bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPLORING PROSPECTIVE ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS TEACHERS’ KNOWLEDGE: A FOCUS ON FUNCTIONAL THINKING
Authors: Oliveira Hélia , Polo Blanco Irene , Henriques Ana
Published: April 2021

The importance of students being acquainted with algebraic ideas before secondary education has been revealed in the research literature. It is therefore essential that prospective elementary teachers (PTs) be prepared to instill an early algebra perspective in their teaching. However, PTs often show difficulties in algebra content knowledge, which need to be diagnosed aiming to assist them in developing the required knowledge to teach according to that perspective. This study aims to understand what aspects of functional thinking Spanish and Portuguese elementary PTs exhibit at the beginning of their teacher education program. The findings show that although PTs from both countries use different strategies to generalize functional relationships, the occurrence of successful strategies is low. Also, most participants provide local approaches in their interpretation of relationships between variables and reveal difficulties in understanding and connecting different representations of functions. These difficulties show that PTs lack important knowledge about functional thinking. By providing a framework concerning the functional thinking required for PTs to teach within an early algebra perspective, we shed light on a necessary step for teacher education programs to diagnose PTs’ functional thinking and to assist them in developing the needed mathematical knowledge to teach accordingly.
Soliton-Like Waves in the Vicinity of the Southern Kuril Islands
Authors: Squire V. A. ,   University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Kovalev Peter D. ,   Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia, Kovalev D. P. ,   Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia
Published: April 2021

Purpose. The paper is aimed at studying the modulated solitons detected in the time series of the observational data on the sea level oscillations and at verifying presence of nonstationary processes within the framework of the quantitative methods. Methods and Results. The paper represents analysis of the wave observation data collected using ARW-type, bottom-mounted pressure sensors in the area of the capes Castricum, Van-der-Lind and Lovtsova in the southern Kuril Islands. The time series obtained were bandpass filtered using hardware with a passband of 20 minutes – 2.5 hours. Residual time series show presence of the wavepackets generated at the beginning of the K1 (diurnal) tide, which consistently appear as a group consisting of 5–7 packets. It is shown that the synchronicity of wavepacket and the K1 wave initiation is associated with the cyclic separation of the tidal flow of the K1 oscillation at the elevation in the Urup Strait located between the islands, along with a concomitant spawning of vortices. It is speculated that the vortices generate the detected wavepackets, each of which are found to encase a cluster of waves of average period about 1.6 hours that are attributed to edge waves or shelf seiches. A numerical model simulation of the detected wavepackets was performed using the Korteweg-de Vries equation, which confirms that the envelope of the observed wavepackets is close to the modeled one and behaves like a soliton. Conclusions. It is shown that synchronous initiation of a wavepacket and a K1 wave is associated with the cyclic separation of the tidal flow of the K1 oscillations from the elevation in the Urup Strait located between the islands with a oncomitant spawning of vortices. The vortices are assumed to generate the detected wavepackets. Each of them contains a cluster of waves, the average period of which is about 1.6 hours that is conditioned by the edge waves’ or shelf seiches’ period. Spectral analysis performed for the 4.5-day-long time series at presence and absence of the groups of solitons, showed that when solitons occur, the wave energy increased in the 0.5–5.5 hr period range. Application of a simple amplitude-based criterion permitted to identify the waves detected in the wavepackets as the anomalous ones. Transformation of the time series into the normalized time and the normalized amplitude coordinates showed that all the examples of anomalous wavepackets could be modeled using the Korteweg-de Vries time equation.
ENTRE O TRAUMA E A PERFORMANCE: ESTRATÉGIAS PARA ROMPER COM O PASSADO DE VIOLÊNCIA E COLETIVIZAR A MEMÓRIA
Authors: Haas Marta , Icle Gilberto
Published: April 2021

Este artigo busca investigar estratégias performáticas que contribuem na busca por reparação e ruptura com o passado de violência e sofrimento relacionado a regimes militares no sul do continente americano. Para tanto, analisa-se alguns atributos performáticos do trauma e do testemunho, assim como exemplos de performances, movidas pelo trauma na América Latina. Propõe-se que o trauma se articula em performance como dispositivo para uma reelaboração criativa que possibilita coletivizar a memória. Palavras-chavePerformance. Trauma. Testemunho. Memória. América Latina.
Cirugía radioguiada con análogos de somatostatina radiomarcados en tumores neuroendocrinos: reporte de caso
Authors: Moron Araujo Sarai Elena , Guevara Cruz Oscar Alexander , Rosales Morales Adriana Jeruzza , Rojas Camacho Julián Gilberto
Published: April 2021

