bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chinese Medicine for Psoriasis Vulgaris Based on Syndrome Pattern: A Network Pharmacological Study
Authors: Wang Dongmei , Lu Chuanjian , Yu Jingjie , Zhang Miaomiao , Zhu Wei , Gu Jiangyong
Published: April 2020

Background. The long‐term use of conventional therapy for psoriasis vulgaris remains a challenge due to limited or no patient response and severe side effects. Complementary and alternative treatments such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are widely used in East Asia. TCM treatment is based on individual syndrome types. Three TCM formulae, Compound Qingdai Pills (F1), Yujin Yinxie Tablets (F2), and Xiaoyin Tablets (F3), are used for blood heat, blood stasis, and blood dryness type of psoriasis vulgaris, respectively. Objectives. To explore the mechanism of three TCM formulae for three syndrome types of psoriasis vulgaris. Methods. The compounds of the three TCM formulae were retrieved from the Psoriasis Database of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PDTCM). Their molecular properties of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME/T), and drug‐likeness were compared by analyzing the distribution of compounds in the chemical space. The cellular targets of the compounds were predicted by molecular docking. By constructing the compound‐target network and analyzing network centrality, key targets and compounds for each formula were screened. Three syndrome types of psoriasis vulgaris related pathways and biological processes (BPs) were enriched by the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) v6.8. Results. The compounds of the three formulae exhibited structural diversity, good drug‐like properties, and ADME/T properties. A total of 72, 97 and 85 targets were found to have interactions with compounds of F1, F2, and F3, respectively. The three formulae were all related to 53 targets, 8 pathways, 9 biological processes, and 10 molecular functions (MFs). In addition, each formula had unique targets and regulated different pathways and BPs. Conclusion. The three TCM formulae exhibited common mechanisms to some extent. The differences at molecular and systems levels may contribute to their unique applications in individualized treatment.
The Role of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction in Prevention of Contrast‐Induced Nephropathy after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Zhao Jingjing , Liu Huahua , Xu Buyun , Peng Jiahao , Xing Yangbo , Tang Weiliang , Peng Fang
Published: April 2020

Objective. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction on preventing contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods. A total of 256 patients undergoing selective PCI for coronary artery disease were consecutively enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: Group A (n = 126) and Group B (n = 130). Before and after PCI, all patients routinely received antiplatelet aggregation therapy, antilipidemic therapy, and hydration therapy. Besides routine therapy, patients in Group B received Xuefu Zhuyu decoction from 3 days before PCI to 3 days after PCI. Serum creatinine (Scr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured, respectively, at baseline (72 h before PCI) and at 24, 48, and 72 h after PCI. Results. Compared with Group A, Group B presented a lower fluctuation of SCr and eGFR (P < 0.01). The incidence of CIN was less in Group B. According to the definition, CIN occurred in 5 patients (2.0%) in the intervention group and 5 (4.0%) in the control group (P = 0.167). In terms of oxidative stress, Group B had a lower MDA (P < 0.05), but a higher SOD (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Compared with the control group, Xuefu Zhuyu decoction intervention therapy increased the level of SOD and reduced MDA. The Xuefu Zhuyu decoction intervention group presented a higher level of eGFR at 24, 48, and 72 h after PCI in patients with coronary heart disease and a lower level of Scr. The results are propitious to prove that Xuefu Zhuyu decoction might play an antioxidative stress role in the prevention of CIN after PCI.
Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule-3 Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor-α- and Interleukin-1β-Induced Expression of Junctional Molecules on Human Gingival Fibroblasts via the Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway
Authors: Lv Jia , Liu Yongsheng , Jia Shuhan , Zhang Yuna , Tian Haoyang , Li Jingyuan , Song Hui
Published: April 2020

Human gingival fibroblast barrier dysfunction caused by inflammation contributes to gingivitis and can lead to inflammatory periodontal disease. The disease features include upregulated epithelial permeability, increased inflammatory mediators, and downregulated junctional complex molecules. Carbon monoxide- (CO-) releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) is a water-soluble compound that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and in vivo studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of CORM-3 on the expression of tight and adherens junction molecules on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). HGFs were cultured from the explants of normal human gingival tissues, which were stimulated in the presence or absence of CORM-3. Epithelial barrier function was evaluated by paracellular permeability and junctional complex molecule expression analyses. The protein and mRNA expression levels of adherens junction molecules (VE-cadherin and β-catenin) and tight junction molecules (zona occludens-1, ZO-1) were studied using western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mRNA and protein expression levels of these cytokines were also analyzed in HGFs transiently transfected with HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in response to TNF-α and IL-1β stimulation. CORM-3 reduced permeability and enhanced the expression of junctional complex molecules (ZO-1, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin) in TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced HGFs. However, these effects of CORM-3 were attenuated when HO-1 siRNA was transiently transfected in HGFs. These findings indicate that CORM-3 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on TNF-α- and IL-1β-stimulated HGFs via the HO-1 pathway, which suggests the promising potential of CORM-3 in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal disease.
Prevalence and Knowledge of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in the Ningo-Prampram District, Ghana
Authors: Kwadzokpui Precious Kwablah , Akorsu Elliot Elikplim , Abaka-Yawson Albert , Quarshie Solomon Sosu , Amankwah Stephen Adomako , Tawiah Philip Apraku
Published: April 2020

Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been suggested to play a role in various adverse birth outcomes. The study determined the prevalence as well as knowledge of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in the Ningo-Prampram District of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana.Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study using simple random sampling technique was used to recruit 213 pregnant women receiving antenatal care in three different health facilities (Prampram Polyclinic (PPC), Dangme Community Hospital (DCH), and Old Ningo Health Center (ONHC)) in the Ningo-Prampram District of Ghana from November 2018 to January 2019. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data which included participants’ HBsAg test results, sociodemographic and gynaecological characteristics, and their level of knowledge on HBV infection. Knowledge of the participants on HBV infection was classified as either excellent, good, or poor based on their cumulative percentage scores from the questionnaire according to Al Rubaish system of classification.Results. Overall low-intermediate prevalence of HBV infection was 3.3%; however, PPC recorded the highest prevalence of 4.0% while DCH and ONHC recorded 2.82% and 2.50%, respectively. Statistically significant association was observed between HBV infection and the health facility. Majority (77.40%) of the study participants had poor knowledge on HBV infection while only 14 (6.57%) had excellent knowledge on HBV. Regarding excellent knowledge, 8 (11.0%) among the participants were demonstrated by the majority of those who received antenatal care from DCH. Generally, knowledge on HBV and the infection was poor among the study participants. Knowledge on HBV infection was found to be associated with residential status (p=0.006), educational level (p<0.001), occupation (p<0.001), and gestational period (p<0.001). Participant’s knowledge was also significantly associated with the health facility (p=0.027).Conclusion. HBV infection among pregnant women is prevalent in the Ningo-Prampram District even though the prevalence is not very high. The majority of pregnant women in the Ningo-Prampram District inadequate knowledge on HBV infection and it mode of transmission. Intensive public health education on the HBV infection is required in the district to help prevent and manage future transmissions as well as inform the population about the negative side effects of the virus and the need to prevent it by way of vaccination.
Genetic Gain in Wheat Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency at Different Nitrogen Levels in an Irrigated Hot Environment
Authors: Tahir Izzat Sidahmed Ali , Elbashier Elfadil Mohamed Elyayeb , Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed Salih , Saad Abu Sefyan Ibrahim , Abdalla Osman Suliman
Published: April 2020

Improved nitrogen use-efficient cultivars could be the most economically beneficial and environmentally friendly approach to reduce pollution associated with excessive N fertilization. The performance and genetic gain in grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of a historical set of 12 bread wheat cultivars released for a heat-stressed environment were investigated at four N levels (0 (N0), 43 (N43), 86 (N86), and 129 (N129) kg/ha) for two seasons. Averaged across seasons, increasing N level from N0 to N43, N86, and N129 resulted in yield increases ranging from 4−45%, 13–69%, and 34–87% at N43, N86, and N129, respectively. These yield increases were associated with increases in biomass (r = 0.86, P<0.01). Regressing grain yield of cultivars released during 1960 to 2006 against the year of release showed no trend at N0 and positive nonsignificant trends at N43;. however, significant positive trends were found at N86 and N129 with genetic gain rates of 12.65 and 15.76 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively. This gain was associated with progresses in harvest index (HI) at N43, N86, and N129 but not at N0. On the other hand, during the period from 1960 to 1990, the genetic gain in grain yield at N86 was 24.5 kg ha−1 year−1. Regressing NUE against the year of release showed significant linear trends at N86 and N129 (R2 = 0.511 and R2 = 0.477, respectively), but not at N43. The results indicate that breeders improved grain yield and NUE over 46 years under the heat-stressed environment of Sudan although the rate of increase in yield has been slowed down in recent years. Further improvement in NUE might require broadening the genetic diversity and simultaneous evaluation at low and high N levels.
Impact of Right Ventricular Dilatation in Patients with Atrial Septal Defect
Authors: Nakayama Rie , Takaya Yoichi , Akagi Teiji , Nakagawa Koji , Watanabe Nobuhisa , Nobusada Saori , Matsushita Toshi , Toh Norihisa , Kanazawa Susumu , Ito Hiroshi
Published: April 2020

Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between right ventricular (RV) volume and exercise capacity in adult patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) and to determine the degree of RV dilatation for transcatheter ASD closure. Background. RV dilatation is an indication of transcatheter ASD closure; however, few studies have reported the clinical significance of RV dilatation. Methods. We enrolled 82 consecutive patients (mean age, 49 ± 18 years; female, 68%) who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test before ASD closure. The relationship between RV volume and peak oxygen uptake (VO2) was evaluated. Results. The mean RV end-diastolic volume index was 108 ± 27 ml/m2 (range, 46 to 180 ml/m2). The mean peak VO2 was 24 ± 7 ml/min/kg (range, 14 to 48 ml/min/kg), and the mean predicted peak VO2 was 90 ± 23%. There were significant negative relationships of RV end-diastolic volume index with peak VO2 (r = −0.28, p<0.01) and predicted peak VO2 (r = −0.29, p<0.01). The cutoff value of RV end-diastolic volume index <80% of predicted peak VO2 was 120 ml/m2, with the sensitivity of 49% and the specificity of 89%. Conclusions. There was a relationship between RV dilatation and exercise capacity in adult patients with ASD. RV end-diastolic volume index ≥120 ml/m2 was related to the reduction in peak VO2. This criterion of RV dilatation may be valuable for the indication of transcatheter ASD closure.
Differential Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Stippl Anna , Kirkgöze Fatma Nur , Bajbouj Malek , Grimm Simone
Published: April 2020

Background/Aims/Methods: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is still one of the most potent treatments in the acute phase of major depressive disorder (MDD) and particularly applied in patients considered treatment resistant. However, despite the frequent and widespread use of ECT for >70 years, the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain unclear. The present review aims to describe differential antidepressant and cognitive effects of ECT as well as effects on markers of neural activity and connectivity, neurochemistry, and inflammation that might underlie the treatment response and remission. Results: Region- specific changes in brain function and volume along with changes in concentrations of neurotransmitters and neuroinflammatory cytokines might serve as potential biomarkers for ECT outcomes. Conclusions: However, as current data is not consistent, future longitudinal investigations should combine modalities such as MRI, MR spectroscopy, and peripheral physiological measures to gain a deeper insight into interconnected time- and modality-specific changes in response to ECT.
Risky sexual behavior and associated factors in undergraduate students in a city in Southern Brazil
Authors: Gräf Débora Dalmas , Mesenburg Marilia Arndt , Fassa Anaclaudia Gastal
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sexual behavior of freshmen undergraduate students according to demographic, economic, psychosocial and behavioral characteristics, and evaluate the prevalence of risky sexual behavior and its associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of the census type with undergraduate students over 18 years old of 80 undergraduate courses of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), who entered in the first semester of 2017 and remained enrolled in the second semester. Undergraduate students who reported having had sex were evaluated. We considered as risky sexual behavior having more than one sexual partner within the last three months and not having used condoms in the last sexual intercourse. RESULTS: The prevalence of risky sexual behavior was 9% (95%CI 7.6–10.5). Men presented more risky behavior than women, with a prevalence of 10.8% and 7.5%, respectively. Of the undergraduate students, 45% did not use condoms in the last sexual intercourse, and 24% had two partners or more within three months before the survey. Smartphone applications for sexual purposes were used by 23% of students within three months before the survey. Risky sexual behavior was associated with gender, age at first sexual intercourse, frequency of alcohol consumption, consumption of psychoactive substances before the last sexual intercourse and use of smartphone applications for sexual purposes. CONCLUSION: Although undergraduate students are expected to be an informed population, the prevalence of risky sexual behavior was important, indicating the need to expand public investment in sexual education and awareness actions.
Adolescent Friendly Services: quality assessment with simulated users
Authors: Pastrana-Sámano Rosalila , Heredia-Pi Ileana Beatriz , Olvera-García Marisela , Ibáñez-Cuevas Midiam , Castro Filipa De , Hernández Aremis Villalobos , Torres-Pereda Maria del Pilar
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of adolescent friendly health services. METHODS: Qualitative assessment using the simulated user technique in first level clinics of Health Services of Morelos, Mexico, during 2018. Ten out of 17 facilities with non-exclusive adolescent friendly services were randomly selected. An additional facility with exclusive adolescent friendly services was included as an intensive subsample. Four adolescents served as simulated users interpreting different cases in the clinics. The total of 43 semi-structured exit interviews were conducted, and two nominal groups were made to assess the perceived quality from the adolescents’ perception of friendliness and experience. Thematic analysis of the data obtained was performed. RESULTS: Staff attitude was highlighted as a key element in the adolescents’ experience. Failures were found, such as the existence of bureaucratic barriers to access, lack of signage in clinics, lack of privacy and confidentiality, failure of physical examination during the appointment and lack of monitoring of the reasons for appointment. The exclusive clinic for adolescents offered more appropriate friendly services compared with nonexclusive clinics. CONCLUSION: Although the service is accessible in most of the clinics visited, it is still far from being friendly according to international recommendations. The exclusive clinic for adolescents stood out for having better structured mechanisms that can be implemented in nonexclusive clinics to improve the care process.
Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, Anxiety, and Resiliency Within the Unique Population of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Survivors
Authors: Johnson Alexis K. , Hayes Sharonne N. , Sawchuk Craig , Johnson Matthew P. , Best Patricia J. , Gulati Rajiv , Tweet Marysia S.
Published: April 2020

Background

Mental health after spontaneous coronary artery dissection (
SCAD
), a cause of myocardial infarction in young women, remains largely unexplored. We assessed the prevalence and severity of psychiatric symptoms after
SCAD
.

