bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birth & reconstruction of equality in the United States
Authors: Tsesis Alexander
Published: April 2020

Os Estados Unidos nasceram de uma aspiração normativa e política afirmada em sua declaração de independência. O documento não continha apenas uma lista de razões para acabar com a colonialização, mas estabeleceu a igualdade como ideal fundamental, que permaneceu incorporado ao ethos da nação e é central para a democracia representativa americana. Apesar das declarações normativas de direitos humanos, o status dos Estados Unidos foi profundamente manchado porque os autores da Constituição mantiveram proteções ao instituto da escravidão. Mas muitas outras anomalias legais e culturais também existiram desde o início da nação, incluindo a subjugação das mulheres e a retenção de privilégios apropriados como qualificação para votar e obter cargos políticos. As emendas feitas à Constituição após a Guerra Civil (1861-1865) avançaram significativamente o estado de direito, mas simultaneamente exigiram maior sinceridade ao cumprir o testamento fundador. A reconstrução nos Estados Unidos foi alcançada por meio de emenda da Constituição original, em vez de promulgação de um novo documento. A ratificação dos três novos instrumentos legais, conhecidos como Emendas da Reconstrução, codificou a declaração de direitos e igualdade da Declaração. Só a liberdade não era resposta para o problema da escravidão. As emendas pós-Guerra Civil também proibiram o tratamento desigual de pessoas e criaram novas garantias quanto ao direito de voto. O judiciário, responsável por interpretar as novas disposições constitucionais, mostrou-se uma instituição conservadora que controlou a reconstrução e, com isso, diminuiu o efeito das novas garantias de igualdade.
Factors Associated With In-Hospital Outcomes of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: 10-year Analysis of the US National Inpatient Sample
Authors: Gao Feng , Chu Hongyu , Chen Liang , Du Liangjie , Yang Mingliang , Li Jun , Yang Degang , Zhang Hong , Li Jianjun , Chan Chetwyn
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-altering event. Motor vehicle accidents and falls are common causes of traumatic SCI, and SCI outcomes may be affected by patients' ages and injury sites. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with unfavorable in-hospital outcomes, focusing on the impact of patients' ages and SCI lesion sites.

Methods:

Data of 25,988 patients hospitalized with traumatic SCI in the US National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2005 to 2014 were extracted and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with SCI outcomes, including in-hospital deaths, adverse discharge, and prolonged hospital stays.

Results:

Multivariate analysis revealed that the oldest ages (>65 years) were significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality compared with the youngest ages at all lesion sites (cervical, odds ratio [OR]: 5.474, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.465 to 6.709; thoracic, OR: 5.940, 95% CI: 3.881 to 9.091; and lumbosacral, OR: 6.254, 95% CI: 2.920 to 13.394). Older ages were also significantly associated with increased adverse outcomes at all sites (cervical, OR: 2.460, 95% CI: 2.180 to 2.777; thoracic, OR: 2.347, 95% CI: 1.900 to 2.900; and lumbosacral, OR: 2.743, 95% CI: 2.133 to 3.527). Intermediate ages (35 to 64) were also significantly associated with increased in-hospital death and adverse discharge at cervical and thoracic SCIs, but not at lumbosacral sites.

Discussion:

For hospitalized patients with traumatic SCI, older age independently predicts worse in-hospital outcomes, with greatest effects seen in patients aged 65 years and older. Study findings suggest that extra vigilance and targeted management strategies are warranted in managing SCI patients aged 65 years and older during hospitalization.
Lateralization and Decreased Neck-Shaft Angle Reduces Scapular Notching and Heterotopic Ossification
Authors: Zitkovsky Helen S. , Carducci Michael P. , Mahendraraj Kuhan A. , Grubhofer Florian , Jawa Andrew
Published: April 2020

Background:

Lateralization of the glenosphere in reverse shoulder arthroplasty likely mitigates scapular notching; however, there is a paucity of data evaluating the effect of heterotopic ossification (HO) at the inferior aspect of the glenoid neck.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed 107 consecutive reverse shoulder arthroplasty patients between April 2013 and April 2016. During the study period, the surgeon switched from a 2.5-mm lateral center of rotation and a 155° neck-shaft angle (NSA) to a 6- or 10-mm lateralized design with a 135° NSA. Preoperative and minimum 2-year postoperative patient-reported outcomes and range of motion were collected. Two-year postoperative radiographs were evaluated for scapular notching and HO.

Results:

The lateralized center of rotation implant was 72% less likely to develop HO and 85% less likely to produce scapular notching than the medialized prosthesis.

