bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instrumented BASFI (iBASFI) Shows Promising Reliability and Validity in the Assessment of Activity Limitations in Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Swinnen Thijs Willem , Milosevic Milica , Van Huffel Sabine , Dankaerts Wim , Westhovens Rene , de Vlam Kurt
Published: June 2016

Objective.

The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) is the most popular method to assess activity capacity in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), to our knowledge. It is endorsed by the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society. But it may have recall bias or aberrant self-judgments in individual patients. Therefore, we aimed to (1) develop the instrumented BASFI (iBASFI) by adding a body-worn accelerometer with automated algorithms to performance-based measurements (PBM), (2) study the iBASFI’s core psychometric properties, and (3) reduce the number of iBASFI items.

Methods.

Twenty-eight patients with axSpA wore a 2-axial accelerometer while completing 12 PBM derived from the BASFI. A chronometer and both manual and “automated algorithm-based” acceleration segmentation identified movement time. Test-retest trials and methods (algorithm vs manual segmentation/chronometer/BASFI) were compared with ICC, standard error of measurement [percentage of movement time (SEM%)], and Spearman ρ correlation coefficients. Linear regression identified the optimal set of reliable iBASFI PBM.

Results.

Good to excellent test-retest reliability was found for 8/12 iBASFI items (ICC range 0.812–0.997, SEM range 0.4–30.4%), typically with repeated and fast movements. Automated algorithms excellently mimicked manual segmentation (ICC range 0.900–0.998) and the chronometer (ICC range 0.878–0.998) for 10/12 iBASFI items. Construct validity compared with the BASFI was confirmed for 7/12 iBASFI items (δ range 0.504–0.755). Together, sit-to-stand speed test (stBeta 0.483), cervical rotation (stBeta −0.392), and height (stBeta −0.375) explained 59% of the variance in the BASFI (p < 0.01).

Conclusion.

The proof-of-concept iBASFI showed promising reliability and validity in measuring activity capacity. The number of the iBASFI’s PBM may be minimized, but further validation in larger axSpA cohorts is needed before its clinical use.
The Minimum Clinically Important Improvement and Patient-acceptable Symptom State in the BASDAI and BASFI for Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Kviatkovsky Milla Johanna , Ramiro Sofia , Landewé Robert , Dougados Maxime , Tubach Florence , Bellamy Nicholas , Hochberg Marc , Ravaud Philippe , Martin-Mola Emilio , Awada Hassane , Bombardier Claire , Felson David , Hajjaj-Hassouni Najia , Logeart Isabelle , Matucci-Cerinic Marco , van de Laar Mart , van der Heijde Désirée
Published: June 2016

Objective.

To establish cutoffs for the minimum clinically important improvement (MCII) and the patient-acceptable symptom state (PASS) for the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods.

Patients with AS who started nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs were included. After 4 weeks, the PASS and the MCII were defined using external anchor questions (for the PASS, patients considering their condition of AS over the prior 48 h as “acceptable” forever; and for the MCII, those reporting moderate or slightly important improvement). Consistency of the MCII and PASS were tested according to HLA-B27 status, presence/absence of SpA extraarticular manifestations, age, sex, disease duration, and baseline BASDAI/BASFI score. The 75th percentile of the cumulative distribution was used to determine the MCII and PASS.

Results.

In total, 283 patients from a multinational cohort were included. Overall cutoffs for the PASS were 4.1 in the BASDAI and 3.8 in the BASFI. Cutoffs for the MCII were 0.7 and 0.4 for the BASDAI and BASFI, respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that disease duration and baseline BASDAI/BASFI were significantly associated with the PASS and MCII. In a subanalysis limited to patients with active disease (baseline BASDAI ≥ 4), the MCII was 1.1 for the BASDAI and 0.6 for the BASFI.

Conclusion.

The conceptual viability of the PASS for the BASDAI is questionable because levels approach those required for the start of biological therapy. Because the MCII is less variable than the PASS, we propose its exclusive use, with cutoffs of 1.1/0.6 for the BASDAI/BASFI in patients with active disease. Because these values are based on a subset of the study population, we recommend confirmation in larger studies focused on patients with baseline BASDAI ≥ 4.
Gottron Papules and Gottron Sign with Ulceration: A Distinctive Cutaneous Feature in a Subset of Patients with Classic Dermatomyositis and Clinically Amyopathic Dermatomyositis
Authors: Cao Hua , Xia Qunli , Pan Meng , Zhao Xiaoqing , Li Xia , Shi Ruofei , Zhou Min , Ding Xiaoyi , Kuwana Masataka , Zheng Jie
Published: June 2016

Objective.

Gottron papules and Gottron sign are characteristic and possibly pathognomonic cutaneous features of classic dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (DM/CADM). However, the Gottron papules/Gottron sign with cutaneous ulceration (ulcerative Gottron papules/Gottron sign) are less common. We aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics of patients with DM/CADM who have ulcerative Gottron papules/Gottron sign.

