bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Evolution of Cu/ZnO Active Sites: From Reactive Environment to Ultrahigh Vacuum
Authors: Xiao Jianping , da Rosa Andreia L. , Zhang Ruiqin , Teoh Wey Yang , Frauenheim Thomas
Published: July 2014

By using first‐principles thermodynamics calculations, we investigate the structural evolution of active sites on Cu/ZnO surfaces from reactive environment to ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Under O‐rich conditions, the formation of active oxygen vacancies on various ZnO surfaces is unfavorable. However, addition of Cu dopants can significantly improve the reducibility of the ZnO nonpolar and polar surfaces, to an extent that ZnO(0 0 0 1)–O polar surface can be fully reduced. The formed oxygen vacancies in turn enhance the charging of Cu active sites on the highly dispersed metallic monolayers containing Cu and Zn. This is believed to be a factor contributing to the synergetic effects of Cu/ZnO catalysts. Irreversible reconstruction of the active metallic monolayers would take place upon removal from the reactive environment and exposure to ultrahigh vacuum condition, resulting in less active Cu overlayers. Therefore, experiments performed directly under UHV conditions may underestimate the activity of the actual catalysts under reactive environment.
Processing of Lovage into High‐Value Components Using Supercritical CO2 and Pressurized Liquid Extraction
Authors: Kemzūraitė Aurelija , Venskutonis Petras R. , Navikienė Diana
Published: July 2014

Lovage roots, leaves, and stems were extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE‐CO2), while the residues of SFE‐CO2 were further extracted by pressurized liquid extraction with acetone and methanol. Optimization of SFE‐CO2 parameters resulted in enhanced extract yields from all lovage parts. The antioxidant potential of solid material and extracts was assessed by Trolox‐equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) in two different assays and by the total phenolic content (TPC). TEAC and TPC values of SFE‐CO2 residues were distinctly lower than those of the initial lovage material which indicates that lovage antioxidants are distributed both in lipophilic and fat‐insoluble fractions.
Mass Transfer and Kinetics Study of Heterogeneous Semi‐Batch Precipitation of Magnesium Carbonate
Authors: Han Bing , Qu Haiyan , Niemi Harri , Sha Zuoliang , Louhi‐Kultanen Marjatta
Published: July 2014

Precipitation kinetics and mass transfer of magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) hydrates from a reaction of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and CO2 were analyzed. The effect of CO2 flow rate and mixing intensity on precipitation was investigated under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the composition of the solids during semi‐batch crystallization. The obtained spectra revealed the dissolution of Mg(OH)2 and the formation of MgCO3. The precipitation rate increased with higher gas flow rate. The rotation speed of the stirrer had a significant effect on the dissolution of Mg(OH)2. In the researched system, the main driver of the precipitation kinetics was the mass transfer of CO2. Nesquehonite (MgCO3·3H2O), as needle‐like crystals, was precipitated as the main product. Raman spectroscopy can serve as a potential tool to monitor the carbonation precipitation process.
ChemInform Abstract: New Visible Light Absorbing Materials for Solar Fuels, Ga(Sbx)N1‐x.
Authors: Sunkara Swathi , Vendra Venkat Kalyan , Jasinski Jacek Bogdan , Deutsch Todd , Andriotis Antonis N. , Rajan Krishna , Menon Madhu , Sunkara Mahendra
Published: July 2014

Ga(Sbx)N1‐x (x = 0—0.08) layers are synthesized by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on different planar substrates and GaN nanowire substrates using trimethylgallium and trimethylantimonide as feedstock gases and nitrogen as the carrier gas (565—640 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Charge Disproportionation and Magnetoresistivity in a Double Perovskite with Alternate Fe4+(d4) and Mn4+(d3) Layers.
Authors: Ganesanpotti Subodh , Tassel Cedric , Hayashi Naoaki , Goto Yoshihiro , Bouilly Guillaume , Yajima Takeshi , Kobayashi Yoji , Kageyama Hiroshi
Published: July 2014

The oxygen‐stoichiometric, B‐site‐ordered perovskite Ca2Fe1.1Mn0.9O6 with alternate stacking of Fe and Mn layers is prepared by reaction of Ca2Fe1.1Mn0.9O5 with KClO4 in a molar ratio of 1:0.5 (gold foil, 4 GPa, 550 °C, 45 min).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of MgS and Its Application as Electrode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Wang Minjuan , Li Xiang , Gao Mingxia , Pan Hongge , Liu Yongfeng
Published: July 2014

Nanosized MgS is synthesized by ball‐milling of MgH2 and sulfur.
ChemInform Abstract: Ln(IO3)3 (Ln: Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd, Er, Yb) Polycrystals as Novel Photocatalysts for Efficient Decontamination under Ultraviolet Light Irradiation.
Authors: Wang Wenjun , Cheng Hefeng , Huang Baibiao , Li Xinru , Qin Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaoyang , Dai Ying
Published: July 2014

Ln(IO3)3 (Ln = Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd, Er, Yb) polycrystals are hydrothermally prepared using aqueous solutions of Ln(NO3)3 or Ln2O3 and HI as precursors (autoclave, 230 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antimalarial Properties, and SAR Studies of Alkoxyurea‐Based HDAC Inhibitors.
Authors: Hansen Finn K. , Skinner‐Adams Tina S. , Duffy Sandra , Marek Linda , Sumanadasa Subathdrage D. M. , Kuna Krystina , Held Jana , Avery Vicky M. , Andrews Katherine T. , Kurz Thomas
Published: July 2014

