bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study on non-utilization of healthcare services among known diabetic and hypertensive patients at RHTC in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Mendhe Harshal , Makade Kiran G. , Bhawnani Dhiraj , N. Hanumanth , Singh Daneshwar
Published: June 2017

Background: Low uptake of health services for the management of hypertension and diabetes may reflect barriers related to individuals, health personnel, health systems, programs and health policies. Regularly on day to day basis, various services are available at the RHTC but it was found that less numbers diabetes and hypertensive patients are utilizing the health services at RHTC. With the above background the present study was planned and conducted to assess their health seeking behavior and to know the reasons of the non-utilization of health services at RHTC of Medical College. Methods: This community based descriptive study was conducted at RHTC of a Medical College in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. In depth interview was conducted for 508 known hypertensive and diabetic patients who were diagnosed at least one year back by physician and or on anti-diabetic or antihypertensive medications (self-reported) for more than one year. Results: 36% study participants were utilizing the services at RHTC. 21% study participants were utilizing services of Local RMP. 12% study participants were utilizing 104 services. 19% study participants said that RHTC was away from their home so they were not utilizing RHTC services. 28% agreed that doctors were inexperienced. 48% had opinion that prescribed drugs are costly. 21% said that transport facilities are not available. Conclusions: This study identified a wide range of barriers facing by patients pursing health services indicating the need for targeted multi-faceted interventions. To improve hypertension and diabetes control, intervention should overcome capability barriers, intension barriers and more specifically discussed health system barriers.
Cost-effectiveness analysis for decision making in health care-concept, relevance and methodological challenges
Authors: Nair Kesavan Sreekantan , Jehan Muneeb , Albejaidi Fahad , Pasha Syed Arif
Published: June 2017

With continuous rise in health spending among countries, the need to make use of limited resources in health systems has become crucial. Health policy makers in countries strive to identify the interventions which can contribute to improving health outcomes. Techniques of economic evaluation, especially cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) have been widely applied in health sector to identify interventions that are more effective in terms of resources utilization. An understanding of CEA will not only help policy makers to take appropriate decisions in health sector but also in judicious spending of scarce resources. However, CEA studies have been flaunted with series of methodological challenges and practicability issues. This paper provides an introduction to CEA as one of the techniques of economic evaluation of health interventions and its relevance in making decisions in health sector. The paper also discusses some of the practical issues that arise while doing a CEA study in the health sector.
Adverse events following immunization with pentavalent vaccine among infants attending the immunization clinic at a tertiary hospital in Eastern India
Authors: Ahmad Shamshad , Pal Jayita , Das Amiya , Samanta Sonalinandini
Published: June 2017

Background: Prevention of childhood diseases of public health importance is mainly achieved by immunization. Pentavalent vaccines provide immunity and protection quickly and safely. It also reduces the cost, occupational-environmental hazards as well as distress and inconvenience for the children and their parents. Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) are well established with DPT, Hep-B and Hib vaccine separately in numerous studies but when given in combination as pentavalent vaccine, data on AEFI with this is still lacking. Does there is any reduction in proportion of various minor and major AEFI after pentavalent vaccination in comparison to separate vaccines? To fill this gap in knowledge we carried an observational epidemiological study to find out the proportion and associated factors for various adverse events following immunization with pentavalent vaccine.Methods: It was a descriptive longitudinal study carried out in immunization clinic at a tertiary care centre of Eastern India. It was done between July-September 2016. Study population constitutes all the infants who attended the immunization clinic for getting vaccines. All the infants who attended the immunization clinic and were eligible for pentavalent vaccines were selected for the study.Results: A total of 230 infants participated during study period. Incidence of minor adverse events reported very high, 67 per 100 doses across all doses. Fever was most common symptom reported. Demographic character or birth history of infant had not showed an effect on occurrence of any adverse event.Conclusions: Study showed that from clinical perspective pentavalent vaccine given in a single injection has increased reactogenicity in comparison when given separately.
Functional outcome and complications of surgically managed malleolar fractures at ankle
Authors: Nageswara Rao K. , K.S Asif Hussain , Sekhar P. Chandra , Krishna C. Vijay
Published: June 2017

Background: If not treated properly the ankle injuries are a source of disability in the form of pain, instability and early degenerative arthritis of ankle. The aim and objectives of the study were to assess functional outcome of surgically managed malleolar fractures at ankle and to assess the results of complication.

Methods: This study was undertaken from January 2012 to August 2015. In-patients who were admitted in Nizams institute of medical sciences Hyderabad, for surgical management of ankle fracture were taken for the present study. 61 patients were admitted during this period. Among them, 4 patients died, 5 patients were lost from follow up due to various reasons and 4 patients were not fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The remaining 48 patients were included in the study.

Results: Pronation abduction injury was more common, seen in 45% of patients. In terms of functional outcome 62% patients achieved excellent to good results as per subjective criteria. 75% good results as per objective criteria and 83% good results as per radiological criteria. Patients with unimalleolar fractures had the best outcome with mean Olerud Molander ankle score (OMA) Score of 94 With regards to lateral malleolar fracture fixation modality, patients with rush nail fixation had mean OMA Score of 86. With regards to medial malleolar fracture fixation modality, patients with Tension band wiring had mean OMA SCORE of 93. The patients with complications has poorer outcome with mean OMA Score of 76.