Conclusion:

Implants with laterally offset glenospheres and 135° NSA may decrease postoperative HO and scapular notching.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Orthopaedic Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kogan Monica , Klein Sandra E. , Hannon Charles P. , Nolte Michael T.
Published: April 2020

The COVID-19 global pandemic presents a challenge to orthopaedic education. Around the world, including in the United States, elective surgeries are being deferred and orthopaedic residents and fellows are being asked to make drastic changes to their daily routines. In the midst of these changes are unique opportunities for resident/fellow growth and development. Educational tools in the form of web-based learning, surgical simulators, and basic competency tests may serve an important role. Challenges are inevitable, but appropriate preparation may help programs ensure continued resident growth, development, and well-being while maintaining high-quality patient care.
Telehealth Utilization in Response to the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Parisien Robert L. , Shin Max , Constant Michael , Saltzman Bryan M. , Li Xinning , Levine William N. , Trofa David P.
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

The purpose of this investigation is to assess the current utilization of telehealth capabilities at academic orthopaedic departments in the United States and to determine how practice patterns have been directly influenced by the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods:

Orthopaedic surgery programs participating in the Electronic Residency Application Service were identified. One hundred seventy-five (175) programs were presented with a seven-item questionnaire addressing whether each program is using telehealth services in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results:

Of the 175 Electronic Residency Application Service participant orthopaedic programs, 168 responded for a total response rate of 96%. Of the 106 institutions using telehealth services, 88 (83%) cited the COVID-19 pandemic as the impetus for implementation of telehealth services. Institutions located in the Northeast and South regions were markedly more likely to offer telehealth services. Heat map analysis demonstrates an associative overlap of regional “hot spots” with direct comparison of COVID-19 cases in the United States and orthopaedic departments providing telehealth services.

Discussion:

This study demonstrates the impressive measures academic orthopaedic institutions are taking to meet the needs of our patients by identifying a notable increase in new telehealth offerings throughout the United States with a positive correlation with COVID-19 disease burden.
Carotid Artery Stenting and Its Impact on Cognitive Function: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Gupta Avinash N , Bhatti Amit A , Shah Mudasir M , Mahajan Niranjan P , Sadana Divya K , Huded Vikram
Published: April 2020

Purpose: Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has evolved as a first-line therapeutic option for carotid revascularization in indicated patients for stroke prevention, but there is still a lack of data on its effect on cognitive function (CF), especially among Indian patients. To determine the effect of CAS on CF and to study the immediate and delayed complications of CAS in Indian patients.Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, observational, single-center study. CF was assessed using Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination version III (ACE) before and 3 months after stenting. The demographic and clinical parameters were also assessed. A follow-up evaluation after 3 months was done to compare CF and to observe the occurrence of any complications.Results: Out of 31 patients, 3 were lost to follow up. There were no immediate or delayed procedure-related complications. There was a statistically significant improvement in overall ACE score and memory before and after stenting. On subgroup analysis of those with and without strokes, there was a significant improvement in visuospatial function and mean ACE score. Those with left CAS had significant improvement in memory, visuospatial, language, and ACE scores than right CAS.Conclusion: CAS was associated with significant improvement in CF in patients.
The Impact of a Career Group Counseling Mix Model on Satisfaction of Low-achieving College Students──Specialty-Oriented Career Exploration Group Counseling
Authors: Peng Huiling , Shih Yahui , Chang LungFu
Published: April 2020

The unique feature of the group counseling program in this study is the integration of group counseling, individual counseling and peer tutoring. This study aims to determine the satisfaction level of low-achieving college students, who participated in the "Specialty-oriented Career Exploration" group counseling mix model. This study is an action research that lasts one semester. The research samples are 12 low-achieving freshmen students in the Finance Department of a business university (these students, as recommended by the class mentor, achieved average performance in the last fifth tier in their first semester), who participated in all three phases of career group counseling mix model. The unique feature of the group counseling program instituted in this study is the integration of group counseling, individual counseling and peer tutoring: (1) Phase 1: Group counseling before the mid-term exams, which included the design of structured career group counseling activities that were held eight times in eight weeks; (2) Phase 2: Individual counseling performed after mid-term exams; (3) Peer tutoring added to the process. According to the statistical analysis results of the satisfaction questionnaire, the results of the questionnaire show that they are very satisfied with the appropriateness of the overall planning (M=4.8; S=0.16); and that Specialty-oriented Career Counseling mix model is very helpfulimportant for individuals thinking about future careers (M=4.6; S=0.24).  The preventive measures adopted by the career counseling program received positive responses from students who participated in this career counseling group mix model, that they then became familiar with the counseling center. Group members who had serious emotional and interpersonal problems were willing to seek out counselors in the collage counseling center and continue with individual counseling. This study recommended that individual counseling or peer tutoring can be arranged after specialty-oriented career exploration group counseling, in order to meet the career counseling needs for various low-achieving college students. Lastly, this study offers specific suggestions, based on the research results, for "specialty-oriented career group counseling" in higher education to enhance the diversified contents of college career counseling.
Total Soluble Sugars Dynamics in Coffee Fruits Under Development
Authors: Moscardini Davi Bernardes , Souza Laís Teles de , Mazzafera Paulo , Favarin José Laércio
Published: April 2020

