bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kleine Schriften
Authors: Usener Hermann
Published: April 2012

The German scholar Hermann Usener (1834–1905) made an important contribution to nineteenth-century scholarship in the fields of philology and comparative religion. In order to recreate a picture of the religions of the Greco-Roman world he drew on elements from the fields of ethnology, phenomenology and hermeneutics. This four-volume collection of essays and reviews was published posthumously in 1912–1914. Volume 2 (1913) is devoted to Usener's works on Latin grammar and literature. It covers a variety of topics including rhyme in old Latin poetry, Latin historians, Cicero and Horace, as well as the abolition of the gladiator schools. Works reviewed by Usener in this volume include publications by such prolific contemporaries as Mommsen and Plasberg.
Kleine Schriften
Authors: Usener Hermann
Published: April 2012

The German scholar Hermann Usener (1834–1905) made an important contribution to nineteenth-century scholarship in the fields of philology and comparative religion. In order to recreate a picture of the religions of the Greco-Roman world he drew on elements from the fields of ethnology, phenomenology and hermeneutics. This four-volume collection of essays and reviews was published posthumously in 1912–1914. Volume 4 (1913) contains 22 of Usener's essays on the history of religion, arranged in chronological order. Usener's impressive command of the field is demonstrated in this wide-ranging book, which includes studies of the god Kallone, flood myths, John Chrysostom's understanding of the origins of the divine liturgy, and Keraunos, the King of Macedonia.
Primitive Culture
Authors: Tylor Edward Burnett
Published: April 2012

Edward Burnett Tylor (1832–1917) was an English anthropologist who is widely considered the founder of anthropology as a scientific discipline. He was the first Professor of Anthropology at the University of Oxford from 1896 to 1909, and developed a broad definition of culture which is still used by scholars. First published in 1871, this classic work explains Tylor's idea of cultural evolution in relation to anthropology, a social theory which states that human cultures invariably change over time to become more complex. Unlike his contemporaries, Tylor did not link biological evolution to cultural evolution, asserting that all human minds are the same irrespective of a society's state of evolution. His book was extremely influential in popularising the study of anthropology and establishing cultural evolution as the main theoretical framework followed by anthropologists in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Volume 1 focuses on social evolution, language and myth.
The Works of John Ruskin
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: April 2012

The influence of John Ruskin (1819–1900), both on his own time and on artistic and social developments in the twentieth century, cannot be over-stated. He changed Victorian perceptions of art, and was the main influence behind 'Gothic revival' architecture. As a social critic, he argued for the improvement of the condition of the poor, and against the increasing mechanisation of work in factories, which he believed was dull and soul-destroying. The thirty-nine volumes of the Library Edition of his works, published between 1903 and 1912, are themselves a remarkable achievement, in which his books and essays - almost all highly illustrated - are given a biographical and critical context in extended introductory essays and in the 'Minor Ruskiniana' - extracts from letters, articles and reminiscences both by and about Ruskin. This thirty-third volume contains essays and lectures on art and architecture, including 'The Bible of Amiens'.
Account of the Harvard Greek Play
Authors: Norman Henry
Published: April 2012

In May 1881, students of Harvard University performed Sophocles' masterpiece, Oedipus Tyrannus, in the original Greek. Witnessed by 6,000 people, this performance was reported far and wide, and has gone down in theatre history as a huge success which excited almost universal enthusiasm. Henry Norman's 1882 book commemorates the performance, providing a record of permanent value for every student of Sophocles. Norman describes the background to the decision to stage the play, and presents key information on Sophocles and the characteristics of Greek tragedy. He then recounts the performance in detail, describing the aspects of the play which made it such a memorable experience, including the music, the setting and the scholarship. The book includes a transcript of the programme and illustrations showing some of the costumes and key moments of the play. It provides a fascinating contemporary account of this landmark in the modern revival of classical Greek theatre.
The Art of War in Italy 1494–1529
Authors: Taylor Frederick Lewis
Published: April 2012

First published in 1921, this book examines the changes in styles of warfare between the medieval period and the Renaissance. Frederick Lewis Taylor links the transformations in intellectual and cultural life in this period with contemporary military innovations. His discussion focuses on the Italian wars between Spain, France and the Netherlands between 1494 and 1529, both because the aggression of competing states in a small area led to frequent wars, and because the influence of the Renaissance was strongest in its birthplace, the Italian peninsula. Taylor traces the stages in the development in all aspects of military operations, and also investigates the development of a theoretical study of war. His work remains one of the most complete reviews in English of the Italian wars of this period, and explains the origins of the style of warfare which would dominate Europe in the following centuries.
Monocotyledons
Authors: Arber Agnes
Published: April 2012

