bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reverse translational strategies for developing animal models of bipolar disorder
Authors: Malkesman Oz , Austin Daniel R. , Chen Guang , Manji Husseini K.
Published: April 2009

Bipolar disorder (BD) affects a significant portion of the population of the world, yet there has been limited success in developing novel treatments for the disorder. One of the major reasons for this dearth is the absence of suitable animal models for BD. Traditionally, animal models of human phenomena have been evaluated based on similarity to the human syndrome, response to appropriately corresponding medications, and the degree to which a model supports a common mechanistic theory between the human disorder and the model itself. The following review emphasizes the use of ‘reverse translation’, drawing on patient-based findings to develop suitable animal models for BD. We highlight some examples of this strategy, emphasizing their construct validity as a starting point. These studies have produced informative models that have altered the expression of genes/pathways implicated in BD, including the point mutation D181A of mouse mitochondrial DNA polymerase (POLG), glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6), Clock, extracellular regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG-1). These studies demonstrate that this method is useful, viable and deserves attention in new efforts to generate animal models of BD.
Development of animal models for the acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Bastarache Julie A. , Blackwell Timothy S.
Published: April 2009

Injury to the lung parenchyma results in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a common and life-threatening cause of respiratory failure and mortality that develops after a variety of insults, including sepsis, multiple trauma, pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents and severe burns. The pathogenesis of ARDS is complex with loss of the alveolar-capillary barrier and flooding of the airspaces with protein-rich fluid; injury to the alveolar epithelium; an influx of neutrophils and macrophages; and fibrin deposition as a result of activation of coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis. These changes develop over hours to a few days after the initiating event and often take days or weeks to resolve. Despite decades of research, there is only one therapy (low tidal volume ventilation) that has been shown to reduce mortality in ARDS. Further research into the pathogenesis of this devastating condition is crucial for the development of novel and specific therapies that target specific disease mechanisms. Unfortunately, no single animal model of ARDS replicates the complex pathophysiological changes seen in patients. This is a severe limitation in the study of ARDS and has impaired scientific and therapeutic progress in this field. Here, we discuss the primary features of this syndrome, highlight limitations of current animal models and suggest new approaches to investigate key components of pathogenesis. Hopefully, as new technologies and approaches emerge, barriers to scientific progress in ARDS will be overcome.
The use of ultrasound-guided wire localisation in orthopaedics
Authors: Chettiar K. , Sriskandan N. , Thiagaraj S. , Desai A. U. , Ross K. , Howlett D. C.
Published: April 2009

The use of ultrasound-guided wire localisation of lesions is not well described in the orthopaedic literature. We describe a case of an impalpable schwannoma of the femoral nerve and another of sacroiliitis with an associated pelvic abscess. In both, surgical localisation was difficult. Peri-operative ultrasound-guided wire localisation was used to guide surgery and minimise tissue damage, thereby optimising the results and recovery of the patient.
Percutaneous fusion of the sacroiliac joint with hollow modular anchorage screws
Authors: Khurana A. , Guha A. R. , Mohanty K. , Ahuja S.
Published: April 2009

We reviewed 15 consecutive patients, 11 women and four men, with a mean age of 48.7 years (37.3 to 62.6), who between July 2004 and August 2007 had undergone percutaneous sacroiliac fusion using hollow modular anchorage screws filled with demineralised bone matrix.

Each patient was carefully assessed to exclude other conditions and underwent pre-operative CT and MR scans. The diagnosis of symptomatic sacroiliac disease was confirmed by an injection of local anaesthetic and steroid under image intensifier control.

The short form-36 questionnaire and Majeed’s scoring system were used for pre- and post-operative functional evaluation. Post-operative radiological evaluation was performed using plain radiographs.

Intra-operative blood loss was minimal and there were no post-operative clinical or radiological complications. The mean follow-up was for 17 months (9 to 39). The mean short form-36 scores improved from 37 (23 to 51) to 80 (67 to 92) for physical function and from 53 (34 to 73) to 86 (70 to 98) for general health (p = 0.037). The mean Majeed’s score improved from 37 (18 to 54) pre-operatively to 79 (63 to 96) post-operatively (p = 0.014). There were 13 good to excellent results. The remaining two patients improved in short form-36 from a mean of 29 (26 to 35) to 48 (44 to 52). Their persistent pain was probably due to concurrent lumbar pathology.

We conclude that percutaneous hollow modular anchorage screws are a satisfactory method of achieving sacroiliac fusion.
Premature failure of Kinemax Plus total knee replacements
Authors: Reay E. , Wu J. , Holland J. , Deehan D.
Published: April 2009

We describe a cohort of patients with a high rate of mid-term failure following Kinemax Plus total knee replacement inserted between 1998 and 2001. This implant has been recorded as having a survival rate of 96% at ten years. However, in our series the survival rate was 75% at nine years. This was also significantly lower than that of subsequent consecutive series of PFC Sigma knee replacements performed by the same surgeon. No differences were found in the clinical and radiological parameters between the two groups. At revision the most striking finding was polyethylene wear. An independent analysis of the polyethylene components was therefore undertaken. Scanning electron microscopy revealed type 2 fusion defects in the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), which indicated incomplete boundary fusion. Other abnormalities consistent with weak UHMWPE particle interface strength were present in both the explanted inserts and in unused inserts from the same period.

