bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercise Training for Patients Pre- and Postsurgically Treated for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Ni Hui-Juan , Pudasaini Bigyan , Yuan Xun-Tao , Li He-Fang , Shi Lei , Yuan Ping
Published: May 2016

Background. This meta-analysis examined the effects of exercise training on length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, exercise capacity, 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients following resection of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods. This review searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Collaboration data base up to August 16, 2015. It includes 15 studies comparing exercise endurance and quality of life before versus after exercise training in patients undergoing lung resection for NSCLC. Results. This review identified 15 studies, 8 of which are randomized controlled trials including 350 patients. Preoperative exercise training shortened length of hospital stay; mean difference (MD): −4.98 days (95% CI = −6.22 to −3.74, P < .00001) and also decreased postoperative complications for which the odds ratio was 0.33 (95% CI = 0.15 to 0.74, P = .007). Four weeks of preoperative exercise training improved exercise capacity; 6MWD was increased to 39.95 m (95% CI = 5.31 to 74.6, P = .02) .While postoperative exercise training can also effectively improve exercise capacity, it required a longer training period; 6MWD was increased to 62.83 m (95% CI = 57.94 to 67.72) after 12 weeks of training ( P < .00001). For HRQoL, on the EORTC-QLQ-30, there were no differences in patients’ global health after exercise, but dyspnea score was decreased −14.31 points (95% CI = −20.03 to −8.58, P < .00001). On the SF-36 score, physical health was better after exercise training (MD = 3 points, 95% CI = 0.81 to 5.2, P = .007) while there was no difference with regard to mental health. The I2 statistics of all statistically pooled data were lower than 30%. There was a low amount of heterogeneity among these studies. Conclusions. Evidence from this review suggests that preoperative exercise training may shorten length of hospital stay, decrease postoperative complications and increase 6MWD. Postoperative exercise training can also effectively improve both the 6MWD and quality of life in surgical patients with NSCLC, but requiring a longer training period.
Obtaining a cross-engineering collaborative environment via transition to a model-based system engineering (MBSE) approach
Authors: Bachman Jane T
Published: May 2016

The integrated defense acquisition, technology, and logistics (IDAT&L) life cycle management system (LCMS) is currently a document-centric process, i.e., the IDAT&L LCMS process is a document-based approach where engineering strategies, plans, and design documents are manually generated, maintained, and sustained. This approach causes unnecessary time spent on correlating and managing interrelated system documentation. In addition, a change to the system could easily be miscommunicated or not relayed to another engineering group, e.g., test and evaluation. Hence the program experiences delay in the schedule and additional cost occurs due to test plan and execution rework as a result of test criteria not met. This paper addresses benefits of applying a model-based system engineering approach to the IDAT&L LCMS process and how it promotes a cross-engineering collaborative environment.
Predictable Pattern Digital Artery Perforator Flap
Authors: Kostopoulos Epameinondas , Agiannidis Christos , Konofaos Petros , Dounavis Avraam , Papadopoulos Othon , Casoli Vincent
Published: May 2016

Background: The proper digital arteries as any other axial vessel give rise to multiple cutaneous perforators either volar or dorsal along their course. Their identification is performed with Doppler flowmetry. The vasculo-cutano-tendino-osseous complex (VCTOC), which was described by the senior authors, was responsible for the vascularization of all digital anatomic structures (extensor apparatus, skin, periosteum). Their consistent appearance to well measured distances from the digital joints led the way to the present clinical study for highlighting this described anatomy in-vivo and demonstrating the predictability in digital artery perforator (DAP) flap harvest. Methods: From November 2012 to March 2014, fifteen patients underwent reconstruction with a predictable pattern digital artery perforator flap (PPDAP), based on the previously described VCTOC mapping, for digital lesions secondary to tumor extirpation. Flaps were designed as V-Y advancement or propeller type. Postoperative control concerned flap viability and digital function. Results: Seven males and 8 females underwent elective surgery using PPDAP flaps for digital defects following tumor extirpation. The diameter of the defect ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. The vast majority of the lesions were identified on the right hand, the index, the ring finger and the distal phalanx. All flaps survived without signs of venous congestion. No functional digital problems were observed during follow up (mean of 77 months). A minor wound dehiscence presented in one patient. Conclusions: Authors introduced the concept of a “predictable pattern” in the surgery of perforator flaps in the digits. These flaps are reliable and could be a valuable reconstructive option.
Elbow Reconstruction With Compression Plate Arthrodesis and Circumferential Muscle-Sparing Latissimus Dorsi Flap After Tumor Resection
Authors: Ng Zhi Yang , Ramachandran Savitha , Tan Bien-Keem , Foo Leon , Ng Siew-Weng
Published: May 2016

