bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Auditory Ossicles
Authors: Lisoněk Petr , Trinkaus Erik
Published: November 2023

Four auditory ossicles have been preserved from two of the individuals in the triple burial, Dolní Věstonice 14 and 15 (Figures 9.1 and 9.2). The former individual retains a left malleus and incus, both of which are well preserved but have their surfaces covered by thin calcareous encrustations. The malleus of Dolní Věstonice 15 is preserved only from the head to the neck, and the head is damaged. There is a number of surface defects on its right incus, the deepest one lying on the corpus close to the beginning of crus breve incudis.
The Pelvic Remains
Authors: Trinkaus Erik
Published: November 2023

The Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov pelvic remains consist principally of the three largely complete pelves, those of the triple burial individuals. To these are added pieces in varying states of completeness and distortion for Dolní Věstonice 3 and 16 (Figures 7.1–7.4, 7.6, 17.1–17.7). Dolní Věstonice 3 has portions of both ilia, but they were either crushed (on the left side) or reduced to an inferior section (on the right side). The associated sacrum retains only portions of three bodies crushed into the left ilium. The pelvis of Dolní Věstonice 16 is largely present, but it is currently in eight identifiable pieces and innumerable smaller fragments. Its sacrum, as with all of its vertebral remains caudal to T1, was reduced to unidentifiable fragments. None of the pelvis of Pavlov 1 survives, and no isolated human pelvic pieces have been identified from these sites. The morphological features that relate to sexual diagnosis are presented and evaluated in Chapter 7, and the overall breadths of the more complete pelves as they relate to body proportions are compared in Chapter 12. This section, therefore, addresses the remaining features, primarily those related to detailed morphological aspects of the hip bones (ossa coxae) and sacra by individual. De- spite a wealth of morphometric values that can be derived from these remains, especially those of Dolní Věstonice 13 to 15 (Sládek et al., 2000), comparative Late Pleistocene data are scarce and most of the values relate to either sexual diagnosis or overall size. Parturitional issues (per Tague, 1992) are not directly relevant since only Dolní Věstonice 3 is female (Chapter 7) and her pelvic remains are insufficiently preserved to evaluate such reproductive issues.
Allomorphy
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, we learned that morphs do not necessarily hold their meaning constant from word to word. Now we learn to deal with another characteristic that also serves to make morphs more elusive than we might like: they may change their form from word to word.
Phonetics
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R
Published: November 2023

Phonetics describes the sounds of language. Learning how the sounds of English are pronounced puts us in a better position to understand some of the allomorph we encounter in English words. The same principles also bring out striking similarities between Latin, French, and English words despite several hundreds of years of sound changes. An example is Latin *cape, the source of the French word chef and, through French, the source of the English words chief and chef. Basic phonetics also helps us to appreciate the similarities among the Germanic languages and Latin and Greek, despite several millennia of sound changes. For example, in chapter 10 we trace the English word fire back to the same source as the Greek root pyr, showing along the way that the difference in pronunciation between /f/ and /p/ is a highly regular one.
Regular Allomorphy; Numeric Elements
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R
Published: November 2023

In our overview of allomorph in chapter 4, we discussed a set of variations that simply have to be memorized on a morpheme-by-morpheme or a word-by-word basis. But some allomorph is regular—that is, generally predictable—because it is due to the operation of some simple phonetic principles. Regular allomorph that applies to all native English words, such as the variation in the pronunciation of the plural morpheme in cats, dogs, and finches, comes to English speakers so naturally that they may be completely unaware of it at a conscious level. But some regular allomorph is more challenging because it applies only to Latinate vocabulary. Such alternations result from changes due to classical Latin and Greek phonology, and they require study before we moderns can apply them fluently.
Later Changes: From Latin to French to English
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R
Published: November 2023

In most of the previous chapters of this book and in all the Word Elements lists, we have been considering Latin and Greek elements from the point of view of how they were spelled and pronounced in classical Roman times. We have done so because that is the best way to account for the spelling and the allophonic changes undergone by the morphemes used in the technical and scientific vocabulary of English. Because the great bulk of the learned vocabulary was borrowed from the classical languages using the original Latin spelling, for all practical purposes English has incorporated much of the phonology and morphology of Latin into this higher vocabulary.
Walden Pond A History
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale
Published: November 2023

