bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Fractional Boundary Element Model for the 3D Thermal Stress Wave Propagation Problems in Anisotropic Materials
Authors: Fahmy Mohamed Abdelsabour , Toujani Moncef
Published: January 2025

The primary purpose of this work is to provide a new fractional boundary element method (BEM) formulation to solve thermal stress wave propagation problems in anisotropic materials. In the Laplace domain, the fundamental solutions to the governing equations can be identified. Then, the boundary integral equations are constructed. The Caputo fractional time derivative was used in the formulation of the considered heat conduction equation. The three-block splitting (TBS) iteration approach was used to solve the resulting BEM linear systems, resulting in fewer iterations and less CPU time. The new TBS iteration method converges rapidly and does not involve complicated computations; it performs better than the two-dimensional double successive projection method (2D-DSPM) and modified symmetric successive overrelaxation (MSSOR) for solving the resultant BEM linear system. We only studied a special case of our model to compare our findings to those of other articles in the literature. Because the BEM results are so consistent with the finite element method (FEM) findings, the numerical results demonstrate the validity, accuracy, and efficiency of our proposed BEM formulation for solving three-dimensional thermal stress wave propagation problems in anisotropic materials.
Optimal Timing and Treatment Modalities of Arytenoid Dislocation and Subluxation: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Frosolini Andrea , Caragli Valeria , Badin Giulio , Franz Leonardo , Bartolotta Patrizia , Lovato Andrea , Vedovelli Luca , Genovese Elisabetta , de Filippis Cosimo , Marioni Gino
Published: January 2025

Background and Objective: Arytenoid dislocation (AD) and subluxation (AS) impact vocal fold mobility, potentially affecting the quality of life. Their management, including the timing and modality of treatment, remains a subject of research. Our primary objective was to assess and compare the available treatment strategies for AS and AD. Material and methods: the protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023407521). Manuscripts retrieved from a previously published systematic review were evaluated. To comprehensively cover the last 25 years, an updated literature search was conducted, screening PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. Review Methods: We included studies that reported treatment modalities and the time to treatment (TT) for AS/AD, with outcomes objectively evaluated. Data on treatment success were pooled, and the impact of TT on recovery outcomes was analyzed. Results: Thirteen studies involving 361 patients were included. The majority of cases were attributed to iatrogenic trauma following intubation. Closed reduction (CR) was the primary treatment, with high success rates for both general (success rate: 77%, CI: 62–87%) and local anesthesia (success rate: 89%, CI: 70–97%). The standardized mean difference for the TT effect on treatment outcome was −1.24 (CI: −2.20 to −0.29). Conclusions: The absence of randomized controlled trials and the overall moderate-to-low quality of the studies highlighted the importance of the finding’s careful interpretation. This meta-analysis underscores the effectiveness of CR in managing AS/AD, with both general and local anesthesia yielding high success rates. The findings highlight the importance of TT, suggesting that early intervention is paramount. Future clinical research is needed to further refine these findings and optimize treatment protocols.
A Critical Review of the Hydrometallurgy and Pyrometallurgical Recovery Processes of Platinum Group Metals from End-of-Life Fuel Cells
Authors: Mvokwe Sinikiwe A. , Oyedeji Opeoluwa O. , Agoro Mojeed A. , Meyer Edson L. , Rono Nicholas
Published: January 2025

Recently, the recovery of metals extracted from the spent membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) of fuel cells has attracted significant scientific attention due to its detrimental environmental impacts. Two major approaches, i.e., pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical, have been explored to recover platinum group metals (PMGs) from used proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the efficacy of these methods has been limited by the low concentrations of the metals and the high costs involved. Essentially, pyrometallurgical processes result in the evolution of harmful gases. Thus, the hydrometallurgical process is preferred as a suitable alternative. In this review, an overview of the application of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods in the recovery of PGMs is presented. The health risks, benefits, and limitations of these processes are highlighted. Finally, the hurdles faced by, opportunities for, and future directions of these approaches are identified. It is envisaged that this review will shed light on the current status of processes for the recovery of spent PGMs and propel their advancement for effective recycling strategies.
The Protective Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Mitochondria in SH-SY5Y Model of Rotenone-Induced Toxicity
Authors: Eggers Britta , Stepien Jennifer , Reker Anne-Katrin , Esser Svenja , Pfeiffer Kathy , Pawlas Magdalena , Barkovits Katalin , Marcus Katrin
Published: January 2025

Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids in particular omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential nutrients and components of the plasma membrane. They are involved in various processes, including synaptic development, functionality, integrity, and plasticity, and are therefore thought to have general neuroprotective properties. Considerable research evidence further supports the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically on mitochondria, through their antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties, making them an attractive addition in treatment options for neurodegenerative disorders in which mitochondrial alterations are commonly observed. However, precise information on the underlying protective mechanisms is still lacking. Methods: We utilized the most common neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y) and induced mitochondrial oxidative stress through the addition of rotenone. To study the potential protective effect of DHA, the cells were additionally pre-treated with DHA prior to rotenone administration. By combining SILAC labeling, mitochondria enrichment, and subsequent proteomic analyses, we aimed to determine the capacity of DHA to alleviate mitochondrial oxidative stress in vitro and further shed light on the molecular mechanisms contributing to the proposed neuroprotective effect. Results: We confirmed a reduced cell viability and an increased abundance of reactive oxygen species upon rotenone treatment, DHA pre-treatment was shown to decrease said species. Additionally proteomic analysis revealed an increased expression of mitochondrial proteins in DHA pre-treated cells. Conclusions: With our study, we were able to define a potential compensatory mechanism by which the inhibition of complex I is overcome by an increased activity of the fatty acid beta oxidation in response to DHA.
Autonomous Defense Based on Biogenic Nanoparticle Formation in Daunomycin-Producing Streptomyces
Authors: Beneš Karel , Čurn Vladislav , Pudhuvai Baveesh , Motis Jaroslav , Michalcová Zuzana , Bohatá Andrea , Lencová Jana , Bárta Jan , Rost Michael , Vilcinskas Andreas , Maťha Vladimír
Published: January 2025

Daunomycin is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of leukemia, but its toxicity toward healthy dividing cells limits its clinical use and its production by fermentation. Herein, we describe the development of a specialized cultivation medium for daunomycin production, including a shift to oil rather than sugar as the primary carbon source. This achieved an almost threefold increase in daunomycin yields, reaching 5.5–6.0 g/L. Daunomycin produced in the oil-based medium was predominantly found in the solid sediment, whereas that produced in the sugar-based medium was mostly soluble. The oil-based medium thus induces an autonomous daunomycin-resistance mechanism involving biogenic nanoparticle formation. The characterization of the nanoparticles confirmed the incorporation of iron and daunomycin, indicating that this approach has the potential to mitigate cytotoxicity while improving yields. The presence of proteins associated with iron homeostasis and oxidative stress responses revealed the ability of the production strain to adapt to high iron concentrations. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms of biogenic nanoparticle formation and the optimization of cultivation processes. Further investigation will help to refine microbial production systems for daunomycin and also broaden the application of similar strategies for the synthesis of other therapeutically important compounds.
Identification and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species from Herbaceous Plants on Grassland in Qiaojia County, China
Authors: Gao Yanzhu , Zhang Zhixiao , Ji Mei , Ze Sangzi , Wang Haodong , Yang Bin , Hu Lianrong , Zhao Ning
Published: January 2025

The Fusarium species is an important plant pathogen that can cause plant diseases in grassland, leading to the degradation of grassland quality. However, the morphology of Fusarium is greatly affected by environmental factors, which makes it difficult to identify its species. In addition, the pathogenic ability of different Fusarium species in plants has not been fully studied. In this study, Fusarium isolates were obtained from grassland herbaceous plants via tissue separation. Through morphological means and based on ITS, RPB2, and TEF-1 gene sequences, we compared and constructed polygenic phylogenetic trees to classify and identify the Fusarium species. In addition, the pathogenicity of different Fusarium species was also analyzed. The results showed that a total of 24 Fusarium strains were successfully isolated from grassland, from which ten species were identified: F. flagelliforme, F. longifundum, F. clavum, F. scirpi, F. ipomoeae, F. oxysporum, etc. and were included in four complexes: Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), Fusarium tricinctum species complex (FTSC), and Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC). Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that except for F. ipomoeae QJ5211, F. sambucinum QJ203, and F. acuminatum QJ1662, other Fusarium species had different degrees of pathogenic ability. This is the first study that discusses the effect of Fusarium on grassland disease control in this area. This study further provides clear pathogen information for the prevention and control of grassland diseases.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Proteome of S. cerevisiae Wild-Type and pdr5Δ Cells in Response to Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure
Authors: Rossio Valentina , Paulo Joao A.
Published: January 2025

Bisphenol A, an endocrine-disrupting compound, is widely used in the industrial production of plastic products. Despite increasing concerns about its harmful effects on human health, animals, and the environment, the use of BPA has been banned only in infant products, and its effects on cellular processes are not fully understood. To investigate the impact of BPA on eukaryotic cells, we analyzed the proteome changes of wild-type and PDR5-deleted S. cerevisiae strains exposed to different doses of BPA using sample multiplexing-based proteomics. We found that the ABC multidrug transporter Pdr5 plays an important role in protecting yeast cells from BPA toxicity, with its absence significantly sensitizing cells to BPA. BPA inhibited yeast growth in a dose-dependent manner, with a more pronounced effect in PDR5-deleted cells. Proteomic analysis revealed that BPA induces widespread dose-dependent changes in protein abundance, including the upregulation of metabolic pathways such as arginine biosynthesis and the downregulation of mitochondrial proteins. Additionally, we observed markers of cellular stress induced by BPA by identifying multiple stress-induced proteins that were upregulated by this compound. As cellular processes affected by BPA have been shown to be evolutionarily conserved, these insights can advance our understanding of BPA’s cellular impact and its broader effects on human health.
Comprehensive Analysis of Trypoxylus dichotomus: Inorganic Elements, Amino Acids, and Bioactive Compounds and Their Anticancer, Antioxidant, and Neuroprotective Properties
Authors: Ye Dongyan , Li Qianhui , Liu Xuwen , Zhou Jie , Yin Shuren , Zhang Suyi , Wang Jing , Zaman Kh Ahammad Uz , Bai Helong , Meng Fanlei
Published: January 2025

