bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPHTHALMOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN A NEW SYNDROME WITH MUSCLE, EYE AND BRAIN INVOLVEMENT
Authors: RAITTA CHRISTINA , LAMMINEN MAIJA , SANTAVUORI PIRKKO , LEISTI JAAKKO
Published: May 2009

Muscular dystrophy, brain changes, severe visual failure, myopia and eye changes consisting of congenital glaucoma, cataract, optic and renal changes, have not previously been grouped together in any known syndrome.

A series of nine children (8 boys and 1 girl) aged 12 months to 10 years, one of whom had died at the age of 6 years, and one adult male patient aged 40 years, are described.

The general signs, laboratory findings and genetic aspects have been presented in detail in a previous paper.

Severe visual handicap, nystagmus and uncontrolled eyemovements were present in 9/10 patients.

Myopia of > 2 D was found in 8/10 and severe myopia (> 10 D) in 6/10 patients. Congenital glaucoma was diagnosed and treated in five children and infantile glaucoma in three children. Glaucoma was caused by defective cleavage of the chamber angle as evidenced by membranes and synechiae of the chamber angle on gonioscopy and by histology. Mature cataract was operated in two patients aged 10 and 23 years, respectively. Microspherophakia was present in two boys.

The ERG and VER showed non‐specific changes in the four patients examined. Tapetoretinal dystrophy was not present.

A sequence of muscular dystrophy, brain changes, severe visual failure and eye changes consisting of congenital glaucoma, cataract, optic and retinal changes, has not been found within the range of any hitherto known syndrome.
CONGENITAL ACHROMATOPSIA IN A FINNISH FAMILY
Authors: MÄNTYJÄRVI MAIJA
Published: May 2009

A family with two achromatic members, a sister and brother, is described. Their parents were first cousins. Eye examination of the 34 relatives examined revealed no abnormalities in 32. The son of their youngest brother was deuteranomalous. However, since this recessive trait is X chromosome linked, this failure was not related to the achromatopsia gene. The granddaughter of their eldest brother had difficulties in colour vision tests and was interpreted as an anomalous trichromat of unclassified nature. This might be a slight intermediate heterozygotic manifestation of the gene. The information of those relatives not examined revealed only a deceased paternal aunt who had had poor vision of an unknown cause.

Congenital achromatopsia is rare but nevertheless should be kept in mind in cases of unexplained amblyopia. The nature of this disorder justifies the ophthalmologist to inform these patients of the hereditary character of this disease and to give advice on educational guidance to them.
GLAUCOMA TREATMENT WITH TIMOLOL
Authors: KERTY EMILIA , HØRVEN IVAR
Published: May 2009

Thirty‐two eyes from 19 patients with either capsular glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma or primary open angle glaucoma were given topical timolol and followed through a 3–6 months period.

Twelve eyes were previously out of control on full medication including pilocarpine, epinephrine and acetazolamide. Eight of these eyes could be adequately controlled throughout the follow‐up period on topical timolol or a combination of timolol and pilocarpine, but without resorting to acetazolamide. One eye needed acetazolamide in combination with timolol, and three eyes had to be referred to surgery.

Twelve eyes were adequately controlled either on pilocarpine or full medication, but could be equally well controlled on timolol alone, or timolol and pilocarpine in combination. Acetazolamide could be withheld from all of the six patients who used this drug.

Eight eyes were previously untreated. They could all be adequately controlled either on timolol (5 eyes) or timolol and pilocarpine (3 eyes). The study indicates that the effect of timolol 0.5% × 2 may be stronger than the combined effect of epinephrine 1% × 2 and acetazolamide 500 mg a day. Topical timolol was well tolerated. No side reactions occurred and the pupillary size and reactions were not influenced by the timolol treatment.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN LENS CAPSULE II. CATARACTA COMPLICATA
Authors: SELAND JOHAN H.
Published: May 2009

Eight human cataractous lenses extracted from eyes suffering from uveitis have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. The following changes have been demonstrated: cellular proliferation, fibrillogenesis and formation of osmiophilic, electron‐dense amorphous structures.

The changes were most pronounced in young lenses but had no features in common with the FEC (fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis) syndrome.
SECONDARY HAEMORRHAGE FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC HYPHAEMA
Authors: MORTENSEN K. KAMP , SJØLIE A. K.
Published: May 2009

Three out of 56 consecutively admitted patients with traumatic hyphaema. treated conservatively, developed secondary haemorrhage. Of the following 64 patients treated with tranexamic acid, none developed secondary haemorrhage.

