bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La « religion des gens » A propos de diverses enquêtes réalisées en Autriche (1970-1980)
Authors: Zulehner Paul M.
Published: March 2007

The author of this article prefers the notion of « peoples's religion » to that of « popular religion », because he thinks the for mer has become too much of an ideologically marked instrument in the relations which are being formed between religious hierar chies critical theologians and the « grass roots» concerning the decision-making process within the Churches.
Islamic Scholasticism, Social Conflicts and Political Power
Authors: Hirikoshi Hiroko
Published: March 2007

À Java Ouest, le rôle des ulama a été traditionnellement fort important dans la société locale et notamment dans les mouve ments paysans au XIXème siècle. Contrairement au chiisme qui a réalisé une très forte organisation de l'appareil religieux (en Iran) ou à d'autres régions islamiques où les ulama sont des fonction naires ecclésiastiques ou des employés de l'État dans l'enseigne ment, à Java, les ulama tout en ayant une organisation propre et solide, résistent à toute tentative de domination ou d'organisation de la part de l'État. L'Islam s'est introduit à Java après le XVIème siècle et un de ses piliers a été l'organisation d'écoles coraniques. Cela permit le recrutement des cadres en nombre important. Les ulama devinrent assez rapidement des fermiers relativement riches qui souvent utilisèrent les services d'ouvriers agricoles. C'est à trois niveaux que joue le leadership de ces agents religieux. Tout d'abord les liens familiaux entre eux sont très puissants et les règles d'intermariages particulièrement solides. Cela se manifeste aussi par des pratiques familiales, culturelles et religieuses spécifi ques. Ensuite les ulama exercent leur leadership dans la vie quoti dienne de la communauté, à l'occasion des évènements qui s'y passent, des conflits, etc. Enfin, ils s'integrent souvent dans des mouvements à échelle plus importante, mais notamment dans des mouvements religieux à coloration politique. C'est ainsi qu'entre 1948 et 1962, ils animèrent un mouvement islamique de sécession. L 'échec de ce mouvement signifia pour eux une considérable perte de prestige. Cependant, aujourd'hui un nouveau courant se fait jour par un changement de leadership. On passe du leadership tra ditionnel des Kiai, qui était d'ordre spirituel et traditionnel, à celui de jeunes formés dans les universités islamiques étrangères, plus rationnels dans leurs comportements et de tendance pan- islamique. Ces leaders religieux d'un genre nouveau sont intégrés à un niveau national et même international et s'inscrivent dans une perspective socio-politique de l'Islam. On voit ainsi comment les agents religieux agissent aux divers niveaux de l'organisation sociale et orientent l'intégration progressive à des dimensions plus larges d'une société nationale.
L' Eglise Catholique et la modernisation de l'agriculture en France
Authors: Morlet Joël
Published: March 2007

The Author sets for himself the task of examining relations between the Catholic Church of France and the world of agriculture over the course of the 20th century. Social Catholicism and Catholic Action represented the efforts by the church to regain its influence in rural society. But it was capable of realizing this project only by taking into account the econo mic, political and cultural transformations which had affected this society. Thus, it found itself involved, in a specific maner in the social history of this century and in an effort at reinterpreting the modernity affecting society in its entirety. The success of social Catholicism in the rural world permitted a large number of peasants access to modern agri culture, both economically and culturally. The limits of the ecclesiastical undertaking nevertheless made themselves felt there where the evolution menaces the identity and the unity of the religious institution, at the same time that the socio-economic interest which might lie in such a belonging became blurred for certain farmers.
Genèse de la dialectique entre entente intercommunautaire et souveraineté au Liban
Authors: Abou Nohra Joseph
Published: March 2007

This article traces briefly the history of Lebanon «the natural refuge of the oppressed in the Middle East» where diverse reli gious communities have long lived with common traditions where political belonging took precedence over difference of religion. The rupture of Lebanese unity is analysed from a basis in political quarrels which, from the XIXth century onwards, took on pro gressively a confessional character by being exploited by foreign struggles for influence. For the Author, the drama now lived out by this country shows that all of the confessional crises of the past have found solutions of a confessional character. Today, it would be without a doubt vain to place one's hopes in solutions which are laical or confessional neutral.
Confessional Communities, Space and Political Reform in Lebanon
Authors: Ghossain Antoine
Published: March 2007

Cet article présente diverses caractéristiques de l'espace géo graphique libanais, de ses communautés, ses principaux traits démographiques et politico-administratifs. Ceci permet à l'Auteur de discuter ensuite le contenu de diverses options sous-jacentes aux projets de réformes politiques et administratives qui ont été formulés en vue d'apporter une solution aux conflits dans ce pays profondément marqué par ses structures féodales.
Le merveilleux comme paradigme du religieux implicite dans la culture du 20ème siècle
Authors: POMI Massimo
Published: March 2007

