bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
»For the lulz, mein Fuehrer«
Authors: Dogru Bekir Ismail
Published: May 2021

Dieser Beitrag nähert sich der Rolle des Humors als strategischen Elements der »Neuen« Rechten zur Radikalisierung gesellschaftlicher Diskurse. Dies wird ermöglicht durch die Technik des Witzes, die, wie Sigmund Freud (Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewußten 1905/»Der Humor« 1927) herausgestellt hat, es erlaubt, auf »Lustquellen« zuzugreifen, die durch repressiv-progressive Diskurse versperrt sind. Diese Technik bietet sich dabei an und scheint insbesondere »effektiv« bei internetaffinen jungen Männern zu funktionieren, da auf bereits vorhandene, in der »Normalmännlichkeit« (Pohl, 2010) angelegte Dispositionen zurückgegriffen wird, die in Krisensituationen mobilisiert werden können. Der Anschluss an eine (virtuelle) Masse – mit den dazugehörigen Weltdeutungen – ermöglicht dabei die »Schiefheilung« narzisstischer Kränkungen, wobei die Beschaffenheit der Masse »einen regressiven Sog« (Brunner, 2015) erzeugt. Dieser Hass im humoristischen Gewand bietet den »Vorteil«, dass das Gesagte einerseits gegenüber der »Mehrheitsbevölkerung« plausibel abgestritten und andererseits Aktivist*innen, die den Hass identifizieren, als »dauerempörte« Alarmist*innen diffamiert werden können.
"Que tenga un pequeño jardín de flores”. Una experiencia participativa entorno al turismo y el patrimonio cultural en el Impenetrable chaqueño
Authors: Barrios Gabriela , Monsalvo Marcos , Pérez Marcelo
Published: May 2021

En este artículo presentamos avances de una experiencia aún en proceso, que se desarrolla en un paraje rural del Impenetrable chaqueño, al nordeste de la República Argentina. Desde un enfoque político metodológico inspirado en la Educación Popular y en la Investigación Acción Participativa, este proyecto aborda la memoria y el patrimonio cultural como estrategias para fortalecer la organización de la comunidad local en un contexto de fuerte impacto de políticas de turistificación. Puesto que, en los últimos años, junto a la creación del Parque Nacional Impenetrable, se inició el desarrollo del Master Plan Impenetrable con financiamiento del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, coordinado primero por una Unidad Ejecutora y desde 2019 por el Instituto de Turismo provincial, describimos de manera densa el proceso que transita la comunidad hasta tomar la decisión de reconstruir la antigua escuela del paraje. Acción que cobra real importancia porque la comunidad ve en ella, además de la posibilidad de conservar un edificio que les identifique para recibir a las y los visitantes, la oportunidad de fortalecer sus vínculos, de tener una motivación para organizarse, para unirse en un sitio común y a través de unas memorias compartidas que les son significativas, posicionarse de manera más sólida en las negociaciones a las que se ve obligada a partir de este nuevo contexto. Estos sucesos trajeron consigo, entre otras cosas, tensiones y disputas por el uso y la tenencia de la tierra, que hasta hace pocos años era ocupada históricamente por familias asentadas en el lugar desde las primeras décadas del siglo XX.
Teoría y práctica de las metodologías participativas. Análisis de su utilización para la elaboración de agendas de desarrollo territorial en Uruguay
Authors: Suárez Mariano
Published: May 2021

El artículo analiza los cambios a nivel teórico-epistemológico en las ciencias sociales y su vinculación con los diseños de metodologías participativas. Se argumenta que las metodologías participativas se alimentan originalmente del pensamiento crítico, pero con el paso de los años van tomando elementos también del pensamiento complejo. Se realiza una caracterización de estas metodologías mostrando algunos elementos comunes dentro de la diversidad de variantes que emergieron a partir de la década del setenta del siglo pasado. Finalmente, se presenta un caso de aplicación de metodologías participativas para la construcción de agendas de desarrollo territorial en los municipios uruguayos. El análisis del caso permite ver la potencialidad de las herramientas que planifican con metodologías participativas, al tiempo que deja en evidencia ciertas limitaciones que se derivan de la adaptación de estos diseños a las reglas de los espacios institucionalizados.
Historia socioeconómica y ficción literaria: consecuencias de la Gran Depresión en Of Mice and Men (1937) de John Steinbeck
Authors: Cazorla María Angelina
Published: May 2021

