bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nineteenth Amendment Today
Authors: Monopoli Paula A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 8 concludes that the Nineteenth Amendment can be revitalized today, to more fully ensure women’s equality. It reviews new legal scholarship that suggests direct applications of the Nineteenth Amendment to today’s voting rights challenges. And it describes how some scholars suggest that the Nineteenth should be read together with the Fourteenth Amendment, as a normative matter, to provide a more capacious understanding of the Fourteenth, as applied to women’s rights, beyond voting. Given persistent gender inequality, and the uncertain status of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), the chapter concludes that it is worth revisiting the jurisprudential potential of the Nineteenth Amendment, at its centennial.
Scared, Resentful, Destitute Hillbillies?
Authors: Hibbing John R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter reviews and critiques the conventional wisdom that fervent Trump supporters are distinguished by their demographic, personality, and emotional profiles. The standard narrative, drawn in part from 2016 exit polls, asserts that Trump supporters are old, male, white, uneducated, poor, rural, religious, neurotic, bitter, angry, resentful, adrift, and fearful, but this chapter suggests that although several of the demographic claims have some truth, many Trump supporters are in fact female, college educated, suburban, and well to do. With regard to personality and emotions, Trump supporters are not as neurotic as liberals and actually rank lower than those with other political orientations on most negative emotions, including bitterness, anger, resentment, and fear. Compared to those who do not like Trump, many fervid Trump supporters appear to be less threatened by most aspects of life with the possible exception of outsiders.
The Trump Venerator Next Door
Authors: Hibbing John R.
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, data from the 2019 survey of American adults are used to test for the accuracy of previous explanations for avid Trump supporters, especially the demographic, personality, and emotional concepts discussed in Chapter 2. The findings show that, compared to those with other political ideologies such as liberals, moderates, and non-Trump-venerating conservatives, Trump venerators are older, less educated, less neurotic, less introverted, less bitter, less resentful, and less angry. Special attention is given to the differences between Trump venerators and conservatives who do not venerate Trump because this comparison should help to identify what is unique about Trump venerators. For example, on the vital matters of racial and sex attitudes, Trump venerators are found to be less favorable than non-Trump-venerating conservatives toward blacks but not significantly less favorable when it comes to attitudes toward women.
The Many Faces of Trump Veneration
Authors: Hibbing John R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes the four major types of vigorous Trump supporters. The great majority (60%) are securitarians but many support Trump for other reasons. Some can be called “social warriors” because issues such as abortion and gay marriage are the most important to them. Some can be called tea partiers because they prioritize tax cuts, deregulation, and small government. Some are economically concerned and worry about health care, income inequality, and trade. The findings indicate that compared to other Trump venerators, social warriors are more submissive, more dogmatic, and less concerned about personal and national strength. Tea partiers are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and to be willing to take aggressive political acts. The economically concerned are more likely to be bitter, angry, resentful, and unfulfilled. And securitarians are more likely to have high incomes, high political knowledge and interest, and to score low on submissiveness.
Preparing for the Future
Authors: Kölbel Andrea
Published: September 2020

Chapter Two situates the lives of Nepalis born in the 1980s within the history of the modern Nepali state and its ties to regional and global developments. Drawing on existing literature, it is argued that Nepal’s educated younger generation was seen to be particularly well prepared to take advantage of a range of new opportunities associated with educational expansion, a changing labour market, and international migration. Yet, these large-scale structural changes also caused much uncertainty, since long-established life paths were increasingly obscured. Educated young Nepalis, therefore, often struggled to reconcile pervasive discourses about a better future with the realities of their present-day lives in Kathmandu. The analysis presented in this chapter makes evident that the relevant debate about young people’s agency continues to revolve around dualistic categorizations, not least because it remains focused on specific subgroups of youth.
Putting Down Roots to Move On
Authors: Kölbel Andrea
Published: September 2020

Chapter Five moves the focus away from the campus onto other spaces around which students’ daily lives were structured. A close analysis of students’ occupational situations reveals that these young people were acutely aware of the difficulties involved in their attempts to carve out lucrative careers. It is argued that public discourses about the role of educated youth in Nepali society were part of this problem, as they tended to reinforce polarising depictions of youth as the panacea for and a menace to a prosperous future. Precisely because students’ efforts to ‘do good’ were much more low-key than prevalent representations of youth suggest, the contributions these young people made to the wider social good were largely overlooked. Modest appropriations of dominant educational and occupational strategies, however, allowed these young people to develop a sense of themselves as competent people and enabled them to maintain positive outlooks on life.
Visual Access and Excess
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

