bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Knockout Punch: C. Miller Fisher's Migraine Accompaniments
Authors: Young William B.
Published: May 2008

Occasionally patients in the stroke age‐bracket over 40 years have unexplained transient cerebral ischemic attacks in association with normal cerebral angiograms. From this group, 120 have been collected in whom the transient episodes resembled the neurological accompaniments of migraine. According to symptoms, the patients were categorized as follows: visual accompaniments (patients with only ordinary scintillating scotoma were excluded), 25; visual and paresthesias, 18; visual and speech disturbance, 7; visual, and brain stem symptoms, 14; visual, paresthesias, and speech disturbance, 7; visual, paresthesias, speech disturbance, and paresis, 25; recurrence of old stroke deficit, 9; miscellaneous, 8. In establishing the diagnosis, angiography is advisable in all but classical cases. Typical of migrainous accompaniments are the build‐up and migration of visual scintillations, the march of paresthesia, and progression from one accompaniment to another, characteristics that do not occur in thrombosis and embolism. Diagnosis facilitated when 2 or more similar episodes have occurred or migraine‐like scintillations are present. Headache occurred in 50% of cases. Other cerebrovascular processes, coagulation disorders, and cerebral seizures must be ruled out.
A Pivotal Moment in 50 Years of Headache History: The First American Migraine Study
Authors: Tepper Stewart J.
Published: May 2008

Objective.— To describe the magnitude and distribution of the public health problem posed by migraine in the United States by examining migraine prevalence, attack frequency, and attack‐related disability by gender, age, race, household income, geographic region, and urban vs rural residence.

Design.— In 1989, a self‐administered questionnaire was sent to a sample of 15,000 households. A designated member of each household initially responded to the questionnaire. Each household member with severe headache was asked to respond to detailed questions about symptoms, frequency, and severity of headaches.

Setting.— A sample of households selected from a panel to be representative of the US population in terms of age, gender, household size, and geographic area.

Participants.— After a single mailing, 20,468 subjects (63.4% response rate) between 12 and 80 Years of age responded to the survey. Respondents and nonrespondents did not differ by gender, household income, region of the country, or urban vs rural status. Whites and the elderly were more likely to respond. Migraine headache cases were identified on the basis of reported symptoms using established diagnostic criteria.

Results.— In total, 17.6% of females and 5.7% of males were found to have 1 or more migraine headaches per year. The prevalence of migraine varied considerably by age and was highest in both men and women between the ages of 35 to 45 years. Migraine prevalence was strongly associated with household income; prevalence in the lowest‐income group (less than $10,000) was more than 60% higher than in the 2 highest‐income groups (greater than or equal to $30,000). The proportion of migraine sufferers who experienced moderate to severe disability was not related to gender, age, income, urban vs rural residence, or region of the country. In contrast, the frequency of headaches was lower in higher‐income groups. Attack frequency was inversely related to disability.

Conclusions.— A projection to the US population suggests that 8.7 million females and 2.6 million males suffer from migraine headache with moderate to severe disability. Of these, 3.4 million females and 1.1 million males experience 1 or more attacks per month. Females between ages 30 and 49 years from lower‐income households are at especially high risk of having migraines and are more likely than other groups to use emergency care services for their acute condition.
Headache and Mitochondrial Disorders
Authors: Rosen Noah
Published: May 2008

We report on 2 patients who have a mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and recurrent cerebral insults that resemble strokes (MELAS). These 2, and 9 other, reported patients share the following features: ragged red fibers evident on muscle biopsy, normal early development, short stature, seizures, and hemiparesis, hemianopia, or cortical blindness. Lactic acidemia is a common finding. We believe that MELAS represents a distinctive syndrome and that it can be differentiated from 2 other clinical disorders that also are associated with mitochondrial myopathy and cerebral disease: Kearns–Sayre syndrome and the myoclonus epilepsy ragged red fiber syndrome. Existing information suggests that MELAS is transmitted by maternal inheritance. The ragged red fibers suggest an abnormality of the electron transport system, but the precise biochemical disorders in these 3 clinical syndromes remain to be elucidated.
Audiogenic kindling in Wistar and WAG/Rij rats: Kindling‐prone and kindling‐resistant subpopulations
Authors: Vinogradova Lyudmila V.
Published: May 2008

Purpose:  Audiogenic kindling (AK) is a model of naturally occurring epileptogenesis triggered by repeated sound stimulation of rats genetically prone to audiogenic seizures. It is accepted that limbic seizure networks underlie progressive changes in behavioral seizure pattern during AK. The present study investigated AK progression in rats susceptible and unsusceptible to absence seizures.

Methods:  Progression of AK as indicated by an appearance and intensification of limbic clonus was examined in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats with genetic absence epilepsy and in Wistar rats.

