bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Historical Memory in Germany
Authors: Ku Yangmo
Published: October 2010

Prior to the late 1960s, German history textbooks lacked coverage of Poland and depicted Germany's eastern neighbor with negative images. The 1970s and 1980s, however, witnessed positive changes to the contents of German school textbooks—particularly with respect to their descriptions of Poland and German-Polish relations. How and why did Germany promote a more reflective view of history and correct negative descriptions of the Poles in German history textbooks between the 1970s and 1980s? This article addresses this question by focusing on the influence of Brandt's Ostpolitik and on the activities of the German-Polish History Textbook Commission. The article also shows how contemporary conservative reaction was not powerful enough to reverse these positive changes to German history textbooks.
Geschichtsdeutung als Macht?
Authors: Pingel Falk
Published: October 2010

Interpreting History as Power? Textbook Research Between the Scientific Logic of Cognition and Political Decision Logic

Der Artikel hinterfragt das Verhältnis von Wissenschaft, Politik und
Pädagogik in Projekten der internationalen Schulbuchrevision. Am Beispiel der
deutsch-polnischen Schulbuchkommission, der Schulbuchrevision in Bosnien und
Herzegowina sowie von israelisch-palästinensischen Projektgruppen werden mögliche
Sequenzierung bzw. das Ineinandergreifen von Politik und Wissenschaft im
Beratungsprozess thematisiert und aus dieser Analyse Folgerungen für die das Design
zukünftiger Projekte und Forschungen entwickelt.
History Textbooks in Twentieth Century Japan
Authors: Arai Chinichi
Published: October 2010

Despite modernization of the Japanese school system after 1872, this period was marked by the war in East Asia and nationalism focusing on the emperor, whereby the imperial rescript of 1890 defined the core of national education. Following defeat in the Second World War, Japan reformed its education system in accordance with a policy geared towards peace and democracy in line with the United Nations. However, following the peace treaty of 1951 and renewed economic development during the Cold War, the conservative power bloc revised history textbooks in accordance with nationalist ideology. Many teachers, historians and trade unions resisted this tendency, and in 1982 neighboring countries in East Asia protested against the Japanese government for justifying past aggression in history textbooks. As a result, descriptions of wartime misdeeds committed by the Japanese army found their way into textbooks after 1997. Although the ethnocentric history textbook for Japanese secondary schools was published and passed government screening in 2001, there is now a trend towards bilateral or multilateral teaching materials between Japan, South Korea, and China. Two bilateral and one multilateral work have been published so far, which constitute the basis for future trials toward publishing a common textbook.
Historical Textbook Research
Authors: Heinze Carsten
Published: October 2010

This piece defends the hypothesis that methodologically well-grounded historical textbook research is only possible if one has an understanding of the context in which textbooks acquire meaning. Based on the theory of a “grammar of schooling” (Tyack/Tobin; Cuban), the article develops a concept on the basis of which it is possible to describe particular contexts and the way in which they relate to teaching materials. Textbooks are thus understood as an element of the “grammar of schooling” and, from the perspective of discourse and theory, as a “point of intersection” between discourse and its corresponding teaching practice.
Hoxa9 Regulates Flt3 in Lymphohematopoietic Progenitors
Authors: Gwin Kimberly , Frank Elena , Bossou Ayoko , Medina Kay L.
Published: October 2010

Early B cell factor (EBF) is a transcription factor essential for specification and commitment to the B cell fate. In this study, we show downregulation of a developmentally regulated cluster of hoxa genes, notably hoxa9, coincides with induction of EBF at the Pro-B cell stage of B cell differentiation. Analysis of the hematopoietic progenitor compartment in Hoxa9−/− mice revealed significantly reduced frequencies and expression levels of Flt3, a cytokine receptor important for lymphoid priming and the generation of B cell precursors (BCPs). We show that Hoxa9 directly regulates the flt3 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed binding of Hoxa9 to the flt3 promoter in a lymphoid progenitor cell line. Knockdown of Hoxa9 significantly reduced Flt3 transcription and expression. Conversely, forced expression of Hoxa9 increased Flt3 transcription and expression in a Pro-B cell line that expressed low levels of Flt3. Hoxa9 inversely correlated with ebf1 in ex vivo-isolated bone marrow progenitors and BCPs, suggesting that EBF might function to silence a Hoxa9 transcriptional program. Restoration of EBF function in an EBF−/− cell line induced B lineage gene expression but did not directly suppress hoxa9 transcription, revealing alternate mechanisms of Hoxa9 regulation in BCPs. These data provide new insight into Hoxa9 function and regulation during lymphoid and B cell development. Furthermore, they suggest that failure to upregulate Flt3 provides a molecular basis for the lymphoid/early B cell deficiencies in Hoxa9−/− mice.
Suppression of TNF-α and IL-1 Signaling Identifies a Mechanism of Homeostatic Regulation of Macrophages by IL-27
Authors: Kalliolias George D. , Gordon Rachael A. , Ivashkiv Lionel B.
Published: October 2010