This essay aims at a partial interpretation of the concept of Wonder in the context of implicit religion. The author has looked at Wonder as it is treated in the philosophical and literary culture of 20th-century Europe, represented by Kafka, Musil, Bachmann, Heidegger, Jaspers, Benjamin, Wittgenstein and Bloch. Wonder emerges as a subconscious quest which takes the senses over threshold after threshold, until the spirit sinks dizzily into the abyss of silence. Wonder, itself the most powerful word of all, seems ultimately to refute the power of the word.
Pentecôtisme rural et urbain au Mexique: Différences et similitudes
Authors: NAVARRO Carlos GARMA
Published: March 2007

Pentecostalism is currently the largest growing non-Catholic religious minority in Mexico today. In order to discover some of the factors which permit this growth, this article compares the development of Pentecostalism in urban and rural areas of Mexico. Most of our information derives from two areas where the author has carried out research. These are the Indian villages of the Sierra Norte de Puebla and the urban settlements of migrants in Iztapalapa, located in Mexico City. Among the cultural elements which are compared in this article are social stratification and economic behaviour, kinship ties and family organization, political activity, ritual and ideology. The relationship between religious conversion and urban-rural migration is considered an important field for future studies.
Pentecôtisme et visions du monde
Authors: ROLIM Francisco CARTAXO
Published: March 2007

In our contemporary socio-religious context, where Christian and non-Christian religions offer a wide and varied range of options, newly founded Pentecostal churches - like “Universal Kingdom”, “God Is Love” and others - occupy a prominent position. The continued growth in their membership arouses feelings of astonishment and concern among Catholics and Protestants alike. In contrast, not so long ago, joy and enthusiasm seized “Universal Kingdom” members, when called upon to fill the great Maracana Stadium in Rio. The sociological interpretation of these churches (mostly younger but one older), that we carry out here is merely an attempt to respond to the following question: how is one to understand a capitalistic society, tending towards socioeconomic expansion, based on technical-scientific rationality, but comfortably accommodating magico-religious expressions whose world view distances that society radically from capitalistic rationality? Clarification of this problem pivots on the central concept of world visions. Initially, we are dealing with a notion taken from Max Weber, but displaced to the level of relations between classes and the positions they occupy in the structure of capitalist society. These steps have led us to see the interaction between the pentecostal and the profane vision of society, that is, the ideology of the dominant class.
Les attitudes éthiques et politiques des protestants réformés en France
Authors: BRECHON Pierre
Published: March 2007

Based upon the results of an inquiry into the membership of l'Eglise Réformée de France in the area “Centre-Alpes-Rhône”, this paper identifies some strong features of this group's culture. Long integrated in French society, “les réformés” cultivate “social individualism”, moderation and tolerance towards others. They favour a presence for their church in current affairs, because Christianity cannot be lived without commitment to the world. Their political outlook is predominantly that of moderate socialism, respectful of personal initiatives and freedoms. This culture is particularly well espoused by church activists, but is not shared by all members. A minority culture exists which focuses on moral rules, institutional regulation and rapprochement with Catholicism, favouring political neutrality for the church, but with a personal orientation towards the centre or moderate right wing.
L'ambivalence de la revitalisation religieuse dans les sociétés post-socialistes
Authors: KERŠEVAN Marko
Published: March 2007

The ambivalent nature of religion in disintegrating socialist systems is a consequence of an ambiguous relationship in these countries between modernization and socialism (the theory and the social reality). “Real” socialist systems tried to constitute and to reproduce themselves outside the traditional religions and churches. The traditional (and traditionalist) churches were deliberately pushed into an autonomous, modern social position outside the (socialist) system. The socialist systems themselves took on a non-modern form and structure: domination by the state and ideology over other subsystems and the system as a whole. The disintegration of the socialist systems precipitates a dilemma of choice between further modernization or restoring the traditional position of the churches.
Peut-on chiffrer et localiser les religions en Chine?
Authors: BRETON Roland
Published: March 2007

Is it possible to quantify and situate the religions of China within China? Within the Chinese religious complex (Sanjiao), is it possible to distinguish between Taoists, Confucianists and Buddhists? Various responses are given outside China, notably different from those given within the country. What is the relative importance of Christianity when compared to, say, Judaism or to the numbers of non-believers? Official estimates of the numbers of ethnic minorities within the total population give clues to the size of the sphere of influence engendered by Islam, Shamanism, Lamaism, Hinayana Buddhism, Animism - all those religions whose coexistence within the same country conjures up a picture of a diverse China, whose “margins” comprise the greater amount of territory inhabited by lower numbers of people than the central Sanjiao (Han heartland) realm it encircles.
Domestication, sacralisation, instrumentalisation de la sexualité: le cas des Témoins de Jehovah et des Hassidim
Authors: ZYLBERBERG Jacques
Published: March 2007

