bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Intuitions Are Surprisingly Robust Across Demographic Differences
Authors: Knobe Joshua ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2019

Within the existing metaphilosophical literature on experimental philosophy, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the claim that there are large differences in philosophical intuitions between people of different demographic groups. Some philosophers argue that this claim has important metaphilosophical implications; others argue that it does not. However, the actual empirical work within experimental philosophy seems to point to a very different sort of metaphilosophical question. Specifically, what the actual empirical work suggests is that intuitions are surprisingly robust across demographic groups. Prior to empirical study, it seemed plausible that unexpected patterns of intuition found in one demographic group would not emerge in other demographic groups. Yet, again and again, empirical work obtains the opposite result: that unexpected patterns found in one demographic group actually emerge also in other demographic groups. I cite 30 studies that find this sort of robustness. I then argue that to the extent that metaphilosophical work is to engage with the actual findings from experimental philosophy, it needs to explore the implications of the surprising robustness of philosophical intuitions across demographic differences.
Epistemic Progress Despite Systematic Disagreement
Authors: Olson Dustin ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2019

A number of philosophers argue that because of its history of systematic disagreement, philosophy has made little to no epistemic progress – especially in comparison to the hard sciences. One argument for this conclusion contends that the best explanation for systematic disagreement in philosophy is that at least some, potentially all, philosophers are unreliable. Since we do not know who is reliable, we have reason to conclude that we ourselves are probably unreliable. Evidence of one’s potential unreliability in a domain purportedly defeats any first-order support one has for any judgments in that domain. This paper defends philosophy. First, accepting that science is rightfully treated as the benchmark of epistemic progress, I contend that a proper conception of epistemic progress highlights that philosophy and science are relevantly similar in terms of such progress. Secondly, even granting that systematic disagreement is a mark of unreliability and that it does characterize philosophy, this paper further argues that evidence of unreliability is insufficient for meta-level, domain-wide, defeat of philosophical judgments more generally.
PARODOXOS NA AUTODESCRIÇÃO DO SISTEMA DO DIREITO: CORRUPÇÃO SISTÊMICA E ATIVISMO JUDICIAL
Authors: Simioni Rafael Lazzarotto , Pinto João Paulo Salles
Published: May 2019

As noções de corrupção sistêmica do direito e de ativismo judicial, trabalhadas no Brasil, em especial, por Marcelo Neves, Lenio Luiz Streck e outros, constituem-se em formas de distinções que escondem um paradoxo. Neste diapasão, a forma de uma observação de segunda ordem feita a partir do método pragmático sistêmico luhmanniano, permite uma concepção destes conceitos de modo distinto. Objetiva-se, portanto, tendo em vista uma metodologia revisional bibliográfica, realizar uma releitura com base na teoria dos sistemas sociais autopoiéticos de Niklas Luhmann, para verificar, no nível da observação de segunda ordem, a forma, a função e o paradoxo que tais conceitos procuram realizar na comunicação jurídica brasileira. Neste sentido, parte o presente trabalho da problemática de se é possível explicitar que as construções teóricas de corrupção sistêmica e de ativismo judicial estariam ligadas a uma realização relacional autodescritiva do sistema jurídico. Assim, a pesquisa conclui que tais conceitos se tratam de uma possível reflexão do sistema jurídico no nível da sua autodescrição contemporânea.
Turismo y desarrollo vitivinícola en espacios de montaña con “alta densidad patrimonial”
Authors: Baraja Rodríguez Eugenio , Herrero Luque Daniel , Martínez Arnáiz Marta , Plaza Gutiérrez Juan Ignacio
Published: May 2019

El fomento del enoturismo se está convirtiendo en una estrategia cada vez más frecuente en las comarcas vitivinícolas del Duero que han consolidado su faceta productiva en torno a los vinos de calidad, y que ahora ponen en valor los elementos patrimoniales de unos paisajes vinculados al productivismo. Pero al tiempo, en los entornos más frágiles, en los espacios menos transformados y de alta concentración de bienes patrimoniales que los han posicionado como destinos turísticos, este sector está operando como palanca de reactivación y de inserción competitiva de unos viñedos cada vez más reconocidos y valorados. Para ilustrar este proceso, el artículo analiza la dinámica de unos viñedos cultivados en entornos de “alta densidad patrimonial”, la Sierra de Salamanca.

The promotion of wine tourism is becoming an increasingly frequent strategy in the Douro wine regions. They have consolidated their productivity around quality wines and now highlight the heritage elements of landscapes linked to production. However, at the same time, in the least transformed areas with fragile environments but a high concentration of heritage assets -that position them as tourist destinations-, this wine sector is acting as a stimulus in the revival and competitive conservation of vineyards, more and more valued and recognised in the landscape as a tourism generator. To illustrate this process, this paper analyses the dynamics of vineyards cultivated in environments with a high density of heritage elements such as the Sierra de Salamanca (Spain).
La capacidad de carga psicosocial del turista: instrumento de medición para el desarrollo sostenible en la turistificación de los cenotes
Authors: Blanco Gregory Rocío , Enseñat Soberanis Fernando , Mondragón Mejía Johnathan Alexander
Published: May 2019

La capacidad de carga psicosocial ha demostrado ser un instrumento efectivo para establecer números máximos de personas que un turista está dispuesto a ver simultáneamente en espacios naturales. Aunque, ha sido muy aplicado en parques nacionales de EEUU, este indicador no ha sido utilizado en espacios naturales confinados como son los cenotes de la península de Yucatán. Esta investigación aplica este indicador generando resultados que pueden utilizarse para una gestión sostenible de estos espacios.

