bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Risk Measure Alternative to the Variance
Authors: Berliner B.
Published: July 2016

The qualifications of the semivariance as a useful risk measure are examined and compared to those of the variance. Although on first sight the semivariance may seem more appropriate from the insured's point of view the analysis of this paper leads to a preference for the variance as a risk measure.
Evaluation de Provisions pour Sinistres a Payer en Periode de Stagflation
Authors: de Montreynaud Bernard Dubois , Strube Didier
Published: July 2016

En matière d'assurance de la Responsabilité Civile Automobile, chacun connait la difficulté de fixer un tarif qui doit prévoir l'évolution à court terme, aussi bien de la fréquence, que du coût des sinistres mais, à notre avis, un problème bien plus important et d'une actualité brûlante réside dans l'étude de la répercussion sur la liquidation des sinistres, des facteurs monétaires et économiques nationaux et peut-être dans la remise en cause du système en vigueur dans notre pays.

Le compte d'exploitation est établi en tenant compte des provisions pour sinistres qui sont de l'ordre de grandeur des primes.

Or, l'incertitude de l'évolution de la valeur de la monnaie courante dans laquelle sont établis les comptes entraîne une variation possible sur les provisions techniques, d'un ordre de grandeur supérieur au résultat de l'exploitation.

Notre propos est de montrer l'ampleur des répercussions d'une période de stagflation sur l'évolution des provisions pour sinistres de Responsabilité Civile Automobile et de donner une règle empirique permettant une meilleure évaluation.

Nous ne parlerons pas des sinistres matériels qui sont réglés rapidement et pour lesquels l'indemnité est fixée au jour du sinistre; l'inflation n'a donc pratiquement pas d'influence sur le montant du règlement. La part des sinistres matériels dans les provisions ne dépasse du reste pas 15%.

Nous nous bornerons à l'étude des sinistres corporels. Les indemnités pour ces sinistres sont fixées au jour du règlement; elles correspondent à des salaires et subissent donc à la fois l'augmentation des prix et la progression du pouvoir d'achat. Les frais de gestion et de justice qui accompagnent le règlement des indemnités sont également homogènes à des salaires.
Exchange de Risques entre Assureurs et Theorie des Jeux
Authors: Lemaire Jean
Published: July 2016

A theorem of Borch characterizing Pareto-optimal treaties in a reinsurance market is extended to the case of non-differentiable utilities. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to the equations are established. The problem is then shown to be identical to the determination of the value of a cooperative non-transferable m-person game. We show how to compute the Shapley value of this game, then we introduce a new value concept. An example illustrates both methods.
Separation of Inflation and other Effects from the Distribution of Non-Life Insurance Claim Delays
Authors: Taylor G. C.
Published: July 2016

In recent years, as a result of more concentrated research together with the ravages wrought upon some insurers by inflation, the fundamental significance of the so-called run-off triangle in the calculation of provisions for outstanding claims has been increasingly recognised. The run-off triangle, which is a two-way tabulation—according to year of origin and year of payment—of claims paid to date, has the following form, where Cij is the amount paid by the end of development year j in respect of claims whose year of origin is i, i.e. Cij is the total amount paid in year of origin i and the following j years.

The information relating to the area below this triangle is unknown since it represents the future development of the various cohorts of claims.
Operations Stochastiques de Capitalisation
Authors: Devolder Pierre
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a stochastic model of capitalization which takes into account the financial risk in the actuarial processes.

We first introduce a stochastic differential equation which allows us to define the capitalization and actualization processes.

We use these concepts to present a new principle of premium calculation for the capitalization operations, based on the equality between backward reserve and conditional expectation of the forward reserve.

A generalization of the classical Thiele equation in life insurance is also given.

Numerical examples illustrate the model.
The 2016 Basal Ganglia Gordon Research Conference and Gordon Research Seminar
Authors: Xenias Harry S , Bevan Mark D
Published: July 2016

The second bi-annual Basal Ganglia Gordon Research Conference (GRC) was held 28 February through 4 March 2016 in Ventura, California, USA. Two hundred attendees participated and 46 lectures and 127 posters were presented. The meeting also incorporated a Gordon Research Seminar (GRS), held between February 27–28, organized exclusively by and for graduate and post-doctoral researchers. The GRC and GRS attracted scientists from across the globe with 4 continents and 18 countries represented. Research was presented in oral and poster formats during themed sessions. Lecturers ranged from graduate and post-doctoral trainees to junior and more established principal investigators. Both basic and clinician scientists were also well represented. The latest basal ganglia research discoveries on both normal function and diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), addiction and compulsive disorders, were communicated. In addition, government, industry, and clinical leaders delivered an optional Translational Café that focused on therapy development. In summary, the 2016 Basal Ganglia GRC and GRS showcased state-of-the-art research, promoted discussion, and interaction throughout the research community, and most likely inspired the next wave of fundamental and translational scientific discoveries in this brain region.
Predictive computational modeling to define effective treatment strategies for bone metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Cook Leah M. , Araujo Arturo , Pow-Sang Julio M. , Budzevich Mikalai M. , Basanta David , Lynch Conor C.
Published: July 2016

