bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An approach to computing discrete adjoints for MPI-parallelized models applied to Ice Sheet System Model 4.11
Authors: Larour Eric , Utke Jean , Bovin Anton , Morlighem Mathieu , Perez Gilberto
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Within the framework of sea-level rise projections, there is a strong need for hindcast validation of the evolution of polar ice sheets in a way that tightly matches observational records (from radar, gravity, and altimetry observations mainly). However, the computational requirements for making hindcast reconstructions possible are severe and rely mainly on the evaluation of the adjoint state of transient ice-flow models. Here, we look at the computation of adjoints in the context of the NASA/JPL/UCI Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM), written in C++ and designed for parallel execution with MPI. We present the adaptations required in the way the software is designed and written, but also generic adaptations in the tools facilitating the adjoint computations. We concentrate on the use of operator overloading coupled with the AdjoinableMPI library to achieve the adjoint computation of the ISSM. We present a comprehensive approach to (1) carry out type changing through the ISSM, hence facilitating operator overloading, (2) bind to external solvers such as MUMPS and GSL-LU, and (3) handle MPI-based parallelism to scale the capability. We demonstrate the success of the approach by computing sensitivities of hindcast metrics such as the misfit to observed records of surface altimetry on the northeastern Greenland Ice Stream, or the misfit to observed records of surface velocities on Upernavik Glacier, central West Greenland. We also provide metrics for the scalability of the approach, and the expected performance. This approach has the potential to enable a new generation of hindcast-validated projections that make full use of the wealth of datasets currently being collected, or already collected, in Greenland and Antarctica.
High-Resolution Observations in the Western Mediterranean Sea:
The REP14-MED Experiment
Authors: Onken Reiner , Fiekas Heinz-Volker , Beguery Laurent , Borrione Ines , Funk Andreas , Hemming Michael , Heywood Karen J. , Kaiser Jan , Knoll Michaela , Poulain Pierre-Marie , Queste Bastien , Russo Aniello , Shitashima Kiminori , Siderius Martin , Thorp-Küsel Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The observational part of the REP14-MED experiment was conducted in June 2014 in the Sardo-Balearic Sea west of Sardinia Island (Western Mediterranean Sea). Two research vessels collected high-resolution oceanographic data by means of hydrographic casts, towed systems, and underway measurements. In addition, a vast amount of data was provided by a fleet of 11 gliders, time series were available from moored instruments, and information on Lagrangian flow patterns were obtained from surface drifters and one profiling float. The spatial resolution of the observations encompasses a spectrum over four orders of magnitude from O(101 m) to O(105 m), and the time series from the moored instruments cover a spectral range of five orders from O(101 s) to O(106 s). The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the huge data set which is utilized by various ongoing studies, focusing on (i) sub-mesoscale and mesoscale pattern analyses, (ii) operational forecasting in terms of the development and assessment of sampling strategies, assimilation methods, and model validation, (iii) modeling the variability of the ocean, and (iv) testing of new payloads for gliders.
Soil fauna: key to new carbon models
Authors: Filser Juliane , Faber Jack H. , Tiunov Alexei V. , Brussaard Lijbert , Frouz Jan , De Deyn Gerlinde , Uvarov Alexei V. , Berg Matty P. , Lavelle Patrick , Loreau Michel , Wall Diana H. , Querner Pascal , Eijsackers Herman , Jiménez Juan José
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Soil organic matter (SOM) is key to maintaining soil fertility, mitigating climate change, combatting land degradation, and conserving above- and below-ground biodiversity and associated soil processes and ecosystem services. In order to derive management options for maintaining these essential services provided by soils, policy makers depend on robust, predictive models identifying key drivers of SOM dynamics. Existing SOM models and suggested guidelines for future SOM modelling are defined mostly in terms of plant residue quality and input and microbial decomposition, overlooking the significant regulation provided by soil fauna. The fauna controls almost any aspect of organic matter turnover, foremost by regulating the activity and functional composition of soil microorganisms and their physical–chemical connectivity with soil organic matter. We demonstrate a very strong impact of soil animals on carbon turnover, increasing or decreasing it by several dozen percent, sometimes even turning C sinks into C sources or vice versa. This is demonstrated not only for earthworms and other larger invertebrates but also for smaller fauna such as Collembola. We suggest that inclusion of soil animal activities (plant residue consumption and bioturbation altering the formation, depth, hydraulic properties and physical heterogeneity of soils) can fundamentally affect the predictive outcome of SOM models. Understanding direct and indirect impacts of soil fauna on nutrient availability, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions and plant growth is key to the understanding of SOM dynamics in the context of global carbon cycling models. We argue that explicit consideration of soil fauna is essential to make realistic modelling predictions on SOM dynamics and to detect expected non-linear responses of SOM dynamics to global change. We present a decision framework, to be further developed through the activities of KEYSOM, a European COST Action, for when mechanistic SOM models include soil fauna. The research activities of KEYSOM, such as field experiments and literature reviews, together with dialogue between empiricists and modellers, will inform how this is to be done.
Resolution capacity of geophysical monitoring regarding permafrost degradation induced by hydrological processes
Authors: Mewes Benjamin , Hilbich Christin , Delaloye Reynald , Hauck Christian
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Geophysical methods are often used to characterise and monitor the subsurface composition of permafrost. The resolution capacity of standard methods, i.e. Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Refraction Seismic Tomography, depends hereby not only on static parameters such as measurement geometry, but also on the temporal variability in the contrast of the geophysical variables (electrical resistivity and P-wave velocity). Our study analyses the resolution capacity of Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Refraction Seismic Tomography for typical processes in the context of permafrost degradation using synthetic and field data sets of mountain permafrost terrain. In addition, we tested especially the resolution capacity of a petrophysically-based quantitative combination of both methods, the so-called 4-phase model, and by this analysed the expected changes in water and ice content upon permafrost thaw. The results from the synthetic data experiments suggest a higher sensitivity regarding increasing water content compared to decreased ice content, and potentially larger uncertainty for the individual geophysical methods than for the combined evaluation with the 4-phase model. In the latter, ground ice loss can be detected quite reliably, whereas artefacts occur in the case of increased horizontal or vertical water flow. Analysis of field data from a well-investigated rock glacier in the Swiss Alps successfully visualised the seasonal ice loss in summer, and the complex spatially variable ice-, water- and air content changes in an interannual comparison.
Wind turbine power production and annual energy production depend on atmospheric stability and turbulence
Authors: St. Martin Clara M. , Lundquist Julie K. , Clifton Andrew , Poulos Gregory S. , Schreck Scott J.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Using detailed upwind and nacelle-based measurements from a General Electric (GE) 1.5sle model with a 77 m rotor diameter, we calculate power curves and annual energy production (AEP) and explore their sensitivity to different atmospheric parameters to provide guidelines for the use of stability and turbulence filters in segregating power curves. The wind measurements upwind of the turbine include anemometers mounted on a 135 m meteorological tower as well as profiles from a lidar. We calculate power curves for different regimes based on turbulence parameters such as turbulence intensity (TI) as well as atmospheric stability parameters such as the bulk Richardson number (RB). We also calculate AEP with and without these atmospheric filters and highlight differences between the results of these calculations. The power curves for different TI regimes reveal that increased TI undermines power production at wind speeds near rated, but TI increases power production at lower wind speeds at this site, the US Department of Energy (DOE) National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). Similarly, power curves for different RB regimes reveal that periods of stable conditions produce more power at wind speeds near rated and periods of unstable conditions produce more power at lower wind speeds. AEP results suggest that calculations without filtering for these atmospheric regimes may overestimate the AEP. Because of statistically significant differences between power curves and AEP calculated with these turbulence and stability filters for this turbine at this site, we suggest implementing an additional step in analyzing power performance data to incorporate effects of atmospheric stability and turbulence across the rotor disk.
The Synthesis and Characterizes of Nano-Metallic Particles Against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, Isolated from Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital’s Patients, Tehran, Iran
Authors: Jafari Alireza , Majidpour Ali , Safarkar Roya , Masumeh Mirnurollahi Seyyedeh , Arastoo Shahrdad
Published: November 2016

