bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Portal hypertension in doublecortin domain‐containing protein 2 (DCDC2)‐related neonatal sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Kaur Prabhsaran , Lal Bikrant Bihari , Janakiraman Deepa , Dheivamani Nirmala , Pandey Snehavardhan , Bavdekar Ashish , Shah Aashay , Verma Sanjeev Kumar , Shah Vaibhav , Maria Arjun , Wadhwa Nishant , Singh Sumit Kumar , Sood Vikrant , Khanna Rajeev , Alam Seema
Published: November 2024

Mutations in doublecortin domain‐containing protein 2 (DCDC2) lead to neonatal sclerosing cholangitis (NSC), and portal hypertension (PHTN). The objective of the study was to systematically evaluate PHTN, variceal bleeding, and outcomes of patients with DCDC2‐related NSC. The study included children with homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in DCDC2. All 14 children with DCDC2‐related NSC had PHTN. Eight (57.1%) developed variceal bleed at a median age of 3 years (range: 1.9–5 years). Eleven (78.6%) children with high‐risk varices underwent endotherapy. Varices were completely eradicated in three, downstaged to low‐risk in five, and there was no response with endotherapy in three. All three children with failure to eradicate/downstage varices had rebleed, and required listing for liver transplantation (LT). The study shows that children with variants in DCDC2 have a high incidence of variceal bleed at a very young age. Variceal eradication may often be difficult and rebleed rates are high; often necessitating LT.
Eutectic phosphor for high‐power excitation
Authors: Tokumitsu Seika , Kusunoki Tsuneo , Makio Satoshi , Kawabe Hideo
Published: November 2024

High‐power blue‐emitting laser diodes have been used in projectors and lighting systems as excitation sources for yellow‐emitting phosphors. These phosphors must be robust and should not exhibit thermal quenching. In this work, we developed a durable eutectic phosphor consisting of single‐crystal Ce‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:YAG) phosphor and Al2O3 (sapphire), with a thermal conductivity greater than 20 W/(m·K). This eutectic phosphor is named EPOCH‐Neo. EPOCH‐Neo specimens were cut from a large crystal substrate prepared by an edge‐defined film‐fed growth method. We evaluated the optical properties of EPOCH‐Neo specimens and the optical uniformity of an EPOCH‐Neo substrate. In addition, to control the chromaticity, the Y‐sites of Ce:YAG were doped with Gd at concentrations as high as 50% and the chromaticity and thermal characteristics of the resultant phosphors were evaluated. Moreover, the characteristics of a device composed of EPOCH‐Neo on a heatsink under blue laser excitation were examined. The results showed that EPOCH‐Neo is a durable phosphor suitable for use in high‐power‐excitation applications.
Are Nomograms Useful for Predicting Sentinel Lymph Node Status in Melanoma Patients?
Authors: Lourdault Kristel , Cowman Arthur W. , Hanes Douglas , Scholer Anthony J. , Aguilar Tyler , Essner Richard
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives

Clinical nomograms have been developed to predict sentinel lymph node (SLN) status in early‐stage melanoma patients, but the clinical utility of these tools remains debatable. We created and validated a nomogram using data from a randomized clinical trial and assessed its accuracy against the well‐validated Melanoma Institute Australia (MIA) nomogram.

Methods

We developed our model to predict SLN status using logistic regression on clinicopathological patient data from the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial‐I. The model was externally validated using the National Cancer Database (NCDB) data set, and its performance was compared to that of the MIA nomogram.

Results

Our model had good discrimination between positive and negative SLNs, with a training set area under the curve (AUC) of 0.706 (0.661–0.751). Our model achieved an AUC of 0.715 (0.706–0.724) compared to 0.723 (0.715–0.731) with the MIA model, using the NCDB set.

Conclusion

Our model performed similarly to the MIA model, confirming that despite using different clinical features and data sets, no clinical nomogram is currently accurate enough for clinical use.
Rehabilitating tigers for range expansion: lessons from the Russian Far East
Authors: Miquelle Dale G. , Mukhacheva Anna S. , Bragina Eugenia V. , Waller Scott J. , Petrunenko Yuri K. , Naidenko Sergei V. , Hernandez‐Blanco Jose. A. , Kastrikin Vyacheslav A. , Rybin Alexander N. , Rybin Nikolai N. , Seryodkin Ivan V. , Blidchenko Ekaterina Yu. , Yachmennikova Anna A. , Chistopolova Maria D. , Soutyrina Svetlana V. , Rozhnov Viatcheslav V.
Published: November 2024

