bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on high attack angle stall and spin characteristics with flight test of a general electric aircraft
Authors: Li Yadong , Zhang Junyao , Yang Fengtian , Chen Yongliang
Published: August 2021

When the aircraft is flying at high angle of attack, the local separation of the air flow on the surface of the aircraft, the linear change of aerodynamic force is destroyed, and the maneuverability and stability are reduced to varying degrees, resulting in the aircraft stalling or entering the spin. The stall characteristics and spin characteristics directly affect the safety of the aircraft. In order to analyze the stall and spin characteristics, a full-scale 6-DOF nonlinear high angle of attack dynamic model is established for a two-seater electric high aspect ratio aircraft based on the wind tunnel test data. The stall characteristics of an electric aircraft at high angle of attack are obtained by numerical simulation and analysis. According to the stall characteristics of simulation calculation, flight test is carried out to verify the reliability of numerical simulation, which provides reference for the later analysis of stall/spin test of large aspect ratio series electric aircraft at nonlinear high angle of attack.
Measurementimprovement of flow quality of slotted test section in transonic wind tunnel
Authors: Wu Shenghao , Chen Jiming , Chen Qin , Pei Haitao
Published: August 2021

Experimental studies were carried out in the 0.6 m×0.6 m continuous transonic wind tunnel of CARDC in order to investigate the flow characteristics of the slotted test section. Experimental results show that the root-mean-square deviation of axial Mach number in the model area is above 0.01 when the test section Mach number is above 1.0.Numerical simulation under the same conditions to investigate the flow characteristics of the slotted section, together with the experimental studies indicate tow phenomena may directly cause the Mach number fluctuation. Firstly, a straight section was installed to connect the nozzle and the test section in the wind tunnel. Weak shock waves due to the curvature discontinuity at the joint of the test section and the straight section contribute to Mach number fluctuation. Secondly, the open-area ratio of both the upper and lower wall of test section, each with 8 slots, is of 10%. The larger porosity leads to stronger expansion waves in the acceleration zone located at the inlet of the test section. The flow was over accelerated because of the stronger expansion wave and thus fluctuate the flow field severely. Two measures were taken to improve the flow quality of the slotted test section based on the above-mentioned analysis: ①Flexible plate instead of solid straight plate was installed to bridge nozzle and test section to eliminate the curvature discontinuity; ②Decreasing the open-area ratio of the upper and lower test section wall to 6% and the number of slots to 6. Numerical and experimental results show that the Mach number fluctuation in the model area was suppressed to a satisfactory degree.
Décapage de fil machine inoxydable à Imphy. Suivi en ligne des bains de décapage par titrimétrie
Authors: Willemin P. , Masson M. , Descemond M.
Published: August 2021

L'étude menée sur la ligne d'lmphy s.a. montre la possibilité de suivre les bains de décapage de façon simple et en temps réel, qu'ils soient mono-acide, hi-acide et éventuellement à potentiel oxydant contrôlé.

L'étude couple des observations de laboratoire et de nombreuses mesures industrielles permettant de valider la méthodologie proposée.

Une étude économique précise conforte l'intérêt de la mise en place d'une telle gestion.
Macroscopic turbulent flow via hard sphere potential
Authors: Abramov Rafail V.
Published: August 2021

In recent works, we proposed a hypothesis that the turbulence in gases could be produced by particles interacting via a potential and examined the proposed mechanics of turbulence formation in a simple model of two particles for a variety of different potentials. In this work, we use the same hypothesis to develop new fluid mechanics equations that model turbulent gas flow on a macroscopic scale. The main difference between our approach and the conventional formalism is that we avoid replacing the potential interaction between particles with the Boltzmann collision integral. Due to this difference, the velocity moment closure, which we implement for the shear stress and heat flux, relies upon the high Reynolds number condition rather than the Newton law of viscosity and the Fourier law of heat conduction. The resulting system of equations of fluid mechanics differs considerably from the standard Euler and Navier–Stokes equations. A numerical simulation of our system shows that a laminar Bernoulli jet of an argon-like hard sphere gas in a straight pipe rapidly becomes a turbulent flow. The time-averaged Fourier spectra of the kinetic energy of this flow exhibit Kolmogorov’s negative five-thirds power decay rate.
A new genus and species for Chloantheae (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Wilson Trevor C. , Radunz Evelyn A. , Chen Stephanie H. , Conn Barry J. , Henwood Murray J.
Published: August 2021

