bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Different Protein Source Diets on Growth, Sensory Parameters and Flesh texture of On-Growing Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
Authors: Hu H. , Han D. , Zhu X. , Yang Y. , Jin J. , Liu H. , Xie S.
Published: February 2021

The introduction of plant protein (PP) sources in aquafeed is regarded as an economic and environmental-friendly strategy for aquaculture. Our objective was to investigate the effects of pure PP diets on the growth performance and to analyze their effects on flesh quality of grass carp (357.2±0.7g). The study was performed using and comparing a control fish meal diet and two PP diets. Fish meal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), and rapeseed meal (RM) were served as sole protein source of corresponding feeds, respectively. The results suggested that the PP diets significantly impaired the growth performance of grass carp. In regard to flesh quality, the SBM and RM diets decreased the muscle lipid content, n-3 series of PUFA, EPA, DHA, and n-3/n-6 ratio at the nutritional level. However, from the consumer’s perspective SBM significantly improved flesh firmness, and RM diets, and PP diets had no adverse effects on flesh flavor, amino acids composition, and sensory characteristics. Fish fed the RM diet displayed a higher water holding capacity (WHC) in the fillets than in the other groups. In summary, compared to the FM diet, both SBM and RM diets reduced fish growth and flesh lipid nutritive values, but improved the fillet firmness. Plant ingredient-rich diets do not have detrimental effects on muscle flavor because of the free amino acids composition and organoleptic attributes.
Molecular Cloning of Twist Gene and its Expression in Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) Larvae at Different Water Temperatures
Authors: Ma Z. , Fu M. , Qin J.G. , Hu J. , Zhou S. , Yang R
Published: February 2021

The twist gene in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus larvae was cloned and analyzed in this study. in the first 18 days the expression of twist during larval fish ontogeny was explored, then on 18 day post hatch (DPH) the expression of twist in fish tissues was evaluated. Subsequently, the response of twist to water temperatures of 23, 26, and 29oC was compared on 12 DPH and 18 DPH. The cDNA sequence length of the twist gene in golden pompano is 880 bp with an open reading frame of 507 bp. The twist gene encodes 168 amino acids and has a calculated molecular weight of 18.93 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.14. After hatching, the expression of twist increased with fish age, and peaked at 3 and 4 DPH. The highest expression of twist in fish tissue occurred in the spleen and stomach, followed by the brain and kidney on 18 DPH. On 12 DPH, the highest expression of twist was observed in fish reared at 26oC, and lowest expression was observed in fish reared at 29oC. On 18 DPH, the expression of twist was not significantly affected by the rearing temperatures. This study identified the gene expression of twist at the early developmental stage of golden pompano; the time dependent expression of twist in fish larvae may improve knowledge of bone ontogeny and formation in fish larvae.
Replacement of Fishmeal by Mixed Animal and Plant Protein Sources in Diets for Juvenile Mangrove Red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) (Forsskål, 1775)
Authors: Gao Y , Li X. , Dong Y. , Zhu X. , Li W. , Wu X.
Published: February 2021

A feeding trial was undertaken to develop a low fishmeal practical diet for mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) by replacing 60% fishmeal (FM) protein with either soybean meal (SM) or peanut meal (PM), and 10% fish soluble (FS) or krill meal (KM) supplementation. Seven isonitrogenous (crude protein: 40% dry matter) and isolipidic (crude lipid: 9% dry matter) diets were prepared (FM100, FM40+SM, FM40+SM+FS, FM40+SM+KM, FM40+PM, FM40+PM+FS, FM40+PM+ KM. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight: 1.46±0.02 g, mean ± S.E.M) were stocked in 150L circular fiberglass tanks at a density of 18 fish per tank. Results showed no significant (p>0.05) differences in final body weight (FBW) values or weight gain (WG) between fish fed the FM100 diet, and those fed FM40+SM, FM40+SM+FS and FM40+SM+KM diets. For fish fed the FM40+PM diet, WG was significantly lower when compared with fish fed the other experiment diets. Supplementation of 10% FS or KM improved growth parameters of fish fed diets containing PM. Feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein productive value (PPV) showed similar tendencies to the growth indices. No significant differences in feed intake (FI) were observed among all the different dietary treatments. Significant lower whole-body protein and lipid content were recorded in fish fed FM40+PM diet. The present study indicates that 60% of fishmeal protein can be replaced by soybean meal or by a mixture of peanut meal and 10% FS or KM without affecting growth performance of Lutjanus argentimaculatus.
Effects of Dietary β-glucan Supplementation on Growth, Innate Immune, and Capacity Against Pathogen Streptococcus iniae of Juvenile Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)
Authors: Do-Huu H. , Nguyen T.N.H. , Tran V.H
Published: February 2021