Methods.

Clinical features, laboratory findings, and prognosis of patients with DM/CADM who had Gottron papules/Gottron sign with or without ulceration were analyzed and compared.

Results.

Occurrences of acute interstitial pneumonia/subacute interstitial pneumonia (AIP/SIP) were significantly higher in patients with ulcerative Gottron papules/Gottron sign (19/26) versus patients with Gottron papules/Gottron sign without ulceration (2/66, p < 0.001). We also observed that the white blood cell counts (mean ± SD 4.2 ± 1.6 vs 6.9 ± 2.9; p < 0.001) and creatine kinase (CK) levels (198.0 ± 377.7 vs 1364.0 ± 2477.0; p = 0.019) were significantly lower, whereas the positive rate of antimelanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody (anti-MDA5; 88.5% vs 6.1%, p < 0.001) and serum ferritin levels (665.2 ± 433.5 vs 256.2 ± 279.0, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the patients with ulcerative Gottron papules/Gottron sign. Moreover, the cumulative survival rate of the group with ulcerative Gottron papules/Gottron sign was significantly lower (p < 0.001).

Conclusion.

Patients with DM/CADM who have ulcerative Gottron papules/Gottron sign, positive anti-MDA5 antibody, and significantly lower baseline CK level are at increased risk of interstitial lung disease, especially AIP/SIP. A new designation for this subgroup of patients should be established to draw more attention to this clinical entity.
La Grundgestalt schœnbergienne : éléments d’explication
Authors: Floirat Bernard
Published: June 2016

La Grundgestalt est un des fondements de la théorie de Schœnberg. Pour autant, il ne donne pas de véritable définition de ce concept dans ses écrits. L’objet de cet article est de situer historiquement la Grundgestalt , d’en clarifier la définition et de mettre en évidence son intégration à deux autres concepts schœnbergiens, l’ idée musicale et la variation développante . Cette étude permet de mieux cerner les processus de la création musicale chez Schœnberg.
Le « PT light » en campagne
Authors: Goirand Camille
Published: June 2016

Depuis sa création en 1980, le Parti des travailleurs (PT) n’a pas cessé d’élargir son électorat, avec un tournant décisif au début des années 2000, représenté par l’élection de son dirigeant historique, Lula, à la présidence de la République. Avec l’accès à la gestion des affaires publiques, locales et nationales, ses dirigeants se sont professionnalisés en politique, leurs ressources se sont accrues, les équilibres internes à l’organisation ont été modifiés, de même que les modalités de l’ancrage social du parti. De ces changements, les campagnes électorales constituent un bon révélateur. Cet article s’appuie sur des matériaux ethnographiques recueillis à l’occasion de différentes campagnes électorales entre 1994 et 2010. Dans un premier temps, après avoir décrit le « temps de la politique » au Brésil, il montre la transformation des campagnes électorales du PT, au niveau national et au niveau local, dans l’État du Pernambouc. Dans un second temps, il rend compte de l’observation de plusieurs meetings organisés par des candidats locaux du PT, qui sont révélateurs de la segmentation de l’organisation, de l’individualisation des stratégies en son sein et de l’absence de linéarité dans le processus de changement.
Politisations différentielles et acculturations mutuelles en contexte autoritaire
Authors: Bennani-Chraïbi Mounia
Published: June 2016

L’observation ethnographique des politisations différentielles pendant une campagne électorale en contexte autoritaire changeant est un analyseur privilégié de plusieurs processus. Sur un plan empirique, elle donne à voir les modalités diversifiées d’appropriation du moment électoral par les acteurs, les tentatives d’ajustement d’une partie de la gauche marocaine à la perte de son électorat de granit et aux transformations du marché électoral, mais également un mouvement de fond : celui de l’inversion ponctuelle du principe censitaire, en lien avec la désertion des urnes par les plus dotés culturellement et matériellement et avec la mutation du vote urbain populaire. Sur un plan théorique, l’examen des tâtonnements en œuvre – avant leur naturalisation – permet de poursuivre le dialogue entre les travaux sur le clientélisme politique et sur la politisation, au croisement des approches socio-historiques et de sociologie politique, en contextes autoritaires et démocratiques. Il montre l’intérêt de dépasser les oppositions entre conceptions restrictives et extensives de la politisation, pour se saisir processuellement et in situ des politisations différentielles des acteurs, des registres et des pratiques.
Quantitative Characteristics of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Corresponding Areas of Increased Autofluorescence at the Margin of Geographic Atrophy in Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Hariri Amir H. , Nittala Muneeswar G. , Sadda SriniVas R.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) characteristics of the junctional zone corresponding to areas of increased autofluorescence (IAF) at the margin of geographic atrophy (GA) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

SD-OCT and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) images from untreated eyes with GA available from archived studies at Doheny Image Reading Center were evaluated. Areas of definite decreased autofluorescence (DDAF) corresponding to GA, and areas of IAF at the margins of the GA were manually segmented. Eyes with evidence of IAF were selected. Following manual registration of FAF and OCT data, areas of IAF and normal fluorescence were correlated with OCT features at these locations.