The psychosocial load capacity has proven to be an effective instrument to establish maximum numbers of people that a tourist is willing to see simultaneously in natural spaces. Although, it has been widely applied in national parks in the USA, this indicator has not been used in confined natural spaces such as the cenotes of the Yucatan Peninsula. This research applies this indicator generating results that can be used for sustainable management of these spaces.
El desarrollo turístico en Mazatlán, México: evaluación de la sostenibilidad por medio de indicadores
Authors: Brito Rodríguez Marianne , Cànoves Valiente Gemma
Published: May 2019

El artículo hace una revisión del desarrollo sostenible como paradigma para guiar la dinámica turística en destinos costeros, planteando la necesidad de hacer evaluaciones locales. Se analiza Mazatlán, México con indicadores para aspectos económico, social, cultural, ambiental y de gobernanza, con el propósito de identificar qué tanto se acerca a un turismo sostenible. Los resultados apuntan a replantearse el modelo turístico que se desarrolla en este y otros destinos mexicanos, considerando que de continuar así los costos sociales y ambientales superarán con creces los beneficios económicos.

The article makes a review of sustainable development as a paradigm to guide the tourist dynamics in coastal destinations, raising the need to make local evaluations. Mazatlan, Mexico is analyzed with indicators for economic, social, cultural, environmental and governance aspects, in order to identify how close a sustainable tourism is. The results point to the rethinking of the tourism model in this and other Mexican destinations, considering that to continue with it, the social and environmental costs will far exceed the economic benefits.
Del turismo inmobiliario al turismo de naturaleza. ¿Cambio de modelo o cambio de discurso? El caso de Noja, un municipio en la costa cantábrica
Authors: Gil de Arriba Carmen
Published: May 2019

En este artículo se aborda un tipo de relaciones que, a priori, parecen difíciles de conciliar, las que se plantean entre el llamado turismo residencial (denominación bajo la que a menudo se esconden los intereses del sector inmobiliario) y el turismo de naturaleza en espacios litorales. Tras un encuadre de la problemática, hemos optado por un caso de estudio que reúne buena parte de los rasgos que definen este tipo de espacios turísticos: por un lado, fuerte crecimiento inmobiliario, expansión urbana, alto nivel de permisibilidad urbanística y escasa adecuación del modelo a las condiciones ambientales; por otro, entorno de elevado valor ecológico y declaración como espacio natural protegido. Además, este caso de estudio tiene también cualidades específicas o distintivas, entre las que se encuentra su localización en la costa cantábrica, donde estos procesos han sido menos estudiados que en el Mediterráneo, y su proximidad al área metropolitana de Bilbao que ejerce como centro urbano de influencia. A partir del repaso de todas estas características, analizamos si la puesta en valor turístico de un espacio protegido supone un cambio real del modelo residencial e inmobiliario seguido hasta ahora o simplemente la adaptación a unas nuevas condiciones de mercado.

This article studies a relationship, which a priori appears incompatible, between so called residential tourism (a name under which real estate interests lie) and tourism related to nature in coastal areas. After establishing a theoretical and methodological framework, a case study is analysed: the municipality of Noja in the North of Spain. This case combines most of the features that define this area type. On the one hand, strong real estate growth, a high level of urban sprawl and speculation, and limited control and adjustment of the model to environmental conditions. On the other hand, it is an ecologically valuable, protected, natural area. Moreover, this particular case study has specific or distinctive qualities, such as a geographical location on the Cantabrian coast where few studies have been carried out, unlike the Mediterranean coast, and proximity to the influential metropolitan area of Bilbao. Following a review of all of the above characteristics, we analyse whether the implementation of tourist values in a protected space represents a major change in the residential and real estate model pursued to date or whether these changes are just a gradual adjustment to new market conditions.
Especulación urbanística y burbuja inmobiliaria en espacios litorales: factores explicativos del tercer boom turístico de Canarias
Authors: Simancas Cruz Moisés
Published: May 2019

La dinámica del turismo en las Islas Canarias (España) se ha desarrollado en ciclos económicos. Ello implica la sucesión de momentos de expansión y contracción, que podemos denominar booms turísticos. El tercero (1997-2001) se caracterizó por unas extraordinarias expectativas empresariales, reales y potenciales, de construcción de nuevos alojamientos turísticos. Sin embargo, éstas no respondieron a una demanda real, sino a procesos de especulación urbanística derivadas de los incentivos públicos a la inversión, así como al predominio de los principios de desregulación, privatización y liberalización del mercado. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores urbanísticos-especulativos que explican la génesis y el desarrollo de este tercer boom turístico canario.

