bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metals, Salt, and Slaves: Economic Links Between Gaul and Italy From the Eighth to the Late Sixth Centuries BC
Authors: Briggs Daphne Nash
Published: July 2003

Summary. This paper discusses the role of metals, salt, textiles, and slaves in the development of networks of reciprocal exchange that interlinked the élites of Etruscan Italy and Early Iron Age Gaul between the eighth and sixth centuries BC. Maritime and transalpine contact are considered separately. Certain regional specialisms in Gaul are discussed: metals in the west and centre, supporting prosperous HaD élites around the rim of the Massif Central, salt on coasts and in the east, perhaps in exchange for Italian textiles, and slaves perhaps especially from the sixth‐century BC Aisne–Marne/Mont Lassois complex. A principal point is to establish the ubiquity and economic importance of women and children as domestic slaves both in Italy and Gaul and their consequent significance as valuable objects of élite exchange. Development in patterns of slave procurement during this period are considered.
Settlement Dynamics and Social Organization in Eastern Iberia during the Iron Age (Eighth–Second Centuries BC)
Authors: Grau Mira Ignacio
Published: July 2003

Summary.  This paper explores the formation of urban societies in the eastern Iberian Peninsula. From the Early Iberian Iron Age onwards it is possible to trace the emergence of a hierarchical settlement pattern in which larger settlements carried out the most important functions of control and exploitation of the resources in this territory, extending their authority over several small farming villages. This settlement pattern is associated with the complex socio‐economic structures and political organization of Iberian aristocracies. In this paper we will focus on the development of the Iberians’ active role in exchanging goods with oriental traders; it is this contact which subsequently produces social change in the Iron Age period.
Comedy in Paestan vase painting
Authors: Hughes Alan
Published: July 2003

Summary. The ‘phlyax’ vases ofmagna graeciaare now known to represent actors and staging of Middle Comedy. More than half of the comic vases dating from the third quarter of the fourth century BC were painted in Paestum by Asteas and his circle, who were influenced by the Sicilian Painter of Louvre K 240. This paper asks whether these painters worked from direct observation of the theatre; and if so, whether the vases are evidence for details of performance methods in Paestum or in Sicily, and at what period. The stage andskene, masks, costumes and comic acting style are considered, together with the link between Asteas and the Painter of Louvre K 240 and the significance of the disagreement of their evidence with that of the Manfria Group of Sicilian painters.
Space and Manpower in Roman Camps
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: July 2003

Summary.  Certain aspects of space and manpower use in Roman camps were investigated using a previously published spreadsheet model. Over half the camp area was not needed for the men's tents and this was probably enough to cope with patches of unsuitable ground within the rampart. The relationship between the camp area and perimeter was such that the bigger the camp, the relatively fewer men were needed to make and defend it. Small camps, which required relatively greater effort from the men, could be made quickly. Data from the Polybian and Hyginian models suggested that the basic determinant of camp design and numerical structure of the army lay in the requirement for a man to labour upon and defend no more than five feet of perimeter. Compared with the Polybian model, the Hyginian model greatly reduced the area and perimeter length for any given force, thus enabling the army to adopt a more aggressive posture.
Archaeology Unfolding: Diversity and the Loss of Isolation
Authors: Hicks Dan
Published: July 2003

Summary. British historical archaeology has seen new theoretical engagement in recent years. A diverse and distinctive body of theory has developed in this increasingly vibrant and international area of study, testing disciplinary boundaries, especially with history, social anthropology and material culture studies.

This paper takes stock of three distinct processes within the new historical archaeology: the birth of material history, the loss of antiquity, and the loss of isolation. The implications of these processes for the wider discipline are explored with reference to landscape archaeology, using the example of the Ironbridge Gorge, Shropshire. In a consideration of future directions, it is argued that historical archaeology provides particular insights to the need across the discipline for archaeology to respond with self‐confidence to complexity by drawing out and celebrating diversity in theory and practice.
Mother, Child, Race, Nation: The Visual Iconography of Rescue and the Politics of Transnational and Transracial Adoption
Authors: Briggs Laura
Published: July 2003

‘Third World’ poverty and hunger conjures up certain conventionalised images: thin children, with or without their mothers. This paper explores the genealogy of such images in the mid‐twentieth century, and shows how they mobilise ideologies of ‘rescue’ while pointing away from structural (political, military and economic) explanations for poverty, famine and other disasters. These images had a counterpart in practices of transnational and transracial adoption, which became the subject of debate in the USA during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, and were at least as much about symbolic debates over race as the fate of particular children. Together, these visual and familial practices made US foreign and domestic poverty policy intelligible as a debate over whether to save women and children. When they cast the USA as rescuer, they made it all but impossible to understand what US political, military or economic power had to do with creating the problem.
Sadists and Sissies: Anti‐pornography Campaigns in Cold War America
Authors: Friedman Andrea
Published: July 2003