La mayor parte de los temas generales de la historia económica, por su naturaleza social, admiten su abordaje desde numerosas perspectivas, como las que muestran los postulados del sociólogo germano Max Weber. Siguiendo los criterios que se desprenden de la concepción socioeconómica weberiana, advertimos que las causas y consecuencias de la Gran Depresión de los años 30 en EE.UU. puede considerarse uno de los hechos más frecuentemente estudiados con bibliografía proveniente tanto de la ficción literariacomo de otras esferas del arte. El multipremiado John Steinbeck, autor de varios relatos que registran el mayor fracaso económico-financiero de la historia moderna, nos propone una mirada alternativa en Of Mice and Men (1937). Esta criticada y controvertida novela es un documento de protesta y denuncia social, reflejado en las andanzas de George Milton y Lennie Small, dos peones rurales migrantes que representan a los miles de jornaleros que emprendieron un éxodo hacia el Oeste estadounidense,enfrentando los efectos devastadores de la mayor crisis económica mundial que conoce el sector agrícola del mundo desarrollado.
Vulnerabilidad, ética del cuidado y enfoques ecosistémicos Fundamentos ontológicos y éticos para el cuidado de sí, de los otros y de la naturaleza
Authors: Carmona Gallego Diego
Published: May 2021

En este artículo proponemos una relación complementaria entre la vulnerabilidad como categoría ontológica y el despliegue de una ética del cuidado. En primer lugar, presentamos una conceptualización de la vulnerabilidad a partir de los desarrollos de Emmanuel Lévinas que, en su propuesta, la concibe como sensibilidad en tanto receptividad articulada con la respuesta ética. Seguidamente, profundizamos en los aportes centrales de la ética feminista del cuidado: sus inicios, bases teóricas, características principales y concepción del desarrollo humano. A continuación, introducimos la dimensión del cuidado de la naturaleza a partir de enfoques ecosistémicos en torno al tema. Y concluimos este escrito afirmando la necesidad de conexión con la vulnerabilidad como fundante de una ética del cuidado de sí, de los otros y de la naturaleza de la que somos parte, esenciales tanto para el desarrollo humano como para el sostenimiento de la trama de la vida.
Differential expression of the laminin subunit alpha 2 in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: May 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding the laminin subunit alpha 2, LAMA2, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. LAMA2 mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of LAMA2 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with overall survival in patients with luminal A subtype cancer, demonstrating a relationship between primary tumor expression of a differentially expressed gene and patient survival outcomes influenced by molecular subtype. LAMA2 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
Differential expression of kelch like family member 29 in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: May 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding the kelch like family member 29, KLHL29, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. KLHL29 mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of KLHL29 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with distant metastasis-free survival in patients with luminal A and luminal B subtype cancer, demonstrating a relationship between primary tumor expression of a differentially expressed gene and patient survival outcomes influenced by molecular subtype. KLHL29 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
HOW TO TEACH AMERICAN ACCENT// International Journal of Educational and Scientific Research 4(12), 2021/ Chief Editor K. Kumpulainen /OEAPS OU - Tallinn, Estonia (Open European Academy of Public Sciences). Vienna, Austria 30.04.2021: OEAPS OU., 2021. P. 9-12.
Authors: Parkhatova Rano Mukhtarovna , Erzhanova Zhanna Borisovna
Published: May 2021

It is no secret that people intuitively understand the level of English proficiency by the accent, and this happens in the first seconds of a conversation. Each dialect of English has its own unique pronunciation – from British to Australian. And in countries where the dialect is spoken, having an appropriate accent will help you sound more natural. Do you want to feel more confident speaking English without a foreign accent in the United States? One way to do this is to speak with an American accent, although this is by no means easy. Just as having a British accent will help you fit in better in England, an American accent will help you communicate fluently with native American English speakers. The North American English accent is one of the most popular among students of English as a foreign language, and there are a huge number of resources that will help you master it. Here are several steps to help you improve your American accent and sound like native speakers.
Size Reduction of A Microstrip Antenna using Loading Circuit Method for UHF Band
Authors: saleh akuwan
Published: May 2021

This paper presents a process and result of reduction of the dimensions of microstrip square antenna shorting pins or loading circuit inserted to the antenna comparing to the conventional one. The slits applied to the antenna to generate the circular polarization properties of the antenna. This antenna is called as a Loading Circuit Microstrip Slit (an LCMS) antenna. The antenna is designed to work at a frequency of 435.9 MHz. This frequency is a part of UHF band of nano-satellite operation. From the simulation results, by adding a loading circuit of chip resistor 1 Ohm instead of the shorting pin, the overall size of an LCMS antenna will be reduced and the bandwidth of antenna becomes wider. For frequency of 435.9 MHz, the return loss of antenna is -21.445 dB, the bandwidth is 44.13 MHz, axial ratio is 2.9 dB, and the total size reduction of an LCMS antenna is equal to 338.46%.
How Do You Listen?: The Relationship Between How Men Listen and Women’s Power and Respect in the U.S.
Authors: Santoro Erik , Markus Hazel
Published: May 2021