This study investigated the effect of dietary β-glucan on growth, immunity, and resistance against Streptococci in pompano T. ovatus. Pompano were fed a control diet, and diets which included 0.10% or 0.20% of β-glucan. After being fed the diets for 3-weeks, growth rate, survival, blood parameters, and immunity were examined, and the fish were challenged with Steptococcus aniae for 10 days. At the end of the feeding trial, RBC, WBC, WBC:RBC ratio, and lymphocytes significantly increased (P ≤ 0.032), while monocytes significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.007) in fish fed 0.10-0.20% of β-glucan. Moreover, lysozyme was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.003) in fish fed β-glucan, while the phagocytic ratio was only significantly higher (P = 0.037) in fish fed 0.10% β-glucan. Furthermore, fish fed 0.10-0.20% β-glucan showed higher protection against S. iniae (P ≤ 0.002). Thus, a diet of β-glucan is recommended to improve non-specific immunity, growth in T. ovatus, and also to limit the adverse effects of S. aniae disease in this species.
Advances in Intestinal Mucosal Immunoglobulins of Teleost Fish (A Review)
Authors: Zhao J , Chen N , Wang W , Sun Y , Luo Y , Liu L , Yang P , Xia H
Published: February 2021

Immunoglobulins are globulins with antibody activity or antibody-like structures, and fish were the first vertebrates to develop immunoglobulins. There are three major types of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgD and IgZ) in teleost fish, which play an important role in resisting pathogen infection. For fish, the intestinal tract is not only the place for nutrient digestion but also the largest endocrine organ. The intestinal mucosal barrier system can block pathogenic microorganisms and toxins and is important for immunologic defense. Therefore, the study of the molecular mechanism of fish immunoglobulin in intestinal mucosa is of great significance to the selection of immune prevention strategies for fish diseases. At present, information on the immune system of intestinal mucosa in fish is scarce, and there are still many problems in the function of newly identified antibodies, which need further research. In this study, we have summarized current knowledge about the types, gene structure, biological function, and immune response of immunoglobulins in teleost fish, and intestinal mucosal immune tissue of fish. The scientific questions in this field were also presented according to the progress from the latest research in fish immunology. The aim of present study is to provide a theoretical basis for the study of fish immunology.
Expression Differences of Stress and Immunity Genes in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) with Different Bacterial Fish Diseases
Authors: Şükrü Önalan
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the mRNA transcription levels of HSP70 and IGF genes related to stress and immunity in Oncorhynchus mykiss obtained from fish farms, to determine the phenotypic and antimicrobial properties of the bacteria isolated in the study and to compare the results according to different diseases. Accordingly, six fish from each fish farm, a total of 30 fish were sampled. Bacterial identification, inoculations were carried out from the tissue samples taken from the kidney and symptomatic surfaces of fish samples in TSA. Primary cultures were obtained after incubation periods at 21 and 37oC. Gram staining, catalase, and oxidase tests were performed. Forty-six biochemical and 26 antimicrobial tests were performed using BD Phoenix ID Panels. Muscle tissue was used to determine mRNA gene expression differences and the tissues were preserved at -80°C in RNAlater storage solution. Following the RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis, a real-time PCR procedure was performed with b-Actin (ACTB), Insuline-like growth factor (IGF) and HSP70 Gene Primer Array system. Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium), Lactococcus garvieae (L. garvieae) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) agents were isolated in the study. These bacteria were identified with 91-99% similarity ratios. No disease agents in the gene expressions of the fish samples in were isolated and they were therefore used as controls. Compared to the control group, heat shock protein (HSP) mRNA expression was upregulated in fish tissues infected with E. faecium, S. aureus, and L. garvieae whereas no significant increase was determined in fish tissues infected with S. aureus. IGF mRNA gene expression was upregulated in all infected tissues. IGF expression was upregulated at the highest level in fish tissues infected with L. garvieae.
Effect of Ginseng Root (Araliaceae sp.) Extracts on Sperm Quality Parameters and Reproductive Performance in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Sonmez A.Y. , Ozdemir R.C. , Bilen S. , Kadak A.E.
Published: February 2021

In this study, ginseng root extract was manufactured and used as a food additive for 8 to 9-month old male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The extracts were added to the food in two different ratios, 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg. The control group was given a commercial feed with no additive. The fish ate the provided feed for 120 days ad libitum. Sperm samples were taken from fish every 30 days. We observed that the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in the experimental groups was higher than in the control group. Motility duration of groups 1 and 2 was 10 seconds more than the control group. Sperm density averages (SDA) were 7.74±0.61x109, 8.62±0.53 x109 and 11.27±0.78x109, respectively. All sperm samples taken from each experimental group were used for fertilization. Fertilization ratios of control and experimental groups were 65±10%, 84.9±5% and 90±6%, respectively. The hatching ratio was also very high in the extract added groups compared to the control group.
Physical Responses of Lates calcarifer to Acute Nitrite Stress
Authors: Hu J. , Allais L. , Yang R. , Liu Y. , Zhou S. , Qin J.G. , Ma Z. , Meng X.
Published: February 2021

