bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Immunological Specificity of Sulfonamide Protein Conjugates As Demonstrated by Anaphylaxis in Guinea-Pigs and the Shwartzman Phenomenon in Rabbits
Authors: Gerber Isadore E. , Gross Milton
Published: January 2023

Anaphylactic shock is readily elicited in guinea-pigs sensitized to sulfona-mide azo proteins, following the intravenous introduction of the homologous sulfonamide-conjugate, the homologous native protein, or a related sulfonamide-hapten conjugated with a heterologous protein. More precise demonstration of the interaction of various sulfonamide azo proteins was obtained by a simplified technic of intravenous injection in guineapigs. Similar experiences were obtained in rabbits utilizing the Shwartzman phenomenon as an index of antigen-antibody reaction. The experimental evidence confirms the clinical experience of the specificity of human hypersensitivity to various sulfonamides.
Recovery of the Virus of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis from the Erythrocytes of Infected Animals
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: January 2023

The virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis may be found in association with the erythrocytes of mice and guinea-pigs during the experimental disease. The concentration of the virus in the erythrocytes has no relation to the amount present in the blood serum and the washings of the erythrocytes. The association is firm, apparently taking place in the stroma of the red blood cells. Strains of the virus differ from one another in the ability to attach themselves to the erythrocytes of mice and guinea-pigs. When a strain shows a decidedly greater virulence for one species than the other, there is observed a consistent infectivity of erythrocytes of the species for which the virulence of the strain is greater. The virus may be recovered only irregularly from the erythrocytes of mice and guinea-pigs when the infecting strain shows low virulence for both animal species.
Observations on Immunity in Streptococcal Lymphadenitis of the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Foley Edward J.
Published: January 2023

Guinea-pigs infected with Group C streptococci develop an altered response to subsequent injections of homologous strains. This behavior may be manifest as early as five days following primary infection. Lesions developing upon reinfection by the intracutaneous route differ from primary cutaneous lesions in that they develop and regress at an accelerated rate. Reinfection lesions are usually healed within one week after being induced, while primary cutaneous lesions are more persistent and do not heal before the twelfth or fourteenth day.

The experiments indicate a difference in the degree of immunity enjoyed by guinea-pigs exhibiting the altered response produced by infection. Those which were infected for only six days before the reinfecting dose was given, developed severe allergic response at the point of inoculation, and later lesions of regional lymph nodes. Animals infected for three weeks or more before reinfection was attempted developed accelerated local cutaneous reactions, but did not develop lesions of regional lymph nodes.

Slight cutaneous sensitiveness to streptococcal extracts was produced in guinea-pigs by repeated injections with killed streptococci, but the animals had little or no immunity, and behaved like normal controls when infection was induced by the intracutaneous routes.
The Relation of Viral Concentration to the Infectivity for Chick Embryos of Influenza Virus B (Lee Strain)
Authors: Taylor A. R. , Sharp D. G. , McLean I. W. , Beard Dorothy , Beard J. W.
Published: January 2023

Studies were made on the relation of volume of inoculum to the infectivity for chick embryos of influenza virus B (Lee strain). With volumes of 0.001 to 1.024 ml, the relation between log concentration of viral nitrogen per ml of the inoculum giving the 50 per cent response and the log volume of the inoculum was linear and the slope essentially unity. Thus, independent of volume, the introduction of the same quantity of virus was required to induce infection. Since the inoculum was injected into the chorio-allantoic fluid of average constant volume, the final relation was interpreted to be a dependence of infectivity on the concentration of virus in the chorio-allantoic fluid.
A Specific Cutaneous Reaction in Persons Infected with the Virus of Herpes Simplex
Authors: Nagler F. P. O.
Published: January 2023

When a heated inactivated preparation of herpes simplex virus is inoculated intracutaneously in herpetic persons a specific erythematous reaction is produced. A positive intracutaneous reaction is regularly correlated with the presence of circulating antibody against herpes virus.

An instance of primary herpetic infection in an adult is reported.
Coordinate Effects of Electrolyte and Antibody on the Infectivity of Bacteriophage
Authors: Hershey A. D. , Kalmanson G. M. , Bronfenbrenner J.
Published: January 2023

A variety of small plaque phages acting on Escherichia, Salmonella, Eberthella, and Shigella are markedly dependent on the presence of univalent cations for their infectivity. Other phages show a variable, usually lesser, dependence on salt. A large-plaque coliphage proved to be relatively independent of salt. Two salt-sensitive coliphages were studied in detail. With these the effect of salt is to increase the rate of sorption to bacteria, but this effect is not the sole explanation of the increased infectivity. Phage adsorbed to bacteria may or may not initiate regeneration, apparently depending on which of two alternative adsorptive mechanisms is utilized. The one, which predominates in the presence of salt, constitutes infection; the other, which predominates in the absence of salt, has no effect on the bacteria. In general, both types of adsorption occur, and only a variable fraction of the bacteria which have absorbed phage are actually infected.

