bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Soy Protein Isolate Hydrolysates with Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside and Its Effect on the In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of the Complexes under Neutral Condition
Authors: Wu Yaru , Yin Zhucheng , Qie Xuejiao , Chen Yao , Zeng Maomao , Wang Zhaojun , Qin Fang , Chen Jie , He Zhiyong
Published: March 2021

The interaction of soy protein isolate (SPI) and its hydrolysates (SPIHs) with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) at pH 7.0 were investigated to clarify the changes in the antioxidant capacity of their complexes. The results of intrinsic fluorescence revealed that C3G binds to SPI/SPIHs mainly through hydrophobic interaction, and the binding affinity of SPI was stronger than that of SPIHs. Circular dichroism and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses revealed that the interaction with C3G did not significantly change the secondary structures of SPI/SPIHs, while the surface hydrophobicity and average particle size of proteins decreased. Furthermore, the SPI/SPIHs-C3G interaction induced an antagonistic effect on the antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH) of the complex system, with the masking effect on the ABTS scavenging capacity of the SPIHs-C3G complexes being lower than that of the SPI-C3G complexes. This study contributes to the design and development of functional beverages that are rich in hydrolysates and anthocyanins.
Engineering Challenges of Solution and Slurry-Phase Chemical Hydrogen Storage Materials for Automotive Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Semelsberger Troy , Graetz Jason , Sutton Andrew , Rönnebro Ewa C. E.
Published: March 2021

We present the research findings of the DOE-funded Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence (HSECoE) related to liquid-phase and slurry-phase chemical hydrogen storage media and their potential as future hydrogen storage media for automotive applications. Chemical hydrogen storage media other than neat liquid compositions will prove difficult to meet the DOE system level targets. Solid- and slurry-phase chemical hydrogen storage media requiring off-board regeneration are impractical and highly unlikely to be implemented for automotive applications because of the formidable task of developing solid- or slurry-phase transport systems that are commercially reliable and economical throughout the entire life cycle of the fuel. Additionally, the regeneration cost and efficiency of chemical hydrogen storage media is currently the single most prohibitive barrier to implementing chemical hydrogen storage media. Ideally, neat liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage media with net-usable gravimetric hydrogen capacities of greater than 7.8 wt% are projected to meet the 2017 DOE system level gravimetric and volumetric targets. The research presented herein is a collection of research findings that do not in and of themselves warrant a dedicated manuscript. However, the collection of results do, in fact, highlight the engineering challenges and short-comings in scaling up and demonstrating fluid-phase ammonia borane and alane compositions that all future materials researchers working in hydrogen storage should be aware of.
The Impacts of Crystalline Structure and Different Surface Functional Groups on Drug Release and the Osseointegration Process of Nanostructured TiO2
Authors: Pawlik Anna , Jarosz Magdalena , Socha Robert P. , Sulka Grzegorz D.
Published: March 2021

In implantable materials, surface topography and chemistry are the most important in the effective osseointegration and interaction with drug molecules. Therefore, structural and surface modifications of nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) layers are reported in the present work. In particular, the modification of annealed TiO2 samples with —OH groups and silane derivatives, confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, is shown. Moreover, the ibuprofen release process was studied regarding the desorption-desorption-diffusion (DDD) kinetic model. The results proved that the most significant impact on the release profile is annealing, and further surface modifications did not change its kinetics. Additionally, the cell adhesion and proliferation were examined based on the MTS test and immunofluorescent staining. The obtained data showed that the proposed changes in the surface chemistry enhance the samples’ hydrophilicity. Moreover, improvements in the adhesion and proliferation of the MG-63 cells were observed.
Inflammasome Regulation: Therapeutic Potential for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Xu Qiuyun , Zhou Xiaorong , Strober Warren , Mao Liming
Published: March 2021

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes formed to regulate the maturation of pro-inflammatory caspases, in response to intracellular or extracellular stimulants. Accumulating studies showed that the inflammasomes are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although their activation is not a decisive factor for the development of IBD. Inflammasomes and related cytokines play an important role in the maintenance of gut immune homeostasis, while its overactivation might induce excess immune responses and consequently cause tissue damage in the gut. Emerging studies provide evidence that some genetic abnormalities might induce enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cause colitis. In these cases, the colonic inflammation can be ameliorated by blocking NLRP3 activation or its downstream cytokine IL-1β. A number of natural products were shown to play a role in preventing colon inflammation in various experimental colitis models. On the other hand, lack of inflammasome function also causes intestinal abnormalities. Thus, an appropriate regulation of inflammasomes might be a promising therapeutic strategy for IBD intervention. This review aims at summarizing the main findings in these studies and provide an outline for further studies that might contribute to our understanding of the role of inflammasomes in the pathogenesis and therapeutic treatment of IBD.
Two-Step Derivatization of Amino Acids for Stable-Isotope Dilution GC–MS Analysis: Long-Term Stability of Methyl Ester-Pentafluoropropionic Derivatives in Toluene Extracts
Authors: Baskal Svetlana , Bollenbach Alexander , Tsikas Dimitrios
Published: March 2021