Abstract_The acute toxicity of nitrite (133.33, 266.66, 399.99mg/L) to 15 days posthatched Lates calcarifer (barramundi) was studied by semi-static bioassay method; 0 mg/L nitrite was used as control. Samples were obtained at 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h respectively to measure and analyze the activity of antioxidant, digestive enzymes, and concentration of serum cortisol. Nitrite concentration and exposure time significantly affected the antioxidant and digestive enzymes activities. By the end of the experiment, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the experimental group were significantly higher than in the control group, while peroxidase (POD) and catalase activities were significantly lower than in the control group except for in higher concentrations. Differing from POD and catalase, the acid phosphatase (ACP) activity of sub-concentration treatment was significantly higher than in the control group. Amylase activity in the nitrite stressed group was significantly lower than the control group, while the results of protease and lipase activity were reversed. Cortisol activity was delayed because of acute nitrite stress in the barramundi. Lates calcarifer showed certain short-term tolerance to nitrite stress. Results from the present study indicate that nitrite stress stimulates the responses of antioxidant and digestive enzyme activity and cortisol in fish, and these parameters can be used as physical indicators of stress.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an Emerging Pathogen of Ascites Disease in Farmed Yellow Catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco
Authors: .Lu L. , Yang X. , Yang Y. , Haipeng Cao H. , Guo C. , An J
Published: February 2021

Ascites disease causes significant economic losses in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Yet only scare information is reported on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as a pathogen for yellow catfish. In this study, a virulent strain, temporarily named WY1, was isolated from diseased yellow catfish fry suffering from ascites disease, identified phenotypically and molecularly as S. maltophilia. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine isolate WY1 and compare it to other known isolates. In addition, isolate WY1 is apparently susceptible to aminoglycosides and tetracycline drugs for veterinary uses in aquaculture as revealed when screened against a range of common antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of S. maltophilia as a pathogen of ascites disease in farmed yellow catfish.
Effect of Dietary Soybean Lecithin and Cholesterol on Growth, Antioxidant Status and Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Swimming Crab, Portunus trituberculatus
Authors: Ding Liyun , Lu You , Sun Peng , Jin Min , Yuan Ye , Ma Hongna , Zhoua Qicun
Published: February 2021

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels on the growth, antioxidant status and fatty acid composition in the tissues of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Eight experimental diets were formulated to contain four levels of soybean lecithin (0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg-1 of diet) and two cholesterol levels (0 and 6 g kg-1 of diet). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 swimming crabs (approximately 3.70 ± 0.03 g). The highest weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and molting frequency (MF) were observed with crabs fed the diet supplemented with 40 g kg-1 lecithin and 6 g kg-1 cholesterol. Crabs fed the diet without lecithin and cholesterol had a lower WG and SGR as compared to those fed the other diets. Cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose concentrations in the serum were significantly influenced by soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels. Crabs fed the diets containing 40 g kg-1 lecithin with or without cholesterol supplementation had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hepatopancreas as compared to those fed the other diets. Moreover, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lysozyme activities in the hepatopancreas were significantly affected by the dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels. Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in the muscles were not significantly influenced by the dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels. The concentrations of total HUFA in hepatopancreas were significantly influenced by the dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol levels. In conclusion, interaction between dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol affects growth performance, feed utilization and fatty acids in the hepatopancreas, dietary soybean lecithin and cholesterol supplementation enhance lipid transportation and metabolism
Androgenic and Anabolic Effects of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. Pollen in Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Serrano A.J. , Adenigba I. , Tumbokon B.L.M.
Published: February 2021

Feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary pine pollen from Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. on masculinization, growth, food conversion efficiency, and survival of Clarias gariepinus. Experimental diets were prepared using a commercial feed for fry as basal diet with 5 levels of pine pollen supplementation: 0 (control, T1), 80 (T2), 160 (T3), 320 (T4), and 640 (T5) mg/kg diet; two positive control diets were also included, namely 17-α-methyltestosterone, and testosterone at 60 mg/kg diet. Two feeding trials were conducted, the first; larvae to fry for 72 days (Phase 1) and the second; fry to fingerling for an additional 45 days (Phase 2). Results showed that the percentage of males was significantly lower in the untreated diet (50.4%) and significantly higher in all of the pine pollen groups although there was no significant difference between the pine pollen groups. The male percentage was significantly highest in the 17-α-methyltestosterone and testosterone groups with no significant difference between the two groups. Phase 1 feeding showed that pine pollen did not affect growth, feed intake, food conversion efficiency, and survival of catfish. In Phase 2 feeding, the final average body weight (FABW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in all pine pollen groups similarly increased, but specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) did not. 17-α-methyltestosterone treatment significantly increased WG and SGR, but enhancement was significantly inferior to the pine pollen groups (P<0.05). Testosterone did not have any effect on any of the response parameters. FIs were significantly higher in the pine pollen groups than either the control, 17-α-methyltestosterone, and testosterone groups. There was no effect on survival rate in any of the treatments All rates were statistically similar (P>0.05). Conclusion: pine pollen resulted in slightly but significantly inferior androgenic effect, but anabolic effect was superior compared to both 17-α-methyltestosterone, and testosterone. Its use for sex reversal and improved growth is recommended.
The Language of Synchronous and Asynchronous Interactions of EMC
Authors: Madoyan Narine
Published: February 2021

