bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embryo dune development drivers: beach morphology, growing season precipitation, and storms
Authors: van Puijenbroek Marinka E.B. , Limpens Juul , de Groot Alma V. , Riksen Michel J.P.M. , Gleichman Maurits , Slim Pieter A. , van Dobben Han F. , Berendse Frank
Published: March 2017

For development of embryo dunes on the highly dynamic land–sea boundary, summer growth and the absence of winter erosion are essential. Other than that, however, we know little about the specific conditions that favour embryo dune development. This study explores the boundary conditions for early dune development to enable better predictions of natural dune expansion. Using a 30 year time series of aerial photographs of 33 sites along the Dutch coast, we assessed the influence of beach morphology (beach width and tidal range), meteorological conditions (storm characteristics, wind speed, growing season precipitation, and temperature), and sand nourishment on early dune development. We examined the presence and area of embryo dunes in relation to beach width and tidal range, and compared changes in embryo dune area to meteorological conditions and whether sand nourishment had been applied. We found that the presence and area of embryo dunes increased with increasing beach width. Over time, embryo dune area was negatively correlated with storm intensity and frequency. Embryo dune area was positively correlated with precipitation in the growing season and sand nourishment. Embryo dune area increased in periods of low storm frequency and in wet summers, and decreased in periods of high storm frequency or intensity. We conclude that beach morphology is highly influential in determining the potential for new dune development, and wide beaches enable development of larger embryo dune fields. Sand nourishment stimulates dune development by increasing beach width. Finally, weather conditions and non‐interrupted sequences of years without high‐intensity storms determine whether progressive dune development will take place. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Core chemistry influences the toxicity of multicomponent metal oxide nanomaterials, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium cobalt oxide to Daphnia magna
Authors: Bozich Jared , Hang Mimi , Hamers Robert , Klaper Rebecca
Published: March 2017

Lithium intercalation compounds such as lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) are used extensively in lithium batteries. Because there is currently little economic incentive for recycling, chances are greater that batteries will end up in landfills or waste in the environment. In addition, the toxicity of these battery materials traditionally has not been part of the design process. Therefore, to determine the environmental impact and the possibility of alternative battery materials, representative complex battery nanomaterials, LCO and NMC, were synthesized, and toxicity was assessed in Daphnia magna. Toxicity was determined by assessing LCO and NMC at concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 25 mg/L. Acute studies (48 h) showed no effect to daphnid survival at 25 mg/L, whereas chronic studies (21 d) show significant impacts to daphnid reproduction and survival at concentrations of 0.25 mg/L for LCO and 1.0 mg/L for NMC. Dissolved metal exposures showed no effect at the amounts measured in suspension, and supernatant controls could not reproduce the effects of the particles, indicating a nanomaterial-specific impact. Genes explored in the present study were actin, glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, 18s, metallothionein, heat shock protein, and vitellogenin. Down-regulation of genes important in metal detoxification, metabolism, and cell maintenance was observed in a dose-dependent manner. The results show that battery material chemical composition can be altered to minimize environmental impacts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2493–2502. © 2017 SETAC
Soil ecotoxicology in Latin America: Current research and perspectives
Authors: Niemeyer Júlia Carina , Chelinho Sónia , Sousa José Paulo
Published: March 2017

Soils from some Latin American countries support the highest biodiversity levels on the planet and simultaneously have some of the most serious environmental impacts attributed to both historical and current agricultural practices and industrial activities. Soil contamination has resulted from intensive use of pesticides, extensive mining and other industrial activities, and uncontrolled management of waste within inappropriate regulatory frameworks. The present study presents an overview of the scientific research on soil ecotoxicology conducted in Latin America, summarizing the recent advances and highlighting the needs for further refinements in this research field. Most of the contributions to the scientific literature have been from Brazil. The most investigated issue is the ecotoxicity of pesticides and earthworms, which were the organisms most frequently used as test species. Needs identified by Latin American researchers include methods and procedures for: 1) identifying and collecting natural soils to be used as reference test-substrates in tests, 2) identifying and discerning the range of sensitivities of native test species to soil contaminants, 3) developing environmental guidelines applicable to tropical/subtropical conditions, and 4) developing methods and procedures for higher tier testing for full development and implementation of environmental risk assessment schemes. The protection of Latin American soils, including provision of goods and services, is currently framed in legislation and other regulations, but implementation requires significant improvement and additional training programs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1795–1810. © 2017 SETAC
Development of the generalized MacCormack scheme and its extension to low Mach number flows
Authors: Gallagher T. P. , Akiki M. , Menon S. , Sankaran V. , Sankaran V.
Published: March 2017

