bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case note: Gaygusuz v. Austria
Authors: Grčki Mirej
Published: December 2020

Slučaj Gaygusuz protiv Austrije je jedan od slučajeva iz prakse Evropskog suda koji potvrđuje standarde suda u pogledu čl. 14. Konvencije. Poseban akcenat u njemu je stavljen na pitanje primenljivosti čl. 14. Konvencije kao i pitanje postojanja objektivnog ili prihvatljivog opravdanja za diskriminaciju u odnosu na radnike-migrante, odnosno lica koja rade u jednoj državi članici a državljani su druge. I u ovoj kao i u ranijim presudama ukazuje se na dopunski karakter čl. 14, njegovu povezanost sa ostalim odredbama Konvencije i Protokola. Ističe se da se čl. 14. Konvencije može primeniti samo ako ima mesta primeni nekog drugog prava ili slobode predviđenih Konvencijom ili Protokolima jer se njime štite od diskriminacije samo ta prava i slobode. Sud ukazuje da države ugovornice uživaju određenog stepena fleksibilnosti u procenjivanju da H i u kojoj meri razlike u sličnim situacijama opravdavaju različito postupanje ali da za to moraju pružiti i veoma ozbiljne razloge. Detaljno se obrazlaže stav suda da u konkretnom slučaju argumenti vlade Austrije kojima se opravdava različito postupanje u odnosu na austrijske i strane državljane nisu ubedljivi i da nema nijednog objektivnog ili prihvatljivog opravdanja za takvo postupanje. Države ugovornice su otišle i korak dalje, te su 2000. godine usvojile Protokol br. 12. kojim se ustanovljava opšta zabrana diskriminacije. Ona se sastoji u tome što se pojedincima garantuje, bez diskriminacije po bilo kom osnovu, ostvarivanje svih prava predviđenih zakonom. Lista osnova je identična onoj koju predviđa čl. 14. Konvencije što ukazuje na činjenicu da Protokol br. 12. nema nameru da dopunjuje ili derogira čl. 14. Konvencije. Ali, mora se primetiti da je oblast zaštite koju garantuje čl. 1. Protokola br. 12, mnogo šira od one koju predviđa čl. 14. Konvencije jer se njime štite samo prava i slobode predviđene Konvencijom i Protokolima. Usvajanje ovog Protokola predstavlja značajan korak napred u pogledu obezbeđenja prava i sloboda predviđenih Konvencijom i Protokolima. Međutim, činjenica da su Protokol br. 12. do danas ratifikovale svega četiri države, navodi na zaključak da države ugovornice još uvek nisu spremne da preuzmu potpunu odgovornost u obezbeđenju osnovnih prava i sloboda. Slučaj Gaygusuz protiv Austrije je značajan jer je sud u svojoj odluci utvrdio da je diskriminacija koja je učinjena po nacionalnom osnovu, u odnosu na radnike migrante i njihovo pravo na socijalno osiguranje, bilo suprotno sa Konvencijom. Ovo tim pre jer je broj radnika-migranata sve veći. Takođe, ova odluka ukazuje da Evropska konvencija nije instrument stvoren radi regulisanja položaja radnika migranata, već ona samo predviđa prag - minimalni nivo prihvatljivog postupanja u odnosu na njih a koji države ugovornice treba dalje da razvijaju kroz druge instrumente.
Case note: Assenov et al. V. Bulgaria
Authors: Benišek-Suvajdžić Svetlana
Published: December 2020

U ovom radu opredeljenje je bilo da se prikaže slučaj u kome je došlo do povrede većeg broja prava, a radi se o pravima čije kršenje dovodi do nepoštovanja ljudske ličnosti, do uskraćivanja onih prava koja moraju biti obeležje svakog demokratskog društva. Bojazan da će doći do kršenja ljudskih prava postoji od trenutka kada zvaničnici osumnjiče neku osobu, prilikom hapšenja, pritvaranja, dok traje suđenje i podnošenje svih žalbi, sve do izricanja bilo koje kazne. Međunarodna zajednica je ustanovila standarde za pravično suđenje čija namena je definisanje i zaštita prava ljudi u svim fazama postupka. Konvencija polazi od ideje kooperativnog modela rada evropskog i nacionalnog prava, pri čemu se načelo supsidijariteta ogleda u prvenstvenoj primeni nacionalnog prava. Obaveza država je da obezbede nesmetano funkcionisanje sudskog sistema, pri čemu Konvencija predstavlja minimum zahteva tako da države ne smeju dati uži „katalog prava". Od pozitivnog zakonodavstva svake države se očekuje da obezbedi garanciju tog minimuma prava. Standardi ljudskih prava sačinjeni su tako da se mogu primeniti na sve pravne sisteme u svetu i tako uvažavaju veliku različitost koja postoji u pravnim postupcima pojedinih zemalja. Prikaz presude Assenov i drugi protiv Bugarske je takođe pokazao postojanje različitih rešenja kojima su se priklonila pojedina zakonodavstva, ali isto tako i spremnost zakonodavne vlasti da preispita postojeće zakonske odredbe, te izvrši izmene istih, u cilju otklanjanja onih koje negiraju ili umanjuju mogućnost ostvarivanja prava značajnih za svakog pojedinca nezavisno od nacionalne pripadnosti. Predmetna presuda čijom smo se analizom ovde bavili otvorila je mogućnost za poseban osvrt na jedno izuzetno značajno pitanje, a to je mogućnost ostvarivanja prava na podnošenje pojedinačne predstavke. Postojanje međunarodne institucije kao što je Savet Evrope čiji članovi mogu biti jedini potpisnici Evropske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda, ukazuje na izgradnju jednog sistema koji ima međunarodne pravne garancije. Jedina instanca gde se utvrđuje da li je došlo do povrede Konvencije je Evropski sud. Upravo zato je nesmetana mogućnost obraćanja tom Sudu kroz podnošenje predstavki od velikog značaja. Svaki oblik ometanja, kroz raznorazne vidove pritisaka, dovodi do povrede prava da se svaka osoba, nevladina organizacija ili grupe lica koje tvrde da su žrtve povrede prava ustanovljenih Konvencijom ili protokolima uz nju, predstavkom obrate Sudu. Svakome ko smatra da mu je povređeno bilo koje pravo garantovano Konvencijom, mora se omogućiti podnošenje predstavke. Zato ova presuda označava značajan korak u delotvornoj zaštiti ljudskih prava putem prava pojedinačne predstavke. Dakle, može se zaključiti da smo se kroz analizu ove presude dotakli vrlo značajnih pravnih pitanja, koja ma koliko često se pojavljivala pred Evropskim sudom, uvek otvaraju mogućnost sagledavanja izloženih problema sa nekog novog aspekta.
On the necessity to harmonize our law on matrimonial and family relations with the Hague convention on the civil aspects of international child abduction
Authors: Stanivuković Maja
Published: December 2020