As American culture confronts the issues raised by #MeToo, some ask, what can men do in interpersonal interactions to become allies and empower women? Building on research in linguistics, communication, sociology, as well as psychology, seven pre-registered studies investigate the relationship between how men listen during troubles talk (i.e., communication about problems) and women’s sense of power and respect. We theorize and compare two styles of effective listening: more other-focused interdependent listening (e.g., asking a question) and more self-focused independent listening (e.g., giving advice). We find that though men are less likely than women to do interdependent listening during troubles talk (Study 1), men can be encouraged to ask questions (Study 2). When investigating the effect on women of how men listen, we found that women anticipate feeling more powerful and respected when listened to by a man friend doing interdependent (vs. independent) listening (Studies 3a – 3c), particularly those women who do not endorse stereotypic gender roles (Study 3c). We partially replicated these findings in two live interaction studies involving strangers communicating over text: women felt more powerful and respected when listened to by men who asked open-ended questions compared to men who gave prescriptive, unsolicited advice (Study 5), though they did not when men simply asked more questions (Study 4). We suggest that listening can assume multiple productive forms, but that compared to independent listening, interdependent listening can serve as an everyday anti-sexist practice to attenuate rather than accentuate the gender hierarchy.
Making sense of some odd ratios: A tutorial and improvements to present practices in reporting and visualizing quantities of interest for binary and count outcome models
Authors: Halvorson Max Andrew , McCabe Connor , Kim Dale Sim , Cao Xiaolin , King Kevin Michael
Published: May 2021

Objective: Generalized linear models (GLMs) such as logistic and Poisson regression are among the most common statistical methods for modeling binary and count outcomes. Though single-coefficient tests (odds ratios, incidence rate ratios) are the most common way to test predictor-outcome relations in these models, they provide limited information on the magnitude and nature of relations with outcomes. We assert that this is largely because they do not describe direct relations with quantities of interest (QoIs) such as probabilities and counts. Shifting focus to QoIs makes several nuances of GLMs more apparent.Method: To bolster interpretability of these models, we provide a tutorial on logistic and Poisson regression and suggestions for enhancements to current reporting practices for predictor-outcome relations in GLMs.Results: We first highlight differences in interpretation between traditional linear models and GLMs, and describe common misconceptions of GLMs. In particular, we highlight that link functions A) introduce non-constant relations between predictors and outcomes and B) make predictor-QoI relations dependent on other covariates. Each of these properties causes interpretation of GLM coefficients to diverge from interpretations of linear models. Next, we argue for a more central focus on QoIs (probabilities and counts). Finally, we propose and provide graphics and tables, with sample R code, for enhancing presentation and interpretation of QoIs.Conclusions: By improving present practices in the reporting of predictor-outcomerelations in GLMs, we hope to maximize the amount of actionable information generated by statistical analyses and provide a tool for building a cumulative science of substance use disorders.Public Health Significance: We propose several enhancements to current reporting practices for statistical analyses of binary outcomes (e.g., psychiatric diagnoses) and count outcomes (e.g., number of alcoholic drinks consumed). We encourage researchers to interpret results in terms of quantities of interest (probabilities for binary models, counts for count models) and provide a tutorial and R code for implementing these analyses. Doing so can provide richer information about a statistical analysis, make study results easier for research consumers to understand, and facilitate comparison of results across studies.
Face masks do not alter gaze cueing of attention: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Dalmaso Mario , Zhang Xinyuan , Galfano Giovanni , Castelli Luigi
Published: May 2021

Interacting with others wearing a face mask has become a regular worldwide practice since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the impact of face masks on cognitive mechanisms supporting social interaction is still largely unexplored. In the present work we focused on gaze cueing of attention, a phenomenon tapping the essential ability which allows individuals to orient their attentional resources in response to eye gaze signals coming from others. Participants from both a European (i.e., Italy; Experiment 1) and an Asian (i.e., China; Experiment 2) country were involved, namely two countries in which the daily use of face masks before COVID-19 pandemic was either extremely uncommon or frequently adopted, respectively. Both samples completed a task in which a peripheral target had to be discriminated while a task irrelevant averted gaze face, wearing a mask or not, acted as a central cueing stimulus. Overall, a reliable and comparable gaze cueing emerged in both experiments, independent of the mask condition. These findings suggest that gaze cueing of attention is preserved even when the person perceived is wearing a face mask.
Intact prioritization of fearful faces during continuous flash suppression in psychopathy
Authors: Stein Timo , Jusyte Aiste , Gehrer Nina , Scheeff Jonathan , Schönenberg Michael
Published: May 2021

Affective state recognition and in particular the identification of fear is known to be impaired in psychopathy. It is unclear, however, whether this reflects a deficit in basic perception (‘fear blindness’) or a deficit in later cognitive processing. To test for a perceptual deficit, 63 male incarcerated offenders, assessed with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), and 59 age-matched control participants detected fearful, neutral, and happy facial expressions rendered invisible through continuous flash suppression (CFS), a strong interocular suppression technique. Consistent with previous CFS studies on children, student and community samples, fearful faces were detected faster than neutral faces, which were detected faster than happy faces. Detection of emotional faces was unimpaired in offenders, with strong evidence for a full-blown fear advantage. Moreover, the fear advantage was not reduced in the 20 offenders qualifying as psychopaths according to the PCL-R, and there was no correlation between the fear advantage and PCL-R scores in the 63 incarcerated offenders. These results show that basic visual detection of fearful faces is unimpaired in psychopathy. Deficits in the processing of fearful facial expressions in psychopathy may thus not reflect fear blindness, but impairments at later post-perceptual processing stages related to attention, memory, decision-making, or language.
Visualising plural mappings of science for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Authors: Rafols Ismael , Noyons Ed , Confraria Hugo , Ciarli Tommaso
Published: May 2021

