bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computation and analysis of 19F substituent chemical shifts of some bridgehead‐substituted polycyclic alkyl fluorides
Authors: Adcock William , Peralta Juan E. , Contreras Ruben H.
Published: June 2003

The 19F NMR shieldings for several remotely substituted rigid polycyclic alkyl fluorides with common sets of substituents covering a wide range of electronic effects were calculated using the DFT‐GIAO theoretical model. The level of theory, B3LYP/6–311+G(2d,p), was chosen based on trial calculations which gave good agreement with experimental values where known. The optimized geometries were used to obtain various molecular parameters (fluorine natural charges, electron occupancies on fluorine of lone pairs and of the CF bond, and hybridization states) by means of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis which could help in understanding electronic transmission mechanisms underlying 19F substituent chemical shifts (SCS) in these systems. Linear regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between the calculated 19F SCS and polar substituent constants and also the NBO derived molecular parameters. The 19F SCS are best described by an electronegativity parameter. The most pertinent molecular parameters appear to be the occupation number of the NBO p‐type fluorine lone pair and the occupation number of the CF antibonding orbital. This trend suggests that in these types of rigid saturated systems hyperconjugative interactions play a key role in determining the 19F SCS. Electrostatic field effects appear to be relatively unimportant. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignment of hydrogenated oxoisoaporphine derivatives
Authors: Sobarzo‐Sánchez Eduardo , Cassels Bruce K. , Castedo Luis
Published: June 2003

2,3,8,9,10,11‐Hexahydro‐7H‐dibenzo[de,h]quinolin‐7‐one, 5‐methoxy‐2,3,8,9,10,11‐hexahydro‐7H‐dibenzo[de,h]quinolin‐7‐one, 5‐methoxy‐6‐hydroxy‐1,2,3,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b‐decahydro‐7H‐dibenzo[de,h]quinolin‐7‐one, 5‐methoxy‐5,6,8,9,10,11‐hexahydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,h]quinolin‐7‐ol, 5,6,8,9,10,11‐hexahydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,h]quinolin‐7‐ol and 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,h]quinolin‐7‐ol were prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of oxoisoaporphines or their 2,3‐dihydro derivatives over PtO2 in acetic acid under mild conditions. Their structures were confirmed and 1H and 13C NMR spectra were completely assigned using a combination of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
14N NMR of amminecobalt(III) compounds
Authors: Kofod Pauli
Published: June 2003

Directly detected ammine 14N NMR chemical shifts of 20 amminecobalt(III) compounds are reported. The coordination shifts, δCS = δcoord − δfree, are in all cases negative and range from −4.4 ppm for the trans ammine ligand in [Co(NH3)5(CH3)]2+ to −73.6 ppm for the trans ammine ligand in [Co(NH3)5(F)]2+. Among the ligands studied, the NO2− ligand is unique in that it exerts a significant cis influence. The regularity in trans or cis influences upon the ammine nitrogen chemical shifts provides a basis for assignments in cases where this cannot be deduced from intensity ratios. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐step Taylor–Galerkin algorithm applied to shock wave propagation in soils
Authors: Mabssout M. , Pastor M.
Published: June 2003

This paper presents a two‐step Taylor–Galerkin algorithm formulated in terms of velocities and stresses which can be applied to solid dynamics problems requiring good resolution of small wavelengths, such as propagation of shocks. The proposed model is both fast, as it uses simple linear elements (triangles in 2D and tetrahedra in 3D), and accurate. It avoids locking and mesh alignment problems, and therefore can be applied to localized failure computations without the limitations exhibited by the classical displacement formulations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motor evoked potentials from the striated urethral sphincter and puborectal muscle: Normative values
Authors: Brostrom Soren , Jennum Poul , Lose Gunnar
Published: June 2003

Aims

Transcranial magnetic stimulation enables the study of corticospinal motor pathways through evoked potential testing. By separate stimulation of cortical centers and spinal roots, it is possible to test motor conduction times segmentally. This method enables the localization of central or peripheral demyelinating neuropathies. As lower urinary tract dysfunction often accompanies these diseases, we wanted to present normative data for the motor innervation of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) and the puborectal muscle (PR).

Methods

Thirty healthy women without evidence of neurologic or lower urinary diseases were studied. They had a mean age of 52 years. Transcutaneous magnetic stimulations were applied to the vertex, the upper lumbar spine, and the sacrum. Evoked potentials were recorded with concentric needle electrodes placed in the EUS and the PR by a transvaginal route. Stimulations were performed with relaxed pelvic floor and with tonic contraction (facilitated responses). At least three responses were recorded for each modality. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to test for the effect of age, height, body mass index, vaginal parity, and menopause.

Results

In some subjects, it was only possible to record cortical latencies with facilitation. Technical difficulties were encountered with spinal stimulations. Reference values are presented as means with 95% confidence intervals. Regression analysis revealed height as a dependent factor for sacral latencies.

