bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The origin of oceanic crust and metabasic rocks protolith, the Luk Ulo Mélange Complex, Indonesia
Authors: Permana H , Munasri  , Mukti Maruf M , Nurhidayati A U , Aribowo S
Published: February 2018

The Luk Ulo Mélange Complex (LUMC) is composed of tectonic slices of rocks that surrounded by scaly clay matrix. These rocks consist of serpentinite, gabbro, diabase, and basalt, eclogite, blueschist, amphibolite, schist, gneiss, phylite and slate, granite, chert, red limestone, claystone and sandstone. The LUMC was formed since Paleocene to Eocene, gradually uplifted of HP-UHP metabasic-metapelite (P: 20-27kbar; T: 410-628°C) to near surface mixed with hemipelagic sedimentary rocks. The metamorphic rocks were formed during 101-125 Ma (Early Cretaceous) within 70 to 100 km depth and ∼6°C/km thermal gradient. It took about 50-57 Myr for these rocks to reach the near surface during Paleocene-Eocene, with an uplift rate at ∼1.4-1.8 km/year to form the mélange complex. The low thermal gradient was due to subduction of old and cold oceanic crust. The subducted oceanic crust (MORB) as protolith of Cretaceous metabasic rocks must be older than Cretaceous. The data show that the basalt of oceanic crust is Cretaceous (130-81 Ma) comparable to the age of the cherts (Early to Late Cretaceous). Therefore, we consider that neither oceanic crust exposed in LUMC nor all of part of the old oceanic crust is the protolith of LUMC metabasic subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate. These oceanic rocks possibly originated or part of the edge of micro-continental that merged as a part of the LUMC during the collision with the Eurasian margin.
Spatial resolution enhancement of satellite image data using fusion approach
Authors: Lestiana H , Sukristiyanti
Published: February 2018

Object identification using remote sensing data has a problem when the spatial resolution is not in accordance with the object. The fusion approach is one of methods to solve the problem, to improve the object recognition and to increase the objects information by combining data from multiple sensors. The application of fusion image can be used to estimate the environmental component that is needed to monitor in multiple views, such as evapotranspiration estimation, 3D ground-based characterisation, smart city application, urban environments, terrestrial mapping, and water vegetation. Based on fusion application method, the visible object in land area has been easily recognized using the method. The variety of object information in land area has increased the variation of environmental component estimation. The difficulties in recognizing the invisible object like Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD), especially in tropical area, might be decreased by the fusion method. The less variation of the object in the sea surface temperature is a challenge to be solved.
Mathematical modeling of the photoacoustic effect generated by the heating of metallic nanoparticles
Authors: Triki Faouzi , Vauthrin Margaux
Published: February 2018

This paper is devoted to the modeling of the photoacoustic effect generated by the electromagnetic heating of metallic nanoparticles embedded in a biological tissue. We first derive an asymptotic model for the plasmonic resonances and the electromagnetic fields. We then describe the acoustic generation created by the electromagnetic heating of the nanoparticle. Precisely, we derive the model equations that describe the coupling between the temperature rise in the medium and the acoustic wave generation. We obtain a direct relation between the acoustic waves and the electromagnetic external sources. Finally, we solve the multiwave inverse problem that consists in the recovery of the electric permittivity of the biological tissue from the measurements of the generated acoustic waves on the boundary of the sample.
The Hellenistic Age: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Thonemann Peter
Published: February 2018

Drawing on inscriptions, papyri, coinage, poetry, art, and archaeology, The Hellenistic Age: A Very Short Introduction opens up the history and culture of the vast Hellenistic world, from the death of Alexander the Great (323 bc) to the Roman conquest of the Ptolemaic kingdom (30 bc). It navigates the power struggles and wars in the three centuries that followed the conquests of Alexander. In this age of cultural globalization, a single language carried you from the Rhône to the Indus. Narrative close-ups of individual cities, including the Greek city-states with the earliest federal governments, and kings from Sicily to Tajikistan who struggled to meet the challenges of ruling multi-ethnic states, are provided.
4. Making lives better
Authors: Yeates James
Published: February 2018

Prevention is better than cure, so a large amount of veterinary science involves trying to work out what causes diseases, in order to tackle those contributory factors and thus stop the disease process earlier in its tracks. ‘Making lives better’ explains that most diseases are not brought about by a single root cause, but are caused by a combination of different factors. Disease prevention is aided by ensuring that animals get the right care to keep them healthy, through providing clean living conditions, vaccination, and a healthy diet, as well as treating the causes of diseases before they get bad enough to represent major problems.
Organized Crime: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Antonopoulos Georgios A , Papanicolaou Georgios
Published: February 2018

