bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for improved power sharing
Authors: Siddaraj Siddaraj , Yaragatti Udaykumar R. , H. Nagendrappa , Jhunjhunwala Vikash Kumar
Published: August 2020

The existing microgrid has become a challenge to the sustainable energy source to provide a better quality of power to the consumer. To build a reliable and efficient microgrid, designing a droop controller for the microgrid is of utmost importance. In this paper, multiple voltage source inverters connected in parallel using an active power-frequency/reactive power-voltage droop scheme. The proposed method connected to two distributed generators local controllers, where each unit consists of a droop controller with an inner voltage-current controller and a virtual droop controller. By adding this controller to the microgrid reliability and load adaptability of an islanded system can be improved. This concept applied without any real-time communication to the microgrid. Thus, simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, the obtained results prove the effectiveness of the autonomous operation's microgrid model.
Prevalence and Outcomes of D-Dimer Elevation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Berger Jeffrey S. , Kunichoff Dennis , Adhikari Samrachana , Ahuja Tania , Amoroso Nancy , Aphinyanaphongs Yindalon , Cao Meng , Goldenberg Ronald , Hindenburg Alexander , Horowitz James , Parnia Sam , Petrilli Christopher , Reynolds Harmony , Simon Emma , Slater James , Yaghi Shadi , Yuriditsky Eugene , Hochman Judith , Horwitz Leora I.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To determine the prevalence of D-dimer elevation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization, trajectory of D-dimer levels during hospitalization, and its association with clinical outcomes.

Approach and Results:

Consecutive adults admitted to a large New York City hospital system with a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) between March 1, 2020 and April 8, 2020 were identified. Elevated D-dimer was defined by the laboratory-specific upper limit of normal (>230 ng/mL). Outcomes included critical illness (intensive care, mechanical ventilation, discharge to hospice, or death), thrombotic events, acute kidney injury, and death during admission. Among 2377 adults hospitalized with COVID-19 and ≥1 D-dimer measurement, 1823 (76%) had elevated D-dimer at presentation. Patients with elevated presenting baseline D-dimer were more likely than those with normal D-dimer to have critical illness (43.9% versus 18.5%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.4 [95% CI, 1.9–3.1];
P
<0.001), any thrombotic event (19.4% versus 10.2%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.4–2.6];
P
<0.001), acute kidney injury (42.4% versus 19.0%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.4 [95% CI, 1.9–3.1];
P
<0.001), and death (29.9% versus 10.8%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.6–2.9];
P
<0.001). Rates of adverse events increased with the magnitude of D-dimer elevation; individuals with presenting D-dimer >2000 ng/mL had the highest risk of critical illness (66%), thrombotic event (37.8%), acute kidney injury (58.3%), and death (47%).

Conclusions:

Abnormal D-dimer was frequently observed at admission with COVID-19 and was associated with higher incidence of critical illness, thrombotic events, acute kidney injury, and death. The optimal management of patients with elevated D-dimer in COVID-19 requires further study.
A taxonomic revision of Stenoglottis (Orchideae, Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae)

Authors: PHILLIPS DEAN P. , BYTEBIER BENNY
Published: August 2020

Based on a published morphological and phylogenetic analysis, species delimitation in Stenoglottis is here revised, and five species (six taxa) are now recognized: S. fimbriata (with two varieties), S. longifolia, S. inandensis, S. woodii, and S. macloughlinii. Stenoglottis fimbriata subsp. saxicola and S. zambesiaca are synonymised here with S. fimbriata, S. modesta is reduced in rank to S. fimbriata var. modesta and S. molweniensis is synonymised with S. longifolia. The three spurred species, S. inandensis, S. woodii and S. macloughlinii, are retained. We include revised descriptions, diagnoses and a morphological key, in which characteristics of the floral spurs, labella, leaves, bracts, and auricles contribute most clearly to distinguishing the taxa. Distributions maps and photos showing important diagnostic characters and morphological variation are also presented.
Generic reorganization and nomenclatural synopsis of the Andean Clade (Cleomaceae)

Authors: MCGINTY EMMA M. , ROALSON ERIC H.
Published: August 2020

The Andean clade of Cleomaceae is a well-recognized and supported clade in phylogenetic studies, but it is in need of nomenclatural updates. Multiple species have yet to have combinations made for modern generic placement within the clade, particularly those of Cleome species. Here we recognize four genera in the Andean Clade: Andinocleome, Cochranella, Podandrogyne, and Pterocleome. The species Cleome anomala, C. chilensis, C. glandulosa, C. limoneolens, C. longifolia, C. mathewsii, and C. moritziana are considered to belong to Andinocleome. The species Andinocleome pilosa is moved to the monotypic genus Cochranella, and Cleome stylosa is placed in the monotypic genus Pterocleome. We provide nomenclatural updates of genera and species, a key to, and morphological circumscriptions of, the recognized genera, and illustrations of crucial morphological distinctions. A synonymy is included for all species in the three genera treated, excluding Podandrogyne. In total, we treat 11 species and 46 names. Seventeen lectotypes are designated here.
A review of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea) from India, with the description of five new species
Authors: BINOY C. , VAN ACHTERBERG C. , KUMAR P. GIRISH , SANTHOSH S. , SHEELA S.
Published: August 2020