Examination of anti‐obscenity campaigns in the post‐war years suggests that the ideals of masculinity mandated by cold war politics troubled Americans in ways more complex than historians have recognised. Psychiatrists, politicians and clubwomen focused on the graphic depiction of an aggressive, even violent, male heterosexuality in comic books and erotica to suggest that American men had become too hard and undomesticated, unable to sustain the institution so central to the American way of life – the family. Framed as a defence of beleaguered mothers and their children against male sadists, these campaigns expressed the impossibility of reconciling the conflicting demands on gender and family ideologies required by the domestic and foreign policies of the cold war.
Female Icons, Feminist Iconography? Socialist Rhetoric and Women's Agency in 1950s China
Authors: Chen Tina Mai
Published: July 2003

This article examines the construction of female subjectivity in emulation campaign materials of early Maoist China. Through critical examination of ‘nüjie diyi’ (the first female) model workers, I argue that Maoist proletarian subjectivity reflects a situated agency produced through empowerment and salvationist impulses. As the first women to engage in traditionally male professions like tractor driving, ‘nüjie diyi’ models can be read as objects of CCP policies and ideology. At the same time, however, their public presence challenged gendered conceptualisations of workplace, technological competence and proletarian identity. Moreover, their close ties to Soviet experts located these women within a geopolitical structure that occasioned alternative sites of female agency. As icons of socialist China and representatives of state‐sponsored feminism, ‘diyi’ women embodied historical progress and social change. Through these women multiple contending subjectivities emerged which simultaneously promised and delimited national feminist rhetoric and agency.
‘A Wigwam to Westminster’: Performing Mohawk Identity in Imperial Britain, 1890s–1990s
Authors: Morgan Cecilia
Published: July 2003

This article examines the travels and appearances of Canadian Mohawk writers, lecturers, and performers E. Pauline Johnson and John Brant‐Sero, who appeared in Britain as self‐identified Mohawks, Canadians, and members of the British Empire during the late‐Victorian and Edwardian years of heightened imperial sentiment. The article draws upon feminist scholarship on performance, imperialism, and culture and consumption for the late‐Victorian and Edwardian period. It argues that, while Johnson and Brant‐Sero challenged stereotypes of Mohawk gender relations, they also were part of imperialist modernity; their gendered ‘performances’– on and off‐stage – must be analysed within the context of the gendered cultures of consumption and performance of late‐Victorian and Edwardian British society.
Refinement and Respectable Consumption: the Acceptable Face of Women's Smoking in Britain, 1918–1970
Authors: Tinkler Penny
Published: July 2003

This article examines British women's magazines and the insights that they can provide into the relationships between social class, gender and respectable feminine consumption. The discussion focuses on magazine representations of women who smoked cigarettes in the years between 1918 and 1970 with particular attention to the period up to 1950. Magazine images reveal the visual parameters of respectable smoking for women between 1918 and 1970 and the centrality of refinement to respectable consumption. However, while respectable smoking was always visibly associated with refinement, the absence of working‐class smokers 1918–1970 suggests that smoking was visibly inconsistent with refined and respectable working‐class femininity.
Lost and Found: the Woman Writer in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Clarke Norma
Published: July 2003

Jennifer Summit, Lost Property: the Woman Writer and English Literary History, 1380–1589

Jane Spencer, Aphra Behn's Afterlife

Harriet Guest, Small Change: Women, Learning, Patriotism, 1750’1810

Elizabeth Eger, Charlotte Grant, Cliona O Gallchoir and Penny Warburton (eds), Women, Writing and the Public Sphere, 1700’1830
The Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Judgments: The Way Forward
Authors: O'Brian William E.
Published: July 2003

This article analyses the proposed Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Judgments, which has been the subject of lengthy and ongoing negotiations. The issues that continue to divide the parties centre on differences between approaches to jurisdiction broadly similar to those used in Europe, and the approach used in the United States. The most comprehensive draft of the Hague Convention starts from a European approach, but makes a number of concessions to the US approach. The United States has rejected this draft, and the parties appear to have accepted this rejection and are now discussing whether a narrower convention can be drafted upon which the parties can reach consensus.

