bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where Chao went wrong in matters of language
Authors: Chao Yuen Ren
Published: May 2017

Martin Joos once said: “In matters of language, Chao never goes wrong,” or words to that effect. I certainly appreciate this great compliment, but in many ways which Martin has not noticed, I did go wrong quite a number of times in matters of language.

It goes without saying that in my pre-adult speech, which was of course way back in the pre-Martin Joos days, there were a number of things in which I deviated from the speech of my environment. In the form of Mandarin spoken around me retroflex initials were distinct from dental sibilants; I used dental sibilants for both. There was also finalnafter front vowels, but I dropped all the finaln’s. Thus, when I noticed that a cat had lapped up my bowl of noodles, I exclaimed:Mhautsywoode mieh!forMhauchy woode miann!‘The cat is eating my noodles!’
Dutch paard, German Pferd
Authors: Hamp Eric P.
Published: May 2017

The source of this word in a borrowing from what we see in late Latinized form as paraverēdus is well known. The form is a compound belonging to technical language, para- + the originally Gaulish verēdus ‘a post-horse (perhaps originally a special kind thereof).’

There is a slight subsidiary problem with the exact value and analysis of the Celtic form; we do not propose to try to solve it here, but it will be sufficient to point out its nature so that an important aspect of the Germanic words may be understood. In the British section of the Antonine Itinerary we find the name Voreda.
The inferential perfect in Scandinavian: a problem of contrastive linguistics
Authors: Haugen Einar
Published: May 2017

1. Contrastive linguistics. This term has had some vogue in recent years as a name for the comparative description of language structures with a view to improving the quality of language teaching. A concise definition is offered by one worker in the field: “Contrastive linguistics offers hypotheses concerning identifications a learner will make between elements of his base and target systems, thus providing predictions and explanations concerning his learning behaviour of presumed high value in planning learning and teaching strategy” (Nemser 1970, forthcoming: 2-3).

In 1959 the Center for Applied Linguistics launched aContrastive Structure Seriesunder the editorship of Charles A. Ferguson. Six volumes have appeared so far, in which German, Spanish, and Italian phonological and grammatical structures have been compared with English for the benefit of teachers, textbook writers, and ultimately students of these languages. The Center has gone on to organize, under William Nemser’s direction, a number of Contrastive Projects in Yugoslavia, Romania, and other countries, in co-operation with local scholars in linguistics and language teaching.
The Green Knight’s castle and the translators
Authors: Hill Archibald A.
Published: May 2017

One of the particularly fine passages in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the description of the Castle when Gawain first sees it. Yet when one studies the way in which translators have handled it, one finds that many modern versions seem unnecessarily colourless, and others though more colourful, are freer than needful. I have consequently gathered a fairly full sampling of modern versions of the passage, with the purpose of searching for possible principles of translation which might be useful elsewhere as well as in the passage itself. It seems fitting that the results should be presented here, since the chief tool I have used is the semantic law formulated by Martin Joos in 1953. The law, as it applies to a given context, states that the possible meanings are to be judged as to which contributes least to the totality of the context. I have discussed and used the law frequently with students, and also in print in 1959 (Hill 1959). The present essay constitutes a further presentation of the results of using the law.
Squishing
Authors: Ross John Robert
Published: May 2017

There are two arguments for postulating the existence of a rule which derives (some) plurals from conjoined singulars. This rule would convert (1a) to (1b).

(1) a. *The mani and the manj are different.

b. The meni,j are different.

The first argument derives from French agreement. Adjectives agree across the copula in number and gender with their subjects.
De quelques propriétés de l’épenthèse consonantique
Authors: Morin Yves-Charles
Published: May 2017

Une série d’articles sur les consonnes épenthétiques est apparue dans les pages de cette revue ces dix dernières années: Walker (1978, 1981), Morin (1980), Singh (1980), Wetzels (1985), Piggott et Singh (1985) et Picard (1987), passant progressivement d’un problème très particulier (le statut phonologique en ancien français des consonnes épenthétiques issues du gallo-roman) à des théories générales sur l’épenthèse. Un certain nombre de données et d’analyses antérieures n’ont malheureusement pas été utilisées par le dernier de ces auteurs, conduisant ainsi à des généralisations hâtives et probablement fausses. Il est peut-être temps maintenant de rappeler quelques-unes des analyses antérieures et de revenir sur certaines de ces généralisations.
The Concept of Responsibility in the Thought of Martin Buber
Authors: Vogel Manfred
Published: May 2017

Buber's thought in all its wealth and wide-ranging scope is formulated in terms of one fundamental insight which is then applied to the manifold domains of our culture, there to be refracted by the special categories and problems of each domain. One can understand and appreciate, therefore, Buber's thought in any one particular domain only in terms of this fundamental insight, for the specific concepts receive their essential meaning, and their treatment is guided and circumscribed, by the considerations and requirements which this fundamental insight imposes.
Observations on the Lukan Travel Narrative and Some Related Passages
Authors: Gill David
Published: May 2017

In recent years scholars who have studied the problem have reached what may fairly be called a consensus that the Lukan Travel Narrative is primarily a theological-Christological rather than a geographical entity.
The Theologies of Luther and Boehme in the Light of theirGenesisCommentaries
Authors: Miller Arlene A.
Published: May 2017

