bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibodies in COVID‐19 convalescent plasma and conventional plasma units
Authors: Sulaiman Andrew , Sengsouk Isabella , White Jodie L. , Marshall Christi , Fernandez Reinaldo E. , Redd Andrew D. , Eby Yolanda , Casadevall Arturo , Sullivan David , Gebo Kelly , Shoham Shmuel , Laeyendecker Oliver , Rai Herleen , Bloch Evan M. , Crowe Elizabeth P. , Tobian Aaron A. R.
Published: January 2025

Background

The Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies guidelines recommend the use of high‐titer COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) for patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 at high risk of disease progression, including those who are immunocompromised. We hypothesized that conventional plasma units have comparable neutralizing antibody levels to CCP.

Study Design and Methods

Conventional plasma and CCP units were obtained from blood suppliers. Quantitatively measured antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 were assessed using the MesoScale Discovery multiplex electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Binding antibody distributions were compared with Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests. SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralizing antibodies were analyzed using the GeneScript ELISA‐based neutralization assay. The proportion of conventional and CCP units with a percent signal inhibition of ≥80% (as defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration for CCP in 2021) and exact binomial confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Results

Among 218 conventional plasma units and 74 CCP units collected between September 2023 and July 2024, the distribution of total antibody binding levels largely overlapped between conventional plasma and CCP, though statistically significant differences in median nucleocapsid and spike Omicron variant concentrations were observed. Median percent signal neutralization was 97.5% (range 3.4%–98.6%) among conventional plasma units and 97.7% (range 95.4%–98.6%) among CCP units. For conventional plasma, 95.0% (95% CI = 91.2%–97.5%) met the neutralization antibody threshold for high‐titer CCP. For CCP, 100% (95% CI = 95.1%–100.0%) met the neutralization threshold for high‐titer CCP.

Conclusion

Conventional plasma units demonstrate similar median antibody concentration to CCP units. In countries or regions where licensed CCP is unavailable and titers are unknown, transfusion of multiple conventional plasma units may be of clinical utility.
Conducting Pairwise and Network Meta-analyses in Updated and Living Systematic Reviews: a Scoping Review Protocol
Authors: Konstantinidis Menelaos , Stratton Catherine , Tsokani Sofia , Elliott Julian , Simmonds Mark , McGowan Jessie , Moher David , Tricco Andrea C. , Veroniki Areti-Angeliki
Published: January 2025

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review will be to describe existing guidance documents or studies reporting on the conduct of meta-analyses in updated systematic reviews (USRs) or living systematic reviews (LSRs).

Introduction:

The rapid increase in the medical literature poses a substantial challenge in keeping systematic reviews up to date. In LSRs, a review is updated with a pre-specified frequency or when some other signalling criterion is triggered. While the LSR framework is well-established, there is uncertainty regarding the most appropriate methods for conducting repeated meta-analyses over time, which may result in sub-optimal decision-making.

Inclusion criteria:

Studies of any design (including commentaries, books, manuals) providing guidance on conducting meta-analysis in USRs or LSRs.

Methods:

We will use the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. We will search multiple medical bibliographic databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, JBI Evidence Synthesis, and PsycINFO), statistical and mathematics databases (COBRA, Current Index to Statistics, MathSciNet, Project Euclid Complete, and zbMATH), pre-print archives (Arvix, BioRxiv, and MedRxiv), as well as difficult to locate/unpublished (or gray) literature. Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts, and full-text documents, and extract data. Characteristics of recommendations for meta-analysis in USRs and LSRs will be presented using descriptive statistics and categorized concepts.

Details of this review project can be found in Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/9c27g
Accessible Digital Reconstruction and Mechanical Prediction of 3D-Printed Prosthetics
Authors: Lee Junghun , Nkama Chukwuemeka , Yusuf Hadiza , Maina Joseph , Ikuzwe Jean , Byiringiro Jean , Busogi Moise , Tucker Conrad
Published: January 2025

We identify two significant issues that render prosthetics inaccessible. First, obtaining a representation of the residual limb can be inaccessible. Conventional approaches require equipment or expertise often unavailable in resource-constrained communities. Second, it is challenging to determine the prosthetic design, filament material, and printing process that satisfies mechanical functionality requirements because it is difficult to predict the mechanical properties of 3D-printed prosthetics. Therefore, we propose a method to achieve a digital residual limb model from a smartphone video and predict the mechanical functionality of the 3D-printed prosthetic. We also present a case study that demonstrates the feasibility of the method. Digital reconstruction results show that the smartphone type influences reconstruction time and mesh quality, with correlation coefficients of 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. Also, the distance between the residual limb and the smartphone influences the reconstruction scale, with a correlation coefficient of –0.90. Seven of eight digital reconstruction results achieved an average deviation lower than 2 mm, which is viable for designing prosthetics. The XGBoost model trained to predict the effective material data of the 3D-printed part achieved an R2 over 0.99 for all predictions. The predicted effective material data are used to predict the mechanical functionality of a 3D-printed prosthetic. The mechanical functionality is evaluated following ISO-10328. The results reveal that different prosthetic designs, filament materials, and printing processes yield different mechanical functionality. These factors can be determined according to the predicted functionalities and the patient’s needs.
A Diagnostic Model to Verify Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Specifications
Authors: Sun Wangping , Gao Yanqing
Published: January 2025

