bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA23: Using PARP inhibitors to target ATM-deficient cancers
Authors: Lees-Miller Susan P.
Published: April 2017

The Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) serine/threonine protein kinase plays an important role in orchestrating the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Germline loss of ATM function results in Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T), a devastating childhood syndrome characterized by progressive loss of neuromuscular control, immune deficiency and cancer predisposition. ATM is also deleted in a large proportion of human mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and other lymphomas and recent studies have revealed that ATM is altered in many sporadic cancers including lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer. We previously showed that MCL and gastric cancer cell lines with deletion or mutation of ATM are sensitive to the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, olaparib and that loss of TP53 enhances olaparib sensitivity (Williamson et al Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 2010, 9:347-57; Williamson et al, EMBO Molecular Medicine, 2012, 4, 515-527; Kubota et al, Cell Cycle 2014, 13: 2129-37). Here we show that lung and colorectal cancers with mutation or loss of ATM are similarly sensitive to olaparib. The potential for use of PARP and ATM inhibitors in the treatment of ATM deficient malignancies will be explored.

Citation Format: Susan P. Lees-Miller. Using PARP inhibitors to target ATM-deficient cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on DNA Repair: Tumor Development and Therapeutic Response; 2016 Nov 2-5; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2017;15(4_Suppl):Abstract nr IA23.
Volume and Characteristics of Intracerebral Hemorrhage with Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Comparison with Warfarin
Authors: Adachi Tomohide , Hoshino Haruhiko , Takagi Makoto , Fujioka Shodo ,   Saiseikai Stroke Research Group
Published: April 2017

Background: Patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy often experience intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs), and warfarin in particular is known to increase hematoma expansion in ICHs, which results in a poor outcome. Recent studies reported that, in comparison with warfarin, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) cause fewer ICHs with better functional outcome. However, since it is still unknown whether DOACs are associated with a smaller hematoma volume of ICHs, we aimed to compare the volume, hematoma expansion, and outcomes associated with ICHs treated with DOACs and warfarin. Methods: We performed a prospective multicenter cross-sectional study. The subjects included patients with acute ICHs who received either DOACs or warfarin. We evaluated the clinical characteristics, and measured initial and follow-up ICH volumes. The volume of ICHs and hematoma expansion were compared between the DOAC and warfarin groups. Mortality and modified Rankin score at discharge were evaluated as outcomes. Results: There were 18 patients in the DOAC group and 71 in the warfarin group. The baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. Initial median hematoma volume of ICHs in the DOAC group was significantly lower than that in the warfarin group (6.2 vs. 24.2 mL, respectively; p = 0.04). In cases involving follow-up computed tomography scanning, the median hematoma volume of ICHs at follow-up was lower in the DOAC group than in the warfarin group (initial: DOACs 4.4 vs. warfarin 13.5 mL; follow-up: 5.0 vs. 18.4 mL, respectively; p = 0.05). Further, the hematoma in ICHs associated with DOACs did not expand. Although the mortality of ICHs associated with DOACs (11%) was lower than that associated with warfarin (24%), this difference was not statistically significant. The univariate analysis showed that the anticoagulant type (DOACs vs. warfarin) and sex (male vs. female) were associated with ICH volume. The multivariable linear regression showed that the use of DOACs (compared to warfarin; β: –0.23, p = 0.03) and female sex (compared to male; β: –0.25, p = 0.02) were associated with a small hematoma volume. Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, in terms of the risks associated with ICHs, the use of DOACs appears to be safer than warfarin for anticoagulation therapy. Further studies are required to validate these findings.
Night and the Japanese Fairy Tale
Authors: Petkova Gergana
Published: April 2017

Time, and particularly night, in folktales can be approached from various perspectives. In the present study, we shall see time in its structural function and will analyze the protagonist’s experience of time, as well as the “anthropic” nature of time and night as structural elements in fairy tales. We shall accomplish this by examining the theme of time, and particularly nighttime with its functions and characteristics, within the framework of the Japanese tale. We shall attempt to rethink the position of night and time in fairy tales as a motif, a background, a facilitator, and an opportunity that exists because of the human factor in the process of storytelling.

The present study is based on the subgenre of ordinary folktales (also known as true folktales, or Zaubermärchen). The source material (59 tales out of the total 189 defined as “true”) can be found in volumes ii-vii of Seki Keigo’s Index of Japanese Folktales. All of the 59 tales that form the basis of this study are examined in regard to time, and conclusions are illustrated by a few selected examples. The time-motifs are discussed as originating from the storytelling process; as being part of the binomial world of the folktale; as illustrating the physical and psychological experience of time quantities and qualities; and as forming a framework that facilitates the relationships between the dramatis personae.
Girls Playing Persephone (in Marriage and Death)
Authors: Mackin Ellie
Published: April 2017

