bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of xylanase and thermal treatment on the composition and interfacial rheology properties of whole wheat dough liquor
Authors: Yue Ying , Zhang Shuo , Fan Bei , Tong Litao , Wang Lili , Guo Yahong , Wang Fengzhong , Liu Liya
Published: February 2022

The dough liquor (DL) centrifuged from dough played an important role in determining the gas cell stability during dough making, and the adding of xylanase (XYL) in the dough could efficiently increase the stability of DL foam, especially at 60 °C. In this work, we prepared whole wheat dough added with different dosages of XYL and extract the DL. The components especially proteins in DL and their interaction mechanism and interfacial rheology properties at the air–water interface were studied. The proteins formed protein aggregates (>150 kDa) at 60 °C. After XYL treatment, DL solution exhibited higher protein surface hydrophobicity and surface pressure. And the equilibrium surface pressure of DL varied between 23 and 28 mN m−1. At 25 °C, the interfacial dilatational modulus increased by 26.77% and 14.22% compared with control, respectively. And the XYL can improve the interface shear strength both for the unheated and heated DL solutions. These findings showed that XYL might improve the ability of DL constituents to stabilise the air–water interface to contribute to the stability of gas cells in the dough. The obtained results have provided a theoretical basis for improving the gas cell stability by changing the properties of whole wheat DL with the addition of XYL.
Synthesis of confectionery fat from illipé butter stearin and palm mid‐fraction blend via enzymatic interesterification
Authors: Sonprasert Thunchanok , Ornla‐ied Pimwalan , Sonwai Sopark
Published: February 2022

Cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) was synthesised from blends of illipé butter stearin (IBS) and palm mid‐fraction (PMF) via enzymatic interesterification (EIE). IBS was blended with PMF in three wt ratios (70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) and the EIE reactions were performed at 50°C for 30 min using an sn‐1,3‐specific lipase from Rhizopus oryzae as a catalyst. The triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions, slip melting points (SMP), crystallisation and melting thermograms, solid fat content (SFC) curves, and crystal microstructure of the blends before and after EIE were studied and compared with cocoa butter (CB). After EIE, the contents of POP and StOSt decreased, whereas the POSt content increased in all blends. Blend EIE 60:40 exhibited the POP and StOSt contents that situated within the ranges of POP and StOSt contents of CB. It also showed SMP, melting peak and melting completion temperatures, melting enthalpy and crystal microstructure most similar to CB. Most importantly, its SFC curve completely matched that of CB. Consequently, EIE 60:40 was chosen for further investigation and it was found to be fully compatible with CB and crystallised into the same polymorphic form (β) as CB. Therefore, EIE 60:40 has a high potential for use as a commercial CBE.
Microwave‐assisted catalytic synthesis of phytosterol esters
Authors: Zhang Yaru , Zhang Tao , Zhang Yu , Wu Zhengzhang , Zhang Peng , Liu Ruijie , Chang Ming , Wang Xingguo
Published: February 2022

A low‐temperature reaction is of considerable importance in avoiding the degradation of phytosterol esters caused by high temperatures. In this study, an efficient method under mild conditions was developed to synthesise phytosterol esters by using microwave‐assisted catalyst dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DBSA). The phytosterol conversion reached 94.27% under the optimal conditions: oleic acid to phytosterol molar ratio of 2.5:1, catalyst dosage of 20% (mol%) and reaction temperature of 60°C for 60 min. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was applied to determine the structure of phytosterol oleates. Moreover, a second‐order kinetic model describing phytosterols esterification exhibited an adequate agreement with the experimental data. Microwave irradiation achieved the reduction of energy barrier (Ea = 29.17 kJ mol−1) in comparison with conventional heating (Ea = 49.22 kJ mol−1). This study suggests that microwave‐assisted catalyst DBSA is a reliable and efficient method for the production of high‐quality phytosterol esters.
Developing and validating a serious game‐based assessment for cyber occupations in the US Air Force
Authors: Wiernik Brenton M. , Raghavan Mukhunth , Caretta Thomas R. , Coovert Michael D.
Published: February 2022

We present initial structural validity evidence for a serious game designed for personnel selection and classification for cybersecurity roles in the US Air Force (USAF). Based on literature review and input from USAF cybersecurity subject‐matter‐experts, we targeted six constructs for assessment. We describe the development process used to build a game to assess individual differences in these constructs, while also being engaging and motivating for players. We attend to the challenge of avoiding an overall game performance factor that dominates variance of multiple constructs scored from the same gameplay episodes and report steps taken to enhance discriminant validity of the scores. We apply factor analysis and item response theory models to develop scores that are reliable, show discriminant validity, and show modest education/gender group differences.
Career trajectories, skills transfers and work stability of educated Polish migrants returning from the UK
Authors: Czeranowska Olga , Winogrodzka Dominika
Published: February 2022

