bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for the Synthesis of Pyridine and Pyrido(3,4‐d)pyridazine Derivatives.
Authors: BARLUENGA J. , IGLESIAS M. J. , GOTOR V.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the iminohydrazones (I) with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (II) yields the 2‐pyridones (III) which cyclize on treatment with acids or bases to form the pyridopyridazine derivatives (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Hypoglycemic Activity of Substituted 3‐(Substituted‐Arylcarbiminoacetyl)aminomethyl‐4(3H)‐quinazolones.
Authors: AGARWAL V. R. , NAUTIYAL S. R. , MUKERJI D. D.
Published: May 2016

Several new 3‐aminomethylquinazolones (V) were synthesized by known methods and screened for their hypoglycemic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New 1,2,3‐Triazin‐4‐ones as Potential Anti‐Depressants.
Authors: FERRAND G. , DUMAS H. , DEPIN J.‐C. , CHAVERNAC G.
Published: May 2016

A series of ca. 30 new triazinones such as (III) and (VI)‐(VIII) is prepared by methods similar to those shown for (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1‐Bis(dipropylborylmethyl)ethylene ‐ a New Reagent for Allylboration.
Authors: BUBNOV YU. N. , GRUSKII M. E. , PERSHIN D. G.
Published: May 2016

The isobutylene dianion, generated in situ from isobutylene (I), reacts with dipropylboryl chloride (II) to give the title compound (III) which reacts with the ketones (IV), producing the bishomoallyl alcohols (V) after oxidation and hydrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Arbuzov Rearrangement of Alkoxy‐ and Chloro‐Substituted Methylphosphonites.
Authors: LIVANTSOV M. V. , PRISHCHENKO A. A. , LUTSENKO I. F.
Published: May 2016

Arbuzov rearrangement of the phosphonites (I) on treatment with the iodides (II) leads to the formation of the phosphinates (III) as main product, together with the phosphinates (IV) and (V) as by‐products.
ChemInform Abstract: New Octahedral Thiolato Complexes of Divalent Nickel: Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of (Et4N)(Ni(SC5H4N)3) and (Ph4P)(Ni(SC4H3N2)3)·CH3CN.
Authors: ROSENFIELD S. G. , BERENDS H. P. , GELMINI L. , STEPHAN D. W. , MASCHARAK P. K.
Published: May 2016

Reactions of the tetrachloronickelates (I) with the generated in situ thiolate of pyrimidine‐2‐thiol (II) or with the preformed thiolate (IV) afford the distorted octahedral thiolato complexes (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclometalated Complexes of Platinum(II): Homoleptic Compounds with Aromatic C,N Ligands.
Authors: CHASSOT L. , VON ZELEWSKY A.
Published: May 2016

The cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes (III), (V)‐(VII) are prepared by reaction of the lithiated ligands with the trans‐Pt complex (II) as demonstrated by two examples.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Naphthoquinone Derivatives. Part 4. Synthesis of 5,8‐Dihydroxy‐2‐methoxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone Derivatives. A Major Naphthoquinone Moiety of Some of Naphthoquinone Antibiotics.
Authors: TANOUE Y. , TERADA A. , TSUBOI T. , HAYASHIDA T. , TSUGE O.
Published: May 2016

The compounds (V) and (VIa) are synthesized starting from the naphthalene derivative (I) via the common intermediate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal and Molecular Structure of a Copper(II)‐Glycinehydroxamic Acid Complex.
Authors: DE MIRANDA‐PINTO C. O. B. , PANIAGO E. B. , CARVALHO S. , TABAK M. , MASCARENHAS Y. P.
Published: May 2016

The 1:2 molar reaction of Cu(II) perchlorate and glycinehydroxamic acid in aqueous solution at pH ∼8 leads to the dihydrate of the octahedral complex (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 2‐Ethoxypropanamide with Alkyl, Phenyl and Alkyl α‐Formylvinyl Ethers.
Authors: KEIKO N. A. , KUZNETSOVA T. A. , KALIKHMAN I. D. , CHUVASHOV YU. A. , VORONKOV M. G.
Published: May 2016

The title amide (II) adds to the vinyl ethers (I) to yield the corresponding adducts (III) by reaction of the vinyl group of (I).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Carbon‐Carbon Bond Forming Reaction in Indole Chemistry. C3‐Arylation and Alkylation with Phenyl(β‐indolyl)iodonium Trifluoroacetate.
Authors: MORIARTY R. M. , KU Y. Y. , SULTANA M. , TUNCAY A.
Published: May 2016

Indole (I) reacts with iodosylbenzene diacetate (II) to give the iodonium trifluoroacetate (IV) via the intermediate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanoid Tellurates Ln2TeO6.
Authors: TROEMEL M. + , HUETZLER F. W. + , BURCKHARDT H.‐G. , PLATTE CHR. , MUENCH E. +
Published: May 2016

Powders of Ln2TeO6 (Ln: La‐Yb, except Ce and Pm) have been obtained by annealing equimolar mixtures of Ln2O3 and TeO2 (preannealing at 600‐800 °C, 900 °C, 16‐24 °C, for Pr: Pr6O11:TeO2 = 1:3).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Mapping of an Unsymmetrical Chemically Modified Cyclodextrin by High‐Field NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: SPENCER C. M. , STODDART J. F. , ZARZYCKI R.
Published: May 2016

