bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phased Array Ultrasonic Tools Provide Precise Measurement of Geometrically Complex Components Such as Nipple Profiles Downhole, Confirming Safety Critical Dimensions.
Authors: Troup Duncan
Published: March 2019

Many components used in completions are geometrically complex and machined to tight tolerances. Precisely measuring the internal profile dimensions of these items after installation is impossible using mechanical means such as calipers due to the sharp ID changes precluding good finger contact. This paper will discuss the use of a precision ultrasonic tool that allows accurate measurements to be taken without physical contact, and to detail a case study of inspecting a landing nipple profile.

Mechanical finger type caliper devices cannot measure internal diameters unless physically in contact with the surface and this is not possible at all times. An alternative to physical measurement is to reflect a projected beam of acoustic energy from the target and, knowing the speed of sound of the well fluid, calculate an ID measurement. Using a number of ultrasonic transducers allows beamforming techniques to precisely focus the sound to produce good resolution. The ultrasound tool uses a circumferentially arranged band of 288 sensors that operate in a phased array to determine accurate ID of even very complex profiles.

A landing nipple is a component that is designed for the installation of flow control devices in a well completion and comprises a seal area and a lock profile. The dimensions of these faces are very precisely controlled during manufacture because the device being installed, such a safety valve, must fit perfectly in order to provide a seal and mechanical attachment. If the lock profile, for example, becomes damaged or eroded than there is a chance of the safety valve being ejected from the nipple. The 288 transducer array of the ultrasound tool provides a circumferential spacing of 1.25° between measurements; ensuring even small defects can be detected. Following a laboratory test of a representative landing nipple under controlled conditions to verify the tool performance, a number of landing nipples were inspected in a field where erosion was suspected. The tool was able to accurately map the complex locking profile and to measure the dimensions to within a hundredth of an inch in each case, giving the operator confidence that the correct locks were being used to install the safety valves.

The unique properties of focused ultrasound allow the mapping and verification of even complex machined components while they are still downhole. With 288 circumferential readings, high resolution measurements are possible to an accuracy of a fraction of a millimetre raising the possibility of engineering a solution to a given problem rather than resorting to the expensive option of replacing the completion.
Wireline Electromechanical Shifting Tool with Large Expansion Ratio and Fully Controllable High-Force Capability
Authors: Mauchien Thomas , Christa Brandon , Olivio Amanda , Vander Poorten Ryan , Sheiretov Todor
Published: March 2019

New electromechanical anchoring and shifting mechanisms for a 2 1/8-in. wireline shifting tool employ innovative linkage designs to enable passage through 2.2-in.-diameter restrictions and deployment in casings up to 5.0-in. inner diameter. The anchoring system delivers 60,000-lbf force through the entire opening range, and the tool provides more than 16,000 lbf of linear actuation force to the pressure- activated shifter.

Using wireline shifting tools for sliding sleeves, pulling plugs, fishing, and other operations requiring high axial forces is becoming more common because the tools generate forces comparable with surface- controlled pipe-conveyed devices while offering excellent operational control and real-time feedback downhole. Because operations may include going through a small-diameter restriction before shifting in a larger borehole, tools must open to a large diameter, a property known as the expansion ratio. However, as the expansion ratio increases, the ability of conventional tools for generating large linear forces diminishes. New anchor and shifting designs feature large expansion ratios while preserving the ability to deliver large linear loads.

Solutions are presented to the numerous challenges of the design for a wireline toolstring typically including an anchor, linear actuator, and shifting tool. The anchoring system has the capability to apply constant radial force that is independent of the borehole size. As with all intervention tools, it cannot stick to the tubular and must be fail-safe and fully retractable within the tool outside diameter (OD) in case of a power loss, even in high-debris environments. Integrity of the tubular where the anchor is set must be maintained. The anchoring force must not be influenced by the axial push/pull force of the linear actuator. Self-centralization of the anchoring system is needed to eliminate the large bending forces that would otherwise occur from the linear actuator action. Both the anchor and shifting tool must have features that enable pulling them out of hole reliably, even through a restriction. Force and opening displacement sensors are important in giving real-time feedback of the state of the system. In combination with integrated firmware, this enables the system to react to events in the hundred-milliseconds range for effective, high-accuracy operations. Examples are presented for tool usage for specific applications.