Perhaps no other natural setting has as much literary, spiritual, and environmental significance for Americans as Walden Pond. Some 700,000 people visit the pond annually, and countless others journey to Walden in their mind, to contemplate the man who lived there and what the place means to us today. Here is the first history of the Massachusetts pond Thoreau made famous 150 years ago. W. Barksdale Maynard offers a lively and comprehensive account of Walden Pond from the early nineteenth century to the present. From Thoreau’s first visit at age 4 in 1821—”That woodland vision for a long time made the drapery of my dreams”—to present day efforts both to conserve the pond and allow public access, Maynard captures Walden Pond’s history and the role it has played in social, cultural, literary, and environmental movements in America. Along the way Maynard details the geography of the pond; Thoreau’s and Emerson’s experiences of Walden over their lifetimes; the development of the cult of Thoreau and the growth of the pond as a site of literary and spiritual pilgrimages; rock star Don Henley’s Walden Woods Project and the much publicized battle to protect the pond from developers in the 1980s; and the vitally important ecological symbol Walden Pond has become today. Exhaustively researched, vividly written, and illustrated with historical photographs and the most detailed maps of Thoreau country yet created, Walden Pond: A History reveals the many ways an ordinary pond has come to be such an extraordinarily inspiring symbol.
In Morning Time
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale
Published: November 2023

At five A.M. the power shuts off to an electromagnetic gate, which automatically unlocks. With the cessation of current and the click of the latch, another day begins at Walden Pond State Reservation, fifteen miles west of Boston. This system, like everything at Walden, is a compromise—it allows fishermen to drive down a steep road and unload their boats into the water, but never quite as early as they would like. Sometimes they complain and ask for 4:30, but in the end they accept the limitations that are imposed, as must all users of the park. The gate discourages nocturnal mischief makers, and in the hours of darkness it divides the pond from the larger world of traffic and noise that rushes by on Route 126.
All Honest Pilgrims (1862–1882)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale
Published: November 2023

Snow-clad hills around Walden echoed to the laughter of Frank Sanborn’s schoolchildren out for a skating party in January 1862. Julian Hawthorne was among them, and his sister Rose skated that day at Goose Pond. Sanborn loved Walden, having published poems to “Walden Woods” and “Walden Water.” “Edward and Mary and I rode down to Walden on the sled with James to find some skating,” Ellen Emerson wrote on the twenty-ninth, “But finding none went to Goose Pond, which was also covered with snow, so there was nothing for it but to trudge home again.
Thoreau’s Country (1883–1921)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale
Published: November 2023

By the first year of the post-Emerson era, it had been more than three decades since Heywood cut the trees on his shore, and one could stand beneath “the great pines on the eastern side” and admire the sweep of blue water. “Thoreau’s cove, so long the abode of solitude, is devoted to the very social amusement of over two hundred boys, black and white,” one visitor wrote in amazement. “Walden Pond offers fine opportunities for bathing,” a newspaperman said.
Notwithstanding This Abstract View the changing context of constitutional law
Authors: Kramer Larry D
Published: November 2023

Let us jump ahead for a moment, to the year 1834. Settled for many years in peaceful retirement at his family’s gracious estate in Montpelier, James Madison—”the last of the fathers”1—wrote the following remarkable letter: Dear Sir,—Having alluded to the Supreme Court of the United States as a constitutional resort in deciding questions of jurisdiction between the United States and the individual States, a few remarks may be proper, showing the sense and degree in which that character is more particularly ascribed to that department of the Government.
Prologue Four Days in the Nineties: The Making of a Defendant
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R
Published: November 2023

Dr. Richard Allen was finishing up his last day of work before leaving for a long-awaited 10-day vacation. He had just completed a preoperative evaluation of a 60-year-old woman that had been requested by a local orthopedic surgeon. Although aware of the woman’s history of chronic back pain and disability, Dr. Allen remained concerned about whether she was really suitable for elective surgery. In examining her, he had noted her marked obesity, poorly controlled hypertension, and an anemia that had been neither definitively diagnosed nor treated. He recommended that she be evaluated for this latter condition before surgery. The last thing he did before leaving town was to sign out, as usual, to his partner, who would cover for him.
Disclosure After an Adverse Event
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R
Published: November 2023

Common sense tells us that when something bad happens, physicians should talk about it with the patient and family. The American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Medical Ethics states that “it is a fundamental requirement that a physician should at all times deal honestly and openly with patients.” In situations that result from a mistake or poor judgment, “the physician is ethically required to in- form the patient of all the facts necessary to ensure understanding of what has occurred.” Most physicians believe that the obligation to disclose is a basic function of open communication with the patient and that any outcome—good or bad— should be discussed. Remaining silent is not an option and attempting a cover-up is not only unethical but, in today’s world, probably impossible.
The Interim: Between the Event and the Lawsuit
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R
Published: November 2023

We experience a bad outcome and immediately begin worrying about its con- sequences. We regret the incident and are greatly concerned for the patient and the family. We know that they have hit the wall of a life-changing event, and so have we.
Coping with the Stress Associated with Litigation
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R
Published: November 2023

