bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Open Defecation Practice in Twenty Remote Villages Located in South India
Authors: Roselin Mohandas , Newtonraj Ariarathinam , Girija Ganesan , Manikandan Mani , Vincent Antony
Published: December 2022

Introduction:

Open defecation practice is a major public health problem in India. We intended to study the practice of open defecation and its related risk factors in a rural area of South India.

Methodology:

This study was conducted in twenty villages surrounding a rural health training center, located in Tamil Nadu. Data collection was done by medical interns and medical social workers using a structured questionnaire.

Results:

The total population surveyed was 14,925, of which 14,061 individuals were in the age group of 5 years and above. Among them, 9069 (64% [63–65]) individuals were practicing open defecation. When compared to backward caste, individuals belonging to the most backward caste were 10% more likely (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.1 [1.0–1.2]) and individuals belonging to scheduled caste were 40% more likely (aPR: 1.4 [1.3–1.5]) to be practicing open defecation. With increase in age, there was a decrease in the prevalence of open defecation practice by 1% (aPR: 0.99 [0.99–0.99]) and with increase in family members, there was a decrease in the prevalence of open defecation practice by 2% (aPR: 0.98 [0.96–0.99]). Illiterate people had 14% higher chance of preferring open defecation (aPR: 1.14 [1.07–1.2]). Tobacco users were 10% more likely (aPR: 1.1 [1.0–1.3]) to be associated with the open defecation practice and nonvegetarians were 20% more likely to be associated with the open defecation practice (aPR: 1.2 [1.1–1.3]). When compared to kutcha house individuals, pucca house individuals were 10% less likely (aPR: 0.9 [0.8–1.0]) and semi-puccca house individuals were 10% more likely (aPR: 1.1 [1.0–1.2]) to adopt open defecation method. Gender, marital status, and hypertension were not associated with the open defecation practice.

Conclusion:

Open defecation practice is still continuing as an important public health problem in remote rural areas of South India.
Age Assessment by Dental and Skeletal Maturity Pattern
Authors: Afroz Mohd Malik , Tejasvi Avinash , Shenai Prashanth , Chatra Laxmikanth , Avinash C. K. Anulekha
Published: December 2022

Aim:

An attempt was made to estimate the chronologic age of an individual using the dental and skeletal maturity in the Mangalore population.

Sample:

This study sample comprised 150 individuals (75 males and 75 females) ranging from 10 to 20 years of age. We have divided our sample as ≤16 years and individuals >16 years from 1 month to 20 years for better accuracy.

Methodology:

Dental age was assessed using the Demirjian method based on seven mandibular teeth. The skeletal age was assessed using a hand-wrist radiograph by applying the method of Bjork, Grave, and Brown.

Results:

We have found a positive correlation between the chronologic age, estimated dental and skeletal age in individuals ≤16 years. There was a negative correlation seen in the individuals who are >16 years. We propose a linear regression equation obtained using the dental and skeletal method separately for males and females; this can be used to decrease the difference between the estimated age and chronologic age.

Conclusion:

Both the dental and skeletal methods can be used for age estimation, with the dental method being more accurate than the skeletal method in our population.
Effectiveness of Three Different Types of Oral Health Promotion Programs among Schoolchildren in Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Vundavalli Sakaka , Baig Muhammad Nadeem
Published: December 2022

Background:

Untreated component of dental caries in Saudi Arabia is alarming even though the accessibility of dental services is at free of cost to all Saudi nationals.

Aim/Objective:

The aim of the present study is to assess the efficiency among three different types of school-based oral health promotion programs in Sakaka children.

Materials and Methods:

A cluster randomized controlled trail included 765 schoolchildren. Three different models of school-based oral health promotion programs were tested in this study. Outcome measures were evaluated after 12-month follow-up, which include difference in prevalence and mean number of untreated dental caries, annual dental service utilization rates, and difference in mean oral health-promoting behavior between baseline and at the end of the program.

Results:

Seven hundred and two children were available for outcome measurement. There is reduction in both prevalence and mean number of untreated dental caries in all the three groups but significant reduction observed in Model-3 group of children. Similarly, improvement in dental visit patterns was also observed more in Model-3 group compared with other two groups.

Conclusion:

Health education including teachers with 6-monthly reinforcement, screening, and referral to specific treatment facility with follow-up reminders was found to be an effective model.
Dental Anomalies Prevalence in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients
Authors: Ashwinirani S. R. , Suragimath Girish , Mane Pratap
Published: December 2022

Background:

Dental anomalies are a common finding in patients with cleft lip (CL) and cleft lip with palate (CLP). CL and CLP are congenital disorder that occurs in newborns and will have a physical defect throughout life if not treated. The variety of dental anomalies reported are peg laterals, tooth agenesis, taurodontism, hypoplasia, and ectopic eruptions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of various dental anomalies in CL and CLP patients.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 patients of CL and CLP. Patients were selected by convenience sampling technique, from the department of oral medicine and radiology. Oral examination and dental panoramic radiographs were assessed. The diagnosis was arrived as per the findings of the clinical and radiographic evaluation. The findings of the study were reported as frequency and percentage.