The key aim of this paper is to explore the impact of migration experiences on the career trajectories of Polish returning migrants. Focusing on the intersection between career and migration studies, we aim to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the shapes of returning migrants’ career trajectories?; (2) What is their sense of stability in the labour market? and (3) Are returning migrants able to transfer skills that they gained working abroad? If yes, which one and how it depends on the shape of their career trajectories? Based on the qualitative study of Polish migrants who returned from the UK, we have distinguished four types of career trajectories: ascending career, highly diversified career, fragmented career and steady career. Building a typology of returning migrants’ careers, we considered whole trajectories (the situation before, during and after migration) and both vertical and horizontal labour market mobility.
Regional Victoria physician subspecialty training and workforce: the current state of play
Authors: Velusamy Ragani , Thomson Brady , Martin Annabel
Published: February 2022

This report outlines the advantages and barriers to working and training in regional Victoria with an aim to provide future researchers with data points to address the maldistribution of medical specialists in regional Australia. Some of the advantages are positive job satisfaction, collegiality and good work–life balance, while increased workload and insufficient number of specialists were reported as disadvantages.
Oral health and cardiometabolic disease: understanding the relationship
Authors: King Shalinie , Chow Clara K. , Eberhard Joerg
Published: February 2022

Examination of the oral cavity can identify clinical signs indicative of underlying systemic disease. Key features to examine include the general appearance and number of the teeth, signs of inflammation of the mucosa or gingival tissues including bleeding of the gums and redness, swelling or hyperplasia. Additionally, the tongue should be assessed for any ulceration or discolouration and the presence of excessive build‐up (coating). Cardiovascular disease and diabetes, together known as cardiometabolic disease have an impact on oral health. Similarly, oral health conditions, such as gum disease (periodontitis) and dryness of the mouth (xerostomia), are associated with an increased risk for both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this narrative review is to outline both the impact of periodontitis and xerostomia on cardiometabolic disease and the impact of cardiometabolic health on these oral health conditions. Key features of periodontitis and xerostomia will be provided along with a brief discussion of current concepts in early prevention and management of these oral health conditions. The biological mechanisms linking cardiometabolic disease and periodontitis will be outlined and the evidence supporting the association between cardiometabolic disease and oral health conditions will be presented together with an identification of areas where further research is indicated. Last, guidance for general practitioners to assess and support early diagnosis and management of oral health conditions by raising awareness of the relationship between oral health and cardiometabolic disease, providing simple oral health advice and referring to a dental practitioner will be presented.
Designing the ultimate general medicine model
Authors: Thompson Campbell H. , Gilbert Toby R.
Published: February 2022

The ideal model of care in general medicine remains elusive, perhaps because of interhospital heterogeneity in patient population and resource allocation to both general medicine and the medical subspecialties. We explain why successful interventions at one site are not easily applied in another and recommend a nationally coordinated examination of the best general medicine departments' methods of clinical practice improvement.
An Interview with John M. Abowd
Authors: Schmutte Ian , Vilhuber Lars
Published: February 2022

John M. Abowd is the Chief Scientist and Associate Director for Research and Methodology, US Census Bureau. He completed his AB in Economics at Notre Dame in 1973 and his PhD in Economics at University of Chicago in 1977 under Arnold Zellner. During his academic career, John has held faculty positions at Princeton, the University of Chicago, and, since 1987 at Cornell University where he is the Edmund Ezra Day Professor Emeritus of Economics, Statistics and Data Science. John was trained as a statistician and labor economist, and his economic research has focused on the rigorous empirical evaluation of labor market institutions. In the late 1990s, he began working with the Census Bureau on projects that would end up leveraging administrative and survey records into official statistical products. Through that work, he has developed a research agenda focused on issues necessary to generate those products, including data privacy, synthetic data, total error analysis, data linkage, and missing data problems, among others.
Guilt, tears and burnout—Impact of UK care home restrictions on the mental well‐being of staff, families and residents
Authors: Giebel Clarissa , Hanna Kerry , Marlow Paul , Cannon Jacqueline , Tetlow Hilary , Shenton Justine , Faulkner Thomas , Rajagopal Manoj , Mason Stephen , Gabbay Mark
Published: February 2022

Aims

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of the pandemic on the emotional and mental well‐being of family carers, care home staff and residents, in light of changing restrictions, increased testing and vaccination rollout in the UK.

Design

Longitudinal, qualitative semi‐structured interview study.

Methods

Remote semi‐structured interviews were conducted with family carers of care home residents with dementia and care home staff from different care homes across the UK. Baseline and follow‐up interviews were conducted in October/November 2020 and March 2021, respectively. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis involving members of the public with caring experiences.

Results

In all, 42 family carers and care home staff participated at baseline, with 20 family carers and staff followed up. We identified four themes: (1) Developing anger and frustration; (2) Impact on relationships; (3) Stress and burnout; and (4) Behavioural changes, and perceived impact on residents. The mental health of everyone involved, including family carers, care home staff and residents, has been negatively affected, and relationships between family carers and staff have been severely strained. There was a general lack of adequate mental health support, with little relief.

Conclusions

The pandemic has had a detrimental impact on the lives of those surrounding care homes—from residents and staff to family carers. Consideration should be given on how to best support the mental health needs of all three groups, by providing adequate easily accessible mental health care for all. This should also focus on rebuilding the relationships between family carers and care home staff.

