bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the cryptic role of a catalytic electron in a photochemical bond dissociation using excited state aromaticity markers
Authors: Banerjee Ambar , Halder Debabrata , Ganguly Gaurab , Paul Ankan
Published: August 2016

Upon photoexcitation of 5-phenyltetrazole, an electron is injected from the phenyl ring to the tetrazole ring, which performs a catalytic role in the photolytic dissociation of N2. The footprints of the “mercenary” electron are captured via dramatic changes in excited state aromaticity of the associated rings.
Theory of solid effect and cross effect dynamic nuclear polarization with half-integer high-spin metal polarizing agents in rotating solids
Authors: Corzilius Björn
Published: August 2016

Detailed theoretical description of high-spin properties of metal polarizing agents, especially Gd3+, for solid effect and cross effect DNP.
A self-consistent GW approach to the van der Waals potential for a helium dimer
Authors: Shoji Toru , Kuwahara Riichi , Ono Shota , Ohno Kaoru
Published: August 2016

The harmonic approximation breaks down in the GW approximation and a very long tail appears in the He–He nuclear probability density.
Synthesis of a sterically bulky diphosphine synthon and Ru(ii) complexes of a cooperative tridentate enamide-diphosphine ligand platform
Authors: Annibale Vincent T. , Ostapowicz Thomas G. , Westhues Stefan , Wambach Truman C. , Fryzuk Michael D.
Published: August 2016

The preparation of the bulky diphosphine synthon 1 is described and used to generate a tridentate enamido diphosphine ligand platform that can be installed on Ru(ii).
Quantitative extraction of Rh(iii) using ionic liquids and its simple separation from Pd(ii)
Authors: Svecova Lenka , Papaiconomou Nicolas , Billard Isabelle
Published: August 2016

The extraction of Pd(ii) and Rh(iii) from acidic solutions containing between 1 and 8 M HCl towards three ionic liquids, namely [P66614][Cl], [P66614][Br] and [P66614][DCA], based on the trihexyltetradecylphosphonium cation ([P44414]) and chloride, bromide or dicyanamide (DCA) anions, respectively, is reported.
Structure design of a hyperbranched polyamine adsorbent for CO2 adsorption
Authors: He Hui , Zhuang Linzhou , Chen Shuixia , Liu Hucheng , Li Qihan
Published: August 2016

A CO2-imprinted adsorbent was synthesized by crosslinking the CO2 pre-adsorbed amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer, which was prepared through the Michael addition reaction between amines and methyl acrylate (MA) at 0 °C, followed by self-condensation of the addition reaction products at 100 °C and 140 °C.
A pulsed atmospheric-pressure discharge generated in contact with flowing electrolyte solutions for metal element analysis by optical emission spectrometry
Authors: Zheng Peichao , Chen Yanying , Wang Jinmei , Xue Shuwen
Published: August 2016

The background signals are very low and metal element emissions have the same optimum spectral emission positions in the plasma.
Programming the shape-shifting of flat soft matter: from self-rolling/self-twisting materials to self-folding origami
Authors: Janbaz S. , Hedayati R. , Zadpoor A. A.
Published: August 2016

Rational programming of the shape-shifting behavior of flat materials (possibly decorated with complex surface features) to create complex three-dimensional structures.
A highly sensitive fluorescent sensor for Al3+and Zn2+based on a diarylethene salicylhydrazide Schiff base derivative and its bioimaging in live cells
Authors: Fu Yinglong , Tu Yayi , Fan Congbin , Zheng Chunhong , Liu Gang , Pu Shouzhi
Published: August 2016

A new photochromic diarylethene based sensor with a salicylhydrazide Schiff base displayed a dual-mode with a “turn on” fluorescence response and color changes upon addition of Al3+or Zn2+.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as high performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Wang Yourong , Xie Kai , Guo Xu , Zhou Wei , Song Guangsen , Cheng Siqing
Published: August 2016

A mesoporous nano-SiO2 anode delivers high specific capacity, good cycling stability and high Coulombic efficiency.
Luminescence properties of Eu2+-doped BaSi2O5 as an efficient green phosphor for light-emitting devices and wide color gamut field emission displays
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Wang Qian , Wang Xicheng , Ding Xin , Wang Yuhua
Published: August 2016

A green-emitting BaSi2O5:Eu2+ phosphor for white light emitting diodes and field emission displays.
Marrying mussel inspired chemistry with photoiniferters: a novel strategy for surface functionalization
Authors: Wang Pei-Xi , Dong Yi-Shi , Lu Xiao-Wen , Du Jun , Wu Zhao-Qiang
Published: August 2016

We demonstrated a novel strategy of marrying mussel inspired chemistry with photoiniferters for surface functionalization.
Fabrication of robust superhydrophobic fabrics based on coating with PVDF/PDMS
Authors: Xue Chao-Hua , Li Xing , Jia Shun-Tian , Guo Xiao-Jing , Li Min
Published: August 2016

Superhydrophobic fabrics were fabricated by roughening fibers with coatings of polyvinylidene fluoride and polydimethylsiloxane via a nonsolvent-induced phase-inversion process.
Investigating the metabolic fingerprint of term infants with normal and increased fetal growth
Authors: Fotakis C. , Zoga M. , Baskakis C. , Tsiaka Th. , Boutsikou T. , Briana D. D. , Dendrinou K. , Malamitsi-Puchner A. , Zoumpoulakis P.
Published: August 2016