Introducción: el mejor tratamiento para los tumores neuroendocrinos es la resección completa del tumor, los ganglios, e inclusive en casos seleccionados, las metástasis a distancia. En ocasiones, el tumor primario es pequeño y de difícil localización preoperatoria o sus recaídas pueden ser difíciles de localizar en el terreno de fibrosis por cirugías o tratamientos previos. La cirugía radioguíada ofrece una opción adicional de localización intraoperatoria que hasta ahora no ha sido muy utilizada en tumores neuroendocrinos. Presentación del caso: paciente de 59 años con antecedente de resección atípica de duodeno y páncreas por tumor neuroendocrino grado 2 del duodeno un año antes. En la tomografía por emisión de positrones/tomografía computarizada (PET/CT) 68Ga-DOTANOC se encontró un ganglio con sobreexpresión de receptores de somatostatina en el mesenterio, sin otras lesiones a distancia. Por los antecedentes quirúrgicos y la dificultad de visualizar la lesión en las imágenes anatómicas (resonancia magnética [RM]) se decidió realizar la cirugía radioguíada. En el preoperatorio se administraron 15 mCi de tecnecio 99 metaestable-hidrazinonicotinilo-Tyr3-octreotida (99mTc-HYNIC-TOC) y se verificó la buena captación en el ganglio. En cirugía, luego de la disección inicial se utilizó la sonda gamma, que detectó una actividad 5 veces mayor en el ganglio, comparado con los tejidos vecinos, lo que permitió su localización y resección. La evolución fue adecuada y un año después no hay evidencia de recaídas. Conclusión: la cirugía radioguíada no ha sido muy utilizada en la localización intraoperatoria de tumores neuroendocrinos, pero es una buena alternativa en casos seleccionados, como el presentado en este artículo, y permite la detección intraoperatoria y su resección completa.
GGCX variants leading to biallelic deficiency to γ-carboxylate GRP cause skin laxity in VKCFD1 patients
Authors: Ghosh Suvoshree , Kraus Katrin , Biswas Arijit , Müller Jens , Forin Francesco , Singer Heike , Höning Klara , Hornung Veit , Watzka Matthias , Oldenburg Johannes , Czogalla-Nitsche Katrin
Published: April 2021

γ-Glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) catalyses γ-carboxylation of 15 different
vitamin K dependent (VKD) proteins. Pathogenic variants in GGCX cause a
rare hereditary bleeding disorder called Vitamin K dependent coagulation
factor deficiency type 1 (VKCFD1). In addition to bleedings, some VKCFD1
patients develop skin laxity and skeletal dysmorphologies. However, the
pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these non-haemorrhagic
phenotypes remain elusive. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of 22 GGCX
pathogenic variants on γ-carboxylation of six non-haemostatic VKD
proteins (UCMA/GRP, MGP, BGLAP, GAS6, PRGP1, TMG4) in a GGCX-/- HEK293T
cell line by a functional ELISA. We observed that biallelic deficiency
to γ-carboxylate Gla-rich protein lead to the development of skin
laxity. Markedly reduced level of γ-carboxylated MGP is crucial but not
exclusive for causing facial dysmorphologies. Moreover, we identified
the vitamin K hydroquinone binding site in GGCX in an in silico model by
docking studies, which was further validated by functional assays.
Variants affecting this site result into loss-of-function or severely
diminished ability to γ-carboxylate VKD proteins and hence are involved
in the most severe phenotypes. This genotype-phenotype analysis will
help to develop new treatment options for VKCFD1 patients, where
individualized therapy with γ-carboxylated VKD proteins may represent a
promising strategy.
Chemoradiation for Pediatric Primary Cardiac Leiomyosarcoma: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Janopaul-Naylor James , Kanter Kirk , Olson Thomas , Eaton Bree
Published: April 2021

A 13-year-old healthy girl presented with dizziness and palpitations,
found to have a left atrial mass. An 8 cm tumor was removed. Pathology
confirmed leiomyosarcoma, Grade 3 with positive margins. She was treated
with ifosfamide and doxorubicin prior to radiation with concurrent
ifosfamide alone. She was treated to 66 Gy in 33 fractions to the
operative bed. Prospectively graded toxicities included Gr 2 esophagitis
and Gr 1 anorexia, dermatitis and fatigue. She completed a total of 6
cycles of ifosfamide. One year after treatment she had no evidence of
disease with normal ECHO and no cardiac, pulmonary or esophageal
symptoms.
Gender characteristics of primary school students’ success in solving tasks in the context of varying extrinsic motivational attitudes
Authors: Savenkov Alexandr , Gavrilova Olga
Published: April 2021

The article presents the results of an empirical study of specific characteristics of the success of boys and girls of primary school age in solving convergent problems under the condition of varying motivational attitudes. The study was conducted in the elementary school of the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Moscow “School No. 1561” educational complex in 2016-2018. The study sample includes 239 second-grade students the average age of whom was 8.2 years old. 137 of the study participants were boys and 102 were girls which constitutes 57% and 43% of the sample, respectively. Motivation is assessed via the authors’ modification of N.V. Elfimova’s method “A ladder of motives”, a version of M. Seligman’s Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ) modified by N.A. Baturina and D.A. Tsiring, and the authors’ modification of C. Dweck’s Implicit Theory Scale. The study of the cognitive sphere of the primary school students involves J. Raven’s progressive matrices test, P. Torrance’s test of creative thinking, and E.E. Tunik’s adaptation of J. Johnson’s creativity scale. Within the framework of the experiment, two blocks of convergent tasks are formed: one including non-verbal transitivity tasks (the logical block) and the other containing volumetric and spatial thinking tasks (the spatial block). It is established that the success of primary school students of both sexes in solving convergent tasks is associated not only with the extrinsic motivational attitude constructed through verbal instruction but also with the specific psychological characteristics of the development of the cognitive and motivational spheres in children. The relationship between the success in solving convergent tasks and the psychological characteristics of cognitive development and the motivational sphere differs for boys and girls of primary school age which manifests most intensely in the level of development of the non-verbal component, the leading motivation, and the specifics of the development of the attributional style of explaining success and failure, as well as its particular components.
Application mathematical problems as means of implementing competency-based approach
Authors: Chekulaeva Maria E. , Sidorova Natalia V. , Kuzina Natalia G. , Veselovskaya Julia A.
Published: April 2021