RESULTS:

Thirty eyes were included. The mean retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) thickness in areas of IAF was 40.6 µm ± 7.69 µm, compared to 28.8 µm ± 7.09 µm in normal adjacent areas (
P
< .001).

CONCLUSION:

Regions of IAF at the junctional zone of GA lesions appear to correspond to thickening of the presumed RPE band on OCT.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:523–527.]
Comparison of Ranibizumab 0.5 mg Versus 1.0 mg for the Treatment of Patients With Clinically Significant Diabetic Macular Edema: A Randomized, Clinical Trial
Authors: Ferrone Philip J. , Jonisch Jonathan
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To compare ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg for the treatment of clinically significant diabetic macular edema (CSDME).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

This was a 12-month, prospective, single-masked, randomized clinical trial. Patients with CSDME secondary to diabetic retinopathy were randomized to receive 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg of ranibizumab by intravitreal injection once monthly for 3 months and then once every other month as needed.

RESULTS:

Patients received a mean of 6.5 injections in each group during the course of this 12-month study. The mean change in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity from baseline to month 12 was +3.8 letters in the ranibizumab 0.5-mg group (n = 23) and +7.9 letters in the 1.0-mg group (n = 23;P= .92 vs. 0.5 mg). Central foveal thickness (CFT) significantly decreased from baseline to month 12 in both dose groups.

CONCLUSION:

Treatment of CSDME with ranibizumab resulted in a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity (ranibizumab 1.0 mg) and decrease in CFT and macular volume (ranibizumab 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg) from baseline to 12 months.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47:536–543.]
Endophthalmitis Associated With Glaucoma Drainage Implants
Authors: Medina Carlos A. , Butler Michelle R. , Deobhakta Avnish A. , Banitt Michael R. , Albini Thomas A. , Smiddy William E. , Berrocal Audina M. , Gedde Steven J. , Flynn Harry W.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To identify the clinical features, organisms, and treatment outcomes in patients with endophthalmitis associated with glaucoma drainage implants.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

A retrospective noncomparative case series.

RESULTS:

Of the 13 patients, exposure occurred in eight eyes, including exposure of the tube in four eyes, exposure of the patch graft in three eyes, and exposure of the plate in one eye. In the remaining five eyes, either recent implant placement or conjunctival revision occurred. The most common organism was
Staphylococcus epidermidis
(five eyes). Intravitreal antibiotics were administered in all eyes, with the exception of one eye (primary evisceration). Removal of the implant was performed in six eyes and evisceration or enucleation was performed in three eyes. Median pre-infection visual acuity was 20/80 (range: 20/30 to hand motion). Visual acuity at last follow-up was no light perception (five eyes), light perception (two eyes), hand motion (one eye), and better than or equal to 20/200 (five eyes).

CONCLUSION:

Clinical features associated with endophthalmitis include implant exposure and a history of recent surgery.
Staphylococcus epidermidis
was the most common isolate. Although removal of the implant was performed in many patients, successful treatment was accomplished in some patients without removal. Visual outcomes were generally poor.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:563–569.]
Laser Marking of the Meridian of Retinal Breaks at the Ora: A Novel Technique for Pneumatic Retinopexy
Authors: Yan Peng , Minaker Samuel , Mandelcorn Efrem D.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Localization of retinal breaks in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after pneumatic retinopexy (PR) can be challenging once the retina is reattached. Laser can be applied to the pigmented and always-attached ora serrata in the meridian of the retinal breaks prior to pneumatic retinopexy, resulting in subsequent rapid localization of the breaks even in the presence of a gas bubble or media opacity.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Ten cases of indirect laser photocoagulation marking at the ora prior to intraocular gas injection in PR for RRD. Subsequent laser retinopexy was completed 48 hours after utilizing the landmarks at the ora to localize the reattached retinal breaks.

RESULTS:

In all 10 cases, laser photocoagulation marking was easily applied to the ora in the meridian of the retinal breaks prior to gas injection with no complications. The retinal breaks were subsequently identified 48 hours after gas injection.

