bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping of Geospatial Information on Disasters Predicted to Occur in Wetland Areas of the Shonan Region
Authors: Isobe Kuniaki , Sugimura Toshiro
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Ground damage, such as liquefaction events, occurred in the Kanto region during the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. Similar disasters can be expected to occur in the future. Disaster prevention and preparedness plans have been developed by municipal governments based on the principle of Jijo (self-aid), Kyojo (community assistance), and Kojo (government assistance). With national land information, including the latest satellite images and Jinsokusokuzu (QuickMap) prepared during the Meiji period, being compiled, consolidated and analysed, it is now expected that such national land information can be utilized in the field of disaster mitigation.According to an old map, the old Kugenuma Lake used to be spread in the southeast of the city of Fujisawa, which is currently located in the dune lands in the Shonan region. This area is composed of sandbanks formed by the Hikichi River and the Sakai River. From the synthetic images based on satellite images and QuickMap, among other things, it is expected that a disaster may cause serious damage in areas of weak ground conditions along the old river ways and the brinks (cliffs) of the old Kugenuma Lake as they have been rapidly converted into residential areas (Figure 1). The evacuation map prepared based on this assumption indicates that nearby tsunami evacuation buildings should serve as an emergency evacuation centre for evacuees (Figure 2). In the vicinity of these emergency evacuation centres, however, there are various areas that may become impassable for evacuees and emergency vehicles due to the potential collapse of stone walls and utility poles, among other things.From the synthetic images based on geospatial information, it is possible to identify areas prone to liquefaction in regions whose past land cover is related to water (Figure 1). The evacuation map, which has been prepared based on the reading of hazard maps and the results of our field investigation, has exposed a number of issues facing disaster-predicted areas (Figure 2). As a result, it is recommended that 1) a community association ensure to always keep evacuation routes operable and clear of any obstructions that may impede evacuation and 2) to conduct an emergency evacuation drill in different seasons and time zones. It is also essential to ensure that a community will develop its own technical capability and autonomous community-based capability to provide relief to its own community members through Kyojo.
Lexical variation in Japanese dialects revisited: Geostatistic and dialectometric analysis
Authors: Jeszenszky Péter , Hikosaka Yoshinobu , Yano Keiji
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Since the end of the 19th century in Japan, the official language policy enforced using Standard Japanese, based on the variety spoken in Tokyo (formerly Edo), in all official situations and in schools. Since then, Japanese dialects have been dwindling and ‘flattening’ (i.e., they retain less regional variation). Nevertheless, differences of language varieties keep being important topics and they reinforce the feeling of belonging and group formation in Japan, similarly to most languages with dialects. This study explores the spatial patterns in Japanese lexical variation based on digitised dialectal survey data (using the Linguistic Atlas of Japan) and presents first results of a dialectometric analysis, quantifying a number of factors assumed to affect lexical variation in Japanese.
Feedbacks on VGI in-situ campaign for updating LULC data
Authors: Jolivet Laurence , Olteanu-Raimond Ana-Maria , Van Damme Marie-Dominique , Gombert Marie , Fauret Simon , Saffroy Thierry
Published: July 2019

Abstract. This work is part of LandSense European H2020 project aiming to build a citizen platform for monitoring Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data by integrating different types of information such as citizens-contributed data and proposing a set of services (Matheus et al., 2018). One of the pilot studies proposed in LandSense is to monitor urban dynamics to complement authoritative data sources. In this context, one of the goals of the French Mapping Agency (IGN France) is to study the potential of volunteered geographic information (VGI) (Goodchild, 2007) to enrich and update LULC authoritative database by engaging with citizens and several public authorities. The targeted database is OCS-GE containing LULC data (vector polygons) which is produced by IGN France for a 1 : 5.000 scale use. A specificity of OCS-GE database is that both classes LU and LC are assigned to each polygon. Two distinct nomenclatures are in fact defined, each one containing three hierarchical levels. Though in the database, some of the classes are merged due to lack of in-situ information. It is especially the case for some LU classes. Another characteristic is that the database is dated (i.e. represents LULC at a given year) without intermediate versions between two releases (generally every 3 years). Thus, in this context three needs are identified:Detect LULC changes in order to facilitate updates in the next dated version of OCS-GE.Improve LULC data by dividing the merged classes in the database to better match the nomenclature.Update LULC data corresponding to the year of the OCS-GE (for the moment 2013 and 2016).
Social Media for Sensing: Do Tweets Represent Events at Geo-Tagged Locations?
