bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SCUBE1 promotes pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in acute pulmonary embolism by modulating BMP7
Authors: Qu Xiaoya , Huang Dongmei , Zhou Xiaomin , Ruan Wenwen
Published: January 2024

Objectives

After an episode of acute pulmonary embolism (APE), activated platelets have the ability to release various bioactive factors that can stimulate both proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). SCUBE1 has been previously reported to engage in platelet-platelet interactions, potentially contributing to the activation of platelets in early onset thrombi. The purpose of this study was to examine the alterations in SCUBE1 expression in PASMCs after APE, as well as understand the mechanism behind these changes.

Methods

The platelet-rich plasma samples of both APE patients and healthy individuals were collected. A hyperproliferative model of PASMCs was established by using platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) as a stimulator and various assays were used to investigate how SCUBE1-mediated BMP7 can regulate PDGF-induced PASMC proliferation and migration.

Results

Elevated level of SCUBE1 were observed in platelet-rich plasma from patients with APE and in PASMCs induced by PDGF. SCUBE1 interference ameliorated PDGF-driven cell proliferation and migration, and also downregulated PCNA expression. Additionally, mechanistic studies demonstrated that SCUBE1 could directly bind to bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) and enhance BMP7 expression, which completely abolished the impact of SCUBE1 silencing on proliferation and migration ability of PASMCs after PDGF treatment.

Conclusion

In the PDGF-induced proliferation of PASMCs, the expression of SCUBE1 and BMP7 was upregulated. Silencing of SCUBE1 impeded PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of PASMCs by restraining BMP7.
Development of molecular identification methods for Dryophytes suweonensis and D. japonicus, and their hybrids
Authors: Yoo Nakyung , Yoon Ju-Duk , Yoo Jeongwoo , Kim Keun-Yong , Heo Jung Soo , Kim Keun-Sik
Published: January 2024

Background

As hybridization can reduce biodiversity or cause extinction, it is important to identify both purebred parental species and their hybrids prior to conserving them. The Suwon tree frog, Dryophytes suweonensis, is an endangered wildlife species in Korea that shares its habitat and often hybridizes with the Japanese tree frog, D. japonicus. In particular, D. suweonensis, D. japonicus, and their hybrids often have abnormal ovaries and gonads, which are known causes that could threaten their existence.

Methods

We collected 57 individuals from six localities where D. suweonensis is known to be present. High-resolution melting curve (HRM) analysis of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene was performed to determine the maternal species. Thereafter, the DNA sequences of five nuclear genes (SIAH, TYR, POMC, RAG1, and C-MYC) were analyzed to determine their parental species and hybrid status.

Results

The HRM analysis showed that the melting temperature of D. suweonensis was in the range of 79.0–79.3 °C, and that of D. japonicus was 77.7–78.0 °C, which clearly distinguished the two tree frog species. DNA sequencing of the five nuclear genes revealed 37 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites, and STRUCTURE analysis showed a two-group structure as the most likely grouping solution. No heterozygous position in the purebred parental sequences with Q values ≥ 0.995 were found, which clearly distinguished the two treefrog species from their hybrids; 11 individuals were found to be D. suweonensis, eight were found to be D. japonicus, and the remaining 38 individuals were found to be hybrids.

Conclusion

Thus, it was possible to unambiguously identify the parental species and their hybrids using HRM analysis and DNA sequencing methods. This study provided fundamental information for D. suweonensis conservation and restoration research.
Desafíos de la mediterraneización para la preservación de la diversidad de briófitos en ríos ibéricos
Authors: Varela Río Zulema , Rodríguez Parra Jonatan , Boquete Seoane Teresa
Published: January 2024

La mediterraneización de la península ibérica está causando que cada vez sean más frecuentes los ríos intermitentes y arroyos efímeros. Estas alteraciones en los regímenes hídricos pueden tener un impacto negativo en la composición de las comunidades de briófitos acuáticos, organismos clave en la productividad y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas fluviales. Asimismo, las actividades humanas -construcción de barreras, contaminación, etc.- están dificultando cada vez más la conservación de estas comunidades. Por ello, las acciones futuras deberían centrarse en la renaturalización de los ecosistemas acuáticos, buscando restaurar sus funciones ecológicas y dinámicas fluviales, sin descuidar las necesidades humanas y promoviendo la educación ambiental. Además, debería fomentarse un conocimiento más profundo de la brioflora acuática y el desarrollo de una legislación protectora que reconozca su importancia ecológica en los ríos ibéricos, a la vez que se promueve una gestión responsable y proactiva de los entornos fluviales.
Las riberas fluviales en ríos intermitentes, las grandes olvidadas en la gestión fluvial
Authors: Bruno Daniel , Velasco Josefa
Published: January 2024

