bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological properties of swine vesicular disease virus strain 2348 Italy/2008
Authors: Kalinina Ye. N. , Fomina S. N.
Published: August 2021

Swine vesicular disease (SVD) is a viral infectious disease, which, if acute, is manifested by the clinical pattern similar to a number of vesicular diseases including foot-and-mouth disease. In case of subclinical disease, there are no evident clinical signs, therefore the diagnosis is problematic, and there can be the risk of the disease introduction into the Russian Federation with the infected pigs. The key measure for the prevention of SVD introduction involves control diagnostic testing of all animals imported in the country that makes it necessary to keep updated the currently used methods and tools for the disease laboratory diagnosis. The paper demonstrates data on experimental infection of pigs with SVDV strain 2348 Italy/2008 that belongs to the most recent one of the four known phylogenetic groups. The virus was kindly provided by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Pirbright, Great Britain), and it was adapted to the monolayer continuous cell cultures of porcine origin (IB-RS-2 and PGSK-30). The pigs were intradermally infected with concentrated cultured virus at a dose of 109 TCID50. The infected animals demonstrated clinical signs typical for the acute disease. There was evidence that the virus was not transmitted to the intact animal in case husbandry conditions were met that allowed to avoid the infection transmission by the fecal-oral and contact mechanisms. As a result of the experiment, reference sera were collected at different time intervals post infection and their activity was determined using virus microneutralization test in cell culture and ELISA. Aphthae collected from the infected animals were deposited into the Strain collection of the Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, FGBI “ARRIAH”.
Preparation and transfer of Burkholderia mallei production strain 5584 in accordance with the biosafety requirements
Authors: Artemeva E. A. , Melnikova L. A. , Rodionov A. P.
Published: August 2021

The Veterinary Service of the Russian Federation takes measures to ensure regular control of livestock health status, to prevent infectious diseases and their introduction into the country; and if such diseases are diagnosed, it takes measures to prevent their spread and contain outbreaks as soon as possible. Success of the taken measures depends on the use of various diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic drugs. In order to produce such medicinal products, biofactories use production and reference strains with stable biological properties, which are stored in national collections of microorganisms. The only keeper of glanders strains is the Laboratory for Collection of Strains of Microorganisms in the FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI», subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. The following steps were taken due to the official request from FKP Kursk Biofactory – BIOK Company for the transfer of Burkholderia mallei production strain 5584 from the collection of the institution: the strain was passaged in golden hamsters, its viability was determined and biological properties of the culture were studied. The strain was transferred in accordance with the established procedure and in compliance with the biosafety requirements. As the work progressed, Burkholderia mallei strain 5584 culture was isolated and freeze-dried. Before the transfer, biological properties of the freeze-dried Burkholderia mallei strain 5584 were studied for their compliance with the passport data. The obtained results showed that the Laboratory for Collection of Strains of Microorganisms in the FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI» provides optimal conditions to preserve the strain viability and initial biological properties after 5 years of storage. Analysis of the data obtained during the transfer of Burkholderia mallei strain 5584 allowed us to assess the actions taken at all stages of the procedure. It was established that the transfer procedure for the requested glanders production strain complied with the biosafety requirements and regulatory framework regulating the process.
Silicoarthritis: issues of early diagnosis, prevention
Authors: Kuks A. N. , Katamanova E. V. , Tikhonova I. V. , Pavlenko N. A. , Panchukova K. V.
Published: August 2021

Background. The severity of the course of silicosis is aggravated by the addition of complications; one of the serious and rare complication of silicosis is silicoarthritis or Kaplan’s syndrome (KS), which accounts for 0.1-0.6% of all cases of silicosis. Silicoarthritis significantly reduces the quality of the life of patients and leads to early and persistent disability.

Aim. To establish the most significant methods of diagnosing silicoarthritis for early detection of the disease and prevention of complications.

Materials and methods. The article presents clinical cases of silicosis and its rare complication - SC. The basis for the diagnosis of this pathology is X-ray, immunological and functional methods.

Results. In patients with more than 5 years of experience exposed to aerosols of fibrogenic action, crystalline silicon dioxide, with an excess of the MPC level from 2.3 to 4 times on the basis of MSCT of the lungs, during which multiple polymorphic foci with a diameter of 2 up to 10 mm, partly merging with each other into peribronchovascular couplings, as well as perifocal areas of reduced airiness like ground glass and thickening of the axial interstitium, a diagnosis of late silicosis, stage 2 nodular form was established, the diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy data. In dynamics, after 5 years, arthralgic complaints joined. On the basis of immunological (increased TNF-alpha, IL-1b), X-ray examination (osteoarthritis of the distal and proximal interphalangeal, wrist, metatarsophalangeal joints), the diagnosis was clarified as Silicoarthritis: Kaplan’s syndrome.

Conclusion. Diagnosis of silicosis and its complications at the preclinical stage in workers who have been in contact with silica dust for 5 years or more should include: MSCT of the lungs, determination of TNF-alpha, IL-1b, rheumatoid factor, and a study of respiratory function.
Cognitive impairments in patients with overweight and obesity
Authors: Cherevikova I. A. , Myasishchev N. A. , Polyakov V. M. , Rychkova L. V.
Published: August 2021

Background. In modern society, the growth of the overweight and obese population increase every year. This confirms the status assigned to the problem under consideration as a non-infectious epidemic of the 21st century. At the same time, the amount of scientific information about the influence of excess weight on various aspects of human life is actively increasing. This undoubtedly requires a systematic generalization of the available data.