Organized Crime: A Very Short introduction examines the people involved in organized crime and questions whether the term ‘organized’ is used to evoke the image, operations, and power of a legitimate organization, such as a corporation. Are there particular crimes where the label ‘organized crime’ fits, or can any crime be ‘organized’? What happens when organized crime extends beyond borders? Using examples from across the globe, it analyses different cultural traditions of organized crime, such as the Mafia, Yakuza, and Triads, and the nature of organized crime, from arms trafficking and drug dealing to extortion. Finally, it explores the methods and agencies in place to control and prevent organized crime.
Altruistic decisions following penetrating traumatic brain injury
Authors: Moll Jorge , de Oliveira-Souza Ricardo , Basilio Rodrigo , Bramati Ivanei Edson , Gordon Barry , Rodríguez-Nieto Geraldine , Zahn Roland , Krueger Frank , Grafman Jordan
Published: February 2018

The cerebral correlates of altruistic decisions have increasingly attracted the interest of neuroscientists. To date, investigations on the neural underpinnings of altruistic decisions have primarily been conducted in healthy adults undergoing functional neuroimaging as they engaged in decisions to punish third parties. The chief purpose of the present study was to investigate altruistic decisions following focal brain damage with a novel altruistic decision task. In contrast to studies that have focused either on altruistic punishment or donation, the Altruistic Decision Task allows players to anonymously punish or donate to 30 charitable organizations involved with salient societal issues such as abortion, nuclear energy and civil rights. Ninety-four Vietnam War veterans with variable patterns of penetrating traumatic brain injury and 28 healthy veterans who also served in combat participated in the study as normal controls. Participants were asked to invest $1 to punish or reward real societal organizations, or keep the money for themselves. Associations between lesion distribution and performance on the task were analysed with multivariate support vector regression, which enables the assessment of the joint contribution of multiple regions in the determination of a given behaviour of interest. Our main findings were: (i) bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal lesions increased altruistic punishment, whereas lesions of the right perisylvian region and left temporo-insular cortex decreased punishment; (ii) altruistic donations were increased by bilateral lesions of the dorsomedial parietal cortex, whereas lesions of the right posterior superior temporal sulcus and middle temporal gyri decreased donations; (iii) altruistic punishment and donation were only weakly correlated, emphasizing their dissociable neuroanatomical associations; and (iv) altruistic decisions were not related to post-traumatic personality changes. These findings indicate that altruistic punishment and donation are determined by largely non-overlapping cerebral regions, which have previously been implicated in social cognition and moral experience such as evaluations of intentionality and intuitions of justice and morality.

10.1093/brain/awy064_video1 awy064media1 5758316955001
Movement Decomposition in the Primary Motor Cortex
Authors: Kadmon Harpaz Naama , Ungarish David , Hatsopoulos Nicholas G , Flash Tamar
Published: February 2018

A complex action can be described as the composition of a set of elementary movements. While both kinematic and dynamic elements have been proposed to compose complex actions, the structure of movement decomposition and its neural representation remain unknown. Here, we examined movement decomposition by modeling the temporal dynamics of neural populations in the primary motor cortex of macaque monkeys performing forelimb reaching movements. Using a hidden Markov model, we found that global transitions in the neural population activity are associated with a consistent segmentation of the behavioral output into acceleration and deceleration epochs with directional selectivity. Single cells exhibited modulation of firing rates between the kinematic epochs, with abrupt changes in spiking activity timed with the identified transitions. These results reveal distinct encoding of acceleration and deceleration phases at the level of M1, and point to a specific pattern of movement decomposition that arises from the underlying neural activity. A similar approach can be used to probe the structure of movement decomposition in different brain regions, possibly controlling different temporal scales, to reveal the hierarchical structure of movement composition.
Molecular control of the identity of tissue-resident macrophages
Authors: Okabe Yasutaka
Published: February 2018

Macrophages are present in virtually almost all tissues, exhibiting highly heterogeneous phenotypes as a consequence of adaptation to local tissue environments. Tissue-resident macrophages perform specialized functions that are essential for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and abnormalities of their functions are linked to various pathologies. Recent advances have shown that tissue-specific transcriptional programs are responsible for functional specialization of macrophages in different tissues. Here, I discuss the molecular basis of tissue-resident macrophage specialization and how it is regulated by tissue environmental cues.
Fabius Pictor
Authors: Cornell Tim
Published: February 2018