Results:  Subpopulations of kindling‐prone and kindling‐resistant rats were found in both Wistar and WAG/Rij strains. Despite identical seizure responses to the first sound stimulation, AK progression dramatically differed between the two subpopulations. AK‐prone rats exhibited rapid kindling development up to maximal stage‐5 severity. In AK‐resistant rats, limbic clonus did not appear after 30 stimulations or if it appeared, it did not progress beyond stage 2. The proportions of AK‐prone and AK‐resistant animals within Wistar and WAG/Rij strains were similar. Comparison of Wistar and WAG/Rij rats within the kindling‐prone and kindling‐resistant groups did not reveal a significant strain effect on AK progression. However, within the WAG/Rij strain, a significantly higher incidence of absence seizures was found in AK‐resistant rats compared to AK‐prone rats.

Conclusions:  The present study demonstrates that sensitivity to sound‐induced epileptogenesis differs dramatically within Wistar and WAG/Rij strains, whereas genetic susceptibility to absence seizures does not change AK progression significantly. It is supposed that an increased incidence of nonconvulsive seizures and resistance to kindling result from a common seizure modulating mechanism.
A BFIS‐like syndrome with late onset and febrile seizures: Suggestive linkage to chromosome 16p11.2–16q12.1
Authors: Weber Yvonne G. , Jacob Miriam , Weber Gabriele , Lerche Holger
Published: May 2008

Benign familial infantile seizures (BFIS) is a dominant idiopathic epilepsy with partial and secondarily generalized seizures with age of onsetr between 3  and 12 months. Here we describe a four‐generation family with some characteristic features of BFIS but with unusual clinical signs, in eight affected members with an unusual clinical phenotype. Onset was consistently between 14 and 20 months of age with clusters of complex‐partial or generalized tonic–clonic seizures and a high rate of febrile seizures, which have not been described for BFIS previously. All affected members showed multifocal interictal epileptiform discharges in the EEG. The known loci for benign familial neonatal/infantile seizures (BFNS/BFNIS), generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) and the BFIS locus on chromosome 19q were excluded. Further genetic analysis showed suggestive linkage to the major BFIS locus on chromosome 16 between markers D16S690 and D16S3136. This ``BFIS‐like'' syndrome may enlarge the phenotypic spectrum of diseases linked to the chromosome 16 region.
CHANGES IN THE MORPHOLOGY AND POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA (CYANOBACTERIA) DURING FLAGELLATE GRAZING1
Authors: Yang Zhou , Kong Fanxiang , Shi Xiaoli , Zhang Min , Xing Peng , Cao Huansheng
Published: May 2008

To investigate the changes in the morphology and polysaccharide content of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. during flagellate grazing, cultures of M. aeruginosa were exposed to grazing Ochromonas sp. for a period of 9 d under controlled laboratory conditions. M. aeruginosa responded actively to flagellate grazing and formed colonies, most of which were made up of several or dozens of cells, suggesting that flagellate grazing may be one of the biotic factors responsible for colony formation in M. aeruginosa. When colonies were formed, the cell surface ultrastructure changed, and the polysaccharide layer on the surface of the cell wall became thicker. This change indicated that synthesis and secretion of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) of M. aeruginosa cells increased under flagellate grazing pressure. The contents of soluble extracellular polysaccharide (sEPS), bound extracellular polysaccharide (bEPS), and total polysaccharide (TPS) in colonial cells of M. aeruginosa increased significantly compared with those in single cells. This finding suggested that the increased amount of EPS on the cell surface may play a role in keeping M. aeruginosa cells together to form colonies.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION OF THE CONCHOCELIS STAGE OF ALASKAN PORPHYRA (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) SPECIES IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES1
Authors: Lin Rulong , Lindstrom Sandra C. , Stekoll Michael S.
Published: May 2008

Photosynthesis and respiration of three Alaskan Porphyra species, P. abbottiae V. Krishnam., P. pseudolinearis Ueda species complex (identified as P. “pseudolinearis” below), and P. torta V. Krishnam., were investigated under a range of environmental parameters. Photosynthesis versus irradiance (P–I) curves revealed that maximal photosynthesis (Pmax), irradiance at maximal photosynthesis (Imax), and compensation irradiance (Ic) varied with salinity, temperature, and species. The Pmax of Porphyra abbottiae conchocelis varied between 83 and 240 μmol O2 · g dwt−1 · h−1 (where dwt indicates dry weight) at 30–140 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1 (Imax) depending on temperature. Higher irradiances resulted in photoinhibition. Maximal photosynthesis of the conchocelis of P. abbottiae occurred at 11°C, 60 μmol photons · m−2·s−1, and 30 psu (practical salinity units). The conchocelis of P. “pseudolinearis” and P. torta had similar Pmax values but higher Imax values than those of P. abbottiae. The Pmax of P. “pseudolinearis” conchocelis was 200–240 μmol O2 · g dwt−1 · h−1 and for P. torta was 90–240 μmol O2 · g dwt−1 · h−1. Maximal photosynthesis for P. “pseudolinearis” occurred at 7°C and 250 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1 at 30 psu, but Pmax did not change much with temperature. Maximal photosynthesis for P. torta occurred at 15°C, 200 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1, and 30 psu. Photosynthesis rates for all species declined at salinities <25 or >35 psu. Estimated compensation irradiances (Ic) were relatively low (3–5 μmol · photons · m−2 · s−1) for intertidal macrophytes. Porphyra conchocelis had lower respiration rates at 7°C than at 11°C or 15°C. All three species exhibited minimal respiration rates at salinities between 25 and 35 psu.
GAYLIELLA GEN. NOV. IN THE TRIBE CERAMIEAE (CERAMIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) BASED ON MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE1
Authors: Cho Tae Oh , Boo Sung Min , Hommersand Max H. , Maggs Christine A. , McIvor Lynne , Fredericq Suzanne
Published: May 2008

