bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: On Her Own Terms
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: June 2024

Caroline Walker Bynum's work illustrates how a historian engages in conversation about matters of interest to historical subjects, matters of interest within the academy, and matters of concern to the general public. The key methodological paradox is how she respects the past for its otherness and strangeness, yet her books are always relevant to the present. Holy Feast and Holy Fast deals with the function of eating and fasting in ways that have had resonance for discussion of anorexia, but her interest in the meaning of food and fasting leads her in the epilogue to reflection on medieval and modern approaches to religious symbols more generally. The Resurrection of the Body contributes to recent discussion of personal identity. Wonderful Blood explores the character of late medieval religion but also anti-Semitism. Christian Materiality builds on the “material turn” in history and the humanities. In each case, however, Bynum addresses contemporary issues (whether academic or public) always on her own terms and with clear emphasis on matters of interest to her historical subjects.
Comparing Carefully
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: June 2024

A contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium “Caroline Walker Bynum across the Disciplines,” this essay explores the side of Bynum's scholarly personality that may be regarded as comparativist. She is interested in comparison with regard to periods of time, with regard to ritual and gender-based religious practices in the Christian West, and with respect to similarities that might be claimed between elements of Christian and non-Christian cultures. Her thoughts about morphology, materiality, and gender extend beyond medieval Europe to the world at large. Her coedited volume Gender and Religion (1986), the first of its kind, has figured importantly in the development of the field many call comparative religion. Here Bynum's impact on selected scholars of Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh religion — as well as of non-Western Christianity — is assessed. This essay concludes with the text of a response delivered by the author, who is a scholar of Hinduism, to Bynum's Lionel Trilling Lecture at Columbia University, “Am I My Body? Medieval Theories of Bodily Resurrection and Some Modern Implications” (1991).
Los aportes de las luchas por el aborto legal en Argentina
Authors: Szwarc Lucila
Published: June 2024

Abstracto

En este ensayo sostengo que el aborto, como práctica y como consigna política, cuestiona los enfoques tradicionales y hegemónicos en salud y abona a construir un enfoque feminista de la salud. Me centro en las experiencias y los activismos por el aborto legal de la Argentina contemporánea, tomando algunos ejemplos de otros contextos. En primer lugar, sostengo que el aborto pone de manifiesto en qué medida los procesos de salud-enfermedad están atravesados por aspectos simbólicos situados, asociados a un fuerte estigma, que forjan la vivencia de su práctica. Analizo cómo se fueron modificando estos sentidos en Argentina, de la mano del activismo feminista. En segundo lugar, argumento que el aborto como práctica de salud contribuye a romper las dicotomías tradicionales entre prevención-intervención y salud-enfermedad, así como a modificar los mecanismos jerarquizados de toma de decisiones. En el caso argentino, garantizar el acceso al aborto en instituciones públicas de salud, de la mano de profesionales activistas, permitió ampliar los enfoques biomédicos hacia abordajes más integrales. En tercer lugar, analizo cómo la difusión del aborto con medicamentos puso en cuestión los procesos monopolizados y excluyentes de construcción e institucionalización de los conocimientos legítimos en salud.
Biennial Boom
Authors: Checa-Gismero Paloma
Published: June 2024

In Biennial Boom, Paloma Checa-Gismero traces an archeology of contemporary art biennials to uncover the processes that prompted these exhibitions to become the global art world's defining events at the end of the twentieth century. Returning to the early post-Cold War years, Checa-Gismero examines the early iterations of three well-known biennials at the borders of North Atlantic liberalism: the Bienal de La Habana, inSITE, and Manifesta. She draws on archival and oral history fieldwork in Cuba, Mexico, the US/Mexico borderlands, and the Netherlands, showing how these biennials reflected a post-Cold War optimism for a pacified world by which artistic and knowledge production would help mend social, political, and cultural divisions. Checa-Gismero argues that, in reflecting this optimism, biennials facilitated the conversion of subaltern aesthetic genealogies into forms that were legible to a nascent cosmopolitan global elite—all under the pretense of cultural exchange. By outlining how early biennials set the basis for what is now recognized as “global contemporary art,” Checa-Gismero intervenes in previous accounts of the contemporary art world in order to better understand how it became the exclusionary, rarified institution of today.
. . . . . . And the Dogs Were Silent/. . . . . . Et les chiens se taisaient
Authors: Césaire Aimé , Gil Alex , Edwards Brent Hayes
Published: June 2024

Available to readers for the first time, Aimé Césaire’s three-act drama . . . . . . And the Dogs Were Silent—written during the Vichy regime in Martinique in 1943 and lost until 2008—dramatizes the Haitian Revolution and the rise and fall of Toussaint Louverture as its heroic leader. This bilingual English and French edition stands apart from Césaire’s more widely known 1946 closet drama. Following the slave revolts that sparked the revolution, Louverture arrives as both prophet and poet, general and visionary. With striking dramatic technique, Césaire retells the revolution in poignant encounters between rebels and colonial forces, guided by a prophetic chorus and Louverture’s steady ethical and political vision. In the last act, we reach the hero’s betrayal, his imprisonment, and his last stand against the lures of compromise. Césaire’s masterwork is a strikingly beautiful and brutal indictment of colonial cruelty and an unabashed celebration of Black rebellion and victory.
The metamorphosis of amphibian myocardium: moving to the heart of the matter
Authors: Filatova Tatiana S. , Dzhumaniiazova Irina , Abramochkin Denis V.
Published: June 2024