The article argues that the broad draft convention was a sound one, that it made all of the concessions to the US approach that were warranted, and that the goal of harmonising world approaches to jurisdiction in civil cases would be better promoted by adopting the broader convention, if necessary without the participation of the United States.
‘Food for Thought’: Reconciling European Risks and Traditional Ways of Life
Authors: Chalmers Damian
Published: July 2003

The European Food Safety Authority marks a new stage in European Union governance. It has no direct regulatory powers, but is entrusted with developing norms of food safety, which are to inform the material content of EC food law. The hope is that its independence and expertise will restore popular confidence both in the EU and in the food we eat. The irreducible nature of lay‐expert conflicts about hazard suggests that a more likely scenario is that such disputes become recast as opposition to EC law. Such conflict is most likely to manifest itself in national courts through challenges to or non‐compliance with EC law. The current principles for resolution of such conflicts are hopelessly outmoded. The article, therefore, argues for a constitutional resettlement, which sets out principles germane to the nature of the EC regime, namely that of a multi‐level regulatory State. It argues for a new defence of regulatory balance. Individuals could argue for the disapplication of EC norms where these violated a valued local regime which had given consideration to the issues raised in the EC legislation and whose positive value to its subjects exceeded its negative impact on the interests protected by the EC legislation.
Documenting the self: Abelard and the individual in history*
Authors: Clanchy Michael
Published: July 2003

Were medieval people aware of themselves as individuals? The history of self-consciousness begins with the Italian Renaissance, Burckhardt argued. Against this, medievalists have often cited Abelard's Historia calamitatum (his ‘story of calamities’). This article argues that Historia calamitatum is a history of Abelard's feelings, especially of his need for fame, and in this way it documents the self. But Historia calamitatum presents two Abelards: he is the ‘Palatine’– courtly, jesting and formidable – and he is equally a humble monk and Christian apologist. How did a medieval individual propagate such persistent and contradictory public images of himself?
The Ordinance for the trial of Charles I
Authors: Kelsey Sean
Published: July 2003

During the English civil wars, parliament passed legislation in the form of ordinances – statute laws not requiring the king's assent. In late December 1648 a rump house of commons drafted an Ordinance for the trial of Charles I. Its rejection by the house of lords prompted the Commons to assume the power to legislate alone. The abortive Ordinance and the more famous Act for the trial of the king differ in ways which lend minor additional insights into the struggles at Westminster which complicated the task of bringing Charles I to justice.
Clerical responses to the Jacobite rebellion in 1715
Authors: Abbott Susannah
Published: July 2003

This article examines sermons published by Church of England clergymen and dissenters during the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. It shows that while some clergymen supported Jacobitism, most were determined to create a broad-based opposition to the Stuart Pretender. To achieve this, the clergy carefully selected themes and arguments to ensure that all English Protestants – radical dissenters, low churchmen and high churchmen – could join the campaign against the Pretender. Above all, clergymen used the language of anti-popery and preached the duty of Christian obedience to the king. In the immediate aftermath of the rebellion, however, this consensus began to break down, and divisions between high and low churchmen re-opened.
The Proclamation Society, William Mainwaring and the Theatrical Representations Act of 1788
Authors: Baker Jean N.
Published: July 2003

The Theatrical Representations Act of 1788 was a landmark in the annals of provincial theatre history as it was the immediate catalyst for the explosion of theatre building that took place at the end of the eighteenth century. This article investigates the evidence that William Wilberforce's Proclamation Society, set up in 1787 in response to the perceived ‘moral crisis’ of that period, was closely involved in the enactment of this legislation. The part played by William Mainwaring, a member of the Society and a Middlesex magistrate, in the events that culminated with this Act is also examined.
‘Fast couples’: technology, gender and modernity in Britain and Germany during the nineteen-thirties*
Authors: Rieger Bernhard
Published: July 2003

This article examines the images of modernity that surrounded two famous married couples in Germany and Britain during the nineteen-thirties who owed their status as popular stars to the mastery of innovative technologies. In Britain, pilots Amy Johnson and James Mollison galvanized attention, while the German public eagerly followed the lives of aviatrix Elly Beinhorn and her husband, racing driver Bernd Rosemeyer. The first part of this article examines how in both countries racing drivers and solo pilots personified a modernity characterized by constant dynamic acceleration that confronted the individual with novel challenges. The ensuing two sections demonstrate how contrasting notions of nationalism, gender and companionship account for differences in the couples' public images which, in turn, modified the concepts of modernity associated with them in Britain and Germany.
The National Health Service in Scotland, 1947–74: Scottish or British?*
Authors: Stewart John
Published: July 2003

Using previously unused or underused primary evidence, this article analyses the National Health Service in Scotland from its inception in 1947 to the reorganization of 1974. A thematic approach is adopted to show that, on the one hand, the Scottish health services were subject to similar Treasury constraints on expenditure as elsewhere in Great Britain; but that, on the other, there is a strong case for seeing the N.H.S. in Scotland as exhibiting a high degree of autonomy. It is further argued that this was, from the outset, justified and consolidated by the particular characteristics of Scottish history, geography and governance.
Scottish missionaries and the end of empire: the case of Nyasaland*
Authors: Stuart John
Published: July 2003

