bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resilience in Disaster Management and Public Policy: A Case Study of the Tohoku Disaster
Authors: Shimizu Mika
Published: March 2013

The Tohoku Disaster has had wide ranging and interconnected effects on social, environmental, and economic systems. Because Japan was arguably one of the world's most prepared nations in dealing with natural disasters, experts and policy makers have been struggling to answer questions like “How could Japan have been more resilient?” and “How could Japan have been better prepared?” This paper seeks to address two key gaps related to the integration of resilience into disaster management and public policy: (i) Few studies have provided an overarching analytical or structural framework for the inclusion of resilience into public policy and disaster management and (ii) few institutions have provided guidance as to the specific operational components of resilience and how to implement it. The paper outlines an analytical framework and an overarching structure for resilience‐based disaster management and public policy, focusing on the structure and components of resilience. Then, it examines how resilience can be incorporated into actionable disaster management policies, drawing on analyses of the experiences and lessons from the Tohoku Disaster.
Increasing Adaptive Capacity: What Is the Role of Local Institutions?
Authors: Malakar Yuwan
Published: March 2013

The need for strengthening adaptive capacity for the vulnerable has been overwhelmingly discussed in the discourse of climate change. This paper examines the roles and constraints of local institutions for increasing adaptive capacity. The role of institutions is analyzed under two broad headings: capacity building and participatory decision making. The constraints of institutions are analyzed based on the ability to learn and act. Participatory assessments were undertaken in the Meghauli and Devchuli Village Development Committees of Nepal to generate data for the assessment. Local government, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), and social groups were considered for investigation. The findings demonstrate that local government is guided by political influences that contribute to disparity in decision making. The CSOs' role is comparatively satisfactory in capacity building of social groups, but there are questions on coordination and integration with local government. Within institutions, two prime constraints that hinder the ability to learn and act are lack of knowledge and attitude. The paper concludes that the role of local institutions is still very limited in increasing the adaptive capacity of vulnerable people. The scope of their work requires further expansion, backed with technical knowledge, appropriate policies, and effective coordination among all institutions.
Global Climate Change Perception, Local Risk Awareness, and Community Disaster Risk Reduction: A Case Study of Cartago City, Costa Rica
Authors: Hori Tsuneki , Shaw Rajib
Published: March 2013

Cartago City, Costa Rica has observed an increase in the damages and losses due to floods and landslides in recent decades. The city faces a challenge to enhance disaster risk management (DRM) capacity in order to reduce increasing disaster risk. This research identifies factors that enhance local DRM capacity in the context of increasing climate‐related events, focusing on the ability of communities that can complement local government's DRM initiative. The study involved 240 household surveys in four high flood risk communities in Cartago and found positive outcomes stemming from communities' perception of global climate change and awareness of local climate‐related disaster risk. Furthermore, the study identified two factors that increase awareness. Despite the communities' higher local climate‐related disaster risk awareness, however, the study found that communities take few disaster risk reduction (DRR) actions. Hence, the study identified three factors for promoting greater community DRR action.
High‐gain observer with higher order sliding mode for state and unknown disturbance estimations
Authors: Zhou Y. , Soh Y.C. , Shen J.X.
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we consider the estimation problem of a class of single‐input–single‐output nonlinear Lipschitz systems with nonmatching uncertainty or disturbance, where the distribution vector may include the unknown states. A hybrid nonlinear observer structure that combines a high‐gain feedback with higher order sliding mode term is proposed. The high‐gain feedback works to constrain the estimation error to within an invariant set, and the sliding mode term will asymptotically track the uncertainty if the system satisfies strict structure assumptions. Furthermore, with the higher order sliding mode, the chattering effect will be effectively attenuated without sacrificing robustness, and the system uncertainty can be recovered without filtering effect. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental shift allowance in the deconvolution of SIMS depth profiles
Authors: Yunin Pavel Andreevich , Drozdov Yurii Nikolaevich , Drozdov Mikhail Nikolaevich
Published: March 2013

We study the deconvolution of the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiles of silicon and gallium arsenide structures with doped thin layers. Special attention is paid to allowance for the instrumental shift of experimental SIMS depth profiles. This effect is taken into account by using Hofmann's mixing‐roughness‐information depth model to determine the depth resolution function. The ill‐posed inverse problem is solved in the Fourier space using the Tikhonov regularization method. The proposed deconvolution algorithm has been tested on various simulated and real structures. It is shown that the algorithm can improve the SIMS depth profiling relevancy and depth resolution. The implemented shift allowance method avoids significant systematic errors of determination of the near‐surface delta‐doped layer position. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the performance of Australian and New Zealand intensive care units in 2009 and 2010
Authors: Kasza J. , Moran J. L. , Solomon P. J. ,   for the ANZICS Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation (CORE) of the Australian,   New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS)
Published: March 2013