This chapter conceptualizes several aspects of digital remediations in an era of restless digital navigation. The instantaneous creation and sharing of content altering the relationship between bodies, spaces, and devices is demonstrated here. The first section of the chapter addresses various aspects of digital remediations such as screen-mediated navigations and the multifarious role of networked devices, social consequences of the intimacy between body and device, and instantaneous modes of sharing and their implications. The second segment reflects on dimensions of the post-photographic condition such as unlimited storage, ease and excess of auto-voyeuristic tendencies, publicizing the private self, death of the photographic ‘lack’, ‘fixity’, ‘nostalgia’, the witlessness/weightlessness of the visual excess, the ease of visual manipulation and the democratization of the medium, and the death of the photographer. It also briefly discusses the control and manipulation of the self-generated data.
After the Tourists Depart
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores multiple aspects of image–space relationship in Ladakh in particular. It analyzes the role of photographic practices behind branding of an aspired tourist destination. It makes a case for image–destination inseparability and argues that it is the constructed image of the destination which attracts collective tourist gaze. It focuses on the evolution of Ladakh as a hyper tourist destination in the last two decades. It asserts that the consumerist trajectory or tragedy of Ladakh in the post-liberalization period as a destination for adventure and exotica is visually negotiated through imageries. It also highlights some of the material leftovers of the tourists. Through a visual exploration of material remains, it documents reckless consumerist obsession with packaged tourism.
Jignesh Mevani
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Jignesh Mevani is an independent legislator in the Indian state of Gujarat. A former journalist, he joined electoral politics to address issues of social justice and economic equality. Unlike many other politicians in India, Mevani does not come from a political family. He is almost the antithesis of an Indian politician, eschewing party politics trappings and building a political career through one of the established Indian parties. He remains sharply critical of unrepentant capitalism and caste injustices while deeply self-reflective of his limitations.
K.T. Rama Rao
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

K.T. Rama Rao, widely known as KTR, along with his father K. Chandrashekhar Rao, led the movement to create a new state–Telangana to be carved out of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh. The Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is one of the few social movements that had successfully transitioned from a movement to a governing party. KTR as the working president of the TRS, remains popular in Telangana. He has served in the Telangana cabinet, looking after a diverse set of portfolios, including local government and information technology. Despite his personal preferences, he is acutely aware of caste, community, and religious consciousness in influencing a citizen’s life chances and attitudes.
Madhukeshwar Desai
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Madhukeshwar Desai, the great-grandson of Morarji Desai, a Congress politician and former Prime Minister of India, is the vice president of the youth wing of the BJP. A lawyer by training, he is currently the chief executive officer (CEO) of the Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA), a joint effort between the Government of Maharashtra, the international and domestic arbitration and the business community. Madhukeshwar sees the BJP is the only party in India in which anyone can aspire to rise to the top. He also believes in some of the central tenets of the BJP’s ideology, especially that all Indian citizens are treated equally and that the country should move towards a uniform civil code.
Supriya Sule
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Supriya Sule, MP from Baramati and a senior leader of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), hails from Maharashtra’s most prominent political families. Her father Sharad Pawar, the NCP president, is one of the most senior national politicians in India. Supriya, raised by a Christian mother and a Hindu father, celebrates Christmas and Diwali at home with equal fervour. These shared religious traditions probably inform her secular ideology—she is comfortable with pluralism in faith. She is always on the move— travelling to her constituency and addressing voter’s concerns. Supriya has a confident outlook, a legacy of her modern, urban Mumbaikar identity.
Sushmita Dev
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Sushmita Dev’s family has a long history of public service. Her grandfather was a freedom fighter and minister in the Assam government, her mother a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the Assam assembly. Her father was a cabinet minister and Congress stalwart. She is president of the All India Mahila Congress, the Congress party’s women’s wing, Sushmita is acutely aware of the challenges that women face, arguing that a woman’s journey in politics is more difficult than that of a man at every step of the way. Yet, she rejects a lot of measures aimed at women empowerment as pure ‘tokenism’.
Introduction to Part 1
Authors: Patibandla Murali
Published: September 2020

International trade and investment across countries, both developed and developing economies, are a major source of economic growth by improving allocative efficiency of resources and rapid flow of advanced technologies. Several developing and socialist economies that pursued inward orientation since the last forty years started to open up their economies for international trade and investment. Countries that had initial endowment of industrial, technological endowments, and basic institutions have able to take advantage of this phenomenon. India fits this bill. It acquired basic industrial, technological, and capitalist institutions. The reforms operate on the basis of these endowments. The objective of the book is to trace out the underlying theoretical and empirical factors that demonstrate the effect of the reforms It explains the reason for dividing the book into two part: (1) International Trade Behaviour: the Pre-reform Era and (2) International Trade and Investment Behaviour: The Post-reform era.
Empirical Analysis of Technical and Allocative Efficiency of Firms and International Trade Behaviour
Authors: Patibandla Murali
Published: September 2020