CONCLUSION:

Laser marking of the ora prior to pneumatic retinopexy is a rapid and effective way to localize the re-attached retina breaks.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:570–572.]
Value of OCT Angiography in the Diagnosis of Choroidal Neovascularization Complicating Multiple Evanescence White Dot Syndrome
Authors: Nozaki Miho , Hamada Satoshi , Kimura Masayo , Yoshida Munenori , Ogura Yuichiro
Published: June 2016

This report describes a 19-year-old patient with the rare association of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Despite the initial diagnosis of MEWDS, her vision significantly decreased. Fluorescein angiography showed dye leakage and pooling at the macula, whereas optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed cystoid macular edema and serous neuroepithelial elevation. The dye leakage and pooling made it impossible to diagnose CNV. However, OCT angiography (OCTA) revealed a vascular structure in the outer retina, thereby leading to the CNV diagnosis. Visual acuity improved after an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection. OCTA proved to be useful in the diagnosis of CNV.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:580–584.]
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Demonstration of Choroidal Neovascularization in Malattia Leventinese
Authors: Corbelli Eleonora , Corvi Federico , Carnevali Adriano , Querques Lea , Zucchiatti Ilaria , Bandello Francesco , Querques Giuseppe
Published: June 2016

In a case of Malattia Leventinese, optical coherence tomography angiography led to the diagnosis of type 1 neovascularization, despite absence of evidence on conventional dye-based angiography. The authors hypothesize that, at least in some cases, accumulation of subretinal fluid in Malattia Leventinese could be due to a subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) neovascular component rather than creation of hydrophobic barrier at the RPE and Bruch's membrane.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:602–604.]
‘The Impact of Culture on Tourists' Online Information Search Behaviour
Authors: Michopoulou Eleni , Moisa Delia Gabriela
Published: June 2016

This chapter looks into the concept of culture and its impacts on travellers' online information search behaviour. The study is focused on two culturally diametric countries: United Kingdom and China (Hofstede, 2001) and they have been selected as case studies, representing values from the Western and the Asian cultures. In order to examine the effects of culture on online search behaviours, the research adopted a qualitative approach, and data was collected through interviews in order to enhance and elaborate the understanding on the subject studied. The results of this study show that culture influences the travellers' behaviour in the online environment, up to a certain extent, and as a result of this influences, different behavioural patterns between the British and the Chinese travellers emerged. Moreover, these findings bring implications for the marketers aiming at the British and the Chinese tourists, and they highlight the need to adopt different strategies in designing and marketing their tourism products for these two particular markets.
Poverty as a Tourism Attraction
Authors: Privitera Donatella
Published: June 2016

The visit of the favela or slum into a tourist destination is seen as a part of the so-called reality tours phenomenon and of the global circulation of the favela as a trademark. Tourist behaviour involves a search for leisure experiences from interactions with features or characteristics of places they choose to visit. Examples are the favelas in Brazil, the township of South Africa, the slum in India that have led to different definitions of “slum tourism”, “poor-poor tourism”, “reality tourism”. Web heavily affect today most of the online activities and their effect on tourism is obviously rather important. The aim of the chapter is to discuss about slum tourism definitions. At the same time, taking Reality Tours and Travel - a wholesaler slum websites - as a case, this study attempts to explore issues of the quality of strategic choices on the web. Considering that the content of web site includes a wide variety of technologies, is important that website offer also interactivity with e-tourists. Through the results of the study, it is possible to gain knowledge of the slum e-tourism.
Tourism in East Timor
Authors: Allis Thiago , Barbosa dos Santos Maria Helena Mattos
Published: June 2016

The objective of this chapter is to organize, analyze and discuss information on tourism development in the Democratic Republic of East Timor, based on efforts from “development partners” countries between 2007 and 2011, principles of 2011 Development Strategic Plan (PED) and government programs from 2007 on. The analytical framework emerges from discussions on tourism in post-conflict countries and dependence and autonomy issues within post-colonial contexts. From a methodological perspective, reflections on East Timor are result of reading and government programs analysis since 2007, PED (2011-2030) and international cooperation reports from May 2012. In short, one observes in parallel to the slow growth of tourism in the island and the increase of the relevance of this issue in national documents that objective actions on behalf of tourism development in East Timor have been virtually absent in terms of international cooperation– even though they have been indirectly identifiable.
Tourism and Crisis
Authors: Taylor Faye
Published: June 2016

Numerous researchers have highlighted a relative lack of academic attention directly addressing the influence of political economy on achieving sustainability in post-disaster reconstruction (Klein, 2008; Hystad and Keller, 2008; Olsen, 2000; Faulkner, 2001; Glaesser, 2003; Ritchie, 2004). This chapter therefore extends existing academic debates and studies in a number of areas, drawing upon the context of Thailand in the post-Asian tsunami era. In existing academic debates concerning the political economy of post-disaster reconstruction there is a trend towards disaster capitalism (Klein, 2005; Harvey, 2007; Saltman, 2007a). However, this did not occur on Phi Phi. Despite claims of a ‘clean slate' being offered by the tsunami in developmental terms (Pleumarom, 2004; UNDP, 2005; Dodds, 2011; Ko, 2005; Nwankwo and Richardson, 1994; Rice, 2005; Altman, 2005; Brix, 2007; Ghobarah et al., 2006; Dodds et al., 2010), this chapter provides explanation of why this did not and would never exist on Phi Phi, a finding that may be applied to other destinations in a post-disaster context.
Understanding the Indiscipline of Tourism
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano E. , Mustelier Lourdes Cisneros , Herrera Sylvia
Published: June 2016

