bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using dynamic perturbations to identify fragilities in biochemical networks
Authors: Jacobsen Elling W. , Trane Camilla
Published: April 2010

Biological functions at the cellular level result from interactions between genes, proteins and metabolites within complex biochemical reaction networks. Identifying specific and localized fragilities in such networks is important to understand the source of biological malfunctions, and to devise strategies for fighting disease states that have developed robustness. Herein we consider a method based on robust control theoretic concepts for identifying network fragilities. In particular, we consider adding static or dynamic perturbations to the network edges, i.e. the direct binary interactions within the network, and compute the smallest perturbation that induces a bifurcation, and hence a qualitative change, in the network function. The proposed method can also serve as a powerful modeling tool in that it can be used to identify parts of a model that require more detailed descriptions of the underlying processes. The method is demonstrated by application to models of sustained oscillations in the glycolytic pathway and bistability in the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The analysis of treatment effects for recurring episodic conditions
Authors: Pullenayegum Eleanor M. , Cook Richard J.
Published: April 2010

Many chronic disease processes feature acute episodic conditions which warrant therapeutic intervention to alleviate symptoms or reduce the risk of further complications. Examples of such disease processes arise in fields such as neurology, where migraineurs experience recurrent attacks of migraine, and respirology, where patients suffering from asthma, cystic fibrosis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may experience recurrent exacerbations. In randomized clinical trials, patients suffering from diseases of this sort are often randomized to one of several treatments and followed over a fixed period of time, during which any episodes are treated with the assigned treatment. When the outcome of interest is a response to treatment at each episode, the data have a similar structure to longitudinal data from studies with prescheduled follow‐up assessments, and it is commonplace for analyses to be based on the corresponding methodology. However, this approach ignores the fact that the timing of episodes, and hence the number observed in any given period, is stochastic. In this tutorial we demonstrate the biases that result from naive analyses, discuss analyses that account for the complete stochastic nature, and use a recent migraine trial for illustration. We conclude with some considerations for the design of randomized trials where the unit of analysis is the episode rather than the patient. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint modeling of progression‐free survival and death in advanced cancer clinical trials
Authors: Dejardin David , Lesaffre Emmanuel , Verbeke Geert
Published: April 2010

Progression‐related endpoints (such as time to progression or progression‐free survival) and time to death are common endpoints in cancer clinical trials. It is of interest to study the link between progression‐related endpoints and time to death (e.g. to evaluate the degree of surrogacy). However, current methods ignore some aspects of the definitions of progression‐related endpoints. We review those definitions and investigate their impact on modeling the joint distribution. Further, we propose a multi‐state model in which the association between the endpoints is modeled through a frailty term. We also argue that interval‐censoring needs to be taken into account to more closely match the latent disease evolution. The joint distribution and an expression for Kendall's τ are derived. The model is applied to data from a clinical trial in advanced metastatic ovarian cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Case study and analogue methodologies in climate change vulnerability research
Authors: Ford James D. , Keskitalo E. C. H. , Smith Tanya , Pearce Tristan , Berrang‐Ford Lea , Duerden Frank , Smit Barry
Published: April 2010

Assessing vulnerability is an important component of human dimensions of climate change (HDCC) research. Vulnerability assessments identify and characterize who and what are sensitive to climatic risks and why, characterize adaptive capacity and its determinants, and identify opportunities for adaptation. This paper examines the importance of case study and analogue methodologies in vulnerability research, reviews the historical evolution of the two methodologies in the HDCC field, and identifies ways in which they can be used to increase our understanding of vulnerability. Case studies involve in‐depth place‐based research that focuses on a particular exposure unit (e.g., community, industry, etc.) to characterize vulnerability and its determinants. Temporal analogues use past and present experiences and responses to climatic variability, change and extremes to provide insights for vulnerability to climate change; spatial analogues involve conducting research in one region and identifying parallels to how another region might be affected by climate change. Vulnerability research that uses case studies and analogues can help to develop an understanding of the determinants of vulnerability and how they interact, and identify opportunities to reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity to current and future climate risks. This information can assist policy makers in developing adaptation plans and to mainstream climate change adaptation into other policy‐ and decision‐making processes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies
Embodiment as a unifying perspective for psychology
Authors: Glenberg Arthur M.
Published: April 2010

A basic claim of the embodiment framework is that all psychological processes are influenced by body morphology, sensory systems, motor systems, and emotions. As such, the framework holds the promise of providing a unifying perspective for psychological research. This article begins with a sketch of several arguments, from evolution to philosophy, as to why the embodiment framework is a good bet. These arguments are followed by a review of approaches to embodiment, including those from cognitive linguistics, perceptual symbol theory, and action‐based theories. Finally, examples are provided for how a unifying perspective might work for cognition (including language and memory), cognitive and social development, social psychology, neuroscience, clinical psychology, and psychology applied to education. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Theory and Methods
Tree‐structured classifiers
Authors: Loh Wei‐Yin
Published: April 2010

