bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GAMBARAN KARAKTERISTIK DAN PENGETAHUAN IBU YANG MEMPUNYAI BAYI USIA 7-12 BULAN TENTANG PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS AIR DINGIN KELURAHAN AIA PACAH KOTA PADANG TAHUN 2018
Authors: Fitria Nila eza
Published: December 2019

Mother's milk (ASI) plays an important role to maintain the health and survival of babies. The low level of exclusive breastfeeding based on the Ministry of National program is 40% and 30% due to the factors of maternal age, employment, education, and husband's support. Based on data from the Padang City Health Office the working area of ​​the Air Dingin health center is the lowest percentage (33.85%). The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and level of knowledge of mothers who have babies aged 7-12 months about exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of ​​cold water puskesmas in Aia Pacah village, Padang city in 2018.This type of research is descriptive. This research was conducted in August 2018 in Aia Pacah Village, Padang City. The study population was all mothers who had babies aged 7-12 months in the Aia Pacah village, Padang. The sample in this study was 68 people with total sampling technique. Using primary data. Data collection was carried out by filling out questionnaires and filling out informed consent. Data processing techniques for editing, coding, entry and cleaning. Data analysis is carried out univariately.

The results showed that of the 68 respondents who had ASI production age were not at risk as many as 52 people (76.4%), respondents who had ASI production age were at risk as many as 16 people (23.5%) giving exclusive breastfeeding, respondents who had as much higher education 45 people (66.1%), respondents who have a low education level of 23 people (33.8%), respondents who work as many as 22 people (32.2%), respondents who do not work as many as 46 people (67.6% ), respondents with high knowledge were 32 people (47.0%) and respondents with low knowledge as many as 36 people (52.9%).From the data above, it can be concluded that most mothers have breast milk production age not at risk in exclusive breastfeeding. More than half of mothers who have babies aged 7-12 months do not work. More than half of mothers who have higher education in exclusive breastfeeding. More than half of mothers who have a low level of knowledge in exclusive breastfeeding.
Two new aromatic polyketides from a sponge-derived Fusarium
Authors: Sibero Mada Triandala , Zhou Tao , Fukaya Keisuke , Urabe Daisuke , Radjasa Ocky K Karna , Sabdono Agus , Trianto Agus , Igarashi Yasuhiro
Published: December 2019

In our natural product screening program from marine fungi, two new aromatic polyketides karimunones A (1) and B (2) and five known compounds (3–7) were isolated from sponge-associated Fusarium sp. KJMT.FP.4.3 which was collected from an Indonesian sponge Xestospongia sp. The structures of these compounds were determined by the analysis of NMR and MS spectroscopic data. The NMR assignment of 1 was assisted by DFT-based theoretical chemical shift calculation. Compound 2 showed antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica ser. Typhi with a MIC of 125 µg/mL while 1 was not active.
Radiogenic Components of Limestone Samples Collected from Ewekoro SW Nigeria: Implications for Public Radiological Health Risks Assessment and Monitoring
Authors: Oyeyemi Kehinde David , Aizebeokhai Ahzegbobor Phillips , Ekhaguere Osagie Ayo , Chinwuba Douglas Emeka , Onumejor Charity Ada
Published: December 2019

AIM: This research presents the radiogenic components in thirteen limestone samples from a quarry site in Ewekoro, southwestern Nigeria.
METHODS: The distributions of natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th and 40K) in the limestone samples were determined by gamma spectroscopy using a well-type thallium-doped sodium iodide detector. Also, estimated associated radiological hazards are presented and compared with the standard threshold values.
RESULTS: The activity concentrations for 238U, 232Th and 40K radionuclides range 18.09 ± 3.43-239.50 ± 25.74 Bqkg-1, 8.33 ± 0.83 - 360.01 ± 21.33 Bqkg-1 and 11.28 ± 0.81-735.26 ± 0.95 Bqkg-1 respectively. The radium equivalent activity concentration in the samples ranges 58.857-758.832 Bqkg-1 with samples S3, S4 and S11 values higher than the threshold limit of 370 Bqkg-1. Estimated dose rate and annual effective dose rate (AEDE) from the samples have ranges 28.754-330.917 nGyh-1 and 35.26-405.84 μSvy−1 respectively greater than the standard limit of 59 nGyh-1 and 70 μSvy−1 respectively for all samples except S9. The estimated external and internal indices are ranging 0.16 – 2.05 and 0.21 – 2.68 respectively, greater than permissible unity in some limestone samples such as S3, S4, S8, S11 and S13. Excess lifetime cancer risk was also computed using a life expectancy of 54.5 years. The results of higher radiological parameters in the limestone samples revealed that the miners have a high probability of contracting induced cancer.
CONCLUSION: A regular check-up is recommended for the miners and staffs within the quarry site. Also, the residents within the environs should be relocated far away from the quarry site, as the particulates from the limestone rock blasting could contaminate the air in the study area.
Risk Factors Analysis for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in Medan, Indonesia
Authors: Hariati Hariati , Suza Dewi Elizadiani , Tarigan Rosina
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) are one of the most common infections in health care caused by several risk factors.
AIM: This study aims at analysing the risky factors triggering CAUTI.
METHODS: This research was designed by applying prospective study. It was conducted from July to November 2018 by involving 82 patients attached to the catheter and treated in the General Hospital of Medan as the sample. The study instrument used observational sheets by measuring the occurrence of urinary tract infection using urine culture analysis ≥ 105 CFU/ml.
RESULTS: The results showed that there was a relationship (p < 0.05) amongs age (p = 0.01; RR = 0.51), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.00; RR = 7.61), duration of catheterization (p = 0.00; RR = 0.01), indications for catheter use (p = 0.00; RR = 0.34) with CAUTI, and there were not significant relationship (p > 0.05) amongs genre (p = 0.06; RR = 1.72), drainage system (p = 0.43; RR = 0.43) and catheter care (p = 0.08; RR = 0.50) with CAUTI. Diabetes mellitus (p = 0.00; OR = 8.92 95% CI = 1.02-11.83) and duration of catheterization (p = 0, 00; OR = 32.84 95% CI = 3.81-322.74) were the most significant factor related to CAUTI.
CONCLUSION: CAUTI is influenced by various factors, and it can be controlled by understanding those factors so that the right interventions to prevent the infections can be taken and the quality of nursing care can be increased as well.
Taxonomic study of Thiotricha Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) in Japan, with the description of two new species
Authors: Kyaw Khine Mon Mon , Yagi Sadahisa , Oku Jouhei , Sakamaki Yositaka , Hirowatari Toshiya
Published: December 2019

