bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fire Investigation
Authors: Peck Iain
Published: September 2024

Fire investigation is a complex and multifaceted activity that requires a broad skill set. This chapter explores what fire is and how fires may occur and develop in structures. It introduces how fires are investigated and who might be involved in such investigations. The chapter includes areas such as health and safety at the scene, how fire scenes are recorded, investigation strategies including how information might be gathered and the interpretation of physical evidence and an introduction to laboratory analysis. Finally, some specific types of fire scene are discussed.
Digital Forensics
Authors: Tuer John , Donnachie Benjamin
Published: September 2024

Digital devices now pervade our lives. Very seldom does any aspect of our lives not interact with some element of the digital world. As both software and hardware develop in size, speed and complexity at an ever-increasing rate, so does the need for there to be a means to investigate this forever growing area of science. This chapter serves as an introduction to the complex and far-reaching world of cybercrime. It will introduce the reader to the detailed, complex and sometimes confusing world of Digital Forensics and explain some of the techniques and methods investigators use to tease out and make sense of fragments of data in a metaphorical mountain of information. We will, by means of a case study, show the complexities involved in actually attributing the actions recorded on a computer to the individual sat at the keyboard, our cybercriminal. Finally, looking at the predicted changes since the last edition of this chapter as our guide, we cast an eye to the future and consider what challenges the digital investigators of the future will face and perhaps how they may well face them.
Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Torrance Hazel
Published: September 2024

Forensic toxicology is a subject which lies between science and medicine. This chapter explores the origins of toxicology and its application to legal proceedings. Different types of poisons are described and the many different factors which change their degree of effect on the body. Basic pharmacology terms are discussed with reference to more common drugs and their applications in forensic cases. The practical laboratory approach to forensic toxicological work is documented including details regarding instrumentation used and types of biological samples most commonly analysed and why. Suitable reports for court purposes are described with the importance of valid interpretation highlighted. The main themes of the chapter are discussed in more detail with the help of case studies including road traffic safety, alternative matrices and post-mortem toxicology. Differences in drug use trends are explored from local differences within a country to more obvious differences worldwide.
Explosions
Authors: Broome Sharon , Todd Clifford , Jones Linda , Marshall Maurice
Published: September 2024

Mankind has been fascinated with explosives ever since the invention of gunpowder by the Chinese, with the first recorded use for military purposes being in the thirteenth century. This chapter provides a background to the different types of explosive, defines the explosion process and offers an insight into the methods and processes used in the forensic investigation of explosives related incidents as undertaken by the United Kingdom’s Forensic Explosives Laboratory.
Mitigation of salt effect using graphene oxide as additives in plantation
Authors: Yamada Mizuki , Goto Nonoka , Hachiya Yuki , Tsugawa Tatsuki , Ardhayanti Lutfia Isna , Islam Md. Saidul , Sekine Yoshihiro , Ida Shintaro , Sawa Shinichiro , Hayami Shinya
Published: September 2024

In this study, we explore the potential of graphene oxide (GO) as an additive to alleviate soil salinity.
Learning material synthesis–process–structure–property relationship by data fusion: Bayesian co-regionalization N-dimensional piecewise function learning
Authors: Kusne A. Gilad , McDannald Austin , DeCost Brian
Published: September 2024

Autonomous materials research labs require the ability to combine and learn from diverse data streams.
A comprehensive review of emerging approaches in machine learning forde novoPROTAC design
Authors: Gharbi Yossra , Mercado Rocío
Published: September 2024

Machine learning (ML) accelerates PROTAC design by optimizing linkers and protein–ligase interactions, enabling selective protein degradation for therapeutic applications, particularly targeting previously undruggable proteins.
Novel Zn(ii), Co(ii) and Cu(ii) diflunisalato complexes with neocuproine and their exceptional antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines
Authors: Smolková Romana , Smolko Lukáš , Samoľová Erika , Morgan Ibrahim , Rennert Robert , Kaluđerović Goran N.
Published: September 2024

Investigation of three complexes with the composition [MCl(dif)(neo)] (M = Zn, Co, and Cu) revealed their substantial cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines and the important role of the central atom on the overall activity of the complexes.
Multi-electron redox reactions with iron and vanadium ions at a mixed phosphate–sulfate electrode during sodium intercalation
Authors: Koleva Violeta , Tushev Trajche , Harizanova Sonya , Kukeva Rositsa , Shipochka Maria , Markov Pavel , Stoyanova Radostina
Published: September 2024

By combining the structural robustness of a mixed phosphate–sulfate matrix with multiple redox couples of Fe and V and capacitive behaviour of rGO, a novel sodium-related electrode material operating well at elevated temperatures is proposed.
Achieving broadband near-infrared emission with superior anti-thermal quenching by optimizing the excited-state population of Cr3+ in Gd3ScGa4O12 garnet phosphors
Authors: Liu Wangyu , Yuan Lifang , Wu Haoyi , Dong Huafeng , Jin Yahong
Published: September 2024

