bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Less conservative stability criteria for linear systems with interval time‐varying delays
Authors: Sun Jian , Han Qing‐Long , Chen Jie , Liu Guo‐Ping
Published: October 2013

The problem of the stability of a linear system with an interval time‐varying delay is investigated. A new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional that fully uses information about the lower bound of the time‐varying delay is constructed to derive new stability criteria. It is proved that the proposed Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional can lead to less conservative results than some existing ones. Based on the proposed Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, two stability conditions are developed using two different methods to estimate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional's derivative. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate that the two stability conditions are complementary and yield a larger maximum upper bound of the time‐varying delay than some existing results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning from berberine: Treating chronic diseases through multiple targets
Authors: Yao Jing , Kong WeiJia , Jiang JianDong
Published: October 2013

Although advances have been made, chemotherapy for chronic, multifactorial diseases such as cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes is far from satisfactory. Agents with different mechanisms of action are required. The botanic compound berberine (BBR) has been used as an over-the-counter antibacterial for diarrhea in China for many decades. Recent clinical studies have shown that BBR may be therapeutic in various types of chronic diseases. This review addresses BBR’s molecular mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart diseases, cancers and inflammation. One of the advantages of BBR is its multiple-target effects in each of these diseases. The therapeutic efficacy of BBR may reflect a synergistic regulation of these targets, resulting in a comprehensive effect against these various chronic disorders. The safety of BBR may be due to its harmonious distribution into those targets. Although the single-target concept is still the principle for drug discovery and research, this review emphasizes the concept of a multiple target strategy, which may be an important approach toward the successful treatment of multifactorial chronic diseases.
Evolution of Oxidative Values during Kinetic Studies on Olive Oil Oxidation in the Rancimat Test
Authors: Farhoosh Reza , Hoseini‐Yazdi Seyedeh‐Zohreh
Published: October 2013

A comparative study was carried out in order to evaluate the kinetics of the formation of a number of primary and secondary oxidation products during oxidation of olive oil in the Rancimat test at 100–130 °C. There were good correlations between the Rancimat index (OSI) and stability indices (IP) measured in the Rancimat test with no significant differences in kinetic parameters calculated from them. Mean values of the temperature coefficient, Q10 number, activation energy (Ea), frequency factor (A), and free energy of activation (ΔG++) for olive oil oxidation were calculated to be −3.44 × 10−2°C−1, 2.21, 98.91 kJ/mol, 12.17 × 1012 h−1, and 128.25 kJ/mol, respectively. Each unit change in Ea was accompanied by an average 1.43 × 1012 change in A, indicating a higher contribution for factor A than for Ea to the olive oil stability. The Ea and A correlated well with the values of enthalpy and entropy, respectively. The values of OSI or IP could be described well by the ΔG++ values. Kinetic data indicated that olive oil stability is more affected by the indigenous antioxidants than by the fatty acid composition.
Enriched environment has limited capacity for the correction of hippocampal memory‐dependent schizoid behaviors in rats with early postnatal NMDAR dysfunction
Authors: Melik Enver , Babar Emine , Kocahan Sayad , Guven Mustafa , Akillioglu Kubra
Published: October 2013

Pre‐ and early postnatal stress can cause dysfunction of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and thereby promote the development of hippocampus memory‐dependent schizoid abnormalities of navigation in space, time, and knowledge. An enriched environment improves mental abilities in humans and animals. Whether an enriched environment can prevent the development of schizoid symptoms induced by neonatal NMDAR dysfunction was the central question of our paper. The experimental animals were Wistar rats. Early postnatal NMDAR dysfunction was created by systemic treatment of rat pups with the NMDAR antagonist MK‐801 at PD10–20 days. During the development period (PD21–90 days), the rats were reared in cognitively and physically enriched cages. Adult age rats were tested on navigation based on pattern separation and episodic memory in the open field and on auto‐hetero‐associations based on episodic and semantic memory in a step‐through passive avoidance task. The results showed that postnatal NMDAR antagonism caused abnormal behaviors in both tests. An enriched environment prevented deficits in the development of navigation in space based on pattern separation and hetero‐associations based on semantic memory. However, an enriched environment was unable to rescue navigation in space and auto‐associations based on episodic memory. These data may contribute to the understanding that an enriched environment has a limited capacity for therapeutic interventions in protecting the development of schizoid syndromes in children and adolescents.
Social Commerce: A Contingency Framework for Assessing Marketing Potential
Authors: Yadav Manjit S. , de Valck Kristine , Hennig-Thurau Thorsten , Hoffman Donna L. , Spann Martin
Published: October 2013