The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database (ANZICS APD) is one of the largest databases of its kind in the world and collects individual admissions' data from intensive care units (ICUs) around Australia and New Zealand. Use of this database for monitoring and comparing the performance of ICUs, quantified by the standardised mortality ratio, poses several theoretical and computational challenges, which are addressed in this paper. In particular, the expected number of deaths must be appropriately estimated, the ICU casemix adjustment must be adequate, statistical variation must be fully accounted for, and appropriate adjustment for multiple comparisons must be made. Typically, one or more of these issues have been neglected in ICU comparison studies. Our approach to the analysis proceeds by fitting a random coefficient hierarchical logistic regression model for the inhospital death of each patient, with patients clustered within ICUs. We anticipate the majority of ICUs will be estimated as performing ‘usually’ after adjusting for important clinical covariates. We take as a starting point the ideas in Ohlssenet aland estimate an appropriate null model that we expect these ICUs to follow, taking a frequentist rather than a Bayesian approach. This methodology allows us to rigorously account for the aforementioned statistical issues and to determine if there are any ICUs contributing to the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society database that have comparatively unusual performance. In addition to investigating the yearly performance of the ICUs, we also estimate changes in individual ICU performance between 2009 and 2010 by adjusting for regression‐to‐the‐mean. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning to Argue and Arguing to Learn: Argument‐Driven Inquiry as a Way to Help Undergraduate Chemistry Students Learn How to Construct Arguments and Engage in Argumentation During a Laboratory Course
Authors: Walker Joi Phelps , Sampson Victor
Published: March 2013

This study examines whether students enrolled in a general chemistry I laboratory course developed the ability to participate in scientific argumentation over the course of a semester. The laboratory activities that the students participated in during the course were designed using the Argument‐Driven Inquiry (ADI) an instructional model. This model gives a more central place to argumentation and the role of argument in the social construction of scientific knowledge. The development of the students' ability to construct a scientific argument and to participate in scientific argumentation was tracked over time using three different data sources. These data sources included a performance task, which was administered at the beginning, middle, and end of the course, video recording of the students participating in episodes of argumentation, and the lab reports the students wrote as part of each lab activity. As time was the independent variable in this study, a repeated measure ANOVA was used to evaluate changes in the ways students performed on each task over the course of the semester. The results of the analysis indicate that there was significant growth in the quality of the students' written arguments and nature of their oral argumentation. There also was a significant correlation between written and oral arguments. These results suggest that the use of an integrated instructional model that places emphasis on argument and argumentation can have a positive impact on the quality of the arguments students include in their investigation reports, the argumentation they engage in during lab activities, and their overall performance on tasks that require them to develop and support a valid conclusion with genuine evidence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 561–596, 2013
Cognition and art: the current interdisciplinary approach
Authors: Zaidel Dahlia W.
Published: March 2013

For decades discussions of cognition and art were anchored in psychological and perceptual theories alone and were focused primarily on pictorial art, but in recent years a major conceptual shift has altered the discussions. Now, insights, concepts, and findings from archaeology, anthropology, brain evolution, biology, genetics, neurology, and neuroscience together with psychology and perception are leading into deeper scholarly explorations of the topic than was done previously. The implication is that the relationship between cognition and art can be fully grasped only when scholarship from all these disciplines is included in the discussions. We now emphasize that the diverse art forms practiced ubiquitously in human societies have a communicative value with deep biological roots and that art is another expression of the symbolic cognition that is the hallmark of the human brain, but that early societal‐type organization played a pivotal role in the enduring practice of art. Moreover, neurological evidence from artists with brain damage suggests that the communicative nature of art is neuronally damage‐resistant, much more so than language. Rather than placing pictorial art center stage, as was done previously, the current interdisciplinary approach includes all the arts, points to sociocultural triggers for art practice, to the demographic conditions that prevailed in art's early beginnings, and to the interplay of these evolutionarily adaptive factors with deep biological motivations in the artist.WIREs Cogn Sci2013, 4:431–439. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1236

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition

Neuroscience > Behavior
Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, and Biological Activities of Transition Metal Complexes with 1‐Phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐hydroxypyrazole‐4‐methylene‐8′‐quinolineimine
Authors: Cheng Xiao‐Ying , Wang Ming‐Fang , Yang Zheng‐Yin , Li Yong , Liu Zeng‐Chen , Zhou Qiao‐Xia
Published: March 2013