A small series of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (VI) are synthesized and evaluated together with previously described HDAC inhibitors for their antiplasmodial properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Continuous Flow α‐Trifluoromethylation of Ketones by Metal‐Free Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Cantillo David , de Frutos Oscar , Rincon Juan A. , Mateos Carlos , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: July 2014

A novel system for the α‐trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds is used, which combines CF3SO2Cl as a source of CF3 radicals and Eosin Y as a photoredox catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation and Electrophile Trapping of N‐Boc‐2‐lithio‐2‐azetine: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 2‐Azetines.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Pearson Christopher I. , Kazmi Madiha
Published: July 2014

Protected methoxyazetidine undergoes α‐lithiation‐elimination to form N‐Boc‐azetine in situ, which can be further lithiated regioselectively at the sp2 center and trapped with a range of electrophiles, including allylic and propargylic halides through transmetalation to copper, affording a direct access to 2‐substituted N‐Boc azetines.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Metal‐Free Construction of Fluorescent 5‐Aryl‐2,3‐dicyanofurans from Simple Aryl Ketones with DDQ.
Authors: Li Jiang‐Sheng , Cai Fei‐Fei , Li Zhi‐Wei , Liu Wei‐Dong , Simpson Jim , Xue Yuan , Pang Huai‐Lin , Huang Peng‐Mian , Cao Zhong , Li Dao‐Lin
Published: July 2014

Title compounds [(III), (V), and (VII)] are synthesized by treatment of electron‐rich aryl ketones with DDQ.
ChemInform Abstract: Anomalous Behaviour of cis‐Bicyclo[3.3.0]octane‐3,7‐dione and Its Derivatives During Twofold Fischer Indole Cyclization Using Low‐Melting Mixtures.
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Chinnam Ajay Kumar
Published: July 2014

Fischer indole cyclization in a low melting mixture of L‐tartaric acid and N,N′‐dimethylurea provides the expected isomer (III) together with unexpected high amounts of the unusual isomer (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Thiazolidinedione—Isatin Conjugates via an Uncatalyzed Diastereoselective Aldol Reaction on Water.
Authors: Paladhi Sushovan , Bhati Meeta , Panda Deepanjan , Dash Jyotirmayee
Published: July 2014

The title conjugates are obtained in excellent yields and diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Double C—S Bonds Formation via Different Paths: Synthesis of Benzothiazoles from N‐Benzyl‐2‐iodoaniline and Potassium Sulfide.
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyun , Zeng Weilan , Yang Yuan , Huang Hui , Liang Yun
Published: July 2014

In this approach to benzothiazoles copper bromide acts as a catalyst both for traditional cross‐coupling reactions as well as for oxidative cross‐coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem sp3 C—H Functionalization/Decarboxylation of 2‐Alkylazaarenes with Coumarin‐3‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Xu Lubin , Shao Zhuzhou , Wang Liang , Xiao Jian
Published: July 2014

The present method provides facile access to azaarene‐substituted 3,4‐dihydro(thio)coumarins in a single step.
ChemInform Abstract: NIS‐Mediated Oxidative Lactonization of 2‐Arylbenzoic Acids for the Synthesis of Dibenzopyranones under Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Gao Peng , Wei Yunyang
Published: July 2014

The method is advantageous with regards to mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, and good functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct, Catalytic, and Regioselective Synthesis of 2‐Alkyl‐, Aryl‐, and Alkenyl‐Substituted N‐Heterocycles from N‐Oxides.
Authors: Larionov Oleg V. , Stephens David , Mfuh Adelphe , Chavez Gabriel
Published: July 2014

This one‐step, broad‐scope transformation of N‐oxides to N‐heterocycles hinges on the combination of copper catalysis and activation by magnesium chloride or lithium fluoride.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Domino Reaction Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Bicyclic Pyrrole Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Xue‐Bing , Wang Xiao‐Ying , Zhu Dan‐Dan , Yan Sheng‐Jiao , Lin Jun
Published: July 2014

Fully substituted highly functionalized pyrroles (IV) are synthesized by an acetic acid catalyzed three‐component domino reaction of cyclic ketene aminals (I), arylglyoxal hydrates (II), and indoles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Strategy to the Synthesis of 4‐Anilinoquinazoline Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Zheng , Wang Cuiling , Sun Yanni , Zhang Ning , Liu Zhulan , Liu Jianli
Published: July 2014

The synthesis of the title compounds starts from indole‐2,3‐dione and gives the products in 70% overall yield in three steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Phenolic Compounds from Artemisia iwayomogi
Authors: Yan Xi‐Tao , Ding Yan , Li Wei , Sun Ya‐Nan , Yang Seo‐Young , Koh Young‐Sang , Kim Young‐Ho
Published: July 2014

isolation, structure elucidation and antiinflammatory activities of two new phenolic compounds (I) and (II) along with ten known phenolic compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Seven New Alkaloids from the Roots of Stemona tuberosa.
Authors: Gao Yu , Wang Jun , Zhang Chao‐Feng , Xu Xiang‐Hong , Zhang Mian , Kong Ling‐Yi
Published: July 2014