I will do anything to avoid the law again. I would go to the law if the principle were truly powerful. But for me, it’s like going to war. I’m not a pacifist. I believe that if you go to war, you go to war but never delude yourself for one moment on the cost of the war. You have to know in advance that the cost of the war is going to be an order of magnitude greater than you ever thought it would in your worst-case scenario. I expect to take serious wounds to my capital, my self-esteem, and my sense of loyalty to people associated with the case because betrayal becomes a big part of lawsuits. However we react to the accusation, we have been wounded by an assault from the legal system that now takes over our lives. We are now defendants, and al- though lawyers and insurers line up beside us, we stand alone in the dock to defend our competence and integrity. Some lawyers tell us that we should not take this charge of negligence personally, that in today’s world, litigation is “just the cost of doing business.” Perhaps litigation is inevitable, we feel, but it is never less than highly personal. A hurricane may be impersonal but it still devastates everything that is personal to those it touches.
To Settle or Not to Settle
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R
Published: November 2023

In general, the discovery process gives all participants a realistic view of each side’s chances to prevail at trial. Only about 7 percent of cases nationwide are finally tried to verdict. Before or during trial, as noted in Figure 7–1, approximately 29 percent of the malpractice cases nationally are settled with awards of monetary damages to the plaintiff.
Tortured Reasoning
Authors: Dershowitz Alan
Published: November 2023

Although this is a book about the substantive issues surrounding the use of physical torture as a means to obtain information deemed necessary to prevent terrorism, I have decided to write my essay about the tortured reasoning and arguments that tend to typify much of the debate about this emotionally laden issue. I have already expressed my views with regard to controlling and limiting the use of torture by means of a warrant or some other mechanism of accountability, and these views are easily accessible to anyone who wishes to read and criticize them. Here, in a nutshell, is my position.
NSC-68 and the Korean War
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

It seems odd, at first glance, that George Kennan, the most graceful prose stylist to serve in Washington in modern times, never took the trouble while in an official capacity to write down his complete concept of containment. Much of his thinking found its way into policy papers, to be sure, and the Truman administration did implement many of Kennan’s recommendations between 1947 and 1949. But one had to glean the elements of his strategy from pronouncements delivered in a variety of forms before a variety of audiences. Kennan undertook no systematic exposition of his program.
Implementing Flexible Response: Vietnam as a Test Case
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

In order to discuss the implementation of “flexible response,” it is necessary to make a choice. One can examine in overview a series of events in which that strategy manifested itself: the Bay of Pigs, Laos, Berlin, the Cuban missile crisis, the Dominican Republic. Or, one can focus in detail on the event that because of its duration, divisiveness, and cost, over-shadowed them all: the war in Vietnam. There are two good reasons for choosing the second approach. First, American policy in Southeast Asia reflected in practice virtually all of the elements of “flexible response.” Second, Kennedy, Johnson, and their advisers regarded Vietnam as a fair test of that strategy. It had been Eisenhower’s inability to deal with comparable problems that had produced the “flexible response” critique in the first place. If the strategy could not be made to work in Vietnam, then there would be serious grounds upon which to question its applicability elsewhere. American leaders took on this test fully aware of the potential difficulties, but at the same time fully confident of their ability to surmount them.
Reagan, Gorbachev, and the Completion of Containment
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

By the time Henry Kissinger stepped down as Secretary of State with the departure of the Ford administration from office in January 1977, the limits of both symmetrical and asymmetrical containment had become clear. Symmetry offered protection against incremental threats, against the danger that peripheral challenges to the balance of power might become major ones, if not in fact, then psychologically, which amounted to the same thing. It made available multiple levels of response, affording policymakers choices wider than those of escalation or humiliation. But it also involved letting adversaries select the nature and location of competition, and that, for the nation on the defensive, required virtually unlimited resources. Despite expansionist economic theory, the United States never generated either the capabilities or the will that would have been necessary to support symmetrical containment over an extended period of time. Attempts to do so, as in Korea and Vietnam, had only led to frustration, disillusionment, and exhaustion. One might, in such situations, win battles—even that was not always assured—but one could as well, in doing so, lose the war.
Epilogue: Containment After the Cold War
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

Great grand strategies are bounded by time and space, but they also transcend time and space. They all arise, as containment did, within particular periods, places, and sets of circumstances. They cannot be divorced, in this sense, from the historical contexts in which they originated. And yet, the adjective “great” implies relevance beyond context. It suggests that the strategy in question can serve as a guide in periods, places, and circumstances yet to come.
Causes of Cancer
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most important question in cancer biology is what causes the cellular alterations that produce a cancer. The answer to this question has been elusive. If the actual cause of these alterations were known, the elimination of factors that produce cancer and the development of better treatment modalities would likely follow. Cancer prevention might become a reality. A cancerous growth has a number of predictable properties. The incidence rates of various cancers are strongly related to environmental factors and lifestyle, and cancers have certain growth characteristics, among which are the abilities to grow in an uncontrolled manner, invade surrounding tissues, and metastasize. Also, when viewed microscopically, cancer cells appear to be less well differentiated than their normal counterparts and to have certain distinguishing features, such as large nuclei and nucleoli. Most cancers arise from a single clone of cells, whose precursor may have been altered by insult with a carcinogen. In most cases cancer is a disease of aging. The average age at diagnosis is over 65 and malignant cancers arise from a lifetime accumulation of “hits” on a person’s DNA.
The Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Cancer
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W
Published: November 2023