We measured firm-level relative technical and allocative efficiency drawing from Farrell’s production frontier approach. Technical efficiency captures technology dimension of realization amount output for given level of inputs employed. It is determined by technological, organizational firms and consequent technical efficiency. It shows very large and small firms are relatively technically inefficient compared medium sized firms. And technical efficiency explained exports positively. These results support our main hypotheses. Firm-level allocative efficiency is optimum combination of inputs (labour and capital) given the input prices (wages and capital costs). We argued that India’s factor markets were fragmented: large firms pay lower price to capital and higher price labour in comparison small and medium firms. This, in turn, made large firms deviate from India’s comparative advantage in labour intensity. On the other hand, small and medium scale firms realized allocative efficiency in accordance with India’s comparative advantage.
Indian Multinational Firms
Authors: Patibandla Murali
Published: September 2020

An important phenomena in recent years is the entry of emerging economy multinational firms on the global stage with important implications on the structure. These countries are China, South Korea, Brazil, Argentina, and India. In the Post-reforms era domestic market has become very competitive, driving Indian companies to acquire world class standards in technology and organization. A consequence of this is several large Indian firms investing oversea markets especially developed countries with both green field ventures and cross-border acquisitions. India’s endowment of largescale skilled manpower (human capital) provided comparative advantage both for exports and international investments. One of the underlying factors for Indian corporations (generally emerging economy multinational firms) investing in developed countries is to develop linkages with the world market in order to leverage strategic resources that in turn promote learning within the firm.
Reckoning
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

In March 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt declared a national bank holiday and persuaded Congress to approve emergency measures to revive the U.S. banking system. Those measures included capital infusions from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and asset-backed loans from the Federal Reserve. National City Bank, Chase National Bank, and other universal banks received large bailouts, which enabled them to withstand the huge losses they suffered from their securities operations and related loans. Roosevelt also supported legislation proposed by Senator Carter Glass and Representative Henry Steagall to prohibit banks from engaging in securities activities and to bar nonbanks from accepting deposits. A Senate investigation led by Ferdinand Pecora revealed widespread abuses in securities offerings made by National City, Chase, and other universal banks and private investment banks during the 1920s. Pecora’s revelations generated widespread public support for the Glass-Steagall Act, which Roosevelt signed into law in June 1933.
Unfinished Business
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

In 2009, the U.S. and other G20 nations agreed on reforms designed to improve the regulation of systemically important financial institutions and markets. However, those reforms did not change the fundamental structure of the financial system, which continues to be dominated by universal banks and large shadow banks. Those giant institutions are too big, too complex, and too opaque to be effectively managed by their executives or adequately disciplined by market participants and regulators. In addition, government officials have failed to hold top executives accountable for widespread misconduct at financial giants during and after the financial crisis. The extensive networks linking capital markets, universal banks, and shadow banks create a strong probability that serious problems arising in one financial sector will spill over into other sectors and trigger a systemic crisis. Consequently, governments face enormous pressures to rescue universal banks and large shadow banks whenever a financial disruption occurs. There are serious doubts whether many governments and central banks will possess the necessary resources in the future to provide comprehensive bailouts similar to those arranged during the last crisis. Accordingly, the next systemic financial crisis might not be contained and could potentially lead to a second Great Depression.
An Epic Voice with Rhyme and Reason
Authors: Burnham Scott
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the particular qualities that make Felix Mendelssohn’s symphonic writing so distinctive, as exemplified in the Third (‘Scottish’) Symphony. Focusing on key features such as sound (the characteristic ‘Scottish’ Nebelstimmung), scenically evocative elements (such as the music’s suggestion of battles, storms, and daybreak), and the ballad-like tone, it sets Mendelssohn’s practice against precedents in the symphonic work of Beethoven, not in order to enact yet again the lopsided binary that defines some composer negatively in terms of Beethoven but rather better to profile what is striking in Mendelssohn’s symphony. A concluding section, comparing the symphonic art of the two composers to the contrasting translations of Homer by Chapman and Pope, asks why reception history has for so long ignored the mastery and skill of Mendelssohn’s own symphonic achievement.
Sibling Love and the Daemonic
Authors: Christian Angela Mace
Published: September 2020

