bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute pain in peripheral vascular disease
Authors: Ghazi Arif H. , Agu Obi
Published: May 2011

Pain in vascular disease is often severe.

Atherosclerosis is the commonest cause of ischaemic pain.

Angioplasty, stents, and surgical revascularization should be attempted to treat the underlying cause.

Pain relief is also aimed at neuropathic and sympathetic components of pain.

In end stage ischaemic disease, amputation may be necessary often leading to long-term pain.
Tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis: Lung adenocarcinoma metastasizing to a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuki , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Nakano Takafumi , Oyama Minako , Shiratsuchi Hideki , Nakashima Torahiko , Tamiya Sadafumi , Komune Shizuo , Oda Yoshinao
Published: May 2011

Cancer‐to‐cancer metastasis into a thyroid neoplasm is an uncommon phenomenon with possible diagnostic difficulties. Here, we describe a case of lung adenocarcinoma metastatic into a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC). A 60‐year‐old woman with no prior history of malignant neoplasm presented with a nodule in the right lobe of the thyroid gland, some masses in the left lung were found by radiological examination. Histopathological examination of the thyroidectomy specimen demonstrated two different components of carcinoma in a single thyroid nodule; one was FVPTC and the other was high‐grade adenocarcinoma. Although both components shared the TTF‐1+/CK7+/CK19+/CK20−/SP‐A− immunoprofile, only the former was positive for thyroglobulin, and only the latter was positive for CEA. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation at exon21 (L858R) was present only in the latter. The lung biopsy specimen showed cytological, immunohistochemical, and EGFR genotypic features similar to those of the high‐grade adenocarcinoma component of the thyroid nodule. These findings resulted in a reliable diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma metastasizing into an FVPCT and treatment with EGFR‐targeted therapy. These results demonstrate that a panel of immunohistochemical staining and molecular analysis is helpful for both diagnosis and appropriate postoperative treatment for a patient with cancer‐to‐cancer metastasis.
A freshwater cyanophage whose genome indicates close relationships to photosynthetic marine cyanomyophages
Authors: Dreher Theo W. , Brown Nathan , Bozarth Connie S. , Schwartz Andrew D. , Riscoe Erin , Thrash Cameron , Bennett Samuel E. , Tzeng Shin‐Cheng , Maier Claudia S.
Published: May 2011

Bacteriophage S‐CRM01 has been isolated from a freshwater strain of Synechococcus and shown to be present in the upper Klamath River valley in northern California and Oregon. The genome of this lytic T4‐like phage has a 178 563 bp circular genetic map with 297 predicted protein‐coding genes and 33 tRNA genes that represent all 20‐amino‐acid specificities. Analyses based on gene sequence and gene content indicate a close phylogenetic relationship to the ‘photosynthetic’ marine cyanomyophages infecting Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. Such relatedness suggests that freshwater and marine phages can draw on a common gene pool. The genome can be considered as being comprised of three regions. Region 1 is populated predominantly with structural genes, recognized as such by homology to other T4‐like phages and by identification in a proteomic analysis of purified virions. Region 2 contains most of the genes with roles in replication, recombination, nucleotide metabolism and regulation of gene expression, as well as 5 of the 6 signature genes of the photosynthetic cyanomyophages (hli03, hsp20, mazG, phoH and psbA; cobS is present in Region 3). Much of Regions 1 and 2 are syntenic with marine cyanomyophage genomes, except that a segment encompassing Region 2 is inverted. Region 3 contains a high proportion (85%) of genes that are unique to S‐CRM01, as well as most of the tRNA genes. Regions 1 and 2 contain many predicted late promoters, with a combination of CTAAATA and ATAAATA core sequences. Two predicted genes that are unusual in phage genomes are homologues of cellular spoT and nusG.
Implementation and evaluation of brief depression and anxiety screening in clients contacting a drug and alcohol service
Authors: THOMAS ANNA CHRISTINA , STAIGER PETRA KARIN , MCCABE MARITA
Published: May 2011

Introduction and Aims. High prevalence mental health (HPMH) comorbidity is common in clients seeking alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment yet can remain undetected. Although research has reported on the introduction of screening into AOD services, little research has reported on the processes surrounding the introduction or evaluated its effectiveness. This study reports on the implementation and evaluation of brief anxiety and depression screening within a specialised, publicly funded AOD service in South‐East Victoria.

Design and Methods. Study one examined the implementation of standardised HPMH screening with 114 adult clients (Mean age = 35.49, SD = 9.53; 64% male) telephoning an AOD service over a 5 week period. Measures included severity of HPMH problems, AOD use, care plans and referrals. Study two used semistructured interviews with nine staff/managers to evaluate the effectiveness of screening and its impact on service delivery.

Results. Ninety‐four per cent of clients were identified at risk of anxiety or depression. Most care plans incorporated counselling, and concurrent referrals commonly involved a general practitioner. Staff and management found systematic screening increased identification and understanding of comorbid issues and enhanced client interaction but impacted on resource requirements.