The development of knowledge about the biochemistry and cell biology of cancer comes from a number of disciplines. Some of this knowledge has come from research initiated a century or more ago. There has been a flow of information about genetics into a knowledge base about cancer, starting with Gregor Mendel and the discovery of the principle of inherited traits and leading through Theodor Boveri’s work on the chromosomal mode of heredity and chromosomal damage in malignant cells to Avery’s discovery of DNA as the hereditary principle, Watson and Crick’s determination of the structure of DNA, the human genome project, DNA microarrays, and proteomics. Not only has this information provided a clearer picture of the carcinogenic process, it has also provided better diagnostic approaches and new therapeutic targets for anticancer therapies.
The Public Stake
Authors: Cott Nancy F
Published: November 2023

Marriage is paradoxical and perhaps unique in legal terms because it involves both a contract and a status, although these two concepts are distinct—almost opposite—legally. It has been this way ever since monogamous marriage was codified in Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, first by ecclesiastical and then by secular authorities. A contract is characteristically consensual, joined by private agreement. No contract need be exactly like another, since the parties themselves decide on its substance and extent. A status, on the other hand, means a legal standing fixed by public authority, attaching certain rights or limitations to those in a defined group or class. (A minor’s status differs from an adult’s, for example, and a citizen’s from a noncitizen’s.) Marriage has both features. Two individuals who consent to marry form a contract that continues when they marry and thus enter a new status. In other words, the contract of marriage is no ordinary contract. The state is a party to it along with the couple, authorizing the marriage and mandating its form and some of its terms, preventing the couple from making the contract fully their own. The involvement of state authority also implies that the public supports the couple’s bond, will enforce it, and values it as something worthwhile to the community at large.
Beyond Marriage
Authors: Cossman Brenda
Published: November 2023

Mary Lyndon Shanley has made a compelling case against the privatization of marriage and in favour of the public interest in marital relationships. I agree that the contract model is simply not up to the task of regulating these personal relationships and ensuring that relational interests are protected. But to argue that relationships matter, and that there is a broader public interest in protecting and promoting relational interests, does not resolve the publicpolicy question of how to regulate adult personal relationships, and whether marriage is the only or most appropriate way to recognize them. Shanley herself acknowledges the importance of extending the analysis in arguing that “public protection and support for associational and affective ties” need not “be limited to marriage partners and parents and children. Rather, recognition of the inevitability of dependency and the importance of caregiving should lead people to ask what other relationships deserve public support.” In these comments, I attempt to push this question forward and argue for a broader rethinking of the legal regulation of adult relationships.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Flor-Cisneros Armando , Leikin Sergey
Published: November 2023

The patient is a 1.5-year-old white female admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for evaluation of bone deformities in the lower extremities, generalized osteopenia, and a recent left femur fracture. She was the product of an uncomplicated, full-term pregnancy delivered by cesarean section and was born with normal Apgar scores and a birth weight of 2954 g (normal for fullterm newborns).A prenatal ultrasound done at 35 weeks of gestation suggested shortening and bowing of femurs, tibias, and fibulas and rhizomelic proportions (shortening of proximal limb segments) of the upper extremities. Her perinatal hospital course was uncomplicated. However, she was noted to have bilateral clavicle fractures at birth.
Inborn Errors of Urea Synthesis
Authors: Chakraborty Pranesh , Geraghty Michael T
Published: November 2023

A male infant was born at term following an uncomplicated pregnancy to a healthy woman pregnant for the first time.The delivery was uncomplicated, and growth was appropriate for gestational age. Initially, he was breastfed every 3 h.On the second day of life, he developed mild respiratory distress and fed poorly. Antibiotics were started, but no evidence for an infection was found. On day 3, he became increasingly unresponsive. Arterial blood gases revealed a normal PO2 with a respiratory alkalosis (pH 7.56, PCO2 17, HCO3 − 15 μmol/L (normal 21–28 μmol/L)). Blood glucose and electrolytes were normal. He became comatose and required artificial ventilation. Repeat tests showed persistent respiratory alkalosis, and the plasma ammonium was 1250 μmol/L (normal 5–30). Serum electrolytes, plasma glucose, and lactate and a toxicology screen were normal.Plasma was obtained for quantitative amino acid analysis and quantitative carnitine and for an acylcarnitine profile; urine was obtained for orotic acid measurement and organic acid profiling.
HMG-CoA Lyase Deficiency
Authors: Proud Virginia K , Rosenthal Miriam D
Published: November 2023