A part of Japanese species of the genus Thiotricha Meyrick, 1886 are reviewed. Three species described by Omelko (1984) in the genus Cnaphostola Meyrick, 1918 are placed in combination with Thiotricha; Thiotricha biformis, T. angustellacomb. nov. and T. venustaliscomb. nov. These species are redescribed, and two new species, T. elaeocarpiella Kyaw, Yagi & Hirowatari, sp. nov. and T. flavitermina Kyaw, Yagi & Hirowatari, sp. nov. are described based on external morphological characters of adults and genitalia of males and females. Thiotricha chujaensis (Park, 2016), comb. nov. described in Cnaphostola from Korea, is newly recorded in Japan feeding on Mallotus japonica (Euphorbiaceae). One of the new species, T. elaeocarpiellasp. nov. has been associated with two different plants, Elaeocarpus zollingeri (Elaeocarpaceae) and Rhaphiolepis indica (Rosaceae). This paper presents the ﬁrst comprehensive description of the morphology, pupal morphology and biology of species previously treated in the genus Cnaphostola and their relatives in Japan.
Hypersomnolence in Children and Adolescents: Causes, Assessment, and Management
Authors: Gandhi Kriti D. , Mansukhani Meghna P. , Kolla Bhanu Prakash
Published: December 2019

Hypersomnolence is common in children and adolescents and its etiology is multifactorial. Developmental changes in melatonin release and slower accumulation of sleep pressure lead to a preference for later sleep times, which conflicts with early school start times leading to increased daytime sleepiness. Although the most common cause of daytime sleepiness in children and adolescents is insufficient sleep, central disorders of hypersomnolence can also manifest in these age groups. Excessive sleepiness could also result from other disorders such as sleep apnea, psychiatric illnesses, and medication use. Hypersomnolence should be evaluated by careful history taking, and when necessary additional tests including actigraphy, polysomnography, and multiple sleep latency test may need to be performed. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of hypersomnolence in children and adolescents, common etiological factors, and assessment of excessive sleepiness. We also discuss management strategies for hypersomnolence.

[
Psychiatr Ann.
2019;49(12):529–534.]
17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology - ISME 17
Authors: Mulec Janez
Published: December 2019

ISME meetings have been organ­ized regularly since 1977, and in 1986 the 4th ISME was hosted by Ljubljana. The 17th ISME was in Leipzig, Germa­ny, where 2250 delegates from 60 countries met. Dur­ing the symposium eight plenary lectures, 26 different sections and three days of poster presentations were or­ganized. A participant could choose one of six or seven simultaneously running sections daily which covered an extremely wide set of microbial ecology from evo­lution, modeling of microbial interactions, review on new and existing metabolic pathways, (meta)genomics, interactions between microbes and hosts, biogeochemi­cal cycles, bioinformatics, new methods and innovative bioremediation procedures. It became clearly evident that microbial ecology can offer some answers to many urgent global issues. Some interesting highlights from the symposium are given below.
Écologie et fiscalité : convergence des luttes ?
Authors: Ollivier-Trigalo Marianne
Published: December 2019

