bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of 8p22-23-rs2254546 Genotypes with Coronary Artery Status and Resistance to Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Iranian Children with Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Hassas Yeganeh Mehrnoush , Mahdavi Tolue , Firoozfar Alireza , Saeedi Seyed Arman , Shirvani Armin , Dehghanifard Ali , Rhmani Khosro , Jari Mohsen , Hajian Shabnam , Shiari Reza
Published: February 2021

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a frequent cause of acquired heart disease in infants and young children, which may be triggered by infectious agents, with the highest incidence in Asian countries. Several genotypes are identified as susceptibility genes for KD, but none is known in the Iranian population. Objectives: Due to the racial differences in the frequency and significance of the identified genes, we aimed to investigate the 8p22-23-rs2254546 genotypes in a sample of Iranian children and their association with aneurysm and resistance to treatment. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 100 children with KD as the sample group were compared with 100 matched unrelated healthy Iranian children with no history of KD or immune-related disease. The control subjects were ethnically recruited from the same hospital at the time of a routine physical examination. The 8p22-23-rs2254546 genotypes were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing techniques, and the frequency of the three genotypes (GA, AA, and GG) was reported. Finally, the frequency of aneurysm and IVIG resistance was reported, and their associations with 8p22-23-rs2254546 genotypes were tested by SPSS software. Results: Of 100 patients with a mean age of 1.9 ± 1.7 (0.1 - 10.2) years, 57% were boys and 43% were girls. Of them, 62% had GG, 30% GA, and 8% AA genotypes. Besides, 21% of the studied patients were resistant to IVIG, and 19% had aneurysm, but resistance to IVIG and aneurysm was not associated with GG and GA genotypes of 8p22-23-rs2254546 (P = 0.29 and 0.88, respectively). Conclusions: The majority of the children with KD were shown to have this genetic susceptibility, which shows the importance of the 8p22-23-rs2254546 genotype in Iranian children. However, this genotype was not associated with the risk of resistance to IVIG and aneurysm.
Cost-Effectiveness of Active Screening for Early Identification of HIV in Injection Drug Users
Authors: Bordbar Shima , Joulaei Hassan , Jafari Abdosaleh , Askarian Mehrdad , Palenik Charles John , Hatam Nahid
Published: February 2021

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a behavioral disorder that can be detected via two methods, including active and passive screening. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of screening strategies of HIV/AIDS among injection drug users (IDUs) referring to the voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) center and drop-in center (DIC) of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This was a cross-sectional cost-effectiveness analysis to compare the cost-effectiveness of the two active and passive screening methods in 2015. The decision tree model, along with the TreeAge11 software, was used to analyze the data. Results: The averages of cost and effectiveness were $989 and 987 subjects in the active screening method while they were $1,767 and 209 subjects in the passive screening method, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) to early-diagnosed and averted cases was $855/39 for the active screening method and $1528/90 for the passive screening method. According to the findings of the study, the active screening method is more cost-effective than its passive counterpart. Conclusions: According to the findings of the study, the active screening method is more cost-effective than its passive counterpart, and it is recommended to be used in these cases.
Estimating Signal Timing of Actuated Signal Control Using Pattern Recognition under Connected Vehicle Environment
Authors: Hao Ruochen , Wang Ling , Ma Wanjing , Yu Chunhui
Published: February 2021

The Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) message is an important input for research and applications of Connected Vehicles (CVs). However, the actuated signal controllers are not able to directly give the SPaT information since the SPaT is influenced by both signal control logic and real-time traffic demand. This study elaborates an estimation method which is proposed according to the idea that an actuated signal controller would provide similar signal timing for similar traffic states. Thus, the quantitative description of traffic states is important. The traffic flow at each approaching lane has been compared to fluids. The state of fluids can be indicated by state parameters, e.g. speed or height, and its energy, which includes kinetic energy and potential energy. Similar to the fluids, this paper has proposed an energy model for traffic flow, and it has also added the queue length as an additional state parameter. Based on that, the traffic state of intersections can be descripted. Then, a pattern recognition algorithm was developed to identify the most similar historical states and also their corresponding SPaTs, whose average is the estimated SPaT of this second. The result shows that the average error is 3.1 seconds.
Potential Travel Time Reduction with Autonomous Vehicles for Different Types of Travellers
Authors: Hamadneh Jamil , Esztergár-Kiss Domokos
Published: February 2021

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) have been designed to make changes in the travel behaviour of travellers. These changes can be interpreted using transport models and simulation tools. In this study, the daily activity plans were used to study the possibility of increasing the utility of travellers through minimizing the travel time by using AVs. Three groups of travellers were selected based on the benefits that they can obtain when AVs are on the market. The groups are (a) long-trip travellers (b) public transport riders, and (c) travellers with specified characteristics. Each group is divided into one or more scenarios based on the definition of each group and the collected data. A total of seven scenarios were derived from the collected data and simulated twice to include the existing transport modes and the presence of AVs. The simulations were conducted using Multi-Agents Transport Simulation (MATSim) that applies the concept of a co-evolutionary algorithm. MATSim simulates the current plans and the ones where AVs replace all or part of the existing conventional transport modes in the daily activity plans. The results have shown a reduction in the trip time: 13% to 42% for group (a), 33% for group (b), and 16% to 28% for group (c) compared with the original trip times. In conclusion, it can be claimed that AVs could reduce the travel time in all cases, which provides benefits for people to increase their utilities.
Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity are preserved in a mouse model of cerebral microvascular amyloidosis
Authors: Munting Leon P , Derieppe Marc , Suidgeest Ernst , Hirschler Lydiane , van Osch Matthias JP , Denis de Senneville Baudouin , van der Weerd Louise
Published: February 2021

