bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flipped learning and parent engagement in secondary schools: A South Australian case study
Authors: Bond Melissa
Published: March 2019

Parent involvement in and engagement with children’s learning has been shown to strongly influence student achievement, engagement, motivation and school completion. However, parent involvement decreases once students reach middle school, as subject content gets harder, the number of teachers increases, and students are less likely to share their homework and learning with parents. To this end, the flipped learning (FL) approach has received growing attention, with evidence of improved higher order thinking and collaborative skills and increased transparency for parents. This paper explores school leader, parent, student and teacher perceptions of the FL approach, through the lens of a 1‐year case study of two rural South Australian schools, in order to uncover how the approach affects parent engagement. Findings reveal that, whilst stakeholders feel that the flipped approach is beneficial for absent students, to reinforce content and increase student responsibility, it has not yet improved transparency for parents, with a disconnect between what schools think parents know and are engaging in, and the actual level of parent engagement in student learning. Recommendations for schools implementing the FL approach are provided against a bioecological model, adapted for this study.
Where is the “theory” within the field of educational technology research?
Authors: Hew Khe Foon , Lan Min , Tang Ying , Jia Chengyuan , Lo Chung Kwan
Published: March 2019

Critics often characterise the study of educational technology as under‐theorised. To test this assertion and to determine the extent of this criticism, the present paper reports an in‐depth analysis of the 503 most recent empirical articles published in three selected education‐technology‐related journals (Computers & Education; Learning, Media and Technology; and British Journal of Educational Technology). These journals were selected because they publish studies related to all education settings rather than focusing on only a certain segment such as higher education; they have broad geographical catchment; and they were the most highly ranked journals in terms of their 2017 journal citation impact factor. The present paper examines how explicitly existing theory was identified in previous research, how theories were applied and how often these theories were advanced in education technology research. In the majority of cases, explicit engagement with theory was absent. Many studies either were wholly bereft of theories or made vague use of theory. Where theory was explicit, the articles were more likely to use theory to conceptualise the research, to inform the data collection or analysis process and to discuss the results. Very few articles reported findings that help us to learn something new about a particular theory (ie, little evidence of theory advancement).
Expression and function of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase delta in mesenchymal stromal cells from normal and leukaemic bone marrow
Authors: Ali Ahmed Y. , Guan Qingdong , Wu Xun , Hou Sen , Banerji Versha , Johnston James B. , Wall Donna , Szwajcer David , Gibson Spencer B. , Marshall Aaron J.
Published: March 2019

Within lymphoid tissues, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells interact with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). Inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase delta (PI3Kδ) cause release of CLL cells from lymphoid tissues into blood. PI3Kδ inhibitors are thought to target only CLL and other immune cells because PI3Kδ expression is restricted to haematopoietic cells. We found that PI3Kδ is unexpectedly expressed in primary MSC derived from CLL patients and healthy donors. PI3Kδ inhibition in MSC using idelalisib or duvelisib significantly reduced their ability to support CLL migration and adhesion. These observations provide the first evidence that PI3Kδ is expressed and functional in CLL MSC.
CD4+CD25−LAG3+ regulatory T cells in humoral immunity
Authors: Inoue Mariko , Okamura Tomohisa , Komai Toshihiko , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Fujio Keishi
Published: March 2019

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are necessary for the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. These Tregs are divided into two main subsets: thymus‐derived Tregs and peripherally‐derived Tregs. As a thymus‐derived Treg subset, CD4+CD25+ Tregs (CD25+ Tregs) that express the transcription factor, Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), have been extensively studied. Type 1 regulatory T cells are representative Foxp3‐independent peripherally‐derived Tregs that produce a large amount of the inhibitory cytokine, interleukin (IL)‐10, and suppress immune responses through IL‐10 production. Accumulating evidence has shown that lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) is a reliable cell surface marker for type 1 regulatory T cells. Peripherally‐derived CD4+CD25−LAG3+ Tregs (LAG3+ Tregs) produce a large amount of IL‐10 and suppress colitis in a mouse model in an IL‐10‐dependent manner. LAG3+ Tregs characteristically express transcriptional factor early growth response gene 2 (Egr2), and ectopic expression of Egr2 conferred a suppressive function to CD4+ T cells. Intriguingly, polymorphism of the EGR2 gene is associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus characterized by a wide spectrum of auto‐antibodies, and mice lacking Egr2 specifically in lymphocytes develop a lupus‐like autoimmune disease. We recently reported that Egr2‐expressing LAG3+ Tregs effectively suppress humoral immune responses in a transforming growth factor β3‐dependent manner. In addition, transforming growth factor β3 and IL‐10 synergistically regulate Toll‐like receptor‐mediated humoral immune responses. In the present review, we focus on the role of LAG3+ Tregs in humoral immunity, and also discuss its therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Phenotypic spectrum of NRXN1 mono‐ and bi‐allelic deficiency: A systematic review
Authors: Castronovo Paola , Baccarin Marco , Ricciardello Arianna , Picinelli Chiara , Tomaiuolo Pasquale , Cucinotta Francesca , Frittoli Myriam , Lintas Carla , Sacco Roberto , Persico Antonio M.
Published: March 2019

