bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financing Policy, Basis Risk, and Corporate Hedging: Evidence from Oil and Gas Producers
Authors: Haushalter G. David
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the hedging policies of oil and gas producers between 1992 and 1994. My evidence shows that the extent of hedging is related to financing costs. In particular, companies with greater financial leverage manage price risks more extensively. My evidence also shows that the likelihood of hedging is related to economies of scale in hedging costs and to the basis risk associated with hedging instruments. Larger companies and companies whose production is located primarily in regions where prices have a high correlation with the prices on which exchange‐traded derivatives are based are more likely to manage risks.
Should Investors Avoid All Actively Managed Mutual Funds? A Study in Bayesian Performance Evaluation
Authors: Baks Klaas P. , Metrick Andrew , Wachter Jessica
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes mutual‐fund performance from an investor's perspective. We study the portfolio‐choice problem for a mean‐variance investor choosing among a risk‐free asset, index funds, and actively managed mutual funds. To solve this problem, we employ a Bayesian method of performance evaluation; a key innovation in our approach is the development of a flexible set of prior beliefs about managerial skill. We then apply our methodology to a sample of 1,437 mutual funds. We find that some extremely skeptical prior beliefs nevertheless lead to economically significant allocations to active managers.
Spatial Moving Behavior of Two‐Earner Households
Authors: Van Ommeren Jos N. , Rietveld Piet , Nijkamp Peter
Published: March 2003

Economic theory suggests that job choice, residential choice and commuting behavior are simultaneously determined. The case of two‐earner households deserves special attention because the two wage earners share a dwelling but have different workplaces. We base our analysis of spatial moving behavior on search theory. We demonstrate that job mobility depends positively on the distance between the workplaces of the two wage earners. Residential mobility seems to be negatively influenced by the distance between the workplaces of the two wage earners. The search model also indicates that two‐earner households will, on average, move less often than single wage earners.
Probabilistic, Maximal Covering Location—Allocation Models forCongested Systems
Authors: Marianov Vladimir , Serra Daniel
Published: March 2003

When dealing with the design of service networks, such as health andemergency medical services, banking or distributed ticket‐selling services, the location of servicecenters has a strong influence on the congestion at each of them, and, consequently, on thequality of service. In this paper, several probabilistic maximal coveringlocation—allocation models with constrained waiting time for queue length are presentedto consider service congestion. The first model considers the location of a given number ofsingle‐server centers such that the maximum population is served within a standard distance, andnobody stands in line for longer than a given time or with more than a predetermined number ofother users. Several maximal coverage models are then formulated with one or more servers perservice center. A new heuristic is developed to solve the models and tested in a 30‐node network.
Congestion Tolling and Urban Spatial Structure
Authors: Arnott Richard
Published: March 2003

According to the standard model of urban traffic congestion and urbanspatial structure, congestion tolling results in a more concentrated city. In recent years, a new model of rush‐hour urban auto congestion has been developed that incorporates trip‐timing decisions—the bottleneck model. In the simplest bottleneck model optimal congestion tolling without toll‐revenue redistribution has no effect on trip price because the efficiency gainsexactly equal the toll revenue collected. Optimal congestion tolling then has no effect on urban spatial structure. This paper formalizes and extends this result.
The Regional Allocation of Public Investment: Efficiency or Equity?
Authors: Yamano Norihiko , Ohkawara Toru
Published: March 2003

In this paper we examine the effect of public investment on the regional economies of Japan. The efficient policy for regional allocation of public capital is to invest in highly productive regions, whereas the actual policy pursues equity goals by allocating more public investment to depressed regions. We determine the effects of this equity‐ oriented allocation by estimating the aggregate regional production function and calculating the productivity of public capital stock for each region, using a cross‐sectional time‐series data set. Our results show that the marginal productivity of public capital has recently declined in most depressed regions, whereas the productivity in developed regions (e.g., Tokyo, Osaka) has increased slightly. We compare alternative policies of allocating public investment and their effects on the regional and national economies using numerical simulations. We then quantitatively describe the trade‐off between the efficient and the equitable allocation of public investment.
An Evolutionary New Economic Geography Model
Authors: Fan Wei , Treyz Frederick , Treyz George
Published: March 2003