A molecular phylogeny of Chloantheae (Lamiaceae) based on a three-marker chloroplast and nuclear DNA dataset was used to test the monophyly of Lachnostachys Hook., Newcastelia F.Muell. and Physopsis Turcz. A clade consisting of at least one species from each of these genera was recovered separately from the ‘core’ Lachnostachys, Newcastelia and Physopsis clades. The members of this composite clade are here transferred to the new genus, Apatelantha T.C.Wilson & M.J.Henwood, which can be recognised by a combination of the base of the style being glabrous or with only non-glandular trichomes (glandular trichomes lacking), apex of corolla lobes (when present) acute to obtuse (not extending into an apical protrusion) and thin-textured (not distinctively thickened), pherophylls subtending three flowers, and anther connectives glabrous (sessile glands absent). A description of the new genus, together with new combinations for five species of Apatelantha, and amended descriptions of Lachnostachys, Newcastelia and Physopsis, are provided. A new species, Newcastelia clavipetala T.C.Wilson & Radunz, is described and illustrated. A taxonomic key to genera of Chloantheae, and keys to species of Lachnostachys, Newcastelia, Physopsis and Apatelantha are provided.
Hydrodynamics and mixing characteristics of packed bed biofilm reactor with varying voidage
Authors: Mitra Praneeti , Sharma Utkarsh , Magesh Kumar M. , Samdavid S.
Published: August 2021

In the present study, hydrodynamics and mixing characteristics of packed bed biofilm reactor are compared by varying voidage using MBBR media and conventional packings. The mixing characteristics are studied using conductivity method. RTD at the entrance and exit of the column is studied and compared for all the packings. The flow approached plug flow with an increase in velocity (3.02 - 5.2 cm/s) and a decrease in voidage of packing (0.92 - MBBR, 0.833 – Raschig rings, 0.45 – Plastic balls).
Energy required to transfer heat through the radiant floor of a pig nursery module
Authors: Perez-Torrado W , Espinel-Blanco E , Florez-Solano E
Published: August 2021

In the present work, the principle of underfloor heating used to maintain the temperature condition inside a pig nursery module is applied. The studied system uses gas generated in a biodigester to heat water that flows through the surface of the floor and transfers heat to the interior of the module where the piglets are located. The necessary thermal load is determined based on thermodynamic analysis considering the space where the pigs are as the control volume, which presents energy losses due to temperature difference with the outside through pairs and roof, in addition to those originated by renewal of air, in the same way, the heat losses during the flow of hot water through the pipes caused by convection between the pipe and the floor and by conduction in each of these materials are determined. The water flow and temperature required in the supply line are determined to transfer adequate heat to the interior and maintain the 33 m2space at the desired temperature according to the life stage of the piglets.
Statistical analysis of wastewater monitoring for maximum peak factor estimation
Authors: Cely-Calixto N J , Bonilla-Granados C A , Rojas-Suárez J P
Published: August 2021

The design and operation of sanitary sewerage systems are based on the knowledge of peak and the average daily wastewater flows. The maximum peak factor is obtained through the ratio of the maximum flow and the average discharge flow of wastewater generated in a system. In this sense, the maximum peak factor was estimated by monitoring wastewater flow in an urban sector of the city of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. This urban sector represents 45.6% of the sanitary sewerage of the city. Stochastic modeling of the peak flow was performed, and a mathematical model was constructed to estimate the maximum peak factor using a correlational study using statistical methodology. Through linear regression analysis, a model was obtained that estimates the value of the maximum peaking factor based on knowledge of the average daily wastewater flow. The results indicate that the model is potential, and the expression is statistically significant and satisfies the assumptions established for the classical linear regression model.
Estimating the energy impact of electric, autonomous taxis: evidence from a select market
Authors: Nunes Ashley , Huh Laurena , Kagan Nicole , Freeman Richard B
Published: August 2021

Electric, autonomous vehicles promise to address technical consumption inefficiencies associated with gasoline use and reduce emissions. Potential realization of this prospect has prompted considerable interest and investment in the technology. Using publicly available data from a select market, we examine the magnitude of the envisioned benefits and the determinants of the financial payoff of investing in a tripartite innovation in motor vehicle transportation: vehicle electrification, vehicle automation, and vehicle sharing. In contrast to previous work, we document that (a) the technology’s envisioned cost effectiveness may be impeded by previously unconsidered parameters, (b) the inability to achieve cost parity with the status quo does not necessarily preclude net increases in energy consumption and emissions, (c) these increases are driven primarily by induced demand and mode switches away from pooled personal vehicles, and (d) the aforementioned externalities may be mitigated by leveraging a specific set of technological, behavioral and logistical pathways. We quantify—for the first time—the thresholds required for each of these pathways to be effective and demonstrate that pathway stringency is largely influenced by heterogeneity in trip timing behavior. We conclude that enacting these pathways is crucial to fostering environmental stewardship absent impediments in economic mobility.
Dynamic Characteristics of Gravelly Soil Mixed with Different Fine Contents
Authors: Yang Lianjun , Liu Enlong , Peng Xu
Published: August 2021

For the purpose of investigating the influence of fine contents on the dynamic properties of mixed soil, a series of triaxial tests were conducted on the gravelly soil mixed with fine contents. The confining pressures of 100, 150, and 200 kPa were selected. The dynamic triaxial tests were carried out on the samples with 0%, 20%, and 40% fine contents respectively. The axial dynamic strain and pore water pressure curves of the specimens were obtained when different excitation forces were applied. The experimental results indicated that the strength of mixed soils presented an increasing tendency with the increase of confining pressures. Under low confining pressure, the strength increased at first then decreased with the increase of fine contents, while appearing to downtrend under high confining pressure. When the excitation force was large, the axial dynamic strain and pore water pressure increased rapidly.
Novel Antihypertension Bioactive Compounds from Rusip
Authors: Rinto R , Widiastuti I , Samudera B T
Published: August 2021

