bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiographic Evaluation of Foot Structure following Fifth Metatarsal Stress Fracture
Authors: Lee Kyung Tai , Kim Ki Chun , Park Young Uk , Kim Tae Won , Lee Young Koo
Published: November 2011

Background:

Correlation between foot structure and stress fracture risk has not been adequately evaluated or proven. The purpose of this study was to compare foot structure in fracture cases versus control with respect to radiological parameters in stress fractures of the fifth metatarsal.

Materials and Methods:

The study group consisted of 50 consecutive athletes with a diagnosis of fifth metatarsal stress fracture and a control group matched for sport type and age. Fifth metatarsopha-langeal (MTP-5) angle, fourth-fifth intermetatarsal (IMA4–5) angle, fifth metatarsal lateral deviation (MT5-LD) angle were measured on standing antero-posterior (AP) radiographs. Talo first metatarsal (T-MT1) angle, talo-calcaneal (TC) angle, and calcaneal pitch (CP) angle were measured on a standing lateral view, and MT5-LD angle was measured on a 30-degree medial oblique view.

Results:

Significant inter-group differences were found for TC angle ( p < 0.001) and calcaneal pitch angle ( p < 0.001) on lateral radiographs, and for IMA4–5 angle ( p = 0.003), MT5-LD angle ( p = 0.002) on AP radiographs, and for MT5-LD angle ( p < 0.001) on the 30-degree medial oblique radiographs.

Conclusion:

Fifth metatarsal stress fractures were found to be associated with elevated T-MT1 angle and CP angle representing a cavus foot and the increased curvature of fifth metatarsal. In addition, the extent of fifth metatarsal curvature on a 30-degree medial oblique view was found to be more related to the risk of fracture than on the AP view. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Biomechanical Comparison of Lag Screw versus Self-Drilling Screw Fixation of Oblique Metatarsal Osteotomy
Authors: Rabenhorst Brien M. , Smith Michael P. , James C. Roger , Grimes Jerry S.
Published: November 2011

Background:

Several fixation methods for a Weil metatarsal osteotomy have been proposed. Lag screw fixation has been described as the preferred fixation technique. The self-drilling screw has been introduced and can be used for fixation of the Weil osteotomy. The current study compared self-drilling screws with lag screw fixation.

Materials and Methods:

A Weil metatarsal osteotomy was performed on the second, third, and fourth metatarsals of five matched pairs of fresh frozen cadaver feet. The feet of each pair were randomly assigned to fixation with either a 2.0-mm cortical lag screw or a 2.0-mm self-drilling screw. The second metatarsals were stressed using cantilever bending. The third and fourth metatarsals were stressed under a shear force. Yield load, deformation at yield load, structural stiffness, and energy stored at yield load were recorded.

Results:

There were no statistically significant differences ( p < 0.05) noted. However, there was a trend toward greater biomechanical stability with the lag screw.

Conclusion:

There were no significant differences in the stability of fixation of the self-drilling screw and lag screw. There was a trend toward the lag screw fixation being more stable.

Clinical Relevance:

The clinical significance of this trend is uncertain but suggests there is not a large difference between the two methods of fixation.
Medial Approach for Hindfoot Arthrodesis with a Valgus Deformity
Authors: Saville Philip , Longman Charlotte F. , Srinivasan Sreebala C. M. , Kothari Paresh
Published: November 2011

Background:

Surgical correction of valgus deformity of the hindfoot has traditionally been via a lateral incision, often complicated by wound healing problems and sural nerve damage. Potential advantages of a medial approach especially for a valgus deformity include excellent wound healing, no risk of damage to the sural nerve and extensibility of the approach to include additional procedures such as navicular fusion or tendon transfer if indicated.

Materials and Methods:

We present a retrospective review of 18 consecutive patients with valgus deformity of the hindfoot, all undergoing arthrodesis via a medial approach. Indications included osteoarthritis, tibialis posterior dysfucntion, post-traumatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Results:

All wounds healed by primary intention and there were no postoperative neurovascular complications. The mean preoperative subtalar valgus deformity was 32 (range, 12 to 49) degrees, which was improved to mean postoperative valgus deformity of 17 (range, 10 to 25) degrees. Fusion following the primary surgery was achieved in all but one of the patients (a heavy smoker and post-traumatic arthritis), with the mean time to fusion being 5.6 months.

Conclusion:

We provide further evidence to support previous documentation in the literature that the medial approach for the correction of hindfoot valgus deformity can be successfully used to achieve excellent exposure of the subtalar joint in order to correct the valgus deformity, avoiding the risks of wound healing and nerve damage associated with a lateral approach. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Metatarso-sesamoid Osteoarthritis as a Cause of Pain after First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Fusion: Case Report
Authors: Tan Jeffrey , Lau Johnny T. C.
Published: November 2011

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Gout Associated with Fracture of the Fifth Metatarsal Shaft: A Case Report
Authors: Chadwick Carolyn M. , Saxby Terry S.
Published: November 2011

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Silylene Reaction with Acetylene: Elucidating the Mechanism by Theoretical Identification of a New Intermediate
Authors: Bei Yiling , Liu Qingyang
Published: November 2011

