to an article that appeared in the Nov. 1975 JOURNAL AWWA authored by James M. Symons et al and entitled “National Organics Reconnaissance Survey for Halogenated Organics.”
On Mn Determination After Chelation
Authors: Pakalnins Andrejs , Hsu Deh Y.
Published: February 2018

In a recent study conducted at a Canadian university, an extraction Solution was prepared by dissolving dithizone in ethyl Propionate which was used to concentrate manganese prior to the application of atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Design and Operation of High‐Rate Filters— Part 3
Authors: Kawamura Susumu
Published: February 2018

This concluding part of a three‐part article, discussing filter design and Operation, deals specifically with backwash Systems.
Cold‐Weather Problems in New England
Authors: Barker Gordon A.
Published: February 2018

When nature pits winter against the inhabitants of the northeastern US, water Utilities have a multitude of Problems, a few of which include ice blocks in tanks, tank overflows, frozen intakes and fire hydrants, and frost penetration. This article is intended to aid water‐utility personnel in dealing with such emergencies.
Water Supply and Distribution in Alaska
Authors: Smith Robert B.
Published: February 2018

As the northernmost State, Alaska and its water‐supply Utilities are confronted with extreme weather conditions not usually occurring in other parts of the US. This article relates how area Utilities have effectively dealt with those conditions.
Problems of Public Works Projects in the Present Economic Climate
Authors: Beaver Jack A. , Thon J. George
Published: February 2018

In the following, water‐resource development along the Santa Ana is discussed in view of the attendant economic problems, and a case history describing the Water Transmission Project carried out for the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water Dist. illustrates the economic pressures that impact on major public works projects.
Regulations: Reactions and Resolution
Authors: Breidenbach Andrew W.
Published: February 2018

EPA has taken a practical posture in issuing the Interim Primary Regulations. The author explains EPA's motivation. The provisions of the various regulations required by the Act will determine how numerous levels of government and the water‐supply field can best serve the public interest for decades to come.
Management Goals and Successive Water Use
Authors: Work Stephen W. , Hobbs Noel
Published: February 2018

Emphasized herein is that Denver's successive‐use program is preliminary in many of its aspects and is necessarily dependent upon various conclusions, particularly legal conclusions, which have yet to be subjected to judicial scrutiny and analysis. Ultimate resolution of both technical and legal variables is essential before the recommendations discussed may be implemented.
Municipal Watershed Management Survey
Authors: Dissmeyer George E. , Swank Wayne T.
Published: February 2018

Based on survey data, this report provides a general summary of the nature and extent of (and uses, management problems, and informational needs for municipal watersheds in the southeastern US. Emphasis is placed on small and heavily forested watersheds and related forestry activities.
Monitoring of Community Water Supplies
Authors: Foley P. D. , Missingham G. A.
Published: February 2018

Analysis of a broad range of Ontario, Canada, water supplies led researchers to conclude that asbestos as found In those water supplies does not constitute a health hazard, that there does not appear to be a major problem from heavy metals, and that no health hazard exists from organics in those water supplies.
Optimum Calcium Removal in Lime Softening
Authors: Schierholz Paul M. , Stevens John D. , Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

Optimum Operation of a lime‐soda ash water‐softening plant for calcium removal occurs when the carbonate ion concentration is maximum. It is shown by examination of the basic equilibrium equations that maximum carbonate occurs when the total alkalinity is twice the phenolpthalein alkalinity. Material is presented in the following that relates alkalinity, pH, and ion concentrations at temperatures ranging from 5C to 30C for dissolved solids of 200 mg/l.
Analysis of Unaccounted‐for Water
Authors: Keller Charles W.
Published: February 2018

This article examines statistics on unaccounted‐for water based on AWWA's Survey of Operating Data. Comparisons are made of distribution losses for reporting water Systems by size, location, ownership, and other variables. Reasons for and causes of unaccounted‐for water are also discussed.
Analytical Notes–Hard‐ vs Soft‐Water Effects on the Transfer of Metallic Ions From Intestine
Authors: Ingols Robert S. , Craft T.F.
Published: February 2018

This article evaluates the protective action of the calcium and magnesium ions against the passage of metallic ions from food or water through the intestinal wall to the vascular system.
Analytical Notes–Removal of Organics From Water: Evaluating Activated Carbon
Authors: Montalvo Joseph G. , Lee Ching‐Gen
Published: February 2018

