bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KINETICS OF LOSS OF VIABILITY OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
EXPOSED TO STREPTOMYCIN
Authors: Hurwitz C. , Rosano C. L. , Landau J. V.
Published: January 2020

Hurwitz
, C. (Veterans Administration Hospital, Albany, N.Y.), C. L.
Rosano, and J. V. Landau
. Kinetics of loss of viability of
Escherichia coli
exposed to streptomycin. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1210–1216. 1962.—The first effect of streptomycin on
Escherichia coli
B cells growing in nutrient broth is a decrease or cessation (depending on the concentration of antibiotic) of the rate of increase of viable cells. After this apparent bacteriostasis, a rapid decline in viable count begins. The length of time before onset of decline of viability is a first order function of the concentration of streptomycin between 0.1 and 2.0 μg/ml. Above 2.0 μg/ml, the lag in onset of loss of viability approaches asymptotically a value greater than 2 min. The length of the lag in onset of loss of viability is interpreted to be a measure of the rate of synthesis of the postulated streptomycin-initiated protein required for the later lethal action of the drug. Measurements of the effect of streptomycin on the rate of synthesis of protein by
E. coli
B cells show an immediate effect on the rate of protein synthesis, corresponding to the apparent bacteriostasis; this is followed by a later decrease in the rate of synthesis, which corresponds in time with the decline in viability. Washing exponentially growing
E. coli
B cells by centrifugation and resuspension in fresh nutrient broth makes the cells more resistant to streptomycin. The lag before the onset of decline in viability is prolonged, and the inhibition of protein synthesis is likewise affected. The washing procedure has no effect on total protein synthesis (as measured by incorporation of C
14
-leucine). Since synthesis of β-galactosidase is also delayed by the washing procedure, this effect is interpreted to mean that washing delays induced protein synthesis, but has no effect on the rate of total protein synthesis.

In an accompanying communication (Hurwitz and Rosano, 1962
a
), evidence was presented in support of the thesis that a chloramphenicol-sensitive, streptomycin-initiated protein synthesis is a necessary precursor for the lethal action of streptomycin. If a streptomycin-initiated protein synthesis is a necessary precursor of the lethal action of streptomycin, the kinetics of loss of viability of growing cells should show delineated phases corresponding to both the initiation and killing phases described in the preceding report. Studies of the kinetics of loss of viability and of the kinetics of inhibition of protein synthesis resulting from exposure of
Escherichia coli
to streptomycin were therefore undertaken to examine further the validity of the above thesis. In another accompanying report, the kinetics of accumulation of radioisotopic label from C
14
-streptomycin will be discussed in a similar context (Hurwitz and Rosano, 1962
b
).
NIACIN REQUIREMENT FOR SPORULATION OF
PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM
Authors: Daniel John W. , Rusch Harold P.
Published: January 2020

Daniel, John
W. (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.)
and Harold P. Rusch
. Niacin requirement for sporulation of
Physarum polycephalum
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1244–1250. 1962.—The myxomycete
Physarum polycephalum
undergoes sexual sporulation if exposed to light after 4 days of incubation in the dark on a salts medium containing niacin, niacinamide, or tryptophan. None of these compounds is required for growth. Quinic acid, shikimic acid, intermediates of the kynurenine pathway, diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), and triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) replace niacin but a number of other tryptophan metabolites do not. Analogues of niacin inhibit sporulation when added at the beginning but not at the end of dark incubation with niacin. Folic acid,
p
-aminobenzoic acid, and
p
-aminobenzenesulfonamide inhibit sporulation if added at any time during the incubation or illumination periods. Reduced di- or triphosphopyridine nucleotide, but not DPN or TPN, reverse the
p
-aminobenzoic acid inhibition but do not replace the light requirement or shorten the dark incubation period. Gluconate and 2-ketogluconate also replace niacin. Glucose, pyruvate, malate, and oxalacetate inhibit the niacin-induced sporulation. Iodoacetate and fluoride do not counteract the glucose effect or inhibit sporulation.
ACTION OF METAL CHELATES ON GROWTH INITIATION OF
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Mayer Gerald D. , Traxler R. W.
Published: January 2020

Mayer, Gerald
D. (University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette)
and R. W. Traxler
. Action of metal chelates on growth initiation of
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1281–1286. 1962.—Certain compounds which have a potential as metal chelates are stimulatory for
Bacillus subtilis
at low concentrations. If the concentration of these compounds is increased beyond the optimum for prompt growth initiation, they become inhibitory. It is demonstrated that this organism requires a critical concentration of manganese for growth initiation. If the manganese concentration is increased there is a corresponding increase in the lag time and, therefore, in the growth time of the culture. At a manganese concentration of 10 μg per ml growth is completely inhibited. The manganese inhibition can be reversed by the addition of a chelate.