Samples of 2,6‐per‐O‐methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, prepared according to literature procedures, are shown to be less than 70% pure.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies Related to Penicillins. Part 23. Preparation of the N‐Phenylacetyl and N‐Triphenylmethyl Derivatives of (3R,4R)‐3‐Amino‐4‐t‐butylthioazetidin‐2‐one.
Authors: CORBETT D. F. , KAURA A. C. , MAYCOCK C. D. , STOODLEY R. J.
Published: May 2016

Addition of HOBr (generated in situ) to the diazabicycloheptenone (I) gives the bromohydrin (III) which is partially converted into a mixture of the compounds (IV) and (V), but all attempts to isolate (V) are without avail.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Hemiacetal Vinylogues and Their Synthetic Equivalents with Heterocyclic Enol Ethers.
Authors: POIRIER J.‐M. , DUJARDIN G.
Published: May 2016

The heterocyclic enol ethers (I) are coupled with the hydroxy enol ethers (II) in the presence of boron trifluoride to give the acetals (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Cyclamphosphane Sulfide and Selenide.
Authors: BOUVIER F. , DUPART J. M.
Published: May 2016

Cyclamphosphorane (I) which equilibrates with the tautomer (II) reacts with sulfur in toluene to give the cyclamphosphane sulfide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Elemental Sulfur with Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)vanadium Derivatives: Disulfido and μ‐Sulfido Complexes. Crystal Structures of (V(η‐C5Me5)2(S2)) and (V2(η‐C5Me5)2Cl2(μ‐S)2).
Authors: FLORIANI C. , GAMBAROTTA S. , CHIESI‐VILLA A. , GUASTINI C.
Published: May 2016

Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)V (I) reacts with S8 (II) forming the paramagnetic disulfido derivative (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Organouranium Compounds with Tetracyanoethylene and 7,7,8,8‐Tetracyanoquinodimethane.
Authors: ROSSETTO G. , BRIANESE N. , OSSOLA F. , PORCHIA M. , ZANELLA P. , SOSTERO S.
Published: May 2016

The U(IV) complexes (I) react in toluene solution with the cyano compounds (II) and (IV) by addition of the olefins into the U‐X bond to give the new uranium keteniminates (III) and (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Polynuclear Metal Complexes with Bridging Carbene or Carbyne Ligands. Part 64. Addition of Methylene Groups to Iron‐Molybdenum Complexes; Crystal Structures of (FeMo(μ‐CH2)(.mu±sigma.:η‐C(C6H4Me‐4)=CH2)(CO)5(η‐C5H5)) and (FeMo(μ‐C(C6H4Me‐4)C(OMe)C(H))(CO)5(η‐C5H5)).
Authors: GARCIA M. E. , HOA TRAN‐HUY N. , JEFFERY J. C. , SHERWOOD P. , STONE F. G. A.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of the MoFe complex (Ia) with an excess of CH2N2 (II) at ambient temp. affords the title complex (IIIa), however at ca. ‐40 °C the second title complex (IVa) is formed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual C‐7 Ortho Ester from 6‐epi‐Gibberellin A13. X‐Ray Molecular Structure of Gibberellene C‐7 Ortho Ester.
Authors: FRAGA B. M. , GONZALEZ‐COLLADO I. , HERNANDEZ M. G. , TELLADO F. G. , PERALES A. A.
Published: May 2016

Methanolysis of the compound (II) according to A) furnishes the C‐7 ortho ester (III) (X‐ray analysis: space group P212121; Z=4) as major product instead of the expected C‐19 ortho ester (I).
Critical Generation Evaluation Using Hybrid Energy Function Method
Authors: TANAKA KAZUYUKI , KAWABE KENICHI
Published: May 2016

It is well known that the transient energy function (TEF) method is useful for an efficient transient stability assessment as represented by the estimation of the critical clearing time (CCT). However, there still remains an issue for practical use: most of the TEF methods adopt the classical model of a synchronous machine in which the internally generated voltage is assumed to be constant. Moreover, critical generated output can be a more practical stability index instead of the CCT used in the conventional TEF methods. In this paper, a conventional hybrid TEF method is developed in order to estimate the transient stable critical generated power by using an improved hybrid simulation. The proposed method can handle the detailed model for a synchronous machine and can estimate the critical generated power with higher accuracy. Experimental results for a large network model are given in order to verify the practicability of the proposed method.
Cover Picture: Electro‐optic switching with liquid crystal graphene (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 5/2016)
Authors: Kim Min Jae , Park Ji Hyun , Yamamoto Jun , Kim Youn Sang , Scalia Giusy
Published: May 2016

No abstract is available for this article.
Back Cover: Correlation between diode polarization and resistive switching polarity in Pt/TiO2/Pt memristive device (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 5/2016)
Authors: Gao Ligang , Hoskins Brian , Strukov Dmitri
Published: May 2016

No abstract is available for this article.
Dehydrogenation of icosahedral carborane anions via gas‐phase collisional activation
Authors: Hamdy Omar M. , Pham Huong T. , McArthur Scott G. , Lavallo Vincent , Julian Ryan R.
Published: May 2016

Rationale

The icosahedral carborane anion HCB11H11–1 is well known for its exceptional stability in solution and the solid state, but the gas‐phase properties of this molecule have not previously been explored.

