bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of a Fermentation‐Resistant Glucose Diet on the Glucose Concentration and Other Metabolites in Portal and Jugular Blood in Cows
Authors: Braun U. , Camenzind D. , Wanner M. , Haessig M.
Published: March 2003

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of fermentation‐resistant glucose on the glucose concentration and other metabolites in portal and jugular blood in 15 non‐lactating cows. In all cows, an indwelling catheter was placed in the left jugular vein and the portal vein for collection of blood samples. Five control cows were fed hay as a normal diet, five control cows were fed straw to induce an energy deficit and five cows were fed hay and they received additionally 2000 g of a fermentation‐resistant d‐glucose product. The glucose concentration in jugular and portal blood was not influenced by feeding. The concentration of urea and bile acids were significantly higher in portal blood than jugular blood. There was no difference between portal and jugular blood of glucose and total solids. Diet had a significant effect on the concentrations of ammonia, urea, free fatty acids and triglycerides. The concentrations of ammonia and urea were higher in blood of cows fed straw than in blood of cows fed either hay or a fermentation‐resistant glucose product. The concentration of urea remained constant in cows fed hay, but increased in cows fed straw and decreased in cows fed a fermentation‐resistant glucose product. The concentration of free fatty acids and triglycerides were significantly higher in cows fed a fermentation‐resistant glucose product than in cows fed hay. In the present study, a single administration of 300 g of fermentation‐resistant glucose did not affect the concentration of blood glucose. Therefore, despite ongoing promotion of such products, there is no indication at this time that administration of fermentation‐resistant glucose to cows at the start of lactation results in an increase in blood glucose concentration.
Effect of Prophylactic Administration of Hyperimmune Plasma to Prevent Rhodococcus equi Infection on Foals from Endemically Affected Farms
Authors: Higuchi T. , Arakawa T. , Hashikura S. , Inui T. , Senba H. , Takai S.
Published: March 2003

The effect on foals of prophylactic administration of hyperimmune plasma to prevent R. equi infection was investigated on three farms at which R. equi infection was endemic. Sixteen foals between 10 and 39 days of age were intravenously given 1–2 l of hyperimmune plasma. ELISA antibody titres against R. equi were significantly increased and maintained at high levels for over 30 days in most of the recipient foals. The prevalence of R. equi infection was 6.3 % (1/16) in the foals that received the immune plasma, and 26.3 % (5/19) in the control foals not given the immune plasma on the three farms. For 2 years before and after this field trial on the three farms, 18 of 64 foals (28.1 %) showed clinical signs of respiratory tract infection and four of them died of R. equi pneumonia. Heavy contamination of horses and their environment with virulent R. equi was detected by colony blotting, and plasmid profiles also suggested that foals on the three farms were constantly exposed to virulent R. equi. The results of this field trial support previous observations by some researchers that the administration of hyperimmune plasma to foals in the early days of life promotes prevention of R. equi infection on endemic farms; however, the mechanism of hyperimmune plasma protection remains unclear.
Aggregation of Sow Lactobacilli with Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Kmet V. , Lucchini F.
Published: March 2003

A total of 20 strains of lactobacilli were isolated from the oesophagus and vagina of 20 sows at the time of partus. Aggregation activity was seen between six homofermentative autoaggregative lactobacilli and three strains of pathogenic Escherichia coli with F4, F5 and F6 fimbriae. The highest aggregation activity was observed between vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus PV 32 or oesophageal OE 2/1 and E. coli with F4 (K88). The presence of aggregation‐promoting factor (APF) was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers of a specific fragment the apf gene derived from human L. gasseri 4B2 in one oesophageal L. acidophilus strain OE 2/1. We propose that autoaggregative lactobacilli that aggregate with diarrhoeagenic E. coli can express a class of APF proteins that exhibit the function of an aggregation mediator.
Assessment of Antibody‐independent Cellular Cytotoxicity (AICC) of Porcine Neutrophilic Granulocytes by Quantitative Flow Cytometry. Lack of Modulation by Larval Products of Oesophagostomum dentatum
Authors: Schuberth H.‐J. , Freigofas R. , Daugschies A. , Leibold W.
Published: March 2003

After infection of pigs by the larvae of Oesophagostomum dentatum, granulomas are formed around the third‐stage larvae in the submucosa of the gut which contain a considerable number of neutrophils. This has no obvious impact on the larvae, which develop to fourth‐stage larvae within these granulomas. We therefore asked, whether the products of O. dentatum larvae modulate the functional capacity of porcine neutrophils. The antibody‐independent cellular cytotoxicity (AICC) was chosen as a model system. This assay was developed for the pig and quantified using flow cytometry. Bovine lymphoblastoid cells (cell line Anna TA1) served as targets. The measurement of cytotoxicity was based on the determination of absolute numbers of vital target cells. This procedure proved to be reliable and required no additional labelling of target and/or effector cells. Porcine neutrophils, when stimulated with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA; 10 nmol/l), killed target cells at effector : target ratios between 1 : 1 and 9 : 1. AICC was not demonstrable after 4 h but could be observed between 16 h and 20 h after in vitro co‐culture. Killing of targets required close physical contact between effector and targets, since supernatants of PMA‐stimulated polymorphonuclear cells were not able to lyse the target cells. Homogenates of third‐ and fourth‐stage larvae of O. dentatum did not affect the vitality of porcine granulocytes or target cells in vitro, nor did they modulate the AICC capacity of porcine granulocytes.
Presence of Avian Pneumovirus Type A in Continental Europe During the 1980s
Authors: Hafez H. M. , Hess M. , Prusas C. , Naylor C. J. , Cavanagh D.
Published: March 2003

