bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of glomerular filtration rate via urinary clearance of inulin and plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate and exogenous creatinine in dogs
Authors: Finco Delmar R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured via urinary clearance of inulin (UCI) with plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate (99mTc-pentetate) and creatinine in dogs.

Animals—6 healthy Beagles and 18 Beagles with reduced renal function.

Procedure—13 blood samples were obtained between 5 and 600 minutes after IV bolus injections of99mTc-pentetate and creatinine. Plasma clearance of99mTc-pentetate was computed on the basis of 1, 2, or 13 samples, and plasma clearance of creatinine was computed on the basis of 2, 5, or 13 samples. During plasma clearance procedures, constant IV infusion of carboxyl carbon 14 inulin was begun and UCI was determined in urine collected from 90 to 120, 120 to 180, and 180 to 240 minutes. Clearance procedures were repeated in 12 dogs to evaluate reproducibility of results.

Results—Significant association between UCI and plasma clearance was determined via all methods. However, plasma clearances were moderately to markedly different from UCI, depending on test substance, GFR, and sample numbers used for plasma clearance computations. Comparisons were particularly discordant when some methods of limiting samples were used to define plasma clearance.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Values derived from plasma clearance methods for99mTc-pentetate and creatinine were not interchangeable with UCI results, which raises questions about their reliability as clinical research tools for measurement of GFR. Plasma clearance methods that are relative indices of renal function should not be interpreted as accurate measures of GFR without validation. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1046–1055)
Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin after oral administration in swine
Authors: Shen Jianzhong , Li Cun , Jiang Haiyang , Zhang Suxia , Guo Ping , Ding Shuangyang , Li Xiaowei
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin after oral administration of a single dose of tilmicosin base in swine.

Animals—10 healthy swine.

Procedure—Tilmicosin base was administered via stomach tube at a single dose of 20 mg/kg (n = 5) or 40 mg/kg (5). Blood samples were obtained from a jugular vein immediately before and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after administration of tilmicosin. Tilmicosin concentrations in serum were quantified by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography procedure with UV light. Data for tilmicosin concentrations versus time were analyzed by use of compartmental and noncompartmental methods.

Results—Tilmicosin concentrations in serum decreased in a biexponential manner after oral administration. Mean ± SD values for absorption half-lives were 1.49 ± 0.23 hoursand 1.64 ± 0.40 hours, distribution half-lives were 2.96 ± 0.58 hours and 3.20 ± 0.76 hours, elimination half-lives were 25.26 ± 8.25 and 20.69 ± 5.07 hours, peak concentrations were 1.19 ± 0.30 µg/mL and 2.03 ± 0.28 µg/mL, and time to peak concentrations was 3.12 ± 0.50 hours and 3.48 ± 0.77 hours after oral administration of tilmicosin base at a single dose of 20 or 40 mg/kg, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In swine, tilmicosin was rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated after oral administration of a single dose of tilmicosin base powder. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1071–1074)
Influence of the estrous cycle on urodynamic and morphometric measurements of the lower portion of the urogenital tract in dogs
Authors: Hamaide Annick J. , Verstegen John P. , Snaps Frédéric R. , Onclin Karine J. , Balligand Marc H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the values of the urodynamic parameters of the lower portion of the urinary tract and vaginourethral measurements obtained during the phases of the estrous cycle in dogs and determine possible functional or anatomic modifications of the lower portion of the urinary tract associated with those phases.

Animals—7 adult female Beagles.

Procedure—Urethral pressure profilometry, diuresis cystometry, and vaginourethrography were performed in each dog during proestrus; estrus; early, mid, and late diestrus; and early and late anestrus. The maximum urethral pressure (MUP), maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), urethral functional and anatomic profile lengths (UFPL and UAPL, respectively), integrated pressure, threshold pressure, threshold volume, compliance, urethral length, and vaginal length and width were measured.

Results—For all measurements, significant interindividual variation was detected. Integrated and threshold pressures, APL, and each morphometric value significantly increased from late anestrus to proestrus. Compared with other phases, MUP, MUCP, and integrated pressure values were significantly lower in estrus and early diestrus; UAPL and UFPL values were significantly lower in late diestrus. At each cycle phase in old dogs, MUP, MUCP, threshold pressure, and vaginal length and width were significantly lower (except in proestrus for vaginal measurements) and threshold volume and compliance values were significantly higher, compared with middle-aged dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Urodynamic and morphometric measurements of the lower portion of the urogenital tract are affected by the changes in hormonal balance that occur during the estrous cycle. In sexually intact female dogs, estrous phase determination is important for the interpretation of urodynamic data. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1075–1083)
Evaluation of iatrogenic hemarthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint as a method of induction of temporary reversible lameness in horses
Authors: Judy Carter E. , Galuppo Larry D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether iatrogenic hemarthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint could be used as a model for temporary reversible joint pain in horses.

Animals—8 adult horses.