Conclusions

Our data can serve as reference values for future studies of the fast conducting fibers in patients with sphincter dysfunction. The height of the patient should be taken into account. The clinical applicability of the method is questionable. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:306–313, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compliance of the bladder neck supporting structures: Importance of activity pattern of levator ani muscle and content of elastic fibers of endopelvic fascia
Authors: Barbič Matija , Kralj Božo , Cör Andrej
Published: June 2003

Aims

Firm bladder neck support during cough, suggested to be needed for effective abdominal pressure transmission to the urethra, might depend on activity of the levator ani muscle and elasticity of endopelvic fascia.

Methods

The study group of 32 patients with stress urinary incontinence and hypermobile bladder neck, but without genitourinary prolapse, were compared with the control group of 28 continent women with stable bladder neck. The height of the bladder neck (HBN) and compliance of the bladder neck support (C) were assessed, the latter by the quotient of the bladder neck mobility during cough and the change in abdominal pressure. By using wire electrodes, the integrated full‐wave rectified electromyographic (EMGave) signal of the levator ani muscle was recorded simultaneously with urethral and bladder pressures. The pressure transmission ratio (PTR), time interval between the onset of muscle activation and bladder pressure increment (ΔT), and area under the EMGave curve during cough (EMGcough) were calculated. From bioptic samples of endopelvic fascia connecting the vaginal wall and levator ani muscle, elastic fiber content was assessed by point counting method. Mann‐Whitney test was used to compare all the variables. Correlations between the parameters were evaluated by using the Spearman correlation coefficient.

Results

In the study group, HBN was significantly lower (P < 0.001), C was significantly greater (P < 0.001), and PTR was significantly lower (P < 0.001). In the study group, the muscular activation started later (median, ΔTl, −0.147 second; ΔTr, −0.150 second), and in the control group, it preceded (ΔTl, 0.025 second; P < 0.001; ΔTr, 0.050 second; P < 0.001) the bladder pressure increment. EMGcough on the left side was significantly greater in the study group (P < 0.046). Elastic fiber content showed no difference between the groups. The analysis of all patients revealed negative correlations between C and PTR (r = −0.546; P < 0.001) and between C and ΔTl (r = −0.316; P < 0.018).

Conclusions

Firm bladder neck support enables effective pressure transmission. Timely activation of the levator ani seems to be an important feature. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:269–276, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: Reliability of commonly measured parameters and the role of idiopathic detrusor overactivity
Authors: Vesely Stepan , Knutson Tomas , Fall Magnus , Damber Jan‐Erik , Dahlstrand Christer
Published: June 2003

Aims

There is no generally accepted consensus how to evaluate patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). We have tried to determine whether the most frequently used objective variables as prostate volume, IPS‐score, maximum flow rate, residual urine volume, functional bladder capacity, and pressure‐flow study are reliable for diagnosis of BOO and we investigated the influence of idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO) on this condition.

Methods

A total of 153 men with LUTS and suspected BOO were systematically examined with routine investigation including digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), post‐void residual urine volume measurement, uroflowmetry, and pressure‐flow study. All patients completed IPS‐score. Patients were divided into groups based on Schäfer's grade of obstruction and incidence of IDO and clinical and urodynamical variables were compared.

Results

At baseline, 45.8% of the patients were urodynamically moderately obstructed and 37.9% were found to be severely obstructed. The grade of obstruction did not correlate with age. Prostate volume, post‐void residual volume (PVR), and maximum flow rate correlated significantly with the degree of obstruction. The mean IPS‐score remained almost unchanged throughout all obstruction groups. The incidence of IDO was 40.5% and increased from 16% in the minor obstruction group to 38.6% and 53.4% in the moderate and severe obstruction group, respectively. The patients with IDO were older, had larger prostates and were more obstructed. There was no impact of IDO on symptomatology of BOO.

Conclusions

These data indicate that IPS‐score does not achieve sufficient diagnostic accuracy and its role in the assessment of BOO is limited. The grade of obstruction is more related to prostate volume, PVR, and maximum flow rate. BOO and IDO seem to be related and have numerous mutual interactions. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:301–305, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of urinary voiding sensation due to herpes zoster
Authors: Hiraga Akiyuki , Nagumo Kiyomi , Sakakibara Ryuji , Kojima Shigeyuki , Fujinawa Naoto , Hashimoto Tasuku
Published: June 2003

A case of sacral herpes zoster infection in a 56‐year‐old man with the complication of loss of urinary voiding sensation is presented. He had typical herpes zoster eruption on the left S2 dermatome, hypalgesia of the S1–S4 dermatomes, and absence of urinary voiding sensation. There was no other urinary symptom at the first medical examination. Urinary complications associated with herpes zoster are uncommon, but two types, acute cystitis and acute retention, have been recognized. No cases of loss of urinary voiding sensation due to herpes zoster have been reported. In this case, hypalgesia of the sacral dermatomes was mild compared to the marked loss of urethral sensation. This inconsistency is explained by the hypothesis that the number of urethral fibers is very small as compared to that of cutaneous fibers, therefore, urethral sensation would be more severely disturbed than cutaneous sensation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:335–337, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of β‐adrenoceptor subtypes in mediating relaxation of the pig bladder trigonal muscle in vitro
Authors: Yamanishi Tomonori , Chapple Christopher R. , Yasuda Kosaku , Yoshida Ken‐Ichiro , Chess‐Williams Russell
Published: June 2003

Aims

To investigate the role of β‐adrenoceptor subtypes in mediating relaxation of the pig bladder trigonal muscle in vitro.