D.E.C. was a normal female infant (weight 6 lb 4 oz, length 20 inches) born via spontaneous vaginal delivery to an 18-year-old primigravida (first pregnancy). The pregnancy was unplanned and complicated only by maternal use of antidepressants (Zoloft and Depakote) during the first months of gestation. When D.E.C. was 1 month of age, she appeared to have macrocephaly and mild hypotonia; a cranial sector scan was performed and was normal. She was initially breast-fed but was a poor feeder, had gastroesophageal reflux, and gained weight slowly (Fig. 20-1). She sweated profusely when sleeping, and at 4 months of age had hypotonia and poor head control.
Vitamin A Deficiency in Children
Authors: Wongsiriroj Nuttaporn , Wasantwisut Emorn , Blaner William S
Published: November 2023

A boy aged 3 years and 8 months was admitted to a local hospital in Thailand with the following symptoms: high fever, difficulty breathing, and diarrhea with approximately 10 episodes per day lasting 1 week.The child showed eye symptoms (see Fig. 29-1), including Bitot’s spot and corneal xerosis,that were consistent with the early stages of xerophthalmia, the clinical syndrome associated with vitamin A deficiency. (The clinically defined stages of xerophthalmia are provided in Table 29-1.) Night blindness was also identified through interview of the parents using the local term for night blindness. (For cultures in which vitamin A deficiency has been common, there is often a specific term in the local language for night blindness.) Concomitant with vitamin A deficiency, the child was diagnosed as experiencing protein-energy malnutrition type 2 (moderate), pneumonia, and chronic diarrhea.The boy spent 14 days in the hospital and was treated with vitamin A capsules (200,000 IU/day) on days 1, 2, 3, and 14 as well as with standard antibiotics for the infections. Following treatment with vitamin A, the child’s eye symptoms disappeared, and his vision returned to normal. He continued to receive vitamin A capsules providing 200,000 IU every 3–6 months throughout his childhood.
Calcium-Deficiency Rickets
Authors: Vanderjagt Dorothy J , Glew Robert H
Published: November 2023

The patient was a 3-year-old female who lived with her family in a rural village in northern Nigeria that was situated 40 miles distant from the nearest urban center. She was the fifth of eight children. Her parents were subsistence farmers who grew millet and maize that, together with a small vegetable garden, provided most of the family’s diet. Because of their high cost, dairy products were rarely consumed by the parents or children.
Verbal Ellipsis with a Combination of Licensors
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J
Published: November 2023

Verbs are, in a sense, the backbone of any clause, since they determine what other elements can and must co-occur with them: generally a subject, often a direct or indirect object, and optionally various types of adjuncts. In addition, verbs impose restrictions on the semantic nature of their co-occurring elements. For example, the English verb polish requires a human agent or machine capable of polishing, a theme with a polishable surface, and, optionally, an instrument of polishing-perhaps a rag and some car, shoe, silver, furniture, or leather polish.
Dependencies in Ellipsis: A Polish Case Study
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J
Published: November 2023

The interdependence among overt and elided categories represents both a contentful and a stylistic balance. Failing to strike this balance can result, on the one hand, in poorly understood utterances or, on the other, in utterances “with an accent.” This chapter presents a particularly clear example of dependencies in ellipsis, using as a test case three elidable categories in Polish: the multifunction particle sif!, the conditional particle or morpheme byl-by (both realizations are possible in Polish), and direct objects with default ACC case marking. This sample follows naturally from the previous chapters, since the ellipsis of sif! was just discussed in chapter 11 and the ellipsis of by and direct objects in Polish have much in common with their Russian counterparts.
Asymmetric cortical degeneration syndrome: semantic dementia
Authors: Boeve Dr. Bradley F
Published: November 2023

The terms “semantic dementia,” “semantic aphasia and associative agnosia,” “primary progressive aphasia,” “chronic progressive aphasia,” “temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia,” and “focal or asymmetric cortical degeneration syndrome” have all been applied to patients who exhibit a degenerative neurobehavioral disorder with progressive impairment predominantly or exclusively in the domain of language. When impairment is isolated to language, the term “primary progressive aphasia” is appropriate; when impairment is present in object naming (i.e., anomia) and word meaning (i.e., agnosia), with other aspects of language and cognition relatively intact, the term “semantic dementia” is apt. The initial symptom is typically “forgetfulness for names,” and although paraphasic errors, dyslexia, dysgraphia, visual agnosia, and executive dysfunction usually evolve with time, many patients perform daily activities remarkably well over the initial 2 to 5 years of symptoms. Progression can vary, with symptoms reflecting the topography of progressive cortical dysfunction. Typically, degeneration spreads posteriorly in the ipsilateral temporal lobe, with involvement eventually extending to the perisylvian, frontosubcortical, and sometimes superior parietal regions in the dominant hemisphere.
Occipital condyle syndrome due to metastatic cancer
Authors: Brazis Dr. Paul W
Published: November 2023