The family Stephanidae from India is reviewed, resulting in the description and illustration of one new species of Megischus Brullé, two new species of Foenatopus Smith and two new species of Parastephanellus Enderlein. In addition, a Chinese species Foenatopus weii Chen, van Achterberg & Xu and a range extension of Stephanus Jurine are reported from India. The male of Stephanus bidentatus van Achterberg, 2002, is newly reported with descriptions and illustrations. Keys to genera and species of Indian Stephanidae are provided along with a checklist of Stephanidae occurring in India.
Out of the blue: A new rain frog species of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern Cordillera Central in Colombia
Authors: RIVERA-CORREA MAURICIO , DAZA JUAN M.
Published: August 2020

Continuous sampling in well studied areas may lead to new amphibian species discoveries, because population dynamics allow rare species to go unnoticed for years. Based on recent sampling of frogs in the northeastern region of Colombia, here we provide genetic, morphological, and bioacoustics evidence to support the description of a new species of the genus Pristimantis. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the new species is a member of the P. lacrimosus species group, a clade of 25 species that is highly diverse in Ecuador and Peru. This new species is more closely related to allopatric species from Peru and Guyana (i.e. P. olivaceus, P. pluvialis, P. pulchridormientes, and an undetermined Pristimantis). The new species has green-yellow coloration and a remarkable brown interocular band, which is unusual in the genus and which inspired the epithet. Pristimantis zorro sp. nov. has only been found at one locality at 1860 m s.a.l., on the eastern flank of the northern Cordillera Central in Department of Antioquia, Colombia. The new species inhabits the ecotone between the humid cloud forest and open areas. Repeated visits to the type locality suggest high variation in population abundance and/or species detection, because we have occasionally observed many individuals in briefs periods of times. In addition, we discuss the biogeographical and systematic implications of our species discovery.
The Journey Begins
Authors: Dinesh Nandita
Published: August 2020

An outline of how spectators gather, and how they are taken to the performance space.
Scene One
Authors: Dinesh Nandita
Published: August 2020

This scene draws comparisons between Stanley Milgram’s infamous obedience experiments and the use of discipline & punishment in Kashmir.
INSTALLATION B
Authors: Dinesh Nandita
Published: August 2020

An interactive space that asks the audience to reflect on the roles of creativity and rebellion in times of war.
The First Coalition
Authors: Dinesh Nandita
Published: August 2020

A participatory space that highlights the importance of storytelling and gathering during times of fear.
Scene Ten
Authors: Dinesh Nandita
Published: August 2020

This scene invites the audience to ask how everyday objects might be reinvented when responding to war.
The Second Coalition
Authors: Dinesh Nandita
Published: August 2020

A participatory space that invites the audience to explore the role of ‘play’ in a conflict zone.
INSTALLATION D
Authors: Dinesh Nandita
Published: August 2020

An interactive space to meditate on how statistics about war might be humanized and individualized.
Scene Twenty
Authors: Dinesh Nandita
Published: August 2020

This scene asks how balance might be achieved between imbalanced structures of power and privilege.
Observations of Aerosol, Cloud, Turbulence, and Radiation Properties at the Top of the Marine Boundary Layer over the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean: The ACORES Campaign
Authors: Siebert Holger , Szodry Kai-Erik , Egerer Ulrike , Wehner Birgit , Henning Silvia , Chevalier Karine , Lückerath Janine , Welz Oliver , Weinhold Kay , Lauermann Felix , Gottschalk Matthias , Ehrlich André , Wendisch Manfred , Fialho Paulo , Roberts Greg , Allwayin Nithin , Schum Simeon , Shaw Raymond A. , Mazzoleni Claudio , Mazzoleni Lynn , Nowak Jakub L. , Malinowski Szymon P. , Karpinska Katarzyna , Kumala Wojciech , Czyzewska Dominika , Luke Edward P. , Kollias Pavlos , Wood Robert , Mellado Juan Pedro
Published: August 2020

We report on the Azores Stratocumulus Measurements of Radiation, Turbulence and Aerosols (ACORES) campaign, which took place around Graciosa and Pico Islands/Azores in July 2017. The main objective was to investigate the vertical distribution of aerosol particles, stratocumulus microphysical and radiative properties, and turbulence parameters in the eastern North Atlantic. The vertical exchange of mass, momentum, and energy between the free troposphere (FT) and the cloudy marine boundary layer (MBL) was explored over a range of scales from submeters to kilometers. To cover these spatial scales with appropriate measurements, helicopter-borne observations with unprecedented high resolution were realized using the Airborne Cloud Turbulence Observation System (ACTOS) and Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement System–Helicopter-Borne Observations (SMART-HELIOS) instrumental payloads. The helicopter-borne observations were combined with ground-based aerosol measurements collected at two continuously running field stations on Pico Mountain (2,225 m above sea level, in the FT), and at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) station on Graciosa (at sea level). First findings from the ACORES observations we are discussing in the paper are as follows: (i) we have observed a high variability of the turbulent cloud-top structure on horizontal scales below 100 m with local temperature gradients of up to 4 K over less than 1 m vertical distance, (ii) we have collected strictly collocated radiation measurements supporting the relevance of small-scale processes by revealing significant inhomogeneities in cloud-top brightness temperature to scales well below 100 m, and (iii) we have concluded that aerosol properties are completely different in the MBL and FT with often-complex stratification and frequently observed burst-like new particle formation.
Late Operative Rib Fixation is Inferior to Nonoperative Management
Authors: Harrell Kevin N. , Jean Robert J. , Dave Bhattacharya S. , Hunt Darren J. , Barker Donald E. , Maxwell Robert A.
Published: August 2020