The Schiff base ligand, 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐hydroxypyrazole‐4‐methylene‐8′‐quinolineimine, and its CuII, ZnII, and NiII complexes were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure of the ZnII complex was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, indicating that the metal ions and Schiff base ligand can form mononuclear six‐coordination complexes with 1:1 metal‐to‐ligand stoichiometry at the metal ions as centers. The binding mechanism and affinity of the ligand and its metal complexes to calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) were investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence titration spectroscopy, EB displacement experiments, and viscosity measurements, indicating that the free ligand and its metal complexes can bind to DNA via an intercalation mode with the binding constants at the order of magnitude of 105–106 M–1, and the metal complexes can bind to DNA more strongly than the free ligand alone. In addition, antioxidant activities of the ligand and its metal complexes were investigated through scavenging effects for hydroxyl radical in vitro, indicating that the compounds show stronger antioxidant activities than some standard antioxidants, such as mannitol. The ligand and its metal complexes were subjected to cytotoxic tests, and experimental results indicated that the metal complexes show significant cytotoxic activity against lung cancer A 549 cells.
Household Survey in Sierra Leone Reveals High Prevalence of Surgical Conditions in Children
Authors: Groen Reinou S. , Samai Mohamed , Petroze Robin T. , Kamara Thaim B. , Cassidy Laura D. , Joharifard Shahrzad , Yambasu Sahr , Nwomeh Bennedict C. , Kushner Adam L.
Published: March 2013

Background

Although great efforts are being undertaken to reduce child morbidity and mortality globally, there is limited knowledge about the need for pediatric surgical care. Some data on surgical need is available from hospital registries, but it is difficult to interpret for countries with limited surgical capacity.

Methods

A cross‐sectional two‐stage cluster‐based sample survey was undertaken in Sierra Leone, using the Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need tool. Data were collected and analyzed on numbers of children needing surgical care and pediatric deaths that may have been averted if surgical care had been available.

Results

A total of 1,583 children out of 3,645 individuals (43.3 %) were interviewed. Most (64.0 %, n = 1,013) participants lived in rural areas. At the time of interview, 279 (17.6; 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI): 15.7–19.5 %) had a possible surgical condition in need of a consultation. Children in the northern and eastern provinces of Sierra Leone were much more likely to report a surgical problem than those in the urban‐west.

Conclusions

There is a high need for surgical care in the pediatric population of Sierra Leone. While additional resources should be allocated to address that need, more research is needed. Ideally, questions on surgically treatable conditions should be added to the frequently performed health care surveys on the pediatric population.
A survey on automatic techniques for enhancement and analysis of digital photography
Authors: Cavalcanti Claudio S. V. C. , Gomes Herman Martins , De Queiroz José Eustáquio Rangel
Published: March 2013

The fast growth in the consumer digital photography industry during the past decade has led to the acquisition and storage of large personal and public digital collections containing photos with different quality levels and redundancy, among other aspects. This naturally increased the difficulty in selecting or modifying those photos. Within the above context, this survey focuses on systematically reviewing the state-of-art on techniques for the enhancement and analysis of digital photos. Nevertheless, it is not within the scope of this survey to review image quality metrics for evaluating degradation due to compression, digital sensor noise, and affine issues. Assuming the photos have good quality in those aspects, this review is centered on techniques that might be useful to automate the task of selecting photos from large collections or to enhance the visual aspect of imperfect photos by using some perceptual measure.
The effects of acute doxorubicin treatment on proteome lysine acetylation status and apical caspases in skeletal muscle of fasted animals
Authors: Dirks-Naylor Amie J. , Tran Ngan T. K. , Yang Sendra , Mabolo Raean , Kouzi Samir A.
Published: March 2013

Background

Doxorubicin treatment is known to cause muscular weakness. However, the cellular mechanisms have not been elucidated. We aimed to determine the effects of acute doxorubicin treatment on proteome lysine acetylation status, an indication of the apoptotic and inflammatory environment, and the expression and activation of various apical caspases involved in the initiation of apoptosis.

Methods

Six‐week‐old male F344 rats were injected intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg of doxorubicin or saline. Once the treatment was administered, both groups of animals were fasted with no food or water until sacrifice 24 h posttreatment.

Results

Doxorubicin treatment affected neither the proteome lysine acetylation status nor the expression of sirtuin 1, sirtuin 3, SOD1, or SOD2 in soleus of fasted animals. Doxorubicin treatment also did not affect the expression or activation of procaspase‐1, procaspase‐8, procaspase‐9, or procaspase−12.

Conclusion

We suggest that doxorubicin does not exert a direct effect on these catabolic parameters in skeletal muscle in vivo.
Hydration lubrication
Authors: Klein Jacob
Published: March 2013

The hydration lubrication paradigm, whereby hydration layers are both strongly held by the charges they surround, and so can support large pressures without being squeezed out, and at the same time remain very rapidly relaxing and so have a fluid response to shear, provides a framework for understanding, controlling, and designing very efficient boundary lubrication systems in aqueous and biological media. This review discusses the properties of confined water, which—unlike organic solvents—retains its fluidity down to molecularly thin films. It then describes lubrication by hydrated ions trapped between charged surfaces, and by other hydrated boundary species including charged and zwitterionic polymer brushes, surfactant monolayers, liposomes, and biological macromolecules implicated in synovial joint lubrication. Finally, challenges and prospects for future development of this new boundary lubrication approach are considered.
Frictional behavior of nanostructured carbon films
Authors: Diao Dongfeng , Wang Chao , Fan Xue
Published: March 2013