The low Mach number performance of the MacCormack scheme is examined. The inherent dissipation in the scheme is found to suffer from the degradation in accuracy observed with traditional, density‐based methods for compressible flows. Two specific modifications are proposed, leading to the formation of the generalized MacCormack scheme within a dual‐time framework (called GMC‐PC). The first modification involves reformulating the flux by splitting it into particle convection and acoustic parts, with the former terms treated using the traditional MacCormack discretization and the latter terms augmented by the addition of a pressure‐based artificial dissipation. The second modification involves a reformulation of the traditional nonlinear fix introduced by MacCormack in 1971, which is found to be necessary to suppress pressure oscillations at low Mach numbers. The new scheme is demonstrated to have superior performance, independent of Mach number, compared with standard MacCormack implementations using several canonical test problems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondroradionecrosis of the larynx: 24‐year University of Wisconsin experience
Authors: Gessert Thomas G. , Britt Christopher J. , Maas Austin M. W. , Wieland Aaron M. , Harari Paul M. , Hartig Gregory K.
Published: March 2017

Background

Chondroradionecrosis (CRN) is an uncommon but significant complication of laryngeal radiotherapy that presents a diagnostic challenge to clinicians through its similarity in presentation to cancer recurrence.

Methods

Two hundred ninety‐four patients underwent primary, adjuvant, or salvage radiation for laryngeal cancer from 1991 to 2015 at the University of Wisconsin. Medical records were reviewed to identify and characterize patients with a diagnosis of CRN.

Results

Of the 294 patients, 7 cases (2.4%) of CRN were identified. Development of CRN was associated with the presence of cartilage invasion by tumor (p = .038) and ongoing alcohol use postradiotherapy (p = .036). Additionally, a trend between development of CRN and ongoing smoking postradiotherapy was observed (p = .067).

Conclusion

The diagnosis of CRN is challenging, and the likelihood of successful resolution is modest. A high premium should be placed on efforts directed at prevention, such as tobacco and alcohol cessation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1189–1194, 2017
Immune phenotype and function of natural killer and T cells in chronic hepatitis C patients who received a single dose of anti‐MicroRNA‐122, RG‐101
Authors: Stelma Femke , van der Ree Meike H. , Sinnige Marjan J. , Brown Anthony , Swadling Leo , de Vree J. Marleen L. , Willemse Sophie B. , van der Valk Marc , Grint Paul , Neben Steven , Klenerman Paul , Barnes Eleanor , Kootstra Neeltje A. , Reesink Hendrik W.
Published: March 2017

MicroRNA‐122 is an important host factor for the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Treatment with RG‐101, an N‐acetylgalactosamine‐conjugated anti‐microRNA‐122 oligonucleotide, resulted in a significant viral load reduction in patients with chronic HCV infection. Here, we analyzed the effects of RG‐101 therapy on antiviral immunity. Thirty‐two chronic HCV patients infected with HCV genotypes 1, 3, and 4 received a single subcutaneous administration of RG‐101 at 2 mg/kg (n = 14) or 4 mg/kg (n = 14) or received a placebo (n = 2/dosing group). Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected at multiple time points, and comprehensive immunological analyses were performed. Following RG‐101 administration, HCV RNA declined in all patients (mean decline at week 2, 3.27 log10 IU/mL). At week 8 HCV RNA was undetectable in 15/28 patients. Plasma interferon‐γ‐induced protein 10 (IP‐10) levels declined significantly upon dosing with RG‐101. Furthermore, the frequency of natural killer (NK) cells increased, the proportion of NK cells expressing activating receptors normalized, and NK cell interferon‐γ production decreased after RG‐101 dosing. Functional HCV‐specific interferon‐γ T‐cell responses did not significantly change in patients who had undetectable HCV RNA levels by week 8 post–RG‐101 injection. No increase in the magnitude of HCV‐specific T‐cell responses was observed at later time points, including 3 patients who were HCV RNA–negative 76 weeks postdosing. Conclusion: Dosing with RG‐101 is associated with a restoration of NK‐cell proportions and a decrease of NK cells expressing activation receptors; however, the magnitude and functionality of ex vivo HCV‐specific T‐cell responses did not increase following RG‐101 injection, suggesting that NK cells, but not HCV adaptive immunity, may contribute to HCV viral control following RG‐101 therapy. (Hepatology 2017;66:57–68).
Urban stormwater thermal gene expression models for protection of sensitive receiving streams
Authors: Sattar A.M.A. , Gharabaghi B. , Sabouri F. , Thompson A.M.
Published: March 2017

Thermal impact of typical high‐density residential, industrial, and commercial land uses is a major concern for the health of aquatic life in urban watersheds, especially in smaller, cold, and cool‐water streams. This is the first study of its kind that provides simple easy‐to‐use equations, developed using gene expression programming (GEP) that can guide the assessment and the design of urban stormwater management systems to protect thermally sensitive receiving streams. We developed 3 GEP models using data collected during 3 years (2009–2011) from 4 urban catchments; the first GEP model predicts event mean temperature at the inlet of the pond; the second model predicts the stormwater temperature at the outlet of the pond; and the third model predicts the temperature of the stormwater after flowing through a cooling trench and before discharging to the receiving stream. The new models have high correlation coefficients of 0.90–0.94 and low prediction uncertainty of less than 4% of the median value of the predicted runoff temperatures. Sensitivity analysis shows that climatic factors have the highest influence on the thermal enrichment followed by the catchment characteristics and the key design variables of the stormwater pond and the cooling trench. The general method presented here is easily transferable to other regions of the world (but not necessarily the exact equations developed here); also through sensitivity and parametric analysis, we gained insight on the key factors and their relative importance in modelling thermal enrichment of urban stromwater runoff.
Spatially explicit bioaccumulation modeling in aquatic environments: Results from 2 demonstration sites
Authors: von Stackelberg Katherine , Williams Marc A , Clough Jonathan , Johnson Mark S
Published: March 2017