Methods

Electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry, collisional activation, and isotopic labelling were used to examine the formation and reaction pathways of covalent and noncovalent carborane clusters.

Results

Covalent attachment of an amino group to the C‐vertex of HCB11H11–1 dramatically alters its stability in the gas phase. Interestingly, covalently bound carborane dimers are produced during electrospray ionization. Subsequent collisional activation of these dimers leads to facile hydrogen losses (7 H2 molecules). The loss of H2 does not follow a stochastic pattern, but occurs preferentially by loss of 3 H2, followed by loss of 2 H2 and then another 2 H2 molecules.

Conclusions

This study provides insight into new possible modes of B–H activation and functionalization in carborane cages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermally Oxidized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks for High Volumetric Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Liu Tianyuan , Davijani Amir A. Bakhtiary , Sun Jingying , Chen Shuo , Kumar Satish , Lee Seung Woo
Published: May 2016

Improving volumetric energy density is one of the major challenges in nanostructured carbon electrodes for electrochemical energy storage device applications. Herein, a simple hydrothermal oxidation process of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks in dilute nitric acid is reported, enabling simultaneous physical densification and chemical functionalization of the as‐assembled randomly‐packed SWNT films. After the hydrothermal oxidation process, the density of the SWNT films increases from 0.63 to 1.02 g cm−3 and a considerable amount of redox‐active oxygen functional groups are introduced on the surface of the SWNTs. The functionalized SWNT films are used as positive electrodes against Li metal negative electrodes for potential Li‐ion capacitors or Li‐ion battery applications. The functionalized SWNT electrodes deliver high volumetric as well as gravimetric capacities, 154 Ah L−1 and 152 mAh g−1, respectively, owing to the surface redox reactions between the introduced oxygen functional groups and Li ions. In addition, these electrodes exhibit a remarkable rate‐capability by retaining its high capacity of 94 Ah L−1 (92 mAh g−1) at a high discharge rate of 10 A g−1. These results demonstrate the simple hydrothermal oxidation process as an attractive strategy for improving the volumetric performance of nanostructured carbon electrodes.
Diagnostik von Binde- und Hornhauterkrankungen
Authors: Spaniol K. , Guthoff R. , Schrader S. , Borrelli M. , Kajasi N. , Schramm M. , Geerling G.
Published: May 2016

Zytologische und histologische Methoden sind vergleichsweise selten eingesetzte, aber wichtige Hilfsmittel bei der Diagnostik von Erkrankungen der Bindehaut und Hornhaut. Die Impressionszytologie bzw. mit Bürsten gewonnene zytologische Abstriche der Konjunktiva sind einfach durchzuführen, kostengünstig und effizient. Als nicht invasive Verfahren stellen sie nur geringe Anforderungen an die Patientencompliance und das manuelle Geschick des Untersuchers. Sie können rasch in Tropfanästhesie durchgeführt und bei Bedarf problemlos wiederholt werden. Ein weiteres Mittel stellt die histologische Untersuchung dar, die im Regelfall zwar eine lokale Betäubung und Exzision erfordert, aber auch eine höhere diagnostische Aussagekraft besitzt.
Theory, Methodology and Pynchon: What Matter Who’s Speaking?
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: May 2016

The writings of Thomas Pynchon have spawned more critical commentary than almost any other American author of the last fifty years. Pynchon’s texts are perhaps most famed for their ‘difficulty and apparent unfriendliness’, as works that require, as Inger H. Dalsgaard, Luc Herman and Brian McHale put it, ‘a collective enterprise of reading wherein none of us could succeed without the help of the others’.1 Among the interpretative toolkits that come in for a hard time in Pynchon’s writing, though, perhaps none are so disparaged and under-attempted as those of philosophy and theory.
Humanities and Public Policy
Authors: Holm Poul , Jarrick Arne , Scott Dominic
Published: May 2016

This chapter deals with the interaction of the humanities with the political system. How do humanities representatives argue the case for the humanities, and what do political systems expect of the humanities? We shall examine various policy documents, such as national reports and international research programmes designed by non-academic bodies. The aim is to identify how humanities’ interests are being voiced and promoted and what the regional characteristics of the public role of the humanities are. We concentrate on US and EU cases specifically but will make some observations on other regions for contrast. The information for US, EU, China and India is drawn from our own desk research, while information for other regions is based on country reports for the EU METRIS project.
Lattice model for biaxial and uniaxial nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Sauerwein Ricardo A. , de Oliveira Mário J.
Published: May 2016

