bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A systems approach for modelling supply chain risks
Authors: Ghadge Abhijeet , Dani Samir , Chester Michael , Kalawsky Roy
Published: August 2013

Purpose

With increasing exposure to disruptions, it is vital for supply chains to manage risks proactively. Prediction of potential failure points and overall impact of these risks is challenging. In this paper, systems thinking concepts are applied for modelling supply chain risks. The purpose of this paper is to develop a holistic, systematic and quantitative risk assessment process for measuring the overall risk behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach

A framework for supply chain risk management (SCRM) is developed and tested using an industrial case study. A systematically developed research design is employed to capture the dynamic behaviour of risks. Additionally, a system‐based supply chain risk model is conceptualized for risk modelling. Sensitivity modelling results are combined for validating the supply chain risk model.

Findings

The systems approach for modelling supply chain risks predicts the failure points along with their overall risk impact in the supply chain network. System‐based risk modelling provides a holistic picture of risk behavioural performance, which is difficult to realise through other research methodologies commonly preferred in SCRM research.

Practical implications

The developed framework for SCRM is tested in an industry setting for its viability. The framework for SCRM along with the supply chain risk model is expected to benefit practitioners in understanding the intricacies of supply chain risks. The system model for risk assessment is a working tool which could provide a perspective of future disruptive events.

Originality/value

A holistic, systematic and quantitative risk modelling mechanism for capturing overall behaviour of risks is a valuable contribution of this research. The paper presents a new perspective towards using systems thinking for modelling supply chain risks.
Possible association of hepatitis C virus infection with late‐onset psoriasis: A hospital‐based observational study
Authors: Imafuku Shinichi , Naito Reiko , Nakayama Juichiro
Published: August 2013

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease mainly involving the skin and joints, mediated by pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. In hepatitis C, continuous inflammation mediated by TNF‐α leads to liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. Hence, psoriasis and hepatitis C have pathophysiological factors in common. An epidemiological association between the two conditions has been reported, but no detailed research has yet been performed. Frequency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was assessed in 717 patients with psoriasis and 38 057 with all other dermatological diseases who visited Fukuoka University Hospital in 1998–2011. HCV+ and HCV− psoriatic patients were further compared. Frequency of HCV infection was significantly higher in psoriasis (7.5%) than in controls (3.3%) in overall ages. When stratified by age at the first visit, the frequency was significantly higher in patients with psoriasis than in controls aged in their 60s (11.8% vs 6.6%, respectively, P = 0.0215) and 70s (19.5% vs 7.3%, P < 0.0001). HCV+ psoriatic patients were significantly older at onset than HCV− ones (median, 54 vs 39 years), stronger male predominance (male/female ratio, 4.4:1), similar family history of psoriasis, higher association of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and significantly lower body mass index (22.4 ± 2.73 vs 24.2 ± 4.61), in age‐stratified (≥40 years) analysis. HCV+ psoriatic patients were less obese, but still had a higher frequency of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, possibly due to chronic inflammation in the liver and other organs. HCV infection may trigger psoriasis, especially late‐onset psoriasis, possibly via overproduction of TNF‐α, a common mediator of the two conditions.
Genetic divergence in forest trees: understanding the consequences of climate change
Authors: Kremer Antoine , Potts Brad M. , Delzon Sylvain
Published: August 2013

Predicted climate change is heading in many respects into untested environmental conditions for trees and to the reshuffling of species distributions. We explore the consequences that these changes are likely to have on population differentiation of adaptive traits. Superimposed on the spatial redistribution of the species, will there be a redistribution of their genetic variation?

We base our predictions on a conceptual framework, whose elements are the extant differentiation, and the predicted divergent evolution of populations along purposely chosen altitudinal/latitudinal gradients. We consider simultaneously phenotypic and genetic divergence, but emphasize genetically driven population differentiation. We illustrate phenotypic and genetic patterns of variation with examples from well‐studied northern and southern hemisphere tree genera Quercus and Eucalyptus.

Most phenotypic traits show very large in situ clinal variation with variation in altitude or latitude. Genetic clines detected in common gardens usually follow the observed in situ phenotypic clines, reflecting cogradient variation. Rare counter gradients have also been detected, where phenotypic and genetic clines exhibit opposing signs. These patterns suggest that plasticity and selection contributed in most cases synergistically to the extant differentiation.

We anticipate that microevolutionary processes will be different along environmental gradients. At the leading edge, availability of newly suitable habitats will trigger migration favouring genotypes equipped with colonists attributes. At the rear edges of the distribution, populations will be submitted to strong selective pressures favouring genotypes capable of withstanding drought and heat stress. Central populations will benefit from the plastic response of trees that will temporarily compensate for the maladaptation, until genetic adaptive variation will be restored by gene flow, mutation or recombination.