Analysts are rapidly developing methods to map publications to SDGs in the face of policy demands. However, as reported by Armitage et al. (2020), a high degree of inconsistency is found when comparing the bibliometric corpora obtained with different approaches. These inconsistencies are not due to minor technical issues, but instead they represent different interpretations of SDGs. Given the variety of understandings regarding the relationship between research and SDGs, we propose that bibliometrics analysts should not assume that there is one single, preferred or consensus way of mapping SDGs to publications. We propose instead that, since different stakeholders have contrasting views about the relationships between science and SDGs, the contribution of bibliometrics should be to provide a plural landscape for stakeholders to explore their own views. We describe here the beta-version of an interactive platform that allows stakeholders to scrutinise in a global map of science the clusters potentially related to SDGs.
The Major Chemical Constituents of Teosinte Grown as Mono and Mixed Cropping with Legumes in different Sowing Date
Authors: Khanal Birendra , Devkota Naba Raj , Tiwari Megh Raj , Gorkhali Neena Amatya
Published: May 2021

Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) is one of the most popular summer growing cereal fodder, yet with comparatively low level of chemical constituents. The quality of this fodder can be improved through better by cultivation management including sowing dates and mixed cropping with legume. The main objective of this study was to determine the forage quality as reflected by major chemical constituents of pure stands of teosinte and binary mixtures of teosinte with commonly available legumes under different dates of sowing. Four fodder combinations; teosinte mono crop, teosinte+ cowpea, tesosinte+ rice bean, and teosinte+ lablab bean was arranged to cultivate in three different date of sowing in the field in a Split Plot Design with 5 replications. Main plot treatments were different sowing dates and sub-plot treatments were combinations of fodder species. Dry herbage mass production, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and Ash were determined. The results showed that the significantly the highest Dry herbage and CP were obtained from fodder combination teosinte+ cowpea if sown at 18th April, whereas the significantly highest mean values of ADF and NDF were obtained for teosinte mono fodder crop. However, the lowest average value of ADF and NDF was obtained for fodder combination teosinte with cowpea. The average value of Ash and ADL of both harvest for fodder combination and date of sowing was statistically similar (p>0.05). The effect of treatments interaction/combination on cumulative dry herbage was statistically high (p<0.05) when teosinte+ cowpea was sown at 18th April. However, effect of treatments interaction/combination on average value of CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and Ash of both harvests (g/kg DM) was statistically similar (p>0.05). The results showed that mixture of teosinte with cowpea sown at 18th April could be the best combination in terms of quantity as well as for major chemical constituents that could reflect better quality of fodder harvest.
Evaluation of Broad Leaf Mustard Genotypes in Central Mid-hill of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Surendra Lal , Pandey Suprabha , Shrestha Yadav Kumar , Gautam Iswori Prasad
Published: May 2021

Seven genotypes of broad leaf mustard were evaluated for their performance at research field of Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal in winter season of consecutive three years; 2016, 2017 and 2018. The main objective of these studies was to find out the most promising genotypes of broad leaf mustard. The experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Three weeks old seedlings were transplanted on first week of October at the spacing of 45 cm x 30 cm. Fertilizer was applied at the rate of 200:150:100 NPK kg/ha and 15ton compost per hectare and other cultural practices was carried out as per recommendation of National Horticulture Research Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Fresh consumable fully developed green leaves were harvested frequently; seven to ten days interval. In the present study, wide genetic variability was observed on plant vigor, insect, disease, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), leaf harvest yield in number and weight, and consumer’s response recorded. On the basis of overall characteristics, among the evaluated genotypes; HRDBLM010 showed superior performance with good uniformity, vigorous growth, moderately resistant with insects pest and disease (2.1), bigger leaf size (44.2 x 27.5 cm), least petiole length (0.93 cm), significantly higher leaf yield in number (25) and weight (748 g/plant and 51.24 t/ha), medium late bolting, good taste has been selected for cultivation at central mid-hills (Kathmandu valley) condition of Nepal. The next promising genotype is HRDBLM004 which had also good uniformity, vigorous, less damage by insect (2.4) and disease (2.5), higher yield in number (41) and weight (848 g/plant and 60.10 t/ha) and softness. These two genotypes have been found promising genotypes for cultivation in central mid-hills of Nepal.
Accuracy and applicability of the artificial intelligence integrated software in Z-line segmentation
Authors:   Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dao Viet Hang ,   Hanoi Medical University,   Endoscopy Center, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Le Quang Hung ,   Endoscopy Center, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Nguyen Phuc Binh ,   Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nguyen Manh Hung ,   Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Manh Xuan Huy ,   MICA Institute, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Nguyen Hong Anh ,   MICA Institute, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vu Hai ,   MICA Institute, Hanoi University of Science and Technology
Published: May 2021