Amphibians are a classical object for physiological studies, and they are of great value for developmental studies owing to their transition from an aquatic larval form to an adult form with a terrestrial lifestyle. Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) are of special interest for such studies because of their neoteny and facultative pedomorphosis, as in these animals, metamorphosis can be induced and fully controlled in laboratory conditions. It has been suggested that their metamorphosis, associated with gross anatomical changes in the heart, also involves physiological and electrical remodeling of the myocardium. We used whole-cell patch clamp to investigate possible changes caused by metamorphosis in electrical activity and major ionic currents in cardiomyocytes isolated from paedomorphic and metamorphic axolotls. T4-induced metamorphosis caused shortening of atrial and ventricular action potentials (APs), with no changes in resting membrane potential or maximum velocity of AP upstroke, favoring higher heart rate possible in metamorphic animals. Potential-dependent potassium currents in axolotl myocardium were represented by delayed rectifier currents IKr and IKs, and upregulation of IKs caused by metamorphosis probably underlies AP shortening. Metamorphosis was associated with downregulation of inward rectifier current IK1, probably serving to increase the excitability of myocardium in metamorphic animals. Metamorphosis also led to a slight increase in fast sodium current INa with no changes in its steady-state kinetics and to a significant upregulation of ICa in both atrial and ventricular cells, indicating stronger Ca2+ influx for higher cardiac contractility in metamorphic salamanders. Taken together, these changes serve to increase cardiac reserve in metamorphic animals.
Tracking lipid synthesis using 2H2O and 2H-NMR spectroscopy in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae fed with macroalgae
Authors: Duarte Pedro , Ameixa Olga M. C. C. , Palma Mariana , Louzado Maria , Rodrigues Daniela , Pinho Marisa , Viegas Ivan
Published: June 2024

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae are used to upcycle biowaste into insect biomass for animal feed. Previous research on black soldier fly has explored the assimilation of dietary fatty acids (FAs), but endogenous FA synthesis and modification remain comparatively unexplored. This study presents a 1H/2H-NMR methodology for measuring lipid synthesis in black soldier fly larvae using diluted deuterated water (2H2O) as a stable isotopic tracer delivered through the feeding media. This approach was validated by measuring 2H incorporation into the larvae's body water and consequent labelling of FA esterified into triacylglycerols. A 5% 2H enrichment in the body water, adequate to label the FA, is achieved after 24 h in a substrate with 10% 2H2O. A standard feeding trial using an invasive macroalgae was designed to test this method, revealing de novo lipogenesis was lower in larvae fed with macroalgae, probably related to the poor nutritional value of the diet.
Ondas de fusões e aquisições e variáveis macroeconômicas
Authors: Figueiredo Leandro , De Camargos Marcos
Published: June 2024

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar ondas de fusões e aquisições no mercado brasileiro e analisar em que grau as variáveis macroeconômicas as explicam. Em termos metodológicos utilizou-se de regressões lineares numa estrutura Markov-Switching com dados trimestrais do período entre 2002-3T e 2022-4T. Constatou-se que o mercado brasileiro também pode ser considerado como composto por ondas de fusões e aquisições e que possui forte persistência dos regimes. Ademais, o modelo se encaixou bem aos dados, sendo que a variável referente ao desempenho da economia (PIB) e a referente à expectativa do mercado de ações (Ibovespa) foram as de maior poder explicativo. O estudo teve como contexto um mercado emergente, carente de pesquisas sobre o tema, combinado com a escassez de objeto e instrumento. Em termos práticos, a identificação das ondas é vantajosa para que as empresas se antecipem a movimentos do mercado ou aproveitem oportunidades de negócios.
Heurísticas e vieses comportamentais dos agentes autônomos de investimentos
Authors: Ferreira Ícaro Coelho , Kohler José Vitor , Lana Jeferson , Meneghini Eleandra Maria Prigo , Dos Passos Ana Paula Pereira
Published: June 2024

Este estudo investigou o comportamento dos Agentes Autônomos de Investimentos (AAI) de uma corretora de investimentos, analisando se as suas decisões são racionais ou influenciadas por atalhos mentais. Utilizando uma abordagem quantitativa e corte transversal, foram coletadas 107 respostas de um total de 280 AAI por meio de um questionário. Os resultados destacaram a confirmação de sete vieses e heurísticas, como aversão ao arrependimento (76%) e ancoragem (63%). Essas constatações ressaltam a importância de os gestores e AAI estarem conscientes dessas influências, orientando efetivamente a tomada de decisões. Este estudo contribui para a literatura de finanças comportamentais ao identificar atalhos mentais relevantes na decisão dos AAI, oferecendo insights valiosos para aprimorar práticas de gestão e estratégias financeiras, com potencial impacto positivo nas decisões de investimento.
Η διοικητική και δικαιική ενσωμάτωση στο ελληνικό κράτος των απελευθερωμένων, κατά τους Βαλκανικούς Πολέμους (1912-1913), νησιών του Βόρειου και Ανατολικού Αιγαίου
Authors: Καρναβάς Κωνσταντίνος
Published: June 2024