The novel designs presented in this paper expand the operating envelope of mechanical services on wireline to operations in wells that were previously not serviceable by such tools. Wider application of wireline tools will lead to reduced operational time and bring an increased success rate and intervention reliability on a lower cost conveyance platform.
Rarefaction Shock Cleanup and Stimulation with a Water Hammer Tool
Authors: Kolle Jack
Published: March 2019

Water hammer shock pulses are generated when the flow in a length of tubing is interrupted in a time that is much shorter than the pulse duration. Water hammer tools used for well intervention incorporate a poppet valve that closes very quickly and a pilot valve that then causes the valve to open so that the flow is stopped periodically. The upstream water hammer shock generates an impulsive mechanical load on the bottom hole assembly (BHA) that can be used for milling or other applications. The intense axial vibration also extends the reach of tubing in long tortuous completions. These tools also generate a significant rarefaction shock downstream of the tool, comprising a sudden drop in pressure that can extend over 100's of meters of wellbore. The rarefaction pulse propagates into the dead volume beneath the tool and upstream into the annulus. The rarefaction shock causes flow to surge into and out of the formation. The extent and duration of these pulses has been observed in surface tests. Case histories of well cleaning and stimulation applications are described. Best practices for operation include squeezing treatment fluids into the formation followed by flow circulation to shock surge the completions.
Downhole Leak Detection: Introducing A New Wireline Array Noise Tool
Authors: Yang Qinshan , Zhao Jinsong , Rourke Marvin
Published: March 2019

This paper will introduce a new generation wireline Array Noise Tool (ANT). This tool is used to detect downhole acoustic / vibration activities originating from fluid-structure friction flow. One of main applications in Well Integrity (WI) and Plug & Abandonment (P&A) for ANT is to locate leak sources in well completions and tubulars. The innovative sensor matrix and system configuration together with three novel data processing methods are studied and developed to address the following primary challenges; Tiny acoustic leakage signals (-30dB to -60dB), for example, the minor leaks behind pipes or even inside the formation matrix,Strong road-noise acoustic signal contamination from tool motion while dynamic logging,Nonstationary and/or nonlinear signal distortions because of tool flexural vibrations, andDownhole seismic noise.

The tool can be operated both in stationary logging and in dynamic logging.

The wide-band sensor matrix is designed with a unique configurable technique to form different measurement arrays. As a result, the tool can simultaneously acquire absolute and differential acoustic signals. By using this sensor matrix we are able to improve Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) by up to 20 to 30dB. From the acquired data, we employ a multi-dimensional machine learning (ML) classification module, cascaded with cluster iteration to separate real leak signatures from other unwanted noise signals. After a data conditioning process, the wave velocity-domain decomposition method is utilized to further distinguish the leak signal propagation characteristics against other noise propagations to enhance overall SNR for leak detectability. Lastly we use a Bayesian likelihood analysis to identify the leak depth locations with a confidence index based on the information contained in both signal energy and signal velocity. We are able to achieve 15dB to 20dB SNR improvement from this data processing methodology. The system design goal is to eliminate unwanted acoustic noise that is not associated with leaks, while maintaining sufficient sensitivity to pick up minor leaks.

The tool has been logged commercially in the US, Middle East, East Asia, and Latin America. The tool performance has been validated through simulation, lab tests, and field logs. Field logging examples are demonstrating a leak detection success rate above 95%. Field cases include multi-annulus, low flow rate, and gas well field examples. Field results will be presented in this paper.

ANT instrument technology and the associated advanced processing methods are a new solution for detecting the leak source locations and monitor leak paths, especially, in Well Integrity (WI), Plug and Abandonment (P&A), and many other well applications.
A Novel Approach: Williston Basin Coil Tubing Fluid Shows Significant Process Improvement
Authors: Redburn Mike , Cernosek Cole , Norton George
Published: March 2019

The successful development of an oil and gas field relies upon the application of technology. Utilizing data-driven results improves drilling efficiency in extended-reach wells. Horizontal drilling of these wells is necessary for oil recovery due to the very low permeability of the reservoir and the presence of natural vertical fractures found in the Williston Basin. The reservoirs within the Williston Basin are generally tight with a relatively high pore pressure. A novel additive used during the drilling phase of the well was implemented and improved for coil tubing milling and cleanout procedure.

Coil tubing application requires the use of robust fluid products due to the demanding environment. The novel additive was used to increase the lubricity improving friction on metal to metal contact where excess torque and drag led to the use of multiple tool runs and several short trips to decrease the drag forces.

Novel water-based drilling fluid enhancer used in varying concentrations maximizes the performance, reducing the need for excessive short trips and an increase in tool life. This paper will highlight the planning phase for the engineering design, the equipment used, friction factor matching, and the challenges encountered using the additive during coil tubing applications. Operators have seen noticeable reductions in days reducing the amount of flat time with prior conventional application. The application case history shows introduction in the Williston Basin and lessons learned when introduced into the Permian.
Under Pressure Perforating Deployment System Leads to a Six-Fold Reduction in Wireline Runs and a Three-Fold Reduction of Rig Time
Authors: Hillier Jill , Guedes Carlos Eduardo , Baumann Carlos , Torres Abraham , Sarian Serko , Aboelnaga Sharif
Published: March 2019

The perforating deployment system significantly reduces rig time while maximizing the perforation length per run as compared with traditional systems, both on land and offshore, for rig or rigless interventions with very limited rig-up height.