Results:

Out of the 80 patients, the majority were males accounting for 55% and 45% were females. All the patients were diagnosed with one or the other dental anomaly. Tooth agenesis was the most commonly observed anomaly accounting for 70%. Patients with bilateral CL with palate (BCLP) had a higher percentage of tooth agenesis (96.5%) compared to patients with unilateral CL with palate (72.9%) (UCLP).

Conclusion:

One or more dental anomalies were observed in CL and CLP patients. Tooth agenesis, taurodontism, hypoplasia, and ectopic eruptions were the most prevalent anomalies. BCLP patients had more dental anomalies than UCLP patients.
Association of Genetic Polymorphism in Vitamin D Receptor and Paraoxonase I Genes with Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Rural South Western Maharashtra
Authors: Durgawale Pratik P. , Datkhile Kailas D. , Patil Virendra C. , Devkar Vasant V. , Kakade Satish V. , Dabane Sarjerao A. , Wader Vijaykumar S.
Published: December 2022

Background:

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing at an alarming rate in urban as well as rural parts of India. Change in life-style, dietary habits, aging, environmental factors contribute to developing this disorder, T2DM is a polygenic disorder which involves large number of genes interacting with each other and the environment to manifest itself phenotypically.

Aims and Objectives:

In the present study, we investigated the association of Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Paraoxonase I (PON I) gene polymorphisms with T2DM patients among rural population in South western Maharashtra.

Materials and Methods:

The study groups included healthy non-diabetic control group (n = 120), non-obese diabetic group (n = 120), obese diabetic group (n = 120) from the same geographical region. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) amongst these groups were studied using Polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for VDR and PON I genes.

Results and Conclusion:

Amongst the studied genes VDR SNP rs1544410 [OR 0.24 (0.1-0.63); P 0.005] and Paraoxonase I SNP rs854560 (OR 0.47 (0.26-0.84); P 0.015) had a protective effect against T2DM for non-obese individuals. Whereas only VDR SNP rs1544410 [OR 0.025 (0.003-0.91); P 0.001] had a protective effect in case of obese individuals. The findings suggest greater gene-gene interaction and gene-environment interactions influence the phenotypic outcomes of genetic polymorphisms.
Self-Care Behaviors and Safety Concerns toward Self-Medication among the General Public in Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Buabeid Manal , Palaian Subish , Ashames Akram , Hassan Nageeb
Published: December 2022

Background:

Self-medication offers advantages but raises multiple safety-related questions. There are different factors that influence the self-medication patterns among different population, such as age, income, gender, self-care-orientation, educational level, expenditure, satisfaction, and known seriousness of the illness. Data on self-care behavior and safety concerns among the general public are lacking in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study assessed the general public's self-care behaviors and medication safety concerns among the general public.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted among the 210 general public in Ajman, UAE, from December 2019 to February 2020. The filled surveys, entered in SPSS 26, were analyzed applying Chi-square tests and Fisher's exact tests with an alpha value = 0.05.

Results:

Of the respondents, 152 (72.3%) have participated in self-medication with no association seen between education (P = 0.107), gender (P = 0.185), age (P = 0.122). The commonly self-medicated ones were over-the-counter medications (n = 103; 41.37%) and antibiotics (n = 66; 26.51%). Seventy-two percentage (n = 151) stopped the self-medicated drugs if the underlying conditions improved which was not influenced by age (P = 0.327), gender (P = 1.00), or educational qualifications (P = 0.338). Sixty percentage (n = 126) checked the side effects of the self-medicated drugs before taking them, a habit influenced by education (P = 0.015), gender (0.002), and age group (P = 0.014). Half of the respondents (n = 105; 50%) stopped medications if they experience side effects a practice largely influenced by age (P = 0.0.30). Of the respondents 77.6% (n = 163) checked the medicine leaflets for drug information and the ease of obtaining an antibiotic was easy among 19.62% (n = 20) respondents; P = 000 (education), 0.006 (age); 65.7% (n = 138) of respondents check for allergy before self-medicating (P = 0.014, education), 13.3% (n = 28) felt the drugs that do not require a prescription is safe for everyone (P = 0.012, education).

Conclusion:

Self-medication is rampant and often used for symptomatic management. Antibiotics were also self-medicated by nearly one-fourth of respondents. Education had a significant influence on self-medication practices and safety concerns. Innovative strategies may be needed to contain irresponsible self-medication practices among the general public.
Adverse Event Following Immunization Surveillance and Management
Authors: Parmar Snehal , Puwar Tapasvi , Saxena Deepak , Shukla Santosh , Pandya Apurvakumar
Published: December 2022

Background:

Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) is defined as a medical incident that takes place after immunization, which is believed to be caused by the immunization. Health-care staff should be able to identify and report all serious and nonserious AEFI.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to analyze the reporting pattern of AEFI by grass-root health-care workers in Madhya Pradesh.

