bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the genesis of spiral galaxies
Authors: Breda Iris , Papaderos Polychronis
Published: October 2022

Context. A tantalizing enigma in extragalactic astronomy concerns the chronology and driving mechanisms of the build-up of late-type galaxies (LTGs). The standard scenario envisages two formation routes, with classical bulges (CBs) assembling first in a quick and violent quasi-monolithic episode followed by gradual disk assembly, and pseudo-bulges (PBs) progressively forming over gigayear-long timescales through gentle gas inflow from the disk and in situ star formation. The expectation from this antagonistic rationale is the segregation of present-day LTG bulges into two evolutionary distinct groups, which is in sharp contrast with recent observations.

Aims. The present study aims for a thorough investigation of the star formation history (SFH) of LTGs with its ultimate goal being to outline a coherent framework for the formation and evolution of spiral galaxies and their main stellar components.

Methods. Using population spectral synthesis models, we analyse the spatially resolved SFH of bulges and disks of 135 LTGs from the CALIFA survey, covering the relevant range in LTG mass. Complementarily, characteristic physical properties of bulges and disks, such as mean colours, mass- and light-weighted stellar age and metallicity, and EW(Hα), were contrasted with predictions from evolutionary synthesis models, by adopting exponentially declining SFHs with e-folding times τ between 0.1 and 20 Gyr.

Results. Analysis of the SFH of roughly half a million spaxels consistently reveals that the main physical and evolutionary properties of both bulges and disks are continuously distributed across present-day total stellar mass ℳ⋆, T. The τ in spiral galaxies with log(ℳ⋆, T) > 10 increases from the centre to the periphery, suggesting that these systems grow in an inside-out fashion. Quite importantly, the radial gradient of τ in an individual galaxy increases with increasing ℳ⋆, T, which is consistent with a high bulge-to-disk age contrast in high-mass spirals, while lower-mass LTGs display roughly the same τ throughout their entire radial extent, with intermediate mass galaxies in between. Predictions obtained through evolutionary synthesis are overall consistent with observed properties. Finally, bulges and disks of higher mass galaxies exhibit shorter formation timescales as compared to their lower mass counterparts.

Conclusions. Collectively, the obtained results evince a coherent and unified picture for the formation and evolution of LTGs, in which PBs and CBs denote extremities of a continuous mass sequence. Our findings are consistent with the framework where bulges are assembled jointly with their parent disks by gradual inside-out growth, at a pace that is regulated by the depth of the galactic potential. This postulate is further supported by the fact that the revealed correlations are entirely devoid of a bimodality, as it would be expected if CBs and PBs were to emerge from two distinct formation routes.
Advanced Glycation End Products, Bone Health, and Diabetes
Mellitus
Authors: Jiang Jingjing , Zhao Changyu , Han Tingting , Shan Hongyan , Cui Guiyou , Li Songnan , Xie Zhongwen , Wang Jun
Published: October 2022

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the compounds resulting from the
non-enzymatic glycosylation between reducing sugars and proteins, are derived
from food or produced de novo. Over time, more and more endogenous and
exogenous AGEs accumulate in various organs such as the liver, kidneys, muscle,
and bone, threatening human health. Among these organs, bone is most widely
reported. AGEs accumulating in bone reduce bone strength by participating in
bone structure formation and breaking bone homeostasis by binding their
receptors to alter the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of cells
involved in bone remodeling. In this review, we summarize the research about the
effects of AGEs on bone health and highlight their associations with bone health
in diabetes patients to provide some clues toward the discovery of new treatment
and prevention strategies for bone-related diseases caused by AGEs.
Questions to consider when caring for patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Hasselblatt Peter , Reindl Wolfgang , Gauss Annika , Neeff Hannes , Fusco Stefano , Klaus Jochen
Published: October 2022

Although the management of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is well defined by national and international guidelines, there are many debates and open questions related to daily care of UC patients. Here, we aimed to review topics with high clinical relevance including therapy algorithms, potential biomarkers for disease prognosis and response to therapy, the role of interventions targeting the gut microbiota, insights from head-to-head trials, novel UC medications, exit strategies, the impact of COVID19 on UC, care of patients with acute severe disease, cancer screening, and the role of surgery.
Safety and Efficacy of Rotational Thrombectomy for Treatment of Arterial Occlusions of the Lower Extremities: A Large Single-Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Artzner Christoph , Martin Isabelle , Hefferman Gerald , Artzner Kerstin , Lescan Mario , de Graaf Rick , Grözinger Gerd
Published: October 2022

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of rotational thrombectomy (RT) in a large single-center real-world cohort for total vascular occlusions of the lower extremity.

Materials and Methods The clinical records and images of all patients between 2010 and 2020 treated via RT (Rotarex, BD) were assessed. Patient demographics, clinical data, procedural characteristics, and outcome parameters were documented. In total, 397 procedures in 293 patients were included (mean age 69.8 ± 12.0 years; 64.8 % male). Occlusions were acute (47.5 %), subacute and acute-on-chronic (22.2 %), and chronic (30.3 %). The target lesions were the iliac artery (7.1 %), iliac/femoropopliteal (5.0 %), femoropopliteal (59.4 %), femoropopliteal/below-the-knee (27.0 %), below-the-knee (1.5 %), and after bypass surgery (14.9 %). Lesion length was > 20 cm in 61.5 % of cases.