Conducted from April 2019 to July 2020, this study aimed to assess the software accuracy in assisting Z-line segmentation by comparing with medical doctors’ detection results and by recording doctors’ satisfaction in scale, time-of-implementation in interactive mode, and integrated mode. For the development of the Z-line detection algorithm, a dataset of 533 high-definition endoscopic WLI (white-light) images in diverse forms of Z-line were collected. The software was subsequently developed in 4 modes, including manual mode, interactive mode (using Superpixels-BPT), automatic mode (using AI algorithm), and integrated mode (the combination of BPT and U-Net). 30 endoscopic images were assigned to 2 groups of doctors (under 2-year experience and over 5-year experience) for the Z-line detection using the software in 4 modes. Time-of-implementation, number of mouse clicks, satisfaction in scales, and IoU (Interception over Union) metric with expert’s ground-truth are used for assessment. The results showed that IoU metrics of interactive and integrated modes in the experimental dataset was 88% with no statistical difference to the IoU value of manual mode, and mean IoU metrics from the results of 4 modes were high, from 86.7 to 90.8%. The mean values of time-of-implementation in interactive mode and integrated mode were not statistically different from manual mode. The median number of mouse-clicks each use in the interactive mode and the integrated mode were 24.5 and 15.5 times, respectively. The software received good feedbacks from the doctors, with the mean values of satisfaction scores of automatic mode, interactive mode and integrated mode are 7.2, 7.3, and 7.2 respectively. The development of the software for detecting endoscopic anatomy landmarks is a novel and feasible research direction in Vietnam. Further studies could focus on detecting some specific lesions classified according to anatomy landmarks.
Identifying UGT1A1 gene mutations in Vietnamese patients with Gilbert syndrome
Authors:   Institue of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa , Dau Quang Lieu ,   Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Nguyen Dang Ton ,   Institue of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,   Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nguyen Hai Ha ,   Institue of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,   Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Tran Ngoc Anh ,   Hanoi Medical University Hospita
Published: May 2021

Gilbert’s syndrome (GS) is the most common inherited disorder of bilirubin metabolism, non-lethal, affecting 3-12% of the population. The genetic variants of the UDP- glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene might reduce the gene transcription activity and its enzyme expression, which affects the ability to conjugate glucuronidation in the liver. This study aimed to identify genetic variants of UGT1A1 in two Vietnamese sibling brothers with jaundice manifestations suspected GS. The peripheral blood samples of patients were used to extract genome DNA and sequence the enhancer, promoter, and coding all five exons of UGT1A1. Two pathogenic variants c.-3279T>G located in the phenobarbital responsive enhancer module (gtPBREM) and A(TA)7TAA of the TATA box in the promoter region were identified. They are twice common pathogenic variants that were reported in almost hyperbilirubinemia individuals from different populations. The obtained results improved the accuracy of medical diagnosis and warned the patients to be cautious in case they have to use medical drugs in the future.
Characterization of Erosion Resistant Cr3C2-NiCr Plasma Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Kim D.-Y. , Han M.-S. , Youn J.-G.
Published: May 2021

Properties of an erosion resistant Cr3C2 - NiCr coating have been studied as a function of both plasma spraying process variables and heat treatment. The as-sprayed Cr3C2 - NiCr coating revealed low hardness value of 380-470 Hv, which provided the coating with a poor erosion resistance. This is directly attributed to the decomposition of Cr3C2 constituent into Cr7C3 and graphite phases during the spraying. It was not the effective way to control the process variables such as arc current and stand-off distance for preventing the decomposition of Cr3C2 constituent. A proper heat treatment on the as-sprayed coating increases the hardness of the coating in a great extent up to 900Hv so that the erosion resistance of the coating is clearly improved. This was confirmed to be attributed to the recovery of Cr3C2 at the expense of graphite phase and the formation of Cr2O3 by the heat treatment. In addition, the formation of Cr2O3 phase plays an important role of increasing the erosion resistance of the coating by healing the microcracks of the as-sprayed coating. These are the microstructural features responsible for the high erosion resistance of the coating after a proper heat treatment.
International and National Thermal Spray Standards Program with Comment on Those for the Corrosion Protection of Steel and Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Sulit R.A.
Published: May 2021

