bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defence responses in the xylem of Ulmus americana cultivars after inoculation with Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi
Authors: Beier Garrett L. , Blanchette Robert A.
Published: June 2018

Earlier, it has been shown that cultivars of American elm (Ulmus americana) can differ in their susceptibility to Dutch elm disease (DED) and in their ability to compartmentalize infection. To gain a better understanding of how certain factors of compartmentalization influence disease susceptibility, histological and histochemical studies were performed on five cultivars of American elm and two wild‐type seedling populations. There were a variety of differences in barrier zone formation and barrier zone characteristics among the cultivars which may help explain variability in resistance to DED. Timing of barrier zone production may be one factor that helps determine whether a tree survives infection. At 20 days postinoculation (DPI) in 2015, “New Harmony,” which had one of the highest mean disease severity ratings (DSR), was the only cultivar to have no barrier zones present in the samples examined. Barrier zones were present in all trees examined in 2016 for the two cultivars with the highest mean DSR, with many of the trees at 100% permanent wilt at 90 DPI, providing evidence that the formation of barrier zones does not ensure the tree will survive infection. When examining stem sections of these cultivars from 2016 for autofluorescence under blue light, which is indicative of phenolic compounds, they displayed significantly less autofluorescence than “Valley Forge,” which had the lowest DSR. Another important finding from this work is that despite having weak or discontinuous barrier zones, cultivars can still have relatively low DSR. “Prairie Expedition” and “Princeton” had multiple samples which had barrier zones which were breached or circumvented. When a barrier zone was breached, these cultivars often formed a subsequent barrier zone. Findings from these examinations help illustrate the complex nature of compartmentalization in American elm and how a variety of factors are affecting disease resistance.
High‐risk sexual behaviour in young people with mental health disorders
Authors: Adan Sanchez Asiel Yair , McMillan Elizabeth , Bhaduri Amit , Pehlivan Nancy , Monson Katherine , Badcock Paul , Thompson Katherine , Killackey Eoin , Chanen Andrew , O'Donoghue Brian
Published: June 2018

Aim

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of high‐risk sexual behaviours, sequelae and associated factors in young people attending a youth mental health service.

Methods

The study design was a cross‐sectional survey of 103 young people aged between 15‐25 years carried out across four specialist mental health clinics. A questionnaire on the sexual health of secondary level students was adapted for this study. Mental health symptomatology was assessed through the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).

Results

The mean age was 20.9 (SD ±2.8) years, with 50.5% being female, 41.7% male and 7.7% transgender. A total of 52.4% (N = 54) attended the psychosis [EPPIC] clinic; 15.6% (N = 16) attended the ultra‐high risk for psychosis [PACE] clinic; 19.4% (N = 20) attended the personality disorders [HYPE] clinic; and 12.6% (N = 13) attended the mood clinic [YMC]. The mean BPRS score was 47.7 (SD ±12.2). A total of 77.7% of young people had previously been sexually active and of these, 37.5% did not use consistent contraception; 26.3% had been pregnant, of which 95.2% were unplanned. A total of 68.8% reported having been tested for sexually transmitted infections and 25.5% tested positive. The severity of symptoms or clinical characteristics were not associated with engagement in high‐risk sexual behaviours.

Conclusions

These results indicate that young people with mental health disorders have high needs in regard to their sexual health, which could be addressed by incorporating sexual health referral pathways into early intervention services.
Scent‐marking behavior by subordinate Eurasian beavers
Authors: Hohwieler Katrin , Rosell Frank , Mayer Martin
Published: June 2018

Chemical communication by scent‐marking is widespread among mammals and can serve different purposes, such as territory demarcation, mate attraction and self‐advertisement. In this study, we examined scent‐marking behavior by subordinate Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) in a population in southeast Norway. We conducted scent experiments in 18 family groups, simulating a territory intruder using experimental scent mounds (ESM). In total, we recorded 196 territorial reactions (destroying and/or overmarking of scent mounds). Subordinates contributed 14% of all territorial reactions and first overmarked 12% of the ESM, and the number of subordinates in the family group did not increase the total number of territorial reactions. This suggests that the contribution by subordinates plays a minor role in territorial defense. The number of territorial reactions by subordinates was positively related to the age of their parents, suggesting that subordinates might take over territorial duties with increasing parental senescence, likely because they have increased chances of inheriting the territory. Increased experience in territorial activities possibly helps subordinates to successfully gain and defend a territory of their own.
Boldness related to size in the hermit crab Coenobita compressus at undisturbed, but not disturbed beach
Authors: Hewes Mackenzie E. , Chaves‐Campos Johel
Published: June 2018