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή έχει ως αντικείμενο τη μελέτη των διαδικασιών διοικητικής και δικαιικής ενσωμάτωσης στο ελληνικό κράτος των απελευθερωμένων, κατά τους Βαλκανικούς Πολέμους (1912-1913), νησιών του Βόρειου και Ανατολικού Αιγαίου. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό μελετήθηκε η διαδικασία μετάβασης από το οθωμανικό σύστημα επαρχιακής διοίκησης στο σύστημα περιφερειακής διοίκησης του ελληνικού κράτους, που έλαβε χώρα στα νησιά αυτά. Η έρευνά μας επικεντρώθηκε στα νησιά της Σάμου, Ικαρίας, Χίου, Λέσβου, Λήμνου, Θάσου και Σαμοθράκης, ενώ πραγματοποιήθηκαν συγκρίσεις του διοικητικού και δικαιικού συστήματος που ίσχυε στα παραπάνω νησιά πριν την απελευθέρωσή τους, με το διοικητικό και δικαιικό σύστημα που διαμορφώθηκε μετά από αυτήν. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκε η μεταβολή που υπέστη το δικαιικό σύστημα των παραπάνω νησιών μετά την απελευθέρωσή τους. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό διερευνώνται οι επιδράσεις που άσκησε η δικαιική παράδοση των νησιών, καθώς και τα ζητήματα που αντιμετωπίστηκαν κατά τη μεταβατική περίοδο μετά την απελευθέρωση και πριν την προσάρτηση των νησιών στο ελληνικό κράτος. Καταβλήθηκε προσπάθεια να εντοπιστούν και να ερευνηθούν οι όποιες συνέχειες και ασυνέχειες εκδηλώθηκαν κατά τον κρίσιμο χρόνο της διοικητικής και δικαιικής «μετάβασης» των παραπάνω νησιών, τα προβλήματα που ανέκυψαν, οι επιλογές που επιχειρήθηκαν, αλλά και οι συμβιβασμοί που έγιναν κατά τη διαδικασία αυτή, εφόσον καθόρισαν καίρια τη μετέπειτα διοικητική και δικαιική τους πορεία. Μέσα από τη διερεύνηση της διοικητικής σύγκλισης των νησιών αυτών με το ελληνικό κράτος, προβάλλονται ανάγλυφα τα χαρακτηριστικά του διοικητικού φαινομένου στη χώρα μας. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο, ευελπιστούμε η διδακτορική διατριβή να συνεισφέρει στην έρευνα της ιστορικής εξέλιξης των θεσμών του ελληνικού κράτους και της διοίκησής του.
Turbulence development behind the bow shock during disturbed and undisturbed solar wind
Authors: Rakhmanova Liudmila , Khokhlachev Aleksander , Riazantseva Maria , Yermolaev Yuri , Zastenker Georgy
Published: June 2024

Magnetosheath is a transition layer between the solar wind and the magnetosphere and may contribute to the geoeffectiveness of various large-scale interplanetary phenomena. In this paper, we examine the dynamics of the turbulent fluctuation spectra behind the bow shock during undisturbed solar wind and when interplanetary coronal mass ejections and corotation interaction regions interact with the magnetosphere. The study is based on statistical analysis of the turbulence features inside the magnetosheath at different distances from the bow shock. We demonstrate that the turbulence features change when plasma crosses the bow shock for the solar wind of all types and they usually recover when plasma moves away from the bow shock. However, peculiarities in the turbulence development occur during interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Moreover, during disturbed solar wind there are relations between the turbulence features at the sub-ion scales and background plasma parameters such as plasma parameter β, the angle θBN between the interplanetary magnetic field and the local bow shock normal, solar wind bulk velocity, and the distance to the magnetosheath boundaries.
Modeling the impact of solar activity variations on global atmospheric circulation
Authors: Koval Andrey , Gavrilov Nikolay , Golovko Anastasiya , Didenko Kseniia , Ermakova Tatiana
Published: June 2024

In this study, we continue a series of works devoted to modeling and studying the sensitivity of global atmospheric dynamic processes to variations in solar emissions during the 11-year solar activity (SA) cycle. We focus on studying the response of meridional atmospheric circulation in the middle atmosphere to changes in thermosphere characteristics with changes in SA. For this purpose, numerical simulations of the general atmospheric circulation were carried out using the nonlinear numerical circulation model of the middle and upper atmosphere MUAM. The main mechanism of the influence of thermospheric disturbances on the underlying layers is assumed to be a change in the conditions of propagation and reflection of planetary waves (PWs) due to changes in SA. Changes in temperature, zonal and meridional wind are shown to localize along waveguides, demonstrating the significant role of PWs in transmitting thermospheric disturbances, caused by changes in SA, to the middle atmosphere. The magnitude of changes in meridional circulation can reach 10 % in the northern stratosphere between SA maxima and minima.
Differential emission measure of solar nanoflares measured with the SITES algorithm
Authors: Belov Sergey , Ledentsov Leonid , Zavershinskii Dmitrii , Bogachev Sergey
Published: June 2024

