bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in Ethiopia
Authors: Mulcahy Edward W.
Published: August 2021

I am pleased at this opportunity to give an account of recent developments in Ethiopia. As Acting Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, I have been deeply engrossed in the subject ever since heavy fighting broke out in the Ethiopian province of Eritrea on January 31. I also have a very personal interest in this subject since I served at one time as Consul in Asmara. Indeed, twenty-five years ago last month I opened our consular post there.
We Need a Fresh Start in Southern Africa
Authors: Johnson Willard R.
Published: August 2021

My statement is not an attempt to convey new information. Indeed, anyone reading simply the record of the Congressional hearings will have all the essential and relevant facts. Why is it that we have been ever searching for but never coming to the truth? Why do we listen but never hear, look but never see, manipulate but never truly feel? Perhaps we express the right facts but the wrong values?
Statement on South Africa and United States Policy
Authors: Davis Jennifer
Published: August 2021

One of the major problems for anyone trying to understand United States-South Africa policy and relationships is the long established tradition of double talking. To find the truth it is necessary to penetrate behind the coded language and to recognize a series of myths which serve to cloak a far more unpleasant reality.
An Overview of American and African Policies in Regard to Southern Africa
Authors: Herskovits Jean
Published: August 2021

The perspective we are taking today on U.S. policy towards Southern Africa is, I believe, badly needed. It is both wrong and unrealistic to see southern Africa as detached from the rest of Africa. Africans in majority-ruled Africa know that. The British certainly know it. The Russians and the Chinese seem to know it. South Africa’s John Vorster has made clear how well he knows it.
Statement on South Africa and the United States
Authors: Munger Edwin S.
Published: August 2021

My remarks will be relatively brief because I agree with a great deal of what my distinguished academic colleagues have already said. I do, however, take a different position with respect to American policy toward South Africa and have some ideas of my own concerning our overall Africa policy.
The Anguish of Angola: On Becoming Independent in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Marcum John A.
Published: August 2021

As the United States approaches its two-hundredth year of independence, Angola is entering upon its first. Fifteen years after most of Black Africa shed colonial rule, and fourteen after Angolan insurgents shattered the myth of multiracial harmony in Iusophone Africa, a total collapse of Portuguese authority has catapulted Angola to an uncertain nationhood born in chaos and civil war.
Panel on South African Fiction and Autobiography
Authors: Mphahlele Ezekiel , Nazareth Peter , Obiechina Emmanuel
Published: August 2021

I will not say much about autobiography in South Africa because it’s a given. It’s the kind of thing that has emerged naturally from South African conditions, and in fact, we are seeing it emerge all over Africa as a literature of self-definition. It has become a peculiar genre in Africa, a genre that depicts the very social conditions that have given rise to it.

My remarks this morning will be concerned mostly with the novel. This is a more problematic genre in South Africa than in other parts of Africa, and we may need a long time to debate and discuss the issues surrounding it.

Before I go on, however, I would like to add to what Mazisi said this morning, even though it is not connected with my talk. I want to say this by way of preface. Since we are talking about South Africa, we need to know that we are talking about African people rather than about ethnic groups, rather than about “tribes.”
Mission To Renamo: The Militarization of the Religious Right
Authors: Askin Steve
Published: August 2021

A century ago, Cecil Rhodes told a Dutch Reformed missionary’s mother that “your son among the natives is worth as much to me as a hundred policemen.” He was referring, of course, to the role many missionaries played in turning Christianity into an ideology which could be used to convince Africans not to resist white domination.

Rhodes’ modern-day successors—South Africa’s white rulers and their allies—have gone one dangerous step further. For them, it is not enough to use the church as a kind of ideological cheering section for white domination. Instead they are quite literally using pastors and missionaries as soldiers and policemen.
African Studies in the United States: 1955–1975
Authors: Carter Gwendolen M.
Published: August 2021

For decades, American scholars have been studying one aspect or another of the African experience. From 1927 on, Professor Melville J. Herskovits used his field research and scholarly insights to fashion courses on Africa offered as part of the regular curriculum at Northwestern University. Northwestern and Indiana graduate students, and possibly others, were already completing distinguished Ph.D. dissertations in the late 1930s that were based on field research in Africa or other types of original data. What we generally mean by African studies developed at a later stage, when the scholarly interaction of specialists on Africa drawn from a number of disciplines is formalized through a structure established by their institution.
From a Closed Filing Cabinet: The Life and Times of the Africa Research Group
Authors: Schechter Daniel
Published: August 2021

I blame it all on the CIA.