Now that the tremendous influence of Jacob Boehme (1575–1624) upon natural philosophy and religious thought has come to be more fully appreciated, the question of Boehme's relation to Luther's theology has come once again to be the subject of a lively scholarly discussion. This study proposes to compare the position of Luther and Boehme on certain key theological concepts and propositions as they are denned in theGenesiscommentaries of the two men. This limited and concrete study may shed light upon the larger question of the relation of their theologies as a whole and the nature of the dependence of Boehme on Luther as mediated by seventeenth-century orthodoxy.
Weed taints in dairy produce. II. Coronopus or land cress taint in milk
Authors: Park R. J. , Armitt J. D. , Stark W.
Published: May 2017

Unheated Coronopus-tainted milk yielded butterfat from which benzyl methyl sulphide, benzyl isothiocyanate, benzyl cyanide, indole and skatole were isolated by high-vacuum distillation. The first 3 of these compounds were also isolated from the corresponding skim-milk, buttermilk and butter serum by vacuum steam distillation: identification was by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

The flavour threshold of benzyl methyl sulphide in milk and butter oil was found to be respectively, 1 part in 108 and 1 part in 107, whereas the amount isolated from butterfat was approximately 1 part in 106.

This evidence, together with the similarity in flavour of the Coronopus taint in milk and butter oil with that of untainted milk and butter oil to which had been added respectively, 1 part in 107 and 1 part in 106 of benzyl methyl sulphide, demonstrates that benzyl methyl sulphide is a principal contributor to the flavour defect. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the origin of the sulphide and related components in the milk. The possibility remains that in commercial weed-tainted butter, which is made from heated cream, other compounds may be present.
The induction by exogenous hormones of enzymes metabolising glucose 6-phosphate in the mammary gland of the pseudopregnant rabbit
Authors: Heitzman R. J.
Published: May 2017

A study was made of the effects of the hormones, prolactin and cortisol acetate, on the activities in the mammary gland of the pseudopregnant rabbit of the enzymes concerned with lactose biosynthesis and glucose 6-phosphate metabolism, namely: UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, UDP-glucose-4'-epimerase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Significant increases in enzyme activities were observed in rabbits examined 3 or 4 days after receiving a mammary intraductal injection of prolactin. The activities were not significantly increased at examination 2 days after injection of prolactin. Rabbits receiving cortisol acetate each day for 3 days also showed no significant increases in mammary enzyme activity. However, when prolactin and cortisol acetate were given simultaneously over a period of 3 days, increased enzyme activities were found suggesting synergistic action of the hormones.
Parameter study of ICRH wave propagation in IShTAR
Authors: Crombé K. , Van Eester D.
Published: May 2017

A crude first assessment of how waves behave is commonly made relying on decoupled dispersion equation roots. In the low density, low temperature region behind the last closed flux surface in a tokamak – where the density decays exponentially and where the lower hybrid resonance is crossed but where the thermal velocity is small enough to justify dropping kinetic (hot plasma) effects – the study of the wave behaviour requires the roots of the full cold plasma dispersion equation. The IShTAR (Ion cyclotron Sheath Test ARrangement) device will be adopted in the coming years to shed light on the dynamics of wave–plasma interactions close to radio frequency (RF) launchers and in particular on the impact of the waves on the density and their role in the formation of RF sheaths close to metallic objects. As IShTAR is incapable of mimicking the actual conditions reigning close to launchers in tokamaks; a parameter range needs to be identified for the test stand to permit highlighting of the relevant wave physics. Studying the coupled dispersion equation roots allowed us to find a suitable operation domain for performing experiments.
Notes on some Terricolous Species of Verrucaria
Authors: Orange A.
Published: May 2017

The terricolous species Verrucaria xyloxena Norm, and V. bryoctona (Th. Fr.) A. Orange comb. nov. are described and figured. Verrucaria sibirica Zahlbr. is described briefly and the interpretation of the name V. velutina (Bernh.) Ach. is discussed.
Macentinac Dictyospora (Verrucariaceae), A New Lichenized Species From Sweden
Authors: Orange A.
Published: May 2017

Macentina dictyospora sp. nov. is described from wood of Betula in northern Sweden; it is distinguished from the other members of the genus by the submuriform ascospores.
Hyperphyscia Variabilis, A New Foliose Species Of Physciaceae With 3-Septate Spores
Authors: Scutari N. C.
Published: May 2017

The sorediate species Hyperphyscia variabilis Scutari from South America is described as new. Its apparent affinities with H. crocata Kashiw.are briefly discussed. The correlation between the type of ascospores (number and disposition of septa) and the geographical distribution of species throughout the genus is stressed, and three species groups are distinguishedon this basis. Two new combination, Hyperphyscia coralloidea (Lynge) Scutari and Hyperphyscia viridissima (Mull. Arg.) Scutari, are proposed.
The Lichen Flora of the Maldives
Authors: Aptroot A.
Published: May 2017

The first lichen records from the Maldives archipelago, based on fieldwork of the author in 1989, are presented. The flora is poor, due to lack of habitat variation; in total 20 species were found. The pantropical element is well represented. The lichen flora shows most resemblance to that of other coastal areas in the palaeotropics.
The Epiphytic Lichen Flora on Conifers in Relation to Climate in the Finnish Middle Boreal Subzone
Authors: Halonen P. , Hyvärinen M. , Kauppi M.
Published: May 2017