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, Also, an increase in nosocomial infections, particularly by Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the need to discover new antibacterial agents with a mechanism of action different from killing bacteria were more than ever before. The Ag nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO (NPs) and Ag/ZnO (NPs) were synthesized through the thermal decomposition of the precursor of oxalate. Gram-negative antibiotic resistant bacteria and Gram-positive antibiotic resistant bacteria were prepared from the Central laboratory of Rasoul-e-Akram hospital. All of isolates were confirmed by biochemical tests. For determine of antibiotic resistance patterns of isolated, disk diffusion method in accordance with the standard CLSI were used, again. Antibacterial effects of (NPs) against antibiotic resistance bacteria were conducted by MIC and MBC tests. The particles size was less of 50 nm, approximately. Curiously, the silver (NPs) was not exposed the antibacterial properties against all of isolated bacteria. Also, klebsiella pneumonia and MRSA had greatest sensitivity to the ZnO (NPs). Also, Gram-positive antibiotic resistant bacteria showed high sensitivity to Ag/ZnO (NPs), compared to other bacteria. Interestingly, The MBC for ZnO (NPs) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa >= 8192 was observed. The Ag (NPs) had not the ability to inhibit the nosocomial infection. klebsiella pneumonia and MRSA had greatest sensitivity to the ZnO (NPs). Also, Gram-positive antibiotic-resistant bacteria showed high sensitivity to Ag/ZnO (NPs), compared to other bacteria. The Ag/ZnO (NPs) was ability to kill antibiotics resistant bacteria. The antibacterial agents can open a new leaf in our life in the treatment of nosocomial infections.
Non-Governmental Organizations Participation in Criminal Processes
Authors: Varvai Akbar , Mohamadi Hemat , Nourian Ayyoub
Published: October 2016