Quintus Fabius Pictor was the first Roman to write a history of his city in prose. A member of the great patrician family of the Fabii, he lived at the time of the First and Second Punic Wars (see Biographica: Ancestry and Public Career), and wrote about them in his historical work, which traced the history of Rome back to its remote origins (see Title and Scope). The work does not survive, and is known to us only through references and indirect quotations in later authors (see Editions of the Fragments). It was written in Greek, but a Latin version also circulated and is quoted by some later sources (see Language). It is unclear precisely when Fabius was writing, or in what circumstances (see Time of Writing, Political and Cultural Context). We also do not know what inspired him to write, or why he chose to write in Greek (see Political and Cultural Context, Purpose and Intended Readership). But it is clear that he initiated the tradition of historical writing at Rome, and was the first of many to trace its history from the beginning to his own time. Like his successors, he wrote at greater length on contemporary events than on the earlier centuries, which he covered briefly, although he may have given an extensive account of the foundation story (see Internal Architecture). Whether he arranged his material annalistically, covering events year by year, and if so for which period(s), is disputed (see Narrative Format). His influence has been variously assessed, with some regarding him as a fundamentally important source of information and inspiration for later Roman historians, and even as a pioneer of national historiography in the West, while others minimize his significance in the development of the Roman historical tradition (see Influence and Reception).
Technology for Social Work Interventions
Authors: Chan Chitat , Holosko Michael
Published: February 2018

The growing trend of using technology in social work interventions is rapidly increasing. The impact of technology goes beyond increased efficacy, as new technologies urge practitioners to expand their abilities and change how they design and implement interventions. While on a global scale technology has evolved quickly in just a few decades, social work interventions are also becoming more sophisticated and evidence based. In the context of “technology for social work interventions,” “technology” primarily refers to information and communications technology (ICT). In the 21st century there are newly developed academic references, research studies, competency standards and ethical guidelines, which make “technology-supported social work interventions” an emerging practice domain. There are various types of technology-support interventions, some are merely technologically adapted, and some are driven by artificial intelligence systems. Overall, many technology-supported interventions indicate good outcomes and have internal validity, but there is much room for improvement in both evaluation designs and theorization. There are also emerging challenges and opportunities arising from technology-supported interventions, such as digital divides, practitioners’ competence issues, jurisdictional boundary issues, and various ethical issues.
Crucifixion
Authors: Cook John Granger , Chapman David W.
Published: February 2018

Crucifixion and related bodily suspension penalties were widely employed in Antiquity for the punishment of criminals and in times of war. Jesus of Nazareth is the most famous victim of the cross, and many scholars of crucifixion approach the topic with interest in Jesus’ death; however, scholarship on crucifixion also provides insights into (among other fields) ancient warfare, criminal law, political history, and cultural imagery. Invariably, such a subject requires multidisciplinary study. Current areas of discussion include the definition of crucifixion itself, especially in light of the range of use of ancient terminology. Further debates concern the origins of the punishment, the cessation of its practice (at least in the West), the precise means of death, and whether certain cultures (e.g., Second Temple Judaism) endorsed the penalty. A large portion of this article examines the many issues related to crucifixion as a form of execution in Antiquity. The topic of crucifixion in the ancient world includes a variety of issues: Near Eastern suspensions, Greek and Roman extreme penalties and crucifixion, the practice of penal suspension and crucifixion in Second Temple Judaism, the terminology for crucifixion and suspension, crucifixion in the New Testament, the practice of crucifixion in Late Antiquity, crucifixion and law in the ancient world, the question of crucifixion and martyrdom, Greco-Roman imagery of crucifixion and related punishments, Christian iconography of the crucifixion of Jesus, and the later history of the punishment. The last sections of this article then turn to understandings of Jesus’ crucifixion in the New Testament and other early Christian literature.
Hiberno-Latin Literature
Authors: Wright Charles D.
Published: February 2018

“Hiberno-Latin literature” refers to Latin writings by native speakers of Irish, whether or not they were written in Ireland, and whether or not they differ linguistically from other medieval Latin texts. (An exception must be made for St. Patrick, a Briton by birth who spent most of his adult life in Ireland and wrote his surviving works there.) Hiberno-Latin literature in the earlier Middle Ages is virtually all of monastic or clerical authorship and predominantly on religious subjects. The tradition begins with the writings of the missionary Patrick in the 5th century and of the expatriate Columbanus in the late 5th to early 6th century; reaches a high point in the 7th century with some remarkably original but mostly anonymous or pseudonymous theological writings and poetry; shifts mainly to the Continent in the 8th and 9th centuries with the Irish peregrini, such as the poet-scholars Sedulius Scottus and Iohannes Scottus Eriugena; and declines over the course of the 10th through 12th centuries, though with a final flourish in the influential Visio Tnugdali by Marcus of Regensburg. In addition to texts of known Irish authorship, there are also those (especially in the category of biblical commentaries) for which Irish authorship has been postulated but also disputed, and others that occupy a marginal status as putatively “Insular” (or “Irish-influenced”). A further marginal category comprises Irish versions or revisions of non-Irish texts (for example, many liturgical texts). This entry will focus on Reference Works, General Overviews, Journals, Major Named Authors, Major Genres, Thematic Studies, Historical and Cultural Contexts, and Hiberno-Latin Language.
Feedback Dynamics
Authors: Deaton Michael L.
Published: February 2018