IL-27 is a pleiotropic cytokine with both activating and inhibitory functions on innate and acquired immunity. IL-27 is expressed at sites of inflammation in cytokine-driven autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and sarcoidosis. However, its role in modulating disease pathogenesis is still unknown. In this study, we found that IL-27 production is induced by TNF-α in human macrophages (Mϕ) and investigated the effects of IL-27 on the responses of primary human Mϕ to the endogenous inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1. In striking contrast to IL-27–mediated augmentation of TLR-induced cytokine production, we found that IL-27 suppressed Mϕ responses to TNF-α and IL-1β, thus identifying an anti-inflammatory function of IL-27. IL-27 blocked the proximal steps of TNF-α signaling by downregulating cell-surface expression of the signaling receptors p55 and p75. The mechanism of inhibition of IL-1 signaling was downregulation of the ligand-binding IL-1RI concomitant with increased expression of the receptor antagonist IL-1Ra and the decoy receptor IL-1RII. These findings provide a mechanism for suppressive effects of IL-27 on innate immune cells and suggest that IL-27 regulates inflammation by limiting activation of Mϕ by inflammatory cytokines while preserving initial steps in host defense by augmenting responses to microbial products.
Antigen-Specific Th9 Cells Exhibit Uniqueness in Their Kinetics of Cytokine Production and Short Retention at the Inflammatory Site
Authors: Tan Cuiyan , Aziz Mehak K. , Lovaas Jenna D. , Vistica Barbara P. , Shi Guangpu , Wawrousek Eric F. , Gery Igal
Published: October 2010

Recently reported lines of Th9 cells, producing IL-9 and IL-10, were generated by polarization with IL-4 and TGF-β and activation with Abs against CD3 and CD28. In this paper, we analyzed features of Th9 lines similarly polarized but activated by the “natural mode” (i.e., exposure of CD4 cells to their target Ag, hen egg lysozyme [HEL] and APCs). Main observations are the following: 1) both IL-9 and IL-10 were expressed by the line cells, but with strikingly different kinetics, with IL-9 being produced rapidly, reaching a peak on day 3 in culture and declining sharply thereafter, whereas IL-10 production increased gradually, resembling IL-4 and IL-17 production by their corresponding lineage cells; 2) reactivation of Th9, following expansion, triggered faster and higher production of both IL-9 and IL-10; 3) incubating Th9 cells in polarizing media specific for other phenotypes stimulated moderate levels of phenotype switching to Th1 or Th17 but a massive switching to Th2; 4) Th9 cells induced moderate inflammation in HEL-expressing recipient eyes but only when producing high levels of IL-9; and 5) IL-9–producing donor cells were detected in the blood of Th9 recipients but not in their inflamed eyes, suggesting that similar to findings in culture, exposure to HEL in these eyes arrested the IL-9 production in Th9 cells. Collectively, these data provide new information concerning Th9 cells and reveal their uniqueness, in particular with regard to the unusual production kinetics of IL-9 and the short retention of these cells in affected target tissues.
Induction of Cardiac Angiogenesis Requires Killer Cell Lectin-Like Receptor 1 and α4β7 Integrin Expression by NK Cells
Authors: Bouchentouf Manaf , Forner Kathy-Ann , Cuerquis Jessica , Michaud Véronique , Zheng Jiamin , Paradis Pierre , Schiffrin Ernesto L. , Galipeau Jacques
Published: October 2010

Recent findings indicate that NK cells are involved in cardiac repair following myocardial infarction. The aim of this study is to investigate the role NK cells in infarct angiogenesis and cardiac remodeling. In normal C57BL/6 mice, myelomonocytic inflammatory cells invaded infarcted heart within 24 h followed by a lymphoid/NK cell infiltrate by day 6, accompanied by substantial expression of IL-2, TNF-α, and CCL2. In contrast, NOD SCID mice had virtually no lymphoid cells infiltrating the heart and did not upregulate IL-2 levels. In vitro and in vivo, IL-2–activated NK cells promoted TNF-α–stimulated endothelial cell proliferation, enhanced angiogenesis and reduced fibrosis within the infarcted myocardium. Adoptive transfer of IL-2–activated NK cells to NOD SCID mice improved post-myocardial infarction angiogenesis. RNA silencing technology and neutralizing Abs demonstrated that this process involved α4β7 integrin/VCAM-1 and killer cell lectin-like receptor 1/N-cadherin–specific binding. In this study, we show that IL-2–activated NK cells reduce myocardial collagen deposition along with an increase in neovascularization following acute cardiac ischemia through specific interaction with endothelial cells. These data define a potential role of activated NK cells in cardiac angiogenesis and open new perspectives for the treatment of ischemic diseases.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Enhances Antimicrobial Peptide Expression and Killing of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Bernard Jamie J. , Gallo Richard L.
Published: October 2010

