bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Priority Directions of Improvement of Innovative Development of the Modern Russian Economy: Regional Dimension
Authors: Носова  , Nosova Svyetlana
Published: June 2016

Theoretic-methodological bases for the research of innovative development as the growth of innovation and competitiveness of the Russian economy at the macro, meso and micro levels are considered. The need to find effective approaches to scientific development and practical implementation of the concept of strategic management is proved. Effects of the policy of accelerated substitution of the role of the State in the economy because of the privatization of the State ownership as a result of the implementation of the recommendations of the Washington course of Russia’s transition to a market economy in the 90-ies of the last century are discussed. The Patriot scientific community’s proposition is supported, represented by Glaz´ev S.Yu. on the transition of the Russian economy to the industrial innovation model of development as a result of a major change in strategy, the objectives and the means of economic policy, which would provide domestic and external problems. The main trend of the new model must be in the area of high technology development. The necessity of interaction between science, business and the State is proved; the role of knowledge, innovation, market innovation points of growth from a position of selecting priority areas for regional development is determined, aimed at integrating international institutional, scientific, technical and technological predictions and trends in terms of national development with the aim of identifying determinants of competitiveness and creating competitive advantages for the Russian economy to ensure economic growth through the development of the real sector of the regional economy.
Forecasting of the Border of Losses of Profitability of Financial Instruments by the Methods of Financial Econometrics
Authors: Филонова  , Filonova Yelyena
Published: June 2016

The indicators of the financial markets can’t be done by the research by the

methods of determined mathematics. Too many random factors and unpredictable

events influence on the indicators of the market and finally they form their values

in future. The forecasting of indicators of the financial market is a very actual

task not only for separately taken traders, but also for large corporations,

companies, banks. As the experience of the last years shows, this task can and

has to be solved also at the level of planning of financial and economic activity

of the state in general for the purpose of providing its economic security. The

financial indicators having the casual nature are inevitably subjected to the market

risk. In order to operate possible losses and to define the reserves, which are

sufficient for their insurance, the quantitative assessment of the risk is necessary.

Now the standard measuring instrument of the risk is the indicator — “the border

of losses” or “the cost under the risk” (Value at Risk, VaR). This work deals with

the possibilities of the application of econometric methods of modeling and

forecasting the border of losses of profitability of financial instruments on the

example of the temporary ranks, constructed by stock quotations of the

companies of the telecommunication branch. The received results have allowed

to analyses the prospects of the market of telecommunications in Russia

in general. All results of the research were done by means of the R-project

software product — the modern software, which is the programming language

and the environment for the statistical analysis and visualization of data at the

same time.
The Post-Industrial Economy of Russia: Problems of Economic Policy
Authors: Басовский  , Basovskiy Leonid , Басовская  , Basovskaya Elena
Published: June 2016

The purpose of work consisted in the assessment of development of postindustrial

economy in Russia. Creation of econometric models of the contribution

of technological mode to GDP per capita of the developed countries has allowed

establishing their efficiency. On this basis, we evaluated a contribution of the

new fifth and sixth technological modes to GDP per capita of Russia. It has been

established that in modern Russia not less than 45-55% of national production

is provided due to new post-industrial, fifth and sixth technological modes. The

economic policy in the country is answerable to the development of postindustrial

economy. It is command-and-control policy, which doesn’t promote

the development of post-industrial economy and economic growth. Major factors

of growth of post-industrial economy — the human capital formed in an education

system, and new production technologies of goods and services — do not

develop. The policy directed to formation of institutes — the laws, customs and

traditions adequate to post-industrial economic system is necessary for

overcoming the economic crisis.
Conceptual Aspects of the Productive Use of Material Resources
Authors: Бабанов  , Babanov V.
Published: June 2016

The process of production of vital goods for people requires involvement in the

circulation of large masses of material resources. The content and rationality

of material consumption determine different sides of production and social activity

and of human life and influence not only on economic but also ecological

efficiency of social production. The leading role in the creation of wealth is given

to material elements: raw materials and materials, which have the unique ability

to create useful products, i.e. products endowed with in the process of their

production usefulness that make them the desired user. The final utility of the

product formed from the usefulness of its material components, which can

be transformed by other factors: equipment, labor, technology, performing the

role of the transformation tools, the final usefulness of the produced results. The

article considers the conceptual aspects, the productive use of material resources

arising from the analysis of their role in the processes of creating the products

needed to support life and human activities; the principles of productive business;

methods of solving practical problems of economic activities.
Modern Approaches of Marketing of the Intellectual Products: OmniChannel
Authors: Киселева  , Kiseleva T.
Published: June 2016

The article deals with the prospects for the development of modern marketing

tools used in terms of OmniChannel for intellectual products: rich media, viral,

hidden, guerrilla marketing, mobile marketing, business social networks, the

SMM, online exhibitions, catalogs and subject heading, online conferences and

seminars, contextual advertising, text ads; analyzed and interpreted the data

collected by the experts of the company “Garant”, working with an intelligent

product, the agency IAB Russia and Zenithoptimedia agencies, including cluster

analysis means of promotion; based on the BCG matrix model is made up of

funds of promotion of intellectual products; ABC analysis conducted means

of promotion based on data for 2015; appropriate conclusions about the viability

of the hypothesis of the applicability of the OmniChannel concept of intellectual

product.
Exports versus FDI in Smith-Motta framework
Authors: Cieślik Andrzej
Published: June 2016

