bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity and host preferences of ferns and lycopods epiphytes on palm trees
Authors: Praptosuwiryo Titien Ngatinem , SUMANTO SUMANTO , CAHYANINGSIH RIA
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Praptosuwiryo TN, Sumanto, Cahyaningsih. 2019. Diversity and host preferences of ferns and lycopods epiphytes on palm trees. Biodiversitas 20: 3731-3740. Epiphytic ferns contribute importantly to the global biodiversity of tropical rain forests. However, our knowledge of the ecology of epiphytic ferns is phenomenally still limited. Most studies on the ecology, floristic and diversity of epiphytic ferns and lycopods were reported outside of Malesian region. This study aimed: (i) to figure out the diversity of ferns and lycopods on palm trees of the lowland areas by analyzing its species richness and floristic composition, and (ii) to determine the host preferences of epiphytic ferns on palm trees. Twenty-eight phorophyte species belonging to 17 genera of palm trees, growing at Bogor Botanic Gardens, were observed. Trunk of palm trees was divided into three zones (basal, middle and upper). Individual numbers for each species of epiphytic fern growing on each zone were recorded. Epiphytic fern species which were most commonly found were analyzed statistically to determine their preference for the host trees. A total of 16 species of epiphytic ferns and lycopods were recorded. The greatest richness of species occurred in Polypodiaceae (50%). Habitual true epiphyte was the predominant ecological category, representing 75 % of the species. Caryota no Becc. hosted the greatest number of ferns and lycopods 8 species) while Attalea insignis (Mart.) Drude hosted the fewest (2 species). Individual numbers of six epiphytic fern species were significantly affected by palm trees species, namely Belvisia callifolia (Christ) Copel., Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell, Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price, Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett., Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, Vittaria ensiformis Sw. Individual numbers of five epiphytic fern species were significantly affected by zone of the host plant. Nephrolepis biserrata tends to grow well in the upper zone. Pyrrosia lanceolata tends to be abundant in the middle zone. B. callifolia, D. denticulata, and V. ensiformis grow well and make dense populations in the basal zone.
The morphological and phytochemical studies on the effect of acute and recurrent irradiation in Celosia cristata seeds
Authors: SYARIFAH IIS AISYAH  , IZZATUL MUHALLILIN  , DEWI SUKMA  , Nurcholis Waras
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Aisyah SI, Muhallilin I, Sukma D, Nurcholis W. 2019. The morphological and phytochemical studies on the effect of acute and recurrent irradiation in Celosia cristata seeds. Biodiversitas 20: 3766-3771. The present work investigated the agro-morphological changes in Celosia cristata L. seeds exposed to gamma irradiations. This study also conducted phytochemical screening to screened secondary metabolite change in C. cristata. C. cristata seeds were irradiated with acute radiation at doses of 470, 480, and 490 Gy and were planted until M1 generation. Recurrent irradiation was done on M1 seeds at a dose of 250 Gy. The agro-morphological and phytochemical diversity was performed in M2 generation. The highest difference characters in acute irradiated plants were found on plant height, number of branches, and flower length, while the plant diameter, flower width, and number of flowers were found the highest in recurrent irradiation. Agro-morphological important changes in recurrent irradiated plants were decreased plant height and increased the number of flowers that compared with acute irradiated and control plants. The qualitative phytochemical showed no difference between acute and recurrent irradiated plants. It can be concluded that the recurrent irradiated changes the morphological valuable of C. cristata, while the phytochemical is needed further research.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding: Diversity study around the Pondok Dadap fish landing station, Malang, Indonesia
Authors: Andriyono Sapto , ALAM MD. JOBAIDUL , KIM HYUN-WOO
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Andriyono S, Jobaidul Alam Md, Kim HW. 2019. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding: Diversity study around the Pondok Dadap fish landing station, Malang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3772-3781. Molecular identification of species is now fast growing and currently widely applied method in the diversity estimation of aquatic biota; even though morphological identification is still carried out. The molecular approach is beneficial complementing on regular surveys, e.g. use of nets, traps, fishing rods, and even with poisons. In this study, the eDNA metabarcoding was applied to water samples around the Pondok Dadap fish landing station, Indonesia to determine the diversity of fish around the waters and also to identify marine fish landed in this area. Molecular identification was carried out on fish samples obtained from the fish market improved GenBank database on COI and ITS. While, seawater samples were carried out by using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform to obtain the eDNA metabarcoding data for the first time. Molecular identification obtained 34 species (68 sequences of COI and ITS regions) belonging to 28 genera, 18 families, 4 orders, while the eDNA metabarcoding approach identified 53 marine fish species by using the MiFish pipeline representing 38 genera, 27 families, and 7 orders. From the present study, we can able to estimated fish diversity by eDNA metabarcoding, and this finding will be helpful for baseline data preparation for future effective management of resources in this area.
