bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical vegetation dynamics and the carbon cycle: current requirements and future challenges for quantifying carbon fluxes in Australian terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Keenan Rodney J.
Published: September 2002

Concern about the potentially dangerous effects of increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases on global climate has resulted in international agreement to stabilise atmospheric concentrations of these gases. Terrestrial vegetation plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle and management actions that increase carbon stocks in vegetation and soils could potentially offset CO2 emissions from use of fossil fuels. Inclusion of such actions in international climate agreements has been controversial. The Kyoto Protocol allowed for a limited set of vegetation 'sink' activities to be accounted toward greenhouse-gas mitigation targets in the first commitment period and rules regarding implementation of these activities have recently been agreed. Inclusion of carbon in vegetation sinks in the Kyoto Protocol has focused policy attention on the need for better understanding and monitoring of carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. Recent investment in remote sensing, modelling and accounting systems has improved capacity to assess and report on carbon fluxes in vegetation, particularly those associated with recent land-cover change from forest to non-forest and vice versa. Quantitative understanding of carbon dynamics across the broader vegetation estate remains limited. Future challenges for a comprehensive assessment of carbon cycling in vegetation include quantification of the effects of changes in vegetation structure from historical changes in fire and grazing regimes, the impact of human and natural wildfire and the area and growth of regrowth forest created by past clearing and timber harvesting. Different reporting processes will require separation of the effects of human-induced versus natural processes. These will require greater investment in vegetation monitoring systems that efficiently integrate remote sensing and field measurements.
Are listed threatened plant species actually at risk?
Authors: Burgman Mark A.
Published: September 2002

Despite the fact that the most changes in lists of threatened species reflect
changes in knowledge rather than changes in conservation status, the lists
continue to provide social and legal mandates for conservation; they are used
to report on the state of the environment and to guide the allocation of
scarce resources. There is a substantial under-representation of non-vascular
species in threatened plant lists, reflected in an absence of documented
extinctions among fungi and algae. Turnover in the composition of extinct
flora lists in Australia suggests that the lists of threatened species may not
be sufficiently reliable to form the basis for reporting on the state of the
environment. They are of limited use in distinguishing between levels of
threat and may not be a reliable guide for the allocation of scarce
conservation resources among plant species. Systems for listing threatened
species create a feedback loop, responsive to the subjective preferences of
scientists, largely unresponsive to underlying true threats, self-perpetuating
and accentuating bias with each iteration. Other tools, including formal
decision approaches and the acquisition of new kinds of data, are needed to
fill the roles.
Assessing vegetation change over a century using repeat photography
Authors: Pickard John
Published: September 2002

Repeat photography is a technique of detecting changes in the landscape by comparing old and more recent photographs taken at the same place. Information gained is used to detect landscape change as one component of historical ecology. Understanding the causes of any change detected requires additional information. The technique was pioneered in vegetation ecology in Arizona and has since been applied in many other parts of the United States. After a description of the technique, the American experience is reviewed and the problems of detecting change and assigning cause are discussed. The relatively few Australian examples are briefly summarised. There are many limitations of repeat photography, but these can be controlled through a careful approach. Although repeat photography has rarely been used in Australia, it has significant applications in education, in understanding past changes and in helping to help predict future changes in vegetation.
Using photographs to document environmental change: the effects of dams on the riparian environment of the lower Ord River
Authors: Start A. N. , Handasyde T.
Published: September 2002

A series of photographs, mostly taken between 1952 and 1990 at three sites on the lower Ord River, Kimberley Region, Western Australia, was used to demonstrate that photographs can be used to describe environmental change in situations where there are no documented records. This study examined changes to riparian vegetation caused by the construction of two dams. The study has important implications for development of water allocation plans. In the post-dam era, relative hydrological stability brought about by curtailment of large floods and provision of perpetual flow in a once-seasonal river has allowed extensive development of emergent aquatic and fringing woodland communities throughout the study reach. The emergent aquatic communities and most of their component species were previously absent but the tree component of fringing woodland communities comprises species that were present before the dams were constructed, albeit in isolated, sheltered pockets. Limitations to the use of photographs included absence of any images through the first 50 years of pastoral use of the area, limited number of sites that attracted photographers and limits to the discernible detail (e.g. identity of species, even most trees, in landscape images).
Growth strategies of clonal palms (Arecaceae) in a neotropical rainforest, Yasuni, Ecuador
Authors: Svenning Jens-Christian
Published: September 2002

Growth strategies of clonal palms were studied in old-growth tropical
rainforest in Yasuní, Amazonian Ecuador. Genet structure, clonal and
sexual fecundity, and light availability were investigated for 188 genets
totalling 1256 ramets and 10 species. Negative relationships between risk of
stem bending and stem diameter and between stem diameter and number of large
ramets per genet were found. Recruitment of thick-stemmed species occurred in
better-lit microsites than where the smaller species occurred. The three most
common species were studied in more detail. Clonal and sexual fecundity were
only related to light availability in one species each. No general trade-off
between sexual and clonal reproduction was found. Sexual fecundity was related
to size in all three species, while clonal fecundity was so only in one
species. Overall, the results suggest that light availability poses a strong
constraint on the evolution of growth strategies in clonal understorey palms,
while the resource cost of sexual reproduction is not high enough to result in
a general trade-off between sexual and clonal reproduction. It is also
concluded that in understorey palms clonal growth is more a growth strategy
than a dispersion-propagation strategy.
Genetic bottlenecks and dysgenic gene flow into re-established populations of the grassland daisy, Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides
Authors: Young A. G. , Murray B. G.
Published: September 2002