Analysis of amino acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) requires at least one derivatization step to enable solubility in GC–MS-compatible water-immiscible organic solvents such as toluene, to make them volatile to introduce into the gas chromatograph and thermally stable enough for separation in the GC column and introduction into the ion-source, and finally to increase their ionization by increasing their electronegativity using F-rich reagents. In this work we investigated the long-term stability of the methyl esters pentafluoropropionic (Me-PFP) derivatives of 21 urinary amino acids prepared by a two-step derivatization procedure and extraction by toluene. In situ prepared trideuteromethyl ester pentafluoropropionic derivatives were used as internal standards. GC–MS analysis (injection of 1 µL aliquots and quantification by selected-ion monitoring of specific mass fragments) was performed on days 1, 2, 8, and 15. Measured peak areas and calculated peak area ratios were used to evaluate the stability of the derivatives of endogenous amino acids and their internal standards, as well as the precision and the accuracy of the method. All analyses were performed under routine conditions. Me-PFP derivatives of endogenous amino acids and their stable-isotope labelled analogs were stable in toluene for 14 days. The peak area values of the derivatives of most amino acids and their internal standards were slightly higher on days 8 and 15 compared to days 1 and 2, yet the peak area ratio values of endogenous amino acids to their internal standards did not change. Our study indicates that Me-PFP derivatives of amino acids from human urine samples can easily be prepared, are stable at least for 14 days in the extraction solvent toluene, and allow for precise and accurate quantitative measurements by GC–MS using in situ prepared deuterium-labelled methyl ester as internal standard.
Optimization of Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Baphicacanthus cusia Leaves by Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Xu Zhiqin , Cai Yini , Ma Qing , Zhao Zhimin , Yang Depo , Xu Xinjun
Published: March 2021

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as efficient and green solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. In this work, a novel method of DES-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Baphicacanthus cusia leaves (BCL) was established. Systematic screening and the morphology of the original and treated BCL were observed with scanning electron microscopy to determine the extraction efficiency of different solvents. The extraction conditions were optimized by Box–Behnken design (BBD) tests and the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: lactic acid/L-menthol ratio of 5: 2 (mol/mol), solid–liquid ratio of 80.0 mL/g and temperature of 60.5 °C. The extraction yields of tryptanthrin, indigo and indirubin reached 0.356, 1.744 and 0.562 mg/g, respectively. The results of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test indicated the feasibility of DESs in the extraction of bioactive compounds. This study indicated that L-menthol/lactic acid was a green and efficient solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds from BCL, and DES-based ultrasound-assisted extraction could be used as an effective application strategy for the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants.
Two Key Amino Acids Variant of α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus subtilis Str. 168 with Altered Activity for Selective Conversion Ginsenoside Rc to Rd
Authors: Zhang Ru , Tan Shi Quan , Zhang Bian Ling , Guo Zi Yu , Tian Liang Yu , Weng Pei , Luo Zhi Yong
Published: March 2021

α-l-arabinofuranosidase is a subfamily of glycosidases involved in the hydrolysis of l-arabinofuranosidic bonds, especially in those of the terminal non-reducing arabinofuranosyl residues of glycosides, from which efficient glycoside hydrolases can be screened for the transformation of ginsenosides. In this study, the ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing α-l-arabinofuranosidase gene, BsAbfA, was cloned from Bacilus subtilis, and its codons were optimized for efficient expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant protein BsAbfA fused with an N-terminal His-tag was overexpressed and purified, and then subjected to enzymatic characterization. Site-directed mutagenesis of BsAbfA was performed to verify the catalytic site, and the molecular mechanism of BsAbfA catalyzing ginsenoside Rc was analyzed by molecular docking, using the homology model of sequence alignment with other β-glycosidases. The results show that the purified BsAbfA had a specific activity of 32.6 U/mg. Under optimal conditions (pH 5, 40 °C), the kinetic parameters Km of BsAbfA for pNP-α-Araf and ginsenoside Rc were 0.6 mM and 0.4 mM, while the Kcat/Km were 181.5 s−1 mM−1 and 197.8 s−1 mM−1, respectively. More than 90% of ginsenoside Rc could be transformed by 12 U/mL purified BsAbfA at 40 °C and pH 5 in 24 h. The results of molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the E173 and E292 variants for BsAbfA are important in recognizing ginsenoside Rc effectively, and to make it enter the active pocket to hydrolyze the outer arabinofuranosyl moieties at C20 position. These remarkable properties and the catalytic mechanism of BsAbfA provide a good alternative for the effective biotransformation of the major ginsenoside Rc into Rd.
Tailoring Properties of Resol Resin-Derived Spherical Carbons for Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Sidor Karol , Berniak Tomasz , Łątka Piotr , Rokicińska Anna , Michalik Marek , Kuśtrowski Piotr
Published: March 2021

The polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde in a water–ethanol mixture using the adapted Stöber method was used to obtain resol resins. An optimization of synthesis conditions and the use of an appropriate stabilizer (e.g., poly(vinyl alcohol)) resulted in spherical grains. The resins were carbonized in the temperature range of 600–1050 °C and then chemically activated in an aqueous HNO3 solution, gaseous ammonia, or by an oxidation–reduction cycle (soaking in a HNO3 solution followed by treatment with NH3). The obtained carbons were characterized by XRD, the low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, SEM, TGA, and XPS in order to determine degree of graphitization, porosity, shape and size of particles, and surface composition, respectively. Finally, the materials were tested in phenol adsorption. The pseudo-second order model perfectly described the adsorption kinetics. A clear correlation between the micropore volume and the adsorption capacity was found. The content of graphite domains also had a positive effect on the adsorption properties. On the other hand, the presence of heteroatoms, especially oxygen groups, resulted in the clogging of the pores and a decrease in the amount of adsorbed phenol.
Multi-Session Influence of Two Modalities of Feedback and Their Order of Presentation on MI-BCI User Training
Authors: Pillette Léa , N’Kaoua Bernard , Sabau Romain , Glize Bertrand , Lotte Fabien
Published: March 2021

By performing motor-imagery tasks, for example, imagining hand movements, Motor-Imagery based Brain-Computer Interfaces (MI-BCIs) users can control digital technologies, for example, neuroprosthesis, using their brain activity only. MI-BCI users need to train, usually using a unimodal visual feedback, to produce brain activity patterns that are recognizable by the system. The literature indicates that multimodal vibrotactile and visual feedback is more effective than unimodal visual feedback, at least for short term training. However, the multi-session influence of such multimodal feedback on MI-BCI user training remained unknown, so did the influence of the order of presentation of the feedback modalities. In our experiment, 16 participants trained to control a MI-BCI during five sessions with a realistic visual feedback and five others with both a realistic visual feedback and a vibrotactile one. training benefits from a multimodal feedback, in terms of performances and self-reported mindfulness. There is also a significant influence of the order presentation of the modality. Participants who started training with a visual feedback had higher performances than those who started training with a multimodal feedback. We recommend taking into account the order of presentation for future experiments assessing the influence of several modalities of feedback.
Morphology-Controlled Vapor Phase Growth and Characterization of One-Dimensional GaTe Nanowires and Two-Dimensional Nanosheets for Potential Visible-Light Active Photocatalysts
Authors: Tien Li-Chia , Shih Yu-Che
Published: March 2021

Gallium telluride (GaTe) one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) materials have drawn much attention for high-performance optoelectronic applications because it possesses a direct bandgap for all thickness. We report the morphology-controlled vapor phase growth of 1D GaTe nanowires and 2D GaTe nanosheets by a simple physical vapor transport (PVT) approach. The surface morphology, crystal structure, phonon vibration modes, and optical property of samples were characterized and studied. The growth temperature is a key synthetic factor to control sample morphology. The 1D GaTe single crystal monoclinic nanowires were synthesized at 550 °C. The strong interlayer interaction and high surface migration of adatoms on c-sapphire enable the assembly of 1D nanowires into 2D nanosheet under 600 °C. Based on the characterization results demonstrated, we propose the van der Waals growth mechanism of 1D nanowires and 2D nanosheets. Moreover, the visible-light photocatalytic activity of 1D nanowires and 2D nanosheets was examined. Both 1D and 2D GaTe nanostructures exhibit visible-light active photocatalytic activity, suggesting that the GaTe nanostructures may be promising materials for visible light photocatalytic applications.
Substrate-Induced Strain Effect on Structural and Magnetic Properties of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 Films
Authors: Sánchez-Pérez Miriam , Andrés Juan Pedro , González Juan Antonio , López Antón Ricardo , López de la Torre Marco Antonio , Juan Dura Oscar
Published: March 2021

We present a detailed study about the substrate-induced strain and thickness effects on the structure and magnetic properties of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 films. The in-plane tensile or compressive strain imposed by four different substrates configures an in-plane or out-of-plane easy axis, respectively. The presence of a soft magnetic phase at the interface is also conditioned by the type of strain. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the different anisotropies that participate and control the final magnetic behavior. The relevance of these results lies in the feasibility of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 in memory applications and spintronic devices.
Fluorescent Polyelectrolyte System to Track Anthocyanins Delivery inside Melanoma Cells
Authors: Ghiman Raluca , Nistor Madalina , Focșan Monica , Pintea Adela , Aștilean Simion , Rugina Dumitrita
Published: March 2021

Over the past decades, there has been a growing interest in using natural molecules with therapeutic potential for biomedical applications. In this context, our aim is focused on anthocyanins (AN) as molecules with anticancer properties that could be used in melanoma local therapies. Due to their susceptibility to environmental changes, current study is based on the design and development of a fluorescent system for carrying and trafficking AN inside melanoma cells. The architectural structure of the proposed system CaCO3(PAH)@RBITC@AN reflects a spherical shape, 1080 nm diameter and a solid groundwork CaCO3(PAH), on which rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC) fluorophore was firstly added; then, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polyelectrolytes and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) were successfully deposited. Purified AN from chokeberries were entrapped between PAA layers (rate of 94.6%). In vitro tests confirmed that CaCO3(PAH)@RBITC@AN does not affect the proliferation of melanoma B16-F10 cells and proved that their internalization and trafficking can be followed after 24 h of treatment. Data presented here could contribute not only to the existing knowledge about the encapsulation technology of AN but also might bring relevant information for a novel formula to deliver therapeutic molecules or other bio-imaging agents directly into melanoma cells, a strategy that could positively improve tumor therapies.
Ultra-Narrow Metallic Nano-Trenches Realized by Wet Etching and Critical Point Drying
Authors: Jeong Jeeyoon , Yang Hyosim , Park Seondo , Park Yun Daniel , Kim Dai-Sik
Published: March 2021