Results Clinically successful revascularization was achieved in 90.4 % of cases. Additional thrombolysis was necessary for 32.0 % of procedures. The arithmetic mean ankle-brachial index increased from 0.33 ± 0.29 to 0.81 ± 0.25 (p < 0.0001). Bypass grafts were less likely to be fully treatable and required additional lysis (p < 0.001). The overall primary patency (no clinically driven target lesion revascularization) was 93.2 %, 88.8 %, 79.1 %, and 72.4 % at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Adverse events occurred in 46.1 % of cases, of which peripheral embolization (22.4 %) was most frequent, requiring interventional treatment in 67.4 % of cases. RT was directly associated with 7.1 % (n = 28) of complications, which consisted of perforations 2.8 %, arteriovenous fistula 1.3 %, and dissections 2.0 %.

Conclusion Rotational thrombectomy is a safe and efficient method for the treatment of occlusions of the arterial circulation of the lower extremity with bypass occlusions having a higher propensity for residual thrombi requiring further lysis therapy.

Key Points: 

Citation Format
The Multiple V-Y Advancement Modification for the Surgical Correction of Cryptotia
Authors: Duc Nguyen Quang , Tien Nguyen Phuong
Published: October 2022

Cryptotia is a rare congenital auricular deformity among Caucasians but more common in Asians. Various operative techniques have been described, such as skin graft, V-Y plasty, Z plasty, and islands skin flap. Among those techniques, V-Y plasty has many advantages and is indicated for severe cases. However, several problems remain when this method is adopted, such as conspicuous scars and lowered hairline. To overcome these problems, the authors have developed a new technique, multiple V-Y advancement modification, which stitches the skin flaps together to a tight, discrete central focal point. This technique has the advantage of hiding scars behind the earlobe, providing enough skin for the deformed areas, minimizing the condition of the hairline being lowered and auriculocephalic sulcus depth.
The Deep Fascia of the Infraorbital Region, Deep Plane, and Suprafibromuscular Facelift: New Anatomy for Safer Facelifting
Authors: Andretto Amodeo Chiara , Eggerstedt Michael , Kim Irene A. , Nabili Vishad , Keller Gregory S.
Published: October 2022

Deep-plane rhytidectomy, first described by Skoog, has had a resurgence in popularity and is in high demand today. We describe anatomical findings that establish the presence of a true deep fascia in the midface, we named as Chiara's fascia, like the first author's first name, which helps to form the facial ligaments and is contiguous with the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia. This fascia inserts on the periosteum of the inferior orbital rim at the arcus marginalis and separates the suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF) from the preperiosteal fat. This distinct fascial layer lies under the superficial fascia or superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and represents the floor of what is commonly termed the “deep plane.” When this fascial highway is identified intraoperatively, blunt dissection immediately superficial to this layer will protect facial nerve branches overlying the muscles lifting the upper lip such as the zygomaticus. Subsequent dissection over the middle and lower face can usually be performed bluntly. Over a 10-year period, a total of 100 hemifaces were dissected with a 100% success rate of identifying this fascia in all specimens. This work was further validated by examining histologic specimens that clearly demonstrate this unique fibrofatty fascial layer. These dissections and new anatomical findings were then correlated to over 300 intraoperative deep-plane facelift cases by the primary and senior authors. We term this operative technique as the suprafibromuscular facelift. Dissection in this plane allows for safe release of facial retaining ligaments with protection of facial nerve branches.
Prevalence of Maternal Cytomegalovirus Antibodies and Neonatal Congenital Cytomegalovirus at Less than 34 Weeks of Gestation: A Prospective Study
Authors: Kalane Shilpa U. , Raste Lavannya , Patwardhan Sampada , Beasley Digna A. , Devaskar Uday P.
Published: October 2022

Objective Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) acquired postnatally can lead to hearing loss and adverse central nervous system (CNS) function, especially in the preterm neonate. We prospectively determined the prevalence of maternal serum CMV-immunoglobulin (IgG) and the incidence of cCMV at <34 weeks of gestation.

Study Design Study was conducted in the United States and India. Maternal blood was collected within 5 days after delivery. CMV-IgG antibodies were quantitated by an immunoassay. Baby's urine at birth was tested for CMV-DNA by the polymerase chain reaction.

Results In total, 65 women and 74 neonates were studied. In the United States, 6 out of 21 (76%), while in India, 42 out of 44 (96%) mothers were seropositive (combined 89%). In the United States, none of the neonates had CMV in the urine, while in India 4 out of 52 (7.7%) were positive (combined 5.4%)

Conclusion Mother's blood and baby's urine should be tested for serum CMV-IgG antibodies and CMV-DNA at delivery at <34-weeks of gestational age. Targeted screening will help in making an early diagnosis of cCMV, initiate therapy, and detect and treat early CNS problems including hearing loss.

