bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does HPV vaccination during periconceptional or gestational period increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes?—An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis based on timing of vaccination
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Lian Zhirun , Xue Xiaoou , Li Jun , Zhu Yuying , Huang Nian , Xie Wei
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is crucial in preventing cervical cancer, and a significant number of women in 135 countries worldwide may have unknowingly received the vaccine during peri‐pregnancy or pregnancy due to a lack of regular pregnancy testing. Previous studies on the safety of pregnancy outcomes with vaccination before and after pregnancy have not reached definitive conclusions. Thus, we subdivided the vaccination time frame and conducted an updated study to further examine whether exposure to the HPV vaccine during pregnancy or the periconceptional period increases the likelihood of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Material and Methods

The clinical trials and cohort studies published before August 1, 2023, were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool were adopted to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies. In addition, the quality assessment was carried out using the Review Manager 5.4 Software, and a meta‐analysis was conducted using the Stata 16 Software.

Results

Eleven studies were located. The results showed that receiving 4vHPV during the periconceptional or gestational period had no relationship with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm birth, birth defects, small for gestational age, and ectopic pregnancy. Neither receiving 2vHPV nor 9vHPV was associated with a higher risk of stillbirth, preterm birth, birth defects, small for gestational age, and ectopic pregnancy; however, receiving 2vHPV during the period from 45 days before last menstrual period (LMP) to LMP and 9vHPV during the period from 90 days before LMP to 45 days after LMP seemed to be related to an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (RR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.04–2.45, RR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.28–3.24).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the likelihood of an elevated risk of spontaneous abortion caused by HPV vaccination during the periconceptional or gestational period could not be completely ruled out. Given the lack of evidence, further research is needed to examine the effect of HPV vaccination on spontaneous abortion.
Down syndrome and associated atrioventricular septal defects in a nationwide Norwegian cohort: Prevalence, time trends, and outcomes
Authors: Nordklev Cecilie Bryn , Gjesdal Ola , Gunnes Nina , Holmstrøm Henrik , Morken Nils‐Halvdan , Vangen Siri , Sitras Vasilis
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The prevalence of Down syndrome (DS) is approximately 1 per 1000 births and is influenced by increasing maternal age over the last few decades. DS is strongly associated with congenital heart defects (CHDs), especially atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). Our objectives were to investigate the prevalence of live‐born infants with DS having a severe CHD in the Norwegian population over the last 20 years and compare outcomes in infants with AVSD with and without DS.

Material and Methods

Information on all births from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019 was obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We also obtained data on all infants with severe CHDs in Norway registered in Oslo University Hospital's Clinical Registry for Congenital Heart Defects during 2000–2019 and accessed individual‐level patient data from the electronic hospital records of selected cases. Infants with AVSD and DS were compared to infants with AVSD without chromosomal defects. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of infant mortality and need for surgery during the first year of life, with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were estimated by logistic regression.

Results

A total of 1 177 926 infants were live‐born in Norway during the study period. Among these, 1456 (0.1%) had DS. The prevalence of infants with DS having a severe CHDs was relatively stable, with a mean of 17 cases per year. The most common CHD associated with DS was AVSD (44.4%). Infants with AVSD and DS were more likely to have cardiac intervention during their first year of life compared to infants with AVSD without chromosomal defects (adjusted OR [aOR]: 2.52; 95% CI 1.27, 4.98). However, we observed no difference in infant mortality during first year of life between the two groups (aOR: 1.08; 95% CI 0.43, 2.70).

Conclusions

The prevalence of live‐born infants with severe CHDs and DS has been stable in Norway across 20 years. Infants with AVSD and DS did not have higher risk of mortality during their first year of life compared to infants with AVSD without chromosomal defects, despite a higher risk of operative intervention.
Nondietary psychological app program leads to sustained weight loss due to trained physiological satiety perception
Authors: Wardzinski Ewelina K. , Richter Juliane , Moenikes Sophia , Duysen Kai U. , Oltmanns Kerstin M.
Published: August 2024

Obese people are mostly unable to maintain successful weight loss after the end of a dietary change. One reason is that conventional weight reduction concepts neglect physiological hunger and satiety perception, leading to a relapse to previous eating habits on the long run. We examined the long‐term efficacy of a psychological smartphone weight loss program, which avoids any dietary instructions and aims at relearning of satiety perception. Parameters of body weight alterations and psychological features, for example, satiety perception, food cravings, and emotional eating, were explored in a nonrandomized experimental study comprising 75 obese participants. Measurements occurred at baseline, two times during program application, as well as at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. Participants displayed significant weight loss during the entire study period (p = .029) and showed an improved body composition at the 6‐month follow‐up (p = .018). These effects were associated with increased satiety perception, as well as reduced food cravings, and emotional eating habits. Notably, all improvements in measured parameters significantly sustained between the end of the program and the 12‐month follow‐up (p < .005 for all). Psychological relearning of satiety perception may outclass dietary approaches in terms of long‐term efficiency.
Median line: A century of border violence and the alluvial geopolitics of the Evros/Meriç/Maritsa River border
Authors: Duncan Ifor , Levidis Stefanos
Published: August 2024

