bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attack‐Related Brainstem Activation in a Patient With SUNCT Syndrome: An Ictal fMRI Study
Authors: Auer Tibor , Janszky József , Schwarcz Attila , Dóczi Tamás , Trauninger Anita , Alkonyi Bálint , Komoly Sámuel , Pfund Zoltán
Published: February 2009

The authors report functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study data of a 60‐year‐old patient having short‐lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome. Three consecutive pain attacks were detected during the imaging session and strong brainstem activation was found. It was concluded that the brainstem can be involved in the pain signal transmission in SUNCT syndrome.
Suicide by Cop Among Officer‐Involved Shooting Cases
Authors: Mohandie Kris , Meloy J. Reid , Collins Peter I.
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  The frequency and characteristics of suicide by cop cases (SBC) among a large (n = 707) nonrandom sample of North American officer‐involved shootings (OIS) were investigated. “Suicide by cop” is when a subject engages in behavior which poses an apparent risk of serious injury or death, with the intent to precipitate the use of deadly force by law enforcement against the subject. Thirty‐six percent of the OIS in this sample were found to be SBC with high interrater agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.93) for category classification. SBC cases were more likely to result in the death or injury of the subjects than regular OIS cases. Most SBC cases were spontaneous, but had clear verbal and behavioral indicators that occurred prior to, and during the event. Findings confirm the trend detected in earlier research that there was a growing incidence of SBC among OIS. SBC individuals had a high likelihood of possessing a weapon (80%), which was a firearm 60% of the time. Half of those with a firearm discharged it at the police during the encounter. Nineteen percent simulated weapon possession to accomplish their suicidal intent. Other findings highlight the histories and commonalities in this high risk group.
Further Evidence on the Anatomical Placement of the Human Eyeball for Facial Approximation and Craniofacial Superimposition*
Authors: Stephan Carl N. , Huang Anne J. R. , Davidson Paavi L.
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  Recently a small sampled cadaver study (n = 4) suggested that the human eyeballs are placed closer to the orbital roof and lateral orbital wall as first reported in the anatomical literature many years previously. This contrasts with central positioning of the eyeball within the orbit as advocated by the facial approximation literature. Given the limits of such small samples, this study re‐examined globe position in nine new cadavers to help clarify which relationship is accurate. The results essentially confirm prior empirical findings except that the mean lateral divergences from the orbit center were found to be larger—the eyeball was found to be “displaced” 1.4 mm superiorly and 2.4 mm laterally. Medians calculated across all 13 cadavers from this study and the above‐mentioned recent report refine these measurements to 1.4 and 2.3 mm respectively. Globe projection values were identical to those observed for living individuals (c. 16 mm).
A novel strategy for tumour therapy combining cell apoptosis and active immunity induced by caspy2, a zebrafish caspase
Authors: Liu Lei , Deng Hongxin , Wang Yongsheng , Chen Ping , Yang Yang , Yang Hanshuo , Chen Xiancheng , Chen Lijuan , Zhu Wen , Liang Shufang , Yang Jinliang , Qian Zhiyong , Li Jiong , Wen Yanjun , Kan Bin , Mao Yongqiu , Zhao Xia , Wei Yuquan
Published: February 2009

Caspy2, a zebrafish protease, is an active caspase for inducing apoptosis in mammalian cells. To investigate whether caspy2‐mediated apoptosis could be used in cancer therapy, its cDNA was amplified and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1+. The recombinant plasmid was mixed with cationic liposome and introduced into various tumour cell lines in vitro. Our data showed that caspy2 induced remarkable apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro. Treatment of mice‐bearing CT26 colon carcinoma or MethA fibrosarcoma with intratumoral injection of liposome‐caspy2 plasmid complex resulted in substantial killing of neoplastic cells and long‐term survivors. Apoptotic cells were widely distributed in caspy2‐treated tumour tissue. Infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocyte was also observed apparently in the tumour tissue after the treatment with caspy2. Tumour‐specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I‐dependent CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was found by means of 51Cr release assay. In MethA model, the mice acquired a long‐time protective immunity against the parental tumour cell re‐challenge. These results indicated that caspy2 can act as both apoptosis inducer and immune response initiator, which may account for its extraordinary antitumour effect. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes could completely abrogate the antitumour immune activity, whereas the depletion of CD4+ cells showed partial abrogation. In this study, we developed a novel anticancer strategy that combines both induction of apoptosis and immune response in mice‐bearing tumours with a single caspy2 gene. This approach may provide an important way for treatment of cancer.
Differential distribution of aggrecan isoforms in perineuronal nets of the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Virgintino Daniela , Perissinotto Daniela , Girolamo Francesco , Mucignat Maria T. , Montanini Luisa , Errede Mariella , Kaneiwa Tomoyuki , Yamada Shushei , Sugahara Kazuyuki , Roncali Luisa , Perris Roberto
Published: February 2009