Key Points
COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Pregnancy
Authors: Odedokun Temitope , Marquez Rafael , Thakkar Meera , Dinglas Cheryl , Kady Dina El
Published: October 2022

Objective The purpose of the study is to evaluate the acceptance rate of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine among pregnant women at our institution prior to recommendations by national organizations (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists/The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine) in July 2021 and to determine whether factors including health disparities are associated with acceptance.

Study Design This is an Institutional Review Board exempt descriptive study. Anonymous surveys were administered from February 2021 to May 2021 to pregnant patients at Mount Sinai South Nassau's affiliated Maternal Fetal Medicine office. The survey was completed by 701 pregnant women. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the overall sample, as well as separately by group (acceptance versus declining/undecided about getting the COVID-19 vaccine). The two groups were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and the two-sample t-test. Analysis was compared between two groups (patients who accepted the COVID-19 vaccine and people who declined/undecided about the vaccine). A result was considered statistically significant at the p < 0.05 level of significance.

Results Of the 701 pregnant women who completed the survey, 96 patients accepted the vaccine. More pregnant women who were older accepted the COVID-19 vaccine compared with those who were younger (p = 0.0343). Pregnant women willing to get the flu vaccine and/or the Tdap vaccine in pregnancy were more likely to obtain the COVID-19 vaccine (p < 0.05). Pregnant patients who had household members willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine sought to obtain the vaccine for themselves (p < 0.0001). Interestingly, pregnant women who had an underlying respiratory illness in the pregnancy were less likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccine than those who had either other or no medical problems (p < 0.05).

Conclusion There is a low rate of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among pregnant women (13.69%). Efforts should be made to encourage the vaccine in this vulnerable population to protect them from the health risks of the COVID-19 virus.

Key Points
Varied Clinical Presentation and Management of Calvarial Metastases
Authors: Gupta Sweety , Sharma Gaurav , Sajeevan Sanjay , Raut Sagar N. , Ahuja Rachit , Joseph Deepa , Gupta Amit , Gupta Manoj
Published: October 2022

Calvarium and skull base can be affected by a variety of benign, tumor-like, and malignant processes. Skull metastases (SMs) may be located in any layer of the skull and may be incidental or present with neurological symptoms during the diagnostic workup. In the present study, we discuss the occurrence of SMs from various index malignancies and their myriad clinical presentation. This data-based study includes patients of bone metastases between June 2018 and July 2020. Patients with skull bone metastases were recognized, and location of primary site, their clinical presentation, and management strategy were noted. Ten patients with skull bone metastases were identified during this period. Four patients had skull base location with clinical manifestation as syndromes. Six patients had primary from breast cancer, three from Ewing's sarcoma, and one from lung cancer. Management varied according to the primary site and symptoms of each patient. SM, though not rare, is often diagnosed incidentally but presents diagnostic and management challenges in the patient with cancer.
Agri-food tech’s building block: narrating protein, agnostic of source, in the face of crisis
Authors: Guthman Julie , Biltekoff Charlotte
Published: October 2022

Inventive producers in Silicon Valley and other innovations sectors are going beyond the simulated animal products of plant-based proteins and cellular technologies to produce a third generation of protein products, making protein the leading edge of high tech food innovation. Since innovators draw on sources not generally recognized as food these products are speculative as both foods and investments. Building on scholarship that examines edibility formation of so-called alternative proteins, we show the deployment of three interlocking narratives that make novel protein products both edible and investible: protein is ubiquitous and protean, which provides myriad opportunities for technological transformation; its longtime associations with vigor, strength and energy, along with current day obsessions with the negatives of fats and carbohydrates, renders it the one remaining macronutrient that it is unequivocally good; and widely circulated discourses of both future shortages and the problems with contemporary livestock production makes producing more an almost indisputable solution. While innovators and investors act as if protein needs this sector to solve an impending crisis and bring its possibilities to fruition, we suggest the inverse—that without protein the sector would be nearly barren of novelty and food, much less the disruption and impact routinely claimed.
A portable flash x-ray generator powered by an explosive driven ferroelectric generator
Authors: Wu Youcheng , Geng Lidong , Deng Jianjun , Liu Gaomin , He Hongliang
Published: October 2022

In order to develop a portable flash x-ray source, a compact explosive pulsed power source based on an explosive-driven ferroelectric generator (EDFEG) is investigated numerically and experimentally in this paper. The EDFEG is used as a primary power supply to charge a pulse capacitor, and then the capacitor outputs high current through an inductor and an electrical exploding opening switch (EEOS). Finally, a high voltage fast pulse is generated on a diode, which generates x rays. A circuit model was built to analyze the performance of this compact pulsed power source. A portable flash x-ray generator prototype was constructed in our laboratory. The typical experimental results illustrated that after metal wires of the EEOS exploded, a high-voltage fast pulse with a peak value of 180 kV, a rise time of 2.8 ns, and a pulse width of 30 ns was generated on the x-ray diode. Meanwhile, an x-ray pulse with a pulse width of 19 ns, a focus of about 1 mm, and a dose of 100 mR at 15 cm was obtained.
Band structure engineering in Fe–Sb based lanthanide filled p-type skutterudites RFe4Sb12 (R = Nd, Sm) to enhance the Seebeck coefficient and thermoelectric figure of merit
Authors: Chaki T. , Mandal P. K.
Published: October 2022