The Compendium of Materia Medica highlights the therapeutic properties of Trypoxylus dichotomus (T. dichotomus). In this study, the species and content of volatile components, inorganic elements, and amino acids were measured, and the activity of crude extracts of ethanol and water was studied. GC-MS analysis revealed 37–53 components across different life stages, excluding excessive heavy metals and containing essential trace elements. Amino acid profiling identified 15 types, rich in seven medicinal varieties. The in vitro anti-tumor testing of ethanol extracts from T. dichotomus adult males (TDA (M)) and T. dichotomus adult females (TDA (F)) was also performed. The experimental results showed that TDA (M) exhibited growth inhibition rates of 86.22% ± 1.19%, 85.42% ± 0.63%, 88.15% ± 3.27%, and 97.23% ± 0.60% against MKN-45, K-562, 239T, and 5637 tumor cells, respectively, while TDA (F) showed 81.28% ± 5.06% inhibition against K-562 cells. TDA best protected cells induced by H2O2 at the concentration of 12.5 μg/mL, achieving a cell survival rate of 81%. Overall, TDA, TDA(F), and TDA(M) have notable anti-tumor and antioxidant activity, highlighting the significance of chemical analysis for their potential bioactivity.
Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Diamond-Wire Sawing Silicon Waste Powder Vibration-Ground with KCl
Authors: Li Zhicheng , Zhou Tao , Liao Jiangfan , Li Xiufeng , Ma Wenhui , Lv Guoqiang , Zhao Shimin
Published: January 2025

Diamond-wire sawing silicon waste (DSSW) derived from the silicon wafer sawing process may lead to resource waste and environmental issues if not properly utilized. This paper propounds a simple technique aimed at enhancing the efficiency of hydrogen production from DSSW. The hydrolysis reaction is found to become faster when DSSW is ground. Among the studied grinding agents, KCl has the best performance. The grinding duration and addition amount remarkably affect the final hydrogen yield and initial hydrogen generation rate (IHGR). Among all studied samples, DSSW-KCl 25 wt% ground for 3 min shows the best performance with a hydrogen yield of 86.1% and an IHGR of 399.37 mL min−1 (g DSSW)−1 within 650 s. The initial temperature is also found to have a significant influence on the hydrolysis of the DSSW-KCl mixture, and the reaction can proceed to 85% conversion in 100 s with an IHGR of 1383.6 mL min−1 (g DSSW)−1 at 338 K. The apparent activation energy for the hydrolysis reaction of the DSSW-KCl composite powder was found to be 45.62 kJ mol−1 by means of an Arrhenius plot. The rate-determining step for the rapid reaction of DSSW to produce hydrogen is chemical reaction control, while the slow reaction is controlled by diffusion.
Simulations of γ-Valerolactone Solvents and Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries Using Polarizable Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Pierini Adriano , Migliorati Valentina , Gómez-Urbano Juan Luis , Balducci Andrea , Brutti Sergio , Bodo Enrico
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we present a molecular dynamics study of the structural and dynamical properties of γ-valerolactone (GVL) both as a standalone solvent and in electrolyte formulations for electrochemistry applications. This study involves developing a new parameterization of a polarizable forcefield and applying it to simulate pure GVL and selected salt solutions. The forcefield was validated with experimental bulk data and quantum mechanical calculations, with excellent agreement obtained in both cases. Specifically, two 1M electrolyte solutions of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(oxalate)borate in GVL were simulated, focusing on their ionic transport and highlighting ion solvation structure. Ion pairing in the electrolytes was also investigated through enhanced sampling molecular dynamics, obtaining a detailed picture of the ion dynamics in the GVL solution.
Comprehensive Structural, Chemical, and Optical Characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 Films on Kapton Using the Automated Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction Method
Authors: Vázquez-González Perla J. , Paniagua-Chávez Martha L. , Zebadua-Chavarria Lizette A. , Mota-Grajales Rafael , Meza-Avendaño C. A. , Campos-González Enrique , Escobosa-Echavarría A. , Hu Yaoqiao , Pérez-Ramos Aldo E. , Manuel-Matuz  , Hernández-Gutiérrez Carlos A.
Published: January 2025

