bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Stefan Problem Solved Via Conjugate Gradient—Like Iterative Methods On a Parallel Vector Machine
Authors: Chronopoulos Anthony T. , Swaminathan C.R. , Voller V.R.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the validity and efficiency of iterative methods for solving large linear systems arising from the finite element discretizations of the equation governing conduction-controlled solidi fication processes. Starting from the basic enthalpy equation, two alternative formulations are obtained and fixed-grid finite element discretizations are devel oped. These discretizations yield a set of nonlinear equations that are linearized using the Newton-Raph son scheme. The linearized equations are used as a basis for evaluating different iterative methods of the conjugate gradient type. Symmetric scaling and in complete factorization preconditioning of the linear equations are used to improve the convergence prop erties of the iterative methods. Vectorization and paral lelization are also employed to make full use of the CRAY-2 supercomputer. The results indicate that the implementation of currently available iterative solvers leads to efficient solution methodologies for phase change problems.
Hadron Thermodynamics On the Connection Machine
Authors: Gottlieb Steven A. , Krasnitz A. , Heller U.M. , Kennedy A.D. , Liu W. , Kogut J.B. , Renken R.L. , Sinclair D.K. , Wang K.C. , Sugar R.L. , Toussaint D.
Published: March 2007

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts that at very high temperature there is a phase transition or cross over from the low-temperature state of ordinary matter to a high-temperature state consisting of a plasma of quarks and gluons. The nature of this transition and the properties of the high-temperature phase are im portant for an understanding of cosmology, heavy ion collisions, and the structure of QCD itself. The study of high-temperature QCD is one of the major goals of lattice gauge theory. Such studies involve large-scale computer simulations. We briefly review the status of this subject and present preliminary results from a large-scale study in progress on the Pittsburgh Super computer Center's Connection Machine (CM-2).
Foodservice Management Training for Dislocated Workers: Evaluation With a Nontraditional Sample
Authors: Damusis Vytenis B. , Flannery Michael J.
Published: March 2007

An eight week food service management training program was prepared and presented to 24 unemployed steel workers through a retraining project sponsored by the AFL-CIO. Program impact was evaluated using participant reactions to their training experience and their post- training behavior. Selection interview impressions, peer nominations, and expressed needs for further training were related to their evaluation and later entry into foodservices. Research im plications for foodservice training programs for nontraditional students or "soft core" unemployed are discussed.
Monitoring Losses in Menu Items During Foodservice Processing
Authors: Snyder P.O. , Norback J.P. , Matthews M.E.
Published: March 2007

Methods to monitor losses in menu items are becoming increasingly more important to all foodservice managers. A mathematical model was developed that uses matrices to describe amounts of product losses for a single step or a sequence of steps in foodservice processing. This paper reports a pilot study undertaken to apply the mathematical model to monitor losses of whipped potatoes throughout all stages (heating, mixing, transfer of product and pre-service holding for a 1 hr. period) of food product flow as would occur in a conventional foodservice system. The model was used to estimate losses of water, solids and vitamin C. Losses in the ex perimental product were greatest for the third process step-tranfer of product, and least following pre-service holding. Such a managerial approach would be useful to the foodservice industry in documenting and minimizing losses.
Strategic Consensus and Organizational Performance in the Lodging Industry
Authors: Schaffer Jeffrey D. , Spencer Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relationship between strategic consensus within top management teams and organizational performance in a sample of 36 firms from the lodging industry. Findings suggest that there may be a curvilinear relationship between these two variables. Too much agreement by a firm's top management team may be just as unhealthy as too little agreement. Although strategic consensus is only one of many factors influencing performance, these results indicate that it should not be ignored. Key Words: Strategic Consensus, Organization Performance.
Fundamentals of Tourism Development: a Third World Perspective
Authors: Dieke Peter U.C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the various factors affecting tourism development in Third World countries, and identifies hypotheses to stimulate tourism in such young economies.
Professional Education in Hospitality Industry Associations: the Club Managers Association of America's Conceptual Breakthrough
Authors: Kent William E. , Perdue Larry Joe
Published: March 2007

The Club Managers Association of America (CMAA), while already offering a variety of educational opportunities for its members, felt a need for a comprehensive education program that would in turn meet the needs of private-club managers at all levels of their career development. CMAA asked the authors for help in developing a five-stage, lifelong professional education program for that purpose. The program is competency-based and involves a unique combination of university faculty, industry consultants, and senior club managers as faculty. Two of the five stages have been fully developed and offered to club managers and have, to date, met with considerable success.
Factors Influencing International Entrepreneurship in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Barclay Martha J. , Boston Sheryl
Published: March 2007

