bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coca y estructura cultural en los Andes peruanos
Authors: Wagner Catherine A.
Published: October 2020

En una tarde de junio de 1975, mi esposo y yo estábamos sentado con nuestro amigo, D. Cipriano B., en su casa en la pequeña Comunidad andina de Sonqo. Nosotros éramos nuevos en la Comunidad y pasábamos todavía, el largo período inicial de investigación antropológica: aprendiendo cómo comportarnos, en medio de una cultura extraña, como personas bien educadas. Estábamos todavía aprendiendo cómo saludar y despedirnos de la gente; cómo aceptar comida y comerela con naturaliad y agrado.
El rito aymara del "despacho"
Authors: Mayorga Sylvia , Palacios Félix , Samaniego Ramiro
Published: October 2020

En el presente trabajo pretendemos documentar una ceremonial ritual aymara, denominada "despacho". Para este efecto procederemos primero a presentar la etnografía correspondiente y luego analizaremos los símbolos y la ceremonia ritual, utlizando como sinónims los siguientes términos: "mesa", "pago", "ofrenda", "despacho", "alcansu", y "pagapu". Es necesario también aclarar que hemos utlizado una serie de términos kechua-aymaras cuyos significados no explicitamos porque entendemos que son ampliamente conocidos y utilizados en la literatura antropológica del área andina.
Colaboradores del presente número
Authors: Allpanchis Revista
Published: October 2020

Colaboradores del presente número.
Development and effectiveness of models of immigrant integration: The case of Austria, France and the Netherlands
Authors: Lachmanová Lenka
Published: October 2020

This paper deals with contemporary relevance of the classical typology of "integration models" in the case of Austria, France and the Netherlands. Based on the latest development in the field of integration policy, it shows great changes in integration approaches and thus queries the validity of integration typology for these countries. It tries furthermore to compare the level of integration of immigrant population in order to confront the effectiveness of different states' approaches to the process of immigrant integration.
FUNCTIONAL BANDAGE ON BIOMECHANICAL PARAMETERS IN THE KNEE
Authors:   Ramiro Marques Inchauspe and Pablo Morales Barbian
Published: October 2020

Background: Postural changes in the lower limb influencebiomechanically and functionally the other joint complexes, which may be related to myofascial dysfunctions. The functional elastic bandages seem to promote muscle activation that may go against the valgus pattern of the knee. Objective: To evaluate the acute response of the use of elastic bandages applied in the direction of the line of action of both fascial chains, valgus or varus, during a gait cycle. Methods: A descriptive case study was carried out with a young adult volunteer with genuine valgus and pronated feet. Electromyographic data were collected from the Middle Gluteal, Tensor Fascia Lata, Vasto Lateral and Vasto Medial muscles during gait at two speeds and two techniques for applying different functional bandages. The order of speeds and techniques for applying functional bandages was randomized by simple drawing. For the kinematic capture of gait, support and balance cycles, a Cinemetry system with 6 infrared cameras was used. The Electromyographic signal was processed to obtain the maximum voluntary contraction. Results: The results were divided into a sign of inhibited muscle activation or with greater activation during the execution of the movement. There was greater activation of the middle gluteal muscle during the support phase in gait with the use of varus banding and greater activation of the vastus during the same phase with the use of valgus bandage. Conclusion: In this case study, different strategies for applying functional bandages impacted different neuromuscular responses during gait.
Comparing Angiotensin Gene polymorphisms According to Mechanical Ability for Weightlifter Selection
Authors: Hameed Sarmed Saad , Abd Al Hassan Ghasan Adeeb
Published: October 2020

The research aimed at identifying polymorphisms of Angiotensin Gene for selecting young weightlifters and comparing these different forms with the mechanical ability for selecting youth weightlifters. The researchers used the descriptive method on (21) weightlifters whose average weight was (78.14 ±15.61) Km, height (1.73 ±0.08) m, and age (17.80 ±2.98) years. The results showed significant differences in favor of the experimental group that has the gene (D) in the mechanical ability variables of the snatch. In addition to that, there were no significant differences among the three groups who hold the genes (I, ID, D) respectively in mechanical ability variables during the clean and jerk. Finally, the researchers recommended using this gene for selecting weightlifters as well as making similar studies on the same gene to identify its correlation with body systems’ functions.
The Effect of Refereeing Situations Using Communication Device on Some Environmental Perceptions of Volleyball Referees
Authors: Abdul Redha Hamza Hakem , Sekhi Hussein Sabhan
Published: October 2020

The research aimed at identifying some refereeing situations using communication device on some environmental perceptions in elite volleyball referees in Iraq. The subjects were (70) elite volleyball referees from the Iraqi central volleyball federation of the season 2018 – 2019; only (12) referees were selected and divided into two equal groups. The pre-tests were conducted on 24/8/2019 for measuring environmental perceptions followed by many tests to come up with the conclusions. The researchers concluded the communication device has a positive effect on refereeing situations and recommended using this device during matches.
Psychological Well – Being in Physical Education & Sport Sciences College Students
Authors: Jebbar Asaad Hassan , Mohammed Wasan Jasem
Published: October 2020