Structural, thermodynamic, electronic, and thermoelectric properties of two pure ternary skutterudites, NdFe4Sb12 and SmFe4Sb12, and their doped counterparts, Sm-doped NdFe4Sb12 and Nd-doped SmFe4Sb12, have been investigated using full potential linearized augmented plane wave formalism under density functional theory. In doped systems, the central lanthanide atom was replaced by a different filler atom. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that all the materials are stable, sufficiently hard, and will have a high melting point. Band profiles reveal their semimetallic nature with a pseudo-bandgap above the Fermi level and crossing of the Fermi level of one or more bands. The facts that the trivalent fillers do not provide enough electrons required for charge compensation of Fe4Sb12 and the Fermi levels are well inside the valence band also predict their p-type nature. The splitting of DOS of the f-electrons of the filler atoms into both spin channels implies their ferromagnetic nature. The Sm-doped system exhibits the highest magnetic moment because of the much lower anti-ferromagnetic moment of Fe. Between the pure compounds, the lighter filler atom-based NdFe4Sb12 exhibits a higher ZT value because of the higher population density of states and higher concentration of degenerate flatbands. Contrary to recent predictions, both the doped systems show higher ZT than the pure ones. However, the presence of larger pseudo-bandgaps in both spin channels and two peaks just above the Fermi level in the majority spin channel in the lighter Nd-doped system results in the enhanced Seebeck coefficient, reduced thermal conductivity, and the maximum ZT value of 0.90 at 1000 K.
An alternative expression for ad hoc field collision model
Authors: Yamagishi O.
Published: October 2022

An alternative form of ad hoc collision model to the Fokker–Planck field collision operator is proposed. The model is so constructed that the results of exact Fokker–Planck field collision, applied to the low-order Legendre and associated Laguerre polynomials, are used to impose self-adjointness first and then collisional conservation laws. The model is shown to be actually identical to the conventional ad hoc model in the l = 0 and 1 parts in Legendre polynomial expansion in an isothermal case, while it is not limited to extend to the higher order, in contrast to the conventional ad hoc model, in which the collisional conservation laws are imposed primarily, using the exact test collision form of the Fokker–Planck operator. Furthermore, it is discussed that the proposed model is identified to the lowest order in an expansion of formal Hirshman–Sigmar operator, while there is a difference between the formal and conventional Hirshman–Sigmar operators. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed model can yield comparable results to those by the exact Fokker–Planck and conventional Hirshman–Sigmar operators.
On the calculation of crystal–melt interface free energy and interface stiffness using Ni as a model system
Authors: Liu Lin , Wang Li , Wu Lingkang , Fu Baoqin , Li Jing , Zhao Yujie , Xu Ben , Wang Hao
Published: October 2022

Both interface free energy and interface stiffness are crucial parameters in governing the interface morphologies of crystal–melt coexistence systems from which different methods were reported separately to determine these parameters in turn. However, the correlation among these methods has not been a concern in previous research studies. In this work, we created two Ni models of crystal–melt coexistence systems based on a basic crystal–melt interface kinetic equation. Then, the interface stiffness, interface free energy, and anisotropy parameters were calculated using three methods, which are the capillary fluctuation method, critical nucleus method, and modified critical nucleus method. The results are in good agreement with each other. Meanwhile, the interface free energies calculated in our work agree well with the values from experiments and existing simulations.
Deep-learning-based inverse design of phononic crystals for anticipated wave attenuation
Authors: Han Sihao , Han Qiang , Li Chunlei
Published: October 2022

Bandgaps of phononic crystals dominating the propagation of evanescent waves have received significant attention recently, which can be determined and tuned by the topology of a unit cell. Predicting a band structure and designing topological structures with desirable characteristics have become a research hotspot. In this study, a data-driven deep learning framework is applied to arrive at the prediction of the band structure and the inverse design of topology. A convolutional neural network is trained to predict band structures of phononic crystals. After training a generative adversarial network, the generator is concatenated with the convolutional neural network for inverse design. Meanwhile, a complex band structure of phononic crystals is computed by the periodic spectral finite element method to present the spatial decay of evanescent waves. The topology with the greater spatial attenuation is screened from the ground truth topology and the inversely designed topology. Finally, an optimized topological phononic crystal with an anticipated bandgap is obtained, which has the potential for better acoustic insulation and vibration isolation.
Thermal performance analysis and optimization of cascaded packed bed latent heat storage tank
Authors: Wu Jiani , Li Xin , Zhang Qiangqiang , Zhuang Chunlong , Chang Zheshao
Published: October 2022

