bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a slope stability method in the CRITERIA-1D agro-hydrological modeling scheme
Authors: Sannino G. , Tomei F. , Bittelli M. , Bordoni M. , Meisina C. , Valentino R.
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the implementation of a slope stability method for rainfall-induced shallow landslides in CRITERIA-1D, which is an agro-hydrological model based on Richards’ equation for transient infiltration and redistribution processes. CRITERIA-1D can simulate the presence and development of roots and canopies over space and time, the regulation of transpiration activity based on real meteorological data, and the evaporation reduction caused by canopies. The slope can be considered composed of a multi-layered soil, leading to the possibility of simulating the bedrock and of setting an initial water table level. CRITERIA-1D can consider different soil horizons characterized by different hydraulic conductivities and soil water retention curves, thus allowing the simulation of capillarity barriers. The validation of the proposed physically based slope stability model was conducted through the simulation of the collected water content and water potential data of an experimental slope. The monitored slope is located close to Montuè, in the north-eastern sector of Oltrepò Pavese (northern Apennines—Italy). Just close to the monitoring station, a shallow landslide occurred in 2014 at a depth of around 100 cm. The results show the utility of agro-hydrological modeling schemes in modeling the antecedent soil moisture condition and in reducing the overestimation of landslides events detection, which is an issue for early warning systems and slope management related to rainfall-induced shallow landslides. The presented model can be used also to test different bioengineering solutions for slope stabilization, especially when data about rooting systems and plant physiology are known.
Enabling and inhibiting doctors transitions: introducing the social identity resource and belonginess model (SIRB)
Authors: Scanlan Gillian M. , Gordon Lisi , Walker Kim , Pope Lindsey
Published: July 2024

The transition into postgraduate medical training is complex, requiring an integration into the workplace, adjustment to new identities, and understanding of the social and organisational structure of healthcare. Studies suggest that social resources, including a sense of belonging, inclusivity from social groups, and having strong social identities can facilitate positive transitions. However, little is known about the role these resources play in junior doctors’ transitions into the healthcare community. This study aimed to explore the implications of having access to social resources for junior doctors. This study undertook secondary analysis from a longitudinal qualitative study which followed 19 junior doctors (residents within two years of qualification) for nine months. Data were thematically analysed using an abductive approach, with the social identity resource and belongingness (SIRB) model as a conceptual lens to explore how social networks of support act as identity resources (IRs) for junior doctors as they experience transitions. The doctors narrated that having accessible IRs in the form of supportive workplace relationships enabled an integration and a sense of belonging into healthcare practice, supported the construction of new professional identities, and strengthened career intentions. Those with inaccessible IRs (i.e. poor workplace relationships) expressed a lack of belonging, and casted doubt on their identity as a doctor and their career intentions. Our study indicates that SIRB model would be beneficial for medical educators, supervisors, and managers to help them understand the importance and implications of having IRs within the workplace environment and the consequences of their accessibility for healthcare staff experiencing transitions.
Disrupting the Path from Depression to Loneliness: Multilevel Resilience among Older Sexual Minority Men with and without HIV
Authors: Jesus Maria De , Ware Deanna , Meanley Steven , Brennan-Ing Mark , Okafor Chukwuemeka N , Shoptaw Steve , Haberlen Sabina , Stosor Valentina , Friedman M. Reuel , Plankey Michael
Published: July 2024

Existing studies examining resilience among sexual minority men (SMM) have been limited by only analyzing 1 level of resilience. We therefore investigated the impact of multiple levels of resilience on the bidirectional relationship between loneliness and depression symptoms among older SMM. Loneliness, depression symptoms, and multilevel resilience scores were collected across 3 time points (October 2016 to March 2017 [T1]; October 2017 to March 2018 [T2]; and October 2018 to March 2019 [T3]) among 1,264 SMM aged 40 years and older living with and without HIV. Longitudinal mediation models were used to test the mediating effect of the multilevel resilience factors at T2 on the bidirectional relationship between loneliness and depression symptoms, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. The multilevel resilience factors were negatively associated with loneliness and depression symptoms at T1. The individual-level global resilience factor was associated with decreased odds of depression symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32–0.78), while the interpersonal-level relationship confidence (OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24–0.77) and reliability (OR = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.15–0.84) factors were associated with decreased odds of loneliness at T3. The total effect of loneliness at T1 on depressive symptoms at T3 was β = 0.20 (95% CI, 0.11–0.28) and was reduced to β = 0.08 (95% CI, -0.04 to 0.20) after the inclusion of the multilevel resilience factors. The total effect of depressive symptoms at T1 on loneliness at T3 was similar (β = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.13–0.28) with the direct effect of β = 0.01 (95% CI, -0.08 to 0.11) after the inclusion of the multilevel resilience factors. Regarding specific indirect effects, individual-level global resilience (depression symptoms at T3 only) as well as the interpersonal-level relationship reliability and confidence (loneliness at T3 model only) factors were statistically significant. Multilevel resilience factors mediated the bidirectional relationship between loneliness and depression symptoms. Mental health interventions should consider implementing resilience-informed strategies that mitigate depression symptoms and loneliness among older SMM.
Parameter extension of q-divergence-based fuzzy c-means clustering
Authors: Kanzawa Yuchi
Published: July 2024

