bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of a Facial Nerve Neuroma with Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy
Authors: McClelland III Shearwood , Dusenbery Kathryn E. , Higgins Patrick D. , Hall Walter A.
Published: August 2007

Background: Facial nerve neuromas are extremely rare and are often mistaken for acoustic neuromas when located near the vestibular nerve. Usually presenting with facial weakness and hearing loss, facial nerve neuromas of the cerebellopontine angle have commonly been managed by surgery. We present the first reported case of a facial nerve neuroma treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT). Methods: The patient was a 40-year-old woman who presented with tinnitus, dizziness and decreased hearing that was associated with a right intracanalicular mass on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). She underwent a middle fossa craniotomy only to reveal a facial nerve tumor rather than an acoustic neuroma that was not resected due to the high risk of facial paralysis. Following surgery, her facial function worsened and was associated with tumor enlargement on MRI. She was referred for FSRT and received 54 Gy in daily 1.8-Gy fractions with a prescription isodose line of 90%. Results: Three months after treatment she had no worsening of her pretreatment symptoms, and at the 1-year follow-up, she experienced facial weakness improvement accompanied by an absence of tumor growth on MRI. These clinical and imaging findings persisted at 48 months of follow-up. Conclusion: In the first report of a facial nerve neuroma treated with FSRT, this treatment resulted in excellent long-term (4-year) tumor control with improvement of pretreatment symptomatology and absence of morbidity. This report demonstrates the potential for using FSRT to treat facial nerve neuromas of the cerebellopontine angle that could otherwise be associated with significant operative morbidity.
Internal Carotid Occlusion following Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Cavernous Sinus Meningioma
Authors: Abeloos Laurence , Levivier Marc , Devriendt Daniel , Massager Nicolas
Published: August 2007

Gamma knife radiosurgery is a safe and effective treatment for cavernous sinus meningioma, associated with a very low morbidity. However, a high dose of radiation could lead to modifications of the vascular wall such as in radiosurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations. We present a patient treated by gamma knife radiosurgery for a left cavernous sinus meningioma using a margin dose of 13 Gy at the 50% isodose. A complete occlusion of the intracavernous segment of the ICA occurred during the follow-up, in combination with a regression of the meningioma volume. The patient sustained no neurological deficit. We found that a hot spot of dose was administered to the intracavernous segment of the internal carotid artery, with a maximum dose of 22.3 Gy. Dose heterogeneity inside the target volume can produce hot spots of dose inside the internal carotid artery that can lead to a vascular occlusion. Therefore, we recommend shifting the hot spot during the dosimetry planning in order to reduce the incidence of such vascular injury.
Posterior Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Case of Painful Legs and Moving Toes
Authors: Raina Gabriela B. , Piedimonte Fabian , Micheli Federico
Published: August 2007

A 59-year-old woman with a 5-year history of right lower limb pain is reported. Symptoms developed initially when walking and progressively became bilateral, appeared at rest and involuntary movements of the toes became evident. A diagnosis of painful legs and moving toes was made. As several drug therapies proved unsuccessful, a therapeutic test with a tetrapolar epidural lead to stimulate the spinal cord dorsal tracts was performed. Due to the marked improvement the device and generator were implanted and she has responded satisfactorily to this therapy for the past 13 months.
Successful Treatment of a Skull Base Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor with Surgery, Chemotherapy and Gamma Knife-Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery in a Young Child
Authors: Witt Thomas C. , Lo Simon S. , Timmerman Robert D.
Published: August 2007

Most childhood rhabdoid tumors occur in the kidney or central nervous system but they can occur in other sites and they usually run an aggressive clinical course. We report a case of an 8-month-old boy with a right temporal bone rhabdoid tumor treated with surgery, chemotherapy and Gamma Knife-based stereotactic radiosurgery. The patient remained alive after 61 months and repeat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed no evidence of recurrence. There were no obvious endocrine deficits or growth abnormalities at last follow-up. Gamma Knife-based stereotactic radiosurgery may have a role in the management of very young children with skull base tumors.
Effects of Surfactant Replacement on Irregular Overdistension of Meconium-Injured Lungs in Rats
Authors: Kobayashi Tsutomu , Wu Hailing , Cui Xiaoguang , Li Wenzhi , Matsuhisa Daiki , Tanaki Naoto , Tashiro Katsumi
Published: August 2007