The aim of the research is to identify the level of psychological well–being that can be a reason for students’ success in theoretical and application classes during their college years as well as identifying its effect on lifestyle. The researchers used the descriptive method on (307) student from physical education and sport sciences by designing a scale for psychological well – being. The final scale consisted of (56) item distributed in six fields (life satisfaction, self – independence, social relationships, personal development, self – acceptance, calmness). The scale was applied to (300) students to collect the data and come up with conclusion. The researchers concluded that most students have moderate levels of psychological well–being due to economical, psychological, and health difficulties that made their levels moderate.
The Effect of Using Physical Exercises Using Different Speed Resistance, Explosive and Speed – Strengths In Soccer Players Under 19 Years Old
Authors: Mohammed Mohammed Selim , Khadem Mohammed Mahmood
Published: October 2020

The research aimed at designing exercises using different resistance in soccer players under 19 years old as well as identifying the effect of these resistances on some physical abilities development in soccer players under 19 years old. The researchers used the experimental method on (24) players. Field procedures included physical abilities tests followed by the main experiment (varied resistance style) including plyometrics, rubber ropes, and sand floor exercises then ended with posttests. The researchers collected the data and treated it using SPSS to conclude significant differences between pre and posttests in explosive speed and strength while there are no differences in strength – speed. The researchers concluded that these exercises have positive effects on the subjects under study. Finally, they recommended using these exercises on soccer players of all age groups as well as making similar studies on other physical abilities, basic skills, physiological variables, and other sports.
Special Training According to Power Law and Its Effect on Some Kinetical Indicators and Achievement in 100m Sprint Under 20 Years Old
Authors: Ahmed Bilal Ali
Published: October 2020

100m sprints is characterized by many technical artistic phases starting from the launch to acceleration and maintaining a speed that requires a great level of legs’ power to change speed positively. All these phases require special training thus the researcher aimed at designing special training according to power law to specify training intensity using distances and times. The importance of the research lies in designing training according to power law as well as identifying the effect of this training on the level of 100m sprint achievement. Many variables were measured including pushing time during lunch; performance power average during sprinting using dynafoot for measuring legs’ power and 100m performance time was also measured. The training was applied on 10 sprinters from Athletic clubs in Baghdad that consisted of (24) training sessions during the preparation phase. The researcher concluded a great development in the level of power during sprinting as well as an increase in the level of power push during lunch in 100m sprinter and development in 100m sprint achievement.
The Effect of Using Immediate Feedback on Learning Double Tuck Backflip on Floor Exercises in Artistic Gymnastics For Men Aged 14 – 16 Years Old
Authors: Muhsen Ali Saadi , Al- Talib Tariq Nezar
Published: October 2020

The research aimed at identifying the differences in controlling and experimental groups’ results in posttests of double tuck backflip. The subjects were (8) gymnasts aged (14 – 16) years old divided equally into controlling and experimental groups. All subjects were not able to complete double tuck backflip on floor exercises within artistic performance. The researchers designed an electronic device that is linked to the gymnast body on hip joint to sense the angle between thigh and torso and produce a sound when the angle is acute meaning the performance is correct. If the device does not produce a sound, it means the angle is large or incorrect. The researchers concluded that the immediate feedback device is very useful in learning double tuck backflip shown from the development of the experimental group over the controlling group. Finally, they recommended using this device in learning double tuck backflip as well as learning other skills in the future.
The Effect of (Think - Pair – Share) Strategy on Performing Some Volleyball Fundamental Skills in Second Grade Secondary School Students
Authors: Mohammed Mohammed Jebbar , Fhadel Assmaa Hekmat
Published: October 2020

The research aimed at designing exercises according to think – pair and share strategy in fundamental skills in volleyball as well as identifying the effect of this strategy on some fundamental volleyball skills performance in second-grade secondary school students. The researchers used the experimental method on second-grade secondary school students to conclude significant differences between pre and posttests in the subjects of the research as well as significant differences in posttests in favor of the experimental group. Finally, they recommended using think – pair and share strategy for developing the performance of some basic skills in volleyball.
Analytical Comparative Study of Some Kinematic Variables Affecting the Distances of 200 m. Freestyle Race
Authors: Muhsin Ahmed Thamer
Published: October 2020

The study aimed at identifying some kinematic variables affecting the distances of 200m freestyle race among the swimmers of the Specialized School for Swimming. Three (3) swimmers have been intentionally chosen to be the subjects of the study. The kinematic variables of each player have been extracted by the motor analysis (kinovea) program and their data values then compared. In light of the results, the researcher found out clear big differences in the values of these variables among the swimmers themselves and between each distance of the race distances for each swimmer which led to a big variation in the achievement (final time). A matter that requires reforming procedures in the technical performance and physical characteristics development for the swimmers of the Specialized School in 200m freestyle event in order to reduce the final time (improving achievement).
Studying Special Strength Relationship and Performance Level Contribution In Some Skills of Vault and Uneven Bars In Artistic Gymnastics For Women In Sophomore Students
Authors: Ahmed Zahra Shehab , Hameed Hamed Yousif
Published: October 2020