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) fruits are stronger sinks and is known its development may be more than four times higher than that allocated to branch growth during the annual production cycle. However, the origin and carbohydrates distribution used during the fruiting development are not yet known. Four assimilates sources are potentially available for fruit growth: (i) the photoassimilates produced by the fruit itself, (ii) branch reserves, (iii) leaf reserves and (iv) the current photosynthesis that occurs during fruit growth. To better understand the carbohydrate dynamics, its allocation in coffee fruits and to evaluate fruit dependence on other tree parts at the bean-filling stage, four carbohydrates sources were imposed in fully mature trees in Northeast of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Variables such as total sugar and dry mass were analyzed. We observed that leaves from the nodes are very important for fruit development. Comparison between fruits with leaves and fruits without leaves clearly revealed its influence on dry matter and total sugars accumulation in the fruits. The removal or covering of leaves near fruits limits the development of fruit.
Impact of Distance between Strip Roads on Productivity and Costs of a Forwarder in Commercial Thinning of Pinus Taeda Stands
Authors: Cabral Oscar Manuel de Jesús Vera , Lopes Eduardo da Silva , Krulikowski Rodrigues Carla , Filho Afonso Figueiredo
Published: April 2020

Demand for higher value-added wood products stimulates research for new, mainly mechanized, thinning operations in order to increase productivity and reduce production costs. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of distance between strip roads on forwarder productivity and costs of thinning operations in Pinus taeda stands. The study was carried out in 10-year-old Pinus taeda stands located in Parana State, Brazil. Two thinning methods were evaluated: (1) TH5: systematic harvest in every fifth tree row and selective harvest in adjacent rows; and (2) TH7: systematic harvest in every seventh tree row and selective harvest in adjacent rows. Working cycle times, productivity and costs were determined through a time-motion study of the forwarder. The additional variables evaluated were wood assortments (industrial wood and energy wood) and extraction distances (50, 100, 150 and 200 m), and mean values were compared between thinning methods using t tests for independent samples (α=0.05). Loading and unloading elements consumed the most time in the working cycle, with lower participation time in TH7 due to greater availability of logs along the strip roads (higher pile volumes), influencing total cycle time up to the mean distance of 150 m for both assortments. TH7 consequently showed 6% higher productivity, its energy yield was 5.3% lower and its production cost was 3.0% lower.
On the Importance of Integrating Transportation Costs into Tactical Forest Harvest Scheduling Model
Authors: Naderializadeh Nader , Crowe Kevin A. , Pulkki Reino
Published: April 2020

In tactical forest management planning, the decisions required to meet the strategic plan are made, and these include: i) scheduling of spatially explicit harvest-blocks; ii) construction of a road-network required to access these blocks; and iii) transportation costs within the tactical forest planning area (hereafter only referred to as transportation costs) that emerge from the first two decisions. These three decisions are interdependent and should therefore be integrated in any optimization model. At present, this integration is not fully made. This is because: i) the integrated model is NP-hard, and exact solutions are not feasible for large and medium-sized forests; and ii) metaheuristic search algorithms, which can be used on larger forests, have not integrated transportation costs realistically.The economic consequences of not integrating transportation costs into tactical planning models has not been quantified and evaluated by researchers; and the objective of this paper is to fill this gap in knowledge. To this end, an exact solution approach is used to solve and compare two integrated models: i) a model in which transportation costs are included in the objective function, and b) a model in which transportation costs are excluded from the objective function. The models were applied to three forests ranging in area from 6628 to 19,677 ha.Results show that: i) the model which included transportation costs yielded solutions with major reductions in both transportation and total costs; and ii) that, as the forests to which the model was applied tripled in area (from 6628 ha to 19,677 ha), the percent reduction in total costs increased disproportionately – more than fivefold (from 3.9% to 21%). These results are important, for they indicate that the integration of transportation costs into a tactical planning model is of major economic consequence.
Oil Consumption in 4WD Farm Tractors Used in Forestry Operations
Authors: Airoldi Gianfranco , Calvo Angela , Manzone Marco
Published: April 2020