Antimicrobial peptides such as human β-defensins (hBDs) and cathelicidins are critical for protection against infection and can be induced by activation of TLRs, a pathway that also activates cyclooxygenase(Cox)-2 expression. We hypothesized that Cox-2 is induced by TLR activation and is necessary for optimal AMP production, and that inhibitors of Cox-2 may therefore inhibit antimicrobial action. Normal human keratinocytes (NHEKs) stimulated with a TLR2/6 ligand, macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2, or a TLR3 ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, increased Cox-2 mRNA and protein and increased PGE2, a product of Cox-2. Treatment with a Cox-2 selective inhibitor (SC-58125) or Cox-2 small interfering RNA attenuated hBD2 and hBD3 production in NHEKs when stimulated with macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, or UVB (15 mJ/cm2), but it did not attenuate vitamin D3-induced cathelicidin. SC-58125 also inhibited TLR-dependent NF-κB activation. Conversely, treatment with Cox-derived prostanoids PGD2 or 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 induced hBD3 or hBD2 and hBD3, respectively. The functional significance of these observations was seen in NHEKs that showed reduced anti-staphylococcal activity when treated with a Cox-2 inhibitor. These findings demonstrate a critical role for Cox-2 in hBD production and suggest that the use of Cox-2 inhibitors may adversely influence the risk for bacterial infection.
IL-13Rα2 Has a Protective Role in a Mouse Model of Cutaneous Inflammation
Authors: Sivaprasad Umasundari , Warrier Manoj R. , Gibson Aaron M. , Chen Weiguo , Tabata Yasuhiro , Bass Stacey A. , Rothenberg Marc E. , Khurana Hershey Gurjit K.
Published: October 2010

IL-13 is expressed in lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) and has been associated with increased disease severity. IL-13 has two cognate receptors: IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2. Although IL-13Rα2 expression is known to be induced in response to IL-13 in keratinocytes, its function in AD has never been evaluated. We characterized the loss of skin barrier function and the development of cutaneous inflammation in IL-13Rα2–null versus wild-type BALB/c mice following an epicutaneous allergen-sensitization/challenge model that shares similarities with human AD. Mice lacking IL-13Rα2 had significantly increased transepidermal water loss, cutaneous inflammation, peripheral eosinophilia, and IgG1 and IgE levels compared with wild-type mice. The rate of resolution of the cutaneous inflammation was not significantly altered in the IL-13Rα2–null mice. IL-13 induced expression of IL-13Rα2 in keratinocyte cell lines and primary human keratinocytes. Depletion of IL-13Rα2 in a keratinocyte cell line resulted in increased STAT6 signaling in response to IL-13. In conclusion, IL-13Rα2 serves a protective role in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation and loss of skin barrier function in a mouse model of AD, suggesting that it may be an important endogenous regulator of IL-13–induced cutaneous inflammation in humans.
Serum Antibodies Critically Affect Virus-Specific CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Balance during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Authors: Kruijsen Debby , Bakkers Mark J. , van Uden Nathalie O. , Viveen Marco C. , van der Sluis Tetje C. , Kimpen Jan L. , Leusen Jeanette H. , Coenjaerts Frank E. , van Bleek Grada M.
Published: October 2010

Following infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), reinfection in healthy individuals is common and presumably due to ineffective memory T cell responses. In peripheral blood of healthy adults, a higher CD4+/CD8+ memory T cell ratio was observed compared with the ratio of virus-specific effector CD4+/CD8+ T cells that we had found in earlier work during primary RSV infections. In mice, we show that an enhanced ratio of RSV-specific neutralizing to nonneutralizing Abs profoundly enhanced the CD4+ T cell response during RSV infection. Moreover, FcγRs and complement factor C1q contributed to this Ab-mediated enhancement. Therefore, the increase in CD4+ memory T cell response likely occurs through enhanced endosomal Ag processing dependent on FcγRs. The resulting shift in memory T cell response was likely amplified by suppressed T cell proliferation caused by RSV infection of APCs, a route important for Ag presentation via MHC class I molecules leading to CD8+ T cell activation. Decreasing memory CD8+ T cell numbers could explain the inadequate immunity during repeated RSV infections. Understanding this interplay of Ab-mediated CD4+ memory T cell response enhancement and infection mediated CD8+ memory T cell suppression is likely critical for development of effective RSV vaccines.
TCR Revision Generates Functional CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Hale J. Scott , Wubeshet Maramawit , Fink Pamela J.
Published: October 2010

CD4+Vβ5+ peripheral T cells in C57BL/6 mice respond to encounter with a peripherally expressed endogenous superantigen by undergoing either deletion or TCR revision. In this latter process, cells lose surface Vβ5 expression and undergo RAG-dependent rearrangement of endogenous TCRβ genes, driving surface expression of novel TCRs. Although postrevision CD4+Vβ5−TCRβ+ T cells accumulate with age in Vβ5 transgenic mice and bear a diverse TCR Vβ repertoire, it is unknown whether they respond to homeostatic and antigenic stimuli and thus may benefit the host. We demonstrate in this study that postrevision cells are functional. These cells have a high rate of steady-state homeostatic proliferation in situ, and they undergo extensive MHC class II-dependent lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Importantly, postrevision cells do not proliferate in response to the tolerizing superantigen, implicating TCR revision as a mechanism of tolerance induction and demonstrating that TCR-dependent activation of postrevision cells is not driven by the transgene-encoded receptor. Postrevision cells proliferate extensively to commensal bacterial Ags and can generate I-Ab–restricted responses to Ag by producing IFN-γ following Listeria monocytogenes challenge. These data show that rescued postrevision T cells are responsive to homeostatic signals and recognize self- and foreign peptides in the context of self-MHC and are thus useful to the host.
Calcifi ed epidural hematoma in pediatric age group: A report of two cases
Authors: Trivedi A , Hiran S
Published: October 2010