Methods and Results

Individuals with confirmed
SCAD
who consented to the Mayo Clinic “Virtual” Multicenter
SCAD
Registry were sent the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnostic Scale for
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale, 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey, and an
SCAD
‐specific questionnaire. Among 782 patients contacted, 512 surveys were returned. Most respondents were women (97.5%), with median age at time of
SCAD
and survey completion of 47 and 52 years, respectively. Eighty‐two percent had at least one trauma, with mild or more posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in 28%. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were observed in 41% and 32%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, those of younger age at first
SCAD
and low resiliency scored higher on measures of trauma, anxiety, and depression. Those with higher anxiety sensitivity had more severe anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Emotional and social quality of life was higher in those with high resiliency scores. Time from
SCAD
event to survey completion was associated with lower Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 score severity.

Conclusions

Survivors of
SCAD
have significant rates of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety, which are associated with lower quality of life specifically among those with lower resiliency. Given the prevalence and potential impact, screening and treatment for the psychological distress is advised. Behavioral interventions targeted toward resiliency training may be beneficial for this patient population.
Positive Health Beliefs and Blood Pressure Reduction in the DESERVE Study
Authors: Goldmann Emily , Jacoby Rachelle , Finfer Erica , Appleton Noa , Parikh Nina S. , Roberts Eric T. , Boden‐Albala Bernadette
Published: April 2020

Background

There is growing recognition that positive health beliefs may promote blood pressure (BP) reduction, which is critical to stroke prevention but remains a persistent challenge. Yet, studies that examine the association between positive health beliefs and
BP
among stroke survivors are lacking.

Methods and Results

Data came from the DESERVE (Discharge Educational Strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events) study, a randomized controlled trial of a skills‐based behavioral intervention to reduce vascular risk in a multiethnic cohort of 552 transient ischemic attack and mild/moderate stroke patients in New York City. The exposure was perception that people can protect themselves from having a stroke (ie, prevention self‐efficacy) at baseline. The association between systolic BP (
SBP
) reduction at 12‐month follow‐up and self‐efficacy was examined using linear regression adjusted for key confounders, overall and stratified by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and intervention trial arm. Approximately three quarters endorsed self‐efficacy. These participants had, on average, 5.6 mm Hg greater
SBP
reduction compared with those who did not endorse it (95%
CI
, 0.5–10.7 mm Hg;
P
=0.032). Self‐efficacy was significantly associated with greater
SBP
reduction, particularly among female versus male, younger versus older, and Hispanic versus non‐Hispanic white patients. Sensitivity analysis adjusting for baseline
SBP
instead of elevated
BP
yielded no association between self‐efficacy and
SBP
reduction, but showed sex differences in this association (women: β=5.3; 95%
CI
, −0.2 to 10.8;
P
=0.057; men: β=−3.3; 95%
CI
, −9.4 to 2.9;
P
=0.300; interaction
P
=0.064).

Conclusions

Self‐efficacy was linked with greater
SBP
reduction among female stroke survivors. Targeted strategies to improve health beliefs after stroke may be important for risk factor management.

REGISTRATION

URL
:
https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov
; Unique identifier:
NCT
01836354.
Prevalence and Prognostic Association of a Clinical Diagnosis of Depression in Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Results of the Boston Adult Congenital Heart Disease Biobank
Authors: Carazo Matthew R. , Kolodziej Meghan S. , DeWitt Elizabeth S. , Kasparian Nadine A. , Newburger Jane W. , Duarte Valeria E. , Singh Michael N. , Opotowsky Alexander R.
Published: April 2020

Background

In adults with acquired heart disease, depression is common and associated with adverse outcomes. Depression may also be important in adults with congenital heart disease (
CHD
).

Methods and Results

We conducted a cohort study of outpatients with
CHD,
aged ≥18 years, enrolled in a prospective biobank between 2012 and 2017. Clinical data were extracted from medical records. Survival analysis assessed the relationship between depression, defined by a history of clinical diagnosis of major depression, with all‐cause mortality and a composite outcome of death or nonelective cardiovascular hospitalization. A total of 1146 patients were enrolled (age, 38.5±13.8 years; 49.6% women). Depression had been diagnosed in 219 (prevalence=19.1%), and these patients were more likely to have severely complex
CHD
(41.3% versus 33.7%;
P
=0.028), cyanosis (12.1% versus 5.7%;
P
=0.003), and worse functional class (≥
II
; 33.3% versus 20.4%;
P
<0.0001), and to be taking antidepressant medication at time of enrollment (68.5% versus 5.7%;
P
<0.0001). Depression was associated with biomarkers indicative of inflammation (hsCRP [high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein], 1.71 [25th–75th percentile, 0.82–4.47] versus 1.10 [0.45–2.40];
P
<0.0001) and heart failure (NT‐proBNP [N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide], 190 [92–501] versus 111 [45–264];
P
<0.0001). During follow‐up of 605±547 days, 137 participants (12.0%) experienced the composite outcome, including 33 deaths (2.9%). Depression was associated with increased risk for both all‐cause mortality (multivariable hazard ratio, 3.0; 95%
CI
, 1.4–6.4;
P
=0.005) and the composite outcome (multivariable hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.5;
P
=0.025), adjusting for age, sex, history of atrial arrhythmia, systolic ventricular function,
CHD
complexity, and corrected QT interval.

