bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Navigating the Legal Landscape between the General and the Specific: General Concepts as Tools of Legal Reasoning
Authors: Linderfalk Ulf
Published: June 2017

The common practice of using general concepts as tools in legal reasoning is bound to raise questions concerning the relative importance of the general and the specific for the understanding of international law. To illustrate, this article uses two judgments handed down by the icty Trial Chamber. While for both judgments, the Chamber inferred from human rights instruments an alleged general concept of torture, which it then brought to bear on its understanding of the prohibition of torture contained in the laws and customs of war, it used the concept differently. The question that this article asks is whether this difference of approach can possibly be explained so as to reconcile the two judgments. Two mutually exclusive explanations are suggested. As argued, choosing between them presents a dilemma. The first explanation prompts us to accept the occurrence of irreconcilable conflicts between different jus cogens rules. The second explanation commits us to an unacceptably broad understanding of the jus cogens prohibition of torture.
Musical Perdurantism and the Problem of Intermittent Existence
Authors: Aliyev Alexey
Published: June 2017

Recently, a number of philosophers have defended a novel, materialist view on the nature of musical works—musical perdurantism. According to this view, musical works are a peculiar kind of concreta, namely perduring mereological sums of performances and/or other concrete entities. One problem facing musical perdurantism stems from the thought that if this view is correct, then virtually no musical work can exist in a continuous, non-intermittent fashion. The aim of this paper is to expound this problem and show that it cannot be plausibly solved by a musical perdurantist.
Checklist and typification of Parnassia (Celastraceae)
Authors: SHU YUMIN , YU HUIYING , MU XIANYUN , ZHANG ZHIXIANG
Published: June 2017

As a precursor of taxonomic revision of genus Parnassia, we present here the most current list of taxa. Parnassia currently has 61 species, 2 subspecies, 11 varieties and 1 forma, 76 synonyms and 8 invalid names, for a total of 159 names (autonyms not counted). Lectotypes are designated for 24 names and the correct author citation of P. ornata is formalized.
African Spilogona Schnabl: morphology of the male terminalia and description of a new species (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: COURI MÁRCIA S. , PONT ADRIAN C.
Published: June 2017

Spilogona breviaristata sp. nov. from South Africa is described and the morphology of the male terminalia of seven African Spilogona Schnabl (Diptera, Muscidae) species are described and illustrated: Spilogona biguttata Emden, Spilogona fuscotriangulata Emden, Spilogona natalensis Zielke, Spilogona pertinisetodes Emden, Spilogona quasifasciata Emden, Spilogona semifasciata Emden and Spilogona spinipes (Bigot). The material studied is deposited in the Natural History Museum (BMNH), London, United Kingdom, and paratypes of the new species are also in the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH), Oxford, United Kingdom.
Strongly carinate species of Alpheopsis Coutière, 1897 of the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific, with redescription of A. trigona (Rathbun, 1901) and description of three new species (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)
Authors: ANKER ARTHUR
Published: June 2017

The present study deals with four species of the alpheid shrimp genus Alpheopsis Coutière, 1897 characterised by the presence of at least one strong carina on the dorsal surface of the carapace. Alpheopsis trigona (Rathbun, 1901) is redescribed based on the holotype from Puerto Rico and additional material from US Virgin Islands and Florida. Two new species closely related to A. trigona, viz. A. paratrigona sp. nov. and A. gotrina sp. nov., are described, the first based on material from several localities in the tropical western Atlantic, and the second from the Pacific coast of Panama and Colombia. The three species together form a distinctive transisthmian clade within Alpheopsis, the A. trigona species complex, characterised by the presence of several strong longitudinal carinae on the carapace and very distinctive colour pattern. A more distantly related species, A. aristoteles sp. nov., characterised by the presence of only one strong mid-dorsal carina in the anterior region of the carapace, is described based on material from São Tomé Island in the tropical eastern Atlantic.
A new species of Rheumatobates Bergroth (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) from mangroves of the Colombian Caribbean region, new records, and a key to species recorded from the country
Authors: MOLANO FREDY , MONDRAGÓN SILVIA P. , MORALES IRINA
Published: June 2017

Rheumatobates urabaensis sp. nov. (Gerridae: Rhagadotarsinae) is described from a mangrove of the Colombian Caribbean region. R. urabaensis sp. nov. is differentiated from other species of the genus by features of the male antennae, fore legs, and genitalia. New distribution records are presented for R. bergrothi Meinert, R. crassifemur esakii Schroeder, and R. spinosus Hungerford. A key to the species of Rheumatobates from Colombia is also provided.
Eudendrium tayronensis sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from coastal lagoons on the Caribbean Coast of Colombia
Authors: WEDLER EBERHARD
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this note is to describe a new species of the hydrozoan Eudendrium found during an ecological study at the coastal lagoon Bahía de Chengue, near the city of Santa Marta, Colombia (Alvarez-Leon et al., 1995). Colonies of 6–16 cm height were collected between September 1982 and March 1983, up to 0.6 m deep. As of February 2016, this species was still present in the region. They grow on stilt roots of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, in the lagoon channel, and near the opening of Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta estuary. This species is similar to the more common Caribbean Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882, but differs in the morphology of female and male gonophores. Voucher material is deposited in the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, Germany (SMF) and in the Makuriwa-Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia at Instituito de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras—INVEMAR, Santa Marta (INV-CNI).
The tadpole of Physalaemus nanus (Boulenger, 1888) (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from Southern Brazil
Authors: CERON KAROLINE , SANTANA DIEGO JOSÉ
Published: June 2017

The genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 currently comprises 47 described species distributed from Central America (Guianas) to Uruguay (Frost 2016). The genus has been recently organized in two main clades based on molecular data, Physalaemus signifer Clade and Physalaemus cuvieri Clade (Lourenço et al. 2015). The P. signifer Clade, with 15 species, is composed by the P. deimaticus and P. signifier groups, plus P. nattereri (Steindachner, 1863) and P. maculiventris (Lutz, 1925) (Nascimento et al. 2005; Lourenço et al. 2015).
Reservoir Evaporation in the Western United States: Current Science, Challenges, and Future Needs
Authors: Friedrich Katja , Grossman Robert L. , Huntington Justin , Blanken Peter D. , Lenters John , Holman Kathleen D. , Gochis David , Livneh Ben , Prairie James , Skeie Erik , Healey Nathan C. , Dahm Katharine , Pearson Christopher , Finnessey Taryn , Hook Simon J. , Kowalski Ted
Published: June 2017

One way to adapt to and mitigate current and future water scarcity is to manage and store water more efficiently. Reservoirs act as critical buffers to ensure agricultural and municipal water deliveries, mitigate flooding, and generate hydroelectric power, yet they often lose significant amounts of water through evaporation, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Despite this fact, reservoir evaporation has been an inconsistently and inaccurately estimated component of the water cycle within the water resource infrastructure of the arid and semiarid western United States. This paper highlights the increasing importance and challenges of correctly estimating and forecasting reservoir evaporation in the current and future climate, as well as the need to bring new ideas and state-of-the-art practices for the estimation of reservoir evaporation into operational use for modern water resource managers. New ideas and practices include i) improving the estimation of reservoir evaporation using up-to-date knowledge, state-of-the-art instrumentation and numerical models, and innovative experimental designs to diagnose processes and accurately forecast evaporation; ii) improving our understanding of spatial and temporal variations in evaporative water loss from existing reservoirs and transferring this knowledge when expanding reservoirs or siting new ones; and iii) implementing an adaptive management plan that incorporates new knowledge, observations, and forecasts of reservoir evaporation to improve water resource management.
Building the Sun4Cast System: Improvements in Solar Power Forecasting
Authors: Haupt Sue Ellen , Kosović Branko , Jensen Tara , Lazo Jeffrey K. , Lee Jared A. , Jiménez Pedro A. , Cowie James , Wiener Gerry , McCandless Tyler C. , Rogers Matthew , Miller Steven , Sengupta Manajit , Xie Yu , Hinkelman Laura , Kalb Paul , Heiser John
Published: June 2017

As integration of solar power into the national electric grid rapidly increases, it becomes imperative to improve forecasting of this highly variable renewable resource. Thus, a team of researchers from the public, private, and academic sectors partnered to develop and assess a new solar power forecasting system, Sun4Cast. The partnership focused on improving decision-making for utilities and independent system operators, ultimately resulting in improved grid stability and cost savings for consumers. The project followed a value chain approach to determine key research and technology needs to reach desired results.

Sun4Cast integrates various forecasting technologies across a spectrum of temporal and spatial scales to predict surface solar irradiance. Anchoring the system is WRF-Solar, a version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical weather prediction (NWP) model optimized for solar irradiance prediction. Forecasts from multiple NWP models are blended via the Dynamic Integrated Forecast (DICast) System, which forms the basis of the system beyond about 6 h. For short-range (0–6 h) forecasts, Sun4Cast leverages several observation-based nowcasting technologies. These technologies are blended via the Nowcasting Expert System Integrator (NESI). The NESI and DICast systems are subsequently blended to produce short- to midterm irradiance forecasts for solar array locations. The irradiance forecasts are translated into power with uncertainties quantified using an analog ensemble approach and are provided to the industry partners for real-time decision-making. The Sun4Cast system ran operationally throughout 2015 and results were assessed.