In this paper we present a general new economic geography model with multiple industries and regions, full labor and capital mobility, land use in production and consumption, and a dynamic adjustment process in which consumers maximize utility and firms respond to nonzero profits. All industries use intermediate inputs as well as land, labor, and capital. Systems of cities form endogenously within this framework, including asymmetrical urban hierarchies and cities of different sizes and industry compositions. Each urban area has a bid‐rent gradient and zones with land uses and densities as in the von Thünen model. The equilibrium depends not only on initial conditions but also on speeds of adjustment. The model is a prototype for empirical implementation, as illustrated with a simulation of the effects of transportation cost reductions.
Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Local Land Use Allocation Decisions
Authors: McDonald John F.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents standard microeconomic models that are designed to be used in the cost‐benefit analysis of local land use decisions. The models connect these allocation decisions to outcomes in the urban land and labor markets so that costs and benefits can be measured. Benefits to the local jurisdiction of allocating land to industrial use exist if unemployed workers are employed, land values increase, or local tax revenues increase beyond the amount needed to provide the additional public services required.
Testing for Local Spatial Autocorrelation in the Presence of Global Autocorrelation
Authors: Ord J. Keith , Getis Arthur
Published: March 2003

A fundamental concern of spatial analysts is to find patterns in spatial data that lead to the identification of spatial autocorrelation or association. Further, they seek to identify peculiarities in the data set that signify that something out of the ordinary has occurred in one or more regions. In this paper we provide a statistic that tests for local spatial autocorrelation in the presence of the global autocorrelation that is characteristic of heterogeneous spatial data. After identifying the structure of global autocorrelation, we introduce a new measure that may be used to test for local structure. This new statistic Oi is asymptotically normally distributed and allows for straightforward tests of hypotheses. We provide several numerical examples that illustrate the performance of this statistic and compare it with another measure that does not account for global structure.
Model Evaluation and Causality Testing in Short Panels: The Case of Infrastructure Provision and Population Growth in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Weinhold Diana , Reis Eustaquio J.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we examine the relationship between infrastructure growth and population growth in the Amazon using a panel of 293 municipalities over the period from 1975 to 1985. Contemporaneous cross‐section analysis confirms a strong positive correlation between infrastructure and urban population but does not indicate direction of causality. Thus, we employ a modified form of the traditional Granger causality tests to suit the short time series that we have available. Based on out‐of‐sample forecasting tests we conclude that the empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that growing urban populations lead to more infrastructure development, rather than vice versa.
Negative Aspects of Therapy: Client Perceptions of Therapists' Social Influence, Burnout, and Quality of Care
Authors: McCarthy Wanda C. , Frieze Irene Hanson
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the relationships between client perceptions of therapist use of social influence strategies, therapist burnout, and clients' perceptions of the quality of their therapy. Scales were developed to measure personal coercive power, personal reward power, various forms of expert power, and compromise strategies. A scale was also developed to measure clients' perceptions of their therapists' burnout that contained a combination of modified items from the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1986) and original items based on stereotypical burnout behaviors. Research participants were 131 undergraduate students at the University of Pittsburgh who reported their experiences as therapy clients. Therapist use of personal coercive influence strategies and certain types of expert influence strategies were negatively associated with clients' perceptions of the quality of their therapy. Therapist use of personal reward influence strategies, compromise, and the therapist's reputation as an expert were positively related to clients' perceptions of the quality of their therapy. Perceived therapist burnout was positively associated with therapist use of personal coercive influence strategies, direct expert influence strategies, and indirect expert influence strategies. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Changes in Self‐Perceptions as a Result of Successfully Persuading Others
Authors: Rind Bruce , Kipnis David
Published: March 2003

Can we change other people without changing ourselves as well? To test this question, participants used one of three techniques—door‐in‐the‐face, authoritative influence, and rational arguments—to convince a confederate to attend a campus meeting that favored an issue opposed by the confederate, but supported by the subject. Following the confederate's compliance, participants evaluated their perceptions of their performance and the performance of the confederate. Participants using rational arguments described themselves as intelligent and friendly, participants using authoritative influence described themselves as dominant and unfriendly, and participants using door‐in‐the‐face described themselves as submissive. As predicted from an earlier study (O'Neal, Kipnis, & Craig, 1994), the use of the three influence techniques also caused systematic changes in participants' evaluations of the target. Because the use of certain behavior techniques (e.g., controlling, deceptive) can cause users to devalue themselves and others, it is recommended that ethical safeguards governing the use of these techniques should be considered.
Dieting, Weight, and Health: Reconceptualizing Research and Policy
Authors: Cogan Jeanine C. , Ernsberger Paul
Published: March 2003