Discussion and Conclusions. Most AOD treatment seekers were identified HPMH comorbid and care plans generally included counselling. Adjunctive referrals were more common for severely depressed clients. Screening was effective and enhanced client rapport. Evaluations revealed low confidence in treating HPMH issues in‐house. Training may increase worker confidence in managing mental health interventions with subclinical cases, enhancing services' ability to move towards dual diagnosis capability.[Thomas AC, Staiger PK, McCabe M. Implementation and evaluation of brief depression and anxiety screening in clients contacting a drug and alcohol service. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:303–310]
Exploring the enactment effect from an information processing view: What can we learn from serial position analyses?
Authors: SCHATZ TANJA R. , SPRANGER TINA , KUBIK VEIT , KNOPF MONIKA
Published: May 2011

Schatz, T. R., Spranger, T., Kubik, V. & Knopf, M. (2011). Exploring the enactment effect from an information processing view: What can we learn from serial position analyses?Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 509–515.

The focus of the present article was to analyze processes that determine the enactment and age effect in a multi‐trial free recall paradigm by looking at the serial position effects. In an experimental study (seeSchatz et al 2010), the performance‐enhancing effect of enactive encoding and repeated learning was tested with older and younger participants. As expected, there was a steady improvement of memory performance as a function of repeated learning regardless of age. In addition, enactive encoding led to a better memory performance than verbal encoding in both age groups. Furthermore, younger adults outperformed the elderly regardless of type of encoding. Analyses in the present article show that encoding by enacting seems to profit especially from remembering the last items of a presented list. Regarding age differences, younger outperformed older participants in nearly all item positions. The performance enhancement after task repetition is due to a higher amount of recalled items in the middle positions in a subject performed task (SPT) and a verbal task (VT) as well as the last positions of a learned list in VT.
Bus drivers’ exposure to bullying at work: An occupation‐specific approach
Authors: GLASØ LARS , BELE EDVARD , NIELSEN MORTEN BIRKELAND , EINARSEN STÅLE
Published: May 2011

Glasø, L, Bele, E., Nielsen, M. B. & Einarsen, S. (2011). Bus drivers’ exposure to bullying at work: An occupation‐specific approach. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 484–493.

The present study employs an occupation‐specific approach to examine bus drivers’ exposure to bullying and their trait anger, job engagement, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. A total of 1,023 bus drivers from a large public transport organization participated in the study. The findings show that bus driving can be a high risk occupation with regard to bullying, since 70% of the bus drivers had experienced one or more acts typical of bullying during the last six months. As many as 11% defined themselves as victims of bullying, 33% of whom (i.e. 3.6% of the total sample) see themselves as victims of frequent bullying. Colleagues were most frequently reported as perpetrators. Exposure to bullying was negatively related to job engagement and job satisfaction and positively related to turnover intentions. Job engagement and job satisfaction mediated the relationship between bullying and intention to leave, respectively. Trait anger had an interaction effect on the relationship between bullying and turnover intentions. This study indicates that workplace bullying has context‐specific aspects that require increased use of context‐specific policies and intervention methods.
KenKen: The Wisdom Squared of Puzzling Businesses
Authors: Grossman Elissa B.
Published: May 2011

This case concerns a U.S. start–up's efforts to license and launch a Japanese puzzle known as KenKen. The case provides a historical review of the puzzle's conceptual emergence and subsequent commercialization, allowing students to explore the general challenges associated with launching an innovative, new product into a dynamic market of uncertain size and structure. The case facilitates discussion of qualitative (i.e., business model selection) and quantitative (i.e., market size and profit estimation) issues.
The Organizational Pervasiveness of Entrepreneurial Orientation
Authors: Wales William , Monsen Erik , McKelvie Alexander
Published: May 2011

While 30 years of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) research has demonstrated that EO provides critical insights into questions of organizational–level strategy and performance, how EO manifests inside organizations has received little attention. Instead of assuming that EO is homogenous, we examine the questions of how and why EO might pervade organizations heterogeneously along three dimensions: vertically across hierarchy levels, horizontally across business units, and temporally as an organization develops. We then present three models for how EO can dynamically pervade organizations and discuss how examining the pervasiveness of EO can further our understanding of entrepreneurship as an organizational phenomenon.
Entrepreneurship as a Process: Toward Harmonizing Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Moroz Peter W. , Hindle Kevin
Published: May 2011

Are there any common denominators within the diversity of entrepreneurship literature that may serve as foundations for understanding the entrepreneurial process in a systematic and comprehensive way that is useful to both scholars and practitioners? The objective of this paper was to discover about the entrepreneurial process what, if anything, is both generic ( all processes that are “entrepreneurial” do this) and distinct ( only entrepreneurial processes do this). Our approach was to evaluate published models of entrepreneurial process to discover what scholars have argued about what entrepreneurs do and how they do it (the processes they use) and to seek out any key commonalities that scholars claim are associated with the phenomenon. Unfortunately for the field, the investigation demonstrates that, as at the time of our investigation, the 32 extant models of entrepreneurial process are highly fragmented in their claims and emphases and are insufficient for establishing an infrastructure upon which to synthesize an understanding of entrepreneurial process that is both generic and distinct. Insights gained in the study lead to suggestions for future research and theory development of which the most urgent is the need to develop a single harmonized model of entrepreneurial process capable of embracing the best of what is on offer and adding new theoretical arguments in areas where practice shows that they are lacking.
mTOR‐STAT3‐notch signalling contributes to ALDH2‐induced protection against cardiac contractile dysfunction and autophagy under alcoholism
Authors: Ge Wei , Ren Jun
Published: May 2011

Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) has been shown to benefit myopathic changes following alcohol intake, although the precise mechanism is still unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the role of ALDH2 on chronic alcohol intake‐induced myocardial geometric and functional damage with a focus on autophagic signalling. Wild‐type friendly virus B (FVB) and transgenic mice overexpressing ALDH2 driven by chicken β‐actin promoter were fed a 4% alcohol liquid diet for 12 weeks. Cardiac geometry and function were assessed using echocardiographic and IonOptix systems. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the essential autophagy markers, Akt and AMP‐dependent protein kinase (AMPK) as well as their downstream signalling mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Alcohol intake altered cardiac geometry and function as demonstrated by lessened LV wall and septal thickness, enlarged end systolic and diastolic diameters, decreased fractional shortening and cell shortening, the effects of which were mitigated by ALDH2 transgene. Chronic alcohol intake triggered myocardial autophagy as shown by LC3B II isoform switch, as well as decreased phosphorylation of mTOR, the effects of which were ablated by ALDH2. Chronic alcohol intake suppressed phosphorylation of Akt and AMPK, which was reconciled by ALDH2. Levels of Notch1 and STAT3 phosphorylation were dampened by chronic alcohol intake in FVB but not ALDH2 myocardium. Moreover, the γ‐secretase Notch inhibitor N‐[N‐(3,5‐difluorophenacetyl)‐1‐alany1]‐S‐phenyglycine t‐butyl ester exacerbated ethanol‐induced cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction, apoptosis and autophagy. In summary, these findings suggested that ALDH2 elicits cardioprotection against chronic alcohol intake‐induced cardiac geometric and functional anomalies by inhibition of autophagy possibly via restoring the Akt‐mTOR‐STAT3‐Notch signalling cascade.
pH‐dependent modulation of connexin‐based gap junctional uncouplers
Authors: Skeberdis Vytenis A. , Rimkute Lina , Skeberdyte Aiste , Paulauskas Nerijus , Bukauskas Feliksas F.
Published: May 2011

Non‐technical summary  Gap junction channels formed from connexin (Cx) proteins are expressed in a variety of tissues providing exchange of metabolites and electrical communication between cells. We demonstrate that the uncoupling effects of gap junction channel blockers such as long carbon chain alkanols (LCCAs), volatile anaesthetics and the antimalarial drug mefloquine can be modulated by intracellular pH in a Cx‐type‐dependent manner. In addition, we provide data to support the idea that the uncoupling effect of LCCAs and other uncouplers could be related to a modification of hydrogen bonding between histidine residues and uncouplers, and/or inside the Cx structure.
Effect of Flow Parameter Variations on Full Coverage Film-Cooling Effectiveness for a Gas Turbine Blade
Authors: Mhetras Shantanu , Han Je-Chin , Rudolph Ron
Published: May 2011

The effect of film-cooling holes placed along the span of a fully cooled high pressure turbine blade in a stationary, linear cascade on film-cooling effectiveness is studied using the pressure sensitive paint technique. The effect of showerhead injection at the leading edge and the presence of compound angled, diffusing holes on the pressure and suction sides are also examined. Six rows of compound angled shaped film-cooling holes are provided on the pressure side while four such rows are provided on the suction side of the blade. The holes have a laidback and fan-shaped diffusing cross-section. Another three rows of cylindrical holes are drilled at a typical angle on the leading edge to capture the effect of showerhead film coolant injection. The film-cooling hole arrangement simulates a typical film cooled blade design used in Stage 1 rotor blades for gas turbines used for power generation. An optimal target blowing ratio is defined for each film hole row, and tests are performed for 100%, 150%, and 200% of this target value. Tests are performed for inlet Mach numbers of 0.36 and 0.45 with corresponding exit Mach numbers of 0.51 and 0.68, respectively. The flow remains subsonic in the throat region for both Mach numbers. The corresponding freestream Reynolds numbers, based on the axial chord length and the exit velocity, are 1.3×106 and 1.74×106, respectively. Freestream turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet is 6%. The results show that varying blowing ratios can have a significant impact on film-cooling effectiveness distribution. Large spanwise variations in effectiveness distributions are also observed. Similar distributions were observed for both Mach numbers.
Charge trapping defects in Si/SiO2/Hf(1−x)SixO2 film stacks characterized by spectroscopic second-harmonic generation
Authors: Price J. , Lei Ming , Lysaght P. S. , Bersuker G. , Downer M. C.
Published: May 2011