Phage particles that have been allowed to react with amounts of antibody too small to effect neutralization, exhibit properties markedly different from those of the native phage. This alteration can be brought about without significant neutralization, and therefore applies to the entire population. The sensitized active particles are more infectious at low salt concentrations, and are more rapidly adsorbed to bacteria, than the original phage. The effect of antibody on adsorption is a predominating influence on the form of the neutralization curve when the conditions of enumeration are unfavorable, but not when they are optimal.

The pH of the phage-bacterium mixture does not appreciably affect the rate of adsorption in the absence of electrolyte.

The experiments are discussed in relation to the proper interpretation of virus neutralization tests in general, and in particular with reference to conclusions which have been drawn regarding the reversibility of the virus-antivirus reaction, and the question of the heterogeneity of the viral population.
Studies on Penicillin
Authors: McKee Clara M. , Rake Geoffrey , Menzel A. E. O.
Published: January 2023

Variants arise readily in strains of Penicillium notatum. Certain of these produce large amounts of penicillin; others very little. Care in the selection and maintenance of strains is required for optimal production of the active substance. The amount of penicillin produced varies with the medium and the method of cultivation employed. Many methods of assaying penicillin exist. The one adopted can be a matter of personal choice provided a standard of known value (in Oxford or other units) be included in every test and the value given in reference to this standard. Penicillin is highly unstable under most conditions, but when dried and sealed in vacuo it retains its potency for comparatively long periods of time under varied conditions of temperature. As shown by Fleming (1) in his original article, penicillin is highly active against the gram-positive bacteria and far less so against the gram-negative organisms However, the more purified preparations have a considerable activity against gram-negative bacilli, particularly Salmonella enteritidis.
Studies on Penicillin
Authors: Rake Geoffrey , McKee Clara M. , Hamre Dorothy M. , Houck Carol L.
Published: January 2023

The therapeutic efficacy of penicillin can be determined accurately in vitro. It is effective when administered locally or systemically. Because of its high antibacterial activity, one injection of penicillin will protect mice against a light infecting dose of pneumococci while repeated treatments are effective against larger doses. Well-established local and systemic pneumococcal infections in rabbits can be successfully treated by repeated intravenous injections of penicillin. While penicillin is rapidly excreted, demonstrable amounts are present in the urine of mice as long as eight hours after injection. Sulfonamide-resistant strains of pneumococci (4, 13, 14) are susceptible to the action of penicillin. Strains of staphylococci (5, 18), pneumococci, and streptococci can be rendered resistant in vitro to penicillin. Loss of virulence accompanies this increased resistance. A strain of Staphylococcus aureus has been rendered more virulent and for this reason more resistant to penicillin by serial passage in mice treated with penicillin. Susceptibility in vitro was unchanged by such passage. Penicillin, even in impure form, is many times less toxic for animals than any other well-known antibiotic substance.
Studies on Plague Immunity in Experimental Animals
Authors: Jawetz E. , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2023

Mouse protective tests are described which permit the accurate and reproducible titration of the anti-infectious and antitoxic antibodies in hyperimmune antiplague rabbit sera. The potency of such sera can be expressed in provisional standard units based on a standard serum the use of which eliminates erroneous results due to fluctuations in mouse susceptibility, strain virulence, or environmental conditions. The sera of rabbits given 3 intravenous injections of live avirulent P. pestis on alternate days have a content of protective antibodies which is at a maximum within one week after the last antigen administration and falls to a more or less constant level 3 to 5 weeks later. Only exceptional animals can be pushed to a higher level by frequently repeated injections. No correlation is apparent between the antitoxic and protective titer of a given serum. It is certain, however, that a detectable level of antitoxic antibodies is attained in rabbits only if a re-stimulating injection is given 3 to 4 weeks after the primary series of injections of antigen. The re-stimulation induces a sudden rise in antitoxin-titer, but does not effect the level of protective antibody except for the production of a brief and fleeting negative phase. Mice immunized actively by the injection of live plague vaccine develop not only anti-infectious immunity, but also significant antitoxic resistance. The significance of the results and the possible role of serum antibodies in the mechanism of immunity to P. pestis infection are discussed.
Semliki Forest Virus
Authors: Smithburn K. C. , Mahaffy A. F. , Haddow A. J.
Published: January 2023