We propose a new path for preparing nanostructured carbon films (NCFs) by using electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma sputtering with ion-electron hybrid irradiation for controlling the frictional behavior. The frictional behavior of the NCF was measured by using a pin-on-disk tribometer with a nanoprobe displacement sensor, and the transition curves of the friction coefficient and microdisplacement of the NCFs were examined. The friction mechanism was discussed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation on the wear track. From the results, we found a new method to prepare NCFs, which has the potential to achieve low friction at the early stage of sliding contact. In addition, the technology of ECR plasma with ion-electron hybrid irradiation provides a new vision to rebuild a nanostructured surface from an original surface for controlling the frictional behavior.
Method of reduction of dimensionality in contact and friction mechanics: A linkage between micro and macro scales
Authors: Popov Valentin L.
Published: March 2013

Computer simulations have been an integral part of the technical development process for a long time now. Industrial tribology is one of the last fields in which computer simulations have, until now, played no significant role. This is primarily due to the fact that investigating tribological phenomena requires considering all spatial scales from the macroscopic shape of the contact system down to the micro-scales. In the present paper, we give an overview of the previous work on the so-called method of reduction of dimensionality (MRD), which in our opinion, gives a key for the linking of the micro- and macro-scales in tribological simulations.

MRD in contact mechanics is based on the mapping of some classes of three-dimensional contact problems onto one-dimensional contacts with elastic foundations. The equivalence of three-dimensional systems to those of one-dimension is valid for relations of the indentation depth and the contact force and in some cases for the contact area. For arbitrary bodies of revolution, MRD is exact and provides a sort of “pocket edition” of contact mechanics, giving the possibility of deriving any result of classical contact mechanics with or without adhesion in a very simple way.

A tangential contact problem with and without creep can also be mapped exactly to a one-dimensional system. It can be shown that the reduction method is applicable to contacts of linear visco-elastic bodies as well as to thermal effects in contacts. The method was further validated for randomly rough self-affine surfaces through comparison with direct 3D simulations.

MRD means a huge reduction of computational time for the simulation of contact and friction between rough surfaces accounting for complicated rheology and adhesion. In MRD, not only is the dimension of the space reduced from three to one, but the resulting degrees of freedom are independent (like normal modes in the theory of oscillations). Because of this independence, the method is predestinated for parallel calculation on graphic cards, which brings further acceleration. The method opens completely new possibilities in combining microscopic contact mechanics with the simulation of macroscopic system dynamics without determining the “law of friction” as an intermediate step.
Adhesive and corrosive wear at microscales in different vapor environments
Authors: Shen Sihan , Meng Yonggang
Published: March 2013

Adhesive and corrosive wear at microscales are quantitatively distinguished in lifetime tests of resonant bulk-fabricated silicon microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). By analyzing the oscillation decay characteristics in different vapor environments, we find that wear is dominated by asperity adhesion during the initial stages of rubbing in dry N2 or O2/N2 mixtures; in these situations the transient wear rate is inversely proportional to the wear depth. But in water or ethanol vapors, chemical reactions between the corrosive adsorbed layer and the silicon substrate limit the wear rate to a constant. These observations are consistent with atomic explanations. The differences between adhesive and corrosive wear explain the advantages offered by lubricating with alcohol vapors rather than using dry environments for tribo-MEMS devices. Compared to ethanol, the relatively poor anti-wear effect of water vapor is explained by aggressive and rapid tribo-reactions.
Spatial evolution of friction of a textured wafer surface
Authors: Xiao Huaping , Wang Ke , Fox Grant , Belin Michel , Fontaine Julien , Liang Hong
Published: March 2013

Mechanical failure of integrated circuits and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) demands new understanding of friction in small devices. In present research, we demonstrated an in situ approach to measure sliding friction of a patterned surface composing multi-materials and structures. The effects of materials and surface morphology on friction and electrical contact resistance were investigated. The material transfer at the interface of dissimilar materials was found to play dominating roles in friction. The current work provides important insights from the fundamentals of friction that benefit the design of new micro-devices.
Genome‐wide association study of the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sherva Richard , Tripodis Yorghos , Bennett David A. , Chibnik Lori B. , Crane Paul K. , de Jager Philip L. , Farrer Lindsay A. , Saykin Andrew J. , Shulman Joshua M. , Naj Adam , Green Robert C. ,   The GENAROAD Consortium, The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, and The Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium
Published: March 2013

Background

Substantial interindividual variability exists in the disease trajectories of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Some decline rapidly whereas others decline slowly, and there are no known explanations for this variability. We describe the first genome‐wide association study to examine rate of cognitive decline in a sample of AD patients with longitudinal measures of cognition.

Methods

The discovery sample was 303 AD cases recruited in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and the replication sample was 323 AD cases from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. In the discovery sample, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale responses were tested for association with genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data using linear regression. We tested the 65 most significant SNPs from the discovery sample for association in the replication sample.