Aims. The presented literature review is devoted to the analysis of modern scientific research on the specificity of cognitive impairment in overweight and obese people.

Materials and methods. Information search was carried out using Internet resources (PubMed, Web of Science, eLibrary.ru, frontiersin.org, sciencedirect. com, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), literature sources were analyzed for the period from 2001 to 2020 for the following keywords: obesity, overweight, cognitive functions, cognitions, cognitive impairments.

Results. As a result of the literature review, the main directions of research on the relationship between cognitive impairment and overweight, as well as the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and obesity, were identified. The specificity of diametrically opposed opinions within the framework of each consecrated trend is presented. According to the results of the analysis of the identified areas, in the scientific community the most common point of view is the presence of a connection between obesity and cognitive impairment. In this connection, the authors identified the main cognitive impairments associated with excess weight and their mediating mechanisms. And also the age specificity of the problem under study is indicated.

Conclusions. Despite the fact that the problem of the relationship between obesity, overweight and cognitive functions is comprehensively studied, there is a shortage of data on the state of thinking, attention, praxis, gnosis, and speech in overweight people.
Structure of herd immunity to SARS-COV-2 in the Krasnoyarsk region population in the COVID-19 epidemic
Authors: Popova A. Yu. , Ezhlova E. B. , Melnikova A. A. , Smirnov V. S. , Lyalina L. V. , Goryaev D. V. , Khodov D. A. , Chepizhko T. G. , Rusin M. V. , Kuznetsova N. N. , Bezruchko E. Yu. , Kochergina A. S. , Karimov V. R. , Sharova A. A. , Vetrov V. V. , Totolian A. A.
Published: August 2021

Purpose. Determination of the SARS-CoV-2 population humoral immunity among the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Materials and methods. The study was carried out as a part of project for assessing population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of Russian Federation using unified methodology developed by Rospotrebnadzor, with the participation of the Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology named by Pasteur, and taking into account the recommendations of the WHO. The work involved 2907 volunteers, selected by the online survey and randomization by age and territory. All volunteers were divided into 7 age groups: 1–17, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70 and older (70+), including a total 246–449 people. Population immunity testing was carried out during the formation of groups (1st stage), and then twice more, with the interval of 6–8 weeks. Serum was obtained from venous blood samples obtained from volunteers, in which antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid were determined by the enzyme immunoassay. The results were analyzed by methods of nonparametric statistics: median, interquartile range, rank correlation coefficient were calculated in the Excel statistical package. The confidence interval to seroprevalence indicators (95% CI) was calculated using the WinPepi statistical package (version 11.65). The statistical significance of the differences was assessed with a probability level of p ≤ 0.05.

Results. The seroprevalence of the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the 5-month period of seromonitoring had increased 3.3 times from 12.8% (95% CI 11.3–14.4) to 41.7% (95% CI 39.4–4.0) , while the grouping by age had not revealed any peculiarities throughout the study. The trend towards a decrease in the incidence was formed on the 6th week of 2021. The seroprevalence of convalescents after COVID-19 during the initial testing was 61.5% (95% CI 40,6–79.8), among those who were in contact with patients with COVID-19 or convalescents –23.8% (95% CI 13.9–36.2) . Among the volunteers, 347 seropositive persons were identified, 324 of which were observed asymptomatic course.

Conclusion. The structure of the population humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 of he population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory has been investigated. It was found that an increase in seroprevalence to 41.7% (95% CI 39.4–4.0) was accompanied by a decrease in morbidity.
Kinetics of the Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide by Atmospheric Oxygen in an Aqueous Medium
Authors: Rathore Deepak Singh , Meena Vimlesh Kumar , Chandel Chandra Pal Singh , Gupta Krishna Swarup
Published: August 2021

Hydrogen sulfide is an important acid rain precursor and this led us to investigate the kinetics of its oxidation in aqueous phase by atmospheric oxygen. The kinetics was followed by measuring the depletion of oxygen in a reactor. The reaction was studied under pseudo order conditions with [H2S] in excess. The kinetics followed the rate law: -d[O2]/dt = k[S][O2]t (A) Where [S] represents the total concentration of hydrogen sulfide, [O2]t is the concentration of oxygen at time t and k is the second order rate constant. The equilibria (B - C) govern the dissolution of H2S; the sulfide ion in water forms different species: H2S K1 HS- + H+ (B) HS- K2 S2- + H+ (C) Where K1 and K2 are first and second dissociation constants of H2S. Although, H2S is present as undissociated H2S, HS- and S2- ions, nature of [H+ ] dependence of reaction rate required only HS- to be reactive and dominant. The rate law (A) on including [H+ ] dependence became Equation (D). -d[O2]/dt = k1K1[H+ ][S][O2]t / ([H+ ] 2 + K1[H+ ] + K1K2) (D) Our results indicate anthropogenic VOCs such as acetanilide, benzene, ethanol, aniline, toluene, benzamide, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene and anisole to have no significant effect on the reaction rate and any observed small effect is within the uncertainty of the rate measurements.
Maqāshid Syarī’ah Jasser Auda: Sebuah Sistem Pendekatan dalam Hukum Islam Kontemporer
Authors: Syarifuddin Syarifuddin
Published: August 2021