Sibling love in the relationship between Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn has become recognized in recent years as one of the most important formational aspects of their lives and music. Based on the wider publication of the letters and music of both composers, we have come to realize just how much each influenced the other. However, a few questions have remained unanswered regarding the nature of that relationship and the almost indescribably intense intellectual bond they shared. Using interdisciplinary methodologies provided by kinship studies and drawing extensively on Fanny’s correspondence, this chapter provides social context for understanding just how unusual the two siblings’ marriages were for the time and what that can tell us about their artistic relationship. The chapter introduces a new term, siberoticism, and tackles the meaning behind the strange letter in which Fanny tells Felix that he exerts a ‘daemonic’ influence over her.
Expansion and Recomposition in Mendelssohn’s Symphonic Sonata Forms
Authors: Moortele Steven Vande
Published: September 2020

This chapter rethinks Felix Mendelssohn’s position vis-à-vis the New Formenlehre by focusing on structural expansion and recomposition in the subordinate theme groups of his symphonic sonata forms. A recurring strategy in the exposition of these works is to present a short, tight-knit theme that is then repeated and progressively expanded, significantly delaying the arrival of the cadence that concludes the subordinate theme group. This process of expansion in the exposition then forms the starting point for the recomposition of the subordinate theme group in the recapitulation. Drawing on examples from the first movements of the ‘Reformation’ and the ‘Italian’ Symphonies as well as from the Hebrides and Ruy Blas overtures, this chapter seeks not only to offer a more balanced account of the relation between the old and the new in Mendelssohn’s symphonic music but also to use that music as a locus of theory formation that contributes to a definition of what constitutes ‘Romantic’ form.
Mendelssohn’s Difference in FaithRethinking Kunstreligion in the Context of His Compositional Aesthetics
Authors: Koch Sabine
Published: September 2020

This chapter departs from confessional interpretations of Felix Mendelssohn’s musical and religious outlook, encouraged by an empathetic reading of his own statements within the context of wider philosophies of art and religion, which combined into what became known as art-religion. In Mendelssohn’s writings, Kunstreligion was both a form of religion that was associated with Friedrich Schleiermacher’s theology and a means of finding his true self as a composer, as intended by his father, Abraham. His identification with nineteenth-century sacralized aesthetics of feelings never gave way to the unworldly nostalgia that critics and scholars have so often associated negatively with aesthetic religion. For Mendelssohn, Kunstreligion had practical implications and clear boundaries. His leaning towards religious theories of art inspired him to compose musical works for the spiritual enhancement of his audiences but found its limits whenever musico-religious rhetoric ran counter to his own moral consciousness, innermost beliefs, and sense of tolerance.
Mendelssohn’s Deutsche Liturgie in the Context of the Prussian Agende of 1829
Authors: Stokes Laura K. T.
Published: September 2020

Felix Mendelssohn’s 1846 setting of the Deutsche Liturgie is among the least understood of his sacred compositions. Far from being an isolated instance of music intended for the liturgy of the Prussian Union Church, Mendelssohn’s work participates in and responds to a tradition of such settings that can be traced back to the 1829 Prussian Agende, whose Musik-Anhang was compiled by Mendelssohn’s teacher Carl Friedrich Zelter. A comparison of Mendelssohn’s setting with those composed by Eduard Grell and Wilhelm Taubert offers a context for reappraising Mendelssohn’s sacred music in light of the historicist values of mid-nineteenth-century Berlin and for nuancing our understanding of Mendelssohn’s aesthetics, creative choices, and intellectual approach to sacred music.
‘Time Is, Time Was, Time Is Past’
Authors: Youens Susan
Published: September 2020

The Reiselied forms a distinct subcategory in Felix Mendelssohn’s song output. Of his more than seventy published songs, at least eleven speak primarily of departure, travelling, awareness of distance from loved ones, and homesickness. This chapter examines Mendelssohn’s experiences of journeying to other countries as expressed in his lively letters and the songs born of his meditations on the subject. In particular, it examines ‘Ferne’, with its archetypal traveller’s anxiety about relationships with those back home; the famous Heinrich Heine ‘Reiselied’; and one of the most poignant of Mendelssohn’s requiems for his sister Fanny, the Nikolaus Lenau song ‘Auf der Wanderschaft’, a restrained but raw expression of grief.
St. Mary-at-Hill (1536–38)
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

