bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Magnifying Power of Short Spaces illustrated by the Transmission of Light Through Minute Apertures
Authors: Gorham John
Published: April 2021

Having described in the former papers the appearances observable when pencils of light from small circular apertures are partially intercepted by certain opaque or transparent objects of definite shape and size ; and having shown that whether shadows or illuminated spaces are thus used, they serve to exemplify the magnifying power of short intervals existing between the organ of vision and the object to be examined, inasmuch as they occupy some position in space, and have a certain form, qualities which pertain to them in common with all substances appreciable by the sense of sight, we proceed to notice the phenomena which result when exceedingly narrow linear apertures are substituted for those of a circular form. In conducting these investigations it was not unreasonable to suppose, à priori, that if the size, the quality, and the position of the object to be examined, the direction and the intensity of the light which was used, the sensitiveness and immediate response of the pupil of the eye to the minutest variation in the quantity of light impinging on the retina, and the refracting qualities of the transparent portion of the visual organ, were each and all taken into account, so that a nice and delicate adjustment of the eye to the light, and of the light as well as of the size of the objects to the eye could be insured, appearances perhaps beautiful, doubtless uncommon, and certainly interesting to the physiologist might be fairly anticipated. Such anticipations, have been so far realized as to present a strong inducement to prosecute the subject with a legitimate prospect of still greater success.
Notes and observations on the sap-circulation of plants
Authors: Wenham F. H.
Published: April 2021

Since my communication in the last number of this Journal, “On the Circulation of the Sap in the Leaf-cells of the Anackaris Ahinastrum” I have continued some investigations on non-aquatic plants, with the view of ascertaining the relation or analogy, that the phenomena of their circulatory movements display, towards the subject of my former paper, and to each other respectively.
On a Universal Indicator for Microscopes
Authors: Bailey J. W.
Published: April 2021

In the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ vol. i, p. 34, an ingenious contrivance for registering the position of microscopic objects is described by Mr. Tyrrel; a modification of this, by Mr. Aymot, is given in a subsequent number (1. c., vol. i. p. 301) ; and a still better arrangement for the same purpose, suggested by Mr. Brodie and applied by Mr. Okeden to his microscope, is described at p. 166 of volume iii. of the same work. The last mentioned device can scarcely be improved upon for convenience; but there is one defect which is inherent to all these inventions, viz., that they are essentially selfish contrivances, of no use to any one but the owner of the particular instrument to which they may be attached.
On the Reproductive Organs of certain Fungi, with some remarhs on Germination
Authors: Currey Frederick
Published: April 2021

The following paper is intended as a sequel to a previous communication on the same subject which appeared in the last volume of this Journal (see vol. iii., p. 263.) The instances in which a particular fungus has been observed to produce a variety of fruits differing essentially from one another, are already very numerous, and are daily on the increase. This polymorphism of fructification is highly interesting and important, not only in a physiological point of view, but from the effect which it must necessarily have upon the classification of the vast tribe of Fungi. Not only have different genera of the same order been already proved to be identical, but Fungi originally classed in different orders, and apparently of widely-different habits and structures, have been proved to be the produce of the same mycelium. The facts which I proceed to mention, are principally the result of observations made since the publication of my former paper, and they will, I hope, be considered interesting additions to this branch of microscopical science.
Description of some New Diatomaceous Forms from the West Indies
Authors: Greville Robert Kaye
Published: April 2021

Some months ago I received a box of shells from my friend Mrs. William Eccles, of Trinidad, among which was a small marine species covered with an entangled tuft of sea-weeds and zoophytes. This, as it appeared to contain Diatomaceæ, I manipulated in the usual way, and on careful examination found it to yield a number of exceedingly interesting kinds, especially if the very small quantity of the prepared material be considered. As it would scarcely serve any useful purpose to work out every form which presented itself in a gathering so trifling in extent, I propose to confine myself on the present occasion to the description of such as seem to be new; and I shall only mention that among the remaining forms worthy of notice the following were observed: Synedra undulata, Bail., S. superba, Kütz., Cocconeis Grevillii, Sm., Navicula Hennedyi, Sm., N. crabro, Eh.,*Amphora obtusa and A. lineata, Greg., Podocystis Americana, Bail., Climacosphenia moniligera, Eh., Rhabdonema arcuatum and R. Adriaticum, Kütz., Grammatophora hamulifera, Kütz., Asterolampra impar, Shadb.
The existence of Birds during the deposition of the Stonesfield Slate proved by a comparison of the Microscopic Structure of certain Bones of that formation with that of Recent Bones
Authors: Dennis J. B. P.
Published: April 2021

From extensive observations made upon the bones of birds, I find that, in their microscopic characters, their bones are as distinct from those of mammifers as the latter are from the bones of saurians. As the lacuna in the saurian bone exceeds that of the mammal in the size of its canaliculi, so does the latter exceed that of the bird;* and as they are more numerous and more branched in the bird than in the mammal, so in like manner are they more so in mammalian than in saurian bone.
On the Zoological Position of Dysteria
Authors: Gosse P. H.
Published: April 2021