The intent of this article is to define some of the basic fluorometric parameters in the laboratory procedure, not to identify specific fluorescent organics in drinking water.
Equitable Public and Private Fire‐Protection Charges
Authors: Myrick Charles R.
Published: February 2018

To be prepared to meet the water demand caused by large fires requires a large capital investment by the water utility as well as bearing the maintenance and operating costs of providing this service. Although there is not complete agreement among authorities as to the best method, this article presents several methods that may be used in allocating public and private fire‐protection costs.
Application of Fiber‐Glass‐Reinforced Plastics at the Shoremont Water‐ Treatment Plant
Authors: George George Stephen , Bishop Stephen L.
Published: February 2018

Fiber‐glass‐reinforced plastics are feasible for low‐maintenance components of upflow clarifiers. It is important, however, that details of design, fabrication, handling, and installation are carefully developed to ensure a satisfactory end product.
Polyethylene Encasement for Cast‐Iron Pipe
Authors: Amory Walter
Published: February 2018

External corrosion of buried iron pipe can occur if an area's soil is corrosive. To help protect pipe against electrolytic current, the use of polyethylene encasement is recommended. Standard specifications developed for this product are reviewed in the following.
Plant Control in the 1990s
Authors: Thomson Udo
Published: February 2018

By 1990 every phase of water‐utility operation will be operated by computer. This will be made possible by low‐cost redundant systems and standardized system design. Here is a look at conditions as they will exist for managers, operators, and technicians fifteen years hence.
Wastewater Resources in North Central Texas
Authors: Horsefield David R. , Goff James D.
Published: February 2018

Wastewater is valuable, especially as water demands begin to match natural‐water supplies. As this report of wastewater reuse in the North Central Texas area points out, the reuse of wastewater for industrial purposes can greatly assist in meeting future water needs.
Water Required to Develop Geothermal Energy
Authors: Dorfman Myron H.
Published: February 2018

Geothermal resources may be found distributed in the earth in a variety of modes consisting of various fluid and reservoir characteristics. It seems likely that these resources will represent a substantial portion of the world's total energy supply as the availability of petroleum declines. Important environmental considerations, however, including the problems of subsidence and ground‐water contamination, must be further researched in order to determine the extent of possible problems and methods for mitigating their effects.
Baseline Environmental Evaluations at Power Plant Sites
Authors: Fruh E. Gus , S.Schmidt Philip , Maguire Bassett , Hubbs Clark
Published: February 2018

This article describes a comprehensive program of field and modeling studies aimed at acquiring a complete description of the natural physical, chemical, and biological behavior of a reservoir before the advent of heated‐water discharges from a steam‐electric generating station. These baseline evaluations were necessary to permit accurate assessment of the effects of the heated‐water discharges after the plant went into operation.
Analytical Notes—Analysis of Drinking Water for Haloforms
Authors: Kissinger Larry D. , Fritz James S.
Published: February 2018

Storage of water samples has often produced an increase in haloforms as chlorine compounds reacted with substances in the water; the addition of ascorbic acid stabilizes the samples for eventual determination of their composition.
Cross‐Connection Control Practices in Washington State
Authors: Roller John A.
Published: February 2018

Hydrants flowing aviation gas and drinking fountains running toilet disinfectant were among the notable happenings that inspirited a cross‐connection control program in Washington that utilizes a list of state‐approved devices, a testing procedure for augmenting the list, and enforcement on the local level.
Metering
Authors: Guarino Carmen F.
Published: February 2018

There should be equity in distributing the costs for services such as water utilities. Universal metering is definitely a required step in an equitable cost allocation process. Water conservation, peak load pricing, water rates, public information, and studies done in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania are discussed.
A Pressure Reducing Valve to Slow the Flow of Personnel From the Water Utility
Authors: Cosman William F.
Published: February 2018

The rate of employee turnover in the water‐supply field, though comparing favorably to some industries, is high enough to be very costly. Seven management tools are offered to control the rate of turnover.
The Penguin is Esthetically Pleasing
Authors: Robie Ronald B.
Published: February 2018

If planners resemble penguins (both face decisions with cold feet, huddled in groups), that comparison can be changed, by opening up the planning process to public involvement and new concepts. California's responses to water‐supply planning problems, detailed in this article, represent an attempt at change.
Safety Takes More Than Lip Service
Authors: Limbach Edward W.
Published: February 2018

The safety record of water utilities, compared with industry averages, is not good. This article offers nine points that can form the basis for improved performance and safe operation.
Planning for a Successful Bond Issue
Authors: Whitfield Fredrick H.
Published: February 2018