Phenotypic diversity for quantitative and qualitative characters of barley (Hordeum vulgare) accession from Algeria
Authors: TAIBI Warda , AMINA BELLETRECHE  , MOHAMMED KHARSI  , SEMIR BECHIR SUHEIL GAOUAR
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Taibi W, Belletreche A, Kharsi M, Gaouar SBS. 2019. Phenotypic diversity for quantitative and qualitative characters of barley (Hordeum vulgare) accession from Algeria. Biodiversitas 20: 3794-3803. Little is known about the diversity of barley in Algeria. An inventory has been conducted in Algeria (North and South) to collect local accessions of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A collection of 34 traditional and exotic accessions of barley was characterized using 12 quantitative and 18 qualitative agro-morphological traits. The phenotypic diversity was determined by the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H') at different levels (global, by type of barley and varietal name). The H' estimates showed a wide phenotypic variability for different traits with H’ average of 0.74 and 0.53 from quantitative and qualitative characters, respectively. The results of the multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering showed a clear distinction between the different accessions. The results of this work have revealed a great phenotypic diversity of barley accessions that only partially matches the names of varieties because of the existence of homonyms and synonyms in the names given by farmers. The information gathered from this study could be used in conventional breeding programs and in situ conservation of diversity.
Antibacterial activity of Cordyline fruticosa leaf extracts and its endophytic fungi extracts
Authors: Elfita Elfita , MARDIYANTO  , FITRYA  , JUWITA EKA LARASATI  , JULINAR  , HARY WIDJAJANTI  , MUHARNI
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Elfita, Mardiyanto, Fitrya, Larasati JE, Julinar, Widjajanti H, Muharni. 2019. Antibacterial activity of Cordyline fruticosa leaf extracts and its endophytic fungi extracts. Biodiversitas 20: 3804-3812. Endophytic fungi live by forming colonies in plant tissues without harming the host plant. Cordyline fruticose has been used as traditional medicine for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections; therefore, its endophytic fungi are expected to have similar activity. In this study, C. fruticosa leaves were extracted with gradient solvents and evaluated for their antibacterial activity using the Kirby–Bauer method against Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) bacteria. The extracts of endophytic fungi from C. fruticosa leaves were evaluated for their antibacterial activity, as well. The endophytic fungus with good antibacterial activity was identified by molecular and phylogenetic methods. Chemical compounds from endophytic fungus DB1 were isolated by chromatography and subsequently determined by spectroscopy. The methanol extract of C. fruticosa leaves showed strong antibacterial activity equivalent to the endophytic fungus (DB1). Molecular identification and analysis through the phylogenetic tree showed that the DB1 fungus has a high level of similarity to Neurospora tetrasperma strain APBSDSF108. The antibacterial compounds (compound 1 and 2) isolated from the endophytic fungus DB1 were identified as 4-hydroxy-5-phenylpenta-1,3-dien-1-yl acetate and ergosterol, respectively.
Changes in insect biodiversity on rehabilitation sites in the southern coastal areas of Java Island, Indonesia
Authors: BUDIADI  , MUSYAFA  , SURYO HARDIWINOTO  , Syahbudin Atus
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Budiadi, Musyafa, Hardiwinoto S, Syahbudin A. 2020. Changes in insect biodiversity on rehabilitation sites in the southern coastal areas of Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1-7. Rehabilitation activities on coastal areas such as mangrove wetlands and dry-sandy soils may cause a change in the environmental quality, including insect diversity and their role. The research was conducted to compare the effect of stand structure on the rehabilitation areas of the south coast of Java Island and measure insect biodiversity affected by the changes to land cover. Systematic sampling technique was employed in four different land covers, i.e., dryland site of 10-year old Casuarina equisetifolia, and wetland sites of 12-year old Avicennia sp., mixed mangrove, and open grassland. Experimental plots (100 m x 10 m) were established for day- and night-time insect observation and tree inventory. Results showed that stand structure in the rehabilitation areas was low in tree diversity and lesser occurrence of natural regeneration. The insect taxa were dominated by Coleoptera in the Avicennia and mangrove stands, while different types of grasshopper of Acrididae were found in the grassland and Casuarina stands. Richer and more roles of insect species were found in mixed stands than in monoculture, and more in established stands than open grasslands. The rehabilitation activities change the microenvironment and insect diversity but have yet not been considered as an indicator of the success of rehabilitation.
Yield of different rice cultivars at two levels of soil salinity under seawater intrusion in West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Subekti Nuning Argo , Sembiring Hasil , Erythrina  , Dedi Nugraha  , Bhakti Priatmojo  , Nafisah
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Subekti NA, Sembiring H, Erythrina, Nugraha D, Priatmojo B, Nafisah. 2020. Yield of different rice cultivars at two levels of soil salinity under seawater intrusion in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 14-20. A tendency to use saline water in rice production is rising in recent years, but the adaptation of variety under saline conditions is still questionable. The aim of the study was to evaluate the response of several rice cultivars on the growth and yield of rice under seawater intrusion in West Java. Two salt-tolerant cultivars (Inpari 34 and Inpari 35), two promising lines (PL-1 and PL-2) and two modern cultivars (Inpari 30 (Ciherang sub1) and Sidenuk) were evaluated in two soil salinity levels. In each farmer's field a Randomized Complete Block Design was applied with three replications per treatment. Results showed that Sidenuk and Inpari 30 produced same yield compared to tolerant varieties and promising lines during dry season under moderate soil salinity. There were not much different among the cultivars tested in terms of plant height and tiller number as well as the biomass and harvest index. However, under high soil salinity seed germination, plant height, number of tillers per plant, above-ground biomass, spikelet number, percent of sterile florets and productivity were significantly affected. Saline tolerant varieties Inpari 34 and Inpari 35 showed their superiority compared to non-tolerant varieties. Both varieties produced 40% higher yield than Inpari 30 (Ciherang sub 1) and Sidenuk.
