bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of exogenous hyaluronan on synthesis of hyaluronan and collagenase by equine synoviocytes
Authors: Lynch Timothy M. , Caron John P. , Arnoczky Steven P. , Lloyd James W. , Stick John A. , Render James A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the influence of exogenous hyaluronan (HA) on in vitro synthesis of HA and collagenase by equine synoviocytes from normal and inflamed joints.

Animals

9 adult horses.

Procedure

Synoviocytes for culture were taken from the middle carpal joint of 3 horses with normal joints (control) and 6 horses with osteochondral fractures (principal). Synoviocytes were propagated in monolayer cultures and were incubated with 3 commercial HA products at concentrations of 0, 200, 400, and 1,500 μg/ml. Newly synthesized HA was radiolabeled with [3H]glucosamine and quantified by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation and liquid scintillation counting. The hydrodynamic size of radioactive HA was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and collagenase activity was evaluated by use of a quantitative radioactive collagen film assay.

Results

Exogenous HA influenced neither the rate of synthesis nor the hydrodynamic size of the newly produced HA by control or principal cell cultures. Culture supernatants from abnormal synovium, exposed to 400 and 1,500 μg of exogenous HA/ml, contained significantly more collagenase activity than did those exposed to lower concentrations.

Conclusion

Although HA is thought to have beneficial effects in equine arthropathies, the principal mechanisms of action of HA do not appear to be stimulation of synthesis of HA of augmented molecular weight or marked inhibition of collagenase synthesis. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:888–892)
Alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively
Authors: Rush Bonnie R. , Worster Allison A. , Flaminio M. Julia B. F. , Matson Charles J. , Hakala Joyce E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively.

Animals

6 horses with inducible and reversible heaves.

Procedure

Episodes of heaves were induced by exposure to moldy hay and straw for 7 days (natural challenge). Horses then underwent treatment (aerosolized beclomethasone, parenterally administered dexamethasone, and aerosolized propellant) for 7 days. Horses remained in the mold-contaminated environment for 7 days after discontinuation of drugs. Adrenocortical function was determined by serial evaluation of Cortisol concentration in serum obtained on days 0, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 19, and 21. Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation testing was performed in 4 horses/treatment group on days 0, 7, 14, and 21.

Results

Endogenous Cortisol production was suppressed in beclomethasone- and dexamethasone-treated horses within 2 days of treatment but recovered to values similar to those in propellant-treated horses approximately 2 and 4 days after discontinuation of drugs. Serum Cortisol concentration in propellant-treated horses gradually decreased during the study and was significantly lower than baseline on days 14, 16, 19, and 21. Mean increase in serum Cortisol concentration in response to ACTH stimulation testing after beclomethasone and dexamethasone administration did not differ significantly from the response observed in propellant-treated horses.

Conclusions

Aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone and dexamethasone, respectively, suppressed adrenocortical function; however, endogenous cortisol production resumed approximately 2 and 4 days after discontinuation of drugs. Responsiveness to ACTH stimulation testing was not affected by the 7-day treatment period. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1044–1047)
Effects of a prostaglandin E1 analogue, misoprostol, on renal function in dogs receiving nephrotoxic doses of gentamicin
Authors: Davies Charlotte , Forrester S. Dru , Troy Gregory C. , Saunders Geoffrey K. , Shell Linda G. , Johnston Spencer A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether the prostaglandin E1 analogue, misoprostol, could preserve renal function in dogs receiving nephrotoxic doses of gentamicin.

Animals

12 (6/group) healthy sexually intact male dogs.

Procedure

All dogs were given high doses of gentamicin (10 mg/kg of body weight, IV, q 8 h, for 8 consecutive days). Six dogs (treatment group) received misoprostol (3 μg/kg, PO, q 8 h for the duration of the study) and 6 dogs (control group) received vehicle (1 capsule, PO, q 8 h). Renal function was assessed before treatment (day 0) and on days 3, 6, 9, and 11 after initiation of treatment by measurement of serum biochemical variables, urine specific gravity, and exogenous creatinine clearance. Serum electrolyte and protein concentrations and presence of proteinuria, glycosuria, and cylindruria were also determined. At the end of the study, renal histopathologic changes were evaluated.

Results

Dogs receiving misoprostol had significant reduction in exogenous creatinine clearance with time, compared with dogs receiving vehicle (P = 0.0264). Dogs receiving misoprostol tended to develop more severe azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and renal histopathologic changes; however, results were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusion

Misoprostol (3 μg/kg, PO, q 8 h) did not preserve renal function and may have exacerbated gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis in this group of dogs.

Clinical Relevance

Supplementation of vasodilatory prostanoids may exacerbate renal dysfunction in dogs receiving high doses of gentamicin. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1048–1054)
Validation of predictive equations for use of deuterium oxide dilution to determine body composition of dogs
Authors: Burkholder William J. , Thatcher Craig D.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To validate equations predicting body composition of dogs, using deuterium oxide dilution.

Animals

38 female and 37 male dogs selected by defined body weight and body condition criteria.