Background: The goals of limb-sparing surgery in the setting of extremity malignancies are 2-fold: oncological clearance and the rehabilitation of function and aesthetics. Treatment success should be defined by the extent of restoration of the patient’s premorbid function for reintegration into society. Methods: We would like to report an unusual case of a patient with a chronically ankylosed elbow with joint invasion by basal cell carcinoma which resulted from malignant transformation of an overlying, long-standing wound due to inadequately treated septic arthritis from his childhood years. Results: Following R0 resection, upper limb shortening and compression plate elbow arthrodesis were performed with the aim of restoring the degree of upper limb function that the patient had been accustomed to preoperatively. The resultant circumferential defect was then closed with a contralateral, free muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi flap. Conclusions: Functional preservation may therefore be more important than the mere restoration of anatomical defects in these especially challenging situations.
Hand Surgeon Reporting of Tendon Rupture Following Distal Radius Volar Plating
Authors: Monaco Nathan A. , Dwyer C. Liam , Ferikes Alex J. , Lubahn John D.
Published: May 2016

Background: Volar plate fixation with locked screws has become the preferred treatment of displaced distal radius fractures that cannot be managed nonoperatively. This treatment, however, is not without complication. The purpose of this study was to determine what percentage of hand surgeons, over a 12-month period, have experienced a tendon complication when using volar plates for the treatment of distal radius fractures. Methods: A total of 3022 hand surgeons were e-mailed a link to an online questionnaire regarding their observation and treatment of tendon injuries associated with volar plating of distal radius fractures. Responses were reported using descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 596 (20%) respondents, 199 (33%) surgeons reported encountering at least one flexor tendon injury after distal radius volar plating over the past year of practice. The flexor pollicis longus was the most commonly reported tendon injury (254, 75%). Palmaris longus grafting (118, 37%) and tendon transfer (114, 36%) were the most often reported treatments following this complication. A total of 216 respondents (36%) also encountered 324 cases of extensor tendon rupture after volar plating of distal radius fractures, with tendon transfer (88%) being the preferred treatment option. Conclusions: Both flexor and extensor tendon ruptures can be seen after volar plating of distal radius fractures. Surgeons should be aware of these complications. Critical assessment of hardware position at the time of index procedure is recommended to avoid complications. Long-term studies are needed to standardize approaches to managing tendon rupture following volar plating of distal radius fractures.
Impact of Long Flexor Versus Intrinsic Dominance in the Generation of Arc of Finger Flexion
Authors: Seaward James R. , Peck Fiona , Lees Vivien C.
Published: May 2016

Background: Finger flexion is a composite movement involving both long flexors and intrinsic hand muscles. Previous studies have characterized this but have not investigated differences within the normal population. Were discrete finger motion patterns identified, this could guide rehabilitation programs following flexor tendon surgery. Methods: Twelve volunteers repeatedly flexed and extended at a comfortable speed, resting their hand on a horizontal surface. Video was recorded perpendicular to the little finger flexion plane, and the little finger tip position was identified frame by frame to create a composite curve. Its highest point was noted, and the horizontal distance was measured from this point to the palmar digital crease (Δ XH). Results: In addition, 2 investigators independently reviewed frame-by-frame images and allocated subjects into groups based on the motion pattern. Δ XH demonstrated 2 clusters within our study population, and there was a statistically significant ( P < .036) difference between groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that qualitative and quantitative differences exist in flexion curves between individuals.
The Epidemiology of Finger Dislocations Presenting for Emergency Care Within the United States
Authors: Golan Elan , Kang Kevin K. , Culbertson Maya , Choueka Jack
Published: May 2016

Background: There are little demographic data on finger dislocation injuries. This study examines the epidemiological characteristics of patients presenting for emergency care of finger dislocations within the United States. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried for finger dislocation injuries treated in US emergency departments between 2004 and 2008. Weighted estimates, in conjunction with Census data, were used to analyze patient demographics, injury locales, and incidence rates within and between, demographic groups. Results: During the 5-year study period, an estimated 166 561 finger dislocations were treated in 1 499 222 917 person-years: an incidence rate of 11.11 per 100 000 person-years. Males were predominantly affected (78.7%) at an incidence rate of 17.8 per 100 000. The rate in females was 4.65 per 100 000 person-years. Most dislocations occurred in the 15- to 19-year age group (38.6 dislocations per 100 000 person-years). Among racial groups, blacks (16.8) were affected more than whites (7.72) or patients characterized as “other” (4.90). In terms of injury venue, 35.9% of cases took place at a sporting or recreational facility. In addition, 44.7% of sports-related dislocations occurred while playing either basketball or football. Conclusions: In the United States, finger dislocations appear to occur most often in black males 15 to 19 years of age and among sports participants, particularly basketball and football players.
Linking of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Distal Radius Fracture Clinical Practice Guidelines to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health; International Classification of Diseases; and ICF Core Sets for Hand Conditions
Authors: Esakki Saravanan , MacDermid Joy , Vajravelu Saipriya
Published: May 2016