This paper outlines the principles and general provisions of the Hague Convention on the Child Abduction, and further outlines some defects of the Law on Matrimonial and Family Relations, which, from the perspective of the applicant, hinder the efficient application of its provisions, in case that the child has been removed from our country. Those defects relate firstly to the fact that the issue of when the custody rights have been violated by removing the child to a foreign country, is regulated rather vaguely, and secondly, to the fact that there are no provisions on jurisdiction of public authorities to issue a certificate to the effect that the removal was unlawful according to domestic law. The amendments to the law are proposed in the paper, which would facilitate the application of the Hague Convention on the Child Abduction in similar cases.
The fall of the grand court
Authors: Fajfrić Željko
Published: December 2020

The Article deals with the proceeding, and consequences of the proceeding initiated against a group of 35 accused in 1864 for attempted conspiracy against Duke Mihailo Obrenović. The author points out to Government's meddling with judiciary, the acquittal, a drumhead trial initiated against the Justices who passed the acquitting judgment, and passing of the judgment sentencing the Justices of the Grand Court to imprisonment and deprivation of civil honor. The author concludes that subsequent amnesty that was granted to the Justices could not neutralize the damage caused to the reputation of the state by such lawlessness.
High mobility group box-1 levels in schizophrenia: Potential biomarker of remission phase
Authors: Yilmaz Nuryil , Yelboga Zekeriya , Yilmaz Yavuz , Demirpence Ozlem
Published: December 2020

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder, characterized byacute exacerbation and remission phases. Immune system has a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) is a macrophage secreted protein activating immune cells to produce cytokines. The aim of this study was to evaluate HMGB-1 levels among patients with schizophrenia both in acute exacerbation and remission phases. Methods: Consecutive schizophrenia patients in acute exacerbation and remission phases were enrolled and compared with each other and with age-sex matched healthy subjects. Patients were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). Results: Mean HMGB-1 levels were not significantly different in acute exacerbation phase versus remission phase schizophrenia patients (2.139±0.564 g/L vs. 2.326± 0.471 g/L, p=0.335) and both were individually higher than the control group (1.791±0.444 g/L, p=0.05 for acute exacerbation vs control, p=0.002 for remission vs control). In remission phase schizophrenic patients, HMGB-1 levels were positively correlated with Scale For The Assessment of Positive Symptoms (r=0.447, p=0.015) and BPRS (r=0.397, p=0.033) scores and HMGB-1 levels were independently associated with BPRS. Conclusions: Serum HMGB-1 levels were shown to be increased in patients with schizophrenia patients irrespective of phase, there were no differences between patients in acute exacerbation and remission phase in terms of biomarker and HMGB-1 levels were related to symptom severity according to psychiatric scales among patients in remission phase of schizophrenia.
Gestación por sustitución: españoles atrapados en Ucrania
Authors: Fernández Echegaray Laura
Published: December 2020

La gestación por sustitución es una técnica reproductiva no permitida en España. Con independencia de esto, son cientos los españoles que anualmente viajan a países permisivos con el objetivo de cumplir el sueño de ser padres. Ucrania, durante más de una década, ha sido un destino de referencia para acceder a esta técnica, no solo por los asequibles costes del proceso, sino por el permisivo cauce de inscripción a través del cual estos niños accedían al Registro Civil español. El reciente cambio de rumbo jurídico ordenado por el Gobierno español ha generado un importante conflicto legal del que ha derivado que, actualmente, decenas de familias españolas permanezcan atrapadas en Ucrania sin posibilidad legal de abandonar el país en compañía de sus hijos.Gestation by substitution is a reproductive technique not allowed in Spain. Regardless of this, there are hundreds of Spaniards who annually travel to permissive countries with the objective of fulfilling the dream of being parents. Ukraine, for more than a decade, has been a reference destination to access this technique, not only because of the affordable costs of the process, but also because of the permissible registration channel through which these children accessed the Spanish Civil Registry. The recent change of legal direction ordered by the Spanish Government has generated a significant legal conflict that has resulted in the fact that dozens of Spanish families are currently trapped in Ukraine without the legal possibility of leaving the country in the company of their children.
Huellas del vicio redhibitorio romano en el Código Civil español
Authors: González Herrero Teresa
Published: December 2020