The second document of Tallis’s career shows him as part of a flexible roster of half a dozen musicians at the London parish of St. Mary-at-Hill. He was paid for a total of twelve months’ work across two different annual accounts. This parish expended a great deal of money and effort on music. Polyphonic music was regularly copied, chant books were bought, and the organ was maintained. There was also a small choir school for boys. By the time Tallis was there in the later 1530s, the English church had already cut all religious and administrative ties to Rome, but the full round of complex traditional music was still in place. St. Mary-at-Hill often served as a springboard to more prestigious jobs; many of Tallis’s colleagues there went on to serve at cathedrals or in the Chapel Royal.
Waltham Abbey (1540)
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

The third document of Tallis’s career shows him being sent away from Waltham Abbey, the last monastery dissolved in England, in March 1540. Tallis served the abbey as a professional musician, as he had done at Dover a decade earlier. He was the highest paid of more than sixty lay staff there. The Lady Chapel, where Tallis would have done much of his work, is still intact, including a large wall painting of the Last Judgment with angel musicians. Another precious survival from Waltham Abbey is a manuscript of music theory now in the British Library (Lansdowne 763), which Tallis took with him at his departure and inscribed with his own name. It is a comprehensive pre-Reformation guide to practical music: notation, sight-reading, improvisation, and simple composition.
Canterbury Cathedral (1541)
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

The fourth document of Tallis’s career is a list of musicians made around 1541 at Canterbury Cathedral. The cathedral had long been a center of music, art, and pilgrimage, immortalized by Chaucer among many others. It had been run by monks through the 1530s, so it needed radical reorganization and a new lay staff after Henry VIII dissolved all the monastic communities in England. This new staff included twelve professional singers. Tallis was first on the list of singers. Other documents from the 1540s show the richness of the musical culture at Canterbury in Tallis’s day. The Peterhouse partbooks, which are revisited in more detail in Chapter 10, may have been a collection of music assembled for Tallis and his eleven colleagues at the new foundation of Canterbury in 1541.
The Gyffard Partbooks
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

The Gyffard Partbooks are a priceless source of Tallis’s music because 95 percent of their contents are found nowhere else. Unlike most surviving collections of Latin church repertory in England, this is an anthology of three-voice and four-voice music. It shows Tallis and his mid-century colleagues (some of them considerably younger) writing on a smaller scale. The chapter looks in detail at a number of Tallis’s works in the Gyffard books, including an enigmatic four-voice mass and a motet (Sancte Deus) that shows close ties to the distinguished Tudor court musician Philip van Wilder. This is the last pre-Reformation chapter in the book. Starting with the music described in Chapter 12, Tallis will begin writing for services in English.
John Baldwin’s Partbooks
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

John Baldwin (d. 1615) was a singer and music scribe, affiliated with St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, and later with the Chapel Royal, who copied more than 400 pieces of music. He had a special liking for old, obscure, complex, and politically unfashionable pieces; much of his energy as a copyist was spent on what his own generation would have considered “early music.” As a result, he rescued some of Tallis’s most important works (especially Latin-texted works) from oblivion or near-oblivion. This chapter takes a detailed look at a number of pieces by Tallis in Baldwin’s collection, including the psalm-motets, the Lamentations, and big responsories such as the six-voice Videte miraculum.
The President and Immigration Law
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodriguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

This book challenges the myth that Congress—not the President—controls immigration law, dictating who may come to the United States, and who may stay, in a detailed and comprehensive legislative code. Drawing on a wide range of sources—rich historical materials, unique data on immigration enforcement, and insider accounts of the nation’s massive immigration bureaucracy—it reveals how the President has become our immigration policymaker-in-chief over the course of two centuries. From founding-era debates over the Alien and Sedition Acts, to Jimmy Carter’s intervention during the Mariel boatlift from Cuba, to the last two administrations’ reactions to Central American asylum seekers at the southern border, presidential crisis management has played an important role in this story. Far more foundational, however, has been the ordinary executive obligation to enforce the law. Over time, the power born of that duty has become the central vehicle for making immigration policy in the United States. In grappling with the implications of this power, the book also provides a blueprint for reform, one that accepts rather than laments the role the President plays in shaping the national community, while outlining strategies to curb the abuse of law enforcement authority in immigration and beyond.
Managing and Manufacturing Crisis
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the origins of American refugee policy. Twentieth-century refugee policy provides a powerful example of how presidents have played a leading role in determining which noncitizens should be allowed to enter the United States, and it reflects the dynamism and creativity of executive governance. In the service of foreign affairs and humanitarianism, presidents of this era transformed bureaucratic tools meant to be case management devices, such as the parole power, into instruments for remaking the immigration system by their own lights. Perhaps not surprisingly, the specter of emergency frequently has propelled these presidential initiatives. Wartime labor shortages and sudden refugee crises have given rise to vivid examples of executive unilateralism. But much of the historical use of the parole power fits uncomfortably into an emergency framework: the statutory grant hardly looks like a delegation of emergency authority. The President’s influence over immigration instead has deeper roots. His role has extended far beyond responding rapidly in emergency contexts to exploiting seemingly limited powers to serve an administration’s ongoing foreign and domestic policy objectives.
Geographies of Campus Inequality
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2020