Results

We identified SNPs in the spondin 1 gene (SPON1), the minor alleles of which were significantly associated with a slower rate of decline (rs11023139, P = 7.0 × 10−11) in the discovery sample. A SPON1 SNP 5.5 kb upstream was associated with decline in the replication sample (rs11606345, P = .002).

Conclusion

SPON1 has not been previously associated with AD risk, but is plausibly related because the gene product binds to the amyloid precursor protein and inhibits its cleavage by β‐secretase. These data suggest that SPON1 may be associated with the differential rate of cognitive decline in AD.
Formation of epigenetic graphite inclusions in diamond crystals: experimental data
Authors: Nechaev D.V. , Khokhryakov A.F.
Published: March 2013

To elucidate the conditions of formation of epigenetic graphite inclusions in natural diamond, we carried out experiments on high-temperature treatment of natural and synthetic diamond crystals containing microinclusions. The crystal annealing was performed in the CO–CO2 atmosphere at 700–1100 °C and ambient pressure for 15 min to 4 h. The starting and annealed diamond crystals were examined by optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It has been established that the microinclusions begin to change at 900 °C. A temperature increase to 1000 °C induces microcracks around the microinclusions and strong stress in the diamond matrix. The microinclusions turn black and opaque as a result of the formation of amorphous carbon at the diamond–inclusion interface. At 1100 °C, ordered graphite in the form of hexagonal and rounded plates is produced in the microcracks. A hypothesis is put forward that graphitization in natural diamond proceeds by the catalytic mechanism, whereas in synthetic diamond it is the result of pyrolysis of microinclusion hydrocarbons. The obtained data on the genesis of graphite microinclusions in diamond are used to evaluate the temperature of kimberlitic melt at the final stage of formation of diamond deposits.
Petrology and composition of rare-metal alkaline rocks in the South Gobi Desert, Mongolia
Authors: Vladykin N.V.
Published: March 2013

Earlier, a belt of alkali-granite plutons and a carbonatite province were discovered in the South Gobi Desert, Mongolia. The Lugingol pluton of pseudoleucitic syenites with carbonatites was assigned to the alkali-granite belt. However, new dating showed that it is 40 Myr younger than the Khan-Bogdo pluton and a large fault separates it from the alkali-granite belt. In the same part of the South Gobi Desert, a dike series of alkaline K-shonkinites with a rare-metal carbonatite vein was found by V.I. Kovalenko west of the Lugingol pluton, near Mt. Baruun Hasar Uula, and a dike series of alkali and nepheline syenites was found by us northeast of the Lugingol pluton. These data give grounds to distinguish an intrusive complex of K-alkaline shonkinites and leucitic syenites with Late Paleozoic REE-bearing carbonatites. Thus, three alkaline-rock complexes of different ages are distinguished in the South Gobi Desert. We present refined geological maps of these complexes. The plutons of all three complexes are deposits of trace elements (REE, Nb, Zr, Y, P). The chemical composition of the silicate rocks of the complex, rare-metal agpaitic pegmatites, and carbonatite and apatite rare-metal ores was considered in detail. Shonkinites from Mt. Baruun Hasar Uula and the Mountain Pass mine (United States) and their carbonatites, along with the Lugingol carbonatites, belong to a single association of K-alkaline rocks and carbonatites, as evidenced by their identical chemical, mineral, and geochemical rare-metal compositions. Rare-earth element patterns and spidergrams show similarities and differences between the rare-metal rocks of three complexes as well as paragenetic differences between their rare-metal minerals. A rare process is described—the amorphization of rare-metal minerals, related to their high-temperature crystallization in a medium with abnormal silica contents of the Khan-Bogdo pegmatites. The parental magmas of the alkali-carbonatite complexes were generated from the EM-2 contaminated mantle that had undergone recycling, whereas the parental magmas of the Khan-Bogdo agpaitic alkali granites were produced from depleted mantle.
Crystallization of loparite in alkaline fluid-magmatic systems (from experimental and mineralogical data)
Authors: Suk N.I. , Kotel’nikov A.R. , Viryus A.A.
Published: March 2013

We studied loparite-containing rocks (lujaurites, juvites, foyaite-juvites, etc.) sampled from a complex of differentiated rocks and, partly, from a complex of eudialytic lujaurites of the Lovozero alkaline massif. Zoned crystals of loparite (the zoning is due to variations in Ti, Nb, REE, Sr, and Th contents) were examined by microprobing. We also carried out experimental studies of loparite formation in complex silicate–salt systems including sodium carbonate, chloride, fluoride, or sulfate at 400–1200 °C and 1–2 kbar. They show that the composition of loparites depends on the physicochemical conditions of their formation (fluid composition) and that natural loparite can crystallize in a wide range of temperatures. The produced loparite crystals are zoned as a result of variations in Ti, Nb, La, Ce, Y, Ca, and Sr contents, which is probably related to the kinetic specifics of crystallization. Their zoning is similar to that of loparites of the Lovozero massif.
A physicochemical model for the formation of gas hydrates of different structural types in K-2 mud volcano (Kukui Canyon, Lake Baikal)
Authors: Manakov A.Yu. , Khlystov O.M. , Hachikubo A. , Ogienko A.G.
Published: March 2013