The paper presents the results of a study of capabilities of the SITES algorithm for reconstructing the differential emission measure (DEM) of a source from its radiation in several parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in the context of observing solar nanoflares with the AIA/SDO instrument. The SITES method was implemented in the Python programming language and was first used to construct the DEM of nanoflares. For this purpose, we tested the efficiency of the algorithm on model single- and double-peak DEM at characteristic temperatures of solar nanoflares. The test results indicate that the SITES algorithm can be of limited applicability for studying the DEM of nanoflares in the single-peak approximation. The algorithm has a combination of high accuracy and high counting rate in the studied temperature range from 1 to 3 MK. The features of DEM nanoflares reconstructed by the SITES method were examined using our previously found sample of 58855 events observed in 2019 with the AIA/SDO instrument. The results confirm that the characteristic plasma temperature in nanoflares is 1–2 MK. The reconstructed DEM of nanoflares generally have one maximum within this range, but the temperature distribution we obtained for all flares forms two clusters with maxima at 1.2 and 1.7 MK. We interpret this as possible evidence for the existence of two types of solar nanoflares, but this result requires further confirmation.
Obraz nauczyciela w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w świetle niepublikowanych badań Zygmunta Kukulskiego
Authors: Partyka Wiesław
Published: June 2024

Po odzyskaniu niepodległości polska szkoła borykała się z wieloma problemami, takimi jak brak odpowiednich budynków, różne systemy i programy nauczania odziedziczone po zaborcach czy niedobory finansowe. Jednym z poważniejszych problemów był brak odpowiedniej liczby dobrze przygotowanej kadry nauczycielskiej. Władze oświatowe starały się zaradzić temu problemowi zakładając m.in. sieć seminariów nauczycielskich, które miały przygotować kadrę zdolną do podjęcia pracy w szkolnictwie.
Dwudziestolecie międzywojenne to również okres wzmożonego zainteresowania ze strony różnych środowisk naukowych nauczycielami jako grupą społeczną. Starano się poznać nie tylko pochodzenie społeczne, wykształcenie i przygotowanie zawodowe, ale również predyspozycje psychiczne, stosunek do zawodu i do wychowanków. W nurt tych badań wpisał się również Zygmunt Kukulski, prof. KUL, który we współpracy z innymi uczonymi przygotował obszerną ankietę skierowaną do nauczycieli. Ankiety te nie doczekały się dotychczas opracowania, mimo iż stanowią cenne źródło wiedzy na temat nauczycieli w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie obrazu nauczyciela w Polsce w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w świetle niepublikowanych badań Zygmunta Kukulskiego. Jako metoda badawcza zastosowana została przede wszystkim analiza źródeł, którymi są 289 ankiet znajdujących się w zbiorach Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II.
Etyczne aspekty zawodu nauczycielskiego w twórczości pedeutologicznej Andrzeja Michała de Tchorzewskiego (1943–2024)
Authors: Zając Dariusz
Published: June 2024

Treści zaprezentowane w artykule koncentrują się wokół etyki zawodu nauczyciela jako jednego z obszarów twórczości naukowej prof. dra hab. Andrzeja Michała de Tchorzewskiego. Publikacje naukowe Profesora odzwierciedlają w szczególności świat wartości, powinności i sprawności moralnych nauczyciela. Wymienione kategorie etyczne uznać można za rudymentarne w dociekaniach wokół etyki nauczycielskiej, ponieważ w znaczącym stopniu przesądzają one nie tylko o swoistości aktywności zawodowej nauczycieli, w ramach której uobecnia się, w większym bądź mniejszym zakresie, pierwiastek etyczny, ale także decydują o jakości działalności pedagogicznej na różnych szczeblach systemu edukacyjnego, organizowanej i realizowanej przez przedstawicieli wspomnianej kategorii społeczno-zawodowej. Celem przedstawionych rozważań jest próba ukazania aspektu aksjologicznego, deontologicznego oraz aretologicznego zawodu nauczyciela w twórczości pedeutologicznej de Tchorzewskiego.
              Dokonana analiza dorobku Profesora przekonuje, że jego publikacje naukowe stanowić mogą wyraz szczególnej troski o etyczny wymiar działalności zawodowej nauczycieli, co ma swoje istotne znaczenie w dobie dynamicznej i nie do końca przewidywalnej rzeczywistości edukacyjnej. Z uwagi na bogatą twórczość etyczno-pedeutologiczną de Tchorzewskiego przedstawione w tekście rozważania stanowią zaledwie jej skromne prolegomena.
Satisficing Approach to On-Demand Ride Matching
Authors: Rong Dongling , Sun Xinyu , Zhang Meilin , He Shuangchi
Published: June 2024

Online ride-hailing platforms have developed into an integral part of the transportation infrastructure in many countries. The primary task of a ride-hailing platform is to match trip requests to drivers in real time. Although both passengers and drivers prefer a prompt pickup to initiate the trips, it is often difficult to find a nearby driver for every passenger. If the driver is far from the pickup point, the passenger may cancel the trip while the driver is heading toward the pickup point. For the platform to be profitable, the trip cancellation rate must be maintained at a low level. We propose a computationally efficient data-driven approach to ride matching, in which a pickup time target is imposed on each trip request and an optimization problem is formulated to maximize the joint probability of all the pickup times meeting the targets. By adjusting pickup time targets individually, this approach may assign more high-value trip requests to nearby drivers, thus boosting the platform’s revenue while maintaining a low cancellation rate. In numerical experiments, the proposed approach outperforms several ride-matching policies used in practice.

History: Accepted by Andrea Lodi, Area Editor for Design & Analysis of Algorithms—Discrete.

Funding: This work of D. Rong and X. Sun was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 71971165], the National Key Research and Development Program of China [Grant 2021YFB3301801], the MOE Project of Humanities and Social Science of China [Grant 19YJE630002], and the Soft Science Research Program of Shannxi [Grant 2018KRZ005]. The work of S. He was supported in part by the Singapore Ministry of Education Social Science Research Council [Grant MOE2022-SSRTG-029].

