bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First‐trimester assessment of nasal bone using retronasal triangle view: a prospective study
Authors: Adiego B. , Martinez‐Ten P. , Illescas T. , Bermejo C. , Sepulveda W.
Published: June 2013

Objective

To examine the feasibility and accuracy of fetal nasal bone (NB) assessment in the retronasal triangle (RNT) view for aneuploidy screening in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Methods

Consecutive women with singleton pregnancies undergoing sonographic screening at 11–13 weeks' gestation were prospectively evaluated. In all cases, assessment of the NB by using the RNT view was attempted and classified as present (if one or both of the NBs were clearly seen) or absent/hypoplastic (if the NB was not visualized or if it was small and less echogenic than the surrounding bones). The detection rate of fetal karyotypic abnormalities by the assessment of the NB in the RNT view was calculated.

Results

In total, 1977 women were scanned. The RNT was successfully examined in 1970 fetuses (99.6%). Fetal outcome was available in 1767 (89.7%) of evaluated cases, and of these, 39 (2.2%) cases of aneuploidy were documented (trisomy 21, n = 17; trisomy 18, n = 8; trisomy 13, n = 5; Turner syndrome, n = 5; and triploidy, n = 4). The prevalence of absent/hypoplastic NB was 12/1728 (0.7%) in chromosomally normal fetuses and 12/17 (70.6%) in trisomy 21 fetuses. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of absent/hypoplastic NB for trisomy 21 were 70.6%, 99.3%, 50.0% and 99.7%, respectively. The positive and negative likelihood ratios of NB assessment were 101 (95% CI, 53–193) and 0.3 (95% CI, 0.14–0.62), respectively.

Conclusions

The RNT view is a useful technique for assessing the NB during the first trimester of pregnancy. With this new approach, performance of absent/hypoplastic NB as a marker of aneuploidy, mainly trisomy 21, appears to be similar to that previously reported by using the mid‐sagittal plane. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Finite Elemente Methode (FEM) Analyse in der Vakuummechanik
Authors: Bauer René , Wolfgramm Stephan , Flämmich Michael , Bergner Ute
Published: June 2013

Die Finite‐Elemente‐Methode (FEM) ist als Standardwerkzeug zur Festkörpersimulation in den Ingenieurwissenschaften etabliert. Moderne FEM‐Programme ermöglichen in Verbindung mit einem CAD‐System schon in der virtuellen Entwicklungsphase ein für die spätere Anwendung optimiertes Design mechanischer Systeme. In der Vakuummechanik befähigt FEM den Konstrukteur, Vakuumbehälter auf spezifische mechanische und thermische Eigenschaften anzupassen. Der Einsatz der im Vakuumbehälterbau noch wenig verbreiteten, im UHV / XHV jedoch äußerst vorteilhaften Aluminiumwerkstoffe wird mittels FEM anwendungssicher erschlossen. Bei der Neu‐ und Weiterentwicklung von Vakuumflanschsystemen trägt die FEM wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Funktionsweise bei, woraus Montageparameter und zulässige Betriebsbedingungen abgeleitet werden können.

Der vorliegende Artikel gibt Einblick in die grundlegenden Prinzipien einer FEM‐Analyse und zeigt die Vorgehensweise an praktischen Beispielen aus der Vakuummechanik.
Merrifield and Wang Resins Functionalized with Bidentate Amines: Useful Materials to Support Reducing Complexes and as Alkali Metal Sensors
Authors: Aguilar‐Martínez Milagros , Vargas‐Durazo Judas , Ochoa‐Lara Karen L. , Santacruz‐Ortega Hisila , Gálvez‐Ruiz Juan Carlos
Published: June 2013

Eight chelating resins were synthesized in high yields by supporting 2‐aminomethylpyridine, 2,2′‐dipyridylamine, 1,2‐phenylenediamine and 1,2‐ethylenediamine on Merrifield and Wang resins, respectively. These resins were used both as support of reducing complexes and as alkali metal sensors. 16 stable and easy to prepare reducing complexes, derived from the chelating resins and LiBH4 and NaBH4, were prepared in good yields. These complexes showed chemoselectivity to reduce aldehydes in a low molar ratio and short time reactions. The fluorescence‐sensing behavior of the chelating resins for alkali metal was studied. The fluorescence response of the materials where 1, 2‐phenylenediamine is supported on Merrifield and Wang resins indicate that they behave as sensors for Li+and K+, respectively.
Revealing storage-area relationship of open water in ungauged subalpine wetland — Napahai in Northwest Yunnan, China
Authors: Li Jie , Hu Jin-ming , Deng Wei , Huang Sheng-li , Jia Hai-feng , Zhu Chun-ling , Luo Huai-xiu
Published: June 2013

Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with significant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged conditions limit the study and understanding of hydrological regimes of these wetland types. This study selects an ungauged subalpine wetland — Napahai in Northwest Yunnan, China — as a case for developing a practical approach to revealing its storage-area relationship of open water. A Trimble R8 GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites Systems) RTK (Real-time Kinematic system) and sonar fathometer were used to survey fine-resolution elevation data and generate a digital elevation model of the Napahai Wetland. Forty-four Landsat images from 1987 to 2011 were collected, and the Normalized Difference Water Index was used to classify open water features in the area. The area of open water in Napahai was calculated for each phase. With these data and a developed conceptual model, the storage of open water for each phase was estimated using ArcGIS tools. Both storage and area of open water showed significant intra-annual and inter-annual variations. In the rainy season, the monthly change of average storage of open water in Napahai showed about 1–2 months lag behind mean monthly rainfall. The storage-area relationship of open water was well fit by a power function equation (R
2≈0.91, n=44). This study indicates that if detailed elevations are available for similarly ungauged subalpine wetlands in Southwest China, researchers can use this practical approach to estimate multi-temporal areas and storages and reveal the storage-area relationship of open water in the wetlands. The study provided valuable information of this case wetland for optimizing its hydro-ecological managements and a new method to wetland researchers and managers for the hydrological study of similarly ungauged wetland complex.
Variational Principles in Mathematical Physics, Geometry, and Economics
Authors: Kristály Alexandru , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D. , Varga Csaba
Published: June 2013

This comprehensive introduction to the calculus of variations and its main principles also presents their real-life applications in various contexts: mathematical physics, differential geometry, and optimization in economics. Based on the authors' original work, it provides an overview of the field, with examples and exercises suitable for graduate students entering research. The method of presentation will appeal to readers with diverse backgrounds in functional analysis, differential geometry and partial differential equations. Each chapter includes detailed heuristic arguments, providing thorough motivation for the material developed later in the text. Since much of the material has a strong geometric flavor, the authors have supplemented the text with figures to illustrate the abstract concepts. Its extensive reference list and index also make this a valuable resource for researchers working in a variety of fields who are interested in partial differential equations and functional analysis.
The Psychology of Fatigue
Authors: Hockey Robert
Published: June 2013

Fatigue can have a major impact on an individual's performance and well-being, yet is poorly understood, even within the scientific community. There is no developed theory of its origins or functions, and different types of fatigue (mental, physical, sleepiness) are routinely confused. The widespread interpretation of fatigue as a negative consequence of work may be true only for externally imposed goals; meaningful or self-initiated work is rarely tiring and often invigorating. In the first book dedicated to the systematic treatment of fatigue for over sixty years, Robert Hockey examines its many aspects - social history, neuroscience, energetics, exercise physiology, sleep and clinical implications - and develops a new motivational control theory, in which fatigue is treated as an emotion having a fundamental adaptive role in the management of goals. He then uses this new perspective to explore the role of fatigue in relation to individual motivation, working life and well-being.
Emergency Psychiatry
Authors: Chanmugam Arjun , Triplett Patrick , Kelen Gabor
Published: June 2013

Many healthcare providers based in primary care, emergency care or other acute care environments encounter patients with psychiatric problems. These presentations can be difficult to manage and often pose significant challenges. A better understanding of most common psychiatric problems can greatly aid both providers and patients. Emergency Psychiatry reviews a wide range of common psychiatric disorders and provides succinct management guidelines. Written by emergency physicians and psychiatrists, Emergency Psychiatry is a rapid reference for the acute management of psychiatric disorders for all care providers, including, but not limited to, emergency physicians, internists, psychiatrists, social workers, family practitioners and other primary care providers.
The Philosophy of Tragedy
Authors: Young Julian
Published: June 2013

This book is a full survey of the philosophy of tragedy from antiquity to the present. From Aristotle to Žižek the focal question has been: why, in spite of its distressing content, do we value tragic drama? What is the nature of the 'tragic effect'? Some philosophers point to a certain kind of pleasure that results from tragedy. Others, while not excluding pleasure, emphasize the knowledge we gain from tragedy – of psychology, ethics, freedom or immortality. Through a critical engagement with these and other philosophers, the book concludes by suggesting an answer to the question of what it is that constitutes tragedy 'in its highest vocation'. This book will be of equal interest to students of philosophy and of literature.
Morphological Typology
Authors: Stump Gregory , Finkel Raphael A.
Published: June 2013

In this radically new approach to morphological typology, the authors set out new and explicit methods for the typological classification of languages. Drawing on evidence from a diverse range of languages including Chinantec, Dakota, French, Fur, Icelandic, Ngiti and Sanskrit, the authors propose innovative ways of measuring inflectional complexity. Designed to engage graduate students and academic researchers, the book presents opportunities for further investigation. The authors' data sets and the computational tool that they constructed for their analysis are available online, allowing readers to employ them in their own research. Readers can access the online computational tool through www.cambridge.org/stump_finkel.
An Introduction to Flapping Wing Aerodynamics
Authors: Shyy Wei , Aono Hikaru , Kang Chang-kwon , Liu Hao
Published: June 2013

This is an ideal book for graduate students and researchers interested in the aerodynamics, structural dynamics and flight dynamics of small birds, bats and insects, as well as of micro air vehicles (MAVs), which present some of the richest problems intersecting science and engineering. The agility and spectacular flight performance of natural flyers, thanks to their flexible, deformable wing structures, as well as to outstanding wing, tail and body coordination, is particularly significant. To design and build MAVs with performance comparable to natural flyers, it is essential that natural flyers' combined flexible structural dynamics and aerodynamics are adequately understood. The primary focus of this book is to address the recent developments in flapping wing aerodynamics. This book extends the work presented in Aerodynamics of Low Reynolds Number Flyers (Shyy et al. 2008).
Actions of discrete groups on stationary Lorentz manifolds
Authors: PICCIONE PAOLO , ZEGHIB ABDELGHANI
Published: June 2013