Feedback dynamics refers to the time-varying behavior of a system that is created by a particular class of causal forces referred to as feedback loops—circular chains of cause and effect among system traits or actors. Such chains create a bidirectional flow of causality: changes or movement at one point influence system behavior in such a way that propagates through the chain to eventually reinforce or mitigate the original change. Feedback comes in two forms: balancing (negative) and reinforcing (positive). As the names imply, balancing feedback balances or mitigates movement away from equilibrium, while reinforcing feedback reinforces and accelerates such movement. The history of feedback thought as an emerging concept in systems theory is documented in references under Historical Roots of Feedback Dynamics. Feedback loops and the dynamic behavior they create are evident at all scales, from the molecular to the global—and they are ubiquitous. Their presence and role in the natural world is discussed under Feedback Dynamics in the Biosphere. Because of limitations in human reasoning and the significant role of feedback dynamics in socio-ecological systems, the presence of feedback poses special problems for exercising judicious management of environmental resources. The literature in Effects of Feedback on Human Decision Making describes the limits of human decision making in the presence of feedback and points to the role of feedback modeling to augment the decision-making process. Building on this thread of reasoning, the literature under Modeling Feedback Dynamics and all its subsections describes both qualitative and quantitative approaches to modeling feedback and discusses the limitations and advantages of each approach. The works in Feedback Dynamics in Socio-ecological Problems provide a summary of several instances of studies involving feedback in socio-ecological systems and highlight that some of the most influential feedback dynamics involve the interacting influences of the natural environment and the humans that depend on that environment for survival. Hence, scientists employing a feedback view of the world and who work on socio-ecological problems have increasingly recognized the need to engage stakeholders in jointly creating models of system feedback dynamics in order to build consensus and a common vision for addressing problems involving human interactions with the environment. Key works describing approaches to engaging stakeholders in feedback modeling are discussed under Group Modeling: Engaging Stakeholders in Feedback Analysis.
Contrastive Analysis in Linguistics
Authors: Mair Christian
Published: February 2018

In its core sense, contrastive linguistics can be defined as the theoretically grounded, systematic and synchronic comparison of usually two languages, or at most no more than a small number of languages. In the early stages of the development of the field, comparisons were usually carried out with a view to applying the findings for the benefit of the community, for example in foreign-language teaching or in translation. In recent years, this applied orientation has persisted, but it has been complemented by a growing body of contrastive research with a more theoretical orientation. The languages compared can be genetically related or unrelated, as well as typologically similar or dissimilar. Some comparisons, in particular those with a more theoretical orientation, are symmetrical in the sense that they cover the specifics of one language viewed against another in a balanced way. Applied contrastive comparisons of languages, on the other hand, are often asymmetrical or “directed.” This is typically the case in pedagogically oriented contrastive research, where the focus is on differences in L2, which are seen as potential sources of difficulty in foreign-language learning. Contrastive linguistics emerged as a major subfield of applied linguistics in the 1940s and consolidated quickly throughout the 1950s and 1960s. When it became clear that contrastive linguistics was not going to provide the foundation for a comprehensive theory of foreign-language learning, the field started showing signs of strain. Over time, however, it has avoided disintegration and managed to reposition itself successfully—not as a clearly demarcated subfield, but rather as an approach that has continued to prove its usefulness to a wide range of applied- and theoretical-linguistic domains, such as second-language acquisition (SLA) research, translation studies and translation theory, lexicography, the study of cross-cultural communication, and even cultural studies. Progress in contrastive linguistics has manifested itself on the conceptual level, for example through the constant refinement of notions such as L1 transfer and interference, or through fruitful interdisciplinary dialogue with language typology, but also in contrastivists’ active contribution to the construction of digital research tools such as learner corpora and translation corpora. The following annotated bibliography charts the development of the field on the basis of publications that stand out either because they have become classic points of reference for other work or because they have raised important theoretical and methodological points. Studies of specific phenomena in individual language pairs are mentioned for illustrative purposes. No comprehensive coverage of such largely descriptive work is attempted, however.
Fairy Tales and Folktales
Authors: Koehler Julie , Schwabe Claudia
Published: February 2018