During my stay at Tenby last summer, I had some opportunities of studying the new and singular animal Dysteria, the subject of Professor Huxley’s excellent memoir in the January number of the f Quarterly Journal? While I cannot but admire the skill with which he has worked out the interior structure, some parts of which presented to my own investigations insuperable difficulties; and while, in respect to most of the details which I did succeed in resolving, I agree with him; I had, before his memoir was published, formed a different judgment as to its zoological position.
A Synopsis of the British Diatomaceæ
Authors: Smith William
Published: April 2021

Those microscopists who are working at the British Diatomaceæ will rejoice to know that the second volume of Professor Smith’s work is at last completed. They have now a complete work to which they may refer for information with regard to all forms of British Diatomaceæ. This second volume is a worthy companion of the first. The descriptions of the species are ample, the notes are valuable, and the plates, if possible, exceed the last in their beauty and accuracy. With regard to the latter, we are sure that Professor Smith would be amongst the first to acknowledge how greatly the value of his work is enhanced by the unrivalled skill with which Mr. Tuffen West has delineated the beautiful objects he has described.
On a New Species of Bugula
Authors: Alder Joshua
Published: April 2021

Polyzoary orange-coloured or yellowish, paler when dry; one to two inches high, forming an ascending spiral, the branches dividing dichotomously, truncated at top, and arching outwards. Cells in two to five series, elongated, the aperture reaching nearly to the bottom; a single erect spine at each upper angle. Avicularia of two sizes, those on the outside moderately large, with a rounded head, and a short back abruptly bent at the point; situated on the upper part of the margin of the cell; inner avicularia small. Ovicapsules subglobose, with a rim rising into a peak in front.
Contributions to the History of the Development of the Spongillæ
Authors: Lieberkühn N.
Published: April 2021

Of the above long and valuable communication we have space to give only the following abstract.
Flustrella hispida and its development
Authors: Redfern Peter
Published: April 2021

The Flustrella hispida of Dr. Gray is the Flustra hispida of Fleming, and the Flustra carnosa of Dalyell and Johnston. It seems to have been overlooked by Mr. Gosse, in his ‘ Marine Zoology,’ and to have attracted much less attention than it deserves, when its beauty and general distribution are considered.
On the form, Density, and Structure of the Crystalline Lens
Authors: Nunneley Thomas
Published: April 2021

The Lens, as its name implies, is the most important portion of the dioptical ocular apparatus. It is at the same time the most perfect of its kind in the world. It has hitherto (and probably will continue so to do,) defied the efforts of human ingenuity to imitate. Hence, while its importance in health, the great changes which it undergoes in disease, and the skill and knowledge requisite for its treatment and removal, have always rendered it an object of great interest to the anatomist and surgeon—its perfect action in converging the rays of light to a focus upon the retina, so as practically, if not absolutely, to overcome the aberration of sphericity, has caused its form, structure, and density to be matters of the closest investigation and calculation by opticians and mathematicians. The difficulties of the inquiry have been at least equal to their importance, so that as much, if not more, controversy and difference of opinion have existed as to the structure of the crystalline lens, as of any part of the eye.
On some Conditions of the Cell-Wall in the Petals of Flowers, with Remarks on some so-called External Secondary Deposits
Authors: West Tuffen
Published: April 2021

In working over microscopic subjects generally, my attention was arrested by that well-known object, the petal of the geranium, and the attempt to reconcile the appearances found with the descriptions in books led to investigations, some of the results of which are embodied in the following communication. How far these agree with the opinions entertained by previous observers will best appear in the course of my remarks.
Observations on the Development of some parts of the Skeleton of Fishes
Authors: Huxley Thomas H.
Published: April 2021

The following observations were made principally upon the Stickleback (Gasterosteus leiurus) in the summer of the present year. Some of them were briefly alluded to in my Croonian lecture “On the Theory of the Vertebrate Skull,” delivered before the Royal Society on the 17th of June last, and will be more fully treated of hereafter; the rest have not yet been published.
On a Deposit of Diatomaceæ and Mollusca, in the County of Antrim
Authors: Dickie G.
Published: April 2021

In a field at Bellahill, a few miles from Belfast, and in the County of Antrim, a sepulchral tumulus has existed from time immemorial.
On the Mode of Formation of Shells of Animals, of Bone, and of several other Structures, by a process of Molecular Coalescence, demonstrable in certain artificially formed products
Authors: Rainey George
Published: April 2021

Most of our readers will recollect a paper read by Mr. Rainey before the Microscopical Society, and which appeared in the ‘Transactions,’ on the subject of this work. In that paper Mr. Rainey pointed out the remarkable fact that many of the appearances presented by the hard structures of animals, and which had been usually referred to cell-development, were really produced by the physical laws which govern the aggregation of certain salts when exposed to the action of vegetable and animal substances in a state of solution. The paper to which we allude succeeded one which he had previously published in the ‘British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,’ and the present work consists of the observations contained in these two papers, with much new matter, both physical and anatomical. We need not repeat or discuss here Mr. Rainey’s views, but we give an extract from his Preface :
Mycological Notes
Authors: Currey Frederick
Published: April 2021

