bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Au Nanoparticles Structural and Optical Properties by Laser Radiation and Thermal Annealing
Authors: Medvids Arturs , Mychko Aleksandr , Onufrijevs Pavels , Grase Līga , Suzuki Ryutaro , Kondoh Jun
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study is to show the possibility to control structural and optical properties of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) by changing their size and concentration and make comparison between methods of their formation. 1.4 nm thick Au films were formed on borosilicate glass substrates by the vacuum evaporation method. AuNPs were formed on the surface of the substrate by two methods. First is the irradiation by the Nd:YAG laser pulses with intensities from 75 to 180 MW/cm2. Second is thermal annealing, at temperature T=400 °C and the time of curing was varied from 24 to 72 hours. The irradiation of Au film by laser leads to formation of AuNPs. The increase of intensity of laser radiation causes the disappearing of small Au nanoparticles and growing of big nanoparticles from 113-180 nm due to the agglomeration of small particles into big ones and, correspondingly, concentration of particles decreases. In contrast, thermal annealing at T=400 °C from 48 to 72 hours leads to the island formation with the non-spherical shape and their dividing into several islands according to the spinodal dewetting model. As a result, the mean diameter of AuNPs is decreased from 161 to 85 nm but concentration increases.
FTIR Analysis of Electron Irradiated Single and Multilayer Si3N4 Coatings
Authors: Avotina Liga , Pajuste Elina , Romanova Marina , Zaslavskis Aleksandrs , Enichek Gennady , Kinerte Valentina , Zariņš Artūrs , Lescinskis Bronislavs , Dehtjars Jurijs , Ķizāne Gunta
Published: November 2018

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) due to its good mechanical and electrical properties is a promising material for wide range of applications, including exploitation under action of ionizing radiation. For estimating the changes of chemical bonds in silicon nitride nanolayers under action of ionizing radiation single and multi-layer silicon nitride nanolayered coatings on prepared Si subtrate were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Three main groups of signals were identified in both types of nanolayers, at 510 and 820 cm-1 and group of broad signals at 1000-1200 cm-1. Irradiation with accelerated electrons up to absorbed doses 36 MGy causes minor changes of signal intensities and position in spectra, showing to good radiation stability of the single and multi layered Si3N4 nanolayers.
Analysis and modeling of water quality as a contribution to the preliminary framework proposal for the Una River (Pernambuco/Brazil)
Authors: Silva Simone Rosa da , Silva Junior Marcos Antonio Barbosa da , Lima Eduardo Elvino Sales de
Published: November 2018

The present paper presents a preliminary proposal for a framework for the Una River, located in the state of Pernambuco, divided into prevailing-use classes. This proposal integrates the results of an analysis of water quality parameters and a mathematical modeling performed along a section of the river. Data from six State Environmental Agency (CPRH) monitoring stations were used, which collected data for temperature, pH, DO, BOD, phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms, turbidity, and color between 2002 and 2014. The mathematical model used was QUAL-UFMG and the parameters evaluated were DO and BOD. The results showed that the DO and BOD parameters were within the limits established by CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 for Class 2, but other parameters such as phosphorus presented nonconformities. Based on this, the proposed framework for the Una River covered Classes 1 and 2. It is hoped that such a proposal will serve as a reference for the basin committee in order to discuss and deliberate on the multiple uses preponderant along the river, aiming to approve and implement the framework.
Deprescribing Proton Pump Inhibitors
Authors: Zed Peter J
Published: November 2018

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Is It Necessary for Pharmacists to Evaluate Other Health Professionals’ Satisfaction with Pharmacist Services?
Authors: Chevalier Bernadette A M , Charrois Theresa L
Published: November 2018

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Évaluer les priorités et les ressources : un exercice d’équilibre
Authors: Mysak Tania
Published: November 2018

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Evaluating Priorities and Resources: A Balancing Act
Authors: Mysak Tania
Published: November 2018