Arguably, the most famous myth told about Persephone is her abduction and marriage to Hades. The story clearly articulates the strong connection between marriage and death, and this episode became significant in both literature and religious practice in the wider classical Greek world. Reference to the story of Persephone’s abduction came to be used as a shorthand for evoking this connection, particularly in myth. This paper discusses two particular ways in which Persephone’s narrative was used in marriage and death. I examine the pre-marriage offerings to Persephone at Lokroi Epizephyrioi, in southern Italy, and the tradition of Athenian girls who died unmarried being buried as brides. These cultic instances frame a discussion of Brides of Hades, particularly in tragedy. Overall, I conclude that these girls do not attempt to replace Persephone, but rather to imitate her: they ‘play the role’ of Persephone at various stages of her own abduction and marriage story.
Is Synaesthesia More Prevalent in Autism Spectrum Conditions? Only Where There Is Prodigious Talent
Authors: Hughes James E. A. , Simner Julia , Baron-Cohen Simon , Treffert Darold A. , Ward Jamie
Published: April 2017

Savant syndrome is a condition where prodigious talent co-occurs with developmental difficulties such as autism spectrum conditions (ASC). To better understand savant skills, we previously proposed a link with synaesthesia: that savant syndrome may arise in ASC individuals who also happen to have synaesthesia. A second, unrelated claim is that people with autism may have higher rates of synaesthesia. Here we ask whether synaesthesia is indeed found more often in autism per se, or only in cases where autism co-occurs with savant skills. People with autism in previous studies when tested for synaesthesia were not differentiated into those with and without savant abilities. Here we tested three groups: people with autism who also have savant skills (), people with autism without savant skills (), and controls without autism (). We used a validated test to diagnose grapheme–colour synaesthesia. Results show a significantly higher prevalence of synaesthesia in people with ASC, but only those who also have savant skills. This suggests that synaesthesia in autism is linked to those with savant abilities rather than autism per se. We discuss the role of synaesthesia in the development of prodigious talent.
A new species of clausophyid calycophoran siphonophore (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov., widely distributed throughout the world's oceans
Authors: GROSSMANN MARY MATILDA , LINDSAY DHUGAL JOHN
Published: April 2017

A new species of clausophyid siphonophore, Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov. is described. It can most easily be differentiated from its congener Kephyes ovata by the shape of the hydroecium in the anterior nectophore of the polygastric stage. This is open over the entire height of the nectophore in K. hiulcus sp. nov., and it is this character from which its specific name is derived. This species was found in the eastern and western Pacific Ocean, as well as the Celebes and Mediterranean Seas, indicating that this species is both relatively common and geographically widespread.
An Improved Small-Angle Approximation for Forward Scattering and Its Use in a Fast Two-Component Radiative Transfer Method
Authors: Sun Bingqiang , Kattawar George W. , Yang Ping , Mlawer Eli
Published: April 2017

The vector radiative transfer equation is decomposed into two components: a forward component and a diffuse component. The forward component is analytically solved with a small-angle approximation. The solution of the forward component becomes the source for the diffuse component. In the present study, the diffuse component is solved using the successive order of scattering method. The strong anisotropy of the scattering of radiation by a medium is confined to the forward component for which a semianalytical solution is given; consequently, the diffuse component slowly varies as a function of scattering angle once the forward-scattering peak is removed. Moreover, the effect on the diffuse component induced by the forward component can be interpreted by including the low orders of the generalized spherical function expansion of the forward component or even replaced by the Dirac delta function. As a result, the computational effort can be significantly reduced. The present two-component method is validated using the benchmarks related to predefined aerosol and cloud layers with a totally absorbing underlying surface. As a canonical application, the optical properties of water clouds and ice clouds used for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 cloud-property retrieval products are used for radiative transfer simulations under cloudy conditions.
SA-OBS: A Daily Gridded Surface Temperature and Precipitation Dataset for Southeast Asia
Authors: van den Besselaar Else J. M. , van der Schrier Gerard , Cornes Richard C. , Iqbal Aris Suwondo , Klein Tank Albert M. G.
Published: April 2017

This study introduces a new daily high-resolution land-only observational gridded dataset, called SA-OBS, for precipitation and minimum, mean, and maximum temperature covering Southeast Asia. This dataset improves upon existing observational products in terms of the number of contributing stations, in the use of an interpolation technique appropriate for daily climate observations, and in making estimates of the uncertainty of the gridded data. The dataset is delivered on a 0.25° × 0.25° and a 0.5° × 0.5° regular latitude–longitude grid for the period 1981–2014. The dataset aims to provide best estimates of grid square averages rather than point values to enable direct comparisons with regional climate models. Next to the best estimates, daily uncertainties are quantified. The underlying daily station time series are collected in cooperation between meteorological services in the region: the Southeast Asian Climate Assessment and Dataset (SACA&D). Comparisons are made with station observations and other gridded station or satellite-based datasets (APHRODITE, CMORPH, TRMM). The comparisons show that vast differences exist in the average daily precipitation, the number of rainy days, and the average precipitation on a wet day between these datasets. SA-OBS closely resembles the station observations in terms of dry/wet frequency, the timing of precipitation events, and the reproduction of extreme precipitation. New versions of SA-OBS will be released when the station network in SACA&D has grown further.
Distinguishing the Quasi-Decadal and Multidecadal Sea Level and Climate Variations in the Pacific: Implications for the ENSO-Like Low-Frequency Variability
Authors: Lyu Kewei , Zhang Xuebin , Church John A. , Hu Jianyu , Yu Jin-Yi
Published: April 2017