Procedure

Measured equilibrated deuterium concentration in serum after IV administration of isotope was used to determine isotope space and predict body water, fat, nitrogen, and ash contents determined from analysis of homogenized carcass. Equations predicting body composition were derived, using regression analysis, and were validated, using data-splitting techniques.

Results

Deuterium space (in kilograms) overestimated kilograms of body water content by mean 21.8% ± SD of 4.18%. Regression equations were derived and validated to predict kilograms of body water and ash from kilograms of deuterium space, and proportions of body water, fat, nitrogen, and ash from proportion of deuterium space. Coefficients of determination (r2) and means of standard errors of estimating new values (SEE) were, respectively, 0.993 and 0.4 kg for body water content, and 0.942 and 0.08 kg for ash content. For proportions, SEE were 2.0, 2.7, 0.1, and 0.4% for body water, fat, nitrogen, and ash, respectively. Two factors, time for isotope equilibration and whether samples were processed by vacuum sublimation, improved SEE for proportion of body water from 2.0 to 1.3% and of fat from 2.7 to 1.8%. Equations predicting absolute quantities of fat and nitrogen could be derived but not validated.

Conclusions

Deuterium dilution can be used to predict body composition of dogs with precision equal to that determined for other species. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:927–937)
Mechanical correlations derived from segmental histologic study of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon, from foal to adult
Authors: Crevier-Denoix Nathalie , Collobert Claire , Sanaa Moez , Bernard Nadine , Joly Cécile , Pourcelot Philippe , Geiger Didier , Bortolussi Claude , Bousseau Benoît , Denoix Jean-Marie
Published: January 2024

Objective

To assess histologic variations of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) according to site and to horse age and activity, and to correlate these data with reported segmental mechanical results.

Sample Population

Superficial digital flexor tendons isolated from 42 horses 0.5 hour to 23 years old.

Procedure

7 segments of each SDFT were delimited and submitted for conventional histologic examination. Each segment was examined and graded for fiber undulation, cellularity, number and size of interfascicular connective spaces (ICS), presence or absence of focal and diffuse chondroid metaplasia, and differentiation of the dorsal (DB) and palmar (PB) borders of the tendon.

Results

Fiber undulation and cellularity significantly decreased with age. The proximal and middle metacarpal segment fibers were significantly less undulated and their ICS were smaller than those of the other segments, especially in old horses. Focal chondroid metaplasia developed from 5 years onward, mainly in the sesamoidean segments. Diffuse chondroid metaplasia was characteristic of the digital region in horses > 6 years old. The DB of the metacarpodigital region tended to differentiate into fibrocartilage in association with age. The PB was generally differentiated as nonfascicular dense connective tissue. Activity induced a decrease in the number and size of the ICS.

Conclusions

The lesser undulation of the proximal and middle metacarpal segments fibers can be correlated to their mechanical behavior (stress-strain curve) and relative weakness within the SDFT. Focal chondroid metaplasia and fibrocartilage on the DB are normal features, related to the compression stresses undergone by the sesamoidean region of the tendon. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:969–977)
Efficacy of a drug combination of praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate, and febantel against giardiasis in dogs
Authors: Barr Stephen C. , Bowman Dwight D. , Frongillo Marguerite F. , Joseph Steven L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate efficacy of a combination of praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate, and febantel at 2 dosages for treating naturally acquired giardiasis in dogs.

Animals

6 male and 9 female Beagles.

Procedure

Dogs were identified as naturally infected with Giardia sp, using the zinc sulfate concentration technique (ZSCT), and were allocated to 1 of 3 groups. Group-1 dogs were treated orally with a praziquantel (5.4 to 7 mg/kg of body weight), pyrantel pamoate (26.8 to 35.2 mg/kg), and febantel (26.8 to 35.2 mg/kg) combination, every 24 hours for 3 doses. Group-2 dogs were treated with the combination once. Group-3 dogs were nontreated controls. Four fecal samples were examined, using the ZSCT, from each dog of each group within 6 days of the last treatment. Dogs were considered to have giardiasis if 1 or more of the fecal samples had positive results for Giardia cysts. Dogs were examined daily for at least 10 days after the last treatment.

Results

Giardia cysts were not detected in the feces of any group-1 dog or in the feces of 2 of 5 group- 2 dogs. Cysts were detected in the feces of 5 of 5 group-3 (nontreated control) dogs. Signs of toxicosis were not observed in any dog.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

The current labeled dose (for treatment of various nematodes and cestodes, but not Giardia sp) of the combination given orally once reduces cyst excretion in Giardia-infected dogs, and should be considered for treatment of dogs shedding Giardia cysts, whether or not they have clinical signs of infection. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1134-1136)
Effects of the major Pasteurella multocida porin on bovine neutrophils
Authors: Galdiero Massimiliano , Palomba Eugenio , De Luisa , Vitiello Mariateresa , Pagnini Pietro
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate in vitro effect of the major fraction of outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella multocida with porin-like activities on some biological functions of bovine neutrophils.

Animals

Neutrophils from 5 adult cattle.