This patient’s presentation is an example of the occipital condyle syndrome. This syndrome consists of unilateral pain in the occipital region associated with ipsilateral paresis of cranial nerve XII (the hypoglossal nerve) and is typically due to metastasis to the skull base. Patients with this syndrome complain of continuous, severe, localized, unilateral occipital pain made worse by neck flexion and often associated with neck stiffness. Rotating the head toward the side of the pain often relieves the discomfort, whereas rotating it to the nonpainful side or palpating the suboccipital area is unbearable. The pain occasionally radiates anteriorly toward the ipsilateral temporal area or eye. About half of the patients complain of dysarthria or dysphagia (or both), specifically related to difficulty moving the tongue. On examination, patients hold their neck stiffly and the occipital area on the involved side is often tender to palpation. The ipsilateral tongue is weak and atrophic and deviates toward the weak side. Inflammation or fracture of the occipital condyle may also cause a unilateral or bilateral palsy of cranial nerve XII associated with occipital pain. Skull metastases to the clivus may also cause a bilateral palsy of cranial nerve XII.
Central nervous system Whipple’s disease
Authors: Kimmel Dr. David W
Published: November 2023

Whipple’s disease was diagnosed when the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cerebrospinal fluid and small-bowel biopsy specimen were positive for Tropheryma  whippelii. Whipple’s disease is caused by a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, weakly gram-positive rod-shaped bacillus, Tropheryma  whippelii, an organism difficult to cultivate in vitro. Humans are the only natural host for the disease. The infection may be acquired by ingestion. PCR is valuable as a diagnostic tool. An immunohistochemical assay may be helpful.
Adult Alexander’s disease
Authors: Noseworthy Dr. John H
Published: November 2023

The brain biopsy specimen demonstrated excessive deposition of Rosenthal fibers in the gray and white matter of the middle cerebellar peduncle compatible with adult Alexander’s disease. The infantile form of this central nervous system disorder was first described by Alexander in 1949. The clinical and MRI spectrum of Alexander’s disease and its molecular basis have been expanded considerably in recent years. Most cases of the disease are sporadic, but familial cases occur. Infantile (onset before age 2 years) and juvenile forms are more common than the adult form.
Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome with Castleman’s disease
Authors: Brazis Dr. Paul W
Published: November 2023

The lymph node and bone marrow biopsy findings were consistent with Castleman’s disease, and a bone marrow biopsy specimen showed only a slight increase in the number of plasma cells. POEMS syndrome is a multisystem disorder of patients with monoclonal gammopathy. The osteosclerotic form of myeloma seems to be strongly associated with POEMS syndrome in that 85% of patients with this syndrome have either osteosclerotic or mixed osteosclerotic and lytic forms, although the osteosclerotic variant accounts for only 1% to 2% of cases of multiple myeloma.
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) in a patient with Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD)
Authors: Black Commentary by Dr. David. F
Published: November 2023

FHM is a rare, autosomal dominant form of migraine associated with episodic attacks of hemiplegia, aphasia, hemianopia, confusion, and sometimes coma, all of which may last several weeks and then resolve. If deficits persist, as in this case, a migrainous infarct is possible. Patients with FHM also have typical attacks of migraine with aura without hemiplegia. FHM is associated with nine different mutations in the CACNA1A region of chromosome 19p13, and one of these can be found in approximately 50% of patients. Recently, mutations in the ATP1A2 gene that encodes the α2 subunit of the sodium-potassium pump linked to chromosome 1q23 have been found in families with FHM. The CACNA1A gene encodes for the α1A subunit of a P/Q-type calcium channel that is expressed most densely in the cerebellum. Mutations of this gene are also associated with episodic ataxia type 2 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. According to anecdotal reports, intranasal ketamine, rapid intravenous administration of verapamil, or acetazolamide may have thera-peutic benefit in acute attacks of FHM.
Presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) deficiency
Authors: Engel Dr. Andrew G
Published: November 2023

The clinical course and laboratory findings suggested a congenital myasthenic syndrome. The stimulation-dependent decrease of the MEPP amplitude in this patient was consistent with insufficient resynthesis or vesicular packaging of acetylcholine in response to increased functional demand. Candidate proteins for this type of defect are the presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter, ChAT, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and the vesicular proton pump. Direct sequencing of CHAT revealed two missense mutations in the CHAT coding region (R482G and R560H). Neither mutation had a significant effect on the level of ChAT protein expression in fibroblasts. However, analysis of the kinetic properties of the bacterially expressed and purified mutants showed that the R482G and R560H mutations reduced the catalytic efficiency of ChAT to 28% and 2% of wild type, respectively. The combined clinical, electromyographic, and laboratory findings established that the patient has a presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by ChAT deficiency.
Induction and Differentiation of the Myocardium
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