Thorough engineering studies and the appointment of a citizens' advisory board are key steps, the author notes, in gaining the public acceptance necessary to pass a bond issue. Investigation of every design alternative and a uniform rate structure are mentioned as two other methods to gain public acceptance of financing proposals.
HGMS: Economics, Applications, and Seed Reuse
Authors: de Latour Christopher
Published: February 2018

In the last of a series of three articles on High Gradient Magnetic Separation, Christopher de Latour suggests some possible applications of HGMS that take advantage of the high filtration rates possible with this system.
The Proposed Drinking Water Standards for Radium
Authors: Larson T.E.
Published: February 2018

Recent EPA proposed standards for radium in drinking water will, according to published statistics, work a substantial financial hardship on smaller services, yet their expected benefits are small. A statistical examination of the data raises broader questions about the regulatory effort and its decision‐making basis.
The Rapid Growth of Water Supply in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Lien‐chuan
Published: February 2018

The ten‐year development plan for water supply instituted in 1975 intends to increase the percentage of water service supplied from 47 to 76, while population increases from 13 000 000 to 16 520 000. To date, an increase of 4 per cent a year has been recorded and 128 utilities have been associated into the new system.
Optimization of Surface Water Treatment by a Special Filtration Technique
Authors: Kuntschik Otto R.
Published: February 2018

Conculsions drawn from operational experience of slow sand filters led to the installation of a gravel pre‐filter for removal of suspended solids from Ruhr River raw water. This unit removes up to 80 per cent of suspended solids when the volatile component of the solids is less than 20 per cent, and operates five years between backwashings.
A Groundwater‐Quality Monitoring Methodology
Authors: Todd David K. , Tinlin Richard M. , Schmidt Kenneth D. , Everett Lorne G.
Published: February 2018

A fifteen step methodology for monitoring groundwater quality was developed for the use of state and local “designated monitoring agencies” (DMA). The process is a generalized chronological sequence for researching and generating data, and prioritizing the monitoring and control process, intended to be applicable with modifications all over the US.
Groundwater Quality Adjacent to a Septic Tank System
Authors: Viraraghavan T. , Warnock R.G.
Published: February 2018

An investigation of the efficacy of septic tanks for treatment of waste revealed reasonable efficiency, except for periods of high water table, when pollutant travel was decreased and dilution increased.
Joint Installation of Water, Telephone, and Electric Lines in the Same Ditch
Authors: Johnson Kimber G.
Published: February 2018

As many as seven separate excavations had to be made to bury all Services before the Eugene Water & Electric Bd. began to bury telephone, teleprompter, electric, and water lines in the same trench. Reducing the number of trenches has simplified construction, made the location of plastic pipe easier, increased the safety of maintenance crews, and produced a more attractive Community.
A Quality Control Data Acquisition System for a Mississippi River Water‐Treatment Plant
Authors: Greenberg David B. , Planchard Jerome A. , Brodtmann Noel V.
Published: February 2018

Concerned by increasing contamination of the Mississippi River raw water source, the Jefferson Parish Water Dept. authorized studies which indicated that Computer monitoring and control of the treatment process would be both feasible and economical. Details of the proposed system are presented in this article.
Field Maintenance of Industrial Meters
Authors: Alden Charles
Published: February 2018

As water becomes an increasingly expensive commodity, meters are, in a sense, monitoring money. The revenue derived from an industrial Service can equal that derived from 100 of more domestic Services, yet the testing and maintenance of industrial water meters is offen neglected.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Collins H. H.
Published: February 2018

The writer criticizes W. F. Gerhold's methodology appearing on p. 674, Dec. 1976.
Utility Monies Re Federal Law
Authors: Corbalis J. J.
Published: February 2018

The JOURNAL with this issue examines the manager's role—his problems and relationship with government, manpower, and financial matters. Here briefly is a look at the federal influence and some of the rules, regulations, and assistance programs administered by the federal government as they may possibly affect management money matters.
Pricing of Water
Authors: Keller Charles W.
Published: February 2018

During the past several years, a growing number of ideas for establishing utility rates have been suggested. While some have merit, the traditional tenet of basing rates on actual cost is still the most valid approach. Pricing variations are measured against the outlined components of rate‐making, revenue requirements, cost of service, and rate design.
Cost and Quality of Water Supply
Authors: Clark Robert M. , Goddard Haynes C.
Published: February 2018