Hf-based dielectric films are susceptible to formation of charge trapping, performance-limiting point defects, making improved characterization of these defects a high priority of research on high-k dielectrics. Here we report noninvasive optical characterization of defect spectra and charge trapping kinetics in Si/SiO2/Hf1−xSixO2 film stacks using internal multiphoton photoemission and time-dependent electrostatic field-induced second-harmonic (TD-EFISH) generation. Oxygen vacancy defects unique to as-deposited HfO2 films are identified by resonant two-photon ionization of the 3.24 eV transition from their occupied mid-gap ground states to conduction-band-edge excited states and subsequent tunneling of the photoelectrons to the Si substrate. These defects are found to be located within the HfO2 bulk, and to be quenched upon annealing or silication of the high-k dielectric layer. Charge trapping in Hf-silicate samples is found to be dominated by traps at the oxide surface. Trapping rate is nearly independent of excitation wavelength and alloy composition. By contrast, trap lifetimes are found to be as much as two orders of magnitude shorter in Hf-silicate surfaces than at HfO2 surfaces.
α-Catenin Is a Tumor Suppressor That Controls Cell Accumulation by Regulating the Localization and Activity of the Transcriptional Coactivator Yap1
Authors: Silvis Mark R. , Kreger Bridget T. , Lien Wen-Hui , Klezovitch Olga , Rudakova G. Marianna , Camargo Fernando D. , Lantz Dan M. , Seykora John T. , Vasioukhin Valeri
Published: May 2011

A cell-cell adhesion protein suppresses skin carcinoma development by attenuating the signaling of a transcriptional coactivator in the Hippo pathway.
Emergence of Quinolone Resistance and Cephalosporin MIC Creep in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Isolates from a Cohort of Young Men in Kisumu, Kenya, 2002 to 2009
Authors: Mehta Supriya D. , Maclean Ian , Ndinya-Achola Jeckoniah O. , Moses Stephen , Martin Irene , Ronald Allan , Agunda Lawrence , Murugu Ruth , Bailey Robert C. , Melendez Johan , Zenilman Jonathan M.
Published: May 2011

We evaluated antimicrobial resistance in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolated from men enrolled in a randomized trial of male circumcision to prevent HIV. Urethral specimens from men with discharge were cultured for
N. gonorrhoeae
. MICs were determined by agar dilution. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria defined resistance: penicillin, tetracycline, and azithromycin MICs of ≥2.0 μg/ml; a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥1.0 μg/ml; and a spectinomycin MIC of ≥128.0 μg/ml. Susceptibility to ceftriaxone and cefixime was shown by an MIC of ≤0.25 μg/ml. Additionally, PCR amplification identified mutations in
parC
and
gyrA
genes in selected isolates. From 2002 to 2009, 168
N. gonorrhoeae
isolates were obtained from 142 men. Plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance was found in 65%, plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance in 97%, and 11% were ciprofloxacin resistant (quinolone-resistant
N. gonorrhoeae
[QRNG]). QRNG appeared in November 2007, increasing from 9.5% in 2007 to 50% in 2009. Resistance was not detected for spectinomycin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin, but MICs of cefixime (
P
= 0.018), ceftriaxone (
P
< 0.001), and azithromycin (
P
= 0.097) increased over time. In a random sample of 51 men, gentamicin MICs were as follows: 4 μg/ml (
n
= 1), 8 μg/ml (
n
= 49), and 16 μg/ml (
n
= 1). QRNG increased rapidly and alternative regimens are required for
N. gonorrhoeae
treatment in this area. Amid emerging multidrug-resistant
N. gonorrhoeae
, antimicrobial resistance surveillance is essential for effective drug choice. High levels of plasmid-mediated resistance and increasing MICs for cephalosporins suggest that selective pressure from antibiotic use is a strong driver of resistance emergence.
A Biology Laboratory Exercise Using Macromolecule Assays to Distinguish Four Types of Milk
Authors: Pratt Charlotte W.
Published: May 2011

One of the drawbacks of cookbook-style laboratory exercises for General Biology courses is that students are not challenged to develop skills in scientific reasoning, such as formulating hypotheses and designing and carrying out experiments. Several traditional laboratory curricula include exercises involving semi-quantitative colorimetric assays to detect proteins (biuret test), reducing sugars (Benedict’s test), starch (Lugol’s test), and lipids (Sudan red test) in a variety of easily prepared solutions (glucose, albumin, glycine, etc.) and familiar food items (lemon juice, cornstarch, egg white, etc.). An extension of this lab exercise was developed to allow students to use their knowledge of the macromolecule assays to design an experiment to distinguish four types of “milk”: whole milk, skim milk, cream, and soy milk (rice milk or almond milk could also be included).
Journal Watch
Authors: Herzog Jennifer A.
Published: May 2011

The Journal Watch section highlights published journal articles which discuss recent developments and new technology used in microbiology and related fields.
A Review of
Entering Research: A Facilitator’s Manual
Entering Research: A Facilitator’s Manual;	1st ed.;	BranchawJanetPfundChristineRediskeRaelyn; (	2010).	W.H. Freeman and Company,	New York.	284 pages.
Authors: Hughes Lee E.
Published: May 2011

Review of:
Entering Research: A Facilitator’s Manual;
1st ed.; Janet Branchaw, Christine Pfund, and Raelyn Rediske; (2010). W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 284 pages.
A Review of
Scientific Teaching
Authors: Cheeptham (Ann) Naowarat
Published: May 2011