Three isolates of avian pneumovirus (APV) were isolated in Germany during 1987 and 1988 from turkeys with clinical signs of turkey rhinotracheitis and one was isolated during 1990 from a broiler breeder flock with typical signs of swollen head syndrome. The isolates were typed using type‐specific reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reactions. The three isolates from turkeys were identified as type A, while the isolate from the broiler breeders was type B. During the late 1980s no APV live‐virus vaccine was used in poultry flocks in Germany, which is indicative of the presence of both types at that time. Previous isolates detected from elsewhere in Europe during the 1980s had been only of type B.
Pretreatment of Guinea‐pigs with Iron or Desferal Influences the Course of Yersinia enterocolitica Infections
Authors: Nikolova S. , Wesselinova D. , Vesselinova A.
Published: March 2003

The effects of iron excess and desferrioxamine in pretreated guinea‐pigs on the immune response (production of Yops) and on the histological changes in infections with Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 and Y. enterocolitica 0:8 were investigated. The prior overload of the guinea‐pigs with Dextrofer or treatment with Desferal increased the pathogenic activity of Y. enterocolitica 0:3 and led to a generalized infection. Immunoblot analysis showed that in conditions of iron overload the expression of outer membrane proteins (Yops) of Y. enterocolitica 0:8 was blocked. This was accompanied by weak changes in the tissues. The iron‐limited conditions stimulated production of a low molecular weight protein (17 kDa) on day 6 and easier proliferation of the bacterium. This in vivo study intends to show that in Y. enterocolitica infections a leading role is played not only by iron itself but also by the bacterial strain.
Molecular Epidemiology of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Tanzania Based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and Pulsed‐field Gel Electrophoresis Analysis
Authors: Kusiluka L. J. M. , Ojeniyi B. , Friis N. F. , Kokotovic B. , Ahrens P.
Published: March 2003

The genetic diversity of 60 field strains of Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. mycoides, small colony type (M. mycoides SC), comprising 56 isolates from cattle in Tanzania, one from Kenya, two from Botswana and one from Portugal, as well as the type (PG1T) and vaccine (T1‐SR49) strains, was investigated. The strains were analysed for variations in the EcoRI and Csp6I restriction sites in the genomic DNA using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique, and variations in the BamHI restriction sites using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Six AFLP types were detected among the analysed strains. The AFLP profiles of the type and vaccine strains were indistinguishable from each other. Indistinguishable AFLP profiles were found for 55 Tanzanian field strains, one of them isolated in 1990 and the other 54 isolated in 1998/1999, although one strain isolated in 1999 showed a different profile. Strains from different countries revealed different AFLP profiles. Six PFGE types were detected among the analysed strains, with all the 56 Tanzanian field strains displaying indistinguishable PFGE profiles. Strains from different countries revealed different PFGE profiles, and so did the type and vaccine strains. The strong genomic homogeneity among M. mycoides SC strains associated with outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in different regions of Tanzania suggests that the outbreaks of the disease in the 1990–99 period might have been caused by a single epidemic clone. Moreover, this study has demonstrated that AFLP and PFGE are potential tools for molecular epidemiological studies of M. mycoides SC infections.
An Attenuated Herpes Vaccine May Protect Gyr Hybrids From Fatal Inclusion Body Hepatitis. A Preliminary Report
Authors: Wernery U. , Joseph S. , Kinne J.
Published: March 2003

Four Gyr hybrids were used for this falcon herpes vaccine experiment. Three falcons were given 1 ml of an attenuated falcon herpesvirus vaccine (DuFaHe) subcutaneously twice within 14 days, whereas the fourth falcon was used as a control. Eighteen days after the booster vaccination, all four Gyr hybrids were intranasally and ocularly challenged with a virulent low‐passage falcon herpesvirus. The control falcon died 9 days after challenge with typical lesions of herpesvirus inclusion body hepatitis. The three vaccinated falcons seroconverted and did not show any symptoms. Following the challenge their antibody titres to falcon herpesvirus increased. No herpesvirus was isolated from any of the cloacal swabs taken during this experiment, indicating that there was no danger for any other birds from DuFaHe. This experiment shows that falcons can be protected from herpesvirus infection by an attenuated herpesvirus vaccine. However, it should be stressed that only four falcons were used for this experiment.
Detection ofCampylobacterAntibodies in Sheep Sera by a Dot‐ELISA Using Acid Extracts fromC. fetusssp.fetusandC. jejuniStrains and Comparison with a Complement Fixation Test
Authors: GÜRTÜRK K. , EKİN İ. H. , AKSAKAL A. , SOLMAZ H.
Published: March 2003