Seven new alkaloids, namely 1,9‐epoxy‐9a‐hydroxystenine (I), tuberostemoline A (II) and B (III), tuberostemoninol C (IV), oxotuberostemonine A (V), and the mixture of bisdehydrotuberostemonine D and E (VI), together with four known alkaloids are isolated and screened for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Coumarinolignans Isolated from the Seeds of Brucea javanica.
Authors: Yang Jianhong , Liu Wenyu , Li Shucai , Ye Haoyu , Tang Huan , Chen Lijuan , Peng Aihua
Published: July 2014

A new coumarinolignan, cleomiscosin E (I), is isolated together with the known compound cleomiscosin A.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Gold(I) Catalysis with Chiral Monodentate Ligands
Authors: Cera Gianpiero , Bandini Marco
Published: July 2014

Review: gold‐catalyzed asymmetric cycloaddition/cycloisomerization reactions; 37 refs.+ subrefs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Living Organisms
Authors: Borrmann Annika , van Hest Jan C. M.
Published: July 2014

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoplasmonics for Chemistry
Authors: Baffou Guillaume , Quidant Romain
Published: July 2014

Review: recent developments in this new and fast growing field of research; 52 refs.
Simple prognostic score for metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer with incorporation of neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio
Authors: Templeton Arnoud J. , Pezaro Carmel , Omlin Aurelius , McNamara Mairéad G. , Leibowitz‐Amit Raya , Vera‐Badillo Francisco E. , Attard Gerhardt , de Bono Johann S. , Tannock Ian F. , Amir Eitan
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of inflammation, has been reported to be a poor prognostic indicator in prostate cancer. Here we explore the use of the NLR to establish a simple prognostic score for men with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with docetaxel. METHODS: In the training cohort, the NLR and other known prognostic variables were evaluated among a cohort of chemotherapy‐naïve patients treated with thrice‐weekly docetaxel at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre. Significant prognostic variables identified by univariable Cox regression were evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. Multivariable Cox regression was then used to derive a prognostic score where 1 risk point was assigned for each significant variable. The model was externally validated in a cohort of patients treated at the Royal Marsden. RESULTS: Three hudred fifty‐seven patients were analyzed in the training cohort. Median age was 71 years, 12% had liver metastasis, and median overall survival (OS) was 14.7 months. Liver metastases, hemoglobin <12 g/dL, alkaline phosphatase >2.0× upper limit of normal (ULN), lactate dehydrogenase >1.2× ULN, and NLR >3 were associated with significantly worse OS in multivariable analysis. Four risk categories were subsequently established with 0, 1, 2, and 3‐5 points. Two‐year OS rates for these categories were 43%, 37%, 12%, and 3%, respectively. Area under the curve for the training cohort was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.72‐0.84) compared with 0.66 (95% CI, 0.58‐0.74) for the 215 patients in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This simple risk score provides good prognostic and discriminatory accuracy for men with mCRPC. Cancer 2014;120:3346–3352. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Pd–Tetrahydrosalan‐Type Complexes as Catalysts for Sonogashira Couplings in Water: Efficient Greening of the Procedure
Authors: Voronova Krisztina , Homolya Levente , Udvardy Antal , Bényei Attila C. , Joó Ferenc
Published: July 2014

New sulfonated tetrahydrosalen‐type ligands and their water‐soluble palladium(II) complexes have been synthesized. The palladium(II) complexes catalyze the Sonogashira coupling (23 examples) of various aryl halides (including chloroarenes) with terminal alkynes, with good to excellent conversions under mild conditions (80 °C, air, no CuI cocatalyst) in aqueous–organic mixtures and turnover frequencies of up to 2790 h−1. Under optimized reaction conditions to minimize environmental contamination, diphenylacetylenes can be isolated in 76–98 % yield. The aqueous catalyst solution can be recycled four times with decreasing activity; however, yields between 93 and 98 % can still be achieved with extended reaction times. Several water‐insoluble products can be isolated in excellent yield by simple filtration and purification by washing with water; this method is used, for the first time, for this type of CC coupling procedure.
Compulsory treatment in anorexia nervosa: A review
Authors: Elzakkers Isis F.F.M. , Danner Unna N. , Hoek Hans W. , Schmidt Ulrike , van Elburg Annemarie A.
Published: July 2014

Objective

Compulsory in‐patient refeeding of patients with severe anorexia nervosa (AN) has caused considerable controversy. The effects of such treatment on longer‐term outcome are not well known. The objective of this article is to review the evidence on the outcome of compulsory treatment for AN.

Method

Three large databases were searched for studies regarding compulsory treatment in AN.

Results

Detained patients have more severe symptoms and comorbidity and a longer duration of inpatient stay. In the short term compulsory refeeding in AN appears to be beneficial, but the longer term effects remain uncertain. Clinicians report no worsening of the therapeutic relationship after compulsory treatment.