In limited rig-up height interventions, such as installations with short rig-up height or small cranes, to perforate long intervals it is necessary to use multiple short gun runs. To reduce the number of runs, short gun subassemblies are connected using a sealed ballistic transfer connector. The sealed ballistic transfer connector provides surface wellhead pressure containment sealing capability within the gunstring while also ensuring downhole ballistic transfer between guns subassemblies and the added value of optimizing perforating underbalance conditions. There is no limit on the number of sealed ballistic transfer connectors that can be used in one string. The sealed ballistic transfer connector allows deployment and reverse deployment under pressure in wells up to 103 Mpa, and it is qualified for H2S environments.

The application of this technology allows significant rig-time savings and reduces personnel exposure via a remote operational console that enables personnel to connect and disconnect the guns under pressure from a safer distance. To date many jobs have been completed with this proven technology. One example presented in this paper is a horizontal well perforated from an offshore installation with an extremely short rig-up height, where there was only 16 m available to deploy wireline toolstrings. The limited height meant that a conventional wireline with tractor would allow deploying only a single 6-m-long gun carrier per trip. Using sealed ballistic transfer connectors enabled a 53-m gunstring (seven 6-m and one 3-m carrier plus adaptations) to be deployed in a single run using eight sealed ballistic transfer connectors. This was a record for the deployment conditions. More than 100 deployment and reverse deployment insertions were successfully conducted during this perforating job, reducing the required number of wireline runs from 59 to 10, and saving 51 days of operation and rig time.

This paper demonstrates how the integrated application of the perforating sealed ballistic transfer connector technology, tractors, and polymer-encapsulated cables can reduce time in long perforating jobs with short rig-up heights both on land and offshore. In another presented example, the operator saved days of rig time, in addition to large economic and production time savings, and also reduced the exposure of personnel to lengthy, riskier tasks.
Leveraging The Unique Properties Of A Carbon Composite Rod Deployment System To Push The Boundaries Of Perforation Procedures, Bringing Time And Cost Savings To Standard Operations As Well As Allowing New Techniques When Compared To Conventional Wireline
Authors: Troup Duncan
Published: March 2019

Ballistic perforation remains a fundamental part of the process of producing valuable hydrocarbon deposits. The basic technique of lowering a gun containing shaped charges into a well is essentially unchanged since the 1930's, but the method of deployment has undergone many improvements. This paper intends to examine the benefits and advantages of using new carbon composite materials technology in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of perforation.

The semi-stiff carbon rod is very strong, rigid, has low friction and contains an electrical conductor. These factors all combine to confer significant advantages over wireline for deploying perforation guns. The simplest benefit is that the strength of the rod makes rigging up and running very long and heavy gun strings feasible, reducing the number of runs in hole required to perforate a given interval. The rigidity of the rod reduces the risk of being blown up-hole by pressure differentials, thus allowing more potential underbalance than when using wireline while the conductor allows the use of addressable select fire systems.

Economic management of a well will almost certainly involve some intervention during its lifetime. A not uncommon example is a well where depletion has moved reservoir contacts and re-perforation becomes desirable to maximise recovery. If deviation is high, as in a recent well in the North Sea, a tractor intervention will be required and due to the constraints of a conventional cable deployment, gun lengths will be limited resulting in multiple runs. The carbon composite rod system was able to halve the number of runs required to perforate the new interval resulting in a considerable saving.

Many wells may not be horizontal but have a sustained section at high angle which precludes the use of wireline alone. The low friction of the rod and the ability to push it into hole allows access without recourse to a tractor, while the stiffness prevents movement of the string uphole after shooting, allowing significant underbalance to be applied with all the attendant benefits to reservoir performance. Combining new developments in selective firing and flexible gun systems with the attributes of the rod allow access to zones below known restrictions which are currently impassable by tractor or any other conventional deployment system.