In this paper we study the choice between exporting and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Smith-Motta duopoly framework. First, we identify the conditions necessary for exporting and FDI, depending on the costs of exporting and the cost of foreign investment. Then, we discuss various proximity-concentration tradeoffs. Finally, we demonstrate that six possible types of equilibriums may emerge depending on various combinations of the key parameters of the model. These equilibriums include: a monopoly FDI equilibrium, a monopoly exporting equilibrium, a domestic monopoly equilibrium, a duopoly FDI equilibrium, a duopoly exporting equilibrium, and no entry equilibrium.
Technical barriers to trade notifications and dispute settlement within the WTO
Authors: Ghodsi Mahdi Ghodsi , Michałek Jan Jakub
Published: June 2016

The aim of this paper is to verify empirically whether the Specific Trade Concerns (STCs) regarding Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) notifications by WTO members can serve as an early warning system for past and future disputes (DS) covering allegedly trade restricting TBTs. WTO members, in order to increase transparency of trade policies, have made efforts to compile data on notified TBTs. For several years the WTO provides a TBT dataset, used in our paper, which covers the STCs raised by its members (“reverse” notifications). From 1995-2011, there have been 45 requests for consultation under the Dispute Settlement (DS) Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in order to identify possible violations of the technical barriers to trade (TBT) agreement. This paper attempts to find the linkages between DS cases citing the TBT agreement and the STC data regarding TBTs. The DS Body’s decisions regarding possible violations of the TBT agreement are discussed in detail. Afterwards, we analyze, descriptively and econometrically, the relationship between notified STCs and DS consultations regarding TBTs.
Determinant factors of intra-industry trade: the case of Poland and its European Union trading partners
Authors: Łapińska Justyna
Published: June 2016

This study has investigated the country-specific determinants of intra-industry exchange between Poland and its European Union trading partners during the time period 2002–2011. The analysis of the factors determining the Polish bilateral intra-industry trade with European Union countries applied an econometric model for panel data. As follows from the research, the intensity of intra-industry trade is dependent on numerous factors. The factors that exert a positive impact on the development of intra-trade exchange include the participation of processed products in bilateral trade between Poland and UE states, the intensity of trade with specific countries as well as the size of a partner country measured by its GDP per capita. Increases in the intra-trade turnover are also facilitated by EU membership and by the fact that Poland’s trade partners use a similar language, belonging to the group of the Slavic languages. The intensity of intra-trade exchange is weakened by the degree of the imbalance of trade turnover between trading partners, geographical distance that separates trading partners and significant differences in the size of trading partners’ GDPs.
Intellectual property rights and appropriability of innovation capital: evidence from Polish manufacturing firms
Authors: Kijek Tomasz
Published: June 2016

This paper tries to find how firms use IPRs in the form of patents to protect innovation capital and find determinants of their effectiveness. The research is based on a large sample of 2960 Polish manufacturing firms that were engaged in developing and/or implementing a product or process innovation in the years 2010–2012. Besides descriptive statistics which show firms’ attitudes toward the effectiveness of patents and their determinants, I apply the knowledge production function to find a link between patent propensity, R&D and innovation performance. Descriptive analyses show that Polish manufacturing firms rarely use patents as the appropriability mechanism, which results in the low level of their perceived effectiveness. It also turns out that the perceived effectiveness of a patent depends on a firm’s size, the innovation type and technological opportunities. In turn, the results of the knowledge production function estimation allow me to conclude that an increase in patent propensity affects the firm’s innovation performance positively.
Drug Detailing and Doctors’ Prescription Decisions: The Role of Information Content in the Face of Competitive Entry
Authors: Kappe Eelco , Stremersch Stefan
Published: June 2016

We study the effects of information content in 59,814 pharmaceutical sales calls on doctors’ prescription decisions for statins, in the face of entry of competing brands and generics, using a hierarchical Bayesian distributed lag model. We conclude that adding information content to the prescription response model improves the in- and out-of-sample performance of the model. In the first six months following generic entry, it is more effective for incumbent brands to detail on drug contraindications and indications, compared to other periods, to positively differentiate from generics. In the first six months following branded entry, it is less effective for incumbent brands to detail on drug indications and costs, given increased competitive clutter. We also document substantial heterogeneity among doctors in their response to information content. Our model is helpful for analysts to more accurately assess the effectiveness of detailing. Our empirical results are also informative for drug manufacturers as they set or change their messaging policies in response to entry and help firms to tailor their message content at the doctor level.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2015.0971 .
FORE! An Analysis of CEO Shirking
Authors: Biggerstaff Lee , Cicero David C. , Puckett Andy
Published: June 2016

Using golf play as a measure of leisure, we provide direct evidence that some CEOs shirk their responsibilities to the detriment of firm shareholders. CEOs with lower equity-based incentives play more golf and those that golf the most are associated with firms that have lower operating performance and firm values. Numerous tests accounting for the possible endogenous nature of these relations support a conclusion that CEO shirking causes lower firm performance. New CEOs and those at firms with more independent boards are more likely to be replaced when they shirk, but those with long tenures or less independent boards appear to avoid discipline.