There is growing interest in the consequences of consistent individual behavioral differences within and between populations. We compared the magnitude, repeatability, and plasticity of boldness in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita compressus in three habitats with different degrees of disturbance in Costa Rica. We encourage researchers to test additional sites to assess the generality of our results. Boldness decreased with crab size at the less disturbed sites, while no relationship between size and boldness was found at the disturbed site. Boldness increased with habitat disturbance, perhaps because bolder crabs succeed in exploiting food around people. Repeatability and plasticity were similar across sites. We hypothesize that population differences may be the result of developmental plasticity when aquatic larvae settle on a beach or selection for boldness at the disturbed site acting on each new generation.
A modification of UniGrow 2‐parameter driving force model for short fatigue crack growth
Authors: Bang D.J. , Ince A. , Tang L.Q.
Published: June 2018

In this paper, a modification of the UniGrow model is proposed to predict total fatigue life with the presence of a short fatigue crack by incorporating short crack propagation into the UniGrow crack growth model. The UniGrow model is modified by 2 different methods, namely the “short crack stress intensity correction method” and the “short crack data‐fitting method” to estimate the total fatigue life including both short and long fatigue crack propagations. Predicted fatigue lives obtained from these 2 methods were compared with experimental data sets of 2024‐T3, 7075‐T56 aluminium alloys, and Ti‐6Al‐4V titanium alloy. Two proposed methods have shown good fatigue life predictions at relatively high maximum stresses; however, they provide conservative fatigue life predictions at lower stresses corresponding high cycle fatigue lives where short crack behaviour dominates total fatigue life at lower stress levels.
Modeling marine pelagic fish species spatiotemporal distributions utilizing a maximum entropy approach
Authors: Wang Lifei , Kerr Lisa A. , Record Nicholas R. , Bridger Eric , Tupper Benjamin , Mills Katherine E. , Armstrong Edward M. , Pershing Andrew J.
Published: June 2018

Understanding how ocean conditions influence fish distributions is critical for elucidating the role of climate in ecosystem change and forecasting how fish may be distributed in the future. Traditional species distribution models are often applied to scientific‐survey data, which include species presence‐absence information, to predict distributions. Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models are promising tools as they can be applied to presence‐only data (e.g., data collected from fishermen targeting a specific species or from observers in citizen‐science programs). We used MaxEnt models to relate occurrence records of three marine pelagic fish (Atlantic herring, Atlantic mackerel, and butterfish) in fishery‐dependent data to environmental conditions (sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll‐a concentration from satellite remote sensing, bathymetry, and climate indices), and evaluated model performance by both cross‐validation and validation using fishery‐independent data. We developed monthly habitat suitability maps for these fish in the Northwest Atlantic Shelf area, and assessed the relative influence of environmental factors on their distributions. Across months, their suitable habitat areas varied with each species exhibiting inshore‐offshore and north‐south movements in response to changing environmental conditions. Overall, SST and chlorophyll‐a concentration had the greatest influence on the distributions of these fish, with bathymetry having moderate influence and climate indices having little influence. Our application of MaxEnt models enabled us to integrate presence‐only data and high resolution environmental data from satellite remote sensing to describe spatiotemporal distributions of marine pelagic fish. These models were used to hindcast species occurrence in relation to historical environmental conditions to evaluate their predictive performance, and have the potential to provide nowcasts in relation to current conditions or forecasts of species future distributions.
Itch and psyche: psychiatric aspects of pruritus
Authors: Jafferany Mohammad , Davari Maryam E.
Published: June 2018

Itch, also referred to as pruritus, is an unpleasant cutaneous sensation provoking the desire to scratch. It is often an uncomfortable, subjective sensation responsible for decreased quality of life in a variety of psychodermatological conditions. Comorbid psychiatric conditions, including depression and anxiety, are frequently associated with itch and scratch cycle. The reciprocal and intricate relationship between the psyche and itch has been widely studied. The neurobiology of itch involves the complexity of specific mediators, itch‐related neuronal pathways, and central processing of itch. The connection between itch and the psyche can be grouped under three headings: pruritic diseases with psychosocial sequelae, pruritic diseases aggravated by psychosocial factors, and psychiatric disorders causing pruritus. Itch and pain modulation go together in most circumstances and involve various substances including histamine, interleukins, protease‐activated receptors, transient receptor potential receptors, opioids, and cannabinoids. The close interaction between keratinocytes and nerve endings modulating pain and itch also play a major role. Management of itch associated with its psychosomatic components is directed at an underlying cause and adopting a holistic approach to address not only dermatologic and somatosensory aspects, but also the cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial components. An integrated multidisciplinary team consisting of a dermatologist, psychiatrist, psychologist, and social worker is vital in addressing the multifaceted aspects of pruritus.
Effect of solvents on polyphenol recovery and antioxidant activity of isolates of Asparagus Officinalis roots from Chinese and New Zealand cultivars
Authors: Zhang Hongxia , Birch John , Yang Haiyan , Xie Chaonan , Kong Lingming , Dias George , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din
Published: June 2018

