bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Analysis of the Minor Cerebrosides from a Glass Sponge Aulosaccus sp.
Authors: Santalova Elena A. , Denisenko Vladimir A. , Dmitrenok Pavel S.
Published: October 2015

The minor cerebrosides from a Far‐Eastern glass sponge Aulosaccus sp. were analyzed as constituents of some multi‐component RP‐HPLC fractions. The structures of eighteen new and one known cerebrosides were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, optical rotation data and chemical transformations. These β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→1)‐ceramides contain sphingoid bases N‐acylated with straight‐chain (2R)‐2‐hydroxy fatty acids, namely, (2S,3S,4R,11Z)‐2‐aminoeicos‐11‐ene‐1,3,4‐triol, acylated with 15E‐22:1, 16Z‐21:1, 15Z‐21:1, 15Z‐20:1, 15E‐20:1, 19:0, 18:0 acids, (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐amino‐13‐methyltetradecane‐1,3,4‐triol—with 19Z‐26:1, 16Z‐23:1, 23:0, 22:0 acids, (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐amino‐14‐methylpentadecane‐1,3,4‐triol—with 16Z‐23:1, 16E‐23:1, 15Z‐22:1, 22:0 acids, (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐amino‐14‐methylhexadecane‐1,3,4‐triol, linked to 16Z‐23:1, 15Z‐22:1 acids, (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐amino‐9‐methylhexadecane‐1,3,4‐triol—to 16Z‐23:1 acid, and (2S,3S,4R)‐2‐aminohexadecane‐1,3,4‐triol, attached to 15Z‐22:1 acid. The 13‐methyl and 9‐methyl‐branched trihydroxy sphingoid base backbones (C15 and C17, respectively) have not been found previously in sphingolipids. The ceramide parts, containing other backbones, present new variants of N‐acylation of the marine sphingoid bases with the 2‐hydroxy fatty acids. The combination of the instrumental and chemical methods used in this study improved the efficiency of the structural analysis of such complex cerebroside mixtures that gave more detailed information on glycosphingolipid metabolism of the organism.
Lipid Adaptation of Shrimp Rimicaris exoculata in Hydrothermal Vent
Authors: Zhu Si , Ye Mengwei , Yan Xiaojun , Zhou Yadong , Wang Chunsheng , Xu Jilin
Published: October 2015

The shrimp Rimicaris exoculata is the most abundant species in hydrothermal vents. Lipids, the component of membranes, play an important role in maintaining their function normally in such extreme environments. In order to understand the lipid adaptation of R. exoculata (HV shrimp) to hydrothermal vents, we compared its lipid profile with the coastal shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (EZ shrimp) which lives in the euphotic zone, using ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. As a result, the following lipid adaptation can be observed. (1) The proportion of 16:1 and 18:1, and non‐methylene interrupted fatty acid (48.9 and 6.2 %) in HV shrimp was higher than that in EZ shrimp (12.7 and 0 %). While highly‐unsaturated fatty acids were only present in the EZ shrimp. (2) Ceramide and sphingomyelin in the HV shrimp were enriched in d14:1 long chain base (96.5 and 100 %) and unsaturated fatty acids (67.1 and 57.7 %). While in the EZ shrimp, ceramide and sphingomyelin had the tendency to contain d16:1 long chain base (68.7 and 75 %) and saturated fatty acids (100 and 100 %). (3) Triacylglycerol content (1.998 ± 0.005 nmol/mg) in the HV shrimp was higher than that in the EZ shrimp (0.092 ± 0.005 nmol/mg). (4) Phosphatidylinositol and diacylglycerol containing highly‐unsaturated fatty acids were absent from the HV shrimp. (5) Lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine were rarely detected in the HV shrimp. A possible reason for such differences was the result of food resources and inhabiting environments. Therefore, these lipid classes mentioned above may be the biomarkers to compare the organisms from different environments, which will be benefit for the further exploitation of the hydrothermal environment.
Sulfurtransferase and thioredoxin specifically interact as demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis and biochemical tests
Authors: Henne Melina , König Nicolas , Triulzi Tiziana , Baroni Sara , Forlani Fabio , Scheibe Renate , Papenbrock Jutta
Published: October 2015

Sulfurtransferases (Strs) and thioredoxins (Trxs) are members of large protein families. Trxs are disulfide reductases and play an important role in redox‐related cellular processes. They interact with a broad range of proteins. Strs catalyze the transfer of a sulfur atom from a suitable sulfur donor to nucleophilic sulfur acceptors in vitro, but the physiological roles of these enzymes are not well defined. Several studies in different organisms demonstrate protein–protein interactions of Strs with members of the Trx family. We are interested in investigating the specificity of the interaction between Str and Trx isoforms. In order to use the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), several Str and Trx sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana were cloned into the pUC‐SPYNE and pUC‐SPYCE split‐YFP vectors, respectively. Each couple of plasmids containing the sequences for the putative interaction partners were transformed into Arabidopsis protoplasts and screened using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Compartment‐ and partner‐specific interactions could be observed in transformed protoplasts. Replacement of cysteine residues in the redox‐active site of Trxs abolished the interaction signal. Therefore, the redox site is not only involved in the redox reaction but also responsible for the interaction with partner proteins. Biochemical assays support a specific interaction among Strs and certain Trxs. Based on the results obtained, the interaction of Strs and Trxs indicates a role of Strs in the maintenance of the cellular redox homeostasis.
JAMESIAN EPISTEMOLOGY FORMALISED: AN EXPLICATION OF ‘THE WILL TO BELIEVE’
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: October 2015