We use a lattice gas model to describe the phase transitions in nematic liquid crystals. The phase diagram displays, in addition to the isotropic phase, the two uniaxial nematics, the rod-like and discotic nematics, and the biaxial nematic. Each site of the lattice has a constituent unit that takes only six orientations and is understood as being a parallelepiped brick with the three axes distinct. The possible orientations of a brick are those in which its axes are parallel to the axes of a Cartesian reference frame. The analysis of the model is performed by the use of a mean-field approximation and a Landau expansion of the free energy.
Multi-region approach to free-boundary three-dimensional tokamak equilibria and resistive wall instabilities
Authors: Ferraro N. M. , Jardin S. C. , Lao L. L. , Shephard M. S. , Zhang F.
Published: May 2016

Free-boundary 3D tokamak equilibria and resistive wall instabilities are calculated using a new resistive wall model in the two-fluid M3D-C1 code. In this model, the resistive wall and surrounding vacuum region are included within the computational domain. This implementation contrasts with the method typically used in fluid codes in which the resistive wall is treated as a boundary condition on the computational domain boundary and has the advantage of maintaining purely local coupling of mesh elements. This new capability is used to simulate perturbed, free-boundary non-axisymmetric equilibria; the linear evolution of resistive wall modes; and the linear and nonlinear evolution of axisymmetric vertical displacement events (VDEs). Calculated growth rates for a resistive wall mode with arbitrary wall thickness are shown to agree well with the analytic theory. Equilibrium and VDE calculations are performed in diverted tokamak geometry, at physically realistic values of dissipation, and with resistive walls of finite width. Simulations of a VDE disruption extend into the current-quench phase, in which the plasma becomes limited by the first wall, and strong currents are observed to flow in the wall, in the SOL, and from the plasma to the wall.
Negative-ion surface production in hydrogen plasmas: Determination of the negative-ion energy and angle distribution function using mass spectrometry
Authors: Dubois J. P. J. , Achkasov K. , Kogut D. , Ahmad A. , Layet J. M. , Simonin A. , Cartry G.
Published: May 2016

This work focuses on the understanding of the production mechanism of negative-ions on surface in low pressure plasmas of H2/D2. The negative ions are produced on a Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite sample negatively biased with respect to plasma potential. The negative ions created under the positive ion bombardment are accelerated towards the plasma, self-extracted, and detected according to their energy and mass by a mass spectrometer placed in front of the sample. The shape of the measured Negative-Ion Energy Distribution Function (NIEDF) strongly differs from the NIEDF of the ions emitted by the sample because of the limited acceptance angle of the mass spectrometer. To get information on the production mechanisms, we propose a method to obtain the distribution functions in energy and angle (NIEADFs) of the negative-ions emitted by the sample. It is based on an a priori determination of the NIEADF and on an a posteriori validation of the choice by comparison of the modelled and experimental NIEDFs.
Diffraction inspired unidirectional and bidirectional beam splitting in defect-containing photonic structures without interface corrugations
Authors: Colak Evrim , Serebryannikov Andriy E. , Usik P. V. , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: May 2016

It is shown that strong diffractions and related dual-beam splitting can be obtained at transmission through the nonsymmetric structures that represent two slabs of photonic crystal (PhC) separated by a single coupled-cavity type defect layer, while there are no grating-like corrugations at the interfaces. The basic operation regimes include unidirectional and bidirectional splitting that occur due to the dominant contribution of the first positive and first negative diffraction orders to the transmission, which is typically connected with different manifestations of the asymmetric transmission phenomenon. Being the main component of the resulting transmission mechanism, diffractions appear owing to the effect exerted by the defect layer that works like an embedded diffractive element. Two mechanisms can co-exist in one structure, which differ, among others, in that whether dispersion allows coupling of zero order to a wave propagating in the regular, i.e., defect-free PhC segments or not. The possibility of strong diffractions and efficient splitting related to it strongly depend on the dispersion properties of the Floquet-Bloch modes of the PhC. Existence of one of the studied transmission scenarios is not affected by location of the defect layer.
Atomic density effects on temperature characteristics and thermal transport at grain boundaries through a proper bin size selection
Authors: Vo Truong Quoc , Barisik Murat , Kim BoHung
Published: May 2016

This study focuses on the proper characterization of temperature profiles across grain boundaries (GBs) in order to calculate the correct interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) and reveal the influence of GB geometries onto thermal transport. The solid-solid interfaces resulting from the orientation difference between the (001), (011), and (111) copper surfaces were investigated. Temperature discontinuities were observed at the boundary of grains due to the phonon mismatch, phonon backscattering, and atomic forces between dissimilar structures at the GBs. We observed that the temperature decreases gradually in the GB area rather than a sharp drop at the interface. As a result, three distinct temperature gradients developed at the GB which were different than the one observed in the bulk solid. This behavior extends a couple molecular diameters into both sides of the interface where we defined a thickness at GB based on the measured temperature profiles for characterization. Results showed dependence on the selection of the bin size used to average the temperature data from the molecular dynamics system. The bin size on the order of the crystal layer spacing was found to present an accurate temperature profile through the GB. We further calculated the GB thickness of various cases by using potential energy (PE) distributions which showed agreement with direct measurements from the temperature profile and validated the proper binning. The variation of grain crystal orientation developed different molecular densities which were characterized by the average atomic surface density (ASD) definition. Our results revealed that the ASD is the primary factor affecting the structural disorders and heat transfer at the solid-solid interfaces. Using a system in which the planes are highly close-packed can enhance the probability of interactions and the degree of overlap between vibrational density of states (VDOS) of atoms forming at interfaces, leading to a reduced ITR. Thus, an accurate understanding of thermal characteristics at the GB can be formulated by selecting a proper bin size.
A moment-convergence method for stochastic analysis of biochemical reaction networks
Authors: Zhang Jiajun , Nie Qing , Zhou Tianshou
Published: May 2016