In this study, we propose a fuzzy clustering algorithm for vectorial data, which is constructed by extending the fuzzification parameters in the q-divergence-based fuzzy c-means algorithm (QFCM). The proposed algorithm, referred to as extended QFCM (eQFCM), is an extension of both QFCM and the penalized fuzzy c-means algorithm proposed by Yang, referred to as Y-type FCM (YFCM). eQFCM extends both the two-parameter QFCM and YFCM algorithms to a four-parameter model. Through numerical experiments using an artificial dataset, we substantiate the theoretical discussion, and the effects of fuzzification parameter to clustering results are observed. Furthermore, the results of some numerical experiments using real datasets are presented to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperformed both QFCM and YFCM algorithms in terms of clustering accuracy.
Transformation of coastal wetlands in the Sundarban Delta (1999–2020)
Authors: Roy Shouraseni Sen , Ghosh Tuhin , Hewavithana Dishane K.
Published: July 2024

Spanning across Bangladesh and India, the Sundarban Delta consists of over a thousand islands, the majority of which are protected. These islands are important for the rich biodiversity and unique species found here. However, these islands are also at the forefront of climate change due to the impact of rising sea levels and extreme weather events. Therefore, we analyzed the long-term transformations in the land use land cover (LULC) between 1999 and 2020. We used a variety of geostatistical methods, including optimized hot spots cold spots and join count statistics, to examine the spatial patterns of changes in LULC across the study area. The results of our analysis revealed substantial changes in the spatial patterns of mangroves and pond aquaculture. The changes revealed a distinct north–south demarcation in spatial patterns, in the form of clustering of mangroves in the uninhabited islands located in the south and pond aquaculture clustered in the northern inhabited islands. The loss of area under mangroves was concentrated in the southern edges of the islands, which were most exposed to erosion in the open ocean. Nevertheless, we observed an increase in the area under mangroves in some of the northern riverine islands (17 km2). In the case of pond aquaculture, it was mostly concentrated in inhabited islands in the north. Most of the expansions were concentrated in the Indian part of the delta (631 km2). It is noteworthy that because of effective conservation measures, there was very limited overlap between mangroves and pond aquaculture, denoting the conversion of agricultural land to pond aquaculture instead of mangroves. Thus, the results of our study revealed the importance of local level conservation policies and anthropogenic activities, such as deforestation and local level disturbance like over-extraction of water and pollution, on the changing patterns of LULC across this unique, fragile ecosystem. Future studies may incorporate a finer resolution time series of LULC changes over time and space to enable more detailed analysis.
Narrative based online career group counseling program: an explanatory sequential design
Authors: Özaydın Sercan , Siyez Diğdem M.
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the Narrative Based Online Career Group Counseling Program on the career exploration, career and talent development self-efficacy, and career development of fourth grade primary school students. An explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used in the study. A 2 × 3 quasiexperimental design was used in the quantitative part, and a focus group interview was used in the qualitative part. The results showed that the program had a significant impact and could support career development in children. Thus, a career program with proven effectiveness that can be implemented in schools has been emerged.
Smoke and Fire. Sign Inference in Greek and in Indian Epistemology
Authors: Aklan A. K.
Published: July 2024

“Wherever there is smoke there must be fire.” In 1957, Aram M. Frenkian noticed that both ancient Greek and Indian philosophy makes use of the smoke-fire analogy as a model for inferential reasoning. He postulated that Greek use of the example reflected Indian influence on Greek philosophy which was mediated through the works of Pyrrho, the founder of Sceptisicm, who had accompanied Alexander the Great on his Indian campaign (327-5 BCE) and learnt from Indian sages (‘gymnosophists’ as the Greeks called them). More recent scholarship mainly shares his views. In the present paper, I argue that the smoke-fire example formed part of a complex theory of sign inference, and that not only the isolated analogy, but the theory as a whole which it illustrates is present in both cultures. Furthermore, the variants of this theory comprise such close and extended similarities that they must be the result of direct contact between Indian and Greek thinkers, although it is impossible to decide whether they stem from a common origin, or are the result of influence from one culture to the other.
Advance comprehensive analysis for Zigbee network-based IoT system security
Authors: Kumar Manish , Yadav Vibhash , Yadav Satya Prakash
Published: July 2024