Dialysis of cells with chelate presumably removes a metal ion(s) essential for the initiation of growth. Supplementing kojic acid-dialyzed cells with additional manganese reverses this inhibitory effect to some extent, indicating that the removal of manganese by the chelate dialysis is partially responsible for the increased time for growth initiation.
OCCURRENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES IN CULTURE FLUIDS OF MICROORGANISMS III
Authors: Okabayashi Tadashi
Published: January 2020

Okabayashi
, T. (Shionogi Research Laboratory, Fukushimaku, Osaka, Japan). Occurrence of nucleotides in culture fluids of microorganisms. III. Nucleotide excretion by
Brevibacterium liquefaciens
sp. n. with special reference to uridine diphospho-
N
-acetylglucosamine compounds. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1–8. 1962.—Among various nucleotides excreted in the culture broth of
Brevibacterium liquefaciens
sp. n., four uridine nucleotides containing
N
-acetylglucosamine were isolated. These were found to be uridine diphospho-
N
-acetylglucosamine and Park's compounds 1, 2, and 3. The significance of the appearance of these cell-wall precursors in the culture fluid of
B. liquefaciens
is discussed.
MORPHOLOGY OF SPORE DEVELOPMENT IN
CLOSTRIDIUM PECTINOVORUM
Authors: Fitz-James Philip C.
Published: January 2020

Fitz-James, Philip
C. (University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada). Morphology of spore development in
Clostridium pectinovorum
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
104–114. 1962—The process of spore formation in
Clostridium pectinovorum
was followed by phase-contrast microscopy and by thin-section electron microscopy employing a polyester plastic for embedding. The development of the forespore membrane was found to be similar to that already described for the genus
Bacillus
, being, in addition, accompanied by considerable cell enlargement. The cortex, as in the bacilli, was found between the apposed layers of the double forespore membrane. The spore coat was laid down in the narrow zone of cytoplasm peripheral to the outer forespore membrane. As these layers formed, striking changes occurred in the fine structure of the spore nuclear material, mesosomes and ribosomes, reflecting the marked alterations in physical environment known to occur in a developing spore.
CYTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANTIMICROBIAL ANTIBIOSIS II
Authors: Chapman George B.
Published: January 2020

Chapman, GeorgeB. (Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y.). Cytological aspects of antimicrobial antibiosis. II. Cytological changes associated with the exposure ofPseudomonas aeruginosaandBacillus megateriumto colistin sulfate. J. Bacteriol.84:180–185. 1962—Broth cultures ofPseudomonas aeruginosaandBacillus megateriumwere exposed to the antibiotic colistin sulfate. Control (unexposed) and exposed cells were fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in methacrylate. Ultrathin sections were examined in an RCA EMU2-D electron microscope. Two conspicuous cytological changes were noted inP. aeruginosa. The nuclear material was no longer demonstrable in its normal sites, leaving an empty space, and the cytoplasm lost its granularity, becoming homogeneous. InB. megaterium, the latter change was also noted. The nuclear material, however, although no longer demonstrable, did not leave an empty space. Rather, it seemed that cytoplasmic material had engulfed and masked nuclear areas. Cells which showed these changes were nonviable.
DEVELOPMENT OF STRAINS OF
CANDIDA ALBICANS
RESISTANT TO CANDIDIN
Authors: Hebeka Elias K. , Solotorovsky Morris
Published: January 2020

Hebeka, Elias
K. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.)
and Morris Solotorovsky
. Development of strains of
Candida albicans
resistant to candidin. J. Bacteriol.
84:
237–241. 1962.—Strains of
Candida albicans
resistant to the antifungal agent candidin were developed by growing the organism in gradually increasing amounts of the antibiotic in broth on a shaker. The development of resistance was favored by transfer only after the maximal stationary phase was reached. After 25 transfers, there was a 150-fold increase in resistance. Increased resistance to candidin was accompanied by partial cross resistance to amphotericin B. Strains of
C. albicans
rendered resistant to candidin grew more slowly and were less virulent than the parent cells. The available data favor the hypothesis that the developed resistance is of mutational origin.
IMMUNOLOGICAL ROLE OFBRUCELLA ABORTUSCELL WALLS
Authors: Foster John W. , Ribi Edgar
Published: January 2020

Foster, JohnW. (University of Georgia, Athens)and Edgar Ribi. Immunological role ofBrucella abortuscell walls. J. Bacteriol.84:258–268. 1962—Cell walls and protoplasm were prepared from organisms disrupted in a refrigerated pressure cell. Cell walls were purified by sedimentation in a linear glycerol gradient. Antigens capable of protecting mice against infection withBrucella abortusand of reacting with antiserum prepared against whole cells were present chiefly in the cell wall; substances lethal to mice and responsible for primary inflammation of rabbit skin were also associated with the cell wall. Limited activity of protoplasm in these biological tests may or may not be due to contamination with cell-wall material. A substance extracted from whole cells with aqueous ether possessed an immunizing potency superior to that of killed whole cells or cell walls.
SEROLOGY OF AEROBIC AQUATIC ACTINOMYCETES I
Authors: Guthrie R. K. , Roach A. W. , Ferguson J. K.
Published: January 2020

Guthrie, R. K. (North Texas State University, Denton), A. W.Roach, and J. K. Ferguson. Serology of aerobic aquatic actinomycetes. I. Factors involved in antiserum production and in vitro antigen-antibody reactions. J. Bacteriol.84:313–317. 1962.—The use of adjuvants permits shortening of immunization schedules, which results in improved specificity of in vitro reactions using sonically disrupted actinomycete antigenic preparations. The demonstration of specific serological reactions and of cross reactions is simplified, specificity is increased, and multiplicity of reactions is detectable by the use of agar-gel diffusion techniques in the study of individual isolates.
EFFECT OF PROFLAVINE ON THE SYNTHESIS OF ADENOVIRUS, TYPE 5, AND ASSOCIATED SOLUBLE ANTIGENS
Authors: Wilcox Wesley C. , Ginsberg Harold S.
Published: January 2020

