bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decomposing Differences between Groups
Authors: JONES F. L. , KELLEY JONATHAN
Published: March 2007

Somewhat divergent approaches to finding the components of group differences (for example, the difference in average earnings across gender or racial groups) have grown up in the literatures of economics and sociology. Both, however, are variants of the same underlying approach. This article illustrates different approaches and draws attention to the conditions under which two, three, or four components of the income gap between groups can be usefully distinguished. The two central issues are which standard one uses to evaluate endowment differences between groups, and whether the scales used to operationalize underlying concepts have arbitrary zero-points or not. This latter difficulty has often been neglected in empirical applications using variables such as education, region, occupation, industry, and marital status. In such cases, the choice of a comparison group is inherently arbitrary, and nothing other than an arbitrary decomposition of the residual group difference can result.
School Desegregation and Black Achievement
Authors: WORTMAN PAUL M. , BRYANT FRED B.
Published: March 2007

Meta-analytic techniques were used to explore overall conclusions and variables moderating treatment effects in the research literature on school desegregation and black achievement. Studies were classified on the basis of the threats to their validity as either accepted or rejected for the analysis. For the initial analysis quasi-experimental studies were accepted, yielding an average effect size of .45. The better-designed studies had an average effect size of .34, which was reduced to .16 when adjusted for pretest differences. The National Institute of Education (NIE) convened an expert panel that reviewed and reanalyzed these results. An average pretest-adjusted effect size of .14 was found for the 19 studies selected for analysis by the NIE panel. An average effect size of .20 was found for the better-designed studies that had no selection problems. This is equivalent to two months of educational gain. The largest effects occurred among students moving from highly segregated to predominantly white schools. Reading achievement gains were larger than those for mathematics, but the difference was not statistically significant.
The Neglected Problem of Measurement Error in Categorical Data
Authors: SCHWARTZ JOSEPH E.
Published: March 2007

The problems created by measurement error are entirely ignored in the vast majority of statistical analyses. To adjust for the effects of measurement error requires both a theory, or model, of measurement and estimates of the relevant measurement parameters (e.g., reliability coefficients). A fairly well-developed measurement theory for interval level data has been known for quite some time. A corresponding measurement theory for categorical data is not widely known even though such data are at least as important in the social sciences as interval data. Nevertheless, such a theory exists in the statistical journals. The primary purpose of this article is pedagogical: that is, to present the foundation of this theory for binary variables, the simplest type of categorical variable, and to demonstrate that the consequences of measurement errors in binary data are different from and probably more serious than the effects of measurement errors in interval level data. The principal reason for this is that measurement errors in a binary variable are likely to have a nonzero mean and will always be negatively correlated with the underlying true scores. The former has the effect of biasing the sample estimate of the mean, often to such a degree that the likelihood that a 95% confidence interval will contain the population mean is almost nil.
Saving the Bath Water
Authors: SOBEL MICHAEL E. , HOUT MICHAEL , DUNCAN OTIS DUDLEY
Published: March 2007

Krauze and Slomczynski propose a mathematical treatment of the mobility table that they claim solves “the crucial methodological problem” in mobility research. We reject their definition of this problem, and we reject their solution. Their proposed solution (1) is not oriented toward describing the process of social mobility or testing theories about the mobility process. Consequently, major issues (for example, the causal effect of socioeconomic origins on destinations, the location of barriers to equal opportunity, and the distances among occupational categories) are ignored in their treatment; (2) has no statistical basis, and hence it should not be used with sample data; (3) yields measures of mobility that are dependent on the marginal distributions, and hence, these measures are not particularly useful for comparative work; and, finally, (4) is arbitrary and unjustified, even if their definition of the crucial methodological problem is accepted. For Krauze and Slomczynski fail to justify one of the critical conditions that is utilized in their solution. A closer inspection of this condition reveals that it is not implied by the definitions set out by Krauze and Slomczynski, as the authors seem to think.
Comparisons of Subgroups by Models with Multiple Indicators
Authors: PORST ROLF , SCHMIDT PETER , ZEIFANG KLAUS
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the assessment of the reliability and stability of the respondent's attitudes toward guestworkers across selected standard demographic variables (i.e., age, education, gender) as well as across contacts with guestworkers. As a baseline model we use the “best” model developed by Jagodzinski et al. (this volume) and test its invariance across the subgroups using the multiple-group option of LISREL.
Testing for Lagged, Cotemporal, and Total Dependence in Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis
Authors: MAYER LAWRENCE S. , CARROLL STEVEN S.
Published: March 2007