Maqāshid is a goal to be achieved through the application of religion on the basis of maximizing maslahah and minimizing mafsadah. The originality of maqasid Auda's thoughts lies in the shifting paradigm and the development of maqāshid through a system approach that he takes. This was developed by Auda, because he saw the classical maqāshid theory which tended to be individual, rigid, narrow, and even seemed hierarchical. Auda shifted the classical maqāshid whose styles were protection and preservation (guarding) into development and human rights. In addition, Auda also approached the maqāshid with the features of the system he created: cognition, wholeness, openness, interrelated hierarchy, multidimensional situation, and purposefulness (goal). The existence of a feature lies in its purpose.
Nabelschnur der Seele
Authors: Hidas György , Raffai Jenö , Vollner Judit
Published: August 2021

Frühe Beziehungsbeeinträchtigungen können lebenslange Folgen nach sich ziehen; das gilt auch für die vorgeburtliche Beziehung zwischen Mutter und Kind. Die von György Hidas und Jenő Raffai entwickelte Methode der Mutter-Kind-Bindungsanalyse macht es möglich, im geschützten Raum die Verbindung zwischen der Mutter und dem sich in ihr entwickelnden Kind herzustellen und zu intensivieren.

Nach einer abwechslungsreichen und allgemeinverständlichen Erläuterung der Bindungsanalyse verdeutlichen die von Judit Vollner zusammengetragenen Erlebnisberichte ihre Funktionsweise auf fesselnde und authentische Art und Weise. Fachleute der Prä- und Perinatalen Psychologie lernen so eine neue Therapiemethode kennen und werdende Eltern erfahren, wie der Aufbau einer vorgeburtlichen Beziehung mit ihrem Baby gelingt.
Framing of the Syrian Conflict in the Russian Media
Authors: Issaev Leonid , Eremeeva Kristina
Published: August 2021

The research studies the features of coverage of the Syrian conflict by Russian media. In scientific discourse, there are a number of works studying the information support for the civil war in Syria, which is explained by its specificity – a multilateral, multi-level protracted conflict creates an opportunity for a varied interpretation of events and causal relationships. The way events in Syria are presented in various regions of Russia is of particular interest. In the course of this study, a database of media articles, both federal and regional (Dagestan, Tatarstan, Chechnya), was collected. The articles were then analyzed from the point of view of the prevailing semantic codes, which made it possible to identify how the Syrian conflict is framed, as well as the similarities and differences of different regions’ frames.
Consolidating the Putin Regime: The 2020 Referendum on Russia’s Constitutional Amendments
Authors: Hutcheson Derek S. , McAllister Ian
Published: August 2021

In July 2020, Russian voters gave strong support to a package of constitutional reforms that reconfigured the Russian political system and enshrined social guarantees and conservative identity values, consolidating the regime that has been built over a 20-year period. This was achieved through an alteration that ‘zeroed’ presidential terms that commenced before the constitutional change, potentially allowing President Vladimir Putin to overcome term limits and continue in office beyond 2024. The article explains how such a far-reaching and important change was successfully endorsed by the Russian electorate. The analysis shows that the main explanation rests with variations in voting patterns across the regions, a pattern that has been evident in previous Russian elections and resulted in strong pro-Putin support. The article also evaluates questions raised about the legitimacy of the result, and its long-term significance for the Russian political system.
Agrogenic changes in the properties of dark chestnut virgin and arable soil with different use and irrigation
Authors:   National Scientific Center “Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovsky”, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Vorotyntseva L.I. , Nikoliuk V.I. ,   Hydrogeological and reclamation section of the Basin management of water resources of the lower Dnieper, Tavriysk, Ukraine
Published: August 2021