Factors that influence entrepreneurship include the political, legal, economic, and cultural environments in addition to the infrastructure. This study surveyed 30 countries to identify the factors that influence the success of a hospitality entrepre neurship in each country. Unique and common factors among countries were identified. Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs were identified also.
The Meals Tax: an Invisible Threat
Authors: Palmer John , Cairns Scott
Published: March 2007

Meals taxes are becoming an increasingly popular means for state and local governments to expand revenues. A meals tax is imposed on customers of restaurant meals in addition to the more broadlybased state orlocal sales tax. Funds from this tax and the related transient occupancy tax imposed on hotel guests are used for a variety of purposes not related to the hospitality industry. For example, meals taxes which ultimately may be borne by the restauranteur, particularly in the case of the small operator, often are substitutes forproperty taxes to support public school expenditures. As such, these taxes are inherently discriminatory.

While several states and Canada are considering the meals tax option, the issue has not resulted in a national outcrysince its imposition generallyremains at the local level. While the tax has met with local resistance, on the national scene it has been invisible.

This tax is discriminatory toward restauranteurs and in favor of supermarkets becauseitisplacedonlyonmeals. For the great majority of restaurantpatrons there is a substitute for eating out: preparing meals at home. Supermarkets—vendors of food for home meal preparation—are not subject to this tax.

Two other factors illustrate the threat ofmeals taxes. Theirincreased use comes on the heels of the 80% deductibility limit imposed by the tax reform act of 1986. Restaurants which have already experienced declines in sales now have an additional threat to revenues. In addition, taxing authorities find a meals tax an attractive way to raise revenues. Like a sales tax, the collection process is the responsibility of the vendor. The authors of this paperbelieve that it is important to bring this "invisible"issue to the national attention of HRIM educators, their students, and the industry.
Assessment of the Relationship Between Perceived Safety At a Vacation Site and Destination Choice Decisions: Extending the Behavioral Decision-Making Model
Authors: Sirakaya Ercan , Sheppard Anthony G. , McLellan Robert W.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of perceived safety at a potential vacation destination on the reported likelihood of travel to that destination for potential travelers. Data were collected from a sample of college students and analyzed to determine if site choice was influenced by varying levels of perceived safety of the site. According to the results of the study, it appears that destination marketers, travel agencies, and the hospitality industry should be concerned with improving their images when those images are negative with regards to safety, but otherwise are unlikely to greatly alter an individual's likelihood of traveling to that destination by stressing high safety levels. Some marketing and policy strategies are suggested.
A Profile of Time-Sharing On the Gold Coast of Australia
Authors: Weaver David B. , Lawton Laura J.
Published: March 2007

A survey of time-share interval owners whose units are located on the Gold Coast (n = 514) and in the remainder of Australia (n = 1,457) revealed distinctive characteristics for the former group. Specifically, Gold Coast owners are older and less likely to possess expen sive units but are more likely to own more than one interval, to use their own units rather than participate in an exchange, and to take a longer time-share vacation that includes fewer children. Gold Coast owners also spend considerably more during their time-share vacations and express high levels of satisfaction overall and with local activities. This ex tremely positive profile provides contrary evidence to the contention that mature resort destinations such as the Gold Coast tend to display elevated levels of consumer dissatisfac tion and product deterioration. It may therefore be rational for tourism managers to facili tate time-share as a strategy for avoiding the negative consequences of resort maturity.
Impacts of Riverboat Gaming On Community Quality
Authors: Hsu Cathy H. C.
Published: March 2007

This study, examining two southeastern Iowa riverboat communities, identified the impact of the riverboat casino on 25 community quality attributes, as perceived by community residents. Tax revenue generation was the only attribute improved as a result of the river boat casino. All other attributes were not changed. The community quality attributes were a categorized into six factors: Free of Crime, Attractiveness, Economy, Community Activi , ties, Public Services, and Hospitality. Those whose highest education level attained was a high school diploma, who had visited the casino, who visited the casino more often, and who supported the legalization of gaming in the state perceived the impact of the riverboat casino more positively.
Toxicity of Pyrolysis Gases From Thermal Insulation Materials
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Brauer Diana P.
Published: March 2007

Toxicity test data obtained at the University of San Francis co on the pyrolysis gases from various thermal insulation materials are presented.
Thermal Performance Characteristics of Eps Insulation
Authors: Fairweather E.W.
Published: March 2007

The thermal performance characteristics of EPS insulation are discussed in this paper.
The Evaluator as Power Merchant
Authors: Fein Edith , Staff Ilene , Kobylenski Sara
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evalu ation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, ortechnique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Summative Evaluation, Formative Evaluation, and Tactical Research
Authors: Reichardt Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Cindy Johnson, a county employment and training counselor, sits and waits for her 19 workshop participants to show up at a dingy conference room, where the wall clock always reads 5:20.

