bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STATE RESPONSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL WATER SHARING: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TRANS BOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY
Authors: HEENA PARVEEN, LEGHA MAMTA RANJIT SINGH
Published: June 2023

Fresh water is critical and imperative for human life and to the supportability of Earth. Till date there is no known substitute for freshwater to be utilized by people for their reality. With water, people have profound ties whether it is concerning nature, soil, wellbeing, strict holiness, efficiency obviously or for some other reasons. Strolling down the world of fond memories one can understand that prior water had no cost barring the separating charges, cost for refining and afterward at last utilizing it. However, with the entry of the last half ten years, water has progressively procured a cost as a ware on the lookout and is being dependent upon worldwide exchange. The author in this paper is focusing on the need for collective effort to be made by all the states of International community in preservation, restoration and implementation of different international laws in the municipal laws of respective states. The author focuses on the Westphalian theory which adversely hampers the concept of shared water resources between the Upper riparian and lower riparian states. The research includes the five prominent pillars of water sharing principles to be observed by the states. The author also observes the positive initiatives taken by the international community which leads to the development of international laws relating to water. The author takes a positive approach to focus on the development of laws by judicial decisions given by different dispute settlement bodies for the protection, preservation & restoration of water. The author summarizes the paper with some suggestions which can be given for the improvement and implementation of international laws in the municipal laws of respective states.
ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRUDE OIL PRICES AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD (2004-2021)
Authors: ZAID FARID SAHIB AL-MOUSAWI, KAREEM SALIM HUSSEIN AL-GHALIBI
Published: June 2023

Global economies are significantly affected by the volatility of crude oil prices. The economies of oil-producing countries may thrive when crude oil prices are high or stable within a range that achieves their desired goals, driving development and accelerating economic growth. This is achieved through targeted expansionary policies that promote local and foreign investments in infrastructure development. Conversely, the opposite occurs when prices decline. The study found that sharp fluctuations in oil prices lead to varying economic and social impacts, affecting economic growth, unemployment rates, and inflation. It also recommended the possibility of achieving sustainable economic growth by the government exerting more efforts in diversifying income sources, reducing heavy dependence on oil, and enhancing adaptability to price fluctuations.
ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE NEW TOOLS OF MONETARY POLICY IN IRAQ ON THE MONEY SUPPLY FOR THE PERIOD (2004-2021)
Authors: KARRAR MAHDI JABER ABU DUKHAN, SAWSAN KARIM HODAN AL-JUBOURI
Published: June 2023

The new tools are considered one of the most important monetary policy tools affecting the macroeconomic variables, through which it exercises its role in influencing the monetary and financial markets, as the Iraqi economy faces many economic crises that negatively affect the money supply in Iraq, and the research aims to know the impact of the new tools on Achieving the stability of the money supply, and which of these tools is more effective, and to prove the research hypothesis (that the new tools have an effective and significant role in determining the money supply in Iraq for the period (2004-2021)) The new tools were analyzed and measured using the (ARDL) model, and the results proved that there are cointegration relationship.
CONTEMPORARY ARABIC CERAMICS (METHODS AND TECHNIQUES), CONCEPTUAL WORK IN CONTEMPORARY ARABIC PORCELAIN
Authors: ZAHRAA HUSSEIN SABIH ABDUL ALI, SABAH AHMED AL-SHAYA
Published: June 2023

Ceramic art was associated with the advent of ancient man, since he used it in his daily life to store food and bury the dead. He did not care about the aesthetic side. Ceramics art evolved with the evolution of man and became competing in importance for the art of painting and sculpture. The migration of some potters out of the country and travel to study the evolution of ceramic art and its clear reflection on Arabic porcelain provides for the identification of Arabic porcelain in Iraq, Egypt, Jordan and Lebanon.
THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE GOVERNOR OF SIJISTAN, PRINCE KHALAF BIN AHMAD AL-SIJISTANI (350_399 AH / 961_1003 AD)
Authors: M. NAZEM KAMEL HAMAD ABD AL-DULAIMI A.M.DR. ALAA MATAR TAYEH SHIHAB AL-DULAIMI,
Published: June 2023