Neurexins are presynaptic cell adhesion molecules critically involved in synaptogenesis and vesicular neurotransmitter release. They are encoded by three genes (NRXN1‐3), each yielding a longer alpha (α) and a shorter beta (β) transcript. Deletions spanning the promoter and the initial exons of the NRXN1 gene, located in chromosome 2p16.3, are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, neurological and neuropsychological phenotypes. We have performed a systematic review to define (a) the clinical phenotypes most associated with mono‐allelic exonic NRXN1 deletions, and (b) the phenotypic features of NRXN1 bi‐allelic deficiency due to compound heterozygous deletions/mutations. Clinically, three major conclusions can be drawn: (a) incomplete penetrance and pleiotropy do not allow reliable predictions of clinical outcome following prenatal detection of mono‐allelic exonic NRXN1 deletions. Newborn carriers should undergo periodic neuro‐behavioral observations for the timely detection of warning signs and the prescription of early behavioral intervention; (b) the presence of additional independent genetic risk factors should always be sought, as they may influence prognosis; (c) children with exonic NRXN1 deletions displaying early‐onset, severe psychomotor delay in the context of a Pitt‐Hopkins‐like syndrome 2 phenotype, should undergo DNA sequencing of the spared NRXN1 allele in search for mutations or very small insertions/deletions.
Obesity paradox in cancer: Is bigger really better?
Authors: Ujvari Beata , Jacqueline Camille , Misse Dorothée , Amar Valentin , Fitzpatrick Jay C. , Jennings Geordie , Beckmann Christa , Rome Sophie , Biro Peter A. , Gatenby Robert , Brown Joel , Almeida Luis , Thomas Frédéric
Published: March 2019

While obesity is widely recognized as a risk factor for cancer, survival among patients with cancer is often higher for obese than for lean individuals. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this “obesity paradox,” but no consensus has yet emerged. Here, we propose a novel hypothesis to add to this emerging debate which suggests that lean healthy persons present conditions unfavorable to malignant transformation, due to powerful natural defenses, whereby only rare but aggressive neoplasms can emerge and develop. In contrast, obese persons present more favorable conditions for malignant transformation, because of several weight‐associated factors and less efficient natural defenses, leading to a larger quantity of neoplasms comprising both nonaggressive and aggressive ones to regularly emerge and progress. If our hypothesis is correct, testing would require the consideration of the raw quantity, not the relative frequency, of aggressive cancers in obese patients compared with lean ones. We also discuss the possibility that in obese persons, nonaggressive malignancies may prevent the subsequent progression of aggressive cancers through negative competitive interactions between tumors.
Global advanced bioenergy potential under environmental protection policies and societal transformation measures
Authors: Wu Wenchao , Hasegawa Tomoko , Ohashi Haruka , Hanasaki Naota , Liu Jingyu , Matsui Tetsuya , Fujimori Shinichiro , Masui Toshihiko , Takahashi Kiyoshi
Published: March 2019

Bioenergy plays an important role in low greenhouse gas stabilization scenarios. Among various possible sources of bioenergy, dedicated bio‐crops could contribute to most of the potential. However, large scale bio‐crop deployment raises sustainability concerns. Policies to alleviate the pressure of bio‐crops on the terrestrial environment can affect bioenergy potential and production costs. Here, we estimated the maximum bioenergy potential under environmental protection policies (biodiversity and soil protection) and societal transformation measures from demand and supply side (demand‐side policy includes sustainable diet; supply‐side policy includes advanced technology and trade openness for food) by using an integrated assessment modelling framework, which consists of a general equilibrium model (Asian‐Pacific Integrated Model/Computable General Equilibrium) and a spatial land use allocation model (Asian‐Pacific Integrated Model/Platform for Land‐Use and Environmental Model). We found that the global advanced bioenergy potential under no policy was 245 EJ/year and that 192 EJ/year could be produced under US$5/GJ. These figures were 149 EJ/year and 110 EJ/year, respectively, under a full environmental policy. Biodiversity protection has a greater impact than soil protection due to its larger coverage and stronger implementation. Societal transformation measures effectively increase them to 186 EJ/year and 143 EJ/year, respectively, even under full environmental policies. These results imply that the large‐scale bioenergy deployment possibly needed for the climate target to limit the global mean temperature increase well below 2°C compared to the preindustrial level might face a trade‐off with environmental protection targets and that possible mitigation pathways in harmony with other environmental issues need to be explored.
Level of agreement between frequently used cardiovascular risk calculators in people living with HIV
Authors: Dhillon S , Sabin CA , Alagaratnam J , Bagkeris E , Post FA , Boffito M , Anderson J , Vera J , Williams I , Johnson M , Sachikonye M , Babalis D , Mallon PW , Winston A ,   the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People over Fifty (POPPY) study
Published: March 2019

Objectives

The aim of the study was to describe agreement between the QRISK2, Framingham and Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti‐HIV Drugs (D:A:D) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk calculators in a large UK study of people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods

PLWH enrolled in the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People over Fifty (POPPY) study without a prior CVD event were included in this study. QRISK2, Framingham CVD and the full and reduced D:A:D CVD scores were calculated; participants were stratified into ‘low’ (< 10%), ‘intermediate’ (10–20%) and ‘high’ (> 20%) categories for each. Agreement between scores was assessed using weighted kappas and Bland–Altman plots.