Bioaccumulation models quantify the relationship between sediment and water exposure concentrations and resulting tissue levels of chemicals in aquatic organisms and represent a key link in the suite of tools used to support decision making at contaminated sediment sites. Predicted concentrations in the aquatic food web provide exposure estimates for human health and ecological risk assessments, which, in turn, provide risk-based frameworks for evaluating potential remedial activities and other management alternatives based on the fish consumption pathway. Despite the widespread use of bioaccumulation models to support remedial decision making, concerns remain about the predictive power of these models. A review of the available literature finds the increased mathematical complexity of typical bioaccumulation model applications is not matched by the deterministic exposure concentrations used to drive the models. We tested a spatially explicit exposure model (FishRand) at 2 nominally contaminated sites and compared results to estimates of bioaccumulation based on conventional, nonspatial techniques, and monitoring data. Differences in predicted fish tissue concentrations across applications were evident, although these demonstration sites were only mildly contaminated and would not warrant management actions on the basis of fish consumption. Nonetheless, predicted tissue concentrations based on the spatially explicit exposure characterization consistently outperformed conventional, nonspatial techniques across a variety of model performance metrics. These results demonstrate the improved predictive power as well as greater flexibility in evaluating the impacts of food web exposure and fish foraging behavior in a heterogeneous exposure environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:1023–1037. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

We demonstrate the advantages of a probabilistic, spatially explicit bioaccumulation modeling framework. We identify how fish foraging behavior intersects with heterogeneity in exposure concentrations in aquatic environments. Spatially explicit methods take advantage of GIS. Probabilistic methods combined with GIS better inform decision making.
Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells using hybrid nanofibers with different configurations and dimensionality
Authors: Gugutkov Dencho , Awaja Firas , Belemezova Kalina , Keremidarska Milena , Krasteva Natalia , Kyurkchiev Stanimir , Gallego‐Ferrer Gloria , Seker Sukran , Elçin Ayşe Eser , Elçin Yaşar Murat , Altankov George
Published: March 2017

Novel, hybrid fibrinogen/polylactic acid (FBG/PLA) nanofibers with different configuration (random vs aligned) and dimensionality (2‐D vs 3‐D environment) were used to control the overall behavior and the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). Aligned nanofibers in both the 2‐D and 3‐D configurations are proved to be favored for osteodifferentiation. Morphologically, we found that on randomly configured nanofibers, the cells developed a stellate‐like morphology with multiple projections; however, time‐lapse analysis showed significantly diminished cell movements. Conversely, an elongated cell shape with advanced cell spreading and extended actin cytoskeleton accompanied with significantly increased cell mobility were observed when cells attached on aligned nanofibers. Moreover, a clear tendency for higher alkaline phosphatase activity was also found on aligned fibers when ADMSCs were switched to osteogenic induction medium. The strongest accumulation of Alizarin red (AR) and von Kossa stain at 21 days of culture in osteogenic medium were found on 3‐D aligned constructs while the rest showed lower and rather undistinguishable activity. Quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis for Osteopontin (OSP) and RUNX 2 generally confirmed this trend showing favorable expression of osteogenic genes activity in 3‐D environment particularly in aligned configuration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2065–2074, 2017.
Identification of Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 3 as a Novel Gene Affecting Human Bone Formation
Authors: Brum Andrea M , van der Leije Cindy S , Schreuders‐Koedam Marijke , Verhoeven Jeroen , Janssen Mark , Dekkers Dick HW , Demmers Jeroen AA , Eijken Marco , van de Peppel Jeroen , van Leeuwen Johannes PTM , van der Eerden Bram CJ
Published: March 2017