Impact

This is the first paper to highlight the effects of the long‐lasting and miscommunicated restrictions on residents, carers and care home staff, and highlight the urgent need for continued mental health support.
Evaluation of left ventricular function by treadmill exercise stress echocardiography combined with layer‐specific strain technique in essential hypertension patients
Authors: Qingfeng Zhang , Yi Wang , Wenhua Li , Hongmei Zhang , Geqi Ding , Xuebing Liu , Chunmei Li , Yan Deng , Lixue Yin
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of treadmill exercise stress echocardiography (TESE) combined with left ventricular (LV) layer‐specific strain (LSS) in subclinical myocardial and reserve function of hypertensive patients. A total of 55 hypertensive patients and 51 controls were evaluated during rest and exercise. Two‐dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) and LSS technique was used to measure longitudinal and circumferential strains at rest and peak exercise, strain difference characteristics were then evaluated. Compared to the control subjects, both longitudinal and circumferential LSS showed different degrees of reduction in hypertensive group, which was more pronounced at peak exercise. The global longitudinal endocardium strain (GLSendo) at rest was 24.4% ± 1.5% in the control group versus 20.4% ± 2.3% in the hypertensive group, while the difference was more obvious at peak state (control vs. hypertensive group, 30.8% ± 2.8% and 22.8% ± 2.9%, respectively). In particular, endocardial strain under exercise can be used as a sensitive indicator where the LV contractile reserve (CR) function of the three layers are all impaired. TESE combined with LSS might increase diagnostic accuracy of myocardial performance in hypertension patients.
High waist circumference is a risk factor of new‐onset hypertension: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Authors: Sun Jin‐Yu , Ma Yong‐Xiang , Liu Heng‐Li , Qu Qiang , Cheng Chen , Kong Xiang‐Qing , Huang Wen‐Jun , Sun Wei
Published: February 2022

This study aims to investigate the association between waist circumference and the development of hypertension based on a nationwide cohort Chinese population. A total of 5330 individuals free of hypertension at baseline were collected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The association between waist circumference and the development of hypertension was analyzed by an adjusted cox regression model and visualized by restricted cubic splines. Further, we applied the supervised machine learning methods to evaluate the importance of multiple variates for new‐onset hypertension. Additionally, the robustness of the association was assessed by a subgroup analysis. A total of 1490 individuals (28.0%) developed hypertension during a mean follow‐up of 3.32 years. The new‐onset hypertension was more observed in those with increased waist circumference (P for trend < .001). In the fully adjusted Cox regression, each 10 cm increase of waist circumference would result in an 18% elevated risk of hypertension. The random forest method and the Extreme Gradient Boosting method revealed waist circumference as an important feature to predict the development of hypertension. The sensitivity analysis indicated a consistent trend between waist circumference and new‐onset hypertension in all BMI categories. This study suggested high waist circumference as an independent risk factor for new‐onset hypertension based on a nationwide cohort of Chinese adults aged ≥45 years old. Our results supported that waist circumference should be routinely measured.
Altered theta–beta ratio in infancy associates with family history of ADHD and later ADHD‐relevant temperamental traits
Authors: Begum‐Ali Jannath , Goodwin Amy , Mason Luke , Pasco Greg , Charman Tony , Johnson Mark H. , Jones Emily J.H. ,   the STAARS Team
Published: February 2022

Background

Uncovering the neural mechanisms that underlie symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires studying brain development prior to the emergence of behavioural difficulties. One new approach to this is prospective studies of infants with an elevated likelihood of developing ADHD.

Methods

We used a prospective design to examine an oscillatory electroencephalography profile that has been widely studied in both children and adults with ADHD – the balance between lower and higher frequencies operationalised as the theta–beta ratio (TBR). In the present study, we examined TBR in 136 10‐month‐old infants (72 male and 64 female) with/without an elevated likelihood of developing ADHD and/or a comparison disorder (Autism Spectrum Disorder; ASD).

Results

Infants with a first‐degree relative with ADHD demonstrated lower TBR than infants without a first‐degree relative with ADHD. Further, lower TBR at 10 months was positively associated with temperament dimensions conceptually related to ADHD at 2 years. TBR was not altered in infants with a family history of ASD.

Conclusions

This is the first demonstration that alterations in TBR are present prior to behavioural symptoms of ADHD. However, these alterations manifest differently than those sometimes observed in older children with an ADHD diagnosis. Importantly, altered TBR was not seen in infants at elevated likelihood of developing ASD, suggesting a degree of specificity to ADHD. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that there are brain changes associated with a family history of ADHD observable in the first year of life.
Transdiagnostic research and the neurodiversity paradigm: commentary on the transdiagnostic revolution in neurodevelopmental disorders by Astle et al.
Authors: Fletcher‐Watson Sue
Published: February 2022