Discussion

In severe cases of AN where the patient refuses life‐saving treatment compulsory treatment needs to be considered. Future research should focus on the longer term effects of compulsory treatment and also on questions related to mental capacity in AN. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:845–852)
Mature resting Ly6Chigh natural killer cells can be reactivated by IL‐15
Authors: Omi Ai , Enomoto Yutaka , Kiniwa Tsuyoshi , Miyata Naoko , Miyajima Atsushi
Published: July 2014

Mature NK cells are heterogeneous as to their expression levels of cell surface molecules. However, the functional differences and physiological roles of each NK‐cell subset are not fully understood. In this study, we report that based on the Ly6C expression levels, mature C57BL/6 murine NK cells can be subdivided into Ly6Clow and Ly6Chigh subsets. Ly6Chigh NK cells are in an inert state as evidenced by the production of lower levels of IFN‐γ and granzyme B, and they exhibit poorer proliferative potential than Ly6Clow NK cells. In addition, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that Ly6Chigh NK cells are derived from Ly6Clow NK cells in the steady state. These results strongly suggest that Ly6Chigh NK cells are resting cells in the steady state. However, in vitro, Ly6Chigh NK cells become Ly6Clow NK cells with strong effector functions upon stimulation with IL‐15. Moreover, Ly6Chigh NK cells also revert to Ly6Clow NK cells in vivo upon injection of the IL‐15 inducers polyI:C and CpG. Taken together, these results demonstrate the plasticity of mature NK cells and suggest that Ly6Chigh NK cells are a reservoir of potential NK cells that allow effective and strong response to infections.
A Luminescent Ruthenium Azide Complex as a Substrate for Copper‐Catalyzed Click Reactions
Authors: Kroll Anne , Monczak Katharina , Sorsche Dieter , Rau Sven
Published: July 2014

A new ligand and its luminescent polypyridyl–RuII complex were synthesized and characterized. Both provide two azide functionalities in their periphery, which are electronically separated from the π‐system of the 2,2′‐bipyridine ligands by a methylene group. This azide‐functionalized ruthenium complex provides access to the formerly inaccessible substrate spectrum of alkynyl‐functionalized coupling substrates by using the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Test CuAAC reactions were performed on the ligand and directly on the RuII complex by using phenylacetylene as a model substrate, and relatively high yields of the products were obtained under mild conditions. Transformation of the azide into the triazole had only minor influences on the photophysical properties of the polypyridyl–ruthenium core.
Pyrrolidinone and Piperidinone Isocyanides from Isocyano Esters
Authors: Sidhoum Madjid Ait , Dos Santos Aurélie , El Kaïm Laurent , Legras Laetitia
Published: July 2014

The alkylation of isocyano esters with 1,2‐ and 1,3‐dibromoalkanes affords bromo isocyanides. Under treatment with various amines the latter form new isocyano‐substituted lactams, which can be further used in Passerini or Ugi reactions.
Burning issues: statistical analyses of global fire data to inform assessments of environmental change
Authors: Krawchuk M. A. , Moritz M. A.
Published: July 2014

Global pyrogeographic study is necessary to inform climate change impact assessments used for management and decision‐making. Climate is a strong driver of spatial and temporal patterns of fire such that ongoing climate change is expected to alter global fire activity. A growing number of statistical–correlative analyses examine environmental drivers of current patterns of global fire occurrence or burned area, but few studies ask important “what if” questions about the potential future of fire under scenarios of a changing climate. Accordingly, our goal is to engage the broader statistical community in analysis of global fire data products to spur further understanding of fire regimes and the complex links they demonstrate between the biosphere and atmosphere. We provide an overview of constraints over fire regimes and the role of fire in the biosphere–atmosphere, describe general approaches being used for global fire–climate assessment, summarize opportunities and pitfalls in the public‐access global fire datasets, and highlight thinking on next steps for analysis of global fire and fire regime data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic performance sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of gravity dams
Authors: Alembagheri M. , Seyedkazemi M.
Published: July 2014

Uncertainties in structural engineering are often arising from the modeling assumptions and errors, or from variability in input loadings. A practical approach for dealing with them is to perform sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in the framework of stochastic and probabilistic methods. These analyses can be statically and dynamically performed through nonlinear static pushover and IDA techniques, respectively. Of the existing structures, concrete gravity dams are infrastructures which may encounter many uncertainties. In this research, probabilistic analysis of the seismic performance of gravity dams is presented. The main characteristics of the nonlinear tensile behavior of mass concrete, along with the intensity of earthquake excitations are considered as random variables in the probabilistic analysis. Using the tallest non‐overflow monolith of the Pine Flat gravity dam as a case study, its response under static and dynamic situations is reliably examined utilizing different combinations of parameters in the material and the seismic loading. The sensitivity analysis reveals the relative importance of each parameter independently. It will be shown that the undamaged modulus of elasticity and tensile strength of mass concrete have more significant roles on the seismic resistance of the dam than the ultimate inelastic tensile strain. In order to propagate the parametric uncertainty to the actual seismic performance of the dam, probabilistic simulation methods such as Monte Carlo simulation with Latin hypercube sampling, and approximate moment estimation techniques will be used. The final results illustrate the possibility of using a mean‐parameter dam model to estimate the mean seismic performance of the dam. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal stem cells induce the ramification of microglia via the small RhoGTPases Cdc42 and Rac1
Authors: Neubrand Veronika E. , Pedreño Marta , Caro Marta , Forte‐Lago Irene , Delgado Mario , Gonzalez‐Rey Elena
Published: July 2014