Panel studies are statistical studies in which two or more variables are observed for two or more subjects at two or more points in time. Cross-lagged panel studies are those studies in which the variables are continuous and divide naturally into two sets. Focus is on estimating and testing the effects, or impacts, of each set of variables on the other. In the regression approach the cross-lagged model is formulated as a multivariate regression model and regression methods are used to make inferences about the parameters. We contribute to this approach by decomposing the dependence in such models into lagged dependence and cotemporal dependence and developing three strategies for assessing the degree of dependence. We present hypothesis tests for these strategies and then demonstrate the three by analyzing a set of psychiatric panel data.
Model Search With TETRAD II and EQS
Authors: BENTLER P. M. , CHOU CHIH-PING
Published: March 2007

The blind, forward-search procedure used by Spirtes, Scheines, and Glymour in their simulation study of computer-aided model specification with EQS does not represent a procedure that is recommended for use in practice, nor does it represent a procedure that is actually implemented by researchers in practice. Thus the implication of their results is unclear. Although TETRAD II represents an important development in procedures for searching for structural models that may be consistent with data, its relative performance under varying conditions, especially with much larger models, under other choices of weight and percentage criteria, and under other model structures is not known. The results on three of the nine models used in the simulation cannot be interpreted, because they do not give unique exact representations of the population covariance matrices: Alternative “true” models can be specified, and EQS and LISREL may have found these models. The differing output from the two procedures that were used, a set of models in TETRAD II, and a single model in EQS, does not permit a fair comparison between the methods. Some alternative methods are summarized.
The Measurement of Parental Influence
Authors: SORENSON ANN MARIE , BROWNFIELD DAVID
Published: March 2007

The influence that parents have on the social, behavioral, and psychological status of their children is the focus of a large and important body of literature in the social sciences. The data collected to study parental influence often describe individual mothers and fathers, leaving the researcher with the problem of representing the joint influence of these individuals as parents. A diagonal ANOVA model is proposed to represent parental influence as the weighted effects of one variable that describes father and one that describes mother. Extensions of the diagonal model that facilitate tests of various hypotheses pertaining to variation in the relative influence of mother and father are proposed. Models that represent the effects of asymmetry of parental characteristics are discussed as well. This application of the diagonal ANOVA model is illustrated using data on the effects of social bonds to mother and to father as a deterrent to the delinquent behavior of black and white male adolescents.
The Selectively Political Citizen?
Authors: BROOKS CLEM
Published: March 2007

Since Converse's pioneering work, social scientists have had to grapple with a perplexing phenomenon: the apparent willingness of many citizens to express an opinion to survey researchers when they in fact have no corresponding attitude. New approaches to measuring latent structures make it possible to address some of the controversies surrounding nonattitudes and to probe the empirical adequacy of Converse's account of mass political attitudes. This article extends the work of Duncan, Stenbeck, and Brody by analyzing Converse's Black-White model and alternative latent trait models when the American Panel Study data have not been recoded as dichotomies or trichotomies. The fit that Converse reported for his Black-White model is found to be the product of an invalid recoding scheme. Latent trait models provide a superior fit to the data. Although latent trait models do not allow researchers to classify respondents into logical classes of attitude (or nonattitude) holders, modeling results indirectly suggest that nonattitude holders were not a majority on any issue. Respondents' tendency to choose ideologically consistent categories is found to be limited. The relevance of these findings to the idea of a “selectively political citizen” is discussed in conclusion.
Identification of Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models of Arbitrary Complexity
Authors: REILLY TERENCE , O'BRIEN ROBERT M.
Published: March 2007

All statistical models must be identified if the estimates are to be meaningful. Determining the identification status of the measurement portion of a structural equation model can be difficult because the resulting system of covariance equations is nonlinear. The recent literature on identification rules for the measurement portion of a structural equation model has concentrated on models of factor complexity 1, that is, models in which each observed variable loads on one and only one factor. Building on the existing literature, the authors consider models of arbitrary complexity. A method is presented, called model decomposition, which permits factor complexity 1 identification rules to be applied to models of arbitrary factor complexity. In addition, a rule is presented, called the side-by-side rule, which determines the identification status of almost all models of higher complexity that appear in the literature (an exception being the multitrait-multimethod model). Examples from the literature are given.
Modeling Symmetry, Asymmetry, and Change in Ordered Scales with Midpoints Using Adjacent Category Logit Models for Discrete Data
Authors: SOBEL MICHAEL E.
Published: March 2007