En la regulación normativa del contrato de compraventa de nuestro Código Civil puede constatarse una clara huella y supervivencia del Derecho romano. En particular, la protección prevista por razón de los vicios ocultos reproduce, casi literalmente, la contemplada en Roma, donde la noción de vicio redhibitorio se origina y evoluciona en el seno del Derecho edilicio. Tal concepto, se forma en correspondencia al contexto espaciotemporal y socioeconómico en el que se desarrolla y evoluciona el Derecho edilicio en relación con las demás fuentes. Todo ello condicionó las acciones procesales ofrecidas por los Ediles, su naturaleza y finalidad, así como el régimen de responsabilidad del vendedor. Teniendo en cuenta pues, tales variables, el estudio pretende profundizar en la casuística romana para, desde la misma, extraer los principales rasgos del concepto de vicio en nuestro Código Civil.In the normative regulation of our Civil Code we can verify the echo and survival of the Roman Law. Specifically, the protection provided by reason of latent defect, reproduces, almost literally, that reproduces the one contemplated in Rome, where the notion of redhibitory vice that was originated and evolved within the aedilitian Law. That same concept was formed depending on the socioeconomic and time-space context in which the aedilitian Law developed and evolved in relation to the other sources. All of that, influenced the procedural actions offered by these magistrates, its nature and goal, as well as the responsibility of the seller. Bearing these variables in mind, as it was said, the study intends to delve the Roma casuistry to, from itself, to extract the main features of the concept of vice in our Civil Code.
La carrera administrativa de los funcionarios públicos frente a la libre designación. Especial consideración de las intervenciones en la Proposición de ley 1876 del Diputado Sr. Puig y Llagostera
Authors: Marcos Pascual Enrique
Published: December 2020

La carrera administrativa de los funcionarios públicos forma parte de la serie de reformas propias del régimen jurídico constitucional y el cambio de principios jurídicos que lo conforman, con la elaboración de la función pública subjetiva, frente a la deslavazada función pública objetiva configurada en el Antiguo régimen. Se predica que el acceso a la función pública se tiene que realizar en virtud de los principios de mérito, igualdad y capacidad. Por eso, históricamente, la organización de la carrera administrativa surge como alternativa a la designación de los funcionarios por libre designación del poder político. En el año 1876 se debate en el Congreso de los Diputados una Proposición de ley del Sr. Puig y Llagostera sobre la carrera administrativa. El Diputado defiende la aprobación de esta Proposición de ley en base a que hay que hacer de la función pública una profesión que él califica de “honrosa y honrada”, que había que dignificarla. Que sea una profesión despolitizada, exenta por completo de las influencias y oscilaciones políticas y basados en unos criterios de mérito y capacidad en el ingreso y ascenso en la carrera administrativa.The administrative career of public officials is part of the series of reforms of the constitutional legal regime and the change of legal principles that comprise it, with the elaboration of the subjective public function, as opposed to the deflated objective public function configured in the Old regime. It is predicated that access to the public function must be carried out by virtue of the principles of merit, equality and capacity. Therefore, historically, the organization of the administrative career arises as an alternative to the appointment of officials by free appointment of political power. In the year 1876 a proposal of law of Mr. Puig y Llagostera on the administrative career was debated in the Congress of Deputies. The Deputy defends the approval of this Proposition of law on the basis of which it is necessary to make of the public function a profession that he qualifies as «honorable and honored», which had to be dignified. That it be a depoliticized profession, completely exempt from political influences and oscillations and based on criteria of merit and capacity in the entry and promotion of the administrative career.
Las garantías constitucionales del proceso siguiendo enseñanzas de mi “maestro” Dr. D. José Almagro Nosete (In memoriam. Sevilla 1934. Córdoba 2019)
Authors: Alonso Furelos Juan Manuel
Published: December 2020

Abordo en este trabajo en homenaje a mi maestro José Almagro Nosete recientemente fallecido las garantías constitucionales del proceso. Su origen y desenvolvimiento. Como inciden sobre la acción, la jurisdicción y el proceso. Y como se protegen. Abordamos las mismas desde un plano cronológico y en los cuatro órdenes jurisdiccionales de la jurisdicción ordinaria. Hemos tenido en cuenta las enseñanzas del profesor Almagro Nosete, si bien es un trabajo “propio” y lo es al margen de todas las consideraciones que el homenajeado tuvo a bien destacar.I address this work in honor to my maestro José Almagro Nosete recently deceased the constitutional guarantees of the process. Their origin and development. How they affect the action, jurisdiction and process. And how they protect themselves. We address them from a chronological plane and in the four jurisdictional orders of the ordinary jurisdiction. We have taken into account the teachings of Professor Almagro Nosete, although it is a “proper” work and it is apart from all the considerations that the honoree had to highlight.
Visual representations of meta-analyses of multiple outcomes: Extensions to forest plots, funnel plots, and caterpillar plots
Authors: Fernández-Castilla Belén , Declercq Lies , Jamshidi Laleh , Beretvas Susan Natasha , Onghena Patrick , Van den Noortgate Wim
Published: December 2020