Having included the list of general and professional competencies in the educational standards, the significant difficulties occurred in their formation and measurement of the level of their achievement in teaching mathematics. The aim of the work is to develop a set of application mathematical problems aimed at the formation of both the skills in subject and certain competencies of the students of the secondary professional institutions. The theoretical research formed the methodological basis. It consists of the theory of competency-based approach, theory of problem solving and applied direction of the course of mathematics. The main directions of creating the complex of application tasks, the content of which has professional orientation, were also defined. The practical part of the study is to determine the content of application tasks in a dedicated professional field, justifying the influence of applied professional-oriented tasks on the formation of general competencies in students. The efficiency of the developed complex of application tasks was estimated during the pedagogical experiment. The results show that this complex promotes both in-depth study of mathematics and the formation of a certain group of competencies in students. The complex is applied in educational process of Ulyanovsk College of Food and Trade. The data of the study can be useful for teachers of mathematics of the secondary professional institutions.
International relations in the corona age: The concept of entropy revisited
Authors: Trapara Vladimir
Published: April 2021

The paper deals with the relation between the concept of entropy in
international relations and the influence of the coronavirus pandemic upon
them. In many ways, the coronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented event in
contemporary history, but the corona age only confirms the already present
trend of chaos and unpredictability in post-Cold War international
relations, which Randall Schweller explained by the concept of entropy - the
tendency of the rise in the disorder of every closed system. The goal of the
paper is to consider this concept and revisit it by an assessment of how the
impact of the coronavirus pandemic on international relations fits into it.
Starting from Schweller?s observation that, in the past, hegemonic wars were
the primary mechanism of containing entropy in the international system,
along with his prediction that some natural catastrophe could have a certain
impact in that direction in the future, the author departs with this
research question: Could the coronavirus pandemic bring a reduction of
entropy in the post-corona age, or will it only deepen the trend of entropy?
Confirming the latter, the author finds the explanation for the resilience
of entropy in the absence of balance of power in the contemporary
international system - which is opposed to Schweller?s expectation that only
hegemony can contain entropy. The conclusion is that the great powers in the
post-corona age should consciously work on restoring and maintaining a
balance of power if they want to make the system more resilient to some next
global catastrophe.
Assessment of computed tomography simulators used in radiotherapy treatment planning in Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Petrovic Borislava , Faj Dario , Markovic Mladen , Tot Arpad , Marjanovic Milana , Kasabasic Mladen , Gencel Ivan , Paunovic Dragomir , Stankovic Jelena , Krestic-Vesovic Jelena , Miskovic Ivana , Cicarevic Koca , Bibic Juraj , Budanec Mirjana , Kralik Ivana , Galic Stipe , Hrepic Darijo , Ibrisimovic Lejla , Davidovic Jasna , Kolarevic Goran
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this work was to evaluate computed tomography simulators used in radio-therapy treatment planning in Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. A survey of quality assurance programmes of 24 computed tomography simulators in 16 facilities was conducted. A dedicated CT-to-ED phantom was scanned at 120 kV and 140 kV, to obtain CT-to-ED conversion curves as well as CTDIvol. Thoracal phantoms were scanned in the standard and extended field of view to evaluate the dosimetric effect on treatment planning and delivery. The mean age of the measured scanners was 5.5 years. The mean water HU value was ?6.5 (all scanners, all voltages) and air HU value was ?997. Extended field of view computed tomography data differ from the standard field of view and differences between conversion curves have significant dosimetric impact. The CTDI data showed a large range of values between centers. Better quality assurance of computed tomography simulators in all countries is recommended. The CT-to-ED curve could be used as default at one voltage and per manufacturer. Extended field of view imaging can be used, but treatment planning should be avoided in the regions out of the standard field of view.
Influence of bentonite and zeolite on Cs+ and Co2+ cement matrix leaching phenomena
Authors: Dimovic Slavko , Jelic Ivana , Sljivic-Ivanovic Marija
Published: April 2021