A key issue for marketers resulting from the dramatic rise of social media is how it can be leveraged to generate value for firms. Whereas the importance of social media for brand management and customer relationship management is widely recognized, it is unclear whether social media can also help companies market and sell products. Extant discussions of social commerce present a variety of perspectives, but the core issue remains unresolved. This paper aims to make two contributions. First, to address the lack of clarity in the literature regarding the meaning and domain of social commerce, the paper offers a definition stemming from important research streams in marketing. This definition allows for both a broad (covering all steps of the consumer decision process) and a narrow (focusing on the purchase act itself) construal of social commerce. Second, we build on this definition and develop a contingency framework for assessing the marketing potential that social commerce has to offer to firms. Implications for researchers and managers, based on the proposed definition and framework, are also discussed.
The latest Ursus spelaeus in Italy, a new contribution to the extinction chronology of the cave bear
Authors: Martini Ivan , Coltorti Mauro , Mazza Paul P.A. , Rustioni Marco , Sandrelli Fabio
Published: October 2013

The skeleton of a young prime adult cave bear, Ursus spelaeus, was found in Chiostraccio Cave (Siena, Tuscany, central Italy), only slightly buried under rock falls. The specimen was dated yielding a conventional age of 24,030 ± 100 14C yr BP (29,200–28,550 cal yr BP), which makes it the latest known representative of the species in Italy. The skeleton was accompanied by the remains of wolf (Canis lupus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), aurochs (Bos primigenius), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), bat (Vespertinus murinus), and crow (Corvus monedula). The site seems confirming that the latest Italian U. spelaeus populations shared the risk of intrusion. The association of the cave bear with other animals suggests that the assemblage is an attritional palimpsest of remains of different species not originally associated in life. Cave bears were probably more vegetarian than brown bears and possibly became extinct when plant productivity dropped at the onset of MIS 2. Central and southern Italy may have offered isolated and sheltered refugia for cave bears.
Public Reason and the Disempowerment of Aboriginal People in Canada
Authors: Tomm Matthew
Published: October 2013

Aboriginal perspectives are often not viewed as persuasive or reasonable in contemporary political and legal discourses, and Aboriginal people are compelled to articulate their claims in the normative vocabulary of the majority. Many see this as an injustice. Part I of this essay argues that some incarnations of the idea of public justifiability, a cornerstone of political theory, provide a normative justification for that injustice. Part II argues that the idea is at work in the Canadian courts, even as judges attempt to create space for Aboriginal views. The ambivalent stance of the courts is explored through a case study.
Using Online Video-Recorded Interviews to Connect the Theory and Practice of Inclusive Education in a Course for Student Teachers
Authors: Rayner Christopher , Allen Jeanne Maree
Published: October 2013

This article reports on a study into university preservice teachers’ perceptions of online video-recorded interviews as an alternative to the traditional lecture format in a course on inclusive education. With the aim of assisting preservice teachers to link theory and practice, the series of video-recorded interviews focused on key concepts around educating students with diverse needs and abilities. The interviews were conducted between the course coordinator and a number of professionals with relevant field experience in special education and inclusion, and were then made available to preservice teachers online. Survey data indicated that this type of delivery model was perceived as effective in promoting engagement and learning, and in facilitating an understanding of the connection between theory and practice. Implications for teacher education are discussed.
'Pitchforking Irish Coercionists into Colonial Vacancies'
Authors: Harrison Jennifer
Published: October 2013

During the year 1888 — the centenary of white settlement — Australia celebrated the jubilee of Queen Victoria together with the advent of electricity to light Tamworth, the first town in the Southern Hemisphere to receive that boon. In the north-eastern colony of Queensland, serious debates involving local administrators included membership of the Federal Council, the annexation of British NewGuinea and the merits of a separation movement in the north. In this distant colony, events in Ireland — such as Belfast attaining city status or Oscar Wilde publishing The happy prince and other tales — had little immediate global impact. Nevertheless, minds were focused on Irish matters in October, when the scion of a well-established west Ireland family — a select member of the traditional Tribes of Galway, no less — was named as the new governor of Queensland. The administrators of the developing colony roundly challenged the imperial nominators, invoking a storm that incited strong opinions from responsible governments throughout Australia and around the world.
What Munn Missed
Authors: Wagner Robin
Published: October 2013

American Librarian Ralph Munn's historic tour of Australian libraries in 1934 is well documented. Along with Ernest Pitt, Chief Librarian of the State Library of Victoria, he spent nearly ten weeks travelling from Sydney and back again, visiting libraries in all the state capitals and many regional towns throughout the country. Munn's trip was funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York, which was then, through its Dominions fund, turning attention to philanthropic opportunities in the Antipodes. The resulting report, Australian Libraries: A Survey of Conditions and Suggestions for their Improvement (commonly referred to as the Munn–Pitt Report) is often credited with initiating the public library movement in Australia.
If These Walls Could Speak
Authors: Costanzo Belinda , Bull Melissa , Smith Catrin
Published: October 2013