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is crucial for ensuring the quality and functionality of products. However, the absence of well-defined GD&T design rules often leads to errors in existing designs. These errors can result in a misunderstanding of the original design intent and hinder the development of new products. It has become imperative to verify and correct these errors. This paper introduces a diagnostic model aimed at checking and improving GD&T specifications, demonstrating its effectiveness through exemplary designs. The proposed diagnostic model employs a top-down approach to dissect GD&T callouts into six discrete layers until the datum setup is exposed. Each layer is verified against the Rule-based Specification, ensuring correct callouts are retained, incorrect ones are revised, redundant ones are eliminated, and missing ones are added where necessary. The significance of the research lies in its contribution to improving GD&T practices through a systematic diagnostic model that addresses errors in existing designs, facilitates learning among designers, and potentially sets a standard for GD&T verification in engineering practice. The model is the first of its kind in the public domain. The establishment of such a model represents an advancement in standardizing GD&T verification practices.
Many-Objective Optimization of Hybrid Control Systems for Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Wu Xinhuang , Sardahi Yousef
Published: January 2025

This paper presents an optimal cascade control structure for a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that uses a blend of linear and nonlinear control algorithms. To control the UAV’s position, a mathematical model is developed first. This model, nonlinear in its initial form, is linearized based on an operating point of the UAV. With the nonlinear version of the model, a sliding mode control facilitates the formulation of the motor thrust control laws, which guide the UAV to its desired position. The linear model, meanwhile, is used to create two controllers: the XG-controller and the YG-controller, which compute the necessary roll and pitch to move the vehicle to the XG and YG global positions. Additionally, three attitude controllers are established to calculate the rotors’ desired angular rates, under the presumption of minimal Euler angles. An optimization problem is then developed with 21 design parameters and 10 objectives and is solved using HypE (Hypervolume Estimation) algorithm, a popular many-objective optimization algorithm, under stability and performance constraints. The optimization generates Pareto sets and fronts, indicating that the design objectives compete. Numerical simulations based on the nonlinear UAV model affirm the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach.
Seat Angle Effects on Disc Degeneration for Pilots in High-G Environments
Authors: Reyes Kadozono Ann , DeWitt Timothy , Kraft Reuben H.
Published: January 2025

In aviation, pilots frequently encounter high-G environments, not only in operations but also in training. Pilots have reported high levels of injury to their neck and back as a result. It is hypothesized that this pain is linked to accelerated intervertebral disc degeneration, and research suggests that exposure to high G forces can accelerate intervertebral disc degeneration in the spine. Establishing a methodology to evaluate these effects is crucial to reduce the risk of spinal abnormalities in pilots. The impact of seat angle on disc degeneration during high-G maneuvers among F-16 pilots remains uncertain and requires further investigation to comprehend its role.

This study utilized the Toyota Human Model for Safety (THUMS) to investigate how seat angles affect intervertebral discs using a loading profile that mirrors the forces experienced during centrifuge training. Effective stress data is collected to calculate the fatigue damage that occurs over time in the disc under different seat angles. This understanding can help develop effective training programs and preventive measures to protect pilots’ health during training and operational missions.
Integration of IoT Network and Sensors With a Full-Sized Quadruped in a Simulated Human-Centered Environment
Authors: Ho Jonathan , Cajuste Jefferson , Schneidler Alexander , Tatoglu Akin , Sohn Kiwon
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the updated mechanical design, integrated IoT network, and developed inverse kinematics and gait models of HARQ (Human Assistive and Robust Quadruped). Based on the mechanical limitations of its predecessor, a new connector, foot, planetary gearbox, leg, and body design are presented. Due to additions and improvements to the mechanical design, new inverse kinematics and gait modes are developed to permit HARQ to navigate a physical workspace. To make use of these improvements, an IoT network is integrated with HARQ to allow the quadruped to wirelessly gather and respond to information in real-time. To evaluate HARQ, an indoor experimental space was designed to accommodate an isolated IoT network, sufficient workspace, and simulate a typical human environment. HARQ was able to respond to wireless motion sensor data proctored over an MQTT network. The results are promising steps towards IoT integration into robots.
Electromechanical Design and Vehicle Driving Capability Upgrade of a Full-Sized Humanoid, HART
Authors: Bickford Harry , Yang Jaesung , Esteves Andrew , Shen Xin , Sohn Kiwon
Published: January 2025

