bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of radio jets associated with quasar outflows and feedback
Authors: Jarvis Miranda E.
Published: March 2020

We have identified that radio jets are commonly associated with “radiative mode” feedback in quasars. By performing a systematic multi-wavelength study of z < 0.2 quasars, we have found that 70–80% of our sample of ‘radio-quiet’ type 2 quasars, which host kpc-scale ionized gas outflows, exhibit radio jet structures. Here, we discuss our results on the pilot sample of 10 objects that combine high resolution (∼ 0.25 - 1 arcsec) radio imaging at 1-7 GHz with optical IFU observations. Our results demonstrate that it is extremely common for jets to be spatially and kinematically linked to kpc-scale ionized gas kinematics in such quasars. Therefore, radio jets may be an important driver of outflows during ‘radiative mode’ feedback, apparently blurring the lines between the traditional divisions of feedback modes.
The intermediate-power population of radio galaxies: morphologies and interactions
Authors: Worrall Diana M. , Duffy Ryan T. , Birkinshaw Mark
Published: March 2020

Radio galaxies of intermediate power dominate the radio-power injection in the Universe as a whole, due to the break in the radio luminosity function, and so are of special interest. The population spans FR I, FR II, and hybrid morphologies, resides in a full range of environmental richness, and sources of all ages are amenable to study. We describe structures and interactions, with emphasis on sources with deep high-resolution Chandra X-ray data. As compared with low-power sources there is evidence that the physics changes, and the work done in driving shocks can exceed that in evacuating cavities. A range of morphologies and phenomena is identified.
Dust and polarization of cold clumps
Authors: Juvela Mika
Published: March 2020

The Planck catalogue of Galactic cold clumps, PGCC, contains sources of ongoing and future star formation. The data show clear variations also in their dust properties.

We use Planck polarization measurements to investigate the polarization fraction in PGCC clumps and the relative orientation of filamentary structures and magnetic fields (Alina et al. 2017). The decrease of polarization fraction as a function of column density can be related to the field geometry but also suggest some loss of grain alignment.

PGCCs have been studied with ground-based observations (Liu et al. 2018). The first SCUBA-2/POL-2 polarization studies have targeted the infrared dark cloud G35.39-0.33. The magnetic field is found to be mostly perpendicular to the main filament. The plane-of-the-sky field strength is
$\sim 50\mu \,{\rm{G}}$
, a noticeable support against gravity. The polarization fraction decreases with increasing column density. This matches predictions of RAT grain alignment models but the relative contribution of the field morphology is hard to quantify (Juvela et al. 2018).

We continue to use MHD simulations to study the same phenomena, with synthetic observations of clumps and filaments.
Signposts of shock-induced magnetic field compression in star-forming environments
Authors: Wiesemeyer Helmut
Published: March 2020

In star-forming environments, shock-compressed magnetic fields occur in cloud-cloud collisions, in molecular clouds exposed to supernova remnants (SNRs), and in photo-dissociation regions (PDRs). Besides their dynamical role, they increase the cosmic ray flux above the Galactic average, and the trapped particles contribute to the heating of the shocked gas. The associated dust emission is polarized perpendicularly to the sky plane projection of the field, Bsky. In edge-on viewed shock planes, highly ordered polarization patterns are expected. In search of such a signature, the dust emission from the Orion bar (a prototypical PDR) and from a molecular cloud/SNR interface (IC443-G) was studied with a λ870μm polarimeter at the APEX (Wiesemeyer etal 2014 and references therein). While our polarization map of OMC1 confirms the hourglass shape of Bsky (e.g., Schleuning 1998, Houde etal 2004), a deep integration towards the Orion bar reveals an alignment of Bsky with the shock forming in response to the wind and to the ionizing radiation from the Trapezium cluster (Fig. 1). This structure suggests a compressed magnetic field accelerating cosmic-ray particles, a scenario proposed by [Pellegrini et al. (2009)] to explain the high excitation temperature of rotationally warm H2 and CO (Shaw et al. 2009, Peng et al. 2012, respectively).
Observations of magnetic fields in Herbig Ae/Be stars
Authors: Schöller Markus , Hubrig Swetlana
Published: March 2020

Models of magnetically driven accretion reproduce many observational properties of T Tauri stars. For the more massive Herbig Ae/Be stars, the corresponding picture has been questioned lately, in part driven by the fact that their magnetic fields are typically one order of magnitude weaker. Indeed, the search for magnetic fields in Herbig Ae/Be stars has been quite time consuming, with a detection rate of about 10% (e.g. Alecian et al. 2008), also limited by the current potential to detect weak magnetic fields. Over the last two decades, magnetic fields were found in about twenty objects (Hubrig et al. 2015) and for only two Herbig Ae/Be stars was the magnetic field geometry constrained. Ababakr, Oudmaijer & Vink (2017) studied magnetospheric accretion in 56 Herbig Ae/Be stars and found that the behavior of Herbig Ae stars is similar to T Tauri stars, while Herbig Be stars earlier than B7/B8 are clearly different. The origin of the magnetic fields in Herbig Ae/Be stars is still under debate. Potential scenarios include the concentration of the interstellar magnetic field under magnetic flux conservation, pre-main-sequence dynamos during convective phases, mergers, or common envelope developments. The next step in this line of research will be a dedicated observing campaign to monitor about two dozen HAeBes over their rotation cycle.
Seeking for magnetic fields in rotating disk/jets with ALMA polarimetry
Authors: Bacciotti Francesca , Girart Josep Miquel , Padovani Marco
Published: March 2020