Zigbee is a wireless network technology that operates on a community-based infrastructure. The primary objective of this system is to allow for the effective and inexpensive transmission of information across intelligent devices, focusing on minimizing latency and addressing potential challenges. The prominence of security risks related to the Zigbee community has escalated due to the expanded implementation of Zigbee technology. The Zigbee community has implemented measures to mitigate network disruptions, prevent unauthorized access, and protect against the interception of statistical data. A plethora of encryption algorithms have been developed. The encryption technologies employed encompass a 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to encrypt data during transfer. Cryptographically safe protocols (CSPs) are implemented to ensure safe connections and authentication. This research introduces an innovative methodology for assessing the security of Zigbee community-based Internet of Things (IoT) systems. This article thoroughly examines the security concerns associated with Zigbee technology. Adopting intelligent design concepts in the construction of IoT devices facilitates the implementation of robust security measures and reliable detection systems to mitigate potential assaults. The system can implement access control mechanisms based on authentication, guaranteeing the secure management of devices, networks, and protocols and facilitating the secure installation of software updates.
Training to Act FAIR: A Pre-Post Study on Teaching FAIR Guiding Principles to (Future) Researchers in Higher Education
Authors: Priess-Buchheit Julia , Hermeking Noémie , Möbius Thomas W. D.
Published: July 2024

The scientific community has tried to implement the FAIR guiding principles to foster open science actions in data-driven research in higher education since 2016. However, what strategies work and do not in fostering open science actions still need to be determined. This article is the first step to closing this research gap by examining one strategy, the effectiveness of FAIR training in higher education. With a pre-post test design, the study evaluates the short-term effectiveness of FAIR training on students’ scientific suggestions and justifications in line with FAIR’s guiding principles. The study also assesses the influence of university legal frameworks on students’ inclination towards FAIR training. Before FAIR training, 81.1% of students suggested that scientific actions were not in line with the FAIR guiding principles. However, there is a 3.75-fold increase in suggestions that adhere to these principles after the training. Interestingly, the training does not significantly impact how students justify FAIR actions. The study observes a positive correlation between the presence of university legal frameworks on FAIR guiding principles and students’ inclination towards FAIR training. The study underscores the training potential in driving the transition towards open science actions in higher education and shows how much university legal frameworks can push toward such training. Students rate FAIR training as very useful and satisfactory. Important learning factors in effective FAIR training seem to be creating a safe space, letting students contribute, and encouraging students to engage in the training. However, the study also reveals the need for further training improvement, particularly in enhancing students’ ability to justify FAIR actions.
Performance evaluation of SILAR deposited Rb-Doped ZnO thin films for photodetector applications
Authors: Tekin Sezen , Unveroglu Abdioglu Begum , Karaduman Er Irmak , Acar Selim
Published: July 2024

ZnO-based photodetectors (PDs) compose a remarkable optoelectronic device field due to their high optical transmittance, electrical conductivity, wide band gap, and high binding energy. This study examined the visible light photodetector performance of the pristine and Rubidium (Rb)-doped ZnO thin films. The influence of Rb doping amount (2, 4, and 6 wt% in solution) on the electrical, optical, and structural properties of the ZnO-based thin films produced by the Successive Ion Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) technique was analyzed. Structural analyses showed that all peaks correspond to hexagonal wurtzite structure with no other peak from Rb-based phases, suggesting the high quality of the crystalline pristine and Rb-doped ZnO thin films. The morphology of the thin films shows homogenous layers formed of nanoparticles where particle size was first decreased and then increased with the increasing Rb doping according to Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) morphology analysis. Besides that, Raman spectroscopy analyses indicate that the phonon lifetimes of the ZnO-based thin films slightly increased due to the improvement of the crystal quality with the increasing amount of Rb in the SILAR solution. Photosensor measurements of the nanostructured pristine and Rb-doped ZnO thin films were measured at different light power intensities under the visible light environment. Photosensor properties were examined depending on the doping amount and light power density. In light of the literature review, our study is the first to produce Rb-doped ZnO thin films via the SILAR method, which has a promising potential for photosensor applications.

Graphical Abstract
Absolutely continuous edge spectrum of topological insulators with an odd time-reversal symmetry
Authors: Bols Alex , Cedzich Christopher
Published: July 2024

We show that non-trivial two-dimensional topological insulators protected by an odd time-reversal symmetry have absolutely continuous edge spectrum. To accomplish this, we establish a time-reversal symmetric version of the Wold decomposition that singles out extended edge modes of the topological insulator.
Mineral Prospectivity Mapping Based on Spatial Feature Classification with Geological Map Knowledge Graph Embedding: Case Study of Gold Ore Prediction at Wulonggou, Qinghai Province (Western China)
Authors: Yan Qun , Zhao Juan , Xue Linfu , Wei Liqiong , Ji Mingjia , Ran Xiangjin , Dai Junhao
Published: July 2024