A review of selected national and international thermal spraying guides and specifications for the preservation of steel and reinforced concrete using thermal spray coating of aluminum, zinc and their alloys is presented. The work program and current status of the US national organizations contributing to and developing test methods and process standards are summarized along with those of ISOATC 107/SC 5. The Secretariat of the ISO/TC 107/SC 5, Thermal Spraying was transferred from AFNOR, France, to ANSI, US, in June 1995. ANSI, in turn, designated AWS to be its delegate in thermal spray matters. The work program of the newly formed SSPC/NACE/AWS Tri-Society Committee on thermal spray coatings for the corrosion protection of steel is summarized.
The Importance of Corrosion on the Erosion-Corrosion Performance of Thermal Spray Ceramic-Metallic Coatings
Authors: Rogne T. , Bjordal M. , Solem T. , Bardai E.
Published: May 2021

This paper reviews some data regarding the combined effect of erosion and corrosion of thermal spray ceramicmetallic coatings and their potential application in sea water and production systems for the oil industry. The paper also presents recent research results from SINTEF Corrosion and Surface Technology with respect to development of new and better ceramic-metallic coatings from the Norwegian coating industry. It has been shown that taking new high velocity spraying technology into use in combination with recent developed powders, the result is a more corrosion and erosion resistant coating than the traditional and most often specified type Praxair LW45.
Use of Combined Plasma Cleaning/Coating Process for the Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Finkelshteyn A. , Bimman A.L.
Published: May 2021

Considering the number of concrete structures such as bridges, overpasses, trestles etc., their maintenance and repair form a significant part of the highway administration budget. Cathodic protection is becoming more popular because it helps reduce maintenance and renovation costs. Arc-sprayed zinc and zinc/aluminum alloy coatings are widely used in cathodic protection systems. The surface preparation of concrete is critical to the quality of coating and hence, the quality of the cathodic protection. Typically, sandblasting with surface brushing is used as preparation. This method has several technical, economic and ecological deficiencies: weather/humidity limitations, difficult removal of organic contaminants from the surface, an irrevocable loss of blasting media, high dust level, etc. An objective of this proceeding is to describe a plasma cleaning process as a successful alternative to sandblasting and to show the possibilities of combined plasma cleaning/coating process for the cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structures. This environmentally friendly process will result in better anodic coatings at lower cost and fewer concrete structure repairs.
The Effect of Deposition Parameters on the Degradation of Plasma Sprayed Polymer Coatings
Authors: Zhang T. , Gawne D.T. , Bao Y.
Published: May 2021

A heat transfer analysis has been undertaken to predict the influence of process parameters on the decomposition of in-flight particles and deposited layers during thermal spraying of polymer coatings. The theoretical analysis shows that polymers are unique in developing large temperature gradients, which accelerates the degradation of the surface of the particles and the coating layers. However, the analysis indicates that the degradation can be limited by the control of the plasma gas composition, the spraying distance and the torch traverse speed. The theoretical analysis has been confirmed by weight loss measurements, wear tests and microstructural observations of plasma sprayed PMMA coatings. The work shows the existence of a critical traverse speed below which satisfactory coatings cannot be produced.
RF-Plasma Technology to Enhance Spray Materials
Authors: Paskalov G.
Published: May 2021

This study focuses on RF-Plasma Technology (RFPT) to enhance the physical properties of powdered materials (metals, carbides, ceramics, inter-metallics, and mixtures). The efficiency and flexibility of RFPT allows for the economically viable production of powders with a high degree of densification, spheroidization and purity. RFPT is based on the used of RF inductive power used to create a plasma at atmospheric pressure. A complex model based on theoretical calculations and empirical data has been developed to describe changes in particles exposed to the plasma stream for a variety of process parameters. A specific combination of parameters is referred to as a scheme. Advanced schemes have been developed to increase the coefficient of heat transfer from the plasma stream to particles by up to 35%. RFPT is especially useful for the production of powders that have been difficult or impossible to create with traditional methods. Some of the materials processed include: ZrO2, W2C, WC and WC-Co combinations. Particle size distribution (PSD) can be tightly controlled, and can vary from 5 to 600 microns.
Characteristics of High Hardness Zirconia Coatings Formed by Gas Tunnel Type Plasma Spraying
Authors: Kobayashi A. , Kitamura T.
Published: May 2021

The gas tunnel type plasma spraying enables to produce high quality ceramic coatings. Moreover a high hardness coating was obtained at a short spraying distance in the case of alumina coating. A high hardness zirconia (ZrO2) coating could also be obtained at an atmospheric pressure by using the gas tunnel type plasma spraying. The Vickers hardness of the ZrO2 coating at a short spraying distance was very high: a high hardness of more than Hv = 1200 was achieved at the surface side of the coating. In this study, the characteristics of these high hardness zirconia coatings produced the gas tunnel type plasma spraying were investigated by the measurement of the Vickers hardness of the coating. The microstructure of the obtained high hardness zirconia coatings were also investigated by the microscopic method and by the X-ray diffraction method.
Independent Control of HVOF Particle Velocity and Temperature
Authors: Hackett C.M. , Settles G.S.
Published: May 2021