Conclusions

In adults with CHD, major depression is associated with impaired functional status, heart failure, systemic inflammation, and increased risk for adverse outcomes.
From Tear to Fear: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients With Acute Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Pasadyn Selena R. , Roselli Eric E. , Artis Amanda S. , Pasadyn Cassandra L. , Phelan Dermot , Hurley Karen , Desai Milind Y. , Blackstone Eugene H.
Published: April 2020

Background

Acute type A aortic dissection presents with abrupt onset of pain that requires emergency surgery. However, minimal research exists on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors. We aimed to quantify the prevalence and describe characteristics of PTSD in patients following dissection.

Methods and Results

A total of 295 adult survivors of surgical dissection with an email on file were administered a cross‐sectional online survey about their dissection experience; 137 returned questionnaires, and 129 (94%) responded to the 4‐item Primary Care PTSD portion of the survey that was part of a larger lifestyle survey designed to study survivors of aortic dissection and surgery. In addition to the PTSD screening, it inquired about current sexual activity, exercise habits, and employment within the preceding 30 days. At a median of 6.8 years (quartile 1=2.6, quartile 3=8.9 years) after dissection, 23% of patients (30/129) screened positive for PTSD, with 44% (57/129) stating that within the past month they felt constantly on guard or watchful or were easily startled. Of those who screened positive and matched to their electronic medical record (n=27), only 2 (7.4%) had been tested and clinically diagnosed with PTSD. Patients who screened positive for PTSD were more likely to report limited current sexual activity than those who did not (odds ratio, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.9–15 [
P=
0.0006]).

Conclusions

PTSD is an important mental health consideration in aortic dissection survivors. Physicians should screen these patients for PTSD at follow‐up visits to identify those who test positive and refer them for further testing and treatment, such as trauma‐focused psychotherapy or medication.
Youth Who Achieve Upward Socioeconomic Mobility Display Lower Psychological Distress But Higher Metabolic Syndrome Rates as Adults: Prospective Evidence From Add Health and MIDUS
Authors: Miller Gregory E. , Chen Edith , Yu Tianyi , Brody Gene H.
Published: April 2020

Background

People with higher socioeconomic status generally enjoy better cardiovascular health across the life course than those with lower status. However, recent studies of upward mobility, where a child goes on to achieve higher socioeconomic status than his or her parents, suggest that it entails a tradeoff between better psychological well‐being and worse cardiometabolic health. In this study, we consider further evidence of this tradeoff in 2 multidecade studies, asking how upward income mobility relates to subsequent perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and metabolic syndrome. We ask parallel questions about downward mobility. Finally, given shifting patterns of mobility in recent generations, we also consider whether mobility's association with health outcomes differs for individuals born in the middle and later parts of the 20th century.

Methods and Results

We analyzed prospective data from Add Health (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; N=7542) and MIDUS (Midlife in the United States Study; N=1877). In both studies, evidence of the tradeoff was observed. Upward mobility presaged lower perceived stress and fewer depressive symptoms, in combination with higher metabolic syndrome rates. In contrast, downward mobility presaged worse outcomes on all health indicators. The magnitude of the mobility–health associations was similar across cohorts.

Conclusions

These findings provide evidence that upward income mobility is associated with a tradeoff between well‐being and cardiometabolic health. The similarity of the findings across cohorts suggests that this tradeoff is a generalized consequence of ascending the socioeconomic hierarchy, at least for Americans born in the middle and later parts of the 20th century.
Exploring the Spatial Patterning in Racial Differences in Cardiovascular Health Between Blacks and Whites Across the United States: The REGARDS Study
Authors: Tabb Loni Philip , Ortiz Angel , Judd Suzanne , Cushman Mary , McClure Leslie A.
Published: April 2020

Background

Cardiovascular health (
CVH
) disparities between blacks and whites have persisted in the United States for some time, and although there have been remarkable improvements in addressing cardiovascular disease, it still remains the leading cause of death in the United States. In addition, well‐documented disparities are unfortunately widening incidence gaps across certain regions of the United States. Our focus was on answering the following questions: (1) How much spatial heterogeneity exists in the racial differences in
CVH
between blacks and whites across this country? and (2) Is the spatial heterogeneity in the racial differences significantly explained by living in the Stroke Belt?

Methods and Results

To explore the spatial patterning in the racial differences in
CVH
between blacks and whites across the country, we used geographically weighted regression methods, which result in local estimates of the racial differences in
CVH
. Using data from the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study, we found significant spatial patterning in these racial differences, even beyond the well‐known Stroke Belt and Stroke Buckle. All of the estimated differences indicated blacks consistently having diminishing
CVH
compared with whites, where this difference was largely noted in pockets of the Stroke Belt and Stroke Buckle, in addition to moderate to large disparities noted in the Great Lakes region, portions of the Northeast, and along the West coast.