A record-breaking anti-thermal quenching of broadband NIR emission (198%@543 K) is achieved in a Cr3+-activated garnet phosphor via excited-state population optimization.
A comprehensive FTIR micro-spectroscopic analysis and classification of precancerous human oral tissue aided by machine learning
Authors: Talukdar Pranab Jyoti , Bharti Kartikeya , Banerjee Sumita , Basu Sautami , Das Sanjeet Kumar , Paul Ranjan Rashmi , Pal Mousumi , Mishra Mahendra Prasad , Mukherjee Saikat , Lahiri Pooja , Lahiri Basudev
Published: September 2024

An FTIR micro-spectroscopic approach was able to reveal biochemical alterations in protein spectra (amide I and III areas) in oral precancerous tissues for oral cancer screening.
Sustainable brain-inspired electronics: digging into natural biomaterials for healthcare applications
Authors: Paulin João V. , Bufon Carlos C. B.
Published: September 2024

Integrating natural biomaterials into memristors and electrolyte-gated transistors shows great promise for advancing biomedical devices and paving the way for sustainable and intelligent healthcare systems.
Achieving high energy storage density at low operating fields in lead hafnate-based novel perovskite solid solutions
Authors: Chauhan Vidhi , Wang Bi-Xia , Bokov Alexei A. , Ye Zuo-Guang
Published: September 2024

Schematic diagram illustrating the concept, approaches and goal in the design and preparation of a new solid solution system (1 − x)PbHfO3–xAgNbO3, with enhanced maximum polarization and recoverable energy storage density at low operating fields.
Electrolyte strategies to minimize surface reactivity for improved reversibility of the H2–H3 phase transition
Authors: Adamo J. Brandon , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: September 2024

Electrolytes play a vital role in determining the performance of the H2–H3 phase transition in high-nickel layered oxide cathodes.
Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry in 2D CeO2 for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution
Authors: Liu Kaisi , Liu Tongtong , Wu Xinyi , Dai Jiao , Chen Qingjun , Wan Jun , Liu Lei
Published: September 2024

A novel approach in optimizing frustrated Lewis pair chemistry on two-dimensional CeO2via precise tuning of surface oxygen vacancies for advanced alkaline hydrogen evolution.
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid microparticles are effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis
Authors: Dhanabalan Kaamini M. , Padhan Bhagyashree , Dravid Ameya A. , Agarwal Smriti , Pancheri Nicholas M. , Lin Angela , Willet Nick J. , Padmanabhan Ashok Kumar , Agarwal Rachit
Published: September 2024

Sustained delivery of NDGA via polymeric microparticles maintains therapeutic levels in joints, reduces cartilage damage, and alleviates post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in mice through ROS modulation and autophagy induction.
Drug-delivery and biological activity in colorectal cancer of a supramolecular porous material assembled from heptameric chromium-copper-adenine entities
Authors: Mena-Gutiérrez Sandra , Maiza-Razkin Ekain , Pascual-Colino Jon , Araúzo-Bravo Marcos J. , Beobide Garikoitz , Castillo Oscar , Castellanos-Rubio Ainara , Gerovska Daniela , Luque Antonio , Pérez-Yáñez Sonia
Published: September 2024

Supramolecular metal-organic porous materials as drug delivery systems, modulation of the release kinetics using cholesterol as pore blocking agent and its impact on colorectal cancer cell cultures: cytotoxicity and RNA-seq transcriptomics studies.
Augmented magnetic nanoparticle assimilation in rGO sheets for tailored static and dynamic magnetic properties in surface functionalized Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanoferrite–rGO hybrid structures
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Pathak Saurabh , Singh Arjun , Verma Rajni , Khanduri H. , Jain Komal , Tawale J. , Wang Lan , Pant R. P.
Published: September 2024

This study focuses on the spin dynamics of magnetic rGO nanocomposites, revealing how optimized nanoparticle dispersion influences the spin relaxation time, spin concentration, and magnetic resonance, crucial for advanced magnetic applications.
A hybrid anion exchanger with nanoscale zero valent iron for trace hexavalent chromium removal from drinking water
Authors: Mungan Annabel L. , Hjelvik Elizabeth A. , Straub Anthony P. , Korak Julie A.
Published: September 2024

Hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic and can occur in groundwater worldwide. Modifying ion exchange resin with zero valent iron increases treatment efficiency in column experiments.
The extremely strong non-neutralized electric currents of the unique solar active region NOAA 13664
Authors: Kontogiannis I.
Published: September 2024

Context. In May 2024, the extremely complex active region National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 13664 produced the strongest geomagnetic storm since 2003.

Aims.The aim of this study is to explore the development of the extreme magnetic complexity of NOAA 13664 in terms of its photospheric electric current.