Nine solvents of varying polarity (water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, n‐butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether) were used to determine the optimal extraction solvent that gives the highest yield of bioactive compounds from six Asparagus Officinalis L root (AR) cultivars from China and New Zealand. The contents of total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), total saponins (TSC) and caffeic acid (CA) were determined. Antioxidant assessments included ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ diphenyl‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS) and β‐carotene bleaching activity assays. The results indicated that yellow AR from China had the highest content of TPC, TFC, TSC and CA compared to other AR cultivars. The most effective solvents for bioactive compound recoveries and antioxidant activities from A. officinalis L root extraction were ethanol and methanol. The content of CA in ethanol extracts of yellow AR achieved 92.0 mg g−1 DE.
A scoping review of the pharmaceutical care needs of people with sensory loss
Authors: Killick Kirsty , Macaden Leah , Smith Annetta , Kroll Thilo , Stoddart Kathleen , Watson Margaret C
Published: June 2018

Objectives

This scoping review collated evidence of the pharmaceutical care needs of people with sensory loss (SL).

Methods

Electronic databases were searched with no limit on year of publication: Medline (1946); Embase; Cinahl (1979); and Web of Science (1985). Search terms included the following: pharmacy; sight/hearing/dual impairment. Studies were included if they involved people with SL requiring pharmaceutical care and/or pharmacists/pharmacy support staff providing pharmaceutical care for people with SL. All study designs were eligible. This was a scoping review, and as such, the quality of studies was not formally evaluated.

Key findings

Eleven studies were included. People with SL had lower levels of medication knowledge than their peers without SL. People with SL were identified as being at higher risk of iatrogenic harm than people without SL. Communication was a barrier to the provision of pharmaceutical care for people with hearing loss, with pharmacists relying on the provision of written information. The prevalence of SL increases with age, yet only two studies included older people. No studies involved family or carers of people with SL, people with dual loss or people with SL receiving polypharmacy.

Conclusions

There is a paucity of data regarding the pharmaceutical care needs of people with SL. Unmet pharmaceutical care needs put people with SL at increased risk of harm from their medicines. A detailed understanding of the needs of people with SL is required which will inform future delivery of pharmaceutical care for this vulnerable population.
Among Brothers and Strangers: Identities in Displacement in Iraq
Authors: Siddiqui Nadia , Guiu Roger , Ameen Shwan Aaso
Published: June 2018

Through analysis of primary qualitative data collected in Nineveh, Kirkuk, and Sulaimaniya Governorates in Iraq, this article seeks to explore the rapidly shifting and fragmenting identity dynamics at play in the emerging aftermath of ISIS and the impact that this conflict – and previous legacies of violence and repression – has had on relationships within and between groups, and between groups and the state. Communities increasingly position themselves against one another in relation to vindication of rights and protection. This zero‐sum stance comes from a history of mismanagement of communities and their respective grievances by the state and international partners. Formal acknowledgement of suffering across groups by the state may serve as a first step to break this cycle of negation toward one of inclusion, in the midst of mass displacement and emerging population returns.
Strong magnetoelectric effect in pulse laser deposited [Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3‐0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3]/CoFe2O4 bilayer thin film
Authors: Rani Jyoti , Kushwaha Varun K. , Kolte Jayant , Tomy Chakkalakal V.
Published: June 2018

Polycrystalline bilayer thin film of multiferroic [Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3‐0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3]/CoFe2O4([BZT‐0.5BCT]/CFO) has been deposited on Pt/Si (100) substrate using a pulsed laser deposition technique. The dielectric analysis reveals a significant change in the dielectric constant (~39% at a typical frequency of 100 Hz) at room temperature when a magnetic field is applied, in addition to a substantial improvement in the saturation polarization. A low leakage current density (~ 5 × 10−7 A/cm2) and a high magnetoelectric coupling coefficient (αE) both in the transverse (~2.085 V/Oe cm) as well as in the longitudinal (~0.708 V/cm Oe) directions, indicate in‐principle usability of this system for multifunctional device applications in thin film form.
Poor sleep quality is associated with nocturnal glycaemic variability and fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Martyn‐Nemeth Pamela , Phillips Shane A. , Mihailescu Dan , Farabi Sarah S. , Park Chang , Lipton Rebecca , Idemudia Esema , Quinn Laurie
Published: June 2018

Aims

To examine sleep quality and its associations with glycaemic control, glycaemic variability (GV), and fear of hypoglycaemia (FOH) in adults with type 1 diabetes.

Background

Poor sleep quality has negative health consequences and is a frequent complaint among adults with type 1 diabetes. Sleep quality in adults with type 1 diabetes is likely affected by glucose levels as well as stressors associated with managing a chronic condition.

Design

A retrospective secondary analysis of pooled data from two previous cross‐sectional studies was conducted.

Methods

We examined subjective sleep quality, FOH; objective measures of glycaemic control (HbA1c); and GV (3‐day continuous glucose monitoring) in 48 men and women aged 18–45 years with type 1 diabetes. The data were collected over 3 years in 2013–2016.