Methods:

Data related to AEFI were retrieved from three different reporting forms in Vidisha and Bhopal districts of Madhya Pradesh.

Results:

The results revealed gaps in the reporting patterns of health-care workers and limited understanding of reporting guidelines. AEFI surveillance and management are suboptimal, which can be strengthened with strategic actions.

Conclusion:

Robust AEFI surveillance and management are warranted. AEFI surveillance can potentially minimize the risk of serious adverse reactions, improve reporting and treatment, prevent any further complications which can overall reduce the negative impact on the immunization programme.
Prevalence of Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Rural Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Srivastava Pratiksha , Bisht Dakshina , Kumar Ajay , Tripathi Atosh
Published: December 2022

Introduction:

In recent years, increased incidences of carbapenem resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have been reported worldwide. Due to the higher prevalence and wide range of clinical infections, E. coli and K. pneumoniae are considered great risks for public health. Furthermore, carbapenem resistance limits the treatment options in individuals infected with E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Thus, rapid detection of carbapenem resistance is essential to initiate appropriate treatment and effective management and prevent further dissemination. In the present study, we aimed to explore the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae at a tertiary care hospital in rural Uttar Pradesh.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was performed at Government Medical College, Azamgarh, in collaboration with Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad. A total of 2736 clinical specimens comprising urine (1939), pus and wound swabs (486), sputum and throat swabs (257), and other samples (54) were collected following the standard guidelines and were processed for culture by standard bacteriological methods. After obtaining the growth, Gram staining and standard biochemical reactions were performed for the identification of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. All these isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing for carbapenem by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results:

Of the 2736 specimens, 48.57% showed the growth of various organisms. Of these, 59.51% of isolates showed the growth of Enterobacteriaceae, of which 60.93% among them were E. coli whereas 26.92% were K. pneumoniae. The overall prevalence of carbapenem resistance in the present study was found to be 29.35%. Among the carbapenem-resistant isolates, 68.13% were E. coli whereas 31.86% were identified as K. pneumoniae.

Conclusion:

Carbapenem resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates in the present study was found to be higher compared to previous studies from India. Our study highlights the urgent need of proper monitoring, judicious use of antibiotics, and implementation of strict infection control practices in this region.
Comparison of Efficacy of Local Anesthetic Drugs Lignocaine, Ropivacaine, and Bupivacaine in Pain Control during Extraction of Mandibular Posterior Teeth
Authors: Gupta Preeti
Published: December 2022

Background:

Posterior tooth extractions provide a challenge due to variations in anesthetic capacity and effects, especially postoperatively. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of three anesthetic agents – lignocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine – during extraction procedure of mandibular posterior teeth.

Materials and Methods:

Two hundred and fifty study participants were randomly divided into three groups: Group I – individuals under 2% lignocaine (n = 84), Group 2 – individuals under bupivacaine (n = 86), and Group 3 – individuals under ropivacaine (n = 80). Hemodynamic and anesthetic and analgesic parameters were recorded and statistically analyzed using analysis of variance.

Results:

Significant differences were observed between three anesthetic agents used pertaining to anesthetic and analgesic changes, whereas no significant effects were observed when comparing the hemodynamic parameters.

Conclusion:

Ropivacaine provided the best clinical outcome in terms of both anesthetic efficacy and postoperative analgesia following the extraction of mandibular posterior teeth.
Factors Affecting Hypertension among Rural Geriatric Population in Odisha
Authors: Biswal Ramesh Kumar , Kumar Subudhi B. Swagat , Sethi Somanath , Kshatri Jaya Singh , Bhoi Trilochan
Published: December 2022

Background:

Worldwide, around 1.28 billion adults, aged 30–79 years have hypertension (HTN) and most (two-thirds) of them living in low- and middle-income countries like India. While only less than half of adults (42%) with HTN are diagnosed and treated. This study is an effort to estimate the prevalence and determine the determinants of HTN among the rural elderly population in Tigira block, Cuttack district of Odisha.

Methodology:

This cross-sectional study was carried out among 725 rural elderly (>60 years) people using probability proportionate to sample (PPS) sampling in the year 2019–2020. Previous medical history of HTN diagnosed by medical professional was taken as positive for HTN. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The binary logistic regression model was used to find out the predictors of HTN.

Results:

This cross-sectional study found an HTN prevalence of 34.75% (n = 252) among rural older adults. Factors found to be significantly associated with HTN were female gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.73, confidence interval [CI] = 1.129–2.666), elderly aged ≥80 years (AOR = 1.98, CI = 1.170–3.379), not working elderly (AOR = 2.14, CI = 1.178–3.89), lower-middle socioeconomic status (SES) (AOR = 1.61, CI = 1.093–2.372), overweight elderly (AOR = 2.01, CI = 1.309–3.098) and diabetics (AOR = 4.56, CI = 2.704–7.718), respectively.

