bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paddy rice traits estimation under varying management strategies using UAV technology
Authors: Muhindo Daniel , Lelei Joyce J. , Munyahali Wivine , Cizungu Landry , Doetterl Sebastian , Wilken Florian , Bagula Espoir , Okole Nathan , Rewald Boris , Mwonga Samuel
Published: January 2025

Timely crop monitoring and yield prediction are essential in guiding management decision making. The aim of the study was to estimate the agronomic traits of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)‐multispectral imaging. A randomized complete block design field experiment with a split–split plot arrangement was set up in the Ruzizi plain, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Spectral imaging data were collected at rice tillering and panicle initiation stages. Predictive analysis of rice agronomic traits was performed using linear and decision tree‐based machine learning techniques. Paddy rice trait predictions were critically sensitive to the timing of image acquisition but not largely affected by the model. The most accurate predictions were made at rice panicle initiation stage, with R2 values of 0.62, 0.65, and 0.75 for yield, aboveground biomass, and plant nitrogen (N) uptake, respectively. The visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI), modified chlorophyll absorption in reflective index, and ratio vegetation index, along with near infrared and green bands, played a critical role in predicting paddy rice N uptake and yield. The same spectral features associated with crop height and canopy data were essential for predicting paddy rice aboveground biomass. UAV‐multispectral data were able to assess agricultural intensification strategies at field/landscape scale irrespective of soil types, watering regimes, and cultivars. Special consideration should be attributed to VARI, as it enables economical prediction of paddy rice traits. The UAV technologies are therefore reliable tools for monitoring rice production and can be applied in agricultural extension in the DRC.
Inter‐Observer Processing and Measurement Error Are Low for 2D Dental Measurements on Shared microCT Scans
Authors: Gurian Kaita N. , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debra , McGraw W. Scott , Rychel Jess , O'Hara Mackie C.
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Sharing micro‐computed tomographic (μCT) scans of teeth increases data accessibility and reduces the need for repeated scans of any given specimen. However, the use of the same TIFF stacks or DICOMs by multiple individuals has the potential to introduce new sources of error. Here, we explore whether use of the same μCT scans by different persons produces comparable results.

Materials and Methods

Worn (N = 11) and unworn (N = 4) Cercocebus atys upper molars (UM1 N = 8, UM2 N = 7) were μCT scanned using a Bruker Skyscan 1172 High Resolution Ex Vivo Scanner at a resolution of 22 μm. Two individuals (K.N.G. and M.C.O.) created a 2D mesial slice for each TIFF stack (tooth). Worn teeth were reconstructed by K.N.G. and M.C.O. Three researchers (M.C.O., K.N.G., and J.R.) measured tooth shape, linear enamel thickness, average enamel thickness, and relative enamel thickness (AET and RET). Inter‐observer percent error was calculated for each measurement. Univariate ANOVAs were calculated to evaluate variance due to slice maker, reconstructor, tooth, and measurer when percent error averaged > 5%.

Results

For unworn teeth, error was generally low and largely due to the person doing the measurement. For worn teeth, wear reconstructor was a statistically significant source of variation for AET and RET.

Discussion

We found that (1) inter‐observer error was generally low, (2) linear measurements are prone to error, (3) worn teeth did not present an additional source of error as compared to unworn teeth, and (4) different people can use the same μCT scans to reliably reconstruct, slice, and measure teeth.
Using linked data for data analytic literary research: Case BookSampo—Finnish fiction literature on the semantic web
Authors: Ahola Annastiina , Peura Telma , Hyvönen Eero
Published: January 2025

The BookSampo Linked Data portal was deployed in 2011 by the Finnish Public Libraries and has today nearly 2 million annual users. Its Linked Data covers virtually all Finnish fiction literature but the data has not been used for data analyses in Digital Humanities. This paper discusses how the Knowledge Graph can be used for literary research in two ways: First, a new BookSampo 2.0 Portal user interface is presented, based on faceted semantic search with seamlessly integrated data‐analytic tools for Digital Humanities research as suggested in the Sampo Model. This application makes it possible to analyze the data without programming skills. Second, the BookSampo SPARQL endpoint API can be accessed directly by SPARQL querying and scripting, using tools such as Jupyter Notebooks. The analysis results presented suggest interesting spatial, temporal, and topical trends in how the Finnish fiction literature has evolved during the last decades. The approach and tools presented in this paper can be used for analyzing literary landscapes developments in other countries as well.
Cortical Thickness Differences in Autistic Children With and Without Intellectual Disability
Authors: Andrews Derek S. , Dakopolos Andrew J. , Lee Joshua K. , Heath Brianna , Cordero Devani , Solomon Marjorie , Amaral David G. , Nordahl Christine Wu
Published: January 2025