Procedure

Variations in such biological processes as actin polymerization and chemotaxis and evaluation of hydrogen peroxide attributable to variable concentrations of P multocida were recorded and compared. Data were obtained, using the porin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from a strain of P multocida cultivated in brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth. Various concentrations of porin and LPS were analyzed to evaluate changes in functional activation and microbicidal activity of bovine neutrophils.

Results

The 37.5-kd major polypeptide of the outer membrane of P multocida was isolated. Presence of this porin was significantly correlated with variations of some biological functions of bovine neutrophils. These immunocompetent cells had a concentration-dependent increase in actin polymerization and chemotactic activity. A concentration-dependent variation in the oxidative burst also was observed.

Conclusions

The porins of gram-negative bacteria affect several biological functions of cells involved in the immune response as well as in inflammation. Significant correlation of results of in vitro experiments also was identified between porin and LPS effect. Pretreatment of bovine neutrophils with various concentrations of porin always caused a concentration-dependent increase in examined biological activities. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1270–1274)
Characterization of a Pasteurella haemolytica A1 mutant deficient in production of three membrane lipoproteins
Authors: Murphy George L. , Whitworth Lisa C. , Confer Anthony W. , Gaskins Janet D. , Pandher Karamjeet , Dabo S. Mady
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether a Pasteurella haemolytica A1 mutant that is unable to produce membrane lipoproteins has reduced susceptibility to complement-mediated killing, and to characterize the mutant strain.

Sample Population

12 sera from cattle resistant to P haemolytica challenge exposure after vaccination with P haemolytica or its antigens, or after natural exposure.

Procedures

Complement-mediated killing assays were performed, using wild-type and mutant strains and, as antibody source, various immune sera from cattle that were resistant to P haemolytica challenge exposure. Antibody response to whole-cell antigens produced by mutant and wild-type strains, production of outer membrane proteins and iron-regulated outer membrane proteins by the 2 strains, and growth of the 2 strains in various media were analyzed.

Results

Compared with wild-type P haemolytica, the lipoprotein mutant strain had increased susceptibility to bovine complement-mediated killing. Aside from the lipoproteins that are not produced by the mutant, immunoblot analysis did not reveal differences between immunoreactive antigens that are produced by the 2 strains. Some iron-regulated, outer membrane proteins, which usually are only produced by P haemolytica under iron-deficient conditions, were produced constitutively by the mutant. The mutant grew to a lower final cell density and at a lower rate under conditions likely to reflect those encountered in vivo.

Conclusions

Lack of 3 membrane lipoproteins resulted in enhanced susceptibility to bovine complement-mediated killing. Site-specific mutagenesis of genes encoding P haemolytica membrane lipoproteins alters production of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins by P haemolytica. Growth characteristics of the mutant suggested that it may have reduced capacity for survival in vivo. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1275-1280)
Evaluation of automated methods of measuring hemoglobin and hematocrit in horses
Authors: Sorrell-Raschi Laurie A. , Tomasic Michael
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy of 3 automated methods of determining Hct and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, compared with manual methods.

Animals

22 clinically normal adult horses of various breeds.

Procedure

A blood sample was obtained from each horse. Six dilutions (representing Hct of 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, or 70%) were prepared from each sample and analyzed, using 1 of 2 blood gas analyzers or a hemoximeter (for automated determinations) or the Wintrobe macrohematocrit and cyanmethemoglobin methods (for manual determinations). Regression analysis was used to determine mean slope relationships between Hct and Hb measurements obtained by use of manual versus automated methods. Slopes were compared, using Student's t-test.

Results

Of the 3 automated methods examined, only 1 blood gas analyzer reported Hct and Hb values that were not significantly different from those determined by use of manual methods; however, this analyzer could not report Hb concentrations below 2.5 g/dl. The other blood gas analyzer reported values for Hct and Hb concentrations that were consistently higher than those obtained by use of manual methods at Hct ≤ 20% and Hb ≤ 6.6 g/dl. The hemoximeter yielded more accurate results if the Hb concentration was between 6.6 and 20 g/dl.

Conclusion

Although there were some limitations in measuring at low Hb concentrations, the method of determining Hb concentration and Hct with blood gas analyzer 2 was more accurate than that with blood gas analyzer 1 (Hct and Hb concentration) or the hemoximeter (Hb only). (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1519-1522)
Reproducibility of breath hydrogen concentration measurements in dogs after change of diet
Authors: Bissett S. A. , Spohr A. , Guilford W. G. , Haslett S. J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To assess reproducibility of breath hydrogen (H2) concentration measurements in dogs on 3 consecutive days after introduction of a new diet.

Animals

10 healthy colony-source dogs.

Procedure

Dogs were fed a commercial pet food for a minimum of 10 days before introduction of a high-carbohydrate commercial diet. Expired breath samples were collected at baseline and every 90 minutes for 18 hours on the first 3 days after introduction of the new diet. The area under the curve (AUC) for breath H2 concentration versus time on days 1,2, and 3 were compared by use of repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results

The (AUC) did not differ significantly among test days 1, 2, and 3.

Conclusions

Expired breath H2 concentration in dogs indicated good reproducibility during the first 3 days after introduction of a new diet.