Background: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) distal radius fracture (DRF) clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are readily available to clinicians, patients, and policymakers. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides a framework for describing the impact of health conditions. The International Classification of Diseases–10th Revision (ICD-10) is a classification system to classify health conditions as specific disease or disorders. The aim of this study is to analyze and describe the scope and focus of the AAOS DRF CPG using the ICF and ICD-10 as a basis for content analysis, and to compare the content of the CPG with the ICF hand core sets as the reference standard. Methods: Established linking rules were used by 2 independent raters to analyze the 29 recommendations of the AAOS DRF CPG. ICD-10 codes were assigned in the same process. Summary linkage statistics were used to describe the results for ICF and the hand core sets. Results: Among the 29 recommendations of the AAOS DRF CPG, 5 meaningful concepts were linked to the ICF codes. Of these, 5 codes appeared on the comprehensive ICF core set and only 3 codes appeared in the brief ICF core set, and 7 conditions were covered in ICD-10 codes. Conclusions: The AAOS DRF CPG focuses on surgical interventions and has minimal linkage to the constructs of the ICD-10 and ICF. It does not address activity or participation (disability), and is not well linked to key concepts relevant to hand conditions.
Treatment of a Recurrent Neuroma Within Nerve Allograft With Autologous Nerve Reconstruction
Authors: Sosin Michael , Weiner Lindsay A. , Robertson Bradley C. , DeJesus Ramon A.
Published: May 2016

Background: The purpose of this case report is to describe the findings of a neuroma within an allograft, highlight the unique opportunity to evaluate the allograft (following human engraftment) ex vivo histologically, to reinforce an effective treatment strategy, and review outcomes in peripheral nerve surgery regarding gap defect distance. Method: A 55-year-old, right hand dominant man suffered a workplace injury 37 years ago resulting in lacerations and crush injury of the palm and lacerations of the left index finger requiring multiple neuroma excisions and eventual ray amputation. In an attempt to address stump neuroma pain and restore sensation of the radial digital nerve of the middle finger, which was lost after the ray amputation, a neuroma was resected and reconstructed with a 45-mm bioabsorbable allograft (AxoGen, Inc, Alachua, Florida). After the inciting injury in 1977, the patient initially presented to our clinic in 2013 with return of pain at the palm and numbness along the distribution of the common digital nerve and radial nerve of the middle finger prompting surgical exploration. A recurrent common digital nerve neuroma was identified at the proximal aspect of the allograft measuring 20 mm and was resected along with the remaining allograft. Results: A 50-mm reversed superficial peroneal interpositional nerve graft was used for reconstruction resulting in progressive resolution of pain. On 6-month follow-up, the patient regained indiscriminate sensation with moving 2-point discrimination at the pulp of the middle finger with improved grasp function. Conclusion: In the setting of recalcitrant neuromas and intractable pain following multiple neuroma excisions, allografts may be suboptimal in reconstruction of larger gap defects. Autologous reconstruction with porcine submucosa extracellular matrix, as in this case, can avoid tethering, local ischemia, and nerve traction to optimize outcomes.
Utility of Postoperative Imaging in Radial Shaft Fractures
Authors: Pannell William C. , Alluri Ram K. , Sivasundaram Lakshmanan , Heckmann Nathanael , Ghiassi Alidad
Published: May 2016

Background: Postoperatively, radial shaft fractures are often followed clinically with serial radiographs to assess for fracture healing. Currently, there is no standard of care regarding postoperative imaging for these injuries. The purpose of this study is to determine whether imaging influences management decisions. Methods: Patients who presented to a level I trauma center between 2009 and 2014 with an operatively treated radial shaft fracture were retrospectively screened for inclusion in our study. Patients with ipsilateral ulna or radius fractures, or with inadequate imaging or inadequate follow-up, were excluded. Four blinded, board-certified, orthopedic surgeons reviewed the postoperative films twice for each patient and stated whether the imaging would influence management decisions. Images were separated into 3 groups based on time from surgery: 0 to 4 weeks, 4 to 8 weeks, and greater than 8 weeks. The number of times imaging influenced these hypothetical management decisions was recorded. Interobserver and intraobserver agreements were calculated using Fleiss’s and Cohen’s kappa coefficients, respectively. Results: One hundred eighteen patients underwent operative fixation for an isolated radial shaft fracture, of whom 38 met inclusion criteria. Imaging from 0 to 4 weeks, 4 to 8 weeks, and greater than 8 weeks postoperatively resulted in a change of management in 0%, 32%, and 16% of patients, respectively. After 4 weeks, changes were primarily for immobilization and activity-level modification. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement kappa coefficients were 0.761 and 0.563, respectively. Conclusions: Films obtained within 4 weeks of surgery for radial shaft fractures are unlikely to change postoperative management and may not be warranted during routine postoperative follow-up.
Does Barbed Suture Repair Negate the Benefit of Peripheral Repair in Porcine Flexor Tendon?
Authors: Sull Alan , Inceoglu Serkan , Wongworawat Montri D.
Published: May 2016