The damaging side effects of the thinness pursuit are a growing social problem and public health threat causing concern for many health professionals. This concern stems from several areas of research outlined by the authors of this issue. First, research has consistently shown that weight loss programs do not have long‐term positive outcomes. Continued participation in weight loss programs is associated with repeated weight loss and regain. This may cause problems, as weight fluctuation is associated with increased mortality and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, chronic restrictive dieting is a significant risk factor for the development of binge behavior and eating disorders. Direct adverse effects of weight loss programs and dangerous weight loss strategies such as laxative use, smoking cigarettes, very‐low‐calorie diets, prescription and over‐the‐counter diet pills, pose serious health risks. In a weight‐centered approach toward health, thinness is viewed as a crucial goal for optimum health, and thus one to be strived for by all. Although thinness is believed to be synonymous with good health, this conclusion reflects only selective interpretations of research. There is considerable need to reinterpret previous data filtered through a thinness‐biased lens that has led to inaccurate conclusions. The following past conclusions are reevaluated by the authors of this journal issue and summarized here: people can change their weight at will, dieting works and improves health, dieting makes you feel good, and fatness equal disease while thinness equals optimal health. Implications of this reconceptualization for a scientific and policy paradigm shift are discussed, and alternatives are proposed.
The Media's Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders: We've Reviled Them, Now Can We Rehabilitate Them?
Authors: Thompson J. Kevin , Heinberg Leslie J.
Published: March 2003

Survey, correlational, randomized control, and covariance structure modeling investigations indicate that the media are a significant factor in the development and maintenance of eating and shape‐related disorders. One specific individual difference variable, internalization of societal pressures regarding prevailing standards of attractiveness, appears to moderate or even mediate the media's effects on women's body satisfaction and eating dysfunction. Problematic media messages inherent in existing media portrayals of eating disorders are apparent, leading researchers to pinpoint intervention strategies that might counteract such viewpoints. Social activism and social marketing approaches are suggested as methods for fighting negative media messages. The media itself is one potential vehicle for communicating productive, accurate, and deglamorized messages about eating and shape‐related disorders.
A New National Health Agenda: Providing the Public With Accurate Information
Authors: Cogan Jeanine C.
Published: March 2003

For decades the recommendations provided by federal agencies have been decidedly one‐sided, focusing on the dangers of obesity and need for weight loss. Therefore the public has been presented with incomplete and inaccurate information, which has stagnated our understanding of health. The primary objective needed for a new national health agenda is for the government to provide the public with complete and accurate information about health, weight, and dieting. In order for federal agencies and congress to promote a new national health agenda that reflects a more accurate understanding of the research, the author recommends the following policy changes: (1) the recognition of the health threat imposed by the thinness pursuit and eating disorders, (2) the promotion of weight stability rather than weight loss, (3) ensuring that the conclusions of federal agencies are neutral rather than serving special interest groups, (4) the protection of the consumer from harmful diet programs and drugs, and (5) the providing of public education campaigns emphasizing physical and psychological health rather than efforts for advancing such a national health‐centered agenda.
Allport's Legacy and the Situational Press of Stereotypes
Authors: Marx David M. , Brown Joseph L. , Steele Claude M.
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on two aspects of Allport's (1954) investigation of the psychology of being a target of prejudice. Whereas most researchers in this area view Allport as an expectancy theorist, we revisit another aspect of Allport's theory: the situational threat posed by negative stereotypes. First, we examine this issue, as it applies to the academic underachievement of negatively stereotyped groups, by contrasting the situational threat posed by stereotypes with traditional and current expectancy‐oriented conceptions. Second, we show that stereotypes do not appear to affect self‐expectations; instead, they appear to foster a climate of mistrust that results in depressed performance. Finally, we discuss how interventions that ameliorate the climate of mistrust, such as the presence of educators who are competent minority group members, tend to raise levels of performance.
Life in the Mindful Classroom: Nurturing the Disposition of Mindfulness
Authors: Ritchhart Ron , Perkins David N.
Published: March 2003

In this article, we review the appropriateness of ‘mindfulness’ as an educational goal and explore what it means to cultivate mindfulness as a disposition, that is, as an enduring trait, rather than a temporary state. We identify three high‐leverage instructional practices for enculturatingmindfulness: looking closely, exploring possibilities and perspectives, and introducing ambiguity. We conclude by exploring what it might look like to cultivate the trait of mindfulness within individual classrooms. This report includes a review of an experimental study of ‘conditional instruction,’ which explores mindfulness as a state, and then drawson a series of qualitative case studies of ‘thoughtful’ classrooms to provide an example of conditional instruction as it might serve to develop a disposition of mindfulness.
Understanding Women's Sexualities and Sexual Orientations: An Introduction
Authors: Garnets Linda D. , Peplau Letitia Anne
Published: March 2003