Of the 1 in 36 individuals in the United States who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, nearly 40% also have intellectual disability (ID). The cortex has been widely implicated in neural processes underlying autistic behaviors as well as intellectual ability. Thus, neuroimaging features such as cortical thickness are of particular interest as a possible biomarkers of the condition. However, neuroimaging studies often fail to include autistic individuals with ID. As a result, there are few studies of cortical thickness in autistic individuals across the entire range of intellectual abilities. This study used MRI to evaluate cortical thickness in young autistic children (n = 88, mean age 5.37 years) with a large range of intellectual ability (IQ 19–133) as well as nonautistic, nondevelopmentally delayed (referred to here as typically developing [TD]) peers (n = 53, mean age 5.29 years). We first investigated associations between full scale IQ and cortical thickness in both autistic and TD children. Autistic children had significant negative associations (i.e., thinner cortex, higher IQ) in bilateral entorhinal cortex, right fusiform gyrus, superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri, and right temporal pole that were not present in TD children. Significantly thicker cortex was also observed in these regions for autistic children with ID (i.e., IQ ≤ 70) compared with those without. Last, given the reported correspondence between the severity of autism symptoms and intellectual ability, we compared cortical thickness associations with both IQ and ADOS Calibrated Severity Scores and found these patterns overlapped to a significant degree across the cortex.
A New Modeling Approach for Predicting the Growth of Filamentous Algae in Outdoor Algae‐Based Wastewater Treatment Systems
Authors: Pitawala Sulochana , Scales Peter J. , Martin Gregory J. O.
Published: January 2025

Filamentous algae (FA) can form readily harvestable floating mats or attached turfs that facilitate their application in wastewater treatment systems. However, large‐scale implementation is hindered by our inability to predict performance as a function of key operational parameters. A predictive mathematical model would be a valuable tool for designing efficient FA‐based systems. Developing accurate models is challenging due to dynamic environmental conditions and the spatial complexities of FA cultures. In this work, a model was developed to mathematically describe the biomass productivity of static FA cultures (mats and turfs) in relation to the incident light intensity and temperature. The model was validated against published data to investigate the influence of time‐dependent inhibition (inhibition from sustained light exposure) on productivity. When time‐dependent inhibition was included in the model, predictions were within ~10% of experimental values, however, without including time‐dependent inhibition there was a sixfold overestimation of biomass productivity. The model could also generate predictions of the effects of time‐dependent inhibition during diurnal light fluctuations using experimentally determined rate constants. The model represents a powerful tool for optimizing the design and operational parameters in FA cultures that could be further expanded to incorporate the influence of nutrient and CO2 availability.
NaDFOB and FEC as Electrolyte Additives Enabling Improved Cyclability of Sodium Metal Batteries and Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhengqi , Hofmann Andreas
Published: January 2025

Sodium metal is often considered as an anode material to improve the energy‐density of sodium metal batteries (SMB) respectively sodium ion‐based batteries (SIB). However, the active Na metal anode is a particular challenge. To formulate a suitable electrolyte has therefore been a key issue to stabilize sodium metal anodes. Here we report additive strategies by using the additives sodium difluoro(oxalato) borate (NaDFOB) or/and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in the baseline electrolyte solution of 1 M NaPF6 in ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate to overcome these issues. For the SMB with sodium anode and carbon‐coated Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode, a stable cell cycling up to 600 cycles (capacity retention about 96±3 %) was reached by using only 1–2 wt. % NaDFOB, compared to only less than 75 cycles of the baseline electrolyte. Sodium plating/stripping tests, voltammetry measurements, impedance analysis as well as cell tests were performed in order to reveal the electrochemical characteristics of the electrolytes including additive effects. The optimal SIB cell performance in cells containing hard carbon and NVP was achieved by using 2 wt.‐% NaDFOB. NaDFOB electrolyte can be considered as a beneficial additive for Na metal cell and its application could be also extended for full SIBs.
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Thioindigosulfonic Acids as Electrolytes in an Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Bauer Stina , Namyslo Jan C. , Turek Thomas , Kaufmann Dieter E.
Published: January 2025

The potential of the indigo chromophore as a long‐time stable, redox‐active unit in an organic redox flow battery (ORFB) has rarely been considered so far. The present work demonstrates a first synthetic access to thioindigosulfonic acids by sulfonation of the parent dye. To evaluate the electrolytic properties of the thioindigosulfonic acids, the solubility in sulfuric acid, the Nernst potentials, the diffusion coefficients, the charge transfer coefficients, the exchange current densities and the rate constants of the electron exchange reaction have been determined. Furthermore, thioindigo‐based electrolytes could be operated successfully over a period of 200 charge/discharge cycles in a flow cell. The electrochemical stability of the electrolytes as well as the absence of crossover phenomena was proven by comparison of their 1H NMR spectra before and after the charge/discharge study. Therefore, thioindigosulfonic acids could offer an opportunity to develop a stable organic electrolyte for the application in an aqueous ORFB.
Randomized trial to assess worsening renal function by adding dapagliflozin for acute decompensated heart failure
Authors: Kawanami Shodai , Egami Yasuyuki , Abe Masaru , Osuga Mizuki , Nohara Hiroaki , Ukita Kohei , Kawamura Akito , Yasumoto Koji , Okamoto Naotaka , Matsunaga‐Lee Yasuharu , Yano Masamichi , Nishino Masami
Published: January 2025

Aims

Dapagliflozin (DAPA), a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor, has been shown to reduce cardiovascular mortality among patients with chronic heart failure. We aimed to evaluate the impact on a worsening renal function (WRF) by adding DAPA as compared to standard decongestive therapy with loop diuretics alone.