Allozyme and chromosomal variation were compared between five small
re-established populations of the endangered grassland daisy
Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides and the two large, wild
tetraploid (2n = 44) populations from which they
were derived, to assess whether re-establishment has been associated with a
significant genetic bottleneck. Mean allelic richness at five allozyme loci
was lower in re-established populations than in their progenitors, but there
were no differences in levels of heterozygosity or gene fixation. In contrast,
re-established populations had a greater range of cytotypes than the wild
populations, with novel cytotypes including euploids, aneuploids and
chromosomal rearrangements. Some of this increased cytological diversity may
be attributable to increased rates of disjunctional errors under increased
inbreeding in small populations. However, the presence of
2n = 33 triploid plants in the re-established
populations, along with the occurance of two allozyme alleles that are
otherwise unique to a neighbouring diploid population, both suggest that
immigration is also influencing the chromosomal architecture of the new
populations. Although the two types of genetic diversity examined show
apparently contrasting responses to re-establishment, both of the observed
changes in diversity may negatively affect population viability. If losses in
allozyme diversity are paralleled by a loss of mating types in this
self-incompatible species there is the potential for significant effects on
population demography. Increased frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities,
which are often associated with lowered fertility, will also reduce mean
individual fitness.
Application of genetic markers in the domestication, conservation and utilisation of genetic resources of Australasian tree species
Authors: Moran G. F. , Butcher P. A. , Glaubitz J. C.
Published: September 2002

Domestication programs are currently being developed for a number of
Australasian tropical tree species for plantations largely outside Australia.
An assessment of the genetic resources of several species has been made on the
basis of levels and patterns of genetic diversity at molecular marker loci. On
the basis of growth performance and other quantitatively inherited commercial
traits, populations from only limited regions of the geographic range were
included in baseline selections of breeding programs for species such as
Acacia mangium, A. auriculiformis,
A. aulacocarpa and
Eucalyptus pellita. For
A. mangium, this domestication strategy resulted in a
high proportion of the genetic resources of the species being included in
breeding programs, but for other species such as
A. aulacocarpa a significant fraction of the genetic
resources were not incorporated into the baseline populations. The same
molecular marker data sets enabled the formulation of conservation strategies
both in situ and ex situ for these important commercial
species.
Within Australia many tree species are utilised directly from native forests
in the absence of domestication efforts. Preliminary results from a study on
genetic impacts of silvicultural regeneration practices in native forests
indicate that there is very limited loss in genetic diversity in
E. sieberi, a locally abundant species, under either
clearfelling with aerial resowing or the seed tree system. Questions remain
concerning the impact of silvicultural regeneration practices on species that
are more locally rare.
Phylogeography and conservation of three oil mallee taxa, Eucalyptus kochii ssp. kochii, ssp. plenissima and E. horistes
Authors: Byrne M. , Macdonald B.
Published: September 2002

Eucalyptus kochii ssp. kochii,
ssp. plenissima and E. horistes
are planted for eucalypt oil production and land rehabilitation in Western
Australia. Variation in cpDNA was investigated by RFLP analysis of 10
populations across the distribution of the three taxa. Diversity in the
chloroplast genome was high, with most of the diversity distributed between
populations. The three taxa formed a cohesive group that was clearly
differentiated from E. oleosa, which was used as an
outgroup. There was some differentiation of E. kochii
ssp. kochii from E. kochii ssp.
plenissima and E. horistes.
Several mutations specific to the E. kochii ssp.
kochii, ssp. plenissima and
E. horistes haplotypes were present in a variant of
E. oleosa, suggesting that introgression has occurred.
Congruence between cp gene genealogy and geographic distribution was
consistent with limited maternal gene flow between populations. There was
little structuring of haplotype diversity and the pattern of variation in the
cp genome was congruent with that previously detected in the nuclear genome.
Leaf morphological and anatomical characteristics of heteroblastic Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus (Myrtaceae)
Authors: James Shelley A. , Bell David T.
Published: September 2002

Leaf characteristics of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp.
globulus vary in response to plant genotype, ontogenetic
position and environmental conditions. Glasshouse-grown seedlings from
provenances at St Marys, Tasmania, and Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, produced
seedling leaves for 10 nodes before producing leaves of juvenile form.
Tasmanian provenance seedlings began to produce juvenile leaves after 18
weeks, 4 weeks earlier than Wilsons Promontory seedlings. Tasmanian seedlings
continued to produce juvenile foliage, whereas Wilsons Promontory seedlings
began producing transitional leaves at 33 weeks. Successive transitional
leaves ranged from the juvenile to the adult leaf form owing to variability in
the rate of change of particular morphological and anatomical leaf
characteristics. Retention of broad, thin, sessile, horizontally oriented,
dorsiventral, hypostomatal juvenile leaves of Tasmanian seedlings assists in
increasing growth rates under mesic conditions. Early production of thick,
narrow, petiolate, vertically oriented, isobilateral, amphistomatal adult
leaves by Wilsons Promontory seedlings appears to be related to the stressful
conditions within its local habitat. An increase in amphistomy and the
distribution of palisade mesophyll on both leaf surfaces with ontogenetic
development was strongly related to leaf orientation and light interception,
increasing the supply of CO2 for photosynthesis.
Germination and dormancy of grassy woodland and forest species: effects of smoke, heat, darkness and cold
Authors: Clarke Peter J. , Davison Elizabeth A. , Fulloon Lindsay
Published: September 2002