Conclusion:

HTN prevalence was found to be high in the rural area, and the factors such as female gender, elderly aged ≥80 years, not working elderly, lower-middle SES, overweight elderly, and diabetes were found to be the determinants of HTN in the rural elderly population of Odisha.
A Comparative Study on Quality of Life of Elderly among those Living with Families and in Old Age Homes in a District in South India
Authors: Vignesh Nawin Jai , George Neethu , Hemadharshini S. , Sriranganathan T
Published: December 2022

Introduction:

The elderly population in India is steadily increasing and it is expected to triple in 2050 as of the census 2011. Drastic improvements in health care made betterment in physical health but their subjective well-being remains unaccounted. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the quality of life (QoL) among elderly and to compare the differences in QoL among elderly population residing in homes and in old age homes.

Methodology:

An analytical cross-sectional study among elderly above the age of 60 years residing with families and other 40 elderly population residing in old age homes. A questionnaire-based interview was conducted using a standard semistructured World Health Organization-BREF QoL questionnaire.

Results:

In the study, most of the participants 45 (56.3%) were male and 35 (43.8%) belonged to the age group of 70–79 years with a mean (standard deviation) age of 73.96 (7.44) years. The study found that there is nil significant difference in QoL among elderly living in old age homes and in family setups. The domain scores of psychological, social, and environmental domains showed a slight nonsignificant increase in elderly among old age homes.

Conclusion:

The study showed nil significant difference in QoL score in all domains for the elderly. The concept of QoL needs to be looked into with more preference to psychological, social, and environmental domains.
Leptin as a Predictor of Delirium in Geriatric Inpatients
Authors: Ajmera Yamini , Chakrawarty Avinash , Anwar Masroor , Khan Maroof Ahmad , Chatterjee Prasun , Dey Sharmistha
Published: December 2022

Background:

Delirium is a complex, reversible neuropsychiatric disorder that frequently occurs in the geriatric age group in acute care settings with multifactorial etiology and numerous knowledge gaps in the pathogenesis.

Objective:

This study aimed to establish an association between leptin levels and delirium in patients aged 60 years and above admitted under the geriatric medicine department of a tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods:

A prospective observational study was conducted in consecutively admitted patients to the geriatric ward. Patients were assessed for delirium within 24 h of admission and daily thereafter until they were discharged from the hospital or died using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) or CAM-intensive care unit with subsequent division into delirium and nondelirium groups. Serum leptin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:

Two hundred patients were recruited in the study. The mean age of participants was found to be 73.1 ± 8.8 years. Prevalence rates of delirium at the time of admission and incidence rates during hospital stay were found to be 20% and 5%, respectively. The occurrence of delirium was also found to be significantly associated with mortality (32.5% vs. 8.7%, P = 0.001). Serum leptin levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with delirium (2.58 ± 1.01 ng/mL vs. 10.72 ± 1.46 ng/mL, P = 0.03). Multivariable regression analysis revealed delirium to significantly correlate positively with age (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.63 (1.07–2.47), P = 0.021) and negatively with leptin levels (OR: 0.94 (0.90–0.99), P = 0.018).

Conclusion:

Delirium is a frequently occurring condition in hospitalized older adults with high mortality rates. Leptin might serve as a potential predictor of delirium owing to its probable role in the pathophysiological processes of delirium.
Caregiving for Elderly Population
Authors: Premanandh K. , Rajalakshmi M. , Mohan Reenaa
Published: December 2022

Background:

Caregiving for elderly individuals is an emerging health issue that affects the quality of life of caregivers. The objective of this study was to explore the difficulties faced by caregivers in providing care to the elderly population.

Methodology:

This study was conducted using an explanatory mixed-method study design, in which a quantitative component (cross-sectional study) was followed by a qualitative component (in-depth interview). A total of 101 caregivers of the elderly population (with moderate disability level and above) were screened for personal stress using a perceived stress scale. Following quantitative data collection, an in-depth interview was conducted among caregivers selected by purposive sampling using an interview guide to explore the issues faced by caregivers.

Results:

A total of 384 individuals aged 60 years and above were screened for the level of disability. A total of 101 caregivers who were providing supportive care to elderly people with moderate and severe levels of disability were screened for stress using a perceived stress scale. Around 54% of the caregivers reported high perceived stress and 28% of the caregivers reported moderate stress. In-depth interviews using purposive sampling identified the following themes for caregivers of elderly individuals: frustration about providing continuous care, dealing with personal health problems, feeling anger, and isolation and financial stress.

Conclusions:

The need for caregiving for the older population is increasing. A significant amount of stress has been reported among caregivers. Frustration about providing continuous care, dealing with personal health problems, and feeling isolation and financial stress were the common challenges reported by the caregivers.
Depression in the Elderly
Authors: Bagga Rupali Verma , Prashant Anamika
Published: December 2022

Introduction:

Depression in elderly population is a serious public health concern but is often undetected and ignored as a medical problem, leading to poor quality of life.

Aim and Objectives:

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and degree of depression among the elderly population using a Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) Short Form and to study some correlates associated with depression in them.

Materials and Methods:

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 100 elderly subjects using systematic random sampling technique. After getting informed consent, information was collected using GDS-15 Marathi version.