Though many assume fairy tales have always been children’s fare, prior to the nineteenth century, fairy tales were told to and written primarily for adults, and many tales feature themes and plots that would be considered inappropriate for children today. For instance, although Giambattista Basile’s 1630s Tale of Tales carries the alternate title, Entertainment for Little Ones, the stories within are depicted as being told by adults to other adults, and their contents are bawdy and violently graphic: depicting rape, decapitation, and live burial. Fairy tales written by the French conteues of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries often were written with the distinct and adult purpose of covertly critiquing the Sun King, King Louis XIV. Charles Perrault’s fairy tales from the same period were also initially written for adult audiences but later became popular in educational materials due to their short length and succinct morals. Similarly, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s collection, Children’s and Household Tales, though referencing children in the title, was initially meant for an academic audience. Over time, as children’s literature took off in Germany, and it became clear that children were reading their collection, the Grimms edited their collection with children in mind; however, many elements that we might consider too racy for children’s literature in the twenty-first century still remain—such as violent executions, cannibalism, and sexual assault. This can be confusing for 21st-century child readers, who may be given a copy of Grimms’ Children and Household Tales without much context. As beautiful illustrated editions became popular gifts in the golden age of illustration this connection to children’s literature was enhanced. Disney films connected the fairy tale to a growing commodity in the twentieth century: children’s entertainment. Still, fairy-tale films, television, and narrative for adults continue to be produced today. In this article, the main traditions of Italy, France, Germany, and the Arabian Nights will be discussed in connection with the major nodes of criticism: childhood studies, folkloristics, tale type analysis, structuralism, psychology, oral tradition, sociohistorical approaches, gender studies, and media studies, among others. Colonial folktale collections that branded unique traditions, often much older than the fairy tale, as fairy tales are not included here, though they are discussed in criticism sections. Although most of the field treats fairy tales as stories meant for an adult or mixed audience, specifics on connections to childhood studies wherever applicable are discussed throughout this broad overview of fairy-tale scholarship.
Clinical Geropsychology
Authors: Pachana Nancy A.
Published: February 2018

Clinical geropsychology is a subfield of clinical psychology. It is concerned primarily with research, clinical practice, training, and policy concerning the provision of psychological services to adults over the age of sixty-five. Psychological services include diagnosis, assessment, and intervention, delivered within a wide range of service settings, including interprofessional contexts. Clinical psychologists work in many settings, including universities, health-care systems, nongovernmental and governmental organizations, private practice, and professional organizations and advocacy groups. Changing demographics leading to increases of older adults as a proportion of the population in countries across the globe has led to an increased interest in aging across policy, health care, and research agendas. In particular, the training of health-care providers skilled in geriatric care has lagged behind the increasing needs of an aging population. Clinical geropsychology as a field has grown significantly since the 1960s, with an ever-increasing research base, increasing prominence in health-care systems, policy development and advocacy, and increasing training opportunities. Although concerned with later life, clinical geropsychologists adopt a lifespan perspective when thinking about the mental and physical health of older persons, with attention paid to individual differences on the basis of gender, race, class, and ethnic/cultural considerations. Increasingly, an international perspective on research, training, policy, and practice characterizes the field.
Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
Authors: Ghisletta Paolo , Lecerf Thierry
Published: February 2018

The Gf-Gc theory of cognitive abilities is a psychometric theory of intelligence based on intelligence and ability tests. Evidence in favor of the theory has largely been gathered via factor analytic and developmental studies of intelligence, but also with respect to school/education achievement and biological/genetic evidence. The theory was first formulated in terms of fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities by Raymond Cattell in 1943. The theory posits its fundamental assumption, that intelligence (or rather, human cognitive abilities) is not a unitary construct but entails the lifelong coordination of at least two classes of abilities: fluid (Gf), which refers to the ability of understanding relationships among the components of an abstract problem and using such relationships to solve the problem, and crystallized (Gc), which refers to the knowledge accumulated through experiences. Fluid abilities are general in nature, in that they can be applied to any novel abstract situation that requires solving a novel problem, while crystallized abilities are specific, in that they require specific knowledge (learned from one’s cultural milieu) to solve familiar problems (this distinction is similar to, and partially built upon, what Donald Hebb proposed in 1942 in terms of Intelligence A and Intelligence B). Two particular aspects of this hypothesis, which set it apart from previous ones, are its structural and its kinematic predictions. Structural evidence in favor of the Gf-Gc hypothesis comes from many studies showing that by relying on factor-analytic methods it is possible to demonstrate that a single factor of intelligence, called g, does not describe the relations among broad cognitive abilities, representing primary-level abilities, as well as models with multiple factors. Kinematic predictions come from studies that analyze age gradients or, more directly, age changes in cognitive performance. These studies conclude that while during childhood both classes of abilities increase, starting in young adulthood fluid abilities decrease, while crystallized abilities remain constant (or may even increase). A third set of predictions is dynamic in nature, and it is captured especially by the investment theory, which postulates that during childhood fluid abilities are necessary to accumulate crystallized ones. In practice, it is certainly not simple to measure the two broadest abilities in adults; with respect to Gc abilities, because of the influence of experience, interest, motivation, professional skills, and years since schooling (on which most general Gc tests are based, like vocabulary); and as for Gf abilities, especially in older adults, processing speed generally decreases during adulthood, and most Gf tasks are timed, which leads to confounds between the two classes of cognitive tasks. Opponents of the theory have pointed out that, in practice, Gf is highly collinear with a general factor of intelligence (g), while Gc abilities further contribute little in terms of individual differences in cognitive performance.
The Central Effects of Androgenic-anabolic Steroid Use
Authors: Mędraś Marek , Brona Anna , Jóźków Paweł
Published: February 2018