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass leading to increased bone fragility and fracture susceptibility. The bone building cells, osteoblasts, are derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs); however, with increasing age osteogenic differentiation is diminished and more adipocytes are seen in the bone marrow, suggesting a shift in MSC lineage commitment. Identification of specific factors that stimulate osteoblast differentiation from human MSCs may deliver therapeutic targets to treat osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to identify novel genes involved in osteoblast differentiation of human bone marrow–derived MSCs (hMSCs). We identified the gene chloride intracellular channel protein 3 (CLIC3) to be strongly upregulated during MSC‐derived osteoblast differentiation. Lentiviral overexpression of CLIC3 in hMSCs caused a 60% increase of matrix mineralization. Conversely, knockdown of CLIC3 in hMSCs using two short‐hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against CLIC3 resulted in a 69% to 76% reduction in CLIC3 mRNA expression, 53% to 37% less alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and 78% to 88% less matrix mineralization compared to scrambled control. Next, we used an in vivo human bone formation model in which hMSCs lentivirally transduced with the CLIC3 overexpression construct were loaded onto a scaffold (hydroxyapatite‐tricalcium‐phosphate), implanted under the skin of NOD‐SCID mice, and analyzed for bone formation 8 weeks later. CLIC3 overexpression led to a 15‐fold increase in bone formation (0.33% versus 5.05% bone area relative to scaffold). Using a Clic3‐His‐tagged pull‐down assay and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LS/MS)‐based proteomics analysis in lysates of osteogenically differentiated hMSCs, we showed that CLIC3 interacts with NIMA‐related kinase 9 (NEK9) and phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1) in vitro, and this finding was supported by immunofluorescent analysis. In addition, inhibition of NEK9 or PTDSS1 gene expression by shRNAs inhibited osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. In conclusion, we successfully identified CLIC3 to be a lineage‐specific gene regulating osteoblast differentiation and bone formation through its interaction with NEK9 and PTDSS1. © The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
V‐ATPases Containing a3 Subunit Play a Direct Role in Enamel Development in Mice
Authors: Johnson Lisa , Ganss Bernhard , Wang Andrew , Zirngibl Ralph A. , Johnson Danielle E. , Owen Celeste , Bradley Grace , Voronov Irina
Published: March 2017

Vacuolar H+‐ATPases (V‐ATPases) are ubiquitous multisubunit proton pumps responsible for organellar pH maintenance. Mutations in the a3 subunit of V‐ATPases cause autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, a rare disease due to impaired bone resorption. Patients with osteopetrosis also display dental anomalies, such as enamel defects; however, it is not clear whether these enamel abnormalities are a direct consequence of the a3 mutations. We investigated enamel mineralization, spatiotemporal expression of enamel matrix proteins and the a3 protein during tooth development using an osteopetrotic mouse model with a R740S point mutation in the V‐ATPase a3 subunit. Histology revealed aberrations in both crown and root development, whereas SEM analysis demonstrated delayed enamel mineralization in homozygous animals. Enamel thickness and mineralization were significantly decreased in homozygous mice as determined by μCT analysis. The expression patterns of the enamel matrix proteins amelogenin, amelotin, and odontogenic ameloblast‐associated protein (ODAM) suggested a delay in transition to the maturation stage in homozygous animals. Protein expression of the a3 subunit was detected in ameloblasts in all three genotypes, suggesting that a3‐containing V‐ATPases play a direct role in amelogenesis, and mutations in a3 delay transition from the secretory to the maturation stage, resulting in hypomineralized and hypoplastic enamel. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3328–3340, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphogenesis and developmental ultrastructure of Nicotiana tabacum short glandular trichomes
Authors: Uzelac Branka , Janošević Dušica , Stojičić Dragana , Budimir Snežana
Published: March 2017

The anatomy and ultrastructure of the short glandular trichomes occurring on young expanding leaves of Nicotiana tabacum were investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy. The objective of the present research was to characterize the cellular changes that occur during morphogenesis of short glandular trichomes, from initiation to senescence. Ultrastructural analysis of their secretory cells revealed characteristics common to gland cells: numerous mitochondria in highly organized cytoplasm, large nuclei, and an elaborate network of endoplasmic reticulum. Initial changes in nuclear and plastidial organization were observed at a more advanced secretory stage, marking the onset of senescence. During trichome senescence, gradual reduction of the cytoplasm density occurred along with structural changes of the plastids and the tonoplast. As a result of inward blebbing of the cytoplasm into the vacuole, membrane bound vesicular structures appeared in the vacuolar space. At the late secretory stage, marked by an increase in vacuolation and extraplasmic space, degenerative changes included further fragmentation of the cytoplasm and deterioration of the tonoplast. Multimembrane myelin bodies observed in the vacuolar space were indicative of membrane digestion although plasma membrane did not appear massively degraded.
Feasibility of 3D navigator‐triggered magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with combined parallel imaging and compressed sensing reconstruction at 3T
Authors: Seo Nieun , Park Mi‐Suk , Han Kyunghwa , Kim Dongeun , King Kevin F. , Choi Jin‐Young , Kim Honsoul , Kim Hye Jin , Lee Minsu , Bae Heejin , Kim Myeong‐Jin
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of 3D navigator‐triggered magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) with combined parallel imaging (PI) and compressed sensing (CS).

Materials and Methods

With Institutional Review Board approval, 30 consecutive patients who underwent MRCP for suspected pancreaticobiliary disease were prospectively recruited. All patients underwent 3D navigator‐triggered MRCP with conventional PI alone, and with combined PI and CS using a 3T machine. The acquisition time and relative duct‐to‐periductal contrast ratios (RCs) at three biliary segments were quantitatively compared between the two MRCP methods. Qualitative image parameters were independently evaluated by two blinded radiologists, and were compared between two methods using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results

The mean acquisition time of MRCP with combined PI and CS (131.87 ± 33.60 sec) was significantly shorter compared with that of MRCP with PI (253.63 ± 56.08 sec; P < 0.001). The RC obtained using MRCP with combined PI and CS at two segments was slightly lower compared to that obtained using MRCP with PI (P = 0.007 and 0.002). Both reviewers found no significant differences in duct visualization, overall image quality, and degree of artifacts between the two methods (P ≥ 0.063; P = 0.637; and P = 0.752, respectively). Lesion conspicuity and confidence in duct abnormalities were comparable between two MRCP methods in both readers (P = 0.564 and P > 0.999).