Methods and results

We enrolled 114 consecutive acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 50%. The patients were prospectively randomized to be assigned either to DAPA group who received DAPA at a dose of 10 mg once daily within 24 h after admission or conventional therapy group (CON group) who received loop diuretics alone. All patients were adjusted by increasing or decreasing the loop diuretic by 10 mg to maintain a 1–2 mL/kg/h urine output. The primary endpoint was the incidence of WRF, which was defined as an increase in the serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL from baseline. The median age of the patients was 77 [interquartile range (IQR): 64, 85] years, 35% were female and the median LVEF was 33 [IQR: 28, 38] %. There was no significant difference in the incidence of WRF between the two groups (16.1%, n = 9 vs. 12.1%, n = 7, P value = 0.54). The total dose of loop diuretics through day 7 was lower in the DAPA group than CON group (184 ± 79.5 mg vs. 214 ± 66.5 mg, P value = 0.03).

Conclusions

This randomized prospective trial revealed the addition of DAPA within 24 h after admission reduced the diuretic dose without WRF.
Outsourcing Corruption: The Role of Fate Beliefs and Motivated Fate Attributions in Delegating Decisions About Corrupt Behaviour
Authors: Weiss Alexa , Forstmann Matthias
Published: January 2025

Corruption often involves collective actions rather than clandestine individual efforts. It is also socially facilitated via tacit complicity influenced by norms and beliefs. Five studies examine the delegation of decisions about corrupt behaviour as a social form of corruption and the role of attributing outcomes of delegated corrupt decisions to fate. In three correlational studies, belief in fate (i.e., perceiving events as ‘meant to be’ and predetermined) were positively associated with the delegation of decisions between non‐corrupt, ethical and corrupt, self‐serving behaviours to equally interested others in workplace scenarios. This effect was distinct from religious belief. In two experimental studies, participants attributed others’ corrupt decisions to fate more strongly when they served (vs. harmed) their self‐interest. Fate beliefs were positively associated with fate attributions. Collectively, these studies illuminate interindividual differences associated with delegating decisions and how beliefs may be strategically used to justify corrupt outcomes, emphasising the social aspects of corruption.
Combined Effects of Ambient Light and Color on Cognitive Performance and Sleepiness in a Simulated Working Environment
Authors: Shahidi Reza , Golmohammadi Rostam , Darvishi Ebrahim , Aliabadi Mohsen , Babmiri Mohammad , Faradmal Javad
Published: January 2025

This study investigated the combined effect of correlated color temperature and wall color on subjective sleepiness and cognitive performance in a simulated workplace. Six combined conditions were designed by partitioning a room into three booths with the same dimensions in three colors of blue, red, and white and two cool and warm light: color temperatures of 6000 and 3000°K (Red × 3000, Red × 6000, Blue × 3000, Blue × 6000, White × 3000, and White × 6000) during the day. Thirty‐three healthy males aged 21–35 were recruited. They were asked to conduct cognitive tests in three workload levels and finally estimate the subjective sleepiness level. The findings indicated that cool light had a more significant effect on reducing sleepiness when compared to warm light, particularly in white and blue colors. However, this effect was not observed in the case of red color. The rate of sleepiness was higher in the cool light and red color compared to warm light. The blue color slightly decreased sleepiness compared to the white and red colors. The mean correct responses of the cognitive tests in cool light and white color were more than in other conditions. Moreover, the effect of blue and red were higher in the correct response percentages, compared to white in warm and cool light. There were no significant differences in reaction time between two different lights in all colors. However, reaction time was better in blue than in two other colors. To conclude, designing a work environment with a combination of cool light and blue‐colored walls may improve employee alertness and performance.
Relationships of maternal hemodynamics in the third trimester with fetal umbilical artery doppler indices, estimated fetal weight and birth weight in women with and without congenital heart disease
Authors: Santos Francois Dos , Barr Ellen , Steer Philip J. , Johnson Mark R.
Published: January 2025

Objective

To compare differences in maternal hemodynamics, measured non‐invasively by impedance cardiography and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)—at rest and with high‐intensity exercise—between pregnant women with corrected congenital heart disease (CHD) and low‐risk (LR) pregnant controls, and to correlate these findings with umbilical artery Doppler in the third trimester, estimated fetal weight (EFW) and birth weight (BW).

Methods

Prospective longitudinal study with hemodynamic exercise studies and fetal ultrasound between 30 and 34 weeks' gestation. Approval was obtained from London South East Research Ethics Committee.

Results

There were no differences in heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), or cardiac output (CO) at rest between the two groups. HR at peak exercise was significantly lower in the CHD group, and MAP was significantly higher at rest and immediately after exercise. In the CHD group there was a significant association between CO at peak exercise and BW. In the LR group there was a significant association between peak CO with exercise and the abdominal circumference/EFW ratio and between HR at rest and BW. There were no differences in the Doppler indices between groups. There was a statistically significant association between uterine artery Doppler pulsatility index and BW in the LR group, but not in the CHD group.