An NMR metabolomic approach was employed to highlight the metabolic changes underlying prenatal disorders and determine metabolites that could serve as potential markers in relation to large for gestational age (LGA) newborns.
TiO2 nanosheet-anchoring Au nanoplates: high-energy facet and wide spectra surface plasmon-promoting photocatalytic efficiency and selectivity for CO2 reduction
Authors: Wang Meng , Han Qiutong , Zhou Yong , Li Ping , Tu Wenguang , Tang Lanqin , Zou Zhigang
Published: August 2016

An Au–TiO2 nanocomposite consisting of (001) exposed TiO2 nanosheet-anchored Au nanoplates was successfully fabricated and applied for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into hydrocarbon fuels.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a hybrid compound of berberine and magnolol for improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism
Authors: Li Yan , Yuan Xiao , Rong Xianglu , Gao Ying , Qiu Zhibin , Zhang Zhipeng , Zhou Dongbin , Li Weimin
Published: August 2016

The discovery and structural optimization of lead compounds is the main task in the research and development of new drugs.
CO2-expanded liquid assisted self-assembly between Disperse Red 1 and PS-b-P4VP
Authors: Cheng Xiaomeng , Zheng Xiaofang , Zhang Yaolong , Li Yu , Li Hongping , Cao Renfei , Li Qianyu
Published: August 2016

This work shows that CO2-expanded liquids facilitate the modulation of morphology and photoluminescence performance of the self assembled fluorescent composite formed between DR1 and PS-b-P4VP in CO2-expanded ethanol.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation ability and stability of small copper (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs)
Authors: Šulce Anda , Bulke Felix , Schowalter Marco , Rosenauer Andreas , Dringen Ralf , Kunz Sebastian
Published: August 2016

In the presence of H2O2, Cu nanoparticles degrade to Cu cations which generate highly reactive ROS.
Development of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube-based polysaccharide–hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Rajesh R. , Dominic Ravichandran Y. , Jeevan Kumar Reddy M. , Ryu Sung Hun , Shanmugharaj A. M.
Published: August 2016

fMWCNT–amylopectin–HAP and fMWCNT–gellan gum–HAP were prepared and characterized and theirin vitrocell proliferation and ALP activity were checked for the first time.
Cheese-like bulk carbon with nanoholes prepared from egg white as an anode material for lithium and sodium ion batteries
Authors: Liu Xudong , Wen Mingming , Zhao Yanming , Dong Youzhong , Fan Qinghua , Kuang Quan , Li Qidong
Published: August 2016

Cheese-like bulk carbon fabricated from egg white exhibits an excellent electrochemical performance when evaluated as an anode for LIBs.
Lithium intercalation in the surface region of an LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode through different crystal planes
Authors: Hirayama Masaaki , Abe Machiko , Taminato Sou , Araki Yuya , Suzuki Kota , Kanno Ryoji
Published: August 2016

The anisotropic stability of lithium (de)intercalation in the surface region of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 were clarified using epitaxial-film model electrodes with different orientations of (104), (1−18) and (003).
Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles – an experimental report
Authors: Bhakya S. , Muthukrishnan S. , Sukumaran M. , Grijalva M. , Cumbal L. , Franklin Benjamin J. H. , Senthil Kumar T. , Rao M. V.
Published: August 2016

In the present study, use of a Helicteres isora stem bark extract for the biosynthesis of AgNPs is described.
Sulfur to oxygen substitution in BiOCuSe and its effect on the thermoelectric properties
Authors: Han Mi-Kyung , Jin Ying-Shi , Yu Byung Kyu , Choi Woongjin , You Tae-Soo , Kim Sung-Jin
Published: August 2016

The effects of S doping at the oxygen site on the thermoelectric properties of BiOCuSe have been investigated.
Functional and mechanistic roles of the human proton-coupled folate transporter transmembrane domain 6–7 linker
Authors: Wilson Mike R. , Hou Zhanjun , Wilson Lucas J. , Ye Jun , Matherly Larry H.
Published: August 2016

The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT; SLC46A1) is a folate–proton symporter expressed in solid tumors and is used for tumor-targeted delivery of cytotoxic antifolates. Topology modeling suggests that the PCFT secondary structure includes 12 transmembrane domains (TMDs) with TMDs 6 and 7 linked by an intracellular loop (positions 236–265) including His247, implicated as functionally important. Single-cysteine (Cys) mutants were inserted from positions 241 to 251 in Cys-less PCFT and mutant proteins were expressed in PCFT-null (R1-11) HeLa cells; none were reactive with 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate biotin, suggesting that the TMD6–7 loop is intracellular. Twenty-nine single alanine mutants spanning the entire TMD6–7 loop were expressed in R1-11 cells; activity was generally preserved, with the exception of the 247, 250, and 251 mutants, partly due to decreased surface expression. Coexpression of PCFT TMD1–6 and TMD7–12 half-molecules in R1-11 cells partially restored transport activity, although removal of residues 252–265 from TMD7–12 abolished transport. Chimeric proteins, including a nonhomologous sequence from a thiamine transporter (ThTr1) inserted into the PCFT TMD6–7 loop (positions 236–250 or 251–265), were active, although replacement of the entire loop with the ThTr1 sequence resulted in substantial loss of activity. Amino acid replacements (Ala, Arg, His, Gln, and Glu) or deletions at position 247 in wild-type and PCFT–ThTr1 chimeras resulted in differential effects on transport. Collectively, our findings suggest that the PCFT TMD6–7 connecting loop confers protein stability and may serve a unique functional role that depends on secondary structure rather than particular sequence elements.
TAZ promotes cell growth and inhibits Celastrol-induced cell apoptosis
Authors: Wang Shuren , Ma Kai , Chen Lechuang , Zhu Hongxia , Liang Shufang , Liu Mei , Xu Ningzhi
Published: August 2016