The ability to rapidly assess the efficacy of therapeutic strategies for incurable bone metastatic prostate cancer is an urgent need. Pre-clinical in vivo models are limited in their ability to define the temporal effects of therapies on simultaneous multicellular interactions in the cancer-bone microenvironment. Integrating biological and computational modeling approaches can overcome this limitation. Here, we generated a biologically driven discrete hybrid cellular automaton (HCA) model of bone metastatic prostate cancer to identify the optimal therapeutic window for putative targeted therapies. As proof of principle, we focused on TGFβ because of its known pleiotropic cellular effects. HCA simulations predict an optimal effect for TGFβ inhibition in a pre-metastatic setting with quantitative outputs indicating a significant impact on prostate cancer cell viability, osteoclast formation and osteoblast differentiation. In silico predictions were validated in vivo with models of bone metastatic prostate cancer (PAIII and C4-2B). Analysis of human bone metastatic prostate cancer specimens reveals heterogeneous cancer cell use of TGFβ. Patient specific information was seeded into the HCA model to predict the effect of TGFβ inhibitor treatment on disease evolution. Collectively, we demonstrate how an integrated computational/biological approach can rapidly optimize the efficacy of potential targeted therapies on bone metastatic prostate cancer.
On the use of composite analyses to form physical hypotheses: An example from heat wave – SST associations
Authors: Boschat Ghyslaine , Simmonds Ian , Purich Ariaan , Cowan Tim , Pezza Alexandre Bernardes
Published: July 2016

This paper highlights some caveats in using composite analyses to form physical hypotheses on the associations between environmental variables. This is illustrated using a specific example, namely the apparent links between heat waves (HWs) and sea surface temperatures (SSTs). In this case study, a composite analysis is performed to show the large-scale and regional SST conditions observed during summer HWs in Perth, southwest Australia. Composite results initially point to the importance of the subtropical South Indian Ocean, where physically coherent SST dipole anomalies appear to form a necessary condition for HWs to develop across southwest Australia. However, sensitivity tests based on pattern correlation analyses indicate that the vast majority of days when the identified SST pattern appears are overwhelmingly not associated with observed HWs, which suggests that this is definitely not a sufficient condition for HW development. Very similar findings are obtained from the analyses of 15 coupled climate model simulations. The results presented here have pertinent implications and applications for other climate case studies, and highlight the importance of applying comprehensive statistical approaches before making physical inferences on apparent climate associations.
Convergence to consensus in heterogeneous groups and the emergence of informal leadership
Authors: Gavrilets Sergey , Auerbach Jeremy , van Vugt Mark
Published: July 2016

When group cohesion is essential, groups must have efficient strategies in place for consensus decision-making. Recent theoretical work suggests that shared decision-making is often the most efficient way for dealing with both information uncertainty and individual variation in preferences. However, some animal and most human groups make collective decisions through particular individuals, leaders, that have a disproportionate influence on group decision-making. To address this discrepancy between theory and data, we study a simple, but general, model that explicitly focuses on the dynamics of consensus building in groups composed by individuals who are heterogeneous in preferences, certain personality traits (agreeability and persuasiveness), reputation and social networks. We show that within-group heterogeneity can significantly delay democratic consensus building as well as give rise to the emergence of informal leaders, i.e. individuals with a disproportionately large impact on group decisions. Our results thus imply strong benefits of leadership particularly when groups experience time pressure and significant conflict of interest between members (due to various between-individual differences). Overall, our models shed light on why leadership and decision-making hierarchies are widespread, especially in human groups.
Transregional movement of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in north China: an underlying threat to tuberculosis control
Authors: An Jun , Gao Mengqiu , Chu Naihui , Huang Hairong , Pang Yu , Li Liang
Published: July 2016

Due to unbalanced distribution of health care resource in China, tuberculosis patients, especially multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), prefer to suffer transregional movement for seeking better health care service in the first-tier cities. Here, we performed a study on the current status of transregional movement of tuberculosis in northern China by reviewing the medical record of TB patients hospitalized in Beijing Chest Hospital from 2011 to 2015. From 2011 to 2015, the proportion of non-Beijing in-patients had increased from 55.0% (996/1810) to 67.2% (1860/2769). In addition, we found that the rate of re-treated among non-Beijing group was significantly higher than that among Beijing-group. Compared with the proportion of pulmonary TB patients from non-Beijing, there were more extra-pulmonary TB patients from non-Beijing. In addition, 10.5% (164/1568) of Beijing in-patients and 26.5% (491/1858) of non-Beijing in-patients had MDR tuberculosis and statistical analysis revealed that there was significantly higher proportion of MDR cases among non-Beijing group than Beijing group. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that an increasing proportion of TB patients from northern China seek health care in Beijing. In view of higher prevalence of MDR-TB cases among these patients, the transregional movement of MDR-TB will lead to ongoing MDR TB transmission in the community.
Quantitative Persulfide Site Identification (qPerS-SID) Reveals Protein Targets of H2S Releasing Donors in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Longen Sebastian , Richter Florian , Köhler Yvette , Wittig Ilka , Beck Karl-Friedrich , Pfeilschifter Josef
Published: July 2016