Las riberas fluviales cumplen un papel crucial en términos de conservación de la biodiversidad y provisión de servicios ecosistémicos, tanto en ríos permanentes como intermitentes. Además, la vegetación ribereña es un elemento clave para la detección y el análisis de los impactos humanos en los ecosistemas acuáticos. Pese a la prevalencia de los ríos intermitentes a nivel mundial, estos ecosistemas y sus riberas fluviales no se suelen considerar en las políticas de gestión y biomonitoreo fluvial ni terrestre, lo que ha contribuido a elevar su grado de amenaza. Las riberas fluviales de los ríos intermitentes pueden considerarse “doblemente” olvidadas por su carácter transicional entre ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos, y la infravaloración de los ríos intermitentes y sus comunidades biológicas. Proponemos que el seguimiento y evaluación de las comunidades riparias de ríos intermitentes sean incorporados urgentemente en las políticas de gestión ambiental, tanto del ámbito fluvial como del terrestre adyacente.
Tuberculosis of Penile ShaftA Rare Clinical Presentation
Authors: Bagla Harsh , Satav Vikram , Sabale Vilas P , Agarwal Prabhav , Ghotankar Shambhavi Surendra
Published: January 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is an opportunistic infection caused by Mycobacterium TB, and it has plagued mankind since ages, posing a major health concern in developing countries. Pulmonary TB is the most common form, but extrapulmonary TB is also not uncommon, with an incidence of 8-14%. Cutaneous manifestations of TB, known as lupus vulgaris, are extremely rare, constituting less than 1% of cases worldwide. Diagnosing a cutaneous lesion of TB poses a challenge for clinicians, as it requires both absolute and relative criteria. In the present case report, the author presents the case of a 15-year-old male from a low socio-economic background who presented with painless oedema over the penis for one and a half months. The patient had a history of dry cough and tested positive for Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Systemic examination was normal, and vital signs were stable. Local examination revealed oedema, redness, and phimosis over the penile shaft, along with non tender ulcerative lesions and deep cracks in the groin crease. A skin biopsy revealed lymphocytic infiltration with Langhanstype giant cells and epithelioid cell granulomas, suggesting TB of the skin overlying the penis. Laboratory investigations revealed a positive Mantoux test and an elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) of 42. The patient was initiated on antitubercular therapy, comprising isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (HRZE). After one month of treatment, the oedema subsided, and the penile ulcers and groin skin cracks healed. Penile skin involvement in TB is rare, and the clinical appearance of such involvement may vary.
Atypical Morphological Presentation of Neoplastic Plasma Cells: A Series of Five Cases
Authors: Ganesamoorthy Vinoth Kumar , Dave Rutvi Gautam , Sigamani Elanthenral , Devasia Anup J , Nair Sukesh C , Maddali Madhavi , Chinniah Praveen Kumar
Published: January 2024

The diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma (MM) is made by demonstration clonal plasma cells in Bone Marrow (BM) aspiration/biopsy, in addition to assessing serum biochemical parameters, conducting radiological examinations, and considering the clinical presentation. In most cases, predominantly mature plasma cells are observed, along with scattered immature forms in the BM. Several morphological variants of plasma cells have been reported, including Auer rod-like inclusions, small lymphocyte-like cells, hairy cell-like cells, anaplastic variants, promonocyte-like cells, crystal-storing histiocytes, Burkitt-like cells, and blastoid cells. In this series of five cases, most showed a typical clinical presentation and laboratory findings suggestive of plasma cell dyscrasia. However, the morphology of each case exhibited unusual morphological variants, posing diagnostic challenges. These variants included Auer rod-like inclusions, small lymphocytes/lymph-plasmacytoid cells, hairy-like cells, multilobulated nuclei, and anaplastic variants mimicking dysplastic megakaryocytes, leading to various differential diagnoses. The age range of these cases was 57-76 years. Most of the cases presented with generalised dull aching body pain. Imaging studies revealed lytic lesions involving various parts of the bone, including the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and femur. Biochemical assays suggested the possibility of plasma cell dyscrasia. Two of the cases had primary Plasma Cell Leukaemia (PCL), which is a rare and highly aggressive plasma cell neoplasm. The anaplastic variant is associated with a poor prognosis, aiding in predicting treatment responses. However, due to the unusual morphological presentation, the diagnosis of MM or PCL was made after conducting ancillary studies such as Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP), serum free light chain assay, Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE), and immunophenotyping through Immunohistochemistry (IHC) or flow cytometry
The Use of Bell Ringers in Improving Students’ Academic Performance
Authors: Paulin Josephine G. , Bete Jacqueline , Melia Delia G.
Published: January 2024

Aims: To determine the impact of the Bell Ringers in Science classroom.

Study Design: Quantitative method through interviews.

Place and Duration of Study: Monkayo College of Arts, Science, and Technology in the 2nd semester of School Year 2023-2024.

Methodology: The participants of the study were purposely chosen. The researchers identified the least learned competencies which became the basis for developing the Bell Ringers during the midterm period. Bell Ringers were prepared ahead of time. After the implementation of the Bell Ringers, students’ feedback and suggestions were solicited through interviews. Data gathered were analyzed into themes.

Results: Evidently, students exhibited heightened engagement, focus, and mental preparedness for lessons, resulting in improved knowledge retention. Furthermore, the incorporation of Bell Ringers facilitated effective classroom management for teachers, affording improved time utilization and fostering meaningful individual interactions with students. As a formative assessment tool, Bell Ringers not only bolstered students' familiarity with concepts but also nurtured concentration, self-discipline, interaction, productivity, and positive attitudes. The constructive effects of Bell Ringers were discernibly mirrored in the student's exam results.