The reaction of silylene with acetylene was observed by the density function theory (DFT) method at the 6 - 311 g (d,p) level. A new reaction pathway has been identified involving the tetra-conjugated: SiH2CH==CHH2Si:. Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis confirms the reaction to be spontaneous at room temperature. The new intermediate proposed in this work offers a resolution of the conundrum of the silylene/acetylene reaction.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Oxyacids of Phosphorus by Benzimidazolium Dichromate
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Panday Dinesh , Kothari Seema
Published: November 2011

Oxidation of some lower oxyacids of phosphorus by benzimidazolium dichromate results in the formation of the corresponding oxyacids containing phosphorus in a higher oxidation state, via an intermediate complex formation.
The Catalytic Oxidation of Aqueous Phenol by H2O2Using a Macrocyclic (N-Donor) Cobalt(Ii) Complex
Authors: Feng Fa-mei , Liu Fu-an , Cai Shu-lan , Xie Jia-qing
Published: November 2011

A new macrocyclic (N-donor) cobalt(II) complex, denoted CoR, was synthesized and characterized, and used as a mimetic peroxidase in the catalytic oxidation of phenol by H2O2. The catalytic system displayed high catalytic activity and the catalytic character of a metalloenzyme, although it did not attain the catalytic efficiency of enzymes. The final products were maleic and oxalic acids. Intermediate products, such as catechol and hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone, were detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The effects of temperature and the pH of the system on the rate of the catalytic oxidation were investigated. A reaction mechanism and kinetic model for the catalytic oxidation are proposed, which are supported by the results of the experimental and calculation data.
The Effects of Particle Size on the Kinetic Parameters in the Reaction of Nano-Nio with Sodium Bisulfate Solution
Authors: Xue Yongqiang , Wang Xiaopeng , Cui Zixiang
Published: November 2011

The kinetic parameters for the chemical reaction of nano-NiO of different particle sizes with aqueous sodium bisulfate solution were determined; additionally, the influence of particle size on the kinetic parameters were studied and were discussed. The results show that: there are clear effects of the particle size of nano-NiO on the rate constant, the reaction order, the apparent activation energy and the pre-exponential factor; thus the rate constant and the reaction order increase, and the apparent activation energy and the pre-exponential factor decrease, with decrease of the particle diameter; the logarithm of the preexponential factor, and the apparent activation energy, exhibit a linear relationship with the reciprocal of the particle diameter respectively. The bases of the role of the particle size are that the reaction order is influenced by the molar surface area of nano-NiO, the apparent activation energy by the molar surface energy, the preexponential factor by the molar surface entropy, and the rate constant by both the molar surface energy and the molar surface entropy.
Esterase variability in the populations of culex quinquefasciatus say 1823 from two geographically isolated locations in Bangladesh
Authors: Shahjahan Reza Md , Begum Rowshan Ara , Rumman Marufa , Karim Farhana Sultana , Begum Anwara
Published: November 2011

Indiscriminate and frequent use of insecticides are causing occurrence of resistance problem in the treated population in mosquitoes. Organo-phosphates are associated with esterase enzyme overproduction leading towards the selection of resistant population. Esterase pattern was studied from two geographically isolated populations of Culex quinquefasciatus by the Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). The municipal area of Sirajganj (24°19'48" N, 89°37'12"E) is located 160 km away from Dhaka (23°42'0" N, 90°22'30"E), the capital of Bangladesh. In Dhaka insecticides are frequently sprayed with by the city corporation whereas in Sirajganj town insecticides usually not in use. Altogether eight and seven esterase bands were observed from above two populations. These were named as Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Est-4, Est-5 Est-6, Est-7, Est-8, respectively. Sirajganj population in general showed less esterase activity in comparison with that of Hatirjheel. Est-5 in Hatirjheel population was found to be distinct and darkly stained. These reflect increasing insecticide resistance due to excessive use of insecticides in mosquito control program in the Dhaka city. Furthermore, in Sirajganj population two female samples were found to produce unique bands in Est-2, very thick (~50-100fold), although these specimens were morphologically similar to other samples, alleged to be the occurrence of species complex in Culex quinquefasciatus. Nation wide intensive sampling and large scale study in terms of esterase appears to be essential to reveal the entity of species complex and correlate resistance with the esterases for managerial purpose.    Key Words: Esterase variability; Culex quinquefasciatus; Isolated locations DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i1.8939 DUJBS 2010; 19(1): 13-20
Infestation of entamoeba histolytica among the children of Mirpur cohort area, Dhaka
Authors: Rahman Fatema , Khanum Hamida , Uddin Md Hafiz , Haque Rashidul
Published: November 2011

Entamoeba histolytica is one of the deadly species of protozoan parasites and is associated with pathological abnormalecies in liver and large bowel in human body. To detect the prevalence of E. histolytica, 350 stool samples were examined by a number of diagnostic techniques. Routine microscopic examination detected 27.3% prevalence of E. histolytica in symptomatic stool samples and 8.6% in asymptomatic stool samples. Dipstick test detected the same prevalence (27.3%) like that of microscopy in case of symptomatic stool samples, but 10.32% was in asymptomatic samples. ELISA detected 9.09% prevalence in symptomatic samples and 3.5% in asymptomatic samples. The females were found more infected than males and the most infective group detected by different techniques was 9-10 years children. Key words: Infestation; Entamoeba histolytica; Stool; Dipstick; ELISA DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i1.8943 DUJBS 2010; 19(1): 47-52
Effects of deforestation on the properties of soil of Sal forests in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Zabed , Saha Mihir Lal , Aziz Chaman Binta , Hoque Sirajul
Published: November 2011