Farm tractors are still widely used in many forestry operations. Predicting fuel and lubricant costs is difficult because their consumption depends on a number of factors such as hours worked and operations performed. Fuel and lubricant consumption is important since it can have an impact at both the economic and environmental level. Many fuel models have been studied in the last decades, but few studies have focused on oil consumption. The ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) Standard suggested a model for predicting engine oil consumption of farm tractors of the 1980s, which are potentially different from modern tractor engines. In addition, the recent widespread application of semi- and full-power-shift and continuous variable transmissions and the high number of hydraulic applications increased the amount of lubrication oil for transmission and hydraulic systems.For these reasons, we analysed 133 4WD recent model farm tractors used in forest operations with the aim to study:Þ engine, transmission and hydraulic system oil capacitiesÞ engine oil change intervals as recommended by the manufacturers.A new equation for engine oil consumption, as a function of the rated engine power, was first used and statistically analysed. It was similar to the equation developed by other authors (with a mean difference of 28%, decreasing to 11% at the highest engine power), but well below the ASABE model (with an average engine oil consumption three times higher). Another equation of total oil consumption related to the rated engine power was then studied and compared with a recent study. The results showed an average difference of 18%, decreasing to 8% at the highest engine power. The differences, due to a different machine dataset (only 4WD farm tractors that can be used for forestry operations were analysed) are, however, minimal also in the engine oil consumption model if compared with the oldest ones: a new proposal is therefore necessary, with new and affordable models for correctly evaluating economic and environmental forestry operation costs when using farm tractors.
Effects of Soil Conservation Practices on Sediment Yield from Forest Road Ditches in Northern Iran
Authors: Khandouzi Rasoul , Parsakhoo Aidin , Sheikh Vahedberdi , Pourmalekshah Aliakbar Mohamadali
Published: April 2020

The fine-textured soil in forest road ditches is very susceptible to water erosion especially in rainy seasons in Hyrcanian forest. This study examined the yield of ditch segment-scale sediment after releasing two flow rates of 5 l s-1 and 10 l s-1 in segments treated by riprap (RR), grass cover by Festuca arundinacea L. (GC), compacted cotton geotextile (CG) and wooden wattle by local slash (WW). Sediment sampling from the runoff was carried out at the end of each segment every minute. Runoff flow velocity in different treatments was measured using an electromagnetic flow meter. Sediment concentration and runoff velocity in treatments of RR, GC, CG, WW was significantly lower than that of the control plot (Ctl). Increasing flow rate from 5 l s-1 to 10 l s-1 caused no significant change in sediment concentration (except for Ctl and RR) and runoff velocity (except for Ctl and CG), which means that some water might have penetrated into treated soil by RR, GC and WW and this is not acceptable in forest road maintenance practices. Sediment yield from RR (0.36 g l-1) and Ctl (0.50 g l-1) under the flow rate of 10 l s-1 was significantly higher than that of 5 l s-1 with values of 0.21 g l-1 and 0.38 g l-1, respectively. Minimum amount of sediment concentration was observed for CG (0.20 g l-1) with compacted ditch bed. Moreover, runoff velocity in CG and Ctl under the flow rate of 10 l s-1 was significantly higher than that of 5 l s-1. For a forest road with dimension 30×50 cm, slope of 5%, and clay soil with porosity of 57%, treatments of compacted CG can be used in ditch with low flow rates (5 l s-1) and high flow rate (10 l s-1) because of their high efficiency in reducing sediment yield.
Technical-Economic Analysis of Grapple Saw
Authors: Miyajima Ricardo Hideaki , Fenner Paulo Torres , Batistela Gislaine Cristina , Simões Danilo
Published: April 2020

The processing of Eucalyptus logs is a stage that follows the full tree system in mechanized forest harvesting, commonly performed by grapple saw. Therefore, this activity presents some associated uncertainties, especially regarding technical and silvicultural factors that can affect productivity and production costs. To get around this problem, Monte Carlo simulation can be applied, or rather a technique that allows to measure the probabilities of values from factors that are under conditions of uncertainties, to which probability distributions are attributed. The objective of this study was to apply the Monte Carlo method for determining the probabilistic technical-economical coefficients of log processing using two different grapple saw models. Field data were obtained from an area of forest planted with Eucalyptus, located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. For the technical analysis, the time study protocol was applied by the method of continuous reading of the operational cycle elements, which resulted in production. As for the estimated cost of programmed hour, the applied methods were recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The incorporation of the uncertainties was carried out by applying the Monte Carlo simulation method, by which 100,000 random values were generated. The results showed that the crane empty movement is the operational element that most impacts the total time for processing the logs; the variables that most influence the productivity are specific to each grapple saw model; the difference of USD 0.04 m3 in production costs was observed between processors with gripping area of 0.58 m2 and 0.85 m2. The Monte Carlo method proved to be an applicable tool for mechanized wood harvesting for presenting a range of probability of occurrences for the operational elements and for the production cost.
Evaluation of a Harvester-Baler System Operating in a Rockrose (Cistus laurifolius L.) Shrubland
Authors: Bados Raquel , Tolosana Eduardo , Esteban Luis Saúl
Published: April 2020