This study provides a comprehensive structural, chemical, and optical characterization of CZTS thin films deposited on flexible Kapton substrates via the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method. The investigation explored the effects of varying deposition cycles (40, 60, 70, and 80) and annealing treatments on the films. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated enhanced crystallinity and phase purity, particularly in films deposited with 70 cycles. These films exhibited a notable reduction in secondary phases in the as-deposited state, with further improvements observed after annealing at 400 °C and 450 °C in a sulfur atmosphere. A pole figure analysis indicates a decrease in texture disorder with annealing, suggesting improved crystalline orientation at higher temperatures. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed enhancements in surface morphology, with increased grain size and uniformity post-annealing. Chemical uniformity was confirmed through Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). XPS revealed the presence of CZTS phases alongside oxidized phases. Annealing effectively reduced secondary phases, such as ZnO, SnO2, CuO, and SO2, enhancing the CZTS phase. An optical analysis demonstrated that annealing at 200 °C in an air atmosphere reduced the band gap from 1.53 eV to 1.38 eV. In contrast, annealing at 400 °C and 450 °C in a sulfur atmosphere increased the band gap to 1.59 eV and 1.63 eV, respectively. The films exhibited p-type conductivity, as inferred from a valence band structure analysis. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into the observed band gap variations, further substantiating the findings.
The Fitness, Rest, and Exercise for Strength and Health (FRESH) Study: A Three-Year Comparison of College Students’ Perceived and Measured Health Metrics
Authors: Blouin Julia , Feek Adelaide , Jin Yichen , Cook Jennifer , O’Neal Timothy , Sacheck Jennifer M.
Published: January 2025

The undergraduate college years are a critical transition period for young adults in establishing life-long health behaviors. Background/Objective: Within the FRESH Study, we aimed to understand the relationship between perceived physical health, perceived mental health, and specific health metrics (e.g., physical activity, food insecurity, sleep quality) among college students following the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: First-year undergraduate students (n = 271) from an urban university were recruited in three study waves (2021–2022, 2022–2023, and 2023–2024). Participants answered online surveys on demographics, health perceptions, physical activity, dietary patterns, beverage consumption, food insecurity, stress, and sleep quality. Results: Overall, participants rated their physical health better than their mental health (‘good’, ‘very good’, or ‘excellent’; 89.6% vs. 62.2%), even though 30.7% were not of ‘healthy weight’ status, 34.5% did not meet physical activity recommendations, and 42.2% of students consumed some sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Students reporting suboptimal (‘fair’ or ‘poor’) physical and mental health were more likely to report food insecurity (p < 0.001, p = 0.010), poor sleep quality (p = 0.012, p < 0.001), and elevated stress (p = 0.001, p < 0.001). In addition, fast-food consumption (p < 0.001), breakfast consumption (p = 0.031), and food insecurity (p = 0.004) showed changes over three years. Conclusions: These findings call for targeted wellness initiatives addressing nutrition, food insecurity, stress management, sleep improvement, and physical activity among students and in university health programs. The FRESH Study emphasizes the need for continued longitudinal research to track health behaviors and inform future interventions.
Exploring Mosquito Excreta as an Alternative Sample Type for Improving Arbovirus Surveillance in Australia
Authors: Malcolm Tess R. , Klein Melissa J. , Petkovic Karolina , Smith Ina , Blasdell Kim R.
Published: January 2025

Current arbovirus surveillance strategies in Australia involve mosquito collection, species identification, and virus detection. These processes are labour-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming and can lead to delays in reporting. Mosquito excreta has been proposed as an alternative sample type to whole mosquito collection, with potential to streamline the virus surveillance pipeline. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of Aedes aegypti excreta as a sample type in the detection of Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2). DENV2 could be detected from as little as one DENV2-infected mosquito excreta spot, with virus levels in individual excreta spots varying within and between mosquitoes and depending highly on mosquito viral load. Detectability was improved by pooling up to 20 DENV2-infected mosquitoes and collecting excreta into liquid substrate, followed by virus concentration using magnetic nanoparticles. Virus concentration improves quantification accuracy in comparison to unconcentrated samples and increases the amount of material available for detection, expanding detection capabilities to techniques with higher limits of detection. Mosquito excreta as a sample type, coupled with magnetic virus concentration, expands the current detection toolbox for DENV2 and has the potential to improve arbovirus surveillance strategies in Australia.
PANoptosis in Bacterial Infections: A Double-Edged Sword Balancing Host Immunity and Pathogenesis
Authors: He Xiaoe , Jiang Xiangyan , Guo Jiayin , Sun Hui , Yang Jing
Published: January 2025