Agnes Arber (1879–1960) was a prominent British botanist specialising in plant morphology, who focused her research on the monocotyledon group of flowering plants. She was the first female botanist to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1946. This volume, first published as part of the Cambridge Botanical Handbooks series in 1925, provides an anatomical and comparative study of the monocotyledon group of plants with an analysis of the methods and objects of studying plant morphology. At the time of publication, comparative anatomy and morphology were the centre of botanical investigation; however there were differences between British and continental biologists concerning the aims of morphological study. In the introduction to this volume Arber reconciled these views by describing a distinction between pure and applied morphology, interpreting the differences in monocotyledonous species in light of this. The book contains an extensive bibliography and 160 figures.
Pompeiana
Authors: Gell William , Gandy John P.
Published: April 2012

Sir William Gell (1777–1836) was a British archaeologist known for his drawings of sites and objects of classical interest. Noting that from the beginning of the excavations at Pompeii in 1748 'to the present day, no [substantial] work has appeared in the English language upon the subject of its domestic antiquities', together with architect and fellow countryman John P. Gandy he first published Pompeiana to help detail important findings that had been made by the excavators in the first two decades of the nineteenth century. To this end they provide historical discussion, analysis, and over 75 plates illustrating various points of archaeological interest including, as their subtitle notes, 'the topography, edifices, and ornaments of Pompeii'. Pompeiana is an important work that helped open the excavations to English readers and created further awareness of the treasures of the doomed city, destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE.
The Growth of the Manor
Authors: Vinogradoff Paul
Published: April 2012

The Growth of the Manor (1905) is one of the key works of the eminent expatriate Russian jurist, Paul Vinogradoff (1854–1925). Expanding on his Oxford lectures, this book attempts to re-establish coherence within English medieval history after the critiques of scholars including Frederic Maitland had supposedly obscured the historical narrative. Tracing the evolution of the manor, Vinogradoff demonstrates how feudal law and tenurial relationships evolved out of more primitive systems of male descent. He claims there was demonstrable progress from a system of communal action and responsibility to one of personal rights and subjection that can be traced through what he calls the 'Celtic', 'Old English' and 'Feudal' periods. The latter system was secured in the Norman Conquest of 1066, although the former continued to exist underneath it. Of particular interest to those studying the Domesday Book, this is also an important text for medievalists and legal historians.
Die Geburt der Tragödie
Authors: Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm
Published: April 2012

Die Geburt der Tragödie (1872) is one of the most important philosophical texts of the modern period. Nietzsche describes how Greek tragedy was born out of the encounter between the Dionysian and the Apollonian and represents a culture in which a balance between the two was achieved. The Dionysian plunged Greek culture into chaos and despair but also paved the way for the regenerative power of Apollonian clarity and rationality. It is this model that Nietzsche employs to understand both the decline of modern culture and the possible rebirth of this culture. In genuine tragic art, the Dionysian and Apollonian elements are completely entwined. In the music of Richard Wagner, to whom the work is dedicated, Nietzsche sees a redemptive power that can overcome the intellectual dichtonomy between the Dionysian and the Apollonian that characterises modern society.
A Guide to the Windows of King's College Chapel, Cambridge
Authors: James Montague Rhodes , Harrison Kenneth
Published: April 2012

M. R. James (1862–1936) is probably best remembered as a writer of chilling ghost stories, but he was an outstanding scholar of medieval literature and palaeography, who served both as Provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and many of his stories reflect his academic background. His detailed descriptive catalogues of manuscripts owned by colleges, cathedrals and museums are still of value to scholars today. First published in 1899, this book provides a description and brief history of the stained-glass windows in King's College chapel, together with explanations of their symbolism. A description of the remains of painted glass in the side chapels is also included. Now reissued, it will be welcomed by librarians and researchers alike.
Desert and Water Gardens of the Red Sea
Authors: Crossland Cyril
Published: April 2012

Cyril Crossland (1878–1943) was Director of the Sudan Pearl Fishery between 1905 and 1922. At this time, the British colonial government had taken charge of running the fishery, with local fishermen as employees. A marine biologist and zoologist, Crossland was praised in his obituary in the journal Nature as 'one of the last explorer-naturalists of the Darwin type'. This book is both an account of his life in the Sudan and a scientific survey of the coral reefs on the Red Sea coast. It offers a lively description of the region, its people and customs, and a clear, accessible explanation of the development of coral reefs. In Crossland's time this region had not been fully mapped by Western explorers and this study was an important contribution to knowledge. The book is illustrated with many of Crossland's own photographs of landscapes and people and his diagrams of the coral reefs.
Prolegomena zu einer Wissenschaftlichen Mythologie
Authors: Müller Carl Otfried
Published: April 2012