Biomass collection could contribute to the reduction of wildfire prevention costs by obtaining solid biofuels from shrublands that pose a high fire risk, using mechanical harvesting methods that have not been sufficiently tested in shrub formations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a harvester-baler system (Biobaler WB55) for collecting rockrose (Cistus laurifolius L.) shrublands biomass, to asses the influence of the cutting rotor tool (blades or hammers) on weight and surface productivities and operating costs, as well as to determine the influence of the standing shrub biomass load on productivity and biomass collection efficiency.A 31-hour test was conducted on 21 ha of a typical Mediterranean shrubland in the centre of Spain. Data collection included time study, daily collected area, fuel consumption and bale measurements. Samples of fresh biomass from bales were collected for the determination of moisture content. The average collected biomass was 2.3 tDM·ha-1 (tonnes of dry matter per hectare), with an average productivity of 1.6 tDM·PMH-1 and an average yield of 0.7 ha·PMH-1. Better results were obtained with blades than with hammers in the cutting rotor tool (35% more collected biomass, 42% higher weight productivity, 61% higher collection efficiency and 14% greater surface productivity). The average harvest-baling costs with blades were estimated at 99.5 €∙PMH-1, 142.1 €∙ha-1 and 53.9 €∙tDM-1 (34.0 €∙tWM-1, € per tonne of wet matter), and with hammers 91.5 €∙PMH-1, 152.5 €∙ha-1 and 81.4 €∙tDM-1 (51.1 €∙tWM-1).The analysed harvester-baler was operated without difficulty in this type of vegetation and was able to collect up to 31% of the shrub biomass load in the study area. The amount of uncollected biomass and the decrease in biomass collection efficiency, as shrub biomass load increases, suggest that possible mechanical improvements are needed to improve biomass collection efficiency.
Repurposing Fumaric Acid Esters to Treat Conditions of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Promising Emerging Approach with Broad Potential
Authors: N. Jadeja Ravirajsinh , L. Powell Folami , M. Martin Pamela
Published: April 2020

The medicinal benefit of salts of fumaric acid and its esters (FAE), known as fumarates (mono and dimethyl fumarate), was realized many years ago. Early on, FAE were derived from plants and mushrooms (e.g., Fumaria officinalis, Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius). The FAE containing formulation Fumaderm® was licensed in Germany for the treatment of psoriasis in 1994. Recently, a clinical formulation of dimethyl fumarate known as BG12 (Tecfidera) was approved for use in the United States, New Zealand, Australia, European Union, Switzerland, and Canada for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Others and we have assessed the potential benefit of FAE in a number of disease conditions that are diverse with respect to etiology but unified with regard to the involvement of inflammation and oxidative stress. Hence, a FAE-based drug with robust anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects that is already US-FDA approved is a perfect contender for repurposing and rapid clinical implementation for their management. There is a burgeoning literature on the use of FAE in the prevention and treatment of diseases, other than psoriasis and MS, in which oxidative stress and/or inflammation are prominent. This chapter highlights critical information gleaned from these studies, exposes lacunae of potential importance, and provides related perspectives.
Squamous Neoplasia in the Esophagus
Authors: Savant Deepika , Zhang Qingzhao , Yang Zhaohai
Published: April 2020

Context.—

Squamous lesions of the esophagus encompass a spectrum of disorders ranging from reactive changes and benign papilloma to squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, which may pose diagnostic challenges especially in superficial biopsies.

Objective.—

To provide a review on the typical features of squamous neoplasia in the esophagus, with an emphasis on the key diagnostic features as well as differential diagnosis from mimicking lesions.

Data Sources.—

Data sources include published peer-reviewed literature and personal experiences of the authors.