The research aimed at identifying the values of special strength variables and skill performance of some vault and uneven bars’ skills in sophomore college students of physical education & Sport Sciences as well as identifying the correlation relationship and contribution of special strength with the performance level of some vaulting and uneven bars skills. The researchers hypothesized a statistical relationship between special strength and uneven bar skills, a statistical correlation between special strength and value, and finally and contribution between special strength and research variables. The subjects were (14) sophomore students, a pilot study, as well as many tests, physical abilities, and skills were all conducted to conclude that the contribution of special strength with performance level on vault and uneven bars was weak while abs endurance strength have a significant contribution on open jump. Finally, the researchers recommended studying the weaknesses in performing women's artistic gymnastics skills through identifying contributions and special strength development.
Bio-perceptions of Hydro carbon contaminated soil and its Bioremediation effect with Biological Consortia”
Authors: Chandran Aswathy , Jeyapaul Dr.S.Sujatha
Published: October 2020

The present research work has clearly denoted as initially estimation of physic-chemical properties of the experimental hydrocarbon contaminated soil. The texture of the soil plays a very important role in microbial and plant species establishment and development and also influences physical parameters of the soil. The current results are clearly showed experimental soil of the hydrocarbon contaminated soil possessed totally eight different autochthonus bacterial strains were provably identified viz., Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Aeromonas sp., observed by Bergy’s Manual. When this experimental soil was remediated with two biological sources such as four allothonus bacterial strains named as Enterobacter sp., Flavobacter sp.,  Shigella sp., and Bacillus sp., along with agronomic wastes also addition with neem juice. From the present result showed that Enterobacter sp., subjected polluted soil was remediated maximum than other treated sources assessed by spectrometric data. While, the biofilm formation experiment also been definitely expressed biodegradation potential enriched allothonus bacterial strain was the following order Enterobacter sp., Flavobacter sp.,  Shigella sp., and Bacillus sp.,. Moreover, other interesting finding also had been profounded such as dominant Antagonistic activity potential possessed autochthonus bacterial strain from the hydrocarbon contaminated soil. It has been identified through the molecular identification those typical organism expressed the named as ‘’Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA96’’by 16sr RNA sequence analysis. Additionaly maximum and maximum antagonistic activity has been noticed on E.coli, more or less similar zone of inhibition showed on other bacterial species of Shijella sp., and K. pneumonia.  Moreover, HPLC results were almost elucidated fractions of hydrocarbon compounds thoroughly replied total illustrated chemical compounds are gradually minimized, when the heavy contaminated soils subjected with other bacterial sources along with various agronomic wastes.  It has been significantly reduced the spectrum of the total hydrocarbon derivatives when it compared with before treatment of the contaminated soils. Therefore, these allothonous bacterial organism Enterobacter sp., strains could be considered for future use for bioremediation of oil contaminated land. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the potential of the isolated strains to degrade hydrocarbons in situ, in natural environmental conditions. This could be equally applicable for any allothonously present or other bacterial strains ubiquitously available in nature, and the technology could be further developed for targeting of any pollutants present on earth creating enormous environmental and health hazards.
PEDESTRIAN–BUS ROUTE AND PICKUP LOCATION PLANNING FOR EMERGENCY EVACUATION
Authors: Lu Weike , Wang Feng , Liu Lan , Hu Guojing , Mao Jiannan
Published: October 2020

Planning for a bus-based regional evacuation is essential for emergency preparedness, especially for hurricane or flood prone urban environments with large numbers of transit-dependent or transit-captive populations. This paper develops an optimization-based decision-support model for pedestrian–bus evacuation planning under bus fleet, pedestrian and bus routes, and network constraints. Aiming to minimize the evacuation duration time, an optimization model is proposed to determine the optimal pickup nodes for evacuees to assemble using existing pedestrian routes, and to allocate available bus fleet via bus routes and urban road network to transport the assembled evacuees between the pickup nodes and designated public shelters. The numerical examples with two scenarios based on the Sioux Falls street network from North Dakota (United States) demonstrates that this model can be used to optimize the evacuation duration time, the location of pickup nodes and bus assignment simultaneously.
On the Origin of GW190521-like Events from Repeated Black Hole Mergers in Star Clusters
Authors: Fragione Giacomo , Loeb Abraham , Rasio Frederic A.
Published: October 2020