Conclusion

Combined PI and CS reconstruction is feasible for 3D navigator‐triggered MRCP, providing image quality comparable to that of MRCP with PI alone, in about half the acquisition time.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1289–1297.
Identification and characterization of fluvastatin metabolites in rats by UHPLC/Q‐TOF/MS/MS and in silico toxicological screening of the metabolites
Authors: Chavan Balasaheb B. , Kalariya Pradipbhai D. , Nimbalkar Rakesh D. , Garg Prabha , Srinivas R. , Kumar Talluri M. V. N.
Published: March 2017

The present study reports the in vivo and in vitro identification and characterization of metabolites of fluvastatin, the 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). In vitro studies were conducted by incubating the drug with human liver microsomes and rat liver microsomes. In vivo studies were carried out by administration of the drug in the form of suspension to the Sprague–Dawley rats followed by collection of urine, faeces and blood at different time points up to 24 h. Further, samples were prepared by optimized sample preparation method, which includes freeze liquid extraction, protein precipitation and solid phase extraction. The extracted and concentrated samples were analysed using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography–quadruple time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 15 metabolites were observed in urine, which includes hydroxyl, sulphated, desisopropyl, dehydrogenated, dehydroxylated and glucuronide metabolites. A few of the metabolites were also present in faeces and plasma samples. In in vitro studies, a few metabolites were observed that were also present in in vivo samples. All the metabolites were characterized using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography–quadruple time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry in combination with accurate mass measurement. Finally, in silico toxicity studies indicated that some of the metabolites show or possess carcinogenicity and skin sensitization. Several metabolites that were identified in rats are proposed to have toxicological significance on the basis of in silico evaluation. However, these metabolites are of no human relevance. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paper‐based point‐of‐care testing for cost‐effective diagnosis of acute flavivirus infections
Authors: Bedin Frederic , Boulet Laurent , Voilin Elodie , Theillet Gerald , Rubens Agnes , Rozand Christine
Published: March 2017

Flavivirus infections are a serious healthcare concern in tropical and subtropical countries. Although well‐established laboratory tests can provide early diagnosis of acute dengue or Zika infections, access to these tests is limited in developing countries, presenting an urgent need to develop simple, rapid, and robust diagnostic tools. Microfluidic Paper‐based Analytical Devices (μPAD), are typically rapid, cost‐effective, user‐friendly, and they can be used as diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of these infections at Point of Care settings. Early and prompt diagnosis is crucial to improve patient management and reduce the risk of complications. In the present study, we developed and evaluated a wax‐printed paper‐based device for the detection of the dengue and Zika non‐structural NS1 viral protein in blood and plasma. Experiments have been carried out to increase specificity, while maintaining the required sensitivity. As a consequence, the quality of the raw materials and the washing steps were proved to be crucial. The μPAD was able to detect specifically in 6–8 min 10 ng/mL of protein in various sample types. A prototype for the differential detection of dengue and/or Zika NS1 protein was developed. The reading of the results was simplified by using a dedicated application on a smartphone.
Shallow gas development and grassland songbirds: The importance of perches
Authors: Rodgers Jennifer Anne , Koper Nicola
Published: March 2017

Grassland bird species have declined more than birds of any other region in North America and industrial development may exert further pressure on these species. We evaluated effects of conventional natural gas infrastructure on the relative abundances of grassland songbirds in southeastern Alberta, Canada at sites with shallow gas well pad densities ranging from 0 to 16 pads/258 ha (0–24 well heads/258 ha). Conventional gas wells have a relatively small footprint and minimal associated noise and maintenance activities, allowing us to focus on effects of the infrastructure itself and vegetation surrounding wells. We conducted fixed‐radius point counts and vegetation sampling at 34 sites in 2010 and 40 sites in 2011. We used generalized linear mixed models and information theory to evaluate effects of infrastructure on birds. Relative abundances of vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) and western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) increased near gas wells, whereas abundance of the threatened Sprague's pipit (Anthus spragueii) declined. Vegetation near infrastructure was shorter and sparser than locations farther from wells, but discrepancies with avian habitat preferences suggest that, in contrast to conclusions of previous studies, vegetation structure could not explain responses to infrastructure by birds. Instead, gas wells may have acted as artificial shrubs because they attracted species that use vegetation for perching but were avoided by species that avoid shrubs. Our results suggest that observed effects were a direct result of the presence of wells and associated fencing, and thus risk mitigation should focus on reducing the extent of aboveground infrastructure. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Utility of radio‐telemetry data for improving statistical population reconstruction
Authors: Berg Sergey S. , Erb John D. , Fieberg John R. , Forester James D.
Published: March 2017