In this study, a dot‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (Dot‐ELISA) was evaluated in comparison with a complement fixation test (CFT) for the detection ofCampylobacterantibodies in sheep sera. Acid glycine extracts (AGE) of bothCampylobacter fetusssp.fetusandCampylobacter jejunistrains that had been isolated from the gall‐bladder of slaughtered sheep was used as antigen in both tests. A total of 153 sheep sera from aborted (74) and slaughtered (79) sheep were examined by both Dot‐ELISA and CFT. Twenty‐two sera showed anti‐complementary activity were not suitable for CFT. Of the 22 sera showing anti‐complementary activity, two sera were found to be positive in Dot‐ELISA. Eighty‐eight (67.2%) of the remaining 131 sera were negative by both Dot‐ELISA and CFT using AGE of bothCampylobacterstrains whereas 43 sera (32.8%) gave different reaction patterns in Dot‐ELISA and CFT with the extracts of bothCampylobacterstrains. Twelve sera were positive by both tests using AGE ofC. fetusssp.fetusbut CFT failed to detect antibodies in nine of these sera when AGE ofC. jejuniwas used. Twelve sera were positive by both tests only when AGE ofC. fetusssp.fetuswas used. Eleven sera were positive only by CFT. Seven of these reacted only with the AGE of C. fetusssp.fetusand four sera were positive by using AGE of bothCampylobacterstrains. The remaining eight sera were found to be positive only by dot‐immunobinding assay either with the AGE of bothCampylobacterstrains or with the AGE of one of theCampylobacterstrains. It is concluded that Dot‐ELISA using AGE fromC. fetusssp.fetuscould be employed for the detection ofCampylobacterantibodies in sheep sera and the additional use of AGE fromC. jejunias antigen appeared not to be profitable for this purpose.
Bacterial Resistance to Quinolone Antibiotics in Poland
Authors: ROLIŃSKI Z. , KOWALSKI C. , ZAŃ R. , SOBOL M.
Published: March 2003

The resistance of 167 pathogenic bacteria of animal origin to quinolones was determined by the disc diffusion method, and by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The highest resistance of Escherichia coli was found to be against nalidixic acid (NA), 49.1% and flumequine (FLU), 38.2%. The sensitivity of the strains were: ciprofloxacin (CIP; 81.8%); enrofloxacin (ENR; 81.8%); norfloxacin (NOR; 80.0%); and pefloxacin (PE; 76.4%). Salmonella spp. showed 100% sensitivity to CIP, ENR, NOR and PE. A high resistance percentage in the cases of: FLU (86.7%); PE (50.0%); and CIP (26.65%) distinguished the Streptococcus spp. The highest percentage sensitivity of Staphylococci was found with three fluoroquinolones: CIP, ENR and NOR, 94.3% each (66 strains). The studies did not indicate that a total cross‐resistance might occur between the examined quinolones.
Ultrastructural Changes in Caprine Lungs Infected with Mycoplasma capricolum Subspecies capripneumonia
Authors: JOHNSON E. H. , MUIRHEAD D. E. , KING G. J.
Published: March 2003

Ultrastructural examination of the lungs from goats with natural infections with Mycoplasmacapricolum subspecies capripneumonia, the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, revealed extensive hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes. Typically, these type II cells contained abundant numbers of osmiophilic lamellar bodies that had lost most of their characteristic lamellar ultrastructure. These findings were absent in healthy control goats.
Glomerulonephritis Associated with Simultaneous Canine Adenovirus‐1 and Dirofilaria immitis Infection in a Dog
Authors: SÁNCHEZ‐CORDÓN P. J. , SALGUERO F. J. , NÚNEZ A. , GÓMEZ‐VILLAMANDOS J. C. , CARRASCO L.
Published: March 2003

This article describes a case of glomerulonephritis and immunocomplex (IgM, IgG and C3c) deposition in the mesangium and basement membranes of a 2‐year‐old dog with canine viral hepatitis and dirofilariasis. The deposits observed in the mesangium were in the vicinity of cells with viral replication. However, no clear relationship was found between viral replication and the deposition of immunocomplexes in the glomerular capillary basement membranes, which may be the reason why these deposits have only been tentatively related to the concomitant infestation by Dirofilaria immitis.
Influence of Staphylococcus aureus Exosecretions Isolated from Bovine Mastitis on Leukocyte Activity In Vitro
Authors: Leitner G. , Krifucks O. , Younis A. , Heller E. D. , Saran A.
Published: March 2003

The role of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase‐negative staphylococcal exosecretions was tested for its ability to elicit in vitro proliferation of bovine blood lymphocytes, which we determined by means of the 3H‐thymidine proliferation assay and by flow cytometry. Exosecretions of 32 field strains of S. aureus isolated from bovine udder infection and one of each of S. intermedius (M2), S. hyicus (M5), S. xylosus (M6) and S. chromogenes (M10) were used. Of the 32 S. aureus bacterial exosecretions, only 14 stimulated bovine mononuclear cells to proliferate. A high degree of association was found when the proliferation indexes were compared with the virulence as determined by intracisternal inoculation. All the six S. aureus strains that were categorized as highly virulent and that were tested in the proliferation assay exhibited a proliferation index >20, whereas the five S. aureus strains that were categorized as low did not stimulate at all. Cells treated with media or Columbia broth supplemented with 0.1%d‐glucose, yeast extract, and 0.5% NaCl (CBs) did not exceed 15% of the T‐cells double positive with CD25+, whereas incubation with Con A activated the T‐cells to display CD25+ up to 90%. Cells treated with one of the exosecretions that stimulated bovine mononuclear cells to proliferate, stimulated CD3+ and CD4+ T‐cells to exhibit CD25+ receptor significantly higher (P<0.05) than that found in media and CBs treatments, but lower than those found in Con A treatments. The exosecretions that did not stimulate mononuclear cells to proliferate also did not activate T‐cells to exhibit CD25+ receptor. Con A activated 74% out of the total CD8+ to exhibit ACT2 receptor and 50% out of the total CD4+ to exhibit ACT3 receptor. A few but not all of the exosecretions that activated the CD25 receptor on T‐cells also activated the ACT3 receptor on CD4+ cells.
Anti‐microbial Susceptibility for east1+Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrheic Pigs in Korea
Authors: Han D. U. , Choi C. , Kim J. , Cho W.‐S. , Chung H.‐K. , Ha S.‐K. , Jung K. , Chae C.
Published: March 2003