Authors: Karimzadeh Morteza
Published: July 2019

Abstract. It is difficult to quantify how – and to what extent – the public engages with events in other countries. Twitter users all over the globe post more than 500 million tweets every day. They also discuss places in their tweets. Therefore, Twitter provides a lens through which geographic research can investigate public discourse as it relates to place. Further, many research studies use geo-tagged posts on Twitter (and social media in general) to sense the society in particular locations (according to geo-tags) for various purposes that may need a “local sense” such as sentiment analysis, situational awareness for crisis response, election prediction, or targeted advertising. However, it is unclear to what extent the online discourse by users are about local events versus events in other locations or countries.In this pilot study, we visualize and characterize relations between places mentioned in Twitter posts and places where users live to identify whether Twitter users in different countries engage more with domestic or international (or transnational) events. We also visualize the extent to which places in other countries are being discussed through online platforms/social media. The results have implications for the design of algorithms in geographic information science attempting to automatically geolocate places mentioned in tweets for use in sentiment or spatial analysis, situational awareness, and advertisement. Additionally, most place names are ambiguous and refer to more than one location. For example, London can refer to London, Texas or London in England. Our analysis gauge whether Twitter users’ profile locations can be used to disambiguate places that are mentioned in their tweets.
Digital archiving the space and memory of Kyoto across space and time using GIS
Authors: Kawasumi Naomi , Sato Hirotaka , Yamamoto Shunpei , Yano Keiji
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Digital Humanities (DH) is expected to generate new knowledge within traditional Humanities including history, literature, and the arts. DH utilizes computational media to conduct research on concepts such as consciousness and awareness, then analyzes, integrates and presents the outcomes. GIS has become widespread within DH research (Yano et al. 2011). This study aims to consider the archiving of various information concepting Kyoto using GIS. It also aims to understand landscape value in Kyoto. Since Heian-Kyo, Kyoto has existed for over 1,200 years of history. So, it is necessary to collect various information about Kyoto such as literature, art, maps, and photographs for research on the urban history of Kyoto. The digitalization and construction of a GIS database are useful to preserve and release information about Kyoto.The Digital Archive of the Historical City of Kyoto that we are aiming to produce includes content such as literary works, paintings, photographs, and intangible cultural assets like festivals including the Gion Festival, traditional arts, and memories. Them did not simply listed in a database but had released with geospatial information, such as maps, as a platform linked to place.
Grid overlays reduce bias in mental representations of topographic maps
Authors: Kuchinke Lars , Keil Julian , Edler Dennis , Bestgen Anne-Kathrin , Dickmann Frank
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Reading spatial information from topographic maps to form mental representations that guide spatial orientation and navigation is a rather complex cognitive process. Perceptual and knowledge-driven processes interact to support the map reader in building these mental representations. The resulting cognitive maps are not one-to-one mappings of the spatial information and known to be distorted systematically. It is assumed that spatial information is hierarchically organized in these mental models. We are interested in how map design based on cognitive principles supports memory formation and leads to less distorted mental representations.Based on the results of empirical studies we are able to show that overlaid grids in these maps address the hierarchical nature of these mental representations of map space. When map users are asked to learn object locations in a map the availability of overlaid grid layers improve object location memory. This effect is independent of the shape of these grid patterns (square grids or hexagonal grids) and, moreover, can be shown to be effective even in situations where the grids are interrupted by other maps layers (i.e. so-called illusory grids).These results seem best explained by the formation of less distorted mental representations based on the availability of superordinate hierarchical information and the application of Gestalt principles by the map user. Thus again, point to the interaction between perceptual and knowledge-driven processes in the formation of these mental representations of map space. This assumption receives further support by eye-tracking data that reveal that grids do not only attract attention towards their own location but also seem to structure the gaze patterns in relation to the relevant object locations that are not necessarily located close to a grid line.