When analysed in context, prison graffiti can provide valuable insight into the lived experiences of incarcerated individuals. This study uses Brisbane's Boggo Road Gaol as a case study site to evaluate the importance of historical, social and political context in the interpretation of prison graffiti. Visual ethnographic methodology was employed to allow the triangulation of various contextualising resources: newspaper articles, government reports, biographies and institutional records, and the graffiti. We discuss the theme of resistance as an example to demonstrate the value of the contextual analysis of images. By locating the graffiti within the historical, social and political context that it was produced, the significance of the graffiti is identified, and the ambiguity associated with the interpretation of images potentially is reduced. A contextualised analysis of prison graffiti provides a narrative of prison life, allowing the independent expression of prisoners to be ‘heard’.
Karen Foxlee, 'The midnight dress', St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2013, ISBN 9 7807 0224 9, paperback, 336 pp., RRP A$29.95
Authors: Erichsen Helga
Published: October 2013

Karen Foxlee, The midnight dress, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2013, ISBN 9 7807 0224 9, paperback, 336 pp., RRP A$29.95
Animal source foods have a positive impact on the primary school test scores of Kenyan schoolchildren in a cluster-randomised, controlled feeding intervention trial
Authors: Hulett Judie L. , Weiss Robert E. , Bwibo Nimrod O. , Galal Osman M. , Drorbaugh Natalie , Neumann Charlotte G.
Published: October 2013

Micronutrient deficiencies and suboptimal energy intake are widespread in rural Kenya, with detrimental effects on child growth and development. Sporadic school feeding programmes rarely include animal source foods (ASF). In the present study, a cluster-randomised feeding trial was undertaken to determine the impact of snacks containing ASF on district-wide, end-term standardised school test scores and nutrient intake. A total of twelve primary schools were randomly assigned to one of three isoenergetic feeding groups (a local plant-based stew (githeri) with meat, githeri plus whole milk or githeri with added oil) or a control group receiving no intervention feeding. After the initial term that served as baseline, children were fed at school for five consecutive terms over two school years from 1999 to 2001. Longitudinal analysis was used controlling for average energy intake, school attendance, and baseline socio-economic status, age, sex and maternal literacy. Children in the Meat group showed significantly greater improvements in test scores than those in all the other groups, and the Milk group showed significantly greater improvements in test scores than the Plain Githeri (githeri+oil) and Control groups. Compared with the Control group, the Meat group showed significant improvements in test scores in Arithmetic, English, Kiembu, Kiswahili and Geography. The Milk group showed significant improvements compared with the Control group in test scores in English, Kiswahili, Geography and Science. Folate, Fe, available Fe, energy per body weight, vitamin B12, Zn and riboflavin intake were significant contributors to the change in test scores. The greater improvements in test scores of children receiving ASF indicate improved academic performance, which can result in greater academic achievement.
THE ‘MUSLIM QUESTION’ IN HITLER'S BALKANS
Authors: MOTADEL DAVID
Published: October 2013

This article examines Germany's efforts to instrumentalize Islam in the Balkans during the Second World War. As German troops became more involved in the region from early 1943 onwards, German officials began to engage with the Muslim population, promoting Germany as the protector of Islam in south-eastern Europe. Focusing on Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the Sandžak of Novi Pazar, the article explores the relations between German authorities and religious leaders on the ground and enquires into the ways in which German propagandists sought to employ religious rhetoric, terminology, and iconography for political and military ends. Interweaving religious history with the history of military conflict, the article contributes more generally to our understanding of the politics of religion in the Second World War.
HERESY AND FORFEITURE IN MARIAN ENGLAND
Authors: CAVILL P. R.
Published: October 2013

The work of the martyrologist John Foxe ensures that the burnings dominate modern accounts of the campaign waged again Protestantism in the reign of Mary I (1553–8). Drawing on other sources, this article examines forfeiture of property, a less noticed but more common penalty imposed upon Protestants. It describes the types of forfeiture that occurred and analyses their legal basis; it considers the impact of the penalty and highlights means of evasion. By examining forfeiture, the article extends and enhances the debate about the effectiveness of Marian religious policy and about the degree of support that the regime could command. Forfeiture, it is shown, could be a powerful form of coercion, but depended upon popular politics to be effective. Subsequent efforts in Elizabeth I's reign to obtain restitution substantiate the article's thesis that a deep-rooted belief in the rule of law constrained the penal religious policies of early modern England.
THE SUBJECTIVE DIMENSION OF NAZISM
Authors: FÖLLMER MORITZ
Published: October 2013

The present historiographical review discusses the subjective dimension of Nazism, an ideology and regime that needed translation into self-definitions, gender roles, and bodily practices to implant itself in German society and mobilize it for racial war. These studies include biographies of some of the Third Reich's most important protagonists, which have important things to say about their self-understandings in conjunction with the circumstances they encountered and subsequently shaped; cultural histories of important twentieth-century figures such as film stars, housewives, or consumers, which add new insights to the ongoing debate about the Third Reich's modernity; studies that address participation in the Nazi Empire and the Holocaust through discourses and practices of comradeship, work in extermination camps, and female ‘help’ within theWehrmacht. In discussing these monographs, along the way incorporating further books and articles, the piece attempts to draw connections between specific topics and think about new possibilities for synthesis in an overcompartmentalized field. It aims less to define a ‘Nazi subject’ than to bring us closer to understanding how Hitler's movement and regime connected different, shifting subject positions through both cohesion and competition, creating a dynamic that kept producing new exclusions and violent acts.
A new nemertean species: what are the useful characters for ribbon worm descriptions?
Authors: Strand Malin , Herrera-Bachiller Alfonso , Nygren Arne , Kånneby Tobias
Published: October 2013

