bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development assistance for human resources for health, 1990–2020
Authors: Micah Angela E. , Solorio Juan , Stutzman Hayley , Zhao Yingxi , Tsakalos Golsum , Dieleman Joseph L.
Published: June 2022

Background

Investing in the health workforce is key to achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals. However, achieving these Goals requires addressing a projected global shortage of 18 million health workers (mostly in low- and middle-income countries). Within that context, in 2016, the World Health Assembly adopted the WHO Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030. In the Strategy, the role of official development assistance to support the health workforce is an area of interest. The objective of this study is to examine progress on implementing the Global Strategy by updating previous analyses that estimated and examined official development assistance targeted towards human resources for health.

Methods

We leveraged data from IHME’s Development Assistance for Health database, COVID development assistance database and the OECD’s Creditor Reporting System online database. We utilized an updated keyword list to identify the relevant human resources for health-related activities from the project databases. When possible, we also estimated the fraction of human resources for health projects that considered and/or focused on gender as a key factor. We described trends, examined changes in the availability of human resources for health-related development assistance since the adoption of the Global Strategy and compared disease burden and availability of donor resources.

Results

Since 2016, development assistance for human resources for health has increased with a slight dip in 2019. In 2020, fueled by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, it reached an all-time high of $4.1 billion, more than double its value in 2016 and a 116.5% increase over 2019. The highest share (42.4%) of support for human resources for health-related activities has been directed towards training. Since the adoption of the Global Strategy, donor resources for health workforce-related activities have on average increased by 13.3% compared to 16.0% from 2000 through 2015. For 47 countries identified by the WHO as having severe workforce shortages, the availability of donor resources remains modest.

Conclusions

Since 2016, donor support for health workforce-related activities has increased. However, there are lingering concerns related to the short-term nature of activities that donor funding supports and its viability for creating sustainable health systems.
Chlorogenic acid exerts neuroprotective effect against hypoxia-ischemia brain injury in neonatal rats by activating Sirt1 to regulate the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling pathway
Authors: Zheng Yihui , Li Luyao , Chen Binwen , Fang Yu , Lin Wei , Zhang Tianlei , Feng Xiaoli , Tao Xiaoyue , Wu Yiqing , Fu Xiaoqin , Lin Zhenlang
Published: June 2022

Background

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIE) is caused by perinatal asphyxia, which is associated with various confounding factors. Although studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of HIE have matured, sub-hypothermia is the only clinical treatment available for HIE. Previous evidence indicates that chlorogenic acid (CGA) exerts a potential neuroprotective effect on brain injury. However, the role of CGA on neonatal HI brain damage and the exact mechanism remains elusive.

Here, we investigate the effects of CGA on HI models in vivo and in vitro and explore the underlying mechanism.

Methods

In the in vivo experiment, we ligated the left common carotid artery of 7-day-old rats and placed the rats in a hypoxic box for 2 h. We did not ligate the common carotid artery of the pups in the sham group since they did not have hypoxia. Brain atrophy and infarct size were evaluated by Nissl staining, HE staining and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride monohydrate (TTC) staining. Morris Water Maze test (MWM) was used to evaluate neurobehavioral disorders. Western-blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect the cell signaling pathway. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content test, catalase (CAT) activity detection and Elisa Assay was used to detect levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. in vitro experiments were performed on isolated primary neurons.

Result

In our study, pretreatment with CGA significantly decreased the infarct volume of neonatal rats after HI, alleviated brain edema, and improved tissue structure in vivo. Moreover, we used the Morris water maze to verify CGA’s effects on enhancing the learning and cognitive ability and helping to maintain the long-term spatial memory after HI injury. However, Sirt1 inhibitor EX-527 partially reversed these therapeutic effects. CGA pretreatment inhibited neuronal apoptosis induced by HI by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. The findings suggest that CGA potentially activates Sirt1 to regulate the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling pathway by forming complexes thereby protecting primary neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) damage. Also, CGA treatment significantly suppresses HI-induced proliferation of glial.

Conclusion

Collectively, this study uncovered the underlying mechanism of CGA on neonatal HI brain damage. CGA holds promise as an effective neuroprotective agent to promote neonatal brain recovery from HI-induced injury.

Graphical Abstract
Immediate implant placement with socket shield technique in the maxilla: a prospective case series evaluation at 1-year follow-up
Authors: Shadid Rola Muhammed
Published: June 2022

Background

The aims of this case series were to investigate the clinical, radiographic, implant success, complication incidence, esthetic, and patient-reported outcomes of 10 immediately placed implants associated with the socket shield technique at 12 months post-loading and to assess the ridge width changes that occurred at 8 months following implant placement.