The germination requirements of a broad spectrum of common species found in
grassy woodlands and forests in the New England region of northern New South
Wales were tested in a series of replicated growth-cabinet experiments. The
effects of dark/diurnal light and smoke/no smoke were measured on 65
species in an orthogonal experiment, 21 of which were retested after storage
for 12 months. The effect of storage for several years was also assessed under
a diurnal light regime. In addition, the effects of preimbibition heat
(80˚C), and chilling on germination were also measured. A single
temperature regime (15˚C night/25˚C day) was used in all
treatments for comparative purposes. Most species had high viability and
germinability under a diurnal light regime. Small shrub species included,
however, a large proportion of species with entrenched dormancy. Light
enhanced germination of 21 species significantly, whereas dark stimulated
germination of only eight species. Heat and cold treatments also stimulated
some germination but more often inhibited germination or produced no effect.
Smoke stimulated germination, relative to other cues, in only one species
(Ajuga australis) and more often inhibited germination
or produced no effect. The relationship between variation in germination
(stimulation, no effect or inhibition) of species in six growth-form classes
was tested by using contingency tables for each treatment. No significant
relationship between growth form and the effects of light, smoke or chilling
was detected. Preimbibition heat effects were, however, significantly
different among growth forms. Subshrubs showed a higher than expected
proportion of species with a heat stimuli while herbaceous species showed a
higher than expected proportion of species inhibited by preimbibition heat.
Germinability generally increased in herbaceous species when stored at ambient
temperatures while it remained relatively constant in woody species.
Conversely, viability decreased in herbaceous species but remained relatively
more constant in woody species. The effects of seed storage and high
germinability suggest that most perennial herbaceous species have transient or
short-term persistent seed banks. Germinability, with and without cues, was
also negatively correlated with increasing seed size and larger growth forms.
These traits might be related to the need for woody species, with soil-stored
seed banks, to spread establishment risks in an environment where herbaceous
competition and herbivory are likely to be important selection factors.
Asymmetric Syntheses of Isochroman-4,7-diols Through Intramolecular Cyclization of Tethered Lactaldehydes.
Authors: Giles Robin G. F. , Green Ivan R. , Gruchlik Yolanta , Oosthuizen Francois J.
Published: September 2002

Ready cyclization through silica gel chromatography of the asymmetric phenolic
lactaldehyde (14) afforded the diastereomeric pair of isochroman-4,7-diols
(21) and (23) in good yield, while (17), the benzylic epimer of (14),
similarly yielded the isochroman-4,7-diol (25) as a single diastereomer.
Nickel(II) Compounds of a Tetraazacyclopentadecene; the Structure of (1RS,3SR,8SR,12SR,13RS)-(3,5,7,7,13,15,15-Heptamethyl-1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadec-4-ene-N1,N4,N8,N12)-nickel(II) Perchlorate
Authors: Curtis Neil F. , Rickard Clifton E. F. , Waters Joyce M.
Published: September 2002

One imine function of
(3,5,7,7,13,15,15-heptamethyl-1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadeca-4,12-diene)nickel(II)
is reduced by NaBH4 to form the mono-imine-triamine
cation, which forms an orange, S = 1,
perchlorate salt and a blue-violet, S = 3,
dithiocyanato compound. The structure of
(1RS,3SR,8SR,12SR,13RS)-(3,5,7,7,13,15,15-heptamethyl-1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadeca-4-ene-N1,N4,N8,N12) nickel(II) perchlorate is reported. The unit cell
contains two independent but closely similar cations, with
tetrahedrally-twisted square-planar coordination {mean deviations from N4 planes; ± 0.23 Å, with Ni 0.05
Å from the plane; mean distances; Ni–Namine 1.925(5), Ni–Nimine
1.907(9) Å [C18H38Cl2N4NiO8, triclinic, space group P1,
a 8.6793(2), b 8.6808(2),
c 16.8278(4) Å, α 90.080(1), β
90.004(1), γ 93.348(1)°, Z 2,
R 1 0.063 for 9906 reflections
with I>2σ
(I)]}.
Conformation of 1-Oxy Cyclohexenes Deriving from Diels-Alder Cycloaddition: Spectroscopic and X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis
Authors: Cameron Donald W. , Gable Robert W. , Heisey Ross M. , White Jonathan M.
Published: September 2002

For cycloadduct (6), derived by reaction of the (Z)-oxy diene (7) with the
dienophile (8), the newly formed cyclohexene ring is shown by spectroscopic
and X-ray crystal structure analysis to be based on the half-chair
conformation (9). This contrasts with analogous diastereomeric adducts from
(E)-oxy dienes, which are based on the ring-flipped
conformation (4). The determinant for this conformational difference is
suggested to be the stereoelectronic preference of the allylic oxy
substituent, in (4) and (9), for a pseudoaxial orientation to the double bond
of the cyclohexene system.
Halogenated Terpenoids. XXXI. Tribromides from the Bromination of Various Exocyclic Olefins
Authors: Carman Raymond M. , Hansford Karl A. , Kennard Colin H. L.
Published: September 2002