Clinical Relevance

It is not necessary to provide a period for adaptation to a test diet prior to performing breath H2 tests in dogs. (AmJ Vet Res1998;59: 1523-1525)
Interleukin 8 response by bovine mammary epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide stimulation
Authors: Boudjellab N. , Chan-Tang H. S. , Li X. , Zhao X.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether an established bovine mammary epithelial cell line expresses interleukin 8 (IL-8) mRNA and synthesizes antigenic IL-8 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

Sample Population

A bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T).

Procedure

mRNA was isolated from cells stimulated with graded concentrations of LPS. The first strand of IL-8 cDNA was synthesized, using a reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction with a specific oligonucleotide. Amplification of IL-8 cDNA was obtained by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The MAC-T-derived antigenic IL-8 was quantified by use of a commercial anti-human IL-8 kit in a sandwich ELISA.

Results

RT-PCR revealed expression of MAC-T-derived mRNA within the first hour after stimulation with LPS. Expression of IL-8 mRNA was correlated to production of IL-8 protein detected in medium by use of the sandwich ELISA. Amounts of antigenic IL-8 increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and were maximal (57 pg/ml) at 48 hours after stimulation with 20 μg of LPS/ml.

Conclusions

MAC-T cells secrete IL-8 in response to stimulation with LPS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The results were consistent with our hypothesis that mammary gland epithelial cells can be a source of IL-8 during the early stage of mastitis. Therefore, IL-8 may have a pivotal role in resolving bacterial infections. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1563-1567)
Effects of human intravenous immunoglobulin on canine monocytes and lymphocytes
Authors: Reagan William J. , Scott-Moncrieff Catharine , Christian John , Snyder Paul , Kelly Kathy , Glickman Larry
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate interactions of human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) with canine lymphocytes and monocytes.

Sample Population

Heparinized blood samples from 4 clinically normal Beagles.

Procedure

Binding ability of IVIG to canine lymphocytes and monocytes was measured by flow cytometry and an indirect immunofluorescent assay. Dualstaining fluorescent assays were done to determine lymphocyte subsets that bind IVIG. Competitive assays were done, using intact canine IgG and Fc fragments, and inhibition of binding was compared with that of F(ab)2 fragments. Ability of IVIG to inhibit phagocytosis of antibody-coated canine RBC also was determined, using a canine mononuclear cell phagocytic assay.

Results

IVIG concentrations (10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/ml) bound to (mean ± SD) 99.6 ± 0.4, 92.4 ± 6.1, 20.4 ± 24.6 and 2.0 ± 5.1% of canine lymphocytes, respectively, Dual staining analyses with IVIG and canine lymphocyte markers indicated that IVIG bound to CD4, CD8, and B lymphocytes. The aforementioned 4 IVIG concentrations bound to 98.0 ±2.1, 85.5 ± 13.5, 64.7 ± 32.8, and 26.5 ± 17.1% of monocytes, respectively. Inhibition of IVIG (0.01 mg/ml) binding to monocytes was significant (P < 0.05) in the presence of 1 and 10 mg of canine IgG/ml and 1 mg of canine Fc fragments/ml. In the presence of F(ab')2 fragments of canine IgG, inhibition was not significant, suggesting that binding is Fc mediated. Co-culturing of monocytes, opsonized RBC, and the 4 concentrations of IVIG and no IVIG resulted in 11.8 ± 5.1, 27.7 ± 12.3, 31.8 ± 15.1, 53.8 ± 6.7, and 45 ± 12% of the monocytes containing RBC, respectively. Phagocytosis inhibition was significant (P < 0.05) at an IVIG concentration of 10 mg/ml.

Conclusions

IVIG binds to canine lymphocytes and monocytes; binding to the latter is Fc mediated. IVIG also inhibits Fc-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-coated RBC.

Clinical Relevance

Owing to its ability to inhibit Fc-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-coated RBC, IVIG may be an effective short-term treatment for dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1568-1574)
Viral excretion in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) inoculated with a raccoon rabies isolate
Authors: Niezgoda Michael , Briggs Deborah J. , Shaddock John , Rupprecht Charles E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine susceptibility, incubation and morbidity periods, clinical signs of infection, serologic response, and excretion of virus in domestic ferrets inoculated with rabies virus of raccoon origin.

Animals

54 domestic ferrets.

Procedure

5 groups of ferrets were inoculated IM with the rabies virus. Oral cavity swab specimens and saliva were obtained for virus isolation. Blood was obtained for virus-neutralizing antibody determination. If clinical signs were severe, ferrets were euthanatized immediately. Salivary gland and brain tissue was collected for virus isolation and rabies diagnosis, respectively.