Le projet de loi de Finances pour 2014 (PLF 2014) a introduit une composante carbone dans la Taxe intérieure sur la consommation des produits énergétiques (TICPE) – appelée aussi contribution climat énergie ou encore taxe carbone. L’inscription de cette mesure dans le PLF 2014 revient au gouvernement, qui s’appuie formellement sur les travaux d’un Comité pour la fiscalité écologique (CFE) sur lesquels nous nous sommes penchée afin d’appréhender dans quelles conditions l’introduction de l’assiette carbone dans la TICPE a été élaborée. Sur cette base empirique (nombreux écrits du CFE et entretiens réalisés auprès de membres du comité), l’objet de cet article est de mettre en lumière une interdépendance entre fiscalité et politique énergétique que donne à voir le résultat de ces travaux, concrétisé par le vote de la réforme de la TICPE. Notre analyse met en lumière comment les membres du CFE ont dû s’accommoder des règles et formats imposés par la fiscalité. Ces règles fiscales se retrouvent en effet dans le choix de passer par la TICPE qui répond à une double injonction : d’une part, l’injonction de rendement – une taxe est avant tout une recette ; d’autre part, l’injonction de ne pas créer de nouvelle taxe. Le choix de réformer la TICPE comporte plusieurs caractéristiques porteuses de sens de politique publique. La mobilisation d’un instrument fiscal a conduit à s’appuyer sur des arguments de basculement de la fiscalité – une transition fiscale. Dans le même temps, se concentrer sur la consommation des énergies fossiles en introduisant la prise en considération des émissions de CO2 (y compris des carburants) a induit des échanges sur la recherche de sobriété en énergie – une transition énergétique. Bien entendu, la réalité ne choisit pas, mais au contraire, mixe les deux orientations, les rendant interdépendantes.
Contribution à l’étude des barrières et des leviers d’action face au changement climatique
Authors: Marega Oumar , Frere Séverine , Hellequin Anne-Peggy , Flanquart Hervé , Calvo-Mendieta Iratxe , Berry Baptiste , Cornet Sophie
Published: December 2019

L‘adoption des stratégies individuelles de lutte face au changement climatique est un enjeu majeur aussi bien sur le plan scientifique et environnemental que sur le plan sociétal. Cet article étudie dans quelle mesure les perceptions des populations ainsi que les contextes territoriaux peuvent être des barrières et/ou des leviers d’action face au changement du climat. La démarche s’appuie sur une étude comparée entre les communes de Lille et de Chauny, deux territoires proches sur le plan climatique, mais différents sur le plan géographique et socio-économique. Les résultats démontrent une diversité de perceptions et des stratégies de lutte que l’on peut attribuer à deux facteurs clés : le contexte géographique et les variables socioéconomiques des personnes enquêtées. Au niveau des perceptions du changement climatique, on constate une diversité liée au ressenti individuel des personnes enquêtées ; à leur niveau d’étude et à l’influence des principales sources d’information. Sur le plan des stratégies de lutte, des corrélations significatives existent entre les mesures adoptées et les niveaux de vie des populations enquêtées. Sur nos deux sites d’études, l’essentiel des mesures mises en avant va dans le sens de l’atténuation du changement climatique. Par ailleurs, le développement de ces actions d’atténuation est plus manifeste à Lille qu’à Chauny. Un des facteurs explicatifs de cette différence notable renvoie au contexte territorial et économique des deux sites.
Documenting the copyright sphere: can festivals solve the problem of copyright clearance for documentaries?
Authors: Ekiz Oğulcan
Published: December 2019

The starting point of this article is a short documentary film that I and five colleagues produced in the course of the Business of Film module at Queen Mary University of London's Intellectual Property Law LLM Programme. During the process of production, we faced some borderline issues regarding our unauthorized uses of others’ copyright works. When we put ourselves into the copyright's author's shoes, three problems arose regarding our use of possible limitations and exceptions: the lack of guidance; the fear of liability; and the unharmonized status of limitations and exceptions at an international level. This article examines these problems from a copyright policy perspective and invites documentary festivals to undertake a mission of guiding new documentary directors through the complex, unharmonized world of copyright limitations and exceptions.
Lakitu's world: proactive and reactive regulation in video games
Authors: Grieman Keri
Published: December 2019

Regulating a population is difficult, and no easier when that population has grenade launchers. Video game publishers and developers face the unenviable challenge of balancing their game's playability with regulating the individuals within it. This is done proactively (by game design) and reactively (by punishing or rewarding player behaviour). What players encounter affects the game's age rating, but also the player's desire to continue playing. Even games focusing on violence impose taboos on unsportsmanlike behaviour, and real-world referential behaviour or attacks. Games can become known for their toxic player behaviour, rather than the gameplay itself. In examining pro and reactive regulation in online multiplayer games, such as type of communication and moderation, there appears to be a correlation between highly proactive in-game regulation and low age ratings, and highly reactive in-game regulation and high age ratings. While further study is needed, this suggests potential avenues for future regulatory efforts.
Game and Technology Co. v. Activision Blizzard – a look at how inter partes reviews change the game in patent suits
Authors: Kelly Scott M. , Nealon Alex
Published: December 2019

A June 2019 appellate decision marked the end of the patent assertion by Game and Technology Co. (GAT) against Activision Blizzard and Riot Games. 1 The patents at issue related to equipping virtual avatars with game items. Activision Blizzard was able to successfully invalidate the patent through inter partes review (IPR) proceedings at the US Patent and Trademark Office. This case illustrates the important role that IPRs play in US patent litigation, as well as the double-edged sword of obtaining very broad patent claims. The article walks through the history of the assertion, the invalidity arguments at the USPTO, and the final decision on appeal to the Federal Circuit, and discusses how IPRs may provide an effective response to patent assertions in the US.
Economic efficiency and field-of-use pricing of SEP licences under FRAND terms
Authors: Ullberg Eskil
Published: December 2019

This article is concerned with the producer market in patented technology, and whether price differentiation based on field-of-use – a common strategy adopted by businesses with high fixed costs – is economically efficient. The focus is on the licensing of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) on Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms and conditions, including also the Internet of Things (IoT) applications, and the economic growth in the digital economy, especially for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The central argument proposed is that the absolute difference in the value between usages of essential standardized technologies determines whether a single price for all usages or specific field-of-use prices are economically efficient. A small difference in value should result in a single price and a large difference in different prices. Pricing policy is critical to create a world-wide sustained technology development including contributions from, and applications for, emerging markets and developed markets, thereby growing the digital economy.