The Africa Research Group was formed as an outgrowth of an investigation which I, as a Ramparts magazine reporter, had undertaken to flush out some tentacles of covert US intervention south of the Sahara. It turned out that identifying CIA involvement was simpler than evaluating its underlying political thrust or gauging its impact. That sort of assessment required a fairly sophisticated understanding of African political economy as well as US foreign policy. It was clear that a group effort could be a more productive way of studying this phenomenon than any individual enterprise.
The Abuse of Executive Prerogative: a Purposive Difference Between Detention in Black Africa and Detention in White Racist Africa
Authors: Zvobgo Eddison Jonas Mudadirwa
Published: August 2021

As a lawyer, a law-teacher, a Board-member of Amnesty International (U.S.A.) and, more importantly, as an African revolutionary, matters of human rights are of grave concern to me. With racism and fascism gaining ground in the West, reactionary bourgeois chauvinism on the rampage in many of the newly liberated states in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, and statist revisionist tyranny masquerading as revolutionary socialism in some of the socialist countries, few can afford ivory-tower debates involving human rights. Certainly I cannot, having spent seven years in Salisbury Maximum Security Prison as Ian Smith’s political prisoner.
The Future of the Carter Policy Toward Southern Africa
Authors: Lockwood Edgar
Published: August 2021

Judging by public tone, style, and ideological emphasis alone, the casual observer of U.S. foreign policy is impressed by the novelty of the Carter Administration’s approach toward Southern Africa. Kissinger had stressed America’s tangible interests, sought alliances with ideological “enemies” to advance or at least to protect those interests, and operated a clever, manipulative and secretive diplomacy with calculated ambiguity. The Carter Administration now seems to espouse once more American ideals and principles, open diplomacy for announced clearly-stated objectives, and decision-making by consent. But what is really involved is a reversion to the active use of ideology and salesmanship to manage its political and economic interests. It is of a piece with “helping our little brown brothers” in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, making the world “safe for democracy” and saving Vietnam from Communism.
Africa 2000: Thinking about the African Future in the Modern World System
Authors: Hall Raymond L.
Published: August 2021

Comprehension of most of the contemporary events and developments in sub-Saharan Africa requires that they be explained in the larger context of the modern world system. Specifically, conflict within and between African nations —often involving various kinds of outside aid, including the use of foreign troops—and racial conflict in Southern Africa could be better understood if they were treated under larger categories related to topics in international relations. Some of the categories would be: Africa’s strategic importance to the superpowers vis-à-vis the Indian Ocean and the Horn of Africa; the extension of support related to racial community; the importance of African natural resources; the dynamics of African internal politics and their aussenpolitic in relation to superpower ideologies; and various forms of development strategies utilized by African nations.
Urbanism and Urbanization
Authors: Abate Yohannis
Published: August 2021

Africa is now the least urbanized of the continents but is becoming more so at one of the fastest rates in the world. The history of urbanization in Africa predates the birth of Christ; it may have developed as early as 3500 B.C. in the flood plain of the lower Nile for control and administration of the Nile Valley by the Pharaohs, though most of the ancient and pre-colonial African urban centers are now insignificant towns and some have become extinct. Between 1500 B.C. and 500 A.D., the Mediterranean coast of North Africa saw the creation of many cities, which flourished because of trade between the Phoenicians and Carthaginians.
Africa and the World Economy: Prospects for Growth, Development and Independence
Authors: Wright Sanford
Published: August 2021

The importance of economic growth, development, and independence to. African countries cannot be overemphasized; Africa has been, and continues to be, the most economically disadvantaged part of the world. Economic growth, normally indicated by the increase in monetary Gross Domestic Product, is essential to meet the needs of increasing populations as well as their rising levels of expectations. Development involves the structural changes necessary to make an economy more balanced, integrated, and flexible, and is essential for sustaining growth. Economic dependence, which is reflected in such features as open economies, high levels of foreign assistance, and exports of a few primary products to a limited number of destinations, is viewed as being a major causal factor for underdevelopment and an impingement on national pride and dignity.
Africa and World Economy: Prospects for Real Economic Growth
Authors: Seidman Ann
Published: August 2021

Crystal ball gazing is hardly the province of social scientists. The best one can do, in attempting to assess the prospects for real economic growth by the year 2000, is to examine the contradictory trends and struggles shaping the political economy of Africa and the world today, and suggest potential alternative outcomes. Even the possibilities are obscure.

What is clear is that, despite over ten years of independence for over 40 African countries, the majority of African peoples still confront the overriding problem of poverty. Living on a continent endowed with extensive mineral agricultural resources, they still suffer from among the lowest per capita incomes and the highest mortality rates in the world.
Canadian Involvement in the Brain Drain from Africa: Opportunities for Action
Authors: Sinclair Michael
Published: August 2021

The phenomenon known as the “brain drain” refers to the permanent or long-term migration of educated or skilled individuals from one country to another, usually from a poor Third World nation to an industrialized Western country. However, it also describes the migration of such persons between developed countries, such as from Canada to the United States and within countries, notably from impoverished rural areas to urban areas.
Diary of Inhaminga
Authors: Martens J. , Verdaasdonk A. , van Rijen J. , van Kampen A. , Tielemans J.
Published: August 2021

Portugal’s occupation of Africa began with violence, it was maintained by
violence, and after five hundred years it is coming to an end through
violence.