The border river of the Evros/Meriç/Maritsa has been shaped during the century since its demarcation by the Lausanne peace treaty. Over this period, a dense overlap of environmental, geopolitical, legal and cultural actors has turned it into both a riverised border and a borderised river. The border regime appropriates the riverine characteristics of flow, erosion, mud, turbulence and fog as much as it is founded on military technology, international law, agricultural and conservation practices, resource logistics, border crossing and the denial thereof. Here, the river's movement of sand and alluvium has become an agent in the policing of the river border. Drawing on interviews with asylum seekers, locals, forensic pathologists, legal scholars and fish scientists, this paper weaves field research, primarily undertaken on the Greek side, with a historic and ecosystemic perspective of a century‐old border that has become a hotspot for violent practices. These practices themselves harness the uncertain physical conditions that the riverscape affords. In this article we argue that the disjunctures of the river's dynamic geomorphology and the history of demarcation of the median line frame the contemporary politics of mobility of those illegalised by the border regime. In the ambiguous territorial pockets produced by the movement of the river away from the median line of 1926, islands of hyperlegality have been produced where state violence takes place with impunity.
Effects of multisensory stimulation on infants' learning of object pattern and trajectory
Authors: Ganea Nataşa , Addyman Caspar , Yang Jiale , Bremner Andrew
Published: August 2024

This study investigated whether infants encode better the features of a briefly occluded object if its movements are specified simultaneously by vision and audition than if they are not (data collected: 2017–2019). Experiment 1 showed that 10‐month‐old infants (N = 39, 22 females, White‐English) notice changes in the visual pattern on the object irrespective of the stimulation received (spatiotemporally congruent audio‐visual stimulation, incongruent stimulation, or visual‐only;  = .53). Experiment 2 (N = 72, 36 female) found similar results in 6‐month‐olds (Test Block 1,  = .13), but not 4‐month‐olds. Experiment 3 replicated this finding with another group of 6‐month‐olds (N = 42, 21 females) and showed that congruent stimulation enables infants to detect changes in object trajectory (d = 0.56) in addition to object pattern (d = 1.15), whereas incongruent stimulation hinders performance.
Lifting Women Up: Gender Quotas and the Advancement of Women on Corporate Boards
Authors: Gibert Anna , Fedorets Alexandra
Published: August 2024

Research Question/Issue

The introduction of gender quotas on corporate boards can disrupt the status quo, resulting in externalities that affect women's advancement within the company. This study investigates whether boardroom quotas contribute to promoting women further up the corporate ladder and facilitate access to a broader spectrum of positions.

Research Findings/Insights

Using legislative changes in Germany as a natural experiment, we find that quotas increase female representation on affected boards. However, quotas may also have adverse effects on women's executive careers; they fall short of eliminating the glass ceiling and fail to level the playing field for women, both inside and outside the firm.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

The incentives provided by the quota to hire female candidates for a mandated board may hinder their prospects for advancement to executive roles. Drawing from institutional theory, we interpret this as evidence of decoupling—firms comply with the law but do not necessarily change their stance on gender diversity at the top. Additionally, when women accessing the board have backgrounds more closely aligned with executive positions (proxied by their affiliation with the capital side of the board), the negative effect on the non‐affected executive board is larger. This suggests a substitution effect, whereby women enter nonexecutive positions instead of pursuing executive careers.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Policy design needs to consider the desired outcomes and unintended effects, carefully weighing the trade‐offs among them. Relying solely on quotas is insufficient to achieve gender equality in corporations.
Trichophyton erinacei infection in humans: a case report and a literature review
Authors: Cammarata Edoardo , Cristo Nunzia Di , Airoldi Chiara , Veronese Federica , Esposto Elia , Giacomazzi Claudio , Coppo Paola , Zavattaro Elisa , Savoia Paola
Published: August 2024

Background

Trichophyton (T.) erinacei is a rare but emerging zoonotic dermatophyte that is rarely isolated as a human pathogen, with only a few cases extensively described in the literature.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a systematic search to identify eligible articles reporting demographics, clinical characteristics, and the therapeutic approach regarding T. erinacei infection in humans.

Results

168 patients affected by T. erinacei were reported in the international literature between inception and November 2023. Only 56 cases (32.1%) were fully described. The median age at diagnosis was 26 years, the female/male ratio was around 2:1. The main source of the disease was the hedgehog. The infection presented with a combination of erythema, scaly plaques, pustules, papules, vesicles, oedema, and erosion; the most common locations were the hands and the head. The most frequently conducted examination was fungal culture, but gene sequencing and mass spectrometry improved both speed and precision in the most recent diagnostic course. Topical clotrimazole and systemic terbinafine were the most chosen treatment.