This study presents an analysis of sexual regulations among Jehovah's Witnesses and the Lubavitcher Hassidim by focusing upon the processes of sacralization, instrumentalization and domestication. In both cases, sexuality (especially that of women) symbolizes impurity in nature and the external world. Sexuality is domesticated and sanctified for the benefit of the organizational and charismatic power. The Jehovah's Witness restricts sexuality according to the Malthusian model, within a small family; the Lubavitcher Hassid, on the contrary, values a large family. However, both groups are modifying the sacralization and legitimation of their ethical codes in order to maintain their credibility and organizational strength in answer to the challenges of the modern world and to the dominant western religions, particularly Roman Catholicism.
Choices of Degree or Degrees of Choice? Class, `Race' and the Higher Education Choice Process
Authors: Reay Diane , Davies Jacqueline , David Miriam , Ball Stephen J
Published: March 2007

This paper draws on data from an on-going ESRC project on choice of higher education. It focuses primarily on the experiences of non-traditional applicants to higher education. Although these students are not typical of the entire university entry cohort, their narratives raise important issues in relation to race, class and higher education choice processes. These `success stories' reveal important causes for concern as well as reasons for celebration. In particular, their experiences of the choice process are qualitatively different from those of their more privileged middle-class counterparts, highlighting key class and racial differences and inequalities.
The Determination of Sulfur and Its Compounds in Rayon1
Authors: Maurice M.J.
Published: March 2007

The determination of sulfur and its compounds in rayon is described. These sulfur compounds are sulfides, sulfites, xanthates, and sulfates. The methods for the determina tion of these compounds and elemental sulfur were first applied to standard solutions of these compounds. After it was established that these methods yielded accurate results, they were applied to the determinations in rayon. Apart from these determinations, the sums of some and of all compounds were determined. These determined sums proved to be in good agreement with those calculated from the determinations of the individual amounts, so that it is assumed that all methods yield accurate results when applied to the determinations of the S-compounds in rayon.
The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Creep Failure for 66 Nylon
Authors: Coleman Bernard D. , Knox Andrew G. , McDevit William F.
Published: March 2007

Measurements have been made of the lifetime under dead load behavior of high tenacity bright nylon yarn in dry nitrogen at eight temperatures in the range 30-125° C. The data obtained have been interpreted using a previously published absolute reaction rate theory of the creep failure of oriented crystalline polymeric fibers. The prediction of the theory that the logarithm of the lifetime should be a linear function of the sus tained dead load was found to be consistent with the experimental results at all tem peratures investigated. The data were used to calculate estimates at each temperature for the displacement volume δ and the free energy of activation Δ F‡ for the breakdown process. An examination of the temperature dependence of Δ F‡has yielded the con clusion that the negentropy of activation — Δ S‡ makes a negligible contribution to Δ F ‡. The best estimate for the heat of activation for breakdown Δ H‡ was found to be ∼49 kcal.
The Nature of Permanent Set in Keratin Fibers
Authors: Feughelman M. , Haly A.R. , Mitchell T.W.
Published: March 2007

It has been shown by Farnworth that permanent set of keratin fibers in water is mainly due to strong polar linkages formed during the setting process. In this paper these linkages are identified with the bonds broken in the second stage of supercon traction of a fiber in a concentrated lithium bromide solution. These bonds are probably formed by groups of cooperative hydrogen bonds which are closely associated in the keratin structure with a tyrosine residue.
The Fate of Thioglycollic Acid in Wool Durably Creased with Thioglycollate
Authors: Springell P.H.
Published: March 2007