Over last years, the current growth of tourism flourished in a wealth of courses, Ph.Ds., Masters and academic offerings that positioned tourism as a good perspective for students. Jafar Jafari signaled to the term “scientifization of tourism” to explain the ever-increasing attention given to this new field (Jafari & Aeser, 1988; Jafari, 1990, 2005). At a first stage, the great volume of bibliographic production offered an encouraging prospect in the pathways towards the maturation of this discipline. However, some epistemologists have recently alerted that not only tourism-research failed to develop a unified consensus of what tourism is, but also lack of a coherent epistemology that helps organizing the produced material. In this respect, tourism is subject now to an atmosphere of “indiscipline” where the produced knowledge leads to scattered (limited) conclusions.
National Board Certification in North Carolina
Authors: Petty Teresa , Good Amy J. , Handler Laura K.
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this study is to report National Board Certified Teachers' (NBCTs) motivators for pursuing National Board Certification. The guiding research question for this study, “Why do teachers pursue National Board Certification?” was explored. A total of 496 NBCTs currently teaching in North Carolina public schools completed the survey questionnaire in which they responded to demographic questions, Likert item questions, and open-ended questions. Thematic analysis revealed several reoccurring themes that NBCTs revealed having influence on their pursuit of certification. These included impact on financial incentives, improved teaching, professionalism, challenge and encouragement from others.
A Meta-Synthesis of WBT and Active Learning Pedagogies
Authors: Brobeck David George , Digianantonio Alan J , Elia Michelle J
Published: June 2016

The primary purpose of this chapter is to contribute to the body of professional development literature on the practical application of active learning methods for a variety of content-rich lessons. An examination on current research on the brain and learning provides a framework for exploring how Whole Brain Teaching can actively engage learners. Specific examples demonstrate Whole Brain Teaching in the college classroom and adult-leaning situations. Readers will be able to apply ideas and emerge as engaged participants capable of investigating their own practice, as well as develop strategies to adapt.
Teachers as First Responders
Authors: Lederman Sheri G. , Torff Bruce
Published: June 2016

Effective instruction begins at the level of each individual student in a classroom. It is not enough for educators to simply assess prior content knowledge at the beginning of the school year in order to develop an appropriate instructional program. Teachers should have knowledge of executive functions (EF), the cognitive processes associated with active learning and work production. Educators must be prepared with the tools and strategies to assess the foundational EF capacities of working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility that are essential to the learning process. Preservice training and inservice professional development that prioritize instructional strategies to further EF abilities can fill the current gap in pedagogical approaches, potentially improving the academic outcomes of students.
Stress Management to Enhance Teaching Quality and Teaching Effectiveness
Authors: Hartney Elizabeth
Published: June 2016

Teaching has been identified as one of the most stressful professions, with a high attrition rate resulting from teacher stress and burnout. This chapter addresses the problem of how to enhance teaching quality and effectiveness by providing teachers with professional development in stress management, specific to the stressors of teaching. Existing research has clearly identified the key stressors for teachers, and evidence-based stress management approaches have been shown to be effective in mitigating teacher stress and improving teaching quality. However, there is little evidence that such professional development approaches have become integrated into the teacher training or continuing professional development curricula for teachers. Consequently, the aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of how teaching quality can be improved with a professional development framework of targeted approaches in stress management, which are aligned with the needs of individual teachers and whole schools.
Potentials and Challenges of a Situated Professional Development Model
Authors: Cisterna Dante , Gotwals Amelia Wenk , Kintz Tara M , Lane John , Roeber Edward
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to describe a statewide professional development program designed to improve teachers' knowledge and practices around formative assessment. The authors describe three key characteristics that guided the program design: (1) providing a framework for formative assessment; (2) providing opportunities for flexible implementation; and (3) providing support for capacity development. The chapter provides examples of the ways the program was instantiated at the local level, discusses the potentials and challenges related to the professional development implementation, and illustrates connections to teacher learning about formative assessment. The authors provide recommendations that may help individuals who design and deliver professional development that balance large-scale program expectations (e.g., state-level) with local and situated contexts of implementation. General implications for the design and enactment of situated professional development models are also described.
Preparing Urban Educators to Address Diversity and Equity through Field-Based Teacher Education
Authors: Kennedy Adam S. , Heineke Amy J.
Published: June 2016

This chapter presents a case for field-based teacher preparation through mutually beneficial community partnerships in diverse urban contexts. Such models are a response to calls for change in teacher education, as well as to current policies and research on the central role of field experiences. Extant research is shared on partnerships as a key context for developing programs with depth, effectiveness, and sustainability. Next, information is presented about the development and implementation of one field-based teacher education program designed around mutually beneficial partnerships to prepare effective urban educators. Key themes and practices are demonstrated through data-based vignettes of collaborative field experiences with urban educators. These cases involve unique preparation experiences, stakeholders, and roles, but also serve as illustrations of the ways in which partnerships aimed at achieving mutual benefit must undergo continuous evaluation and redesign. Recommendations for iterative design and implementation of field-based models are offered.
#UrbanLivesMatter
Authors: Webster Nicole , Coffey Heather , Ash Anthony
Published: June 2016