Conclusion: Integration of Bell Ringers into instructional practices is a universally beneficial approach spanning diverse subjects and grade levels. It presents a strategic means to captivate students, establishing a conducive learning atmosphere at the outset of each class and ultimately contributing to elevated academic performance.
Evaluatingstudents Perception on Learning to Write Video-Based Explanatory Text
Authors: Arlin Febyana , Budiyono Herman , Wachyunni Sri
Published: January 2024

Perception is a perspective that influences a person's decision-making regarding something being thought about and done. In the learning process, perceptions can positively or negatively impact students' mastery of the material and motivation. This research aims to determine students' perceptions of learning explanatory texts using videos. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique in this research is carried out using questionnaires. This research indicates that students' perceptions of learning explanatory texts with the help of animated videos are positive. All aspects of animated learning videos measured in the context of descriptive text learning received positive responses. Students' positive reaction to the animated video in learning explanatory text shows that the animated video can stimulate and has the potential for students to be more productive in learning and mastering explanatory text material.
The Efficacy of the MOOC+SPOC Synchronous Learning Model in Vocational Education for Process Control Systems
Authors: Utami Atikah Tri Budi , Yahya Muh. , Purnamawati
Published: January 2024

Incorporating the Industrial Revolution into vocational education, particularly in enhancing curriculum and learning, encounters numerous obstacles. Utilizing technology in interactive learning is anticipated to actively involve learners and enhance their abilities in critical thinking, creativity, innovation, and problem-solving. This study emphasizes the limitations of traditional learning approaches in Process Control Systems and presents a novel framework of MOOC+SPOC Synchronous using a Research and Development (R&D) methodology. The Process Control System course encounters impediments that negatively impact the graduation rate, which is suboptimal. The merging of MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) and SPOC (Small Private Open Course) models into a synchronous MOOC+SPOC learning model seeks to enhance learning outcomes through the utilization of a cloud computing-based Virtual Remote Laboratory (VRLab). The outcome is a model that has been rigorously evaluated and proven effective through empirical research. The research data demonstrated this model's statistically significant positive effect on enhancing student learning outcomes. The Pre-Test and Post-Test results revealed that the experimental group experienced a notable improvement in learning outcomes, with an increase ranging from 10% to 46%. In comparison, the control group also exhibited increased learning outcomes, ranging from 5% to 39%. The statistical analysis reveals a consistent and significant growth in the Experimental group, indicating that students exhibit a favorable level of motivation throughout the learning process, as indicated by the average significance value exceeding 0.5. Based on the test findings acquired from this study, it can be concluded that the Synchronous MOOC+SPOC model is a viable alternative for addressing future difficulties in vocational education. This model is effective and has been proven to work.
Double-Difference Method for Relocating the Hypocenter of Aftershock Earthquakes in Seririt Singaraja
Authors: Baskoro Winardi , Kasmawan Gde , Yuliara Made , Putra Ketut , Sismanto Dan
Published: January 2024

A method that does not require a main earthquake (master event) that can be used simultaneously to relocate a very large number of earthquakes with wide hypocenter separation is called the double-difference method. A method used to relocate the aftershocks in Seririt Singaraja on November 14 2019 with coordinate positions 113.478 – 115.181 East Longitude and 8.357 – 7.894 South Latitude. The earthquake data used in this research was accumulated from 85 BMKG seismic stations. Data analysis uses cross-correlation time differences which can increase the accuracy of travel time between the receiving station and the earthquake, thereby reducing errors in calculations. The double difference method used to relocate the earthquake in the Seririt Singaraja area showed that there was a shift in the location of the earthquake hypocenter before and after it was relocated. Horizontally and vertically, the distribution of earthquake hypocenters before and after being relocated occurs when there is a collection of location shifts. The results of this research were able to relocate 152 aftershocks properly. The main earthquake after being relocated was at a depth of 17 km, while the distribution of aftershocks was at a depth of around 6-25 km, so that it can more accurately describe the position of the earthquake source and is able to show clearer and easier to interpret structural patterns.
An Exploration of Experiential Meaning in Verbo-visual Contexts of Perfume Advertising Discourse in English and Vietnamese
Authors: Ha Thai Thi Xuan
Published: January 2024

This study explores the nuanced interplay between language and visuals in advertising discourse, examining the experiential meaning in both English and Vietnamese contexts. The research delves into the distinctive ways these two languages employ linguistic and visual elements to convey messages in advertising. This study compares the linguistic and visual features in English and Vietnamese advertising using the functional systemic theory by Halliday [1] and the grammar of visual design by Kress and Van Leeuwen [2] to identify characteristics in language and visuals within advertisements. The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of the cross-cultural dynamics within advertising discourse and shed light on how language and visuals collaboratively shape the meaning and impact of advertisements in these distinct linguistic and cultural contexts.
Biological Management of Panama Wilt of Banana Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense
Authors: Shukla D. N. , Tiwari Pankaj , Singh S. K. , Tiwari Rohit
Published: January 2024