As discussed in Chapter 3, the cardiogenic fields contain both endocardial and myocardial precursors. This chapter is also concerned with the myocardium, but in this case, we focus on the INDUCTION and DIFFERENTIATION As discussed in Chapter 3, the cardiogenic fields contain both endocardial and myocardial precursors. This chapter is also concerned with the myocardium, but in this case, we focus on the INDUCTION and DIFFERENTIATION of the myocardial cell lineage in the cardiogenic fields. The endocardium is considered in Chapter 9. The development of specialized cell types is referred to as differentiation. Differentiation of a cell is preceded by COMMITMENT of the cell to a particular fate or cell type. The process of commitment occurs in two stages. The first stage is called SPECIFICATION. A myocardial cell is specified if it develops into a myocardial cell when it is placed in a neutral environment; in other words, the environment is not particularly conducive to myocardial differentiation, but the cell develops as a myocardial cell nonetheless. The second stage of commitment is called DETERMINATION. A myocardial cell that has been determined develops AUTONOMOUSly into a myocardial cell when it is placed in an environment that is actually antagonistic to development of the myocardial cell lineage. In the embryo, the map of cells that have been either specified to a myocardial cell lineage or have the potential to become myocardium is larger than the fate map (see Chapter 3 for an explanation of fate map) of cells that are determined to be myocardial. The stages of myocardial commitment are brought about by a series of inductions that depend on signals from neighboring cells. In an induction, a particular tissue or tissues emit signals in the form of growth factors or MORPHOGENs that induce a particular response in a target cell that is competent to decode the signal, that is, the target cell has receptors and intracellular signaling pathways necessary to transduce or read the signal. In the case of the myocardium, inductive signals are produced by both the HYPOBLAST (chick) or VISCERAL ENDODERM (mouse) and definitive endoderm. A specified cell is one that is competent to respond appropriately to subsequent inductive signals. One of the factors that makes a cell competent is its expression of receptors for various inductive signals.
Some New Insights into the Embryogenesis of Heart Malformations in the Context of Syndromes
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

While the figures vary from region to region, a reasonable estimate of the incidence of birth defects is 6.7 per 100,000 (Yang et al., 1997). Of these, 50% are cardiovascular. Not all, but many of these cardiovascular defects occur as part of a syndrome or association of defects. The defects most frequently associated with cardiovascular malformations are in craniofacial structures, but they can also include limbs or other internal organs such as the kidneys. Research is very rapidly identifying genetic linkages with these syndromes, but the pathogenic processes that link a gene to a phenotype are still largely unknown. After describing many of the syndromes that contain cardiovascular malformations as a major characteristic of the phenotype, the genesis of some of these syndromes is discussed in light of our recent insights into modules that were presented in Chapter 14.
Facing Corporate Power
Authors: Bendell Jem , Bendell Mark
Published: November 2023

The turn of the millennium saw the return of great street protests in Western cities. Seattle, Prague, Genoa: no longer were these just city names but also battle cries, signifying the mass mobilization of people concerned with the problems facing humanity.
Consumer Activism and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Kendall Brenden E , Gill Rebecca , Cheney George
Published: November 2023

“Consumerism was the twentieth century’s winning ‘ism’” (Gopnik, 1997, p. 80). With this bold and deliberately ironic statement, a writer for the New Yorker magazine made the point that whatever other movements rose and fell in the past 100 years or so, the force of consumerism is with us. Indeed, it is now so common to speak of “consumer society,” to substitute the term “consumer” for “citizen,” and to speak of nations like China as “emerging markets of consumer power,” that in everyday talk consumption has ceased to be an object of attention.
Introduction
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

On a blustery morning in March 1983, a spirited procession of several hundred people made its way through the streets of Bonn, West Germany’s postwar capital. The troupe was en route to the country’s parliament, the Bundestag. It ambled good-naturedly through the old university town to the beat of African drums played from an open, horse-drawn carriage. The event had all the trappings of ademonstration. Marchers young and old brandished signs reading: “Minimum Pension: 1500 Marks!”, “My Census Data Belongs to Me!”, and “PeaceNowin Israel-Palestine!”Onewoman pushed ahead of her a human-size “planet earth” beach ball, a symbol of the global nature of their concerns.
Radical Left
Authors: Hockenos Paul
Published: November 2023

In the wake of the imploded student movement, its partisans scattered like leaves across the left side ofWest Germany’s political spectrum. Those who gave up on revolution found homes in Willy Brand’s Social Democrats, as well as in the new women’s movement or the multitude of community-based citizen’s initiatives that opted to work alongside the system, if not necessarily within it (see chapter 5). But there were also those who refused to acknowledge the Federal Republic’s reformability and stuck to a picture of the authoritarian state. Among them, many dozens of radical leftist splinter groups—Maoist, Trotskyite, anarchist—emerged from the wreckage of the student movement, including the Frankfurt Spontis and a bewildering array of Marxist Leninist parties.
Autumn of the Euromissiles
Authors: Hockenos Paul
Published: November 2023