Methods. The non-neutralized electric current was derived from photospheric vector magnetograms, provided by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The calculation method is based on image processing, thresholding, and error analysis. The spatial and temporal evolution of the non-neutralized electric current of the region as well as its constituent subregions was examined. For context, a comparison with other complex, flare-prolific active regions is provided.

Results. Active region NOAA 13664 was formed by the emergence and interaction of three subregions, two of which were of notable individual complexity. It consisted of numerous persistent, current-carrying magnetic partitions that exhibited periods of conspicuous motions and strongly increasing electric current at many locations within the region. These periods were followed by intense and repeated flaring. The total unsigned non-neutralized electric currents and average injection rates reached 5.95 ⋅ 1013 A and 1.5 ⋅ 1013 A/day, and are the strongest observed so far, significantly surpassing other super-active regions of Solar Cycle 24 and 25.

Conclusions. Active region NOAA 13664 presents a unique case of complexity. Further scrutiny of the spatial and temporal variation of the net electric currents during the emergence and development of super-active regions is paramount to understand the origin of complex regions and adverse space weather.
How external photoevaporation changes the chemical composition of the inner disc
Authors: Ndugu N. , Bitsch B. , Lienert J. L.
Published: September 2024

Stars mostly form in cluster environments, where neighbouring stars can have an influence on the evolution of the newly formed protoplanetary discs. Besides gravitational interactions, external photoevaporation can also shape protoplanetary discs. Depending on the strength of external photo-evaporation, discs may be destroyed within 1–2 Myrs, or more gradually, depending on whether the external photo-evaporation field is stronger or weaker, respectively. We used the chemcomp code, which includes a viscous disc evolution model including pebble drift and evaporation to calculate the chemical composition of protoplanetary discs. We extended this code to include external photoevaporation following the FRIED grid. Before external photoevaporation becomes efficient, the disc follows a purely viscous disc evolution, where the C/O ratio in the inner disc initially decreases due to inwardly drifting and evaporating water ice pebbles. Over time, the C/O ratio increases again as water vapour is accreted onto the star and carbon-rich gas gradually migrates inwards. However, once external photo-evaporation commences, the outer disc begins to get dispersed. During this process, the inner disc’s chemical evolution still follows the evolution of a purely viscous disc because the majority of the pebbles have already drifted inwards on timescales shorter than 1 Myr. At low viscosity, the inner disc’s C/O ratio remains sub-solar until the disc is dispersed through external photoevaporation. At a high viscosity, the inner disc’s composition can reach super-solar values in C/O, because the water vapour is accreted onto the star faster and carbon rich gas from the outer disc can move inwards faster as well, as long as the disc can survive a few Myrs. In both cases, there is no visible difference in terms of the chemical composition of the inner disc compared to a purely viscous model, due to the rapid inward drift of pebbles that sets the chemical composition of the disc. Thus, our model predicts that the inner disc chemistry would be similar between discs that are subject to external photoevaporation and discs that are isolated and experience no external photo-evaporation. This finding is in line with observations of protoplanetary discs with JWST.
The effect of empagliflozin on vascular remodeling related to cardiovascular well-being and sustainable health outcome: A literature review
Authors: Ratri Anudya Kartika , Pikir Budi Susetyo , Saputri Ovin Nada , Suryawan I Gde Rurus , Kuntjoro Ivandito , Pembayun Nur Shanti Retno
Published: September 2024

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The reduction of CVD, which is a non-communicable disease (NCD), serves as a crucial indicator of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 on Good Health and Well-being. Empagliflozin is an anti-diabetic agent that plays an essential role in reducing the risk of adverse outcomes associated with CVD in addition to lowering the glycaemic effect. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a literature review using data obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar to investigate empagliflozin effects on the progression of vascular remodeling. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) is a class of antidiabetic agents that has shown positive effects on pathological cardiovascular remodeling. The pathogenesis of vascular disease in DM cannot be dissociated from the engagement of endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). An example of SGLT2i known as Empagliflozin is used to enhance the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) produced by the endothelium, thereby restoring endothelium-dependent vasodilation in DM patients. Furthermore, it inhibits the inflammatory response by maintaining the structural integrity of endothelial glycocalyx. In SMCs, empagliflozin upregulates the vascular beneficial improvement through reactive oxygen species (ROS). The administration of this drug has been observed to induce the formation of circulating pro-vascular cell subsets in individuals without DM.
Trends and research on heart detection in using yolo algorithm to realize the 3rd SDG
Authors: Hakim Septian Rahman , Nasuha Aris , Irmawati Dessy , Sofyan Moh Alif Hidayat , Aji Purno Tri , Musaddid Ahmad Taufiq , Hidayatulloh Indra , Dermawan Dodik Arwin
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study is to assess the role, trends, and developments of the YOLO algorithm for healthy heart detection in advancing the 3rd SDGs. The research methodology used involved bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny tools. VOSviewer and Biblioshiny were used to examine the distribution of annual documents across countries, institutions, journals, authors, and interrelationships between keywords. The results show that Indonesia is in the 5th position of contributing countries among 10 countries/regions involved in the development of the YOLO algorithm for healthy heart detection. The data used in this research is sourced from the Scopus database in .csv format. In addition to data extraction from the Scopus database, this research also investigates the implementation of the YOLO algorithm for healthy heart detection using data from the Automated Cardiac Diagnosis Challenge (ACDC).
Visualization and analysis of mapping thinking skills to encourage Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)
Authors: Misbah Misbah , Hamidah Ida , Sriyati Siti , Samsudin Achmad , Prahani Binar Kurnia , Rahman Nor Farahwahidah Abdul
Published: September 2024