Prince Khalaf bin Ahmed was born in the year (326 AH / 938 AD), and he is from a family of Persian origins. His lineage goes back on the mother’s side to the falconers who ruled the Islamic East after they took Sijistan as their capital. After several decades, Prince Khalaf bin Ahmed was able to take over with his cunning and political sophistication. And administrative, he ruled the province of Sijistan, as he continued to rule this region for several decades from (355 AH / 961 AD) to (393 AH / 1003 AD), as his rule ended at the hands of Sultan Mahmud al-Ghaznawi after the latter invaded the region in the year (393 AH / 1003 AD) and arrested its governor Khalaf bin Ahmed He exiled him to the city of Al-Jawzjan, then he passed the term for a year (399 AH / 1009 AD). The governor Khalaf was able to rule the city with fire and iron because of the large number of internal rebellions that directly affected political life, especially the conflict that took place between members of his family, as well as the external conflict. To secure his relations with the Samanids and the Ghaznavids, and to extend his authority to the cities of his neighboring regions, such as Kerman, Quhistan, and Busheng. However, this policy of his did not succeed and last, as it soon turned against him because of his misbehavior with his subjects, especially his sons.
FINANCIAL CONTROL OF THE CENTRAL AUTHORITY OVER THE REVENUES OF LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS IN IRAQ
Authors: ASAD MOWAFAK JALAB, BAAN SALAH ABUL QADER
Published: June 2023

In this research,  we dealt with  a basic issue, which is the independence of the local administration, as the recognition of its legal personality is not enough for its independence, but it must be recognized for financial independence, and through that independence it has the authority to  obtain the necessary financial resources to carry out the burdens and tasks entrusted to it, but granting these bodies administrative and financial independence does not naturally mean their complete independence from the central authority, as one of the pillars of the success of  decentralization is the submission of these bodies to government control.  Centralization to preserve the unity of the State, provided that such control is not a restriction on the freedom of local authorities to carry out their work as long as such activities are exercised in accordance with the law, for the purpose of achieving a balance between the central authority and the governorates and preventing encroachment on the powers of either of them.
INTRODUCING SURAT AL MAEDA
Authors: ESRA SALEH SALMAN AL-RAWI, ABDULLAH HASSAN HAMID AL-HADITHI
Published: June 2023

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the best of the messengers of our Prophet Muhammad and on his family and companions.

The Holy Quran has included many great surahs and each surah of its topics and features, and purposes are characterized by it, and every person must be aware of them, Muslim or non-Muslim, so that the non-Muslim has a general culture in which he learns about the different religions and cultures of all peoples, in order to be able to coexist with other individuals of different religions and nationalities, but if a person is a Muslim, then seeing such topics is one of the duties and necessities that he ordered. The true Islamic religion is for every Muslim.

I have explained in my research this definition of an important surah of the Holy Qur'an, which is Surat Al-Ma'idah, and  included my research title tagged with (definition of Surat Al-Ma'idah) and divided into three sections, I was given to the first section of the definition of Surat Al-Ma'idah and its arrangement and the recipe of its descent, in which I explained the order of this blessed Sura in the Holy Qur'an, and the recipe of its descent and then came the second section entitled the names of Surat Al-Ma'idah has shown the most important names of this noble Sura in the narrations of our Holy Prophet And his companions and his family, may God be pleased with them all, and the names mentioned on the age of the scholars of  the Islamic nation honorable, then came the third section entitled the topics of Surat Al-Ma'idah and its purposes, in which I explained the most important  topics and purposes brought by Surat Al-Ma'idah, then came the conclusion in which I showed the most important results reached in this research.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the Master of the Messengers, our Prophet Muhammad, and upon all his God and companions.
UNDERSTANDING UNIFORM CIVIL CODE: ITS NEED AND CHALLENGES
Authors: AHMAR AFAQ, SUKHVINDER SINGH DARI
Published: June 2023

The demand to replace the religion-based and customary personal laws with the progressive, uniform civil code has been there since the pre-independence era and persists even today. Along with it, the intricacies and complexities also remain visible from the days of constituent assembly debates to the present. It is often argued that various aspects of the personal laws dis-privilege women and hinder the realisation of national integration. The laws need to be disassociated from religion, and concrete steps toward complete uniformity in civil laws are immediately required to be taken, like we have in the criminal laws. On the other hand, its antagonists consider it to be an attack on the right to freedom of religion in general and personal and customary laws in particular. Along with it, they have their own set of arguments opposing the demand for UCC. In the present academic venture, an effort has been made to understand the meaning and concept of the UCC by looking into its notion and the constituent assembly debates pertaining to it. The paper discusses the arguments advanced in its favor, like national unity and gender equality, etc. and also the arguments advanced against it. The arguments on both sides are substantiated with the required legislative provisions and decided case laws. The paper also provides a way forward for the issue in the enormously diverse and socially heterogeneous country of India.
A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF PRIVACY JURISPRUDENCE: INDIA AND THE USA
Authors: SAURABH RAJ, MR. PRATEEK SIKCHI, MR. SIDDHARTH RANKA
Published: June 2023