Empty but suitable habitat exists for many of the world's terrestrial large carnivores, yet reintroductions are often considered difficult. In the Russian Far East, orphaned Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) cubs were brought into captivity but prepared for re‐release into the wild. We addressed 2 questions after reintroduction: 1) were individuals raised in captivity capable of killing prey at a rate sufficient to survive, and 2) did individuals avoid use of domestic animals as a primary source of food? We collected data on hunting behavior of 6 orphaned tigers re‐released into their indigenous range, and compared kill composition, kill rate, and consumption rate to individuals studied within the existing range (Sikhote‐Alin) of Amur tigers. Prey composition of rehabilitated tigers varied from that of the Sikhote‐Alin tigers, but composition of major food groups was nearly identical. Kill rate of rehabilitated tigers was higher and prey size was smaller than that of Sikhote‐Alin tigers, but consumption rates were nearly identical. One young male tiger depredated domestic animals, but other individuals only rarely preyed on dogs or cattle they encountered in forests. We documented high survival, reproduction, and recruitment of re‐released individuals. These results indicate that tigers held in captivity during the majority of their early lives can survive in the wild, so long as exposure to humans is kept to a minimum and individuals learn to hunt wild prey before release. Results provide a potential framework for reintroductions of tigers and other large felids across the globe.
Adapting the Dejour classification of trochlear dysplasia from qualitative radiograph‐ and CT‐based assessments to quantitative MRI‐based measurements
Authors: Dejour David H. , de Sanctis Edoardo Giovanetti , Müller Jacobus H. , Deroche Etienne , Pineda Tomas , Guarino Amedeo , Toanen Cécile ,   Patellofemoral Imaging Group
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To adapt the current D. Dejour trochlear dysplasia classification (v2.0) to only rely on quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements (v3.0) to maximize objectivity and repeatability.

Methods

A consecutive series of adult knee MRIs were divided into objective patellar instability (OPI, n = 127) or controls (n = 103; isolated meniscal tears) and postprocessed with multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) to standardize the sagittal plane and ensure true lateral views. Thresholds for sulcus angle, lateral trochlear inclination (LTI) and central bump were established using regression tree models to distinguish OPI from controls. The sensitivity and specificity of sulcus angle and LTI combinations to diagnose OPI were then evaluated, and the combination yielding the highest sensitivity was selected as basis for trochlear dysplasia classification. Finally, sulcus angle and LTI measurability and presence of a central bump >5 mm were used to grade dysplasia as low, moderate or high.

Results

The regression tree models produced thresholds of ≥157° for sulcus angle and <14° for LTI to distinguish OPI from controls. ‘Sulcus angle ≥157° OR LTI < 14°’ yielded the highest sensitivity (87%) to diagnose OPI. The quantitative MRI classification was sulcus angle <157° AND LTI ≥ 14° for Type 0 (No dysplasia); (sulcus angle ≥ 157° OR LTI < 14°) AND central bump <5 mm for Type 1 (Low‐grade dysplasia); (sulcus angle OR LTI are ‘unmeasurable’) AND central bump <5 mm for Type 2 (Moderate‐grade dysplasia); (sulcus angle ≥ 157° OR ‘unmeasurable’ OR LTI < 14° OR ‘unmeasurable’) AND central bump ≥5 mm for Type 3 (High‐grade dysplasia).

Conclusion

This MRI classification depends exclusively on quantitative measurements, has excellent interobserver agreement, and yields high sensitivity to diagnose OPI. The MRI imaging protocol with MPR mode and standardized measurements could be quickly adopted and correctly applied by clinicians worldwide in any type of institution to determine the ideal treatment plan.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Differential impacts of temperature increase on prokaryotes across temperature regimes in subtropical coastal waters: insights from field experiments
Authors: Gu Bowei , Ma Xiao , Chen Bingzhang , Liu Hongbin , Zhang Yang , Xia Xiaomin
Published: November 2024

Prokaryotic communities play a dominant role in driving biogeochemical cycling in marine ecosystems. How short‐term temperature increase impacts prokaryotes in subtropical coastal waters is still largely unknown. Here, 14 field experiments were conducted to investigate the response of prokaryotes in subtropical coastal waters to temperature increases of 3°C and 6°C, encompassing a range of ambient temperatures from 17°C to 31°C. We found that responses of prokaryotic growth, grazing pressure, community, and transcriptomes to increased temperatures were largely affected by ambient temperatures. Increased temperatures enhanced the growth rate and grazing pressure of heterotrophic prokaryotes when ambient temperatures were below 26–28°C. The increased temperatures had greater negative effects on the grazing rate compared to the growth rate; therefore, the abundance of heterotrophic prokaryotes generally increased after temperature increase across all temperature regimes. Metatranscriptomics analysis showed that at an ambient temperature of 30°C, genes involved in the adenosine triphosphate synthase were significantly downregulated by the increased temperature. This could be a major factor contributing to the decreased prokaryotic growth rate. In comparison, autotrophic prokaryotes (Synechococcus) exhibited better performance in response to elevated temperatures, thriving up to 35°C, beyond which their growth rate experienced a dramatic decline. When exposing to extremely high temperatures, genes involved in photosynthesis significantly decreased. These findings highlight the differential ecological impacts of temperature increase on prokaryotic communities, varying across different ambient temperatures and taxa in subtropical coastal waters.
In Vivo Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Detection of Liver Cancer Supported by Machine Learning
Authors: Potapova Elena V. , Shupletsov Valery V. , Dremin Viktor V. , Zherebtsov Evgenii A. , Mamoshin Andrian V. , Dunaev Andrey V.
Published: November 2024

Objectives

One of the widely used optical biopsy methods for monitoring cellular and tissue metabolism is time‐resolved fluorescence. The use of this method in optical liver biopsy has a high potential for studying the shift in energy‐type production from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and changes in the antioxidant defense of malignant cells. On the other hand, machine learning methods have proven to be an excellent solution to classification problems in medical practice, including biomedical optics. We aim to combine time‐resolved fluorescence measurements and machine learning to automate the division of liver parenchyma and tumors (primary malignant, metastases and benign tumors) into classes.

