bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Normativity of Evidence
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

Any case against the argument from analogy appears to rely on the assumption that the evidential-support relation is not itself a normative relation. This chapter identifies three ways in which one might challenge this assumption and responds to each. In doing so it claims that existing responses to this problem in the literature are insufficient: they rely on objective conceptions of probability that are ill-suited to account for epistemic probabilities. It claims that epistemic error theorists may be forced to deny that there are any evidential-support relations but that, surprisingly, this is less of a concession than it may at first appear.
A Puzzling Combination
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

In this chapter it is supposed that the arguments of all previous chapters have failed. It is supposed that epistemic reasons are genuinely and irreducibly normative, and that the epistemic error theory is false. It is argued that this could still be compatible with the moral error theory. This is referred to as ‘the puzzling combination’. The puzzling combination will be possible in the event that moral error theorists argue for their view by appeal to ‘debunking and dispensability’ arguments. Some basic objections to these arguments are discussed. The moves that would need to be made if ‘debunking and dispensability’ arguments were to be successful in defence of the puzzling combination are articulated.
Life in a Multispecies Commons
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: December 2019

Both the haunting memories of our earliest ancestors recorded on ancient cave paintings around the world and close ethnographic studies of human relationships with specific animals, reveal that humans have never been alone. This history is one of cooperation as well as of violence, and while the shadow side of that history should not be either under- or overplayed, a detailed discussion on this is deferred to the second volume. Humans are sometimes known as the hyper-cooperative species, but how might those cooperative tendencies play out in relation to other animals? Using work by anthropologists who have begun to analyse the lives of other animals using anthropological tools through ethno-primatology and ethno-hyenaology, and ethno-elephantology, the case is made for common occurrence of human/other animal entanglements. The theoretical resources for this work stem from an evolutionary approach called the extended evolutionary synthesis or niche construction theory. The philosophical basis for this work draws on biosocial anthropological theories developed by Tim Ingold. It is also useful to distinguish between ‘hidden’ multispecies associations in the microbiome and that which is played out through gradually more explicit responses between different species. All form closely interlaced relationships that contribute to the niche in which these relationships are embedded.
Animal minds
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: December 2019

If animals lack mental states altogether then of course they can’t be capable of phenomenal consciousness, either. And even assuming that they have mental states, it would be natural to think that much might turn on just how sophisticated the minds of various species of animal are, and on the extent of the discontinuities between human and animal minds. The present chapter argues against strong discontinuity views. It also considers evidence of working memory, planning, self-control, metacognition, and language in animals, which are especially relevant to later discussions. I argue that there is significant and widespread support for the first three, but little evidence supporting metacognition or language.
Global-workspace theory
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: December 2019

The present chapter outlines and defends the empirical case supporting global-workspace theory as the best account of the functional/neural correlates of consciousness, at least. The chapter explains the theoretical background to global-workspace theory and the evidence that supports it. It shows how the theory is well-supported by raft of findings in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, as well as by recent experiments tracking conscious contents in the brain. The chapter also replies to a variety of critiques and alleged forms of counter-evidence. It concludes by considering whether the fact that much of this evidence has been collected in work with nonhuman animals begs the consciousness-question that forms our topic (arguing that it does not).
Consciousness in animals
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: December 2019

This chapter argues that if a global workspace theory of phenomenal consciousness is correct, and is fully reductive in nature, then we should stop asking questions about consciousness in nonhuman animals. But this is not because those questions are too hard to answer, but because there are no substantive facts to discover. The argument in support of this conclusion turns on the idea that while global broadcasting is all-or-nothing in the human mind, it is framed in terms that imply gradations across species. Yet our concept of phenomenal consciousness doesn’t permit mental states to be to some degree conscious. Moreover, the first-person concepts that give rise to the problem of consciousness cannot intelligibly be projected into minds significantly different from our own.
Gunnar Myrdal and Asian Drama in Context
Authors: Kanbur Ravi
Published: December 2019

This chapter attempts to understand Asian Drama in the context of the development debates of its time, and in terms of the sensibilities that Gunnar Myrdal—the brilliant economic theorist and philosopher of knowledge, and Swedish politician—brought to the conceptualization of the problems and prospects of development. The chapter covers: (i) what Myrdal brought to the analysis of development from his long, varied, and distinguished academic and practitioner career; (ii) the development terrain in the mid-twentieth century; and (iii) how Asian Drama lay on that terrain and in the remaining years of Myrdal’s continued eventful life. There are two central questions posed in the chapter. How did Myrdal’s broad experience and perspective influence Asian Drama? How did Asian Drama influence the development debate?
Myrdal’s Methodology and Approach Revisited
Authors: Stewart Frances
Published: December 2019