We study the geometry of compact Lorentzian manifolds that admit a somewhere timelike Killing vector field, and whose isometry group has infinitely many connected components. Up to a finite cover, such manifolds are products (or amalgamated products) of a flat Lorentzian torus and a compact Riemannian (respectively, lightlike) manifold.
National Emotional Climate and Personal Political Views in Grenada, with Regional Comparisons
Authors: Stevens Michael J. , Aire Justina E. , Stevens Beverly E.
Published: June 2013

We examined the association of national emotional climate to personal political views in 159 Grenadian citizens. Grenadians completed five national emotional climate scales: Anger at Government, Fear, Hopeless-Insecurity, Security and Social Trust. We also measured the following personal political views: desire to emigrate, confidence in nonviolent protest and willingness to surrender freedom. Anger at Government and Security predicted desire to emigrate and Security predicted confidence in non-violent protest; national emotional climate scores and willingness to surrender freedom were unrelated. Grenadians were less angry at government, less fearful, and less hopeless-insecure as well as more secure and more socially trusting than Colombians and Costa Ricans, but less secure and more hopeless-insecure than US respondents. Grenadians expressed a relatively positive national emotional climate with few signs of collectively held emotions that might precipitate further emigration and renewed civil unrest. We offer suggestions for future research on national emotional climate in Grenada and the Caribbean generally.
Adivasis, Maoists and Insurgency in the Central Indian Tribal Belt
Authors: Kennedy Jonathan , King Lawrence
Published: June 2013

Maoist insurgent or Naxalite activity has expanded markedly in India over the past three decades, especially in the central tribal belt. This paper first uses a unique, district-level dataset to demonstrate that insurgency does not, as is widely argued, occur where tribals or Adivasis have been dispossessed of their land and forced to work as landless labourers. Rather, insurgent activity is most likely to take place in areas where Adivasis retain control of their land. The second part is an in-depth analysis of the Dantewara district. It shows that the Adivasis’ grievances are intimately related to the colonial encounter and neo-colonial state’s desire to control forests and forest resources. While the insurgent leaders are non-Adivasis, they strive to frame the insurgency in terms that are meaningful to Adivasis, and to provide a combination of collective and selective incentives. Nevertheless, some Adivasis oppose the insurgency because it undermines their status, while others do so because of short-term processes operating during the course of the insurgency. A syncretic theoretical approach, which concentrates on the complex and dynamic relationship between insurgents and their support base, and includes insights from Marxian, Weberian and Durkheimian theory, is best suited to explaining Adivasis’ involvement in the insurgency.
A career in phonetics, applied linguistics and the public service
Authors: Little David , King Lid
Published: June 2013

As this issue was in preparation, the journal learned with great regret of the passing of John Trim. John was a long-serving member of the Language Teaching Board and his insight and advice proved invaluable for this and previous editors. An expert in the field of phonetics, linguistics, language didactics and policy, John worked tirelessly to improve the state of language teaching throughout his life. Among his key posts, he was director of the Council of Europe's Modern Languages Projects from 1971 to 1997 and supervised significant developments in language learning and teaching, including the Threshold Level and the Common European Framework of Reference.

As a tribute to the man and his work, we are publishing in this and a subsequent issue one of the last interviews John gave, where he looks back with his customary perspicacity at one of the most exciting periods of change in the teaching and learning of foreign languages.
Forest fragmentation and edge effects on the genetic structure ofClusia sphaerocarpaandC. lechleri(Clusiaceae) in tropical montane forests
Authors: Quevedo Amira Apaza , Schleuning Matthias , Hensen Isabell , Saavedra Fransisco , Durka Walter
Published: June 2013

Fragmentation of tropical forests influences abiotic and biotic processes that affect the genetic structure of plant populations. In forest fragments, edge effects, i.e. changes of abiotic and biotic factors at forest edges, may be prevalent. In two forest fragments (c. 200 ha atc. 2450 m asl) of tropical montane forest in Bolivia, sympatric populations of the dioecious tree speciesClusia sphaerocarpaandC. lechleriwere used as case study species to compare genetic diversity and small-scale genetic structure (SGS) between edge and interior habitats. Eight microsatellite markers were employed to genotype 343 individuals including adults, juveniles and seedlings ofC. sphaerocarpaand 196 ofC. lechleri. Genetic differentiation was found between habitats in both species (ΦRT= 0.071 forC. sphaerocarpaand ΦRT= 0.028 forC. lechleri) and among ages inC. sphaerocarpa(ΦRT= 0.016). Overall, SGS was weak but significant with more pronounced SGS inC. lechleri(Sp= 0.0128) than inC. sphaerocarpa(Sp= 0.0073). However, positive spatial genetic autocorrelation extended only up to 10 m. ForC. sphaerocarpa, SGS was stronger in seedling and juvenile stages than in adults and in the forest interior than at forest edges. Our results show that edge effects can extend to the genetic level by breaking-up local genetic structures, probably due to increased gene flow and enhanced pollination and seed-dispersal interactions at forest edges.
Erratum to “Spacelike hypersurfaces of constant higher order mean curvature in generalized Robertson–Walker spacetimes”. Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. (2012), 152, 365–383.
Authors: ALÍAS LUIS J. , IMPERA DEBORA , RIGOLI MARCO
Published: June 2013