A tree‐structured classifier is a decision tree for predicting a class variable from one or more predictor variables. THAID was the first such algorithm. This article focuses on the classification and regression trees CART® C4.5, and GUIDE methods. The algorithms are briefly reviewed and their similarities and differences are compared on a real data set and by simulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Classification and Regression Trees (CART)
More carrots than sticks: Antanas Mockus's civic culture policy in Bogotá
Authors: Buendía Felipe Cala
Published: April 2010

The son of a Lithuanian artist, Antanas Mockus was the president of the National University in Colombia before he became mayor of Bogotá in 1995. As mayor, he transformed the city into a huge classroom, not only bringing to his administration a new view of governing but also transforming the way people exercised their citizenship. Mockus resorted to a creative communicative and pedagogical effort to change the citizens' hearts and minds in favor of peaceful coexistence and legal compliance. Symbols, metaphors, and humor became the language through which the administration would enforce its measures to deal with urban violence. Unconventional techniques, such as a symbolic vaccine against domestic violence and the use of mimes to control traffic circulation and create a sense of shame among those who committed infractions, helped to stop crime and develop a new sense of citizenship.
Silent gains: Instituto Buena Bista and art as catalyst among Curaçaoan youth
Authors: González Iberia Pérez
Published: April 2010

Considering the limited opportunities and resources for creative education, artists David Bade and Tirzo Martha, along with art historian Nancy Hoffmann, developed a dynamic platform to support creative young talent on the Dutch Caribbean island of Curaçao. The aim of Instituto Buena Bista (IBB), founded in 2006, is to strengthen the arena of culture and the visual arts by offering young Curaçaoans a basic but thorough course in art education that is meant to function as a springboard to more advanced art schools. With only two years of operation, the IBB is already seeing how some of its students go to art academies abroad and participate in art contests in the Netherlands. An exploration of how the IBB is filling up a cultural void by proposing an alternative to local youth education that allows them to develop a buena bista—a new and different view of their island, their futures, and themselves.
The Beat of Boyle Street: Empowering Aboriginal youth through music making
Authors: Wang Elaine L.
Published: April 2010

An irrepressibly popular musical phenomenon, hip‐hop is close to spoken word and focuses on lyrics with a message, reviving local traditions of song that tell histories, counsel listeners, and challenge participants to outdo one another in clever exchanges. A hip‐hop music‐making program in Edmonton, Canada, successfully reengages at‐risk Aboriginal youth in school with high levels of desertion and helps them establish a healthy sense of self and of their identity as Aboriginals.
Music as social medicine: Two perspectives on the West‐Eastern Divan Orchestra
Authors: Washington David M. , Beecher Devin G.
Published: April 2010

The social power of music can effect stable and positive changes in individual health and communities that have significant health risks. Two observers, a medical student and a music student, discuss respectively the ideals and challenges of this principle put into practice. Their reflections about the role of music as social therapy and space for cultural communication stem from their one‐week involvement with the West‐Eastern Divan Orchestra at its summer institute in Spain.
Boal's Theater of the Oppressed and how to derail real‐life tragedies with imagination
Authors: Schaedler Maria Tereza
Published: April 2010

In the 1960s, Augusto Boal created a process whereby audience members could stop a performance and suggest different actions for the actors, who would then carry out the audience's suggestions. Then, he began inviting audience members onto the stage to demonstrate their ideas and discovered that through their participation they become empowered not only to imagine change but also to practice it and generate social action. The author studied with him and shares with us her own expertise as a practicing artist and educator of youth and adult immigrants, using Boal's revolutionary methods.
Das neue Neodym(III)‐Oxidchlorid‐Oxoselenat(IV) Nd7O5Cl3[SeO3]4
Authors: Zitzer Sabine , Schleid Thomas
Published: April 2010