This chapter reviews major methodological innovations in Asian Drama, considering how far Gunnar Myrdal’s perspectives have been adopted since he wrote, and where fresh thinking is needed. Major methodological innovations he makes include emphasising the critical role of values and the need for a holistic and multidisciplinary approach, especially incorporating analysis of institutions and attitudes. Myrdal concludes that Western economic concepts are frequently inappropriate for the analysis of Asian development. Many of his ideas have been accepted by heterodox economists although mainstream economics has, generally, been less responsive, particularly with regard to the effects of positionality on analysis and the inappropriateness of some Western concepts. In the twenty-first century, the critical need to incorporate environmental considerations provides an additional reason for seeking alternative frameworks.
Agriculture, the Rural Sector, and Development
Authors: Vos Rob
Published: December 2019

Over the past sixty years, Asian countries have gone through rapid agricultural transformations helping to lift broader economic development. The change has differed in nature and speed across countries of the region. In much of East and Southeast Asia, agricultural productivity growth facilitated labour exit and savings transfers, which helped jump-start industrial growth and urbanization, which in turn induced deeper agrarian change and food system transformations. In South Asia, these transformative changes have lagged, in part because of structural hurdles to agrarian change. More recently, growth in South Asia has accelerated as many of those obstacles were overcome. Yet, challenges of widespread poverty and food insecurity remain in a context of advanced urbanization, changed dietary patterns, modernized agri-food systems, and environmental constraints. Consequently, the role and nature of agricultural transformations and structural change in forging growth and poverty reduction in still disadvantaged parts of Asia will need to be different.
Education and Health
Authors: Mundle Sudipto
Published: December 2019

This chapter analyses the dramatic spread of education and healthcare in Asia and the large variations therein across and within countries over the past fifty years. Apart from differences in initial conditions and income levels, the nature of the state has also been an important determinant of these variations since social development has typically been state-led. But in most countries public resource constraints led to growing dependence on private provision and private spending in education and healthcare. This in turn generated a pattern of nested disparities in the access to education and healthcare between rich and poor regions, between rural and urban areas within regions, and between rich and poor households. However, as the better-off regions, areas, and households approach the upper limits of achievable education and health standards, a process of convergence is also underway as those left behind begin to catch up.
Nationalism and Development
Authors: Duara Prasenjit
Published: December 2019

The chapter identifies historic patterns in the dialectic between nationalism and development across various East, South, and Southeast Asian nations. Nationalism as the rationale for development is used by regimes to achieve high levels of growth, but also generates exclusivism and hostilities often in order to integrate a political core. Popular nationalism has also dialectically reshaped the goals and patterns of development during the post-Second World War period. The region is divided into zones shaped by twentieth century historical and geopolitical conditions. Colonial and Cold War conditions were as important as internal political and ethnic circumstances. Turning points in the dialectical relationship were common within a region. More recently, a common trans-regional pattern has emerged with neo-liberal globalization being accompanied by exclusivist nationalism.
South Asia
Authors: Osmani S.R.
Published: December 2019

Soon after independence from British rule, the South Asia region seemed to have a much better prospect than many other parts of the developing world; the prospects soon dimmed, however, as South Asia crawled while East and Southeast Asia galloped away. But a large part of the region seems finally to have turned a corner and is looking forward to a much better future—in terms of growth, poverty reduction and human development. This chapter describes and explains this story in terms of economic strategies and the political economy of the region and also looks ahead to identify the major challenges that remain—focusing on Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
Introduction: Approaching Divinity
Authors: Meister Felix J.
Published: December 2019

This chapter starts with a general description of concepts of divinity in archaic and classical Greek literature based on a distinction between quantitative and qualitative aspects of divine life. It argues that humans may approximate to these aspects only separately, and sets out approximation to the qualitative aspects as the object of this monograph. To illustrate this kind of approximation, the Introduction then pursues comparable notions in Hellenistic and Imperial literature, particularly notions of divine bliss in philosophy, of divine joy and beauty in erotic contexts, and of divine power in martial contexts. Finally, it argues that similar notions are conceivable also in archaic and classical literature, in contrast to prevalent accounts of the religious thought during these periods.
Divine Happiness in the Victory Ode
Authors: Meister Felix J.
Published: December 2019