The fate of thioglycollic acid in wool fabrics durably creased with ammonium thio glycollate was investigated. The effect of various treatments was followed by means of S35-labelled thioglycollate, which was added to the ammonium thioglycollate solution used in imparting a crease. It is shown that steam ironing is not associated with loss of labelled thioglycollate. whereas washing with water results in rapid loss of radioactivity, followed by a much slower decrease. Almost complete loss of radioactivity can be brought about by treatment with sulfide, sulfite, or alkaline cyanide, whereas lithium bromide or urea has little effect. It is concluded that of the 4-9 mg. thioglycollate initi ally applied per gram of wool, 3-5 mg. are in a labile but nonvolatile state, whereas the remaining 1-4 mg. are probably in a mixed disulfide form. At the most this represents 4 or 8% of the half-cystine residues available in wool as the mixed disulfide. The find ings are discussed in the light of current theories of permanent setting.
African American Teachers’ Role in School Desegregation
Authors: Madsen Jean Ann , Hollins Etta R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine African American teachers’ perceptions and experiences in schools where European American teachers and students are the majority. Five female African American teachers were interviewed for the purpose of understanding their perceptions and relationships with students and colleagues in this type of school setting. Data were compared to Cose’s “dozen demons” themes to support consistency in interpreting the participants’ responses to predominantly European American contexts. The intent was to provide a descriptive analysis of African American teachers’(a) ethnic identity and cultural orientation, (b) perceptions of the social and political contexts in which they are employed, and (c) value perspectives on their roles and responsibilities within the context of their employment. The authors concluded that African American teachers employed in schools where European American students and teachers are the majority need to be prepared with strategies for protecting themselves from potentially hostile colleagues and situations.
The Impact of Poverty, Fear of Crime, and Crime Victimization on Keeping Firearms for Protection and Unsafe Gun-Storage Practices
Authors: Vacha Edward F. , McLaughlin T. F.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature with regard to firearms accidents among low-income, urban children younger than 13. The tendency of low-income families to keep unsecured protection guns may contribute to the higher rate of firearms accidents among low-income children. The evidence suggests that the decision to keep a gun for protection is largely a practical response to the conditions a person perceives in his or her neighborhood. Reducing the consequences of risky gun behavior among low-income families requires policies and programs that eliminate experiences associated with such behavior and that train children to recognize and avoid risky gun situations.
Thoughts on Black Women in the Workplace
Authors: Henry Annette
Published: March 2007

Using five of her own journal entries, the author tells a collective story. Through this form, she raises some issues that are both in the theoretical literature and in the everyday work lives of Black women.
A Role for the African American Church in Urban School Reform
Authors: Middleton John A.
Published: March 2007

A survey of 25 African American church leaders in three urban school districts was conducted to determine the role of the African American church in urban school reform. Survey results identified five major issues. First, church leaders recognized many of the serious inadequacies in urban education. Second, church leaders were looking “inward” for solutions to educational problems rather than “outward” for opportunities to affect educational policy. The third issue was the perceived barriers to involvement in education issues. The fourth issue was the leaders’ perceptions of future educational challenges, and the fifth issue was realization of the potential political power of the African American church.
Extracurricular Activity and Ethnicity
Authors: Brown Randall , Evans William P.
Published: March 2007

A youth’s sense of connection to school has been theorized by several traditions to be an important predictor of school success and student behavior inside and out-side of school. Using a diverse sample of adolescents (N =1,755), this study focuses on the relationship between youth participation in extracurricular activities and a greater sense of school connection, particularly for non-European American students. In addition, we examined differences in participation rates for different categories of extracurricular activities. Results revealed that students who participated, regardless of ethnicity, had greater levels of school connection. Results also revealed that European American students had a significantly greater level of involvement, whereas Hispanic American students had significantly less involvement. These results are discussed in terms of creating accessible and attractive extracurricular activity opportunities for diverse students.
Campus Culture and the Experiences of Chicano Students in a Predominantly White University
Authors: González Kenneth P.
Published: March 2007

The primary goal of this study was to uncover the elements of campus culture that hindered or supported Chicano student persistence in college. The first set of findings describes the elements of campus culture that hindered the persistence of Chicano students. These elements were identified as three cultural systems of asymmetrical representations, labeled (a) the social world, (b) the physical world, and (c) the epistemological world. It was found that within each of these three worlds, dominant White cultural representations communicated the message that a Chicano presence in a predominantly White university was not valued or welcomed. The second set of findings describes the limited, but important, sources of support for Chicano students, conceptualized as sources of cultural nourishment. Cultural nourishment is defined as individuals and material elements that replenish the students’ cultural sense of selves.
Desegregation and Black Student Attrition
Authors: Braddock Jomills Henry
Published: March 2007

Black students at traditionally black colleges behave in fundamentally different ways from black students at traditionally white institutions.
Nonpublic School Alternatives to Busing
Authors: Cunningham George K.
Published: March 2007

White flight: Causes and (more immediately) reasons; routes of those in flight.
Urban School Principal Grapevine Structure
Authors: Johnson Ronald B. , Licata Joseph W.
Published: March 2007

Back-stage communications networks of big-city principals.
The Structure of Opportunity and Administrative Aspirations
Authors: Adkison Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Women are still underrepresented among educational administrators, but in this system as many women as men aspired to administrative positions.
Moving Up in School Administration
Authors: Teran Rosemarie C. , Licata Joseph W
Published: March 2007

Informal communications, clanlike and guildlike, affect perceptions of administrator promotability, which is also affected by their nonverbal behavior.
Self-Esteem and Interracial Attitudes in Black High School Students
Authors: Bowler Rosemarie , Rauch Stephen , Schwarzer Ralf
Published: March 2007