Conclusions: There was a significant improvement in the functional outcome of the patients as assessed by radiological, subjective and objective parameters compared to preoperative condition.
Estado del arte del relleno fluido, para subbases y bases granulares (Primera parte)
Authors: Santaella Valencia Luz Helena , Salamanca Correa Rodrigo
Published: June 2017

El artículo presenta una recopilación de información actualizada sobre el tema de los Rellenos Fluidos, normalmente conocidos en la literatura técnica como 'materiales de baja densidad y de baja resistencia controladas'. Lafinalidad de tal información es sentar una conceptualización básica sobre el tema, de modo que sirva como punto de partida para un proceso investigativoque se emprende conjuntamente entre la Universidad Militar"NuevaGranada"y Concretos Premezclados, S.A.. En este trabajo se pretende optimizar tanto el conocimiento como el diseño y el uso aplicado de tal material a las bases y sub-bases de pavimentos, bajo las condiciones de desarrollo tecnológico, y de disponibilidad específica de materiales locales. En consecuencia, se presenta información sobre: generalidades del tema; conceptos básicos y las aplicaciones del relleno fluido; los materiales componentes; los criterios de dosificación;las propiedades tanto en estado fresco como endurecido; los conceptos de m-ezclado,transporte y colocación del producto; criterios sobre el diseño estructural del pavimento, y sobre la construcción de los pavimentos, utilizando bases en relleno fluido; el control de calidad, y las ventajas y desventajas asociadas a la aplicación propuesta.
Aspectos positivos de los medios virtuales en la educación
Authors: Villarreal Silva Ernesto
Published: June 2017

Empezaré con la definición de realidad virtual, tomada de la ZDNet Webopedia, que es muy amplia e incluye toda representación virtual en el computador. De acuerdo con el Doctor Chris Dede (NSF): "Sabemos que en el Siglo XXI la gente deberá aprender cosas más sofisticadas. No tenemos buenas herramientas para enseñarlas, pues sabemos que la enseñanza con base en la palabra no es un método efectivo. Si podemos desarrollar modelos y simulaciones que permitan a la gente sentir, de manera real, lo que es participar en algo complicado, esto es aprendizaje mediante la experiencia. Con la realidad virtual podemos lograrlo". Por ejemplo, muchos de los fènomenos cientifìcos que nos afectan son tridimensionales. Frecuentemente, los estudiantes no entienden cosas cuando estan representadas en dos dimensiones: una figura o una pantalla de computador. Cuando ello estàn dentro de una simulaciòn virtual tridimensional, sí las entiendes. De esta manera es fácil que un estudiante de arquitectura camine dentro de un edificio que està diseñando, un estudiante de arqueologìa recora Machu Pichu, un estudiante de geografica visite el Himalaya o la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, un estudiante de física viaje por el interior de un àtomo. Inicialmente las aplicaciones de realidad virtual eran monousuario. Posteriormente, se desarrollaron aplicaciones para varios usuarios, lo cual permite que varios de estos se reùnan para desarrollar un trabajo en colaboraciòn. Entre las aplicaciones de realidad virtual realizadas encontraremos el proyecto DIVE que permite construir ambientes virtuales de colaboraciòn, y NICE que crea un mundo virtual en una isla para ser compartido por niños exploradores.
Determinación experimental de la curva de la DBO5 y el valor de las constantes K y Lo en una muestra de agua contaminada del río Bogotá
Authors: Sierra Plazas Julia
Published: June 2017

Con el objeto de llevar a la práctica los conceptos teóricos de la DBO5 del curso de Fundamentos de Ingeniería Ambiental; los estudiantes de séptimo semestre de Ingeniería Civil (I semestre/01) junto con la profesora realizaron en el laboratorio de aguas de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada las mediciones de Oxígeno Disuelto a una muestra de agua tomada del río Bogotá antes de Chía- Cundinamarca. Se pretende con este trabajo establecer las variaciones de oxígeno disuelto, de la DBO eliminada y presente durante siete días y estimar las constantes K y Lo de una muestra de agua contaminada. Se realizaron dos diluciones 2 y 10 ml; para la dilución  de 2 ml se obtuvo una DBOs de 531 mg/l, un valor de K de 0.154 d^-1; y una Lo de 989 mg/l; para 10 ml una DBOs de 650 mg/l, K de 0.233 d^-1 y Lo de 190.4 mg/l.
Aplicaciones del electromagnetismo en la medicina
Authors: Rodríguez Escobar Wilken , Naranjo Medina Pedro Alfonso
Published: June 2017