Demonstrating the ability of the carbon composite rod system to save time and perforate longer sections more economically allows optimised planning. Eliminating concerns over gun lift, especially in high deviations, gives far more flexibility for planning underbalance perforation with all its intrinsic advantages. The electrical conductor in the rod enables the use of addressable select fire systems and head tension devices that, along with the ability to push the BHA, allows entry through otherwise impassable restrictions.
Disposable Intervention Tool for Production Logging
Authors: Bostick F. X. , Purkis Dan , Feherty Craig , Rose Kevin , Hitchcock Doug
Published: March 2019

Fiber optics can be readily introduced into wells to gather data at very low cost by using a novel, disposable deployment method called FiberLine Intervention (FLI). To date, FLI technology has been used to cost-effectively install bare optical fiber in wellbores to collect distributed sensing data, such as distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). In this ‘passive’ sensing mode a variety of applications have been demonstrated, for example, cement assurance, leak detection, injection monitoring and vertical seismic profiling.

The FLI technology has now been expanded to include "active" elements which provide additional, discrete, electronic sensing functions from within the deployed probe. This capability enables the combination of single point data with distributed sensing information to provide enhanced well intelligence and assist with a wider variety of production logging applications, including evaluating well and reservoir performance and completion effectiveness.

To deploy FLI, the probe is configured on the wellhead in a small, pressure containing launcher. This releases the probe which free-falls downhole laying the fiber into the well. Following the development of "Active FLI", the probe can now be configured to house a suite of low cost, expendable electronic sensors such as a pressure gauge, a temperature sensor and a casing collar locator (CCL). The fiber transmits the digitized sensor data - in real time - to a miniature surface data acquisition system. Following completion of sensing and monitoring operations, which typically last several hours to a few days, the probe and fiber are then disposed of in the well.

The active electronic sensors collect data during the probe's descent into the well and can continue with ongoing monitoring when the tool reaches its final depth. The sensors can be deactivated on demand and the same fiber can then be utilized for distributed sensing. Alternatively, two fibers can be deployed allowing for the simultaneous collection of single-point data and ongoing distributed sensing throughout the wellbore.

Active FLI technology will be described in this paper and data from a representative field trial will be presented. The solution remains disposable, thereby resulting in a low cost, low risk and minimal impact method for obtaining key wellbore information during shut in, production and injection operations.
A Novel Approach to Wireline Debris Removal
Authors: Gourmelon Pierre-Olivier , Wiesenborn Kyle , Chochua Gocha
Published: March 2019

A new type of wireline-powered debris removal system that efficiently captures and retains a wide variety of wellbore debris types is presented. The system's unique benefits and performance are demonstrated through modeling and testing in controlled conditions.

Wireline-powered debris removal technology uses localized fluid circulation generated downhole to vacuum debris into bailers for capture. Challenges with conventional systems are related to the ability to continuously mobilize and separate a variety of debris including fine particulates and cohesive debris-binder mixtures. The new wireline debris removal system improves on previous technology by addressing the specific challenges of each of the debris types. This performance improvement is enabled by using a progressing cavity pump (PCP) to create powerful bidirectional suction pressure and a staged bailer configuration with parallel flow filters for maximum fill efficiency.

Pump performance is compared analytically for a centrifugal pump and a PCP to demonstrate the benefits of the PCP for debris collection applications. These benefits include reverse pumping ability for unsticking the toolstring when operating in debris-filled wellbores. This pump analysis defines a suction pressure budget, which is used to analyze the performance and capabilities of the staged bailer system. The pressure losses and debris accumulation profile of the new top-fed parallel flow filter bailers is determined by using fluid dynamics models. Results of an extensive testing campaign are presented to validate model results. Actual collection performance is presented for a wide variety of debris types using the new debris removal system.

The new wireline debris removal system's use of a PCP to generate the necessary vacuum and provide bidirectional capabilities for operational flexibility in combination with maximum debris recovery provided by staged bailers with parallel flow filters will bring new efficiencies and reliability to intervention operations.
Pushing the Limits of Damage Identification with Coiled Tubing in Extreme Conditions: A Success Story from Japan
Authors: Yoshida Nozomu , Teshima Satoshi , Yamada Ryo , Aybar Umut , Ramondenc Pierre
Published: March 2019

The success of water conformance operations often depends on clear identification of the water production mechanism. Such assessment can be complicated significantly when formation damage is also occurring. Coiled tubing (CT) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) were combined to overcome challenging conditions (high temperature, low injectivity, high deviation, long perforated intervals, and wellbore damage) to identify damaged oil zones and suspected water-bearing zones in an onshore well in Japan.

The subject well experienced unexpected contamination of oil-based mud and completion brine which generated tight emulsions in the wellbore during the completion phase. Despite a thorough cleanout and perforations, severe damage was observed and mostly water was produced. With the presence of persistent damage in the wellbore preventing any logging tool use, DTS was selected as main diagnostic method, with the fiber optics being deployed with CT to ensure full coverage of the interval. Acquired temperature surveys were processed and matched with simulated profiles, which tested various scenarios of damage. Ultimately, results were used to drive the design of remedial actions.