Meta-analytic datasets can be large, especially when in primary studies multiple effect sizes are reported. The visualization of meta-analytic data is therefore useful to summarize data and understand information reported in primary studies. The gold standard figures in meta-analysis are forest and funnel plots. However, none of these plots can yet account for the existence of multiple effect sizes within primary studies. This manuscript describes extensions to the funnel plot, forest plot and caterpillar plot to adapt them to three-level meta-analyses. For forest plots, we propose to plot the study-specific effects and their precision, and to add additional confidence intervals that reflect the sampling variance of individual effect sizes. For caterpillar plots and funnel plots, we recommend to plot individual effect sizes and averaged study-effect sizes in two separate graphs. For the funnel plot, plotting separate graphs might improve the detection of both publication bias and/or selective outcome reporting bias.
A defesa da interrupção voluntaria da gravidez nos cartuns "Abortinho" de Fabiane Langona (2015-2017)
Authors: Pires Maria da Conceição Francisca
Published: December 2020

O artigo versa sobre como a defesa da interrupção voluntária da gravidez se tornou um tema abraçado por cartunistas e quadrinistas contemporâneas que se mostram sintonizadas com as demandas feministas, centrando o enfoque na série “Dicas do Abortinho”, criada pela cartunista Fabiane Langona. Na primeira parte do texto, apresento de forma breve três trabalhos pontuais que, com abordagens distintas, discutem tabus, mitos e os riscos inerentes à prática do aborto clandestino: a narrativa autobiográfica em forma de HQ desenhada pela cartunista Cynthia B, publicada na revista Piauí, em 2014; o romance gráfico produzido em 2015, pela artista Leah Hayes; e a reportagem gráfica, escrita em 2016 pela jornalista Joyce Gomes e pela quadrinista Helô D’Angelo, autora dos desenhos. Na segunda parte, analiso especificamente o personagem “Abortinho”, colocando em relevo as estratégias visuais e discursivas empregadas pela cartunista para tratar desse tema como um problema social e político, ainda que tenha gerado uma significativa hostilidade entre leitores e leitoras. Entendo que a reação à série “Abortinho” se deu menos pelo impacto visual que a série produz sobre seus leitores, do que pela densidade que o tema “aborto” carrega, afinal a defesa dos direitos ao corpo e à liberação do aborto consistem nos maiores desafios enfrentados pelos feminismos contemporâneos.
Palavras-chave: Aborto. Quadrinhos. Fabiane Langona. Feminismo.
Narrativas pictóricas em pausa: entrevista com a Artista Professora Fátima Junqueira
Authors: Facco Marta
Published: December 2020

Esta entrevista tem por objetivo trazer questões referentes ao processo criativo em pintura da artista e professora Fátima Junqueira, questões essas que permeiam as construções pictóricas da artista e sua atuação como professora de pintura na Escola de Música e Belas Artes da Universidade Estadual do Paraná. Busca-se apresentar procedimentos, documentos de trabalho e relações pertinentes ao ensino da pintura na universidade como forma de aproximar arte e vida, prática artística e prática docente.
Sobre Teatro de Formas Animadas, em Minas Gerais: entrevista com Conceição Rosière
Authors: Macieira Cássia
Published: December 2020

Minas Gerais é também um estado brasileiro que detém a representatividade do Teatro de Animação/Teatro de Formas Animadas – mais conhecido pelo público mineiro como Teatro de Bonecos, embora este seja um gênero e o primeiro, um sistema maior que abrange o teatro de objetos, de sombras, entre outras linguagens. Nesse contexto, em 1985 surge a Associação de Teatro de Bonecos de Minas Gerais (ATEBEMG), responsável por fomentar, ao longo dos anos, importantes diálogos e projetos de seus membros, dentre os quais pode-se afirmar a presença fundamental da bonequeira Conceição Rosière que contribui, desde sempre, para a longevidade e vigor da Associação, mobilizando os associados com seu entusiasmo por essa linguagem teatral. Esse reconhecimento é fruto da atuação constante de Rosière, inclusive na promoção de divulgação festivais e editais de cultura, de trocas por ela viabilizadas, das descobertas conquistadas em inúmeras viagens, da generosidade em compartilhar conhecimento por meio de depoimentos, livros e artigos em revistas, ou de recepcionar alunos e visitantes em sua casa. Como bonequeira, professora, pesquisadora e membro da ATEBEMG, e tendo em vista a conjuntura mundial causada pela Covid-19 e a temática “disparadora” e latente proposta pela Revista Móin-Móin – A atuação de mulheres no Teatro de Animação –, senti-me instigada a registrar parte do caminho percorrido por Conceição Rosière e, entrevistá-la na modalidade virtual e, assim, dividir com diferentes leitores a voz feminina traduzida na força de um coletivo.
Avita. Nuevo anillo visigodo de oro
Authors: Martínez Chico David
Published: December 2020

Un nuevo anillo visigodo de oro, seguramente procedente de Soria y datado en el siglo VI d.C., es editado. Sobre su chatón circular, hay un epígrafe inciso que corresponde con un nombre personal femenino: Auita. Además, el anillo constituye un buen testimonio de la onomástica latina en época visigoda.