Background: Advances in suture material and geometry have fueled interest in barbed suture tenorrhaphy. Theoretically, barbed suture allows better load distribution, smoother gliding under pulleys, and improved tendon blood flow. Minimal data exist on whether barbed tendon repair may benefit from supplementation by a peripheral stitch. The purpose of this study is to determine whether peripheral suture repair increases gap resistance in both conventional and barbed core repairs, increases maximum tensile strength, and fails before or after the core repair. Methods: Porcine flexor tendons were harvested and assigned randomly into 4 groups of 10 of varying suture constructs (3-0 PDS™ or 3-0 V-Loc 180™ core with or without peripheral 5-0 Vicryl™ repair). Core repairs were performed using a modified 4-strand cruciate repair. A servohydrolic tester was used for biomechanical testing of linear 2-mm gap resistance and maximum tensile strength. Results: Peripheral repair improved 2-mm gap resistance in all repairs, regardless of core suture type, conventional (173% increase) or barbed (204% increase). No change in the maximum tensile strength was found in either core suture type with peripheral repair. Peripheral repairs always failed before core repairs, at a significantly higher load of 74.2 ± 20.4 N in barbed versus 57.8 ± 12.2 N ( P = .04) in conventional core repairs. Conclusions: The addition of peripheral repair improved gap resistance but not ultimate tensile strength in both conventional and barbed flexor tendon repairs in linear testing. The 4-strand cruciate flexor tendon repairs using barbed suture may require peripheral repair to withstand physiologic loads, as core repair alone using barbed suture was insufficient.
The Influence of Psychological Factors on the Michigan Hand Questionnaire
Authors: Oh Yekyoo , Drijkoningen Tessa , Menendez Mariano E. , Claessen Femke M. A. P. , Ring David
Published: May 2016

Background: Psychosocial factors help account for the gap between impairment and disability. This study examines the relationship between the Michigan Hand Questionnaire (MHQ) and commonly used psychological measures in patients with upper extremity illness. Methods: A cohort of 135 new or follow-up patients presenting to an urban academic hospital–based hand surgeon were invited to complete a web-based version of the MHQ, Abbreviated Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and two Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-based questionnaires: Pain Interference and Depression. Bivariate and multivariable analyses measured the correlation of these psychological measures with MHQ. Results: Accounting for potential confounding factors in multivariable regression, upper extremity disability as rated by the MHQ was independently associated with PROMIS Depression, PROMIS Pain Interference, visit type, and working status. The model accounted for 37% of the variability in MHQ scores, with PROMIS Pain Interference having the most influence. Conclusion: Among the non-pathophysiological factors that contribute to patient-to-patient variation in MHQ scores, the measure of less effective coping strategies and symptoms of depression were most influential. Our data add to the evidence of the pivotal role of emotional health in upper extremity symptoms and limitations and the importance of psychosocial considerations in the care of hand illness.
Frequency of Incidental Median Thenar Motor Nerve Branch Visualization During Mini-Open and Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: Lutsky Kevin F. , Jones Christopher M. , Kim Nayoung , Medina Juana , Matzon Jonas L. , Beredjiklian Pedro K.
Published: May 2016

Background: Clinical studies using extensile approaches for carpal tunnel release (CTR) report a fairly high incidence of thenar motor branch (TMB) variants. As mini-open and endoscopic CTRs have become commonplace, the likelihood of encountering one of these variants in current practice is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to assess prospectively the frequency with which TMB variants are encountered during routine surgery. Methods: All patients who underwent a primary CTR between August 2014 and April 2015 by 11 hand fellowship–trained, orthopedic surgeons were prospectively evaluated. All surgeons performed releases in their usual technique and notified the lead investigator of any median nerve variations encountered. A total of 890 primary CTRs in 795 patients were performed during the study period. Results: Four TMBs seen were transligamentous variants (4/890 of procedures = 0.45%; 4/795 of patients = 0.50%). Three were identified during open CTR, and 1 during endoscopic CTR. In 2 cases, the transligamentous TMB originated from the volar aspect of the median nerve and penetrated the midportion of the transverse carpal ligament. One TMB originated from the volar and ulnar aspect of the median nerve. One TMB originated from the ulnar aspect of the median nerve proximal to the carpal tunnel. There were no cases of TMB injury during the course of the study. Conclusions: TMB variations are encountered infrequently during routine CTR. The most commonly encountered variant during routine mini-open or endoscopic CTR in our study was a transligamentous branch.
Muscle Atrophy at Presentation of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Drake Matthew L. , Hensley Dana T. , Chen Wei C. , Taylor Kenneth F.
Published: May 2016