This study examined the effect of deforestation on the soil properties (physico-chemical and bacterial) of the Sal (Shorea robusta Roxb. Ex Gaertn.) forests in Bangladesh. Physico-chemical properties and the bacterial colony counts of soil were studied by comparing a natural Sal forest site with deforested and planted with Menjium site, deforested and planted with Mahogoni site, as well as deforested but not planted but covered with profuse growth of Axonopus compressus grass species site. Moisture content was significantly lower in the deforested and planted with Menjium site and deforested and planted with Mahogoni site than the natural forest site and the deforested but not planted site. Total organic carbon, total nitrogen and available nitrogen contents were significantly lower in the natural forest site. Significantly higher number of bacterial colony and higher organic carbon and moisture contents were found in the deforested but not planted site indicating that both organic carbon and moisture content were important for microbial growth. The present study clearly showed that deforestation significantly altered the soil physico-chemical and bacterial communities of the Sal forests. It was also revealed that plantation with different exotic plants were found to be different in influencing soil properties. Key words: Bacterial colony; Deforestation effects; Sal forest; Soil physico-chemical properties DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i1.8945 DUJBS 2010; 19(1): 63-72
Arsenic content of raw and cooked rice and vegetables grown in Matlab area of Chandpur district of Bangladesh
Authors: Mahal Zinat , Zahid Hasan M , Wahed MA , Yusuf Harun KM
Published: November 2011

Key words: Arsenic; Raw and cooked rice; VegetablesDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i1.8948 DUJBS 2010; 19(1): 91-94
Hypoparasitic fungus tuberculina persicina (DITM. EX fR.) Sacc., as biocontrol agent for rusts
Authors: Shamsi Shamim , Naher Najmun
Published: November 2011

Key words: Tuberculina persicina; Hyperparasitic; Biocontrol agent; RustsDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i1.8950DUJBS 2010; 19(1): 99-102
Effect of mechanical impedance on root and shoot growth of rice at time intervals
Authors: Ali AHMZ
Published: November 2011

In a phytotron chamber the effect of mechanical impedance on root and shoot growth of BR?29 variety of rice at different time intervals reaveled that length of the seminal axis and length of the longest leaf extended linearly in both unimpeded and impeded treatments. Diameter of roots increased in impeded treatment. The number of first order laterals also increased linearly with time in both unimpeded and impeded treatments. Although there were always significantly more laterals on the unimpeded root axes, lateral spacing does not show any tendency to change with time. Root growth rate was nearly half in impeded than in unimpeded treatment. The pattern of root length in unimpeded (UI) did not differ from that of the pattern in impeded (I) treatment as the ratios (I/UI) were more or less constant with time. The time of leaf appearance was delayed by one ? two days and leaf growth period was shortened by one day in impeded than in unimpeded treatment. Leaf growth rates did not differ significantly between day and night time although night time growth rates were always slightly less than day time. Key words: Mechanical impedance; Pattern of root growth; Time interval; Shoot growth; Rice DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i2.8953 DUJBS 2010; 19(2): 119-128
Survival study of escherichia coli o157:h7 in aquatic system of Bangladesh
Authors: Jahid Iqbal Kabir , Azad Taslima , Rahman Mohammed Ziaur , Begum Anowara , Khan Sirajul Islam , Akhter Humaira
Published: November 2011

The survival pattern of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was observed in laboratory microcosm with different sources of surface and drinking water using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a genetic marker. The water quality was monitored on the basis of bacteriological and physico?chemical parameters. The untreated and filtered water were inoculated with the genetically transformed E. coli O157:H7. The survival pattern was determined by drop plate method observing the green fluorescence of the E. coli O157:H7 colonies under UV light. The survival of E. coli O157:H7 decreased in most of the untreated saline and waste water and higher survival was observed in pond and tap water. The E. coli O157:H7 survived more than 23 days in tap and pond water and less than 20 days in sea, estuarine and waste water. The fluorescent microscopic findings revealed the VBNC state of E. coli O157:H7. The study conclusively proved that the better survival of E. coli O157: H7 depends on the quality of water. Key words: E. coli O157:H7; Aquatic system; Survival study DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i2.8964 DUJBS 2010; 19(2): 195-201
Status of antibiotic resistant salmonella typhi strains from clinical isolates in Dhaka
Authors: Shariar Mohammad , Kabir Shaila
Published: November 2011

Key words: Salmonella typhi; Antimicrobial sensitivity; Clinical isolatesDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i2.8966 DUJBS 2010; 19(2): 207-209
Effect of phosphorus deficiency on growth and trasport of k+, na+, cl-, no3- in lentil seedling (lens culinaris medik. Var. Barimasur-4)
Authors: Sarker Bimal Chandra , Karmoker JL
Published: November 2011