Technics have been found for intracerebral neutralization tests and intra-abdominal protective tests with the Semliki Forest virus. By means of these immunological tests the Semliki Forest virus has been differentiated from the viruses of yellow fever, Bwamba fever, St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis, eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis, and from the West Nile virus. A limited immunity survey among humans residing in 4 widely separated areas of Uganda was made. It revealed that individuals residing in each of the areas sampled possess protective antibody against the Semliki Forest virus. The incidence of humoral antibody in the 4 areas, and among different age groups within them, was sufficiently variable to emphasize the specificity of the tests and to point to recent activity of the virus in widely separated areas having no contact. Sera from 20 species of African wild animals have been examined for the presence of antibody. Humoral immunity was present in individuals of 6 different species—all of them primates. The high incidence of humoral immunity among Cercopithecus nictitans, together with its relatively high susceptibility, point to the possibility that in the wild state this species may be frequently attacked by the virus. The studies reported in this and the preceding paper indicate that the Semliki Forest virus is probably an entity hitherto unknown.
The Progressive Hydrolysis of Pneumococcus Soluble Specific Substance As Measured by Complement-Fixation and Specific Antibody-Nitrogen Precipitation
Authors: Brown Rachel , Robinson Lucena K.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The effect of prolonged hydrolysis by acid and by alkali on the soluble specific substances of pneumococcus types 1, 3, and 8 has been measured by complement-fixation tests with samples taken at frequent intervals, and in types 3 and 8 by antibody-nitrogen determinations also.

The initial effect of the acid on types 1 and 3 was an early and rapid increase in activity, in that the hydrolyzed material combined with a larger volume of serum in both reactions. At the same time, a change was indicated in the type of the reaction to one fixing less complement and in which less antibody nitrogen was precipitated per given volume of serum.

At the beginning, the effect of the alkali on the type-1 paralleled that of the acid in that a rapid increase occurred in the amount of serum with which the samples reacted. No such rise was evident in the alkaline hydrolysis of type 3.

The end results of the acid and alkaline hydrolyses respectively were similar for types 1 and 3; practically complete destruction by acid, and, with the alkali, a stable residual activity equivalent to about 10 per cent of the original.

The action of the alkali was more rapid on the type-3 soluble specific substance than on the type-1, while in contrast the action of the acid was slower. The insolubility of the type-3 polysaccharide in the acid undoubtedly influenced the speed of hydrolysis.

Type-8 soluble specific substance was attacked so rapidly by both acid and alkali that comparisons with other types, and between the different values for this type were indeterminate.

Anticomplementary properties developed on hydrolysis of types 3 and 8 but not type 1, especially by alkali. In these two cases the precipitation of non-antibody nitrogen was particularly noticeable. The latter property was evidenced at a later period than the former.

Boiling acid and alkali differ in their effect upon pneumococcus soluble specific substance. The changes that occur appear to be both quantitative and qualitative. In the alkaline hydrolyses quantitative changes predominate.
Studies on Inflammation
Authors: Weiss Charles , Halliday Nellie
Published: January 2023

The present observations on the kinetics of Cathepsin II extracted from the organs of normal animals strikingly parallel the observations of Lurie. He has previously shown that during the course of a primary blood-stream infection of normal rabbits with tubercle bacilli, the latter are more effectively destroyed in the spleen and liver than in the kidneys and lungs. Our data indicate that the speed with which the enzymes of the first two organs hydrolyze benzoyl-l-arginineamide (BAA) is much greater than that of the latter. The rank order of activity is: spleen τ; liver τ; kidney τ; lung.

The heightened physiological activity and the accelerated local inflammation observed by Lurie as a result of reinfection with virulent tubercle bacilli was accompanied in our experiments by an accelerated rate of activity of Cathepsin II from spleens, lungs, and kidneys. Immunization of rabbits with an avirulent strain of tubercle bacilli did not increase the speed of hydrolysis by endocellular proteinases, just as it failed to increase the specific phagocytic capacity of the cells for tubercle bacilli in Lurie's experiments.
Studies on the Meningococcidal Activity of Blood
Authors: Matsunami Toitsu
Published: January 2023

It has been found by the pipet method that normal rabbit blood and serum are capable of killing considerable numbers of virulent normal meningococci in vitro within three hours. The meningococcidal activity in vitro of normal rabbit blood was found to be increased up to a certain limit by the intravenous injection of the living and autolyzed meningococci. After that, further immunization did not appear to increase bactericidal activity, was generally rather irregular and not infrequently even decreased meningococcidal activity of the blood. The more highly immunized rabbit's blood was found sometimes less bactericidal than that of slightly immunized rabbit's blood. The meningococcidal activity of normal rabbit's serum has been found not to be increased by artificial immunization and also to be comparable with that of defibrinated blood of an immune rabbit. The meningococcidal activity in vitro of immune rabbit's blood was found by the pipet method to be distinctly stronger than that of the serum, of defibrinated blood or of blood consisting of blood cells and serum or of citrated blood. It was suspected that at least one factor in explaining the higher meningococcidal activity in vitro of immune rabbit's blood compared with defibrinated blood, citrated blood and serum lies in the influence of coagulation of the blood, which is permitted in the regular blood test as described, favoring the phagocytosis of meningococci. The meningococcidal blood test can not be accepted on the basis of the present investigation for the purpose of measuring or determining the artificially induced immunity against meningococci.