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is providing important advances in studies of star formation. In particular, polarimetry can reveal the disk magnetic configuration, a crucial ingredient in many processes, as, for example, the transport of angular momentum. We analized ALMA Band 7 (870 μm) polarimetric data at 0.”2 resolution for the young rotating disk/jet systems DG Tau and CW Tau, to find magnetic signatures. From the Stokes I, U, Q maps, we derive the linear polarization intensity,
$P = \sqrt {{Q^2} + {U^2}} $
, the linear polarization fraction, and the polarization angle. The alignment of the latter with the disk minor axis (Fig. 1) shows that self-scattering of dust thermal emission rather than magnetic alignment dominates the polarization in both targets (Bacciotti et al. 2018). However, several dust properties can be diagnosed comparing the polarization data with the models of self-scattering (e.g. Kataoke et al. 2017, Yang et al. 2017). The maximum grain size turns out to be in the range 50 - 70 μm for DG Tau and 100 - 150 μm for CW Tau. The asymmetry of the polarized intensity in DG Tau, observed for the first time around a T Tauri star, indicates that the disk is flared. Moreover, the observed belt-like feature may betray the presence of a disk substructure. In contrast, the polarization maps of CW Tau indicate that here the grains have settled to the disk midplane. Polarimetry is thus very important in studies of the dust evolution.
The accretion process in the magnetic Herbig Ae star HD 104237
Authors: Schöller Markus , Pogodin Mikhail A.
Published: March 2020

After successfully retrieving the known rotation period P = 42.076 d in the Herbig Ae star HD 101412 using spectroscopic signatures of accretion tracers (Schöller et al.2016), we have studied magnetospheric accretion in the Herbig Ae SB2 system HD 104237 using spectroscopic parameters of the He i 10830, Paγ, and He i 5876 lines, formed in the accretion region. Employing 21 spectra obtained with ISAAC and X-shooter, we found that the temporal behavior of these parameters can be explained by a variable amount of matter being accreted in the region between the star and the observer. Using a periodogram analysis, we examined the possible origin of the accretion flow in HD 104237 and considered the following four scenarios: matter flows from the circumbinary envelope, mass exchange between the system’s components, magnetospheric accretion (MA) from the disk onto the star, and fast high-latitude accretion from a disk wind onto a weakly magnetized star. Based on a correlation analysis, we were able to show that the primary component is responsible for the observed emission line spectrum of the system. Since we do not find any correlation of the spectroscopic parameters with the phase of the orbital period (P ≍ 20 d), we can reject the first two scenarios. We found a variation period of about 5 d, which likely represents the stellar rotation period of the primary and favors the MA scenario.
Magnetic fields and massive star formation
Authors: Zhang Qizhou
Published: March 2020

Massive stars (
${\rm{M}} > \,8{M_ \odot }$
) often form in parsec-scale molecular clumps that collapse and fragment, leading to the birth of a cluster of stellar objects. The role of magnetic fields during the formation of massive dense cores is still not clear. The steady improvement in sensitivity of (sub)millimeter interferometers over the past decade enabled observations of dust polarization of large samples of massive star formation regions. We carried out a polarimetric survey with the Submillimeter Array of 14 massive star forming clumps in continuum emission at a wavelength of 0.89 mm. This unprecedentedly large sample of massive star forming regions observed by a submillimeter interferometer before the advent of ALMA revealed compelling evidence of strong magnetic influence on the gas dynamics from 1 pc to 0.1 pc scales. We found that the magnetic fields in dense cores tend to be either parallel or perpendicular to the mean magnetic fields in their parental molecular clumps. Furthermore, the main axis of protostellar outflows does not appear to be aligned with the mean magnetic fields in the dense core where outflows are launched. These findings suggest that from 1 pc to 0.1 pc scales, magnetic fields are dynamically important in the collapse of clumps and the formation of dense cores. From the dense core scale to the accretion disk scale of ∼102 au, however, gravity and angular momentum appear to be more dominant relative to the magnetic field.
On the History and Present Situation
Authors: Peebles P. J. E.
Published: March 2020

A common thought in the 1950s was that galaxies rotate because they are remnants of primeval currents, as in turbulence. But this idea is quite unacceptable in an expanding universe described by general relativity theory. Since we are no smarter now than in the 1950s the lesson I draw is that we do well on occasion to pause to consider whether we might be missing something. An example is the pure disk galaxies that are so common nearby and so rare in simulations. We have something to learn from this.
Emerging Angular Momentum Physics from Kinematic Surveys
Authors: Colless Matthew
Published: March 2020

I review the insights emerging from recent large kinematic surveys of galaxies at low redshift, with particular reference to the SAMI, CALIFA and MaNGA surveys. These new observations provide a more comprehensive picture of the angular momentum properties of galaxies over wide ranges in mass, morphology and environment in the present-day universe. I focus on the distribution of angular momentum within galaxies of various types and the relationship between mass, morphology and specific angular momentum. I discuss the implications of the new results for models of galaxy assembly.
The Fundamental Physics of Angular Momentum Evolution in a ΛCDM Scenario
Authors: Pedrosa Susana
Published: March 2020