Conclusions

Trichophyton erinacei should be considered in patients with erythematous scaly patches and recent contact with hedgehogs. Terbinafine should be considered as a first‐line effective treatment, griseofulvin and azoles could be considered valid alternatives.
Endoscopic insertion of an ileus tube with attached silk threads as endoscope grasping points
Authors: Baba Yuzo , Ueda Masakazu , Hashiguchi Ryo
Published: August 2024

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Neural evidence of core foundations and conceptual change in preschool numeracy
Authors: Chen Chi‐Chuan , Berteletti Ilaria , Hyde Daniel C.
Published: August 2024

Symbolic numeracy first emerges as children learn the meanings of number words and how to use them to precisely count sets of objects. This development starts before children enter school and forms a foundation for lifelong mathematics achievement. Despite its importance, exactly how children acquire this basic knowledge is unclear. Here we test competing theories of early number learning by measuring event‐related brain potentials during a novel number word‐quantity comparison task in 3–4‐year‐old preschool children (N = 128). We find several qualitative differences in neural processing of number by conceptual stage of development. Specifically, we find differences in early attention‐related parietal electrophysiology (N1), suggesting that less conceptually advanced children process arrays as individual objects and more advanced children distribute attention over the entire set. Subsequently, we find that only more conceptually advanced children show later‐going frontal (N2) sensitivity to the numerical‐distance relationship between the number word and visual quantity. The nature of this response suggested that exact rather than approximate numerical meanings were being associated with number words over frontal sites. No evidence of numerical distance effects was observed over posterior scalp sites. Together these results suggest that children may engage parallel individuation of objects to learn the meanings of the first few number words, but, ultimately, create new exact cardinal value representations for number words that cannot be defined in terms of core, nonverbal number systems. More broadly, these results document an interaction between attentional and general cognitive mechanisms in cognitive development.

Research Highlights

Conceptual development in numeracy is associated with a shift in attention from objects to sets.

Children acquire meanings of the first few number words through associations with parallel attentional individuation of objects.

Understanding of cardinality is associated with attentional processing of sets rather than individuals.

Brain signatures suggest children attribute exact rather than approximate numerical meanings to the first few number words.

Number‐quantity relationship processing for the first few number words is evident in frontal but not parietal scalp electrophysiology of young children.
Re‐PROGRAM: The evaluation of a brief intervention program for patients with functional seizures in an outpatient hospital setting
Authors: Higson Lana , O'Brien Terence J , Rayner Genevieve , Alpitsis Rubina , Winton‐Brown Toby
Published: August 2024

Objective

Functional seizures (FS) account for 20%–25% of referrals to specialist epilepsy clinics. They are associated with major disability, increased mortality, and frequent and costly health care use. Current guidelines emphasize the importance of implementing clinical pathways to coordinate and deliver effective treatment, but there are few targeted evidence‐based interventions that reliably improve patient outcomes, and treatment resources are limited. We conducted a retrospective evaluation of Re‐PROGRAM, a novel, brief intervention for functional seizure patients, to assess its feasibility in an outpatient setting.

Methods

Twenty‐nine patients with FS undertook Re‐PROGRAM between August 2020 and January 2022 at the Alfred Hospital Functional Seizures Clinic, Melbourne, Australia. The intervention comprised five 60–90‐min consecutive weekly appointments via telehealth, where psychologists engaged patients in a structured program of seizure management skills, lifestyle modification, and behavioral activation strategies. Following the intervention, patient feedback was collected in routine clinical follow‐up as well as with a 24‐item self‐report pre‐/postintervention comparison questionnaire.

Results

All 29 patients who enrolled in Re‐PROGRAM completed the scheduled sessions. Of those who returned the postintervention questionnaire (n = 16), 15 reported a reduction in seizure frequency. Four patients were lost to follow‐up. Of the remaining nine, eight reported seizure frequency reduction during clinical follow‐up. Qualitative analysis of the feedback revealed the majority of patients reported reduced seizure duration, intensity, and bothersomeness, and patients felt improvements in their sense of control over seizures, confidence to use seizure control strategies, assertive communication, problem solving, coping skills, relationships with others, and their day‐to‐day functioning.

Significance

This retrospective evaluation demonstrates the feasibility and acceptability of Re‐PROGRAM as a brief intervention for individuals diagnosed with FS delivered in a clinical outpatient setting and warrants further investigation in larger scale, randomized controlled studies.
Marine heatwave‐driven mass mortality and microbial community reorganisation in an ecologically important temperate sponge
Authors: Bell James J. , Micaroni Valerio , Strano Francesca , Ryan Ken G. , Mitchell Katherine , Mitchell Paul , Wilkinson Shaun , Thomas Torsten , Bachtiar Ramadian , Smith Robert O.
Published: August 2024