Results

Of 51 inoculated ferrets, 19 (37%) were euthanatized with clinical signs of rabies. Mean incubation period was 28 days (range, 17 to 63 days). Clinical signs included ataxia, cachexia, inactivity, paresis, paraparesis, bladder atony, tremors, hypothermia, lethargy, constipation, paralysis, and anorexia. Two rabid ferrets manifested aggressive behavior. Mean morbidity period was 4 to 5 days (range, 1 to 8 days). Virus antigen was detected in brain tissue from all rabid ferrets (n = 19). Two rabid ferrets had detectable virus-neutralizing antibody. Of 32 ferrets that survived, only 1 seroconverted; survivors remained clinically normal throughout the observation period. Rabies virus was isolated from salivary glands of 12 of 19 (63%) rabid ferrets, and 9 (47%) shed virus in saliva. Initiation of virus excretion ranged from 2 days before onset of illness to 6 days after onset.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Rabies should be considered in the differential diagnosis for ferrets that have acute onset of paralysis or behavioral changes and a condition that rapidly deteriorates despite intense medical intervention. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1629-1632)
Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and measurement of total body water content by deuterium oxide dilution for estimating body composition in dogs
Authors: Son Hyran R. , d'Avignon D. André , Laflamme Dorothy P.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare percentage of body fat (%BF) estimates from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with those derived from total body water (TBW) determination by deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution.

Animals

31 healthy, adult, purebred dogs of various ages and breeds (body weight, 15 to 39 kg).

Procedure

The TBW was measured by D2O dilution and subsequent analysis via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Blood was collected before and 2 hours after IV administration of 275 mg of D2O/kg of body weight. Plasma was separated and stored at −30 C until analysis by deuterium NMR. The DEXA scans were obtained immediately after blood collection from dogs under general anesthesia.

Results

Measurements of %BF by DEXA averaged 15.8% higher than calculated estimates of TBW content by D2O dilution. The linear regression of %BF by TBW content on %BF by DEXA had a slope of 1.04 and a correlation coefficient of 0.84, indicating excellent relative agreement between methods despite the significant difference in absolute agreement between the 2 methods. The average difference between methods did not differ by breed, sex, body condition score, body weight, or %BF, as measured by DEXA.

Conclusion

Comparability of our data with those of previous studies suggest that DEXA is useful for in vivo estimation of body composition in healthy dogs. Body fat estimated by D2O dilution will be less than that determined by DEXA, despite excellent relative agreement between methods. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:529–532)
Assessment of intestinal function in cats with chronic diarrhea after infection with feline immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Papasouliotis K. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Werrett G. , Brown P. J. , Hopper C. D. , Stokes C. R. , Harbour D. A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To identify consistent relevant mechanisms of small intestinal dysfunction in cats with experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection (FIV) that developed chronic diarrhea during the time they were being used in studies of pathogenicity and transmission of FIV.

Animals

10 cats.

Procedure

The following investigative tests and techniques were performed on each of the cats: routine hematologic and serum biochemical analyses; urinalysis; fecal parasitologic and microbiologic examinations; breath hydrogen lactulose (BH2LT) and xylose (BH2XT) tests; intestinal permeability test; endoscopic examination of the intestinal mucosa; bacteriologic culture of endoscopically collected small intestinal juice; and histologic examination of endoscopically obtained intestinal biopsy specimens.

Results

Neutrophilia was evident in 3 cats, and lymphopenia was detected in 2 cats. Serum biochemical abnormalities were not observed. Urinalysis results were unremarkable. Fecal bacteriologic and parasitologic results were normal, except for isolation of Campylobacter sp from 1 cat. Abnormal BH2XT values suggestive of d-xylose malabsorption were identified in 2 cats, and BH2LT values indicated evidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in 1 cat. Finally, permeability test results, quantitation of bacterial flora from the proximal part of the small intestine and histologic examination of biopsy specimens did not reveal any abnormalities.

Conclusions

Enteric pathogens did not account for the development of diarrhea in cats with experimentally induced FIV infection, and consistent relevant mechanisms of small intestinal dysfunction were not identified. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:569–574)
Protein and calorie effects on progression of induced chronic renal failure in cats
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Brown Scott A. , Brown Cathy A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Sunvold Gregory , Cooper Tanya L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine effects of dietary protein and calories on progression of induced chronic renal failure in cats.

Animals

28 young adult female cats.

Procedure

Renal mass was reduced surgically, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined. Cats were allotted to 4 groups of 7 with similar mean GFR (1.52 to 1.55 ml/min/kg of body weight). Diets were formulated to provide: low protein and calorie (diet A), low protein and high calorie (diet B), high protein and low calorie (diet C), and high protein and calorie (diet D) intakes. Cats were fed their prescribed diet for 12 months, then blood and urine biochemical variables were measured, after which kidney specimens were examined microscopically.