Low-frequency sea level variations with periods longer than interannual time scales have been receiving much attention recently, with the aim of distinguishing the anthropogenic regional sea level change signal from the natural fluctuations. Based on the available sea level products, this study finds that the dominant low-frequency sea level mode in the Pacific basin has both quasi-decadal variations and a multidecadal trend reversal in the early 1990s. The dominant sea level modes on these two time scales have different tropical structures: a west–east seesaw in the tropical Pacific on the multidecadal time scale and a dipole between the western and central tropical Pacific on the quasi-decadal time scale. These two sea level modes in the Pacific basin are closely related to the ENSO-like low-frequency climate variability on respective time scales but feature distinct surface wind forcing patterns and subbasin climate processes. The multidecadal sea level mode is associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and Aleutian low variations in the North Pacific and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies toward the eastern basin, while the quasi-decadal sea level mode is accompanied by tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies centered in the central basin along with the North Pacific part, which resembles the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and its oceanic expressions [i.e., the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and the Victoria mode]. The authors further conclude that the ENSO-like low-frequency variability, which has dominant influences on the Pacific sea level and climate, comprises at least two distinct modes with different spatial structures on quasi-decadal and multidecadal time scales, respectively.
Synoptic Analysis and Hindcast of an Intense Bow Echo in Western Europe: The 9 June 2014 Storm
Authors: Mathias Luca , Ermert Volker , Kelemen Fanni D. , Ludwig Patrick , Pinto Joaquim G.
Published: April 2017

On Pentecost Monday, 9 June 2014, a severe linearly organized mesoscale convective system (MCS) hit Belgium and western Germany. This storm was one of the most severe thunderstorms in Germany in decades. The synoptic-scale and mesoscale characteristics of this storm are analyzed based on remote sensing data and in situ measurements. Moreover, the forecast potential of the storm is evaluated using sensitivity experiments with a regional climate model. The key ingredients for the development of the Pentecost storm were the concurrent presence of low-level moisture, atmospheric conditional instability, and wind shear. The synoptic and mesoscale analysis shows that the outflow of a decaying MCS above northern France triggered the storm, which exhibited the typical features of a bow echo like a bookend vortex and a rear-inflow jet. This resulted in hurricane-force wind gusts (reaching 40 m s−1) along a narrow swath in the Rhine–Ruhr region leading to substantial damage. Operational numerical weather prediction models mostly failed to forecast the storm, but high-resolution regional model hindcasts enable a realistic simulation of the storm. The model experiments reveal that the development of the bow echo is particularly sensitive to the initial wind field and the lower-tropospheric moisture content. Adequate initial and boundary conditions are therefore essential for realistic numerical forecasts of such a bow echo event. It is concluded that the Pentecost storm exhibited a comparable structure and a similar intensity to observed bow echo systems in the United States.
Clinical Profile, Management, and Outcome in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Insights From a 20-Year Registry
Authors: Arabi Abdul Rahman , Patel Ashfaq , Al Suwaidi Jassim , Gehani A. A. , Singh Rajvir , Albinali Hajar A.
Published: April 2017

Aim of the Study:

We studied the clinical profile, management, and outcomes of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) with and without ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods:

Retrospective analysis of the 20-year registry data (January 1991- June 2010) was conducted on patients with cardiac disease hospitalized at Hamad General Hospital and Qatar Heart Hospital, Doha, Qatar.

Results:

A total of 987 patients with OHCA were admitted to the cardiology department during the study period; among them, 296 (30%) patients had STEMI. Compared to the patients with OHCA without STEMI, the patients who had OHCA with STEMI were younger (53 ± 13 vs 58 ± 16 years; P = .001), more likely to be male (78% vs 34%; P = .001), smokers (35% vs 14%) but less likely to have hypertension (30% vs 48%; P = .001), diabetes (32% vs 47%, P = .001), and chronic renal failure (3.4% vs 9%; P = .002). The use of thrombolytic treatment in patients with STEMI increased from 21.6% (period 1991-1095) to 44.4% (period 2006-2010); P = .04.