A metallic nano-trench is a unique optical structure capable of ultrasensitive detection of molecules, active modulation as well as potential electrochemical applications. Recently, wet-etching the dielectrics of metal–insulator–metal structures has emerged as a reliable method of creating optically active metallic nano-trenches with a gap width of 10 nm or less, opening a new venue for studying the dynamics of nanoconfined molecules. Yet, the high surface tension of water in the process of drying leaves the nano-trenches vulnerable to collapsing, limiting the achievable width to no less than 5 nm. In this work, we overcome the technical limit and realize metallic nano-trenches with widths as small as 1.5 nm. The critical point drying technique significantly alleviates the stress applied to the gap in the drying process, keeping the ultra-narrow gap from collapsing. Terahertz spectroscopy of the trenches clearly reveals the signature of successful wet etching of the dielectrics without apparent damage to the gap. We expect that our work will enable various optical and electrochemical studies at a few-molecules-thick level.
Development of Single-Molecule Electrical Identification Method for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signaling Pathway
Authors: Komoto Yuki , Ohshiro Takahito , Taniguchi Masateru
Published: March 2021

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important research target because it activates protein kinases, and its signaling pathway regulates the passage of ions and molecules inside a cell. To detect the chemical reactions related to the cAMP intracellular signaling pathway, cAMP, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) should be selectively detected. This study utilized single-molecule quantum measurements of these adenosine family molecules to detect their individual electrical conductance using nanogap devices. As a result, cAMP was electrically detected at the single molecular level, and its signal was successfully discriminated from those of ATP, AMP, and ADP using the developed machine learning method. The discrimination accuracies of a single cAMP signal from AMP, ADP, and ATP were found to be 0.82, 0.70, and 0.72, respectively. These values indicated a 99.9% accuracy when detecting more than ten signals. Based on an analysis of the feature values used for the machine learning analysis, it is suggested that this discrimination was due to the structural difference between the ribose of the phosphate site of cAMP and those of ATP, ADP, and AMP. This method will be of assistance in detecting and understanding the intercellular signaling pathways for small molecular second messengers.
Two–Dimensional Disposable Graphene Sensor to Detect Na+ Ions
Authors: Oh Hong Gi , Jeon Dong Cheol , Gianti Mahmudah Salwa , Cho Hae Shin , Jo Da Ae , Indriatmoko Muhammad Naufal , Jang Byoung Kuk , Lim Joon Mook , Cho Seungmin , Song Kwang Soup
Published: March 2021

The monitoring of Na+ ions distributed in the body has been indirectly calculated by the detection of Na+ ions in urine. We fabricated a two–dimensional (2D) Na+ ion sensor using a graphene ion–sensitive field–effect transistor (G–ISFET) and used fluorinated graphene as a reference electrode (FG–RE). We integrated G–ISFET and FG on a printed circuit board (PCB) designed in the form of a secure digital (SD) card to fabricate a disposable Na+ ion sensor. The sensitivity of the PCB tip to Na+ ions was determined to be −55.4 mV/dec. The sensor exhibited good linearity despite the presence of interfering ions in the buffer solution. We expanded the evaluation of the PCB tip to real human patient urine samples. The PCB tip exhibited a sensitivity of −0.36 mV/mM and linearly detected Na+ ions in human patient urine without any dilution process. We expect that G–ISFET with FG–RE can be used to realize a disposable Na+ ion sensor by serving as an alternative to Ag/AgCl reference electrodes.
Epitaxial Growth of Ordered In-Plane Si and Ge Nanowires on Si (001)
Authors: Wang Jian-Huan , Wang Ting , Zhang Jian-Jun
Published: March 2021

Controllable growth of wafer-scale in-plane nanowires (NWs) is a prerequisite for achieving addressable and scalable NW-based quantum devices. Here, by introducing molecular beam epitaxy on patterned Si structures, we demonstrate the wafer-scale epitaxial growth of site-controlled in-plane Si, SiGe, and Ge/Si core/shell NW arrays on Si (001) substrate. The epitaxially grown Si, SiGe, and Ge/Si core/shell NW are highly homogeneous with well-defined facets. Suspended Si NWs with four {111} facets and a side width of about 25 nm are observed. Characterizations including high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirm the high quality of these epitaxial NWs.
Synthesis of Highly Active Pd@Cu–Pt/C Methanol Oxidation Electrocatalysts via Continuous, Co-Electroless Deposition
Authors: Tate Gregory L. , Mehrabadi Bahareh Alsadat Tavakoli , Xiong Wen , Kenvin Adam , Monnier John R.
Published: March 2021