Aggrecan is a component of the CNS extracellular matrix (ECM) and we show here that the three primary alternative spliced transcripts of the aggrecan gene found in cartilage are also present in the adult CNS. Using a unique panel of core protein‐directed antibodies against human aggrecan we further show that different aggrecan isoforms are deposited in perineuronal nets (PNNs) and neuropil ECM of Brodmann’s area 6 of the human adult cerebral cortex. According to their distribution pattern, the identified cortical aggrecan isoforms were subdivided into five clusters spanning from cluster 1, comprised isoforms that appeared widespread throughout the cortex, to cluster 5, which was an aggrecan‐free subset. Comparison of brain and cartilage tissues showed a different relative abundance of aggrecan isoforms, with cartilage‐specific isoforms characterizing cluster 5, and PNN‐associated isoforms lacking keratan sulphate chains. In the brain, isoforms of cluster 1 were disclosed in PNNs surrounding small‐medium interneurons of layers II–V, small‐medium pyramidal neurons of layers III and V and large interneurons of layer VI. Aggrecan PNNs enveloped both neuron bodies and neuronal processes, encompassing pre‐terminal nerve fibres, synaptic boutons and terminal processes of glial cells and aggrecan was also observed in continuous ‘coats’ associated with satellite, neuron‐associated cells of a putative glial nature. Immunolabelling for calcium‐binding proteins and glutamate demonstrated that aggrecan PNNs were linked to defined subsets of cortical interneurons and pyramidal cells. We suggest that in the human cerebral cortex, discrete, layer‐specific PNNs are assembled through the participation of selected aggrecan isoforms that characterize defined subsets of cortical neurons.
Cannabis use and destructive periodontal diseases among adolescents
Authors: López Rodrigo , Baelum Vibeke
Published: February 2009

Aim: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the association between cannabis use and destructive periodontal disease among adolescents.

Material and methods: Data from a population screening examination carried out among Chilean high school students from the Province of Santiago were used to determine whether there was an association between the use of cannabis and signs of periodontal diseases as defined by (1) the presence of necrotizing ulcerative gingival (NUG) lesions or (2) the presence of clinical attachment loss (CAL) 3 mm. The cannabis exposures variables considered were “Ever use of cannabis” (yes/no) and “Regular use of cannabis” (yes/no). The associations were investigated using multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, paternal income, paternal education, frequency of tooth‐brushing and time since last dental visit.

Results: Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that “Ever use of cannabis” was significantly negatively associated with the presence of NUG lesions (OR=0.47 [0.2;0.9]) among non‐smokers only. No significant associations were observed between the presence of CAL 3 mm and cannabis use in either of the smoking groups.

Conclusions: There was no evidence to suggest that the use of cannabis is positively associated with periodontal diseases in this adolescent population.
Regenerative potential and healing dynamics of the periodontium: a critical‐size supra‐alveolar periodontal defect study
Authors: Polimeni Giuseppe , Susin Cristiano , Wikesjö Ulf M. E.
Published: February 2009

Objectives: The nature and characteristics of the newly formed periodontium obtained following regenerative procedures remain a matter of controversy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the regenerative potential of the periodontal attachment and healing dynamics as observed from the spatial distribution of newly formed cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone following optimal circumstances for wound healing/regeneration in a discriminating animal model.

Material and Methods: Critical‐size, 6‐mm, supra‐alveolar, periodontal defects were surgically created in six young adult Beagle dogs. Space‐providing ePTFE devices with 300‐μm laser‐drilled pores were implanted to support wound stability and space provision in one jaw quadrant/animal. Treatments were alternated between left and right jaw quadrants in subsequent animals. The gingival flaps were advanced to submerge the defect sites for primary intention healing. Histometric analysis followed an 8‐week healing interval.

Results: Healing was uneventful in all animals. The histometric analysis showed that cementum regeneration (2.99 ± 0.22 mm) was significantly greater than PDL (2.54 ± 0.18 mm, p=0.03) and bone regeneration (2.46 ± 0.26 mm, p=0.03). The wound area showed significant positive non‐linear effect on cementum (log β=1.25, p<0.001), PDL (log β=1.24, p<0.001) and new bone formation (log β=1.36, p<0.001). A high degree of concordance and significant linear relationship was observed between cementum, PDL and bone regeneration indicating that their formation virtually occurred in parallel.

Conclusions: Cementum, PDL and alveolar bone virtually regenerate in parallel under optimal circumstances for periodontal wound healing/regeneration. Moreover, space provision positively influences the extent of periodontal regeneration.
Effects of smoking on healing response to non‐surgical periodontal therapy: a multilevel modelling analysis
Authors: Wan Chi Pui , Leung W. Keung , Wong May C. M. , Wong Ruby M. S. , Wan Peng , Lo Edward C. M. , Corbet Esmonde F.
Published: February 2009

Aim: To investigate the factors predicting non‐surgical periodontal treatment responses using multilevel multiple regression.

Material and Methods: Forty men (mean 45.6 years) were recruited; 20 were smokers. A 12‐month reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD) and gain in probing attachment level (PAL) of 5814 sites were analysed, with 594 being initially diseased sites (initial PPD5 mm).