The authors present a rare case of calcified (ossified) chronic epidural hematoma developed in a six-and-a-half-yearold female patient who was operated for cerebellar astrocytoma 6 months earlier. There was no history of trauma. Ossified epidural hematoma was seen as an incidental finding in the follow-up in computed tomography scan after 6 months of primary glioma surgery. Ossified chronic epidural hematoma with thick collagenous wall and newly formed bone on dura was excised. The development of calcified chronic subdural hematoma after decompressive intracranial surgery is a well-known occurrence, but the fact that a calcifi ed epidural hematoma, which is rare and which can also develop after decompressive surgery, and the occurrence of calcified (ossified) epidural hematoma after postfossa a glioma surgery is not yet reported. The second case is a 9-year-old male anemic child with a history of fall while playing 5 months earlier who presented with headache of 3 months duration. He had bifrontal calcifi ed epidural hematoma operated by craniotomy and excision of calcifi ed dural edge.
Zidovudine-induced myopathy: A study in Indian patients
Authors: Sagar Amitabh , Mohanty Ambika P , Bahal Ashish
Published: October 2010

Context: Literature is replete with studies on zidovudine-induced myopathy after prolonged use (use beyond 270 days on an average). However, all these studies have been done on patients of Caucasian, American and African ethnic origin. No such study has been carried out in Indian patients to our knowledge. Aims: To determine the correlation of zidovudine usage with serum creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels, clinical muscular weakness and muscle histology in Indian patients, we studied 147 physically active, Human Immunodefi ciency Virus infected men on prolonged zidovudine-based antiretroviral therapy (ART). Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study on hospital follow-up patients of HIV infection. Materials and Methods: All cases on ART who reported to our canter during a period of 18 months were evaluated for symptoms (muscle fatigue, myalgia), objective muscle strength (testing clinically) and serum CK levels, and a select group was evaluated by muscle biopsy. These patients were on zidovudine for 1 to 7 years. Results: None of the patients studied had signifi cant symptoms or objective muscle weakness and only a small fraction (10.8% of cases) had marginally raised serum CK levels. All muscle biopsies were normal on light microscopy. Conclusions: Zidovudine myopathy may be a constraint for use of the drug in the western population; however, it is a well-tolerated drug as regards myopathy in our study on Indian patients.
Post chicken pox neurological sequelae: Three distinct presentations
Authors: Paul Rudrajit , Singhania Pankaj , Hashmi MA , Bandyopadhyay Ramtanu , Banerjee Amit Kumar
Published: October 2010

Varicella zoster infection is known to cause neurological involvement. The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves without sequelae. We present a series of three cases with neurological presentations following chicken pox infection. The first case is a case of meningitis, cerebellitis and polyradiculopathy, the second is a florid case of acute infective demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (Guillian-Barré syndrome) in a middle-aged female and the third case is a young man in whom we diagnosed acute transverse myelitis. All these cases presented with distinct neurological diagnoses and the etiology was established on the basis of history and serological tests confirmatory for chicken pox. The cases responded differently to treatment and the patients were left with minimum disability.
Distribution of depressive disorders in the elderly
Authors: Barua Ankur , Ghosh MK , Kar N , Basilio MA
Published: October 2010

Background: The community-based mental health studies have revealed that the point prevalence of depressive disorders in the elderly population of the world varies between 10% and 20% depending on cultural situations. Objective: To determine the median prevalence rates of depressive disorders in the elderly population of India and various other countries in the world. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study based on meta-analysis of various study reports. Setting: Community-based mental health surveys on geriatric depressive disorders conducted in the continents of Asia, Europe, Australia, North America, and South America. Study Period: All the studies that constituted the sample were conducted between 1955 and 2005. Sample Size: After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria on published and indexed articles, 74 original research studies that surveyed a total of 4,87,275 elderly individuals in the age group of 60 years and above, residing in various parts of the world were included for the fi nal analysis. Inclusion Criteria: The researchers had included only community-based cross-sectional surveys and some prospective studies that had not excluded depression on baseline. These studies were conducted on homogenous community of elderly population in the world, who were selected by simple random sampling technique. Exclusion Criteria: All the unpublished reports and unavailable or unanalyzed or inaccessible articles from the internet were excluded from the study. Statistical Analysis: The median prevalence rate and its corresponding interquartile range (IQR), Chi-square test, and Chi-square for Linear Trend were applied. A P value <0.05 was considered as statistically signifi cant. Results and Conclusion: The median prevalence rate of depressive disorders in the world for the elderly population was determined to be 10.3% [IQR = (4.7%–16.0%)]. The median prevalence rate of depression among the elderly Indian population was determined to be 21.9% [IQR = (11.6%–31.1%)]. Although there was a signifi cant decrease trend in world prevalence of geriatric depression, it was signifi cantly higher among Indians in recent years than the rest of the world.
Licit and illicit substance use by adolescent students in eastern India: Prevalence and associated risk factors
Authors: Tsering Dechenla , Pal Ranabir , Dasgupta Aparajita
Published: October 2010