The contents of the following pages are strictly in accordance with the above title, consisting of a number of detached observations which have been entered from time to time in my note-book, and which are here brought together in the hope that they may prove interesting to those botanists whose attention has been directed to the Fungi.
Descriptions of New Species of Polyzoa
Authors: Barlee George
Published: April 2021

The assiduous dredging labours of Mr. Barlee, more especially in the Northern, seas of Scotland, have, as is well known, been the means of introducing numerous additions to the British Marine Fauna, among which, those belonging to the domain of Zoophytology are by no means the least considerable. Having been favoured by Mr. Barlee with the opportunity of examining the Polyzoa collected by him within the last two years, we here commence the description of the new or imperfectly known species comprised among them. As these are numerous, and our limits, so far as illustrations are concerned, circumscribed, the description of these species will occupy several numbers of the journal, although, in the meanwhile, brief descriptions of most of the new forms were presented to the British Association at its late meeting.
Pancreas
Authors: Turner Wm.
Published: April 2021

The investigation of the relations of the minute gland ducts to the ultimate gland follicles in the human pancreas presents considerable difficulties. This is owing, partly, to the great delicacy and transparency of the structures, and partly, because from the close manner in which the minute lobules of the gland are crowded together, it is difficult to obtain a satisfactory view of a single isolated lobule. Thus, the mode of connection of the fine excretory duct of the lobule with the sacculated gland follicles at its extremity cannot clearly be estimated. Moreover, if it is attempted to separate the lobules from each other by tearing them asunder with needles, the relations of the parts become so disturbed, that the examination does not afford any very decided results. For these reasons, it has been customary, in describing the minute structure of this gland, to refer especially to the appearance which it presents in the smaller and more common Rodents, such as the Rat or Mouse.
On the Mature Condition of Trichina Spiralis
Authors: Leuckart Rudolph
Published: April 2021

Some months since I communicated to my friend, Professor Van Beneden, at Louvain, the results of a helminthological experiment, which appeared to establish the connexion of Trichina with Trichocephalus, already supposed to exist by Meissner, Küchenmeister, and others. In this experiment, I fed a young pig with a quantity of trichinised flesh, for which I had been indebted to the kindness of Professor Nasse of Marburg; and on dissection, after the lapse of four weeks, I discovered in the large intestine a very considerable number of Trichocephalus dispar, probably thirty or forty specimens, some of which were in a state of perfect sexual maturity, and some nearly in that condition.
Atmospheric Micrography. On the Means by which all the Corpuscles Normally Invisible, contained in a Determinate Volume of AIR., may be collected into an infinitely Small Space
Authors: Pouchet M.
Published: April 2021

I have succeeded, by means of a very simple instrument, in concentrating, upon an infinitely minute surface, all the solid and normally invisible corpuscles floating in the atmosphere, so as to allow of their being strictly appreciated and counted. By this means we can, if we please, concentrate on a glass, and within a space of two square millimetres, all the particles disseminated in a cubic mètre of the atmosphere, or even more.
The Nature-printed British Sea-weeds, a History, accompanied by figures and dissections, of the Algæ of the British Isles
Authors: Johnstone W. G. , Croall Alexander , Bradbury Henry
Published: April 2021

In the first number of our present volume we noticed the first volume of this beautiful work, and it is a matter of surprise that we should be called upon to notice not only a second, but a third volume, before the close of the year. Such good speed is both creditable to publisher and authors, for the work that has been done must not be measured by the size of the volumes, but the care that has been bestowed both on the letter-press and illustrations. The second volume brings us to the end of the Rhodosperms, and is equally successful with the first in giving the correct forms of these charming sea-weeds. The third volume is devoted to the Mela-nosperms, and here the nature-printer has had more than ordinary difficulties to contend with, the thick and leathery forms of bladder wracks, with the gigantic fronds of Laminaria, seemed as if they would defy any attempt to induce them to produce a presentable picture of themselves. But by selecting young and delicate specimens, even Fucus nodosus and Laminaria digitata are made fit companions for those who trust to artistic skill for a place on the drawing-room table. As in the former volume, each nature-print is accompanied by drawings of microscopic structure, which will be found of great value to those who pursue their sea -side studies by the aid of the microscope.
On The Occurrence of Zoospores In The Family Desmidiaceæ
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

(Read before the Natural History Society of Dublin, Friday Evening, February 3, 1860; extracted from the ‘Natural History Review and Quarterly Journal of Science,’ for July, 1860.)
On the Sructure of the Mouth and Pharynx of the Scorpion
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: April 2021