In an era marked by major political and social change, teachers of urban students must be prepared to engage and appreciate an ever-changing demographic of learners who come from backgrounds different from their own. In this chapter, we discuss the need for professional development embedded in culturally responsive teaching, multicultural education, and critical literacy, all of which have the power to incite social action. We posit that social action has the potential to empower and engage urban learners in meaningful ways. We believe this work fills the gap that exists in the literature regarding urban education and social and political movements
Teacher Quality in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Byker Erik Jon , Xu Tingting , Chen Juan
Published: June 2016

In the twenty-first century, teachers and those who are preparing to become teachers are situated in a global and technological context. Such context necessitates that high quality teachers help to equip their learners to navigate an interconnected and interdependent world. Society's interconnectedness and interdependence means that the decisions made by an individual and a community affect the lives of other human beings around the world (Herrera, 2012). Being globally competent means understanding how the world is interrelated and the ways people can make a difference each other's lives. The purpose of this chapter is to describe and report on ways to develop globally competent teachers. The chapter also reports on the authors' empirical studies related to international perspectives on teacher preparation and the development of global competencies. The chapter concludes with empirical and practitioner-oriented recommendations for preparing high quality teachers to also be global competent.
Induction of Teachers in the English Speaking Caribbean
Authors: Baker-Gardner Ruth
Published: June 2016

This chapter examines the implementation of teacher induction programs to assist new teachers in the Anglophone Caribbean who, like their counterparts in other parts of the world, face a steep learning curve in the first five years of employment. The programs are part of a wider regional thrust to improve academic performance, and they are as varied as the territories in which they exist. A description of the programs implemented in each territory is presented. Information for the description was garnered directly from the ministries of education of each territory and also from their websites. This is followed by a summary of the findings of the research on induction available from Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Belize. It was discovered that all territories have implemented some form of induction program, and that these programs are beneficial to new teachers. The programs also have shortcomings which can be mitigated by the implementation of the recommendations proposed in the Draft Framework of Generic Teaching Performance and Academic Standards.
A Call for Mixed Methods in Evaluating Teacher Preparation Programs
Authors: Cash Anne Henry
Published: June 2016

This chapter describes current and future approaches to evaluating teacher preparation programs. Available assessments and common preparation pathways are reviewed. Obstacles to conducting evaluation for the purposes of continuous improvement are described. Recommendations are provided for using quantitative and qualitative methods to identify features of teacher preparation programs that have the strongest impact on graduates' performance and retention, such that teacher preparation programs may act on this knowledge for the purpose of continuous improvement. Next steps for teacher preparation programs include improving assessment capacity, identifying mediators and moderators of graduate outcomes, utilizing experimental methods when possible, and continuing qualitative work to inform program improvement.
Examining the Relationship Among Teachers' Working Conditions, Stress, and Professional Trajectory
Authors: Fitchett Paul G. , Lineback Sally , McCarthy Christopher J. , Lambert Richard G.
Published: June 2016

Teacher attrition can have a disruptive effect within a school, negatively impacting student learning. Moreover, teachers' reported working conditions are an important factor in determining whether they leave or stay within the field. The majority of research examining workplace climate in schools fails to consider the perceptual nature of these reports and how they might be related to teachers' risk for stress and other occupational health measures. This chapter provides an overview of the research relating teacher working conditions to teacher mobility and other workplace dispositions. Then, the authors present the transactional stress model as an alternative to traditional approaches for examining teacher mobility. Policy implications for educational agencies, schools, and teacher education are then presented.
Secondary Education and Content Literacy in Inclusive Classrooms
Authors: Smith Nichole Lynnette , Waegerle Dawn C.
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this research study was to examine the impact on teachers' understanding and use of content literacy strategies at the secondary level. Teachers' perceptions, perspectives, understanding and implementation of content literacy practices were examined over six months to determine study effects. In the voluntary professional development (PD) series, participants completed pre- and post- PD surveys, pre- and post- PD focus group interviews, pre- and post- PD peer and researcher observations, along with online and face-to-face PD sessions. It was expected that the participants' content literacy teaching practices would increase by participating in this multidimensional sustained PD project.
Successive Spin-Correlated Local Processes Underlying the Magnetism in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors and Related Magnetic Materials
Authors: Andriotis Antonis N. , Menon Madhu
Published: June 2016