However, as pointed out by Dr. Heist (1) the bactericidal blood test described possesses the advantage of employing whole blood; hence when this method is used any mechanism of immunity existing in the blood, may be brought into direct relation with the microorganism. Moreover, in this test any antibacterial factors existing in the blood, and the influence of individual variation of fluid constitutent as well as phagocytes in blood, upon the bactericidal activity of the blood, have equal chance to come into play. Furthermore, it was found that a parallelism between the bactericidal activity of the blood and resistance to certain bacteria including meningococci, exists under normal conditions (1) (2). Therefore, the bactericidal blood test described may be regarded as a method possessing definite value for the measuring the natural resistance of the organism for certain microorganisms especially for meningococci, inasmuch as with respect to meningococci no accurate method sufficiently reliable to serve as a definite measure of antibody content has yet been devised for measuring immunity to this microorganism (16).

I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Yutaka Nakamura for advice and asistance in carrying out this work.
Natural Antihuman Hemolysins and Hemagglutinins in Horse Sera in Relation to Serum Therapy
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Matsumoto Motomatsu
Published: January 2023

Inasmuch as the intravenous injection of persons with large amounts of immune horse serum as in the serum treatment of pneumonia, is sometimes followed by symptoms not referable to anaphylaxis, the purpose of this investigation was to study normal and immune horse sera for hemagglutinins and hemolysins for human erythrocytes to ascertain whether intravascular agglutination or hemolysis are responsible in part for these symptoms.

This study was conducted with agglutination and hemolysin tests in vitro in which normal and immune horse sera and the erythrocytes of different persons were employed; horse sera were found to contain relatively large amounts of agglutinins for the erythrocytes of some rabbits and were injected intravenously into these animals to determine the effects of agglutination and hemolysis in vivo.
An Attempt to Produce Specific Immune Agglutinins and Hemolysins for the Four Groups of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Trist Mary E.
Published: January 2023

Antibodies occurring naturally or normally in sera are seldom if ever as resistant to deleterious influences as immune antibodies, those produced by the body cells during active immunization; accordingly, the natural agglutinins and hemolysins in human sera for the erythrocytes of persons and of the lower animals are as a group thermolabile or heat sensitive and likewise highly susceptible to the deterioration of age and desiccation (1). Some of the natural hemolysins and hemagglutinins and particularly those for sheep corpuscles are more resistant than others, but the isoagglutinins and isohemolysins, which are of particular interest in relation to blood transfusion and the grouping of bloods, are quite sensitive. As a general rule the natural hemolysins are more susceptible to destruction by heat, age and desiccation than the agglutinins and in human serum containing an agglutinin and hemolysin for a particular group of corpuscles, the hemolysin disappears before the agglutinin.
Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Kosakai Mitsuji
Published: January 2023

Experiments are presented which demonstrate that precipitin remains unaltered quantitatively and qualitatively in the guinea-pig for several days and that it reacts in the animal body with its antigen in exactly the same manner as it does in the test tube. The experiments furnish further evidence that precipitin and “sensitizin” are identical. The phenomenon of “anti-sensitization” (Weil) is not due to the action of anti-antibodies. It is a non-specific effect the nature of which is obscure. Passive sensitization with washed specific precipitates has generally failed in our hands. The sodium carbonate extract or solution of specific precipitates do not contain free antigen but represents the whole precipitate in solution.
A Nephelometric Method of Estimating the Number of Organisms in a Vaccine
Authors: Dunham George C.
Published: January 2023

A method is described for estimating the number of organisms per cubic centimeter in a vaccine by means of the nephelometer.

The estimation can be made in less time and with less labor than a microscopical count, and the results are fully as accurate as those obtained with the microscope.
Effect of Ultraviolet Rays on Antigenic Properties
Authors: Eberson Frederick
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Types of meningococci have been subjected to ultraviolet treatment and changes in antigenic properties observed. By a technic of agglutinin absorption it has been shown that such modifications are attributable to the physicochemical action of the rays.

Carefully regulated exposures which exclude the influence of heat on the bacterial proteins exert a definite action on the cells. Such treatment appears to favor agglutinin response and to diminish the toxic effects of certain organisms.

The group relationships of bacterial types are brought out quite clearly when under the influence of a physicochemical agent which “unlocks” or alters antigenic properties within the cell.

The action of ultraviolet rays on micro-organisms as observed in these experiments suggests a method for building up an immunity in animals by injections of bacteria exposed to the rays for constantly diminishing periods of time. The importance of working below the lethal dose of ultraviolet rays is obvious.

Certain types of bacteria while supposedly containing only a major antigenic structure actually contain minor antigens also.

There is evidence that a few strains, or probably a single strain of bacteria may suffice for immunizing against a heterogeneous group of organisms.

The experiments suggest that a single protein (antigenic) structure represents the element common to groups of biologically related organisms.
Some Observations on the Constitution of the Complements of Different Animals
Authors: Mackie T. J.
Published: January 2023

In the past a considerable amount of attention has been paid by serological workers to the complex characters of serum-complement and many attempts have been made to subject complement to more detailed biochemical analysis. Valuable information has thus been obtained regarding the biological action and properties of this important element of animal serum.