Results:

Of 100 respondents interviewed, 52 were 70 years and above and 54 were male. The prevalence of depression among the elderly was 84.0%. Sixteen (8 males and 8 females) were suffering from severe depression. Age, sex, death of spouse, education, occupation, and morbidity status were found to be significantly associated with depression.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of depression among the urban elderly was very high. By identifying risk factors for depression among the elderly population and screening them on time, we can go a long way in adding life to their years instead of years to life of the elderly.
Management of Cracked Maxillary First Molar with Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser
Authors: Mittal Neelam , Gupta Supriya , Gupta Sakshi , Shankari Thivya
Published: December 2022

Treatment and diagnosis of fractured teeth present a big challenge to dentists. Treatment of traumatized teeth can be done with reattachment of a dental fragment both in simple and complicated coronal fractures. A 28-year-old male patient came to our department with a traumatic crown fracture of the permanent, left maxillary molar. The patient complained of pain upon mastication, and on examination left maxillary second molar has a fracture line extending in a mesiodistal direction. Partial pulpotomy with the help of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er: YAG) laser was done to relieve symptoms and to reduce microleakage and increase strength, the fracture line was sealed with the help of Er: YAG laser. The cavity was then sealed with biodentin and composite. For these types of cases, Er: YAG laser is used for biostimulation of exposed pulp, and also to improve strength and reduce microleakage through sealing of fracture line.
Esthetic Rehabilitation of Intrusive Luxation Injury
Authors: Rao P Dhruv , Hoque Tamanna , Madhubala Manavalan Madhana , Amirtharaj L. Vijay , Duraisamy Sangeetha , Mahalaxmi Sekar
Published: December 2022

A 21-year-old male patient reported a chief complaint of a highly placed upper front tooth following a road traffic accident. Clinical examination revealed mild edema on the upper lip and intrusive luxation injury of the maxillary left central incisor. Radiographs showed 8 mm of intrusion without any root fractures. Orthodontic extrusion was initiated, and the tooth was engaged using stainless steel ligature, and activated by 2 mm. Precision was done 3 weeks before debonding to prevent relapse. Debonding was carried out 6 months poststrap up. An endodontic procedure was initiated and calcium-hydroxide dressing was placed as an intracanal medicament for 2 weeks. Obturation was done using gutta-percha and bioceramic sealer followed by postendodontic management with all-ceramic crowns. The patient is under periodic follow-up.
One-Step Method in Creation of Artificial Ascites
Authors: Chou Tienshin , Yen Cho-Li , Chen Li-Wei , Chien Cheng-Hung
Published: December 2022

Background:

The study aims to improve the success rate and the rapidity in creating artificial ascites before starting the treatment for subcapsular hepatocellular carcinomas.

Methods:

Two hundred and forty-six consecutive hepatocellular carcinoma patients who required the instillation of artificial ascites for better visualization or prevention from organ injury were recruited between November 2011 and September 2017. Initially, 95 patients were using the Seldinger technique, while the remaining 151 patients were using the one-step method. The proportions of patients who had undergone surgery, transarterial chemoembolization, or radiofrequency ablation therapy before performing artificial ascites infusion were 11.6% (11/95), 3% (3/95), and 37% (35/95) in the Seldinger group, and 15.9% (24/151), 15.2% (23/151), and 52.3% (79/151), respectively, in the one-step group.

Results:

The complete success rate, partial success rate, and failure rate in creating artificial ascites using the Seldinger technique and the one-step method were 76.8% (73/95), 11.6% (11/95), 11.6% (11/95) and 88.1% (133/151), 7.9% (12/151), 4% (6/151), respectively. The complete success rate was significantly higher in the one-step method group (P < 0.05) than that of the Seldinger group. The mean time required from starting the procedure to successful intraperitoneal instillation of glucose water was 145.79 ± 133.37 s in the one-step method, which was statistically shorter than that of 238.68 ± 95.58 s in the Seldinger group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The one-step method has a higher success rate than the Seldinger method in creating artificial ascites and is faster, especially in treatment-experienced patients.
Correlation between Transabdominal Sonographic Prostate Volume and Anthropometric Parameters
Authors: Udo Chibueze Okorie , Robinson Ebbi Donald , Ijeruh Olukunmi Yetunde , Chukwuemeka Nelson
Published: December 2022

Background:

Prostate diseases commonly present with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) resulting from prostatic enlargement. Prostate volume (PV) can be evaluated using transabdominal ultrasonography. Focus is currently on relative factors of prostatic enlargement which includes obesity and central adiposity. The aim of this study is to correlate transabdominal sonographic PV and anthropometric parameters in patients with LUTS in Port Harcourt.

Methods:

This was a prospective cross-sectional study carried out at the Radiology Department, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, between September 2020 and January 2021. One hundred and twenty (120) males from 40 years and above who presented with LUTS were recruited. Transabdominal PV estimation was done and body mass index (BMI) as well as WC was assessed. Data were analyzed using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences; appropriate statistical tests were applied and P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:

The mean PV was 69.8 ± 63.5 cm3, 79.2% of the subjects had enlarged prostate with volume ≥30 cm3. PV was found to increase with age. The correlation between PV and anthropometric measures of obesity (BMI and WC) was statistically not significant.