In the article, it was provided a comparative analysis of the ecosystem significance of soil characteristics transformed as a result of changes in the use conditions. At the three monitoring stationary sites in the Chaplinka district of the Kherson region, we studied the properties of dark chestnut soil (Haplic Kastanozem) on virgin lands (a biosphere reserve "Askania-Nova") and with more than a hundred years of use in agricultural production without irrigation and with a 50-year irrigation with water from the Kakhovsky trunk canal. Changes in the salt regime of the soil and the composition of exchangeable cations were established. In irrigation the total content of water-soluble salts up to 0.14-0.21% (toxic salts ‒ up to 0.06-0.15 %) was increased. The composition of salts was changed, their migration and accumulation in the lower soil layers. Under the influence of fresh water irrigation the process of dealkalinization in the dark chestnut soil took place. The involvement of virgin soil in agricultural use led to a decrease in the total content of humus and the transformation of its group composition. The content of humic acids (HA) was decreased. The content of fulvic acids (FA) was increased. The HA/FA ratio in the 0-10 cm layer changed from 2.6 (in virgin soil) to 1.6 in irrigated soil. The plowing and agricultural use of the dark chestnut soil led to a change in the state of the microbial cenosis. The number of microorganisms assimilating mineral and organic nitrogen, actinomycetes, oligotrophs, and eutrophs were increased. With irrigation the degree of transformation of the microbial cenosis increases. The indicator of biological degradation of irrigated dark chestnut soil was 4 %. This corresponds to a low level of degradation. A set of 10 indicators of the quality of the studied soil was proposed for calculating the level of its provision of ecosystem services (supplying and supporting). The algorithm and calculation results are presented. The soil of all monitoring sites of Markeev station is characterized by a high level of provision of ecosystem services. In virgin soil it was 8.3 points; in arable soil without irrigation it was 7.2, and with irrigation it was 7.5 points.
Removal of basic nutrients from the soil by field crop rotations with different fertilizers
Authors:   Uman National University of Horticulture, Uman, Ukraine, Hospodarenko Н. M. , Cherno O. D. ,   Uman National University of Horticulture, Uman, Ukraine, Martyniuk A. T. ,   Uman National University of Horticulture, Uman, Ukraine, Boiko V. P. ,   Uman National University of Horticulture, Uman, Ukraine
Published: August 2021

The effect of application of different doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation on the content of basic nutrients in plants, economic and relative removal of winter wheat, corn, spring barley and soybeans was studied. Soil - Luvic Chernic Phaeozem. The scheme of the experiment includes 11 variants of combinations and separate application of mineral fertilizers and, including the variant without fertilizer. It was found that the level of nitrogen content of easily hydrolyzed compounds in the soil significantly affects its content in the grain of spring barley, corn, soybeans (R2 = 0,92–0,93), less - winter wheat (R2 = 0,63). The content of mobile phosphates in the soil has almost the same effect on its content in the main and non-commodity part of the crop, regardless of the crop (R2 = 0,39–0,70). The smallest relationship between the content of mobile compounds in the soil and in the crop was in potassium, but in soybean seeds and straw of spring barley and soybeans it was clearly traced (R2 = 0,53–0,68). Nitrogen (64,4–149,9 kg / ha) has the largest share in the economic extraction of nutrients with grain and seed yield, followed by phosphorus – 21,1–51,4 kg P2O5/ ha, depending on the crop. On the formation of the crop unit of marketable and the corresponding amount of non-marketable crop products absorb nutrients in the following ratio N : P2O5 : K2O: winter wheat – 1 : 0,4: 0,7; corn – 1 : 0,3 : 0,8; spring barley – 1 : 0,4 : 0,7 and soy – 1 : 0,4 : 0,4. With the non-commodity part of the crop, nitrogen with corn stalks returns to the soil from economic removal – 28–36 %, phosphorus with soybean straw (47–54 %) and potassium with winter wheat straw and corn stalks – 74–80 %, depending on the experiment variant.
The content of exchangeable potassium in the soil depending on the method of tillage and meteorological factors
Authors:   National Scientific Center “Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovsky”, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Pogromska Ya. A.
Published: August 2021

The article is a continuation of a series of publications on the results of the study of nutrient elements in the soil-plant system against the background of global and regional climate change, given the possibility of minimizing tillage. In the conditions of stationary field experiment on ordinary chernozem (Calcic Chernozem) in the Donetsk region for five years (1994-1998) it was monitored the content of exchangeable potassium in the arable layer of the soil under the row crop corn within the grain-growing crop rotation on the options of plowing and subsurface non-turning tillage under the same mineral fertilizer system. At the same time, the dynamics of precipitation and air and soil temperature were recorded. According to the results of research, it is a steady effect of meteorological factors on the level of potassium nutrition of plants and a general tendency to decrease the average level of exchangeable potassium contents in the soil under vegetative plants of maize within the arable layer, mainly due to layers of 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm. It is shown that for plowing the optimum of humidity of the previous year is characterized by hydrothermal coefficient of Selianinov (HTC) 1.0, and for subsurface non-turning tillage - 1.25. With a very dry (HTC
1.5), subsurface non-turning tillage may be more favorable for potassium mobility. But within the HTC 0.5-1.5 is more acceptable plowing. It is determined that the refusal to plowing leads to a decrease in the dependence of potassium mobility in the soil layer 0-30 cm on temperature, protecting from temperature fixation of potassium, and enhances the influence of the humidification regime in May. But dry and cool autumn is a likely cause of reduced potassium mobility without plowing. All conclusions are confirmed by the results of correlation, regression and variance (ANOVA) analysis.
Nutrients use efficiency by modern hybrids of maize under arid conditions of the Forest-Steppe
Authors:   Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine, Kharchenko О.V. , Petrenko S.V. ,   Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine, Sobko M.G. ,   Institute of Agriculture of the Northeast of NAAS, Sumy, Sad, Ukraine, Medvid S.I. ,   Institute of Agriculture of the Northeast of NAAS, Sumy, Sad, Ukraine, Zakharchenko E.A. ,   Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
Published: August 2021