Impaired cerebrovascular function is an early biomarker for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a neurovascular disease characterized by amyloid-β accumulation in the cerebral vasculature, leading to stroke and dementia. The transgenic Swedish Dutch Iowa (Tg-SwDI) mouse model develops cerebral microvascular amyloid-β deposits, but whether this leads to similar functional impairments is incompletely understood. We assessed cerebrovascular function longitudinally in Tg-SwDI mice with arterial spin labeling (ASL)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) over the course of amyloid-β deposition. Unexpectedly, Tg-SwDI mice showed similar baseline perfusion and cerebrovascular reactivity estimates as age-matched wild-type control mice, irrespective of modality (ASL or LDF) or anesthesia (isoflurane or urethane and α-chloralose). Hemodynamic changes were, however, observed as an effect of age and anesthesia. Our findings contradict earlier results obtained in the same model and question to what extent microvascular amyloidosis as seen in Tg-SwDI mice is representative of cerebrovascular dysfunction observed in CAA patients.
Wattpad in Youth Literature Based on the Experiences of Turkish Teachers and Secondary School Students
Authors: Başoğul Duygu Ak
Published: February 2021

This study aims to discover the view, opinion, perception and experiences of Turkish teachers and secondary school students towards Wattpad, an online literacy community, to interpret them educationally, to determine the reasons for their use and to interpret the main plot of youth literature on the axis of changing reading perception/behavior and expectations of youth. It is foreseen that the study has comparatively discussed literature-education and new reading types on the axis of the teacher and student, the direct participants of learning-teaching within this scope, and therefore fills the gap in the literature. The research design is phenomenology, one of the qualitative research designs. Data obtained through semi-structured interviews from Turkish teachers and secondary school students were subjected to content analysis. The findings of the study are as follows: Youth enjoy spending long time on Wattpad via their phones and feel themselves free. They think that the application develops reading and writing habits; read and write mainly about love and science fiction; prefer digital reading over printed books and/or classics; comment and criticize books/articles with their peers. Turkish teachers have educational concerns and do not find appropriate for youth to spend time on this platform; because it includes violence, sexuality etc. Therefore, it can be said that there is a conflict and a difference of opinion between teachers and youth.
The Effect of Student Centered Listening/Speaking Activities on Turkish Listening Speaking Skills of Bilingual Students
Authors: Tunagür Muhammed , Kardaş Naif , Kardaş Mehmet Nuri
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of student-centered listening-speaking activities developed by the researcher on Turkish listening and speaking skills of bilingual Arabian students. In the study, control group experimental design was applied. The subjects were a group of Arabianic 6th graders at a secondary school in Bitlis, Turkey. Students in the experimental group (n=20) were given a total of 24 hours of training which took 12 weeks for 2 hours per week in the spring semester of the 2018-2019 academic year, utilizing listening-speaking training activities developed by the researcher. On the other hand in the control group (n=18), training was provided in accordance with the education curriculum of the Turkish Ministry of National Education (MEB) within the specified period. Listening Skills Self-Assessment Scale (LSSAS) and Turkish Speaking Skills Scale (TSSS) were used to collect pretest and post-test data. The Listening Skills Self-Assessment Scale (LSSAS), was completed by the students in the pre/posttest. The Turkish Speaking Skills Scale (LSSS) was completed by the researchers in the pretest and post-test while the students were making their speech. Based on the results of independent samples t-test, it was concluded that the listening-speaking training carried out with the student-centered activities positively affected the Turkish speaking and listening skills of the bilingual Arabian students.
Classroom Teachers’ Awareness of their Civil and Professional Rights and Freedoms in Context of Educational Law Literacy
Authors: Hareket Erdem
Published: February 2021

This research was carried out with the aim of determining the awareness of the primary school teachers towards the rights of the owners in context of educational law literacy. The research group consists of 428 primary school teachers who work in schools in the city center of Kırıkkale and determined using the criterion sampling technique. The research is designed in accordance with the qualitative research approach and has a holistic single case study design. In the process of obtaining research data, the questionnaire form and the semi-structured interview form were used. The analysis of the research data was carried out using the content analysis method. As a result of the research, it was concluded that primary school teachers have less awareness about the rights based on teaching professions. In addition, it has been observed that teachers do not have enough discrimination awareness about the rights they have due to the basic human rights and teaching profession. So we can say that research findings shows that teachers’ educational law literacy profiles are not expected and should be improved. In the research, it has been concluded that teachers need professional law-related education and education of human rights. As a result of the research, these findings have been discussed from various perspectives and some suggestions which are based on reality have been put forward.
Turkish as a Foreign Language Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Assessment and Evaluation
Authors: Boylu Emrah
Published: February 2021