Background: Overdistension of the lungs is a cause of ventilator-induced lung injury. In meconium aspiration syndrome, irregular overdistension of the lungs often occurs. Objectives: We investigated whether surfactant replacement could restore the terminal airspaces in the lungs that had been distended after meconium aspiration. Methods: Meconium aspiration was induced by injecting meconium (50 mg·kg–1) into the airways of adult rats anesthetized with pentobarbital and ventilated with pressure-preset mode. The animals were further ventilated with or without surfactant replacement (100 mg·kg–1), and the sizes of the terminal airspaces were determined after fixing the lungs at an airway pressure of 10 cm H2O on deflation. Results: Approximately 75 min after aspiration (early analysis point), alveolar ducts were widened and the mean ratio of the largest terminal airspace size class (≧63,000 µm2) was 38.7% (n = 7), which was significantly higher than that of controls (6%, n = 7). Three hours after the early analysis point, the ratio increased to 50.2% (n = 7, p < 0.05), but surfactant replacement reversed the ratio to 18.8% (n = 7, p < 0.05). Conclusions: In rats with meconium aspiration, surfactant replacement restored the distended terminal airspaces of the lungs and kept the spaces from irregular overdistension.
Improving Proteinuria, Endothelial Functions and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease: Ramipril versus Valsartan
Authors: Yilmaz Mahmut Ilker , Saglam Mutlu , Sonmez Alper , Caglar Kayser , Cakir Erdinc , Kurt Yasemin , Eyileten Tayfun , Tasar Mustafa , Acikel Cengizhan , Oguz Yusuf , Vural Abdulgaffar , Yenicesu Mujdat
Published: August 2007

Background: The aim of this study was to find out whether the beneficial effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) blockage in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has any relation with the alteration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels. Methods: Sixty-six nondiabetic patients with CKD and proteinuria and 36 healthy subjects were enrolled. Patients were treated with either ramipril 5 mg daily or valsartan 160 mg daily for 3 months. Proteinuria, ADMA, symmetric dimethyl arginine (SDMA), flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and HOMA index measurements were performed both before and after the treatment. Results: ADMA, SDMA, hsCRP levels, HOMA index and proteinuria of patients were significantly higher (p < 0.001 for all) and FMD, L-arginine and L-arginine/ADMA ratio in CKD were significantly lower than controls. According to the multiple regression analysis, proteinuria levels were independently related to ADMA and SDMA levels. Conclusion: Both drugs were equally effective in reducing elevated ADMA levels and improving endothelial dysfunction in CKD patients.
Effect of the COX-2 Inhibitor Celecoxib on Behavioural and Immune Changes in an Olfactory Bulbectomised Rat Model of Depression
Authors: Myint Aye Mu , Steinbusch Harry W.M. , Goeghegan Liam , Luchtman Dirk , Kim Yong Ku , Leonard Brian E.
Published: August 2007

Background: The olfactory bulbectomised (OBX) rat model is a chronic model of depression in which behavioural and neuroimmunoendocrine changes are reversed only after chronic antidepressant treatment. The cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib has been shown to improve the depressive symptoms in patients with major depression. Methods: The association between blood and brain immunological and behavioural changes in chronic treatment with COX-2 inhibitor was explored in the OBX rats and their sham-operated controls. Results: The OBX group showed significantly higher locomotor activity than the other groups in the first 5 min in the open field. In the home cage emergence test, the OBX group showed a significantly shorter latency period compared to the sham group (z = –3.192, p = 0.001) but there was no difference between the other three groups. In the hypothalamus, the OBX group had a significantly higher interleukin 1β (IL-1β) concentration than the OBX + celecoxib group (z = –1.89, p = 0.05) as well as a significantly higher IL-10 concentration (z = –1.995, p = 0.046). In the prefrontal cortex, the OBX group showed significantly higher concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α (z = –2.205, p = 0.028) and IL-1β (z = –3.361, p = 0.001) than the OBX + celecoxib group, but a significantly lower concentration of IL-10 (p = –3.361, p = 0.001) than the OBX + celecoxib group. Conclusions: The results of this study supported the potential therapeutic role of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. It is possible that the behavioural changes following the chronic administration of celecoxib to the OBX rats are associated with an attenuation of the increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain.
Childhood Behavioral Inhibition and Maternal Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Moehler E. , Kagan J. , Parzer P. , Brunner R. , Reck C. , Wiebel A. , Poustka L. , Resch F.
Published: August 2007

Background: The significance of behavioral inhibition in the second year of life for the development of social phobia in later childhood was the incentive to explore whether maternal postnatal psychopathology is a predictor for behavioral inhibition in the offspring. Method: 101 mother-infant pairs were recruited from local obstetric units and examined for maternal psychopathology by the Symptom Checklist and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale several times during the first postnatal year. Child behavioral inhibition was assessed at 14 months in a laboratory procedure. Results: Postpartum depression at 4 months measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was found to be strongly associated with toddlers’ fear score/behavioral inhibition at 14 months. Maternal depressive symptoms assessed by the revised 90-item Symptom Checklist at 6 weeks , 4 and 14 months were found to be related to child inhibition as well. Conclusions: Even maternal depression not reaching the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment has an impact on child behavioral development. These data should give rise to further studies on the origins of this relationship, which might be primarily genetic or interactional.
Validation of a Severity Threshold for the Mania Rating Scale: A Receiver-Operating Characteristic Analysis
Authors: Azorin Jean-Michel , Kaladjian Arthur , Akiskal Hagop S. , Hantouche Elie G. , Duchêne Liliane Châtenet , Gury Charles , Lancrenon Sylvie
Published: August 2007