Prospectivity mapping based on deep learning typically requires substantial amounts of geological feature information from known mineral deposits. Due to the limited spatial distribution of ore deposits, the training of predictive models is often hampered by insufficient positive samples. Meanwhile, data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping often overlooks domain knowledge and expert experience, leading to poor interpretability of predictive results. To address this problem, we employed the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for spatial feature classification to expand the number of positive samples. The approach integrated the embedding of geological map knowledge graphs with geological exploration data to enhance the knowledge constraints of the prospecting model, which enabled the integration of knowledge with data. Considering the complex spatial structure of geological elements, a bi-branch utilizing the 1-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN1D) and graph convolutional network (GCN) was used to extract geological spatial features for model training and prediction. To validate the effectiveness of the method, a gold mineralization prediction study was conducted in the Wulonggou area (Qinghai province, western China). The results indicate that, when the number of GMM spatial feature classifications was 17, the positive-to-negative sample ratio was optimal, and the embedding of the knowledge graph controlled the prediction area distribution effectively, which demonstrated strong consistency between the prospecting area and the known mineral deposits. Compared with the predictions by CNN1D, the fused prediction model of CNN1D and GCN yielded higher accuracy. Our model identified 11 classes of mineralization potential areas and provides geological interpretations for different prediction categories.
On solving a revised model of the nonnegative matrix factorization problem by the modified adaptive versions of the Dai–Liao method
Authors: Babaie-Kafaki Saman , Dargahi Fatemeh , Aminifard Zohre
Published: July 2024

We suggest a revised form of a classic measure function to be employed in the optimization model of the nonnegative matrix factorization problem. More exactly, using sparse matrix approximations, the revision term is embedded to the model for penalizing the ill-conditioning in the computational trajectory to obtain the factorization elements. Then, as an extension of the Euclidean norm, we employ the ellipsoid norm to gain adaptive formulas for the Dai–Liao parameter in a least-squares framework. In essence, the parametric choices here are obtained by pushing the Dai–Liao direction to the direction of a well-functioning three-term conjugate gradient algorithm. In our scheme, the well-known BFGS and DFP quasi–Newton updating formulas are used to characterize the positive definite matrix factor of the ellipsoid norm. To see at what level our model revisions as well as our algorithmic modifications are effective, we seek some numerical evidence by conducting classic computational tests and assessing the outputs as well. As reported, the results weigh enough value on our analytical efforts.
Understanding and Predicting the Thermodynamic Behavior of Fission Products Encountered Between the (U,Pu)O2 Fuel Pellet and the Cladding: Characterization and Modeling Approaches
Authors: Oulfarsi Mostafa , Guéneau Christine , Ginestar Kevin , Guillou Raphaëlle , Martinelli Laure
Published: July 2024

This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the formation and behavior of a layer enriched in fission products encountered between the (U,Pu)O2 fuel pellet and the cladding, designated as JOG (“Joint Oxyde Gaine” in French). Employing a multifaceted approach that combined thermodynamic calculations, experimental synthesis, and advanced characterization techniques, simulated JOG has been synthetized (without radioactive fission products). Using thermodynamic calculations with the TAF-ID database, the phase compositions in the JOG was assessed for various temperatures, pressures, and oxygen potential conditions, revealing insights into the environmental factors influencing JOG formation. Experimental simulation of the JOG composition, exposed to controlled conditions, confirmed the presence of key compounds such as Cs2MoO4, CsI, and PdTe, as evidenced by SEM, EDS, and XRD analyses. The results of the calculations highlighted notable differences in the nature of the phases constituting the JOG under varying pressure and oxygen potential conditions. At 873 K and oxygen partial pressure of 10–4 bar, Cs2MoO4, Pd–Te, and a gas phase rich in tellurium and CsI were predominant, contrasting with the emergence of liquid phases at 70 bar. This study offered a comprehensive understanding of JOG microstructure, and highlighting the importance of accurate characterization for reactor safety. This information lays the foundations for future studies on the chemical interaction between the JOG and the steel cladding.
How not to intervene on mental causes
Authors: Kroedel Thomas
Published: July 2024

The paper critiques two recent suggestions, by Lei Zhong and Thomas Kroedel, about how to apply the interventionist theory of causation to cases where supervenient properties, particularly mental properties, are involved. According to both suggestions, we should hold variables corresponding to supervenient properties fixed when intervening on the subvenient properties with respect to a putative effect variable and vice versa. The paper argues that both suggestions are problematic. Zhong’s suggestion ultimately requires ad hoc exemptions from the holding-fixed requirement. Kroedel’s suggestion entails severe constraints on the construction of causal models. Overall, retaining the holding-fixed requirements of interventionism for cases of supervenient properties comes at a significant price.
Detection of fusarium wilt-induced physiological impairment in strawberry plants using hyperspectral imaging and machine learning
Authors: Castro-Valdecantos P. , Egea G. , Borrero C. , Pérez-Ruiz M. , Avilés M.
Published: July 2024