Materials and Methods

Longitudinal strips of trigonal muscle were isolated, and the mucosa and serosa removed. Tissues were precontracted with KCl, and β‐adrenoceptor agonists (isoprenaline or salbutamol) were added cumulatively, and concentration–relaxation curves (CRCs) were obtained. CRCs to agonists were obtained in the absence and presence of antagonists and antagonist affinity values were calculated.

Results

Isoprenaline (non‐selective β‐agonist) relaxed with high potency (pEC50 = 7.2). Propranolol antagonized CRCs to isoprenaline with a high affinity (apparent pKB = 8.8), but the Schild plot had a slope significantly (P < 0.01) less than unity (0.61), suggesting that responses were mediated by more than one β‐adrenoceptor subtype. CGP20712A (β1‐antagonist) antagonized responses to isoprenaline with a low affinity (apparent pKB = 5.13), indicating β1‐adrenoceptors did not participate in the response. The affinity of ICI118551 (β2‐antagonist) for antagonism of responses to isoprenaline was also relatively low (apparent pKB = 6.9), and the Schild slopes were significantly (P < 0.01) less than unity (0.58). SR59230A (β3‐antagonist) antagonized CRCs to isoprenaline with a relatively low affinity (apparent pKB = 7.5), and with a Schild slope significantly (P < 0.01) less than unity (0.86), indicating that responses may be mediated by more than one β‐adrenoceptor subtype. In contrast to that observed with isoprenaline, the β2‐adrenoceptor selective agonist salbutamol induced relaxation with a relatively low potency (pEC50 = 6.6) and with maximum responses of 80% of that to isoprenaline. ICI118551 competitively antagonized (Schild plot of unity) responses to salbutamol with a high affinity (pA2 = 8.3).

Conclusions

These data suggest that β‐adrenoceptor mediated responses to isoprenaline of the bladder trigone are mediated via both the β2‐ and β3‐adrenoceptor subtypes whilst responses to salbutamol appear to be mediated only via the β2‐adrenoceptor. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:338–342, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uroneurological assessment of spina bifida cystica and occulta
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Hattori Takamichi , Uchiyama Tomoyuki , Kamura Koichi , Yamanishi Tomonori
Published: June 2003

Aims

Spina bifida is a rare but well‐documented congenital spinal anomaly comprising a cystic form, which appears in infancy, and an occult form, which appears in late childhood and in adulthood. Herein, we report the results of uroneurological assessment in patients with spina bifida cystica and occulta, with respect to diagnosis and management of the disorders.

Methods

We performed a neurological examination, urinary questionnaire, and urodynamic studies in 28 consecutive patients with urinary symptoms, including 16 with the cystic form (nine male and seven female patients, ages 2 to 25 years), all of whom underwent neonatal surgical management, and 12 with occult form (six men and six women, ages 7 to 32 years) diagnosed by myelography and spinal magnetic resonance imaging who did not undergo surgery.

Results

Neurological examination revealed a combination of flaccid and spastic paresis, with dominant lower motoneuron signs in the cystic form, whereas there were dominant upper motoneuron signs in the occult form. Four patients with occult spina bifida presented with urinary symptoms as the sole initial complaint. There was no correlation between neurological findings and urodynamic abnormalities. Urinary incontinence and enuresis were common at all ages, and large post‐micturition residuals and vesicoureteral reflux were not uncommon, particularly in the cystic form. Bladder abnormalities in the cystic and occult forms included detrusor hyperreflexia during filling in 38% and 42%, low compliance detrusor in 81% and 67%, supersensitivity to bethanechol in two (100%) patients with the cystic form and in three of four (75%) with the occult form, and impaired bladder sensation in 25% and 8% in each form, respectively. Urethral abnormalities in cystic and occult forms included detrusor/sphincter dyssynergia in 50% and 27%, low Pure max in 56% and 17%, silent sphincter electromyographic activity in 25% and 0%, absent bulbocavernosus reflex in 87% and 56%, absent anal reflex in 100% and 57%, neurogenic motor unit potentials in one patient with cystic form studied and in two of three patients with occult form, respectively.