Traditional moment-closure methods need to assume that high-order cumulants of a probability distribution approximate to zero. However, this strong assumption is not satisfied for many biochemical reaction networks. Here, we introduce convergent moments (defined in mathematics as the coefficients in the Taylor expansion of the probability-generating function at some point) to overcome this drawback of the moment-closure methods. As such, we develop a new analysis method for stochastic chemical kinetics. This method provides an accurate approximation for the master probability equation (MPE). In particular, the connection between low-order convergent moments and rate constants can be more easily derived in terms of explicit and analytical forms, allowing insights that would be difficult to obtain through direct simulation or manipulation of the MPE. In addition, it provides an accurate and efficient way to compute steady-state or transient probability distribution, avoiding the algorithmic difficulty associated with stiffness of the MPE due to large differences in sizes of rate constants. Applications of the method to several systems reveal nontrivial stochastic mechanisms of gene expression dynamics, e.g., intrinsic fluctuations can induce transient bimodality and amplify transient signals, and slow switching between promoter states can increase fluctuations in spatially heterogeneous signals. The overall approach has broad applications in modeling, analysis, and computation of complex biochemical networks with intrinsic noise.
The radiofrequency magnetic dipole discharge
Authors: Martines E. , Zuin M. , Marcante M. , Cavazzana R. , Fassina A. , Spolaore M.
Published: May 2016

This paper describes a novel and simple concept of plasma source, which is able to produce a radiofrequency magnetized discharge with minimal power requirements. The source is based on the magnetron concept and uses a permanent magnet as an active electrode. The dipolar field produced by the magnet confines the electrons, which cause further ionization, thus producing a toroidally shaped plasma in the equatorial region around the electrode. A plasma can be ignited with such scheme with power levels as low as 5 W. Paschen curves have been built for four different working gases, showing that in Helium or Neon, plasma breakdown is easily obtained also at atmospheric pressure. The plasma properties have been measured using a balanced Langmuir probe, showing that the electron temperature is around 3–4 eV and higher in the cathode proximity. Plasma densities of the order of 1016 m−3 have been obtained, with a good positive scaling with applied power. Overall, the electron pressure appears to be strongly correlated with the magnetic field magnitude in the measurement point.
Towards observation of pseudo-magnetic fields in suspended graphene devices
Authors: Downs C. S. C. , Usher A. , Martin J.
Published: May 2016

We exploit the difference in the thermal contraction coefficients within a device structure to create the strain patterns required to generate a homogeneous pseudo-magnetic field in a suspended graphene membrane. The interplay between supported and suspended metallic contacts creates deformations upon cooling, producing the desired non-uniform strain in the graphene membrane. This work can easily be adapted to produce other strain configurations, providing a route to strain engineering the electrical properties of graphene and other two-dimensional crystals, an area with a large body of theoretical work, but thus far little experimental progress.
Band offset at the heterojunction interfaces of CdS/ZnSnP2, ZnS/ZnSnP2, and In2S3/ZnSnP2
Authors: Nakatsuka Shigeru , Nose Yoshitaro , Shirai Yasuharu
Published: May 2016

Heterojunctions were formed between ZnSnP2 and buffer materials, CdS, ZnS, and In2S3, using chemical bath deposition. The band offset was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy based on Kraut method. The conduction band offset, ΔEC, between ZnSnP2 and CdS was estimated to be −1.2 eV, which significantly limits the open circuit voltage, VOC. Conversely, ΔEC at the heterojunction between ZnSnP2 and ZnS was +0.3 eV, which is within the optimal offset range. In the case of In2S3, ΔEC was a relatively small value, −0.2 eV, and In2S3 is potentially useful as a buffer layer in ZnSnP2 solar cells. The J−V characteristics of heterojunction diodes with an Al/sulfides/ZnSnP2 bulk/Mo structure also suggested that ZnS and In2S3 are promising candidates for buffer layers in ZnSnP2 thin film solar cells, and the band alignment is a key factor for the higher efficiency of solar cells with heterojunctions.
Modulating the band gap of a boron nitride bilayer with an external electric field for photocatalyst
Authors: Tang Y. R. , Zhang Y. , Cao J. X.
Published: May 2016