LIGO and Virgo have reported the detection of GW190521, from the merger of a binary black hole (BBH) with a total mass around 150 M
⊙. While current stellar models limit the mass of any black hole (BH) remnant to about 40–50 M
⊙, more massive BHs can be produced dynamically through repeated mergers in the core of a dense star cluster. The process is limited by the recoil kick (due to anisotropic emission of gravitational radiation) imparted to merger remnants, which can escape the parent cluster, thereby terminating growth. We study the role of the host cluster metallicity and escape speed in the buildup of massive BHs through repeated mergers. Almost independent of host metallicity, we find that a BBH of about 150 M
⊙ could be formed dynamically in any star cluster with escape speed ≳200 km s−1, as found in galactic nuclear star clusters as well as the most massive globular clusters and super star clusters. Using an inspiral-only waveform, we compute the detection probability for different primary masses (≥60 M
⊙) as a function of secondary mass and find that the detection probability increases with secondary mass and decreases for larger primary mass and redshift. Future additional detections of massive BBH mergers will be of fundamental importance for understanding the growth of massive BHs through dynamics and the formation of intermediate-mass BHs.
Les plateformes de VOD cinéphiliques : des stratégies de niche en questions
Authors: Thuillas Olivier , Wiart Louis
Published: October 2020

Cet article propose de comprendre l’émergence et la place occupée par les plateformes de vidéo à la demande (VOD) situées à la frange du marché. Appuyée par des entretiens, l’étude met en évidence la manière avec laquelle un ensemble d’acteurs construisent des offres spécialisées sur le segment cinéphile du marché et les stratégies adoptées pour faire valoir un positionnement singulier. Dans un contexte de multiplication des initiatives, nous analysons également les conditions de viabilité de ces plateformes. Les difficultés rencontrées dans leur développement soulèvent des questions ayant trait à leur capacité à installer une offre économiquement viable, reconnue par les consommateurs et défendable vis-à-vis de la concurrence.
Stratégies numériques de diffusion auprès des décideurs, des résultats des chercheurs en santé publique
Authors: Montagni Ilaria , Stahl-Timmins Will , Monneraud Lise , Kurth Tobias
Published: October 2020

L’élaboration de politiques fondées sur des données probantes est un phénomène de plus en plus répandu qui encourage les chercheurs et les décideurs à communiquer efficacement entre eux. Les médias digitaux sont censés faciliter les échanges entre les deux acteurs, mais leur disponibilité et leur utilisation n’ont pas encore été examinées en détail. Avec une approche interdisciplinaire, cet article vise à fournir une taxonomie des médias digitaux utilisés par les chercheurs et les décideurs pour partager leurs connaissances dans le domaine spécifique de la santé publique. Dans le cadre de la digital health communication, nous décrivons le web classique, le web 2.0 ainsi que six autres médias digitaux (hypertexte, images, vidéos, audio, infographie et jeux) à disposition des chercheurs et des décideurs en santé. Ensuite, nous discutons des risques et des possibilités liés à la vulgarisation scientifique en ligne pour l’élaboration des politiques de santé. Enfin, nous formulons des recommandations fondées sur la théorie et sur la pratique destinées aux chercheurs afin qu’ils diffusent au mieux les résultats de leurs recherches sur la santé aux décideurs via Internet.
La couverture santé dans les pays de l’OCDE
Authors: Paris Valérie
Published: October 2020

Cet article décrit les mécanismes de financement mobilisés dans les pays de l’OCDE pour assurer une couverture santé à leurs résidents. La couverture santé de base est le plus souvent garantie par le gouvernement ou l’assurance sociale. L’assurance privée facultative offre dans deux tiers des pays de l’OCDE un second niveau de couverture (duplicatif, complémentaire et/ou supplémentaire). Ces types de couverture santé et les mécanismes de financement qui les sous-tendent diffèrent dans leur capacité à collecter des ressources pour le système de santé, à mutualiser les risques et à assurer une redistribution (horizontale et verticale). La couverture de base est effectivement universelle dans deux tiers des pays de l’OCDE et offre très souvent un panier de soins homogène. On observe certaines régularités entre le type de couverture et l’organisation et la rémunération des offreurs de soins, mais il est plus compliqué d’établir un lien entre « type » de couverture et accès aux soins, état de santé et inégalités de santé et d’accès aux soins.
L’ Obamacare au temps de Trump
Authors: Beaussier Anne-Laure
Published: October 2020

Dix ans après son passage, toujours relativement intacte malgré les nombreuses tentatives républicaines d’abrogation totale ou partielle, l’ Obamacare a permis de ralentir la croissance des dépenses de santé et d’améliorer significativement l’accès aux soins de la population. Elle a permis à près de 20 millions de personnes qui en étaient privées auparavant d’obtenir une assurance santé. Trente millions de personnes restent néanmoins non assurées, loin des promesses d’une couverture médicale « quasi » universelle entendues dans les discours démocrates en 2010. Quelques mois avant les élections présentielles de novembre 2020 et en pleine pandémie de Covid-19, ces limites appellent à réformer la réforme. Cet article revient sur les avancées et sur les limites de l’ Obamacare dix ans après son vote, ainsi que sur les inflexions menées sous les républicains.
Le reste à charge zéro, fin d’un cycle ou nouvelle perspective ?
Authors: Wanecq Thomas
Published: October 2020

