bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’éthique dans la recherche auprès de personnes dites « vulnérables »
Authors: Lupien Pierre-Luc
Published: May 2021

Les politiques d’éthique de la recherche sont appliquées de manière plus serrée dès qu’il est question de projets impliquant des populations considérées comme « vulnérables » (Mondain et Sabourin, 2009). La vulnérabilité dont il est question dans ces politiques est davantage celle issue de la recherche biomédicale sur des « sujets humains » que celle développée dans les sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) pour comprendre le « nouveau contexte sociétal » (Soulet, 2005). La définition de la « vulnérabilité » à laquelle les différentes politiques font référence reste assez limitée et semble être opérationnalisée par les instances éthiques comme un attribut déduit de l’appartenance à certains groupes ciblés (Bracken-Roche et al., 2017). Cet article porte sur les limites posées par cette définition dans le contexte de deux projets de recherche qualitative sur la précarité résidentielle menés auprès de populations considérées comme « vulnérables ».
Enseigner l’éthique de la recherche qualitative en sociologie
Authors: Séguin Michaël
Published: May 2021

La littérature sur l’enseignement de la recherche qualitative pose sans ambages que la pratique est encore le meilleur des maîtres. Ce constat, qui semble aussi s’étendre à l’enseignement de l’éthique de la recherche, n’est pas sans soulever de nombreux dilemmes. Par exemple, est-il acceptable pour des étudiants de premier cycle universitaire de mener un court projet de recherche sans l’approbation institutionnelle d’un comité d’éthique ? Peut-on se « servir » d’individus, y compris d’individus potentiellement vulnérables, pour se faire la main à l’observation ou à l’entretien ? Faut-il prémunir les étudiants des chocs qui les attendent sur le terrain ? Enfin, certaines postures épistémologiques sont-elles plus acceptables éthiquement que d’autres ? Cet article aborde ces différents enjeux à partir de cas qui se sont présentés au fil de mon enseignement tout en cherchant à les inscrire dans la perspective d’une « intentionnalité éthique dans la recherche plutôt que de la recherche » (Sabourin, 2009 : 66).
Quand laïcité rime avec catholicité
Authors: Malogne-Fer Gwendoline
Published: May 2021

Cet article analyse les pratiques ordinaires de la laïcité à Boulogne-Billancourt à travers les relations qui s’établissent sur le plan local, entre autorités politiques et autorités religieuses dans le cadre de l’édification de nouveaux lieux de culte de cette ville des « beaux quartiers » de l’Ouest parisien. À un premier niveau, la politique municipale à l’égard des principales communautés religieuses — catholique, juive et musulmane — est légitimée par les principes de neutralité et d’égalité, la ville soutenant toutes ces communautés. À un second niveau, le régime de visibilité ou d’invisibilité des lieux de culte permet de prendre la mesure des rapports de pouvoir au sein desquels s’inscrivent ces relations entre acteurs religieux et acteurs politiques, adossés à une conception municipale de la laïcité largement inspirée par la doctrine et l’expérience de l’Église catholique dans ce domaine.
Commentary on "Paediatric Flatfeet: a 2020 Guide for Clinicians to Identify the Boomerangs"
Authors: Volpe Russell G
Published: May 2021

Commentary on "Paediatric Flatfeet: a 2020 Guide for Clinicians to Identify the Boomerangs" (http://doi.org/10.7547/20-103)
fMRI-based detection of alertness predicts behavioral response variability
Authors: Goodale Sarah E , Ahmed Nafis , Zhao Chong , de Zwart Jacco A , Özbay Pinar S , Picchioni Dante , Duyn Jeff , Englot Dario J , Morgan Victoria L , Chang Catie
Published: May 2021

Levels of alertness are closely linked with human behavior and cognition. However, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows for investigating whole-brain dynamics during behavior and task engagement, concurrent measures of alertness (such as EEG or pupillometry) are often unavailable. Here, we extract a continuous, time-resolved marker of alertness from fMRI data alone. We demonstrate that this fMRI alertness marker, calculated in a short pre-stimulus interval, captures trial-to-trial behavioral responses to incoming sensory stimuli. In addition, we find that the prediction of both EEG and behavioral responses during the task may be accomplished using only a small fraction of fMRI voxels. Furthermore, we observe that accounting for alertness appears to increase the statistical detection of task-activated brain areas. These findings have broad implications for augmenting a large body of existing datasets with information about ongoing arousal states, enriching fMRI studies of neural variability in health and disease.
Nostolepisscale remains (stem Chondrichthyes) from the Lower Devonian of Qujing, Yunnan, China
Authors: Li Qiang , Cui Xindong , Andreev Plamen Stanislavov , Zhao Wenjin , Wang Jianhua , Peng Lijian , Zhu Min
Published: May 2021

Based initially on microfossils,Nostolepisis one of the first known ‘acanthodians’, which constitute a paraphyletic assemblage of plesiomorphic members of the total group Chondrichthyes. Its wide distribution has potential implications for stratigraphic comparisons worldwide. Six species ofNostolepishave been reported in China, including one species from the Xitun Formation (Lochkovian, Lower Devonian) of Qujing, eastern Yunnan. Acid preparation of rock samples from the Xitun Formation has yielded abundant acanthodian remains. Based on both morphological and histological examinations, here we identify five species ofNostolepis, including two new species.N. qujingensissp. nov. is characterized by thin scales devoid of the neck anteriorly and the dentine tubules rarely present in the anterior part of the crown.N. digitussp. nov. is characterized by parallel ridges on anterior and lateral margins of the crown, and the neck constricted and ornamented with pore openings. We extend the duration ofN. striatain China from the Pridoli of Silurian (Yulungssu Formation) to the Lower Devonian in Qujing and report the first occurrences ofN. amplificaandN. consuetain this region. This study increases the diversity of the Lower Devonian Xitun Fauna and provides a better understanding of the paleogeographic distribution ofNostolepis.
Transgenerational effects on development following microplastic exposure in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Jimenez-Guri Eva , Roberts Katherine E. , García Francisca C. , Tourmente Maximiliano , Longdon Ben , Godley Brendan J.
Published: May 2021