Results

The 730 included participants were predominantly male (636; 87.1%) and of white ethnicity (645; 88.5%), with a median age of 53 [interquartile range (IQR) 49–59] years. The median calculated 10‐year CVD risk was 11.9% (IQR 6.8–18.4%), 8.9% (IQR 4.6–15.0%), 8.5% (IQR 4.8–14.6%) and 6.9% (IQR 4.1–11.1%) when using the Framingham, QRISK2, and full and reduced D:A:D scores, respectively. Agreement between the different scores was generally moderate, with the highest level of agreement being between the Framingham and QRISK2 scores (weighted kappa = 0.65) but with most other kappa coefficients in the 0.50–0.60 range.

Conclusions

Estimates of predicted 10‐year CVD risk obtained with commonly used CVD risk prediction tools demonstrate, in general, only moderate agreement among PLWH in the UK. While further validation with clinical endpoints is required, our findings suggest that care should be taken when interpreting any score alone.
The Healthy Homes/Healthy Kids 5‐10 Obesity Prevention Trial: 12 and 24‐month outcomes
Authors: Sherwood Nancy E. , Levy Rona L. , Seburg Elisabeth M. , Crain A. Lauren , Langer Shelby L. , JaKa Meghan M. , Kunin‐Batson Alicia , Jeffery Robert W.
Published: March 2019

Background

Pediatric primary care is an important setting for addressing obesity prevention.

Objective

The Healthy Homes/Healthy Kids 5‐10 randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of an obesity prevention intervention integrating pediatric primary care provider counseling and parent‐targeted phone coaching.

Methods

Children aged 5 to 10 years with a BMI between the 70th and 95th percentile and their parents were recruited from pediatric primary care clinics. Participants received well‐child visit provider counseling about obesity and safety/injury prevention and were then randomized to a 14‐session phone‐based obesity prevention (OP; n = 212) or safety and injury prevention contact control (CC; n = 209) intervention. The primary outcome was 12 and 24‐month child BMI percentile.

Results

There was no overall significant treatment effect on child BMI percentile. Caloric intake was significantly lower among OP compared with CC participants at 12 months (P < .005). In planned subgroup analyses, OP condition girls had significantly lower BMI percentile (P < .05) and BMI z‐score (P < .02) at 12 and 24 months relative to CC girls and were less likely to be overweight (38.0% vs 53.0%, P < .01) or (obese 3.4% vs 8.8%, P < .10) at follow‐up.

Conclusions and Relevance

An obesity prevention intervention integrating brief provider counseling and parent‐targeted phone counseling did not impact 12 and 24‐month BMI status overall but did have a significant impact on BMI in girls.
Plasma cells: You are what you eat
Authors: D'Souza Lucas , Bhattacharya Deepta
Published: March 2019

Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes that constitutively secrete antibodies. These antibodies can provide protection against pathogens, and their quantity and quality are the best clinical correlates of vaccine efficacy. As such, plasma cell lifespan is the primary determinant of the duration of humoral immunity. Yet dysregulation of plasma cell function can cause autoimmunity or multiple myeloma. The longevity of plasma cells is primarily dictated by nutrient uptake and non‐transcriptionally regulated metabolic pathways. We have previously shown a positive effect of glucose uptake and catabolism on plasma cell longevity and function. In this review, we discuss these findings with an emphasis on nutrient uptake and its effects on respiratory capacity, lifespan, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and antibody secretion in plasma cells. We further discuss how some of these pathways may be dysregulated in multiple myeloma, potentially providing new therapeutic targets. Finally, we speculate on the connection between plasma cell intrinsic metabolism and systemic changes in nutrient availability and metabolic diseases.
T follicular helper cell heterogeneity: Time, space, and function
Authors: Song Wenzhi , Craft Joe
Published: March 2019

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a crucial role in orchestrating the humoral arm of adaptive immune responses. Mature Tfh cells localize to follicles in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) where they provide help to B cells in germinal centers (GCs) to facilitate immunoglobulin affinity maturation, class‐switch recombination, and generation of long‐lived plasma cells and memory B cells. Beyond the canonical GC Tfh cells, it has been increasingly appreciated that the Tfh phenotype is highly diverse and dynamic. As naive CD4+ T cells progressively differentiate into Tfh cells, they migrate through a variety of microanatomical locations to obtain signals from other cell types, which in turn alters their phenotypic and functional profiles. We herein review the heterogeneity of Tfh cells marked by the dynamic phenotypic changes accompanying their developmental program. Focusing on the various locations where Tfh and Tfh‐like cells are found, we highlight their diverse states of differentiation. Recognition of Tfh cell heterogeneity has important implications for understanding the nature of T helper cell identity specification, especially the plasticity of the Tfh cells and their ontogeny as related to conventional T helper subsets.
Effect of suvorexant on nighttime blood pressure in hypertensive patients with insomnia: The SUPER‐1 study
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Yamasaki Koichiro , Yagi Kazuro , Tsukamoto Masatoshi , Yamazaki Shoji , Okawara Yukie , Tomitani Naoko , Kanegae Hiroshi
Published: March 2019