Methods

A total of 10 patients received 10 socket shield immediate implants (MegaGen AnyRidge). At 8 months postimplantation, casts were made to assess the ridge width changes by measuring the ridge width at the implant sites and comparing them with the corresponding measurements at the contralateral tooth site. At 12 months post-loading, clinical indices, marginal bone loss, pink esthetic score, and patient-assessed outcomes were evaluated. The mean, standard deviation and median were calculated for all continuous variables.

Results

All implants demonstrated a 100% success rate, while 2 implants presented with external shield exposure that was managed successfully. The mean marginal bone loss was 0.08 ± 0.14 mm mesially and 0.21 ± 0.23 mm distally. Esthetic evaluation yielded an average modified pink esthetic score of 8.65. A mean gain of 0.17 mm in the facial-palatal ridge width was recorded at 8 months postimplantation.

Conclusions

The socket shield technique enhanced the functional and esthetic results by preserving the alveolar bone and peri-implant soft tissues. However, this is a sensitive technique and still needs more robust evidence before it can be recommended for everyday clinical practice.
Fluazuron orally administered to guinea pigs: pharmacokinetic and efficacy against Amblyomma sculptum
Authors: Borges Debora Azevedo , Cid Yara Peluso , Magalhães Viviane de Sousa , Alves Melina Cardilo Campos , Ferreira Thais Paes , Bonfim Isabelle Vilela , Lima Emily Andressa Santos , de Freitas Juliana Pereira , Scott Fabio Barbour
Published: June 2022

Background

Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), the most lethal tick-borne disease in the Western Hemisphere, is caused by the bacteriumRickettsia rickettsiiand transmitted by the bite ofAmblyomma sculptum. Capybaras are considered primary hosts of this tick and amplifier hosts ofR. rickettsii, generating new infected lineages ofA. sculptumin BSF-endemic areas. To define a possible treatment regimen for controlling the tickA. sculptumin capybaras, the aim of this study was to establish an effective fluazuron (FLU) dose to controlA. sculptumlarvae in artificially infested guinea pigs.

Methods

In Study I (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis), 24 guinea pigs were divided into four equal groups: control group (CG; untreated) and treated groups receiving FLU administered by gavage in three doses: G1—1 mg/kg, G2—5 mg/kg and G3—10 mg/kg, once a day for 15 days (d0 to d + 14). Blood samples were collected from the animals of the treated groups before and at d + 1, + 2, + 4, + 7, + 15 and + 21. The guinea pigs were artificially infested at d + 7 withA. sculptumlarvae, and specimens were recovered at d + 11 to d + 14 and kept in a climatized chamber for 14 days. In Study II (evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters), one group of eight animals received FLU administered by gavage in a single dose of 10 mg/kg, and blood samples were collected before and on day 0 (8 h after treatment), + 1, + 4, + 7, + 15, + 21 and + 28 after single FLU administration. FLU was analyzed in plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

Results

FLU plasma concentrations increased quickly, indicating rapid absorption, and decreased slowly. Some larvae from all treated groups exhibited morphological and behavioral changes. FLU interfered in molting, and the efficacy obtained was 100% for all treated groups.

Conclusions

The results offer promising perspectives for the development of a palatable feed cube containing FLU for free-living capybaras to controlA. sculptumand also to prevent BSF in areas where capybaras have been shown to play a primary role.
Seismic data antialiasing interpolation using sparse Radon transform and dynamic mask function
Authors: Shao Jie , Wang Yibo
Published: June 2022

Interpolation of regularly sampled data with aliasing is important for seismic data processing. However, conventional antialiasing interpolation methods based on a low-frequency constraint may generate inaccurate interpolation results for high-frequency data with severe wrap around. We have developed a sparse Radon transform-based projection onto convex sets interpolation method with a 2D dynamic mask function. The new mask function exploits the frequency and dip information in a 2D domain and can better guide the interpolation of high frequencies with severe wrap around. The implementation of the proposed method includes four steps: (1) perform a forward f-k transform on the input data, extract the unaliased low-frequency low-wavenumber information from it, and perform the inverse f-k transform to obtain the unaliased part of the input data; (2) perform a sparse Radon transform on the unaliased data obtained in step one and apply an exponential threshold to obtain a mask function; (3) perform a sparse Radon transform on the input data, apply the mask function in step two to it, and perform the inverse Radon transform; and (4) reinsert the original traces in the input data. The four steps are repeated until an acceptable result is reached. Numerical examples of synthetic and field data demonstrate that the proposed method is an effective and robust method for aliased seismic data interpolation. The results of the proposed method have higher precision than that of the conventional antialiasing interpolation methods. Data with 80% regularly missing traces are still well interpolated using the proposed method.
Artificial Intelligence in Oncology: Current Capabilities, Future Opportunities, and Ethical Considerations
Authors: Shreve Jacob T. , Khanani Sadia A. , Haddad Tufia C.
Published: June 2022