H2S is an important signalling molecule involved in diverse biological processes. It mediates the formation of cysteine persulfides (R-S-SH), which affect the activity of target proteins. Like thiols, persulfides show reactivity towards electrophiles and behave similarly to other cysteine modifications in a biotin switch assay. In this manuscript, we report on qPerS-SID a mass spectrometry-based method allowing the isolation of persulfide containing peptides in the mammalian proteome. With this method, we demonstrated that H2S donors differ in their efficacy to induce persulfides in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, data analysis revealed that persulfide formation affects all subcellular compartments and various cellular processes. Negatively charged amino acids appeared more frequently adjacent to cysteines forming persulfides. We confirmed our proteomic data using pyruvate kinase M2 as a model protein and showed that several cysteine residues are prone to persulfide formation finally leading to its inactivation. Taken together, the site-specific identification of persulfides on a proteome scale can help to identify target proteins involved in H2S signalling and enlightens the biology of H2S and its releasing agents.
Core-shell self-assembly triggered via a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction for reduced glutathione detection and single cells monitoring
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Jiao Yuting , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhang Shusheng
Published: July 2016

A novel core-shell DNA self-assembly catalyzed by thiol-disulfide exchange reactions was proposed, which could realize GSH-initiated hybridization chain reaction (HCR) for signal amplification and molecules gathering. Significantly, these self-assembled products via electrostatic interaction could accumulate into prominent and clustered fluorescence-bright spots in single cancer cells for reduced glutathione monitoring, which will effectively drive cell monitoring into a new era.
Amphiphilic tribranched scaffolds with polyaromatic panels that wrap perylene stacks displaying unusual emissions
Authors: Suzuki Akira , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito
Published: July 2016

A spherical assembly containing a perylene stack, prepared from a rigid tribranched scaffold and perylene, exhibits unusual Y-emission in water at room temperature. In contrast, an analogous assembly from a flexible scaffold and perylene shows E-emission under the same conditions.
Band inversion and topological aspects in a TiNI monolayer
Authors: Wang Aizhu , Wang Zhenhai , Du Aijun , Zhao Mingwen
Published: July 2016

Titanium nitride iodide (TiNI) monolayer, a new stable 2D-TI characterized by the topological invariant of Z2 = 1, can be exfoliated from a bulk TiNI crystal.
[Sec-to-Cys]selenoprotein – a novel type of recombinant, full-length selenoprotein standard for quantitative proteomics
Authors: Konopka Anna , Winter Dominic , Konopka Witold , Estela del Castillo Busto M. , Nunez Susana , Goenaga-Infante Heidi , Fisicaro Paola , Lehmann Wolf D.
Published: July 2016

In this work, we present the first methodical approach to the preparation, molecular characterization and use of a novel type of full-length human selenoprotein standard.
Bacteriophilic tetra-p-guanidinoethyl-calix[4]arene derived polymers. Syntheses and E. coli sequestration studies
Authors: Lemée Frédéric , Mourer Maxime , Aranda Lionel , Clarot Igor , Regnouf-de-Vains Jean-Bernard
Published: July 2016

New resins functionalized by the antibacterial tetra-p-guanidinoethylcalix[4]arene were synthesized, and their bacteriophilic properties were evaluated (E. coli) by capillary electrophoresis.
Evaluation of the efficacy of carbon nanotubes for delivering peptides into mitochondria
Authors: Ficociello Graziella , Salemme Adele , Uccelletti Daniela , Fiorito Silvana , Togna Anna Rita , Vallan Lorenzo , González-Domínguez Jose M. , Da Ros Tatiana , Francisci Silvia , Montanari Arianna
Published: July 2016

Future therapy for mitochondrial pathologies: CKKSFLSPRTALINFLVK peptide from mitochondrial-LeuRS has a mitochondrial targeting activity when conjugated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
Structure of purotoxin-2 from wolf spider: modular design and membrane-assisted mode of action in arachnid toxins
Authors: Oparin Peter B. , Nadezhdin Kirill D. , Berkut Antonina A. , Arseniev Alexander S. , Grishin Eugene V. , Vassilevski Alexander A.
Published: July 2016