Bioactive compounds fromrusiphas function as a antihypertension which inhibit Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). They was obtained by fractionation methode. Fractionation by molecular weight ofrusipwas to separate its bioactive compounds. Steps taken for this research was extraction and fractionation ofrusip,assayed their ACE inhibition and peptide profile analysis. The results showed that there were four fractions fromrusipextract, i.e F0 (free supernatant), F1 (Molecular wight fraction > 10 kD), F2 (Molecular wight fraction 1-10 kD), and F3 (Molecular wight fraction > 1 kD) . There are three similar peptides in the Fo and F1 rusip fraction, i.e 44.78 kD, 25.90 kD and 17.18 kD, however there were no peptide in the F2 and F3 fractions. The ACE inhibitor activity of rusip fraction range for 34.40% to 97.52%, where F2 Fraction had highest ACE inhibitor activity. This research revealed those bioactive compounds which have highest activity of ACE inhibition fromrusipwas low molecular weight (under 10 kD) peptides or other biaoctives compounds.
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Method to Mitigate Harmful Environmental and Health Consequences Due to LDPE Plastic Waste
Authors: Novarini  , Kurniawan S , Rusdianasari  , Bow Y
Published: August 2021

The increase in population accompanied by using LDPE plastic bags in households, traditional markets, and other shopping places impacts increasing LDPE plastic waste. This type of LDPE plastic waste is a problem because it has no sale value then buried in the landfill because of its non-biodegradable nature. So far, the method of decomposing LDPE plastic waste in order to reduce it has been carried out using the incineration method. Gas resulting from combustion in the combustion process causes pollution to the environment and disturbs the health of living things. This problem was solved by using the Waste to Energy (WTE) method, namely pyrolysis. LDPE plastic waste as a feed is converted to fuel oil using 1 unit of pyrolysis equipment by mixing it with a 1% zeolite catalyst at a temperature of 250°C for 6 hours. The volume of the conversion product is measured, and the characteristics of kerosene and diesel fuel are analyzed. The results of the analysis show that the converted fuel oil is a type of kerosene with the amount that can be converted is 1 ml of 1 gram LDPE plastic bag.
Increase the Toughness of Material of Construction Using Heat Treatment
Authors: Chandra H , Warizal  , Dahlan H , Paramitha Eka Utami N , Tito A
Published: August 2021

The objective of this research is study on the fatigue strength and fracture behavior of DIN 34CrNiMo6 steel. The specimens were subjected to repeated torsion loading. The type of this steel generally used for turbine rotor, crankshaft, and gear. These components operate in elevation temperature and subjected by fatigue load. The test of fatigue strength were carried out under repeated torsion with variation of angle 10, 20, 30, and 40. The test temperature are also varied. on 5000C and 7000C and than compared to without heating one. The fracture surface were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to identified the influence of temperature and variation of angles. The results of studies show that either the fatigue strength or fracture surface behavior are significant different. The value of fatigue strength under cyclic torsion which is heated on 7000C is higher than 5000C and original ones. Characteristic of surface fracture using scanning electron microscope showed that the increasing of temperature also change pattern of fracture surface significantly. On 7000C heating the fracture surface is smoother than others. On the specimen without heating plastic deformation area of fracture surface is clearer than others.
Local Wisdom of the Wetland Swamps Agricultural System for a Sustainable Environment
Authors: Sakir I M , Sriati  , Saptawan A , Juniah R
Published: August 2021

This study aims to examine the floating rice nursery techniques as local wisdom of agricultural systems on wetland swamps, and the characteristics of wetland swamps. The research method used is ethnography, which aims to describe in detail the themes or perspectives that originate from the phenomenon and the interaction of individuals or groups in culture. The results showed that the Ogan ethnic in Pemulutan had carried out a wetland swamp farming system for generations. This agricultural technique utilizes wild plants such as swamp grass (berondong) and freshwater algae (reamon) as a medium for floating rice nurseries. The use of natural resources around agricultural land is a form of local wisdom in preserving the environment. Wetland swamp agro-ecosystem with local wisdom of floating rice nurseries can maintain a sustainable ecosystem and environment. The agricultural land of the Ogan community is dominated by swollen or shallow patches of around 6.289 hectares or 59,1 per cent, middle swamps of 3.309 hectares or 31 per cent, the remaining 9,9 per cent or 1.058 hectares are deep swampland. The potential land for farming which shallow land and middle land.
Interlinkage of Poverty-Hunger-Health-Wellbeing As Critically Seen For Effective Policy Anticipation on the Need for Wetland Ecosystem Reclamation: “An Argument on the Importance of Truly Sincere & Much Intense International Cooperation to Tackle Future Regional Economic Shortcoming”
Authors: Sjarkowi F
Published: August 2021