Statistical population reconstruction using age‐at‐harvest and catch‐effort data has recently emerged as a robust and versatile approach to estimating the demographic dynamics of harvested populations of wildlife. Although there are clear benefits to incorporating radio‐telemetry data into reconstruction efforts, these data are costly and time‐consuming to collect. Managers that consider collecting these data alongside existing efforts could benefit from a comprehensive examination of how such benefits are influenced by the amount of radio‐telemetry data collected. Using a harvested population of American marten (Martes americana) in northeastern Minnesota, USA as a case study, we investigated the performance of population reconstruction using information on natural, harvest, or combined mortality derived from radio‐telemetry data collected over different numbers of years and with different numbers of animals collared each year. We simulated populations under a range of conditions and determined that incorporating radio‐telemetry data on natural and harvest mortality significantly improved model precision, and that each additional animal collared per year yielded a 0.50 ± 0.14% (SE) improvement in precision, whereas every additional year of radio‐telemetry data resulted in a 2.42 ± 0.70% improvement. Thus, including another year of radio‐telemetry resulted in similar gains in precision as including approximately 5 additional animals collared per year. In our applied marten example, incorporating radio‐telemetry data resulted in a significantly higher estimate of trapping vulnerability (0.20 vs. 0.058) and an overall smaller population size than reconstruction based solely on age‐at‐harvest and trapper effort data. These results illustrate the benefits of performing auxiliary studies, caution against relying on the results of population reconstruction based solely on age‐at‐harvest and hunter‐effort data, and demonstrate that improvements from incorporating radio‐telemetry data become evident even after as few as 2 years of data collection. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Seasonal variation and sexual difference of home ranges by takins
Authors: Yan Wen‐Bo , Zeng Zhi‐Gao , Gong Hui‐Sheng , He Xiang‐Bo , Liu Xin‐Yu , Ma Yi‐Sheng , Song Yan‐Ling
Published: March 2017

The takin (Budorcas taxicolor) inhabits mountainous forests and exhibits seasonal migration along an altitudinal gradient. Its home range is largely unknown, yet this information is important to help guide the conservation of this threatened species. We conducted a global positioning system (GPS) radio‐tracking study to determine the home ranges of 10 takins in the middle range of the Qinling Mountains, China, from August 2013 to August 2015. Their annual home ranges averaged 69.7 km2 (range = 21.3–188.5 km2) using the 100% minimum convex polygon (MCP), and 25.3 km2 (range = 10.4–44.8 km2) using a 95% kernel density estimate (KDE) revealing variation among individuals. Because takins are sexually dimorphic, we predicted that males would have larger home ranges than females. However, annual and seasonal home ranges of females were as large as, or larger than, those of males. These results are attributed to body size, sex, reproduction, and grouping behavior. Home range sizes of takins varied seasonally with the smallest range in winter (MCP = F3,44 = 4.40, P = 0.009; KDE = F3,44 = 6.28, P = 0.001); this variation was caused by their migratory behavior and the seasonal environment. For effective conservation of takins, managers of the Nature Reserves should unify management and conserve habitats used at all elevations. © 2017 The Wildlife Society
Environmental multi‐scale effects on zooplankton inter‐specific synchrony
Authors: Buttay Lucie , Cazelles Bernard , Miranda Ana , Casas Gerardo , Nogueira Enrique , González‐Quirós Rafael
Published: March 2017

Knowledge on the mechanisms that drive population dynamics and shape community structure is a key issue in ecology. Using wavelet methods, we analyzed 17‐yr of monthly time‐series of marine zooplankton (taxonomic composition, total abundance, and biomass) and their relationship with environmental factors (upwelling index and river outflow). The main mode of variation in all series was annual, and exhibited year‐to‐year variability. The dynamics of zooplankton aggregated properties showed a strong association with upwelling index and river outflow. The annual oscillation of biomass and abundance increased in 2000 corresponding to the highest amplitudes of environmental forcing. Concomitantly, enhanced synchrony was observed among the main taxonomic groups of zooplankton and among copepod species, the most relevant group in terms of occurrence and abundance. The degree of synchrony appeared to be correlated with the upwelling index and, more closely, with the duration of the upwelling events. The amplified seasonality of the environmental variables from 2000 to 2004, combined with a reduction of off‐shore exportation by shortening of upwelling events, favored retention in winter, and primary production in summer. These changes modulated community aggregated properties and affected the stability of the zooplankton community through an increase in inter‐specific synchrony allowing the community to shift to another state and likely a reorganization of the community size structure.
Optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter during a phytoplankton bloom. Implication for DOC estimates from CDOM absorption
Authors: Danhiez F. P. , Vantrepotte V. , Cauvin A. , Lebourg E. , Loisel H.
Published: March 2017