The dynamics of tourism in the Canary Islands (Spain) has developed following economic cycles, with the reality succession of times of expansion and contraction, which can be called tourism booms. The third (1997-2001) are characterized by extraordinary business expectations, real and potential, to build new tourist accommodations. However, the processes of urban speculation derived from public incentives for investment and the predominance of the principles of deregulation, privatization and market liberalization. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the urbanistic-speculative factors that explain the genesis and development of the third canarian tourist boom.
Is the perception of CSR country bound? A CSR based reputation study of Spanish companies in Latin America
Authors: Ferber Vanina Andrea , Charles Vincent
Published: May 2019

Spanish companies play a vital and omnipresent role in Latin American economies. The main objective of the paper is to find if there is any perceptional variation among Latin Americans in concern with the valuation of Spanish companies based on corporate social responsibility (CSR) criteria by identifying key parameters that discriminate among countries. Society judges companies beyond their profit maximization abilities (Friedman, 1970). We found that Argentina and Chile valued more negatively than Mexico and Brazil the behavior of Spanish companies with respect to human rights and the environment. We can add Peru to the negative view when we talk about the perception of respondents in corruption issues. These countries also perceive a double standard with Spanish companies behaving worse in their countries compared to Spain. A higher proportion of people in Argentina and Chile support government regulation of CSR activities which is in line with the negative view of the behavior of companies. Mexico and Brazil have a more positive view of almost all the CSR criteria included in the model. Only in the perception of how Spanish companies behave towards clients, Peru has a higher valuation than Mexico and Brazil. For all the other criteria, Peru behaves as a swing country sharing views with both groups depending on the issue.

Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, discriminant analysis, Latin America, Spanish companies.
Analysis of factors that optimise the commercial offering in heritage cities through open shopping centres: an exploratory study
Authors: Blanco Callejo Alejandro , García-Perrote Escarín Juan Carlos
Published: May 2019

This study describes the importance of commercial clusters as a modality: Open Shopping Centres (OSCs), as an element that can increase and boost the attractiveness for tourists of urban destinations, thanks to optimising commercial products available in the local environment. Given the current scarcity of literature on this subject, this paper presents an exploratory analysis based on the study of a sample of cities in Spain with major tourist attraction - World Heritage Sites - as well as the results obtained from applying a model that measures the level of the OSCs in terms of supply, demand, management and environment. The work then summarises the positive externalities derived from this form of commercial organisation. Finally, the study proposes a series of management applications aimed at creating synergies between local public bodies and commercial groups, and suggests setting up the so-called Business Initiatives Promotion Areas (APIEs in their Spanish acronym), aimed at enhancing the tourist attractiveness of urban centres.

Keywords: commercial town planning, Open Shopping Centre, Urban Tourism, Retail, Heritage Cities.
Application of the urban exposome framework using drinking water and quality of life indicators: a proof-of-concept study in Limassol, Cyprus
Authors: Andrianou Xanthi D. , van der Lek Chava , Charisiadis Pantelis , Ioannou Solomon , Fotopoulou Kalliopi N. , Papapanagiotou Zoe , Botsaris George , Beumer Carijn , Makris Konstantinos C.
Published: May 2019

Background

Cities face rapid changes leading to increasing inequalities and emerging public health issues that require cost-effective interventions. The urban exposome concept refers to the continuous monitoring of urban environmental and health indicators using the city and smaller intra-city areas as measurement units in an interdisciplinary approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methods from social sciences, to epidemiology and exposure assessment.

Methods

In this proof of concept study, drinking water and quality of life indicators were described as part of the development of the urban exposome of Limassol (Cyprus) and were combined with agnostic environment-wide association analysis. This study was conducted as a two-part project with a qualitative part assessing the perceptions of city stakeholders, and quantitative part using a cross-sectional study design (an urban population study). We mapped the water quality parameters and participants’ opinions on city life (i.e., neighborhood life, health care, and green space access) using quarters (small administrative areas) as the reference unit of the city. In an exploratory, agnostic, environment-wide association study analysis, we used all variables (questionnaire responses and water quality metrics) to describe correlations between them.

Results

Overall, urban drinking-water quality using conventional indicators of chemical (disinfection byproducts-trihalomethanes (THM)) and microbial (coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococci) quality did not raise particular concerns. The general health and chronic health status of the urban participants were significantly (false discovery rate corrected p-value < 0.1) associated with different health conditions such as hypertension and asthma, as well as having financial issues in access to dental care. Additionally, correlations between THM exposures and participant behavioral characteristics (e.g., household cleaning, drinking water habits) were documented.