Strawberry (Fragraria x ananassa) is a crop affected by various soil-borne fungal pathogens with mostly non-specific foliar symptoms and often requiring laboratory isolation for correct diagnosis. Moreover, these nonspecific foliar symptoms, appreciated by the human eye, appear after some time following infection by the pathogen. Early detection of plant diseases is one of the primary objectives in agriculture because it may contribute to identifying more tolerant cultivars in breeding programs and optimise pesticide use in agricultural production with earlier applications in emerging disease foci. New technologies, such as remote sensing and machine learning (ML) algorithms, have arisen as potential tools to improve the ability to detect and classify different crop diseases. The combined use of hyperspectral imagery and ML algorithms were investigated to detect and classify the physiological stress caused by early infections of Fusarium wilt in strawberry plants. Six ML models, namely artificial neural network, decision tree, K-nearest neighbour, support vector machine, multinomial logistic regression and Naïve Bayes were developed to estimate physiological stress associated with Fusarium wilt disease. The results showed that stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis (A) declined even without visual symptoms of the disease. Among the six ML models evaluated, the artificial neural network model showed the highest classification performance with an overall accuracy of 81%, regardless of the physiological parameter utilized for model training. Moreover, the artificial neural network accurately predicted the absolute values of both physiological parameters (gs and A) based on the complete spectral signature from visually healthy foliar tissue, achieving coefficients of determination of 84% and 81%, respectively. Consequently, ML models utilizing physiological response data and hyperspectral imaging exhibited remarkable robustness, facilitating the estimation of Fusarium wilt severity in strawberry plants even without visual symptoms.
Assessing the psychometric performance of the EQ-5D-5L among informal caregivers of people with dementia
Authors: Sokolova Valeriia , Faller Jan , Asfia Siti Khadijah Binti Mohamad , Engel Lidia
Published: July 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to examine the psychometric performance of the EQ-5D-5L in informal caregivers of people with dementia.

Methods

Data were obtained from an online survey administered to informal caregivers of people with dementia in Australia. Known-group comparisons were examined by formulating 15 a priori hypotheses, where a difference was made between weak and strong hypotheses. Group comparisons were tested using the non-parametric Wilcoxon-rank and the Kruskal-Wallis test, as well as regression analysis. Floor and ceiling effects were considered to be present if more than 15% of respondents achieved the lowest or highest possible score, respectively.

Results

In total, 212 informal caregivers of people with dementia were included in the analysis. On average, participants were 47 years old (SD: 17) and 61% of them were female. The mean EQ-5D-5L utility score was 0.88 (SD: 0.16) and the mean EQ-VAS was 72.47 (SD: 17.86). While there was no floor effect, 26% reported full health. Nine strong and three weak hypotheses were confirmed, supporting the ability of the EQ-5D-5L to discriminate between groups with respect to: self-reported health status, happiness levels, presence of mental or physical health conditions, ability to engage in enjoyable activities, and availability of support.

Conclusion

Findings provide supporting evidence for the EQ-5D-5L in terms of its discriminant validity in informal caregivers of patients with dementia. However, the present ceiling effect suggests that the sensitivity of the EQ-5D-5L to detect improvements may be limited. Further studies are warranted examining other psychometric criteria, including reliability and responsiveness to change
The FACT-GP5 as a global tolerability measure: responsiveness and robustness to missing assessments
Authors: Arizmendi Cara , Zhu Yanyan , Khan Maryam , Gable Jonathon , Reeve Bryce B. , King-Kallimanis Bellinda , Bell Jill
Published: July 2024

Purpose

The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy item (FACT-GP5) has the potential to provide an understanding of global treatment tolerability from the patient perspective. Longitudinal evaluations of the FACT-GP5 and challenges posed by data missing-not-at-random (MNAR) have not been explored. Robustness of the FACT-GP5 to missing data assumptions and the responsiveness of the FACT-GP5 to key side-effects are evaluated.

Methods

In a randomized, double-blind study (NCT00065325), postmenopausal women (n = 618) with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), advanced breast cancer received either fulvestrant or exemestane and completed FACT measures monthly for seven months. Cumulative link mixed models (CLMM) were fit to evaluate: (1) the trajectory of the FACT-GP5 and (2) the responsiveness of the FACT-GP5 to CTCAE grade, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status scale, and key side-effects from the FACT. Sensitivity analyses of the missing-at-random (MAR) assumption were conducted.

Results

Odds of reporting worse side-effect bother increased over time. There were positive within-person relationships between level of side-effect bother (FACT-GP5) and severity of other FACT items, as well as ECOG performance status and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade. The number of missing FACT-GP5 assessments impacted the trajectory of the FACT-GP5 but did not impact the relationships between the FACT-GP5 and other items (except for nausea [FACT-GP2]).

Conclusions

Results support the responsiveness of the FACT-GP5. Generally speaking, the responsiveness of the FACT-GP5 is robust to missing assessments. Missingness should be considered, however, when evaluating change over time of the FACT-GP5.

Trial Registration

NCT00065325.