Every country with a large number of population but has got a limited stock and deposit of natural resources must always anticipate domestic problems of poverty, hunger, poorer health and declining wellbeing. However, such a classic chain of problems is no longer to be faced alone by a country, as human environment has become so borderless. Neighbouring nations of densely populated countries may frequently have to face sequence of such problems especially in years when the world undergoing an extreme condition. Anticipative collaboration among them could presumably overcome the problems in more elegant way with effective resource utilization and efficient use of funds, while all stakeholders across borders getting mutual benefit with just and pride. The countries have to determine 2-starting points of concern: 1) Focus on the most challenging problem that urgently needs solution (e.g. potential problem of hunger); 2) Focus on particular natural resource base (e.g. a portion of remaining wetland ecosystem) that each country ready to allocate. Subsequent collaborative efforts should be focused on innovative science-tech inquiry and planning appropriate programs to tackle root of the main problem as trigger to overcome all other problems.
Geo Location Dataset Analysis for Identifying Fertilizer Dealers in Vellore district Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Rajasekaran Rajkumar , Rishith Reddy Thipireddy , Gowtham Reddy Palnati , Masih Jolly
Published: August 2021

The following data article is an insight to the data – Number of Dealers for Chemical Fertilizers in Vellore District as downloaded from the website of Mobile Fertilizer Management System [1] is maintained by Department of Fertilizers, Government of India. It can be downloaded in CSV format. The data gives us the knowledge about the dealer’s unique identification number, type of dealership, name of agency, address, license validity period, and other governmental proof ids. The file contains 579 records with certain missing values of which 472 records have address and dealership details specified. The data can be visualized as an aid to farmers so as to provide them fertilizers at a minimum cost by considering farmer’s location and the availability of type of dealers specified around them.
The Potential Contribution of Senior Citizens’ Grant (SCG) Towards Nutrition Outcomes in Older Persons’ Households in Uganda
Authors: Nambooze J , Mbabazi M , Nyanzi L N , Kakande J , Nahalamba S , Mayengo H
Published: August 2021

The Senior Citizens’ Grant (SCG) is a major social protection intervention in Uganda aimed at reducing income poverty, facilitating access to social services, building a foundation for productive livelihoods, and enabling older persons to live a life of security and dignity. This study sought to generate evidence on the contribution of the SCG towards nutrition outcomes among older persons’ households in Uganda. A cross-sectional and mixed methods study design that employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. The study found out that children in older persons households consumed only 2.16±0.67 meals a day; 50% of the households were severely food insecure; mean dietary diversity Scores for children was 11.0±6.40 and 9.3% of children 6-59 months were wasted. Study findings indicated that SCG did not contribute to household food security. In future, nutrition objectives should explicitly be included in the design of social protection programmes, using a multi-sectoral approach.
Modification of Gluten-Free Starch and the Application on Cookies
Authors: Nursanty  , Yesi D , Sugiarti Y
Published: August 2021

Flour is a raw material widely used in the manufacture of food products, but the gluten content in flour can cause allergies, especially in people with Celiac Diseases. Therefor, it is needed to find alternative raw materials for flour. One way to replace flour is to use gluten-free starch and modify it to obtain specific characteristics. In this study, modifications were made to several starches, namely canna starch, cassava starch, and taro starch, by a cross-linking method using Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) with various concentrations (0%; 0.5%; 1%; 1.5%). Each best characteristic was applied in the manufacture of cookies, and then a sensory test was carried out. The best analysis results were at a concentration of 1.5% STTP with the characteristics of canna starch is 80.15% starch content, 24.42% amylose, 16.077 swelling power, and 20.67% solubility. The characteristics of Cassava starch were 61.91% starch content, 23.85% amylose, 17.157 swelling power, and 24.37% solubility. The taro starch characteristics were 67.75% starch content, 23.88% amylose, 14,823 swelling power, and 21.97% solubility. The sensory test showed that most of the panelists like cookies made from taro starch-modified.
Effectiveness of Proteins and Supernatants Isolated from Bacillus Thuringiensis-Based Bio-Insecticides Against Termites Macrotermes Gilvus (Isoptera: Termitidae)
Authors: Pujiastuti Y , Riskal A , Suparman  , Arsi A , Gunawan B , Sulistyani D P
Published: August 2021