Millions of men use androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) to stimulate muscle growth and improve physical appearance. Although 1 out of 3 people who uses androgenic-anabolic steroids develops a steroid use disorder, the effects of the drugs on the central nervous system and the psyche are still not well understood. Although most addictive substances improve mood immediately after administration, AAS exert less pronounced euphoric effects. Instead, they are primarily taken for the delayed gratification of increased muscle mass. Withdrawal from AAS may lead to a range of somatic and psychiatric symptoms, and, in many cases, comprehensive treatment supervised by an endocrinologist and a psychiatrist is required.
Clues in Histopathological Diagnosis of Panniculitis
Authors: Llamas Velasco Mar , Pérez-Gónzalez Yosmar Carolina , Kempf Werner , Paredes Bruno Emilio , Cerroni Lorenzo , Fernández Figueras María Teresa
Published: February 2018

Background:

Panniculitides comprise a group of heterogeneous inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, histopathological study along with clinicopathological correlation usually led to a specific diagnosis. In most textbooks, the first step in the diagnosis is to classify them as mostly septal or lobular depending on where the inflammatory infiltrate is located. The second step is deciding if vasculitis is present or not. Finally, the third step is further characterizing the inflammatory infiltrate. However, in addition to the algorithmic approach to panniculitis diagnosis, some subtle changes may help to the diagnosis.

Objective:

To review some clues in panniculitis dermatopathological diagnosis such as presence of granulation tissue, sclerotic connective tissue septa, small granulomas arranged around a central clear space, so-called ghost adipocytes, needle-shaped crystals, small lobules with a proliferation of capillaries, Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, refractile microspheres, neutrophilic infiltrates, granulomas and fibroplasia or presence of adipose tissue in dermis.

Methods:

We have compiled 12 clues based in our personal experience in this field.

Limitations:

Specificity and sensibility of every clue may vary and these clues are a guide to correct diagnoses that should rely in clinicopathological correlation.

Conclusion:

Knowledge of these 12 clues will help to increase the diagnostic accuracy in panniculitis diagnosis.
Dynamic Patient-Specific Three-Dimensional Simulation of Mitral Repair
Authors: Ginty Olivia K. , Moore John M. , Xu Yuanwei , Xia Wenyao , Fujii Satoru , Bainbridge Daniel , Peters Terry M. , Kiaii Bob B. , Chu Michael W. A.
Published: February 2018

Objective

Planned mitral repair strategies are generally established from preoperative echocardiography; however, specific details of the repair are often determined intraoperatively. We propose that three-dimensional printed, patient-specific, dynamic mitral valve models may help surgeons plan and trial all the details of a specific patient's mitral repair preoperatively.

Methods

Using preoperative echocardiography, segmentation, modeling software, and three-dimensional printing, we created dynamic, high-fidelity, patient-specific mitral valve models including the subvalvular apparatus. We assessed the accuracy of 10 patient mitral valve models anatomically and functionally in a heart phantom simulator, both objectively by blinded echocardiographic assessment, and subjectively by two mitral repair experts. After this, we attempted model mitral repair and compared the outcomes with postoperative echocardiography.

Results

Model measurements were accurate when compared with patients on anterior-posterior diameter, circumference, and anterior leaflet length; however, less accurate on posterior leaflet length. On subjective assessment, Likert scores were high at 3.8 ± 0.4 and 3.4 ± 0.7, suggesting good fidelity of the dynamic model echocardiogram and functional model in the phantom to the preoperative three-dimensional echocardiogram, respectively. Mitral repair was successful in all 10 models with significant reduction in mitral insufficiency. In two models, mitral repair was performed twice, using two different surgical techniques to assess which provided a better outcome. When compared with the actual patient mitral repair outcome, the repaired models compared favorably.

Conclusions

Complex mitral valve modeling seems to predict an individual patient's mitral anatomy well, before surgery. Further investigation is required to determine whether deliberate preoperative practice can improve mitral repair outcomes.
Zika virus
Authors: Vasudevan Jaya , Skandhan Amith , Skandhan Avni K.P. , Balakrishnan Sumangala , Skandhan Kalangot P.
Published: February 2018

In this review, the authors present current knowledge and research on the Zika virus, including epidemiology, symptom manifestations (collectively referred as ‘Zika fever’), modes of transmission, as well as Zika-related complications including Guillain–Barré syndrome and congenital Zika syndrome.
Ability of known susceptibility SNPs to predict colorectal cancer risk for persons with and without a family history
Authors: Jenkins Mark A. , Win Aung K. , Dowty James G. , MacInnis Robert J. , Makalic Enes , Schmidt Daniel F. , Dite Gillian S. , Kapuscinski Miroslaw , Clendenning Mark , Rosty Christophe , Winship Ingrid M. , Emery Jon D. , Saya Sibel , Macrae Finlay A. , Ahnen Dennis J. , Duggan David , Figueiredo Jane C. , Lindor Noralane M. , Haile Robert W. , Potter John D. , Cotterchio Michelle , Gallinger Steven , Newcomb Polly A. , Buchanan Daniel D. , Casey Graham , Hopper John L.
Published: February 2018

Background

A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are common inherited genetic variants, have been identified that are associated with risk of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of these SNPs to estimate colorectal cancer (CRC) risk for persons with and without a family history of CRC, and the screening implications.