Supplemental Material: The software that supports the findings of this study is available within the paper and its Supplemental Information ( https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/suppl/10.1287/ijoc.2021.0210 ) as well as from the IJOC GitHub software repository ( https://github.com/INFORMSJoC/2021.0210 ). The complete IJOC Software and Data Repository is available at https://informsjoc.github.io/ .
Eloise Rickman
Authors: Hayes Derren
Published: June 2024

Derren Hayes talks to the author and educator about her new book on child rights
The Application of Mindset Theories in English Language Education: A Synthesis of Recent Research
Authors: Ng Chiew Hong , Cheung Yin Ling
Published: June 2024

Mindset theories have been applied to study motivation in various domains, with researchers talking about different mindsets in diverse academic domains. The domain specificity of mindsets has led second language researchers to suggest distinct mindsets concerning language ability and learning outcomes. While there is no lack of research on the application of mindset theories, a systematic synthesis of the literature on mindset theories focusing on the language education domain has remained relatively unexplored. The literature in this study was identified by conducting keyword searches in Scopus and EBSCOhost research databases using a combination of the following terms: “mindset theories”, “English as a foreign language”, “English as a second language”, and “teacher training”. The search results were limited to research articles published in English-medium refereed journals from 2013 to 2023. We scrutinized the titles and abstracts of 128 articles in the initial round of screening and did a second round of close reading for relevance to the synthesis focus. This chapter synthesizes 40 research papers on the application of mindset theories in the domain of language teaching and learning, including 1) studies on language skills such as writing, 2) studies related to language teachers’ role and teacher training, and 3) theoretical and practical applications of mindset theories. The conclusions drawn will be used to recommend future directions in research and practice. The chapter will contribute to the field of mindset theories in language education in terms of research and practice for educators and researchers.
Climate action to enable quality education: exploring the potential of Eco-Schools to reverse the triple education crises in Rwanda
Authors: Copsey Olivia , Kubwimana Jean Paul , Kanyamibwa Sam , Nshimiyimana Bosco , Maniraho Jean François , Ishimwe Marie Eudoxie
Published: June 2024

This article presents the results of research conducted between 2021 and 2023 by the Albertine Rift Conservation Society (ARCOS) with 240 partners including teachers, learners and parents in six Rwandan schools. A relational knowledge co-creation methodology was used to gain a shared understanding of education and climate change challenges in the schools and co-create solutions using the Eco-Schools problem-based learning pedagogy. The knowledge co-creation processes revealed a negative relationship at the intersection between climate change and quality education which is interrupting successful implementation of both the Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC), and the School Feeding Programme policies of the Government of Rwanda, affecting national progress towards SDG 4 and SDG 13. However, by integrating climate action projects in the CBC, with practical skills and knowledge from parents and wider community members, education barriers caused by poor school conditions, and poor nutrition, health and comfort of learners are being removed, while the quality and relevance of teaching and learning in schools is being improved. The article therefore proposes the Eco-Schools programme as a potential means of simultaneously addressing the UN’s ‘triple crisis’ of inclusion, quality and relevance. Ultimately, by showing that it is possible to transform education in even the most challenged schools, at a relatively low cost, within a very short space of time (one school year) and without large-scale curriculum reform or infrastructure, the findings of this research promote wider, faster and more optimistic progression toward the UNESCO’s ‘Reimagining Education’ vision and the Greening Education Partnership targets.
Who Decides What Is Democratic?
Authors: Przeworski Adam
Published: June 2024

Abstract: What is "democratic" depends on the values one attaches to democracy. The distinction that determines the answer is between minimalist and maximalist conceptions of democracy. Defending democracy requires a positive, forward-looking program of reform.
The Rise of India's Second Republic
Authors: Vaishnav Milan
Published: June 2024

Abstract: At first glance, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)'s narrow 2024 general election victory—a win only made possible thanks to the cooperation of alliance partners—suggests a return to a previous era of coalition government in India. While the ruling party may be weakened, the nature of the political order has fundamentally shifted in ways that will have a lasting impact on Indian democracy. India is witnessing the dawn of a "Second Republic," an inflection point that is equal in magnitude to the constitutional moment in 1950, when India's "First Republic" was established. Several elements of the Second Republic were visible prior to these elections, and the BJP's narrow victory has not dislodged them. The nature of electoral democracy, liberal constitutionalism, national identity, secularism, and federalism have all undergone significant transformations. Yet, true to India's nature, its new political settlement cannot be readily captured using simple binary distinctions.
The Bukele Model: Will It Spread?
Authors: Meléndez-Sánchez Manuel , Vergara Alberto
Published: June 2024

Abstract: Decades of mano dura —or "iron fist"—experiments in Latin America suggest that hard-on-crime policies are likely to fail. Yet in El Salvador, a crackdown launched by President Nayib Bukele in 2022 successfully dismantled the country's gangs, turning "the Bukele model" into one of the most influential political brands in the region. This essay argues that this crackdown succeeded not only because of its intensity, but also because of the (unintended) consequences of a pact between the gangs and the Bukele government. As ongoing crackdowns in Honduras and Ecuador suggest, efforts to emulate the Bukele model are likely to fail—and come at a high cost for democracy, security, and human rights.
African Popular Protest and Political Change
Authors: Marks Zoe
Published: June 2024