Conclusion:

Percutaneous coronary intervention had increased significantly during the last quarter of the study. There was a decline in the in-hospital mortality among patients with STEMI during the last quarter of the study.
Favorable Pulse Wave Augmentation Indices and Left Ventricular Diastolic Profile in β-Thalassemia Minor
Authors: Chamaidi Aikaterini , Karagiannis Georgios , Christidi Aikaterini , Parisis Charalambos , Koutrakis Konstantinos , Xanthopoulos Andrew , Skoularigis John , Giamouzis Gregory , Triposkiadis Filippos K.
Published: April 2017

β-Thalassemia minor (β-Τm) is associated with rheological and biochemical alterations that can affect cardiovascular function. We aimed to evaluate the elastic arterial properties and the pulse wave augmentation indices in a population of patients with β-Τm. Seventy-five individuals with β-Τm (age 55.5 [42.75-65.25], women 48%) and 127 controls (age 57 years [48-63], women 55.1%) underwent comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation and applanation tonometry of the radial and femoral artery. Pulse wave analysis revealed that augmentation pressure, augmentation index (AIx), and heart rate–corrected AIx were significantly lower (median [interquartile range]: 8.75 [4.625-13] vs 11 [6.5-14.5], P = .017; 26.5 [17.5-33.375] vs 30.5 [20.75-37.5], P = .014; and 22.25 [15.125-29.5] vs 27 [20.5-33], P = .008, respectively) in the β-Τm group compared to controls. The left atrial active emptying volume was significantly lower and the isovolumic relaxation time was shorter in the β-Τm group compared to the control group (10.2 [7.4-14.4] vs 12.0 [8.6-15.8], P = .040 and 78 [70-90] vs 90 [70-104], P = .034, respectively). β-Thalassemia minor is associated with favorable pulse wave augmentation indices and left ventricular diastolic function profile in asymptomatic individuals with cardiovascular risk factors.
Redistribution Under the Right in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Organized Actors in Policymaking
Authors: Fairfield Tasha , Garay Candelaria
Published: April 2017

Unexpected social policy expansion and progressive tax reforms initiated by right-wing governments in Latin America highlight the need for further theory development on the politics of redistribution. We focus on electoral competition for low-income voters in conjunction with the power of organized actors—both business and social movements. We argue that electoral competition motivates redistribution under left-wing and right-wing incumbents alike although such initiatives are more modest when conservatives dominate and business is well organized. Social mobilization drives more substantial redistribution by counterbalancing business power and focusing incumbents on securing social peace and surviving in office. By characterizing distinctive features of social-policy politics and tax-policy politics and theorizing linkages between the two realms, we contribute to broader debates on the relative influence of voters versus organized interests in policymaking. We apply our theory to explain “least-likely” cases of redistributive policies under conservative governments in Mexico (2000-2012) and Chile (2010-2014).
Heroism and the Pursuit of a Meaningful Life
Authors: Kinsella Elaine L. , Igou Eric R. , Ritchie Timothy D.
Published: April 2017

Individuals and groups of individuals are motivated to find meaning in their activities and in life, generally. That is, when events or affective states threaten or reduce a person’s sense of meaning, psychological processes are mobilized to serve the goals of meaning maintenance and meaning reestablishment, respectively. We examined two avenues for meaning maintenance: First, we considered psychological resources from the enhancing, moral modelling, and protecting functions of heroes, and second, we considered engagement in heroic behavior as a means to create meaning. We addressed contemporary heroes via conceptual and empirical literatures to discuss a variety of ways that heroes derive meaning from their own actions, and the extent to which others could glean personal meaning from a hero’s characteristics and actions. We present a meaning regulation framework that explains how heroes and heroic behavior each boost meaning and the meaning maintenance processes, such as heroism as a buffer against meaning threats. We synthesized relevant literatures on meaning and heroism, and offer a framework that illustrates heroic functions in the context of meaning in life: a central, superordinate psychological variable that is familiar to many individuals and groups. This framework offers many opportunities for future research and practical application of heroism.
Prosody Improves Detection of Spoonerisms Versus Both Sensible and Nonsense Phrases
Authors: Kelty-Stephen Damian G. , Raymakers Erik P. , Matthews-Saugstad Krista M.
Published: April 2017

Prosody is the pattern of inflection, pitch, and intensity that communicates emotional meaning above and beyond the individual meanings of lexical items and gestures during spoken language. Research has often addressed prosody extending most clearly across multiple speech chunks and carrying properties specific to individual speakers and individual intents. However, prosody exerts effects on intended meaning even for relatively brief speech streams with minimal syntactic cues. The present work seeks to test whether prosody may actually clarify the intended meaning of a two-word phrase even when the basic phonemic sequence of the words is distorted. Thirty-eight undergraduate participants attempted to correctly categorize auditorily presented two-word phrases as belonging to one of three categories: nonsensical phrases; sensible phrases; and spoonerisms. Mixed Poisson modeling of cumulative accuracy found a significant positive interaction of prosody with phrase type indicating that conversational prosody made participants 8.27% more likely to accurately detect spoonerisms. Prosody makes spoken-language comprehension of two-word phrases more robust to distortions of phonemic sequence.
Vocational Rehabilitation Agency Guidance on Social Media Use: A Policy Analysis
Authors: Ipsen Catherine , Goe Rebecca
Published: April 2017