In their comprehensive and articulate paper on the Transdiagnostic Revolution in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Astle, Holmes, Kievit and Gathercole (2022) ‘consider how well current classifications of neurodevelopmental disorders serve our understanding’. They examine the lack of mapping between clinical diagnoses such as ADHD or autism and research data at other levels of explanation, including genetics, neural structure and function, and cognition. The authors come to the conclusion that, if our goal is to explain variability and complexity, understand mechanisms and guide support decisions, ‘diagnostic taxonomies that classify individuals in terms of discrete categories are ill‐suited’. In this commentary, I explore alignment between their account of the transdiagnostic revolution and the neurodiversity paradigm and identify how transdiagnostic methods may promote neurodiversity‐affirmative research and practice.
The ethics of euthanasia in dementia: A qualitative content analysis of case summaries (2012–2020)
Authors: Groenewoud Antonie Stef , Leijten Ellen , van den Oever Sterre , van Sommeren Julia , Boer Theodoor Adriaan
Published: February 2022

Background

The practice of euthanasia in dementia has thus far been described both in terms of its empirical patient characteristics and its ethical questions. However, 40 new cases have been published since the last study.

Methods

A qualitative content analysis of all 111 Dutch case summaries of euthanasia in dementia patients between 2012 and 2020, selected from the total of 1117 cases published by the Regional Euthanasia Review Committees (RTE). Our initial analytical framework consists of six due care criteria and five ethical principles.

Results

111 case summaries were analyzed, from which we distilled seven recurring ethical questions: (1) How voluntary is a request? (2) Can an incapacitated patient make well‐considered requests? (3) What constitutes “unbearable suffering”? (4) What if the unbearableness of suffering solely consists of “the absence of any prospect of improvement”? (5) What if a euthanasia request is meant to prevent future suffering (now for then)? (6) How (well) can a patient with cognitive limitations be informed? (7) What are “reasonable alternatives” and what if patients decline available alternatives?

Conclusions

Beyond these questions, however, we also see some serious challenges for the future: (a) narrowing the gap between perceived and real nursing home quality, since many advance euthanasia directives refer to nursing homes as sources of unbearable suffering; (b) making information to incompetent patients and their relatives about end of life options more tailor made, since it is questionable whether patients with dementia currently understand all of the euthanasia procedure; (c) involving patients' own physician as long as possible in a euthanasia request. Training may help physicians to deal better with euthanasia requests by patients suffering from dementia; (d) longitudinal research is required that encompasses all dementia euthanasia cases, not only those selected by the RTE.
Growth of C‐S‐H phases on different metallic surfaces
Authors: Schleiting Maximilian , Wetzel Alexander , Göbel Daniela , Krooß Philipp , Frenck Johanna‐Maria , Niendorf Thomas , Middendorf Bernhard
Published: February 2022

The influence of reinforcement, especially fibre reinforcement in ultra‐high performance concrete is strongly dependent on the bonding (adhesive, shear and friction bond) between metallic surface and cementitious matrix. As usually straight fibres are used for fibre reinforcement and, thus, no significant mechanical bonding is existent, the adhesive bond is particularly important. Previous studies stated that the adhesive bonding behaviour between metallic materials and cementitious matrix strongly depends on the chemical composition of metallic alloys. Therefore, in order to address this topic, the present study investigates the growth of C‐S‐H phases on stainless steel and on cold drawn steel. This growth process was realised by a surface treatment of the metallic alloys using a synthetically manufactured Tricalciumsilicate (C3S) powder diluted in water. After defined times of the C3S treatment the process is stopped to get a time dependent growing behaviour of the cementitious phases. Light microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy was used in order to investigate the surfaces following the application of the C3S. The results reveal that the growth of C‐S‐H phases is more dependent on the metallic surface and its topography than on the alloy composition.
Pastoralism, multifunctionality, and environmental agency: Insights from mountain sheep pastoralists in Northern Portugal
Authors: Sa Rego Julio , Cabo Paula , Castro Marina
Published: February 2022

The idea of multifunctionality permeates European agriculture. Pastoralism is not spared and is valued as a vector of environmental management of the mountainous areas. Multifunctionality is nonetheless connected to entrepreneurial agriculture. Although entrepreneurship is disseminated in the European agricultural sector, little is known about the entrepreneurial evolution within traditional mountain pastoralist communities. This ethnographic paper builds on the case study of mountain sheep pastoralists in Braganza, Portugal, to augment this knowledge. It dives into the dynamics of production of sheep farming to uncover the cultural drivers of traditional pastoralism in Northern Portugal. Results show that pastoralists are unresponsive to the entrepreneurial narratives of multifunctionality as they respond to the occupational identity of shepherds in a moral economy of subsistence ethics. Pastoralists nevertheless exercise valuable environmental agency grounded in their condition as rural dwellers. Tailored narratives to their subsistence ethic are then required to rapidly address and valorize this environmental agency as new fire regimes progress and traditional pastoralism stands at the brink of extinction in Portugal. These results may ultimately contribute to the global literature and policy making on pastoralism, multifunctionality and environment: worldwide pastoralist communities share holistically cultural features and convergent historical trajectories.
Synergy Evaluation in Mergers and Acquisitions: An Attention‐Based View
Authors: Bauer Florian , Friesl Martin
Published: February 2022