Likert scales and bipolar adjective scales are often used to measure attitudes and opinions. To model the dependence of the scale on covariates, investigators typically (1) assign interval scores to scale categories, using these in regression analyses; (2) collapse categories to compare responses above and below a middle category; or (3) estimate a model for the cumulative distribution, for example, a proportional odds model. Problems with Approaches 1 and 2 are obvious. However, Approach 3 is not easily used to address the concerns of researchers who work with these scales because cumulative probabilities are employed. Thus, this article constructs adjacent category logit models for analyzing such scales. The models, which incorporate discrete covariates, are linear in the logits, hence equivalent to log-linear models. The Appendix shows how to fit the models using standard software for estimating log-linear models. To illustrate, the author models the distribution of political views in the 1977 General Social Survey, by sex and education, as well as a 20-year series on sex role attitudes, using new models for trends.
The Causal Devolution
Authors: ABBOTT ANDREW
Published: March 2007

This article discusses causal analysis as a paradigm for explanation in sociology. It begins with a detailed analysis of causality statements in Durkheim's Le suicide. It then discusses the history of causality assumptions in sociological writing since the 1930s, with brief remarks about the related discipline of econometrics. The author locates the origins of causal argument in a generation of brilliant and brash young sociologists with a model and a mission and then briefly considers the history of causality concepts in modern philosophy. The article closes with reflections on the problems created for sociology by the presumption that causal accounting is the epitome of explanation within the discipline. It is argued that sociology should spend more effort on (and should better reward) descriptive work.
Low caste but middle-class: Some religious strategies for middle- class identification in Hyderabad
Authors: Säävälä Minna
Published: March 2007

This article examines some religious means that socio-economically mobile low caste families use to identify themselves as 'middle-class people' in an urban setting in the south Indian city of Hyderabad. Special attention is paid to the situation of ex-Untouchables whose religious strategies, through partly specific to them, nevertheless reveal tendencies that are general among low caste Hindus in urban areas. The portrait of an ex-Untouchable family in Hyderabad and the arrangement of the ritual of Sri Satya Narayana wratam illuminates the Hindu religious strategies that they consider pivotal in the acquisition of social respectability. Although low caste middle-class people share certain of the cultural concep tions of the wider Indian (and Hindu) scene, they interpret ritualistic Hinduism in a non hegemonic frame, emphasising features that may differ radically from the ideologically dominant version of cultural competence. The article shows that new middle-class people seek to create a 'middle-class Hinduism' devoid of caste, and focussed on auspiciousness, rather than purity and pollution.
'killing' the guru: Anti-hierarchical tendencies of 'Bāuls' of Bengal1
Authors: Openshaw Jeanne
Published: March 2007

The conferral of immense symbolic importance on so-called 'Bāuls' by educated, urban Bengalis from the end of the 19th century derives from and has contributed to various kinds of essentialisation of the category 'bāul'. Assumptions of uniformity and continuity have resulted in a scholarly over-emphasis on the role of the institutional guru. It is argued here that the authority of this guru is far from absolute, even in theory. It is undermined by the plurality of gurus, the option of internalising or universalising the notion of the guru, and the crucial role of self-cultivation on the part of disciples. Moreover, esoteric practice necessitates a male-female pair, and the theoretical and practical importance conferred on women by 'Bāuls' tends to subvert the predominantly male guru lineages ('Hindu', Muslim or mixed), as does a readiness to divinise human beings as such, rather than only perfected human beings.
Caste and purity: A study in the language of the Dharma literature
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: March 2007

The caste system, according to the currently prevalent view, is based on purity, each caste being located on a hierarchical gradation of purity, a thesis laid out most compellingly by Louis Dumont. It has generally bern assumed that purity is the basis of hierarchy in ancient India. This paper examines the ancient texts on Dharma relating to purity and social hierarchy and finds that the texts establish no link between the two and that they rarely, if ever, refer to purity as an abstract condition or state. The language of purity itself is multifaceted, containing numerous terms with significant differences in meaning, and it makes a clear distinction between persons and things. With respect to persons, the vocabulary clearly indicates that the focus is not on any permanent, or even transitory, condition of purity but rather on the transition from impurity to purity, on the recovery of lost purity; the dynamic meaning dominates the use of the major Sanskrit terms for pure.
The Babri Masjid and the secular contract
Authors: Gould Harold A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the social-historical roots of the politicisation of the Babri Masjid. It suggests that the contemporary symbolic manipulation of this historic structure, culminating in its physical destruction by the Sangh Parivar in 1992, for the purpose of legitimising the propagation of a Hindu ethno-religious state, constitutes a fanciful reformulation of traditional Indian statecraft. It also sug gests that the process of 'de-secularisation' of the Indian state has been aided and abetted through the years by the ostensibly secular Congress Party's periodical willingness to play the communal card whenever this suited its tactical interests.
Ambedkar Buddhism in Maharashtra
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: March 2007