The right to privacy is judicially recognized as a fundamental right in India and the USA. In India and the USA, ‘national security’ is a ground that can be used to curtail the right of privacy. The paper analyzes the extent up to which this right to privacy can be legitimately inhibited on various other grounds and whether it can be violated by non-state actors.The paper also analyzes the interference by the state in protecting the right to privacy. In the USA, the right to privacy is protected through certain sector-specific legislation as there is no comprehensive Act that protects this right. The paper also analyzes whether that approach can be applied in India with modifications as required.
CHALLENGES TO EFFICIENT WORKING OF INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS
Authors: PRATEEK SIKCHI, SAURABH RAJ, SIDDHARTH RANKA
Published: June 2023

Independent directors are appointed in a company to supervise the executive board of the company. Institution of independent directors play a crucial role in ensuring the director’s accountability for their actions, independent directors are appointed on the board of the company in the capacity of trustees of shareholders who would protect their interests in the company. However, there are issues persisting with their actual independence in the company. There have been plethora of scams both in India and in other jurisdictions where the role of independent directors could have prevented them from happening had the independent directors been vigilant and performed their functions as per the standards. Hence, it has been argued that there are various issues subsisting within the institution of independent directors, this paper is an attempt to indentify the issues plaguing them and hampering their effective functioning and it also attempts to provide a framework to counter the issues so identified.
CHANGING PERSPECTIVES AND ETHICAL DILEMAS OF ABORTION RIGHTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ABORTION OF DISABLED FETUS
Authors: K. SHANTHI, RUSHIL CHANDRA, SRIVALLI, ABHIKHYA NARAGANI
Published: June 2023

Abortion as a right is still a debatable concern in the realm of medical ethics. Many consider abortion as unethical but with the passage of time and advancement of technology, abortion is considered to be ethical for the reasons to be noted. Ethics is considered as a regulatory analysis of the concept of morality. The principles of ethics and virtue are universal and are to be applied to everyone irrespective of religion, race and various other spiritual beliefs. Therefore, medical ethics have been considered as “trans-cultural, transnational and trans-religious” the realm of ethics can be enlarged to morality, values, etiquette, and responsibility. Can abortion be brought under right to life and personal liberty? Life of a human being is precious and every human has the right to life but whether the fetus also has a right to life is both a legal, moral and ethical issue. There are diverse opinions about abortion rights all over the world. The infamous case of Roe v. Wade, that set a precedent on abortion rights since decades, however has been overturned by the US Supreme Court in the case of Dobbes v. Jackson in 2022. On the other hand, the laws in India are different. Article 21 of the Constitution of India speaks about right to life and personal liberty but doesn’t guarantee abortion as an exclusive fundamental right nor the Indian legislations lack clarity on abortion as a fundamental right. The only aspect related to abortion that citizens are aware is that, under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971, sex of the baby cannot be revealed till birth of the child, due to the existence of a large number of brutal sex selective abortions (female feticide) in many parts of India as a girl child is considered to be a burden. Whether the women are bestowed with the right to choose to abort the baby in light of any such circumstances has always been a heated discussion. This paper aims to discuss the abortion rights of women and the right to life of an unborn disabled child in light of global perspective of women’s rights. The research has been accordingly undertaken to understand the disability abortion and the ethical dilemma around it.
HIGHER JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS AND JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE: TUSSLE BETWEEN JUDICIARY AND EXECUTIVE
Authors: K. SHANTHI, SUKHVINDER SINGH DARI, PRASHANT DHAGE
Published: June 2023

Executive, legislature and judiciary, the three organs of the government, need to be independent and accountable to each other as propounded by Montesqui’s Separation of Power doctrine and Checks and Balances. These doctrines are very much essential for good governance of any democratic country. Judiciary, being the protector and guardian of the constitution, which is the will of the people, is required to be more independent and outside the influence of the legislature and the executive. There have been many instances of conflict between the tripartite organs of the government. But, the ongoing tussle between the Judiciary and the executive regarding higher judicial appointments where the central law minister commented and criticized the present Collegium system of appointing judges as opaque, unaccountable and also is very firm in having representation of a member from the executive has once again raised the issue of Independence of Judiciary. This paper mainly emphasizes on the concept of Independence of judiciary its linkage to Rule of law. It also speaks about the higher judicial appointment and the conflict between the executive and the judiciary. This paper finally concludes with possible suggestions.
RECOGNIZING ROLE OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN INDIA: AN ANALYSIS
Authors: KAUMUDHI CHALLA et al.
Published: June 2023