El Magnetismo es un fenómeno producido por algunas sustancias naturales y de igual manera por corrientes eléctricas. Se puede producir por una partícula cargada en movimiento, como también por una corriente eléctrica que está sometidas a fuerzas en presencia de campos magnéticos. Este es el fundamento de la definición de la ley de Ampere del funcionamiento de un motor eléctrico y de un galvanómetro. El galvanómetro sólo mide corrientes pequeñas, pero puede adaptarse para medir corrientes y voltajes de cualquier valor. Las fuerzas sobre partículas cargadas móviles en un campo magnético se utilizan también para el espectrómetro de masas para identificar y separar sustancias, en la sonda de Hall para medir intensidades de campos magnéticos y el bombeo electromagnético. Cuando varía el flujo magnético que atraviesa un circuito, se induce en éste una Fem.(fuerza electromagnética) que obedece dos leyes. Primero: La ley de Faraday que establece que el valor de la Fem. inducida a un circuito es igual al ritmo de variación del flujo magnético que lo atraviesa; y segunda: la ley de Lenz dice que el sentido de la Fem. inducida es tal que se opone a la causa que la produce. Mediante una bobina que gira en un campo magnético pueden generarse corrientes alternas o continuas. Una Fem. inducida produce efectos de amortiguamiento en el motor eléctrico y el galvanómetro. La inducción mutua y la auto inducción son magnitudes que determinan, respectivamente, los efectos inducidos entre dos bobinas y dentro de una bobina. Los efectos de la inductancia tienen numerosas aplicaciones. Las fuerzas electromagnéticas inducidas pueden utilizarse para medir ritmos de flujo, tales como el ritmo del flujo sanguíneo en las arterias. Las aplicaciones del electromagnetismo en la vida práctica son innumerables. El propósito de este artículo es mencionar y describir algunas de ellas en el campo de la medicina.
Turismo en áreas silvestres protegidas (ASP): entrevista con Ana Báez
Authors: Coutinho Mauro Knupfer
Published: June 2017

Ana Báez es costarricense y cuenta con 35 años de experiencia profesional como bióloga, museóloga y desde los primeros pasos del ecoturismo, tuvo la oportunidad de vincularse como académica y luego aportar como asesora técnica a través de su empresa Turismo & Conservación Consultores S.A. Su experiencia en América Latina le ha permitido inspirarse y aplicar criterios técnicos con visión holística para la conservación, planificación, manejo y operación de servicios turísticos en sitios patrimoniales, áreas protegidas, comunidades vecinas y sus respectivos desarrollos.https://www.linkedin.com/in/ana-baez-88bb96
Comparison of Periodontal Parameters and Self‐Perceived Oral Symptoms Among Cigarette Smokers, Individuals Vaping Electronic Cigarettes, and Never‐Smokers
Authors: Javed Fawad , Abduljabbar Tariq , Vohra Fahim , Malmstrom Hans , Rahman Irfan , Romanos Georgios E.
Published: June 2017

Background: To the authors’ knowledge, there are no studies that have compared periodontal parameters and self‐perceived oral symptoms (OSs) among cigarette smokers (CSs) (group 1), individuals exclusively vaping electronic cigarettes (group 2), and never‐smokers (NSs) (group 3). The aim of this study is to assess periodontal parameters and self‐perceived OSs among vaping individuals, CSs, and NSs.

Methods: Ninety‐four male participants (groups 1, 2, and 3: 33, 31, and 30 individuals, respectively) were included. Demographic data, self‐perceived OSs, and duration and daily frequency of vaping and smoking were gathered using a questionnaire. Full‐mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) ≥4 mm, and clinical attachment loss (AL) were measured; marginal bone loss (MBL) around all teeth was measured on digital radiographs. Numbers of missing teeth (MT) were also recorded. Odds ratios were calculated for OSs, and periodontal parameters were assessed using analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: PI (P <0.01) and PD ≥4 mm (P <0.01) were significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3. BOP was significantly higher in group 3 than in groups 1 (P <0.01) and 2 (P <0.01). There was no difference in number of MT, clinical AL, and MBL among all groups. Gingival pain was more often reported by individuals in group 1 than by individuals in groups 2 (P <0.01) and 3 (P <0.01).

Conclusion: Periodontal inflammation and self‐perceived OSs were poorer among CSs than among vaping individuals and NSs.
Reflexiones en torno al uso del motivo de Iliupersis en la narración titoliviana de la caída de Veyos
Authors: Moreno Agustín
Published: June 2017

El trabajo pretende contribuir al estudio de la alusión explícita al paralelo de la caída de Troya con la caída de Veyos en la narración titoliviana. Con el fin de complejizar el análisis de la cuestión, que últimamente ha sido pensado, principalmente, en un marco literario, la propuesta aquí es considerar, además de lo anterior, datos que exceden dicho marco, para lograr una comprensión más completa de las razones por las que Tito Livio juega con ese paralelo en este episodio.
Electrochemical Chloride Extraction and Inhibitor Injection in Salt-Contaminated Repair Mortar
Authors: Gong Jing , Shen Zhang , Tong Yangyang , Li Zhipeng , Shi Xianming
Published: June 2017