Bromination of methylene groups exocyclic to cyclohexyl systems can afford,
besides the expected trans-dibromo products,
considerable quantities of a tribromide. For example, simple bromination of
4-t-butyl-1-methylidene-cyclohexane affords c.
20% yield of (r-1, t-2,
c-4)-1,2-dibromo-1-bromomethyl-4-t-butylcyclohexane.
Selective On-Resonance N.M.R. Irradiation of a Dipolar Double.
Authors: Separovic Frances , Skrynnikov Nikolai R. , Sanctuary Bryan C.
Published: September 2002

Raman magnetic resonance where double-quantum transitions are observed without
the need for multidimensional n.m.r. spectroscopy has been investigated
further. Theoretical analysis of the on-resonance case where weak
continuous-wave irradiation was applied at the frequency of a single-quantum
transition was performed and guidelines for a consistent perturbation
treatment were devised. Theoretical results agree well with experimental data
obtained for a system of two dipolar coupled nuclei of spin oriented by a
liquid crystal. The same approach is applicable to near-resonance experiments
which are shown to be the optimal experimental scheme for Raman n.m.r. By
using weak selective irradiation, a symmetric excitation–detection
scheme can be realized for multiple-quantum n.m.r. experiments. Near- or
on-resonance selective irradiation provides an efficient transfer of
multiquantum coherence into observable coherences and could be used to study
multiquantum relaxation processes.
The Structure of a Methylpalladium(II) Complex of Pyridine-2-carboxylato (N - O) and Triphenylphosphine (PPh3), [Pd(CH3)(N - O)(PPh3)]
Authors: Hambley Trevor W. , Frankcombe Katrina E. , Yates Brian F. , Cavell Kingsley J. , Knott Robert B.
Published: September 2002

The compound
[Pd(CH3)(PPh3)(N–O)]
(N–O represents pyridine-2-carboxylato (pyca)) has been synthesized and
the structure determined. The compound crystallized in the monoclinic space
group
P21/c,
a 8.4844(9), b 12.845(2),
c 19.690(3) Å, b 92.09(1)˚,
V 2144.4(5) Å 3 ,
Z 4, and was refined to an R value
of 0.022 on 3551 F. The structure had a distorted
square-planar geometry in which the donor nitrogen and phosphine ligands are
trans.
New Macrocyclic Ligands. XI. Synthesis, X-Ray Structure and Computational Studies of a New N2O4S2-Heteroatom Cage
Authors: Atkinson Ian M. , Hockless David C. R. , Lindoy Leonard F. , Matthews Owen A. , Meehan George V. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: September 2002

The synthesis and single-crystal X-ray structure determination of a new cage
molecule containing four oxygen, two sulfur, and two nitrogen heteroatoms are
described. The structure determination shows that a twist occurs about each
(tribenzyl) nitrogen bridgehead so that an overall helical configuration
within putative quasi-2 symmetry is generated; both nitrogens have their lone
pairs orientatedexo. Single crystals of this compound
are homochiral. Semiempirical MO calculations have been used to probe the
topological rigidity of this system relative to the more symmetrical analogue
incorporating six oxygen and two nitrogen heteroatoms reported previously. The
introduction of the sulfur atoms appears to restrict the facile
interconversion between enantiomers that was predicted for the
N2O6-analogue mentioned above. The
implications of the structure for the design of larger cages are discussed.
Dehydrocollatolic Acid, a New Depsidone from the Lichen Parmotrema nilgherrense
Authors: Kharel Madan K. , Rai Narayan P. , Manandhar Mangala D. , Elix John A. , Wardlaw Judith H.
Published: September 2002

No abstract available.
Atomically Flat Gold for Biomolecule Immobilization and Imaging
Authors: Losic Dusan , Shapter Joe G. , Gooding J. Justin
Published: September 2002

A method of easily fabricating gold surfaces that are atomically flat (less
than 1 nm variation in height) over large areas using mica as a template is
outlined. The smooth gold surfaces are prepared by vacuum-depositing gold onto
mica surfaces maintained at 300˚C. After deposition of the gold, the
surfaces are annealed at 300˚C for a further 16 h before removal from the
vacuum chamber. Cryogenically stripping the gold from the mica revealed flat
surfaces that allowed ‘defect-free’ self-assembled monolayers to
be produced and the imaging of biomolecules with sufficient resolution to
ascertain their orientation on the surface.
Manuscript received: 17 September 2001.
Revised version: 15 November 2001.
Synthesis of D-Galactopyranosides of trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline Utilizing the Sulfoxide Glycosylation Method
Authors: Taylor C. M. , Weir C. A. , Jørgensen C. G.
Published: September 2002