Pale violet, needle‐shaped single crystals of the new neodymium(III) oxide chloride oxoselenate(IV) Nd7O5Cl3[SeO3]4 were obtained by the reaction of Nd2O3 and NdCl3 with SeO2 (molar ratio: 3:1:4) in evacuated silica ampoules within seven days at 775 °C, if an excess of CsCl worked as fluxing agent. Nd7O5Cl3[SeO3]4 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ with the lattice parameters a = 694.46(4), b = 944.53(5), c = 1567.92(9) pm, α = 87.821(3), β = 81.849(3), γ = 84.852(3)° and Z = 2. Its structure exhibits seven crystallographically different Nd3+ cations, of which (Nd1)3+ – (Nd4)3+ are coordinated by O2– anions forming distorted square prisms. The polyhedra of (Nd1)3+ and (Nd2)3+ receive additional caps by one Cl– anion each, and (Nd5)3+ – (Nd7)3+ show mixed square antiprismatic environments of O2– and Cl– anions too. However, the polyhedra of (Nd5)3+ and (Nd6)3+ include two, the polyhedron about (Nd7)3+ even three Cl– anions. Two‐dimensional ${}^2_\infty \{[\textrm{O}_5\textrm{Nd}_7]^{11+}\}$ layers of edge‐ and vertex‐linked [ONd4]10+ tetrahedra are built up by (O1)2– – (O5)2– together with all Nd3+ cations. All the other oxygen atoms belong to four crystallographically different Se4+ cations erecting ψ1‐tetrahedral oxoselenate(IV) units [SeO3]2– with stereochemically active non‐bonding electron pairs (“lone pairs”) pointing into the free space between the ${}^2_\infty \{[\textrm{O}_5\textrm{Nd}_7]^{11+}\}$ layers. Three independent Cl– anions in threefold coordination of Nd3+ cations interconnect the ${}^2_\infty \{([\textrm{O}_5\textrm{Nd}_7][\textrm{SeO}_3]_4)^{3+}\}$ layers to form a three‐dimensional network, thereby achieving the charge balance.
Structural Effects of Cu/Zn Substitution in the Malachite–Rosasite System
Authors: Behrens Malte , Girgsdies Frank
Published: April 2010

Synthetic zincian malachite samples (Cu1–xZnx)2(OH)2CO3withx= 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction and optical spectroscopy. The XRD patterns of the samples up tox= 0.2 indicate single phase materials with an approximately linear dependence of the refined lattice parameters on the zinc content. In contrast, the sample with a nominal zinc contentx= 0.3 shows the formation of a small amount of aurichalcite (Zn,Cu)5(OH)6(CO3)2as an additional phase. Based on the lattice parameter variations, the zinc content of the zincian malachite component in this sample is estimated to bex≈︁ 0.27, which seems to represent the maximum possible substitution in zincian malachite under the synthesis conditions applied. The results are discussed in relation to preparation of Cu/ZnO catalysts and the crystal structures of the minerals malachite and rosasite. One striking difference between these two structurally closely related phases is the orientation of the Jahn–Teller elongated axes of the CuO6octahedra in the unit cell, which seems to be correlated with the placement of the monoclinicβangle. The structural and chemical relationship between these crystallographically distinct phases is discussed using a hypothetical intermediate Zn2(OH)2CO3phase of higher orthorhombic symmetry. In addition to the crystallographic analysis, optical spectroscopy proves to be a useful tool for estimation of the Cu:Zn ratio in (Cu1–xZnx)2(OH)2CO3samples.
Structural Studies of Bi2(FexAl1–x)4O9 Solid Solutions (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) Prepared by a Combined Mechanochemical/Thermal Synthesis
Authors: Da Silva Klebson L. , Šepelák Vladimir , Paesano Andrea , Litterst F. Jochen , Becker Klaus‐Dieter
Published: April 2010

Bi2(FexAl1–x)4O9 solid solutions with 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 prepared by mechanochemical processing of α‐Fe2O3/Bi2O3/Al2O3 mixtures and subsequent annealing were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and EDX. A Rietveld refinement was made for the whole range of the solid solutions. The structure is orthorhombic with space group Pbam. Mössbauer spectroscopy reveals paramagnetic behavior for Bi2(FexAl1–x)4O9 with 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 at room temperature and indicates significant distortion of the octahedral iron coordination for aluminum‐rich mixed crystals. The occupancy of octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated sites was determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy and Rietveld analysis. For x ≥ 0.5, the Mössbauer measurements as well as the Rietveld refinements show an almost random distribution of aluminum and iron cations over the two non‐equivalent sites, whereas for x < 0.5, a slight preference of iron for the octahedral sites is observed.
Actualité de l'occasionnalisme
Authors: Pinchard Bruno
Published: April 2010

La métaphysique ne commence pas par la question de l’être, mais par la rencontre d’un fait, faute de quoi elle s’embarrasse dans des questions logiques. On tente alors d’accéder à un fondement ontologique pour la métaphysique antérieur au système des catégories, fondement divin d’une Philosophia perennis qui demeure au-delà de la mutation des systèmes. Un tel principe se dote d’une forme spécifique d’intelligibilité, l’occasionnalisme, qui permet de concevoir une nouvelle unité des savoirs et de reconnaître l’importance de la fonction symbolique dans les croyances humaines. La métaphysique apparaît ainsi comme la seule défense contre les retours actuels de l’irrationalisme.
Le XXIe siècle peut-il être métaphysicien?
Authors: Sledziewski Elisabeth G.
Published: April 2010