Finally, three people trudge in. Jacqueline Nash, 34, hasn't worked since 1985. Scott Sandrow, a 19-year-old father, can boast a job history of only six weeks of flipping burgers before being fired. John Jordan, a 45-year-old laborer with two school-age children, has been out of work nearly a year.

Ms. Johnson passes around purple file folders containing job-hunting tips and forms to be completed. 'I can't read,' blurts out Mr. Jordan. The counselor carefully explains the program's sole requirement: Apply for two dozen jobs in the next 60 days, or risk losing your food stamps. Ten of the job "contacts " must be in person. Their meeting that morning counts as one job contact, Ms. Johnson adds. If they walk across the hall to the state's employment bureau, that will count as another contact. Shops across the street are another quick stop. "You just have to get through this, " she urges.

The trainees leave. Ms. Nash forgets her purple folder.

This is the government's definition of "job training. "Under a 1985 law, Congress created a training program especially for people on food stamps, ostensibly to get them into jobs and reduce their need for government aid.
Using critical incidents to understand school cultures
Authors: Angelides Panayiotis
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the need to find new ways of examining workplace cultures quickly and effectively, in order to facilitate school improvement. Emphasising the importance of school culture, it illustrates how critical incidents can be analysed so as to help teachers to understand the factors which shape their practice. It is argued that the proposed method has the potential to go beyond systems of external monitoring, in such a way as to enable schools to develop procedures for self-review
Monkseaton Community High School A School for the Future?
Authors: Wrigley Terry
Published: March 2007

Monkseaton has developed a national reputation for the use of ICT in teaching foreign languages. This article aims to set this in the context of wider initiatives at the school, and to learn about an approach to school development.
Bioaerosol Concentrations in the Quad Cities 1 Year after the 1993 Mississippi River Floods
Authors: Curtis L. , Ross M. , Persky V. , Scheff P. , Wadden R. , Ramakrisnan V. , Hryhorczuk D.
Published: March 2007

Bioaerosol measurements were made in 45 Quad Cities, Illinois houses following the 1993 floods of the Mississip pi and Rock Rivers. Least squares log transformed means for fungal concentrations (in cfu m-3) were 1,449 in basements, 1,174 in living rooms, 1,234 in kitchens, 1,464 in first floor bedrooms, 1,197 in second floor bedrooms, and 2,590 outside. Mean least squares log transformed bacterial concentrations were 887 cfu m-3 in basements, 878 cfu m-3 in living rooms and 697 cfu m-3 outdoors. Levels of fungi and bacteria were not notably elevated in the basements or other rooms of the formerly flooded houses. Levels of fungi and bacteria indoors were significantly less in houses with dehumidifiers and in homes with natural gas odors. Air-conditioning during warm periods significantly reduced airborne concentra tions of fungi.
Revisiting the Association between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk
Authors: Fry John S. , Lee Peter N.
Published: March 2007

Hackshaw et al. [BMJ 1997;315:980-988] estimated that, in non-smoking women, lung cancer risk rises 23% (95% Cl 14-32%) per 10 cigarettes per day smoked by the hus band and 11% (95% Cl 4-17%) per 10 years exposure. Although we reproduced these estimates approximately, use of later and more appropriate data gave lower val ues : 10% (95% Cl 5-15%) per 10 cigarettes per day and 7% (95% Cl 4-11%) per 10 years. Among the reasons Hackshaw et al. [1997] reported higher risks are failure to consider studies reporting results only as exposed/unex posed and substantial overweighting of results from one study. Extended analysis revealed that a linear model fits the data as well as the exponential model of Hackshaw et al. [1997] in the observed range, but yields more plausi ble risk estimates at higher doses. In this paper, we also introduce a method to convert dose-response data, re ported only as a set of correlated risk estimates and con fidence intervals, into a form amenable to dose-response summary analyses.
Feasibility Study of an Indoor Air Quality Measurement Protocol on 12 Parameters in Mechanically Ventilated and Air-Conditioned Buildings
Authors: Chao Christopher Y. , Chan George Y. , Ho Lewis
Published: March 2007

The Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department has recently launched a set of guidance notes on indoor air quality (IAQ) management for offices and public places. An IAQ Certification Programme will be con ducted on a self-regulatory basis that is intended to divide IAQ in mechanically ventilated buildings into three classes. Due to the large number of buildings in Hong Kong and the associated cost implications, a sim plified, operationally feasible and scientifically sound as sessment has been developed. Twenty-five government buildings covering eight different types of premises were examined in a trial-run programme to verify the validity of the proposed methodology. Among these 25 prem ises, only 1 (4%) achieved level 1 while 11 (44%) achieved the level 2 objective. The remaining 13 prem ises (52%) met the level 3 objective. High concentrations of volatile organic compounds and carbon dioxide were found to be the dominating parameters that made a building unable to meet class level 2. This measurement study has also illustrated the very different nature of IAQ found in different types of buildings where the pattern of air conditioning operation and indoor air pollutant sources can influence it substantially.
Statistical Analysis of Exposure Data: Formaldehyde in Occupied and Unoccupied Caravans in Australia
Authors: Lange John H.
Published: March 2007