PANoptosis is a newly identified programmed cell death pathway that integrates characteristics of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. It plays a dual role in the host immune response to bacterial infections. On one hand, PANoptosis acts as a protective mechanism by inducing the death of infected cells to eliminate pathogens and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines to amplify the immune response. On the other hand, bacteria can exploit PANoptosis to evade host immune defenses. This dual nature underscores the potential of PANoptosis as a target for developing novel therapies against bacterial infections. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of PANoptosis, along with the crosstalk and integration of different cell death pathways in response to various bacterial pathogens. We also discuss the dual roles of PANoptosis in bacterial infectious diseases, including sepsis, pulmonary infections, and intestinal infections. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying PANoptosis and how bacteria manipulate this pathway offers critical insights into host–pathogen interactions. These insights provide a foundation for designing targeted antibacterial strategies, modulating inflammation, and advancing precision medicine to improve clinical outcomes.
Hormonal Contraception and Bone Metabolism: Emerging Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies on Post-Pubertal and Reproductive-Age Women
Authors: Tassi Alice , Londero Ambrogio P , Xholli Anjeza , Lanzolla Giulia , Bertozzi Serena , Savelli Luca , Prefumo Federico , Cagnacci Angelo
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: This study aims to assess the effects of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) on bone metabolism markers. It primarily measures osteocalcin and additionally examines other bone health markers, seeking to determine their responses to estrogen–progestogen treatments. Methods: This study involved a comprehensive evaluation of the pertinent literature and a meta-analysis explicitly conducted on data describing women of reproductive age. The analysis encompassed accessible papers ranging to December 2024 (i.e., those listed in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Database, International Clinical Trials Registry, and ClinicalTrials.gov). We examined published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective studies. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane tool for RCTs and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for prospective studies. The selected indicators for primary and secondary outcomes were ascertained by standardized mean change (SMC), displaying the difference between conditions before and after treatment. Trends were evaluated using meta-regressions. Results: Ultimately, 34 articles out of 1924 identified items met the inclusion criteria, covering 33 unique studies. In EE/E4 combinations, osteocalcin dropped significantly (SMC −0.54 (CI.95 −0.64/−0.43) and −0.43 (CI.95 −0.76/−0.10)). Similar effects were observed for other bone-formation and reabsorption markers, with less significant reductions observed in E2-containing CHC (e.g., alkaline phosphatase (bone) EE combinations, SMC −0.39 (CI.95 −0.67/−0.11); P1NP E2 combination, 0.12 (CI.95 −0.10/0.33); and EE combinations, −0.55 (CI.95 −0.83/−0.26)). The reduction patterns also exhibited differences according to the women’s age (e.g., osteocalcin in EE combinations ≤21, SMC −0.63 (CI.95 −0.77/−0.49) and >21, SMC −0.42 (CI.95 −0.61/−0.24); alkaline phosphatase (bone) EE combinations ≤21, SMC −0.55 (CI.95 −0.86/−0.24) and >21, SMC −0.06 (CI.95 −0.47/0.35)). This analysis found that CHC maintains or reduces bone turnover in childbearing women, with effects varying by age and hormone combination. Moreover, bone-formation and reabsorption markers correlated positively to pro-androgenic progestins (p < 0.05). Thus, estrogen–progestogen combinations reduce bone turnover less when weak estrogens and a pro-androgenic or neutral progestin are present. Conclusions: This study found that CHCs reduce bone turnover, with natural estrogens and androgenic progestins appearing to be more beneficial than EE and anti-androgenic types. These findings would potentially influence decisions relevant to CHC prescriptions during a woman’s reproductive phases, emphasizing the need for additional research to tailor CHC usage to bone health.
Single Exposure to Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Causes Biphasic Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier Through Secondary Mechanisms
Authors: Arsiwala Tasneem A. , Blethen Kathryn E. , Wolford Cullen P. , Pecar Geoffrey L. , Panchal Dhruvi M. , Kielkowski Brooke N. , Wang Peng , Ranjan Manish , Carpenter Jeffrey S. , Finomore Victor , Rezai Ali , Lockman Paul R.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objective: The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is selectively permeable, but it also poses significant challenges for treating CNS diseases. Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LiFUS), paired with microbubbles is a promising, non-invasive technique for transiently opening the BBB, allowing enhanced drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). However, the downstream physiological effects following BBB opening, particularly secondary responses, are not well understood. This study aimed to characterize the time-dependent changes in BBB permeability, transporter function, and inflammatory responses in both sonicated and non-sonicated brain tissues following LiFUS treatment. Methods: We employed in situ brain perfusion to assess alterations in BBB integrity and transporter function, as well as multiplex cytokine analysis to quantify the inflammatory response. Results: Our findings show that LiFUS significantly increased vascular volume and glucose uptake, with reduced P-gp function in brain tissues six hours post treatment, indicating biphasic BBB disruption. Additionally, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, were observed in both sonicated and non-sonicated regions. A comparative analysis between wild-type and immunodeficient mice revealed distinct patterns of cytokine release, with immunodeficient mice showing lower serum concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α, highlighting the potential impact of immune status on the inflammatory response to LiFUS. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the biphasic nature of LiFUS-induced BBB disruption, emphasizing the importance of understanding the timing and extent of secondary physiological changes.
Enhancing the Solubility of Co-Formulated Hydrophobic Drugs by Incorporating Functionalized Nano-Structured Poly Lactic-co-glycolic Acid (nfPLGA) During Co-Precipitation
Authors: Islam Mohammad Saiful , Mitra Somenath
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The co-formulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is a growing strategy in biopharmaceutical development, particularly when it comes to improving solubility and bioavailability. This study explores a co-precipitation method to prepare co-formulated crystals of griseofulvin (GF) and dexamethasone (DXM), utilizing nanostructured, functionalized polylactic glycolic acid (nfPLGA) as a solubility enhancer. Methods: An antisolvent precipitation technique was employed to incorporate nfPLGA at a 3% concentration into the co-formulated GF and DXM, referred to as DXM-GF-nfPLGA. The dissolution performance of this formulation was compared to that of the pure drugs and the co-precipitated DXM-GF without nfPLGA. Results: Several characterization techniques, including electron microscopy (SEM), RAMAN, FTIR, TGA, and XRD, were used to analyze the nfPLGA incorporation and the co-precipitated co-formulations. The inclusion of nfPLGA significantly enhanced the dissolution and initial dissolution rate of both GF and DXM in the DXM-GF-nfPLGA formulation, achieving a maximum dissolution of 100%, which was not attained by the pure drugs or the DXM-GF formulation. The incorporation of nfPLGA also reduced the amount of time taken to reach 50% (T50) and 80% (T80) dissolution. T50 values decreased from 52 and 82 min (for pure DXM and GF) to 23 min for DXM-GF-nfPLGA, and the T80 improved to 50 min for DXM-GF-nfPLGA, significantly outpacing the pure compounds. Furthermore, incorporating nfPLGA into the crystal structures greatly accelerated the dissolution rates, with initial rates reaching 650.92 µg/min for DXM-GF-nfPLGA compared to 540.60 µg/min for DXM-GF, while pure GF and DXM showed lower rates. Conclusions: This work demonstrates that nfPLGA incorporation enhances dissolution performance by forming water channels within the API crystal via hydrogen-bonding interactions. This innovative nfPLGA incorporation method holds promise for developing hydrophobic co-formulations with faster solubility and dissolution rates.
Measurements of Group Delay and Chromatic Dispersion of Hollow-Core Fiber Using a Frequency Domain Method
Authors: Chen Xin , Hurley Jason E. , Nord John L. , Nikulin Ilia , Dainese Paulo , Sauer Michael , Li Ming-Jun
Published: January 2025