La métaphysique fut souvent critiquée depuis le développement du rationalisme moderne. Les postmodernes vont-ils continuer les critiques portées contre sa rigidité épistémologique, vont-ils répéter les attaques contre son totalitarisme éthique et politique? Beaucoup de philosophes contemporains le pensent. Mais ils peuvent se tromper. Notre temps a besoin d'une nouvelle définition de l'élément humain qui s'accorderait avec l’humanisme démocratique. Seule la métaphysique est capable de poser les fondations d’une philosophie des droits de l’homme, établissant l’égale dignité des personnes et des peuples en tant que sujets.
Grenzöffnungen in geteilten Städten — Simulationen der Folgen für die Stadtstruktur1
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang
Published: April 2010

Poland's joining the EU rises the question of the effects the opening of borders has on formerly separated cities. As consequence of the fall of the Berlin wall Häußermann and Kapphan (2000) observed the development of segregation. This contribution, by means of microeconomic simulations of the housing market, examines whether their findings are systematic or rather an empirical exception. Under a perfect price mechanism, segregation already arises within the divided city and remains even after the border has been opened. In case of limited pricing, segregation can be avoided as long as the city is divided but not after its unification.
Stadtregion als kooperatives Netzwerk
Authors: Krau Ingrid
Published: April 2010

With the partial project for Munich entitled “Mobility and Communication — Strategies and Visions for the City and the Region” in the framework of the combined project “Future Munich 2030” the attempt was made to understand mobility and communication as integrative forces of urban society and as generators for urban society and urban culture.

With special regard to Munich, whose society is characterised by varied Interactive discourses and an individual public urban culture, the question of the urban relationship in the context of the future city region has gained a particular significance.
Die Schaffung gleichwertiger Lebensbedingungen in allen Teilräumen
Authors: Hübler Karl-Hermann
Published: April 2010

The public discussion about the Standard for the creation of equivalent living conditions in all sub-areas has obtained a topicality in Germany for a number of reasons that has even prompted the Federal President to mention the subject recently. Government spatial planning in the federation and the federal states (Länder) has not taken up this new discussion at all or only tentatively. The author describes the relationships between spatial planning tasks and the Implementation of this Standard. He refers to earlier discussions on the subject in the former Federal Republic of Germany and to the State of the scientific discourse at that time. He outlines the fact that “no levers” are available with the Federal Constitution and also with the specific stipulations of the Spatial Planning Act to realise this demand on a 1∶1 scale, as is called for in many places now. He describes what should be done instead in his view.
Phase II Clinical Trial of Postoperative S‐1 Monotherapy for Gastric Cancer Patients with Free Intraperitoneal Cancer Cells Detected by Real‐Time RT‐PCR
Authors: Ito Seiji , Kodera Yasuhiro , Mochizuki Yoshinari , Kojima Taiki , Nakanishi Hayao , Yamamura Yoshitaka
Published: April 2010

Background

We have previously reported the molecular detection of peritoneal micrometastases in patients with gastric cancer by quantifying carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA in the peritoneal washes. Patients with CEA mRNA exceeding a cutoff value have a significant risk for developing peritoneal carcinomatosis, but optimal treatment for this population remains unknown.

Methods

CEA mRNA (+) patients with gastric cancer were treated postoperatively with S‐1 monotherapy. Overall survival, the primary endpoint of this phase II trial, was compared with the historical control, which is comprised of CEA mRNA (+) patients who were not given postoperative chemotherapy.

Results

A total of 32 patients with CEA mRNA (+) gastric cancer were enrolled. Twelve patients (37.5%) relapsed; ten showed peritoneal relapse. Three‐year survival was similar between the study population and the historical control (67.3% vs. 67.1%, respectively).

Conclusions

S‐1 monotherapy, which significantly reduced risk for recurrence in stage II/III gastric carcinoma in another phase III trial, seems not to be as effective in eradicating free cancer cells in the abdominal cavity.
The influence of habitat provisioning: use of earthworm burrows by the terrestrial salamander, Plethodon cinereus
Authors: Cáceres‐Charneco Rita I. , Ransom Tami S.
Published: April 2010

Studies examining the influence of habitat provisioning by one species on the behavior of other species can provide key insights regarding impacts of ecosystem engineers on the availability of resources to other species. More specifically, an organism's use of additional habitat provided by ecosystem engineers may affect the interpretation of observational or demographic data. We chose to examine the possible influence of earthworms, as ecosystem engineers, on the behavior of terrestrial salamanders, common forest vertebrates in North America. We conducted two experiments in microcosms to examine whether the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris acted as an ecosystem engineer by providing additional habitat (burrows) for Plethodon cinereus, a common woodland salamander. We also examined whether the behavioral changes of the non‐burrowing, fossorial P. cinereus differed across age classes. Adults and juveniles responded similarly, with both adults and juveniles found under cover objects more often when earthworms were absent and using earthworm burrows when available. Our field data supported our experimental data in that greater numbers of earthworms on field plots were associated with a lower proportion of cover objects being occupied by salamanders (i.e., salamanders were likely underground). We found no differences in the response of adults and juveniles to the presence of earthworms. By providing underground habitat for a common terrestrial amphibian, the presence of earthworms may impact demographic studies on salamanders and conclusions drawn from those studies regarding aboveground faunal communities in eastern North America.
Road impacts a tipping point for wildlife populations in threatened landscapes
Authors: Roger Erin , Laffan Shawn W. , Ramp Daniel
Published: April 2010