Wilcox, WesleyC. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia)and Harold S. Ginsberg. Effect of proflavine on the synthesis of adenovirus, type 5, and associated soluble antigens. J. Bacteriol.84:526–533. 1962.—The synthesis of type 5 adenovirus in HeLa cells was suppressed to a considerable extent by low concentrations of proflavine, an acridine dye. In comparison, the processes leading to the production of soluble complement-fixing antigens and toxin were less sensitive to the action of this chemical. Addition of proflavine to infected cells at different times during the virus growth cycle revealed that the processes leading to the synthesis of soluble antigens began prior to the first appearance of newly synthesized virus. This observation is compatible with the hypothesis that the soluble antigens may represent virus subunits or precursor materials. In addition, these data indicate that it is possible to interrupt the latter stages of the virus synthetic process by addition of proflavine late in the eclipse period.
GENOTYPIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AVIRULENCE IN STREPTOMYCIN-RESISTANTPASTEURELLA PESTIS
Authors: Brubaker Robert R. , Surgalla Michael J.
Published: January 2020

Brubaker, RobertR. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)and Michael J. Surgalla. Genotypic alterations associated with avirulence in streptomycin-resistantPasteurella pestis. J. Bacteriol.84:615–624. 1962.—Avirulence inPasteurella pestis, as indicated by the existence of a new genotype, was associated with the genetic loss of Ca++dependence rather than with the usual concomitant loss of ability to produce virulence antigens. Strains of the new type exhibited all four of the known virulence factors ofP. pestisbut were avirulent for mice and guinea pigs (ld50> 108cells). In addition to producing virulence antigens, the new strains formed rough colonies at 37 C when grown on Ca++-deficient medium, as opposed to typical avirulent strains which formed smooth colonies on this medium and failed to produce virulence antigens. Growth of the new strains in a corresponding Ca++-deficient broth medium was slow, as compared with that of typical avirulent strains, but was more rapid than that of virulent strains. The new strains were obtained (i) at 26 C by selecting for resistance to streptomycin or (ii) at 37 C by isolation from rough colonies growing on a Ca++-deficient agar medium plated with either a virulent streptomycin-sensitive or -resistant culture. Usually, isolates obtained at 26 C exhibited a marked reduction in ability to form colonies upon primary plating at 37 C. Of 108 streptomycin-resistant isolates obtained from six virulent strains, 20% were of the new type. In addition, five isolates were of reduced virulence (mouseld50∼ 104cells) but differed in being Ca++-dependent; they possessed all of the known virulence properties. Certain streptomycin-resistant strains failed to give rise to avirulent colonies when plated on a Ca++-deficient agar medium containing streptomycin. The significance of this phenomenon, which was not exhibited by the five strains of reduced virulence, is discussed, as are some apparent differences between isolates from a glycerol-fermenting strain and similar isolates obtained from five nonglycerol-fermenting strains.
OXIDATIVE METABOLISM INPEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUSI. ,
Authors: Dobrogosz Walter J. , Stone Robert W.
Published: January 2020

Dobrogosz, WalterJ. (Pennsylvania State University, University Park) andRobert W. Stone. Oxidative metabolism inPediococcus pentosaceus. I. Role of oxygen and catalase. J. Bacteriol.84:716–723. 1962.—Studies were conducted on the physiological behavior of several strains ofPediococcus pentosaceusisolated from alfalfa silages. Although these organisms are regarded as homofermentative lactic acid bacteria which metabolize carbohydrates via the classic reactions of glycolysis, this investigation showed that they were capable of developing other physiologically important reactions related to carbohydrate metabolism. Growth on glycerol, for example, was shown to depend on the development of aerobic reactions, and was directly related to the catalase content of the various strains tested. These organisms were shown to be devoid of a cytochrome system, thus implicating an active flavoprotein system in oxidative reactions. A study of the end products of aerobic glycerol metabolism suggested that glycerol was oxidized to the pyruvate level, with subsequent reactions involving pyruvate leading to the accumulation of lactate, acetate, acetoin, and CO2in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:1:3.
REQUIREMENT OF AN ALKALINE pH AND AMMONIA FOR SUBSTRATE OXIDATION BYBACILLUS PASTEURII
Authors: Wiley W. R. , Stokes J. L.
Published: January 2020

Wiley, W. R. (Washington State University, Pullman)and J. L. Stokes. Requirement of an alkaline pH and ammonia for substrate oxidation byBacillus pasteurii. J. Bacteriol.84:730–734. 1962—Resting-cell suspensions ofBacillus paseuriirequire a pH higher than 8.0 and also NH4+for the oxidation of glycine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, other amino acids, and compounds of the Krebs cycle. The optimal pH is 9.2. Maximal activity was obtained with 0.5% (NH4)2SO4, the highest concentration tested. NH4+can be supplied by a number of inorganic and organic ammonium salts. The effect of NH4+is fairly specific. It cannot be replaced by Na+, Cs+, and Mg++, and only partially replaced by Li+, K+, Rb+, and Ca++. Some possible metabolic functions of the required alkaline pH and NH4+are discussed.
BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF DIPICOLINIC ACID I
Authors: Arima Kei , Kobayashi Yasuo
Published: January 2020

Arima, Kei(University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan)and Yasuo Kobayashi. Bacterial oxidation of dipicolinic acid. I. Isolation of microorganisms, their culture conditions, and end products. J. Bacteriol.84:759–764. 1962.—In a study of the metabolic pathway(s) of dipicolinic acid (DPA) in microorganisms, 436 strains of soil microorganisms were isolated by use of an enrichment culture technique. Most of them were bacteria, and one of them,Achromobacter, which had the strongest DPA-oxidizing activity, was used for the following experiments. In DPA-free medium, the enzymes which oxidize DPA were not produced. The best culture condition for enzyme production and cell growth was: Nutrient Broth supplemented with 0.1% DPA, 30 C, and 20 hr of shake culture. End products were oxalic acid, NH3, and CO2. Oxalic acid was not oxidized further by this bacterium. The over-all reaction equation of DPA oxidation was determined.
SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA AFTER TWENTY-ONE YEARS IN THE DRIED STATE
Authors: Miller Ruth E. , Simons Loraine A.
Published: January 2020