Background: The aim of this study was to determine a cutoff score on the Mania Rating Scale (MRS), which easily allows identification of severe mania in a population of manic patients to be included in clinical trials of antimanic drugs. Method: 1,090 hospitalized patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for a manic episode were subtyped according to the specifier for severity and assessed for demographic characteristics, illness course and clinical symptomatology. Using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the optimal threshold for severity was determined on the MRS. Results: In a French national clinical sample (n = 1,090), 851 cases were specified as severe and 239 as nonsevere (mild + moderate) mania according to DSM-IV criteria (307 without psychotic features, 544 with psychotic features). Patients with severe mania scored higher on the MRS but showed the same levels of scores on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale compared to nonsevere cases. Many characteristics of the whole sample and of the psychotic group were found to be comparable, respectively, to those reported in recent epidemiological studies, which was particularly true for age, gender, age at onset, number of mood episodes and suicide attempts. The optimal ROC solution for separating severe from nonsevere mania was a cutoff score of 39 on the MRS. This cutoff score displayed a positive predictive value of 0.91. Conclusion: A cutoff score of 39 is proposed as a severity threshold for mania on the MRS by virtue of its ROC validation in a large representative sample of severe versus nonsevere manic patients whose severity was assessed according to DSM-IV subtyping.
Intussusception in Adults: Report of Four Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Duijff Jan W. , Borger van der Burg Boke L.S. , Aarts Nico J.M. , Loyson Sabine A.J. , Guicherit Onno R.
Published: August 2007

Intussusception in adults is a rare clinical entity. The individual surgeon will not often encounter this condition. A lead-point for adult intussusception exists in 90% of cases and is frequently malignant. We present four cases and discuss treatment and diagnostic modalities. A comprehensive review of the literature is given. All cases were treated by resection according to oncologic principles without previous reduction. Histological examination showed non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lipoma, clear cell sarcoma and adenocarcinoma as the lead-points.
Role of Features and Second-order Spatial Relations in Face Discrimination, Face Recognition, and Individual Face Skills: Behavioral and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data
Authors: Rotshtein Pia , Geng Joy J. , Driver Jon , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: August 2007

We compared the contribution of featural information and second-order spatial relations (spacing between features) in face processing. A fully factorial design has the same or different “features” (eyes, mouth, and nose) across two successive displays, whereas, orthogonally, the second-order spatial relations between those features were the same or different. The range of such changes matched the possibilities within the population of natural face images. Behaviorally, we found that judging whether two successive faces depicted the same person was dominated by features, although second-order spatial relations also contributed. This influence of spatial relations correlated, for individual subjects, with their skill at recognition of faces (as famous, or as previously exposed) in separate behavioral tests. Using the same repetition design in functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found feature-dependent effects in the lateral occipital and right fusiform regions. In addition, there were spatial relation effects in the bilateral inferior occipital gyrus and right fusiform that correlated with individual differences in (separately measured) behavioral sensitivity to those changes. The results suggest that featural and second-order spatial relation aspects of faces make distinct contributions to behavioral discrimination and recognition, with features contributing most to face discrimination and second-order spatial relational aspects correlating best with recognition skills. Distinct neural responses to these aspects were found with functional magnetic resonance imaging, particularly when individual skills were taken into account for the impact of second-order spatial relations.
Reason for a Renaissance: The Rhetoric of Reformation and Rebirth in the Age of Transcendentalism
Authors: Fulton Joe B.
Published: August 2007

The term American Renaissance, commonly thought to have been coined in the twentieth century, actually originated with the transcendentalists themselves, with writers like William Ellery Channing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Margaret Fuller using the twin concepts of reformation and renaissance to ally their literary and spiritual projects with New England's Protestant heritage.
John Farmer and the Making of American Genealogy
Authors: Weil François
Published: August 2007

In the context of post-Revolutionary America's future-oriented egalitarianism, genealogy was considered to be a suspect, elite activity. The essay studies the crucial role of John Farmer (1789–1838), an amateur historian, in drawing together a group of antiquarians to professionalize and legitimate the practice of genealogy in the new nation.
“That Is Best Which Liest Nearest”: Longfellow Family Art, 1804–1924
Authors: Korzenik Diana
Published: August 2007