Results: Variance Component models showed that site‐level variations contributed about 70–90% of the total variance. About a 10% reduction of the total variations of PPD reduction in initially diseased sites was achieved with the inclusion of the 10 predictors in the multilevel multiple regression. Multilevel multiple regression showed that three predictors, subject level: non‐smokers; tooth‐level: anterior teeth; and site level: sites without plaque at baseline, were significantly associated with a greater reduction in PPD in initially diseased sites over the 12‐month study period (p<0.05). No consistent predictor was found for PAL gain.

Conclusion: Multilevel analysis was applied on periodontal treatment response data. Smokers showed less favourable PPD reduction at deep sites after non‐surgical periodontal therapy.
The evidence of Coxsackievirus B3 induced myocarditis as the cause of death in a Sichuan snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)
Authors: He Wenqi , Lu Huijun , Song Deguang , Zhao Kui , Gai Xianying , Wang Xinrui , Chen Qijun , Gao Feng
Published: February 2009

Background  A 5‐year‐old female Sichuan snub‐nosed monkey died at the zoological garden from infection with coxsackievirus B3.

Methods  The diagnosis was made on the basis of pathologic features, immunohistochemistry, microbiological detection, and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results  Histologic examination of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues revealed a severe degree of predominantly lymphocytic infiltration of the cardiac muscle. Picornaviridae‐like virions were found in the supernatants of cardiac muscle tissues homogenates, in the pericardial fluid, and in Vero cell cultures, by electron microscopy. Coxsackievirus B3 particles were detected in cardiac muscle cells by immunofluorescence. RT‐PCR performed on an extract of cardiac muscle tissue revealed a DNA sequence specific for coxsackievirus B3.

Conclusions  This is the first report of a Sichuan snub‐nosed monkey dying from a virus.
A novel alternative placement site and technique for totally implantable vascular access ports in non‐human primates
Authors: Graham Melanie L. , Rieke Eric F. , Dunning Michele , Mutch Lucas A. , Craig Angela M. , Zolondek Elizabeth K. , Hering Bernhard J. , Schuurman Henk‐Jan , Bianco Richard W.
Published: February 2009

Background Two novel approaches to implanting a central venous catheter port in non‐human primates (NHPs) using peripheral insertion are presented and compared.

Methods Sixty vascular access port (VAP) implants were attempted in 52 NHPs by saphenous vein puncture (n = 20) or saphenous vein cutdown (n = 40).

Results Fifty eight procedures were successful. Eighteen of 20 VAPs were successfully placed using saphenous vein puncture, and 40 of 40 using saphenous vein cutdown. There were no significant differences between procedures. Mean implantation times were similar between groups. At explant or study endpoint, all 58 VAPs were patent.

Conclusions Vascular access port implantation by saphenous vein puncture or saphenous vein cutdown is safe and effective in NHPs. It is less invasive than conventional procedures, has fewer complications, provides outstanding patency, and reduces surgery time. Furthermore, it allows for cooperative in‐homecage VAP use, minimizing handling stress. We recommend these refined methods for long‐term vascular access in NHPs.
Grab a Golgi: Laser Trapping of Golgi Bodies Reveals in vivo Interactions with the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Sparkes Imogen A. , Ketelaar Tijs , De Ruijter Norbert C.A. , Hawes Chris
Published: February 2009

In many vacuolate plant cells, individual Golgi bodies appear to be attached to tubules of the pleiomorphic cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network. Such observations culminated in the controversial mobile secretory unit hypothesis to explain transport of cargo from the ER to Golgi via Golgi attached export sites. This proposes that individual Golgi bodies and an attached‐ER exit machinery move over or with the surface of the ER whilst collecting cargo for secretion. By the application of infrared laser optical traps to individual Golgi bodies within living leaf cells, we show that individual Golgi bodies can be micromanipulated to reveal their association with the ER. Golgi bodies are physically attached to ER tubules and lateral displacement of individual Golgi bodies results in the rapid growth of the attached ER tubule. Remarkably, the ER network can be remodelled in living cells simply by movement of laser trapped Golgi dragging new ER tubules through the cytoplasm and new ER anchor sites can be established. Finally, we show that trapped Golgi ripped off the ER are ‘sticky’ and can be docked on to and attached to ER tubules, which will again show rapid growth whilst pulled by moving Golgi.
Regulation of the Yeast Formin Bni1p by the Actin‐Regulating Kinase Prk1p
Authors: Wang Junxia , Neo Suat Peng , Cai Mingjie
Published: February 2009