The proof of Corollary 4⋅3 in our paper [1] is not correct because there is a mistake in the expression given for ∥X* ∧ Y*∥2 on page 374. In fact, the correct expression for this term is
\begin{eqnarray*}
\norm{X^*\wedge Y^*}^2 & = & \norm{X^*}^2\norm{Y^*}^2-\pair{X^*,Y^*}^2\\ {} & = & 1+\pair{X,T}^2+\pair{Y,T}^2\geq 1,
\end{eqnarray*}
and then the inequality (4⋅9) is no longer true. Observe that all the previous reasoning before the wrong expression for ∥X* ∧ Y*∥2 is correct.
From Illustration to Social Intervention: Three Nineteenth-century | Xam Myths and their Implications for Understanding San Rock Art
Authors: Lewis-Williams J.D.
Published: June 2013

This article addresses the relationship between southern African San myth and rock art. Three nineteenth-century | Xam San narratives, recorded verbatim, are shown to contain specifiable entities of meaning, here dubbed ‘nuggets’, that are easily misunderstood or missed entirely. Each performance of a myth developed or abbreviated the significances of these ‘nuggets’ as the narrator tailored the story to suit the social, political and economic circumstances of the moment. Similarly, San rock art contains painted ‘nuggets’ that, for the San, situated the panels in one way or another at the interface between existential realms. Each in its own way, certain tales and images both played a social role by emphasizing the functions of ritual specialists who were believed to move between realms as they healed the community of physical, economic and social ills, especially tension between affines.
GWAS of DNA Methylation Variation Within Imprinting Control Regions Suggests Parent-of-Origin Association
Authors: Rentería Miguel E. , Coolen Marcel W. , Statham Aaron L. , Choi R. Seong Min , Qu Wenjia , Campbell Megan J. , Smith Sara , Henders Anjali K. , Montgomery Grant W. , Clark Susan J. , Martin Nicholas G. , Medland Sarah E.
Published: June 2013

Imprinting control regions (ICRs) play a fundamental role in establishing and maintaining the non-random monoallelic expression of certain genes, via common regulatory elements such as non-coding RNAs and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of DNA. We recently surveyed DNA methylation levels within four ICRs (H19-ICR,IGF2-DMR, KvDMR, andNESPAS-ICR) in whole-blood genomic DNA from 128 monozygotic (MZ) and 128 dizygotic (DZ) human twin pairs. Our analyses revealed high individual variation and intra-domain covariation in methylation levels across CpGs and emphasized the interaction between epigenetic variation and the underlying genetic sequence in a parent-of-origin fashion. Here, we extend our analysis to conduct two genome-wide screenings of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) underlying either intra-domain covariation or parent-of-origin-dependent association with methylation status at individual CpG sites located within ICRs. Although genome-wide significance was not surpassed due to sample size limitations, the most significantly associated SNPs found through multiple-trait genome-wide association (MQFAM) included the previously described rs10732516, which is located in the vicinity of theH19-ICR. Similarly, we identified an association between rs965808 and methylation status within theNESPAS-ICR. This SNP is positioned within an intronic region of the overlapping genesGNASandGNAS-AS1, which are imprinted genes regulated by theNESPAS-ICR. Sixteen other SNPs located in regions apart from the analyzed regions displayed suggestive association with intra-domain methylation. Additionally, we identified 13 SNPs displaying parent-of-origin association with individual methylation sites through family-based association testing. In this exploratory study, we show the value and feasibility of using alternative GWAS approaches in the study of the interaction between epigenetic state and genetic sequence within imprinting regulatory domains. Despite the relatively small sample size, we identified a number of SNPs displaying suggestive association either in a domain-wide or in a parent-of-origin fashion. Nevertheless, these associations will require future experimental validation or replication in larger and independent samples.
Beratung vor der Reise – eine Umfrage bei Schweizer Hausärzten
Authors: Walz Alexander , Tschudi Peter , Badertscher Nina , Hatz Christoph
Published: June 2013

Bis zu 65 % der Reisenden suchen für eine Reiseberatung ihren Hausarzt auf. Die Beratenden sollten über die häufigsten und gefährlichsten Gesundheitsbedrohungen informieren, was auch stets aktuelle Kenntnisse der Epidemiologie dieser Bedrohungen voraussetzt. Das Ziel dieser Studie war, die Inhalte der hausärztlichen Reiseberatung zu untersuchen und den praktizierenden Kollegen gezielte Informationen bieten zu können. Ein Drittel der teilnehmenden Hausärzte führen Reiseberatungen wöchentlich durch, zwei Drittel zumindest monatlich. Die häufigst angesprochenen Themen sind Malaria, Impfungen, Insektenschutz und Reisedurchfall. Weniger als die Hälfte der Reiseberatungen behandeln die Unfallrisiken. Neben der Notwendigkeit bei Gelbfieberimpfungen waren die häufigsten Gründe für die Zuweisung zu reisemedizinischen Experten immunsupprimierte und schwangere Reisende sowie bei Reisen in Hochrisikoländer. Ein nennenswerter Teil der Hausärzte berücksichtigt die Schweizer Experten-Empfehlungen nicht, die kontinuierlich vom Bundesamt für Gesundheit herausgegeben werden, möglicherweise weil nur 21 % von ihnen diese regelmäßig lesen.
Unfälle auf Reisen – die versteckte Epidemie
Authors: Walz Alexander , Hatz Christoph
Published: June 2013