A core objective of corporate development relates to scope decisions, which regularly involve mergers and acquisitions (M&A). The dominant idea behind M&A is often captured by the umbrella term ‘synergy’. Yet, while performance is the key variable of most M&A studies, how firms arrive at a particular synergetic value for a target firm is not well understood. In this article, we contribute to this body of research. We argue that understanding the determination of synergies in M&A requires a look at the mechanisms that guide managerial attention towards specific valuation practices and synergy types. Specifically, by drawing on the attention‐based view of the firm, we show that the evaluation of synergies cannot be divorced from the underlying attention structure in the M&A context and the various valuation practices that constitute different synergy types. Our analysis suggests that synergies often do not reflect the true potential of acquisitions. We reveal that this is due to an attentional crowding‐out effect: The congruence of M&A attention structures with valuation practices for functional synergies crowd out the attention allocation to business models and strategic synergies. We describe the characteristics of this crowding‐out effect as well as its implications.
Intralesional therapies for vascular malformations of the head and neck
Authors: Wadhwa Vibhor , Pua Bradley B. , Kadenhe‐Chiweshe Angela V. , Rosenblatt Steven D.
Published: February 2022

Vascular malformations of the head and neck represent a spectrum of complex vascular anomalies, requiring a multidisciplinary approach toward diagnosis and treatment. Several intralesional therapeutic agents have been devised and pioneered over the years, some of which are now primary and standard of care for the management of these lesions. In this article, the authors discuss the currently available intralesional therapeutic agents for the management of vascular malformations in the head and neck region.
Reconstructing the genetic admixture history of Tai‐Kadai and Sinitic people: Insights from genome‐wide SNP data from South China
Authors: Wang Meng‐Ge , He Guang‐Lin , Zou Xing , Chen Peng‐Yu , Wang Zheng , Tang Ren‐Kuan , Yang Xiao‐Min , Chen Jing , Yang Mei‐Qing , Li Ying‐Xiang , Liu Jing , Wang Fei , Zhao Jing , Guo Jian‐Xin , Hu Rong , Wei Lan‐Hai , Chen Gang , Yeh Hui‐Yuan , Wang Chuan‐Chao
Published: February 2022

South China (SC) was a region with mixed rice–millet farming during the Middle Neolithic period and was also suggested to be the homeland of Tai‐Kadai (TK)‐speaking people. However, the formations of inland TK‐speaking people and southwestern Hans are far from clear due to very few studies on this subject. Here, we reveal the spatiotemporally demographic history of SC by analyzing newly‐generated genome‐wide SNP data of 115 modern southwestern individuals and find that inland TK‐speaking Dongs and Bouyeis have a close genomic affinity to coastal TK/Austronesian (AN)‐speaking people and Neolithic Yangtze River basin (YZRB) farmers, while southwestern Hans and TK‐speaking Gelaos possess a close genomic affinity to Neolithic Yellow River basin (YRB) farmers. Genetic differentiations are identified among TK people from SC and Southeast Asia, and between northern and southern inland Chinese TK people, in which the identified shared genetic ancestry between TK and AN people highlights a common origin of AN/TK groups. Conclusively, our findings indicate that millet farmers deriving from the YRB and rice farmers deriving from the YZRB substantially contribute to the present‐day inland TK speakers and southwestern Hans via a two‐way admixture scenario of bi‐directional gene‐flow events, which facilitates the formation of a modern two‐way genetic admixture profile.
Outcomes of idiopathic versus secondary nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver: A longitudinal study of 167 cases
Authors: Penrice Daniel D. , Thakral Nimish , Kezer Camille A. , Lennon Ryan , Moreira Roger K. , Graham Rondell P. , Kamath Patrick S. , Simonetto Douglas A.
Published: February 2022

Background

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) is a rare condition characterized clinically by the development of non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension. NRH is the histopathological result in the liver of various systemic disease processes including autoimmune disorders, haematological malignancies and medications. However, natural history of this condition has been limited to small case series while patient outcomes pertaining to different aetiologies of NRH are largely unknown.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients diagnosed with pathology‐confirmed NRH at Mayo Clinic between 2002 and 2017 was identified. The histological diagnosis of NRH was determined by expert liver pathologists. Patients with metastatic liver disease, history of liver transplantation or younger than 18 were excluded. Potential aetiologies of NRH were classified as haematological, rheumatological, drug‐associated, miscellaneous or idiopathic. Long‐term mortality was analysed using Kaplan‐Meier estimation and Cox regression models.

Results

One hundred and sixty‐seven consecutive patients with pathology‐confirmed NRH were analysed over a 15‐year period and followed for a median time of 50 months (1–306 months). The mean age at diagnosis was 53 years. No aetiology or risk factor for NRH was identified in the majority of patients (94, 56.3%), whereas an associated, possibly causal, condition was found in 73 patients (secondary NRH). The most common presenting feature was elevated liver tests (80%), but no significant differences in laboratory tests were seen based on aetiology of NRH. Compared to idiopathic NRH, those with an identified cause had a higher rate of splenomegaly at presentation (54% vs. 27%, p = 0.002). Portal hypertension‐related complications at diagnosis were common, with ascites present in one‐third of patients. Overall transplant‐free survival was 63% at 5 years. Median survival in idiopathic NRH was 9.4 years compared to 7.3 years in secondary NRH. Age, renal function and volume status at presentation were significantly associated with survival; however, MELD score was not.