The promise of highly personalized oncology care using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has been forecasted since the emergence of the field. Cumulative advances across the science are bringing this promise to realization, including refinement of machine learning– and deep learning algorithms; expansion in the depth and variety of databases, including multiomics; and the decreased cost of massively parallelized computational power. Examples of successful clinical applications of AI can be found throughout the cancer continuum and in multidisciplinary practice, with computer vision–assisted image analysis in particular having several U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved uses. Techniques with emerging clinical utility include whole blood multicancer detection from deep sequencing, virtual biopsies, natural language processing to infer health trajectories from medical notes, and advanced clinical decision support systems that combine genomics and clinomics. Substantial issues have delayed broad adoption, with data transparency and interpretability suffering from AI’s “black box” mechanism, and intrinsic bias against underrepresented persons limiting the reproducibility of AI models and perpetuating health care disparities. Midfuture projections of AI maturation involve increasing a model’s complexity by using multimodal data elements to better approximate an organic system. Far-future positing includes living databases that accumulate all aspects of a person’s health into discrete data elements; this will fuel highly convoluted modeling that can tailor treatment selection, dose determination, surveillance modality and schedule, and more. The field of AI has had a historical dichotomy between its proponents and detractors. The successful development of recent applications, and continued investment in prospective validation that defines their impact on multilevel outcomes, has established a momentum of accelerated progress.
Fighting an Empire for the Good of the Empire?
Authors: Brownrigg-Gleeson José
Published: June 2022

This article traces Irish responses to the crisis of the Hispanic monarchy (1808–25) and the struggle for sovereignty in Spanish America, comparing reactions in Ireland to those of the Irish diasporic community in the United States. It argues that although the Irish were overwhelmingly sympathetic to the cause of the insurgents in Spanish America, their support took different forms and meanings. Whereas contemporaries in Ireland saw the benefits of Spanish American independence for the prosperity and security of the British Empire, Irish radical exiles in New York or Philadelphia viewed the struggle as an opportunity to emphasize the validity of revolutionary and republican principles across the New World. In stressing the relevance of the geopolitical context and of transnational interactions to the development of contradicting imperial and anticolonial views, the article moves beyond prevailing narratives of military involvement and highlights the richness of the Irish experience of the Age of Revolutions.
“A Painful and Tender Sympathy Pervaded Every Class of Society”
Authors: O’Leary McNeice Aoife
Published: June 2022

The Great Irish Famine was a moment of unprecedented global giving. Sympathy for the suffering Irish traversed class hierarchies and vast geographical spaces, with indentured workers in the West Indies donating alongside members of the royal family and attendees at charity balls and galas in New York, Port Elizabeth, and Surrey. This article examines the socioeconomic geographies of this giving. It provides a quantitative analysis that brings together donations from both sides of the Atlantic, approaching these donors as a single global community. This famine giving is also considered within the context of wider traditions of Western humanitarianism. The article suggests that although famine humanitarianism mobilized a vast community of donors and traversed class, gender, and ethnic groups, it was ultimately a conservative force that upheld social hierarchies and replicated the socioeconomic and racial inequalities that characterize Western humanitarianism more generally.
The Question of Ireland (2013) and A History of Stone, Origin and Myth (2016)
Authors: Morley Megs , Flanagan Tom
Published: June 2022

Curated Spaces features two projects by the artists and filmmakers Megs Morley and Tom Flanagan. The Question of Ireland (2013) is a cross-disciplinary film installation that attempts to provoke the relationship between the language of politics, performance, and cinema. A History of Stone, Origin and Myth (2016) is a nonnarrative film essay that explores the space between individual memory and national history through the lens of political monuments found throughout Ireland that relate to Irish rebellion, the 1916 Rising, and the foundation of the state.
The Wages and Price of Whiteness
Authors: Joseph Ebun
Published: June 2022

Despite the Irish experience of white-on-white racism, can any predominantly white country in the global North be free of white supremacy? It has been argued that the Irish became white. What was the cost of becoming white? What does Ireland endorse in accepting this construct of whiteness? This article attempts to answer these questions with a contemporary analysis of the wages of whiteness in Ireland against the backdrop of Irish history. It argues that the recategorization of the Irish as white and the subsequent change in positioning on the racial ladder came at a price of subscribing to white supremacy. It presents white supremacy as the unacknowledged, everyday positioning of white superiority, as opposed to white extremism, and argues that whiteness is employed as a determinant of Irishness. The article ends by arguing that history can either reify or debunk white supremacy, and calling for a decolonized narrative in Ireland.
Hicks, Homos, and Home Cooking
Authors: Menrisky Alexander
Published: June 2022