Hippo pathway is a highly conservative signalling pathway related to the development of organisms, which has been demonstrated to be strongly linked to the tumorigenesis and tumour progression. As the major downstream effector of Hippo pathway, yes-associated protein (YAP), is a transcriptional activator of target genes that are involved in cell proliferation and survival. As an oncogene, YAP can promote cell growth and inhibit cell apoptosis. Another major downstream effector of Hippo pathway, transcriptional co-activators with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), is nearly 60% homologous with YAP. In the present study, we assume that TAZ probably has the similar function to YAP. To test this issue, we established an inducible and a stable expression system of TAZ in T-Rex-293 and HEK293 cells respectively. The results of cell growth curves, colony formation assay and tumour xenograft growth showed that overexpression of TAZ could promote cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, we found that up-regulated expression of TAZ could partially restore Celastrol-induced cell apoptosis. Induced overexpression of TAZ could up-regulate its target genes including ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein (ANKRD), cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), increase the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), decrease the expression of Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, which may be the mechanism underlying anti-apoptosis of TAZ. All these findings indicated that TAZ acts as an oncogene that could be a key regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Membrane proteins: is the future disc shaped?
Authors: Lee Sarah C. , Pollock Naomi L.
Published: August 2016

The use of styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) for the purification of membrane proteins (MPs) is a rapidly developing technology. The amphiphilic copolymer of styrene and maleic acid (SMA) disrupts biological membranes and can extract membrane proteins in nanodiscs of approximately 10 nm diameter. These discs contain SMA, protein and membrane lipids. There is evidence that MPs in SMALPs retain their native structures and functions, in some cases with enhanced thermal stability. In addition, the method is compatible with biological buffers and a wide variety of biophysical and structural analysis techniques. The use of SMALPs to solubilize and stabilize MPs offers a new approach in our attempts to understand, and influence, the structure and function of MPs and biological membranes. In this review, we critically assess progress with this method, address some of the associated technical challenges, and discuss opportunities for exploiting SMA and SMALPs to expand our understanding of MP biology.
Emerging roles of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway in cancer: potential therapeutic target for kinase inhibition
Authors: Jiramongkolchai Pawina , Owens Philip , Hong Charles C.
Published: August 2016

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signalling pathway. Similar to TGF-β, the complex roles of BMPs in development and disease are demonstrated by their dichotomous roles in various cancers and cancer stages. Although early studies implicated BMP signalling in tumour suppressive phenotypes, the results of more recent experiments recognize BMPs as potent tumour promoters. Many of these complexities are becoming illuminated by understanding the role of BMPs in their contextual role in unique cell types of cancer and the impact of their surrounding tumour microenvironment. Here we review the emerging roles of BMP signalling in cancer, with a focus on the molecular underpinnings of BMP signalling in individual cancers as a valid therapeutic target for cancer prevention and treatment.
The role of Trim25 in development, disease and RNA metabolism
Authors: Heikel Gregory , Choudhury Nila Roy , Michlewski Gracjan
Published: August 2016

Trim25 is a member of the tripartite motif family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. It plays major roles in innate immunity and defence against viral infection, control of cell proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Recent work identified Trim25 as being able to bind to RNA and to regulate Lin28a-mediated uridylation of pre-let-7. Here we review the current knowledge of the role of Trim25 in development, disease and RNA metabolism.
Regulation of the ALK1 ligands, BMP9 and BMP10
Authors: Li Wei , Salmon Richard M. , Jiang He , Morrell Nicholas W.
Published: August 2016

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)9 and BMP10 are high affinity ligands for activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), a type I BMP receptor mainly expressed on vascular endothelial cells (ECs). ALK1-mediated BMP9/BMP10 signalling pathways have emerged as essential in EC biology and in angiogenesis. Several genetic mutations in the genes encoding the ligands and receptors of this pathway have been reported in two cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Administration of recombinant BMP9 reverses experimental PAH in preclinical rodent models. Dalantercept, an Fc-fusion protein of the extracellular domain of ALK1 and a ligand trap for BMP9 and BMP10, is in phase II clinical trials for anti-tumour angiogenesis. Understanding the regulation of BMP9 and BMP10, at both gene and protein levels, under physiological and pathological conditions, will reveal essential information and potential novel prognostic markers for the BMP9/BMP10-targeted therapies.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), fumarate hydratase (FH): three players for one phenotype in cancer?
Authors: Laurenti Giulio , Tennant Daniel A.
Published: August 2016

In the early 1920s Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells have altered metabolism and from this, posited that mitochondrial dysfunction underpinned the aetiology of cancers. The more recent identification of mutations of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes in a wide range of human cancers has now provided a direct link between metabolic alterations and cancer. In this review we discuss the consequences of dysfunction of three metabolic enzymes involved in or associated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle: succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), fumarate hydratase (FH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) focusing on the similarity between the phenotypes of cancers harbouring these mutations.
Ultrathin flat microwave transmitarray antenna for dual‐polarised operations
Authors: Chen Lv‐Wei , Ge Yuehe , Bird Trevor S.
Published: August 2016