Conclusions

Spina bifida cystica and occulta present with a wide spectrum of urodynamic abnormalities including upper and lower motoneuron types of bladder and urethral dysfunction. Careful uroneurological assessment and spinal magnetic resonance imaging are important for diagnosing young adult patients with spina bifida occulta because they may present with urinary symptoms as the sole initial complaint and have no other obvious neurological abnormalities. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:328–334, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A co‐rotational grid‐based model for fabric drapes
Authors: Sze K. Y. , Liu X. H.
Published: June 2003

Fabric drapes are typical large displacement, large rotation and small strain problems. Compared to conventional geometric non‐linear shell analyses, computational fabric drape analysis is particularly challenging due to the extremely weak bending rigidities of fabrics. Compared to continuum shell finite element methods, grid‐ or particle‐based methods appear to be more successful in high drapeability problems. The latter methods often resort to simple particle mechanics and formulate the elastic energy in terms of the inter‐particle distances and trigonometrical functions of the angles between the straight lines joining adjacent particles. In this paper, the co‐rotational approach and commonly employed assumptions for small strain problems in finite element analysis will be adopted to formulate the elastic energy. It will be seen that the internal force vector and the stiffness matrix are considerably simpler than other grid‐based models, yet the sparsity of the tangential stiffness matrix remains unchanged. A number of examples are considered and the predicted results are promising. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modified element‐free Galerkin method with essential boundary conditions enforced by an extended partition of unity finite element weight function
Authors: Alves Marcelo Krajnc , Rossi Rodrigo
Published: June 2003

In this work we propose a method which combines the element‐free Galerkin (EFG) with an extended partition of unity finite element method (PUFEM), that is able to enforce, in some limiting sense, the essential boundary conditions as done in the finite element method (FEM). The proposed extended PUFEM is based on the moving least square approximation (MLSA) and is capable of overcoming singularity problems, in the global shape functions, resulting from the consideration of linear and higher order base functions. With the objective of avoiding the presence of singular points, the extended PUFEM considers an extension of the support of the classical PUFE weight function. Since the extended PUFEM is closely related to the EFG method there is no need for special approximation functions with complex implementation procedures, and no use of the penalty and/or multiplier method is required in order to approximately impose the essential boundary condition. Thus, a relatively simple procedure is needed to combine both methods. In order to attest the performance of the method we consider the solution of an analytical elastic problem and also some coupled elastoplastic‐damage problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D modelling of strong discontinuities in elastoplastic solids: fixed and rotating localization formulations
Authors: Mosler J. , Meschke G.
Published: June 2003

This paper is concerned with the incorporation of displacement discontinuities into a continuum theory of elastoplasticity for the modelling of localization processes such as cracking in brittle materials. Based on the strong discontinuity approach (SDA) (Computational Mechanics 1993; 12:277–296) mesh objective 2D and 3D finite element formulations are developed using linear and quadratic 2D elements as well as 8‐noded 3D elements. In the formulation of the finite‐element model proposed in the paper, the analogy with standard formulations is emphasized. The parameter defining the amplitude of the displacement jump within the finite element is condensed out at the material level without employing the standard static condensation technique. This approach results in linearized constitutive equations formally identical to continuum models. Therefore, the standard return mapping algorithm is used to solve the non‐linear equations. In analogy to concepts used in continuum smeared crack models, a rotating formulation of the SDA is proposed in addition to the standard concept of fixed discontinuities. It is shown that the rotating localization approach reduces locking effects observed in analyses based on fixed localization directions. The applicability of the proposed SDA finite‐element model as well as its numerical performance is investigated by means of a three‐dimensional ultimate load analysis of a steel anchor embedded in a concrete block subjected to a shear force. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic stiffness vibration analysis using a high‐order beam model
Authors: Eisenberger Moshe
Published: June 2003

This work presents the derivation of the exact dynamic stiffness matrix for a high‐order beam element. The terms are found directly from the solutions of the differential equations that describe the deformations of the cross‐section according to the high‐order theory, which include cubic variation of the axial displacements over the cross‐section of the beam. The model has six degrees of freedom at the two ends, one transverse displacement and two rotations, and the end forces are a shear force and two end moments. Using the dynamic stiffness matrix exact vibration frequencies for beams with various combinations of boundary conditions are tabulated and compared with results from the Bernoulli–Euler and Timoshenko beam models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and environmental determinants of temperament: a comparative study based on Polish and German samples
Authors: Oniszczenko Włodzimierz , Zawadzki Bogdan , Strelau Jan , Riemann Rainer , Angleitner Alois , Spinath Frank M.
Published: June 2003

This study of 1555 adult mono‐ and dizygotic twins reared together estimates the heritability of temperament traits in a Polish and a German sample. We test whether the etiology of temperament traits differs between the two cultures and between different temperament traits. We assessed temperament traits with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour–Temperament Inventory (FCB‐TI), the Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS), the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS‐R), and the Emotionality–Activity–Sociability Temperament Survey (EAS‐TS). Taking error of measurement into account, genetic sources of variance explained about 50% of the variance of temperament traits. We found neither reliable cultural differences nor robust differences in the etiology of the traits. However, the four questionnaires differed systematically with respect to the proportion of genetic and environmental influences on their scales. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test of Nyborg's General Trait Covariance (GTC) model for hormonally guided development by means of structural equation modeling
Authors: Reuter Martin , Netter Petra , Hennig Jürgen , Mohiyeddini Changiz , Nyborg Helmuth
Published: June 2003