Conclusion:

The work established that there is no correlation between PV and anthropometric measures of obesity – BMI and WC in negro population as opposed to nonblack population where there is correlation. Obesity may not be a considerable risk factor of prostatic enlargement in the studied population. Thus, anthropometrics may not be useful in predicting prostate size.
Presence of Color Transition in Biopsy Specimens Predicts Outcome of Liver Lesion Biopsies
Authors: Gittinger Fleur Sophie , Wetterich Laura , Michl Patrick , Ripoll A. Cristina
Published: December 2022

Background:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the presence of tissue transition in liver lesion biopsies to predict a successful outcome, as observed by modified macroscopic on-site evaluation (MOSE).

Methods:

This is a retrospective analysis of 264 ultrasound-guided liver lesion biopsies, examining the influence the presence of tissue transition (visible color changes in biopsy specimens as evaluated visually) has on two endpoints (1) material retrieval, (2) attaining a definitive diagnosis) representing successful liver lesion biopsies, compared to previously evaluated variables in this context. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0.

Results:

Material retrieval and a definitive diagnosis occurred in 224/264 (84.8%) and 217/264 (82.2%) cases, the latter occurring more often when visual inspection revealed macroscopic tissue transition (92/96 [95.8%]) than when not (124/165 [75.2%]), P < 0.001. Tissue transition in biopsies was more common in secondary (74/162 [45.7%]) than (18/54 [33.3%]) primary liver lesions, though this was not significant (P = 0.112). On multivariate analysis, tissue transition in biopsies was an independent predictor of a definitive diagnosis and material retrieval.

Conclusion:

In liver lesion biopsies, MOSE of color transition in biopsies can indicate success. This is easily incorporated into clinical practice and can help overcome the lack of an on-site pathologist.
Prognostic Value of Porta-Hepatis Lymphadenopathy in Children with Hepatitis A
Authors: Mashhadi Amin , Khalili Manijeh , Moghaddam Alireza Ansari , Zadehmir Mohadeseh
Published: December 2022

Background:

The present study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of porta-hepatis lymphadenopathy (PHL) in children with hepatitis A virus.

Methods:

The present prospective cohort study included 123 pediatric patients with a definite diagnosis of hepatitis A who were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of PHL in their abdominal ultrasound: Group A included the patients with a porta-hepatis lymph node of >6 mm in diameter, whereas the patients with a porta-hepatis lymph node of <6 mm in diameter were classified in Group B. The patients were also classified based on the presence or absence of para-aortic lymphadenopathy: Group C had bisecting para-aortic lymph nodes, whereas Group D did not have such findings in their ultrasound. Afterward, the groups were compared in laboratory investigation results and hospital stay.

Results:

According to our results, Group A (n = 57) was significantly higher in aspartate and alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels compared to Group B (P < 0.05), whereas these two groups were not significantly different in the hospital stay. Furthermore, except bilirubin, all laboratory test results were significantly higher in Group C (n = 3) than in Group D. However, there was no significant correlation between the patients' prognosis with the absence or presence of porta-hepatis or para-aortic lymphadenopathy.

Conclusion:

We concluded that there was no significant relationship between porta-hepatis or para-aortic lymphadenopathy and the prognosis of the children with hepatitis A. However, ultrasound findings can help determine the disease severity in pediatric patients with hepatitis A.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Euploid Increased Nuchal Translucency on Fetal Ultrasound (I)
Authors: Chen Chih-Ping
Published: December 2022

Prenatal diagnosis of euploid increased nuchal translucency (NT) remains a challenge to obstetricians and genetic counselors although increased euploid NT at prenatal diagnosis can be associated with a favorable outcome. Prenatal diagnosis of euploid increased NT should include a differential diagnosis of pathogenetic copy number variants and RASopathy disorders (RDs) including Noonan syndrome (NS). Therefore, chromosomal microarray analysis, whole-exome sequencing, RD testing, and protein-tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11) gene testing may be necessary under such a circumstance. In this report, a comprehensive review of NS with its prenatal diagnosis and genetic testing is presented.
Frequency of Occurrence of Odontogenic Lesions of the Jaws in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Saheeb Birch D. , Edetanlen Ekaniyere B. , Egbor Esezobor P.
Published: December 2022

Aims:

This study aims to determine the frequency of occurrence of odontogenic lesions and compare the prevalence of odontogenic tumors and odontogenic cysts, according to age, gender, origin, malignancy, and recurrence rate among patients diagnosed with odontogenic lesions in a Nigerian teaching hospital.

Materials and Methods:

This is a retrospective cross-sectional study that examined all the records of the patients diagnosed histologically with jaw lesions at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the University of Benin, for a period of 9 years from 2013 to 2021. The information recorded were age, gender, type of jaw, cell of origin of lesion, type of lesion, histopathological diagnosis, and the number of malignant and recurrent lesions. All data were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS), version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The level of significance adopted was less than 0.05.