The in vitro susceptibilities of 128 isolates of east1+Escherichia coli from pre‐weaned and post‐weaned pigs with diarrhoea were tested with nine commonly used anti‐microbial agents by an agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) procedure according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. For the isolates from pre‐weaned and post‐weaned pigs, most of them were susceptible to low concentrations (MIC90) of tetracycline (4 and 2 μg/ml), ceftiofur (2 and 2 μg/ml), and colistin (4 and 2 μg/ml). Marked resistance was found in others.
Apparent Microfloral Response to Organic Degradation on Bathyal ­Seafloor: An Analysis Based on Sediment Fatty Acids
Authors: Naganuma Takeshi , Hattori Mutsuo , Akimoto Kazumi , Hashi­moto Jun , Momma Hiroyasu , Meisel C. Julius
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Abyssal microfloral succession induced by experimental organic degradation was investigated. Notable changes in amounts and compositions of short‐chain (C9‐20) sediment fatty acids were observed, which indicated the shift of sediment microflora. Biomarker fatty acids for methanotrophs and sulfate‐reducing bacteria dominated. Resultant fatty acid compositions were most closely related to those from a nearby methane seep harboring a dense Calyptogena colony; the clams were also seen in close vicinity of the deployed organic mass. These observations suggest that the organic degradation on the bathyal seafloor stimulates the formation of methanotrophic and thio­trophic microflora, resulting in the formation of a methane‐seep‐type benthic community.
Distribution of Sessile Invertebrates  in a Rocky Sublittoral Community off Rimsky‐Korsakov Islands (Sea of Japan)
Authors: Tkachenko Konstantin S. , Zhirmunsky Alexey V.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The dependence of the vertical distribution of sessile macrobenthos upon environmental physical factors was studied in a community inhabiting rocky substrata at 2 to 15 m depth near the Rimsky‐Korsakov Islands (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). Three separate groups of species were distinguished within this community. The main dominant species are the anthozoan Metridium senile and the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus. Water movement, bottom inclination and topographic position of the studied sites in respect to prevailing water flows influence the spatial structure of sessile invertebrates. No vertical zonation in the scale of the studied sublittoral area below the 2 m depth level was observed. The studied factors are believed to condition the observed mosaic of patches characterized by specific composition, with a single species being dominant.
Clinical and pharmacokinetic investigations of oral itraconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis
Authors: Matsumoto T. , Tanuma H. , Nishiyama S.
Published: March 2003

A clinical study was carried out in 19 patients with onychomycosis in whom itraconazole was orally administered in a single daily dose of 100 mg. A follow‐up period was instituted subsequent to the administration period so that the course of the nail lesions could be monitored. The concentrations of the drug in the plasma and in the nails were also determined. In patients in whom itraconazole was administered for 12–16 weeks, the decrease in the turbidity and thickening of the nails was maintained even after the administration period was completed. The efficacy rating in the overall evaluation at 12 weeks was 84.2% (16/19). In the evaluation performed at 24 weeks, the rating was 94.7% (18/19). These data indicate that the effect of itraconazole was maintained even after completion of the administration period. The retention of the drug in the nail after completion of the administration period was investigated in terms of the mean concentration of the drug in the nail with the passage of time in patients administered itraconazole for 10–16 weeks. It was found that a certain level of itraconazole was retained in the nail until at least the 24th week. Adverse reactions seen in this study consisted of diarrhoea and drug eruption, one case each, and elevations of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase in one case.
A comparison among four regimens of itraconazole treatment in onychomycosis
Authors: Chen J. , Liao W. , Wen H. , Wu J. , Yao Z.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of different dosage regimens in the management of onychomycosis with itraconazole and to determine the results of a further 1‐week intermittent pulse treatment in non‐cured patients. In this study, 153 patients were randomly allocated to four groups. Patients in group A were treated with daily doses of 100 mg for 3 months in the case of fingernail onychomycosis and for 4 months in the case of toenail onychomycosis. Patients in the other groups received a intermittent pulse therapy, in which the drug was taken for 1 week, then discontinued for 3 weeks, three cycles for fingernail and four cycles for toenail infection. The daily doses were 400 mg (group B), 300 mg (group C) and 200 mg (group D). After therapy, non‐cured patients were treated further with one cycle in which the daily dose was 400 mg. Patients were subsequently observed for 9 months and efficacy was assessed by mycological examination and the growth of unaffected nails. At the end of the therapy, the cure rates in the four groups were 19.1% (A), 15.2% (B), 18.9% (C) and 17.9% (D), and no significant differences were found between each of B, C, D and A. At the end of the study, the cure rates were 76.2%, 91.3%, 78.4%, 28.6% respectively. The group that received further treatment had a cure rate of 55.6% at the end of the first month and of 83.3% in the second month. Drug tolerability was equally good in the four groups. Intermittent pulse therapy with a daily dose of 400 mg had the highest cure rate. Treatment of improved but non‐cured patients with a dose of 400 mg intermittent pulse therapy markedly increased the cure rate. All treatment regimens were well tolerated.
Alterations in spore production in Trichophyton rubrum treated in vitro with 1‐amino‐6‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]‐1,2,3‐triazole
Authors: Mares Donatella , Romagnoli C. , Sacchetti G. , Vicentini C. B. , Bruni A.
Published: March 2003