Phenyl 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (1) was converted into two sulfoxide glycosyl donors: phenyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl)-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside S-oxide (3) and phenyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl)- 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside S-oxide (5). These glycosyl donors were then each reacted with Na- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline allyl ester (7). The glycosylation reactions were conducted at -70°C with triflic anhydride as promotor, in the presence of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine. In the case of the perbenzylated sulfoxide donor (3), the major product was Na-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-trans-4-hydroxy- 4-O-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl)-a-D-galactopyranosyl]-L-proline allyl ester (8a). In dichloromethane, the a-to-β ratio was 3 : 1 and in toluene this improved to 5 : 1, with a combined yield of 41%. In the case of the perpivaloylated sulfoxide donor (5), Na-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-trans-4-hydroxy-4-O-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl)-β-D- galactopyranosyl]-L-proline allyl ester (9) was obtained as the sole glycoside product in 46% yield.
1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-arabinopyranose: A Neutron Refinement and Comparison with X-Ray Refinement
Authors: James V. J. , Moore F. H. , Stevens J. D.
Published: September 2002

A neutron diffraction study of 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-arabinopyranose, C13H18O9, has been carried out. Space group P21; Z 2; a 10.0779(5), b 9.0228(5), c 8.9659(5) �and β 101.965(5)°. Full-matrix least squares refinements varying anisotropic parameters for all atoms have led to a discrepancy value over all data of 0.058 and R w 0.054. This structure gives a precise determination of position and thermal motion parameters for all hydrogen atoms. The neutron diffraction results agree well with the X-ray results for non-hydrogen positional and thermal parameters.
Synthesis of Mannosyl and Oligomannosyl Threonine Building Blocks found on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 45 kDa MPT 32 Glycoprotein
Authors: Varon D. , Unverzagt C. , Lioy E. , Patarroyo M. E. , Schratt X.
Published: September 2002

Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretes a 45 kDa glycoprotein (MPT 32) carrying mannosylated threonine residues. A general strategy was developed to couple peracetylated mannose, α -(1,2)-linked mannobiose or mannotriose to Fmoc-threonine-benzyl ester. Activation of mannosyl acetates or fluorides by borontrifluoride etherate gave the desired Fmoc-glycosyl amino acid building blocks in good yields. The synthesis leads to stable compounds and can easily be scaled up.
Simple Method for the Handling of Crystals at Low Temperature: Application to the X-Ray Structure Determination of But2P(=NSiMe3)NHSiMe3 and [But2P(NSiMe3)2]Li·(thf)2
Authors: Edwards A. J. , Wenger E.
Published: September 2002

Crystals of the very soluble iminophosphonamide species But2P(=NSiMe3)NHSiMe3 (1) and [But2P(NSiMe3)2]Li�(thf)2 (2) have been obtained and were mounted at dry-ice temperature using a propan-2-ol matrix for X-ray data collection at 100 K. This very simple method for handling the crystals at low temperature is described together with the resulting molecular structures of (1) and (2).
A Direct Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-[6-3H]glucopyranosyl Uridine-5´-diphosphate
Authors: Stick R. V. , Watts A. G.
Published: September 2002

The synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-[6-3H]glucopyranosyl uridine-5�-diphosphate, with the late introduction of the radiolabel, has been achieved from 3,4-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-glucosyl diphenyl phosphate, by an oxidation-reduction sequence, followed by protecting group removal and morpholidate coupling to uridine-5�-monophosphate.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of the Coordination Polymer Mn(dca)2(H2O)2·2Me4pyz, dca = Dicyanamide (N(CN)2-), Me4pyz = Tetramethylpyrazine
Authors: Kutasi A. M. , Harris A. R. , Batten S. R. , Moubaraki B. , Murray K. S.
Published: September 2002

The structure of Mn(dca)2(H2O)2�2Me4pyz (dca = dicyanamide, N(CN)2-; Me4pyz = tetramethylpyrazine) contains one-dimensional polymeric chains of Mn(dca)2(H2O)2. The Me4pyz molecules hydrogen-bond to the water ligands, and form ���Me4pyz���H2O���Me4pyz���H2O��� chains which flank either side of the coordination polymer chains. Magnetic susceptibility studies show that very weak intra-chain antiferromagnetic-coupling occurs.
Pigments of Fungi. LXIII. Synthesis of (1S,3R)- and (1R,3S)-Austrocortilutein and the Enantiomeric Purity of Austrocortilutein in some Australian Dermocybe Toadstools
Authors: Elsworth Catherine , Gill Melvyn , Raudies Evelin , Ten Abilio
Published: September 2002

The naturally occurring tetrahydroanthraquinones
(1S,3R)- and
(1R,3S)-austrocortilutein (1b) and
(1d), respectively, are synthesized for the first time in enantiomerically
pure form by Diels–Alder cycloaddition between the functionalized
butadiene derivative (4) and the corresponding monochiral
trans-1,3-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-
tetrahydro-5,8-naphthoquinone (5a) or (5b), themselves derived from citramalic
acid. Separation of the four stereoisomeric austrocortiluteins by using
h.p.l.c. over a chiral stationary phase reveals that the enantiomeric purity
of the (1S,3S)- and
(1R,3R)-quinones (1a) and (1c)
varies from species to species whereas the
(1S,3R)-isomer (1b) is, in the
five cases examined, enantiomerically pure.
Synthesis, Structures and Spectroscopic Properties of 1 : 1 Complexes of Gold(I) Halides with Trimesitylphosphine
Authors: Bott Raymond C. , Bowmaker Graham A. , Buckley Robbie W. , Healy Peter C. , Perera M. C. Senake
Published: September 2002