Background: Use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances is a worldwide problem and aff ects many adolescents. Objective: (1) To fi nd out the magnitude of licit and illicit substance use among students; and (2) to fi nd out the association between socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the students and habits of use. Materials and Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted during June 2003 to May 2004. In a multistage random sampling among all the districts and schools in West Bengal, India, 416 high school students from two schools were selected. The main outcome measures were substance use, namely, tobacco, alcohol, and cannabinoids. From the schools, all the students in the classes VIII, IX, and X were taken as the study population and were administered a pretested close-ended anonymous self-administered questionnaire relating to pattern, frequency, and correlates of substance use. Results: The ultimate response rate was 87.02% and 416 students could be covered in our study. The overall prevalence rates among rural and urban students were 6.14% and 0.6% for illicit drug use, 8.60% and 11.04% for tobacco, and 7.37% and 5.23% for alcohol consumption, respectively. Both licit and illicit substance use was associated more with male students. Current and regular use were mostly restricted to tobacco, and the use of a substance by family members had a signifi cant impact on its use by their children. “Enjoyment” and “Curiosity” were found to have the major infl uence in their decision to use a substance. Conclusions: Early identifi cation of the magnitude and the factors related to substance use can improve scopes for planning and preventive approaches for this vulnerable group before the problems get serious after which interventions become diffi cult.
Unusual presentation of xanthogranuloma of the choroid plexus
Authors: Shetty Jayaprakash , Devadiga KV , Pai Muktha ,   Chandrika
Published: October 2010

Intracranial xanthogranulomas are rare benign tumors and occur most commonly as choroid plexus xanthogranulomas, which rarely become symptomatic. Exact etiology is still a matter of debate. We present a case of xanthogranuloma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle, causing obstructive hydrocephalus of the lateral ventricles.
Mild traumatic brain injuries in adults
Authors: Shukla Dhaval , Devi B Indira
Published: October 2010

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the commonest form of TBI. Though the name implies, it may not be mild in certain cases. There is a lot of heterogeneity in nomenclature, classifi cation, evaluation and outcome of mTBI. We have reviewed the relevant articles on mTBI in adults, particularly its defi nition, evaluation and outcome, published in the last decade. The aspects of mTBI like pediatric age group, sports concussion, and postconcussion syndrome were not reviewed. There is general agreement that Glasgow coma score (GCS) of 13 should not be considered as mTBI as the risk of intracranial lesion is higher than in patients with GCS 14–15. All patients with GCS of <15 should be evaluated with a computed tomography (CT) scan. Patients with GCS 15 and risk factors or neurological symptoms should also be evaluated with CT scan. The outcome of mTBI depends on the combination of preinjury, injury and postinjury factors. Overall outcome of mTBI is good with mortality around 0.1% and disability around 10%.
Hot water epilepsy: A rare form of reflex epilepsy
Authors: Syed Riazahmed
Published: October 2010

Hot water epilepsy is a form of reflex epilepsy in childhood. We report two children from Saudi Arabia, who presented with seizures following pouring hot water on their head, while bathing. They were not treated by anti-epileptic medication. By decreasing the temperature of the water used for bathing, the seizures were avoided to a large extent in them. This form of epilepsy is reported to be seldom present in various countries but there are no records of its presence in Saudi Arabia.
Paraspinal gossybipoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kucukyuruk Baris , Biceroglu Huseyin , Abuzayed Bashar , Ulu Mustafa O , Kafadar Ali M
Published: October 2010

Spinal or paraspinal retained surgical sponges (gossybipoma or textiloma) are rare incidents and mostly asymptomatic in chronic cases, but can be confused with other masses such as a hematoma, an abscess or a tumor. In chronic cases, the presentation can be as late as decades after the initial surgery; however, some gossybipomas cause infection or abscess formation in the early stages. The authors report a 40-year-old woman with a history of operation for lumbar disk herniation before 8 months, and got admitted with a complaint of serous fluid leakage from the operation wound. In this report, the authors discuss the clinical presentation, the radiologic findings and the differential diagnosis of gossybipoma.
Moyamoya syndrome in a known case of pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Khan Fahmi Yousef , Kamal Hussain , Musa Rania , Hayati Ahmed
Published: October 2010

We report an unusual association of pulmonary tuberculosis with moyamoya syndrome in a 30-year-old Filipino female who was admitted to our hospital with a 1-week history of fever and cough. Chest X-ray showed widespread bilateral consolidation with cavity, whereas sputum was positive for acid fast bacilli (AFB). Two weeks after starting antituberculous treatment, the patient developed two episodes of loss of consciousness, which were unwitnessed. Urgent brain computed tomography (CT) showed multiple infarctions, suggesting vasculitis. The electroencephalogram showed epileptic discharges. Magnetic resonance angiography showed a picture consistent with moyamoya disease. Brain CT angiography was performed and it showed the same pictures. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis-associated moyamoya syndrome. On the following days, she was discharged on antituberculous medications, antiepileptic and oral hypoglycemic treatment. After 1 year, the patient was seen in the clinic, she was well and seizure-free.
Primary lumbosacral intradural hydatid cyst in a child
Authors: Shukla Sujeet Kumar , Sharma Vivek , Singh Kulwant , Trivedi Adarsh
Published: October 2010

Primary spinal hydatid cyst is very rare lesion aff ecting less than 1% of the total cases of the hydatid disease. In this study, we report a case of spinal hydatid in a 5-year old boy presented with a history of backache, leg pain, difficulty in walking, and bowel and bladder incontinence for 4 months. An intradural nonenhancing cystic lesion was detected using magnetic resonance imaging from L4 to sacral region, and histopathological findings were suggestive of hydatid cyst.
Multidetector-row computed tomography in cerebral hydatid cyst
Authors: Wani Nisar A , Kosar Tasleem L , Khan Abdul Qayum , Ahmad Sheikh Shahnawaz
Published: October 2010