Materials and Methods

An optical biopsy was performed using a developed setup with a fine‐needle optical probe in clinical conditions under ultrasound control. Fluorescence decays were recorded in a conditionally healthy liver and lesions during percutaneous needle biopsy. The labeled data set was created on the basis of the recorded fluorescence results and the histopathological classification of the biopsies obtained. Several machine learning methods were trained using different separation strategies of the training test set, and their respective accuracy was compared.

Results

Our results show that each of the tumor types had its own characteristic metabolic shifts recorded by the time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The application of machine learning demonstrates a reliable separation of the liver and all tumor types into cancer and noncancer classes with sensitivity, specificity and corresponding accuracy greater than 0.91, 0.79 and 0.90, using the random forest method. We also show that our method is capable of giving a preliminary diagnosis of the type of liver tumor (primary malignant, metastases and benign tumors) with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of at least 0.80, 0.95 and 0.90.

Conclusions

These promising results highlight its potential as a key tool in the future development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for liver cancers. Lasers Surg. Med. 00:00–00, 2024. 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
18F‐Florzolotau PET Imaging Unveils Tau Pathology in Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Authors: Tang Gan , Lu Jia‐Ying , Li Xin‐Yi , Yao Rui‐Xin , Yang Yu‐Jie , Jiao Fang‐Yang , Chen Ming‐Jia , Liang Xiao‐Niu , Ju Zi‐Zhao , Ge Jing‐Jie , Zhao Yi‐Xin , Shen Bo , Wu Ping , Sun Yi‐Min , Wu Jian‐Jun , Yen Tzu‐Chen , Zuo Chuantao , Wang Jian , Zhao Qian‐Hua , Zhang Hui‐Wei , Liu Feng‐Tao ,   Shanghai Memory Study (SMS) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Neuroimage Initiative (PSPNI)
Published: November 2024

Background

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) commonly exhibits a complex neuropathology, sharing characteristics with Alzheimer's disease (AD), including tau aggregates. However, studies using the 18F‐AV‐1451 tau tracer have shown inconsistent findings regarding both the extent and topographical distribution of tau pathology in DLB.

Objectives

Our aim was to elucidate the topographical patterns of tau deposition in DLB and to investigate the in vivo pathological distinction between DLB and AD in virtue of the 18F‐Florzolotau positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study enrolled patients with DLB (n = 24), AD (n = 43), and cognitively healthy controls (n = 18). Clinical assessments and 18F‐Florzolotau PET imaging were performed. 18F‐Florzolotau binding was quantitatively assessed on PET images using standardized uptake value ratios and voxel‐wise analysis.

Results

18F‐Florzolotau PET imaging revealed widespread tau deposition across various cortical regions in DLB, uncovering heterogeneous topographical patterns. Among patients, 54.17% showed patterns similar to AD, whereas 16.67% exhibited distinct patterns. Compared to AD, DLB exhibited a unique in vivo neuropathological profile, characterized by a lower tau protein burden, heterogeneous topographical distributions, and a specific role of the medial temporal lobe in tau pathology.

Conclusions

18F‐Florzolotau PET imaging elucidated tau pathology patterns in DLB, providing valuable insights for future in vivo pathological differentiation and potential disease‐modifying therapies. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Newborn Screening for Isovaleric Acidemia: Treatment With Pivalate‐Generating Antibiotics Contributed to False C5‐Carnitine Positivity in a Chinese Population
Authors: Zhou Wei , Huang Ting , Li Huizhong , Gu Maosheng
Published: November 2024

Background

Newborn screening (NBS) for isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is implemented via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), but false‐positive results are still common. In addition, NBS for IVA is limited by a lack of suitable biomarkers, especially after the use of pivaloylester‐containing antibiotics.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study to explore the clinical correlation between antibiotic administration and false‐positive results for isovalerylcarnitine (C5).

Results

A total of 509,313 newborns were recruited from the initial NBS study, only one of whom underwent genetic confirmation, conducted between 2015 and 2020. Significant associations between false‐positive C5‐carnitine screening results and treatment with pivalate‐generating antibiotics were identified with retrospective analysis.