Effects of phosphorus deficiency on accumulation of dry matter and transport of some monovalent ions viz., Na+, K+, Cl- , and NO3- in lentil showed that seedlings raised in culture solution with and without different amount of phosphorus decreased accumulation of K+ and increased accumulation of Na+ in both the root and shoot of lentil. Cl– contents increased under P?deficiency. Concentration of NO3- was increased in the root and decreased in the shoot of P?deficient lentil. P-deficiency caused an increase in the root dry matter and a decrease in the shoot. P-deficiency resulted in a decrease in the shoot : root. Key words: P-deficiency; Growth; Transport; Na+; K+; Cl–; NO3–; Lentil, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2.8967 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 103-108
Identification and pathogenic potentiality of fungi associated with Houttuynia cordata thunb.
Authors: Azad Rumana , Shamsi Shamim
Published: November 2011

A total of 17 species of fungi representing 11 genera were found to be associated with Houttuynia cordata Thunb. The isolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus Link, Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh., Cercospora houtttuyniicola Goh et Hsieh, Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack, Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. Ex Fr.) Grove, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., Curvularia brachyspora Boedijn., Curvularia fallax Boedijn., Curvularia pallescens Boedijn., Fusarium sp., Nigrospora sacchari (Speg.) Mason., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis spp., Syncephalastrum sp., Trichoderma viride Pers. Ex Fries. and a member of Zygomycetes. Cercospora houtttuyniicola is a new record for Bangladesh. All the isolated fungi were tested for pathogenicity. Key words: Fungi; Association; Houttuynia cordata; Pathogenic potentiality DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2.8973 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 131-138
Fungal diseases of cotton plant Gossypium hirsutum L. in Bangladesh
Authors: Lutfunnessa Raozatul Jannat Ferdous , Shamsi Shamim
Published: November 2011

Seven types of symptom were recorded in four varieties such as CB3, CB9, Hill cotton 1 (HC-1) and 2 (HC-2) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) during July, 2005 to June, 2008. The symptoms were Anthracnose, Alternnaria leaf spot, Boll rot, Cercospora leaf spot, Rust, Sclerotium rot and Wilting. Present study revealed that association of 30 species of fungi which belonged to 21 genera such as one one in Zygomycetes, one in Ascomycetes, one in Basidiomycetes, 18 in Deutermycetes and one in sterile fungus. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Arthrinium sp., Ascochyta sp., Aspergillus flavus, Link., Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh, Aspergillus sp., Botryodiplodia sp., Cercospora sp., Chaetomium sp., Chaetophoma sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichun coffeanum Noack, z. f. Pflan zenko., Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia clavate Jain, Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Fusarium moniliforme, Wr. and Reink, Fusarium spp., Nigrospora sp., Pestalotia sp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp., Pteroconium sp., Puccinia sp., Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. Ex. Fr) Lind, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries. and one sterile fungus. Fusarium spp. and Colletotrichum spp. were frequently associated with all the four cotton varieties examined. Botryodiplodia sp. was associated with Hill Cotton 1 (HC-1) and Hill Cotton 2 (HC-2). Sclerotium rolfsii was found associated with CB-3 cotton variety. Key words: Fungal diseases; Cotton plant; Gossypium hirsutum; Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2.8974 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 139-146
Abundance and seasonal diversity of zooplankton in coastal aquatic environments of Mathbaria, Bangladesh
Authors: Mozumder Pronob Kumar , Naser M Niamul , Alam Monirul , Huq Anwar
Published: November 2011

Monthly seasonal diversity and abundance of zooplankton species at three ponds of Mathbaria were investigated from surface water column during January 2008 to December 2008. Thirty?six species of zooplankton were identified from the ponds. Among these, 25 belonged to rotifer, six were of protozoan, three were copepods and one each from cladocera and ostracoda. Nauplii (copepods) were the most abundant (39.09% in site 1, 36.81% in site 2, and 33.06% in site 3) group, while the ostracoda were the least abundant (0.1% in site 2) group. The relative abundance was maximum (39.09%) for nauplii and minimum (4.56%) for cladocera in site 1; maximum (36.81%) for nauplii and minimum (0.1%) for ostracoda in site 2; maximum (33.15%) for rotifer and minimum (1.17%) for Cladocera in site 3. The species of frequent occurrence (100%) were Cyclops sp. and copepoda nauplius. In Bangladesh, cholera outbreaks have two major peaks, one between March to May and other between August to October. This study shows that, seasonal diversity and abundance of zooplankton species varied with seasons, the zooplankton peaks coincide to the reported peak outbreak of cholera at the area. Key words: Seasonal diversity; Mathbaria; Zooplankton; Abundance DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2.8977 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 163-171
Effect of amino acids as growth stimulant for recovery of Shigella spp.
Authors: Alam Ashfaqul , Ara Lutfe , Begum Anowara , Khan Sirajul Islam
Published: November 2011

Key words: Response; Amino acid; Shigella spp.; Enrichment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2.8981 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 201-204
Anatomical adaptations of Myriostachya wightiana Hook. F. To salt stress
Authors: Rashid Parveen , Ahmed Ashfaque
Published: November 2011