This paper was accepted by Lauren Cohen, finance.
Organizational Adaptation in Offshoring: The Relative Performance of Home- and Host-Based Learning Strategies
Authors: Asmussen Christian Geisler , Larsen Marcus M. , Pedersen Torben
Published: June 2016

Offshoring offers managers the promise of substantial economic benefits, but also comes with the risk of increased complexity and coordination challenges. We argue that offshoring firms must accumulate architectural knowledge to keep the cost of coordination of the geographically separated activities at bay. Based on a simulation model that examines the performance implications of firms’ learning strategies when offshoring, we show that such knowledge accumulation can be achieved through either a home-based or a host-based learning strategy. Our analysis suggests that the relative performance of these two strategies depends on nontrivial interactions among the costs of communication, the distance to the offshoring location, and the level of noise in the firm’s performance function. In particular, the difficulties of interpreting performance signals in noisy situations suggest that there are benefits of making changes to the configuration after the offshoring implementation (host-based learning). In contrast, when coordination costs and distance dominate, the strategy of gearing the organization for offshoring prior to separating them across country borders prevails (home-based learning). Thus, by formalizing these two learning strategies for acquiring architectural knowledge in offshoring, we show that important contingencies can lead to significant performance trade-offs in the search for new organizational configurations that span international borders.
Reformulations by Discretization for Piecewise Linear Integer Multicommodity Network Flow Problems
Authors: Gendron Bernard , Gouveia Luis
Published: June 2016

We consider the piecewise linear multicommodity network flow problem with the addition of a constraint specifying that the total flow on each arc must be an integer. This problem has applications in transportation and logistics, where total flows might represent vehicles or containers filled with different products. We introduce formulations that exploit this integrality constraint by adapting to our problem a technique known as discretization that has been used to derive mixed-integer programming models for several combinatorial optimization problems. We enhance the discretized models either by adding valid inequalities derived from cut-set inequalities or by using flow disaggregation techniques. Since the size of the formulations derived from discretization and flow disaggregation rapidly increases with problem dimensions, we develop an efficient and effective Lagrangian relaxation method to compute lower and upper bounds. We perform computational results on a large set of randomly generated instances that allow us to compare the relative efficiency of the different modeling alternatives (flow disaggregation plus addition of cut-set inequalities with or without discretization), when used within the Lagrangian relaxation approach.
A Demand Estimator Based on a Nested Logit Model
Authors: Li Tao
Published: June 2016

The importance of historical travel demand has been well recognized by transportation researchers and practitioners. This paper presents a new nonlinear demand estimator that can be applied in both ground and air transportation. The estimator is formulated such that the distribution of the estimated demand follows a nested logit model. To solve the demand estimator, we develop an exact solution algorithm, which maximizes its dual problem sequentially along unit directions and keeps some of the first-order optimality conditions satisfied for the estimator. We investigate the convergence of the algorithm. We prove that all of the accumulation points produced by the solution algorithm satisfy some optimality conditions. A large example (a real U.S. network), which contains 66,767 origin-destination pairs, is presented.
Identification of denitrifying bacteria from sediments of Rawa Jombor waters, Central Java and its trophic status
Authors: SUNARTO SUNARTO , SETYANINGSIH RATNA , YANTI ANDRI
Published: June 2016

Sunarto, Setyaningsih R, Yanti A. 2016. Identification of denitrifying bacteria from sediments of Rawa Jombor waters,Â Central Java and its trophic status. Biodiversitas 17: 578-584. Pooled freshwater (lentic) is susceptible to contamination. One of pollution contributors on freshwater is the agricultural sector. One of them is the inclusion of waste in the form of organic and inorganic materials. The waste will increase the nutrient in waters causing sedimentation, eutrophication and pollution. The pollution is from nitrates derived from agricultural wastes using inorganic fertilizers. An alternative solution for the prevention and tackling of it is to utilize aquatic microorganisms namely denitrifying bacteria. These bacteria can convert nitrates into nitrogen gas (N2) in the anaerobic state so that it can handle the pollution of nitrate in water. This study aimsed to identify the denitrifying bacteria isolated from aquatic sediments of Rawa Jombor and to determine trophic status of Rawa Jombor waters. Identification of denitrifying bacteria was doneÂ through the morphology and physiology testing phase and also molecular analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Based on parameters of total nitrogen, phosphor and brightness referring to the criteria of the lake trophic status attached to Ministry of Environment (PerMNLH)Â No. 28 2009, Rawa Jombor aquatic trophic status was analyzed. The results showed that as many as 6 denitrifying bacteria were isolated from sediments in Rawa Jombor waters, Klaten. Characteristics of bacteria colonies were translucent, round in shape, Gram-negative, rod and motile shaped cells. Based on the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence, all of denitrifying bacteria isolates were identified as having the highest similarity to the Shewanella genus. TmD isolate was identified as Shewanella putrefaciens, while TmE, TmG and TmI isolates were identified as Shewanella genus and TmA isolates was new species. Trophic status of Rawa Jombor aquatic was hypereutrophication.
Logged labour: a new paradigm of work organisation?
Authors: Ursula Huws
Published: June 2016