Induced resistance by Bacillus subtilis on oil palm seedling infected by Ganoderma boninense
Authors: PUSPITA FIFI , HADIWIYONO  , POROMORTO SUSILO HAMBEG , ROSLIM DEWI INDRIYANI
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Puspita F, Hadiwiyono, Poromorto S. H, Roslim D. I. 2020. Induced resistance by Bacillus subtilis on Ganoderma boninense infected oil palm seedling. Biodiversitas 21: 28-33. Basal Stem Rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense Pat is the most important disease in oil palm plantations. The use of biological resistance inducer is a promising alternative disease-control. The research evaluated the potential and mechanism of endophytic Bacillus subtilis as resistance inducer agent of oil palm seedlings to infection of G. boninense. The Experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications namely of endophytic B. subtilis with four inoculum densities (0, 1011, 1012, and 1013 cfu.mL-1) on oil palm before inoculation of G. boninense. The observation variables were incubation period, disease intensity, growth and concentration of salicylic acid in leaf extract of oil palm seedlings. In addition, the ability of B. subtilis to produce IAA in liquid Pikovskaya medium enriched by tryptophan was assayed. The results showed that B. subtilis was potential as biological resistance inducer agents of oil palm seedlings to infection of G. boninense. The induced resistance was related to increasing growth, salicylic acid in leaf the seedlings and the capability was assayed to produce IAA.
Species richness and diversity of aquatic insects inhabiting rice fields in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Wakhid Wakhid , Rauf Aunu , Krisanti Majariana , Sumertajaya I Made , Maryana Nina
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Wakhid, Rauf A, Krisanti M, Sumertajaya IM, Maryana N. 2020. Species richness and diversity of aquatic insects inhabiting rice fields in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 34-42. Rice fields occupy the largest cultivated area in agricultural landscape in Indonesia and support a variety of living organisms, including aquatic insects. This study was conducted with the objective to determine the species richness and diversity of aquatic insects inhabiting rice fields. Sampling was made in March, May, and July 2017 in rice fields at Situgede, Pandansari, and Kawungluwuk (Bogor region, West Java, Indonesia), and carried out by dragging dip net on the bottom along the edge of the rice plots. A total of 3,306 individuals representing 45 species of aquatic insects belonging to 30 genera, 20 families, and seven orders were recorded. Order Hemiptera was the most abundance comprising 28.89% of the total insects collected, followed by Diptera (24.80%), Coleoptera (24.41%), and Odonata (21.42%). Functional feeding group analysis showed that collectors-gatherers had the highest proportion (40 - 46%), followed by predators (23-44%) and scrapers (10-35%). Rank-abundance curve showed low species evenness with the four most abundant species were Micronecta siva (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Micronectidae), Chironomus sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae), Orthetrum sabina (Drury) (Odonata: Libellulidae), and Helochares sp. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). The Shannon-Wiener index showed the lowest value (H’=1.84) at Situgede and the highest (H’=2.05) at Pandansari. Richness estimate and individual-based rarefaction curve revealed that rice fields at Pandansari have more species richness than the other two sites. This study provides some insights into the aquatic insect community of the human-made ecosystem and suggests that the ecological approach to pest management is necessary for maintaining ecosystem health and promoting biodiversity.
Phylogenetic analysis of transparent gobies in three Sumatran lakes, inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene
Authors: ROESMA DEWI IMELDA , DJONG HON TJONG  , DYTA RABBANI AIDIL
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Roesma DI, Tjong DH, Aidil DR. 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of transparent gobies in three Sumatran lakes, inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene. Biodiversitas 21: 43-48. The transparent gobies fish found in three lakes in Sumatra island is known as Rinuak fish (in Maninjau Lake and Singkarak Lake, West Sumatra, Indonesia) or Badar fish (in Siais Lake, North Sumatra, Indonesia), and are morphologically very similar to the Gobiopterus brachypterus. The phylogenetic study was carried out by analyzing 619 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in 12 fish individuals from the three lakes. Rinuak and Badar fish in three populations have four haplotypes. The sequence divergences in and between populations are very low (0.0-0.5%). This value indicates that Rinuak and Badar fish are the same species with low genetic diversity. The phylogenetic tree illustrates that this fish belongs to the group of Gobiidae and a sister taxon from G. brachypterus.