My purpose in this paper is to present an ethnography of a specific untouchable conversion movement in such a way that it clarifies theoretical issues relevant to understanding this kind of phenomenon more widely. It is therefore a contribution, however small, both to research on Buddhism in Maharashtra and also to the wider issues of untouchability and politics in India. There are many cases of untouchable castes converting to Islam or Christianity, and the Mahar conversion to Buddhism may in some respects belong to that wider group. What makes it of special interest, however, is firstly that it was Buddhism that was chosen to express the social, political and soteriological aspirations of this group; and secondly that it was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar himself who directly led this movement. Throughout his political career from the 1920s up to his death in 1956 he offered the scheduled castes the most incisive alternative to Gandhian high-caste paternalism, and his social and political thinking has been inherited most directly by the Buddhists, and by the Dalit movement with which the Buddhists have had a strong association.

My ethnography suggests that egalitarian rhetoric involves a reconceptualisation of the relation between ritual status and power. It may well have been true that untouchables have traditionally internalised, conformed to, and even reproduced, the value of hierarchical ritual status defined by relative purity, but increasingly status is seen by untouchables as itself an idiom of power which can be challenged politically. In this sense the Buddhists, and Ambedkar himself as their articulate spokesman, provide important insights into the changed relationship between status and power in India.
II. The Order of Others
Authors: Hooke Alexander E.
Published: March 2007

In a city high school recently a male student completed a one day suspension for fighting with a female student. It was the only day of school he missed and the only time he got into trouble. When he returned to sit in his usual place, which was next to the female student, the teacher soon noticed and suggested the male student move to another seat. The student said this was his usual seat, he was comfortable there, and wanted to know why he had to move. The teacher insisted, the student resisted, until the teacher called in the principal and security guard. After trying to persuade the student, they said, “We'll have to arrest you”; and he replied, “So?” The student was arrested. The teacher did not attempt to discuss the suggestions with the student nor ask other faculty for assistance. By being arrested and too poor to post bond, the student had to spend two nights in the city jail. Unsurprisingly, this notorious building induced greater fear in the student, whose cellmate was a convicted murderer, than any nagging public school teacher could; still, the student forced himself to stay awake for two consecutive nights. Sending a student to jail for not switching seats strikes one as insane.

Even though this incident may not be typical, one should be cautioned about drawing the conclusion that it was only a freak occurrence. The insanity followed a rational routine: Teacher makes request to student; student says no, hence disobeys; teacher gives warning, calls in authorities; authorities give warning, arrest student; student goes to jail. Indeed, the final action follows a sequence in which no outlandish violation of the rules appeared. A combination of regulations, circumstances, and individuals invested with power make this insanity readily possible.

And yet, as one observer put it, it could have been avoided, “All they had to do was treat him as a human being.”1
Carnivals of Atrocity
Authors: MILLER JAMES
Published: March 2007

It might be said that all knowledge is linked to the essential forms of cruelty.

Michel Foucault (1962)
Augustine and the Sources of the Divided Self
Authors: HUNDERT E. J.
Published: March 2007

For the good that I would, I do not; but the evil which I would not, that I do. Now if I do that I would not, it is no more I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me.

Romans 7.19-20.
“How is it, Then, That We Still Remain Barbarians?”
Authors: BENNETT JANE
Published: March 2007

The wholesale aestheticization of society had found its grotesque apotheosis for a brief moment in fascism, with its panoply of myths, symbols, and orgiastic spectacles.... But in the post-war years a different form of aestheticization was also to saturate the entire culture of late capitalism, with its fetishism of style and surface, its culture of hedonism and technique, its reifying of the signifier and displacement of discursive meaning with random intensities.

Terry Eagleton,

The Ideology of the Aesthetic
Children's Positive and Negative Experiences With the Internet
Authors: VALKENBURG PATTI M. , SOETERS KAREN E.
Published: March 2007

This survey among 194 Dutch children ages 8 to 13 who had home access to the Internet was designed to explore (a) children's motives for using the Internet, (b) their positive experiences with the Internet, and (c) their negative experiences with the Internet. Results showed that the most important motive for using the Internet was affinity with computers, followed by information and entertainment. Online social interaction and off-line social interaction were the least important motives. Children's spontaneous descriptions of their positive experiences with the Internet most frequently included playing or downloading computer games (17%), watching video clips and songs (13%), visiting kids entertainment sites (12%), and seeking information about animals (7%). As a negative experience, children most frequently reported a virus or computer crash (10%), violence (4%), and pornography (4%). The authors found several significant age and / or gender differences in children's motives for using the Internet and in their experiences with the Internet.
Charismatic Skill and Media Legitimacy
Authors: SHEAFER TAMIR
Published: March 2007