A bibliometric analysis maps thinking skills to support Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in the last 6 years. The Scopus database was used to analyze 398 documents out of 762 documents. An important finding is that research on this topic generally increases in publication every year. Articles on this topic are mostly published by Scopus-indexed journals with quartile 1 (Q1). Similarly, the author with the most citations comes from articles published in Q1. The US became the most productive country on this topic. Several universities in Indonesia are included in the top 10 that research a lot on this topic. Found 5 clusters of visualization results, several thinking skills strengthen the realization of ESD, including critical thinking skills, problem-solving, design thinking, decision-making, systems thinking, creativity, and computational thinking. Some important findings were also obtained that can be used to conduct subsequent research.
Mapping and projection of social development pillars of Sustainable Development Goals in Tomini Bay Region, Indonesia
Authors: Amali Lanto Ningrayati , Amalia Lia , Papeo Dizky Ramadani Putri , Dama Maya Novrita , Katili Muhammad Rifai
Published: September 2024

This study aims to map and project the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 2 targets in the Tomini Bay region, Indonesia. This study analyzes seven main SDGs Goal 2 indicators across 11 districts/cities and employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative secondary data analysis with qualitative assessments of regional policies and programs. The results showed significant variations in indicator achievement among regions. The North Sulawesi and Gorontalo Provinces demonstrated better-projected achievements than Central Sulawesi. Indicators for the prevalence of undernourishment and stunting are critical in most areas. Data limitation is a significant constraint, with only 1-5 of the 16 identifiable and projectable indicators. The study concluded that strengthening data collection systems, focused interventions in lowachieving areas, and inter-regional collaboration are necessary to accelerate the achievement of SDGs targets. These findings can serve as a foundation for local governments to formulate targeted sustainable development policies in the Tomini Bay region.
Fostering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) innovation at the Local Higher Education Institution in “Knowledge” trend a bibliometric analysis over the past eight years
Authors: Hidayat Melda Fadiyah , Putri Novia Agustyas , Sukardi Salsa Izza Shafinaz
Published: September 2024

Fostering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) innovation is a significant conversation at the international level. Meanwhile, public institutions play a crucial role in the science of public administration in the context of SDGs, particularly universities, which are important in producing innovation based on these goals. However, to produce innovation, it is necessary to map scientific papers within the relevant knowledge domains. By using the bibliometric review method, 74 papers were identified. This study showed that there were still relatively few scientific papers that supported fostering SDGs in Higher Education, both in terms of quality and quantity. This was particularly true for discussion on achieving SDGs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,10, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 as well as scientific papers based on multidisciplinary science.
A qualitative investigation related to increasing teachers’ abilities and capabilities in solving problems with the cognitive abilities of urban and rural students in terms of reaching good education
Authors: Kandau Najwa , Kurniawan Riza Yonisa , Kamalia Putri Ulfa , Roziqifath Zain Fuadi Muhammad , Majid Mohamad Zuber Bin Abd
Published: September 2024

The education gap between urban and rural areas was the main problem in all countries, especially in Indonesia. Children in rural areas often have limited access to competent teachers and educational resources. To address this issue, the Indonesian government has made it a priority to improve teacher quality. The methodology of the research followed a qualitative approach which was compared to 24 international journals, specifically from Scopus and Cambridge journals. Furthermore, current news articles were also analysed in order to ensure that the research remains topical. Results highlighted that teacher quality greatly determines students’ cognitive performance. This means teachers who are better qualified not only enhance students’ grades but also reduce educational inequalities. Nevertheless, there is not just a need to improve teacher quality; rather it should go hand in hand with other improvements like upgrading academic infrastructure as well as increasing community support. The study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted policies aiming at improving rural education, including increased teacher training programs, and provision of better teaching materials, among others and community-based projects. A holistic approach could greatly bridge the education gap between urban and rural places. If these findings are taken into account, then more effective education strategies would be created in Indonesia, thus contributing significantly to both scholarship and policymaking concerning education.
Profile of potential prospective biology teachers designing SDGs-Based Teaching Modules on learning planning courses to realize quality education
Authors: Faizah Ulfi , Susantini Endang , Sri Prastiwi Muji , Raharjo Raharjo , Indana Sifak , Kuswanti Nur , Ali Marliana
Published: September 2024