Bananas are one of the most important fruit crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. It contributes to the livelihood of many growers and constitutes a larger proportion of fruit orchards in India. Panama wilt of banana is a major fungal disease affecting banana cultivations and farmers facing huge economic losses after the introduction of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense Foc TR4 strain B2 in Bihar .In the present investigation, native and commercial isolates of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum are tested against the all isolates of Fusarium  oxxysporum f.sp. cubense. Both the biocontrol agents were found highly effective against the Iso. M, Iso A and Iso.K under in vitro as well as under natural pot conditions. But in the case of Iso.G (Foc TR 4 strain B2), these bioagents were found moderately effective under in vivo and in vitro conditions.
Effect of Farm Yard Manure, Green Manure and Vermicompost on Growth and Yield of Rice
Authors: Verma Nempal , Kumar Ravindra , Yadav Ajay Kumar , Kumar Dharmendra , Santram  , Baheliya Ajay Kumar , Chandra Jay
Published: January 2024

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season 2022-23 at student’s instructional farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.). The present experiment having 9 treatment combinations replicated thrice in randomized block design, Rice variety CSR-36 was grown with growth, yield, yield attributing characters. The grain and straw yields increased with integration of green manure +farm yard manure + vermicompost treatment i.e., 75% RDF+25% N through FYM+GM+VC. The maximum plant height (90 DAT) and number of tillers per hill of rice (127.13 cm) and (59.37). The highest grain and straw yield were observed 54.47 qha­-1 and 64.49 qha-1 in the treatment 75% RDF + 25 % N through FYM + GM + VC. The treatment combination 75 % RDF + 25 % N through FYM + GM + VC came out to be the best dose for most of the characters of the rice crop under study.
Evaluation of Different Genotypes of Ridge Gourd for Better Growth, Yield and Quality under Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Conditions
Authors: Mithila Mandadi , Prasad V. M. , Bahadur Vijay , Topno Samir E. , Singh Yash Kumar
Published: January 2024

Ridge gourd, scientifically known as Luffa acutangula, is a tropical vine that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. It is commonly grown for its young and tender fruits, which are used as a vegetable in cooking. It is known by various names, including Kalitori, angled gourd, angled loofah, silky gourd, and ribbed gourd. Ridge gourd has a chromosome number of 2n = 26. This versatile vegetable can be incorporated into a wide range of dishes, such as stir-fries, curries, soups, and stews, thanks to its mild and slightly sweet flavor. In the Kharif season of 2022. a study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the performance of different ridge gourd genotypes under the local agro-climatic conditions. The experiment followed a Randomized Block Design and involved nine genotypes with three replications each. The genotypes included G1 (IET 2021/RIGHYB-1), G2 (IET 2021/RIGHYB-2), G3 (IET 2021/RIGHYB-3), G4 (IET 2021/RIGHYB-4), G5 (IET 2021/RIGHYB-5), G6 (IET 2021/RIGHYB-6), G7 (IET 2021/RIGHYB-7), G8 (Dharidar-8), and G9 (Jaipuri Long-9).Based on the results of the experiment, it was determined that the genotype IET 2021/RIGHYB-5 exhibited the best performance in terms of growth parameters, such as vine length (222.10 cm) and early maturity, with the first fruit ready for picking in 60.00 days. It also excelled in yield parameters, including fruit length (25.03 cm), fruit diameter (5.65 cm), and fruit yield per plant (1528.31 g/plant). Additionally, IET 2021/RIGHYB-7 demonstrated outstanding performance in quality parameters, including Total Soluble Solids (TSS) at 4.23°Brix and Vitamin C content at 2.05 mg/100g.
Trend Analysis of Rainfall and Detection of Change Point in Terai Zone of West Bengal
Authors: Vinay H. T.  , Ghosh Arunava , Ojha Sankalpa , Poddar Parthendu , Basak Pradip
Published: January 2024

Analyzing rainfall trends is crucial for understanding climate patterns to managing water resources and planning agriculture. Trends in rainfall can reveal shifts in climate conditions, whether it is an increase, decrease, or fluctuate over time. The present study intends to examine the long-term trend in monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall in Cooch Behar district of West Bengal spanning from 1969 to 2022. Wallis and Moore test applied to determine the randomness of rainfall, whereas, linear regression trend line, Mann-Kendall (MK) test, Modified-Mann Kendall (MMK) test, and Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) are used to understand the trend pattern in rainfall. MMK test reveals a significant decreasing trend in November month. In contrast, the remaining months, seasonal and annual rainfall revealed non-significant trend. According to the ITA approach, there was a significant increase in rainfall of January and a significant decrease in rainfall of November and December. The Pettitt’s test identified November 2006 as a trend changing year and there was no significant change point for the remaining months, seasonal and annual rainfall.
Overview of Soil Xenobiotics and their Biological Remediation Strategies
Authors: Biradar Sayali , Kamble B. M. , Thakare Ritu , Ingle Snehal
Published: January 2024