We consider that these type 2 fusion defects are the cause of the early failure of the Kinemax implants. This may represent a manufacturing defect resulting in a form of programmed polyethylene failure.
Chondrocyte survival in articular cartilage
Authors: Amin A. K. , Huntley J. S. , Simpson A. H. R. W. , Hall A. C.
Published: April 2009

The aim of this study was to determine whether subchondral bone influences in situ chondrocyte survival. Bovine explants were cultured in serum-free media over seven days with subchondral bone excised from articular cartilage (group A), subchondral bone left attached to articular cartilage (group B), and subchondral bone excised but co-cultured with articular cartilage (group C). Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, fluorescent probes and biochemical assays, in situ chondrocyte viability and relevant biophysical parameters (cartilage thickness, cell density, culture medium composition) were quantified over time (2.5 hours vs seven days). There was a significant increase in chondrocyte death over seven days, primarily within the superficial zone, for group A, but not for groups B or C (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in cartilage thickness or cell density between groups A, B and C (p > 0.05). Increases in the protein content of the culture media for groups B and C, but not for group A, suggested that the release of soluble factors from subchondral bone may have influenced chondrocyte survival. In conclusion, subchondral bone significantly influenced chondrocyte survival in articular cartilage during explant culture.

The extrapolation of bone-cartilage interactions in vitro to the clinical situation must be made with caution, but the findings from these experiments suggest that future investigation into in vivo mechanisms of articular cartilage survival and degradation must consider the interactions of cartilage with subchondral bone.
Revision of the cemented femoral stem using a cement-in-cement technique
Authors: Duncan W. W. , Hubble M. J. W. , Howell J. R. , Whitehouse S. L. , Timperley A. J. , Gie G. A.
Published: April 2009

The removal of well-fixed bone cement from the femoral canal during revision of a total hip replacement (THR) can be difficult and risks the loss of excessive bone stock and perforation or fracture of the femoral shaft. Retaining the cement mantle is attractive, yet the technique of cement-in-cement revision is not widely practised. We have used this procedure at our hospital since 1989. The stems were removed to gain a better exposure for acetabular revision, to alter version or leg length, or for component incompatibility.

We studied 136 hips in 134 patients and followed them up for a mean of eight years (5 to 15). A further revision was required in 35 hips (25.7%), for acetabular loosening in 26 (19.1%), sepsis in four, instability in three, femoral fracture in one and stem fracture in one. No femoral stem needed to be re-revised for aseptic loosening.

A cement-in-cement revision of the femoral stem is a reliable technique in the medium term. It also reduces the risk of perforation or fracture of the femoral shaft.
Management and outcome of 103 acute fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna
Authors: Adams J. E. , Hoskin T. L. , Morrey B. F. , Steinmann S. P.
Published: April 2009

A series of 103 acute fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna in 101 patients was reviewed to determine their frequency. The Regan-Morrey classification, treatment, associated injuries, course and outcomes were evaluated. Of the 103 fractures, 34 were type IA, 17 type IB, ten type IIA, 19 type IIB, ten type IIIA and 13 type IIIB. A total of 44 type-I fractures (86%) were treated conservatively, while 22 type-II (76%) and all type-III fractures were managed by operation.

At follow-up at a mean of 3.4 years (1 to 8.9) the range of movement differed significantly between the types of fracture (p = 0.002). Patients with associated injuries had a lower Mayo elbow performance score (p = 0.03), less extension (p = 0.03), more pain (p = 0.007) and less pronosupination (p = 0.004), than those without associated injuries. The presence of a fracture of the radial head had the greatest effect on outcome. An improvement in outcome relative to that of a previous series was noted, perhaps because of more aggressive management and early mobilisation. While not providing complete information about the true details of a fracture and its nature, the Regan-Morrey classification is useful as a broad index of severity and prognosis.
Slipped upper femoral epiphysis in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in a 29-year-old man
Authors: Oommen A. T. , Madhuri V. , Paul T. V.
Published: April 2009

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) with an open physis is rare in an adult and the condition may present without prior diagnosis of an underlying medical condition. We have treated a 29-year-old man with bilateral SUFE associated with autoimmune hypothyroidism. The management was delayed and complicated by co-existing autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. He underwent thyroxine therapy and bilateral pinning in situ with a single ASNIS screw. Closure of the physis occurred after five months on the right side. The left side required a further corrective intertrochanteric osteotomy, and it was only after 13 months that complete fusion of this physis was seen. The case highlights the need to consider endocrine and metabolic conditions in atypical presentation of SUFE.
The Mental Capacity Act 2005: Relevance for the Surgeon
Authors: Jameson SS , Amarasuriya UK , Vint H , Reed MR
Published: April 2009