Background

Operative rib fixation (ORF) of traumatic rib fractures has been shown to decrease hospital length of stay (LOS), ventilator days, and mortality. ORF performed within 1 day of admission has been shown to have favorable outcomes compared to later ORF. This report examines the ORF experience over 10 years at a level I trauma center.

Methods

ORF patients from January 2007-January 2018 were matched to nonoperative controls in a 1:2 ratio based on age, injury severity score (ISS), chest Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS), and head AIS. Patient demographic, injury, and outcome data were collected from the trauma registry and medical records. Hospital day of ORF was identified for each ORF patient. Hospital LOS, ICU LOS, ventilator days, and mortality were compared against matched nonoperative controls.

Results

Ninety-five ORF patients were matched to 190 nonoperative patients. ORF patients had a higher number of rib fractures (9.6 vs 6.4, P < .001). ORF patients with short time to operation (0-2 days) had a shorter average hospital stay than those with delayed operations (11.8 vs 12.6 vs 13.4 vs 19.6 days, P = .003). ORF patients with operations performed 3-4 days and >6 days after admission also had statistically significant longer ICU LOS and ventilator days. Patient mortality was higher when ORF was performed after 6 days.

Discussion

Early ORF may improve pulmonary function, patient outcomes, and decrease LOS. Shifting practice toward early fixation may help further solidify the benefits of this procedure in the treatment of blunt chest trauma.
Robotic Major Hepatectomy: Influence of Age on Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Sucandy Iswanto , Luberice Kenneth , Rivera-Espineira Gabriel , Krill Emily , Castro Miguel , Bourdeau Timothy , Ross Sharona , Rosemurgy Alexander
Published: August 2020

Background

This study was undertaken to determine if age influences postoperative outcomes for patients undergoing robotic major hepatectomy.

Methods

Ninety-four patients undergoing robotic major hepatectomy were prospectively followed. With regression analysis, demographic data and postoperative outcomes were compared to age. Data are presented as median (mean ± SD).

Results

Overall, the patients were of age 62 (61 ± 13) years, body mass index (BMI) of 29 (29 ± 5.9) kg/m2, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class of 3 (3 ± 0.5). The mass size was 5 (5 ± 3.0) cm. The operative duration was 252 (276 ± 106) minutes with an estimated blood loss (EBL) of 175 (249 ± 275.9) mL. One operation was converted to “open” due to bleeding, accounting for the only intraoperative complication. Nine patients required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Postoperatively, 7 patients had complications with no in-hospital mortalities, and a length of stay (LOS) of 4 (5 ± 2.6) days. Thirteen patients were readmitted within 30 days with 0 deaths within 30 days. A significant relationship was found between age and ASA class ( P = .001) and LOS ( P = .03). No correlation was found when comparing age to operative duration, EBL, ICU admission, ICU duration, complications, and readmission within 30 days.

Conclusion

For patients undergoing robotic major hepatectomy, there was no significant correlation between age and perioperative outcomes, with the exception of LOS. Increasing age is not associated with increased morbidity or perioperative mortality. With the application of innovative technology, that is, the robotic approach, surgeons should be encouraged to undertake major hepatectomy in elderly patients deemed candidates for surgery.
Assessment of the Role of Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Level on Coronary Heart Disease Risk With Stratification Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bener Abdülbari , Al-Hamaq Abdulla O. A. A. , Zughaier Susu M. , Öztürk Mustafa , Ömer Abdülkadir
Published: August 2020

We investigated the role of vitamin D on glycemic regulation and cardiac complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 1139 patients (49.3% males vs 50.7% females) were included. Information on sociodemographic lifestyle, family history, blood pressure (BP), and coronary heart disease (CHD) complications was collected. Significant differences were found between males and females regarding age-groups ( P = .002), body mass index (BMI; P = .008), physical activity ( P = .010), sheesha smoking ( P = .016), cigarette smoking ( P = .002), hypertension ( P = .050), metabolic syndrome ( P = .026), and CHD ( P = .020). There were significant differences between vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency in relation to age-group ( P = .002), income ( P = .002), waist circumference ( P = .002), hip circumference ( P = .028), waist–hip ratio ( P = .002), and BMI ( P = .002). Further, mean values of hemoglobin, magnesium, creatinine, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol, uric acid, and diastolic BP were significantly higher among patients with vitamin D deficiency compared with those with insufficiency and sufficiency. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that 25-hydroxy vitamin D, 25(OH)D, HbA1c, waist circumference, uric acid, duration of T2DM, total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic BP, and BMI were strong predictor risk factors for CHD among patients with T2DM. The present study supports that 25(OH)D may have a direct effect on CHD and on its risk factors.
Occult Malignancy in Adult Tonsillectomy for Benign Indication
Authors: Syme Noah , Brettfeld Stefan , Dorneden Ashley , Samedi Von , Bocklage Therese , Myers Orrin , Herzon Fred , Meiklejohn Duncan A.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

National pathology guidelines recommend full pathologic analysis for all adult tonsillectomy specimens. We evaluated the available data on occult malignancy in adult tonsillectomy for benign indication, and created a screening system to reduce the risk of missed malignancies if routine histopathologic examination were to be discontinued.