This essay argues that, during the period following the financial crisis of 2007–8, several different trends, already visible in earlier periods, have converged to create a new pattern of work organisation, a pattern which is now approaching critical mass. Across all sectors of the economy, primary, secondary or tertiary, whether previously classified as public or private, formal or informal, manual or white-collar, high-skilled or low-skilled, this emerging model of work introduces a range of common features whose combined impact is large enough to justify the proposition that a new paradigm of work is in creation, perhaps representing the final dissolution of the normative model that emerged in developed economies in the third quarter of the twentieth century. In this new model, workers are increasingly managed via online platforms, monitored indirectly and expected to produce measurable outcomes. Their work is ‘logged’ in three distinct senses: it is cut up into standard, quantifiable components; it is subjected to continuous surveillance and monitoring; and it requires the worker to be connected to an online platform in order to obtain work. In a curious paradox, work is increasingly formalised even while it becomes less predictable and more precarious, with workers having to resubmit themselves repeatedly for employment, funding, promotion or inclusion in a particular team, and required to respond at short notice to unpredictable demands for work. The ramifications of this development are huge, since it creates major mismatches between the realities of the labour market and other aspects of social and economic life, including welfare systems, labour and consumer regulation and time regimes. The article draws on a large body of past work by the author on work organisation restructuring as well as current research on online labour platforms.
Positives outweighing negatives: the experiences of Indian crowdsourced workers
Authors: Premilla D'Cruz  , Ernesto Noronha
Published: June 2016

This article reports on an empirical study of Indian freelancers working via Elance-oDesk (now renamed Upwork). In a qualitative approach, data were gathered from 24 freelancers across India through in-depth telephone interviews and analysed thematically. The core finding that ‘the positives outweigh the negatives’ highlighted the fact that the challenges were eclipsed by what these freelancers gained, in terms of employment opportunities, income, skill utilisation and enhancement, career progression, emphasis on merit, international exposure, flexibility and platform-based protection of worker interests. Participants' favourable experiences are explained by the nature of the Indian labour market. The study extends insights into crowdsourcing for paid work which has so far been largely researched in the West and has focused disproportionally on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform.
Broadway North: craft in Canadian creative industry production
Authors: Jennifer Hambleton
Published: June 2016

This article considers how the autonomy and occupational identities of craft workers are shaped by the organisation of production in culture industry workshops that fabricate theatrical display environments. Representation of craft autonomy in the literature on creative labour is sparse and tends to overlook the fact that craft autonomy is different in some respects from artistic autonomy. Drawing on qualitative semi-structured interviews with craft workers, designers and culture industry workshop owners and managers, this study examines the digitalisation and industrialisation of theatre production work. The article contributes to an understanding of craft autonomy as collective, part of a community of practice in a context in which experiential and practice-based knowledge is mediated by digital fabrication tools and the structural conditions of the work.
Professionalism among Icelandic Mayors: Job Postings, Experience and Education as Determinants of Professionalism at the Icelandic Local Level
Authors: Hlynsdóttir Eva Marín
Published: June 2016

Professionalism is thought to be synonymous with good governance, a vital component of a modern and efficient local government. Traditionally, top managers, such as American city managers, are seen as the archetype of professionalism, while municipalities ruled by executive mayors have been judged to be less professional. In Iceland, mayors are recruited largely through two processes: through hiring following nationwide job postings (managermayors) and through political appointment from within the municipal council (political mayors). An analysis of job postings for manager-mayor positions and of the level of education and experience acquired by Icelandic mayors demonstrates an increased level of professionalism. However, during interviews, manager-mayors recruited through job postings emphasised their professionalism by citing their political neutrality, while political mayors stressed their professionalism by citing their level of education. Nevertheless, there is a fundamental lack of standardisation in the qualifications required for mayoral positions in Iceland. Finally, although there is a substantial number of mayors with similar educational backgrounds in business and economics, a high turnover and a lack of mutual understanding of the experience and education required for the position indicate low levels of professionalism. Thus, although the level of professionalism has increased in recent years, it remains considerably lower than within the American council-manager system.
New Media - Opportunity for New and Small Parties? Political Communication before the Parliamentary Elections in Iceland in 2013
Authors: Guðmundsson Birgir
Published: June 2016