The two-hundredth birthday of American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow prompted two curators at the Maine Historical Society to gather materials that demonstrate the skill and respect for art making shared by many members of the Portland, Maine, Longfellow family. This review reflects on their visual creations, produced over the course of 120 years.
From Elite University to Mass Higher Education
Authors: Kivinen Osmo , Hedman Juha , Kaipainen Päivi
Published: August 2007

The transition research framework combines two selection mechanisms, one non-discriminatory, based on equality criteria for transition from home to education, the other discriminatory, based on suitability criteria for transition from education to labour market. With the expansive, egalitarian Nordic higher education policy as its starting point, and drawing on Bourdieuan—Collinsian ideas and Finnish census data, the article examines changes in inequality of educational opportunity and labour market returns to university graduates over the course of three decades. Two elite university generations (born in 1946 and 1966) and one mass higher education age group (born in 1976) are compared by gender and family background. Differences in participation in university education, as measured by odds ratios, have narrowed in three generations by a sequence: 19.1—10.8—8.2, being still eightfold in favour of students from academic families. The differences in relative returns to university graduates (academic versus non-academic background) were minimal for those born in 1946 (1.01), whereas for the `1966 generation' they were threefold (3.17) in favour of graduates from academic homes. Our simulations predict high returns for the 1966 generation at the mature career stage.
Is There Really a Scandinavian Social Service Model?
Authors: Rauch Dietmar
Published: August 2007

The Scandinavian countries are often assumed to constitute a coherent and unique social service model characterized by a comparatively high level of universalism and a strong capacity to defamilialize care responsibilities. In examining whether we really can identify such a model when comparing current social service systems, social services in the Scandinavian countries are contrasted with their counterparts in three continental European countries. The resulting data indicate that only Denmark complies with the image of the Scandinavian social service model. Both Norway and Sweden deviate significantly. Norwegian childcare services and Swedish elderlycare services do not stand out as particularly universalistic or defamilializing compared with those of other Western European countries. Given these findings, it may be questioned whether it is reasonable to speak of a `Scandinavian social service model'.
Mobilizing Networks
Authors: Sundberg Mikaela
Published: August 2007

Collaboration is an important part of scientific practice and work. This analysis of how field experimental collaborations within atmospheric science are organized focuses on how relations between researchers are established and how this is related to the mobilization of resources. It is argued that these relationships can be understood by being considered from the point of view of the different researcher roles that researchers play in relation to each other. The article outlines three different roles: the entrepreneur, the integrated experimentalist and the instrument expert. These roles differ in terms of their position in the organization of projects and in the role measurement instruments play for researchers in their work as well as in relation to other roles. The article also discusses how the different roles of measurement instruments affect how and when researchers become involved in collaborative projects.
The Porous Public and the Transnational Dialectic
Authors: Olesen Thomas
Published: August 2007

This article uses the twin concepts of the porous public and the transnational dialectic to analyse the recent Muhammed cartoons conflict. The porous public concept points to the way national public spheres are increasingly penetrated by inbound and outbound influences. The transnational dialectic concept suggests that globalization is a learning process in which globalization is simultaneously outcome and cause of social and political activities. During the cartoons conflict, the porosity of the Danish public was evident in (1) the transnational activities of national media, in (2) the role played by transnational news channels, in (3) the transnational activities of Muslims living in Denmark, and in (4) the role played by 9/11 as a transnationally shared event. Based on these findings, the concept of the transnational dialectic is employed to show how the Muhammed cartoons conflict constituted a learning process for Danish society, a process which has resulted in an increased level of global consciousness and an altered self-conception of Denmark's place and role in the world. Following the analysis of the Muhammed cartoons, the article discusses how the concept of the porous public relates to that of the transnational public sphere.
The Emergence of `Neo-Philanthropy'
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: August 2007

New concepts have emerged in social work and in social policy over the past 10—15 years: `you must meet the clients where they stand', `help must be self-help' and `poverty is spiritual rather than material'. These axioms were core principles for the welfare of the poor that philanthropic and religious societies carried out in the late nineteenth century. Their current proliferation in all types of social work and in social policy discourse demonstrates a profound transformation in the discursive structures of welfare policy — that is, in the way social problems can be visualized and spoken about, in the way that clients can be observed and turned into objects of knowledge, and in the way that professionals can conceptualize such abstract notions as integration, citizenship, community and freedom. This article investigates the genealogy of modern social work to help us reconsider what kind of individual and what kind of community we are now attempting to create.
Model-Based Estimates of HIV Acquisition Due to Prison Rape
Authors: Pinkerton Steven D. , Galletly Carol L. , Seal David W.
Published: August 2007