Famously, William James held that there are two commandments that govern our epistemic life: Believe truth! Shun error! In this paper, I give a formal account of James' claim using the tools of epistemic utility theory. I begin by giving the account for categorical doxastic states – that is, full belief, full disbelief, and suspension of judgment. Then I will show how the account plays out for graded doxastic states – that is, credences. The latter part of the paper thus answers a question left open in Pettigrew (2014).
Universal vs Risk Factor Screening for Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin a Large Multicenter Tertiary Care Facility in Canada
Authors: Roth V. R. , Longpre T. , Taljaard M. , Coyle D. , Suh K. N. , Muldoon K. A. , Ramotar K. , Forster A.
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE

To assess the clinical effectiveness of a universal screening program compared with a risk factor–based program in reducing the rates of nosocomial methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) among admitted patients at the Ottawa Hospital.

DESIGN

Quasi-experimental study.

SETTING

Ottawa Hospital, a multicenter tertiary care facility with 3 main campuses, approximately 47,000 admissions per year, and 1,200 beds.

METHODS

From January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2007 (24 months), admitted patients underwent risk factor–based MRSA screening. From January 1, 2008 through August 31, 2009 (20 months), all patients admitted underwent universal MRSA screening. To measure the effectiveness of this intervention, segmented regression modeling was used to examine monthly nosocomial MRSA incidence rates per 100,000 patient-days before and during the intervention period. To assess secular trends, nosocomialClostridium difficileinfection, mupirocin prescriptions, and regional MRSA rates were investigated as controls.

RESULTS

The nosocomial MRSA incidence rate was 46.79 cases per 100,000 patient-days, with no significant differences before and after intervention. The MRSA detection rate per 1,000 admissions increased from 9.8 during risk factor–based screening to 26.2 during universal screening. A total of 644 new nosocomial MRSA cases were observed in 1,448,488 patient-days, 323 during risk factor–based screening and 321 during universal screening. Secular trends inC. difficileinfection rates and mupirocin prescriptions remained stable after the intervention whereas population-level MRSA rates decreased.

CONCLUSION

At Ottawa Hospital, the introduction of universal MRSA admission screening did not significantly affect the rates of nosocomial MRSA compared with risk factor–based screening.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2015;37(1):41–48
Wake-induced ‘slaloming’ response explains exquisite sensitivity of seal whisker-like sensors
Authors: Beem Heather R. , Triantafyllou Michael S.
Published: October 2015

Blindfolded harbour seals are able to use their uniquely shaped whiskers to track vortex wakes left by moving animals and identify objects that passed by 30 s earlier, an impressive feat, as the flow features have velocities as low as$1~\text{mm}~\text{s}^{-1}$. The seals sense while swimming, hence their whiskers are sensitive enough to detect small-scale changes in the flow, while rejecting self-generated flow noise. Here we identify and illustrate a novel flow mechanism, causing a large-amplitude ‘slaloming’ whisker response, which allows artificial whiskers with the identical unique undulatory geometry as those of the harbour seal to detect the features of minute flow fluctuations when placed within wakes. Whereas in open water the whisker responds with very low-amplitude vibration, once within a wake, it oscillates with large amplitude and, importantly, its response frequency coincides with the Strouhal frequency of the upstream cylinder, making the detection of an upstream wake and an estimation of the size and shape of the wake-generating body possible. This mechanism has some similarities with the flow mechanisms observed in actively controlled propulsive foils within upstream wakes and trout swimming behind bluff cylinders in a stream, but there are also differences caused by the unique whisker morphology, which enables it to respond passively and within a much wider parametric range.
Yogurt drink fortified with menaquinone-7 improves vitamin K status in a healthy population
Authors: Knapen Marjo H. J. , Braam Lavienja A. J. L. M. , Teunissen Kirsten J. , Zwijsen Renate M. L. , Theuwissen Elke , Vermeer Cees
Published: October 2015

Population-based studies have shown an inverse association between dietary menaquinones (MK-n, vitamin K2) intake, coronary calcification and CHD risk, suggesting a potential role of vitamin K in vascular health. To date, the effects of increased menaquinone intake on (markers of) vascular health have been investigated using predominantly food supplements. Dairy products contain many essential nutrients and can serve as a good matrix for food fortification in order to support health. We were therefore interested to study the effects of a menaquinone-fortified yogurt drink (menaquinone as menaquinone-7 (MK-7); 28 µg MK-7/yogurt drink) on vitamin K status and markers of vascular health. The yogurt drink was also fortified withn-3 PUFA, vitamin D, vitamin C, Ca and Mg to support vascular and/or general health. Healthy men (n32) and postmenopausal women (n28) with a mean age of 56 (sd5) years received either basic or fortified yogurt drink twice per d for 12 weeks. MK-7 was efficiently absorbed from the fortified yogurt drink. Levels of circulating MK-7 were significantly increased from 0·28 to 1·94 ng/ml. In accordance, intake of the fortified yogurt drink improved vitamin K status, as measured by significant decreases in uncarboxylated osteocalcin and desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein. No effects were, however, seen on markers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and lipid metabolism. In summary, consumption of a yogurt drink fortified with low doses of among others MK-7 for 3 months significantly improved vitamin K status in a healthy population.
Media Use Preference: The Mediating Role of Communication on Political Engagement
Authors: Park Kyungmee , You Sukkyung
Published: October 2015