Abstract: In the twenty-first century, African countries have hosted more mass movements than any other region in the world. In the last decade, one in every three nonviolent revolutionary campaigns has taken place in Africa. The region also has the highest short-term success rate for people power. But is this success predicated on the mobilizational force of "protest democracy" to hold elites accountable? Or are African social movements' remarkable successes an environmental artefact, the result of ordinary protests in contexts of extraordinary instability? The evidence suggests that African social movements are uniquely effective and that political and military elites are increasingly trying to harness their power. Ordinary people—marshalled in massive demonstrations and persistent civil society organizing—have played a necessary, often decisive role in agitating for democracy. However, eliciting successful breakthroughs requires the alignment of protester demands with the abandonment of the status quo by elite blocs. Recent cascades of irregular power transfers in African politics illustrate these distinctive dynamics, where diverse domestic political contexts share an important common ingredient: the combination of mass movements pushing for change and military power players who are willing to help them.
The Principle of Competitive Survival
Authors: Garvey R.S. , Fowler A.C.
Published: June 2024

Abstract: We present a model for an arbitrary number of populations that compete for an arbitrary number of resources, whose consumption is monitored by the model. We show that the state of mutual coexistence of all populations is always stable, in contrast to the classical model, in which sufficiently strong competition promotes extinction of all but one population. We suggest that the distinction in outcome reflects that the classical model is not actually one of competition, but of antagonism, aggression and warfare.
Imaging partial pressure of oxygen using three-photon microscopy at 1670 nm
Authors: Alfadhel Mohammed , Troxler Thomas , Allu Srinivasa Rao , Ravotto Luca , Pian Qi , Fu Buyin , Hou Steven , Miller David R. , Yaseen Mohammad A. , Vinogradov Sergei A. , Sakadzic Sava
Published: June 2024

Three-photon microscopy shows potential to probe much deeper brain structures than previously possible with two-photon microscopy. Here we demonstrate the first intravascular measurements of pO2 in subcortical vasculature in awake mice using three-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy (3PLM) and a phosphorescent probe Oxyphor 2P.
Concurrent Light-Based Motor Mapping of Multiple Limbs Using Deep-Learning-Driven Pose Estimation
Authors: Khanal Nischal , Padawer-Curry Jonah , Bice Annie R. , Bauer Adam Q.
Published: June 2024

Light-based motor mapping and DeepLabCut (DLC-LBMM) were used to map cortical representations of multiple limbs concurrently in 3D. Motor representations of fine, articulated movements, and multi-limb movement trajectories resided within overlapping representations of individual limbs.
Mesoscopic Oblique Plane Microscopy (Meso-OPM) platform for Multi-scale Volumetric Dynamic Imaging
Authors: Meyer Dominique , Khan Mohiuddin , Xu Tiger , Yi Ji
Published: June 2024

Meso-OPM leverages key advantages of traditional light-sheet microscopy while adding high-speed dynamic imaging over a mesoscopic scale. Here we present a Meso-OPM system with switchable FOV and resolution, while achieving >5Hz volumetric rate imaging.
Diffuse Optical Monitoring of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Oxygen Metabolism after Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Case Studies
Authors: Hurlock April M. , Seeney Alyssa M. , Ranieri Nicolina R. , Burnett Ryan H. , Douglas Rebecca L , Majmudar Tanmay , Krishna Akshatha , Goto Rika , Forti Rodrigo M. , Lynch Jennifer M. , Baker Wesley B. , Kirschen Matthew P. , Ko Tiffany S.
Published: June 2024

We present two preliminary case studies of diffuse optical monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism within 48 hours after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a 12-month-old and in a 15-year-old patient.
Measurements of slow tissue dynamics with microlens array-based laser speckle contrast imaging
Authors: Liu Bingxue , Yaqoob Zahid , Boas David A. , Cheng Xiaojun
Published: June 2024

We present a microlens array-based laser speckle contrast imaging (mla-LSCI) system with multi-point illumination and wide field detection, which will give us a map of slow tissue dynamics across the mice cortex.
Reliability of diffuse optical spectroscopies for evaluation of cerebral hemometabolic stress in children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Brothers Rowan O. , Wubbena Kristin , Akbar Mariam , Arrington Michael , Turrentine Katherine B. , Triplett Sydney , Zhao Hongting , Urner Tara M. , Bai Shasha , Tang Amy , Khemani Kirshma , Gee Beatrice E. , Brown R. Clark , Buckley Erin M.
Published: June 2024

We quantify the reliability of frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy with diffuse correlation spectroscopy as a point-of-care tool to evaluate cerebral hemometabolic stress in children with sickle cell anemia.
All-optical recording and manipulating neural activities across cortical layers in functional columns in vivo
Authors: Liu Chi , Hao Yuejun , Lei Bo , Zhong Yi , Kong Lingjie
Published: June 2024

We propose across-layer all-optical physiology, for the first time, to simultaneously record and manipulate neural activities at different depths spanning 0~620 μm, for deciphering neural circuits in functional columns in vivo.
Information encoding with a segmented vortex beam
Authors: Huang Qian , Tao Shaohua
Published: June 2024