Study design:

Retrospective chart review and systematic review of the literature.

Setting:

Tertiary care academic hospital and multi-hospital private healthcare system.

Subjects and methods:

A systematic literature review identified case series of adult tonsillectomy. Retrospective chart review at our institutions from 2000 to 2016 produced an additional case series. The pooled rate of occult malignancy was determined, and re-analyzed using criteria based on preoperative risk factors designed to identify patients requiring full pathologic analysis. The predicted effects of prospective application of the proposed criteria were calculated. Pooled occult malignancy prevalence was estimated.

Results:

Literature review and our own case series yielded 12,094 total cases. Occult malignancy prevalence in the combined data was 0.033%, representing four occult malignancies. Three out of the four would have been selected for full pathology preoperatively with use of the proposed criteria. Statistical analysis indicates that the predicted frequency of occult malignancy incidence in cases negative for the criteria is 0.01%, or 1/10,000.

Conclusion:

Application of the proposed criteria to adults undergoing tonsillectomy for benign indication identifies a subset of patients with an estimated incidence of occult malignancy similar to that reported for pediatric tonsillectomy, and potentially may permit safe elimination of pathologic analysis of their tonsil specimens.

Level of Evidence:

Pooled analysis of case series from the literature and a single institution, level 4.
A Retrospective on U.S. v. Microsoft: Why Does It Resonate Today?
Authors: Rubinfeld Daniel L.
Published: August 2020

The U.S. v. Microsoft case was filed in 1998, the District Court filed its opinion in 2000, and the D.C. Circuit’s opinion came down in 2001. This article explains why the case continues to stand as an important Sherman Act, Section 2 monopolization case. Moreover, if restated and reviewed as a two-sided market case in light of Ohio v. Am. Express Co., the outline would be unchanged.
Knocking sovereign customers off their pedestals? When contact staff educate, amateurize, and penalize deviant customers
Authors: Rouquet Aurélien , Suquet Jean-Baptiste
Published: August 2020

Promoted by marketing discourses, customer sovereignty is characterized by the cult of the customer and the belief that contact staff have to serve the customer. However, research shows that customers adopt improper conduct, such as fraudulent or aggressive behaviors. While largely tolerated, these behaviors prove damaging for contact staff and could eventually lead them to react. How do frontline actors react to such behaviors, which prevent them from developing customer relations in accordance with the mythical discourse? This is the question our article explores. To do so, we use Becker’s interactionism approach to deviance, and investigate how frontline actors in five organizations deal with customer complaints they consider as ‘deviant’. Our results show that when faced with behaviors that they no longer wish to tolerate, contact staff educate, amateurize, or penalize the customer. This research contributes by conceptualizing three alternative forms of relations to customer sovereignty, which contact staff attempt to legitimize through internal and external resources.
The hegemony of men in global value chains: Why it matters for labour governance
Authors: McCarthy Lauren , Soundararajan Vivek , Taylor Scott
Published: August 2020

Substandard labour practices continue to be observed in global value chains (GVCs), even where there are strong legal frameworks and in those that engage with ethical accreditation schemes. We argue that this indicates a slow rate of progressive change in GVC labour governance, that is due in part to the lack of attention paid to the interplay of men, masculinities and GVC operation. We offer a reading of Jeff Hearn’s ‘hegemony of men’ framework as a means of showing and deconstructing men’s power within GVC labour standards and welfare programmes, to understand how particular forms of masculinity are reproduced to detrimental effect. Our critical review of the GVC literature emphasises the need to recognise how the social category of ‘men’ has both material and discursive effects on GVCs. We then present a research agenda that emphasises how an intersectional lens on the hegemony of men can surface how complexities of race, class, caste and other experiences of working in GVCs interact with dominant forms of masculinity. This would significantly enhance our understanding of how governance mechanisms might be better designed and operationalised in GVCs, for the betterment of all.
Are Carbon Taxes Regressive in India? Evidence from NSSO Data
Authors: Bhat Aaqib Ahmad , Mishra Prajna Paramita
Published: August 2020