In recent years the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative started thorough investigations of poorly known organism groups. In this context, several marine inventories have rendered a number of marine invertebrate species new to science. Within the phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms) a characteristic hoplonemertean was encountered on two different occasions. We describe the new species Amphiporus rectangulus sp. nov. with a combination of histology and DNA data (COI). For the morphological description we use a previously proposed character matrix and, in a context given by the results, also provide a brief discussion on benefits and drawbacks with both methods. We argue that for small animals with soft bodies external characters can be more informative than hitherto expected.
Source attribution of human campylobacteriosis in Denmark
Authors: BOYSEN L. , ROSENQUIST H. , LARSSON J. T. , NIELSEN E. M. , SØRENSEN G. , NORDENTOFT S. , HALD T.
Published: October 2013

This study assesses the contribution of different sources of human campylobacteriosis in Denmark using two different source-attribution approaches. In total, 794 non-human isolates and 406 isolates from human cases (domestic, travel related, and cases with unknown travel history) were collected. Isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing,flaAtyping and susceptibility to antibiotics. Both models used indicate that the major burden of human campylobacteriosis in Denmark originates from the domestic broiler chicken reservoir. The second most important reservoir was found to be cattle. The Asymmetric Island model attributed 52% [95% credibility interval (CrI) 37–67] to Danish chicken, 17% (95% CrI 3–33) to imported chicken, and 17% (95% CrI 7–28) to cattle. Similarly, theCampylobactersource-attribution model apportioned 38% (95% CrI 28–47) to Danish chicken, 14% (95% CrI 10–18) to imported chicken, and 16% (95% CrI 7–25) to cattle. The addition offlaAtype as an extra discriminatory typing parameter did not change the attribution of cases markedly.
Linking sensory neurons to visually guided behavior: Relating MST activity to steering in a virtual environment
Authors: EGGER SETH W. , BRITTEN KENNETH H.
Published: October 2013

Many complex behaviors rely on guidance from sensations. To perform these behaviors, the motor system must decode information relevant to the task from the sensory system. However, identifying the neurons responsible for encoding the appropriate sensory information remains a difficult problem for neurophysiologists. A key step toward identifying candidate systems is finding neurons or groups of neurons capable of representing the stimuli adequately to support behavior. A traditional approach involves quantitatively measuring the performance of single neurons and comparing this to the performance of the animal. One of the strongest pieces of evidence in support of a neuronal population being involved in a behavioral task comes from the signals being sufficient to support behavior. Numerous experiments using perceptual decision tasks show that visual cortical neurons in many areas have this property. However, most visually guided behaviors are not categorical but continuous and dynamic. In this article, we review the concept of sufficiency and the tools used to measure neural and behavioral performance. We show how concepts from information theory can be used to measure the ongoing performance of both neurons and animal behavior. Finally, we apply these tools to dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) neurons and demonstrate that these neurons can represent stimuli important to navigation to a distant goal. We find that MSTd neurons represent ongoing steering error in a virtual-reality steering task. Although most individual neurons were insufficient to support the behavior, some very nearly matched the animal’s estimation performance. These results are consistent with many results from perceptual experiments and in line with the predictions of Mountcastle’s “lower envelope principle.”
The First Casualty: Truth, Lies and Commercial Opportunism in Chinese Newspapers during the First Sino-Japanese War
Authors: TSAI WEIPIN
Published: October 2013

The First Sino-Japanese War during 1894 and 1895 was a dramatic moment in world events. Not only did it catch the attention of the West but, for as long as it lasted, it became a central focus of readers of newspapers in China in both English and Chinese. The Chinese public was extremely eager to read any news that could be gathered about the war, and newspaper proprietors grasped this opportunity to promote their businesses, competing to provide the latest information using wartime reporting practices already established in Britain and the United States. This paper explores the competition between two commercial Chinese language newspapers,ShenbaoandXinwenbao, in order to elucidate the relationships between patriotism, profit and readership during the First Sino-Japanese War. By comparing and contrasting how news of the war was reported in both publications, and how it was received by the public, we learn something of how these newspapers operated in gathering and publishing reports of tremendous national events, and gain insight into how commercial interests and readers' reactions to news events influenced editorial policy.
The Rediscovery of Samuel Lyde's Lost Nuṣayrī Kitāb al-Mashyakha (Manual for Shaykhs)
Authors: KRIEGER BELLA TENDLER
Published: October 2013