Review of:
Scientific Teaching;
5th printing; Jo Handelsman, Sarah Miller, and Christine Pfund; (2007). Supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Professor Program and The Wisconsin Program for Scientific Teaching. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, in collaboration with the Roberts and Company Englewood, Colorado. 184 pages.
A Review of
Discipline-Based Education Research: A Scientist’s Guide, by Slater, Slater and Bailey
Discipline-Based Education Research: A Scientist’s Guide;	SlaterStephanieSlaterTimothyBaileyJanelle; (	2010).	W.H. Freeman and Company,	New York, NY.	100 pages.
Authors: Washington Jacqueline
Published: May 2011

Review of:
Discipline-Based Education Research: A Scientist’s Guide;
Stephanie Slater, Timothy Slater and Janelle Bailey; (2010). W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY. 100 pages
Paediatrician knowledge, attitudes, and counselling patterns on teen driving
Authors: Weiss Jeffrey C , O'Neil Joseph , Shope Jean T , O'Connor Karen G , Levin Rebecca A
Published: May 2011

Background

Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of death among teenagers. Little is known about the content of US paediatrician counselling about teen driving.

Objective

To examine US paediatrician knowledge, attitudes, and counselling patterns regarding teen driving.

Methods

A random sample questionnaire was mailed to American Academy of Pediatrics members in 2009 (n=1606; response=875 (55%)). Analysis was limited to 596 paediatricians who provide adolescent checkups. Questions addressed counselling and attitudes towards roles in promoting safe driving. Logistic regression assessed the relationship between counselling topics and practice characteristics.

Results

Most (89%) respondents provide some counselling about driving. Two topics commonly discussed by paediatricians were seatbelts (87%) and alcohol use (82%). Less frequently discussed were: cell phones (47%), speeding (43%), and dangers of transporting teen passengers (41%). Topics rarely discussed were: night driving (21%), graduated driver licensing laws (13%), safe cars (9%), driver education (9%), fatigue (25%), and parental limit setting (23%). Only 10% ever recommend a parent–teen driver agreement. Paediatricians who had a patient injured or killed in an MVC were more likely to discuss night driving (OR=2.86). Physicians caring for a high proportion of adolescents (OR=1.83) or patients with private insurance (OR=1.85) counsel more about the risks of driving with teen passengers.

Conclusions

Paediatricians in the USA support counselling on teen driving during routine office visits, but omit many important risk factors. Few recommend parent–teen driver agreements. Methods that help clinicians efficiently and effectively counsel families about teen driving should be developed.
Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review
Authors: Hammond David
Published: May 2011

Objective

To review evidence on the impact of health warning messages on tobacco packages.

Data sources

Articles were identified through electronic databases of published articles, as well as relevant ‘grey’ literature using the following keywords: health warning, health message, health communication, label and labelling in conjunction with at least one of the following terms: smoking, tobacco, cigarette, product, package and pack.Study selection and data extraction: Relevant articles available prior to January 2011 were screened for six methodological criteria. A total of 94 original original articles met inclusion criteria, including 72 quantitative studies, 16 qualitative studies, 5 studies with both qualitative and qualitative components, and 1 review paper: Canada (n=35), USA (n=29) Australia (n=16), UK (n=13), The Netherlands (n=3), France (n=3), New Zealand (n=3), Mexico (n=3), Brazil (n=2), Belgium (n=1), other European countries (n=10), Norway (n=1), Malaysia (n=1) and China (n=1).

Results

The evidence indicates that the impact of health warnings depends upon their size and design: whereas obscure text-only warnings appear to have little impact, prominent health warnings on the face of packages serve as a prominent source of health information for smokers and non-smokers, can increase health knowledge and perceptions of risk and can promote smoking cessation. The evidence also indicates that comprehensive warnings are effective among youth and may help to prevent smoking initiation. Pictorial health warnings that elicit strong emotional reactions are significantly more effective.

Conclusions

Health warnings on packages are among the most direct and prominent means of communicating with smokers. Larger warnings with pictures are significantly more effective than smaller, text-only messages.
NEWTON'S GRAVITATIONAL COUPLING CONSTANT FROM A QUANTUM OF AREA
Authors: KLINKHAMER F. R.
Published: May 2011

A previous calculation of Newton's gravitational coupling constant G is generalized. This generalization makes it possible to have "atoms of two-dimensional space" with an integer dimension d atom of the internal space, where the case d atom = 1 is found to be excluded. Given the quantum of area l2, the final formula for G is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the integer d atom . The generalization used may be interpreted as a modification of the energy equipartition law of the microscopic degrees of freedom responsible for gravity, suggesting some form of long-range interaction between these degrees of freedom themselves.
DEGENERACY EFFECT ON THE COMPTON SCATTERING POWER
Authors: MAHDAVI M. , KALEJI B.
Published: May 2011

The Compton scattering is one of the loss processes in fusion media. In this paper the Compton cross-section is calculated in three limits of temperature, non-relativistic, relativistic and ultra-relativistic temperatures. By considering the electron distribution function for all the temperature limits, we found the power of Compton scattering in degenerate media. These results show that the Compton scattering power increases with decreasing electron temperature. So, in degenerate conditions, the Compton loss processes decrease in fusion media.
GLOBAL ROBUST SYNCHRONIZATION OF A CLASS OF NONAUTONOMOUS CHAOTIC SYSTEMS WITH PARAMETER MISMATCH VIA VARIABLE SUBSTITUTION CONTROL
Authors: CHEN YUN , WU XIAOFENG , GUI ZHIFANG
Published: May 2011