We make predictions about future differentiation along environmental gradients, by highlighting traits that are likely to diverge, the rate at which differentiation will take place, and the role of gene flow and hybridization. We envisage that parallel selection may maintain differentiation at extant levels, whereas divergent selection will promote substantial differentiation for traits facilitating adaptation to contrasting conditions along the environmental gradient. We anticipate that genetic divergence may occur very rapidly and will be enhanced by the multilocus architecture of most adaptive traits.
Reciprocal relationship between plasma ghrelin level and arterial stiffness in hypertensive subjects
Authors: Zhao Yin‐Tao , Yang Hai‐Bo , Li Ling , Gao Ke , Li Peng‐Fei , Xie Wei‐Wei
Published: August 2013

Arterial stiffness, considered an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, is closely associated with hypertension. Futhermore, the role of ghrelin in the development of hypertension has been widely recognized.

The purpose of the present study was to explore the potential relationship between circulating ghrelin and arterial stiffness in hypertensive subjects.

A total of 192 patients with primary hypertension and 107 normotensive (NT) control subjects were enrolled in the present cross‐sectional study. Plasma ghrelin was determined by ELISA. Arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and the augmentation index (AIx).

Both baPWV and AIx values were markedly higher in the hypertensive compared with NT group (P < 0.01). In contrast, plasma ghrelin concentrations were significantly lower in hypertensive patients compared with NT subjects (P < 0.01). Plasma ghrelin concentrations were negatively correlated with age (odds ratio (OR) −1.836; P < 0.001), smoking (OR −1.347; P = 0.042), baPWV (OR −1.762; P < 0.001) and AIx (OR −1.516; P = 0.005), but positively associated with fasting plasma glucose (OR 1.293; P = 0.047) and HbA1c (OR 1.413; P = 0.025).

The inverse correlation between circulating ghrelin and the extent of arterial stiffness suggests that ghrelin is an independent determinant of arterial stiffness, even after adjustment for confounding cardiovascular risk factors, and it actively participates in the pathophysiology of arterial stiffness in hypertensive subjects.
Gendered and Classed Activist Identity in the Russian Oppositional Youth Movement
Authors: Lyytikäinen Laura
Published: August 2013

This article examines how activist identity is constructed in the Russian opposition youth movement Oborona. The research is based on fieldwork among youth activists in Moscow and St Petersburg. The author analyses how activist identity is classed and gendered, as well as its relations to the Russian civic field. The article suggests, first, that the activist identity is marked by an affiliation with the intelligentsia: activists have grown up in intelligentsia families and articulate their activities through the intelligentsia's ‘markers’, such as intelligence, discussion skills and education. Secondly, activists follow a dissidents' cultural model, by emphasizing the importance of non-conformism and traditional dissident values, and draw parallels between the contemporary government and the totalitarian Soviet state. Thirdly, this traditional intellectual dissident identity is associated with cosmopolitanism through the movement's international connections and appropriation of the forms of action of global social movements. Sometimes the activist practices and aspirations conflict with the group's ideals. Furthermore, the activist identity is gendered and embodied in the right activist ‘look’, which is defined by masculinity. Regardless of the movement's liberal ideals in regards to democracy, questions of gender and sexuality are not discussed, and activists do not question traditional understandings of gendered divisions of labour.
Assessment of the dietitian's influence on the dietary habits of older adults living in Greek Islands and Cyprus
Authors: Tyrovolas Stefanos , Polychronopoulos Evangelos , Tountas Yannis , Panagiotakos Demosthenes
Published: August 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the crucial role that nutritional services provided both to public or private health‐care systems on dietary habits among older people.

Methods

During 2005–2009, 744 men and 742 women (>65 years) from nine Greek Islands and Cyprus Republic were voluntarily enrolled in the Mediterranean Islands study (MEDIS). Sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics has been recorded. Information regarding practicing dietitians (n = 88) and nutritional services provided in these islands were also recorded.

Results

It has been demonstrated that the long‐term presence of dietitian on an island increase the adherence to the Mediterranean diet by the participants (P = 0.03). A positive association was also found between level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet by the older people and dietitian's education status (i.e. basic vs postgraduate, P = 0.003). According to the dietitians' reports, 40% of older adults have improved their dietary habits after the nutritional consultation.

Conclusions

Implementing nutritional services within the healthcare system seems to contribute to healthier dietary habits among older adults that may lead to a better quality of life.
Influence of face mask design on bag–valve–mask ventilation performance: a randomized simulation study
Authors: NA J. U. , HAN S. K. , CHOI P. C. , CHO J. H. , SHIN D. H.
Published: August 2013

Background

Different face mask designs can influence bag–valve–mask (BVM) ventilation performance during resuscitation. We compared a single‐use, air‐cushioned face mask (AM) with a reusable silicone face mask (SM) for quality of BVM ventilation on a manikin simulating cardiac arrest.

Methods

Thirty‐two physicians were recruited, and a prospective, randomized, crossover observational study was conducted after an American Heart Association‐accredited basic life support provider course and standardized practice time were completed. Participants performed 12 cycles of BVM ventilation with both the AM and SM on a SmartMan lung simulator.