This study examined the impact of media use on political engagement among South Korean voters. The two major strengths of the current study were the examination of multiple dimensions of media use and citizen communication, and the consideration of mediating variables. Multigroup structural equation modelling was used to examine the direct and indirect effects of media use on political engagement via mediator online citizen communication. The present study used data from the 19th General Election Survey in Korea conducted by the Korean Social Data Center. A nationally representative sample of 829 Korean voters (age range: 21–59) was included for analysis. Results indicated: (1) for those in the 20–30 year age group, political efficacy positively predicted online media use and this, in turn, was related to political engagement via mediator online citizen communication; and (2) for those in the 40–50 year age group, political efficacy positively predicted both offline and online media use, with online media use affecting political engagement directly.
Re-evaluating DSM-I
Authors: Cooper R. , Blashfield R. K.
Published: October 2015

The DSM-I is currently viewed as a psychoanalytic classification, and therefore unimportant. There are four reasons to challenge the belief that DSM-I was a psychoanalytic system. First, psychoanalysts were a minority on the committee that created DSM-I. Second, psychoanalysts of the time did not use DSM-I. Third, DSM-I was as infused with Kraepelinian concepts as it was with psychoanalytic concepts. Fourth, contemporary writers who commented on DSM-I did not perceive it as psychoanalytic. The first edition of the DSM arose from a blending of concepts from the Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals of Mental Diseases, the military psychiatric classifications developed during World War II, and the International Classification of Diseases (6th edition). As a consensual, clinically oriented classification, DSM-I was popular, leading to 20 printings and international recognition. From the perspective inherent in this paper, the continuities between classifications from the first half of the 20th century and the systems developed in the second half (e.g. DSM-III to DSM-5) become more visible.
A critique of Heidegger's critique of Christian philosophy in theIntroduction to Metaphysics
Authors: TRABBIC JOSEPH G.
Published: October 2015

Martin Heidegger argues against the possibility of Christian philosophy in hisIntroduction to Metaphysics. Christians, Heidegger tells us, cannot authentically ask the fundamental question of philosophy – ‘Why are there beings at all rather than nothing?’ – because they already suppose that they have an answer to this question in their Creator-God. Moreover, Christianity, says Heidegger, takes philosophy to be foolishness and, thus, would never try to answer its questions in the first place. Finally, Heidegger insists that any thoughtful questioning in a Christian context is theology and not philosophy. I argue that none of these reasons for rejecting Christian philosophy ultimately holds up. I also criticize an interpretation of Heidegger on this topic proposed by Walter Kaufmann.
Blending technology and face-to-face: Advanced students’ choices
Authors: Trinder Ruth
Published: October 2015

It has been suggested that current research in computer-assisted language learning (CALL) should seek to understand the conditions and circumstances that govern students’ use of technology (Steel & Levy, 2013). This paper attempts to identify critical factors accounting for student choices, first, by investigating advanced learners’ reported use as well as their views on the potential of specific technological resources for language learning, and, second, by widening the perspective and surveying students’ ideal learning environments. Learners’ reasons for preferring teacher-fronted classes, blended learning, immersion or technology-mediated settings yield useful information on how students perceive the strengths and weaknesses of interaction/engagement with material (i.e. technological) as well as social (i.e. human) resources, and how the roles of teachers/classes can be conceptualised today.

Data was collected via a survey of 175 Austrian university students which included Likert-type ratings and free text responses to open questions. Findings indicate that though the cohort routinely use a wide range of technology tools in their everyday lives and show awareness of the potential of ICT for language learning, a number of barriers exist based on learner beliefs/conceptions and learning aims. Thus the notion that enhancement of communicative competence is intrinsically tied to personal interaction with native speakers means that the potential of communication technologies such as Skype is not fully appreciated. It was further established that though many students are well versed in blending different technological resources in line with the criteria identified, thus displaying the hallmarks of autonomous learners, there was a clear preference for real-life compared to virtual environments.
Two Swedish Modernisms on English Housing Estates: Cultural Transfer and Visions of Urban Living, 1945–1969
Authors: VALL NATASHA
Published: October 2015

This article examines the transfer of Swedish concepts of urban modernity to British cities after 1945. It shows how an affinity between design and architecture elites facilitated the transfer of key concepts that were mediated in cities. Moreover, it argues that the often contested transfer of Swedish modern architecture and design to northern English cities initially meshed with municipal ambitions to improve working-class housing and culture. Thereafter the influence of Swedish modern was continued in altered form by the preponderance of Swedish prefabrication techniques in the construction of new poured concrete and high-rise estates during the 1960s. These aspirations to improve the urban environment with Scandinavian examples of good living often magnified the difficulties of modernising the industrial conurbations of the north.
Localising the Social: The Rediscovery of Urban Poverty in Western European ‘Affluent Societies’
Authors: REINECKE CHRISTIANE
Published: October 2015