Although the scorpion has been made the subject of repeated investigations by some of the best minute anatomists of past and present times, it is a remarkable circumstance that no exact account of the structure of the commencement of its alimentary canal is to be met with, at least so far as my knowledge extends. Meckel (‘Beiträge zur Vergleichenden Anatomie,’ Band i, Heft 2, 1809), as might be expected from the fact that his dissections were performed without the aid of even a magnifier (page 106), takes no particular notice of the small and delicate parts in question. Treviranus (‘Bau der Arachniden,’ 1812) is equally silent as to this important portion of the economy of the scorpion; and even the accurate Johannes Müller, in the essay entitled “Beiträge zur Anatomic des Scorpions” (Meckel’s ‘Archiv.,’ 1828), which threw so much new light upon the organization of this animal, although he saw more than either his predecessors or his successors have done, did not probe the matter to the bottom. In describing the alimentary canal, he merely says :— “The pharynx which arises in front of the brain, upon a particular; strongly excavated, portion of the skeleton, is much wider than the rest of the intestine, and resembles a vesicle. The oesophagus is very delicate where it proceeds from this vesicle, rises between the very stout nerves for the chelae, above the brain (which lies behind the pharynx), and passes over the saddle-shaped upper excavation of the internal thoracic skeleton, whilst the spinal cord and the posterior cerebral nerves pass through the opening of the same skeleton.”
On the Origin of ferments. New experiments relative to so-termed Spontaneous Generation
Authors: Pasteur M. L.
Published: April 2021

Among the questions arising during the researches which I have undertaken on the subject of fermentations properly so termed, there is none more worthy of attention than that which relates to the origin of “ferments.” Whence proceed these mysterious agents, so feeble in appearance, and yet in reality so powerful; which in the minutest quantity, measured by weight, and with insignificant external chemical characters, possess such extraordinary energy ? It is in an attempt to solve this problem that I have been led to the study of the so-termed spontaneous generation.
Researches on the Corpuscles introduced by the Atmosphere into the Respiratory ORGANS of Animals
Authors: Pouchet M. F.
Published: April 2021

I have thought for a long time that the study of the bodies conveyed by the air into the respiratory passages of animals would offer interesting physiological results, and throw considerable light upon the subject of atmospheric Micrography. Nor have I been deceived in this. In fact, in almost every class of animals, the examination of the respiratory apparatus clearly reveals the various modifications of the medium inhabited by them. But it seemed to me that the most important notions on this subject would be presented in those animals in which the air penetrates the most deeply into the organism. Birds, consequently, have become the objects of particular attention, seeing that in them the air, after traversing the lungs, pervades not only the different cavities of the trunk, but reaches also the interior of the osseous system. In these animals I have devoted particular attention to the examination of the bones which contain most air, and chiefly to the humerus. And as in these situations the corpuscles, once introduced, escape only with great difficulty, owing to the immobility of the walls and the irregularities of their anfractuosities, we there find ample vestiges of all the matters conveyed by the air into the respiratory organs.
Remarks on the Glossiphonidæ a Family of Discophorous Annulata
Authors: Houghton Rev. W.
Published: April 2021

I am induced to offer a few remarks on the above-named family, in the hopes of drawing the attention of microscopists to the structure and development of a small group of animals which appear to have been almost neglected by British naturalists, and although I have nothing to add to what M. Grube has published in his valuable memoir on the development of these animals—for he appears to have almost exhausted the subject, while the researches of De Filippi, Müller, &c., have acquainted us with much that relates to their structure and habits—yet, perhaps, as the members which compose this family are but little known, these few remarks will not be deemed altogether superfluous.
Remarks on the Binocular Microscope
Authors: Wenham F. H.
Published: April 2021

I have been frequently asked why I have not termed my binocular the “Stereoscopic Microscope?” I may reply that the prevailing idea of stereoscopic vision is more connected with the combined effects of two separate objects, or pictures, than the solid appearance of a single body, having bulk or thickness. What I should term a “Stereoscopic Microscope” would be literally two microscopes, with their object-glasses, placed side by side, like an opera glass, with similar adjustments for the distance between the eyes. If such an instrument were furnished with erecting-glasses and draw-tubes, for varying the magnifying power, only one power of objectglass would be requisite, and I have no doubt that in many applications it would be found serviceable, as for the detection of forged trade-marks, &c., and irregularities of pattern. Two single lenses, of about -inch focus, afford some curious results. Taking for example such objects as the similar titles of two different advertisements from a newspaper, or the headings from the various pages of a book in large type, the letters will appear in some places to rise up hill, and in others to fall away, or lay all aslant in a most fantastic manner, indicating that the type has not all been cast in the same matrix, and that the spaces are irregular, both in parallelism and thickness. Two postage-stamps also afford good objects. Many will be found so nearly alike that their combined images appear quite flat, but very frequently the head appears like a bust, either above or below the matted ground, accordingly as they are transposed either to the right or left, thus showing that there is considerable irregularity either in the plates or the mode of printing.
Contributions to the Knowledge of the Development of the Gonidia of Lichens, in Relation to the Unicellular Algæ, &c
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton
Published: April 2021