In efforts to improve equity, selective college campuses are increasingly focused on recruiting and retaining first-generation students—those whose parents have not graduated from college. In Geographies of Campus Inequality, sociologists Benson and Lee argue that these approaches may fall short if they fail to consider the complex ways first-generation status intersects with race, ethnicity, and gender. Drawing on interview and survey data from selective campuses, the authors show that first generation students do not share a universal experience. Rather, first generation students occupy one of four disparate geographies on campus within which they negotiate academic responsibilities, build relationships, engage in campus life, and develop post-college aspirations. Importantly, the authors demonstrate how geographies are shaped by organizational practices and campus constructions of class, race, and gender. Geographies of Campus Inequality expands the understanding of first-generation students’ campus lives and opportunities for mobility by showing there is more than one way to be first generation.
Play Hard
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 focuses on first-generation students who fit a Play Hard geography. Although academic achievement is important for many Play Hard students, it is less of a driver in students’ lives than for those in other geographies. Students arrange their lives more around leisure, participating in high-status social venues of athletics and/or Greek Letter Organizations where they meet more peers from more affluent and continuing-generation families than those in other geographies. Most who entered a Play Hard geography participate in athletics and/or attended a private high school. The small percentage of first-generation students who make their way into a Play Hard geography includes the greatest variation of experience along gender and racialized lines. Students located in a Play Hard geography experience varying levels of comfort, often participating at a steep cost to their sense of self-esteem or enjoyment.
Multisphere
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 focuses on Multisphere students who incorporated elements from both Work Hard and Play Hard geographies, balancing serious academic work, strong extracurricular involvement, and social lives in high-status venues. Most Multisphere students arrived on campus through targeted orientation programs. While these led to early and lasting friendships, Multisphere respondents’ campus acclimation processes are distinguished by a pattern of branching out, locating strong peer ties in varied social locations. The way that students in this geography float among different spheres, able to be comfortable and successful in each, makes this the most fluid of the campus geographies. There are few first-generation students in this geography, and the authors think of them in some ways as being both outliers and examples of what is possible for first-generation students.
Who Was “Tree of Pearls”?
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild
Published: September 2020

Shajar a-Durr was a rare individual who rose from slavery to become sultan of Egypt. Her achievements stand at the interconnection of politics, slavery, gender, and architecture. Contemporary observers portray her as a perceptive, strategic, and forceful decision maker. Moreover, her works of architecture testify to her values and ambitions as a patron. In their unusual urban location, relationship to the street and to the buildings around them, structure and unusual dome profiles, and inventive ornament and inscriptions, her buildings reveal a great deal about the person and the transitional age in which she lived. She was an unusual personage who did not conform to ordinary standards, and her architecture was similarly extraordinary.
Sultans and Slaves: Salih’s Rise to Power
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild
Published: September 2020

Like all Ayyubid princes, Sultan Salih rose to power by fighting his family members, aided by his large army of Turkic slaves, called mamluks. After a period of captivity in which his Turkic concubine Shajar al-Durr bore him a son, he gained freedom and became sultan of Egypt. Just as large numbers of male slaves were imported into Egypt to serve as soldiers and servants, female slaves were acquired from the same areas, possibly in even greater numbers. These served as servants and concubines. Some, such as Shajar al-Durr, became mothers of their master’s sons and thus gained more security and social importance.
The Streets of Cairo and the Salihiyya Madrasa
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild
Published: September 2020

Sultan Salih’s major architectural work was the Madrasa Salihiyya, supported by a perpetual endowment, in the center of the walled city of Cairo. The second institution in the Islamic world to include the four major branches of Islamic law within one building, and the first in Egypt, it was the first to organize the educational program in four iwans (large open-sided halls), a typology that soon became ubiquitous. The solemn yet extensive ornament on its long facade, dedicatory inscriptions, large projecting entrance block, and tall ornamented minaret reveal the attention paid to urban space in that period in Cairo, especially the public space of the street.
“If You Lack Men”: Shajar al-Durr’s Abdication and Tomb
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild
Published: September 2020