Results

Mean tidal volume was significantly higher in ventilations performed using the AM vs. the SM (548 ± 159 ml vs. 439 ± 163 ml, P < 0.01). In addition, the proportion of low‐volume ventilation was significantly lower with the AM than the SM [6/12 (2–11) vs. 9/12 (5–12), P = 0.03]. Bag–valve–AM ventilation volume was not affected by the physical characteristics of the rescuers, except for sex. In contrast, bag–valve–SM ventilation volume was affected by most of the characteristics tested, including sex, height, weight, hand width, hand length, and grip power.

Conclusion

The AM seems to be a more efficient face mask than the SM at delivering sufficient ventilation volumes. The performance of the AM did not seem to be associated with the physical characteristics of the rescuers, whereas that of the SM was affected by these factors. The SM may not be an appropriate face mask for performing one‐person BVM ventilation during resuscitation for rescuers who are smaller in stature, have a smaller hand size, or have weaker grip power.
The current state of active third stage management to prevent postpartum hemorrhage: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Prick Babette W. , Vos Amber A. , Hop Wim C.J. , Bremer Henk A. , Steegers Eric A.P. , Duvekot Johannes J.
Published: August 2013

Objective

To investigate the implementation of the International Confederation of Midwives/International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (ICM/FIGO) guideline on active third stage management in vaginal deliveries in daily clinical practice.

Design

Observational, cross‐sectional study.

Setting

One tertiary and one teaching hospital in the Netherlands.

Population

Women undergoing vaginal deliveries.

Methods

A case record form was completed after every vaginal delivery. Primary outcome was adequate guideline adherence, defined as initial administration of 10 IU oxytocin, performance of controlled cord traction and uterine massage. Adequate guideline adherence was a priori estimated to be 10%. With a sample size of 600, i.e. 300 women per hospital, the standard error of the resulting percentage would be less than 2% for each hospital.

Results

Six hundred and twenty six women were included. Guideline adherence was adequately performed in 48% of vaginal deliveries. Oxytocin was administered after birth in 98% of deliveries and in 80% the correct dose was used. Controlled cord traction was performed in 63% and uterine massage in 93%; however, the latter was performed as advised (at least eight times) in only 8%. The amount of blood loss was not associated with the use of either 5 or 10 IU oxytocin (p = 0.818). Controlled cord traction and uterine massage were more frequently performed when blood loss exceeded 500 mL (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Active third stage management according to the ICM/FIGO guideline is adequately performed in only 48% of all vaginal deliveries. Results of this study call for training programs to increase adherence to the ICM/FIGO guideline.
Interstitial pregnancy management and subsequent pregnancy outcome
Authors: Sagiv Ron , Debby Abraham , Keidar Ran , Kerner Ram , Golan Abraham
Published: August 2013

We report on management and subsequent fertility outcome of interstitial pregnancy in a retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II‐3) at a university affiliated teaching hospital. Of 706 women with extrauterine pregnancy, 14 consecutive women with interstitial pregnancy were treated by methotrexate, laparotomy or laparoscopy between 1997 and 2007. The first four women, with significant hemoperitoneum, were treated by laparotomy. Of the next 10 women, four were selected for medical treatment with methotrexate. Only one case was treated successfully. The other six women had laparoscopic treatment. Of nine laparoscopies, one was converted to laparotomy due to excessive blood loss during the procedure. Of nine women desiring a child, three were infertile, whereas six conceived with an intrauterine pregnancy. A change from diagnosis later in pregnancy and laparotomy to more conservative treatment, mainly by laparoscopy, suggests a possibly better subsequent pregnancy rate.
Angiogenesis inhibitors in cancer therapy: mechanistic perspective on classification and treatment rationales
Authors: El‐Kenawi Asmaa E , El‐Remessy Azza B
Published: August 2013

Angiogenesis, a process of new blood vessel formation, is a prerequisite for tumour growth to supply the proliferating tumour with oxygen and nutrients. The angiogenic process may contribute to tumour progression, invasion and metastasis, and is generally accepted as an indicator of tumour prognosis. Therefore, targeting tumour angiogenesis has become of high clinical relevance. The current review aimed to highlight mechanistic details of anti‐angiogenic therapies and how they relate to classification and treatment rationales. Angiogenesis inhibitors are classified into either direct inhibitors that target endothelial cells in the growing vasculature or indirect inhibitors that prevent the expression or block the activity of angiogenesis inducers. The latter class extends to include targeted therapy against oncogenes, conventional chemotherapeutic agents and drugs targeting other cells of the tumour micro‐environment. Angiogenesis inhibitors may be used as either monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer drugs. In this context, many preclinical and clinical studies revealed higher therapeutic effectiveness of the combined treatments compared with individual treatments. The proper understanding of synergistic treatment modalities of angiogenesis inhibitors as well as their wide range of cellular targets could provide effective tools for future therapies of many types of cancer.
Molecular mechanism underlying the antiproliferative effect of suppressor of cytokine signaling‐1 in non‐small‐cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Shimada Kazuki , Serada Satoshi , Fujimoto Minoru , Nomura Shintaro , Nakatsuka Rie , Harada Emi , Iwahori Kota , Tachibana Isao , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Kumanogoh Atsushi , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Naka Tetsuji
Published: August 2013