Conclusions.—

Accurate diagnosis of squamous neoplasia requires adherence to established diagnostic criteria, attention to subtle histologic features, and correlation with clinical and imaging findings. In difficult cases, multiple biopsies may be necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis.
Geographic Mobility and Related Factors among Newly Graduated Nurses
Authors: Yoon Hyo Jeong , Cho Sung Hyun
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the mobility of newly graduated nurses from regions where their nursing schools were located to regions where they took up their first jobs, and to identify factors influencing nurses' mobility. Methods: Data from the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, collected annually from 2010 to 2014 by the Korea Employment Information Service, were analyzed. The sample consisted of 1,488 graduates and 1,229 nurses who were employed on a full-time basis in hospitals. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with geographic mobility. Results: Among the nurses working in hospitals, 69.2% had their first jobs in their nursing school regions and 11.3% in their high school regions. Fifty-two percent of the nurses worked in the capital region; 47.2% thereof had moved from a non-capital region. Nurses were more likely to work in their nursing school region when they were female, were older, graduated from a high school located in their nursing school region, graduated from a college (vs. university), had a lower nursing school performance, and expected lower monthly wage, compared with those who left their nursing school region. Conclusion: Education and remuneration policies are required to reduce geographical mobility to the capital region.
Biomedical Ethics Education for Nursing Students: The Effect on Awareness and Application of Nursing Code of Ethics, Consciousness of Biomedical Ethics and Moral Sensitivity
Authors: Choi Young Sil , Jeong Gye Seon , Rayborn Michong
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study examines the effectiveness of an educational program of nursing biomedical ethics for nursing students to increase awareness of the Code of Ethics for Nurses, moral sensitivity, and application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses. Methods: A quasi-experimental research design and t-test were used. The experimental group (n=31) and control group (n=32) were second-year university nursing students in two major cities. The experimental group received 15 hours of nursing ethics education during the 15-week semester. The training was not provided to the control group. Results: The application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses increased significantly in the experimental group (t=-1.06, p=.017), nurses and patient (t=-2.23, p=.029), obligation of nurse as an expert (t=-2.08, p=.042), nurse and cooperator (t=-2.54, p=.014). The consciousness of biomedical ethics increased significantly in the experimental group (t=4.28, p=.021), newborn's right to live (t=-2.61, p=.011), euthanasia (t=-2.36, p=.021). Conclusion: The results of the study show that providing a nursing biomedical ethics program to nursing students is an effective method to enhance the application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses and Consciousness of Biomedical Ethics. Implementing an intervention program of the Code of Ethics for Nurses in the regular nursing curriculum may reduce conflicts involving ethical decision making by nurses.
A Study on the Stress and Adjustment to College Life among Nursing Students
Authors: Yoo Kyung Hee
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between stress and adjustment to college life among nursing students. Methods: The sample consisted of 183 university students in C & S cities. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure the variables. In data analysis, SPSSWIN 23.0 program was utilized for descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and regression analysis. Results: The mean scores of stress and adjustment to college life were 2.55 and 3.24. Stress was significantly different according to grade (F=7.30, p<.001), economic state (F=14.39, p<.001), perceived health state (F=6.66, p<.001). In regression analysis, stress for college life, perceived health state, and college life satisfaction were significant predictors of adjustment to college life explaining 68%. Conclusion: This study suggests that perceived health state was a significant factor on adjustment to college life among nursing students. Therefore, the strategies of nursing intervention which improve perceived health state must be developed for college students.
School Life Experience of Male Nursing Students Reinstated at School after Military Service
Authors: Nam Kyoung A , Kang Kyeong Hwa , Moon Seongmi
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to explore and describe the school life experience of male nursing students reinstated at school after military service. Methods: The participants in the current study were 20 male nursing students from three universities. The data were collected in focus group interviews, and an inductive content analysis was performed on the data obtained from six focus groups. Results: The content relating to the school experience of the participants was categorized into four themes: making a new start, facing challenges, trying to find one's place, and confusion about one's professional identity. Conclusion: Nursing education in Korea needs to be reconsidered, as it adheres to a gender-stereotyped identity. This study provides implications for improving the content and quality of nursing education.
The Influence of Nursing Professionalism and Academic Emotional Regulation on College Life Adjustment in Nursing College Students
Authors: Noh Gie Ok , Kim Myoungsuk
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between nursing professionalism, academic emotional regulation, and college life adjustment level and to identify the influence of nursing professionalism and academic emotional regulation on college life adjustment. Methods: Data collection was conducted with 142 junior and senior nursing college students using structured self-reported questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis using SPSS 22.0. Results: There was a positive correlation between nursing professionalism, academic emotional adjustment, and college life adjustment. The significant predictors of overall college life adjustment were major satisfaction, nursing professionalism, and academic emotional regulation. The significant predictors of clinical practice adjustment were gender, major satisfaction, and nursing professionalism. Conclusion: When developing a program to improve college life adjustment in nursing college students, it is necessary to find ways to improve nursing professionalism and academic emotional regulation as well as major satisfaction.