A new Visigothic gold ring is published. It was probably found in Soria and its chronology is from the 6th century A.D. The bezel, in the form of a shallow lens with roughly circular base, is engraved an incised epigraph, which corresponds to a personal female name: Auita. Furthermore, the gold ring is a good Latin onomastic testimony during the Visigothic period.
Un estudio sobre la antigüedad: La apología de Sócrates. Obarrio Moreno, Juan Alfredo. Colección monografías de derecho romano y cultura clásica. Sección: Cultura clásica. Dykinson. Madrid, 2018, 211 pp. ISBN: 978-84-9148-648-0
Authors: Diaz-Bautista Cremades Adolfo Antonio
Published: December 2020

Recensión 

Review
El ‘relato maravilloso’ como expresión mítica de la presencia o ausencia divina
Authors: Requena Jiménez Miquel
Published: December 2020

El relato maravilloso constituye un recurso eficaz que el mito proporciona a las sociedades antiguas para articular y dar explicación a la relación del hombre con la naturaleza y a la presencia o ausencia de la protección divina.

The ‘wonderful story ’constitutes an effective resource that myth provides to ancient societies to articulate and explain man’s relationship with nature and the presence or absence of divine protection.
Una experiencia artística con tierra, barro y cerámica
Authors: Balanzà Ricard
Published: December 2020

¿Qué es la cerámica? ¿Qué nos enseña de nosotros? ¿Está presente en nuestro entorno próximo y lo dota de identidad? ¿Qué de interés nos puede ofrecer en el ámbito educativo de primaria? ¿Qué campos de la expresión artística puede favorecer? Son algunas de las preguntas y reflexiones planteadas que motivan este ejercicio y tratamos de averiguar.
Los alumnos de tercero de Magisterio realizan dos piezas cerámicas utilitarias de distinto método de conformación y acabado, reflexionando sobre la educación artística, la creación y los procesos propios de la cerámica. 
Para elaborarlas, se ha completado un proceso íntegro cerámico; partiendo de bocetos previos con una base gráfica tanto de forma como de texturas o motivos, con especial énfasis en los trazos básicos del dibujo en la infancia, su asimilación y translación al volumen (que ofrecen una enorme cantidad de recursos y posibilidades), el modelado en arcilla roja en masa plástica, la aplicación de engobes de una gama elemental de colores, la imprescindible cocción y su transformación metamórfica.
Se pretende, con este ejercicio, desarrollar la expresión artística mediante materiales y técnicas primigenias de nuestra historia, así como la percepción y la sensibilidad estética colectiva e individual, siempre des de un contexto universitario con enfoque a la enseñanza primaria y un alumnado en pleno desarrollo de conocimientos centrados en la exploración, la experimentación y la creación.
Replantear la acción social de los museos de arte a partir de las experiencias de los públicos
Authors: Huerta Ricard
Published: December 2020

El libro Socializing Art Museums. Rethinking the Publics' Experience aborda los desafíos de los museos en el siglo XXI, para acercarse a sus audiencias. El volumen incluye capítulos de autores con una gran trayectoria en organismos internacionales en relación con el arte, la educación y los museos.
Teatro en la educación: tras las huellas de Tomás Motos
Authors: Navarro-Amorós Antoni
Published: December 2020

Reseña del libro:
Motos, T. (2020). Teatro en la educación (España, 1990-2018). Barcelona: Octaedro 276 págs.
La contaminación invisible: Contaminantes marinos emergentes
Authors: Gonzalez-Gaya Belen
Published: December 2020

Desde el Antropoceno, el planeta está amenazado por una serie de riesgos asociados a la actividad humana. Entre ellos, la contaminación química plantea desafíos conceptuales y técnicos que hacen especialmente compleja su caracterización a escala global. ¿Qué es un contaminante? ¿Qué propiedades son relevantes para definirlo? Los estudios sobre la abundancia, la persistencia, la movilidad en el medio y el potencial de bioacumulación de compuestos químicos que usamos diariamente están cambiando el paradigma de lo que considerábamos un contaminante. Así, compuestos que no generan toxicidad aguda pueden ser peligrosos para los ecosistemas al ser aportados de manera continua al medio, darse a elevadísimas concentraciones o dispersarse fácilmente. Visibilizar esta contaminación olvidada que afecta a nuestros océanos y que generamos inconscientemente es esencial para proteger el planeta.
Nuevas aportaciones a la investigación en lengua portuguesa y su didáctica
Authors: Álvarez Sellers María Rosa , Marcos de Dios Ángel , Ricós Vidal Amparo
Published: December 2020

Desde finales del siglo pasado, confluyen varios acontecimientos sociales, económicos y políticos (la creación del Instituto Camões, la emergencia económica de Brasil, el nacimiento de MERCOSUR, etc.) para promover la expansión del portugués no solo en las antiguas colonias sino más allá de las fronteras de los países lusofalantes.
Gramática escolar e “gramática popular” no último quartel do século xix: subsídios para uma historiografia do ensino da língua portuguesa
Authors: Gonçalves Maria Filomena
Published: December 2020