Epiphytic lichen communities on trunks of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abieswere studied on a west–to–east gradient through the central pan of Finland with special reference to macrolichens. Comparisons were made between the two conifer species, the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia and the more continental inland area, open commercial and denser natural forests differing in their local climate, and tree bases (0·0–0·7m) and upper trunks (0·7–2·0m). Differences were found not in species composition but in relative species abundance, the main distinction being between the two tree species. There were also noticeable geographical, vertical and habitatdependent differences. In addition to climatic factors, the importance of bark properties for the epiphytes is briefly discussed.
Liberalism, Welfare Economics, and Freedom
Authors: Hausman Daniel M.
Published: May 2017

With the collapse of the centrally controlled economies and the authoritarian governments of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics, political leaders are, with appreciable public support, espousing “liberal” economic and political transformations—the reinstitution of markets, the securing of civil and political rights, and the establishment of representative governments. But those supporting reform have many aims, and the liberalism to which they look for political guidance is not an unambiguous doctrine.
Immanent Liberalism: The Politics of Mutual Consent
Authors: Long Roderick T.
Published: May 2017

Part One of Marx's “On the Jewish Question” is a communitarian manifesto, one of the finest and subtlest ever penned. But has it anything valuable to offer defenders of liberalism?

I think it does; for in “On the Jewish Question” Marx points to a potential danger into which communitarians are liable to fall, and I shall argue that his discussion sheds light on an analogous peril for liberals. Specifically, Marx distinguishes between a genuine and a spurious form of communitarianism, and warns that a failure to recognize this distinction may lead communitarians to embrace liberal values in communitarian guise. Using Marx's analysis as a model, I hope to show that the same distinction may be found within the liberal tradition, posing a corresponding danger (communitarian values in liberal guise) into which contemporary liberalism has in large part already fallen.
HIV-infected individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy are at higher risk for ocular disease
Authors: SCHAFTENAAR E. , KHOSA N. S. , BAARSMA G. S. , MEENKEN C. , McINTYRE J. A. , OSTERHAUS A. D. M. E. , VERJANS G. M. G. M. , PETERS R. P. H.
Published: May 2017

Introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced the incidence of infectious ocular diseases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. However, the effects of long-term ART and chronic HIV infection on the eye are ill-defined. This study determined the occurrence and severity of ocular diseases among 342 participants in a rural South African setting: HIV-naïve (n = 105), HIV-infected ART-naïve (n = 16), HIV-infected on ART for <12 months (short-term ART; n = 56) and HIV-infected individuals on ART for >36 months (long-term ART; n = 165). More HIV-infected participants presented with an external eye condition, in particular blepharitis, than HIV-naïve individuals (18% vs. 7%; age-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2·8, P < 0·05). Anterior segment conditions (particularly keratoconjunctivitis sicca and pterygium) were also more common (50% vs. 27%; aOR = 2·4; P < 0·01). Compared with individuals on short-term ART, participants receiving long-term ART were more likely to have clinically detectable cataract (57% vs. 38%; aOR = 2·2, P = 0·01) and posterior segment diseases, especially HIV retinopathy (30% vs. 11%; aOR = 3·4, P < 0·05). Finally, long-term ART was significantly associated with presence of HIV retinopathy (P < 0·01). These data implicate that ocular disease is more common and of more diverse etiology among HIV-infected individuals, especially those on long-term ART and suggest that regular ophthalmological monitoring of HIV-infected individuals on ART is warranted.
Relationship between seed desiccation sensitivity, seed water content at maturity and climatic characteristics of native environments of nineCoffeaL. species
Authors: Dussert Stéphane , Chabrillange Nathalie , Engelmann Florent , Anthony François , Louarn Jacques , Hamon Serge
Published: May 2017

A broad variability for seed desiccation sensitivity, as quantified by the water content and the water activity at which half of the initial viability is lost, has been previously observed within nine African coffee species. In order to investigate if these different degrees of desiccation sensitivity correspond to an adaptive trait, additional data, such as the duration of seed development and seed water content at maturity, were measured for these species, and the relationships between these parameters and some climatic characteristics of their specific native environments were investigated. Since flowering in all coffee species occurs only a few days after the main rainfall marking the end of the dry season, simulations could be made, based on the continuous sequences of rainfall data compiled in databases of nine climatic stations, chosen for their appropriate location in the collecting areas. The simulations revealed a highly significant correlation between the duration of seed development and that of the wet season. Consequently, mature seeds are shed at the beginning of the following dry season. Moreover, the mean number of dry months that seeds have to withstand after shedding was significantly correlated with the parameters used to quantify seed desiccation sensitivity. By contrast, seed moisture content at maturity was not correlated with the level of seed desiccation tolerance. All these results are discussed on the basis of more detailed descriptions of the natural habitats of the coffee species studied.
The influence of diet on the development of swine dysentery upno experimental infection
Authors: Lindecrona R.H. , Jensen T.K. , Jensen B.B. , Leser T.D. , Jiufeng W. , Møller K.
Published: May 2017