Researchers and theorists who attempt to generalize about sexuality and sexual orientation in both men and women simultaneously often take male experiences as the norm and ignore unique aspects of women's lives. The purpose of this issue is to focus attention on scientific research and theory about aspects of women's sexualities, with special emphasis on sexual orientation. A new paradigm is presented that recognizes the great diversity of women's erotic experiences and the many sociocultural factors that shape women's sexuality and sexual orientation across the lifespan. This introductory article highlights major themes and provides a brief summary of the articles in the issue. Four central topics are discussed: (1) the complexnature of women's sexualities and sexual orientations; (2) the importance of historical, social, and cultural contexts for adequately understanding women's sexualities; (3) the development of sexual orientation in women; and (4) implications for research and policy.
African American Lesbian and Bisexual Women
Authors: Greene Beverly
Published: March 2003

This article explores the convergence of racism, sexism, and heterosexism in the lives of African American women, particularly lesbian and bisexual women, and its effects on the development of their sexuality and sexual identity. Specifics of this discussion focus on African American women, however, the struggles reflected in their development of a personal identity exemplify the kinds of struggles that most women of color encounter. These struggles are reflected in the need to negotiate a dominant culture that devalues women, people of color, and lesbians; the need to master and integrate the cultural derivatives of one's own ethnic group; the need to manage relationships with family, community, and partners; and the need to form a consolidated personal identity.
SexualPrejudice and Gender: Do Heterosexuals' Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Differ?
Authors: Herek Gregory M.
Published: March 2003

This article explores the question of whether and how heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians differ from their attitudes toward gay men. Data from a 1997 national survey are presented to show that heterosexual women generally hold similar attitudes toward gay men and lesbians, whereas heterosexual men are more likely to make distinctions according to gender. Moreover, men's attitudes toward lesbians are susceptible to situational manipulations. Nevertheless, the underlying unity of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men is demonstrated by the fact that they are highly correlated for both heterosexual men and women. It is suggested that heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay people are organized both in terms of minority group politics and personal sexual and gender identity and that attitudes toward lesbians are most likelyto be differentiated from attitudes toward gay men in the latter realm.
Heterosexism and the Study of Women's Romantic and Friend Relationships
Authors: Rose Suzanna
Published: March 2003

The study of women's relationships has been guided by cultural scripts that are deeply heterosexist. In this article, the impact of cultural scripts on the research agenda is explored concerning two aspects of romantic and friend relationships: sexuality and relationship development. Research on lesbians is used to demonstrate how the inclusion of sexual orientation in relationship research challenges heterosexist assumptions and provides new directions for research.
A New Paradigm for Understanding Women's Sexuality and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Peplau Letitia Anne , Garnets Linda D.
Published: March 2003

Major scientific findings about women's sexuality and sexual orientation are reviewed. Sexual orientation is unrelated to mental health. There is no inherent association between gender conformity and women's sexual orientation; masculinity and femininity are linked to sexual orientation in some social contexts but not in others. Research has so far failed to identify major biological or childhood antecedents of women's sexual orientation. Women's sexuality and sexual orientation are potentially fluid, changeable over time, and variable across social contexts. Regardless of sexual orientation, there are important commonalities in women's sexuality. In particular, women tend to have a relational or partner‐centered orientation to sexuality. Together, these findings provide the basis for a paradigm shift in the conceptualization of women's sexual orientation.
Seeing Is Believing: Research on Women's Sexual Orientation and Public Policy
Authors: James Kuehl Sheila
Published: March 2003

In this commentary, Sheila Kuehl, the first openly lesbian or gay person to be elected to the California State Legislature, addresses the interface among science, social issues, and public policy in the arena of women's sexual orientation. She emphasizes the value of scientific research and analysis in informing policy makers, identifies specific ways that social scientists can influence policy makers, and suggests areas that would benefit from continuing and expanded research.
New Ways to Promote Proenvironmental Behavior: Human Nature and Environmentally Responsible Behavior
Authors: Kaplan Stephen
Published: March 2003

This article constitutes a search for a people‐oriented approach to encouraging environmentally responsible behavior. It attempts to provide a source of motivations, reduce the corrosive sense of helplessness, and generatesolutions to environmental problems that do not undermine the quality of life of the people who are affected. The altruism‐centered approach currently popular in the academic literature, by contrast, is seen as contributing to helplessness and focusing on sacrifice rather than quality‐of‐life‐enhancing solutions. An alternative, the Reasonable Person Model, offers an evolutionary/cognitive/motivational approach to understanding human nature.
Achievement and Behavior Among Children of Welfare Recipients, Welfare Leavers, and Low‐Income Single Mothers
Authors: Hofferth Sandra L. , Smith Julia , McLoyd Vonnie C. , Finkelstein Jonathan
Published: March 2003