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Sea salt aerosol production via sublimating wind-blown saline snow
particles over sea-ice: parameterizations and relevant micro-physical mechanisms
Authors: Yang Xin , Frey Markus M. , Rhodes Rachael H. , Norris Sarah J. , Brooks Ian M. , Anderson Philip S. , Nishimura Kouichi , Jones Anna E. , Wolff Eric W.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Blowing snow over sea-ice has been proposed as a direct source of sea salt aerosol (SSA) (Yang et al., 2008). In this study, based on data (e.g. snow salinity, blowing snow and aerosol particle measurements) collected in the Weddell Sea sea-ice zone (SIZ) during a winter cruise, we perform a comprehensive model-data comparison with the aim of validating the parameterizations and investigating possible physical mechanisms involved in SSA production from blowing snow. A global chemistry transport model, p-TOMCAT, is used to examine the model sensitivity to key parameters involved, namely blowing snow size distribution, snow salinity, evaporation function, snow age, surface wind speed, relative humidity, air temperature and ratio of SSA formed per snow particle. As proposed in Yang et al.'s parameterizations, SSA mass flux is proportional to bulk sublimation flux of blowing snow and snow salinity. To convert bulk sublimation flux to SSA size distribution, requires (1) evaporation function for snow particles, (2) blowing snow size distribution, (2) snow salinity, and (4) ratio of SSA formed per snow particle. The best model-cruise aerosol data agreement (in size range of 0.4–10 µm) indicates two possible micro-physical processes that could be associated with SSA production from blowing snow. The first one is under the assumptions that one SSA is formed per snow particle after sublimation, and snow particle evaporation is controlled by the curvature effect or the so-called air ventilation effect. The second mechanism allows multiple SSAs to form per snow particle and assumes snow particle evaporation is controlled by the moisture gradient between the surface of the particle and the ambient air. At a production ratio of ~10, it is possible to reproduce the observations. Although both mechanisms generate very similar results (to match the observations), they correspond to completely different micro-physical processes and show quite different SSA size spectra, mainly in ultra-fine and coarse size modes. However, due to the lack of relevant data, we could not, so far, conclude confidently which one is more realistic, highlighting the necessity of further investigation.
An SNR-Optimized Scanning Strategy for Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory (GeoCarb) Instrument
Authors: Nivitanont Jeffrey , Crowell Sean
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The Geostationary Carbon Observatory (GeoCarb) will make measurements of greenhouse gases over the land mass in the western hemisphere. The extreme flexibility of observing from geostationary orbit induces an optimization problem, as operators must choose what to observe and when. We express this problem in terms of an optimal subcovering problem, and use an Incremental Optimization (IO) algorithm to create a scanning strategy that minimizes expected error as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and show that this method outperforms the human selected strategy in terms of global error distributions.
Effect of elevated pCO2 on trace gas production during an ocean acidification mesocosm experiment
Authors: Zhang Sheng-Hui , Yu Juan , Ding Qiong-Yao , Yang Gui-Peng , Gao Kun-Shan , Zhang Hong-Hai , Pan Da-Wei
Published: November 2018