The story of Inhaminga, the bloody events of resistance and reprisal in the
war in Mozambique, is the last chapter of the longest and most useless colonial
ordeal in Africa’s history. It is one more measurement of the lives which were
lost, the bodies which were sold, and the destruction which was wrought in the
course of Portugal’s pursuit of gain and imperial dignity in Guinea, Angola,
Mozambique.
Cooperation among World Area Programs
Authors: Gocking Roger
Published: August 2021

The task of conducting outreach through NDEA centers has not been
restricted to African centers. From the mid-seventies all such area study
programs funded through Title VI were called upon by the federal government
to undertake some sort of outreach activities. The Office of Education in
its guidelines identified four areas to which such programs should direct
themselves: the business community, the general public, precollegiate
educational institutions, and other universities and junior colleges that
had no NDEA-funded centers.
Second Beginnings: The New Political Framework
Authors: Whitaker C. S.
Published: August 2021

The focus of any discussion of Nigeria at this time in its history is the outlook for success of its recently reconstituted democratic political system. Equally in question should be the validity of external assessments of the Nigerian political situation, some of which in the past have tended, I believe, to rest on misunderstandings of Nigerian politics.
Prospects for the Administration of Justice in Nigeria: Courts, Police, and Politics
Authors: Carter Helen Marshall
Published: August 2021

In assessing the outlook for the administration of justice under the second Nigerian Republic, one should consider in retrospect the political significance of courts and police, particularly as these agencies affect the work of political development and nation-building. Perhaps in deference to the myth of the apolitical judicial and legal process, little attention has been paid to the political impact of both courts and police, beyond the judicial-review powers of the higher courts or the use of the police as agents of terror.’ Comment on the more “ordinary” doings of police and courts is all too often an afterthought or is missing entirely.
The Political Economy of Hunger in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe
Authors: Danaher Kevin
Published: August 2021

The first-time visitor to Salisbury cannot help but be impressed by the exceptionally clean and modern downtown area. The well-kept parks and spotless boulevards put any city in the United States to shame. Supermarket shelves are well stocked, and the near total absence of beggars makes one wonder if this is in fact part of the African continent. If one stays inside the downtown area and its rich suburbs, one can easily miss the ugly truth that millions of people in this relatively affluent nation are suffering from malnutrition and that whole communities have been destroyed by starvation.
Decolonization and Development in Kenya and Zimbabwe: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Gordon David F.
Published: August 2021

In late February, readers of the New York Times read of a pragmatic Planning Minister in a newly independent African state issuing his country’s first development plan whose strategy was based upon building on the existing economic structures. That same day, readers of the Wall Street Journal read of a revolutionary new African state issuing its guidelines for the radical transformation of its economy toward a new socialist order. The casual reader might not even have of noticed that the two stories were commenting on the same by event: the announcement in Salisbury by Economic Planning Minister Bernard Chidzero of the newly independent Zimbabwean Government’s first development guidelines.
Two Views on the Riddell Commission: 1. Zimbabwe Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Incomes, Prices, and Conditions of Service, under the chairmanship of Roger C. Riddell, Salisbury, June 1981
Authors: Rebusoajoang
Published: August 2021

The Riddell report on incomes, prices, and conditions of service in Zimbabwe is a comprehensive analysis of the cost of basic necessities, salaries, and the working and living conditions of Zimbabwe’s labor force. This is a significant undertaking in a newly-liberated nation with a government committed to socialist principles. The commission was explicitly charged with examining the economic, social, and legal implications of increasing worker participation in the economy.
The U.S. and Refugees: The Refugee Act of 1980
Authors: Roberts Maurice A.
Published: August 2021

Public Law 96-212, the Refugee Act of 1980, which President Carter signed into law on March 17, 1980 and which went into effect on April 1, 1980, stands as irrefutable evidence of our humanitarian and democratic ideals and concerns as a nation. Adopted after years of study and in the light of our increasing experience in confronting the refugee problem as a permanent phenomenon of global dimensions, the new law represents a watershed in our immigration history. This is the first comprehensive amendment of our general immigration laws designed to face up to the realities by stating a clear-cut national policy and providing a flexible mechanism to meet the rapidly shifting developments of a troubled world.
Rawlings, Populism, and the Civil Liberties Tradition in Ghana
Authors: Gyimah-Boadi E. , Rothchild Donald
Published: August 2021