This essay draws on critical studies of food, race, class, and environment to consider food's role in the cultivation of queer literary and political cultures in Appalachia. Texts such as Jeff Mann's Loving Mountains, Loving Men, a collection of poetry and essays, speak to a double-bind in which queer Appalachian writers often profess to find themselves: on the one hand, dismissed as coal-loving “white trash” by urban environmentalists; on the other, subjected to right-wing violence at home. Mann's writing negotiates this tension through poetic engagement with “hillbilly” gustatory traditions—namely, by adopting the recipe form. These poems, and the acts of foraging, preparing, and sharing food they represent, articulate queer communities gathered around tactile experiences of place. They also illustrate the promises and pitfalls of the recipe's representational potential. On the one hand, defining food by its regional character risks reiterating essentialist notions of nature and identity. On the other, focusing on food's disruption of conventional material boundaries neglects the lived social conditions facing marginalized peoples in the region. By focusing on the open-ended preparation of food rather than the end product, Mann mediates these extremes, typifying foodways, region, and queerness alike as ongoing phenomena.
Emerging roles of mitotic autophagy
Authors: Almacellas Eugenia , Mauvezin Caroline
Published: June 2022

Lysosomes exert pleiotropic functions to maintain cellular homeostasis and degrade autophagy cargo. Despite the great advances that have boosted our understanding of autophagy and lysosomes in both physiology and pathology, their function in mitosis is still controversial. During mitosis, most organelles are reshaped or repurposed to allow the correct distribution of chromosomes. Mitotic entry is accompanied by a reduction in sites of autophagy initiation, supporting the idea of an inhibition of autophagy to protect the genetic material against harmful degradation. However, there is accumulating evidence revealing the requirement of selective autophagy and functional lysosomes for a faithful chromosome segregation. Degradation is the most-studied lysosomal activity, but recently described alternative functions that operate in mitosis highlight the lysosomes as guardians of mitotic progression. Because the involvement of autophagy in mitosis remains controversial, it is important to consider the specific contribution of signalling cascades, the functions of autophagic proteins and the multiple roles of lysosomes, as three entangled, but independent, factors controlling genomic stability. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in this area and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting autophagy for drug development.
Imaging of human papilloma virus associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its impact on diagnosis, prognostication, and response assessment
Authors: Touska Philip , Connor Steve
Published: June 2022

The clinical behaviour and outcomes of patients with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) may be dichotomised according to their association with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Patients with HPV-associated disease (HPV+OPC) have a distinct demographic profile, clinical phenotype and demonstrate considerably better responses to chemoradiotherapy. This has led to a reappraisal of staging and treatment strategies for HPV+OPC, which are underpinned by radiological data. Structural modalities, such as CT and MRI can provide accurate staging information. These can be combined with ultrasound-guided tissue sampling and functional techniques (such as diffusion-weighted MRI and 18F-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-CT) to monitor response to treatment, derive prognostic information, and to identify individuals who might benefit from intensification or deintensification strategies. Furthermore, advanced MRI techniques, such as intravoxel incoherent motion and perfusion MRI as well as application of artificial intelligence and radiomic techniques, have shown promise in treatment response monitoring and prognostication. The following review will consider the contemporary role and knowledge on imaging in HPV+OPC.
Supplement to the knowledge of aquatic molluscs of greenhouses in the Czech Republic
Authors: Beran Luboš
Published: June 2022

This study expands and supplements the knowledge of aquatic molluscs of selected public greenhouses, especially in zoological and botanical gardens, in the Czech Republic. In total, 14 freshwater species were found at 23 sites situated mostly in botanical and zoological gardens. Freshwater molluscs were divided into four groups: species occurring in the Czech Republic only in greenhouses, non-native species living also in the wild, native species and alien genotypes of native species. The most frequent mollusc of greenhouses was Physella acuta (Draparnaud). Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller) and Helisoma cf. duryi (Wetherby) of the first group were other very common and widespread greenhouse species. On the other hand Marisa cornuarietis (Linnaeus), Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus), Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus), Gyraulus crista (Linnaeus) and Ferrissia californica (Rowell) were found at only one studied site.
A new species of Pincerna Preston, 1907 from China (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Alycaeidae)
Authors: Chen Zhongguang
Published: June 2022

Pincerna yaanensis, a new species of terrestrial microsnail, is described from Yaan City, Sichuan Province, China. It differs from its congeners in having the following combination of characters: denser ribs on region from the beginning of the teleoconch to the beginnig of the differently ribbed region along the suture, columellar lip reflected throughout, covering umbilicus, large shell size, differently ribbed area before the constriction and the breathing tunnels short. The discovery of this species has greatly expanded the distribution range of the genus Pincerna in China.
Divine Thoughts and the Corruption of the Will in Doctor Faustus
Authors: Pensky Nathan
Published: June 2022