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are increasing in frequency, duration and intensity, disrupting global marine ecosystems. While most reported impacts have been in tropical areas, New Zealand experienced its strongest and longest MHW in 2022, profoundly affecting marine sponges. Sponges are vital to rocky benthic marine communities, with their abundance influencing ecosystem functioning. This study examines the impact of this MHW on the photosynthetic sponge Cymbastella lamellata in Fiordland, New Zealand. We describe the extent, physiological responses, mortality, microbial community changes and ecological impact of this MHW on C. lamellata. The Fiordland MHW reached a maximum temperature of 4.4°C above average, lasting for 259 days. Bleaching occurred in >90% of the C. lamellata Fiordland population. The population size exceeded 66 million from 5 to 25 m, making this the largest bleaching event of its kind ever recorded. We identified the photosynthetic symbiont as a diatom, and bleached sponges had reduced photosynthetic efficiency. Post‐MHW surveys in 2023 found that over 50% of sponges at sampling sites had died but that the remaining sponges had mostly recovered from earlier bleaching. Using a simulated MHW experiment, we found that temperature stress was a driver of necrosis rather than bleaching, despite necrosis only rarely being observed in the field (<2% of sponges). This suggests that bleaching may not be the cause of the mortality directly. We also identified a microbial community shift in surviving sponges, which we propose represents a microbial‐mediated adaptive response to MHWs. We also found that C. lamellata are key contributors of dissolved organic carbon to the water column, with their loss likely impacting ecosystem function. We demonstrate the potential for MHWs to disrupt key marine phyla in temperate regions, highlighting how susceptible temperate sponges globally might be to MHWs.
Implementation status of comprehensive geriatric assessment among older inpatients: A nationwide retrospective study
Authors: Hosoi Tatsuya , Yamana Hayato , Matsumoto Shoya , Matsui Hiroki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Akishita Masahiro , Yasunaga Hideo , Ogawa Sumito
Published: August 2024

Aim

The importance of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is increasing in aging societies worldwide. However, there are few comprehensive studies on CGA, resulting in a limited understanding of its implementation rate, temporal changes and factors associated with its implementation. We aimed to investigate the implementation status of CGA and its regional variance in Japan.

Methods

Using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we investigated CGA trends, and identified the patient, hospital and regional factors associated with its implementation. We identified patients aged ≥65 years who were admitted for the first time between 2016 and 2020 with a diagnosis of stroke, heart failure, pneumonia, bone fracture or colorectal cancer. We examined the CGA implementation rate according to patient and hospital characteristics. We also investigated temporal changes and tendencies to carry out CGA in different prefectures.

Results

A total of 1 974 817 patients were analyzed, of whom 570 696 (28.9%) underwent CGA. The implementation trend increased steadily from 25.3% in fiscal year 2016 to 33.4% in fiscal year 2019. The implementation rate also increased with patient age (30.3% in patients aged ≥95 years). Regional variations in its implementation status were observed, with a higher tendency to be implemented in areas near major metropolitan regions. A trend toward carrying out CGA for colorectal cancer, but not for other diseases, has been observed in eastern Japan.

Conclusion

Although CGA is increasingly carried out, considerable regional differences remain in its implementation status. Initiatives to reduce variations are necessary. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 904–911.
Advancing Ki67 hotspot detection in breast cancer: a comparative analysis of automated digital image analysis algorithms
Authors: Zwager Mieke C , Yu Shibo , Buikema Henk J , de Bock Geertruida H , Ramsing Thomas W , Thagaard Jeppe , Koopman Timco , van der Vegt Bert
Published: August 2024

Aim

Manual detection and scoring of Ki67 hotspots is difficult and prone to variability, limiting its clinical utility. Automated hotspot detection and scoring by digital image analysis (DIA) could improve the assessment of the Ki67 hotspot proliferation index (PI). This study compared the clinical performance of Ki67 hotspot detection and scoring DIA algorithms based on virtual dual staining (VDS) and deep learning (DL) with manual Ki67 hotspot PI assessment.

Methods

Tissue sections of 135 consecutive invasive breast carcinomas were immunohistochemically stained for Ki67. Two DIA algorithms, based on VDS and DL, automatically determined the Ki67 hotspot PI. For manual assessment; two independent observers detected hotspots and calculated scores using a validated scoring protocol.

Results

Automated hotspot detection and assessment by VDS and DL could be performed in 73% and 100% of the cases, respectively. Automated hotspot detection by VDS and DL led to higher Ki67 hotspot PIs (mean 39.6% and 38.3%, respectively) compared to manual consensus Ki67 PIs (mean 28.8%). Comparing manual consensus Ki67 PIs with VDS Ki67 PIs revealed substantial correlation (r = 0.90), while manual consensus versus DL Ki67 PIs demonstrated high correlation (r = 0.95).

Conclusion

Automated Ki67 hotspot detection and analysis correlated strongly with manual Ki67 assessment and provided higher PIs compared to manual assessment. The DL‐based algorithm outperformed the VDS‐based algorithm in clinical applicability, because it did not depend on virtual alignment of slides and correlated stronger with manual scores. Use of a DL‐based algorithm may allow clearer Ki67 PI cutoff values, thereby improving the clinical usability of Ki67.
Impact of the COVID pandemic on melanoma thickness and ulceration: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Scharf Camila , Mongardini Federico M. , Fisone Francesca , Briatico Giulia , Brancaccio Gabriella , Chirico Fabrizio , Tolone Salvatore , Docimo Ludovico , Gambardella Claudio , Lucido Francesco , Parisi Simona , Moscarella Elvira , Argenziano Giuseppe , Iovino Francesco
Published: August 2024