In this paper, the applicability of various gear designs and layouts that can increase manipulators’ joint torque outputs of a full-sized humanoid is studied first. The investigation encompasses an exploration of different configurations involving varied gearing, array arrangements, and magnet placements to optimize the resultant magnetic field of the magnetic gear. Then, a waypoint navigation control utilizing a monocular lane and intersection detection algorithm developed based on Region of Interest (RoI) Hough Transform and landmark detection built based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is investigated to enable the humanoid to drive its assigned vehicle in an autonomous way. The RoI detection and CNN models are developed and trained using diverse intersections, enabling algorithms to determine the distance between the vehicle and the intersection. Lastly, testing and evaluation of the built gear mechanism and driving control system are implemented in real-world human-centered environments.
Force and Torque Synthesis of Four-Bar Linkages Using Geometric Constraint Programming
Authors: Chan Cody Leeheng
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes a method to synthesize four-bar linkages and crank sliders with a prescribed torque or force function for the output link. Based on the concept of virtual work, the force or torque generation problems are transformed into velocity ratio synthesis problems. In contrast to the traditional analytical method that requires solving numerous equations with complicated mathematical treatments, the proposed approach only needs basic drawing techniques of CAD software and basic kinematic knowledge of graphical analysis. Taking advantage of the geometric constraint in commercial CAD software, the velocity polygon of each desired precision position can be constructed, and the value of the objective velocity can be assigned to synthesize the linkage reversibly. This paper demonstrates the approach by synthesizing four-bar linkages and crank sliders that satisfy three or four precise positions of prescribed linear and nonlinear torque or force functions. The result shows that the output torque or the output force of the designed linkage can approximately trace the required function with small errors. With the aid of the CAD software, the linkage mechanical advantage of several positions can be assigned directly, creating and addressing a new category of dimensional synthesis different from traditional function, path, and motion generation. It may be called force generation or mechanical advantage generation. The approach may provide a new perspective to the linkage designer.
Rapid Manufacturing Solid Microneedle Array by Integrated Digital Light Processing With Machine Learning (DLP-ML)
Authors: Lestari Dwi Mardika , Chen Pin-chuan
Published: January 2025

Microneedle arrays (μNA) are gaining popularity in the field of drug delivery due to their potential to minimize side effects compared to conventional hypodermic needles. Generally, μNA is manufacturing through three or two stages which lack of flexibility in design. 3d printing is one of the powerful method that could be employed in three or two stages. However, it could be extended to single stage by directly manufacturing μNA from designated material. Digital light processing (DLP) is a kind of 3d printing which is using in this study. A further understanding of DLP printing parameters would be investigated such as LED current (mA), curing time (sec), z-thickness (μm), and grayscale level image (0 to 255). This study explores the integration of DLP technology and machine learning (ML), namely DLP-ML, to manufacture μNA with customizable size, rapid production process, and reduced material wastage. The initial process in developing ML model is preparing a dataset obtained from experimental approach. An orthogonal table is simplified the number of experiment. The orthogonal table is contained five factors and five levels, L25. The dataset is divided into input and output and substituted to ML system. In this approach, ML algorithms are employed to determine the optimal digital mask patterns and printing parameters for DLP-ML manufacturing. The study is employed various ML configurations in term of algorithm and number of hidden layer. Under different algorithm, the sort of larger to lower accuracy is arranged Bayesian regularization backpropagation (BR10), Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation (LM10), and scaled conjugate gradient backpropagation (SCG10), respectively. It also notices that the deviation of BR10 is proving that μNA is manufactured uniformly on a substrate. It is ultimately selecting Bayesian regularization backpropagation for its superior accuracy, exceeding 90%. For different number of hidden layer, the default value, 10, is also resulting highest accuracy among others. Then, BR10 could be concluded as the best ML configuration in this case. This algorithm empowers DLP-ML manufacturing to produce μNA arrays with various aspect ratio (AR), representing the ratio between the height and base diameter of μNA. The AR of 15 is highest that could be performed and the critical AR of μNA bending is found at 7 (700/100). By harnessing the synergy of DLP-ML technologies, this research presents a promising avenue for the advancement of drug delivery systems, offering enhanced precision, scalability, and therapeutic efficacy in medical applications. Finally, DLP-ML is successfully developed a rapid μNA manufacturing with different dimensions very accurately.
Effects of Water Droplet Impact on the Flow Characteristics in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuation
Authors: Ahumada Lazo Jorge , Lelikov Petr , Sarwar MD Sohaib Bin , Liu Yang
Published: January 2025