Given vocational rehabilitation’s (VR) substantial role in workforce development, it follows that agencies would encourage and support consumers using the most current job-seeking methods, including social media. Recent data, however, show that online strategies are limited in VR practice and that many agencies lack comprehensive policies to guide social media use. We conducted a qualitative analysis to examine current VR social media policies and procedures and offer recommendations for policy development. Through an examination of open coding of 22 policies and one guideline, we identified seven themes and 25 subthemes, which mapped onto recommended social media policy elements from research. Only two VR policies, however, covered themes in a comprehensive way, and only one policy acknowledged social media as a tool for consumer job search. This outcome is an oversight given the emphasis social media plays in employment networking, proof of performance, and skills demonstration when seeking employment.
Preparing for Local Labor
Authors: Sutton April
Published: April 2017

I investigate how the educational demands of local labor markets shape high school course offerings and student course taking. Using the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 linked to the U.S. Census 2000, I focus on local economic variation in the share of jobs that do not demand a bachelor’s degree. I find that schools in local labor markets with higher concentrations of subbaccalaureate jobs devote a larger share of their course offerings to career and technical education (CTE) courses and a smaller share to advanced college-preparatory courses compared to schools in labor markets with lower concentrations of subbaccalaureate jobs, even net of school resources. Students in labor markets with higher concentrations of subbaccalaureate jobs take greater numbers of CTE courses, and higher-achieving students in these labor markets are less likely to take advanced math and Advanced Placement/International Baccalaureate courses. These course-taking disparities are largely due to school course offerings. This study shows how local economic inequalities shape high school curricular stratification, and suggests that school curricula linked to the educational demands of local jobs delimits the college preparation opportunities of high-achieving students.
Length of Stay: Its Determinants and Outcomes
Authors: Wang Liang , Fong Davis Ka Chio , Law Rob , Fang Bin
Published: April 2017

Length of stay is a vital element in tourists’ decision-making process and tourism demand. Divergent results of studies concerning connections between length of stay and tourist expenditures imply the saturation effect of the often-repeated extended length of stay. To address this research gap, the current research analyzes the influences of length of stay on tourist expenditure, visitor satisfaction, and intentions to recommend and revisit. With survey data from visitors to a world-renowned gaming destination, this study empirically verified the proposed existence of the saturation effect of extended trip duration. This study also empirically verifies the superiority of models with the log-transformed length of stay. Meanwhile, the proposed destination-based trip characteristics of repetition, information source, transportation mode, and destination status were identified as the indicators of length of stay. Implications for researchers and destination management are presented.
Tourism Collaborative Governance and Rural Community Development in Finland: The Case of Vuonislahti
Authors: Keyim Parhad
Published: April 2017

Tourism is recognized as a potential development mechanism for peripheral rural communities encountering various changes and challenges. However, a relatively unexplored theme in previous studies is that tourism’s potential benefits to rural communities are affected by rural development policies and practices: specifically, a collaborative governance approach. Based on a case study from Vuonislahti, a peripheral locale in the municipality of Lieksa, Finland, this article frames a community tourism collaborative governance approach. The study suggests that the village community receives limited tourism benefits because of various constraints rooted in the specific socioeconomic and institutional settings of the village and beyond. However, the struggle to formulate a fair and effective community tourism collaborative governance approach may bring positive socioeconomic benefits to the village and to other similarly declining rural communities in Finland and beyond. The approach is conceptually tentative in nature and its theoretical development needs to be complemented with additional research findings from empirical case studies conducted in diverse rural socioeconomic and institutional contexts of countries under different regimes.
The Relationship Between the Position of Name Generator Questions and Responsiveness in Multiple Name Generator Surveys
Authors: Yousefi-Nooraie Reza , Marin Alexandra , Hanneman Robert , Pullenayegum Eleanor , Lohfeld Lynne , Dobbins Maureen
Published: April 2017

Using randomly ordered name generators, we tested the effect of name generators’ relative position on the likelihood of respondents’ declining to respond or satisficing in their response. An online survey of public health staff elicited names of information sources, information seekers, perceived experts, and friends. Results show that when name generators are asked later, they are more likely to go unanswered and respondents are more likely to respond that they do not know anyone or list fewer names. The effect of sequence was not consistent in different question types, which could be the result of the moderating effect of willingness to answer and question sensitivity.
Toward Application and Testing of Measurement Scales and an Example
Authors: Kuppelwieser Volker G. , Putinas Aleksa-Carina , Bastounis Marina
Published: April 2017