Xenobiotic pollution of the environment is a global phenomenon brought on by human activity as a result of increased urbanisation and population expansion. Pesticides, petrol, solvents, alkanes, polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs), antibiotics, artificial azo dyes, pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins), and polyaromatic, chlorinated, and nitroaromatic substances are examples of xenobiotics. Xenobiotics are primarily defined as substances that are foreign to a living thing and have an inclination to collect in the environment,where they can be harmful for existing ecosystem. The natural environment is impacted in a number of ways, both short- and long-term, when these dangerous contaminants are released. The scientific study of xenobiotic compound biodegradation—which uses microorganisms' catabolic powers to break down poisonous and hazardous xenobiotics—has received a lot of attention in the last few decades. Numerous bacteria possessing remarkable capacity for biodegrading xenobiotic substances have been identified, and their novel degradation routes have been clarified. The field of molecular approach to biodegradation research is fairly young. Therefore, in order to create efficient and environmentally beneficial "green" technology, it is imperative to investigate the microbial biodiversity.
Knowledge Level of Rural Dwellers on Sustainable Utilization of Forest Resources in Peri Urban Local Government Areas of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Amusat Adeniyi Suraju
Published: January 2024

Forest resources have been a major source of income for a sizeable number of the populace especially in the rural areas. This study therefore investigated the knowledge levels of rural dwellers on sustainable utilization of forest resources in Peri Urban Local Government Areas of Ibadan, Oyo State in which Oluyole and Akinyele Local Governments were purposively chosen. Using a multi-stage sampling procedure, 200 respondents were randomly sampled from the Study Area and data were collected using a structured questionnaire on their personal characteristics, knowledge level, accessibility and constraints faced in sustainable utilization of forest resources. Majority of the respondent 68.4% were males, had secondary education (34.7%). All the respondents (100%) were involved in forest resources utilization; majority (63.3%) sourced their information from forest workers. The high cost of forest resources (40.8%) ranked as the highest constraint faced in the utilization of forest resources.
Significant relationship (x2=15.76; p≤0.05) existed between household size and the knowledge level of respondents on forest resources utilization. Also, there was a significant relationship (r=-0.712, p= 0.000) between knowledge level and constraints associated with sustainable utilization of forest resources. The paper therefore recommends the use of public-private partnerships in creating awareness on sustainable utilization of forest resources.
Evaluation of the Types and Drug Sensitivity Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Eye Discharge at Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria
Authors: Otuka Olufunmi A. I. , Ngwogu Ada C. , Ngwogu Kenneth O. , Eweputanna Lisa I. , Ochiogu Bernard C. , Udeaja Anthonia C. , Madukairo Uloma D.
Published: January 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the types and drug sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from patients with eye discharge at the Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), Aba, Nigeria. A total of 100 samples were collected, with the most prevalent bacterial isolates being Staphylococcus aureus (26%) and Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (21%), while no bacterial growth was reported in 42% of samples. In terms of patient demographics, a significant proportion of the patients were females (64%) aged between 61-70 years. In relation to contact lens use, a high percentage (97%) of the bacterial isolates were detected in patients who did not use contact lenses. An occupational distribution analysis revealed that bacterial isolates were more frequent in farmers and traders compared to students and retirees. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing of the bacterial isolates showed varying degrees of resistance, with significant resistance observed against Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Perfloxacin. In contrast, higher sensitivity was noted towards Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin. The findings underscore the importance of regular microbiological evaluation and sensitivity testing in patients presenting with eye discharges to guide effective antimicrobial therapy. These findings could guide the selection of empiric antibiotics for treating ocular infections in this region and suggest the need for routine microbiological surveillance to monitor and guide antibiotic prescription to mitigate against antibiotic resistance.
Solid‐Supported Synthesis of Bicyclic Peptides Containing Three Parallel Peptide Chains
Authors: Karskela Tuomas , Heinonen Petri , Virta Pasi , Lönnberg Harri
Published: April 2003

Four homodetic bicyclic peptides 9a−d, containing three parallel peptide chains, were synthesized on a hydroxymethyl‐functionalized polystyrene support. α,α‐Bis(aminomethyl)‐β‐alanine, bearing orthogonal protections (Alloc, Boc, Fmoc) on the three amino groups (1), was attached to the support through an H2N‐Leu‐Leu‐Gly‐OH spacer, and the peptide chains were assembled on the amino groups of 1 by either a stepwise coupling or coupling of a segment, keeping the amino protection within each chain unchanged. N‐(4‐Allyloxy‐4‐oxobutanoyl)iminodiacetic acid (2) was then coupled to the Fmoc‐protected chain. The Boc protecting group was removed, and the exposed amino group was coupled with the remaining free carboxylic acid function of 2. Finally, the Alloc and allyl ester protections were removed from the carboxylic and amino functions, and a second cyclization was performed. Release from the support gave 9a−d as free carboxylic acids. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
About the calculation of exchange coupling constants in polynuclear transition metal complexes
Authors: Ruiz Eliseo , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Cano Joan , Alvarez Santiago , Alemany Pere
Published: April 2003

The application of theoretical methods based on the density functional theory with hybrid functionals provides good estimates of the exchange coupling constants for polynuclear transition metal complexes. The accuracy is similar to that previously obtained for dinuclear compounds. We present test calculations on simple model systems based on H · · · He and CH2 · · · He units to compare with Hartree–Fock and multiconfigurational results. Calculations for complete, nonmodeled polynuclear transition metal complexes yield coupling constants in very good agreement with available experimental data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 982–989, 2003
Accumulation of, and interactions between, calcium and heavy metals in wood and bark of Picea abies
Authors: Österås Ann Helén , Greger Maria
Published: April 2003