This chapter aims to show that Pindar’s victory odes present athletic victors as enjoying, during the victory celebration, a moment of divine bliss as a reward for their achievement. The first part develops a general perspective on the themes of immortality and divinity in Pindar’s odes. Of particular interest are mythical narratives comprising a hero’s exploits and the subsequent reward in the form of his immortalization. This chapter argues that such narratives offer a paradigm for the victor’s athletic achievements and that the victory celebration serves as an earthly counterpart to the eternal symposium on Olympus. Sculpture at Olympia is interpreted to strengthen this interpretation. The second part of this chapter illustrates this argument through detailed interpretations of Nemean 1, Isthmian 4, and Pythian 10.
Divine Power in Tragedy
Authors: Meister Felix J.
Published: December 2019

This chapter pursues comparisons between characters of Greek drama with the gods on the grounds of power. The first part examines such comparisons in the context of supplication in tragedy, and similar contexts in comedy, where suppliants perceive saviour figures as more than mortal. Since these passages are determined by their ritual context, they shed further light on the argument, formulated in the preceding chapters of this book, that individual rituals themselves shape our perceptions of those involved. The second part of this chapter analyses similar visions found outside of established ritual contexts. Here, comparisons with the gods convey a sense of danger and impending catastrophe. The differences between the two kinds of comparison, especially with regard to their effect, highlights the importance of ritual as a mitigating factor in elevating humans.
Can Migration be a Conduit for Transformative Youth Employment?
Authors: Mueller Valerie , Lim Lee Hak
Published: December 2019

Migration has traditionally been considered a necessary component of the transformation process. However, without a green revolution or government-sponsored industrialization, which sparked the creation of jobs outside of the agricultural sector, it is unclear whether observed youth migration patterns in Africa correspond with occupation mobility. Panel data collected in four African countries are used to explore whether migration offers youth access to more transformative forms of employment following the traditional pathways of structural change. We present statistics on sectoral diversification, movement into high-return versus low-return non-agricultural occupations, as well as income growth by youth migration status. Our findings suggest migration is potentially welfare-enhancing. Secondary towns will be of increasing importance to attract talent and promote growth, given constraints on travel and risks of securing employment in urban locations.
Policies for Youth Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: David Schwebel , Elisenda Elisenda , Wobst Peter , Grandelis Ileana
Published: December 2019

A qualitative analytical framework, policy discourse analysis, is applied to understand the prevalence of youth-targeting in national policies related to employment. Forty-seven policies from 13 Sub-Saharan African countries promulgated in 1996 to 2016 were selected for the evaluation, based on their direct or indirect relevance to youth employment via themes of development, rural transformation, and agriculture. The main findings show that policies focus more on promoting labour supply strategies, e.g. training programmes on entrepreneurship skills, rather than demand-side ones—such as reducing the constraints to business development and job creation at the sectoral level. Policies rarely touch on known constraints faced by youth, like their limited engagement in agribusiness activities and representation in policy dialogues. SSA policies with a youth employment lens associated to the different pillars of the Decent Work Agenda are assessed.
Cities and Rural Transformation
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Fang Peixun , Magalhaes Eduardo , Pahl Stefan , Silver Jed
Published: December 2019

The chapter focuses on answering four broad questions relevant to economic transformation in Ghana. First, are patterns of rural employment changing with urbanization and do these changes have any spatial patterns that are associated with proximity to cities of different sizes? Secondly, what are the impacts of rural transformation on the youth in the rural areas? Thirdly, what are the impacts of urbanization on agricultural intensification for youth and non-youth? Finally, what are the welfare or income implications of the rural transformation that has created heterogeneous livelihood opportunities? Proximity to cities has a strong effect on the exit of rural households from agriculture, and this trend is stronger with increases in the size of the city. Only when considering youth-headed rural households, do they become more likely to exit agriculture everywhere including in northern districts with small cities. Technological adoption is higher among youth in the more urbanized areas. Rural poverty rates appear consistently lower among non-agricultural households.
Rural Nonfarm Enterprises in Tanzania’s Economic Transformation
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Magalhaes Eduardo , McMillan Margaret
Published: December 2019

The chapter explores the nature of rural nonfarm activities to better understand their contribution to the economic development and diversification of rural areas or rural transformation. Numerous data sources are used to demonstrate rural household participation in the nonfarm economy. They also reveal heterogeneity in firm productivity by sector. Using a probit analysis, we identify the characteristics of firms that make them more likely to fall into a category of ‘high potential’ firms in order to better understand the correlates of enterprise success in rural areas. We found the following for rural businesses: (i) those owned by females are less productive; (ii) businesses that operate full-time are more productive; (iii) businesses operated by owners who live in households that are not poor are more productive; (iv) owners who see their businesses as growing are more productive; and (v) businesses with more customers and regional (vs local) customers are more productive.
Colonial Fragments
Authors: Craven Matthew
Published: December 2019