The study of complement has been principally based on its cytolytic effects towards red blood corpuscles sensitised with the homologous immune body, and the general tendency of research on this subject has been to elicit the complexity of constitution of complement and the numerous factors on which its action depends.

The fresh serum of the guinea-pig represents with ox corpuscles + rabbit versus ox immune body or cobra venom, one of the most active complements and it has therefore been commonly used for studies on complement action.

Attention was first drawn by Stephens (1) to the hemolytic effect of certain snake venoms along with fresh serum.
On the Placental Transmission of So-Called Normal Antibodies
Authors: Reyman G. C.
Published: January 2023

By examinations of the proportion between the amount of antitryptic-acting bodies in the blood of goats and their newborn kids, the titers of the kids were in all cases found to be higher than those of the mother animals.

The titers of the mother animal as a rule increase before parturition.

There seems to be some connection between the growth of the kids and the antitryptic-acting power of the blood, so that the titer of the kid decreases when it thrives badly, and increases when it thrives well, which would agree with the supposition set forth by previous experimentators, that the antitryptic action is connected with a fat or lipoid effect.
A Serological Study of Cholera Immunity
Authors: Umemura Rokuro
Published: January 2023

The relation of serum proteins to antibodies has been the subject of much investigation in the past, and yet there are a number of points which we do not fully understand. The earliest research published in the literature on the subject is by Widal and Sicard (15) in 1897, who concluded that agglutinin is precipitated together with globulin when the immunized serum is treated with magnesium sulphate. In 1899 Winterberg (16) investigated the action of various protein precipitants and found that agglutinin is almost completely precipitated by sodium sulphate and less completely by magnesium sulphate, ammonium sulphate, sodium acetate and sodium nitrate, while only slightly affected by sodium chloride and potassium chloride. He further stated that animal membranes are impermeable to agglutinin, and that when agglutinin is subjected to dialysis lasting more than a month, its loss seldom exceeds 10 per cent.
Experiments Upon the Production of Antihuman Hemolysin with Special Reference to Immunization with Erythrocytes Sensitized with Heated Serum
Authors: Matsumoto Motomatsu
Published: January 2023

Immunization of rabbits with unwashed and washed human erythrocytes by intravenous injection every five days, produced similar results in influence upon body weight, mortality, hemagglutinin and hemolysin production. Exposure of human erythrocytes to antihuman serum diluted 1:10 and heated at 70° to 80°C., reduces susceptibility to agglutination and increases susceptibility to hemolysis; immunization of rabbits with these sensitized erythrocytes produced results similar to those observed with plain washed corpuscles. Stromata of human erythrocytes injected intravenously into rabbits may prove fatal; solutions of erythrocytes in distilled water largely free of stromata (shadow corpuscles) were better borne.
The Sachs-Georgi Precipitation Test for Syphilis
Authors: Hull Thomas G. , Faught Eva E.
Published: January 2023

A modification of the Sachs-Georgi precipitation test for syphilis is described, using clear blood serum and an alcoholic extract of beef heart, either cholesterinized or not. The precipitation test agreed with the Wassermann test in 88 per cent of the cases; in 7 per cent it was more delicate, giving positive results where the Wassermann was negative; in 3 per cent it was negative where the Wassermann was doubtful; in 2 per cent it was negative where the Wassermann was positive. Treatment of the patient apparently affects the results of the precipitation causing it at times to come negative while the Wassermann still is positive. Attempts to determine whether the precipitate formed in this test was entirely responsible for the Wassermann reaction were unsuccessful.
Electrophoretic, Ultracentrifugal, and Immunochemical Studies on Wassermann Antibody
Authors: Davis Bernard D. , Moore Dan H. , Kabat Elvin A. , Harris Ad
Published: January 2023

Methods developed for dissociating Wassermann antibody from specific floccules by 15 per cent NaCl and ether or by alcohol and ether yielded preparations of as high as 87 per cent purity, as measured by the amount of protein removable by antigen.

Serologic tests on serum fractions separated by electrophoresis, and electrophoretic analysis of a preparation of purified antibody, showed the Wassermann antibody to have a mobility intermediate between beta and gamma globulin.

Ultracentrifugal concentration of whole syphilitic serum or electrophoretically separated gamma globulin showed a relative concentration of antibody in the sediment, indicating that a portion of the antibody has a higher molecular weight than the bulk of the globulin. Examination of purified antibody solutions showed that the antibody was associated with both a light and a heavy globulin component, of sedimentation constant 7 and 19 Svedbergs, respectively.

The serologic titer of purified Wassermann antibody was nonspecifically increased 2 to 4 times by the addition of serum albumin or inactivated whole serum.

Electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and purification of antibody failed to show significant differences between a number of syphilitic and false positive sera.
The Rôle of Pathogenicity-Enhancing Substances in Mice Infected with Shigella Dysenteriae (Shiga) and other Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Olitzki L. , Koch P. K.
Published: January 2023

Two mucin preparations of different origin showed different degrees of effectiveness in enhancing the pathogenicity of intraabdominally injected S. dysenteriae. Fractionation of these mucins showed that the active mucin (N) contained more of an insoluble fraction rich in inorganic substance, mostly aluminum, than did the less effective preparation W. Kaolin, as well as other inert adsorbing powders, activates some carbohydrates. Agar showed a weak pathogenicity-enhancing effect, but was activated by kaolin and other adsorbing powders. Levan itself, as well as carbohydrate fractions (M1) from mucin, showed marked effects, which were enhanced by kaolin. Glycogen and starch were inactive and were not activated by kaolin. The activity of the pathogenicity-enhancing substances was inversely proportional to the rapidity of their elimination from the abdominal cavity. Kaolin and other adsorbing substances retard elimination. Injection of bacteria with kaolin or with agar preceded or followed by an injection of an adsorbent had the same effect as a combined injection of the two substances. The following properties are important for the effect of pathogenicity-enhancing substances: long persistence in the abdominal cavity, ability to adsorb and destroy white cells and, as a consequence, to prevent phagocytosis. The effect is, therefore, not an enhancement of pathogenicity but a depression of the mechanism of natural resistance.
The Relative Susceptibility of Normal and X-Rayed Mice of Different Stocks to Pneumotropic Viruses
Authors: deGara P. F. , Furth J.
Published: January 2023

Different inbred stocks of mice varied in susceptibility to intranasal infections with influenza-B and other pneumotropic viruses. Of the four stocks tested, the black agouti mice (lC3H and C3H) proved significantly more susceptible than the three albino stocks (Swiss, Ak and Rf). Both morbidity and mortality were higher among the black agouti than among the albino mice.

Stock C3H carries the “milk-factor”, a virus-like agent responsible for the high incidence of mammary carcinoma in this stock. However, a genetically identical line, namely lC3H, which is free from this milk-factor, proved equally susceptible to the pneumotropic viruses.

Total irradiation with 300 r given 24 to 48 hours before intranasal infection significantly increased the susceptibility of the mice of all the stocks to small infecting doses of pneumotropic viruses.
A New Method for the Production of Potent Inactivated Vaccines with Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Milzer Albert , Oppenheimer Franz , Levinson Sidney O.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Several separate lots of completely inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (Lansing strain) were prepared by means of a new technic of ultraviolet irradiation. The virus was consistently inactivated in less than one second exposure to the source of irradiation. The irradiated poliomyelitis vaccines were proven to be completely inactivated by critical safety tests in mice and monkeys. Mice immunized with two and especially three doses of the irradiated poliomyelitis vaccine developed significant resistance to intracerebral inoculation, and neutralizing antibodies in two to three weeks. The irradiated poliomyelitis vaccine exhibited no significant loss of potency after four and a half months storage at 3 C. On the basis of these results, further and more extensive studies in animals and possibly in man are warranted.
Antigenic and Biochemical Studies of Sh. Paradysenteriae Isolated in Puerto Rico
Authors: González Luis M. , Otero P. Morales
Published: January 2023

A method for the determination of the types of Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner) has been presented (1) and the classification of one hundred different cultures of Sh. paradysenteriae reported. In this paper further evidence for the value of the method is offered. The classification of a larger number of strains and a comparative biochemical study of them is given.

The technic of the precipitative test consists of overlaying the immune sera with the antigenic extract obtained from the bacterial culture. Small tubes of 4 mm in diameter by 30 mm in length are used. The ring of precipitation usually appears from ten to fifteen minutes after the serum and antigen have been brought into contact. The test is performed at room temperature.

The antisera are prepared in rabbits by intravenous inoculation with formolized saline suspensions of freshly isolated cultures of Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner).
Studies on the Relative Susceptibility of Young and of Full-Grown Rabbits to Intravenous Infection with Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: deGara Paul F.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A single intravenous injection of varying amounts of strain N.Y.5 of Streptococcus pyogenes was given to young and to full-grown rabbits. Fourteen of 29 (48 per cent) full grown animals, and 26 of 32 (81 per cent) young rabbits survived the infection for at least one week.

Bacteremia was found 5 hours after the intravenous injection. After 24 hours the blood-cultures were sterile or contained only small numbers of streptococci. Heart-blood cultures taken in rabbits that died within 7 days contained innumerable hemolytic streptococci.

Arthritis occurred in the 26 young and in 12 of 14 full-grown animals that survived the infection. In young animals a greater number of joints was involved.