Patients who lack the capacity to make decisions regarding surgical treatment are complex to manage. In the past, under common law in England and Wales, these patients underwent emergency surgery if in the patient's 'best interests,' as decided by the surgical team. Surgeons in England and Wales now need to understand the changes introduced in October 2007 by the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA).
Do you have what it takes to be a Sessional Tutor?
Authors: Alexander Francine , Larvin Mike , Horrocks Michael
Published: April 2009

On 19 January 2009 the education department hosted a tutors' day meeting to discuss the current course portfolio and future direction of the department. It was attended by 18 sessional tutors; an educational advisor; Professor Mike Larvin, the director of education; Professor Michael Horrocks, chair of the education committee and Council trustee; and senior departmental staff.
Making the Most of Surgical Training
Authors: Allan Hayley , Vig Stella
Published: April 2009

It is widely believed that it is impossible to train surgical trainees to Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT)-level in a mere 48-hour week; that trainees cannot gain sufficient exposure to surgical disease or carry out an acceptable number of procedures to gain the confidence and competence for CCT within the time now available. The European Working Time Directive (EWTD) is a reality and hospitals are already implementing strict controls to ensure its trainees do not exceed the hours they are allowed to work, resulting in a consultant-led service that further restricts training time and opportunity.
Does Teacher Training Improve Medical Education?
Authors: Costa ML , Spence G , Rushton N
Published: April 2009

Teaching the Teachers and Training the Trainers courses have now become a requirement of most surgical training programmes in the UK (see www.rcseng.ac.uk/education/courses/courses/training-the-trainers). Medical educationalists have spent many years developing the courses to improve the teaching skills of the next generation of orthopaedic surgeons. Have their efforts made a difference to medical education? The aim of this study was to assess the influence of teacher training upon the students' perception of their teaching and also upon their retention of knowledge in the field of orthopaedics and trauma.
Combining vision with diligence: the FGDP(UK)'s education strategy
Authors: O'Sullivan Julia
Published: April 2009

The FGDP(UK) is dedicated to promoting excellence in dentistry through standard-setting, education and research. General dental practitioners (GDPs) and dental care professionals (DCPs) naturally aim for excellence in their practice and continuing professional development (CPD) is the vehicle to achieve this. So how does the FGDP(UK) support primary DCPs? The Faculty is involved in a range of activities, from education and assessment to development of frameworks such as the Career Pathway, a clinical route to fellowship for GDPs that is structured around gaining credits on completion of accredited postgraduate courses. The FGDP(UK) also offers guidance for dentists with special interests.
Thinking ahead
Authors: Black John
Published: April 2009

The recent Healthcare Commission report on Stafford Hospital was widely reported in the media and was followed by an apology from the secretary of state. The trigger for the investigation was higher than expected hospital mortality for emergency care, estimated at between 400 and 1,200 excess deaths in a three-year period. A central finding of the report was that the most senior surgical doctor in the hospital after 9pm was often junior and inexperienced, and one doctor was responsible for all surgical beds in a large district general hospital. The only senior person on call was the consultant.
The concept of historical revisionism: Spain since the 1930s
Authors: Balfour Sebastian
Published: April 2009

The so-called revisionism of the right in Spain since the 1930s does not merit the term because it does not propose new analyses based on archival work or historical memory. Like Holocaust denial, it is the recycling of old propagandas and its success derives from its appeal to residual
Francoism. It is characterised by the mimicking of academic protocols, the inversion of discourse, and historical de-contextualisation. Yet it can be seen as part of the price of a new openness about the past that increasingly characterises cultural life in Spain today.
History and memory: a new social dimension
Authors: Casanova Julin
Published: April 2009

The history of the Civil War and the Franco Dictatorship is no longer the exclusive preserve of historians, and there are now hundreds of people who wish to address this past in political terms and, in the case of the heirs of the victims of Francoism, ethical terms. This is a new social
dimension for history, with testimony playing the main role. But the most significant events of the Civil War and the Dictatorship had already been investigated previously as the result of painstaking work by dozens of historians over the last forty years. This article begins with a brief
overview on the historiography of the Spanish Civil War and the Dictatorship, examines the political violence that they generated and concludes with some remarks on the relationship between history and memory, the new social dimension of the past that permeates both the debate and political
controversy nowadays in Spain.
Francoist nostalgia and memories of the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Cenarro ngela
Published: April 2009

The revisionism of the last decade with regard to the Spanish Civil War is closely related to the emergence of extensive research on Francoist violence and a huge social mobilisation around the recovery of historical memory. The aim of the revisionists is to counteract the effects of
this mobilisation, whose purpose is the construction of an alternative memory of the Civil War as well as the social recognition of and dignity for Franco's victims. The phenomenon of revisionism is handicapping the already complex relationship between history and memory, because it has favoured
the emergence of another or new collective memory impregnated with Francoist nostalgia, which at the same time is making it easier to use the past as a weapon to stir up present political tensions using stereotypical and simplistic discourse. To understand the traumatic past, historians need
to be aware of the limits of these collective memories since they tend to obscure the complexities of the past.
Critical historical revision and political revisionism
Authors: Moradiellos Enrique
Published: April 2009