Concession agreements were at the heart of the battle for international law in the decolonization era. This chapter reconstructs the underpinnings of scholarly debates over the question to what extent and under which conditions Western investments in the colony could be expropriated after decolonization. In addition to resurrecting the nineteenth-century civil law notion of acquired rights in order to prevent Western investments from being the object of expropriation, Western scholars were to transform the legal architecture governing commercial activities in the colony, turning local modes of exploitation into foreign investments subject to the protection of international law. This chapter presents the idea that the reconstruction of the legal terrain of the colony is one of the central dynamics underlying the battle for international law.
Literal ‘Decolonization’
Authors: Gevers Christopher
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the role of African scholars in the context of the battle for international law. It focuses on scholars who were less prominent than Taslim O Elias or Mohammed Bedjaoui, but who also played an important role in internal African debates on post-colonial international law. It touches on the contextual nature of decolonization and the various viewpoints established by African scholars and provides a more nuanced account of African international legal scholarship. In taking this direction, the chapter thus attempts, within the scholarship and literature of decolonization, to unearth original voices that have largely been forgotten outside of Africa.
Genealogies of White Deviance
Authors: Watson Jay
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 examines Faulkner’s engagement with eugenics discourse as that Progressive-era reform movement began making inroads into the South in the twenties and thirties. Eugenics was riddled with contradictions: in addressing itself to the purification of modern whiteness, it ironically divided whiteness against itself, positing deviant, degenerate forms that supposedly sapped the vitality of the nation’s economy and racial stock—a problem with distressing implications for the strict biracial order of Jim Crow. In his first five Yoknapatawpha County novels along with the early Snopes narrative “Father Abraham,” Faulkner appropriates many of the signature features of eugenics discourse—its fondness for elaborate genealogies, its use of the family-study genre, its rhetorical framing of heredity as problem or doom, its concept of “feeblemindedness” and emphasis on the compulsory segregation and sterilization of the unfit—in ways that by turns collude in and powerfully critique the guiding assumptions of the movement.
Introduction
Authors: Abbas S. Ali , Pienkowski Alex , Rogoff Kenneth
Published: December 2019

Not since the aftermath of the Second World War has the topic of sovereign debt taken such importance in public policy debate. Reeling from the effects of the Global Financial Crisis, public debt-to-GDP ratios in advanced economies are at levels not seen in over half a century....
Concepts, Definitions and Composition
Authors: Arslanalp Serkan , Bergthaler Wolfgang , Stokoe Philip , Tieman Alexander F.
Published: December 2019

Comparisons of public debt across countries and across time are hindered by the significant heterogeneity in definition and coverage. Public debt in France in 1830 bears very little resemblance to that of Brazil in 2016. This chapter will consider what constitutes a debt contract and onion-like layers of the sovereign entity: the central government, local government, central bank, state-owned enterprises, etc. The chapter uses this taxonomy to show the varied landscape of debt today, in particular: who are the major creditors and debtors; what are the main financing instruments (bonds, loans, swap, etc.); and what are the terms of the bond (currency, maturity, cost). This chapter will act as a reference guide to all those who work on debt issues on a regular basis.
Reducing Debt Short of Default
Authors: Best Tom , Bush Oliver , Eyraud Luc , Sbrancia M. Belen
Published: December 2019

If debt is too high, what policies are available to governments to reduce these debt obligations? This chapter goes through all options, short of default. It begins by introducing the standard debt accumulation equation, noting the key terms, such as the growth–interest rate differential; and their relation to policies. Once this is established, the more conventional strategies for reducing debt—promoting growth and fiscal consolidation—are explored. Particular emphasis is given to the impact of fiscal multipliers, and the factors that influence their magnitude. The chapter then moves on to more unconventional policies, such as inflation, seigniorage and financial repression.
Sovereign Default
Authors: Ams Julianne , Baqir Reza , Gelpern Anna , Trebesch Christoph
Published: December 2019

This chapter begins by defining sovereign default. It proceeds to untangle several common forms of default, including unilateral and negotiated default, and default that results in principal haircuts and payment reprofiling, and offers a clear taxonomy of default, using real-world examples when needed. The chapter then explores the various costs of sovereign default, and the factors that influence them. It considers some of the weaknesses and distortions within the existing framework of crisis prevention and resolution, highlighting the role of official bailouts and moral hazard, and the causes of delayed and inadequate debt relief (“too little, too late”). The chapter concludes with recommendations for reducing the incidence and cost of default.
Challenges Ahead
Authors: Bredenkamp Hugh , Hausmann Ricardo , Pienkowski Alex , Reinhart Carmen
Published: December 2019