The aim of this research is to determine teachers’ attitude levels towards assessment and evaluation who teach Turkish as a foreign language and to examine them in terms of various variables. Survey method, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the research. Teachers (n=233) who teach Turkish in various institutions participated in the research. “Personal Information Form” prepared by researchers and “Assessment and Evaluation Attitude Scale for Teachers” developed by Tezci (2019) were used as data collection tools in the research. As a result of the research, it was determined that on average the Turkish teachers’ attitude scores towards assessment and evaluation is at a “high” level with 4.11. In addition, a significant difference was found between the Turkish teachers’ attitudes towards assessment and evaluation and the variables such as professional experience, receiving training for assessment and evaluation in language teaching, analising of prepared exams in terms of assessment and evaluation and evaluation and perceiving themselves as literate in assessment and evaluation. No significant difference was found between the attitudes of those who teach Turkish towards assessment in terms of the faculty they graduated from, the institutions where they were employed, regular exam preparation status, the hardest skill to assess, and the hardest skill to evaluate. Although attitudes of teachers towards assessment and evaluation are found at a “high” level in the research, taking into consideration the fact that there are many deficiencies in terms of assessment and evaluation in teaching Turkish as a foreign language and 46% of the teachers in this study consider themselves moderately literate in terms of assessment and evaluation, suggestions were made that it is necessary to work on what other factors affect teachers’ assessment and evaluation literacy
Sleep disturbance and its association with quality of life among psychiatric nurses in China
Authors: Lu Li , Lok Ka-In , Zhang Qinge , Zhang Ling , Xiang Yifan , Ungvari Gabor S. , Hall Brian J. , An Feng-Rong , Xiang Yu-Tao
Published: February 2021

Background

Sleep disturbance is associated with a number of negative adverse outcomes. This study examined the prevalence of sleep disturbance and its association with demographic and clinical characteristics and quality of life (QOL) in psychiatric nurses in China.

Methods

This is a multi-center, cross-sectional study involving 11 psychiatric hospitals in China. Three types of sleep disturbance (difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS) and early-morning awakening (EMA)) and QOL were measured by standardized questions or instruments.

Results

A total of 1,847 psychiatric nurses participated. The overall prevalence of at least one type of sleep disturbance was 71.5% (95% CI [69.3–73.5]); the prevalence of DIS, DMS and EMA was 58.5% (95% CI [56.2–60.8]), 53.7% (95% CI [51.4–56.0]) and 54.6% (95% CI [52.3–56.9]), respectively. Nurses with sleep disturbance had significantly lower QOL in physical (F(1, 1,846) = 219.12, P < 0.001), psychological (F(1, 1,846) = 72.18, P < 0.001), social (F(1, 1,846) = 37.57, P < 0.001) and environmental domains (F(1, 1,846) = 95.45, P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that shift work (DIS, OR = 1.6, 95% CI [1.28–1.98]; DMS, OR = 1.2, 95% CI [1.001–1.54]; EMA, OR = 1.3, 95% CI [1.02–1.58]) and alcohol use (DIS, OR = 1.8, 95% CI [1.46–2.32]; DMS, OR = 1.8, 95% CI [1.43–2.23]; EMA, OR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.33–2.07]) were positively associated with sleep disturbance, while higher monthly income (DIS, OR = 0.5, 95% CI [0.38–0.75]; DMS, OR = 0.7, 95% CI [0.51–0.98]) was negatively associated with sleep disturbance.

Conclusion

Sleep disturbance was common among nurses in psychiatric hospitals in China, particularly those on shifts and having alcohol use. Health authorities should develop effective measures to reduce risk of sleep disturbance in this population.
Impact of Efflux Pump Inhibitor Carbonyl-Cyanide M-Chlorophenylhydrazone in Multidrug Resistant AcinetobacterSpecies Isolates from Sterile Body Fluids
Authors: Raza Shahid , Gautam Hitender , Maheshwari Bhavna , Mohapatra Sarita , Sood Seema , Dhawan Benu , Kapil Arti , Das Bimal Kumar
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii(A. baumannii) are rapidly emerging, becoming non-responsive to most of the commonly prescribed antibiotics and leaving us with few treatment options and galloping treatment costs. Aim: To study the effect of Efflux Pump Inhibitor (EPI) Carbonyl Cyanide 3-Chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on Multidrug Resistance (MDR) A. baumannii isolates from different sterile body fluids. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 Acinetobacter species isolates from different sterile body fluids i.e., Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), ascitic fluid, pleural fluid, and peritoneal fluid were collected and identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation-Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF), Biomerieux, France. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of A. baumannii was determined by automated VITEK-2 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) system (Biomerieux, France). In addition, MIC of the isolates, grown on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) plate with 15 μg/mL with EPI CCCP (Sigma Aldrich, US) was determined. For Tigecycline, MIC was determined by Broth Microdilution (BMD) method. Results: Out of 40 isolates, 34 (85%) were A. baumannii and 6 (15%) were Acinetobacter junii. Most of the Acinetobacter spps were MDR and only susceptible to few antibiotics. Most effective antibiotic was Tigecycline 25 (73.52%) followed by Co-trimoxazole 10 (29.41%). Similarly, Out of 40 isolates, 2 to 64 folds reductions in MIC was observed due to CCCP in 10 (25%) isolates for various antibiotics. Likewise, for Tigecycline, 2 to 4 folds reductions in MIC value (One strain changed from intermediate to sensitive) was observed by VITEK-2 AST which corroborated with reduction in MIC by BMD after addition of CCCP. Conclusion: MDR A. baumannii are spreading rapidly. There is the need to overcome the antimicrobial resistance by investigating resistance inhibiting substance that will help to restore antimicrobial susceptibility and bringing back the existing antibiotics in prescription.
Ethnopharmacological Survey on Medicinal Plants for the Dengue Hemolytic Infections in Selected Regions in Sri Lanka
Authors: Siriwardhene Malitha Aravinda , Attygalle Devika Dharshani , Seneviratne Vajira , Priyadarshanie Wathsala , Bandaranayake Dayawansa
Published: February 2021

Aims: To conduct an Ethnopharmacological survey on medicinal plants and, to make an inventory of plant species used in the treatment of Dengue Hemolytic Infection in Deshiya Chikithsa (an autochthonous traditional system of medicine) in Sri Lanka.