This paper analyzes the collaborative design process, discusses the project results, and provides recommendations for best-practice solar forecasting.
The Dynamical Influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on Continental Climate
Authors: O’Reilly Christopher H. , Woollings Tim , Zanna Laure
Published: June 2017

The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) in sea surface temperature (SST) has been shown to influence the climate of the surrounding continents. However, it is unclear to what extent the observed impact of the AMO is related to the thermodynamical influence of the SST variability or the changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation. Here, an analog method is used to decompose the observed impact of the AMO into dynamical and residual components of surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation over the adjacent continents. Over Europe the influence of the AMO is clearest during the summer, when the warm SAT anomalies are interpreted to be primarily thermodynamically driven by warm upstream SST anomalies but also amplified by the anomalous atmospheric circulation. The overall precipitation response to the AMO in summer is generally less significant than the SAT but is mostly dynamically driven. The decomposition is also applied to the North American summer and the Sahel rainy season. Both dynamical and residual influences on the anomalous precipitation over the Sahel are substantial, with the former dominating over the western Sahel region and the latter being largest over the eastern Sahel region. The results have potential implications for understanding the spread in AMO variability in coupled climate models and decadal prediction systems.
Comment on “Rethinking the Lower Bound on Aerosol Radiative Forcing”
Authors: Kretzschmar Jan , Salzmann Marc , Mülmenstädt Johannes , Boucher Olivier , Quaas Johannes
Published: June 2017

In an influential and interesting study, Stevens (2015) suggested that the global and also Northern Hemispheric warming during the early industrial period implies that the effective radiative forcing [Formula: see text] by anthropogenic aerosols in the year 2000 compared to 1850 cannot be more negative than −1.0 W m−2. Here results from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project are analyzed and it is shown that there is little relationship between [Formula: see text] and the warming trend in the early industrial period in comprehensive climate models. In particular, some models simulate a warming in the early industrial period despite a strong (very negative) [Formula: see text]. The reason for this difference in results is that the global-mean log-linear scaling of [Formula: see text] with anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions introduced and used by Stevens tends to produce a substantially larger aerosol forcing compared to climate models in the first half of the twentieth century, when SO2emissions were concentrated over smaller regions. In turn, it shows smaller (less negative) [Formula: see text] in the recent period with comparatively more widespread SO2emissions.
New Urban Regimes in Baltimore: Higher Education Anchor Institutions and Arts and Culture–Based Neighborhood Revitalization
Authors: Rich Meghan Ashlin , Tsitsos William
Published: June 2017

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and 39 formal interviews with 42 participants, we examine the influence of higher education institutions on a transitional, revitalizing neighborhood in Central Baltimore: Station North, a state-designated Arts and Entertainment District. This case study applies new urban regime theory to the development strategies of two universities near the neighborhood, Maryland Institute College of Art and Johns Hopkins University. We find the confluence of revitalization strategies in this declining city, as anchor institutions and the creative arts and entertainment–based economy attempt to revitalize neighborhoods as attractive places to live and visit. Yet these revitalization strategies may not address the quality of life issues that current or future residents most value, nor are they necessarily enacted with transparency or neighborhood stakeholder reciprocity. Furthermore, as neoliberal government relinquishes the task of neighborhood redevelopment to private institutions, neighborhood stakeholders question how the neighborhood will change and for whom.
Voices From Urban Classrooms: Teachers’ Perceptions on Instructing Diverse Students and Using Culturally Responsive Teaching
Authors: Bonner Patricia J. , Warren Susan R. , Jiang Ying H.
Published: June 2017

This study explored the perceptions of 430 P-12 urban teachers regarding the instruction of diverse students and their own ability to effectively implement culturally responsive teaching (CRT). Employing qualitative methodology, four open-ended sentence stems were used to capture teachers’ thoughts, beliefs, and experiences. Results reveal teachers’ strong commitment to CRT, an understanding of behaviors which constitute CRT, a strong sense of efficacy in teaching diverse students, and anticipation of positive outcomes through proactively addressing diverse students’ needs. This research provides valuable information for school districts and schools of education as they develop culturally responsive teachers for today’s diverse classrooms.
Reduced Mastication Impairs Memory Function
Authors: Fukushima-Nakayama Y. , Ono Takehito , Hayashi M. , Inoue M. , Wake H. , Ono Takashi , Nakashima T.
Published: June 2017

Mastication is an indispensable oral function related to physical, mental, and social health throughout life. The elderly tend to have a masticatory dysfunction due to tooth loss and fragility in the masticatory muscles with aging, potentially resulting in impaired cognitive function. Masticatory stimulation has influence on the development of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the growth of maxillofacial tissue in children. Although the relationship between mastication and cognitive function is potentially important in the growth period, the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been sufficiently elucidated. Here, we show that the reduced mastication resulted in impaired spatial memory and learning function owing to the morphological change and decreased activity in the hippocampus. We used an in vivo model for reduced masticatory stimuli, in which juvenile mice were fed with powder diet and found that masticatory stimulation during the growth period positively regulated long-term spatial memory to promote cognitive function. The functional linkage between mastication and brain was validated by the decrease in neurons, neurogenesis, neuronal activity, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus. These findings taken together provide in vivo evidence for a functional linkage between mastication and cognitive function in the growth period, suggesting a need for novel therapeutic strategies in masticatory function–related cognitive dysfunction.
Empathy, Teacher Dispositions, and Preparation for Culturally Responsive Pedagogy
Authors: Warren Chezare A.
Published: June 2017

Culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP) offers elaborate empirical and theoretical conventions for becoming an effective teacher of diverse youth. Empathy has been found to improve classroom teachers’ capacity to (re)act or respond to youth in ways that produce evidence of CRP. However, there are too few instructive models in teacher education that help connect teacher candidates’ knowledge of students and communities to development of efficacious physical habits, tendencies, and trends in observable behavior or teacher dispositions. The application of empathy operationalized through perspective taking is one such model useful to preparing teacher candidates to make professional decisions that produce evidence of CRP. Engaging teacher candidates in perspective taking—adopting the social perspectives of others as an act and process of knowing—invites them to obtain (and reason with) new knowledge of students and the sociocultural context where she or he will teach. Recommendations for modeling and practicing perspective taking in teacher education are discussed.
Can Analytical Sociology Do without Methodological Individualism?
Authors: Bulle Nathalie , Phan Denis
Published: June 2017

The explanatory power of structures in analytical sociologists’ agent-based models brings into question methodological individualism. We defend that (a) from an explanatory point of view, the syntactic properties of models require semantic conditions of interpretation drawn from a conceptual research framework; (b) in such a framework, social/relational structures have only partial, explanatory power (counterfactual); and (c) taking the explanation further through generative mechanism modeling necessitates calling upon methodological individualism’s generic framework of interpretation that relies on social actors’ rational capacity. According to this interpretive framework, forces in action in society are governed by the subjective meaning of/the reasons for individual actions.
Multiple Pathways to Juvenile Recidivism: Examining Parental Drug and Mental Health Problems, and Markers of Neuropsychological Deficits Among Serious Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Baglivio Michael T. , Wolff Kevin T. , Piquero Alex R. , DeLisi Matt , Vaughn Michael G.
Published: June 2017

The current study examines multiple pathways to antisocial behavior involving neurobiologically based measures and indicators of executive functioning in the interest of informing treatment and intervention services for the deepest end juvenile justice placements. Specifically, using a statewide, multiyear sample of over 11,000 male juvenile offenders completing residential commitment placements, we employ structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine whether parental drug, alcohol, and mental health problems have a direct effect on neurocognitive deficits (as measured by formal Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD], or formal Conduct Disorder [CD] diagnoses) and temperamental deficits (as measured by effortful control and negative emotionality), which in turn are examined for their direct effects on recidivism. Results show that parental problems were associated with an increased likelihood of formal ADHD diagnosis as well increased negative emotionality among youth. Furthermore, ADHD and temperamental deficits (both effortful control and negative emotionality) were significantly related to continued offending. These findings may be helpful in treatment planning, targeting of intervention, and discussions of primary and secondary prevention efforts.
On interaction between nano-Cu-Ga and P(AAEM-St) matrix prepared via ultrasonic initiation
Authors: Gao Shengtao , Xing Honglong , Xu Guocai
Published: June 2017

In this article, the copper–gallium (Cu-Ga)/poly(acetoacetoxyethylmethacrylate-styrene) (P(AAEM-St)) nanocomposites were prepared and characterized according to the following steps. Firstly, Cu-Ga/P(AAEM-St) nanocomposites were prepared via emulsifier-free emulsion with metal Ga in copper acetate solution and copolymerization of St and AAEM monomers by ultrasonic under nitrogen protection. Secondly, the constituent, i.e., the interaction between metal nanoparticles and polymeric matrix of the composites, was tested by various techniques including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cu, Ga, and CuGa2 phase in polymeric matrix were identified by above techniques. It was revealed that the interaction is a chemical force between Cu atoms belonging to metal nanoparticles and C=O associated with acetoacetoxy from polymeric matrix.
Hedonic Benefits of Close and Distant Interaction Partners: The Mediating Roles of Social Approval and Authenticity
Authors: Venaglia Rachel B. , Lemay Edward P.
Published: June 2017

The current research utilized ecological momentary assessment methodology to examine affective responses to interacting with close versus distant interaction partners during naturally occurring social interactions, and to test predictions regarding the mediating roles of perceived social approval and authenticity. Analysis of 4,602 social interactions reported by 176 participants suggested that, relative to interactions with distant partners, interactions with close partners were characterized by more positive affect. This effect was mediated by perceived social approval and authenticity. These findings suggest that social interactions with close others confer greater hedonic benefits relative to interactions with distant partners due to greater confidence in social approval and feelings of authenticity. Exploratory analyses suggested that interactions with close partners featured warmer and less shy behavior, and that participants who placed more importance on close relationships (as measured by high relational-interdependent self-construal) experienced more approval and authenticity in their interactions, particularly with distant partners.
Glutamate dehydrogenase is essential to sustain neuronal oxidative energy metabolism during stimulation
Authors: Hohnholt Michaela C , Andersen Vibe H , Andersen Jens V , Christensen Sofie K , Karaca Melis , Maechler Pierre , Waagepetersen Helle S
Published: June 2017

The enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH; Glud1) catalyzes the (reversible) oxidative deamination of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate accompanied by a reduction of NAD+ to NADH. GDH connects amino acid, carbohydrate, neurotransmitter and oxidative energy metabolism. Glutamine is a neurotransmitter precursor used by neurons to sustain the pool of glutamate, but glutamine is also vividly oxidized for support of energy metabolism. This study investigates the role of GDH in neuronal metabolism by employing the Cns- Glud1−/− mouse, lacking GDH in the brain (GDH KO) and metabolic mapping using 13C-labelled glutamine and glucose. We observed a severely reduced oxidative glutamine metabolism during glucose deprivation in synaptosomes and cultured neurons not expressing GDH. In contrast, in the presence of glucose, glutamine metabolism was not affected by the lack of GDH expression. Respiration fuelled by glutamate was significantly lower in brain mitochondria from GDH KO mice and synaptosomes were not able to increase their respiration upon an elevated energy demand. The role of GDH for metabolism of glutamine and the respiratory capacity underscore the importance of GDH for neurons particularly during an elevated energy demand, and it may reflect the large allosteric activation of GDH by ADP.
Patterns of Multisystem Service Use and School Dropout Among Seventh-, Eighth-, and Ninth-Grade Students
Authors: Garcia Antonio R. , Metraux Stephen , Chen Chin-Chih , Park Jung Min , Culhane Dennis P. , Furstenberg Frank F.
Published: June 2017

Youth who receive services from public mental health, child welfare and delinquency, and homeless systems are often exposed to a number of overlapping child, family, school, and community risk factors. Minimal research, however, has focused on the extent to which single- or multiple-system involvement influences school dropout. Relying on an integrated data set, the associations between single- and multiple-system utilization and risk for dropping out, or actually dropping out of school, among youth in Grades 7 through 9 were examined. Results showed dropout rates more than doubled among public youth system users compared with those in the overall sample. With a few exceptions, use of combinations of services systems translated into somewhat higher likelihoods of dropping out of school when compared with single-system use. Future research is warranted to identify the underlying processes by which single- and multiple-system involvement influences school dropout rates.
Laryngeal Neuropathy in Adult Goats With Copper Deficiency
Authors: Sousa R. F. A. , Almeida V. M. , Neto J. E. , Nascimento C. W. A. , Medeiros G. X. , Medeiros R. M. T. , Riet-Correa F. , Mendonça F. S.
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study was to elucidate the cause of a neurological syndrome characterized by stridor in adult goats with clinical signs of copper deficiency. The main clinical signs consisted of apathy, emaciation, pale mucous membranes, mucous nasal discharge, dyspnea, severe achromotrichia, diffuse alopecia, torpor, ataxia, and stridor. When the goats were forced to move, the stridor increased. In a herd of 194 Toggenburg goats, 10 adult goats with clinical signs of copper deficiency were removed from the herd and divided into 2 groups: group 1, which consisted of 4 nannies and 1 buck with stridor, and group 2, which consisted of 4 nannies and 1 buck without stridor. Group 3, used as a control, consisted of 5 adult goats from another flock without any clinical signs of disease. The mean serum copper concentrations were 1.3 ± 0.3 μmol/L in group 1, 8.1 ± 1.1 μmol/L in group 2, and 11.3 ± 2.2 μmol/L in group 3. The mean serum iron concentrations were 42.3 ± 14.2 μmol/L in group 1, 39.1 ± 8.2 μmol/L in group 2, and 20.6 ± 6.1 μmol/L in group 3. The main histological lesions in goats from group 1 were axonal degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerves and atrophy of the muscles of vocal folds and of the dorsal cricoarytenoid and right and left cricothyroid muscles. Goats with ataxia had neuronal degeneration and necrosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells and of the cranial cervical ganglion. We concluded that the stridor was caused by axonal degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerves due to the severe copper deficiency.
The ‘Missing’ Politics of Whiteness and Rightful Presence in the Settler Colonial City
Authors: Tedesco Delacey , Bagelman Jen
Published: June 2017

This article engages the global nexus of colonisation, racialisation, and urbanisation through the settler colonial city of Kelowna, British Columbia (BC), Canada. Kelowna is known for its recent, rapid urbanisation and for its ongoing, disproportionate ‘whiteness’, understood as a complex political geography that enacts boundaries of inclusion and exclusion. The white urban identity of Kelowna defines Indigenous and temporary migrant communities as ‘missing’ or ‘out-of-place’, yet these configurations of ‘missing’ are politically contested. This article examines how differential processes of racialisation and urbanisation establish the whiteness of this settler-colonial city, drawing attention to ways that ‘missing’ communities remake relations of ‘rightful presence’ in the city, against dominant racialised, colonial, and urban narratives of their absence and processes of their displacement. Finally, this article considers how a politics of ‘rightful presence’ needs to be reconfigured in the settler-colonial city, which itself has no rightful presence on unceded Indigenous land.
A methodology for monitoring and modeling of high altitude Alpine catchments
Authors: Soncini A , Bocchiola D , Azzoni RS , Diolaiuti G
Published: June 2017