Statistical analysis, using χ2test with Yate's correction showed no statistical difference with regard to the occurrence of secondary haemorrhage between the two groups.
THE PRECISION OF UNBIASED ESTIMATES OF NUMERICAL DENSITY OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN DONOR CORNEAS
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN , GUNDERSEN HANS JØRGEN G.
Published: May 2009

The precision of estimates of central corneal endothelial density was studied in 16 human corneas stained by alizarine red and trypane blue. Estimates based on central counts and estimates based on peripheral counts were considered separately. The numerical density was estimated employing an unbiased sampling technique. From central counts estimates with an error of less than five per cent could be obtained. From peripheral counts a maximum precision of mean ± 12.2 per cent could be obtained. The theoretical maximum precision was calculated by application of a variance component model. The precision of estimates was calculated for 1, 2 and 4 test areas of different sizes. Economy of sampling was evaluated by comparison of the actual precision to the theoretical maximum precision of estimates.
TRANEXAMIC ACID AND CORNEAL DETURGESCENCE
Authors: HULL DAVID S. , GREEN KEITH , BUYER JAMES G.
Published: May 2009

Recent work has demonstrated decreased corneal thickness in patients with Fuch's dystrophy and in patients following cataract extraction who were given systemic tranexamic acid. Although tranexamic acid is a known antifibrinolytic drug its mechanism in reducing corneal thickness is not known. This experiment demonstrated no increase in the rate of corneal deturgescence of swollen rabbit corneas in the specular microscope when they were perfused for three h with 1 mM or 10 mu tranexamic acid. Pre‐treatment cf rabbits with intravenous tranexamic acid for three days and subsequent perfusion of corneas with tranexamic acid 10 mM also did not increase the rate of corneal deturgescence when compared with controls.
HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM IN ORGAN CULTURE: The Influence of Temperature and Medium of Incubation
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

Forty‐four human corneas from patients between 21 and 86 years were incubated in Eagle's minimum essential medium with Earle's salts 10–46 h post mortem. The influence of incubation temperature and composition of the medium on endothelial survival was evaluated. Whole corneas were stained by alizarine red. Recent cell loss was indicated by morphological alterations in the endothelial pattern. After 20–28 h of incubation minimum cell loss was found at 31 °C when 8% Dextrane‐250 and 20% serum or 8% Dextrane‐500 and 10% serum was added to the medium.
MACULAR OEDEMA IN THE REATTACHED RETINA
Authors: NIELSEN PREBEN GILBERT
Published: May 2009

A material consisting of 24 consecutive patients has been studied retrospectively, after a successful retinal detachment operation. Macular oedema was demonstrated by fluorescein angiography in nine patients (35%), and was found to be the most frequent cause of poor recovery of visual function. Fluorescein angiography is essential for the diagnosis of macular oedema, which may be difficult to demonstrate by other methods. The present investigation indicated that subretinal drainage may be a factor in the development of a post‐detachment syndrome with macular oedema.
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF LATEX MICROSPHERES BY THE EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE GUINEA PIG CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: LATKOVIC STEFAN , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G.
Published: May 2009

The capability of conjunctival epithelial cells to phagocytize particulate foreign matter was studied experimentally in the guinea pig. Perilimbal conjunctival epithelium was prepared for transmission electron microscopy by perfusion fixation 4 and 24 h after instillation of latex microspheres (0.79 μ in diameter) into the lower conjunctival fornix. A varying number of microspheres were internalized by the superficial epithelial cells in both cases. The intracellular microspheres, single (at 4 and 24 h) or aggregated (only at 24 h), were always membrane‐enclosed, corresponding to primary phagosomes. Some indications of secondary phagosomes were seen as well. In the 24 h specimens, microspheres were present also in the intermediate epithelial cells, implying a transfer from superficial to deeper cells. Thus, superficial as well as intermediate epithelial cells of the guinea pig conjunctiva are capable of active phagocytosis of inert particles.
CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY AFTER AN ATTACK OF ACUTE GLAUCOMA
Authors: SETÄLÄ KIRSI
Published: May 2009

The corneal endothelial cells of 25 patients with unilateral acute glaucoma were photographed with a clinical specular microscope. Photography was performed as soon as (average 6–12 h) the IOP had been lowered with iv Acetazolamide and/or Mannitol and topical Pilocarpine therapy, and the corneas had become clear. Peripheral iridectomy was performed on the affected eye and prophylactically on the fellow eye in most of these patients. The follow‐up endothelial photographs were taken 6–24 months postoperatively.