Results

Protein intake by cats of groups C and D (9.0 g/d/kg) was substantially greater than that by cats of groups A and B (5.3 and 5.2 g/d/kg, respectively). Caloric intake by cats of groups B and D (73 and 71 calories/d/kg, respectively) was greater than that by cats of groups A and C (58 and 55 calories/d/kg, respectively). Renal glomerular lesions were mild and not affected by protein, calories, or their interactions. Nonglomerular lesions, though mild, were significantly influenced by calorie intake, but not by protein or calorie-protein interactions. The GFR did not decrease in any group. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio increased significantly in all groups after reduction of renal mass, but values from all groups remained within the reference range (0 to 0.3).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Diets replete in protein were not associated with increased severity of glomerular or nonglomerular renal lesions, increased proteinuria, or decreased GFR. Diets replete in calories were not associated with increased severity of glomerular lesions, but were associated with mild increase of nonglomerular lesions. Factors other than protein and calorie intake must be considered potential causes of progression of renal failure in cats. Results raise questions about the practice of restricting quantity of protein in the diet of cats with chronic renal failure, with the intention of ameliorating development of further renal damage. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:575–582)
Urolithiasis in dogs II: Breed prevalence, and interrelations of breed, sex, age, and mineral composition
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Franti Charles E. , Ruby Annette L. , Johnson Deedra L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To analyze selected breed-related data for canine urinary calculi.

Sample Population

11,000 specimens: 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from males, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

Procedure

Information was compiled for all canine urinary calculi submitted between July 1981 and January 1994. Results for a mixed-breed group and 26 of the most common breeds of stone-forming dogs were analyzed. Interrelations of breed, sex, and age of affected dogs and mineral composition of the specimens were determined.

Results

Prevalence of 5 specific mineral types was significantly correlated between the sexes of 27 common breed groups: struvite, calcium phosphate (apatite), calcium oxalate, brushite, and urate. Struvite-containing calculi were seen in high proportions in both sexes of 7 breeds, and in low proportions in both sexes of 7 other breeds. Male and female Lhasa Apsos, Cairn Terriers, and 5 other breeds had high proportions of oxalate-containing calculi; values in males were substantially higher. Low numbers of oxalate-containing calculi were seen in both sexes of 7 breeds; Dalmatians had the lowest numbers. Males and females of 6 breeds had high numbers of urate-containing calculi, Dalmatians and English Bulldogs had the highest numbers. Low amounts of urate were found in calculi from males and females of 6 breeds, Samoyeds had the lowest numbers. Highest proportions of cystine-containing calculi were seen in male Dachshunds, English Bulldogs, and Chihuahuas. Males of 8 breeds had no specimens that contained cystine; only 2 such specimens were obtained from females.

Conclusions

Prevalence of uroliths differs among breed, age, and sex of affected dogs.

Clinical Relevance

Breed, sex, and age of dogs; mineral types of calculi in males versus females; and their anatomic location within the tract are important considerations for clinicians when evaluating risk in dogs with urolithiasis and in identifying areas that need further in-depth applied or clinical investigation, or both. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:630–642)
Urolithiasis in dogs III: Prevalence of urinary tract infection and interrelations of infection, age, sex, and mineral composition
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Franti Charles E. , Johnson Deedra L. , Ruby Annette L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compile and statistically analyze selected data from a large number of canine urinary calculus specimens that were subjected to quantitative, layer-by-layer mineral analysis.

Sample Population

11,000 canine urinary calculus specimens: 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from male dogs, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

Procedure

Records of the Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California were used to compile information regarding all canine urinary calculus specimens submitted for analysis between July 1981 and January 1994. Interrelations of sex and age of the affected dogs, mineral composition of the specimens, and associated urinary tract infections were analyzed statistically.

Results

Urolithiasis was associated with growth of bacteria isolated from urine or calculi, or both, in 65% of females and nearly 44% of males. Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated most often from either sex (54% for females, 30% for males). In addition to staphylococci, 22 other bacterial species were isolated from specimens from females, and 17 other bacterial species and 1 species of yeast were isolated from males. A single bacterial species was isolated from 87.6% of cultures from females and from nearly 90% of cultures from males. Among females, nearly 98% of pure cultures of staphylococci were associated with calculi that contained struvite; this was true for 80% of pure cultures of staphylococci from males.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

There are wide sex differences in prevalence of urolithiasis- and specific mineral-associated bacterial infections. In several instances, bacterial infections were significantly related to urinary calculus location. These variables should be considered in any evaluation of canine patients that have uroliths. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:643–649)
Plasma amino acid profiles in cats with naturally acquired chronic renal failure
Authors: Goldstein Richard E. , Marks Stanley L. , Cowgill Larry D. , Kass Philip H. , Rogers Quinton R.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To characterize potential changes in preprandial plasma amino acid concentrations in cats with naturally acquired chronic renal failure (CRF), compared with healthy cats, and to assess potential effects of the severity of renal failure on plasma amino acid concentrations in these cats.

Animals

62 adult cats.

Procedure

Preprandial plasma amino acid concentrations were evaluated in 38 cats with mild, moderate, or severe CRF and in 24 apparently healthy cats. Effects of severity of renal failure, amount of dietary protein, degree of weight loss, appetite, and body condition on plasma amino acid profiles were evaluated.

Results

Cats with various stages of CRF had significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plasma concentrations of o-hydroxyproline, glutamate, proline, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and arginine, and significantly increased plasma concentrations of asparagine, citrulline, ornithine, 1-methylhistidine, and 3-methylhistidine. Significant (P < 0.05) alterations in amino acid concentrations also were identified when cats with CRF were grouped by appetite or severity of renal disease. Amount of dietary protein, body condition, or degree of weight loss had no significant effect on plasma amino acid concentrations.