Conclusions

The current results highlight the detrimental effects of false‐positive C5‐carnitine screening results. Unless the licensing of pivalate‐generating antibiotics for use during the neonatal period is reconsidered, a second‐tier test for C5 determination will be necessary.
Analytical approach in designing PID controller for complex fractional order transfer function
Authors: Demiroğlu Uğur , Şenol Bilal , Matušů Radek
Published: November 2024

The study focuses on the fractional complex order plant model, which has gained popularity in applied mathematics, physics, and control systems. A significant contribution of this research lies in discussing the physical phenomena associated with complex plant models and their impact on system stability and robustness. The main purpose of the method presented in this paper is to tune the controller parameters to ensure the stability and robustness of the system. There are methods presented in the literature for this purpose. One of these methods is to keep the phase curve in the system frequency response flat within a certain range. However, this process is based on equating the derivative of the phase value to zero at a certain frequency and adds great mathematical complexity to the calculations. In this study, reliable analytical formulas are presented for the same purpose using a graphical approach. Since the fractional complex order plant model represents the most general mathematical form, it enables easy creation of other plant models, including integer order and fractional order plant. The reason why this plant is chosen is that this structure can be named as the universal plant, which all other structures can be built by making little variations. For instance, a transfer function having integer, real and/or complex number coefficients and/or orders can be obtained by proper determination of the parameters of the universal plant. A time delay can also be added towards researcher's desire. The main inspiration comes from studying on an inclusive plant. The method in this paper intends to tune the well‐known classical Proportional Integral Derivative controller. Thus, effectiveness of the integer order controller on various plants will be shown. This approach provides analytical calculation equations for the physical modifications of plants with integer, fractional, and/or complex coefficients and/or orders. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated visually with different examples that include these different possible situations. The results observed in the changes of the parameters in the transfer functions were also examined. Thus, pros and cons of the variations of integer, fractional, and complex numbers on system parameters have been shown.
Mathematical model and the solution of the capillary vibration in a nanoscale deformable
Authors: Wang Kang‐Jia , Liu Jing‐Hua
Published: November 2024

The capillary effect acts a key role in our daily life, and its vibration can significantly affect its mass transmission. Here, we aim to study the vibration of the capillary in a nanoscale deformable tube. First, we present the mathematical model, and then we give a detailed study on its vibration characteristics by means of the Hamiltonian‐based method, which is based on the variational principle and Hamiltonian. In the view of the energy conservation, the residual equations are introduced to determine the frequency‐amplitude formulation. We finally verify the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method by comparing with existing method through the numerical results. The finding in this work is expected to be helpful for the study of the nonlinear vibration.
Gut Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolism in Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke: A Potential Role for Food Homologous Plants
Authors: Wang Lei , Qin Na , Shi Liuliu , Liu Rujuan , Zhu Ting
Published: November 2024

Scope

The intestinal flora is involved in the maintenance of human health and the development of diseases, and is closely related to the brain. As an essential amino acid, tryptophan (TRP) participates in a variety of physiological functions in the body and affects the growth and health of the human body. TRP catabolites produced by the gut microbiota are important signaling molecules for microbial communities and host–microbe interactions, and play an important role in maintaining health and disease pathogenesis.

Methods and results

The review first demonstrates the evidence of TRP metabolism in stroke and the relationship between gut microbiota and TRP metabolism. Furthermore, the review reveals that food homologous plants (FHP) bioactive compounds have been shown to regulate various metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota, including the biosynthesis of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and vitamin B6 metabolism. The most notable metabolic alteration is in TRP metabolism.

Conclusion

The interaction between gut microbiota and TRP metabolism offers a plausible explanation for the notable bioactivities of FHP in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). This review enhances the comprehension of the underlying mechanisms associated with the bioactivity of FHP on IS.
Romer‐EPTI: Rotating‐view motion‐robust super‐resolution EPTI for SNR‐efficient distortion‐free in‐vivo mesoscale diffusion MRI and microstructure imaging
Authors: Dong Zijing , Reese Timothy G. , Lee Hong‐Hsi , Huang Susie Y. , Polimeni Jonathan R. , Wald Lawrence L. , Wang Fuyixue
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To overcome the major challenges in diffusion MRI (dMRI) acquisition, including limited SNR, distortion/blurring, and susceptibility to motion artifacts.

Theory and Methods

A novel Romer‐EPTI technique is developed to achieve SNR‐efficient acquisition while providing distortion‐free imaging, minimal spatial blurring, high motion robustness, and simultaneous multi‐TE imaging. It introduces a ROtating‐view Motion‐robust supEr‐Resolution technique (Romer) combined with a distortion/blurring‐free Echo Planar Time‐resolved Imaging (EPTI) readout. Romer enhances SNR through simultaneous multi‐thick‐slice acquisition with rotating‐view encoding, while providing high motion‐robustness via a high‐fidelity, motion‐aware super‐resolution reconstruction. Instead of EPI, the in‐plane encoding is performed using EPTI readout to prevent geometric distortion, T2/T2*‐blurring, and importantly, dynamic distortions that could introduce additional blurring/artifacts after super‐resolution reconstruction due to combining volumes with inconsistent geometries. This further improves effective spatial resolution and motion robustness. Additional developments include strategies to address slab‐boundary artifacts, achieve minimized TE and optimized readout for additional SNR gain, and increase robustness to strong phase variations at high b‐values.

Results

Using Romer‐EPTI, we demonstrated distortion‐free whole‐brain mesoscale in‐vivo dMRI at both 3T (500‐μm isotropic [iso] resolution) and 7T (485‐μm iso resolution) for the first time. Motion experiments demonstrated the technique's motion robustness and its ability to obtain high‐resolution diffusion images in the presence of subject motion. Romer‐EPTI also demonstrated high SNR gain and robustness in high b‐value (b = 5000 s/mm2) and time‐dependent dMRI.