The conservation of wildlife populations living adjacent to roads is gaining international recognition as a worldwide concern. Populations living in road‐impacted environments are influenced by spatial parameters including the amount and arrangement of suitable habitat. Similarly, heterogeneity in threatening processes can act at a variety of spatial scales and be crucial in affecting population persistence. Common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) are considered both widespread and abundant throughout their eastern Australian continental distribution. They nevertheless face many threats, primarily human induced. As well as impacts from disease and predation by introduced species, high roadside fatality rates on many rural roads are frequently reported. We parameterized a model for common wombat population viability analysis within a 750‐km2 area of the northwestern corner of Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales, Australia, and tested its sensitivity to changes in the values of basic parameters. We then assessed the relative efficiency of various mitigation measures by examining the combined impact from roads, disease and predation on wombat subpopulation persistence in the area. We constructed a stage‐structured and spatially explicit model incorporating estimates of survival and fecundity parameters for each of the identified subpopulations using RAMAS GIS. Estimates of current threatening processes suggest mitigating road‐kill is the most effective management solution. Results highlight the importance of recognizing the interplay between various threats and how their combination has the capacity to drive local depletion events.
The Effects of Ezetimibe and/or Orlistat on Triglyceride‐Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism in Obese Hypercholesterolemic Patients
Authors: Nakou E. S. , Filippatos T. D. , Agouridis A. P. , Kostara C. , Bairaktari E. T. , Elisaf M. S.
Published: April 2010

We investigated the factors influencing triglycerides (TG) reduction during ezetimibe, alone or combined with orlistat, administration. Eighty‐six obese hypercholesterolemic subjects were prescribed a low‐fat diet and were randomized to ezetimibe (E group), orlistat (O group), or both (OE group) for 6 months. Plasma TG and apolipoprotein (apo) C‐III reduction was significantly greater in the combination group compared with monotherapy. Multivariate analysis showed that in E group apoC‐III reduction and baseline TG levels were independently positively correlated, whereas baseline apoC‐II levels were negatively correlated, with TG lowering. In OE group apoC‐III reduction was the only independent contributor to TG reduction.
Fatty Acids Profile of Alphitonia neocaledonica and Grevillea exul var. rubiginosa Seed Oils, Occurrence of an ω5 Series
Authors: Bombarda I. , Zongo C. , McGill C. R. , Doumenq P. , Fogliani B.
Published: April 2010

This is the first report of the chemical composition of Alphitonia neocaledonica (AN) and Grevillea exul var. rubiginosa (GER) seed oils. Using retention indices and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, an unusual family of unsaturated ω5‐fatty acids has been identified. These include 14:1, 16:1, 18:1 and 20:1. Identification of the unsaturated fatty acids was confirmed by formation of DMOX derivatives which gave characteristic and easily interpreted mass spectra. DMDS adducts were used to identify the positions of double bonds in the monounsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids were 16:1ω5 (45.6%) and 18:1ω9 (20.9%) for GER and 18:2 (23.6%) and 18:3 (20.4%) for AN. The total ω5‐monoenes were 63.4 and 21.5% for GER and AN, respectively. The seed oils of AN and GER can be considered as a good source of ω5‐monoenes, especially for GER. The occurrence of the ω5‐monoenes in Alphitonia neocaledonica can at present be considered as an exception within the Rhamnaceae family. Except for Ziziphus jujuba var. inermis, no species of this family has been described with a broad profile of ω5‐monoene fatty acids.
Selecting informative food items for compiling food-frequency questionnaires: comparison of procedures
Authors: Molag Marja L. , de Vries Jeanne H. M. , Duif Niels , Ocké Marga C. , Dagnelie Pieter C. , Goldbohm R. Alexandra , van't Veer Pieter
Published: April 2010

The authors automated the selection of foods in a computer system that compiles and processes tailored FFQ. For the selection of food items, several methods are available. The aim of the present study was to compare food lists made byMOM2, which identifies food items with highest between-person variance in intake of the nutrients of interest without taking other items into account, with food lists made by forward regression. The nameMOM2refers to the variance, which is the second moment of the nutrient intake distribution. Food items were selected for the nutrients of interest from 2 d of recorded intake in 3524 adults aged 25–65 years. Food lists by 80 %MOM2were compared to those by 80 % explained variance for regression on differences between the number and type of food items, and were evaluated on (1) the percentage of explained variance and (2) percentage contribution to population intake computed for the selected items on the food list.MOM2selected the same food items for Ca, a few more for fat and vitamin C, and a few less for carbohydrates and dietary fibre than forward regression. Food lists byMOM2based on 80 % of variance in intake covered 75–87 % of explained variance for different nutrients by regression and contributed 53–75 % to total population intake. Concluding, for developing food lists of FFQ, it appears sufficient to select food items based on the contribution to variance in nutrient intake without taking covariance into account.
Application of a kinetic model to describe phosphorus metabolism in pigs fed a diet with a microbial phytase
Authors: DIAS R. S. , LOPEZ S. , MOREIRA J. A. , SCHULIN-ZEUTHEN M. , VITTI D. M. S. S. , KEBREAB E. , FRANCE J.
Published: April 2010