Concentrating on the production of knowledge of poverty and homelessness, this article discusses how particular spatial settings influenced the construction of social problems in the 1960s and 1970s. Exploring the practices of three kinds of knowledge producers – social scientists in academic circles, ‘practitionerscumactivists’ engaging in advocacy research and experts in governmental committees – the analysis focuses on the early stages of a rediscovery of poverty in Western Europe as it was debated in international fora as well as in West Germany and France. It shows that the way in which poverty was represented as a new challenge to Western ‘affluent societies’ was in many respects an urban story, as the ongoing housing crisis and newly defined problem areas served as major points of reference for the revived interest in social deprivation. Moreover, urban actors – locally active NGOs and municipal authorities – played a preeminent role in launching debates on the apparent paradox of poverty in affluence. With their own work often grounded in particular urban problem zones, many contemporary observers tended to spatialise poverty. For them, poverty was bound to particular places; it was an exceptional sphere that helped generate a particular behaviour that made it difficult for ‘the poor’ to rise. While a growing part of the population had access to housing of a standard previously reserved to the middle class and had become able to choose where to live, life in peripheral shantytowns or dilapidated inner cities became the ultimate signifier of a social position beyond the established class structure.
Faded Red Paradise: Welfare and the Soviet City after 1953
Authors: SMITH MARK B.
Published: October 2015

The provision of social welfare and the shape of the Soviet city profoundly influenced each other, especially in the post-Stalin period. This article explores the relationship between welfare and city in the USSR after 1953 by focusing on four particular urban or exurban spaces: the company town, the microdistrict, the pensions office and the city's rural hinterland. After the ideological visions of the Khrushchev era faded, welfare moved even closer to the heart of Soviet urban life. It determined some of the contours of urban form, while the resulting urban spaces contributed fundamentally to the way that people understood Soviet power and the nature of their citizenship.
European Urbanities since 1945: A Commentary
Authors: GUNN SIMON
Published: October 2015

Europe's history since 1945 has most commonly been seen through the prism of international politics and economic change, from post-war reconstruction to late twentieth-century deindustrialisation. Urban history has been tangential to these accounts. Hence Leif Jerram's call to arms in his bookStreetlife, published in 2011: ‘it is time to put thewhereinto thewhatandwhyof history’. The history of Europe's twentieth century, Jerram declared, happened ‘in the streets and factories, cinemas and nightclubs, housing estates and suburbs, offices and living rooms, shops and swimming baths of Europe's booming cities’.
Accuracy of the Masimo SET® LNCS neo peripheral pulse oximeter in cyanotic congenital heart disease
Authors: Griksaitis Michael J. , Scrimgeour Gemma E. , Pappachan John V. , Baldock Andrew J.
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Non-invasive peripheral pulse oximeters are routinely used to measure oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SpO2) in cyanotic congenital heart disease. These probes are calibrated in healthy adult volunteers between arterial saturations of ~75 and 100%, using the gold standard of co-oximetry on arterial blood samples. There are little data to attest their accuracy in cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Aims

We aimed to assess the accuracy of a commonly used probe in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Methods

Children with cyanotic congenital heart disease admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit with an arterial line in situ were included to our study. Prospective simultaneous recordings of SpO2, measured by the Masimo SET® LNCS Neo peripheral probe, and co-oximeter saturations (SaO2) measured by arterial blood gas analysis were recorded.

Results

A total of 527 paired measurements of SpO2 and SaO2 (using an ABL800 FLEX analyser) in 25 children were obtained. The mean bias of the pulse oximeter for all SaO2 readings was +4.7±13.8%. The wide standard deviation indicates poor precision. This mean bias increased to +7.0±13.7% at SaO2 recordings <75%. The accuracy root mean square of the recordings was 3.30% across all saturation levels, and this increased to 4.98% at SaO2 <75%.

Conclusions

The performance of the Masimo SET® LNCS Neo pulse oximeter is poor when arterial oxyhaemoglobin saturations are below 75%. It tends to overestimate saturations in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease. This may have serious implications for clinical decisions.
Associations between meal and snack frequency and diet quality and adiposity measures in British adults: findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Murakami Kentaro , Livingstone M Barbara E
Published: October 2015

Objective

To examine how different definitions of meals and snacks can affect the associations of meal frequency (MF) and snack frequency (SF) with dietary intake and adiposity measures.

Design

Based on 7 d weighed dietary record data, all eating occasions providing ≥210 kJ of energy were divided into meals or snacks based on contribution to energy intake (≥15 % or <15 %) or time (06.00–10.00, 12.00–15.00 and 18.00–21.00 hours; other). Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) and Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS).

Setting

Great Britain.

Subjects

British adults aged 19–64 years (n1487).

Results

MF based on energy contribution was associated with higher intake of dietary fibre, lower intakes of non-milk extrinsic sugars and alcohol, and higher HDI (only men) and MDS. MF based on time was associated with higher HDI and MDS in women only. Conversely, irrespective of the definition of snacks, SF was associated with higher intakes of confectionery and alcohol, lower intakes of cereals, protein, fat and dietary fibre, and lower HDI (except for SF based on energy contribution in women) and MDS. After adjustment for potential confounders, MF based on time, but not MF based on energy contribution, was positively associated with BMI and waist circumference in men only. SF was positively associated with BMI and waist circumference, irrespective of the definition of snacks.