This pioneering work by the influential German classicist Karl Ottfried Müller (1797–1840) was one of the earliest scholarly books to address the question of the origins and meaning of the Greek myths. Published in Göttingen in 1825, it proposes a definition of 'myth' and goes on to suggest how possible sources for myths might be identified in historical events. Müller discusses how the age of particular myths might be established, either from the dates of such events, or from datable references to the myths in literary sources, and how the original substance of a myth might be distinguished from later accretions or modifications in poetry and prose. He also considers the interpretation of myths and their symbolic functions. Müller concludes with examples of how his method might be applied to particular cases, and a chapter comparing his proposals with those of other scholars.
Godofredi Hermanni Opuscula
Authors: Hermann Gottfried
Published: April 2012

Gottfried Hermann's Opuscula (1827–1877) collects in eight volumes the shorter writings of this central figure of nineteenth-century classical philology. Best known for his work on Greek metrics and his editions of Aeschylus, Euripides and others, Hermann (1772–1848) drew on Kantian phenomenology as well as his own formidable understanding of ancient grammars to advance a compelling program of classical scholarship that took language itself as the primary witness to the distant past. Hermann's grammar-based scholarship drew criticism, but established him as foundational to modern philology. As Sihler wrote in 1933, 'He accepted nothing on mere authority, but investigated the causes and roots of every matter.' Volume 7 (1839) republishes Hermann's De officio interpretis and includes an essay on Aeschylus' Theban trilogy, emendations to Pindar, and a study of tragedy, comedy, and lyric. This diverse collection provides fuller insight into the mind of this highly influential scholar.
Lollardy and the Reformation in England
Authors: Gairdner James
Published: April 2012

James Gairdner (1828–1912) was one of the foremost authorities of his day on the Tudor period. This magisterial four-volume survey (originally published 1908–1913) argues that the impetus for the English Reformation came from the Lollard movement of the late fourteenth century. A prolific researcher and editor, Gairdner devoted his career to English history, and his study is both meticulous and factually sound. His critics, however, were quick to observe that the Lollard hypothesis was tenuous, and this mature work is most valuable today to those interested in the history of Reformation scholarship. Published in 1913, Volume 4 focuses on the first year of the reign of Mary Tudor and her marriage to Philip of Spain. Left unfinished on the death of the author, the book was completed by the Reverend William Hunt and includes a preface outlining Gairdner's life and career.
Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart
Authors: Lyell Charles
Published: April 2012

Sir Charles Lyell (1797–1875) was one of the most renowned geologists of the nineteenth century. He was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in 1858 and the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London in 1866 for his contributions to geology. Lyell's most important contribution to modern geology was his refining and popularising the geological concept of uniformitarianism, the idea that the earth has been formed through slow-acting geological forces. This biography, first published in 1881 and edited by his sister-in-law K. M. Lyell, provides an intimate view of Lyell's personal and professional life through the inclusion of his correspondence with family, friends and academic peers. His changing ideas concerning the validity of the theory of natural selection and other geological ideas are also examined through the inclusion of extracts from his private journal. Volume 1 covers Lyell's early life and career until 1836.
Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart
Authors: Lyell Charles
Published: April 2012

Sir Charles Lyell (1797–1875) was one of the most renowned geologists of the nineteenth century. He was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in 1858 and the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London in 1866 for his contributions to geology. Lyell's most important contribution to modern geology was his refining and popularising the geological concept of uniformitarianism, the idea that the earth has been formed through slow-acting geological forces. This biography, first published in 1881 and edited by his sister-in-law K. M. Lyell, provides an intimate view of Lyell's personal and professional life through the inclusion of his correspondence with family, friends and academic peers. His changing ideas concerning the validity of the theory of natural selection and other geological ideas are also examined through the inclusion of extracts from his private journal. Volume 2 contains Lyell's later career from 1837–1875.
Merton College, Oxford
Authors: White Henry Julian , New Edmund H.
Published: April 2012

The oldest of all Oxford and Cambridge colleges, Merton College enjoys a distinguished past that reflects many of the most significant moments in British history, including the Black Death and the Civil War. These and other crucial events are explored with wit and insight in White's chronicle of the college, first published in 1906. A biblical scholar, White was made a fellow and lecturer in theology at Merton in 1895, where he stayed until his promotion to Dean of Christ Church in 1905. Even after his departure, he remained intrigued by the history and customs of his old college and was eager to share his knowledge outside the academic community. Worldly as well as scholarly, White always intended his volume to be accessible to a wide audience, describing it in his preface as a 'popular handbook' rather than a scholarly tome; a function it continues to fulfil today.
Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion
Authors: Strype John
Published: April 2012