Results:

Of the 513 patients whose data were analyzed, 210 had odontogenic lesions giving a prevalence of 40.9%. The age range was 7–78 years with a mean age of 35.2 ± 15.0 years. More than half of the patients were less than 45 years old. The ratio of males to females was 1.3: 1. The prevalence of odontogenic tumors and cysts was 86.2% and 13.8%, respectively. More than half (52.4%) of the odontogenic lesions were ameloblastoma followed by ameloblastic carcinoma (8.60%), dentigerous cyst (4.80%), and calcifying odontogenic tumor being the least common (1.00%). Only 18.6% of the odontogenic lesions were malignant. There was a recurrence of 24.3% in the odontogenic lesions. The ratio of malignancy was 3.1: 1 in the odontogenic cysts and 4:1 in the odontogenic tumors, but these trends were not significant. The prevalence of recurrence of odontogenic tumors and cysts was 25.4% and 17.2%, respectively, but this finding was not significant (P = 0.31).

Conclusion:

There was a relatively high frequency of odontogenic lesions of 40.9% in our environment. The frequency of occurrence of odontogenic tumors was 86.2%, whereas that of odontogenic cysts was 13.8%.
Human Resources for Health Migration and Health Inequality in the Commonwealth of Nations
Authors: Odusanya Olumuyiwa , Adepoju Funmilade
Published: December 2022

Human resources for health (HRH) migration is a growing problem globally. Most of the migration is from the low and middle-income (source) countries where the HRH density is low to the more affluent (destination) nations. Poor career pathways, limited opportunities for growth and development, poor compensation, and socio-economic challenges are the main reasons for migration. The effects manifest as health inequalities with a lower density of HRH, and poorer health indices including lower life expectancy in the source countries making the achievement of the third sustainable development goal (SDG3) very challenging. The world has the tools in various codes and resolutions needed to tackle HRH migration but the political commitment to faithfully implement them is lacking. Solving HRH migration requires a holistic approach with collaboration and commitment between both source and destination countries and should be based on the principles of transparency, fairness, and mutual benefits. Each nation should urgently commit to producing adequate numbers of HRH to meet the health needs of its people, retain them, and reduce dependence on foreign-trained HRH.
A spectrum of viral diseases in Odisha state, eastern India: An evidence-based analysis from 2010–2017
Authors: Sabat J , Subhadra S , Ho LM , Dwibedi B
Published: December 2022

Introduction:

Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are a major threat to public health. Odisha, being one of the coastal states in the country, reports many viral illnesses due to its typical geographical location. This study focuses on the prevalence of different viral diseases in the state of Odisha, India, from 2010–2017.

Material and Methods:

A total of 43,397 patients with clinical suspicion of viral diseases were screened for different viral etiologies during 2010–2017. The laboratory diagnosis was conducted by serology (ELISA) and RT-PCR for 24 different viruses, i.e., dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, rotavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and herpes simplex virus-2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and respiratory viruses. Patients were enrolled from sporadic hospital admissions and outbreaks under different categories as per clinical diagnoses like fever with rash, diarrhoea, encephalitis, jaundice, respiratory illness, and fever of unknown etiology.

Results:

The majority of patients belonged to exanthematous group, i.e., fever with rash (32.24%). The number of males was more in all categories except fever with rash, where females (53.34%) were more. Children <16 years of age were found to be the predominant age group for suspected viral diarrhoea (85.26%), encephalitis (76.96%), fever of unknown origin (40.16%), and respiratory infections (27.23%).

Conclusion:

Not only vector-borne diseases pose a threat to the Odisha state, but other viral illnesses have also emerged. This detailed report of different viral diseases in the state of Odisha will support public health management.
Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety and their Associated Factors among Ministry of Health Programs Residents from Different Specialties in Abha City, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsaleem Mohammed Abadi , Wasili Fahad Mousa Jawman , Alsaleem Safar Abadi
Published: December 2022

Background:

Identifying the magnitude and the determinants of stress-related disorders will help to improve the work environment besides minimizing its drawback on residents' medical care performance.

Aim:

This study aims to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety and their associated factors among Ministry of Health (MOH) programs residents.

Methodology:

This cross-sectional survey targeted all MOH residents from different specialties in Abha city. The questionnaire included resident's sociodemographic information, specialty, duration, seniority, workload, shifts, and number of cared patients per shift. Resident's depression was assessed using Depression Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and anxiety was assessed using the anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.

Results:

A total of 370 residents were included. Residents' age ranged from 20 to 35 years, with a mean age of 27.6 ± 6.7 years. Nearly 61.1% of residents were males and 58.6% were married. About 66.2% of the residents were normal (no depression), while 15.1% experienced minimal depression, 13% had mild depression, and 4.3% had severe depression. Considering anxiety, 85.9% of the residents showed no/minimal anxiety levels, while 7.8% had mild, 4.9% had moderate, and 1.4% showed severe anxiety levels.