The nutrient use efficiency of maize hybrids from the soil or through fertilizers is considered. Cultivation of modern hybrids requires determining the necessary rate of fertilizer to get the planned yield, taking into account their potential productivity and weather conditions. In the absence of data of nutrient uptake for new hybrids, it is proposed to use an indicator of their level of intensity, which is calculated by the ratio of the actual yield and its normative (calculated) value. Studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in the fields of the Institute of Agriculture of the Northeast of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Soil – chernozem typical leached (Endocalcis Chernozem). Three maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids of Ukrainian selection were used: Zoryany (FAO 190), Leleka (FAO 260) and Donor (FAO 310). The vegetation seasons 2018-2019 were characterized as very arid (hydrothermal coefficient of Selianinov (HTC) 0.45-0.46). The calculated rate intensity of hybrids on average of two years was 1.07 at sites without fertilizers, and 1.36 at sites with fertilizers (N100 P45 K45). The efficiency of soils N,P,K use increases by application of mineral fertilizers. The nutrients output from the soil: nitrogen ‒ 53.8-71.4 %, phosphorus ‒ 20.0-26.6 % and potassium ‒ 65.4-86.8 %. The relative effect of fertilizers on the yield decreases, therefore, rate of natural fertility in the growth of the crop on fertilized soil increases. Due to the natural fertility of soils, the yield of all hybrids increased by an average of 1.33-1.46 t/ha with N100 P45 K45 applying. The dependence of yield of all maize hybrids on hydrothermal conditions in June was obtained. It was found that, all other things being equal, the yield is directly correlated with the FAO index of the hybrid. The payback of mineral fertilizers is estimated as 0.86-1.14 t / c
Impact of energy crops on the quality of ecosystem services of Luvic Chernic Phaozem
Authors:   National Scientific Center “Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovsky”, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Vodiak Ya. N.
Published: August 2021

The article presents the results of research on the impact of energy crops on the quality of such ecosystem services of Luvic Chernic Phaozem as providing, regulating and supporting. The observation was conducted during 2019-2020 in the SE "Experimental Farm "Grakivske", Novyi Korotych village in Kharkiv region of Ukraine. Energy perennial crops grown in the experiment: Miscanthus giganteus (plantings 2016 (I) and 2019 (II) years); Sida hermophrodita (2018); Silphium perfoliatum L. (2018). Control variables: determination of soil organic carbon content; pH level; number of microarthropods in the soil; plant stem length. An increase in organic carbon content was found in the upper soil layers beneath energy crop plants, especially in the root zone of Sylphium. Due to the root excretions of the crops a slight decrease in pH is also observed in all the variants compared to the control. A positive effect of the plants is also observed on the numbers of soil invertebrates – microarthropods, namely columbines and oribatids. The increase in their numbers indicates the formation of favorable conditions for these living creatures, in the root zone of all energy crops. For example, in May 2019 compared to the control (2706 ex. / m2) under four-year-old Miscanthus almost tripled (6126 ex. / m2), under annual Miscanthus – 4860 ex. / m2, under Sylphium – 5040 ex. / m2, and under Sida – 4320 ex. / m2. Positive changes in soil structure under the influence of Miscanthus giganteus cultivation, especially in the upper layer, were also noted. The coefficient of structure on the variants increased from 1.39 on the control, to 2.26 in layer 0-20 under Miscanthus. Measurements of stem height, showed that all of the selected crops were able to function normally despite reduced rainfall and increased temperatures in recent years. The plants are not depressed under drought conditions and only increase their biomass over time. Thus, the results indicate an overall improvement in the quality of soil ecosystem services in energy crop plantations. In particular, provisioning services – obtaining energy raw materials; regulating services – improving soil quality; and ecosystem services – depositing organic carbon, are improved.
Vaccine Mandates and Passports: A New Fascism in the Western Countries?
Authors: Kelleni Mina
Published: August 2021

A science editor has advocated vaccine mandates to college students and in this reply I am refuting all his mentioned claims while illustrating a scientific point of view of those who refuse to receive mRNA and adenovector based SARS CoV-2 vaccines or allow the governments to mandate them for their children. Meanwhile, these arguments also apply to those who mandated vaccine passports to allow international travel.
A study on English communication skills at tertiary level
Authors: Thu Huynh Ngoc Anh
Published: August 2021

Communication skills are one of the most important soft skills in the 21st century. There is a sad fact that even young Vietnamese, although learning English as an official subject at school, almost always show a lack of confidence when communicating with foreigners. Many high school graduates or even university students, when meeting foreigners, teach-ers or speaking in front of the class, still can not say anything more than simple questions such as greetings and introducing themselves. This study was conducted by the Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI). With the participation of 120 students. Through the questionnaire. This study was for the purpose of indicating the errors that students make, as well as finding solutions that support their skills to learn and improve their ability to communicate. The results of this study showed the participation of 120 students. Only 50 out of 120 students received good reviews in the research, 45 students still lack skills and confidence when communicating and received an average rating. The rest of the 120 study participants were rated as weak, lacking a lot of communication skills. This condition needs to be interested in, as if not even when communicating with Vietnamese in English, you will lack confidence.
Forms of violence experienced by Polish adult population. A brief report.
Authors: Guziak Milena Agnieszka
Published: August 2021