The packed bed tank with multiple phase change materials (PCMs) is one of the most efficient latent heat energy storage techniques. This study presents insight into the influence of the latent heat arrangements on the cascaded packed bed tank, providing a new idea for designing multi-PCM packed bed tank, which concerns the screening of PCMs. In this study, a parametric study is conducted to optimize the latent heat of the multi-PCM packed bed tank for the charging and discharging process. A developed two-dimensional model is used to predict the thermal behaviors of the heat transfer fluid and PCMs in packed bed tanks, which is verified by experiment. The results showed that the case with uniform latent heat arrangement exhibits the best overall thermal performance, which obtains the lowest standard deviation of average heat-exchange zone travel velocities for the charging and discharging cycle process. Moreover, the relationship between the efficiency and the standard deviations of the heat-exchange-zone travel velocities is unearthed, and its effectiveness is verified by an actual cascaded PCMs packed bed tank. The charging/discharging/overall efficiency increases with a decrease in the standard deviation of the heat-exchange-zone travel velocities of the PCM layers. This relationship can be used as a new PCM selection method for the cascaded latent heat storage tank. In addition, the actual cascaded packed bed unit with a different latent heat is optimized by variable capsule diameters.
Laser-based finite element model reconstruction for structural mechanics
Authors: Yang Shuzhen , Harris Devin K.
Published: October 2022

It is imperative to know the health condition of a structure during its service life. The development of laser scanning technology has created new opportunities to leverage high-resolution 3D laser scanning (3DLS) as a non-destructive evaluation tool for detailed geometrical information extracted for the creation of precise computational models. However, the workflow associated with this integration is indirect and presents challenges. The existing scan-to-model strategies use completely scanning data to generate a new finite element model (FEM), leading to excessive computational costs, especially if nonlinear analysis is required. In view of this, this study creates a pathway for a direct scan-to-model strategy suitable for translating condition data derived from a 3D laser scanning system into a FEM capable of describing the mechanical response of the component. Then, based on the scan-to-model strategy, a localized pathway to automatically identify the damaged parts and locally update the FEM is proposed. Instead of generating a new FEM of the damaged component, only the damaged parts are updated, which can reduce the computation cost. After that, the pathways were validated through laboratory-scale tensile testing using 3D Digital Image Correlation (3D-DIC), which enabled full-field deformation characterization and correlation with numerical model prediction. Results of this study provide the foundation of a computational framework for establishing the fundamental link between visually observable geometric and numerical models that engineers use to understand the performance of engineered systems.
Stochastic diffusion of energetic ions in Wendelstein-line stellarators: Numerical validation of theory predictions and new findings
Authors: Kolesnichenko Ya. I. , Lutsenko V. V. , Tykhyy A. V.
Published: October 2022

Stochastic motion of 3.5-MeV alpha particles with orbits that vary between locally trapped and locally passing states (transitioning particles) in a Helias reactor is observed numerically for the first time. This validates theory prediction that the collisionless stochastic diffusion of these particles represents a mechanism of considerable delayed loss of fast ions in quasi-isodynamic stellarators [Beidler et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 2731 (2001)]. The numerical calculation has also demonstrated a possibility to prevent the escape of particles to the wall by making the separatrix between the locally trapped and passing states closed, as was proposed in Tykhyy et al. [Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49, 703 (2007)]. It is found that stochastic regions can vary from very narrow to very wide that occupy almost the whole plasma cross section. It is shown that the fraction of alpha particles with closed separatrix in the population of transition alphas can be considerable. Potentially, this fraction can be increased, and the number of transitioning particles can be reduced by a special optimization of the magnetic configuration, which decreases delayed losses of alphas by means of reducing the separatrix maximum radius.
Electron transfer characteristics of amino acid adsorption on epitaxial graphene FETs on SiC substrates
Authors: Yamasaki Sota , Nakai Hiroki , Murayama Keita , Ohno Yasuhide , Nagase Masao
Published: October 2022

Clarifying the adsorption characteristics of biomolecules on graphene surfaces is critical for the development of field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors for detecting pH, DNA, proteins, and other biomarkers. Although there are many reports on biomolecule detection using graphene FETs, the detection mechanism has not yet been clarified. In this study, the adsorption behavior and electron transfer characteristics of 20 proteinogenic amino acids on graphene field-effect transistors are investigated. Large single-crystal graphene films were epitaxially grown on SiC substrates by a resist-free metal stencil mask lithography process then patterned by air plasma etching to form FET devices. Amino acids with different charge conditions (positive or negative charge) were introduced onto the epitaxial graphene surface in solution. The charge neutral points of the drain current vs gate voltage curves shifted in the negative gate voltage direction after the introduction of all amino acids, regardless of the type of amino acid and its charge condition. These amino acid adsorption characteristics agree well with previously reported protein adsorption characteristics on epitaxial graphene surfaces, indicating that the adsorption of proteins in the liquid phase occurs by electron doping to the graphene surface. These results indicate that non-specific protein binding always leads to electron doping of epitaxial graphene FETs.
Considerations in the protection of marsupial gliders and other mature-forest dependent fauna in areas of intensive logging in the tall forests of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Wardell-Johnson Grant W. , Robinson Todd P.
Published: October 2022