Carbon tax, being less costly in achieving a given abatement target, has been highly recommended by economists and international organisations. However, distributional concerns against the carbon tax has been a matter of concern in the domain of public policy. This article tries to analyse the distributional impact of Carbon tax in India by using National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data. The results of the study indicate that carbon pricing seems to hit the lower-expenditure households by a greater proportion than the rich elites. The severity was found to be greater for the rural households than the urban households. Strong regressivity was found in the energy use for cooking and lighting. However, for transportation, the results indicate mild progressivity. Among the various energy fuels, households using coal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, firewood and dung cake for cooking and lighting were found to be hit hard by carbon pricing. In contrast, electricity consumption was found to be distributionally neutral. Petrol and diesel use for transportation were found to be progressive. The study advocates that regressivity of carbon tax should be taken into account by way of targeted revenue recycling measures like lump-sum transfers among poor households and cut in other distortionary taxes.
The Social Terrain of Rebel Held Territory
Authors: Breslawski Jori
Published: August 2020

The extent of local order varies widely in rebel held areas, from total chaos to well-run governing institutions. When these institutions exist, why do some include civilian input in local affairs, while others exclude civilians from governance? I argue that rebels choose different governing strategies that maximize their utility of territorial control, based on certain characteristics of civilian inhabitants populating the territory. Rebels’ constituency determines whether rebels seek to govern civilians or control them solely with coercive violence, and community cohesion (or lack thereof) then determines the type of institutions that rebels develop. I focus on three different outcomes for communities under rebel control—no institutions, exclusive institutions, and inclusive institutions. I test my argument using historical, statistical, and case evidence, leveraging original cross-national data on local order in rebel held territory as well as interviews with village heads, ex-combatants, and community members in Aceh, Indonesia.
The Impact of the Big Five Personality Traits and Motivational Self-System on Iranian EFL Learners’ Intended Effort: An Investigation into McAdams’ Model of Personality
Authors: Ghorbani Majid , Rashvand Semiyari Shokouh
Published: August 2020

Although L2 Motivational Self System has received extensive attention over the past decade or so, its relations with the Big Five Traits and their impact on effort expended towards L2 learning within a dynamic Model of Personality has remained largely unexplored in second language (L2) studies. Accordingly, this article details a quantitative study drawing on McAdams’s (1995) model to investigate the contribution(s) of the Motivational Self System and the Big Five Traits on L2 learners’ intended effort. To this end, 654 Low-intermediate to Intermediate English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners were asked to complete the Big Five Inventory-2 along with the Motivational Factors Questionnaire. The predictive power of the variables under the study were analysed through multiple regression including standard and sequential regressions. Among the personality traits, Open-mindedness had the greatest impact and Conscientiousness had significant, yet moderate effect on the learners’ intended effort. Among the motivational facets, Ideal L2 Self had the greatest contribution, Attitudes Towards Learning English had the second most significant part, and lastly, Ought-to L2 Self had moderate, yet significant effect on learners’ intended effort. The findings also indicated that the motivational facets overshadowed the personality traits when they were entered in to the model simultaneously. The implications and suggestions for further research were also highlighted.
Origami spring–inspired metamaterials and robots: An attempt at fully programmable robotics
Authors: Hu Fuwen , Wang Wei , Cheng Jingli , Bao Yunchang
Published: August 2020

Recent advances in three-dimensional printing technologies provide one way not only to speed up freeform fabrication but also to exert programmable control over mechanical properties. Besides, origami-inspired structures, origami-inspired metamaterials, and even origami-inspired robotics primarily demonstrate the promising potential for innovative inspirations of engineering solutions. The motivation of this work is to explore a fully programmable robotic perspective with a fusion of programmable metamaterials, programmable mechanics, and programmable fabrication. First, we proposed an illustrative roadmap for transforming an origami model into a fully programmable robotic system. Then, we introduced an origami spring model and revealed its shape-shifting geometry and intrinsic metamaterial mechanisms, especially the rarely switchable behavior from transverse compression to longitudinal stretchability, and the curvilinear deployment. Furthermore, we addressed the fabrication challenges of three-dimensional printable origami sheets considering three-dimensional printability, foldability with high elasticity, and good damage tolerance. Finally, we developed a fully soft manipulator in terms of the highly reversible compressibility of origami spring metamaterials. And we also devised a peristaltic crawling robot with undulatory movements induced by inclination deployment effect of origami spring metamaterials. Conceivably, the proposed fully programmable robotic system was demonstrated starting from programmable metamaterials, programmable mechanics, and programmable fabrication to programmable robotic behaviors. The contribution of this work also suggested that robotic morphing could be tunable by hierarchical programming from modeling and fabrication to actions.
Beyond competence: negotiating identity and agency in the professional development of student psychometrists
Authors: Hagen Sean , van Deventer Vasi , van Eeden René
Published: August 2020

Professional training in Psychology in South Africa is focussed extensively on developing the knowledge and skills required for professional practice. However, although attaining the required levels of knowledge and skills is a necessary condition for professionalism, it is not sufficient. Professionalism requires agential action beyond knowledgeable and skilful behaviour. The aim of this study was to explore how and to what extent the practical placements of student psychometrists contributed to the development of professionalism. Using purposive sampling, the portfolios and supervisor reports of 12 students were selected for analysis. A hybrid model of analysis was employed using thematic analysis, discourse analysis, and positioning theory. Thematic analysis confirmed the discursive context as one of knowledge and skill development, which manifested as an expert–novice discourse within the texts. The discourse offered four subject positions, hierarchically related in mentor–mentee and insider–outsider configurations, supporting an apprenticeship model of increased socialisation into professional practice. However, the outsider position warranted a student–client positioning in a democratic relationship that resisted and disrupted the hierarchical relationships of the expert–novice discourse, demonstrating the presence of agential actions characteristic of professionalism. In conclusion, it is argued that such disruptions of mentor–mentee and insider–outsider positioning should be tolerated and accommodated in practical training settings.
Korean missions: Joy over obligation
Authors: Kim Sebastian , Kim Kirsteen
Published: August 2020