The charismatic skill approach developed here attempts to fill a theoretical and methodological lacuna in political communication through analyzing the competition in the political communication arena from the point of view of political actors. In a situation of an accelerated process of personalization, this approach examines the resources that help political actors pursue their goal in this arena. This goal is defined as achieving media legitimacy, which represents the success of the actors in obtaining access to the media and controlling media framing. It is hypothesized that charismatic and political resources of actors can explain media legitimacy. This hypothesis was strongly supported after it was tested on 95 members of the Israeli Knesset.
Hemophilia in the Days of AIDS
Authors: Scheerhorn Dirk
Published: March 2007

Although interest in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among social scientists has flourished in recent years, this interest has not yet extended to the hemophiliac population. This essay attempts to alleviate some of that neglect by discussing stigmatization as it relates to hemophilia since the onset of AIDS. It is argued that "associated stigmas" have created unique communicative tensions among the hemophiliac population.
CHILDREN'S PERCEPTIONS OF TV COMMERCIALS AND PRODUCTS
Authors: CHRISTENSON PETER GILBERT
Published: March 2007

This study investigated whether public service announcements about the nature of television advertising might influence (a) children's awareness of advertising's intent; (b) their belief in its truthfulness; and (c) their perceptions of products they see advertised. First-second and fifth-sixth graders were shown one of three stimuli: a No-commercials videotape, which consisted of two cartoon shows; a Commercials tape, which showed the same two programs plus commercials for a cereal, a chewing gum, and a board game; and a Consumer Information Processing, or CIP tape, which was the same as the Commercials tape except that it began with a pod of three announcements which gave information about the selling intent of commercials and suggested that one should be critical of commercial claims. Comparisons between the Commercials and the CIP condition showed that awareness of intent was increased among and younger group (the fifth-sixth graders were already aware); belief in the truthfulness of advertising dropped at both ages; and at both ages, the announcements lowered children's estimates of the flavor of the two advertised food products but did not influence feelings about how much fun the game would be or the rank of any of the three products versus competitors.
AUDIENCE MOTIVATION EFFECTS
Authors: GARRAMONE GINA M.
Published: March 2007

Survey data are applied to test the assertion that audience motivation for attending to political advertising influences the processing and effects of the advertising. The survey study attempts to supplement evidence supporting the assertion obtained using experimental methods. The study assesses the influence of two audience motivations—to learn candidates' stands on issues (issue) and to learn the personal qualities of the candidates (image)—on issue knowledge gain, recall of image information from political commercials, and recall of information from the video portion of political commercials. The mediating influence of intense processing of the commercials is also explored.
WATCHING TELEVISION
Authors: REEVES BYRON , THORSON ESTHER
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes results from a series of psychological experiments about how people process information from television. Results are discussed in relation to six issues: (1) size of stimulus units; (2) complexity of television stimuli; (3) interdependence of time units in television presentations; (4) intra- versus interstimulus differences in processing; (5) message form versus message content; and (6) active versus passive processing. Each issue is related to the processing concepts of attention, mental effort, and memory, and to the design of laboratory experiments using television stimuli.
New Wave Gatekeeping
Authors: FICO FREDERICK , HEETER CARRIE , SOFFIN STAN , STANLEY CYNTHIA
Published: March 2007

This study explored agenda-setting implications of indexing news content by topic. It was expected that indexing would diminish the power of mass media to set an audience agenda. An experimental version of a newspaper was created in which salience cues were removed and replaced with a topical index. The experimental and control versions of the newspaper were administered to more than 400 university student subjects. Results showed statistically significant differences in news topic exposure, but equivalently concentrated patterns of readership in the two versions. Rather than directing readers to stories based on editorially determined salience cues, the agenda set by the experimental version was based on ordering within the index and newspaper. Most readers of the indexed newspaper also evaluated it negatively, but a core of such readers liked the indexing, suggesting that different readership styles condition responses to information ordering in a newspaper.
Three Tiers for Innovation Research
Authors: KANTER ROSABETH MOSS
Published: March 2007

This article describes three efforts to design research on aspects of innovation in organization, along with the theoretical and empirical assumptions behind them. Each study occupies a different, progressively more macro-oriented tier in terms of level of analysis—from the innovation project as the unit, to the organization, to the extraorganizational environment.
Political Expertise and Affect
Authors: HSU MEI-LING , PRICE VINCENT
Published: March 2007