Antibiotics resistant Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic ecosystems in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Verawaty Marieska , NITA APRIANI  , LELY RASTI TARIGAN  , ENDAH TRI APRIAN  , WEMONA CHARISSA LAURENTA  , MUHARNI
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Verawaty M, Apriyani N, Tarigan LR, Apriyan ET, Laurenta WC, Apriani N, Muharani. 2020. Antibiotics resistant Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic ecosystems in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 86-97. Antibiotics-resistant bacteria (ARB) are one of the emerging water contaminants currently gaining serious global concern due to their adverse risk to ecosystems, wildlife, and public health. This study determined antibiotics resistant Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic ecosystems in Palembang. Most probable number (MPN) was used for bacterial estimation and the Kirby-Bauer method was used for susceptibility test against antimicrobial agents. The results indicated that 82% of E. coli isolates from 28 sampling sites were resistant to ampicillin, 57% to tobramycin, and 71% to tetracycline. The isolates showed intermediate profile to kanamycin (50%), 57% to cotrimoxazole, 50% to cefixime, and 54% to gentamycin. These isolates still showed sensitivity towards ciprofloxacin (86%) and chloramphenicol (61%). Total coliform (TC) numbers ranged from 0 to >1600 MPN/100 mL. Sampling sites with high MPN values of ≥1600 MPN/100 mL were Sekanak watersheds (SW1, SW8, SW11, SW12, SW13, and SW14) followed by SW2 and SW9 with a value of 1600 MPN/100 mL, while samples from cattle and fish farms (CW) varied from 0 to 170.000 MPN/100 mL. TC of samples collected from retention ponds (RP) ranged from 0 (RPJSC) to 1.600.000 MPN/100 mL (RPSH3). The Escherichia coli (EC) counts varied from 1.7 x 103 (RPSH2) to ≥1.6 × 104 MPN/100 mL (SW11, SW12, SW13, and SW14). Several samples (SW3, RPPI, RPTS, RPSB, RPIBA, and RPOPI) have no E. coli. The results indicated some of the sampling locations that exceeds the quality standard of water have been regulated by the Governor of South Sumatra and the Indonesian Government.
Review: The invasion of Acacia nilotica in Baluran National Park, Indonesia, and potential future control strategies
Authors: Zahra Shafia , HOFSTETTER RICHARD W. , KRISTEN M. WARING  , GEHRING CATHERINE
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Zahra S, Hofstetter RW, Waring KM, Gehring C. 2020. Review: The invasion of Acacia nilotica in Baluran National Park, Indonesia, and potential future control strategies. Biodiversitas 21: 104-116. Acacia nilotica, commonly called prickly acacia, is infamous for its ability to invade various ecosystems, especially savannah. The tree was introduced to Baluran National Park (BNP), Indonesia in 1969 and nowadays has invaded more than 50% of BNP savannah habitat. Its presence has had significant negative impacts on local flora and fauna of the park. Physical and chemical eradication efforts of this plant have been conducted in the park but these have failed. Little is known about the tree invasion in Indonesia and no control suggestions have previously been proposed. Here, we review the causes and history of the invasion of this tree, describe previous attempts to eradicate the tree, and provide possible containment and control strategies. We describe 12 strategies based on successes and failures to control this tree in Indonesia and other countries and divide the methods into four categories: (i) physical: girdling the trunk, uprooting with winch, manual seedling uprooting, defloration, and restoration with fire; (ii) chemical: using biochar or herbicides; (iii) biological: using native plant competitors (grasses, shade trees), predators (insect) and pathogens (fungi) or microorganisms; (iv) social: centralized tree utilization, education outreach, and stakeholder collaboration. We summarize the relative effectiveness and efficiency of each method and explain how to integrate the aforementioned methods to help authorities choose the most appropriate strategies for their resources, needs and goals.
Ethnobotany of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) in the Sasak Community, Kekait Village, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Haryoso Anggit , Amzu Ervizal , Hikmat Agus , Sunkar Arzyana , Darusman Dudung
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Haryoso A, Zuhud EAM, Hikmat A, Sunkar A, Darusman D. 2020. Ethnobotany of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) in the Sasak Community, Kekait Village, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 117-128. Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.) is one kind of palm that has high potential ecological, economic, and socio-cultural values. This Research aimed to identify the ethnobotanical aspects of sugar palm, especially on aspects related to farmers characteristics, cultivation, utilization, cooking process of palm sugar sap and sugar palm marketing at the Kekait Village, West Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Data were collected using participatory observation, in-depth interviews, literature studies, and the selection of informants conducted by purposive sampling. Sugar palm farmers were adult men aged between 42 to 63 years old. They achieved life skills provision from parents to their children. The characteristics of sugar palm farmers in the Sasak community are adult men to the elderly, aged 24-63 years. The source of knowledge about the use of sugar palm is hereditary from parents (father or grandfather). Oil palm farmers in the Sasak community in Kekait Village do not carry out intensive cultivation systems, they still rely on natural services, both regeneration and distribution. The most widely used part of the palm tree is tassel (76.32%), to be tapped. Processing palm sugar into sugar is still carried out with traditional methods and tools, as well as natural ingredients. Sugar palm farmers in Kekait Village were very dependent on small collectors who sell their sugar products. Farmers are in the weakest position in the marketing chains and did not have a bargaining position to determine the price of palm sugar.