Monomeric two-coordinate gold(I) complexes,
[Au(P(mes)3)X] (P(mes)3
= tris(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phosphine, X = Cl, Br and I), have
been prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure
determinations, far-infrared spectroscopy and solution and solid-state CPMAS
31 P n.m.r. spectroscopy. X-Ray structure determinations
show that crystals obtained from solutions of
[NBu4] [AuX2]
and P(mes)3 in acetonitrile for X = Cl, Br and I
and in dimethylformamide (dmf) for X = Br and I form an isomorphous
series of complexes, crystallizing in space group
P21/c
with a ª 8, b ª 22,
c ª 13 Å, b ª 98˚ (a form).
Crystallization of the chloride from dimethylformamide yields the solvated
complex [Au(P(mes)3)X]·(dmf) in space
group P2/a with a 15.224(2),
b 10.070(1), c 18.210(4) Å,
b 100.42(2)˚. Electrochemical synthesis of the complexes for X =
Cl and Br yield two new crystalline phases; the chloride in space group
P21/c
with a 10.249(2), b 8.189(2),
c 31.844(3) Å, b 91.68(1)˚ (b form) and the
bromide in space group Pbca with a
19.208(4), b 15.586(3), c
16.962(4) Å ( g form). The Au–P bond lengths increase in the order
Cl < Br < I with distances c. 0.02–0.03
Å longer than average values for other
[Au(PR3)X] complexes, reflecting steric
congestion by the P(mes)3 ligand. For the unsolvated
complexes, the Au–X distances are c. 0.02 Å
shorter than average values. For the Cl/dmf solvate, both Au–P and
Au–X bond lengths increase. For the a complexes, far-infrared spectra
show n(Au 35,37 Cl) 336, 329 cm
–1 , n(AuBr) 234 cm –1
and n(AuI) 195 cm –1 and solid-state
31 P CPMAS n.m.r. spectra yield broad peaks with
d–3.9 (Cl), –0.6 (Br) and +6.0 I). For the Cl/dmf
solvate, n(Au 35,37 Cl) are 334, 327 cm
–1 and d is –4.4. Solution
31 P n.m.r. spectra in CDCl3 give
sharp single peaks at d –5.0 (Cl), –1.4 (Br) and +5.5 (I)
with the similarity of the values with those for the solid-state spectra
consistent with similar conformational structures for the
[Au(P(mes)3)X] molecules in the two states.
Pigments of Fungi. LXV. Tetrahydroanthraquinone and Anthraquinone Gentiobiosides from the Fungus Dermocybe splendida
Authors: Gill Melvyn , Smrdel Albin F.
Published: September 2002

The tetrahydroanthraquinones
(1S,3S)-austrocortirubin (7) and
(1S,3S)-austrocortilutein (10) and
the anthraquinones austrocortinin (13), xanthorin (14) and
3-methylxanthopurpurin 6-O-methyl ether (15) occur in
the fungus Dermocybe splendida mainly in the form of
their respective 8-O-β-D-gentiobiosides (26), (11),
(16), (19) and (22) (gentiobiose =
6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose). The
various gentiobiosides are isolated from lyophilized fruit bodies, separated
by chromatography and characterized, in the main, as their acetyl derivatives
by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Amethod for the selective cleavage of
phenolic acetyl groups in peracetylated anthraquinone and
tetrahydroanthraquinone glycosides is described.
The response of broad- and fine-wool Merino wethers to differential grazing of annual pastures during spring
Authors: Hyder M. W. , Thompson A. N. , Doyle P. T. , Tanaka K.
Published: September 2002

Two experiments examined the effects of manipulating grazing pressure during
spring on the liveweight and wool-growth response of fine- and broad-wool
genotypes of Merino wethers grazing annual pastures. One-year-old broad- and
fine-wool Merino wethers (Bungaree and Peppin; mean fibre diameter 25.4
v. 20.7 m and 22.1 v. 19.8 m
before years 1 and 2, respectively) were grazed on annual pastures maintained
near target amounts of green feed on offer (800, 1100, 1400, 2000 and 2800 kg
green DM/ha), or set-stocked at the district average of 8 sheep/ha,
during the spring of 1992 and 1993. Within the control-grazed treatments,
there was no significant difference in the total amount of pasture produced
during the experimental periods but more (P<0.05)
pasture was produced under set-stocking (7900 v. 5400 kg
DM/ha and 7700 v. 5600 kg DM/ha in years 1 and
2, respectively).
Liveweight change was linear for most treatments over the first 90 days or so
of the spring grazing period, and in both years the average rate of liveweight
change was similar for both genotypes. Liveweight change increased
(P<0.001) curvilinearly with increasing feed on
offer, which explained more than 80% of the variance in liveweight
change in both years. A significant (P<0.05) green
feed on offer × year interaction indicated a different response to feed
on offer between years, with liveweight maintenance occurring at about 500 and
1060 kg DM/ha in years 1 and 2, respectively. Within genotypes, there was
no significant (P>0.05) difference in liveweight
change during spring for sheep grazing treatments 2000 kg DM/ha or above.
Sheep from the broad-wool genotype produced more
(P<0.05) wool than those from the fine-wool genotype
and, as expected, the wool was also significantly broader at all feed on offer
levels. For both broad- and fine-wool sheep, feed on offer and liveweight
change were closely correlated with wool growth rate and fibre diameter in
both years. The asymptote of the relationships with feed on offer and the
intercept of the relationships with liveweight change was greater
(P<0.05) for broad- than fine-wool sheep. However,
there was no significant difference between genotypes in either size and shape
or slope of these relationships. In other words, the wool-growth and
fibre-diameter response of broad-wool sheep to decreasing feed on offer in the
spring was the same as that for fine-wool sheep.
For both genotypes, annual clean-wool production
(P<0.001) and mean fibre diameter
(P<0.05) increased withincreasing feed on offer
during spring. The total amount of wool grown per hectare during spring
decreased linearly (P<0.001) with increasing feed on
offer. Grazing to about 2500 kg DM/ha more-than trebled the total clean
wool produced per hectare compared with set-stocking. Thus, irrespective of
sheep genotype, managing feed on offer in spring is a useful tool for
manipulating wool characteristics, and increasing pasture utilisation and
total wool production per unit area.
Effects of grazing management and stocking rate on pasture production, ewe liveweight, ewe fertility and lamb growth on subterranean clover-based pasture in Western Australia
Authors: Davies H. Lloyd , Southey I. N.
Published: September 2002