On returning to power following the coup d’etat of December 31, 1981, Flight-Lt. Jerry John Rawlings set two major goals: the restoration of power to the people and the waging of a “holy war” against corruption. In line with these objectives, he suspended the constitution, banned political parties, detained party leaders, and took a number of extra-legal actions. Almost immediately questions began to surface about the prospects of the regime’s impact on Ghana’s long civil liberties tradition. This essay will examine the basis for these fears and assess whether or not they might be justified. An attempt is made to do this by placing the Ghanaian civil liberties situation in a broader comparative context, seeking in this way to give a balanced perspective on this subject.
Egypt and the United States After Sadat: Continuity and Constraints
Authors: Jackson Henry F.
Published: August 2021

When he signed the Camp David treaty with Israel, President Anwar Sadat promised the Egyptian people that this would bring peace and prosperity. He assured American policymakers that as a leader in the Arab world, he would be in an opportune position to play a role in the region as an intermediary between the U.S. and Egypt’s Arab-Moslem neighbors, and to act as a bridge for peace between Israel and its Arab adversaries. Among many of Egypt’s Arab sister states, however, Sadat became known as a traitor, and his country became profoundly alienated from them. Since Sadat’s assassination, this condition has not improved. In fact, in recent years Egypt seems to have lost influence and prestige in the international as well as the regional community, and domestic problems have mounted, adding to the growing crisis of legitimacy which surfaced around the time of Sadat’s death.
Reds and Rights Zimbabwe’s Experiment
Authors: Sklar Richard L.
Published: August 2021

In this day and age, Marxism-Leninism is the leading and least parochial theory of social revolution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It strongly appeals to intellectuals who believe that capitalist imperialism in “neocolonial” forms perpetuates social injustice on a world scale; and that a “conscious minority’ ‘ or vanguard of the downtrodden should establish a “developmental dictatorship” dedicated to the pursuit of economic and social progress. Since the death of Mao Zedong and the subsequent repudiation of his economic theories in China, collectivism as an economic strategy has been reassessed and found wanting in other countries whose leaders are disposed to learn from China. For example, in the People’s Republic of the Congo, where collectivist methods, inspired by Marxism-Leninism have been discarded in favor of entrepreneurial methods, the minister of agriculture has said simply, “Marxism without revenue is Marxism without a future.”
Cosmopraxis: Relational methods for a pluriversal IR
Authors: Querejazu Amaya
Published: August 2021

Bringing ontological questions back into IR has been key to opening discussions about plurality and difference in terms of the coexistence of related and plural worlds and realities, for example through notions such as relationality and pluriversality. The problem is that in trying to develop relational approaches as an alternative to the ‘Western/modern’ – atomistic – ontology, relationality, relations, and their meanings can become fixed, translating them into ‘things’. The article maintains that cosmopraxis – as a complex pluriversal, multidimensional set of experiences – not only illustrates how relations relate without fixing their meaning, but also provides us with relevant insights to contribute to think of a pluriversal and more plural IR.
The reactive model of disaster regulation in international law and its shortcomings
Authors: Carvosso Rhys
Published: August 2021

This article presents a theoretical framework by which to understand how disasters are reconciled with a state’s existing obligations under international law. This ‘reactive’ model of disaster regulation hinges on two regulatory techniques, ‘disapplication’ and ‘exculpation’, both of which involve a deviation from the ordinary application of a norm owing to the occurrence of a disaster or to measures adopted by a state in relation to it. It proceeds to outline the various doctrines and mechanisms across different subfields of international law, including international human rights law, investment law and trade law, which may operationalize these techniques in disaster situations. Finally, it argues that the applicability of certain disapplication and exculpation mechanisms to disasters relies on an anachronistic view of such disasters as rare and episodic occurrences beyond human control. This puts these mechanisms at odds with the central objectives of international disaster law and their underlying sociological and scientific premises, which emphasize the need for an ‘adaptive’ model of comprehensive and prevention-oriented disaster regulation. Accordingly, this analysis exposes the conceptual limitations of the reactive model for disaster regulation and explains and validates the inclination toward an adaptive model within international disaster law. It also indicates how mechanisms within the reactive model could be recalibrated to better regulate disasters.
Diagnostic value of interferon-γ release assay in HIV-infected individuals complicated with active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ma Yiyun , Xu Yuni , Cao Xiaoqiang , Chen Xiaojuan , Zhong Yeteng
Published: August 2021

Objective

Although the interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) has become a common diagnostic method for tuberculosis, its value in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive patients remains controversial. Therefore, this systematically reviews the data for exploring the diagnostic value of IGRA in HIV-infected individuals complicated with active tuberculosis, aiming to provide a clinical basis for future clinical diagnosis of the disease.