Orexins are neuropeptides that play a role in maintaining wakefulness and contribute to central regulation of cardiovascular function. This first multicenter, randomized, double‐blind study investigated the effects of suvorexant, a reversible dual orexin receptor antagonist, on nighttime blood pressure (BP) in patients with insomnia and hypertension. After a 4‐week run‐in period, adult outpatients (n = 82) with treated hypertension (clinic SBP <160 mm Hg) and insomnia were treated with suvorexant 20 mg/d or placebo before bedtime for 2 weeks. Twenty‐four‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring was performed at baseline and the end of treatment, and home BP measurements (morning and evening) were taken daily. Nighttime systolic BP (SBP), the primary endpoint, decreased slightly from baseline to week 2 in both the suvorexant and placebo groups (−4.4 vs −1.8 mm Hg; P = 0.494). Clinic, 24‐hour, daytime and morning SBP (ambulatory blood pressure monitoring) also decreased slightly and similarly from baseline in both groups. In this study, suvorexant had no overall effect on BP in patients with insomnia and treated hypertension.
Foreground Liberalism, Background Nationalism: A Discursive‐institutionalist Account of EU Leverage and ‘Democratic Backsliding’ in East Central Europe
Authors: Dawson James , Hanley Seán
Published: March 2019

Abstract

This article argues for a fresh approach to debates on democratic backsliding and European Union (EU) influence in East Central Europe (ECE), drawing on the discursive institutionalism of Vivien Schmidt. Underlying assumptions about backsliding in CEE largely reflect a set of ideas derived from the rational institutionalist and historical institutionalist schools. Moreover, the same theoretical assumptions were previously deployed to explain the apparent success of democratization and EU leverage in CEE. A discursive institutionalism perspective, stressing the role of actors and their discourses in making and unmaking institutions, suggests that democracy in CEE was always less secure than assumed. It also highlights the key role of liberal mainstream parties in embodying democratic institutions. Case studies of the liberal centre‐right in Bulgaria and social democrats in the Czech Republic highlight the way background ideas of ethnically exclusive titular states have increasingly impinged on foreground ideas of liberal pluralism.
Impact of an Online Training Program in Smoking Cessation Interventions in Hospitals
Authors: Martínez Cristina , Castellano Yolanda , Andrés Ana , Fu Marcela , Feliu Ariadna , Antón Laura , Ballbè Montse , Fernández Paz , Cabrera Sandra , Riccobene Ana , Gavilan Eva , Baena Antoni , Margalef Mercè , Tigova Olena , Quirós Núria , Guillen Olga , Company Assumpta , Fernández Esteve
Published: March 2019

Purpose

To assess changes in the self‐reported performance of smoking cessation interventions according to the 5A's model (Ask; Advise; Assess; Assist; and Arrange follow‐up) among clinicians; and to identify the main barriers and facilitators in smoking cessation implementation before and after an online smoking cessation training program.

Design

Pre‐post evaluation.

Methods

We assessed self‐reported smoking cessation interventions in the implementation of the 5A's model among clinicians working in Catalan hospitals (Spain). In addition, we assessed individual‐, behavioral‐, and organizational‐level factors that act as barriers and facilitators in the implementation of the 5A's model. We used a questionnaire of 63 items reflecting each of the 5A's performance (scored from 0 = none to 10 = most possible). The questionnaire was completed both immediately before and 6 months after the training. We analyzed the data of those participants who had a clinical role and answered pre‐ and post‐questionnaires. We used the nonparametric test for paired data (Wilcoxon) to examine changes in scores.

Findings

A total of 127 clinicians completed the pre‐post questionnaire; 63.0% were registered nurses, 17.3% were nursing assistants, 7.9% were physicians, and 11.8% were other professionals (p < .001). Overall, there were significant increases in the implementation of the assist component (from a score of 4.5 to 5.2; p < .003) and arrange a follow‐up component (from 3.6 to 4.5; p < .001) of the intervention. Scores in the perception of the level of overall preparation, preparedness in using smoking cessation drugs, level of competence, and organizational recognition improved (p < .001) at the follow‐up; however, the score in the perception that implementing smoking cessation is part of their job decreased (from 6.3 to 4.4; p < .001).

Conclusions

The online training had a positive impact on the implementation of assist and arrange follow‐up components. Although self‐preparedness in the management of smokers increased, the motivation and involvement of key professionals decreased. Organizational factors related to the incorporation of resources (such as protocols, records, etc.) should be improved for the correct progression of smoking cessation interventions within the institutions.

Clinical Relevance

Smoking cessation training programs should incorporate some motivational content to increase the engagement of health professionals in smoking cessation interventions in their clinical practice.
Cytokines and Cortisol – predictors of treatment response to corticosteroids in community‐acquired pneumonia?
Authors: Urwyler S. A. , Blum C. A. , Coslovsky M. , Mueller B. , Schuetz P. , Christ‐Crain M.
Published: March 2019

Background

A previous study found community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients with imbalance of high inflammation and discordantly low cortisol levels to benefit most from adjunctive corticosteroid treatment. Our aim was to validate this hypothesis in a preplanned secondary analysis of the randomized controlled STEP trial.