Der Schutz vor Malaria und anderen übertragbaren Krankheiten ist fester Bestandteil der Reiseberatung. Unfälle in Übersee werden oft nicht besprochen. Aus diesem Grund haben wir die Daten von mehr als 139'000 Unfällen innerhalb von 5 Jahren des SUVA-Unfallregisters untersucht. 65 % der Schadensfälle in Übersee betreffen Verletzungen, 24 % Vergiftungen oder Schädigungen durch Kälte, Hitze oder Luftdruck. Die meisten Unfälle ereigneten sich während Freizeitaktivitäten und Sport. Über ein Drittel der nichttödlichen und über die Hälfte der tödlichen Unfälle ereigneten sich in Asien. Über drei Viertel der nichttödlichen Unfälle wurden in der Altersgruppe zwischen 25 und 54 Jahren gemeldet. Einer von 74 SUVA-Versicherten erleidet pro Jahr einen Unfall im Ausland. Obwohl die nicht prospektive Dokumentation der Fälle nicht in allen Details einer wissenschaftlichen Analyse standhalten, dokumentieren diese Zahlen die Gesundheitsbedrohung durch Unfälle, was sich in der Reiseberatung niederschlagen sollte.
Höhenmedizinische Aspekte in der Reisemedizin
Authors: Neumayr Andreas
Published: June 2013

Die Beratung von Reisenden, die weltweit hochgelegene Reiseziele aufsuchen, gehört heute zum reisemedizinischen Alltag. Mit dem klassischen Fokus auf Schutzimpfungen, Reisedurchfall, Mückenschutz und Malariaprophylaxe werden allerdings bei der Reiseberatung höhenbedingte Gesundheitsprobleme oft vernachlässigt. Die Notwendigkeit diese Problematik im Rahmen der Reiseberatung anzusprechen wird durch die hohe Prävalenz höhenbedingter Gesundheitsprobleme unter Touristen an hochgelegenen Touristenzielen eindrucksvoll belegt. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es auf die wichtigsten Aspekte der Höhenakklimatisation, der Prävention höhenbedingter Gesundheitsprobleme und exemplarisch auf einige praxisrelevante Problemdestinationen einzugehen.
Reisedestination Asien
Authors: van der Ploeg Robert
Published: June 2013

Asien gehört zu den beliebtesten Fernreisezielen der Schweizer Wohnbevölkerung. Die Beratung von Reisenden mit Reisedestination Asien gehört deshalb auch in der hausärztlichen Praxis zum Alltag. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, einen Überblick der wichtigsten möglichen gesundheitlichen Probleme und deren Prävention auf Asienreisen zu vermitteln.
Transkutane Sonographie gastrointestinaler Tumoren
Authors: Dirks Klaus
Published: June 2013

In Form einer bebilderten Fallsammlung zeigt der Artikel typische Ultraschallbefunde von gastrointestinalen Tumoren vom Ösophagus bis zum Rektum. Die Befunde fallen oft als Zufallsbefunde bei Routineuntersuchungen auf und zeigen, dass die Untersuchung des GI-Trakts immer Teil der abdominellen Sonographie sein sollte. Spezielle Untersuchungstechniken wie die Untersuchung des Magens mit Flüssigkeitsfüllung finden insbesondere bei gezielten Fragestellungen Anwendung.
Ikterus und pathologische Leberwerte
Authors: Schwarzenbach Hans-Rudolf
Published: June 2013

Ikterus ist identisch mit dem Vorliegen eines erhöhten Bilirubinspiegels, wobei zwischen direktem und indirektem Bilirubin unterschieden wird. In vorliegender Zusammenstellung wird auf die Ursachen und Differenzialdiagnose beim Vorliegen eines Ikterus eingegangen. Beim intra-und extrahepatischen Ikterus kommt dem diagnostischen Ultraschall eine wegweisende Bedeutung zu. Die Differenzialdiagnostik erhöhter Leberwerte beim Vorliegen eines Ikterus wird angesprochen, wobei zwischen hepatozellulären und cholestatischen Parametern sowie akuten und chronischen Zuständen unterschieden wird. Weiter wird auf die Folgen einer Leberenzymerhöhung sowie die weiterführenden diagnostischen Verfahren eingegangen. Schliesslich werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der modernen Fibrosediagnostik erwähnt.
Harming Others’ Task-Related Efforts
Authors: Poortvliet P. Marijn
Published: June 2013

This paper demonstrates that, when individuals with mastery goals and their exchange partners occupy increasingly higher ranks on a task (#4 and #5 vs. #51 and #52 or #96 and #97, on a top-100), they display stronger interpersonally harmful behavior in order to interfere with exchange partners’ task performance. In contrast, performance goal individuals damage the task performance of others more when ranks are low or high rather than average (#4 and #5 or #96 and #97 vs. #51 and #52). These results signify that social comparison information is processed differently by mastery and performance goal individuals. The resulting interpersonally harmful behaviors depend on whether such behavior is instrumental for their particular achievement goal pursuit or not.
Ketosis Proportionately Spares Glucose Utilization in Brain
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Kuang Youzhi , Xu Kui , Harris Donald , Lee Zhenghong , LaManna Joseph , Puchowicz Michelle A
Published: June 2013