The English ecclesiastical historian John Strype (1643–1737) published the second volume of his monumental Elizabethan religious history Annals of the Reformation in 1725. For over two and a half centuries it remained one of the most important Protestant histories of the period and has been reprinted in numerous editions. Volume 2 Part 1 covers the years 1570 to 1575. It focuses on the Queen's use of parliament; royal relations with the episcopate and nobility; various ecclesiastical commissions; threats from Rome; religious polemics; difficulties with Mary Queen of Scots; diplomacy with Spain, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Scotland; the pressures on the Queen to marry and the printing of the Bishop's Bible. Strype's thorough use of primary sources and the enormous scope and detail of his history has ensured its place as an outstanding work of eighteenth-century scholarship. It should be read by every student of Elizabethan religious history.
Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion
Authors: Strype John
Published: April 2012

The ecclesiastical historian John Strype (1643–1737) published the third volume of his monumental Elizabethan religious history Annals of the Reformation in 1728. For over two and a half centuries it remained one of the most important Protestant histories of the Elizabethan era and has been reprinted in numerous editions. Volume 3 Part 2 focuses on the year 1588: European diplomacy and Elizabeth's preparations for war with Spain; the attack of the Spanish Armada; the famous English victory; and the books and polemics produced in response to events. It contains an appendix rich in primary sources for the years 1581 to 1588 - state papers, official proclamations, petitions, royal records, and letters. Strype's thorough use of sources and the enormous scope and detail of his history has ensured its place as an outstanding work of eighteenth-century scholarship. It should be read by every student and scholar of Elizabethan religious history.
Travels in Northern Greece
Authors: Leake William Martin
Published: April 2012

William Martin Leake (1777–1860) was a British military officer and classical scholar specialising in reconstructing the topography of ancient cities. He was a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815. After his retirement in 1815, he devoted the rest of his life to topographical and classical studies. These volumes, first published in 1835, contain Leake's account of his four extensive journeys across northern Greece between 1804 and 1810. Using the form of a travelogue, Leake discusses contemporary Greek and Turkish culture and provides detailed descriptions of ancient archaeological sites and geography. Leake's precise observations and detailed descriptions were influential in shaping the study of classical topography, with these volumes providing valuable information for the ancient sites and contemporary culture of the region. Volume 1 contains two journeys undertaken in Macedonia, Illyria and Thessaly in 1804 and 1805.
A Voyage up the Mediterranean in His Majesty’s Ship the Swiftsure
Authors: Willyams Cooper
Published: April 2012

This book is an eye-witness account of the Battle of the Nile in 1798, Nelson's greatest triumph, written and illustrated by the Royal Navy chaplain Rev. Cooper Willyams. Educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, Willyams took holy orders in 1784. The son of a navy commander and formerly chaplain to Admiral St. Vincent, Willyams was a veteran of several campaigns, having accompanied the expedition to the West Indies which ended in a British defeat of the French in 1794. The Battle of the Nile is considered by historians to have been Nelson's most complete victory and Willyams' account to be the most authentic. Willyams was a self-taught artist, and the work contains 43 plate-engravings of sketches he produced of the battle. It was published in London in 1802, soon after the battle. A German edition was published the following year.
Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone
Authors: Winterbottom Thomas
Published: April 2012

Sierra Leone in West Africa is the subject of this 1803 work by English physician Thomas Winterbottom (1766–1859). In the 1790s he spent four years there working for the Sierra Leone Company (established by abolitionists to resettle ex-slaves), and combating diseases such as malaria and scurvy. He displays none of the pejorative views of Africa or its inhabitants that some of his contemporaries expressed, but has a very positive opinion of the country. Winterbottom describes the women as beautiful and graceful, and he dismisses racial differentiations based on skin colour as being absurd. In Volume 2 Winterbottom focuses on African medicine and common diseases found in Sierra Leone. He pays particular attention to cases of abortions and miscarriages, and to malnourished children. The author does not refrain from addressing circumcision and sexually transmitted diseases, and is intrigued by the role of magic in the native medical tradition.
The Two Latin Cultures and the Foundation of Renaissance Humanism in Medieval Italy
Authors: Witt Ronald G.
Published: April 2012

This book traces the intellectual life of the Kingdom of Italy, the area in which humanism began in the mid thirteenth century, a century or more before exerting its influence on the rest of Europe. Covering a period of over four and a half centuries, this study offers the first integrated analysis of Latin writings produced in the area, examining not only religious, literary, and legal texts. Ronald G. Witt characterizes the changes reflected in these Latin writings as products of the interaction of thought with economic, political, and religious tendencies in Italian society as well as with intellectual influences coming from abroad. His research ultimately traces the early emergence of humanism in northern Italy in the mid thirteenth century to the precocious development of a lay intelligentsia in the region, whose participation in the culture of Latin writing fostered the beginnings of the intellectual movement which would eventually revolutionize all of Europe.
History of the Primitive Methodist Church
Authors: Kendall Holliday Bickerstaffe
Published: April 2012