Traditionally, arachnid venoms are known to contain two particularly important groups of peptide toxins. One is disulfide-rich neurotoxins with a predominance of β-structure that specifically target protein receptors in neurons or muscle cells. The other is linear cationic cytotoxins that form amphiphilic α-helices and exhibit rather non-specific membrane-damaging activity. In the present paper, we describe the first 3D structure of a modular arachnid toxin, purotoxin-2 (PT2) from the wolf spider Alopecosa marikovskyi (Lycosidae), studied by NMR spectroscopy. PT2 is composed of an N-terminal inhibitor cystine knot (ICK, or knottin) β-structural domain and a C-terminal linear cationic domain. In aqueous solution, the C-terminal fragment is hyper-flexible, whereas the knottin domain is very rigid. In membrane-mimicking environment, the C-terminal domain assumes a stable amphipathic α-helix. This helix effectively tethers the toxin to membranes and serves as a membrane-access and membrane-anchoring device. Sequence analysis reveals that the knottin + α-helix architecture is quite widespread among arachnid toxins, and PT2 is therefore the founding member of a large family of polypeptides with similar structure motifs. Toxins from this family target different membrane receptors such as P2X in the case of PT2 and calcium channels, but their mechanism of action through membrane access may be strikingly similar.
Quantitative Endoscopic Phototransducer Investigation of Normal Velopharyngeal Physiology
Authors: Karnell Michael P. , Moon Jerald B. , Nakajima Kengo , Kacmarynski Deborah S.
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this research was to learn the extent to which healthy individuals vary in their ability to achieve velopharyngeal closure for speech.

Method

Twenty healthy adult volunteers (10 women, 10 men) were tested using an endoscopic phototransducer system that tracks variations in velopharyngeal closure during speech production. Each speaker produced multiple repetitions of three utterances that differed in phonetic content. The data were amplitude normalized and averaged for each speaker.

Results

Average phototransducer measurements were similar across subjects for utterances containing only oral phonemes. Average percentage of velopharyngeal closure varied considerably among subjects when producing utterances containing both oral and nasal phonemes (54%–95%). Average percentage of velopharyngeal closure levels were significantly lower (
p
< .05) for utterances that included nasal consonants.

Conclusions

Phototransducer measurements of velopharyngeal closure for speech are sensitive to nasal phoneme content. The findings suggest that motor programming that accomplishes rapid oral–nasal velopharyngeal valving for speech may differ among healthy subjects. However, such variations in motor programming may not perceptually affect typical speakers. If present in individuals with abnormal velopharyngeal mechanisms, these variations may help explain variations among speakers in speech outcomes after physical and behavioral management.
The prevalence of pre-existing mental health, drug and alcohol conditions in major trauma patients
Authors: Nguyen Tu Q. , Simpson Pamela M. , Gabbe Belinda J.
Published: July 2016

Objective
Capturing information about mental health, drug and alcohol conditions in injury datasets is important for improving understanding of injury risk and outcome. This study describes the prevalence of pre-existing mental health, drug and alcohol conditions in major trauma patients based on routine discharge data coding.

Methods
Data were extracted from the population-based Victorian State Trauma Registry (July 2005 to June 2013, n = 16 096).

Results
Seventeen percent of major trauma patients had at least one mental health condition compared with the Australian population prevalence of 21%. The prevalence of mental health conditions was similar to the Australian population prevalence in men (19% v. 18%), but lower in women (14% v. 25%) and across all age groups. Mental health conditions were more prevalent in intentional self-harm cases (56.3%) compared with unintentional (13.8%) or other intentional (31.2%) cases. Substance use disorders were more prevalent in major trauma patients than the general population (15% v. 5%), higher in men than women (17% v. 10%) and was highest in young people aged 25–34 years (24%).

Conclusions
Under-reporting of mental health conditions in hospital discharge data appears likely, reducing the capacity to characterise the injury population. Further validation is needed.

What is known about the topic?
Medical record review, routine hospital discharge data and self-report have been used by studies previously to characterise mental health, drug and alcohol conditions in injured populations, with medical record review considered the most accurate and reliance on self-report measures being considered at risk of recall bias. The use of routinely collected data sources provides an efficient and standardised method of characterising pre-existing conditions, but may underestimate the true prevalence of conditions.

What does this paper add?
No study to date has explored the prevalence of Abbreviated Injury Scale and International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-a.m)-coded mental health, alcohol and drug conditions in seriously injured populations. The results of this study show the incidence of mental health conditions appeared to be under-reported in major trauma patients, suggesting limitations in the use of ICD-10-a.m. to measure mental health comorbidities.