Activated microglia play a central role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases as they secrete cytotoxic substances which lead to neuronal cell death. Understanding the mechanisms that drive activation of microglia is essential to reverse this phenotype and to protect from neurodegeneration. With some exceptions, evidence indicates that changes in cell morphology from a star shape to a round and flat shape accompany the process of activation in microglia. In this study, we investigated the effect of adipose‐tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs), which exert important anti‐inflammatory actions, in microglia morphology. Microglia exposed to ASCs or their secreted factors (conditioned medium) underwent a cell shape change into a ramifying morphology in basal and inflammatory conditions, similar to that observed in microglia found in healthy brain. Colony‐stimulating factor‐1 secreted by ASCs played a critical role in the induction of this phenotype. Importantly, ASCs reversed the activated round phenotype induced in microglia by bacterial endotoxins. The ramifying morphology of microglia induced by ASCs was associated with a decrease of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6, an increase in phagocytic activity, and the upregulation of neurotrophic factors and of Arginase‐1, a marker for M2‐like regulatory microglia. In addition, activation of the phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase/Akt pathway and the RhoGTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 played a major role in the acquisition of this phenotype. Therefore, these RhoGTPases emerge as key players in the ramification of microglia by anti‐inflammatory agents like ASCs, being fundamental to maintain the tissue‐surveying, central nervous system supporting state of microglia in healthy conditions. GLIA 2014;62:1932–1942
Social support group interventions in people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Leung Phuong , Orrell Martin , Orgeta Vasiliki
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Despite the large number of studies evaluating social support groups for people with dementia, there are no systematic reviews of current evidence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of social support group interventions for people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment.

Methods

A systematic review was performed. We searched electronic databases for randomised controlled trials. Two reviewers worked independently to select trials, extract data and assess risk of bias.

Results

A total of 546 studies were identified of which two met the inclusion criteria. We were not able to pool data for further analyses, as the interventions tested in the studies meeting the inclusion criteria were too dissimilar in content. The first trial (n = 136) showed a benefit of early‐stage memory loss social support groups for depression and quality of life in people with dementia. The second trial (n = 33) showed that post‐treatment self‐reported self‐esteem was higher in the group receiving a multicomponent intervention of social support compared with that in the no intervention control group.

Conclusions

Limited data from two studies suggest that support groups may be of psychological benefit to people with dementia by reducing depression and improving quality of life and self‐esteem. These findings need to be viewed in light of the small number, small sample size and heterogeneous characteristics of current trials, indicating that it is difficult to draw any conclusions. More multicentre randomised controlled trials in social support group interventions for people with dementia are needed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron‐Catalyzed Nazarov Reaction of Indole, Benzofuran, and Benzo[b]thiophene Derivatives
Authors: Sakae Mikei , Oshitani Shun‐suke , Ibara Chie , Natsuyama Machiko , Nokami Toshiki , Itoh Toshiyuki
Published: July 2014

Nazarov cyclization of indole, benzofuran, and benzo[b]thiophene was accomplished in the presence of catalytic amounts of iron salts. The corresponding cyclization product was obtained for indole derivative in the presence of 5 mol% of Fe(ClO4)3·Al2O3 using the CH2Cl2 solvent system. On the other hand, FeCl3 worked as the common catalyst for realizing cyclization of benzofuran and benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. Very strict combination of the catalyst with solvent was required: 1,2‐dichloroethane was essential for the reaction of benzofuran, while this solvent gave a poor result for benzo[b]thiophene derivatives and CH2Cl2 solvent was the best solvent.
Photoinduced Reductive Coupling of Organochlorosilanes with SmI2/Sm
Authors: Yoshimura Aya , Tomisaka Yuri , Li Zhifang , Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya
Published: July 2014

We report efficient reductive dimerization of chlorosilanes with SmI2/Sm in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane upon visible light irradiation. This procedure can be applied to the synthesis of polysilanes from dichlorosilanes. The molecular weight of the obtained polysilanes was higher and their molecular weight distribution was narrower than the polysilanes produced by reactions with SmI2/Sm in dark.
Publication bias in studies of an applied behavior‐analytic intervention: An initial analysis
Authors: Sham Elyssa , Smith Tristram
Published: July 2014

Publication bias arises when studies with favorable results are more likely to be reported than are studies with null findings. If this bias occurs in studies with single‐subject experimental designs (SSEDs) on applied behavior‐analytic (ABA) interventions, it could lead to exaggerated estimates of intervention effects. Therefore, we conducted an initial test of bias by comparing effect sizes, measured by percentage of nonoverlapping data (PND), in published SSED studies (n = 21) and unpublished dissertations (n = 10) on 1 well‐established intervention for children with autism, pivotal response treatment (PRT). Although published and unpublished studies had similar methodologies, the mean PND in published studies was 22% higher than in unpublished studies, 95% confidence interval (4%, 38%). Even when unpublished studies are included, PRT appeared to be effective (PND M = 62%). Nevertheless, the disparity between published and unpublished studies suggests a need for further assessment of publication bias in the ABA literature.
Online equivalence‐based instruction about statistical inference using written explanation instead of match‐to‐sample training
Authors: Critchfield Thomas S.
Published: July 2014