In this literature review, three evaluation angles of the literature are used: a market analysis under neo-classical assumptions of price-taking agents and marginal (incremental) value; an expanded market analysis where the willingness to pay (WTP) replaces marginal cost as criteria for what price should be paid for licences; and an analysis of market designs with similar characteristics as the SEP market in terms of risk, using experimental economics (behavioural) and auction theory. All analyses angles investigate the principle of field-of-use licensing, established already in the first known patent law in 1474.
CURSOS DE FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORES SOBRE SURDEZ EM UMA DIRETORIA DE ENSINO DO INTERIOR PAULISTA
Authors: Crociari Aline , Manzoli Luci Pastor
Published: December 2019

A partir da LDB 9.394/96, que garante um ensino inclusivo com igualdade de condições, permanência e aprendizagem para todos os alunos, novos documentos  surgiram como a Lei 10.436/2002,  garantindo às pessoas com surdez o direito ao uso da Língua Brasileira de Sinais – Libras como  meio legal de comunicação e expressão,  necessitando, portanto, a oferta de uma educação bilíngue e capacitação de professores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as Propostas Pedagógicas dos cursos sobre surdez na formação continuada de professores do ensino fundamental e médio de uma Diretoria de Ensino de uma cidade do interior paulista. O estudo se definiu pela abordagem qualitativa utilizando como fonte de informações a análise documental dos arquivos da área de Educação Especial dessa Diretoria. Os resultados mostraram que foram oferecidos no período de 2003 a 2017, oito (8) cursos sendo 5 denominados Introdução à Língua Brasileira de Sinais- Libras e três (3) referentes a Curso Básico de Libras com uma carga horária de 30 horas teoria/prática, ministrados no período noturno, uma vez por semana durante três meses para um grupo de Diretores, Coordenadores Pedagógicos e Professores do Ensino Fundamental e Médio, somando 30 participantes em cada curso. Denotou-se uma insuficiência dos cursos voltados para essa área, destacando como pontos positivos a utilização de referenciais teóricos de grande reconhecimento, bem como uma série de materiais ilustrados para conduzir as aulas num contexto de dinamicidade visando reflexões sobre a perspectiva bilíngue na escola inclusiva.
O PROCESSO SOCIOEDUCACIONAL DE ENSINO POR MEIO DOS PILARES EDUCACIONAIS
Authors: Pinto Diego Henrique dos Santos , Cruz Kelly Cristina da Silva , Fantacini Renata Andrea Fernandes , Conte Karina De Melo
Published: December 2019

O artigo abordou como são os seis pilares educacionais para a gestão educacional de modo que relatou como se obtém a integração para a melhoria da organização e funcionamento institucional, metodologias e aprimoramento do processo ensino e aprendizagem, se fazendo necessário a integração de todos os membros da escola e sociedade por meio de uma gestão democrática participativa. O presente estudo teve como justificativa abordar a gestão educacional e seus pilares como fatores em constantes desenvolvimentos e não como termos já concluídos dentro de cada instituição escolar. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi compreender a importância da integração entre os pilares da gestão educacional, buscando identificar melhorias em todos os pilares educacionais. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão bibliográfica. Discutimos neste estudo a relevância e a importância do conhecimento dos seis pilares da gestão escolar juntamente com a atuação pedagógica envolvendo todos os membros da instituição escolar e sociedade por meio de uma gestão democrático participativa para que se possa identificar a gestão como um meio que se transforma e adapta conforme cada necessidade institucional e social. Consideramos relevante ressaltar que a gestão escolar possui seus seis pilares para serem utilizados em prol de melhorias em todo o processo administrativo, metodológico, pedagógico na qual se inclui todos os profissionais da instituição escolar e da sociedade com o proposito de se obter um ensino e aprendizagem com êxito.
TOCANDO A VIDA: UM PROJETO DE FORMAÇÃO MUSICAL
Authors: De Camargo Cristina Emboaba Emboaba
Published: December 2019