The following operational sequence was implemented: temperature baseline measurements (6 hr), brine bullheading through CT-tubing annulus at 0.2 bbl/min (22 hr), and shut-in (6 hr) for warmback. The long injection stage was required to ensure enough fluid was being injected across the entire interval while keeping the downhole pressure below fracturing pressure. Real-time DTS data during pumping and warmback indicated the presence of a high-intake zone in the middle of the interval. Below that section, only marginal temperature changes were observed, which may be a direct consequence of the low injection rate limitation. Post-job processing using numerical temperature simulation was performed to complement that analysis and quantify intake along the well. Temperature inversion against DTS response was conducted independently using two different simulators, both of which yielded similar profiles, confirming the soundness of this approach. The results not only supported the presence of high intake in the middle interval, they also showed that the bottom zone most likely took some fluid. Complementary information eventually pointed to the high-intake interval being the primary water-bearing zone. This analysis led to the selection of the remedial actions to be performed in damaged oil zones.

This study demonstrates how integrated use of data from design, to job execution, to interpretation can change the perception of a well and how DTS can be a viable alternative to damage and water-production diagnostics in some extreme conditions when production logging tools cannot be used. Results of the DTS quantitative analysis provided local damage profiles along the well, which were critical to the subsequent planning of remedial activities.
Enabling High-Temperature High-Power 2 1/8-in. Tractor and Intervention Services on Long Cables with Telemetry
Authors: Dai Wei , Lee John , Yang Xuedong
Published: March 2019

A new family of 2 1/8-in. wireline tractor and intervention tools has been developed to enable logging and intervention services in high-temperature deviated or horizontal wells while providing high power levels and maintaining excellent surface communication over long cables.

In many horizontal or highly deviated wells, wireline tractors are a cost-effective solution for conveying logging tools, perforating guns, and intervention tools in comparison with other conveyance options such as coiled tubing. However, performing these logging and intervention services has become increasingly challenging, as well lengths increase and well temperatures rise. Providing the necessary high-power levels and maintaining real-time communication with the wireline tractor, payload, and other conveyed services from surface as operating conditions deteriorate are also problematic. Difficult operating conditions can be sustanined exposure to high temperature, long lossy logging cable, or combination of both. We assessed these challenges in developing key electronic, firmware, and software technologies for the new tractor and tools.

To achieve robust tractor operation at high temperatures, the electrical hardware is designed to withstand operating temperatures of up to 180°C while minimize heat generation. Temperature sensors are placed throughout the tool to monitor system health during operation. Surface-downhole telemetry is optimized to ensure compatibility with long cables. The tool algorithm was developed to maximize mechanical power delivery based on operating conditions. Results are presented from lab-based system level integration tests of the 2 1/8-in. wheeled tractor and intervention tools at temperatures of up to 175°C and delivering more than 1 kW of power on 30,000 ft of logging cables while maintaining communication with the payload.

The technologies described in this paper allow the 2 1/8-in. wireline tractor to perform high power interventions and logging while tractoring in wells previously inaccessible due to depth or temperature constraints.
A New Approach To Cement Evaluation Using Passive Acoustic Methods Directly Analyses The Performance Of The Barrier By Detecting Leakage Rather Than Its Physical Presence And Apparent Condition
Authors: Troup Duncan
Published: March 2019

A cement barrier in an oil well is intended to prevent any movement of fluid along the wellbore. If there is movement of fluid, acoustic energy will be produced and may be detected by a suitably sensitive sensor. This paper describes the controlled testing and real world application of a new passive acoustic tool and the benefits it brings to evaluation of even very small fluid migration issues.

Traditional methods of cement analysis rely on evaluating the placement and condition of a cement barrier, which may confirm the presence of cement behind the casing or liner. There are innumerable examples of cemented annuli that exhibit sustained annular pressure at surface – an indication of fluid migration from a charging source downhole – despite a good cement condition log having been acquired. In such cases there will be acoustic energy generated by the movement of even small amounts of fluid, the presence of which may be used to indicate a failure of performance of the cement.

A number of test cells were used to recreate realistic downhole scenarios of fluid flow, the cases including free-pipe, a single small channel, an exterior micro-annulus and "good" cement. The sealing performance of the annular barrier was tested against both gas and liquid over a range of flowrates and pressure differentials to best simulate the downhole environment. Reliable detection of annular flow at rates as low as 0.03 litres per minutes was recorded for liquid, while gas migration was detectable even at very low differential pressure. The latter case is of great interest in wells planned for permanent abandonment where even slow annular pressure build-ups are unacceptable. A logging campaign covering 8 wells was subsequently performed; rig-less and with production tubing still in place; to identify the source of B-annulus charging. The new technique was able to successfully identify areas of gas migration in each of the wells allowing detailed planning to be conducted prior to bringing in a rig.