The formin family of proteins promotes the assembly of linear actin filaments in the cells of diverse eukaryotic organisms. The predominant formins in mammalian cells are self‐inhibited by an intramolecular interaction between two terminal domains and are activated by the binding of the Rho GTPases and other factors. In this study, we show that Bni1p, a formin required for the assembly of actin cables in budding yeast, is also regulated by an autoinhibitory mechanism and phosphorylation by the actin regulatory kinase Prk1p, and possibly Ark1p as well, plays a key role in unlocking the inhibition. Bni1p is phosphorylated by Prk1p at three [L/V/I]xxxxTG motifs in vitro, and the phosphorylation is sufficient to activate Bni1p by disrupting its intramolecular interaction. This finding extends the roles of Prk1p in the regulation of actin dynamics to be associated with both anterograde and retrograde transport pathways, i.e. exocytosis and endocytosis, in yeast.
Regulation of brain gene expression in honey bees by brood pheromone
Authors: Alaux C. , Le Conte Y. , Adams H. A. , Rodriguez‐Zas S. , Grozinger C. M. , Sinha S. , Robinson G. E.
Published: February 2009

Pheromones are very important in animal communication. To learn more about the molecular basis of pheromone action, we studied the effects of a potent honey bee pheromone on brain gene expression. Brood pheromone (BP) caused changes in the expression of hundreds of genes in the bee brain in a manner consistent with its known effects on behavioral maturation. Brood pheromone exposure in young bees causes a delay in the transition from working in the hive to foraging, and we found that BP treatment tended to upregulate genes in the brain that are upregulated in bees specialized on brood care but downregulate genes that are upregulated in foragers. However, the effects of BP were age dependent; this pattern was reversed when older bees were tested, consistent with the stimulation of foraging by BP in older bees already competent to forage. These results support the idea that one way that pheromones influence behavior is by orchestrating large‐scale changes in brain gene expression. We also found evidence for a relationship between cis and BP regulation of brain gene expression, with several cis‐regulatory motifs statistically overrepresented in the promoter regions of genes regulated by BP. Transcription factors that target a few of these motifs have already been implicated in the regulation of bee behavior. Together these results demonstrate strong connections between pheromone effects, behavior, and regulation of brain gene expression.
The propagation of hamster‐adapted scrapie PrPSc can be enhanced by reduced pyridine nucleotide in vitro
Authors: Shi Song , Dong Chen‐Fang , Tian Chan , Zhou Rui‐Min , Xu Kun , Zhang Bao‐Yun , Gao Chen , Han Jun , Dong Xiao‐Ping
Published: February 2009

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by an infectious agent termed a prion, which can convert normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a pathologically misfolded isoform (PrPSc). Taking advantage of protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), a series of experiments was conducted to investigate the possible influences of pyridine nucleotides on the propagation activities of hamster‐adapted scrapie agents 263K and 139A in vitro using normal hamster brain homogenates and recombinant hamster PrP as the substrates. The results showed that PrPSc from both scrapie agent 263K‐ and 139A‐infected brains propagated more efficiently in PMCA with the addition of reduced NADPH, showing an obvious dose‐dependent enhancement. Reduced NADH also prompted PrPSc propagation, whereas NADP, NAD and vitamin C failed. Moreover, following incubation with NADPH, recombinant hamster PrP could be efficiently converted into the proteinase K‐resistant form when exposed to the trace of PrPSc from infected hamsters. Our data provide evidence that the reduced pyridine nucleotide plays an important role in the propagation of prion and this process seems to target PrPC molecules.
BUILDING LABOR'S POWER IN CALIFORNIA: RAISING STANDARDS AND EXPANDING CAPACITY AMONG CENTRAL LABOR COUNCILS, THE STATE LABOR FEDERATION, AND UNION AFFILIATES
Authors: Grabelsky Jeff
Published: February 2009

Union leaders in California have been engaged in an ongoing strategic planning process to build labor's power in the nation's largest state. This effort is being driven by a leadership committee of the California Labor Federation, which was established in 2004, after unions lost a strategically important ballot initiative by less than 1 percent of the votes cast. What began as a critical analysis of that political setback has since evolved into a systematic effort to identify and overcome weaknesses in the state's labor movement, to develop a common and coherent program for organized labor, to articulate standards and benchmarks to guide power building in California, and to encourage greater unity of purpose among various labor organizations across the state. The experience of California's unions provides an important model that other state labor movements should study and replicate wherever possible.
BUILDING REGIONAL CAPACITY: THE NEW ALLIANCE PROCESS IN PENNSYLVANIA
Authors: Flaherty Sean
Published: February 2009

This article offers a summary of events and circumstances surrounding the implementation of the American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations' New Alliance program in Pennsylvania. Focusing on the challenges involved in establishing and operating the state's five new Area Labor Federations (ALFs), the article documents the emerging success of Pennsylvania's ALFs in building the capacity for and strategically minded use of local and regional power by and for the statewide labor movement's affiliates and their allies.
RELIGION, RACE, AND BRIDGE BUILDING IN ECONOMIC JUSTICE COALITIONS
Authors: Snarr C. Melissa
Published: February 2009