There is evidence to explain the greater susceptibility of full-grown rabbits to intravenous injections of hemolytic streptococci by the assumption that this age-group had become sensitized to these microörganisms through previous contact with them or with their products.
Studies of the Subgroups of Blood Groups A and AB
Authors: Young Lawrence E.
Published: January 2023

The development of α1 agglutinins active against A1 cells at room and body temperatures was demonstrated in the serum of an A2 patient after 21 transfusions of A1 blood. This is the second reported case of the development of α1 agglutinins as a result of transfusion. The ability of a few individuals to form α1 or α2 agglutinins may depend upon some fundamental abnormality of the reticulo-endothelial system. This is suggested by the fact that in three of the five reported cases, the patients were suffering from atypical or acquired hemolytic anemia and, in two of these, other irregular agglutinins were demonstrated in addition to the α1 and α2 antibodies. Although serious or fatal hemolytic reactions due to incompatibility of the subgroups of A and AB have not been reported, the rapid destruction of donated cells due to α1 or α2 agglutinins has been clearly demonstrated. In the case presented the patient's own cells and group O cells were destroyed as rapidly as A1 cells, possibly because of the action of non-specific cold hemagglutinins. The appearance of α1 agglutinins in the serum of an A2 patient who received 5000 ml of group O blood is attributed to the absorption of the transfused α agglutinins by the patient's blood and tissue cells leaving unabsorbed the passively transferred α1 agglutinins. This is the first reported demonstration of the selective, in vivo absorption of α agglutinins. A2 patients who are transfused with sufficient quantities of group O blood may be rendered temporarily incompatible with prospective A1 donors. This disadvantage of the use of universal donors can probably be eliminated by adding A and B specific substances to the group O blood.
Antigens of Shigella Sonnei
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Mickle F. L.
Published: January 2023

Three colonial types of S. sonnei are described which were associated with corresponding changes in antigenic structure of the organisms. Phase I culture appeared to correspond to the smooth of previous descriptions. Phase II was distinct in colony appearance and agglutination reactions, but was not a rough variant. Both phases I and II were found occurring naturally in cultures of S. sonnei and in stool cultures from cases of human S. sonnei infection but most cultures upon repeated transfer stabilized in phase II. A third colony type, R, (which had the usual characteristics of a true rough variant) was obtained from old cultures. This showed some, but slight, serological relationship to the phase II variant. The analogy between the phase I-phase II variation and the specific-group variation which has been described for certain paradysentery organisms is pointed out. The importance of the I–II variation in the serological identification of S. sonnei is discussed and attention is called to the selective action of certain differential media which permit growth of phase I forms while repressing phase II and colony type R.
The Effect of Environmental Temperature on Experimental Influenza in Mice
Authors: Sulkin S. Edward
Published: January 2023

The studies herein presented indicate that environmental temperature has little effect on mortality of Swiss mice infected with influenzal virus A. A significant effect was noted, however, on the general course of the experimental infection. Animals kept at higher environmental temperatures (95 F) showed significantly less pulmonary involvement than those kept at lower temperatures (60 F). These observations seem to be borne out to some extent by the known relation of climate and seasonal change to the frequency and severity of the disease in general, and would conform well to the known epidemiology of human epidemic influenza. It would appear that the occurrence of outbreaks of influenza may be affected by environmental temperature, influencing both infectivity of the virus and general resistance of the host.
Studies with the Somatic Antigen of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner)
Authors: Smolens Joseph , Halbert Seymour P. , Mudd Stuart , Doak Beatrice W. , Gonzalez Luis M.
Published: January 2023

The somatic antigen which is present in the surface of the bacterial cell of Shigella paradysenteriae is the principal component of the cell concerned in mouse protection and agglutination. The somatic antigen is an extremely potent antigen. In one instance, by active immunization of mice, 50 per cent protection against 100,000 MLD was obtained with as little as 0.077 μg of the antigen. The somatic antigen seems to be the principal carrier of the toxicity of the whole organism. The isolated somatic antigen does not seem to be superior to the killed whole bacterial cell as a prophylactic vaccine against bacillary dysentery.
A Method of Producing in Inbred Albino Rats a High Percentage of Immunity from Tumors Native in Their Strain
Authors: Aptekman Paul Myron , Lewis Margaret Reed , King Helen Dean
Published: January 2023

During our studies on the extraction of substances from induced primary and transplanted rat sarcomata, we obtained a fat soluble fraction that in some instances brought about a sarcoma when injected into rats (Aptekman, King and Lewis '43) and also an alcohol-soluble fraction that inhibited the growth of grafts of tumors and conferred immunity from further growth of grafts of the same tumor in a large percentage of the treated rats.

It, therefore, seemed of moment to expand our studies in regard to the tumor-inhibiting fraction in the hope of reaching a clearer understanding of this complicated biological process.

Material and Method. As was shown by King and Lewis ('45), an injection of a carcinogenic agent (1:2:5:6-dibenzanthracene, 2:3 benzypyrene or methylcholanthrene dissolved in olive oil) into the right axilla of rats resulted in the development of a malignant tumor at the site of the injection in every one of the injected rats.
Studies on Bacterial Viruses
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert J. , Lee Miriam E.
Published: January 2023

Several acridine compounds effectively inhibited bacteriophage multiplication in infected suspensions of E. coli. The antiviral effect of the acridines was counteracted by ribose nucleic acid, suggesting that some cellular mechanism involving nucleic acid or a related substance is essential to virus reproduction. The processes leading to virus multiplication were more sensitive to disturbances of this mechanism than was the bacterial growth rate.
The Duration of Antibody-Formation after Injection of Killed Typhoid Bacilli in Water-in-Oil Emulsion
Authors: Freund Jules , Bonanto Mary V.
Published: January 2023