The indigenous communities and biodiversity conservation are very closely inter-related and complementary to each other. Since ages, these communities have helped to evolve, nurture and protect the ecosystems in a sustainable manner. In India, since the ancient times, the indigenous communities have lived in harmony with nature and have played a vital role in protecting and conserving the forests and biodiversity. However, with passage of time and due to the socio-economic-political changes, the forests have become the property of the State and the indigenous communities have slowly been marginalised and separated from their traditional land and livelihood due to the developmental projects. This separation of the indigenous communities from land, forests and biodiversity has resulted in the destruction and deterioration of biodiversity. Thus, despite their critical role in conservation of biodiversity and ensuring resilient and healthy planet for people, the indigenous communities are often neglected and marginalized in environmental and developmental policies. In contemporary times, as the legal discourses focus on biodiversity conservation and protection it is essential to recognise the role played by indigenous communities in biodiversity conservation. In this context, this article examines the various ways in which biodiversity was conserved and the role of indigenous communities in biodiversity conservation in India. It tries to identify the reasons for exclusion of indigenous communities and its impact on biodiversity. Further, it attempts to analyse whether the Indian legal framework, particularly the environmental legislations contain any provisions recognizing role of indigenous communities in biodiversity conservation. Lastly the article attempts to give pragmatic solutions to include indigenous communities in biodiversity conservation in India.
NARROW YET BROAD; CLEAR YET BLUR: THE LAW OF CONTRACT OF INDEMNITY IN INDIA
Authors: ANKITA KALITA et al.
Published: June 2023

The Contract of Indemnity is a wide used clause used frequently within the mercantile fraternity. However, the same has been down written in the Indian Contract Act under two sections, namely, 124 and 125. There is yet an ongoing dilemma whether the two clauses cover implied indemnity within its ambit and on when does the indemnity contract comes into play in favor of the promisee. Moreover, there is ambiguity on whether the term indemnity is synonymous to the terms such as damages, compensation, reimbursement and restitution. The following article distinctly attempts to resolve these obscurities. Furthermore, there are frequent mercantile disputes where the crystal yet coinciding line between indemnity, insurance and subrogation are blurred out. Therefore, the author comes up with a concentric circle mode of solution to resolve the entire vagueness of the Indian Contract of Indemnity, 1872. In addition to this, the author has also pointed out that despite the two sections being looked down upon as being a narrow scope of indemnity to be compatible with the transnational disputes; if the contemporary precedents being taken into account and the parent contract of indemnity is examined cautiously, the two plain sections are a massive ground to rely upon while resolving contemporary transnational as well as domestic trade disputes on indemnification. Lastly, the author recommends a few suggestions that can be taken into account while resolving the civil law disputes of indemnification in the contemporary era unless a massive amendment is undergone by Sections 124 and 125 of the Act, 1872.
A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
Authors: ROHIT BOKIL, SHASHIKALA GURPUR
Published: June 2023

This study is based on a bibliometric analysis of research publications which throws light on the relationship between autonomous weapons and international humanitarian law. The aims of this study are to find out the frequency of such publications and to understand the response of researchers to the linkage between autonomous weapons and international humanitarian law. The data has been collected from SCOPUS and Web of Science databases. VOSviewer has been used to represent the data. The data represents the research publications published between 2013 and 2023. The data consists of 748 research publications which are distributed into articles, book chapters, reviews, books etc. Graphs and tables are used to represent the data. The result of the study is that though adequate literature is available on the topic of the linkage between autonomous weapons and international humanitarian law, the available literature does not cover the important aspect of liability for the actions of autonomous weapons. Further, it can be said that this area has failed to attract the attention of Indian scholars.
TOWARDS INCORPORATING THE SMART ELECTRONIC JUDGE IN THE JORDANIAN LEGISLATION
Authors: HASSAN SAMI ALABADY
Published: June 2023

This study deals with the mechanism of establishing an organizational infrastructure that helps in implementing the smart electronic judge in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. This is done by explaining what is the meaning of the presence of a smart judge compared to the human judge and the electronic judge, and what positive aspects it will provide that support the development of the work of judges in terms of: accuracy, speed, and addressing the negative aspects of the work. In light of the absence of Jordanian legislation supporting the implementation of the smart judge in Jordan, the study concluded the necessity of having a smart judge temporarily as an auxiliary or supportive judicial element for the human judge or mainly in litigation. The time has come to take advantage of the technological development of smart software and use it to implement a smart judge in Jordan. The study recommended having full technical and judicial supervision over the smart judge software technically, checking the inputs, comprehensive auditing, and that the smart judge program be supported by sequencing technology in narrating the events of the case and how to reach the results in the ruling. The smart judge's decisions need additional reasoning of a special nature.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF JUDICIAL NOTIFICATIONS IN THE SAUDI LAW AND ITS ROLE IN ACHIEVEMENT OF JUSTICE
Authors: HUDA ABDELHAMID ABDELKAWY
Published: June 2023