In the past, independent control of HVOF spray particle velocity and temperature has not been possible, confusing the effect of either parameter on coating properties. This study describes a method by which velocity and temperature may be varied independently. Commercial HVOF equipment fitted with a special conical supersonic nozzle having three distinct particle injection locations was used. The present results, obtained through experiments and numerical simulations, revealed several pertinent facts. First, particle velocity is principally related to combustion chamber pressure and is relatively unaffected by other design or operating conditions. Second, particle temperature is related to particle residence time within the nozzle, which can be controlled by the choice of particle injection location. In these experiments, the impact velocity and temperature of stainless steel particles were controlled within the ranges 215 to 510 m/s and 1670 to 2160 K, respectively. This range of parameters produced significant variations in splat morphology and coating microstructure. The implications of this study are not limited to the HVOF process, and may be generalized to other thermal spray techniques. From a research perspective, such particle control allows the effects of velocity and temperature on coating properties to be assessed and controlled independently. These results also have commercial application, potentially enabling the user to tailor particle impact velocity and temperature to achieve specific coating properties.
Generation of Alumina Plasma Sprayed Coatings on Alumina Substances
Authors: Bianchi L. , Denoirjean A. , Fauchais P. , Postel O.
Published: May 2021

The influence of alumina substrate temperature and phase structure : columnar gamma phase, columnar alpha phase and granular alpha phase on splat formation and crystal growth has been studied by SEM and Atomic Force Microscopy. X Ray Diffraction at low angle has allowed to obtain informations on phase structure of layered splats according to substrate phase structure and coating thickness. Column sizes of splats are correlated to a ID model of splat cooling showing the influence of substrate thermal properties and splat thickness on crystal growth kinetic. Finally, coatings adhesion-cohesion values function of spraying parameters are in good agreement with splat morphology and microstructural evolution.
Characterization of the Tensile Properties of Vacuum Plasma Spray Copper Deposits
Authors: Montavon G. , Robert B. , Verdy C. , Monin V. , Atcholi K.E. , Coddet C.
Published: May 2021

The mechanical properties (i.e., tensile and shear properties) of vacuum plasma spray copper deposits presenting different porosity levels were determined. The tensile properties of the copper plasma spray deposit appeared to strongly depend on the porosity level, but whatever was the porosity level of the sample, the fracture always exhibited a ductile character, with the failure cups expanding preferentially on the pores and secondarily on the grain boundaries of the annealed microstructures. The tests clearly shown that the material presented an isotropic ductile-plastic hardening behavior typical of copper based materials, but this behavior being significantly influenced by the porosity level of the deposit.
Thermal Spray Coating Developments for Piston Rings to be Used in Tomorrow’s Duty Engines
Authors: Delaet M. , Coddet C.
Published: May 2021

Plasma arc sprayed coatings are largely developed in Perfect Circle Europe because of the wide range of coating materials which ensure numerous tribological properties. Spraying parameters are of great importance in improving the coating structure and therefore the coating wear, adhesive, cohesive and corrosive resistances. The utilized plasma gas is first studied; designed experiments are then achieved to optimize the all spraying parameters. More than the spraying parameters, the powder formulation has a major influence on the coating tribological properties. Several powders are studied with the aim to reduce the ring-liner system wear. Tests on idealized samples coupled with engine tests help us to characterize the tribological behaviour of some molybdenum based coatings.
Slurry Erosion of High Velocity Oxy-fuel Thermal Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Arsenault B. , Legoux J.-G. , Hawthorne H.
Published: May 2021

Improvement of the high velocity oxy-fuel deposition (HVOF) process in the last decade has enhanced the microstructure of coatings in order to better perform against wear and corrosion. Indeed cermet and metal HVOF coatings are reliable and have excellent performance under slurry erosion and provide therefore an alternative to the use of high-priced material. This paper presents the results of a study undertaken within the core research program of the National Research Council of Canada technology group in surface engineering, "SURFTEC", in which the performance of ten HVOF erosion-resistant coatings was evaluated. Ten different types of HVOF coatings were studied including: six grades of WC with either Co or a Ni based matrix, one grade of Cr3C2 in a Ni-Cr matrix, and three grade of metallic alloy: Ni alloy, Co alloy and a SS 316- L. The performance of coatings was evaluated with respect to: the volume ratio and composition of metallic binder in carbide coatings, type of carbide, coating microstructure, impinging angle and the size of the erodent particles. All coatings were produced using the HVOF JP-5000 system controlled by the Hawcs-ll controller. Slurry erosion tests were conducted with a jet impingement rig with a 10 %w/w alumina particle/water slurry. The volume loss of material under various slurry erosion conditions was related to the coating properties and microstructure. Results indicate that the behavior of HVOF sprayed materials is dependent on the erodent particle size, to the erosion impinging angle to some extent and to the corrosion resistance of the cermet matrix.
Coating Protection Against Atmospheric Corrosion for Iron and Steel Structural Components: Status of Metallization in Japan
Authors: Ueno G. , Nava Y.L.
Published: May 2021