Conclusion

This proof-of-concept study showed the potential of using integrative approaches to develop urban exposomic profiles and identifying within-city differences in environmental and health indicators. The characterization of the urban exposome of Limassol will be expanded via the inclusion of biomonitoring tools and untargeted metabolomics.
Evaluation of Some Tomato Genotypes against Tomato Fruit Borer Infestation, Growth Parameters and Some Chemical Constituents
Authors: Aktarujjaman Md. , Majumder Sujan , Haq Md. Ehsanul , Tamima Tabassum , Parvin Anannya , Saha Sithi , Ahmed Montasir , Hera Md. Hasibur Rahman , Hassan Syed Arvin
Published: May 2019

A field experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) Farm, Mymensingh from October 2007 to March 2008 with a view to evaluate the physical and chemical properties, nutrient content and infestation rate of tomato fruit borer of different mutants and varieties. The treatments consisted of six mutants viz; TM-13, TM-105, TM-110, TM-133, TM-152, TM-155 and two varieties BARI tomato-7 and BINA tomato-5. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The infestation of tomato fruit borer varied significantly among the mutants/varieties. The number of fruit borer was 2.15-5.98. The following growth parameters, yield contributing characters and chemical composition of the tomato mutants/varieties were studied which were 1.03-1.40 cm stem diameter, 14.9-19.5 cm2 leaf area, 10.08-20.10 mm-2 leaf hair, 36.7-52.0 number of leaves plant-1, 13.86-24.67 number of fruits plant-1, 24.1- 60.2 g single fruit weight, 3.69-4.0 pH, 17.1 -25.2 mg 100 g-1 vitamin-C, 0.307-0.408% TA, 2.34-2.75% reducing sugar, 0.93-1.20% non-reducing sugar. Tomato fruit borer infestation was negatively correlated with leaf hair and number of fruit plant-1 but positively correlated with stem diameter, leaf area, leaf number plant-1 single fruit weight, non-reducing sugar, pH and titrable acidity. It is concluded that TM-133 and TM-13 mutants were the best among the tested verities respectively.
Challenging the Greenhouse Effect Specification and the Climate Sensitivity of the IPCC
Authors: Ollila Antero
Published: May 2019

The greenhouse effect concept has been developed to explain the Earth’s elevated temperature. The prevailing theory of climate change is the anthropogenic global warming theory, which assumes that the greenhouse (GH) effect is due to the longwave (LW) absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by GH gases and clouds. The actual warming increase to 33°C of the Earth’s surface temperature according to the present GH effect definition is the infrared downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 emitted by the atmosphere. The atmosphere’s temperature is the key element behind this radiation. According to the energy laws, it is not possible that the LW absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by the GH gases could re-emit downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 on the Earth’s surface. In this study, the GH effect is 294.5 Wm-2, including shortwave radiation absorption by the atmosphere and the latent and sensible heating effect. This greater GH effect is a prerequisite for the present atmospheric temperature, which provides downward radiation on the surface. Clouds’ net effect is 1% based on the empirical observations. The contribution of CO2 in the GH effect is 7.3% corresponding to 2.4°C in temperature. The reproduction of CO2 radiative forcing (RF) showed the climate sensitivity RF value to be 2.16 Wm-2, which is 41.6% smaller than the 3.7 Wm-2 used by the IPCC. A climate model showing a climate sensitivity (CS) of 0.6°C matches the CO2 contribution in the GH effect, but the IPCC’s climate model showing a CS of 1.8°C or 1.2°C does not.
Characterization of mammalian glutaredoxin isoforms as S‐denitrosylases
Authors: Ren Xiaoyuan , Sengupta Rajib , Lu Jun , Lundberg Jon O. , Holmgren Arne
Published: May 2019

Glutaredoxins (Grx) are involved in many reactions including defense against oxidative stress. However, the role of the Grx system under nitrosative stress has barely been investigated. In this study, we found that human Grxs denitrosylated both low and high molecular weight S‐nitrosothiols. Some S‐nitrosylated proteins, stable in the presence of a physiological concentration of glutathione (GSH), were denitrosylated by Grxs. Caspase 3 and cathepsin B were identified as substrates of Grx1‐catalysed denitrosylation. In addition, mono‐thiol Grxs, such as Grx5, exhibited denitrosylase activity coupled with GSH via a monothiol mechanism. Our study demonstrates the ability of Grxs to act as S‐denitrosylases and pinpoint a new mechanism for denitrosylation.
BAG6 deficiency induces mis‐distribution of mitochondrial clusters under depolarization
Authors: Hayashishita Mizuki , Kawahara Hiroyuki , Yokota Naoto
Published: May 2019

Accumulation of damaged mitochondria is implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease. Therefore, the machinery for mitochondrial quality control is important for the prevention of such diseases. It has been reported that Parkin‐ and p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)‐mediated clustering and subsequent elimination of damaged mitochondria (termed mitophagy) are critical for maintaining the quality of mitochondria under stress induced by uncoupling agents such as carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenyl hydrazone. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial translocation to the perinuclear region during mitophagy have not been adequately addressed to date. In this study, we found that BCL2‐associated athanogene 6 (BAG6; also known as BAT3 or Scythe) is required for this process. Indeed, RNA interference‐mediated depletion of endogenous BAG6 prevented Parkin‐dependent relocalization of mitochondrial clusters to the perinuclear cytoplasmic region, whereas BAG6 knockdown did not affect the translocation of Parkin and p62/SQSTM1 to the depolarized mitochondria and subsequent aggregation. These results suggest that BAG6 is essential for cytoplasmic redistribution, but not for clustering, of damaged mitochondria.
Plant Products for Health
Authors: Venkataraman Srividhya , Makhzoum Abdullah , Shoaib Erum , Hefferon Kathleen
Published: May 2019