Nearly 1.4 million men are incarcerated in federal and state prisons in the United States. These men are disproportionately affected by HIV in comparison with the at-large male population. The elevated prevalence of HIV infection in U.S. prisons has raised concerns over the potential for intraprison HIV transmission due to rape and other forms of sexual victimization. However, the number of men who acquire HIV after being raped in U.S. prisons is not known. We developed a mathematical model of HIV transmission to estimate the likelihood that an incarcerated man would become infected as a result of prison rape and to provide preliminary estimates of the number of prison rape victims who acquire HIV. Our results suggest that between 43 and 93 currently incarcerated men already have or will acquire HIV as a result of being raped in prison.
Applying Differential Coercion and Social Support Theory to Prison Organizations
Authors: Colvin Mark
Published: August 2007

Colvin, Cullen, and Vander Ven's differential coercion and social support (DCSS) theory offers a comprehensive explanation of criminal behavior. The author argues that it also has implications for understanding organizational governance and deviance within prisons. Using the Penitentiary of New Mexico, he argues that organizational change and differences in forms of deviance are shaped by changes in both levels and types of social support for prisoners and levels of coercion experienced by prisoners. In each period of this prison's history, the relative strength of social supports and coercive forces differed. The author outlines the dominant characteristics of each period and how these characteristics affected disorder and consent and discusses policy implications for sound prison management to produce both order within prisons and ex-offenders better prepared for law-abiding lives. DCSS theory has great utility beyond understanding individual criminal behavior as it provides a cogent framework for also understanding organizational dynamics in prisons.
The Juridical Subject of `Interest'
Authors: Mathiowetz Dean
Published: August 2007

In this essay I recover the juridical applications of `interest' in Roman law, and examine how their initial relationship to financial practices shifted, for a theoretical appreciation of interest-related subjectivity. Drawing on Hegel's discussion of Roman law, I explore the retrospective narrative of subjectivity constructed by the adjudication of interests before the term `interest' came to apply to money. Examining Albert Hirschman's argument that rationality of interest derives from its origins as a euphemism for usury, I describe how the verbal change reflects the incursion of money into legal terrain that previously excluded it, representing a moment of categorical erosion within the law. I argue that monetary inflation is a critical context for interpreting the effects of this categorical erosion on interest-related subjectivity. Inflation replaces the retrospective narrative of identity with one that is future-oriented and is no longer determined at any single site of adjudication, and therefore remains contested.
The Tyranny of Dictatorship
Authors: Kalyvas Andreas
Published: August 2007

The article examines the inaugural encounter of the Greek theory of tyranny and the Roman institution of dictatorship. Although the twentieth century is credited for fusing the tyrant and the dictator into one figure/concept, I trace the origins of this conceptual synthesis in a much earlier historical period, that of the later Roman Republic and the early Principate, and in the writings of two Greek historians of Rome, Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Appian of Alexandria. In their histories, the traditional interest in the relationship between the king and the tyrant is displaced by a new curiosity about the tyrant and the dictator. The two historians placed the two figures alongside one another and found them to be almost identical, blurring any previous empirical, analytical, or normative distinctions. In their Greco-Roman synthesis dictatorship is re-described as `temporary tyranny by consent' and the tyrant as a `permanent dictator.' Dictatorship, a venerated republican magistracy, the ultimate guardian of the Roman constitution, is for the first time radically reinterpreted and explicitly questioned. It meets its first critics.
Coffehouses
Authors: Özkoçak Selma Akyazici
Published: August 2007

This article explores the development of coffeehouses as public space in early modern Istanbul, placing them within the context of wider developments, such as the level of urbanization, migration, and the consequent rise of public sociability. Their links with transformations in the pattern of traditional domestic hospitality, and the evolution of public and private space, are also considered. It is argued that Istanbul coffeehouses made a considerable contribution to accelerate this long process of changes. Addressing the relationship between the coffeehouses and Habermas's public sphere, the article focuses on the local types of coffeehouses in an attempt to relate them to urban houses in the neighborhood scale. The coffeehouse provided a zone of interactions between different cultural communities, and performed as the only public space for bachelors and poorer inhabitants who lodged in very limited dwellings, while it served as a principal location for the social, political, and cultural discourses of the Ottoman elite.
An Urban Ocean
Authors: Tagliacozzo Eric
Published: August 2007