Conclusions

There was no difference between Doppler indices in the third trimester between a LR population and a population with corrected CHD with no or minimal functional impairment. This suggests that factors other than defective placentation may be causing the lower BW in the CHD population.
Dexmedetomidine Blocks NCOA4‐Dependent Ferritinophagy to Confer Ferroptosis Resistance in Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via Targeting NRF2
Authors: Qu Li , Simayi Alimujiang , Ma Xueping , Ma Yankai , Cao Wanying , Zhu Qianqian , Zhao Xuan , Xu Guiping
Published: January 2025

Lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI) represents an evitable but significant pathologic complication post pulmonary transplantation. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) that is extensively applied as an anesthetic adjuvant in the intensive care setting has increasingly presented outstandingly protective effect on LIRI. This article concerns the elaborate role of Dex in ferroptosis after LIRI and the correlative downstream mechanism. Upon hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in human (A549) and mouse (MLE‐12) alveolar epithelial cells, reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR and western blot analysis tested nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) expression. CCK‐8 kit determined cell viability. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assay estimated ferritinophagy. C11‐BODIPY 581/591 staining, western blot analysis, assay kits and ferro‐orange staining appraised ferroptosis. Molecular docking technology investigated the binding affinity between Dex and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2). Cell viability was eliminated and ferritinophagy was aggravated in A549 and MLE‐12 cells in response to H/R. Disturbance of NCOA4 or treatment with Dex suppressed the ferroptosis in H/R‐stimulated cells. Also, Dex docked with NRF2 and upregulated NRF2 to concentration‐dependently obstruct NCOA4‐mediated ferritinophagy and ferroptosis in H/R‐challenged cells. Collectively, Dex might protect against NCOA4‐mediated ferritinophagy through targeting NRF2, thereby alleviating ferroptosis during LIRI.
Dividend Puzzle: Global Evidence in Oil & Gas
Authors: García‐Amate Antonio , Molero‐González Laura , Ramírez‐Orellana Alicia , Trinidad‐Segovia Juan Evangelista
Published: January 2025

This study examines factors influencing dividend policy in the Oil & Gas (O&G) industry, specifically exploring differences among sectors. Altogether 203 O&G independent companies were studied during the period 2000–2022. Through a data panel, the statistical methods used cover Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), random effect, logit, and probit. The analysis by sectors, as well as the consideration of market shocks, provide more information. The results show that Brent oil price significantly impacts dividend policy. Moreover, it can be seen how market shock favors the dividend payout. Variables such as leverage, liquidity, or profitability are also significant factors. Companies that are in different sectors differ in their dividend policy and its factors. With a global sample, a long period, and variables not previously tested in the literature, this paper tries to provide novel conclusions that allow us to know in greater depth the dividend policy of the O&G industry. Understanding dividend policy is essential for investors and executives to make investment decisions. The results suggest that O&G independent companies should be studied separately. This opens the door to future research venues.
Behavioral mechanisms of oxycodone's effects in female and male rats: II. Reinforcement magnitude and implications for impulsive/risky choice
Authors: Van Heukelom Justin T. , Blejewski Ryan C. , Langford Jeremy S. , Vidal Pedro , Garcia Elizabeth K. , Hughes Christine E. , Pitts Raymond C.
Published: January 2025

Rats responded under a concurrent‐chains procedure wherein reinforcement magnitude was varied within sessions and oxycodone's effects on sensitivity to magnitude were evaluated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, the alternative providing the larger magnitude was signaled and effects of acute (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) and chronic (1.0 mg/kg, twice daily) oxycodone administration were examined in female and male rats. Under baseline, sensitivity was slightly higher for females than males. Acute oxycodone decreased sensitivity in both sexes, but females were more susceptible to this effect. Effects of chronic administration on sensitivity were somewhat variable; on average, females showed slight tolerance and males showed slight sensitization to this effect. No physical dependence was noted during withdrawal probes. In Experiment 2, the alternative providing the larger magnitude was not signaled and effects of acute oxycodone were evaluated in a separate group of male rats. Sensitivity was higher under baseline, and larger doses reduced sensitivity to a greater extent in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1. Taken with previous data on oxycodone's effects on sensitivity to reinforcement delay, oxycodone would be expected to leave impulsive choice unchanged in both sexes. Additional analyses revealed that oxycodone's effects on sensitivity in both experiments were baseline dependent: higher sensitivities were reduced to a greater extent than lower sensitivities.
Early management of acute caustic ingestion in pediatrics
Authors: Gordon Elliott S. , Barfield Elaine , Gold Benjamin D.
Published: January 2025

This review is intended to provide an overview of currently available literature related to caustic ingestion in pediatric patients, including initial management considerations in symptomatic versus asymptomatic children, timing and necessity of endoscopic evaluations, and the use of various therapeutic interventions. Further, this review provides management considerations for children presenting for evaluation following caustic ingestion based on the best available evidence. Additional research is needed to develop conclusive pediatric guidelines that meet GRADE criteria for management of caustic ingestion in children.
Three‐dimensional cone beam computed tomography analysis of craniofacial phenotype in nonobese apneic young adults
Authors: Jadoul Mathilde , Albert Adelin , Maes Nathalie , Poirrier Robert , Poirrier Anne‐Lise , Bruwier Annick
Published: January 2025

Objective

The obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome with its various phenotypes, as assessed by the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), has become a major public health issue. While physicians are regularly faced with a variety of patients with OSA complaints, they may not be aware that OSA in nonobese young adults remains a largely underinvestigated topic. It is hypothesized that, in these subjects, facial bone volumes are smaller than in healthy adults.