Methods

Patients included in the STEP trial receiving 50 mg prednisone or placebo for 5 days were categorized based on pro‐inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin‐6/8/MCP‐1), CRP and cortisol levels on admission into four groups (high/low inflammation and high/low cortisol). The primary combined end‐point was mortality or ICU admission within 30 days.

Results

In total, 632 patients (315 prednisone, 317 placebo) were included in this analysis. Prednisone did not significantly reduce the risk for the primary end‐point in patients with high cytokines/low cortisol and in any other subgroups. However, we noted some differences in the strength of corticosteroid effect in the different subgroups with stronger effects in patients with high cytokines [OR 0.44 (0.10,1.72)] compared to patients with low cytokines [OR 0.68 (0.30,1.5)] (P‐interaction = 0.600). The effects did not differ according to cortisol levels.

Conclusion

The imbalance of high inflammation state and low cortisol levels did not predict treatment response to corticosteroids in patients with CAP. However, in line to previous research, inflammation as measured by cytokine levels irrespective of cortisol tended to predict treatment response to corticosteroids in CAP. Whether this concept may help to personalize corticosteroids to patients most likely benefitting from this treatment needs to be tested in future intervention trials.
CD117 immunoexpression in oral and sinonasal mucosal melanoma does not correlate with somatic driver mutations in the MAPK pathway
Authors: Maldonado‐Mendoza Jessica , Ramírez‐Amador Velia , Anaya‐Saavedra Gabriela , Ruíz‐García Erika , Maldonado‐Martínez Héctor , Fernández Figueroa Edith , Meneses‐García Abelardo
Published: March 2019

Background

Mutations on KIT and downstream genes of MAPK pathway that overstimulate cellular proliferation have been associated with primary oral and sinonasal melanomas (POSNM), but there is limited information that allows the use of personalized therapy. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine a possible association between the C‐KIT immunohistochemical expression with the presence of somatic driver mutations in NRAS, BRAF, KIT, MITF and PTEN on POSNM.

Methods

A retrospective study included 62 tumour samples of an oncological reference centre in Mexico City (17‐year period). Immunohistochemistry stain of C‐KIT was carried out. Genomic DNA was obtained and used to assess hotspot mutations of KIT, NRAS, BRAF, MITF and PTEN through qPCR. Chi‐square, Fisher's exact and the Mann‐Whitney U tests were applied when necessary. The significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Sixty‐two cases were included, 74% were positive for C‐KIT immunoexpression, all exhibited moderate/strong intensity. Ten (16.1%) samples harboured at least one mutation, 6.4% and 6.6% for NRASQ61R and BRAFV600E, respectively, followed by KITK624E (3.2%). No KITL576P, MITF or PTEN mutations were identified. No significant correlation was observed between mutations and immunostaining (rs = −0.057, P = 0.765).

Conclusions

Regardless of the high immunoexpression of C‐KIT, there was no association with the MAPK mutations among POSNM samples. Thus, C‐KIT immunohistochemistry is not a reliable tool to detect POSNM candidates for biological therapy.
A population pharmacokinetic model of vancomycin for dose individualization based on serum cystatin C as a marker of renal function
Authors: Liu Tao-tao , Pang Hui-mei , Jing Li , Wei Wen-xing , Qin Xiao-ling , Guo Qing , Lu Hua , Cheng Dao-hai , Jiang Wei-zhe
Published: March 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to establish a vancomycin population pharmacokinetics (PPK) model based on serum cystatin C and to optimize dosing for achieving targeted steady-state trough concentrations (Css) of 10–15 and 15–20 mg/l.

Methods

Patients aged ≥18 years were prospectively enrolled. A vancomycin PPK model was built with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as a renal covariate estimated by cystatin C. A new group of patients were used for external evaluation. PPK analysis and Monte Carlo simulations were performed using nonlinear mixed effect modelling programme.

Key findings

Two hundreds of patients with 514 samples were included. The final model was CL (L/h) = (5.07 × (GFR/105.5)0.524 × (AGE/48.5)−0.309 × (WT/60)0.491); V (l) = 46.3. Internal and external evaluations demonstrated good stability and predictability. The average probability of target attainment (PTA) of optimal dosing regimens for targeted Css achieving 10–15 and 15–20 mg/l were 51.2% and 40.6%, respectively. An average PTA ≥71% for targeted concentration of 10–20 mg/l was obtained.

Conclusions

A vancomycin PPK model with cystatin C as the renal marker has good stability and predictability. The new proposed dosing regimens were predicted to achieve a good PTA.
The experience of mindful yoga for older adults with depression
Authors: Lee Ka Chun , Tang Wai Kit , Bressington Daniel
Published: March 2019

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Mindful yoga combines yoga techniques with the mindfulness‐based stress reduction approach.

Previous studies on mindful yoga have reported improvements in depression for working‐age adults, but no studies have been conducted with older people.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

Mindful yoga may be a safe and acceptable intervention to improve the mental and physical health of older adults with depression.

The beneficial therapeutic ingredients of mindful yoga, included calmness, being non‐judgmental, letting go and seizing the day.

What are the implications for practice?

Single‐sex mindful yoga groups may be more acceptable for some people.