Conclusions:

The study showed that psychological health, including depression and anxiety, was satisfactory among the study residents, where the majority of them were free of both issues. Further nationwide studies are required to assess additional factors such as work environment and autonomy.
Identification and Analysis of Dental Education Quality in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Othman Badr Majed , Alharbi Mohammed Ahmed
Published: December 2022

Objectives:

Saudization can be defined as recruiting and hiring Saudis in both the governmental and private sectors. This process is being introduced by the Ministry of Labor to reduce the number of unemployed. Lowering the unemployment rate from 11.6% to 7% is one of the new vision goals to be reached by 2030. The SERVQUAL model is used to assess customer perceptions of service quality in service and retail organizations through five dimensions: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. This study aims to measure the effect of these quality dimensions on students' willingness to be and satisfaction being educated by Saudi faculty in dental colleges. The focus of this research is to determine which quality dimensions most affect students while being educated by Saudi faculty in dental colleges. The contribution of this research will help future research to develop strategic operational objectives to enhance education quality.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was performed. A total of 432 participants (198 male students and 234 female students) were included in the study. An electronic questionnaire with a scale from 0 to 5 using the SERVQUAL model was formulated.

Results:

The results were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS, version 21, Chicago, Illinois, USA). The weighted scale was 4.01, 4.12, 4.03, 3.25, and 3.78 for reliability, assurance, accountability, empathy, and education quality of Saudi faculty, respectively. Furthermore, the weighted scale was 3.7 and 3.71 for students' satisfaction and student willingness to attend future lectures, respectively.

Conclusion:

Students had high agreement with the reliability, accountability, and education quality of Saudi dental faculty. However, the assurance dimension showed significant side effects on student willingness to attend future lectures. On the other hand, the empathy dimension showed significant side effects on participants' perception of satisfaction and student willingness to attend future lectures.
Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Satisfaction of Medical Students in Relation to Income and Body Mass Index
Authors: Habib Syed Mohammed , Al-Khlaiwi Thamir
Published: December 2022

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of students' income and body mass index (BMI) with the level of depression, anxiety, stress, and academic satisfaction.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study with distribution of online Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale questionnaire online to medical students in different universities of Saudi Arabia. In addition, they filled out a predesigned pro forma that contained sociodemographic characteristics and satisfaction status regarding lectures, practical, staff, and examinations. A total of 351 participants completed the study. Students were asked about various academic issues and assessed by a three-point Likert scale (satisfied, undecided, and unsatisfied).

Results:

The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in students with a father's monthly income of <3000 US Dollars was 72.4% (n = 79), 83.4% (n = 91), and 63.3% (n = 69), respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in students with a father's monthly income between 3000-5000 US Dollars was 71.5% (n = 73), 74.5% (n = 76), and 48.0% (n = 49) respectively. As for the students with a father's monthly income >5000 US Dollars had a prevalence of 62.1% (n = 87), 71.4% (n = 100), and 48.5% (n = 68) for depression, anxiety, and stress respectively. Hence, it was noted that the prevalence was higher in students with a father's monthly income <3000 US Dollars in all categories (depression P = 0.056 which was marginal, anxiety P = 0.009, and stress P = 0.050).. 46.8% (n = 51) of students with a father's monthly income <3000 US Dollars, 32.4% (n = 33) of students with a father's monthly income between 3000 and 5000 US Dollars, and 30.7% (n = 43) of students with a father's monthly income >5000 showed an extremely severe anxiety score. It showed that the moderate degree of depression with mean total depression score of students with a father's monthly income <3000 was 17.7 ± 11.7. It showed a severe degree of anxiety with a mean total anxiety score of 18.4 ± 11.4, and a moderate degree of stress with a mean total stress score of 19.1 ± 10.4. The prevalence of depression 69.3% (n = 172), anxiety 77.4% (n = 192), and stress 54.8% (n = 136) in students with BMI <25 was higher than in students with BMI ≥25 65.0% (n = 67), 72.8% (n = 75), and 48.5% (n = 50) with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.161, P = 0.433, and 0.572), respectively. It showed that 37.5% (n = 93) of students with BMI <25 were extremely severely anxious while students with BMI ≥25 were 33.0% (n = 34).

Conclusions:

The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in medical students with low father monthly income was significantly high. The prevalence of severe anxiety in all groups needs more attention from the medical college's higher authorities.
Right Testicular Pain and Epididymo-Orchitis Caused by Enterobius Vermicularis
Authors: Alorini Mohammed
Published: December 2022

A rare case of epididymo-orchitis due to nematode infection by Enterobius vermicularis is reported. A 38-year-old male presented with right testicular pain. He was diagnosed with acute right epididymo-orchitis. Right epididymo-orchiectomy was performed. Microscopic examination showed parts of the body of the oxyurid in one section, thus confirming the diagnosis of pinworm infection. Although ectopic pinworm infections are broadly reported, testicular involvement is very rare. To our knowledge, this is the third reported case in the literature.