The global healthcare sector faced immense challenges due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Oncologists noted reduced cancer screening, which impacted melanoma diagnosis and treatment, leading to concerns about delayed care and poorer outcomes. This review analyzes how the pandemic influenced melanoma ulceration risk and Breslow thickness index through a meta‐analysis of published studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of literature from January 2021 to December 2022 on cutaneous melanoma before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Upon screening 1854 manuscripts, the review led to 13 studies meeting inclusion standards. The quality assessment followed MINORS and Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale criteria. Regarding ulceration, post‐COVID ulceration surpassed pre‐COVID levels significantly, with a risk ratio of 1.31 and an estimated odds ratio of 1.41, indicating a 44% rise post‐COVID. As for Breslow thickness, studies show a rising trend in the Breslow index post‐COVID, but less significantly, with an effect size of 0.08 regarding the meta‐analysis model (P = 0.02) with a pre‐COVID mean Breslow of 1.56 mm and post‐COVID of 1.84 mm. This meta‐analysis concluded that post‐COVID ulceration rates significantly surpassed pre‐COVID levels. Considering that ulcerated melanomas usually undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy and are more likely to benefit from adjuvant therapies, this indicates important implications, as many patients might have missed the opportunity to start therapy appropriately, regardless of their Breslow thickness status.
“One blade, two cuts?” A multidisciplinary survey investigating practice variability of scalpel blade change for simultaneous excision of multiple skin lesions in the same patient
Authors: Pietkiewicz Paweł , Stefaniak Aleksandra , Giedziun Piotr , Calik Jacek , Lewandowicz Michał , Mazur Ewelina , Cantisani Carmen , Navarrete‐Dechent Cristian , Akay Bengu Nisa , Szepietowski Jacek C. , Rosendahl Cliff
Published: August 2024

Background

Skin cancer incidence increases globally, requiring effective preventive measures and evidence‐based treatment strategies. Current guidelines advocate for surgical excision as a first‐line treatment for most early skin cancers. The study investigated practices regarding changing scalpel blades when excising multiple skin lesions in the same patient during the same visit (CSB) and explored how beliefs about iatrogenic seeding influence individual norms of practice.

Methods

A multidisciplinary survey was conducted among 173 medical specialists involved in skin cancer care. Participants provided demographic information, years of experience, and practices regarding CSB in four clinical scenarios (first excised tumor: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma suspect, and evident melanoma). Practice variations based on specialty, experience, and beliefs about seeding risk were statistically assessed.

Results

Surgeons exhibited a significantly higher tendency to change blades compared to non‐surgeons across all diagnoses. Iatrogenic seeding (56.52%) and clinical training (18.84%) were the main reasons provided for CSB. Beliefs about seeding risk did not differ significantly between specialties.

Conclusions

Although the practice of CSB lacks strong scientific rationale, the approach to this practice significantly varies among different medical specialties. Healthcare professionals should critically evaluate and standardize evidence‐based practices to ensure optimal patient care and mitigate potential harm.
An open‐label 16‐week study of liraglutide in adolescents with obesity post‐sleeve gastrectomy
Authors: Zenno Anna , Nwosu Ejike E. , Fatima Syeda Z. , Nadler Evan P. , Mirza Nazrat M. , Brady Sheila M. , Turner Sara A. , Yang Shanna B. , Lazareva Julia , Te‐Vasquez Jennifer A. , Chen Kong Y. , Chung Stephanie T. , Yanovski Jack A.
Published: August 2024

Background

Up to 50% of adolescents who undergo metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) have obesity 3 years post‐MBS, placing them at continued risk for the consequences of obesity.

Objectives

We conducted an open‐label, 16‐week pilot study of liraglutide in adolescents with obesity after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) to investigate liraglutide effects on weight and body mass index (BMI) post‐SG.

Methods

Adolescents aged 12–20.99 years with obesity and a history of SG ≥1 year prior were enrolled. Liraglutide was initiated at 0.6 mg/day, escalated weekly to a maximum of 3 mg/day, with treatment duration 16 weeks. Fasting laboratory assessments and an oral glucose tolerance test were performed at baseline and end‐treatment.

Results

A total of 43 participants were screened, 34 initiated liraglutide (baseline BMI 41.2 ± 7.7 kg/m2), and 31 (91%) attended the end‐treatment visit. BMI decreased by 4.3% (p < 0.001) with liraglutide. Adolescents who had poor initial response to SG (<20% BMI reduction at BMI nadir) had less weight loss with liraglutide. Fasting glucose and haemoglobin A1C concentrations significantly decreased. There were no serious treatment‐emergent adverse events reported.