This letter was shown to the author, Dr. Peter Dingle, who agrees with the points raised. He makes the observation that the analysis of results is a difficult problem, but one that should be tackled remember ing what needs to be done to understand the problem rather than what can be done. However, it is always better to be too thor ough than too simplistic.
The Quality of the Air in Our Buildings
Authors: Vitel Claire
Published: March 2007

In the office workplace, today, we are surrounded by high-tech equipment, artificial lighting and synthetic car peting. Office environments vary in the type of air quality problems they present and contamination levels fluc tuate depending upon the tasks being performed and the frequency of these operations. The World Health Organ isation has suggested that 30% of buildings are prone to sick building syndrome problems and 30% more are like ly to develop the same symptoms. The research de scribed here used a common protocol to study the air quality within 256 different buildings and provides an account of the state of health in buildings within the UK. The results show that only 15% of the buildings surveyed achieved optimum environmental conditions; therefore 85% have the potential to make their occupants ill. Employers and building owners are beginning to appre ciate the importance of good air quality. Many have been forced to reimburse financially their employees for ill-

Study undertaken at the University of Reading, research undertaken by Healthy Buildings International. nesses the workers blamed on the indoor environment. There are cases where tenants have vacated office spaces due to air quality complaints.
Sorption Isotherms of Acetone on Various Building Materials
Authors: Tiffonnet Anne-Lise , Blondeau Patrice , Allard Francis , Haghighat Fariborz
Published: March 2007

The physical modelling of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) suf fers a lack of sorption data for the most common Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) on building materials. This paper deals with an experimental facility that aimed to provide the sorption isotherms of gaseous contaminants on various materials. It was used to determine the sorp tion isotherms of acetone on chipboard, acrylic paint, and the gypsum core of commercially available gypsum board. After a brief introduction to fundamental princi ples of sorption, the experimental device is presented in detail. The results are reported and discussed, emphasis ing the description of the isotherm shapes and the possi ble partial reversibility of the sorption phenomenon for porous materials. The resulting curves are clearly non linear when dealing with gypsum and chipboard. More over, the sorption isotherms of acetone on gypsum were found to be different whether they were determined in the directions of increasing or decreasing concentra tions. Many questions remain unresolved about the phy sico-chemical processes involved, the sorption data to be considered for the purposes of IAQ modelling, and the way to account for the observed phenomenon when modelling the sorption/diffusion contaminant transport in building materials. — Copyright©2002 S. KargerAG, Basel
Coalinga Fibre: A Short-Fibre, Amphibole-Free Chrysotile
Authors: Iigren E.B.
Published: March 2007

Coalinga chrysotile is a short-fibre, amphibole-free as bestos from California. It is prototypic of many other short-fibre chrysotiles found elsewhere in the world. Since short-fibre chrysotile is the most common form of asbestos, a deeper understanding of the biological ef fects of Coalinga chrysotile should provide important insights into what many regulatory agencies are now calling a major health hazard, the reasoning behind this being that these agencies consider all fibre types to be biologically equivalent. Previously the potential fibroge nicity of Coalinga chrysotile had been assessed in two inhalation bioassays. The first was conducted in 1978 at the National Institutes of Environmental Health and Sciences (NIEHS) in the United States. Our earlier analy sis of this investigation demonstrated that Coalinga chry sotile was not fibrogenic. The second inhalation bioas say was conducted in 1983 at the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany by Muhle et al. Unfortunately, in their final analysis, data were presented in a way that did not allow one to determine whether Coalinga chrysotile was fi brogenic or not. Because of this, the slides have been re-examined using the Wagner scoring system, which is designed specifically to assess fibrosis. The findings of this re-evaluation clearly demonstrate, yet again, that Coalinga chrysotile is not fibrogenic in these assays.
Fine Particles (PM1) in Four Different Indoor Environments
Authors: Braniš Martin , Řezáčová Pavla , Guignon Nicolas
Published: March 2007