Spreading of wood ashes from the pulp and paper industry will change the content and proportions of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in forest soils and thus also in the forest trees. The accumulation and distributions of, and interaction between, Ca and heavy metals in wood and bark of two‐year‐old Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) were investigated in this study. The treatment was carried out for 3 months in nutrient solutions, and there was a low or a high addition of Ca, Cd, Cu or Zn. The metal accumulation in, and distribution between, the bark, the wood formed during the treatment period (new wood), and the wood formed before the treatment period (old wood) was analyzed with AAS. The contents of the metals in the stems (i.e., bark, new wood, old wood) increased with elevated addition of the metal in question, also at the low addition of Ca, Cu, and Zn. Interactions between Ca and the heavy metals were found. Elevated Ca additions decreased the Cd content of the bark and the Zn content of the old wood, and tended to decrease the Cu content of the bark and the Cd content of the old wood. The Ca content decreased in both, wood and bark after Cu addition and the high Cd addition. Thus, even small changes in metal availability and proportions in forest soil, such as after spreading of wood ashes in the forest, will be reflected in the content of the metals in the wood and bark of forest trees.
Approximate cross‐validatory predictive checks in disease mapping models
Authors: Marshall E. C. , Spiegelhalter D. J.
Published: April 2003

When fitting complex hierarchical disease mapping models, it can be important to identify regions that diverge from the assumed model. Since full leave‐one‐out cross‐validatory assessment is extremely time‐consuming when using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation methods, Stern and Cressie consider an importance sampling approximation. We show that this can be improved upon through replication of both random effects and data. Our approach is simple to apply, entirely generic, and may aid the criticism of any Bayesian hierarchical model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulations of time‐coincident, co‐located measurements from ENVISAT‐1 instruments for the characterization of tropospheric aerosols: a sensitivity study including cloud contamination effects
Authors: Torricella Francesca , Cattani Elsa , Cervino Marco , Levizzani Vincenzo , João Costa Maria
Published: April 2003

A sensitivity test of the aerosol properties retrieval is conducted using nadir viewing instruments on board the ENVISAT‐1 platform trying to reproduce the natural variability of the aerosol field. The analysis highlights problems arising in the retrieval when aerosol loading, relative humidity, and cloud coverage are simultaneously varied. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society.
SPATIAL VARIABILITY MODELS TO IMPROVE DRYLAND FIELD TRIALS
Authors: SINGH M. , MALHOTRA R. S. , CECCARELLI S. , SARKER A. , GRANDO S. , ERSKINE W.
Published: April 2003

Spatial variability in field trials is a reality. A proportion of this is accounted for as inter-block variability by using block (complete or incomplete) designs. A large amount of spatial variability still remains unaccounted for, however, and this may lead to erroneous conclusions. To capture this inexplicable variation (which is mainly due to intra-block variation), yield data from a series of variety yield trials, using cereals and legumes, were analysed using various spatial models. The most suitable of these, selected on the basis of the Akaike Information Criterion, were used to assess the relative performance of genotypes. Although incomplete-block designs have been found to be effective in variety trials, spatial models have added considerable value to trials with legumes and cereals. The ‘best’ spatial models gave efficiency values of over 330% in winter-sown chickpea (Cicer arietinum), 140% in lentil (Lens esculenta), and 150% in barley (Hordeum spp.) trials. Furthermore, the use of these best models resulted in a change in the ranking of genotypes (on the basis of mean yield), which resulted, therefore, in a different set of genotypes being selected for high yield. It is recommended that: (i) incomplete block designs be used in variety trials; (ii) the Akaike Information Criterion be used to select the best spatial model; and (iii) genotypes be selected after the use of this model. The selected model would account most effectively for spatial variability in the field trials, improve selection of the most desirable genotypes and, therefore, improve the efficiency of breeding programmes.
Matthew: Apostate, Reformer, Revolutionary?
Authors: HAGNER DONALD A.
Published: April 2003

Andrew Overman, Anthony Saldarini and David Sim overstate their case when they conclude that the religion of the Matthean community was not Christianity but Judaism. The appeal to 5.17ff. and the exclusivist sayings will not bear the weight of the hypothesis. There is far too much newness in Matthew and the differences with Judaism are too great to conclude that Matthew exhibits mere ‘deviance’ from other Jewish groups. The ‘new things’ involve a radical reorientation of previous perspectives wherein Christ takes central place previously held by Torah. Matthew's community is thus best described as a Jewish form of Christianity.
Impaired and enhanced attentional function in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: KOSCHACK J. , KUNERT H. J. , DERICHS G. , WENIGER G. , IRLE E.
Published: April 2003

Background. The symptom domain of inattention in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggests that there are neuropsychological fields of attention in which subjects with ADHD express deficits. However, studies using differentiated neuropsychological attentional tests in ADHD are lacking.