Key words: Anatomy; Salt stress; Stem; Leaf; Root; Myriostachya wightiana DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2.8982 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 205-208
Logic in a Social Setting
Authors: van Benthem Johan
Published: November 2011

Taking Backward Induction as its running example, this paper explores avenues for a logic of information-driven social action. We use recent results on limit phenomena in knowledge updating and belief revision, procedural rationality, and a ‘Theory of Play’ analyzing how games are played by different agents.
Bounded Rationality in the Centipede Game
Authors: Sperry-Taylor Ashton T.
Published: November 2011

Normative game theory unsatisfactorily explains rational behavior. Real people do not behave as predicted, and what is prescribed as rational behavior is normally unattainable in real-life. The problem is that current normative analysis does not account for people's cognitive limitations – their bounded rationality. However, this paper develops an account of bounded rationality that explains the rationality of more realistic behavior. I focus on the Centipede Game, in which boundedly rational players explore and test others' immediate behavior, until they can apply limited backward induction. The result is that the game has a solution in the form of a subjective Nash equilibrium, which boundedly rational players can possibly realize.
Experimental Research on Heterogeneous N2O Decomposition with Ash and Biomass Gasification Gas
Authors: Zhang Junjiao , Yang Yongping , Hu Xiaoying , Dong Changqing , Lu Qiang , Qin Wu
Published: November 2011

In this paper, the promoting effects of ash and biomass gas reburning on N2O decomposition were investigated based on a fluidized bed reactor, with the assessment of the influence of O2 on N2O decomposition with circulating ashes. Experimental results show that different metal oxides contained in ash play distinct roles in the process of N2O decomposition with biomass gas reburning. Compared with other components in ash, CaO is proven to be very active and has the greatest promoting impact on N2O decomposition. It is also found that O2, even in small amounts, can weaken the promoting effect of ash on N2O decomposition by using biomass gas reburning.
Malnutrition in the Critically Ill Child: The Importance of Enteral Nutrition
Authors: Prieto Marta Botrán , Cid Jesús López-Herce
Published: November 2011

Malnutrition affects 50% of hospitalized children and 25–70% of the critically ill children. It increases the incidence of complications and mortality. Malnutrition is associated with an altered metabolism of certain substrates, increased metabolism and catabolism depending on the severity of the lesion, and reduced nutrient delivery. The objective should be to administer individualized nutrition to the critically ill child and to be able to adjust the nutrition continuously according to the metabolic changes and evolving nutritional status. It would appear reasonable to start enteral nutrition within the first 24 to 48 hours after admission, when oral feeding is not possible. Parenteral nutrition should only be used when enteral nutrition is contraindicated or is not tolerated. Energy delivery must be individually adjusted to energy expenditure (40–65 kcal/100 calories metabolized/day) with a protein delivery of 2.5–3 g/kg/day. Frequent monitoring of nutritional and metabolic parameters should be performed.
Cell-Biomaterial Mechanical Interaction in the Framework of Tissue Engineering: Insights, Computational Modeling and Perspectives
Authors: Sanz-Herrera Jose A. , Reina-Romo Esther
Published: November 2011

Tissue engineering is an emerging field of research which combines the use of cell-seeded biomaterials both in vitro and/or in vivo with the aim of promoting new tissue formation or regeneration. In this context, how cells colonize and interact with the biomaterial is critical in order to get a functional tissue engineering product. Cell-biomaterial interaction is referred to here as the phenomenon involved in adherent cells attachment to the biomaterial surface, and their related cell functions such as growth, differentiation, migration or apoptosis. This process is inherently complex in nature involving many physico-chemical events which take place at different scales ranging from molecular to cell body (organelle) levels. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the mechanical environment at the cell-biomaterial location may play an important role in the subsequent cell function, which remains to be elucidated. In this paper, the state-of-the-art research in the physics and mechanics of cell-biomaterial interaction is reviewed with an emphasis on focal adhesions. The paper is focused on the different models developed at different scales available to simulate certain features of cell-biomaterial interaction. A proper understanding of cell-biomaterial interaction, as well as the development of predictive models in this sense, may add some light in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine fields.
Campamento Vespucio, una nueva localidad con mamíferos pleistocenos en la provincia de Salta, Argentina
Authors: Zacarías G. G. , Miño-Boilini A. R. , Zurita A. E. , Francia A.
Published: November 2011