On the basis of comparative morphology and phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and LSU rDNA sequence data, a new genus, Gayliella gen. nov., is proposed to accommodate the Ceramium flaccidum complex (C. flaccidum, C. byssoideum, C. gracillimum var. byssoideum, and C. taylorii), C. fimbriatum, and a previously undescribed species from Australia. C. transversale is reinstated and recognized as a distinct species. Through this study, G. flaccida (Kützing) comb. nov., G. transversalis (Collins et Hervey) comb. nov., G. fimbriata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) comb. nov., G. taylorii comb. nov., G. mazoyerae sp. nov., and G. womersleyi sp. nov. are based on detailed comparative morphology. The species referred to as C. flaccidum and C. dawsonii from Brazil also belong to the new genus. Comparison of Gayliella with Ceramium shows that it differs from the latter by having an alternate branching pattern; three cortical initials per periaxial cell, of which the third is directed basipetally and divides horizontally; and unicellular rhizoids produced from periaxial cells. Our phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and LSU rDNA gene sequence data confirm that Gayliella gen. nov. represents a monophyletic clade distinct from most Ceramium species including the type species, C. virgatum. We also transfer C. recticorticum to the new genus Gayliella.
IMAGING OF OXYGEN DYNAMICS WITHIN THE ENDOLITHIC ALGAL COMMUNITY OF THE MASSIVE CORALPORITES LOBATA1
Authors: Kühl Michael , Holst Gerhard , Larkum Anthony W. D. , Ralph Peter J.
Published: May 2008

We used transparent planar oxygen optodes and a luminescence lifetime imaging system to map (at a pixel resolution of <200 μm) the two‐dimensional distribution of O2within the skeleton of aPorites lobatacolony. The O2distribution was closely correlated to the distribution of the predominant endolithic microalga,Ostreobium quekettiiBornet et Flahault that formed a distinct green band inside the skeleton. Oxygen production followed the outline of theOstreobiumband, and photosynthetic O2production was detected at only 0.2 μmol photons m−2 · s−1, while saturation occurred at ∼37 μmol photons m−2 · s−1. Oxygen levels varied from ∼60% to 0% air saturation in the illuminated section of the coral skeleton in comparison to the darkened section. The O2production within theOstreobiumband was lower in the region below the upward facing surface of the coral and elevated on the sides. Oxygen consumption in darkness was also greatest within theOstreobiumzone, as well as in the white skeleton zone immediately below the corallites. The rate of O2depletion was not constant within zones and between zones, showing pronounced heterogeneity in endolithic respiration. When the coral was placed in darkness after a period of illumination, O2levels declined by 50% within 20 min and approached steady‐state after 40–50 min in darkness. Our study demonstrates the use of an important new tool in endolith photobiology and presents the first data of spatially resolved O2concentration and its correlation to the physical structures and specific zones responsible for O2production and consumption within the coral skeleton.
TRANSPORT AND DEFENSIVE ROLE OF ELATOL AT THE SURFACE OF THE RED SEAWEEDLAURENCIA OBTUSA(CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Sudatti Daniela B. , Rodrigues Silvana V. , Coutinho Ricardo , Da Gama Bernardo A. P. , Salgado Leonardo T. , Amado Filho Gilberto M. , Pereira Renato C.
Published: May 2008

Natural within‐thallus concentrations of elatol produced byLaurencia obtusa(Huds.) J. V. Lamour. inhibit herbivory and prevent fouling. However, elatol occurs in larger amounts within the thallus compared with the quantities from the surface of this alga. We evaluated whether the surface elatol concentrations inhibit both herbivory and fouling and whether the content of corps en cerise can be transferred to the external cell walls. Surface elatol concentrations did not inhibit herbivory by sea urchins, settlement of barnacle larvae, or mussel attachment. Evidence of a connection between the corps en cerise, where elatol is probably stored, and the cell wall ofL. obtusawas based on channel‐like membranous connections that transport vesicles from the corps to the cell wall region. Therefore,L. obtusapresents a specific process of chemical transport between the cell storage structures and the plant surface. We hypothesized that if high amounts of elatol are capable of inhibiting herbivory and fouling, if the tested organisms are ecologically relevant, and if elatol really occurs on the surface ofL. obtusaand this seaweed can transport this compound to its surface, the low natural concentration of defensive chemicals on the surface ofL. obtusais probably not absolute but may be variable according to environmental conditions. We also hypothesized that herbivory and fouling would not exert the same selective force for the production of defensive chemicals onL. obtusa’s surface since the low concentrations of elatol were inefficient to inhibit either processes or distinguish selective pressures.
Research Methodology on Language Development from a Complex Systems Perspective
Authors: FREEMAN DIANE LARSEN , CAMERON LYNNE
Published: May 2008