Although hollow-core fibers are intended to be single-mode, they can potentially carry slightly higher-order mode content depending on the specific fiber structure. The presence of one or more higher-order modes makes the measurement of group delay and chromatic dispersion difficult if one relies on an instrument that is designed to work with single-mode fiber, in particular, a commercial instrument. In this work, we present the measurements of hollow-core fibers using a frequency domain method by acquiring the complex transfer function over a range of modulation frequencies. The measurement technique is immune to the higher-order mode nature presented by some of the hollow-core fibers. We measured hollow-core fibers with a five-capillary structure and a six-capillary structure. We obtained the absolute group delay as well as the chromatic dispersion information. In particular, we were able to measure one hollow-core fiber with at least two modes. The measured chromatic dispersion values are consistent with the modeling and those reported in the literature.
Metasurface-Enabled Microphotonic Biosensors via BIC Modes
Authors: Dell’Olio Francesco
Published: January 2025

Photonic biosensors based on bound states in the continuum (BIC) resonant modes exhibit a transformative potential for high-sensitivity, label-free detection across various diagnostic applications. BIC-enabled metasurfaces, utilizing dielectric, plasmonic, and hybrid structures, achieve ultra-high Q-factors and amplify target molecule interactions on functionalized sensor surfaces. These unique properties result in increased refractive index sensitivity and low detection limits, essential for monitoring biomolecules in clinical diagnostics, environmental analysis, and food safety. Recent advancements in BIC-enabled metasurfaces have demonstrated ultra-low detection limits in the zeptomolar range, making these devices highly promising for real-world applications. This review paper critically discusses the design principles of BIC-based biosensors, emphasizing key factors such as material selection, structural asymmetry, and functionalization strategies that enhance both sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, recent advancements in fabrication techniques that enable precise BIC control with scalable approaches for practical biosensing applications are examined. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of BIC metasurfaces for real-time, low-concentration detection, highlighting their versatility and adaptability. Finally, the review discusses future challenges and opportunities, such as integration with microfluidics for point-of-care testing and multiplexed sensing, underscoring the potential of BIC-based platforms to revolutionize the field of biosensing.
Porosity Tunable Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Composites for Energy Storage Applications: Recent Progress
Authors: Laeim Huddad , Molahalli Vandana , Prajongthat Pongthep , Pattanaporkratana Apichart , Pathak Govind , Phettong Busayamas , Hongkarnjanakul Natthawat , Chattham Nattaporn
Published: January 2025

To solve the energy crisis and environmental issues, it is essential to create effective and sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies. Traditional materials for energy conversion and storage however have several drawbacks, such as poor energy density and inadequate efficiency. The advantages of MOF-based materials, such as pristine MOFs, also known as porous coordination polymers, MOF composites, and their derivatives, over traditional materials, have been thoroughly investigated. These advantages stem from their high specific surface area, highly adjustable structure, and multifunctional nature. MOFs are promising porous materials for energy storage and conversion technologies, according to research on their many applications. Moreover, MOFs have served as sacrificial materials for the synthesis of different nanostructures for energy applications and as support substrates for metals, metal oxides, semiconductors, and complexes. One of the most intriguing characteristics of MOFs is their porosity, which permits space on the micro- and meso-scales, revealing and limiting their functions. The main goals of MOF research are to create high-porosity MOFs and develop more efficient activation techniques to preserve and access their pore space. This paper examines the porosity tunable mixed and hybrid MOF, pore architecture, physical and chemical properties of tunable MOF, pore conditions, market size of MOF, and the latest development of MOFs as precursors for the synthesis of different nanostructures and their potential uses.
Dynamic Tensile Response of Basalt Fibre Grids for Textile-Reinforced Mortar (TRM) Strengthening Systems
Authors: Milling Amrita , Amato Giuseppina , Taylor Su , Moreira Pedro , Braga Daniel
Published: January 2025