Procedure—Each horse was evaluated on a treadmill before and after injection of 1 metacarpophalangeal joint with 10 mL of autogenous blood. Horses were evaluated subjectively and objectively by use of a computerized force measurement system at intervals until lameness abated. The mean force difference between injected and noninjected limbs at all time periods after injection was compared with the difference between limbs at baseline. From each horse, synovial fluid samples collected before and 24 hours and 30 days after injection were analyzed for total protein concentration and cell type and number. Venous blood samples were collected before and 6 and 24 hours after injection for assessment of plasma cortisol concentration.

Results—For 24 hours after injection, the mean force difference between injected and noninjected limbs was significantly increased over baseline. The greatest force difference was detected after 2 and 4 hours. Baseline and 24-hour force data were not significantly different. Compared with baseline values, synovial fluid protein concentration and nucleated cell and RBC counts were increased significantly at 24 hours after injection but were not different at 30 days after injection. No significant changes in plasma cortisol concentration were detected at any time point.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, iatrogenic hemarthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint appears to induce temporary reversible lameness with a mild to moderate degree of synovitis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1084–1089)
Measurement of messenger RNA encoding the α-chain, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and J-chain in duodenal mucosa from dogs with and without chronic diarrhea by use of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays
Authors: Peters Iain R. , Helps Chris R. , Calvert Emma L. , Hall Edward J. , Day Michael J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To examine the difference in expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts for polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), α-chain, and J-chain determined by use of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) assays in duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from dogs with and without chronic diarrhea.

Sample Population—Biopsy specimens of the proximal portion of the duodenum were obtained endoscopically from 39 dogs evaluated because of chronic diarrhea (12 German Shepherd Dogs and 27 non-German Shepherd Dog breeds); specimens were also obtained from a control group of 7 dogs evaluated because of other gastrointestinal tract diseases and 2 dogs that were euthanatized as a result of nongastrointestinal tract disease.

Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized, and multiple mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained endoscopically at the level of the caudal duodenal flexure by use of biopsy forceps; in 2 control dogs, samples were obtained from the descending duodenum within 5 minutes of euthanasia. One-step QRT-PCR was used to quantify the level of expression of transcripts for the housekeeper gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pIgR, α-chain, and J-chain in duodenal mucosal tissue.

Results—There was no significant difference in the level of expression of any transcript among non-German Shepherd Dog breeds without diarrhea (control group), non-German Shepherd Dog breeds with chronic diarrhea, and German Shepherd Dogs with chronic diarrhea.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the susceptibility of German Shepherd Dogs to chronic diarrhea is not a result of simple failure of transcription of the key genes that encode molecules involved in mucosal IgA secretion. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:11–16)
Effects of drug treatment on inflammation and hyperreactivity of airways and on immune variables in cats with experimentally induced asthma
Authors: Reinero Carol R. , Decile Kendra C. , Byerly Jenni R. , Berghaus Roy D. , Walby William F. , Berghaus Londa J. , Hyde Dallas M. , Schelegle Edward S. , Gershwin Laurel J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the effects of an orally administered corticosteroid (prednisone), an inhaled corticosteroid (flunisolide), a leukotriene-receptor antagonist (zafirlukast), an antiserotonergic drug (cyproheptadine), and a control substance on the asthmatic phenotype in cats with experimentally induced asthma.

Animals—6 cats with asthma experimentally induced by the use of Bermuda grass allergen (BGA).

Procedures—A randomized, crossover design was used to assess changes in the percentage of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); airway hyperresponsiveness; blood lymphocyte phenotype determined by use of flow cytometry; and serum and BALF content of BGA-specific IgE, IgG, and IgA determined by use of ELISAs.

Results—Mean ± SE eosinophil percentages in BALF when cats were administered prednisone (5.0 ± 2.3%) and flunisolide (2.5 ± 1.7%) were significantly lower than for the control treatment (33.7 ± 11.1%). We did not detect significant differences in airway hyperresponsiveness or lymphocyte surface markers among treatments. Content of BGA-specific IgE in serum was significantly lower when cats were treated with prednisone (25.5 ± 5.4%), compared with values for the control treatment (63.6 ± 12.9%); no other significant differences were observed in content of BGA-specific immunoglobulins among treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Orally administered and inhaled corticosteroids decreased eosinophilic inflammation in airways of cats with experimentally induced asthma. Only oral administration of prednisone decreased the content of BGAspecific IgE in serum; no other significant local or systemic immunologic effects were detected among treatments. Inhaled corticosteroids can be considered as an alternate method for decreasing airway inflammation in cats with asthma. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1121–1127)
Penetration of a topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug into local tissues and synovial fluid of dogs
Authors: Mills Paul C. , Magnusson Beatrice M. , Cross Sheree E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate penetration of a topically
applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
into tissues and synovial fluid.

Animals—5 Greyhounds.

Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized and microdialysis
probes placed in the dermis and gluteal muscle
over each coxofemoral (hip) joint. Methylsalicylate
(MeSA) was applied topically over the left hip joint.
Dialysate and plasma (blood samples from the cephalic
and femoral veins) were obtained during the subsequent
5 hours. Dogs were euthanatized, and tissue
samples and synovial fluid were collected and analyzed
for salicylic acid (SA) and MeSA by use of highpressure
liquid chromatography.

Results—SA and MeSA concentrations increased
rapidly (< 30 minutes after application) in dialysate
obtained from treated dermis. Salicylic acid also
appeared in plasma within 30 minutes and reached
a plateau concentration after 2 hours, although
combined drug concentrations (SA plus MeSA) in
plasma obtained from femoral vein samples were
twice those measured in plasma obtained from the
cephalic vein (SA only). Treated muscle had a progressive
decrease in NSAID concentration with
increasing depth (SA and MeSA), but it was significantly
higher than the concentration in untreated
muscle. Substantial amounts of SA and MeSA
were also measured in synovial fluid of treated
joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Topically
applied NSAIDs can penetrate deeply into tissues and
synovial fluid. Local concentrations higher than circulating
systemic concentrations are suggestive that
direct diffusion and local blood redistribution are contributing
to this effect. Systemic blood concentrations
may be inadequate to describe regional kinetics of topically
applied drugs. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1128–1132)
Genomic expression patterns of cardiac tissues from dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Oyama Mark A. , Chittur Sridar
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate global genome expression
patterns of left ventricular tissues from dogs with
dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Sample Population—Tissues obtained from the left
ventricle of 2 Doberman Pinschers with end-stage
DCM and 5 healthy control dogs.

Procedure—Transcriptional activities of 23,851
canine DNA sequences were determined by use of
an oligonucleotide microarray. Genome expression
patterns of DCM tissue were evaluated by measuring
the relative amount of complementary RNA hybridization
to the microarray probes and comparing it with
gene expression for tissues from 5 healthy control
dogs.

Results—478 transcripts were differentially
expressed (≥ 2.5-fold change). In DCM tissue, expression
of 173 transcripts was upregulated and expression
of 305 transcripts was downregulated, compared
with expression for control tissues. Of the 478 transcripts,
167 genes could be specifically identified.
These genes were grouped into 1 of 8 categories on
the basis of their primary physiologic function.
Grouping revealed that pathways involving cellular
energy production, signaling and communication, and
cell structure were generally downregulated, whereas
pathways involving cellular defense and stress
responses were upregulated. Many previously unreported
genes that may contribute to the pathophysiologic
aspects of heart disease were identified.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Evaluation of
global expression patterns provides a molecular portrait
of heart failure, yields insights into the pathophysiologic
aspects of DCM, and identifies intriguing
genes and pathways for further study. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1140–1155)
Investigation of changes in the middle latency auditory evoked potential during anesthesia with sevoflurane in dogs
Authors: Murrell Joanna C. , Groot Harry N. de , Psatha Evdokia , Hellebrekers Ludo J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate the middle latency auditory evoked potential (MLAEP) in awake dogs and dogs anesthetized with 2 concentrations of sevoflurane.

Animals—10 adult Beagles.

Procedure—The MLAEP was recorded while dogs were awake and anesthetized with sevoflurane (end-tidal concentration, 2.7% or 3.5%). Three needle electrodes were inserted SC, and click stimuli were delivered biaurally. Signal acquisition, averaging, and analysis were performed by use of computer software developed in-house. Signals were recorded for 128 milliseconds, and the responses to 1,024 stimuli were averaged. Waveforms from 10 recordings in each dog were averaged, and latencies of peaks were measured. Data acquired for awake dogs and dogs anesthetized with high and low sevoflurane concentrations were compared statistically.

Results—Sevoflurane anesthesia attenuated the MLAEP so that only peaks P0, Na, and Pa could be identified. The MLAEP changes were maximal at the lower concentration of sevoflurane evaluated. The latencies of these peaks were significantly shorter in awake dogs, compared with values in anesthetized dogs. No difference in the peak latency was detected between the sevoflurane concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In terms of CNS responsiveness, the effects of anesthesia with sevoflurane are similar to those of anesthesia with isoflurane. Data suggest that sevoflurane is not the inhalant agent of choice in a research setting where electroencephalographic measurements are to be recorded during anesthesia. The depression of the MLAEP waveform by sevoflurane also suggests that the MLAEP is not a suitable tool with which to monitor anesthetic depth during sevoflurane anesthesia in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1156–1161)
In vitro cytopathic effects of a cysteine protease of Tritrichomonas foetus on cultured bovine uterine epithelial cells
Authors: Singh Bibhuti N. , Hayes Gary R. , Lucas John J. , Beach David H. , Gilbert Robert O.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the cytopathic effects of
Tritrichomonas foetus and a purified cysteine protease
(ie, CP30) of T foetus on cultured bovine uterine
epithelial cells (BUECs) in vitro.