Changes to research methodology motivated by the adoption of a complexity theory perspective on language development are considered. The dynamic, nonlinear, and open nature of complex systems, together with their tendency toward self‐organization and interaction across levels and timescales, requires changes in traditional views of the functions and roles of theory, hypothesis, data, and analysis. Traditional views of causality are shifted to focus on co‐adaptation and emergence. Context is not seen as a backdrop, but rather as a complex system itself, connected to other complex systems, and variability in system behavior takes on increased importance. A set of general methodological principles is offered, and an overview of specific methods is given, with particular attention to validity in simulation modeling.
The Dynamics of Second Language Emergence: Cycles of Language Use, Language Change, and Language Acquisition
Authors: ELLIS NICK C.
Published: May 2008

This article outlines an emergentist account whereby the limited end‐state typical of adult second language learners results from dynamic cycles of language use, language change, language perception, and language learning in the interactions of members of language communities. In summary, the major processes are:

1.Usage leads to change: High frequency use of grammatical functors causes their phonological erosion and homonymy.

2.Change affects perception:Phonologically reduced cues are hard to perceive.

3.Perception affects learning: Low salience cues are difficult to learn, as are homonymous/polysemous constructions because of the low contingency of their form–function association.

4.Learning affects usage:(i) Where language is predominantly learned naturalistically by adults without any form focus, a typical result is a Basic Variety of interlanguage, low in grammatical complexity but communicatively effective. Becauseusage leads to change, maximum contact languages learned naturalistically can thus simplify and lose grammatical intricacies. Alternatively, (ii) where there are efforts promoting formal accuracy, the attractor state of the Basic Variety can be escaped by means of dialectic forces, socially recruited, involving the dynamics of learner consciousness, form‐focused attention, and explicit learning. Such influences promote language maintenance.

Form, user, and use are inextricable.
A DST Model of Multilingualism and the Role of Metalinguistic Awareness
Authors: JESSNER ULRIKE
Published: May 2008