What are the implications for practitioners?
In order to achieve improvements in measuring mental health, drug and alcohol comorbidities, we suggest the use of a series of different diagnostic systems to be used in conjunction with ICD-10-a.m., such as medical record review and self-reporting as well as linkage to other datasets. When applied simultaneously, diagnosis and outcomes of mental health may be compared and validated across diagnostic systems and deviations in diagnoses could be more readily accounted for.
Hemodynamic Evidence of Vascular Remodeling in Combined Post‐ and Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Assad Tufik R. , Brittain Evan L. , Wells Quinn S. , Farber‐Eger Eric H. , Halliday Stephen J. , Doss Laura N. , Xu Meng , Wang Li , Harrell Frank E. , Yu Chang , Robbins Ivan M. , Newman John H. , Hemnes Anna R.
Published: July 2016

Although commonly encountered, patients with combined postcapillary and precapillary pulmonary hypertension (Cpc‐PH) have poorly understood pulmonary vascular properties. The product of pulmonary vascular resistance and compliance, resistance‐compliance (RC) time, is a measure of pulmonary vascular physiology. While RC time is lower in postcapillary PH than in precapillary PH, the RC time in Cpc‐PH and the effect of pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) on RC time are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that Cpc‐PH has an RC time that resembles that in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) more than that in isolated postcapillary PH (Ipc‐PH). We analyzed the hemodynamics of 282 consecutive patients with PH referred for right heart catheterization (RHC) with a fluid challenge from 2004 to 2013 (cohort A) and 4,382 patients who underwent RHC between 1998 and 2014 for validation (cohort B). Baseline RC time in Cpc‐PH was higher than that in Ipc‐PH and lower than that in PAH in both cohorts (P < 0.001). In cohort A, RC time decreased after fluid challenge in patients with Ipc‐PH but not in those with PAH or Cpc‐PH (P < 0.001). In cohort B, the inverse relationship of pulmonary vascular compliance and resistance, as well as that of RC time and PWP, in Cpc‐PH was similar to that in PAH and distinct from that in Ipc‐PH. Our findings demonstrate that patients with Cpc‐PH have pulmonary vascular physiology that resembles that of patients with PAH more than that of Ipc‐PH patients. Further study is warranted to identify determinants of vascular remodeling and assess therapeutic response in this subset of PH.
Solving the Phosphorus Pollution Puzzle: Synthesis and Directions for Future Research
Authors: Garnache Cloé , Swinton Scott M. , Herriges Joseph A. , Lupi Frank , Stevenson R. Jan
Published: July 2016

Despite the success of efforts to reduce phosphorus (P) pollution from point sources, P from non‐point agricultural sources remains a vexing problem with many U.S. water bodies having impairments. Key to solving the P pollution puzzle is to take stock of progress to date, the puzzle pieces available, and the gaps to be filled. In this paper, we synthesize the state of knowledge on P pollution, discuss the state of existing public programs, and review economists' contributions to informing P pollution policies. We review the water quality valuation literature, identifying limitations in the linkages to policy‐relevant environmental quality metrics. We examine how and why P is used agriculturally, along with recent advances in market‐based policy design and field testing. We survey new knowledge in biology and engineering, including improved understanding of the fate and transport of P. In light of recent learning and persistent knowledge gaps, we recommend directions for economic research to add needed pieces to the puzzle of how to protect our water bodies. Puzzle gaps meriting attention include mechanisms to target public funds more effectively in voluntary abatement programs, policy design for emerging mitigation technologies, new ways to implement performance‐based policies, means to leverage social norms and behavioral cues, changes in the “pay‐the‐polluter” paradigm, and application of state‐of‐the‐art evaluation methods to conservation programs. Beyond the realm of public policy lies that of private supply chains, where establishment of environmental standards holds additional promise. Rich research opportunities exist for economists in tandem with biologists, engineers, and others.
VisualGraphX: interactive graph visualization within Galaxy
Authors: Schäfer Richard A. , Voß Björn
Published: July 2016

Motivation: We developed VisualGraphX, a web-based, interactive visualization tool for large-scale graphs. Current graph visualization tools that follow the rich-internet paradigm lack an interactive and scalable visualization of graph-based data. VisualGraphX aims to provide a universal graph visualization tool that empowers the users to efficiently explore the data for themselves at a large scale. It is available as a visualization plugin for the Galaxy platform, such that VisualGraphX can be integrated into custom analysis pipelines.

Availability and Implementation: VisualGraphX has been released as a visualization plugin for the Galaxy platform under AFL 3.0 and is available with instructions and application data at http://gitlab.com/comptrans/VisualGraphX/.

Contact:  bjoern.voss@ibvt.uni-stuttgart.de
MSAViewer: interactive JavaScript visualization of multiple sequence alignments
Authors: Yachdav Guy , Wilzbach Sebastian , Rauscher Benedikt , Sheridan Robert , Sillitoe Ian , Procter James , Lewis Suzanna E. , Rost Burkhard , Goldberg Tatyana
Published: July 2016

Summary: The MSAViewer is a quick and easy visualization and analysis JavaScript component for Multiple Sequence Alignment data of any size. Core features include interactive navigation through the alignment, application of popular color schemes, sorting, selecting and filtering. The MSAViewer is ‘web ready’: written entirely in JavaScript, compatible with modern web browsers and does not require any specialized software. The MSAViewer is part of the BioJS collection of components.