Repair mortar is commonly used to rehabilitate reinforced concrete structures or components that exhibit a relatively high level of distresses. Yet, this repair mortar can be contaminated by salt from its service environment. This work employs a two-dimensional finite element model to investigate the transport behavior of ionic species in salt-contaminated and water-saturated repair mortar under an externally applied electric field. The model was experimentally validated and then utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) with or without electrical injection of corrosion inhibitor (EICI). In the case study, both the ECE alone and the ECE+EICI treatment was found effective in decontaminating the zone in front of the steel rebar. In both techniques, the magnitude of current density has a significant effect on removing chloride out of the mortar and increasing the pH of the pore solution near the rebar, whereas the treatment time any not have a significant effect under some scenarios. The injection of the organic corrosion inhibitor significantly slowed down the removal of chloride. Changes in the ionic distribution in the mortar were generally beneficial in reducing the corrosion risk of the steel rebar and thus extending the service life of the repair mortar.
Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en escolares de 9 a 17 años de Bogotá, Colombia: Estudio FUPRECOL
Authors: Ramírez-Vélez Robinson , Fuerte-Celis Juan Camilo , Martínez-Torres Javier , Correa-Bautista Jorge Enrique
Published: June 2017

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en una población escolar de Bogotá, Colombia, pertenecientes al Estudio FUPRECOL.Métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal, realizado en 8.136 niños y adolescentes en edad escolar entre 9 y 17 años de Bogotá, Colombia. El peso, la estatura, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de cintura y el porcentaje de grasa se recogieron como marcadores antropométricos y de composición corporal. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas (bebidas carbonatadas, jugos ultra-procesados y/o té), y los factores asociados (sexo, edad, obesidad abdominal, clasificación del IMC, grado de estudios de la madre/padre, y nivel nutricional por cuestionario “Krece plus” indicador de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea), se recogieron por encuesta estructurada. Se establecieron asociaciones mediante la construcción de modelos de regresión logística simple.Resultados: de la población general, el 58,4% eran mujeres. En función al sexo, los varones acusaron la mayor ingesta de “bebidas carbonatadas” con una frecuencia semanal y diaria de 70,9% y 21,0%, respectivamente, seguido de “jugos ultra-procesados” (64,4% semanal vs. 11,3% diario). En ambos sexos, la prevalencia de obesidad abdominal fue mayor en los escolares que respondieron consumir diariamente “bebidas carbonatadas” (23,3%), “jugos ultra-procesados” (13,2%) y “bebidas té” (9,7%). La edad [OR 1,15 (IC 95% 1,03-1,28)], el menor grado de educación del padre [OR 1,34 (IC 95% 1,01-1,79), o de la madre OR 1,30 (IC 95% 1,03-1,65)], y la baja adherencia a la dieta mediterránea [OR 2,60 (IC95% 2,09-3,25)], se asociaron como factores predisponentes al consumo diario de “bebidas carbonatadas”.Conclusión: variables como la edad, la educación de los padres y los patrones dietarios se asociaron con el consumo de bebidas azucaradas en escolares de Bogotá, Colombia. Se recomiendan intervenciones integrales en las que estén involucrados los componentes nutricional y educativo entre los niños y adolescentes de Bogotá, Colombia
Efectividad metodológica para el levantamiento de requerimientos de aplicaciones web.
Authors: López Caballero César Augusto , Cuello de Ávila Silvio Rafael
Published: June 2017

El presente proyecto parte de un objetivo general que consiste evaluar la efectividad del proceso de investigación de requerimientos, para tal efecto se configuró una metodología compuesta por cinco fases y dos herramientas, dentro de la metodología se encuentra la elicitación, modelado, codificación, comprobación (análisis, verificación y validación) e impresión de uso, en donde las dos primeras fases corresponden a la propuesta central  y las tres siguientes corresponden a la estructura de cuantificación, en cuanto a las dos herramientas, se encuentra un formato de preguntas que está compuesto cinco aspectos generales que corresponden a: Fundamentación, tiempos, organización institucional, negocio y aspectos sistémicos, dentro de los cuales se estructuraron 25 preguntas relacionadas con los aspectos y el entendimiento del negocio y un modelo de pantalla resultado de la aplicación del formato, en las fases posteriores, se obtiene como resultado un 86,6% de efectividad  y un 92% de satisfacción. Determinando que las estrategias que orientan el éxito están relacionadas con el proceso de entrevista y el uso de las dos herramientas dado que permiten recolectar y entender la situación futura que espera el líder y además reduce la aleatoriedad en los requerimientos recolectados.
Identification of Parameters Influencing the Response of Gas Storage Wells to Hydraulic Fracturing With the Aid of a Neural Network
Authors: McVey D. S. , Mohaghegh Shahab , Aminian Khashayar
Published: June 2017

Performing hydraulic fractures on gas storage wells to improve their deliverability is a common practice in the eastern part of the United States. Most of the fields in this part of the country being used for storage are old. Reservoir characteristic data necessary for most reservoir studies and hydraulic fracture design and evaluation are scarce for these old fields. This paper introduces a new methodology by which parameters that influence the response of gas storage wells to hydraulic fracturing may be identified in the absence of sufficient reservoir data. Control and manipulation of these parameters, once identified correctly, could enhance the outcome of frac jobs in gas storage fields. The study was conducted on a gas storage field in the Clinton formation of Northeastern Ohio. It was found that well performance indicators prior to a hydraulic fracture play an important role in how good the well will respond to a new frac job. Several other important factors were also identified.

The identification of controlling parameters serves as a foundation for improved frac job design in the fields where adequate engineering data is not available.