Background: The purpose of this study is to describe the demographics and duration of symptoms of patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who present with muscle atrophy. Methods: We identified 146 patients who presented to the hand surgery clinic at a single institution over a 5-year period with an initial diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome based on history and physical examination. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to determine if there was a difference in demographic data, physical examination findings, and duration of symptoms in patients who presented with muscle atrophy from those with sensory complaints alone. Results: A total of 17/146 (11.6%) of patients presented with muscle atrophy, all of which were men. In all, 17.2% of men presented with atrophy. Age by itself was not a predictor of presentation with atrophy; however, younger patients with atrophy presented with significantly shorter duration of symptoms. Patients under the age of 29 years presenting with muscle atrophy on average had symptoms for 2.4 months compared with 16.2 months of symptoms for those over 55 years of age. Conclusions: Men with cubital tunnel syndrome are more likely to present with muscle atrophy than women. Age is not necessarily a predictor of presentation with atrophy. There is a subset population of younger patients who presents with extremely short duration of symptoms that rapidly develops muscle atrophy.
Biomechanical Comparison of Suture-Button Suspensionplasty and LRTI for Basilar Thumb Arthritis
Authors: Desai Mihir J. , Brogan David M. , Richard Marc J. , Mithani Suhail K. , Leversedge Fraser J. , Ruch David S.
Published: May 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the initial biomechanical strength of trapeziectomy and suture-button suspensionplasty (SBS) with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition (LRTI) for thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis in a cadaveric model. Methods: Eight matched pairs of below-elbow cadaveric arms were used for this study. Each specimen was randomly assigned to either receive a trapeziectomy and LRTI (LRTI group) or trapeziectomy and SBS (SBS group). Using previously described and validated testing protocols, physiological key pinch was simulated. The thumb metacarpal was then incrementally loaded from 5 to 20 lbs, using 5-lb increments. Metacarpal subsidence during physiological key pinch and incremental loading was determined using radiographic measurements of trapezial space height. Results: The average pretesting trapezial space height did not differ significantly between the LRTI (11.9 mm) and SBS (13.7 mm) groups. After simulated physiological key pinch, the SBS group had significantly greater average trapezial space height compared with the LRTI group (8.0 mm vs 5.5 mm). For each incremental metacarpal load from 5 to 20 lbs, the SBS group had significantly greater average trapezial space height than the LRTI group. Conclusions: In a cadaveric model, SBS demonstrates greater resistance to metacarpal subsidence with immediate loading compared with LRTI.
The Practice of Designing Qualitative Research on Educational Leadership: Notes for Emerging Scholars and Practitioner-Scholars
Authors: Knapp Michael S.
Published: May 2016

This article addresses a gap in methodological writing, concerning typical practice in designing qualitative inquiry, especially in research on educational leadership. The article focuses on how qualitative research designs are actually developed and explores implications for scholars’ work, especially for new scholars and for methods teachers. Working from methodological literature across multiple traditions, combined with the author’s experience designing qualitative studies and guiding emerging scholars and practitioner-scholars, the article describes alternative ways to develop viable designs, noting essential considerations and trade-offs along the way. While noting differences by tradition, the article emphasizes common patterns and implications shared by multiple traditions.
Visual Search Revived: The Slopes Are Not That Slippery: A Reply to Kristjansson (2015)
Authors: Wolfe Jeremy M.
Published: May 2016

Kristjansson (2015) suggests that standard research methods in the study of visual search should be “reconsidered.” He reiterates a useful warning against treating reaction time x set size functions as simple metrics that can be used to label search tasks as “serial” or “parallel.” However, I argue that he goes too far with a broad attack on the use of slopes in the study of visual search. Used wisely, slopes do provide us with insight into the mechanisms of visual search.
Danmei, Xianqing, and the making of a queer online public sphere in China
Authors: Yang Ling , Xu Yanrui
Published: May 2016

Danmei is the Chinese term for boys’ love, a genre of male–male romance created by and for women and sexual minorities. This commentary focuses on Xianqing, a well-known danmei forum established under the aegis of a women-oriented literature website in 2003. Although mainly dedicated to popular media consumption, Xianqing has over the years become both a part of the larger online public sphere in China and a unique queer public sphere that defies any simple classification, offering pleasures, meanings, and identities to numerous diehard danmei fans residing in and out of China, despite recurrent technical problems, managerial failures, and increasing censorship. Through revealing some of the paradoxes and ambiguities of this alternative public sphere, we seek to highlight the understudied gendered dimension of the online public sphere in China and question the rigid distinction between politics and entertainment in academic discourse.
Power, Ethnic Origin, and Sexual Objectification
Authors: Civile Ciro , Rajagobal Amentha , Obhi Sukhvinder S.
Published: May 2016