Availability and Implementation: The MSAViewer is released as open source software under the Boost Software License 1.0. Documentation, source code and the viewer are available at http://msa.biojs.net/.

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Contact:  msa@bio.sh
Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship
Authors: Cropanzano Russell S. , Rupp Deborah E. , Thornton Meghan A. , Shao Ruodan
Published: July 2016

In this chapter, we provide a detailed examination of the relationship between employee justice perceptions and organizational citizenship behavior OCB. Beginning with the earliest research on OCB, we articulate how these two topics within organizational sciences developed alongside one another as researchers attempted to articulate not only what kinds of justice would influence extra-role behaviors but also how those effects emerge. We also discuss modern trends in the study of justice and OCB, examining new theoretical perspectives and multifoci, third-party, and multilevel approaches to assessing this phenomenon. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive discussion of not only where research has been but also where it will go as scholars continue to develop new insights into justice and citizenship behaviors in the workplace.
Mobilizing Knowledge in Health Care
Authors: Davies Huw , Powell Alison , Nutley Sandra
Published: July 2016

This chapter uses “knowledge mobilization” as an umbrella term to cover activities aimed at collating and communicating research-based knowledge within the health care system and within health care organizations. It explores the nature, use and flow of knowledge, focusing in particular on the role of research-based knowledge and its interactions with other forms of knowing, and on the organizational and management arrangements for health care delivery rather than on evidence-based practice per se. The chapter is underpinned by the premise that knowledge flow in health care is often slow, intermittent and uncertain. Specific, active, knowledge mobilization strategies that take account of context, politics and the individuals and groups involved are therefore needed to help ensure that research-based knowledge informs policy and practice.
Utpaladeva and Abhinavagupta on the Freedom of Consciousness
Authors: Ratié Isabelle
Published: July 2016

The Pratyabhijñā (“Recognition”) system, designed by the Śaiva nondualist Utpaladeva (c.925–975 ce) and expounded by Abhinavagupta (c.975–1025 ce) stands out as one of the greatest accomplishments of Indian philosophy. Engaging in a dialogue with all the rival currents of thought of his time, and claiming that the realization of our identity with God (understood as a single, all-encompassing, and all-powerful consciousness) can be achieved through the mere recourse to experience and reason, Utpaladeva transforms the Śaiva scriptural dogmas into philosophical concepts. His “new path” is aimed at demonstrating that the essence of any individual’s consciousness is none other than the absolute freedom characterizing God’s creativity. While examining Utpaladeva’s use of the concept of freedom in several major Indian controversies (such as the debates over the existence of the self or the ontological status of perceived objects), this article explores his phenomenological attempts to uncover the freedom of consciousness in our most ordinary experiences.
Mādhava’s Garland of Jaimini’s Reasons as Exemplary Mīmāṃsā Philosophy
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the Jaiminīyanyāyamālā (Garland of Jaimini’s Reasons) of Mādhava (1297–1388) as an example of Mīmāṃsā philosophy. It asks what Mīmāṃsā thinkers find philosophically problematic or interesting in the Sūtra before discussing what in Mīmāṃsā is most properly and usefully characterized as “Mīmāṃsā philosophy.” It considers the traditional themes thought to characterize each Adhyāya, or book, of the Sūtra to show that Mīmāṃsā reading and reasoning is grounded in case-studies and that it is like another form of textual reasoning, that of rabbinic tradition. In particular, it analyzes Jacob Neusner’s views on whether Mishnah, or any similar system, is philosophical. The chapter proceeds by turning to the Garland and Mādhava’s purpose in this work. It compares the Garland to Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations and argues that Mādhava is a philosopher of a certain kind, and his Garland a philosophical text committed to rational inquiry.
Music, Intellectual Disability, and Human Flourishing
Authors: Carlson Licia
Published: July 2016

This essay explores the various ways that music is relevant to the lives of people with intellectual disabilities. Moving beyond a therapeutic and medical model, musical experience can reveal certain dimensions of the self, establish ethical relationships, and promote new kinds of flourishing that, in turn, challenge dominant assumptions about the lives of people with intellectual disabilities. Taking music seriously also raises important critical questions for the field of Disability Studies regarding the marginalization of people with intellectual disabilities, the value of scientific and theoretical discourse, and the very meaning of “intellectual disability.”
Mechanized Bodies
Authors: Iverson Jennifer
Published: July 2016

This essay chronicles the relationship between electronica and the human voice in Björk’s oeuvre fromDebut(1993) toBiophilia(2011). It argues that Björk’s electronica constructs and manipulates bodies, which in some cases can be understood as cyborgs. Disability Studies literature and prosthestic theory help to interrogate the nature of these technological supplements. Even when Björk’s voice is not supplemented by technology, it is always already porous, a position further illuminated by the deconstructive writings of Derrida and Barthes. Björk’s music undermines the fiction that bodies can be whole or natural, in the ableist sense. Instead, Björk’s music asks listeners to accept that all bodies are in need of supplements. This prepares listeners to move out of the binary opposition between abled and disabled.
Madness and Music as (Dis)ability in Early Modern England
Authors: Bassler Samantha
Published: July 2016