The final chapter will give a perspective on topical issues on sovereign debt over the next decade. It focuses on the re-indebtedness of advanced, emerging, and low-income countries, and the risks posed by a changing creditor landscape. Yet despite this, by historical standards there have been relatively few debt crises in recent years—have these been avoided or merely delayed? The second half of the chapter then explores how risks associated with these issues can be reduced, first by improving crisis prevention policies, and then by strengthening crisis resolution policies.
Plato on Pleasures Mixed with Pains
Authors: Erginel Mehmet M.
Published: December 2019

In this paper I aim to show that the restoration model of pleasure as we find it in Plato’s Gorgias, Republic, Timaeus, and Philebus contains a common psychological core, despite the substantial developments and greater sophistication in the later works. I argue that, contrary to the scholarly consensus, all four dialogues take the necessary condition for pain to be a state of imbalance or disharmony rather than a process of destruction or deterioration. Given that the necessary condition for pleasure is a process of restoration, it follows that the restoration model offers a strikingly asymmetrical account of pleasure and pain. This unorthodox interpretation of pain is not only favoured by the textual evidence but is also more charitable, as it attributes to Plato a more plausible view of impure pleasures, a more realistic account of desire, and a more compelling argument for the greater pleasantness of the philosophical life.
Introduction: Firsts and Foremost
Authors: Scolieri Paul A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to Ted Shawn and to the reasons his life deserves a critical reappraisal. It examines how a narrative of his life was constructed over his more than fifty years in the public eye, including the compromising depictions of him in the biographies of his wife Ruth St. Denis and his most famous student Martha Graham. It also considers his many own attempts to write about his life, especially his memoir One Thousand and One Night Stands (1960). The chapter argues that homophobia (including Shawn’s own) clouded the narrative of Shawn’s life and obscured his place in dance history and thus proposes a reconsideration of his life, writings, and dances based on sources that had thus far not been given full consideration.
An Interesting Experiment in Eugenics
Authors: Scolieri Paul A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines the formation and early years of Denishawn, the first American modern dance company and school. It argues that the newlywed Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn harnessed the cultural fascination with eugenics—the science of race betterment—to catapult their unique brand of theatrical dancing into public renown. A cultural phenomenon, Denishawn appeared in magazines from National Geographic to Vogue, fast becoming a sensation among Hollywood directors, vaudeville producers, and high society elites. Denishawn’s meteoric rise was curtailed by World War I and Shawn’s enlistment in the army as well as the interpersonal conflicts between St. Denis and Shawn, which led the couple to seek marriage counseling from Havelock Ellis, a pioneer of the British eugenics movement, while in London in 1922 with their company.
Seven Magic Years
Authors: Scolieri Paul A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on the “seven magic years” of Ted Shawn and His Men Dancers (1933–40), the first all-male dance company that performed a repertory of hyper-masculine dances throughout the college and sorority circuits in the Depression-era United States. It elucidates the groundbreaking company’s history through details from the correspondence between Shawn and Lucien Price, an editor at the Boston Globe and one of the earliest and most vital supporters of Shawn’s all-male experiment. Price mentored Shawn in the codes of gay history, culture, and literature, all of which made their way into Shawn’s choreography. Based on details from Price’s private journals, the chapter reveals their shared vision and pursuits to liberate societal attitudes toward homosexuality. It also explores Shawn’s ongoing attempts to gain critical attention within the sphere of modern dance, especially from New York Times dance critic John Martin.
Learning from the Past, Imagining the Future
Authors: Pathania Gaurav J.
Published: December 2019

The strength of Osmania student activism lies in their strong networks between students and alumni. This chapter explores the linkages between 1969 and 2009 generation of activists. It compares the agitational and mobilization strategies of both the agitational phases, and discusses the strategies and nature of mobilization. The changing composition of the university and a legacy of activism are the key factors. It may be noted that the 2009 phase is distinct from the earlier phase of 1969–72 in that it is rooted in this kind of ‘network culture’, which was instrumental in the making of Osmania as the epicentre of the movement. The chapter ends with a conceptual debate on identity movements and emphasize the importance of regional culture in guiding the Telangana movement.
Swaraj in Ideas of God, Man and Nature
Authors: Uberoi J.P.S.
Published: December 2019

This chapter develops further the Gandhian proposition of swaraj in ideas and culture. It discusses the Orientalist–Anglicist debate in relation to education in India and Gandhiji’s proposition of a vernacular education as opposed to learning that is alienated from the home environment of the pupil and which in turn alienates the student from the environment of the home. There is also discussion of the colonial ‘master system’ of the classification of knowledge that we have inherited from the West. We are introduced to the divorce in modern dualist positivism between the universal sciences of nature and the local schools of poetry, art, religion and politics and its two intersecting dualisms of fact/value and theory/practice. This chapter includes extensive discussion about the ideas of Gandhiji, Rammohun Roy and K.C. Bhattacharya.
Right, Left and Centre in the Sciences of Nature
Authors: Uberoi J.P.S.
Published: December 2019