Plants play an essential role in many aspects of human health, including nutrition and medicine. Advancements in biology and engineering have hastened research regarding plant‐based medicines. More specifically, biotechnology has played a significant role in identifying new ways that plants can be utilised. There are three major directions that plants are being developed to improve our health. The first concerns the use of plants as production platforms for modern pharmaceuticals. The second deals with plant biofortification strategies to prevent malnutrition and defeat chronic diseases. The third describes the identification and analysis of bioactive compounds derived from plants in modern medicine. All three sections bring to light mankind's continuous reliance on plants for our current and future health needs.

Key Concepts

Plants play an essential role in many aspects of human health, including nutrition and medicine.

Plants can be used as production platforms for biopharmaceuticals.

Biofortified crops such as Golden Rice and Banana21 can prevent Vitamin A deficiency.

Plant secondary metabolites can be used as a source of bioactive molecules to improve human health.

However, significant opposition to biotechnology has slowed the research and development of plant-based health products.
Lead Well, Be Well
Authors: Robertson Jennifer , Barling Julian
Published: May 2019

Poor management and its negative effects on employee wellbeing is well documented in popular culture, the professional world, and academic research. Although it is important to understand the detrimental effects of leadership, a complete understanding of the effects of leadership requires that we also ask whether positive leadership has a positive effect on employee wellbeing. The purpose of this chapter is to review the academic literature that links both poor and good leadership behaviors to employee wellbeing. Specifically, in this chapter we consider the empirical evidence for any negative effects of poor leadership on employee wellbeing, and whether positive leadership can positively affect employee wellbeing. Our chapter concludes by providing directions for future research.
Workplace Mistreatment
Authors: Hanrahan Michael , Leiter Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Workplace mistreatment has become an issue of growing concern with increasing evidence of its implications for employee wellbeing as well as for organizational productivity. The construct takes a variety of forms, such as bullying, abuse, and incivility, that share core elements of disrespect and aggression. Interest has grown in considering incivility more as a social quality of a workgroup rather than an individual failing. This perspective has led to developing and testing interventions that improve workplace culture.
The Changing Demographic Context of Aging
Authors: Rau Roland , Vaupel James W.
Published: May 2019

Life expectancy has been increasing in many Western countries for more than 160 years. This chapter concentrates on the last 50 years since those decades coincide with a paradigm shift: death rates are decreasing at ages where mortality was oftentimes considered to be fixed. Death rates at age 80, for instance, were cut by 50% in many countries in less than 50 years. We show that this decrease over time is caused by postponing mortality and not by slowing down the rate of aging. The level of mortality experienced, for example, at age 60 in 1950 among French women is now reached at age 73, a shift of 13 years. Our analysis also shows that there are no indications that life expectancy is close to biological upper limits: we find no relationship between current levels of mortality and their rate of decline.
Cultures, Aging, and Wellbeing
Authors: Kerse Ngaire , Kēpa Mere , Teh Ruth , Dyall Lorna
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces issues of culture which may influence and modulate experiences of wellbeing in aging around the world. The aging of indigenous populations is rapid and indigenous populations and ethnic minority groups have disparities in longevity, health, and wellbeing that are not totally explained by socioeconomic disadvantage. Views of wellbeing differ and measures developed in Western culture may be misleading. The involvement of the cultural group of interest is essential to provide an appropriate interpretation of results for studies of quality of life. Wellbeing of “more than the body and mind” is needed to be well for indigenous and minority cultures. Māori (indigenous peoples of New Zealand) elders gain wellbeing from contribution to Māori society and wellbeing is independently related to knowledge of and participation in cultural practices. Similar trends around the world suggest that strong cultural beliefs and practices may moderate the influence of disadvantage in older ages. Increased attention to appropriate holistic understanding of wellbeing in minority and indigenous populations is called for.
Engineered Interfusion of Hollow Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanospheres for Improving Electrochemical Behavior and Energy Density of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Zhonglin , Xiao Zhubing , Wang Shiqing , Cheng Zhibin , Li Pengyue , Wang Ruihu
Published: May 2019

Hollow nanostructures are one of promising sulfur host materials for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, but the ineffective contact among discrete particles usually generates overall poor electrical conductivity and low volumetric energy density. A new interfused hollow nitrogen‐doped carbon (HNPC) material, derived from imidazolium‐based ionic polymer (ImIP)‐encapsulated zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8), is reported. A novel method for ZIF‐8 disassembly induced by the decomposition of the ImIP shell is proposed. The unique structural superiority gives the resultant electrodes remarkable cycling stability, high rate capability, and large volumetric energy density. A stable reversible discharge capacity over 562 mA h g−1 at 2 C is achieved after prolonged cycling for 800 cycles and the average capacity decay per cycle is as low as 0.035%. The electrochemical performance achieved greatly surpasses that of ZIF‐8‐derived carbon matrices and conventional nitrogen‐doped carbon materials. This proposed methodology opens a new avenue for the design of hollow‐structured carbon nanoarchitectures with target functionalities.
Ultra‐Adaptable and Wearable Photonic Skin Based on a Shape‐Memory, Responsive Cellulose Derivative
Authors: Yi Hoon , Lee Sang‐Hyeon , Ko Hyunwook , Lee Dohoon , Bae Won‐Gyu , Kim Tae‐il , Hwang Dong Soo , Jeong Hoon Eui
Published: May 2019