Integrating the material of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) includes the values of sustainability needed for quality education. In the Learning Planning course, prospective biology teachers learn to compile biology learning modules. Currently, there is limited information about the profile of potential biology teachers in developing learning modules. The study aims to describe the profile of potential biology teachers in developing learning modules that support the SDGs and provide sustainability values. The research uses descriptive methods and instruments to assess the suitability of learning modules for integrating sustainable values, implementing biological learning contextually, innovative learning, developing 21st-century skills, using appropriate technology, evaluating and reflecting on activities, and collaborating with relevant communities and stakeholders. The study focuses on 12 learning modules developed by 25 students in a learning planning course. Data analysis used qualitative descriptive analysis The results show that prospective biology teachers can develop modules that provide sustainable values, but collaboration with the appropriate community and stakeholders is needed for improvement. The conclusion shows the profile of prospective biology teachers who have been able to develop learning modules so that they can support the realization of quality education by the SDG 4 target.
Building institutional capacity towards sustainable education: The strategic role of human resource development in achieving SDG-4
Authors: Prabawati Indah , Hilmi Ahmad Nizar , Yani Muhammad Turhan , Meirinawati Meirinawati , Ladiqi Suyatno
Published: September 2024

Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4) – Quality Education – hinges on empowered educators and staff. This paper argues that strategic Human Resource Development (HRD) practices are crucial. By focusing on faculty development, leadership training, and staff capacity building, HRD equips educators with the knowledge and skills to deliver high-quality, inclusive, and future-oriented education aligned with SDG-4. The results of the study showed that human resource development at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Surabaya State University focuses on the integration of several aspects, namely internal institutions, assessment and evaluation of human resource performance, organizational culture, and competency training to support institutional capacity building. Effective HRD fosters a culture of lifelong learning and empowers educational institutions to become agents of change, driving progress towards a more sustainable future.
Development of sustainability-oriented international class to increase environmental awareness
Authors: Nursalim Mochamad , Saroinsong Wulan Patria , Widiyanah Ima , Setiawan Ricky , Widya Sherrin Nurlita , Boonroungrut Chinun , Sidiq Brwa Aziz
Published: September 2024

This study falls under the category of development research, with the goal of creating an international class guide model focused on sustainable development to raise students’ environmental consciousness. The management of foreign class activities in the Faculty of Education is not ideal and still facing challenges, according to the field. The challenges are as follows: 1) students’ limited awareness of the global warming issue; 2) ineffective English communication; 3) students’ inadequate preparation for participating in activity programs overseas; 4) the execution of international activities has not proceeded optimally; and 5) ineffective evaluation activities. R&D (research and development) is a research methodology that is used in this method to carry out product testing, development, and research based on needs analysis. This study findings indicate that 88.5% of the development results in the form of worldwide training recommendations that can be implemented internationally. The model elements, content suitability, constructs, language, practicality, and writing organization are all demonstrated by the results of a questionnaire given to experts and model users; the model, with an average score of 82.8%, is highly valid for use in the Faculty of Education at Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Transesterification of Castrol Oil for Biodiesel Production and Glycerol Electro-oxidation
Authors: Mohamed Ibrahim A. , Asal Yaser M. , Darwish Sohair A. , Al-Akraa Islam M.
Published: September 2024

In this study, transesterification of castor oil with methanol using KOH as catalyst was carried out aiming to produce biodiesel and glycerol. Different factors (oil: alcohol ratio, mixing time, and temperature) affecting the products’ yield were optimized and best sets were obtained. The best condition (90% biodiesel yield) required 5:1 oil: alcohol ratio, 2 h mixing, and 60oC. The physical proper-ties (density, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, water content, total sulphur, gross heating value, and total acid number) of the obtained biodiesel was measured and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed again the production of both biodiesel and glycerol. Furthermore, the obtained glycerol was further purified, characterized, and its further electro-oxidation was carried out as a fuel cell application.
Short Term Load Forecasting for Transnet Port in East London South Africa
Authors: Figlan Mncedisi S. , Markus Elisha D.
Published: September 2024

Energy consumption patterns at Transnet in East London South Africa varies stochastically. This is because of the transient weather patterns that exists at the harbour. It has become imperative to manage this load to save electricity costs and for future infrastructure development. Supply of electricity to the port requires accurate short-term load forecasting for efficient load management. Although researchers have recently proposed Artificial Neural Networks for short-term load prediction, many studies have not considered the quickly changing weather patterns that exists at the port. This study proposes a system architecture firstly with open- loop training using real load and weather data, and then a closed-loop network to predict the load as its feedback data. Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model for load prediction was developed using mean squared error as a performance metric. To show the efficacy of the proposed model for load forecasting, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system was used with the same data for short-term predictions. The minimum mean squared errors obtained for both NARX and ANFIS models were 0.0014156 and 0.0497, indicating that the NARX model is more accurate during the forecast of departmental loads. The Load forecast model was developed to implement management plans for internal load at the Transnet Port in East London South Africa.
The conditional effects of party system change on economic growth in Africa
Authors: Nwokora Zim , Pak Anton , Pelizzo Riccardo
Published: September 2024