Trial Registration Year

2003.
Octopus diet during the settlement period using DNA metabarcoding
Authors: Escolar Oscar , Fernández-Álvarez Fernando Á. , Villanueva Roger
Published: July 2024

The settlement phase is a challenging period for meropelagic octopus, as they adapt to their new life in the sea bottom after a planktonic period. Their ecology and trophic interactions with the surrounding fauna in the wild are practically unknown. To understand their predatory role in the littoral zone, the diet of recently settled Octopus vulgaris from a Mediterranean sandy bottom was studied through molecular methods. Amphipods were present in all the analysed stomach contents, with a total of 20 amphipod taxa recorded as prey. Jassa slatteryi and Microprotopus maculatus were the most commonly found amphipod species. Hydrozoans, decapod crustaceans, cephalopods and bivalves followed amphipods in importance. Niche breadth index assigned to small recently settled octopus the role of a specialised predator, increasing the diversity of prey as they grow. Larger juveniles displayed a higher number of prey taxa suggesting a decreasing predatory specialisation with octopus size and an ontogenetic shift in trophic ecology from diet mainly based on amphipods to a richer diet. The considerable arm elongation and the strong muscular arm crown development after settlement probably allow the juvenile benthic octopus to develop ambush predation and speculative hunting, increasing the range of potential benthic prey species along its adaptation to the benthos.

Graphic abstract
Pirate Imageries and the Law: Utopias, Seven Seas and Sunken Treasures
Authors: Sadowski Mirosław Michał
Published: July 2024

Few phenomena in world history have such a vivid imagery in popular culture as piracy. Law is a major element of those images, whether looking through its lens one considers pirates as lawless or, conversely, as free of the shackles of society. This article proposes to investigate the relationship between the two, choosing three eponymous images as the focus of its investigations. Beginning with the study of the ways in which images of piracy were created in popular culture, the author then turns his attention to the question of the ways in which law has framed pirates throughout the ages. Thus, he looks into each of the three pre-selected images: of pirates as symbols of liberty (focusing on the question of pirate’s social organisation and pirate utopias), of pirates as outlaws (focusing on the question of how international law has treated pirates throughout history to the present day) and of pirates as treasure hunters (focusing on the question of legal rights to sunken treasures). In the final part of the article the author ponders the endurance of images of piracy, asking the question as to what this phenomenon reveals about law in particular and society in general.
Ornamental plants as vectors of pesticide exposure and potential threat to biodiversity and human health
Authors: Chwoyka Cecily , Linhard Dominik , Durstberger Thomas , Zaller Johann G.
Published: July 2024

The production of conventional ornamental plants is pesticide-intensive. We investigated whether pesticide active ingredients (AIs) are still present in ornamentals at the time of purchase and assessed their potential ecotoxicity to non-target organisms. We purchased 1000 pot plants and 237 cut flowers of different species from garden centers in Austria and Germany between 2011 and 2021 and analyzed them for up to 646 AIs. Ecotoxicological risks of AIs were assessed by calculating toxic loads for honeybees (Apis mellifera), earthworms (Eisenia fetida), birds (Passer domesticus), and mammals (Rattus norvegicus) based on the LD50 values of the detected AIs. Human health risks of AIs were assessed on the basis of the hazard statements of the Globally Harmonized System. Over the years, a total of 202 AIs were detected in pot plants and 128 AIs in cut flowers. Pesticide residues were found in 94% of pot plants and 97% of cut flowers, with cut flowers containing about twice as many AIs (11.0 ± 6.2 AIs) as pot plants (5.8 ± 4.0 AIs). Fungicides and insecticides were found most frequently. The ecotoxicity assessment showed that 47% of the AIs in pot plants and 63% of the AIs in cut flowers were moderately toxic to the considered non-target organisms. AIs found were mainly toxic to honeybees; their toxicity to earthworms, birds, and mammals was about 105 times lower. Remarkably, 39% of the plants labeled as “bee-friendly” contained AIs that were toxic to bees. More than 40% of pot plants and 72% of cut flowers contained AIs classified as harmful to human health. These results suggest that ornamental plants are vectors for potential pesticide exposure of consumers and non-target organisms in home gardens.
Participatory Systems Thinking to Elucidate Drivers of Food Access and Diet Disparities among Minoritized Urban Populations
Authors: Langellier Brent A. , Argibay Sofia , Henson Rosie Mae , Kravitz Caroline , Eastus Alexandra , Stankov Ivana , Headen Irene
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study was to use participatory systems thinking to develop a dynamic conceptual framework of racial/ethnic and other intersecting disparities (e.g., income) in food access and diet in Philadelphia and to identify policy levers to address these disparities. We conducted three group model building workshops, each consisting of a series of scripted activities. Key artifacts or outputs included qualitative system maps, or causal loop diagrams, identifying the variables, relationships, and feedback loops that drive diet disparities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We used semi-structured methods informed by inductive thematic analysis and network measures to synthesize findings into a single causal loop diagram. There were twenty-nine participants with differing vantages and expertise in Philadelphia’s food system, broadly representing the policy, community, and research domains. In the synthesis model, participants identified 14 reinforcing feedback loops and one balancing feedback loop that drive diet and food access disparities in Philadelphia. The most highly connected variables were upstream factors, including those related to racism (e.g., residential segregation) and community power (e.g., community land control). Consistent with existing frameworks, addressing disparities will require a focus on upstream social determinants. However, existing frameworks should be adapted to emphasize and disrupt the interdependent, reinforcing feedback loops that maintain and exacerbate disparities in fundamental social causes. Our findings suggest that promising policies include those that empower minoritized communities, address socioeconomic inequities, improve community land control, and increase access to affordable, healthy, and culturally meaningful foods.
Investigation of abdominal artery delineation by photon-counting detector CT
Authors: Ota Takashi , Onishi Hiromitsu , Itoh Toshihide , Fukui Hideyuki , Tsuboyama Takahiro , Nakamoto Atsushi , Enchi Yukihiro , Tatsumi Mitsuaki , Tomiyama Noriyuki
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To evaluate the ability of 50-keV virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) to depict abdominal arteries in abdominal CT angiography (CTA) compared with 70-keV VMI with photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT).