Extending the discussion on replication in sociology and psychology, this article focuses on the adaption of scales in research. Drawing on a recently published scale, we highlight several validity issues in the scale’s composition and development. Using data from two empirical studies, we subsequently show how scales can be tested and adapted. In doing so, this article provides a blueprint for scale testing and helps avoid the use of inappropriate scales in research.
Heritage and the Social Construction of Citizen Power in Historic Neighborhoods of Santiago
Authors: Rojas Alcayaga Mauricio
Published: April 2017

One of the great changes in the field of heritage studies is the abandonment of the idea of heritage as linked to the inert and monumental past and as a category established only by the state with the support of private patronage in its protection. Citizen empowerment with regard to its establishment, protection, and reinterpretation, with a strong territorial and grassroots component, has transformed it into a field of sociocultural dispute over space and memory in the present. Heritage is a social construction in the dialectic of power. Heritage movements organized in two historic neighborhoods in Santiago are resisting and transforming a capitalist model of urban planning that affects their culture, tradition, and collective memory—their ways of living and identity. Their contributions to an emerging political dispute over heritage add new meanings to a field in need of them.

Uno de los grandes cambios en el campo de los estudios del patrimonio es el abandono de la noción de patrimonio como algo vinculado al pasado inerte y monumental y como una categoría establecida sólo por el estado con el apoyo del mecenazgo privado para su protección. El fortalecimiento de la participación ciudadana con relación a su establecimiento, protección y reinterpretación, con un fuerte componente territorial y de base, lo ha transformado en un campo de conflicto sociocultural sobre el espacio y la memoria en el presente. El patrimonio es una construcción social en la dialéctica del poder. Los movimientos organizados que luchan por el patrimonio en dos barrios históricos de Santiago están resistiendo y transformando un modelo capitalista de planificación urbana que afecta su cultura, su tradición y su memoria colectiva– en otras palabras, sus formas de convivir y su identidad. Su participación en este emergente conflicto político sobre el patrimonio le añade nuevos significados a un campo que los necesita.
Thermooxidative aging of rubber composites based on NR and NBR with incorporated strontium ferrite
Authors: Kruželák Ján , Dosoudil Rastislav , Hudec Ivan
Published: April 2017

Rubber magnetic composites were prepared by incorporation of strontium ferrite in concentration scale ranging from 0 phr to 100 phr into rubber matrices based on natural rubber (NR) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR). The composite systems were exposed to the conditions of thermooxidative aging at 70°C for 7, 14, and 28 days. The influence of aging period on the behavior of prepared materials was considered based on investigation of their cross-link density, physical–mechanical, and magnetic characteristics. The results revealed that the influence of thermooxidative aging on composite characteristics is dependent on the type of rubber matrix. The thermooxidative aging was found to have negative effect on the cross-link density and tensile properties of composites based on NR, which were deteriorated in dependence of aging time. The possible influence of magnetic filler content on aging mechanism was observed during last period of aging after which the decrease in cross-link density and tensile characteristics was more pronounced with increasing content of strontium ferrite. By contrast, the cross-link density, modulus, and hardness of composites based on NBR were found to be positively influenced by aging as their values showed increasing trend with extension of aging period.
Adaptive second-order sliding mode control: A unified method
Authors: Wang Zheng , Yuan Jianping , Pan Yanpeng
Published: April 2017

This paper develops a unified adaptive second order sliding mode (ASOSM) control method. By using the proposed control structure, the upper bounds of uncertainties are not required, the over-estimation of the control gains are avoided, and the chattering of the conventional sliding mode controllers can be attenuated. It should be noted that the adaptive gains are obtained based on the switching function and its derivative; as a result, the gains keep updating before and after the practical sliding mode is established. Meanwhile, the finite time convergence is proved based on a quadratic Lyapunov approach. Finally, to illustrate the performance of the presented method, an ASOSM controller is designed for a pendulum system and several simulations are performed.
Non-linear contour tracking using feedback PID and feedforward position domain cross-coupled iterative learning control
Authors: Ling Jie , Feng Zhao , Yao Daojin , Xiao Xiaohui
Published: April 2017

In this paper, a position domain cross-coupled iterative learning controller combining proportional–integral–derivative (PID)-type iterative learning control (ILC) and proportional–derivative (PD)-type cross-coupling control (CCC) is presented aiming at non-linear contour tracking in multi-axis motion systems. Traditional individual control methods in the time domain suffer from poor synchronization of relevant motion axes. The complicated computation of coupling gains in CCC and cross-coupled ILC (CCILC) restricts their applications for non-linear contour. The proposed position domain CCILC (PDCCILC) approach introduces a position domain design concept into CCILC to improve synchronization and performance for non-linear contour tracking and it relies less on the accuracy of coupling gains than conventional CCILC. The stability and performance analysis are conducted using a lifted system representation. The contour error vector method is applied to estimate the coupling gains in simulations and experiments. Simulation and experimental results of three typical non-linear contour tracking cases (i.e. semi-circle, parabola and spiral) based on a two-axis micro-motion stage demonstrate superiority and efficacy of the proposed feedback PID and feedforward PDCCILC compared with existing ILC and CCILC in the time domain.
Factors Affecting Governors’ Decisions to Issue Executive Orders
Authors: Cockerham Alexandra G. , Crew Robert E.
Published: April 2017