Holliday Bickerstaff Kendall (1844–1919) was a Methodist minister and a social historian. Born into a family of Primitive Methodist ministers, Kendall himself served as a minister between 1864 and 1903. This volume, written during his retirement and first published in 1919, contains Kendall's history of the origins and development of the Primitive Methodist movement. The movement originated with Hugh Bourne (1772–1852) and William Clowes (1780–1851), who attempted to restore the mass evangelism they thought had been lost in the Wesleyan Church after 1810. Kendall explores the social and political context of this period, and discusses Bourne's and Clowes' influence on the origins of the movement. He then describes the growth and development of the movement in the nineteenth century, discussing the expansion of the church until 1918. This clear and concise volume is considered the definitive work on the history of the movement.
Genocide in Jewish Thought
Authors: Patterson David
Published: April 2012

Among the topics explored in this book are ways of viewing the soul, the relation between body and soul, environmentalist thought, the phenomenon of torture, and the philosophical and theological warrants for genocide. Presenting an analysis of abstract modes of thought that have contributed to genocide, the book argues that a Jewish model of concrete thinking may inform our understanding of the abstractions that can lead to genocide. Its aim is to draw upon distinctively Jewish categories of thought to demonstrate how the conceptual defacing of the other human being serves to promote the murder of peoples, and to suggest a way of thinking that might help prevent genocide.
Six Months among the Palm Groves, Coral Reefs, and Volcanoes of the Sandwich Islands
Authors: Bird Isabella
Published: April 2012

Recommended an open-air life from an early age as a cure for physical and nervous difficulties, the indefatigable Isabella Bird (1831–1904) toured the United States and Canada, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, the Far East, India, Turkey, Persia and Kurdistan. Her accounts of her travels, written in the form of letters to her sister, were bestsellers. In 1875 she published her account of six months in the Hawaiian archipelago. During this time she explored the islands on horseback, visiting volcanos, climbing mountains, and living with the natives. The book includes considerable detail about the lifestyles, customs, and habits of the people she encountered, and of the geography and geology of the islands. Her enthusiasm for Hawaii and its people is evident from her vivid descriptions, but she disliked the restrictive atmosphere of the foreign settlements. The book includes outlines of the history and economy of the islands.
Building Democracy in Japan
Authors: Haddad Mary Alice
Published: April 2012

How is democracy made real? How does an undemocratic country create new institutions and transform its polity such that democratic values and practices become integral parts of its political culture? These are some of the most pressing questions of our times, and they are the central inquiry of Building Democracy in Japan. Using the Japanese experience as starting point, this book develops a new approach to the study of democratization that examines state-society interactions as a country adjusts its existing political culture to accommodate new democratic values, institutions and practices. With reference to the country's history, the book focuses on how democracy is experienced in contemporary Japan, highlighting the important role of generational change in facilitating both gradual adjustments as well as dramatic transformation in Japanese politics.
Constructing Intellectual Property
Authors: George Alexandra
Published: April 2012

What is 'intellectual property'? This book examines the way in which this important area of law is constructed by the legal system. It argues that intellectual property is a body of rules, created by the legal system, that regulate the documented forms of abstract objects, which are also defined into existence by the legal system. Intellectual property law thus constructs its own objects of regulation and it does so through the application of a collection of core concepts. By analyzing the metaphysical structure of intellectual property law and the concepts the legal system uses to construct 'intellectual property', the book sheds new light on the nature of this fascinating area of law. It explains anomalies between social and intellectual property uses of concepts such as authorship - here dubbed 'creatorship' - and originality and it helps to explain the role of intellectual property from a structural (rather than the traditional normative) perspective.
Travels into North America
Authors: Kalm Peter
Published: April 2012

Peter Kalm (1716–79) was a Finnish-Swedish botanist who travelled extensively to observe the natural world in Sweden, Finland, Russia and Ukraine, and became a professor of 'oeconomie' - the economic application of subjects such as mineralogy, botany, zoology and chemistry - at the university of Turku. Between 1747 and 1751 he set out on a journey through eastern North America to gather specimens, especially from regions with a similar climate to Sweden. Because Kalm travelled though the area when much of it was still unknown to Europeans, this work has some of the first recorded accounts of places such as Niagara Falls. Kalm played an important part in forging scientific links between Sweden, England and North America. This three-volume work details his travels, and was first published in English in 1770–1. Volume 1 covers Kalm's Atlantic crossing, and describes the plant and animal life of Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
From England to Bohemia
Authors: Van Dussen Michael
Published: April 2012

This is the first book-length study of the influential cultural and religious exchanges which took place between England and Bohemia following Richard II's marriage to Anne of Bohemia in 1382. The ensuing growth in communication between the two kingdoms initially enabled new ideas of religion to flourish in both countries but eventually led the English authorities to suppress heresy. This exciting project has been made possible by the discovery of new manuscripts after the opening up of Czech archives over the past twenty years. It is the only study to analyze the Lollard-Hussite exchange with an eye to the new opportunities for international travel and correspondence to which the Great Schism gave rise, and examines how the use of propaganda and The Council of Constance brought an end to this communication by securing the condemnation of heretics such as John Wyclif.
Cours d'histoire moderne
Authors: Guizot François
Published: April 2012