Because the censure of other rulers once again made Egypt vulnerable to an external attack, Shajar al-Durr was forced to abdicate the throne after less than three months and to marry a high-ranking military leader, Aybak, who replaced her on the throne. When Aybak began courting a second wife seven years later, Shajar al-Durr had him killed, whereupon she was herself murdered a few days later. She was the first sultan in Cairo to have built her own tomb, perhaps because there were no surviving children to build one for her. The tomb is architecturally significant for its golden mosaics and extensive program of wall paintings, the recent cleaning of which have made them visible again.
A Systematic Review of the Socioeconomic Effects of Exposure to Political Violence
Authors: Miaari Sami H. , Loewenthal Amit
Published: September 2020

In violent political conflicts, the ways in which victims both are affected by and adapt to the harsh circumstances to which they are subjected vary. Academic literature suggests differences in the ways that men, women, and children react to political violence. The research covering the socioeconomic effects of conflict is considerable, but there has not yet been a systematic review that reveals the big picture. This chapter provides such an overview by exploring the differences in vulnerabilities of different members of the household exposed to political violence, and the main mechanisms through which violent conflicts affect them. Existing literature is reviewed on the effects of violent political conflicts on families, men, women, and children in the fields of earnings, employment, education, and child labor. Strong evidence is found that exposure to political violence has a significant negative effect on human capital and labor market outcomes but that it affects men, women, and children differently.
Paying Attention to the Children
Authors: Solomon Zahava , Zerach Gadi , Siegel Alana
Published: September 2020

This chapter reviews some of the findings of a multi-cohort longitudinal study spanning over three decades, focusing on the secondary post-traumatic stress symptoms among adult offspring of Israeli former prisoners of war (POWs) whose fathers were captured by the Egyptians and Syrians during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. The effects of captivity on the ex-POWs’ mental health and parenting as well as its consequential effects on their offspring are examined in the veterans (fathers), their wives (mothers), and their offspring. The chapter discusses offspring characteristics that may render them vulnerable or resilient: (1) gender; (2) the Big Five personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism; and (3) differentiation of self. Findings include the strong intergenerational effects of trauma, particularly on sons; very late–onset results of PTSD in the fathers; the possible mediating effects of parental PTSD; and the role of the offspring’s genetic and personality characteristics.
Empowering Culturally Diverse Populations Affected by Violence
Authors: Farrar Jordan , Betancourt Theresa S.
Published: September 2020

Family-based preventive interventions have strong potential for promoting family functioning and mental health in children. This chapter reports on one such intervention, the Family Strengthening Intervention (FSI), initially developed and tested in Rwanda to improve communication and parenting in HIV/AIDS-affected families with school-age children. Currently, an early childhood development version of the FSI is being piloted for delivery by lay workers with Rwandan families living in extreme poverty. Because of its flexible nature, the FSI has also been adapted for use with Bhutanese and Somali Bantu refugee families in the Greater Boston area, with overall aims to improve family functioning, improve caregiving practices, and positively impact the mental health of school-age refugee children. While highlighting the innovative nature of this intervention, issues related to feasibility, acceptability, sustainability, and do-no-harm protocols are presented. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future family-based programming.
Gendering Security
Authors: Yarrow Elizabeth
Published: September 2020