In this study, we investigated the effects of primed power on sexual objectification of Caucasian and Asian men and women. As in previous studies, sexual objectification was assessed using an inversion paradigm with face–body compound stimuli. Previous work has shown that participants primed to power do not show the typical drop in recognition performance for inverted face–body compound stimuli, suggesting that they process these stimuli in terms of their individual features, in a manner akin to objects, and quite different from the way in which faces and bodies are normally processed (i.e., configurally). Caucasian male and female participants were primed to high or neutral-power before engaging in an old/new recognition task involving sexualized face–body compound images of Caucasian and Asian men and women. Participants primed to high-power showed a decreased inversion effect for Caucasian models of the opposite gender, but not for Asian models. Thus, power exerts different effects on this specific type of social perception, depending on the ethnic origin of the target. We discuss our results in the context of the extant literature on power and with reference to media stereotyping of Caucasians and Asians.
Teaching Statistics with Current and Historical Events
Authors: Lee Young , Schumm Walter R. , Lockett Lorenza , Newsom Kimmery C. , Behan Kathleen
Published: May 2016

Statistical examples can feel remote to students, especially if the variables under consideration are ambiguous. However, life or death is not ambiguous but very concrete. Three different historical shipwrecks offer an abundance of ways to demonstrate the relevance and importance of statistics. Here, we discuss statistical outcomes associated with the loss of three ships: the HMT Birkenhead in 1852, the RMS Titanic in 1912, and the Korean ferry MV Sewol in April 2014. These disasters can serve as examples for demonstrating the relevance of statistics to current events. Statistics in these historical events can help students see that the survival rates of different groups of passengers were very different, with medium to large effect sizes. Even if statistical analyses cannot answer all of the questions about why some passengers had higher survival rates than others, they can lead to further productive qualitative or quantitative research into such questions.
Predictive factors of non-adherence to secondary preventative medication after stroke or transient ischaemic attack: A systematic review and meta-analyses
Authors: Al AlShaikh Sukainah , Quinn Terry , Dunn William , Walters Matthew , Dawson Jesse
Published: May 2016

Purpose

Non-adherence to secondary preventative medications after stroke is relatively common and associated with poorer outcomes. Non-adherence can be due to a number of patient, disease, medication or institutional factors. The aim of this review was to identify factors associated with non-adherence after stroke.

Method

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting factors associated with medication adherence after stroke. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL and Web of Knowledge. We followed PRISMA guidance. We assessed risk of bias of included studies using a pre-specified tool based on Cochrane guidance and the Newcastle–Ottawa scales. Where data allowed, we evaluated summary prevalence of non-adherence and association of factors commonly reported with medication adherence in included studies using random-effects model meta-analysis.

Findings

From 12,237 titles, we included 29 studies in our review. These included 69,137 patients. The majority of included studies (27/29) were considered to be at high risk of bias mainly due to performance bias. Non-adherence rate to secondary preventative medication reported by included studies was 30.9% (95% CI 26.8%–35.3%). Although many factors were reported as related to adherence in individual studies, on meta-analysis, absent history of atrial fibrillation (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.72–1.5), disability (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.93–1.72), polypharmacy (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.9–1.9) and age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.96–1.14) were not associated with adherence.

Discussion

This review identified many factors related to adherence to preventative medications after stroke of which many are modifiable. Commonly reported factors included concerns about treatment, lack of support with medication intake, polypharmacy, increased disability and having more severe stroke.

Conclusion

Understanding factors associated with medication taking could inform strategies to improve adherence. Further research should assess whether interventions to promote adherence also improve outcomes.
Virtual reality in the treatment of persecutory delusions:
Randomised controlled experimental study testing how to reduce delusional
conviction
Authors: Freeman Daniel , Bradley Jonathan , Antley Angus , Bourke Emilie , DeWeever Natalie , Evans Nicole , Černis Emma , Sheaves Bryony , Waite Felicity , Dunn Graham , Slater Mel , Clark David M.
Published: May 2016

Background

Persecutory delusions may be unfounded threat beliefs maintained by
safety-seeking behaviours that prevent disconfirmatory evidence being
successfully processed. Use of virtual reality could facilitate new
learning.

Aims

To test the hypothesis that enabling patients to test the threat
predictions of persecutory delusions in virtual reality social
environments with the dropping of safety-seeking behaviours (virtual
reality cognitive therapy) would lead to greater delusion reduction than
exposure alone (virtual reality exposure).

Method

Conviction in delusions and distress in a real-world situation were
assessed in 30 patients with persecutory delusions. Patients were then
randomised to virtual reality cognitive therapy or virtual reality
exposure, both with 30 min in graded virtual reality social environments.
Delusion conviction and real-world distress were then reassessed.

Results

In comparison with exposure, virtual reality cognitive therapy led to
large reductions in delusional conviction (reduction 22.0%,
P = 0.024, Cohen's d = 1.3) and
real-world distress (reduction 19.6%, P = 0.020, Cohen's
d = 0.8).