Measurements of urban indoor fine particle <1 μm (PM1) mass concentrations were carried out in a lecture room, restaurant and two types of office. Twenty-four-hour concentrations of PM1 were sampled from April to July 2000 by low-volume Harvard impactors. The 24-hour concentrations were in the range from 7.69 to 214.62 μg.m-3. The lowest average concentration was found in a non-smoking office (11.77 μg.m-3, range 7.69-17.27 μg.m-3), the highest concentration in a restaurant (169.09 μg.m -3, range 131.91-214.62 μg.m-3). In the lecturing room (average 17.98 μg.m-3, range 11.91- 24.59 μg.m-3), the particle concentrations corresponded to the number of people present during the day. In the offices, noticeable differences were found between working days and weekends or days when staff were not present. A strong influence of smoking on the concentra tions of small particles was confirmed for the restau rant.
Monitoring Indoor Airborne Fungi and Bacteria in the Different Areas of Trakya University Hospital, Edirne, Turkey
Authors: Sarica Suzan , Asan Ahmet , Otkun Muserref Tatman , Ture Mevlut
Published: March 2007

The aim of this investigation was to monitor monthly the densities and distribution of indoor airborne fungi and bacteria in 6 different areas of Trakya University Hospital (Edirne, Turkey). Areas monitored were an operating theatre, birthing-room, emergency department, service area for infectious diseases, intensive care unit and the canteen. Our method was to expose Petri dishes which contained rose-bengal streptomycin agar and 5% sheep- blood agar media to room air for 10-min periods. Sam ples were collected at 1-month intervals from September 2000 to February 2001. A total of 156 microfungal and 535 bacterial colonies were counted on 144 plates. Dur ing a 6-month period, 10 bacterial genera (Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Listeria, Micrococcus, Propionibacteria, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus) 7 fungal genera (Alternaria, Aspergil lus, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Scopular iopsis and Trichothecium) and 33 fungal species were isolated from the hospital air. Penicillium loliense, P. melinii and P. phoeniceum were newly recognised spe cies for Turkey. Some bacterial species such as coagu lase-negative Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Coryne bacterium spp. were predominant (percentages of colo nies counted were 72.2, 10.7 and 8.8%, respectively). Cladosporium and Penicillium were the most prevalent fungal genera. Cladosporium was predominant in Sep tember, November and February, Alternaria in October and December and Penicillium in January. Staphylococ cus spp. was the most common bacterial species in all months. Statistical analyses (regression with optimal scaling test) were applied to the data.
Studies on the 'Ventilation Effectiveness' and Modification of the Ventilation System in the Waiting Hall of a Railway Station
Authors: Chow W.K. , Fung W.Y.
Published: March 2007

The concept of ventilation effectiveness for mechanical ventilation of an air space is reviewed and associated parameters for describing the performance of ventilation systems are described. The idea is applied to a study of the thermal environment in the waiting hall of a railway station. Two ventilation schemes: one with a ventilation system only and the other with an air-conditioning sys tem were considered. The proposed air-conditioning system would provide air at a temperature only 5 ° C below the ambient but with a higher air circulation rate. This would reduce the amount of energy used for environmental protec tion compared to more conventional systems providing full air-conditioning. It is found that using such a scheme it is possible to provide a better thermal environment using less energy than with a full air-conditioning system. ......................
Review : Problems in the Assessment of Health Risks from Low Levels of Indoor Air Pollutants
Authors: Leslie G.B.
Published: March 2007

Animal toxicity studies are far from ideal as a method to enable us to assess possible human health hazards from enviromental pollutants since such pol lutants are usually present in very low concentrations and in complex mixtures which vary widely from time to time. Human studies are in general limited to epidemiological techniques for ethical reasons and they are often inadequate for the detection of small changes in the frequency of common diseases with multifactorial causes. Regulators therefore have a limited scientific resource as a background to the preparation of guidelines and legislation.
Surveillance for the Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Health in a Tianjin Gas Factory
Authors: Li Xin-xin , Ma Xiang-min , Dong Zi-zhen , Ping Xie  , Gang Li
Published: March 2007

This report describes the surveillance over the past 8 years of carbon monox ide (CO) levels in a factory producing gas from coal. Where workers were working in areas of the factory where the air might be polluted by CO we found that measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO) levels in their blood was a sufficiently sensitive test of exposure. Measurements on samples taken before and after a shift showed a significant difference. Our measurements of a HbCO blank control in two normal population groups was very close to the biological limit value of that for normal groups in the USA and Germany.
Coalinga Fibre - A Short, Amphibole-Free Chrysotile
Authors: Ilgren E. , Chatfield E.
Published: March 2007