The effects of the newly synthesized triazole, 1‐amino‐6‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]‐1,2,3‐triazole (V5), on the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum were tested. Optical and electron microscopy showed that the treatment suppressed the various forms of saprophytic conidia, induced the formation of chlamydospores and accelerated the formation of arthroconidia. This new triazole did not reveal any fungistatic or fungicidal activity and could not be considered as an antifungal substance.
Molecular aspects of fluconazole resistance development in Candida albicans
Authors: Franz Renate , Ruhnke M. , Morschhäuser J.
Published: March 2003

Serial Candida albicans isolates from recurrent episodes of oropharyngeal candidosis (OPC) in four AIDS patients which became fluconazole‐resistant during therapy were analysed by molecular methods. The CARE‐2 fingerprint patterns of the isolates demonstrated that in all four patients fluconazole resistance developed in a previously more susceptible strain. In two cases resistance correlated with enhanced expression of genes encoding multiple drug resistance proteins that mediate active drug efflux. Enhanced mRNA levels of the CDR1/CDR2 genes encoding ABC transporters were observed in fluconazole‐resistant isolates from one patient compared with the corresponding susceptible isolates. The fluconazole‐resistant isolates from another patient exhibited high mRNA levels of the MDR1 gene encoding a membrane transport protein of the major facilitator superfamily that was not detectably expressed in any of the fluconazole‐susceptible isolates. These results demonstrate that in AIDS patients with recurrent OPC the development of fluconazole resistance is usually caused by molecular changes in a previously susceptible C. albicans strain from the same patient.
Adhesion of dermatophytes to healthy feet and its simple treatment
Authors: Watanabe  , Taniguchi  , Katoh
Published: March 2003

At several public baths, we isolated dermatophytes from the soles of healthy volunteers by a new direct isolation method (foot‐press culture method). We confirmed that a public bath is one of major sources of infection of dermatophytes. We showed that simple treatments such as (i) wiping the sole with a towel; (ii) washing with soap; (iii) 100 steps on another mat; and (iv) holding the foot up for an hour, significantly reduced the fungi on the soles of six healthy volunteers. These treatments may be effective for prevention of tinea pedis.
Funguria and Candida‐specific immunoglobulins in patients with systemic candidosis
Authors: Knoke M. , Bernhardt Hannelore , Schulz Katrin , Schröder Gudrun , Zimmermann Kathrin
Published: March 2003

Funguria, indirect anti‐Candida haemagglutination test (C‐IHT) and Candida‐specific immunoglobulins C‐IgM, C‐IgG and C‐IgA were investigated under suspicion of systemic candidosis in critically ill patients. A total of 143 urine cultures were studied for Candida from 74 adults and a median count of log 3.0 CFU ml−1 was found. Most isolated Candida species were Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. In 14 cases of candidaemia there was no regular agreement between the finding of Candida species in blood and urine. In cases with candiduria ≥log 3.0 CFU ml−1 a stronger increase of C‐IHT titres and all three Candida‐specific immunoglobulins after 5–7 days was observed. Some statistically significant correlations were found between the levels of urinary yeast counts and immunological parameters concerning C‐IHT, C‐IgA and C‐IgG on the first day and after 5–7 days. Clinical findings in some cases coincided well with funguria and courses of titres before and after treatment.
Cerebriform colonies of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolated from nine‐banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) at room temperature
Authors: Tanaka R. , Sano A. , Franco M. , Bagagli E. , Rubens Montenegro M. , Nishimura K. , Miyaji M.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  Twelve isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis generated cerebriform colonies at room temperature on potato glucose agar slants (PDA). These isolates contained abundant chlamydospores and yeast‐like cells and are a subset of the 65 isolates obtained from nine‐banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). They grew as a yeast form with typical multiple buddings at 37 °C on brain heart infusion agar supplemented with 1% glucose. After replating on PDA and culturing at room temperature for 2 months, the mutants appeared as cottonous colonies, which indicated that the morphological characteristics were unstable.
Case Reports. Secondary prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B after invasive aspergillosis following treatment for haematological malignancy
Authors: Mele L. , Pagano L. , Equitani F. , Leone G.
Published: March 2003

Summary.We report our recent experience with two cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients who were both undergoing chemotherapy, one for acute myeloid leukaemia and the other for primary amyloidosis. Both patients had bad prognostic factors and were in very poor clinical condition, but both recovered from infection after a prolonged therapy with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®) without signs of toxicity.
Case Report. Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria alternata
Authors: Mayser P. , Nilles M. , De Hoog G. S.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  A case of cutaneous alternariosis with a well‐delimited lesion of traumatic origin is described in a renal transplant recipient. On the basis of histopathology the case was first thought to be cryptococcosis, but Alternaria alternata was identified after culturing by means of morphological and molecular examination. Surgical treatment, accompanied by prophylactic application of itraconazole (200 mg day−1 for 4 weeks), resulted in complete cure.
High prevalence of the neurotrope Exophiala dermatitidis and related oligotrophic black yeasts in sauna facilities
Authors: Matos T. , De Hoog G. S. , De Boer A. G. , De Crom I. , Haase G.
Published: March 2003