The article examines the peculiar features of EMC, namely through the comparison of the linguistic and paralinguistic expressions of e-mails and chats. The analysis of the factual material reveals that the language of e-mails possesses certain similarities (syntactic, semantic, structural) with written speech. The abovementioned similarities cannot be viewed as standard practice since the language of e-mails often contains certain elements typical of both written and oral speech. The language of chats, on the other hand, can be defined as a form of internet expression of oral speech. It is noteworthy, that the emotions and feelings of the participants are expressed through a special sign system.
Online Petition as a Type of Persuasive Discourse
Authors: Ghaltakhchyan Siranoush
Published: February 2021

The article investigates the realization of the persuasive aim in online petitions with due regard to their linguistic and extra-linguistic features. Online petition is viewed as a modern form of persuasive discourse, which, however, has preserved the three important constituents of persuasion suggested by Aristotle – ethos, which refers to the impact by the authority of the speaker/listener; pathos which refers to the emotional impact achieved through linguistic and extra-linguistic means and logos that refers to the impact on the speaker’s consciousness through facts. The article highlights the linguistic means through which these constituents are expressed in electronic petitions, as well as the extent extra-linguistic factors may contribute to the successful realization of the persuasive impact.
The Concept “Modesty” in the Context of British, American and Armenian Cultural Identity
Authors: Yeghiazaryan Gayane
Published: February 2021

The present article provides an analysis of the concept “modesty” in the context of British, American and Armenian cultural identity. As an indicator of a common value in three linguo-cultures, the concept “modesty”, however, appears in various expressions. The article presents the similarities and differences of the value perception of the concept “modesty” in three linguo-cultures.
Conflict Management in Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Harutyunyan Gohar , Baldryan Susanna
Published: February 2021

The article examines differences in the expression of interpersonal conflicts and management tactics in such different cultures as American and Armenian. Through a survey, an attempt is also made to consider the role and significance of this phenomenon in the Armenian culture.
Paradoxes in O. Wilde’s “The Picture of Dorian Gray”
Authors: Dalalyan Manana , Mkrtchyan Hasmik
Published: February 2021

One of the underlying functions of any piece of literary work is its aesthetic impact on the reader. The Picture of Dorian Gray by O. Wilde has completely fulfilled its aesthetic mission from the 19th century onwards. The ideological basis of the novel heavily rests upon paradoxes which make the speech of the author and his attitude to the external world and its established traditions more impressive.Paradox is also an aesthetic category which is expressed through contrasts, juxtaposition, parallel constructions, descending gradation. Sometimes the same phrase can be viewed from the perspective of several means of expression.
Conversation and Argumentation in Boyle’s Scientific Dialogue
Authors: Gotti Maurizio
Published: February 2021

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the new stylistic approach embodied in the genre of the scientific dialogue as used in 17th-century England, focusing, in particular, on the strategies adopted by Robert Boyle in The Sceptical Chymist (1661). The purpose of our analysis is, on the one hand, to point out those characteristics which make this dialogue resemble the features of normal conversation and, on the other, those that instead have a more argumentative purpose and that therefore make it more similar to the other genre typical of scientific theorisation, i.e. the treatise.
The Multifaceted Nature of Legal English
Authors: Sahakyan Lilit
Published: February 2021

It is beyond suspicion that legal English stands as a sublanguage of paramount international importance. The extralinguistic basis of legal English has nowadays been extended embracing conflict of overall international-social, political (both foreign and home) interests. As seen from the title of the work, the primary goal of the present article is to investigate the nature of law English. The article covers a detailed analysis of some pivotal, challenging and highly significant linguistic issues that deal with the multifaceted nature of legal English based on the comprehensive historic review of legal English. Thus, the vital importance of the subject is accounted for by the substantial and decisive role legal English plays in our social life.
Reading Literature: An Ethical Gesture in the Postmodern Context?
Authors: Locatelli Angela
Published: February 2021

After the so called Ethical Turn in literary theory ethics is still a major issue in literary studies. European Continental philosophy has traditionally been in close touch with ethical issues. Not surprisingly then, it was the influence of French philosophy that, from the Eighties onward, began to put back the ethical in British academic discourse. One of the interesting paradoxes of post-modernity is the fact that, while it promotes an attitude of scepticism, oriented towards a strong suspicion of strong ideologies, it is also an attempt to promote emancipative activities (demonstrated in the Canon Debate, Post-Colonial Studies, Trauma Studies, and a broad Ethical Turn in different sectors of the humanities). This contribution wishes to investigate the issue of ethics and literature in the postmodern context, with reference to contemporary philosophy and literary theory and aims to propose that Postmodern culture still needs complex literature, and (the promotion of) appropriate hermeneutic skills to deal with it.
On the Temporal and Aspectual Value of Modern Eastern Armenian Aorist: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Haroutyunian Sona
Published: February 2021