Despite their long-time physical presence in our country (Iran), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have not been taken seriously by the government and public institutions, and play no effective role in criminal proceedings. An innovative by 2013 criminal procedure code is to realize doctrine of participatory criminal policy through NGOs participation in criminal proceedings, which has been provided for by legislator in Article 66 of mentioned code which was amended suddenly within a few days prior to being approved to come into effect on the basis of an interesting decision and which degraded NGOs’ right to litigate into the limit of that of indictors and viewers at proceedings.
During proceedings, NGOs play the role of indictors and viewers, regardless of the lack of legal, cultural and social grounds necessary for them to take an active part in criminal proceedings in our country; and, in effect, they face such limitations and ambiguities as criteria of the recognition of their qualifications to do so (Article 66, provision 3). In addition, it is not clear how to develop NGOs’ participation in criminal proceedings and how to monitor their activities. Present study is intended to examine grounds of and barriers to NGO’s activity in criminal proceedings and to address vital roles they can play in the crime prevention and their involvement with criminal proceedings.
Investigating the Legal Foundations of the Rule of Pride to Analyze the Application and Concrete Examples of this Principle in Shiite Jurisprudence
Authors: Maleki Moradali , Mousavi Seyed Ebrahim
Published: October 2016

One of the factors affecting to create responsibility is deceiving, this means that if onedeceives someone else or someone fooled. For example, in marriage husband or wife deceived other or in sale contract the buyer deceived seller and deceiving in this case created the responsibility and liability, this type of responsibility is the liability in legal terms is called pride guarantee that is kind of guarantee in law enforcement and civil liability remembered it.In the study, we are tried toexamine proud guarantee in Iran's rights and Shiite. According to classic principles of responsibility to guarantee that pride be justified on the basis of the theory of fault, which are according to this theory, in addition to fault, other elements such as the arrival of harm must be proven and even limiting reference rightofproud those losses realized is not incompatible with the theory of fault.
Patriotism, Political Participation and Women’s Rights: A Critical Analysis of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic
Authors: Ihemeje Godwin
Published: October 2016

Nigeria is known for recognizing and rewarding veritable achievements of her women in different endeavors. Despite their high demonstration of patriotism, the paper argues that attention given to women’s political rights is inadequate in Nigeria’s fourth democratic republic; resulting to low political participation and poor electoral outcome. This paper relies heavily on secondary sources of data collection and conduct of comparative analysis. It identifies factors influencing low political participation among, and concludes that if those low influencing factors are not effectively addressed, it could weaken their sense of national patriotism in the long run.
Congressional Capitulation: War Power and the United States Congress
Authors: Yonk Ryan M.
Published: October 2016

The question of who should utilize the war power has been debated from the founding of the republic and the core issues while couched in different terms, and while war has become much more technologically advanced, remain the same. The fundamental question is one of what the President can do, and what Congress should do. I attempt to primarily address the question of what Congress should do with regard to the war powers rather than what the President can do because the scope of presidential war powers has been extensively researched and written about in the scholarly literature. Instead I address what from an institutional structure and policy perspective Congress ought to do with relation to the war powers and their execution.
Study on Innovation Behavior of State-owned Pharmaceutical Enterprises Based on the Viewpoint of Ownership Structure Reforming
Authors: Shi Shengyi , Wang Guangping , Huo Yanfei , Yi Baxian , Wu Xiaoming
Published: October 2016

It is necessary to play a leading and exemplary role in the implementation of Chinese innovative development strategy, because of the economic, social and political status of state-owned pharmaceutical enterprises. Based on describing pharmaceutical ownership reforming and innovation status, the paper analyzed the dynamic innovation performance of the State-owned pharmaceutical enterprises by the Malmquist index of DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis), and result shows that the biological product field of state-owned enterprises obtained better innovation performance. Then the paper discussed the innovation performance of state-owned pharmaceutical enterprises by the empirical analysis of Panel data model, the results showed that the state-owned enterprise have the serious status of R&D resource concentrating and excessing, but it is still achieve major force of Chinese pharmaceutical economic growth based on innovative activities. At last, the paper offered the upgrading road of state-owned enterprises innovation capability, such as the market radiating and integrating, micro-cooperation, organizational restructuring, and cross-regional integration.
Analyzing the Wide Pankurdism from the Copenhagen School and Constructivism Perspective
Authors: Sardarnia Khalil , Abedi Marzieh
Published: October 2016