Summary. The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis, an agent of fatal brain infections in East Asia, is common in European steam baths. The related fungi Sarcinomyces phaeomuriformis and Exophiala mesophila were isolated from locations in these complexes with lower ambient temperature and/or moisture. The latter two species had dry, rather than slimy, colonies and lower maximum growth temperatures (38 °C, 32 °C) than E. dermatitidis (42 °C). Exophiala dermatitidis produces abundant extracellular polysaccharide (EPS). The only E. dermatitidis strains lacking EPS were found outside the steam baths. Therefore it is likely that the extracellular polysaccharides commonly produced by E. dermatitidis are significant to survival under hot and moist conditions. Substrates sampled as controls, such as fruit surfaces and human faeces, yielded Exophiala dermatitidis at very low frequency.
Inheritance of resistance to Pyrenophora teres f. teres in spring barley
Authors: Jonsson R. , Säll T. , Kraft T. , Gustafsson M.
Published: March 2003

The inheritance of seedling resistance to a Swedish isolate of Pyrenophora teres f. teres was investigated in four resistance sources of spring barley. Accessions CI 2330, CI 5791, CI 5822 and CI 9779 were used as resistance sources, and the cultivar ‘Alexis’ was used as a susceptible parent in different crosses. From the disease reaction in the F1, F2 and F3 generations it was concluded that the resistance was governed by the same two complementary genes in CI 5791, CI 822 and CI 9776. One of these genes was present in CI 2330. The first three cultivars were highly resistant to the isolate used in this investigation. These results, when combined with earlier studies, suggest that CI 5791, CI 5822 and CI 9776 may be of great value as sources of resistance to barley net blotch. Spearman's rank correlation between the disease reaction of F2 plants and their F3 progeny was highly significant (r = 0.75; P ≥ 0.001) It is suggested that selection in the F2 generation is effective. In a backcross breeding scheme, single plant reactions in F1 or F2 need to be confirmed in later generations.
Detection of an earliness per se quantitative trait locus in the proximal region of wheat chromosome 5AL
Authors: Kato K. , Miura H. , Sawada S.
Published: March 2003

A homoeologous quantitative trait locus to that of eps5L on barley chromosome 5H was identified in a syntenic region of wheat chromosome 5A. Wheat single chromosome recombinant lines (SCRs) were developed from a cross between ‘Chinese Spring’(‘Cappelle‐Desprez’ 5A) and ‘Chinese Spring’(Triticum spelta 5A), these were grown together with the parental controls under different vernalization and photoperiod regimes. The variation for ear emergence time accelerated heading induced by the T. spelta segment indicated an effect associated with the Xcdo412‐Xbcd9 interval. Since no differences between the SCRs and controls in responses to vernalization and photoperiod treatments were detected, this effect was identified as an earliness per se gene, Q Eetocs‐5 A.2, which may be homoeologous to the eps5L quantitative trait locus of barley. Xbcd926 has been found to be closely linked to the rice flowering time quantitative trait loci, QHd9a or FLTQ2, on chromosome 9, suggesting possible relationships among the quantitative trait loci across wheat, barley and rice genomes.
Relationships between cold‐ and salt‐tolerance during seed germination in tomato: Analysis of response and correlated response to selection
Authors: Foolad M. R. , Hyman J. R. , Lin G. Y.
Published: March 2003

Seeds of F2 progeny of a cross between a slow‐germinating (UCT5) and a fast‐germinating tomato line (PI120256) were evaluated for germination under non‐stress (control), cold‐stress and salt‐stress conditions, and in each treatment the most rapidly (first 5%) germinating seeds were selected, grown to maturity and self‐pollinated to produce F3 progeny. The selected F3 progeny from each experiment were evaluated for germination in each of the three treatments, and compared with germination rate of unselected F3 progeny. Selection for rapid seed germination was effective under cold stress and salt stress, but not effective under non‐stress conditions. Furthermore, selection in either cold‐stress or salt‐stress treatment significantly improved progeny germination rate under both cold‐stress and salt‐stress treatments, as well as the non‐stress treatment. The results support the suggestion that the same genes contribute to rapid seed germination under cold‐, salt‐ and non‐stress conditions. In practice therefore, selection for rapid seed germination under a single‐stress environment may result in progeny with improved seed germination under a wide range of environmental conditions. Furthermore, to improve germination rate under non‐stress conditions, it may be more effective to make selections under a stress treatment.
Inheritance of coffee bean sucrose content in the interspecific cross Coffea pseudozanguebariae×Coffea liberica‘dewevrei’
Authors: Ky C.‐L. , Doulbeau B. , Guyot B. , Akaffou S. , Charrier A. , Hamon S. , Louarn J. , Noirot M.
Published: March 2003

The sucrose content of coffee bean is an important component of the coffee flavour: the higher the sucrose content in green beans, the more intense coffee cup flavour: Beans of the anciently cultivated cultivar Coffea liberica‘dewevrei’ have low levels of sucrose compared with beans of the wild species Coffea pseudozanguebariae. In the present study, the inheritance of the sucrose accumulation in the interspecific cross C. pseudozanguebariae×C. liberica‘dewevrei’ was examined. The sucrose content was measured in mature beans of both parental species, and in F1 and backcross hybrids using high‐pressure liquid chromatography coupled to pulsed amperometric detection. The sucrose accumulation in all but one hybrid, showed genetic additivity. A segregation distortion was identified in the offspring of the backcross to C pseudozanguebariae. There was no year effect and only a low genotype × year interaction. Consequences for breeding, in relation to the coffee cup taste improvement, are discussed.
Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among accessions of hop, Humulus lupulus, as determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting compared with pedigree data
Authors: Seefelder S. , Ehrmaier H. , Schweizer G. , Seigner E.
Published: March 2003