Judicial notification is the primary means by which the litigant is informed about all the elements of the case against him and all the requests made against him during the case proceedings. This notification is achieved through the principles of confrontation between litigants and the right of defense. Due to the significance of this end and the failure of traditional (paper) judicial notification to attain this goal sometimes, and in view of the tremendous technological developments, the need has become obligatory and urgent to make electronic judicial notifications using modern electronic instruments, due to the advantages of such electronic tools, including confidentiality, speed and verification of the person of the reporter, since electronic notification is a notification to the person who is informed in a legally binding form with full legal effects once it is completed. This, in turn, helps get rid of the negative aspects of traditional judicial notification and guarantee prompt justice. This is why the research is divided into two sections, the first one entitled the definition of judicial notification and this topic is divided into two themes, the first one entitled the essence of judicial notification and its types and the second theme entitled the importance of notification Judicial, and the second topic entitled Judicial notification controls. Again, this topic is divided into two themes, the first is entitled Controls of Judicial Reporting and the second is: how to do judicial notification and its conclusiveness.
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE CRIME OF SEX CHANGE IN JORDANIAN LAW: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: IBTISAM MOUSA SALEH
Published: June 2023

This study aims to shed light on the crime of changing sex, as a new crime in Jordanian law, by clarifying what this crime is by explaining its concept and elements, as well as explaining the difference between sex change and similar terms. This study deals with the inductive, comparative and analytical approach, in addition to the descriptive approach, in order to clarify the nature of the sex change crime by comparing the position of some Arab laws on the issue of sex change.The study reached many results, the most important of which are: that it did not stipulate a penal liability resulting from the act of the person who changes his sex, but rather he can be punished based on the provisions of the criminal contribution that he is an instigator to commit the crime of changing the sex, and that the Jordanian legislator, when mentioning the penalty imposed on the service provider, did not stipulate On the punishment of the moral service provider, as he only mentioned a penalty of deprivation of liberty, which is a punishment suitable for the natural service provider, and accordingly, the researcher recommends the creation of a legal text that includes a statement of the penal responsibility resulting from the act of the person who changes his sex, and also adding a financial penalty to the service provider represented by the fine .
INDIVIDUAL LABOR DISPOSITIONE: COMPARATIVE RESEARCH BETWEEN LABOUR LAW OF VIETNAM AND SINGAPORE
Authors: NGUYEN BINH AN
Published: June 2023

The document deals with a comparison between labor law in Vietnam and labor law in Singapore. Here also the results are discussed distinguishing between the two state laws through the derived method of investigation. The positive impact of both laws on employment in the workplace is provided. This issue argues that despite being a "developing country" with a middle income rate, Vietnam has more "job provisions" and cares for its employees more effectively. Recent labor law reforms are probably responsible for this. Vietnam has signed a series of "free contract agreements" that have forced the government to reform its labor regulations. In Singapore, on the other hand, the role of "EA" has changed dramatically over time. The researchers used a derived qualitative method to obtain the data. This allows researchers to quickly access large amounts of information. The researchers used various journals to conduct derived research. In addition, the assets of various government websites were assessed. By using peer-reviewed journals, researchers can maintain article integrity in these circumstances. Furthermore, dispositione resolution in both Vietnam and Singapore effectively empowers their employees systematically and strategically to meet international standards of late.
ANALYSIS OF ILLEGAL INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS PROTECTION BASED ON LAW NUMBER 18 OF 2017 CONCERNING INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS
Authors: I WAYAN GDE WIRYAWAN
Published: June 2023

Indonesian Migrant Workers or Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI), is any Indonesian citizen who is eligible to work abroad in an employment relationship for a certain period of time by receiving wages. The placement of PMI abroad organized by PMI Service Companies must comply with the terms and procedures specified in the laws and regulations. After the conditions and procedures have been met, a work agreement is drawn up concerning the legal protection of PMI's rights. With a work agreement, PMI who works abroad will receive legal protection during pre-placement, placement period and post-placement. This study examines the arrangement of work agreements and the placement of PMI abroad, as well as the legal protection available to PMI abroad. The research methods used are the statutory approach and the conceptual approach as a support for the statutory approach. The source of writing legal materials is obtained from literature with types of legal materials in the form of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. According to the study's findings, there are two primary reasons why migrant workers are not adequately protected: first, the government's protection statute is not being implemented correctly, and second, there is a lack of coordination among the relevant parties.
DECISION MAKING: A MODEL FOR SMES IN ECUADOR
Authors: GARCÍA TAMAYO GALO HERNAN et al.
Published: June 2023