French politician François-Pierre-Guillaume Guizot (1787–1874) is well-known for establishing 'Guizot's law', which implemented primary education for all French citizens. As well as occupying various political offices during some of the most turbulent years in his nation's political history, Guizot was also an historian and was appointed to the chair of modern history at the Sorbonne in 1812. First published between 1829 and 1832, this five-volume history of 'civilisation in France' is based on a series of lectures delivered in 1828. The books are described as covering the period from the end of the Roman Empire to 1789, but the main focus is on the medieval period, to the death of St Louis (1270). Appearing in 1829, Volume 1 begins with an outline of Guizot's underlying historical principles and ends with an account of the church in France from the sixth to the eighth century.
Cours d'histoire moderne
Authors: Guizot François
Published: April 2012

French politician François-Pierre-Guillaume Guizot (1787–1874) is well-known for establishing 'Guizot's law', which implemented primary education for all French citizens. As well as occupying various political offices during some of the most turbulent years in his nation's political history, Guizot was also an historian and was appointed to the chair of modern history at the Sorbonne in 1812. First published between 1829 and 1832, this five-volume history of 'civilisation in France' is based on a series of lectures delivered in 1828. The books are described as covering the period from the end of the Roman Empire to 1789, but the main focus is on the medieval period, to the death of St Louis (1270). Volume 5 concludes the series, discussing France during the reigns of Philippe-Auguste and St Louis, but looking ahead to the rise of the Third Estate.
Paris and the Spirit of 1919
Authors: Stovall Tyler
Published: April 2012

This transnational history of Paris in 1919 explores the global implications of the revolutionary crisis of French society at the end of World War I. As the site of the peace conference Paris was a victorious capital and a city at the center of the world, and Tyler Stovall explores these intersections of globalization and local revolution. The book takes as its central point the eruption of political activism in 1919, using the events of that year to illustrate broader tensions in working class, race, and gender politics in Parisian, French, and ultimately global society which fueled debates about colonial subjects and the empire. Viewing consumerism and consumer politics as key both to the revolutionary crisis and to new ideas about working-class identity, and arguing against the idea that consumerism depoliticized working people, this history of local labor movements is a study in the making of the modern world.
Letters Written in France, to a Friend in London
Authors: Tench Watkin
Published: April 2012

Watkin Tench (1758–1833) was a British Marine officer who was held prisoner from 1794 to 1795 in Brittany, at the height of the French Revolution. During his imprisonment he wrote a series of letters to a friend in London (it is not clear whether this was genuine correspondence or a genre narrative), which was published in 1796. In them we learn of the adverse conditions he experienced on two convict hulks in Brest harbour, and his later period of parole in private lodgings in Quimper, which he recalls more favourably, as he was allowed to roam the countryside within a three-mile radius of the town. Tench's letters reveal his thoughts on the turbulence and uncertainty brought about by the revolution, and the resistance (largely inspired by religion) of the Bretons to it. This is a fascinating first-hand account of France at a time of rapid political change.
The Physiocrats and the World of the Enlightenment
Authors: Vardi Liana
Published: April 2012

Physiocrats believed that wealth came exclusively from the land, that nature was fecund and man could harness its reproductive forces. Capital investments in agriculture and hard work would create profits that circulated to other sectors and supported all social institutions. Physiocracy, which originated in late eighteenth-century France, is therefore widely considered a forerunner of modern economic theory. This book places the Physiocrats in context by inscribing economic theory within broader Enlightenment culture. Liana Vardi discusses three theorists - Francois Quesnay; Victor Riquetti, marquis de Mirabeau; and Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours - and shows how their understanding of mental processes, science, politics and the arts influenced their individual approach to economic writing. The difficulty in explaining the doctrine, combined with the expectation that the public would be persuaded by its arguments, mired physiocracy in endless contradictions. This work offers a framework for understanding physiocratic theory and its complicated relation to modern economics.
Wall accumulation and spatial localization in particle-laden wall flows
Authors: Sardina G. , Schlatter P. , Brandt L. , Picano F. , Casciola C. M.
Published: April 2012