Well‐conducted feasibility studies comparing mindful yoga with an alternative group‐based approach are necessary.

Introduction

Mindful yoga combines yoga techniques with the mindfulness‐based stress reduction approach. Previous studies on mindful yoga have reported improvements in depression for working‐age adults, but no studies have been conducted with older people.

Aims

To explore the experiences of older adults with depression participating in a mindful yoga group to establish whether the approach has potential as a future intervention for this client group.

Method

This study adopted a qualitative descriptive method and used inductive content analysis. Eighteen in‐depth individual interviews were conducted with nine participants (each participant had one interview following the programme and another four weeks later).

Results

Six main themes emerged: “improved physical status,” “actively involved in the community,” “positive psychological effects,” “perceived therapeutic ingredients,” “facilitators of practising mindful yoga” and “barriers to practising mindful yoga.”.

Discussion

Most participants reported benefitting from the programme. Two male participants expressed that exercises were too challenging and more suited to women, suggesting single‐sex groups may be more acceptable.

Implications for practice

Mindful yoga may be an acceptable/useful intervention for older adults with depression, but future studies are required to establish its feasibility and potential efficacy.
Dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and insomnia symptoms in early adulthood: A twin and sibling study
Authors: Schneider Melanie N. , Kovas Yulia , Gregory Alice M.
Published: March 2019

This study examines the associations between dysfunctional belief about sleep (DBAS), its subtypes and insomnia symptoms and estimates the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to these variables and the associations between them. The data came from G1219, a twin/sibling study that comprises 862 individuals (aged 22–32 years, 34% male). The Insomnia Symptoms Questionnaire was used to measure insomnia symptoms and a 10‐item version of the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale was used to assess DBAS. A higher DBAS score was associated with more insomnia symptoms. Overall DBAS showed a mainly non‐shared environmental influence (86%). The genetic correlation between overall DBAS and insomnia symptoms was large but not significant, the shared environmental correlation was very small, negative and not significant, whereas a moderate, significant overlap in the non‐shared environmental influences was evident (non‐shared environmental correlation = 0.32). For the association between the subscales of DBAS and insomnia symptoms no significant overlap for genetic (weak to strong associations) or shared environmental factors (very weak negative to strong associations) was indicated. Most of the non‐shared environmental influences on the four variables were significantly moderately correlated (non‐shared environmental correlation = 0.24–0.46). These findings help to deepen our understanding of cognitive theories of insomnia by dissecting one of its crucial elements and illuminating the factors involved in its association with insomnia symptoms.
On the Nature of Banks
Authors: Angeles Luis
Published: March 2019

Two views exist regarding the nature of the banking business. The dominant view defines banks as financial intermediaries – institutions in the business of transferring money from savers to borrowers. An alternative view advances that banks finance borrowers via money creation. I explain the differences between these two views and argue for the superiority of the latter one as a description of modern banking. I discuss the implications for economic analysis and explain how the connection between bank lending and money creation helps us understand the effects of banking on economic activity.
Good educators and orphans: the case of direct observation and feedback
Authors: Rietmeijer Chris BT , Teunissen Pim W
Published: March 2019

The authors propose the concept of orphaned competencies, those that are good for clinical education, but often are not taken up by good clinical educators. Prolonged direct observation is promoted as a way forward.
Bayesian estimation of group sizes for a coastal cetacean using aerial survey data
Authors: Boyd Charlotte , Hobbs Roderick C. , Punt André E. , Shelden Kim E. W. , Sims Christy L. , Wade Paul R.
Published: March 2019

Many small cetacean, sirenian, and pinniped species aggregate in groups of large or variable size. Accurate estimation of group sizes is essential for estimating the abundance and distribution of these species, but is challenging as individuals are highly mobile and only partially visible. We developed a Bayesian approach for estimating group sizes using wide‐angle aerial photographic or video imagery. Our approach accounts for both availability and perception bias, including a new method (analogous to distance sampling) for estimating perception bias due to small image size in wide‐angle images. We demonstrate our approach through an application to aerial survey data for an endangered population of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Cook Inlet, Alaska. Our results strengthen understanding of variation in group size estimates and allow for probabilistic statements about the size of detected groups. Aerial surveys are a standard tool for estimating the abundance and distribution of various marine mammal species. The role of aerial photographic and video data in wildlife assessment is expected to increase substantially with the widespread uptake of unmanned aerial vehicle technology. Key aspects of our approach are relevant to group size estimation for a broad range of marine mammal, seabird, other waterfowl, and terrestrial ungulate species.
“I DON’T WANT MY TOWN TURNED INTO A SPECTACLE”: Community Museums as Tactics
Authors: Stern Pamela , Hall Peter V.
Published: March 2019