Miller, RuthE. (Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia)and Loraine A. Simons. Survival of bacteria after twenty-one years in the dried state. J. Bacteriol.84:1111–1114. 1962.—Cultures dried in a vacuum over calcium chloride at room temperature and stored in the refrigerator at 10 C were rehydrated after 21 years in this condition. Only 13 of 202 cultures, representing 67 different species, failed to grow. Nine of these were members of four different species, several other strains of which grew on rehydration. Failure to grow may have been due to a small inoculum before drying. Of 32 dried cultures removed from vacuum and stored in the refrigerator exposed to air, 9 survived for periods varying from 37 to 43 weeks. Cultures which survived generally retained the properties they had before drying. In this study, the grampositive organisms survived drying better than gram-negative bacteria. Since the number of organisms in the original inoculum before drying was not determined, quantitative studies could not be done. It is concluded that this procedure is a very satisfactory method for the preservation of even the most delicate organisms for long periods of time.
CHOLINE FERMENTATION BY
DESULFOVIBRIO DESULFURICANS
Authors: Baker F. D. , Papiska H. R. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: January 2020

Baker
, F. D. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio), H. R.
Papiska, and L. Leon Campbell
. Choline fermentation by
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
973–978. 1962—Hayward and Stadtman pointed out that the organism they described as
Vibrio cholinicus
is closely related to
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
. We have established that some strains of
D. desulfuricans
carry out the same fermentation of choline as does
V. cholinicus
. We have also shown that
V. cholinicus
carries out the sulfate-linked fermentation of lactate identical with that of
D. desulfuricans
. Both organisms have identical reduced cytochrome spectra, with peaks at 417 to 420, 525, and 553 mμ.
V. cholinicus
also contains the green pigment desulfoviridin, characteristic of
D. desulfuricans
, which in alkaline solution gives a red fluorescence at 365 mμ. Immunological data from cross-agglutination and absorption tests show that the two organisms have similar antigenic properties. Morphological, cultural, and biochemical studies have also demonstrated that
V. cholinicus
is indistinguishable from
D. desulfuricans
. Therefore,
V. cholinicus
should be regarded taxonomically as a strain of
D. desulfuricans
.
OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL BYSTREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
Authors: Claridge C. A. , Hendlin David
Published: January 2020

Claridge, C. A. (Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, N.J.)and David Hendlin. Oxidation of glycerol byStreptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol.84:1181–1186. 1962.—The nature of the factors in yeast autolysate essential for the oxidation of glycerol byStreptococcus faecalisF24 was examined. Two factors appear to be involved in the oxidation of glycerol. One factor was shown to be an inducer of the enzyme system required for glycerol oxidation; the other was shown to be α-lipoic acid. Minute quantities of glucose will “spark” growth ofS. faecalisin a medium containing glycerol and acetate as carbon sources, probably by supplying sufficient energy for induction of the glycerol-oxidation system.
ENZYME ASSOCIATED WITH BACTERIOPHAGE INFECTION
Authors: Eklund Curtis , Wyss Orville
Published: January 2020

Eklund, Curtis
(The University of Texas, Austin)
and Orville Wyss
. Enzyme associated with bacteriophage infection. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1209–1215. 1962.—A capsule-digesting enzyme was formed when azotobacter cells were infected with bacteriophage. The enzyme appeared in the medium when the phages lysed the cells. By disrupting phage-infected cells prematurely, it was shown that enzyme formation in the bacterium began shortly after invasion. The amount of enzyme formed was far in excess of that incorporated into the new phages. The enzyme was concentrated from the lysate, and its activity was measured under a variety of conditions.
PRODUCTION OF TOLERANCE TO THE TOXICITY OF
CANDIDA ALBICANS
BY NONFUNGAL MATERIALS
Authors: Hasenclever H. F. , Mitchell William O.
Published: January 2020

Hasenclever
, H. F. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.)
and W. O. Mitchell
. Production of tolerance to the toxicity of
Candida albicans
by nonfungal materials. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1325–1329. 1962.—Tolerance in mice to the toxic manifestations of viable
Candida albicans
cells was elicited by injections of
Salmonella enteritidis
or
S. typhosa
lipopolysaccharides, or complete Freund's adjuvant. The greatest host stimulation occurred when the lipopolysaccharides were given 1 or 6 days before intravenous challenge. The highest level of tolerance produced by intraperitoneal preinfection with
C. albicans
was found when the yeast cells were injected 6 days before challenge. Older mice appeared to require larger amounts of endotoxin to demonstrate toxicity tolerance. Protection in mice that received both lipopolysaccharide injections and
C. albicans
intraperitoneal preinfection was slightly higher than in those mice given only the individual components.
SPORULATION OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
TYPES A, B, AND E,
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
, AND PUTREFACTIVE ANAEROBE 3679 IN DIALYSIS SACS
Authors: Schneider Morris D. , Grecz Nicholas , Anellis Abe
Published: January 2020