The objective of the current study was to apply the Vitti–Dias model to investigate phosphorus (P) metabolism in growing pigs fed a diet supplemented with microbial phytase. The basal diet contained maize, defatted rice bran, vegetable oil, soybean meal, limestone, salt and a vitamin and mineral mix. There was no inorganic P in the diet and phytase was added at levels of 253, 759, 1265 and 1748 phytase units (PU)/kg of feed. The compartmental model included four pools of P: (1) gut lumen, (2) plasma, (3) bone and (4) soft tissue. A single dose of32P was administered, and specific radioactivity was measured in plasma, faeces, bone and soft tissue (muscle, heart, liver and kidney) at different times post-dosing for calculation of P flows between pools. Total P absorbed showed a negative relationship with total P excreted in faeces and was strongly correlated with bone P retention, suggesting that absorbed P was channelled to bone to address its physiological growth. Average efficiency of metabolic utilization of absorbed P was estimated to be 0·94, with 0·52 g/g of total net P balance being accreted in bone and the rest in soft tissue (including muscle and some vital organs). The Vitti–Dias model provided suitable representation of P interchange between compartments (in particular, flows between gut and plasma and partitioning of available P between bone and soft tissue), resulting in estimates of P flows comparable with values calculated from balance data.
Grandparental investment: Past, present, and future
Authors: Coall David A. , Hertwig Ralph
Published: April 2010

What motivates grandparents to their altruism? We review answers from evolutionary theory, sociology, and economics. Sometimes in direct conflict with each other, these accounts of grandparental investment exist side-by-side, with little or no theoretical integration. They all account for some of the data, and none account for all of it. We call for a more comprehensive theoretical framework of grandparental investment that addresses its proximate and ultimate causes, and its variability due to lineage, values, norms, institutions (e.g., inheritance laws), and social welfare regimes. This framework needs to take into account that the demographic shift to low fecundity and mortality in economically developed countries has profoundly altered basic parameters of grandparental investment. We then turn to the possible impact of grandparental acts of altruism, and examine whether benefits of grandparental care in industrialized societies may manifest in terms of less tangible dimensions, such as the grandchildren's cognitive and verbal ability, mental health, and well-being. Although grandparents in industrialized societies continue to invest substantial amounts of time and money in their grandchildren, we find a paucity of studies investigating the influence that this investment has on grandchildren in low-risk family contexts. Under circumstances of duress – for example, teenage pregnancy or maternal depression – there is converging evidence that grandparents can provide support that helps to safeguard their children and grandchildren against adverse risks. We conclude by discussing the role that grandparents could play in what has been referred to as Europe's demographic suicide.
The evolutionary versus socio-economic view on grandparenthood: What are the grandparents' underlying motivations?
Authors: Pashos Alexander
Published: April 2010

Coall & Hertwig (C&H) give an ambitious review about the broad range of grandparenting literature from the perspective of different disciplines. They aim to show, how evolutionary theory, sociology, and economics can mutually enrich each other. However, the differences between the evolutionary and the socio-economic perspective should be more clearly pointed out, because they usually deal with different research questions. Grandparents' well-being could be divided into its underlying components.
IMPULSE RESPONSES OF FRACTIONALLY INTEGRATED PROCESSES WITH LONG MEMORY
Authors: Hassler Uwe , Kokoszka Piotr
Published: April 2010

Fractionally integrated time series, which have become an important modeling tool over the last two decades, are obtained by applying the fractional filter$(1 - L)^{ - d} = \sum\nolimits_{n = 0}^\infty {b_n } L^n$to a weakly dependent (short memory) sequence. Weakly dependent sequences are characterized by absolutely summable impulse response coefficients of their Wold representation. The weightsbndecay at the ratend−1and are not absolutely summable for long memory models (d> 0). It has been believed that this rate is inherited by the impulse responses of any long memory fractionally integrated model. We show that this conjecture does not hold in such generality, and we establish a simple necessary and sufficient condition for the ratend−1to be inherited by fractionally integrated processes.
Rationality as the Therapy of Self-Liberation in Spinoza’sEthics
Authors: Hampe Michael
Published: April 2010