Methods

Fifty consecutive patients who underwent multiphase abdominal scans between March and April 2023 were included. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were quantitatively assessed for the abdominal aorta (AA), celiac artery (CeA), superior mesenteric artery (SMA), renal artery (RA), and right hepatic artery (RHA) at both 50- and 70-keV VMI. In addition, 3D images from CTA were analyzed to measure arterial lengths and evaluate the visualization of distal branches.

Results

Significantly higher SNR and CNR were observed at 50-keV compared to 70-keV VMI for all arteries: AA (36.54 and 48.28 vs. 25.70 and 28.46), CeA (22.39 and 48.38 vs. 19.09 and 29.15), SMA (23.34 and 49.34 vs. 19.67 and 29.71), RA (22.88 and 48.84 vs. 20.15 and 29.41), and RHA (14.38 and 44.41 vs. 13.45 and 27.18), all p < 0.05. Arterial lengths were also significantly longer at 50-keV: RHA (192.6 vs. 180.3 mm), SMA (230.9 vs. 216.5 mm), and RA (95.9 vs. 92.0 mm), all p < 0.001.

Conclusion

In abdominal CTA with PCD-CT, 50-keV VMI demonstrated superior quantitative image quality compared to 70-keV VMI. In addition, 50-keV VMI 3D CTA allowed better visualization of abdominal artery branches, highlighting its potential clinical advantage for improved imaging and detailed assessment of abdominal arteries.
Patterns of Telemedicine Use in Primary Care for People with Dementia in the Post-pandemic Period
Authors: Adler-Milstein Julia , Gopalan Anjali , Huang Jie , Toretsky Christopher , Reed Mary
Published: July 2024

Background

The pandemic rapidly expanded telemedicine, which has persisted as a widely available primary care modality. The uptake of telemedicine among people with dementia specifically in the primary care setting, who have more complex care needs but also benefit from more accessible primary care, is unknown.

Objective

Among people with dementia, assess uptake of telemedicine-based primary care in the post-pandemic period and determine associations with key socio-demographic characteristics.

Design

Retrospective observational study.

Subjects

People with dementia at UCSF and Kaiser Permanente Northern CA (KPNC) with at least one primary care encounter in pre- (3/1/2019-2/29/2020) or post-COVID (3/1/2021-2/28/2022) periods, post-COVID sample: N= 419 individuals (UCSF), N=18,037 (KPNC).

Main Measures

Encounter modality: in-person, video telemedicine, or telephone telemedicine. Focal socio-demographic characteristics: age, limited English proficiency, socioeconomic status, driving distance to clinic, and caregiver at encounter.

Key Results

There was a large increase in telemedicine among people with dementia in the post-pandemic period at both sites. At KPNC, those with only in-person primary care visits shrunk from 60.47% (pre) to 26.95% (post). At UCSF, the change was even greater: 98.99% to 35.08%. Across both sites, the only measure significantly associated with use of telemedicine was greater driving distance from home to clinic. At KPNC, those over age 90 were most likely to use telemedicine while patients with limited English proficiency and those with a caregiver at the encounter used telemedicine at lower levels. The relationships were similar at UCSF but not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Telemedicine use is high for people with dementia in the primary care setting in the post-pandemic period. Those with longer drives to clinic and the oldest patients were most likely to use telemedicine, likely due to challenges traveling to appointments. Still, not all people with dementia used telemedicine equally—particularly those with limited English proficiency.
Prior Bariatric Surgery Predicts Lower Life-Threatening Morbidity in Patients Admitted for Acute Allergic Reaction and Anaphylaxis: a Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2005–2018
Authors: Wang Po-Chun , Lin Wei-Ning
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Acute allergic reactions may occur in susceptible individuals following exposure to various allergens. Obesity is linked to allergic reactions, and weight loss from bariatric surgery may attenuate the severity of certain conditions such as airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. This retrospective observational study investigates associations between prior bariatric surgery and lower risk for life-threatening conditions in patients hospitalized with acute allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.