Black urban high school students have higher self-esteem, greater racial tolerance than students in other ethnic groups.
Does Self-Esteem Affect Educational Aspirations?
Authors: Yogev Abraham , Ilan Yochi
Published: March 2007

Although students' self-esteem is not generally related to their educational aspirations, the relationship may be important among students in some enclaves.
A Contextual Analysis of Alienation among School Constituencies
Authors: Calabrese Raymond L. , Seldin Clement A.
Published: March 2007

Public school teachers were less alienated than college students, who were in turn less alienated than high school students. School context seems an explanation.
Alternatives to Suspension and Corporal Punishment
Authors: Radin Norma
Published: March 2007

Alternatives to punishments that are cruel, discriminatory, and counterproductive.
Becoming Home Schoolers
Authors: Van Galen Jane A.
Published: March 2007

Dissatisfaction, rather than anticipation, leads parents to home schooling. They are not well prepared, and their knowledge of instructional materials and methods is limited.
Urban Teachers Who Quit
Authors: Haberman Martin , Rickards William H.
Published: March 2007

Teachers' explanations for quitting suggest ways to reduce big-city teacher turnover.
Female Engineers
Authors: Eden Devorah
Published: March 2007

Under representation of women in the hard sciences has led to research on the gender gap in mathematics achievement. Data show that women are almost equally represented in mathematics but are underrepresented in engineering. Thus the assumption is that mathematics is not the only factor that influences women's choice of engineering. Interviews of 32 engineers (women and men) examine the career socialization of female engineers. Findings show that women chose engineering because of challenge and interest and a strong parental influence. They liked their work, but they experienced difficulties because of gender discrimination, occupational requirements, and the parenthood-career dilemma. This resulted in their wish to make a career change, in spite of their job satisfaction, to occupations that are more emotionally rewarding and that would give them more control over their working hours.
Urban Black Youths' Educational and Occupational Goals
Authors: Walker Elaine M. , Sutherland Marcia E.
Published: March 2007

An attitude formation model was developed to test the processes through which economically disadvantaged Black students form their educational and occupational goals. The model assumed that the development of aspirations among urban youths represents an interplay of structural and subjective factors. The model predicted that urban Black youths' goals would be influenced by their perceptions of the structural limitations of American society. The model was tested on 175 African-American male and female 12th graders in an urban school district. Results from regression equations revealed that the model accounted for up to 51% of the variance in students' aspirations. Finings indicated that Black males held more negative perceptions of the opportunity structure and had lower aspirations than Black females. Indeed, Blacks males' perceptions of the opportunity structure carried the same weight in influencing the type of educational plans that they established for themselves as did how well they performed in school. The study's findings are discussed within the context of the marginalization of urban Black males. Recommendations are offered for enhancing the status aspirations of Black youths in general, and inner-city Black males in particular.
Urban Community Study by Preservice Teachers
Authors: Narode Ronald , Rennie-Hill Leslie , Peterson Kenneth D.
Published: March 2007

This study determined urban community perspectives on quality education and constructed advice for beginning classroom teachers. Participant observers were 26 graduate teacher candidates. First, "expert groups " of students with the same study (e.g., churches, youth gang task force, Urban League, neighborhood arts council, teen pregnancy program, family adoption) presented findings. Next, jigsaw teams composed of experts from different study groups (faced two questions from the urban community: "What is good education?" and "What does the community expect teachers to do in classrooms?" Significant themes and examples were extracted and organized. Chief among these were (a) identification of value of community study, (b) differences between community members who are well served by schools and those who are not, (c) expectations of community for urban educators, and (d) student teacher views changed as a result of study. Observers found two distinct populations with considerably different views. Some are well served by schools; others are not.
School Board Elections
Authors: Townley Arthur J. , Sweeney Dwight P. , Schmieder June H.
Published: March 2007

This study measured voter turnout in school board elections when elections were scheduled in even-numbered years rather than odd-numbered years. A study was made of voter participation is 22 school districts in Riverside County, California. The study measured the voting patterns in school districts that scheduled school board elections in even years as opposed to elections conducted in odd years. Research findings show that there is a significant difference in voter turnout between those districts conducting elections in even-numbered years and those districts holding elections in odd-numbered years. Since 1985, districts that scheduled elections in even years averaged a 43.85% voter tumout, whereas school board elections in odd years averaged 20.79% during the same period.
Redirecting our Voyage through History: A Content Analysis of Social Studies Textbooks
Authors: Gordy Lauriel. , Pritchard Alice M.
Published: March 2007