Earlier, the coexistence of spatially separated layers of gas hydrates of cubic structures I and II (CS-I, CS-II) in the bottom sediment cores from K-2 mud volcano (Kukui Canyon, Lake Baikal) was described. The layers of gas hydrates of different structural types were situated at different depths and overlain by the lacustrine sediments. Hydrate of CS-II contained 13–15 mol.% ethane, whereas CS-I hydrate contained only 3–4 mol.% ethane. We present a physicochemical model explaining the formation of such an unusual natural object. The model suggests that only CS-I hydrate was originally present at the sampling site. Some geologic event (tectonic shifts, landslide, etc.) stopped natural-gas emanation from the mud volcano or increased the heat flow in the hydrate pool. As a result, CS-I hydrate began to dissolve in interstitial water. We assume that the ethane-enriched CS-II hydrate is an intermediate product of the dissociation (dissolution) of CS-I hydrate.
Unresolved Issues Regarding Collaborative Empiricism in Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies: An Expert Panel Discussion at AACBT
Authors: Kazantzis Nikolaos , Freeman Arthur , Fruzzetti Alan E. , Persons Jacqueline B. , Smucker Mervin
Published: March 2013

This article presents a panel discussion on the development of collaborative empiricism in cognitive behaviour therapy. The panel comprised experts in research and practice who had been invited as keynote presenters for the 33rd National Conference for the Australian Association of Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy. Experts responded to questions about the definition of collaborative empiricism, how this specific relationship construct facilitates meaningful therapeutic changes, and their discussion conveyed the importance of collaborative empiricism for effective therapy. The dialogue included suggestions and strategies for developing therapeutic relationships strong in collaboration and empiricism.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Problem Gamblers: A Clinical Outcomes Evaluation
Authors: Tolchard Barry , Battersby Malcolm W.
Published: March 2013

Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is considered the number one non-pharmacological treatment for a number of mental and psychological disorders (Tolin, 2010; Stuhlmiller & Tolchard, 2009). While CBT with problem gamblers has shown promise, the quality of the research in this area is lacking. One area of concern is that across the many trials and reports using CBT with gamblers no single unified approach has been used and so comparison across studies is limited. Similarly, translation of the CBT research into clinical practice is almost entirely absent (Walker, 2005). This article will explore the concepts of CBT with problem gamblers and identify common elements across all reported approaches. A unified model of CBT with problem gamblers will be suggested and the direct clinical application of this model described from a state-wide gambling service in Australia (Flinders Approach) with 205 problem gamblers. The results indicate that the Flinders Approach is successful in treating gamblers considered to be at the severest end of the experience, with a 69% completion rate. Implications for future research in which this model may be tested against other therapies and pharmacological treatments will be discussed.
UNDERSTANDING, GRASPING AND LUCK
Authors: Khalifa Kareem
Published: March 2013

Recently, it has been debated as to whether understanding is a species of explanatory knowledge. Those who deny this claim frequently argue that understanding, unlike knowledge, can be lucky. In this paper I argue that current arguments do not support this alleged compatibility between understanding and epistemic luck. First, I argue that understanding requires reliable explanatory evaluation, yet the putative examples of lucky understanding underspecify the extent to which subjects possess this ability. In the course of defending this claim, I also provide a new account of the kind of ‘grasping’ taken to be central to understanding. Second, I show that putative examples of lucky understanding unwittingly deploy a kind of luck that is compatible with knowledge. Finally, appealing to a number of works on explanation and its attendant epistemology, I argue that alleged instances of lucky understanding that overcome these two obstacles will invariably violate certain norms of explanatory inquiry – our paradigmatic understanding-oriented practice. By contrast, knowledge of the same information is immune to these criticisms. Consequently, if understanding is environmentally lucky, it is always inferior to the understanding that a corresponding case of knowledge would provide.
An Exquisite Awareness of Doubt
Authors: Francis Philip
Published: March 2013

In a letter to a colleague with whom he was having a serious philosophical disagreement, William James reflected on how wondrous it is that the universe is full of such rich diversity that it could nourish opinions as divergent as theirs. This is the kind of epistemological humility that T. M. Luhrmann hopes to stir in her readers, particularly those non-religious readers who occasionally find themselves in mid-conversation with an evangelical Christian neighbor who seamlessly shifts the topic from lawnmowers to “the exciting things that God is doing” in his life—and doing in his lawn, presumably. For among the evangelicals where Luhrmann conducts fieldwork, nothing in one's life is too mundane as to escape God's warm regard or to occasion “His” real presence. How God becomes really real to people—sensible people, people like us—is for Luhrmann, an anthropologist at Stanford, the burning question.
A Coptic Fragment from theHistory of Joseph the Carpenterin the Collection of Duke University Library
Authors: Suciu Alin
Published: March 2013