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fermented liquid food (FLF) and the addition of lactic acid to a diet based on wheat and barley on the development of swine dysentery in pigs experimentally infected with a Danish field isolate of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Furthermore, to confirm if low non-starch polysaccharide (NSP)-containing diets reduce swine dysentery the effect of different dietary levels of NSP and resistant starch (RS) was evaluated. These diets were based on cooked rice and animal protein, cooked rice and potato starch, cooked rice and wheat bran, or cooked rice and sugar-beet pulp. The experiment was designed as a randomized-block trial and was performed in triplicate including a total of 192 pigs. After feeding the diets for 2 weeks, six pigs in each group were challenged orally with B. hyodysenteriae and observed for another 4 weeks. After challenge, swine dysentery was observed in all feeding groups. The incidence of disease varied between 94% (rice/wheat bran) and 44% (FLF). The effect of diet on faecal shedding of B. hyodysenteriae was statistically significant (P < 0·05). Feeding a diet based on cooked rice with a low content of NSP and RS, did not prevent the development of swine dysentery upon experimental challenge, and increasing the level of NSP or RS did not result in a higher incidence of disease or faecal shedding of B. hyodysenteriae. The incidence of swine dysentery in the FLF group was significantly lower (P < 0·05) compared with all other feeding groups, except for the lactic acid group. In conclusion, a low level of NSP or RS in the diet did not prevent the development of swine dysentery. Furthermore, the lowest incidence of disease was observed in the FLF group, even though this diet has a high content of NSP. The addition of organic acids to the food was not able to reduce infection with B. hyodysenteriae.
Selection in the presence of a genotype by environment interaction: response in environmental sensitivity
Authors: Kolmodin R. , Strandberg E. , Jorjani H. , Danell B.
Published: May 2017

The effect of selection for high phenotypic value in the presence of a genotype by environment interaction (G ✕ E, i.e. genetic variation for environmental sensitivity) and an improving environment was studied in a simulation. Environmental sensitivity was evaluated by using reaction norms, which describe the phenotype expressed by a genotype as a function of the environment. Three types of reaction norms (linear, quadratic and sigmoid), and two selection schemes (mass selection and progeny test selection) were studied. Environmental sensitivity was measured as the weighted average of the absolute value of the first derivative of the reaction norm function. Results showed that environmental sensitivity increased in response to selection for high phenotypic value in the presence of G ✕ E and an improving environment when reaction norms were linear or quadratic. For sigmoid reaction norms, approximating threshold characters, environmental sensitivity increased within the environmental range encompassing the threshold. With mass selection and/or non-linear reaction norms, environmental sensitivity increased even without environmental change.
Using molasses as an alternative to controlled release devices for administering n-alkane markers to cattle
Authors: Hendricksen R. E. , Gazzola C. , Reich M. M. , Roberton R. F. , Reid D. J. , Hill R. A.
Published: May 2017

An experiment was conducted to determine if molasses could be successfully used to administer dotriacontane (C32) and hexatriacontane (C36) n-alkane markers to steers and to compare this method with a commercially available intra-ruminal controlled release device (CRD).
The experiment was conducted over two similar periods (runs) using 24 Brahman crossbred steers in each run to study the effect of marker delivery methods and tropical grass hay diets in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. All steers were housed individually in partially covered pens, received one of two buffel-grass hays (B20: 20-week regrowth; 0·72 g nitrogen (N) per 100 g and B8: 8-week regrowth; 1·11 g N per 100 g) and one of four marker delivery treatments (control: no marker; 200 mg/day of C32 and C36 n-alkanes from a CRD or offered three times (Ms ✕ 3) or five times (Ms ✕ 5) a day in molasses).
Voluntary intake (VI) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) for diets differed (P < 0·001) with B8 greater than B20. There was no difference among marker treatments for VI but the control treatment had greater, unexplained and possibly spurious, DMD than the Ms ✕ 3 marker treatment. Although the recovery of n-alkanes was variable (0·84 to 1·05) adjacent odd- and even-chain n-alkanes were similar with no differences (P > 0·05) due to marker treatment or diet. The CRD supplied a consistent marker dose between 6 and 18 days after insertion.
Deviation from the 24-h mean faecal concentration seldom varied more than 0·03 for the individual markers and 0·05 for C31/C32 and C33/C32 ratios for all treatments. Over all the n-alkanes studied, the between-day variation was less than the within-day variation. For instance, the average of subsamples taken at 06:00 h and 18:00 h was within proportionately 0·05 of the 10-day mean concentration for 0·38 and 0·25 of records for C32 and C36 markers, respectively.
It was concluded that molasses containing C32 and C36 n-alkane markers and given either three or five times daily was as accurate as the commercial CRD in administering n-alkane markers to steers and provides a method of delivering n-alkanes over an extended period in grazing studies.
The effect of clover silages on long chain fatty acid rumen transformations and digestion in beef steers
Authors: Lee M. R. F. , Harris L. J. , Dewhurst R. J. , Merry R. J. , Scollan N. D.
Published: May 2017