Before entering upon the subject I have proposed for consideration in the present contribution, it will be needful to remark that, in 1854, H.Itzigsohn,inthe ‘Botanische Zeitung’ (“Wie verhält sich Collema zu Nostoc und zu Nostochineen)” page 521, and J. Sachs, in the same journal, in 1855, 5th January (“Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Collema, &c.”), insisted upon the origin of Nostoc from Collema; and they have pointed out one method by which Nostoc springs from that Lichen; namely, from a small ball of the jelly-like mucus, enclosing a few of the beaded cells, which becomes extruded from the parent thallus. When one such ball becomes free, it may take one of two modes of development: 1st, it may produce the continuous colourless threads, and thus pass into Collema (fig. 7); or 2nd, without any tendency to the formation of these fibres, the ball will increase in size and transparency, become less dense, while the green beaded filaments increase by subdivision, and the heterocysts common to the Nostochaceæ are found at intervals. This latter is Nostoc, and this is one method by which it may arise. In the same condition the development may continue for an indefinite period. The first stages are shown at Pl. V, figs. 5 and 6.
On the Embryology of Asteracanthion Violaceus (L.)
Authors: Thomson Wyville
Published: April 2021

Saks, in his wonderfully suggestive ‘Beskrivelser,’ &c., published in Bergen in 1835, threw the first ray of light upon the structure of the singular provisional appendages which have been since found to accompany the embryonic condition of most, if not all, of the Echinoderms. We are indebted to the same naturalist for several subsequent communications on the same Subject; the most important a detailed description* of the early stages in the development of Echinaster sanguinolentus (Müller), and a shorter notice of the same process in Asteracanthivn Mülleri (Sars). These observations are so well known, that I need only refer to them briefly.
Notes on Appendicularia and the Larval Condition of an Acanthocephaloid Scolecid from the Coast of Portugal
Authors: Kent W. Saville
Published: April 2021

The figures accompanying this communication illustrate two floating forms encountered last summer during my dredging trip with Mr. Marshall Hall and Mr. Edw. Fielding to the coast of Spain and Portugal, in the former gentleman’s commodious yacht the “Norna.”
Researches on the Connective Tissue and Vessels of the Nerves
Authors: Ranvier Louis
Published: April 2021

The nervous tubes, which are the essential elements of nerves, are united into distinct bundles. Some authors, comparing these bundles to the primitive bundles of muscles, have described them as primitive nerve-bundles. This is, however, an error, for if there is any elementary part in the nerve which can be compared to the primitive muscular bundle, it is certainly the nervous tube, a conclusion which follows from what has been said in a former memoir.
On the Oral and Apical Systems of the Echinoderms
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert
Published: April 2021

The following essay is an attempt to compare and criticise the various views that have been put forward from time to time, respecting the homologies among the different Echinoderms of the two groups of calcareous plates, which appear at a very early period around the two peritoneal diverticula of the primitive digestive sac of the larva.
The Reproduction of Lichens and the Sexuality of the Ascomycetes
Authors: Vines Sydney H.
Published: April 2021

In a previous number of this Journal1 an account was given of the present state of the “lichen-gonidia question.” in which especial reference was made to the researches of Stahl into the significance of the gonidia occurring in the hymenium of various lichens. Those researches, it was pointed out, afforded strong evidence in favour of Schwendener’s theory of the nature of lichens. Stahl’s further researches,2 of which a brief résumé will here be given, into the processes of their reproduction, seem to place the soundness of this theory beyond reasonable doubt.
The Early Developmental Changes in the Reptilian Ovum
Authors: BALFOUR F. M.
Published: April 2021

Professors Kuppfer and Benecke have recently published a very interesting note on this subject. Their observations were made on Lacerta agilis and on Emgs Europea, in both of which types they found the embryonic changes to be closely alike. Segmentation takes place exactly as in birds, and the resulting blastoderm, which is thickened at its edge, spreads rapidly over the yolk. A small embryonic shield makes its appearance in the centre of the blastoderm shortly before the yolk is half enclosed. It is somewhat pyriform, and mainly distinguished from the remainder of the blastoderm by the more columnar character of its constituent epiblast cells. At the narrower end of the shield, which may be spoken of as posterior in relation to the future embryo, an invagination takes place, and gives rise to a sack, the blind end of which is directed forwards. The opening of the sack may be spoken of as the blastopore. A linear thickening of the epiblast arises in front of the blastopore, along which the medullary groove soon appears. In the cephalic region the medullary groove flattens out, and posteriorly the two medullary folds diverge, and enclose between them the blastopore, behind which they again meet. On the completion of the medullary canal the blastopore becomes obliterated ; but there can be but little doubt, although the authors of the paper do not appear to touch on this point, that on the closure of the medullary folds the medullary canal remains in direct communicatian with the cavity of the invaginated sack, so that the latter has exactly the same relation to the medullary canal as the embryonic structure, which I have called “the postanal section of the alimentary canal “in Elasmobranchii.
Polarized Light as a Recreation and Study
Authors: Davies Thomas
Published: April 2021