Galaxy formation is a very complex process in which many different physical mechanisms intervene. Within the LCDM paradigm processes such as gas inflows and outflows, mergers and interactions contribute to the redistribution of the angular momentum content of the structures. Recent observational results have brought new insights and also triggered several theoretical studies. Some of these new contributions will be analysed here.
Oxygen abundance profiles with MUSE: Radial gradients and widespread deviations
Authors: Sánchez-Menguiano Laura , Sánchez Sebastián F. , Pérez Isabel
Published: March 2020

This study has been published in Sánchez-Menguiano et al. (2018). We encourage the reader to that article for more details on the study and the results.
Structure and evolution of metallicity and age radial profiles in Milky-Way-like galaxies
Authors: Athanassoula E.
Published: March 2020

I will give here a very short summary of some of the work I have been doing lately on the chemical evolution in Milky-Way-like spiral galaxies.
Magnetism in the Early Universe
Authors: Kahniashvili Tina , Brandenburg Axel , Kosowsky Arthur , Mandal Sayan , Roper Pol Alberto
Published: March 2020

Blazar observations point toward the possible presence of magnetic fields over intergalactic scales of the order of up to ∼1 Mpc, with strengths of at least ∼10−16 G. Understanding the origin of these large-scale magnetic fields is a challenge for modern astrophysics. Here we discuss the cosmological scenario, focussing on the following questions: (i) How and when was this magnetic field generated? (ii) How does it evolve during the expansion of the universe? (iii) Are the amplitude and statistical properties of this field such that they can explain the strengths and correlation lengths of observed magnetic fields? We also discuss the possibility of observing primordial turbulence through direct detection of stochastic gravitational waves in the mHz range accessible to LISA.
Constraining magnetic fields in galaxy clusters
Authors: Bonafede Annalisa , Stuardi Chiara , Savini Federica , Vazza Franco , Brüggen Marcus
Published: March 2020

Magnetic fields originate small-scale instabilities in the plasma of the intra-cluster medium, and may have a key role to understand particle acceleration mechanisms. Recent observations at low radio frequencies have revealed that synchrotron emission from galaxy clusters is more various and complicated than previously thought, and new types of radio sources have been observed. In the last decade, big steps forward have been done to constrain the magnetic field properties in clusters thanks to a combined approach of polarisation observations and numerical simulations that aim to reproduce Faraday Rotation measures of sources observed through the intra-cluster medium. In this contribution, I will review the results on magnetic fields reached in the last years, and I will discuss the assumptions that have been done so far in light of new results obtained from cosmological simulations. I will also discuss how the next generation of radio instruments, as the SKA, will help improving our knowledge of the magnetic field in the intra-cluster medium.
General Features of Solar Cycle 24
Authors: Gursoy Fulin , Canbay Remziye
Published: March 2020

In this study, using the data of Istanbul University Observatory, general features of Solar Cycle 24 are presented.
Large-scale transport of solar and stellar magnetic flux
Authors: Işık Emre
Published: March 2020

Surface flux transport (SFT) models have been successful in reproducing how magnetic flux at the solar photosphere evolves on large scales. SFT modelling proved to be useful in reconstructing secular irradiance variations of the Sun, and it can be potentially used in forward modelling of brightness variations of Sun-like stars. We outline our current understanding of solar and stellar SFT processes, and suggest that nesting of activity can play an important role in shaping large-scale patterns of magnetic fields and brightness variability.
Solar Irradiance: Instrument-Based Advances
Authors: Kopp Greg
Published: March 2020

Variations of the total solar irradiance (TSI) over long periods of time provide natural Earth-climate forcing and are thus important to monitor. Variations over a solar cycle are at the 0.1 % level. Variations on multi-decadal to century timescales are (fortunately for our climate stability) very small, which drives the need for highly-accurate and stable measurements over correspondingly long periods of time to discern any such irradiance changes. Advances to TSI-measuring space-borne instruments are approaching the desired climate-driven measurement accuracies and on-orbit stabilities. I present a summary of the modern-instrument improvements enabling these measurements and present some of the solar-variability measurement results from recent space-borne instruments, including TSI variations on timescales from solar flares and large-scale convection to solar cycles.
Hands on the Stars
Authors: Ortiz-Gil Amelia , García Beatriz , Proust Dominique
Published: March 2020

Hands on the Stars is a long-term project developed by the IAU Commission C1 Education and Development of Astronomy and its WG3 Astronomy for Equity and Inclusion with the goal of creating the first international comparative list of astronomical words in as many sign languages as possible.
A 3D Universe? Students’ and professors’ perception of multidimensionality
Authors: Eriksson Urban , Steffen Wolfgang
Published: March 2020

This paper discusses the importance of learning to understand the three-dimensionality of astronomical objects, in particular nebulae. After collecting data from students’ and professors’ discernment of 3D we finds that this is difficult for both students and professors, which highlights the importance of addressing extrapolating three-dimensionality in astronomy education.
Evaluating Quality in Education: NASE new metrics
Authors: Ros Rosa M. , Garca Beatriz
Published: March 2020

The Learning Services Management System of the Network for the Education of Astronomy in the School (IAU-NASE) has been developed following the guidelines of the ISO 29990: 2013 Standard, which understands on the “Learning services for non-formal education and training’’, and which aims to improve quality of learning services and facilitate comparison on worldwide basis.
A Pilot Project to Evaluate the Effect of the Pale Blue Dot Hypothesis
Authors: Venugopal Ramasamy , Fukushima Kodai
Published: March 2020