The article aims to establish an analytical framework to understand the upsurge of the so-called historical revisionism of the Spanish Civil War. It argues that the phenomenon is not mainly and properly a historiographical enterprise but basically a socio-political attempt to rehabilitate
the Francoist regime and to counterbalance the impact of the Movement for the Recovery of Historical Memory. Five aspects are to be considered in this regard: the political objectives of the phenomenon, the recent demographical changes in the social structure of Spain, its national and international
context, the idealization of the Republican experience in the public domain and, finally, the clash of partisan memories reactivated in the last decade.
Revisiting the legacy of the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Cazorla-Sanchez Antonio
Published: April 2009

When discussing memory in Spain, historians are really addressing their appraisal of the successive political regimes in the country since 1931. This is how we see the Second Republic (19311939), Civil War (19361939), Franco's dictatorship (19391975) and the constitutional monarchy
(since 1977). According to some historians, the source of our, supposedly, feeble democracy and historical amnesia could be traced to the defeat of the Republic in 1939 which put Spain in a different path in respect to anti-Fascist Europe. Following their argument, the Left that resurfaced
with democracy in 1977 and particularly the Socialist Party was not at the same level of anti-Fascism and Republicanism that the one defeated in the war. Cowed, it agreed to its structural, permanent submission to the conditions for the restoration of democracy imposed by the heirs of Francoism.
Among those conditions missed was forgetting and making society forget (Pacto de Olvido), the repression carried out by the dictatorship and forgiving the criminals. On the other side, those who defend that there was no pact to forget, tends to have fewer problems with the quality of
present day democracy and the polices of compensation of victims implemented by the Socialist Party when in power between 1982 and 1996. But what do ordinary Spaniards think of all this memory War? And why? This article not only discusses these issues it also proposes venues to use the tragedy
of the Civil War to promote historical knowledge among the general population. Finally, it argues that the experiences of the past and the democratic values of Contemporary Spain could be used to promote tolerance and understanding in other countries.
Revisionism, a necessary evil
Authors: Gracia Jordi
Published: April 2009

Both the best narratives as well as the most competent literary historiography have gone down the path of complexity to understand the past on the basis of the present. The inevitable result is not only a multiplication of nuances but also the development of a basic conviction: that
the detailed knowledge of the careers and biographies of many novelists, poets, journalists or essayists is still insufficient given the proliferation of private materials (letters, diaries). A reading of these works in this new light makes historical revisionism a necessary means for the
democratic cleansing of contemporary society. Simplification or sectarianism, even in the treatment of exile, is the trade mark of left-wing and right-wing revisionism, obstinately misinformed but very popular. Combating it with a job well done is yet another debt owed by academic historiography.
International exhibitions and urban renewal: Zaragoza's Expo 2008 on 'Water and Sustainable Development'
Authors: Rollin Hilary
Published: April 2009

Over recent years Spain has acquired a reputation for water management (Garrido and Llamas 2007); it is therefore not surprising that Zaragoza should have won the bid to host Expo 2008, with the theme Agua y desarrollo sostenible. After exploring Zaragoza's credentials as host
for such an event, and in particular one with the theme of water and sustainable development, this article reviews other landmark events hosted in Spain, and the attractions and potential advantages to be derived from holding such events. It focuses on Zaragoza's strategic geographical position,
and the city's role as a catalyst for economic development in Aragn and beyond, before asking to what extent Zaragoza achieved the desired aims of urban renewal and the raising of environmental awareness. It highlights some of the controversy surrounding the exhibition and invites readers
to contribute to the Open Forum, particularly on the economic and environmental aspects.
Recent perspectives on the development of the central nervous system and the genetic background of neural tube defects
Authors: Joó József Gábor
Published: April 2009