Methods

Relevant studies on IGRA for diagnosing tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients were comprehensively collected from Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Medline, Cochrane Library, Chinese Sci-tech Periodical Full-text Database, Chinese Periodical Full-text Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and China Wanfang Data up to July 2020. Subsequently, Stata 15.0, an integrated statistical software, was used to analyse the sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) to create receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results

A total of 18 high-quality articles were selected, including 20 studies, 11 of which were related to QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) and nine to T-SPOT.TB. The meta-analysis indicated that the pooled sensitivity = 0.75 (95% CI 0.63–0.85), the pooled specificity = 0.82 (95% CI 0.66–0.92), PLR = 4.25 (95% CI 1.97–9.18), NLR = 0.30 (95% CI 0.18–0.50), DOR = 14.21 (95% CI 4.38–46.09) and the area under summary ROC curve was 0.85 (95% CI 0.81–0.88).

Conclusion

IGRA has a good diagnostic value and therefore can aid in the preliminary screening of active tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals. Its diagnostic effectiveness can be improved by modifying and optimizing the assay design.
Blockade of retinal or cortical activity does not prevent the development of callosal patches normally associated with ocular dominance columns in primary visual cortex
Authors: Lu Hsueh Chung , Laing Robyn J. , Olavarria Jaime F.
Published: August 2021

Callosal patches in primary visual cortex of Long Evans rats, normally associated with ocular dominance columns, emerge by postnatal day 10 (P10), but they do not form in rats monocularly enucleated a few days before P10. We investigated whether we could replicate the results of monocular enucleation by using tetrodotoxin (TTX) to block neural activity in one eye, or in primary visual cortex. Animals received daily intravitreal (P6–P9) or intracortical (P7–P9) injections of TTX, and our physiological evaluation of the efficacy of these injections indicated that the blockade induced by a single injection lasted at least 24 h. Four weeks later, the patterns of callosal connections in one hemisphere were revealed after multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase in the other hemisphere. We found that in rats receiving either intravitreal or cortical injections of TTX, the patterns of callosal patches analyzed in tangential sections from the flattened cortex were not significantly different from the pattern in normal rats. Our findings, therefore, suggest that the effects of monocular enucleation on the distribution of callosal connections are not due to the resulting imbalance of afferent ganglion cell activity, and that factors other than neural activity are likely involved.
A Response to Professor Norman Doe
Authors: George Charles
Published: August 2021

Personally, I am feeling both buoyed up, and also a bit deflated, as a result of Norman's lecture (and the accompanying Ecclesiastical Law Journal article, to which the lecture is just an hors d'oeuvre). Buoyed up that, according to Oughton's treatise of 1728, in the seat of justice the dean should be addressed as Domine Judex or more frequently Domine Decane. Either will do excellently for the future! Deflated because, while Dean Phillimore's letters patent as Dean of the Arches recognised his ‘sound doctrine, good morals, purity of conscience’, my own were, probably rightly, considerably less effusive.
PAUL KRAUS, RICHARD WALZER, AND GALEN'S COM. TIM.
Authors: Das Aileen R.
Published: August 2021

A key work for the study of pre-modern Platonism, Galen's (d. ca. 217 CE) “Synopsis of Plato's Timaeus” (Com. Tim.) is served solely by an “imperfect” 1951 edition that presents for the first time the surviving Arabic text and translates it into Latin. The editors of the “Plato Arabus” series of the Corpus Platonicum, to which the edition belongs, blamed its flaws on the untimely death of Paul Kraus (1904-1944), who prepared the edition with another Jewish refugee Richard Walzer (1900-1975) around WWII. My analysis of archival sources will demonstrate that the labor on the volume was disproportionately Kraus’, whom Walzer and the Corpus Platonicum editor Raymond Klibansky (1905-2005) marginalized from the project in their attempts to secure employment in British academia as displaced Jews. I will also consider how Walzer and Klibansky re-envisioned Kraus’ plans for a Semitic corpus of Platonism to a narrower “Plato Arabus” that would align with a study of Latin Platonism (“Plato Latinus”) in which they presumed their British patrons would be more interested.
Soay Sheep: The Back-story
Authors: Fleming Andrew
Published: August 2021

The primitive race of Soay sheep from the St Kilda archipelago in northwest Scotland has played an important role in narratives of the history of domestic sheep. The Soays, apparently a ‘Bronze Age’ race of sheep, were probably confined to the precipitous isle of Soay as soon as ‘Iron Age’ sheep were introduced to Hirta, St Kilda's main island, owing to the competitive edge of the ferocious Soay rams over the new arrivals. In the 1880s, Pitt-Rivers, following his archaeozoological interests, was the first to keep Soays in his park, their epic journey from the edge of the Atlantic to southern England enabled by his acquaintance with their owner. In the early twentieth century, Soays featured in animal bone reports for archaeological sites, were kept in parks and involved in breeding experiments, particularly around Horsham, Sussex (where their owner lived), and in Edinburgh. The transfer of 107 Soays to Hirta in 1934 and 1935, after humans had evacuated St Kilda, was a remarkable feat, enabling the important long-running Soay Sheep Project. The historical exploitation of ‘feral’ Soay sheep by the islanders of St Kilda has significant cultural ramifications.
Comparison of ESHG2016 and AAP2017 hypertension guidelines in adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16: effect of body mass index on guidelines
Authors: Aksoy Gülşah Kaya , Yapar Dilek , Koyun Nevin Semerci , Doğan Çağla Serpil
Published: August 2021

Objective:

The diagnosis of hypertension in adolescents aged ≥13 and <16 years is based on the percentile according to age, gender, and height in the European Society of Hypertension guidelines guideline; whereas, the American Academy of Pediatrics guideline uses blood pressure above 130/80 mmHg as a single criterion. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the compatibility of these two guidelines in adolescents aged ≥13 and <16 years.