In act 2 scene 1 of Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, the title character professes that ‘hell is a fable’. But how could Faustus not believe in hell, standing in the presence of a devil that he himself only recently conjured? What is the philosophical difference in the play between ‘experience’, as Mephistopheles describes it, and Faustus’s lack of understanding on the state of his soul? This article discusses the controversy between Ockhamist and Thomist epistemology, and places Faustus within early modern debates concerning the status of knowledge and its effect on the soul’s search for God.
New Light on Henry Lanman, Owner of the Curtain
Authors: Younger Neil
Published: June 2022

This note lays out new information on Henry Lanman, the owner or part-owner of the Curtain theatre in late-Elizabethan London. It shows that Lanman was a longtime servant of the courtier and politician Sir Christopher Hatton, a fact which helps to clarify a number of aspects of Lanman’s life. It also discusses the Lanman family’s strong association with Catholicism. Finally, it considers the possibility that Hatton acted as an informal protector of Lanman and his theatre.
Mark Kaethler. Thomas Middleton and the Plural Politics of Jacobean Drama. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2021. Pp 223.
Authors: Green William
Published: June 2022

This review considers Thomas Middleton and the Plural Politics of Jacobean Drama.
Tison Pugh. On the Queerness of Early English Drama: Sex in the Subjunctive. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021. Pp 241.
Authors: Stoyanoff Jeffery G.
Published: June 2022

This review considers On the Queerness of Early English Drama: Sex in the Subjunctive.
Subha Mukherji, ed. Blind Spots of Knowledge in Shakespeare and His World: A Conversation. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 2019. Pp 213.
Authors: Tribble Evelyn
Published: June 2022

This review considers Blind Spots of Knowledge in Shakespeare and His World: A Conversation.
Iman Sheeha. Household Servants in Early Modern Domestic Tragedy. London: Routledge, 2020. Pp 264.
Authors: Cantos Lauren
Published: June 2022

This review considers Household Servants in Early Modern Domestic Tragedy.
Callan Davies. Strangeness in Jacobean Drama. London: Routledge, 2021. Pp 203.
Authors: Dunnum Eric
Published: June 2022

This review considers Strangeness in Jacobean Drama.
Editorial
Authors: Gough Melinda J. , Kelly Erin E.
Published: June 2022

This editorial reports on current journal developments, announces our new advisory board terms of reference, and launches an open call for new board members.
Existence and Complexity of Approximate Equilibria in Weighted Congestion Games
Authors: Christodoulou George , Gairing Martin , Giannakopoulos Yiannis , Poças Diogo , Waldmann Clara
Published: June 2022

We study the existence of approximate pure Nash equilibria (α-PNE) in weighted atomic congestion games with polynomial cost functions of maximum degree d. Previously, it was known that d-PNE always exist, whereas nonexistence was established only for small constants, namely, for 1.153-PNE. We improve significantly upon this gap, proving that such games in general do not have [Formula: see text]-PNE, which provides the first superconstant lower bound. Furthermore, we provide a black-box gap-introducing method of combining such nonexistence results with a specific circuit gadget, in order to derive NP-completeness of the decision version of the problem. In particular, by deploying this technique, we are able to show that deciding whether a weighted congestion game has an [Formula: see text]-PNE is NP-complete. Previous hardness results were known only for the special case of exact equilibria and arbitrary cost functions. The circuit gadget is of independent interest, and it allows us to also prove hardness for a variety of problems related to the complexity of PNE in congestion games. For example, we demonstrate that the question of existence of α-PNE, in which a certain set of players plays a specific strategy profile, is NP-hard for any [Formula: see text], even for unweighted congestion games. Finally, we study the existence of approximate equilibria in weighted congestion games with general (nondecreasing) costs, as a function of the number of players n. We show that n-PNE always exists, matched by an almost tight nonexistence bound of [Formula: see text], which we can again transform into an NP-completeness proof for the decision problem.

Funding: Supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). D. Poças was also funded by FCT via LASIGE Research Unit, ref. UIDB/00408/2020 and ref. UIDP/00408/2020.
The review of initial complainant conduct: a tool to assist in the early identification of unusually persistent complainants
Authors: Skilling Gordon , McIntosh Lindsey Gilling , Thomson Lindsay DG
Published: June 2022

Background/Aims

Previous research has identified a set of early warning signs of complainants most likely to become unusually persistent. Further research was recommended to devise a tool to assist in the early recognition of such complainants. This study aimed to devise and validate a tool to assist in the early identification of complainants who are most likely to become unusually persistent.

Methods

A 10-item tool (the review of initial complainant conduct) was developed using previously-identified warning signs. The tool was validated using retrospective data from a group of complainants taken from the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman.

Results

A revised eight-item review of initial complainant conduct tool provided optimum sensitivity and specificity. Complainants who scored two or more out of eight on the tool were five times more likely to become unusually persistent.