The analysis of cement from the perspective of absolute performance as opposed to the traditional approach investigating the condition allows very detailed analysis of well barriers. This is especially useful in operations for permanent abandonment of wells were any leakage is unacceptable. The ability to map the fluid migration from source to surface is a powerful tool in the efficient design of remediation programs.
Highly Engineered 2.375-in CT Provides Effective and Reliable Interventions in 30,000-ft Mega Reach Wells in Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Galvan Irma Galvan , Jimenez Jose Jimenez , Ulloa Joel Ulloa , Wheatley Edward Wheatley , McClelland Garry McClelland
Published: March 2019

With the aim of long-term sustainable production in the Persian Gulf, wells are being developed on artificial islands to maximize reservoir contact using extended reach drilling technologies with liner completions. This drilling strategy has many advantages and efficiencies, albeit, it results in complex 3-D well trajectories which challenge service operations throughout the well's life cycle. The ability to perform interventions in these wells with challenging laterals using Coiled Tubing (CT) is critical for achieving field development goals.

With well cleanouts and stimulation as the primary scope of work, a CT string was custom-engineered to maximize reach capabilities and injection rates, in well trajectories of up to 4.5:1 MD/TVD ratios that extend up to ~20,000-ft laterals through the reservoir. The challenging operating requirements incorporate several constraints, including accessibility of +30,000-ft target depths, minimizing the use of high cost extended reach tools, and achieving injection rates of at least 5 BPM, all within acceptable pressure limits to maximize CT service life, without exceeding surface equipment capabilities available in the area.

An iterative CT design methodology that incorporated the use of patented CT manufacturer strip technology, extensive tubing forces and hydraulics analyses, traction-force generating tool capabilities, fatigue simulations, and improved operation practices, enabled safe and successful deployment of 70-T (155,000-lbs) 2.375-in CT strings with 31,500-ft continuous length on the artificial islands.

CT strings reached target depths, with the bottom-hole assembly (BHA) generating 7,500-lbf of traction force in the most difficult wells, while delivering up to 5 BPM injection rates during the stimulation operations. These extended reach CT strings are the largest (by weight) ever produced and deployed on the artificial islands, which enabled the well operator to maximize well performance and productivity in ultra-long lateral wells.

This paper demonstrates the extensive design process to provide support and custom-engineer CT strings to perform complex operations - including matrix stimulation, mechanical isolation, scale inhibition, water control, and well cleanouts. Analysis of the field data, and performance of the strings will also be discussed to demonstrate increased efficiencies achieved by the well operator.

As future wells are being designed with greater laterals, further development in downhole tools technology will allow the deployment of +35,000-ft CT in continuous length to economically and efficiently achieve extended reach CT operational goals in the field. Engineered solutions for 2.375-in CT over 36,500-ft are currently in the design stage. These strings are expected to surpass the 73 T (tube only) weight -becoming a future milestone for CT interventions.
An Analysis of Coiled Tubing Performance
Authors: Brown Paul , Gunby Brian , Torres Carlos
Published: March 2019

The performance of coiled tubing pipe in real-world conditions is a topic of interest and frequent discussion within the industry. With pipe cost routinely exceeding $250,000 per string, service companies want to know if they are achieving the maximum return on their investment, and how their utilization compares with their competitors. However, industry-wide information is not readily available, especially for newer pipe grades, while published data tends to be specific to a particular company, region, or type of operation. As a result, policies regarding pipe life and criteria for retirement are largely set by each company, and industry practices can be slow to adapt as new products and procedures emerge.

An online system has been in place since 2010 where service companies upload, track and evaluate pipe and job data for the purposes of their own string management and operation planning. With records for over 5,200 strings and 146,550 jobs at the time of writing, this database has the potential to generate in-depth analysis of pipe performance. However, the data entered by each participant is confidential to that company, and is not usually available for general analysis. An initiative has therefore been developed whereby companies can choose to make certain data available, appropriately anonymized to protect commercial interests, which can be used to generate statistics of interest to the industry at large.

To illustrate the potential benefits, this paper will present a sample analysis of string performance based on cumulative running feet (or meters) at the time of pipe retirement. Since most coiled tubing operations are billed at least in part on running feet, this can be considered as a proxy for revenue. Total running feet will be compared with modeled pipe fatigue to see which metric better anticipates working life in real-world conditions. The paper will show how, when a large quantity of data is available, a statistically meaningful distribution of outcomes can be determined for each pipe diameter and grade, thus making it possible to compare grades, and quantify whether a given string has exceeded or fallen short of expectation, relative to the industry as a whole and not just the company concerned. The importance of taking into account all relevant factors, including the operating pressures and environment that the string has been exposed to during its working life, will be discussed.