Controlled deposition of metals is essential for the creation of bimetallic catalysts having predictable composition and character. Continuous co-electroless deposition (co-ED) permits the creation of bimetallic catalysts with predictive control over composition. This method was applied to create a suite of Cu–Pt mixed-metal shell catalysts for use in methanol electrooxidation in direct methanol fuel cell applications (DMFCs). Enhanced performance of Cu–Pt compositions over Pt alone was predicted by existing computational studies in the literature. Experimental evidence from this study supports the bifunctional catalyst explanation for enhanced activity and confirms the optimum Cu:Pt ratio as Cu3Pt for this methanol electrooxidation. This ability to control the composition of a bimetallic shell can be extended to other systems where the ratio of two metals is critical for catalytic performance.
Effects of Combined Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Na[18F]F PET/MRI in Patients with Carotid Artery Disease: The INTRICATE Rationale and Trial Design
Authors: Florea Alexandru , Kooi M. Eline , Mess Werner , Schurgers Leon J. , Bucerius Jan , Mottaghy Felix M.
Published: March 2021

INTRICATE is a prospective double-blind placebo-controlled feasibility study, assessing the influence of combined vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 supplementation on micro-calcification in carotid artery disease as imaged by hybrid Sodium [18F]Fluoride (Na[18F]F) positron emission tomography (PET)/ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Arterial calcification is an actively regulated process and results from the imbalance between calcification promoting and inhibiting factors. Considering the recent advancements in medical imaging, ultrasound (US), PET/MRI, and computed tomography (CT) can be used for the selection and stratification of patients with atherosclerosis. Fifty-two subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery disease on at least one side of the neck will be included in the study. At baseline, an Na[18F]F PET/MRI and CT examination will be performed. Afterwards, subjects will be randomized (1:1) to a vitamin K (400 µg MK-7/day) and vitamin D3 (80 µg/day) or to placebo. At the 3-month follow-up, subjects will undergo a second Na[18F]F PET/MRI and CT scan. The primary endpoint is the change in Na[18F]F PET/MRI (baseline vs. after 3 months) in the treatment group as compared to the placebo arm. Secondary endpoints are changes in plaque composition and in blood-biomarkers. The INTRICATE trial bears the potential to open novel avenues for future large scale randomized controlled trials to intervene in the plaque development and micro-calcification progression.
Efficacy of a Low-Dose Diosmin Therapy on Improving Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Venous Disease: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Serra Raffaele , Ielapi Nicola , Bitonti Andrea , Candido Stefano , Fregola Salvatore , Gallo Alessandro , Loria Antonio , Muraca Lucia , Raimondo Luca , Velcean Luminița , Guadagna Simone , Gallelli Luca
Published: March 2021

Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) is a common medical condition affecting up to 80% of the general population. Clinical manifestations can range from mild to more severe signs and symptoms that contribute to the impairment of the quality of life (QoL) of affected patients. Among treatment options, venoactive drugs such as diosmin are widely used in the symptomatic treatment in all clinical stages. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a new formulated diosmin in relieving symptoms and improving QoL in patients suffering from CVD. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical study, CVD patients with a Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology (CEAP) classification system between C2 and C4 were randomized to receive a bioavailable diosmin (as μsmin® Plus) 450 mg tablet once daily or a placebo for 8 weeks. Clinical symptoms and QoL were monitored using the measurement of leg circumference, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, Global Index Score (GIS) and Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS). A total of 72 subjects completed the study. From week 4, leg edema was significantly decreased in the active group (p < 0.001). An improvement in the VAS score was observed in the active group compared to placebo at the end of treatment (p < 0.05). GIS and VCSS scores were significantly improved in the active group at week 8 (p < 0.001). No treatment related-side effects were recorded. The results of this study showed that the administration of low-dose μsmin® Plus was safe and effective in relieving symptoms and improving QoL in subjects with CVD.
Modulation of Hemostasis in COVID-19; Blood Platelets May Be Important Pieces in the COVID-19 Puzzle
Authors: Ulanowska Magdalena , Olas Beata
Published: March 2021

Although the precise pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) currently remains unknown, its complex nature is gradually being revealed. COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and leads to respiratory dysfunction. Studies on hemostatic parameters have showed that COVID-19 significantly affects the disruption of the coagulation system and may contribute to coagulation and thrombotic events. A relevant cause of hemostasis disorders is inflammation and cytokine storms, which cause, for example, endothelial dysfunction in blood vessels. In order to prevent and treat states of hypercoagulability and thrombosis, the administration of anticoagulants, e.g., heparin, is recommended. The present mini-review describes the relationship between hemostasis and COVID-19, and discusses whether this relationship may cast light on the nature of COVID-19. The present short manuscript also examines the relationship between blood platelets and COVID-19. In addition, the paper explores the potential use of antiplatelet drugs in COVID-19 cases. The studies were identified by searching electronic databases, including PubMed and SCOPUS.
Effects of Aqueous Extract of Lycopersicum esculentum L. var. “Camone” Tomato on Blood Pressure, Behavior and Brain Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Frosini Maria , Marcolongo Paola , Gamberucci Alessandra , Tamasi Gabriella , Pardini Alessio , Giunti Roberta , Fiorenzani Paolo , Aloisi Anna Maria , Rossi Claudio , Pessina Federica
Published: March 2021