This paper suggests that a dynamic systems theory (DST) provides an adequate conceptual metaphor for discussing multilingual development. Multilingual acquisition is a nonlinear and complex dynamic process depending on a number of interacting factors. Variability plays a crucial role in the multilingual system as it changes over time (Herdina & Jessner, 2002). A number of studies on multilingualism have shown that there are qualitative differences between second and third language learning and that these can be related to an increased level of metalinguistic awareness. From a DST‐perspective, metalinguistic knowledge and awareness of this knowledge play a crucial role in the development of individual multilingualism.
Tropane Ethyl Esters in Illicit Cocaine: Isolation, Detection, and Determination of New Manufacturing By‐Products from the Clandestine Purification of Crude Cocaine Base with Ethanol
Authors: Casale John F. , Boudreau Danielle K. , Jones Laura M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Seven ethyl homologues of known tropane esters have recently been detected as impurities in the gas chromatographic signature profiles of authentic Peruvian illicit cocaine base and hydrochloride exhibits. Peruvian cocaine base processors are now known to use ethanol for the purification of crude cocaine base. This process is referred to as the “base lavada” or “washed base” process and is a recent substitute method for the potassium permanganate oxidation purification methodology. Seven ethyl ester homologues were formed in illicit cocaine from the transesterification of known tropane methyl esters or possibly ethyl esterification of their respective tropane C‐2 carboxylic acids in the presence of ethanol. Exhibits containing these compounds were subjected to gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analyses to determine their identity and were subsequently synthesized to verify their structures. Quantitative determinations were obtained from ion‐pair chromatography isolation followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Specifically, hexanoylecgonine ethyl ester, cocaethylene, cis‐cinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester, trans‐cinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester, 3′,4′,5′‐trimethoxybenzoylecgonine ethyl ester, cis‐3′,4′,5′‐trimethoxycinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester, and trans‐3′,4′,5′‐trimethoxycinnamoylecgonine ethyl ester were detected and characterized. When present, these compounds were detected at levels ranging from 8.6 × 10−4 to 9.3 × 10−1% relative to cocaine.
Death in Sauna*
Authors: Kenttämies Anu , Karkola Kari
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Bathing in sauna is common in Finland, where there are approximately 2 million saunas among the population of 5.2 million. In this paper, deaths occurring while in a sauna in 1990–2002 in Finland were studied by analyzing police and forensic autopsy reports, death certificates, and toxicological results. The annual rate of death occurring while in a sauna was less than 2 per 100,000 inhabitants. Close to half (51%) of the cases were determined to be natural deaths and exposure to heat was the cause of death in 25%. Overall, 50% of all cases were under the influence of alcohol. The main conclusion is that death in the sauna is a rare event even in Finland where the frequency of sauna bathing is high. The role of alcohol as a risk factor has grown. The prevention of these deaths should focus on less drinking of alcohol and avoid leaving a drunken bather alone in the sauna.
A Solid‐phase Microextraction Method for the Detection of Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris
Authors: Yoshida Hiroaki , Kaneko Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Shinichi
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  A solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) procedure involving direct contact between the SPME fibers and the solid matrix and subsequent gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis for the detection of accelerants in fire debris is described. The extraction performances of six fibers (100 μm polydimethylsiloxane, 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane‐divinylbenzene, 85 μm polyacrylate, 85 μm carboxen‐polydimethylsiloxane, 70 μm Carbowax‐divinylbenzene, and 50/30 μm divinylbenzene‐Carboxen‐polydimethylsiloxane) were investigated by directly immersing the fibers into gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel. For simulated fire debris, in the direct contact extraction method, the SPME fiber was kept in contact with the fire debris matrix during extraction by penetrating plastic bags wrapping the sample. This method gave comparable results to the headspace SPME method in the extraction of gasoline and kerosene, and gave an improved recovery of low‐volatile components in the extraction of diesel fuel from fire debris. The results demonstrate that this procedure is suitable as a simple and rapid screening method for detecting ignitable liquids in fire debris packed in plastic bags.
Physical Matches of Bone, Shell and Tooth Fragments: A Validation Study*
Authors: Christensen Angi M. , Sylvester Adam D.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  The following study examines the reliability of physically matching fragments of bone and other mineral‐based biological materials such as shells and teeth. Participants with varying education, training, and experience were asked to complete a matching exercise consisting of intentionally fragmented specimens. Success rates were very high; the positive association (correct match) rate was 0.925, while the nonassociation (overlooked match) rate was 0.075, and negative associations (incorrect matches) occurred at a rate of just 0.001. Results also indicate that those with more education and related experience tended to have higher positive association rates, although not significant statistically. Experienced osteologists, however, completed the matching exercise in significantly less time. Low error rates among both experienced and inexperienced individuals support the reliability and validity of performing physical matches of these materials, and suggest that performance may also be related to an individual’s aptitude for spatial tasks or other factors.
When DNA is Not Available, Can We Still Identify People? Recommendations for Best Practice*
Authors: Baraybar Jose Pablo
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Recommendations of best practice to conduct identifications in settings with large numbers of victims and technological limitations are provided, based on a sample of 116 cases in which positive presumptive identifications were generated using “traditional” techniques, and were later corroborated through DNA testing. Traditional techniques generally consist of combining witness testimony, personal effects and clothing, anthropological and dental data to corroborate or to exclude the identity of an individual. Experts participating in traditional identifications must develop emic categories to transform objective physical features into recognizable categories by the family, or to do very the opposite—to develop an ethic system by which the expert translates the cues given by a family member into objective categories that are usable in standard forensic and legal contexts.
Analysis of Age‐at‐Death Estimation Through the Use of Pubic Symphyseal Data*
Authors: Kimmerle Erin H. , Konigsberg Lyle W. , Jantz Richard L. , Baraybar Jose Pablo
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  The question of whether age parameters derived from an American population will reliably estimate age‐at‐death for East European skeletal populations is important since the ability to accurately estimate an individual’s age‐at‐death hinges on what standard is used. A reference sample of identified individuals with known ages‐at‐death from the regions of the Former Yugoslavia (n = 861) is used to determine the age structure of victims and serves as the prior in the Bayesian analysis. Pubic symphyseal data in the manners of Todd (Am J Phys Anthropol, 3 [1920], 285; Am J Phys Anthropol, 4 [1921], 1) and Suchey‐Brooks (Am J Phys Anthropol, 80 [1986], 167) were collected for n = 296 Balkan males and females and for n = 2078 American males and females. An analysis of deviance is calculated using an improvement chi‐square to test for population variation in the aging processes of American and East European populations using proportional odds probit regression. When males and females are treated separately, there is a significant association among females and the population (df = 1, chi‐square likelihood ratio = 15.071, p = 0.001). New age estimates for Balkan populations are provided and are based on the calculated age distribution from the Gompertz‐Makeham hazard analysis and the ages‐of‐transition. To estimate the age‐at‐death for an individual, the highest posterior density regions for each symphyseal phase are provided.
Inter‐Observer Variation in Methodologies Involving the Pubic Symphysis, Sternal Ribs, and Teeth*
Authors: Kimmerle Erin H. , Prince Debra A. , Berg Gregory E.
Published: May 2008