In 1960 Church of Scotland missionaries in the British colony of Nyasaland ostensibly fulfilled their commitment to transition from ‘mission’ to ‘Church’. This process of transition was, however, marked by ambiguity, much of which related to Nyasaland's political status. Opinion within the missions and the Church of Scotland differed greatly as to whether (and for how long) colonial rule should continue. Controversy on the matter ranged beyond Nyasaland and Scotland, with missionary activities attracting the attention not only of colonial and imperial governments but of a range of unofficial but interested groups and religious organizations. This article examines one important aspect of the ambiguous missionary response to the ‘end of empire’ in British colonial Africa.
Young People, Photography and Engagement
Authors: Stanley Nick
Published: July 2003

Over ten years research into photography and education has been undertaken at Birmingham Institute of Art and Design in collaboration with the Arts Council of England, West Midlands Arts, and local community photography agencies. A range of case studies were undertaken to explore how young people used photography, particularly in self‐empowerment. These ranged from students in Further Education challenging concepts of visual stereotypes of disability, young lesbian, gay and bisexual people constructing their own website, and individuals and groups creating and modifying their own images in a shopping centre. A democratic action research methodology was developed to enable the young people to establish their own agenda and generate standards for evaluating their work. A particular feature of the later research was a self‐reflective journal that was shared between the researcher and everyone engaged in the project. This resource has considerable potential in photography and elsewhere in art and design education.
Making a Difference? An Evaluation of Professional Knowledge and Pedagogy in Art and ICT
Authors: Loveless Avril
Published: July 2003

The paper presents a research perspective on a Secondary school‐based project,, Art on the Net, which explored the interaction between practising artists, students and teachers using digital technologies in the visual and performance arts in school settings. The study illustrated the role that art education plays not only in providing an authentic context for the use of digital technologies, but also in offering insights into conceptualising the nature of ICT capability.

The analysis for this paper highlights key themes arising for participants engaged in such intervention projects and illustrates the interaction between professional knowledge and pedagogy in Art and ICT.
Chrisi Bailey Award
Authors: Dewdney Andrew
Published: July 2003

The Arts Council run Chrisi Bailey Award for young people's photography in schools is now entering it fifteenth year. The spirit of the award remains that of Chrisi Bailey's own view of photography as, an active medium of participation, through which the child can make discoveries, record and communicate about themselves and the world around them. This paper uses the work of the Chrisi Bailey Award as a kind of historical record, an archive, which can now be looked at in terms of changes in photography, representation and education. It asks three related questions. What view of creative, educational practice is present in the school projects? What view of representation is encoded in the selected images? What view of photography and its technologies are embedded in the children's practices? Through answering these questions the paper attempts to chart continuities and changes in our understanding of the cultural politics of self‐representation and the effects of digital technologies upon photographic practice. The paper reflects upon the tradition of photography in education and attempts to update its agendas.
Vivarium
Authors: Waugh Mark
Published: July 2003

This contribution is an introduction to an online forum, Vivarium, at the new open¦ed web site. The site will be accessible to an audience of: educationalists, artists, producers, development agencies and funding bodies. The forum will discuss the artist as educator, the culture of art in education, and explicitly Live Art as tool for rendering social issues for exploration in the classrooms of the future.

In an era of global ecologies of information, offering users data on everything from hydroponics to Derrida's text The Truth in Painting, fertile knowledge is increasingly accessed through non‐hierarchical networks. In such a terrain, a new post‐pedagogical approach to creativity appears essential if we hope to excite, channel and challenge young people.

This paper charts a series of critical issues that readers are invited to develop and discuss online, but perhaps more importantly signifies potential topics that might return in a series of subsequent dialogues commissioned by the Arts Council England for Vivarium. The broader aim of Vivarium is to create a context to frame potential initiatives that might be delivered through Creative Partnerships, the unprecedented Arts Council England initiative, promoting cultural and creative activity for young people.
The Artist‐Teacher Scheme as Postgraduate Professional Development in Higher Education
Authors: Adams Jeff
Published: July 2003

The Artist‐Teacher scheme has been established in recent years to encourage, revive and maintain the creative practice of visual arts teachers. Higher education institutions providing postgraduate qualifications have completed their pilot phases of the scheme, and the first postgraduate certificates and degrees have been awarded. This paper describes and illustrates work of students on these courses, and the relationship of their renewed creativity to their experience as professional teachers. The information was drawn from interviews with students, staff and initiators of the scheme, as well as student evaluations. There is a summary of the history of the scheme and a description of its recent manifestation in the pilot postgraduate programmes. The paper also includes a discussion and analysis of features of the Artist‐Teacher scheme: the gallery collaborations, the relationship of theory to practice and to pedagogy. Students' responses to the scheme are discussed and, finally, emerging evidence of the positive impact that the Artist‐Teacher scheme is having on classroom performance is considered. Although ATS continues to exist in a number of forms, such as summer schools and day/evening classes and part‐time postgraduate certificate/Masters degrees, it is the mainly latter that is the focus of this paper.
Art in Question
Authors: Raney Karen
Published: July 2003