The relationship between water price and the factors which influence it is examined, as well as the elasticity of consumer demand. Regression techniques are utilized to perform a cross‐section analysis, based on data collected as part of EPA's Community Water Supply Survey.
Water Rates in Inflationary Times
Authors: Hardten R.D.
Published: February 2018

During inflationary periods, it is especially important that Utilities effect the most financially efficient management possible. The author enumerates techniques and considerations in achieving sound financial management and reasonable cost recovery.
Living With Organized Labor
Authors: Stoner John F.
Published: February 2018

While a strong representative labor movement is a positive element in society, management must also remain strong and develop expertise and leadership in dealing with unions. The most important element in developing successful employee relations is the front‐line Supervisor who is the major link in Communications between management and labor.
Backwashing of Granular Filters
Authors: Cleasby J.L. , Arboleda J. , Burns D.E. , Prendiville P.W. , Savage E.S.
Published: February 2018

This progress report by the Filtration Com. of AWWA summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art related to the backwashing of granular filters and suggests research needs to the AWWA Com. of Research.
Notes and Comments — Corrosion Behavior of Ductile Cast‐Iron Pipe in Soil Environments
Authors: Brooks F.E.
Published: February 2018

The following three articles are in response to the article “Corrosion Behavior of Ductile Cast‐Iron Pipe in Soil Environments” by W. F. Gerhold, which appeared in the Dec. 1976 issue of the JOURNAL.
Who Should Pay for Water Utility Research?
Authors: Monie William D.
Published: February 2018

The majority of water research has been done by manufacturers of items used in the water field, by colleges and universities, and by federal laboratories. A tiny percentage has been done by a relatively few water utilities. A major problem is to convince the utilities and regulatory agencies that a research program would be in their best interest and those of water users and, in fact, would save money for the contributors.
A Customer Self‐Meter‐Reading Program
Authors: Carlson Elbert I.
Published: February 2018

The Metropolitan Dist. of Hartford, Conn., has developed a program by which customers read their own meters and report the readings to the district for billing. The implementation and success of the program are discussed.
Apartment and Condominium Metering
Authors: Shierry Robert S.
Published: February 2018

As the number of apartment units increased in the Champaign‐Urbana area, reasons for and techniques of metering each apartment individually or the entire apartment building as one unit became of greater importance to the water utility.
The Use of Polymers for Improving Chemical Sludge Dewatering on Sand Beds
Authors: Novak John T. , Langford Mark
Published: February 2018

Sand beds seldom are used for the drying of chemical sludges because of the tendency of these solids to penetrate into the bed or to drain poorly. Both of these problems can be overcome by polymer conditioning of the sludge prior to bed application. In the study reported, penetration of sludge into the bed, drainage rates, and drying rates were measured. Such data can be used for the prediction of sludge applications to beds and the time required for drying to permit economic comparison of this method for drying of chemical sludges to other disposal methods.
Analytical Note—Residual Chlorine in Drinking Water
Authors: Thorsell Walborg , Malm Elisabeth , Mikiver Maarja
Published: February 2018

The authors describe a simple, inexpensive field test for the estimation of total residual chlorine that is reliable, rapid, distinct, and sensitive.
Mathematical Modeling of Regional Water‐Supply Systems in Yugoslavia
Authors: Kordic Milos , Obradovic Dusan , Zimonja Branko , Zikic Miomir
Published: February 2018

To solve the multifaceted problems involved in designing a regional water‐supply system a mathematical model of such systems was developed. With standard data on such items as pipe diameters and costs, variables can be input to derive optimization of location, size, staging, and financing of facilities. Results of technical and economic analyses have proved very useful in several projects in Yugoslavia.
Bis (2‐Chloroethyl) Ether in Drinking Water—Its Detection and Removal
Authors: Manwaring James F. , Blankenship William M. , Miller Larry , Voigt Frederick
Published: February 2018

Arising from the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey, an investigation of drinking water in Philadelphia, Pa., discovered bis (2‐chloroethyl) ether in the finished product. The source of the pollutant was a chemical manufacturing plant that cooperated with the EPA and the City of Philadelphia to remove the compound through pretreatment of the plant effluent.
Inorganic Contaminants in Rural Drinking Waters
Authors: Sandhu Shingara S. , Warren William J. , Nelson Peter
Published: February 2018

A survey of rural drinking water sources in Chesterfield County, S.C., was conducted to evaluate the inorganic contaminants in these supplies. Results of chemical, physical, and statistical analyses performed showed that many people were using water contaminated from several possible sources.
The Regulation and Prevention of Cross Connections in Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Miller Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