Although disability has long been a subject of premodern historical, cultural, and literary studies, musicologists have not thoroughly investigated conceptions of disability in early music. This essay is intended to enrich understanding of how disability operated in the culture of early modern England and argues for Disability Studies as a useful tool for illuminating aspects of early modern English culture that might otherwise go unnoticed within traditional cultural analysis. It uses disability as a departure point for a more nuanced understanding of premodern culture in England, centering on case studies of music and madness and tropes of disability and gender. It argues that disability, while not understood as analogous to our modern conceptions of abnormality, was an important operational category in early modern English music and was often conflated with femininity, as evidenced in the plays of Shakespeare.
Working Sensitively and Effectively to Reduce Suicide Risk Among Older Adults
Authors: Heisel Marnin J. , Duberstein Paul R.
Published: July 2016

Suicide is a uniquely human phenomenon, necessitating a human response. Suicide disproportionately claims the lives of older adults, and men in particular. Effective clinical practice with at-risk older adults requires sensitivity to contributing developmental, intrapersonal, social, and existential factors. Whereas the presence of suicide thoughts and behavior may be conceptualized as potential signs of an incipient mental health emergency, demanding quick and decisive action, working clinically with at-risk older adults nevertheless extends temporally beyond moments of behavioral crisis and conceptually beyond risk assessment and management. The field of later-life suicide prevention is in its relative infancy; however, progress is being made in investigating associated risk and resiliency factors and in developing, testing, and disseminating approaches to assessment and intervention. We provide an overview of the literature and call for a more sensitive, compassionate, and effective approach to suicide prevention among older adults, drawing on individually tailored and humanistic-existential approaches to care.
Beyond Toleration—Facing the Other
Authors: Matthews Richard
Published: July 2016

This essay seeks to integrate themes raised by the various contributors to this section of the Handbook. The central issue concerns the role played by music education in creating, perpetuating, or intensifying privilege and oppression. Intersectional considerations are used to show how chapters fit into a larger analysis of violence by exploring specific axes of oppression—for instance, race or gender—and how they relate to a larger situation of unjust social dominance. The concept of structural violence is crucial here, as much of the damage inflicted has direct physical and psychological consequences and either undermines or outright destroys the educational environment for those harmed by it. An essential related theme is the necessity for moral and political self-criticism—reflexivity—in struggling against oppression so that music education is not condemned to perpetuation. There are extraordinary possibilities for resistance available to reflexive music educators.
Hospitable Music Making
Authors: Higgins Lee
Published: July 2016

This chapter introduces the notion of hospitable music making as it relates to community music making practices in both theoretical and practical senses. Through a conceptual framework informed by Jacques Derrida’s writings on justice, two illustrative case studies of, respectively, a Chinese conservatoire-trained musician returning to the town of her birth to work with left-behind children, and choral conductors working in a Massachusetts correctional institution, community music projects are described as sites for social justice. As a welcome toward those who wish to participate in active music making, hospitable musical environments become places through which to explore participation and inclusion.
Negotiating Gender, Popular Culture, and Social Justice in Music Education
Authors: Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: July 2016

This chapter describes how educators may use Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model to create instruction and curricula that challenge students to critically examine popular music. Through this process, students generate dominant, oppositional, and negotiated readings of songs, music videos, and other popular culture texts, and situate these readings within relations of power and privilege. This pedagogical process is illustrated in an analysis of contested notions of “female empowerment” in Beyoncé Knowles’s music video Run the World (Girls). Finally, limitations of the encoding/decoding model are accounted in order to create new aims for social justice in music education, including the exploration of diversity and the exploration of societal power and privilege in the production and reception of popular music.
Addressing the needs of the adult “non-singer” (“NS”)
Authors: Knight Susan
Published: July 2016

The adult “non-singer” (“NS”) remains a common phenomenon in Western society.This designation includes those who self-perceive as “NS” and those who are perceived by others as “NS”.Over time, this “NS” state has been referenced in the vernacular byterms such as ‘tone deaf’, and untilfairly recently, was accepted as an innate state, reflecting the dominant “can/cannot” view of fixed human singing capacity in Western culture. However, a growing research interest in singing’s developmental nature has challenged this bipolar view. Evidence establishes that humans possess a species-wide facility for singing as a learned musical behavior. The literature reports many adult “NSs” either being told they were “NS” in childhood, or (mis)inferring that identity,resulting in impeded or arrested singing development,which then endured. These attributional events occasioned a re-formed identity as a fixed “NS”with ensuing negative personal and socially-detrimental effects. Research reveals that adult “NS” attributed in childhood may indeed recover/discover singing successfullywith targeted developmental intervention. The “NS” condition is as much a socio-cultural as a musical challenge, and its nature as such is contextualizedherein. A comprehensive discussion of “NS” follows from an experiential stance, revealing the negative implications of the fixed “NS” label. A common “NS” attributional process is described, exposing the needs arising from such a socio-cultural attribution. Enablement strategies and techniques for facilitating “NS” singing re-entry are detailed and explicated. Impediments and challenges underpinning “NS” are discussed and approaches to prevent and/or reverse “NS” are explored.
Historical Institutionalism in Political Science
Authors: Fioretos Orfeo , Falleti Tulia G. , Sheingate Adam
Published: July 2016