Context The tall forests of Victoria, Australia, which are available for logging, are foreshadowed to be converted from mature forest to hostile environments for mature-forest dependent species by 2030. This has occurred within a 60-year time-frame since the advent of industrial-scale logging in the region. In this light, Protection Areas (PAs) of approximately 100 ha have been implemented to protect habitat with high density populations of Yellow-bellied Gliders (Petaurus australis) and Southern Greater Gliders (Petauroides volans). Aims and methods Ten considerations are provided to guide location and design of PAs, and to provide set asides and other forms of protection for mature-forest dependent species in the context of the temporal and spatial scale of logging activity. Key results Considerations are grouped into Overall approach (precautionary), Survey records and habitat attributes (occurrence, habitat, vegetation types), Size and shape considerations (edge and fragmentation effects); Management history (logging and fire), and Boundary considerations (context and conditions). In addition, set asides encompassing home ranges; and high levels of basal area retention, are also required in the remainder of planned logging coupes. Conclusions Addressing these considerations in PAs, in set asides and in retention will provide some protection for mature-forest dependent species, but will be insufficient without ecologically sustainable forest management at the coupe level, for the sustained yield of all habitat components of these forests. Implications The conservation of mature-forest dependent species in the context of an ongoing timber industry requires logging return times well beyond current expectations, resulting in a substantial reduction in resource commitment to industry.
A resource-rational model of human processing of recursive linguistic structure
Authors: Hahn Michael , Futrell Richard , Levy Roger , Gibson Edward
Published: October 2022

A major goal of psycholinguistic theory is to account for the cognitive constraints limiting the speed and ease of language comprehension and production. Wide-ranging evidence demonstrates a key role for linguistic expectations: A word’s predictability, as measured by the information-theoretic quantity of surprisal, is a major determinant of processing difficulty. But surprisal, under standard theories, fails to predict the difficulty profile of an important class of linguistic patterns: the nested hierarchical structures made possible by recursion in human language. These nested structures are better accounted for by psycholinguistic theories of constrained working memory capacity. However, progress on theory unifying expectation-based and memory-based accounts has been limited. Here we present a unified theory of a rational trade-off between precision of memory representations with ease of prediction, a scaled-up computational implementation using contemporary machine learning methods, and experimental evidence in support of the theory’s distinctive predictions. We show that the theory makes nuanced and distinctive predictions for difficulty patterns in nested recursive structures predicted by neither expectation-based nor memory-based theories alone. These predictions are confirmed 1) in two language comprehension experiments in English, and 2) in sentence completions in English, Spanish, and German. More generally, our framework offers computationally explicit theory and methods for understanding how memory constraints and prediction interact in human language comprehension and production.
Structural and functional investigation of ABC transporter STE6-2p from
Pichia pastoris
reveals unexpected interaction with sterol molecules
Authors: Schleker E. Sabine M. , Buschmann Sabine , Xie Hao , Welsch Sonja , Michel Hartmut , Reinhart Christoph
Published: October 2022

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are multidomain transmembrane proteins, which facilitate the transport of various substances across cell membranes using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. They are important drug targets since they mediate decreased drug susceptibility during pharmacological treatments. For the methylotrophic yeast
Pichia pastoris
, a model organism that is a widely used host for protein expression, the role and function of its ABC transporters is unexplored. In this work, we investigated the
Pichia
ABC-B transporter STE6-2p. Functional investigations revealed that STE6-2p is capable of transporting rhodamines in vivo and is active in the presence of verapamil and triazoles in vitro. A phylogenetic analysis displays homology among multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters from pathogenic fungi to human ABC-B transporters. Further, we present high-resolution single-particle electron cryomicroscopy structures of an ABC transporter from
P. pastoris
in the apo conformation (3.1 Å) and in complex with verapamil and adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) (3.2 Å). An unknown density between transmembrane helices 4, 5, and 6 in both structures suggests the presence of a sterol-binding site of unknown function.
The invasive hornet
Vespa velutina
: distribution, impacts and management options
Authors: Lioy S. , Bergamino C. , Porporato M.
Published: October 2022

The Asian yellow-legged hornet
Vespa velutina
is an invasive alien species introduced and widespread in several countries of Europe and Asia. Its diffusion generates relevant environmental and socio-economic impacts. Environmental impacts include threats to the native insect biodiversity and the pollination ecosystem services. Socio-economic impacts include threats to the apiculture sector, economic consequences for the adoption of management strategies, social concern and health issues. Different options were developed and adopted for (i) preventing the introduction of
V. velutina
, (ii) early detecting its presence, (iii) eradicating populations at the initial stage of invasion or (iv) controlling populations for limiting and mitigating its impacts. The aim of this review was to provide an updated overview about the distribution, impacts and options for managing
V. velutina
populations, through a literature review of the published academic documents. Moreover, this study highlights that some topics received little attention (impacts of
V. velutina
on the biodiversity, on the pollination ecosystem services, on the economy) or require further research efforts (effective control methods for
V. velutina
); therefore, future research should be directed towards filling these gaps of knowledge.
A second chance at yeast early endosomes
Authors: O’Donnell Allyson F.
Published: October 2022