Background

Plastic pollution affects all ecosystems, and detrimental effects to animals have been reported in a growing number of studies. However, there is a paucity of evidence for effects on terrestrial animals in comparison to those in the marine realm.

Methods

We used the fly Drosophila melanogaster to study the effects that exposure to plastics may have on life history traits and immune response. We reared flies in four conditions: In media containing 1% virgin polyethylene, with no chemical additives; in media supplemented with 1% or 4% polyvinyl chloride, known to have a high content of added chemicals; and control flies in non-supplemented media. Plastic particle size ranged from 23–500 µm. We studied fly survival to viral infection, the length of the larval and pupal stage, sex ratios, fertility and the size of the resultant adult flies. We then performed crossings of F1 flies in non-supplemented media and looked at the life history traits of the F2.

Results

Flies treated with plastics in the food media showed changes in fertility and sex ratio, but showed no differences in developmental times, adult size or the capacity to fight infections in comparison with controls. However, the offspring of treated flies reared in non-supplemented food had shorter life cycles, and those coming from both polyvinyl chloride treatments were smaller than those offspring of controls.
The Potential Risk of the Used Thaumatococcus danielli (Benn) Leaves in Food Packaging Process in Transmission of Antibiotic Resistant Pathogens in Ghana
Authors: Klutse Victoria , Akwetey Samuel Addo , Opare Priscilla Abena Ankamaa , Kwakye-Nuako Godwin
Published: May 2021

Thaumatococcus danielli leaf is a known forest plant species that is widely used by food vendors for food packaging. In this study, the possible risk of T. danielli leaf used in food packaging, with its antibiotic-resistant pathogen transmission potential was evaluated. Five hundred leaves were swabbed from vendors at different food joints and were subjected to the routine bacteriological examination. Pure cultures from swabs were biochemically analysed, after microscopic examination. Most bacteria isolates were members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Other species included Staphylococcus aureus, CoNS (Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci) and Pseudomonas sp. The bacterial isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility towards 11 antimicrobials. As well as some factors such as community hygiene levels and people behaviour and their influences on the transmission of these microorganisms were statistically analysed using frequency tables. Most of the food vendors (43%) were between the ages of 31-40. Those with tertiary education were mostly aware (58%) of the possible transmission of pathogens by the leaves. Moreover, the leaves are preferred by food buyers irrespective of their income. Bacteria belonging to sixteen (16) different genera were identified, all of which were resistant to at least three antibiotics. The study showed that T. danielli leaves used by food vendors in two popular markets in Cape Coast Metropolis were contaminated and may serve as a possible vehicle for antibiotic-resistant bacteria transmission.
Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Ion Triggered Ophthalmic in Situ Gel
Authors: Tagalpallewar Amol , Rai Prajvita , Polshettiwar Satish , Manish Wani , Baheti Akshay
Published: May 2021

Topical eye drop is the convenient and patient compliant route of drug administration, particularly for the treatment of anterior part diseases. Transport of drugs to the targeted ocular tissues is limited by various precorneal, active and stationary ocular barriers. The aim of developed, optimized and evaluated ion sensitive brimonidine tartrate in situ gel is patient compliance and maximum therapeutic activity in   the treatment of glaucoma. The effect of independent variables that are polymer concentration on dependent variables like the percent drug release, gelling time and viscosity was studied. The optimized formulation was further evaluated for ex-vivo study and histopathology study. Experimental study showed that optimized in situ gel formulation (F6) showed in vitro, ex vivo sustained release with polymer sodium alginate and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K4M. The optimized formulation F6 presented increased retention time upto 8 hours. The developed in situ gel can be a promising ophthalmic formulation to increase retention time of formulation and hence it will reduce the intra ocular pressure. The histopathology studies reveals the safety of prepared formulation. The stability studies revealed no significant change in the drug content and physical properties.
Development of Reaction Kinetics Model for the Production of Synthesis Gas from Dry Methane Reforming
Authors: Inayat Abrar , Ahmad Muhammad A. B. , Raza Mohsin , Ghenai Chaouki , Naqvi Salman Raza , Ayoub Muhammad
Published: May 2021

The energy supply systems dependent on fossils and municipal solid waste (MSW) materials are primarily responsible for releasing greenhouse (GHG) gases and their related environmental hazards. The increasing amount of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is the scientific community's main concern in this context. Reduction in the emission amount of both gases combined with the conversion technologies that would convert these total threat gases (CO2 and CH4) into valuable feedstocks will significantly lower their hazardous impact on climate change. The conversion technique known as dry methane reforming (DMR) utilizes CO2 and CH4 to produce a combustible gas mixture (CO+H2), popularly known as synthesis gas/or syngas. Therefore, this research study aims to explore and enlighten the characteristics of the DMR mechanism. The conversion behaviour of CO2 and CH4 was studied with modelling and simulation of the DMR process using MATLAB. The results showed that inlet gas flow has a significant impact on the reactions. In contrast, the inlet molar composition ratio of the reactions was found to have no substantial effect on the mechanism of DMR. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
A Hill type equation can predict target gene expression driven by p53 pulsing
Authors: Shi Xiaomin
Published: May 2021