Sample Population—10 reproductive tracts were
obtained from late-term bovine fetuses at a commercial
abattoir.

Procedure—An in vitro culture system of BUECs was
developed to study the cytopathic effects of T foetus
and purified CP30 of T foetus on host cells.
Cytotoxicity of T foetus or CP30 on exposed BUECs
was determined. Fluorescence microscopy and flow
cytometry analyses were used to detect apoptosis. A
fluorometric assay was used to detect BUEC caspase
3 activation. The CP inhibitor E-64 and a caspase
inhibitor were used to inhibit apoptosis.

Results—Cytopathic effects were observed in
BUECs treated with parasites or CP30 and were concentration
and time dependent. The BUECs underwent
apoptosis in the presence of parasites or CP30.
The specific CP inhibitor E-64 abolished the induction
of apoptosis in BUECs by CP30. The caspase inhibitor
reduced the amount of apoptosis in BUECs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—T foetus and
its CP30 induce apoptosis in cultured BUECs in vitro.
Induction of apoptosis by CP30 is correlated with protease
activity. Endometrial cell death as a result of a
T foetus infection is likely to be more important in
mediating infertility than a direct effect on the conceptus.
Provoking an apoptotic reaction in the host may
mitigate an inflammatory reaction or immune
response and therefore favor survival of the parasite in
a chronic infection. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1181–1186)
Pharmacokinetic interactions of flunixin meglumine and enrofloxacin in dogs
Authors: Ogino Tomoe , Mizuno Yasuharu , Ogata Tomoko , Takahashi Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2005

Objective—To examine pharmacokinetic interactions of flunixin meglumine and enrofloxacin in dogs following simultaneously administered SC injections of these drugs.

Animals—10 Beagles (4 males and 6 females).

Procedure—All dogs underwent the following 3 drug administration protocols with a 4-week washout period between treatments: flunixin administration alone (1 mg/kg, SC); simultaneous administration of flunixin (1 mg/kg, SC) and enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, SC); and enrofloxacin administration alone (5 mg/kg, SC). Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein at 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, and 24 hours following SC injections, and pharmacokinetic parameters of flunixin and enrofloxacin were calculated from plasma drug concentrations.

Results—Significant increases in the area under the curve (32%) and in the elimination half-life (29%) and a significant decrease (23%) in the elimination rate constant from the central compartment of flunixin were found following coadministration with enrofloxacin, compared with administration of flunixin alone. A significant increase (50%) in the elimination half-life and a significant decrease (21%) in the maximum plasma drug concentration of enrofloxacin were found following coadministration with flunixin, compared with administration of enrofloxacin alone.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The observed decrease in drug clearances as a result of coadministration of flunixin and enrofloxacin indicates that these drugs interact during the elimination phase. Consequently, care should be taken during the concomitant use of flunixin and enrofloxacin in dogs to avoid adverse drug reactions. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1209–1213)
Quantitative comparison of three commonly used treatments for navicular syndrome in horses
Authors: Schoonover Mike J. , Jann Henry W. , Blaik Margaret A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To quantitatively compare 3 commonly used treatments for navicular syndrome (NS) in horses: heel-elevation shoeing alone, heel-elevation shoeing and phenylbutazone administration, heel-elevation shoeing and injection of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) with triamcinolone acetonide (TA), and all 3 treatments in combination.

Animals—12 horses with NS.

Procedure—A force plate was used to measure baseline peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF) of the forelimbs. Each horse's forelimbs were shod with 3° heel-elevation horseshoes; PVGRF was measured 24 hours and 14 days after shoeing. Fourteen days after shoeing (following data collection), phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h) was administered (5 treatments). Two hours after the fifth treatment, PVGRF was measured; TA (6 mg) was injected into the DIPJ of the forelimb that generated the lower baseline PVGRF. Fourteen days later, PVGRF was measured. Phenylbutazone was administered as before, and PVGRF was measured. Percentage body weight of force (%BWF) was calculated from PVGRF measurements and used for comparisons.

Results—14 days after shoeing, mean %BWF in both forelimbs significantly increased from baseline; additional administration of phenylbutazone significantly increased %BWF applied from the more lame forelimb. Compared with shoeing alone, there was no significant change in %BWF after injection of the DIPJ with TA in shod horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Heel-elevation shoeing alone and in combination with phenylbutazone administration quantitatively decreased lameness in horses with NS. Although not significant, additional DIPJ injection with TA resulted in further quantitative decrease in lameness, compared with that achieved via shoeing alone. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1247–1251)
In vitro mechanical evaluation on the use of an intramedullary pin-plate combination for pantarsal arthrodesis in dogs
Authors: Kirsch John A. , Déjardin Loïc M. , DeCamp Charles E. , Meyer Eric G. , Haut Roger C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the biomechanical properties of pantarsal arthrodesis achieved with a dorsal bone plate-alone (BPA) or pin-plate combination (PPC).