Ten Hereford ✕ Friesian steers prepared with rumen, duodenal and ileal cannulae were offered ad libitum access to either grass (G), white clover (W) or red clover (R) silage or mixtures of the grass silage with the clover silages (GW and GR; 60: 40 dry matter (DM) basis). The experiment was conducted as a two-period change-over design within each clover treatment, with grass silage as an experimental control. The clover silages had higher concentrations of DM, nitrogen (N), and total fatty acids and lower concentrations of fibre (P < 0·05) than the grass silage. Rumen fermentation characteristics were similar between treatments apart from a slight elevation of n-butyric acid levels with white clover silage diets (P < 0·05). Duodenal flows of DM, organic matter (OM), total and microbial nitrogen (MN) were significantly higher (P < 0·05) with the white clover silage treatments compared with the grass silage diet. However there were no significant differences in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis with a mean value of 27·1 g MN per kg OM apparently digested in the rumen. Duodenal flows of total fatty acids per unit intake were not significantly different, although there was a trend (P < 0·1) for increased flows with the white clover silage diets. Duodenal flows of cis-vaccenic acid (P < 0·01), linoleic acid (P < 0·05), α-linolenic acid (P < 0·05) and cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (P < 0·05) were higher for the clover silages, particularly white clover silage. The increased flows of α-linolenic and linoleic acids remained significant after correcting for differences in DM intake. Biohydrogenation of linoleic (mean = 0·83) and α-linolenic (mean = 0·86) acids was extensive for all diets but the latter was significantly lower (P < 0·01) for the diets based on red clover silage. These results suggest potential for modifying the fatty acid composition of ruminant products by feeding clover silages.
Better Tools for Tracing the Thermal History of Rocks
Authors: Zeitler Peter , Brown Roderick , Hackspacher Peter
Published: May 2017

Thermo2016: The 15th International Conference on Thermochronology; Maresias, Brazil, 18–23 September 2016
Tornado Casualties Depend More on Storm Energy Than Population
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: May 2017

National Weather Service data from nearly 900 tornadoes and a principle of economics reveal the relationship between storm energy, population, and casualty count.
In situ light responses of the proteorhodopsin-bearing Antarctic sea-ice bacterium, Psychroflexus torques
Authors: Burr David J , Martin Andrew , Maas Elizabeth W , Ryan Ken G
Published: May 2017

Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a wide-spread protein found in many marine prokaryotes. PR allows for the potential conversion of solar energy to ATP, possibly assisting in cellular growth and survival during periods of high environmental stress. PR utilises either blue or green light through a single amino acid substitution. We incubated the PR-bearing bacterium Psychroflexus torquis 50 cm deep within Antarctic sea ice for 13 days, exposing cultures to diurnal fluctuations in light and temperature. Enhanced growth occurred most prominently in cultures incubated under irradiance levels of ∼50 μmol photons m−2 s−1, suggesting PR provides a strong selective advantage. In addition, cultures grown under blue light yielded over 5.5 times more live cells per photon compared to green-light incubations. Because P. torquis expresses an apparently ‘green-shifted’ PR gene variant, this finding infers that the spectral tuning of PR is more complex than previously thought. This study supports the theory that PR provides additional energy to bacteria under sub-optimal conditions, and raises several points of interest to be addressed by future research.
Succession in the petroleum reservoir microbiome through an oil field production lifecycle
Authors: Vigneron Adrien , Alsop Eric B , Lomans Bartholomeus P , Kyrpides Nikos C , Head Ian M , Tsesmetzis Nicolas
Published: May 2017

Subsurface petroleum reservoirs are an important component of the deep biosphere where indigenous microorganisms live under extreme conditions and in isolation from the Earth’s surface for millions of years. However, unlike the bulk of the deep biosphere, the petroleum reservoir deep biosphere is subject to extreme anthropogenic perturbation, with the introduction of new electron acceptors, donors and exogenous microbes during oil exploration and production. Despite the fundamental and practical significance of this perturbation, there has never been a systematic evaluation of the ecological changes that occur over the production lifetime of an active offshore petroleum production system. Analysis of the entire Halfdan oil field in the North Sea (32 producing wells in production for 1–15 years) using quantitative PCR, multigenic sequencing, comparative metagenomic and genomic bins reconstruction revealed systematic shifts in microbial community composition and metabolic potential, as well as changing ecological strategies in response to anthropogenic perturbation of the oil field ecosystem, related to length of time in production. The microbial communities were initially dominated by slow growing anaerobes such as members of the Thermotogales and Clostridiales adapted to living on hydrocarbons and complex refractory organic matter. However, as seawater and nitrate injection (used for secondary oil production) delivered oxidants, the microbial community composition progressively changed to fast growing opportunists such as members of the Deferribacteres, Delta-, Epsilon- and Gammaproteobacteria, with energetically more favorable metabolism (for example, nitrate reduction, H2S, sulfide and sulfur oxidation). This perturbation has profound consequences for understanding the microbial ecology of the system and is of considerable practical importance as it promotes detrimental processes such as reservoir souring and metal corrosion. These findings provide a new conceptual framework for understanding the petroleum reservoir biosphere and have consequences for developing strategies to manage microbiological problems in the oil industry.
Surface chemistry governs cellular tropism of nanoparticles in the brain
Authors: Song Eric , Gaudin Alice , King Amanda R. , Seo Young-Eun , Suh Hee-Won , Deng Yang , Cui Jiajia , Tietjen Gregory T. , Huttner Anita , Saltzman W. Mark
Published: May 2017

Nanoparticles are of long-standing interest for the treatment of neurological diseases such as glioblastoma. Most past work focused on methods to introduce nanoparticles into the brain, suggesting that reaching the brain interstitium will be sufficient to ensure therapeutic efficacy. However, optimized nanoparticle design for drug delivery to the central nervous system is limited by our understanding of their cellular deposition in the brain. Here, we investigated the cellular fate of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles presenting different surface chemistries, after administration by convection-enhanced delivery. We demonstrate that nanoparticles with ‘stealth’ properties mostly avoid internalization by all cell types, but internalization can be enhanced by functionalization with bio-adhesive end-groups. We also show that association rates measured in cultured cells predict the extent of internalization of nanoparticles in cell populations. Finally, evaluating therapeutic efficacy in an orthotopic model of glioblastoma highlights the need to balance significant uptake without inducing adverse toxicity.
Energy landscape-driven non-equilibrium evolution of inherent structure in disordered material
Authors: Fan Yue , Iwashita Takuya , Egami Takeshi
Published: May 2017