Conclusions

Liraglutide treatment was feasible and associated with a BMI reduction of 4.3% in adolescents who had previously undergone SG, quantitatively similar to results obtained in adolescents with obesity who have not undergone MBS.
‘I found everything in them’: Formation of migrant networks and social capital
Authors: Jochim Vojtěch , Macková Lucie
Published: August 2024

This paper explores the issue of creation of migrant networks in different contexts along the Eastern Mediterranean route and the Balkans. Drawing on 27 qualitative interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, it uncovers the information about migration journeys and the ways how social capital is transferred among migrants. The paper sheds light on the role of social networks, their influence on strategies, behaviour patterns and resource allocation during migration. The findings underscore different benefits of using migrant networks, highlighting their role in providing crucial support as well as increasing safety and supporting migrants' well‐being. Moreover, the shared identity forged through these networks enhances migrants' resilience, empowering migrants to navigate challenges more effectively. These empirical findings challenge the narratives of migration being individualistic and contribute to the literature on creation, dynamics, and benefits of networks of irregular transit migration, highlighting the differences from other migrant networks.
Plonmarlimab, a novel anti‐GM‐CSF blocking antibody, ameliorates disease progression in the pre‐clinical model of macrophage activation syndrome
Authors: Ding Jian , Xu Ke , Niu Yanling , Qin Yihui , Shen Hong , Wang Yajuan , Guo Wenyu , Liu Xuejun , Wang Zhengyi , Zhu Andrew X.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

We aimed to characterize and investigate the safety and efficacy of Plonmarlimab, a novel anti‐granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (anti‐GM‐CSF) neutralizing antibody, on the treatment of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), a life‐threatening systemic inflammatory disease, in pre‐clinical models.

Methods

The binding affinity was evaluated using Biacore. The neutralizing activity was measured through the blockade of ligand–receptor interaction, inhibition of STAT5 phosphorylation and suppression of TF‐1 cell proliferation. The efficacy of Plonmarlimab was evaluated in a humanized MAS model, which was established by engrafting human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells into NOG‐EXL mice. Additionally, the safety profile of Plonmarlimab was investigated in cynomolgus monkeys.

Results

At the molecular level, Plonmarlimab showed sub‐nanomolar binding affinity with human GM‐CSF and effectively blocked the binding of GM‐CSF to its receptor. At the cellular level, Plonmarlimab dose‐dependently inhibited intracellular STAT5 phosphorylation and suppressed GM‐CSF‐induced TF‐1 proliferation. In the UCB‐engrafted NOG‐EXL MAS mouse model, Plonmarlimab treatment significantly ameliorated disease progression, demonstrated by the improvements in body weight loss, anaemia and some histopathological features. Furthermore, Plonmarlimab was well tolerated up to 150 mg/kg weekly in monkeys with no reported adverse effects.

Conclusions

Plonmarlimab is a highly potent GM‐CSF blocking antibody and has demonstrated promising efficacy in a pre‐clinical MAS model with a favourable safety profile, supporting its clinical development.
Ultrasonic‐assisted activation of clay for efficient removal of U(VI) and Cr(VI)
Authors: Yue Yanxue , Zhu Weiyu , Ishag Alhadi , Zhang Bo , Sun Yubing
Published: August 2024

The natural clay mineral was activated using the acid treatment under ultrasonic conditions to improve its adsorption performance. The acid‐activated clay (AAC) was investigated to remove Cr(VI) from wasted lubricant and U(VI) from aqueous solution by batch, spectroscopy, and modeling. Batch experiments showed that the isotherms and adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI)/U(VI) on AAC were satisfactorily followed by Frenudlich and the pseudo‐second‐order model, respectively. The decreased adsorption of U(VI) on AAC with the increase of ion strength indicated the outer surface complexation of U(VI) on AAC. The interaction mechanism of Cr(VI)/U(VI) on AAC was demonstrated to be surface complexation by oxygenated functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl) according to X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. According to fitting of surface complexation models using three approaches, the adsorption of U(VI) on AAC at different pH can be better fitted by the double‐layer model compared to the constant‐capacitance model and triple‐layer model. These findings are great important for the application of acid activated clay in the removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from the environment.
Mechanism and experimental study of in situ metallization on the surface of silver ion conductive glass
Authors: Zhang Peng , Liu Haiting , Ning Shaobo , Zhao Chenhao , Wang Wei , Hu Lifang , Fan Wei
Published: August 2024

In situ metallization of Ag+ conductive glass was successfully achieved by applying electric and temperature fields to the glass to ensure the controlled migration of ions inside the glass. The transport and kinetic characteristics of Ag+ under the combined effect of electric field and temperature field were investigated by calculating and analyzing Ag+ diffusion coefficient. The correlations between ion transport and current were characterized with potential energy equations. The simulations and experiments of ion transport in the conducting glass were implemented, which revealed the mechanisms of ion transport and interfacial precipitation within the conducting glass. Further more, the existence of Ag+ deprivation layer was confirmed and it was clarified that the depth of the deprivation layer reached 30 µm under thermal polarization conditions of 60 V and 300°C. The microscopic morphology of in situ silver deposition layer was observed using SEM and TOF–SIMS. In addition, It was determined that the in situ metallization of conductive glass under the polarization condition of 60 V at 250°C was the best, and the thickness of deposited silver dendrites reached 1000 nm in the side of cathodically. This paper provides theoretical and experimental references for the optimization of the in situ metallization process for the ion conductive glass.
Scaffold microstructure evolution via freeze‐casting and hydrothermal phase transformation of calcium phosphate
Authors: Siddiqui Maliha , Salamon David
Published: August 2024

