bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Memory Load and Test Position on Short-Duration Sustained Attention Tasks
Authors: Laurie-Rose Cynthia , Frey Meredith C. , Sibata Erick , Zamary Amanda
Published: October 2015

The current study applies a dual-task working memory and vigilance task to examine sustained attention performance and perceived workload in a multi-instrument battery. In Experiment 1 we modified a task developed by Helton and Russell (2011) to examine declines in performance and to assess the effects of its position within a larger battery. Experiment 1 failed to reveal a sensitivity decrement, and test position revealed only spurious influence. Workload scores derived from the NASA-TLX fell at the high end of the scale, with mental and temporal demand receiving the highest ratings. In Experiment 2, we modified the dual task to place more emphasis on attention rather than working memory. Results revealed a significant decline in performance across the vigil for the perceptual sensitivity index A′. Test position (early vs. late) effects appeared with the reaction time variability measure, with performance becoming more variable when the task appeared in the latter half of the battery. Workload scores varied according to position in the battery: Workload scores were higher when the vigilance task appeared in the latter half of the battery. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Homogenization of Classification Functions Measurement (HOCFUN): A Method for Measuring the Salience of Emotional Arousal in Thinking
Authors: Tonti Marco , Salvatore Sergio
Published: October 2015

The problem of the measurement of emotion is a widely debated one. In this article we propose an instrument, the Homogenization of Classification Functions Measure (HOCFUN), designed for assessing the influence of emotional arousal on a rating task consisting of the evaluation of a sequence of images. The instrument defines an indicator (κ) that measures the degree of homogenization of the ratings given over 2 rating scales (pleasant–unpleasant and relevant– irrelevant). Such a degree of homogenization is interpreted as the effect of emotional arousal on thinking and therefore lends itself to be used as a marker of emotional arousal. A preliminary study of validation was implemented. The association of the κ indicator with 3 additional indicators was analyzed. Consistent with the hypotheses, the κ indicator proved to be associated, even if weakly and nonlinearly, with a marker of the homogenization of classification functions derived from a separate rating task and with 2 indirect indicators of emotional activation: the speed of performance on the HOCFUN task and an indicator of mood intensity. Taken as a whole, such results provide initial evidence supporting the HOCFUN construct validity.
ANGPTL4 mediates shuttling of lipid fuel to brown adipose tissue during sustained cold exposure
Authors: Dijk Wieneke , Heine Markus , Vergnes Laurent , Boon Mariëtte R , Schaart Gert , Hesselink Matthijs KC , Reue Karen , van Marken Lichtenbelt Wouter D , Olivecrona Gunilla , Rensen Patrick CN , Heeren Joerg , Kersten Sander
Published: October 2015

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation via cold exposure is increasingly scrutinized as a potential approach to ameliorate cardio-metabolic risk. Transition to cold temperatures requires changes in the partitioning of energy substrates, re-routing fatty acids to BAT to fuel non-shivering thermogenesis. However, the mechanisms behind the redistribution of energy substrates to BAT remain largely unknown. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), a protein that inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, is highly expressed in BAT. Here, we demonstrate that ANGPTL4 is part of a shuttling mechanism that directs fatty acids derived from circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to BAT during cold. Specifically, we show that cold markedly down-regulates ANGPTL4 in BAT, likely via activation of AMPK, enhancing LPL activity and uptake of plasma triglyceride-derived fatty acids. In contrast, cold up-regulates ANGPTL4 in WAT, abolishing a cold-induced increase in LPL activity. Together, our data indicate that ANGPTL4 is an important regulator of plasma lipid partitioning during sustained cold.
Localized hypoxia within the subgranular zone determines the early survival of newborn hippocampal granule cells
Authors: Chatzi Christina , Schnell Eric , Westbrook Gary L
Published: October 2015

The majority of adult hippocampal newborn cells die during early differentiation from intermediate progenitors (IPCs) to immature neurons. Neural stem cells in vivo are located in a relative hypoxic environment, and hypoxia enhances their survival, proliferation and stemness in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that migration of IPCs away from hypoxic zones within the SGZ might result in oxidative damage, thus triggering cell death. Hypoxic niches were observed along the SGZ, composed of adult NSCs and early IPCs, and oxidative byproducts were present in adjacent late IPCs and neuroblasts. Stabilizing hypoxia inducible factor-1α with dimethyloxallyl glycine increased early survival, but not proliferation or differentiation, in neurospheres in vitro and in newly born SGZ cells in vivo. Rescue experiments in Baxfl/fl mutants supported these results. We propose that localized hypoxia within the SGZ contributes to the neurogenic microenvironment and determines the early, activity-independent survival of adult hippocampal newborn cells.
Focusing of upward fluid migration beneath volcanic arcs: Effect of mineral grain size variation in the mantle wedge
Authors: Wada Ikuko , Behn Mark D.
Published: October 2015