Study Design:  This was a quantitative and qualitative ethnopharmacological survey.

Place and Duration of Study: Eleven selected districts in Sri Lanka covering Western, Sothern, and Mountain hill rages of the country, between January 2018 and January 2019.

Methodology: Semi-structured validated questionnaires were administered to 173 traditional practitioners in selected eleven districts of Sri Lanka. Plants were categorized based on plant parts used and method of preparation and were used to analyze and summarize the collected data. Quantitative ethnobotanical tools used to claim and prove the use of medicinal plants for Dengue Hemolytic Infection were Frequency index (FI), Use Value for one species ( ) and the species Use Value index for one informant (UVIF).

Results: The survey identified 180 plant species belongs to 76 families. Approximately 33.6% of the plant species identified were used as air-dried flowers and 30.0% of plants are prepared by aqueous decoction. The most used plants were Carica papaya L. (43.9), Coriandrum sativum L. (37.0), Mollugo cerviana L. (34.1), and Zingiber officinale L. (31.2). As calculated by Use Value for one species, Carica papaya L., Coriandrum sativum L. and Mollugo cerviana L., were reported to be of the highest  value above 0.25. There were 5.5% plant species with above 0.20 of  value, and 6.1% plant species were above 0.20 species Use Value index for one informant (UVIF). This signifies the highest relative use of these plants among the respondents and the highest number of uses of those species in the treatment of Dengue hemolytic infection.

Conclusion: According to the analysis, it can be concluded that medicinal plants identified in this study are reported here for the first time concerning their use for Dengue Infection except Carica papaya L. Therefore, this documented information on the medicinal plants used in Deshiya Chikithsa system of medicine in Sri Lanka may be used as baseline data for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies.
Apresentação do Dossiê 10: Dispositivos Estatais e Construção Social dos Mortos
Authors: Medeiros Flavia Santos , Hattori Marcia Lika
Published: February 2021

A compreensão dos processos histórico-sociais da maneira como o Estado se estrutura e operacionaliza a morte no processo de construção dos mortos tem sido desenvolvida mais recentemente, sendo o presente dossiê uma contribuição aos estudos desse campo. Aqui reunimos análises dedicadas a descrever regimes técnicos e morais que se alinhavam nas instituições, tornando visíveis e enunciáveis as diferentes suturas que produzem mortos, desde suas derivações, transformações e mutações. Visibilidade e enunciação que, como descreve Deleuze (1990), se combinam com linhas de força e de subjetivação e, também, com brechas, fissuras e fraturas, que ora se entrecruzam, ora se misturam. Nesse movimento contínuo, histórico e social, acabam "por dar uma nas outras, ou suscitar outras, por meio de variações ou mesmo mutações de agenciamento". Descrever e analisar tais dispositivos é uma forma de explicar como se mobiliza um regime de saber, poder e subjetivação sobre a morte, que se vê indizível e invisível, e que age no sentido de produzir um controle sobre os mortos, de modo a construir socialmente sujeitos matáveis, objetos irrastreáveis, corpos extermináveis, populações vulneráveis e territórios marginais.
Methanopyria corrig.
Authors: Shao Nana , Akinyemi Taiwo S. , Whitman William B.
Published: February 2021

Me.tha.no.py'ria. N.L. masc. n.
Methanopyrus
type genus of the type order; suff.
‐ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Methanopyria
the
Methanopyrales
class.

Euryarchaeota / Methanopyria corrig.

The class currently consists of one order
Methanopyrales
, one family
Methanopyraceae
, one genus
Methanopyrus
, and one species
Methanopyrus kandleri
. Cells are rods and nonsporulating. Cell division by septum formation. Cell wall consists of an inner pseudomurein and an outer proteinaceous S‐layer. Gram‐stain‐positive. Strictly anaerobic. Growth is chemolithoautotrophic with H
2
/CO
2
converted to CH
4
as energy‐forming reaction. Growth optimum near pH 6.5. Hyperthermophilic. No growth occurs below 84°C. Optimum growth temperature, 98–100°C. Occur in deep‐sea hydrothermal fields.
Entomoplasmataceae
Authors: Gasparich Gail E. , Brown Daniel R.
Published: February 2021

En.to.mo.plas.ma.ta.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Entomoplasma
type genus of the family; −
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Entomoplasmataceae
the
Entomoplasma
family.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Entomoplasmatales / Entomoplasmataceae

Cells are usually coccoid or occur as short, branched or unbranched, pleomorphic, and nonhelical filaments. Filterable through membranes with a mean pore diameter of 220–450 nm. Cells lack a cell wall and are bounded only by a plasma membrane. Nonmotile. Facultatively anaerobic. The temperature range for growth varies from 10 to 37°C, with the optimum usually at 30°C. The typical colony has a “fried‐egg” appearance. Chemoorganotrophic; acid is produced from glucose, with evidence of a phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent sugar transport system(s) in some members. Arginine and urea are not hydrolyzed. The organisms may require serum or cholesterol for growth or may grow in serum‐free media plus 0.04% polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The genome sizes range from 790 to 1140 kb.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 26–34.