Conclusions

The rates of liver‐related complications and mortality in NRH are low, and only a small number of patients ultimately require liver transplantation. Most patients do not have an identified risk factor or aetiology for NRH, and liver‐related outcomes do not appear to differ based on associated, possibly causal, conditions.
Economic policy uncertainty and unconventional monetary policy
Authors: Funashima Yoshito
Published: February 2022

In this study, the US daily economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index is employed to examine how EPU changes because of the implementation of and exit from the unconventional monetary policy adopted by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). The analysis suggests that forward guidance lowers the volatility of EPU. Moreover, the EPU level decreases during the tapering period of quantitative easing. This may be attributable to the unequivocal expected lifting of the zero interest rate policy. In contrast to these findings favoring the FOMC’s successful communication, it is found that time‐contingent forward guidance increases EPU.
Partnering to Learn: A Collaborative Approach to Research Translation for Educators and Researchers
Authors: MacMahon Stephanie , Leggett Jack , Carroll Annemaree
Published: February 2022

The science of learning (SoL) has powerful contributions to make to both the production of knowledge about learning and to the ways in which this knowledge can be successfully mobilized into educational practice. However, as a multidisciplinary field, it also faces some challenges if it is to bridge the research‐practice gap. Using Levin's (2013) conceptualization of knowledge mobilization, this paper will describe the challenges and promising approaches to effective research translation and frame existing approaches across three interacting domains of (1) knowledge production, (2) knowledge use, and (3) knowledge mediation. It will then present a novel partnership approach developed by the Science of Learning Research Center at The University of Queensland, Australia—the Partner Schools Program (PSP). Drawing upon existing promising practices, the PSP brings together educators, researchers, and research brokers in partnership to transform research into contextually relevant applications.
Novelty processing associated with neural beta oscillations improves recognition memory in young and older adults
Authors: Steiger Tineke K. , Sobczak Alexandra , Reineke Ramona , Bunzeck Nico
Published: February 2022

Novelty anticipation activates the mesolimbic system and promotes subsequent long‐term memory in younger adults. Importantly, mesolimbic structures typically degenerate with age, which might reduce positive effects of novelty anticipation. Here, we used electroencephalography in combination with an established paradigm in healthy young (19–33 years old, n = 28) and older (53–84, n = 27) humans. Colored cues predicted the subsequent presentation of either a novel or previously familiarized image (75% cue validity). On the subsequent day, recognition memory for the novel images was tested. Behaviorally, novelty anticipation improved recollection‐based but not familiarity‐based recognition memory in both groups, and this effect was more pronounced in older subjects. Furthermore, novelty and familiarity cues increased theta (4–8 Hz) and decreased alpha/beta power (9–20 Hz); at outcome, expected novel and familiar images both increased beta power (13–25 Hz). Finally, a subsequent memory effect for expected novel images was associated with increases in beta power independent of age. Together, novelty anticipation drives hippocampus‐dependent long‐term recognition memory across the life span, and this effect appears to be related to neural beta oscillations.
Lower caprylate and acetate levels in the breast milk is associated with atopic dermatitis in infancy
Authors: Wang Li‐Chieh , Huang Yen‐Ming , Lu Chieh , Chiang Bor‐Luen , Shen Ying‐Rou , Huang Hsun‐Yi , Lee Chien‐Chang , Su Nan‐Wei , Lin Bi‐Fong
Published: February 2022

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) occurs in exclusively breastfed infants. As fatty acids have some immunomodulatory effect, we aimed to investigate the influence of fatty acid compositions in breast milk (BM) on the development of AD in exclusively breastfed infants.

Methods

We enrolled two‐ to four‐month‐old exclusively breastfed infants. The objective SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (objSCORAD) was evaluated. The lipid layer of BM was analyzed by gas chromatography for fatty acid levels. Medical charts were reviewed.

Results

Forty‐seven AD infants and 47 healthy controls were enrolled. The objSCORAD was 20.5 ± 1.7 (shown as mean ± SEM) in the AD group. The age, sex, parental atopy history, and nutrient intake of mothers were not significantly different between two groups. The palmitate and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels in BM positively correlated with objSCORAD, while caprylate, acetate, and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels negatively correlated with objSCORAD (p = .031, .019, .039, .013, .022, respectively). However, the butyrate levels in BM were not significantly different. The caprylate and acetate levels in BM were significantly associated with the presence of infantile AD (p = .021 and .015, respectively) after adjusting for age, sex, parental allergy history, MUFA, palmitate, and SCFA levels in BM. ObjSCORAD in infancy was significantly associated with persistent AD (p = .026) after adjusting for age, sex, parental atopy history, caprylate, palmitate, MUFA, acetate, and SCFA levels in BM.