The great majority of small and medium-sized companies in Ecuador, managed in their great majority by family nuclei, present inconveniences in terms of decision-making; this, due to several theoretical factors such as: size of the commitment, flexibility of the plans, certainty of the objectives and policies, quantification of the variables, and human impact. The objective of this article is to present a decision-making model that was developed from the factors indicated above. The methodology used was: study of the state of the art to determine the factors that will serve as input for the analysis, application of a questionnaire to managers of the different companies in Ecuador, statistical analysis of the data collected to model the research proposal. It was observed that the certainty of the objectives and policies, as well as the quantification of the variables, are preponderant when making decisions. As main conclusions, it can be indicated that these factors are rooted in companies with an age between one and ten years.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION PROGRAM BY USING CIPP MODEL: PERCEPTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL AND NON- PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS
Authors: LAL MUQQADAR MUHAMMAD TUFAIL, UMBREEN ISHFAQ, TEHSEEN TAHIR,
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study was to compare the perceptions of primary school teachers with professional degree and without professional degree who have gone through induction program by using CIPP model at three main districts of Hazara division Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra by using Stuffle beam’s (1983) CIPP evaluation model. A questionnaire based on CIPP model was used as a tool to collect data. The validity was checked by experts and reliability was determined by pilot testing by using Cronbach Alpha (.954).data was collected from the sample of 300 novice teachers. Data was analysed by using inferential statistics by applying t-test. The results indicated a significant difference exists between teachers with professional degree and teachers without any professional degree about induction program on each category of CIPP model. Professional teachers hold better knowledge understanding of the field than non-professionals one. They show better understanding and satisfaction about induction program as compare to non-professional. Study suggests that induction program is necessary for novice teachers without any professional degree it will help them to equip with tools and requirements of teaching field.
JUSTICE AND PEACE: THE RECONSTRUCTION OF INHERITANCE LAW BASED ON TRADITION IN LOMBOK
Authors: ZAINAL ARIFIN H. MUNIR
Published: June 2023

This article aims to explore the dialectics of inheritance law thought in Lombok, eastern Indonesia. To focus the study, this article only discusses the thoughts of Maulana Syaikh Muhammad Zainuddin; academics, scholars, figures, and thinkers in Lombok. This research is a descriptive-analysis qualitative research based on literature study and field data. The data collection methods in the research were documentation, interviews, and observation. Documentation is conducted by tracing Maulana Shaykh's work in the field of inheritance and articles related to it. Interviews were conducted with the historical actors, students and family of Maulana Syaikh, as well as the Sasak community in the implementation of inheritance. Observations were conducted by observing the practice of inheritance in Sasak society. The results of this study indicate that the people of Lombok have a tradition system in inheritance, and it has been practiced for hundreds of years. Maulana Syaikh's thinking in some of his works on inheritance aims to introduce the main Islamic law on inheritance and its implementation for the community. However, on the practical side, Maulana Syaikh reconstructed the field of inheritance by considering aspects of local wisdom (al-'urf), public good (maslahah), and the porpuse of law (maqashid al-syariah). Islamic inheritance law was used as a solution only when it was assumed that there was a possibility of conflict in the family. The contribution of this article is to provide a conceptual frame work in solving the problem of inheritance in a society that adopts the multi law system.
TAX EVASION, CORRUPTION AND TAX ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
Authors: ORLANDO CARMELO CASTELLANOS POLO et al.
Published: June 2023

Tax evasion is an element in the Colombian government that jeopardizes the tax collection of the National Tax and Customs administrations, for the correct execution of the Nation's public budget, for the execution of social programs for the population and spending public, however, the situation arises because taxpayers somehow have the notion that the Government does not adequately manage public resources due to a tax administration immersed in corruption scandals. The tax administration must comply with the control of tax inspection to determine the tax sanctions for tax non-compliance and tax benefits of the tax standardization of taxes, obtaining positive results on the collection of resources, the development of the research was of a mixed approach while analysis was carried out with quantitative variables and qualitative categories. Regarding the quantitative aspect, using the database of gross collection statistics by section and type of tax and cross-referenced with x-ray data of corruption by departments, the results of the investigation show that there is a negative effect on the bribes paid to supervisory auditors, greater corruption decreases the level of compliance of the administration and affects the image of the entity.
VIETNAMESE LOCAL CIVIL SERVANTS' PUBLIC SERVICE ETHICS AND CULTURE
Authors: NGO SY TRUNG et al.
Published: June 2023

Vietnamese local civil servants, which are mainly commune-level civil ones, are identified with the roles and responsibilities of implementing the nation's policies while providing services to a population diversity in ethnicity, culture, and religion. The local population's characteristics are the determining factors, creating the commune-level civil servants' civil service culture, ethics and affecting the outcomes of their work performance. This paper focuses on the analysis of the effects of civil service culture and ethics on the performance outcomes of commune-level civil servants. After developing a theoretical framework for the study, the author polled 360 respondents who had at least three transactions with their local commune government in the last five years. The survey's goal is to gather public opinions on civil service culture and ethics, and work performance results of commune-level civil servants in the locality. Vietnam's five provinces under study are Nam Đinh and Thai Binh (in the North), Quang Tri (in the Central), and Đong Nai, Tay Ninh (in the South). According to research findings, people undervalue the civil service culture of commune-level civil servants, which has an impact on their ability to perform tasks. Accordingly, the author suggests that local features should be taken into account in the field of governance in order to improve the quality of Vietnam's commune-level civil servants.
VIETNAMESE - EDE BILINGUAL EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN DAK LAK PROVINCE, VIETNAM
Authors: NGUYEN MINH HOAT, NGUYEN THI THANH HUYEN
Published: June 2023