Landform mapping of Okinoshima island and sea bed of Munakata city
Authors: Kuroki Takahito
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Munakata city is compiling its city history now. Then, in March 2019, the natural environment part edition of "Umi, Yama, Kawa" is scheduled to be published. I had to do landform mapping of Okinoshima island and sea bed in this project. In this abstract, the geography of Okinoshima, the process of mapping and some of the results are described.The Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region was registered as a World Heritage in July 2017. Okinoshima island is located about 70 km northwest of Kyushu main island. The island consists of a steep cliff and gentle slope and the area of the plain is small. It consists of shale, quartz porphyry, and talus deposit.Fig.1 shows the landscape of Okinoshima island from the south. The highest peak is Mt. Ichinotake, the rock on the left is Mikadobashira and the rock on the right is Tengu-iwa. There is a holy place, Okitsu-miya of Munakata Taisha at the foot of the island. Residents have unwritten taboos that forbid actions such as removing anything from the island, or revealing anything seen or heard there.Maps of land and sea bed were made by various kinds of geographic information by using GIS. They are ground elevation map, slope map, relief map and 3D image. Fundamental geospatial data of GSI (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan), map information related to isobaths of JHA (Japan Hydrographic Association) and airborne laser scanner data of Munakata city are used as the geographic information.Landform classification map was made by interpretation of each map and field survey. Classified landforms are crest， dissected valley，steep cliff，landslip lobe，talus cone， seaside and man-made land. Farthermore, geologic and topographic lineaments were interpreted.Fig.2 shows the 3D image of Okinoshima from the east. It can be identified that the height of Okinoshima is about 340 m above the flat sea bed. The topography between Okinoshima and Koyajima under the sea surface, is a shallow flat table in the west side and a concave area inclining to the east in the east side. The shape of the set of islands is like a horseshoe-shaped caldera.In this poster presentation, I would like to introduce that we can understand the landform and its formative process of Okinoshima where access is restricted from the analysis and reference of such maps by GIS.
Toward high resolution mapping of patterned ground with vegetation in Spitsbergen using a UAV
Authors: Lee Jaeyong , Oguchi Takashi
Published: July 2019

Abstract. We focused on technical methods for mapping of periglacial terrain in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. In polar regions, there are permafrost areas with patterned ground formed by physical movement of the surface layer of permafrost, reflecting the characteristics of climate and topography. Also, mosses and lichens covering the topsoil are likely to be related to climate and topography. Since patterned ground is generated slowly over a long period, it is highly sensitive to changes in the polar environment. Vegetation is the main nutrient source for polar animals. Therefore, understanding the status of vegetation is important for monitoring and managing the polar environment in general.
Visualisation and analysis of multi-resolution raster geodatasets in the cloud
Authors: Lehto Lassi , Kähkönen Jaakko , Oksanen Juha , Sarjakoski Tapani
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Raster geodatasets are an important data source for map-related web applications. However, existing differences in how those datasets are georeferenced, formatted and made available complicate their integration for analysis and visualisation purposes. Furthermore, the inconsistent cell resolutions make it difficult to perform efficient and reliable display of the datasets over a range of scales. In particular, it is challenging to achieve satisfactory user experience in visual exploration of interactive analysis operations carried out on these datasets.Dataset harmonisation carried out as a pre-processing procedure seems to be necessary for resolving the raster geodata inconsistency challenge. After the pre-processing step, the harmonized datasets have to be stored into an easily accessible data storage, preferably in close connection with the computing platform where the analysis operations are to be performed.Multidimensional datacube has emerged as a conceptual framework for organising a repository of harmonised raster geodatasets. Satellite images have so far been the most popular geospatial application area for datacubes. The set of dimensions of such geodatacube typically consist of two or three coordinate axes, time, and the content theme. While being ingested into the datacube, the involved datasets are brought into a common georeferencing frame, series of cell resolutions, and storage format. The selected harmonised resolution levels can actually be seen as a set of individual geodatacubes.An initiative has launched in Finland to build a harmonised multi-resolution geodatacube, called GeoCubes Finland, containing some of the most important national geodatasets. The datasets currently incorporated into the geodatacube include digital elevation models together with land cover, superficial deposit, forest inventory and administrative unit datasets. GeoCubes Finland is being built as part of the Finnish Open Geospatial Information Infrastructure for Research (oGIIR) programme, aimed at developing the geospatial research infrastructure of the country. The data storage and the related computing facilities have been implemented on a cloud service platform provided by CSC - IT Center for Science that serves Finnish universities and research institutes.
A visual approach to creating multivariate geovisualization test data
Authors: Lerch Thomas , Bleisch Susanne
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Testing multivariate geovisualizations, for example glyph designs, for their perceptual qualities requires suitable test data. Synthetic data can be useful for evaluating different data characteristics and their perceptibility through different designs. Real data may not contain all relevant data characteristics, for example with regard to spatial distributions or trends, which may be interesting for testing. Additionally, real data may contain a lot of noise or randomness. Even though, real data are imperative for testing design performance in realistic situations. Fuchs et al. (2017) did a systematic review on 64 glyph evaluation studies, whereof more than 60% used synthetic data. They note that for a better understanding of glyph designs more studies should evaluate glyphs with synthetic and real data. Besides visualization evaluation, a number of application areas, e.g. machine learning or software testing, generate and use synthetic data. Thus, many methods and tools for generating synthetic data exist. Typically, a mathematical function or statistical distribution is defined and random or ordered values, optionally overlaid with noise, are drawn from the defined models to build the synthetic data. However, we found it difficult to create, especially multivariate, spatial distributions of data that follow specific rules and display interactions between the data dimensions with existing tools. Thus, we designed a process that allows the intuitive ‘drawing’ of spatial data distributions and subsequently the derivation of multivariate data from several overlaid layers of ‘drawings’.