Conclusion

Caprylate and acetate levels in BM for exclusively breastfed infants were negatively associated with objSCORAD. Lower caprylate and acetate in BM might be the risk factors for infantile AD, while butyrate in BM was not associated with infantile AD.
OsCOMT, encoding a caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase in melatonin biosynthesis, increases rice grain yield through dual regulation of leaf senescence and vascular development
Authors: Huangfu Liexiang , Chen Rujia , Lu Yue , Zhang Enying , Miao Jun , Zuo Zhihao , Zhao Yu , Zhu Minyan , Zhang Zihui , Li Pengcheng , Xu Yang , Yao Youli , Liang Guohua , Xu Chenwu , Zhou Yong , Yang Zefeng
Published: February 2022

Melatonin, a natural phytohormone in plants, plays multiple critical roles in plant growth and stress responses. Although melatonin biosynthesis‐related genes have been suggested to possess diverse biological functions, their roles and functional mechanisms in regulating rice grain yield remain largely unexplored. Here, we uncovered the roles of a caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase (OsCOMT) gene in mediating rice grain yield through dual regulation of leaf senescence and vascular development. In vitro and in vivo evidence revealed that OsCOMT is involved in melatonin biosynthesis. Transgenic assays suggested that OsCOMT significantly delays leaf senescence at the grain filling stage by inhibiting degradation of chlorophyll and chloroplast, which, in turn, improves photosynthesis efficiency. In addition, the number and size of vascular bundles in the culms and leaves were significantly increased in the OsCOMT‐overexpressing plants, while decreased in the knockout plants, suggesting that OsCOMT plays a positive role in vascular development of rice. Further evidence indicated that OsCOMT‐mediated vascular development might owe to the crosstalk between melatonin and cytokinin. More importantly, we found that OsCOMT is a positive regulator of grain yield, and overexpression of OsCOMT increase grain yield per plant even in a high‐yield variety background, suggesting that OsCOMT can be used as an important target for enhancing rice yield. Our findings shed novel insights into melatonin‐mediated leaf senescence and vascular development and provide a possible strategy for genetic improvement of rice grain yield.
Changes in genotoxic stress response, ribogenesis and PAP (3′‐phosphoadenosine 5′‐phosphate) levels are associated with loss of desiccation tolerance in overprimed Medicago truncatula seeds
Authors: Pagano Andrea , Zannino Lorena , Pagano Paola , Doria Enrico , Dondi Daniele , Macovei Anca , Biggiogera Marco , Araújo Susana de Sousa , Balestrazzi Alma
Published: February 2022

Re‐establishment of desiccation tolerance is essential for the survival of germinated seeds facing water deficit in the soil. The molecular and ultrastructural features of desiccation tolerance maintenance and loss within the nuclear compartment are not fully resolved. In the present study, the impact of desiccation‐induced genotoxic stress on nucleolar ultrastructure and ribogenesis was explored along the rehydration−dehydration cycle applied in standard seed vigorization protocols. Primed and overprimed Medicago truncatula seeds, obtained through hydropriming followed by desiccation (dry‐back), were analysed. In contrast to desiccation‐tolerant primed seeds, overprimed seeds enter irreversible germination and do not survive dry‐back. Reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and expression profiles of antioxidant/DNA Damage Response genes were measured, as main hallmarks of the seed response to desiccation stress. Nuclear ultrastructural features were also investigated. Overprimed seeds subjected to dry‐back revealed altered rRNA accumulation profiles and up‐regulation of genes involved in ribogenesis control. The signal molecule PAP (3′‐phosphoadenosine 5′‐phosphate) accumulated during dry‐back only in primed seeds, as a distinctive feature of desiccation tolerance. The presented results show the molecular and ultrastructural landscapes of the seed desiccation response, including substantial changes in nuclear organization.
Do clinical severity scores correlate with the quality of life in children with psoriasis? A cross‐sectional study of Iranian pediatric patients
Authors: Nourmohammadpour Pedram , Ehsani Amir Hooshang , Hatami Parvaneh , Fakoor Yousef , Fahim Shabnam , Mohsenolhosseini Zahra , Aryanian Zeinab
Published: February 2022

Background

Psoriasis is a common chronic dermatosis that can negatively affect patients' lives.

Aim

To obtain more insight about how having psoriasis and how the various clinical and physical characteristics of the disease impact the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of pediatric patients.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional study was designed with 40 pediatric patients with psoriasis. HRQoL was evaluated using the Children Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI).

Results

A total of 40 patients enrolled in this study. The mean age of participants was 12.42 ± 7.1 years (age range: 4–16 years), 21 males (52.5%), and 19 females (47.5%). The mean Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score was 8.03 ± 9.31 with a range of 0.4–25.

Mean CDLQI score was 18.87 ± 8.15, indicating a considerable burden on health‐related QoL. There was a strong positive correlation between CDLQI and PASI scores (p < .001, r: .653).