At the heart of the debate over public school curriculum is the production of knowledge. The control of knowledge production is significant because it affects students' beliefs and attitudes about society. Because textbooks play such a crucial role in children's learning, multicultural education includes proposals for textbook changes to make the curriculum more representative of diverse views. This study examines the question: To what extent are social studies textbooks inclusive of diverse perspectives on U.S. history? In order to answer this question, we conducted a content analysis of the presentation of slavery in fifth-grade social studies texts being used in Connecticut. Our findings demonstrate that the majority of textbooks have reached the additive stage (including key themes and issues)for African American men and the contributions stage (including famous people and events) for African American and White women.
The Emerging Reflective Urban Principal
Authors: Polite Vernon C. , Mcclure Robert , Rollie Donald L
Published: March 2007

The article will report on the process and outcomes of shadowing encounters with urban principals. The authors provided extensive on-site professional development for 58 school principals with the support of the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation's Program for Student Achievement between 1991 and 1994. The authors developed a Shadowing Encounter Instrument and procedures to facilitate assiduous reflection among urban principals. The shadowing instrument provides urban principals with opportunities to think critically and reflectively about their practice. The data gleaned from the shadowing encounter are disaggregated so that the principal can readily see routine daily behaviors across three specific domains: instructional leadership, school management, and student social behaviors. The instrument also assesses the predominant leadership style of the respective principals. The article will conclude with policy recommendations directed to urban school districts and agencies concerned with the task of facilitating critical reflection among urban school leaders.
The Lowell Leadership Academy
Authors: Boccia Judith A. , Ackerman Richard , Christensen Chuck
Published: March 2007

The Lowell Leadership Academy is a 12-year-old partnership between the University of Massachusetts Lowell and the Lowell Public Schools. The university organizes full-day monthly sessions and a week-long summer institute that provide professional development for Lowell's 60 administrators. In addition to providing collegial support, reducing isolation, and strengthening leadership skills and knowledge, the academy has also influenced policy development and curricular and instructional reform in the district. Since the academy's inception in 1985, it continues to serve as an important forum as the city of Lowell experiences major demographic changes, economic downturns, shifting political contexts, and education reform mandates. This article describes the academy's history and growth, its mission and methodology, and its promise as a resource for urban school districts.
Critical Thinking and Values Clarification through Socratic Seminars
Authors: Polite Vernon C. , Adams Arlin H.
Published: March 2007

The authors of this article were asked to assess the effectiveness of the Socratic seminar method as employed at the Lookout Valley Middle School in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Relying on qualitative research approaches to data collection, the authors observed middle school students engaged in Socratic seminars, conducted focus groups, and semi structured interviews with both teachers and students. The findings suggest that the seminars are useful in promoting (a) higher order thinking, (b) appropriate conflict resolution strategies, and (c) enhanced interest in learning. Seminars that focused on topics viewed as relevant or real life were extrememly well received. Those that placed students in metaphorical learning situations were viewed as less valuable.
Recentering Multiculturalism
Authors: Banister Jennifer , Maher Michelle
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors examine the perspectives of2J educators in a qualitative study about how they believe multiculturalism fits in their classrooms and pedagogies. The authors analyze four themes: "Multiculturalism means diversity," "It is difference and the melting pot, " "We don't need it here," and "We lack the resources and the means. " The authors based their analysis of the data for recentering multiculturalism on the notion that, by accepting that as a nation we are multicultural, we face the question of how to understand one another and live together given our diversities. The authors argue that many of the perceptions they found foster domination despite implicit goals of community building and social change. The authors offer reflections and suggestions for teachers to build community through both how and what they teach.
Parent Involvement in Inner-City Schools
Authors: Hampton Frederick M. , Mumford Dawne A. , Bond Lloyd
Published: March 2007

This article examines the parent involvement practices and philosophies of an urban education model that has been integral in developing collaborative relationships between parents and schools. This model sought to enhance student performance by redefining school as the extended family for urban students and parents. A 4-year study concluded that when parents were involved with this process, student achievement and parental commitment to education far surpassed that of students and parents who remained in the more traditional school setting.
Designing Successful Service Learning Projects for Urban Schools
Authors: Moore Kim Patrick , Sandholtz Judith Haymore
Published: March 2007

This research compares the strengths and weaknesses of 10 different service learning projects at six high schools in one urban school district. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data, the study examines critical design elements in developing service learning programs that produce positive attitudinal outcomes for students. Results indicate that students had more positive attitudes toward their academic achievement, self-esteem, teachers, and peers when they participated in programs that rated highly on the four design criteria: duration, location, amount of personal contact with beneficiaries, and focus of the project.
Gender Differences in Cross-Cultural Adaptation Styles of Immigrant Youths from the Former U.S.S.R. in Israel
Authors: EISIKOVITS RIVKA A.
Published: March 2007