Methods

We estimated the association with CRC of a 45 SNP-based risk using 1,181 cases and 999 controls, and its correlation (r) with CRC risk predicted from detailed family history. We estimated the predicted change in the distribution across predefined risk categories, and implications for recommended age to commence screening, from adding SNP-based risk to family history.

Results

The inter-quintile risk ratio for colorectal cancer risk of the SNP-based risk was 2.46 (95% CI 1.91 – 3.11). SNP-based and family history-based risks were not correlated (r = 0.02). For persons with no first-degree relatives with CRC, recommended screening would commence 2 years earlier for women (4 years for men) in the highest quintile of SNP-based risk, and 12 years later for women (7 years for men) in the lowest quintile. For persons with two first-degree relatives with CRC, recommended screening would commence 15 years earlier for men and women in the highest quintile, and 8 years earlier for men and women in the lowest quintile.

Conclusions

Risk reclassification by 45 SNPs could inform targeted screening for CRC prevention, particularly in clinical genetics settings when mutations in high-risk genes cannot be identified.
Optimizing the conservation of migratory species over their full annual cycle
Authors: Schuster R. , Wilson S. , Rodewal A.D. , Arcese P. , Fink D. , Auer T. , Bennett J.R
Published: February 2018

Limited knowledge of the distribution, abundance, and habitat associations of migratory species introduces uncertainty about the most effective conservation actions. We used Neotropical migratory birds as a model group to evaluate contrasting approaches to land prioritization to support ≥30% of the global abundances of 117 species throughout the annual cycle in the Western hemisphere. Conservation targets were achieved in 43% less land area in plans based on annual vs. weekly optimizations. Plans agnostic to population structure required comparatively less land area to meet targets, but at the expense of representation. Less land area was also needed to meet conservation targets when human-dominated lands were included rather than excluded from solutions. Our results point to key trade-offs between efforts minimizing the opportunity costs of conservation vs. those ensuring spatiotemporal representation of populations, and demonstrate a novel approach to the conservation of migratory species based on leading-edge abundance models and linear programming to identify portfolios of priority landscapes and inform conservation planners.
Dissecting Conformational Changes in APP’s Transmembrane Domain Linked to ε-Efficiency in Familial Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Götz Alexander , Scharnagl Christina
Published: February 2018

The mechanism by which familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) mutations within the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) affect å-endoproteolysis is only poorly understood. Thereby, mutations in the cleavage domain reduce å-efficiency of ã-secretase cleavage and some even shift entry into production lines. Since cleavage occurs within the TMD, a relationship between processing and TMD structure and dynamics seems obvious. Using molecular dynamic simulations, we dissect the dynamic features of wild type and seven FAD-mutants into local and global components. Mutations consistently enhance hydrogen8 bond fluctuations upstream of the å-cleavage sites but maintain strong helicity there. Dynamic perturbation response scanning reveals that FAD-mutants target backbone motions utilized in the bound state. Those motions, obscured by large-scale motions in the pre-bound state, provide (i) a dynamic mechanism underlying the proposedcoupling between binding and å-cleavage, (ii) key sites consistent with experimentally determined docking sites, and (iii) the distinction between mutants and wild-type.
Insights into the evolution of extracellular leucine-rich repeats in metazoans with special reference to Toll-like receptor 4
Authors: Dhar Dipanjana , Dey Debayan , Basu Soumalee
Published: February 2018

The importance of the widely spread leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif has been studied considering TLRs, the LRR-containing protein involved in animal immune response. The protein connects intracellular signalling with a chain of molecular interaction through the presence of LRRs in the ectodomain and TIR in the endodomain. Domain analyses with human TLR1-9 reported ectodomain with tandem repeats, transmembrane domain and TIR domain. The repeat number varied across members of TLRs and remains characteristic to a particular member. Analysis of gene structure revealed absence of codon interruption with TLR3 and TLR4 as exceptions. Extensive study with TLR4 from metazoans confirmed the presence of 23 LRRs in tandem. Distinct clade formation using coding and amino acid sequence of individual repeats illustrated independent evolution. Although ectodomain and endodomain exhibited differential selection pressure, however, within the ectodomain, the individual repeats displayed positive, negative and neutral selection pressure depending on their structural and functional significance.
Multimodal on-axis platform for all-optical electrophysiology with near-infrared probes in human stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes
Authors: Klimas Aleksandra , Ortiz Gloria , Boggess Steven , Miller Evan W. , Entcheva Emilia
Published: February 2018