Historical institutionalism has steadily expanded its empirical scope and refined its analytical toolbox since it crystallized as a tradition of political analysis during the “new institutionalisms” debate. This chapter details the origins and evolution of historical institutionalism, placing particular emphases on the temporal concepts that inform its analytical toolbox. It begins with a discussion of historical institutionalims’s evolving relationship with other varieties of institutional analysis, before debating temporal concepts such as critical junctures, path dependence, intercurrence, and modes of gradual change. A third section identifies analytical, methodological, and empirical areas of potential growth.
The Development of State Capacity
Authors: Soifer Hillel David
Published: July 2016

Building on the longstanding affinity between historical institutionalism and the development of state capacity, this chapter explores opportunities for deeper engagement. First, it sketches a research agenda for the study of failed state-building and its implications. Second, it identifies two elements of continuity in state development: the steady growth of state scope over time, and the persistence over time of state capacity. Studying these issues will require historical institutionalists to think more broadly about assessing institutional evolution, and press scholars of the state to better theorize the relationship between the state’s capacity and the strength of its component institutions.
Labor in Developing and Post-Communist Countries
Authors: Caraway Teri L.
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the enduring legacy of the Colliers on scholarship of labor in developing and post-communist countries, arguing that it has influenced both historically rooted configurational analyses and temporally rooted historical institutionalist analyses. Historical institutionalist research has advanced the study of contemporary labor politics by highlighting the processes through which institutional legacies persist and change within specific sociopolitical and temporal contexts and thereby have profound impacts on later events. We therefore have a better understanding of varying union responses to neoliberal reform, the conditions under which some unions confront these reforms more effectively than others, and the effects of authoritarian legacies on unions in new democracies. Going forward, historical institutionalist scholars must think more systematically about why some institutions are stickier than others and how institutions interact with contextual variables to produce distinct pathways of institutional evolution and transformation.
Political Parties in American Politics
Authors: Galvin Daniel J.
Published: July 2016

Political parties are closely associated with pivotal turning points in American political development. Surprisingly little attention, however, has been given to how the parties, themselves, change over time. Whether they are conceptualized as formal organizations or as networks of groups, studying parties from a historical-institutional perspective directs attention to their structural arrangements and the processes through which those arrangements change. Identifying mechanisms of change and specifying the conditions under which different types of change may occur, the historical-institutional approach promises to elucidate the relationship between party change and political change more broadly.
Critical Junctures, Developmental Pathways, and Incremental Change in Security Institutions
Authors: Solingen Etel , Wan Wilfred
Published: July 2016

Historical institutionalism as an explicit tradition has largely remained on the sidelines in international security scholarship, with some exceptions. The chapter begins by reviewing the sources of resistance to the tradition in security studies. We then apply its analytical toolbox to two empirical realms at different levels of analysis: divergent regional security paths in East Asia and the Middle East; and the evolution of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. These cases show the utility of historical institutionalism in spanning sub-national, regional and international levels of analysis; its value for examining the role of critical junctures for evolving security arrangements; and its timely applicability beyond topical, geographical, and ontological foci that have been standard fare in security studies.
Global Institutions without a Global State
Authors: Farrell Henry , Finnemore Martha
Published: July 2016

Historical institutionalism has not yet grappled with the deeper intellectual challenges of “going global.” Understanding international, particularly global, institutions, requires attention to and theorizing of a global social context, one that does not rely on a national government in the background, ready to enforce laws and rules. It also requires theories about the global organizations themselves. This chapter argues that a historical institutionalism that engages with the many varieties of sociological institutionalism would be a richer tradition that could more systematically examine the role of norms and ideas, thereby expanding its analytic range to institutional contexts beyond the state.
States and Economic Development
Authors: Kohli Atul
Published: July 2016

Scholars agree that states influence rates and patterns of economic development everywhere. Yet why are some states better at promoting economic development than others? It is argued in this chapter that a historical-institutional perspective is especially well suited to study the role and effectiveness of the states in economic development. Focusing on late-developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the chapter highlight the deeper historical determinants of states’ economic policy choices, whether these are the legacies of colonialism (such as in Nigeria) or of the political and economic continuities (Latin America) and discontinuities (Asia) produced by decolonization.