The probability of Cs+ and Co2+ ions retention by immobilization processes in the cement matrix was determinate as the subject of analyses: matrix design, water/cement ratio, and structure porosity. Comparison of experimental results was accomplished by Hespe standard leaching method. Diffusion and semi-empirical models were used for the assessment of the washing rate as a function of time. The higher value of cement matrix mechanical resistance corresponds to a lower value of Co2+ and Cs+ ions leaching. The Co2+ leaching level was more than two orders of magnitude less than the leaching level of Cs+. The influence of bentonite and zeolite on Co2+ leaching reduction was significantly smaller in comparison with Cs+, while zeolite had a higher Cs+ and Co2+ sorption ability than bentonite. Under static leaching conditions, the contribution of diffusion to the total transport of ions in the matrix porous medium was dominant. The contribution of matrix dissolution was insignificant concerning the dominant contribution of diffusion and surface washing. The semi-empirical model showed a better approximation of the Co2+ and Cs+ ions laboratory leaching process.
Dasiglucagon: A Next-Generation Glucagon Analog for Rapid and Effective Treatment of Severe Hypoglycemia Results of Phase 3 Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
Authors: Pieber Thomas R , Aronson Ronnie , Hövelmann Ulrike , Willard Julie , Plum-Mörschel Leona , Knudsen Kim M. , Bandak Benedikte , Tehranchi Ramin
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy
and safety of dasiglucagon – a ready-to-use, next-generation glucagon analog in
aqueous formulation for subcutaneous dosing – for treatment of severe
hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This
randomized, double-blind trial included 170 adult participants with type 1
diabetes, each randomized to receive a single subcutaneous dose of dasiglucagon
0.6 mg, placebo, or reconstituted glucagon 1 mg (2:1:1 randomization) during
controlled insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The primary endpoint was time to
plasma glucose recovery, defined as an increase of ≥20 mg/dL from baseline
without rescue intravenous glucose. The primary comparison was dasiglucagon
versus placebo; reconstituted lyophilized glucagon was included as reference.

RESULTS Median (95% CI) time to
recovery was 10 (10, 10) minutes for dasiglucagon compared to 40 (30, 40)
minutes for placebo (P<0.001); the corresponding result for
reconstituted glucagon was 12 (10, 12) minutes. In the dasiglucagon group,
plasma glucose recovery was achieved within 15 minutes in all but one
participant (99%), superior to placebo (2%; P<0.001) and similar to
glucagon (95%). Similar outcomes were observed for the other investigated time
points at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after dosing. The most frequent side effects
were nausea and vomiting, as expected for glucagon treatment.

CONCLUSIONS Dasiglucagon provided rapid
and effective reversal of hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes, with
safety and tolerability similar to that reported for reconstituted glucagon
injection. The ready-to-use, aqueous formulation of dasiglucagon offers the
potential to provide a rapid and reliable treatment for severe hypoglycemia.
Long-term Clinical Performance of Composite Resin or Ceramic Inlays, Onlays, and Overlays: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Fan J , Xu Y , Si L , Li X , Fu B , Hannig M
Published: April 2021

Clinical Relevance

Composite resin or ceramic inlays, onlays, and overlays can achieve high long-term survival and success rates.

Objective:

This study evaluated the long-term clinical performance and complications of composite resin or ceramic inlays, onlays, and overlays, as well as identified the factors that might influence the clinical outcome of the restorations.

Method:

A systematic literature search was conducted in the Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science databases until April 30, 2019, without language restrictions. Randomized clinical trials, clinical retrospective, and prospective cohort studies with a mean follow-up period of five years were included. Two reviewers extracted the study data independently. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was applied for quality assessment. Meta-analysis was performed by the random-effects model and fixed-effects model.

Results:

After removal of duplicates, 2818 studies were identified. Finally, 13 observational studies were included in the meta-analysis based on retrospective and prospective cohort studies. The cumulative survival rate and success rate of composite resin inlays, onlays, and overlays were 91% and 84% after five years of follow-up, respectively. The survival rates of ceramic inlays and onlays were 90% at 5 years, 89% at 8 years and 85% at 10 years, while the success rates of ceramic inlays and onlays were 88% at 5 years and 77% at 10 years. Secondary caries and endodontic complications were the predominant failures for composite resin inlays, onlays, and overlays, while restoration fractures and endodontic complications were the main failures for ceramic inlays and onlays. No direct association between parafuntional habits and bruxism and the fractures of restorations was found. Nonvital teeth and multiple-surface restorations tended to increase the risk of failure. Regarding other factors influencing the clinical outcome, no definite conclusion could be drawn due to inconsistent results.

Conclusions:

The long-term clinical outcomes have been demonstrated to achieve high survival and success rates based on 10-year data for ceramic inlays and onlays, as well as 5-year data for resin inlays, onlays, and overlays.
THE URGENCY OF ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATION IN INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL (ASEAN) LAW WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION APPROACH
Authors: Meta Puspita Nadya
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe development of technology has been increasing rapidly thus almost all aspects of humans are supported by technology and electronic equipment. More electronic wastes are produced, but those could not be managed similar to the conventional wastes and do not have the same characteristics as hazardous wastes as regulated in the Basel Convention 1989 so that the Convention cannot be applied to electronic wastes management optimally. In this present time, there are still no instruments in international law regarding the management of electronic wastes, but the international community has begun to discuss this issue and argue that it is necessary to develop regulations in international and regional levels, especially in the ASEAN region. The analysis and conclusions of this research shows that the Basel Convention cannot optimally accommodate the regulation of electronic wastes management and it is necessary to establish a regulation in the form of a mechanism under the Basel Convention 1989 with regard to environmental aspects. Arrangements at the ASEAN regional level should be made by referring to the principles regulated in the mechanism and formed in a coordinative and non-coercive guideline.