Many factors determine target gene expression dynamics under p53 pulsing. In this study, I sought to determine the mechanism by which duration, frequency, binding affinity and maximal transcription rate affect the expression dynamics of target genes. Using an analytical method to solve a simple model, I found that the fold change of target gene expression increases relative to the number of p53 pulses, and the optimal frequency, 0.18 h−1, from two real p53 pulses drives the maximal fold change with a decay rate of 0.18 h−1. Moreover, p53 pulses may also lead to a higher fold change than sustained p53. Finally, I discovered that a Hill‐type equation, including these effect factors, can characterise target gene expression. The average error between the theoretical predictions and experiments was 23%. Collectively, this equation advances the understanding of transcription factor dynamics, where duration and frequency play a significant role in the fine regulation of target gene expression with higher binding affinity.
Validation of a method for estimating peak skin dose from CT‐guided procedures
Authors: Jones A. Kyle , Kisiel Meghan E. , Rong X. John , Tam Alda L.
Published: May 2021

A method for estimating peak skin dose (PSD) from CTDIvolhas been published but not validated. The objective of this study was to validate this method during CT‐guided ablation procedures. Radiochromic film was calibrated and used to measure PSD. Sixty‐eight patients were enrolled in this study, and measured PSD were collected for 46 procedures. CTDIvolstratified by axial and helical scanning was used to calculate an estimate of PSD using the method [1.2 × CTDIvol(helical) + 0.6 × CTDIvol(axial)], and both calculated PSD and total CTDIvolwere compared to measured PSD using paired t‐tests on the log‐transformed data and Bland‐Altman analysis. Calculated PSD were significantly different from measured PSD (P < 0.0001, bias, 18.3%, 95% limits of agreement, −63.0% to 26.4%). Measured PSD were not significantly different from total CTDIvol(P = 0.27, bias, 3.97%, 95% limits of agreement, −51.6% to 43.7%). Considering that CTDIvolis reported on the console of all CT scanners, is not stratified by axial and helical scanning modes, and is immediately available to the operator during CT‐guided interventional procedures, it may be reasonable to use the scanner‐reported CTDIvolas an indicator of PSD during CT‐guided procedures. However, further validation is required for other models of CT scanner.
Nacre‐Inspired, Liquid Metal‐Based Ultrasensitive Electronic Skin by Spatially Regulated Cracking Strategy
Authors: Feng Bin , Jiang Xin , Zou Guisheng , Wang Wengan , Sun Tianming , Yang Heng , Zhao Guanlei , Dong Mingye , Xiao Yu , Zhu Hongwei , Liu Lei
Published: May 2021

The realization of liquid metal‐based wearable systems will be a milestone toward high‐performance, integrated electronic skin. However, despite the revolutionary progress achieved in many other components of electronic skin, liquid metal‐based flexible sensors still suffer from poor sensitivity due to the insufficient resistance change of liquid metal to deformation. Herein, a nacre‐inspired architecture composed of a biphasic pattern (liquid metal with Cr/Cu underlayer) as “bricks” and strain‐sensitive Ag film as “mortar” is developed, which breaks the long‐standing sensitivity bottleneck of liquid metal‐based electronic skin. With 2 orders of magnitude of sensitivity amplification while maintaining wide (>85%) working range, for the first time, liquid metal‐based strain sensors rival the state‐of‐art counterparts. This liquid metal composite features spatially regulated cracking behavior. On the one hand, hard Cr cells locally modulate the strain distribution, which avoids premature cut‐through cracks and prolongs the defect propagation in the adjacent Ag film. On the other hand, the separated liquid metal cells prevent unfavorable continuous liquid‐metal paths and create crack‐free regions during strain. Demonstrated in diverse scenarios, the proposed design concept may spark more applications of ultrasensitive liquid metal‐based electronic skins, and reveals a pathway for sensor development via crack engineering.
Co‐Constructing Interfaces of Multiheterostructure on MXene (Ti3C2Tx)‐Modified 3D Self‐Supporting Electrode for Ultraefficient Electrocatalytic HER in Alkaline Media
Authors: Lv Zepeng , Ma Wansen , Wang Meng , Dang Jie , Jian Kailiang , Liu Dong , Huang Dejun
Published: May 2021

Electrocatalysis is a potential method for sustainable hydrogen production, and the development of non‐noble metal‐based effective electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting is the core of exploiting and utilizing renewable energy. Herein, a stupendous electrocatalyst with multiheterostructure interfaces and 3D porous structure is synthesized, and the mechanisms of enhanced electrocatalytic activity combining multicharacterizations and density functional calculations are clarified. Especially, the fabricated Co2P/N@Ti3C2Tx@NF (denoted as CPN@TC) exhibits an ultralow overpotential of 15 mV to arrive at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with the long‐term durability and a small Tafel slope of 30 mV dec−1 in 1 m KOH, which even compares with noble metal catalysts favorably. The outstanding HER activity is ascribed to multiheterointerfaces for adsorbing H2O and H*, fine conductivity for the electronic transmission, and well‐designed structure for rapid transport of ions and gases. It is reasonable to think that the synthetic strategy of CPN@TC can be extended to the preparation of transition‐metal‐based phosphides for enhanced catalytic performance.
One‐Step Synthesis of a Durable and Liquid‐Repellent Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Coating
Authors: Liu Jie , Sun Yuling , Zhou Xiaoteng , Li Xiaomei , Kappl Michael , Steffen Werner , Butt Hans‐Jürgen
Published: May 2021