African party systems vary considerably in their patterns of stability and change over time. This article examines how economic growth has been shaped by such party system fluidity—in particular, the frequency, scope and variety of change—while taking account of the constitutional regime (i.e., level of democracy) within which these party system dynamics occur. To do so, we use Arellano-Bond generalized method of moments models to test the impact of party system fluidity and the level of democracy on economic growth in Africa during the post-independence period (1970–2018). We find, consistent with previous research, that democracy has an uncertain effect on growth. However, party system fluidity is reliably and positively correlated with growth. Its effects are particularly strong whenever an unstable party system coexists with an autocratic regime, which suggests that this specific political context—which has often been associated with democratization—is especially conducive to economic growth.
Geopolitical risks and energy transition: the impact of environmental regulation and green innovation
Authors: Wang Qiang , Wang Xinhua , Li Rongrong
Published: September 2024

This study examines the impact of geopolitical risk on energy transition, focusing on the moderating roles of environmental regulations and green innovation within OECD countries. By employing a multivariate linear and nonlinear regression model, we identify a substantial positive effect of geopolitical risk on energy transition. Our analysis indicates that stronger environmental regulations and advancements in green innovation significantly amplify this effect. Through threshold effect bootstrap sampling tests, we detect a nonlinear relationship between geopolitical risk and energy transition at varying levels of environmental regulation and green innovation. We also explore lag effects, revealing that the influence of geopolitical risk on energy transition grows stronger over time. The inclusion of interaction terms in our analysis further clarifies the moderating influences of environmental regulation and green innovation. Utilizing a range of geopolitical risk indicators and regression methods, our findings are robust, consistently highlighting the proactive role of geopolitical risk in fostering energy transition. These insights highlight the importance of integrated strategies that harness environmental regulations and technological innovation to facilitate a resilient and efficient energy transition in the face of challenges posed by geopolitical uncertainties.
Leading by example from high-status individuals: exploring a crucial missing link in climate change mitigation
Authors: Westlake Steve , Demski Christina , Pidgeon Nick
Published: September 2024

Behaviour change has great potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions quickly, helping to prevent dangerous global warming. Some of the most impactful changes are: flying less, eating less meat, driving electric cars, improving home energy efficiency, increased use of public transport and active travel. However, these choices have proved elusive at scale and are rarely encouraged or modelled by high-status individuals (“leaders”), despite established knowledge about the influence of leaders as role models. Applying theories of embodied leadership and credibility enhancing displays, our novel pre-registered survey experiment (n = 1267) reveals that visible leading by example from politicians and celebrities significantly increases the willingness of members of the UK public to make these high-impact low-carbon choices. In addition, leading by example greatly increases perceptions of leader credibility, trustworthiness, competence, and favourability. We find no significant effects of leading by example on people’s wider perceptions of climate change, but a strong “appetite for leadership” among the public is revealed. In light of these findings, we discuss how embodied leadership by way of visible low-carbon behaviour from leaders may provide a crucial “missing link” for climate change mitigation.
Catholic Christians reject Protestants’ criticism and retaliate in their prayers
Authors: Thürmer J. Lukas
Published: September 2024

Christianity pledges the peaceful acceptance of attacks but elicited numerous intergroup conflicts. This contradiction may arise from basic group-processes, including the rejection of intergroup criticism. Catholic Christians (Experiment 1, N = 322, online; Experiment 2, N = 252 in-person survey during Church activities) responded to criticism of their faith that was either attributed to a fellow Catholic or a Protestant commenter. Criticism from a Protestant (vs. Catholic) source was rated to be less constructive, more threatening, and ascribed worse commenter characteristics. Outgroup criticism did not change support for the unity of Christians (ecumenism, Experiment 1) but increased the likelihood of praying for the commenter (Experiment 2). The content of outgroup-directed prayers was hostile. Effects emerged independent of reported fundamentalism and in a context highly conducive to inter-denomination debate. These findings demonstrate that religious group processes can evoke counter-normative defenses, thus spurring conflict. Understanding these processes may help mend divided societies.
A geometric-tension-dynamics model of epithelial convergent extension
Authors: Claussen Nikolas H. , Brauns Fridtjof , Shraiman Boris I.
Published: September 2024