Astronomy and Space topics are perceived as holding universal fascination. It is widely considered that exposure to such topics inspires people, changes their perspective and leads to an uptake in science and STEM subjects. But very rarely is the impact of such communication evaluated rigorously and scientifically. There is a need for more rigorous evaluation methods which would reveal the successes and failures of current methods and tools of astronomy communication and whether they might lead to any inadvertent harm. The IAU Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) and Hosei University together with the South African Astronomical Observatory conducted a randomised controlled trial (RCT) in Cape Town, South Africa to test whether exposure to an astronomy intervention affects empathy and altruism in children. The pilot demonstrated that it is possible to use such methods to evaluate impact of science communication in an inexpensive manner.
The Columba-Hypatia Project: Astronomy for Peace
Authors: Fragkoudi Francesca
Published: March 2020

“Columba-Hypatia: Astronomy for Peace” is a joint astronomy outreach project by GalileoMobile and the Association for Historical Dialogue and Research (AHDR) which takes place on the divided island of Cyprus. The project aims to inspire young people, through astronomy, to be curious about science and the cosmos, while also using astronomy as a tool for promoting meaningful communication and a Culture of Peace and Non-violence. We conduct educational astronomy activities and explore the cosmos with children and the public, bringing together individuals from the various communities of Cyprus ‘under the same sky’ to look beyond borders and inspire a sense of global citizenship.
Scope for Citizen Science and Public Outreach Projects in the Developing World
Authors: Sekhar Aswin
Published: March 2020

Both science public outreach and citizen science projects have gained immense momentum in the western world in recent years. This work aims to outline some ongoing and possible future projects in the developing world on this front. Cooperation and collaboration with IAU-OAD is envisaged.
Applying astronomy tools in the field of development economics
Authors: Chingozha T. , von Fintel D.
Published: March 2020

Astronomy has largely relied on imagery and innovative data mining techniques. This article briefly illustrates the use of machine learning to create agricultural production data sets from satellite imagery to answer different development questions. Of late, astronomy has also relied on citizen science in the identification of new galaxies (a case in point is the Galaxy Zoo project). The use of citizen science in the examination of changes in urban informality patterns in developing countries (another development question) is also discussed.
The ‘Netflix plus model’: can subscription financing improve access to medicines in low- and middle-income countries?
Authors: Cherla Avi , Howard Natasha , Mossialos Elias
Published: March 2020

At present, pay for prescription models are insufficient at containing costs and improving access to medicines. Subscription financing through tenders, licensing fees and unrestricted or fixed volumes can benefit stakeholders across the supply chain. Pharmaceutical manufacturers can reduce the need for marketing expenses and gain certainty in revenue. This will decrease costs, improve predictability in budget expenditure for payers and remove price as a barrier of access from patients. Inherently, low- and middle-income countries lack the purchasing power to leverage price discounts through typical price arrangements. These markets can realise substantial savings for branded and generic medicines through subscription financing. Procuring of on-patent and off-patent drugs requires separate analysis for competition effects, the length of contract and encouraging innovation in the medicine pipeline. Prices of competitive on-patent medicines and orphan drugs can be reduced through increased competition and volume. Furthermore, pooling expertise and resources through joint procurement has the potential for greater savings. Incentivising research and development within the pharmaceutical industry is essential for sustaining a competitive market, preventing monopolies and improving access to expensive treatments. However, technical capacity, forecasting demand and the quality of generic medicines present limitations which necessitate government support and international partnerships. Ultimately, improving access requires progressive financing mechanisms with patients and cost containment in mind.
Englacial Architecture and Age‐Depth Constraints Across the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Ashmore David W. , Bingham Robert G. , Ross Neil , Siegert Martin J. , Jordan Tom A. , Mair Douglas W. F.
Published: March 2020

The englacial stratigraphic architecture of internal reflection horizons (IRHs) as imaged by ice‐penetrating radar (IPR) across ice sheets reflects the cumulative effects of surface mass balance, basal melt, and ice flow. IRHs, considered isochrones, have typically been traced in interior, slow‐flowing regions. Here, we identify three distinctive IRHs spanning the Institute and Möller catchments that cover 50% of West Antarctica's Weddell Sea Sector and are characterized by a complex system of ice stream tributaries. We place age constraints on IRHs through their intersections with previous geophysical surveys tied to Byrd Ice Core and by age‐depth modeling. We further show where the oldest ice likely exists within the region and that Holocene ice‐dynamic changes were limited to the catchment's lower reaches. The traced IRHs from this study have clear potential to nucleate a wider continental‐scale IRH database for validating ice sheet models.
Martian Water Ice Clouds During the 2018 Global Dust Storm as Observed by the ACS‐MIR Channel Onboard the Trace Gas Orbiter
Authors: Stcherbinine A. , Vincendon M. , Montmessin F. , Wolff M. J. , Korablev O. , Fedorova A. , Trokhimovskiy A. , Patrakeev A. , Lacombe G. , Baggio L. , Shakun A.
Published: March 2020