Conclusions

Higher SF was consistently associated with lower diet quality and higher adiposity measures, while associations with MF varied depending on the definition of meals and sex.
Anatomical and Topochemical Aspects of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) Cell Walls After Treatment with the Ionic Liquid, 1-Ethylpyridinium Bromide
Authors: Kanbayashi Toru , Miyafuji Hisashi
Published: October 2015

Changes in the ultrastructure and chemical components, and their distribution in Japanese beech (Fagus crenata), during the ionic liquid 1-ethylpyridinium bromide ([EtPy][Br]) treatment were examined at the cellular level by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopy. Each of the tissues, including wood fibers, vessels and parenchyma cells treated with [EtPy][Br] showed specific morphological characteristics. Furthermore, lignin can be preferentially liquefied and eluted in [EtPy][Br] from the cell walls when compared to polysaccharides. However, the delignification was heterogeneous on the cell walls as lignin maintained a relatively high-concentration at the compound middle lamella, cell corners, inner surface of the secondary wall, and pits after [EtPy][Br] treatment.
Improved Sealing and Remineralization at the Resin-Dentin Interface After Phosphoric Acid Etching and Load Cycling
Authors: Toledano Manuel , Cabello Inmaculada , Aguilera Fátima S. , Osorio Estrella , Toledano-Osorio Manuel , Osorio Raquel
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate micro-morphology of the resin-dentin inter-diffusion zone using two different single-bottle self-etching dentin adhesives with and without previous acid-etching, after in vitro mechanical loading stimuli. Extracted human third molars were sectioned to obtain dentin surfaces. Two different single-bottle self-etching dentin adhesives, Futurabond U and Experimental both from VOCO, were applied following the manufacturer’s instructions or after 37% phosphoric acid application. Resin-dentin interfaces were analyzed with dye assisted confocal microscopy evaluation (CLSM), including the calcium-chelation technique, xylenol orange (CLSM-XO). CLSM revealed that resin-dentin interfaces of unloaded specimens were deficiently resin-hybridized, in general. These samples showed a Rhodamine B-labeled hybrid complex and adhesive layer completely affected by fluorescein penetration (nanoleakage) through the porous resin-dentin interface, but thicker after PA-etching. Load cycling promoted an improved sealing of the resin-dentin interface at dentin, a decrease of the hybrid complex porosity, and an increment of dentin mineralization. Load cycled specimens treated with the XO technique produced a clearly outlined fluorescence due to consistent Ca-mineral deposits within the bonding interface and inside the dentinal tubules, especially when the experimental adhesive was applied.
Die Entwicklung beruflicher Selbstregulation: Ein Vergleich zwischen angehenden Lehrkräften und anderen Studierenden
Authors: Roloff Henoch Janina , Klusmann Uta , Lüdtke Oliver , Trautwein Ulrich
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung. Die berufliche Selbstregulation stellt einen zentralen Aspekt professioneller Kompetenz von Lehrkräften dar. Empirische Studien konnten zeigen, dass die berufliche Selbstregulation sowohl einen positiven Effekt auf das Wohlbefinden der Lehrkräfte als auch auf ihr Unterrichtshandeln hat. Obgleich die Verortung der beruflichen Selbstregulation als Kompetenzaspekt eine prinzipielle Erlern- und Veränderbarkeit impliziert, steht eine empirische Prüfung ihrer Entwicklung noch aus. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht über einen vier-Jahres-Zeitraum die Entwicklung der beruflichen Selbstregulation in der ersten Phase der Lehrerausbildung an der Hochschule. Die Datenbasis bildet eine Stichprobe von 1858 Studierenden, darunter 264 angehende Lehrkräfte, die im Rahmen der Studie TOSCA befragt wurden. Die postulierte personenbezogene Struktur beruflicher Selbstregulation konnte mittels latenter Profilanalysen bestätigt werden. Des Weiteren zeigten Latent Transition Analysen, dass nur geringe intraindividuelle Entwicklungen in der beruflichen Selbstregulation über den beobachteten Zeitraum stattfanden. Die hohe intraindividuelle Stabilität der Selbstregulation über die Zeit zeigte sich sowohl bei Lehramtsstudierenden als auch bei Studierenden anderer Fachrichtungen.
Leistungstests zur Messung der professionellen Kompetenz frühpädagogischer Fachkräfte
Authors: Blömeke Sigrid , Jenßen Lars , Dunekacke Simone , Suhl Ute , Grassmann Marianne , Wedekind Hartmut
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung. Im Unterschied zur Lehrerforschung ist über das professionelle Wissen frühpädagogischer Fachkräfte kaum etwas bekannt. Der Beitrag stellt eine Testbatterie vor, die auf die Diagnose unterschiedlicher Ausprägungen des pädagogischen, mathematikdidaktischen und mathematischen Wissens angehender Frühpädagogen auf Gruppenebene ausgerichtet ist. In Mehrebenen-Mehrgruppen-Analysen basierend auf einer Vier-Kohorten-Stichprobe (N = 1851) weisen die Tests konfigurale und metrische sowie annäherungsweise skalare Messinvarianz über die Kohorten, das Geschlecht und die sprachliche Herkunft auf. Die aus der Lehrerforschung übernommene dreidimensionale Wissensstruktur konnte repliziert werden (faktorielle Validität), allerdings weist eine sparsamere zweidimensionale Modellierung eine ebensogute Passung auf. Vorhergesagte Zusammenhänge zwischen Testscores und Mathematik- bzw. Deutschnoten indizieren konvergente und diskriminante Validität. Die Tests sind sensitiv, indem sie vorhergesagte Unterschiede zwischen Fachschülern und Fachhochschülern sowie Ausbildungsbeginn und -ende abbilden. Fachschüler lösen selten Items, die basale Fachsprachlichkeit oder Bezüge auf Theorien erfordern.
Single monosomy as a relatively better survival factor in acute myeloid leukemia patients with monosomal karyotype
Authors: Jang J E , Min Y H , Yoon J , Kim I , Lee J-H , Jung C W , Shin H-J , Lee W S , Lee J H , Hong D-S , Kim H-J , Kim H-J , Park S , Lee K-H , Jang J H , Chung J S , Lee S M , Park J , Park S K , Ahn J-S , Min W-S , Cheong J-W ,   on behalf of the Korean Society of Hematology AML/MDS Working Party
Published: October 2015