Results/Findings

Poor sleep quality was reported by 46% of patients. Those with poor sleep quality had significantly greater nocturnal GV and FOH. Nocturnal GV and FOH were significantly associated with poor sleep quality. The interaction effect of GV and FOH was significant.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that glycaemic control and FOH are targets for intervention to improve sleep quality in those with type 1 diabetes.
Treatment of a bilaterally severely resorbed posterior mandible due to early tooth loss by Guided Bone Regeneration using customized allogeneic bone blocks: A case report with 24 months follow‐up data
Authors: Blume Oliver , Back Michael , Born Teresa , Smeets Ralf , Jung Ole , Barbeck Mike
Published: June 2018

Objective

The use of allogeneic bone grafts for alveolar ridge reconstruction has become an often‐discussed alternative to augmentation procedures using autografts. Nevertheless, there still is a lack of literature concerning long‐time experiences of allografts for alveolar ridge reconstruction. Especially the results of the use of allogeneic bone blocks for mandible reconstructions need to be further investigated.

Clinical Considerations

In this case report, we present the use of customized allogenic bone blocks in Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) procedures for severely deficient mandibulary bones, the implantation after a healing period of 5 month and the 24‐month follow‐up data.

Conclusions

Customized allogeneic bone blocks seem to be a successful alternative to augmentations with autologous bone blocks reconstructing highly resorbed mandibulary alveolar ridges, showing highest volume stability and no signs of bone resorption after implant loading.

Clinical Significance

The application of customized allogeneic bone blocks has shown to be a successful augmentation technique even compared with with autologous bone blocks reconstructing highly resorbed mandibulary alveolar ridges demonstrating no compromises regarding clinical outcome, functionality and esthetics.
On the role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in plant productivity
Authors: Zhang Youjun , Fernie Alisdair R.
Published: June 2018

The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is one of the canonical energy pathways of living systems, as well as being an example of a pathway in which dynamic enzyme assemblies, or metabolons, are well characterized. The role of the enzymes have been the subject of saturated transgenesis approaches, whereby the expression of the constituent enzymes were reduced or knocked out in order to ascertain their in vivo function. Some of the resultant plants exhibited improved photosynthesis and plant growth, under controlled greenhouse conditions. In addition, overexpression of the endogenous genes, or heterologous forms of a number of the enzymes, has been carried out in tomato fruit and the roots of a range of species, and in some instances improvement in fruit yield and postharvest properties and plant performance, under nutrient limitation, have been reported, respectively. Given a number of variants, in nature, we discuss possible synthetic approaches involving introducing these variants, or at least a subset of them, into plants. We additionally discuss the likely consequences of introducing synthetic metabolons, wherein certain pairs of reactions are artificially permanently assembled into plants, and speculate as to future strategies to further improve plant productivity by manipulation of the core metabolic pathway.
Effect of 17β‐oestradiol on T‐type calcium channels in the lateral habenula
Authors: Song Mei Ying , Li Chun Ying , Liu Xiao Feng , Xiao Jin Yu , Zhao Hua
Published: June 2018

T‐type calcium channels (T‐channels) are critical for regulating neuronal excitability. Oestrogen alters neuronal excitability by modulating the expression of T‐channels. The lateral habenula (LHb), as a link between the limbic system and midbrain structures, expresses T‐channels and ERs. However, little is known about the role of oestrogen with respect to modulating T‐channels in the LHb. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of T‐channels in 3 LHb subregions (rostral, middle and caudal) in normal female rats. Next, we analysed the influence of 17β‐oestradiol (E2) on T‐channels in the LHb in ovariectomised (OVX) rats (oil and E2 groups) using whole‐cell patch clamp recording and a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In normal rats, the results obtained showed that the peak of T‐type calcium current (IT) was −474.61 ± 48.33 pA and IT density was −29.11 ± 1.93 pA/pF. The IT peak and IT density on LHb neurones gradually decreased across the rostrocaudal axis. The neuronal firing pattern varied depending on the location: burst firing was dominant (53.85%) in the rostral LHb, whereas tonic firing was dominant (79.31%) in the caudal LHb. In OVX rats, real‐time PCR analysis revealed that E2 treatment decreased Cav3.3 mRNA expression in the caudal LHb. Patch clamp recording showed that E2 treatment decreased the peak IT and also reduced the low‐threshold spikes (LTS) number, amplitude and width of LTS in the caudal LHb. Taken together, the results obtained in the present study suggest that E2 may inhibit T‐channel activity by selectively down‐regulating Cav3.3 calcium channel in the caudal LHb, leading to reduced the possibility of burst firing.
“Experiences of the burden of treatment”—Patient reports of facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin treatment in adults with immunodeficiency
Authors: Petersson Christina , Fust Ramona , Hagstedt Carina , Wågström Per , Nilsdotter‐Augustinsson Åsa
Published: June 2018

Aims and objectives

To evaluate patient‐reported experiences of facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin treatment in adults with primary or secondary immunodeficiency.