Sample Population—8 pairs of cadaver canine tarsi.

Procedure—Within a pair, 1 tarsus was arthrodesed by use of a 13-hole 3.5-mm broad dynamic compression bone plate applied to the dorsal aspect of the tarsus; the paired tarsus received an identical plate similarly applied, with the addition of an intramedullary pin filling approximately 40% of the tibial medullary canal, spanning the tibiotarsal joint. Plates were instrumented with strain gauges proximal and distal to the solid portion of the plate. Specimens were mounted on a servo-hydraulic testing machine and loaded at 20%, 40%, and 80% of body weight for 10 cycles at 1 Hz. Construct compliance, angular deformation, and plate strain were determined during the 10th cycle.

Results—PPC specimens were less compliant than BPA specimens at all loads and had significantly less angular deformation than BPA specimens at loads of 40% and 80% of body weight. Tibiotarsal gauge microstrain was significantly less in PPC specimens, compared with BPA specimens, regardless of loads. Maximal strains were 33.5% to 40.5% less in PPC than BPA specimens.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For pantarsal arthrodesis in dogs, our results indicate that the PPC construct is biomechanically superior to the BPA construct. By improving construct stability, addition of an intramedullary pin to the traditional BPA technique may lessen implant-related complications and improve plate fatigue life. A subsequent decrease in postoperative morbidity may occur with little addition of time or complexity to the surgical procedure. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:125–131)
Comparison of measured oxyhemoglobin saturation and oxygen content with analyzer-calculated values and hand-calculated values obtained in unsedated healthy dogs
Authors: Scott Nancy E. , Haskins Steve C. , Aldrich Janet , Rezende Marlis , Gallagher Ryan M. , Henderson Matthew M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare direct measurements of canine oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) saturation and blood oxygen content (ContO2) in healthy dogs with analyzer-calculated values derived by use of a human HbO2relationship and with hand-calculated values derived by use of a canine HbO2relationship.

Animals—17 healthy dogs.

Procedure—3-mL samples of heparinized arterial and jugular venous blood were collected from each dog. The pH, PCO2, PO2, hemoglobin, HbO2, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and ContO2were measured; HbO2and ContO2were calculated automatically by analyzers and also hand-calculated. Blood gas analyzer–calculated and hand-calculated HbO2values were compared with co-oximeter–measured HbO2values. Analyzer-calculated and hand-calculated ContO2values were compared with oxygen content analyzermeasured values.

Results—Hand-calculated HbO2values for arterial and jugular venous samples were slightly but significantly lower than those calculated by a blood gas analyzer or obtained from a co-oximeter. Hand-calculated and analyzer-calculated arterial and venous ContO2were similar to measured values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although certain HbO2and ContO2values generated by use of the different methods were significantly different, these differences are unlikely to be clinically important in healthy dogs. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1273–1277)
Evaluation of horseshoe characteristics and high-speed exercise history as possible risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Hernandez Jorge A. , Scollay Mary C. , Hawkins Dan L. , Corda Julie A. , Krueger Traci M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate horseshoe characteristics and high-speed exercise history as risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses.

Animals—377 horses (37,529 race starts).

Procedure—Shoe characteristics included material, toe grab height, heel traction device, pads, and rim shoes. Racing variables were obtained from a computerized database. Forty-three horses that had a musculoskeletal injury and then failed to race or train for 6 months (cases) and 334 noninjured horses from the same race in which a horse was injured (controls) were compared regarding risk factors.

Results—Overall, 98% of race starts were associated with aluminum shoes, 85% with toe grabs, 32% with pads, and 12% with rims on forelimb horseshoes. Among 43 horses with musculoskeletal injury, sex (geldings), an extended interval since last race, and reduced exercise during the 30 or 60 days preceding injury were risk factors for catastrophic injury. Odds of injury in racehorses with toe grabs on front shoes were 1.5 times the odds of injury in horses without toe grabs, but this association was not significant (95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 4.1).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that horses that return to racing after an extended period of reduced exercise are at high risk of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury. Results regarding the use of toe grabs as a possible risk factor for catastrophic injury were inconclusive because the probability of declaring (in error) that use of toe grabs was associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury (eg, odds ratio > 1.0) was 38%. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1314–1320)
In vitro force mapping of normal canine humeroradial and humeroulnar joints
Authors: Mason David R. , Schulz Kurt S. , Fujita Yukihiro , Kass Philip H. , Stover Susan M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the distribution of force between the articular surfaces of the humerus and radius and between the humerus and ulna in normal canine forelimbs.

Sample population—12 cadaveric canine right forelimbs.

Procedure—Transarticular force maps were created by placing a tactile array pressure sensor into the elbow joint cavity and loading cadaveric forelimbs in a materials testing system. Mean joint forces were determined at loads of 50, 100, 150, and 200 N.