Cet article présente la genèse et les enjeux du « 100 % santé » dont le principe est de proposer une offre de qualité sans reste à charge en optique, prothèses dentaires et audioprothèses. Issue d’une réflexion initiée dans les années 2000 sur le renoncement aux soins pour raisons financières, la réforme trouve son origine dans une première initiative pour plafonner le prix des prothèses dentaires à la fin du quinquennat précédent. En dépit d’une mise en œuvre contestée par les dentistes, cette tentative inspirera le principe du « zéro reste à charge » qui cristallisera un large consensus politique lors de la campagne présidentielle. Après l’élection, des choix de politiques publiques tranchés et une forte mobilisation de l’administration permettront à la négociation d’aboutir dans des délais resserrés. Toujours en cours de déploiement, la réforme, qui a tenté de conjuguer ambition et pragmatisme, apparaît tout autant comme l’aboutissement d’un cycle initié par la création de la couverture maladie universelle que comme un modèle possible d’évolution du rôle des complémentaires santé.
Evaluation of staining techniques for the observation of growth bands in tropical elasmobranch vertebrae
Authors: Pérez-Rojas José G. , Torres-Palacios Katherine , Uribe Amalia , Navia Andrés F. , Mejía-Falla Paola A.
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of different vertebrae staining techniques for the visualization and counting of growth bands in tropical species of batoids (Narcine leoparda, Urotrygon aspidura, Hypanus longus, Potamotrygon magdalenae) and sharks (Alopias pelagicus, Carcharhinus falciformis, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna corona and Mustelus lunulatus). Different cutting thicknesses and staining protocols were tested, analysing the precision and bias of each combination to identify the most accurate technique for estimating age. Vertebral sections of 0.4 mm were more suitable for batoids, except for Narcine leoparda; for this species and for all the shark species assessed, sections of 0.5 mm are recommended. Different combinations of stain and exposure time were required to achieve the best visualizations of vertebral growth band pair for the shark and ray species. Intraspecific variation occurred among vertebrae size of batoids. Our results confirm the importance of defining a suitable species-specific protocol for sectioning and staining hard structures before carrying out an age and growth study to improve the reliability of the age estimates.
Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Using AI and Mobile Applications
Authors: P Rajesh , A Murugan , B Murugamantham , S Ganesh Kumar
Published: October 2020

Cancer has become very common in this evolving world. Technology advancements, increased radiations have made cancer a common syndrome. Various types of cancers like Skin Cancer, Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Blood Cancer, Colorectal cancer, Kidney Cancer and Lung Cancer exits. Among these various types of cancers, the mortality rate is high in lung cancer which is tough to diagnose and can be diagnosed only in advanced stages. Small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer are the two types in which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type which makes up to 80 to 85 percent of all cases [1]. Digital Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence advancements has helped a lot in medical image analysis and Computer Aided Diagnosis(CAD). Numerous research is carried out in this field to improve the detection and prediction of the cancerous tissues. In current methods, traditional image processing techniques is applied for image processing, noise removal and feature extraction. There are few good approaches that applies Artificial Intelligence and produce better results. However, no research has achieved 100% accuracy in nodule detection, early detection of cancerous nodules nor faster processing methods. Application of Artificial Intelligence techniques like Machine Learning, Deep Learning is very minimal and limited. In this paper [Figure 1], we have applied Artificial intelligence techniques to process CT (Computed Tomography) Scan image for data collection and data model training. The DICOM image data is saved as numpy file with all medical information extracted from the files for training. With the trained data we apply deep learning for noise removal and feature extraction. We can process huge volume of medical images for data collection, image processing, detection and prediction of nodules. The patient is made well aware of the disease and enabled with their health tracking using various mobile applications made available in the online stores for iOS and Android mobile devices.
Development of the MARPEX App Embedding the Mobile Augmented Reality Factors for Learning Motivation in Science Experiments
Authors: Gopalan Valarmathie , Abu Bakar Juliana Aida , Zulkifli Abdul Nasir
Published: October 2020

Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) has grown exponentially over the last four decades from imagination to real physical experience, especially in education. Previously, experts have completed the concepts of effectiveness, usability, acceptance and understanding in designing MAR applications to introduce and expose technological advances. However, most of these applications are addressed extensively for classroom science learning, while science experiments receive little attention. Students have to go through difficulties in understanding the phenomena of science and consequently become dissatisfied with their grasp on basic knowledge and eventually cannot pursue higher education or career related to science. This paper presents the development of Mobile Augmented Reality for Physics (MARPEX) application for high school students. The purpose of this application is to enhance the learning motivation in science experiments through the content of modern science. It aims to provide an individual learning experience for each student in science experiments. The MARPEX app design has gone through several phases of filtering and evaluation based on the specified objectives. This application needs to maintain the factors necessary to achieve this goal. This app has been designed and developed specifically for science (physics) experiments on the topic of electromagnetism. The application encrypts several experimental instances with the addition of good visualization to understand this phenomenon and has real-life experimental experience.
The Perception of Violence in Narratives of Central American Migrants at the Border between Mexico and the United States
Authors: Odgers-Ortiz Olga
Published: October 2020