Materials and Methods

Adults ≥ 18 years old diagnosed with morbid obesity and admitted to US hospitals with acute allergic reactions/anaphylaxis were included. All data were extracted from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database 2005–2018. Patients without information on in-hospital mortality, discharge destination, hospital costs, and length of stay (LOS) were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups based on prior bariatric surgery or not. All diagnoses were verified through ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes. Between-group differences and associations between variables were evaluated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

After matching, patients with prior bariatric surgery had significantly lower proportions of any life-threatening morbidity (37.2% vs. 47.4%), respiratory distress or failure (11.2% vs. 17.0%), pneumonia or severe infection (7.4% vs. 10.2%), sepsis/septic shock (15.2% vs. 20.9%), intubation and mechanical ventilation (11.2% vs. 14.6%), prolonged LOS (10.3% vs. 20.6%) and unfavorable discharge (6.9% vs. 12.5%) than those without prior bariatric surgery.

Conclusion

Prior bariatric surgery predicts a lower risk of life-threatening morbidity and prolonged LOS among adults hospitalized for acute allergic reaction and anaphylaxis. Future prospective studies are warranted to confirm the present findings and reveal underlying mechanisms.

Graphical Abstract
Enhancing Archaeological Teaching Through Eye-Tracking: A Pilot Study on Eye Movement Modelling Examples and Teaching Artefact Analysis
Authors: Michalik Tomasz
Published: July 2024

Visual analysis of artefacts is fundamental to archaeological research. However, learning and teaching the methods of artefact analysis can be challenging, since it is cognitively demanding to observe and explain how visual processing works. This paper addresses this challenge and evaluates eye movement modelling examples, a newly adopted method for teaching visual analysis of artefacts. Educational materials containing recordings of eye movements of experts analysing artefacts have been shown to be beneficial to students. As a consequence, they may boost the accessibility of archaeological knowledge, both for in-class and remote education.
Towards sustainable coastal management: a hybrid model for vulnerability and risk assessment
Authors: Durap Ahmet , Balas Can Elmar
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the development of a Hybrid Model (HM) integrated with a Bayesian Network (BN) for comprehensive coastal vulnerability and risk assessment, with a focus on Konyaaltı Beach, Antalya, Turkey. The HM incorporates critical environmental parameters such as wind, waves, currents, and sediment transport to simulate conditions at vulnerable coastal areas and perform risk assessments for storm effects, flooding, and erosion. The model includes submodules for predicting coastal storms, quantifying sediment transport rates, assessing tsunami inundation severity, and categorizing storms based on beach typologies. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is utilized for significant wave height predictions, enhancing the model's accuracy. The integration of hydrodynamic modeling, Bayesian networks, and ANFIS offers a robust framework for assessing coastal vulnerability and informing sustainable management practices. The study's results highlight the necessity for integrated risk management strategies, including adaptive infrastructure design, zoning and land use regulations, ecosystem-based management, and continuous monitoring and model refinement to enhance coastal resilience against dynamic environmental forces. This research provides valuable insights for mitigating the impacts of hazards on urban developments, contributing to the advancement of sustainable coastal management.
Cardiotoxicity of Cadmium and Its Effects on Heart Efficiency During Early and Late Chick Embryogenesis
Authors: Ali Reda A. , Awadalla Eatemad A. , Hamed Amal S. , Mostafa Dalia Elzahraa F.
Published: July 2024

Cadmium (Cd) is a dangerous heavy metal that is non-degradable in the environment. Many organs can accumulate Cd and adversely affect organ function and health. Cd is considered as a teratogenic and embryotoxic agent. This study aims to evaluate the teratogenicity of Cd at concentrations lesser than the permissible and its effects on the heart during chick embryogenesis. Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided into; control, saline injected and four experimental groups injected with single doses of 5, 25, 50 or 75 µM of CdCl2. Histological observations of the heart before hatching and the cardiomyocytes after hatching were recorded. Morphometric measurements of heart chambers were achieved at 3, 4 and 6 days of incubation. Electrocardiograph and respiratory rate were recorded at tenth day. Different cardiac problems had been brought on by Cd. In comparison to controls, the heart looked much larger, and in certain cases, growth retardation was seen. Degeneration in heart walls and malformations of dorsal aorta were noticed. Morphometrically, the width and wall thickness of heart chambers showed significant changes. Heart beats and respiratory rate significantly decreased compared to control. The cardiotoxic effect of Cd on heart compartments structure and function was dose dependent. One of Cd toxicity is its ability to induce cellular oxidative stress. The heart in particular is sensitive to oxidative stress. Cardiac oxidative stress might intensify heart failure and promote disease progression. Calcium is one of the components that is needed for normal heart work. Cd might interfere with calcium metabolism by removing it from the body.