Methods:

This study was designed by retrospectively screening the records of 395 adolescents with both office and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements. Each blood pressure measurement was classified according to both the ESGH2016 and AAP2017 guidelines. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to body mass index. Cohen’s kappa analysis was used to evaluate the agreement between the two guidelines.

Results:

The majority of adolescents were normotensive according to both guidelines, 55.9% by ESHG2016 and 43.1% by AAP2017. For the whole group, the frequency of hypertension was 32.4% with ESHG2016 and 34.4% with AAP2017; while, in obese patients, hypertension frequencies were 38.8% and 43.3%, respectively. The diagnosis of hypertension was demonstrated with the two guidelines, and there was significant agreement at a substantial level, both for the obese subgroup and the whole study group (kappa value = 0.738 and 0.785, respectively). The frequency of white-coat hypertension was higher with the AAP2017 guideline (28.1% versus 16.2%, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

With our experience in this single-centre study, it seems that both the AAP2017 and the ESHG2016 guidelines can be used in the diagnosis of hypertension in adolescents.
Prevalence and predictors of food insecurity among people living with and without HIV in the African Cohort Study
Authors: Onyenakie Cecilia C , Nnakwe Raphael U , Dear Nicole , Esber Allahna , Bahemana Emmanuel , Kibuuka Hannah , Maswai Jonah , Owuoth John , Crowell Trevor A , Polyak Christina S , Ake Julie A , Iroezindu Michael
Published: August 2021

Objective:

We determined the prevalence and identified predictors of food insecurity in four African countries.

Design:

Cross-sectional analyses at study enrolment.

Setting:

From January 2013 to March 2020, people living with HIV (PLWH) and without HIV were enrolled at twelve clinics in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Nigeria.

Participants:

Participants reporting not having enough food to eat over the past 12 months or receiving <3 meals/d were defined as food insecure. Robust Poisson regression models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95 % CI for predictors of food insecurity among all participants and separately among PLWH.

Results:

1694/3496 participants (48·5 %) reported food insecurity at enrolment, with no difference by HIV status. Food insecurity was more common among older participants (50+ v. 18–24 years aPR 1·35, 95 % CI 1·15, 1·59). Having 2–5 (aPR 1·14, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·30) or >5 dependents (aPR 1·17, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·35), and residing in Kisumu West, Kenya (aPR 1·63, 95 % CI 1·42, 1·87) or Nigeria (aPR 1·20, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·41) was associated with food insecurity. Residing in Tanzania (aPR 0·65, 95 % CI 0·53, 0·80) and increasing education (secondary/above education v. none/some primary education aPR 0·73, 95 % CI 0·66, 0·81) was protective against food insecurity. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced PLWH were more likely to be food secure irrespective of viral load.

Conclusion:

Food insecurity was highly prevalent in our cohort though not significantly associated with HIV. Policies aimed at promoting education, elderly care, ART access in PLWH and financial independence could potentially improve food security in Africa.
Small UWB antenna with two stop bands by a compact EBG cell loaded with new open meander slots
Authors: Alizadeh Farzad , Ghobadi Changiz , Nourinia Javad
Published: August 2021

In this paper, a small ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with two stop bands by a compact electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) cell loaded with two new open meander slots is presented. With the coupling of the EBG cell to the feedline, the stop bands are formed. The designed EBG cell is a mushroom type that has the advantages of being able to independently control the stop bands, high responsiveness selectivity of stop bands, easy switching, the need for fewer EBG cells, and low impact on the working characteristics of the antenna. To have a better understanding of the proposed EBG mechanism, characteristic mode analysis is used. The size reduction of the suggested antenna is obtained by halving the reference antenna relative to the axis of symmetry. The measurement results for −10 dB adaptation are from 2.73 to 13 GHz with stop bands at 3.51 GHz (12.9%) and 5.34 GHz (14.1%). The radiation behavior of the minimized antenna is similar to that of a reference antenna. Minimized UWB antenna with transmission function and group delay with small variations in the operating frequency range is suitable for small multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) and diversity systems.
Cyclic Brittle‐Ductile Oscillations Recorded in Exhumed High‐Pressure Continental Units: A Record of Deep Episodic Tremor and Slow Slip Events in the Northern Apennines
Authors: Giuntoli Francesco , Viola Giulio
Published: August 2021