While there are universalizing trends in global urbanization currently taking place, several Southeast Asian cities will adopt these new frameworks and institutions at least partly within a local model that is already several centuries old. Particular to the region, this model does not parallel South and East Asia's urban evolutions, the two regions traditionally regarded as the well-springs of Southeast Asian culture. Rather, it contradicts it. The cities of this arena have been and will continue to be primarily their own creatures from a variety of vantage points. Yet it is only by first examining the pattern of these cities' evolutions that we can hope to gain any insight into how these urban centers may unfold in the future. It is in the distant and colonial past that we can sift for geographic and demographic clues that auger how the new Asian “super-capitals” sitting astride the equator may evolve in the years to come.
Enhancing Status Through Incorporation
Authors: Stott Greg
Published: August 2007

Between 1853 and 1881, six suburban communities in the province of Ontario opted for municipal status. Incorporation permitted these communities to separate from the rural townships of which they were a part. By and large these rural townships, dominated by an almost exclusively agrarian population, tended to ignore the needs and wants of the more urban population within their borders. While these suburban communities were generally neglected by their rural neighbors, they were increasingly viewed by the cities they neighbored as targets for annexation. There was a general sense in Ontario during the 1880s that the amalgamation of suburb and city was inevitable. However, there was a prevailing sense that there was ultimately an ideal time for this occurrence and that until that time suburban government would ensure that the suburbs were able to develop as their ratepayers and councils saw fit.
Experiences With and Preparedness for Emergencies and Disasters Among Public Schools in California
Authors: Kano Megumi , Bourque Linda B.
Published: August 2007

This study assesses schools' experiences with, and preparedness for, emergencies and disasters. Data are collected by mail survey from 157 public schools in California. The majority of schools have experienced emergencies in recent years. Although respondents generally feel their school is well prepared for future emergencies, limitations are identified in their disaster plans, availability of emergency supplies, training, and interagency coordination, with some differences between primary and secondary schools.
Musical interpretation: philosophical and practical issues
Authors: Silverman Marissa
Published: August 2007

This article builds an interdisciplinary perspective on the nature of western classical music performance by combining concepts from literary theory, music philosophy and music education philosophy. The article concludes with practical proposals for the education of music performers.
Community music as music education: on the educational potential of community music
Authors: Koopman Constantijn
Published: August 2007

This article deals with the educational potential of community music. First, the author introduces the concept of community music and discusses its special position in today's society. Community music can play a significant role in promoting active music-making, particularly for those people who do not make use of standard musical arrangements. Then, the author presents and refutes the case against teaching and music learning in community music practices as presented by the influential community musician Phil Mullen. Next, the author argues that community music naturally accords with innovative concepts of learning such as authentic learning, situated learning and process-directed learning. Thus, it presents an excellent place for developing musical competence. Finally, the various levels at which teaching is relevant to community music are examined.
Teacher ratings of children's listening difficulties
Authors: Gilmore Jo , Vance Maggie
Published: August 2007

Children with developmental disorders may present with listening and/or speech discrimination difficulties. This study explores whether teachers can identify these difficulties, using a questionnaire that rates children's listening, speech discrimination and comprehension abilities. The questionnaire was given to class-teachers of 52 pupils, aged four to five years, who had failed at least one of two formal assessments of comprehension and speech discrimination. Results showed significant correlation between teacher ratings of verbal comprehension and attentive listening and test scores for verbal comprehension. There was no significant correlation between ratings and test scores for speech discrimination skills. The questionnaire's internal consistency was found to be reliable overall, but validity in measuring speech discrimination was poor.
Targeting prosody in an eight-year-old child with high-functioning autism during an interactive approach to therapy
Authors: Bellon-Harn Monica L. , Harn William E. , Watson Gina D.
Published: August 2007

A fundamental deficit in children with high-functioning autism (HFA) is social communicative competence. Atypical prosody in variable forms has been implicated in contributing to this deficit. The purpose of this case study was to describe the clinical management of an eight-year-old child with HFA for whom prosody became the primary target of intervention. Procedures for prosodic analysis, the course of intervention and subsequent changes in the child's prosodic behaviour are explained.
A case study of parent—child interactions of a child with autistic spectrum disorder (3—48 months) and comparison with typically-developing peers
Authors: Hedenbro Monica , Tjus Tomas
Published: August 2007

Early triadic interaction, the reciprocal action between mother—father—child, is described in the family of a girl diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder (DSM 299.00) and learning difficulties at seven years. By chance, the family participated in a longitudinal study examining triadic interaction in 20 Swedish families using the Lausanne Triadic Play method. Quantitative and qualitative observations were made when the children were three, nine, 18 and 48 months of age. Compared with the other families, deviation was noted in early triadic synchronization, most clearly when the girl was nine months old. At three months, the girl took more turns and participated in more turn-taking sequences than the other children. However, at nine months, she gave more attention to objects. At 18 months, she had less eye contact with her parents and less shared focus and at 48 months her language skills were poorly developed. The mother showed more frequent contributions and more frequent turns at the two observations during infancy. The father showed deviations in attention to the child and affirmation at nine months and negative vocalization at 18 months. These findings are discussed in terms of their importance with regard to early intervention. Assessment of the family interaction using home observations seems to be of special importance.
Developing successful collaborative working practices for children with speech and language difficulties: a pilot study
Authors: Paradice Ruth , Bailey-Wood Nicola , Davies Kate , Solomon Marion
Published: August 2007