Method. A consecutive series of 35 subjects with ADHD aged 9–12 years were assessed on a computer-driven neuropsychological test battery for attentional functions. Their performance was classified according to the data of a normative sample of 187 healthy subjects aged 9–12 years, and compared with the performance of 35 matched healthy control subjects.

Results. According to normative data, most ADHD subjects performed on all attentional measures within the normal range. Comparisons with the control group revealed that ADHD subjects reacted faster on all attentional tests, yielding statistical significance for the Go/No go test and the Divided Attention test. They also performed with significantly fewer errors on the Divided Attention test. On the Go/No go test, Visual Scanning test and Attentional Shift test ADHD subjects committed significantly more errors than control subjects.

Conclusions. Our results suggest a differential pattern rather than a deficit pattern of attentional functions in ADHD. It is suggested that the more rapid response style of ADHD subjects leads to a more erroneous performance in self-paced attentional tasks and to a better performance in externally paced attentional tasks. However, neuropsychological tests of attention do not contribute to the clinical diagnosis of ADHD.
Effects of land-use history on size structure of holm oak stands in Spanish dehesas: implications for conservation and restoration
Authors: Plieninger Tobias , Pulido Fernando J. , Konold Werner
Published: April 2003

Dehesas, rangelands occupied by scattered oak trees and characterized by silvopastoral uses, cover about 3.1 million ha in south-western Spain. There is considerable debate about the long-term persistence of holm oak (Quercus ilex) populations in dehesas, since most stands are overaged and seedlings and saplings are sparse. The forest cycle has been disrupted in most dehesas. Regeneration has been inhibited since stands were opened for agriculture and grazing. Oak diameters from three land-use groups (young dehesa [YD], middle-aged dehesa [MD], and old dehesa [OD]) in Cáceres Province, Spain, were compared. These groups differed in the age of the land-use system, i.e. time since the original Mediterranean forest was cleared. The dehesa systems were established about 80 (YD), 150 (MD) and 500 (OD) years ago. An analysis of 66 holm oak cross sections revealed a close correlation (r2 = 91.2%) between tree rings and diameters, so that diameter seems to be a reliable indicator of tree age. Nested analysis of variance showed significant variation in diameters between the land-use groups. There is generally a positive relationship between tree age and the age of agrosilvopastoral use of the dehesas. Sparse holm oaks in the dehesas are primarily remnants from the first forest cycle. Local differences in growth conditions (for example soil quality and tree density) contribute further significant diameter variation on a between-plot level. Diameter structure of abandoned dehesas showed two peaks and a high proportion of trees in the smallest size class. This indicates that the forest degradation process is reversible. An effective regeneration policy should promote a rotating 20- to 30-year set-aside of dehesa parcels.
Focal lesions in cirrhotic explant livers: Pathological evaluation and accuracy of pretransplantation imaging examinations
Authors: Libbrecht Louis , Bielen Didier , Verslype Chris , Vanbeckevoort Dirk , Pirenne Jacques , Nevens Frederik , Desmet Valeer , Roskams Tania
Published: April 2003

Imaging detection and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and dysplastic nodules (DNs) in cirrhotic patients is important because the number, size, and type of focal lesions strongly influence patient management. Focal lesions detected by imaging examinations during pretransplantation evaluation were correlated with focal lesions detected during detailed pathological examination of 49 cirrhotic explant livers. Within 6 months before transplantation, color Doppler ultrasonography (US), contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were performed in 94%, 33%, and 55% of patients, respectively. In 2% to 8% of patients, different types of benign focal lesions were present, and a considerable proportion was interpreted as (pre)malignant on imaging examination. US detected only the largest HCCs (patient sensitivity, 40%; specificity, 100%) and no DNs. On a per-patient basis, contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging had poor sensitivity (20% and 27%, respectively) and good specificity (100% and 94%, respectively) for DNs. Patient sensitivity and specificity of both techniques for HCC were reasonable (50% for CT, 70% for MR imaging) and good (79% for CT, 82% for MR imaging), respectively. Neither technique was able to detect smaller (pre)malignant lesions. As a consequence, 10% of patients underwent transplantation, although they exceeded the tumor number limit. Currently used imaging techniques cannot correctly determine the exact tumor burden in some cirrhotic patients. Regular contrast-enhanced MR examination of cirrhotic patients waiting for liver transplantation is the best tool for the early detection of (pre)malignant lesions.
Outflow reconstruction in extended right liver grafts from living donors
Authors: Sugawara Yasuhiko , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Imamura Hiroshi , Kaneko Junichi , Kokudo Norihiro
Published: April 2003

The risk of outflow obstruction in extended right liver grafts remains a concern. We developed two procedures to minimize torsion in venous anastomosis and to achieve a short warm ischemic time of the graft. When there were no major short hepatic veins in the graft, a square-shaped vein graft was used to make a single orifice using the middle and right hepatic veins in the graft. When reconstruction of multiple short hepatic veins was necessary, a cryopreserved inferior vena cava graft was used, which was anastomosed with the hepatic veins of the graft ex situ. These techniques were applied in 10 patients with good results without torsion of the hepatic venous reconstruction or other complications. Our new techniques might be useful for recipients of extended right liver grafts to secure nontortuous venous reconstructions with a short warm ischemic time of the graft.
Membrane barrier of a porcine hepatocyte bioartificial liver
Authors: Nyberg Scott L. , Yagi Toshikazu , Matsushita Takakazu , Hardin Joseph , Grande Joseph P. , Gibson Lawrence E. , Platt Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2003