In this paper we propose an information encoding method based on a segmented vortex beam. The segmented vortex beam with a single uniform-intensity ring and a combination of multiple topological charges is designed for information encoding. The radius of the beam can be designed to be arbitrary, with multiple orbital angular momentum states superimposed along the ring. We encoded the information into the segmented vortex beam in the transmitting unit for information transmission. Due to the segmented phase structure of the beam, information can be encoded in each segment, and the information capacity is significantly increased. Additionally, enormous combinations of encoded information in the beam can greatly enhance the security of the encoded information. This proposed method has great potential in free-space optical communication.
Comprehensive vibrational photothermal microscopy
Authors: Ao Jianpeng , Yin Jiaze , Lin Haonan , Zhu Yifan , Cheng Ji-Xin
Published: June 2024

Acquiring complete infrared and Raman vibrational information is designed for precise chemical analysis. We report a comprehensive vibrational photothermal (VIP) microscope that detects IR and Raman active modes with a single shot.
Speckle Noise Reduction in Portable Confocal Microscopy for in vivo Human Skin Imaging
Authors: Sugimura Momoka , Marcelino Kenneth , Romero Rafael , Zhao Jingwei , Kim Kyungjo , Nessaee Ameer , Kim Yongjun , Stratton Delaney , Curiel-Lewandrowski Clara , Garfinkel Jason , Rubinstein Gene , Kang Dongkyun
Published: June 2024

Portable Confocal Microscopy (PCM) is a low-cost reflectance confocal microscopy designed for in vivo imaging of skin at cellular resolution. We developed a Speckle-Modulating PCM (SM-PCM) which reduces speckle noise while achieving high-speed imaging.
Direct 3D Segmentation for Prostate Cancer Gland Analysis with nnU-Net
Authors: Wang Rui , Chow Sarah S. L. , Serafin Robert B. , Liu Jonathan T.C.
Published: June 2024

A deep learning-model based on the nnU-Net framework was trained for 3D prostate gland segmentation. Compared to our previous ITAS3D pipeline, nnU-Net operation is simpler, faster, and can maintain good accuracy with lower-resolution inputs.
Organelle Topology Profiling of Metastatic Cancer Cells Using Machine Learning Classification
Authors: Awadalla Fatma , Oruko Dancan , Goldwag Joshua , Matteson Kailie , Bravo-Cordero Javier , Yee Harrison , Intes Xavier , Kruger Uwe , Lamar John , Barroso Margarida
Published: June 2024

Organelle Topology-based Cell Classification Pipeline can discriminate between metastatic cell lines with very high accuracy (>90%) using mitochondria or endosome immunolabeling, confocal microscopy and 3D rendering followed by several machine learning classifiers.
Axial de-scanning using remote focusing in the detection arm of light-sheet microscopy
Authors: Dibaji Hassan , Liu Sheng , Chakraborty Tonmoy
Published: June 2024

A method to de-scan axial focus movement in the detection arm of a microscope. Our method splits the fluorescence signal into S and P-polarized light and lets them pass through the remote focusing module separately and combines them with the camera.
Full-Surface Gigapixel Structured Illumination Microscopy of Prostate Tumor Margins: Results from a 172 Patient Series
Authors: Bozic Ivan , Behr Madeline R. , Cooper Max , Halat Shams , Fox Sharon , Sholl Andrew , Krane L. Spencer , Freedland Stephen J. , Brown J. Quincy
Published: June 2024

Real-time surgical margin detection can improve cancer treatment by facilitating complete tumor tissue removal. We present results from a 172-patient series on the use of structured illumination microscopy for comprehensive positive prostate tumor margin detection.
A Combined Theoretical and Computational Model for Predicting the SHG Spatial Emission Pattern Due to the Collagen Fibril Assembly
Authors: Shelton Emily M. , Campagnola Paul J.
Published: June 2024

We demonstrate a new combined theoretical and computational model, based on quasi-phase-matching theory, of the how the three-dimensional second harmonic generation spatial emission pattern is determined by the collagen fibril organization.
Age-related changes in morphology, transparency and biomechanics of the crystalline lens assessed with in vivo swept-source OCT
Authors: Grulkowski Ireneusz , Soman Keerthana , Kathirvelu Vasantha Kumar , Gupta Ashish , Ruminski Daniel , Villar Alfonso Jimenez , Toledo Raúl Duarte , Pierscionek Barbara , Artal Pablo
Published: June 2024

We determined the geometry, transparency and natural vibrations of the crystalline lens in healthy subjects at different ages using optical coherence tomography. High-speed imaging enables visualization of optical signal discontinuity zones during accommodation response.
Data Bandwidth Improved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography via Learnable Spectral-Spatial Sub-Sampling
Authors: Su Hang , Mao Jianing , Ling Yuye , Su Yikai
Published: June 2024

We demonstrated a highly-compressive optical coherence tomography angiography framework. Our deep learning-enabled strategy can achieve satisfactory OCTA image quality with much lower data bandwidth than existing methods, facilitating real-time OCTA imaging.
Mueller matrix decomposition for polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography
Authors: Villiger Martin , Jones Georgia , Lippok Norman , Bouma Brett E.
Published: June 2024

Fully polarized, coherent measurements offer insight into depolarization effects through incoherent ensemble averaging. Here, we present a framework for Mueller matrix decomposition that preserves the intrinsic symmetry present in measurements performed in the backscattering direction.
Cellular-Level Analysis of Retinal Blood Vessel Walls Based on Phase Gradient Images
Authors: Mujat Mircea , Sampani Konstantina , Patel Ankit H. , Sun Jennifer K. , Iftimia Nicusor
Published: June 2024