In this research we study some syntactic and semantic properties of the Modern Eastern Armenian aorist by comparing it to similar verbal forms in English and Italian. We argue that the temporal interpretation of the aorist is not a primitive property, but derives from its main aspectual characteristic, i.e. perfectivity. This hypothesis is further supported by the analysis of the futural value expressed in certain contexts by means of the first person aorist form.
The Role of Metaphor in Technical Term-Formation
Authors: Ghajoyan Hasmik
Published: February 2021

Nowadays metaphor is not considered to be a solely literary expressive means. The human mind is both rational and emotional. In terms we both think and act, it is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Today this idea has gained so wide an acknowledgement that it can be the basis of the contemporary approach to metaphor study. The aim of this article is to analyze the role of terminological metaphor in one specialized field of language, in the process of technical term-formation. The focus is on the field of computing and the respective conclusion that metaphorical transfer is a key process in the formation of technical terms in electronics and information teclmologies.
Language as an Influential Tool for Persuasion
Authors: Arakelyan Rouzanna , Muradyan Gevorg
Published: February 2021

Persuasion is present in all human activities; people persuade each other while learning, working and socializing. Scholars representing different disciplines like communication, psychology and advertising came to a unanimous conclusion that persuasion is the intended human communication which is used to impact the autonomous judgements and actions of other people. The present article focuses on verbal language in persuasion found in a number of sources like the campaign on human rights by Council of Europe, journalistic article in Health Communication and in Federal Express TV commercial.
On Some Features of Logical Thought in Writing
Authors: Karapetyan Marina
Published: February 2021

This paper considers some features of logical thinking in persuasive essay writing. A solid essay is logically organized and well-developed; it advances consistent arguments supported by strong evidence. At the same time, it demonstrates cogency of reasoning, completeness and unity of thought. All this suggests that the ideas in each paragraph and the overall essay relate to one another, are arranged in a logical sequence and lead to a valid conclusion. Based on scientific approach to logical reasoning, the paper outlines various reasoning techniques that can be employed to produce a forceful essay.
Making a Difficult Language Skill Easy
Authors: Tchaparian Vicky
Published: February 2021

One of the main reasons why writing is a difficult language skill according to Roger and Robinson is that “the connection between the mind and the verbal system, by which mental processes are made apparent (visible or audible) to oneself and to others, is difficult to capture” (Roger and Robinson 1990:88). However, one can overcome writing difficulties by following certain rules. This paper intends to introduce rules for better writing.
The Extralinguistic Reality of the Armenian Question or Why Armenians Should Be Killed off (with special reference to E.T. Lawrence’s standpoint)
Authors: Gasparyan Naira
Published: February 2021

E.T. Lawrence, or Lawrence of Arabia, found “a perfect solution” to the Armenian question: the perfect race of Armenians need a perfect massacre. In Lawrence’s interview given to Lincoln Steffens (1919), entitled Armenians Are Impossible his intent suddenly becomes explicit at the end of their talk: Armenians are the last word in human impossibility, hence, they should be killed off. To show what makes Lawrence arrive at such an inhuman idea of annihilating a whole nation, we intend to present the discussion with the help of a certain methodology. Methods of linguo-cultural analysis and purposive sampling, techniques of comparison and contrast, interpretation and representation have been applied to the material of our choice.
Modal Verbs of Obligation in Quotations and Political Discourse
Authors: Zakalashvili Lusine , Avagyan Naira
Published: February 2021

This article discusses the modal verbs of obligation and their function in quotations and political discourse. The usage of modal verbs in speeches strengthens the impact on people, because they emphasize what people should, must, ought to and have to do. A political speech can enhance a politician’s ratings or even secure a place in the history books.

Obligation expressed by modal verbs can be strong and weak. Must is chiefly used to express strong obligation. Should, ought to and had better can be used to express weak obligation. The study of modal verbs of obligation in quotations reveals some peculiarities in terms of gender differences.
On Some Properties of Science Fiction Dystopian Narrative
Authors: Muradian Gaiane , Karapetyan Anna
Published: February 2021

Dystopia is a narrative form of fiction in general and of science fiction in particular. Using elements of science fiction discourse like time travel, space flight, advanced technologies, virtual reality, genetic engineering, etc. – dystopian narrative depicts future fictive societies presenting in peculiar prose style a future in which humanity has fallen into destruction, ruin and decline, in which human life and nature are wildly abused, exploited and destroyed, in which a totalitarian, highly centralized, and, therefore, oppressive social organization sacrifices individual expression, freedom of choice and idiosyncrasy of the society and its members. It is such critical and creative reflections of science fiction dystopian narrative that are focused on in the present case study with the aim of bringing out certain properties in terms of narrative types and devices, figurative discourse and cognitive notions through which science fiction dystopia expresses and conveys its overarching message, i.e. the warning to stop before it is too late to the reader.
The Role of Prosody in Text Interpretation
Authors: Khazhakyan Mariam
Published: February 2021