The geological record of deep fossil seismogenesis in subduction zones is limited due to common rock overprinting during exhumation and only a few regions expose well‐preserved deeply exhumed structures. We investigated a mesoscopic contractional duplex formed at blueschist facies conditions in continental metasediments in the Northern Apennines (Italy). Field observations reveal strain partitioning within the duplex between metapelite bands, corresponding to high‐strain zones, and metaquartzarenite bands, which form low‐strain, imbricated metric horses. Dilational shear veins occur in both lithotypes and are composed of quartz and carpholite fibers defining a stretching lineation parallel to the regional SW‐NE transport direction. Geometrical, cross cutting and petrographic relationships suggest that veins formed broadly syn‐mylonitization. Thermodynamic modeling constrains the formation of the mylonitic foliation to >0.7 GPa and ∼400°C and the dilational shear veins vein to ∼1.1 GPa and 350°C. Therefore, we document a top‐to‐the‐E‐NE thrust that formed at the deepest conditions recorded by this unit of the Northern Apennines. In the thrusted continental metasediments, aqueous fluid locally released by metamorphic dehydration reactions transiently increased pore pressure, in turn triggering brittle‐ductile cyclicity. We propose that blueschist facies dilational shear veins and mylonitic foliation represent a geological record of deep episodic tremor and slow slip events. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that these events are genetically associated with brittle and ductile structures of a mesoscopic duplex. We suggest that these structures could be common features of the high‐pressure metamorphic units of the Apennine orogenic belt.
The Influence of the North Anatolian Fault and a Fragmenting Slab Architecture on Upper Mantle Seismic Anisotropy in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Merry Thomas A. J. , Bastow Ian D. , Kounoudis Rita , Ogden Christopher S. , Bell Rebecca E. , Jones Laurence
Published: August 2021

The eastern Mediterranean hosts, within the span of a few hundred kilometers, extensional, strike‐slip, and collision tectonics above a set of fragmenting subducting slabs. Slab roll‐back, toroidal flow, and lithospheric dripping/delamination processes are also believed to be operating. Associated asthenospheric flow and lithospheric deformation are expected to manifest as seismic anisotropy, measurable via study of SKS shear wave splitting. Surprisingly, previous SKS splitting investigations have resolved only long wavelength patterns of anisotropy in the region, interpreting them as large‐scale asthenospheric flow; moreover, no anisotropic signature has been associated with the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), unlike other major strike‐slip plate boundaries worldwide. We present a 29‐year record of SKS splitting observations, revealing hitherto‐unrecognized short‐length‐scale variations in anisotropy, and backazimuthal variations of splitting parameters that attest to multi‐layered anisotropy. Lithospheric anisotropy beneath the NAF exhibits fast directions either fault‐parallel or intermediate between the principle extensional strain rate axis and fault strike, diagnostic of a relatively low‐strained transcurrent mantle shear zone. Elsewhere, anisotropy is consistent with asthenospheric flow through tomographically imaged slab gaps, and driven by Hellenic trench retreat. Evidence for westward flow of asthenosphere driving Anatolian plate motion is lacking. Shorter splitting delay times and nulls in central Anatolia suggest weaker azimuthal anisotropy in the asthenosphere, supporting models that invoke vertical mantle flow patterns (lithospheric dripping/asthenospheric upwelling). Thus, we conclude that the signal of mantle anisotropy more closely reflects the lithospheric deformation, complex slab architecture and geodynamic diversity of the region than previously recognized.
Equatorial Plasma Drifts During the Magnetic Storm on November 7–11, 2004: Identifications of the Roles of Penetration and Disturbance Dynamo Electric Fields With Multi‐Instrumental Measurements
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song , Zhang Yongliang
Published: August 2021

Penetration electric fields and disturbance dynamo electric fields are the two major disturbance electric fields in the equatorial ionosphere during geomagnetic storms. In this study, we analyze equatorial ion drifts measured by radar and satellites during the geomagnetic storm on November 7–11, 2004. The magnetic storm had two main phases, with minimum Dst values of −373 and −289 nT, respectively. The equatorial vertical ion drifts in the dusk‐evening sector were continuously enhanced in the upward direction for 13 h on November 7–8, including 7 h of the first main phase and 6 h of the early stage of the recovery phase. On November 10, the equatorial vertical ion drifts were continuously enhanced in the upward direction for ∼10 h, including ∼9 h of the second main phase and ∼1.5 h of the early stage of the recovery phase. Enhanced thermospheric nitric oxide 5.3 μm emission and westward disturbance winds were measured in the equatorial region during the two main phases of the magnetic storm, indicating occurrence of disturbance dynamo electric fields. The observations show that penetration electric fields are the dominant electric fields in the equatorial ionosphere for 13 and 10 h with continuous southward IMF even if disturbance winds already occur. Very large westward ion drifts are generated in the dusk‐evening equatorial region during the magnetic storm. It is suggested that the westward drifts are caused by penetration of electric fields associated with subauroral polarization streams.
Biology and pathology of the uterine microenvironment and its natural killer cells
Authors: Wang Fuyan , Qualls Anita Ellen , Marques-Fernandez Laia , Colucci Francesco
Published: August 2021