Hydrological monitoring and modeling of high altitude Alpine catchments is of paramount importance. This is difficult, however, given the complex logistics of field campaigns and the need for long-term data. Here, we present a method for long term monitoring of high altitude catchments, which we tested within the Alps of Italy. This includes i) extensive gathering of climate data and hydrological fluxes, ii) high altitude field campaigns, and iii) robust physically based glacio-hydrological modeling, providing full account of ice flow, ice and snow ablation, and stream flows. We present an application of this method based on six years (2009–2014) of field monitoring in the Dosdè catchment, in the Italian Alps (17 km2, average altitude 2858 masl, outlet 2133 masl), nesting 1.90 km2 of glaciers. We demonstrate that i) high altitude Alpine catchments can be monitored in spite of geographical complexity, and ii) a data based approach delivers accurate stream flow estimates and improves our knowledge of flow components in the high altitudes. We then provide some estimates of the recent glaciers’ dynamics, and water resources from this high-altitude catchment, paradigmatic of the recent cryospheric evolution in the Alps of Italy. We estimated an average ice mass loss nearby −1.76E8 m3yr−1, i.e. −20% of the ice mass in 2009, possibly pointing to accelerated glaciers’ down wasting. Instream discharges increased (+0.12 m3s−1y−1); however, this requires further monitoring. We then benchmark our findings against recent studies in the Alps, and other glacierized areas worldwide, displaying similarities in present glaciers’ dynamics. We suggest that our robust, yet flexible approach can be used for glacio-hydrological investigation in Alpine (and generally mountain) rivers, and for conjectures of potential future hydrological cycle under climate scenarios.
Connectivity in rivers
Authors: Wohl Ellen
Published: June 2017

Connectivity describes the degree to which matter and organisms can move among spatially defined units in a natural system. River connectivity is typically described in longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dimensions within the river corridor and the watershed and can be conceptualized as a continuum from fully connected to disconnected over diverse temporal and spatial scales. Explicit characterization of connectivity helps understanding of disparities among short-term, local rates of flux and inferred fluxes over larger scales. Connectivity also strongly influences the response of rivers to natural and human disturbances. Investigations of connectivity facilitate the recognition of processes that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries, as well as understanding of nonlinear behavior and retention within rivers. Enhancing the ability to identify, quantify, and predict the processes that create and maintain connectivity is integral to the effective management of rivers.
Reproductive health information needs and maternal literacy in the developing world
Authors: Zimmerman Margaret S.
Published: June 2017

This article provides an analysis of the relationship of literacy and education in the developing world as they intertwine with reproductive health, and explores the reproductive health-related informational needs of women from these regions. Every day more than 800 women die from causes relating to pregnancy, 99% of whom are in the developing world. In 2015 16,000 children under five died every day. This article first provides a systematized review of the extensive canon of literature that explores the relationship between maternal literacy and mother and child health. A content analysis is conducted with the aim of deciphering the reproductive health-related informational needs of women in the developing world. Following, there is a discussion of interventions that have demonstrated success at ameliorating these gaps. Some of these interventions have met information needs related to family planning, HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, violence against women, sexuality, pregnancy education, and emergency obstetric care.
Fish and Meat Are Often Withheld From the Diets of Infants 6 to 12 Months in Fish-Farming Households in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Thorne-Lyman Andrew L. , Valpiani Natalie , Akter Rumana , Baten Md Abdul , Genschick Sven , Karim Manjurul , Thilsted Shakuntala H.
Published: June 2017

Background:

Fish is a widely available animal-source food in Bangladesh and a rich source of nutrients, yet little is known about practices related to incorporating fish into the diets of infants and young children.

Objective:

Use dietary diversity data to explore consumption patterns of fish and high-quality food items within the household and examine factors associated with delayed introduction of fish to infants and young children.

Methods:

Cross-sectional survey of 496 households with children <36 months participating in the Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition project in Bangladesh. Data collected included household characteristics, women’s dietary diversity score, and minimum dietary diversity score along with data on Infant and Young Child Feeding practices.

Results:

Most children (63.4%) met the threshold for minimum dietary diversity. Despite having received extensive nutrition education related to including fish in complementary foods, only half of the caretakers introduced fish at 6 months and the mean age of introduction of small fish was 8.7 months. Meat and fish were not common in infant diets but increased with child age. Concerns about bones were a major barrier to incorporating fish into infant diets.