Keywords: e-waste, e-waste management, environmental protection

 

AbstrakTeknologi semakin berkembang hampir semua aspek kehidupan manusia telah didukung oleh teknologi dengan peralatan elektronik. Produksi sampah elektronik semakin banyak, namun mereka tidak dapat dikelola seperti sampah konvensional dan juga tidak sepenuhnya memiliki karakteristik yang sama seperti sampah B3 yang telah diatur dalam Konvensi Basel 1989 sehingga Konvensi tidak dapat diterapkan pada pengelolaan sampah elektronik secara optimal. Saat ini, belum ada instrumen dalam hukum internasional mengenai pengelolaan sampah elektronik, namun masyarakat internasional sudah mulai membahas isu ini dan perlu adanya untuk mengembangkan peraturan di tingkat internasional dan regional, khususnya di ASEAN. Analisis dan kesimpulan penelitian ini memperlihatkan pengaturan dalam Konvensi Basel 1989 tidak dapat mengakomodasi secara optimal mengenai pemanfaatan sampah elektronik sehingga perlu dibuat suatu peraturan berupa mekanisme di bawah Konvensi Basel 1989 dengan memperhatikan aspek-aspek lingkungan. Pengaturan di tingkat regional ASEAN dapat dibuat dengan mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip yang diatur dalam mekanisme tersebut namun dibentuk berupa panduan yang lebih koordinatif dan tidak memaksa.

Kata kunci: sampah elektronik, pengelolaan sampah elektronik, perlindungan lingkungan
MARITIME INTERCEPTION ON FOREIGN VESSELS CARRYING REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS: A VIOLATION OF UNCLOS AND NON-REFOULEMENT PRINCIPLE?
Authors: Nursabrina Mizalfia
Published: April 2021

AbstractEach state has the right to protect their national security in every possible way, and illegal acts such as aliens entering their territory without permit is no exception. They implement regulations and policies to prevent people smuggling, including but not limited to maritime interception towards vessels under suspicion of carrying refugees and asylum seekers. Yet, in the implementation, human rights violations tend to happen towards the passengers. This study aims to analyze the legality of maritime interception on foreign vessels carrying refugee and asylum seekers, and whether the said conduct raised issues of state responsibility. This study was conducted by analyzing relevant international law instruments and principles such as non-refoulement and state responsibility. The analysis comes to the conclusion that states have certain jurisdiction to conduct interception operations at sea with the means of protecting their national security. Should the act of interception be proven to inflict threats of danger towards the lives of the intercepted refugees and asylum seekers, states should be held responsible for the damage bared to the refugees and asylum seekers. In conducting maritime interceptions, states should ensure the refugee identity of the intercepted vessel’s passengers and should seek that they are entitled to international protection.

Keywords: Maritime Interception, Principle of Non-Refoulement, State Responsibility

 

AbstrakSetiap negara mempunyai hak untuk melindungi keamanan nasionalnya dengan berbagai macam cara, dan tindakan ilegal seperti warga negara asing memasuki wilayah suatu negara tanpa izin bukan merupakan pengecualian. Negara-negara telah menetapkan seperangkat peraturan dan kebijakan untuk mencegah penyelundupan manusia, termasuk namun tidak terbatas pada pencegatan kapal di wilayah laut yang dicurigai mengangkut para pengungsi dan pencari suaka. Namun, dalam pelaksanaannya tindakan pencegatan seringkali menimbulkan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia kepada para penumpang kapal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis legalitas pencegatan kapal yang mengangkut pengungsi dan pencari suaka. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menganalisa hukum internasional yang berkaitan. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa negara mempunyai yurisdiksi tertentu untuk melaksanakan pencegatan di laut dengan tujuan untuk mempertahankan keamanan nasional. Selain itu, negara harus bertanggung jawab atas kerugian yang dialami oleh para pengungsi dan pencari suaka selaku penumpang kapal yang dicegat apabila pencegatan tersebut menimbulkan ancaman bagi hidup mereka. Dalam melaksanakan pencegatan di wilayah laut, negara-negara harus memastikan identitas para penumpang kapal yang dicegat, dan memberikan perlindungan internasional bagi mereka yang berstatus sebagai pengungsi dan pencari suaka.