An experiment was conducted to investigate the various conditions under which political expertise (or prior knowledge in the general political domain) and affect (positive or negative feelings) might interact with each other in shaping the cognitive strategies that people employ in forming reactions to newspaper stories. Two hundred six subjects from a major midwestern university were randomly assigned to a positive affect or a negative affect condition to read an article about either a proposed change in the state of Michigan's student loan program or the proposed deputization of campus police. A thought-listing procedure was employed to analyze subjects' reactions to the articles. In line with expectations, political expertise emerged as an important contributor to analytic processing of the news articles (measured by the generation of total thoughts, issue-relevant thoughts, and arguments). Predicted main effects of affective valence were not observed, but an interaction between expertise and affect was found. Political experts, but not novices, generated more issue-relevant thoughts in the negative affect condition. Implications of these results for political communication research (e.g., campaign effects) are discussed.
Multiple Resource Theory I
Authors: BASIL MICHAEL D.
Published: March 2007

Comprehending television is a complex process. Multiple resource theory proposes that the necessary resources are limited. Limitations, however, depend on four separate factors. First, resources are used by three different tasks—attention, meaning-level processing, and memory. Demands arise from individual tasks and combinations. The consequences of reaching limitations are different for each task. Second, television's auditory and visual modalities use different symbol systems. Audio information might be more difficult to process and requires more resources. Third, television stimuli might contain the meaningful information in either the auditory or visual modality. Meaningful information might require more processing and resources and should result in resource shifts. Fourth, television programs use varying levels of redundancy. Whereas processing two modalities generally requires additional resources, actual demands depend on the level and nature of the redundancy. As a result of these four factors, resource limitations can inhibit one process, modality, or attribute. Systematic study of these outcomes is necessary.
News Media, Racial Perceptions, and Political Cognition
Authors: DOMKE DAVID , McCOY KELLEY , TORRES MARCOS
Published: March 2007

This study theorizes that news coverage of political issues not only influences people's thinking about the issues but also activates associated racial or ethnic stereotypes held by individuals and influences whether these perceptions are applied in politically meaningful ways, such as in the formation of issue positions or evaluations about whether certain political, economic, or legal outcomes are positive for U.S. society. To test these ideas, an experiment was conducted in which the news frame of immigration was systematically altered—as either material or ethical in nature—within controlled political information environments to examine how individuals process, interpret, and use issue information in forming political judgments. The findings provide strong support for the perspective that news coverage of issues, by priming subjects to focus on some considerations and relationships and not others, influences the strength of the associations between individuals' racial cognitions and their political evaluations.
Support for Censorship of Television Violence
Authors: HOFFNER CYNTHIA , BUCHANAN MARTHA , ANDERSON JOEL DAVID , HUBBS LISA A. , KAMIGAKI STACY K. , KOWALCZYK LAURA , PASTOREK ANGELA , PLOTKIN RICHARD S. , SILBERG KELSEY J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined predictors of support for censorship of television violence, including third-person effects (the belief that others are more affected by televised violence than oneself) and exposure to specific news stories about the issue. A random sample of 253 residents in a small, Midwestern metropolitan area participated via telephone interviews. The third-person effect for aggression predicted greater support for censorship, but the third-person effect for mean-world perceptions did not. However, when perceived effects on self and others were examined separately, greater support for censorship was associated with respondents' beliefs that violent content increased others' aggressive tendencies but their own mean-world perceptions. More frequent exposure to news stories about imitation was associated with more willingness to censor violent content, but four other types of news stories were unrelated to censorship support. Interpretations and implications of these and other findings are discussed.
The Relationship between Interpersonal Distance and Violence in Imprisoned Offenders
Authors: WALKEY FRANK H. , GILMOUR D. ROSS
Published: March 2007

A 12-month follow-up of 73 prison inmates who had completed a video measure of preferred Interpersonal Distance (IPD) showed that those who had been involved in fights during the follow-up period had significantly higher IPD scores. Further classification into subgroups identified a very high IPD group who had a previous record of violence and who were the aggressors in fights in prison, and a very low IPD group who had no record of violence and were not involved in fights except as victims. A discriminant function analysis indicated that IPD score was the variable which best predicted fighting in prison. This analysis derived a function from which it was possible to predict fighting behavior with a 71% rate of success.
Age and Adjustment to Prison
Authors: MacKENZIE DORIS LAYTON
Published: March 2007

Interpersonal conflict and major misconducts indicative of aggressive behavior were examined as a function of age for a homogeneous set of prison inmates. In contrast to previous studies, a direct linear decline in these behaviors did not occur with age. The pattern of change over age varied for the aggressive behaviors. Furthermore, age differences in anxiety and attitudes were found. There was no indication that the age differences in conflicts and misconducts were due to age differences in the ability to cope with the environment. However, there was some evidence that attitudes may differentially effect the behavior of inmates of different ages. Stronger attitudes reflecting either fear or victimization or the need to assert oneself in interactions with others led to more interpersonal conflicts at any age but only the youngest responded in manner leading to punishment by the institution.
The Affective Responses of Women Prisoners to Two Discrepant Penal Systems
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM FRANCESCA
Published: March 2007