Equivalence‐based instruction of college students was adapted for use in a commercial online course‐delivery system, with written explanation replacing match‐to‐sample training. Outcomes rivaled those of previous studies in which students were taught in low‐distraction settings through match‐to‐sample procedures that were controlled by custom computer programs, demonstrating that such supports are not essential to the effectiveness of equivalence‐based instruction.
Estimation of anisotropy coefficient of swine pancreas, liver and muscle at 1064 nm based on goniometric technique
Authors: Saccomandi Paola , Vogel Vitali , Bazrafshan Babak , Maurer Jürgen , Schena Emiliano , Vogl Thomas J. , Silvestri Sergio , Mäntele Werner
Published: July 2014

Optical properties of tissues are required for theoretical modeling of Laser Ablation in tumor therapy. The light scattering characteristic of tissues is described by the anisotropy coefficient, g. The relationship between the angular distribution of scattered light and g is given by the Henyey‐Greenstein (HG) phase function.

This work describes the estimation of anisotropy coefficients of ex vivo swine pancreas, liver and muscle at 1064 nm. The intensities of scattered light at fixed angles were measured under repeatability conditions. Experimental data were fitted with a two‐term HG, estimating the anisotropy coefficients for the forward (e.g., 0.956 for pancreas, 0.964 for liver and 0.968 for muscle) and the backward (e.g., –0.481 for pancreas, –0.414 for liver and –0.372 for muscle) scattering.

Experimental set up employed to estimate the anisotropy coefficient of biological tissues. The image on the left depicts the holder used to house tissue, laser fiber and photodetector; on the left an example of scattered light beam is shown, as well as the effect due to Snell's law.

magnified image

Experimental set up employed to estimate the anisotropy coefficient of biological tissues. The image on the left depicts the holder used to house tissue, laser fiber and photodetector; on the left an example of scattered light beam is shown, as well as the effect due to Snell's law.
Biotribocorrosion (tribo‐electrochemical) characterization of anodized titanium biomaterial containing calcium and phosphorus before and after osteoblastic cell culture
Authors: Felgueiras H. P. , Castanheira L. , Changotade S. , Poirier F. , Oughlis S. , Henriques M. , Chakar C. , Naaman N. , Younes R. , Migonney V. , Celis J. P. , Ponthiaux P. , Rocha L. A. , Lutomski D.
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the osteoblastic cells behavior and biotribocorrosion phenomena on bioactive titanium (Ti). Ti substrates submitted to bioactive anodic oxidation and etching treatments were cultured up to 28 days with MG63 osteoblast‐like cells. Important parameters of in vitro bone‐like tissue formation were assessed. Although no major differences were observed between the surfaces topography (both rough) and wettability (both hydrophobic), a significant increase in cell attachment and differentiation was detected on the anodized substrates as product of favorable surface morphology and chemical composition. Alkaline phosphatase production has increased (≈20 nmol/min/mg of protein) on the anodized materials, while phosphate concentration has reached the double of the etched material and calcium production increased (over 20 µg/mL). The mechanical and biological stability of the anodic surfaces were also put to test through biotribocorrosion sliding solicitations, putting in evidence the resistance of the anodic layer and the cells capacity of regeneration after implant degradation. The Ti osteointegration abilities were also confirmed by the development of strong cell–biomaterial bonds at the interface, on both substrates. By combining the biological and mechanical results, the anodized Ti can be considered a viable option for dentistry. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 661–669, 2015.
The Role of Account Length in Detecting Deception in Written and Orally Produced Autobiographical Accounts using Reality Monitoring
Authors: Elntib Stamatis , Wagstaff Graham F. , Wheatcroft Jacqueline M.
Published: July 2014

Reality monitoring lie‐detection studies, like others that use raw frequency counts as primary data, seem consistently to underestimate the influence of the length of (or number of words in) the account. The decisions as to whether to standardise or not, or what method of standardisation to use, are rarely empirically driven, so it is still unclear as to whether reality monitoring is more effective before or after standardisation for length. Another factor that also has received little attention in the reality monitoring literature is whether statements are produced orally or in written form. To investigate these issues, 42 autobiographical statements, 21 truthful, and 21 deceptive, including 22 oral and 20 written accounts, were analysed before and after word count standardisation. Results showed that reality monitoring criteria only discriminated significantly between truthful and deceptive accounts when no attempt to control for word count was made. Also, oral statements contained more evidence of reality monitoring criteria before standardisation for word count, whereas written statements were denser and contained more evidence of reality monitoring criteria after standardisation. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and initial preclinical evaluation of the P2X7 receptor antagonist [11C]A‐740003 as a novel tracer of neuroinflammation
Authors: Janssen Bieneke , Vugts Danielle J. , Funke Uta , Spaans Arnold , Schuit Robert C. , Kooijman Esther , Rongen Marissa , Perk Lars R. , Lammertsma Adriaan A. , Windhorst Albert D.
Published: July 2014