Bacillus thuringiensis an entomopathogenic bacteria is widely used as an active bio-insecticide, including to control Macrotermes gilvus termites. The effectiveness of B. thuringiensis as a bio-insecticide can be derived from both its protein and spore activities. For this reason, research was carried out to investigate effectiveness of protein separated from spores in controlling these termites. The study was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design with two factors, namely ten isolates of B. thuringiensis (first factor) and bio-insecticide separation treatment (second factor). Propagation medium was bio-urine enriched with 5% molasses. Bio-insecticide treatment was protein and supernatant of B. thuringiensis. Isolates used were B. thuringiensis isolates indigenous South Sumatera. Results showed no differences effect among B. thuringiensis isolates. The highest spore density in a solution without separation was isolate SMR-04 (11.23 x1012 spores/ml). Average spore density in supernatant treatment was MSP isolates (6.00 x 1012 spores/ml). The highest mortality occurred in KJ3P1 isolates on supernatant application. LT50 value was in range of 0.921-1.025 days. To control M. gilvus termites with protein and supernatants caused high mortality and low LT50 value. This suggested B. thurigiensis could be a candidate for biological control agents of M. gilvus in the future.
Formulation and Evaluation of Secang Stem Extract ( Caesalpinia Sappan L ) in Decorative Cosmetics
Authors: Herawati Ety , Yulastri Lilies
Published: August 2021

Secang ( Caesalpinia sappan L ) is part of Caesalpiniaceae Familia. Orange to dark red color on skin of stem caused by brazilin in anthocyanin. Anthocyanins is a pigment that can be used in lipstick and replace lipstick dye which commonly used synthetic. This research is to formulate lipstick dye preparations using dyes from the bark of secang. The research is to formulate the lipstick dye using a color substance of Secang skin stem. Extract of Secang skin stem preparation made by the maceration method during 1x24 hour in room temperature using 70% ethanol solvent with a rotary evaporator to obtained viscous yield extract of 75%. Lipstick material is composed of carnauba wax, cera alba, cetyl alcohol, vaseline, oleum ricini, lanolin, propylene glycol, butyl hidroksitoluen, nipagin, and coloring from dye of Secang skin stem extract with a concentration of 14 %, 22 % and 30%. The test is covering, test of power smear, a test of homogeneity, point of melting test, pH test, strength and organoleptic test. The preparation of lipstick is providing the light red to dark red color who easily applied. The lipstick melting point is 64,20C; 61,90C and 60,60C. The pH value is 5; 5,7 and 6,4. The stability of colors, shapes, and smells are stable. The development of lipstick dye manufacture with extracts of Secang skin stem can be used as a substitute for synthetic dye
Understanding the experience of living well, beyond the age of 85 years: a qualitative analysis using themes from a meta-ethnography
Authors: Toye Francine , Jenkins Cathy , Barker Karen
Published: August 2021

Background

Increase in life-expectancy is not necessarily matched by an increase in quality of life.

Objective

(1) To explore the quality of life of patients over the age of 85 in the second decade following unicompartmental knee replacement surgery (2) To understand the usefulness of a priori themes from an evidence synthesis as a framework for primary qualitative analysis.

Design

Qualitative Research. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach, using a priori themes as sensitising concepts.

Participants

Adults over the age of 85 who were part of an outcomes study in the second decade following unicompartmental knee joint replacement.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews in people’s homes. Transcripts were coded and data sorted using a priori themes as sensitising concepts. Data that did not fit these themes, or that added nuance, were analysed thematically through constant comparison.

Results

We interviewed seven white women and five white men, aged 85–100. Data resonated with a priori themes and supported additional themes that help us to understand older peoples’ experience: (1) losing our autonomy can be challenging, so be kind; (2) we must take care of our own bodies and the NHS; (3) I am more afraid of not dying.

Conclusions

Findings indicate that health outcomes for older people should incorporate measures of participation and well-being; they highlight the importance of kindness in healthcare; they indicate that older people do not want to place additional burden on the NHS, and this can act as a barrier to care; they support the need for open conversations about dying well.
Organizational commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion: A strategic path forward
Authors: White Carla Y , Patel Ami , Cossari Dominique
Published: August 2021

Purpose

To describe an approach to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) strategy development at a school of pharmacy aimed at stakeholder investment and infrastructure that can address systemic challenges in various healthcare settings.

The UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy utilized an organizational approach focused on infrastructure to produce a diverse and inclusive school community. The Office of Organizational Diversity and Inclusion (ODI) established vision and mission statements to represent the school’s commitment and conducted a comprehensive environmental scan to compose a shared vision. Students, faculty, staff, and alumni participated in a series of retreats, symposiums, and focus groups to identify opportunities to cultivate a diverse and inclusive school community. A working group comprised of key leaders in the school developed and launched a 3-year DEI Strategic Plan along with initiatives and metrics for year 1. The plan’s 3 priorities were (1) to recruit and retain diverse talent, (2) to prepare culturally intelligent professionals, and (3) to build an inclusive community. The ODI collaborated with internal and external stakeholders, which included students, faculty, staff, postdocs, alumni, and partners from health systems, industry, and other institutions and organizations, to initiate, implement, and monitor progress through an organizational approach to establish accountability and greater commitment.