This chapter continues with the author’s critique of modern Western science. It traces the inherent dualisms of the modernist approach to spheres of thought, nature and society whether they be of the right, left or centre in the political spectrum. The question of dualism and non-dualism is discussed in relation to Marx, Engels, Hegel, Lenin, Goethe, Christianity, Soviet Marxism and Chinese Maoism, and the Renaissance and Reformation in Europe. The final section of the chapter deals with the relation between science and politics outlining the alliance between the science of the expert with the military industrial complex that makes impossible a praxis of Gandhian non-violence, a centrist position that has its reflection in the non-dualist streams of the European underground.
Mind and the World in Modern European Sociology
Authors: Uberoi J.P.S.
Published: December 2019

This is a chapter that comprises an analysis of modern Western sociology and philosophy. It opens with a discussion of systems of knowledge as rulers of the world as opposed to systems of politics or religion and goes on to discuss modern ways of knowledge as they are institutionalized in the university, the structure of knowledge that emerged from the modern positivist dualism of the Enlightenment; the shared dualisms of fact and value, theory and practice, ends and means; the hierarchy of the sciences, the opposed sides of the European brain, empiricism, rationalism and dialectics in modern Western thought. There is extensive discussion of the three main streams of modern Western sociology as represented by Marx, Weber and Durkheim.
The Three Lives of Things in a Post-modern Economy
Authors: Uberoi J.P.S.
Published: December 2019

This is a study of the material aspect of modern and post-modern Western civilization. After first laying out the problem and perspective this chapter goes on to discuss the relation between commerce and industry; the measurement of innovation as a cycle over time; social facts or the sociological phenomena of military–industrial scientific progress, innovation and diffusion worldwide; methods of estimating the life-cycle of innovation, manufacture, use and obsolescence in a world of production, development and progress; innovation and armaments; the underlying structure of the post–Second World War global system and its arms race; self and the world: prospects for the future and finally, the technology of obsolescence and the science of vivisection.
Sikhism and Islam: A Structural Analysis
Authors: Uberoi J.P.S.
Published: December 2019

This chapter outlines the author’s structural definition of the problems involved in the theoretical and practical relations between Sikhism and Islam in terms of religion, history and society since the time of Guru Nanak through the various vicissitudes that were to follow. It contains a synchronous analysis of the structure of the discourse of religion as well as an analysis of the structure of the discourse of history, that is, the diachronous political aspect of the relation. The issues of the unity and duality of the religious and political aspects of life in both the medieval and the contemporary world are a central theme and lead to the more fundamental question of plurality in Indian modernity. Also included is a discussion on non-Sanskritic sects and the relationship between the Mughals and the Sikhs.
Religion, Civil Society and the State in India
Authors: Uberoi J.P.S.
Published: December 2019

This chapter is a detailed analysis of the relations between religion, civil society and the state within the context of both medieval Hinduism and Islam in India. It considers the relations between Brahmin, King and sannyasi in the Hindu context and ethos and the concepts of sharia’t, tariqat, and hukumat within the Muslim one including the points of view of its various schools. The parallelism in the underlying structure of the two systems is clearly highlighted. The whole discussion is set in the context and concept, as generally agreed, of India today as multi-religious nation, a modern plural society and a federal secular state. Indian modernity is considered as a transformation of medievalism that finally led to the constitution of the Indian federal state.
Martyrdom versus Kingdom
Authors: Uberoi J.P.S.
Published: December 2019

This chapter comprises a detailed study of martyrdom as phenomenon and concept in various historical and cultural contexts ranging from the history of John Lambert at the court of Henry the Eighth in England to Guru Arjun and Aurangzeb and the martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi in the India of modern times. It starts with a definition of martyrdom and undertakes a comparative of this phenomenon. Included is discussion of the principles of vicariousness and representation, of martyrdom as priesthood without ordination, of public memory and the Eucharistic controversy. There is a discussion of martyrdom in the ancient and the modern worlds, martyrdom in modern India, martyrdom and satyagraha, the limits of state power and the limitlessness of self-sacrifice conceived as salvation in history and society.
Present at the Creation
Authors: Dasgupta Chandrashekhar
Published: December 2019