Recent works have suggested that the defect induced magnetism in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors (DMSs), Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) and related materials is facilitated and enhanced by codoping and the synergistic action between the codopants. In the present work we demonstrate that the proposed defect synergy is the result of the interplay among correlated spin-polarization processes which take place in a successive way in neighborhoods centered at the codopants and include their first nearest neighbors. These processes result in a reduction in the superexchange coupling which in turn causes an enhancement in the ferromagnetic coupling (FMC) among the magnetic dopants. The proposed FMC is demonstrated using ab initio calculations of the electronic properties of codoped ZnO, GaN and TiO2.
Integrated Computational Materials Engineering for Determining the Set Points of Unit Operations for Production of a Steel Product Mix
Authors: Shukla Rishabh , Anapagaddi Ravikiran , Singh Amarendra K. , Allen Janet K. , Panchal Jitesh H. , Mistree Farrokh
Published: June 2016

Manufacturing a steel product mix (bar, rod, sheet) involves a series of unit operations - primary steel making, secondary steel making (ladle refining and tundish operation), continuous casting, reheating, rolling and annealing. The properties of the final product depend significantly on how each unit operation is carried out. Each unit operation must be operated to meet the requirements of the subsequent operations. The requirements imposed on a particular unit operation are often conflicting and compromises must be made. Also, there is high degree of uncertainty in the operating parameters of each unit operation, which may lead to considerable deviations from the anticipated performance. To ensure that the final quality specifications of the product is not sacrificed and the customer requirements are met, it is essential to manage the conflict and uncertainty involved in each unit operation of the manufacturing process. In this chapter, we illustrate the use of compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP) construct and ternary plots to overcome the challenges involved in one of the unit operations, namely, the tundish. The construct can be instantiated for other unit operations to cover the entire manufacturing cycle. Exploring the effects of system variables for each process step through experiments and plant trials is time consuming and very costly. The proposed method allows for faster design exploration of the process and thereby provides a reduced search space to a process designer. The process designer, with reduced experimentation requirements, can explore the narrowed search space to find the operating set points for a tundish. This, in turn, reduces the time and cost involved in production of a steel product mix with a new grade of steel in industry.
Dynamic Leadership
Authors: White Myron Devere
Published: June 2016

This chapter focuses on the need for new ontologies and methodologies as it relates to Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and their competitiveness on a global educational landscape, particularly as they try to maintain high standards of excellence in student enrollment and involvement, research and educational opportunities, and most importantly, in funding. HBCUs, despite their rich history and legacy, have come under some harsh criticism in the past, but more recently, the issues have related to fiscal mismanagement and to organizational structure problems. This chapter explores the constructs of alignment of strategy, understanding of organizational culture, promotion of empowerment, and development of organizational trust as they relate to the HBCU environment and how these factors can relate to increased positive visibility and funding opportunities for these institutions. Leadership in these environments has to be both transformational and authentic, focusing on new ways to bring partnerships, innovation, and collaborative leadership to the institution.
Establishing a Media Literacy Cognate at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Cubbage Jayne
Published: June 2016

This study explores the need as well as the feasibility of implementing a media literacy cognate at Historically Black Colleges and Universities nationwide. Of the approximately 40 colleges and universities with media studies or communications departments or schools, only three offer a named media literacy course. Similarly, of the communications and media programs with ACEJMC accreditation, only one, Howard University offers a media literacy course. Using diffusion of information theory to explore the knowledge of and eventual adoption of media literacy courses at HBCUs, the study seeks to provide an introduction to schools about their need to teach media literacy to students across the college and university curriculum.
Communicative Content of Selected Visual Construction of Humour on Facebook
Authors: Olaosun Ibrahim Esan
Published: June 2016

This paper socio-critically analyses some visual constructions of humour on Facebook. Based on 17 visual data, gathered through the method of extensive Internet Ethnography, the paper indicates that members of the Facebook networking site are informal misogelasts, who through the methods of digital cloning, image cropping and digital impersonation, generate or appropriate visual materials and post such to generate social/communicational humour. Using insights from Visual Social Semiotics proposed by Hodge and Kress (1988) and Critical Social Semiotics espoused by Caldas-Couthard, Carmen Rosa and Van Leeuwen Theo (2003), analyses reveal that constructed visual humour incorporates and interrogates such social phenomena as religion, education, morals, love, health and politics. The paper concludes that Facebook is not just a site for meeting new faces and interacting with them but also a medium for obtaining information on these social phenomena and how they are represented in the minds of individuals.
Language and Humour in Cameroon Social Media
Authors: Tabe Camilla Arundie
Published: June 2016

This chapter explores language use that incites laughter in Cameroon e-mail, Facebook, Yahoo Messenger and mobile telephone SMS. The incongruity and the incongruity-resolution theory (Ritchie, 1999; Mulder & Nijholt, 2002) and Gricean maxims were useful in the analysis of 270 electronic chats and messages. Results indicate patterns of language that create humour like flouting of Gricean maxims, special repetition of punctuation marks, sound devices, emoticons and hyperbole. Cameroonians employ these humorous linguistic forms for pleasure, intimacy and to maintain cultural values. It was established that the Facebook platform was more hospitable to humour than the others because all the linguistic markers that were detected to generate humour were found in it with high rates of occurrences.
Discursive Power Relations in Naijabookofjokes.com
Authors: Taiwo Rotimi
Published: June 2016