Schneider, Morris
D. (Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces, U.S. Army, Chicago, Ill.),
Nicholas Grecz, and Abe Anellis
. Sporulation of
Clostridium botulinum
types A, B, and E,
Clostridium perfringens
, and Putrefactive Anaerobe 3679 in dialysis sacs. J. Bacteriol.
85:
126–133. 1963.—Concentrated cultures of spores of
Clostridium botulinum
type A (33A, 37A), B (41B, 51B), and E (strain VH),
C. perfringens
(strain E), and Putrefactive Anaerobe 3679 were prepared in intussuscepted cellulose dialysis tubing. The apparatus consisted of a telescoped cellulose bag immersed into a suitable sporulation medium in a large Pyrex tube. The initial inoculum was a heavy suspension in physiological saline solution of either vegetative cells or heat-shocked spores. The seed material was introduced into the interior of the dialysis bag. Maximal spore populations were obtained within 10 to 12 days. Strains of
C. botulinum
type E and
C. perfringens
, known for their poor sporulation in conventional cultures, gave good spore crops in the dialysis bag. Some crops were of the order of 10
10
and 10
11
viable spores per liter of medium. The spores produced in the dialysis bag were conspicuously large, particularly after incubation for 20 to 30 days. Observations of the characteristics of spores formed in telescoped bags indicate that two highly resistant strains of
C. botulinum
, 33A and 41B, were apparently less resistant to gamma rays than spores of the same strains produced in identical media in conventional cultures.
FORMATION OF INTRACYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE SYSTEM OF MYCOBACTERIA RELATED TO CELL DIVISION
Authors: Imaeda Tamotsu , Ogura Mituo
Published: January 2020

Imaeda, Tamotsu
(Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela)
and Mitua Ogura
. Formation of intracytoplasmic membrane system of mycobacteria related to cell division. J. Bacteriol.
85:
150–163. 1963.—
Mycobacterium leprae, M. lepraemurium
, and a
Mycobacterium
sp. were observed with an electron microscope. In these bacilli, the three-dimensional structure of the intracytoplasmic membrane system consists of tubular infoldings of the invaginated plasma membrane. The moderately dense substance, presumably representing the cell-wall precursor, is found in the membranous system, especially in the rapid growth phase of mycobacteria. This system always shows an intimate relationship with cell division. A low-density zone, probably corresponding to the low-density substance which coats the cell wall, appears in the connecting regions of the system and in the longitudinal portion of the cell wall. These zones extend centripetally, and the separation of the cell wall occurs after the two zones meet. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the intracytoplasmic membrane system may produce cell-wall material during cell division of mycobacteria.
INHIBITION OF BACTERIA BY 5-FLUORONICOTINIC ACID AND OTHER ANALOGUES OF NICOTINIC ACID
Authors: Streightoff Frank
Published: January 2020

Streightoff, Frank
(The Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Ind.). Inhibition of bacteria by 5-fluoronicotinic acid and other analogues of nicotinic acid. J. Bacteriol.
85:
42–48. 1963.—Several compounds related to 5-fluoronicotinic acid (5-FNA) have been demonstrated to inhibit
Streptococcus
sp. (Viridans group),
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
, and
Lactobacillus plantarum
in vitro. The most active compounds were 5-FNA and 5-fluoronicotinamide (5-FNAM). The growth of
Streptococcus
sp. was inhibited more than 50% by 0.05 μg/ml of 5-FNA or 0.5 μg/ml of 5-FNAM. The inhibition of
Streptococcus
sp. from 1 part of 5-FNA or 5-FNAM was reversed by 4 and 2 parts of nicotinic acid, respectively. The inhibition of
E. coli
from 100 parts of 5-FNA or 5-FNAM was reversed by 1 part of nicotinic acid. Inhibitions by most other active compounds could be reversed by nicotinic acid. In experiments with mice, eight compounds related to 5-FNA had activity against
Streptococcus pyogenes
; 5-FNA, 5-FNAM, and 5-fluoro-
N
-dimethylaminomethylnicotinamide protected all mice at 83 mg/kg × two treatments subcutaneously. The action of 200 mg/kg × two treatments of 5-FNA was reversed by 20 mg/kg × two treatments of nicotinic acid. The activity of 5-FNA was not increased by modifications at the number 3 or 5 positions on the pyridine ring or by any other structural changes.
IDENTITY OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
Authors: Jones Dorothy , Deibel R. H. , Niven C. F.
Published: January 2020

Jones, Dorothy
(American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.), R. H.
Deibel, and C. F. Niven, Jr.
Identity of
Staphylococcus epidermidis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
62–67. 1963.—The species
Staphylococcus epidermidis
is defined more precisely, and compared with other staphylococci. The physiological characteristics considered to be of primary import are: (i) ability to grow anaerobically in a defined complex medium with glucose or pyruvate as the energy source; (ii) inability to produce coagulase; (iii) ability to ferment serine as an energy source; (iv) the requirement for biotin and uracil (under anaerobic conditions) in a semisynthetic medium; and (v) inability to reduce nitrate beyond nitrite.
MORPHOLOGY OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS AND BACTERIAL L FORMS GROWN IN LIQUID MEDIA
Authors: Weibull C. , Lundin Britt-Marie
Published: January 2020