This article contrasts a retributive penal system (Irish) with a rehabilitative system (Swedish) vis-à-vis the affective responses of women prisoners to incarceration. Previous studies typically have focused on narrow aspects of affect (e.g., interpersonal relationships) in prison. In contrast, the present study takes a more comprehensive approach in order to measure and compare affect over various aspects of prison life. In the more material aspects of life in prison, significant differences were found between the affective responses of Swedish and Irish women prisoners. Surprisingly, this difference did not extend to the less material aspects of prison life (e.g., interpersonal relationships and emotions). The most surprising finding was that the women from the rehabilitative Swedish system were more fearful of not having a “normal” life after release than were those from the retributive Irish system.
Neuropsychological Screening in Correctional Settings
Authors: IVERSON GRANT L. , FRANZEN MICHAEL D. , DEMAREST DAVID S. , HAMMOND JEFFREY A.
Published: March 2007

Central nervous system dysfunction is an important factor to consider in inmate management. Unfortunately, this issue frequently is neglected in correctional settings. This article discusses several management and rehabilitation issues for inmates with brain impairment. The authors propose a general neuropsychological screening approach for the correctional psychologist that will provide data to facilitate numerous inmate disposition decisions. Moreover, this screening approach is time and cost efficient, relatively easy to administer and score, and likely to be sensitive to a variety of brain pathologies.
The Influence of Personal Safety and Other Environmental Concerns on Sense of Control and Emotional Well-Being
Authors: GIBBS JOHN J. , PUZZANCHERA CHARLES M. , HANRAHAN KATHLEEN J. , GIEVER DENNIS
Published: March 2007

An instrument containing measures of personal safety and other environmental concerns, sense of control, and emotional well-being was administered to 334 undergraduates. The path analysis conducted on these data supported a model showing environmental concerns influencing emotional well-being directly and indirectly through sense of control. One of the implications of the model is that programs designed to reduce disjunctures between environmental needs and resources can indirectly affect emotional well-being by enhancing sense of control.
The Tenacity of the Rehabilitative Ideal Revisited
Authors: SUNDT JODY L. , CULLEN FRANCIS T. , APPLEGATE BRANDON K. , TURNER MICHAEL G.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has shown that the public endorses rehabilitation as a core goal of corrections. Over the past decade, however, the campaign to get tough on crime has grown in strength. In this context, the question emerges as to whether support for rehabilitation has diminished or maintained its hold on public thinking. The authors address this issue by replicating a 1986 study by Cullen, Skovron, Scott, and Burton that explored attitudes toward correctional treatment. The data reveal that citizens' support for rehabilitation has declined meaningfully. Even so, the public continues to view treatment as a legitimate correctional objective, especially for juvenile and nonviolent offenders.
Confucius and the Moral Basis of Bureaucracy
Authors: Frederickson H. George
Published: March 2007

The moral justification for bureaucracy in systems of democratic self-government is stronger in Eastern thought than in Western philosophy and practice. In East Asia, moral justification for bureaucracy is broadly understood to be based on the work of Confucius and his followers. Modern scholars confirm that the primary countries of East Asia have distinctive bureaucratic cultures tracing to Confucian ideology. Distinctive elements of Confucian ideology include rule of man versus rule of law, distinctive characteristics of good public officials, the nature of moral conventions and practices in governing, the importance of education and merit for public officials, how good officials should deal with those in political power, the logic of civil reciprocity, and the nature of order in society. Following descriptions of each of these elements of Confucian moral justification for bureaucracy, the article closes with a comparison of Western and East Asian approaches to the moral justification for bureaucracy.
Public Employee Unioniza Tion in the States
Authors: Hopkins Anne H. , Rawson George E. , Smith Russell L.
Published: March 2007

After briefly noting several problem areas for students of unionization, the authors focus on public employee perceptions of union impacts in five states. State public employee unions were found to be occupationally quite different from other public and private sector unions, with professional employees predominating. Stages of union development also emerged, with the breadth of union membership and the number of employees covered by union contracts being the key descriptive variables. The developmental stages were also found to be directly related to whether and how unions had affected their working conditions.
Observation and Theory in Development Administration
Authors: Springer J. Fred
Published: March 2007