Executive scholars suggest that unilateral action is used for two reasons: to circumvent a hostile legislature and in response to delegation from the legislature as a means of expediting action. Extant research on unilateral action focuses on one governmental setting, limiting our understanding of how chief executives with different degrees of formal power use unilateral action and about how legislatures of varying capacity respond. We examine the use of executive orders in a cross-sectional context (the U.S. states), thus providing a more comprehensive perspective of where unilateral action fits in relation to other executive powers and why it is used.
Social Support, Negative Interactions, and Mental Health: Evidence of Cross-Domain Buffering Effects Among Older Adults in Japan
Authors: Harada Ken , Sugisawa Hidehiro , Sugihara Yoko , Yanagisawa Shizuko , Shimmei Masaya
Published: April 2017

This study examined the additive effects of social support and negative interactions in various relationship domains and the cross-domain buffering effects of social support on the detrimental impact of negative interactions on mental health among older adults in Japan. Data were obtained from a survey of residents of 30 municipalities in the Tokyo metropolitan area ( N = 1,592). The results indicated that family members living together may share ambivalent social ties, anchored in positive sentiments and serving as sources of support but where criticism and excessive demands may occur. We found that negative interactions had a more potent additive effect on mental health. Moreover, the interaction effects of negative interactions with family and social support from other relatives suggested reverse buffering. Our findings suggest that interventions might be more necessary to cope with the negative social exchanges of close kin relationships among the elderly Japanese.
The Role of Education in the Relationship Between Age of Migration to the United States and Risk of Cognitive Impairment Among Older Mexican Americans
Authors: Downer Brian , Garcia Marc A. , Saenz Joseph , Markides Kyriakos S. , Wong Rebeca
Published: April 2017

Prior research indicates age of migration is associated with cognitive health outcomes among older Mexican Americans; however, factors that explain this relationship are unclear. This study used eight waves from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly to examine the role of education in the risk for cognitive impairment (CI) by nativity, age of migration, and gender. Foreign-born women had a higher risk for CI than U.S.-born women, regardless of age of migration. After adjusting for education, this risk remained significant only for late-life migrant women (risk ratio [RR] = 1.28). Foreign-born men who migrated at >50 had significantly higher risk for CI compared to U.S.-born men (RR = 1.33) but not significant after adjusting for education. Findings from a decomposition analysis showed education significantly mediated the association between age of migration and CI. This study highlights the importance of education in explaining the association between age of migration and CI.
Evaluating Situation Awareness: An Integrative Review
Authors: Orique Sabrina B. , Despins Laurel
Published: April 2017

Situation awareness (SA) refers to the conscious awareness of the current situation in relation to one’s environment. In nursing, loss or failure to achieve high levels of SA is linked with adverse patient outcomes. The purpose of this integrative review is to examine various instruments and techniques used to measure SA among nurses across academic and clinical settings. Computerized database and ancestry search strategies resulted in 40 empirical research reports. Of the reports included in the review, 24 measured SA among teams that included nurses and 16 measured SA solely in nurses. Methods used to evaluate SA included direct and indirect methods. Direct methods included the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique and questionnaires. Indirect methods included observer rating instruments and performance outcome measures. To have a better understanding of how nurses’ make decisions in complex work environments, reliable and valid measures of SA is crucial.
Psychometric Testing of the Smoking Cessation Counseling Scale Among Magnet® Hospital Nurses
Authors: Liu Wen , Johantgen Meg , Newhouse Robin
Published: April 2017

Psychometrics of the Smoking Cessation Counseling Scale, which measures adherence to evidence-based smoking cessation counseling practice, were originally estimated among rural hospital nurses. The purpose of this study was to estimate the scale’s reliability, convergent validity, and factor structure among 289 nurses from 27 acute care Magnet® hospitals. The scale demonstrated acceptable estimates for internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .95, 95% CI = [0.94, 0.96]). Convergent validity was supported by the association with comfort in conducting smoking cessation counseling (coefficient = 3.58, 95% CI = [2.80, 4.37]) and shared vision (coefficient = 0.72, 95% CI = [0.02, 1.42]). A four-factor structure (standard care, basic counseling, advanced counseling, and referral to services) was identified. Findings supported the scale’s reliability and convergent validity among Magnet® hospital nurses. Further testing is needed to confirm the four-factor structure and accumulate psychometric evidence among different nursing providers and health care settings to expand the use of the instrument.
Nurses’ Experiences Empowering Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Jerofke-Owen Teresa , Bull Margaret
Published: April 2017