Esse artigo é parte integrante de uma tese que discute a formação musical fundamentada na dialética entre as três atividades musicais - poética, práxis e teoria - como alternativa à estrutura de semiformação (citamos aqui o conceito adorniano de Halbbildung) vigente, intimamente vinculada à indústria da cultura, onde buscamos levantar, elucidar e discorrer sobre as possibilidades dessa mediação como alternativa para uma formação musical integradora. Nesse recorte descrevemos e apreciamos o projeto de formação musical Tocando a Vida da Instituição Savegnago, sob essa ótica ancorada nos planos filosófico e musical, histórico e pedagógico como alternativa para uma formação musical com potência crítica.
Vertical characteristics of aerosol hygroscopicity and impacts on optical properties over the North China Plain during winter
Authors: Liu Quan , Liu Dantong , Gao Qian , Tian Ping , Wang Fei , Zhao Delong , Bi Kai , Wu Yangzhou , Ding Shuo , Hu Kang , Zhang Jiale , Ding Deping , Zhao Chunsheng
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The water-uptake on aerosol influences its optical depth and capacity of cloud formation, depending on the vertical profile of aerosol hygroscopicity because of different solar radiation received and supersaturation conditions at different atmospheric levels. Such information is lack over the polluted eastern Asian region. This study presents aircraft in-situ measured aerosol size distribution and chemical compositions by series of flights over Beijing area in wintertime. Under high relative humidity conditions (surface RH > 60 %, hRH), a significant enhancement of aerosol hygroscopicity parameter (κ) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) was observed to increase by 50 % up to 0.32 from the surface to the top of PBL (vertical gradient of ~0.13 km−1), along with the dry particle effective diameter (Deff) increased by 71 % and activation ratio up to 0.23 (0.64) at SS = 0.05 % (0.1 %), in contrast with a lower vertical gradient of κ (0.05 km−1) and smaller Deff under low RH conditions (surface RH
Technical note: Determination of binary gas phase diffusion coefficients of unstable and adsorbing atmospheric trace gases at low temperature – Arrested Flow and Twin Tube method
Authors: Langenberg Stefan , Carstens Torsten , Hupperich Dirk , Schweighoefer Silke , Schurath Ulrich
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Gas phase diffusion is the first step for all heterogeneous reactions under atmospheric conditions. Knowledge of binary diffusion coefficients is important for the interpretation of laboratory studies regarding heterogeneous trace gas uptake and reactions. Only for stable, nonreactive and non polar gases well-established models for the estimation of diffusion coefficients from viscosity data do exist. Therefore, we have used two complementary methods for the measurement of binary diffusion coefficients in the temperature range of 200 K to 300 K: the arrested flow method is best suited for unstable gases and the twin tube method is best suited for stable but adsorbing trace gases. Both methods were validated by measurement of diffusion coefficients of methane and ethane in helium and air and nitric oxide in helium. Using the arrested flow method the diffusion coefficients of ozone in air, dinitrogen pentoxide and chlorine nitrate in helium and nitrogen were measured. The twin tube method was used for the measurement of the diffusion coefficient of nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide in helium and nitrogen.
On-flight intercomparison of three miniature aerosol absorption sensors using unmanned aerial systems (UASs)
Authors: Pikridas Michael , Bezantakos Spiros , Močnik Griša , Keleshis Christos , Brechtel Fred , Stavroulas Iasonas , Demetriades Gregoris , Antoniou Panayiota , Vouterakos Panagiotis , Argyrides Marios , Liakakou Eleni , Drinovec Luka , Marinou Eleni , Amiridis Vassilis , Vrekoussis Mihalis , Mihalopoulos Nikolaos , Sciare Jean
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The present study investigates and compares the ground and in-flight
performance of three miniaturized aerosol absorption sensors integrated
on board small-sized Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs). These sensors were
evaluated during two contrasted field campaigns performed at an urban site,
impacted mainly by local traffic and domestic wood burning sources (Athens,
Greece), and at a remote regional background site, impacted by long-range
transported sources including dust (Cyprus Atmospheric Observatory, Agia
Marina Xyliatou, Cyprus). The miniaturized sensors were first intercompared at the ground-level
against two commercially available instruments used as a reference. The
measured signal of the miniaturized sensors was converted into the
absorption coefficient and equivalent black carbon concentration (eBC). When
applicable, signal saturation corrections were applied, following the
suggestions of the manufacturers. The aerosol absorption sensors exhibited
similar behavior against the reference instruments during the two campaigns,
despite the diversity of the aerosol origin, chemical composition, sources,
and concentration levels. The deviation from the reference during both
campaigns concerning (eBC) mass was less than 8 %, while for the absorption
coefficient it was at least 15 %. This indicates that those sensors that
report black carbon mass are tuned and corrected to measure eBC more accurately than the absorption coefficient. The overall potential use of miniature aerosol absorption sensors on board
small UASs is also illustrated. UAS-based absorption measurements were used
to investigate the vertical distribution of eBC over Athens up to 1 km above
sea level during January 2016, exceeding the top of the planetary boundary
layer (PBL). Our results reveal a heterogeneous boundary layer concentration
of absorbing aerosol within the PBL intensified in the early morning hours