Kata Kunci: Pencegatan Wilayah Laut, Prinsip Non-Refoulement, Tanggung Jawab Negara
THE OCCUPYING POWER ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW: CASE STUDY IN GAZA STRIP
Authors: Afdha Lardo Mohamad
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Conflict in Gaza Strip involving Israel and Palestine has continuously attracted international concerns.  Under the strict authority of Israel, humanitarian issues materialize in the strip as Gaza’s inhabitants undergo crises including energy and subsistence while Israel fails to fulfill the basic needs of the people. In 2007, Jaber Al-Bassiouni Ahmed with his associates sought legal remedy to the Supreme Court of Israel to clarify their rights inhabiting the Gaza Strip. The purpose of this article is to explain whether international humanitarian law could be implemented to the occupying power of Israel in Gaza Strip and elucidate the limitation of the occupying power regarded by the law. Achieving this explanation requires a qualitative legal approach. It emphasizes on documents scrutiny using the perspectives of primary, secondary, and tertiary laws. The research result shows that under the regime of international humanitarian law, “alien occupation” is the key to regulate the Gaza Strip against the regime of the occupying power by Israel. The one-year rule in the Case of Gaza Strip indicates that Israel held the occupying power of the territory as not only did Israel act as a controller but also it participated in the physical activities to regulate the lives of Gaza residents in addition to the limitation of the functions of Palestinian Authority posed by Israel.

Keywords: Gaza Strip, International Humanitarian Law, Occupying Power  

 

Abstrak

Konflik di Jalur Gaza yang melibatkan Israel dan Palestina terus menarik perhatian internasional. Di bawah kekuasaan Israel, isu humaniter mencuat di jalur tersebut karena penduduk Gaza mengalami krisis energi dan mata pencaharian, sementara Israel tidak memenuhi kebutuhan dasar hidup penduduk tersebut. Pada tahun 2007, Jaber Al-Bassiouni Ahmed bersama rekan-rekannya mengajukan tinjauan hukum kepada Pengadilan Tinggi Israel untuk mengklarifikasi hak-hak mereka sebagai penduduk di Jalur Gaza. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan apakah hukum humaniter internasional dapat diterapkan dalam kasus penguasa pendudukan di Jalur Gaza oleh Israel dan menjelaskan batasan kekuasaan pendudukan tersebut. Pendekatan kualitatif hukum berbasis studi dokumen dengan perspektif hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa di bawah hukum humaniter internasional, “pendudukan asing” menjadi kunci regulasi yang dapat diterapkan di Jalur Gaza di bawah resim penguasa pendudukan yakni Israel. Aturan “Satu Tahun” di jalur tersebut menunjukan bahwa Israel memegang kendali wilayah tersebut karena Israel tidak hanya bertindak sebagai pengontrol melainkan juga melakukan kegiatan fisik untuk mengatur kehidupan masyarakat Gaza juga membatasi fungsi-fungsi autoritas Palestina.

Kata Kunci: Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Jalur Gaza, Penguasa Pendudukan
O QUE TEM NO MUSEU PROFESSOR? PERCEPÇÕES DOS ESTUDANTES DO ENSINO MÉDIO SOBRE VISITA AO MUSEU DE CIÊNCIAS
Authors: Lima de Oliveira Caio Vitor Sales , Cunha de Menezes João Paulo
Published: April 2021

Os museus são ambientes de aprendizagens não formais populares que são visitados por diferentes sujeitos da sociedade, mas pouco explorado por professores. Neste cenário, este trabalho apresenta como propósito uma reflexão sobre as percepções de estudantes do ensino médio sobre uma visita guiada em dois museus desenvolvidos por licenciandos do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência. Por meio de narrativas produzidas pelos estudantes de ensino médio e analisadas segundo Análise Textual Discursiva foi possível analisar diferentes percepções. Seguindo está metodologia, obtivemos três categorias: Associação com vivências e conhecimentos prévios, Museu como espaço de junção, prática com a teoria e Contribuição do PIBID na visita guiada. Com esse resultado foi possível concluir a importância de se trabalhar em ambientais não formais de ensino como a relevância do projeto no processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes de ensino médio.
Peculiarities of NMR 13C spectra of benzoic acid and saturated alkylbenzoates. I. Chemical shift of benzoyl fragment hydrocarbon atoms
Authors:   Ukrainian Academy of Printing, Lviv, Ukraine, Mizyuk Volodymyr , Shibanov Volodymyr ,   Ukrainian Academy of Printing, Lviv, Ukraine, Kobrin Lesya ,   Lviv National University named after I.Franko, Lviv, Ukraine, Marshalok Galyna ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine, Elagin Georgiy ,   Cherkasy Institute of Fire Safety, Cherkasy, Ukraine
Published: April 2021

It has been shown that chemical shift of 5 types of carbon nuclei of benzoyl fragment in saturated alkylbenzoates depends upon alkyl radical degree of branching near α-carbon atom of alkoxyl group. Typical values of chemical shifts of five nuclei for primary, secondary and tertiary alkylbenzoates have been admitted
Research of action mechanism of catalytic solutions in the oxidization process of cyclohexane
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Bandera str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine, Ivashchuk Oleksandr , Reutskyy Victor ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Bandera str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
Published: April 2021

In the article intercommunication is considered between efficiency of action of difficult catalytic solutions [cobalt naftenate – polyethyleneglicol – cyclohexanone] in the process of liquid-phase oxidization of cyclohexane and complexes formation between the component components of catalytic solutions.
Synthesis of polyaniline in presence of low magnetic field, its structure and electrical properties
Authors:   Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Civil Lines, Nagpur, Applied Physics Department, St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering and Technology,  Nagpur-441 108, India, Renuka Nafdey , Deepali Kelkar ,   Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Civil Lines, Nagpur, Applied Physics Department, St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering and Technology,  Nagpur-441 108, India
Published: April 2021