In the (post–Cold War era), one can see violence, ethnic and religious changes in the Middle East more than any other regions in the world. In the recent years, changes and rises have made this region the central place for ethnic and religious crisis around the world. The present study aims to answer this basic question framed through two theoretical approaches of constructivism and Copenhagen school. That is, what are the most influential reasons for spreading pankurdism in the Kurdish-resident regions in the Middle East? In order to answer this question, the research hypothesis is based on some influential elements including self-governance experience in Iraqi Kurdistan as the heart and the locus for forming the dream of great Kurdistan, appearance and activation of new generation of leaders, Kurdish party and civil actors. It also includes intensification of awareness and ethnic identity-orientation among young Kurdish people, the fragility of the government in Iraq, collapse of authority in Syria and appearance and proceeding of Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) forces. In this paper, the research method is analytical-causal explanation. The most important findings of the study is that the combination of reasons cause to make spread of pankurdism in the Kurdish-resident region and their convergence effective. These reasons are the identification among the Kurds as the result of dissatisfactions, humiliation, and suppression during several decades, the successful experience of autonomy in the Kurdish-resident regions, and collapse and fragility of authority in Syria and Iraq. In the near future, such increasing opportunities and convergences of the historical and main identity can prepare the Kurds to put pressure on the governments for autonomy or even their independency.
Proprietary Value in Shiite Jurisprudence and Positive Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Lorkojuri Atefeh , Heidari Mohamad Ali , Raei Masoud
Published: October 2016

Proprietary value is one of the conditions related to the considerations (price and sold object) in a sale contract. Property has been defined by legal experts in several ways including the idea that property should have the capability to be changed to money, to have value, and to be demanded by human will. According to Article 348 of Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the sale of something that is not (describable as) property or which can bring no reasonable profit is null. In this regard, time and place circumstances play an important role in the determination of proprietary value. Famous legal experts and jurists have proposed different ideas about proprietary value so that the criterion for identification of proprietary value of a good has been regarded either religious or customary. This article tries to introduce proprietary value, time and place circumstances, and different ideas about proprietary value as a condition for contracts.
A Survey to the Origins of International law in Islam with the Emphasis on Human Rights
Authors: Eslami Sayed Reza
Published: October 2016

The Dutch called (Hugo Grosyius) is known in the most university textbooks as the father of international law. He acquired many of his intellectual foundations by reading (Seyrolkabir) book in Istanbul. Later on he presented realistic goals and ideas in his treatises and writings. That caused realistic developments in the West after the Renaissance, and therefore the, west knows him as (father of international law). But the intellectual foundation and what he used as the primary source and guidance of his thoughts were in fact Quranic verses and the big prophet traditions of Islamic religion and Imam Ali (Peace be upon him) which were collected as a summary in a text. Which was considered and done before Grosyius about 1100 years ago and acted upon it. (1)
The Muslims’ Quest for a Kalmunai Administrative District in South-Eastern Sri Lanka: An Analysis of the Challenges from Their Community and Politics
Authors: Yusoff Mohammad Agus , Sarjoon Athambawa
Published: October 2016

The Muslim community living in the “South-Eastern Region” of Sri Lanka has long been urging the government authorities to establish a separate Kalmunai administrative district carved out of the coastal belt of the present Amparai district, as an institutional mechanism to improve public service delivery and development administration functions in the region. However, the establishment of the Kalmunai administrative district has continually been challenged, receiving criticism and oppositions from different sources, including from the Muslim community and its politicians. This study analyzes the perspectives of Muslim community and its politics towards the demand for the Kalmunai administrative district and its impacts on the political advocacy and methods to achieving it. This study has found that there are different and contradictory perspectives on the matter of the Kalmunai administrative district among the Muslim political parties and in different segments of the community. It is also discovered that the public understanding on the subject of the proposed district is very minimal. The establishment of the proposed Kalmunai administrative district has frequently failed on many crucial occasions mainly due to the lack of consensus among the Muslims leaders regarding the contested subjects of the proposed district. Additionally, this study has observed that the Muslim leaders have conceptualized the proposed Kalmunai district purely based on ethnicity only and have failed to justify it on public and rational grounds. The study has further found that the establishment of the proposed Kalmunai administrative district and its purported positive impacts would strongly depend on making the demand for the proposed district a more secular and public one.
The Roots of Terrorism in Imam Ali’s Thoughts
Authors: Adami Ali , Nasab Zieh Mohammadi
Published: October 2016

In order to undermine Islamic discourse and to strengthen the Western discourse, terrorism-related issues have become popular among researchers and political analysts in recent decades especially after September 11th, 2001 in the United States to the extent that many people claim that Islam and Muslims are the epitome of terrorism and violence. Hence, this article aims to investigate the roots of terrorism based on strategic and operational policies of Imam Ali against the Kharijites, as the first terrorist group claiming Islam. The main question outlined here is based as follows: what are the intellectual and practical contexts of formation of terrorist groups? The main hypothesis outlined here is as follows: Considering the strategic and operational policies of Imam Ali against the Kharijites, it is claimed that intellectual and practical contexts and roots of terrorist groups are based on targeted injection of interpretation and a deviated definition of Islamic beliefs and values.
Velikost a reprezentativita výběrového souboru v kvantitativně orientovaném pedagogickém výzkumu
Authors: Soukup Petr , Kočvarová Ilona
Published: November 2016