Tissues are the new frontier of discoveries in immunology. Cells of the immune system are an integral part of tissue physiology and immunity. Determining how immune cells inhabit, housekeep, and defend gut, lung, brain, liver, uterus, and other organs helps revealing the intimate details of tissue physiology and may offer new therapeutic targets to treat pathologies. The uterine microenvironment modulates the development and function of innate lymphoid cells [ILC, largely represented by natural killer (NK) cells], macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. These immune cells, in turn, contribute to tissue homeostasis. Regulated by ovarian hormones, the human uterine mucosa (endometrium) undergoes ~400 monthly cycles of breakdown and regeneration from menarche to menopause, with its fibroblasts, glands, blood vessels, and immune cells remodeling the tissue into the transient decidua. Even more transformative changes occur upon blastocyst implantation. Before the placenta is formed, the endometrial glands feed the embryo by histiotrophic nutrition while the uterine spiral arteries are stripped of their endothelial layer and smooth muscle actin. This arterial remodeling is carried out by invading fetal trophoblast and maternal immune cells, chiefly uterine NK (uNK) cells, which also assist fetal growth. The transformed arteries no longer respond to maternal stimuli and meet the increasing demands of the growing fetus. This review focuses on how the everchanging uterine microenvironment affects uNK cells and how uNK cells regulate homeostasis of the decidua, placenta development, and fetal growth. Determining these pathways will help understand the causes of major pregnancy complications.
A single genetic locus controls both expression of DPEP1/CHMP1A and kidney disease development via ferroptosis
Authors: Guan Yuting , Liang Xiujie , Ma Ziyuan , Hu Hailong , Liu Hongbo , Miao Zhen , Linkermann Andreas , Hellwege Jacklyn N. , Voight Benjamin F. , Susztak Katalin
Published: August 2021

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci for kidney disease, but the causal variants, genes, and pathways remain unknown. Here we identify two kidney disease genes Dipeptidase 1 (DPEP1) and Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 1 A (CHMP1A) via the triangulation of kidney function GWAS, human kidney expression, and methylation quantitative trait loci. Using single-cell chromatin accessibility and genome editing, we fine map the region that controls the expression of both genes. Mouse genetic models demonstrate the causal roles of both genes in kidney disease. Cellular studies indicate that both Dpep1 and Chmp1a are important regulators of a single pathway, ferroptosis and lead to kidney disease development via altering cellular iron trafficking.
GABAergic inhibition in the human visual cortex relates to eye dominance
Authors: Ip I. Betina , Emir Uzay E. , Lunghi Claudia , Parker Andrew J. , Bridge Holly
Published: August 2021

Binocular vision is created by fusing the separate inputs arriving from the left and right eyes. ‘Eye dominance’ provides a measure of the perceptual dominance of one eye over the other. Theoretical models suggest that eye dominance is related to reciprocal inhibition between monocular units in the primary visual cortex, the first location where the binocular input is combined. As the specific inhibitory interactions in the binocular visual system critically depend on the presence of visual input, we sought to test the role of inhibition by measuring the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA during monocular visual stimulation of the dominant and the non-dominant eye. GABA levels were measured in a single volume of interest in the early visual cortex, including V1 from both hemispheres, using a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (combined fMRI-MRS) sequence on a 7-Tesla MRI scanner. Individuals with stronger eye dominance had a greater difference in GABAergic inhibition between the eyes. This relationship was present only when the visual system was actively processing sensory input and was not present at rest. We provide the first evidence that imbalances in GABA levels during ongoing sensory processing are related to eye dominance in the human visual cortex. Our finding supports the view that intracortical inhibition underlies normal eye dominance.
The passband integration properties of Birefringent filter
Authors: Wang Xiaofan , Demidov Mikhail Leonidovich , Deng Yuanyong , Zhang Haiying
Published: August 2021

In this article, we discuss an observation phenomenon where the total amount of photons in the full passband of the Birefringent filter is a constant number that is considered by removing the spectrum of the light source irrespective of the instrument transmittance. This conclusion is only noticed and considered to be correct in Huairou Solar Observing Station since 1980’s. This article will give a further discussion to the question that had been proposed by the previous researchers. The article structure is organized as history (Sec. 1), experiment (Sec. 2), math (Sec. 3), and discussion (Sec. 4). This issue should be the Paseval-Theorem manifesting itself in astronomical measurement, even though we rigorously demonstrate that this photons conservation has its mathematical generality in Sec. 3.