Photonic skins enable a direct and intuitive visualization of various physical and mechanical stimuli with eye‐readable colorations by intimately laminating to target substrates. Their development is still at infancy compared to that of electronic skins. Here, an ultra‐adaptable, large‐area (10 × 10 cm2), multipixel (14 × 14) photonic skin based on a naturally abundant and sustainable biopolymer of a shape‐memory, responsive multiphase cellulose derivative is presented. The wearable, multipixel photonic skin mainly consists of a photonic sensor made of mesophase cholesteric hydroxypropyl cellulose and an ultra‐adaptable adhesive layer made of amorphous hydroxypropyl cellulose. It is demonstrated that with multilayered flexible architectures, the multiphase cellulose derivative–based integrated photonic skin can not only strongly couple to a wide range of biological and engineered surfaces, with a maximum of ≈180 times higher adhesion strengths compared to those of the polydimethylsiloxane adhesive, but also directly convert spatiotemporal stimuli into visible color alterations in the large‐area, multipixel array. These colorations can be simply converted into 3D strain mapping data with digital camera imaging.
Solar‐Driven Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Chen Peng , Li Guo‐Ran , Li Tian‐Tian , Gao Xue‐Ping
Published: May 2019

Solar cells and rechargeable batteries are two key technologies for energy conversion and storage in modern society. Here, an integrated solar‐driven rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery system using a joint carbon electrode in one structure unit is proposed. Specifically, three perovskite solar cells are assembled serially in a single substrate to photocharge a high energy lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery, accompanied by direct conversion of the solar energy to chemical energy. In the subsequent discharge process, the chemical energy stored in the Li–S battery is further converted to electrical energy. Therefore, the newly designed battery is capable of achieving solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion under solar‐driven conditions, and subsequently delivering electrical energy from the stored chemical energy. With an optimized structure design, a high overall energy conversion efficiency of 5.14% is realized for the integrated battery. Moreover, owing to the self‐adjusting photocharge advantage, the battery system can retain high specific capacity up to 762.4 mAh g−1 under a high photocharge rate within 30 min, showing an effective photocharging feature.
Multiscale analysis of flow patterns in the dense‐phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal
Authors: Jin Yong , Lu Haifeng , Guo Xiaolei , Gong Xin
Published: May 2019

Four typical flow patterns in the vertical pipe of the dense‐phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal were obtained, namely packed bed flow, plug flow, churn flow and less dense phase flow. The electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) was used for space–time multiscale analysis. Firstly, Daubechies second order wavelet transform and rescaled range analysis(R/S) were applied for the scientific multiscale decompositions. The multiscale frequency range is that the microscale signal is d1–d5 (2.1875, 70.0000) Hz, the mesoscale signal is d6 and d7 (0.5469, 2.1875) Hz and the macroscale signal is d8–d11 (0.0342, 0.5469) Hz. The multiscale ECT signal characteristics of pure gas flow, particle–wall friction, and particle–particle collision were determined by experiments. The multiscale ECT signal energy matrix is proposed, based on the multiscale energy structure characteristics. Control mechanisms and multiscale statistical rules of four typical flow patterns are obtained. This study provides theoretical support for the study of flow pattern transformation of dense‐phase pneumatic conveying.
Genetic variants in the KDM6B gene are associated with neurodevelopmental delays and dysmorphic features
Authors: Stolerman Elliot S. , Francisco Elizabeth , Stallworth Jennifer L. , Jones Julie R. , Monaghan Kristin G. , Keller‐Ramey Jennifer , Person Richard , Wentzensen Ingrid M. , McWalter Kirsty , Keren Boris , Heron Benedicte , Nava Caroline , Heron Delphine , Kim Katherine , Burton Barbara , Al‐Musafri Fatima , O'Grady Lauren , Sahai Inderneel , Escobar Luis F. , Meuwissen Marije , Reyniers Edwin , Kooy Frank , Lacassie Yves , Gunay‐Aygun Meral , Schatz Krista Sondergaard , Hochstenbach Ron , Zwijnenburg Petra J.G. , Waisfisz Quinten , van Slegtenhorst Marjon , Mancini Grazia M.S. , Louie Raymond J.
Published: May 2019