Metodologicky orientovaná studie syntetizuje základní požadavky na velikost a reprezentativitu výběrového souboru v kvantitativně orientovaném pedagogickém výzkumu. Prezentuje základní výběrové postupy, jejich parametry a dopad na požadovanou velikost výběru a také dopad na možnosti zobecnění výsledků. Kromě standardních designů náhodného výběru (prostý, vícestupňový, skupinkový a stratifikovaný) je pojednán i dopad velikosti pro nenáhodné výběry. Studie uvádí postupy pro stanovení síly testu a shrnuje základní doporučení statistiků pro velikost výběru s ohledem na sílu testu. Pozornost je věnována také otázce reprezentativity výběru. Součástí studie jsou příklady dobré i špatné praxe z oblasti mezinárodních pedagogických výzkumů.
Reverse Lexicographic Gröbner Bases and Strongly Koszul Toric Rings
Authors: Matsuda Kazunori , Ohsugi Hidefumi
Published: November 2016

Restuccia and Rinaldo proved that a standard graded $K$-algebra $K[x_1,\dots,x_n]/I$ is strongly Koszul if the reduced Gröbner basis of $I$ with respect to any reverse lexicographic order is quadratic. In this paper, we give a sufficient condition for a toric ring $K[A]$ to be strongly Koszul in terms of the reverse lexicographic Gröbner bases of its toric ideal $I_A$. This is a partial extension of a result given by Restuccia and Rinaldo. In addition, we show that any strongly Koszul toric ring generated by squarefree monomials is compressed. Using this fact, we show that our sufficient condition for $K[A]$ to be strongly Koszul is both necessary and sufficient when $K[A]$ is generated by squarefree monomials.
On the Simplicity of Multigerms
Authors: Sinha R. Oset , Ruas M. A. S. , Atique R. Wik
Published: November 2016

We prove several results regarding the simplicity of germs and multigerms obtained via the operations of augmentation, simultaneous augmentation and concatenation and generalised concatenation. We also give some results in the case where one of the branches is a non-stable primitive germ. Using our results we obtain a list which includes all simple multigerms from $\mathbb{C}^3$ to $\mathbb{C}^3$.
Relative Inner Amenability and Relative Property Gamma
Authors: Jolissaint Paul
Published: November 2016

Let $H$ be a proper subgroup of a discrete group $G$. We introduce a notion of relative inner amenability of $H$ in $G$, we prove some equivalent conditions and provide examples coming mainly from semidirect products, as well as counter-examples. We also discuss the corresponding relative property gamma for pairs of type II$_1$ factors $N\subset M$ and we deduce from this a characterization of discrete, icc groups which do not have property (T).
Nuevos dispositivos enunciativos en la era intermedial
Authors: Vaqueiro Romero M Montserrat
Published: November 2016

La obra consta de un conjunto de interesantes artículos que giran en torno a los nuevos dispositivos enunciativos en la era intermedial. En un primer momento se hace referencia al concepto intermedialidad, concepto que, aunque aparece en la literatura académica de los años noventa, no llega a ser teorizado hasta el 2000. La intermedialidad se considera como una forma más sofisticada de la intertextualidad, entendiendo que en dicho concepto se integran discursos no solo verbales sino también icónicos y mediáticos.
Faculty Development Directed at Curricular Reforms Designed to Improve Patient Outcomes
Authors: Papa Frank J. , D’Agostino Darrin
Published: November 2016

Three initiatives involving quality of patient outcomes that evolved in the late 1990s must be considered in the design of 21st century undergraduate medical curricula. They involve (1) the question of how to best teach and assess medical competencies, (2) growing concerns regarding the frequency and severity of error in medical care, and (3) the role physicians might play in weaving together the overlapping elements of population-, community-, and systems-based practice into a codified approach to medical care. With these initiatives in mind, the University of North Texas Health Science Center Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine has formed an Academy of Medical Educators whose goal is to develop faculty programs intended to expedite curricular modifications and reforms.
Zen and the Art of Academic Maintenance
Authors: Curry Stephen
Published: November 2016