Every man is subject to a certain amount of influence from his fellow-men. Perhaps, in fashions of dress, this power displays itself most strongly, yet it is by no means confined to outward show; even in science it is as plainly developed, and, during one age, some branch is eagerly pursued, which is treated with apparent indifference in the next. In some degree this kind of fashion influences even the microscopist. At the present time the Diatomaceæ seem to be the predominant subject of inquiry, to the partial neglect of some of the many others which our improved instruments offer us. One branch in particular seems to me to suffer (at least in some degree) from this fashion; that is, POLARIZED LIGHT in its causes and effects. Chemically this study will one day, most likely, assume an interest and importance of which we can now have no idea. But there is a certain class of men to whom science seems forbidden fruit—men who have not courage to begin a systematic study of any kind, and yet who would be drawn gradually by any pleasant occupation from amusement into deeper inquiry that would at length, albeit imperceptibly, take possession of them; and from these very men might rise numbers to whom science would be indebted. What could be so likely to effect this as polarized light and the microscope ? Even a child would be delighted with its beauties, and the highest mind may here find an unexhausted, indeed, inexhaustible field for both eye and mind.
On Closterium Aciculare (West)
Authors: Archer W.
Published: April 2021

In the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ vol. VIII, p. 153, Mr. Tuffen West described a new species of Closterium under the above name, and, appended to his description, he did me the honour to quote a few lines of mine to him in regard to it. I had then seen only a hurried tracing, but had not seen either Mr. West’s truthful figure (1. c. Pl. VII, fig. 16), or an actual specimen, and, if so, I should perhaps have written slightly differently, while, moreover, the printers have misplaced a stop, thus rendering my meaning doubtful. Under these circumstances, I trust I may be allowed a very small space to point out the error alluded to, and to try to make what I then meant to convey more clear.
On the Parasitic Nature of the Fry Of Anodonta Cygnea
Authors: Houghton Rev. W.
Published: April 2021

The fresh-water Mussels, or the family of the Unionidæ, have received a considerable share of attention from zoologists. The facility with which the different species may be obtained, and the highly interesting embryonic forms of these molluscs, whether during the time they remain within the folds of the external branchiæ, or after they have been excluded, render them favorite subjects for investigation. The whole question of the development of the fry is one of considerable interest; but it appears that all investigations that have hitherto been published on this point relate to their intra-branchial existence, while we are left entirely, I believe, without information on the condition and development of the young Anodontas during the period that elapses between their exclusion and their assumption of those characters that belong to the mature animal. The young Anodonta, at the time it is ready for exclusion, bears a form very different from that which it is destined ultimately to assume. This, no doubt, holds good in the case of the other British members of the group; it is certainly true of Unio pictorum, which, however, appears to be later than the Anodonta in parting with the fry. So different, indeed, is the form of the young animal during its intra-branchial state, that M. Rathke,* in 1797, actually regarded it, not as the young mollusc, but as a veritable parasite, to which he gave the appropriate name of Glochidium (γλ ω χí ς), in allusion to the two curious serrated points or hooks which it possesses. Rathke’s opinion was endorsed by M. Jacobson, in a paper published in the Danish ‘Transactions’ in 1828. † But the real nature of the bivalves found in the branchiæ of Anadonta and Unio was fully proved by C. G. Carus in 1830.‡ In his valuable memoir on this subject, which may be regarded as the fountain-head of all that is really known concerning the anatomy of the Glochidium-embryos, the true relations of these creatures to their parent are clearly made out. It also contains observations upon many points of considerable general interest with respect to the structure and early stages of development of the molluscan ovum; and it is in this paper that Carus for the first time clearly describes the curious phenomenon of the rotation of the embryo within the egg-membrane, although it had doubtless been observed in the ovum of some species of Unionidæ by Leeuwenhoek, and was also noticed by M. Bauer; who absurdly attributes the movement to the incessant attacks of an invisible worm, which he imagined was devouring the vitellus.
Development of the Kidney in its relation to the Wolffian Body in the Chick
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: April 2021

This paper contains an account of observations on the development of the excretory system of the chick, made with a view of elucidating the relation which the kidney bears to the Wolffian body.
On the Early Development of the Anterior Part of the Wolffian Duct and Body in the Chick, together with some Remarks on the Excretory System of the Vertebrata
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: April 2021

The following paper is divided into two parts, The first part contains an account of observations on the development of the Wolffian duct and anterior Wolffian tubules in the chick, being supplementary to my paper on the “Kidney of the Chick”* 1 The second part is devoted to a discussion of the vertebrate excretory system in general.
On the Lymphatic System and the Minute Structure of the Salivary Glands and Pancreas
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