Violence is a worldwide phenomenon affecting individuals across the globe resulting in mental health implications. Poland has a system in place for people experiencing domestic violence called the Blue Card procedure, from which the prevalence of domestic violence can be understood. However, not every act of violence take place is this context. A national survey on the prevalence of violence and frequency of reporting indicates that only 60 % of those who witnessed abuse reported it to the police. This suggests that many cases go unreported and that the scale of violence is much wider. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of different forms of violence: emotional (EV), physical (PV), and sexual (SV) among Polish population.
Poor writing, not specialized concepts, drives processing difficulty in legal language
Authors: Martinez Eric , Mollica Francis , Gibson Edward
Published: August 2021

Despite their ever-increasing presence in everyday life, contracts remain notoriously inaccessible to laypeople. Why? Here, a corpus analysis (n $\approx10$ million words) revealed that contracts contain startlingly high proportions of certain difficult-to-process features--including low-frequency jargon, center-embedded clauses (leading to long-distance syntactic dependencies), passive voice structures, and non-standard capitalization--relative to nine other baseline genres of written and spoken English. An experiment ($N=108$) further revealed that excerpts containing these features were recalled and comprehended at lower rates than excerpts without these features, even for experienced readers, and that center-embedded clauses inhibited recall more-so than other features. These findings (a) undermine the specialized concepts account of legal theory, according to which law is a system built upon expert knowledge of technical concepts; (b) suggest such processing difficulties result largely from working-memory limitations imposed by long-distance syntactic dependencies (i.e., poor writing) as opposed to a mere lack of specialized legal knowledge; and (c) suggest editing out problematic features of legal texts would be tractable and beneficial for society at-large.
Meditative in-action: an endogenous epistemic venture
Authors: Pagnoni Giuseppe , Guareschi Fausto Taiten
Published: August 2021

The theoretical framework of active inference proposed by Karl Friston is currently one of the more actively developed research areas in neuroscience. According to this theory the brain adapts its synaptic activity and architecture in such a way that it de facto comes to mirror the causal structure of events that the organism both encounters and actively induces in its environment. In this contribution we show how active inference can provide a useful perspective to better understand the processes engaged by contemplative practices. More specifically, and focusing on the practice of shikantaza (‘just sitting’) in the Japanese Zen Sōtō tradition, we argue that meditation enacts a peculiar policy with high endogenous epistemic value, whereby the practitioner accrues an intimate, but not necessarily explicit, knowledge about herself. This superordinate policy entails the embodied, active suspension of our habitual reward-seeking and punishment-avoidance behavior, an attitude epitomized by the traditional notion of mushotoku (Jap. ‘nothing to be attained’). From this perspective, we also critically examine some popular claims about meditation that we believe are likely to be misconstrued, and may not be without personal, social and even political consequences.
Kiai Jenggot Naga: Sang Legenda Dakwah
Authors: Darmawan Deni , Ariyadi Didik
Published: August 2021

Dengan penulisan buku ini, penulis ingin kembali mendekatkan para pembaca kepada Abi, Almaghfurlah Kiai Jenggot Naga. Dengan mengenal lebih dekat atau mengenang kebersamaan yang dahulu pernah kita semua rasakan bersama beliau. Mengenal lebih dalam bagaimana manhaj dakwah yang dipakai oleh beliau, dan bagaimana perjuangan beliau dahulu ketika berdakwah.
Factors Affecting the Household Income of Petty Traders During COVID-19 Pandemic in Dharan City
Authors: Khatiwada Sita Kumari
Published: August 2021

Petty trading is such a type of economic activity operating abundance of the low-earning population in new urbanizing developing countries like Nepal. The main aim of this study is to explore factors affecting the household income of petty traders during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Dhahran city. This investigation had used descriptive analysis, and Pearson correlation test to identify the relationship between dependent and independent variables. There were 48 petty traders conveniently selected for the convenient sampling to collect primary data by survey method. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics by using SPSS. It is found a significant relationship between daily household income and marital status of petty traders. But there was no significant relationship between the daily household income and the size of the family, investment of capital of the petty traders. Similarly, the above results of this study suggest that this study is helpful to the planners and policymakers in Dharan city to formulate suitable policy and manage the micro-business sector including petty traders. And the government should create programs that preserve and establish the economic rights of petty traders and reduce the various complications and taxes which they usually impose on them. The study concluded that there is a significant difference between the household income of petty traders and the marital status of petty traders. Moreover, it established that there was no relationship between the household income and the family size, the investment of capital, and the income before COVID 19 of petty traders.
विश्वामित्र–मेनका खण्डकाव्यमा नारीवाद
Authors: न्यौपाने सुभाषचन्द्र
Published: August 2021