Behavioral disorders affect millions of people worldwide. Hypertension contributes to both the development and progression of brain damage and cognitive dysfunction and could represent the most powerful modifiable risk factor for cerebral vessel dysfunction and consequent behavioral impairment. Tomato contains antioxidants and bioactive molecules that might play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular and brain diseases. The effects of the combined gel and serum from Lycopersicum esculentum L. var. “Camone” tomatoes and those of purified tomato glycoalkaloids (tomatine) and an antihypertensive drug (captopril) were investigated in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and compared with normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Body weight, systolic blood pressure, behavioral parameters, as well as brain susceptibility to oxidative stress and brain cytokine contents, were assessed. Treating hypertensive rats with tomato gel/serum or captopril for four weeks caused a significant reduction in blood pressure, decreased locomotor activity and increased grooming behavior; the last two parameters were also significantly affected by tomatine treatment. Brain slices obtained from hypertensive rats treated with tomato gel/serum were more resistant to oxidative stress and contained lower levels of inflammatory cytokines than vehicle-treated ones. In contrast, tomatine treatment had no effect. In conclusion, the tomato-derived gel/serum can be considered a dietary supplement able to drive in vivo blood pressure towards healthier values and also control some central effects such as behavior and brain oxidative stress.
An Assessment of Pharmacy School Curricula in Florida and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (IIV) Administration to Pregnant Women
Authors: Falope Oluyemisi , Vamos Cheryl , Izurieta Ricardo , Daley Ellen , Kirby Russell S.
Published: March 2021

Background: There is a high risk for morbidity and mortality in pregnant women associated with influenza virus illness. Vaccine uptake rates in pregnant women remain lower than the targeted Healthy People 2020 goals despite recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Few studies have examined the role of the pharmacist in providing immunization services to pregnant women, fewer still have directly examined the PharmD curricula and the perspectives of pharmacy students on how they perceive their role in providing influenza inactivated vaccine (IIV) to pregnant women. Objective: This study examined the PharmD curricula instruction with regard to immunizing pregnant women and how pharmacy students perceive it. Methods: Semi-structured, in-depth, in-person qualitative interviews were conducted with the six Academic Deans of the accredited schools of pharmacy in Florida, and three focus group sessions were held with third- and fourth-year pharmacy students (n = 18) in Florida. A thematic analysis was conducted. Results: Most academic deans reported providing instruction on immunization in schools with respect to vaccine administration in pregnant women and called for a need for all schools to make it compulsory to include pregnant-women-specific content. Pharmacy students reported a gap in knowledge of content related to administering the IIV in pregnant women, but feel that when presented with the opportunity, they will be willing to provide IIV to pregnant women. Conclusions: Pharmacists are in a good position to play a role in increasing IIV rates among pregnant women. Implications for practice include the need for incorporation of pregnancy-specific content to immunization curricula.
Nitrogen Deficiency and Synergism between Continuous Light and Root Ammonium Supply Modulate Distinct but Overlapping Patterns of Phytohormone Composition in Xylem Sap of Tomato Plants
Authors: Paponov Martina , Arakelyan Aleksandr , Dobrev Petre I. , Verheul Michel J. , Paponov Ivan A.
Published: March 2021

Continuous light (CL) or a predominant nitrogen supply as ammonium (NH4+) can induce leaf chlorosis and inhibit plant growth. The similarity in injuries caused by CL and NH4+ suggests involvement of overlapping mechanisms in plant responses to these conditions; however, these mechanisms are poorly understood. We addressed this topic by conducting full factorial experiments with tomato plants to investigate the effects of NO3− or NH4+ supply under diurnal light (DL) or CL. We used plants at ages of 26 and 15 days after sowing to initiate the treatments, and we modulated the intensity of the stress induced by CL and an exclusive NH4+ supply from mild to strong. Under DL, we also studied the effect of nitrogen (N) deficiency and mixed application of NO3− and NH4+. Under strong stress, CL and exclusive NH4+ supply synergistically inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll content. Under mild stress, when no synergetic effect between CL and NH4+ was apparent on plant growth and chlorophyll content, we found a synergetic effect of CL and NH4+ on the accumulation of several plant stress hormones, with an especially strong effect for jasmonic acid (JA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, in xylem sap. This modulation of the hormonal composition suggests a potential role for these plant hormones in plant growth responses to the combined application of CL and NH4+. No synergetic effect was observed between CL and NH4+ for the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates or of mineral ions, indicating that these plant traits are less sensitive than the modulation of hormonal composition in xylem sap to the combined CL and NH4+ application. Under diurnal light, NH4+ did not affect the hormonal composition of xylem sap; however, N deficiency strongly increased the concentrations of phaseic acid (PA), JA, and salicylic acid (SA), indicating that decreased N concentration rather than the presence of NO3− or NH4+ in the nutrient solution drives the hormone composition of the xylem sap. In conclusion, N deficiency or a combined application of CL and NH4+ induced the accumulation of JA in xylem sap. This accumulation, in combination with other plant hormones, defines the specific plant response to stress conditions.
Small “Nested” Introgressions from Wild Thinopyrum Species, Conferring Effective Resistance to Fusarium Diseases, Positively Impact Durum Wheat Yield Potential
Authors: Kuzmanović Ljiljana , Giovenali Gloria , Ruggeri Roberto , Rossini Francesco , Ceoloni Carla
Published: March 2021