We study the two main phenomenologies associated with the transport of inertial particles in turbulent flows, turbophoresis and small-scale clustering. Turbophoresis describes the turbulence-induced wall accumulation of particles dispersed in wall turbulence, while small-scale clustering is a form of local segregation that affects the particle distribution in the presence of fine-scale turbulence. Despite the fact that the two aspects are usually addressed separately, this paper shows that they occur simultaneously in wall-bounded flows, where they represent different aspects of the same process. We study these phenomena by post-processing data from a direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow with different populations of inertial particles. It is shown that artificial domain truncation can easily alter the mean particle concentration profile, unless the domain is large enough to exclude possible correlation of the turbulence and the near-wall particle aggregates. The data show a strong link between accumulation level and clustering intensity in the near-wall region. At statistical steady state, most accumulating particles aggregate in strongly directional and almost filamentary structures, as found by considering suitable two-point observables able to extract clustering intensity and anisotropy. The analysis provides quantitative indications of the wall-segregation process as a function of the particle inertia. It is shown that, although the most wall-accumulating particles are too heavy to segregate in homogeneous turbulence, they exhibit the most intense local small-scale clustering near the wall as measured by the singularity exponent of the particle pair correlation function.
An analytically predictive model for moderately rarefied gas flow
Authors: Veltzke Thomas , Thöming Jorg
Published: April 2012

In microducts deviation from continuum flow behaviour of a gas increases with rarefaction. When using Navier–Stokes equations to calculate a flow under slightly and moderately rarefied conditions, slip boundary conditions are used which in turn refer to the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC). Here we demonstrate that, in the so-called slip and transition regime, the flow in microducts can be reliably described by a consistently non-empirical model without considering the TMAC. We obtain this equation by superposition of convective transport and Fickian diffusion using two-dimensional solutions of Navier–Stokes equations and a description for the Knudsen diffusion coefficient as derived from kinetic theory respectively. For a wide variety of measurement series found in the literature the calculation predicts the data accurately. Surprisingly only size of the duct, temperature, gas properties and inlet and outlet pressure are necessary to calculate the resulting mass flow by means of a single algebraic equation. From this, and taking the discrepancies of the TMAC concerning surface roughness and nature of the gases into account, we could conclude that neither the diffusive proportions nor the total mass flow rates are influenced by surface topology and chemistry at Knudsen numbers below unity. Compared to the tube geometry, the model slightly underestimates the flow rate in rectangular channels when rarefaction increases. Likewise, the dimensionless mass flow rate and the diffusive proportion of the total flow are distinctly higher in a tube. Thus the cross-sectional geometry has a significant influence on the transport mechanisms under rarefied conditions.
Weight change before and after the introduction of solids: results from a longitudinal birth cohort
Authors: Rossem Lenie van , Kiefte-de Jong Jessica C. , Looman Caspar W. N. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Hofman Albert , Hokken-Koelega Anita C. S. , Mackenbach Johan P. , Moll Henriëtte A. , Raat Hein
Published: April 2012

We studied the association, and its direction, between the introduction of solids and weight-for-height (WFH) change between birth and 45 months. Pregnant women were asked to participate in a birth cohort during their first antenatal visit. Data from 3184 children were used. The timing of the introduction of solids was reported by the mother from a questionnaire at 12 months postpartum, and categorised into very early (0–3 months), early (3–6 months) and timely (after 6 months) introduction of solids. Anthropometric data were collected during standardised child health centre visits. WFH was converted into a z-score. Repeated-measurements analyses with splines positioned according to the moments of solid introduction were used to obtain estimates for WFH change before and after the introduction of solids. Analyses were adjusted for educational level, ethnicity, smoking during pregnancy, mother's BMI, breast-feeding, history of food allergy and infant's hospital admission. Before solids were introduced, weight gain was higher in children introduced to solids early (z= 0·65, 95 % CI 0·34, 0·95) than in children introduced to solids very early (z= 0·02, 95 % CI − 0·03, 0·08) and timely (z= − 0·04, 95 % CI − 0·05, − 0·03). Shortly after the introduction of solids, children introduced to solids very early and early showed a relative decrease in WFH. WFH change did not differ between the solid introduction groups after 12 months, and at that time, weight change was as expected (i.e. z= 0). We therefore conclude that differences in WFH in childhood are not the result of early introduction to solids.
The Divergent Effects of Joining International Organizations: Trade Gains and the Rigors of WTO Accession
Authors: Allee Todd L. , Scalera Jamie E.
Published: April 2012

Governments have joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in vastly different ways: some have taken mere days to join without undertaking any trade liberalization, while others have taken more than a decade and been forced to undergo significant liberalization. We argue that the more rigorous a state's accession to an international organization (IO), and thus the greater policy change required to join, the greater the benefits it will receive from membership in the organization. In the trade context, states facing greater scrutiny from the WTO and thus engaging in greater trade liberalization as part of the WTO accession process should experience greater trade on joining compared to those who face little scrutiny and engage in little if any liberalization. We develop a three-part classification of WTO members based on type of accession—early, automatic, and rigorous—and then compile detailed original data on the accession experiences of each relevant state, including length of time, number of veto players, rounds of questions, and tariff and nontariff commitments. Results of exhaustive quantitative tests on all countries from 1950 to 2006, which are robust to estimator, sample period, and model specification choices, consistently demonstrate that those who engage in the greatest amount of accession-driven liberalization experience the greatest trade increases from WTO membership, particularly in the years right after joining. In contrast, those who do little or nothing to join do not see any trade gains from being a WTO member. These findings reconcile previous findings on the effects of WTO membership on trade, highlight the causal importance of IO accession, and illuminate the conditions under which IOs will have beneficial effects for member states.
Monetizing Politics: Financing Parties and Elections in Malaysia
Authors: GOMEZ EDMUND TERENCE
Published: April 2012