In conclusion, an approach to increase the amount of available data, taking into account legitimate confidentiality concerns, will be proposed.
Pragmatic randomised trial of a smartphone app (NRT2Quit) to improve effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy in a quit attempt by improving medication adherence - results of a prematurely terminated study
Authors: Herbec Aleksandra , Brown Jamie , Shahab Lion , West Robert , Raupach Tobias
Published: March 2019

Background

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) bought over the counter (OTC) appears to be largely ineffective for smoking cessation, which may be partially explained by poor adherence. We developed and evaluated the NRT2Quit smartphone app (for iOS) designed to improve quit attempts with OTC NRT by improving adherence to the medications.

Methods

A pragmatic double-blind randomized controlled trial with remote recruitment through leaflets distributed to over 300 UK-based community pharmacies. The study recruited adult daily smokers (≥10 cig/day) who bought NRT, wanted to quit smoking, downloaded NTR2Quit and completed the registration process within the app. Participants were automatically randomized within the app to the intervention (full) version of NRT2Quit or to its control (minimal) versions. The primary outcome was biochemically-verified 4-week abstinence assessed at 8-week follow-up using Russell Standard criteria and intention-to-treat. Bayes factors were calculated for the cessation outcome. Secondary outcomes were self-reported abstinence, NRT use, app use and satisfaction with the app.

Results

The study under-recruited with only 41 participants (3.5% of the target sample) randomly assigned to NRT2Quit (n=16) or the control (n=25) app versions between March 2015-September 2016. The follow-up rate was 51.2%. The intervention participants had numerically higher biochemically-verified quit rates (25.0% vs 8.0%, p=0.19, OR=3.83,0.61-24.02). The Bayes factor calculated was 1.92, suggesting anecdotal level of support for the hypothesis that the intervention app version aided cessation, but showed the data were insensitive. The intervention participants had higher median logins (2.5 vs. 0, p=0.01), were more likely to use NRT at follow-up (100.0% vs. 28.6%, p=0.03) and recommend NRT2Quit to others (100.0% vs. 28.6%, p=0.01).

Conclusions

Despite very low recruitment there was preliminary but inconclusive evidence that NRT2Quit may improve short-term abstinence and adherence among smokers using nicotine replacement therapy. Well-powered studies on NRT2Quit are needed, but different recruitment methods will be required to engage smokers through community pharmacies or other channels.
Time-dependent study of disordered models with infinite projected entangled pair states
Authors: Hubig Claudius , Cirac J. Ignacio
Published: March 2019

Infinite projected entangled pair states (iPEPS), the tensor network
ansatz for two-dimensional systems in the thermodynamic limit, already
provide excellent results on ground-state quantities using either
imaginary-time evolution or variational optimisation. Here, we show (i)
the feasibility of real-time evolution in iPEPS to simulate the dynamics
of an infinite system after a global quench and (ii) the application of
disorder-averaging to obtain translationally invariant systems in the
presence of disorder. To illustrate the approach, we study the
short-time dynamics of the square lattice Heisenberg model in the
presence of a bi-valued disorder field.
Art and Cultural Identity
Authors: Saad Reem Lotfy Mahmoud
Published: March 2019

This paper analyzes aspects of Egyptian history, including unique qualities that influenced the Egyptian culture and gave it its identity that has developed throughout the years until today. It will also discuss Egyptian visual arts and its critical role throughout history, including how arts have appeared and developed over Egypt’s lifetime and influenced the Egyptian citizen. Furthermore, this research sheds light on the effects of every political change that took place in Egypt, and how that could be a mirror of the Egyptian civilization, its development and its decline while considering the role of visual arts throughout and after the revolution of 2011. Analyzing Egyptian culture, education, technology, internet and multimedia after the revolution can be imperative to understand the cultural identity and the role of visual arts in Egypt. Thus the mutual relationship between arts and the Egyptian cultural identity will be questioned, along with the way that they impact each other, and finally, how both of them could play a key role in developing Egypt after the 25th of January, 2011 revolution.
Identity of Industrial Cities
Authors: Hussein Haitham Aamer Mahmoud
Published: March 2019