Abstract. A mesocosm experiment was conducted in Wuyuan Bay (Xiamen), China, to
investigate the effects of elevated pCO2 on the phytoplankton
species Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum),
Thalassiosira weissflogii (T. weissflogii) and
Emiliania huxleyi (E. huxleyi) and their production ability
of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), as well as four
halocarbon compounds, bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), methyl bromide
(CH3Br), dibromomethane (CH2Br2) and iodomethane
(CH3I). Over a period of 5 weeks, P. tricornuntum
outcompeted T. weissflogii and E. huxleyi, comprising more
than 99 % of the final biomass. During the logarithmic growth phase
(phase I), mean DMS concentration in high pCO2 mesocosms
(1000 µatm) was 28 % lower than that in low pCO2
mesocosms (400 µatm). Elevated pCO2 led to a delay in
DMSP-consuming bacteria concentrations attached to T. weissflogii
and P. tricornutum and finally resulted in the delay of DMS
concentration in the high pCO2 treatment. Unlike DMS, the elevated
pCO2 did not affect DMSP production ability of T. weissflogii or P. tricornuntum throughout the 5-week culture. A
positive relationship was detected between CH3I and T. weissflogii and P. tricornuntum during the experiment, and there
was a 40 % reduction in mean CH3I concentration in the high
pCO2 mesocosms. CHBrCl2, CH3Br, and
CH2Br2 concentrations did not increase with elevated chlorophyll
a (Chl a) concentrations compared with DMS(P) and CH3I, and
there were no major peaks both in the high pCO2 or low
pCO2 mesocosms. In addition, no effect of elevated pCO2
was identified for any of the three bromocarbons.
Reviews and syntheses: the GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study
Authors: Myriokefalitakis Stelios , Ito Akinori , Kanakidou Maria , Nenes Athanasios , Krol Maarten C. , Mahowald Natalie M. , Scanza Rachel A. , Hamilton Douglas S. , Johnson Matthew S. , Meskhidze Nicholas , Kok Jasper F. , Guieu Cecile , Baker Alex R. , Jickells Timothy D. , Sarin Manmohan M. , Bikkina Srinivas , Shelley Rachel , Bowie Andrew , Perron Morgane M. G. , Duce Robert A.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. This work reports on the current status of the global modeling of iron (Fe)
deposition fluxes and atmospheric concentrations and the analyses of the
differences between models, as well as between models and observations. A
total of four global 3-D chemistry transport (CTMs) and general circulation
(GCMs) models participated in this intercomparison, in the framework of
the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine
Environmental Protection (GESAMP) Working Group 38, “The Atmospheric Input
of Chemicals to the Ocean”. The global total Fe (TFe) emission strength in
the models is equal to ∼72 Tg Fe yr−1 (38–134 Tg Fe yr−1)
from mineral dust sources and around 2.1 Tg Fe yr−1 (1.8–2.7 Tg Fe yr−1)
from combustion processes (the sum of anthropogenic
combustion/biomass burning and wildfires). The mean global labile Fe (LFe)
source strength in the models, considering both the primary emissions and the
atmospheric processing, is calculated to be 0.7 (±0.3) Tg Fe yr−1,
accounting for both mineral dust and combustion aerosols. The
mean global deposition fluxes into the global ocean are estimated to be in the range
of 10–30 and 0.2–0.4 Tg Fe yr−1 for TFe and LFe, respectively,
which roughly corresponds to a respective 15 and 0.3 Tg Fe yr−1 for the multi-model ensemble model mean. The model intercomparison analysis indicates that the representation of the
atmospheric Fe cycle varies among models, in terms of both the magnitude of
natural and combustion Fe emissions as well as the complexity of atmospheric
processing parameterizations of Fe-containing aerosols. The model comparison
with aerosol Fe observations over oceanic regions indicates that most models
overestimate surface level TFe mass concentrations near dust source
regions and tend to underestimate the low concentrations observed in remote
ocean regions. All models are able to simulate the tendency of higher Fe
concentrations near and downwind from the dust source regions, with the mean
normalized bias for the Northern Hemisphere (∼14), larger
than that of the Southern Hemisphere (∼2.4) for the ensemble model
mean. This model intercomparison and model–observation comparison study
reveals two critical issues in LFe simulations that require further
exploration: (1) the Fe-containing aerosol size distribution and (2) the
relative contribution of dust and combustion sources of Fe to labile Fe in
atmospheric aerosols over the remote oceanic regions.
Sensitivity study of the regional climate model RegCM4 to different convective schemes over West Africa
Authors: Koné Brahima , Diedhiou Arona , Touré N'datchoh Evelyne , Sylla Mouhamadou Bamba , Giorgi Filippo , Anquetin Sandrine , Bamba Adama , Diawara Adama , Kobea Arsene Toka
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The latest version of RegCM4 with CLM4.5 as a land surface scheme was used to
assess the performance and sensitivity of the simulated West African
climate system to different convection schemes. The sensitivity studies were
performed over the West African domain from November 2002 to December 2004 at
a spatial resolution of 50 km × 50 km and involved five
convective schemes: (i) Emanuel; (ii) Grell; (iii) Emanuel over land and
Grell over ocean (Mix1); (iv) Grell over land and Emanuel over ocean (Mix2);
and (v) Tiedtke. All simulations were forced with ERA-Interim data.
Validation of surface temperature at 2 m and precipitation were conducted
using data from the Climate Research Unit (CRU), Global
Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and the Tropical Rainfall Measurement
Mission (TRMM) during June to September (rainy season), while the simulated
atmospheric dynamic was compared to ERA-Interim data. It is worth noting that
the few previous similar sensitivity studies conducted in the region were
performed using BATS as a land surface scheme and involved less convective
schemes. Compared with the previous version of RegCM, RegCM4-CLM also shows a
general cold bias over West Africa whatever the convective scheme used. This
cold bias is more reduced when using the Emanuel convective scheme. In terms of
precipitation, the dominant feature in model simulations is a dry bias that
is
better reduced when using the Emanuel convective scheme. Considering the good
performance with respect to a quantitative evaluation of the temperature and
precipitation simulations over the entire West African domain and its
subregions, the Emanuel convective scheme is recommended for the study of the
West African climate system.
Simple noise estimates and pseudoproxies for the last 21k years
Authors: Bothe Oliver , Wagner Sebastian , Zorita Eduardo
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Climate reconstructions are means to extract the signal from uncertain paleo-observations, i.e. proxies. It is essential to evaluate these to understand and quantify their uncertainties. Similarly, comparing climate simulations and proxies requires approaches to bridge the, e.g., temporal and spatial differences between both and address their specific uncertainties. One way to achieve these two goals are so called pseudoproxies. These are surrogate proxy records within, e.g., the virtual reality of a climate simulation. They in turn depend on an understanding of the uncertainties of the real proxies, i.e. the noise-characteristics disturbing the original environmental signal. Common pseudoproxy approaches so far concentrated on data with high temporal resolution from, e.g., tree-rings or ice-cores over the last approximately 2,000 years. Here we provide a simple but flexible noise model for potentially low-resolution sedimentary climate proxies for temperature on millennial time-scales, the code for calculating a set of pseudoproxies from a simulation and, for one simulation, the pseudoproxies themselves. The noise model considers the influence of other environmental variables, a dependence on the climate state, a bias due to changing seasonality, modifications of the archive (e.g., bioturbation), potential sampling variability, and a measurement error. Model, code, and data should allow to develop new ways of comparing simulation data with proxies on long time-scales. Code and data are available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZBEHX.
Introduction of an online discussion forum and electronic communication practice in a tertiary-level Anaesthesia Department
Authors: Sanderson Brenton , Field Jeremy
Published: November 2018

Objective: Electronic communication mediums provide an opportunity for clinicians to enhance communication, collaboration, and sharing of clinical experience, especially via mobile devices. In 2016, the authors implemented a private online discussion forum in a tertiary-level anaesthesia department to improve communication and collaboration amongst members. The objective of this survey was to assess if these aims were met, to determine the degree of communication medium duplication incurred by its introduction, and to assess departmental communication practices more generally.Methods: A qualitative anonymous online survey was conducted 18 months following the introduction of the online discussion forum, over a two-month period. All 120 medical staff were invited via forum message and hard-copy invitation and responses were stratified by training status.Results: Forty-seven responses were collected (39% response rate), comprising 31 anaesthesia specialists and 16 anaesthesia trainees. Sixty-one percent of respondents reported that discussion had improved following the introduction of the online discussion forum, with no significant difference between specialists and trainees. Despite this, 57% overall maintained a preference for email discussion.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the introduction of an online discussion forum resulted in a perceived improvement in overall departmental communication. However, it is important that workplaces considering implementation of a similar communication medium determine their employees’ cultural perspectives on technology, established communication preferences and aims of implementation to ensure success.
Designing and Implementing Applications of Smart Home Appliances
Authors: Marhoon Hamzah M. , Mahdi Mohammed I. , Hussein Ehab Dh. , Ibrahim Ahmed R.
Published: November 2018