This article examines the behavior and achievement of children infemale‐headed families that were on welfare, that left welfare, and that were not on welfare in the3 years preceding the study. Data come from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement, a nationally representative sample of children under age 13 collected in 1997. The results suggest that there are both positive and negative outcomes of welfare transitions. Based upon our results, children whose mothers are able to leave and remain off welfare score consistently better on cognitive tests of their development. The transition period, however, is a difficult one. Children's emotional well‐being may suffer during the parental transition from cash assistance to self‐sufficiency.
Who Are the Poor?
Authors: Lott Bernice , Bullock Heather E.
Published: March 2003

Here we present the subject of poverty in the United States as one that is central to a concern with social issues and justice and argue that its relative invisibility in psychology reflects the discipline’s dominant middle‐class standpoint. We describe, first, the articles in this issue, which are focused particularly on the voices of poor women in the United States. Then we examine poverty in terms of its economic indicators as well as its experiential correlates.
Gender, Hierarchy, and Leadership: An Introduction
Authors: Carli Linda L. , Eagly Alice H.
Published: March 2003

Although women's status has improved remarkably in the 20th century in many societies, women continue to lack access to power and leadership compared with men. This issue reviews research and theory concerning women's leadership. The articles included in the issue provide evidence of bias in the evaluation of women, discuss effects of gender stereotypes on women's influence and leadership behaviors, and evaluate strategies for change. This introductory article provides a brief summary of changes in women's status and power in employment and education and the absence of change at the upper echelons of power in organizations. Also included is an outline of the contributions of the other articles in the issue.
Gender, Status, and Leadership
Authors: Ridgeway Cecilia L.
Published: March 2003

More than a trait of individuals, gender is an institutionalized system of social practices. The gender system is deeply entwined with social hierarchy and leadership because gender stereotypes contain status beliefs that associate greater status worthiness and competence with men than women. This review uses expectation states theory to describe how gender status beliefs create a network of constraining expectations and interpersonal reactions that is a major cause of the “glass ceiling.” In mixed‐sex or gender‐relevant contexts, gender status beliefs shape men's and women's assertiveness, the attention and evaluation their performances receive, ability attributed to them on the basis of performance, the influence they achieve, and the likelihood that they emerge as leaders. Gender status beliefs also create legitimacy reactions that penalize assertive women leaders for violating the expected status order and reduce their ability to gain complaince with directives.
Making Leadership Work More Effectively for Women
Authors: Yoder Janice D.
Published: March 2003

This article explores strategies for enhancing women's effectiveness as leaders by first recognizing that leadership itself is gendered and is enacted within a gendered context, two themes that recur throughout this issue. These contexts exist along a continuum ranging from male‐dominated, hierarchical, performance‐oriented, power‐expressive and thus masculinized contexts at one extreme to transformational contexts that stress the empowerment of followers at the other pole. Each context suggests different strategies for making women leaders effective, emphasizing women‐specific recommendations in masculinized contexts that focus on status enhancement and the legitimation of women leaders in contrast to innovative contexts with broader task goals that prove more congenial for women, as well as men, leaders.
Keyword Mnemonics Versus Rote Rehearsal: Learning Concrete and Abstract Foreign Words by Experienced and Inexperienced Learners
Authors: van Hell Janet G. , Mahn Andrea Candia
Published: March 2003

We examined the efficacy of the keyword method vs. rote rehearsal in learning foreign language vocabulary in 2 studies. In Experiment 1, 36 experienced Dutch learners of foreign languages, naive with regard to the target language (Spanish), participated. In Experiment 2, 40 Americans participated; all were inexperienced foreign language learners whom we exposed to Dutch words. In both experiments, we manipulated the concreteness of the novel foreign words and the quality of the keyword as a retrieval cue: Half the concrete and abstract words were linked to a meaningfully related keyword, the rest to a semantically unrelated keyword. We assessed learning immediately after the learning phase, and after a 1‐week and a 2‐week delay. We expressed performance in proportion correct and reaction times of the orally produced translation responses. In experienced foreign language learners, rote learners' performance bettered that of keyword learners. In inexperienced learners, rote learners and keyword learners recalled the same proportion of words, though keyword learners had longer retrieval times. Keyword imagery does not impede the learning of abstract word meanings. Finally, keywords meaningfully related to the foreign word form more effective retrieval cues than semantically unrelated keywords.
The Case of the Missing “No”: The Relationship between Pedagogy and Interaction
Authors: Seedhouse Paul
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the relationship between pedagogy and interaction by analysing numerous extracts from Second Language (L2) classroom lessons using a Conversation Analysis (CA) methodology. The particular case examined involves the preference organisation of repair in form and accuracy contexts. In general, pedagogical recommendations tend to assume that the L2 classroom does not have an interactional structure of its own. However, in the particular case here, the pedagogical message works in direct opposition to the interactional message. The relationship between pedagogy and interaction is necessarily reflexive; I conclude that it would be preferable for pedagogical recommendations to work in harmony with the interactional organisation of the L2 classroom, rather than in opposition to it.
Examining the Relationship Between Computer Familiarity and Performance on Computer‐Based Language Tasks
Authors: Taylor Carol , Kirsch Irwin , Jamieson Joan , Eignor Daniel
Published: March 2003