Complex states in glasses can be neatly expressed by the potential energy landscape (PEL). However, because PEL is highly multi-dimensional it is difficult to describe how the system moves around in PEL. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to predict the evolution of macroscopic state in a metallic glass, such as ageing and rejuvenation, through a set of simple equations describing excitations in the PEL. The key to this simplification is the realization that the step of activation from the initial state to the saddle point in PEL and the following step of relaxation to the final state are essentially decoupled. The model shows that the interplay between activation and relaxation in PEL is the key driving force that simultaneously explains both the equilibrium of supercooled liquid and the thermal hysteresis observed in experiments. It further predicts anomalous peaks in truncated thermal scanning, validated by independent molecular dynamics simulation.
Iron limitation of microbial phosphorus acquisition in the tropical North Atlantic
Authors: Browning T. J. , Achterberg E. P. , Yong J. C. , Rapp I. , Utermann C. , Engel A. , Moore C. M.
Published: May 2017

In certain regions of the predominantly nitrogen limited ocean, microbes can become co-limited by phosphorus. Within such regions, a proportion of the dissolved organic phosphorus pool can be accessed by microbes employing a variety of alkaline phosphatase (APase) enzymes. In contrast to the PhoA family of APases that utilize zinc as a cofactor, the recent discovery of iron as a cofactor in the more widespread PhoX and PhoD implies the potential for a biochemically dependant interplay between oceanic zinc, iron and phosphorus cycles. Here we demonstrate enhanced natural community APase activity following iron amendment within the low zinc and moderately low iron Western North Atlantic. In contrast we find no evidence for trace metal limitation of APase activity beneath the Saharan dust plume in the Eastern Atlantic. Such intermittent iron limitation of microbial phosphorus acquisition provides an additional facet in the argument for iron controlling the coupling between oceanic nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.
Correction: Corrigendum: Agrp neuron activity is required for alcohol-induced overeating
Authors: Cains Sarah , Blomeley Craig , Kollo Mihaly , Rácz Romeo , Burdakov Denis
Published: May 2017

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 14014 (2017); Published 10 January 2017; Updated 19 May 2017 The original version of this Article contained an error in the email address of the corresponding author Sarah Cains. The correct email is cains@hotmail.co.uk. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the Article.
Low-cesium rice: mutation in OsSOS2 reduces radiocesium in rice grains
Authors: Ishikawa Satoru , Hayashi Shimpei , Abe Tadashi , Igura Masato , Kuramata Masato , Tanikawa Hachidai , Iino Manaka , Saito Takashi , Ono Yuji , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Fujimura Shigeto , Goto Akitoshi , Takagi Hiroki
Published: May 2017

In Japan, radiocesium contamination in foods has become of great concern and it is a primary issue to reduce grain radiocesium concentration in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Here, we report a low-cesium rice mutant 1 (lcs1) with the radiocesium concentration in grain about half that in the wild-type cultivar. Genetic analyses revealed that a mutation in OsSOS2, which encodes a serine/threonine-protein kinase required for the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway in plants, is responsible for the decreased cesium (Cs) concentrations in lcs1. Physiological analyses showed that Cs+ uptake by lcs1 roots was significantly decreased under low-potassium (K+) conditions in the presence of sodium (Na+) (low K+/Na+). The transcript levels of several K+ and Na+ transporter genes, such as OsHAK1, OsHAK5, OsAKT1, and OsHKT2;1 were significantly down-regulated in lcs1 grown at low K+/Na+. The decreased Cs+ uptake in lcs1 might be closely related to the lower expression of these genes due to the K+/Na+ imbalance in the lcs1 roots caused by the OsSOS2 mutation. Since the lcs1 plant had no significant negative effects on agronomic traits when grown in radiocesium-contaminated paddy fields, this mutant could be used directly in agriculture for reducing radiocesium in rice grains.
Peptide-specific engagement of the activating NK cell receptor KIR2DS1
Authors: Chapel Anaïs , Garcia-Beltran Wilfredo F. , Hölzemer Angelique , Ziegler Maja , Lunemann Sebastian , Martrus Gloria , Altfeld Marcus
Published: May 2017

The activating NK cell receptor KIR2DS1 has been shown to be involved in many disorders including autoimmune diseases, malignancies and pregnancy outcomes. However, the precise ligands and functions of this receptor remain unclear. We aimed to gain a better understanding of the factors involved in the binding of KIR2DS1 and its inhibitory counterpart KIR2DL1 to HLA class I molecules, and the consequences for KIR2DS1+ NK-cell function. A systematic screen that assessed binding to 97 HLA-I proteins confirmed that KIR2DS1-binding was narrowly restricted to HLA-C group 2 complexes, while KIR2DL1 showed a broader binding specificity. Using KIR2DS1ζ+ Jurkat reporter-cells and peptide-pulsed 721.221.TAP1KO-HLA-C*06:02 cells, we identified the synthetic peptide SRGPVHHLL presented by HLA-C*06:02 that strongly engaged KIR2DS1- and KIR2DL1-binding. Functional analysis showed that this HLA-C*06:02-presented peptide can furthermore activate primary KIR2DS1(+) NK cell clones. Thus, we demonstrated peptide-dependent binding of the activating NK cell receptor KIR2DS1, providing new insights into the underlying mechanisms involved in KIR2DS1-related disorders.
A diastereoselective synthesis of Cebranopadol, a novel analgesic showing NOP/mu mixed agonism
Authors: Fantinati Anna , Bianco Sara , Guerrini Remo , Salvadori Severo , Pacifico Salvatore , Cerlesi Maria Camilla , Calo Girolamo , Trapella Claudio
Published: May 2017