Controversy continues to surround the biological activity of short fibre chryso tile largely due to a lack of 'pure exposure' situations available for study: most human exposures are confounded by concomitant long fibre and/or amphi bole exposure. This report presents the morphological and morphometric findings of a lifetime inhalation study of F344 rats exposed to three types of chrysotile. Fibres from the first sample, from Coalinga, Calif., are almost all less than 5 μm in length and do not contain amphibole types of asbestos. The other two, from Quebec, Canada, are a sample from the Jeffrey mine and the UICC/B standard. These are both long fibre preparations with a minor degree of amphibole contamination. Animals exposed to these fibres displayed no tumours above control levels following exposure to Coalinga chrysotile but gave significant tumourigenic responses with both types of Canadian fibres.
Review : Parental Smoking and Risk of Childhood Cancer: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Thornton Alison J. , Lee Peter N.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews evidence relating parental smoking to risk of cancer in their offspring, based on English-language papers covering the period 1957- 1997. Forty-eight case-control and prospective studies provided suitable data. The studies mainly considered maternal smoking during pregnancy, but some studies provided data for maternal smoking before and after pregnancy or at conception, for paternal smoking at various times and/or for maternal expo sure to passive smoking. While some studies presented data for several tumour types, others considered one specific type only. Tables were constructed listing unadjusted and covariate-adjusted relative risk estimates for each exposure index and tumour site. A weak association between childhood cancer and maternal smoking prior to pregnancy was observed. The evidence for paternal smoking and for the various other exposure sources measured was slightly stronger, while that for maternal smoking during and after pregnancy was unconvincing. Only limited evidence of a dose response was found for any exposure index. Various limitations of the studies, including failure to control for confounding variables, mean that the quite weak associations observed between parental smoking and childhood cancer cannot be confidently inter preted as arising from a causal relationship.
Factors Influencing Personal Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide in an Indian Metropolitan Region
Authors: Kulkarni Milind M. , Patil Rashmi S.
Published: March 2007

This study was carried out in a mixed residential and industrial area of Mum bai. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were measured over 2-day periods both in winter (Feb. 1996) and summer (April 1996). Personal exposures as well as indoor and outdoor levels were monitored for 43 respondents. Personal exposures were found to vary substantially among the respondents, ranging from 10.2 to 87.5 ppb with a mean of 43.7 ± 16 ppb in winter and 23.6 ± 7.8 ppb in summer. Regression analysis of the data showed that there is a 37 and 47% correlation of personal exposure with indoor and outdoor concentration, respectively. ANOVA results showed that season of the year, house size and outdoor occupation significantly influenced the personal exposure to NO2 whereas it was not influenced by factors like type of fuel used and ambient air quality level. Personal exposure to NO2 was significantly greater in winter than in summer. Respondents staying in smaller houses and/or having out door occupation were exposed to higher NO2 levels.
Review : Parental Smoking and Middle Ear Disease in Children: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Thornton Alison J. , Lee Peter N.
Published: March 2007

This report presents a detailed review of the available epidemiological evidence concerning the prevalence of middle ear infections in children in relation to their expo sure to smoking by their parents or other household members and is based on English-language papers cov ering the period 1979-1998. Fifty-eight studies are in cluded in the review, with the most widely used index of exposure being parental smoking. Smoking by all house hold members, by either parent separately and by the mother during pregnancy were also considered in some of the studies. Only 3 studies attempted to quantify expo sure objectively, using measurements of cotinine and nicotine in hair, saliva and pericardial fluid. Tables listing unadjusted and adjusted relative risk estimates were constructed for both postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke and for maternal smoking during pregnancy. The results for postnatal exposure were separated into five disease categories. The overall data suggested some association of postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke with three categories; recurrent otitis media, otitis media with effusion and unspecified middle ear disease, with risk tending to increase with increasing exposure, but no association with acute otitis media or with persistent oti tis media with effusion. However, reported associations were generally quite weak, with relative risks typically below 1.5. Problems in interpreting the data arise from the difficulty of distinguishing possible effects of envi ronmental tobacco smoke and of maternal smoking dur ing pregnancy (for which the data also suggest an asso ciation), the possibility that the underlying cause of mid dle ear disease is in fact an infection, and from the var ious possibilities of bias inherent in epidemiological studies of a weak association, particularly due to inade quate control of confounding. Though it is prudent for parents not to expose their children to high doses of environmental tobacco smoke for long periods, the over all epidemiological evidence does not convincingly dem onstrate that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases the incidence of middle ear diseases in chil dren.
Performance Tests of an Exposure Chamber for Aeroallergen Exposure
Authors: Ekberg Lars E. , Gustén Jan , Strindehag Ove
Published: March 2007

A chamber to expose subjects to birch pollen has been installed at the Allergy Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. The aims of the investiga tions planned for this chamber are mainly to determine the amount of pollen and the exposure time that can give rise to allergic symptoms. In this paper, results from per formance tests of the chamber and its ventilation system are presented. Further, some results are given from ini tial tests with pollen.
Indoor Radon Concentrations in Ankara Dwellings
Authors: Vaizoğlu Songül A. , Güler Çağatay
Published: March 2007