Neural tube defects are rare and mostly lethal malformations. The pattern of inheritance of these malformations is multifactorial, rendering the identification of the underlying causes. Numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the genetic basis of the development of the central nervous system. Essential signaling pathways of the development of the central nervous system include the planar cell polarity pathway, which is important for the initiation of neural tube closure as well as well as sonic hedhehog pathway, which regulates the neural plate bending. Genes and their mutations influencing the different stages of neurulation have been investigated for their eventual role in the development of these malformations. Among the environmental factors, folic acid seems to be the most important modifier of the risk of human neural tube defects. Genes of the folate metabolism pathways have also been investigated to identify mutations resulting in increased risk of NTDs. In this review the author has attempted to summarize the knowledge on neural tube defects, with special regard to genetic factors of the etiology.
Can the decrease of blood alcohol level be accelerated? Results of a clinical study
Authors: Mátyus Mária , Horváth István , Fehér János , Farkas Róbert , Wolf Veronika , Galántai Rita , Kis Andrea , Gachályi András
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Guardian Angel powder (GA) on the blood alcohol level. According to the experimental protocol, two sets of measurement were performed: modeling the eating and drinking habit of a typical family or social meeting, alcohol containing drinks corresponding to 70 g of pure alcohol and copious amount of food were consumed first without GA powder, then with GA powder. In the latter case GA powder was dissolved in water and one dose was taken before eating, the other one was consumed during eating. Blood samples were hourly collected from the volunteers in both sets for four hours. The measurement of blood alcohol level was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method proceeding to Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME). Our results show that the blood alcohol level decreased significantly when two doses of GA powder were consumed. After two hours of taking GA powder, the blood alcohol level was significantly lower in each volunteers compared to their own blood alcohol level measured in the absence of GA powder. This result shows that the individual variation of the alcohol metabolism does not influence significantly the effect of GA powder. Further studies are needed to investigate the detailed mechanism of the action of GA powder to find out whether GA powder influences the absorption of alcohol or/and the metabolism of alcohol.
Probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Lakatos Gábor , Tulassay Zsolt
Published: April 2009

Probiotics are preparations containing viable microorganisms that confer potential health benefits for the host. Alteration of bacterial flora both in terms of specific content and concentration may be beneficial in many gastrointestinal disorders. Probiotics are widely used for the management of these conditions in many countries. However, mechanisms of probiotics are incompletely understood. Benefits observed clinically with one species or combinations of species can not be generalized. The optimal dose of treatment has to be determined. Although probiotics are generally regarded safe, caution is needed when using these supplements routinely. It has been proved, that severe adverse events can occur as a complication of probiotic treatment. This review summarizes the recent knowledge concerning the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders.
Civilization stress, cardiovascular risk, evidence based medicine, guideline
Authors: Simon Kornél
Published: April 2009

Cardiovascular diseases have the pole-position on the list of morbidity and mortality statistics. Despite the great advances have been made in management of cardiovascular diseases, prevalence of these disorders increases worldwide, and even younger and younger ages are threatened. This phenomenon is strongly related to obesity and type 2 diabetes pandemic, which shows an unequivocal association with expansion of modernized life-style. The pathomechanism proposed to have central role is the chronic stress induced by civilized life-conduct. The authors criticizes the everyday practice suggested for management of cardiovascular diseases, focusing on normalization of cardiovascular risk factors, instead of fighting against the primary cause ie. chronic stress. There is growing evidence, that achieving the target values defined in guide-lines will not necessarily result in improvement of patient related clinical outcomes. The statistical approach generally practiced in randomized clinical trials is primarily striving for the drug-sale, instead of discovering novel pathophysiological relations. Pharmaceutical industry having decisive role in research and patient-care is mainly interested in profit-sharing, therefore patients’ interest can not be optimally realized, and costs are unnecessarily augmented. Separation of patient-, and business-oriented medical care is an ethical question of fundamental importance.
Maintaining 'Rage'
Authors: Giuffre Liz
Published: April 2009

Rage is a unique music program in the Australian music media, having recently celebrated 20 years on air. This article will explore Rage's success in context of its importance as a television program and musical outlet, examining the show's continued development in detail.
Dialing In
Authors: Evans Mark
Published: April 2009

Long the poor relative to film sound, television sound has often found itself written off, or not written about at all (see Negus and Street 2002). Despite the seminal work of Tagg (1979) few others have taken up the baton of television sound studies. Indeed, even within television studies proper there has been little attention paid to sound – in much the same way as was sound went ignored in film studies for decades and decades.
Local interpretation
Authors: Hayward Phil
Published: April 2009

Following its inception as a promotional form in the early-mid 1970s, music video has become an internationally produced and circulated form that is part of a multi-facetted audio-visual media environment alongside related forms such TV advertisements, corporate promo features, television programs, feature films, video games and internet media. While it overlaps with other forms, it also comprises a distinct media area with its own genealogies, genres, fashions and (most appropriately for the focus of this article) local inflections of these. While the majority of analyses of music video production sectors, styles and/or auteurs have focused on North American and/or Western European production; analysis of other industrial contexts provides significant insights into local engagements with the form and of its realisation within particular commercial, stylistic and technological spaces. Study of the development of music video in Melanesia is particularly illuminating since it reveals diverse and differential patterns of development at one of the furthest removes from the centre of the Western music industry and its product dispersion apparatus.
Orientation to a New Book: More Than a Picture Walk
Authors: Briggs Connie , Forbes Salli
Published: April 2009

This article provides information to support teacher practice of providing thoughtful, individually crafted, book orientations. Supporting emergent and struggling readers to access meaning, structure, and visual information keeps reading work easy, yet provides opportunities for problem solving that allows engagement in independent and successful processing behaviors.