Lung cancer (LC) is the major cause of death by cancer and the number of LC patients is increasing worldwide. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of gene delivery using suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS‐1), an endogenous inhibitor of intracellular signaling pathways, for the treatment of LC. To examine the antitumor effect of SOCS‐1 overexpression on non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, NSCLC cells (A549, LU65, and PC9) were infected with adenovirus‐expressing SOCS‐1 vector. The cell proliferation assay showed that A549 and LU65, but not PC9, were sensitive to SOCS‐1 gene‐mediated suppression of cell growth. Although JAK inhibitor I could also inhibit proliferation of A549 and LU65 cells, SOCS‐1 gene delivery appeared to be more potent as SOCS‐1 could suppress focal adhesion kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor, as well as the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Enhanced phosphorylation of the p53 protein was detected by means of phospho‐kinase array in SOCS‐1 overexpressed A549 cells compared with control cells, whereas no phosphorylation of p53 was observed when JAK inhibitor I was used. Furthermore, treatment with adenoviral vector AdSOCS‐1 in vivo significantly suppressed NSCLC proliferation in a xenograft model. These results suggest that the overexpression of SOCS‐1 gene is effective for antitumor therapy by suppressing the JAK/STAT, focal adhesion kinase, and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways and enhancing p53‐mediated antitumor activity in NSCLC.
Enhanced antitumor efficacy of fiber‐modified, midkine promoter‐regulated oncolytic adenovirus in human malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Takagi‐Kimura Misato , Yamano Tomoki , Tamamoto Atsuko , Okamura Nobutaka , Okamura Haruki , Hashimoto‐Tamaoki Tomoko , Tagawa Masatoshi , Kasahara Noriyuki , Kubo Shuji
Published: August 2013

Oncolytic virotherapy using adenoviruses has potential for therapeutic benefits in malignant mesothelioma. However, the downregulation of coxsackie virus/adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression is frequently a critical rate‐limiting factor that impedes the effectiveness of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)‐based vectors in many cancer types. We evaluatedCAR(Ad5 receptor) andCD46 (adenovirus serotype 35 [Ad35] receptor) expression in six human malignant mesothelioma cell lines. Very lowCARexpression was observed inMSTO‐211H andNCI‐H2052 cells, whereas the other cell lines showed strong expression. In contrast,CD46 was highly expressed in all mesothelioma cell lines. On this basis, we replaced theCARbinding sequence of Ad5 with theCD46 binding sequence of Ad35 in the replication‐defective adenoviruses and the tumor‐specific midkine promoter‐regulated oncolytic adenoviruses. By this fiber modification, the infectivity, virus progeny production, andin vitrocytocidal effects of the adenoviruses were significantly enhanced in lowCAR‐expressingMSTO‐211H andNCI‐H2052 cells, also resulting in similar or even higher levels in highCAR‐expressing mesothelioma cell lines. InMSTO‐211H xenograft models, the fiber‐modified oncolytic adenovirus significantly enhanced antitumor effect compared to its equivalent Ad5‐based vector. Our data demonstrate that Ad35 fiber modification of binding tropism in a midkine promoter‐regulated oncolytic Ad5 vector confers transductional targeting to oncolytic adenoviruses, thereby facilitating more effective treatment of malignant mesothelioma.
Time‐dependent decrement of dermal gadolinium deposits and significant improvement of skin symptoms in a patient with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after temporary renal failure
Authors: Schäd Susanne G. , Heitland Peter , Kühn‐Velten W. Nikolaus , Gross Gerd E. , Jonas Ludwig
Published: August 2013

Background

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) represents a rare fibrosing disorder occurring after administration of gadolinium‐containing contrast agents during renal insufficiency. In order to prove the effect of gadolinium elimination on clinical signs, we identified and quantified gadolinium in skin biopsies of a 62‐year‐old patient with NSF with regard to improving skin lesions after recovery of renal function.

Methods

Gadolinium deposits were visualized and identified in NSF skin biopsies by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (EM) and by scanning EM. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICPMS) was used for quantifying gadolinium concentration.

Results

Transmission EM studies revealed electron‐dense material in connective matrix around blood vessels and inside lysosomes of histiocytes and fibroblasts. A remarkable reduction of gadolinium deposits was observed in transmission EM and scanning EM and confirmed by ICPMS in follow‐up biopsies. After spontaneous recovery of renal function, his skin induration improved notably over the next 2 years.