Conclusions

The review of initial complainant conduct is a valid, reliable tool for the early identification of complainants who are most likely to become unusually persistent. Its use would potentially allow appropriate management strategies to improve outcomes for complainants and for service improvements to be implemented.
Job satisfaction in emergency departments: a comparative study of public and private hospitals
Authors: Al Smadi Audai Naji , Tengku Mohammad Ariff , Abugabah Ahed , Wan Wan Pauzi Bin
Published: June 2022

Background/Aims

Evaluating job satisfaction levels among healthcare staff can inform decision making for managers. Various factors can affect job satisfaction. This study investigated and compared job satisfaction among healthcare staff working in private and public emergency departments in Jordan.

Methods

A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 475 staff members, of which 286 were returned and analysed (50% from private hospitals). Descriptive analysis, independent sample t-tests and multiple regression analysis were used to compare the results based on hospital type and participant characteristics.

Results

Staff working in public emergency departments had significantly lower levels of job satisfaction than those working in private emergency departments (P<0.001). The lowest scoring domain across both groups was promotion and compensation. Doctors were more likely to have low job satisfaction than staff in other job roles.

Conclusions

Assessing job satisfaction is important for ensuring staff wellbeing and retention. Further research is needed to understand why staff in public hospitals have lower levels of job satisfaction and what could be done to address this.
Organisational citizenship behaviour in the healthcare workplace: a scoping review
Authors: AL-Ruzzieh Majeda A , Al Rifai Anwar , Ayaad Omar
Published: June 2022

Organisational citizenship behaviours can be defined as positive behaviours performed by individuals within an organisation that are not part of their contractual duties. Healthcare services require organisational citizenship behaviours to meet the demand for patient-centred, cost-effective and high-quality care against a background of increasing complexity and growing competition. This review systematically discusses organisational citizenship behaviours and their related variables across healthcare settings and providers, including how they are perceived, as well as mediating variables and outcomes. A scoping review was used to explore the literature using the framework developed in 2005 by Arksey and O'Malley. A total of 26 studies were identified, most of which were conducted in Asia and the Middle East. The majority of the studies (n=16) reported a high level of organisational citizenship behaviours. The pre-requisites of organisational citizenship behaviours were categorised into two themes: organisation and leadership characteristics, and employee and task characteristics. The review showed 10 outcomes of organisational citizenship behaviours, the most studied of which was social capital. Organisational citizenship behaviours have significant correlations and prediction effects with a wide range of variables, including those around the organisation, leadership, employees and tasks. There is sufficient literature for a more focused systematic review to be conducted in future..
Understanding older people's practices when designing healthy ageing interventions
Authors: Yen Dorothy A , Cohen Geraldine , Wei Liyuan , Asaad Yousra
Published: June 2022

Yen et al explain why older people must be included in the development of healthy ageing interventions, with a focus on daily practices and accessibility.
Improving the weekend spinal ward round at a major trauma centre
Authors: Parwaiz Hammad , Trew Christopher AJ , Whitham Robert , Aliaga-Crespo Boris , Mitra Aveek , Harding Ian
Published: June 2022

Background/Aims

Documentation is key for communicating between members of the multidisciplinary team, allowing for better care, but documentation for spinal patients in the authors' centre was poor.

Methods

Every ward round encounter was analysed for six weekends. Data were analysed and presented to the department. A weekend ward round proforma was designed to help improve ward-round documentation. Ward round entries were then re-audited over four weekends to assess the usefulness of the new proforma.

Results

A total of 69 patient encounters were analysed in cycle 1, 58 in cycle 2 and 92 in cycle 3. In cycle 1, 80% of encounters had inadequate documentation. Following introduction of the ward round proforma there was a significant improvement in documentation in six out of fields, which was maintained in four out of seven fields 2 years later.

Conclusions

The authors believe that this improvement may avoid adverse effects on patient care, streamline doctors' time and reduce medicolegal consequences.
One lung ventilation
Authors: Douglass Paul
Published: June 2022

Anaesthetists might prefer two lungs for ventilation, but this is not always possible. One lung ventilation requires a good knowledge of physiology, anatomy and equipment. This article gives an overview of the basics.
An analytical review for the power system of a spacecraft
Authors: CHATURVEDI Sudhir Kumar CHATURVEDI
Published: June 2022

Electrical bus is needed for the operation of all active spacecraft systems and subsystems. In the spacecraft mechanism, the battery charging system and the bus storage continued with bus control, the conditioning and bus distribution is an essential part for keeping the spacecraft in working mode. In this paper, the discussion for electrical power system (EPS) analysis in the spacecraft body will be elaborated from the previous research papers on this subject covering the topics of solar array, solar array drive, over current and over voltage protection, battery charging and discharging, bus control, conversion.
Grey Relational Analysis and Principal Component Analysis based optimization of process parameters in turning of EN-8 Steel
Authors: LAKSHMI SRINIVAS CH. , UMAMAHESWAR RAO P. , SRINAG T. , SEKHAR M. C.
Published: June 2022