Conclusions

Efforts to improve
CVH
and ultimately reduce disparities between blacks and whites require culturally competent methods, with a strong focus on geography‐based interventions and policies.
First Passage Time Memory Lifetimes for Multistate, Filter-Based Synapses
Authors: Elliott Terry
Published: April 2020

Models of associative memory with discrete state synapses learn new memories by forgetting old ones. In contrast to non-integrative models of synaptic plasticity, models with integrative, filter-based synapses exhibit an initial rise in the fidelity of recall of stored memories. This rise to a peak is driven by a transient process and is then followed by a return to equilibrium. In a series of papers, we have employed a first passage time (FPT) approach to define and study memory lifetimes, incrementally developing our methods, from both simple and complex binary-strength synapses to simple multistate synapses. Here, we complete this work by analyzing FPT memory lifetimes in multistate, filter-based synapses. To achieve this, we integrate out the internal filter states so that we can work with transitions only in synaptic strength. We then generalize results on polysynaptic generating functions from binary strength to multistate synapses, allowing us to examine the dynamics of synaptic strength changes in an ensemble of synapses rather than just a single synapse. To derive analytical results for FPT memory lifetimes, we partition the synaptic dynamics into two distinct phases: the first, pre-peak phase studied with a drift-only approximation, and the second, post-peak phase studied with approximations to the full strength transition probabilities. These approximations capture the underlying dynamics very well, as demonstrated by the extremely good agreement between results obtained by simulating our model and results obtained from the Fokker-Planck or integral equation approaches to FPT processes.
Epidendrum deditae, a new species of Orchidaceae (Laeliinae) from northern Brazil

Authors: HAGSATER ERIC , KRAHL AMAURI HERBERT
Published: April 2020

A new species belonging to the Epidendrum difforme group is proposed from the Brazilian central Amazon near Manaus. It is described, illustrated and compared with close relatives. The species can be recognized by the tall, terete stems, the 3–9 simultaneous flowers, the lip shallowly 4-lobed with the mid-lobe formed by two rounded lobes, being deeply emarginate in the middle, and the citrus fragrance. The only other species of this group found in the vicinity is Epidendrum althausenii which is quite different. The new species is closely related to E. campaccii from eastern Brazil. The group presently includes about 125 species ranging from Florida to southern Brazil.
Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species
Authors: AMATI BRUNO , APPOLLONI MASSIMO , GIULIO ANDREA DI , SCUDERI DANILO , SMRIGLIO CARLO , OLIVERIO MARCO
Published: April 2020

Herein we revise several Recent Mediterranean species of the rissoid genus Alvania Risso, 1826: Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844), Alvania sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877), Alvania sororcula Granata-Grillo, 1877, Alvania lucinae Oberling, 1970, Alvania josefoi Oliver & Templado, 2009 and Alvania scuderii Villari, 2017. They represent a rather homogeneous group of morphologically similar species, referred to as the Alvania scabra complex, which includes also some other species from the northeastern Atlantic. We designate a neotype for Rissoa scabra Philippi, 1844 and a lectotype for Rissoa oranica Pallary, 1900 to stabilize the use of the names. Alvania oranica (Pallary, 1900) is confirmed as a synonym of Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844), and Alvania asperella (Granata-Grillo, 1877) is proposed as a synonym of Alvania sororcula (Granata-Grillo, 1877) [new synonymy]. Finally, we describe one new Mediterranean species: Alvania pizzinii Amati, Smriglio & Oliverio n. sp. from Levanzo Is., Sicily.
List of Staphylinids of Lagodekhi Reserve with some new records from Sakartvelo (Georgia)
Authors: JAPOSHVILI GEORGE , KHACHIKOV EDUARD
Published: April 2020

The rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) are one of the most diverse families of beetles comprising more than 63650 species worldwide (Irmler et al. 2018). It is the best studied coleopteran family in Georgia (Herman, 2001; Schülke & Smetana, 2015), with more than 750 species recorded (Tarkhnishvili & Chaladze, 2019). The first records of Staphylinidae from Lagodekhi were reported by Zhizhilashvili (1941), who recorded 12 species of rove beetles from the reserve: Anotylus hybridus Eppelsheim, 1878 as Oxytelus; Anotylus gibbulus Eppelsheim, 1878 as Oxytelus; Xantholinus variabilis Hochhuth, 1851; Cordalia obscura Gravenhorst; Philonthus parvicornis Gravenhorst, 1802 as P. agilis Gravenhorst; Stenus circularis Gravenhorst, 1802 as S. clavulus Hochhuth; S. cribratus Kiesenwetter, 1850; Tachyporus hypnorum (Fabricius, 1775); Ocypus nitens (Schrank, 1781) as Staphylinus similis Fabricius; Quedius minor Hochhuth, 1849 as Q. distincticolor Roubal; Aleochara intricata Mannerheim; Olophrum caucasicum Fauvel, 1875. The record of Medon bicolor (Olivier, 1795) (as Sunius) in the same paper is erroneous because the species is absent from Georgia. Coiffait (1969) described Quedius grouziacus as a new species from Lagodekhi, however the species was later synonymized with Q. suramensis Epelsheim, 1880 by Solodovnikov (2002). Ushakov (1988) recorded Gauropterus sanguinipes Reitter, 1889, Gyrohypnus angustatus Stephens,1832 and Atrecus affinis (Paykull, 1789) as Baptolinus affinis caucasius Roubal, 1933. Gusarov and Koval (2002) registered Korgella caucasica (Gusarov & Koval, 2002; Özdikmen, 2005), as Heinzia. Later Shavrin & Khachikov (2019) added Acrolocha amabilis (Heer, 1841) which was new to the staphylinid fauna of Georgia. There have been no other focused studies on the Staphylinidae of Lagodekhi Protected Areas (LPA), though we recognize that there are likely further records in the literature.
Synergetic Use of the WSR-88D Radars, GOES-R Satellites, and Lightning Networks to Study Microphysical Characteristics of Hurricanes
Authors: Hu Jiaxi , Rosenfeld Daniel , Ryzhkov Alexander , Zhang Pengfei
Published: April 2020