Smart house or automation house and security system has been developed in the recent years because its importance to provides the energy saving, comfort for the elderly and security to the house owners. This paper proposed to design a low cost and flexible home prototype system for controlling and monitoring. The proposed design based on two parts; first part, automation system was building by using Arduino UNO microcontroller which responsible on reading and processing the different types of sensor values that's used in the design such as gas leak, flame and temperature as well as the remote control used in automatic garage door. The second part is security system and outdoor lighting the NodeMCU will be used to monitor the state of the house security from anywhere through a special GUI was programming by HTML language that allows the user to monitor the house security as well as extinguishing and operating the outdoor light via specific IP address granted by the NodeMCU.
De maatschappelijke integratie van de politie
Authors: van Duijneveldt Ivo
Published: November 2018

The social integration of the police. Opinions of Police Chiefs on a loaded topic

Since the 1970s social integration of the police has been considered as a key element of the Dutch police. This article focusses on the question of the relevance of social integration of the contemporary police. The article is based on interviews with present and former strategic leaders of the Dutch police. This study shows that social integration is still often considered to be a highly important value for the Dutch police, particularly with regard to the growing polarisation in society. However, some of the police chiefs also express their disapproval of the concept of social integration; in their view the concept reminds us of the past. Also, police chiefs are critical of the value of the concept because of its supposed geographical focus. The paper shows that this criticism can be understood as an interpretation of social integration in terms of ‘neighbourhood policing’ and as an operational police strategy.
Epidemiology and etiopathogenesis of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammapathy of undetermined significance
Authors: Suska Anna , Jurczyszyn Artur
Published: November 2018

Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for about 13% of haematological malignancies. Etiopathogenesis
is still not fully understood. Confirmed risk factors include the following: age, male
sex, black race and MM among first-degree relatives. MM may be preceded by monoclonal
gammapathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). The risk of progression is about 1% per
year. Genetic changes, proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines and some infections may
play a role in this risk. With regard to lifestyle risk factors, only obesity and overweight were
associated with increased MM incidence and elevated risk for transformation of MGUS to MM.
Regarding occupational exposure, there is an increased risk of MM among farmers, firefighters
and hairdressers. As far as autoimmune diseases are concerned, only ankylosing spondylitis
and pernicious anemia are associated with significantly increased MM risk. Increased risk of
MM was also reported in relatives of MM patients, especially in first-degree relatives and in
African-American families. The risk of MGUS is elevated in both first-degree relatives of MM
and MGUS patients. Data from genetic analysis indicated translocations involving immunoglobulin
heavy chain (IGH) loci, hyperphosphorylation of several proteins which are the targets
for paraproteins produced by malignant plasma cells and single nucleotide polymorphisms
(susceptibility loci) as the potential genetic predisposition to multiple myeloma. The mechanism
of heterogeneity of clinical manifestations of MM is not known. Anemia is less frequent
in patients whose relatives were diagnosed with hematologic malignancy compared to those
with a negative family history. In patients from a younger age group, osteolytic bone lesions
were more common than in older patients. In conclusion, environmental exposures modify
the genetic predisposition to MM and MGUS.
Peer-reviewing in the World Trade Organization: The Activity of States in the Trade Policy Review Mechanism
Authors: Karlas Jan , Parízek Michal
Published: November 2018

This paper offers the first comprehensive quantitative explanatory study of the World Trade Organization (WTO) member states’ activity in the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM), the WTO’s central monitoring instrument. We analyze both the written questions submitted and the oral declarations delivered by the WTO members in all 95 trade policy reviews in the six-year period of 2009–2014. Descriptively, we find that the European Union and the United States are the most active members, but that the so-called ‘rising’ powers – namely China, Brazil, and India – very closely follow. In addition, almost the entire membership is involved in reviewing activity, at least to some extent. The explanatory results reveal that activity in the TPRM is strongly associated with a country’s market size. However, the member states’ overall aggregate membership in international organizations plays an almost equally important role.
ULOGA KOMPJUTERIZOVANOG RAČUNOVODSTVENOG INFORMACIONOG SISTEMA U OTKRIVANJU RAČUNOVODSTVENIH GREŠAKA I PREVARA
Authors: Ilić Milena , Anđelić Svetlana
Published: November 2018