The former silver mining town of Cobalt, Ontario (pop. 1,128), has four history museums. The museums, created at different times and by different constituencies, reflect citizens’ ongoing efforts to revive the town and imagine its urban future. Over the past 50 years, residents have also engaged in multiple attempts to establish the town as a mining heritage tourism destination and/or to reestablish mining. Although the museums are implicated in both aspirations, we argue that they work to situate the memory work of local history within discrete spaces. While the museums have been recruited to support tourism and heritage efforts, they sit uncomfortably within grander schemes to remake the town as a tourist destination. Indeed, we argue that the museums serve as tactics, per de Certeau, to contain and restrict tourism‐oriented development. As vernacular spaces where residents have recorded local histories, the museums serve as statements about both what the town should be and what it should not be.
MEANINGFUL DONATIONS AND SHARED GOVERNANCE: Growing the Philippine Heritage Collection through Co‐Curation at the Field Museum
Authors: Matherne Neal , Quaintance Hannah
Published: March 2019

In this article, we ask the question, “How does an anthropology collection grow with an interested public in the early twenty‐first century?” We discuss the relationship between the Field Museum and the Chicago‐based Filipina/o community. The Field Museum facilitates interaction between community and institution, urging interested Filipina/o individuals from outside the museum to embrace stewardship of collections, thus becoming “co‐curators.” With the active involvement of co‐curators and museum professionals, an object collection becomes a site of heritage, benefiting from the combination of community knowledge and academic scholarship. We chronicle this museum/community relationship by interpreting a recent collaborative process: Filipina/o co‐curators were asked to submit recommendations regarding new additions to the Field Museum's Philippine Heritage Collection in the summer of 2016. Discussions around this process illuminate the complex relationship between the Filipina/o community and the Field Museum. We conclude with recommendations for other institutions that wish to pursue a similar museum/community collaboration.
A pneumococcal meningoencephalitis with a small spleen
Authors: Tsunoda Keiichiro , Sato Kota , Takahashi Yoshiaki , Tadokoro Koh , Sasaki Ryo , Nomura Emi , Takemoto Mami , Hishikawa Nozomi , Ohta Yasuyuki , Yamashita Toru , Abe Koji
Published: March 2019

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of bacterial meningitis usually in children or elder adults. We report a case of a 38‐year‐old man having pneumococcal meningoencephalitis with a small spleen (35 cm3), compared to seven previous patients with pneumococcal meningitis in our department. Among the eight patients, four cases were due to sinusitis, but the origin could not be identified in the other four cases, including the present case who was the youngest patient with the smallest splenic size. Of interest in the present analysis was the negative or positive correlation between splenic size and age, with or without sinusitis. This is the first report on pneumococcal meningoencephalitis that takes into consideration age, splenic size, and the origin of infection.
Human pluripotent stem cell–derived models and drug screening in CNS precision medicine
Authors: Silva M. Catarina , Haggarty Stephen J.
Published: March 2019

Development of effective therapeutics for neurological disorders has historically been challenging partly because of lack of accurate model systems in which to investigate disease etiology and test new therapeutics at the preclinical stage. Human stem cells, particularly patient‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon differentiation, have the ability to recapitulate aspects of disease pathophysiology and are increasingly recognized as robust scalable systems for drug discovery. We review advances in deriving cellular models of human central nervous system (CNS) disorders using iPSCs along with strategies for investigating disease‐relevant phenotypes, translatable biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Given their potential to identify novel therapeutic targets and leads, we focus on phenotype‐based, small‐molecule screens employing human stem cell–derived models. Integrated efforts to assemble patient iPSC‐derived cell models with deeply annotated clinicopathological data, along with molecular and drug‐response signatures, may aid in the stratification of patients, diagnostics, and clinical trial success, shifting translational science and precision medicine approaches. A number of remaining challenges, including the optimization of cost‐effective, large‐scale culture of iPSC‐derived cell types, incorporation of aging into neuronal models, as well as robustness and automation of phenotypic assays to support quantitative drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism testing workflows, are covered. Continued advancement of the field is expected to help fully humanize the process of CNS drug discovery.
Learning resources and talent development from a systemic point of view
Authors: Ziegler Albert , Debatin Tobias , Stoeger Heidrun
Published: March 2019

System theories postulate that a system needs resources in order to evolve and function as an entirety. According to the actiotope model of giftedness, exogenous and endogenous resources needed to develop excellence include five forms of educational capital (economic, cultural, social, infrastructural, and didactic) and five forms of learning capital (organismic, telic, actional, episodic, and attentional), independent of domain and level of talent development. In three studies, we addressed several blind spots in the empirical basis of the educational and learning capital (ELC) approach. The studies were conducted in different domains, with different samples, and on various levels of talent development, as well as with regard to different functions for which resources can be used. Study 1, comprising 365 sixth graders, showed that ELC have an incremental validity beyond IQ for predicting scholastic achievement. In study 2 with 90 women holding a university degree in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), we provide evidence that in the collegiate actiotopes of women who were later successful in STEM, more ELC had been available and was used to serve different functions than in the actiotopes of less successful women in STEM. In study 3 with 74 long‐distance runners, we found a similar pattern of results for different achievement levels in an athletics domain.
Renal function and the long‐term clinical outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without defibrillation
Authors: Leyva Francisco , Zegard Abbasin , Taylor Robin , Foley Paul W.X. , Umar Fraz , Patel Kiran , Panting Jonathan , Ferro Charles J. , Chalil Shajil , Marshall Howard , Qiu Tian
Published: March 2019

Background and Aims

Patients with moderate‐to‐severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) are underrepresented in clinical trials of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)‐defibrillation (CRT‐D) or CRT‐pacing (CRT‐P). We sought to determine whether outcomes after CRT‐D are better than after CRT‐P over a wide spectrum of CKD.