Nyborg's General Trait Covariance (GTC) model for hormonally guided development investigates the influence of gonadal hormones and fluid intelligence on body build, achievement, and socioeconomic variables. According to the model, testosterone should be negatively related to height, fat/muscle ratio, intelligence, income, and education. It is conceived that this influence should be determined to a great extent by mutual relationships between these variables. The model was tested by means of structural equation modeling (SEM) in a sample of 4375 males who had served in the United States Armed Forces. The results largely confirm Nyborg's androtype model but in addition reflect the relationships between the variables included in a quantitative causal manner. It could be shown that testosterone has a negative influence on crystallized intelligence and that this effect is mainly mediated by the negative influence of testosterone on education. An additional multiple group analysis testing for structural invariance across age groups revealed that the mediating role of education is more pronounced in old veterans. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternative multi‐language structure for personality attributes
Authors: Saucier Gerard
Published: June 2003

A scientific taxonomy of human personality attributes should optimally be based on studies from multiple languages and cultures. Study 1 demonstrates convergence between seven‐factor structures found in previous studies of Filipino and Hebrew languages. Study 2 shows that this ‘Multi‐Language Seven’ (ML7) factor model overlaps partially with the Big Five model, but includes four rather than three affective–interpersonal factors, replicates in American English lexical data nearly as well as the Big Five, and has close correspondences to the structure upon which two Italian lexical studies have converged. Correlates were used to clarify interpretation of ML7 factors labelled Gregariousness, Self‐Assurance, Even Temper ‘versus Temperamentalness’, Concern for Others, Conscientiousness, Originality/Virtuosity, and Negative Valence ‘or Social Unacceptability’. These studies indicate the viability of a lexically derived ‘etic’ alternative to the Big Five. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limits to growth in the new economy: exploring the ‘get big fast’ strategy in e‐commerce
Authors: Oliva Rogelio , Sterman John D. , Giese Martin
Published: June 2003

Many e‐businesses have pursued a ‘get big fast’ (GBF) strategy, pricing low and marketing heavily to build their user base, in the belief that there were significant sources of increasing returns favoring early entrants and large players. Until early 2000 the capital markets rewarded the GBF strategy, but since then market values have collapsed and scores of new‐economy firms have failed. The rise and fall of the dot coms is not merely a case of a speculative bubble. Many firms stumbled when they grew so rapidly that they were unable to fulfill orders or provide quality service. GBF proponents focus on the positive feedbacks that create increasing returns and favor aggressive firms, but have not paid adequate attention to the negative feedbacks that can limit growth, e.g., service quality erosion. The faster a firm grows, the stronger these negative feedbacks may be. We address these issues with a formal dynamic model of competition among online and click‐and‐mortar companies in business‐to‐consumer e‐commerce. The model endogenously generates demand, market share, service quality, employee skill and retention, content creation, market valuation, and other key variables. The model is calibrated to the online book market and Amazon.com as a test case. We explore growth strategies for e‐commerce firms and their sustainability under different scenarios for customer, competitor, and capital market behavior. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging of the pelvic floor: the effect of parturition on paravaginal support structures
Authors: Dietz H. P. , Steensma A. B. , Hastings R.
Published: June 2003

Objective

It is assumed that support of the female urethra and bladder is maintained by paraurethral and paravaginal fascial structures, with hypermobility resulting from delivery‐related trauma. This study used three‐dimensional translabial ultrasound to assess these structures and document peripartal changes.

Design

A clinical observational pilot study was performed on 26 nulliparous women recruited in the third trimester of pregnancy. They underwent translabial two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasound. Twenty‐three women were again seen 2–5 months postpartum. The assessor was blinded against two‐dimensional ultrasound and delivery data. Vaginal tenting was rated as being present, indeterminate or absent at each of three levels, and was correlated with bladder neck descent (BND) and urethral rotation on Valsalva maneuver.

Results

Tenting was visible at all levels in 21 of 26 women antepartally. In three women tenting was absent on one level; in two cases tenting was rated indeterminate. There was no significant difference in BND between women with visible tenting and those without. The BND range for women with intact tenting was 5.4–41.6 mm. Twenty‐one of the 26 women were included in the postpartum analysis. Of these, obvious peripartal changes were documented in five. Loss of tenting did not correlate significantly with changes in BND.

Conclusions

Most nulliparous women showed evidence of intact paravaginal support structures. Tenting occurred in women with widely varying BND, implying that excess bladder neck mobility may be due to increased fascial compliance. Postnatally, fascial disruption was suspected in a minority of patients only. In some women delivery‐related changes may be due to attenuation rather than disruption of structures. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple fetal anomalies associated with subtle subtelomeric chromosomal rearrangements
Authors: Souter V. L. , Glass I. A. , Chapman D. B. , Raff M. L. , Parisi M. A. , Opheim K. E. , Disteche C. M.
Published: June 2003