In Dak Lak, the Ede has the second largest population (after the Kinh). In the process of communication, the Ede language has a language contact relationship with Vietnamese. Therefore, the phenomenon of Vietnamese - Ede bilingualism is clearly shown in communication and the primary education program in the area. Based on an overview of theoretical issues on bilingualism, bilingual education, and the role of bilingual education, the article presents the current situation of Vietnamese - Ede bilingual education in some primary schools in the area. Dak Lak provinces, such as Vietnamese - Ede bilingual teachers; Students' attitudes towards learning Vietnamese - Ede bilingual; Conditions of Vietnamese - Ede bilingual education of teachers and students. From there, propose solutions to improve the quality of Vietnamese - Ede bilingual education, such as Strengthening the management of Vietnamese - Ede bilingual education; Improving teaching capacity for teachers; Renovating the content and teaching methods of bilingual Vietnamese - Ede; Examining and evaluating the results of Vietnamese - Ede bilingual students; Increase investment in facilities and equipment for Vietnamese - Ede bilingual teaching; Building a bilingual Vietnamese - Ede environment for family, school, and society.
QUALIFICATIONS AND PRACTICAL CAPABILITIES OF LOCAL VIETNAMESE CIVIL SERVANTS
Authors: LE DUC HUNG et al.
Published: June 2023

The constitution of Vietnam divides local government into three levels: province, district, and commune. The commune-level government is the lowest level of government; it is the agency responsible for directly implementing State policies and laws to the populace and defending their legal rights and interests. Hence, the work performance results of commune-level civil servants play an important role in validating the effectiveness of management activities and the prestige of government agencies. From a legal and practical standpoint, the work results of commune-level civil servants are reflected in the progress and quality of assigned tasks and affected by a variety of other factors, including subjective ones (their qualifications, capacities, and attitudes at work) and objective ones (working environment, facilities, technology, so on). This study refers to two subjective factors affecting their work performance results, namely professional qualifications and practical credentials. Its research objectives identified by the author are to evaluate and demonstrate the extent to which such factors affect the work performance results of commune-level civil servants. The author conducted a survey of 350 commune-level government agency leaders in five provinces representing the three regions of Vietnam, namely, Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa (Northern), Nghe An (Central), and Tay Ninh, Ben Tre (Southern). According to the research findings, local authorities undervalue commune-level civil servants’ practical credentials. Thereby, the author offers some policy recommendations for them to improve their qualifications and practical credentials for civil services.
MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNATIONAL SEABED AREA MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: ARNANDA YUSLIWIDAKA, KHOLIS ROISAH, JOKO SETIYONO
Published: June 2023

An international seabed area is a part of a marine area existing beyond a state's national jurisdiction. Neither state nor party can claim the area based on the activity done. The principle of the common heritage of humanity applies to international seabed areas, according to Article 136 of UNCLOS 1982. Consequently, any activity in the International Seabed area should be based on the interest of all human beings. Very sophisticated technology is required to do activities in the international seabed area. This potentially leads to the developed countries' domination in area utilisation. UNCLOS 1982 mandated the International Seabed Authority to manage and coordinate the activities conducted in International Seabed Area. Such a role is critical, recalling the obligation and responsibility imposed on International Seabed Authority, as mentioned in UNCLOS 1982, to share technology and scientific knowledge with developing countries to enable them to participate in the activities in International Seabed Area. This research aims to determine the extent to which the effectiveness of International Seabed Area management coordinated by the International Seabed Authority and states with advanced technology benefit by prioritising justice for developing countries and all human beings.
REFUSAL OF UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS FOR SECURITY MISSIONS IN CONFLICT COUNTRIES AS A VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: RODON PEDRASON et al.
Published: June 2023

Arrangements for peacekeeping forces can be found in the UN Charter, in particular Article 1 of the Charter, which sets out its mission objectives as a form of world peace. As the oldest subject of international law, the state, in the essence of international relations, cannot be separated from internal and external conflicts. Thus, this kind of conflict could threaten international peace and security. Therefore, it is important to study international legal review of the rules of world peacekeepers in conflict countries and the rejection of world peacekeepers in conflict countries within the framework of international law. The research method used is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. This study concluded that These peacekeepers could participate in countries experiencing conflict, regulated by UN Security Council decisions through their resolutions. The peacekeeping force also has several main principles, such as the agreement of the parties, impartiality, and not using force except for self-defence and maintaining the mandate of resolutions and a state that rejects the presence of peacekeepers is included in violations of international law; rejecting the results of a joint agreement against UN Security Council resolutions. The UN Security Council resolutions have been considered customary law and a source of international law with binding legal force.
RECONSTRUCTION OF AUTHORITY ATTORNEY GENERAL IN DISCLAIMER OF CASE FOR THE SAKE OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDONESIA
Authors: SUPARDI HAMID et al.
Published: June 2023