Conclusion

An organizational approach to DEI strategy through stakeholder engagement and infrastructure increased commitment and shared ownership among members of the school community. Applications in an organizational approach can be adapted to multiple healthcare settings to contribute to the cultural transformation necessary to develop a diverse and inclusive healthcare workforce.
Seedling defoliation may enhance survival of dominant wheatgrasses but not Poa secunda seeded for restoration in the sagebrush steppe of the Northern Great Basin
Authors: Denton Elsie M , Pyle Lysandra A , Sheley Roger L
Published: August 2021

Restoration of dryland ecosystems is often limited by low seedling establishment and survival. Defoliation caused by insects and small mammals could be an overlooked cause of seedling mortality. In the sagebrush steppe, we examined the effect of seedling defoliation on the survival of perennial grasses commonly used as restoration materials. Under field conditions, seedlings of three perennial bunchgrass species (non-native Agropyron cristatum, and native grasses Poa secunda and Pseudoroegneria spicata) were defoliated at two intensities (30 % and 70 % leaf length removal) and frequencies (one or two clippings) and compared to a non-defoliated control. Following emergence the first year, clippings occurred at the two-leaf stage; a second clipping occurred 1 month later for repeated defoliation treatments. We monitored seedling survival and tillering for 2 years. We expected higher defoliation intensity and frequency to reduce survival for all species, but only a few treatments reduced Po. secunda survival. Conversely, larger-statured Triticeae (wheatgrasses) benefited from some defoliation treatments. In both years, A. cristatum survival increased with repeated defoliation at both intensities. Defoliation did not affect Ps. spicata survival in the first year, but a single defoliation in the second year resulted in increased survival. In both A. cristatum and Ps. spicata, higher-intensity defoliation reduced the boost to survival resulting from defoliation frequency. Seedlings with more tillers had greater survival probabilities, but tiller number was unaffected by defoliation. Further research may elucidate mechanisms seedlings use to compensate for or benefit from defoliation. In the meantime, managers should aim to select defoliation-tolerant species if they anticipate herbivory will be problematic for restoration sites.
The extract ofIlex kudingchainhibits atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by suppressing cholesterol accumulation in macrophages
Authors: Fujiwara Yukio , Okada Shota , Uryu Keisuke , Maru Isafumi , Komohara Yoshihiro
Published: August 2021

It was previously reported that oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, triterpenoid compounds occurring in Ilex kudingcha, ameliorate hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. In the present study, we investigated whether I. kudingcha extract exerts similar inhibitory effects on cholesterol accumulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) and atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mice. I. kudingcha extract significantly inhibited cholesterol ester (CE) accumulation induced by acetylated LDL (acetyl-LDL) in HMDMs; however, it generated no effect on cell viability in HMDMs. I. kudingcha extract also suppressed CE accumulation in acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, thereby indicating that it inhibits ACAT activity. Furthermore, the oral administration of I. kudingcha extract to apoE-deficient mice significantly decreased the levels of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, sLOX-1, as well as the regions of atherosclerotic lesions in the mice. Our study reveals crucial new-found evidence that I. kudingcha extract significantly inhibits ACAT activity and suppresses atherogenesis.
Past, present, and future of mortality risk scores in the contemporary cardiac intensive care unit
Authors: Jentzer Jacob C , Rossello Xavier
Published: August 2021

Risk stratification dates to the dawn of the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). As the CICU has evolved from a dedicated unit caring for patients with acute myocardial infarction to a complex healthcare environment encompassing a broad array of acute and chronic cardiovascular pathology, an expanding array of risk scores are available that can be applied to CICU patients. Most of these scores were designed for use either in patients with a specific acute cardiovascular diagnosis or unselected critically ill patients, and risk scores developed in other populations often underperform in the CICU. More recently, risk scores have been developed specific to the CICU population, demonstrating improved performance. All existing risk scores have relevant limitations, both in terms of performance and applicability to patient care. Risk scores have been predominantly developed to predict short-term mortality, either by quantifying severity of illness or by incorporating other risk factors for mortality. It is essential to distinguish mortality risk attributable to severity of illness, which may be modifiable through intervention, from mortality risk attributable to non-modifiable risk factors. This review discusses established risk scores applicable to the CICU population, details how risk score performance is characterized, describes how new risk scores can be developed, explains how the information provided by risk scores can be used in clinical practice, and highlights how novel risk stratification approaches can be developed.
Molecular Evolution of Ultraviolet Visual Opsins and Spectral Tuning of Photoreceptors in Anemonefishes (Amphiprioninae)
Authors: Mitchell Laurie J , Cheney Karen L , Lührmann Martin , Marshall Justin , Michie Kyle , Cortesi Fabio
Published: August 2021