Coatings with low sliding angles for liquid drops have a broad range of applications. However, it remains a challenge to have a fast, easy, and universal preparation method for coatings that are long‐term stable, robust, and environmentally friendly. Here, a one‐step grafting‐from approach is reported for poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) brushes on surfaces through spontaneous polymerization of dichlorodimethylsilane fulfilling all these requirements. Drops of a variety of liquids slide off at tilt angles below 5°. This non‐stick coating with autophobicity can reduce the waste of water and solvents in cleaning. The strong covalent attachment of the PDMS brush to the substrate makes them mechanically robust and UV‐tolerant. Their resistance to high temperatures and to droplet sliding erosion, combined with the low film thickness (≈8 nm) makes them ideal candidates to solve the long‐term degradation issues of coatings for heat‐transfer surfaces.
Highly Material Selective and Self‐Aligned Photo‐assisted Atomic Layer Deposition of Copper on Oxide Materials
Authors: Miikkulainen Ville , Vehkamäki Marko , Mizohata Kenichiro , Hatanpää Timo , Ritala Mikko
Published: May 2021

There is a growing need for bottom‐up fabrication methods in microelectronic industry as top‐down, lithography‐based methods face increasing challenges. In Photo‐assisted atomic layer deposition (Photo‐ALD), photons supply energy to the deposition reactions on the surface. Here, a process and patterning for Photo‐ALD of copper is reported, with inherently selective, self‐aligned film growth without any photomasking or additive layers. Highly conductive and pure copper films are selectively deposited on tantalum oxide for over hundred nanometers of film thickness, while no copper deposits on silicon or aluminum oxide. On anatase titanium dioxide, copper deposition is crystal‐facet selective. Selective deposition of a metal is realized on oxides, which has been especially challenging for ALD. This study indicates that the growth mechanism is closely related to photocatalysis: the photons interact with the material under the growing copper film, enabling the inherent selectivity. The findings provide promising material engineering schemes for microelectronics, photocatalysis, and photovoltaics.
Trending Technology of Glucose Monitoring during COVID‐19 Pandemic: Challenges in Personalized Healthcare
Authors: Phan Le Minh Tu , Vo Thuy Anh Thu , Hoang Thi Xoan , Selvam Sathish Panneer , Pham Hoang Lan , Kim Jae Young , Cho Sungbo
Published: May 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has continued to spread rapidly, and patients with diabetes are at risk of experiencing rapid progression and poor prognosis for appropriate treatment. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), which includes accurately tracking fluctuations in glucose levels without raising the risk of coronavirus exposure, becomes an important strategy for the self‐management of diabetes during this pandemic, efficiently contributing to the diabetes care and the fight against COVID‐19. Despite being less accurate than direct blood glucose monitoring, wearable noninvasive systems can encourage patient adherence by guaranteeing reliable results through high correlation between blood glucose levels and glucose concentrations in various other biofluids. This review highlights the trending technologies of glucose sensors during the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic (2019–2020) that have been developed to make a significant contribution to effective management of diabetes and prevention of coronavirus spread, from off‐body systems to wearable on‐body CGM devices, including nanostructure and sensor performance in various biofluids. The advantages and disadvantages of various human biofluids for use in glucose sensors are also discussed. Furthermore, the challenges faced by wearable CGM sensors with respect to personalized healthcare during and after the pandemic are deliberated to emphasize the potential future directions of CGM devices for diabetes management.
On the Investigation of the Thermal Degradation of Waste Printed Circuit Boards for Recycling Applications
Authors: Khalil Mohamed , Chaouki Jamal , Harvey Jean‐Philippe
Published: May 2021

Electronic products contain a wide range of materials including pure metals and alloys, ceramics, and polymers. Disassembling each individual component of such products to recycle is impossible. For that reason, end‐of‐life electronic products like waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) are shredded and sent to pyrometallurgical processes to recover valuable metals. One major issue with recycling is the release of gaseous brominated species that need to be captured or stabilized. It is crucial to have a fundamental understanding of the chemical interactions that occur between each component of the WPCB in these processes. The thermal degradation mechanism of WPCB is investigated here using differential scanning calorimetry coupled to thermogravimetric analysis of both synthetic samples and shredded WPCB. Computational thermochemistry is used to support the identified reaction mechanisms which involve the release of gaseous hydrogen bromide evolving from Tetrabromobisphenol A used as a flame retardant. The chemical reactivity between this compound and each major WPCB component is quantified. It is proven that HBr(g) reacts with copper, iron, and CaO to form bromides which stay in the solid pyrolysis residue up to a temperature of 580 °C. Above this temperature, CuBr2 and FeBr2 start to evaporate and are lost in the gas phase.
Degradation Behavior, Biocompatibility, Electrochemical Performance, and Circularity Potential of Transient Batteries
Authors: Mittal Neeru , Ojanguren Alazne , Niederberger Markus , Lizundia Erlantz
Published: May 2021