This paper assesses the patterns of financing of political parties and elections in Malaysia. The poor regulation of the activities of parties and of all forms of political elections has contributed to allegations of covert funding of politicians, from both Malaysian and foreign sources. Since parties have grossly unequal access to funds, this has led to unfairness in federal and state elections. This paper also deals with two fundamental issues in the financing of politics. First, Malaysia is one of very few countries where parties own corporate enterprises, a trend known as ‘political business’. Second, money-based factionalism, known as ‘money politics’, is threatening the existence of parties and undermining public confidence in government leaders. Party factionalism is based not on ideological differences but on which political leader has the greatest capacity to distribute funds to capture grassroots-level support. Two core issues contribute to the extensive monetization of politics. First, existing disclosure requirements do not adequately restrict the covert funding of politics or ensure electoral fair play. Second, public institutions that oversee electoral competition are not sufficiently autonomous to act without favour. Finally, this paper reviews the levels of transparency built into current legislation, the pattern of financing of parties and electoral campaigns, and the relevant regulatory bodies’ institutional capacity to ensure fairness and accountability during elections. The paper proposes legislative and institutional reforms to ensure electoral fairness, within and between parties.
“MY FEET SEE BETTER THAN MY EYES”: SPATIAL MASTERY AND THE GAME OF MASCULINITY INARDEN OF FAVERSHAM'S AMPHITHEATRE
Authors: Bloom Gina
Published: April 2012

Although the long-awaited murder of Arden in the anonymousArden of Faversham(ca. 1592) takes place during a game of tables, or what we call backgammon,1critics have been quick to overlook the choice of game in this climactic scene, underestimating its importance to the play's central concerns and even mistakenly calling it a game of dice or cards.2These games do share some common features—backgammon, for instance, involves the use of dice—but the distinctions among them are significant, especially for the play's often-observed interests in geography and place. In attending to the intersection between games and theatre, I participate in a long tradition of performance studies scholarship. But in contrast to much of this scholarship, I emphasize the formal qualities of particular games—which vary widely from one game to another—arguing that different games call for unique competencies in players and in spectators of games.3Arden of Favershamreflects on spatial relations in the early modern theatre by staging and enacting the ludic competencies peculiar to backgammon.
Risk of congenital heart defects is influenced by genetic variation in folate metabolism
Authors: Christensen Karen E. , Zada Yassamin Feroz , Rohlicek Charles V. , Andelfinger Gregor U. , Michaud Jacques L. , Bigras Jean-Luc , Richter Andrea , Dubé Marie-Pierre , Rozen Rima
Published: April 2012

Genetic disturbances in folate metabolism may increase risk for congenital heart defects. We examined the association of heart defects with four polymorphisms in folate-related genes (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) c.677C > T,MTHFRc.1298A > C, methionine synthase reductase (MTRR)c.66A > G, and reduced folate carrier (SLC19A1) c.80A > G) in a case–control study of children (156 patients, 69 controls) and mothers of children with heart defects (181 patients, 65 controls), born before folic acid fortification.MTRRc.66A > G in children modified odds ratios for overall heart defects, specifically ventricular septal defect and aortic valve stenosis (p-value below 0.05). The 66GG and AG genotypes were associated with decreased odds ratios for heart defects (0.42, 95% confidence interval (0.18–0.97) and 0.39 (0.18–0.84), respectively). This overall association was driven by decreased risk for ventricular septal defect for 66GG and AG (odds ratio 0.32 (0.11–0.91) and 0.25 (0.09–0.65)) and decreased odds ratio for aortic valve stenosis for 66AG (0.27 (0.09–0.79)). The association of ventricular septal defect and 66AG remained significant after correction for multiple testing (p = 0.0044, multiple testing threshold p = 0.0125). MaternalMTHFR1298AC genotype was associated with increased odds ratio for aortic valve stenosis (2.90 (1.22–6.86), p = 0.0157), but this association did not meet the higher multiple testing threshold. No association betweenMTHFRc.677C > T orSLC19A1c.80A > G and heart defect risk was found. The influence of folate-related polymorphisms may be specific to certain types of heart defects; larger cohorts of mothers and children with distinct sub-classes are required to adequately address risk.