The present work investigates the optimum machining parameters while turning EN 8 steel by employing hybrid Grey relational analysis (GRA) and principal component analysis (PCA) techniques. Experiments were designed based on the central composite design (CCD) of the Response surface method (RSM). Experiments were conducted by varying machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut. In this study, the surface roughness and the material removal rate (MRR) are measured during the experimentation. To determine the influence of cutting parameters, an Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was deployed. The optimal turning parameters are found to be speed 1170 rpm, feed 0.225 mm/rev, and depth of cut 1.238 mm. The results revealed that the optimization through hybrid GRA-PCA enhanced the output quality characteristics.
FASTEST PATH VEHICLE SPEED ANALYSIS AT STANDARD TURBOROUNDABOUTS WITH VARIOUS APPROACH LEG POSITIONS
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Džambas Tamara , Dragčević Vesna ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering
Published: June 2022

In previous studies, a new (improved) turboroundabout design approach based on the rules of the design vehicle movement geometry was proposed, and the optimal design of elements of standard turboroundabouts for various design vehicle scenarios, circulatory roadway radii, and approach leg positions was defined. Within the scope of this research, the applicability of the current Dutch calculation model for fastest-path vehicle speed analyses at standard turboroundabout schemes designed by a previously described procedure was examined. Research results have shown that this Dutch calculation model does not apply to standard turboroundabouts whose approach legs are aligned under various angles and translatory shifted regarding the roundabout geometric center, and therefore, should not be used for speed analyses at this roundabout type until a new calculation model, which corresponds to the real traffic situation, is developed.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ROOF TYPES IN TERMS OF LIGHTING CONDITIONS IN AN INDUSTRIAL HALL
Authors:   Technical University of Kosice, Department of Building Physics, Institute of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovakia, Dolnikova Erika , Dolnik Bystrik ,   Technical University of Kosice, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Slovakia
Published: June 2022

The indoor climate of industrial buildings is a function of production technology and requirements for the creation of an optimal artificial material environment. Currently, we consider daylight not only as a source of illumination, but also as an aesthetic element of a building or a way of reducing energy consumption. Light in a closed space allows a person to obtain basic visual information (perception) and perform visual tasks. Top lighting schemes can provide increasingly more useful illumination from smaller apertures than side lighting when they capture and diffuse sunlight. Sunlight is roughly 10 times brighter than light from the sky or clouds. A combined lighting system (top lighting and side lighting) ensures a better light distribution in industrial buildings. In this study, we present a comparison of daylight factors for different types of skylights. Specifically, a saddle skylight in the hall and three other types of skylights were created and simulated. In all the cases, the models of skylights were prepared and simulated using RADIANCE. Additionally, a comparison of simulation results obtained with RADIANCE was conducted to quantify the lighting climate. Overall, saddle roof was considered as the best choice for daylight in an industrial hall.
Temporal convolution network with a dual attention mechanism for φ-OTDR event classification
Authors: Tian Manling , Dong Hui , Cao Xiaomin , Yu Kuanglu
Published: June 2022

We propose a hybrid model named channel attention based temporal convolutional network combined with spatial attention and bidirectional long short-term memory network (ATCN-SA-BiLSTM) for phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometry signal recognition. This hybrid model consists of three parts: ATCN, which extracts temporal features and preserves causality of time domain signals, the SA mechanism, which re-weights spatial sequences for better feature extraction, and BiLSTM, which extracts spatial relationships considering the bidirectional propagation characteristics of disturbances in space domain signals. Experimental results show that our method achieves better classification performance with an accuracy of 93.4% and zero nuisance alarm rate.
Optical–electrical characteristic of green based on GaN micro-LED arrays
Authors: Tian Wenya , Wu Yongshuan , Wu Tianxiang , Dou Long , Xiao Jinqing , Li Junhui
Published: June 2022

A detailed theoretical derivation and calculation method of the difference coefficient between a light distribution pattern of a

30

×

20

µ

m

2

green micro-LED array and Lambert source is proposed first in this paper, to the best of our knowledge, which establishes an accurate relationship between external quantum efficiency and current efficiency (cd/A). The variation of capacitance with voltage and wavelength blueshift is illustrated by a carrier recombination mechanism. The current efficiency reaches 132.5 cd/A for the