First report of naturally occurring recombinant non-coding DNA satellite associated with Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus on eggplant in Indonesia
Authors: Kandito Argawi , Hartono Sedyo , Sulandari Sri , Somowiyarjo Susamto , Wdyasari Yepi Arbeta
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Kandito A, Hartono S, Sulandari S, Somowiyarjo S, Widyasari YA. 2019. First report of naturally occurring recombinant non-coding DNA satellite associated with Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus on eggplant in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 129-136. Begomovirus is a viral genus which is a major impediment in the cultivation of plants, especially Solanaceae. Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV) is a member of the Begomovirus genus that is widely reported to infect eggplant and results in severe symptoms of chlorosis. In addition to the type of virus that infects, the severity of symptoms can also be caused by the presence of betasatellite associated with several begomovirus species. The presence of betasatellite that is related to several begomovirus species can lead to more severe symptoms. The aim of this study was to identify satellites associated with begomovirus in Indonesia. Eggplant samples from Bantul, Special Region of Yogyakarta show with mosaic and severe chlorotic symptoms due to Begomovirus infection. Total DNA samples were subject to PCR amplification using universal primer for begomovirus PALIV1978/PAR1C715 and specific primer for betasatellite β01/β02. The PCR amplification produced a DNA band measuring ± 1600bp, identical size of begomovirus. The amplification of the betasatellite specific primer produced a DNA band featuring ± 1300bp, identical size of betasatellites that were associated with begomovirus in the sample. The results of DNA sequencing, suggested that begomovirus in this study had a close relationship with TYLCKaV from Thailand and Indonesia. Characterization of the satellite-based on nucleotide sequence revealed the presence of stem-loop structures, satellite conservative regions, and adenine-rich regions that resembled structures present in the betasatellite, which were associated with Tomato leaf curl virus and Ageratum yellow vein virus, with no ORF found. These results indicated that the TYLCKaV could be associated with a non-coding satellite. This result is the first report regarding the TYLCKaV association with a non-coding satellite in Indonesia.
Diet and behavior of the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) in Atiquipa, an ecosystem of Lomas in the south of Peru
Authors: Luque Fernández César
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Luque-Fernández CR. 2019. Diet and behavior of the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) in Atiquipa, an ecosystem of Lomas in the south of Peru. Biodiversitas 20: 137-143. The study of trophic and behavioral habits is a fundamental aspect in the knowledge of the natural history of species, especially for those that present a wide range of distribution and that have to adapt to the habitats and available resources that can find to survive. The diet and behavior of Athene cunicularia were studied in a peculiar ecosystem such as the lomas formation, on the arid coast of southern Peru. The analysis of regurgitated pellets from a family group of Athene cunicularia was used and complemented with the monitoring of behavior through the use of trap cameras and direct observations. The results show that the diet during the months of study was based on a high proportion of invertebrate beetles (Tenebrionidae) and scorpions, also finding remains of vertebrates, including rodents, birds and highlighting the presence of a species of marsupial mouse. On the study of behavior, marked and recurrent activities are established during the day for this species, where grooming sessions are frequently reported, as well as interaction with a possible predator of this owl species. These results contribute to the understanding of the trophic relationship and its role in the studied lomas ecosystem, which is added to the importance of this species in the conservation of diversity in desert ecosystems.
Plant soil seed bank analysis in wildfire former area of Mount Talang, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Dwipa Indra , CHIKA SUMBARI  , ASWALDI ANWAR
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Dwipa I, Sumbari C, Anwar A. 2020. Plant soil seed bank analysis in wildfire former area of Mount Talang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 155-160. Forest wildfire affects the ecosystems that live in it. One of them is plant ecosystem. One of forest wildfire occurred in Mount Talang, West Sumatra, Indonesia on February 1, 2018. This research aimed to study the soil seed bank that grew after wildfire in mount Talang. The sampling collection was done from former forest fire and natural forest. Germination of soil seed bank was conducted in the Laboratory of Seed Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and identification was conducted in Herbarium of Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. Nested sampling was used in this study. Two natural forest and 2 former forest wildfire sites were used as sampling locations. Observation plot for sampling collection sized as 2 m x 2 m for sowing, 5 m x 5 m for stake, 10 m x 10 m for pole and 20 m x 20 m for tree. In plot, soil seed bank sampling was taken in 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm and 15-20 cm in depth. The result showed that 1 family and 14 plant-soil seed bank species were found in natural forest and 8 plant-soil seed bank was found in forest wildfire former area.
The ability of indigenous Bacillus spp. consortia to control the anthracnose disease (Colletrotricum capsici) and increase the growth of chili plants
Authors: Yanti Yulmira , HASMIANDY HAMID  , REFLIN  , WARNITA  , TRIMURTI HABAZAR
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Yanti Y, Hamid H, Reflin, Warnita, Habazar T. 2019. The ability of indigenous Bacillus spp. consortia to control the anthracnose disease (Colletrotricum capsici) and increase the growth of chili. Biodiversitas 21: 179-186. Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici can reduce yields of chili up to 80%. The control of anthracnose disease is generally carried out using synthetic fungicides. However, the use of these fungicides can pollute the environment and harm human health. One alternative control that needs to be developed is the use of Bacillus spp. as a biocontrol agent. The study was conducted to obtain an indigenous Bacillus spp. consortium that compatible as a biological agent for the control of the anthracnose diseases and promoting the growth of chili plants. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design, consisted of three stages, namely: 1) inhibitory test of indigenous Bacillus spp. against C. capsici in vitro, 2) compatibility test of indigenous Bacillus spp. and 3) Test of indigenous Bacillus spp.consortium for controlling C. capsici and promoting the growth of chili. The results showed that eight species of indigenous endophytic bacteria could inhibit the growth of C. capsici in vitro. All combinations of indigenous Bacillus spp. were compatible for controlling C. capsici. Four combinations of Bacillus spp. were able to increase the growth of chili plants. K1 consortium (Bacillus pseudomycoides strain SLBE 3.1 AP, Bacillus thuringiensis strain SLBE 2.3 BB, Bacillus toyonensis strain AGBE 2.1 TL) was the best consortium for controlling C. capsici.