The planned introduction of a computer‐based Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) test raises concerns that language proficiency will be confounded with computer proficiency, introducing construct‐irrelevant variance to the measurement of examinees' English‐language abilities. We administered a questionnaire focusing on examinees' computer familiarity to 90,000 TOEFL test takers. A group of 1,200 “low‐computer‐familiar” and “high‐computer‐familiar” examinees from 12 international sites worked through a computer tutorial and a set of 60 computer‐based TOEFL test items. We found no meaningful relationship between level of computer familiarity and level of performance on the computerized language tasks after controlling for English language ability. We concluded that no evidence exists of an adverse relationship between computer familiarity and computer‐based TOEFL test performance due to lack of prior computer experience.
Emotion Vocabulary in Interlanguage
Authors: Dewaele Jean‐Marc , Pavlenko Aneta
Published: March 2003

Recent research in linguistics singles out emotion words as different from other abstract words. The goal of this article is to examine five factors that may impact the use of L2 emotion vocabulary. The first study considers the impact of language proficiency, gender, and extraversion on the use of emotion words in the advanced French interlanguage of 29 Dutch L1 speakers. The second examines the influence of sociocultural competence, gender, and type of linguistic material on the use of emotion vocabulary in the advanced English IL of 34 Russian L1 speakers. Combined, the results of the two studies demonstrate that the use of emotion words in IL is linked to proficiency level, type of linguistic material, extraversion, and, in some cases, gender of IL speakers.
The Effect of Authentic Video on Communicative Competence
Authors: Weyers Joseph R.
Published: March 2003

Given that exposure to video programming has been shown to increase students' listening comprehension, the subsequent effects of that increase on communicative competence were studied in order to assess the impact of exposure to authentic video on the language acquisition process. Following their contact with an authentic Spanish‐language telenovela, student viewers demonstrated a statistically significant increase over their counterparts in a control group not only in listening comprehension but also in the number of words they used in discourse and in two component parts of communicative competence, specifically, their confidence in generating output and the scope and breadth of their discourse. This study shows that authentic television programming is a valuable tool that provides high levels of input and results in improvements in students’ output.
Roberts’s, Child versus Childmaker: Future Persons and Present Duties in Ethics and the Law
Authors: Vallentyne Peter
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Melinda Roberts, Child versus Childmaker: Future Persons and Present Duties in Ethics and the Law
Evaluation of Lidar and Medium Scale Photogrammetry for Detecting Soft‐Cliff Coastal Change
Authors: Adams James , Chandler Jim
Published: March 2003

Lidar and photogrammetry have both been evaluated for detecting shortterm coastal change using the Black Ven mudslide, Dorset as a case study. A lidar‐generated digital elevation model (DEM) was obtained and initially compared with a DEM generated using available 1:7500 scale aerial photography and automated digital photogrammetry. The quality of these two data sets was assessed using a third DEM, derived using a total station and conventional ground survey methods. The vertical accuracies (rms error) of the lidar and photogrammetry were 0.26m and 0.43m respectively, although both data sets displayed a tendency to generate heights slightly lower than the elevation of the terrain surface. The quality of the two data sets was then assessed with respect to local slope angle. The accuracy of photogrammetrically derived elevations varied with slope and more so than in the case of lidar

From these basic tests, lidar has proved to be more accurate than photogrammetry for soft‐cliff. monitoring. Further research is required to establish whether this trend is applicable to other data sets and specifically for photogrammetric data acquired using larger scale imagery
GIS, Public Service, and the Issue of Democratic Governance
Authors: Haque Akhlaque
Published: March 2003

Geographic information systems (GIS) provide unparalleled power to examine social, economic, and political circumstances. As this technology becomes more prominent in the public sector, it brings new challenges to democratic decision making. How we choose to apply this technology will determine the relationship between those who control technology and those who engage in governance. This article provides examples of how GIS is being used for policy implementation and then explores the democratic implications of GIS.
Drug Testing in the Public Sector: An Interpretation Grounded in Rosenbloom's Competing‐Perspectives Model
Authors: Knowles Eddie Ade , Riccucci Norma M.
Published: March 2003

In the last few decades, drug testing has become a major policy issue in the workplace, with a host of actors competing to promote their own needs and interests. Employers, for example, seek ways to combat the use and abuse of illegal substances by employees. At the same time, unions and their employees legitimately seek to limit overly intrusive or unfair methods of testing. The courts have also been major players in the policy arena of drug testing, as witnessed by the surfeit of case law setting parameters around what is and is not legal and constitutional in terms of drug testing.