We use numerical models to investigate the effects of mineral grain size variation on fluid migration in the mantle wedge at subduction zones and on the location of the volcanic arc. Previous coupled thermal‐grain size evolution (T‐GSE) models predict small grain size (<1 mm) in the corner flow of the mantle wedge, a downdip grain size increase by ∼2 orders of magnitude along the base of the mantle wedge, and finer grain size in the mantle wedge for colder‐slab subduction zones. We integrate these T‐GSE modeling results with a fluid migration model, in which permeability depends on grain size, and fluid flow through a moving mantle matrix is driven by fluid buoyancy and dynamic pressure gradients induced by mantle flow. Our modeling results indicate that fluids introduced along the base of the mantle wedge beneath the fore arc are initially dragged downdip by corner flow due to the small grain size and low permeability immediately above the slab. As grain size increases with depth, permeability increases, resulting in upward fluid migration. Fluids released beneath the arc and the back arc are also initially dragged downdip, but typically are not transported as far laterally before they begin to travel upward. As the fluids rise through the back‐arc mantle wedge, they become deflected toward the trench due to the effect of mantle inflow. The combination of downdip migration in the fore arc and trench‐ward migration in the back arc results in pathways that focus fluids beneath the arc.
Daytime plasma drifts in the equatorial lower ionosphere
Authors: Hui Debrup , Fejer Bela G.
Published: October 2015

We have used extensive radar measurements from the Jicamarca Observatory during low solar flux periods to study the quiet time variability and altitudinal dependence of equatorial daytime vertical and zonal plasma drifts. The daytime vertical drifts are upward and have largest values during September–October. The day‐to‐day variability of these drifts does not change with height between 150 and 600 km, but the bimonthly variability is much larger in the F region than below about 200 km. These drifts vary linearly with height generally increasing in the morning and decreasing in the afternoon. The zonal drifts are westward during the day and have largest values during July–October. The 150 km region zonal drifts have much larger day‐to‐day, but much smaller bimonthly variability than the F region drifts. The daytime zonal drifts strongly increase with height up to about 300 km from March through October, and more weakly at higher altitudes. The December solstice zonal drifts have generally weaker altitudinal dependence, except perhaps below 200 km. Current theoretical and general circulation models do not reproduce the observed altitudinal variation of the daytime equatorial zonal drifts.
Toward an object‐based assessment of high‐resolution forecasts of long‐lived convective precipitation in the central U.S.
Authors: Bytheway Janice L. , Kummerow Christian D.
Published: October 2015

Forecast models have seen vast improvements in recent years, via both increased resolutions and the ability to assimilate observational data, particularly that which has been affected by clouds and precipitation. The High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model is an hourly updated, 3 km model designed for forecasting convective precipitation recently deployed for operational use over the U.S. that initializes latent heating profiles as a function of assimilated radar reflectivity. An object‐oriented verification process was developed to validate experimental HRRR convective precipitation forecasts during the 2013 warm season using the NCEP Stage IV multisensor precipitation product. A database of 467 convective precipitation features that were observed during the forecast assimilation period and their corresponding HRRR forecast precipitation features was created. This database was used to evaluate model performance over the entire forecast period, and to relate that performance to model processes, especially those related to precipitation production. Generally, HRRR precipitation is located within 30 km of the observed throughout the forecast period. Validation statistics are best at forecast hour 3, with median biases in mean, maximum, and total rainfall and raining area near 0%. Earlier in the forecast, median biases in the mean and maximum rain rate exceed 30%, with bias values often exceeding 150%. The median bias in areal extent at the beginning of the forecast is near −40%. This low areal bias and POD values <0.6 appear to be related to the model's ability to produce deep convection relative to atmospheric moisture content and concentration of rainfall in convective cores.
Synthesis of Geomagnetically Induced Currents: Commentary and Research
Authors: Knipp Delores J.
Published: October 2015

Key Points

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) have been the bane of technology‐dependent societies

The highest concern for GICs is presently associated with regional high‐voltage power grids

This collection brings together a broad group of papers highlighting the societal relevance of GICs
Forward to space weather collection on geomagnetically induced currents: Commentary and research
Authors: Knipp Delores J.
Published: October 2015

This forward to the Special Collection (SC) on geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) describes the motivation for the SC, the association between space weather and GICs, the contributions of early papers on tellurics, and our intention to have the SC be a living document.
Programmable Elastic Metamaterials
Authors: Haghpanah Babak , Ebrahimi Hamid , Mousanezhad Davood , Hopkins Jonathan , Vaziri Ashkan
Published: October 2015

We introduce a novel concept for the design of programmable‐elasticity metamaterials; materials whose elastic properties can be modified instantaneously and reversibly on demand. Real‐time tunable linear and nonlinear elastic moduli are obtained in lattice materials by adjustment of strut connectivity via actuation of embedded electromagnetic locks. The Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of prototype 2D materials are varied instantaneously by more than 2 orders of magnitude and between 0.15 and 0.9, respectively. The buckling strength of the structure is altered by an order of magnitude between two bifurcation states associated with a centrosymmetric and an anti‐chiral buckling pattern.
Morphological Changes in Skin Glands During Development inRhinella Arenarum(Anura: Bufonidae)
Authors: Regueira Eleonora , Dávila Camila , Hermida Gladys N.
Published: October 2015