This study analyzes the microphysics and precipitation pattern of Hurricanes Harvey (2017) and Florence (2018) in both the eyewall and outer rainband regions. From the retrievals by a satellite red–green–blue scheme, the outer rainbands show a strong convective structure while the inner eyewall has less convective vigor (i.e., weaker upper-level reflectivities and electrification), which may be related to stronger vertical wind shear that hinders fast vertical motions. The WSR-88D column-vertical profiles further confirm that the outer rainband clouds have strong vertical motion and large ice-phase hydrometeor formation aloft, which correlates well with 3D Lightning Mapping Array source counts in height and time. From the results from this study, it is determined that the inner eyewall region is dominated by warm rain, whereas the external rainband region contains intense mixed-phase precipitation. External rainbands are defined here as those that reside outside of the main hurricane circulation, associated with surface tropical storm wind speeds. The synergy of satellite and radar dual-polarization parameters is instrumental in distinguishing between the key microphysical features of intense convective rainbands and the warm-rain-dominated eyewall regions within the hurricanes. Substantial amounts of ice aloft and intense updrafts in the external rainbands are indicative of heavy surface precipitation, which can have important implications for severe weather warnings and quantitative precipitation forecasts. The novel part of this study is to combine ground-based radar measurement with satellite observations to study hurricane microphysical structure from surface to cloud top so as to fill in the gaps between the two observational techniques.
One, No One, and One Hundred Thousand: The Paradigm of the Z–R Relationship
Authors: Ignaccolo Massimiliano , De Michele Carlo
Published: April 2020

The Z–R relationship is a scaling-law formulation, Z = ARb, connecting the radar reflectivity Z to the rain rate R. However, more than 100 Z–R relationships, with different values of the parameters, have been reported in literature. This abundance of relationships is in itself a strong indication that no one “physical” relationship exists, a state of affairs that we find similar to that of the protagonist of Luigi Pirandello’s novel One, No One and One Hundred Thousand. Nevertheless the “elevation” of a simple linear fit in the (logR, logZ) space to the role of “scaling law” is such a widespread tenet in literature that it eclipses the simple realization that the abundance of different intercepts and slopes reflects the inhomogeneous nature of rain, and, in ultimate analysis, the statistical variability existing between the number of drops and drop size distribution. Here, we “eliminate” the contribution of the number of drops by rescaling both reflectivity and rainfall rate to per unit drop variables, (Z, R) → (z, r), so that the remaining variability is due only to the variability of the drop size distribution. We use a worldwide database of disdrometer data to show that for the rescaled variables (z, r) only “one,” albeit approximate, scaling law exists.
Shapes and Fall Speeds of Freezing and Frozen Raindrops
Authors: Rahman Kalimur , Testik Firat Y.
Published: April 2020

This study investigates the shapes and fall speeds of freezing and frozen raindrops through field observations using an instrument called the high-speed optical disdrometer (HOD) that we developed recently. Our field observations showed that while the shapes of all of the observed freezing raindrops and a portion of the frozen raindrops (39% of the frozen raindrops that are larger than 1.0 mm in volume equivalent diameter D) resemble the shapes of warm raindrops, majority of frozen raindrops (61% of the frozen raindrops with D > 1.0 mm) exhibited a distinct feature such as a spicule, bulge, cavity, or aggregation. Field observations of axis ratios (i.e., ratio of the vertical to horizontal chord) and fall speeds were compared with the predictions of available models. Separate empirical axis ratio parameterizations were developed for the freezing and frozen raindrops using the HOD field observations and extensions to an available shape model were also incorporated. For the fall speeds of freezing and frozen raindrops, field observations demonstrated a good agreement with the predictions of the available parameterizations. Frozen raindrops showed a larger scatter of fall speeds around the mean fall speed of a given drop size than those of the freezing raindrops due to the shape variety among the frozen raindrops with the aforementioned distinct features. The drag coefficients for the observed hydrometeors were compared with the predictions of the available drag coefficient models. Separate “drag coefficient–Reynolds number” relationships for freezing and frozen raindrops were developed.
Defending core values: Human rights and the extradition of fugitives
Authors: Efrat Asif , Newman Abraham L
Published: April 2020