Results—All tests produced 2 distinct areas of high load that corresponded with the proximal articular surfaces of the radius and ulna. Mean forces for the radial proximal articular surface were slightly but significantly greater than for the ulna, averaging 51% to 52% of total force for all applied loads.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The proximal articular surface of the ulna contributes substantially to load transfer through the canine elbow joint. Abnormalities, which increase this load, might contribute to canine elbow joint dysplasia, specifically fragmentation of the medial coronoid process and osteochondritis dissecans of the medial aspect of the humeral condyle. In the treatment of these conditions, the normal force distribution within the canine elbow joint should be taken into consideration. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:132–135)
Effect of protein concentration on rate of closure of ameroid constrictors in vitro
Authors: Monnet Eric , Rosenberg Adam
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of protein concentration on rate of closure of ameroid constrictors in vitro.

Sample Population—Twenty-four 3.5-mm ameroid constrictors.

Procedure—Ameroid constrictors were equally allocated into 4 treatment groups; constrictors were placed in saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control) or plasma diluted with saline solution to obtain protein concentrations of 1.5, 3, or 6 g/dL. Ameroid constrictors were incubated for 27 days. A digital camera was used to image ameroid constrictors in culture at 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, and 27 days, and the lumen diameter of each constrictor was measured.

Results—None of the rings were completely closed at 27 days. Mean final lumen diameter was 0.205 ± 0.22 mm. Mean final lumen diameter of constrictors in the control group was significantly larger than that of constrictors in the 1.5, 3, and 6 g/dL groups. Constrictors in the 1.5 g/dL group closed to a larger diameter than that of constrictors in the 6 g/dL group. Constrictors in the control group had the smallest overall change in lumen diameter, compared with constrictors in the 3 and 6 g/dL groups. Constrictors in the 1.5 g/dL group had a significant decrease in overall lumen diameter, compared with constrictors in the 3 and 6 g/dL groups. The diameter of the ameroid lumen was a function of time and protein concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—High plasma protein concentrations resulted in rapid closure of the ameroid constrictor lumen. Complete closure of ameroid constrictors may not be attributable to imbibition of casein. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1337–1340)
Effectiveness of a cytolysin-enriched vaccine for protection of cattle against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: George Lisle W. , Borrowman Andrew J. , Angelos John A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the immunogenicity of aMoraxella boviscytolysin-enriched vaccine for prevention of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK).

Animals—104 mixed-breed beef calves ranging between 4 and 8 months of age.

Procedure—Vaccines were prepared by the diafiltration of broth culture supernatant from hemolyticM bovisoror sterile media. The diafiltered retentate was combined with Quil A adjuvant. Calves were randomly assigned to receive either the cytolysin vaccine (n = 35) or, as controls, adjuvant (35) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (34). Eyes of all calves were examined weekly for signs of IBK for 15 weeks. Calves that developed severe IBK were treated SC with florfenicol.

Results—Cytolysin vaccine contained 4 proteins with molecular masses ranging between 65 and 90 kd. Cytolysin-vaccinated calves had fewer instances of IBK than control calves. The time of onset of corneal lesions in cytolysin-vaccinated calves that developed IBK was delayed, compared with that of calves in either control group. The cytolysin-Quil A vaccine contained endotoxin, but calves did not have clinical signs of illness after vaccination.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Calves that were vaccinated with a cytolysin-enriched vaccine had some resistance to IBK. Vaccines containing concentrated diafilteredM boviscytolysin could protect beef calves against IBK. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:136–142)
Comparisons of the effects of acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs
Authors: Culp Lindsey B. , Skarda Roman T. , Muir III William W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the effects of acupuncture
(AP), electroacupuncture (EA), and transcutaneous
cranial electrical stimulation (TCES) with high-frequency
intermittent currents on the minimum alveolar
concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and associated cardiovascular
variables in dogs.

Animals—8 healthy adult female Beagles.

Procedure—Each dog was anesthetized with isoflurane
on 4 occasions, allowing a minimum of 10 days
between experiments. Isoflurane MAC values were
determined for each dog without treatment (controls)
and after treatment with AP and EA (AP points included
the Large Intestine 4, Lung 7, Governing Vessel 20,
Governing Vessel 14, San Tai, and Baihui) and TCES.
Isoflurane MAC values were determined by use of
noxious electrical buccal stimulation. Heart rate,
mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), arterial blood
oxygen saturation (SpO2) measured by use of pulse
oximetry, esophageal body temperature, inspired and
expired end-tidal isoflurane concentrations, end-tidal
carbon dioxide concentration, and bispectral index
(BIS) were monitored. Blood samples were collected
for determination of plasma cortisol concentration.