In this chapter, India’s lead negotiator for the framework convention recalls that the negotiations were marked by deep differences between developed and developing countries (though there were also significant divergences within these groups). Developing countries pressed for an equity-based agreement, maintaining that developed countries should accept their responsibility for precipitating climate change. They called on industrialized countries to accept time-bound emission reduction obligations and to transfer finance and technology to support voluntary mitigation actions by developing countries. The Convention recognized that voluntary obligations agreed upon by developing countries were conditional on receipt of financial resources to cover all incremental costs. However, developed countries accepted only an ambiguously worded emission stabilization commitment. This deficiency was rectified by the Kyoto Protocol 1997, which prescribed time-bound emission reduction targets for each developed country. The Paris Agreement 2015 halted this line of progress, marking a reversal to the ‘pledge and review’ approach rejected in 1991.
Making Sense on Its Own Terms
Authors: Ghosh Arunabha
Published: December 2019

Climate negotiations do not occur only under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Increasingly, the climate arena resembles a ‘regime complex’, with sub-negotiations in different forums and under different rules. This chapter provides insights into two such important negotiations: limits on hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol; and a global market-based measures approach on aviation emissions. The chapter’s central focus is on the in-country analysis and consultations in recent years, which allowed for a more proactive—rather than merely defensive—approach to the HFC (and partly aviation) negotiations. Notable was India’s departure from its usual negotiation style during such processes, particularly in the former, including on key issues such as differentiation. The deals could not have been possible if India had not made sense of the science, the technological alternatives, the interests of varied groups, and the economic impact of alternative options on its own terms.
From Margins to Mainstream?
Authors: Dubash Navroz K. , Jogesh Anu
Published: December 2019

In 2009, the Government of India requested states to develop State Action Plans on Climate Change. Based on a detailed analysis of five state climate plans, this article finds that climate plans provide an important institutional platform to mainstream concerns of environmental sustainability into development planning but fail to update ideas of sustainability to include climate resilience. There are shortcomings in approach, process, formulation of outcomes, and implementation efforts. These shortcomings are united by a common thread—a tendency to prematurely view state climate plans as vehicles for generating implementable actions, rather than an opportunity to redirect development towards climate resilience. However, if state plans are viewed as the beginning of a complex process of updating sustainable development planning rather than as an end in themselves, they provide a foundation upon which climate concerns can be more effectively mainstreamed in local development planning.
Climate Finance
Authors: Mandal Koyel Kumar
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on the evolution of the concept of climate finance in India, reviews India’s current efforts at mobilizing finance for mitigation and adaptation from various sources, analyses the major drivers behind the flow of such funds, and discusses institutional arrangements around climate finance and their implications. The chapter also discusses the difficulties in estimating India’s climate finance flow and needs, driven in part by lack of clarity on what counts as climate finance. Although India has been able to leverage funds from a variety of sources, the quantum of funds is inadequate, given the large requirements. The key challenge will be to coordinate these multiple actors and channels of climate finance, and enable them to integrate with larger policy processes in order to secure and deliver climate finance that serves India’s interests and is truly transformational in its impact.
The Rise of Libraries in Western Asia, c.2600–2300 BCE
Authors: Zand Kamran Vincent
Published: December 2019

The chapter compares the find-spots of lexical and literary texts from three different places: Shuruppag and Tell Abu Salabikh in Mesopotamia and Ebla situated in modern-day Syria. In Shuruppag and Ebla lexical and literary texts have been found in official buildings of the ruling elite, also combination with a massive amount of administrative texts. It can be seen that lexical and literary texts were produced, kept, and transmitted by scribes in the context of the administration of the different cities. They played therefore not only an important role in transmission and mastery of the cuneiform writing system, the main administrative tool. Their importance for the elites resulted in the development of a network of knowledge that spread Mesopotamian myths and lore over the Near East in the third millennium BCE.
Libraries in Syria and the Levant in the Late Bronze Age, c.1450–1100 BCE
Authors: Rutz Matthew
Published: December 2019

Syria and the southern Levant has a long and rich epigraphic tradition that was rediscovered in the last century through archaeological excavation. Written remains stretching from the Bronze Age (Ebla, Mari, Alalakh, Ugarit, and Emar) down into the Roman period (Qumran) provide ample evidence for the collecting of literary texts, broadly conceived, and the formation of ancient libraries. This survey gives an overview of the archaeological distribution of what modern scholarship has termed ‘libraries’ and considers the chronological, geographic, and textual depth of the data from the region as whole. It then considers the principal case studies from ancient Syria and the Levant—cuneiform libraries from the north Syrian sites of Ugarit and Emar dating to the last centuries of the second millennium BCE.
Libraries in Ancient Egypt, c.1600–800 BCE
Authors: Hagen Fredrik
Published: December 2019