Weibull, C. (Central Bacteriological Laboratory of Stockholm City, Stockholm, Sweden)and Britt-Marie Lundin. Morphology of pleuropneumonia-like organisms and bacterial L forms grown in liquid media. J. Bacteriol.85:440–445. 1963.—Cells ofMycoplasma hominis, M. laidlawii, and two tissue-culture strains of pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) moving freely in liquid medium were photographed with an electronic flash as the light source. The photomicrographs thus obtained demonstrated that, in young cultures of high viability, the cells of these organisms were mainly filamentous or, in the case ofM. laidlawii, coccoid. In old cultures of the same organisms containing predominantly nonviable cells, granular and vesicular elements were found. By the use of the same photographic technique, liquid cultures of a stableProteusL form were studied. Although no filaments of uniform thickness were found, there were spherical bodies and some threadlike material connected with the spheres. When samples of PPLO cultures containing filamentous forms were transferred to agar blocks, the filaments were converted to more or less spherical bodies. This conversion could be prevented by fixing the PPLO with formaldehyde. The morphology ofProteusL forms was not noticeably altered by fixation with this reagent.
INTERSPECIFIC TRANSFORMATION IN
BACILLUS
Authors: Marmur Julius , Seaman Edna , Levine James
Published: January 2020

Marmur
, J. (Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass.), E.
Seaman, and J. Levine
. Interspecific transformation in
Bacillus
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
461–467. 1963.—Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) from various species of the taxonomic group
Bacillaceae
were examined for base composition, ability to carry out interspecific transformation, and formation of molecular hybrids in vitro. The minimal requirement for genetic compatibility among different species and for DNA interaction (both reflecting base sequence homologies) is the similarity of the guanine plus cytosine contents of the DNA. The close correlation between the ability of DNA to be competent in interspecific transformation and to form hybrid molecules on denaturation and annealing provided a rational approach to the study of genetic relationship among organisms for which no genetic exchange has yet been demonstrated. Any or all of the criteria (base composition of DNA, transformation, molecular hybrid formation) can be used as tools in the taxonomic assessment of closely related microorganisms.
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND INHIBITORS ON M PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: Brock Thomas D.
Published: January 2020

Brock, Thomas
D. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio). Effect of antibiotics and inhibitors on M protein synthesis. J. Bacteriol.
85:
527–531. 1963.—This work extends the observations of Fox and Krampitz on M protein synthesis in nongrowing cells of streptococci. A survey of a large number of antibiotics and other potential inhibitors was made. Some substances bring about inhibition of fermentation and inhibit M protein synthesis because they deprive the cell of the energy needed for this process. A second group of substances inhibit growth at concentrations tenfold or more lower than they inhibit M protein synthesis. These are the antibiotics which inhibit synthesis of cell wall or other structures in growing cells, but do not affect protein synthesis. A third group of substances inhibit growth and M protein synthesis at the same concentration. These substances probably inhibit growth because they inhibit general protein synthesis, and are therefore specific inhibitors of protein synthesis. In this class are chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and the tetracyclines. Several other antibiotics of previously unknown mode of action are in this class. A fourth group of substances had no effect on M protein synthesis. No substances were found which inhibited M protein synthesis at a lower concentration than that which inhibited growth. M protein synthesis in nongrowing cells may be a useful model system for obtaining a detailed understanding of protein synthesis.
IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVE POLYSACCHARIDES FROM
NOCARDIA ASTEROIDES
AND
NOCARDIA BRASILIENSIS
Authors: Zamora A. , Bojalil L. F. , Bastarrachea Fernando
Published: January 2020

Zamora
, A. (University of Mexico, Mexico, D.F.), L. F.
Bojalil, and Fernando Bastarrachea
. Immunologically active polysaccharides from
Nocardia asteroides
and
Nocardia brasiliensis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
549–555. 1963.—Two immunologically active polysaccharides were isolated from
Nocardia asteroides
(Poly I Na and Poly II Na) and
N. brasiliensis
(Poly I Nb and Poly II Nb). These polysaccharides were isolated from cell extracts and purified by methanol precipitation, chloroform extraction of extraneous material, and deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid. The crucial step used for separation of Poly I and Poly II from both nocardias was differential solubility. From dried preparations containing both polysaccharides, Poly I was solubilized at pH 10, whereas Poly II remained insoluble and was subsequently solubilized at pH 5. Poly I Na and Poly I Nb are apparently the same. Arabinose and galactose were the monosaccharide constituents of these polysaccharides, and their molar ratios were similar. Furthermore, Poly I Na and Poly I Nb cross-reacted in agar diffusion precipitin tests with rabbit antisera prepared against either
N. asteroides
or
N. brasiliensis
. Either polysaccharide absorbed serum antibodies against the other. These polysaccharides can be regarded as groupspecific. Poly II Na and Poly II Nb are different and species-specific. They are composed of arabinose, galactose, and mannose but exhibit different molar ratios of these sugars according to species. They reacted only with homologous antisera.
NORMAL FLORA OF THE NOSE, THROAT, AND LOWER INTESTINE OF DOGS
Authors: Clapper W. E. , Meade G. H.
Published: January 2020