Border Leicester x Merino ewes joined to Dorset Horn rams were grazed for 3
years on subterranean clover-based pastures established on virgin ground at
Bakers Hill, Western Australia, at 3 stocking rates and 2 systems of grazing
management (viz. continuous grazing compared with a deferred grazing system
which was designed to ensure that pasture availability met the nutritional
requirements of breeding ewes at critical phases of their reproductive cycle).
Both stocking rate and grazing management affected pasture availability: there
was always a greater amount of pasture available on offer under the deferred
grazing system. However, this extra pasture rarely increased animal
production; the effect of the deferred grazing compared with continuous
grazing was inconsequential for ewe liveweight in late pregnancy and for lamb
growth rate. The deferred grazing system promoted grass dominance at all
stocking rates whereas there was only 24% grass under continuous
grazing at the high stocking rate. Stocking rate on some occasions affected
ewe liveweight at joining but always affected the prelambing weight. The
highest stocking rate on some occasions reduced twinning rate. Stocking rate
(particularly in 1966) affected lamb growth rate. The combination of the
effect of stocking rate on twinning rate, lamb survival and lamb growth rate
resulted in a lower proportion of lambs achieving 30 kg liveweight per lamb
marked at higher stocking rates (3-year mean low stocking rate 106%
lambs marketed; medium stocking rate 95% and high stocking rate
80%). In 1966, total plasma ketones were lower and plasma glucose
(measure of ewe metabolic status) was higher on the deferred system than on
the continuously grazed system.
Protein supplementation of cows grazing limited amounts of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.)-dominant irrigated pasture in mid-lactation
Authors: Wales W. J. , Dellow D. W. , Doyle P. T.
Published: September 2002

Two experiments were undertaken in summer to investigate production responses
by dairy cows offered paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum
Poir.)-dominant irrigated pasture to the inclusion of protein supplements with
different rumen degradable protein characteristics in cereal grain-based
concentrates. In experiment 1, cows in mid lactation were offered limited
amounts of herbage, at an allowance of 28 kg DM/cow. day together with 8.0
kg DM/cow. day of a pelleted supplement containing: (i) mainly barley and
wheat; (ii) barley, wheat and canola meal; or (iii) barley, wheat and
cottonseed meal for 35 days. The 3 supplements were formulated to have similar
in vitro DM digestibilities. In experiment 2 aspects of
rumen function were measured in 9 rumen fistulated lactating cows,
individually fed indoors on paspalum-dominant herbage harvested daily with a
finger bar mower. Cows were offered the same amount of supplements for 28
days. Pasture intakes were similar to those of the grazing cows in experiment
1.
In experiment 1, there were no effects (P>0.05) of
dietary treatment on herbage intake (10.2 kg DM/cow. day) or selection of
nutrients from herbage. The concentration of crude protein in the total diet
consumed was lower (P<0.05) for the barley +
wheat treatment (137 g/kg DM), compared with the barley + wheat
+ canola meal and barley + wheat + cottonseed meal treatments,
which were 179 and 183 g/kg DM, respectively.
In vitro DM digestibility of the feed consumed by cows
was similar across the treatments, and all diets contained greater than 400 g
neutral detergent fibre/kg DM, indicating there were no limitations due to
dietary fibre. There were no significant effects
(P>0.05) of dietary treatments on milk production
(21.8 kg/cow. day), milk fat concentration (34.1 g/kg) or milk protein
concentration (29.8 g/kg). Urea-N was higher
(P<0.01) in the milk of cows fed the barley +
wheat + canola meal and the barley + wheat + cottonseed meal
treatments compared with the barley + wheat treatment. In experiment 2,
rumen fluid pH was higher in cows consuming barley + wheat pellets than
in cows consuming barley + wheat + canola meal on most sampling
occasions. Rumen ammonia-N concentration was lowest in the barley + wheat
treatment and highest in the barley + wheat + canola meal treatment.
When cows grazing paspalum-dominant irrigated pasture were supplemented with 8
kg DM of a cereal-based supplement, metabolisable protein was calculated to be
present in sufficient quantities to support at least 22 kg milk/cow. day
and, hence, was not limiting milk production. It is concluded that protein
supplements offered to cows in mid-lactation, grazing irrigated pastures in
summer, are unlikely to give a milk production response beyond that achieved
with cereal grain.
Genesis of the Cooperative Research Centre for the Cattle and Beef Industry: integration of resources for beef quality research (1993-2000)
Authors: Bindon B. M.
Published: September 2002