Pores in the membrane of a bioartificial liver (BAL) allow it to function as a semipermeable barrier between its contents (i.e., liver cells) and components of the recipient’s immune system. This study is designed to assess the influence of pore size on immune response to a BAL containing porcine hepatocytes. Sixteen healthy dogs were divided into four groups (four dogs per group) based on pore size of the BAL membrane and level of exposure to porcine hepatocytes. Group 1 dogs were administered porcine hepatocytes by intraperitoneal injection and served as positive controls. Group 2 dogs were exposed to porcine hepatocytes in a large-pore (200-nm) BAL, and group 3 dogs were exposed to porcine hepatocytes in a small-pore (10-nm) BAL. Group 4 dogs were exposed to a no-cell (unloaded) BAL and served as negative controls. Intraperitoneal injection of hepatocytes or 3 hours of BAL hemoperfusion was performed day 0 and 3 weeks later on day 21. Biochemical, humoral, and cellular measures of immune response were collected until day 44. The initiation of BAL hemoperfusion was associated with a rapid decline in CH50 levels of complement and transient neutropenia and thrombocytopenia during all BAL exposures. Xenoreactive antibody response to BAL was increased by use of membranes with large pores and secondary exposures. Skin testing on day 42 showed a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to porcine hepatocytes that also correlated with level of previous antigen exposure. BAL treatment was associated with both immediate and elicited immunologic responses. The immediate response was transient and not influenced by membrane pore size, whereas elicited responses were influenced by pore size of the BAL during previous exposures.
Human leukocyte antigen-C in short- and long-term liver graft acceptance
Authors: Moya-Quiles Maria Rosa , Muro Manuel , Torío Alberto , Sánchez-Bueno Francisco , Miras Manuel , Marín Luis , García-Alonso Ana Maria , Parrilla Pascual , Dausset Jean , Álvarez-López María Rocío
Published: April 2003

In liver transplantion, rejection is still an important problem, and the role of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) has not been clearly established. At present, the possible involvement of HLA-C antigen in liver transplantation is still unexplored. The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of HLA-C polymorphism on the outcome of liver transplantation. For this purpose, genotyping of 100 orthotopic liver transplant recipient-donor pairs for HLA-C was performed with polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSPs). Liver recipients were stratified according to the occurrence of acute rejection. Patients without acute rejection were found to have a lower frequency of the HLA-Cw*06 allele compared with those with acute rejection or the control group. Moreover, when the role of HLA-C dimorphism was analyzed, natural killer (NK)1-alloantigens were found to be predominant in recipients without acute rejection. When the match of HLA-C single alleles and NK-alloantigens between donor and recipient was analyzed, it appeared that the frequency of acute rejection gradually decreased with decrease of the number of allele mismatches. Graft survival was increased when the number of mismatches in both HLA-C or NK-alloantigens was lower. In conclusion, the HLA-C locus may play a role in liver graft alloreactivity or allotolerance and, therefore, may be useful to avoid acute rejection and to achieve graft acceptance, resulting in a better final outcome in liver transplantation.
Systemic hemodynamic effects of treatment with the molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with hyperacute liver failure: A prospective controlled trial
Authors: Schmidt Lars E. , Wang Lars Peter , Hansen Bent A. , Larsen Fin Stolze
Published: April 2003

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of a single treatment with the molecular adsorbents recirculating system (MARS) on systemic hemodynamics and oxygen consumption (VO
2) in patients with hyperacute liver failure (HALF). In a controlled design, eight patients with HALF were assigned to a 6-hour MARS treatment, and five patients, to a control group that was mechanically cooled to match the MARS group. Systemic hemodynamic variables were determined hourly during the study period. In the MARS group, systemic vascular resistance index increased by 46% from 1,215 ± 437 to 1,778 ± 710 dynes · s · cm−5 · m−2 (P < .0001), which significantly exceeded a 6% increase in the control group. Mean arterial pressure increased from 69 ± 5 to 83 ± 11 mm Hg in the MARS group (P < .0001) and was unchanged in the control group. Cardiac index decreased by 20% from 4.6 ± 1.8 to 3.7 ± 1.1 L/min · m−2 (P = .0007) in the MARS group and by 7% in the control group. Heart rate decreased from 105 ± 21 to 85 ± 15 beats/min in the MARS group (P < .0001) and was unchanged in the control group. In the MARS group, oxygen delivery decreased from 621 ± 198 to 486 ± 141 mL/min · m−2 (P < .05), and VO2, from 142 ± 31 to 112 ±21 mL/min · m−2 (P < .05). Arterial lactate and pH levels were unchanged. In conclusion, systemic hemodynamic values tend to normalize, whereas systemic VO
2 decreases during MARS treatment in patients with HALF. These effects cannot be explained by the degree of cooling associated with MARS.