TheK. al-Mashyakhais a manual for Nuṣayrī shaykhs. Its significance as a window into the otherwise secret world of Nuṣayrī ritual was augmented by the role it played in the formation of Nuṣayrī studies: in 1860, it served as the basis for the first monograph on the Nuṣayrī religion, Samuel Lyde's posthumously publishedAsian Mystery. However, for over 150 years, the K. al-Mashyakha has been missing. This article announces its rediscovery in two identical manuscripts and identifies two additional works based on this text, the well-known Nuṣayrī catechism, K. Taʿlīm diyānat al-nuṣayriyya, and the recently publishedK. al-Mashyakhaissued by the Lebanese press, Dār li-ajl al-maʿrifa. In solving the mystery of its disappearance and rediscovery in two copies, this article provides new insight into the nineteenth-century Nuṣayrī world from which theK. al-Mashyakhaemerged, as well as that of the European orientalists who pioneered this field.
Language switching in bilingual production: Empirical data and computational modelling
Authors: FILIPPI ROBERTO , KARAMINIS THEMIS , THOMAS MICHAEL S. C.
Published: October 2013

One key issue in bilingualism is how bilinguals control production, particularly to produce words in the less dominant language. Language switching is one method to investigate control processes. Language switching has been much studied in comprehension, e.g., in lexical decision task, but less so in production. Here we first present a study of language switching in Italian–English adult bilinguals in a naming task for visually presented words. We demonstrate an asymmetric pattern of time costs to switch language, where participants incurred a greater time cost to switch into naming in their dominant language (Italian). In addition, costs were greater where the stimuli were interlingual cognates or homographs than words existing in only one language, implicating lexical competition as a source of the cost. To clarify the operation of control processes, we then present two connectionist models of bilingual naming, based on the previous models of Seidenberg and McClelland (1989), Cohen, Dunbar and McClelland (1990), Gilbert and Shallice (2002), and Karaminis and Thomas (2010). Crucially, both models acquired their differential language dominance via an experience-dependent learning process. The models embody different assumptions about the language control processes that produce the switch cost. We consider which processing assumptions are sufficient to explain asymmetric language switch costs and word class effects on language switching in individual word reading, as well as generating novel predictions for future testing.
Hafnium-Silicon Precipitate Structure Determination in a New Heat-Resistant Ferritic Alloy by Precession Electron Diffraction Techniques
Authors: Viladot Désirée , Portillo Joaquim , Gemí Mauro , Nicolopoulos Stavros , Llorca-Isern Núria
Published: October 2013

The structure determination of an HfSi4 precipitate has been carried out by a combination of two precession electron diffraction techniques: high precession angle, 2.2°, single pattern collection at eight different zone axes and low precession angle, 0.5°, serial collection of patterns obtained by increasing tilts of 1°. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the associated reciprocal space shows an orthorhombic unit cell with parameters a = 11.4 Å, b = 11.8 Å, c = 14.6 Å, and an extinction condition of (hkl) h + k odd. The merged intensities from the high angle precession patterns have been symmetry tested for possible space groups (SG) fulfilling this condition and a best symmetrization residual found at 18% for SG 65 Cmmm. Use of the SIR2011 direct methods program allowed solving the structure with a structure residual of 18%. The precipitate objects of this study were reproducibly found in a newly implemented alloy, designed according to molecular orbital theory.
Entwicklungsstörungen im Vorschulalter – interdisziplinär beurteilt
Authors: Jenni Oskar , Benz Caroline , Caflisch Jon , von Rhein Michael , Albermann Kurt
Published: October 2013

Viele Kinder zeigen in den ersten Lebensjahren Auffälligkeiten in ihrer Entwicklung. Aus diesem Grund ist hinreichendes Wissen über die Früherkennung und Abklärung von Kindern mit Entwicklungsdefiziten notwendig. Der Artikel stellt Methoden der Früherfassung von Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten im Vorschulalter dar, beschreibt die Terminologie von Entwicklungsstörungen, zeigt die notwendigen Abklärungen bei Kindern mit Entwicklungsbehinderungen auf und thematisiert die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit zwischen medizinischen, sonderpädagogischen und psychologischen Fachpersonen.
Pädiatrische Notfälle – das Wichtigste in Kürze für den Allgemeinmediziner
Authors: Rochat Mascha K. , Gehri Mario
Published: October 2013