U poslovnim organizacijama važnu ulogu igra računovodstveni informacioni sistem, koji crpe podatke i informacije od drugih informacionih sistema, ali jednako i deli svoje podatke i informacije sa drugima. Rad prikazuje ulogu jednog takvog sistema u sprečavanju nastanka nenamernih računovodstvenih grešaka, u obezbeđenju  i analizi podataka za interne i eksterne korisnike na osnovu kojih će nenamerne računovodstvene greške biti uočljive, odnosno namerni pokušaji računovodstvenih prevara dokumentovani i prepoznati. Pored softvera, hardvera i telekomunikacija kao sastavnih delova kompjuterizovanog računovodstvenog informacionog sistema, važnu ulogu u detekciji grešaka i pokušaja prevarnih radnji u računovodstvu, igraju upravo ljudski resursi.  Od presudne je važnosti visok stepen poznavanja računovodstvene teorije i prakse, propisa i načela, ali i etičnost ljudi kao elementa računovodstvenog informacionog sistema kao i korisnika dobijenih informacija. Problem istraživanja rada je uloga kompjuterizovanih informacionih sistema u sprečavanju nastanka računovodstvenih grešaka i lakšoj detekciji namernih prevarnih aktova.  Istraživanje autora se bazira na pregledu dostupne literature koja se odnosi na informacione sisteme i računovodstvenu praksu, prikupljanju podataka o problemu istraživanja i diskusiji o pronađenim činjenicama.
BASICS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Authors: Novaković Nataša , Teodosijević Boris
Published: November 2018

Basics of public speaking is a work in which we emphasize the importance of mastering the techniques of public speaking and oratory skills, in order for that knowledge to serve each individual as a key tool for easier achievement of all objectives of business and personal communication. We explain and define the very concept of public speaking and its qualities and give an answer to the crucial question of who actually needs those oratory skills. Also, we turn to the basic divisions and types of speech, their main features and differences, as well as a very important segment of oratory which is improvised, or spontaneous speech.
E-TESTIRANJE I OCENJIVANJE U E-UČENJU
Authors: Krstić Lazar , Krstić Marija
Published: November 2018

E-testovi smatraju se dominantnim vidom provere znanja i ocenjivanja pomoću računara i interneta, pružajući mogućnost testiranja u bilo koje vreme, na bilo kojoj lokaciji, brzo i efikasno. Danas su gotovo neizostavan deo platformi za elektronsko učenje. Rad je koncipiran tako da su njime obuhvaćeni svi značajni aspekti e-testiranja i ocenjivanja u e-učenju, kao važnom segmentu u osavremenjavanju procesa obrazovanja. Nakon razmatranja sistema za e-testiranje i karakteristika koje jedan moderan sistem ovakve namene treba posedovati, akcenat se stavlja na e-testove kao produkt sistema za e-testiranje i ocenjivanje. Na kraju izlaganja izvršena je analiza najpopularnijih veb baziranih alata (sistema) za e-testiranje i ocenjivanje u e-učenju. Značaj elektronskog testiranja ogleda se u kvalitetu i efikasnosti ocenjivanja i procenjivanja znanja uopšte.
КОНЦЕПТ ПРИМАРНЕ ПОЉОПРИВРЕДНЕ ПРОИЗВОДЊЕ И ПРЕРАДЕ У ГРАДСКОМ ПОДРУЧЈУ НИША
Authors: Novaković Igor
Published: November 2018

Примарна пољопривредна производња и поред тога што је битан чинилац укупне наионалне економије, показије недовољну искоришћеност постојећих капацитета и природне базе. Циљ овог рада је да представимо концепт примарне пољопривредне производње и прераде у градском подручју Ниша, а који ће омогућити организовање пољопривредне произвдње и понуде на принципима савременог тржишног пословања, унапређењем постојећег стања и коришћењем расположивих природних ресурса. Реализацијом овог концепта  могуће је запослити 10000 људи. На основу економско-финансијске анализе добили смо резултате за оправданост оваквог концепта, који може подстаћи развој малих и средњих предузећа из области пољопривредне производње.
Structure and Persistence of Ship Wakes and the Role of Langmuir-Type Circulations
Authors: Somero Ryan , Basovich Andre , Paterson Eric G.
Published: November 2018

Surface ships operating in ocean waves are shown to generate transverse surface currents which persist long after the initial ship-induced currents have decayed. These surface currents are due to the formation of large-scale Langmuir-type circulations (LTC) and are suggested to be the mechanism for the concentration of surface-active substance into streaks or bands, which are regularly seen in synthetic aperture radar imagery of the ocean surface. These circulations are generated by the Craik-Leibovich vortex force, which results from interaction of ship-induced currents with ambient surface waves. Once generated, the circulations persist due to their large-scale nearly inviscid nature. Numerical simulations of the wake behind a surface ship in calm, head, and following seas are presented and show good agreement with radar imagery from at-sea experiments. It is demonstrated that surface currents do not persist in the absence of surface waves, but can persist for tens of kilometers through the formation of LTC. Because the circulations are driven by the cross product of the Stokes drift and the wake vorticity, the structure of the persistent wake is a function of relative heading of the ship with respect to the direction of surface-wave propagation.

1. Introduction

The study of ship wakes presents a field that has had great theoretical and applied interest for over a century, starting with the description of the Kelvin wake (Thomson 1887). The theoretical interest is still significant because not all mechanisms related to ship wakes are understood, particularly the long persistence of ship-induced perturbations. There is a high degree of applied interest in the matter, as ship wakes can be observed in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery (Munk et al. 1987; Reed & Milgram 2002; Brusch et al. 2011) and optical imagery (Munk et al. 1987).