Methods

This cross‐sectional, nonrandomized, controlled study was designed to compare the 3D cephalometric analysis of bone and craniofacial soft tissues in a group of 23 nonobese apneic (AHI ≥ 15), young (18–35 years) adults and in a control group of 23 nonapneic (AHI < 15) healthy subjects by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). All subjects were Caucasian and underwent a sleep examination in the Sleep Clinic of the University Hospital of Liege.

Results

The two groups were comparable except for age and medications. The maxillary bone volume (23.2 ± 4.6 cm3 vs. 24.8 ± 2.9 cm3) and the mandibular bone volume (44.0 ± 6.4 cm3 vs. 46.9 ± 5.2 cm3) adjusted for demographic and biometric characteristics were significantly smaller in OSA subjects than in controls. OSA subjects had also a smaller angle of the maxillary diagonals (95.3 ± 13.9° vs. 106 ± 15.9°) and, at the mandible, a narrower width (90.8 ± 8.0 mm vs. 95.1 ± 5.3 mm), a wider gonial angle (119.9 ± 5.5° vs. 116.5 ± 4.4°), a longer ramus (51.2 ± 6.6 mm vs. 47.3 ± 5.0 mm), and a shorter corpus (74.1 ± 10.3 mm vs. 78.9 ± 5.8 mm) than controls.

Conclusion

Craniofacial structures that most discerned apneic subjects from controls were the maxillary and mandible bone volumes. An overly narrow maxilla and a postero‐rotating mandible were also associated with OSA.

Level of Evidence

III.

Registration

NCT06022679.
Broadband Mode Coupling with Record‐High Fabrication Tolerance Using the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage Technique
Authors: Pan Yingdi , Sun Lu , Chen Kaile , Li Xingfeng , Ni Xiong , Hu Pan , Liu Songyue , Lu Qi , He Xintao , Dong Jianwen , Su Yikai
Published: January 2025

Coupled‐waveguide structures are fundamental in photonic integrated circuits for their wide applications in basic optical functions such as directional coupling, polarization handling, and mode manipulation. However, the couplings between waveguides usually suffer from high wavelength and structure sensitivity, which hinders the development of broadband and fabrication‐tolerant devices. Here, a new method based on the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) procedure is proposed for various kinds of on‐chip mode manipulation such as mode conversion and multiplexing. The coupling process of the STIRAP system is thoroughly explored to reveal the topological nature of STIRAP. The experimental results prove that the mode‐division multiplexer employing the STIRAP scheme has low insertion losses of < 1.8 dB and intermodal crosstalk of < −17.3 dB for all four mode channels over a 100‐nm wavelength range (1480–1580 nm). Thanks to the topological protection of the mode coupling, the proposed multiplexer exhibits unprecedented fabrication tolerance (−80–100 nm) to the structural deviations in waveguide width and gap distance. This work provides an intriguing approach to expanding the working bandwidth and improving the fabrication tolerance of coupled‐waveguide devices, which may find applications in diverse fields including optical communications, optical computing, quantum information processing and beyond.
New Iterative Procedures for Approximating Different Types of Inverse Matrix: Convergence and Stability
Authors: Cordero Alicia , Segura Elaine , Torregrosa Juan R. , Vassileva María P.
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we propose a new parametric family of iterative schemes to compute the inverse of a complex nonsingular matrix. It is shown that the members of this family have at least a fourth order of convergence. A particular element of the class is extended to approximate the Moore–Penrose inverse of rectangular complex matrices, keeping the convergence order. A dynamic analysis is performed to obtain a parameter domain in which stability is assured and to detect which members of the proposed family have good stability properties and which have chaotic behavior. Some numerical examples, with matrices of different sizes, are tested to confirm the theoretical and dynamical results.
Novel Combination of Traditional Ayurvedic Herb Piper longum L. and Modern Stem Cell Therapy for the Reversal of Glucocorticoid‐Induced Osteoporosis
Authors: Sanap Avinash , Bhonde Ramesh , Shekatkar Madhura , Kharat Avinash , Kheur Supriya , Undale Vaishali , Dharkar Nilima , Tillu Girish , Joshi Kalpana
Published: January 2025