Monosomal karyotype (MK) defined by either ⩾2 autosomal monosomies or single monosomy with at least one additional structural chromosomal abnormality is associated with a dismal prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It was detected in 174 of 3041 AML patients in South Korean Registry. A total of 119 patients who had received induction therapy were finally analyzed to evaluate the predictive factors for a positive prognosis. On multivariate analysis, single monosomy, the absence of abn(17p), ⩾10% of cells with normal metaphase and the achievement of a complete remission (CR) after induction therapy were significant factors for more favorable outcomes. Especially, single monosomy remained as a significantly independent prognostic factor for superior survival in both patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in CR and who did not. Allo-HSCT in CR improved overall survival significantly only in patients with a single monosomy. Our results suggest that MK-AML may be biologically different according to the karyotypic subtype and that allo-HSCT in CR should be strongly recommended to patients with a single monosomy. For other patients, more prudent treatment strategies should be examined. Furthermore, the biological mechanism by which a single monosomy influences survival should be investigated.
Mutation of chromatin modifiers; an emerging hallmark of germinal center B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Lunning M A , Green M R
Published: October 2015

Subtypes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas align with different stages of B-cell development. Germinal center B-cell (GCB)-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) each share molecular similarities with normal GCB cells. Recent next-generation sequencing studies have gained insight into the genetic etiology of these malignancies and revealed a high frequency of mutations within genes encoding proteins that modifying chromatin. These include activating and inactivating mutations of genes that perform post-translational modification of histones and organize chromatin structure. Here, we discuss the function of histone acetyltransferases (CREBBP, EP300), histone methyltransferases (KDM2C/D, EZH2) and regulators of higher order chromatin structure (HIST1H1C/D/E, ARID1A and SMARCA4) that have been reported to be mutated in ⩾5% of DLBCL, FL or BL. Mutations of these genes are an emerging hallmark of lymphomas with GCB-cell origins, and likely represent the next generation of therapeutic targets for these malignancies.
Calcineurin B stimulates cytokine production through a CD14‐independent Toll‐like receptor 4 pathway
Authors: Wu Wu , Chen Qing , Geng Feng , Tong Li , Yang Rui , Yang Jinju , Zhang Hongwei , Jia Zongchao , Wei Qun
Published: October 2015

The calcineurin B subunit (CnB) is the regulatory subunit of Cn, a Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase. In this study, we demonstrate that extracellular CnB was effectively internalized through a CD14‐independent Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, which led to the phosphorylation of nuclear factor (NF)‐kappa‐B inhibitor alpha (IκB‐α) and upregulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes. CnB‐induced IκB‐α phosphorylation is completely dependent on TNF receptor‐associated factor 3 (TRAF3) but not TRAF6, which is indispensable for IκB‐α phosphorylation in response to lipopolysaccharide. The loss‐of‐function CnB mutants were able to induce IκB‐α phosphorylation, further indicating that this novel role of CnB is completely independent of the phosphatase function of Cn. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that CnB is a novel host‐derived immunostimulatory factor, having a role as an agonist in monocytes, and specificity in TLR4 signaling through TRAF3 and TRAF6, in response to various agonists.
Divergent responses of viral and bacterial communities in the gut microbiome to dietary disturbances in mice
Authors: Howe Adina , Ringus Daina L , Williams Ryan J , Choo Zi-Ning , Greenwald Stephanie M , Owens Sarah M , Coleman Maureen L , Meyer Folker , Chang Eugene B
Published: October 2015

To improve our understanding of the stability of mammalian intestinal communities, we characterized the responses of both bacterial and viral communities in murine fecal samples to dietary changes between high- and low-fat (LF) diets. Targeted DNA extraction methods for bacteria, virus-like particles and induced prophages were used to generate bacterial and viral metagenomes as well as 16S ribosomal RNA amplicons. Gut microbiome communities from two cohorts of C57BL/6 mice were characterized in a 6-week diet perturbation study in response to high fiber, LF and high-refined sugar, milkfat (MF) diets. The resulting metagenomes from induced bacterial prophages and extracellular viruses showed significant overlap, supporting a largely temperate viral lifestyle within these gut microbiomes. The resistance of baseline communities to dietary disturbances was evaluated, and we observed contrasting responses of baseline LF and MF bacterial and viral communities. In contrast to baseline LF viral communities and bacterial communities in both diet treatments, baseline MF viral communities were sensitive to dietary disturbances as reflected in their non-recovery during the washout period. The contrasting responses of bacterial and viral communities suggest that these communities can respond to perturbations independently of each other and highlight the potentially unique role of viruses in gut health.
Presynaptic spinophilin tunes neurexin signalling to control active zone architecture and function
Authors: Muhammad Karzan , Reddy-Alla Suneel , Driller Jan H , Schreiner Dietmar , Rey Ulises , Böhme Mathias A. , Hollmann Christina , Ramesh Niraja , Depner Harald , Lützkendorf Janine , Matkovic Tanja , Götz Torsten , Bergeron Dominique D. , Schmoranzer Jan , Goettfert Fabian , Holt Mathew , Wahl Markus C. , Hell Stefan W. , Scheiffele Peter , Walter Alexander M. , Loll Bernhard , Sigrist Stephan J.
Published: October 2015