Many animals including birds, reptiles, insects, and teleost fishes can see ultraviolet (UV) light (shorter than 400 nm), which has functional importance for foraging and communication. For coral reef fishes, shallow reef environments transmit a broad spectrum of light, rich in UV, driving the evolution of diverse spectral sensitivities. However, the identities and sites of the specific visual genes that underly vision in reef fishes remain elusive and are useful in determining how evolution has tuned vision to suit life on the reef. We investigated the visual systems of 11 anemonefish (Amphiprioninae) species, specifically probing for the molecular pathways that facilitate UV-sensitivity. Searching the genomes of anemonefishes, we identified a total of eight functional opsin genes from all five vertebrate visual opsin subfamilies. We found rare instances of teleost UV-sensitive SWS1 opsin gene duplications that produced two functionally coding paralogs (SWS1α and SWS1β) and a pseudogene. We also found separate green sensitive RH2A opsin gene duplicates not yet reported in the family Pomacentridae. Transcriptome analysis revealed false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) expressed one rod opsin (RH1) and six cone opsins (SWS1β, SWS2B, RH2B, RH2A-1, RH2A-2, LWS) in the retina. Fluorescent in situ hybridization highlighted the (co-)expression of SWS1β with SWS2B in single cones, and either RH2B, RH2A, or RH2A together with LWS in different members of double cone photoreceptors (two single cones fused together). Our study provides the first in-depth characterization of visual opsin genes found in anemonefishes and provides a useful basis for the further study of UV-vision in reef fishes.
A bibliometric analysis of Health Promotion International content regarding unions, unionization and collective agreements
Authors: Muller Jessica , Mohamed Faisal A , Masciangelo Mary Catherine , Komakech Morris , Bryant Toba , Rafiq Anum , Jafry Azeezah , Raphael Dennis
Published: August 2021

A recent article brought together the health benefits of unionization and working under collective agreements. It was noted how Canadian health promotion texts, reports and statements made no mention of unionization and working under collective agreements as promoting health. This was seen as a significant omission and reasons for this were considered. In this article this analysis is extended to consider how contributors to the flagship health promotion journal Health Promotion International (HPI) conceptualize unions, unionization and working under collective agreements as promoting health. Of 2443 articles published in HPI since its inception, 87 or 3.6% make mention of unions, unionization, collective agreements or collective bargaining, with most saying little about their promoting health. Instead, 20 make cursory references to unions or merely see them as providing support and engagement opportunities for individuals. Forty-five depict unions or union members as involved in a health promotion programme or activity carried out by the authors or by government agencies. Only 33 articles explicitly mention unions, unionization or collective agreements as potentially health promoting, representing 1.3% of total HPI content since 1986. We conclude that the health promoting possibilities of unionization and working under collective agreements is a neglected area amongst HPI contributors. Reasons for this are explored and an Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development report on the importance of collective bargaining is drawn upon to identify areas for health promotion research and action.
Can International Investment Law Punish Investor’s Human Rights Violations? Copper Mesa, Contributory Fault and its Alternatives
Authors: Muchlinski Peter
Published: August 2021

Copper Mesa v Ecuador was the first award to assess the contribution of the investor’s human rights violations to the loss of their investment caused by the termination of its mining concession by the Respondent State. It found that the investor’s conduct acted as a contributory fault reducing the amount of compensation payable by the Respondent. It is argued that the contributory fault approach adopted in Copper Mesa is inappropriate for dealing with allegations of investor s human rights violations. By conflating causation, contributory fault and the unclean hands principle, the Tribunal effectively ignored the complex and unique questions of causation and responsibility involved in cases involving human rights violations by investors. The seriousness of proven investor human rights violations should render investor claims against resulting regulatory action inadmissible as a matter of international public policy. The note also addresses how investor conduct is treated in certain ‘new generation’ International Investment Agreement (IIA) provisions and concludes by considering how an IIA investor conduct clause should approach the human rights violations of investors.
Neuroethics and Animals: Report and Recommendations From the University of Pennsylvania Animal Research Neuroethics Workshop
Authors: Shriver Adam J , John Tyler M
Published: August 2021

Growing awareness of the ethical implications of neuroscience in the early years of the 21st century led to the emergence of the new academic field of “neuroethics,” which studies the ethical implications of developments in the neurosciences. However, despite the acceleration and evolution of neuroscience research on nonhuman animals, the unique ethical issues connected with neuroscience research involving nonhuman animals remain underdiscussed. This is a significant oversight given the central place of animal models in neuroscience. To respond to these concerns, the Center for Neuroscience and Society and the Center for the Interaction of Animals and Society at the University of Pennsylvania hosted a workshop on the “Neuroethics of Animal Research” in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At the workshop, expert speakers and attendees discussed ethical issues arising from neuroscience research involving nonhuman animals, including the use of animal models in the study of pain and psychiatric conditions, animal brain-machine interfaces, animal–animal chimeras, cerebral organoids, and the relevance of neuroscience to debates about personhood. This paper highlights important emerging ethical issues based on the discussions at the workshop. This paper includes recommendations for research in the United States from the authors based on the discussions at the workshop, loosely following the format of the 2 Gray Matters reports on neuroethics published by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.
Distinct Mitochondria-Mediated T-Cell Apoptosis Responses in Children and Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Yang Yang , Kuang Liangjian , Li Linhai , Wu Yongjian , Zhong Bei , Huang Xi
Published: August 2021

Background

Lymphopenia is a key feature for adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), although it is rarely observed in children. The underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Methods

Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses were used to compare the apoptotic rate of T cells from COVID-19 adults and children and apoptotic responses of adult and child T cells to COVID-19 pooled plasma. Biological properties of caspases and reactive oxygen species were assessed in T cells treated by COVID-19 pooled plasma.