By virtue of first principle calculations, we propose an approach to reduce the band gap of layered semiconductors through the application of external electric fields for photocatalysis. As a typical example, the band gap of a boron nitride (BN) bilayer was reduced in the range from 4.45 eV to 0.3 eV by varying the external electric field strength. More interestingly, it is found that the uppermost valence band and the lowest conduction band are dominated by the N-pz and B-pz from different layers of the BN sheet, which suggests a wonderful photoexcited electron and hole separation system for photocatalysis. Our results imply that the strong external electric field can present an abrupt polarized surface.
Self-selection effects and modulation of TaOx resistive switching random access memory with bottom electrode of highly doped Si
Authors: Yu Muxi , Fang Yichen , Wang Zongwei , Pan Yue , Li Ming , Cai Yimao , Huang Ru
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we propose a TaOx resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) device with operation-polarity-dependent self-selection effect by introducing highly doped silicon (Si) electrode, which is promising for large-scale integration. It is observed that with highly doped Si as the bottom electrode (BE), the RRAM devices show non-linear (>103) I-V characteristic during negative Forming/Set operation and linear behavior during positive Forming/Set operation. The underling mechanisms for the linear and non-linear behaviors at low resistance states of the proposed device are extensively investigated by varying operation modes, different metal electrodes, and Si doping type. Experimental data and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the operation-polarity-dependent self-selection effect in our devices originates from the Schottky barrier between the TaOx layer and the interfacial SiOx formed by reaction between highly doped Si BE and immigrated oxygen ions in the conductive filament area.
Cold pulse and rotation reversals with turbulence spreading and residual stress
Authors: Hariri F. , Naulin V. , Juul Rasmussen J. , Xu G. S. , Yan N.
Published: May 2016

Transport modeling based on inclusion of turbulence spreading and residual stresses shows internal rotation reversals and polarity reversal of cold pulses, with a clear indication of nonlocal transport effects due to fast spreading in the turbulence intensity field. The effects of turbulence spreading and residual stress are calculated from the gradient of the turbulence intensity. In the model presented in this paper, the flux is carried by the turbulence intensity field, which in itself is subject to radial transport effects. The pulse polarity inversion and the rotation profile reversal positions are close to the radial location of the stable/unstable transition. Both effects have no direct explanation within the framework of classical transport modeling, where the fluxes are related directly to the linear growth rates, the turbulence intensity profile is not considered and the corresponding residual stress is absent. Our simulations are in qualitative agreement with measurements from ohmically heated plasmas. Rotation reversal at a finite radius is found in situations not displaying saturated confinement, which we identify as situations where the plasma is nearly everywhere unstable. As an additional and new effect, the model predicts a perturbation of the velocity profile following a cold pulse from the edge. This allows direct experimental confirmation of both the existence of residual stress caused by turbulence intensity profiles and fundamental ideas of transport modeling presented here.
Freezing and melting equations for the n-6 Lennard-Jones systems
Authors: Khrapak Sergey A. , Ning Ning
Published: May 2016

We generalize previous approach of Khrapak and Morfill [J. Chem. Phys. 134, 094108 (2011)] to construct simple and sufficiently accurate freezing and melting equations for the conventional Lennard-Jones (LJ) system to n-6 LJ systems, using the accurate results for the triple points of these systems published by Sousa et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 136, 174502 (2012)].
Observing and managing seascapes: linking synoptic oceanography, ecological processes, and geospatial modelling
Authors: Hidalgo Manuel , Secor David H. , Browman Howard I.
Published: May 2016

The capacity to observe, retrieve, and model the physiographical and hydrographical features of the sea (i.e. seascapes) has surpassed our ability to integrate this information into the assessment and stewardship of marine ecosystems. However, current marine policy that mandates integrated ecosystem assessments demands temporally intensive and spatially extensive predictions of key populations and ecosystem processes and services, particularly those related to habitat use and distribution. In this sense, seascape ecology represents an operational linkage between basic oceanography and applied ecology and management that embraces spatially explicit models of the dynamic distributions of populations, communities and foodwebs through a joint consideration of observational data and ecological processes. For these reasons, the ICES Journal of Marine Science solicited contributions to the article theme set, “Frontiers in seascape ecology”. In this introduction, we present current concepts and developments in seascape ecology, briefly summarize the 10 articles that appear herein, and discuss the most relevant challenges to this nascent discipline. The contributions included in this theme set illustrate the growing relevance of seascape ecology in the multidisciplinary management of marine ecosystems.
Writing the Relationship: Ethnographer‐Informant Interactions in the New Media Era
Authors: Modan Gabriella
Published: May 2016

With the ever‐increasing accessibility of new communications media, there has been growing discussion among ethnographers about how new media data such as e‐mails, SMS/texts, blogs, news article comment sections, or community group websites have impacted the practice of ethnography. Generally, questions center around the characteristics of the data itself. Less often discussed is the effect of new communications media on relationships between ethnographers and members of the communities they study.

This article explores what happens when social media becomes a channel through which researchers interact with informants both during fieldwork and between fieldsite visits. I examine how new formats of quick and often casual written communication influence the development of ethnographer–informant relationships over time. These technologies make contact with some informants (but not others) easier and more frequent, and, particularly because they bring written language into a relationship that often privileges spoken interaction, they may allow different facets of identity to emerge, reconfigure a researcher's network of relationships in the fieldsite, or change the personal‐professional divide.
Transient liver elastography in unsedated control children: Impact of age and intercurrent illness
Authors: Lewindon Peter J , Balouch Fariha , Pereira Tamara N , Puertolas‐Lopez Mora V , Noble Charlton , Wixey Julie A , Ramm Grant A
Published: May 2016

Aim

Transient elastography (TE) is a rapid, non‐invasive, reproducible assessment of liver fibrosis by liver stiffness measurement (LSM). Uncertainty remains regarding utility in children, unsedated and <6 years of age. The importance of general health at the time of study has not been addressed. We report our experience of TE in unsedated control children, impact of intercurrent illness and using new published reliability criteria.