Conclusion:

Given its nutrient profile and widespread availability in certain contexts, fish could be an underutilized opportunity to improve nutrition and health outcomes of infants and young children. Further research, including utilizing food processing technologies, is needed to develop appropriate responses to overcome these barriers.
Before the dominos fall: Regional conflict, donor interests, and US foreign aid
Authors: Flynn Michael E.
Published: June 2017

In this article I examine how a state’s conflict environment affects the amount of foreign aid it receives. Specifically, conflict in the recipient state’s neighborhood can have a wide range of externalities that negatively affect the recipient state, but also the interests of donor countries. I argue that the presence of conflict in a state’s region generally leads to an increase in the demand for aid funds and should correlate with an increase in the amount of aid a state receives. I further argue that the degree to which the donor state will increase aid funds to meet this demand depends upon the donor’s economic and political interests in the recipient state.
Bromelain-decorated hybrid nanoparticles based on lactobionic acid-conjugated chitosan for in vitro anti-tumor study
Authors: Wei Bing , He Le , Wang Xin , Yan Guo Qing , Wang Jun , Tang Rupei
Published: June 2017

In this work, lactobionic acid-modified chitosan (CLA) was chosen as an initial material to prepare tumor-targeted nanoparticles (CLA NPs). To improve the nanoparticles' tumor penetration ability, bromelain was then decorated on the surface of CLA NPs to give CLAB NPs. The micromorphology of CLA and CLAB NPs was observed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The stability of CLA and CLAB NPs was then investigated at different pH values (4.0–9.0) and physiological environment by dynamic light scattering. Doxorubicin as a model drug was successfully encapsulated into these two nanoparticles and drug release profiles were also investigated at pH 5.5, 6.5 and 7.4, respectively. Cellular uptake and MTT results against HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cells demonstrated that the LA-conjugated tumor-targeting NPs can be efficiently internalized into hepatoma carcinoma cells, leading to higher cytotoxicity than free doxorubicin. CLAB NPs show considerable cell cytotoxicity and are expected to improve the penetration ability and therapeutic effect in the subsequent in vivo studies.
Thermal, mechanical, and tribological properties of short carbon fibers/PEEK composites
Authors: Li Fangfang , Hu Ying , Hou Xiaochen , Hu Xiyu , Jiang Dong
Published: June 2017

In this work, the effect of thermal, mechanical, and tribological properties of the blending system of different contents of short carbon fibers (SCFs) on different-viscosity poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) was reported. The composites were manufactured using injection molding technique. Mechanical and tribological properties were measured by the tensile strength, the flexural strength, the coefficient of friction, and the wear rate. The results showed that the wear resistance and mechanical properties of the PEEK with the lower viscosity appeared on a more outstanding level, and experimental results showed that PEEK composites with added 10 wt% SCFs were optimal about the tribological behaviors and mechanical properties of the composites. Furthermore, based on scanning electron microscope inspections, the situation of the friction and worn surface of the material was explained.
Perceived effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy, self-rated health and treatment adherence among HIV-positive people who inject drugs in Estonia
Authors: Chan Pui Y , Joseph Michael A , Des Jarlais Don C , Uusküla Anneli
Published: June 2017

The HIV epidemic in Estonia affects the population of people who inject drugs (PWID) the most, but factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among PWID have not been thoroughly examined in Estonia, with particularly limited data regarding beliefs and attitudes of PWID. The objective of this study was to explore the association between ART adherence and individual beliefs, perceived effectiveness of ART, and self-rated health in particular, in this specific population. The study used baseline survey data from a longitudinal intervention study of HIV prevention among PWID in Estonia, in which 107 HIV-infected participants reported current use of ART. Current adherence was measured through the use of a visual analog scale. Approximately half (49%) of the participants reported optimal (≥95%) adherence. The vast majority (81%) believed in the effectiveness of ART. Less than a quarter of the participants (22%) rated their health as good or very good, and a half (52%) reported average health. Individual beliefs and self-reported health were not associated with ART adherence in both bivariate and multivariable analyses. Participants with problem drinking reported significant suboptimal adherence to ART (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.42, 95% CI 0.19–0.97). Daily injection drug use was also associated with suboptimal adherence (AOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13–0.91). Problem drinking has not been commonly reported as a factor of suboptimal ART adherence among PWID; further research would be useful to identify the pathways that might be involved.
Methamphetamine causes neurotoxicity by promoting polarization of macrophages and inflammatory response
Authors: Li X , Wu F , Xue L , Wang B , Li J , Chen Y , Chen T
Published: June 2017