DNA fingerprinting using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) was successfully employed to detect genetic relationships and variability among 90 hop cultivars and breeding lines comprising a collection of the world's hop germplasm. Seven AFLP primer combinations produced a total of 347 fragments of which 151 (43.5%)) were polymorphic. One‐hundred and thirty informative, highly reproducible DNA polymorphisms were used to estimate the genetic similarity (GS) which varied between 1.0 (e.g. ‘Saazer’ vs. ‘Tettnanger’) and 1.17 (‘Columbus’ vs. ‘Tettnanger’, ‘Spalter’ and ‘Saazer’). UPGMA (unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic averages) clustering revealed two main clusters, reflecting the two main sources of origin and the two main breeding objectives: one cluster of mainly European origin representing the aroma pool and a second cluster associating accessions with European germplasm infiltrated by wild American genes with less aroma quality, but a higher bittering potential. Each main branch was composed of four or three subclusters with subgroups, respectively. Assignment of almost all genotypes in the dendrogram was consistent with the pedigree data as far as they are known. Consequently, AFLPs are shown to be suitable for assessing the genetic variability in hop germplasm and are useful for describing the genetic relationships among cultivars and accessions, which allows phylogenetic questions to be addressed.
Inheritance of agronomic traits from the Chinese barley dwarfing gene donors ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ and ‘Cangzhou Luodama’
Authors: Jing Zhang
Published: March 2003

The inheritance of agronomic traits from the barley dwarfing gene donors ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ and ‘Cangzhou Luodamai’ was studied. The results indicated that dwarf plants, six‐row and short spikes, dense spikelets and naked kernels, respectively, were controlled by one pair of recessive genes, but a toothed awn was determined by one pair of dominant genes in both barley cultivars. The genes for the six characters in ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ were allelic to those in ‘Cangzhou Luodamai’. Genetic linkage was found among the genes for plant height, spike length and spikelet density. They were located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3HL) in the order: plant height, spikelet density, spike length. The genes for naked kernels, six‐row spikes and tooth awns were independent of each other, and carried on the long arms of chromosomes 1(7H), 2(H) and 7(5H), respectively. The dwarfing genes were the same as the gene uz in Japanese and Korean barley cultivars.
Introduction of high molecular weight glutenin subunits 5 + 10 for the improvement of the bread‐making quality of hexaploid triticale
Authors: Lafferty J. , Lelley T.
Published: March 2003

In an earlier study, chromosome 1D of the hexaploid breadwheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ was introduced into hexaploid triticale to improve its bread‐making quality. That specific chromosome, 1D, carried the a allele at the Glu‐D1 locus coding for high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits 2 + 12, and since subunits 2 + 12 are associated with poor bread‐making quality in wheat, in the present study hexaploid 1D substitution triticale was crossed with octoploid triticale with the d allele at the Glu‐D1 locus encoding HMW glutenin subunits 5 + 10. Following backcrosses to different triticale varieties, 1D substitution lines were established that had Glu‐D1 allele a or d in an otherwise genetically similar background, and the influence of these two different alleles on bread‐making quality of hexaploid triticale was compared. The agronomic performance of 76 selected lines was evaluated in a field trial. The Zeleny sedimentation value was determined as a parameter for bread‐making quality, and related to the presence of chromosome 1D, the different glutenin alleles and the nature of the substitution. The presence of chromosome 1D had a significant and positive effect on the Zeleny sedimentation value, but the difference between the two glutenin alleles 2 + 12 and 5 + 10 was not as obvious as in wheat. Owing to its high cytological stability and minimal effect on agronomic performance, substitution 1D(1A) appears to be the most desirable one to use in triticale breeding.
A PCR‐based DNA marker for detection of mutant and normal alleles of the Wx‐D1 gene of wheat
Authors: Shariflou M. R. , Hassani M. E. , Sharp P. J.
Published: March 2003

To assist waxy wheat breeding a DNA marker was developed to discriminate mutant and normal alleles at the Wx‐D1 locus. This polymerase chain reaction‐based marker distinguishes the mutant from the normal allele by targeting the previously reported deletion basis of the mutant. The marker codominantly identifies the normal allele of the Wx‐D1 gene from the mutant allele originated from the Chinese landrace ‘Baihoumai’. However, attempts with a number of primer combinations targeting this deletion failed to amplify the corresponding fragment from an unrelated wheat line (NP150) that has a mutant null allele at the same locus. This indicates that NP150 has a different mutant allele from that of ‘Baihoumai’. This marker is a useful tool to identify wheat cultivars with mutant and normal alleles of the Wx‐D1 gene, and is used in marker‐assisted selection of the Wx‐D1 gene in our waxy wheat breeding programme.
Variation and inheritance of erucic acid content in Brassica carinata germplasm collections from Ethiopia
Authors: Alemayehu N. , Becker H. C.
Published: March 2003