Conclusions

The reduction of clinical and histomorphological signs of NSF correlated with decreasing gadolinium concentration in skin biopsies within 3 years. Our study suggests a possible pathogenetic mechanism of NSF including a chance for recovery after elimination of gadolinium and reduced histamine liberation by mast cells.
Problematizing ‘Knowledge‐for‐Development’
Authors: Narayanaswamy Lata
Published: August 2013

This article argues that measures designed to improve the availability and accessibility of information as a key strategy to facilitate development have become ends in themselves, de‐linked from their potential to have an impact on Southern knowledge systems that may lead to improved development outcomes. The production and dissemination of ever‐greater volumes of information in response to concerns about the uneven availability of information, particularly for individuals and intermediaries based in the global South, are unable to address the persistent problem of the fragmentation of knowledge systems that result from knowledge for development (K4D) initiatives in which information and knowledge are treated as isolated entities. The article presents the findings of a study into the K4D practices of a network of women/gender information intermediaries. It reveals that attempts to strengthen Southern knowledge systems are forestalled by efforts that merely improve the supply of information rather than engaging with knowledge processes in their entirety, thus limiting their potential to promote improved development outcomes. Proxy measures of success are used that fail to challenge the typically neoliberal underpinnings of the dominant knowledge infrastructure. The author concludes that, if knowledge‐based development interventions are to be made more effective, K4D stakeholders need to find ways to engage not just with the supply but with the demand for information, as part of broader efforts to strengthen entire knowledge systems in ways that take account of concerns around hegemony.
Goal or movement? Action representation within the primary motor cortex
Authors: Cavallo Andrea , Bucchioni Giulia , Castiello Umberto , Becchio Cristina
Published: August 2013

Although facilitation of the cortico‐spinal system during action observation is widely accepted, it remains controversial whether this facilitation reflects a replica of the observed movements or the goal of the observed motor acts. In the present transcranial magnetic stimulation study, we recorded motor evoked potentials from two hand muscles (first dorsal interosseous and abductor digiti minimi) while 22 healthy participants observed a hand reaching towards and grasping a bottle. To test for alternative coding levels (goal vs. movement), three relevant aspects were systematically manipulated: the type of observed movement (precision grip or whole hand grasping), situational context (bottle positioned in front of or behind a wall‐like barrier), and processing stage (transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse delivered at the onset of the movement or at the moment of contact between the fingers and the object). At movement onset, motor evoked potential responses reflected the program necessary to achieve the action goal within the situational context. During movement observation, however, the type of observed movement was taken into account and a transition towards a movement‐related modulation was observed. These results suggest that, rather than being exclusive alternatives, goal coding and movement coding may relate to different processing stages.
Effect of detergents on the physicochemical properties of skin stratum corneum: a two‐photon excitation fluorescence microscopy study
Authors: Bloksgaard M. , Brewer J. R. , Pashkovski E. , Ananthapadmanabhan K. P. , Sørensen J. A. , Bagatolli L. A.
Published: August 2013

Synopsis

Objective

Understanding the structural and dynamical features of skin is critical for advancing innovation in personal care and drug discovery. Synthetic detergent mixtures used in commercially available body wash products are thought to be less aggressive towards the skin barrier when compared to conventional detergents. The aim of this work is to comparatively characterize the effect of a mild synthetic cleanser mixture (SCM) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) on the hydration state of the intercellular lipid matrix and on proton activity of excised skin stratum corneum (SC).

Method

Experiments were performed using two‐photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescent images of fluorescence reporters sensitive to proton activity and hydration of SC were obtained in excised skin and examined in the presence and absence of SCM and SDS detergents.

Results

Hydration of the intercellular lipid matrix to a depth of 10 μm into the SC was increased upon treatment with SCM, whereas SDS shows this effect only at the very surface of SC. The proton activity of SC remained unaffected by treatment with either detergent.

Conclusion

While our study indicates that the SC is very resistant to external stimuli, it also shows that, in contrast to the response to SDS, SCM to some extent modulates the in‐depth hydration properties of the intercellular lipid matrix within excised skin SC.
A Sex Difference in Mental Rotation in Infants: Convergent Evidence
Authors: Quinn Paul C. , Liben Lynn S.
Published: August 2013

Quinn and Liben (2008) reported a sex difference on a mental rotation task in which 3‐ to 4‐month‐olds were familiarized with a shape in different rotations and then tested with a novel rotation of the familiar shape and its mirror image. As a group, males but not females showed a significant preference for the mirror image, a pattern paralleled at the individual level (with most males but less than half the females showing the preference). Experiment 1 examined a possible explanation for this performance difference, namely, that females were more sensitive to the angular differences in the familiarized shape. Three‐ to 4‐month‐olds were given a discrimination task involving familiarization with a shape at a given rotation and preference testing with the shape in the familiarized versus a novel rotation. Females and males preferred the novel rotation, with no sex difference observed. This finding did not provide support for the suggestion that the sex difference in mental rotation is explained by differential sensitivity to angular rotation. Experiment 2 revealed that the sex difference in mental rotation is observed in 6‐ to 7‐month‐olds and 9‐ to 10‐month‐olds, suggesting that a sex difference in mental rotation is present at multiple ages during infancy.
Understanding efficacy end‐points in studies of field‐directed therapy for actinic keratosis
Authors: Wolf John E. , Rigel Darrell S.
Published: August 2013

Background

The rates of short‐term clearance of actinic keratoses appear to be comparable in clinical trials of topical treatments used in field therapy, but direct comparisons of efficacy results can be problematic. Trials use different efficacy end points, have different study designs, involve different anatomic sites, and enroll different patient populations. In addition, because adherence in real‐world clinical practice differs from that observed in clinical trials, conclusions drawn from efficacy outcomes can be misleading. The objective of this review was to examine the efficacy end points used in studies of topical therapy for actinic keratosis, address other factors influencing efficacy outcomes in these studies, and discuss the possible influence of nonadherence on effectiveness.