Art in Question is one of the outcomes of the Arts Council's research into visual literacy. The book was launched on 11th March, 2003 at Bloomberg, London, with a conversation between the author and two of the contributors to the book, writer Sadie Plant and Professor of English and Art History, WJT Mitchell. This article is an edited transcript of that conversation. Plant and Mitchell begin by talking about points of uncertainty in their work which moved it forward. They go on to discuss the so‐called ‘pictorial turn’, and ways in which contemporary art and film have taken on the subjects of bioengineering and the electronic revolution. Referring to images from Poussin and Dada, to a WWI recruiting poster and, Jurassic Park, the conversation suggests that both technological and political developments are posing fresh challenges to the visual arts.
Gallery Education
Authors: Möersch Carmen
Published: July 2003

This paper takes the form of a conversation about gallery education between Carmen Moersch and myself Mariam Sharp. It will draw from in‐depth research by Moersch who is currently undertaking a PhD comparing Gallery Education in Germany and England and considers the differences in England and Germany and to some extent Europe generally. The article touches on Carmen's role as an artist and relates to the role of the artist in socially engaged arts practices. In England outreach practices extend the work beyond the gallery and Moersch's research explores case studies in the UK that develop these models of working. The conversation started at the Engage conference at the Baltic in Newcastle in November 2002 and continued into early 2003 via email and was informed by my experience as the lead officer for gallery education at the Arts Council of England's National Office.
The Role of Artists in Sites for Learning
Authors: Reiss Vivienne , Pringle Emily
Published: July 2003

Socially engaged, participatory and educational arts activities have been recognised by artists as a legitimate area of creative practice for a considerable time. Current policy initiatives around social inclusion and life long learning demonstrate that this government has a keen interest in the transformative nature of creativity and participation in arts activity. This paper explores the significance of the, Arts Council's Artists in Sites for Learning Scheme and a related piece of research within the context of recent cultural agendas and governmental policy initiatives. The research examined the ‘forms of engagement’ that occur between artists, participants and others and concludes that the role the artist inhabits within this form of creative practice is multifaceted and highly sophisticated. This paper also raises key issues concerning the ‘value’ and critical assessment of this form of practice and the need for appropriate support for (and evaluation of) it in the future.
A Short Genealogy of Ersatz Love
Authors: Casely‐Hayford Augustus
Published: July 2003

Over the last century hundreds of appliquéd Ghanaian flags have found their way onto the market of the large western auction houses. In this paper, Augustus Casely‐Hayford traces the trajectory of these objects as they have changed hands and value, to reveal how significance and meaning are traded, how the reading of these Asafo flags has profoundly altered over time and across cultures, how Western epistemologies can re‐categorise and re‐define other cultures to make them like their own and how the commodification of these objects has not only obscured their meaning for people in the West, but has changed the meaning of these flags for those who create and use them.
The Development of Memory
Authors: Gathercole Susan E.
Published: July 2003

This article reviews recent advances in understanding the changes in memory function that take place during the childhood years. Development of the following aspects of memory are considered: short‐term memory, comprising phonological memory, visuospatial memory, and executive function; autobiographical memory; episodic memory, including eyewitness memory; and metamemory. Each of these aspects of memory function shows substantial qualitative change from infancy, through the preschool period, to the early school years. Beyond about 7 years of age, however, memory function appears adult‐like in organisation and strategies, and shows only a gradual quantitative improvement through to early adolescence.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Advances in Cognitive, Neurobiological, and Genetic Research
Authors: Tannock Rosemary
Published: July 2003

Conceptual and technological advances in cognitive neuroscience and molecular genetics have the potential to identify the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the application of these technologies to the scientific study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It begins with a summary of shifts in conceptualization and scientific study of this common condition. This is followed by a critical review of findings from recent cognitive, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. The available data do not yet permit an integration across these different levels of enquiry, but implicate problems in response inhibition, dysfunction of frontostriatal networks, and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of this complex behavioral phenotype. The review closes with suggestions for future interdisciplinary research.
Categorical Models of Childhood Disorder: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis
Authors: Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. S.
Published: July 2003