Results—Mean ± SD baseline MAC of isoflurane was
1.19 ± 0.1%. Acupuncture did not significantly change
MAC of isoflurane. Treatments with EA and TCES significantly
lowered the MAC of isoflurane by 10.1%
and 13.4%, respectively. The SpO2, heart rate, MAP,
BIS, esophageal body temperature, and plasma cortisol
concentration were not significantly different after
AP, EA, TCES, and control treatments at any time
interval.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of EA
and TCES decreased MAC of isoflurane in dogs without
inducing adverse hemodynamic effects. However,
the reduction in isoflurane MAC by EA and TCES treatments
was not considered clinically relevant. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1364–1370)
Evaluation of the effects of nephrotomy on renal function in clinically normal cats
Authors: Bolliger Christian , Walshaw Richard , Kruger John M. , Rosenstein Diana S. , Richter Marlee A. , Hauptman Joe G. , Mauer Whitney A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effects of nephrotomy on renal function in clinically normal cats.

Animals—20 specific-pathogen-free, 9- to 11-month old female mixed-breed cats.

Procedure—Serum chemistry analyses, CBC determinations, urinalyses, microbiologic urine cultures, renal ultrasonography, abdominal radiography, and single-kidney and total glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determinations by use of renal scintigraphy and measurements of plasma disappearance of technetium 99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid were performed before surgery and at 3, 12, 26, 52, and 78 weeks after surgery in 10 cats that underwent unilateral nephrotomy and in 10 control cats that underwent a sham surgical procedure.

Results—Two cats (1 from each group) did not complete the study, and their data were eliminated from analyses. Unilateral nephrotomy resulted in a 10% to 20% reduction in mean single-kidney GFR, compared with that of nephrotomy contralateral control kidneys. However, mean total GFR in nephrotomy-group cats was not significantly different from that of shamgroup cats. Over the 78 weeks of study, mean total GFR declined 34% and 40% in nephrotomy- and sham-group cats, respectively. Adverse events associated with nephrotomy included persistent microscopic hematuria, renal pelvis hyperechogenicity with distant shadowing on ultrasonographic evaluation, dilatation of renal pelves, and hydronephrosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Nephrotomy in normal functioning feline kidneys results in a modest relative reduction in renal function, compared with contralateral kidney controls, but has minimal effect on total GFR when compared with sham-operated control cats. However, any detrimental effects of nephrotomy may be magnified in cats with diseased kidneys, which may have little or no capacity for repair or compensation. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1400–1407)
Effects of antitussive agents administered before bronchoalveolar lavage in horses
Authors: Westermann Cornélie M. , Laan Tamarinde T. , van Nieuwstadt Roel A. , Bull Sarah , Fink-Gremmels Johanna
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether treatment of horses with antitussive agents before bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) reduces the frequency and intensity of the cough reflex during BAL.

Animals—8 healthy horses.

Procedure—Standard BAL was performed on each horse weekly for 6 weeks. Detomidine was used as a general sedative, and various antitussive agents were evaluated for their suitability to suppress undesirable coughing. Treatments administered prior to BAL consisted of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment), codeine, butorphanol tartrate, glycopyrrolate, lidocaine hydrochloride (final concentration, 0.33%), and lidocaine hydrochloride at a final concentration of 0.66% (lidocaine 0.66%). Frequency and intensity of coughing were digitally recorded throughout the BAL procedure. The volume of BAL fluid collected was measured, and the fluid was cytologically examined to assess potential effects of the medications on composition.

Results—Coughing frequency was significantly reduced after intratracheal administration of lidocaine 0.66%. Moreover, intratracheal administration of lidocaine 0.66% or IV administration of butorphanol resulted in a significant reduction in the intensity of coughing episodes. All other treatments failed to significantly suppress coughing frequency and intensity, compared with results for the saline treatment. Glycopyrrolate caused obvious adverse clinical effects. Treatments did not influence the volume of BAL fluid collected nor composition of the fluid.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intratracheal administration of lidocaine (final concentration, 0.66%) proved to be the most reliable method to reduce frequency and intensity of coughing in horses during BAL. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1420–1424)
Development of a discriminative questionnaire to assess nonphysical aspects of quality of life of dogs
Authors: Wojciechowska Janina I. , Hewson Caroline J. , Stryhn Henrik , Guy Norma C. , Patronek Gary J. , Timmons Vianne
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop a preliminary discriminative
questionnaire for assessment of nonphysical aspects of
the quality of life (QOL) of pet dogs and evaluate the
questionnaire's content validity, test-retest reliability,
and internal consistency.

Study Population—Owners of 120 dogs.

Procedure—Each QOL question had 4 response
options, representing descending levels of QOL that
were equally weighted. A maximum of 38 items contributed
to the QOL score. The questionnaire was
administered by telephone to owners of dogs with
appointments at a veterinary teaching hospital before
the appointment. After the appointment, each dog was
classified as sick or healthy by use of defined criteria;
owners of healthy dogs had a second interview 3 to 4
weeks later. Test-retest reliability (κ), internal consistency
(Cronbach α), and respondents' comprehension
were used as criteria for excluding an item.