Conclusion

The high SNR efficiency, improved image quality, and motion robustness of Romer‐EPTI make it a highly efficient acquisition for high‐resolution dMRI and microstructure imaging.
Evaluation of an integrated variable flip angle protocol to estimate coil B1 for hyperpolarized MRI
Authors: Yeung Kylie , Ng Kher Lik , McGing Jordan J. , Axford Aaron , Birkhoelzer Sarah , Shinozaki Ayaka , Ricchi Mattia , Sgambelluri Noemi , Zaccagna Fulvio , Mills Rebecca , Lewis Andrew J. M. , Rayner Jennifer J. , Ravetz Zack , Berner Lise , Jacob Kenneth , McIntyre Anthony , Durrant Marianne , Rider Oliver J. , Schulte Rolf F. , Gleeson Fergus V. , Tyler Damian J. , Grist James T.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to validate a simple and versatile integrated variable flip angle (VFA) method for mapping B1 in hyperpolarized MRI, which can be used to correct signal variations due to coil inhomogeneity.

Theory and Methods

Simulations were run to assess performance of the VFA B1 mapping method compared to the currently used constant flip angle (CFA) approach. Simulation results were used to inform the design of VFA sequences, validated in four volunteers for hyperpolarized xenon‐129 imaging of the lungs and another four volunteers for hyperpolarized carbon‐13 imaging of the human brain. B1 maps obtained were used to correct transmit and receive inhomogeneity in the images.

Results

Simulations showed improved performance of the VFA approach over the CFA approach with reduced sensitivity to T1. For xenon‐129, the B1 maps accurately reflected the variation of signal depolarization, but in some cases could not be used to correct for coil receive inhomogeneity due to a lack of transmit‐receive reciprocity resulting from suboptimal coil positioning. For carbon‐13, the B1 maps showed good agreement with a separately acquired B1 map of a phantom and were effectively used to correct coil‐induced signal inhomogeneity.

Conclusion

A simple, versatile, and effective VFA B1 mapping method was implemented and evaluated. Inclusion of the B1 mapping method in hyperpolarized imaging studies can enable more robust signal quantification.
An Anatomical Pathogenesis for Science and Surgery of the Working Group's Recommendations for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Petros Peter E. P.
Published: November 2024

Aims

To provide a brief anatomical pathogenesis of the Working Group SUI publication recommendations.

Methods and Results

The anatomical science and surgical practice presented here formed the original basis for the MUS and other bladder dysfunctions, updated to 2024 with videos: https://atm.amegroups.org/issue/view/1400. Bladder control is binary, from outside the bladder, with ONLY two modes, EITHER closed (continence) OR open (micturition). The key concept for surgical repair of stress (SUI) and other types of urinary dysfunctions, is the role of three balanced oppositely‐acting muscle forces which contract against PUL (pubourethral ligament) and USL (uterosacral ligaments) to close urethra, open it before evacuation and stretch vagina to prevent premature activation of micturition, perceived as “urge to go.” Collagen‐induced weakness in PUL or USL may cause dysfunction in all three of these activities, which can be improved or cured by collagen‐creating ligament repair techniques (e.g., slings). It is important to diagnose Tethered Vagina Syndrome (TVS), iatrogenic scarring at bladder neck, much more frequent since large vaginal mesh implantation. TVS is often confused with SUI, as its cardinal symptom is massive urine loss with the “effort” of getting out of bed. Sling surgery worsens TVS as it adds more scar. Vaginal skin graft is required to restore elasticity and continence.

Conclusions

“Anatomical defects in binary control may cause SUI, retention or urge,” and are potentially repairable. With regard to SUI, “a normal PUL does not lengthen during effort.”
The Psychologically Rich Life Questionnaire in China
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Davey Gareth , Wan Xiangxing
Published: November 2024

Research on psychological richness in China and in adolescents is limited. We validated the 17‐item Psychologically Rich Life Questionnaire in a sample of 1794 Chinese high school students. Internal consistency was adequate, and a two‐factor structure was found.
Psyllid‐mite interactions promote psyllid fecundity by selecting for a different life history
Authors: Wu Pengxiang , Xu Jiaqi , Fu Ruchen , Lin Qiaoling , Liu Chang , Wang Yanan
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

In interspecific competitive interactions at the same trophic level, herbivores are often hypothesized to exhibit a fast life‐history strategy characterized by early reproduction and a short lifespan. Here, we analyzed the shift in life history of the psyllid Bactericera gobica when it interacts with the aphid Aphis gossypii, the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, or the mite Aceria pallida in similar ecological niches because all of them cause damage to goji berry leaves.