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuation has been widely recognized as an effective active flow control method on aircraft or wind turbines due to its unique advantage of rapid momentum transport through an induced airflow by the acceleration of ionized gas during plasma discharge. Applications include lift augmentation on wing sections, manipulation of turbulent boundary layers, and leading-edge separation flow control, among others. However, airplane or wind turbine surfaces where DBD plasma actuators are installed are consistently exposed to humid environments or droplet clouds. Under these conditions, water droplets can impact the plasma actuators and interact with the plasma discharge. In this paper, the dynamic processes of water droplets impacting on the plasma discharge region of a surface DBD actuator were studied. A series of thermal-flow diagnostic methods, including High-speed imaging, infrared thermal imaging, and Schlieren visualization, were utilized to characterize the dynamics of droplet impacting and interacting with a surface DBD plasma discharge. It is found that the droplet initially acts as an extended electrode, it then migrates in the direction of induced flow and promotes the formation of high-intensity plasma streamers. It is also revealed that there is a significant increase in the angle (from ∼ 14° to ∼ 44°) of the induced airflow within the first 30 ms after droplet impact. The dominating airflow structures were characterized using high-speed imaging. The changes in flow direction and momentum flow rate found in this study are expected to fundamentally alter the performance of DBD actuators.
Enhancing Undergraduate Engineering Design Education Through Team-Based Learning Activities
Authors: Yihun Yimesker , Lamei Lena
Published: January 2025

This research involved two activities to enhance teamwork in team-oriented projects: Fair Game (FG) and a prototype-based mini classroom project (MCPBP). During FG, teams worked together to solve problems related to the lectures over a span of two weeks. Subsequently, each student was individually evaluated, with the option to select either their own scores or those of their teammates for each problem, adding an element of risk. In MCPBP, students in a team designed and prototyped mechanisms within a single classroom session. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods, analyzing performance data and feedback to explore the correlation between self-efficacy, individual performance, and teamwork effectiveness. It also examined variations based on age, race, and first-generation status. The research identified strengths and areas for improvement in teamwork effectiveness, offering recommendations for improvement. Analysis of Teamwork Effectiveness (TE) showed students’ better performance in the ‘communicational’ and ‘relational’ aspects than in ‘organizational’ aspects. Students excelled in TE and individual task performance (ITP), although improvements were needed in General Academic Self-efficacy (GASE). TE was a more significant indicator of ITP than GASE. The study highlighted the need for better time management, commitment, planning, and goal setting to improve the ‘organizational’ component of TE.
Microstructure and Morphology Analysis of DC-Magnetron Sputtered TiAlSi Thin Coatings on Glass, T42 High Speed Steel, and AISI 01 Tool Steel Substrates
Authors: Wambua Job M. , Mwema Fredrick M. , Zoppi Guillaume , Woo Wai-Lok , Akinlabi Esther T.
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the properties of the base coating, TiAlSi, which is often used in reactive sputtering for surface protection of conventional tool materials for machining operations. The TiAlSi thin film coatings were deposited on glass, T42 High-Speed Steel (HSS), and AISI 01 Tool Steel (TS). TiAlSi thin films are deposited by Direct Current (DC) Magnetron Sputtering (DCMS) using a custom-made Ti52Al16Si10 wt.% target using a range of substrate temperatures (23–400 °C) and deposition times (40–190 minutes). The thickness of the thin films significantly reduces from about 252 nm to 122 nm with an increase in the substrate temperature from 23 °C to 400 °C, respectively. The topographic and microstructural analyses show large and flattened particles of TiAlSi thin films on coatings deposited for longer periods (at 150 and 190 minutes) and a reduction in the physical grain sizes with increased substrate temperature, hence the reduced coating thickness. High-temperature deposition of TiAlSi coatings on HSS and TS leads to the development of troughs, hillocks, and craters as the major forms of defects, which ultimately increase the roughness values of the thin films. Analysis of the crystal structure of the as-deposited TiAlSi coatings shows the amorphous nature of the coatings with no observable peaks. These findings allow for the precise tailoring of the deposition parameters of TiAlSi thin films as base coatings for Ti-based thin films for surface protection of cutting tools.
Enhancing Material Property Prediction in High Entropy Alloys Through Machine Learning
Authors: Osuna Oscar , Adibi Sara
Published: January 2025

The intricate nature of novel materials, particularly non-equiatomic High Entropy Alloys (HEAs), presents significant challenges in material design. Leveraging Machine Learning (ML) techniques, particularly Support Vector Machine (SVM) models, offers a promising solution to these challenges. This study explores the application of ML in predicting the material properties of HEAs, focusing on comparing different ML models and methodologies. Through systematic analysis, SVM models demonstrate superior performance in predicting material properties, with notable differences in the predictability of Young’s modulus and yield strength. This research underscores the efficacy of ML techniques in advancing material property prediction in HEAs, offering valuable insights into the design and optimization of these complex materials.
Performance Enhancement of Thermoelectric Generators Integrated With Advanced Metamaterials Design for Waste Heat Recovery
Authors: Tang Ya , Huang Bowen , Li Yan
Published: January 2025