Nas últimas décadas, tem vindo a ser compulsado o “corpus fundamental” das obras gramaticais. Apesar disso, não são poucos os textos relegados para uma “historiografia menor” da gramática portuguesa. A partir de um “estado da questão” sobre a gramática escolar no último quartel do século xix, neste artigo analisam-se duas “gramáticas populares” (1871, 1882) como textos metalinguísticos que apresentam características estruturais, conceptuais, terminológicas e discursivas sintonizadas com o objectivo de levar ao grande público um conhecimento acessível e atualizado.
A temática da terceira idade – estudo de corpora jornalísticos em alemão e português
Authors: Herget Katrin , Alegre Teresa
Published: December 2020

As designações empregues para referir as pessoas da terceira idade, bem como para descrever o universo que as rodeia, refletem a perceção da sociedade sobre o tema. Essa linguagem suscita uma reflexão crítica sobre fenómenos de tabus linguísticos e de eufemismos, que são particularmente interessantes de analisar quando se estudam e contrastam línguas. A perceção intuitiva da linguagem utilizada na comunicação social carece, no entanto, de instrumentos de análise que nos permitam um conhecimento mais exato das designações empregues e dos seus contextos. Para tal, a análise de corpora é uma metodologia que permite a identificação e descrição mais precisas dos fenómenos linguísticos em análise, tanto em termos quantitativos como qualitativos. O estudo que aqui apresentamos insere-se, portanto, numa perspetiva linguística e contrastiva. A pesquisa centra-se sobre o campo semântico da terceira idade, tendo por base corpora de textos da imprensa escrita alemã e portuguesa. A evolução demográfica e as alterações sociais do último século tornam a análise deste campo particularmente interessante. Tal justifica a existência de diversos estudos sociolinguísticos em várias línguas.
La eclosión de irei+infinitivo como expresión de la futuridad en portugués
Authors: Fidalgo Enríquez Francisco José
Published: December 2020

La perífrasis ir+infinitivo ha reemplazado al futuro sintético -rei con el valor temporal de futuridad en la lengua oral del portugués en todas sus variedades diatópicas y en casi todos los registros, excepto en el registro más culto, y en la lengua escrita en registros no cultos conforme a un proceso de gramaticalización común a varias lenguas. En todas las variedades del portugués actual ha emergido en el siglo pasado la perífrasis irei+infinitivo con el verbo auxiliar en el futuro. El propósito de este artículo es estudiar los valores modo-temporales de esta construcción que presuponen un grado más en la gramaticalización de ir+infinitivo. Para lograr nuestros objetivos, realizamos un breve análisis sincrónico y diacrónico de casos relevantes con base en corpora de referencia.
Estudos sobre a aquisição/aprendizagem do género nominal por aprendentes de português língua não materna: valências pedagógicas
Authors: Martins Cristina
Published: December 2020

O género nominal (quer a atribuição do valor, quer a concordância) é uma estrutura reconhecidamente crítica para aprendentes do português como língua não materna (PLNM), havendo já vários estudos relativos à aquisição/aprendizagem do português que o comprovam (Ferreira, 2011 e 2019; Godinho, 2010; Leiria, 2006; Li & Flores, 2019; Mariotto & Lourenço-Gomes, 2013; Mariotto, 2014; Lacsán, 2015; Martins, 2015; Pinto, 2015 e Silva, 2018). Neste trabalho, estes estudos são analisados tendo em vista o aproveitamento pedagógico dos seus resultados e considerando o seu eventual contributo para a descrição do built-in syllabus (Corder, 1967) dos aprendentes de PLNM. Uma análise desta natureza, de que atualmente se carece, torna-se particularmente relevante para orientar o desenho instrutivo.
«In King Cambyses’ Vein»: Reconsidering the Relationship between Thomas Preston’s Cambises and Herodotus
Authors: Dall'Olio Francesco
Published: December 2020

The relationship between Thomas Preston’s early Elizabethan tragedy Cambises (printed 1569) and the Book III of Herodotus’ Histories has often been downplayed, owing to the lack of printed editions or translations of Herodotus in England at the time and the much more evident connection between the tragedy and the second book of Richard Taverner’s Garden of Wysedome (1547). However, a closer look at the play’s sources reveals how a connection may exist, and how the version of the story Preston staged may be influenced by the tale of Cambyses as presented by the ancient historian. The insistence on the relationship between the king and his subjects (a central issue in both Preston’s tragedy and its sources) may derive from Herodotus, especially if viewed in contrast with the previous versions of the story in medieval literature, the focus of which was mainly on the ethical exempla they provided. Through a comparison of those texts, and a consideration of the availability of Herodotus’ work at the time, either in print or in manuscript form, this paper will then suggest that the version Preston staged in his tragedy is closer to Herodotus than the previous literary tradition.
La tutela degli orfani nelle Leggi di Platone: una risposta alle aporie della prassi ateniese
Authors: Oranges Annabella
Published: December 2020

This paper addresses the guardianship of orphans in Plato’s Laws. The aim is to state whether the philosopher, through his theoretic model, wanted to correct the critical issues of the Athenian legal system that he perceived as most problematic. The paper is divided in two parts. The first one deals with the analysis of passages from Plato’s works in which the issue of the orphans’ guardianship had been addressed, in order to identify which related matters, in his opinion, deserved a corrective intervention. The second part of the paper is itself divided in two parts and deals with the analysis of the legislation on the orphans’ guardianship of Magnesia. The comparison with the Athenian and other institutions from the Greek world allows us to focus on the innovative features of this new legislation: they come out both from a personal revision by the philosopher and from the inspiration to non-Athenian models. In this way, Plato seems to try to fill the gaps of Athenian practice, even in theory.
Surface modification in Cu-Ag codoped TiO2: the first-principle calculation
Authors: Li Zong-Bao  , Wang Xia  , Zhou Rui-Xue  , Wang Ying  , Li Yong  ,   School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China;,   School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;,   School of Big Data, Tongren University, Guizhou 554300, China
Published: December 2020