Coastal waters of the English Channel and the North Sea are affected by a massive spring phytoplankton bloom event of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis globosa every year. The impact of this bloom on DOM dynamics in coastal waters of the western English Channel was investigated through a 45 d long mesocosm experiment and field survey (2012–2014). Our results highlight that, over short time scales, marine production of DOM mostly affects CDOM absorption properties in the UV domain. Specifically, it has been evidenced that the acdom spectral slope between 320 nm and 412 nm (S320‐412) can be used as a relevant indicator of the DOM marine origin. The presence of a strong linear relationship between S320‐412 and the DOC specific absorption coefficient in phytoplankton bloom conditions reveals that this optical parameter provides complementary information to those obtained from the spectral slope between 275 nm and 295 nm, S275‐295 which has been recently described as a relevant tracer of the terrestrial DOM and a good descriptor of the specific absorption coefficient of dissolved organic carbon variability in the confining river‐influenced ocean margins. This study has further demonstrated that the joint use of S275‐295 and S320‐412 significantly improves the estimation DOC‐specific absorption coefficient in the presence of varying contribution of marine and terrestrial DOM. While such bands are still not available on ocean color sensors, this methodology represents a valuable tool for estimating DOC concentration from CDOM absorption measurements from in situ data obtained from classical discrete measurements or from autonomous platforms equipped with adapted spectrophotometer.
Trophic interaction among organisms in a seagrass meadow ecosystem as revealed by bulk δ13C and amino acid δ15N analyses
Authors: Choi Bohyung , Ha Sun‐Yong , Lee Jae Seong , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Shin Kyung‐Hoon
Published: March 2017

Numerous studies have used stable isotope analysis (SIA) of carbon and nitrogen within the bulk tissues of organisms to determine the trophic structure among organisms in a food web. Recently, SIA has evolved to compound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of nitrogen within amino acids to significantly reduce the uncertainty in the estimated trophic position (TP) of organisms based on the isotopic difference between glutamic acid and phenylalanine within a single organism. However, because the initial offset (β) between glutamic acid and phenylalanine differs between aquatic algae (ca. +3.4‰) and vascular plants (ca. −8.4‰) in food webs that rely on both resources, β should be replaced by a value adapted to the admixture of primary producers for each specimen. In this study, we established a new method involving the β value (βmix) of each consumer specimen determined based on its bulk tissue δ13C value and successfully obtained realistic TPs (TPmix) for organisms in a complex seagrass meadow food web. Remarkable differences between the TPmix and traditional TPalgal values were found in deposit feeders due to the large contribution of seagrass to their basal resources. The estimated TPs of organisms increased by up to 1.5 units (from TPalgal to TPmix), in terms of trophic transfer, when their diets included substantial seagrass‐derived contributions. Thus, combinatorial analysis of the amino acid δ15N and specimen‐specific βmix values provides better understanding of the trophic interactions in food webs, even in complex seagrass meadow ecosystems.
Reconstruction of uptake patterns in PET: The influence of regularizing prior
Authors: De Bernardi Elisabetta , Fallanca Federico , Gianolli Luigi , Gilardi Maria Carla , Bettinardi Valentino
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The effects of regularizing priors on the maximum likelihood (ML) reconstruction of activity patterns in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) were assessed.

Methods

Two edge‐preserving priors (one originally proposed by Nuyts et al. and nowadays implemented and commercialized by General Electric Medical Systems as Q.Clear software, and a second one originally proposed by Rapisarda et al. and our group) were assessed and compared to a standard Ordered Subset (OS)‐ML reconstruction, assumed as reference. The main difference between the two priors is that Nuyts prior (NY‐p) penalizes relative voxel differences while Rapisarda prior (RP‐p) absolute ones. Prior parameters were selected by imposing a reference noise texture inside uniform regions with activity comparable to that measured in 18F‐FluoroDeoxyGlucose (FDG) patient livers overall the field of view. Comparisons were then made: (a) on phantom data in terms of sphere recovery coefficients, ability to correctly reconstruct uniform irregularly shaped objects and heterogeneous patterns in patient backgrounds; (b) on patient data in terms of lesion detectability and image quality.

Results

On phantoms, both priors succeeded in improving all the assessed features with respect to standard OS‐ML reconstruction, mainly thanks to the better signal convergence and to the noise breakup control. On 10 mm spheres, an average recovery coefficient augment of 9% (NY‐p) and 34% (RP‐p) was obtained; homogeneity of uniform activity objects augmented of 4% (NY‐p) and 11% (RP‐p); accuracy in reconstructing heterogeneous lesions improved on average of 5% (NY‐p) and 15% (RP‐p). On patients, lesion detectability resulted improved (on 27 of 30 lesions), regardless of lesion anatomical districts and position in the scanner field of view. NY‐p provides a spatial resolution and a noise texture more uniform in the field of view and an image quality similar to standard OS‐ML. RP‐p has instead a behavior more dependent on the local counting statistics that imposes a trade‐off between spatial resolution uniformity and noise texture homogeneity.