RESULTS

We found that psyllids displayed a typical fast life history when interacting with aphids and thrips. Psyllids that interacted with mites also reproduced earlier than those without any interactions, but later than those interacting with aphids and thrips. Trophic competition typically led to a loss of fecundity in psyllids. To mitigate this loss, psyllids that interacted with mites allocated more resources to reproduction compared to those interacting with aphids and thrips, resulting in their reproduction being spread over a longer lifespan. This life history can be best described as a bet‐hedging strategy.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that interspecific interactions cannot be solely explained by invoking faster life histories. Instead, the shift in life history may converge towards a finely‐tuned match between interacting species. Interactions between psyllids and mites increase psyllid fecundity, potentially promoting the persistence of both species. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
RNAi‐based transgenic maize to control double‐spotted leaf beetle (Monolepta hieroglyphica)
Authors: Wang Fahao , Zhou Kangdi , Yu Yifan , Peng Luyao , Ye Yuxuan , Lin Chaoyang , Xu Chao , Shen Zhicheng
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

The double‐spotted leaf beetle (DLB), Monolepta hieroglyphica, is becoming a significant corn pest in China. It mainly attacks corn silk and developing kernels during the adult stage and is causing significant corn yield loss in north‐eastern China. The damage caused by DLB is expected to worsen as pesticide usage is likely to decrease along with the upcoming commercial planting of transgenic lepidopteran‐resistant maize in China. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop transgenic corn for DLB resistance.

RESULTS

Three target genes, MhSsj1, MhSnf7 and MhSec23A were cloned from DLB by their sequence similarity to their corresponding homologous genes known for their effectiveness as RNA interference (RNAi) targets in western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera). Injection of the double‐stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) of MhSsj1, MhSnf7 and MhSec23A to DLB adults was highly effective to suppress the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of these genes and resulted in high mortality. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was observed among the dsRNAs of these three target genes. Transgenic maize plants simultaneously transcribing dsRNAs of any two of the three target genes were found to be highly resistant to DLB adults, showcasing the potential of utilizing RNAi‐based strategy for transgenic DLB control.

CONCLUSION

MhSsj1, MhSnf7 and MhSec23A are effective RNAi target genes and transgenic corn based on suppression of these genes by RNAi are effective for controlling adult DLB. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Linalool fumigation improves mating competitiveness of males for population suppression of the global fruit pest Cydia pomonella
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Wang , Wang Peng‐Cheng , Wang Yan , Wang Jie‐Qiong , Gao Ping , Ji Qing‐E , Yang Xue‐Qing
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

The implementation of sterile insect technique (SIT) has proven effective in the area‐wide suppression of several significant agricultural and sanitary pests by using traditional cobalt‐60 (60Co‐γ) as a radiation source. Recently, X‐ray has been validated as a feasible alternative to 60Co‐γ radiation sources. Nonetheless, higher doses of X‐ray irradiation led to insect sterility but diminish mating competitiveness, thereby impacting the effectiveness of SIT applications.

RESULTS

In this study, we assessed the impact of various X‐ray irradiation doses (ranging from 0 to 366 Gy) on the fecundity, fertility, and mating competitiveness of Cydia pomonella, a globally invasive fruit pest. Results demonstrated that the sterility rate of irradiated males increased with dose up to 200 Gy, then stabilized. Exposure to 200 Gy reduced male mating competitiveness, with competitiveness index (CI) values of 0.17 in the laboratory and 0.096 in the orchard. This decline is likely linked to the decreased expression of genes associated with sex pheromones recognition, such as CpomOR3a, CpomOR3b, and CpomOR5, post‐irradiation. Fumigation of linalool at varying concentrations (70, 83, and 96 μL/m3) enhanced mating competitiveness of males, particularly at moderate levels, possibly by restoring pheromones recognition. Implementation of repeated releases of sterilized males on a pilot scale led to a notable reduction in the population of C. pomonella in the field.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that fumigation with plant volatiles has the potential to mitigate male sterility induced by X‐ray irradiation, offering a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of SIT applications for the control of C. pomonella. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Correlated multi‐response robust parameter design for different batches of products
Authors: Chen Xiaoying , Wang Jianjun , Zhang Suying
Published: November 2024

In the manufacturing process of products, it is common to produce in batches, and such complex products often have many interrelated processes and interdependent components. These lead to mutual correlations among multiple responses, correlations among response observations, and a complex relationship between inputs and responses. If aforementioned relationships cannot be addressed in the robust parameter design of batch products, it will influence the predictive precision of the model, subsequently impacting the reliability of the optimization results. To tackle the above three types of associations in products with batch effects, we propose a new approach, namely, the semiparametric mixed‐effects modeling approach for multi‐response correlation. Specifically, we begin by developing a multi‐response Bayesian semiparametric mixed‐effects model using spline, and then construct a multivariate loss function to obtain the optimal operating conditions, subsequently calculating the value of the entropy‐based weighted satisfaction function. The validity of the suggested method in modeling and optimization is verified through a simulation study and 3D printing example analysis.
Comparison of Environmental Footprint for Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Liquids and Solids Treatment Technologies
Authors: Molzahn Paige , Collins Betsy , DiGuiseppi William
Published: November 2024