Combined optogenetic stimulation and optical imaging permits scalable, high-throughput probing of cellular electrophysiology and optimization of stem-cell derived excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. We report a new “on-axis” configuration of OptoDyCE, our all-optical platform for studying human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and other cell types, optically driven by Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2). This solid-state system integrates optogenetic stimulation with temporally-multiplexed simultaneous recording of membrane voltage (Vm) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) dynamics using a single photodetector. We demonstrate the capacity for combining multiple spectrally-compatible actuators and sensors, including newer high-performance near-infrared (NIR) voltage probes BeRST1 and Di-4-ANBDQBS, to record complex spatiotemporal responses of hiPSC-CMs to drugs in a high-throughput manner.
RNA-Seq in 296 phased trios provides a high resolution map of genomic imprinting
Authors: Jadhav Bharati , Monajemi Ramin , Gagalova Kristina K. , Ho Daniel , Draisma Harmen H.M. , van de Wiel Mark A. , Franke Lude , Heijmans Bastiaan T. , van Meurs Joyce , Jansen Rick , Consortium GoNL , Consortium BIOS , ‘t Hoen Peter A.C. , Sharp Andrew J. , Kiełbasa Szymon M.
Published: February 2018

Combining allelic analysis of RNA-Seq data with phased genotypes in family trios provides a powerful method to detect parent-of-origin biases in gene expression. We report findings in 296 family trios from two large studies: 165 lymphoblastoid cell lines from the 1000 Genomes Project, and 131 blood samples from the Genome of the Netherlands participants (GoNL). Based on parental haplotypes we identified >2.8 million transcribed heterozygous SNVs phased for parental origin, and developed a robust statistical framework for measuring allelic expression. We identified a total of 45 imprinted genes and one imprinted unannotated transcript, 17 of which have not previously been reported as showing parental expression bias. Multiple novel imprinted transcripts showing incomplete parental expression bias were located adjacent to known strongly imprinted genes. For example, PXDC1, a gene which lies adjacent to the paternally-expressed gene FAM50B, shows a 2:1 paternal expression bias. Other novel imprinted genes had promoter regions that coincide with sites of parentally-biased DNA methylation identified in blood from uniparental disomy (UPD) samples, thus providing independent validation of our results. Using the stranded nature of the RNA-Seq data in LCLs we identified multiple loci with overlapping sense/antisense transcripts, of which one is expressed paternally and the other maternally. Using a sliding window approach, we searched for imprinted expression across the entire genome, identifying a novel imprinted putative lncRNA in 13q21.2. Our methods and data provide a robust and high resolution map of imprinted gene expression in the human genome.
CRISPR RNAs trigger innate immune responses in human cells
Authors: Kim Sojung , Koo Taeyoung , Jee Hyeon-Gun , Cho Hee-Yeon , Lee Gyeorae , Lim Dong-Gyun , Shin Hyoung Shik , Kim Jin-Soo
Published: February 2018

Here, we report that CRISPR guide RNAs (gRNAs) with a 5′-triphosphate group (5′-ppp gRNAs) produced via in vitro transcription trigger RNA-sensing innate immune responses in human and murine cells, leading to cytotoxicity. 5′-ppp gRNAs in the cytosol are recognized by DDX58, which in turn activates type I interferon responses, causing up to ∼80% cell death. We show that the triphosphate group can be removed by a phosphatase in vitro and that the resulting 5′-hydroxyl gRNAs in complex with Cas9 or Cpf1 avoid innate immune responses and can achieve targeted mutagenesis at a frequency of 95% in primary human CD4+T cells. These results are in line with previous findings that chemically synthesized sgRNAs with a 5′-hydroxyl group are much more efficient than in vitro–transcribed (IVT) sgRNAs in human and other mammalian cells. The phosphatase treatment of IVT sgRNAs is a cost-effective method for making highly active sgRNAs, avoiding innate immune responses in human cells.
Bis(2-formylphenyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
Authors: Mohamed Shaaban K. , Mague Joel T. , Akkurt Mehmet , Hawaiz Farouq E. , Ayoob Mzgin M. , Hussein Awaz J.
Published: February 2018

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C22H14O6, consists of two independent molecules differing in the orientations of the ester groups. In one molecule, the two terminal benzene rings are inclined to the central benzene ring by 4.99 (13) and 77.46 (13)°, while in the other the corresponding angles are 11.03 (13) and 88.09 (12)°. In the crystal, molecules are connected into a ribbon structure running along [101]viaC—H...O and C—H...π interactions. Adjacent ribbons are further linked by additional C—H...O and C—H...π interactions. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin [twin law (0.986 − 0.073 − 0.008, 0.323 1.036 0.148, −0.121 − 0.102 0.942)], the ratio of components being 0.937 (4):0.063 (4).