Conclusions

The assessed regularizing priors improve PET uptake pattern reconstruction accuracy. Therefore, they should be considered both for oncological lesion detection and uptake spatial distribution assessment. Pitfalls and open challenges are also discussed.
Two‐scale topology optimization for composite plates with in‐plane periodicity
Authors: Nishi Shinnosuke , Terada Kenjiro , Kato Junji , Nishiwaki Shinji , Izui Kazuhiro
Published: March 2017

This study proposes a two‐scale topology optimization method for a microstructure (an in‐plane unit cell) that maximizes the macroscopic mechanical performance of composite plates. The proposed method is based on the in‐plane homogenization method for a composite plate model in which the macrostructure is modeled using thick plate theory and the microstructures are three‐dimensional solids. Macroscopic plate characteristics such as homogenized plate stiffnesses and generalized thermal strains are evaluated through the application of numerical plate tests applied to an in‐plane unit cell. To handle large rotations of the composite plates, we employ a co‐rotational formulation that facilitates working with the two‐scale plate model formulated within a small strain framework. Two types of objective functions are tested in the presented optimization problems: one minimizes the macroscopic end compliance to maximize the macroscopic plate stiffness, whereas the other maximizes components of a macroscopic nodal displacement vector. Analytical sensitivities are derived based on in‐plane homogenization formulae so that a gradient‐based method can be employed to update the topology of in‐plane unit cells. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the proposed method's capability related to the design of optimal in‐plane unit cells of composite plates. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and memory characteristics of highly organo‐soluble hyperbranched polyimides with various electron acceptors
Authors: Song Ying , Yao Hongyan , Tan Haiwei , Zhu Shiyang , Dong Bo , Guan Shaowei , Liu Huiling
Published: March 2017

A series of hyperbranched polyimides (HBPIs) were synthesized by reacting a triamine monomer N,N′,N″‐tris(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐N,N′,N″‐tris(4‐phenylamino)−1,3,5‐benzenetriamine with various dianhydrides such as oxydiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA), 3,3′,4,4′‐diphenylsulfonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (DSDA), 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The hyperbranched polyimide (6FHBPI) using 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) as dianhydride monomer was also added into the discussion. All the hyperbranched polyimides exhibited excellent organo‐solubility and high thermal stability. Memory devices with a sandwiched structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/HBPI/Al were constructed by using these HBPIs as the active layers. All these HBPIs based memory devices exhibited favorable memory performances, with switching voltages between −1.3 V and −2.5 V, ON/OFF current ratios up to 107 and retention times long to 104 s. Tunable memory characteristics from electrical insulator to volatile memory, and then to nonvolatile memory were obtained by adjusting the electron acceptors of these HBPIs. Molecular simulation results suggested that the electron affinity and the dipole moment of these HBPIs were responsible for the conversion of the memory characteristics. With the electron affinity and dipole moment of these HBPIs increasing, the memory characteristics turned from volatile to nonvolatile. The present study suggested that tunable memory performance could be achieved through adjusting the acceptor moieties of the hyperbranched polyimides. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2281–2288
The use of polymers in Li‐S batteries: A review
Authors: Dirlam Philip T. , Glass Richard S. , Char Kookheon , Pyun Jeffrey
Published: March 2017

Recent developments in the use of polymeric materials as device components in lithium sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are reviewed. Li‐S batteries have generated tremendous interest as a next generation battery exhibiting charge capacities and energy densities that greatly exceed Li‐ion battery technologies. In this Highlight, the first comprehensive review focusing on the use of polymeric materials throughout these devices is provided. The key role polymers play in Li‐S technology is presented and organized in terms of the basic components that comprise a Li‐S battery: the cathode, separator, electrolyte, and anode. After a straightforward introduction to the construction of a conventional Li‐S device and the mechanisms at work during cell operation, the use of polymers as binders, protective coatings, separators, electrolytes, and electroactive materials in Li‐S batteries will be reviewed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1635–1668
The construction of help during radiotherapy: Redefining informal care
Authors: Appleton Lynda , Perkins Elizabeth
Published: March 2017

Objectives

This study will explore how help is constructed during and following radiotherapy for patients with cancer.

Methods

Grounded theory methods were used in the study to explore the way in which family members and friends constructed a role for themselves in relation to patients receiving radiotherapy. A total of 22 helpers were interviewed. Patients were being treated for a range of cancers including breast, prostate, colorectal, and head and neck.

Results

Respondents in this study consistently defined themselves as “helpers” rather than “carers.” While radiotherapy as a treatment modality was mostly seen as noninvasive, the cancer diagnosis cast a long shadow over the lives of helpers and patients creating a separation in longstanding relationships. Helpers experienced this separation as “otherness.” Help became an important vehicle for bridging this separation. Individuals developed different ways of knowing about the patient as the basis for providing help. Two different types of help were identified in this study: the behind the scenes, largely invisible work that helpers undertook to help the patient without their knowledge and the explicit visible help that was much more commonly negotiated and discussed between helpers and patients.

Conclusions

The study provides the basis for a greater understanding on the part of professionals into the impact of diagnosis and radiotherapy treatment on family and friends. In doing so, the study identifies opportunities for the experience of helpers to be recognised and supported by professionals.