The importance of collaborative practice between those who provide services to children with special educational needs is now regarded as essential and is supported strongly by the UK government. However, joint working is often difficult to implement, despite the goodwill of all involved. This paper describes a pilot study aimed at developing collaboration between a local education authority and a National Health Service (NHS) Trust. It reports on the results of the evaluation and discusses aspects of the project that facilitated collaborative working between the various parties involved.
Differential Characteristics of Intimate Partner, Acquaintance, and Stranger Rape Survivors Examined by a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE)
Authors: Logan TK , Cole Jennifer , Capillo Anita
Published: August 2007

Relatively little is known about characteristics of sexual assault survivors who present to the emergency room. Examination of differences in survivor, assault, and exam characteristics by type of offender (intimate partner, acquaintance, acquaintance-just-met, and stranger) was conducted using intake data collected from 331 women who presented to an emergency room and were examined by a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner between 2001 and 2004. First, the data suggest there is a difference in injury patterns depending on the survivor—offender relationship. Second, there was a high rate of women assaulted by a known offender presenting to the emergency room. Third, there are important differences in survivor substance use among women assaulted by different offenders. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Attending to the Role of Race/Ethnicity in Family Violence Research
Authors: Malley-Morrison Kathleen , Hines Denise A.
Published: August 2007

Since the 1970s, researchers and public health and/or social policy communities have devoted increasing attention to family violence. Although officially reported crime figures for family violence appear to be declining, rates continue to be high in broadly defined racial and/or ethnic minority groups. More careful assessments of the potential role of race/ethnicity in family violence, and similarities and differences occurring across and within groups categorized based on race/ethnicity, are essential if adequate interventions are to be developed and utilized. This article provides suggestions on conducting better studies on family violence in the United States, particularly with respect to issues of race/ethnicity. The authors begin by considering conceptions and definitions of race/ethnicity and providing a broad definition of family violence. They then suggest issues for consideration at each stage of the research process, from reviewing previous research, to making methodological decisions, selecting samples, choosing measures, and analyzing and interpreting findings.
The Effectiveness of Drug Court Programming for Specific Kinds of Offenders
Authors: Bouffard Jeffrey A. , Richardson Katie A.
Published: August 2007

Numerous evaluations have documented that drug court programs can and do work (Belenko, 1998, 1999, 2001; Gottfredson, Najaka, & Kearly, 2003); however, to date, less attention has been paid to specific issues such as how well drug courts work for certain types of offenders. In particular, there has been a lack of attention paid to the personal characteristics that may be thought of as “risk factors” among participants, especially their drug of choice. Of particular interest in this study are the following questions: First, are drug courts equally effective for offenders charged with methamphetamine-related crimes versus other types of drug offenders? Second, is the drug court model equally effective for offenders charged with Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) compared to other types of drug-involved offenders? Data from a hybrid drug court operating in a small urban area in the upper Midwest was used to examine the above questions. Information on 87 individuals who had participated in this drug court program and 124 similar offenders who were sentenced to prison followed by traditional parole were analyzed. Results indicated that the drug court reduced recidivism for methamphetamine-involved and other types of drug-using offenders; however, among DWI offenders, drug court graduation was not related to reduced recidivism, as it was among non-DWI offenders. Implications for drug court programming and future research are discussed.
Drug Court Program Monitoring
Authors: Giacomazzi Andrew L. , Bell Valerie
Published: August 2007

Drug courts were established in the United States as part of an effort to deal with the problems of drug-related criminal offending and the resulting overloading of the courts. Drug courts are purported to offer considerable hope for positive change in offenders, largely because of the balance between intensive supervision and rehabilitative services offered through such programs. This article reviews the implementation of one such drug court in a southern state, discusses noted implementation benchmarks for effective programs from the drug court literature, and examines the findings and lessons learned about program implementation and research methodology from a process evaluation that used multiple methods to assess program implementation.
`Pretty Boring Stuff': District Judges and Housing Possession Proceedings
Authors: Cowan Dave , Hitchings Emma
Published: August 2007