The photocatalytic properties of TiO2 improved by modifying its surface have attracted more and more attention, because they play an important role in the photocatalytic degradation of greenhouse gases. Based on the fact that the photocatalytic reactions main occur on the catalyst surface, the surface modification becomes an effective method to improve the photocatalyst properties while the reaction mechanism research can give us a clear picture about it. Using the first principle calculations, the formation energies of TiO2 are calculated with doped and codoped by Cu and Ag atoms at different positions of the (001) and (101) surfaces. Comparing the formation energies, the most stable crystal structures are obtained while the electronic structures are calculated. Based on the analysis of the band structures and the density of states of atoms, it is proved that the oxidation activity of the active group formed on the (001) surface is stronger than that on (101) surface, which is more conducive to the improvement of photocatalytic oxidation properties. Meanwhile, the TiO2 compounds codoped by bimetal on the two surfaces have better light response than doped by one species of ions, which is in good agreement with the former experimental results.
Synthesis and photoluminescence property of hexangular star MoSe2 bilayer
Authors: Huang Jing-Wen  , Luo Li-Qiong  , Jin Bo  , Chu Shi-Jin  , Peng Ru-Fang  ,   State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;,   School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
Published: December 2020

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received widespread attention because of their excellent performances in the field of optoelectronic, nanoelectronic device and photocatalytic exploration. The structures of TMDs can be expressed by the MX2, M=Mo, W; X=S, Se, Te, etc. As a typical TMD, MoSe2 has a graphene-like two-dimensional periodic structure with perfect physical, photoelcrtonic and catalytic properties. Currently, there are various methods to prepare the nanolevel MoSe2, such as the mechanical exfoliation, physical vapor deposition (PVD), hydrothermal method, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), etc, and most studies focused on regular triangular morphologies of the surfaces of different substrates. The new morphology, such as the hexangular star bilayer, has not been systematically investigated. In this study, the hexangular star MoSe2 nanosheets are successfully synthesized by using a simple CVD method in an atmosphere of mixed H2/Ar with a flow rate ratio of 1:4. Molybdenum trioxide(MoO3) and selenium (Se) powders are chosen to be the Mo and Se source, respectively. Moreover, the structure of the obtained MoSe2 nanosheet is characterized by Raman, SEM, EDS, XRD and TEM. The results of Raman spectrum and SEM indicate that the hexangular star MoSe2 possesses a bilayer structure. The TEM characterization reveals that the MoSe2 is a single crystal with a hexagonal lattice structure and good quality. The heating time at high temperature has a remarkable influence on the MoSe2 bilayer growth process. The growth process of the hexangular star MoSe2 bilayer is inferred to experience a three-step process. First, Mo and Se sources are gasified into gaseous molecules and then the Mo molecules are selenized into the MoSe2 crystal nucleus under high temperature. Next, these crystal nucleus are in a triangular epitaxial growth under the action of carrier gas. As heating time increases, the space steric effect leads to different interlayer separations between the two MoSe2 layers in various stacking configurations, eventually forming a hexangular star bilayer. The PL result shows that the spectra split into two main emission peaks, i.e., the direct and indirect bandgaps of the hexangular star structure appearing at 1.53 eV (810.2 nm) and 1.78 eV (696.9 nm), respectively. It might be due to the spin-orbit coupling interaction between the double MoSe2 molecules. The wide spectral range of the MoSe2 bilayer indicates that it has a potencial application in the photoelectric detectors.
Characteristic analysis of new AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor with a partial GaN cap layer
Authors: Guo Hai-Jun  , Duan Bao-Xing  , Yuan Song  , Xie Shen-Long  , Yang Yin-Tang  ,   Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
Published: December 2020

In order to reduce the high electric field peak near the gate edge and optimize the non-uniform surface electric field distribution of conventional AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), a novel AlGaN/GaN HEMT with a partial GaN cap layer is proposed in this paper. The partial GaN cap layer is introduced at the top of the AlGaN barrier layer and is located from the gate to the drain drift region. A negative polarization charge at the upper hetero-junction interface is induced, owing to the polarization effect at the GaN cap layer and AlGaN barrier layer interface. Hence, the two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density is reduced. The low-density 2DEG region near the gate edge is formed, which turns the uniform distribution into a gradient distribution. The concentration distribution of 2DEG is modified. Therefore, the surface electric field distribution of AlGaN/GaN HEMT is modulated. By the electric field modulation effect, a new electric field peak is produced and the high electric field peak near the gate edge of the drain side is effectively reduced. The surface electric field of AlGaN/GaN HEMT is more uniformly redistributed in the drift region. In virtue of ISE-TCAD simulation software, the equipotential and the surface electric field distribution of AlGaN/GaN HEMT are obtained. For the novel AlGaN/GaN HEMT employing a partial GaN cap layer, the 2DEG is completely depleted from the gate to the drain electrodes, arising from the low-density 2DEG near the gate edge, while the 2DEG is partly depleted for the conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMT. The surface electric field distribution of the conventional structure is compared with the one of the novel structures with partial GaN cap layers of different lengths at a fixed thickness of 228 nm. With increasing length, the new electric field peak increases and shifts toward the drain electrode, and the high electric field peak on the drain side of the gate edge is reduced. Moreover, the breakdown voltage dependence on the length and thickness of the partial GaN cap layer is achieved. The simulation results exhibit that the breakdown voltage can be improved to 960 V compared with 427 V of the conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMT under the optimum conditions. The threshold voltage of AlGaN/GaN HEMT remains unchanged. The maximum output current of AlGaN/GaN HEMT is reduced by 9.2% and the specific on-resistance is increased by 11% due to a 2DEG density reduction. The cut-off frequency keeps constant and the maximum oscillation frequency shows an improvement of 12% resulting from the increased output resistance. The results demonstrate that the proposed AlGaN/GaN HEMT is an attractive candidate in realizing the high-voltage operation of GaN-based power device.
A new magnetic field system for 3He polarization
Authors: Wang Wen-Zhao  , Hu Bi-Tao  , Zheng Hao  , Tu Xiao-Qing  , Gao Peng-Lin  , Yan Song  , Guo Wen-Chuan  , Yan Hai-Yang  ,   Academy of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;,   Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
Published: December 2020