Polyaniline is synthesized chemically under the influence of low magnetic field of intensity 1KGauss. The effect of magnetic field during the synthesis process causes enhancement of electrical conductivity by two orders of magnitude. This increased electrical conductivity depends on the polymer chain ordering, as well as structure and morphology of the reported polymer.
Biological cell-based screening for scientific membranal and cytoplasmatic markers using dielectric spectroscopy
Authors:   Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Singh Ragini Raj , Ron Amit ,   Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Fishelson Nick ,   Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Shur Irena ,   Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Socher Rina ,   Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Benayahu Dafna ,   Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Shacham-Diamand Yosi ,   Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
Published: April 2021

Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) of living biological cells is based on the analysis of cells suspended in a physiological medium. It provides knowledge of the polarization-relaxation response of the cells to external electric field as function of the excitation frequency. This response is strongly affected by both structural and molecular properties of the cells and, therefore, can reveal rare insights into cell physiology and behaviour. This study demonstrates the mapping potential of DS after cytoplasmic and membranal markers for cell-based screening analysis. The effect of membrane permittivity and cytoplasm conductivity was examined using tagged MBA and MDCK cell lines respectively. The comparison of the dielectric spectra of tagged and native cell lines reveals clear differences between the cells. In addition, the differences in the matching dielectric properties of the cells were discovered. Those findings support the high distinction resolution and sensitivity of DS after fine molecular and cellular changes, and hence, highlight the high potential of DS as non invasive screening tool in cell biology research.
Regularities of low-waste technology of wastewater treatment by coagulation method
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine ", Kosogina Iryna ,   KPI",   37, Peremohy Ave., 03056 Kiev, Ukraine, Astrelin Igor ,   National Technical University of Ukraine "KPI" 37, Peremohy Ave., 03056 Kiev, Ukraine, Klimenko Natalya ,   National Technical University of Ukraine "KPI" 37, Peremohy Ave., 03056 Kiev, Ukraine, Kontsevoy Andriy ,   National Technical University of Ukraine "KPI" 37, Peremohy Ave., 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
Published: April 2021

Mechanisms of wastewater purification from surface-active substances and of sulphuric acid dissolution of iron-containing sludge formed during the previous process have been established. Kinetic regularities of metal-containing sludge dissolution in sulphuric acid have been investigated. Kinetic equation which adequately presents the experimental data has been proposed; constants of this kinetic equation have been calculated.
About building rapport in distance learning during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kazieva Indiana I. , Danilina Elena A. , Polonskaya Ksenia L , Dolgova Elena G.
Published: April 2021

This study is based on the experience gained over the period of March 2020- December 2020 when the outbreak of covid-19 pandemic forced millions of students of secondary and higher schools to shift almost overnight to distant or remote learning. Our paper predominately focuses on pedagogical aspects that are required to make online learning more attractive and motivating for students.  We carried out a survey of 27 teachers of the Department of foreign languages of the Faculty of Economics at of RUDN University aged 25-67 to find out   what advantages and disadvantages of online learning they found and what was the role of rapport during on-line learning. The obtained results point out that rapport remains important in distant learning and part of the teachers consider that its role increased because of the absence of face-to-face communication.
Interaction of Narrative and Lyrical Principles in Texts of Contemporary Musical Performers
Authors: Moshtyleva E. S.
Published: April 2021

A comprehensive linguistic study of the functional features of the linguistic and communicative-pragmatic organization of narrative in text materials posted on the Internet platform is presented. Particular attention is paid to how the interpenetration of the narrative and lyrical principles occurs within one work. The material for the research was the text of the hip-hop opera “Orpheus & Eurydice” posted on the re-source “Yandex.Music”. A complex technique of interpretation of narrative strategies based on the methods of functional-stylistic, communicative-pragmatic and lexical-semantic analysis was used. The question is raised about the peculiarities of the functioning of the lyric text within the narrative and about their relationship. The role played by the mythologization of the narrative text is shown in the article. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the author describes the relationship be-tween narrative and lyricism in the work. The question of establishing the determinants of hip-hop narrative is raised. The structure of a narrative text with elements of lyricism is considered. The results of the analysis of the peculiarities of the linguistic embodiment of the narrators and actants are presented. The author dwells on the communicative-functional structure of the studied text, describing the specific functions of the narrative with fragments of lyricism. A model for determining the leading type of cognitive modeling (narrative or lyrics) through the functional and linguopragmatic study of the hip-hop text is proposed.
Religion as Source Domain of Metaphors in World War II Media Discourse
Authors: Solopova O. A. , Koshkarova N. N.
Published: April 2021