Type genus
:
Entomoplasma
Tully et al. 1993
VP
.
Calditrichaceae
Authors: Bonch‐Osmolovskaya Elizaveta A. , Kublanov Ilya V.
Published: February 2021

Cal.di.tri.cha.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Caldithrix
, type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. the
Caldithrix
family.

Calditrichota / Calditrichia / Calditrichales / Calditrichaceae

The family
Calditrichaceae
accommodates the genera
Caldithrix
and
Calorithrix
, which are represented by Gram‐negative, motile or nonmotile, and rod‐shaped bacteria. Members of the genus
Caldithrix
are capable of forming round protrusions. These are neutrophilic, moderately thermophilic, and anaerobic bacteria, which grow by fermentation of peptides or carbohydrates. Some representatives are able to grow by nitrate respiration using molecular hydrogen or acetate as the electron donors and forming ammonium as the end product. Members of the
Calditrichaceae
inhabit submarine hot vents, either shallow water or deep sea. The family belongs to the class
Calditrichia,
order
Calditrichales
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 43.3–47.3 (
T
m
and genome sequence).

Type genus
:
Caldithrix
Miroshnichenko et al. 2003
VP
.
Kordiimonadaceae
Authors: Xu Xue‐Wei , Xu Lin
Published: February 2021

Kor.di.i.mo.na.da.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Kordiimonas
type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Kordiimonadaceae
the family of
Kordiimonas
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Kordiimonadales / Kordiimonadaceae

Cells are rods which occur singly or in chains. Gram‐stain‐negative. Most of them are motile by means of a polar flagellum or lateral flagella. Endospores are not observed. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Weakly mesophilic with optimal growth usually occurring between 20 and 37°C. Chemoorganoheterotrophic. The major respiratory quinone is ubiquinone‐10 (Q‐10). The pattern of polar lipids typically consists of phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified glycolipids, aminolipids, and lipids. The major fatty acids are iso‐C
17:1
ω
9
c
and summed feature 3 (C
16:1
ω
7
c
and/or iso‐C
15:0
2‐OH). The family forms a monophyletic cluster in neighbor‐joining phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA. It currently accommodates two genera,
Kordiimonas
and
Eilatimonas
. Members of this family were isolated from marine environments, including seawater, marine sediments, and marine fauna.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 50.3–60.3 (genome, LC and
T
m
).

Type genus
:
Kordiimonas
Kwon et al. 2005
VP
.
Candidimonas
Authors: Manaia Célia M. , Vaz‐Moreira Ivone , Nunes Olga C.
Published: February 2021

Can.di.di.mo'nas. L. masc. adj.
candidus
white; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Candidimonas
a unit (rod) that produces white colonies.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Candidimonas

Rods
, non‐spore‐forming, Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile or motile by polar flagella.
Aerobic
or facultatively aerobic chemoorganotrophic respiratory metabolism.
Mesophilic
with optimal growth at around 30°C. Growth can occur in the psychrophilic range of 1–5°C. Reacts positively for the catalase and cytochrome
c
oxidase tests. Sole carbon sources include amino acids and organic acids. Glucose can be oxidized or assimilated but not fermented. Anaerobic growth can be observed in the presence of nitrate. Depending on the species, nitrate is reduced to nitrite or nitrogen. The major respiratory quinone is
ubiquinone 8
, and the DNA G + C content ranges 62–65 mol%. Fatty acid composition is variable among species, with C
16:0
predominating in all species, and C
17:0
cyclo, summed feature 3 (C
16:1
ω7
c
and/or iso‐C
15:0
2‐OH), C
18:1
ω7
c
, and summed feature 2 (C
14:0
3‐OH and/or iso‐C
16:1
I) represented among the major components in the validly named species. The polar lipids comprise phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and some minor unidentified aminophospholipids and aminolipids. Phylogenetically, the genus
Candidimonas
belongs to the family
Alcaligenaceae
. The type species is
Candidimonas nitroreducens
, and the genus includes also
Candidimonas humi
and
Candidimonas bauzanensis
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 61.6–65.2.

Type species
:
Candidimonas nitroreducens
Vaz‐Moreira et al. 2011
VP
.
Schlegelella
Authors: Nunes Olga C. , Manaia Célia M. , Vaz‐Moreira Ivone
Published: February 2021

Schle.gel.el'la. L. fem. dim. ending ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. n.
Schlegelella
named in honor of H. G. Schlegel, a pioneer in PHA research.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Schlegelella

Short rods
0.8–2.8 μm long and 0.4–0.6 μm wide.
Motile
.
Gram‐negative
. Nonsporulating.
Aerobe
. Moderately thermophilic or mesophilic, with optimal growth occurring at 45–50°C or 30–37°C, respectively.
Chemoorganotroph
. Accumulates polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Catalase and cytochrome
c
oxidase variable. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
and cyclo‐C
17:0
or C
16:1
ω7
c
and/or C
16:1
ω6
c
, depending on the species. The type species is
Schlegelella thermodepolymerans
.
Schlegelella aquatica
and
Schlegelella brevitalea
are two other species with validly published names.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 69.2–70.0 (HPLC) or 67.5–70.3 (genome analysis, GenBank).