Methods and Results

Clinical events were quantified in relation to preimplant estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after CRT‐D (n = 410 [39.2%]) or CRT‐P (n = 636 [60.8%]) implantation. Over a follow‐up period of 3.7 years (median, interquartile range: 2.1–5.7), the eGFR < 60 group (n = 598) had a higher risk of total mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.28; P = 0.017), total mortality or heart failure (HF) hospitalization (aHR: 1.32; P = 0.004), total mortality or hospitalization for major adverse cardiac events (MACEs, aHR: 1.34; P = 0.002), and cardiac mortality (aHR: 1.33; P = 0.036), compared to the eGFR ≥ 60 group (n = 448), after covariate adjustment. In analyses of CRT‐D versus CRT‐P, CRT‐D was associated with a lower risk of total mortality (eGFR ≥ 60 HR: 0.65; P = 0.028; eGFR < 60 HR: 0.64, P = 0.002), total mortality or HF hospitalization (eGFR ≥ 60 aHR: 0.66; P = 0.021; eGFR < 60 aHR: 0.69, P = 0.007), total mortality or hospitalization for MACEs (eGFR ≥ 60 aHR: 0.70; P = 0.039; eGFR < 60 aHR: 0.69, P = 0.005), and cardiac mortality (eGFR ≥ 60 aHR: 0.60; P = 0.026; eGFR < 60 aHR: 0.55; P = 0.003).

Conclusion

In CRT recipients, moderate CKD is associated with a higher mortality and morbidity compared to normal renal function or mild CKD. Despite less favorable absolute outcomes, patients with moderate CKD had better outcomes after CRT‐D than after CRT‐P.
Identification of a gene encoding a sugar transporter as a potential target of a novel LysR‐type transcriptional regulator rluD from rhizobium required for symbiotic nodulation in soybean (Glycine max Merr.)
Authors: Chang Huilin , Li Jianyi , Zhu Yongxu , Chen Lin , Shi Yan , Li Shuping , Qin Hongtao , Huang Shiyu , Li Qingying , Lv Xuemeng , Tian Sisi , Hu Zhenbang , Qi Zhaoming , Liu Chunyan , Wu Xiaoxia , Xin Dawei , Chen Qingshan
Published: March 2019

Rhizobia can fine‐tune activating key genes involved in background regulation network of nodulation in effective symbiosis processes. Detecting the mechanism of the soybean‐rhizobium interaction plays a pivotal role in aiding the agricultural environment. Here, we report that LysR family transcriptional factor rluD is a novel putative gene that supports symbiosis of broad host‐range strain Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 (S. fredii HH103) during soybean nodulation. The nodule numbers (NN) and nodule dry weight (NDW) of ‘Charleston’ and ‘Dongnong594’ (parents of recombinant inbred line [RIL] population) were reduced after inoculation with S. fredii HH103ΩrluD compared to HH103. To further elucidate the mechanism of rluD in the establishment of symbiosis, unconditional and conditional quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying NN and NDW were detected via a high‐generation RILs inoculated with HH103ΩrluD and wild‐type HH103. A major locus of the overlapping region between unconditional and conditional QTLs on Chromosome 6 was identified. The candidate gene Glyma.06g166800 encodes a novel sugar transporter, which might interact with rluD based on qRT‐PCR analysis. This result is valuable for elucidating the mechanism of symbiosis.
Table talk: American Jewish foodways and the study of religion
Authors: Gross Rachel B.
Published: March 2019

Studying American Judaism through the lens of foodways challenges conventional divides between Judaism, the religion, and Jewishness, the culture, and points to fruitful avenues for studying lived religion and material culture in the United States more broadly. This essay examines how studies of American Jewish foodways draw attention to individuals and organizations who would otherwise not receive scholarly attention. They highlight the ways that ordinary people have enacted Judaism in their daily lives, on holidays, and on other ritual occasions. Studies of American Jewish foodways shift where scholars look for religious practice and who they recognize as religious authorities—from clergy to cookbook authors; from the synagogue to the home kitchen, restaurant, or corporation; and, in many cases, from men to women.
Lithospheric structure of the Tien Shan region constrained by joint inversion of receiver function and Rayleigh wave dispersion
Authors: Li Mengkui , Lin Xu , Wu Tengfei , Hua Yujin
Published: March 2019

We obtain a lithospheric shear‐wave velocity model across the Tien Shan orogenic belt by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave group velocities and teleseismic P‐wave receiver functions at 61 broadband seismic stations deployed in this region. Our new model reveals prominent lateral variations of shear‐wave velocity in both the crust and uppermost mantle. This model reveals different structures in the upper and middle crust across the Talas Fergana Fault, which may suggest the presence of a tectonic boundary between the western and central Tien Shan beneath the fault. According to the velocity images, the depth extent of the fault is ~40 km and this is confined to the crust. Pronounced low‐velocity anomalies are imaged in the middle crust and uppermost mantle beneath the southern and middle Tien Shan, implying that the upwelling of the materials from the upper mantle could have played an important role in the mountain building.