Characterization, identification, and analysis of bioactive compound of endophytic bacteria from Hoya multiflora Blume
Authors: Alvionita Dewinta Nur , SRI RAHAYU  , NISA RACHMANIA MUBARIK
Published: January 2020

Hoya multiflora Blume has been used for various purposes. Extract hoya has been reported to have bioactivity but extraction from the plant has been inefficient because it requires large biomass. Therefore, one of the appropriate ways to extract its bioactive compounds is using endophytic bacteria. The purposes of this research were to isolate, characterize, test its antimicrobial activity against two pathogenic bacteria  and identify its bioactive compound. A total of 18 isolates from H. multiflora Blume were successfully obtained. Based on antimicrobial test, one isolate was able to inhibit Escherichia coli, one isolate inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and two isolates inhibited both of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate extract from HMB 1 was 62.5 ppm, while from HMD 4 was 125 ppm, both against E. coli and S. aureus. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, HMB 1 was the most similar (99.91%) with Bacillus siamensis KCTC-13613 and HMD 4 was the most similar (100%) with Bacillus aryabhattai B82W22. Using GC-MS, pyrollo[1,2-a]-pyrazine-1,4-dione was found to be dominant compound in the exctract  bacteria of HMB 1and HMD 4 while Stigmasterol was found in extract HMD 4 and extract leaves H. multiflora Blume, respectively.
Evaluation of enzymatic activity and identification of potent proteolytic and chitinolytic bacteria isolated from crab shell waste
Authors: DLIYAUDDIN MOH , ARDYATI TRI , SUHARJONO
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Dliyauddin M, Ardyati T, Suharjono. 2020. Evaluation of enzymatic activity and Identification of Potent Proteolytic and Chitinolytic Bacteria Isolated from Crab Shell Waste. Biodiversitas 21: 211-218. Proteolytic and chitinolytic bacteria are needed to degrade protein-chitin fibers in crab shell waste. These bacteria are important for enhancing the degradation rate of crab shell waste in the environment. This study aims to study the enzymatic activity and identify potent proteolytic and chitinolytic bacteria based on 16S rDNA sequences. The bacteria were isolated from crab shell waste using skim milk agar and colloidal chitin agar for proteolytic and chitinolytic bacteria, respectively. The bacterial isolates were screened based on their protease and chitinase activity using casein and chitin as substrates, respectively. The selected isolates were identified based on 16S rDNA sequences similarity. A total of 20 proteolytic and 22 chitinolytic bacteria were successfully isolated from the samples. The isolate of AP9, AP5, and BP14 had a high protease activity. However, only BP14 and CK20 showed a high chitinase activity. The isolate of AP9 was identified as Bacillus subtilis, AP5, and CK20 were identified as Bacillus licheniformis, and BP14 was identified as Bacillus cereus. AP5 dan CK20 were classified as non-pathogenic isolates.
Genetic diversity of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) accessions based on plastid cpDNA matK gene as DNA barcoding
Authors: Abbas Barahima , IHWAN TJOLLI  , MUNARTI
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Abbas B, Tjolli I, Munarti. 2020. Genetic diversity of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) accessions based on plastid cpDNA matK gene as DNA barcoding. Biodiversitas 21: 219-225. Metroxylon sagu Rottb is one of the plant species including in the Palmae family that deposits starch in the trunk. Sago palm was reported has high capability to produce a large amount of starch and large variation starch qualities which were mostly influenced by genetic factors. The objectives of this study are revealed sequence chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) associated with matK genes for the genetic diversity identification of sago palm accessions. Plant materials used in the studies were derived from Sago Research Center (SRC) collection. DNA extraction has adopted the procedure of Plant Genomic DNA Mini Kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by using primer sets of MatK-1RKIM-f and MatK-3FKIM-r. DNA PCR product was sequenced by the 1st Base Asia, Singapore. Results of the study showed that the cpDNA sequence associated with matK genes in the genome of sago palm showed differences among accessions. Molecular diversities of sago palm accessions based on matK gene showed sago palm accessions separated into two genotypes. Genotype-1 incorporated of ten individuals of 15 accessions and genotype-2 incorporated five individuals of 15 accessions. A mutation site and deletion site occurred in the sequences of matK gene of the Genotype-2. Ten of the 15 sequences of the matK gene (belong to Genotype-1) were registered in the GenBank, NCBI as DNA barcoding and authenticity of sago palm germplasm from Papua islands, Indonesia territorials.