The exclusion of cases in the public interest by the Attorney General (seponeering) in Indonesia has caused controversy because there needs to be an adequate oversight mechanism. Seponeering can lead to abuse of authority and legal uncertainty for citizens. This study examines the need to reformulate the control mechanism for overriding cases in the public interest to ensure legal certainty and justice. This study used normative legal research methods with a philosophical and analytic approach. The study results a show that judicial control is one of the mechanisms that can be applied to oversee the seponeering by the Attorney General without eliminating his authority to make decisions in the public interest. This judicial oversight needs to be realized in legislation that regulates the pretrial mechanism so that it involves investigators, interested parties, and the wider community in supervising the decisions of the Attorney General. These control mechanisms ensure integrity and fairness in the criminal justice system and increase public confidence. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate the pretrial mechanism by incorporating the principle of separation as its object, either by challenging legal provisions or by drafting a new Criminal Procedure Code. These control mechanisms ensure integrity and fairness in the criminal justice system and increase public confidence. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate the pretrial mechanism by incorporating the principle of separation as its object, either by challenging legal provisions or by drafting a new Criminal Procedure Code. These control mechanisms ensure integrity and fairness in the criminal justice system and increase public confidence. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate the pretrial mechanism by incorporating the principle of separation as its object, either by challenging legal provisions or by drafting a new Criminal Procedure Code.
EVOLUTION OF INDONESIAN JUDICIARY: FROM STRUGGLE OF INDEPENDENCE TO CRISIS OF ACCOUNTABILITY
Authors: ANDI MUHAMMAD ASRUN, ZAINAL ARIFIN HOSSEIN
Published: June 2023

The history of the Indonesian judiciary includes elements of irony. During authoritarian rule under Sukarno's era (1959–1966) and Suharto's era (1966–1998), judges put up long struggles to gain judicial independence. However, after amendments to the 1945 Constitution in 2001–2002, when the judiciary gained independence, the judiciary’s reputation became marred with high-profile corruption cases and ethical violations. Therefore, this study uses normative legal research methods. The researchers found that the history of the Indonesian judiciary evolved from a crisis of independence in the authoritarian era to a crisis of accountability in the era of democratic transition. The two authoritarian governments limited the judiciary’s independence through legal provisions. Unfortunately, despite the positive developments from gaining judicial independence, the Indonesian judiciary suffers from an accountability crisis, as seen through the arrests of several judges for bribery. This crisis of judicial accountability has resulted in a distrust of judges within Indonesian society.
FORMATIVE RESEARCH AND PROFFESIONAL COMPETENCES IN LATIN AMERICAN STUDENTS
Authors: ROXANA HAYDEÉ OLIVERA ROQUE et al.
Published: June 2023

Currently, teachers in training can acquire professional skills from research practice, therefore, from the perspective of university social responsibility, universities are called to implement scenarios to achieve these ideals. Based on the above, the objective of this study is to apply a training program for professional competencies through formative research in students of the first cycle of education in five faculties of education located in Metropolitan Lima. It was a quantitative, descriptive, quasi-experimental study with a purposive sample of 140 students in the first cycle of education from five university faculties located in Metropolitan Lima. The measurement included a pretest and post-test evaluation, with a 24-week educational intervention. The results show a reduction of 61.57% of students in the initial stage and an increase of 63.50% of students who were located on the achieved scale, taking into consideration 100% of the sample selected for the analysis. Among the conclusions, it stands out that the educational intervention was satisfactory and that it is prudent to continue with studies of this type to achieve improvements in the competency-based training of university students based on formative research.
PERCEPTION OF SKILLS STUDENTS OF UNIVERSIDAD PUBLICA IN POST-PANDEMIC
Authors: FREDYS A. SIMANCA H et al.
Published: June 2023

This project analyzes the skills required by the scenarios generated in the post-pandemic in a university program as the factors that influence labor development that help decision-making and influenced by the globalization and internationalization of education by generating new challenges. A survey was conducted with items validated and supported in the literature for the collection of information and analyzed by means of a structural equation - method of estimating the least squares-, with a sample of 419 university students who participated through the descriptive survey method. Students have the perception about the need to obtain skills and how the work situation affects the acquisition of these to which they recommend that the directives of the program have a significant input that allows to acquire these skills.