Another application of this type of study could be the enhancement of selection criteria among the candidate wells for hydraulic fracturing. To achieve the objective of this study, an artificial neural network was designed, trained and applied. The paper will discuss the results of the incorporation of this new technology in hydraulic fracture design and evaluation.
Coiled Tubing as Initial Production Tubing: An Overview of Case Histories
Authors: Nirider H. L. , Snider P. M. , Walsh K. D. , Cordera J. R. , Williams Joe
Published: June 2017

From January, 1993 through July, 1994 Marathon Oil Company completed ten newly drilled gas wells using coiled tubing as the initial production string. This paper reviews the operational aspects of each job and summarizes the areas where improvements in equipment and technique were implemented. The use of coiled tubing allows the tubing size to be closely matched to the performance of these relatively low rate wells, minimizing the tubular costs and improving the well's ability to stay unloaded. The main areas of improvement from one job to the next involved the use of a pressurized, hydraulically operated access window, ensuring that all frac sand was cleaned out prior to landing the coiled tubing and employing a "hot cut off" system to make the final cut on the coil tubing. Lessons learned include keeping the coiled tubing size large enough to run smaller coiled tubing through it for clean out and slickline work, care in closing the BOP rams to avoid damaging the pipe and the use of wellhead equipment specifically designed for coiled tubing. This technique is especially suited to low pressure and water sensitive reservoirs where loss of fluid is of concern. An additional benefit is the cost savings from reducing the hole and casing sizes to match the reservoir potential. This completion technique is often quicker than using a conventional completion rig and jointed tubing.

INTRODUCTION

Marathon has used coiled tubing for initial production tubing in several wells in order to match the tubing to the well productivity, unload frac fluids as quickly as possible and to minimize cost by reducing the time the drilling rig stays on location. An additional benefit is that no fluid is lost to the formation during the completion.
Light Supplement and Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Affect Yield and Quality of Off‐Season Pepper
Authors: Li Xiaojie , Kang Shaozhong , Li Fusheng , Zhang Xiaotao , Huo Zailin , Ding Risheng , Tong Ling , Du Taisheng , Li Sien
Published: June 2017

Core Ideas

Carbon dioxide enrichment and light supplement significantly increased the photosynthetic rate, yield, and water use efficiency.

Carbon dioxide enrichment reduced fruit nutrition quality, whereas light supplement improved it.

Applying light supplement and a CO2 concentration of 550 μmol mol−1 can optimize yield and quality.

Off‐season vegetable crops in a greenhouse need supplementary light intensity and CO2 concentration to obtain good growth and fruit quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementary light intensity and CO2 concentration on the photosynthesis, yield, and fruit quality of fresh hot pepper (cultivar Meite). Two light intensities—supplementary (SLI) and natural (NLI) light intensity with the averaged photosynthetic active radiation of the whole growth period of 463 and 233 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively—and 4 CO2 concentrations (400, 550, 700, and 900 μmol mol−1) were conducted on pepper planted in pots in phytotrons over the autumn and winter seasons in the arid Northwest region of China. Results showed that: (i) CO2 enrichment significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE), yield parameters, and fruit storage qualities, but decreased the fruit nutrition qualities to different extents. (ii) SLI increased Pn, WUE, and fruit nutrition qualities to different extents, and increased fruit yield per plant (FYPP) by 157%. (iii) The treatment with SLI and a CO2 concentration of 550 μmol mol−1 can maximize the overall quality of pepper fruits and significantly increase FYPP with a first ranking in the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. Therefore, the yield of pepper grown in the off‐season was increased and fruit quality was maintained by SLI and moderately increasing CO2 concentration (550 μmol mol−1).
Financial system development progress in Western Balkans
Authors: Kozarević Emira , Polić Nedžad , Perić Amela
Published: June 2017

Financial system supports economic growth, while its regulatory framework provides stability for investors. Develo-ping countries with bank-oriented financial systems are not attractive to investors, so prolonged status quo leads to economic deterioration. This is particularly the case with some of the most underdeveloped areas in Europe: Western Balkans. It is essential the developing countries in this region consider steps towards financial liberalization, which will help open the borders for capital flows and attract new investments. The main goal of this paper is to review and present the available information related to the banking system development in Western Balkans in terms of ownership structure, capital adequacy, loan and asset performance, return on investment and liquidity. These indicators should provide a clearer picture of the current financial systems in Western Balkans economies and their development progress – useful for comparison with other developing regions and financial transformation and liberalization efforts.
COMES HISPANIARUM W CZASACH CESARZA KONSTANTYNA WIELKIEGO
Authors: Wiewiorowski Jacek
Published: June 2017