Abstract: For the skeletal age of a victim to be useful in victim identification, the methods on which it is based must be reliable, accurate, and the results easily duplicated. The ability of multiple investigators to duplicate results is an interesting and complex issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate how consistently multiple investigators assign skeletal traits to rib, pubic symphyseal, or tooth “phases” and measure teeth. The skeletal data from identified individuals in Kosovo are used to test inter‐observer variation for a variety of skeletal and dental aging techniques. Two hundred and ninety‐six (n = 296) pubic symphyses were scored in the manners of the Todd’s ten‐phase system and the Suchey‐Brooks six‐phase system. Six hundred and twenty‐two (n = 622) sternal rib ends were scored in the manner of İşcan and co‐author’s nine‐phase system. Four hundred and twelve (n = 412) single‐rooted teeth were measured in the manner of Lamendin and colleagues and scored for the amount of tooth wear using Smith’s nine‐phase system. Repeat measures were taken by multiple observers. There appears to be a wide range of variation, even among experienced investigators in the assignment of phase or metric data. Inter‐observer variation, investigated through Pearson’srcorrelation coefficients, the Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and paired samplest‐tests demonstrate significant differences using all methods. How this variation affects the accuracy of age estimation is subject to further investigation, but what is clear is that even with collaboration among investigators to calibrate with one another, the repeatability of numerous aging methodologies is difficult to achieve. Through this investigation it appears the problem lies in the qualitative nature of broad descriptive phase categories, which contain multiple skeletal features and traits that are open to interpretation.
Sexing and Stature Estimation Criteria for Balkan Populations
Authors: Jantz Richard L. , Kimmerle Erin H. , Baraybar Jose Pablo
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Two standard measurements, maximum femur length and head diameter, were collected by International Criminal Tribunal (ICTY) anthropologists. Only Kosovans had both femur dimensions for both sexes. Antemortem stature data were available only for Kosovan and Croatian males. Despite these limitations, the data offer the opportunity to examine ethnic variation and to present sex and stature estimation criteria for these groups. Additional data from Croatians and from American Whites were used for comparison in certain parts of the analysis. Femur variation was considerable. Kosovans can be characterized as short and robust, Bosnians as tall and less robust, and Croatians are tall and gracile, resembling American Whites more than the other groups. Some limited antemortem data on stature was also available, allowing stature estimation equations to be estimated for Croatians and Kosovans. Antemortem stature estimates were obtained from interviews with relatives and are shown to overestimate actual stature. We argue that equations predicting height obtained from relatives is the most realistic in this case because that is the height to which an estimate obtained from bone lengths will be compared. Kosovans were also shown to have experienced slight secular increase in femur length over the past 70 years.
The Detection of Hydromorphone in Urine Specimens with High Morphine Concentrations*
Authors: McDonough Pamela C. , Levine Barry , Vorce Shawn , Jufer Rebecca A. , Fowler David
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  A previous study suggested that small amounts of morphine are metabolically converted to hydromorphone. In the present study, morphine positive urine specimens obtained from a postmortem laboratory and a random urinalysis program were tested for morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, and oxycodone to assess the possibility that small amounts of hydromorphone are produced from the metabolism of morphine. The opioids were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry as their respective trimethylsilyl derivatives following solid phase extraction. The limit of detection for hydromorphone was 5 ng/mL. A total of 73 morphine positive urine specimens were analyzed, with morphine concentrations ranging from 131 to 297,000 ng/mL. Hydromorphone was present at a concentration ≥5 ng/mL in 36 of these specimens at concentrations ranging from 0.02% to 12% of the morphine concentration. Hydrocodone was not detected in these specimens at the assay detection limit of 25 ng/mL. These results support earlier work suggesting that the detection of hydromorphone in urine specimens does not necessarily mean that exogenous hydromorphone or hydrocodone was used.
A graft model for hair development
Authors: Qiao Jizeng , Philips Erica , Teumer Jeff
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Follicular cell implantation (FCI) is an experimental cell therapy for the treatment of hair loss that uses cultured hair follicle cells to induce new hair formation. This treatment is based on the demonstration that adult dermal papilla cells (DPC) retain the hair inductive capacity they acquired during hair morphogenesis in the embryo. For FCI, hair inductive cells are isolated from scalp biopsies and then propagated in culture in order to provide enough cells to generate many new follicles from a few donor follicles. Following expansion in culture, the cells are implanted into the scalp where they induce the formation of new follicles. Because the process relies on the ability to retain the potential for hair induction during the expansion of DPC in culture, we sought a consistent, reliable and easily performed in vivo assay in which to test hair induction. In this study, we describe a simple graft model that supports hair morphogenesis. The assay combines dermal cells with embryonic mouse epidermis that provides the keratinocyte component of induced follicles. The grafts are placed under a protective skin flap in the host athymic mouse where the cells will form a skin graft with hair if the dermal cells are hair inductive DPC. Using the assay, freshly isolated and cultured mouse embryo dermal cells as well as cultured dermal papilla cells from other species all induced hair formation. The induced hairs were aesthetically indistinguishable from those of the epidermal donor in length, thickness, and pigmentation, and they were histologically normal.
Sister chromatid exchange analysis in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Karaman Ali , Aliağaoğlu Cihangir , Pirim İbraham
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease with unknown aetiology. An increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and insufficient antioxidant activity have been determined in psoriatic lesions. The analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is a cytogenetic technique used to show DNA damage caused by an exchange of DNA fragments between sister chromatids. The study aimed to determine the rates of SCE in psoriatic patients (17 female and 19 male) and healthy controls (15 female and 15 male) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and catalase (CAT) activity in both groups. We found significantly higher SCE rates in the patients (P < 0.00001). In addition, statistically significant decreased levels of erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities were noted in the patients(P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 respectively). Furthermore, a statistically significant increased erythrocyte GP activity was found in the psoriasis group (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that chromosomal instability may play an important part in the aetiology of psoriasis. In addition, the results support the hypothesis of an imbalance in the oxidant‐antioxidant system in psoriasis.
Frontiers in sebaceous gland biology and pathology
Authors: Zouboulis Christos C. , Baron Jens Malte , Böhm Markus , Kippenberger Stefan , Kurzen Hjalmar , Reichrath Jörg , Thielitz Anja
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  The development of experimental models for the in vitro study of human sebaceous gland turned down the theory of a phylogenetic relict and led to the identification of several, unknown or disregarded functions of this organ. Such functions are the production of foetal vernix caseosa, the influence of three‐dimensional organization of the skin surface lipids and the integrity of skin barrier and the influence on follicular differentiation. In addition, the sebaceous gland contributes to the transport of fat‐soluble antioxidants from and to the skin surface, the natural photoprotection, the pro‐ and antiinflammatory skin properties and to the innate antimicrobial activity of the skin. It is mainly responsible for skin’s independent endocrine function, the hormonally induced skin ageing process, the steroidogenic function of the skin as well as its thermoregulatory and repelling properties and for selective control of the hormonal and xenobiotical actions of the skin. Interestingly, sebocytes, at least in vitro, preserve characteristics of stem‐like cells despite their programming for terminal differentiation. This review reports on various sebaceous gland functions, which are currently under investigation, including its role on the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal‐like axis of the skin, the impact of acetylcholine on sebocyte biology, the activity of ectopeptidases as new targets to regulate sebocyte function, the effects of vitamin D on human sebocytes, the expression of retinoid metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes and the possible role of sebum as vehicle of fragrances. These multiple homeostatic functions award the sebaceous gland the role ‘brain of the skin’ and the most important cutaneous endocrine gland.
Item‐order effects in the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)
Authors: Kieffer Jacobien Marije , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: May 2008