Lysine‐specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B) demethylates trimethylated lysine‐27 on histone H3. The methylation and demethylation of histone proteins affects gene expression during development. Pathogenic alterations in histone lysine methylation and demethylation genes have been associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. We have identified a number of de novo alterations in the KDM6B gene via whole exome sequencing (WES) in a cohort of 12 unrelated patients with developmental delay, intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, and other clinical findings. Our findings will allow for further investigation in to the role of the KDM6B gene in human neurodevelopmental disorders.
International Society of Psychiatric Genetics Ethics Committee: Issues facing us
Authors: Lázaro‐Muñoz Gabriel , Sabatello Maya , Huckins Laura , Peay Holly , Degenhardt Franziska , Meiser Bettina , Lencz Todd , Soda Takahiro , Docherty Anna , Crepaz‐Keay David , Austin Jehannine , Peterson Roseann E. , Davis Lea K. ,   on behalf of the ISPG Ethics Committee
Published: May 2019

Psychiatric genetics research is improving our understanding of the biological underpinnings of neurodiversity and mental illness. Using psychiatric genetics in ways that maximize benefits and minimize harms to individuals and society depends largely on how the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of psychiatric genetics are managed. The International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG) is the largest international organization dedicated to psychiatric genetics. Given its history, membership, and international reach, we believe the ISPG is well‐equipped to contribute to the resolution of these ELSI challenges. As such, we recently created the ISPG Ethics Committee, an interdisciplinary group comprised of psychiatric genetics researchers, clinical geneticists, genetic counselors, mental health professionals, patients, patient advocates, bioethicists, and lawyers. This article highlights key ELSI challenges identified by the ISPG Ethics Committee to be of paramount importance for the ethical translation of psychiatric research into society in three contexts: research settings, clinical settings, and legal proceedings. For each of these arenas, we identify and discuss pressing psychiatric genetics ELSI dilemmas that merit attention and require action. The goal is to increase awareness about psychiatric genetics ELSI issues and encourage dialogue and action among stakeholders.
Deoxynucleoside Therapy for Thymidine Kinase 2–Deficient Myopathy
Authors: Domínguez‐González Cristina , Madruga‐Garrido Marcos , Mavillard Fabiola , Garone Caterina , Aguirre‐Rodríguez Francisco Javier , Donati M. Alice , Kleinsteuber Karin , Martí Itxaso , Martín‐Hernández Elena , Morealejo‐Aycinena Juan P. , Munell Francina , Nascimento Andrés , Kalko Susana G. , Sardina M. Dolores , Álvarez del Vayo Concepcion , Serrano Olga , Long Yuelin , Tu Yuqi , Levin Bruce , Thompson John L. P. , Engelstad Kristen , Uddin Jasim , Torres‐Torronteras Javier , Jimenez‐Mallebrera Cecilia , Martí Ramon , Paradas Carmen , Hirano Michio
Published: May 2019

Objective

Thymidine kinase 2, encoded by the nuclear gene TK2, is required for mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Autosomal recessive TK2 mutations cause depletion and multiple deletions of mtDNA that manifest predominantly as a myopathy usually beginning in childhood and progressing relentlessly. We investigated the safety and efficacy of deoxynucleoside monophosphate and deoxynucleoside therapies.

Methods

We administered deoxynucleoside monophosphates and deoxynucleoside to 16 TK2‐deficient patients under a compassionate use program.

Results

In 5 patients with early onset and severe disease, survival and motor functions were better than historically untreated patients. In 11 childhood and adult onset patients, clinical measures stabilized or improved. Three of 8 patients who were nonambulatory at baseline gained the ability to walk on therapy; 4 of 5 patients who required enteric nutrition were able to discontinue feeding tube use; and 1 of 9 patients who required mechanical ventilation became able to breathe independently. In motor functional scales, improvements were observed in the 6‐minute walk test performance in 7 of 8 subjects, Egen Klassifikation in 2 of 3, and North Star Ambulatory Assessment in all 5 tested. Baseline elevated serum growth differentiation factor 15 levels decreased with treatment in all 7 patients tested. A side effect observed in 8 of the 16 patients was dose‐dependent diarrhea, which did not require withdrawal of treatment. Among 12 other TK2 patients treated with deoxynucleoside, 2 adults developed elevated liver enzymes that normalized following discontinuation of therapy.

Interpretation

This open‐label study indicates favorable side effect profiles and clinical efficacy of deoxynucleoside monophosphate and deoxynucleoside therapies for TK2 deficiency. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:293–303
Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted Conjugated Dienes via Pd‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of 1,3‐Diynes
Authors: Liu Jiawang , Yang Ji , Baumann Wolfgang , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: May 2019

The stereoselective synthesis of conjugated dienes was realized for the first time via Pd‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of easily available 1,3‐diynes. Key to success is the utilization of the specific ligand 1,1′‐ferrocenediyl‐bis(tert‐butyl(pyridin‐2‐yl)phosphine) (L1), which allows this novel transformation to proceed at room temperature. A range of 1,2,3,4‐tetrasubstituted conjugated dienes are obtained in this straightforward access in high yields and selectivities. The synthetic utility of the protocol is showcased in the concise synthesis of several important intermediates for construction of natural products rac‐cagayanin, rac‐galbulin, rac‐agastinol, and cannabisin G.
Trapping of a Highly Bent and Reduced Form of 2‐Phosphaethynolate in a Mixed‐Valence Diuranium–Triamidoamine Complex
Authors: Magnall Rosie , Balázs Gábor , Lu Erli , Tuna Floriana , Wooles Ashley J. , Scheer Manfred , Liddle Stephen T.
Published: May 2019