Intracranial localization is a rare manifestation of hydatid cyst disease (Echinococcosis). It comprises only 2% of cases of Echinococcosis infection even in endemic areas and is predominantly seen in children. Clinical manifestations resulting from raised intracranial tension are nonspecifi c. Imaging with computed tomography (CT) may suggest the diagnosis preoperatively with reasonable accuracy. Multidetector-row CT (MDCT) with its high resolution multiplanar reformations can demonstrate the relationship of the cyst with adjacent brain structures and thus help in planning surgery. This has a practical utility in places where magnetic resonance imaging is not available. We describe a case of cerebral hydatid cyst in a 13-year-old boy who was diagnosed with MDCT, which helped in planning its surgical removal.
Primary calcified hydatid cyst of the brain
Authors: Tyagi Devendra K , Balasubramaniam Srikant , Sawant Hemant V
Published: October 2010

Cerebral hydatid disease is very rare, and in non-endemic areas like India, the occurrence is as low as 0.2% of all intracranial space occupying lesions. Calcification of the cyst wall indicates an even rarer subvariety, i.e., alveolar echinococcosis (AE). AE has hitherto been unreported in the Indian subcontinent. We report such a case in a 25-yearold male, a shepherd by occupation, who presented to us with intractable seizures and headache. He had no gross lesion in the liver. Craniotomy with total excision of the lesion was performed, followed by antiparasitic treatment. The radiological presentation, differential diagnosis and treatment modalities are discussed in relation to our case.
The integration of emotions in memories: Cognitive‐emotional distinctiveness and posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Boals Adriel , Rubin David C.
Published: October 2010

The current study examined cognitive‐emotional distinctiveness (CED), the extent to which emotions are linked with event information, in memories associated with PTSD. Participants either with PTSD (n = 68) or without PTSD (n = 40) completed a modified multidimensional scaling technique to measure CED for their most negative and most positive events. The results revealed that participants in the PTSD group evidenced significantly lower levels of CED. This group difference remained significant when we limited the analysis to traumatic events that led to a PTSD diagnosis (n = 33) in comparison to control participants who nominated a traumatic event that did not result in PTSD (n = 32). Replicating previous findings, CED levels were higher in memories of negative events, in comparison to positive events. These results provide empirical evidence that memories associated with PTSD do contain special organizational features with respect to the links between emotions and memory. Implications for understanding and treating PTSD are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust fault detection and monitoring of hybrid process systems with uncertain mode transitions
Authors: Hu Ye , El‐Farra Nael H.
Published: October 2010

A methodology for fault detection and monitoring of a class of hybrid process systems modeled by switched nonlinear systems with control actuator faults, uncertain continuous dynamics, and uncertain mode transitions is presented. A robust hybrid monitoring scheme that distinguishes reliably between faults, mode transitions, and uncertainty is developed using tools from unknown input observer theory and results from Lyapunov stability theory. The monitoring scheme consists of (1) a family of dedicated mode observers that locate the active operating mode at any given time and detect mode switches, (2) a family of robust Lyapunov‐based fault detection schemes that detect the faults within the continuous modes, and (3) a supervisor that synchronizes the switching between different controllers and different fault detectors as the process transitions from one mode to another. A key idea of the developed framework is to design the mode observers in a way that facilitates the identification of the active mode without information from the controllers and renders the residuals insensitive to the faults and uncertainties in the constituent subsystems. The implementation of the developed monitoring scheme is demonstrated using a simulated model of a chemical reactor that switches between multiple operating modes. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Optimizing the catalyst distribution for countercurrent methane steam reforming in plate reactors
Authors: Zanfir Monica , Baldea Michael , Daoutidis Prodromos
Published: October 2010

Microscale autothermal reactors remain one of the most promising technologies for efficient hydrogen generation. The typical reactor design alternates microchannels where reforming and catalytic combustion of methane occur, so that exothermic and endothermic reactions take place in close proximity. The influence of flow arrangement on the autothermal coupling of methane steam reforming and methane catalytic combustion in catalytic plate reactors is investigated. The reactor thermal behavior and performance for cocurrent and countercurrent are simulated and compared. A partial overlapping of the catalyst zones in adjacent exothermic and endothermic channels is shown to avoid both severe temperature excursions and reactor extinction. Using an innovative, optimization‐based approach for determining the catalyst zone overlap, a solution is provided to the problem of determining the maximum reactor conversion within specified temperature bounds, designed to preserve reactor integrity and operational safety. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Dissolution kinetics or pure mass transfer? A mechanistic study of dissolution
Authors: Kaunisto Erik , Marucci Mariagrazia , Axelsson Anders
Published: October 2010