Antlions (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) along the North Caspian shore; distributional analysis and zoogeographical division of Caspian coast of Russia
Authors: VICTOR A. KRIVOKHATSKY  , Kerimova Ilhama , VASILYI V. ANIKIN  , DMITRYI M. ASTAKHOV  , ANNA S. ASTAKHOVA  , ELENA V. ILYINA  , IGOR S. PLOTNIKOV  , JULIA V. SAMARTSEVA
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Krivokhatsky VA, Kerimova IG, Anikin VV, Astakhov DM, Astakhova AS, Ilyina EV, Plotnikov IS, Samartseva JV. 2020. Antlions (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) along the North Caspian shore; distributional analysis and zoogeographical division of Caspian coast of Russia. Biodiversitas 21: 258-281. Zoogeographically regionalization of Northern Caspian territory, adjacent Eastern Caucasian and Volga-Ural regions were carried out by using the original cladistic program (CLA) based on faunistic investigations of Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae. A total of 47 of elementary districts of physical geography or geobotanical mapping and 41 species of antlions were used for analyses in the Matrix. 46 elementary faunas were combined in the region into seven concrete faunas. The ConCaspian and Volga-Ural antlion faunas were mixed. Aspoeckiana uralensis Hölzel, 1969 was considered as superspecies with a complex of five subspecies with overlapping areas of distribution, associated in its origin with the spread of Northern antelopes (Saiga tatarica (Linnaeus, 1766), Gazella subgutturosa Guldenstaedt, 1780, Procapra gutturosa Pallas, 1777). At the North Caspian Shore Aspoeckiana uralensis uralensis Hölzel, 1969, and Aspoeckiana uralensis jakushenkoi Zakharenko, 1983, cohabited with the saiga antelope, using their paths for larval colonies. The dynamics of Macronemurus bilineatus Brauer, 1868 area over the past 100 years was described in detail. For some paleoenvironmental conditions of their origin and colonization of the Caspian region are reconstructed. The leading role of Turan in the formation of the fauna of the antlions is determined.
Short Communication: Single nucleotide polymorphism in C-type lysozyme gene and its correlation with Aeromonas hydrophila resistance in African catfish Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Nasrullah Hasan , Nababan Yanti Inneke , Safitri Ika , Yanti Dwi , Nuryati Sri , Zairin Jr Muhammad , Alimuddin Alimuddin
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Authors. 2020. Short Communication: Single nucleotide polymorphism in C-type lysozyme gene and its correlation with Aeromonas hydrophila resistance in African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Biodiversitas 21: 311-317. The chicken-type lysozyme (LYSC) gene has been demonstrated to play important roles in the fish protection system against bacterial infection. In this present study, we aimed to identify the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the LYSC gene of African catfish Clarias gariepinus and its possible association with Aeromonas hydrophila resistance, a major pathogenic bacterium in African catfish. The gDNA of the African catfish LYSC coding sequence was 1559 bp long, comprising of four exons and three introns. Six SNPs were identified in African catfish LYSC, namely SNP1-6. After the A. hydrophila challenge, we regarded the surviving individuals after the infection as the resistant group and the dead fish as the susceptible group. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis on SNP2 revealed that the allele frequencies of TT, CC, and TC were of 27.78%, 5.55%, and 66.67% in the resistant group, while the frequencies of TT, CC, and TC were 16.67%, 27.78%, and 55.55% in the susceptible group, respectively. The expression of LYSC and other immune-genes in the resistant group was also higher in the liver, head kidney, and spleen. These results indicated that the LYSC gene might play an essential role in bacterial resistance, and the SNP2 within the LYSC gene may be associated with the resistance to A. hydrophila in African catfish.
Detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) DNA in the polychaetes from shrimp ponds suffering white feces syndrome outbreaks
Authors: Desrina Desrina , Budi Prayitno Slamet , Harjuno Condro Haditomo Alfabetian , Latritiani Rusthesa , Sarjito Sarjito
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Desrina, Prayitno S B, Haditomo A H C, Latritiani R, Sarjito S. 2020. Detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) DNA in the polychaetes from shrimp ponds suffering white feces syndrome outbreaks. Biodiversitas 21: 369-374. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is the newly emerging pathogen of farmed shrimp in Asia. EHP was associated with white feces syndrome (WFS) in shrimp because the spores existed in the feces of shrimp with WFS. Polychaetes are benthic invertebrates and potential to contribute to EHP outbreaks in a pond by acquiring the pathogen and transfer it to shrimp upon feeding. The objective of this study was to determine (1) the occurrence of EHP in polychaetes with Giemsa staining of the coelomic fluid, 1-step PCR and histopathology and (2) to determine pathological changes of EHP infected tissues. Polychaetes were obtained from 20 shrimp ponds located in 9 districts along the North Coast of Java Island, Indonesia. There were no EHP spores detected in the stained coelomic fluid. The 1-step PCR analysis was able to detect the EHP DNA (prevalence was 10%). The Alignment of EHP DNA sequence found in polychaetes showed 100% identity with a published sequence. Histopathological examination showed hypertrophy cells and nuclei, however, no EHP mature spores were found in the epithelial cells on the mucosal layer of the stomach and intestines. Although methods used did not give the convergence results, however, a result of PCR and sequence analysis showed that EHP occurred in the polychaetes in the WFS infected ponds at low point prevalence.