A dual‐polarised phase‐correcting microwave transmitarray that is based on an ultrathin phase‐shifting surface (PSS) has been developed at 22 GHz. The FSS element in this array has a square shape with the rotationally symmetrical geometry. It consists of two identical metallic layers etched on the two sides of a single dielectric layer. A phase‐shifting range of about 330° is achieved. A planar slot‐fed patch antenna was developed as the feed source for the compact structure. The transmitarray prototype, which is fed by a planar antenna, as well as a standard horn, was measured separately. The results show that peak gains of 25.82 and 27.45 dBi and 1 dB gain bandwidths of 6.8 and 9.5% are achieved for the two feed cases.
Pothole detection using spatio‐temporal saliency
Authors: Jang Dong‐Won , Park Rae‐Hong
Published: August 2016

This study proposes a simple and fast pothole detection method of a video using spatio‐temporal saliency, where a pothole is a type of failure on an asphalt pavement. In monocular vision, potholes typically have two visual properties. First, potholes have low‐intensity areas that are darker than nearby pavement because of shadows. Second, the texture inside the potholes is coarser than the nearby pavement. However, these two visual properties are not sufficient for accurately detecting potholes because of shadows on the pavement and lack of the texture. In this study, the above challenges are addressed by detecting slower objects that are coming closer to a moving vehicle. Pothole is a stationary object ahead on the road. In terms of the relative speed, pothole is a slower object than a moving vehicle. In the video sequence acquired from a dash‐cam, different image characteristics appear depending on the relative speed of objects such as potholes and cars ahead. The proposed method detects outliers using spatio‐temporal saliency in the yt image: a slower object is represented as diagonal outliers. Experiments with several dash‐cam videos show the effectiveness of the proposed method for real video sequences that contain potholes, cars, road lanes, and pavement markings.
Joint direction finding and array calibration method for MIMO radar with unknown gain phase errors
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Ding Ji , Jiang Defu
Published: August 2016

A novel method for joint direction finding and array calibration in multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) radar with unknown array gain phase errors is proposed. The transmit array and receive array are innovatively arranged along different axes, which are orthogonal to each other. After the trilinear decomposition, the influenced transmit direction matrix and receive direction matrix are combined to estimate the angles, and the gain phase errors can be calculated subsequently. The proposed algorithm is suitable for both uniform linear array (ULA) and non‐ULA, and it can achieve favourable angle and gain phase errors estimation without any auxiliary sensors and any information of the gain phase errors. Furthermore, it has better estimation performance and lower complexity than the eigenstructure method. Simulation results verify the usefulness of the approach.
Design of band‐rejected UWB planar antenna with integrated Bluetooth band
Authors: Yadav Swati , Gautam Anil Kumar , Kanaujia Binod Kumar , Rambabu Karumudi
Published: August 2016

In this study, a compact monopole antenna along with Bluetooth band and a band notched characteristic for ultra wideband (UWB) applications is designed. The antenna consists of a triangular shaped patch, an L‐shaped ground plane and a tapered microstrip feedline to obtain UWB operation. An additional resonance is excited for the Bluetooth band (2.4–2.48 GHz) by attaching an L‐shaped strip to the radiator. Further, a C‐shaped slit is etched in the radiator to restrict electromagnetic interference at IEEE INSAT/Super‐Extended C‐band from 6.7–7.1 GHz. The size of the antenna is only 13 × 24 × 1.6 mm3. A prototype of the proposed design is fabricated to validate the performance of the antenna. Measured results show that the antenna successfully operates over Bluetooth and entire UWB bands except the IEEE INSAT/Super‐Extended C‐band. A large bandwidth of 21.4 GHz from 3.1 to 24.5 GHz for UWB band is obtained. Current distribution on the antenna is used to develop design equations, and analysed the effect of L‐shaped strip and C‐shaped slit on the antenna operation. The simple structure and small size of the antenna makes it suitable for most of the wireless communication systems.
Frequency‐periodic microwave passive circuits and their digital matching
Authors: Muñoz‐Ferreras José‐María , Gómez‐García Roberto
Published: August 2016

Frequency‐periodic microwave passive devices can be analysed in such a way that the coefficients of their digital counterparts can be extracted. In this study, this analysis procedure is exploited with the aim of providing a new theoretical framework to model these circuits, which could hopefully make their synthesis easier in the future. Interesting results observed from the application of this method to three examples of passive devices are as follows: (i) the appearance of zero‐pole cancelations (ZPCs), (ii) the explanation of the required redundancy in certain microwave structures, and (iii) some difficulties observed in the synthesis of some frequency‐periodic circuits, given a predefined digital design as a single starting point. The ZPCs appearing for the first example corresponding to a stepped‐impedance‐stub‐based lowpass filter explain its inherent structure redundancy. Next, the analysis performed for a frequency‐periodic wide‐band matching network as second example also reveals the ZPC phenomenon, which justifies the existence of difficulties in its theoretical synthesis starting from a prefixed digital design. Finally, the third example consists in the application of the procedure to the well‐known 3‐dB branch‐line hybrid, for which no ZPCs arise.
Solution for sizing a PV/diesel HPGS for isolated sites
Authors: Askarzadeh Alireza
Published: August 2016