The chemistry of 2‐phosphaethynolate is burgeoning, but there remains much to learn about this ligand, for example its reduction chemistry is scarce as this promotes P‐C‐O fragmentations or couplings. Here, we report that reduction of [U(TrenTIPS)(OCP)] (TrenTIPS=N(CH2CH2NSiPri3)3) with KC8/2,2,2‐cryptand gives [{U(TrenTIPS)}2{μ‐η2(OP):η2(CP)‐OCP}][K(2,2,2‐cryptand)]. The coordination mode of this trapped 2‐phosphaethynolate is unique, and derives from an unprecedented highly reduced and highly bent form of this ligand with the most acute P‐C‐O angle in any complex to date (P‐C‐O ∡ ≈127°). The characterisation data support a mixed‐valence diuranium(III/IV) formulation, where backbonding from uranium gives a highly reduced form of the P‐C‐O unit that is perhaps best described as a uranium‐stabilised OCP2−. radical dianion. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that this gives unprecedented carbene character to the P‐C‐O unit, which engages in a weak donor–acceptor interaction with one of the uranium ions.
Thermoplastic and moisture‐dependent behavior of lignin phenol formaldehyde resins
Authors: Solt Pia , van Herwijnen Hendrikus W. G. , Konnerth Johannes
Published: May 2019

Bonding kinetics of thermosetting adhesives is influenced by a variety of factors such as temperature, humidity, and resin properties. A comparison of lignin‐based phenol formaldehyde (LPF) and phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive in terms of reactivity and mechanical properties referring to testing conditions (temperature, moisture of specimen) were investigated. For this purpose, two resins were manufactured aiming for similar technological resin properties. The reactivity was evaluated by B‐time measurements at different temperatures and the development of bonding strength at three different conditions, testing immediately after hot pressing, after applying a cooling phase after hot pressing, or sample conditioning at standard climate. In addition, the moisture stability of the two fully cured resins was examined. The calculated reactivity index demonstrated that LPF requires more energy for curing than PF. Further results indicate that lignin as substituent for phenol in PF resin has a negative impact on its moisture resistance. Additionally, the known thermoplastic behavior of lignin could also be detected in the behavior of the cured resin. This behavior is relevant for the adhesive in use and necessitates a cooling phase before testing the bonding strength development of lignin‐based adhesive systems. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48011.
What Is Known About the Impact of Impairments on Information Seeking and Searching?
Authors: Berget Gerd , MacFarlane Andrew
Published: May 2019

Information seeking and access are essential for users in all walks of life, from addressing personal needs such as finding flights to locating information needed to complete work tasks. Over the past decade or so, the general needs of people with impairments have increasingly been recognized as something to be addressed, an issue embedded both in international treaties and in state legislation. The same tendency can be found in research, where a growing number of user studies including people with impairments have been conducted. The purpose of these studies is typically to uncover potential barriers for access to information, especially in the context of inaccessible search user interfaces. This literature review provides an overview of research on the information seeking and searching of users with impairments. The aim is to provide an overview to both researchers and practitioners who work with any of the user groups identified. Some diagnoses are relatively well represented in the literature (for instance, visual impairment), but there is very little work in other areas (for instance, autism) and in some cases no work at all (for instance, aphasia). Gaps are identified in the research, and suggestions are made regarding areas where further research is needed.
Guest‐Assisted Proton Conduction in the Sulfonic Mesoporous MIL‐101 MOF
Authors: Devautour‐Vinot Sabine , Sanil Eriyakkadan S. , Geneste Amine , Ortiz Vanessa , Yot Pascal G. , Chang Jong‐San , Maurin Guillaume
Published: May 2019

Post‐synthesis modification of MIL‐101(Cr)‐NO2 was explored in order to decorate the organic backbone by propyl‐sulfonic groups, with the aim to incorporate mobile and acidic protons for solid‐state proton electrolyte applications. The resulting solid switched from insulating towards proton superconductive behavior under humidity, while the conductivity recorded at 363 K and 95 % relative humidity reached 4.8×10−3 S cm−1. Propitiously, the impregnation of the material by strong acidic molecules (H2SO4) further boosted the proton conductivity performances up to the remarkable σ value of 1.3×10−1 S cm−1 at 363 K/95 % RH, which reaches the performances of the best proton conductive MOF reported so far.
A safety assessment framework of control systems according to international standards
Authors: Suyama Koichi , Sebe Noboru
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we propose an assessment framework for the safety function implemented in a controller according to international standards on safety. Such a function can prevent events where physical values in a control system deviate from the normal operating range, to the fullest extent possible. Therefore, it can decrease the frequency of demand occurrences on externally implemented safety‐related systems and supplement them in risk reduction required by the international standards on safety, such as IEC 61508. In the proposed framework, by evaluating the possibility that the deviations occur because of the true effects of a failure/restoration by using the switching
gain for analyzing the fluctuations in transient responses after an unpredictable system switch, we can obtain the demand frequency as an assessment result.