Table cartogram generation as an optimization problem
Authors: Li Mao , Inoue Ryo
Published: July 2019

Abstract. A table cartogram, visualization of table-form data, is a rectangle-shaped table in which each cell is transformed to express the magnitude of positive weight by its area while maintaining the adjacency relationship of cells in the original table. Winter (2011) applies an area cartogram generation method of Gastner and Newman (2004) for their generation, and Evans et al. (2018) proposes a new geometric procedure. The rows and columns on a table cartogram should be easily recognized by readers, however, no methods have focused to enhance the readability. This study proposes a method that defines table cartogram generation as an optimization problem and attempts to minimize vertical and horizontal deformation. Since the original tables are comprised of regular quadrangles, this study uses quadrangles to express cells in a table cartogram and fixes the outer border to attempt to retain the shape of a standard table.This study proposes a two-step approach for table cartogram generation with cells that begin as squares and with fixed outer table borders. The first step only adjusts the vertical and horizontal borders of cells to express weights to the greatest possible degree. All cells maintain their rectangular shape after this step, although the limited degree of freedom of this operation results in low data representation accuracy. The second step adapts the cells of the low-accuracy table cartogram to accurately fit area to weight by relaxing the constraints on the directions of borders of cells. This study utilizes an area cartogram generation method proposed by Inoue and Shimizu (2006), which defines area cartogram generation as an optimization problem. The formulation with vertex coordinate parameters consists of an objective function that minimizes the difference between the given data and size of each cell, and a regularization term that controls the changes of bearing angles. It is formulated as non-linear least squares, and is solved through the iteration of linear least squares by linearizing the problem at the coordinates of vertices and updating the estimated coordinates until the value of the objective function becomes small enough.
Data-driven regionalization for analyzing the spatiotemporal characteristic of air quality in China
Authors: Li Sheng , Liu Jiangtao , Wu Chao
Published: July 2019

Abstract. With the development of urbanization and industrialization, the degradation of ambient air quality has become a serious issue that impacts human health and the environment; thus, it has attracted more attention from scholars. Usually, the mass concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm and 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5) are used to evaluate air quality. A commonly used data-driven regionalization framework for studying air quality issues, identifying areas with similar air pollution behavior and locating emission sources involves an incorporation of the principal component analysis (PCA) with cluster analysis (CA) methods. However, the traditional PCA does not consider spatial variations, which is a notable issue in geographic studies. This article focuses on extracting the local principal components (PCs) of air quality indicators based on a geographically weighted principal component analysis (GWPCA), which is superior to the PCA when considering spatial heterogeneity. Then, a spatial cluster analysis (SCA) is used to identify the areas with similar air pollution behavior based on the results of the GWPCA. The results are all visualized and show that the GWPCA has a higher explanatory ability than the traditional PCA. Our modified framework based on the GWPCA and SCA for assessing air quality can effectively guide environmentalists and geographers in evaluating and improving air quality from a new perspective. Furthermore, the visualization results can be used by city planners and the government for monitoring and managing air pollution. Finally, policy suggestions are recommended for mitigating air pollution via regional collaboration.