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination is a critical worldwide issue due to their widespread industrial use and persistence in the environment. PFAS treatment technologies are being applied to address the challenges associated with these substances. Selection of the appropriate treatment technology requires the assessment of many variables before full‐scale implementation. Factors such as cost, effectiveness, availability, and expected treatment duration are commonly considered; however, it is important to also consider the environmental footprint, which is the impact on the environment from the energy and materials used in implementing the treatment technology itself. The low PFAS treatment levels promulgated thus far, such as US Environmental Protection Agency drinking water Maximum Contaminant Levels of 4 ng/L for perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid, as well as future low cleanup standards for other compounds and impacted media, will require long‐term remedial actions. Understanding the environmental impacts for PFAS treatment technologies can provide additional insights to be considered during the remedy selection. The authors conducted a comparison study of a wide range of PFAS treatment technology types for both liquids and solids, operating under limited but realistic hypothetical scenarios. The results present the approximate expected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of each technology type and scenario, compared to one another for the treatment of two key target compounds: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The liquid treatment technology types considered in this evaluation include technologies that concentrate or separate PFAS from the liquid media (such as ion exchange, granular activated carbon, and foam fractionation), technologies that destroy PFAS (such as supercritical water oxidation and electrochemical oxidation), and landfill disposal via solidification. In practice, remedial solutions for a given site might include both a concentration/separation step and a destruction step. These combinations were not evaluated in this comparison. The solids treatment technologies considered included thermal desorption, soil washing, soil stabilization, and excavation and disposal at a landfill. The factors included in each scenario were material production, material and equipment transportation, equipment and energy use, and material disposal, as these were considered to be the largest contributors to GHG emissions.
Intelligent Driving Vehicle Trajectory Tracking Control Based on an Improved Fractional‐Order Super‐Twisting Sliding Mode Control Strategy
Authors: Ma Baosen , Pei Wenhui , Zhang Qi , Zhang Yu
Published: November 2024

Aiming at resolving trajectory tracking control challenges during high‐speed lane changes in intelligent driving vehicles, an innovative fractional‐order sliding mode control approach is introduced in the present study. The control strategy comprises upper and lower‐level controls. First, the upper‐level control designs the vehicle trajectory tracking controller, integrating a non‐singular terminal sliding mode (NTSM) surface with a fractional‐order fast super‐twisted sliding mode control (FOF‐STSMC) algorithm. The NTSM surface properties ensure rapid convergence of the system tracking error to zero within a finite time, while the fractional‐order control extends the control system's regulation range and enhances algorithm flexibility. Additionally, the integration with the super‐twisting algorithm effectively mitigates oscillation issues in the control input, achieving a smooth input. Second, the lower‐level control aims to enhance vehicle driving stability. Utilizing the reference yaw rate, and sideslip angle and accounting for tire force saturation, a fractional‐order sliding mode control (FOSMC) algorithm is developed to compute the external yaw moment. Through dynamic load allocation, considering the vertical load for each tire, intelligent external yaw moment distribution significantly improves vehicle stability. Finally, the results of the Carsim–Simulink co‐simulation demonstrate that, compared to the STSMC strategy, the FOSMC strategy with front‐wheel‐only steering, and the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control strategy, the proposed control strategy in this paper reduces the tracking error by 77%, 61%, and 58%, respectively, achieving more precise and stable trajectory tracking under high‐speed conditions.
Reinforced Borrowing Framework: Leveraging Auxiliary Data for Individualized Inference
Authors: Ji Ziyu , Wolfson Julian
Published: November 2024

Increasingly during the past decade, researchers have sought to leverage auxiliary data for enhancing individualized inference. Many existing methods, such as multisource exchangeability models (MEM), have been developed to borrow information from multiple supplemental sources to support parameter inference in a primary source. MEM and its alternatives decide how much information to borrow based on the exchangeability of the primary and supplemental sources, where exchangeability is defined as equality of the target parameter. Other information that may also help determine the exchangeability of sources is ignored. In this article, we propose a generalized reinforced borrowing framework (RBF) leveraging auxiliary data for enhancing individualized inference using a distance‐embedded prior which uses data not only about the target parameter but also uses different types of auxiliary information sources to “reinforce” inference on the target parameter. RBF improves inference with minimal additional computational burden. We demonstrate the application of RBF to a study investigating the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on individual activity and transportation behaviors, where RBF achieves 20%–40% lower MSE compared with existing methods.
Powerful Test of Heterogeneity in Two‐Sample Summary‐Data Mendelian Randomization
Authors: Wang Kai , Alberding Steven Y.
Published: November 2024

Background

The success of a Mendelian randomization (MR) study critically depends on the validity of the assumptions underlying MR. We focus on detecting heterogeneity (also known as horizontal pleiotropy) in two‐sample summary‐data MR. A popular approach is to apply Cochran's statistic method, developed for meta‐analysis. However, Cochran's statistic, including its modifications, is known to lack power when its degrees of freedom are large. Furthermore, there is no theoretical justification for the claimed null distribution of the minimum of the modified Cochran's statistic with exact weighting (), although it seems to perform well in simulation studies.

Method

The principle of our proposed method is straightforward: if a set of variables are valid instruments, then any linear combination of these variables is still a valid instrument. Specifically, this principle holds when these linear combinations are formed using eigenvectors derived from a variance matrix. Each linear combination follows a known normal distribution from which a value can be calculated. We use the minimum value for these eigenvector‐based linear combinations as the test statistic. Additionally, we explore a modification of the modified Cochran's statistic by replacing the weighting matrix with a truncated singular value decomposition.