The Cooperative Research Centre for the Cattle and Beef Industry (Meat
Quality) was formulated in 1992 by CSIRO, the University of New England (UNE),
NSW Agriculture and Queensland Department of Primary Industries (QDPI) to
address the emerging beef quality issue facing the Australian beef industry at
that time: the demand from domestic and export consumers for beef of
consistent eating quality. An integrated program of research involving meat
science, molecular and quantitative genetics and growth and nutrition was
developed. To meet the expectations of the Commonwealth of Australia,
additional projects dealing with animal health and welfare and environmental
waste generated by feedlot cattle were included. The program targeted both
grain- and grass-finished cattle from temperate and tropical Australian
environments. Integration of research on this scale could not have been
achieved by any of the participating institutions working alone.
This paper describes the financial and physical resources needed to implement
the program and the management expertise necessary for its completion. The
experience of developing and running the Cooperative Research Centre confirms
the complexity and cost of taking large numbers of pedigreed cattle through to
carcass and meat quality evaluation. Because of the need to capture the
commercial value of the carcass, it was necessary to work within the
commercial abattoir system. During the life of the Cooperative Research
Centre, abattoir closure and/or their willingness to tolerate the Research
Centre’s experimental requirements saw the Cooperative Research Centre
operations move to 6 different abattoirs in 2 states, each time losing some
precision and considerable revenue. This type of constraint explains why
bovine meat science investigations on this scale have not previously been
attempted. The Cooperative Research Centre project demonstrates the importance
of generous industry participation, particularly in cattle breeding
initiatives. Such involvement, together with the leadership provided by an
industry-driven Board guarantees early uptake of results by beef industry
end-users.
The Cooperative Research Centre results now provide the blueprint for genetic
improvement of beef quality traits in Australian cattle herds. Heritabilities
of beef tenderness, eating quality, marbling, fatness and retail beef yields
are now recorded. Genetic correlations between these traits and growth traits
are also available. Outstanding sires for beef quality have been identified.
Linked genetic markers for some traits have been described and commercialised.
Non-genetic effects on beef quality have been quantified. Australian vaccines
against bovine respiratory disease have been developed and commercialised,
leading to a reduction in antibiotic use and better cattle performance.
Sustainable re-use of feedlot waste has been devised.
Effects of sulfur on Trichogramma egg parasitoids in vineyards: measuring toxic effects and establishing release windows
Authors: Thomson L. J. , Glenn D. C. , Hoffmann A. A.
Published: September 2002

Trichogramma parasitoids are a commonly released
biological control agent against Lepidopteran pests. In vineyards in
south-eastern Australia, Trichogramma carverae is
released to control lightbrown apple moth
(Epiphyas postvittana), a pest of grapevines. Sulfur is
also sprayed on the vines to control powdery mildew and mites. Our experiments
aimed to assess the potential impact of sulfur use on released and resident
Trichogramma species (T. carverae,
T. funiculatum) and to devise a protocol to maximise the
potential of Trichogramma and optimally integrate the
use of chemicals with biocontrol. Laboratory and field studies indicate that
sulfur is harmful to adults and to immature stages contained within hosts
where it increases mortality and reduces fitness of the emerged wasps.
Persistence trials showed that release of Trichogramma 6
days after sulfur spraying will reduce the effects on released organisms. To
reduce the impact on resident Trichogramma, other
chemicals will need to be used.
Relationship between yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and soil salinity under field conditions
Authors: Daniells I. G. , Holland J. F. , Young R. R. , Alston C. L. , Bernardi A. L.
Published: September 2002

Three field experiments using grain sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor), an important dryland summer crop on
the Liverpool Plains in northern New South Wales, were conducted: (i) to
determine the effect of dryland salinity on the yield of commercial crops at 2
sites; (ii) to see if ridging the soil would ameliorate the problem; and (iii)
to compare 16 commercial varieties for tolerance to dryland salinity.
Grain sorghum was shown to be more severely affected by dryland salinity than
most literature would suggest. Over 3 seasons and 2 sites, sorghum yield was
reduced by 50% at soil electrical conductivity (saturation extract,
ECe) levels as low as 2.8 dS/m whereas advisory
literature indicated a salinity threshold (no yield reduction) for sorghum of
6.8 dS/m, and 50% yield reduction at 9.9 dS/m. Current advisory
literature is based on research where salinity was artificially imposed after
plants were established in non-saline soil. The measurements described in this
paper were on sorghum sown into saline soil.
Soil and crop management strategies (ridging the soil or choosing a tolerant
variety) showed limited potential for improving yields of grain sorghum on
saline soil.
At one site, the ECe varied widely across the paddock
but little down the soil profile at any sampling point. Hence, analysing the
surface soil would indicate the salinity hazard. However, at a second site,
where ECe levels in the surface soil were low (<2
dS/m) everywhere, ECe at soil depths of 1 m varied
widely (from 2 to 15 dS/m) across the paddock. Soil sampling to assess
salinity hazard before crop planting should therefore include the entire root
zone.