In an effort to move the drug‐testing debate forward, this article examines the competing interests in drug testing, interests that ultimately frustrate the courts, policy makers, employees, and their unions from reaching a consensus on the use of drug tests in the public sector. To systematically examine this issue, Rosenbloom's competing‐perspectives model of public administration is applied. The article concludes with policy recommendations for public managers.
The President and Representative Bureaucracy: Rhetoric and Reality
Authors: Naff Katherine C. , Crum John
Published: March 2003

Policy makers have long recognized the importance of achieving a representative federal bureaucracy, but the four most recent presidents have expressed divergent views about policies designed to achieve this goal. Meanwhile, there have been widespread perceptions among federal employees that the administrations' ideologies have had a direct impact on the opportunities of minorities, women, and white men for advancement. Using government‐wide data from 1979 to 1996, this article examines whether such employment opportunities have varied in the manner suggested by these perceptions. We find little evidence of a correlation between the president's views on affirmative action and minority and female representation in the overall federal workforce. Moreover, the curtailment of promotion opportunities during the Reagan and Clinton administrations has affected all groups nearly equally. Potential presidential influence has been more notable in the representation of women and minorities in politically appointed and career senior executive jobs. We conclude that equal employment opportunity and affirmative action policies have remained basically intact during the 18‐year period, but that recent court decisions, along with efforts to reduce the size of government, may slow progress toward achieving a representative bureaucracy.
Applying Large‐Group Interaction Methods in the Planning and Implementation of Major Change Efforts
Authors: Bryson John M. , Anderson Sharon R.
Published: March 2003

Public policy makers, planners, and managers are increasingly relying on what might be called large‐group interaction methods to involve large numbers of people (from as few as eight to more than 2,000) in planning and implementing major change efforts. These methods are structured processes for engaging large numbers of people to: (1) enhance the amount of relevant information brought to bear on a problem; (2) build commitment to problem definitions and solutions; (3) fuse planning and implementation; and (4) shorten the amount of time needed to conceive and execute major policies, programs, services, or projects. Proponents of such methods claim that they provide sets of concepts, procedures, and tools that can help public and nonprofit organizations and communities deal effectively with change. On the other hand, a number of boundary conditions surround the successful use of the methods. The authors compare and contrast seven approaches most frequently used in the public sector in the United States and abroad (i.e., Real Time Strategic Change, Search Conferences, Future Searches, Strategic Options Development and Analysis, Strategic Choice, Technology of Participation, and Open Space Technology) to illustrate their comparative strengths and weaknesses and to develop an agenda for research.
Goal Displacement: Assessing the Motivation for Organizational Cheating
Authors: Bohte John , Meier Kenneth J.
Published: March 2003

A major problem in assessing bureaucratic performance is the difficulty in judging the final social outcomes stemming from the work of public agencies. As a result, public agencies are frequently evaluated based on the outputs they produce. Agency outputs (such as, criminal cases solved, inspections) are easier to measure than the actual contributions agencies make to social outcomes (such as, preventing workplace discrimination, protecting the environment). When agency performance is evaluated in terms of numerical outputs, bureaucrats have an incentive to maximize outputs, regardless of whether maximizing outputs is the preferred strategy for achieving desired social outcomes (a form of goal displacement). This incentive to maximize outputs may lead to organizational cheating, in which public agencies purposely manipulate output levels to portray their work in the best light possible.

This study examines the problems of goal displacement and organizational cheating in Texas public schools. Specifically, we examine the degree to which school districts cheat to manipulate student pass rates on standardized exams. School districts “cheat” by liberally exempting certain students from these exams in hopes of raising overall district pass rates. Scarce institutional resources and extreme task demands are associated with cheating. From a management perspective, this study demonstrates the problems in implementing performance standards. From an academic perspective, it provides the first theory about when and why organizations cheat.
Exploring the Origins of the American Administrative State: Recent Writings on the Ambiguous Legacy of Alexander Hamilton
Authors: White, Jr. Richard D.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Arnold A. Rogow, A Fatal Friendship: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.

John Steele Gordon, Hamilton's Blessing: The Extraordinary Life and Times of Our National Debt.