Examining the issue of social adjustment among high school seniors who had immigrated from the former Soviet Union as early adolescents, this study probes the long-term effects of these youths' cross-cultural migration. It considers gender-based differences in their styles of adaptation, focusing on the following four topics: (a) their perceptions of the social role of the school in bringing new immigrants and veteran or native Israelis closer together, (b) attitudes toward friendship with same- and host-culture peers, (c) views on dating same- and host-culture partners (in heterosexual relationships), and (d) their notions of a desirable style of accommodation.
Changes in Juvenile Justice in China
Authors: WONG DENNIS S. W.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the trend of juvenile and youth crime, which has been on the rise during the past 40 years in China. With the help of literature derived from Chinese policy documents and criminological sources, it highlights the essence of Chinese Marxist criminological thought and the changing conceptions of delinquency from the postrevolutionary period to the present. It also examines official responses to delinquency as well as the recent development of juvenile justice in China. The article argues that the current system of delinquency control and juvenile justice should gradually move toward the adoption of a just restorative approach.
Parenting or Placing
Authors: DWORKIN ROSALIND J. , HARDING JANE T. , SCHREIBER NELDA B.
Published: March 2007

This research studies decision making for resolution of an unplanned pregnancy as a dynamic process and examines predictors of both the initial plan and the consistency of the adoption plan. Among 162 pregnant adolescents in a maternity residence, 57% entered the program planning adoption for their baby. Nearly half of them changed that plan by discharge and decided to parent. Social influence variables were predictive for both the original plan and consistency. Mother's preference was the strongest predictor of initial plan, and birthfather's preference was the strongest for consistency. Sociodemographic and social psychology variables were not predictive.
Environmental Activism in the Protest Generation
Authors: SHERKAT DARREN S. , BLOCKER T. JEAN
Published: March 2007

Recent examinations of social movements have cited the environmental movement as an important outgrowth of the activism that characterized the 1960s. This article examines the similarities and differences in the socialization of activists who participated in two sets of 1960s-era movements: the antiwar, student, and civil rights protesters; and community environmental movements. Using multinomial logistic regression on data from the Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study (1965-1973), the study found that social class, social-psychological orientation, and religious socialization are important predictors of participation in both movements. It was also found that efficacy, religious affiliation, race, and region significantly distinguish environmental activists from other protesters.
A Conceptual Model of Sexuality Active Peer Association
Authors: DiBLASIO FREDERICK A. , BENDA BRENT B.
Published: March 2007

This study of 1,478 adolescents who attended 10 private schools was designed to test an integrative theoretical model of sexually active peer association. The model consisted of social control elements, family/peer linkage factors, peer bonding, coercive relationship variables, and acceptance seeking. Results supported the hypothesized model that social control elements are relevant to peer association but were less clear about the nature of these associations. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Socialization and Risk Behavior in Two Countries:
Authors: ARNETT JEFFREY JENSEN , JENSEN LENE ARNETT
Published: March 2007

Rates of risk behavior are discussed in terms of the differences and similarities in the socialization environments of Denmark and the United States. Adolescents aged 17-18 in middle-class communities in the two countries were compared on various aspects of socialization and risk behavior. Overall, socialization was narrower among the Danish adolescents, in the sense that they had more household obligations, greater community stability, and more adults beyond their immediate families who were involved in their socialization. Rates of risk behavior were higher for American adolescents in the areas of automobile driving (high-speed and drunk driving) and minor criminal behavior (shoplifting and vandalism), whereas Danish adolescents were higher in their rates of driving a bicycle or moped while intoxicated. Danish adolescents had higher rates of sexual intercourse than American adolescents, but American adolescents were less likely to use contraception, so the overall rates of sex without contraception were almost identical in the two countries.
Do Religious Institutions Resist or Support Women's “Lost Voice?”
Authors: LYBECK JENNETTE , NEAL CYNTHIA J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines how the concept of the “lost voice” functions in religious circles. Thirty females (divided into three age groups: ages 8 to 10, ages 12 to 14, and ages 20 to 30, equally distributed between a conservative church and an egalitarian church) were interviewed. Results indicated that the younger girls from both churches report sacrificing themselves and their opinions to maintain relationships. Furthermore, the adult women from the egalitarian church evidenced a regaining of their voices and perceived this as a newly found strength. Adult women from the conservative church also evidenced a regaining of their voices and yet perceived this as a weakness.
Toward a Multicultural Feminist Perspective on Fiction for Young Adults
Authors: CLARK ROGER , KULKIN HEIDI
Published: March 2007

Feminist social science investigations of children's books over the past 20 years have employed the liberal feminist assumptions that marked the paradigmatic study by Weitzman, Eifler, Hokada, and Ross. The authors illustrate the value of a multicultural feminist approach to children's literature by “listening” to themes of oppression and resistance in 16 recent young-adult novels about non-White, non-American, or nonheterosexual characters. Their findings point to a greater variety of such themes than they might have heard if they had used only a liberal feminist lens in their reading of children's books. The findings also lead to elaborations of current multicultural and global feminist theories themselves.
Using Beverly Hills, 90210 To Explore Developmental Issues in Female Adolescents
Authors: GRANELLO DARCY HAAG
Published: March 2007