Korean Christianity has produced an exceptionally large number of martyrs. At the same time, this phenomenon is marked by joyful witness in Korea and in other parts of the world. This article explores some of the key stages in the early growth of Korean Protestant Christianity from the perspective of joy: the evangelists in the 1880s, the revival movements in the early 1900s, and the sending of the first Korean missionaries. These examples show that Christian mission was understood more as the natural and joyful outcome of being in Christ than as a duty and command.
Iterative method to the coupled operator matrix equations with sub-matrix constraint and its application in control
Authors: Song Caiqin
Published: August 2020

A finite iterative algorithm is presented for solving the numerical solutions to the coupled operator matrix equations in Zhang (2017b). In this paper, a new finite iterative algorithm is presented for solving the constraint solutions to the coupled operator matrix equations [Formula: see text], where the constraint solutions include symmetric solutions, bisymmetric solutions and reflexive solutions as special cases. If this system is consistent, for any initial constraint matrices, the exact constraint solutions can be obtained by the introduced algorithm within finite iterative steps in the absence of the roundoff errors. Also, if this system is not consistent, the least-norm constraint solutions can be obtained within the finite iteration steps in the absence of the roundoff errors. Furthermore, if a group of suitable matrices are given, the optimal approximation solutions can be derived. Finally, several numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the presented iterative algorithm.
Genesis of dolomite in the upper assemblage of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the southeastern Sulige gas field, Ordos Basin, China: Evidence from C, O, and Sr isotopes and major and trace elements
Authors: Zhu Liwen , Wang Zhenliang , Feng Qianghan , Zhang Bo , Wei Li , Yu Zhuyu
Published: August 2020

Typical dolomite reservoirs exist in the upper assemblage of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the southeastern Sulige gas field, Ordos Basin, however, the current understanding of dolomite genesis needs to be clarified. This study confirms the dolomitization characteristics, diagenetic environment, and genesis of dolomite through the use of core observations, thin section identification, and geochemical data (carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, strontium isotopes, and major and trace element contents). The results showed that dolomite samples from the study area includes micritic dolomite, powder crystal dolomite, and micrite to powder crystal dolomite, in which the main reservoir space consisted of intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores and various dissolved pores. The δ13C value of the dolomite samples ranged from −7.26‰ to1.28‰ with an average of −0.45‰, which is equivalent to that of seawater during the Ordovician. The δ18O value ranged from −9.94‰ to −6.32‰ with an average of −7.86‰, which is clearly more negative than that of the Ordovician seawater. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio varied from 0.70867 to 0.71033 with an average of 0.70946, which is significantly more positive than that of Ordovician seawater. The Mg/Ca ratio was lower than that of the seawater and close to 1:1. Overall, all of the samples were characterized by high Fe and Mn contents, while low Sr and Na contents. These results clearly indicate that the dolomitized fluid was closely related to seawater or a sea-source fluid. Furthermore, the restored paleosalinity, paleotemperature, and paleodepth also indicate that the dolomite was formed in a marine reducing environment. Combined with the petrological characteristics and geochemical indicators, two dolomitization models (mixed water dolomitization and burial dolomitization) were established for the upper assemblage of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in southeastern Sulige gas field. We infer that mixed water dolomitization was dominant before the Carboniferous, whereas burial dolomitization was dominant after the Early Permian.
The mechanism of stability of fault system inducing roof water-inrush
Authors: Zhijing Ma , Yanheng Li , Kai Bian , Zhibin Yang , Lijun Gao , Bo Liu , Yu Pang , Panchal Balaji
Published: August 2020

This paper analyzes the strain stability during mining, which often causes a water inrush. Mining couses costant stress on the fault zone, which is a loading process on the system composed of fault material and surrounding medium. A cusp catastrophe model is presented and the necessary and sufficient conditions leading to fault systems are discussed. The fault zone is assumed to be planar and is a combination of two media: medium-1 is elastic-brittle or strain-hardening and medium-2 is strain-softening. The shear stress-strain constitutive model for the strain-softening medium is described by the Weibull’s distribution law. It was found that the instability of a fault system mainly relies on the ratio between the stiffness of medium1 to the post-peak stiffness of the strain-softening medium, and the homogeneity index of strain-softening medium and the bifurcation point, k ≤ 1, which is the turning point of the fault system from stability to potential instability. One can judge the occurrence of fault instability from this feature and regard the index D as a parameter, which reflects the precursory abnormality of a fault.
Reusing digital collections from GLAM institutions
Authors: Candela Gustavo , Sáez María Dolores , Escobar Esteban MPilar , Marco-Such Manuel
Published: August 2020