Results

Mitochondria apoptosis of peripheral T cells were identified in COVID-19 adult patient samples but not in the children. Furthermore, increased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in COVID-19 plasma induced mitochondria apoptosis and caused deoxyribonucleic acid damage by elevating reactive oxygen species levels of the adult T cells. However, the child T cells showed tolerance to mitochondrial apoptosis due to mitochondria autophagy. Activation of autophagy could decrease apoptotic sensitivity of the adult T cells to plasma from COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was activated in T cells of COVID-19 adult patients specifically, which may shed light on the pathophysiological difference between adults and children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 ).
Antishear Therapy for Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Haravu Pranav N , Gottlieb Lawrence J , Vrouwe Sebastian Q
Published: August 2021

Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are life-threatening conditions best approached with multidisciplinary burn-equivalent care. There is a lack of consensus on wound management, in particular, whether to debride detached epidermis. Our center instituted “antishear” wound therapy 35 years ago, where detached skin is left in situ as a biologic dressing and a standardized protocol avoids shear forces to prevent further desquamation. Our center’s initial results showed outcomes comparable to SCORTEN predictions, but advancements in burn critical care necessitate a reevaluation of the antishear approach. A retrospective chart review was conducted for all patients admitted between June 2004 and May 2020 with a dermatologist-confirmed diagnosis of SJS/TEN (N = 51). All patients were treated with burn-equivalent critical care and antishear wound therapy. Standardized mortality ratios were calculated using the established SCORTEN, and newly developed ABCD-10, prediction models. Mean SCORTEN, ABCD-10, and %TBSA were 2.6, 2.0, and 28%. Overall mortality was 22%; SCORTEN score (P < .001), ABCD-10 score (P < .01), %TBSA involved (P = .02), and development of multisystem organ failure (P < .001) correlated with increased mortality. Cohort-wide standardized mortality based on ABCD-10 was 1.18 (P = .79). Standardized mortality based on SCORTEN was 0.62 (P = .20) and 0.77 (P = .15) for patients with scores ≤3 and >3; across the cohort it was 0.71 (P = .11), representing a 29% mortality reduction. Incorporating the antishear approach as part of burn-equivalent care for SJS/TENs led to outcomes comparable to those predicted for surgical debridement via SCORTEN. However, the antishear approach has the advantage of avoiding painful dressing changes, sedation, and general anesthesia required for surgical debridement.
Consumption Ideology
Authors: Schmitt Bernd , Brakus J Joško , Biraglia Alessandro
Published: August 2021

Ideology plays a central role in consumer decisions, actions, and practices. While there have been numerous studies of ideological formations in specific consumption contexts, an integrative theoretical framework on consumption ideology has been missing. The theoretical framework presented in this article integrates systemic, social group, and social reality perspectives from social theory with prior consumer research to conceptualize consumption ideology as ideas and ideals that are related to consumerism and manifested in consumer behavior. Consumption ideology originates from conflicts between consumer desires and the system of consumerism. It is reflected in consumers’ lived experiences and expressed in social representations and communicative actions related to status-based consumption, brand affinity and antipathy, performed practices, and political consumption. By adapting to the market, consumers confirm the system, but when they resist, they accelerate conflicts in consumer experiences unless resistance is ideologically co-opted by the market. Three illustrative cases—upcycling, Zoom backgrounds, and the commercialization of TikTok—exemplify how the framework may be used to analyze consumption ideology and generate new research questions. The article concludes with future research programs that move beyond micro-theorizations to illuminate the broader role of ideology in contemporary consumerist society.
Metachronous Krukenberg tumor from adenocarcinoma in a Meckel’s diverticulum: a case report
Authors: Sakio Ryotaro , Ito Homare , Ota Gaku , Tahara Makiko , Yano Tomonori , Koinuma Koji , Horie Hisanaga , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Yamamoto Hironori , Sata Naohiro
Published: August 2021

Adenocarcinoma in a Meckel’s diverticulum is rare and difficult to diagnose preoperatively. We report the first case of a metachronous Krukenberg tumor from adenocarcinoma in a Meckel’s diverticulum. A 45-year-old woman was admitted for recurrent abdominal pain. Computed tomography scan showed a lesion with contrast enhancement, and a Meckel’s diverticulum-associated tumor was suspected. Double-ballon enteroscopy revealed intestinal stenosis and biopsy showed adenocarcinoma. Operative findings showed a Meckel’s diverticulum with tumor. Histopathological evaluation revealed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, interrupted by ectopic gastric mucosa, diagnosed as adenocarcinoma in a Meckel’s diverticulum. Two years postoperatively, a multi-cystic mass with contrast enhancement was observed in the pelvis on imaging evaluation and oophorectomy performed. Histological examination of the resected ovary showed proliferation of atypical glandular ducts, consistent with metastatic adenocarcinoma. This case demonstrates that adenocarcinoma in a Meckel’s diverticulum may result in distant metastases and requires appropriate follow-up.