There are several distinct processes generated by a self-propelled ship: surface waves generated by the ship hull (Kelvin wake); propeller and hull-induced near-surface flow and turbulence; and bubbles produced by the propellers and breaking bow waves (Peltzer 1984). These features are well documented in field (Peltzer 1993) and towing-tank (Swean 1987; Peltzer et al. 1992) experiments. Most of these features decay several ship lengths behind the vessel (Swean 1987), which is also shown by simulations presented in this article. Nevertheless, it is well known that some features of ship wakes can be observed well after the passage of the ship, in some cases tens of kilometers behind the vessel. This article addresses the physical mechanism for the formation and resulting structure of such long-lasting ship wakes, and describes their qualitative and some quantitative features.
Language of Ignorance
Authors: McAlinden Aine
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine whether commonly-used slang at Boston College is pejorative to women. Research was gathered through the use of an online survey given to thirteen English-speaking Boston College undergraduate students. Other sources were used as well, in order to find the origins and historical context of the most popular slang terms that came up in the data. The survey asked students to list eight offensive slang terms and then use them to answer a series of questions. By giving example sentences, potential environments for usage, and possible positive uses of pejorative terms, participants were able to flesh out their understandings of these terms before then being asked to group their words into the categories "masculine," "feminine," or "neutral." The results of the survey proved that there is an extreme bias against women in everyday slang, and while there are some slang terms that refer mostly to men, these terms are never considered as harmful as those which describe women.
A Robust Optimization Approach to Public Transit Mobile Real-time Information
Authors: Ma Weimin , Lin Nannan , Chen Xiaoxuan , Zhang Wenfen
Published: November 2018

In the past few years, numerous mobile applications have made it possible for public transit passengers to find routes and learn about the expected arrival times of their transit vehicles. Previous studies show that provision of accurate real-time bus information is vital to passengers for reducing their anxieties and wait times at bus stops. Inadequate and/or inaccurate real-time information not only confuses passengers but also reinforces the bad image of public transit. However, almost all methods of real-time information optimization are aimed at predicting bus arrival or travel times. In order to make up for the lack of information accuracy, this paper proposes a new approach to optimize mobile real-time information for each transit route based on robust linear optimization. An error estimation is added to current bus arrival time information as a new element of mobile bus applications. The proof process of the robust optimization model is also presented in this paper. In the end, the model is tested on two comparable bus routes in Shanghai. The real-time information for these two routes was obtained from Shanghai Bus, a mobile application used in  Shanghai City. The test results reflect the validity, disadvantages, and risk costs of the model.
T-ALL leukemia stem cell 'stemness' is epigenetically controlled by the master regulator SPI1
Authors: Zhu Haichuan , Zhang Liuzhen , Wu Yilin , Dong Bingjie , Guo Weilong , Wang Mei , Yang Lu , Fan Xiaoying , Tang Yuliang , Liu Ningshu , Lei Xiaoguang , Wu Hong
Published: November 2018

Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are regarded as the origins and key therapeutic targets of leukemia, but limited knowledge is available on the key determinants of LSC ‘stemness’. Using single-cell RNA-seq analysis, we identify a master regulator, SPI1, the LSC-specific expression of which determines the molecular signature and activity of LSCs in the murine Pten-null T-ALL model. Although initiated by PTEN-controlled β-catenin activation, Spi1 expression and LSC ‘stemness’ are maintained by a β-catenin-SPI1-HAVCR2 regulatory circuit independent of the leukemogenic driver mutation. Perturbing any component of this circuit either genetically or pharmacologically can prevent LSC formation or eliminate existing LSCs. LSCs lose their ‘stemness’ when Spi1 expression is silenced by DNA methylation, but Spi1 expression can be reactivated by 5-AZ treatment. Importantly, similar regulatory mechanisms may be also present in human T-ALL.
Comparison of incisional complications between skin closures using a simple continuous or intradermal pattern: a pilot study in horses undergoing ventral median celiotomy
Authors: Scharner Doreen , Gittel Claudia , Winter Karsten , Blaue Dominique , Schedlbauer Carola , Vervuert Ingrid , Brehm Walter
Published: November 2018

Background

Development of incisional complications following ventral median celiotomy might depend on suture pattern for skin closure.

Methods

In this prospective study, 21 healthy male horses underwent celiotomy. Skin closure was either performed via a continuous percutaneous pattern (CO group; 5 warmbloods/5 ponies) or an intradermal pattern (ID group; 5 warmbloods/6 ponies). Follow-up examination of the incisional site included daily monitoring for edema, dehiscence, and drainage. Transcutaneous ultrasound was performed at Days 3, 6, and 10 as well as on Week 8 and 12 to evaluate size of edema and presence or absence of sinus formation, and hernia formation. Prevalence of incisional infection on base of positive microbiological analysis at any time up to Day 10 was evaluated and compared between ID and CO group. Furthermore, edema size was analysed by a linear mixed-effect model for group and time dependency.

Results

Observed incisional complications included edema (9/10 in CO, 10/11 in ID), suture sinus formation (2/10 in CO, 1/11 in ID), surgical site infection (2/10 in CO, 0/11 in ID), and incisional hernia (1/10 in CO, 0/11 in ID). The overall prevalence of incisional infection was 9.5% without significant differences between both groups (20% in CO, 0% in ID;p= 0.214). Edema size was not dependent on time or group (p= 0.545 andp= 0.627, respectively).