Avoiding predation is critical to survival of animals; chemical defenses represent a common strategy among amphibians. In this study, we examined histologically the morphology of skin glands and types of secretions related to chemical skin defense during ontogeny ofRhinella arenarum. Prior to metamorphic climax the epidermis contains typical bufonid giant cells producing a mucous substance supposedly involved in triggering a flight reaction of the tadpole school. An apical layer of alcianophilic mucus covers the epidermis, which could produce the unpleasant taste of bufonid tadpoles. Giant cells disappear by onset of metamorphic climax, when multicellular glands start developing, but the apical mucous layer remains. By the end of climax, neither the granular glands of the dorsum nor the parotoid regions are completely developed. Conversely, by the end of metamorphosis the mucous glands are partially developed and secrete mucus. Adults have at least three types of granular glands, which we designate type A (acidophilic), type B (basophilic) and ventral (mucous). Polymorphic granular glands distribute differently in the body: dorsal granular glands between warts and in the periphery of parotoids contain protein; granular glands of big warts and in the central region of parotoids contain catecholamines, lipids, and glycoconjugates, whereas ventral granular glands produce acidic glycoconjugates. Mucous glands produce both mucus and proteins. Results suggest that in early juveniles the chemical skin defense mechanisms are not functional. Topographical differences in adult skin secretions suggest that granular glands from the big warts in the skin produce similar toxins to the parotoid glands. Anat Rec, 299:141–156, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association Between Initial Oral Therapy and Outcomes in Systemic Sclerosis–Related Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Lammi Matthew R. , Mathai Stephen C. , Saketkoo Lesley Ann , Domsic Robyn T. , Bojanowski Christine , Furst Daniel E. , Steen Virginia D. ,   for the Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma Investigators
Published: October 2015

Objective

To compare time to clinical worsening (TTCW) based on initial oral therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc)–related PAH.

Methods

Using data from the Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma (PHAROS) registry (a multicenter prospective observational study enrolling SSc patients with incident pulmonary hypertension), we selected patients with group 1 PAH (World Health Organization Clinical Classification system) who received initial therapy (for 6 months) with an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA), a phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, or a combination of these 2 agents (ERA/PDE5 inhibitor). The main outcome was TTCW, defined as the first occurrence of death, PAH‐related hospitalization, lung transplantation, initiation of parenteral prostacyclin treatment, or worsening symptoms.

Results

Ninety‐eight patients (24 in the ERA group, 59 in the PDE5 inhibitor group, and 15 in the ERA/PDE5 inhibitor group) were included. No significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients were observed. TTCW was significantly worse in patients in the ERA group compared with those in the PDE5 inhibitor group or the ERA/PDE5 inhibitor group. Ten patients (41.6%) in the ERA group died during the 3‐year observation period, compared with 4 patients (6.8%) in the PDE5 inhibitor group and 1 patient (6.7%) in the ERA/PDE5 inhibitor group. Baseline factors that were independently associated with a shorter TTCW were initial treatment with an ERA (hazard ratio [HR] 2.63 [P = 0.009]), lower diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (HR 0.69 per 10% of predicted change [P = 0.04]), and higher pulmonary vascular resistance (HR 1.10 per Wood unit change [P = 0.007]).

Conclusion

Compared with initial treatment with a PDE5 inhibitor or combination therapy with an ERA and a PDE5 inhibitor, initial therapy with an ERA in patients with SSc‐related PAH was associated with significantly worse TTCW, even after adjustment for commonly accepted prognostic factors. Further study into the optimal initial oral therapy for patients with SSc‐related PAH is needed.
Ligand‐inducible dimeric antibody for selecting antibodies against a membrane protein based on mammalian cell proliferation
Authors: Miura Tomohiro , Nagamune Teruyuki , Kawahara Masahiro
Published: October 2015

A method for selecting antibodies against a membrane protein is important for attaining a variety of antibody‐based diagnostics and therapies. In this study, we propose a novel system to select specific antibodies against a membrane protein based on mammalian cell proliferation as a readout. The system employs a chimeric membrane protein in which a target membrane protein of interest is fused to the intracellular signaling domain of a cytokine receptor. The chimeric membrane protein transduces a cell proliferation signal through dimerization when co‐expressed with a specific single‐chain Fv fused with a mutant of FK‐binding protein 12 (scFv‐Fk) that can be conditionally dimerized by a synthetic ligand AP20187. To demonstrate this system, ErbB2 and gp130 were chosen as the target membrane protein and cytokine receptor, respectively. Consequently, co‐expression of the ErbB2/gp130 chimera and ErbB2‐specific scFv‐Fk rendered the cells proliferative in response to AP20187. The system also allowed selection of high‐affinity binders from a mixture composed of dominant low‐affinity binders. This system may be extended to affinity maturation of scFvs by modulating AP20187 concentration in the selection process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1113–1123. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterizing and predicting carboxylic acid reductase activity for diversifying bioaldehyde production
Authors: Moura Matthew , Pertusi Dante , Lenzini Stephen , Bhan Namita , Broadbelt Linda J. , Tyo Keith E.J.
Published: October 2015