Assembly and maturation of synapses at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) depend on trans-synaptic neurexin/neuroligin signalling, which is promoted by the scaffolding protein Syd-1 binding to neurexin. Here we report that the scaffold protein spinophilin binds to the C-terminal portion of neurexin and is needed to limit neurexin/neuroligin signalling by acting antagonistic to Syd-1. Loss of presynaptic spinophilin results in the formation of excess, but atypically small active zones. Neuroligin-1/neurexin-1/Syd-1 levels are increased at spinophilin mutant NMJs, and removal of single copies of the neurexin-1, Syd-1 or neuroligin-1 genes suppresses the spinophilin-active zone phenotype. Evoked transmission is strongly reduced at spinophilin terminals, owing to a severely reduced release probability at individual active zones. We conclude that presynaptic spinophilin fine-tunes neurexin/neuroligin signalling to control active zone number and functionality, thereby optimizing them for action potential-induced exocytosis.
Structural basis for phosphatidylinositol-phosphate biosynthesis
Authors: Clarke Oliver B. , Tomasek David , Jorge Carla D. , Dufrisne Meagan Belcher , Kim Minah , Banerjee Surajit , Rajashankar Kanagalaghatta R. , Shapiro Lawrence , Hendrickson Wayne A. , Santos Helena , Mancia Filippo
Published: October 2015

Phosphatidylinositol is critical for intracellular signalling and anchoring of carbohydrates and proteins to outer cellular membranes. The defining step in phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis is catalysed by CDP-alcohol phosphotransferases, transmembrane enzymes that use CDP-diacylglycerol as donor substrate for this reaction, and either inositol in eukaryotes or inositol phosphate in prokaryotes as the acceptor alcohol. Here we report the structures of a related enzyme, the phosphatidylinositol-phosphate synthase from Renibacterium salmoninarum, with and without bound CDP-diacylglycerol to 3.6 and 2.5 Å resolution, respectively. These structures reveal the location of the acceptor site, and the molecular determinants of substrate specificity and catalysis. Functional characterization of the 40%-identical ortholog from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a potential target for the development of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs, supports the proposed mechanism of substrate binding and catalysis. This work therefore provides a structural and functional framework to understand the mechanism of phosphatidylinositol-phosphate biosynthesis.
High catalytic activity of oriented 2.0.0 copper(I) oxide grown on graphene film
Authors: Primo Ana , Esteve-Adell Ivan , Blandez Juan F. , Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Álvaro Mercedes , Candu Natalia , Coman Simona M. , Parvulescu Vasile I. , García Hermenegildo
Published: October 2015

Metal oxide nanoparticles supported on graphene exhibit high catalytic activity for oxidation, reduction and coupling reactions. Here we show that pyrolysis at 900 °C under inert atmosphere of copper(II) nitrate embedded in chitosan films affords 1.1.1 facet-oriented copper nanoplatelets supported on few-layered graphene. Oriented (1.1.1) copper nanoplatelets on graphene undergo spontaneous oxidation to render oriented (2.0.0) copper(I) oxide nanoplatelets on few-layered graphene. These films containing oriented copper(I) oxide exhibit as catalyst turnover numbers that can be three orders of magnitude higher for the Ullmann-type coupling, dehydrogenative coupling of dimethylphenylsilane withn-butanol and C–N cross-coupling than those of analogous unoriented graphene-supported copper(I) oxide nanoplatelets.
Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity observed in few-layer black phosphorus
Authors: Luo Zhe , Maassen Jesse , Deng Yexin , Du Yuchen , Garrelts Richard P. , Lundstrom Mark S , Ye Peide D. , Xu Xianfan
Published: October 2015

Black phosphorus has been revisited recently as a new two-dimensional material showing potential applications in electronics and optoelectronics. Here we report the anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity of suspended few-layer black phosphorus measured by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The armchair and zigzag thermal conductivities are ∼20 and ∼40 W m−1 K−1 for black phosphorus films thicker than 15 nm, respectively, and decrease to ∼10 and ∼20 W m−1 K−1 as the film thickness is reduced, exhibiting significant anisotropy. The thermal conductivity anisotropic ratio is found to be ∼2 for thick black phosphorus films and drops to ∼1.5 for the thinnest 9.5-nm-thick film. Theoretical modelling reveals that the observed anisotropy is primarily related to the anisotropic phonon dispersion, whereas the intrinsic phonon scattering rates are found to be similar along the armchair and zigzag directions. Surface scattering in the black phosphorus films is shown to strongly suppress the contribution of long mean-free-path acoustic phonons.
Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity of black phosphorus nanoribbons at temperatures higher than 100 K
Authors: Lee Sangwook , Yang Fan , Suh Joonki , Yang Sijie , Lee Yeonbae , Li Guo , Sung Choe Hwan , Suslu Aslihan , Chen Yabin , Ko Changhyun , Park Joonsuk , Liu Kai , Li Jingbo , Hippalgaonkar Kedar , Urban Jeffrey J. , Tongay Sefaattin , Wu Junqiao
Published: October 2015