Ethiopian mustard possesses a number of agronomic advantages over other oilseed crops with similar ecological adaptation in Ethiopia. However, its high erucic acid content is undesirable for a vegetable oil. Although efforts have been made to improve its quality, much has to be done to use natural variations that might exist within the species for fatty acid contents. This project was undertaken to study the variability of fatty acid contents, primarily erucic acid, in germplasm collections of Ethiopian origin, with an attempt to develop low (zero) erucic acid genotypes. The study used inbred lines as well as F2 populations of 10 crosses between six parental lines. A wide variation in fatty acids was found. Oleic acid content varied from 5 to 34% and erucic acid content from 6 to 51%. Linoleic and linolenic acid contents were less variable. The high‐oleic genotypes exhibited not only low erucic but also higher linoleic (25%) and considerably lower linolenic acid (8%) contents. It was possible to classify the F2 populations with the lowest erucic acid into three distinct classes. While the first class had an erucic acid content of 6–12%, the second and third classes had contents of 18–32% and 36–42%, respectively. The existence of a multiple allelic series of erucic acid in Ethiopian mustard would enable its fixation at zero levels without necessarily going into interspecific crossing.
Introgression of genes into cultivated Brassica napus through resynthesis of B. napus via ovule culture and the accompanying change in fatty acid composition
Authors: Lu C. M. , Zhang B. , Kakihara F. , Kato M.
Published: March 2003

Fifteen lines of Brassica napus were resynthesized via ovule culture through 24 interspecific crosses between four Brassica oleracea and three Brassica campestris accessions. The degree of success in the interspecific crosses was significantly influenced by maternal genotypes. The interspecific hybrid production rate (HPR) varied with combinations from 0 to 76.9%, with a mean HPR of 24.7% for the crosses with B. campestris as the female parent and 6.9% for the crosses with B. oleracea as female parent. Twenty‐four crosses between seven natural and six resynthesized B. napus gave, on average, 10.3 seeds per pod, and ranged from 1.2 to 22.0 seeds per pod, depending on genotypes of both parents. Resynthesized lines of B. napus showed high erucic acid content and variable content of linolenic acid, ranging from 3.4% to 9.9%. The fatty acid composition in hybrid seeds between natural and resynthesized B. napus was dominated by the embryo genotypes; an additive mode was shown for erucic acid and positive over‐dominance for linolenic acid content.
Inheritance of seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust of selected Australian spring and English winter wheat varieties
Authors: Singh D. , Park R. F. , Mcintosh R. A.
Published: March 2003

Genetic studies were conducted to gain an understanding of the inheritance of adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust in six common wheat varieties. The Australian varieties ‘Cranbrook’ and ‘Harrier’ each carry two genes for APR to leaf rust. These genes are genetically independent of the seedling resistance genes Lr23 and Lrl7b, carried by the respective varieties. Adult plant resistance in ‘Suneca’ was conferred by at least two genes, in addition to the seedling genes Lr1 and Lrli. It is likely that the APRs in ‘Cranbrook’, ‘Harrier’ and ‘Suneca’ are conferred by uncharacterized gene(s). Tests of allelism confirmed that seedling resistances in the varieties ‘Avocet R’, ‘Hereward’, ‘Moulin’ and ‘Pastiche’ are conferred by Lrli. Adult plant resistance in the variety ‘Hereward’ was inherited monogenically, whereas varieties ‘Moulin’ and ‘Pastiche’ each carried two dominant genes. On the basis of rust specificity and pedigree analysis, it would seem likely that the APR genes in ‘Hereward’, ‘Moulin’ and ‘Pastiche’ are also currently uncharacterized.
Characterization of QEet.ocs‐5A.1, a quantitative trait locus for ear emergence time on wheat chromosome 5AL
Authors: Kato K. , Miura H. , Sawada S. , McIntosh R. A.
Published: March 2003

QEet.ocs‐5A.1, a quantitative trait locus controlling ear emergence time, has been detected on wheat chromosome 5AL using single chromosome recombinant lines (SCRs) developed from a cross between ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) (‘Cappelle‐Desprez’ 5A) and CS (Triticum spelta 5A). This locus has little influence on grain yield and its components, and thus has breeding potential for changing ear emergence time without yield reduction. To characterize the phenotypic expression of QEet.ocs.1 and to test its interaction with the Vrn‐A1 gene for vernalization response, six near‐isogenic SCRs differing for these two gene regions were grown together with the parental controls under different vernalization and photoperiod regimes. The T. spelta allele of QEet.ocs.1 accelerated heading time when vernalization and photoperiod were satisfied, demonstrating that the function of this QTL is earliness per se. There was no interaction between Vrn‐A1 and QEet.ocs.1.
Synthesis of somatic hybrids (RCBB) by fusing heat‐tolerant Raphanus sativus (RR) and Brassica oleracea (CC) with Brassica nigra (BB)
Authors: Arumugam N. , Mukhopadhyay A. , Gupta V. , Sodhi Y. S. , Verma J. K. , Pental D. , Pradhan A. K.
Published: March 2003

Brassica carinata (BBCC), a potential oilseed crop for dry land agriculture, is sensitive to high temperatures during germination and early stages of growth, which thereby restricts the possibility of using the residual soil moisture available after the rainy season for its cultivation. To overcome this problem, a three‐genome hybrid, RCBB, was synthesized using Raphanus sativus (RR) and Brassica oleracea (CC) as donor sources for the desired heat tolerance. Protoplasts of RC hybrids obtained through sexual crosses between R. sativus (female) and B. oleracea (male) were fused with protoplasts of Brassica nigra (BB) to produce RCBB somatic hybrids. The hybrid colonies regenerated with an average frequency of 7.6%. Twelve out of 36 hybrids grown to maturity were characterized for their nuclear and organelle genomes. While all the hybrids showed the presence of B. nigra chloroplasts, 10 of the hybrids showed B. nigra‐specific mitochondria and two had Raphanus‐spedfic mitochondria. The somatic hybrids could be backcrossed to B. carinata.