प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा खण्डकाव्यकार घनश्याम कँडेलको पौराणिक विषयवस्ुतमा आधारित विश्वामित्र–मेनका खण्डकाव्यलाई नारीवादी चेतनाका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नारीवाद राजनैतिक समतामूलक विचार बोकेको साहित्यिक आन्दोलन हो । यो लैङ्गिक विभेदका दृष्टिले हेर्दा जातीय मानिने विश्वका आधाभन्दा बढी नारीहरूको साहित्यिक स्वतन्त्रताको शङ्खघोष गर्ने र परम्परालाई नारीका पक्षमा नवीकरण गर्ने चिन्तन हो । कँडेलको वि.सं.२०६६ सालमा प्रकाशित भएको यस खण्डकाव्यमा केकस्ता नारीवादी चिन्तनहरू रहेका छन् भन्ने कुराको विश्लेषण यस लेखमा गरिएको छ । पितृसत्तात्मक समाजमा नारीहरूले भोग्नुपरेका नारकीय कष्टहरू केकस्ता थिए, नारीहरूले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्र अस्तित्व स्थापनाका लागि केकस्ता प्रयत्नहरू गरेका थिए, खण्डकाव्यमा नारीहरूको अवस्था केकस्तो कारुणिक थियो र उनीहरूले नारीमुक्तिका लागि केकस्ता अभियानहरू सञ्चालन गरेका थिए भन्ने कुराको विश्लेषण यस लेखमा गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेख तयारीका क्रममा प्राथमिक सामग्रीका रूपमा खण्डकाव्यकार घनश्याम कँडेलको विश्वामित्र–मेनका खण्डकाव्यलाई लिइएको छ भने द्वितीयक सामग्रीका रूपमा नारीवादी साहित्यसिद्धान्त तथा विश्वामित्र–मेनका खण्डकाव्यका सन्दर्भमा प्रकाश पारी लेखिएका पुस्तक, पत्रपत्रिका, भूमिकाजस्ता पुस्तकालयीय सामग्रीहरूको उपयोग गरिएको छ । सामग्री विश्लेषणका क्रममा निगमनात्मक विधिअनुसार स्थापित सिद्धान्तका आधारमा वर्णनात्मक र व्याख्यात्मकविधिको प्रयोग गरी अन्त्यमा अर्थापनविधिद्वारा लेखलाई पूर्णता दिइएको छ । यस खण्डकाव्यमा प्रयुक्त पात्रहरूमा देखापरेका नारीवादी अभिलक्षणका आधारमा विश्वामित्र–मेनका नारीवादी चेतनाले भरिएको खण्डकाव्य हो भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
Chief Editor's Voice
Authors: Jha Prof. Dr. Ashok Kumar
Published: August 2021

The RMC of the campus feels much pleasure to publish the annual multi-disciplinary peer reviewed research journal DRISTIKON as vol. 11(1). The journal and the articles published in it are clear evidence and fulfill the requirements laid down by UGC, Nepal, Tribhuvan University Service Commission, APA 7th ed. and other platforms.

The journal is designed to serve as an outlet for an intellectual forum for the communication of intellectual ideas among professionals and other social scientists in relevant areas in general and with special reference to Nepal. The board welcomes all the professionals, researchers and all those interested to publish their research findings with significant contribution to society, education sector and international platform. Authors are also encouraged to submit papers which are related to current international, national or local issues.

Almost all the scholarly and research articles published in the journal undergo the editorial peer review process prior to publication to fulfill the requirements of peer review process guided by UGC, Nepal and international standard. The goal of the peer review process is to ensure that the valid article is accepted, the messy article cleaned up, and the invalid article rejected. The board of editors has accepted the reviewer’s recommendations. All the articles submitted for publication are subjected to rigorous double blinded peer review to ensure its quality before it gets published. 

Manuscripts submitted to this journal must not have been published or accepted for publication or submitted for publication elsewhere. The journal strictly follows guidelines of APA 7th ed. as well as strongly opposes plagiarized contents without proper citation.

Following the necessary corrections and additions resulting from the review process the twenty accepted papers were included into the issue covering the specific areas of Nepali, English, Political Science, Science and Management. The cooperation extended by scholars and institutions in publishing this journal is highly appreciated.

The opinions expressed in the articles are the author’s own and do not reflect the view of either the publisher or the editorial board. All manuscripts once published becomes the property of the publisher. We hope that inspiration and encouragement from the readers will continue to keep the ‘Dristikon’ alive and develop. We are also looking forward to receiving your comments and suggestions for further improvement in the future.

We are grateful to the peer reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. The editorial board heartily thanks all the writers who have contributed research articles. We would also like to give special thanks to the campus chief Mr. Damodar Bhandari for his constant support in terms of finance and administration for the publication of this journal.
« Full and Useful Lives » : La déficience intellectuelle au sein du discours médical canadien (1956–1972)
Authors: Larose-Dutil Hubert
Published: August 2021

Les articles publiés entre 1956 et 1972 au sein du Canadian Medical Association Journal ( CMAJ) et du Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal ( CPAJ) témoignent d’un certain intérêt de la communauté médicale canadienne pour le retard mental. Celle-ci se préoccupe tout particulièrement du poids économique que représente – d’après elle – le « retardé mental » et de la capacité de ce dernier à atteindre une autonomie suffisante pour être productif. Dans cet article, nous mettons en lumière l’ambition de disciplinarisation du retardé mental qui transparaît du corpus analysé. Nous analysons d’abord les propos tenus sur le diagnostic de retard mental, puis ceux portant sur les traitements, les soins et les services jugés pertinents. Enfin, nous examinons le discours véhiculé dans les deux revues sur les échecs de l’entreprise médicale d’autonomisation et de majoration économique du retardé mental.
Introduction—Case by Case: Private and Public Representations of Patients in the Grenfell Mission in Newfoundland and Labrador in the Early 20thCentury
Authors: Connor Jennifer J.
Published: August 2021