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) instrument onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) European Space Agency‐Roscosmos mission began science operations in March 2018. ACS Mid‐InfraRed (MIR) channel notably provides solar occultation observations of the Martian atmosphere in the 2.3‐ to 4.2‐
m spectral range. Here, we use these observations to characterize water ice clouds before and during the MY 34 Global Dust Storm (GDS). We developed a method to detect water ice clouds with mean particle size
2 
m and applied it to observations gathered between
and
. We observe a shift in water ice cloud maximum altitudes from about 60 km before the GDS to above 90 km during the storm. These very high altitude, small‐sized (
m) water ice clouds are more frequent during MY 34 compared to non‐GDS years at the same season. Particle size frequently decreases with altitude, both locally within a given profile and globally in the whole data set. We observe that the maximum altitude at which a given size is observed can increase during the GDS by several tens of kilometers for certain sizes. We notably notice some large water ice particles (
m) at surprisingly high altitudes during the GDS (50–70 km). These results suggest that GDS can significantly impact the formation and properties of high‐altitude water ice clouds as compared to the usual perihelion dust activity.
B cells control lupus autoimmunity by inhibiting Th17 and promoting Th22 cells
Authors: Yang Ji , Yang Xue , Wang Luman , Li Ming
Published: March 2020

B cells exert immunosuppressive effects and offer therapeutic potential for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the mechanism remains unclear. Here we analyzed the B cell regulation of Th17/Th22 cell differentiation in lupus and found that α-IgM- and α-CD40-activated B cells could inhibit Th17 and promote Th22 cell differentiation from naive T cells under Th17 cell culture conditions. B cell-induced Th22 cells demonstrated immunosuppressive effects and could decrease renal endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, activated B cell infusion relieved lupus injuries via IL-22 production in vivo. Mechanically, activated B cells affected Th17/Th22 cell differentiation by non-contact TNF-α secretion and mTOR activation. Finally, activated B cells could affect Th17/Th22 cell differentiation in human peripheral blood T cells. These data suggest that activated B cells might attenuate lupus autoimmunity by inhibiting Th17 but promoting Th22 cell differentiation, supporting B cell activation as a promising therapeutic for the treatment of lupus.
YY1lo NKT cells are dedicated IL-10 producers
Authors: Darcy Patrick W. , Denzin Lisa K. , Sant’Angelo Derek B.
Published: March 2020

Co-expression of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is required for the full function of the transcription factor, PLZF, which is essential for the development of natural killer T cell (NKT cell) effector functions. Discordant expression of YY1 and PLZF, therefore, might define NKT cell subsets with distinct effector functions. A subset of NKT cells was identified that expressed low levels of YY1. YY1loNKT cells were found in all tissues, had a mature phenotype and, distinct from other NKT cells, expressed almost no ThPOK or Tbet. When activated, YY1loNKT cells produced little IL-4 or IFN-γ. YY1loNKT cells were found to constitutively transcribe IL-10 mRNA and, accordingly, produced IL-10 upon primary activation. Finally, we find that tumor infiltrating NKT cells are highly enriched for the YY1losubset. Low YY1 expression, therefore, defines a previously unrecognized NKT cell subset that is committed to producing IL-10.
Interspecies comparison of simultaneous thrombin and plasmin generation
Authors: Tarandovskiy Ivan D. , Shin Hye Kyung H. , Baek Jin Hyen , Karnaukhova Elena , Buehler Paul W.
Published: March 2020

Animal models of hemostasis are often extrapolated to humans; however, only a few studies have compared coagulation and fibrinolysis across species. Simultaneous thrombin (TG) and plasmin (PG) generation is useful to assessing coagulation and fibrinolysis within the same sample. In this study, we performed simultaneous TG and PG analysis in blood plasma samples from humans and 6 species commonly evaluated in pre-clinical research. TG and PG were investigated in male and female donor platelet-poor plasmas (PPP) obtained from 28 healthy humans, 10 baboons, 12 rhesus monkeys, 20 Yorkshire pigs, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats, 10 New Zealand White rabbits and 14 Hartley guinea pigs. The continuous generation of the 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) from substrates specific to thrombin or plasmin was monitored. The thrombin and plasmin concentration peak heights (PH) and production rates (PR) were calculated. TG and PG parameters from baboon and rhesus macaque plasma approximated that of humans. The other species differed significantly from both human and non-human primates. For example, swine and rat plasmas demonstrated similar TG, but swine plasmas did not generate plasmin. TG and PG parameters from Guinea pig samples were extremely low, while rabbit plasmas showed variable PG curves demonstrating one or two peaks with low and high PR values, respectively. Correlations between PH and PR values were significant with the exceptions of human PG, baboon TG, rat TG and Guinea pig PG. These findings are informative to pre-clinical animal species selection and optimization of coagulation and fibrinolysis translational research.
Uptake routes of microplastics in fishes: practical and theoretical approaches to test existing theories
Authors: Roch S. , Friedrich C. , Brinker A.
Published: March 2020