Today wheat cultivation is facing rapidly changing climate scenarios and yield instability, aggravated by the spreading of severe diseases such as Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR). To obtain productive genotypes resilient to stress pressure, smart breeding approaches must be envisaged, including the exploitation of wild relatives. Here we report on the assessment of the breeding potential of six durum wheat-Thinopyrum spp. recombinant lines (RLs) obtained through chromosome engineering. They are characterized by having 23% or 28% of their 7AL chromosome arm replaced by a “nested” alien segment, composed of homoeologous group 7 chromosome fractions from Th. ponticum and Th. elongatum (=7el1L + 7EL) or from different Th. ponticum accessions (=7el1L + 7el2L). In addition to the 7el1L genes Lr19 + Yp (leaf rust resistance, and yellow pigment content, respectively), these recombinant lines (RLs) possess a highly effective QTL for resistance to FHB and FCR within their 7el2L or 7EL portion. The RLs, their null segregants and well-adapted and productive durum wheat cultivars were evaluated for 16 yield-related traits over two seasons under rainfed and irrigated conditions. The absence of yield penalties and excellent genetic stability of RLs was revealed in the presence of all the alien segment combinations. Both 7el2L and 7EL stacked introgressions had positive impacts on source and sink yield traits, as well as on the overall performance of RLs in conditions of reduced water availability. The four “nested” RLs tested in 2020 were among the top five yielders, overall representing good candidates to be employed in breeding programs to enhance crop security and safety.
Novel Hydrogel Scaffolds Based on Alginate, Gelatin, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, and Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Tomić Simonida Lj. , Nikodinović-Runić Jasmina , Vukomanović Marija , Babić Marija M. , Vuković Jovana S.
Published: March 2021

Hydrogel scaffolding biomaterials are one of the most attractive polymeric biomaterials for regenerative engineering and can be engineered into tissue mimetic scaffolds to support cell growth due to their similarity to the native extracellular matrix. The novel, versatile hydrogel scaffolds based on alginate, gelatin, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and inorganic agent hydroxyapatite were prepared by modified cryogelation. The chemical composition, morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, effects on cell viability, in vitro degradation, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility were tested to correlate the material’s composition with the corresponding properties. Scaffolds showed an interconnected porous microstructure, satisfactory mechanical strength, favorable hydrophilicity, degradation, and suitable in vitro and in vivo biocompatible behavior. Materials showed good biocompatibility with healthy human fibroblast in cell culture, as well as in vivo with zebrafish assay, suggesting newly synthesized hydrogel scaffolds as a potential new generation of hydrogel scaffolding biomaterials with tunable properties for versatile biomedical applications and tissue regeneration.
Removing Acrylic Conformal Coating with Safer Solvents for Re-Manufacturing Electronics
Authors: Lu Taofeng , Reimonn Gregory , Morose Gregory , Yu Evan , Chen Wan-Ting
Published: March 2021

Conformal coating is typically composed of polymeric film and is used to protect delicate electronic components such as printed-circuit boards. Without removing conformal coating, it would be difficult to repair these complicated electronics. Methylene chloride, also called dichloromethane (DCM), has a widespread usage in conformal coating stripper products. The high toxicity of DCM increases human health risk when workers are exposed to DCM during the conformal coating removal processes. Therefore, the replacement of DCM would be beneficial to greatly improve the overall safety profile for workers in the electronics and coating industries. This research identified and evaluated alternative chemicals for replacing DCM used in acrylic conformal coating stripping operations. The solubility of an acrylic conformal coating was measured and characterized using Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) theory. Coating dwell time tests using various solvent blends verified the accuracy of the created HSP solubility sphere. A data processing method was also developed to identify and screen potential alternative solvent blends in terms of safety, toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. The identified safer solvent blends were demonstrated to provide equivalent stripping performance as compared to DCM based coating strippers within an acceptable cost range. The results of this research will be of value to other types of conformal coatings, such as silicone and polyurethane, where DCM is commonly used in similar coating stripping operations. By safely removing conformal coating, delicate electronics would be available for re-manufacturing, enabling a circular economy.
Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Sterility Assurance, Antibacterial Ability, and Biocompatibility of Impregnated Hydrogel Macrosphere Protein and Drug Release
Authors: Fu Po-Sung , Wang Jen-Chyan , Lai Pei-Ling , Liu Shih-Ming , Chen Ya-Shun , Chen Wen-Cheng , Hung Chun-Cheng
Published: March 2021