Agglutinins against typhoid bacilli were found in the sera of one group of rabbits after 3 years and 1 month following 2 simultaneous subcutaneous injections and in another group of rabbits, 3 years and 5 months after the second subcutaneous injection of killed typhoid bacilli suspended in salt solution and incorporated into a mixture of a lanolin-like substance and oil.
Antigenic Relationships of the West Nile, Japanese B Encephalitis, and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Koprowski Hilary
Published: January 2023

The immunologic relationships of the West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, and Japanese B encephalitis viruses were investigated by subcutaneous cross-neutralization test in 3-day-old mice and by cross-immunity tests.

In addition to specific neutralization of virus by homologous immune serum, cross-reactions were observed to occur in the following directions. West Nile immune serum neutralized the St. Louis virus, but not the Japanese; St. Louis immune serum neutralized the West Nile and Japanese viruses; and the Japanese immune serum neutralized the West Nile and St. Louis viruses. These findings, added to the recent report of Casals and the original observations of Smithburn, indicate that these viruses, while immunologic entities, are all related one to another. The amount of antigen shared in common, however, appears to be very small, judging by the difficulty in eliciting the cross-reactions, and by the relatively small amount of crossing present when demonstrable.

Present attempts to confirm the serologic findings by cross-immunity tests were negative, as has been the experience of others.

The occurrence of cross-reactions introduces a complicating factor in the diagnosis of infections due to these viruses, and it is suggested that such reactions may be eliminated by appropriate adjustment of the specificity of the versatile extraneural neutralization test in young mice.
The Action of Penicillin on Staphylococci
Authors: Blair John E. , Carr Miriam , Buchman Joseph
Published: January 2023

A large proportion of cultures of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus are susceptible to penicillin. Some strains of definitely high natural resistance may be encountered. Staphylococci may be made resistant to penicillin by growth in progressively increasing concentrations in broth. Their metabolic activity is retarded, and their pathogenicity is reduced or lost. The coagulase reaction is unaffected. This in vitro resistance is temporary; restoration to sensitivity, but only partial return to pathogenicity, may be effected by serial transfer in broth. Staphylococci may acquire resistance during penicillin therapy. Their metabolic activity is retarded, but their pathogenicity is often unaltered. The coagulase reaction is unaffected. This resistance appears to be permanent. Penicillin has no effect on the coagulase reaction. It occurs even in the presence of concentrations of penicillin which are ultimately bactericidal. Penicillin has no effect on the formation of staphylococcal alpha-toxin, and neither enhances or destroys pre-formed toxin. The implication of resistance acquired by staphylococci during penicillin therapy is discussed.
Sedimentation of Poliomyelitis Virus in the Sharples Centrifuge
Authors: Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

The Sharples centrifuge, readily available and easily run, has proven to be capable of sedimenting poliomyelitis virus from suspensions of infected central nervous system tissue, from stool suspensions and from naturally infected sewage. As a result such materials are concentrated and partially purified so that they are suitable for testing by intracerebral inoculation.

Of six suspensions of stool samples from paralytic patients five yielded positive results after concentration of virus in the Sharples centrifuge. In three out of four samples no additional virus could be found in the Sharples supernate when the sensitive ultracentrifugal method was applied.

Two of three samples of naturally infective sewage after similar treatment in the Sharples centrifuge produced paralysis in monkeys. One of the latter samples yielded a negative test by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. One sample, negative after Sharples treatment, produced mild (non-paralytic) poliomyelitis in a monkey after concentration by ammonium sulfate.
Studies on the Physiology of Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Hochwald Adolf , Rackemann Francis M.
Published: January 2023

Anaphylactic shock in the rat can be produced with a certain regularity. The rat is susceptible only during a rather short time, between the tenth and fifteenth day after sensitization. The symptoms are relatively mild; no fatalities have been observed in our experiments, and around one-half of the animals did not show any symptoms. This refers to rats of 120 to 150 g weight and fed a complete diet. The reaction is specific; an antigen to which the rat has not been prepared does not provoke symptoms.

Sensitization with 1–2 mg of protein divided in several injections seems as effective as a hundredfold of this dose. Multiple injections seem necessary.

Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency does not alter the reactivity of the rat to shock.

Treatment of the rats with medium doses (20 mg per day) of ascorbic acid simultaneously with the sensitizing injections leads to a greater severity of anaphylactic shock. A fatal anaphylaxis has been observed in this group.

Thyroxin, given shortly before the test injection, also enhances the severity of the shock.

A combination of both—ascorbic acid during sensitization and thyroxin before shock—gives the most severe anaphylaxis observed in our experiments.

The differences in the reaction of the rat and the guinea pig in anaphylaxis are in degree rather than in kind. It is possible that they depend upon variations in the functions of the adrenal cortices of the two animals.