The present work constitutes the initial experimental effort to characterise the dynamic tensile performance of basalt fibre grids employed in TRM systems. The tensile behaviour of a bi-directional basalt fibre grid was explored using a high-speed servo-hydraulic testing machine with specialised grips. Deformation and failure modes were captured using a high-speed camera. Tensile strain values were extracted from the recorded images using the MATLAB computer vision tool, ‘vision.PointTracker’. The specimens, consisting of one and four rovings, were tested at intermediate (1–8/s) and quasi-static (10−3/s) strain rates. After the tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed to examine the microscopic failure of the material. Linear and non-linear stress–strain behaviours were observed in the range of 10−3 to 1/s and 4 to 8/s, respectively. Tensile strength, ultimate strain, toughness, and elastic modulus increased at intermediate strain rates. Overall, the dynamic increase factors for these properties, except for the latter, were between 1.4 and 2.3. At the macroscopic level, the grid failed in a brittle manner. However, microscopic analyses revealed that the failure modes of the fibre and polymer coating were strain-rate sensitive. The enhanced tensile performance of the grid under dynamic loading conditions rendered it suitable for retrofitting structures prone to extreme loading conditions.
State of Health Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm for Feature Selection and Support Vector Regression Model
Authors: Wang Rui , Xu Xikang , Zhou Qi , Zhang Jingtao , Wang Jing , Ye Jilei , Wu Yuping
Published: January 2025

Evaluating the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential for their safe deployment and the advancement of electric vehicles (EVs). Existing machine learning methods face challenges in the automation and effectiveness of feature extraction, necessitating improved computational efficiency. To address this issue, we propose a collaborative approach integrating an enhanced whale optimization algorithm (EWOA) for feature selection and a lightweight support vector regression (SVR) model for SOH estimation. Key features are extracted from charging voltage, current, temperature, and incremental capacity (IC) curves. The EWOA selects features by initially assigning weights based on importance scores from a random forest model. Gaussian noise increases population diversity, while a dynamic threshold method optimizes the selection process, preventing local optima. The selected features construct the SVR model for SOH estimation. This method is validated using four aging datasets from the NASA database, conducting 50 prediction experiments per battery. The results indicate optimal average absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) within 0.41% and 0.71%, respectively, with average errors below 1% and 1.3%. This method enhances automation and accuracy in feature selection while ensuring efficient SOH estimation, providing valuable insights for practical LIB applications.
The Crack Propagation Behaviour of CO2 Fracturing Fluid in Unconventional Low Permeability Reservoirs: Factor Analysis and Mechanism Revelation
Authors: Li Qiang , Li Qingchao , Cao Hongqi , Wu Jingjuan , Wang Fuling , Wang Yanling
Published: January 2025

To circumvent the numerous deficiencies inherent to water-based fracturing fluids and the associated greenhouse effect, CO2 fracturing fluids are employed as a novel reservoir working fluid for reservoir reconstruction in unconventional oil fields. Herein, a mathematical model of CO2 fracturing crack propagation based on seepage–stress–damage coupling was constructed for analysing the effects of different drilling fluid components and reservoir parameters on the crack propagation behaviour of low permeability reservoirs. Additionally, the fracture expansion mechanism of CO2 fracturing fluid on low permeability reservoirs was elucidated through mechanical and chemical analysis. The findings demonstrated that CO2 fracturing fluid can effectively facilitate the expansion of cracks in low-permeability reservoirs, and thickener content, reservoir pressure, and reservoir parameters were identified as influencing factors in the expansion of reservoir cracks and the evolution of rock damage. The 5% CO2 thickener can increase the apparent viscosity and fracture length of CO2 fracturing fluid to 5.12 mPa·s and 58 m, respectively, which are significantly higher than the fluid viscosity (0.04 mPa·s) and expansion capacity (13 m) of pure CO2 fracturing fluid. Furthermore, various other factors significantly influence the fracture expansion capacity of CO2 fracturing fluid, thereby offering technical support for fracture propagation in low-permeability reservoirs and enhancing oil recovery.
Changes in the Mechanism of the Fenton Reaction
Authors: Kremer Mordechai L.
Published: January 2025

The kinetics of modified versions of the model of the Fenton reaction have been investigated. In these versions, radicals are produced by splitting FeO2+ (dissociation product of Fe2+ ozonide Fe2+O3) into Fe3+ and OH. The analysis shows that the revised models have the same shortcomings as the corresponding models of Haber and Weiss and of Barb et al. A nonradical model, based on an intact FeO2+ as an intermediate, accounted satisfactorily for the kinetics of the reaction under the same conditions. The amphoteric nature of FeO2+ to form FeOH3+ and HOFeO+ in reactions with H+ and OH−, respectively, extends its activity to a wide range of pH values.
The Idea of Mathematicity of the Universe as a Locus Theologicus: Michael Heller and Representatives of “The Kraków School of Philosophy in Science”
Authors: Trombik Kamil
Published: January 2025