For some decades now, Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums (GLAM) institutions have published and provided access to information resources in digital format. Recently, innovative approaches have appeared such as the concept of Labs within GLAM institutions that facilitates the adoption of innovative and creative tools for content delivery and user engagement. In addition, new methods have been proposed to address the publication of digital collections as data sets amenable to computational use. In this article, we propose a methodology to create machine actionable collections following a set of steps. This methodology is then applied to several use cases based on data sets published by relevant GLAM institutions. It intends to encourage institutions to adopt the publication of data sets that support computationally driven research as a core activity.
Beyond the Tipping Point: The Role of Status in Organizations’ Public Narratives to Mobilize Support for Change
Authors: Ren Isabelle Yi
Published: August 2020

What status mechanisms underlie actors’ public narratives to mobilize change? This study examines the public narratives of a set of United States restaurant actors (2005–2016) that tried to eliminate tipping, a change which challenged a deeply ingrained social custom, took some power away from customers, and could potentially reduce servers’ income. Through a qualitative analysis of the narratives using a status lens, I reveal actors’ complex discursive status work to frame the elimination of tipping as a change that promotes compensation fairness, the professionalization of service work, cultural authenticity, and equality. This study delineates the recursive relationship between narrative and status: actors’ narratives are enabled by a rich repertoire of status hierarchies; narratives may also drive status in the sense that by organizing loose elements into coherent stories about status distinction or status problematization, narratives provide motivations for a change that may reinforce or challenge existing status hierarchies. I conclude by discussing this study’s implications for the literature on status, narrative, change, and legitimation.
Incidences and Range of Spontaneous Microscopic Lesions in the Eye of Sprague-Dawley Rats and Han Wistar Rats Used in Toxicity Studies
Authors: Cloup Emilie , Romao Pedro , Taylor Ian , Mowat Vasanthi , Mukaratirwa Sydney
Published: August 2020

The incidence and range of spontaneous microscopic lesions were determined in the eyes of male and female control Sprague-Dawley and Han Wistar rats. Data were collected retrospectively from 1411, 817, 970, 658, and 3999 rats from control groups of 4-, 13-, 26-, 52-, and 104-week studies, respectively, carried out between 1997 and 2019. Microscopic lesions of the eye were rare in 4- and 13-week studies, uncommon in 26- and 52-week studies, and were of relatively higher incidence in 104-week studies. Neoplastic lesions were sporadic and were only observed in 104-week studies. In Sprague-Dawley rats, the most common lesions (>1% in 104-week studies) were retinal degeneration, retinal rosettes/folds, and lenticular degeneration. The Han Wistar rats presented a range of ocular lesions similar to the Sprague-Dawley rats. However, retinal degeneration occurred with an earlier onset and at higher incidences, ranging from >5% in 26-week studies up to 45.72% in 104-week studies. In both strains, females exhibited higher incidences and severities of retinal degeneration. It is hoped that reference to the incidences reported here will facilitate the differentiation of spontaneous lesions from test article–induced lesions in toxicology studies in these strains of rat.
Induction of Cytochrome P450 IA1 in Mouse Hepatoma Cells as a Short-term Bioassay
Authors: Karenlampi Sirpa , Törrönen Riitta
Published: August 2020

The inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1 cell culture has been used as a quantitative bioassay for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD). The detection limit was 0.5pM TCDD. The basal AHH activity was about 2U/mg protein, and the maximally induced activity was about 100U/mg protein. ED50 for TCDD was 7pM. Similar data were obtained using 7-ethoxyresorufin as a substrate (EROD activity). Extraction of several consumer paper products with acetone gave an uncharacterised mixture of AHH inducers. The estimated TCDD (equivalents) in these extracts varied between 0 and 42pg/g of paper.
Morphometric Registration of Cytotoxic Changes of Epithelial Cells In Vitro: A Methodological Study
Authors: Andersen Lis , Arenholt-Bindslev Dorthe
Published: August 2020

Quantification of toxicity-induced cytomorphological effects in an epithelial cell culture system is described. Estimates of volume density and star volume of mitochondria and lysosomes are given. Mean volumes (n = 5) and coefficients of variation of these parameters were equal in experimental (TPA-treatment) and control cultures. An optimal allocation of resources for estimating cytomorphometric parameters would be to increase the number of culture flasks.
Yeast Cells as a Test System for Evaluating the Toxicity of Chemicals
Authors: Stadtlander Klaus , Lawohnus Heidemarie
Published: August 2020

The first 13 substances of the MEIC (multicentre evaluation study of in vitro cytotoxicity) project were tested in a test system in which the generation time of yeast cells in their logarithmic growth phase was used as the endpoint. Toxic effects, expressed as EC10, EC20 or EC50 values, were correlated with octanol/water partition coefficients. The correlation was found to be very high, indicating that the lipophilicity of substances is a key parameter for describing the toxicity of chemicals.
Membrane Vesiculation Induced by Amphiphiles
Authors: Isomaa Boris , Hägerstrand Henry
Published: August 2020