Low-velocity oxyfuel-spray and arc-spray coatings of Zn, Zn-Al, Al, and various Al-Si and Al-Mg alloys were tested in immersion and salt-spray conditions with artificial sea water for up to 6,000 hours. Coatings were tested as-sprayed or sealed with fluorocarbon, epoxy or silicone sealants. Comparison and overview of coatings recommended by international and Japanese standards are considered. Coatings Al 99.8 outperformed Zn 99.9 and Zn-13A1 ones while Al-(2.5~5.2)Mg and Al-(5~6)Si showed better corrosion resistance than Al 99.8 coatings. The silicone sealant offered better resistance than fluorocarbon and epoxy organic sealants.
Field Evaluation of 2CaO-SiO2-CaO-ZrO2 Thermal Barrier Coating on Gas Turbine Vanes
Authors: Mifune N. , Harada Y. , Taira H. , Mishima S.
Published: May 2021

Higher-temperature operation in a gas turbine has urged development of heat-resistant coatings and thermal barrier coatings. We have developed a 2CaO-SiO2-CaO-ZrO2 based thermal barrier coating. This coating should effectively prevent separation of the coating by relieving the shear stress generated due to thermal change of environment between layers with dissimilar properties. The coating was applied to stationary vanes of an actual gas turbine in a 25,000-hour test. This paper describes the results of the field test.
Highly Porous Thick Thermal Barrier Coatings Produced by Air Plasma Spraying of a Plastic-Ceramic Mixed Powder
Authors: Gualco G. , Corcoruto S. , Campora A. , Taylor R. , Schwingel D. , Oswald S.
Published: May 2021

In order to increase the efficiency of heavy duty gas turbines for power generation and to reduce their emissions, higher combustion chamber temperature is required; a considerable improvement of the insulation properties of the thermal barrier coatings is therefore required. 1.5 mm thick thermal barrier coatings have been deposited by air plasma spraying a mixed polyester-zirconia powder; by this process high porosity, up to 22%, has been achieved together with a good deposition efficiency (about 50%); the coating microstructure has been thoroughly examined by quantitative image analysis, determining the pores size distribution and the vertical segmentation cracks density. Thermal shock tests showed a life improvement with respect to the state-of-art by a factor > 100; relationships among thermal shock life, deposition rate, segmentation cracks density and porosity were determined. Thermal expansion and thermal diffusivity were measured up to 1200 °C; failure strength, failure strain and Young's modulus were determined by a four-point bending technique.
Scaling Analysis of the Electromagnetic Powder Deposition (EPD) Gun
Authors: Uglum J.R. , Bacon J.L. , Davis D.G. , Polizzi R.J. , Sledge R.L. , Zowarka R.C.
Published: May 2021

The electromagnetic powder deposition (EPD) system employs high velocity gas flow to accelerate powder material to conditions required for high strength plating. The gas flow, however, is not continuous; rather it consists of bursts generated by an electromagnetic railgun and pulsed power system. Each gas burst is created by a high pressure plasma arc which fills a transverse section of the gun. This current carrying arc is driven by the railgun Lorentz force (magnetic pressure) and acts much like a piston, which via a snowplow process accelerates and compresses an ambient gas column to the flow speed required to accelerate powder particles. Analysis of the total system was carried out to provide scaling relations which give guidance in design of the system. Plating considerations define a desired powder velocity; this combined with the choice of working gas and ambient pressure determines the velocity and duration of each gas burst. Selection of gun geometry completes the definition of the pulsed power system requirements. An outline of the analysis is presented along with the physical models used.
Automated Thermal Spray Technology for Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Civil Works Infrastructure
Authors: Hock V.F. , Senary R. , Ganertz R. , Herman H.
Published: May 2021

Conventional corrosion protection of steel structures has usually involved the application and reapplication of lead-based paint (LBP), a material now known to be highly toxic and likely to find its way into the environment. LBP is no longer used in the field, but repair crews, nearby communities, and the environment may be exposed to unacceptably high levels of lead as the substrates of older structures are prepared for repainting during routine M&R operations. Conventional dust-containment enclosures used onsite during surface preparation (abrasive blasting) are often inadequate. The most effective containment technologies, on the other hand, tend to be expensive and cumbersome. All of these factors make surface preparation and recoating slow, technically difficult, physically demanding, and hazardous to the worker and the environment. Automated technologies have the potential to address all aspects of these interrelated infrastructure M&R problems. An example of such a technology is the Automated Thermal Spray System (ATSS). The ATSS utilizes a triaxial array of linear motion actuators to form a robot capable of performing preprogrammed sequences. The demonstration proved that the ATSS can successfully remove deteriorated lead-based paint from a steel bridge and then apply a protective coating to the exposed surface.