Neuroinflammation, in particular activation of microglia, is thought to play an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In activated microglia, the purinergic P2X7 receptor is upregulated. A‐740003, a highly affine and selective P2X7 receptor antagonist, is a promising candidate for the development of a radiotracer for imaging of neuroinflammation by positron emission tomography. For this purpose, [11C]A‐740003 was synthesised and evaluated in vivo with respect to both tracer metabolism and biodistribution. In plasma, a moderate metabolic rate was seen. In healthy rat brain, only marginal uptake of [11C]A‐740003 was observed and, therefore, metabolites in brain could not be determined. Whether the minimal brain uptake is due to the low expression levels of the P2X7 receptor in healthy brain or to limited transport across the blood–brain barrier has yet to be elucidated.
Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self‐efficacy, reward importance, and locus of control
Authors: Malik Muhammad Abdur Rahman , Butt Arif N. , Choi Jin Nam
Published: July 2014

The effects of extrinsic rewards on creative performance have been controversial, and scholars have called for the examination of the boundary conditions of such effects. Drawing upon expectancy theory, we attend to both reinforcement and self‐determination pathways that reveal the informational and controlling functions of creativity‐related extrinsic rewards. We further identify the individual dispositions that moderate these two pathways. Specifically, we propose that extrinsic rewards for creativity positively predict creative performance only when employees have high creative self‐efficacy and regard such rewards as important. We likewise propose that extrinsic rewards positively affect the intrinsic motivation of employees with an internal locus of control, thus enhancing their creative performance. Results based on a sample of 181 employee–supervisor dyads largely supported these expectations. The current analysis enriches the creativity literature by combining different perspectives in a coherent framework, by demonstrating the positive effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation, and by demonstrating that the rewards–creativity relationship varies across employees depending on their individual differences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employee judgments of and behaviors toward corporate social responsibility: A multi‐study investigation of direct, cascading, and moderating effects
Authors: Vlachos Pavlos A. , Panagopoulos Nikolaos G. , Rapp Adam A.
Published: July 2014

Do employee judgments of their organization's corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs relate to CSR‐specific performance and in‐role job performance? Can middle managers influence the formation of such judgments and what factors might moderate such cascading influences? To answer these yet unaddressed questions, we conduct three studies. Study 1 takes an organizational justice perspective and tests our baseline model. Results show that employees' CSR judgments trigger their affective commitment and performance on extra‐role CSR‐specific behaviors; however, extra‐role CSR‐specific performance is unrelated to in‐role job performance. Study 2 replicates Study 1's findings while, in addition, applies a social information processing approach and offers novel insights by demonstrating the cascading effects of managers' CSR judgments on employee CSR judgments. Investments made in CSR programs in order to improve employee judgments and behaviors may be unsuccessful if employees' CSR judgments are based on social information that remains unchanged. In addition to replicating the findings from studies 1 and 2, study 3 draws from middle management involvement and leadership theories to show that leadership styles and managers' involvement in implementing deliberate strategy can strengthen or weaken these cascading effects. This highlights the important role of middle managers as “linking pins” in the CSR strategy implementation process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of in‐transit melanoma with intra‐lesional interleukin‐2: A systematic review
Authors: Byers Brett A. , Temple‐Oberle Claire F. , Hurdle Valerie , McKinnon J. Greg
Published: July 2014

Background

Several phase II studies have assessed intra‐lesional interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) for the treatment of in‐transit melanoma. This systematic review addresses the efficacy and side effect profile of IL‐2.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1980 to 2012 for studies evaluating the clinical response to IL‐2 for in‐transit melanoma. Titles and abstracts were screened by two independent researchers for suitability using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A modified quality assessment tool for observational studies was used. Data were pooled and analyzed to determine lesion and patient response rates.

Results

Forty‐nine studies were identified. Forty‐three did not meet inclusion criteria, leaving six observational trials. Heterogeneity was seen in IL‐2 dosage and treatment interval. Response rate was variable as well. Overall, 2,182 lesions and 140 patients were treated in these six studies. Pooling the lesions, complete response was seen in 78%. Pooling subjects, 50% achieved a complete response. Treatment was generally well tolerated, with localized pain and swelling, and mild flu‐like symptoms. There were only three grade 3 adverse events reported, including rigors, headache, and fever with arthralgia.

Conclusions

Intra‐lesional IL‐2 safely and effectively provides locoregional control of in‐transit melanoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:770–775. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primer on outcomes research
Authors: In Haejin , Rosen Jennifer E.
Published: July 2014

Outcomes research uses diverse inputs to examine innovative end results aimed to deliver quality patient care. Yet defining “outcomes research” remains a challenge, and its interpretation is often nuanced. In this review, we discuss the definition of outcomes research in the context of its historical evolution along with the rise of other similar types of research. We then discuss key considerations in interpreting the results of outcomes analysis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:489–493. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advances in functional and structural imaging of the human lung using proton MRI
Authors: Miller G. Wilson , Mugler John P. , Sá Rui C. , Altes Talissa A. , Prisk G. Kim , Hopkins Susan R.
Published: July 2014

The field of proton lung MRI is advancing on a variety of fronts. In the realm of functional imaging, it is now possible to use arterial spin labeling (ASL) and oxygen‐enhanced imaging techniques to quantify regional perfusion and ventilation, respectively, in standard units of measurement. By combining these techniques into a single scan, it is also possible to quantify the local ventilation–perfusion ratio, which is the most important determinant of gas‐exchange efficiency in the lung. To demonstrate potential for accurate and meaningful measurements of lung function, this technique was used to study gravitational gradients of ventilation, perfusion, and ventilation–perfusion ratio in healthy subjects, yielding quantitative results consistent with expected regional variations.