This paper investigates global robust synchronization of a class of nonautonomous chaotic systems with parameter mismatch under the master–slave variable substitution control. A criterion of linear matrix inequality (LMI) for the global robust synchronization is rigorously proven and the corresponding synchronization error bound is analytically estimated. The LMI criterion is then applied to the gyrostat systems, obtaining some simple and optimized algebraic criteria for global robust synchronization of the master–slave gyrostat systems with time-varying phase mismatch under single-variable substitution configurations, further verified in a numerical example.
ON THE BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION TREATMENT OF EXTERIOR ACOUSTIC PROBLEMS
Authors: MOHSEN ADEL , OCHMANN MARTIN
Published: May 2011

The solution of acoustic problems via integral equations (IEs) is considered. Symmetrical evaluation of the resulting integrals is proposed. The possible reduction of the system matrix to complex symmetric form is considered. Applications of the proposed method to scattering by a soft as well as a hard sphere are presented. Another application to radiation from a uniformly vibrating sphere is also considered. To overcome the nonuniqueness problem, CHIEF method is used and Lagrange multipliers are employed to deal with the resulting overdetermined system to preserve the symmetry of the system matrix. The application of CHIEF via a close interior surface of a hard sphere with ka = 22.602185 illustrates the success of CHIEF at high frequencies (HF).
MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING PARTICIPATION AND CONTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS IN TWO DIFFERENT SWISS INNOVATION COMMUNITIES
Authors: Muhdi Louise , Boutellier Roman
Published: May 2011

Different types of virtual innovation-related communities have emerged in recent years. These are increasingly being utilized by companies from different industries as a tool to efficiently source knowledge from diverse groups of individuals and thus to nourish internal innovations. Based on a case study research methodology this study investigated the impact 39 motivational factors have on the participation and contribution of members of two different innovation communities, i.e., an online Swiss innovation intermediary community (n = 48) and the off-line internal innovation community of a Swiss bank (n = 69). Results showed many similarities yet 16 significant differences between the perception of members of the two investigated innovation communities. For example, reward related items (monetary and non-monetary) showed to be top motivators for the intermediary community only. Items such as 'Webcam option', 'Chat function', 'Connection with other social network platforms', were perceived as low motivators by both communities. Derived from the findings, we discuss how the nature of the innovation community has an influence on the motivation and measures potentially leading to higher participation and contribution efficiency.
A Survey of Requirements Specification in Model-Driven Development of Web Applications
Authors: Valderas Pedro , Pelechano Vicente
Published: May 2011

Model-driven development has become more and more important in the last few years. In the context of web application development, many web Engineering methods that propose model-driven development processes have appeared. However, earlier stages of these processes are seldom considered and few of these methods rigorously face the problems of specifying web application requirements and translating them into the proper conceptual model. However, it is widely recognized that requirements engineering activities are essential to obtain quality software products.

This article surveys Model-driven web engineering methods in a comparative study and analyzes the techniques proposed for specifying functional, data and navigational requirements as well as the mechanisms provided for automatically translating these requirements into conceptual models. Our main goal is to provide a critical view of the support that is provided by these methods for handling web application requirements in order to show their current limitations and strengths.
Antialiasing recovery
Authors: Yang Lei , Sander Pedro V. , Lawrence Jason , Hoppe Hugues
Published: May 2011

We present a method for restoring antialiased edges that are damaged by certain types of nonlinear image filters. This problem arises with many common operations such as intensity thresholding, tone mapping, gamma correction, histogram equalization, bilateral filters, unsharp masking, and certain nonphotorealistic filters. We present a simple algorithm that selectively adjusts the local gradients in affected regions of the filtered image so that they are consistent with those in the original image. Our algorithm is highly parallel and is therefore easily implemented on a GPU. Our prototype system can process up to 500 megapixels per second and we present results for a number of different image filters.
Progressive photon mapping
Authors: Knaus Claude , Zwicker Matthias
Published: May 2011

In this article we present a novel formulation of progressive photon mapping. Similar to the original progressive photon mapping algorithm, our approach is capable of computing global illumination solutions without bias in the limit, and it uses only a constant amount of memory. It produces high-quality results in situations that are difficult for most other algorithms, such as scenes with realistic light fixtures where the light sources are completely enclosed by refractive material. Our new formulation is based on a probabilistic derivation. The key property of our approach is that it does not require the maintenance of local photon statistics. In addition, our derivation allows for arbitrary kernels in the radiance estimate and includes stochastic ray tracing algorithms. Finally, our approach is readily applicable to volumetric photon mapping. We compare our algorithm to previous progressive photon mapping approaches and show that we achieve the same convergence to unbiased results, even without local photon statistics.
QuickCheck
Authors: Claessen Koen , Hughes John
Published: May 2011