Watch the VIDEO of the presentation.Robert Pirsig’s book, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, which is an exploration of the metaphysics of quality, is a Guinness world record holder. No best-seller has been rejected by more publishers – 121 in all. That numerical anomaly, mentioned at the top of the Wikipedia entry for the book (because of our obsession with quantity and rank), reminds us that identifying quality is hard. It requires expertise, but also the imagination to anticipate the future consequences of any new work – whether it be a book or a research paper. Time and again in academia, we get such judgments wrong. And yet, our systems of incentive and reward are increasingly tightly geared to the moment and place of publication. The evaluation of the work itself, or of the idea that it is a living thing that reaches out into the world, is being undermined as busy researchers strive to please busy masters who turn too often to numbers to make their assessment. Quantity is the pernicious proxy that trumps quality. But we must rediscover quality, in all its dimensions, if we are to maintain the reputation of the academy for unflinching interrogation. And one of the most important of those dimensions is openness, which can serve not only as a buttress for quality, but also as a reminder to the academy that freedom of inquiry brings responsibilities to society that can also be enriching.
Enhanced photovoltaic performance of planar perovskite solar cells fabricated in ambient air by solvent annealing treatment method
Authors: Eze Vincent Obiozo , Mori Tatsuo
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we report on planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated by a simple one-step solution process and an antisolvent bath (ASB) method in ambient air. The ASB method enabled the efficient extraction of the precursor solvent and induced the swift crystallization of uniform and highly smooth perovskite films with an average grain size of about 0.34 µm. The morphology and grain growth of the resultant perovskite film were further improved by solvent annealing (SA) under dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vapor atmosphere at 150 °C for 10 min and thus an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.20% and a maximum efficiency of 16.77% were achieved. This work highlights the importance of solvent annealing for perovskite prepared by a one-step solution process and an ASB method, and offers a facile and attractive way to fabricate high-performance perovskite solar cells.
A potential third Manta Ray species near the Yucatán Peninsula? Evidence for a recently diverged and novel geneticMantagroup from the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hinojosa-Alvarez Silvia , Walter Ryan P. , Diaz-Jaimes Pindaro , Galván-Magaña Felipe , Paig-Tran E. Misty
Published: November 2016

We present genetic and morphometric support for a third, distinct, and recently diverged group of Manta ray that appears resident to the Yucatán coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Individuals of the genusMantafrom Isla Holbox are markedly different from the other described manta rays in their morphology, habitat preference, and genetic makeup. Herein referred to as the Yucatán Manta Ray, these individuals form two genetically distinct groups: (1) a group of mtDNA haplotypes divergent (0.78%) from the currently recognizedManta birostrisandM. alfredispecies, and (2) a group possessing mtDNA haplotypes ofM. birostrisand highly similar haplotypes. The latter suggests the potential for either introgressive hybridization between Yucatán Manta Rays andM. birostris, or the retention of ancestralM. birostrissignatures among Yucatán Manta Rays. Divergence of the genetically distinct Yucatán Manta Ray fromM. birostrisappears quite recent (<100,000 YBP) following fit to an Isolation-with-Migration model, with additional support for asymmetrical gene flow fromM. birostrisinto the Yucatán Manta Ray. Formal naming of the Yucatán Manta Ray cannot yet be assigned until an in-depth taxonomic study and further confirmation of the genetic identity of existing type specimens has been performed.
Root bacterial endophytes alter plant phenotype, but not physiology
Authors: Henning Jeremiah A. , Weston David J. , Pelletier Dale A. , Timm Collin M. , Jawdy Sara S. , Classen Aimée T.
Published: November 2016

Plant traits, such as root and leaf area, influence how plants interact with their environment and the diverse microbiota living within plants can influence plant morphology and physiology. Here, we explored how three bacterial strains isolated from thePopulusroot microbiome, influenced plant phenotype. We chose three bacterial strains that differed in predicted metabolic capabilities, plant hormone production and metabolism, and secondary metabolite synthesis. We inoculated each bacterial strain on a single genotype ofPopulus trichocarpaand measured the response of plant growth related traits (root:shoot, biomass production, root and leaf growth rates) and physiological traits (chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, net photosynthesis at saturating light–Asat, and saturating CO2–Amax). Overall, we found that bacterial root endophyte infection increased root growth rate up to 184% and leaf growth rate up to 137% relative to non-inoculated control plants, evidence that plants respond to bacteria by modifying morphology. However, endophyte inoculation had no influence on total plant biomass and photosynthetic traits (net photosynthesis, chlorophyll content). In sum, bacterial inoculation did not significantly increase plant carbon fixation and biomass, but their presence altered where and how carbon was being allocated in the plant host.
Whole-brain ex-vivo quantitative MRI of the cuprizone mouse model
Authors: Wood Tobias C. , Simmons Camilla , Hurley Samuel A. , Vernon Anthony C. , Torres Joel , Dell’Acqua Flavio , Williams Steve C.R. , Cash Diana
Published: November 2016

Myelin is a critical component of the nervous system and a major contributor to contrast in Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. However, the precise contribution of myelination to multiple MR modalities is still under debate. The cuprizone mouse is a well-established model of demyelination that has been used in several MR studies, but these have often imaged only a single slice and analysed a small region of interest in the corpus callosum. We imaged and analyzed the whole brain of the cuprizone mouse ex-vivo using high-resolution quantitative MR methods (multi-component relaxometry, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and morphometry) and found changes in multiple regions, including the corpus callosum, cerebellum, thalamus and hippocampus. The presence of inflammation, confirmed with histology, presents difficulties in isolating the sensitivity and specificity of these MR methods to demyelination using this model.
An objective frequency domain method for quantifying confined aquifer compressible storage using Earth and atmospheric tides
Authors: Acworth R. Ian , Halloran Landon J. S. , Rau Gabriel C. , Cuthbert Mark O. , Bernardi Tony L.
Published: November 2016