Migration from Central America through Mexico to reach the United States has acquired increasing visibility. When migrants arrive at the border, they hit a wall that requires them to choose among waiting indefinitely in Mexico, crossing the border clandestinely, or redefining their project of migration. Thus they find themselves trapped within their own mobility. This imposed interruption, however, provides an opportunity for them to reflect on the causes of emigration, the lived experience of the journey, and possible futures that are opened up or shut down. The shelters created by civil society constitute spaces of waiting in which the work of reflection unfolds. Approaching our analysis from the perspective of narrative identities, we can see how these migrants, through their stories, resignify violence — whether as a cause of their emigration, or an imprint left by the trip, or in relation to processes of seeking asylum. Whether they naturalize the violence (accepting as the “price to pay”) or question it, the violence shapes their reinterpretation of the past and their projection into the future.
La frontière entre le Mexique et le Guatemala dans la presse quotidienne : mots de pouvoir et pouvoir des mots
Authors: Clot Jean
Published: October 2020

Alors qu’il n’était que peu question de la frontière entre le Mexique et le Guatemala jusqu’aux années 1990, les médias et le monde politique lui ont accordé de plus en plus d’importance, ce qui a coïncidé avec l’augmentation des migrations internationales d’Amérique centrale vers les États-Unis. Nous proposons ici une analyse des manières de la dénommer et désigner dans les journaux issus de la presse quotidienne généraliste au Mexique et aux États-Unis. À travers une analyse catégorielle portant sur un corpus de sources journalistiques, nous identifions les thématiques dominantes et examinons comment le recours à certains termes, images et analogies forge des représentations sociales et participe à la construction d’une réalité géopolitique, spécialement en matière de sécurité frontalière et de contrôle des flux migratoires.
French Lao and their transnational humanitarian activities in Laos: between illusions and disillusionment
Authors: Wilhelm Isabelle
Published: October 2020

The studies on overseas Lao who left Laos after the 1975 political events have generally focused on these migrants’ social incorporation in their receiving countries and on the dynamics of their intergenerational transmission. On the contrary, the present article explores the links that these migrants maintain with Laos, by examining the case of French Lao and their transnational humanitarian activities. It is based on a multi-sited ethnography conducted with the associations they created to support the population of Laos. Adopting Carling’s concept of “asymmetries” (2008), it analyses the relationships between these “developers” and the “beneficiaries” of the associations’ projects. The French Lao’ involvement stems from their illusions that run up against the ambivalent welcome they receive in the field. The subsequent misunderstandings between them and the local population generate disillusionment and critical, mutual evaluations.
Le diplomate du bocage
Authors: Magnin Léo
Published: October 2020

Février 2018, village de Siouvat, Auvergne. Stéphane, employé de la Mission Haies, rencontre les éleveurs et les propriétaires terriens pour les convaincre de ne pas abattre leurs arbres, mis en danger par la procédure d’aménagement foncier du « remembrement ». Comment défendre la cause des arbres sans jamais parler d’écologie ? L’ethnographe suit Stéphane en restituant la chronologie de ses interactions, son ethos de l’orateur et les registres d’interpellation qu’il mobilise. Stéphane propose un plaidoyer agroécologique original, de l’ordre d’une diplomatie du reflet où le diplomate est non pas un porte-parole des arbres auprès des humains, mais un médiateur entre des groupes sociaux concurrents.
L’art de rester soi
Authors: Saint-Geours Yves , Taylor Anne-Christine , Vienne Emmanuel de
Published: October 2020

En quoi consiste aujourd’hui le métier de diplomate ? Comment peut-on l’envisager dans nos sociétés contemporaines ? Dans cet entretien accordé à Terrain, Yves Saint-Geours, s’appuyant sur son parcours professionnel, décrit les enjeux de la Carrière et ses évolutions actuelles. Partant de l’exemple des COP, il engage une réflexion sur le rôle des collectifs dans l’arène diplomatique et l’ouverture à la société civile et sur le rapport entre les diplomates et les gouvernements étatiques. Il s’attarde surtout sur le positionnement parfois complexe d’un représentant de l’État à l’étranger, potentiellement tiraillé entre le service des intérêts de sa patrie et la compréhension empathique du pays hôte, première qualité qu’on attend de lui. Jusqu’à s’interroger sur ce qui fait un bon diplomate au xxie siècle, question plus complexe à résoudre aujourd’hui qu’hier.
La diplomatie du durian
Authors: Chua Liana
Published: October 2020

Qu’arrive-t-il à un village qui a été détruit et dont l’État refuse de reconnaître la nouvelle incarnation ? Ce récit explore les stratégies diplomatiques mises en place par une communauté de Bornéo déplacée afin de se créer un futur vivable sur son nouveau lieu de vie. Elle établit pour cela des relations et des alliances avec des acteurs non gouvernementaux. Liana Chua retrace la manière dont les habitants ont utilisé diverses entités non humaines en tant qu’ambassadeurs qui à la fois représentent leur nouveau village et développent la possibilité pour les villageois de s’engager avec le reste du monde. De tels processus diplomatiques aident également les villageois à définir les contours et l’identité de ce nouveau village, en leur permettant – en conversant avec d’autres – de se représenter ce qu’il est et ce qu’il pourrait devenir.
The envoy
Authors: Burnyeat Gwen
Published: October 2020