In this paper, an attempt has been made to show the indispensable role of prosody in the language of drama. Prosody as a reliable means of identifying the meaning in belles-lettres style (drama) is important not only in terms of articulation but also perception and cognition as speech is a bilateral process. As compared with other substyles of the belles-lettres style, the dialogue in drama occupies a leading place. The author’s remarks contribute to the correct choice of prosody enabling us to reveal the author’s intent. Though represented in the form of dialogues, the language of drama is in no way the exact reproduction of the norms of colloquial language. The playwright will reproduce actual conversation only as far as the norms of the written language will allow. Thus, the language of drama is marked by stylization of colloquial speech preserving the modus of literary language.
Stone in Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Baghdasaryan Mara
Published: February 2021

This paper is aimed to look into the concept քար/stone, to reveal its meaning capacity, to illustrate its characteristics. The parallel study of the concept in four languages enables a cross-cultural perspective into the phenomenon which is essentially linguocultural. The systematization of the phraseology through cognitive models/frames designed on the basis of the idea realized by the concept and their analysis reveal the common and specific features of this concept across cultures.
Gender Stereotypes in Children’s Literature (with special reference to H.Ch. Andersen’s and W. Disney’s fairytales)
Authors: Knyazyan Anna
Published: February 2021

This article is devoted to the study of those concepts of masculinity and femininity that are fixed and replicated in literature. These gender stereotypes are absorbed during early childhood, when the process of gender identification takes place. We view gender identity as the process through which children acquire the characteristics, attitudes, values and behaviors that society defines as appropriate to their gender and which lead them to adopt roles and responsibilities that are prescribed to men and women. A number of stories by H.Ch. Andersen and W. Disney have been analyzed in order to determine how gender roles and sex frequency appear in children’s literaturе. It should also be noted that no theoretical reasoning and generalizations are valid unless they are corroborated and tested empirically. That is why the use of quantitative and qualitative methods of sociology in the study of gender relations is more than obvious.
Visual Interpretation of Harry Potter Novels
Authors: Dilanian Anna
Published: February 2021

This article seeks to explain the nature of visual interpretation which is an inseparable part of visual linguistics. Within the frames of this article we intend to study and illustrate the techniques that are used for making any kind of visual interpretation. To be more practical, illustrations and movie images have been used. The article focuses on the study of the two main characters of Harry Potter novels. The characters have been thoroughly analyzed with the method of triangle analysis.
Traditional Fairy Tales and Shrek
Authors: Tchaparian Vicky
Published: February 2021

Although Brothers Grimm collection of fairy tales have somehow the same cliché of plot, setting, and characters, in the fairy tale of Shrek the protagonist doesn’t follow this cliché. Shrek the protagonist is not a classical fairy tale of the handsome prince in quest of a beautiful princess; instead, he is an ogre. Grimm brothers wrote on text that they collected from the words of mouth giving the traditional tales a special structure and characters. However, compared to Grimm Brothers’ tales, Shrek the film, has a completely different structure and characters.

In this paper I try to disclose the fact that Grimm folk tales which reveal the mentality of the 19th century as well as that of the earlier ages that belong to specific cultures (especially to the European culture and their mentality) are completely different than that of Shrek the film.
The Sociolinguistic Perspective of Hedging in English
Authors: Harutyunyan Kristine , Sargsyan Anna
Published: February 2021

Hedging refers to linguistic strategies which qualify categorical commitment, expressing possibility and probability rather than certainty. Hedges express tentativeness and possibility in communication, so their appropriate use in different discourses is vital. The aim of the present paper is to describe and analyze the social factors and social parameters that influence and determine the use of hedging in English speech; particularly we focus on gender, occupation, topic and setting while examining each type of speech. The famous TED talks (usually short, influential and powerful) serve as a primary source of investigation.
On Some Forms of “Out-Group” Intolerance and “Unlimited” Tolerance in Linguoculture
Authors: Harutyunyan Narine
Published: February 2021

The subject of the research is ethnic intolerance as a form of relationship between “we” and “other”, manifested in various modifications of the hostility towards others. There are several main types of ethno-intolerant relations: ethnocentrism; xenophobia, migrant phobia, etc. The author’s definitions of such concepts as “intercultural whirlpool”, “ethnocentric craters” and “xenophobic craters”, “emotional turbulence of communication” are presented.

The negative, discreditable signs of ethnicity of a particular national community are represented in the lexical units of English in such a way as if the “other” ethnic group has the shortcomings that are not in the “we” group. The problem of “unlimited” tolerance is considered when “strangers” – immigrants, seek to impose “their own” religious and cultural traditions, worldview and psychological dominant on local people. The article deals with the problems of intolerance and “unlimited” tolerance not only as complex socio-psychological, but also as linguocultural phenomena that are actualized in the linguistic consciousness of the ethnic group (English-speaking groups, in particular).