We describe an imaging method and analysis procedure for characterization of the retinal vessel walls with cellular-level resolution. Segmentation of blood vessel walls provides quantitative measures of vessel and lumen diameters, wall thickness, and wall-to-lumen ratio.
Pipeline for computation of optoretinography signals from data acquired with Spatio-Temporal Optical Coherence Tomography (STOC-T) system
Authors: Tomczewski Slawomir , Wegrzyn Piotr , Komar Katarzyna , Borycki Dawid , Wielgo Maciej , Curatolo Andrea , Wojtkowski Maciej
Published: June 2024

In this work, we present a pipeline for processing data acquired during in vivo optoretinography measurements of human photoreceptors' response to light with Spatio-Temporal Optical Coherence Tomography (STOC-T) setup.
Pulse wave frequency, phase and velocity estimation in the mouse retina via STOC-T hemodynamics analysis
Authors: Kulesza Wiktor , Wielgo Maciej , Węgrzyn Piotr , Tomczewski Sławomir , Kordecka Katarzyna , Galińska Anna , Bałamut Bartłomiej , Auksorius Egidijus , Foik Andrzej , Zawadzki Robert , Wojtkowski Maciej , Borycki Dawid , Curatolo Andrea
Published: June 2024

We report on Spatio-Temporal Optical Coherence Tomography (STOC-T) applied to detection of pulsatile blood flow frequency, blood pulse wave propagation and other hemodynamic parameters from retinal and choroidal vessels in the mouse eye.
Focusing on anterior retinal layers with adaptive optics optical coherence tomography
Authors: Brunner Elisabeth , Kunze Laura , Schmidt-Erfurth Ursula , Drexler Wolfgang , Pollreisz Andreas , Pircher Michael
Published: June 2024

The neurosensory part of the retina is essential for vision and contains a large variety of microstructures and types. Changes thereof, for example in the thickness of vessel walls or the presence of microglia may serve as early biomarker for diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. This study investigates the ability of adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) to visualize microstructural details on a cellular level in single volume scans and on a large field of view.
Focus tunable vector autofocusing Airy vortex beams resist atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Yan Xu , Guo Lixin , Li Jia
Published: June 2024

The rapid increase in orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode size with increasing modal order, given the limited-size of the receiver, is a major impediment to high-capacity OAM mode multiplexing in practice. Based on the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase theory, we correlate the change of the polarization state with the curvature of the wavefront isophase line in the source plane and manipulate the focusing ability of vector autofocusing Airy vortex beam (AAVB) by combining the isophase line curvature and the intensity gradient of the beam, which are two independent degrees of freedom. The present method enables flexible on-demand focusing of vector AAVBs in free space and is more effective in focusing higher order OAM modes, which can reduce the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of the AAVB with topological charge l= 25 to 1/5 of that of the conventional scalar type. And the modulated vector AAVB is superior to the conventional scalar one in terms of mitigating atmospheric turbulent disturbance. The work provides a potentially useful basis for improving the capability of future free-space OAM systems for large-scale dense communications.
Exploring the optimal combination of Ru/Ta bilayer mask stacks and illumination source shapes to mitigate mask 3D effects at high-NA extreme ultraviolet lithography
Authors: Thakare Devesh , Delabie Annelies , Philipsen Vicky
Published: June 2024

The imaging performance of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is determined by the optical properties and thickness of the photomask absorber material and the illumination source shape. Optimizing the trade-offs between imaging metrics, such as normalized image log slope, telecentricity error, and best focus variation through pitch (collectively known as mask-3-dimensional (M3D) effects), is crucial to improve the throughput of the EUV lithography process. This study aims to optimize Ru/Ta bilayer photomask absorber stacks and illumination source shapes to mitigate M3D effects using mask diffraction analysis. It intends to raise questions about the conventional absorber reflectivity or induced phase shift-based approach.
Sub-rate sampled, non-integer fractionally spaced Volterra nonlinear equalizer for IM/DD systems
Authors: Kim Jaeyoon , Kim Hoon
Published: June 2024

As high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADC) account for a significant portion of the receiver’s cost in intensity-modulation (IM)/direct-detection (DD) systems, there have been substantial efforts to employ an ADC operating at a relatively low sampling rate. However, half-symbol-spaced electronic nonlinear equalizers used to compensate for nonlinear waveform distortions commonly operate at 2 samples/symbols, and thus require digital upsampling before the equalization. This implies that the digital signal processing (DSP) at the receiver should also operate at 2 sample/symbol even though the ADC operates at the sub-rate (i.e., < 2 sample/symbol). Hence, we propose and experimentally demonstrate the sub-rate sampled, non-integer fractionally spaced Volterra nonlinear equalizer (VNLE). This equalizer does not require the digital upsampling, and thus makes the entire receiver DSP block operating at the sub-rate, the same as the sampling rate of ADC. We estimate the complexity of the proposed equalizer by the number of multipliers required for its implementation. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed VNLE over a 64-Gb/s 4-ary pulse amplitude modulation link and compare the performance with the conventional VNLE (requiring digital upsampling). The results show that the proposed VNLE incurs a very slight performance degradation compared with the conventional VNLE, but reduces the implementation complexity considerably since it obviates the need for digital upsampling at the receiver.