Items and subscales in quality of life questionnaires generally have a part‐whole combination, making the content of one item more general than another. Consequently, order effects can occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of changing the item order of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP). Two versions of the OHIP were randomly distributed amongst psychology freshmen. Subjects who filled out the version in which more general items were presented first showed higher subscale scores. Using the Mann–Whitney U‐test, small, but statistically significant, differences between the two versions of the OHIP were found on the Psychological disability scale, the Social disability scale, and the Handicap scale. Subscale intercorrelations of both versions of the OHIP were compared to investigate whether item order also influences the factor structure. Statistically significant differences between subscale intercorrelations were found, indicating a different factor structure for both versions. In conclusion, the OHIP seems to be susceptible to order effects, implying that the original item order of the OHIP should be upheld, especially when considering comparing research outcomes with other studies.
Investigation of MYH14 as a candidate gene in cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Authors: Martinelli Marcella , Arlotti Marzia , Palmieri Annalisa , Scapoli Luca , Savoia Anna , Di Stazio Mariateresa , Pezzetti Furio , Masiero Elena , Carinci Francesco
Published: May 2008

Clefts of the orofacial region are among the most common facial defects and are caused by abnormal facial development during gestation. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a birth defect with a complex etiology resulting from a mixture of genetic and environmental factors. In the present study we considered myosin 14 (MYH14) as a candidate gene for CL/P. This gene codes for the heavy chain of non‐muscle myosin IIC (NMMHC‐IIC), maps in the OFC3 region, and shares significant homology with myosin 9, a gene that our group has recently seen to be involved in CL/P. A linkage disequilibrium investigation was conducted with six single nucleotide polymorphisms in MYH14 and a sample of 239 CL/P nonsyndromic patients and their parents. Our family‐based investigation provided no evidence of association between MYH14 and CL/P alleles. These data do not support the involvement of MYH14 in CL/P among the Italian population.
Lipopolysaccharide alters decorin and biglycan synthesis in rat alveolar bone osteoblasts: consequences for bone repair during periodontal disease
Authors: Roberts Helen C. , Moseley Ryan , Sloan Alastair J. , Youde Sarah J. , Waddington Rachel J.
Published: May 2008

A prime pathogenic agent associated with periodontitis is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis. This study investigated the effects of P. gingivalis LPS on osteoblasts, which are responsible for alveolar bone repair. Bone cells were obtained from explants of rat alveolar bone chips and cultured with 0–200 ng ml−1 of P. gingivalis LPS. Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS significantly increased cell proliferation and inhibited osteoblast differentiation, as judged by reduced alkaline phosphatase activity. Analysis of biglycan mRNA and protein levels indicated that P. gingivalis LPS significantly delayed the normally high expression of biglycan during the early stages of culture, which are associated with cell proliferation and early differentiation of progenitor cells. In the presence of P. gingivalis LPS, decorin expression by the alveolar bone cells was reduced during periods of culture relating to collagen fibrillogenesis and mineral deposition. Analysis of glycosaminoglycan chains conjugated to these proteoglycans suggested that in the presence of P. gingivalis LPS, dermatan sulfate persisted within the matrix. This study suggests that P.  gingivalis LPS influences the expression and processing of decorin and biglycan in the matrix, altering alveolar bone cell activity and osteoblast phenotype development. The consequences of this altered expression in relation to hindering bone repair as part of the cycle of events during periodontal disease are discussed.
Effect of post‐space treatment on retention of fiber posts in different root regions using two self‐etching systems
Authors: Zhang Ling , Huang Li , Xiong Yu , Fang Ming , Chen Ji‐Hua , Ferrari Marco
Published: May 2008