Background

Decreased levels of circulating antibodies (humoral immunodeficiency) are often associated with higher infection rates which cause problems in daily living, for example, symptoms of severe and recurrent bacterial infections that may cause chronic lung diseases. For some diagnoses, treatment with immunoglobulin becomes critical and lifelong. The acceptability of administration forms is important to achieve adherence to treatment and to increase quality of life for these patients.

Design

Convergent mixed‐method approach.

Methods

A structured telephone interview with nine questions evaluated on a score scale about treatment experience, satisfaction and ancillary supplies was used, followed by open‐ended questions for each item.

Results

Prohibiting factors were revealed, exemplified by problems due to technical issues and ancillary supply issues. Promoting factors were shown by high a satisfaction according to the score‐scale when combining treatment with daily life as well as increased well‐being. Facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin treatment led to fewer treatment sessions, with a time‐saving aspect also described by high scores in the item concerning longer treatment interval.

Conclusions

The opportunity to be given the best possible treatment plan adjusted for each patient's situation is central. Healthcare professionals should discuss the different aspects that can promote and inhibit the outcomes of treatment.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results can help professionals to understand different factors that may impinge on the patients’ everyday life when they are forced into a lifelong treatment regimen. This knowledge is also important for nurses who have a responsibility to promote health concerning patients with long‐term conditions in general.
Quid Pro Quo? What Factors Influence IPO Allocations to Investors?
Authors: JENKINSON TIM , JONES HOWARD , SUNTHEIM FELIX
Published: June 2018

Using data from all of the leading international investment banks on 220 initial public offerings (IPOs) raising $160 billion between January 2010 and May 2015, we test the determinants of IPO allocations. We compare investors’ IPO allocations with proxies for their information production during bookbuilding and the broking (and other) revenues they generate for bookrunners. We find evidence consistent with information revelation theories. We also find strong support for the existence of a quid pro quo whereby broking revenues are a significant determinant of investors’ IPO allocations and profits. The quid pro quo remains when we control for unobserved investor characteristics and investor‐bank relationships.
The Geography of Financial Misconduct
Authors: PARSONS CHRISTOPHER A. , SULAEMAN JOHAN , TITMAN SHERIDAN
Published: June 2018

Financial misconduct (FM) rates differ widely between major U.S. cities, up to a factor of 3. Although spatial differences in enforcement and firm characteristics do not account for these patterns, city‐level norms appear to be very important. For example, FM rates are strongly related to other unethical behavior, involving politicians, doctors, and (potentially unfaithful) spouses, in the city.
Antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy during percutaneous coronary interventions: A review for the interventionalist
Authors: Basman Craig , Tariq Afnan , Parmar Yuvrajsinh J. , Asti Deepak , Coplan Neil L. , Singh Varinder P. , Reimers Carl D.
Published: June 2018

Pharmacotherapy for percutaneous coronary interventions is essential to optimize the balance between thrombosis and bleeding. Currently, choices abound for the selection of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies during percutaneous intervention (PCI). This review article discusses the mechanisms, pharmacokinetics/dynamics, and clinical data behind the various pharmacotherapies including; aspirin, thienopyridines, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, vorapaxar, heparin, direct thrombin inhibitors, and factor Xa inhibitors.
The temporal pattern of creativity and implementation in teams
Authors: Rosing Kathrin , Bledow Ronald , Frese Michael , Baytalskaya Nataliya , Johnson Lascano Johanna , Farr James L.
Published: June 2018

Two broad sets of activities underlie team innovation: the creation and the implementation of new ideas. Despite the prevalence of this distinction, the temporal dynamics of creativity and implementation in teams and their relation to successful team innovation are not well understood. Building on and integrating linear phase models and complexity perspectives on the innovation process, we propose a temporal pattern of creativity and implementation that is linked to team innovation. We examine this temporal pattern in a longitudinal study of 76 project teams. Results show that teams engage in creativity throughout the entire life cycle of team projects; however, innovative teams refrain from focusing on implementation in early time frames and increase their focus on implementation over the course of the project. Episodes of unconstrained creativity in early time frames of a project appear to be a critical factor for team innovation. Our research provides a foundation for future research on team innovation that explicitly considers the temporal interplay of creativity and implementation.

Practitioner points

Creativity is a critical factor for team innovation that is relevant not only in the beginning of a team project but throughout its entire life cycle.

Teams achieve innovative outcomes if they refrain from focusing on implementation early on and instead allow for prolonged episodes of unconstrained creativity.