Für den Allgemeinmediziner kann die Einschätzung einer Notfallsituation beim Kind schwierig sein, da die Anamnese häufig von den Eltern erzählt wird, die klinische Untersuchung wegen fehlender Kooperation anspruchsvoll sein kann und die Vitalzeichen wegen Alters-Variationen schwierig zu interpretieren sind. Das „Pädiatrische Beurteilungs-Dreieck“ (PBD) ist eine schnelle und einfache Beobachtungshilfe um den ersten Eindruck, unabhängig von der zu Grunde liegenden Diagnose, zu standardisieren. Es benützt nur optische und auditive Hinweise und wird innert Sekunden durchgeführt. Es erlaubt Klinikern zu beurteilen ob Notfallmaßnahmen nötig sind oder Zeit für eine gründliche Anamnese und klinische Untersuchung zur Verfügung steht. Atemnot, Magendarmgrippe mit Dehydratation, Fieberkrämpfe und leichtes Schädelhirntrauma sind vier häufige pädiatrische Notfälle die diskutiert werden.
Cerebral Pressure–Flow Relationship in Lowlanders and Natives at High Altitude
Authors: Smirl Jonathan D , Lucas Samuel J E , Lewis Nia C S , duManior Gregory R , Smith Kurt J , Bakker Akke , Basnyat Aperna S , Ainslie Philip N
Published: October 2013

We investigated if dynamic cerebral pressure–flow relationships in lowlanders are altered at high altitude (HA), differ in HA natives and after return to sea level (SL). Lowlanders were tested at SL ( n=16), arrival to 5,050 m, after 2-week acclimatization (with and without end-tidal PO2 normalization), and upon SL return. High-altitude natives ( n=16) were tested at 5,050 m. Testing sessions involved resting spontaneous and driven (squat–stand maneuvers at very low (VLF, 0.05 Hz) and low (LF, 0.10 Hz) frequencies) measures to maximize blood pressure (BP) variability and improve assessment of the pressure–flow relationship using transfer function analysis (TFA). Blood flow velocity was assessed in the middle (MCAv) and posterior (PCAv) cerebral arteries. Spontaneous VLF and LF phases were reduced and coherence was elevated with acclimatization to HA ( P<0.05), indicating impaired pressure–flow coupling. However, when BP was driven, both the frequency- and time-domain metrics were unaltered and comparable with HA natives. Acute mountain sickness was unrelated to TFA metrics. In conclusion, the driven cerebral pressure–flow relationship (in both frequency and time domains) is unaltered at 5,050 m in lowlanders and HA natives. Our findings indicate that spontaneous changes in TFA metrics do not necessarily reflect physiologically important alterations in the capacity of the brain to regulate BP.
Longitudinal Modeling of the Relationship Between Mean Plasma Glucose and HbA1c Following Antidiabetic Treatments
Authors: Møller JB , Overgaard RV , Kjellsson MC , Kristensen NR , Klim S , Ingwersen SH , Karlsson MO
Published: October 2013

Late‐phase clinical trials within diabetes generally have a duration of 12–24 weeks, where 12 weeks may be too short to reach steady‐state glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The main determinant for HbA1c is blood glucose, which reaches steady state much sooner. In spite of this, few publications have used individual data to assess the time course of both glucose and HbA1c, for predicting HbA1c. In this paper, we present an approach for predicting HbA1c at end‐of‐trial (24–28 weeks) using glucose and HbA1c measurements up to 12 weeks. The approach was evaluated using data from 4 trials covering 12 treatment arms (oral antidiabetic drug, glucagon‐like peptide‐1, and insulin treatment) with measurements at 24–28 weeks to evaluate predictions vs. observations. HbA1c percentage was predicted for each arm at end‐of‐trial with a mean prediction error of 0.14% [0.01;0.24]. Furthermore, end points in terms of HbA1c reductions relative to comparator were accurately predicted. The proposed model provides a good basis to optimize late‐stage clinical development within diabetes.

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e82; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.58; advance online publication 30 October 2013
Comparison of soft magnetic properties of Ni81Fe19 film with different substrates used for microfluxgate
Authors: Shanglin Yang , Shibin Liu , Bo Guo , Wenguang Feng , Xiaowei Hou
Published: October 2013

The soft magnetic properties of Ni81Fe19 films, respectively, composed of Ti, Ta and Cr substrates used for a microfluxgate have been studied in this reported work. The films were characterised using a transmission electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, a vibrating sample magnetometer and a fluxgate solenoid. The testing results showed that Ta substrate film, because of its ladder rising hysteresis loop, is the most appropriate one for the fluxgate core in these four kinds of Ni81Fe19 films, the original Ni81Fe19 film, and the film with Ti substrate takes second place, and the Cr substrate film would not be suitable as the fluxgate core because of its bad soft magnetic properties.
Electrostatically driven micropump with peristaltically moving membrane
Authors: Kim Bonghwan
Published: October 2013