Religious organizations regularly perform key bridge building and political activation tasks in the racialized landscape of living wage organizing in the U.S. As bridge builders, they mediate the varied concerns and cultures of labor, immigrant, and black civil rights organizations through ideology translation, relational repair, and inclusion monitoring. Religious organizations' social location and indigenous leadership development also cultivates levels of political participation among poor people and people of darker colors that often outstrip their economic and educational demographics. Drawing on participant observation and national level data on political engagement, this article assesses the strengths and constraints that religious organizations bring to race conscious organizing in the new coalitions of social movement unionism.
Detaching youth work to reduce drug and alcohol‐related harm
Authors: Fletcher Adam , Bonell Chris
Published: February 2009

Current youth work approaches that respond to adolescent drug and alcohol use are not working, say Adam Fletcher and Chris Bonell. They call for a shift in policy and practice to embrace ‘detached’, street‐based youth work as a method to reduce the harm and marginalisation that drug and alcohol use continues to cause
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Multicenter Study to Investigate Chinese Medicine Neuroaid Efficacy on Stroke Recovery (CHIMES Study)
Authors: Venketasubramanian N. , Chen C. L. H. , Gan R. N. , Chan B. P. L. , Chang H. M. , Tan S. B. , Picard D. , Navarro J. C. , Baroque A. C. , Poungvarin N. , Donnan G. A. , Bousser M. G. ,   on behalf of the CHIMES Investigators
Published: February 2009

Rationale

Traditional Chinese Medications (TCM) have been reported to have beneficial effects in stroke patients, but were not rigorously evaluated by GCP standards.

Aim

This study tests the hypothesis that Neuroaid, a TCM widely used in China post-stroke, is superior to placebo in reducing neurological deficit and improving functional outcome in patients with acute cerebral infarction of an intermediate severity.

Design

This is a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Neuroaid in ischemic stroke patients with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 6–14 treated within 48 h of stroke onset. Neuroaid or placebo is taken (4 capsules) 3 times daily for 3 months. Treatments are assigned using block randomization, stratified for centers, via a central web-randomization system. With a power of 90% and two-sided test of 5% type I error, a sample size is 874. Allowing for a drop-out rate of up to 20%, 1100 individuals should be enrolled in this study.

Study Outcomes

The primary efficacy endpoint is the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) grades at 3 months. Secondary efficacy endpoints are the NIHSS score at 3 months; difference of NIHSS scores between baseline and 10 days, and between baseline and 3 months; difference of NIHSS sub-scores between baseline and 10 days, and between baseline and 3 months; mRS at 10 days, 1 month, and 3 months; Barthel index at 3 months; Mini Mental State Examination at 10 days and 3 months. Safety outcomes include complete blood count, renal and liver panels, and electrocardiogram. Study registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00554723.
Stroke Units: Many Questions, Some Answers
Authors: Fuentes Blanca , Diez-Tejedor Exuperio
Published: February 2009

Background The development of specialized stroke units has been a landmark innovation in acute stroke care. However, the high scientific evidence level for the recommendation for stroke units to provide clinical attention for acute stroke patients does not correspond to the level of stroke unit implementation. A narrative, nonsystematic review on published studies on stroke units was conducted, with special emphasis on those demonstrating their efficacy and effectiveness. We also attempt to provide some answers to several open questions regarding practical issues of stroke units.
Anthocyanins, Antioxidative, and Antimicrobial Properties of American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and their Press Cakes
Authors: Viskelis P. , Rubinskienė M. , Jasutienė I. , Šarkinas A. , Daubaras R. , Česonienė L.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT:  Amounts of total phenolics, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid in 4 American cranberry varieties harvested at 4 stages of maturity were measured. The larger amount of phenolic compounds was found in berries of “Black Veil” cultivar (504 mg/100 g) at II stage of maturity. Significantly larger amounts of anthocyanins were determined in the overripe berries of the cultivars “Ben Lear” and “Black Veil.” The amount of ascorbic acid in berries increased during ripening from I to III stage, and slightly decreased in the overripe berries. The biggest quantities of ascorbic acid were found in the ripe berries of “Ben Lear” cultivar (15.8 mg/100 g). The distribution of anthocyanins pigments was determined by HPLC‐UV/MS in mature berries. The composition of individual anthocyanins in berries was quite similar in all the studied cranberry cultivars. While skins of cranberries are rich in anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds, the extracts of the by‐products of cranberries juice—berry cakes, were analyzed and obtained results were compared with the properties of extracts made from whole berries. The anthocyanins and total phenolics content, radical scavenging activity, antimicrobial activity of the whole berries, and their press cakes extracts were measured. All investigated extracts from berries and their press cakes showed good radical scavenging activity and revealed antimicrobial properties. It was found that Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876) and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341) were the most sensitive among 10 tested Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria.
Global aquaculture and its role in sustainable development
Authors: Subasinghe Rohana , Soto Doris , Jia Jiansan
Published: February 2009