Chemicals with aldehyde moieties are useful in the synthesis of polymerization reagents, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, flavors, and fragrances because of their high reactivity. However, chemical synthesis of aldehydes from carboxylic acids has unfavorable thermodynamics and limited specificity. Enzymatically catalyzed reductive bioaldehyde synthesis is an attractive route that overcomes unfavorable thermodynamics by ATP hydrolysis in ambient, aqueous conditions. Carboxylic acid reductases (Cars) are particularly attractive, as only one enzyme is required. We sought to increase the knowledge base of permitted substrates for four Cars. Additionally, the Lys2 enzyme family was found to be mechanistically the same as Cars and two isozymes were also tested. Our results show that Cars prefer molecules where the carboxylic acid is the only polar/charged group. Using this data and other published data, we develop a support vector classifier (SVC) for predicting Car reactivity and make predictions on all carboxylic acid metabolites in iAF1260 and Model SEED. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 944–952. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production in Pichia pastoris of protein‐based polymers with small heterodimer‐forming blocks
Authors: Domeradzka Natalia E. , Werten Marc W.T. , de Vries Renko , de Wolf Frits A.
Published: October 2015

Some combinations of leucine zipper peptides are capable of forming α‐helical heterodimeric coiled coils with very high affinity. These can be used as physical cross‐linkers in the design of protein‐based polymers that form supramolecular structures, for example hydrogels, upon mixing solutions containing the complementary blocks. Such two‐component physical networks are of interest for many applications in biomedicine, pharmaceutics, and diagnostics. This article describes the efficient secretory production of A and B type leucine zipper peptides fused to protein‐based polymers in Pichia pastoris. By adjusting the fermentation conditions, we were able to significantly reduce undesirable proteolytic degradation. The formation of A‐B heterodimers in mixtures of the purified products was confirmed by size exclusion chromatography. Our results demonstrate that protein‐based polymers incorporating functional heterodimer‐forming blocks can be produced with P. pastoris in sufficient quantities for use in future supramolecular self‐assembly studies and in various applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 953–960. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering Rhodosporidium toruloides for increased lipid production
Authors: Zhang Shuyan , Skerker Jeffrey M. , Rutter Charles D. , Maurer Matthew J. , Arkin Adam P. , Rao Christopher V.
Published: October 2015

Oleaginous yeast are promising organisms for the production of lipid‐based chemicals and fuels from simple sugars. In this work, we explored Rhodosporidium toruloides for the production of lipid‐based products. This oleaginous yeast natively produces lipids at high titers and can grow on glucose and xylose. As a first step, we sequenced the genomes of two strains, IFO0880, and IFO0559, and generated draft assemblies and annotations. We then used this information to engineer two R. toruloides strains for increased lipid production by over‐expressing the native acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase genes using Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Our best strain, derived from IFO0880, was able to produce 16.4 ± 1.1 g/L lipid from 70 g/L glucose and 9.5 ± 1.3 g/L lipid from 70 g/L xylose in shake‐flask experiments. This work represents one of the first examples of metabolic engineering in R. toruloides and establishes this yeast as a new platform for production of fatty‐acid derived products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1056–1066. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The functional architecture of skeletal compared to cardiac musculature: Myocyte orientation, lamellar unit morphology, and the helical ventricular myocardial band
Authors: Stephenson Robert S. , Agger Peter , Lunkenheimer Paul P. , Zhao Jichao , Smerup Morten , Niederer Peter , Anderson Robert H. , Jarvis Jonathan C.
Published: October 2015

How the cardiomyocytes are aggregated within the heart walls remains contentious. We still do not fully understand how the end‐to‐end longitudinal myocytic chains are arranged, nor the true extent and shape of the lamellar units they aggregate to form. In this article, we show that an understanding of the complex arrangement of cardiac musculature requires knowledge of three‐dimensional myocyte orientation (helical and intrusion angle), and appreciation of myocyte packing within the connective tissue matrix. We show how visualization and segmentation of high‐resolution three‐dimensional image data can accurately identify the morphology and orientation of the myocytic chains, and the lamellar units. Some maintain that the ventricles can be unwrapped in the form of a “helical ventricular myocardial band,” that is, as a compartmentalized band with selective regional innervation and deformation, and a defined origin and insertion like most skeletal muscles. In contrast to the simpler interpretation of the helical ventricular myocardial band, we provide insight as to how the complex myocytic chains, the heterogeneous lamellar units, and connective tissue matrix form an interconnected meshwork, which facilitates the complex internal deformations of the ventricular wall. We highlight the dangers of disregarding the intruding cardiomyocytes. Preparation of the band destroys intruding myocytic chains, and thus disregards the functional implications of the antagonistic auxotonic forces they produce. We conclude that the ventricular myocardium is not analogous to skeletal muscle, but is a complex three‐dimensional meshwork, with a heterogeneous branching lamellar architecture. Clin. Anat. 29:316–332, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular profiles of high‐grade and low‐grade pseudomyxoma peritonei
Authors: Noguchi Rei , Yano Hideaki , Gohda Yoshimasa , Suda Ryuichiro , Igari Toru , Ohta Yasunori , Yamashita Naohide , Yamaguchi Kiyoshi , Terakado Yumi , Ikenoue Tsuneo , Furukawa Yoichi
Published: October 2015