Microplastics are frequently detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of aquatic organisms worldwide. A number of active and passive pathways have been suggested for fish, including the confusion of microplastic particles with prey, accidental uptake while foraging and transfer through the food chain, but a holistic understanding of influencing factors is still lacking. The aim of the study was to investigate frequently suggested theories and identify relevant biotic factors, as well as certain plastic properties, affecting microplastic intake in fish. Four species of freshwater fish, each representing a different combination of foraging style (visual/chemosensory) and domestic status (wild/farmed) were exposed to different realistic plastic concentrations and polymer types with and without the provision of genuine food. As most previous investigations of microplastic uptake routes consider only particles large enough to be perceptible to fish, the potential for accidental intake via drinking water has been somewhat neglected. This route is evaluated in the current study using a model approach. The results show that visually oriented fish forage actively on microplastic particles that optically resemble their usual food, while fish with a predominantly chemosensory foraging style are more able to discriminate inedible food items. Even so, the accidental uptake of microplastics while foraging is shown to be relevant pathway, occurring frequently in both visual and chemosensory foragers alike. Several factors were shown to increase plastic uptake, including microplastic concentration in the water, foraging behaviour promoted by availability of genuine food, and fish size. Although both wild and farmed fish ingested microplastic particles, cultured fish showed less discernment in terms of colour and were more likely to forage actively on microplastics when no food was available. Drinking has been identified as a possible source of microplastic intake specifically for large marine fish species. Particles smaller than <5 µm can pass the gastrointestinal tract wall and bioaccumulation could arise when uptake exceeds release or when particles are assimilated in tissues or organs. The effects of accumulation may be significant, especially in long-living species, with implications for food web transfer and fish as food items.
Agreement between PDL1 immunohistochemistry assays and polymerase chain reaction in non-small cell lung cancer: CLOVER comparison study
Authors: Tsimafeyeu Ilya , Imyanitov Evgeny , Zavalishina Larisa , Raskin Grigory , Povilaitite Patrisia , Savelov Nikita , Kharitonova Ekaterina , Rumyantsev Alexey , Pugach Inna , Andreeva Yulia , Petrov Alexey , Frank Georgy , Tjulandin Sergei
Published: March 2020

The goal of the CLOVER study was to perform a pairwise comparison of four tests based on the same patient population with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): three validated PDL1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays (Ventana SP142, Ventana SP263, Dako 22C3) and one PCR test. Four hundred seventy-three NSCLC samples were obtained from a biobank and were stained using PDL1 IHC assays. Four trained pathologists independently evaluated the percentage of tumor cells (TC) and immune cells (IC) that stained positive at any intensity. PDL1 transcripts were quantified in 437 patients by a standard Taqman RT-PCR assay using SDHA as a reference gene. A concordance analysis was performed to assess (1) the correlation of TC and IC between different assays and (2) the predictive properties of one test for another. “High” RNA expression was detected in 187 of 437 (43%) patients. The percentage of PDL1-positive cells (≥1%) was higher among the IC than the TC in all IHC three assays. The Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) for TC were 0.71, 0.87, and 0.75 between 22C3/SP142, 22C3/SP263, and SP263/SP142, respectively. The PCC for IC were 0.45, 0.61, and 0.68 for the same pairs. A low correlation was observed between the PCR test and each of the three IHC assays; however, if a patient tested low/negative by PCR, then they were likely to test negative by any single IHC test with a high probability (92–99%). Among patients who tested positive by PCR, only 9–45% tested positive by IHC assays. There was excellent positive and negative agreement (>91%) between 22C3 and SP263 staining using the recommended individual cutoffs for first-line treatment. PCR RNA expression analysis is not equivalent to IHC. However, this method may have some potential for the identification of PDL1-negative tumors. 22C3 could be considered as a substitute for SP263 in first-line treatment.
Low and high stimulation frequencies differentially affect automated response selection in the superior parietal cortex – implications for somatosensory area processes
Authors: Friedrich Julia , Beste Christian
Published: March 2020

Response inhibition as a central facet of executive functioning is no homogeneous construct. Interference inhibition constitutes a subcomponent of response inhibition and refers to inhibitory control over responses that are automatically triggered by irrelevant stimulus dimensions as measured by the Simon task. While there is evidence that the area-specific modulation of tactile information affects the act of action withholding, effects in the context of interference inhibition remain elusive. We conducted a tactile version of the Simon task with stimuli designed to be predominantly processed in the primary (40 Hz) or secondary (150 Hz) somatosensory cortex. On the basis of EEG recordings, we performed signal decomposition and source localization. Behavioral results reveal that response execution is more efficient when sensory information is mainly processed via SII, compared to SI sensory areas during non-conflicting trials. When accounting for intermingled coding levels by temporally decomposing EEG data, the results show that experimental variations depending on sensory area-specific processing differences specifically affect motor and not sensory processes. Modulations of motor-related processes are linked to activation differences in the superior parietal cortex (BA7). It is concluded that the SII cortical area supporting cognitive preprocessing of tactile input fosters automatic tactile information processing by facilitating stimulus-response mapping in posterior parietal regions.
Leaching mechanism of bioapatite in carbonate-saturated water
Authors: Dallos Zsolt , Kis Viktória Kovács , Kristály Ferenc , Dódony István
Published: March 2020

Bioapatite, the main inorganic component of bone, is similar to hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca5[PO4]3(OH)) having some [CO3]2− content which plays an important role in leaching/precipitation processes in many biological lesions.
Tungsten carbide layers deposited on graphite substrates via a wet powder process as anti-parasitic-reaction coatings for reactor components in GaN growth
Authors: Nakamura Daisuke , Kimura Taishi , Itoh Kenji , Fujimoto Naoki , Nitta Shugo , Amano Hiroshi
Published: March 2020