In many cases, classic in vitro tests are used to investigate dissolution from powders and solids. A problem with these kinds of tests is the frequent use of agitation, leading to a lumped description of the properties at the solid–liquid interface. The hydrodynamic forces arising from agitation might have a nontrivial impact on the dissolution properties, thus calling for a comparison of results with those stemming from stagnant dissolution with the aim to increase the understanding of the dissolution process. Stagnant dissolution of compressed solid benzoic acid was examined using the noninvasive electronic speckle pattern interferometry technique in this study. The diffusion coefficient for benzoic acid in 37°C water was measured using the same technique, and, by combining the results, the surface kinetics at the solid–liquid interface were calculated. A comparison with previous dissolution data from a rotating disk suggests that the presence of convection can increase the observed surface kinetics. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Reply to Lawler: feeding competition, cooperation, and the causes of primate sociality
Authors: Sussman R.W. , Garber P.A. , Cheverud J.M.
Published: October 2010

This is a reply to Richard Lawler's commentary on our previous work [Lawler, 2011; this issue] in which he develops a set of operational models to test socioecological theories of the evolutionary importance of feeding competition. We strongly agree that we need to critically re‐evaluate the basic assumptions of all models of primate sociality, and to verify the explanatory power of alternative models. We also feel Lawler's commentary provides an important opportunity to broaden the debate concerning the fundamental roles of cooperation, competition, and aggression in understanding primate social systems. Lawler provides a number of suggestions as to how models developed in primate socioecology might be tested. We agree with these suggestions, make further suggestions, and call for specific operational definitions so that researchers might begin to develop and test various methodologies. However, we also call for testing alternative theories. Current socioecological theory is based on the assumption that competition and positive selection is always in operation and has driven the evolution of living organisms. We believe that this “explanation of choice” often is treated as an assumed truth to which data are forced to fit, rather than being seen as a theory to be tested. Furthermore, we agree with Weiss and Buchanan [2009. The Mermaids Tale: Four Billion Years of Cooperation in the Making of Living Things] that on ecological and developmental scales, where organisms actually live out their lives, cooperation may play a more fundamental role than competition. Am. J. Primatol. 73:91–95, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab and attainment of disease remission in rheumatoid arthritis: The role of acute‐phase reactants
Authors: Smolen Josef S. , Aletaha Daniel
Published: October 2010

Objective

To determine the effects of tocilizumab on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity and remission assessment, using measures that do or do not comprise acute‐phase reactants.

Methods

Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) scores, Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores, and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) were calculated using data from tocilizumab trials in patients with RA in whom disease had remained active despite treatment with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs. The CDAI does not contain an acute‐phase reactant component. Disease activity states, including remission, were defined using established cut points; for the DAS28, an alternative cut point of <2.4 was also used.

Results

Changes in the DAS28, the SDAI score, and the CDAI score among patients receiving tocilizumab were significantly higher than those among patients receiving placebo, and the magnitude of these changes was similar for the SDAI and the CDAI. Among patients who achieved 50% improvement in disease activity according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria, only ∼20% required a reduction in acute‐phase reactant values in order to fulfill the criteria. However, DAS28 remission rates were higher (even when using the lower cut point) than the SDAI and CDAI remission rates. Only a minority of tocilizumab‐treated patients with DAS28 remission also had disease remission according to the SDAI (26%) or CDAI (∼21%). With infliximab treatment, SDAI and CDAI remission rates were of the same magnitude as those observed with tocilizumab treatment, and DAS28 remission rates were lower. Tocilizumab‐treated patients with DAS28 remission but without CDAI remission had significantly higher swollen joint counts but lower erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) compared with patients with SDAI or CDAI remission.

Conclusion

Disease activity in RA is reduced by tocilizumab treatment, irrespective of the type of composite measure used to evaluate disease activity. Remission rates were much higher using the DAS28 compared with the SDAI and CDAI, due to the high weight of the ESR in the DAS28 and the effect of tocilizumab on the ESR. Using the stringent SDAI and CDAI criteria, however, remission rates in patients treated with tocilizumab were in the same range as those seen in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors.
3D superposition of chemical fragments for N‐membered rings: application to conformational analysis
Authors: Kessler Mathieu , Pérez José
Published: October 2010

In this paper a procedure is suggested for the 3D superposition of chemical fragments, which is specifically designed for rings molecules and can be combined with statistical multivariate procedures to extract useful conformational information. The procedure relies on the plane introduced by Cremer and Pople ‘A general definition of ring puckering coordinates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975; 97(6): 1354–1358’ to define the celebrated puckering coordinates, and provides a measure of distance between two geometrical conformations. Real datasets are analyzed to illustrate how it can be used as input to agglomerative clustering methods, multidimensional scaling analysis and allows to compute the centroid of a group of fragments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Gas Sorption and Metal‐Ion Exchange of Microporous Metal–Organic Frameworks with Incorporated Imide Groups
Authors: Prasad Thazhe Kootteri , Hong Dae Ho , Suh Myunghyun Paik
Published: October 2010