A city in liquid modernity: a sociological perspective
Authors: Barańska Edyta
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Western culture grew out of conviction about the social nature of man. It is based on the assumption that man is a social being, that he is a resident of the city. The most unpleasant image for an ancient man was the prospect of living outside the city, being excluded from its borders. The city is like a way of being, an expression of our social way of existence. Aristotle spoke of human nature, that its embodiment is a polis. This community life builds human identity. Such an image of a human being, as a creature entangled in the city space, is still valid today. Until recently Hannah Arendt wrote that our human condition is to participate in public space, that human life is humanized in our community, it defines our being as human. Today, however, the concept of the city has changed and the concept of space has taken on a different meaning. The city is not something stable and unchanging, on the contrary – today it is in constant motion, its feature is its liquidity. The feature of city residents is mobility and absolute freedom of movement. Our imaginations of space and boundaries, the understanding of what is local and global have changed. The world of borders has been replaced with our idea of the transparency of the city – nowadays one can not hide anymore. Under the influence of many socio-economic changes, the emergence of new forms of communication, the city has changed not only its physical form, but – above all – our human condition. It ceased to provide us with a sense of security and the ability to identify, but threw into an area of boundless possibilities. This dynamics of changes also reflects the way of describing the city: a map that served premoderns to describe the geographical city, in the modern world it has to be a grid that imposes itself on the city plan. This physical distribution of the city is now to be subordinated and adapted to the spatial plan of the city – this is the vision of a perfect, utopian and happy modern city. Modernity, says Zygmunt Bauman, does not just want to describe what is, but to map and impose space on the map. Today, we have got rid of this utopian idea of ordering according to our own plan. Under the influence of changes, we have become residents of space without borders. Bauman, this our way of being today, describes as liquidity. Does this mean, however, that we have lost the foundations of our human lives that have defined us as people? Is this shrinkaging of the city space and the lack of a city street an embodiment of our new contemporary condition? Perhaps today's city no longer belongs to the inhabitants of polis, but to the invaders? Perhaps the city's inhabitants will be permanently accompanied by the urban fear of lack of domicile. The aim of my speech is to show what changes accompany the city and us as residents of the city as well as to present the cultural consequences of these changes.
Displacement and visualization of point symbols based on spatial distribution characteristics
Authors: Liu Haipeng , Long Yi , Zheng Yi
Published: July 2019

Abstract. In WEB2.0 environment, the number of map-based mashups which display user-led POI data keeps increasing. When the cartographic processing of these map mashups is lacking, the display of the POI data showed on the maps are quite unsatisfactory because of the overlapping of symbols.At present, some widely used methods commonly use selection and simplification operations based on a quadtree data structure, which can get a good result in the small and medium scales in which users mainly focus on the distribution characteristics and the density difference of POI, but will lose a lot of information in the large scales in which users mainly focus on the specific location and detailed information of the data. For example, two hotels with the same size will retain only one symbol after using selection or simplification operation although in the large scale if they are adjacent to each other, which will bring trouble to users when using maps. Displacement is a suitable operation to deal with this situation, however, current displacement methods face the problems of symbol position drift and nevertheless the loss of information in high-density areas.In order to address these problems, this paper proposes a real-time POI visualization algorithm combining the characteristics of traditional quadtree data structure and the advantages of an improved displacement operator.
Marathon Map and its Utilization in City Tourism
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Ye Cheng , Zhang Shuran
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Marathon running has become an obsession in China, with 22 marathon races in 2011 increasing to 400 in 2017. Based on the Marathon annual report in 2017, marathon races will increase to above 1900 in 2020. More and more Chinese are traveling around the country to participate marathon races, which brings tremendous opportunities for the host cities, specifically for city tourism. A well-designed marathon map can not only help runners to learn detailed information for the races, but also help the tourists to learn natural and historical spots in the city. However, marathon maps and their designs are not examined in respect to cartography.This study focused on full marathon race maps, collected 200 maps officially published by marathon organizers, inventoried the race information included in the maps, explored how many of these maps showing natural and historical scenic spots along the race, and analyzed common design elements of the maps using Quantitative Content Analysis (QCA), see table1. The goal of this study was to determine if the maps featured only the races or if they provided additional information to encourage tourist activities. A well designed marathon map can help both to the implementation of a race and to the creation of a sense of city.
Trajectory-based POI recommendations for mobile maps
Authors: Loeffler Shane
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Providing mobile map users with relevant information about their surroundings based on their current trajectory is a necessary next step in providing them with the information they need or want without requiring direct interaction with the map, which can be dangerous or distracting, as well as time-consuming and annoying. Providing these recommendations requires integrating spatial information from the mobile device’s GPS chip with attributes about the underlying map and point of interest (POI) data, as well as the preferences and goals of the user. The Flyover Country app provides a relatively contained test case for the development of predictive software for recommending current and upcoming POIs during travel.