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food‐producing sector in the world. It is developing, expanding and intensifying in almost all regions of the world. The global population is increasing, thus, the demand for aquatic food products is also increasing. Production from capture fisheries has levelled off and most of the main fishing areas have reached their maximum potential. Sustaining fish supplies from capture fisheries will, therefore, not be able to meet the growing global demand for aquatic food and aquaculture is considered to be an opportunity to bridge the supply and demand gap of aquatic food in most regions of the world. However, in our efforts to achieve this potential, the sector will face significant challenges. Key development trends indicate that the sector continues to intensify and diversify and is continuing to use new species and modify its systems and practices. Markets, trade and consumption preferences strongly influence the growth of the sector, with clear demands for the production of safe and quality products. As a consequence, increasing emphasis is placed on enhanced enforcement of regulation and better governance of the sector. It is increasingly realized that sustainable development and responsible production of aquaculture, in the long run, cannot be achieved without the full participation of the producers in the decision‐making and regulation process, which has led to efforts to empower farmers and their associations and move toward increasing self‐regulation. These factors are all contributing to an improvement in the management of the sector, typically through the promotion of ‘better management’ practices of producers. This review discusses the role of aquaculture, as at large a small‐scale farmer driven production sector, in the quest for sustainable development, reducing poverty and improving food security on a global scale.
Methods for reducing stressors and maintaining water quality associated with live fish transport in tanks: a review of the basics
Authors: Harmon Todd S.
Published: February 2009

Fish culture operations, public aquariums, fish biologists and aquatic researchers often have the need to transport live fish. These fish are frequently transported in live‐haul boxes by ground transportation. Activities involved with transporting fish, such as handling, confinement and exposure to sub‐optimal water quality, have the potential to create physiological changes in the fish because of increased stress. Because of the affiliation between stress and fish health, it is important to minimize the amount of potential stressors as well as to minimize the duration of exposure to stressors during these procedures. Furthermore, understanding aberrant environmental conditions and how they affect fish often leads to establishing new protocols that reduce stress. Increased survival rates and the arrival of healthy fish are dependent on transport and on the pre‐handling and post‐handling procedures associated with fish‐hauling operations.
Osteopontin, CD44, and NFκB expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kim Jung Yeon , Bae Byung‐Noe , Kim Kyoung Soo , Shin Eunah , Kim Hyun‐Jung , Park Kyeongmee
Published: February 2009

Background and Aim: Osteopontin (OPN) binds to CD44 and nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) and mediates tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis, but the relationships involved are not fully understood. We thus examined the expressions of OPN, CD44, and NFκB in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Methods: Two hundred and ninety two patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma were immunostained with OPN, CD44, CD44v6, CD44v3, and NFκB monoclonal antibodies in microarray blocks. Real‐time RT‐PCR with OPN was performed with fresh frozen tissue in 25 cases. Results: OPN, CD44, and NFκB protein expression was noted in 62.4%, 27.7% and 84.4% of the adenocarcinoma tissues compared to 55.4%, 4.2% and 35.3% of the paired normal colonic mucosa. NFκB protein expression was correlated with OPN (p < 005) and CD44 (p < 0.005) but CD44 expression was not correlated with OPN. CD44 protein expression was correlated with location of the tumor, lymphatic invasion, lymph node status and stage, and NFκR expression was correlated with tumor location. OPN protein expression was not correlated with any clinicopathologic factor examined. OPN mRNA expression was higher in tumor tissue than in paired normal mucosa, which was not statistically significant. Lymph node status and perineural invasion were prognostic factors based on Cox analysis but OPN, CD44, and NFκB expression were not associated with patients' survival. Conclusions: CD44 may be partly involved in the progression of colorectal adenocarcinoma. The role of OPN and NFκB may be minor in the carcinogenesis and tumor progression.
Correlation between expression of CXCR4 and prognosis in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Kim Hyunchul , Lee Youngseok , Chae Yang‐Seok , Kim Chul Hwan
Published: February 2009

Background and aims: CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is an important factor in the migration, invasiveness, metastasis and proliferation of various carcinomas. EGFR plays an important role in regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, cell‐cell interaction and cytokine signaling. Several studies suggested that EGFR enhances the expression of CXCR4 through PI3K/Akt signal pathway. We evaluated the correlation and prognostic impact of CXCR4 and EGFR in non‐small cell lung carcinomas (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma). Methods: Analysis of 101 cases of non‐small cell lung carcinoma was undertaken using tissue microarray technology and immunohistochemistry. Results: Moderate to strong nuclear or cytoplasmic CXCR4 expression of more than 20% of tumor cells and strong membranous EGFR expression of more than 10% of tumor cells were judged to be positive. Associations between CXCR4 and EGFR expressions and clinicopathologic features, including tumor stage, tumor size, nodal status, presence of metastasis, Ki‐67 labeling index and disease free survival (DFS) were investigated with statistical analysis. In the patients with squamous cell carcinoma, CXCR4 expression was correlated with presence of metastasis (P= 0.040) and EGFR expression was correlated with presence of metastasis (P= 0.017). But in the patients with adenocarcinoma, no statistical correlation between CXCR4 and EGFR expressions and clinicopathologic parameters was found. In the patients with squamous cell carcinoma, CXCR4 and EGFR positive groups showed significantly shorter DFS than negative groups (P= 0.033 and 0.038, respectively). Conclusions: CXCR4 expression is a significant prognostic factor in non‐small cell carcinoma, especially squmous cell carcinoma. Well designed, larger studies on CXCR4 and EGFR expressions will be needed to confirm their significances.
The Double Bind: Performing Arts in Hongkong
Authors: Lilley Rozanna
Published: February 2009