This article presents results from a survey among political candidates standing in parliamentary elections in Iceland in the spring of 2013 regarding their use of media in the election campaign. The purpose of this study was twofold; first to determine the extent to which politicians have adopted new technologies. Thereby adapting their election strategies to new realities and a transformed media environment characterized by hybridization between new networked media and traditional media logic. Secondly, to examine whether in a digitalized media era, there is a difference in media use between old and new political parties. The findings suggest a process of normalization and the potential advantage for new parties, due to easier access to communication channels created by less expensive new media outlets, was by and large negated by a more complex and diverse media environment.
Meintur fyrirvari Íslands við 5. gr. Norður- Atlantshafssamningsins
Authors: Njarðarson Sigurjón , Magnússon Bjarni Már
Published: June 2016

Við aðild Íslands að NATO virðast íslenskir ráðamenn talið sig hafa gert fyrirvara við kjarnaákvæði Norður-Atlantshafssamningsins – sem kveður á um að árás á eitt aðildarríki jafngildi árás á þau öll – í kvöldverðarræðu í tilefni af undirritun hans. Áratugum síðar virðist enn eima eftir þeim þankagangi að einhverju leyti. Þær hugrenningar eiga sér þó enga stoð í þjóðarétti. Eins og rakið verður stangast slíkur fyrirvari á við ýmis formskilyrði og efnisreglur sem þjóðaréttur setur um fyrirvara. Þetta leiðir til þess að Ísland er bundið af Norður-Atlantshafssamningnum með nákvæmlega sama hætti og önnur aðildarríki NATO.
Hrunið skýrt: Sjónarhorn klassískra kenninga um fjármálakreppur
Authors: Ólafsson Stefán
Published: June 2016

Hér er leitast við að skýra íslenska bóluhagkerfið og fjármálahrunið 2008 með lærdómi af klassískum kenningum um fjármálakreppur. Þar er einkum um að ræða kenningar Keynes, Minskys, Kindlebergers, Reinharts og Rogoffs. Spurt er hvers vegna bóluhagkerfið og hrunið komu til sögunnar á Íslandi; hvers vegna fjármálaþróunin hér fór jafn mikið afvega og raun ber vitni; hverjir voru helstu gerendurnir; og hvað þeim gekk til með háttarlagi sínu?
Sýnt er að stefnubreyting í stjórnmálum og skipulagsbreytingar í fjármálum og atvinnulífi gátu af sér bæði ný tækifæra og nýjar áhættur og greiddu jafnframt götu nýrra áhrifaaðila í samfélaginu, ekki síst með einkavæðingu ríkisbankanna. Mikil oftrú á óhefta markaðshætti einkageirans ýtti undir andvaraleysi stjórnvalda og annarra gagnvart nýju áhættunum, um leið og nýju tækifærin voru sótt af miklum krafti. Af hlaust klassísk en óvenju stór fjármálabóla, er náði hámarki á árunum 2003-2008, með ofurvexti bankakerfisins og aukinni áhættutöku er stefndi fjármálastöðugleika Íslands í hættu.
Helsta sérkenni íslensku bólunnar var viðamikil spákaupmennska viðskiptalífsins með hlutabréf og aðrar eignir, sem einkum var fjármagnað með lántökum. Afleiðingin varð óhófleg söfnun erlendra skulda þjóðarbúsins, sem er einmitt algengasta beina orsök fjármálakreppa. Helstu gerendurnir voru hátekju- og stóreignafólk, sem hagnaðist gríðarlega á árunum að hruni. Tekjur þeirra jukust mjög langt umfram tekjur annarra, ekki síst fjármagnstekjurnar, sem spruttu öðru fremur af ósjálfbæra bóluhagkerfinu.
Public Opinion Polls and Experts in Election News
Authors: Kolbeins Guðbjörg Hildur
Published: June 2016

By employing the theoretical framework of framing, the present paper attempts to examine the Icelandic media’s coverage of the 2013 parliamentary election by paying particular attention to coverage of public opinion polls and the policies of the political parties, i.e. the “horse-race” frame and the issue frame, and to examine media’s reliance on experts for interpretation of election news. Seven online news media, two newspapers, two radio stations and two television channels were monitored for 25 days prior to Election Day, i.e. from April 2 to April 26, 2013, - resulting in 1377 election news stories. The findings show, for example, that 29.8% of all the election news stories had public opinion polls as their primary angle while 12% of the stories were primarily issue-oriented. In addition, the media rely on experts for interpretation of the polls; five of the 10 most interviewed or quoted sources on public opinion surveys were political science experts who were affiliated with universities. Finally, news coverage of polls was generally amplified as media outlets had a tendency to report on public opinion polls that were commissioned by other media.
Jón Gnarr: Grínarinn sem varð leiðtogi
Authors: Guðmundsdóttir Árelía Eydís
Published: June 2016