The Federal Republic’s reactions to the newest party on the national stage ranged from intense skepticism to mild bemusement. Bavaria’s premier conservative, Franz Josef Strauss, invoked vintage Adenauer-era anticommunism, labeling the Greens a “Trojan Soviet cavalry.”1 The chancellor- elect, Christian Democrat Helmut Kohl, wagered that the rebel ecologists would find their way back under the wing of the SPD, vanishing completely from the political scene in two years time. This is exactly what the Social Democrats themselves hoped.2 In the meantime, however, the new party wasn—t going to get a free ride from the republic’s oldest. Hesse’s minister president, the Social Democrat Holger Bö rner, boasted that in the old days, on the construction site, types like Greens were brought to heel with the flat side of a two-by-four.
Going Realo
Authors: Hockenos Paul
Published: November 2023

The peace movement didn’t dissolve all at once. Into the late 1980s, missile foes staged spectacular blockades of NATO installations and organized rallies of tens of thousands in the Bonn Hofgarten and elsewhere. But the missileś deployment pierced the high-flying idealism and “can do” spirit of the campaign. For a moment, it had seemed to peace activists as if anything were possible, with reason, moral rectitude, and people power united against the forces of nuclear Armageddon. Yet three years of mass demonstrations and untold thousands of antimissile events hadn’t slowed the delivery of the new weaponry by even a day.
The Women’s Movement Begins, 1850–1860
Authors: McMillen Sally G
Published: November 2023

In entering upon the great work before us, we anticipate no small amount of misconception, misrepresentation, and ridicule,’’ the authors of the Seneca Falls Declaration of Rights and Sentiments solemnly intoned, ‘‘but we shall use every instrumentality within our power to effect our object.’’ The final paragraph of the Declaration laid out action for the years ahead: to ‘‘employ agents, circulate tracts, petition the State and national Legislatures, and endeavor to enlist the pulpit and the press in our behalf.
Wartime Socialization of Investment: A Reassessment of U.S. Capital Formation in the 1940s
Authors: Higgs Robert
Published: November 2023

During World War II, the U.S. government displaced private investors. According to National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) data for the period 1942-1945, net private investment was minus $6.2 billion, and net government investment was plus $99.4 billion. Although economists have credited this government investment with various contributions to war-time and postwar economic growth, the bulk of it had little or no value beyond its immediate contribution to winning the war. This episode dramatically exposes a fundamental, but false, assumption that underlies official data on capital formation (namely, that allexpenditures for durable producer goods or munitions form genuine capital). In the oft-quoted final chapter of The General Theory,titled “Concluding Notes on the Social Philosophy Towards Which the General Theory Might Lead,” John Maynard Keynes declared: “The State will have to exercise a guiding influence on the propensity to consume partly through its scheme of taxation, partly by fixing the rate of interest,” and it will have to under-take “a somewhat comprehensive socialisation of investment though this need not exclude all manner of compromises and of devices by which public authority will co-operate with private initiative” (Keynes, 1936, p. 378). In composing this passage, Keynes surely had in mind a program by which the state would attempt to moderate the fluctuations of the peace-time macroeconomy, and in that sense, his vision went unrealized in Britain and the United States. Once in U.S. history, however, during World War II, Keynes’s vision did achieve full-fledged realization.
The Nondelegation Problem
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

As you have now seen, administrative agencies play a large role in the modern regulatory state in both applying statutes to specific factual circumstances and interpreting the statutes they administer. Indeed, these roles are so large that you might wonder why agencies are playing them rather than legislatures themselves. You have seen that one justification for agency authority is their relevant expertise—and implicitly, the lack of equivalent expertise by legislatures. But, of course, legislatures inherently possess democratic accountability that administrative law seeks to achieve through procedures like notice- and-comment rule making and judicial review based on the “arbitrary and capricious” standard.
Conversational Style
Authors: Tannen Deborah
Published: November 2023

This revised edition of Deborah Tannen's first discourse analysis book, Conversational Style-first published in 1984-presents an approach to analyzing conversation that later became the hallmark and foundation of her extensive body of work in discourse analysis, including the monograph Talking Voices, as well as her well-known popular books You Just Don't Understand, That's Not What I Meant!, and Talking from 9 to 5, among others. Carefully examining the discourse of six speakers over the course of a two-and-a-half hour Thanksgiving dinner conversation, Tannen analyzes the features that make up the speakers' conversational styles, and in particular how aspects of what she calls a 'high-involvement style' have a positive effect when used with others who share the style, but a negative effect with those whose styles differ. This revised edition includes a new preface and an afterword in which Tannen discusses the book's place in the evolution of her work. Conversational Style is written in an accessible and non-technical style that should appeal to scholars and students of discourse analysis (in fields like linguistics, anthropology, communication, sociology, and psychology) as well as general readers fascinated by Tannen's popular work. This book is an ideal text for use in introductory classes in linguistics and discourse analysis.