Methods

From April 2011 to March 2013, 173 studies were performed in unsedated, healthy control children and children with intercurrent illness without detectable liver disease presenting to the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. LSM reliability was assessed using interquartile range/median (IQR/M ≤ 30%) of 10 valid measurements.

Results

A total of 123 (F:M, 52:71) of 173 studies (71.1%) gave reliable results. In children 0–2 years reliability was 36%, and >2 years reliable results were obtained in ~80%. LSM increased with age; 0–2 years (3.5 ± 0.5 kPa), 3–5 years (3.8 ± 0.3 kPa) and 6–11 years (4.1 ± 0.2 kPa) with healthy older children 12–18 years similar to adults (4.5 ± 0.2 kPa). LSM did not vary with gender (female, 4.5 ± 0.2 vs. male, 4.8 ± 0.2 kPa). Children with intercurrent, non‐hepatological illnesses had higher LSM (5.2 ± 0.2 kPa (range, 2.8–11.1 kPa)) compared to healthy children ((4.1 ± 0.1 kPa, range, 2.1–6.3 kPa); P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

TE in unsedated children is feasible from infancy but most reliable after 2 years. Intercurrent illness increases LSM; hence, study context is important when interpreting results.
Actinomycosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation despite penicillin prophylaxis
Authors: Barraco F. , Labussière‐Wallet H. , Valour F. , Ducastelle‐Leprêtre S. , Nicolini F.‐E. , Thomas X. , Ferry T. , Dumitrescu O. , Michallet M. , Ader F. ,   the Lyon HEMINF Study Group
Published: May 2016

Actinomycosis is a rare chronic and multifaceted disease caused by Actinomyces species frequently mimicking malignancy or other chronic granulomatous lung diseases. We report 4 original presentations of actinomycosis arising under supposed penicillin prophylaxis in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients.
From code‐mixing to mode‐mixing in the European context
Authors: JAMES ALLAN
Published: May 2016

The paper presents four representative case studies of English in Europe influencing local language use in print advertising (Slovenia, Croatia and Italy) and social media online (Wales). For this purpose, three touristic identification displays (including brand name, slogan and logo) and one Instant Messaging conversation between teenagers are investigated, where by close linguistic and graphic analysis of the data it is shown how English serves to express the national identities of product (advertising) and person (e‐communication) projected in the texts. This is achieved by the English mediating the desired identity semiotics by both its verbal and visual properties, which generate the intended social meanings semantically via homophoric reference and intertextuality. In this way, English contacts are co‐realised with the local language as co‐text and/or context in (multilingual and) multimodal discourses where code‐mixing expands to mode‐mixing.
A Parallel Sliding-Window Generator for High-Performance Digital-Signal Processing on FPGAs
Authors: Stitt Greg , Schwartz Eric , Cooke Patrick
Published: May 2016

Sliding-window applications, an important class of the digital-signal processing domain, are highly amenable to pipeline parallelism on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Although memory bandwidth often restricts parallelism for many applications, sliding-window applications can leverage custom buffers, referred to as sliding-window generators, that provide massive input bandwidth that far exceeds the capabilities of external memory. Previous work has introduced a variety of sliding-window generators, but those approaches typically generate at most one window per cycle, which significantly restricts parallelism. In this article, we address this limitation with a parallel sliding-window generator that can generate a configurable number of windows every cycle. Although in practice the number of parallel windows is limited by memory bandwidth, we show that even with common bandwidth limitations, the presented generator enables near-linear speedups up to 16x faster than previous FPGA studies that generate a single window per cycle, which were already in some cases faster than graphics-processing units and microprocessors.
Ambulatory Activity Components Deteriorate Differently across Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Sensor-Based Study
Authors: Klenk Jochen , Srulijes Karin , Schatton Cornelia , Schwickert Lars , Maetzler Walter , Becker Clemens , Synofzik Matthis
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose: Reduced ambulatory activity is a major burden in neurodegenerative disease (NDD), leading to severe restrictions in social participation and further deterioration of motor capacities. However, objective evidence on walking behavior patterns and components underlying this impairment and its decline with disease progression is scarce for many NDDs. We aimed to unravel the detailed metrics underlying the reduced ambulatory activity in selected NDDs, and their relation to disease duration. We hypothesized that progressively reduced ambulatory activity is a feature shared across different NDDs, characterized by changes in both common and distinct components. Methods: Sixty-five subjects with NDD (n = 34 degenerative ataxia; n = 15 progressive supranuclear palsy, and n = 16 Parkinson's disease) and 38 healthy older adults (total n = 103) wore a three-axial accelerometer (activPAL3™) for 7 consecutive days. Detailed metrics of ambulatory activity were calculated. Results: The average daily walking duration was significantly decreased in all three NDDs, yet characterized by a differential pattern of changes in number and length of walking bouts and sit-to-stand transfers. Decline in walking duration progressed with increased disease duration in all three NDDs, yet at a differing rate. This decline was associated with progressive reductions in walking bout length and walking behavior pattern diversity in all three NDDs. Conclusions: These findings provide objective evidence that reduced ambulatory activity is a shared feature across different NDDs. Moreover, they reveal that several underlying walking behavior components change with increasing disease duration, yet at a differing rate in different NDDs. This indicates that metric analysis of ambulatory activity might provide ecologically relevant and disease-specific progression and outcome markers in several NDDs.
Anidulafungin-Induced Suicidal Erythrocyte Death
Authors: Peter Thomas , Bissinger Rosi , Liu Guilai , Lang Florian
Published: May 2016