The level of radon in domestic dwellings in Ankara, Tur key, was studied using CR-39 passive alpha track detec tors. During the period 1996-1997 indoor radon concen trations were measured in approximately 200 houses during a 6 months' winter period. Detectors were placed in two separate rooms of which one was a living room and the other was the main bedroom. Subsequent mea surements were performed at the Istanbul Çekmece Nu clear Research and Training Centre. Values obtained were between 2 and 408 Bq/m3. These long-term radon concentrations were found to follow a log-normal distri bution. Median values for living rooms and bedrooms were 19 and 25 Bq/m3, respectively. Indoor radon con centration was found to be associated with presence of cracks on the walls, building material used for floor and walls and the type of ventilation and heating (p < 0.05).
Financial Arrangements made by Husbands and Wives: Findings of a Survey
Authors: Edwards Meredith
Published: March 2007

The paper reports on some exploratory Australian research into financial arrangements made by husbands and wives. The paper first surveys briefly the conclusions of sociological literature on the relationship between marital power on the one hand and family income and the employment status of the wife on the other. The methodology used by the author in her own survey is explained, in particular the reasons why husbands and wives were interviewed simultaneously but separately. Management and control aspects of financial arrangements are explained and elaborated on because of their central importance to the topic.

One of the more significant findings was the prevalence of arrangements in which wives managed family finances as against the small number of wives who could be said to have had overall control of finances. Another conclusion of the importance of both the income level of the husband and whether or not the wife had paid employment as factors affecting financial arrangements of couples. The paper concludes with some implications for tax and social security policies.
Australia, Canada and the United States: Ethnic Melting Pots or Plural Societies?
Authors: Van den Berghe Pierre L.
Published: March 2007

Structural similarities in these three societies have produced in each of them two very different situations of race and ethnic relations. First, in the 'frontier' situation the European immigrants displaced the indigenes both geographically and culturally, and created similar systems of internal colonialism to deal with the dispossessed remnants of aborigines and Amerindians. Second, large numbers of largely European immigrants settled mostly in cities, and gradually became assimilated into the Anglo mainstream of their host societies. While the label of 'Anglo-conformity' describes the process of assimilation better than that of 'melting pot', there is no question that the European immigrant groups became a relatively homogenous amalgam.

It is predicted that the 'ethnic revival' of the 1970s will not significantly reverse this process of assimilation, and that only Canada, with its large, stable territorialized French minority, faces a serious possibility of ethnic separatism.
Sport and the Oppression of Women
Authors: Bryson Lois
Published: March 2007

Recent analysis of sexism in sport has tended to take a simplistic view of the situation based on the assumption that if equal numbers of women and men played sport, then equality would have been achieved; a rather similar assumption to the equal opportunity view of education and paid employment. However, if we are to take the issue seriously, we must realise that the relationship between sport and gender inequality is much more complex than this. This paper attempts to tease out some of the ways in which sport contributes to male dominance in general, rather than merely to the perpetuation of sport's own internal, unequal structure. It is suggested that sport serves to ritually support an aura of male competence and superiority in publicly acclaimed skills, and a male monopoly of aggression and violence. A corollary of this is an inferiorisation of women and their skills, and their isolation from the ultimate basis of social power—physical force. These effects act to support patriarchal ideology and are usefully seen as occurring through a process which Lukes, following a well established sociological tradition, designates as the mobilisation of bias.
Simulation Models of Group Segregation
Authors: Jones F.L.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned to illustrate a general theorem, that purely individual rational behaviour can produce aggregate social outcomes consistent with, perhaps even suggestive of, concerted collective action and discrimination. It is a formal, even formalistic, analysis and not the results of any empirical investigation, although these formal models are useful in understanding certain aspects of more complex social pro cesses. To focus the discussion, I draw upon two areas that have in fact been the subject of considerable empirical research: residential segrega tion between racial groups, and gender segregation in the occupational structure. I discuss a restricted class of phenomena, amenable to rational choice theory, to demonstrate how actions which are rational at the in dividual level produce aggregate outcomes far more extreme than anyone intended or desired. A major implication of the analysis is that in order to realise more optimal outcomes the private actions of in dividuals need to brought into harmony through coordinated and col lective action.
The Potential of Mail Surveys
Authors: Graetz Brian
Published: March 2007

Surveys conducted by mail have often been regarded, sometimes justifiably, as strategies that are inferior to personal interviews for col lecting social science data from the contemporary population. But as the costs of conducting face-to-face interviews increase, and as the need for representative data becomes more pressing, it becomes increasingly important to examine closely the alternatives to personal interview surveys. This paper presents the results of a trial designed to assess the feasibility of using mailed questionnaires for surveys of the general population in Australia. From a 36 page questionnaire a very high (78 per cent) response rate was achieved. The overall success of the experi ment suggests that mailed questionnaires have greater potential for use in surveys of the general population than has yet been realised in Australian research.
Social Group Lexes in the Illawarra: The Register of the Secondary School
Authors: Corson David
Published: March 2007