Black phosphorus attracts enormous attention as a promising layered material for electronic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. Here we report large anisotropy in in-plane thermal conductivity of single-crystal black phosphorus nanoribbons along the zigzag and armchair lattice directions at variable temperatures. Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out under the condition of steady-state longitudinal heat flow using suspended-pad micro-devices. We discovered increasing thermal conductivity anisotropy, up to a factor of two, with temperatures above 100 K. A size effect in thermal conductivity was also observed in which thinner nanoribbons show lower thermal conductivity. Analysed with the relaxation time approximation model using phonon dispersions obtained based on density function perturbation theory, the high anisotropy is attributed mainly to direction-dependent phonon dispersion and partially to phonon–phonon scattering. Our results revealing the intrinsic, orientation-dependent thermal conductivity of black phosphorus are useful for designing devices, as well as understanding fundamental physical properties of layered materials.
Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP) – preliminary study on a hidden antigen target for vaccination against schistosomiasis
Authors: Nawaratna Sujeevi S. K. , Gobert Geoffrey N. , Willis Charlene , Mulvenna Jason , Hofmann Andreas , McManus Donald P. , Jones Malcolm K.
Published: October 2015

Our previously reported gene atlasing of schistosome tissues revealed transcripts that were highly enriched in the digestive tract of Schistosoma mansoni. From these, we selected two candidates, Sm-LAMP and Sm-NPC2 for testing as vaccine targets. The two molecules were selected on the basis of relatively high expression in the gastrodermis, their potentially important biological function, divergence from homologous molecules of the host and possible apical membrane expression in the gastrodermis. Bacterially expressed recombinant peptides corresponding to regions excluding trans-membrane domains of the selected vaccine targets were used in blinded vaccine trials in CBA mice using alum-CpG as adjuvant. Vaccine trials using the recombinant insoluble Sm-LAMP protein showed 16–25% significant reduction in total worm burden. Faecal egg count reduction was 52% and 60% in two trials, respectively, with similar results for the solubly expressed protein. Liver egg burden was reduced significantly (20% and 38%) with an insoluble recombinant Sm-LAMP in two trials, but not with the soluble recombinant form. Parasite fecundity was not affected by either Sm-LAMP protein preparations in the trials. It is concluded that Sm-LAMP may provide limited protection towards S. mansoni infections but could be used in combination with other vaccine candidates, to provide more comprehensive protection.
Novel insights from 3D models: the pivotal role of physical symmetry in epithelial organization
Authors: Kurup Abhishek , Ravindranath Shreyas , Tran Tim , Keating Mark , Gascard Philippe , Valdevit Lorenzo , Tlsty Thea D. , Botvinick Elliot L.
Published: October 2015

3D tissue culture models are utilized to study breast cancer and other pathologies because they better capture the complexity of in vivo tissue architecture compared to 2D models. However, to mimic the in vivo environment, the mechanics and geometry of the ECM must also be considered. Here, we studied the mechanical environment created in two 3D models, the overlay protocol (OP) and embedded protocol (EP). Mammary epithelial acini features were compared using OP or EP under conditions known to alter acinus organization, i.e. collagen crosslinking and/or ErbB2 receptor activation. Finite element analysis and active microrheology demonstrated that OP creates a physically asymmetric environment with non-uniform mechanical stresses in radial and circumferential directions. Further contrasting with EP, acini in OP displayed cooperation between ErbB2 signalling and matrix crosslinking. These differences in acini phenotype observed between OP and EP highlight the functional impact of physical symmetry in 3D tissue culture models.
Complete mitochondrial genome of Bactrocera arecae (Insecta: Tephritidae) by next-generation sequencing and molecular phylogeny of Dacini tribe
Authors: Yong Hoi-Sen , Song Sze-Looi , Lim Phaik-Eem , Chan Kok-Gan , Chow Wan-Loo , Eamsobhana Praphathip
Published: October 2015

The whole mitochondrial genome of the pest fruit fly Bactrocera arecae was obtained from next-generation sequencing of genomic DNA. It had a total length of 15,900 bp, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a non-coding region (A + T-rich control region). The control region (952 bp) was flanked by rrnS and trnI genes. The start codons included 6 ATG, 3 ATT and 1 each of ATA, ATC, GTG and TCG. Eight TAA, two TAG, one incomplete TA and two incomplete T stop codons were represented in the protein-coding genes. The cloverleaf structure for trnS1 lacked the D-loop and that of trnN and trnF lacked the TΨC-loop. Molecular phylogeny based on 13 protein-coding genes was concordant with 37 mitochondrial genes, with B. arecae having closest genetic affinity to B. tryoni. The subgenus Bactrocera of Dacini tribe and the Dacinae subfamily (Dacini and Ceratitidini tribes) were monophyletic. The whole mitogenome of B. arecae will serve as a useful dataset for studying the genetics, systematics and phylogenetic relationships of the many species of Bactrocera genus in particular and tephritid fruit flies in general.