Catalytic tungsten carbide coatings provide multi-functional (w/ anti-parasitic-reaction and protective functions) reactor components for growth of large GaN crystals.
Insights from semi-oriented EPR spectroscopy studies into the interaction of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with cellulose
Authors: Ciano Luisa , Paradisi Alessandro , Hemsworth Glyn R. , Tovborg Morten , Davies Gideon J. , Walton Paul H.
Published: March 2020

Semi-orientated EPR spectroscopy reveals that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases interact with their natural cellulose substrate in a specific way, where the copper active site is positioned adjacent to the edge of a crystalline cellulose fibril.
Construction of a polyMOF using a polymer ligand bearing the benzenedicarboxylic acid moiety in the side chain
Authors: Yazaki Kohei , Takahashi Masaki , Miyajima Naoya , Obata Makoto
Published: March 2020

Here we report a new synthetic strategy of a polyMOF consisting of a side chain ligand polymer. The polyMOF was consisting of a crystalline MOF-like structure in the polymer despite its film form.
DNA thermotropic liquid crystals controlled by positively charged catanionic bilayer vesicles
Authors: Liu Huizhong , Wang Ling , Hu Yuanyuan , Huang Ziang , Sun Ying , Dong Shuli , Hao Jingcheng
Published: March 2020

We report DNA thermotropic liquid crystal (TLC) formation by positively charged catanionic surfactant bilayer vesicles.
A superamphiphobic surface with a hydrogen peroxide-triggered switch to antithetic fluid repellence in a liquid–liquid–air three-phase fluid system
Authors: Sun Yihan , Huang Jinxia , Guo Zhiguang
Published: March 2020

Fluid repellence in one arbitrary phase for repelling the other two phases in a generalized liquid–liquid–air system was achieved on a hydrogen peroxide-treated surface.
Preparation of efficient inverted tin-based perovskite solar cells via the bidentate coordination effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline
Authors: Lin Zhuojia , Liu Cong , Liu Gengling , Yang Jia , Duan Xiaopeng , Tan Licheng , Chen Yiwang
Published: March 2020

High-performance and stable tin-based perovskite solar cells have been prepared via the bidentate coordination effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline.
Correction: Predictable spectroscopic properties of type-II ZnTe/CdSe nanocrystals and electron/hole quenching
Authors: Long Tongqing , Cao Jun , Jiang Zhong-Jie
Published: March 2020

Correction for ‘Predictable spectroscopic properties of type-II ZnTe/CdSe nanocrystals and electron/hole quenching’ by Tongqing Long et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019, 21, 5824–5833.
Correction: Enhancement of electron accepting ability of para-benzoquinone by a single water molecule
Authors: Mensa-Bonsu Golda , Lietard Aude , Verlet Jan R. R.
Published: March 2020

Correction for ‘Enhancement of electron accepting ability of para-benzoquinone by a single water molecule’ by Golda Mensa-Bonsu et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019, 21, 21689–21692.
0D/2D spatial structure of CdxZn1−xS/Ni-MOF-74 for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Li Mei , Li Junke , Jin Zhiliang
Published: March 2020

A novel zero-dimensional/two-dimensional CdxZn1−xS/Ni-MOF-74 (CZS/NMF) heterojunction was rationally constructed via a simple hydrothermal and physical mixing method.
Development of REE-doped CaWO4single crystals as reference materials forin situmicroanalysis of scheeliteviaLA-ICP-MS
Authors: Ke Yuqiu , Zhou Jianzong , Yi Xiaoqing , Sun Yijian , Shao Jianfeng , You Shiyong , Wang Wei , Tang Yunzhi , Tu Chaoyang
Published: March 2020

REE-doped CaWO4single crystals as reference materials forin situmicroanalysis of scheeliteviaLA-ICP-MS.
Correction: Online laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for metal-particle powder flow analysis during additive manufacturing
Authors: Sdvizhenskii P. A. , Lednev V. N. , Asyutin R. D. , Grishin M. Ya. , Tretyakov R. S. , Pershin S. M.
Published: March 2020

Correction for ‘Online laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for metal-particle powder flow analysis during additive manufacturing’ by P. A. Sdvizhenskii et al., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2020, 35, 246–253.
Magnetically recoverable silica catalysed solvent-free domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels–Alder reaction to access divergent chromenones
Authors: Suri Mrinaly , Hussain Farhaz Liaquat , Gogoi Chinu , Das Pankaj , Pahari Pallab
Published: March 2020

A silica catalyzed solvent-free three-component domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels–Alder (DKHDA) reaction between 1,3-dicarbonyl, aldehydes/ketones, and alkenes/alkynes leading to chromenones, dihydrochromenones and spirochromenones has been described.
SNPs in folate pathway are associated with the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate, a meta-analysis
Authors: Li Qiuyan , Xu Lidan , Jia Xueyuan , Saleem Komal , Zaib Tahir , Sun Wenjing , Fu Songbin
Published: March 2020

Background: Prenatal intake of folic acid is important for prevention of NSCL/P (nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate). Associated genes in folate pathway are major enzymes of folic acid metabolism that is crucial for preventing birth defects. The present meta-analysis aims to investigate the association between four SNPs in folate pathway genes and the risk of NSCL/P.

Methods: Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the functional pathogenicity of genetic variation. The PubMed, Embase database and Google Scholar were searched by two researchers. Stata 11.0 software was used to analyze the results. Subgroup analysis was carried out to assess the influence of genetic background. Sensitivity analysis, regression analysis and publication analysis were also conducted to enhance the strength of our results.