The main contribution of this study is to propose a novel optimisation technique for optimal sizing of hybrid power generation systems (HPGSs). In power system, size optimisation of an HPGS is a complex optimisation problem which needs a superior optimisation technique to be effectively solved. In this study, a photovoltaic–diesel (PV/diesel) HPGS is designed to supply the electrical load of an off‐grid remote area. In such system, size optimisation is defined by the determination of the size of the diesel generator and the PV surface area to have a cost‐effective and reliable HPGS. In this study, a Levy flight‐based particle swarm optimisation (PSOlevy) is proposed for solving the sizing problem. In PSOlevy, the velocity term of the original PSO is replaced by a Levy flight term to promote the population diversity. Simulation results indicate that PSOlevy produces comparative results in comparison with the other PSO variants.
Visceral Pleural Invasion Is a Significant Prognostic Factor in Patients with Partly Solid Lung Adenocarcinoma Sized 30 mm or Smaller
Authors: Seok Yangki , Lee Eungbae
Published: August 2016

Background This study analyzed the impact of visceral pleural invasion (VPI) on the disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with partly solid pulmonary adenocarcinoma sized 30 mm or smaller.

Method This is a retrospective study of 147 patients with surgically resected pathologic N0 pulmonary adenocarcinoma that had a partly solid appearance on preoperative computed tomography. All patients presented with tumors of size 30 mm or smaller. The DFS rate was estimated using Kaplan–Meier method. A multivariate analysis for prognostic factors was performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results VPI was found in 36 patients. The 5-year DFS in 111 patients without VPI (97.6%) was significantly higher than that in 36 patients with VPI (63%) (p < 0.0001). Univariate analysis revealed three significant poor prognostic predictors: the presence of VPI, the presence of lymphovascular invasion, and the size of the solid component on computed tomography (>20, ≤30 mm). According to the multivariate analysis, VPI was found to be a significant poor prognostic predictor (hazard ratio for DFS = 7.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.444–37.014, p = 0.016).

Conclusion VPI is a significant predictor of poor prognosis for small-sized (≤30 mm) partly solid lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, upstaging of the T factor from T1 to T2 on the basis of VPI as described by the TNM staging system is mandatory regardless of ground-glass opacity in small lung adenocarcinoma.
Toroidal silicon polarization analyzer for resonant inelastic x-ray scattering
Authors: Gao Xuan , Casa Diego , Kim Jungho , Gog Thomas , Li Chengyang , Burns Clement
Published: August 2016

Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) is a powerful probe for studying electronic excitations in materials. Standard high energy RIXS measurements do not measure the polarization of the scattered x-rays, which is unfortunate since it carries information about the nature and symmetry of the excitations involved in the scattering process. Here we report the fabrication of thin Si-based polarization analyzers with a double-concave toroidal surface, useful for L-edge RIXS studies in heavier atoms such as the 5-d transition metals.
Nature of traps responsible for the memory effect in silicon nitride
Authors: Gritsenko V. A. , Perevalov T. V. , Orlov O. M. , Krasnikov G. Ya.
Published: August 2016

Nature of traps responsible for the memory effect in Si3N4 still remains the subject matter of much discussion. Based on our quantum chemical simulation results, Si–Si bonds can be identified as traps for electrons and holes with localization energies falling within the ranges of Wte=1.2−1.7 eV and Wth=0.9−1.4 eV. Within the multiphonon trap ionization model, our experimental data on Si3N4 conductivity have allowed us to evaluate the thermal ionization energies of electron and hole traps in Si3N4 as Wte=Wth=1.4 eV. The same value of 1.4 eV was obtained as half the Stokes shift of the 2.4 eV green photoluminescence line observed in Si3N4 films under excitation with 5.2 eV. Thus, the data obtained in the present study strongly suggest that Si–Si bonds are responsible for localization of electrons and holes in Si3N4.
On the formation of shocks of electromagnetic plane waves in non-linear crystals
Authors: Christodoulou Demetrios , Perez Daniel Raoul
Published: August 2016

An influential result of F. John states that no genuinely non-linear strictly hyperbolic quasi-linear first order system of partial differential equations in two variables has a global C2-solution for small enough initial data. Inspired by recent work of D. Christodoulou, we revisit John’s original proof and extract a more precise description of the behaviour of solutions at the time of shock. We show that John’s singular first order quantity, when expressed in characteristic coordinates, remains bounded until the final time, which is then characterised by an inverse density of characteristics tending to zero in one point. Moreover, we study the derivatives of second order, showing again their boundedness when expressed in appropriate coordinates. We also recover John’s upper bound for the time of shock formation and complement it with a lower bound. Finally, we apply these results to electromagnetic plane waves in a crystal with no magnetic properties and cubic electric non-linearity in the energy density, assuming no dispersion.
Measurement of the electron and ion temperatures by the x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer on joint Texas experimental tokamak
Authors: Yan W. , Chen Z. Y. , Jin W. , Lee S. G. , Shi Y. J. , Huang D. W. , Tong R. H. , Wang S. Y. , Wei Y. N. , Ma T. K. , Zhuang G.
Published: August 2016