This article provides context for three studies about early 20th-century medical cases in the geographically distributed humanitarian aid organization founded by Wilfred Grenfell in pre-Confederation Newfoundland and Labrador. It situates these studies within historiographical and theoretical approaches to case histories and their publication by medical practitioners, the background for research on the clinical records of the Grenfell organization’s main hospital, and the history behind specific case information for coastal patients. While the cases examined cohere through their organizational origin, the authors of these three studies reveal sometimes unexpected representations of the patient in text and illustration. In these ways, both this introductory article and the following three studies emphasize the enduring appeal of narrative approaches to case writing while also pointing to the evolving ethics of publishing medical reports for general readers and scholars. Together they invite renewed attention to the representation of medical cases in publications that increasingly are available globally in internet collections.
Impact of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trade between Canada and the United States
Authors: Cardoso Miguel , Malloy Brandon
Published: August 2021

We examine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected trade between Canada and the United States, using a novel dataset on monthly bilateral trade flows between Canadian provinces and US states merged with COVID-19 health data. Our results show that a one-standard-deviation increase in COVID-19 severity (case levels, hospitalizations, deaths) in a Canadian province leads to a 3.1 percent to 4.9 percent fall in exports and a 6.7 percent to 9.1 percent fall in imports. Decomposing our analysis by industry, we determine that trade in the manufacturing industry was most negatively affected by the pandemic, and the agriculture industry had the least disruption to trade flows. Our descriptive evidence suggests that lockdowns may also have reduced Canadian exports and imports. However, although our regression coefficients are consistent with that finding, they are not statistically significant, perhaps because of the lack of variation as a result of similar timing in the imposition of restrictions across provinces.
Artificial Intelligence Technology for COVID-19 Detection at Early Stage with Special Reference to Health Disparity and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Mandal Prabir
Published: August 2021

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified as the cause of an outbreak of viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The disease, later named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), subsequently spread globally. COVID- 19 is an aggressive disease with a low median survival rate. Ironically, the treatment process is long and very costly due to its high recurrence and mortality rates. Accurate early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of COVID-19 are essential to enhance the patient's survival rate. Mount Sinai researchers are the first in the country to use artificial intelligence (AI) combined with imaging, and clinical data to analyze patients with COVID-19. They have developed a unique algorithm that can rapidly detect COVID-19 based on how lung disease looks in computed tomography (CT scans) of the chest, in combination with patient information including symptoms, age, bloodwork, and possible contact with someone infected with the virus. AI has huge potential for analyzing large amounts of data quickly, an attribute that can have a big impact in a situation such as a pandemic. There is increasing evidence that some racial and ethnic minority groups are being disproportionately affected by COVID-19.
A novel technology for production of Kombucha extract by prolonged fermentation time and multiple enhanced concentration of beneficial ingredients
Authors: Daneva Teodora
Published: August 2021

Nowadays, people's awareness of the role of diet in maintaining well-being and good health is increasing. Consumers expect that products will not only provide them with essential nutrients, but will also be a source of biologically active substances that are beneficial to their health. One of the "health trends" that has emerged among consumers around the world is kombucha with high antioxidant potential, obtained through the activity of a consortium of acetic acid bacteria and osmophilic yeast, also called "tea fungus". Kombucha is characterized by its health properties. Consumption of kombucha has always been associated with various health benefits. There are many personal experiences and feedback from kombucha drinkers around the world about the kombucha's ability to protect against a huge number of metabolic and infectious diseases. The promising results in in vitro and in vivo studies prompted us to create a new type of kombucha concentrat, which can be used directly for consumption, can be added to other drinks (juises, teas, herbal decoctions), might be used for preparation of carbonated and non-carbonated drinks, for food preservation, for vinegar preparation, as an additive in cosmetics and antiinflammatory products. The aim of this article is to review research in search of experimental confirmation of the many health aspects of kombucha. The analysis of the literature data is performed in accordance with the latest concepts of health protection requirements. Attention is paid to the active compounds in kombucha, responsible for the specific effect and the mechanisms of their action. It has been shown that kombucha can be effective in health prevention and recovery due to four main properties: detoxification, antioxidant, energizing potentials and stimulation of suppressed immunity. In recent years, its consumption has increased due to its useful properties and ingredients, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant and other properties. Recent experimental studies of kombucha consumption suggest that the drink is suitable for prophylaxis against broad-spectrum metabolic and infectious disorders. This makes kombucha attractive as a drink for health prevention. In this article we describe the benefits of consuming the ancient traditional Chinese drink kombucha and describe the production of our new product using modern technology. Our combucha extract can be used for direct consumption and as a raw material for the production of various products containing kombucha. KOMBUCHA EXTRACT of DALVITA is made by a special technology and is 100 times more concentrated than kombucha tea, which makes its action a hundred times stronger and reduces the required daily amounts a hundred times