The development of sound empirical theory has been a major, and elusive, objective for students of comparative administration. It is suggested that the lack of progress toward this goal can be partly attributed to the "complexity" of the empirical phenomena (the "operational space") encompassed by the field. A review of the literature reveals that most existing studies are limited in their coverage of this "space." Those which analyze explanatory variables over a relatively large range of levels of analysis (ie., studies which are contextually detailed) tend to focus on one, or a very few, units of analysis; more extensive research in terms of units tends to be confined to a single level of analysis, usually at the highest (systemic) or lowest (individual) levels. Systematic comparative analysis of characteristics of organizations as units (e.g., task and goal structures, internal differentiation, technology, autonomy, organizational control, and so on) is neglected. To redress this imbalance, and to refocus theory in comparative administration on those aspects of organization "design" most amenable to change, a "multilevel/multimethod" research strategy is proposed. Examples of recent studies conducted at multiple levels of analysis are used to illustrate this approach.
Insiders and Outsiders
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: March 2007

Interest groups and public administration are both universal features of political life, and this article examines their interaction. This interaction is deemed crucial for an understanding of the formation of public policy in the modern state. Four categories of interaction between pressure groups and bureaucracy are developed, and the extent and types of effects of each on policy is examined. The types of interactions discussed range from legitimate and formal interactions in the Scandinavian countries to sporadic and illegitimate group activities in developed and underdeveloped societies.
Chief Executive Support and Innovation adoption
Authors: Perry James L. , Kraemer Kenneth L.
Published: March 2007

This article tests a model of the influence of chief executive support on innovation outcomes in local government organizations. Propositions taken from the literature are causally ordered and tested using path analysis. The model is weakly supported by the analysis. Several explanations are offered for the results.
Response to Regula tion
Authors: Sproull Lee S.
Published: March 2007

Federal regulation of organizations is an increasingly important theoretical and policy topic. Current regulation analyses are deficient in that they overrely on economic assumptions and market sector organizations. This article proposes an organizational process framework for investigating and understanding how local organizations respond to federal regulation based on the argument that conventional approaches, which focus on system properties and outcomes, lead to neither theoret ical nor policy insights. Additionally, it suggests alternative strategies for investigation.
Oversight of Presidential Funds by the Appropriations Committees
Authors: Yarwood Dean L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines congressional oversight of presidential funds during the Watergate crisis. During the crisis it became clear members of the Appropriations Committees of Congress were reluctant to look into the use of presidential funds. When they did, it was apparent that these funds were virtually uncontrolled. Three problems are examined here: the use of the Special Projects fund, the lack of distinction between it and the Emergency Fundfor the President, and the absence of authorization for the White House Office, Salaries, and Expensesfund. The relevance of theories of legislative oversight to presidentialfunding are evaluated. Though some lessons were learned about oversight of executivefunds as a result of the Watergate experience, other more basic lessons have been ignored.
Reconsidering Charity
Authors: Maynard-Moody Steven
Published: March 2007

This article argues that concepts useful in examining for-profit organizations are frequently misapplied in evaluating human service organizations. The assumption of most program evaluators that human service organizations are purposive rather than expressions of social values may encourage service organizations to become rigid, narrow, inefficient, and costly. It is suggested that evaluators should emphasize appreciation, avoid allocation and personnel decisions, be drawn from in-house staff, and judge more than outcomes. In addition, evaluators should use their experiences with social programs to help in developing a theory of human services as value-rational organizations.
Managing Organizational Retrenchament
Authors: Levine Charles H. , Rubin Irene S. , Wolohojian George G.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a discussion of the preconditions necessary for managing a contraction. It examines the constraints operative in the public sector which exclude or limit the availability of the prerequisites for public managers to effectively manage retrenchment. Then it describes how a public organization without these prerequisites behaves under conditions of fiscal stress by using a multistage model of public sector contraction that includes several political dimensions as well as organizational factors. Several of the model's components are taken from the experience of New York City's government since its fiscal crisis of 1973-1974. The article concludes that retrenchment forces public organizations into a position of excessive oversight which stifles initiative and encourages errors. Therefore, over the long run, retrenchment may make public organizations even less effective and less capable of dealing with their problems.
Job and Union Work Satisfaction of Part-Time Union Officers
Authors: Shirom Arie , Shavit Sara
Published: March 2007

The research focuses on the relationship between and predictors of job and union work satisfaction of part-time union officers. Data were gathered from 323 local union officers of the largest union representing government employees in Israel. For growth-oriented officers, job and union satisfaction were positively correlated, while for their relatedness-oriented comrades a zero correlation between the two satisfaction measures was obtained. Regardless of the motivational orientation, the officers' job satisfaction was best predicted by salary grade and seniority as a union officer while only the latter variable was associated with union work satisfaction.
Response to Schaefer
Authors: Lowi Theodore J.
Published: March 2007

In this response, Professor Lowi challenges Professor Schaefer's interpretation of The End of Liberalism. In particular he rejects Schaefer's effort to drive a wedge between James Madison and himself.