Við upphaf rannsókna og fræðiskrifa um leiðtoga var munur á árangri leiðtoga jafnan útskýrður með vísan til eiginleika leiðtoganna sem einstaklinga. Eftir því sem rannsóknum á viðfangsefninu fleygði fram var farið að nota fleiri þætti til að skýra árangur leiðtoga. Á síðustu áratugum hefur kastljósið beinst aftur að einstaklingunum sjálfum og eru kenningar eins og sönn leiðtogahæfni og þjónandi forysta dæmi um það. Í þessari grein er fjallað um rannsókn á áhrifum af forystu Jóns Gnarrs sem borgarstjóra Reykjavíkurborgar á tímabilinu frá 2010-2014. Kynntar eru niðurstöður rannsóknar sem gerð var meðal sviðsstjóra Reykjavíkurborgar samstarfsfólks úr stjórnmálum og við Jón sjálfan. Tekin voru sjö opin ítarviðöl og þau greind með eigindlegri aðferðafræði. Tilgáta rannsóknarinnar er að óvenjulegar aðstæður hafi skapað jarðveginn fyrir kjöri Besta flokksins. Samkvæmt niðurstöðum eru vísbendingar um að í borgarstjóratíð Jóns Gnarr megi sjá hliðstæður við kenningar um sanna leiðtogahæfni. Lífssaga hans, innsæi og reynsla virðist hafa nýst til að breyta samskiptum sem urðu til þess að valdefla samstarfsfólk hans með trausti og væntumþykju. Leiða má líkur að því að öðruvísi samskipti hafi veitt fylgjendum orku til athafna á nýjan máta. Framlag rannsóknarinnar felst í að styrkja rannsóknir á sviði sannrar leiðtogafærni. Sérstaklega þar sem óvenjulegar aðstæður knýja fram þörf fyrir öðruvísi forystu.
INFLUÊNCIA DA CONTAGEM DE CÉLULAS SOMÁTICAS NA COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA DO LEITE REFRIGERADO DA REGIÃO SUDOESTE DE GOIÁS
Authors: Carvalho Thiago Soares , Da Silva Marco Antônio Pereira , Brasil Rafaella Belchior , Leão Karen Martins , Da Silva Marcos Roberto , De Morais Letícia Aparecida
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) na composição centesimal e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) do leite cru refrigerado coletado no Sudoeste Goiano. Foram coletados dados de composição centesimal, CCS e CBT de laudos emitidos pelo Laboratório de Qualidade do Leite (LQL) do Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentos (CPA) da Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Os dados foram agrupados de acordo com a CCS em seis intervalos, variando de ≤ 200.000 CS/mL a ≥ 1.001000 CS/mL, sendo o intervalo 1 com 530 amostras, intervalo 2 com 725 amostras, intervalo 3 com 469 amostras, intervalo 4 com 302 amostras, intervalo 5 com 183 amostras e intervalo 6 com 362 amostras. A CCS acima de 1001 mil CS/mL refletiu no aumento do teor de gordura do leite. O maior teor de proteína e extrato seco total (EST) podem ser associados a uma baixa CCS, sendo que o teor de lactose e extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) diminuem com o aumento da CCS. A composição centesimal do leite a granel coletado no Sudoeste Goiano independente do aumento da CCS. A CCS resultou em valores acima dos limites mínimos estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. A CCS abaixo de 200 mil CS/mL está associada a uma menor CBT.
QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE GORDURA NO LEITE OVINO: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DOS RESULTADOS OBTIDOS POR METODOLOGIA OFICIAL E POR EQUIPAMENTOS ELETRÔNICO
Authors: Pellegrini Luiz Gustavo de , Pereira dos Santos Richards Neila Silvia
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo comparativo entre o método oficial preconizado pela legislação brasileira e o equipamento eletrônico de medição fotométrica e o de espectroscopia de ultrassom na quantificação dos lipídios totais do leite ovino, a fim de verificar qual aparelho melhor expressa teor lipídico. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, juntamente com a Usina Escola de Laticínios e o Setor de Ovinocultura do Departamento de Zootecnia. Foram utilizadas 12 ovelhas ½ sangue Lacaune Lait, ordenhadas individualmente da 1ª a 10ª semana de lactação. A ordenha foi efetuada manualmente e as analyses realizadas após resfriamento das amostras. Antes de executar as análises, as amostras foram homogeneizadas e em seguida avaliadas quanto ao teor de gordura por três metodologias distintas: metodologia oficial brasileira através de butirômetro de Gerber (BG), equipamento eletrônico de medição fotométrica Milko-Tester® (MT) e equipamento de espectroscopia de ultrassom Lactoscan 90® (LS), sendo todas análises realizadas em triplicata. A reprodutibilidade do equipamento LS foi de 100% nas amostras analisadas, enquanto o equipamento MT demonstrou variabilidade na maioria das amostras analisadas, obtendo reprodutibilidade dos resultados em apenas 22,5% das amostras, sendo que nas demais amostras o mesmo obteve 50% de valores subestimados e 27,5% superestimados. Assim, os resultados deste estudo permitem concluir que a análise de leite ovino por espectroscopia de ultrassom é eficiente para o parâmetro gordura quando comparada a metodologia oficial brasileira.
ACEITAÇÃO SENSORIAL DE LEITE INTEGRAL ULTRA HIGH TEMPERATURE E ATITUDES DOS CONSUMIDORES EM RELAÇÃO ÀS EMBALAGENS DE DIFERENTES MARCAS DO PRODUTO
Authors: Bonacina Marlice Salete , Zamboni Luana , Rosa Leonardo Souza da
Published: June 2016