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare disease exhibiting a distinct clinical feature caused by cancerous cells that produce mucinous fluid in the abdominal cavity. PMPs originate most frequently from the appendix and less frequently from the ovary. This disease can range from benign to malignant, and histologically, PMP is classified into two types: disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (DPAM) representing the milder phenotype, and peritoneal mucinous adenocarcinomas (PMCA) representing the aggressive phenotype. Although histological classification is clinically useful, the pathogenesis of PMP remains largely unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying PMP, we analyzed 18 PMP tumors comprising 10 DPAMs and 8 PMCAs. DNA was extracted from tumor and matched non‐tumorous tissues, and was sequenced using Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Panel containing 50 cancer‐related genes. Analysis of the data identified a total of 35 somatic mutations in 10 genes, and all mutations were judged as pathological mutations. Mutations were frequently identified in KRAS (14/18) and GNAS (8/18). Interestingly, TP53 mutations were found in three of the eight PMCAs, but not in the DPAMs. PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations were also identified in two PMCAs, but not in the DPAMs. These results suggested that KRAS and/or GNAS mutations are common genetic features of PMP, and that mutations in TP53 and/or genes related to the PI3K‐AKT pathway may render malignant properties to PMP. These findings may be useful for the understanding of tumor characteristics, and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies.
Dynamic Modeling of Filter‐Aid Filtration Including Surface‐ and Depth‐Filtration Effects
Authors: Kuhn Michael , Briesen Heiko
Published: October 2015

A new mechanistic model for filter‐aid filtration with incompressible cakes is presented. Surface‐ and depth‐filtration effects are considered based on a continuum mechanics approach. This leads to a moving boundary problem with sharp moving fronts. Proper mathematical and numerical methods for its solution are identified which allow fully transient simulations concerning all process variables and parameters. All relevant physical phenomena known from experimental studies are captured by the model, some of them for the first time. In two case studies, the effects of changing the filter‐aid particle diameter at a discrete time point and continuously varying the amount of filter aid with time are considered. Significant influences on the separation efficiency, the local deposit profile within the filter cake, and the overall pressure drop are found.
Fibril Film Formation of Pseudoenantiomeric Oxymethylenehelicene Oligomers at the Liquid–Solid Interface: Structural Changes, Aggregation, and Discontinuous Heterogeneous Nucleation
Authors: Shigeno Masanori , Sawato Tsukasa , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: October 2015

Oxymethylenehelicene (P)‐ and (M)‐oligomers up to a nonamer were synthesized by a building block method. The oligomers formed dimeric homoaggregates in trifluoromethylbenzene. A mixture of the pseudoenantiomeric (P)‐pentamer and (M)‐hexamer formed a heteroaggregate, which self‐assembled into one‐dimensional fibril films at the liquid–solid interface. Discontinuous heterogeneous nucleation occurred, which involved the formation of particles that were 50 nm in diameter and subsequent fibril growth from these particles. The fibril film was formed on the solid surface and the molecules remained dissociated in solution. The fibril film formation was affected by seeding and the solid surface materials.
Classroom Enters the Courtroom: Stereochemistry of SN1 and SN2 Reactions in Enantiomer Patent Litigations of the Antidepressant Escitalopram
Authors: Michman Elisheva , Agranat Israel
Published: October 2015

The role of elementary stereochemistry is illustrated in the patent litigations of the blockbuster antidepressant drug escitalopram oxalate. An undergraduate student of organic chemistry would recognize the stereochemical courses of the intramolecular SN2 and SN1 reactions of the single‐enantiomer (S)‐diol intermediate in the synthesis of the blockbuster antidepressant drug escitalopram oxalate: retention of configuration of the chiral carbon atom under basic conditions and racemization under acidic conditions, respectively. He/she, in searching for a stereoselective ring‐closure reaction of the enantiomeric diol, will think of an SN2 reaction in a basic medium. From these points of view, the process claim in the enantiomer patents of escitalopram is obvious/lacks an inventive step. An organic chemistry examination problem based on this scenario is offered. Chirality 28:39–43, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Keine Angst vor Peroxiden
Authors: Brandl Herbert , Täuscher Eric , Weiß Dieter
Published: October 2015

Mit Peroxiden assoziieren viele Menschen gefährliche, hochexplosive Chemikalien, die mitunter für terroristische Anschläge verwendet werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, die latente Angst vor einem Gebrauch peroxidhaltiger Produkte zu nehmen. Es wird ein Überblick über Vorkommen in der Natur, industrielle Herstellung, chemische Strukturen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der verschiedenen Peroxid‐Gruppen gegeben. Ein Schwerpunkt ist die Hydroperoxidbildung von Fetten, Ölen, Ethern und bestimmten Kohlenwasserstoffen bei deren Autoxidation an Luft. Effektvolle Chemolumineszenzexperimente von hydroperoxidhaltigen Verbindungen bei deren katalytischen Thermolysen mit fluoreszenzfähigen, organischen Magnesium‐ und oder Zink‐Komplexsalzen werden beschrieben.
Feenfeuer
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: October 2015