Conclusions

Compared with those in healthy cats, preprandial plasma amino acid profiles in cats with mild, moderate, or severe CRF are abnormal.

Clinical Relevance

Despite frequency of altered plasma amino acid concentrations in cats with CRF, the magnitude of these changes is mild and of little clinical relevance. Short-term use of a commercial protein-restricted diet has no deleterious effects on plasma amino acid concentrations. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:109–113)
Effect of coat on rate of temperature increase in muscle during ultrasound treatment of dogs
Authors: Steiss J. E. , Adams C. C.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine effect of coat during ultrasound treatment and to establish a protocol to achieve adequate thermal effects.

Animals

9 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure

A standardized area was treated on the semitendinosus muscle of sedated dogs. Needle thermistors were inserted in the biceps femoris muscle to depths of 5 and 10 cm and in the ultrasound gel in the treatment area. Each dog was given 4 randomized 10-minute treatments (intensities of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 W/cm2). Temperatures were measured at 30-second intervals during treatment and at 1- to 2-minute intervals after treatment.

Results

Baseline temperatures (mean ± SD) were 30.6 ± 1.8 C for coat, 38.2 ± 1.2 C at a depth of 5 cm, and 39.0 ± 0.7 C at a depth of 10 cm. At the 5-cm depth, an increase of > 1.6 C was obtained only with the maximum intensity when coat was clipped. Treatment with maximum intensity through short and long coats yielded mean increases at a depth of 5 cm of 0.7 and 0.4 C, respectively. Temperature at the 10-cm depth increased < 0.6 C for all treatments. Temperatures within the coat increased approximately 8.3 C and 22.2 C for short and long coats, respectively, with intensities of 1.5 and 2.0 W/cm2.

Conclusions

Ultrasound treatment applied through an intact coat considerably warmed the coat with loss of thermal effects in underlying tissues. Inappropriate heating was apparently affected by selection of intensity, duration, and size of treatment area.

Clinical Relevance

Coat can impede successful use of ultrasound treatment of dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:76–80)
Effects of R and S enantiomers and a racemic mixture of carprofen on the production and release of proteoglycan and prostaglandin E2 from equine chondrocytes and cartilage explants
Authors: Armstrong Sarah , Lees Peter
Published: January 2024

Objective

To examine effects of carprofen (enantiomers and a racemic mixture) on the metabolism of equine chondrocytes.

Sample Population

Cartilage from clinically normal horses.

Procedure

Effects of carprofen on proteoglycan neosynthesis, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release and prostaglandin (PG) E2 production by unstimulated chondrocyte monolayers and cartilage explants were examined, as were similar variables in monolayers and explants exposed to carprofen and recombinant human interleukin 1β (IL-1). Carprofen (enantiomers and racemic mixture) was used alone or along with IL-1 on monolayers and explant cultures. Medium was collected 48 to 96 hours later, and cartilage was digested. Proteoglycan synthesis was assessed as the amount of 35S-labeled proteoglycan in medium and digested cartilage. Total GAG content of the medium and digested cartilage was measured, and proteoglycan degradation was calculated. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure PGE2 production.

Results

Carprofen significantly decreased PGE2 production by unstimulated chondrocytes and antagonized an IL-1-induced increase in PGE2 production. Carprofen significantly increased proteoglycan synthesis in unstimulated monolayers and explants. Concurrently, there was a decrease in GAG release by explants. Use of IL-1 significantly decreased proteoglycan synthesis, but the highest concentrations of carprofen partially reversed this effect in chondrocyte monolayers.

Conclusions

Carprofen had a potentially beneficial effect on proteoglycan metabolism of equine chondrocytes. This effect was sufficiently strong at the highest concentrations to overcome inhibitory effects of IL-1 on proteoglycan synthesis. Carprofen also inhibited PGE2 production by unstimulated and IL-1-stimulated chondrocytes. Carprofen induced these enantiomer-specific effects.

Clinical Relevance

Use of carprofen in osteoarthritic horses may induce beneficial changes in articular cartilage matrix. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:98–104)
Evaluation of temporal and spatial clustering of horses with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection
Authors: Doherr Marcus G. , Carpenter Tim E. , Wilson W. David , Gardner Ian A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether horses with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections that were examined at a veterinary medical teaching hospital between July 1, 1992, and June 30, 1994 had patterns of temporal or spatial clustering.

Animals

134 case and 800 control horses randomly selected from all non-case horses admitted during the study period.

Procedures

Admission date and geographic location were determined. Scan, Cuzick & Edwards’, and Knox tests were applied to determine whether case horses had patterns of temporal or spatial clustering.

Results

For all windows ≥ 3 days (134 case horses) and ≥ 7 days (subset of 69 case horses), results of the Scan test were significant. Results of Cuzick & Edwards’ test were significant for all data sets. A significant spatial cluster of case horses was observed for October, November, and December 1992. Results of the Knox test were significant for temporal intervals between 7 and 56 days and spatial intervals between 4.3 and 6.5 km. Higher Knox(x) proportions were observed for temporal intervals of 0 to 7, 8 to 14, 22 to 28, and 29 to 35 days.