Devices and medicines used in the medical field must be sterile. Gamma (γ)-irradiation is commonly used for sterilization because its high rate of penetration ensures uniform sterilization. To confirm that hydrogel macrosphere carriers inherit excellent liquid absorption with no cytotoxicity after γ-irradiation sterilization, investigating whether the physiochemical properties of hydrogel macrospheres differ before and after sterilization is essential. The present study evaluated the influence of the recommended 25-kGy γ-irradiation dose on the physicochemical characteristics and in vitro release of bovine serum albumin and vancomycin (an antibiotic medication) from alginate/gelatin with a w/w ratio of 1/4 crosslinking gel macrospheres. Gel macrosphere properties before and after sterilization were compared according to optical and scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy analysis, the amino residual crosslinking index, water absorption, degradation, sterility assurance, in vitro drug release, antibacterial ability, and cytotoxicity. The crosslinking index was almost unchanged; however, the γ-irradiation caused in situ hydrogel debonding and recrosslinking, which led to a decrease in the water absorption and increase in the degradation rate of the macrospheres after immersion. The release of gel macrospheres carrying vancomycin did not significantly affect antibacterial ability or biocompatibility after γ-irradiation. Accordingly, we conclude that γ-irradiation is suitable for macrospherical formulation.
Biofilm Formation on the Surface of (Poly)Ether-Ether-Ketone and In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy on Peri-Implant Mucositis
Authors: Peng Tzu-Yu , Lin Dan-Jae , Mine Yuichi , Tasi Chi-Yang , Li Po-Jung , Shih Yin-Hwa , Chiu Kuo-Chou , Wang Tong-Hong , Hsia Shih-Min , Shieh Tzong-Ming
Published: March 2021

Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is an aesthetically pleasing natural material with good biocompatibility and shock absorption characteristics. The application of PEEK as a dental implant or abutment is expected to reduce the risk of failure and enhance aesthetics. Given that approximately one in 15 patients have allergic reactions to antibiotics, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been gaining attention as an alternative treatment. Herein, the applicability of PEEK dental implants or abutments was investigated using material analyses, biofilm formation assay, and cell viability tests. The possible use of PDT for peri-implant mucositis was evaluated with the biofilm removal assay. The obtained data were analyzed based on the multivariate analysis of variance, paired t-tests, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (α = 0.05). The results revealed that PEEK was significantly less conducive to the formation of biofilms with S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitan (p < 0.001) but exhibited comparable MG-63 (human osteoblast-like) osteoblast cell viability (p > 0.05) to the other materials. PDT had similar antimicrobial efficacy and yielded similar biofilm removal effects to antibiotics. Altogether, these findings suggest that PEEK has attractive features and can serve as an alternative material for dental implants or abutments. In cases where peri-implant mucositis occurs, PDT can be used as an accessible therapeutic approach.
Recent Developments in Polyurethane-Based Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Szczepańczyk Piotr , Szlachta Monika , Złocista-Szewczyk Natalia , Chłopek Jan , Pielichowska Kinga
Published: March 2021

To meet the needs of clinical medicine, bone tissue engineering is developing dynamically. Scaffolds for bone healing might be used as solid, preformed scaffolding materials, or through the injection of a solidifiable precursor into the defective tissue. There are miscellaneous biomaterials used to stimulate bone repair including ceramics, metals, naturally derived polymers, synthetic polymers, and other biocompatible substances. Combining ceramics and metals or polymers holds promise for future cures as the materials complement each other. Further research must explain the limitations of the size of the defects of each scaffold, and additionally, check the possibility of regeneration after implantation and resistance to disease. Before tissue engineering, a lot of bone defects were treated with autogenous bone grafts. Biodegradable polymers are widely applied as porous scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The most valuable features of biodegradable polyurethanes are good biocompatibility, bioactivity, bioconductivity, and injectability. They may also be used as temporary extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone tissue healing and regeneration. Herein, the current state concerning polyurethanes in bone tissue engineering are discussed and introduced, as well as future trends.
Monovalent Salt and pH-Induced Gelation of Oxidised Cellulose Nanofibrils and Starch Networks: Combining Rheology and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering
Authors: Hossain Kazi M. Zakir , Calabrese Vincenzo , da Silva Marcelo A. , Bryant Saffron J. , Schmitt Julien , Ahn-Jarvis Jennifer H. , Warren Frederick J. , Khimyak Yaroslav Z. , Scott Janet L. , Edler Karen J.
Published: March 2021

Water quality parameters such as salt content and various pH environments can alter the stability of gels as well as their rheological properties. Here, we investigated the effect of various concentrations of NaCl and different pH environments on the rheological properties of TEMPO-oxidised cellulose nanofibril (OCNF) and starch-based hydrogels. Addition of NaCl caused an increased stiffness of the OCNF:starch (1:1 wt%) blend gels, where salt played an important role in reducing the repulsive OCNF fibrillar interactions. The rheological properties of these hydrogels were unchanged at pH 5.0 to 9.0. However, at lower pH (4.0), the stiffness and viscosity of the OCNF and OCNF:starch gels appeared to increase due to proton-induced fibrillar interactions. In contrast, at higher pH (11.5), syneresis was observed due to the formation of denser and aggregated gel networks. Interactions as well as aggregation behaviour of these hydrogels were explored via ζ-potential measurements. Furthermore, the nanostructure of the OCNF gels was probed using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), where the SAXS patterns showed an increase of slope in the low-q region with increasing salt concentration arising from aggregation due to the screening of the surface charge of the fibrils.