Glucocorticoids induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a global concern without effective therapies. The present study investigated the potential of the umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) and traditional medicine Piper longum L. in the reversal of GIOP. Twelve‐week‐old female Swiss Albino mice were subjected to the dexamethasone treatment for 4 weeks to induce GIOP. Further, the mice were randomized into four different groups for treatment, viz., phosphate buffered saline (PBS), UCMSCs, P. longum L. aqueous extract through feed, and a combination of UCMSCs and P. longum L. extract. Post therapy, GIOP mice regained the weight and hair loss in the UCMSCs and P. longum L. extract group. ALP activity and mRNA expression of RunX2, ALP, and OPN were significantly increased. Micro‐CT analysis revealed remarkable improvement in key parameters such as bone volume, bone surface density, tissue surface, trabecular thickness, and number. Our results unequivocally demonstrate that a combination of the UCMSCs and P. longum L. is highly effective in the reversal of GIOP as compared to P. longum L. or UCMSCs alone. The therapeutic effect can be attributed to the osteogenic and paracrine potential of UCMSCs and the anti‐inflammatory effect of P. longum L.
Automating the optimization of proton PBS treatment planning for head and neck cancers using policy gradient‐based deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Wang Qingqing , Chang Chang
Published: January 2025

Background

Proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) treatment planning for head and neck (H&N) cancers is a time‐consuming and experience‐demanding task where a large number of potentially conflicting planning objectives are involved. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has recently been introduced to the planning processes of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and brachytherapy for prostate, lung, and cervical cancers. However, existing DRL planning models are built upon the Q‐learning framework and rely on weighted linear combinations of clinical metrics for reward calculation. These approaches suffer from poor scalability and flexibility, that is, they are only capable of adjusting a limited number of planning objectives in discrete action spaces and therefore fail to generalize to more complex planning problems.

Purpose

Here we propose an automatic treatment planning model using the proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm in the policy gradient framework of DRL and a dose distribution‐based reward function for proton PBS treatment planning of H&N cancers.

Methods

The planning process is formulated as an optimization problem. A set of empirical rules is used to create auxiliary planning structures from target volumes and organs‐at‐risk (OARs), along with their associated planning objectives. Special attention is given to overlapping structures with potentially conflicting objectives. These planning objectives are fed into an in‐house optimization engine to generate the spot monitor unit (MU) values. A decision‐making policy network trained using PPO is developed to iteratively adjust the involved planning objective parameters. The policy network predicts actions in a continuous action space and guides the treatment planning system to refine the PBS treatment plans using a novel dose distribution‐based reward function. A total of 34 H&N patients (30 for training and 4 for test) and 26 liver patients (20 for training, 6 for test) are included in this study to train and verify the effectiveness and generalizability of the proposed method.

Results

Proton H&N treatment plans generated by the model show improved OAR sparing with equal or superior target coverage when compared with human‐generated plans. Moreover, additional experiments on liver cancer demonstrate that the proposed method can be successfully generalized to other treatment sites.

Conclusions

The automatic treatment planning model can generate complex H&N plans with quality comparable or superior to those produced by experienced human planners. Compared with existing works, our method is capable of handling more planning objectives in continuous action spaces. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first DRL‐based automatic treatment planning model capable of achieving human‐level performance for H&N cancers.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Determinants of 12‐Month Decision Regret for Head and Neck Cancer Patients
Authors: Wang Naomi C. , Ramesh Uma R. , Feucht Maria , Alapati Rahul , Wagoner Sarah F. , Nallani Rohit , Kakarala Kiran , Shnayder Yelizaveta , Hamill Chelsea S. , Sykes Kevin J. , Bur Andrés M.
Published: January 2025

Objective

This study aims to identify factors associated with increased decision regret (DR) 12 months following treatment among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients.

Study Design

A retrospective observational cohort study.

Setting

Patients with newly diagnosed HNC at an academic tertiary care center from 2018 to 2023.

Methods

Data from a patient registry assessing quality of life (QOL), DR, social support, and anxiety at initial diagnosis and 12 months post‐treatment were analyzed. Only patients who completed the decision regret questionnaire at 12 months were included.

Results

Among 225 participants, 60% experienced mild DR and 28% reported moderate to severe regret. Stronger regret was associated with advanced disease presentation, free flap reconstructive surgery, chemoradiation, and disease recurrence. Patients with more severe regret had lower QOL at baseline and 12 months, higher anxiety at 12 months, and lower social support at 12 months. Multivariable analysis identified multimodal treatment including radiation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.25‐10.78], P = .018), lower 12‐month social support (aOR 1.03, 95% CI [1.00‐1.05], P = .039), and decreases in QOL (aOR 1.03, 95% CI [1.00‐1.06], P = .024) as independent predictors of increased DR.

Conclusion

Treatment involving radiation, lower concurrent social support, and diminished QOL are associated with DR 12 months after treatment. This highlights the potential of interventions aimed at enhancing social support, addressing treatment‐related sequelae, and strengthening shared decision‐making to prevent regret. Further studies are needed to elucidate factors driving regret in HNC patient subgroups and assess the efficacy of proposed mitigative interventions.
High‐throughput quantitative assessment of ABA‐responsive elements at single‐nucleotide resolution
Authors: Sun Fangnan , Deng Yaxin , Zhao Weihua , Xiong Yixue , Zhao Lingxia , Zhang Lida
Published: January 2025