High intraocular pressure lasting 3 days or more lowered the central endothelial cell density. But a rise in pressure lasting from only a few hours to 2 days did not affect the endothelial cell count. Operative glaucoma procedures caused a loss of central endothelial cells of approximately 4.8% in the series. There was a clear correlation between the duration of elevated pressure and the number of central corneal endothelial cells lost.
VILLOUS PROCESSES FROM THE INNER SEGMENTS OF CONES IN THE HUMAN MACULA LUTEA
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN , RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

The cones of the human macula lutea were examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that each inner segment had about 15 thread‐like processes which projected from the cell surface. They were arranged in a longitudinal straight line along the photoreceptor, and were directed away from or towards the fovea centralis. The villous processes may be analogous with the lateral fins of the inner segments of certain vertebrates. They may perhaps bridge the space between neighbouring photoreceptors and may establish contact and interaction between them.
TREATMENT OF ACUTE OCCLUSION OF THE RETINAL ARTERIES
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

In five patients with obstruction of the retinal arteries, three with emboli, the circulation was reestablished by bulbus massage, intravenous administered acetazolamide and theophylamine. The patients were further treated with salicyclic acid for six months. An improvement of vision was obtained and maintained over a 2‐year period. The basis of the present treatment of occlusive arterial disorders in the retina is discussed.
OCULAR LESIONS IN HEREDITARY HAEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA
Authors: VASE INGE , VASE POUL
Published: May 2009

A regional survey has been carried out in order to establish the prevalence of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) (Rendu‐Osler‐Weber's disease). Forty‐seven patients fulfilled the proband criteria. No patient was registered due to ocular symptoms.

All of the probands were subjected to ophthalmological examination in order to estimate the distribution of ocular lesions in HHT. Conjunctival lesions were found in 20 cases, and an intraocular vascular abnormality in only one case.

The possibility of intraocular lesions being a component of the clinical picture of HHT or a sporadic vascular abnormality is discussed.
SCREENING OF RED‐GREEN DEFECTS OF COLOUR VISION WITH PSEUDOISOCHROMATIC TESTS
Authors: AARNISALO EERO
Published: May 2009

Fifty red‐green defectives and 100 normal subjects were examined with the second edition of the Boström‐Kugelberg (BK II, 1972) series and the Ishihara complete edition (1976) of pseudoisochromatic plates. The results are related to those obtained with the first edition of the Boström‐Kugelberg test (BK I, 1944) and the Boström test (II B, 1950) and to the classification of defects obtained with the Nagel anomaloscope.

The 50 red‐green defectives were originally selected by using a combination of the BK I and II B tests. The normal subjects also, passed this preliminary test, as well as an examination with the Nagel anomaloscope.

In the final examinations performed under standardized conditions, three red‐green defectives passed both the BK II and the BK I test, while eight defectives passed the Ishihara test. Combination of BK II or BK I test with the Ishihara test does not improve the result. Only one defective (a borderline case of protanomaly) passed the separate II B test.

Normal subjects were not classified as colour defectives with any of the four pseudoisochromatic tests used. All normal subjects passed both the BK II and the Ishihara test. Classified as suspected red‐green defectives (one misreading made in standardized conditions) were five normal subjects with the II B test and one normal subject with the BK I test. In the second edition of Boström‐Kugelberg series, the plates numbered 3, 5, 11, 16 and 18 are clearly less effective than respective plates of the first edition. Only the plates numbered 1 and 10 have markedly improved in the second edition.
ANTERIOR CHAMBER HAEMORRHAGE IN THE NEWBORN AFTER SPONTANEOUS DELIVERY
Authors: POHJANPELTO PEKKA , NIEMI KYRÖ , SARMELA TIMO
Published: May 2009

A case report is presented of anterior chamber haemorrhage occurring in one eye in a newborn after spontaneous delivery. At the age of two weeks the anterior chamber was clear but the vitreous cloudy. At the age of five weeks the vitreous had also cleared. The infant's later development was normal and there were no disorders in the function of the eye.
SERUM AND AQUEOUS HUMOUR CONCENTRATION OF TRANEXAMIC ACID AFTER PERORAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

After a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg tranexamic acid in 37 patients with cataract as the sole eye disease, the concentration of the drug was measured in both the serum and the aqueous at various intervals following intake.