The research, of which I propose to give an account in the following, had for its object to investigate, in continuation of my work on the lymphatic system of the skin and mucous membrane (see the ‘Report of the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board’ for 1879), the lymphatics of the salivary glands, and the pancreas. At the outset of this investigation I found it necessary to ascertain the exact nature and arrangement of the connective tissue, so intimately connected with the lymphatics, in the above organs, and at the same time I became convinced that the current descriptions (Henle, Heidenhain, Lavdowsky, Bermann, and others) given of the structure of the salivary glands admit in many respects of alterations and additions. I shall therefore have to record the results of these observations on the anatomy of the salivary glands and pancreas under the following three headings:—(A) the connective tissue; (B) the lymphatic system; and (c) observations on the minute structure.
Notes and Memoranda
Authors: Bourne A. G.
Published: April 2021

On Certain Methods of Cutting and Mounting Microscopical Sections.—It is many years since Leuckart first suggested the cutting of thin slices of an animal and mounting them as transparent objects. Now it is possible to cut a worm into sections from end to end and be sure that every section is perfect, or to obtain a series of fifty sections from the morula of a Medusa but one hundredth of an inch in diameter.
The Early Stages in the Development of Balanoglossus (sp. incert.)
Authors: Bateson William
Published: April 2021

Through the great kindness of Dr. W. K. Brooks and the Council of Johns Hopkins University, I was permitted to avail myself during the summer of 1883 of the facilities offered by the Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory, which was then situated at Hampton, Virginia. My best thanks are due to Dr. Brooks for the most valuable and manifold assistance which he gave me, both in my work and otherwise, during my whole stay at the Chesapeake Station.
On spermatogenesis in the bat
Authors: Brown Herbert H.
Published: April 2021

The following paper is the result of an investigation which I have made during the past year, in the Physiological Laboratory at University College, upon the spermatogenesis of the Rat, which, owing to the large size of its spermatozoa, and especially of the “middle piece,” presents peculiar advantages for the purpose. Although minor points of difference exist (in the relative length of the “middle piece “of the spermatozoon and in the shape of the “head “) the process is apparently in all essential points identical with that which occurs in other mammals, and hence may be taken as a type of “mammalian spermatogenesis?’
The Pleomorphism of the Schizophyta
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Some students of natural history are content, when the explanations of phenomena which they have advanced and the arguments by which they have supported those explanations are appropriated by other observers, to remain silent, trusting to the justice of future generations for the vindication of their claims. So far as my own experience goes, an active observer who should trouble himself to obtain honest treatment from all his contemporaries in regard to the significance of his published writings, might abundantly employ the latter half of his life in struggling with new-writers for that just recognition of his efforts in earlier years in advancing the knowledge of this or that subject, which is the one reward desired above all others by those who have not attained to the heights of philosophic contempt for the regard and sympathy of fellow-labourers. I do not intend to largely employ my leisure in this pursuit, but there is one subject on which I am anxious once for all to establish the significance of my observations and reasonings published twelve years ago in relation to similar views advanced and accepted at this moment.
Studies on Earthworms. No. II
Authors: Benham William Blaxland
Published: April 2021

IN continuation of Part II of my previous paper on this subject,1 I shall describe three new genera belonging to Perrier’s group of Intraclitelliani. Although Beddard has shown2 that the grouping of Earthworms according to the relative position of the male pore and the clitellum, does not hold good even within the limits of one genus, yet it is a convenient classification, and, I think, may be used at present till a more satisfactory system is introduced. The genus Acanthodrilus to which I refer is post-clitellian in most of its species, but Beddard describes A. novæ-zelandiæ and other species as having the male pore situated in the clitellum.
On Ctenodrilus parvulus, nov. spec
Authors: Scharff Robert
Published: April 2021

The genus Ctenodrilus, which was first established by Claparède, is represented by two species, viz. Ct. pardalis and monostylos.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. XI. On the Development of the Apical Plates in Amphiura squamata
Authors: Carpenter F. Herbert
Published: April 2021

Some very important observations “On the Development of the Calcareous Plates of Amphiura” have been recently published by Dr. J. W. Fewkes,1 who has also entered into a discussion respecting the morphological relations of these plates. Amphiura squamata is viviparous, and the young undergo a direct or abbreviated development without passing through a definite Pluteus form, so that it is easy to follow the various larval stages and to study the mode of appearance of the skeletal plates.
On the Construction and Purpose of the so-called Labyrinthine Apparatus of the Labyrinthic Fishes
Authors: Zograff Nicholas
Published: April 2021