Four focus groups were conducted to explore acute care nurses’ experiences empowering patients and the facilitators and barriers they encountered during the process. Thirty-four nurses employed at four hospitals in the Midwestern United States participated in the study between February and April 2015. Facilitators of empowerment included establishing a therapeutic relationship, fostering communication, providing education, respecting patient autonomy, engaging support systems, and lifting spirit/giving hope. Barriers included conflicting information about plans of care, lack of time, fear and anxiety over unfamiliar environments and routines, ineffective or inadequate support systems, lack of/low accountability, and killing the soul. Nurses also described innovative strategies they used to overcome the barriers. The development of future inpatient empowerment interventions needs to focus on the innovative strategies nurses used to overcome barriers in addition to considering the facilitators and barriers to empowerment that nurses identified.
Intracochlear Pressure Changes due to 2 Electrode Types: An Artificial Model Experiment
Authors: Mittmann Philipp , Mittmann Marlene , Ernst Arneborg , Todt Ingo
Published: April 2017

Objective

To preserve residual hearing in cochlear implant surgery, the electrode design has been refined, and an atraumatic insertion has become one aspect of cochlear implant research. Previous studies have described the effect of insertion speed and opening of the round window membrane on intracochlear pressure changes. The aim of our current study was to observe intracochlear pressure changes due to different cochlear implant electrodes in an artificial cochlear model with stable surrounding factors.

Study Design

Prospective controlled study.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

The experiments were performed in an artificial cochlear model with a pressure sensor in the apical area. With straight and perimodiolar electrode arrays, 5 insertions with the same insertion speed and 5 insertions over the same time were performed.

Results

With the perimodiolar high‐volume electrode, significantly greater intracochlear fluid pressure changes were observed than with the straight electrode. Compared with the straight electrode, the perimodiolar electrode induces significantly higher pressure peaks (1.12 ± 0.15 vs 0.86 ± 0.05 mm Hg, P =. 006) and significantly higher amplitudes (0.38 ± 0.07 vs 0.09 ± 0.07 mm Hg, P <. 001).

Conclusion

The reliable preservation of residual hearing is an important multifactorial challenge in modern cochlear implant surgery. Insertion speed, handling, and electrode design are known to influence the preservation of residual hearing. In our artificial model experiments, we could prove objectively that the volume of the electrodes has a significant influence on the intracochlear pressure changes during cochlear implantation.
Touch reduces romantic jealousy in the anxiously attached
Authors: Kim Kaylyn J. , Feeney Brooke C. , Jakubiak Brett K.
Published: April 2017

Feelings of jealousy are usually detrimental to relationships, often resulting in negative outcomes ranging from conflict to violence and relationship dissolution. Anxiously attached individuals are especially prone to jealousy in their relationships and are therefore especially likely to experience negative outcomes of jealousy. In this research, we examined the effectiveness of both touch and a traditional security prime as a potential means of reducing feelings of jealousy for individuals who are high in anxious attachment. Individuals in romantic relationships were induced to feel jealous, during which time they were randomly assigned to receive affectionate touch from their partners, a traditional nontouch security prime, or no intervention (control). Results revealed that anxious attachment was associated with high levels of jealousy, and touch was an effective buffer against jealous feelings for individuals high in anxious attachment. The traditional security prime did not buffer jealous feelings. Implications of results for potential relationship interventions are discussed.
Initial perceptions of palliative care: An exploratory qualitative study of patients with advanced cancer and their family caregivers
Authors: Collins Anna , McLachlan Sue-Anne , Philip Jennifer
Published: April 2017

Background:

Despite evidence for early integration of palliative care for people with advanced cancer and their families, patterns of late engagement continue. Prior research has focused on health professionals’ attitudes to palliative care with few studies exploring the views of patients and their carers.

Aim:

To explore initial perceptions of palliative care when this is first raised with patients with advanced cancer and their families in Australian settings.

Design:

Cross-sectional, prospective, exploratory qualitative design, involving narrative-style interviews and underpinned by an interpretative phenomenological framework.

Setting/participants:

Purposively sampled, English-speaking, adult patients with advanced cancer ( n = 30) and their nominated family caregivers ( n = 25) recruited from cancer services at a tertiary metropolitan hospital in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Results:

Three major themes evolved which represent the common initial perceptions of palliative care held by patients with advanced cancer and their carers when this concept is first raised: (1) diminished care, (2) diminished possibility and (3) diminished choice. Palliative care was negatively associated with a system of diminished care which is seen as a ‘lesser’ treatment alternative, diminished possibilities for hope and achievement of ambitions previously centred upon cure and diminished choices for the circumstances of one’s care given all other options have expired.

Conclusion:

While there is an increasing move towards early integration of palliative care, this study suggests that patient and caregiver understandings have not equally progressed. A targeted public health campaign is warranted to disentangle understandings of palliative care as the ‘institutional death’ and to reframe community rhetoric surrounding palliative care from that of disempowered dying to messages of choice, accomplishment and possibility.