There is no Kashubia without Kashubians – maps as sources in historical research of folk culture
Authors: Małek Agnieszka
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The old maps are a cultural heritage of great historical importance. Maps’ great value is also a set of data documenting socio-economic changes.Kashubia is a cultural region in northern Poland. In written sources, the name Kashubia appears in the XIII century. The range and boundaries of historical lands that were part of Kashubia are the subject of disputes between historians. Generally, it was referred to the territories of the Duchy of Pomerania, and in modern times - the area between Łeba River and Parsęta River. Over time, this name appeared widely to describe the areas of the Gdańsk Pomerania.In the 20th century, Kashubia as a community underwent huge changes in the political, socio-economic and cultural spheres. At the beginning of the 20th century Kashubians lived in a Prussian state, repressive towards this community, as well as all Poles. In the interwar period they were divided into three parts – the largest lived within the borders of the Second Polish Republic, the second in the Free City of Gdańsk, the third remained within Germany. During World War II, the elite of this community was almost completely murdered. After the war, the authorities of the Polish People's Republic were very distrustful towards the Kashubians; the renaissance of Kashubian cultural activity took place after the political breakthrough of 1989.The twentieth century also brought a great social revolution: intensive urbanization, industrialization, educational revolution and migration movements.Kashubian culture can not be limited to a variety of local culture, created by a small community and its needs. It was for a very long period of time, but from the moment when the Kashubian regional movement (XIX century) appeared, a single, nation-wide culture began to take shape. The separateness and specificity of the material and spiritual heritage of Kashubia is determined by the communal awareness of history, the community of tradition, language and religion, which at the same time does not exclude the internal identity diversity of Kashubians.The aim of the presentation is to show the territorial changes of Kashubia as a reason for shaping the cultural specificity of the region. Historical and contemporary maps of Kashubia constitute the subject of analysis.
Interactive 3D Time-Integrated Solar Shadow Maps
Authors: Molzer Georg , Ledermann Florian
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Urban areas are characterized by a complex topography of buildings, terrain, vegetation and temporary structures, which, depending on their extent, geometry, geographic location and daytime, cast shadow on their surroundings. Given the importance of sunlight for various groups of interest and tasks, we argue that a comprehensive, accessible, usable and intuitive way of predicting its availability for specific usage contexts is surprisingly lacking. In our research, we are investigating how to improve the visual communication of urban solar conditions for various real-world usage scenarios like having a coffee in the sun, parking a car in the shade, or taking a photograph of a particular building in a favorable light. All of these activities take place over a period of time, not in a temporal instant, causing solar shadows to move. Hence, a static representation of the light situation at a distinct point in time, such as offered by available 3D urban maps or GIS systems, is often not sufficient for planning above mentioned recreational or professional activities.This factor is incorporated in our system by integrating shadow motion into a shadow map that covers arbitrary timeframes within a given day (Figure 1). Shadows are accumulated by projecting shadow maps from astronomically precise sun positions spanning over the defined timeframe. The number of sampling points directly influences the quality and speed of the rendering. All provided figures currently sample and integrate nine different sun positions.Using our system, questions in a manner of “Given a specific point in space, at which time will this point be in sun/shade again” can be answered. E.g., one would like to spend time in the sun at a specific Viennese “Kaffeehaus” (coffee place), from which time on (and for how long) will this space be sunlit (Figure 2). In the future, this process might even be automated.
BDIG: Continuous updating for National Geospatial Information Databases in National Geographic Institute of Spain
Authors: Moreno Gonzalo , Mariño Francisco , Marín Alfonso , Sánchez-Ortiz Pilar , García Francisco Javier , González Matesanz Francisco Javier
Published: July 2019

Abstract. In order to improve the efficiency in the continuous updating of the spatial objects compiled in the geospatial information databases, National Geographic Institute of Spain launched The Program for the Productive Change GIDB (Geospatial Information Databases) in 2017. Three connected and complementary projects compose it:CartoBot, The aim is to obtain the changes from the real world using innovative methods, such as harvesting through web services, Big Data, AI, etc. without forgetting other more classic methodologies.InciGeo, Application to manage work orders derived from the detected changes. It is based on Business Process Management.GIDB environment. Its main target is the development of working environment that allows executing work orders for the joint update of geospatial databases of different themes, thus ensuring consistency. Therefore, the programs objective is to minimize the gaps time between changes in real world and the update on geospatial databases, from where the information is made available to the end user in different ways (for example, GIS layers, maps for web services or "hardcopy National Topographic Map editions"). Information updating is done independently of the fact that the change involves one or more themes, since the changes in the territory generally affect spatial objects of several themes at the same time. In addition, this new methodology has another difference compared to the traditional procedure, since instead of updating large geographical areas (provinces, municipalities or sheets in full), act on minimum spatial areas, that is, the area affected by the change and managed as an individual job. These are ICA guidelines for submitting abstracts to supplement ICA guidelines for preparation of papers. All abstracts for abstract-only submission to ICA-event must follow these guidelines and be written using this template. The ICA-event organizers may omit any paper that does not conform to the specified requirements.