Background/Aims: The novel antifungal drug Anidulafungin is used for the treatment of diverse fungal infections including candidiasis and aspergillosis. The traditional antifungal drug amphotericin B has previously been shown to trigger eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), oxidative stress, ceramide, activated protein kinase C (PKC), casein kinase 1α or p38 kinase and activated caspases. Inhibitors of eryptosis include nitric oxide (NO). The present study explored, whether Anidulafungin induces eryptosis. Methods: Flow cytometry was employed to estimate phosphatidylserine abundance at the erythrocyte surface from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from DCFDA dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance at the erythrocyte surface utilizing specific antibodies. Hemolysis was quantified by measuring haemoglobin concentration in the supernatant. Results: A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to Anidulafungin (1.5 - 6 µg/ml) significantly increased hemolysis and the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, and significantly decreased forward scatter. Anidulafungin (6 µg/ml) slightly, but significantly inceased Fluo3-fluorescence and the effect of Anidulafungin on annexin-V-binding was slightly, but significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+. The effect of Anidulafungin on annexin-V-binding was further significantly blunted by the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 (2 µM) and NO donor nitroprusside (1 µM). An increase of extracellular K+ concentration significantly blunted the effect of Anidulafungin on cell volume but not on annexin-V-binding. Anidulafungin rather decreased DCFDA fluorescence and the effect of Anidulafungin on annexin-V-binding was not significantly blunted by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (1 mM). Moreover, the effect of Anidulafungin on annexin-V-binding was not paralleled by significant increase of ceramide abundance and was not significantly blunted by PKC inhibitor staurosporine (1 µM), casein kinase 1α inhibitor D4476 (10 µM) or pancaspase inhibitor zVAD (10 µM). Conclusions: Anidulafungin triggers hemolysis and eryptosis with cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect in part due to Ca2+ entry and activation of p38 kinase.
Stimulation of Eryptosis, the Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Piceatannol
Authors: Signoretto Elena , Castagna Michela , Lang Florian
Published: May 2016

Background/Aims: Piceatannol, an analog and metabolite of resveratrol, is effective against various disorders including malignancy. It is in part effective by triggering suicidal death or apoptosis of tumor cells. Cellular mechanisms mediating the proapoptotic effect of Piceatannol include mitochondrial depolarization and cytochrome c release. Erythrocytes lack mitochondria but may nevertheless enter suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Cellular mechanisms involved in the triggering of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), oxidative stress and ceramide formation. The present study explored, whether Piceatannol induces eryptosis and, if so, to shed some light on the cellular mechanisms involved. Methods: Phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) diacetate-dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. Hemoglobin concentration in the supernatant was taken as measure of hemolysis. Results: A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to Piceatannol (10 - 20 µM) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, significantly decreased forward scatter, significantly increased DCFDA-fluorescence, significantly increased ceramide abundance, but did not significantly increase Fluo3-fluorescence. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ slightly blunted but did not abolish the effect of Piceatannol on annexin-V-binding and forward scatter. Piceatannol (20 µM) significantly augmented the increase of annexin-V-binding, but significantly blunted the decrease of forward scatter following treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. Conclusions: Piceatannol triggers cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least in part downstream of Ca2+ and involving oxidative stress and ceramide formation.
Características regionais sobre a ultra-estrutura das células principais do epitélio do ducto epididimal de Agouti paca
Authors: Orsi Antonio Marcos , Simões Karina , Machado Márcia Rita Fernandes , Domeniconi Raquel Fantin
Published: May 2016

As células principais (P) do epitélio de revestimento do epidídimo de paca foram relacionadas com processos citofisiológicos de endocitoses do tipo adsortiva e de fase fluida, respectivamente, aparentemente realizando também secreção apócrina. Essas funções foram propostas embasando-se em características de ultra-estrutura das células P, em cujos citoplasma observaram-se um expressivo número de vesículas, com diferentes formas, tamanhos e presença de conteúdo internalizado em algumas das vesículas revestidas por endomembranas, ocorrendo ainda caveolas e vesículas diminutas localizadas junto à borda apical de microvilos. Ademais, observaram-se vesículas grandes e revestidas e/ou com superfícies lisas; endossomos, e lisossomos de localização predominantemente apical. Uma via de secreção apócrina foi sugerida com base na ocorrência de expansões (protrusões), citoplasmáticas intraluminais nas células P.