Methods

Review of the available literature on topical therapy for actinic keratosis.

Results

The end points used to determine efficacy of therapies for actinic keratosis include a disparate group of outcomes, which can often make comparison between studies impossible.

Conclusions

Efficacy end points of clinical studies designed to assess the treatment of actinic keratosis should be standardized to facilitate between‐trial comparisons, and studies should focus on the end points that are most clinically relevant.
Piezoelectric Properties of Ink‐Jet–Printed Lead Zirconate Titanate Thick Films Confirmed by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy
Authors: Kuscer Danjela , Noshchenko Oleksandr , Uršič Hana , Malič Barbara
Published: August 2013

An ink consisting of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 (PZT) particles with a median size of 170 nm and a narrow size distribution, in a dispersion of water and glycerol, and with a low viscosity and surface tension, was used for the fabrication of thick films by piezoelectric ink‐jet printing. This study reports the printing conditions, the subsequent thermal treatment of the as‐deposited layers, and the properties of the sintered PZT thick film. The film, sintered at 1100°C, had a locally dense microstructure and consisted of grains that are a few 100 nm across, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. A local piezoelectric response of 15 pm/V was measured in the ink‐jet–printed PZT thick film by piezoresponse force microscopy.
Varieties of trust‐betrayal: emotion and relief patterns in different domains
Authors: Joskowicz–Jabloner Lisa , Leiser David
Published: August 2013

This study investigates the emotional responses to betrayal in two domains—social norms and personal acquaintances. The study relies on a newly developedBetrayal‐DomainQuestionnaire and thePortraitValueQuestionnaire. Study 1 confirmed the existence of two distinct betrayal domains differing in the pattern of emotional response evoked, in the actions that relieve negative emotions and the influence of values on the emotional response. In the social norms domain, betrayal evokes predominantly anger‐related emotions that can be alleviated effectively, whereas in the personal domain, more profound negative emotions are elicited by betrayal and fewer actions can relieve them. Study 2 replicates the findings with a modified questionnaire designed to comply with more stringent methodological restrictions.
Elevated self‐esteem 12 months following a 10‐day developmental voyage
Authors: Hunter John A. , Hayhurst Jill , Kafka Sarah , Boyes Mike , Ruffman Ted , O'Brien Kerry , Stringer Maurice
Published: August 2013

The following article examined elevated self‐esteem as a function of a 10‐day developmental voyage. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 demonstrated that participants who completed the voyage experienced elevated self‐esteem. Study 2 replicated and extended these results insofar as it revealed that (a) elevated self‐esteem was maintained 12 months following the voyage; and (b) increasing levels of perceived self‐efficacy and belonging (as assessed on the last day of the voyage), but not social support, each made a unique contribution to these effects. Together, these findings provide converging evidence to suggest that a 10‐day developmental voyage upon the Spirit of New Zealand promotes elevated self‐esteem that is maintained over time, and that perceived self‐efficacy and belonging contribute to this outcome.
Driving toward a goal and the goal‐gradient hypothesis: the impact of goal proximity on compliance rate, donation size, and fatigue
Authors: Jensen Jakob D. , King Andy J. , Carcioppolo Nick
Published: August 2013

Driving toward a goal (DTAG) is a compliance technique derived from observed persuasion practice (e.g., telethons) wherein the persuader utilizes a goal pitch (e.g., “Help us raise $500”) and progress toward a goal (e.g., a tote board) to encourage compliance. It was postulated that DTAG would be more effective than legitimizing a paltry contribution (LPC) at increasing compliance rate, size, and stability. In Study 1, a fundraising field experiment (N = 840 donations) found that LPC garnered significantly more donations and DTAG garnered significantly larger donations. In Study 2, a lab experiment (N = 992 participants) found that LPC garnered more donations at Time 1, DTAG garnered more donations over time (eventually matching LPC), and LPC yielded smaller donations over time.
The effect of island type on lizard reproductive traits
Authors: Novosolov Maria , Meiri Shai
Published: August 2013

Aim

The origins of islands influence island colonization and radiation dynamics, thus exerting differential selection pressures on the species that inhabit them. The occurrence of lower numbers of predator and competitor species on islands than the mainland selects for ‘slow’ life‐history attributes (the ‘island syndrome’). Animals colonizing, and radiating on, oceanic islands probably face more novel environments than do those inhabiting continental fragment and land‐bridge islands. We hypothesized that oceanic island endemics will show the slowest life histories, whereas land‐bridge island species will resemble mainland species the most. We predicted that species on old, small and isolated islands will also have slow life histories.