A diastereoselective synthesis of the title compound as a single E diastereomer has been efficiently accomplished by assembling the featured pyrano-indole scaffold of the spiro[cyclohexane-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]-indole]-amine framework through an oxa-Pictet-Spengler reaction, promoted by a cheap and green Zeolite catalyst. Basic pharmacological experiments demonstrate that Cebranopadol acts as a mixed nociception/orphanin FQ (NOP) and mu (MOP) opioid receptor agonist useful for treatment of chronic pain.
Comparison of accuracy between FSL’s FIRST and Freesurfer for caudate nucleus and putamen segmentation
Authors: Perlaki Gabor , Horvath Reka , Nagy Szilvia Anett , Bogner Peter , Doczi Tamas , Janszky Jozsef , Orsi Gergely
Published: May 2017

Although several methods have been developed to automatically delineate subcortical gray matter structures from MR images, the accuracy of these algorithms has not been comprehensively examined. Most of earlier studies focused primarily on the hippocampus. Here, we assessed the accuracy of two widely used non-commercial programs (FSL-FIRST and Freesurfer) for segmenting the caudate and putamen. T1-weighted 1 mm3 isotropic resolution MR images were acquired for thirty healthy subjects (15 females). Caudate nucleus and putamen were segmented manually by two independent observers and automatically by FIRST and Freesurfer (v4.5 and v5.3). Utilizing manual labels as reference standard the following measures were studied: Dice coefficient (D), percentage volume difference (PVD), absolute volume difference as well as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for consistency and absolute agreement. For putamen segmentation, FIRST achieved higher D, lower PVD and higher ICC for absolute agreement with manual tracing than either version of Freesurfer. Freesurfer overestimated the putamen, while FIRST was not statistically different from manual tracing. The ICC for consistency with manual tracing was similar between the two methods. For caudate segmentation, FIRST and Freesurfer performed more similarly. In conclusion, Freesurfer and FIRST are not equivalent when comparing to manual tracing. FIRST was superior for putaminal segmentation.
Synchronized and mixed outbreaks of coupled recurrent epidemics
Authors: Zheng Muhua , Zhao Ming , Min Byungjoon , Liu Zonghua
Published: May 2017

Epidemic spreading has been studied for a long time and most of them are focused on the growing aspect of a single epidemic outbreak. Recently, we extended the study to the case of recurrent epidemics (Sci. Rep. 5, 16010 (2015)) but limited only to a single network. We here report from the real data of coupled regions or cities that the recurrent epidemics in two coupled networks are closely related to each other and can show either synchronized outbreak pattern where outbreaks occur simultaneously in both networks or mixed outbreak pattern where outbreaks occur in one network but do not in another one. To reveal the underlying mechanism, we present a two-layered network model of coupled recurrent epidemics to reproduce the synchronized and mixed outbreak patterns. We show that the synchronized outbreak pattern is preferred to be triggered in two coupled networks with the same average degree while the mixed outbreak pattern is likely to show for the case with different average degrees. Further, we show that the coupling between the two layers tends to suppress the mixed outbreak pattern but enhance the synchronized outbreak pattern. A theoretical analysis based on microscopic Markov-chain approach is presented to explain the numerical results. This finding opens a new window for studying the recurrent epidemics in multi-layered networks.
High throughput resistance profiling of Plasmodium falciparum infections based on custom dual indexing and Illumina next generation sequencing-technology
Authors: Nag Sidsel , Dalgaard Marlene D. , Kofoed Poul-Erik , Ursing Johan , Crespo Marina , Andersen Lee O’Brien , Aarestrup Frank Møller , Lund Ole , Alifrangis Michael
Published: May 2017

Genetic polymorphisms in P. falciparum can be used to indicate the parasite’s susceptibility to antimalarial drugs as well as its geographical origin. Both of these factors are key to monitoring development and spread of antimalarial drug resistance. In this study, we combine multiplex PCR, custom designed dual indexing and Miseq sequencing for high throughput SNP-profiling of 457 malaria infections from Guinea-Bissau, at the cost of 10 USD per sample. By amplifying and sequencing 15 genetic fragments, we cover 20 resistance-conferring SNPs occurring in pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, pfdhps, as well as the entire length of pfK13, and the mitochondrial barcode for parasite origin. SNPs of interest were sequenced with an average depth of 2,043 reads, and bases were called for the various SNP-positions with a p-value below 0.05, for 89.8–100% of samples. The SNP data indicates that artemisinin resistance-conferring SNPs in pfK13 are absent from the studied area of Guinea-Bissau, while the pfmdr1 86 N allele is found at a high prevalence. The mitochondrial barcodes are unanimous and accommodate a West African origin of the parasites. With this method, very reliable high throughput surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance becomes more affordable than ever before.
Influence of the physicochemical characteristics of reduced graphene oxides on the gas permeability of the barrier films for organic electronics
Authors: Sung Sae Jin , Kim Taehoon , Park Jisoo , So Soon Hyeong , Choi Jaeyoo , Yang Seung Jae , Park Chong Rae
Published: May 2017