In Hongkong, local identity is muted not only by the master narrative of ‘history of Europe’, but by that of ‘Chinese history’ and ‘Chinese civilization’. This comprises a ‘double bind’ on those who write and present drama, and the dance. This paper examines the way in which the two master narratives both conflict and assist one another in the elite performing arts. It points a schematic model which tries to take account of the self‐conscious efforts of some local intelligentsia to insert a specifically Hongkong dimension between the two master narratives. This cultural refiguration has much to do with the sense of instability and concern for the future which has recently gripped the island.
Forest and Demons in the Papua New Guinea Highlands
Authors: Sillitoe Paul
Published: February 2009

The Wola people of the Southern Highland Province of Papua New Guinea believe that two kinds of demon spirit inhabit the montane forests of their region. They call them saem and iybtit. When people are attacked by these frightening creatures, they are injured or fall sick, and may die; their relatives perform rituals to drive the demons away and promote their recovery. The attitude of the Wola towards demon spirits expresses something of their ambivalent and enigmatic attitudes towards the forest that covers large areas of their region. They are neither innate conservationists nor reckless destroyers of forest, but something more equivocal, an antipathetic combination of both.
The Good People of Isan: Commercial Sex in Northeast Thailand
Authors: Lyttleton Chris
Published: February 2009

Recent academic literature focusing on prostitution in Thailand has mostly represented it as a singular phenomenon understood by monocausal analyses which rely on varieties of economic or cultural determinism. By contrast, in this paper I seek to tease out how various factors, economic, cultural and personal, operate to provide very different outcomes in individual lives. There are two specific issues that I focus on. Firstly, while most reports on Thai prostitution draw on data from the North, the Northeast region (Isan), where I conducted fieldwork, differs in most important ways in how people interact with and relate to the presence of commercial sex. Secondly, I suggest that we must examine individual choices and motivations implicated in the different contexts in which commercial sex is found, so that we might fruitfully conceptualise the ideologies and social practices that inform prostitution as it evolves in Thailand.
Introduction1
Authors: Srivastava Sanjay
Published: February 2009

The owl of Minerva which brings wisdom, said Hegel, flies out at dusk. It is a good sign that it is now circling round nations and nationalism.—(E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism.)
Nationalist Anxiety or the Fear of Losing Your Other
Authors: Hage Ghassan
Published: February 2009

The nation of the nationalists is always conceived to be in crisis. There is always an other standing between them and ‘it’. ‘It’ is often the impossible goal of a ‘totally gratifying nation’. Within a psychoanalytic framework, gratifying this nation is perceived as a fantasy, an object‐cause of desire (Lacan), that is, a practical impossibility that neverthless keeps the practitioner trying to reach it. Within such a framework the other standing between the nationalists and their goal becomes a necessary subjective construction which allows the conversion of the impossibility of the nationalist fantasy into deferred possibility. The crisis presented by nationalist thought as triggered by the presence of the other is in fact a mode of reproducing the nationalists' belief in themselves and their nation. The ‘real’ crisis is when nationalists ‘lose’ their other and are forced to face the impossibility of the desired nation. Such situations can be described as states of nationalist anxiety. This paper, based on research during the civil war in Lebanon, examines certain events where the Lebanese Christian Nationalists were faced with the threat of losing their Muslim other. The paper describes the states of anxiety generated by this ‘threat’ and the nature of the strategies the Christian militias deployed to bring their state of anxiety to an end.
Humanitarianism and Australian Nationalism in Colonial Papua: Hubert Murray and the Project of Caring for the Self of the Coloniser and Colonised
Authors: Lattas Andrew
Published: February 2009

This paper is about Australian nationalism in Papua at the beginning of the century. It analyses the role of science and humanitarianism in sustaining the colonial project and the white man's identity. Colonialism was formulated as philanthropy operating on a global scale, where the redemption and salvation of humanity involved the ‘higher cultures’ having a ‘sacred trust’ to educate and morally uplift the natives. This duty to pacify and civilise the tribal other was also a process of reworking the boundaries of western identity so as to remove it from too close a kinship with those forms of savage subjectivity over which it claimed moral superiority. Anthropology became part of the ethical task of how to be a good coloniser; it was heavily involved in reforming state power, such that it governed through culture rather than through violence. Indeed, anthropology was used to legitimise new understandings of native culture as something that could not be overly repressed without destroying the natives. A new internal form of colonialism emerged, one which required cultural pluralism and which was worried about the dangers of over‐assimilation.
The Life of Marble: The Experience and Meaning of Work in the Marble Quarries of Carrara
Authors: Leitch Alison
Published: February 2009