En la presente contribución damos a conocer una nueva localidad con mamíferos fósiles pleistocenos, provenientes de una región poco explorada. Los materiales fueron hallados en la Quebrada del Aguay, en Campamento Vespucio, localidad de General Mosconi, provincia de Salta, Argentina, y tentativamente asignados a la Fm. Urundel (Pleistoceno tardío). Desde un punto de vista taxonómico, se presentan seis taxones que incluyen: Xenarthra Glyptodontidae: Glyptodon sp. y Panochthidae: Neosclerocalyptus sp.; Tardigrada Megatheriidae: gen. et. sp. indet; Proboscidea Gomphotheriidae: Stegomastodon sp; Notoungulata Toxodontidae: Toxodon sp.; Perissodactyla Equidae: Equus (Amerhippus) sp. Este elenco faunístico se encuentra representado por taxones que presentan una amplia distribución latitudinal en América del Sur. Algunos de ellos (e.g. Neosclerocalyptus) indicadores de climas áridos/semiáridos y fríos de ambientes abiertos. Por último, este trabajo contribuye a mejorar la caracterización paleofaunística del Pleistoceno del norte de Argentina, muy poco conocida con respecto a aquella de la región Pampeana.
Glutamate‐Mediated Primary Somatosensory Cortex Excitability Correlated with Circulating Copper and Ceruloplasmin
Authors: Tecchio Franca , Assenza Giovanni , Zappasodi Filippo , Mariani Stefania , Salustri Carlo , Squitti Rosanna
Published: November 2011

Objective. To verify whether markers of metal homeostasis are related to a magnetoencephalographic index representative of glutamate‐mediated excitability of the primary somatosensory cortex. The index is identified as the source strength of the earliest component (M20) of the somatosensory magnetic fields (SEFs) evoked by right median nerve stimulation at wrist. Method. Thirty healthy right‐handed subjects (51 ± 22 years) were enrolled in the study. A source reconstruction algorithm was applied to assess the amount of synchronously activated neurons subtending the M20 and the following SEF component (M30), which is generated by two independent contributions of gabaergic and glutamatergic transmission. Serum copper, ceruloplasmin, iron, transferrin, transferrin saturation, and zinc levels were measured. Results. Total copper and ceruloplasmin negatively correlated with the M20 source strength. Conclusion. This pilot study suggests that higher level of body copper reserve, as marked by ceruloplasmin variations, parallels lower cortical glutamatergic responsiveness.
Osteoblastoma of the Jaws: Report of a Case and Review of Literature
Authors: Manjunatha Bhari Sharanesha , Sunit Patel , Amit Mahajan , Sanjiv Shah
Published: November 2011

Benign osteoblastoma (OB) is a rare tumor of bone representing less than 1% of all tumors of the maxillofacial region. Vertebral column, sacrum, long bones, and calvarium are more frequent sites of this tumor. Clinically, patients present with pain and swelling. Histologically, contain a well vascularized, osteoblastic connective tissue stroma and occasionally, osteoclasts along with osteoid and varying degrees of calcification, as well as immature bone may also be noted. The main aim of this report is present a case of OB occurring in the mandible and a brief review of English Medical Literature of this tumor. Many bone-producing lesions possess some overlapping clinical, radiographic or histopathological findings similar to osteoblastoma. Understanding and correlating all features helps in correct diagnosis and adequate management of this rare entity. Hence, osteoblastoma has to be differentiated from other bone lesions for correct diagnosis.
Prevalence and Patterns of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposures among California Teachers
Authors: Reynolds Peggy , Goldberg Debbie E. , Hurley Susan ,   The California Teachers Study Steering Committee
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

This study describes the prevalence and patterns of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in a large, well-defined cohort of professional, female school employees in California.

Design.

This is a cross-sectional study based on survey responses from members of the California Teachers Study (CTS) cohort.

Subjects.

The analyses focused on lifetime nonsmokers (N = 61,899) in the CTS cohort who responded to detailed questions on lifetime ETS exposures in the home, workplace, and other social settings.

Measures.

Demographic characteristics, smoking status, and ETS exposure were based on self-reported data from two mailed surveys. Prevalence estimates within the cohort were compared with those from the California Behavioral Risk Factor Survey and the California Adult Tobacco Survey.

Results.

ETS exposures were highest for never smokers born in the 1930s (78% in the home, 66% in the workplace, and 48% in other social settings) and steadily declined among participants born in later years. ETS exposure from spousal smoking peaked during the 1950s (37%). In the 1980s, the workplace (28%) replaced the household (19%) as the primary exposure setting.

Conclusions.

Consideration of these patterns in the prevalence of ETS exposures is important in the interpretation and design of tobacco-related health studies.
Changing Patterns in Health Behaviors and Risk Factors Related to Chronic Diseases, 1990–2000
Authors: Winkleby Marilyn A. , Cubbin Catherine
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

Assess changes in chronic disease-related health behaviors and risk factors from 1990 to 2000, by race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

Design.

Stratified cross-sectional design.

Setting.

United States.

Subjects.

16,948 black, 11,956 Hispanic, and 158,707 white women and men, ages 18 to 74.

Measures.

Cigarette smoking, obesity, sedentary behavior, low vegetable or fruit intake. From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Results.

Young women and men, ages 18 to 24, had poor health profiles and experienced adverse changes from 1990 to 2000. After the variables were adjusted for education and income, these young people had the highest prevalence of smoking (34%–36% current smokers among white women and men), the largest increases in smoking (10%–12% increase among white women and men; 9% increase among Hispanic women), and large increases in obesity (4%–9% increase, all gender and racial/ethnic groups). Young women and men from each racial/ethnic group also had high levels of sedentary behavior (approximately 20%–30%) and low vegetable or fruit intake (approximately 35%–50%). In contrast, older Hispanic women and men and older black men, ages 65 to 74, showed some of the most positive changes. They had the largest decreases in smoking (Hispanic women), largest decreases in sedentary behavior (Hispanic women and black men), and largest increases in vegetable or fruit intake (Hispanic women and men, and black men).