Preparation of large-size and pinhole-free rGOs led to the improved barrier performance and stability of organic solar cells.
Membranes prepared by self-assembly and chelation assisted phase inversion
Authors: Xie Yihui , Sutisna Burhannudin , Nunes Suzana P.
Published: May 2017

We combine self-assembly in solution, complexation with metallic salts and phase separation induced by solvent–non-solvent exchange to prepare nanostructured membranes for separation in the nanofiltration range.
Silver-mediated radical 5-exo-dig cyclization of 2-alkynylbenzonitriles: synthesis of phosphinylated 1-indenones
Authors: Zhu Xiao-Tong , Zhao Qi , Liu Feng , Wang Ai-Fang , Cai Pei-Jun , Hao Wen-Juan , Tu Shu-Jiang , Jiang Bo
Published: May 2017

A new silver-mediated 5-exo-dig cyclization of 2-alkynylbenzonitriles with disubstituted phosphine oxide and H2O has been developed.
Galvanic replacement reaction: recent developments for engineering metal nanostructures towards catalytic applications
Authors: da Silva Anderson G. M. , Rodrigues Thenner S. , Haigh Sarah J. , Camargo Pedro H. C.
Published: May 2017

Recent developments to achieve further physicochemical control in metallic nanomaterials by galvanic replacement are discussed towards applications in catalysis.
Exceptional bi-step switching of quadratic nonlinear optical properties in a one-dimensional channel compound
Authors: Liu Sijie , Sun Zhihua , Ji Chengmin , Li Lina , Zhao Sangen , Luo Junhua
Published: May 2017

A new solid-state channel compound shows exceptional bi-step switching between three distinct nonlinear optical states.
Two-step modulation of ion recognition using a bis(saloph)-macrocyclic host having a 24-crown-8-like cavity
Authors: Sakata Yoko , Kobayashi Seiya , Akine Shigehisa
Published: May 2017

Novel two-step modulation of Cs+ binding was achieved using metalation of the coordination sites and subsequent electrochemical reduction.
Total synthesis of (±)-20S-hydroxy-1,2-dehydro-pseudoaspidospermidine via a C–H activation/transannular cyclization strategy
Authors: Leitner Christian , Gaich Tanja
Published: May 2017

A total synthesis to the pseudoaspidospermidine family via a C–H activation/transannular cyclization strategy has been accomplished.
Bis(trialkylsilyl) peroxides as alkylating agents in the copper-catalyzed selective mono-N-alkylation of primary amides
Authors: Sakamoto Ryu , Sakurai Shunya , Maruoka Keiji
Published: May 2017

The copper-catalyzed selective mono-N-alkylation of primary amides with bis(trialkylsilyl) peroxides as alkylating agents was reported.
A more critical role for silicon in the catalytic Staudinger amidation: silanes as non-innocent reductants
Authors: Andrews Keith G. , Denton Ross M.
Published: May 2017

We demonstrate that in situ-generated silyl ester intermediates are key mediators of the catalytic, traceless Staudinger amidation reaction.
A biosynthetically inspired route to substituted furans using the Appel reaction: total synthesis of the furan fatty acid F5
Authors: Lee Robert J. , Lindley Martin R. , Pritchard Gareth J. , Kimber Marc C.
Published: May 2017

Appel reaction conditions have been harnessed to affect a mild biosynthetically inspired dehydration of endoperoxides to deliver multi-substituted electron rich furans.
A fluorescence turn-on probe for human (bovine) serum albumin based on the hydrolysis of a dioxaborine group promoted by proteins
Authors: Sun Qian , Wang Weisi , Chen Zhaoyang , Yao Yuhua , Zhang Weibing , Duan Liping , Qian Junhong
Published: May 2017

A reaction-based florescence probe CBF for serum albumin (SA) was proposed by connecting a dioxaborine unit with environment-sensitive coumarin fluorophore. CBF exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity toward SA over other biologically relevant species and has potential of detecting SA in biosamples.
Formation of supramolecular hetero-triads by controlling the hydrogen bonding of conjugate bases with a diprotonated porphyrin based on electrostatic interaction
Authors: Suzuki Wataru , Kotani Hiroaki , Ishizuka Tomoya , Shiota Yoshihito , Yoshizawa Kazunari , Kojima Takahiko
Published: May 2017

The thermodynamic stability of diprotonated saddle-distorted dodecaphenylporphyrin was controlled by the hydrogen-bonding strength of conjugate bases of strong acids or acids having positively charged moieties.
Facile access to unsymmetrically substituted tellurium–boron based heterocycles
Authors: Tsao Fu An , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: May 2017

Protonolysis and alkyne exchange reactions are used to give unsymmetrically substituted Te–B based heterocycles.
Silicon doped boron clusters: how to make stable ribbons?
Authors: Van Duong Long , Tho Nguyen Minh
Published: May 2017

A doping of small boron clusters with silicon atoms leads to the formation of stable boron nanoribbon structures.