Post-endocytic recycling in yeast has been posited to transit solely through the Golgi, raising the possibility that yeast lack early endosomes. In this issue, Laidlaw and colleagues (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202109137) describe a yeast endosomal recycling pathway that gives proteins a second chance to return to the plasma membrane.
Physically motivated ansatz for the Kerr spacetime
Authors: Baines Joshua , Visser Matt
Published: October 2022

Despite some 60 years of work on the subject of the Kerr rotating black hole there is as yet no widely accepted physically based and pedagogically viable ansatz suitable for deriving the Kerr solution without significant computational effort. (Typically involving computer-aided symbolic algebra.) Perhaps the closest one gets in this regard is the Newman–Janis trick; a trick which requires several physically unmotivated choices in order to work. Herein we shall try to make some progress on this issue by using a non-ortho-normal tetrad based on oblate spheroidal coordinates to absorb as much of the messy angular dependence as possible, leaving one to deal with a relatively simple angle-independent tetrad-component metric. That is, we shall write

g

a
b

=

g

A
B

e

A

a

e
B

b

seeking to keep both the tetrad-component metric g

AB
and the non-ortho-normal co-tetrad

e

A

a

relatively simple but non-trivial. We shall see that it is possible to put all the mass dependence into g

AB
, while the non-ortho-normal co-tetrad

e

A

a

can be chosen to be a mass-independent representation of flat Minkowski space in oblate spheroidal coordinates:

(

g

M
i
n
k
o
w
s
k
i

)

a
b

=

η

A
B

e

A

a

e
B

b

. This procedure separates out, to the greatest extent possible, the mass dependence from the rotational dependence, and makes the Kerr solution perhaps a little less mysterious.
Challenges in addressing student difficulties with measurement uncertainty of two-state quantum systems using a multiple-choice question sequence in online and in-person classes
Authors: Hu Peter , Li Yangqiuting , Singh Chandralekha
Published: October 2022

Research-validated multiple-choice questions comprise an easy-to-implement instructional tool that serves to scaffold student learning and formatively assess students’ knowledge. We present findings from the implementation, in consecutive years, of a research-validated multiple-choice question sequence on measurement uncertainty as it applies to two-state quantum systems. This study was conducted in an advanced undergraduate quantum mechanics course, in online and in-person learning environments for consecutive years. Student learning was assessed after receiving traditional lecture-based instruction in relevant concepts, and their performance was compared with that of a similar assessment given after engaging with the multiple-choice question sequence. We analyze and discuss the similar and differing trends observed in the two modes of instruction.
Off-axis electric field due to cylindrical geometries of charge distribution
Authors: Park Changsoo
Published: October 2022

Off-axis electric field due to cylindrical distribution of charge is studied in various geometries, including solid cylinder, cylindrical shell, disk, and ring. The electric fields of the charged solid cylinder and cylindrical shell can be found by numerical calculations, but closed forms expressed in terms of elliptic integrals are derived for the charged disk and ring. By investigating the radial and axial components of the electric fields systematically we reveal many interesting and new features that are implicit or unseen in the ordinary approach based on the cylindrical symmetry.
A low scattering tightly coupled dipole array based on frequency-selective polarization converter
Authors: Liu Chao , Qin Zhe , Li Yongfeng , Liu Tonghao , Wang Jiafu , Qu Shaobo
Published: October 2022

In this paper, a low radar cross section (RCS) tightly coupled dipole array (TCDA) based on novel dual-polarized frequency-selective polarization converter (FSPC) has been proposed. The proposed FSPC structure is comprised of a polarization conversion metasurface and a band-pass frequency selective surface, and the coding sequence of FSPC can be derived by simulated annealing algorithm to achieve simulated mono-static RCS reduction. The process of the co-design of the TCDA with FSPC is presented, and the radiation performance of the antenna array meets the design requirements. A TCDA sample and 20 × 20 FSPC elements were designed and fabricated. The measured results indicated that a significant reflection reduction from 15 GHz to 21 GHz compared with a metallic plane of the same size at the boresight, and the simulated and measured normalized radiation patterns are in good agreement.
Classification of damage types in liquid-filled buried pipes based on deep learning
Authors: Ma Qi , Du Guofeng , Yu Zeyu , Yuan Hongqiang , Wei Xiaolong
Published: October 2022