Such techniques can also be applied in the time domain, providing new tools for studying temporal dynamics of lung function. Temporal ASL measurements showed increased spatial–temporal heterogeneity of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects exposed to hypoxia, suggesting sensitivity to active control mechanisms such as hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and illustrating that to fully examine the factors that govern lung function it is necessary to consider temporal as well as spatial variability. Further development to increase spatial coverage and improve robustness would enhance the clinical applicability of these new functional imaging tools.

In the realm of structural imaging, pulse sequence techniques such as ultrashort echo‐time radial k‐space acquisition, ultrafast steady‐state free precession, and imaging‐based diaphragm triggering can be combined to overcome the significant challenges associated with proton MRI in the lung, enabling high‐quality three‐dimensional imaging of the whole lung in a clinically reasonable scan time. Images of healthy and cystic fibrosis subjects using these techniques demonstrate substantial promise for non‐contrast pulmonary angiography and detailed depiction of airway disease. Although there is opportunity for further optimization, such approaches to structural lung imaging are ready for clinical testing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antipsychotic Polypharmacy in Children and Adolescents at Discharge from Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Saldaña Shannon N. , Keeshin Brooks R. , Wehry Anna M. , Blom Thomas J. , Sorter Michael T. , DelBello Melissa P. , Strawn Jeffrey R.
Published: July 2014

Study Objective

Antipsychotic polypharmacy―the use of more than one antipsychotic concomitantly—has increased in children and adolescents and may be associated with increased adverse effects, nonadherence, and greater costs. Thus, we sought to examine the demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatrically hospitalized children and adolescents who were prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy and to identify predictors of this prescribing pattern.

Design

Retrospective medical record review.

Setting

The inpatient psychiatric unit of a large, acute care, urban children's hospital.

Patients

One thousand four hundred twenty‐seven children and adolescents who were consecutively admitted and discharged between September 2010 and May 2011.

Measurements and Main Results

At discharge, 840 (58.9%) of the 1427 patients were prescribed one or more antipsychotics, and 99.3% of these received second‐generation antipsychotics. Of these 840 patients, 724 (86.2%) were treated with antipsychotic monotherapy, and 116 (13.8%) were treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy. Positive correlations with antipsychotic polypharmacy were observed for placement or custody outside the biological family; a greater number of previous psychiatric admissions; longer hospitalizations; admission for violence/aggression or psychosis; and intellectual disability, psychotic, disruptive behavior, or developmental disorder diagnoses. Negative correlations with antipsychotic polypharmacy included admission for suicidal ideation/attempt or depression, and mood disorder diagnoses. Significant predictors of antipsychotic polypharmacy included admission for violence or aggression (odds ratio [OR] 2.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36–5.61]), greater number of previous admissions (OR1.21 [95%CI1.10–1.33]), and longer hospitalizations (OR1.08 [95%CI1.04–1.12]). In addition, diagnoses of intellectual disability (OR2.62 [95%CI1.52–4.52]), psychotic disorders (OR5.60 [95%CI2.29–13.68]), and developmental disorders (OR3.18 [95%CI1.78–5.65]) were predictors of antipsychotic polypharmacy.

Conclusion

Certain youth may have a higher likelihood of being prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy, which should prompt careful consideration of medication treatment options during inpatient hospitalization. Future examinations of the rationale for combining antipsychotics, along with the long‐term safety, tolerability, and cost effectiveness of these therapies, in youth are urgently needed.
Luminescent solar concentrators employing new Eu(TTA)3phen‐containing parylene films
Authors: Tonezzer Michele , Maggioni Gianluigi , Campagnaro Antonio , Carturan Sara , Quaranta Alberto , della Pirriera Monica , Gutierrez Tauste David
Published: July 2014

New robust luminescent solar concentrators were produced by growing Eu(TTA)3phen‐containing parylene thin films on poly(methyl methacrylate) slabs through a novel co‐deposition process. As it is the first time that Eu(TTA)3phen molecules were inserted in parylene matrix, the deposition process was investigated, and the features of the samples were extensively analyzed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis demonstrated the integrity of the vacuum‐sublimated Eu(TTA)3phen molecules. Atomic force microscope analysis showed the very flat surface of the films (Rq = 3.7 nm), which is strategic in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) for minimizing the light scattering at the air/film interface. The optical measurements demonstrated that Eu(TTA)3phen‐containing parylene exhibits higher absorption than the conventional Eu(TTA)3phen films and the luminescence peaks characteristic of Eu(TTA)3phen compound. This indicates that the Eu complex is not affected by the matrix interaction thus maintaining its extremely large Stokes shift. Moreover, the parylene matrix improves the luminescence intensity of the films: in fact, under the same absorption, these films show a luminescence intensity more than two times higher than standard Eu(TTA)3phen ones. The current–voltage (I–V) measurements show that, under the same quantity of Eu(TTA)3phen, Eu(TTA)3phen‐containing parylene LSCs produce a current density more than twice as high as LSC without parylene and that their efficiency decreases more than ten times slower than organic‐based LSCs at increasing illuminating area, thus highlighting the feasibility of developing large size LSCs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.