In this review we explore the clinical and scientific status of categorical models of childhood disorder. Three themes are developed. First, the practical origins of standardised category‐based diagnostic schemes are examined along with their contemporary philosophical and psychological significance. Next, the impact that these systems have had on the science of child psychopathology is explored. We look at their link to the medical model and the assumption that childhood disorders are categorical, endogenous, and dysfunctional in nature. We argue that these assumptions underpin the dominant paradigm in child psychopathology and so constrain empirical study and theory development. In the final section, the different ways in which researchers have responded to this link and its impact on science are presented. We present the sort of scientific realism associated with Meehl (1995) as the most appropriate basis for a philosophically respectable child psychopathology. Following this approach means unpacking the paradigmatic assumptions, including the assumption of the categorical structure of disorder, into hypotheses that are then put to empirical test. The sorts of data that would allow us to test the categorical hypothesis are identified. We conclude by discussing the results from three recent studies using behaviour genetic analysis of twin data that, in fact, lead us toward a rejection of this hypothesis. The implications for diagnostic and clinical practice of such a rejection are discussed.
Familial and Nonfamilial Factors in the Prediction of Disruptive Behaviors in Boys at Risk for Substance Abuse
Authors: Majumder Partha P. , Moss Howard B. , Murrelle Lenn
Published: July 2003

This study aims to identify (1) a core disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) postulated to presage a substance use disorder, and (2) the relative importance of parental DBD phenotypes, and familial and nonfamilial environmental factors in the determination of DBD in male children. DBD symptom counts and measures of familial and nonfamilial environmentals were collected from intact families ascertained through the presence (SA+) or absence (SA−) of substance dependence in fathers. Multivariate analyses revealed that both behavioral symptoms and environmental measures were significant discriminators of the families. In SA+ families, the child's score DBD was best predicted by magnitudes of parental dyssocial behaviors and by familial environmental factors. However, in SA− families only familial environmental factors were significant predictors of the child's DBD. These findings suggest that in addition to independent actions of familial transmissible and nonfamilial factors, strong genotype‐environment interactions may determine DBD in children and that may contribute to the liability for a substance use disorder.
Assessing Exposure to Violence in Urban Youth
Authors: Selner‐O'Hagan Mary Beth , Kindlon Daniel J. , Buka Stephen L. , Raudenbush Stephen W. , Earls Felton J.
Published: July 2003

This study reports on the development of a structured interview, My Exposure to Violence (My ETV), that was designed to assess child and youth exposure to violence. Eighty participants between the ages of 9 and 24 were assessed. Data from My ETV were fit to a Rasch model for rating scales, a technique that generates interval level measures and allows the characterization of both chronic and acute exposure. Results indicated that the fit statistics for six scales, covering both lifetime and past year victimization, witnessing of violence, and total exposure, were all good. These scales were found to have high internal consistency (r=.68 to .93) and test‐retest reliability (r=.75 to .94). Evidence of construct validity was provided by the item analysis, which revealed a theoretically sensible ordering of item extremity, and also by analysis of bivariate associations. As expected, younger subjects generally reported less exposure to violence than did older subjects, males reported more exposure than did females, African‐American subjects reported higher levels of exposure than did White subjects, violent offenders reported more exposure than did non‐offenders, and those living in high crime areas reported more exposure than did those residing in low crime areas. Future areas of investigation and the potential contribution to studies of antisocial behavior and post‐traumatic stress disorder are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Greek Children in Long‐term Residential Group Care and in Two‐parent Families: I. Social, Emotional, and Behavioural Differences
Authors: Vorria Panyiota , Wolkind Stephen , Rutter Michael , Pickles Andrew , Hobsbaum Angela
Published: July 2003

The social, behavioural, and school adjustment of 41 9‐year‐old children in long‐term residential group care in Greece was compared with that of children of the same sex and age brought up in two‐parent families. Observational, interview, and questionnaire measures were employed. Observations in school classrooms showed that compared with their classmates, the group care children were more inattentive, participated less often in the classroom activities, were more likely to be passive, and tended to be involved in alternative and nonproductive activities. In the playground, they rarely interacted with non‐institutional children. On both parent and teacher scales the group care children showed significantly more overall disturbance. The boys showed poor task involvement in the classroom and more emotional difficulties, conduct problems, and hyperactivity, whereas the between‐group differences for girls were statistically significant only for emotional disturbance and poor task involvement in the classroom. Both boys and girls in long‐term residential care showed less harmonious, confiding relationships with peers than those reared in families, and were more affection‐seeking with teachers.
Genetic Contributions to Continuity, Change, and Co‐occurrence of Antisocial and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence
Authors: O'Connor Thomas G. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Reiss David , Hetherington E. Mavis , Plomin Robert
Published: July 2003