Conclusion

The negative effect of psoriasis on HRQoL in pediatrics was confirmed, and a strong correlation between disease severity scores and HRQoL in children with psoriasis was found in this study. Taking HRQoL indices into account while managing adolescent patients will improve our insight into the patient's experience and may provide better patient adherence to treatment.
Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas
Authors: Mkhize‐Kwitshana Zilungile Lynette , Naidoo Pragalathan , Nkwanyana Ntombifikile M. , Mabaso Musawenkosi L. H.
Published: February 2022

This study investigated whether prior exposure to helminths (Ascaris IgE, Ascaris eggs and Trichuris eggs) either in childhood or in adulthood, and residence in rural and resource‐limited urban areas influence allergy outcomes (asthma, rhinitis, IgE atopy and food allergy) in a South African population. Participants historical and present allergies data were collected through questionnaires and clinical record files. Coproscopy and immunoassays (ImmunoCAPTM Phadiatop, total IgE and allergen‐specific fx3 IgE immunoassays and Ascaris IgE radioallergosorbent [RAST] tests) were used for active helminthiasis and allergy screens respectively. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis, and models were adjusted for age, gender and locality. High Ascaris IgE was significantly associated with asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.20, p = .047), IgE atopy (aOR = 18.18, p < .0001) and food allergy (aOR = 14.47, p < .0001). Asthma was significantly less likely among participants with Ascaris eggs (aOR = 0.43, p = .048) and Trichuris eggs (aOR = 0.36, p = .024). The findings of co‐occurrent helminthiasis and allergic disorders in a population that has resided both in rural and peri‐urban informal settlements both oppose and agree with two main notions of the hygiene hypothesis that (i) individuals residing in rural settings with poor sanitation and geohelminth infection are less prone to allergy, and (ii) helminth infections protect against allergy respectively. Further research is warranted.
Thirty years of rice‐crab coculture in China—Research progress and prospects
Authors: Bao Jie , Jiang Hongbo , Li Xiaodong
Published: February 2022

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) culture in rice paddy fields is a representative model of integrated agriculture‐aquaculture systems developed in China over the last 30 years. The economic and ecological benefits of rice‐crab coculture are significantly improved compared to those of rice monoculture. Under coculture conditions, rice provides shelter for crabs and improves the aquatic environment, while crabs eliminate pests and weeds, reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and stabilize rice production. At the same time, rice‐crab coculture helps protect biodiversity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An in‐depth study has led to the significant development of rice‐crab coculture technology in China and has established ecological breeding models with regional characteristics. These studies have established breeding industry standards for paddy field engineering, stocking mode, water quality control, rice management, feeding, pest control and breeding management. However, more research is needed to standardize rice field engineering specifications, optimize coculture modes, clarify crab nutritional needs, develop disease prevention and control methods, elucidate the operational mechanism of rice‐crab coculture and ascertain energy‐material exchange with the external environment. Eventually, rice‐crab coculture can be highly integrated to utilize the fewest resources while providing the greatest economic and environmental benefits. This review provides a theoretical reference for further research in the field of rice‐crab coculture, examining aspects such as development history, economic benefits, organisms in the system (rice, crabs, plankton, zoobenthos, weeds and microorganisms), internal and external environmental benefits, and the direction of future development.
Cloprostenol enhances sexual behaviour and semen quality in growing lambs more effectively than Dinoprost
Authors: Sánchez‐Dávila Fernando , Hernández‐Melo Víctor Adrián , Ledezma‐Torres Rogelio Alejandro , Bernal‐Barragán Hugo , Luna‐Palomera Carlos , Ungerfeld Rodolfo
Published: February 2022

Analogues of PGF2α have been used in boars with positive results on sexual behaviour, but limited impact on semen quality. The objective of this study was to determine whether the administration of Dinoprost tromethamine or D‐Cloprostenol enhances the sexual behaviour and semen quality of sexually inexperienced growing lambs during the onset of the breeding season. The study lasted 10 weeks, beginning during the non‐breeding season, with 24 sexually inexperienced Katahdin lambs (5.1 ± 0.5 months old). Three groups of eight lambs each received: (1) vehicle treatment (group CON); (2) 10 mg of Dinoprost tromethamine (group DIN); or (3) 0.15 mg of Cloprostenol dextrogy (group CLOP). The treatments were all applied im 5 min before the tests of sexual behaviour, or 20 min before the collection of semen. Sexual behaviour was evaluated twice weekly in a pen test with a non‐oestrous ewe, and semen was collected once weekly with an artificial vagina. The latency to begin courtship was significantly shorter in both groups that received analogues of PGF2α than in CON lambs. The number of ano‐genital sniffs, flehmens and lateral approaches was greater in both treated groups than in CON lambs (p < .05). Lambs from DIN group mounted significantly more than CLOP and CON lambs, which did not differ. However, CLOP lambs showed significantly greater mating efficiency (i.e. ejaculations/total mounts) than CON lambs, which exhibited significantly greater mating efficiency that DIN lambs. Lambs treated with CLOP produced significantly more semen volume with more mass motility than those treated with DIN and CON (without differences between DIN and CON). Overall, we concluded that the administration of cloprostenol or dinoprost before sexual evaluation in young rams enhances their sexual behaviour. Cloprostenol had greater effects than dinoprost. The administration of cloprostenol before semen collection also triggered the ejaculation of a greater volume of semen, with greater mass motility. These results open interesting possibilities to study deeply the use of simple and cost‐effective treatments to improve the reproductive results of young growing rams.