A Mediator Effect of Social Support in the Association between Stress for College Life and Depression among Nursing Students
Authors: Yoo Kyung Hee
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the mediator effect of social support in the association between stress for college life and depression among nursing students. Methods: The participants of the study were 201 university students in A and C cities. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure the variables. In the data analysis, the SPSSWIN 25.0 program was utilized for descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, Sobel test and multiple regression analysis. Results: Mean scores of stress for college life, depression and social support were 2.56, 4.12 and 0.61, respectively. Stress for college life and depression showed a significant positive correlation (r=.60, p<.001), while depression and social support showed a significant negative correlation (r=-.46, p<.001). Lastly, stress for college life and social support showed a significant negative correlation (r=-.55, p<.001). The analysis of the mediator effect of social support in the association between stress for college life and depression showed that social support had a significant mediator effect. Conclusion: Among nursing students, social support may be a mediator in the association between stress for college life and depression. Therefore, strategies for nursing intervention to improve social support should be developed for nursing students.
Validity and Reliability of the Transition Shock Scale for Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Kim Soo Yeon , Shin Yong Soon
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to verify the validity and reliability of the modified Transition Shock Scale for use among nursing students. Methods: From March 8-April 3, 2018, 207 nursing students participated in this study and were asked to complete self-reported questionnaires, including transition shock, clinical stress, and adapting to clinical practicums. The IBM SPSS Win 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs were used for data analysis. Results: A confirmatory factor analysis supported good convergent and discriminant validities ($x^2/df=1.58$, TLI=.92, CFI=.95, RMSEA=.053, AVE=.51-.68, CR=.75-.68). Correlations among transition shock, clinical stress (r=.34, p<.001), and adapting to clinical practicums (r=-.54, p<.001) were significant. Cronbach's alpha for the overall scale was .85, and for the six subfactors it ranged from .65 to .75. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the 17-item transition shock questionnaire is an appropriate instrument for measuring nursing students' transition shock with good validity and reliability.
Effect of a Situational Module Learning Course on Critical Thinking Disposition and Metacognition in Nursing Students: A Quasi-experimental Study
Authors: Park Kwang Ok , Yu Mi
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effect of a situational module learning course on critical thinking disposition and metacognition in sophomore nursing students. Methods: This study was a non-equivalent control-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design; the participants included 64 nursing students (32 in the experimental and 32 in the control group) from two Korean universities. Critical thinking disposition and metacognition between the control and intervention groups were measured before and after program participation. Data collection was conducted between September 1 and December 15, 2016. An independent t-test was used to determine differences in critical thinking disposition and metacognition between the groups and Pearson's correlations were measured for correlation with critical thinking disposition and metacognition. Results: The intervention group showed higher critical thinking disposition (t=3.16, p=.002); intellectual integrity (t=2.85, p=.006); and open-mindedness (t=3.30, p=.002) relative to those of the control group. However, there were no statistical differences in metacognition between the two groups (t=-0.14, p=.888). A significant positive correlation between metacognition and critical thinking disposition was found. (r=.62, p<.001). Conclusion: The situational module learning course developed in this study could be used to promote critical thinking disposition in nursing students.
Differences between Perceived Readiness for Interprofessional Learning in Nursing and Other Health-related Students
Authors: Lee Hyeonkyeong , Kim In Sook , Lee Tae Wha , Kim Gwang Suk , Cho Eunhee , Lee Kyung Hee , Kim Junghee
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of perceived readiness for interprofessional learning and its differences between nursing and other health-related students. Methods: A web-based survey was conducted from April 25 to June 30, 2017 in one university in Korea. A total of 325 undergraduate nursing students and other health-related disciplines completed the structured questionnaire consisting of Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale and general characteristics. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. Results: The scores of readiness for interprofessional learning in nursing students were significantly higher than those in other health-related students (t=3.50, p=.001). Nursing students had higher collaboration, professional identity, and roles and responsibilities than other health-related students. The class experiences with other major students was a significant factor related to the readiness for interprofessional learning both in nursing (p=.001) and other health-related students (p=.001). Conclusion: The findings suggest that nursing educators consider the different level of readiness for interprofessional learning between nursing and other health-related students while integrating interprofessional education into nursing education curricula.
The Influence of Personality Characteristics, Self-leadership and Positive Psychological Capital on Learning Flow of Nursing Students
Authors: Jeong Seung Eun , Han Jung Hee
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the influence of personality type, self-leadership, and positive psychological capital on the flow of learning of nursing students. Methods: The sample consisted of 179 nursing students. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, $Scheff{acute{e}}^{prime}s$ test, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, and Hierarchical multiple regression. Results: Upon analysis, the relative influence of the variables that can improve learning flow, the influencing variables, were identified as self-leadership and self-efficacy. Conclusion: To increase the learning flow, supportive measures and strategies that increase positive psychological capital should be developed, successful cases of self-leadership be shared, and be incorporated into a culture that promotes learning flow. And to promote the learning flow, it needs political and environmental improvement, and institutional support of at the college level.