Discussion

CO and ID suture pattern are appropriate for skin closure following ventral median celiotomy in horses. None of the animals in the continuous ID group developed surgical site infections, even without the use of antibiotics.
Nutrition of marine mesograzers: integrating feeding behavior, nutrient intake and performance of an herbivorous amphipod
Authors: Machado Glauco B.O. , Leite Fosca P.P. , Sotka Erik E.
Published: November 2018

Consumers can regulate the acquisition and use of nutrients through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Here, we present an experimental approach that simultaneously integrates multiple nutritional traits, feeding assays, and juvenile performance to assess whether a marine herbivore (the amphipodAmpithoe valida) regulates the intake of elements (carbon and nitrogen), macronutrients (protein and non-protein) or both when offered freeze-dried tissues of seaweeds varying in nutritional content. We assessed behavioral regulation of nutrients in three ways. First, during no-choice assays, we found that amphipods ingested similar amounts of carbon, but not nitrogen, non-protein and protein, across algal diets. Second, herbivore intake rates of carbon, protein and non-protein components across no-choice assays was similar to intake rates when offered a choice of foods. Third, variation in intake rates of carbon and non-protein components among algal diets was significantly greater than was tissue content of these components, while variation in intake rates of nitrogen was significantly lower; differences in protein intake variation was equivocal. While these analytical approaches are not uniformly consistent, carbon and nitrogen seem to emerge as the nutrient components that are more strongly regulated byA. valida. Juveniles reared on single diets shown patterns of survivorship, growth and reproduction that could not be predicted by these feeding preferences, nor nutrient content. We conclude that an integrative approach that considers the intake of multiple nutrients potentially yields insights into feeding behavior and its performance consequences.
Caregiver-Reported Quality in Hospices Owned by Private Equity Firms and Publicly Traded Companies
Authors: Soltoff Alexander E. , Unruh Mark Aaron , Stevenson David G. , Kavalieratos Dio , Braun Robert Tyler
Published: November 2024

This study compares differences in caregiver-reported hospice quality across categories of ownership, including for-profit private equity firm (PEF)/publicly traded company (PTC)–owned and non-PEF/PTC–owned hospices as well as not-for-profit–owned hospices.
The US Preventive Services Task Force and Precision Prevention
Authors: Barry Michael J. , Silverstein Michael , Nicholson Wanda
Published: November 2024

This Viewpoint summarizes how the US Preventive Services Task Force specifies target populations for its recommendations and highlights 3 problems—including exacerbation of health inequities—posed by the proposed use of more complex risk models to better identify target populations and increase effectiveness and efficiency of prevention efforts (“precision prevention”).
Harm Reduction Strategies for People Who Use Drugs
Authors: Shah Ruchi V. , Shay Joseph , Komaromy Miriam
Published: November 2024

This JAMA Insights explores harm reduction strategies for people who use drugs and the clinicians who treat them to help reduce the risk of unintentional drug overdose and infection.
Resuscitation Attempt and Outcomes in Patients With Asystole Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Ishii Junki , Nishikimi Mitsuaki , Kikutani Kazuya , Ohki Shingo , Ota Kohei , Anzai Tatsuhiko , Takahashi Kunihiko , Okubo Masashi , Ohshimo Shinichiro , Iwami Taku , Shime Nobuaki
Published: November 2024

Importance

Little is known about the epidemiology of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in patients with asystole in countries where prehospital resuscitation is not withheld or terminated.

Objective

To investigate the secular trends in the patient outcomes and advanced life support (ALS) procedures and evaluate the association of ALS procedures with favorable outcomes among patients with OHCA and asystole.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study analyzed data from a nationwide prospective OHCA registry in Japan. OHCA occurred from June 1, 2014, to December 31, 2020. Adults with an initial rhythm of asystole and OHCA were included in the analysis, which was conducted between July 29, 2022, and August 24, 2024.

Exposures

Year of OHCA and prehospital ALS procedures (advanced airway management [AAM] and intravenous epinephrine administration).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Trends in prehospital and in-hospital ALS procedures and patient outcomes were described using the Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test for continuous variables and the Cochran-Armitage trend test for categorical variables. The primary outcome was a favorable neurological outcome at 30 days. The secondary outcomes included a favorable neurological outcome at 90 days and survival at 30 and 90 days. Associations between prehospital procedures and outcomes were analyzed using time-dependent propensity score and risk-set matching.