In the year 1797 two Dutch sailors, Daldorf and John, sent information to the Linnean Society of London as to the remarkable capacity of Anabas scandens to crawl from one pool of water into another, to climb up bushes and trees, to spend several days without water, &c., before the beginning of a dry season.1 Since then almost every year one or the other journal or paper has given various travellers’ accounts of the interesting life and habits of these fishes. Notwithstanding the variety of these accounts they all agree in one respect, viz. in trying to show that the Labyrinthici are remarkable for their highly-developed capacity of accommodation, and for their striking viability. Cuvier and Valenciennes, for example, in their natural history of fish, tell us how the Anabus can spend hot seasons in the slime of a dry water-basin (very much like the Protopteri), or how in the markets of the East Indies the Ophiocephali will keep on moving a long time after their insides have been cleaned out by the fishmongers. Besides that, we learn from the accounts of travellers that these fishes develope more mental activity than any other species of the same class ; such instances we see, for example, in their mode of nest building (Macropodus, Trichogaster), their changes of basins (Anabas, Ophiocephalus), and, lastly, in their way of getting food (Toxotes). Whilst communicating their observations on the life of Labyrinthici, travellers have not found it necessary to acquaint us with the anatomy of these fishes.
Note on the Colouring Matter of the Red Sea
Authors: Carter H. J.
Published: April 2021

To those who have sought for all that has been published on the colouring matter of the Red Sea, it will be well known that the excellent memoirs on this subject by M. C. Montagne in 1844, and M. C. Dareste in 1855 (both in the ‘Ann. des Sc. Nat.,’ the former in sér. 3 (“Bot.”), t. ii, p. 331, and the latter in sér. 4 (“Zool.”), t. iii, p. 179), are the most elaborate. But to Ehrenberg is due the merit of having first described (in 1826) the nature of the organism from which this colouring matter is derived. He found it in the Bay of Tor itself, pronounced it to be an Oscillatoria, and called it Trichodesmium erythrœum which Montagne has advisedly changed to T. Ehrenbergii.
On Some Points of the Anatomy of Polyxenus lagurus
Authors: Heathcote F. G.
Published: April 2021

The following does not profess to be a complete account of the anatomy of this interesting little Myriapod. In working out the development of Julus terrestris, certain questions occurred which led me to investigate the adult anatomy of some other forms, amongst them of Polyxenus, and I considered that the following notes might be of interest to other observers. I found it very difficult to obtain material, and had it not been for the kindness of Dr. St. Remy, who was also working at Myriapods, and who took great trouble to procure a supply of Polyxenus for me, I must have delayed the publication of these notes for a considerable time. This form has been investigated by several naturalists, especially by Fabre and Bode (2, 1). 1 I have also availed myself of the excellent work of Latzel (4).
Further Observations on the Histology of Striped Muscle
Authors: Marshall C. F.
Published: April 2021

In a recent paper published in this Journal1 I gave the results of some researches on the histology of muscular fibre. The present paper is a record of my further investigations on this subject. These are somewhat incomplete owing to want of time to finish them satisfactorily, but several results have been obtained which I trust are worthy of publication.
Hekaterobranchus Shrubsolii. A New Genus and Species of the Family Spionidæ
Authors: Bucliannn Florence
Published: April 2021

This worm was found at Sheppey by the members of the University College Biological Society during an expedition made there in July, 1889. It appears to have been already known to naturalists living at Sheppey, but no one had tried to identify it. Not being able to find any published account of it, I believe it to be as yet undescribed, and have therefore, at Professor Lankester’s kind suggestion, undertaken the examination and description of it.2
Studies On The Comparative Anatomy Of Sponges: IV.—On the Flagellated Chambers and Ova of Halichondria panicea
Authors: Dendy Arthur
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the present short communication is, as indicated in the title, to call attention to the minute structure of the flagellated chambers and ova in the common British sponge —Halichondria panicea.
On a New Species of Phymosoma, with a Synopsis of the Genus and Some Account of its Geographical Distribution
Authors: Shipley Arthur E.
Published: April 2021

During a visit to the Bahama Islands in 1887, Professor Weldon made an excursion to the neighbouring island of Bimini. Whilst investigating the fauna of the lagoon in that island he came across a few specimens of what appeared to him to be a new species of Phymosoma. One or two of these he dissected on the spot; the remaining three he brought to England, and was good enough to give them to me for description at the time when he handed over to me his specimens of Phymosoma varians which form the subject of a previous memoir.
On the Structure of Two New Genera of Earthworms Belonging to the Eudrilidæ, and Some Remarks on Nemertodrilus
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: April 2021

The worms which form the subject of the following paper were obtained in a living state from Kew Gardens, along with a number of others whose structure I propose to investigate later.
On the Nature of the Excretory Processes in Marine Polyzoa
Authors: Harmer Sidney F.
Published: April 2021

The observations described below were made during an occupation of the Cambridge University table at the Zoological Station at Naples, in the course of the Easter vacation, 1891. The results obtained by Kowalevsky1 on the excretion of car-minate of ammonia and of indigo-carmine in various Invertebrates had suggested an inquiry, by means of the same methods, into the physiological meaning of the periodic formation of “brown bodies “in Ectoproctous Polyzoa, since there seemed reason to suppose that this process might serve as a means of excretion, a view which has been most definitely formulated by Ostroumoff.2 My experiments made with artificial pigments confirm the view that the marine Ectoprocta are not provided with definite nephridia; and appear to show that the excretory processes are carried on principally by the “brown bodies,” the funicular (connective) tissue, and the free mesoderm-cells contained in the meshes of the latter.