The serum concentration was highest after three h (average 15.44 mg/l), but a trace of tranexamic acid (0.7 mg/l) could still be found after 19 h. In the aqueous, the concentration was likewise highest after three h (average 1.62 mg/l), but, following this, the fall in tranexamic acid concentration was very gradual and after 19 h was found to be 1.3 mg/l. In two patients who had received 25 mg/kg three times daily for three days, an aqueous concentration of 2.3 mg/l was found eight h after the final intake.
CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION AND HLA HISTOCOMPATIBILITY
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN FLEMMING
Published: May 2009

A series of 222 cases of 7 mm penetrating corneal grafts were analysed with respect to the influence of HLA compatibility. The degree of compatibility was random as no matching was done (HLA types unknown at time of operation). Consequently, most of the cases showed 3 or 4 incompatibilities.

The series was divided into seven diagnostic groups (keratoconus, herpetic keratitis, non‐herpetic keratitis, stromal dystrophy, endothelial dystrophy, mechanical lesion and corrosion). In all groups there was a tendency towards better results among the compatible transplantation, but only when considering the entire series could statistical significance be demonstrated. The groups of 0–2 incompatibilities showed fewer rejection episodes or opaque grafts than the groups of 3 or 4 incompatibilities (x2 = 9.20, P< 0.005). Comparing only the frequency of opaque grafts among the two groups the correlation was less significant (x2 = 3.66, P˜0.05).
PRESENILE CORNEAL ARCUS IN HEALTHY PERSONS. A POSSIBLE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK INDICATOR IN YOUNGER ADULTS
Authors: VARNEK L. , SCHNOHR P. , JENSEN G.
Published: May 2009

The results of blood‐lipid screening of 200 39–49‐year‐old participants with incidentally diagnosed corneal arcus from the Copenhagen City Heart Study are reported.

A large sample of study‐participants of the same age‐group without arcus served as controls.

In general, the arcus‐group had higher se.‐cholesterol than the control‐group (P<0.01 in males and <0.02 in females). The se.‐triglycerides in the two groups did not differ.

A trend towards positive correlation between arcus‐intensity and cholesterollevel was demonstrated by non‐parametrical statistics. By use of the same statistics, an association between lipids and arcus‐localisation was searched out. Dense arcus in the nasal/lower limbal regions occurred together with hypercholesterolemia more often than did a marked upper/outer arcus.

Consequently, based on the present investigation, se.‐cholesterol‐screening of middle‐aged persons with marked lower/nasal arcus seems justified, since hypercholesterolemia might will be an underlying cause.

Finally, the importance of diagnosing and treating hypercholesterolemia is briefly discussed.
ERGOPHTHALMOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY
Authors: DREYER V. , JOHANSEN A. SAABY
Published: May 2009

162 employees, the majority women, in an electronic industry were examined in a joint study involving several ergonomic aspects. Some results concerning visual skills are here extracted from a more comprehensive report. No natural selection of fitted workers could be demonstrated. The visual function was found to be only one component of a multifactorial system, which determines the psychological and physical well‐being and productivity of industrial workers. The lack of a sufficient number of abnormal persons and comparable working conditions made it difficult to define limiting visual standards for job performance. Ordinary tests for visual acuity, near vision, heterophoria and stereopsis revealed few facts of importance. More intersting results were obtained when spectacles were evaluated as suitable for the job. 43% of the spectacles were considered insufficient. The use of bifocals did not seem to be related to the need of head movements, and 68% of all the spectacles had tinted glasses, in spite of the fact that the majority of persons wearing them considered the working illumination inadequate.

An analysis of the working posture and the visual capacity of the worker should precede the prescription of spectacles for industrial workers.
PRESENILE CATARACT
Authors: MARUSZCZAK DANUTA , JENSEN HANNE , GOLDSCHMIDT ERNST
Published: May 2009

A retrospective investigation was carried out of 100 patients below the age of 60 years operated for presenile cataract.

The material has been divided into three occupational groups, depending on the visual requirements.

The complaints prior to and after operation have been related to the patient ability to retain their employment. Of 78 patients who were still employed, only 45 were able to return to their former occupation after the first cataract extraction.

The final result was that 62 patients could continue their former work, 12 changed their occupation due to aphakia problems, while four had to retire. The vision in the fellow eye, the type of work and the optical appliances have been found to be of primary importance.