due to the concurrent peak traffic emissions at ground-level and the fast
development of the boundary layer. After the full development of the PBL,
homogenous concentrations are observed from 100 m a.g.l. to the PBL top.
Nocturnal aerosol optical depth measurements with modified sky radiometer POM-02 using the moon as a light source
Authors: Uchiyama Akihiro , Shiobara Masataka , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Matsunaga Tsuneo , Yamazaki Akihiro , Inei Kazunori , Kawai Kazuhiro , Watanabe Yoshiaki
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The majority of aerosol data are obtained from daytime measurements, and
there are few datasets available for studying nighttime aerosol
characteristics. In order to estimate the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and
the precipitable water vapor (PWV) during the nighttime using the moon as a
light source, a sky radiometer (POM-02, Prede Ltd., Japan) was modified. The
amplifier was adjusted so that POM-02 could measure lower levels of input
irradiance. In order to track the moon based on the calculated values, a
simplified formula was incorporated into the firmware. A new position sensor
with a four-quadrant detector to adjust the tracking of the Sun and moon was
also developed. The calibration constant, which is the sensor output for the
extraterrestrial solar and lunar irradiance at the mean Earth–Sun distance,
was determined by using the Langley method. The measurements for the Langley
calibration were conducted at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration/Mauna Loa Observatory (NOAA/MLO) from 28 September 2017 to
7 November 2017. By assuming that the correct reflectance is proportional to the
reflectance estimated by the Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) irradiance
model, the calibration constant for the lunar direct irradiance was
successfully determined using the Langley method. The ratio of the
calibration constant for the moon to that of the Sun was often greater than
1; the value of the ratio was 0.95 to 1.18 in the visible and near-infrared
wavelength regions. This indicates that the ROLO model often underestimates
the reflectance. In addition, this ratio depended on the phase angle. In
this study, this ratio was approximated by a quadratic equation of the phase
angle. By using this approximation, the reflectance of the moon can be
calculated to within an accuracy of 1 % or less. In order to validate the estimates of the AOD and PWV, continuous
measurements with POM-02 were conducted at the Japan Meteorological
Agency/Meteorological Research Institute (JMA/MRI) from January 2018 to May 2018,
and the AOD and PWV were estimated. The results were compared with the
AOD and PWV obtained by independent methods. The AOD was compared with that
estimated by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) High
Spectral Resolution Lidar measurements (wavelength: 532 nm), and the PWV was
compared with the PWV obtained from a radiosonde and the Global Positioning
System. In addition, the continuity of the AOD (PWV) before and after
sunrise and sunset in Tsukuba was examined, and the AOD (PWV) of AERONET and
that of POM-02 at MLO were compared. In the results, the daytime and
nighttime AOD (PWV) measurements are shown to be statistically almost
equivalent. The AODs (PWVs) during the daytime and nighttime for POM-02 are
presumed to have the same degree of precision and accuracy within the
measurement uncertainty.
Above-cloud aerosol radiative effects based on ORACLES 2016 and ORACLES 2017 aircraft experiments
Authors: Cochrane Sabrina P. , Schmidt K. Sebastian , Chen Hong , Pilewskie Peter , Kittelman Scott , Redemann Jens , LeBlanc Samuel , Pistone Kristina , Kacenelenbogen Meloë , Segal Rozenhaimer Michal , Shinozuka Yohei , Flynn Connor , Platnick Steven , Meyer Kerry , Ferrare Rich , Burton Sharon , Hostetler Chris , Howell Steven , Freitag Steffen , Dobracki Amie , Doherty Sarah
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Determining the direct aerosol radiative effect (DARE) of
absorbing aerosols above clouds from satellite observations alone is a
challenging task, in part because the radiative signal of the aerosol layer
is not easily untangled from that of the clouds below. In this study, we use
aircraft measurements from the NASA ObseRvations of CLouds above Aerosols
and their intEractionS (ORACLES) project in the southeastern Atlantic to derive
it with as few assumptions as possible. This is accomplished by using
spectral irradiance measurements (Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer, SSFR) and
aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals (Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning,
Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research, 4STAR) during vertical profiles (spirals)
that minimize the albedo variability of the underlying cloud field – thus
isolating aerosol radiative effects from those of the cloud field below. For
two representative cases, we retrieve spectral aerosol single scattering
albedo (SSA) and the asymmetry parameter (g) from these profile
measurements and calculate DARE given the albedo range measured by SSFR on
horizontal legs above clouds. For mid-visible wavelengths, we find SSA
values from 0.80 to 0.85 and a significant spectral dependence of g. As the
cloud albedo increases, the aerosol increasingly warms the column. The
transition from a cooling to a warming top-of-aerosol radiative effect
occurs at an albedo value (critical albedo) just above 0.2 in the
mid-visible wavelength range. In a companion paper, we use the techniques introduced here to
generalize our findings to all 2016 and 2017 measurements and parameterize
aerosol radiative effects.
Evaluation of the 15-year ROM SAF monthly mean GPS radio occultation climate data record
Authors: Gleisner Hans , Lauritsen Kent B. , Nielsen Johannes K. , Syndergaard Stig
Published: December 2019