Thermoelectric generation, particularly through solid-state thermoelectric generators (TEGs), is a viable clean energy solution that can convert low-grade heat directly into electricity using a temperature gradient. However, the thermal gradient in traditional TEGs tends to decrease over time, often retaining only 20–30% of its peak value after stabilization. Although adding a passive heat sink to TEGs can alleviate the rapid decrease in thermal gradient, it is imperative to explore more robust and efficient solutions to sustain optimal performance over extended periods. In this study, various metamaterial designs — including square, triangular, re-entrant, hexagonal honeycomb, and irregular design — are implemented in the passive heat sink. Their corresponding thermoelectric performance is evaluated using a finite element model. It is found that introducing the honeycomb metamaterial design concept into the heat sink can effectively prevent thermal gradient loss in TEGs. Specifically, compared to TEGs with a conventional heat sink, the output power can be increased by 9.25–18.28%. Additionally, increasing the unit cell number of triangular and re-entrant metamaterial from 4 × 4 × 4 to 7 × 7 × 7 can further enhance the output power by 10.07–11.82%. Implementation of metamaterials in heat sinks can push the limits of conventional thermal management, unlocking new levels of efficiency and performance.
Osmosis
Authors: Howlett Larry D.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents an improved model for the phenomenon of osmosis. It extends the excellent work introduced by J.H. van’t Hoff more than 130 years ago. The van’t Hoff model was a major improvement to the previous 100 years of research and experiments and has served as a solid place holder to support the tremendous advances that we have seen in many fields. Osmosis is a fluid flow phenomenon important to biological, water purification, and other problem areas. Osmotic flow occurs from a pure substance through a membrane into a solution. Flow stops when osmotic pressure is applied to the solution. The proposed model is an attempt to model a micro-scale process with macro-scale variables. The model introduces vapor pressure as the driving force for osmotic flow through a membrane. It is supported by experimental data. Although osmosis is the focus of this paper, it also opens a forgotten but important view of our educational system. The study of science is a continuing process.
Innovative Y-Shaped Stent Fabrication: A Leap Forward in Bifurcation Lesion Treatment
Authors: Gharaie Saleh , Zolfagharian Ali , Amiri Moghadam Amir Ali
Published: January 2025

This study introduces a novel method for fabricating Y-shaped stents from Nitinol sheets, aimed at addressing clinical needs more effectively than current braided designs. Stents play a crucial role in treating narrowed blood vessels, but conventional methods often result in high bending resistance and increased risk of in-stent restenosis (ISR). The proposed method allows for precise control over the stent’s flexibility and mesh density, overcoming the limitations of braiding techniques. A complex Y-shaped stent design was developed and subjected to extensive mechanical testing, including tensile, bending, and crush resistance tests, and finite element analysis (FEA). The results demonstrated that the developed stent exhibited superior flexibility, lower bending resistance, and high structural integrity under various load conditions. The stent’s performance was benchmarked against a commercially available Y-shaped stent, showing comparable or improved mechanical properties. This innovative approach enhances the mechanical performance of Y-shaped stents and also opens new possibilities for design customization, potentially improving clinical outcomes and reducing complications associated with stent implantation.
A Three-Stage Progressive Feedrate Planning Method for Five-Axis CNC Machining Under Complex Constraints
Authors: Wang Shu , Zhang Hui
Published: January 2025

For sculptured surface machining, compared with three-axis machining, the tool in five-axis machining can cut in a variety of postures, which leads to greater potential for high-speed and high-precision machining. However, due to the introduction of the rotational axes, the relationship between the toolpath in the workpiece coordinate system and the motion of drive axes in the machine coordinate system is nonlinear. In this way, nonlinear constraints will inevitably be introduced in the five-axis feedrate planning, which brings difficulties for solving the time-optimal feedrate profile. For this issue, this paper proposes a three-stage progressive feedrate planning method for five-axis toolpath, which can rapidly achieve the approximation of the optimal feedrate profile while satisfying complex constraint conditions. In Stage I, independent-point feedrate planning is carried out to constrain chord error, tangential velocity and drive-axis velocity. In Stage II, by bidirectional scanning and curve fitting of discrete points of feedrate, tangential acceleration and drive-axis acceleration constraints are satisfied and the feedrate profile is smoothed. In Stage III, constraints on tangential jerk and drive-axis jerk are further introduced and the feedrate curve is linearly optimized for all the constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed feedrate planning method is validated using the toolpath for five-axis machining of a twisted impeller blade, where the interpolation point sequence obtained based on the planned feedrate can basically satisfy the aforementioned constraint conditions.
The Modified Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis in Aviation
Authors: Zhang Xiaodan , Yan Shengyuan , Liu Xin , Song Jian , Ahmed Waqas
Published: January 2025