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a aceitação sensorial de diferentes marcas de leite UHT integral, bem como identificar e quantificar a importância de atributos da embalagem e rotulagem do leite na atitude de compra dos consumidores. Foram coletadas seis marcas diferentes de leite UHT integral, as quais foram submetidas ao teste de aceitação, utilizando uma escala hedônica híbrida de 9 cm. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando o Software Estatística 6.0. A embalagem e a rotulagem das diferentes marcas de leite foram utilizadas para aplicação da técnica de grupo de foco. A partir dos resultados, foi possível verificar que não ocorreu diferença (p > 0,05) entre as marcas de leite UHT em relação a aceitação sensorial. Foi possível verificar ainda, a influência da frequência de consumo do leite na aceitação do produto, caracterizado por três nichos de consumidores. A partir das sessões de grupo de foco observou-se que 61,1% dos participantes observam as embalagens e os rótulos do leite no momento da compra, já 38,9% argumentaram que são consumidores fiéis a determinada marca. No que se refere a existência de selos de certificação de qualidade, verificou-se que 72,2% dos participantes não observam a existência destas certificações no momento da compra do leite. Além disso, 77,8% não mudaram seus hábitos de consumo em relação a marca do leite, mesmo após constatação de fraude. Conclui-se, que a frequência de consumo do leite, influencia na sua aceitação sensorial, e, alguns consumidores, desconhecem os riscos que as adulterações realizadas no leite podem ocasionar para a sua saúde.
Sports- and Recreation-Related Concussions in US Youth
Authors: Bryan Mersine A. , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali , Comstock R. Dawn , Rivara Frederick ,   on behalf of the Seattle Sports Concussion Research Collaborative
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE:

The incidence of sports- and recreation-related concussions (SRRCs) in the United States is unknown. More than 44 million youth participate in sports annually, thus understanding the frequency of SRRCs in children is important on a population level. Our objective was to determine the number of SRRCs occurring annually among US youth ≤18 years old.

METHODS:

We identified SRRCs using 3 national databases: MarketScan, National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, and National High School Sports Related Injury Surveillance System, Reporting Injury Online. We determined the number of SRRCs seen in health care settings (outpatient, inpatient, and emergency department) and SRRCs reported to certified high school athletic trainers (ATCs). We used these data and findings in recently published literature to generate a national estimate of SRRCs.

RESULTS:

We estimate that between 1.1 and 1.9 million SRRCs occur annually in US children aged ≤18 years. Most children with SRRCs, 511 590 to 1 240 972, were not seen in health care settings. Of children with SRRCs seen in health care settings, most were seen as outpatients with 377 978 visits, compared with between 115 479 and 166 929 ED visits, and between 2886 and 4936 hospitalizations.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study provides the most accurate and precise estimate to date of the number of concussions among US children annually. SRRCs are a common injury in children. Providers in all health care settings need to be trained in concussion care. There is a need for better surveillance to enhance our understanding of the epidemiology of concussions in youth.
Substance Use Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE USE AND PREVENTION, Levy Sharon J.L. , Williams Janet F. , Ryan Sheryl A. , Gonzalez Pamela K. , Patrick Stephen W. , Quigley Joanna , Siqueira Lorena , Smith Vincent C. , Walker Leslie R.
Published: June 2016

The enormous public health impact of adolescent substance use and its preventable morbidity and mortality show the need for the health care sector, including pediatricians and the medical home, to increase its capacity related to substance use prevention, detection, assessment, and intervention. The American Academy of Pediatrics published its policy statement “Substance Use Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment for Pediatricians” in 2011 to introduce the concepts and terminology of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) and to offer clinical guidance about available substance use screening tools and intervention procedures. This policy statement is a revision of the 2011 SBIRT statement. An accompanying clinical report updates clinical guidance for adolescent SBIRT.
Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity
Authors:   COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, Lanphear Bruce Perrin , Lowry Jennifer A. , Ahdoot Samantha , Baum Carl R. , Bernstein Aaron S. , Bole Aparna , Brumberg Heather Lynn , Campbell Carla C. , Lanphear Bruce Perrin , Pacheco Susan E. , Spanier Adam J. , Trasande Leonardo
Published: June 2016

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed April 2021.

Blood lead concentrations have decreased dramatically in US children over the past 4 decades, but too many children still live in housing with deteriorated lead-based paint and are at risk for lead exposure with resulting lead-associated cognitive impairment and behavioral problems. Evidence continues to accrue that commonly encountered blood lead concentrations, even those below 5 µg/dL (50 ppb), impair cognition; there is no identified threshold or safe level of lead in blood. From 2007 to 2010, approximately 2.6% of preschool children in the United States had a blood lead concentration ≥5 µg/dL (≥50 ppb), which represents about 535 000 US children 1 to 5 years of age. Evidence-based guidance is available for managing increased lead exposure in children, and reducing sources of lead in the environment, including lead in housing, soil, water, and consumer products, has been shown to be cost-beneficial. Primary prevention should be the focus of policy on childhood lead toxicity.
School Climate as a Predictor of Early School Leavers / Školska klima kao prediktor ranog prekida školovanja
Authors: Ozmusul Mustafa
Published: June 2016