Transient technology seeks the development of materials, devices, or systems that undergo controlled degradation processes after a stable operation period, leaving behind harmless residues. To enable externally powered fully transient devices operating for longer periods compared to passive devices, transient batteries are needed. Albeit transient batteries are initially intended for biomedical applications, they represent an effective solution to circumvent the current contaminant leakage into the environment. Transient technology enables a more efficient recycling as it enhances material retrieval rates, limiting both human and environmental exposures to the hazardous pollutants present in conventional batteries. Little efforts are focused to catalog and understand the degradation characteristics of transient batteries. As the energy field is a property‐driven science, not only electrochemical performance but also their degradation behavior plays a pivotal role in defining the specific end‐use applications. The state‐of‐the‐art transient batteries are critically reviewed with special emphasis on the degradation mechanisms, transiency time, and biocompatibility of the released degradation products. The potential of transient batteries to change the current paradigm that considers batteries as harmful waste is highlighted. Overall, transient batteries are ready for takeoff and hold a promising future to be a frontrunner in the uptake of circular economy concepts.
The evolution of cereal yields in Italy over the last 150 years: The peculiar case of rice
Authors: Mariani Luigi , Ferrero Aldo , Cola Gabriele
Published: May 2021

This study examined Italian yields for wheat (Triticum spp.), maize (Zea mays L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.) over the period 1870–2018, in order to identify the periods when the most significant growth in yields occurred, compared to France, United Kingdom, and United States. From 1870 to 2018, yields in Italy increased by 347, 865, and 178% for wheat, maize, and rice, respectively. In wheat and maize, 84 and 95% of the increase, respectively, occurred since the end of World War II. Similar trends can also be observed in France, United Kingdom, and the United States. However the timing is slightly different. For wheat and maize in the United States, rapid yield growth occurred during the 1930s, whereas wheat yield growth occurred in the United Kindom during the 1940s, and in France yield growth occurred after World War II. The significant post‐war trend of increasing yields in Italy, which is still going on for wheat, almost stopped for maize about 20  yr ago, probably due to the lack of availability of genetically modified (GM) varieties and related technologies. If the current approach against the adoption of new plant‐breeding techniques is maintained, the yield gap between Italy and Europe, as a whole, is likely to widen further. In the case of rice, a significant increase in yields began to occur as early as the end of the 19th century. Between 1895 and 1940 yields in this crop increased by about three times. In the United States, a similar increase in rice yields occurred only after World War II.
Environmental DNA reveals the temporal and spatial extent of spawning migrations of European shad in a highly fragmented river basin
Authors: Antognazza Caterina Maria , Britton J. Robert , De Santis Vanessa , Kolia Konstantina , Turunen Ossi A. , Davies Peter , Allen Laura , Hardouin Emilie A. , Crundwell Charles , Andreou Demetra
Published: May 2021

Artificial barriers on lowland rivers impede the spawning migrations of anadromous fishes, preventing access to historical spawning areas. In the cryptic European shads Alosa alosa and Alosa fallax (‘shad’ hereafter), this has resulted in population declines across their range. Conservation programmes aim to facilitate the passage of migrators over these barriers and so require baseline information on the spatial and temporal extent of current migrations.

Here, a shad‐specific environmental DNA (eDNA) assay was used to quantify the spatial extent of shad spawning migrations in the River Severn basin, western England. This basin is characterized by the presence of multiple barriers in the lower catchment. In 2017, the eDNA assay was piloted in the River Teme, an important shad spawning tributary, and then applied in 2018 and 2019 across the lower Severn basin.

In all years, shad DNA was detected between mid‐May and mid‐June, with the maximum spatial extent of shad distribution being in early June when shad eDNA was detected upstream of weirs that were generally considered as impassable. In 2018, this included the detection of shad above the most upstream weir on the main River Severn that required individual fish to have passed six weirs.

Although barriers inhibit the spawning migrations of shad, this eDNA assay showed that some highly vagile individuals might be able to ascend these barriers and migrate considerable distances upstream. This suggests that efforts to increase the permeability of these barriers could result in relatively high numbers of migrating shad reaching upstream spawning areas. These results demonstrate that this eDNA assay could also be used across their range, to further quantify the spatial extent of their spawning, including in highly fragmented rivers and those where shad are believed to spawn only occasionally and are rarely observed.
The Role of Sulphonamides and N‐Sulphonyl Ketimines/Aldimines as Directing Groups in the Field of C−H Activation
Authors: Galla Mary Sravani , Bora Darshana , Shankaraiah Nagula
Published: May 2021

Sulphonamides and N‐sulphonyl ketimines/aldimines have turned out to be versatile motifs in the field of synthetic and medicinal chemistry. The field of C−H activation/functionalization flourished remarkably due to their synthetic applicability and directing group plays a remarkable role to achieve regioselectivity in these reactions. The current review summarizes recent tactics by utilizing sulphonamides and N‐sulphonyl ketimines/aldimines as directing groups for C−H activation or functionalization. As a directing group, they also facilitate site selectivity and late‐stage functionalization of drug molecules in order to construct complex scaffolds of therapeutic importance by C−H activation.
Nonlinear sensorless speed tracking control for PMSM with unmodeled electromotive forces
Authors: Yang Qiang , Cheng Yongchao , Zhu Ming , Zhang Hongyuan , Yu Chenglin , Liu Peng
Published: May 2021