Peter McNamara, Political Economy and Statesmanship: Smith, Hamilton, and the Foundation of the Commercial Republic.
Working, Shirking, and Sabotage
Authors: Nordin James
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

John Brehm and Scott Gates, Working, Shirking, and Sabotage: Bureaucratic Response to a Democratic Public.
The Public Administration Doctoral Dissertation Reexamined: An Evaluation of the Dissertations of 1998
Authors: Cleary Robert E.
Published: March 2003

What makes a good doctoral dissertation in public administration? Analysis of abstracts of 168 public administration doctoral dissertations included in Dissertation Abstracts 1998, on the basis of criteria first developed to analyze the PA dissertations of 1981, indicates material progress in the use of the doctoral dissertation as a research tool to educate students and to advance the field of public administration.

The 1998 dissertations showed substantial improvements in quality over those in Dissertation Abstracts 1990, almost as much improvement as those studies showed over the projects of 1981. Compared to 1990, a substantially higher percentage of the 1998 dissertations set out to conduct basic research and to report on the findings. In addition, more doctoral students are using rigorous research designs that involve attention to causal relationships.
Sex‐Based Occupational Segregation in U.S. State Bureaucracies, 1987–97
Authors: Kerr Brinck , Miller Will , Reid Margaret
Published: March 2003

Is the extent of sex‐based occupational segregation in U.S. state bureaucracies related to agency policy missions? Drawing on arguments by Lowi (1985), we contend that levels of sex‐based occupational segregation in state bureaucracies vary depending on whether an agency's policy mission is distributive, regulatory, or redistributive. We employ data on the distribution of administrative and professional employees by sex in several types of state agencies across all 50 states for 1987–97. Our findings indicate high levels of occupational segregation among administrative cadres in agencies with distributive and regulatory policy commitments; however, professional workforces in these agencies have become less gender segregated over time. We find no evidence of occupational segregation among administrative and professional workforces in redistributive agencies. We argue that researchers need to examine the relationship between glass walls and other kinds of sex‐based employment impediments, such as glass ceilings.
Wealth, Power, and the Internal Revenue Service: Changing IRS Audit Policy through Litigation
Authors: Howard Robert M.
Published: March 2003

Objectives. Although scholars have recognized that the wealth and power of litigants has substantial influence on litigation outcomes, there has been less recognition of the ability of the wealthy to sway agency policy through litigation. I argue that the wealthy, through lawsuits and the outcomes from the litigation, influence Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audits of the wealthy and the less affluent. Methods. I examine IRS state audit rates and use ordinary least squares regression with panel corrected standard errors. Results. I show that wealthy litigants can influence the IRS to decrease audits of the wealthy and increase audits of the less affluent. Conclusions. The wealthy appear to have the ability to influence IRS policy through lawsuits. Litigation can influence agency policy.
Group Involvement and Democratic Orientations: Social Capital in the Postelection Context
Authors: Joslyn Mark R. , Cigler Allan
Published: March 2003

Objective. This article tests the relationship between involvement in voluntary associations and attitudinal changes considered supportive of democratic principles and system legitimacy. Methods. We utilize 1996 pre‐ and postelection American National Election Studies panel data to test the proposed relationship. The effects of reported levels of group involvement are examined across three attitudinal measures of democratic support: trust in government, external efficacy, and absolute differences in postelection evaluations of the winning and losing candidates. Results. Greater involvement in voluntary organizations contributes to increased levels of postelection trust in government and external efficacy and a reduction in postelection polarization of comparative candidate evaluations. Conclusions. In addition to supporting the social capital proposition linking group involvement to orientations viewed as enhancing of democracy, this study also contributes to a growing literature linking individual‐level behavior to changes in systemic‐level attitudes.
Home Ownership, Affordability, and Mothers' Changing Work and Family Roles
Authors: Edwards Mark Evan
Published: March 2003

Objective. Elaborating on conventional explanations for rapid employment growth of married mothers of preschoolers, I propose that pursuit of home ownership contributed to this trend differently in different decades since 1950. Methods. Measuring husbands' income in terms of mortgage qualification and using logistic regression analysis of pooled Current Population Survey data to estimate trends standardized for compositional change, I compare hypothetical with observed trends since 1970. Results. Declining ability of husbands' income to qualify for mortgages and rising educational attainment of mothers explains the post‐1970 accelerated employment growth for preschoolers' mothers. By the 1980s, other influences have greater relative effects on young mothers' employment. Conclusion. Home ownership contributed to slower growth in preschoolers' mothers' employment through the 1950s and 1960s, raising standard‐of‐living expectations. Declining affordability in the 1970s inspired even more rapid growth. Pursuit of prescribed standards of living has increasingly motivated families to embrace dual‐earner work and family arrangements.