Über 70 Pilzarten können leuchtende Fruchtkörper oder Mycele ausbilden, das sogenannte Feenfeuer. Die leuchtende Substanz ist dabei Luciferin, ganz gleich, ob in Leuchtkäfern, Quallen oder Pilzen. Allerdings hat das fungale Luciferin keine strukturelle Ähnlichkeit mit den acht anderen bekannten Luciferinen. Russische und japanische Forscher haben nun das Luciferin 3‐Hydroxyhispidin identifiziert, das enzymatisch aus Hispidin bereitgestellt wird [1].
Theoretical analysis of magnetic wall decoupling method for radiative antenna arrays in ultrahigh magnetic field MRI
Authors: Yan Xinqiang , Xie Zhentian , Pedersen Jan Ole , Zhang Xiaoliang
Published: October 2015

Radiative antenna techniques, e.g., dipole and monopole, have been proposed for radiofrequency (RF) coil array designs in ultrahigh field MRI to obtain stronger B1 field and higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) gain in the areas deep inside human head or body. It is known that element decoupling performance is crucial to SNR and parallel imaging ability of array coil and has been a challenging issue in radiative antenna array designs for MR imaging. Magnetic wall or induced current elimination (ICE) technique has proven to be a simple and effective way of achieving sufficient decoupling for radiative array coils experimentally. In this study, this decoupling technique for radiative coil array was analyzed theoretically and verified by a simulation study. The decoupling conditions were derived and obtained from the theory. By applying the predicated decoupling conditions, the isolation of two radiative elements could be improved from about −8 dB to better than −35 dB. The decoupling performance has also been validated by current distribution along the radiative elements and magnetic field profiles in a water phantom. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 45B: 183–190, 2015
Architectonic mapping of somatosensory areas involved in skilled forelimb movements and tool use
Authors: Mayer Andrei , Nascimento‐Silva Márcio L. , Keher Natalia B. , Bittencourt‐Navarrete Ruben Ernesto , Gattass Ricardo , Franca João G.
Published: October 2015

Cebus monkeys stand out from other New World monkeys by their ability to perform fine hand movements, and by their spontaneous use of tools in the wild. Those behaviors rely on the integration of somatosensory information, which occurs in different areas of the parietal cortex. Although a few studies have examined and parceled the somatosensory areas of the cebus monkey, mainly using electrophysiological criteria, very little is known about its anatomical organization. In this study we used SMI‐32 immunohistochemistry, myelin, and Nissl stains to characterize the architecture of the parietal cortical areas of cebus monkeys. Seven cortical areas were identified between the precentral gyrus and the anterior bank of the intraparietal sulcus. Except for areas 3a and 3b, distinction between different somatosensory areas was more evident in myelin‐stained sections and SMI‐32 immunohistochemistry than in Nissl stain, especially for area 2 and subdivisions of area 5. Our results show that cebus monkeys have a relatively complex somatosensory cortex, similar to that of macaques and humans. This suggests that, during primate evolution, the emergence of new somatosensory areas underpinned complex manual behaviors in most Old World simians and in the New World cebus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1399–1423, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal and domain structure of acentric Bi2Pb3(GeO4)3 apatite
Authors: Otto Hans Hermann
Published: October 2015

Bi2Pb3(GeO4)3 represents an apatite of the most common P63/m family with almost empty channels along [001], indicating an actual monoclinic symmetry reduction to the P21 space group. The driving force for such structural distortions is the existence of lone pairs of electrons of both Bi3+ and Pb2+ cations and the resulting dipole momentum that needs to be compensated. Three domains compose a structure with merohedral P63 symmetry and lattice parameters of a = 10.0182(7) Å and c = 7.2612(7) Å. Additional racemic twinning was confirmed with nearly equal domain contributions leading to general twinning with six order states. The structure was solved from twinned single crystal diffraction data (CAD4, Mo‐Kα radiation) in the acentric space group P63, using threefold off‐centre split positions only for the Bi atoms to adapt monoclinic symmetry. The structure was refined to reliability factors of RF = 0.028 and wR2 = 0.044. Possible deviation from hexagonal metric could not be found by Rietveld refinement. Instead, minor phase content of 0.2% PbO was detected, consistent with a small reduction of the Pb site occupation. Although ferroic phase transformation may follow from the small deviation of atomic positions from P63/m symmetry, it could not be experimentally verified.
Developmental fluoxetine and prenatal stress effects on serotonin, dopamine, and synaptophysin density in the PFC and hippocampus of offspring at weaning
Authors: Gemmel Mary , Rayen Ine , Lotus Tiffany , van Donkelaar Eva , Steinbusch Harry W. , De Lacalle Sonsoles , Kokras Nikolaos , Dalla Christina , Pawluski Jodi L.
Published: October 2015