Diversity of medicinal plants utilized by To Manui ethnic of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Rahmawati Nuning , FANIE INDRIAN MUSTOFA  , SARI HARYANTI
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Rahmawati N, Mustofa FI, Haryanti S. 2020. Diversity of medicinal plants utilized by To Manui ethnic of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 375-392. The present study reports the utilization of medicinal plants as medicines for the treatment of various diseases among the people of To Manui tribe in Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Data collecting was conducted based on purposive random sampling to five selected traditional healers who fulfilled some inclusion criteria. The results showed as of 89 species of medicinal plants distributed in 50 families and 80 genera have been documented to have any pharmacological effects against 37 diseases and illnesses. Curcuma longa L. was determined as the most frequent medicinal plant used by traditional healers in To Manui for treating diabetes mellitus as well as after-birth treatment. However, conservation of some medicinal plants needs to be initiated in the study area especially Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. as it is recognized in International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as Least Concern (LC) of conservation status.
The effect of culture media on the number and bioactivity of marine invertebrates associated fungi
Authors: TRIANTO AGUS , RADJASA OCKY KARNA , MADA TRIANDALA SIBERO  , Sabdono Agus , HARYANTI DWI , WA ODE MARDHIYYAH ZILULLAH  , ANNISA RORO SYANINDYTA  , MUHAMMAD SYAIFUDIEN BAHRY  , PRASTYO ABI WIDIANANTO  , MUHAMAD HELMI  , HARYO DWITO ARMONO  , SUPRIADI  , YASUHIRO IGARASHI
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Trianto A, Radjasa OK, Sibero MT, Sabdono A, Haryanti D, Zilullah WOM, Syanindyta AR, Bahry MS, Widiananto PA, Helmi M, Armono HD, Supriadi, Igarashi Y. 2020. The effect of culture media on the number and bioactivity of marine invertebrates associated fungi. Biodiversitas 21: 407-412. Marine ecosystem is rich with microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi either as free-living or in association with macro-organisms. Marine invertebrates provide suitable habitats for fungi by supplying space, food, and other chemicals stuff that in some cases is a reciprocal relationship or called mutualism symbiotic. Some marine invertebrates have interesting activities that are useful for human life such as anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial. Many reports indicated that the fungal growth and their production of bioactive compounds were highly affected by the media or nutrition. In order to understand the effect of media on the number and bioactivity of the isolates, we collected the samples of marine invertebrates from two locations in Makassar. Invertebrate specimens were collected by hand during SCUBA diving at 3-10 m depths. The fungi were isolated by tapping method either on potato dextrose agar (PDA) or poor marine agar (PMA). The samples were collected from the Samalona water as much as 16 specimens that provided 30 and 18 fungal isolates on PDA and PMA, respectively, while, from the Barrang Cadi water, a total 14 specimens were collected to provide 12 and 3 isolates on PDA and PMA, respectively. All fungi from PMA inhibited the V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus with weak, medium, and strong activities, while, the isolates from PDA were mostly not active against the Vibrios. Based on the molecular analyses, the active isolates were identified as Aspergillus flavus, A. oryzae, A. aculeatus, Talaromyces minioluteus, Hypocrea jecorina, Gliomastix murorum, Myrothecium inundatum, and Curvularia avinis. In conclusion, the isolates from PMA showed higher potential as source of antivibrio substances.
Diversity and distribution of ferns in forest over limestone in Cebu Island Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), Philippines
Authors: Lillo Edgardo , ARCHIEBALD B. MALAKI  , STEVE MICHAEL T. ALCAZAR  , RAAMAH ROSALES  , BERNARDO R. REDOBLADO  , ERWIN PANTINOPLE  , RITCHE U. NUEVO  , ROBERTO C. CUTILLAR  , ARNALDO ALMIRANTE
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Lillo EP, Malaki AB, Alcazar SMT, Rosales R, Redoblado BR, Pantinople E, Nuevo RU, Cutillar RC, Almirante A, Buot IE Jr. 2020. Diversity and distribution of ferns in forest over limestone in Cebu Island Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), Philippines. Biodiversitas 21: 413-421. Three forest areas of Cebu Island, Philippines were recognized as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) by Department of Environment and Natural Resources [DENR], Philippines based on the criteria of vulnerability and irreplaceability, namely Nug-as of Alcoy, Palinpinon Range of Dalaguete, and Mt. Lantoy of Argao. The study aimed to assess the composition, diversity, and distribution of ferns in the aforementioned KBA's. Quadrat at 20 m x 20 m was established within the 2000 m transect line at an interval of 200 m. Result showed a total of 50 species, categorized into 15 families and 29 genera for 30 quadrats. Twelve species were considered as new records on Cebu. Thirteen species were recorded in both Mt. Lantoy and Nug-as forest KBA’s, but absent in Palinpinon range. While 6 species were recorded as unique to Nug-as forest. Nug-as forest and Mt. Lantoy showed a relative value of very high species diversity. Nug-as forest and Mt. Lantoy KBA forming into one cluster and Palinpinon range proved to have a distinct fern species composition, and form another cluster. Local government units (LGU) in every KBA need to recognize the necessity of biodiversity information in their localities that would facilitate information sharing and awareness, hence enhancing protection and conservation of unique biodiversity, since they are at the forefront of local action.