In this paper, I focus on the analysis of the concept of the mathematicity of the Universe developed by Heller and his colleagues from the Kraków School of Philosophy in Science [KSPS]. For the representatives of this School, the mathematicity of nature was one of the most frequently discussed issues. Based on these philosophical discussions, several proposals were formulated with clear theological references, and these also constitute an area for a broader discussion at the interface between science and religion. From a philosophical point of view, the question of the mathematicity of nature remains an open metaphysical problem. The image of the world formulated on the basis of this idea can be an inspiration for theologians seeking common ground with the sciences. An example of this are the views of Heller himself and some representatives of the KSPS, which are analyzed in this paper, taking into account critical positions and indicating possible research perspectives.
Prediction of Groundwater Level Based on the Integration of Electromagnetic Induction, Satellite Data, and Artificial Intelligent
Authors: Wang Fei , Han Lili , Liu Lulu , Wei Yang , Guo Xian
Published: January 2025

Groundwater level (GWL) in dry areas is an important parameter for understanding groundwater resources and environmental sustainability. Remote sensing data combined with machine learning algorithms have become one of the important tools for groundwater level modeling. However, the effectiveness of the above-based model in the plains of the arid zone remains underexplored. Fortunately, soil salinity and soil moisture may provide an optimized solution for GWL prediction based on the application of apparent conductivity (ECa, mS/m) using electromagnetic induction (EMI). This has not been attempted in previous studies in oases in arid regions. The study proposed two strategies to predict GWL, included an ECa-based GWL model and a remote sensing-based GWL model (RS_GWL), and then compared and explored their performances and cooperation possibilities. To this end, this study first constructed the ECa prediction model and the RS_GWL with ensemble machine learning algorithms using environmental variables and field observations (474 ECa reads and 436 groundwater level observations from a mountain–oasis–desert system, respectively). Subsequently, a strategy to improve the prediction accuracy of GWL was proposed by comparing the correlation between GWL observations and the two models. The results showed that the RS_GWL prediction model explains 30% and 90% of the spatial variability in the two value domain intervals, GWL < 10 m and GWL > 10 m, respectively. The R2 of the modeling and the validation of the ECa was 79% and 73%, respectively. Careful analysis of the scatter plots between predicted ECa and GWL revealed that when ECa varies between 0–600 mS/m, 600–800 mS/m, 800–1100 mS/m, and >1100 mS/m, the fluctuation ranges of the corresponding GWL correspond to 0–31 m, 0–15 m, 0–10 m, and 0–5 m. Finally, combining the spatial variability of ECa and RS_GWL spatial distribution map, the following optimization strategies were finally established: GWL < 5 m (in natural land with ECa > 1100 mS/m), GWL < 5 m (occupied by farmland from RS_GWL) and GWL > 10 m (from RS_GWL), and 3 < GWL < 10 m (speculated). In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the integration of EMI technology has significantly improved the precision of forecasting shallow GWL in oasis plain regions, outperforming the outcomes achieved by the use of remote sensing data alone.
Effects of Monensin, Calcareous Algae, and Essential Oils on Performance, Carcass Traits, and Methane Emissions Across Different Breeds of Feedlot-Finished Beef Cattle
Authors: Guerreiro Pedro , Costa Diogo F. A. , Limede Arnaldo C. , Congio Guilhermo F. S. , Meschiatti Murillo A. P. , Bernardes Priscila A. , Santos Flavio A. Portela
Published: January 2025

With the growing use of crossbred cattle in Brazilian feedlots and increasing pressure to reduce antibiotic use as growth promoters, this study examines the impact of three feed additives—monensin (MON), monensin with Lithothamnium calcareum (LCM), and a blend of essential oils (BEO)—on the performance of Nellore (NEL) and crossbred (CROSS) cattle. A total of 90 Nellore and 90 crossbred bulls were assigned to a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 3 factorial design for 112 days, and all received the same diet with varying additives. Their methane (CH4) emissions were estimated. All data were analyzed using the emmeans package of R software (version 4.4.1). Crossbred cattle outperformed Nellore in average daily gain (ADG), hot carcass weight (HCW), and dry matter intake (DMI), though feed efficiency remained unaffected. Across additives, no significant differences were observed in ADG, HCW, or dressing percentage. However, LCM had a lower DMI than the BEO, while MON showed better feed efficiency than the BEO. A breed-by-additive interaction trend was noted for DMI as a percentage of body weight (DMI%BW), with Nellore bulls on LCM diets showing the lowest DMI%BW. Crossbreeds had greater net energy (NE) requirements for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg), and MON-fed animals had greater NEm and NEg than the BEO. Crossbred bulls had greater daily methane (CH4) emissions than Nellore bulls. Animals on the BEO had greater daily CH4 emissions and greater g CH4/kg metabolic BW than LCM bulls. In conclusion, the addition of Lithothamnium calcareum to monensin did not enhance performance compared to monensin alone. Monensin outperformed the BEO in feed efficiency and nutrient utilization.