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication exposure during the perinatal period can have a long term impact in adult offspring on neuroplasticity and the serotonergic system, but the impact of these medications during early development is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of developmental exposure to the SSRI, fluoxetine, on the serotonergic system, dopaminergic system, and synaptophysin density in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as number of immature neurons in the dentate gyrus, in juvenile rat offspring at weaning. To model aspects of maternal depression, prenatal restraint stress was used. Sprague‐Dawley rat offspring were exposed to either prenatal stress and/or fluoxetine. Main findings show that developmental fluoxetine exposure to prenatally stressed offspring decreased 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA levels and altered the dopaminergic system in the hippocampus. Prenatal stress, regardless of fluoxetine, increased synaptophysin density in the PFC. This work indicates that early exposure to maternal stress and SSRI medication can alter brain monoamine levels and synaptophysin density in offspring at weaning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 315–327, 2016.
Experimental evidence of bark beetle adaptation to a fungal symbiont
Authors: Bracewell Ryan R. , Six Diana L.
Published: October 2015

The importance of symbiotic microbes to insects cannot be overstated; however, we have a poor understanding of the evolutionary processes that shape most insect–microbe interactions. Many bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) species are involved in what have been described as obligate mutualisms with symbiotic fungi. Beetles benefit through supplementing their nutrient‐poor diet with fungi and the fungi benefit through gaining transportation to resources. However, only a few beetle–fungal symbioses have been experimentally manipulated to test whether the relationship is obligate. Furthermore, none have tested for adaptation of beetles to their specific symbionts, one of the requirements for coevolution. We experimentally manipulated the western pine beetle–fungus symbiosis to determine whether the beetle is obligately dependent upon fungi and to test for fine‐scale adaptation of the beetle to one of its symbiotic fungi,Entomocorticiumsp. B. We reared beetles from a single population with either a natal isolate ofE. sp. B (isolated from the same population from which the beetles originated), a non‐natal isolate (a genetically divergent isolate from a geographically distant beetle population), or with no fungi. We found that fungi were crucial for the successful development of western pine beetles. We also found no significant difference in the effects of the natal and non‐natal isolate on beetle fitness parameters. However, brood adult beetles failed to incorporate the non‐natal fungus into their fungal transport structure (mycangium) indicating adaption by the beetle to particular genotypes of symbiotic fungi. Our results suggest that beetle–fungus mutualisms and symbiont fidelity may be maintained via an undescribed recognition mechanism of the beetles for particular symbionts that may promote particular associations through time.
Differential effects of climate and species interactions on range limits at a hybrid zone: potential direct and indirect impacts of climate change
Authors: McQuillan Michael A. , Rice Amber M.
Published: October 2015

The relative contributions of climate versus interspecific interactions in shaping species distributions have important implications for closely related species at contact zones. When hybridization occurs within a contact zone, these factors regulate hybrid zone location and movement. While a hybrid zone's position may depend on both climate and interactions between the hybridizing species, little is known about how these factors interact to affect hybrid zone dynamics. Here, we utilize SDM (species distribution modeling) both to characterize the factors affecting the current location of a moving North American avian hybrid zone and to predict potential direct and indirect effects of climate change on future distributions. We focus on two passerine species that hybridize where their ranges meet, the Black‐capped (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina (P. carolinensis) chickadee. Our contemporary climate models predict the occurrence of climatically suitable habitat extending beyond the hybrid zone forP. atricapillusonly, suggesting that interspecific interactions primarily regulate this range boundary inP. atricapillus, while climatic factors regulateP. carolinensis. Year 2050 climate models predict a drastic northward shift in suitable habitat forP. carolinensis. Because of the greater importance of interspecific interactions for regulating the southern range limit ofP. atricapillus, these climate‐mediated shifts in the distribution ofP. carolinensismay indirectly lead to a range retraction inP. atricapillus. Together, our results highlight the ways climate change can both directly and indirectly affect species distributions and hybrid zone location. In addition, our study lends support to the longstanding hypothesis that abiotic factors regulate species' poleward range limits, while biotic factors shape equatorial range limits.
Bearing Resistance of Wind Turbine Generator System
Authors: ASO TOSHIYUKI , AIDA TOMOYUKI , SEKI KAZUICHI
Published: October 2015

The vertical axis wind turbine generator is mainly used for small size wind turbine applications, and is independent of wind direction. Its rotating part (shaft unit) should be rotated by an extremely small torque so as to increase the generation efficiency. However, commercially available bearings are not necessarily suitable for the shaft unit because their static and dynamic load ratings are frequently larger than those required for the vertical axis wind turbine. As a result, the frictional force and the rotating torque of commercially available bearings are too large for the shaft unit to rotate lightly. In this study, through an experiment with an actual vertical axis wind turbine, the bearings used for the shaft unit are reviewed in accordance with IEC61400‐2. Design of a shaft unit with the bearings having the most suitable load rating and frictional force for the vertical axis wind turbine is attempted. The newly designed shaft unit will be applied to the vertical axis wind turbine and will be tested.
Variation of Noise and Magnetostriction Associated with Joint Types of Transformer Core
Authors: MIZOKAMI MASATO , KUROSAKI YOUSUKE
Published: October 2015