Conclusion

Cognitive therapy using virtual reality could prove highly effective in
treating delusions.
Shear Thickening Behaviour of Composite Propellant Suspension under Oscillatory Shear
Authors: Singh D. , Dombe G. , Bhongale C. , Singh P. P. , Maurya Mehilal , Bhattacharya B.
Published: May 2016

Composite propellant suspensions consist of highly filled polymeric system wherein solid particles of different sizes and shapes are dispersed in a polymeric matrix. The rheological behaviour of a propellant suspension is characterised by viscoplasticity and shear rate and time dependant viscosity. The behaviour of composite propellant suspension has been studied under amplitude sweep test where tests were performed by continuously varying strain amplitude (strain in %, γ) by keeping the frequency and temperature constant and results are plotted in terms of log γ (strain amplitude) vs logGʹ and logGʺ (Storage modulus and loss modulus, respectively). It is clear from amplitude sweep test that dynamic moduli and complex viscosity show marked increase at critical strain amplitude after a plateau region, infering a shear thickening behaviour.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Combustion Instability in Solid Rocket Motor : Implementation of Pressure Coupled Response Function
Authors: Saha S. , Chakraborty D.
Published: May 2016

Combustion instability in solid propellant rocket motor is numerically simulated by implementing propellant response function with quasi steady homogeneous one dimensional formulation. The convolution integral of propellant response with pressure history is implemented through a user defined function in commercial computational fluid dynamics software. The methodology is validated against literature reported motor test and other simulation results. Computed amplitude of pressure fluctuations compare closely with the literarture data. The growth rate of pressure oscillations of a cylindrical grain solid rocket motor is determined for different response functions at the fundamental longitudinal frequency. It is observed that for response function more than a critical value, the motor exhibits exponential growth rate of pressure oscillations.
Profile-based Maximum Penalised Likelihood Trajectory Estimation from Space-borne LOS Measurements
Authors: Yi Taihe , Shen Zhen , Wang Zhengming , Liu Bing , Yi Dongyun
Published: May 2016

Estimating the boost-phase trajectory of a ballistic missile using line of sight measurements from space-borne passive sensors is an important issue in missile defense. A well-known difficulty of this issue is the poor-observability of the target motion. A profile-based maximum penalised likelihood estimator is presented, which is expected to work in poor-observability scenarios. Firstly, a more adaptable boost-phase profile is proposed by introducing unknown parameters. Then, the estimator is given based on the Bayesian paradigm. After that, a special penalty for box constraint is constructed based on a mixed distribution. Numerical results for some typical scenarios and sensitivity with respect to a priori information are reported to show that the proposed estimator is promising.
On Finite Deformations of Spatially Curved Bisymmetric Thin-Walled Rods
Authors: Bijak R. , Kołodziej G.
Published: May 2016

Deriving the formulas for strain components, we are assuming, that cross-section of a rod being rotated in space during deformation does not need to be perpendicular to deformed centroid line. This not a quite intuitive assumption allows for more compact and easier formulas for strain tensor or equilibrium equations. Derived transformations between actual and initial coordinate system, components of strain tensor and virtual works principle for investigated spatially curved beams of bisymmetric cross-section are shown in this paper. Conformity with other models from referenced literature is also shown.
“Capricious, Seductive, and Insurrectionary”
Authors: Hoover Jesse A.
Published: May 2016

In the polemically-charged world of the sixteenth century, Anabaptist sects were often portrayed by the early magisterial Reformers as merely the latest iteration of another purist, rebaptizing brand of heretic: the Donatist church of North Africa. By mapping Anabaptism onto this paradigm, its opponents could safely dismiss its theology by appealing to the writings of Augustine. But there was another reason why the slur was often cast against the Anabaptist movement, one with more political overtones: Donatists, or more accurately a radical subset of the dissident church known as the “Circumcellions,” were commonly associated with sedition. In this article, I examine the ways in which the Circumcellion epithet was used to characterize the nascent Anabaptist movement of the sixteenth century. By linking the “Donatist” beliefs of Anabaptist communities to the charge of “Circumcellion” sedition, their opponents were able to legitimate the use of force against them and negate their claims to martyrdom.
Influence of Torso Model Complexity on the Noninvasive Localization of Ectopic Ventricular Activity
Authors: Punshchykova Olena , Švehlíková Jana , Tyšler Milan , Grünes Richard , Sedova Ksenia , Osmančík Pavel , Žďárská Jana , Heřman Dalibor , Kneppo Peter
Published: May 2016

Location of premature ectopic ventricular activity was assessed noninvasively in five patients using integral body surface potential maps and inverse solution in terms of a single dipole. Precision of the inverse solution was studied using three different torso models: homogeneous torso model, inhomogeneous torso model including lungs and heart ventricles and inhomogeneous torso model including lungs, heart ventricles and atria, aorta and pulmonary artery. More stable results were obtained using the homogeneous model. However, in some patients the location of the resulting dipole representing the focus of ectopic activity was shifted between solutions using the homogeneous and inhomogeneous models. Comparison of solutions with inhomogeneous torso models did not show significantly different dispersions, but localization of the focus was better when a torso model including atria and arteries was used. The obtained results suggest that presented noninvasive localization of the ectopic focus can be used to shorten the time needed for successful ablation and to increase its success rate.
CovertCast: Using Live Streaming to Evade Internet Censorship
Authors: McPherson Richard , Houmansadr Amir , Shmatikov Vitaly
Published: May 2016