Are states willing to overlook human rights violations to reap the fruits of international cooperation? Existing research suggests that this is often the case: security, diplomatic, or commercial gains may trump human rights abuse by partners. We argue, however, that criminal-justice cooperation might be obstructed when it undermines core values of individual freedoms and human rights, since the breach of these values exposes the cooperating state to domestic political resistance and backlash. To test our argument, we examine extradition: a critical tool for enforcing criminal laws across borders, but one that potentially threatens the rights of surrendered persons, who could face physical abuse, unfair trial, or excessive punishment by the foreign legal system. We find support for our theoretical expectation through statistical analysis of the surrender of fugitives within the European Union as well as surrenders to the United States: greater respect for human rights correlates with the surrender of fewer persons. A case study of Britain confirms that human rights concerns may affect the willingness to extradite. Our findings have important implications for debates on the relationship between human rights and foreign policy as well as the fight against transnational crime.
Effects on Postural Kinematics of Performing a Cognitive Task During Upright Standing
Authors: Hagio Kohtaroh , Obata Hiroki , Nakazawa Kimitaka
Published: April 2020

The execution of cognitive tasks is known to alter postural sway during standing, but the underlying mechanisms are still debated. This study investigated how performing a mental task modified balance control during standing. We required 15 healthy adult males to maintain an upright stance under conditions of simply relaxing and maintaining normal quiet standing (control condition) or while performing a secondary cognitive task (mental arithmetic). Under each condition, we measured the participants’ center of pressure and used kinematic measurements for a quantitative evaluation of postural control modulation. We calculated the standard deviation of the joint angles (ankle, knee, and hip) and the estimated joint stiffness to measure joint mobility changes in postural control. To estimate the kinematic pattern of covariation among these joints, we used uncontrolled manifold analysis, an assessment of the strength of multijoint coordination. Compared to normal standing, executing the cognitive task while standing led to reduced movements of the ankle and hip joints. There were no significant differences in ankle stiffness or uncontrolled manifold ratios between the conditions. Our results suggest that when performing a secondary cognitive task during standing, neither changes in the modification of stiffness nor the strength of multijoint coordination (both of which preserve the center of mass position) explains changes in postural sway.
Understanding and interpreting algorithms: toward a hermeneutics of algorithms
Authors: Andersen Jack
Published: April 2020

This article develops a hermeneutics of algorithms. By taking a point of departure in Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics, developed in Truth and Method, I am going to examine what it means to understand algorithms in our lives. A hermeneutics of algorithms is consistent with the fact that we do not have direct access to the meaning of algorithms in the same way as we do not have direct access to the meaning of other cultural artifacts. We are forced to interpret cultural artifacts in order to make meaning out of them. The act of interpretation is an action on behalf of the interpreter. However, interpreters are not free to interpret cultural artifacts in whatever way they like. Interpreters are bound by the cultural artifact and its embeddedness in tradition. Furthermore, the act of interpretation is not to recover the historicity of the cultural artifact. Rather, interpretation concerns the way we make sense of algorithms in everyday life and how they are part of a tradition. It is about living with algorithms. Understanding and interpreting algorithms are therefore a mode of existence and mode of living with and enacting algorithms.
Temporal Bone Encephaloceles: Utility of Preoperative Imaging
Authors: Worrall Douglas M. , Pai Akila , Garneau Jonathan C. , Perez Enrique R. , Cosetti Maura K. , Smouha Eric E. , Wanna George B.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To determine the diagnostic efficacy and clinical value of preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among patients with suspected temporal bone encephaloceles (TBE).

Study Design

Retrospective chart review from 2006 to 2018.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

The subjects underwent surgery for a clinically suspected TBE or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Preoperative imaging test characteristics of CT and MRI, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), were calculated for TBE scans and compared with intraoperative findings.

Results

Fifty‐seven subjects with otorrhea, middle ear effusion, hearing loss, and/or meningitis with suspected TBE or CSF leak were identified. All had preoperative CT scans, and 61% (35/57) had preoperative MRI scans. Intraoperatively, 37 of 57 patients (65%) were found to have a TBE. CT scans (17% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV, 46% NPV) were less sensitive than MRI (58% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV, 24% NPV) for detecting TBEs. Furthermore, the time from initial scan to operative repair was significantly longer in those who had a CT followed by MRI scan compared with CT alone or a fused CT‐MRI scan (mean = 68 vs 15 days, respectively; P =. 004).

Conclusion

CT and MRI provide complementary information that may aid surgical planning. However, imaging cannot always rule out TBE. In cases with high clinical suspicion, surgical confirmation is often required for definitive diagnosis and treatment. The cost of an additional preoperative study should be considered before its use.