This chapter is premised on the fact that a close reading of humour can provide an insight into what is lurking in the social mind of the humorist. A critical discourse analysis of twenty-five jokes sourced from Naijabookofjoke.com, a website dedicated to jokes, mainly within the Nigerian socio-cultural setting observes the selected jokes are used to context social and symbolic order among the people, especially through the expression of power, Otherness and stereotyping. The study also reveals that jokes can either be offensive (sword) or defensive (shield) in nature. They employ literary conventions such as exaggeration, allusions, metaphors, wit, and satire to discursively express socio-cultural issues.
Processing Technologies for Green Composites Production
Authors: Verma Deepak , Joshi Garvit , Dabral Rajneesh
Published: June 2016

Green composites became a most important and adaptable theme of research. This area/theme not only harness the agricultural wastes such as bagasse fibres, banana fibres, etc. but also provides a new material manufactured from these wastes which are reduced weight, have low cost, and have high mechanical strength. Currently, there are various methods available for the processing or fabrication of green composites. Some of these methods are hand layup method, injection molding method, spray-up method, compression molding, Resin-Transfer Molding (RTM), etc. In this chapter, we are discussing about the fabrication method of green composite and their important parameters. Various properties and characterization of composite materials made by these methods have also been discussed and reported here.
Concurrent Design of Green Composites
Authors: Mansor Muhd Ridzuan , Sapuan S. M. , Salim Mohd Azli , Akop Mohd Zaid , Musthafah M. T. , Shaharuzaman M. A.
Published: June 2016

This chapter presents the overview of concurrent design process of green composite products with special focus on conceptual design stage of natural fiber composites product development. Design of green composites product especially during the early product development stage requires three main aspects in product design which are materials, design and manufacturing process to satisfy lower cost, high quality and fast development time requirements in order to ensure successful product launch into the market. In this chapter, the concurrent design process of green composite products are discussed involving several main stages in product development such as green composite materials selection for both natural fiber and matrix constituents, conceptual design development and concept design selection of green composite products, and green composites manufacturing process selection. In addition, discussion on life cycle assessment of green composites is also included in order to provide further insight of the sustainability design requirements to the overall product development process.
Rice Husk Reinforcement in Polymer Composites
Authors: Sharma Sanjay , Verma Deepak
Published: June 2016

Increasing concern about global warming and depleting petroleum reserves and the high cost of petroleum products had made scientists to focus more on the use of natural fibres such as rice husk, baggase, coconut husk, hemp, sisal, jute, flax, banana etc. Past decade has shown many efforts to develop composites to replace the Petroleum and other non-decaying material products. Reinforcement with natural fibre in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy availability, low density, acceptable, strength full, stiffness, ease of separation, enhanced energy recovery, biodegradability and recyclable in nature. Natural fibre composites are suitable as wood substitutes in the construction sector. All these have excellent physical, thermal and mechanical properties and can be utilized more effectively in the development of composite materials. In this connection, an investigation has been carried using rice husk, a natural fibre abundantly available in India.
Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Sanal Irem
Published: June 2016

Nowadays, there has been an increased interest in the applications of bio-composites based on natural fibers, with the increasing emphasis on materials and processes which are environmental friendly and sustainable. Environmental friendly, fully biodegradable reinforced polymers or ‘green' composite materials will play a major role in making the products of the future to protect our environment. The use of biodegradable and environment-friendly plant-based natural fibers has been a promising choice for polymers to make them ‘greener'. In addition to being obtained from renewable sources, natural fibers suitable for composites are biodegradable and have enhanced properties. Bamboo is an excellent example for the development of sustainable natural fibers, since it can grow very fast per day, and the fibers of bamboo have excellent mechanical performance. Additionally, research in the development of bamboo-reinforced composites should be increased in the future, considering their enhanced properties, economical benefits and environmental friendly nature.
Identity, Commitment, and Change Agency
Authors: Kochhar-Bryant Carol A.
Published: June 2016

It is becoming almost cliché to assert that doctoral scholars should integrate theory and practice and address critical problems of practice. Less charted territory, however, moves beyond integration of theory and practice to the cultivation of scholars' as committed people who possess a compass of values and vision as they act as catalysts for change in the world of practice. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the kind of cultivation needed to effect the transformation required for doctoral scholars to move beyond translation of theory to practice to the next step of catalyzing change. This chapter explores the intersection of core constructs or strands for creating scholars as change agents – identity, commitment and civic agency. These elements are examined from a theoretical framework, and in context of a case example of a doctoral program that bridges the academy and the community.