Conclusion.

The poor and worsening health profile of young women and men is a particular concern, as they will soon enter the ages of high chronic disease burden.
Outcomes of a Statewide Anti-Tobacco Industry Youth Organizing Movement
Authors: Dunn Caroline L. , Pirie Phyllis L. , Oakes J. Michael
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To outline the design and present select findings from an evaluation of a statewide anti–tobacco industry youth organizing movement.

Design.

A telephone survey was administered to teenagers to assess associations between exposure to anti-industry youth organizing activities and tobacco-related attitudes and behaviors. A group-level comparison between areas high and low in youth organizing activities was planned. Methodological obstacles necessitated a subject-level analytic approach, with comparisons being made between youth at higher and lower levels of exposure.

Setting.

Six rural areas (comprising 13 counties) and two urban regions of Minnesota were selected for survey.

Subjects.

The study comprised 852 youth, aged 15 to 17 years old, randomly selected from county-specific sampling frames constructed from a marketing research database.

Measures.

Exposure index scores were developed for two types of activities designed to involve youth in the anti-industry program: branding (creating awareness of the movement in general) and messaging (informing about the movement's main messages). Attitudinal outcomes measured attitudes about the tobacco industry and the effectiveness of youth action. Behavioral outcomes included taking action to get involved in the organization, spreading an anti-industry message, and smoking susceptibility.

Results.

Branding index scores were significantly correlated with taking action to get involved (p ≤ .001) and spreading an anti-industry message (p ≤ .001)). Messaging index scores were significantly correlated with all five attitudinal constructs (all associations, p ≤ .001), taking action to get involved (p ≤ .001), and spreading an anti-industry message (p ≤ .01). The hypothesized association between messaging scores and susceptibility was not significant.

Conclusion.

A youth organizing effort, in combination with an intensive countermarketing media campaign, can be an effective strategy for involving youth in tobacco prevention and generating negative attitudes about the industry.
A Schematic for Focusing on Youth in Investigations of Community Design and Physical Activity
Authors: Krizek Kevin J. , Birnbaum Amanda S. , Levinson David M.
Published: November 2011

This paper provides a first step in addressing special considerations for youth in a relatively new area of physical activity research. After reviewing the urgent need for novel approaches to increasing physical activity, the growing interest in the effects of community design are discussed. Although most discussion on this topic has focused on adults, there are important differences between youth and adults that warrant a special focus on youth and need to be accounted for. This article presents a schematic that accounts for how and where youth spend their time, decomposing the day into time spent in travel and time spent at destinations, and identifying portions of those times that are spent engaged in physical activity. By focusing on both spatial and behavioral dimensions of youth time, the schematic may help organize and advance scientific inquiry into the relationships between community design and physical activity specifically for youth.
Predictors of Physical Activity Stage of Change among Adults with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Kosma Maria , Cardinal Bradley J. , McCubbin Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To use the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) constructs to examine the most important physical activity stage of change predictors for mostly inactive adults with physical disabilities.

Methods.

A cross-sectional survey completed on the Internet. One hundred fifty-one individuals with physical disabilities (50% response rate) completed the survey questionnaires. Self-report standardized measures were used.

Results.

A direct discriminant function analysis revealed that the most important stage of change predictors were the behavioral (r2 = .88) and cognitive (r2 = .50) processes of change, followed by self-efficacy (r2 = .33) and decisional balance (r2 = .13). The most accurate stages in prediction were the contemplation (76.3%), preparation (58.3%), and precontemplation (40%) stages, whereas the least accurate stages were the action (0.0%) and maintenance (8.3%) stages.

Conclusion.

Health promoters and educators may use strategies from the TTM to develop theory-driven physical activity motivational programs for the posited populace. Considering the cross-sectional design, study replication is warranted.
Definition and Endodontic Treatment of Dilacerated Canals: A Survey of Diplomates of the American Board of Endodontics
Authors: Dastmalchi Nafiseh , Kazemi Zeinab , Hashemi Siroos , Peters Ove A , Jafarzadeh Hamid
Published: November 2011

Aim

To gather data from Diplomates of the American Board of Endodontics regarding treatment of dilacerated canals.

Materials and methods

A questionnaire addressing definition, endodontic treatment procedures and prognosis was constructed and distributed via e-mail to 708 Diplomates of the American Board of Endodontics. Data from 150 respondents, a 21% response rate, were collected by using a Web-based interface. For statistical analysis, Chi-square tests were used.

Results

More than 25% of respondents believed that a dilacerated root should have a curvature > 40°. One-visit treatment is the best therapeutic approach and transportation is the most likely complication in preparation of these canals. A crown-down technique, watch-winding motion and a master apical file # 25 are the best choices for preparation of these canals. Any warm obturation technique is preferred over lateral compaction by most respondents.

Conclusion

A crown-down technique for root canal preparation and a thermoplastic obturation technique are recommended for canals whose curvature is more than 40°. The prognosis of the treatment of these canals is judged not lower than normal canals.