The effect of post‐space treatment on the retention of fiber posts in different root regions was evaluated using two self‐etching systems. Post spaces were prepared in extracted premolars and then the root canals were subjected to one of the following post‐space treatments: (i) water irrigation (control); (ii) etching with 35% phosphoric acid for 30 s; (iii) irrigation with 17% EDTA followed by 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); and (iv) ultrasonic agitation associated with 17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl irrigating solutions. The dentin surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after different post‐space treatments. Fiber posts were then luted in the treated roots using resin cement with either Clearfil SE Bond or Clearfil DC Bond, and the thin‐slice push‐out test was performed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that all the post‐space treatments tested were effective in removal of the smear layer of debris, or sealer/gutta‐percha remnants, on the root canal. The apical push‐out strength was affected by post‐space treatment. Both 35% phosphoric acid etching and ultrasonic agitation in combination with EDTA/NaOCl irrigation improved the apical push‐out strength of the fiber post, regardless of the type of self‐etching system. A solo irrigation with an EDTA/NaOCl solution resulted in a lower apical push‐out strength compared with the other two experimental groups.
Pain management in Swedish neonatal units – a national survey
Authors: Eriksson Mats , Gradin Maria
Published: May 2008

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the degree to which Swedish neonatal units have adopted the national guidelines for prevention and treatment of pain in newborn infants.

Method: A survey was sent to all units in Sweden that provide neonatal care. For a list of potentially painful procedures, compiled from the national neonatal pain guidelines, the units were asked if they would use pharmacological and/or behavioural interventions, and in each case to specify the treatment.

Results: The response rate was 80.4%. Eighty‐eight percent of the units had written guidelines for pain management, and 59% of these had been updated within the last 2 years. For almost every presented case, all units reported that they used either pharmacological or behavioural treatment or both. The survey showed a wide variation in morphine and paracetamol dosing and the absence of a paracetamol loading dose in a fourth of the units.

Conclusions: This study suggests that a majority of Swedish neonatal units have adopted pain management guidelines in concordance with the Swedish national guidelines, and kept them up‐to‐date. For most painful situations a variety of behavioural and pharmacological interventions are used, often in combination.
Knowledge of Flemish paediatricians about children's oral health – results of a survey
Authors: Bottenberg Peter , Melckebeke Lieven Van , Louckx Fred , Vandenplas Yvan
Published: May 2008

Objective: To examine the knowledge paediatricians have about oral health in children.

Methods: A questionnaire on oral health knowledge was mailed to all members of the Flemish Paediatric Association representing 350 out of 676 Flemish paediatricians. Questions concerned timing of the first dental visit, effects of thumb sucking, fluoride supplements, trauma, fluorosis, mutans streptococci and caries, prevention of dental caries, nursing bottle caries and use of sealants.

Results: Two hundred seventy‐six questionnaires (79%) were returned. Of the respondents, 71% said they have had some training on dental topics, and most rely on information brochures to be informed on dental subjects. Parents frequently questioned paediatricians about dental eruption. Paediatricians stated that the first dental visit should be scheduled at the age of 3. Eighty‐three percent of the paediatricians stated that thumb sucking was harmful to dentition; 7% regularly prescribed fluoride supplements. Knowledge about fluorosis was moderate. Paediatricians judged community water fluoridation and tooth brushing after consuming erosive drinks as effective. The efficacy of dairy products was underrated. Seventy‐three percent of the paediatricians were aware of nursing bottle caries, whereas only 39% were familiar with fissure sealing.

Conclusion: Initiatives are needed to improve knowledge about oral health of physicians involved in preventive health care of children.
Efficient developmental screening instrument for 6‐ and 18‐month‐old children in the Taiwan Birth Cohort Pilot Study
Authors: Lung For‐Wey , Shu Bih‐Ching , Chiang Tung‐Liang , Lin Shio Jean
Published: May 2008

Aim: To develop an efficient developmental screening instrument for interview purposes.

Methods: Using random sampling, two groups of babies were selected: The pilot group of 1747 babies was selected for testing of reliability and validity. Another group of 100 babies was selected for testing of the concurrent validity with the second edition of the Bayley Scale of Infant Development. The Taiwan Birth Cohort Study scales include four developmental dimensions: gross motor, fine motor, language/communication (language) and social/self‐care ability (social).

Results: In testing the concurrent validity, the structural equation model showed that Taiwan Birth Cohort Study dimensions correlated with the Bayley Scale of Infant Development dimensions. In testing the predictive validity of the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study, the correlation between the 6‐ and 18‐month results of the motor index was 0.29, and the language social index was 0.31.

Conclusion: The Taiwan Birth Cohort Study 6‐ and 18‐month scales fulfill the criteria of developmental norm, predictive validity, validity and identification of relative risk for screening instruments. As a self‐report checklist, it is economical and efficient, thus, it can be utilized in clinical and community settings.