Results—There were 77 sick and 43 healthy dogs.
Twenty-two QOL questions had significant κ values
(0.11 to 0.91). The Cronbach α values for 5 domains of
QOL ranged from 0.45 to 0.61, indicating that the
domains had moderate internal consistency (homogeneity).
The initial pool of 38 items was reduced to 27.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The questionnaire
was designed to complement veterinary
assessment of dogs' physical health. The questionnaire
may be a useful tool in making decisions regarding
dogs' QOL. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1453–1460)
Expression of inhibitory G proteins in adenomatous thyroid glands obtained from hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Ward Cynthia R. , Achenbach Sara E. , Peterson Mark E. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Holt David
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify within guanosine triphosphate–binding proteins (G proteins) the subset of
inhibitory G proteins (Gi) that have decreased expression
in adenomatous thyroid glands obtained from
hyperthyroid cats.

Sample Population—Adenomatous thyroid glands
obtained from 5 hyperthyroid cats and normal thyroid
glands obtained from 3 age-matched euthyroid cats.

Procedure—Expression of Gi1, Gi2, and Gi3 in
enriched membrane preparations from thyroid glands
was quantified by use of immunoblotting with Gi subtype-specific antibodies.

Results—Expression of Gi2 was significantly
decreased in tissues of hyperthyroid glands, compared
with expression in normal thyroid tissue.
Expression of Gi1 and Gi3 was not significantly different
between normal thyroid tissues and tissues from
hyperthyroid glands.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A decrease in
Gi2 expression decreases inhibition of adenylyl
cyclase and allows a relative increase in stimulatory G
protein expression. This results in increased amounts
of cAMP and subsequent unregulated mitogenesis
and hormone production in hyperthyroid cells.
Decreased Gi2 expression may explain excessive
growth and function of the thyroid gland in cats with
hyperthyroidism. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1478–1482)
Effects of zoledronate on markers of bone metabolism and subchondral bone mineral density in dogs with experimentally induced cruciate-deficient osteoarthritis
Authors: Agnello Kimberly A. , Trumble Troy N. , Chambers Jonathan N. , Seewald Wolfgang , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of zoledronate on
markers of bone metabolism in dogs after transection
of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL).

Animals—21 adult dogs.

Procedure—Unilateral CrCL transection was performed
arthroscopically. Dogs were allocated to 3
groups (control group, low-dose zoledronate
[10 µg/kg, SC, q 90 d for 12 months], and high-dose
zoledronate [25 µg/kg, SC, q 90 d for 12 months]).
Serum osteocalcin (OC), serum bone-specific alkaline
phosphatase (BAP), and urine pyridinoline and
deoxypyridinoline concentrations were measured at
0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery. Bone mineral
density (BMD) was determined in the distal portion
of the femur and proximal portion of the tibia via
computed tomography at each time point. Data were
analyzed by a repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results—Zoledronate inhibited OC in the high-dose
group at 9 and 12 months and at 12 months in the low-dose
group, compared with the control group. High-dose
zoledronate decreased BAP concentrations 3 and 9
months after surgery. In the control group, BMD was
decreased in the femoral condyle and caudal tibial
plateau. Zoledronate prevented significant BMD decreases
starting 1 month after transection, compared with
control dogs. In the caudomedial aspect of the tibial
plateau, both zoledronate groups had significant increases
in BMD after 3 months, compared with control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Zoledronate
may reduce subchondral bone loss and effect markers
of bone metabolism in dogs with experimentally
induced instability of the stifle joint and subsequent
development of osteoarthritis. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1487–1495)
Concentrations of serum amyloid A and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in horses with colic
Authors: Vandenplas Michel L. , Moore James N. , Barton Michelle H. , Roussel Allen J. , Cohen Noah D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine concentrations of 2 acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A [SAA] and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP]) in serum samples obtained from horses with colic and identify relationships among these acute-phase proteins and clinical data.

Animals—765 horses with naturally developing gastrointestinal tract diseases characterized by colic (ie, clinical signs indicative of abdominal pain) and 79 healthy control horses; all horses were examined at 2 university teaching hospitals.

Procedure—Serum concentrations of SAA and LBP were determined by immunoturbidometric and dotblot assays, respectively.

Results—SAA and LBP concentrations were determined for 718 and 765 horses with colic, respectively. Concentrations of SAA were significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors, and horses with enteritis or colitis and conditions characterized by chronic inflammation (eg, abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, or rectal tears) had SAA concentrations significantly greater than those for horses with other conditions. Serum concentrations of LBP did not correlate with outcome, disease process, or portion of the gastrointestinal tract affected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Circulating concentrations of SAA were significantly higher at admission in horses with colic attributable to conditions having a primary inflammatory cause (eg, enteritis, colitis, peritonitis, or abdominal abscesses) and were higher in horses that failed to survive the episode of colic, compared with concentrations in horses that survived. Serum concentrations of LBP did not correlate with survival. Analysis of these findings suggests that evaluation of SAA concentrations may be of use in identifying horses with colic attributable to diseases that have inflammation as a primary component of pathogenesis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1509–1516)