An x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer has been developed on joint Texas experimental tokamak for the measurement of electron and ion temperatures from the Kα spectra of helium-like argon and its satellite lines. A two-dimensional multi-wire proportional counter has been applied to detect the spectra. The electron and ion temperatures have been obtained from the Voigt fitting with the spectra of helium-like argon ions. The profiles of electron and ion temperatures show the dependence on electron density in ohmic plasmas.
Crystals of Janus colloids at various interaction ranges
Authors: Preisler Z. , Vissers T. , Smallenburg F. , Sciortino F.
Published: August 2016

We investigate the effect of interaction range on the phase behaviour of Janus particles with a Kern-Frenkel potential. Specifically, we study interaction ranges Δ = 0.1σ, 0.3σ, 0.4σ, 0.5σ with σ the particle diameter, and use variable box shape simulations to predict crystal structures. We found that changing the interaction range beyond 0.2σ drastically increases the variety of possible crystal structures. In addition to close-packed structures, we find body-centered tetragonal and AA-stacked hexagonal crystals, as well as several lamellar crystals. For long interaction ranges and low temperatures, we also observe an extremely large number of metastable structures which compete with the thermodynamically stable ones. These competing structures hinder the detection of the lowest-energy crystal structures, and are also likely to interfere with the spontaneous formation of the ground-state structure. Finally, we determine the gas-liquid coexistence curves for several interaction ranges, and observe that these are metastable with respect to crystallization.
Design of Thomson scattering diagnostic system on J-TEXT
Authors: Zhou Yinan , Gao Li , Huang Jiefeng , Qiu Qingshuang , Zhuang Ge
Published: August 2016

An infrared multi-channel Thomson scattering diagnostic system is designed from the viewpoint of development of the proposed system on the Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak (J-TEXT). A 3 J/50 Hz Nd:YAG laser, which is injected vertically into plasma in the direction from top to bottom, serves as the power source of the system. The scattering light is then collected horizontally and is transmitted to an interference-filter avalanche photodiode based polychromater for spectrum analysis. The system covers the half plasma cross section, providing 14 spatial points with 2 cm resolution. The proposed system can thus satisfy the requirements of the J-TEXT at present and in the near future. A detailed description of the system design is presented in this paper.
Diameter-dependent hydrophobicity in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Kyakuno Haruka , Fukasawa Mamoru , Ichimura Ryota , Matsuda Kazuyuki , Nakai Yusuke , Miyata Yasumitsu , Saito Takeshi , Maniwa Yutaka
Published: August 2016

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a good model system that provides atomically smooth nanocavities. It has been reported that water-SWCNTs exhibit hydrophobicity depending on the temperature T and the SWCNT diameter D. SWCNTs adsorb water molecules spontaneously in their cylindrical pores around room temperature, whereas they exhibit a hydrophilic-hydrophobic transition or wet-dry transition (WDT) at a critical temperature Twd ≈ 220-230 K and above a critical diameter Dc ≈ 1.4-1.6 nm. However, details of the WDT phenomenon and its mechanism remain unknown. Here, we report a systematic experimental study involving X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. It is found that water molecules inside thick SWCNTs (D > Dc) evaporate and condense into ice Ih outside the SWCNTs at Twd upon cooling, and the ice Ih evaporates and condenses inside the SWCNTs upon heating. On the other hand, residual water trapped inside the SWCNTs below Twd freezes. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that upon lowering T, the hydrophobicity of thick SWCNTs increases without any structural transition, while the water inside thin SWCNTs (D < Dc) exhibits a structural transition, forming an ordered ice. This ice has a well-developed hydrogen bonding network adapting to the cylindrical pores of the SWCNTs. Thus, the unusual diameter dependence of the WDT is attributed to the adaptability of the structure of water to the pore dimension and shape.
Novel high power impulse magnetron sputtering enhanced by an auxiliary electrical field
Authors: Li Chunwei , Tian Xiubo
Published: August 2016

The high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) technique is a novel highly ionized physical vapor deposition method with a high application potential. However, the electron utilization efficiency during sputtering is rather low and the metal particle ionization rate needs to be considerably improved to allow for a large-scale industrial application. Therefore, we enhanced the HIPIMS technique by simultaneously applying an electric field (EF-HIPIMS). The effect of the electric field on the discharge process was studied using a current sensor and an optical emission spectrometer. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the electric potential and electric field during the EF-HIPIMS process was simulated using the ANSYS software. The results indicate that a higher electron utilization efficiency and a higher particle ionization rate could be achieved. The auxiliary anode obviously changed the distribution of the electric potential and the electric field in the discharge region, which increased the plasma density and enhanced the degree of ionization of the vanadium and argon gas. Vanadium films were deposited to further compare both techniques, and the morphology of the prepared films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The films showed a smaller crystal grain size and a denser growth structure when the electric field was applied during the discharge process.
Limit theorems in the imitative monomer-dimer mean-field model via Stein’s method
Authors: Chen Wei-Kuo
Published: August 2016