An electrostatically driven valveless micropump with a peristaltically moving membrane for gas chromatography is presented. The one‐chamber micropump has a peristaltically moving membrane formed by polyimide with four electrodes used to separate the single chamber into four pump chambers. For a peristaltically moving membrane, several dielectrics were tested for their ability to endure high‐voltage breakdown, and the PI‐2545 polyimide was finally chosen to reduce the operating voltage. After testing a single‐sided micropump (SSM), a double‐sided micropump (DSM) was fabricated to enhance pump efficiency. Theoretically, the flow rate of the DSM is quadruple that of the SSM, and the electrodes in the membrane can recover from the motion of pulling down and pulling up with ease. To verify the peristaltic motion of the micropump, a transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was used. An ITO–ITO micropump was fabricated, and to measure flow rate, an ITO–Si micropump was fabricated as well. The micropump was fabricated on a glass substrate with ITO and on a silicon substrate with a polyimide membrane. A maximum flow rate of 27.19 µl/min was measured at 4 Hz and 100 V DC. The micropump was operated by four electrodes with a four‐phase sequencing actuation.
Shape controllable fabrication and characterisation of single crystalline PbS nanosheets and dendritic microcrystals
Authors: Dong Lihong , Tang Shanshan , Xia Guangqing
Published: October 2013

With the assistance of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), PbS single crystalline nanosheets with large size (5–25 μm in diameter) were synthesised via a hydrothermal route. The nanosheets presented shapes of four‐horn, square or rectangle. Nanosheets with a zigzag edge were also found in the products. By adjusting the reaction parameters, dendritic or flower‐like PbS microcrystals could be obtained. The formation of nanosheets should be a result of the cooperation effect from PVP, thiourea and solvent. X‐ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and Raman spectra were used to characterise the products. A possible growth mechanism for the microcrystals is also discussed.
High-precision and high-accuracy rovibrational spectroscopy of molecular ions
Authors: Hodges James N. , Perry Adam J. , Jenkins Paul A. , Siller Brian M. , McCall Benjamin J.
Published: October 2013

We present a versatile new instrument capable of measuring rovibrational transition frequencies of molecular ions with sub-MHz accuracy and precision. A liquid-nitrogen cooled positive column discharge cell, which can produce large column densities of a wide variety of molecular ions, is probed with sub-Doppler spectroscopy enabled by a high-power optical parametric oscillator locked to a moderate finesse external cavity. Frequency modulation (heterodyne) spectroscopy is employed to reduce intensity fluctuations due to the cavity lock, and velocity modulation spectroscopy permits ion-neutral discrimination. The relatively narrow Lamb dips are precisely and accurately calibrated using an optical frequency comb. This method is completely general as it relies on the direct measurement of absorption or dispersion of rovibrational transitions. We expect that this new approach will open up many new possibilities: from providing new benchmarks for state-of-the-art ab initio calculations to supporting astronomical observations to helping assign congested spectra by combination differences. Herein, we describe the instrument in detail and demonstrate its performance by measuring ten R-branch transitions in the ν2 band of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_3^+$\end{document}H3+, two transitions in the ν1 band of HCO+, and the first sub-Doppler transition of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm CH}_5^+$\end{document} CH 5+.
Superstrong nature of covalently bonded glass-forming liquids at select compositions
Authors: Gunasekera K. , Bhosle S. , Boolchand P. , Micoulaut M.
Published: October 2013

Variation of fragility (m) of specially homogenized GexSe100−x melts is established from complex speciﬁc heat measurements and shows that m(x) has a global minimum at an extremely low value (m = 14.8(0.5)) in the 21.5% < x < 23% range of Ge. Outside of that compositional range, m(x) then increases ﬁrst rapidly and then slowly to about m = 25–30. By directly mapping melt stoichiometry as a function of reaction time at a ﬁxed temperature T > Tg, we observe a slowdown of melt-homogenization by the super-strong melt compositions, 21.5% < x < 23%. This range furthermore appears to be correlated to the one observed between the ﬂexible and stressed rigid phase in network glasses. These spectacular features underscore the crucial role played by topology and rigidity in the properties of network-forming liquids and glasses which are highlighted when fragility is represented as a function of variables tracking the effect of rigidity. Finally, we investigate the fragility-glass transition temperature relationship, and find that reported scaling laws do not apply in the flexible phase, while being valid for intermediate and stressed rigid compositions.
Spatial distribution of the plasma parameters in a radio-frequency driven negative ion source
Authors: Todorov D. , Tarnev Kh. , Paunska Ts. , Lishev St. , Shivarova A.
Published: October 2013

Results from initial stage of modeling of the SPIDER source of negative hydrogen/deuterium ions currently under development in Consorzio RFX (Padova) regarding ITER are presented. A 2D model developed within the fluid plasma theory for low-pressure discharges (free-fall regime maintenance) is applied to the gas-discharge conditions planned and required for the SPIDER source: gas pressure of 0.3 Pa and radio-frequency (rf) power of 100 kW absorbed in a single driver. The results are for the spatial distribution of the plasma characteristics (charged particle densities, electron temperature and electron energy flux, plasma potential, and dc electric field) with conclusions for the role of the electron energy flux in the formation of the discharge structure.
Large diameter permanent-magnets-expanded plasma source for spontaneous generation of low-energy ion beam
Authors: Takahashi Kazunori , Suzuki Tatsuya , Ando Akira
Published: October 2013