Comes Hispaniarum in the Age of Constantine the GreatSummaryThe paper discusses the case of comites Hispaniarum, who belonged to a group of special envoys of Constantine the Great (306-337) called comites dioecesium and/or comites quiper provincias constituti sunt ox simply comites provinciarum. Those comites were first of all the emperor’s trusted collaborators, who were obliged to inform the ruler about the situation in the diocese which were not visited by him (with one exemption) and to put in order if necessary. Comites dioecesium are often mixed up or even identified by contemporary scholars with the vicars of dioceses, who had similar duties but, unlike counts, were fixed officials with more or less defined competences.The paper discusses the sources concerning the comites Hispaniarum (6 different emperor’s constitutions and two inscriptions) and the opinions of scholars concerning the vicars and the counts of the Spanish diocese. The author describes the case of agentes vices praefectus praetorio, extraordinary envoys o fpraefectus praetorio on the turn o f 3rd and 4th century A.D. often identified by modern scholars with the vicars. He stresses the difference between comites and vicarii Hispaniarum and proves that the establishment of the firm post of vicarius Hispaniarum (first mentioned in 335-336) was preceded by the period when the extraordinary envoys of Constantine - comites Hispaniarum or extraordinary substitutes of praefectus praetorio - agentes vices praefectus praetorio were sent to the diocese of Spain.
PROFESOR JÓZEFAT ZIELONACKI (1818-1884) NA TLE XIX -WIECZNEJ PANDEKTYSTYKI
Authors: Zięba Agnieszka
Published: June 2017

Prof. Jozefat Zielonacki (1818-1884) against the Background of the XIXth Century Study of PandectsSummaryThe study of pandects is the study of the intercepted Rom an law formed and developed in the XIXth century Germany. The pandectist made use of the Justynian codification and their research m ethod was shaped under the influence of so called historical school in jurisprudence created by F.K. Savigny. Conducting a research on unparalleled scale on the Rom an law and with a time rejecting the historical perspective therein led to a creation o f an abstract scientific system - the „contemporary Rom an law”, viz. the study of pandects. In the second half of the XIXth century it dom inated the European study of law.The Polish representative of this branch was Jozefat Zielonacki, a graduate o f the Berlin University, a pupil of F.K. Savigny. H e lectured the Roman law at universities in Cracow (from which it was repealed after two years as a result of anti-Plish victimisation), Innsbruck, Prague, and Lwow. He stayed in Lwow from 1857 to 1870, contributing to ‘Polonisation’ of the university and establishing a well-founded centre of the Roman law study, well-admitted in Europe of that time. As far as the research method is concerned, Prof. Zielonacki constantly remained a pandectist - he created ahistorical works and the Roman law is treated therein as the prototype o f the contemporary binding law.The study of pandects is nowadays treated as one of numerous great periods of the history of the study of law and its achievements: the ordination, m ethod of thinking and terms retain their usefulness also for the contemporary study of civil law.
WYKŁAD PROF. GERHARDA THÜRA PT. WARDS AND GUARDIANS IN ATHENIAN LAW , KRAKÓW 20 LISTOPADA 2007 ROKU
Authors: Jońca Maciej
Published: June 2017

WYKŁAD PROF. GERHARDA THÜRA PT. WARDS AND GUARDIANS IN ATHENIAN LAW , KRAKÓW 20 LISTOPADA 2007 ROKU
Occurrence of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in the Consumer End of a Water Distribution System
Authors: Hoca Süleyman , Üstüntürk‐Onan Miray , Ilhan‐Sungur Esra
Published: June 2017

In this study, mixed species biofilm formation including sulphate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) on polypropylene surface and bacteriology of network water were investigated in a model water distribution system during a nine‐month period. Water and biofilm samples were analyzed for the enumeration of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (AHB), anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria (ANHB) and SRB. The number of live/dead bacteria was also analyzed by epifluorescence microscopy. In addition, extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) extraction, carbohydrate analysis and scanning electron microscope observation were performed. A biofilm with heterogeneous structure formed on the polypropylene surface of the model water distribution system. Live/dead staining data indicated that biofilm matured in the first month. It was observed that especially AHB entered into a viable but not culturable state because of the temperature decrease. It was also noted that temperature is an important environmental factor especially for planktonic SRB. The quantity of carbohydrate significantly decreased according to the temperature.
TREATMENT OF BRACHIMETATARSIA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Kovalenko-Klychkova N. A.
Published: June 2017

Brachimetatarsia is a malformation of one or more of the metatarsal bones, characterized by its shortening. Abnormal anatomy of the forefoot leads to the convergence of epiphyses of adjacent metatarsals, deformation of the forefeet, including the formation of hallux valgus, pain and cosmetic defects. The authors have conducted the surgical treatment (lengthening the shortened metatarsal bones) in 18 female patients (28 feet, 32 metatarsal bones) and determined the optimal method of surgical correction. Depending on the severity of metatarsal bone shortening 3 methods of surgical treatment were applied: in shortening of less than 1,2 cm -the slide osteotomy; in shortening up to 1.8 cm - a one-staged lengthening of metatarsal bone with autograft; more than 1.8 cm - the distraction osteosynthesis. Due to existing disorders it is advisable to perform restoration of the shortened toe length according to the type of the metatarsal parabola, inherent to the patient. The optimal method of surgical treatment is a one-staged lengthening of the shortened metatarsal bone with the use of autograft from the iliac wing borrowed by means of “window-form” method without damage to the integrity of the apophysis.
POSTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS FLAP IN PEDIATRIC HAND RECONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Golubev I. O. , Grishin V. M.
Published: June 2017