Abscisic acid (ABA)‐responsive elements (ABREs) are the major cis‐regulatory elements in ABA‐induced gene expression. However, the impact of sequence variations on ABRE function is not yet well‐understood. Here, we used synthetic STARR‐seq to quantitatively assess the effects of single‐nucleotide substitutions on ABRE activity. Our results revealed that the nucleotide substitutions in both the ACGT‐core and ACGT‐flank regions affected transcriptional strength. Alterations in the ACGT‐core sequence had a more significant impact on ABRE activity than changes in the flanking region. Interestingly, we observed that the ACGT‐flank variants with high activity exhibited a strong sequence preference in the downstream region, whereas the highly active core variants were diverse in sequence patterns. Our studies provide a quantitative map of ABRE activity at single‐nucleotide resolution, which will facilitate the design of ABA‐responsive promoters with desired activities in plants.
Circularly Polarized Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Based on Device Functional Layer Materials
Authors: Zhang Rong , Gao Jing , Li Nuomin , Gao Caiyun , Zhang Chunliang , Wang Hongjiang , Sun Feiyi , Yang Tianyu
Published: January 2025

Circularly polarized light‐emitting devices have found extensive application prospects in 3D displays and optoelectronic information. Among them, circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diodes (CP‐OLED), as a rising star of circularly polarized light‐emitting devices, achieved good research results. However, the preparation of CP‐OLED with a high electroluminescence asymmetry factor and high external quantum efficiency is a hot and difficult research topic. At present, the approaches for achieving circularly polarized electroluminescence via CP‐OLED are: 1) Using chiral materials as luminescent materials, 2) Utilizing chiral functional materials. This review summarizes recent methodologies used for manufacturing CP‐OLED. It focuses on the construction strategies and applications of chiral functional materials (chiral host materials, chiral hole transport materials, and chiral electron transport materials) in CP‐OLED. While challenges such as complex chiral design and material interactions persist, advancements in material design and device architecture propel CP‐OLED forward. These developments promise to elevate CP‐OLED as a focal point in optoelectronic research, facilitating high‐performance, circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)‐capable devices for practical applications.
Triazole Drives Hole Localization and Superoxide Radical Formation for Enhancive Photocatalytic Cascade Isomerization/C─C Bond Scission of Biomass to Lactic Acid
Authors: Liu Huan , Huang Jinshu , Wen Yu , Li Jie , Wang Junqi , Saravanamurugan Shunmugavel , Li Hu
Published: January 2025

Chemocatalytic synthesis of lactic acid (LA) from biomass sugars involves heat‐absorbing multistep cascade reactions mediated by different active sites, often encountering unsatisfactory selectivity. Here, a hole‐localized carbon nitride‐based photocatalyst (C‐CNN) is constructed by covalent binding of heptazine and triazole skeleton via C─N bonds and further conjugated interaction with activated carbon, achieving the complete conversion of various biomass sugars to LA (up to 98.6% selectivity) at room temperature for 2 h. The introduced triazole electron donor in C‐CNN can not only enhance the adsorption of sugar for the enhanced aldose‐to‐ketose isomerization over the localized hole (Lewis acid) on the triazole skeleton, but also modulate the valence band oxidation to circumvent the formation of •OH but only •O2‒ for selective C3‒C4 cleavage of ketose, thus realizing the exclusive synthesis of LA. Moreover, near‐infrared light absorption endowed by activated carbon can supply sufficient interface photothermal effect for ambient LA production. Life cycle assessment shows that the photocatalytic system has good prospects for industrialization in terms of both energy and environment. This work offers novel insights into the multidirectional utilization of solar energy for the value‐added conversion of biomass through rational modulation of photothermal active sites.
In Operando Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Li‐Ion Solvation in Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Huang Dequan , Zeng Cuihong , Liu Menghao , Chen Xiaorong , Li Yahao , Zou Jinshuo , Pan Qichang , Zheng Fenghua , Wang Hongqiang , Li Qingyu , Hu Sijiang
Published: January 2025

Inhomogeneous lithium (Li) deposition and unstable solid electrolyte interphase are the main causes of short cycle life and safety issues in Li metal batteries (LMBs). Developing a 3D structured matrix current collector and novel electrolyte are feasible strategies to tackle these issues. Ether‐based electrolytes are widely used in LMBs. However, a fundamental understanding of Li‐ion coordination and solvent remains incomplete. Here, lithiophilic Ag‐Cu mesh is designed as the current collector to boost rapid Li‐ion flux and Li metal nucleation. Meanwhile, dimethoxyethane (DME)/dioxolane (DOL) are used as complex solvents to enable lower interfacial resistance. The solvation structures at the interfaces of different collectors with different electrolytes are investigated. By applying in operando Raman spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide TFSI–and DME molecules are highly coordinated with Li+ compared with DOL molecules. Furthermore, lithiophilic 3D Ag‐Cu mesh tunes Li+ solvation/desolvation, resulting in a uniform deposition. The Ag‐Cu mesh/Li symmetric cells demonstrate long‐term cycling life up to 1200 h and Coulombic efficiency of 98.6% over 200 cycles at 1 mA cm−2. The Ag‐Cu mesh/Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cells exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 208.7 mAh g−1 at 1.0 C with a capacity retention of 76.1% after 500 cycles.
Data Sensemaking Framework by Applying Conceptual Modeling and Data Analysis: A Case Study From the Norwegian Public Transportation Domain
Authors: Ali Haytham B. , Muller Gerrit , Safi Jamal , Falk Kristin
Published: January 2025