In this paper, a sensorless speed tracking control scheme is proposed for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with unmodeled electromotive forces. Specifically, one observer is developed to estimate the angular velocity of PMSM and the estimated value is injected into a novel nonlinear feedback controller. The unmodeled electromotive forces are not estimated. The influences of the unmodeled electromotive forces on the speed tracking performance are overcome by constructing corresponding nonlinear damping terms in the controller. Under certain assumptions, the rigorous proof of the stability of the closed‐loop system is completed with Lyapunov theory. All the dynamic signals are bounded. Furthermore, the estimation error and the tracking error can converge to an arbitrarily small value by choosing the control parameters appropriately large. Finally, the simulation results of constant and time‐vary speed tracking illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
How do boreal forest soils store carbon?
Authors: Adamczyk Bartosz
Published: May 2021

Boreal forests store a globally significant pool of carbon (C), mainly in tree biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). Although crucial for future climate change predictions, the mechanisms underlying C stabilization are not well understood. Here, recently discovered mechanisms behind SOM stabilization, their level of understanding, interrelations, and future directions in the field are provided. A recently unraveled mechanism behind C stabilization via interaction of root‐derived tannins with fungal necromass emphasizing fungal necromass chemistry is brought forth. The long‐lasting dogma of the stability of SOM on minerals is challenged and the newest insights from the field of soil fauna and their influence on SOM stabilization are provided. In conclusion, mechanisms unraveled during the last decade are crucial steps forward to draw a holistic view of the main drivers of SOM stabilization.
Postformation alliance capabilities and environmental innovation: The roles of environmental in‐learning and relation‐specific investments
Authors: Donbesuur Francis , Zahoor Nadia , Adomako Samuel
Published: May 2021

This paper draws insights from the relational view perspective to examine the effects of two postformation alliance capabilities—interorganizational coordination and communication, and relation‐specific investments on small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises' (SMEs') environmental innovation. Analysis of time‐lagged survey data from a sample of 223 SMEs from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) shows a positive interactive effect of interorganizational coordination and communication on environmental innovation, and this relationship is mediated by environmental in‐learning. The results further indicate that relation‐specific investment moderates the indirect relationship between the complementary effect of interorganizational coordination and communication and environmental innovation. These findings extend the environmental innovation literature by exploring the interactive effect of interorganizational coordination and communication on environmental innovation.
Chores: Why they still matter and how to engage youth
Authors: Rende Richard
Published: May 2021

Two decades ago, there was little debate about the value of doing chores across developmental stages. Research suggested that the multiple skills that accrued in the home during childhood and adolescence translated into long‐term academic, social, and personal benefits that lasted through the adult years.
Keep your eye on…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2021

the link between youthful intoxication and mental illness

the link between suicide and prescription opioid misuse

the effect of the pandemic on remote prescribing
Young teens more likely to develop SUD than young adults after first cannabis use
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2021

Adolescents aged 12–17 who use cannabis are twice as likely as young adults aged 18–25 to develop a substance use disorder (SUD) within the first year after that use, according to a recent study from the federal government. In addition, these young teens who use any substance — except for alcohol or nicotine — are more likely than young adults to develop a SUD within the year after the first use of cannabis.
Providing mental health services within schools: A post‐pandemic imperative
Authors: Walters Anne S.
Published: May 2021

Recent research suggests a mental health crisis for our youth of startling proportions, likely related to the stressors of the pandemic. Rates of suicidal thinking and behavior are up by 25% or more from similar periods in 2019 (Hill et al., 2020). And although emergency department (ED) visits were down in the first few months of the pandemic, the rate of children and adolescents boarding in the ED, waiting for a mental health bed, has also increased by 25%–31% (Lee et al., 2020).
What was behind the first recognition and characterization of autochthonous SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in Italy: The impact on European scenario
Authors: Micheli Valeria , Mancon Alessandro , Malara Annalisa , Mileto Davide , Villani Pier Giorgio , Rizzo Alberto , Pagani Cristina , Alquati Omar , Gismondo Maria Rita
Published: May 2021

An Italian male with no link to China Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) epidemic presented at Emergency Room (ER) with severe respiratory impairment. The RT‐PCR on 20 February 2020, nasopharyngeal swab revealed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, confirmed with viral culture and sequencing. This was the first identified autochthonous SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in Italy, that unveiled global pathogen diffusion. This clinical case highlights an underestimation of SARS‐CoV‐2 circulation, making initial containment measures unfit to face the real situation and delaying the management of potentially affected SARS‐CoV‐2 patients.
Virtually delivered family‐based eating disorder treatment using an enhanced multidisciplinary care team: A case study
Authors: Hellner Megan , Bohon Cara , Kolander Samuel , Parks Erin
Published: May 2021

Both patients experienced meaningful clinical improvements with this virtual approach and the augmented treatment team in regards to weight gain, acceptability, and clinical assessment scores. These findings offer preliminary support for this model.
Removal of the Anionic Dye Reactive Orange 16 by Chitosan/Tripolyphosphate/Mushroom
Authors: Yildirim Ayfer
Published: May 2021

The green composite chitosan/tripolyphosphate/mushroom (C‐TPP‐PEE) was synthesized and evaluated for its adsorption performance of the dye Reactive Orange 16 (RO16), by using the batch technique. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the C‐TPP‐PEE. The maximum adsorption capacity of the RO16 dye for batch adsorption was determined as 736 mg g−1. The experimental kinetic data at equilibrium was found to be best fitted to the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm was best correlated to the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic data indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic.
The Effect of Naphthalene‐Based Additives on the Kinetics of Tin Electrodeposition on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Aranzales Diana , Wijenberg Jacques H. O. J. , Koper Marc T. M.
Published: May 2021