Experiences of Perception of Nursing Students' Rights in Clinical Practice
Authors: Park Sunghee , Cho Hyeyoung
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of perception of nursing students' rights participating in clinical practice. Methods: This descriptive study carried out purposeful sampling. The participants were 17 nursing students, who had experience of participating in clinical practice for more than 12 weeks. Data were collected through focus group interviews. Twelve subjects were in their third year and five in their fourth year. All were practicing in secondary general and tertiary university hospitals. The data were analyzed using classical content analysis method. Results: The researchers extracted 23 codes representing the nursing students' rights of clinical practice, which were grouped into 4 categories and 11 subcategories. The 4 categories were 'deep disappointment as an alienated person in a clinical field', 'clinical practice experience that cannot be given up despite difficulties', 'need for a practice environment that takes care of nursing students', and 'hope for support, advocacy and respect'. Conclusion: Nursing students cannot claim rights at this time, but expressed the desire to build a support system so that these parts can be improved in the future. Therefore, nursing education institutions and clinical fields should maintain diverse efforts through reciprocal relationships.
The Effects of Jigsaw Cooperation Learning on Communication Ability, Problem Solving Ability, Critical Thinking Disposition, Self-directed Learning Ability and Cooperation of Nursing Students
Authors: Kim Myo Gyeong , Kim Hye Won
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of jigsaw cooperative learning on the communication ability, problem solving ability, critical thinking disposition, self-directed learning ability and cooperation of nursing students. Methods: A one-group, pre-post design was utilized with 92 nursing students as subjects. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-tests using SPSS/WIN 24.0. Results: The scores on problem solving ability, self-directed learning ability and cooperation were significantly increased after the education intervention. Conclusion: These findings indicate that cooperation learning is an effective intervention for improving problem-solving, self-directed learning ability, and cooperation in nursing education.
The Effects of Guided Imagery on Stress, State Anxiety, Test Anxiety and Core Basic Nursing Skill Performance Score of Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Hong Eunyoung , Kim Bo
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study examined the effects of guided imagery on stress, state anxiety, test anxiety and core basic nursing skill performance score of undergraduate nursing student. Methods: An equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was utilized. A total of 45 senior nursing students were randomly assigned to either an intervention group to receive guided imagery, or a control group (experimental group=23 students, control group=22 students). The guided imagery was provided via audio files to the intervention group for eight minutes, once a day for five days. The pretest was given before the intervention to measure variables for both groups, and the posttest was performed immediately afterward and three days after the intervention. Results: Significant differences were found between the two groups in stress ((F=4.94, p=.012), state anxiety (F=5.99, p=.005), and basic core nursing skill performance scores (Z=-2.45, p=.015). Conclusion: Guided imagery for nursing students has been identified as effective for stress, state anxiety, and basic core nursing skill performance scores. Guided imagery can be used as an effective intervention before performance tests. These study results can provide useful data for nursing education.
The Impacts of Perceived Stress and Self-compassion on Quality of Life of Nursing Students
Authors: Nam Jeong-Hui , Park Hyun-Suk
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the impacts of perceived stress and self-compassion on the quality of life of nursing students. Methods: Data were collected from 180 nursing students between 11 October and 26 October 2018 from a college in A city. A total of 157 questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, a one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The findings show that perceived stress had a significant negative correlation with quality of life (r=-.73, p<.001). However, self-compassion showed a significant positive correlation with quality of life (r=.66, p<.001). The factors influencing quality of life included perceived stress, self-compassion, state of health, and satisfaction with school life, with perceived stress being the most influential factor (β=-.42), followed by self-compassion (β=.30), which together had an explanatory power of 64.0%. Moreover, there was a mediating effect of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived stress and quality of life. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that nursing college students should search for ways to reduce their perceived stress as well as increase self-compassion with meditation programs in order to improve their quality of life.
An Integrative Literature Review on Sex Education Programs for Korean College Students
Authors: Shin Hyewon , Lee Jung , Min Hye
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to synthesize the literature on the sex education programs for Korean college students and to provide a basis for developing effective sex education programs for this population. Methods: Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method guided this review of studies conducted from 2000 to 2019. Articles were identified through three electronic databases and scholarly web sites. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: Three studies were descriptive, and 12 described interventions. In most of the reviewed studies, sexual knowledge, sexual attitudes, and sexual autonomy improved after sex education interventions. Before providing sex education, the researchers assessed student's needs for sex education and the various topics provided through sex education programs. Conclusion: When developing sex education programs, we need to a) focus on practical sexual knowledge including contraceptive methods, b) provide repeated and continuous education of a sufficient duration, c) provide comprehensive sex education beyond biological sex, and d) use various teaching methods to allow participants to gain a better understanding. Additionally, sex education should be conducted by experts such as nurses or trained educators to provide systematic and comprehensive education for young adults.