In this article, we demonstrate how judgecraft, though mundane in the context of housing possession proceedings in England, involves the client-processing mentality suggested in Lipsky's work on street-level bureaucracy. Although they may be regarded as mundane, the consequences of these proceedings may well be dire, producing homelessness and other forms of extreme housing need. Lipsky helps us, because his work enables us to think about the factors that make up `being a District Judge'. Having discussed the background to housing possession proceedings, including their growth, we discuss this client-processing mentality in the context of the ways in which District Judges seek to control their clients as well as processes in the courtroom. Repeat-players are moulded by individual District Judges through routines, discipline, and just knowing what is expected. In particular, crucial decisions are made as to the worthiness of claimants and occupiers. As a result, relationships of trust develop which facilitate a `rubber-stamping' approach. In the conclusion, we reflect on the value of Lipsky's work as well as its limits in this context.
Architects of Justice: the Politics of Courtroom Design
Authors: Mulcahy Linda
Published: August 2007

This article looks at the interface between the design of courtrooms and the notion of participatory justice. In contrast to a vision of judicial space as neutral, this article argues that understanding the factors which determine the internal design of the courtroom is crucial to a broader and more nuanced understanding of judgecraft. The use of space in the courtroom has changed significantly since custom-built courthouses first appeared, and these changes often reflect struggles for territory. In this article I focus on the ways the role of the spectator has been marginalized within the court and led to the demise of the notion of `public' trial. This has been achieved through a series of design guides which ensure that participants in the trial are isolated and surveyed. The origins of these guides can be traced to the mid-Victorian era in which the public were often conceived of as threatening and `dirty'.
The Passive Arbiter: Litigants in Person and the Challenge To Neutrality
Authors: Moorhead Richard
Published: August 2007

This article examines the challenges posed to judgecraft by litigants in person. It draws on significant empirical evidence from a study conducted by the author in England and Wales demonstrating the challenges posed by litigants in person to judges and the courts. It argues that a central concept behind traditional notions of judging, that of judge as passive arbiter, inhibits fair and effective adjudication. From an analysis of this evidence, it critiques the theoretical foundations of the passive arbiter and suggests an alternative approach to judging be formulated based on principle-based communication, a simpler, more empathetic and cognitively open approach to managing hearings prior to the actual judicial decision.
Sentencing as Craftwork and the Binary Epistemologies of the Discretionary Decision Process
Authors: Tata Cyrus
Published: August 2007

This article contends that it is time to take a critical look at a series of binary categories which have dominated the scholarly and reform epistemologies of the sentencing decision process. These binaries are: rules versus discretion; reason versus emotion; offence versus offender; normative principles versus incoherence; aggravating versus mitigating factors; and aggregate/tariff consistency versus individualized sentencing. These binaries underpin both the `legal-rational' tradition (by which I mean a view of discretion as inherently suspect, a preference for the use of philosophy of punishment justifications and an explanation of the decision process through factors or variables), and also the more recent rise of the `new penology'. Both approaches tend to rely on `top-down' assumptions of change, which pay limited attention to the agency of penal workers. The article seeks to develop a conception of sentencing craftwork as a social and interpretive process.1 In so doing, it applies and develops a number of Kritzer's observations (in this issue) about craftwork to sentencing. These craftwork observations are: problem solving (applied to the rules—discretion and reason—emotion dichotomies); skills and techniques (normative penal principles and the use of cognitive analytical assumptions); consistency (tariff versus individualized sentencing); clientele (applied to account giving and the reality of decision making versus expression). By conceiving of sentencing as craftwork, the binary epistemologies of the sentencing decision process, which have dominated (and limited) the scholarly and policy sentencing imaginations, are revealed as dynamic, contingent, and synergistic. However, this is not to say that such binaries are no more than empty rhetoric concealing the reality of the decision process. Rather, these binaries serve as crucial legitimating reference points in the vocabulary of sentencing account giving.
Community Involvement in Urban Watershed Management
Authors: Phung Thuy Phuong
Published: August 2007

Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) is facing serious water pollution. Environmental agencies in Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam are incapable of solving the water pollution problem on their own. Reflecting on the experience in the Pacific Northwest (U.S.), with successful stories of community involvement in urban watershed management, this research aims to facilitate the transfer and adaptation of best practices of community involvement in urban watershed management from the Pacific Northwest to Ho Chi Minh City. In order to do so, this research included four major steps: Selecting best practices of community involvement in urban watershed management in the Pacific Northwest; analyzing factors behind the success of these best practices; assessing the relevance of the U.S. experience for Vietnam; recommending strategies to apply the U.S. experience to Ho Chi Minh City. As a result, several factors that determine the success of best practices of community involvement in urban watershed management were identified and grouped into policy, organizational, social, cultural, and economic factors. Although Ho Chi Minh City faces several constraints in applying the lessons from the Pacific Northwest, opportunities do exist. Recommendations were advanced to facilitate the implementation of community involvement in urban watershed management in Ho Chi Minh City.