Human error is an important factor in aviation. The cognitive reliability and error analysis (CREAM) calculates human error in aviation. The paper calculates the more accurate human error probability (HEP) for airplane takeoff using a modified CREAM. The traditional approach lacks the importance of common performance conditions (CPCs) weights in aircraft operation processes. The modified CREAM uses HTA (Hierarchical Task Analysis) to decompose the airplane takeoff tasks. The modified CREAM takes the important weights of original CPCs considering the working situation of pilots in the cockpit, and uses two methods to achieve the important weight more accurately. The one method is the D-Entropy to get the important weight of CPCs, the other gets the important weight of CPCs using cloud models. To verify the proposed method sensitivity, the modified CREAM changes any CPCs into positive and negative changes respectively. When the CPCs are in positive changes, the results of HEP are effective. When the CPCs are in negative changes, the results of HEP are passive. The modified CREAM can provide references for aircraft operational reliability analysis, and it calculates the HEP more accurately in aviation.
Development of a Low-Cost Stiffness Measurement Device for Human Achilles Tendon
Authors: Salman Muhammad , Butler Carolyn , Shah Iti , Salman Fatima
Published: January 2025

The stiffness of the Achilles tendon is crucial for improving athletic performance, preventing injuries, and aiding rehabilitation. The ability to efficiently store and transfer energy during activities like running and jumping relies on the optimal stiffness of this tendon. Any deviation from this optimal range can increase the risk of injuries such as tendinopathy or ruptures. Current imaging techniques, such as MRI and ultrasound, mainly focus on assessing structural changes and overlooking the important elastic properties necessary for proper function. This study introduces Surface Elastography (SURF-E), which uses an accelerometer as a cost-effective, portable, and non-invasive way to measure Achilles tendon stiffness. The SURF-E method aims to improve the diagnosis and prediction of tendon injuries, help in evaluating the risk of injuries, and enhance rehabilitation outcomes. By involving both undergraduate and graduate students in the design of experiments and analysis of data, this research encourages interdisciplinary collaboration and enhances educational development. SURF-E provides a practical tool to speed up recovery, reduce the risk of reinjury, and cut down healthcare costs related to Achilles tendon injuries. This study highlights the potential of SURF-E in giving clinicians a dependable method to assess tendon stiffness, customize treatment plans for individual patients, and monitor progress during therapy, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare results.
Ballistic Response of a Multilayer Target Containing Large Material Variations
Authors: Luckett DeBorah C. , Bowman Andrew
Published: January 2025

Polymers are widely used engineering materials that can provide exceptional toughness, high energy absorption, and complex dynamic behaviors that produce intricate structure-property relationships. While considering these factors, the goal of this research is to investigate the ballistic response both experimentally and numerically when stacking soft and hard materials, such as a polystyrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene star block copolymer (PS-PIB-PS), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and a steel backing plate, respectively. Together, 12-in. × 12-in. targets of each polymer are combined with a thin 12-in. × 12-in. steel metal backing plate to form a multilayer polymer/steel target. Within this multilayer target, both PS-PIB-PS (also known as SIBSTAR) and HDPE had a thickness of 1-in. while the steel plate had a thickness of 0.06-in., making the total dimensions of the multilayer target 12-in. × 12-in. × 2.06-in. Ballistics tests were conducted on the multilayer target utilizing a spherical steel projectile in the speed range of 415–518 m/s. The ballistic limit of the individual and multilayer targets was captured, and the examination of kinetic energy dissipation and deformation failure modes under impact was performed. Finite element (FE) simulations were conducted with the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian 3D (ALE3D) software to model the ballistic response and capture the extreme deformation observed in the multilayer target during testing. Results show that the FE model can successfully capture the ballistic response of the individual components and multilayer targets with high accuracy. The multilayer target exhibits qualities of both HDPE and SIBSTAR and provides an overall better ballistic response compared to the individual components.
New Shear Ram Development via Digital Toolkit and Multiple Objective Optimization Process
Authors: Wang Yaou , Clancy Terry , Pettibone Nate , Givens Matthew , Nault Chris , Zhang Haitao
Published: January 2025

A blowout preventer (BOP) stack serves as a safety valve system in the drilling process in the oil and gas industry. A ram BOP plays the key role as the last safety guard in the BOP stack. Recently, to meet the operator demands for improved ram capabilities as heavier tubulars are used with deeper wells, a new shear ram was needed. The development process used a new digital design optimization method, which replaced the traditional trial-and-error method. The new method combines finite element analysis-based 3D visualization simulations, automation toolkit method, and a multi-objective optimization method. This process can be much more efficient in achieving the desired design faster and satisfies more rigorous criteria. In one such case, the achieved new ram design successfully passed qualification verification and resulted in providing a key delivery to operators with shorter development time.
Development of 3D Damage Mechanics-Based Model for Predicting Fiber Orientation-Influenced Crack Propagation in Unidirectional Lamina
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Meena Anil , Mulay Shantanu S.
Published: January 2025