توفّر هذه المقالة معلومات لتدعيم ممارسة المعلمين في تقديم مناهج كتابية ذات التفكير العميق والخلق المبدع الشخصي. ويجعل تدعيم القراء المنبثقين والمواجهين صعوبات في القراءة لوجود وسيلة إلى المعنى والتركيب والمعلومات البصرية عملية القراءة مسألة سهلة بل يوفّر فرصاً لإيجاد حل للمشاكل الأمر الذي يسمح بالانشغال في التصرفات المعالجة المستقلة والناجحة.

本文是有关支援教师实践为学生提供富有思想性和为个别而设的阅书指导方法。支援萌发期和有困难的阅读者，帮助他们领略书中的意义、结构和视觉信息，能使他们的阅读变得容易，又能为他们提供机会解决问题，让他们投入独立和成功的信息处理学习。

Cet article apporte une information pour aider la pratique des enseignants à s'orienter vers des livres pleins d'idées et illustrés personnellement. Aider les lecteurs débutants et ceux qui ont des difficultés à accéder au sens, à la structure, et à l'information visuelle facilite le travail de lecture, tout en procurant des occasions pour résoudre des problèmes qui permettent de s'engager dans des modalités de traitement autonomes et qui réussissent.

Cтатья предлагает информацию, позволяющую учителям вдумчиво, исходя из индивидуальных особенностей и пристрастий детей, формировать и направлять их читательские пристрастия. Поддерживая начинающих читателей или тех, кому чтение дается нелегко, учитель уделяет внимание смыслу и структуре текста, а также визуальной информации, содержащейся в книгах. Это не только облегчает процесс чтения, но и дает юным читателям возможность самостоятельно и успешно размышлять над вопросами, поднятыми автором.

La información en este artículo apoya la práctica pedagógica de dar orientaciones cuidadosas e individuales sobre los libros. Apoyar a los lectores emergentes, y los que luchan con la lectura, a encontrar el significado, la estructura, y la información visual hace que la lectura sea más fácil, y les da oportunidades a estos lectores para resolver problemas permitiéndoles así a comportarse de manera independiente y exitosa.
Laughing Through Rereadings: Using Joke Books to Build Fluency
Authors: Ness Molly
Published: April 2009

The author explores how the use of joke books can promote fluency in young readers. One young girl's fluency improved measurably, and her engagement and motivation to read the particular kind of text involved played a significant role.

يستكشف المؤلف الطريقة التي يستطيع فيها استخدام الكتب التي يوجد فيها نكات لتشجيع المرونة القرائية في القراء الصغار وعلى سبيل المثال تحسنت مرونة بنت في القراءة تحسناً ملحوظاً وبالإضافة إلى ذلك لعب انشغالها وحافزها في قراءة نوع خاص من النصوص دوراً مهماً.

本文作者探讨如何利用笑话书提升年轻阅读者的阅读流畅程度。一名小女孩的阅读流畅程度得到显著的改进，而她对阅读笑话这种文本的投入与学习兴趣扮演了重要角色。

L'auteur explore comment l'utilisation de livres de blagues peut favoriser la fluidité chez de jeunes lecteurs. La fluidité d'une jeune lectrice s'est développée de façon mesurable, et son investissement et sa motivation pour lire ce type particulier de texte a joué un rôle significatif.

На примере работы с ученицей младшего возраста автор исследует, как использование книг с шутками и анекдотами может стимулировать учащихся начальной школы к овладению навыками беглого чтения. Девочка стала не только бегло читать, но и участвовать в уроке с большим вниманием и интересом, что в немалой степени объясняется характером предлагавшихся для чтения текстов.

El autor explora cómo el uso de libros de chistes puede ayudar la fluidez de lectores jóvenes. La fluidez de una niña mejoró de forma cuantificable, y su interés y motivación por la lectura de estos textos tuvieron un papel importante en dicho mejoramiento.
Ensuring Accommodations Used in Content Assessments Are Responsive to English‐Language Learners
Authors: Willner Lynn Shafer , Rivera Charlene , Acosta Barbara D.
Published: April 2009

This column offers an overview of the requirements for including and accommodating English‐language learners (ELLs) in content assessments and an explanation of how accommodations for ELLs work. It concludes with recommendations drawn from research and practice to ensure accommodations are assigned and implemented in ways that are likely to appropriately support ELLs during testing.

ملخص البحث: يقدم هذا العمود خلاصة المتطلبات لتضمين دارسي اللغة الإنكليزية وتكييفهم في اختبارات المحتوى وشرحاً بالطريقة التي تعمل من خلالها المكيفات لدارسي اللغة الإنكليزية. وينتهي العمود باقراحات مأخوذة من الأبحاث والممارسات ليكفل تكلف المكيفات وتتنفذها في الطرق التي من الأرجح أن تدعم دارسي اللغة الإنكليزية في الامتحان بشكل فعال.