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50

µ

m

2

and 121.7 cd/A for the

25

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15

µ

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arrays, and the mechanism caused by size dependence is analyzed in detail combined with the classical ABC model.
Design method of a wide-angle AR display with a single-layer two-dimensional pupil expansion geometrical waveguide
Authors: Cheng Dewen , Wang Qiwei , Wei Li , Wang Ximeng , Zhou Lijun , Hou Qichao , Duan Jiaxi , Yang Tong , Wang Yongtian
Published: June 2022

Waveguide near-eye displays (NEDs) consist of a planar waveguide combiner and a coupling-in projection system. A two-dimensional geometrical waveguide (TDGW) can achieve an ultra-thin, large exit pupil diameter (XPD), wide-angle NED. The design method of a single-layer TDGW is presented and discussed in detail in this paper. A high-precision processing technology that can effectively guarantee the parallelism accuracy is also presented. A miniature coupling-in projection optics is designed with a catadioptric structure and integrated with the waveguide accordingly. Finally, a TDGW with a thickness of 1.75 mm is designed and analyzed. The results show that the stray light over the normal light is less than 0.5%, and the illuminance uniformity is well optimized. The field of view is up to 55°, and the XPD exceeds

12

m
m

×

10

m
m

at an eye relief (ERF) of 18 mm. A proof-of-concept prototype was fabricated and demonstrated.
Simultaneous interrogation of multiple cores in a shape sensor fiber with a graded index fiber micro-turnaround
Authors: Ko Wing , Feder Kenneth S. , Sun Xiaoguang , Li Jie , Westbrook Paul S.
Published: June 2022

A critical limitation for optical fiber sensor technology is the complexity of the interrogators used in such measurements, which has driven continued interest in enhanced optical fibers and fiber assemblies that will simplify interrogator design. In this work, we report on a novel multicore fiber shape sensor utilizing a distal graded index (GRIN) fiber micro-turnaround. We show that four offset cores of this fiber can be interrogated simultaneously with a single high performance optical frequency domain reflectometry measurement. The GRIN turnaround is 498 µm in length and reflects signal from one offset core to an opposite core with a 2 dB roundtrip attenuation. We show that the bend sensing accuracy of our single measurement system is similar to the accuracy of sequential measurements of four individual cores. We also demonstrate fiber shape reconstruction with a single measurement over 0.55 m with 80 µm spatial resolution when the fiber is wrapped around two posts.
Physical secure key distribution based on chaotic self-carrier phase modulation and time-delayed shift keying of synchronized optical chaos
Authors: Gao Zhensen , Ma Ziyang , Wu Sile , Gao Hua , Wang Anbang , Fu Songnian , Li Zhaohui , Qin Yuwen , Wang Yuncai
Published: June 2022

High speed physical secure key distribution in a classical optical fiber channel is unprecedentedly desired for modern secure communication, but it still remains a worldwide technical challenge. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel high-speed physical secure key distribution scheme based on chaotic optical signal processing and private hardware modules, which employs chaotic self-carrier phase modulation for chaotic bandwidth expansion and time-delayed shift keying of commonly driven synchronized optical chaos for physical layer security. In this scheme, the entropy source rate of synchronized chaos output from two remote response lasers is greatly expanded by chaotic self-carrier delayed nonlinear phase disturbance, which facilitates high speed key extraction from the entropy source with guaranteed randomness. Moreover, a synchronization recovery time of sub-nanosecond is achieved by dynamic keying of the chaotic delay time after chaos synchronization to accelerate the key distribution rate. Based on the proposed scheme, a high physical key distribution rate of 2.1 Gb/s over 40 km is successfully demonstrated in the experiment. The proposed solution provides a promising strategy for future high-speed key distribution based on chaotic optical signal processing and classical fiber channel.
Broadband linear frequency-modulated waveform generation based on optical frequency comb assisted spectrum stitching
Authors: Li Jiading , Xue Xiaoxiao , Yang Bofan , Wang Mian , Li Shangyuan , Zheng Xiaoping
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a novel spectrum stitching method for broadband linear frequency-modulated waveform (LFMW) generation. An optical frequency comb (OFC) is modulated by a narrowband LFMW whose bandwidth matches the free spectral range of the OFC. Optical injection locking is employed in extracting one broadband frequency sweeping component from the modulated OFC. In this way, seamless spectrum stitching is realized and a broadband LFMW with a multi-fold time-bandwidth product (TBWP) is obtained. Our scheme has a simple structure, which requires only a single OFC, a modulation module and a baseband waveform generator. An LFMW as broad as 20 GHz is generated from a baseband LFMW with 2GHz bandwidth experimentally. The TBWP is 100 times as large as that of the baseband LFMW. Moreover, the power fluctuation and the phase jumps are both eliminated, ensuring an excellent pulse compression performance. Benefiting from the injection locking technique, the linearity reaches 2.0 × 10−6. The central frequency tuning ability of our scheme is also demonstrated.