Description of Cartographic Heritage in Europeana Data Model
Authors: Mościcka Albina , Zwirowicz-Rutkowska Agnieszka
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Europeana is a portal that provides access to millions of objects from all kinds of cultural heritage communities. It enables users to find digital cultural works made available by cultural institutions throughout the European Union. Currently, Europeana provides access to a collection of more than 50 million books, periodicals, video clips, maps, photographs and digital documents from libraries, archives, museums and audio-visual archives in Europe. To facilitate Europeana’s participation in the Semantic Web Europeana Data Model (EDM) has been developed. The idea of EDM is to constitute a framework for collecting, connecting and enriching metadata. It is a theoretical data model that allows data to be presented in different ways according to the practices of the various domains that contribute data to Europeana. EDM brings more meaningful links to Europe’s cultural heritage data. Data from partners or external information resources with references to persons, places, subjects, etc., will connect to other initiatives and institutions. This will result in sharing enriched content, adding to it and thereby generating more content in ways that no single provider could achieve alone.Presented research is the continuation of authors earlier study. In previous research, authors have proposed to integrate EDM structured information with geographic information system for movable heritage providing the semantic relations of movable heritage to the geographical space. This was a step into mixing GIS and Europeana world with the use of semantic contextualization for the object representations. Current research is the next step in this study and is going towards development of the new areas of EDM implementation – in cartographic heritage description.
Geographical Change of the Japanese National Land in the 200 Years Using INŌ’s Map with GIS
Authors: Murayama Yuji , Iwai Yuki
Published: July 2019

Abstract. This presentation discusses the regional changes quantitatively in the 200 years through the overlay analysis of the present map and the INŌ’s map made by Tadataka INO in 1821 (Figure 1). INO surveyed the coastline and major roads on foot. He investigated not only survey lines, but also various geographic information such as rivers, lakes, mountains, village names, castles, temples, administrative boundaries, etc. Visualizing all of the 214 sheets of the INŌ’s large-scale map with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), we can analyse the national land condition seamlessly at the end of the Edo era.Methodological point of view, we have serious problems including the scale, projection, identification of geographic features and so on, when we compare the old map with the present. In this connection, digitalizing the INŌ’s map as the GIS data is very useful to examine the spatial transformation scientifically during the 200 years. The digital INŌ’s map was constructed by employing the geo-reference function of GIS with the triangulation method. The survey line was converted into the line feature of vector data, and the place names were converted into the point feature of raster data. The distance of the survey line was measured by GIS-based geometric operation.We obtained the following findings. The distributions of villages, ports, and facilities in western Japan were denser than those in eastern Japan in the 19th century. This was caused not only by the difference in natural environment and landform but also by socioeconomic factors including the locations of the castle towns and industrial activities. The regional structure has been dramatically transformed by the modernization of the political system, transportation system, and industrial development in reclaimed areas (Figure 2). It is concluded that most parts of changes in regional characteristics have been attained by overcoming the natural constraints. However, the difference in the political system has also been influential to the formation of the present regional system.
An investigation of geographic object based image analysis (GEOBIA) for human settlement detection in South Africa
Authors: Ngcofe Luncedo , Mudau Nale
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The changes to the landscape are constantly occurring both naturally and human induced. One of such changes is the human settlement expansion. The ability to map human settlements is vital for variety of studies including urban development planning and management. For this study human settlement detection is essential for topographic map update. The newly identified human settlements also serves as change detection area indicator for further update of other topographic features that are represented on the topographic map (such as roads etc.). The semi-automated human settlement detection has been conducted through geographic object based image analysis (GEOBIA) method using 2012 SPOT 5 imagery in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. GEOBIA is relative new development of image processing and analysis of remote sensed imagery. It involves partitioning an imagery into discrete entities or segments from which meaningful image object, based on the spatial and spectral attributes can be generated. Through a multiresolution segmentation model implemented by the eCognition software, image segmentation was attained. This entailed evaluation of different segmentation parameter in order obtain suitable objects of interest. The following step was to determine appropriate variables obtained from image segmentation to classify the image. These include: layer values, geometry, position, texture, hierarchy and thematic attributes. The layer value option entails spectral statistics such as mean value and mean brightness for image reflectance bands together with capability of further applying band ratio combinations. Under the texture and geometry option also several alternatives are applicable (such as length/width under extend and asymmetry under shape properties). Under the level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) the study explored the contrast textual measurements developed by Haralick et al., (1973). Other assessed variables are mean brightness, density, length/width and band ratios. The last step for GEOBIA was to determine suitable variables for the rule-set based classification. This resulted to 70.7% overall accuracy.These results were further compared to the existing South African global human settlement layer (SA_GHSL) for the same study area which also used the same year 2012 SPOT 5 imagery. The SA_GHSL had an overall accuracy of 60%. The GEOBIA presents an opportunity to apply semi-automated method to target areas of new settlement development more efficiently and with consistent repeatable manner. Thus assisting topographic update analyst to be drawn to more areas of new settlement development at an enhanced efficient rate. However the spectral variability of roof tops proved to be the most challenging obstacle towards of both the semi-automated settlement detection methods.