QuickCheck is a tool which aids the Haskell programmer in formulating and testing properties of programs. Properties are discribed as Haskell functions, and can be automatically tested on random input, but it is also possible to define custom test data generators. We present a number of case studies, in which the tool was successfully used, and also point out some pitfalls to avoid. Random testing is especially suitable for functional programs because properties can be stated at a fine grain. When a function is built from separately tested components, then random testing suffuces to obtain good coverage of the definition under test.
Adaptive optimization in the Jalapeno JVM
Authors: Arnold Matthew , Fink Stephen , Grove David , Hind Michael , Sweeney Peter F.
Published: May 2011

Future high-performance virtual machines will improve performance through sophisticated online feedback-directed optimizations. This paper presents the architecture of the Jalapeno Adaptive Optimization System, a system to support leading-edge virtual machine technology and enable ongoing research on online feedback-directed optimizations. We describe the extensible system architecture, based on a federation of threads with asynchronous communication. We present an implementation of the general architecture that supports adaptive multi-level optimization based purely on statistical sampling. We empirically demonstrate that this profiling technique has low overhead and can improve startup and steady-state performance, even without the presence of online feedback-directed optimizations. The paper also describes and evaluates an online feedback-directed inlining optimization based on statistical edge sampling. The system is written completely in Java, applying the described techniques not only to application code and standard libraries, but also to the virtual machine itself.
Some Opial‐Type Inequalities on Time Scales
Authors: Saker S. H.
Published: May 2011

We will prove some dynamic inequalities of Opial type on time scales which not only extend some results in the literature but also improve some of them. Some discrete inequalities are derived from the main results as special cases.
Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of Bulk Glass V2O5 (ZnO, PbO) SrO FeO
Authors: Aziz M. S. , Mostafa A. G. , Youssef A. M. , Youssif S. M. S.
Published: May 2011

The AC conductivity and dielectric parameters of the glassy system of (70-x) V2O5· x(Zn/Pb)· 10SrO · 20FeO (x = 0, 5, 10, and 15) glasses have been investigated. The frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss (ε′′) is studied in the frequency range 100 Hz–5 MHz and in the temperature range 300–460 K. Dielectric dispersion is observed in all samples as Zn/Pb increase content in the (70-x)V2O5· x(Zn/Pb)·10SrO·20FeO systems. These results are explained on the basis of a Debye-type relaxation. It is also observed that the activation energy increases on increasing the Zn/Pb contents in this system.
Differential Effect of the DopamineD3Agonist (±)-7-Hydroxy-2-(N,N-di-n-propylamino) Tetralin (7-OH-DPAT) on Motor Activity between Adult Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rats after a Neonatal Ventral Hippocampus Lesion
Authors: Guzmán-Velázquez Sonia , Garcés-Ramírez Linda , Flores Gonzalo , De La Cruz Fidel , Zamudio Sergio R.
Published: May 2011

The neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (nVHL) has been widely used as an animal model for schizophrenia. Rats with an nVHL show several delayed behavioral alterations that mimic some symptoms of schizophrenia. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with an nVHL have a decrease in D3receptors in limbic areas, but the expression of D3receptors in Wistar (W) rats with an nVHL is unknown. The 7-Hydroxy-2-(N,N-di-n-propylamino) tetralin (7-OH-DPAT) has been reported as a D3-preferring agonist. Thus, we investigated the effect of (±)-7-OH-DPAT (0.25 mg/kg) on the motor activity in male adult W and SD rats after an nVHL. The 7-OH-DPAT caused a decrease in locomotion of W rats with an nVHL, but it did not change the locomotion of SD rats with this lesion. Our results suggest that the differential effect of 7-OH-DPAT between W and SD rats with an nVHL could be caused by a different expression of the D3receptors. These results may have implications for modeling interactions of genetic and environmental factors involved in schizophrenia.
Estimating Cell Count and Distribution in Labeled Histological Samples Using Incremental Cell Search
Authors: Meruvia-Pastor Oscar E. , Soh Jung , Schmidt Eric J. , Boughner Julia C. , Xiao Mei , Jamniczky Heather A. , Hallgrímsson Benedikt , Sensen Christoph W.
Published: May 2011

Cell proliferation is critical to the outgrowth of biological structures including the face and limbs. This cellular process has traditionally been studied via sequential histological sampling of these tissues. The length and tedium of traditional sampling is a major impediment to analyzing the large datasets required to accurately model cellular processes. Computerized cell localization and quantification is critical for high-throughput morphometric analysis of developing embryonic tissues. We have developed the Incremental Cell Search (ICS), a novel software tool that expedites the analysis of relationships between morphological outgrowth and cell proliferation in embryonic tissues. Based on an estimated average cell size and stain color, ICS rapidly indicates the approximate location and amount of cells in histological images of labeled embryonic tissue and provides estimates of cell counts in regions with saturated fluorescence and blurred cell boundaries. This capacity opens the door to high-throughput 3D and 4D quantitative analyses of developmental patterns.
Cardiovascular System During the Postpartum State in Women With a History of Preeclampsia
Authors: Evans Caroline S. , Gooch Linda , Flotta Deborah , Lykins David , Powers Robert W. , Landsittel Douglas , Roberts James M. , Shroff Sanjeev G.
Published: May 2011