本专栏概述在学科评话中包括英语英语学习者和为他们作调适的需要，并解释这些调适如何运作。本专栏以研究与实践所得的建议作为结语，以确保并解释这些调适的应用与实施的方式，如何能在测试中给予英语语言学习者恰当的支援。

Cette rubrique présente une vue d'ensemble de ce qui est nécessaire pour inclure et adapter à des élèves d'anglais langue seconde des évaluations de disciplines, et une explication de l'adaptation des dispositifs destinés au travail des élèves d'anglais langue seconde. Elle conclut par des recommandations tirées de la recherche et de la pratique de façon à ce que les adaptations soient apportées et mises en ouvre de sorte à faciliter la passation des tests par des élèves d'anglais langue seconde.

В этом выпуске рубрики приводится краткий обзор и обоснование требований, которые необходимо соблюдать, чтобы учащиеся, для которых английский язык не является родным (ELLs), могли участвовать в проверке знаний в различных предметных областях. Также предлагаются научно обоснованные и апробированные рекомендации, выполнение которых гарантирует оптимальную поддержку иноязычных школьников во время тестирования.

Esta columna da una visión general de los requisitos para incluir y acomodar a los aprendices de inglés (ELLs) en las evaluaciones de contenido y una explicación de cómo funcionan las acomodaciones para los ELLs. Termina con recomendaciones sacadas de estudios y de la práctica para asegurar que las acomodaciones son asignadas e implementadas de tal manera que den el apoyo apropiado a los ELLs siendo examinados.
Role of DNA methylation in the tissue-specific expression of the CYP17A1 gene for steroidogenesis in rodents
Authors: Missaghian Elika , Kempná Petra , Dick Bernhard , Hirsch Andrea , Alikhani-Koupaei Rasoul , Jégou Bernard , Mullis Primus E , Frey Brigitte M , Flück Christa E
Published: April 2009

The CYP17A1 gene is the qualitative regulator of steroidogenesis. Depending on the presence or absence of CYP17 activities mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids or adrenal androgens are produced. The expression of the CYP17A1 gene is tissue as well as species-specific. In contrast to humans, adrenals of rodents do not express the CYP17A1 gene and have therefore no P450c17 enzyme for cortisol production, but produce corticosterone. DNA methylation is involved in the tissue-specific silencing of the CYP17A1 gene in human placental JEG-3 cells. We investigated the role of DNA methylation for the tissue-specific expression of the CYP17A1 gene in rodents. Rats treated with the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-deoxycytidine excreted the cortisol metabolite tetrahydrocortisol in their urine suggesting that treatment induced CYP17 expression and 17α-hydroxylase activity through demethylation. Accordingly, bisulfite modification experiments identified a methylated CpG island in the CYP17 promoter in DNA extracted from rat adrenals but not from testes. Both methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors induced the expression of the CYP17A1 gene in mouse adrenocortical Y1 cells which normally do not express CYP17, indicating that the expression of the mouse CYP17A1 gene is epigenetically controlled. The role of DNA methylation for CYP17 expression was further underlined by the finding that a reporter construct driven by the mouse −1041 bp CYP17 promoter was active in Y1 cells, thus excluding the lack of essential transcription factors for CYP17 expression in these adrenal cells.
Ring shear tests to evaluate strength parameters in various remoulded soils
Authors: TOYOTA H. , NAKAMURA K. , SUGIMOTO M. , SAKAI N.
Published: April 2009

The ring shear apparatus is most suitable for measuring the residual strength of soils, but it is difficult to use conventional ring shear tests to measure the peak strength of low-permeability, high-plasticity clay because shear rates that completely satisfy drained conditions are unknown. Moreover, regarding residual strength, an efficient method to complete the residual state has not been established, although it is known that much deformation is necessary. Therefore this study first demonstrates the effectiveness of the newly developed ring shear apparatus through comparison with the results of triaxial compression tests. Shear-rate effects are then examined in ring shear tests using samples containing various proportions of bentonite. Finally, using results obtained using various remoulded soils, the effects of plasticity index in saturated soils on maximum and residual strength are demonstrated.
Homicidal Ideation Causally Related to Therapeutic Medications
Authors: Marks Donald H. , Breggin Peter R. , Braslow Derek
Published: April 2009

Five patients with hepatitis C (HCV), three of whom were treated with peginterferon alfa-2 (IFN) and two who were not treated with IFN, developed homicidal ideation (HI) during a 4-year period. Following accepted rules for determining causation, there appeared to be a causal relatedness between IFN use and the development of homicidal ideation for those patients taking IFN. None of these patients attempted a homicidal act while on treatment with IFN, nor in the follow-up period after treatment. The incidence of HI while treated with IFN in our patient population is estimated to be less than 1%. The ability of prescription medication to cause homicidal ideation is reviewed, and legal implications are discussed.
Science and the Psychiatric Publishing Industry
Authors: McLaren Niall
Published: April 2009

Objective: An empirical examination of the scientific status of psychiatry. Method and Results: Analysis of the publications policy of the major English-language psychiatric journals shows that no journal meets the minimum criteria for a scientific publishing policy. Conclusion: Psychiatry lacks the fundamental elements of any field claiming to be a science. Furthermore, its present policies are likely to inhibit scientific development of models of mental disorder rather than facilitate them. The psychiatric publishing industry is in urgent need of radical reform.
Clinical Features of Early Periodontitis
Authors: López Rodrigo , Frydenberg Morten , Baelum Vibeke
Published: April 2009

Background: Most of the evidence on periodontitis in young individuals originates in case series or case‐control studies of poor quality. We investigated the intraoral distribution of clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing depth (PD) and the associations between the oral hygiene parameters and the signs of periodontitis (CAL and PD) in adolescents.