Clapper
, W. E. (The Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Albuquerque, N.M.)
and G. H. Meade
. Normal flora of the nose, throat, and lower intestine of dogs. J. Bacteriol.
85:
643–648. 1963.—An attempt was made to isolate and identify the complete normal flora of the rectum, nose, and throat of beagles. For primary isolation, 12 different kinds of media were used. Incubation of blood agar plates and slants anaerobically, and of thioglycolate broth aerobically, allowed the growth of obligate anaerobes. From the rectal specimens, 20 species of bacteria and 10 species of fungi were isolated and identified. The organisms were similar to those found in the human intestine.
Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mitis
, enterococci,
S. lactis, Bacillus
species, and coliforms other than
E. coli
were most frequently encountered. The frequency of occurrence was approximately the same at both samplings in more commonly cultured bacteria. Pathogenic
E. coli
were isolated from nearly one-third of the first specimens. These were the only human pathogens observed. In the throat cultures, 29 species of bacteria and 2 species of yeasts were identified, and 27 species of bacteria were identified from the nasal cultures.
S. mitis, Neisseria
, and coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus
were most often isolated. The flora was similar to that found in human nose and throat cultures, except that more
Haemophilus
and pneumococcus and fewer coliforms are generally found in human throats. Organisms resembling human pathogens were group A streptococci and coagulase-positive staphylococci. These were isolated infrequently. It appears that this kind of examination would reveal any significant changes in normal flora that might be related to the health of the animal.
SHORT-TERM N
2
15
-INCORPORATION BY
AZOTOBACTER
Authors: Bulen W. A. , LeComte J. R. , Bales H. E.
Published: January 2020

Bulen
, W. A. (Charles F. Kettering Research Laboratory, Yellow Springs, Ohio), J. R.
LeComte, and H. E. Bales
. Short-term N
2
15
-incorporation by
Azotobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
666–670. 1963.—Short-term N
2
15
-incorporation measurements were used to determine which of the growth requirements were necessary for nitrogen fixation by
Azotobacter agilis
(
A. vinelandii
). Normal cells required neither added iron nor molybdenum, but a marked stimulation by Na
+
and a minor stimulation by Mg
2+
were observed. The Na
+
stimulation was not accompanied by an increase in O
2
uptake. A lag period preceded the response of molybdenum-deficient cells to added Mo. In systems employing 10 and 20% O
2
with 10% N
2
15
in the gas phase, O
2
appeared to be both required and inhibitory. These observations may be helpful in attempts to fractionate cell-free nitrogen-fixing systems from this aerobe.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE ON GROWTH OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM MEAT-CURING BRINES
Authors: Goldman Manuel , Deibel R. H. , Niven C. F.
Published: January 2020

Goldman, Manuel
(American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.), R. H.
Deibel, and C. F. Niven, Jr
. Interrelationship between temperature and sodium chloride on growth of lactic acid bacteria isolated from meat-curing brines. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1017–1021. 1963.—An elevation of the temperature limit for growth of some
Pediococcus homari
(
Gaffkya homari
) and motile
Lactobacillus
strains could be effected by the addition of sodium chloride to the growth medium. At the optimal temperature for growth, sodium chloride was stimulatory, and as the temperature of incubation was increased a mandatory requirement for sodium chloride was manifested. At the optimal temperature for growth (30 C), the highest sodium chloride concentrations were tolerated; as the temperature was increased, this tolerance decreased, although the optimal sodium chloride concentration increased. No other substances were found that would replace the sodium chloride requirement at higher temperatures of incubation.
SIMILARITY IN BASE COMPOSITIONS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEATES FROM SEVERAL STRAINS OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
AND
BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
Authors: McDonald William C. , Felkner Ira C. , Turetsky Abraham , Matney Thomas S.
Published: January 2020

McDonald, William
C. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Frederick, Md.),
Ira C. Felkner, Abraham Turetsky, and Thomas S. Matney
. Similarity in base compositions of deoxyribonucleates from several strains of
Bacillus cereus
and
Bacillus anthracis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1071–1073. 1963.—Studies were made on the base compositions of the deoxyribonucleates of a number of
Bacillus
species. Species homogeneity was quite evident from these studies since, with only one exception, several strains of the same species showed identical base compositions. It was found that the melting temperatures and corresponding percentages of guanine plus cytosine were quite similar in several strains of
B. cereus
and
B. anthracis
. These aspects are discussed as related to their possible genetic homology.
VIABILITY OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN ANTARCTIC SOIL
Authors: Boyd William L. , Boyd Josephine W.
Published: January 2020

Boyd, William
L. (Ohio State University, Columbus)
and Josephine W. Boyd
. Viability of coliform bacteria in antarctic soil. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1121–1123. 1963.—The distribution of coliform bacteria in soils of Ross Island and the nearby mainland was studied. None was found in almost all of the samples collected, including some from the Adelie penguin rookeries at Cape Royds and Cape Crozier and in soil at the McMurdo Base which had been recently contaminated by human sewage. Samples of pony manure left from previous expeditions were also negative, with one exception where
Escherichia coli
were present. Studies carried out with two freshly isolated human strains of
E. coli
and the isolate from pony manure showed that the death rate was extremely rapid, although the animal strain was much more resistant to the various factors of the environment causing death.
PANTETHINE-REQUIRING
BACTEROIDES
Authors: Reeves Richard E.
Published: January 2020

Reeves, Richard
E. (Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans). Pantethine-requiring
Bacteroides
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1197–1201. 1963.—Growth of a culture of gram-negative streptobacilli, provisionally designated
Bacteroides symbiosus
, required a preformed source of pantetheine (pantethine or coenzyme A). Five types of organisms were isolated from the parent culture, and all exhibited a pantethine requirement. Pantothenate neither replaced nor spared the pantethine requirement of these organisms. Of the five isolated bacterial types, three were characterized by producing low, medium, and high optical densities, respectively, in a thiomalate medium. A fourth type was distinguished by cells which would not pack upon centrifugation, and a fifth by its high content of stored carbohydrate. Two of the five types seem well-suited to the growth of
Entamoeba histolytica
in the MS-F ameba-culture system. In addition to pantethine, these organisms required biotin, folic acid, pyridoxine, thiamine, and choline. A minimal defined medium was elaborated for one of the isolated bacterial types.
B. symbiosus
ATCC 12829 is proposed as a test organism for pantetheine in the presence of pantothenate.
ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF THE INTERACTION OF RADIOACTIVE POLIOVIRUS WITH COMPONENTS OF CULTURED CELLS
Authors: Thorne H. V.
Published: January 2020