Location

World‐wide.

Methods

We assembled life‐history data for 540 mainland and 319 insular endemic lizard species. We tested whether clutch size, brood frequency, hatchling mass and productivity differed between islands of different origin and between islands and the mainland. We controlled for female size, for latitude and for phylogenetic relationship using the R package caper. In addition, we tested the influences of island age, area and isolation on species life histories.

Results

Oceanic island endemics have the smallest clutches and the largest offspring, and, together with continental fragment island endemics, lay most frequently. Clutch size, brood frequency and productivity increase with increasing island age. Isolation and area have little effect on lizard life history.

Main conclusions

Our findings support the proposition that selection pressure differs across island type. The predator‐poor environments on oceanic islands select for few, large offspring, while the predator‐rich environments of the mainland and land‐bridge islands select for many, small offspring. Island geological origin creates the environment within which evolution takes place, and thus plays a major role in life‐history evolution. As islands grow older, lizards adapt by increasing their yearly reproductive effort.
Comparative Outcomes of Transvenous Extraction of Sprint Fidelis and Riata Defibrillator Leads: A Single Center Experience
Authors: RICHARDSON TRAVIS D. , KOLEK MATTHEW J. , GOYAL SANDEEP K. , SHOEMAKER M. BENJAMIN , LEWIS ALANA A. , ROTTMAN JEFFREY N. , WHALEN S. PATRICK , ELLIS CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: August 2013

Comparison of Extraction of Recalled Defibrillator Leads

Introduction

The FDA has issued class I advisories for Medtronic Sprint Fidelis® and St. Jude Medical RiataTM ICD lead families. Transvenous RiataTM ICD lead extraction is typically considered higher risk than Fidelis® extraction, based on longer duration from implant, presence of externalized conductors and lack of silicone backfill in the SVC and RV coils. However, published data comparing procedural outcomes between these leads are limited.

Methods

Records were reviewed for all patients undergoing transvenous extraction of Sprint Fidelis® or RiataTM ICD leads at the Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute from July 2006 to April 2013 to ascertain indication for extraction, procedural details, complications, and 30‐day mortality.

Results

There were significant differences between those undergoing extraction of a Sprint Fidelis® (n = 145) or RiataTM lead (n = 47). In the RiataTM group, device‐related endocarditis was a more common indication for extraction, the mean duration of implant was longer, and larger excimer laser sheaths were required. Lead malfunction was a more common indication in the Fidelis® group. There were no statistically significant differences in median procedure duration, procedural success (97.9% vs 95.7%, P = 0.41), median length of hospital stay (1 day vs 1 day, P = 0.23), procedural complication rate (5.5% vs 10.6%, P = 0.23) or 30‐day mortality (2.1% vs 2.1%, P = 0.98). Analyses excluding patients with device infection revealed similar results.

Conclusion

Despite differences in baseline characteristics, this study indicates that Medtronic Sprint Fidelis® and St. Jude RiataTM ICD leads have similar procedural outcomes with transvenous lead extraction.
Optimal dike investments under uncertainty and learning about increasing water levels
Authors: van der Pol T.D. , van Ierland E.C. , Weikard H.‐P.
Published: August 2013

Water level extremes for seas and rivers are crucial to determine optimal dike heights. Future development in extremes under climate change is, however, uncertain. In this paper, we explore impacts of uncertainty and learning about increasing water levels on dike investment. We extend previous work in which a constant rate of structural water level increase is assumed. We introduce a probability distribution for this rate and study the impact of learning about this rate. We model learning as a single stochastic event where full information becomes available. Numerical solutions are obtained with dynamic programming. We find that the expected value of information can be substantial. Before information arrives, investment size is reduced as compared with the benchmark without learning, but investment frequency may be increased. The impact of learning on the initial investment strategy, however, is small as compared with the impact of uncertainty about increasing water levels by itself.
Comparison of different methods for developing a stage–discharge curve of the Kizilirmak River
Authors: Hasanpour Kashani M. , Daneshfaraz R. , Ghorbani M.A. , Najafi M.R. , Kisi O.
Published: August 2013

Prediction of a stage–discharge relationship is of immense importance for reliable planning, design and management of most water resources projects. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of artificial intelligence methods, namely, Artificial Neural Network, Adaptive Nero‐Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and Gene‐Expression Programming, with those of two conventional methods, i.e., stage‐rating curve and Regression techniques in deriving a stage–discharge curve in the Kizilirmak River, Turkey. The daily minimum, mean and maximum river discharge, and stage data for period of 2005–2007 were used for training and testing the models. The comparison includes visual and parametric approaches, namely coefficient of correlation, mean absolute error and root mean square error. The results proved the high ability of the artificial intelligence methods in developing stage–discharge relationship. Furthermore, the performance of the ANFIS model was found to be superior to all the models.
Improving flood preparedness using hydrodynamic levee‐breach and inundation modelling: Middle Mississippi River, USA
Authors: Huthoff F. , Remo J.W.F. , Pinter N.
Published: August 2013