The article studies the English-language media discourses of the World War II period from a retrospective point of view. The aim is to identify the patterns of modeling the images of war and peace in British, American and Australian media discourses. The definition of military media discourse as an institutional form of communication is proposed, its essential characteristics are highlighted. The source of the material was the authoritative digitized archives of the UK, the USA and Australia. The material was extracted using corpus linguistics tools. The qualitative analysis was carried out within the framework of the cognitive-discourse methodology using the method of metaphorical modeling. The object of the research is the dominant metaphor used when representing the images of war and peace in the three discourses. The authors show common and specific features of the use of the religious metaphor, conditioned by cultural and extra-linguistic factors, and conclude that the religious metaphor places war and peace at different poles of the scale of values and actualizes the binary axiological opposition “good — evil”, “light — darkness”.
Formation of Synodal Regime of Church Administration in Context of Relationship between Secular and Spiritual Authorities in 1721—1725 (Nizhny Novgorod Diocese)
Authors: Bodrin A. V.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the formation of the synodal regime of government of the Russian Orthodox Church and related problems in the relationship between secular and spiritual authorities. Attention is paid to the new policy of the state represented by the Synod in relation to the local episcopate. The peculiarities of the organization of the diocesan administration are characterized on the materials of the Nizhny Novgorod region. A brief biography of the local Bishop Pitirim, one of the close associates of Peter I is presented. The results of the analysis of problems in relations between the state and the church in the political sphere are given. A classification of these problems is proposed on the basis of various aspects of interaction between secular and clergy. Special attention is paid to issues related to the status of the Synod and its real possibilities to represent the interests of the clergy. It is shown on regional material that the clergy, under synodal conditions, found themselves in a dependent position on the authorities, both central and local. The author especially dwells on the facts describing the arbitrariness of officials in relation to persons of clergy, interference in their competence on certain issues. It has been proved that the establishment of the Synod and the general bureaucratization during the reign of Peter I changed the nature of church-state relations and acted as prerequisites for the emergence of new difficulties.
Ottoman and British Factors in Anti-French Resistance of Beylik Constantine in 1830—1837
Authors: Zherlitsina N. A.
Published: April 2021

The poorly studied initial period of the anti-colonial struggle of the Algerian people against the French occupation is considered. Until 1830, the Algerian Regency was a semi-autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire. It is proved that in the first years after the capture of France, spiritual ties with the former metropolis remained strong and determined the strategies of resistance of the former Turkish ruling elite in the country. The author notes that the last bey of Constantine’s Beylik, Ahmed, loyal to the ideas of Ottomanism, for seven years effectively resisted the attempts of the French to establish themselves in this Algerian province. The article shows that although the attributes of Constantine's independence in those years indicated its Arab character, Ahmed Bey retained the Turkish concept of the state. It is concluded that the legal power, as before, relied on the sanction of the Turkish Sultan, the spiritual and political leader of the Ottoman Empire. The author concludes that Ahmed Bey was defeated without the support of his suzerain. It is proved that he did not manage to enlist the help of Great Britain, which, although opposed to French expansionism, did not consider Algeria so important to enter into a conflict with France because of it.
Projects of Organizing and Reforming Orthodox Missions in Tobolsk North in 19th — Early 20th Centuries
Authors: Tsys V. V. , Tsys O. P.
Published: April 2021

The projects for the creation and reform of the Orthodox anti-pagan missions of the Tobolsk North in the 19th — early 20th centuries are discussed in the article. It is noted that the secular and spiritual authorities considered the Christianization of the indigenous population of the region as a mechanism for integration into the space of Russian civilization in the socio-cultural, administrative and economic spheres. It is concluded that many proposals for improving the work of missions were of a complex nature and involved a series of different, in general, very effective measures, such as centralizing the management of missionary affairs, in-creasing the status of the head of the mission, organizing systematic training of Ob Ugric and Samoyed children in schools, expanding the scope of mission by organizing new camps, increasing funding, attracting the most prepared representatives of the black and white clergy to the preaching of the “word of God”, as well as the bourgeois, Cossacks, and Zyryans living in the north. However, it was not possible to bridge the distance between the understanding of the mechanisms for solving the tasks facing the missions and their practical implementation. The lack of systematicity in work, the great influence of the subjective factor associated with the position of individual diocesan bishops, the unresolved personnel issue, hindered the establishment of the activities of Orthodox missions.
Persuasive Complex as a Unit of Analysis of Parliamentary Discourse
Authors: Gromyko S. A.
Published: April 2021

The method of analysis of speech impact in the parliamentary discourse is considered. The relevance and novelty of the research is seen in the fact that parliamentary discourse is viewed as a persuasive discourse. A methodology for analyzing the persuasiveness of this discourse is pro-posed. The category “persuasive complex” is introduced into scientific circulation, which is considered as a set of tools and methods for realizing persuasiveness, formed in a single discourse and united by a semantic unit — an image or a symbol. Using the material of the discussion of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire, the author dwells in detail on the analysis of the persuasive complex “BLOOD”. The procedure for analyzing this persuasive complex is described. The author comes to the conclusion that the persuasive complex is implemented at three levels: semantic, instrumental and operational. It is shown that representatives of all factions in the first Russian parliament actively used the “BLOOD” persuasive complex, but the options for its implementation in specific persons differed significantly. It is concluded that the persuasive complex is a unit of discourse analysis, which is aimed at identifying the semantic, formal and functional components of the addressee's impact on the recipient.