Based on ethnographic research in the marble quarries of Carrara in north Italy, this article offers an experiential interpretation of work and labour. Intended as a critique of more structurally determined accounts of the labour process, the article examines the ways in which the experience and meanings of work can be found in the domain of intersubjectivity, articulated both in the discursive practices and interactions of co‐workers, as well as through the everyday embodied activity and lived experience of quarrying itself. The first section deals with the relationship between quarry workers and the natural environment. In the second section I explore the relationship between craft identity, the embodied experience of labour and collective narratives of masculinity.
Sickening Bodies: How Racism and Essentialism Feature in Aboriginal Women's Discourse about Health1
Authors: Mitchell Dundi
Published: February 2009

In the last decade there has been much interest in the concepts of ‘racism’ and ‘essentialism’ and the ways in which these notions have been appropriated by Aboriginal people to demarcate a specifically Aboriginal space (Cowlishaw 1986; Lattas 1993; Langton 1981; Morris 1988; Muecke 1992). Central to these concerns is the issue of black/white relations and the specificities of racial oppression. Following these concerns in this article I explore the nexus between the metaphorical dismemberment of self and the corporeal dismemberment of sickness which is reflected in the high mortality rates and disease patterns of Aboriginal people. I extend Fanon's concept that racism has the power to alienate ‘a man of colour’ from his own self‐image to argue that it more than metaphorically breaks the human body (Fanon 1991). I provide a window into a much neglected area of research: how notions of illness and social relatedness are constructed in particular socio‐historical circumstances. I explore the meanings of illness as expressed at the level of community and as a form of embodiment associated with unequal colonial relations. I focus on indigenous exegeses which articulate Aboriginal women's experience of illness and their sense of identity. I draw on the work of Leder (1990) to foreground a phenomenological view where selfhood is continually confronted by circumstances that make present the ‘body’ as a ‘sharp and searing presence threatening the self’. I also apply Sansom's (1982) model of illness and the significance of carers in an Aboriginal community to demonstrate a world‐view of personhood that is diffused with other persons and things rather than a world‐view that entails a highly individuated and bounded self. In this world‐view adequate healing requires a reconstitution of social relations and a re‐ordering of the racialised status quo.
Alternating Ontologies: Exchange and Ritual in Anganen History
Authors: Nihill Michael
Published: February 2009

In this article I examine the changing social and historical context of exchange and ritual amongst the Anganen of the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea, a neglected theme in Highland ethnography. I focus primarily on the history of the incorporation of one spirit cult ritual, rimbu, and its relationship to the other major spirit cult, kabit, and just how these two cults inter‐relate with two major categories of exchange—the ceremonial pig kill (yasolu) and the more ‘mundane’ forms of exchange associated with such events as marriage and death. It is the structural parallels, differences and interconnections between these two exchange categories and the two ritual types which have guided much of the historical development of local social structure until colonisation. This has resulted in a substantial, though not necessarily stable, integration of ritual and exchange which has been ‘played out’ over the approximately fifteen‐year periods between yasolu pig kills. I argue that it is this set of oppositions that provides the structural basis for different potentialities for male capacity. On occasion these may be so graphically distinct that they may be called differing social ontologies, different baselines for being and action.

Different aspects of rimbu were adopted from around the turn of the twentieth century until colonisation some 50 years later when both kabit and rimbu were abandoned under mission pressure. However, to talk about the adoption of rimbu and the changes to Anganen social structure which it helped to produce as ‘pre‐colonial’ history is misleading to the extent that much of the impetus for change was bound up in the efflorescence of trade caused by the Australian pearling industry in the Torres Strait. I call this period ‘ante‐colonial’ in order to highlight the impact of the Australians and the irony that what the Australians indirectly helped create, rimbu as a central feature to Anganen social life, was destroyed with the direct colonial presence and missionisation.
Homo Nullius or `Where Have All the People Gone‘? Refiguring Marine Management and Conservation Approaches
Authors: Pannell Sandra
Published: February 2009

In Australia, much has been said and written about recent events which finally brought about the rejection of the Western legal concept of terra nullius. The legal recognition of native title in Australia and elsewhere, does not necessarily signify a corresponding and dramatic change in the social status and political position of indigenous peoples. This discontinuity between legal and social discourses is particularly evident when it comes to matters concerning conservation, resource management and sustainable development in a marine environment. All too often in these situations indigenous peoples are ignored and their concerns are dismissed as obstacles to development. They are, to all practical extents and purposes, homo nullius.

Drawing upon a range of material from Indonesia and Australia, I argue that in order to understand the phenomenon of homo nullius it is instructive to examine the way we and others think, talk and write about such things as the sea, marine species and the indigenous peoples who possess and use these spaces and resources. In this connection, I focus upon two particular discourses which not only inform marine management and conservation approaches but which also have a tendency to create similar kinds of effects in terms of power, knowledge and agency.