Results

Of 60 349 patients with OHCA, 35 843 (59.4%) presented with asystole (median age, 77 [IQR, 64-85] years; 20 573 [57.4%] men). Among these, 33 674 patients (93.9%) underwent ALS procedures, with 67 (0.2%) achieving a favorable neurological outcome at 30 days. No significant trends in the outcomes were noted, except for a decline in return of spontaneous circulation (424 of 1848 [22.9%] to 1178 of 5892 [20.0%]; P = .003). Neither AAM (odds ratio [OR], 1.27 [95% CI, 0.76-2.12]; P = .36) nor intravenous epinephrine administration (OR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.24-1.13]; P = .10) was associated with a favorable neurological outcome at 30 days, although both were associated with survival at 30 days (ORs, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.21-1.74] and 1.81 [95% CI, 1.44-2.27], respectively; P < .001 for both).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of patients with OHCA presenting with asystole, the proportion with a favorable neurological outcome at 30 days was substantially low, and no prehospital ALS procedure was associated with a favorable neurological outcome. These findings suggest that discussions regarding implementation of a termination of resuscitation rule for such patients are warranted.
A New Method for Creating Structured High‐Performance Current Collectors for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Krall Eric A. , Rivera Jesus , Wood Marrisa , Overland Alexandra E. , Seede Raiyan A. , Rietema Connor J. , Cerón Maira R. , Hawks Steven A.
Published: November 2024

A significant challenge in many electrochemical systems is finding a stable, high‐performing current collector material that is mechanically robust, adaptable in form factor, and free of precious metals. Titanium electrodes are robust in many of these regards but exhibit poor charge transfer performance due to self‐passivation. Herein, a new materials processing paradigm based on the titanium/titanium nitride (Ti/TiN) system which allows for robust, stable, and low‐resistance current collectors of arbitrary form factor is presented. Specifically, a gas‐nitriding process for 3D‐printed titanium electrodes that results in a 20‐fold improvement of charge transfer characteristics relative to the untreated material is outlined. The ability to utilize 3D‐structured current collectors with a net 40‐fold improvement in performance over nonstructured electrodes is further demonstrated. This novel approach to creating electrochemical current collectors requires minimal laboratory resources and can be widely adapted for a variety of applications, including desalination, electrolysis, energy storage, and basic research. The work described herein provides both a means for accelerating research and opens the door to hierarchical tuneability for enhanced performance.
Long‐Lasting, Steady and Enhanced Energy Harvesting by Inserting a Conductive Layer into the Piezoelectric Polymer
Authors: Jang HakSu , Kim Gwang Hyeon , Jeon Dong Won , Park Hyeon Jun , Bae BitNa , Alluri Nagamalleswara Rao , Kim Cheol Min , Baek Changyeon , Lee Min‐Ku , Cho Sung Beom , Lee Gyoung‐Ja , Park Kwi‐Il
Published: November 2024

Flexibility, higher piezoelectric performance, and long‐lasting stability of devices have a great demand in next generation energy technologies. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer has a greater mechanical flexibility, but it suffers from low piezoelectric performance. Herein, sandwich‐structured piezoelectric film (SS‐PF) is designed by inserting the conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) layer between two PVDF layers. The SS‐PF based flexible piezoelectric energy harvester (f‐PEH) generates higher voltage and current of 3.73 times and 4.64 times than the pristine PVDF film type f‐PEH. Moreover, the SS‐PF based f‐PEH shows no degradation in the output voltage confirming the excellent long‐lasting stability over 6 months. DFT simulation shows the occurrence of intermolecular forces between the PVDF/PEDOT:PSS interface. The electric field‐dependent charges alignment in PEDOT:PSS may induce the charge accumulation at the PSS‐PVDF interface and charge depletion at the PEDOT‐PVDF interface leading to the change in orientation of molecular structure in PVDF. Next, the SS‐PF based f‐PEH is tested for a vibration sensor to monitor the vibrations of curvy pipes and machines, and its output voltages are comparable with the commercial PVDF vibration sensor to confirm the real‐time use. The results present a novel design strategy, indicating a new direction for investigating piezo‐polymer‐based f‐PEH.
Enhanced Photothermal Therapy under Low‐Power Near‐Infrared Irradiation Enabled by a Si‐Cyclopentadithiophene‐Based Organic Molecule
Authors: Fan Kexin , Li Qingyang , Qian Yuping , Zhang Ludan , Lu Di , Zhu Ling , Yan Shouke , Xu Bowei , Wang Yuguang
Published: November 2024

Due to the inadequate photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), most photothermal agents (PTAs) have to be used under high‐power near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation, which significantly exceeds medical safety standards, for achieving effective photothermal therapy (PTT) in antitumor treatment. This significantly hinders practical PTT application. Herein, three acceptor‐donor‐acceptor(A‐D‐A)‐type molecules are synthesized based on cyclopentadithiophene unit to develop effective PTAs. By incorporating the large‐size Si atom in the A‐D‐A molecules, the photosensitizer displays an increased packing distance in the aggregate state, leading to a blue‐shifted absorption spectrum that better matches the medial laser wavelength. Also, the Si incorporation strategy elevates the nonradiative decay rate constants (knr) of the A‐D‐A photosensitizer, and thereby a further enhancement in PCE is achieved for the PTA. Consequently, the SiO‐4F‐based nanoparticles exhibited 64.23% PCE, with excellent biosafety and photothermal stability. Under NIR irradiation with medical safety (808 nm, 0.33 W cm−2), SiO‐4F nanoparticles with 100 µg mL−1 yield a death rate of over 91% for diverse tumor cells. Moreover, in vivo experiments, SiO‐4F‐based PTT effectively inhibited and eliminated tumors. These findings suggest that the Si‐incorporated CDPT is promising for constructing effective A‐D‐A photosensitizers, enabling the PTT under NIR irradiation that meets medical safety standards.