In adolescence, antisocial and depressive symptoms are moderately stable and modestly correlated with each other. We examined the genetic and environmental origins of the stability and change of antisocial and depressive symptoms and their co‐occurrence cross‐sectionally and longitudinally in a national sample of 405 adolescents. Monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins and full, half, and unrelated siblings 10–18 years of age from nondivorced and stepfamilies were studied over a 3‐year period. Composite measures of adolescent self‐reports, parent reports, and observational measures of antisocial and depressive symptoms were analysed in multivariate behavioural genetic models. Results indicated that the majority of the stability in and co‐occurrence between dimensions could be accounted for by genetic factors. Nonshared environmental risks and, for antisocial symptoms, shared environmental risks also contributed to the stability. Genetic influences on change were observed, but only for antisocial behaviour. In addition, the longitudinal association between antisocial behavioural and later depressive symptoms was also found to be genetically mediated, but this effect was nonsignificant after controlling for stability. Results are discussed in light of the potential contributions of developmental behavioural genetic research in understanding individual differences in the stability and change of maladjustment.
Siblings of Children with Mental Retardation Living at Home or in Residential Placement
Authors: Eisenberg Laurie , Baker Bruce L. , Blacher Jan
Published: July 2003

Severe retardation in a child surely has an effect on all family members. Studies of nondisabled siblings in these families have indicated both emotional risks and perceived benefits. Little is known about how out‐of‐home placement of the child with retardation affects the siblings. Adolescent siblings of children with retardation living at home (N = 25) or in residential placement (N = 20) were contrasted with siblings of children without retardation (N = 28), on measures obtained from their mothers and themselves. Despite their different situations, these siblings were highly similar on measures of psychological adjustment, self‐esteem, and family environment. Sibling relationships, however, were less intense, with less warmth but also lower conflict, in families where the child lived out of the home. Most siblings of children with retardation reported positive personal growth experiences while also expressing realistic concerns about the future. Siblings of children with retardation had beliefs and attitudes about placement that were highly consistent with the child's current living situation.
Parent Counselling: An Evaluation of a Community Child Mental Health Service
Authors: Davis Hilton , Spurr Pamela
Published: July 2003

Health visitors and Clinical Medical Officers (CMOs) were trained in parent counselling and worked at home in a highly deprived area with parents of preschool children with multiple psychosocial problems. Their basic aims were to establish a mutually respectful partnership and to support parents in managing their diverse problems. Detailed evaluation indicated that the Service was highly valued by both parents and referrers, and suggested significant changes, including: improvements in the severity of problems; increased parental self‐esteem; decreased levels of parental stress and emotional difficulties; more positive constructions of their children; improvements in the home environment; and decreased child behavioural problems.
Drawing Impossible Entities: A Measure of the Imagination in Children with Autism, Children with Learning Disabilities, and Normal 4‐year‐olds
Authors: Leevers Hilary J. , Harris Paul L.
Published: July 2003

Contemporary findings suggest that the imagination of autistic children is not as limited as was once thought. In contrast, Scott and Baron‐Cohen (1996) claim that children with autism are unable to draw pictures of impossible entities. An experiment showed that children with autism, children with moderate learning disabilities, and normal 4‐year‐olds were equally successful at identifying real and impossible pictures and at completing pictures to make them look either real or impossible. The previously reported inability to draw “impossible” pictures is unlikely to reflect an imaginative deficit and may instead result from a misunderstanding of the task or limitations in the executive abilities required to plan and draw an unusual picture for the first time.
Absence of an Association between IgE‐mediated Atopic Responsiveness and ADHD Symptomatology
Authors: Gaitens Tanis , Kaplan Bonnie J. , Freigang Bruno
Published: July 2003

There are mixed research results in the literature regarding a possible association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and atopic disorders. If such an association were supported, the implications for underlying pathophysiology would be significant. We evaluated level of atopic responsiveness (based on IgE‐mediated response to skin prick tests) in 312 referrals to a pediatric allergist. Based on the atopy code, children were categorized as non‐atopic, or moderately or severely atopic. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Univariate analyses on the eight CBCL subscales revealed no differences between the atopic groups. Our results do not support an association between IgE‐mediated atopic responsiveness and ADHD, but they do not rule out an association between allergic symptoms and ADHD based on some other mechanism.
The Impact of Family Transition on the Development of Delinquency in Adolescent Boys: A 9‐year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Pagani Linda , Tremblay Richard E. , Vitaro Frank , Kerr Margaret , McDuff Pierre
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively the impact of family transition on deviant development in a sample of 427 French‐Canadian boys participating in a longitudinal study from kindergarten onwards. During the course of the study some boys experienced family transition. We grouped the boys by developmental period and number of marital transitions they experienced: divorced between ages 6 and 11; divorced between ages 12 to 15; remarried between ages 6 and 11; and remarried between ages 12 and 15. From ages 11 to 15 we assessed boys' delinquency and their family processes (parental supervision, punishment, and communication) annually. The results suggest that boys who experienced remarriage between ages 12 and 15 are at greater risk for delinquency. In particular, they showed evidence of comparatively more theft and fighting at earlier ages than their peers from families that had remained intact. At similar points in development, they perceived less expressive parent‐child relationships. Finally, these boys also perceived less monitoring by their parents, both overall and at different points in adolescence.
Awareness of Language in Children Who Have Reading Difficulties: Historical Comparisons in a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Bryant Peter , Nunes Terezinha , Bindman Miriam
Published: July 2003