Macrophages, especially their activation state, are closely related to the progression of neurotoxicity. Classically activated macrophages (M1) are proinflammatory effectors, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2) exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. As a powerful addictive psychostimulant drug, coupled with its neurotoxicity, methamphetamine (Meth) abuse may lead to long-lasting abnormalities in the neuronal system. The present study investigated the effect of Meth at subtoxic concentration on macrophage activation state and its underlying toxicity to neuronal cells. PC12 and Murine RAW264.7 cells were coincubated with Meth to test its toxicity. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot assays were performed to evaluate the toxicity, cytokine secretion, gene, and protein expression. Results showed that cytotoxicity was enhanced on PC12 cells after coculturing with RAW264.7 stimulated with Meth. RAW264.7 macrophages tended to switch to the M1 phenotype, releasing more nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-1β, while decreasing the release of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 after treatment with Meth. Meth upregulated the gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα and downregulated the expression of Arg-1, IL-10, and KLF4. Meth could also upregulate the protein expression of IL-1β and TNF α and downregulate the expression of Arg-1 and KLF4. However, the abovementioned effects induced by Meth were abolished by the addition of dopamine receptor D3 antagonist. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Meth promoted macrophage polarization from M0 to M1 and enhanced inflammatory response, which provided the scientific rationale for the neurotoxicity caused by the chronic use of Meth.
Copper doping enhanced the oxidative stress–mediated cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles in A549 cells
Authors: Ahmad J , Siddiqui MA , Akhtar MJ , Alhadlaq HA , Alshamsan A , Khan ST , Wahab R , Al-Khedhairy AA , Al-Salim A , Musarrat J , Saquib Q , Fareed M , Ahamed M
Published: June 2017

Physicochemical properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) can be tuned by doping with metals or nonmetals. Copper (Cu) doping improved the photocatalytic behavior of TiO2 NPs that can be applied in various fields such as environmental remediation and nanomedicine. However, interaction of Cu-doped TiO2 NPs with human cells is scarce. This study was designed to explore the role of Cu doping in cytotoxic response of TiO2 NPs in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Characterization data demonstrated the presence of both TiO2 and Cu in Cu-doped TiO2 NPs with high-quality lattice fringes without any distortion. The size of Cu-doped TiO2 NPs (24 nm) was lower than pure TiO2 NPs (30 nm). Biological results showed that both pure and Cu-doped TiO2 NPs induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Low mitochondrial membrane potential and higher caspase-3 enzyme (apoptotic markers) activity were also observed in A549 cells exposed to pure and Cu-doped TiO2 NPs. We further observed that cytotoxicity caused by Cu-doped TiO2 NPs was higher than pure TiO2 NPs. Moreover, antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine effectively prevented the reactive oxygen species generation, glutathione depletion, and cell viability reduction caused by Cu-doped TiO2 NPs. This is the first report showing that Cu-doped TiO2 NPs induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in A549 cells. This study warranted further research to explore the role of Cu doping in toxicity mechanisms of TiO2 NPs.
Dynamic Capabilities for Competitive Advantage
Authors: Kaur Vaneet , Mehta Versha
Published: June 2017

Though the dynamic capability framework has emerged as the new touchstone in the domain of strategic management, the focal point of most of the studies has predominantly been the multinational firms belonging to developed countries. The present study aims to bridge this gap not only by empirically analysing the dynamic capabilities of Indian multinationals but also by comparing the level of deployment of dynamic capabilities in Indian-origin multinational corporations (MNCs) vis-à-vis the foreign-origin MNCs operating in India. Moreover, as there is no consensus among researchers on the relationship between dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage, this relationship is put to test in the present study, and its wider applicability is checked in Indian and foreign-based MNCs. The study also analyses the effect of company’s country-of-origin on its competitiveness. Furthermore, individual capabilities of the organizations under study are analysed and strategies to enhance the competitiveness of each organization are thereby suggested.
How Are African Americans Currently Represented in Various Social Work Venues?
Authors: Briggs Harold E. , Holosko Michael J. , Banks Leon , Huggins-Hoyt Kimberly Y. , Parker Jessica
Published: June 2017

Purpose:

This study explored how African Americans are currently represented in social work journals, research, and schools.

Method:

Journal publication content and editorship, research methods and designs, and school mission statements and course titles were examined.

Results:

Only 14% of publications in the top 5 social work journals targeted African Americans as study subjects. The terms “African American” and “race” appeared in only 10% of mission statements of the top 50 ranked schools of social work and 20% of mission statements of the top 23 ranked historically African American colleges and university (HBCU) schools of social work and appeared in only six bachelor of social work and four master of social work course titles at HBCU social work schools. Only 2 of the top 16 U.S. social work journal editors were African American.

Discussion:

Across current social work venues, this study reveals that there has been minimal emphasis in research and pedagogy on race and African American–related matters.
Beyond Flexibility and Convenience
Authors: Watts Julie
Published: June 2017

Online learning modes can provide convenience and flexibility to students. But communicating the value of online education in technical and professional communication should not end there. Program directors should rearticulate the narrative about the value of online graduate education beyond flexibility and convenience by reevaluating the ways that program assessment is designed and implemented. This pilot study suggests that a community of inquiry framework can help to communicate the value of the online learning environment to a variety of stakeholders, including prospective and current students, administrators, instructors, and potential employers.