Convergent extension of epithelial tissue is a key motif of animal morphogenesis. On a coarse scale, cell motion resembles laminar fluid flow; yet in contrast to a fluid, epithelial cells adhere to each other and maintain the tissue layer under actively generated internal tension. To resolve this apparent paradox, we formulate a model in which tissue flow in the tension-dominated regime occurs through adiabatic remodeling of force balance in the network of adherens junctions. We propose that the slow dynamics within the manifold of force-balanced configurations is driven by positive feedback on myosin-generated cytoskeletal tension. Shifting force balance within a tension network causes active cell rearrangements (T1 transitions) resulting in net tissue deformation oriented by initial tension anisotropy. Strikingly, we find that the total extent of tissue deformation depends on the initial cellular packing order. T1s degrade this order so that tissue flow is self-limiting. We explain these findings by showing that coordination of T1s depends on coherence in local tension configurations, quantified by a geometric order parameter in tension space. Our model reproduces the salient tissue- and cell-scale features of germ band elongation during
Drosophila
gastrulation, in particular the slowdown of tissue flow after approximately twofold elongation concomitant with a loss of order in tension configurations. This suggests local cell geometry contains morphogenetic information and yields experimentally testable predictions. Defining biologically controlled active tension dynamics on the manifold of force-balanced states may provide a general approach to the description of morphogenetic flow.
Causal message-passing for experiments with unknown and general network interference
Authors: Shirani Sadegh , Bayati Mohsen
Published: September 2024

Randomized experiments are a powerful methodology for data-driven evaluation of decisions or interventions. Yet, their validity may be undermined by network interference. This occurs when the treatment of one unit impacts not only its outcome but also that of connected units, biasing traditional treatment effect estimations. Our study introduces a framework to accommodate complex and unknown network interference, moving beyond specialized models in the existing literature. Our framework, termed causal message-passing, is grounded in high-dimensional approximate message-passing methodology. It is tailored for multiperiod experiments and is particularly effective in settings with many units and prevalent network interference. The framework models causal effects as a dynamic process where a treated unit’s impact propagates through the network via neighboring units until equilibrium is reached. This approach allows us to approximate the dynamics of potential outcomes over time, enabling the extraction of valuable information before treatment effects reach equilibrium. Utilizing causal message-passing, we introduce a practical algorithm to estimate the total treatment effect, defined as the impact observed when all units are treated compared to the scenario where no unit receives treatment. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach across five numerical scenarios, each characterized by a distinct interference structure.
Unraveling the adsorption-limited hydrogen oxidation reaction at palladium surface via in situ electron microscopy
Authors: Liu Yukun , Koo Kunmo , Mao Zugang , Fu Xianbiao , Hu Xiaobing , Dravid Vinayak P.
Published: September 2024

Palladium (Pd) catalysts have been extensively studied for the direct synthesis of H
2
O through the hydrogen oxidation reaction at ambient conditions. This heterogeneous catalytic reaction not only holds considerable practical significance but also serves as a classical model for investigating fundamental mechanisms, including adsorption and reactions between adsorbates. Nonetheless, the governing mechanisms and kinetics of its intermediate reaction stages under varying gas conditions remain elusive. This is attributed to the intricate interplay between adsorption, atomic diffusion, and concurrent phase transformation of catalyst. Herein, the Pd-catalyzed, water-forming hydrogen oxidation is studied in situ, to investigate intermediate reaction stages via gas cell transmission electron microscopy. The dynamic behaviors of water generation, associated with reversible palladium hydride formation, are captured in real time with a nanoscale spatial resolution. Our findings suggest that the hydrogen oxidation rate catalyzed by Pd is significantly affected by the sequence in which gases are introduced. Through direct evidence of electron diffraction and density functional theory calculation, we demonstrate that the hydrogen oxidation rate is limited by precursors’ adsorption. These nanoscale insights help identify the optimal reaction conditions for Pd-catalyzed hydrogen oxidation, which has substantial implications for water production technologies. The developed understanding also advocates a broader exploration of analogous mechanisms in other metal-catalyzed reactions.
VPS13B is localized at the interface between Golgi cisternae and is a functional partner of FAM177A1
Authors: Ugur Berrak , Schueder Florian , Shin Jimann , Hanna Michael G. , Wu Yumei , Leonzino Marianna , Su Maohan , McAdow Anthony R. , Wilson Catherine , Postlethwait John , Solnica-Krezel Lilianna , Bewersdorf Joerg , De Camilli Pietro
Published: September 2024

Mutations in VPS13B, a member of a protein family implicated in bulk lipid transport between adjacent membranes, cause Cohen syndrome. VPS13B is known to be concentrated in the Golgi complex, but its precise location within this organelle and thus the site(s) where it achieves lipid transport remains unclear. Here, we show that VPS13B is localized at the interface between proximal and distal Golgi subcompartments and that Golgi complex reformation after Brefeldin A (BFA)–induced disruption is delayed in VPS13B KO cells. This delay is phenocopied by the loss of FAM177A1, a Golgi complex protein of unknown function reported to be a VPS13B interactor and whose mutations also result in a developmental disorder. In zebrafish, the vps13b ortholog, not previously annotated in this organism, genetically interacts with fam177a1. Collectively, these findings raise the possibility that bulk lipid transport by VPS13B may play a role in the dynamics of Golgi membranes and that VPS13B may be assisted in this function by FAM177A1.
AI-powered precursor quantification in atmospheric pressure plasma jet thin film deposition via optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Mao-Chuan , Lee Yun-Chung , Tee Jia-He , Lee Ming-Tsang , Ting Chuan-Kang , Juang Jia-Yang
Published: September 2024