We look at the awareness of grammatical distinctions in children with reading difficulties, and at their ability to use this awareness in order to learn about the conventional spellings for morphemes like ”ed“ at the end of past verbs. Using longitudinal methods we show that, initially, children who are to become poor readers are actually better in this aspect of spelling and also in grammatical awareness tasks than younger children of the same reading level: but they are worse than these other children in tasks that tax their knowledge of phonologically based letter‐sound correspondences. Later on, however, the poor readers lose their initial advantages in the conventional spelling of morphemes. We conclude that poor readers are initially held back by a failure to learn about letter‐sound correspondences, and that this deprives them of successful reading experience, which in turn hampers the growth of their grammatical awareness and their learning how to spell morphemes.
Verbal and Nonverbal Abilities in the Williams Syndrome Phenotype: Evidence for Diverging Developmental Trajectories
Authors: Jarrold Christopher , Baddeley Alan D. , Hewes Alexa K.
Published: July 2003

One commonly cited feature of Williams syndrome is a characteristic dissociation between relatively spared language skills and severely impaired nonverbal abilities. However, the actual evidence for a dissociation between verbal and nonverbal abilities in Williams syndrome is equivocal. In two separate studies we examined these abilities in 16 individuals showing the Williams syndrome phenotype. When considered as a whole, the group did have significantly superior verbal abilities, but this difference was caused by a large discrepancy in abilities in only a small number of individuals. In both studies there was a clear, linear relation between individuals' verbal ability, and the magnitude of their verbal‐nonverbal discrepancy. We suggest that these results are best explained in terms of verbal ability developing at a faster rate than nonverbal ability in this disorder. We discuss how this model of differential rates of development has the potential to reconcile the apparently inconsistent findings in this area.
Executive and Motivational Control of Performance Task Behavior, and Autonomic Heart‐rate Regulation in Children: Physiologic Validation of Two‐factor Solution Inhibitory Control
Authors: Mezzacappa Enrico , Kindlon Daniel , Saul J. Philip , Earls Felton
Published: July 2003

Forty‐two (42) children (mean age 10.6 years) from mainstream public (N= 22) and therapeutic schools (N= 20) completed performance tasks assessing executive and motivational influences on motor responses. In a separate protocol, children underwent physiologic challenges of paced breathing and supine to standing postural change, while heart rate was continuously monitored.

Executive control was associated with vagal modulation of respiratory driven, high‐frequency heart‐rate variability (t= 2.20, p < .03), whereas motivational control was associated with sympathetic modulation of posturally driven, low‐frequency heart‐rate variability (t= ‐2.22, p < .03). These findings supported a two‐factor solution of inhibitory control derived in a previous study.
Ethnic Variations in Children's Problem Behaviors: A Cross‐sectional, Developmental Study of Hawaii School Children
Authors: Loo Sandra K. , Rapport Mark D.
Published: July 2003

Variations in children's problem behaviors associated with ethnicity and other demographic variables were examined in 6–18‐year‐old children (N= 804) residing in a multicultural environment. The Child Behavior Checklist‐Teacher's Report Form was used to compare the frequency of behavior problems among clinic‐referred and nonreferred children of Hawaiian, Asian, and Caucasian ethnicities. Children who were male, clinic‐referred, or of Caucasian or Hawaiian ancestry experienced greater levels of behavioral problems. Explanations concerning ethnic variations in children's problem behaviors include: teacher's perceptual bias, differences in teacher threshold to report problem behaviors, and/or true variations in children's behavior.
Long‐term Outcome of Trauma in Children: The Psychological Consequences of a Bus Accident
Authors: Winje Dagfinn , Ulvik Annicken
Published: July 2003

The psychological consequences of trauma on 28 Swedish children were examined 1 year and 3 years after a bus accident in western Norway in 1988. Symptoms were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale (IES), semi‐structured interviews, and a questionnaire developed for this study. At the 1‐year follow‐up, large proportions of the sample had symptoms of Intrusion and Avoidance (IES) and symptoms of general psychological distress, but no clinically significant symptoms were observed at the 3‐year follow‐up. Girls and children who experienced loss in the accident were characterised by high levels of Intrusion, whereas passenger trauma and age were unrelated to the outcome. A bidirectional relationship was observed between the mothers' and the children's symptoms over time, whereas the fathers' symptoms were unrelated to the children's symptoms. The clinical implications of the study are that symptoms in all children of traumatised families deserve attention during the first year post‐trauma, and that objective risk indicators (age, sex, and types of trauma) do not provide sufficient information to identify children at risk.