Abstract. We here present results from an evaluation of the ROM SAF gridded monthly-mean climate data record (CDR v1.0), based on GPS radio occultation (RO) data from the CHAMP, GRACE, COSMIC, and Metop satellite missions. Systematic differences between RO missions, as well as differences of RO data relative to ERA-Interim reanalysis data, are quantified. The methods used to generate gridded monthly mean data are described, and the correction of monthly-mean RO climatologies for sampling errors, which is essential for combining data from RO missions with different sampling characteristics, is evaluated. We find a good overall agreement between the ROM SAF gridded monthly-mean CDR and the ERA-Interim reanalysis, particularly in the 8–30 km height interval. Here, the differences largely reflect time-varying biases in ERA-Interim, suggesting that the RO data record has a better long-term stability than ERA-Interim. Above 30–40 km altitude, the differences are larger, particularly for the pre-COSMIC era. In the 8–30 km altitude region, the observational data record exhibits a high degree of internal consistency between the RO satellite missions, allowing us to combine data into multi-mission records. For global mean bending angle the consistency is better than 0.04 %, for refractivity 0.05 %, and for global mean dry temperature the consistency is better than 0.15 K in this height interval. At altitudes up to 40 km, these numbers increase to 0.08 %, 0.11 %, and 0.50 K, respectively. The numbers can be up to a factor of 2 larger for certain latitude bands compared to global means. Below about 6–8 km the RO mission differences are larger, reducing the possibilities to generate multi-mission data records. We also find that the residual sampling errors are about one third of the original and that they include a component most likely related to diurnal or semi-diurnal cycles.
Macromolecular fungal ice nuclei in Fusarium: effects of physical and chemical processing
Authors: Kunert Anna T. , Pöhlker Mira L. , Tang Kai , Krevert Carola S. , Wieder Carsten , Speth Kai R. , Hanson Linda E. , Morris Cindy E. , Schmale III David G. , Pöschl Ulrich , Fröhlich-Nowoisky Janine
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Some biological particles and macromolecules are particularly efficient ice nuclei (IN), triggering ice formation at temperatures close to 0 ∘C. The impact of biological particles on cloud glaciation and the formation of precipitation is still poorly understood and constitutes a large gap in the scientific understanding of the interactions and coevolution of life and climate. Ice nucleation activity in fungi was first discovered in the cosmopolitan genus Fusarium, which is widespread in soil and plants, has been found in atmospheric aerosol and cloud water samples, and can be regarded as the best studied ice-nucleation-active (IN-active) fungus. The frequency and distribution of ice nucleation activity within Fusarium, however, remains elusive. Here, we tested more than 100 strains from 65 different Fusarium species for ice nucleation activity. In total, ∼11 % of all tested species included IN-active strains, and ∼16 % of all tested strains showed ice nucleation activity above −12 ∘C. Besides Fusarium species with known ice nucleation activity, F. armeniacum, F. begoniae, F. concentricum, and F. langsethiae were newly identified as IN-active. The cumulative number of IN per gram of mycelium for all tested Fusarium species was comparable to other biological IN like Sarocladium implicatum, Mortierella alpina, and Snomax®. Filtration experiments indicate that cell-free ice-nucleating macromolecules (INMs) from Fusarium are smaller than 100 kDa and that molecular aggregates can be formed in solution. Long-term storage and freeze–thaw cycle experiments revealed that the fungal IN in aqueous solution remain active over several months and in the course of repeated freezing and thawing. Exposure to ozone and nitrogen dioxide at atmospherically relevant concentration levels also did not affect the ice nucleation activity. Heat treatments at 40 to 98 ∘C, however, strongly reduced the observed IN concentrations, confirming earlier hypotheses that the INM in Fusarium largely consists of a proteinaceous compound. The frequency and the wide distribution of ice nucleation activity within the genus Fusarium, combined with the stability of the IN under atmospherically relevant conditions, suggest a larger implication of fungal IN on Earth’s water cycle and climate than previously assumed.
Ideas and perspectives: Proposed best practices for collaboration at cross-disciplinary observatories
Authors: Kaye Jason Philip , Brantley Susan L. , Zan Williams Jennifer ,   the SSHCZO team
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Interdisciplinary science affords new opportunities but
also presents new challenges for biogeosciences collaboration. Since 2007,
we have conducted site-based interdisciplinary research in central PA, USA,
at the Susquehanna Shale Hills critical zone observatory. Early in our
collaboration, we realized the need for some best practices that could guide
our project team. While we found some guidelines for determining authorship
on papers, we found fewer guidelines describing how to collaboratively
establish field sites, share instrumentation, share model code, and share
data. Thus, we worked as a team to develop a best practices document that is
presented here. While this work is based on one large team project, we think
many of the themes are universal, and we present our example to provide a
building block for improving the function of interdisciplinary biogeoscience
science teams.
Reviews and syntheses: Anthropogenically breaking macro-ecospatial chains? – case review of HU Line
Authors: Lin Yi , Herold Martin
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Understanding of human-nature interactions is critical for global sustainability, but one of its frontier branches, regarding intentionally-positive anthropogenic feedbacks to environment at the macroecosystem scale, has been less studied. A concrete open question is whether people can break those chain-like macro-ecospatial transition zones. Based on remote sensing data and integrative data analysis, we examined this issue in the case of China, which both owns a macro-ecospatial transition zone top-ranked in the world – HU Line and has made massive environmental restoration efforts such as the Grain for Green Program (GGP). Literature reviews of the causes of HU Line revealed its natural formation, and spatiotemporal tests of its statuses indicated its contemporary stability, both telling the inherent difficulty of shaking macro-ecospatial chains. What's worse, the limited durations of those GGP-kind endeavors led to a debate on whether human will eventually exert positive or negative eco-effect on the evolution of HU Line. To handle this gap, we proposed using biogeographic, bioclimatology, and Earth system models in a simulation way and overviewed their potentials of reflecting the complex internal, external, and integral eco-functions in human deliberately improving nature. In all, the conclusion and proposal of this work are of fundamental implications for projecting the future of macro-ecospatial chains and pre-making polices for anthropogenically coping with global changes in land, environment, biology, ecology, and sustainability.