The chapter surveys the evidence for ancient Egyptian libraries during the period 1600–800 BCE. It looks at both private and institutional libraries, defined as collections of papyri with literary texts, with a notable focus on archaeological context, and the use and materiality of manuscripts. Given the paucity of archaeological remains of temple and palace libraries, many indirect sources play a key role in the analysis, including book labels, administrative titles, and patterns of transmission for literary texts. Private libraries are better attested, and here the main groups are described with a particular focus on their importance for reconstructing the circulation and reception of literature. Finally, the chapter includes a rare case study where an historical individual and his family can be identified as the owners of a private library.
Libraries from Late Period and Graeco-Roman Egypt, c.800 BCE–250 CE
Authors: Kim Ryholt
Published: December 2019

This chapter is a survey of collections of literary texts from Late Period and Graeco-Roman Egypt, c.750 BCE–250 CE, effectively the last millennium of the ancient Egyptian culture. Examples of different forms of collections are described and discussed in detail: temple libraries and private libraries, as well as groups of literary texts found in tombs, in rubbish dumps, in waste paper collections, and re-used in cartonnage. The texts include narratives, wisdom instructions, science (esp. divination and medicine), and cultic texts (esp. ritual guidelines, religious treatises, and hymns). Additional paragraphs concern the use of master copies, different types of storage, the abduction of libraries, and the so-called House of Life.
There’s Nothing Broken. You’ve Had a Whiplash, That’s It: A Qualitative Study of Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Whiplash Associated Disorders
Authors: Ravn Sophie Lykkegaard , Eskildsen Nanna Bjerg , Johnsen Anna Thit , Sterling Michele , Andersen Tonny Elmose
Published: December 2019

Background

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are common in chronic Whiplash associated disorders (WAD) and have been found to be associated with higher levels of pain and disability. Theoretical frameworks have suggested that PTSD and pain not only coexist, but also mutually maintain one another. Although the comorbidity has been subject to increasing quantitative research, patients’ experiences of the comorbidity and symptom interaction remain largely uninvestigated using qualitative methods.

Objective

The present study set out to explore the potential relationship of PTSD and pain in people with WAD and properly assessed PTSD after motor vehicle accidents.

Methods

A qualitative explorative study of eight individual face-to-face semistructured interviews were conducted. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and analyzed using framework analysis.

Results

Through the analysis, we developed three overarching themes. The first theme illustrated the complex and burdensome comorbidity with overlapping and transdiagnostic symptoms, whereas the second theme highlighted how several circumstances, some related to the health care system, could extend and amplify the traumatic response. The final theme illustrated symptom associations and interactions, particularly between pain and PTSD, both supporting and rejecting parts of the mutual maintenance framework.

Conclusions

These findings underlined the great complexity and variability of the comorbidity and the traumatic event, but also emphasized how experiences of psyche and soma seem closely connected in these patients. The results provide support for the importance of thorough assessment by multidisciplinary teams, minimizing distress post-injury, and a critical approach to the idea of mutual maintenance between pain and PTSD.
Group Differences Between Countries and Between Languages in Pain-Related Beliefs, Coping, and Catastrophizing in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sharma Saurab , Ferreira-Valente Alexandra , de C. Williams Amanda C , Abbott J Haxby , Pais-Ribeiro José , Jensen Mark P
Published: December 2019

Objective

To evaluate the extent to which pain-related beliefs, appraisals, coping, and catastrophizing differ between countries, language groups, and country economy.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

Two independent reviewers searched 15 databases without restriction for date or language of publication. Studies comparing pain beliefs/appraisals, coping, or catastrophizing across two or more countries or language groups in adults with chronic pain (pain for longer than three months) were included. Two independent reviewers extracted data and performed the quality appraisal. Study quality was rated as low, moderate, or high using a 10-item modified STROBE checklist. Effect sizes were reported as small (0.20–0.49), medium (0.50–0.79), or large (≥0.80).

Results

We retrieved 1,365 articles, read 42 potential full texts, and included 10 (four moderate-quality, six low-quality) studies. A total of 6,797 adults with chronic pain (33% with chronic low back pain) were included from 16 countries. Meta-analysis was not performed because of heterogeneity in the studies. A total of 103 effect sizes were computed for individual studies, some of which indicated between-country differences in pain beliefs, coping, and catastrophizing. Of these, the majority of effect sizes for pain beliefs/appraisal (60%; eight large, eight medium, and eight small), for coping (60%; seven large, 11 medium, and 16 small), and for catastrophizing (50%; two medium, one small) evidenced statistically significant between-country differences, although study quality was low to moderate.

Conclusions

In 50% or more of the studies, mean scores in the measures of pain beliefs and appraisals, coping responses, and catastrophizing were significantly different between people from different countries.