Efforts toward preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) have been largely male-dominated—led by and directed at men and boys, who are typically assumed the perpetrators of terrorist acts, as well as the subjects best placed to prevent and address them. Young women and girls have often been regarded as peripheral, of relevance only as victims or objects of security measures and concerns. Yet, women and girls do play significant roles in the dynamics of terrorism—as offenders, mobilizers, and enablers of terrorist attacks, as well as active agents in the advancement of counter-narratives to combating violence. This chapter considers the gendered dimensions of terrorism and P/CVE, with a particular focus on girls and young women. It argues that consideration of gender is crucial for understanding the causes and the dynamics of the use of children in terrorism and for developing more effective strategies for prevention.
Introduction
Authors: Schreiter Katrin
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the history presented in this book. As the Introduction states, the text seeks to offer a narrative that, as historian Konrad Jarausch describes, “break[s] out of the strait-jacket of parallel stories” and instead it hopes to look at mutual influence and internal relationships without losing sight of ideological differences. Addressing the Cold War from the German perspective, a focus on trade and design offers a detailed look at instances of exchange and even cooperation in Europe across the Cold War divide.
On the Nature of the Five Forms of Animals
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 13 focuses on zoology and the taxonomy of animals. The chapter organizes animals into three kingdoms: grazing animals, mountain animals, and burrowing and aquatic animals. The chapter also describes the various species of plants that grew out of the body of the primordial cow and the 282 species of animals created from the cow’s seed, which was entrusted to the moon for safekeeping. The remainder of the chapter concerns important natural and supernatural animals and dogs and describes how animals spread over the world’s seven continents.
On the Nature of Plants
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 16 presents a detailed taxonomical classification of plants and fruit. Plants are divided into fifteen kinds based on their growing season (perennial or annual), edibility, fragrance, and use. The chapter also explains the myth of the seasonal pollination of the earth, connected to the astronomical myth of Sirius, and refers to the sacred plant Hōm. The accompanying chapter 16A is dedicated to flowers and their association with the deities of the Zoroastrian calendar.
On the Nature of Wind, Clouds, and Rain
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 21 focuses on meteorology and expands on the mythic battle between good and evil that causes precipitation. The roles of the principal actors—the wind, the clouds, Sirius, the Wāzišt fire, and the demons—are described in detail, and the chapter presents a meteorological theory that explains the existence of rain, storms, lightning, rainbows, and other phenomena.
On the Činwad Bridge and the Souls of the Departed
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 30 deals with the destiny and the judgment of the individual soul after death. The chapter describes the three stages in the soul’s journey to the next world: first, three days of torment and pain while the soul sits next to the body; then encounters with a series of apparitions; and, finally, passage across the Činwad Bridge. The chapter also provides details about the three otherworldly realms: Paradise (literally, “the best,” wahišt), the highest station of which is called garōdmān (House of Song); Hell (dušox); and an intermediary state (hammistagān).
On the Celebrated Lands of Iran and the Kayanid HouseOn the Celebrated Lands of Iran and the Kayanid House
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 31 describes the sixteen lands of Iran and the adversary that Ahriman sent against each one. The Bundahišn’s list is modeled on the first chapter of the Vidēvdād, which describes Ērānwēz and fifteen adjacent countries, most of which are located in today’s northeastern Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. As is often the case in Sasanian reimaginings of Avestan geography, the chapter reascribes originally eastern toponyms to the southwestern districts that were the heartland of the Sasanian Empire as a form of mythic relocation.
On the Chronology of the Arabs of Twelve Thousand Years
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 36 provides a brief chronology of the history of the world from the first human couple to the Arab conquest; this chronology differs in important respects from the apocalyptic history found in chapter 33. The chapter closes with two dates that mark the composition of the chapter, and perhaps of the Bundahišn as a whole.
Beginner’s Mind and Not Knowing
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Embracing the unknowable aspect of our work with cane allows us to see cane as it is, not as we wish it might be.
Test It for Yourself
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Balancing learned information with proving or disproving its usefulness for ourselves.
Bocals
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

How the choice and material of bocals can help or hinder our musical work and reed making.
The Study of Cane: Size, Straightness, and Density
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Why it is important to make sure the cane will fit correctly in our reed machines and the importance of eliminating crooked and warped cane as early as possible in the reed-making process.
Cycles of Reeds
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

How reed cane changes as we machine and trim the reed over time; why it is crucially important to understand these cycles.
Some Thoughts about Shapers and Shaping
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

The physical shape of the reed affects many factors, primarily evenness of pitch and ease of playing; several shaper variations and their effects on the finished reeds.
Some Thoughts about Profile Types
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

How the way the cane is distributed along and across the reed’s vibrating blades contributes to tone quality as well as ease in playing. Several variations are explored.
Prolonging a Reed’s Life
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

All reeds eventually wear out. A few strategies for delaying a reed’s demise.
Tonguing and Double Tonguing
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Instructions for producing good single tonguing and suggestions for learning to double-tongue. A look at starting the first note and why the concept of “attack” is problematic.
Notes for the Recordings
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Notes for each of the orchestral excerpts on the companion website regarding musical, technical (fingerings), and reed choice considerations.
Correspondence with Norman Herzberg
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Well-known teacher and reed-making pedagogue Norman Herzberg discusses ideas about reed making, the general lack of teaching reed making during the 1930s, and his vow to remedy that situation.
How We Do Race
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter teases out the core elements of the ordinary conception of “race.” This does not include a scientific or philosophical definition of race. Rather, the chapter talks about the view of race that most people just slip into when going about the everyday business of life. It is a conception that has been taken so thoroughly for granted that many do not even question it. The chapter argues that understanding the conception of race is key to understanding dehumanization, because beliefs about race lie at the heart of the dehumanizing process. It shows that dividing human beings into races—into “our kind” and “their kind”—is the first step on the road to dehumanizing them.