Diameter of a permanent-magnets-expanded, radiofrequency (rf) plasma source is enlarged up to ∼13 cm for an application to a space propulsion device and tested with being attached to a diffusion chamber. The source is operated at 13.56 MHz 300 W rf power in low-pressure (40 mPa) argon. Measurement of ion energy distribution functions downstream of the source exit shows generation of a supersonic ion beam of about 20 eV. The detailed radial measurements demonstrate that the diameter and energy of the ion beam corresponds to the source tube diameter and the potential difference between the source and downstream plasmas, and that the radial profile of the beam flux is similar to the plasma density profile in the source cavity.
Inward particle transport at high collisionality in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
Authors: Wang G. Q. , Ma J. , Weiland J. , Zang Q.
Published: October 2013

We have made the first drift wave study of particle transport in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (Wan et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 104011 (2009)). The results reveal that collisions make the particle flux more inward in the high collisionality regime. This can be traced back to effects that are quadratic in the collision frequency. The particle pinch is due to electron trapping which is not very efficient in the high collisionality regime so the approach to equilibrium is slow. We have included also the electron temperature gradient (ETG) mode to give the right electron temperature gradient, since the Trapped Electron Mode (TE mode) is weak in this regime. However, at the ETG mode number ions are Boltzmann distributed so the ETG mode does not give particle transport.
Effect of chlorine activation treatment on electron beam induced current signal distribution of cadmium telluride thin film solar cells
Authors: Zywitzki Olaf , Modes Thomas , Morgner Henry , Metzner Christoph , Siepchen Bastian , Späth Bettina , Drost Christian , Krishnakumar Velappan , Frauenstein Sven
Published: October 2013

We have investigated CdTe thin film solar cells without activation treatment and with CdCl2 activation treatment at temperatures between 370 and 430 °C using a constant activation time of 25 min. For this purpose, CdS/CdTe layers were deposited by closed-space-sublimation on FTO coated float glass. The solar cells were characterized by measurements of the JV characteristics and quantum efficiencies. In addition, ion polished cross sections of the solar cells were prepared for high-resolution FE-SEM imaging of the microstructure and the simultaneous registration of electron beam induced current (EBIC) signal distribution. By measurement of the EBIC signal distribution, it can be shown that without activation treatment the CdTe grain boundaries itself and grain boundary near regions exhibit no EBIC signal, whereas centres of some singular grains already show a distinct EBIC signal. In contrast, after the chlorine activation treatment, the grain boundary near regions exhibit a significant higher EBIC signal than the centre of the grains. The results can be discussed as a direct evidence for defect passivation of grain boundary near regions by the chlorine activation treatment. At activation temperature of 430 °C, additionally, a significant grain growth and agglomeration of the CdS layer can be recognized, which is linked with the formation of voids within the CdS layer and a deterioration of pn junction properties.
Freestanding nanowire ring laser
Authors: Hu Zhifang , Guo Xin , Tong Limin
Published: October 2013

We demonstrate a freestanding nanowire ring laser, assembled by splicing the two ends of a CdS nanowire via a dissolved polymer nanowire. With ring diameter of less than 50 μm, the free-standing nanowire ring laser shows low lasing threshold, high robustness, and excellent mechanical flexibility. Also, the nanowire ring laser works well in liquid environment, showing the possibility of integrating the nano-ring laser into an optofluidic system.
Mechanically modulated tunneling resistance in monolayer MoS2
Authors: Fu Deyi , Zhou Jian , Tongay Sefaattin , Liu Kai , Fan Wen , King Liu Tsu-Jae , Wu Junqiao
Published: October 2013

We report on the modulation of tunneling resistance in MoS2 monolayers using a conductive atomic force microscope (AFM). The resistance between the conductive AFM probe and the bottom electrode separated by a monolayer MoS2 is reversibly reduced by up to 4 orders of magnitude, which is attributed to enhanced quantum tunneling when the monolayer is compressed by the tip force. Under the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouim approximation, the experimental data are quantitatively explained by using the metal-insulator-metal tunneling diode model. As an ideal tunneling medium, the defect-free, nanometer-thick MoS2 monolayer can serve as the active layer for non-impacting nano-electro-mechanical switches.
Surface nanopatterning from current-driven assembly of single-layer epitaxial islands
Authors: Dasgupta Dwaipayan , Maroudas Dimitrios
Published: October 2013

We report numerical simulation results on an approach to surface nanopatterning based on the current-driven assembly of single-layer epitaxial islands on crystalline substrates. We focus on the evolution of pairs of different-size islands driven to coalescence and explore the effects of three key geometrical parameters: the sizes of the two islands of the pair and their center-to-center line misalignment with respect to the electric-field direction. We discover various patterns ranging from equal- and different-size stable steady island-pair configurations to many-island patterns that can be tailored by controlling the initial-pair geometrical parameters and the duration of application of the electric field.