Results: It is estimated that the probability of two missense mutation rs1801133 in MTHFR and rs1801394 in MTRR are more likely to be damaging by bioinformatics analysis. A significant association between rs1801133 and risk of NSCL/P in two genetic models: TT genotype vs CC genotype (OR = 1.333 95%CI = 1.062–1.674, P = 0.013), and recessive model (OR = 1.325 95%CI = 1.075–1.634, P = 0.008). A significant protective association between rs1801394 GG genotype and NSCL/P in Asian (GG vs AA, OR = 0.520 95%CI = 0.321–0.841, P = 0.008) was observed. Meta-regression, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias analysis confirmed that the results of the present study were statistically significant.

Conclusions: The present study identified that rs1801133 in MTHFR is associated with the risk of NSCL/P, and rs1801394 GG genotype in MTRR play a protective role in Asian. Further, larger studies should be performed to confirm these findings.
Contact analysis for dual peg-in-hole assembly of automobile alternator frame
Authors: Zhou Bo , Liu Lijun , Chen Guangyuan
Published: March 2020

The modeling and analysis of the assembly contact problems in the picking and placement of the automobile alternator frame are carried out in the multi-station processing. According to the three-dimensional assembly characteristics of the actual alternator frame and the fixture, the assembly model in the drilling and milling station is simplified. The alternator frame and fixture assembly problem as a whole is simplified to a dual peg-in-hole assembly problem. All possible one-point contact states and two-point contact states during the assembly process are proposed(L-1)∼(R-10). The contact force analysis is carried out on the typical one-contact state L-1 and the typical two-point contact state L-5, and the relationship between the corresponding assembly forces Fx, Fy, Fz and the assembly moments Mx, My, Mz is obtained. According to the relationship between these assembly forces and assembly moments, the corresponding jamming diagrams are obtained. Finally, according to the three-dimensional size of the actual alternator frame, the experimental verification was carried out by using a 6-DOF force/moment sensor. The experimental results confirmed the validity of the analysis. Technical support is provided for the assembly of automobile alternator frames based on force sensing control for the follow-up work.
Scheduling job shop problems with operators with respect to the maximum lateness
Authors: Benkalai Imène , Rebaine Djamal , Baptiste Pierre
Published: March 2020

This paper deals with the problem of assigning operators to jobs, within a free assignment-changing mode, in a job-shop environment subject to a fixed processing sequence of the jobs. We seek an assignment of operators that minimizes the maximum lateness. Within this model, a job needs an operator during the entire duration of its processing. We show that the problem is 𝒩𝒫-hard when the number of operators is arbitrary and exhibit polynomial time algorithms for the cases involving one and two operators, respectively.
Thorakale zentralvenöse Obstruktionen und arteriovenöser Zugang
Authors: Burbelko Michael
Published: March 2020

Benigne zentralvenöse thorakale Obstruktionen haben bei Hämodialysepatienten eine hohe Prävalenz. Die symptomatischen Stenosen führen zur Verschlechterung der Lebensqualität sowie zu Dysfunktionen der arteriovenösen Dialysezugänge bis hin zum Verschluss. Auch eine Implantation eines zentralvenösen Katheters kann dadurch erschwert oder unmöglich gemacht werden. Zu den Risikofaktoren zählen in erster Linie ein Vorhandensein oder eine Vorgeschichte eines zentralvenösen Katheters oder einer Schrittmachersonde. Die Diagnose kann meistens aufgrund der typischen Symptomatik vermutet werden, die digitale Subtraktionsangiografie bleibt als bildgebende Methode der Goldstandard der Diagnostik. Asymptomatische Patienten profitieren nicht von einer prophylaktischen Behandlung, diese kann oft zur raschen morphologischen und klinischen Progredienz der Stenose führen. Endovaskuläre Techniken stellen die primäre Therapieoption dar, die chirurgischen Maßnahmen sind Patienten ohne endovaskuläre Therapieoptionen vorbehalten. Die Standardtherapie ist die repetitive perkutane Ballonangioplastie. Eine Insertion eines nicht ummantelten Metallstents kann bei einem elastischen Recoiling bzw. bei einem Frührezidiv sinnvoll sein. Ein Einsatz eines Stentgrafts sollte in selektierten Fällen abgewogen werden. Der Stellenwert der neuen Techniken, wie die Anwendung dedizierter venöser Stents bzw. medikamentenbeschichteter Ballons, sollte im Rahmen von randomisierten Studien geprüft werden.
Aussagekräftige Methoden zur Einschätzung des Geburtsfortschrittes
Authors: von Moers Franziska
Published: March 2020

Bachelorarbeit | Angesichts hoher Interventionsraten bei Gebärenden mit niedrigem Ausgangsrisiko ist die Entscheidungsgrundlage für Interventionen neu zu hinterfragen. Die Beurteilung des Geburtsfortschrittes beeinflusst maßgeblich den Einsatz von Medikation und mechanischen Interventionen. Die vaginale Untersuchung als zentraler Parameter für das Voranschreiten der Geburt steht in der Fachwelt auf dem Prüfstand. Die Autorin identifiziert mögliche Alternativen zur Beurteilung des Geburtsfortschrittes und leitet Empfehlungen für die Geburtsbetreuung durch Hebammen ab.