The article also deals with the problem of “aggressive” expansion of the English language, which destroys the nation’s value system, distorts its language habits and perception of the surrounding reality, and creates discriminatory dominance of a certain linguoculture.
The Use of Positive and Negative Politeness Strategies to Express Request in English and Armenian Cultures
Authors: Yaghubyan Marine
Published: February 2021

Politeness is an indispensable topic in pragmatics. The standard of politeness may vary from group to group, from situation to situation and even from person to person. In pragmatics the principle of politeness is related to the choices that are made in the language usage, the linguistic expressions that give people space and express a friendly attitude.

The present article focuses on the examination and comparison of positive and negative politeness strategies to express request in English and Armenian cultures. The analysis shows that in Armenian culture positive politeness is highlighted. On the contrary, in English culture requests are made within negative politeness strategies.
Birthday, Culture, and Social Media
Authors: Dąbrowska Marta
Published: February 2021

Life in the modern age is dominated by social media. What used to be very much a private affair, like birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, etc., is now celebrated in front of oftentimes the whole world, and not infrequently, through the medium of the language that is not our own.

The object of investigation in the present paper is the speech act of birthday wish sent to someone via Facebook. The analysis demonstrates that although the speech act has a universal aim – to show interest in another person and make them feel good, and although in many cases the language of conveying wishes, beside the native tongues, is the same, this notably being English, the lingua franca of contemporary world, the way the wish is expressed may differ markedly from culture to culture, thereby showing the underlying cultural values and norms of the users and of their native language use. The socio-pragmatic analysis presented here focuses on posts collected from personal profiles of British, Polish, Indian, and Armenian users, and investigates, among others, the choice of language, the formulaic vs. personalised character of the wish, and the character of strategies that make the wishes more personally oriented, with the aim to demonstrate visible differences across cultures regarding the way birthday wishes are phrased.
Hacia un perfil sociolingüístico e histórico de las lenguas indígenas de Tabasco
Authors: Escobar Potenciano Amelia , Galán López Felipe Javier
Published: February 2021

El artículo muestra un perfil sobre las agrupaciones lingüísticas que existen en Tabasco, una pequeña entidad federativa situada en el sureste de México. Esto a partir de que la existencia de trabajos que aborden este tema es magra por lo que, con esta investigación situada bajo un abordaje teórico desde la sociolingüística, damos a conocer la importancia que tienen las lenguas indígenas en esta área en relación con las principales problemáticas de salud, educación y desarrollo. De ahí que se profundice más en estos datos, con el objetivo de contar con una descripción puntual y sustancial de la situación que enfrentan, presentando información sobre aspectos geográficos, sociales, económicos y lingüísticos, que toman como parteaguas, un necesario recuento histórico. Para esto, se siguieron las fórmulas propuestas por Lastra (1992), y la historiografía lingüística, así como información de bases de datos nacionales (INEGI, CONEVAL) que fueron complementados con un trabajo de investigación de campo realizado de 2016 a 2018 por diversas zonas indígenas de Tabasco.
Determinantes sociales de la salud y riesgo de Diabetes Tipo 2 en adultos de poblaciones originarias, aproximaciones desde la teoría social
Authors: Buichia Sombra Felix Gerardo , Miranda Cota Guadalupe Adriana
Published: February 2021

La Diabetes Tipo 2 (DT2) es una enfermedad multicausal que requiere de estudios desde diversas perspectivas: biológicas, psicológicas, sociales y culturales, resaltar que la salud no solo es un proceso de orden bionatural, sino que, es una cuestión social compleja, que además ha sido poco abordada. El objetivo es exponer los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud (DSS) y riesgo de diabetes en población originaria, a partir de la teoría social, específicamente de la corriente epistemológica del configuracionismo: Estructura, Subjetividad y Acción, desde la propuesta Giddens y de la Garza, a partir de estos conceptos, se presenta un esquema conceptual sobre los DSS en el riesgo de DT2 en población originaria. Se concluye que es necesario realizar estudios sociales de la experiencia de vida tratando de encontrar las conexiones entre las estructuras y cómo estas se posicionan sobre el cuidado de la salud y prevención de enfermedades, a ello se suman la multiplicidad de significados que cada persona le da a la salud, su cuidado y el afrontamiento de la enfermedad.
Sobretrabajo en tiempos del Covid-19: Desvelando las jornadas de mujeres en el confinamiento
Authors: Yautentzi Díaz José Luis Cisneros , Yautentzi Díaz Dora del Carmen
Published: February 2021

Este trabajo es el resultado de una investigación que tiene como propósito ofrecer al lector una perspectiva sobre las jornadas de trabajo experimentadas por las mujeres durante el tiempo de pandemia por el COVID-19, nuestra finalidad es acercarnos a reflexionar sobre la violencia estructural, y sus implicaciones culturales y económicas. Particularmente nos interesa subrayar los efectos experimentados en la jornada laboral que, con motivo del confinamiento, se ha exacerbado. Nuestra investigación es de corte etnográfico en tanto que nos interesa dar cuenta de la experiencia que viven las mujeres, solo así, consideramos que se puede voz a ellas como actores principales, que narran su experiencia y expresar su percepción acerca de las implicaciones que ha traído este tiempo de pandemia en su condición de mujer. Cuantitativamente nos apoyamos en la aplicación de encuestas mediante las redes sociales. Nuestros principales hallazgos evidencian una condición de vulnerabilidad cansancio y devastación, no solo en su condición de mujer, sino en su relación de pareja y con su familia. Sin embargo, a pesar de haber perdido su empleo formal, muchas mujeres han buscado estrategias de subsistencia para sostener a sus familias.
La gestión de los directivos y la calidad del servicio educativo del colegio San Antonio Marianistas, Bellavista, Región Callao
Authors: Cruz Cárdenas César Augusto , Santos Jiménez Ofelia Carmen
Published: February 2021