This study develops and validates a three-dimensional continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model to predict crack paths in a lamina, focusing on the influence of fiber orientation on crack propagation. Utilizing 3D Hashin’s failure theory and a stiffness degradation law based on equivalent strain and stress concepts, the model assesses damage onset and progression, respectively. The key contribution is providing a clear approach for orthotropic material 3D patch tests, addressing constitutive responses and specific failure modes, an area lacking in current literature. These patch tests, executed in ABAQUS with a user material subroutine (VUMAT), were verified by varying fiber orientations in unidirectional laminae. Results show model responses within a 2% margin of error, with consistent crack propagation along the fiber-matrix interface for different orientations. The numerical results are validated against available experimental results, accurately predicting crack paths influenced by fiber orientation. This framework will be applied to study machining-induced failures in 3D laminates.
Preliminary Design Study of Biomimetic Multi-Winglets for Tip Vortex Splitting
Authors: Lee Peter C. , Sarigul-Klijn Nesrin
Published: January 2025

Biomimetic designs draw inspiration from biological organisms for engineering design. This paper will study a design of multiple-piece winglets based on the wingtip feathers of birds. The biomimetic multi-winglet designs proposed in this work have the potential to improve aerodynamic performance. The hypothesis is that the designs cause splitting of the standard large single tip vortices into multiple, smaller tip vortices. This separation into smaller vortices have the potential to reduce induced effects. The proposed biomimetic multi-piece winglets have the following design parameters: number of winglets, individual winglet dimensions, dihedral angles, angles of attack, and sweep angles. The simulations are performed using a low-order potential flow method on the program OpenVSP, known as Vortex Lattice Method (VLM). These VLM simulations are used to calculate values like lift, total drag, and induced drag of the various designs, which will be tabulated to establish the efficacy of each design parameter. Various combinations of these parameters will also be studied to find the optimal designs. The simulation data will be provided for the preliminary comparative design study, which currently include the effects on the variation of chordwise positions and dihedrals of the winglets.
Efficient Regeneration of the Current Collectors From Degraded Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Al-Shammari Hammad
Published: January 2025

Despite existing procedures for recycling and regenerating the anode and cathode active materials of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs), achieving efficient reintegration of current collectors, predominantly composed of aluminum and copper foils, into the production of new lithium-ion batteries remains a challenge. This work presents a detailed case study on the direct reuse of current collectors, representing a significant step towards reducing the environmental impact associated with end-of-life Li-ion batteries. Given the high purity and value of aluminum and copper in LIB manufacturing, there is considerable interest in recycling and reusing these materials, particularly within the Electric Vehicle (EV) market. This paper investigates the feasibility of recycling, purifying, and reusing aluminum and copper current collectors in new LIBs. The study involves recycling and purifying current collectors from retired LIBs, followed by their regeneration into fresh LIBs. Initially, shredded LIB cells are separated to isolate components containing aluminum and copper. Various solvents are then explored for ultrasonic cleaning of these components. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the purification process, recycled current collectors are used in the fabrication of new LIBs, and their performance is rigorously evaluated. The findings suggest that current collectors from spent LIBs can indeed be reused in the production of new LIBs. However, there is room for improvement in the purification process to enhance the cycling performance of these new LIBs, highlighting the need for further research and development in this area.
Comparative Analysis of Phase Change Material (PCM) Thermal Energy Storages Under Different Orientations With and Without Metal Foam
Authors: Fareedi Atiq Ur Rehman , Khoso Abdul Qadeer , Khan Hurmat , Buonomo Bernardo , Manca Oronzio , Nardini Sergio
Published: January 2025

Energy storage and recovery are of prime importance in thermal energy storage design. To evaluate this phenomenon in phase change materials (PCM) thermal energy storages, a square channel with multiple tubes connected in serial arrangement has been experimentally analyzed for different tilt angles. PCM type RUBITHERM (RT-42) acts as a thermal energy storage medium, and the whole setup is designed in two configurations, i-e, only PCM and PCM with aluminum metal foam. The setup comprises a thermal bath, distilled water, circulation pump, data acquisition system, thermocouples, flow regulating valves and thermal storages under investigation. The study reveals that, the presence of metal foam along with PCM results in an enhanced heat transfer rate (up to 3∼4 times) compared to only PCM case due to the uniform distribution of temperature provided by highly conductive metal foam. The analysis of thermal storage at different tilts suggests that there is no significant improvement in heat transfer rate in PCM embedded metal foam cases with inclination due to enhanced thermal conductivity and uniform temperature distribution. However, for the full PCM case, the heat transfer rate in thermal energy storage is increased up to ∼1.6 times with the increase in inclination due to the presence of buoyancy force.
Index for Efficient Pest Detection Using Multispectral Imaging
Authors: Manzo Maurizio , Melead Carson , Arellanes Josue
Published: January 2025