In 2016, Colombia said “No” to peace in a referendum, after a staunch misinformation campaign. Responding to society’s calls for official information on the Peace Accord, the government employed a strategy called “peace pedagogy” to counter the “No” campaign’s “myths” with “realities”. But can we really know which is which? Based on ethnographic research in the government’s peace office, this narrative article invites us into the shoes of a government official and a conflict victim during a peace pedagogy session, to imagine what it means to bear, and receive, this official message. In our global concern for post-truth politics, peace pedagogy offers a tool for government–society communication in contexts of misinformation and polarisation.
Le sultan de papier
Authors: Dewière Rémi
Published: October 2020

La lettre envoyée en 1440 par le sultan mamelouk al-Zāhir Sayf ad-Dīn Jaqmaq (1438-1453) à un souverain musulman du Sahel afin de lui assurer sa protection lors de son voyage vers La Mecque est un document historique de première importance qui renseigne sur l’implication politique de ce pèlerinage pour les souverains du Sahel, ainsi que sur les contraintes logistiques imposées par la traversée du Sahara.Ce texte est prétexte à une expérience originale, puisqu’il est possible, grâce aux manuels de chancellerie et aux humanités numériques, de reproduire une pseudolettre diplomatique qui respecte fidèlement les normes de rédactions des secrétaires mamelouks. La fabrication contemporaine d’une pseudolettre mamelouke vise à reconstituer un aspect de la matérialité des échanges diplomatiques entre le nord et le sud du Sahara et à nous éclairer sur le rôle essentiel des secrétaires dans la diplomatie des États islamiques à l’époque médiévale et moderne.
Exhiber le rituel
Authors: Menta Cyril
Published: October 2020

Au cours de la décennie 1920, de violents conflits opposent des groupes autochtones, les caboclos, et des propriétaires terriens dans le Nordeste du Brésil. C’est dans ce cadre que des rituels ont été exhibés et mis en circulation par des groupes autochtones pour faire reconnaître par l’État brésilien une identité indigène qui leur garantisse l’attribution d’un territoire délimité et l’obtention de son usufruit. Cet article retrace l’histoire de la mise en images de la danse des praiás, un rituel qui met en scène une guerre cosmique entre entités invisibles. Il examine la manière dont il a été enrôlé dans un travail diplomatique mené par des anthropologues et des groupes autochtones pour obtenir de l’État la protection juridique attachée à la reconnaissance de l’indigénéité.
Changes in quality of life and dyspnoea after hospitalization in COVID-19 patients discharged at home
Authors: Santus Pierachille , Tursi Francesco , Croce Giuseppe , Di Simone Chiara , Frassanito Francesca , Gaboardi Paolo , Airoldi Andrea , Pecis Marica , Negretto Giangiuseppe , Radovanovic Dejan
Published: October 2020

Background: To date, the effects of COVID-19 pneumonia on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and dyspnea are unknown.Methods: In a real-life observational study, 20 patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia received usual care plus erdosteine (300 mg twice daily) for 15 days after hospital discharge following local standard operating procedures. At discharge (T0) and on Day 15 (T1), participants completed the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale of dyspnoea during daily activity, the BORG scale for dyspnoea during exertion, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for dyspnoea at rest. Paired t-tests compared scores at T0 and T1.Results: The mean (SD) SGRQ total score decreased from 25.5 (15.5) at T0 to 16.9 (13.2) at T1 (p<0.01); 65% of patients achieved a clinically important change of ≥4 points. SGRQ domain scores (symptoms, activity, and impact) were also significantly reduced (all p<0.01). The mean (SD) VAS score decreased from 1.6 (1.7) to 1.4 (2.5); p<0.01. The mean mMRC score decreased significantly (p=0.031) and 30% of patients achieved a clinically important change of ≥1 point. The mean (SD) Borg score increased from 12.8 (4.2) to 14.3 (2.4); p<0.01.Conclusion: The present proof of concept study is the first to report HRQoL in patients with COVID-19. During 15 days after hospital discharge, patients reported significant improvements in HRQoL and dyspnoea at rest and during daily activities.
Whole Genome Sequencing of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 from Two Clinical Isolates and Serological Profile of Dengue in the 2015–2016 Nepal Outbreak
Authors: Manandhar Krishna Das , McCauley Melanie , Gupta Birendra Prasad , Kurmi Roshan , Adhikari Anurag , Nguyen Anh-Viet , Elong Ngono Annie , Zompi Simona , Sessions October M. , Shresta Sujan
Published: October 2020

Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases, and up to half of the world’s population is at risk for infection. Recent results from clinical trials have shown that DENV vaccination can induce the development of severe dengue disease and/or prolong hospitalization after natural infection in certain naive populations. Thus, it is crucial that vaccine development takes into account the history of DENV exposure in the targeted population. In Nepal, DENV infection was first documented in 2004, and despite the increasing prevalence of DENV infection, the population remains relatively naive. However, it is not known which of the four DENV serotypes circulate in Nepal or whether there is evidence of repeated exposure to DENV in the Nepali population. To address this, we studied 112 patients who presented with symptomology suspicious for DENV infection at clinics throughout Nepal during late 2015 and early 2016. Of the 112 patients examined, 39 showed serological and/or genetic evidence of primary or secondary DENV infection: 30 were positive for DENV exposure by IgM/IgG ELISA, two by real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and seven by both methods. Dengue virus 1–3, but not DENV4, serotypes were detected by RT-PCR. Whole genome sequencing of two DENV2 strains isolated from patients with primary and secondary infections suggests that DENV was introduced into Nepal through India, with which it shares a porous border. Further study is needed to better define the DENV epidemic in Nepal, a country with limited scientific resources and infrastructure.
A pre-test post-test assessment of non-invasive keratograph break up time and corneal epithelial thickness after vaping
Authors: Munsamy Alvin , Bhanprakash Bhavna , Sirkhot Amina , Mlambo Lufun , Dlamuka Samukelisiwe , Mhlongo Ndumiso , Naidoo Ronelle
Published: October 2020

Background: The effects of electronic cigarettes on the ocular surface has yet to be shown. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of e-cigarette use on the anterior corneal surface integrity.Methods: Forty three males and 21 females with an average of 21years were required to vape 0.05ml of e-liquid of 8mg nicotine concentration. Corneal epithelial thickness (CET) and Non Invasive Keratograph Tear Break up Time (NIKBUT) measurements were obtained prior to and post vaping. The Optovue iVue optical coherence topographer was used to measure central; superior; inferior; nasal and temporal CET and NIKBUT was assessed using the Oculus Keratograph 5M.Results: There was a mean increase for central corneal epithelial thickness of 0.3448 microns. The superior CET increased by 0.2414 microns. The inferior CET increased by 0.2931microns. The nasal CET increased by 0.2069 microns. The temporal CET increased by 0.2759 microns. The mean change in NIKBUT post-vaping was an increase of 1.40 seconds. All observations occurred at p > 0.05.Conclusion: The acute effect of e-cigarette use does not impact corneal epithelial thickness and non-invasive keratography tear break up time after 10 puffs mild exposure but more research is needed to assess if this remains the case with more frequent, higher exposure.Keywords: Pre-test post-test assessment, non-invasive keratograph breakup time, corneal epithelial thickness, vaping.
How do reproductive age women perceive breast cancer screening in Ethiopia? A qualitative study
Authors: Agide Feleke Doyore , Garmaroudi Gholamreza , Sadeghi Roya , Shakibazadeh Elham , Yaseri Mehdi , Koricha Zewdie Birhanu
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground: Breast cancer remains one of the deadliest non-communicable diseases in the world. In Ethiopia, breast cancer accounts for 33.4% of total cancer diagnosis in women.Objective: This study aims to explore perception about breast screening behavior among reproductive age women.Methods: This qualitative study was conducted as a baseline to identify gaps to design interventions that will enhance breast screening uptake among reproductive age women. Six focus group discussions and 9 in-depth interviews were conducted with women and health workers respectively. Semi-structured questions were used. Data analysis was analyzed by Atlas.ti. 7 and the ideas were put in direct quotation and narration.Results: Lack of awareness is the preceding problem for self-susceptibility to breast cancer as well as for having breast screening. Majority of women thought that the cause of breast cancer was a sin (supernatural power). Self-efficacy and cues to action were the most important correlates of the perception owing to fear of socio-cultural stigma and discrimination.Conclusion: All health belief model constructs identified a critical problem for adaptation of behavior. Therefore, this gives the opportunity to design and develop community-based intervention and explore new intervention mechanism with an accurate method.Keywords: Behavior, breast, perception, qualitative data, Ethiopia.
Prevalence and maternal socio-demographic factors associated with stillbirth in health facilities in Anambra, South-East Nigeria
Authors: Anyichie Nonye E , Nwagu Evelyn N
Published: October 2020

Background: Stillbirth is a major adverse perinatal outcome especially in low and middle income countries across the globe. Certain factors relating to mothers from such countries may be associated with this adverse condition.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of stillbirth and also explore the maternal socio-demographic factors associated with stillbirth among mothers in rural communities in Anambra Central Senatorial District of Anambra State Nigeria who gave birth between January 2012 and December 2016.Methods: All case files of mothers who were delivered of their babies were accessed at the sampled health facilities in the district. Data were collected using a structured proforma. A total of 313 stillbirth cases were recorded across the health facilities from 2012-2016.Results: The highest prevalence of stillbirth was recorded in 2012 (38.07 per 1,000 total births). The prevalence of stillbirth was significantly associated with the maternal level of education, occupation, age and type of health facility the mother utilized (p<0.05).Conclusions: We recommend that women empowerment should be a priority at both family and community levels to enable women to seek and obtain necessary care during pregnancy and delivery.Keywords: Stillbirth; mothers; prevalence; health facilities.