It is clear how the techonological developments along with globalization depleted the identity of civilizations and peoples, so it is necessary for the intellectuals and the artists to work hard in order to assure the identity of the cities. Such sacred goal could be achieved via increasing the people’s awareness.The identity of the cities will, directly, help in achieving the elevation and excellence of cities in order to maintain the uniqueness of their personalities and artwroks. In doing so, sublime values and morals, like the spirit of nationalism and patriotism of their people will be cultivated and harnessed. However, neglecting that may result in the dismantling of their identity accompanied by other sideaffects, like losing the cities’ historical, economic, political, social, religious or scientific identity.This study is analysing and comparing the models for a distinct identity of the industrial cities ranging from Egypt, Europe to America in the twentieth century until now. It also investigates if the contemporary arts have a role to assert a distinct identity of the industrial cities in this period of time or not.       Art is the language of the place and the revealer of its identity. Statues in squares are a pulpit. Urban spaces help cultivating such language emphasizing of the culture of its residents and the policy of the responsible administrations. Technical works in the industrial cities represents the identity of the city, which is totally different than other cities.  The identity of the industrial states is affected by several factors. Firstly, the cultural factors- where the establishments of culture and identity occur through arts, the awareness and understanding of the audience, and their tastes of the Arts. Secondly, the economic factors which cost and enrich the attraction of investors and manufacturers. Thirdly, the political factors assist the governments in seeking the elimination of the socisl problems concerning the political success. It is majorly perpetuauted by providing factories and living needs in these cities; leading to the negligience of the artsitic, social and moral factors. There should be a relationship between these borderlines and the used machinery to achieve compatibility between life circumstances and the beauty of the artwork.Drafting Fine artwork, and its impact on manufacturers' motivation and encouragement, by expression or symbolism or movement within the artwork, and the emphasis on the moral value of the work in gaining respect and dignity.Spatial limits :  Egypt, Europe, America, and limiting the study to on one city from each.Time limits: from the twentieth century until now.
Recycling Agricultural Waste as a Part of Interior Design and Architectural History in Egypt
Authors: Eldeeb Ayah
Published: March 2019

Egypt is defined as an agricultural country where its people put all produced crops to use, whether as food or clothing. An agricultural waste like straw, palm fronds, leaves and others are used in building and interior designing; they’re part of an individual’s lifestyle and culture. As time passed, all of this changed given that local agricultural materials were replaced with technology and new building materials. Farmers became uninterested in what happened to this waste that was burned as a means of disposal, this process has direct effects on public health and the environment.This research examines the problem of palm fronds (agricultural materials) as a wasted renewable source in Egypt. It will attempt to find methods to link these materials with Egyptian handicrafts using new treatments in manufacturing with the cradle to cradle idea to produce compressed panels, wallpapers and other objects used in interior design. This research is important because it aims to find sustainable environmental materials with modern designs using agricultural waste.
The Cities' Identities between Critical Regionalism and Globalization
Authors: El Zeini Ingy
Published: March 2019

“The task of critical regionalism is to rethink architecture through the concept of region.” (Tzonis & Lefaivre, 2003) The term critical regionalism, in its sense, raises several arguments in the architectural field. Critical regionalism could debate the essence of the utopian idea of international design, that every building can be placed anywhere and function with high compatibility. Critical regionalism questions the approaches used in international design; it opens up the idea that each region could have a specific characteristic that could serve function, form, and efficiency. This could also mean that each region will be distinct in the means of materials and treatments. “Critical regionalism self- consciously seeks to deconstruct universal modernism in terms of values and images which are locally cultivated, while at the same time adulterating these autochthonous elements with paradigms drawn from alien sources.” (Frarmpton, 1983) Critical Regionalism does not intend to revisit history or dwell in the past, but to find a middle ground between two extremes. The universal design that the modernists strive to achieve by spearing Louis Sullivan’s saying “Form follows function” wherever the building might exist, and the post modernists who celebrated ornamentation for its own sake. Globalization is definitely a benefit for designers as it expands the visual cultures; yet designers need to use this design exposure in a way that could benefit the environment and maximize the built environment's efficiency.This paper questions the possibility to use critical regionalism in promoting a region’s identity but at the same time adheres to the international developments. The aim is to explore the idea of critical regionalism applications, and whether it could relate to both international design and regional identity. Its being applied to four different interior design Master’s degree student projects in Florence, Italy. The students were given a specific building in the center of Florence to redesign but there were several fixed factors. First, the building should be a hotel that relates to the identity of the city of Florence, second, the design should be minimal, third the use of literal images or direct analogies were not allowed. The data is analyzed through a comparative study between the four projects in terms of concept, analogy, color scheme, materials and level of ornamentation.The paper represents results of this focus group of interior design students who are from different demographics with only fixed education levels’ postgraduates in either interior design or architecture, and project description.