We report two cases of multiple fetal anomalies detected by prenatal ultrasound and associated with subtle subtelomeric chromosomal rearrangements. The first case presented at 25 weeks of gestation with an enlarged cisterna magna and ventriculomegaly. Karyotyping of amniocytes showed a subtle terminal abnormality of chromosome 6q. Thereafter, screening of all unique chromosomal subtelomeric regions using a panel of telomere‐specific, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes revealed an unbalanced reciprocal translocation between 6q and 17p [46,XX.ish der(6)t(6;17)(q25.3;p13)(TelVysion6q‐;TelVysion17p+)]. The second case presented at 25 weeks of gestation with tetralogy of Fallot and at 34 weeks of gestation had additional ultrasound findings of an arachnoid cyst and intrauterine growth restriction. Postnatal karyotyping of peripheral blood was performed and appeared normal. However, a cryptic deletion of the subtelomeric region of the long arm of chromosome 14 was identified when the infant's blood sample was used as a control for an oncology FISH probe. Thereafter, screening of all unique chromosomal subtelomeric regions using a panel of telomere‐specific FISH probes revealed an unbalanced reciprocal translocation of chromosomes 14q and 20p [46,XY.ish der(14)t(14;20)(q32.3;p13)(IGH‐, D14S308‐,TelVysion20p+)mat]. These two cases add to a growing number of reports of cryptic subtelomeric chromosomal rearrangements associated with congenital anomalies. This is the first report of multiple, simultaneous FISH screening of the subtelomeric regions in amniotic fluid and has demonstrated the technical feasibility of this technique in the prenatal period. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuchal translucency thickness measurement: repeatability using a virtual ultrasound scanner
Authors: Newey V. R. , Nassiri D. K. , Bhide A. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: June 2003

Aim

To use a PC‐based virtual ultrasound scanner (VirUS) in the investigation of inter‐ and intraoperator nuchal translucency (NT) thickness measurement repeatability of experienced ultrasound operators.

Methods

Realistic fetal ultrasound images of defined NT thickness were simulated with VirUS with emulation of scanner gain and time‐gain compensation and gain‐dependent echo size changes. A set of 50 images was generated with uniformly distributed NT thickness (range, 1–5 mm at 1‐mm intervals) and translucency angle (mean ± standard deviation of ± 2.52° ± 1.85° about the horizontal). Operators (n = 13) measured NT thickness in the image set on three occasions separated by at least 1 day, giving 150 measurements per operator (total measurements, 1950).

Results

Inter‐ and intraoperator repeatabilities were ± 0.41 mm and ± 0.22 mm, respectively (at the 95% confidence level). There were significant correlations between repeatability and mean measured NT thickness (r = − 0.72, P = 0.005 at 4‐mm interval), between gain and mean measured NT thickness (P ≤ 0.002, n = 8/13) and between gain and repeatability coefficient (P < 0.01, n = 6/13).

Discussion

VirUS provides a consistent NT audit environment and demonstrates the need to both optimize repeatability vs. mean measured thickness and to set gain consistently. The technique has potential in operator training. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal detection of velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord: a prospective color Doppler ultrasound study
Authors: Sepulveda W. , Rojas I. , Robert J. A. , Schnapp C. , Alcalde J. L.
Published: June 2003

Objective

Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord, with a reported incidence of 1% in singleton pregnancies, has been associated with several obstetric complications including fetal growth restriction, prematurity, congenital anomalies, low Apgar scores, fetal bleeding and retained placenta. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of identifying velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord during routine obstetric ultrasound.

Design

This was a prospective, cross‐sectional ultrasound study in 832 unselected second‐ and third‐trimester singleton pregnancies. Color Doppler ultrasound was routinely performed to identify the placental cord insertion site. The role of three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound in evaluating the placental cord insertion site was also studied in a subset of 50 pregnancies from this population.

Results

The placental cord insertion site was identified in 825/832 (99%) cases. Visualization was not achieved in seven third‐trimester pregnancies with a posterior placenta. A velamentous insertion was suspected prenatally in eight cases, seven of which were confirmed after delivery as velamentous and one as markedly eccentric (battledore placenta). 3D ultrasound performed poorly at evaluating placental cord insertion site, being less efficient due to poor‐quality resolution and far more time‐consuming than the combined use of gray‐scale and color Doppler ultrasound.

Conclusions

Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord can reliably be detected prenatally by gray‐scale and color Doppler ultrasound. 3D imaging had limited value in the evaluation of the placental cord insertion site in our subset of patients. Systematic assessment of the placental cord insertion site at routine obstetric ultrasound has the potential of identifying pregnancies with velamentous insertion and, therefore, those at risk for obstetric complications including vasa previa. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arteriovenous malformation of the uterus associated with secondary postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Kelly S. M. , Belli A. M. , Campbell S.
Published: June 2003

We present the case of a young woman with persistent secondary postpartum hemorrhage. Transvaginal imaging demonstrated an irregular pulsatile lesion in the anterior myometrium. Color Doppler analysis revealed the presence of abnormal vessels consistent with an arteriovenous malformation. Typically this vascular abnormality had a turbulent pattern of arterial and venous flow with high peak velocities and low resistance. The patient was treated with selective arterial embolization leading to a full recovery. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial distribution and intensity of barrier plasma for surface treatment
Authors: Ermel V. , Förster F. , Lindmayer M. , Prinz E.
Published: June 2003