Four adolescent social group lexes from the Illawarra region of New South Wales are characterised in this paper using two instruments: the one a measure of meanings available to individuals in passive vocabulary, and the other a measure of meanings available in active vocabulary. The four social group lexes are contrasted with a fifth social group lexis from Sydney. The nature of social group lexis and its measurement are discussed. The lexico-semantic weaknesses (relevant to the register of the secondary school) of the Wollongong poorer working-class social group lexis are linked with the educational failure of its users; the relative strengths of immigrant- descent Wollongong social group lexes are linked with the relative educational success of their users. The influence of the phenomenon of 'extralinguistic context' on lexical selection is discussed.
Prisoners' Perceptions of Legal Aid
Authors: Hattie John , McGrath Gerry
Published: March 2007

Arising out of the National Offender Survey for the Australian Law Reform Commission this paper presents the views of a sample of incar cerated Federal offenders towards the institution and personnel of Legal Aid. Such views are placed within the offender's assessment of the criminal justice system as being essentially malleable and illu strates diverse sources of sentencing disparity. Contextualising the views of Federal offenders by reference to the views of 250 state offenders, the paper presents an assessment of Legal Aid as an institution whose purpose is betrayed by deficiency in attitude as distinct from competence of personnel. The criticism of Legal Aid extended by the respondent population is merely an extension of the assessment they extend to the legal profession generally.
Economic Inequality between Men and Women in an Australian Rural Community
Authors: Dempsey Ken
Published: March 2007

In this article the income inequality prevailing between men and women in an Australian rural community is examined. It is argued that in order to appreciate the magnitude of the financial disadvantage experienced by women it is necessary to abandon the usual approach of restricting income comparisons to male and female members of the paid workforce in favour of one including all adult men and women irrespective of their workforce status. This approach directs attention beyond the immediate 'causes' of income inequality in the market situation — such as length of job experience — to the societal causes of this and other manifestations of gender discrimination. This includes women's socialisation to place caring for others before career, and economic and social sanctions to ensure that they do. Such factors partially explain why the income reported by the majority of females is below, or only marginally above, the poverty line and why women with tertiary qualifications earn much less than similarly qualified men. In a community where farming is the modal occupation it is shown that women experience the double inequity of being denied the resources to practise this occupation whilst being expected to contribute unwaged labour to the success of its male practitioners.
Gender, Social Control and Community Services
Authors: Bryson Lois , Edwards Anne
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with social control and explicitly with gender dimensions of social control, explored through the work ings of a state welfare bureaucracy. The data on which the analysis is based were collected as part of a study of welfare clients who had had contact with Victoria's state welfare depart ment. As well as the more conventional range of welfare services, at that time the department's responsibilities included both adult and juvenile correctional services. This combination of responsibilities provided a valuable environment in which to study gender characteristics as these were set in particularly high relief. Males were associated with the correctional side of the department while females were involved with a range of activities though almost always related to their roles as mothers. All subjects of the research were living in the community and all were serviced by the same staff and facilities. Very clear differ ences along traditional lines emerge highlighting the centrality of the gender dimension for understanding the social control mechanisms of the welfare state.
Women's Leisure, Men's Leisure: A Study in Subordination and Exploitation
Authors: Dempsey Ken
Published: March 2007

In this paper findings from an Australian rural community study are presented which show that men dominate local recreational resources and activities and often deliberately exclude women from them. Notwithstanding this treatment women are expected to use their domestic skills to facilitate men's leisure and to be present to cheer men on in their pursuit of personal glory and public esteem. As a rule men do not reciprocate. Women's own leisure in both the home and the public sphere is reduced by their incorporation in men's leisure and by their far greater responsibilities under the prevailing domestic division of labour. Often men do not have to move openly and directly against women because the process of domination and exclusion are facilitated by their inheritance of leisure space, historical precedent, and a gender specific ideology that portrays existing inequitable arrangements as natural and proper. It is shown that relationships are so one-sided and the control of resources for recreation so asymmetrical to warrant describing the situation as exploitative.
The Social Construction of Repetition Strain Injury
Authors: Hopkins Andrew
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the politics of the RSI debate, and more particularly, the ideologies which underpin both sides. It goes on to argue that the intervention into the debate of social scientists with a social construction perspective has political implications. While the social construction position, in prin ciple, is consistent with a view of RSI as injury, in practice it has been closely aligned with the view of RSI as neurosis and thus with the interests of insurers seeking to avoid liability for compensation.