Results

Extensive simulation studies reveal that the proposed methods outperform Cochran's statistic, including those with modified weights, and MR‐PRESSO, another popular method for detecting heterogeneity, in cases where the number of instruments is not large or the Wald ratios take two values. We also demonstrate these methods using empirical examples. Furthermore, we show that does not follow, but is dominated by, the claimed null chi‐square distribution. The proposed methods are implemented in an R package iGasso.

Conclusions

Dimension reduction techniques are useful for generating powerful tests of heterogeneity in MR.
Unlocking the Potential of Nanocellulose: Transforming Cellulose Into a Sustainable Resource for Innovative Applications
Authors: Mavlankar Guruprasad R. , Bhatu Minakshi N. , Baikar Prajakta P. , Patil Shubhangi P.
Published: November 2024

Since cellulose is the most common biopolymer in the world, there has been a lot of interest in its nanoscale version called nanocellulose due to the growing demand for sustainable products. To validate nanocellulose as a key component in the shift to a bio‐based economy, this review provides a thorough and critical assessment of the valorization of cellulose into nanocellulose, highlighting its unique properties, cutting‐edge extraction methods, surface modifications, and multiple applications. The study thoroughly compares nanocellulose with other natural and synthetic polymers, in contrast to earlier research, emphasizing the latter's inferior mechanical qualities, biocompatibility, and adaptability. In addition, we discuss recent developments in surface modification and extraction techniques that improve the performance of nanocellulose in high‐impact applications like medication administration, electronics, packaging, and environmental remediation. This analysis demonstrates the economic and sustainability potential of nanocellulose and suggests strategic options for future research by summarizing recent advances and identifying research gaps. Our study shows that turning cellulose into nanocellulose is valuable not just as a research project but also as a critical first step in creating long‐lasting materials to deal with the pressing issues of the twenty‐first century.
The Effects of Coagulation on Adsorption of Micropollutants in Waste Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Özdemir Kadir
Published: November 2024

In this study, the potential positive or negative effects of the coagulation process during the adsorption of micropollutants were investigated in treated waste water. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were employed as adsorbents in batch adsorption processes. Alum was used as a coagulant in batch coagulation experiments carried out in the laboratory to coagulate water samples obtained from effluents at the advanced biological wastewater treatment plant in the center of Zonguldak (ZWWTP), Turkey. The ultrafiltration process (UF) was used to demonstrate the importance of the dissolved organic matter content (DOM) for the removal of micropollutants by coagulation and adsorption. Consequently, coagulation was found to be effective in the removal of hydrophobic organics, that is, DOM fractions with molecular weights of 5 kDa and 1–3 kDa, while adsorption with SWCNT was effective in the removal of hydrophilic organics (<1 kDa). SWCNT adsorption was effective for the removal of carbamazepine, diclofenac, and triclosan in combined treatment steps. Furthermore, the removal of carbamazepine, diclofenac, and triclosan was above 90% with SWCNT adsorption before coagulation. It was concluded that the significant correlation between micropollutant removal and the reduction in UV254 is attributed to the general non‐selectivity of adsorption on the SWCNTs surface. Micropollutants and UV254 absorbing compounds adsorb simultaneously. It can be reasonably deduced that a high/low adsorptive removal of a specific micropollutant is typically accompanied by a high/low removal of UV254‐absorbing substances. Even though the majority of micropollutants also absorb UV254, their concentrations in municipal wastewater are insignificant in comparison to the overall UV254 measurements. Hence, correcting the actual UV254 measurements of the combined treatment for removal by coagulation produces adsorptive UV254 removal. In other words, if the removal of UV254 by coagulation is already known, the actual UV254 measurements obtained in a combined treatment step can be adjusted to produce UV254 removal by SWCNT adsorption. Therefore, UV254 can be used as a control parameter for carbamazepine, diclofenac, and triclosan removal and SWCNT dosing control utilizing differential UV254 measurements can be implemented.
Design, Synthesis, and Molecular Docking Analysis of 4‐Quinolone‐2‐Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Verma Ekta , Mishra Shweta , Pal Mahendra Kumar , Patil Shailendra , Gajbhiye Asmita
Published: November 2024

Quinolones represent a class of potent antibacterial agents that primarily function by inhibiting bacterial topoisomerases and DNA gyrase. A crucial feature of their structure is a carboxylic acid group at the C‐3 position, which facilitates interaction with the active sites of these enzymes. Since the mid‐20th century, the emergence and proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have posed significant challenges in society, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic agents. In this context, a new series of quinolone derivatives has been designed and synthesized based on transtorine. All synthesized compounds were tested against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, as well as three fungal strains. Among the new compounds, 5a, 5d, and 5f demonstrated superior activity against Gram‐negative bacteria, with 5a showing notable effectiveness against P. aeruginosa compared to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. However, none of the compounds exhibited activity against fungal strains. Molecular docking studies revealed that compound 5a inhibited five bacterial proteins, primarily targeting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Additionally, ADMET parameters indicated that the promising compounds are suitable for oral administration with limited penetration across the blood–brain barrier compared to existing standards. This research indicates a potential pathway for developing new quinolone‐based antibiotics in the fight against AMR.