The groundwater hydraulic head response to the worldwide and ubiquitous atmospheric tide at 2 cycles per day (cpd) is a direct function of confined aquifer compressible storage. The ratio of the responses of hydraulic head to the atmospheric pressure change is a measure of aquifer barometric efficiency, from which formation compressibility and aquifer specific storage can be determined in situ rather than resorting to laboratory or aquifer pumping tests. The Earth tide also impacts the hydraulic head response at the same frequency, and a method is developed here to quantify and remove this interference. As a result, the barometric efficiency can be routinely calculated from 6‐hourly hydraulic head, atmospheric pressure, and modeled Earth tide records where available for a minimum of 15 days duration. This new approach will be of critical importance in assessing worldwide problems of land subsidence or groundwater resource evaluation that both occur due to groundwater abstraction.
Testing reanalysis data sets in Antarctica: Trends, persistence properties, and trend significance
Authors: Wang Yang , Zhou Dong , Bunde Armin , Havlin Shlomo
Published: November 2016

The reanalysis data sets provide important sources for investigating the climate in Antarctica where stations are sparse. In this paper, we compare the 2 m near‐surface temperature data from five major reanalysis data sets with observational Antarctic stations data over the last 36 years: (i) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis (NCEP1), (ii) NCEP‐DOE Reanalysis 2 (NCEP2), (iii) the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA‐Interim), (iv) the Japanese 55 year Reanalysis (JRA‐55), and (v) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Modern‐Era Retrospective‐analysis for Research and Applications. In our assessment, we compare (a) the annual and seasonal trends obtained by linear regression analysis, (b) the standard deviation around the annual trends, (c) the detrended lag‐1‐autocorrelation C(1), (d) the Hurst exponent α that characterizes the long‐term memory in a record, and (e) the significance levels of the warming/cooling trends. We find that all five reanalysis data sets are able to reproduce quite well the long‐term memory in the instrumental data. In contrast, C(1), which is needed as input for the conventional significance analysis, shows fully erratic behavior. The observational warming/cooling trends in East and West Antarctica are not reproduced well by all reanalysis data sets, in particular, NCEP1, NCEP2, and JRA‐55 show spurious warming trends in many parts of East Antarctica, even in those parts where cooling has been observed. In contrast, the standard deviation around the trends is quite well reproduced by all reanalysis data sets. In the peninsula where the station density is quite high, the performance of the reanalysis data is considerably better. It is remarkable that all reanalysis data sets as well as the observational data show (under the assumption of a long‐term persistent process) that in the considered time period since 1979 the warming in the peninsula is not significant with p values well above 0.1.
The Four Preconditions Model
Authors: Finkelhor David , Cuevas Carlos A. , Drawbridge Dara
Published: November 2016

The Four Preconditions Model asserted that four preconditions needed to be met in order for child sexual abuse to occur: (1) an offender with a predisposition to sexually abuse a child; (2) the ability overcome any internal inhibitions against acting on that predisposition; (3) the ability to overcome external barriers, such as lack of access to the child or supervision of the child by others; and (4) the ability to overcome any resistance or reluctance on the part of the child. The offender predisposition was itself conceptualized as comprising three components, which were also to some extent preconditions: someemotional congruenceto the act of sexual abuse with this particular child, the capacity forsexual arousalto this child and this activity, and someblockageof his ability to get his emotional and sexual needs met in another way that would not involve a criminal activity. This chapter tries to make an assessment of the current status of the model based on research evidence and clinical practice.
Intimacy Deficits/Attachment Problems in Sexual Offenders
Authors: Beech Anthony R. , Mitchell Ian J.
Published: November 2016

This chapter first reviews theories that have suggested that a large part of sexual offenders, problems are attachment issues, particularly Marshall's work (which is outlined in Chapter 1). We then outline the background to Ward and Beech's theory of sexual offending (updated in Chapter 6). We subsequently consider how disturbances in the neurobiological/neurochemical processes at a young age lead to these problematic attachment styles in later life, and which can potentiate the probability of sexual offending in the light of a preliminary neurological model by Mitchell and Beech.
Theories of Emotion Regulation
Authors: Gillespie Steven M. , Beech Anthony R.
Published: November 2016

Emotions refer to mental states that are spontaneously generated, can be positive or negative, fleeting or more prolonged, and can be experienced at varying levels of intensity. Emotions are also under cognitive control, whereby strategies for emotion regulation mean that they may be experienced more or less intensely. A failure to regulate emotional states adequately has been linked with antisocial behaviour and sexual offending in particular. This chapter discusses the evidence for emotion regulation difficulties in sexual offenders and describes the ways in which mindfulness meditation and biofeedback techniques may be used to enhance the ability for emotion regulation in the treatment of sexual offenders. The use of these techniques has been shown to affect the functioning of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, the critical structures involved in emotion regulation, and has been linked with improved regulation of affective states in clinical studies.
Understanding Female Sexual Offenders
Authors: Cortoni Franca , Gannon Theresa A.
Published: November 2016