Es importante destacar la importancia que cada día cobra el aseguramiento de la calidad educativa a los estudiantes en todos los niveles académicos, siendo más importante aún en la educación básica por lo que la gestión por parte de los responsables de las instituciones académicas debe mantenerse atentos al servicio que brinden, así como la estrategia académica que tengan para cumplir con este principio básico. Por lo mencionado cabe señalar que la presente investigación busca demostrar como la gestión de los directivos se relaciona con la calidad del servicio educativo del colegio San Antonio Marianistas, Bellavista de la Región Callao en el año 2017. Para lo cual se ha recolectado los datos a través de una muestra de 150 estudiantes, 62 docentes, 23 personal administrativo, 90 padres de familia en quienes se empleó una encuesta de opinión utilizando la escala de valor de Likert y para la variable calidad del servicio educativo, se aplicó encuesta a los estudiantes y padres de familia utilizando la escala de nunca, casi nunca, a veces, casi siempre y siempre. Tras el análisis de los resultados se ha evidenciado que existe una relación significativa entre la calidad del servicio a través de una adecuada gestión por parte de los directivos.
A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY OF HINGVADI CHURNA AND RAJAH-PRAVARTANI-VATI ON KASHTARTAVA W.S.R TO PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA
Authors: Suresh Kumar  , Sushila Sharma  , B.Pushpalatha
Published: February 2021

Primary dysmenorrhoea can be correlated with Kashtartava which is characterized by painful menstruation. According to Ayurveda, pain is an indication of Vata Vikriti – ‘Na hi vaatadrite Shoolam’. Apana Vayu has been given prime importance in Gynecological disorders. Normal menstruation is the function of the Apanavata, so painful menstruation is considered as Apanavatadushti. Vyana Vata has control over the muscles which brings about actions such as contraction, relaxation, extension, flexion etc. According to Acharya Charaka, Vata plays a key role in all types of Yoni Roga. As Vata is the main causative factor, it should be treated first. According to Acharya Vagbhata all measures capable of suppressing Vata are indicated. Till date, no successful advances have been made in the management of Primary dysmenorrhoea by conventional medicine. The best evidence-based treatments are NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives but they have a lot of side effects. Owing to the gravity of the situation, need is felt for search of safe/more effective, palatable oral dosage forms to reduce pain during menstrual period. A systematic review of studies in developing countries performed by Harlow and Campbell has revealed that about 25-50% of adult women and about 75% of adolescents experience pain during menstruation. It is a randomized comparative clinical trial with 30 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for the trial. The selected patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, 15 patients each. The duration of treatment was from 7th day due date of menstrual cycle to next menstrual cycle for 60 days. The assessment was done after each cycle on 5th day of cycle and follow-up for the next menstrual cycle. The test of significance showed that the efficacy of Hingvadi churna is more than Rajahpravartini vati in Kashtartava.
AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE ON PCOD AND INFERTILITY- A CASE STUDY
Authors: Nikitha Sirigere  , Laxmi Kirana P
Published: February 2021

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a syndrome manifested by amenorrhea, hirsuitism and obesity associated with enlarged polycystic ovaries. It is the most common endocrine disorder in a woman of reproductive age. Furthermore it presents with infertility, abnormal bleeding, increased incidences of pregnancy loss and pregnancy related complications. Most patients present with elevated levels of androgens, Luteinizing hormone (LH), Oestrogen and Prolactin. The aetiology is multifactorial with the combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain hypothesis related to etio-pathogenesis still remains unknown. Pelvic ultrasound is a major diagnostic tool determines the presence of multiple ovarian cysts ranging between 2mm and 9mm. Hormonal therapy and LOD (Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling) are the only line of treatment in modern science whereas, Ayurvedic management offers lifestyle changes and medications having Tridoshahara, Srotoshodhaka & Anulomaka properties with its holistic approach. So, in the present study – Agnitundi vati, Sukumara kashayam and Nasya with Kalyanaka Ghrita, were administered in a patient complaining of irregular cycles due to PCOD and infertility. As a result of the treatment, patient not only regularised her cycles but even conceived. Nasya is the most effective method of restoring normal ovulation/ menstruation and thus maintains equilibrium of endocrine functions. The above said line of treatment was found to be cost effective and easily accessible. Further clinical trials can be conducted to assess the efficacy of the drugs.