Innovative teams pay attention to the timing of implementation activities and increase their focus on implementation around the mid‐point of a project.
Parental Conformity Expectations' Effect on Twins' and Singletons' Parent–Adolescent Relationships: Associations With Change in Adjustment From Middle Childhood to Adolescence
Authors: Anderson Kayla N. , Rueter Martha A. , Connor Jennifer J. , Koerner Ascan F.
Published: June 2018

Growing use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) has resulted in an elevated twin birth rate, and a burgeoning population of IVF twins who are now aging into adolescence and beyond. This study tests a model examining whether parental conformity expectations have differential effects on twins' versus singletons' parent–adolescent relationship satisfaction, and if this effect is indirectly associated with relative changes in twins' and singletons' internalizing and externalizing behavior from middle childhood to adolescence. Using a sample of 278 IVF twins and singletons, path models demonstrate that twin status and conformity expectations interact to influence parent–adolescent relationships. Although there was an association between twin status and mother–adolescent relationship satisfaction among parents with high conformity expectations (r = .25, p < .01), this relationship was nonsignificant among parents with low conformity expectations (r = .05, p = .85). The differential effect of conformity expectations on parent–adolescent relationship satisfaction for twins and singletons was indirectly associated with relative changes in twins' and singletons' externalizing behavior from middle childhood to adolescence. Results demonstrate that higher levels of parental conformity expectations may not have the same effect on adolescent twins and singletons.
Coming Closer in Adolescence: Convergence in Mother, Father, and Adolescent Reports of Parenting
Authors: Mastrotheodoros Stefanos , Van der Graaff Jolien , Deković Maja , Meeus Wim H. J. , Branje Susan J. T.
Published: June 2018

Parent–child relationships change during adolescence. Furthermore, parents and adolescents perceive parenting differently. We examined the changes in perceptions of parental practices in fathers, mothers, and adolescents during adolescence. Furthermore, we investigated if fathers', mothers', and adolescents' perceptions converge during adolescence. Following 497 families across six waves (ages 13–18), we investigated the development of parental support and behavioral control using mother and father self‐reports, and adolescent reports for mothers and fathers. We found curvilinear decrease for support and control. Parent–adolescent convergence emerged over the 6 years: those with higher intercepts had a steeper decrease, whereas correlations among parent and adolescent reports increased. This multi‐informant study sheds light on the development of parent–adolescent convergence on perceptions of parenting.
Population variability in animal health: Influence on dose–exposure–response relationships: Part I: Drug metabolism and transporter systems
Authors: Martinez Marilyn N. , Court Michael H. , Fink‐Gremmels Johanna , Mealey Katrina L.
Published: June 2018

There is an increasing effort to understand the many sources of population variability that can influence drug absorption, metabolism, disposition, and clearance in veterinary species. This growing interest reflects the recognition that this diversity can influence dose–exposure–response relationships and can affect the drug residues present in the edible tissues of food‐producing animals. To appreciate the pharmacokinetic diversity that may exist across a population of potential drug product recipients, both endogenous and exogenous variables need to be considered. The American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics hosted a 1‐day session during the 2017 Biennial meeting to explore the sources of population variability recognized to impact veterinary medicine. The following review highlights the information shared during that session. In Part I of this workshop report, we consider sources of population variability associated with drug metabolism and membrane transport. PartIIof this report highlights the use of modeling and simulation to support an appreciation of the variability in dose–exposure–response relationships.
Positive selection on sociobiological traits in invasive fire ants
Authors: Privman Eyal , Cohen Pnina , Cohanim Amir B. , Riba‐Grognuz Oksana , Shoemaker DeWayne , Keller Laurent
Published: June 2018

The fire ant Solenopsis invicta and its close relatives are highly invasive. Enhanced social cooperation may facilitate invasiveness in these and other invasive ant species. We investigated whether invasiveness in Solenopsis fire ants was accompanied by positive selection on sociobiological traits by applying a phylogenomics approach to infer ancient selection, and a population genomics approach to infer recent and ongoing selection in both native and introduced S. invicta populations. A combination of whole‐genome sequencing of 40 haploid males and reduced‐representation genomic sequencing of 112 diploid workers identified 1,758,116 and 169,682 polymorphic markers, respectively. The resulting high‐resolution maps of genomic polymorphism provide high inference power to test for positive selection. Our analyses provide evidence of positive selection on putative ion channel genes, which are implicated in neurological functions, and on vitellogenin, which is a key regulator of development and caste determination. Furthermore, molecular functions implicated in pheromonal signalling have experienced recent positive selection. Genes with signatures of positive selection were significantly more often those overexpressed in workers compared with queens and males, suggesting that worker traits are under stronger selection than queen and male traits. These results provide insights into selection pressures and ongoing adaptation in an invasive social insect and support the hypothesis that sociobiological traits are under more positive selection than nonsocial traits in such invasive species.
A Methodology to Account for One‐Way Infrastructure Interdependency in Preservation Activity Scheduling
Authors: Alinizzi Majed , Chen Sikai , Labi Samuel , Kandil Amr
Published: June 2018