Purpose: to assess early and long-term results of the pediatric hand reconstructions with posterior interosseous flap, including those in children younger than 3 years old. Materials and methods: results of the hand reconstructions with posterior interosseous artery reverse flap were studied in 10 children (4 males and 6 females) aged from 1 year and 1 month to 13 years old. In 4 cases flap coverage were performed due to acquired posttraumatic hand deformity, in 6 cases reconstruction was assumed for congenital hand deformities. Combined procedures consisted of posterior interosseous artery flap coverage and other types of microsurgical reconstructions were suggested in 4 patients. Preoperative color doppler visualization of the posterior interosseous vessels were mandatory. All flaps were risen under 3.5x-4.5x magnification. Results: all flaps survived completely in 3 weeks postoperatively. There were no postoperative complications such as flap’s arterial or venous insufficiency, deep infection, or posterior interosseous nerve palsy. Nearly whole group (9 of 10) of patients and/or their parents were satisfied with the esthetic view of the reconstructed hand and donor site of the forearm 1 year postoperatively. Conclusion: posterior interosseous flap is a reliable and versatile option in pediatric hand reconstructions, providing excellent skin coverage with good color match and texture. Preservation of major vascular bundles of the forearm (radial and ulnar arteries) during flap harvest gives a possibility to perform a simultaneous microsurgical reconstructions of the hand (e.g. free toe transfer).
MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATUS OF REGIONAL LYMPH NODES IN CONDITIONS OF INTRAMEDULLARY OSTEOSYNTHESIS BY RETAINERS WITH COAT BASED ON SUPERHARD COMPOUNDS
Authors: Akhtyamov I. F. , Gatina E. B. , Shakirova F. V. , Baklanova D. A. , Aliev E. I.
Published: June 2017

Objective: to evaluate the morphofunctional state of the popliteal lymph nodes of the operated and intact pelvic rabbit limbs in conditions of intramedullary fixation of the tibia fracture with the implant coated with titanium nitride and hafnium. A morphological study of two groups of experimental animals was conducted. Osteoclasis of tibia and subsequent osteosynthesis with medical steel needles coated with and without titanium nitride and hafnium was made. In the lymph nodes of the animals in the comparison group both inflammatory (acute and chronic lymphadenitis) and immunomorfologycal (hyperplasia of T-and B-dependent areas, sinus histiocytosis) reactions were observed, with the latter being more common in the operated limb, and the inflammatory - in the intact one. The obtained data have proved the feasibility of using metal structures coated with nitrides of group IV metals (titanium and hafnium) for external osteosynthesis.
PATELLAR RESURFACING OF TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY: ANALYTICAL REVIEW
Authors: Kavalersky G. M. , Sereda A. P. , Lychagin A. V. , Smetanin S. M.
Published: June 2017

Patellar resurfacing is one of the unsolved problems of knee arthroplasty due to the high frequency of patella-femoral complications. In the present analytical review the authors traced the evolution of patellar resurfacing, analyzed the literature on the etiology of anterior knee pain and patellar biomechanics, discussed the indications for replacement or preservation the patella.
Rotational stability of different hip revision systems
Authors: Thomsen M. , Jakubowitz E.
Published: June 2017

The authors present an experimental investigation that compares the primary rotational fixation of 4 revision stems. Methods: Each stem was implanted into 4 synthetic femora. Micromotion of stem and bone was measured at defined sites under torque application. Femoral neck osteotomy and AAOS type I and III defects were simulated by reproducible saw lines. Results: Up to a type I defect, all implants are capable of bridging the substance loss in a rotationally stable manner. The relative movements show a dependence both on the bone defect and on implant design. Even within the basic design types clear differences (p < 0.0001) are partially observable. Major differences were seen in type III defects. Whereas the conical stem designs had the ability to bridge the extensive defect the cylindric shapes showed no rotationally stability. Conclusion: As the major fixation area the femoral isthmus plays a decisive role for all tested stems. Due to enormous and partly selective load transmission of the conical stems the cylindrical designs is good for type I defects. In case of an extensive substance loss the decision should be a conical implant.
Data of knee arthroplasty register of Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics for period 2011-2013
Authors: Kornilov N. N. , Kulyaba T. A. , Fil A. S. , Muravyeva Y. V.
Published: June 2017

The knee arthroplasty register was established in Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics on 01.01.2011 and during the following 3 years the data about 6530 primary (91,7%) and revision (8,3%) cases were collected. The average age of patients was 62,72 ±11,5 years with the prevalence of women both in primary (80%) and revision (70%) arthroplasty cohorts. The main group consisted from the patients with knee osteoarthritis (92%) with annual growth of the obese. Total cemented knee replacement without patella resurfacing was the most popular type of primary arthroplasty (96%) with the prevalence of PCL retaining implants (62,13±3,84%). Despite annual decrease of revisions due to infection they predominate under aseptic cases: in 2011 - 64,7% and 35,3%, in 2012 - 62,8% и 37,2% , in 2013 - 53,1% and 46,9% accordingly. The main reason for non-infected revision TKA was implant loosening (17%). This is the first attempt to describe the trends in knee arthroplasty based on data from register of Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. It’s structure allows to perform multifactorial analysis of knee replacement surgeries and in the future to evaluate implants survival rate.
Gender features of functional state of musculoskeletal system in patients with coxarthrosis
Authors: Shchurov V. A. , Gaidyshev I. P. , Sazonova N. V.
Published: June 2017