Although female and male sexual offenders appear to share some characteristics, important differences in their risk of offending indicate that a gender‐informed approach to the understanding of female sexual offenders is warranted. The term ‘gender‐informed’ refers to factors that are either unique to or that manifest themselves in unique ways among women offenders. This chapter reviews the latest theoretical and empirical knowledge regarding women who engage in sexually offending behaviour, highlights similarities and differences between male and female offending, and provides gender‐informed explanations of sexual offending by women. Within this context, the nature of female sexual offending is established, and typologies of female sexual offenders, research examining single‐factor explanations of female sexual offending, and research examining the offence process of these women are reviewed.
The Structured Professional Judgement Approach to Violence Risk Assessment
Authors: Hart Stephen D. , Douglas Kevin S. , Guy Laura S.
Published: November 2016

The Structured Professional Judgement (SPJ) approach is an analytical method used to understand and mitigate the risk for interpersonal violence posed by individual people that is discretionary in essence but relies on evidence‐based guidelines to systematize the exercise of discretion. The first SPJ guidelines were published in late 1994 and early 1995, making 2015 the 20th anniversary of the birth of the SPJ approach. This chapter takes the opportunity to retrospect and reflect on the history of the SPJ approach. It begins by reviewing the task of violence risk assessment, then three major approaches to violence risk assessment, including the SPJ approach, are compared and contrasted. Next, important milestones in the evolution of the SPJ approach, including recent advances, are outlined, and its current status compared with alternative approaches to risk assessment is evaluated. Finally, the future of the SPJ approach is discussed.
Further Support for a Convergent Approach to Sex Offender Risk Assessment
Authors: Singer Jeffrey C. , Rettenberger Martin , Boer Douglas P.
Published: November 2016

The field of sex offender risk assessment is largely divided into two camps: the actuarial camp (e.g., Static‐99) and the structured professional judgement (SPJ) camp (e.g., the Sexual Violence Risk‐20). These two approaches to risk assessment are strikingly different in practice and philosophy. Actuarial tests provide group‐based numerical estimates of an offender's risk based on shared commonalities with a known group of recidivists and non‐recidivists. Such tests have reasonable predictive validity, but limited utility in the individual case in terms of specifying risk issues or risk management strategies. SPJ instruments structure clinical thinking about the individual case and establish a risk judgement based on the degree of intervention (i.e., treatment and supervision) needed by the individual being assessed. This chapter elucidates the benefits of these approaches to risk assessment and how the strengths of both methods can be used in a convergent approach to risk analysis and risk management.
Risk Assessment and Treatment Planning
Authors: Ware Jayson , Matsuo Danielle
Published: November 2016

This chapter explores how the information gained from a comprehensive risk assessment can be used in treatment planning. This risk assessment ought to be based on a careful examination of both static or historical and dynamic risk factors, through the use of any of a number of validated risk measures. Static or historical risk factors will provide a valid predictor of long‐term risk and may also serve as useful markers of long‐term psychological issues. These factors assist the treatment provider to plan for how much treatment will be required and who should be prioritized into treatment when resources are scarce. Treatment providers also require information relating to dynamic or changeable risk factors. These are essentially the targets of treatment. The types of dynamic risk measures and their usefulness for treatment planning are outlined, and also the importance of an individualized formulation of the sexual offender. Finally, it is argued that treatment providers should also ensure that they are aware of and targeting the dynamic risk factors with the strongest empirical relationship to sexual recidivism.
Clinical Assessment of Sexual Deviance
Authors: Looman Jan
Published: November 2016

This chapter discusses the clinical assessment of sexual deviance and how such an assessment can be situated in a case formulation that is linked to treatment. Key areas to consider in assessment are outlined, drawing on meta‐analytic research. The relationship between assessment of these factors and treatment is briefly discussed.
Eye‐Tracking and Assessing Sexual Interest in Forensic Contexts
Authors: Hogue Todd E. , Wesson Charlotte , Perkins Derek
Published: November 2016

Over the past 30 years, within forensic contexts there has been increasing interest in the use of assessments based on behavioural and implicit assessment processes. Eye‐tracking, the ability to identify and track where an individual is looking, has increasingly been used to infer underlying cognitive processes related to observed behaviour. Within forensic contexts, the ability to monitor where an individual is looking, and by implication what they are interested in, is increasingly being seen as one potential way to gain objective information about offender cognitions. Eye‐tracking has been used to study general factors related to sexual interest within non‐offending samples and is increasingly being used to assess inappropriate or deviant sexual interest in offending populations. This chapter overviews the concept of eye‐tracking as a methodology, describes a number of different areas where it has been used, and then discusses in more detail how eye‐tracking is currently being used to assess normal and deviant sexual interest.