A history of the city written in a map – cartography as the mirror of socio-political events in Gdańsk in the years of 1918–1939
Authors: Bień Agnieszka
Published: July 2019

Abstract. A cartographic map of Gdańsk in the years of 1918–1939 was very different from the other maps of Polish cities. The reasons for some differences were, among others, the proximity of the sea, the multicultural mindset of the inhabitants of Gdańsk from that period, and some historical events in the interwar period (the founding of the Free City of Gdańsk and the events preceding World War II). Its uniqueness came from the fact that the city of Gdańsk combined the styles of Prussian and Polish housing, as well as form the fact that its inhabitants felt the need for autonomy from the Second Polish Republic. The city aspired to be politically, socially and economically independent.The aim of my presentation is to analyze the cartographic maps of Gdańsk, including the changes that had been made in the years of 1918–1939. I will also comment on the reasons of those changes, on their socio-historical effects on the city, the whole country and Europe.
Geospatial Information Authority of Japan’s (GSI’s) support for geography education
Authors: Okatani Takaki , Tanaka Hiroaki , Kurisu Yuki , Nakajima Hidetoshi , Katsuta Keisuke
Published: July 2019

Abstract. In Japan, the National Courses of Study was revised in 2016 and 2017. One of the most extensive discussions is on enhancing geography education in primary and secondary levels in this era of globalization. Further, it is argued how the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI), the national organization within the Japanese government for the production and coordination of basic geospatial information, should play a more important role in this process to support the promotion of geography education. In addition to these actions, GSI had started discussion with specialists for geography education and high-school teachers about supports for geography education expected to GSI. This presentation discusses the role of GSI in the promotion of geography education.
A missing link in cartographic visualization? A case study of “heat maps” effectiveness
Authors: Panecki Tomasz , Pokojski Wojciech
Published: July 2019

Abstract. For several years, especially in Internet cartography, we have been observing the increase in the popularity of so-called "heat maps". It is a visualization method of “geospatial data on a map by using different colours to represent areas with different concentrations of points – showing overall shape and concentration trends” (Yeap and Uy 2014). Such maps are used primarily when topographic presentation of the phenomenon is impossible due to its high concentration or too small graphical capacity of the map. It is important, however, that “heat map” shows the phenomenon within its natural spatial context, and thus does not limit the presentation only to the statistical boundaries as choropleth maps do. “Heat maps” have not yet been thoroughly studied within theoretical cartography (Netek et al. 2018) and neither their effectiveness has been measured in the context of varieties of this method (generalization, colour schemes, transparency, basemap, etc.).The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, to propose a coherent definition of this presentation method, as well as to place it among other, yet well-established methods such as isolines, choropleth maps, dasimetric maps and dot maps. It is also important to discuss this method in the context of the input data, types of data transformation (e.g. methods for estimating the density of the phenomenon), the applied colour schemes and generalization.Secondly, a part of empirical study will be presented in the context of “heat maps” effectiveness. It will be taking under consideration such variables as generalization (4 different kernel radius values calculated in pixels) and type of method (“heat map”, choropleth map, dot map and single symbol map). 7 maps were thusly elaborated along with 7 questions based on different interaction primitives such as: compare, retrieve value, cluster or identify (R. Roth 2013) which gives an overall matrix of 49 map sets. Also, questions are designed in order to reflect two level of map reading: general and detailed. Correctness and time of answers are measured as depended variables. Moreover, after each question participants assess its difficulty and at the end of the questionnaire they are asked about their preferences (in terms of different “heat map” radii and methods) which allows to compare them with the results of the effectiveness study. Such elaborated empirical study will let us answer questions related with “heat map” effectiveness when comparing different radii and different methods.