Purpose of the study - a comparative quantitative evaluation of regional circulation state, the degree of reducing femoral and leg contractility, as well as gait disorders in male and female patients with coxarthrosis. Material and methods. The patients with stages 1, 2, and 3 coxarthrosis were examined. The mean age of female group was 47±0.7 years, that of male one - 37±1,4 years, the number of observations was 314 and 99 persons, respectively. Arterial blood pressure (ABP), locomotion rate and the increase in heart rate during walking were determined in the patients, as well as walking time parameters, distribution of foot part loading statically and dynamically (DiaSled-Scan complex), the maximum moment of strength of femoral and leg anterior and posterior muscle groups. Linear blood flow rate in magistral arteries was determined by Doppler ultrasonography. Laser Doppler flowmetry of skin anterior surface of the leg middle third, and the dorsal surface of both limb feet (BLF-21 device of Transonic Systems, uSA) was used for capillary blood flow evaluation. Results. More rapid age-related increase in ABP and decrease in capillary blood flow rate in limb skin integuments for Stage 2 and 3 of the disease were observed in female patients above 45 years. As for Stage 3 of the disease in female patients, the maximum load of the foot support (bearing) surface when standing and walking was reduced. Limb muscle strength in female patients is twice lower than that in male patients. As far as the disease progressed, more rapid decrease in the contractility of femoral muscles was noted compared to that of the leg. The compensatory increase in muscle strength of the leg was observed for Stage 1 of the disease and after the performed complex conservative treatment. Walking speed in the patients decreased with their age increasing, and the pulse value of locomotion increased with the disease stage increasing. Conclusion. More frequent involvement of the hip in women may be partially explained by the increase in the relative number of the gender representatives in the older age groups. Hypertension in female patients with coxarthrosis is a compensatory response related to microcirculation aggravation in limb tissues, the dynamometric parameters of femoral muscles in female patients are much lower, and the load of foot support surface is less.
Rating of intra-operative neuro-monitoring results in operative correction of the spinal deformities
Authors: Skripnikov A. A. , Saiphutdinov M. S. , Ryabykh S. O. , Krivoruchko G. A. , Shein A. P.
Published: June 2017

Purpose of the work was filing the electrophysiological phenomena observed in the process of intra-operative neuromonitoring followed by development of the results’ scale of intra-operative neuro-physiological testing of the pyramidal tract. Materials and мethods. The selection for evaluation included data of 147 protocols of intra-operative neuromonitoring in 135 patients (53 males, 82 females), aged from 1 y. 5 m. to 52 years (14,1±0,7 years) with spinal deformities of different etiology who underwent instrumentation spinal correction followed by fixation of thoracic / thoracolumbar spine segments using various variants of internal systems of trans-pedicular fixation. Intra-operative neuro-monitoring was performed using system «ISIS IOM» (Inomed Medizintechnik GmbH, Germany). The changes of motor evoked potentials were evaluated according to this scale. Results. Five types of pyramidal system reaction to operative invasion were revealed. According to neurophysiological criteria three grades of the risk of neurological disorders development during operative spinal deformity correction and, correspondingly, three levels of anxiety for the surgeon were defined. Conclusion. Intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring is the effective highly technological instrument to prevent neurological disorders in the spinal deformity. Offered rating scale of the risk of neurological complications gives the possibility to highlight three levels of anxiety during operative invasion.
ALBERTA NURSES V. A CONTEMPTUOUS SUPREME COURT OF CANADA
Authors: Fudge Judy , Glasbeek Harry
Published: June 2017

ALBERTA NURSES V. A CONTEMPTUOUS SUPREME COURT OF CANADA
Jane Austen and the Council of the Federation
Authors: Leclair Jean
Published: June 2017

As I was preparing this article1 about the Council of the Federation, about the manner in which it differed from its predecessor, the Annual Premiers’ Conference, my thoughts were constantly harking back to my favorite English author, Jane Austen. Although the titles of her novels are different, and despite the fact that Elizabeth Bennet is not an exact replica of Elinor Dashwood,2 Jane Austen always writes the same story: the battle between reason and emotion, between sense and sensibility. Now, quite frankly, as do Alain Noël and others before me, I believe that the Council of the Federation is not more than a light institutionalization of the Annual Premiers’ Conference.3 It is the same story again. And one that also has to do with the tension between sense and sensibility. During my preparation, I also recalled the very first sentence of Jane Austen’s masterpiece Pride and Prejudice which runs as follows: “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” Amusingly, the Council of the Federation’s philosophy could be articulated in a similar fashion: “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a federal government in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of provinces.”
UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITY: A REPLY TO DALE GIBSON
Authors: , University of Victoria Legal Theory Students
Published: June 2017

UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITY: A REPLY TO DALE GIBSON
A MOST POLITIC JUDGEMENT
Authors: Young Robert A
Published: June 2017

A MOST POLITIC JUDGEMENT