TheHistory of Joseph the Carpenter(BHO 532–533; CANT 60;clavis coptica0037) is readily accessible in many collections of New Testament Apocrypha. The text is fully preserved in Arabic and Bohairic, which was the regional dialect of Lower Egypt, and fragmentarily in Sahidic (i.e., the dialect of Upper Egypt). The present paper introduces P. Duk. inv. 239, a previously unidentified Sahidic fragment of this writing, which surfaced recently among the manuscripts in the Special Collections Library of Duke University. The new textual witness supplies us with a portion of theHistory of Joseph the Carpenterpreviously unattested in Sahidic. Moreover, the Duke fragment displays at least one interesting variant reading, unrecorded in the Bohairic and Arabic versions of the text.
Religion, Reconciliation, and Modern Society: The Shifting Conclusions of Hegel'sLectures on the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Lewis Thomas A.
Published: March 2013

G. W. F. Hegel's greatest contributions regarding religion and politics stem from his abiding concern with social cohesion. While Hegel was interested in now classic questions regarding the role of religion in government, the focal point of his engagement with religion and politics lay in his view of religion's role in binding together a complex society in which a more traditional social order had been fragmented by interrelated economic, social, political, and intellectual transformations. He was less concerned with the role of religious reasons and language in policy debates or elections than with politics in a broader sense—specifically, the way that religion enables the population as a whole to identify with the society's defining social and political institutions, including the family, the economic order, and other legal institutions. In this image, religion reconciles the population with the existing practices and institutions. Without significant degrees of such identification and reconciliation, even the best of laws will be insufficient to sustain a polity. Though reconciliation is one of Hegel's principal terms for this relationship, it in no sense implies “making do,” settling for, or simply accepting the status quo because it happens to exist. Rather, he is ultimately concerned with religion's ability—or inability—to enable us to find ourselves at home in a just and rational social order that promotes freedom.
Socio-demographic Profile of Older Adults with HIV/AIDS: Gender and Sexual Orientation Differences
Authors: Brennan David J. , Emlet Charles A. , Brennenstuhl Sarah , Rueda Sergio ,   OHTN Cohort Study Research Team and Staff
Published: March 2013

Utilisant des données recueillies par Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study (OCS), l’objectif principal de cette étude était de décrire les caractéristiques socio-demographiques d’un échantillon de personnes âgées (50 ans et plus) de l’Ontario (n = 1 129) vivant avec le VIH /SIDA. L’objectif secondaire était de comparer quatre sous-echantillons de PVVIH : les femmes (10,6%), les hommes heterosexuels (16,7%), les hommes homosexuels (65,8%), et les hommes bisexuels (6,9%). Ces groupes diffèrent d’une manière significative dans l’âge, l’éducation, le revenu, la nationalité, la race, et le temps passé atteints du VIH. En comparaison à d’autres groupes, les hommes gais et bisexuels (HGB) ont déclaré une stigmatisation plus baisse associée au VIH, et aussi à la stigmatisation sur la divulgation, à la stigmatisation associée à l’image negative de soi, et la stigmatisation associée aux attitudes publiques. HGB ont également signalé une meilleure qualité de vie en ce qui concerne la santé mentale, les scores plus baisses pour la dépression et des scores plus faibles pour l’ inadaptation face à la vie. Ces résultats suggèrent que les services pour les PVVIH plus âgées, y compris la formation sur le VIH pour les prestataires des services pour VIH et les gérontologues, peuvent avoir besoin de répondre aux besoins spécifiques de ces sous-populations.
Internalizing Early Memories of Shame and Lack of Safeness and Warmth: The Mediating Role of Shame on Depression
Authors: Matos Marcela , Pinto-Gouveia José , Duarte Cristiana
Published: March 2013

Background:Growing evidence supports the association between early memories of shame and lack of safeness and current shame and depression. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether shame serves as a mediator between such early memories and depressive symptoms.Aims:This study aimed at testing whether the impact of shame traumatic memory, centrality of shame memory, early memories of warmth and safeness (predictors), on depressive symptoms (outcome) would be mediated by current external and internal shame.Method:Student participants (N= 178) recalled an early shame experience and completed self-report instruments measuring centrality and traumatic characteristics of the shame memory, early memories of warmth and safeness, external and internal shame and depressive symptoms.Results:Path analysis’ results revealed that internal shame fully mediated the relationship between shame traumatic memory, centrality of shame memory, and early memories of warmth and safeness, and depression. However, current feelings of external shame, highly linked to internal shame, did not significantly predict depression.Conclusion:These findings shed light on the role of internalizing early shame and lack of safeness memories into a sense of self as globally self-condemning in the vulnerability to experience depressive symptoms.
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SHOCKS, AND GROWTH VOLATILITY
Authors: Mallick Debdulal
Published: March 2013