The effect of naphthalene‐based additives: naphthalene (NPT), naphthalenesulfonate (NPTS) and hydroxynaphthalenesulfonate (HNPTS) on the kinetics of tin electrodeposition on a boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrode has been studied by means of chronoamperometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Potentiostatic current transients in the absence and the presence of naphthalene‐based additives are analyzed by using the Scharifker‐Hills model. A strong decrease of the kinetics of tin nucleation on BDD was observed in the presence of naphthalene‐based additives, NPT showing the smallest effect and HNPTS showing the largest effect. From the long‐term Cottrell behavior of the transients, similar values of tin(II) diffusion coefficients were obtained for all additives, suggesting that there is no complexation of Sn(II) by the additives and that the charge‐transfer kinetics itself is not substantially influenced by the presence of the additives. In the absence of additives, tin deposition on BDD displays a progressive nucleation and growth mechanism at the least negative potentials, switching to instantaneous nucleation and growth at more negative potential. In the presence of NPTS and HNPTS, progressive nucleation and growth transients are observed. The growth mode results are confirmed by the tin features observed in the scanning electron micrographs. In conclusion, NPT, NPTS and HNPTS mainly decrease the rate of the nucleation of tin deposition, most likely by blocking or reducing access to active nucleation sites. In comparison, ethoxylated α‐napthalenesulfonic acid (ENSA, a commonly used additive in the tin plating industry) inhibits tin deposition process on BDD even more strongly. These observations show a striking similarity to our previous study of tin deposition on gold electrodes.
Chemistry4Climate
Authors: Große Entrup Wolfgang
Published: May 2021

Die Chemieindustrie ist im Klimaschutz eine Schlüsselbranche: Einerseits durch ihre Produkte, die helfen, Treibhausgase in vielen Bereichen zu mindern und Energie einzusparen. Andererseits ist sie auch für etwa 7 % der gesamten deutschen Treibhausgasemissionen verantwortlich. Dr. Wolfgang Große Entrup ist Präsidiumsmitglied und Hauptgeschäftsführer des Verbands der Chemischen Industrie (VCI). Auf dem Deutschen Ingenieurtag am 20. Mai gibt er als einer der Referenten der Breakout Session „Industry4Climate“ einen Impuls für eine treibhausgasneutrale Chemie bis 2050.
GAR, EN 161, DVGW – und jetzt?
Authors: Hess Michael
Published: May 2021

Im Bereich der Feuerungsanlagen/Kesselanlagen gab es in den letzten Jahren eine Reihe von Normenänderungen und ‐ergänzungen, sodass viele Fragen bei den Anwendern und Herstellern der Geräte aufgekommen sind. Durch den Wegfall der Ventilklasse E, sowohl in der DIN EN 161 als auch in der DIN EN 16678, dürfen die vormals sehr häufig eingesetzten Hubventile mit der Anströmung „Medium öffnet“ nicht mehr verwendet werden. Dies zwingt viele Anwender, auf alternative Bauformen auszuweichen. Parallel bestehende Gesetze, Normen und Regelwerke erschweren die Suche nach sicheren Armaturen mit den notwendigen Zertifikaten. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick zum aktuellen Stand der Technik und zeigt eine kurze Historie der unterschiedlichen Regelwerke. Darüber hinaus unterstützt er bei der Auswahl geeigneter Produkte aus dem Hause VETEC und beantwortet praktische Fragen von Anwendern.
Leckagefreie entkuppeln
Authors: Störp Michael
Published: May 2021

Neben Normkupplungen zählen nun auch Schnellverschlusskupplungen für Spezialanwendungen zum Produktportfolio von Schwer Fittings. Ein spezielles Augenmerk hat der Spezialist in der Edelstahl‐Rohrverbindungstechnik dabei von Anfang an auf die Entwicklung von Kupplungssystemen für die Übertragung von Lacken und Lösungsmitteln gelegt.
Wann ist „dicht“ wirklich dicht?
Authors: Böhme Alexander
Published: May 2021

Wo immer gefährliche Stoffe im Einsatz sind, seien sie toxisch, explosiv, wasser‐ oder umweltgefährdend oder eine beliebige Kombination dieser Risiken, müssen alle betroffenen Anlagenteile dauerhaft zuverlässig dicht sein. Aber was heißt eigentlich „dicht“? Wann ist „dicht“ wirklich dicht? Und wie sieht es bei Bauteilen wie mechanischen Sicherheitseinrichtungen aus, die doch gerade dafür gemacht sind, „undicht“ zu werden, wenn unzulässige Überdrücke entstehen.
Unterbrechungsfreie Versorgung
Authors: Lemme‐Henkel Jennifer
Published: May 2021

Die unterbrechungsfreie Versorgung von Maschinen und Anlagen mit Druckluft, Sauerstoff, Stickstoff und weiteren technischen Gasen ist für produzierende Industrieunternehmen existenziell. Jeder Maschinenausfall kostet sofort richtig Geld. Dank der „kalten“ Pressverbindungstechnik für Rohrleitungen von Viega fallen die Stillstandzeiten bei Reparatur, Erweiterung oder bei Neuinstallationen aber deutlich kürzer aus als üblich. Mit für das jeweilige Medium angepassten Rohrleitungssystemen und entsprechenden Dichtelementen sind die Viega‐Systeme dabei für eine Vielzahl von Einsatzbereichen in der Industrie geeignet.
Eiszeit für Chemieriesen
Authors: Lutz Stefanie
Published: May 2021