Type species
:
Schlegelella thermodepolymerans
Elbanna et al. 2003
VP
.
Ruminiclostridium
Authors: Wu Kejia , Cheng Lei
Published: February 2021

Ru.mi.ni.clos.tri'di.um. L. neut. n.
rumen
, rumen; N.L. neut. n.
Clostridium
, a bacterial genus; N.L. neut. n.
Ruminiclostridium
, a
Clostridium
from the rumen.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Hungateiclostridiaceae / Ruminiclostridium

The genus
Ruminiclostridium
, which now contains six the species are validly published names and two subspecies, is embedded in the
Hungateiclostridiaceae
family,
Clostridiales
order, and
Clostridia
class of the
Firmicutes
phylum.

Species of the genus
Ruminiclostridium
are strictly anaerobic, spore forming, straight or slightly curved rods, and motile. Optimum growth normally occurs under mesophilic temperatures (28–45°C) and around neutral pH. The species utilize cellulose, cellobiose, glucose, and xylose as carbon and energy sources. The products formed from cellulose fermentation are H
2
, CO
2
, acetate, and ethanol. The genomic size range is 4.1–6.4 Mb, and the G + C content is in a narrow range of 36–42 mol%. The interspecies 16S rRNA sequence similarities of the genus
Ruminiclostridium
are 95.6 ± 3.5%. Known habitats are rumens, decayed plants, guts of termites, rice straw residues, and paper mill effluents.

DNA G + C content (mol
%): 36–42 (
T
m
, HPLC).

Type species
:
Ruminiclostridium cellobioparum
(Hungate 1944) Zhang et al. 2018
VP
(
Clostridium cellobioparum
Hungate 1944).
Halofilum
Authors: Xia Jun , Du Zong‐Jun
Published: February 2021

Ha.lo.fi'lum. Gr. masc. n.hals,halossalt; L. neut. n.filum, a thread; N.L. neut. n.Halofilum, a salt‐loving bacterium with a linear cell.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Ectothiorhodospiraceae / Halofilum

Halofilumis a genus within the familyEctothiorhodospiraceae, orderChromatiales, classGammaproteobacteria, and phylumProteobacteria. It currently includes only one species –Halofilum ochraceum. Cells ofHalofilum ochraceumare rod shaped, long, Gram‐stain‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic, catalase‐positive, and oxidase‐negative. Optimal growth is observed at 33–37°C, pH 7.5–8.0, and 8–10% (w/v) NaCl. No growth occurs in the absence of NaCl. Nitrate is reduced, but nitrite is not. The major cellular fatty acids are C16:1ω7c/iso‐C15:02‐OH, C18:0, and C16:010‐CH3, and the main ubiquinone system is Q‐8. The major polar lipids comprise diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. The current known habit is marine solar saltern.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 65.9 (HPLC).

Type species:Halofilum ochraceumXia et al. 2017VP.
Aliivibrio
Authors: Urbanczyk Henryk
Published: February 2021

A.li.li.vi'bri.o. L. masc. adj.
alius
other, another; N.L. masc. n.
Vibrio
a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.
Aliivibrio
the other
Vibrio
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Vibrionales / Vibrionaceae / Aliivibrio

The genus
Aliivibrio
accommodates six species. Cells are Gram‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile by means of polar flagella, and rod shaped. Strains are oxidase‐positive, fermentative, and able to grow on glucose as the sole carbon source. Require NaCl for growth, with optimal concentration 1–3% (w/v). Some strains are luminous. The major fatty acids are C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and C
16:1
ω8
c
. Found in marine environment, some strains form mutualistic symbioses with marine fish and squids, and some are pathogens of fish.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 38–42 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Aliivibrio fischeri
Urbanczyk et al. 2007
VP
(
Photobacterium fischeri
Beijerinck 1889,
Vibrio fischeri
Lehmann and Neumann 1896).
Transitions in aggression among children: Effects of gender and exposure to online violence
Authors: Chiang Jeng‐Tung , Chang Fong‐Ching , Lee Kun‐Wei
Published: February 2021

This study assessed aggression statuses and transitions among children and examined the effects that gender and exposure to online violence can exert on aggression. A sample of 2155 children recruited from 30 primary schools in Taipei, Taiwan completed surveys in both 2015 (5th grade) and 2016 (6th grade). Latent transition analysis (LTA) was performed, and the results identified three latent statuses of aggression: “None,” “School aggression,” and “Cyber‐aggression.” About 10% of children behaved aggressively. When in their 5th‐grade year, boys were more likely than girls to be a school aggressor (6.48% vs. 4.04%) or a cyber‐aggressor (2.37% vs. 1.64%). Among boys who originally were considered to be a school aggressor, 36.19% remained so, 58% renounced their school aggression status, and 5.81% became a cyber‐aggressor. Among girls who originally were considered to be a cyber‐aggressor, 22.23% remained so, 68.29% renounced their cyber‐aggression status, and 9.48% became a school aggressor. Controlling for student's academic performance, household income, and parents' marital status, exposure to online violence was a statistically significant predictor of aggression status for both boys and girls. Children's exposure to online violence appeared to increase the risk of aggression.
Jail may force methadone patient to detox when she goes in next week
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2021