Regulation of nitrous oxide production in low oxygen waters off the coast of Peru
Authors: Frey Claudia , Bange Hermann W. , Achterberg Eric P. , Jayakumar Amal , Löscher Carolin R. , Arévalo-Martínez Damian L. , León-Palmero Elizabeth , Sun Mingshuang , Xie Ruifang C. , Oleynik Sergey , Ward Bess
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) are major sites of net natural nitrous oxide (N2O) production and emissions. In order to understand changes in the magnitude of N2O production in response to global change, knowledge on the individual contributions of the major microbial pathways (nitrification and denitrification) to N2O production and their regulation is needed. In the ODZ in the coastal area off Peru, the sensitivity of N2O production to oxygen and organic matter was investigated using 15N-tracer experiments in combination with qPCR and microarray analysis of total and active functional genes targeting archaeal amoA and nirS as marker genes for nitrification and denitrification, respectively. Denitrification was responsible for the highest N2O production with a mean of 8.7 nmol L−1 d−1 but up to 118 ± 27.8 nmol L−1 d−1 just below the oxic-anoxic interface. Highest N2O production from ammonium oxidation (AO) of 0.16 ± 0.003 nmol L−1 d−1 occurred in the upper oxycline at O2 concentrations of 10–30 µmol L−1 which coincided with highest archaeal amoA transcripts/genes. Oxygen responses of N2O production varied with substrate, but production and yields were generally highest below 10 µmol L−1 O2. Particulate organic matter additions increased N2O production by denitrification up to 5-fold suggesting increased N2O production during times of high particulate organic matter export. High N2O yields of 2.1 % from AO were measured, but the overall contribution by AO to N2O production was still an order of magnitude lower than that of denitrification. Hence, these findings show that denitrification is the most important N2O production process in low oxygen conditions fueled by organic carbon supply, which implies a positive feedback of the total oceanic N2O sources in response to increasing oceanic deoxygenation.
Understanding snow bedform formation by adding sintering to a cellular automata model
Authors: Sharma Varun , Braud Louise , Lehning Michael
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Cellular-automata-based modelling for simulating snow bedforms and snow deposition is introduced in this study. The well-known ReSCAL model, previously used for sand bedforms, is adapted for this purpose by implementing a simple sintering mechanism. The effect of sintering is first explored for solitary barchan dunes of different sizes and flow conditions. Three types of behaviour are observed: small barchans continue their motion without any perceptible difference while large barchans sinter immediately. Barchans of intermediate size split, leaving behind a sintered core and a smaller barchan is formed. It is found that sintering introduces an upper limit to the size of bedforms that can remain mobile. The concept of “maximum streamwise length” (MSL) is introduced and MSL is identified for different wind speeds using the solitary dune scenario. Simulations of the full evolution from an initially flat snow layer to a complex dune field are performed next. It is found that the largest bedforms lie below the MSL threshold. Additionally, it is found that shallow snow layers are most susceptible to mechanical destabilization by the wind.
Consistent variability but different spatial patterns between
observed and reanalysed sea-ice thickness
Authors: Siponen Joula , Uotila Petteri , Rinne Eero , Tietsche Steffen
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Changes in sea-ice thickness are one of the most visible signs of climate change. However, to gain a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms involved, long time series are needed. Importantly, the development of more accurate predictions of sea ice in the Arctic requires good observational products. To assist this, a new sea-ice thickness product by ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) is here compared to the ocean reanalysis ORAS5 by ECMWF for the first time. The CCI product is based on two satellite altimetry missions, CryoSat-2 and ENVISAT, which are combined to the longest continuous satellite altimetry time series of Arctic-wide sea-ice thickness, 2002–2017 and continuing. Time series of sea-ice volume for the CCI coverage reveal years of extremely low volume as well as recovery during the winter season. The 15-year trends in sea-ice volume are clearly negative over the time series and despite large variability between years statistically significant. The 15-year ORAS5 trends have larger interannual variability than the CCI trends and are therefore not statistically significant despite of a good match in terms of year-to-year variability. The observed negative trends result from changes in both atmospheric and oceanic forcing. The CCI product performs well in the validation of the ORAS5 reanalysis: overall root-mean-square difference (RMSD) between sea-ice thickness from CCI and ORAS5 is below 1 m. However, seasonal and interannual RMSD variations during the time series are large, from 0.5 m to 1.3 m. The differences are a sum of reanalysis biases, such as incorrect physics or forcing, as well as uncertainties in satellite altimetry, such as the snow climatology used in the thickness retrieval.
The Economic Impact of Climatic Variations on Ivorian Rice Farming
Authors: Béké Tite Ehuitché , Sobia Aïssata
Published: December 2019

This study analyzes the economic impact of climatic variations on rice cultivation in Côte d'Ivoire. It attempts to respond to the lack of academic study at the national level and then to introduce a new approach that corrects the bias of the traditional Ricardian approach. We estimate an endogenous switching regression model to control for the effect of irrigation using a survey data from a national sample of 895 rice farmers. The results of our estimates show that Ivorian rice cultivation is significantly affected by variations and dispersion of rainfall. The elasticity of farmers’ net income in relation to rainfall is 0.47 in rain-fed systems and 2.89 in irrigated systems. A decrease in the annual rainfall volume affects negatively the yield of farms both in rain-fed and irrigated systems. However, irregular rainfall or greater annual dispersion of precipitation has a negative impact only on the yield of rain-fed farms. Indeed, irrigation practices make it possible to respond effectively to highly dispersed precipitation during the year. The results suggest that farmer training, support services, and irrigation practices are the relevant options to better adapt rice farming to climatic variations.