This article develops an optimization framework for scheduling a programmable preservation activity for an infrastructure (primary) system that accounts for a specific context of interdependency between its maintenance phase and the operations phase of a neighboring (secondary) system. The framework identifies the optimal deterioration threshold of the primary system for the preservation activity, subject to a disruption in the operations of the neighboring system. The methodology also includes trade‐off analysis using a biobjective genetic algorithm approach to accommodate the conflicting objectives associated with the costs and benefits of the programmed preservation activity. The framework provides decision makers with optimal/near optimal Pareto frontiers of the primary system's preservation activity candidate thresholds based on the costs and benefits associated with each candidate. The article demonstrates the developed framework using a case study involving colocated pavement and underground utility systems. The results of the case study show that it is feasible to use the developed framework to identify the optimal preservation activity timing for an infrastructure system whose level of service is subject to disruptions from a neighboring system. Overall, the results demonstrate that a disruptive event caused by a secondary system could influence the Pareto optimal solutions (activity thresholds) associated with the timing of a primary system's preservation activity. The article validates the optimal solution by comparing the results with those obtained using the exact method.
Breast cancer screening behaviors among Chinese women in Mainland China
Authors: Bao Yingyi , Kwok Cannas , Lee Chun Fan
Published: June 2018

In the present study, we reported on the current breast cancer screening rates among Chinese women in China and examined whether demographic factors and cultural beliefs were associated with their screening behavior. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 494 Chinese women who completed the modified Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire (BCSBQ). Two‐sample t‐tests and multivariable logistic regression were employed to analyze the data. The results indicated that participation in screening practices ranged from 27.5% for breast self‐examination (BSE), 36.4% for clinical breast examination, 23.5% for mammography, and 40% for ultrasonography. Women who had previously engaged in one of the four screening practices had significantly higher scores on the three subscales of the modified BCSBQ. Being older and having a friend who had been diagnosed with breast cancer were shown to be predictors for BSE and participation in either mammography or ultrasonography, respectively. Education levels were also shown to be positively associated with the four screening measures. We suggest that cultural beliefs about breast cancer and screening practices play a significant role in Chinese women's screening behavior.
Decisional conflict in end‐of‐life cancer treatment among family surrogates: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Jeon Bo Min , Kim Su Hyun , Lee Soo Jung
Published: June 2018

The aims of this study were to examine the extent of decisional conflict in end‐of‐life cancer treatments and to investigate the influences and predictors of decisional conflict among family surrogates. A cross‐sectional, descriptive, correlational design was applied. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 102 family members who had participated in end‐of‐life cancer decision‐making. We enrolled participants from inpatient oncology units at a university hospital in South Korea from May 2014 to January 2016. The results indicated that many family surrogates had high levels of decisional conflict and psychological stress after end‐of‐life cancer decision‐making. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that decisional conflict had significant, substantial influences on decision regret and psychological stress after controlling for demographic variables. Family surrogates who were aware of the patients' wishes about end‐of‐life treatments and those who had good family functioning had less decisional conflict. To relieve decisional conflict regarding end‐of‐life cancer treatment among family surrogates, it is necessary to encourage patients to share their end‐of‐life treatment wishes with family members and to consider family functioning in the end‐of‐life decision‐making process.
Managerial control and the limits to employee participation in retail work spaces: evidence from a UK IKEA store
Authors: Bilsland Karen , Cumbers Andrew
Published: June 2018

This article contributes to labour process debates around managerial control and worker autonomy in the retail workplace. Through critical analysis of managerial strategies in the production of organisational space within an IKEA store, it explores how spatial design and practice shape managerial control and employee participation. Rather than the rhetoric of employee participation espoused by IKEA, our findings emphasise how managers use space to foster employee commitment to corporate objectives. While employees do exercise their own agency and spatial practice, their actions are moulded and constrained by dominant organisational structures and managerial strategies. As such, the article augments existing labour process research by developing new insights about how the spatial dimension shapes managerial control in retail workplaces. Although workers are far from the passive recipients of management decisions apparent in much labour process theory, their participation largely serves the strategic visions and spatial plans of their employer.
Molecular landscape of esophageal cancer: implications for early detection and personalized therapy
Authors: Talukdar Fazlur Rahman , di Pietro Massimiliano , Secrier Maria , Moehler Markus , Goepfert Katrin , Lima Sheila Soares Coelho , Pinto Luis Felipe Ribeiro , Hendricks Denver , Parker Mohamed Iqbal , Herceg Zdenko
Published: June 2018

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most lethal cancers and a public health concern worldwide, owing to late diagnosis and lack of efficient treatment. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are main histopathological subtypes of EC that show striking differences in geographical distribution, possibly due to differences in exposure to risk factors and lifestyles. ESCC and EAC are distinct diseases in terms of cell of origin, epidemiology, and molecular architecture of tumor cells. Past efforts aimed at translating potential molecular candidates into clinical practice proved to be challenging, underscoring the need for identifying novel candidates for early diagnosis and therapy of EC. Several major international efforts have brought about important advances in identifying molecular landscapes of ESCC and EAC toward understanding molecular mechanisms and critical molecular events driving the progression and pathological features of the disease. In our review, we summarize recent advances in the areas of genomics and epigenomics of ESCC and EAC, their mutational signatures and immunotherapy. We also discuss implications of recent advances in characterizing the genome and epigenome of EC for the discovery of diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and development of new targets for personalized treatment and prevention.
Effects of intramuscular morphine in men and women with temporomandibular disorder with myofascial pain
Authors: Kang Soo‐Kyung , Lee Yeon‐Hee , Park Hyeji , Ro Jin Y. , Auh Q‐Schick
Published: June 2018

Objectives

This placebo‐controlled randomized double‐blinded clinical study assessed the analgesic efficacy of intramuscular morphine inTMDpatients with myofascial pain and sex‐dependent responses of the morphine treatment.