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), {[Cu2(bdcppi)(dmf)2]⋅10DMF⋅2H2O}n (SNU‐50) and {[Zn2(bdcppi)(dmf)3]⋅6DMF⋅4H2O}n (SNU‐51), have been prepared by the solvothermal reactions of N,N'‐bis(3,5‐dicarboxyphenyl)pyromellitic diimide (H4BDCPPI) with Cu(NO3)2 and Zn(NO3)2, respectively. Framework SNU‐50 has an NbO‐type net structure, whereas SNU‐51 has a PtS‐type net structure. Desolvated solid [Cu2(bdcppi)]n (SNU‐50'), which was prepared by guest exchange of SNU‐50 with acetone followed by evacuation at 170 °C, adsorbs high amounts of N2, H2, O2, CO2, and CH4 gases due to the presence of a vacant coordination site at every metal ion, and to the presence of imide groups in the ligand. The Langmuir surface area is 2450 m2 g−1. It adsorbs H2 gas up to 2.10 wt % at 1 atm and 77 K, with zero coverage isosteric heat of 7.1 kJ mol−1, up to a total of 7.85 wt % at 77 K and 60 bar. Its CO2 and CH4 adsorption capacities at 298 K are 77 wt % at 55 bar and 17 wt % at 60 bar, respectively. Of particular note is the O2 adsorption capacity of SNU‐50' (118 wt % at 77 K and 0.2 atm), which is the highest reported so far for any MOF. By metal‐ion exchange of SNU‐51 with CuII, {[Cu2(bdcppi)(dmf)3]⋅7DMF⋅5H2O}n (SNU‐51‐CuDMF) with a PtS‐type net was prepared, which could not be synthesized by a direct solvothermal reaction.
Region‐specific gene expression in early postnatal mouse thalamus
Authors: Yuge Kazuya , Kataoka Ayane , Yoshida Aya C. , Itoh Daisuke , Aggarwal Manisha , Mori Susumu , Blackshaw Seth , Shimogori Tomomi
Published: October 2010

Previous studies in the developing mouse thalamus have demonstrated that regional identity is established during early stages of development (Suzuki‐Hirano et al. J. Comp. Neurol. 2011;519:528–543). However, the developing thalamus often shows little resemblance to the anatomical organization of the postnatal thalamus, making it difficult to identify genes that might mediate the organization of thalamic nuclei. We therefore analyzed the expression pattern of genes that we have identified as showing regional expression in embryonic thalamus on postnatal days (P) 6–8 by using in situ hybridization. We also identified several genes expressed only in the postnatal thalamus with restricted expression in specific nuclei. We first demonstrated the selective expression of neurotransmitter‐related genes (vGlut2, vGAT, D2R, and HTR2C), identifying the neurotransmitter subtypes of cells in this region, and we also demonstrated selective expression of additional genes in the thalamus (Steel, Slitrk6, and AI852580). In addition, we demonstrated expression of genes specific to somatosensory thalamic nuclei, the ventrobasal posterior nuclei (VP); a visual thalamic nucleus, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN); and an auditory thalamic nucleus, the medial geniculate body (MGB) (p57Kip, Nr1d1, and GFRα1). We also identified genes that are selectively expressed in multiple different nuclei (Foxp2, Chst2, and EphA8). Finally, we demonstrated that several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their inhibitors are expressed in the postnatal thalamus in a nucleus‐specific fashion, suggesting that BMPs play roles in the postnatal thalamus unrelated to their known role in developmental patterning. Our findings provide important information for understanding the mechanisms of nuclear specification and connectivity during development, as well as their maintenance in adult thalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:544–561, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Versatile Functionalization of Nanoelectrodes by Oligonucleotides via Pyrrole Electrochemistry
Authors: Descamps Emeline , Nguyen Khoa , Bouchain‐Gautier Christelle , Filoramo Arianna , Goux‐Capes Laurence , Goffman Marcello , Bourgoin Jean‐Philippe , Mailley Pascal , Livache Thierry
Published: October 2010

Surface modification at the nanometer scale is a challenge for the future of molecular electronics. In particular, the precise anchoring and electrical addressing of biological scaffolds such as complex DNA nanonetworks is of importance for generating bio‐directed assemblies of nano‐objects for nanocircuit purposes. Herein, we consider the individual modification of nanoelectrodes with different oligonucleotide sequences by an electrochemically driven co‐polymerization process of pyrrole and modified oligonucleotide sequences bearing pyrrole monomers. We demonstrate that this one‐step technique presents the advantages of simplicity, localization of surface modification, mechanical, biological and chemical stability of the coatings, and high lateral resolution.
Synthesis and Characterization of Oligonuclear Ru, Co and Cu Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Lee Bao‐Lin , Kärkäs Markus D. , Johnston Eric V. , Inge Andrew K. , Tran Lien‐Hoa , Xu Yunhua , Hansson Örjan , Zou Xiaodong , Åkermark Björn
Published: October 2010

In this work, we report the preparation and crystal structures of three new oligonuclear complexes, Ru2(bbpmp)(μ‐OAc)3 (4), [Co2(bbpmp)(μ‐OAc)(μ‐OMe)](PF6) (5), [Cu4(Hbbpmp)2(μ‐OAc)(H2O)2](OAc)(PF6)2 (6) {H3bbpmp = 2,6‐bis[(2‐hydroxybenzyl)‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]‐4‐methyl‐phenol (3)}. The structures of the complexes were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The oxidation states of ruthenium, cobalt and copper in the complexes are +3, +3 and +2, respectively. In 4 and 5, RuIII and CoIII are coordinated to four oxygen and two nitrogen atoms in an octahedral geometry, while in 6, CuII adopts both octahedral (CuN2O4) and square‐pyramidal (CuN2O3) geometry. The potential of the three complexes as oxidation catalysts has been investigated.