When investigating the literature, it seems that little attention has been paid to the school climate as a predictor of early school leavers (ESL). The main purpose of the present study was to answer the question, “to what extent does school climate predict the proportion of students leaving without a certificate?” The OECD data used in the study included 170 schools/principals, and 4848 students from Turkey. School principals’ reports of “Students leaving without certificate (SC23Q01)” in the PISA 2012 study was used as the predicted variable. The perceptions of school principals and students in the PISA 2012 Turkey sample on factors related to school climate were used as predictor variables through a multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that teacher- and student-related factors affecting school climate were moderately correlated with the proportion of early leavers. Teacher morale and disciplinary climate had a low correlation with the proportion of early leavers. The strongest association existed between student-related factors and teacher-related factors affecting school climate which were positively and strongly associated. School climate accounted for approximately 18% of the variance of ESL. These findings suggest that teacher- and student-related factors hinder learning to a lesser extent and tend to prevent ESL.Key words: early school leavers; multiple linear regression analysis; school climate; Turkey.---Uvidom u literaturu stječe se dojam da je malo pozornosti posvećeno školskoj klimi kao prediktoru ranog prekida školovanja (RPŠ). Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odgovoriti na pitanje do koje se mjere, polazeći od školske klime, predviđa koliko će učenika napustiti školu bez diplome. Podaci OECD-a korišteni u istraživanju obuhvaćali su 170 škola/ravnatelja i 4848 učenika iz Turske. Kao predviđena varijabla korištena su izvješća ravnatelja o ,,učenicima koji odlaze bez diplome“ iz istraživanja PISA 2012. Percepcije ravnatelja i učenika iz njegovog turskog uzorka o čimbenicima povezanim sa školskom klimom korištene su kao varijable predviđanja (višestruka linearna regresijska analiza). Rezultati su pokazali da su čimbenici koji utječu na školsku klimu, a povezani su s nastavnikom i učenikom, u umjerenoj korelaciji s udjelom učenika koji rano prekidaju školovanje. Nastavnikov moral i disciplinska klima u slaboj su korelaciji s tim istim udjelom. Najčvršća je povezanost utvrđena između učenikovih i nastavnikovih čimbenika koji utječu na školsku klimu; ona je ujedno pozitivna. Na školsku klimu otpada oko 18% varijance RPŠ. Navedeni rezultati sugeriraju da nastavnikovi i učenikovi čimbenici u manjoj mjeri ometaju učenje i nastoje spriječiti rano prekidanje školovanja. Ključne riječi: učenici koji rano prekidaju školovanje; višestruka linearna regresijska analiza; školska klima; Turska.
The Effect of Explicit-Embedded-Reflective Instruction on Scientific Literacy/Učinak eksplicitnog uključujućeg refleksivnog poučavanja na znanstvenu pismenost
Authors: Koksal Mustafa , Cakiroglu Jale , Geban Omer
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of explicit-embedded-reflective (EER) instruction in scientific literacy levels of the ninth grade advanced science students by assessing content knowledge and scientific literacy levels. The study was conducted with 51 students by using experimental design. In the treatment group, the EER teaching was performed, while in the comparison group the instruction was conducted by lecturing, demonstration and questioning strategies in a teacher-centred context. Nature of Science Literacy Test and Cell Content Knowledge Test were used for data collection. T-tests were utilized for data analysis. The results of the study showed that the EER teaching was effective in terms of increase in scientific literacy levels and cell content knowledge in the treatment group. In addition, the approach was more effective in increasing scientific literacy levels and cell content knowledge than the regular approach.Key words: advanced science students; cell subject; explicit-embedded-reflective instruction; scientific literacy. --- SažetakSvrha ovoga rada bila je istražiti učinkovitost eksplicitno-uključujuće-refleksivne metode poučavanja (dalje u tekstu EER) na znanstvenu pismenost naprednih učenika devetih razreda iz prirodoslovlja procjenjujući poznavanje sadržaja i razinu znanstvene pismenosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovao 51 učenik, a provedeno je uz pomoć eksperimentalnog nacrta. U eksperimentalnoj skupini primijenjeno je poučavanje metodom EER, a u kontrolnoj skupini poučavanje je provedeno u obliku predavanja, demonstracija i strategija ispitivanja u kontekstu koji je orijentiran na nastavnika. Za prikupljanje podataka korišteni su Test znanstvene pismenosti i Test o poznavanju stanice. Za analizu podataka korišteni su T-testovi. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja pokazali su da je primjena EER metode u poučavanju učinkovita s obzirom na povećanje razina znanstvene pismenosti i znanja o stanici u eksperimentalnoj skupini. Nadalje, taj je pristup bio učinkovitiji kod podizanja razine znanstvene pismenosti i znanja o stanici od uobičajene metode poučavanja. Ključne riječi: napredni učenici prirodoslovlja; stanica; eksplicitno-uključujuće-refleksivno poučavanje; znanstvena pismenost.