Christine M. Finnigan, after 20 years with untreated opioid use disorder (OUD), entered treatment with methadone in August 2019. Next week, she is due to enter DuPage County Jail in Illinois for 30 days for a 2016 DUI conviction. The jail and Sheriff James Mendrick have not indicated that they will let her continue her methadone treatment — in fact, the jail's policy and practice is to refuse to provide medication‐assisted treatment (MAT), under its “de facto Mandatory Withdrawal policy.” So the Legal Action Center (LAC) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) have sued to make sure she does get the treatment.
Plight of Brattleboro Retreat highlights challenges for institutions
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: February 2021

Addressing numerous crises that have even included some talk of a potential closure, Vermont's largest addiction and mental health treatment organization continues to adjust to conditions that appear to be making stand‐alone substance use treatment services less supportable.
Risks and benefits of new benzodiazepine black box
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2021

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is requiring a black box warning for benzodiazepines, which is warranted for some reasons but could cause unintended consequences, Matthew E. Hirschtritt, M.D., M.P.H., from California has warned. In addition to the new black box, which would explicitly “address the serious risks of abuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions” among this class of medications, the FDA is modifying prescribing information, direction physicians to.
House releases proposal for use of extra $1.75 billion in for SAPT BG
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2021

Last week, the House Energy and Commerce Committee released a draft bill that was to be considered part of a COVID‐19 package on Feb. 11. The draft bill would allocate $1.75 billion to the Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment (SAPT) block grant and would allow states until Sept. 30, 2025, to spend that money.
Suppressive Myeloid Cells Shape the Tumor Immune Microenvironment
Authors: Xiong Jia , Wang Hui , Wang Qingqing
Published: February 2021

Cancer is the outcome of the conflict between the host immune system and cancer cells. The crosstalk between immune cells and tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences tumor progression and metastasis. Many studies have clarified the cellular and molecular events that can induce cancer cells to escape immune surveillance, including those involving tumor‐induced myeloid cell‐mediated immunosuppression. Emerging evidence indicates that tumor‐infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs) accelerate tumor growth and induce angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance once converted into potent immunosuppressive cells. Here, how tumor infiltrating myeloid cells participate in tumor immune evasion and the prospects of these cells in cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
Demonstration of Environmentally Stable, Broadband Energy Dissipation via Multiple Metal Cross‐Linked Glycerol Gels
Authors: Cazzell Seth Allen , Duncan Bradley , Kingsborough Richard , Holten‐Andersen Niels
Published: February 2021

Rapid damping of interfaces experiencing vibrations is critical to the performance of many complex mechanical systems ranging from airplanes to human bodies. Current synthetic materials utilized in vibration damping are limited by either their damping frequency range, tunability, or environmental stability. Here, it is shown how single metal ion cross‐linked hydrogels exhibit tunable damping across a large frequency range and multiple metal ion hydrogels exhibit broadband damping within a single material. Additionally, an enhanced resistance to freezing and dehydration is shown with the use of glycerol as a cosolvent. It is expected that material design principles presented here will help advance the development of programmable damping materials better able to meet the demands of sustained operation under broad environmental conditions.
Stretchable and Ultrasensitive Intelligent Sensors for Wireless Human–Machine Manipulation
Authors: Zhang Hongjian , Han Wenqi , Xu Kui , Lin Huijuan , Lu Yufei , Liu Haodong , Li Ruizi , Du Yuhang , Nie Zhentao , Xu Feng , Miao Ling , Zhu Jixin , Huang Wei
Published: February 2021

Metallic two‐dimensional conductive nanomaterials are extensively explored in stretchable strain sensors, which have promising applications ranging from health monitoring to human–machine manipulation. However, there are limited materials available in this category, and their sensing abilities need to be strengthened. Herein, a controllable deoxidation–nitridation strategy via the pyrolysis of an amine nitrogen source to synthesize oxygen‐doped vanadium nitride (VNO) nanosheets with high conductivity is reported. Its metallic characteristics and low dimensionality, together with layer‐to‐layer slippage make VNO particularly suitable for stretchable strain sensors with remarkable performance, including extraordinary sensitivity (a maximum gauge factor of 2667), wide detection range (0–100%), high durability (over 6000 cycles), and rapid response (44 ms). Furthermore, the strain sensors can capture various physiological signals; in particular, a state‐of‐the‐art wireless vehicle control system designed for differently abled people is fabricated based on the sensors. Moreover, by engineering the thickness of the VNO layer, it can behave as an elastic conductor, demonstrating its feasibility for stretchable wiring.
3D Patterning within Hydrogels for the Recreation of Functional Biological Environments
Authors: Primo Gastón A. , Mata Alvaro
Published: February 2021

Biological structures are inherently complex in nature. Structural hierarchy, chemical anisotropy, and compositional heterogeneity are ubiquitous in biological systems and play a key role in the functionality of living systems. For decades, methods such as soft lithography have enabled recreation of such arrangements through precise spatial control of molecular patterns in 2D. With technological advances and increasing understanding of molecular and structural biology, there has been an increasing interest in recreating such spatial organizations in 3D. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the latest technologies being used to create 3D patterns of functional molecules within hydrogels for tissue engineering applications is presented. The review is divided into five groups of technologies defined according to the main driving force used to fabricate the patterns including light, precise chemical design, microfluidics, 3D printing, and non‐contact forces (i.e. electric, magnetic, or acoustic fields and self‐assembly).
A Triple Axial Chirality, Racemic Molecular Semiconductor Based on Thiahelicene and Ethylenedioxythiophene for Perovskite Solar Cells: Microscopic Insights on Performance Enhancement
Authors: Zheng Aibin , Xie Xinrui , Wang Yiming , Xu Niansheng , Zhang Jing , Yuan Yi , Wang Peng
Published: February 2021