Thorne
, H. V. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis). Electrophoretic study of the interaction of radioactive poliovirus with components of cultured cells. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1247–1255. 1963.—The interaction of P
32
-labeled poliovirus with the postnuclear fraction of HeLa cell homogenates was first examined using radioactivity to quantitate the reaction. The effects of virus and debris concentration, suspending medium, temperature, and time on the reaction were determined. Binding was independent of salt concentration up to 1.0
m
and unaffected by calcium and magnesium ions at 10
−3
m
. The postnuclear particulate components of homogenates of mammalian cells in culture were examined by sucrose gradient zone electrophoresis at pH 7.2 with a simple apparatus which permitted several simultaneous analyses. The distributions of components for different cell types were distinct and appeared to be influenced by conditions of culture. Addition of radioactive poliovirus to the homogenate before analysis was used to identify components with virus-binding activity. Activity of HeLa and human esophageal epithelium cell homogenates was found mainly in membranous fractions of relatively low electrophoretic mobility. Components with a broader spread of mobility were moderately active in cultured human amnion, but uncultured amnion had almost undetectable virus-binding activity and a distinct distribution of components. Rat heart cells and L cells did not bind poliovirus, but binding components were present in both ERK-1 and CRE rabbit lines.
SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG HUMAN MYCOPLASMAS AS SHOWN BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION AND GEL DIFFUSION
Authors: Taylor-Robinson David , Somerson Norman L. , Turner Horace C. , Chanock Robert M.
Published: January 2020

Taylor-Robinson, David
(National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.),
Norman L. Somerson, Horace C. Turner, and Robert M. Chanock
. Serological relationships among human mycoplasmas as shown by complement-fixation and gel diffusion. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1261–1273. 1963.—Antigenic relationships among human mycoplasmas were studied by complement-fixation and agar gel diffusion techniques. Four recognized human species
Mycoplasma hominis
type 1,
M. hominis
type 2,
M. salivarium
, and
M. fermentans
were antigenically distinct in these tests. In addition,
M. pneumoniae
(Eaton agent, the etiological agent of cold agglutinin-positive atypical pneumonia) was different from these four species. Although these species were distinct, evidence of shared antigenic components was obtained in complement-fixation and agar gel diffusion tests. Since rabbits were immunized with mycoplasmas grown in rabbit muscle infusion broth supplemented with rabbit serum o
r
, in the case of
M. pneumoniae
, with infected chick embryo lung suspension, the possibility that the heterologous reactions resulted from antibody to growth medium components could be excluded. Four recent mycoplasma isolates from the oropharynx were analyzed, and three were shown to be closely related to
M. hominis
type 1, and the fourth was closely related to
M. salivarium
. Although the recent isolates could not be distinguished from the related “prototype” human species by complement-fixation, differences could be detected by the agar gel diffusion technique.
INFECTIVITY OF HISTONE-POLIOVIRUS RIBONUCLEIC ACID PREPARATIONS
Authors: Ludwig Ernest H. , Smuli Christine E.
Published: January 2020

Ludwig, Ernest
H. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park)
and Christine E. Smull
. Infectivity of histone-poliovirus ribonucleic acid preparations. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1334–1338. 1963.—Some properties of histone-poliovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparations, as relate to infectivity for HeLa cell monolayers, were investigated. The histone-RNA preparations were found to lose their infectivity rapidly at room temperature. They were considerably more stable at ice-bath temperature. Dilution of a histone-RNA preparation in a diluent containing an appropriate amount of histone yielded a plaque count which was proportional to the dilution factor, and which regressed linearly through the point of origin. Dilution of a histone-RNA preparation in a diluent containing no histone resulted in a rapidly decreasing plaque count which was not proportional to the dilution factor. The ability of histone to enhance the infectivity of poliovirus RNA was found to be dependent upon the presence of a low concentration of a monovalent salt in the histone-RNA preparations. Histone-RNA preparations containing approximately isotonic levels of NaCl exhibited a high degree of infectivity. When concentrations of NaCl outside this range were used, a great loss in infectivity of the histone-RNA preparations occurred. The NaCl could be replaced by KCl but not by CaCl
2
, MgCl
2
, or MgSO
4
.
INDUCTION AND REPRESSION OF
l
-ARABINOSE ISOMERASE IN
PEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUS
Authors: Dobrogosz Walter J. , DeMoss Ralph D.
Published: January 2020

Dobrogosz, Walter
J. (University of Illinois, Urbana)
and Ralph D. DeMoss
. Induction and repression of
l
-arabinose isomerase in
Pediococcus pentosaceus
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1350–1355. 1963.—The inducible
l
-arabinose isomerase of
Pediococcus pentosaceus
can be rapidly and conveniently measured in whole-cell preparations by use of a standard colorimetric procedure originally developed for studies with cell-free enzyme preparations. The enzyme is measured by its ability to catalyze the isomerization of
l
-arabinose to
l
-ribulose. Whole cells suspended in a suitable buffer and pretreated with toluene were shown to exhibit this isomerase activity at a level comparable with that observed in cell-free enzyme preparations. Conditions for optimal induction of
l
-arabinose isomerase are described. In addition, it was determined that the formation of this enzyme is subject to repression by glucose, i.e., via catabolite repression.