A given statement may be plausible, well founded or true. An individual action may be judged courageous, useful or good. Human beings are judged as well, for statements or actions that invite such evaluations, though the terms used may be different: a person may be described as truthful and virtuous, clever and happy. Epistemology and ethics – the theories that justify theoretical and practical judgements – may address not only the criteria used to assess states of belief, assertions, knowledge and the like, actions, omissions and feelings, but also thepeoplethat give rise to them. Nowadays, the issue of when and how ahuman beingbecomes clever, truthful, good or happy is less a matter of philosophy and more a question for religion, psychology and pedagogy. This has not always been the case. There has been a perceptible shift in moral philosophy: in antiquity, inquiries as to when alifeis to be classified as good or happy were prevalent; in the modern era, the focus is primarily on when anindividual actionis to be regarded as right or good, wrong or bad.
A Return to the Self: Indians and Greeks on Life as Art and Philosophical Therapy
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: April 2010

Of the many interrelated themes in Pierre Hadot's Philosophy as a Way of Life: Spiritual Exercises from Socrates to Foucault, two strike me as having a particular centrality. First, there is the theme of attention to the present instant. Hadot describes this as the ‘key to spiritual exercises’ (p.84), and he finds the idea encapsulated in a quotation from Goethe's Second Faust: ‘Only the present is our happiness’ (p.217). The second theme is that of viewing the world from above: ‘philosophy signified the attempt to raise up mankind from individuality and particularity to universality and objectivity’ (p.242). Insofar as both attention to the present and raising oneself to an objective view imply the mastery of individual anxiety, passion and desire, they belong to a single conception, that conception being one of a ‘return to the self’:

Thus, all spiritual exercises are, fundamentally, a return to the self, in which the self is liberated from the state of alienation into which it has been plunged by worries, passions, and desires. The ‘self’ liberated in this way is no longer merely our egoistic, passionate individuality: it is our moral person, open to universality and objectivity, and participating in universal nature or thought (p.103).
Assessing the potential cost of a failed Doha Round
Authors: BOUET ANTOINE , Laborde David
Published: April 2010

This study offers new conclusions on the economic cost of a failed Doha Development Agenda (DDA). We assess potential outcome of the Doha Round as well as four protectionist scenarios using the MIRAGE Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. In a scenario where applied tariffs of World Trade Organization (WTO) economies would go up to currently bound tariff rates, world trade would decrease by 9.9% and world welfare by US$353 billion. The economic cost of a failed DDA is here evaluated by the difference between a cooperative scenario (DDA) and a protectionist one (US$412 billion in terms of welfare). Another point of view is to compare a resort to protectionism when the DDA is implemented with a resort to protectionism when the DDA is not implemented. The findings show that this trade agreement could prevent the potential reduction of US$809 billion of trade and, therefore, acts as an efficient multilateral ‘preventive’ scheme against the adverse consequences of trade ‘beggar-thy-neighbor’ policies.
Small fish–big issues: the effect of trade policy on the global shrimp market
Authors: DEBAERE PETER
Published: April 2010

It is a well-established theoretical result that the trade policy of a large country can directly affect its own and other countries' welfares by affecting international goods' prices. However, there exist very few empirical studies that analyze the effect of trade policy on international prices. With detailed data on unit values and tariffs, I show how policy actions in Europe disrupted the global shrimp market in a non-negligible way and set the stage for the anti-dumping case in the United States. The loss of Thailand's preferential trade status in Europe and the international differences in food-safety standards during the antibiotics crisis shifted especially Thai, Vietnamese, and Chinese shrimp exports away from Europe toward the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s. I document how those shifting markets have decreased US prices for shrimp significantly compared to those in Europe.
A model for the consolidation of rafted sea ice
Authors: Bailey E. , Feltham D. L. , Sammonds P. R.
Published: April 2010

Rafting is one of the important deformation mechanisms of sea ice. This process is widespread in the north Caspian Sea, where multiple rafting produces thick sea ice features, which are a hazard to offshore operations. Here we present a one‐dimensional, thermal consolidation model for rafted sea ice. We consider the consolidation between the layers of both a two‐layer and a three‐layer section of rafted sea ice. The rafted ice is assumed to be composed of layers of sea ice of equal thickness, separated by thin layers of ocean water. Results show that the thickness of the liquid layer reduced asymptotically with time, such that there always remained a thin saline liquid layer. We propose that when the liquid layer is equal to the surface roughness the adjacent layers can be considered consolidated. Using parameters representative of the north Caspian, the Arctic, and the Antarctic, our results show that for a choice of standard parameters it took under 15 h for two layers of rafted sea ice to consolidate. Sensitivity studies showed that the consolidation model is highly sensitive to the initial thickness of the liquid layer, the fraction of salt release during freezing, and the height of the surface asperities. We believe that further investigation of these parameters is needed before any concrete conclusions can be drawn about rate of consolidation of rafted sea ice features.
Improved extraction of hydrologic information from geophysical data through coupled hydrogeophysical inversion
Authors: Hinnell A. C. , Ferré T. P. A. , Vrugt J. A. , Huisman J. A. , Moysey S. , Rings J. , Kowalsky M. B.
Published: April 2010