This study explores the feasibility of using Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) for in situ monitoring of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet systems in the deposition of thin films. We identify process parameters to control film properties by machine learning for data analysis. In experiments, the depth of the carrier gas inlet pipe (pipe depth) is a crucial controllable variable that directly affects the amount of precursor, influencing the film’s thickness, sheet resistance, and resistivity. We collected 96 000 spectra while preparing 12 film samples, subsequently measured the properties of the samples, and analyzed the spectral data using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and seven supervised machine learning models. A high correlation was found between spectral features and film thickness. We divided the spectral data in a single process based on processing time into the first third (F-third) and the last third (L-third). Using the F-third data, the PCA plot clearly indicated a significant difference between the two pipe depths, achieving a mean recognition accuracy of 95.1% with machine learning models. In contrast, using the L-third data, the PCA plot showed a high degree of overlap between the two pipe depths, resulting in a considerable decline in recognition performance. Overall, it is challenging to distinguish the spectra visually due to variations in precursor amounts and dynamic fluctuations in the OES signals, even after averaging. Nonetheless, through the successful application of machine learning, we demonstrated an effective spectral recognition system for monitoring pipe depth, which aids in the timely control of film properties.
A mathematical modeling of patient-derived lung cancer stem cells with fractional-order derivative
Authors: Özköse Fatma , Yılmaz Seçil , Şenel M Tamer , Yavuz Mehmet , Townley Stuart , Doğan Sarıkaya Medine
Published: September 2024

The aim of this article is to help predict the course of lung cancer patients. To make this prediction as close to reality as possible, we used data from lung cancer patients receiving treatment at Erciyes University Hospitals in Kayseri, Turkey. First, we developed a mathematical model considering the cells in the microenvironment of lung cancer tumors with the assistance of Caputo fractional derivatives. Subsequently, we identified the equilibrium points of the proposed mathematical model and examined the coexistence equilibrium point. In addition, we demonstrated the existence and uniqueness of the solutions through the fixed-point theorem. We also investigated the positivity and boundedness of the model’s solutions to show whether they are biologically meaningful. Using laboratory experimental results from cancer stem cells isolated from resected tumor tissues of lung cancer patients, we determined the most biologically realistic parameter values through the least squares curve fitting approach. Then, using these parameter values, we performed numerical simulations with the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton predictor-corrector method to validate the theoretical results. We considered different values of fractional derivatives to investigate how the model is affected by fractional derivatives. As a result, we obtained the dynamics and expectations of lung cancer and made predictions specific to individual patients. In our simulations based on the parameter values obtained from actual patient data, it has been observed that after a certain period, both tumor cells and cancer stem cells have been eliminated. Consequently, an increase in normal tissue cells and immune cells has been observed. This implies that the patient in question, and similar behaving patients, will recover and overcome cancer. The findings from this study provide insights into the dynamics and prognosis of lung cancer, opening up the possibility for more personalized and effective approaches to treatment.
All-optical broadband terahertz modulator based on CdS NWs/Si heterojunction and interface photoconductivity analysis
Authors: Li Shuhan , Zhang Fan , Han Qing , Zhou Minjie , Yan Lili , Tan Yue , Li Xiaoxiao , Li Ao , Abulimiti Bumaliya , Li Zhiqiang , Fang Pengfei , Jin Bing
Published: September 2024

A high-performance, low-cost terahertz modulator is fabricated by spin-coating CdS nanowires onto silicon. This all-optical modulator achieves broadband modulation (0.4–1.6 THz) with a significant depth of 85% at a low power density (2 W cm−2), exceeding bare silicon by fourfold. THz-TDS confirms its terahertz amplitude modulation capability. Tests of the simple photonic switch further illustrate the modulator’s potential for carrying information on a terahertz transmission wave. The modulation mechanism is explained through energy band theory and photoconductivity data. This work also presents a novel method for probing heterostructure formation using THz-TDS with laser irradiation.
Impact of gamma irradiation on optical and nonlinear properties of Indium chloride phthalocyanine thin films
Authors: El-Zaidia E F M , Qashou Saleem I , Yahia I S , Abdel-Galil A , Darwish A A A
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the impact of gamma radiation on indium chloride phthalocyanine (lnPcCl) thin films, which were prepared via vacuum thermal evaporation. x-ray diffraction revealed the amorphous structure of the films, with increasing gamma doses causing more noticeable structural disorders. Optical analysis showed a slight decrease in the optical band gap energy and a significant reduction in the fundamental band gap energy. Additionally, higher gamma doses led to decreased transmittance and increased reflectance. The study also observed substantial enhancements in nonlinear optical parameters, such as third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) and nonlinear refractive index (n
2). These findings suggest the potential of gamma-irradiated lnPcCl films for advanced optoelectronic and nonlinear optical applications.