We consider the imitative monomer-dimer model on the complete graph introduced in the work of Alberici et al. [J. Math. Phys. 55, 063301-1–063301-27 (2014)]. It was shown that this model is described by the monomer density and has a phase transition along certain coexistence curve, where the monomer and dimer phases coexist. More recently, it was understood [D. Alberici et al., Commun. Math. Phys. (published online, 2016)] that the monomer density exhibits the central limit theorem away from the coexistence curve and enjoys a non-normal limit theorem at criticality with normalized exponent 3/4. By reverting the model to a weighted Curie-Weiss model with hard core interaction, we establish the complete description of the fluctuation properties of the monomer density on the full parameter space via Stein’s method of exchangeable pairs. Our approach recovers what were established in the work of Alberici et al. [Commun. Math. Phys. (published online, 2016)] and furthermore allows to obtain the conditional central limit theorems along the coexistence curve. In all these results, the Berry-Esseen inequalities for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance are given.
Group classification and conservation laws of anisotropic wave equations with a source
Authors: Ibragimov N. H. , Gandarias M. L. , Galiakberova L. R. , Bruzon M. S. , Avdonina E. D.
Published: August 2016

Linear and nonlinear waves in anisotropic media are useful in investigating complex materials in physics, biomechanics, biomedical acoustics, etc. The present paper is devoted to investigation of symmetries and conservation laws for nonlinear anisotropic wave equations with specific external sources when the equations in question are nonlinearly self-adjoint. These equations involve two arbitrary functions. Construction of conservation laws associated with symmetries is based on the generalized conservation theorem for nonlinearly self-adjoint partial differential equations. First we calculate the conservation laws for the basic equation without any restrictions on the arbitrary functions. Then we make the group classification of the basic equation in order to specify all possible values of the arbitrary functions when the equation has additional symmetries and construct the additional conservation laws.
Quasi-optical design for systems to diagnose the electron temperature and density fluctuations on EAST
Authors: Cao Qifo , Liu Yong , Zhao Hailin , Zhou Tianfu , Ti Ang , Hu Liqun
Published: August 2016

A system to simultaneously diagnose the electron temperature and density fluctuations is proposed for Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak device. This system includes a common quasi-optical antenna, a correlation electron cyclotron emission (CECE) system that is used to measure the electron temperature fluctuations and a Doppler backscattering (DBS) system that is used to measure the electron density fluctuations. The frequency range of the proposed CECE system is 108-120 GHz, and this corresponds to a radial coverage of normalized radius ((R − R0)/a, R0 = 1850 mm, a = 450 mm) from 0.2 to 0.67 for the plasma operation with a toroidal magnetic field of 2.26 T. This paper focuses on the design of the quasi-optical antenna and aims at optimizing the poloidal resolution for different frequency bands. An optimum result gives the beam radius for the CECE system of 13-15 mm and this corresponds to a wave number range of kθ < 2.4 cm−1. The beam radius is 20-30 mm for V band (50-75 GHz) and 15-20 mm for W band (75-110 GHz).
Spin polarization of 87Rb atoms with ultranarrow linewidth diode laser: Numerical simulation
Authors: Wang Z. G. , Jiang Q. Y. , Zhan X. , Chen Y. D. , Luo H.
Published: August 2016

In order to polarize 87Rb vapor effectively with ultranarrow linewidth diode laser, we studied the polarization as a function of some parameters including buffer gas pressure and laser power. Moreover, we also discussed the methods which split or modulate the diode laser frequency so as to pump the two ground hyperfine levels efficiently. We obtained some useful results through numerical simulation. If the buffer gas pressure is so high that the hyperfine structure is unresolved, the polarization is insensitive to laser frequency at peak absorption point so frequency splitting and frequency modulation methods do not show improvement. At low pressure and laser power large enough, where the hyperfine structure is clearly resolved, frequency splitting and frequency modulation methods can increase polarization effectively. For laser diodes, frequency modulation is easily realized with current modulation, so this method is attractive since it does not add any other components in the pumping laser system.
Effects of irrigating forage turnips Brassica rapa var. rapa cv. Barkant during different periods of vegetative growth 3. Irrigation water use efficiency, evapotranspiration and effective use of water
Authors: Rowe B. A. , Neilsen J. E.
Published: August 2016

Irrigation was applied at different rates and frequencies during five consecutive periods of vegetative growth of the forage turnip Brassica rapa var. rapa cv. Barkant, grown in the field in north-west Tasmania, Australia, during the spring and summer of 1999–2000 (Season 1) and 2000–01 (Season 2). Irrigation applied before root expansion did not increase the dry matter (DM) of turnips (leaf plus root) in either season. At the following four harvests in each season, DM increased linearly in proportion to the cumulative amount of irrigation applied before the harvests. Irrigation water use efficiency, as measured by the slopes of the linear regressions, ranged from 5.7 to 17.2 kg DM ha–1 mm–1 in Season 1 and from 19.2 to 26.0 kg DM ha–1 mm–1 in Season 2. The effective use of water (EUW; yield increase/evapotranspiration within a period) was calculated for each of the five periods in Season 2 to identify the vegetative growth periods when the response ( kg DM ha–1 mm–1) was greatest and limited irrigation water could be applied most effectively. EUW of irrigated turnip increased from 16.8 kg DM ha–1 mm–1 at the onset of root expansion to 53.5 kg DM ha–1 mm–1 when root growth rate was a maximum, but declined thereafter. Scarce irrigation should be applied between the onset of root expansion and approximately 8 weeks later, when the response to irrigation ( kg DM ha–1 mm–1) was greatest.
Low-cost automated biochemical phenotyping for optimised nutrient quality components in ryegrass breeding
Authors: Pembleton L. W. , Wang J. , Spangenberg G. C. , Forster J. W. , Cogan N. O. I.
Published: August 2016