A reception study was employed to examine how girls and young women construct meaning in the television program Beverly Hills, 90210. Using age-segregated focus groups, the author attempted to uncover specific themes that helped to identify how meaning is created differently by girls and young women at different developmental stages. This article is divided into three sections. The first situates the problematic in historical and theoretical context. The second section discusses the methodology of this study. It contains the theoretical justification for the methods employed and grounds the research in an interpretive paradigm. In the final section, seven themes that emerged during the research are explicated.
Adolescent Violence, Social Control, and the Subculture of Delinquency
Authors: BERNBURG JÓN GUNNAR , THORLINDSSON THOROLFUR
Published: March 2007

This study examines whether violence, rather than being an isolated subculture in itself, is a part of a general subculture of delinquency. It also examines the relationship of variables adapted from social control theories to violent behavior and non-violent delinquency. Using Icelandic data, the study supports the notion that violence is a part of a general subculture of delinquency. It finds a strong relationship between violent behavior on one hand and illegal activities, alcohol use, and smoking on the other. Furthermore, it finds that violent behavior is positively related both to violent behavior and to nonviolent delinquency among friends. The findings also support the argument that social control affects violence in a similar way as other forms of delinquency. Factors drawn from social control are significantly related to violence, and correlation patterns are similar to that of non-violent delinquency.
Risk-transfer Militarism, Small Massacres and the Historic Legitimacy of War
Authors: Shaw Martin
Published: March 2007

The perception of initial success in the `war against terrorism' appears to strengthen a general relegitimation of war in Western society that has been gathering pace over the last two decades. This article considers the war in Afghanistan as the latest example of the new Western way of war, and analyses its casualties compared with previous campaigns in the Gulf and Kosovo. It identifies the new type as `risk-transfer war', a central feature of which is a `militarism of small massacres'. This new type thus offers only a partial answer to the problems, for the legitimacy of warfare, caused by the systematic targeting of civilians in earlier `degenerate war'. Despite a closer approximation to `just war' criteria, inequalities of risk between Western military personnel and civilians in the zone of war revive the question of legitimacy in a new form. The article suggests that in our concern for relatively small numbers of civilian casualties, we may be applying to war those standards from which it has historically been exempt. In this context the contradictions of the new Western way of war reinforce a `historical pacifist' position towards the legitimacy of warfare.
Postmodernism and Philosophy of Science
Authors: Sassower Raphael
Published: March 2007

This essay examines critically two related claims: first, that postmodernism and philosophy of science depend on each other in a manner similar to the Enlightenment and Romanticism, that is, they respond and dispute each other's claims; and second, that what underlies and emanates from both postmodernism and philosophy of science is a political perspective and commitment. These claims suggest not only the possibility of translating from one area to the other when they are critically engaged with each other but also the potential for using both areas simultaneously to transform and possibly improve the human condition. By emphasizing the similarities between science/philosophy of science and postmodernism the essay explores the ways in which these two enterprises or groups of people can learn from one another and benefit from each other's insight.
Failures of Explanation in Darwinian Ecological Anthropology: Part II
Authors: Vayda Andrew P.
Published: March 2007

Eric Alden Smith and Bruce Winterhalder, eds., Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 1992. Pp. xv, 470, tables, boxes, figures, bibliography, author index, subject index, $59.95 (cloth), $29.95 (paper).
Bertrand Russell
Authors: Pigden Charles R.
Published: March 2007

Bertrand Russell was a meta-ethical pioneer, the original inventor of both emotivism and the error theory. Why, having abandoned emotivism for the error theory, did he switch back to emotivism in the 1920s? Perhaps he did not relish the thought that as a moralist he was a professional hypocrite. In addition, Russell's version of the error theory suffers from severe defects. He commits the naturalistic fallacy and runs afoul of his own and Moore's arguments against subjectivism. These defects could be repaired, but only by abandoning Russell's semantics.Russell preferred to revert to emotivism.
Russell
Authors: Ryan Alan
Published: March 2007

Bertrand Russell always claimed that he took part in politics not as a philosopher, but as an outraged citizen and a suffering member of the human race. This essay takes Russell at his own word and explores his untheoretical radicalism. The essay thus treats him as a latter-day Thomas Paine and engages with his views on power, property, and warfare. The implausibility of Russell's reliance on moral outrage as the fuel for radical politics is examined in a short coda on the contrast between Russell and Dewey as representatives of individualist and communitarian radicalism.