Clinical significance

Crown-down technique and thermoplastic obturation are recommended for dilacerated canals.

How to cite this article

Dastmalchi N, Kazemi Z, Hashemi S Peters OA, Jafarzadeh H. Definition and Endodontic Treatment of Dilacerated Canals: A Survey of Diplomates of the American Board of Endodontics. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(1):8-13.
A Retrospective Cephalometric Evaluation of Dental Changes with Activator and Activator Headgear Combination in the Treatment of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion
Authors: Kumar G Anil , Maheshwari Amit
Published: November 2011

Aim

The aims of this study were to evaluate the dental changes brought about by activator and activator headgear combination (ACHG) and to determine whether we can achieve control over the lower incisor proclination which is a side effect of using functional appliances; or not, while treating cases of skeletal class II malocclusions.

Methods

Lateral cephalograms of 45 skeletal class II division 1 patients were selected for the study. Fifteen of them were successfully treated with an Andresen activator and the other 15 with an activator headgear combination. Fifteen class II subjects who had declined treatment served as the control group. Cephalometric landmarks were marked by one author to avoid interobserver variability.

Results

The results revealed that both the activator and the activator headgear combination significantly (p < 0.001) affected dental variables measured. The mandibular incisor proclination was effectively controlled in the activator headgear combination group.

Conclusion

An activator headgear combination would offer itself as a better option compared with activator alone in the treatment of skeletal class II malocclusions especially in cases with proclined mandibular incisors.

Clinical significance

When one of the treatment goals is to achieve a greater control over mandibular incisor proclination in the treatment of Skeletal Class II malocclusions, employing a combination of activator and headgear may substantially improve clinical outcomes.

How to cite this article

Lall R, Kumar GA, Maheshwari A Kumar M. A Retrospective Cephalometric Evaluation of Dental Changes with Activator and Activator Headgear Combination in the Treatment of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(1):14-18.
A Comparative Evaluation of Effect of Upper Lip Length, Age and Sex on Amount of Exposure of Maxillary Anterior Teeth
Authors: Prajapati Paranjay , Sethuraman Rajesh , Naveen YG
Published: November 2011

Aim

The aim was to evaluate the relationship of age, sex and lip length to the amount of exposure of maxillary incisors and canine teeth.

Materials and methods

Two-hundred subjects were enrolled in the study. All subjects were grouped according to the lip length and age. The exposure of maxillary central incisor and canines was measured with flexible millimeter ruler. Teeth exposure beyond the lower border of the upper lip was considered as positive exposure and the unexposed teeth were considered as negative exposure.

Result

In females of age group 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49 and 50 to 59 years, the mean exposure of central incisor was 2.16, 2.1, 2.18 mm and that of canine was 0.04, −0.36, −0.44 mm. For male of age group 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49 and 50 to 59 years exposed 2.04, 2.04, 1.84, 1.76 mm of central incisor respectively and 0.08, −0.52, −0.4 and −0.4 mm exposure of canine. Female subjects with lip length 10 to 15, 15 to 20, 21 to 25, 25 to 30 and 31 to 35 mm showed 3.7, 3.4, 2.3, 0.9, 0.25 mm exposure of central incisor and 0.35, −0.15, −0.7, −0.8, −0.6 mm exposure of canine, respectively. Male subjects exposed 3.4, 3.3, 2.05, 0.7, 0.15 mm of central incisor and 0.4, 0.3, −0.6, −0.95, −0.7 mm of canine respective to lip length.

Conclusion

The range of exposure of maxillary central incisors was wider than that of canine. The average dimensions for maxillary canines relating to age and sex were closer to the extremes of the range. The canine position relative to the maxillary lip appeared to be a more predictable determinant.

Clinical significance

The result of the study can be used as a reference according to the age, sex and the lip length of the patient to correctly place maxillary anterior teeth in prosthesis.

How to cite this article

Patel JR, Prajapati P, Sethuraman R YG N. A Comparative Evaluation of Effect of Upper Lip Length Age and Sex on Amount of Exposure of Maxillary Anterior Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(1):24-29.
Microbiological Appraisal of Three Different Brands of Commercially Available Irreversible Hydrocolloid Impression Materials: An in vitro Study
Authors: Patil Anand , Guru Rakshith , Saleem Mohammed , Singh Rajeev
Published: November 2011

Aim

To evaluate factory-sealed containers of three different commercially available irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials for their microbial contamination and the type of microorganisms present.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six measured samples were taken of each brand and placed on chocolate agar plates or in thioglycolate broth tubes and were incubated along with appropriate parallel controls. After incubation, colonies were enumerated and identified using standard microbiological methods.

Results

The three brands contained viable microorganisms in 90% of the samples. Samples from the top, middle and bottom layers had approximately equal contamination frequencies. The concentration of organism varied from 25 to 74 CFUs per gram of contaminated sample.

Conclusion and clinical significance

The samples contained viable microorganism which may be potentially dangerous to immunocompromised patients.

How to cite this article

Guru R, Saleem M, Singh R, Patil A. Microbiological Appraisal of Three Different Brands of Commercially Available Irreversible Hydrocolloid Impression Materials: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(1):35-40.