The brain is dependent on glucose as a primary energy substrate, but is capable of utilizing ketones such as β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, as occurs with fasting, starvation, or chronic feeding of a ketogenic diet. The relationship between changes in cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMRglc) and degree or duration of ketosis remains uncertain. To investigate if CMRglc decreases with chronic ketosis, 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in combination with positron emission tomography, was applied in anesthetized young adult rats fed 3 weeks of either standard or ketogenic diets. Cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (μmol/min per 100 g) was determined in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum using Gjedde-Patlak analysis. The average CMRglc significantly decreased in the cerebral cortex (23.0 ±4.9 versus 32.9 ±4.7) and cerebellum (29.3 ± 8.6 versus 41.2 ±6.4) with increased plasma ketone bodies in the ketotic rats compared with standard diet group. The reduction of CMRg|c in both brain regions correlates linearly by ∼9% for each 1 mmol/L increase of total plasma ketone bodies (0.3 to 6.3 mmol/L). Together with our meta-analysis, these data revealed that the degree and duration of ketosis has a major role in determining the corresponding change in CMRglc with ketosis.
Delay analysis of network coding nodes and Butterfly network employing stop‐and‐wait automatic repeat request
Authors: Qin Yang , Yang Lie‐Liang
Published: June 2013

The delay characteristics of network coding nodes and Butterfly network are investigated. First, the probability mass function (PMF) of delay and the average delay of general network coding nodes having multiple input links and one output link are analysed. It can be shown that the PMF and average delay can be readily evaluated from the recursive equations derived. Then, the delay performance of the Butterfly network is investigated. Specifically, the authors consider four different scenarios in the context of the packets transmitted over the Butterfly network. The PMFs of delay as well as the average delays of these four scenarios are analysed and, correspondingly, a range of formulae are obtained. Finally, the delay performance of network coding nodes and Butterfly network is investigated based on the numerical results evaluated from the formulae derived. The authors studies demonstrate that network coding nodes embedded in a network generate a big impact on the network's delay performance. Usually, in a network including some network coding nodes, the longest path with some network coding nodes may be chosen for approximately estimating the network's average delay.
Power allocation scheme in time division multiple access distributed multiple‐input multiple‐output interference channels
Authors: Pooya Shariatpanahi Seyed , Hossein Khalaj Babak , Shah‐Mansouri Hamed
Published: June 2013

In this study, the authors propose a novel power allocation scheme in time division multiple access (TDMA)‐based distributed multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) channels. By modelling the problem with a TDMA MIMO interference channel, the authors have derived closed‐form expressions for power and time slot assigned to each MIMO transmission. Although our scheme is sub‐optimal, with the aid of Jensen's inequality, it is shown to be superior to solutions based on channel inversion. In addition, the proposed scheme is compared with the optimal solution, and also with the scheme proposed by Dohler. By applying our proposed power allocation to the hierarchical cooperation strategy, the authors have shown that this scheme significantly improves the overall network throughput compared with the channel inversion solution. However, the improvement gain (which is at high‐signal‐to‐noise ratio values) reduces when the method is compared with Dohler's solution.
Uncertainty evaluation by gamma transmission measurements and CFD model comparison in a FCC cold pilot unit
Authors: Dantas C.C. , Moura A.E. , de Lima Filho H.J.B. , Melo S.B. , Dos Santos V.A. , Lima E.A.O.
Published: June 2013

The solid flow in air-catalyst in circulating fluidized bed was simulated with CFD model to obtain axial and radial distribution. Therefore, project parameters were confirmed and steady state operation condition was improved. Solid holds up axial end radial profiles simulation and comparison with gamma transmission measurements are in a good agreement. The transmission signal from an 241Am radioactive source was evaluated in NaI(Tl) detector coupled to multichannel analyzer. This non intrusive measuring set up is installed at riser of a cold pilot unit to determine parameters of FCC catalyst flow at several concentrations. Mass flow rate calculated by combining solid hold up and solid phase velocity measurements was compared with catalyst inlet measured at down-comer. Evaluation in each measured parameter shows that a relative combined uncertainty of 6% in a 95% interval was estimated. Uncertainty analysis took into account a significant correlation in scan riser transmission measurements. An Eulerian approach of CFD model incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow was adopted to describe the gas–solid two-phase flows in a multizone circulating reactor. Instantaneous and local gas-particle velocity, void fraction and turbulent parameters were obtained and results are shown in 2 D and 3D graphics.
Rounding, stipulation and notation issues in measurement
Authors: Pavese F.
Published: June 2013

In the context of measurement and of the definition of measurement units, a problem well known in computing science, the inherent propagation and accumulation of rounding errors throughout the intermediate steps of numerical calculation, is discussed in this paper, with some issues in notation, namely of integer numbers.
Calculation of Physicochemical Properties for Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins
Authors: Glüge Juliane , Bogdal Christian , Scheringer Martin , Buser Andreas M. , Hungerbühler Konrad
Published: June 2013

Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins are potential PBT chemicals (persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins are under review for inclusion in the UNEP Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Despite their high production volume of more than one million metric tonnes per year, only few data on their physicochemical properties are available. We calculated subcooled-liquid vapor pressure, subcooled-liquid solubility in water and octanol, Henry's law constant for water and octanol, as well as the octanol-water partition coefficient with the property calculation methods COSMOtherm, SPARC, and EPI Suite™, and compared the results to experimental data from the literature. For all properties, good or very good agreement between calculated and measured data was obtained for COSMOtherm; results from SPARC were in good agreement with the measured data except for subcooled-liquid water solubility, whereas EPI Suite™ showed the largest discrepancies for all properties. After critical evaluation of the three property calculation methods, a final set of recommended property data for short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins was derived. The calculated property data show interesting relationships with chlorine content and carbon chain length. Increasing chlorine content does not cause pronounced changes in water solubility and octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) as long as it is below 55%. Increasing carbon chain length leads to strong increases in KOW and corresponding decreases in subcooled-liquid water solubility. The present data set can be used in further studies to assess the environmental fate and human exposure of this relevant compound class.
Qualitative analysis of the anisotropic two-body problem with relativistic potential
Authors: Paşca Daniel , Valls Cláudia
Published: June 2013

In this paper we study the two-body problem that describes the motion of two-point masses in an anisotropic space under the influence of a Newtonian force-law with two relativistic correction terms. We will show that the set of initial conditions leading to collisions and ejections have positive measure and study the capture and escape solutions in the zero-energy case using the infinity manifold. We will also apply the Melnikov method to show that the flow on the zero-energy manifold of another potential which is the sum of the classical Keplerian potential and two anisotropic perturbation which also take into account two relativistic correction terms is chaotic.
Role of internal gases and creep of Ag in controlling the critical current density of Ag-sheathed Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox wires
Authors: Shen T. , Ghosh A. , Cooley L. , Jiang J.
Published: June 2013

High engineering critical current density JE of > 500 A/mm2 at 20 T and 4.2 K can be regularly achieved in Ag-sheathed multifilamentary Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) round wire when the sample length is several centimeters. However, JE(20 T) in Bi-2212 wires of several meters length, as well as longer pieces wound in coils, rarely exceeds 200 A/mm2. Moreover, long-length wires often exhibit signs of Bi-2212 leakage after melt processing that are rarely found in short, open-end samples. We studied the length dependence of JE of state-of-the-art powder-in-tube (PIT) Bi-2212 wires and gases released by them during melt processing using mass spectroscopy, confirming that JE degradation with length is due to wire swelling produced by high internal gas pressures at elevated temperatures [A. Malagoli et al. Supercond. Sci. Technol. 24, 075016 (2011) and A. Malagoli et al. Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26, 055018 (2013)]. We further modeled the gas transport in Bi-2212 wires and examined the wire expansion at critical stages of the melt processing of as-drawn PIT wires and the wires that received a degassing treatment or a cold-densification treatment before melt processing. These investigations showed that internal gas pressure in long-length wires drives creep of the Ag sheath during the heat treatment, causing wire to expand, lowering the density of Bi-2212 filaments, and therefore degrading the wire JE; the creep rupture of silver sheath naturally leads to the leakage of Bi-2212 liquid. Our work shows that proper control of such creep is the key to preventing Bi-2212 leakage and achieving high JE in long-length Bi-2212 conductors and coils.
GaN/VO2 heteroepitaxial p-n junctions: Band offset and minority carrier dynamics
Authors: Zhou You , Ramanathan Shriram
Published: June 2013

We report on experimental realization of p-n heterojunctions based on p-type GaN, and an n-type correlated oxide, VO2. The band offsets are evaluated by current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements at various temperatures. A band diagram based on the conventional band bending picture is proposed to explain the evolution of the apparent barrier height from electrical measurements and it suggests that the work function of VO2 decreases by ∼0.2 eV when it goes through the insulator to metal transtion, in qualitative agreement with Kelvin force microscopy measurements reported in literature. The frequency-dependent capacitance measurements allow us to differentiate the miniority carrier effect from the interface states and series resistance contributions, and estimate the minority carrier lifetime in insulating phase of VO2 to be of the order of few microseconds. The nitride-oxide based p-n heterojunctions provide a new dimension to study correlated-electron systems and could be of relevance to emerging electronic devices that exploit collective phenomena.
Characterization and modeling of screen-printed metal insulator semiconductor tunnel junctions for integrated bypass functionality in crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Thaidigsmann Benjamin , Lohmüller Elmar , Fertig Fabian , Clement Florian , Wolf Andreas
Published: June 2013

This work investigates sintered, screen-printed silver contacts on lowly doped p-type silicon with different intermediate dielectric layer systems using scanning electron microscopy and dark current-voltage measurements. The data reveal electron tunneling through a thin insulating layer as the most probable transport mechanism. A model based on Fowler-Nordheim and direct tunneling is presented that allows for the description of reverse current-voltage characteristics and the extraction of effective contact properties. The investigated screen-printed metal insulator semiconductor structures are proposed as solar cell integrated bypass that reduces the risk of hot spot generation and power loss during partial shading of a module. Furthermore, the integrated bypass approach enables the fabrication of solar cells from silicon material that tends to show early breakdown of the p-n-junction.
Constant-force approach to discontinuous potentials
Authors: Orea Pedro , Odriozola Gerardo
Published: June 2013