In der Chemieindustrie ist eine absolut zuverlässige Kälteversorgung gefordert. Wie auch in solch hochsensiblen Umgebungen nachhaltig gekühlt werden kann, zeigt ein aktuelles Projekt von ENGIE Refrigeration: Bei einem deutschen Chemiekonzern garantieren am Standort Singapur fünf QUANTUM‐Power‐Kältemaschinen mit einer Kälteleistung von 25 Megawatt eine hohe Versorgungssicherheit – und reduzieren gleichzeitig die CO2‐Emissionen um 1.650 Tonnen pro Jahr.
MES und die Intralogistik
Authors: Heil Ulrich
Published: May 2021

Reibungslose Abläufe sparen Zeit, Geld, Nerven, steigern die Produktivität und sichern Wettbewerbsvorteile. Eine gut aufgestellte Intralogistik ist daher für alle Unternehmen wichtig, die Material einkaufen, produzieren, halbfertige oder fertige Produkte einlagern und diese anschließend versenden. Die dafür notwendige, produktionsnahe Logistik gehört zwar nicht zum Kern eines Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES), in der Praxis sind jedoch die Grenzen fließend. MES‐Installationen, die zumindest Teile der internen Logistik übernehmen, können durchaus sinnvoll sein. Je nach Anwendung sind als Ergänzung oder Alternative aber auch Warehouse Managementsysteme, ERP‐Systeme oder Mischformen, die sich die Arbeit teilen, die richtige Wahl. Um die passende Lösung für das eigene Unternehmen zu finden, müssen daher zunächst die individuellen Prozesse genau analysiert werden. Das kann durchaus zu einer Herausforderung werden. Externe Spezialisten, die herstellerunabhängig beraten, bieten in diesem Fall wertvolle Unterstützung.
Mischen und Gas geben
Authors: Cassens Cord
Published: May 2021

Im Jahr 2016 konzipierte der dänische Landwirtschaftsbetrieb Rybjerggaard eine Biogasanlage, um die Selbstversorgung sicherzustellen und Energieeinsparungen zu ermöglichen. Die in den Faultürmen eingesetzte Rührtechnik bestehend aus klassischen Propellerwerken im oberen Bereich des Turms konnte die Bildung einer dicken Schwimmschicht nicht verhindern und fiel schließlich aus. Trotz Reparatur der Aggregate blieb das Problem bestehen, sodass sich die Verantwortlichen nach einer Alternative umsahen. Abhilfe schuf schließlich das GasMix‐System von Landia.
Kompakte Verpackungslösung
Authors: Ievolo Melanie
Published: May 2021

Der neue Ecobulk MX 560 von Schütz ist ein besonders flacher IBC mit einem Nennvolumen von 560 Litern beziehungsweise 150 Gallonen. Somit eignet sich der neue Container bestens für Anwendungen, bei denen kleinere Gebinde von Vorteil sind, es jedoch parallel auf maximale Performance und höchste Qualität ankommt. Er kombiniert optimales Füllvolumen bei gleichzeitig geringer Containerhöhe mit einer bereits vielfach bewährten Bodengruppe. Sie entspricht denen der MX‐Typen mit 820, 1.000 und 1.250 Litern Fassungsvermögen. All diese Modelle der MX‐Linie sind somit kompatibel.
Digitalisierung in Service und Wartung
Authors: Uhl Christian
Published: May 2021

Intelligente mobile Geräte ermöglichen eine effektive Planung der Arbeitsabläufe und der Zusammenarbeit. ECOM Instrumens stellt digitale Lösungen für den Mobile Worker vor.
Die wiederkehrende Prüfung automatisieren
Authors: Janzer Thomas
Published: May 2021

Wiederkehrende Prüfungen bei Sicherheitseinrichtungen sind nicht nur von Sicherheitsstandards wie der IEC61511 vorgeschrieben, sondern sie helfen auch ungeplantem Anlagenstillstand vorzubeugen. Das Prinzip ist mit den TüV‐Prüfungen beim Auto vergleichbar. Die Prüfungen finden in anlagen‐ und geräteabhängigen Intervallen statt und sind erforderlich, um gefährliche unentdeckte Fehler im Betrieb aufzudecken. Allerdings verursachen solche Prüfungen manuellen Aufwand, binden viel Personal und sind zeitintensiv. Dank moderner Sicherheitssysteme und der "Digitalisierung" der Feldgeräteinformationen lassen sich Prüfabläufe jetzt weitgehend automatisieren, was in der Praxis deutliche Erleichterungen bringt und Einsparpotentiale erschließt.
IT‐Sicherheitsgesetz 2.0
Authors: Seiß Georg
Published: May 2021

Im Zuge der Corona‐Krise haben wir ein Gespür dafür entwickelt, welche Konsequenzen die Verknappung von Ressourcen haben kann. Wie lässt sich also der Ausfall jener Anlagen und Systeme vermeiden, die zu nachhaltigen Versorgungsengpässen oder sogar zu einer Gefährdung der öffentlichen Sicherheit führen würden? Für diese sogenannten Kritischen Infrastrukturen (KRITIS) machen beispielsweise das IT‐Grundschutzkompendium, die IEC 62443 oder das IT‐Sicherheitsgesetz strenge Vorgaben, wie Sicherheitskonzepte systematisch anzuwenden sind. Für die automatisierte Produktion kommt einem durchdachten Daten‐ und änderungsmanagement eine immer größere Rolle zu, denn damit lassen sich viele dieser Anforderungen mit einer entsprechenden Lösung verhältnismäßig einfach umsetzen. Zudem kann eine optimierte Datensicherung laufende Kosten drastisch senken.