Methods: This study consisted of 87 cases presenting with CAL ≥3 mm in at least two of the 16 teeth recorded and 73 non‐cases who did not fulfill this inclusion criterion, nested in a fully enumerated adolescent population, who were screened for signs of periodontitis. The 160 subjects were reexamined by a single trained and calibrated periodontist. The intraoral patterns of periodontal destruction were described graphically.

Results: Cases had more supragingival plaque, more supragingival calculus, and more bleeding on probing than non‐cases. The intraoral patterns of periodontal destruction were similar in cases and non‐cases. The site‐specific associations between the putative determinants supragingival plaque, supragingival calculus, and bleeding on probing and the signs of periodontal destruction were highly positive.

Conclusion: The results of this study lend little support to the notion that a particular intraoral pattern of breakdown is specific to young cases of severe periodontitis, nor do the results support the view that destruction is incommensurate with oral hygiene parameters.
Periodontal Therapy Reduces Plasma Levels of Interleukin‐6, C‐Reactive Protein, and Fibrinogen in Patients With Severe Periodontitis and Refractory Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Vidal Fábio , Figueredo Carlos Marcelo S. , Cordovil Ivan , Fischer Ricardo G.
Published: April 2009

Background: Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that inflammation is the link between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of non‐surgical periodontal treatment on plasma levels of inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]‐6, C‐reactive protein [CRP], and fibrinogen) in patients with severe periodontitis and refractory arterial hypertension.

Methods: Twenty‐two patients were examined and randomly divided into two groups. The test group was composed of 11 patients (mean age, 48.9 ± 3.9 years) who received periodontal treatment, whereas the control group had 11 patients (mean age, 49.7 ± 6.0 years) whose treatment was delayed for 3 months. Demographic and clinical periodontal data were collected, and blood tests were performed to measure the levels of IL‐6, CRP, and fibrinogen at baseline and 3 months later.

Results: The clinical results showed that the mean percentages of sites with bleeding on probing, probing depth (PD) 4 to 5 mm, PD ≥6 mm, clinical attachment loss (CAL) 4 to 5 mm, and CAL ≥6 mm were significantly reduced in the test group 3 months after periodontal treatment. There were no significant differences between the data at baseline and 3 months in the control group. Periodontal treatment significantly reduced the blood levels of fibrinogen, CRP, and IL‐6 in the test group.

Conclusion: Non‐surgical periodontal therapy was effective in improving periodontal clinical data and in reducing the plasma levels of IL‐6, CRP, and fibrinogen in hypertensive patients with severe periodontitis.
Expression Profile of Human Gingival Fibroblasts Induced by Interleukin‐1β Reveals Central Role of Nuclear Factor‐Kappa B in Stabilizing Human Gingival Fibroblasts During Inflammation
Authors: Vardar‐Sengul Saynur , Arora Shilpi , Baylas Haluk , Mercola Dan
Published: April 2009

Background: Interleukin (IL)‐1β is a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, and it induces inflammatory mediators in periodontal diseases. We developed immortalized human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), investigated the effects of IL‐1β on the gene expression using expression arrays containing ∼40,000 genes, and tested the role of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) in maintaining an activated HGF population.

Methods: Total RNA was isolated from IL‐1β–induced and mock‐induced control cells. Gene expression analyses were performed using expression arrays and confirmed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis to show inhibitor of kappa B‐alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation and immunostaining of cells for NF‐κB nuclear translocation were performed. Apoptosis was confirmed by assay of poly ADP‐ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage.

Results: A total of 382 probe sets corresponding to 254 genes were differentially expressed in IL‐1β–induced cells (P <0.001). A total of 215 genes were upregulated, and 39 genes were downregulated. Most notable NF‐κB pathway members (NFκB1, NFκB2, IκBα, IκB∊, IκBζ, REL, RELB, and TA‐NFKBH) were upregulated. IκBα was phosphorylated, and NF‐κB accumulated in the nucleus. An IL‐1β–induced set of 27 genes was downregulated by an NF‐κB inhibitor, leading to a decreased number of viable cells and suggesting an antiapoptotic role for NF‐κB.

Conclusions: IL‐1β leads to a large number of significant expression changes consistent with a pathologic role in periodontitis, including enhancement of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, matrix metalloproteinases, adhesion molecules, and especially NF‐κB–dependent antiapoptotic genes. NF‐κB activation blocks apoptosis, thereby stabilizing the HGF population in inflammation.