Technische Anwendungen von Barrierenladungen an Luft bei Atmosphärendruck gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung auf dem Markt der Plasmatechnologien, weil sie eine umweltschonende und preiswerte Alternative zu anderen Verfahren der Oberflächenbehandlung bieten. Diese Plasmen bestehen üblicherweise aus einer Vielzahl räumlich und zeitlich eng begrenzter Filamente, deren Verteilung zur Erzielung homogener Behandlungsergebnisse möglichst gleichmäßig sein sollte. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Plasmabehandlung empfindlicher Medien wie Wolle oder anderer Textilien. In Anlagen zum kontinuierlichen Durchlauf bestehen die Barrieren‐Anordnungen oft aus einem System Walze – Walze oder Walze – Ebene, wobei die Gasspaltweite ortsabhängig variiert. Die Intensität und Verteilung der Filamente wird durch optische Kurzzeitaufnahmen sowie durch ortsaufgelöste Messung der Stromverteilung und der daraus abgeleiteten Energieverteilung untersucht. Die gemessene Ortsabhängigkeit kann mit Hilfe eines kapazitiven Ersatzschaltbildes erklärt werden.
Galileo, Copernicanism and the origins of the new science of motion
Authors: NAYLOR RON
Published: June 2003

The remarkable developments in Galileo's theory of motion revealed by his letter to Guidobaldo del Monte in 1602 have never been easy to account for in view of the almost complete lack of direct evidence. By examining the nature of the empirical evidence for the new ideas he advanced in 1602 and his earliest writings on motion in De motu, it is argued that the source of this transformation was his Copernican beliefs. There exists evidence that those beliefs led him to start work on his theory of the tides by 1595, and by 1597 to state to Kepler that Copernicanism had allowed him to account for many otherwise inexplicable phenomena. These comments very probably related to his new study of rotary and linear motion, linked to his theory of circular fall, which it is argued was devised at this point, and to an investigation of the pendulum. Such an investigation would account for his new interest in isochronism and his discovery of the link between linear and circular motion and to the two laws of isochronism announced to Guidobaldo in 1602: that of the pendulum and the law of chords.
Interdisciplinary atomism? Exploring twentieth-century culture through Einstein Marcia Bartusiak,Einstein's Unfinished Symphony: Listening to the Sounds of Space–Time. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2000. Pp. xii+249. ISBN 0-309-06987-4. £17.95 (hardback). Alice Calaprice (ed.), The Expanded Quotable Einstein. With a foreword by Freeman Dyson. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000. Pp. xliii+407. ISBN 0-691-07021-0. £11.95, $18.95 (cloth). Klaus Hentschel (ed.), Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources. Ann M. Hentschel, Editorial Assistant and Translator. Erwin Hiebert and Hans Wussing (eds.), Science Networks: Historical Studies, 18. Basel, Boston and Berlin: Birkhäuser, 1996. Pp. ci+406+civ. ISBN 3-7643-5312-0. DM 178.00, SFR 148.00, €98.00 (cloth). Gerald Holton,Einstein, History, and Other Passions: The Rebellion Against Science at the End of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2000. Pp. xii+240. ISBN 0-674-00433-7. £12.50 (paperback). Don Howard and John Stachel (eds.), Einstein: The Formative Years, 1879–1909. Einstein Studies, 8. Boston, Basel and Berlin: Birkhäuser, 2000. Pp. xi+258. ISBN 0-8176-4030-4. DM 128.00, €83.00, SFR 124.00. Arthur I. Miller,Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time and the Beauty that Causes Havoc. New York: Basic Books, 2001. Pp. x+357. ISBN 0-465-01859-9. $30.00, CAN$44.95 (cloth).
Authors: STALEY RICHARD
Published: June 2003

‘If it didn't have Einstein's name on it, would you give a damn?’
Nobel laureate Philip Anderson, critiquing proposals for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
Observatory in 1990

Interest in Einstein's work and name shows little sign of abating in either scholarly or popular circles. The books reviewed here range from a collection of primary sources and research papers devoted to fine points of detail, through to cultural commentary and popular studies of Einstein's work and its legacy; their most common general concern is with the place science holds in broader culture.
Cr-spinel supply in the Brkini, Istrian and Krk Island flysch basins (Slovenia, Italy and Croatia)
Authors: LENAZ DAVIDE , KAMENETSKY VADIM S. , PRINCIVALLE FRANCESCO
Published: June 2003

In Late Cretaceous times, subduction of oceanic crust occurred to the north of the Adria plate and was followed by the formation of ophiolitic complexes. Continental collision in Alpine orogenic belts lasted from Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary times. The progressive contraction of oceanic crust caused the uplift of previously rifted continental margin and platforms and the formation of foredeep flysch basins. Detrital Cr-spinels are widespread in Eocene sandstones of the Brkini, Istrian and Krk Island foredeep flysch basins. On the basis of their TiO2 content and FeO/Fe2O3 ratio, spinels derived from peridotites and mantle-derived magmatic rocks were distinguished. The first are statistically more abundant and are considered to have been derived from type I and II peridotites. The second appear to be mainly related to backarc basin products. These results suggest that Cr-spinels were derived from the erosion of the Internal Dinarides, where type II and III peridotites are present, and also from the Outer Dinarides, where type I peridotites crop out.
Uniqueness conditions for Riemann problems of ideal magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: TORRILHON M.
Published: June 2003

The equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) form a non-strict hyperbolic system with a non-convex flux function and admit non-regular, so-called intermediate shocks. The presence of non-regular waves in the MHD system causes the Riemann problem to be not unique in some cases. This paper investigates the uniqueness of Riemann solutions of ideal MHD. To determine uniqueness conditions we discuss the correspondence of non-regular solutions and non-uniqueness. Additionally the structure of the Hugoniot curves and its non-regular behaviour are demonstrated. It follows that the degree of freedom for solving a Riemann problem is reduced in the case of a non-regular solution. From this, we can deduce uniqueness conditions depending on the initial conditions of an MHD Riemann problem. The results also allow one to construct non-unique solutions. We give an example for the case of non-planar initial conditions.
Nonlinear coupling between Alfvén and fast magnetosonic waves
Authors: BRODIN G. , STENFLO L. , SHUKLA P. K.
Published: June 2003

Energy transformation between fast magnetosonic waves and Alfvén waves is considered. It is shown that the efficiency of this process can be significantly enhanced if the Alfvén wave propagation directions are appropriately chosen. The relevance of our investigation to the non-linear excitation of magnetohydrodynamic waves in space plasmas is discussed.
The Terminology of Terrorism: Malaya, 1948-52
Authors: Deery Phillip
Published: June 2003

Although Cold War propaganda is now the subject of close scholarly scrutiny, the main method by which it was communicated – language – has been overlooked. The Malayan Emergency illustrates how the British government grappled with the issue of political terminology within the broader context of anti-communist propaganda. This article will analyse the use of political language; the change from ‘bandit’ to ‘communist terrorist’; and the problems of delineating the Malayan from the international audience.
The International Political Ecology of Industrial Shrimp Aquaculture and Industrial Plantation Forestry in Southeast Asia
Authors: Hall Derek
Published: June 2003

This paper compares the trajectories over the last two decades of two export-oriented ‘boom crops’ in Southeast Asia: industrial shrimp aquaculture and industrial plantation forestry. It focuses on differences in the establishment, operation and politics of these sectors to explain why they have experienced very different kinds of ‘booms’.
Maps and Counter-Maps: Globalised Imaginings and Local Realities of Sarawak's Plantation Agriculture
Authors: Cooke Fadzilah Majid
Published: June 2003

This article examines differences and overlaps in imagined spatial ideas of rural Sarawak which underpin official and community mapping. It looks at the ways in which ‘counter-mapping’ is used by indigenous communities to support their claims to traditional land rights when these are contested by other parties.
The Global in the Local: Contested Resource-use Systems of the Karen and Hmong in Northern Thailand
Authors: Tomforde Maren
Published: June 2003

The Karen and Hmong in Thailand have been significantly impacted by global and national environmentalist discourses. The Karen, traditionally viewed as conservationists, have had to abandon much of their local knowledge. Conversely, the Hmong – long stigmatised for their allegedly destructive swidden practices – have made significant modifications in their use of resources.
Hermeneutical theology
Authors: Bayer Oswald
Published: June 2003

As in modernity appropriation has become more important than dedication and communication, the modern Narcissus, captured in self-relation, sees only his own projections. A change of the polarity of our attention is therefore necessary: from the human who appropriates to the God who communicates, who is himself a hermeneut. This means that neither Schleiermacher's nor Bultmann's hermeneutic of regression should be followed; both are shy of talking about the God who is not only already in us, but who comes to us – and this advent is mediated through creaturely means. God the creator is – in accordance with the Nicene Creed – the ‘Poet’, the one who does what he says, and says what he does. This communication needs a space of hearing and reading; its text vindicates the relative autonomy over the author as well as over the reader. The human being in its modern subjectivity ignores this and either transcends the text (Hegel and Barth) or goes behind the text (Schleiermacher and Bultmann). Instead, the aim should be to have a relationship, an engagement with the text, to have, quite frankly, ‘intercourse’ with it, as Luther translates ‘meditatio’. The crucial question is therefore not: ‘How do I understand the given biblical text?’, but ‘How does the given biblical text give itself to me to understand it – so that I am understood?’
Habitus fidei: an essay on the history of a concept
Authors: Wisse Maarten
Published: June 2003

Traditional Reformation scholarship argued that conceiving faith as a habit is one of the differences between Reformed orthodoxy on the one hand, and Reformation thought on the other. Two theses have been defended in this respect. First, it has been argued that conceptualising faith as a habit was a typical example of introducing Thomistic and Aristotelian concepts into the Reformed faith. Secondly, several scholars have argued that the conceptualisation of faith as a habit overrules the role of the act of faith in salvation. The function of faith as a response to God's offer of salvation becomes secondary to the doctrine of predestination. By unravelling the transformation process which the concept of habit underwent through the history of Christian theology, the author shows that the first thesis is seriously flawed. As to the second thesis, he proposes an alternative interpretation of the sources by arguing that the nature of faith as a habit implies that it can only be known from its acts. At the end of the article, he provides some remarks about the value of the concept of habitus fidei for contemporary theology.