In order to study the acoustic noise generated by transformer cores, the impacts of the types of core joint and the number of laminations per layer on noise levels were investigated. In addition, localized magnetostrictions on transformer cores were measured with strain gages, and the differences caused by the types of core joint were investigated. The following were obtained as the results. The step‐lap configuration reduced noise levels in comparison with the conventional lap. An increase of the number of laminations per layer raised the noise levels. The differences occurred in the higher harmonic components than the fundamental component. There was a certain connection between localized magnetostriction and noise with respect to the types of core joint. The magnetostriction measured on a single sheet sample with sinusoidal excitation had less correlation with the localized magnetostriction measured on the core.
Improvement of Sensitivity of a Compact Magnetometer by Using HTS‐SQUID with Rotating Sample
Authors: HAMASAKI DAICHI , OKAMOTO NAOHIRO , SAARI MOHD MAWARDI , SAKAI KENJI , KIWA TOSHIHIKO , TSUKADA KEIJI
Published: October 2015

We have improved a previously developed compact magnetometer using HTS‐SQUID with a rotating sample. In the previous system, attenuation of the rotational speed had resulted in deformation of the averaged waveform signal, reducing the reproducibility of measurements. In this paper, we have used a better motor in order to decrease the attenuation of the rotational speed for precise averaging of the output signal and improvement of the signal‐to‐noise ratio. To improve sensitivity, we also optimized the pickup coil and compared the signal‐to‐noise ratio of circular and elliptical pickup coils having the same number of turns, resistance, and inductance. As a result, the signal‐to‐noise ratio was improved with high accuracy and the magnetometer showed a susceptibility sensitivity of 3.8× 10−9 emu.
Development of Multiresonant ZVS High‐Frequency Inverter
Authors: HATANAKA YOSHIHIRO
Published: October 2015

A novel multiresonant zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) high‐frequency inverter has been developed. This inverter is capable of supplying a current of large amplitude to a load as a result of suppression of the main switch current. The principle of the ratio of the main switch current to the load current is theoretically demonstrated using the capacitance ratio. High‐frequency operation with ZVS is verified experimentally.
Using exposomics to assess cumulative risks and promote health
Authors: Smith Martyn T. , de la Rosa Rosemarie , Daniels Sarah I.
Published: October 2015

Under the exposome paradigm all nongenetic factors contributing to disease are considered to be ‘environmental’ including chemicals, drugs, infectious agents, and psychosocial stress. We can consider these collectively as environmental stressors. Exposomics is the comprehensive analysis of exposure to all environmental stressors and should yield a more thorough understanding of chronic disease development. We can operationalize exposomics by studying all the small molecules in the body and their influence on biological pathways that lead to impaired health. Here, we describe methods by which this may be achieved and discuss the application of exposomics to cumulative risk assessment in vulnerable populations. Since the goal of cumulative risk assessment is to analyze, characterize, and quantify the combined risks to health from exposures to multiple agents or stressors, it seems that exposomics is perfectly poised to advance this important area of environmental health science. We should therefore support development of tools for exposomic analysis and begin to engage impacted communities in participatory exposome research. A first step may be to apply exposomics to vulnerable populations already studied by more conventional cumulative risk approaches. We further propose that recent migrants, low socioeconomic groups with high environmental chemical exposures, and pregnant women should be high priority populations for study by exposomics. Moreover, exposomics allows us to study interactions between chronic stress and environmental chemicals that disrupt stress response pathways (i.e., ‘stressogens’). Exploring the impact of early life exposures and maternal stress may be an interesting and accessible topic for investigation by exposomics using biobanked samples. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 56:715–723, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Community Solar Presents Rewards and Risks
Authors: Artale Emily , Dobos Hillary
Published: October 2015

Communities, private companies, and households are increasingly turning to community solar as a way to fulfill sustainability and renewable energy goals. And for good reason—community solar can provide significant financial, social, environmental, and public relations benefits. However, due to the relatively new market and variability in financial projections and because each solar garden program and project is unique, participation in community solar comes with its own benefits, limitations, and uncertainties.
CO2 Targets Under Clean Power Plan Attainable With Natural Gas
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: October 2015

It is no secret that on August 3, 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released its final rule for reducing power plant carbon emissions under Section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act. This rule, the “Clean Power Plan” (CPP), has given rise to endless discussion, multiple lawsuits or threats of lawsuits by states, and a whole cottage industry of experts and compliance analysts. The rule generally can be expected to be a big deal for a long time.
Clean Power Plan's Needs May Increase Wetland Banking
Authors: Rosen Julie A.
Published: October 2015

Long pipelines, new renewable energy facilities, utility infrastructure, and other types of large‐scale projects typically involve various environmental and community impacts, such as impacts on wetlands. Under the Clean Water Act, as a general rule, when wetlands1 are impacted, compensatory mitigation is required.