There is growing concern in the United States over the ‘residual’ flood risk behind leveed floodplains, which is commonly assessed based on one‐dimensional (1D) river flow models. These models fail to capture the complex flow dynamics that typically characterise floodplain inundation. Here, we demonstrate methodologies for mechanistically simulating a levee breach and flow into a levee district along the Middle Mississippi River using a hybrid 1D/two‐dimensional (1D2D) flow model that combines a 1D model of the river channel with a two‐dimensional (2D) overland‐flow model for the leveed floodplain. This 2D modelling documents the complexity of flow over a large and topographically diverse leveed floodplain, including distribution and timing of inundation as well as the resulting public‐safety threats. In relation to safety threats, three distinct flood phases can be recognised: (1) a flash flood phase, (2) a flow redistribution phase and (3) an equilibrium phase. The flash flood phase presents imminent threats to human life and safety, whereas subsequent phases determine inundation areas and depths, and therefore infrastructure damages. 2D modelling of levee‐breach flooding provides input data necessary for: (1) specific local evacuation and mitigation planning in the Metro East area, and (2) methodologies for analyses of residual risk facing other levee‐protected floodplain areas.
Estimation of probabilistic flood inundation maps for an extreme event: Pánuco River, México
Authors: Pedrozo‐Acuña A. , Rodríguez‐Rincón J.P. , Arganis‐Juárez M. , Domínguez‐Mora R. , González Villareal F.J.
Published: August 2013

This investigation evaluates the effects of hydrological uncertainty in the results of flood extent estimates during the incidence of a tropical storm. For this, the methodology is comprised of field measurements, elevation data, a distributed hydrological model and a standard two‐dimensional numerical model. Uncertainty is considered in the distributed hydrological model through the estimation of possible hydrographs from precipitation data registered during the incidence of an extreme event. The characterisation of the run‐off by multiple possibilities opens the door to a probabilistic estimation of flood maps, enabling the consideration of hydrological uncertainties and their propagation to an estimated flood extension. It is shown that during the incidence of the tropical storm Arlene, the estimated flooded area is similar to what was registered by satellite imagery. Although the methodology does not consider all the uncertainties that may be involved in the determination of a flooded area, it is reflected that it favours the preventive action in the generation of flood management strategies. The selected approach is a first iteration in the production of a fully quantified approach to the analysis of flood risk, especially where there are doubts about how the catchment responds to a given extreme precipitation event.
Exploring the prevalence and phenomenology of repetitive behaviours and abnormal sensory processing in children with Williams Syndrome
Authors: Janes E. , Riby D. M. , Rodgers J.
Published: August 2013

Background

A small amount of research with individuals who have Williams Syndrome (WS) suggests that children with the condition may be vulnerable to sensory processing abnormalities and present with repetitive and restricted behaviours.

Methods

Parents of 21 children with WS aged 6–15 years completed a semi‐structured interview designed to elicit the form, frequency, impact and developmental course of a range of sensory processing abnormalities and repetitive behaviours.

Results

Findings indicate that sensory processing difficulties are predominantly characterised by hypersensitivities, particularly in relation to vestibular, auditory, gustatory and proprioceptive functioning. Parents also reported the presence of a range of restricted and repetitive behaviours, which were often associated with their child's sensory symptoms.

Conclusions

This study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of sensory functioning and repetitive behaviours in WS. It also highlights the need for a multidisciplinary assessment of the difficulties experienced by children with the disorder.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of story listening in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome: evidence for atypical neurodevelopment
Authors: Jacola L. M. , Byars A. W. , Hickey F. , Vannest J. , Holland S. K. , Schapiro M. B.
Published: August 2013

Background

Previous studies have documented differences in neural activation during language processing in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) in comparison with typically developing individuals matched for chronological age. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare activation during language processing in young adults with DS to typically developing comparison groups matched for chronological age or mental age. We hypothesised that the pattern of neural activation in the DS cohort would differ when compared with both typically developing cohorts.

Method

Eleven persons with DS (mean chronological age = 18.3; developmental age range = 4–6 years) and two groups of typically developing individuals matched for chronological (n = 13; mean age = 18.3 years) and developmental (mental) age (n = 12; chronological age range = 4–6 years) completed fMRI scanning during a passive story listening paradigm. Random effects group comparisons were conducted on individual maps of the contrast between activation (story listening) and rest (tone presentation) conditions.

Results

Robust activation was seen in typically developing groups in regions associated with processing auditory information, including bilateral superior and middle temporal lobe gyri. In contrast, the DS cohort demonstrated atypical spatial distribution of activation in midline frontal and posterior cingulate regions when compared with both typically developing control groups. Random effects group analyses documented reduced magnitude of activation in the DS cohort when compared with both control groups.

Conclusions

Activation in the DS group differed significantly in magnitude and spatial extent when compared with chronological and mental age‐matched typically developing control groups during a story listening task. Results provide additional support for an atypical pattern of functional organisation for language processing in this population.