Aiming to approach the thermodynamical properties of hard-core systems by standard molecular dynamics simulation, we propose setting a repulsive constant-force for overlapping particles. That is, the discontinuity of the pair potential is replaced by a linear function with a large negative slope. Hence, the core-core repulsion, usually modeled with a power function of distance, yields a large force as soon as the cores slightly overlap. This leads to a quasi-hardcore behavior. The idea is tested for a triangle potential of short range. The results obtained by replica exchange molecular dynamics for several repulsive forces are contrasted with the ones obtained for the discontinuous potential and by means of replica exchange Monte Carlo. We found remarkable agreements for the vapor-liquid coexistence densities as well as for the surface tension.
Note: High sensitivity self-bias magnetoelectric sensor with two different magnetostrictive materials
Authors: Chen Lei , Li Ping , Wen Yumei , Zhu Yong
Published: June 2013

The self-bias magnetoelectric (ME) sensor is designed, fabricated, and characterized for detecting weak ac magnetic-field. The two different magnetostrictive materials produce the gradient of magnetization, resulting in an internal magnetic field and a strong ME response. At zero-biased dc magnetic field, a low-frequency ME voltage coefficient (dVME/dHac) of 22.11 mV/Oe is achieved, which is 17.69 times higher than that of the previous magnets/0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) sensor. Furthermore, the ME voltage coefficient reaches 2.73 V/Oe at resonance. The induced ME voltage shows an excellent linear relationship to ac magnetic field when field amplitude varies from ∼10−7 Oe to 1 Oe.
Electrically pumped random lasing in ZnO-based metal-insulator-semiconductor structured devices: Effect of ZnO film thickness
Authors: Li Yunpeng , Wang Canxing , Jin Lu , Ma Xiangyang , Yang Deren
Published: June 2013

In our previous report [Ma et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 251109 (2007)], electrically pumped random lasing (RL) from polycrystalline ZnO films has been realized by means of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures based on ZnO films on silicon substrate. Herein, we investigate the effect of ZnO film thickness on the threshold current and output power of RL from the ZnO-based MIS structured devices. It is found that the RL threshold current increases with the increase of ZnO film thickness. Moreover, the output power of RL decreases with the increase of ZnO film thickness at small injection current, while it increases with the ZnO film thickness at large injection current. The mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned results have been tentatively explored in terms of the two ingredients of RL, i.e., multiple light scattering and optical gain.
Channel doping-dependent analytical model for symmetric double gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. II. Continuous drain current model from subthreshold to inversion region
Authors: Namkyu Cho Edward , Hyeon Shin Yong , Yun Ilgu
Published: June 2013

Based on the subthreshold region model described in Paper I [Cho et al., J. Appl. Phys. 113, 214506 (2013)], a continuous drain current model with a variation of channel doping concentration (NA) for symmetric double gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor is presented. Here, the inversion region drain current model is derived by solving the long-channel 1D Poisson's equation due to the strong screening effects by electrons. The continuous drain current model is obtained by interpolating the subthreshold region model and the inversion region model. Since the subthreshold region model includes the short-channel effects, it is shown that the continuous drain current modeling results are in good agreement with commercially available 2D numerical simulation results from the subthreshold to the inversion region in the wide range of NA.
Superconducting MgB2 rapid single flux quantum toggle flip flop circuit
Authors: Cunnane Daniel , Chen Ke , Xi X. X.
Published: June 2013

Using self-shunted MgB2/MgO/MgB2 Josephson junctions, we have designed, fabricated, and tested a rapid single flux quantum toggle flip flop (TFF) circuit. The junctions used MgB2 films grown by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition with MgO barrier layer and insulating layer deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The result showed the frequency-division function of the TFF circuit, evidenced by the output voltage being half the input voltage, up to 63 GHz at 20 K and 180 GHz at 3.2 K, which demonstrates the potential of high operating speeds and high working temperatures in MgB2 superconducting integrated circuits.
The Effect of Spectral Filters on Visual Search in Stroke Patients
Authors: Beasley Ian G , Davies Leon N
Published: June 2013

Visual search impairment can occur following stroke. The utility of optimal spectral filters on visual search in stroke patients has not been considered to date. The present study measured the effect of optimal spectral filters on visual search response time and accuracy, using a task requiring serial processing. A stroke and control cohort undertook the task three times: (i) using an optimally selected spectral filter; (ii) the subjects were randomly assigned to two groups with group 1 using an optimal filter for two weeks, whereas group 2 used a grey filter for two weeks; (iii) the groups were crossed over with group 1 using a grey filter for a further two weeks and group 2 given an optimal filter, before undertaking the task for the final time. Initial use of an optimal spectral filter improved visual search response time but not error scores in the stroke cohort. Prolonged use of neither an optimal nor a grey filter improved response time or reduced error scores. In fact, response times increased with the filter, regardless of its type, for stroke and control subjects; this outcome may be due to contrast reduction or a reflection of task design, given that significant practice effects were noted.