We design, implement, and evaluate CovertCast, a censorship circumvention system that broadcasts the content of popular websites in real-time, encrypted video streams on common live-streaming services such as YouTube. CovertCast does not require any modifications to the streaming service and employs the same protocols, servers, and streaming software as any other user of the service. Therefore, CovertCast cannot be distinguished from other live streams by IP address filtering or protocol fingerprinting, raising the bar for censors.
Laboratory Testing of Active and Passive UHF RFID Tags
Authors: Kolarovszki Peter , Kolarovszká Zuzana , Perakovic Dragan , Periša Marko
Published: May 2016

This article deals with research of laboratory testing by active and passive UHF tags and therefore mutual coexistence of active and passive RFID technology, which is a part of automatic identification and data capture. In this article we would like to describe an identification of transport unit based on passive technology and also by active technology. We would like to specify, how this technologies can work together and in which application focuses on postal and logistics. All results are verified by measurement in our AIDC laboratory, which is located at the University of Žilina. Our research contains different types of measurements in order to point out the possible influence of these two technologies. The results of our research bring the new point of view and indicate the ways using of UHF RFID technology in postal and logistics applications. At the end of this article is characterized the utilization of the RFID technology in postal logistics chain by using both passive and active technologies.
Tree-Thinking: A Response
Authors: Davenport K. D. , Milks Kirstin , Van Tassell Rebecca
Published: May 2016

We respond to the preceding commentary (Brower, 2016) regarding our “Inquiry & Investigation” articles (Davenport et al., 2015a, b) published recently in this journal. Our two articles describe a pair of activities, informed by biology education literature and national standards documents, whose primary goal is to help teachers assist introductory students in evaluating basic evolutionary datasets. In this short response to Brower's critique, we acknowledge that our activities, which address the complex field of systematics, contain simplifications and inaccuracies. At the same time, we hold that the activities are grounded in careful pedagogical decisions that allow students in general biology courses to readily understand major features of phylogenetic trees. We also argue that the design of the activities allows students to experience firsthand a vital component of the nature of science: prioritizing data when formulating a claim.
Exploring Data to Learn about the Nature of Science
Authors: Quinlan Catherine L.
Published: May 2016

Biology is often taught as disconnected facts, even though the subject itself provides a holistic approach to the study of life, particularly through the overarching frame of evolution. The Framework for K–12 Science Education and Next Generation Science Standards promote a coherent approach to science that uses a developmental approach to learning. This is consistent with the use of data, reflective strategies, and a research inquiry approach that encourages students to confront their own thinking and reasoning, and thus encourages the engagement of argumentation in the classroom. This article presents narratives and classroom scenarios that might provide insights into learning strategies, with implications for a more cohesive approach to learning both biology concepts and the practices of science.
Outpatient Rehabilitation for Medicaid-Insured Children Hospitalized With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Jimenez Nathalia , Symons Rebecca G. , Wang Jin , Ebel Beth H. , Vavilala Monica S. , Buchwald Dedra , Temkin Nancy , Jaffe Kenneth M. , Rivara Frederick P.
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVES:

To describe the prevalence of postdischarge outpatient rehabilitation among Medicaid-insured children hospitalized with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify factors associated with receipt of services.

METHODS:

Retrospective cohort of children <21 years, hospitalized for a TBI between 2007 and 2012, from a national Medicaid claims database. Outcome measures were receipt of outpatient rehabilitation (physical, occupational, or speech therapies or physician visits to a rehabilitation provider) 1 and 3 years after discharge. Multivariable regression analyses determined the association of demographic variables, injury severity, and receipt of inpatient services with receipt of outpatient rehabilitation at 1 and 3 years. The mean number of services was compared between racial/ethnic groups.

RESULTS:

Among 9361 children, only 29% received any type of outpatient rehabilitation therapy during the first year after injury, although 62% sustained a moderate to severe TBI. The proportion of children receiving outpatient therapies declined to 12% in the second and third years. The most important predictor of receipt of outpatient rehabilitation was receipt of inpatient therapies or consultation with a rehabilitation physician during acute care. Compared with children of other racial/ethnic groups, Hispanic children had lower rates of receipt of outpatient speech therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Hospitalized children who received inpatient assessment of rehabilitation needs were more likely to continue outpatient rehabilitation care. Hispanic children with TBI were less likely than non-Hispanics to receive speech therapy. Interventions to increase inpatient rehabilitation during acute care might increase outpatient rehabilitation and improve outcomes for all children.