Amphiphilic compounds, having the ability to alter the shape of erythrocytes, and to protect erythrocytes against hypotonic haemolysis, were studied for their ability to induce membrane vesiculation in human erythrocytes. About 40 amphiphilic compounds (including surfactants, bile salts, fatty acids, lysolecithin, phenothiazines, propanolol and benzyl alcohol) were studied. At a concentration where they exhibit maximum protection against hypotonic haemolysis, all the amphiphiles induced release of microvesicles from the membrane. Amphiphiles altering the shape of erythrocytes to sphero-echinocytes, induced a release of exovesicles, whereas amphiphiles altering the shape of erythrocytes to stomatocytes caused release of endovesicles. Some amphiphiles induced complex shape alterations by first causing sphero-echinocytes and then stomatocytes. These amphiphiles induced release of both exovesicles and endovesicles.
Hepatotoxicity of Opiates and Cocaine on Different Hepatic Cellular Systems
Authors: Jover Ramiro , Ponsoda Xavier , Castell Jose Vicente , Gómez-Lechón Maria José
Published: August 2020

We have studied the hepatotoxic effects of cocaine and opioids (morphine, heroin, meperidine, methadone and buprenorphine) on two experimental cellular systems: primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cell lines (FaO and Hep G2). Three methods were used to evaluate cytotoxicity: intracellular measurement of LDH activity, measurement of total attached cellular protein content, and the MTT test. The results show that:

1) Morphine, heroin and cocaine were more toxic to 1-24-hour primary cultures (IC50: 0.16-0.56mM) than to the other liver-derived cells (IC50: 0.62-8.00mM).

2) Meperidine and methadone produced more evident toxic effects on the hepatoma cell lines (IC50: 0.6–2.0 and 0.08–0.25mM, respectively) than on the primary hepatocyte cultures (IC50: 1.7–4.5 and 0.25–0.50mM, respectively).

3) The toxicity of buprenorphine was similar in all cellular systems (IC50: 0.03–0.13mM).

4) With regard to their toxic potential, we found that buprenorphine and methadone were the most toxic compounds in the majority of the tests. On the other hand, meperidine was least toxic to primary hepatocyte cultures, but showed higher toxicity than morphine, heroin and cocaine to the hepatoma cell lines.
The Use of Marine Algae for Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution
Authors: Nielsen Søren Achim , Clausen Jørgen
Published: August 2020

The phytoplankton species Chlorella stigmatophora was used to monitor the effect of lead (as lead chloride). In order to standardise the toxicity assay, initial low concentrations of algae were used during optimal supply with nutrients, to avoid the problem of light shading.

The growth rates of control algae were compared during 3–4 doubling periods with those exposed to 98-980nM lead. Since heavy metals may influence enzymic activities, e.g. of selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase by precipitating selenium as selenium selenide, the growth rate was compared with the specific glutathione peroxidase activity.

Our data demonstrate that it is possible to monitor for lead toxicity (and other heavy metal toxicity) both by decrease in growth rate and by inhibition of enzymic activity. Since cultivation of unicellular algae is relatively simple, it should be possible to use such systems for ecotoxicological screening.
Quantification of Eye Irritation Based upon In Vitro Changes of Corneal Thickness
Authors: Jacobs Guido A. , Martens Mark A.
Published: August 2020

Measurement of corneal swelling is an objective assessment of irritation in in vivo tests. The same measurement may be made in in vitro tests using the isolated eye test (IET), which has been recommended by the European Community as an alternative for in vivo eye irritation tests. In order to compare the corneal swelling in vivo and in vitro, tests were performed with 34 substances. The in vitro test results were assessed for their ability to predict eye-irritant potential.

The corneal swelling data in vivo after 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours were compared with the in vitro data obtained after 2 and 4 hours. Slight linear correlation was found between the corneal swelling in vivo after 4 hours and the corneal swelling in vitro after 4 hours (r=0.77).

The substances tested can be divided into two groups, according to their ability to create opacity in either the epithelial layer or in the stroma. When the substances causing epithelial opacity were omitted from the comparison, a much better linear correlation was obtained between the mean corneal swelling 121 vitro over 2 and 4 hours and the mean corneal swelling calculated in vivo for all animals and over three observation times (24, 48 and 72 hours; r=0.91), the latter being the observation times prescribed by EC legislation (1). A comparison of the mean corneal opacity scores observed in vivo and the mean percentage corneal swelling in vitro gave a satisfactory linear correlation (r=0.89). From this study it can be deduced that a mean corneal swelling of 55%, obtained in isolated eyes over 2 and 4 hours, corresponds with the limit for classification as irritant, to the eye. When this criterion was applied to all substances causing no epithelial opacity (n=28), only one false positive and no false negatives were found.
Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices: A Review of EU Regulations, with Emphasis on In Vitro Screening for Biocompatibility
Authors: Schmalz Gottfried
Published: August 2020

— The quality of medical devices (including their biocompatibility) is regulated throughout the European Economic Area by Directive 93/42/EEC, which came into effect on 1 January 1995. The CE (conformity assessment) mark placed on the device shows conformity with the essential requirements, which guarantee the desired level of quality. Standards can be used to prove this conformity with the essential requirements. Scientific input is needed to produce and update relevant standards.