In long-distance pipelines, this type of local damage can lead to different forms of damage. Ultrasound (UT)-guided wave technology can detect channel damage at a distance and reduce the workforce and material resources. Deep learning has the advantages of high efficiency and accuracy for pipeline damage classification and identification. This study proposes a classification method that combines UT-guided waves with deep residual neural networks. First, the time-series data of the defect echoes are encoded into different types of images using the glare angular field matrix. Then, the features of the generated images are extracted using ResNet. Finally, it is put into Faster-RCNN for training, validation and defect type recognition. Finite element models containing cracked, square and circular defects were built to verify the effectiveness of the method. The network models were trained for classification, testing and validation using pipes with broken defects. Finite element analysis results show that the network model classifies cracked, square and circular defects with different damage levels with accuracy, recall and F1-score indices close to 90%, and the experimental results show that the network model has an identification accuracy of approximately 90%. Furthermore, the results show that the Faster-RCNN-ResNet model is more accurate in identifying complex pipeline defect types than machine learning and other deep learning methods. The model shows good feasibility and effectiveness in classifying the damage types of long-transmission buried pipelines.
Investigation on refractive index sensing characteristics based on multimode fiber specklegram
Authors: Cai Lu , Wang Min , Zhao Yong
Published: October 2022

In this study, the refractive index (RI) sensing characteristic of a single mode fiber (SMF)-multimode fiber (MMF) structure is investigated, and the two demodulation methods of specklegram and spectrum are compared experimentally. The results show that the RI resolution of the specklegram sensor is significantly higher than that of the optical spectrum analyzer. In addition, an SMF-no-core fiber (NCF)-MMF specklegram sensor is proposed. By extracting the eigenvalues of the gray-level co-occurrence matrix of the output specklegram, the eigenvalue of the angular second moment changes with the RI change, in which the addition of NCF increases the sensitivity from 0.25/RIU to 0.81/RIU. This specklegram sensor has good potential for high-resolution RI detection.
In plane magnetization reversal in nanosized thin truncated conical double-disks of permalloy
Authors: Sahu Rahul , Tandon Prerit , Mishra Amaresh Chandra
Published: October 2022

In plane magnetization reversal of permalloy thin truncated conical double-disk as a function of the

σ
=
r

/

R

is investigated using micromagnetic simulations with fixed base radius (R) of 100 nm. When external magnetic field is applied along the longer axis of the double-disk, the remanent states change gradually from vortex state to S state and then to buckled magnetization state with reduction of σ. When σ ≈ 1 and the conical nanodisk resembles to a regular cylindrical nanodisk, incoherent magnetization reversal is dominant whereas tapering of conical disk reduces extent of incoherence in magnetization reversal. As tapering of nanodisk goes extreme so that σ ≈ 0.1, the magnetization reversal is governed only by coherent rotation. Correspondingly, coercive field reduces monotonically as σ increases. On the other hand, when a field is applied in plane but perpendicular to the long axis, almost zero coercivity is discovered. These variations are explained using a analytical calculation of demagnetization factors which quantifies shape anisotropy as well as the consideration of incoherence in magnetization reversal.
Rubidium ions doping to improve the photoluminescence properties of Mn doped CsPbCl3 perovskite quantum dots
Authors: Wu Na , Zhai Yue , Chang Peng , Mei Hang , Wang Ziyan , Zhang Hong , Zhu Qiangqiang , Liang Pei , Wang Le
Published: October 2022

All-inorganic cesium lead halide CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have shown promising potential in current Mini/Micro-LED display applications due to their excellent photoluminescence performance. However, lead ions in PQDs are easily to leak owing to the unstable structure of PQDs, which hinders their commercial applications. Herein, we adopt Rb+ ions co-doping strategy to regulate the doping characteristics of Mn2+ ions in CsPbCl3 PQDs. The synthesized CsPbCl3:(Rb+, Mn2+) PQDs possess enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield of 71.1% due to the reduction of intrinsic defect states and Mn–Mn or Mn-traps in co-doped PQDs. Moreover, the white light emission of CsPb(Cl/Br)3:(Rb+, Mn2+) PQDs is achieved by anion exchange reaction and the constructed WLED exhibits the CIE coordinate of (0.33, 0.29) and the correlated color temperature of 5497 K. Benefiting from the substitution strategy, these doped CsPbX3 PQDs can be widely used as fluorescence conversion materials for the construction of Mini/Micro-LED.
Fascinating physics at the edge of magnetic fusion devices
Authors: Krasheninnikov S I
Published: October 2022

The physics of the processes at the edge of magnetic fusion devices is multifaceted and exhibits complex, nonlinear synergistic effects. Even though this region occupies only a small portion of the whole device, it plays a crucial role in overall plasma confinement, heat exhaust, and plasma–wall interactions. The latter affects not only the performance but also the lifetime of plasma-facing components and therefore remains an outstanding challenge for future fusion reactors. At the edge of fusion devices, researchers are dealing with phenomena including classical and anomalous plasma transport, atomic physics effects, and physics of plasma-facing material under strong irradiation by particle and energy fluxes. The diversity of edge physics makes it particularly attractive for young scientists. Working in this field, they can find endless possibilities to demonstrate their talents and creativity. This short review describes just some of the basic scrape-off layer and divertor plasma phenomena including divertor plasma detachment, intermittent bursts of anomalous cross-field plasma transport, plasma–material interactions, and dust in fusion plasmas, which are of particular interest in relation to fusion reactors.