Extensive research efforts have been focused on customizing the microstructure, macrostructure, and phase composition of calcium phosphate for enhanced biocompatibility and bioactivity in scaffolds for bone substitutes. Despite significant progress, achieving precise phase composition and microstructure remains a challenge, primarily due to the necessity of scaffold sintering. This study addresses the challenges in developing customized patient‐specific bone substitutes by proposing a sequential approach that reduces processing steps while providing control over the phase and morphology of the scaffolds’ structure. The methodology utilizes freeze‐casting and sintering for highly porous the scaffolds’ preparation, followed by hydrothermal treatment to modify the microstructure. The introduction of CaCO3 induces a phase transformation of tricalcium phosphate, increasing the hydroxyapatite content, while the overall macrostructure retains the characteristics of freeze‐casting. The surface morphology undergoes a transition from equiaxial grains to whiskers‐like structures and hexagonal rods, impacting compressive strength. Following hydrothermal treatment, the formation of whiskers‐like hydroxyapatite grains leads to a notable strength increase from 2.8 to 5.7 MPa. Remarkably, the scaffolds undergo nearly complete phase transformation, shifting from 100% tricalcium phosphate to 99% hydroxyapatite, all while conserving the macrostructure.
Microstructure evolution of zirconium boride whiskers prepared by electrospinning and their toughening effect
Authors: Yang Chengwan , Li Xinyang , Yu Jie , Yuan Jieyan , Li Ming , Hu Xiaoye , Huang Zhulin , Li Yue
Published: August 2024

Zirconium boride (ZrB2) whiskers hold significant potential for toughening ultra‐high temperature ceramics (UHTCs). Yet, their fabrication remains challenging due to limited knowledge of the microstructure evolution. Herein, high‐purity ZrB2 whiskers were successfully prepared by electrospinning combined with carbothermal reduction. Specifically, a precursor solution containing Zr–O–C–B networks stabilized through hydrogen bonds with polyvinyl pyrrolidone was synthesized as a spinnable ZrB2 precursor. High‐purity ZrB2 whiskers with a diameter of ca. 200 nm and a length of 5–10 µm were obtained by precise heat treatment of ZrB2 precursor fibers. In this process, ZrO2 grains formed initially and transformed into ZrB2 grains through carbothermal reduction, which further converted into ZrB2 whiskers through a solid‐liquid‐solid mechanism. To testify to the toughening effect for UHTCs, the ZrB2 whiskers were added into ZrB2 powders and followed by sintering. This strategic addition of 5 wt% ZrB2 whiskers led to a 19% enhancement in the fracture toughness of ZrB2 bulk. This study illuminated the preparation strategy and formation mechanism for ZrB2 whiskers and their application for toughening UHTCs.
Enhanced highly bismuth‐doped multicomponent phosphate glass fibers for broadband amplifiers
Authors: Chen Weiwei , Guo Weibang , Huang Xiongjian , Xiao Xiudi , Qiu Jianrong , Yang Zhongmin , Dong Guoping
Published: August 2024

Bismuth (Bi)‐doped glass fibers are being developed into next‐generation broadband amplifiers and tunable lasers. Yet, the well‐developed Bi‐doped fiber devices only realize silica‐based optical fibers prepared by the modified chemical vapor deposition method, which faces challenges such as low doping concentration, high cost, intricate device structure, and high preparation difficulty. Here, a novel highly Bi‐doped multicomponent phosphate glass was developed. The high ion solubility of this phosphate glass facilitates achieving a Bi doping concentration of 8 mol%. The introduction of aluminum nitride (a new reducing agent) can create a local reducing environment, further increasing the concentration of low‐valence near‐infrared (NIR) active Bi ions. Furthermore, the resulting enhanced highly Bi‐doped multicomponent phosphate glass with efficient 900–1600 nm NIR emission can be drawn into corresponding optical fibers by a rod‐in‐tube method. Broadband NIR amplified spontaneous emission with a 3 dB bandwidth of 275 nm was achieved in this new fiber. As far as we know, this is the first successful preparation of Bi‐doped multicomponent phosphate glass fiber. Our results indicate that this fiber will be a powerful alternative to Bi‐doped silica‐based fibers for the preparation of related Bi‐doped fiber devices.
Microglial modulation as a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease: Focus on microglial preconditioning approaches
Authors: Yassaghi Younes , Nazerian Yasaman , Ghasemi Mobina , Nazerian Amirhossein , Sayehmiri Fatemeh , Perry George , Gholami Pourbadie Hamid
Published: August 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease that causes an impairment of learning and memory. Despite the highly complex pathogenesis of AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation are the main hallmarks of AD. Neuroinflammation also has a crucial role in the development of AD. As the central nervous system's innate immune cells, microglial cells are activated in AD and induce inflammation by producing pro‐inflammatory mediators. However, microglial activation is not always deleterious. M2‐activated microglial cells are considered anti‐inflammatory cells, which develop neuroprotection. Various approaches are proposed for managing AD, yet no effective therapy is available for this disorder. Considering the potential protective role of M2 microglia in neurodegenerative disorders and the improvement of these disorders by preconditioning approaches, it can be suggested that preconditioning of microglial cells may be beneficial for managing AD progression. Therefore, this study review microglial preconditioning approaches for preventing and improving AD.
A difference in application time between two direct orthodontic bonding methods: A prospective randomized clinical trial
Authors: Mitic Vladimir , Todorovic Ana , Mitic Aleksandar
Published: August 2024

Objective

This clinical study aimed to evaluate the difference in the time of application phase, employing the conventional and modified direct orthodontic bonding method.