Subjects and Methods

Men and women withTMDwere treated with morphine (1.5 or 5 mg), lidocaine, or saline in the masseter muscle.VASof pain intensity,PPT, andPPtol were compared between treatment groups and gender. An additional group was treated with morphine in the trapezius muscle to evaluate the systemic effect of morphine that may reduce pain in the masseter muscle.

Results

There was a significant difference inVASscores between the morphine 5 mg group and the saline group favoring morphine, but not between the morphine 5 mg and lidocaine. Morphine 1.5 and 5 mg treatments led to consistently and significantly elevatedPPTandPPtol measures in men, but not in women. Morphine administered in the trapezius muscle did not affect the outcome measures.

Conclusion

A single dose intramuscular morphine produced analgesic effects up to 48 hr in patients with myofascial pain. Intramuscular morphine elevated mechanical pain threshold and tolerance in the masseter only in male patients, suggesting sex differences in local morphine effects. No systemic effect of intramuscular morphine was detected.
Afterdepolarizations and triggered activity as a mechanism for clinical arrhythmias
Authors: Wit Andrew L.
Published: June 2018

Afterdepolarizations cause triggered arrhythmias. One kind occurs after repolarization is complete, delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs). Another occurs as an interruption in repolarization, early afterdepolarizations (EADs). Afterdepolarizations initiate arrhythmias when they depolarize membrane potential to threshold potential for triggering action potentials.

DADs usually occur mostly when Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is elevated. The SR leaks some of the Ca2+ into the myoplasm through Ca2+ release channels controlled by ryanodine receptors (RyR2) during diastole. The Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger extrudes elevated diastolic Ca2+ from the cell in exchange for Na+ (1 Ca2+ for 3 Na+) generating inward current causing DADs.

DAD amplitude increases with decreasing cycle length, causing triggered activity during an increase in heart rate or during programmed electrical stimulation (PES). Coupling interval of the first triggered impulse is directly related to initiating cycle length.

EADs are associated with an increased action potential duration (APD) causing long QT (LQT). EADs are caused by net inward currents (ICaL, INCX) as a consequence. Hundreds of mutations can cause congenital LQT by altering repolarizing ion channels. Acquired LQT results from drug interaction with repolarizing ion channels. EAD‐triggered ventricular tachycardia is polymorphic and called “torsade de pointes.” Effects of PES on EAD‐triggered activity is related to effects of cycle length on APD. Shortening cycle length prevents EADs by accelerating repolarization. Typical PES protocols inhibit formation of EADs which can be therapeutic.
Ways of Using Words: On Semantic Intentions
Authors: Viebahn Emanuel
Published: June 2018

Intentionalism is the view that demonstratives, gradable adjectives, quantifiers, modals and other context‐sensitive expressions are intention‐sensitive: their semantic value on a given use is fixed by speaker intentions. The first aim of this paper is to defend Intentionalism against three recent objections, according to which speakers at least sometimes do not have suitable intentions when using supposedly intention‐sensitive expressions. Its second aim is to thereby shed light on the so far little‐explored question of which kinds of intentions can be semantically relevant.
Eosinophilic inflammation in lymph nodes of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Costa Sidnei Ferro , Trivellato Gabriel Franco , Rebech Gabriela Torres , Oliveira dos Santos Maciel Marilene , Melo Larissa Martins , Luvizotto Maria Cecília Rui , de Lima Valéria Marçal Felix
Published: June 2018

Eosinophils are traditionally associated with the immune response against helminth parasites. However, several studies have demonstrated that these cells have a role regarding protective immunity in leishmaniasis. Here, we examined the relationship between the presence of eosinophils and parasite load in biopsy samples from dogs, obtained through fine needle puncture and aspiration of lymph nodes. Histological slides containing biopsy material from lymph nodes of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis and healthy dogs were used to obtain baseline eosinophil counts. Subsequently, scrapings were taken from slides for DNA extraction and determination of parasite load, using real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). Additionally, production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by eosinophils in the peripheral blood of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis and healthy dogs was measured. The eosinophil percentage were higher in lymph nodes of infected group, and the parasite load showed a significant negative correlation with the eosinophil count. The production of NO and ROS by eosinophils in the peripheral blood was higher in the dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis. All the results together suggest that eosinophils may participate in antileishmanial immunity in canine visceral leishmaniasis.