The nuclear spin-polarized 3He gas has been in depth studied and widely used in various scientific experiments. The polarized 3He gas can be used as a polarized neutron target to study the reaction of neutrons with charged particles or photon beams. On the other hand, spin polarized 3He gas is a good probe for detecting the new interactions in the supernormal model, and has many other applications as follows:the spin-dependent interaction can be studied quantitatively by measuring the NMR frequency shift but the spin-dependent interaction can also be studied by measuring the relaxation time of polarized 3He gas; the polarized 3He gas can be applied to magnetometers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the highly polarized 3He gas can be used as a neutron spin filter for neutron polarization and polarization analysis because of the high correlation between the absorption cross section of the neutron in polarized 3He nucleus and the spin orientation. At present, the three major domestic sources of neutron, CMRR, CARR, and CSNS, are used to study the neutron polarization and polarization analysis techniques based on spin polarized 3He gas. The longitudinal (or spin-lattice) relaxation time (i.e., T1) of 3He is a key parameter that limits the polarizability of 3He gas. In order to reduce the effect of magnetic field gradient on the longitudinal relaxation time of polarized 3He gas, large-sized Helmholtz coils are usually constructed to provide the main magnetic field where the uniformity in the magnetic field central region reaches 10-4 cm-1. To obtain enough magnetic field uniformity, some magnetic field systems even exceed 1.5 m in size. However, it is expected to have a small magnetic field configuration from the view of practicality and convenience. For the common size (3He cells, Merritt coil and Saddle coil can effectively reduce the size of the magnetic field apparatus. However, for electron scattering experiments of 3He cells, the chamber length can be 40 cm. The system length exceeds 1 m even by using the Merritt coil. In this work, a new six-coil system for 3He polarization is obtained. Within the coils, the magnetic field gradient satisfies the requirement that √|▽Bx|2+|▽By|2/B0 -4 cm-1 in more than 30% area, which is better than all the existing coils used in polarized 3He experiments and can be applied to the future 3He instruments. For other experiments that require magnetic field to have a large uniform area, the new six-coil system is also a good option.
Overview and outlook of magnetic skyrmions
Authors: Liu Yi-Zhou  , Zang Jiadong  ,   Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;,   Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA;,   Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
Published: December 2020

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected nano-scale spin textures. They normally exist in chiral magnets and magnetic thin films with broken inversion symmetry. The size of skyrmion ranges from 1 nm to several hundred nanometers, depending on the material parameters. The spins of skyrmion wrap around the unit sphere exactly once, thus facilitating the unit topological charge of a skyrmion. Due to their non-trivial topology, skyrmions exhibit exotic physics such as the topological Hall effect (THE) and the emergent electrodynamics. Skyrmions show particle-like dynamics and can be driven with ultra-low current density. Furthermore, they can be created, annihilated, manipulated and detected by all-electric methods, making skyrmion a promising candidate for next-generation information storage and processing technologies. On the other hand, combining skyrmions with superconductors and topological insulators may also lead to intriguing physics and applications such as the topological quantum computing. Over the past few years, the creation, annihilation and detection of skyrmion at room temperature have already been demonstrated, but the precise control of single skyrmion with size below 10 nm is still a challenge. In this paper, we first review the fundamental physics of skyrmion, from its topology to its emergent dynamics. Physical mechanisms of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, the emergent electrodynamics and the THE are discussed. Then the skyrmion material systems, including chiral magnets, magnetic thin films, artificial skyrmion systems, frustrated magnets, bi-skyrmion materials and antiskyrmion materials, are comprehensively summarized. The optimizations of materials and potential new skyrmion materials are also proposed for different material systems. Methods of creating, annihilating and detecting skyrmions, which also cover potential application methods other than electrical methods, are discussed from both theoretical and experimental point of view. The energy efficiencies and reliabilities of different creation and annihilation methods and the sensitivities of different detection methods are still unclear, these current bottlenecks and possible avenues towards skyrmion-based spintronics are described. Finally, we address some possible future directions of skyrmion research, such as the antiferromagnetic skyrmion and skyrmions in topological insulators, which may lead to the discovery of peculiar topological quantum physics and materials.