The industry aims to adopt data‐driven methods to improve system availability and reliability. A critical challenge in this process is achieving data sensemaking for practitioners, including maintenance personnel and decision‐makers, product developers, and consultants. This article replicates a data framework that combines conceptual modeling and data analysis to achieve data sensemaking. The main author previously developed and exemplified the framework through a case study of an automated parking system in a small‐and‐medium‐sized enterprise. This study implemented the framework in a more complex context: the Norwegian maintenance Metro public transportation department within a large enterprise, using Oslo Metro. Applying the framework assisted the maintenance department in closing the internal maintenance feedback loop. In this context, we collected and analyzed exploratively internal failure data and external weather data spanning 6 years. In parallel, we developed several conceptual models co‐created with various stakeholders. These models facilitated a shared understanding of the maintenance processes and guided exploratory data analysis, with data analysis, in turn, supporting conceptual modeling. This study implemented and evaluated the framework using on‐site and participant observations, interviews, subject matter experts’ feedback, and co‐creation sessions. Findings from the observations emphasize the complementary nature of conceptual modeling and data analysis in achieving data sensemaking, leading to a deeper understanding of Oslo Metro behavior. This understanding aids in improving maintenance processes and their effectiveness, enhancing Oslo Metro availability and reliability. Despite the framework implementation is context‐dependent, findings indicate its effectiveness, motivating practitioners to implement it in other contexts.
A novel fluorescent sensor for arsenic: A DFT study
Authors: Hien Nguyen Khoa , Van Bay Mai , Quang Duong Tuan , Nam Pham Cam
Published: January 2025

In this study, a new fluorescent sensor (DAH) was thoroughly investigated, from its design and synthesis to its characterization and application, based on theoretical calculations using density functional theory. The investigated results indicate that the DAH sensor exhibits a maximum absorption wavelength at 370 nm and a maximum fluorescence wavelength at 414 nm. The DAH sensor forms six‐membered ring complexes with Ag+, Cu+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, Pb2+, Pd2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Co3+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, and As3+ ions in a 1:1 molar ratio. Among these, the DAH‐As3+ complex displays a significant red shift in its maximum fluorescence wavelength, with a shift of approximately 100 nm compared to the other complexes. Therefore, DAH is considered suitable for detecting As3+ in the presence of these metal ions using fluorescence.
The Binding Nature of Mediation Settlements in North Macedonia: Aspects of Validity and Enforcement
Authors: Anastasovska Jadranka Dabovikj , Staninova Marjana
Published: January 2025

Mediation has emerged as an important tool in contemporary dispute resolution, offering parties a flexible and collaborative approach to resolving conflicts. Unlike traditional litigation, where decisions are imposed by a third party, mediation empowers parties to craft their own solutions, fostering a sense of ownership and satisfaction with the outcome. This autonomy often leads to higher rates of compliance and long-term satisfaction among the parties involved. However, in cases where voluntary compliance with mediated settlements fails, mechanisms for enforcement become paramount. Without a means to ensure compliance with mediated agreements, parties may be hesitant to engage in mediation, fearing that their agreements will not be honored or enforced. This contribution explores the binding nature of mediation settlements in North Macedonia, focusing on aspects of validity and enforcement within the national legal framework. The objective is to emphasize the role that enforcement mechanisms of mediation settlements play in ensuring the success of mediation as a preferred method of dispute resolution.
The Case for Judicial Capacity Building Through International Arbitration
Authors: Lourie Greg
Published: January 2025

Judicial capacity building is recognized as a vital element of development policy. However, with resources for (judicial) capacity building being limited, this paper seeks to address first the question of why states should dedicate the limited resources available to invest in capacity building through international arbitration. Second, if such investment is to be made, what should be the focus of capacity building efforts in order to achieve the best long-term success? In answering these questions, this paper posits that international arbitration should be considered by states as a pivotal element of judicial capacity building because it contributes to an effective judiciary and political stability, in turn enabling the state to better attract foreign direct investment (FDI). A well-functioning legal framework for international arbitration may act as a catalyst for FDI by boosting investor confidence and economic development. Countries with robust arbitration frameworks may be able to attract significant FDI despite inefficiencies in their domestic judicial systems. The availability of effective dispute resolution mechanisms also fosters political stability and economic development by strengthening the rule of law and contributes to maintaining public confidence and social stability. For successful capacity building, all stakeholders—including government officials, legislators, the judiciary, lawyers, and arbitrators—must be involved. Training government officials ensures informed policy-making, while judicial training ensures that the established arbitration framework properly functions in practice. Training local practitioners and arbitrators fosters acceptance and trust in arbitration. Lastly, robust arbitral institutions are crucial in capacity building. They fulfill this role not only through knowledge-sharing and training initiatives but also by acting as intermediaries between the parties and the arbitral tribunal. In this capacity, strong arbitral institutions foster trust in the arbitral process by ensuring the quality of selected arbitrators and maintaining a high standard of arbitral awards.