In subjects with previous preeclampsia, differences in cardiovascular and/or blood biochemical parameters are present in the nonpregnant state, and a simultaneous assessment of multiple derived indices better differentiates between women with or without previous preeclampsia. We examined 18 previous preeclamptic and 50 previous uncomplicated pregnancies, ≈16 months postpartum. Cardiovascular assessment included the following: (1) systemic hemodynamics and mechanics (Doppler echocardiography, tonometry, and oscillometric sphygmomanometry); (2) endothelial function (plethysmography); (3) left ventricular properties (echocardiography); and (4) blood biochemical analyses. Compared to women with previous uncomplicated pregnancies, previous preeclamptics had higher mean (80±1 versus 86±3 mm Hg;
P
=0.04) and diastolic (64±1 versus 68±2 mm Hg;
P
=0.04) pressures and total vascular resistance (1562±37 versus 1784±114 dyne · s/cm
5
;
P
=0.03). Systolic blood pressure, arterial compliance, and left ventricular properties were not different. Although heart-to-femoral pulse wave velocity was not different, heart-to-brachial pulse wave velocity tended to be faster in previous preeclamptics (374±8 versus 404±20 cm/s;
P
=0.06). Stress-induced increase in forearm blood flow was less in previous preeclamptics (245%±21% versus 136%±22%;
P
=0.01), indicating impaired endothelial function. No significant differences were observed in markers of endothelial activation, dyslipidemia, or oxidative stress; previous preeclamptics tended to have higher glucose level (58.7±1.9 versus 95±5.2 mg/dL;
P
=0.06). Logistic regression analysis indicated that a simultaneous evaluation of multiple derived indices better discriminated between the 2 groups. The differences in the previous preeclamptic group are in directions known to be associated with greater cardiovascular disease risk later in life.
Automating the Packing Heuristic Design Process with Genetic Programming
Authors: Burke Edmund K. , Hyde Matthew R. , Kendall Graham , Woodward John
Published: May 2011

The literature shows that one-, two-, and three-dimensional bin packing and knapsack packing are difficult problems in operational research. Many techniques, including exact, heuristic, and metaheuristic approaches, have been investigated to solve these problems and it is often not clear which method to use when presented with a new instance. This paper presents an approach which is motivated by the goal of building computer systems which can design heuristic methods. The overall aim is to explore the possibilities for automating the heuristic design process. We present a genetic programming system to automatically generate a good quality heuristic for each instance. It is not necessary to change the methodology depending on the problem type (one-, two-, or three-dimensional knapsack and bin packing problems), and it therefore has a level of generality unmatched by other systems in the literature. We carry out an extensive suite of experiments and compare with the best human designed heuristics in the literature. Note that our heuristic design methodology uses the same parameters for all the experiments. The contribution of this paper is to present a more general packing methodology than those currently available, and to show that, by using this methodology, it is possible for a computer system to design heuristics which are competitive with the human designed heuristics from the literature. This represents the first packing algorithm in the literature able to claim human competitive results in such a wide variety of packing domains.
Polish Sovietology in the Lead-up to the Cold War
Authors: Pipes Richard
Published: May 2011

After the Bolsheviks took power in Russia, some of the closest study of the new Communist regime and Soviet state was conducted by Polish scholars, whose country had a long history of troubled relations with Russia. Polish scholars had long been studying the Tsarist regime, but the advent of Soviet rule forced major adjustments. Some of the literature that emerged in Poland about the Soviet Union was perceptive, but other works were warped by anti-Semitism and an obsession with alleged Bolshevik-Judeo conspiracies. By the time of World War II, a substantial body of expertise about the USSR had accumulated in Poland. The war and the subsequent establishment of Soviet hegemony largely brought an end to this tradition, which could not truly be revived until after 1989.
Spatial Growth of Perturbations in a Turbulent Baroclinic Jet
Authors: Mahajan Rahul B. , Hakim Gregory J.
Published: May 2011

The spatial spreading of infinitesimal disturbances superposed on a turbulent baroclinic jet is explored. This configuration is representative of analysis errors in an idealized midlatitude storm track and the insight gained may be helpful to understand the spreading of forecast errors in numerical weather prediction models.

This problem is explored through numerical experiments of a turbulent baroclinic jet that is perturbed with spatially localized disturbances. Solutions from a quasigeostrophic model for the disturbance fields are compared with those for a passive tracer to determine whether disturbances propagate faster than the basic-state flow. Results show that the disturbance spreading rate is sensitive to the structure of the initial disturbance. Disturbances that are localized in potential vorticity (PV) have far-field winds that allow the disturbance to travel downstream faster than disturbances that are initially localized in geopotential, which have no far-field wind. Near the jet, the spread of the disturbance field is observed to exceed the tracer field for PV-localized disturbances, but not for the geopotential-localized disturbances. Spreading rates faster than the flow for geopotential-localized disturbances are found to occur only for disturbances located off the jet axis.

These results are compared with those for zonal and time-independent jets to qualitatively assess the effects of transience and nonlinearity. This comparison suggests that the average properties of localized perturbations to the turbulent jet can be decomposed into a superposition of dynamics associated with a time-independent parallel flow plus a “diffusion” process.