Materials and Methods

Thirty patients who needed orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 15): the control and experimental group, according to the bonding method applied. A total of 600 metal brackets inch slot 0.022 (Mini Sprint®, Forestadent, Germany) were bonded to incisors, canines, and premolars using the light‐cured adhesive Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). The failure rates of the brackets were evaluated within 12 months. The independent samples t‐test was applied. The Chi‐square test and Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The initial bonding time using the modified method was significantly shorter (3.27 min or 17.1% per patient) compared with the conventional bonding method (p < 0.001). Number of failed brackets between the two methods did not differ significantly (p = 0.226).

Conclusion

The time of the application phase in initial bonding using the modified method (experimental group) was shorter than in control group. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of bond failures between the two methods.

Clinical Significance

The modified application phase of direct orthodontic bracket placement shortens the total bonding time and facilitates the manual work of orthodontists.
Two‐ and three‐dimensional symmetry of maxillary incisors: A clinical study
Authors: Bérangère Cournault , Kevin Azran , Tatiana Roman , Olivier Etienne
Published: August 2024

Objective

To assess the 2D and 3D natural symmetry of the maxillary incisors.

Materials and methods

Maxillary alginate impressions were taken of 59 young adult volunteers. Gender, orthodontic treatment history, and dominant hand were collected. For 2D analysis, a digital caliper was used for measurements on maxillary casts. For 3D analysis, the casts were scanned using a lab scanner, and the labial surface symmetry of contralateral incisors was evaluated. Mann–Whitney tests and Student's t‐test were performed, α = 0.05.

Results

Results indicated a lack of identical lengths among contralateral central or lateral incisors, with minimal occurrences of identical width measurements. 68% of central incisors and 73% of lateral incisors showed differences in length exceeding 0.2 mm. Central incisors showed more similarities than lateral incisors in width, with 61% central incisors and 47% lateral incisors having differences under 0.2 mm. The differences between highly asymmetrical contralateral teeth are situated at the transitional lines. The influence of sexual dimorphism, orthodontic factors, and the dominant hand on incisors' symmetry was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

2D and 3D symmetry of the natural maxillary incisors are rare. 3D symmetry remains consistent across orthodontic treatment status, gender, and dominant hand, suggesting its independence from such parameters.

Clinical significance

To achieve a natural and aesthetic smile rehabilitation, the symmetry of the maxillary incisors must be well understood. In our study, 2D and 3D symmetry of the maxillary incisors occurred rarely, but central incisors showed more similarities than lateral incisors in width, with differences under 0.2 mm. On the other hand, differences between highly asymmetrical contralateral teeth are situated at the transitional lines. These conclusions should be included in further computer‐assisted three‐dimensional smile designs.
Impact study of operating parameters on drying evolution of spherical tea particle under convective influence
Authors: Kumar Shantanu , Kumar K. Ravi , Dashora Kavya
Published: August 2024

Tea is an important industrial crop. It is the second most popular among all the drinks. The drying operation in the tea industry fulfills the aim of enzyme inactivation and reducing the moisture content to the desired level. The energy consumption in drying operation in the tea industry is mostly in the form of thermal energy. Drying consumes a greater amount of energy than other processes in tea industries. Thermal energy needs are met mainly through fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources such as bioenergy and solar energy are also being adopted but at the minute level. Further, addressing problems such as stewing and case hardening (arises due to improper drying conditions) during drying is necessary to avoid quality loss. In this study, mass transfer modeling of drying of crush tear curl (CTC) tea particles is conducted considering natural convection around the tea particle. A finite difference method with an explicit scheme is used to solve the equations for mass transfer modeling of drying. The effect of drying air temperatures on moisture content, moisture ratio, and drying rates are computed. Drying air temperatures such as 80, 90, and 100°C have not shown effective drying. However, drying at air temperatures of 110, 120, and 130°C are recommended for drying times of 1500 s, 1200 s–1500 s, and 1200 s, respectively. Additionally, the effect of the size of the particles is studied and the lower size of tea particles is recommended for better drying characteristics. The current drying model can be used for single tray/conveyor dryers and indirect natural convection single tray solar dryer.

Practical applications

The present research work demonstrates the important information for the hot air drying of CTC tea particle in single tray dryer. The drying modeling results can be used to set the proper temperature level of drying air being sent inside the dryer to avoid the under and over‐drying of tea particle and achieve the desired level of moisture content in the tea particle. Thus, the present study helps in deciding drying conditions such as drying temperature, drying duration for CTC tea particle in single tray dryer, slow speed conveyor dryer, and also in indirect natural convection single tray solar dryer.