Water utilities should accept the responsibility for controlling cross connections beyond the stop box and water meter. However, the regulatory agency must ultimately accept the responsibility of taking the necessary legal action to abate the violation of public health regulations. The Connecticut State Health Regulation on cross connections does not clearly define the roles of the utilities and the regulatory agencies in controlling cross connections.
Chlorination Adjustment to Reduce Chloroform Formation
Authors: Harms Leland L. , Looyenga Robert W.
Published: February 2018

Treated‐water samples tested for six organic Compounds revealed that high levels of Chloroform were formed during the water‐treatment process. The reaction was found to be very pH‐dependent. Changing the point of application of the prechlorine dose reduced the Chloroform formed by 75 per cent.
Organic Polymers Replace Alum and Improve Water Quality in Ithaca
Authors: Terrell Donald L.
Published: February 2018

Even with the application of additional Chemicals to counteract the seasonal changes in raw water characteristics, the City of Ithaca Water Plant still experienced unsatisfactory filtered‐water turbidities. After a program of analysis and experimentation, a combination of several polymers was found that allowed the production of filtered water of exceptionally high quality, regardless of the character of the incoming raw water.
EPA Background
Authors: Murphy Thomas A.
Published: February 2018

A portion of a statement to the House of Representatives Committee on Science and Technology is presented here. The 1978 budget for research by the Office of Air, Land, and Water Use (OALWU) is discussed.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Brigham Arthur P.
Published: February 2018

This comment pertains to an article that appeared in the Sep. 1976 Journal AWWA authored by Roger Davies and entitled “An Effective Public Relations Program for the Water Utility.”
Utility Law for Managers and Operators
Authors: Gill John P.
Published: February 2018

The law as applied to municipal water utilities includes questions of regulated and legislated directives as well as the question of governmental vs proprietary function as a test for liability.
Potential Liabilities Faced by Utilities in Supplying Drinking Water
Authors: Hiller Robert L.
Published: February 2018

The negligence and warranty theories of liability are reviewed along with the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Direct Digital Control at the Iowa City Water‐Treatment Plant
Authors: Manning Alan W.
Published: February 2018

Substantial benefits in cost savings of labor and materials and improved efficiency and water quality have resulted from the automation of water treatment in Iowa City, Iowa.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Gerhold W.F.
Published: February 2018

The following article is in response to three articles in the Feb. 1977 issue of the JOURNAL which commented on the author's original article in the Dec. 1976 issue of the JOURNAL.
Removal of Iron From Groundwater by Filtration Through Coal
Authors: George A.D. , Chaudhuri Malay
Published: February 2018

The results of laboratory studies to compare the nature and differences of coal and sand filtration for the removal of iron from groundwater are reported.
A Landscaped Pump Station for Tyler, Tex.
Authors: Fix Ronald E.
Published: February 2018

A booster‐pump station required to provide a residential neighborhood with adequate pressure has been landscaped to blend into the area.
Granular Activated Carbon in Water Treatment
Authors: McCreary John J. , Snoeyink Vernon L.
Published: February 2018

The state of the art of granular activated carbon filtration is reviewed in detail with research needs noted.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E.F. , Samowitz Charles
Published: February 2018

In the following interview Charles Samowitz, commissioner of the Envir. Protection Admin., Dept. of Water Resources, New York, N.Y., replies to questions posed by Eric Johnson, executive director of AWWA. Some of the subjects covered include: operating the vast New York City water supply and sewer system on a budget that cannot be increased; the Northeast Water Supply (NEWS) report; impact of the Safe Drinking Water Act—the notification requirements in particular; and preparation for a possible drought.

Mr. Samowitz received a BME degree from City College of New York in 1948 and has been commissioner of the New York City Dept. of Water Resources since 1974. He has been the chairman of Industrial Cost Recovery Com. (Assn. of Metropolitan Sewer Agencies); Sludge Disposal Monitoring Com. in Metropolitan Areas; Sub‐Com. on Legislative Analysis (WPCF); and Ad‐Hoc Com. on Federal Aid (WPCF). Articles written by Mr. Samowitz have been published in ASCE magazines and Municipal Engineers Journal.
Interior Maintenance of Elevated Storage Tanks
Authors: Brotsky Bob
Published: February 2018

A review of the history of paint protection for metal water tanks includes information on approximating costs.