Pesticides have many benefits for agriculture but do pose a problem when unmanaged. Pests can be difficult to detect and if pest activities such as growth and travel patterns can be easily recorded, then there can be an early detection of any potential problems such as overgrowth that can lead to environmental hazards. Another important benefit of detection methods for pests is the detection of invasive species that affect agriculture by decimating crops, causing economic losses and disruptions in food supply chains, especially during cross border activities. In this work, multispectral imaging is used to develop an index for pest detection using a monochromatic light source. A selected pest such as beetles is used in different environments. A new index would be able to capture spectral patterns or signatures associated with pest presence/damage with a high accuracy. The intended research can be expanded for many different pest species. The experimental setup is made with different illumination sources including a monochromatic red light and diffused light. Using a multispectral camera, a reflectance analysis is conducted from the images acquired, and an index indicating the presence of pests in rice is found and proposed herein. Ultimately, this study can aid in reducing the risk of invasive pests entering the US borders undetected, which can improve the food supply chains and strengthen the nation’s economy.
Investigating Seismocardiogram Patterns: A Computational Modeling of Cardiac Wall Motion Propagation to the Chest Surface
Authors: Monfared Mohammadali , Thibbotuwawa Gamage Peshala , Taebi Amirtahà
Published: January 2025

Cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of global mortality, demand refined diagnostic methods. Seismocardiography (SCG), a noninvasive method of measuring cardiovascular-induced vibrations on the chest surface, offers promise in assessing cardiac function. The cardiac wall movements are transmitted to the organs around the heart and eventually damped onto the chest surface, where they manifest as visible vibrations. These chest surface vibrations can be measured using an accelerometer via SCG. Although SCG signals are widely used in literature, further investigations are needed to understand the genesis of their patterns under different pathophysiological conditions. The goal of this study is to improve our understanding of the origin of SCG signals by simulating the transmission of cardiac motion reaching the chest surface using finite element method, and linking back the patterns of the simulated SCG signals to specific cardiac events. The computational domain, extracted from 4D computed tomography (CT) images of a healthy subject, comprised the lungs, ribcage, and chest muscles and fat. Using the Lukas-Kanade algorithm, the cardiac wall motion was extracted from the 4D CT scan images and was used as a displacement boundary condition. The elastic material properties were assigned to the lungs, muscles, fat, and rib cage. The dorsoventral SCG component from the finite element modeling was compared with two actual SCG signals obtained from the literature. The left ventricular volume was also calculated from the CT scans and was used to interpret the SCG waveforms. Important cardiac phases were labeled on the SCG signal extracted from the computationally modeled acceleration map near the xiphoid. This type of analysis can provide insights into various cardiac parameters and SCG patterns corresponding to the mitral valve closing, mitral valve opening, aortic valve opening, and aortic valve closure. These findings suggested the effectiveness of this modeling approach in understanding the underlying sources of the SCG waveforms.
Understanding the Impacts of Jointly Optimizing Product and Supply Chain Decisions for Complex Products
Authors: Uhles Chad , Mudzurandende Melinda , McComb Christopher , Medal Hugh
Published: January 2025

The disruptions that occurred during and after the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the fragility of the US supply chain. Currently, supply chain design typically begins after the majority of product design decisions have already been made. While many firms recognize the importance of integrating product design decisions with supply chain design decisions, there is currently a lack of understanding of how to effectively do so for complex products. In order to address that research gap, this work compares the traditional sequential design strategy (in which supply chain decisions follow product design decisions) with an integrated strategy in which all design decisions are made together. We examine these strategies within the context of profit optimization of the product design and supply chain of a ground vehicle. Our results indicate that the integrated approach may yield substantially better solutions, albeit at the cost of a more complex optimization procedure.
Multiple Effect Desalination System With Various Energy Recovery Methods
Authors: Shamet Osman , Antar Mohamed
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the performance of three configurations within multi-effect distillation (MED) systems for water desalination. Through an analysis of performance metrics including performance ratios (PR), specific cooling water (SCW), and specific area, the effectiveness of different system designs is evaluated. Notably, Configuration 3, which incorporates two preheaters — one recovering heat from brine and the other from distillate — consistently outperforms the others in term of the performance ratio with almost 15% increase in the PR when compared to the reference configuration at a steam temperature of 80 °C. In contrast, Configuration 2 features only one preheater recovering heat from brine showed a 9.44% increase in the PR at the same steam temperature. The utilization of preheaters leads to elevated feed temperatures, reducing the need for external steam and improving overall system efficiency. Furthermore, an examination of different feed distribution schemes within Configuration 3 highlights that Configuration 3B, which ensures equal feed entering each effect, demonstrates performance improvement in terms of PR. These findings underscore the significance of using heat recovery and optimizing feed distribution for achieving higher system performance.