For the low‐cost fabrication of large‐area, durable perovskite solar cells, it is of pivotal importance to engineer organic semiconducting films with a combined property of matched energy level, sufficiently large conductivity, high glass transition temperature, and excellent solution processability. Toward this goal, herein an in silico tailored molecular semiconductor (T5HE‐OMeTPA) with triple axial chirality, by joint use of thia[5]helicene and ethylenedioxythiophene, is reported. T5HE‐OMeTPA with a reduced reorganization energy of hole transfer can be exploited as the hole transport layer for perovskite solar cells with 21% efficiency, which also display excellent long‐term stability at 60 °C. The doped, sufficiently conductive T5HE‐OMeTPA composite with a glass transition temperature of 121 °C not only exhibits persistent film morphology under thermal stress, but also surprisingly damps the motion of diffusive components of perovskite for a better control of the degradation of photoactive layer. The translational motion of both ions and molecules is intrinsically associated with the glass transition of a doped molecular semiconductor composite, which is in stark contrast to the microscopic fashion for the glass transition of an undoped molecular semiconductor, that is, thermally activated rotation of diphenylamine.
Self‐Regulation Seaweed‐Like Lithium Metal Anode Enables Stable Cycle Life of Lithium Battery
Authors: Wang Kun , Li Xiaodong , Gao Juan , Sun Quanhu , Yang Ze , He Jianjiang , Cui Shuang , Huang Changshui
Published: February 2021

Lithium (Li) metal anodes exhibit intriguing advantages for application in high‐energy‐density batteries. However, the short cycle life and security issues of these anodes induced by the dendrite growth and huge volumetric change of Li severely limit their practical application. Herein, a heuristic method to fabricate a self–supported seaweed‐like Li metal anode directly to improve the cycle life of Li metal batteries, is reported. The unique seaweed‐like morphology of the Li anode facilitates the dispersion of the local current density, impeding the uneven growth of Li dendrites, and remits the volume expansion of the anode, leading to excellent cycle performance. The as‐prepared Li metal anode exhibits excellent plating–stripping stability over 600 cycles at high current density of 2 mA cm−2 and delivers excellent stability even with the Li4Ti5O12 cathode in the full cell. This study provides a facile strategy to prepare stable and dendrite‐free Li anodes by controlling the morphology of Li metal. Thus, this study can further inspire new research ideas for preparing stable Li metal anodes.
Fibrous Systems as Potential Solutions for Tendon and Ligament Repair, Healing, and Regeneration
Authors: Rinoldi Chiara , Kijeńska‐Gawrońska Ewa , Khademhosseini Ali , Tamayol Ali , Swieszkowski Wojciech
Published: February 2021

Tendon and ligament injuries caused by trauma and degenerative diseases are frequent and affect diverse groups of the population. Such injuries reduce musculoskeletal performance, limit joint mobility, and lower people's comfort. Currently, various treatment strategies and surgical procedures are used to heal, repair, and restore the native tissue function. However, these strategies are inadequate and, in some cases, fail to re‐establish the lost functionality. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches aim to overcome these disadvantages by stimulating the regeneration and formation of neotissues. Design and fabrication of artificial scaffolds with tailored mechanical properties are crucial for restoring the mechanical function of tendons. In this review, the tendon and ligament structure, their physiology, and performance are presented. On the other hand, the requirements are focused for the development of an effective reconstruction device. The most common fiber‐based scaffolding systems are also described for tendon and ligament tissue regeneration like strand fibers, woven, knitted, braided, and braid‐twisted fibrous structures, as well as electrospun and wet‐spun constructs, discussing critically the advantages and limitations of their utilization. Finally, the potential of multilayered systems as the most effective candidates for tendon and ligaments tissue engineering is pointed out.
Review on Recent Developments in 2D Ferroelectrics: Theories and Applications
Authors: Qi Lu , Ruan Shuangchen , Zeng Yu‐Jia
Published: February 2021

Although only a few 2D materials have been predicted to possess ferroelectricity, 2D ferroelectrics are expected to play a dominant role in the upcoming nano era as important functional materials. The ferroelectric properties of 2D ferroelectrics are significantly different than those of traditional bulk ferroelectrics owing to their intrinsic size and surface effects. To date, 2D ferroelectrics have been reported to exhibit diverse properties ranging from bulk photovoltaic and piezoelectric/pyroelectric effects to the spontaneous valley and spin polarization. These properties are either dependent on ferroelectric polarization or coupled with it for easy electric control, thus making 2D ferroelectrics applicable to multifunctional nanodevices. At present, cumulative efforts are being made to explore 2D ferroelectrics in theories, experiments, and applications. Herein, such theories and methods are briefly introduced. Subsequently, intrinsic and extrinsic origins of 2D ferroelectricity are separately summarized. In addition, invented or laboratory‐validated 2D ferroelectric‐based applications are listed. Finally, the existing challenges and prospects of 2D ferroelectrics are discussed.