This paper uses spectral theory to develop the following two testable hypotheses in a unified framework for the predictions of business-cycle and endogenous growth models: (i) financial development affects only business-cycle volatility; and (ii) shocks affect both business-cycle volatility and long-run volatility of GDP growth. In other words, volatility caused by shocks is more persistent than that caused by financial underdevelopment. We decompose the business-cycle and long-run volatility by the spectral method and then test the hypotheses at the cross-country level. Empirical evidence provides support for both hypotheses. Higher private credit, a bank-based measure of financial development, dampens business-cycle volatility but not long-run volatility. Volatility of shocks, as measured by the volatility of changes in the terms of trade, magnifies both business-cycle and long-run volatility. The results are robust to accounting for endogeneity, a market-based measure of financial development, and an alternative method of volatility decomposition.
Too Ashamed to Complain: Cuts to Publicly Financed Care and Clients’ Waiving of their Right to Appeal
Authors: Grootegoed Ellen , Bröer Christian , Duyvendak Jan Willem
Published: March 2013

This article examines how Dutch citizens with long-term care needs have used existing legal opportunities to respond to cuts in publicly financed care. Unexpectedly, most did not make use of their right to appeal the reduction or elimination of their previous entitlements, even when this led to marked problems in daily life. Thirty interviews with disabled and elderly persons and their care-givers revealed that specific social norms on how to feel about the cuts inhibited the lodging of appeals. Given the new policy's stated intention of preserving care for the most needy, many affected clients felt they had no right to be angry. Despite their (often objectively warranted) grievances, they did not appeal as breaking with the new moral code would trigger feelings of shame – of not being autonomous, of demanding too much when others are worse off, and of appearing ungrateful.
Genetic characterization of sunflower breeding resources from Argentina: assessing diversity in key open-pollinated and composite populations
Authors: Moreno M. V. , Nishinakamasu V. , Loray M. A. , Alvarez D. , Gieco J. , Vicario A. , Hopp H. E. , Heinz R. A. , Paniego N. , Lia V. V.
Published: March 2013

Open-pollinated (OPs) and composite populations (CPs) represent a valuable resource for sunflower breeding programmes. However, little is known about the levels and distribution of genetic variation within each of these populations. In this study, quantitative and qualitative traits along with molecular markers were used to evaluate 14 populations from the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) sunflower germplasm collection. These populations were chosen to represent historically important accessions that still play a central role within the INTA sunflower breeding programme due to their extensive variation in diverse agronomically important traits. Nine quantitative and eight qualitative agro-morphological descriptors were recorded and compared with those of a larger set of accessions representative of the phenotypic diversity of the sunflower collection. Molecular characterization was conducted on a total of 311 individuals using 16 microsatellite markers. Overall, the average gene diversity was 0.56 and the average number of alleles per locus was 6.25. No statistically significant differences in genetic diversity were detected between the OPs and CPs. Global estimates ofFSTrevealed very high levels of differentiation among accessions (FST= 0.413,P< 0.05). Population structure analyses were consistent with the observed levels of differentiation and identified two major groups. The results of this work show that high global diversity is preserved within the accessions analysed here. Additionally, this study provides a set of reliable and discriminant markers for the cost-effective molecular characterization of sunflower accessions, along with the guidelines for the delineation of sampling strategies for OPs and CPs, thus aiding the efficient management and exploitation of sunflower germplasm collections.
Shared Genetic Vulnerability for Disordered Gambling and Alcohol Use Disorder in Men and Women: Evidence from a National Community-Based Australian Twin Study
Authors: Slutske Wendy S. , Ellingson Jarrod M. , Richmond-Rakerd Leah S. , Zhu Gu , Martin Nicholas G.
Published: March 2013

Disordered gambling (DG) will soon be included along with the substance use disorders in a revised diagnostic category of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 called ‘Substance Use and Addictive Disorders’. This was premised in part on the common etiologies of DG and the substance use disorders. Using data from the national community-based Australian Twin Registry, we used biometric model fitting to examine the extent to which the genetic liabilities for DG and alcohol use disorder (AUD) were shared, and whether this differed for men and women. The effect of using categorical versus dimensional DG and AUD phenotypes was explored, as was the effect of using diagnoses based on the DSM-IV and the proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The genetic correlations between DG and AUD ranged from 0.29 to 0.44. There was a significantly larger genetic correlation between DG and AUD among men than women when using dimensional phenotypes. Overall, about one-half to two-thirds of the association between DG and AUD was due to a shared genetic vulnerability. This study represents one of the few empirical demonstrations of an overlap in the genetic risk for DG and another substance-related addictive disorder. More research is needed on the genetic overlap between DG and other substance use disorders, as well as the genetic overlap between DG and other (non-substance-related) psychiatric disorders.