There is increasing interest in the use of multiple measurement types, including indirect (geophysical) methods, to constrain hydrologic interpretations. To date, most examples integrating geophysical measurements in hydrology have followed a three‐step, uncoupled inverse approach. This approach begins with independent geophysical inversion to infer the spatial and/or temporal distribution of a geophysical property (e.g., electrical conductivity). The geophysical property is then converted to a hydrologic property (e.g., water content) through a petrophysical relation. The inferred hydrologic property is then used either independently or together with direct hydrologic observations to constrain a hydrologic inversion. We present an alternative approach, coupled inversion, which relies on direct coupling of hydrologic models and geophysical models during inversion. We compare the abilities of coupled and uncoupled inversion using a synthetic example where surface‐based electrical conductivity surveys are used to monitor one‐dimensional infiltration and redistribution. Through this illustrative example, we show that the coupled approach can provide significant reductions in uncertainty for hydrologic properties and associated predictions if the underlying model is a faithful representation of the hydrologic processes. However, if the hydrologic model exhibits structural errors, the coupled inversion may not improve the hydrologic interpretation. Despite this limitation, our results support the use of coupled hydrogeophysical inversion both for the direct benefits of reduced errors during inversion and because of the secondary benefits that accrue because of the extensive communication and sharing of data necessary to produce a coupled model, which will likely lead to more thoughtful use of geophysical data in hydrologic studies.
Long‐term monitoring of ULF electromagnetic fields at Parkfield, California
Authors: Kappler K. N. , Morrison H. Frank , Egbert G. D.
Published: April 2010

Electric and magnetic fields in the (10−4–1.0) Hz band were monitored at two sites adjacent to the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield and Hollister, California, from 1995 to 2007. A data window (2002–2005), enclosing the 28 September 2004 M6 Parkfield earthquake, was analyzed to determine if anomalous electric or magnetic fields or changes in ground conductivity occurred before the earthquake. The data were edited, removing intervals of instrument malfunction, leaving 875 days in the 4 year period. Frequent, spikelike disturbances were common but were not more frequent around the time of the earthquake; these were removed before subsequent processing. Signal‐to‐noise amplitude spectra, estimated via magnetotelluric processing, showed the behavior of the ultralow frequency fields to be remarkably constant over the period of analysis. These first‐order plots make clear that most of the recorded energy is coherent over the spatial extent of the array. Three main statistical techniques were employed to separate local anomalous electrical or magnetic fields from the dominant coherent natural fields: transfer function estimates between components at each site were employed to subtract the dominant field, and look deeper at the “residual” fields; the data were decomposed into principal components to identify the dominant coherent array modes; and the technique of canonical coherences was employed to distinguish anomalous fields which are spatially broad from anomalies which occur at a single site only, and furthermore to distinguish anomalies present in both the electric and magnetic fields from those present in only one field type. Standard remote reference apparent resistivity estimates were generated daily at Parkfield. A significant seasonal component of variability was observed, suggesting local distortion due to variations in near‐surface resistance. In all cases, high levels of sensitivity to subtle electromagnetic effects were demonstrated, but no effects were found that can be reasonably characterized as precursors to the Parkfield earthquake.
Tidal variations in groundwater storage and associated discharge from an intertidal coastal aquifer
Authors: Riedel Thomas , Lettmann Karsten , Beck Melanie , Brumsack Hans‐Jürgen
Published: April 2010

We applied a hydrogeological numerical simulation to investigate spatial and temporal variations in groundwater flow and discharge at a well‐studied tidal flat margin in the German Wadden Sea. The simulation was forced by high‐resolution sea level boundary conditions. Accuracy of the simulation was checked by comparing simulated with measured pressure heads obtained from direct burial pressure sensor measurements. Overall discharge calculated from the simulation for a time period of almost 12 month averages 0.97 m3 per meter of margin length per tide but may vary significantly, most pronounced with the spring‐neap tide cycle. The simulation predicts that the maximum hydraulic gradient at ebb tide controls the magnitude of discharge, whereas duration of ebb tide is less important. Additionally, simulated and measured pressure gradients can be used to investigate the influence of varying lithology on the groundwater flow regime. The presence of a low permeable Holocene silt layer, ubiquitous in the study area, creates a layered unconfined/semiconfined aquifer system. Both parts of the aquifer are hydraulically connected to the deeply incising tidal creek but show a different response to the tidal forcing. Groundwater flow in the upper (unconfined) margin sediments can be described as a circulation of seawater, where inflow and outflow are coupled to changes in saturation. Sediments below the confining layer release groundwater from storage during falling and ebb tide and recharge during rising and high tide. We can show that tidally driven water exchange between semiconfined aquifers and coastal waters may have a major impact on total groundwater discharge.