Quantification of forage quality is essential for the identification of elite genotypes in forage grass breeding. Perennial ryegrass is the most important temperate species for global pastoral agriculture. However, the protein content of ryegrass generally exceeds the requirements of a grazing animal, and the ratio of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) to protein is too low for efficient protein utilisation. This results in poor nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the farming system by livestock, and hence limits optimal animal production. New ryegrass cultivars with optimised WSC and protein content are desirable for farming efficiencies. Several methods are available for quantification of WSC and plant protein (such as near-infrared spectroscopy [NIRS] and high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]). However, such methods are labour-intensive, low-throughput and cost-prohibitive for commercial breeding programs, which typically need to assess thousands of samples annually. An accurate high-throughput micro-plate-based protocol has been developed and validated, with the ability to simultaneously process and quantify WSC and plant protein with a high level of automation, and an increase in sample processing of ~10-fold compared with commonly-used methods, along with a 3-fold cost reduction. As WSC and protein are extracted simultaneously and quantified within micro-plates, consumable costs are minimised with optimal reagent use efficiency, resulting in a low per sample cost that is suitable for commercial pasture breeding companies. This is the first demonstration of a forage quality phenotyping protocol suitable for broad-scale application, and will allow breeders to select elite genotypes based not only on visual assessment but also on WSC : protein ratios for improved ruminant nutrition.
FliW antagonizes CsrA RNA binding by a noncompetitive allosteric mechanism
Authors: Mukherjee Sampriti , Oshiro Reid T. , Yakhnin Helen , Babitzke Paul , Kearns Daniel B.
Published: August 2016

Significance

CsrA is a conserved global regulatory protein that binds to the 5′UTR of target transcripts to control RNA stability or occlude the Shine–Dalgarno sequence and inhibit translation. Here we show that the protein FliW of
Bacillus subtilis
noncompetitively antagonizes CsrA RNA-binding activity when FliW binds to CsrA at an allosteric site. Noncompetitive inhibition is likely a common mechanism of CsrA antagonism, as FliW is broadly distributed in bacteria. Furthermore, FliW regulation differs dramatically from the small RNA-based competitive sequestration found in γ-proteobacteria, and the two different mechanisms might allow for the potential of combinatorial CsrA regulation in some organisms. CsrA is a potent pleiotropic regulator of virulence transitions in pathogens, and noncompetitive antagonism improves the potential of CsrA as an antimicrobial drug target.
Reticular lamina and basilar membrane vibrations in living mouse cochleae
Authors: Ren Tianying , He Wenxuan , Kemp David
Published: August 2016

Significance

The remarkable sensitivity of mammalian hearing depends on auditory sensory outer hair cells, yet how these cells enhance the hearing sensitivity remains unclear. By measuring subnanometer vibrations directly from motile outer hair cells in living inner ear, we demonstrate that outer hair cells do not directly amplify the basilar membrane vibration by local feedback as commonly expected; instead, they actively vibrate the reticular lamina over a broad frequency range. The outer hair cell-driven reticular lamina vibration interacts with the basilar membrane traveling wave through the cochlear fluid, resulting in maximal vibrations at the best-frequency location, consequently enhancing hearing sensitivity. This finding advances our knowledge of mammalian hearing and may lead to strategies for restoring hearing in patients.
L2 Spanish preverbal ‘se’ in analysis and production data
Authors: Escutia López Marciano
Published: August 2016

This study looks at both the knowledge and use of the Spanish pronounsemainly with unaccusative predicates in the interlanguage of an adult English speaker learning Spanish as a Second Language (L2) in a native, non-institutional setting. Data recorded from the learner’s production along with other similar data were presented to him as a written acceptability judgment task. A comparison was made with the outcome of the task in order to have a more comprehensive view of his linguistic competence. The results seem to confirm those of previous studies in that the learner overgeneralizes the use of the cliticse. They also suggest that the development of L2 knowledge may involve a process of construction resulting in structures not present either in the native language (L1) or the L2, which show in certain fossilized errors. It is argued that these structures originate in the interaction of Universal Grammar principles and both L1 and L2 influence.
Hacia una dimensión crítica en la enseñanza de español como lengua extranjera
Authors: Llorca Carmen Marimón
Published: August 2016

El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que, a través del análisis y comprensión de la lengua en L2/LE es posible hacer explícitas las distintas maneras que tiene el lenguaje de expresar la experiencia y desarrollar, así, el espíritu crítico y la conciencia social que dan valor como ciudadano plurilingüe. Con el fin de integrar este conocimiento socio-discursivo en la enseñanza de L2/LE se propone el concepto de Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural Crítica (CCIC). A partir de las competencias establecidas en el Marco Común Europeo de Referencia y de los fundamentos lingüísticos y las dimensiones del aprendiente del Plan Curricular del Instituto Cervantes, realizamos una lectura ampliada del concepto de hablante intercultural. Esto nos permitirá vincular la Competencia Intercultural, que abre al estudiante hacia una visión compleja y diversa del mundo, con una dimensión crítica de la enseñanza de la lengua capaz de proporcionar el instrumental metodológico y conceptual necesario para un abordaje no inocente del lenguaje. La lengua, entendida como discurso, se observa desde una perspectiva semiótico-crítica que toma conceptos del Análisis Crítico del Discurso y de la Lingüística Sistémico Funcional.