Conclusions

Significant spatial and temporal clustering of horses with C pseudotuberculosis infection was detected.

Clinical Relevance

Analysis of the results strongly indicates that this disease is directly or indirectly (ie, short distance and time) transmitted. In addition, data analyses indicated an incubation period of 3 to 4 weeks. The disease could be transmitted through horse-to-horse contact or from infected to susceptible horses via insects, other vectors, or contaminated soil. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:284–291)
Influence of fermentable fiber on small intestinal dimensions and transport of glucose and proline in dogs
Authors: Buddington Randal K. , Buddington Karyl K. , Sunvold Greg D.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether intestinal dimensions and nutrient absorption are influenced by different types of dietary fiber.

Animals

10 adult Beagles of both sexes.

Procedure

Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups and fed a diet with fermentable fibers (beet pulp and oligofructose) or a nonfermentable fiber (cellulose) for 6 weeks. Effects of the diets on small intestinal dimensions were measured, and transport rates for glucose and proline were determined. Kinetics of glucose and proline uptake were defined in the proximal and middle regions of the small intestine, respectively.

Results

Small intestines of dogs fed fermentable fiber had 28% more nominal surface area and 37% more mucosal mass, were 35% heavier, and had 95% higher capacity for carrier-mediated glucose uptake than those of dogs fed a diet with cellulose. Differences were more pronounced in the proximal portion of the intestine.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Diets containing fermentable fibers increase small intestinal dimensions and the capacity for nutrient absorption in dogs. These changes may reduce the risk of enteric infections or aid in treatment of intestinal diseases, particularly those involving reduced nutrient absorption.(Am J Vet Res 1999;60:354–358)
Efficacy of a pour-on formulation of doramectin against lice, mites, and grubs of cattle
Authors: Rooney Kathleen A. , Illyes E. F. , Sunderland S. J. , Sarasola P. , Hendrickx M. O. , Keller D. S. , Meinert T. R. , Logan N. B. , Weatherley A. J. , Conder G. A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine effectiveness of a pour-on formulation of doramectin against Damalinia bovis, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Chorioptes bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei, Hypoderma bovis, and Hypoderma lineatum.

Animals

Cattle of various ages with naturally acquired or artificial infestations with 1 or more species of lice, mites, or grubs.

Procedure

In 10 louse and 6 mite studies, cattle were treated with doramectin (500 µg/kg, topically) on day 0, and parasite counts were performed approximately weekly from days 0 to 35. In 6 grub studies, cattle expected to harbor Hypoderma spp were treated before emergence of warbles. After warbles began to emerge, they were counted every 2 weeks, and grubs were collected and identified by species.

Results

Burdens of D bovis, H eurysternus, L vituli, and S capillatus on doramectin-treated cattle were 0 by 28 days after treatment. Burdens of C bovis and S scabiei decreased to 0 in naturally infested cattle and approximately 0 in artificially infested cattle by day 14 to 15. In grub studies, 107 of 136 control cattle had warbles, whereas 2 of 136 doramectin-treated cattle had 1 warble each, which represented a cure rate of 98.5%.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

One topical application of doramectin was highly efficacious against common species of lice, mites, and grubs known to affect performance, health, and appearance of cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:402-404)
Results of renal ultrasonography performed before and during administration of saline (0.9% NaCI) solution to induce diuresis in dogs without evidence of renal disease
Authors: Jakovljevic Samuel , Rivers William J. , Chun Ruthanne , King Vickie L. , Han Connie M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the effect of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution administered IV to induce diuresis on 15 dimensional variables of the kidneys, size of renal pelvis, and diameter of the cranial part of the ureters.

Animals

25 dogs without evidence of renal disease that were undergoing chemotherapy for various neoplasms.

Procedure

The kidneys, cranial aspect of the ureters, and trigone area of the urinary bladder of each dog were examined ultrasonographically before and during IV administration of saline solution (2.7 to 18.8 ml/kg of body weight/h).

Results

Ultrasonography revealed unilateral and bilateral pyelectasis during diuresis in 16 of 23 (70%) dogs but unilateral pyelectasis in only 1 dog before diuresis. Unilateral pyelectasis during diuresis was observed in 11 of 16 (69%) dogs. Pyelectasis during diuresis was categorized as slight in 15 of 21 (71%) kidneys. Degree of pyelectasis during diuresis was not identical in both kidneys of 13 of 16 (81%) dogs. Diuresis did not induce ureterectasis, and it did not cause changes in 15 dimensional variables of the kidneys.

Conclusions

In nonsedated, nonazotemic dogs, IV administration of saline solution to induce diuresis may cause slight pyelectasis without evidence of ureterectasis.

Clinical Relevance

When dilatation of the cranial part of the ureter is > 2 mm at the same time that ipsilateral pyelectasis is detected during ultrasonographic examination of the urinary tract system of a nonsedated, nonazotemic dog receiving IV administration of saline solution to induce diuresis, additional examinations are recommended to determine the possibility of early obstructive nephropathy or pyelonephritis. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:405-409)