It is concluded that operation for unilateral cataract is inadvisable, if the vision of the fellow eye is good and contact lenses cannot be used, that the time between operations for bilateral cataract should be as short as possible, and that the use of contact lenses is essential.
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY IN MACULAR DISEASE USING A SMALL‐FIELD AND A LARGE‐FIELD TV‐SYSTEM
Authors: SJÖSTRAND JOHAN
Published: May 2009

The spatial contrast threshold for a sinusoidal grating of varying contrast and frequency generated with a small‐field or a large‐field TV‐display was examined in normal subjects and in patients with macular disorders.

Impairment of contrast sensitivity (reciprocal of contrast) was observed in the different maculopathies investigated. Attenuation of the high‐ and middlefrequency ranges was an early finding in macular disease, whereas changes including the low‐frequency range was observed in more advanced maculopathies. Comparison of results obtained using the small (1.4°) or large‐field (6°‐24°) TV‐system demonstrated a field‐dependence of the contrast sensitivity attenuation in localized macular disorders. In more wide‐spread lesions in the posterior pole, a contrast attenuation over the whole frequency range was found also with the largest (24°) stimulation field used.

The study of the contrast sensitivity function supplements the traditional acuity measurements in quantifying the visual loss for objects larger than the resolution limit. I conclude that contrast threshold measurements are not only useful for describing visual loss, but also for tracking progression or recovery. The findings provide some additional insight into the visual difficulties of daily life of patients with a macular disorder. However, the definite role of contrast sensitivity measurements for diagnosing different visual disorders is still lacking.
HUMAN TRAUMATIC CATARACT
Authors: FAGERHOLM P. P. , PHILIPSON B. T.
Published: May 2009

Six cases representing different stages of cataract formation secondary to eye trauma were subjected to quantitative microradiographic or electron microscopic examination. Anterior and posterior subcapsular cataracts were found to contain extensively swollen lens fibers in the subcapsular cortex. Microradiographic measurements revealed a reduced concentration of dry mass in the subcapsular cortex around the whole circumference of the lens. The inner cortex and the nucleus appeared normal both micro‐radiographically and electron‐microscopically.

Two of the examined cases had an opaque‐cataract membrane and one had a Soemmerring's ring. The opaque membranes consisted of irregular masse of degenerated lens fiber material as well as regenerated lens epithelial cells. A wide range of dry mass concentration was found in the opaque membrane that was studied microradiographically. Alterations in morphology and dry mass concentration are more than sufficient to explain the development of opacification in traumatic cataract.
AXIAL LENGTH OF THE EMMETROPIC EYE AND ITS RELATION TO THE HEAD SIZE
Authors: LARSEN JON S.
Published: May 2009

The results of the ultrasonographic measurements of the ocular components in 40 emmetropic eyes from men of nearly the same age are presented and the possible relation between the axial eye length and the head size is discussed. A significant correlation was found between the axial eye length and the head circumference (P < 0.001), between the axial eye length and the head length (P < 0.01) and between the axial eye length and the head breadth (P < 0.02). A significant correlation was also found between the axial eye length and the height of the subjects (P < 0.01).

It is suggested that such a correlation can explain not only the wide individual range of axial eye lengths in emmetropic eyes, but also the existing difference in axial eye length between the sexes.

The mean eye length was 23.82 mm in 40 men and 23.02 mm in 10 women; both sexes were of the same age (20–30 years).
PREVALENCE OF PINGUECULA IN GREENLAND AND IN COPENHAGEN, AND ITS RELATION TO PTERYGIUM AND SPHEROID DEGENERATION
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

The prevalence of pinguecula has been studied by slit lamp examination of 659 Eskimos in South Greenland and 810 Caucasians in Copenhagen.

The overall prevalence was found to be 56 per cent in Greenland against 41 per cent in Copenhagen (P < 0.001) and to rise with increasing age, though with a fall after the age of 60 among Greenland women.

Pingueculae (measured by their vertical height) are largest among Greenlanders, and larger in males than in females. They increase in size with increasing age.

They are generally located nasally in Greenlanders and temporally in Copenhageners.

The prevalence of pinguecula is almost 1 1/2 times higher among Greenlanders than among Copenhageners, while that of spheroid degeneration and that of pterygium are 3 times and slightly over 10 times higher respectively.

The incidence of pinguecula and spheroid degeneration are correlated per site and per subject in the two geographically different series.

Pterygium is not correlated with regard to site, this being always located nasally. Pterygium practically never harbours spheroid degeneration, neither in its body nor in its head (81 pterygia).

Pinguecula and pterygium are therefore to be regarded as two different disorders, while spheroid degeneration is related to pinguecula.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NORMAL CONJUNCTIVAL EPITHELIUM OF THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: LATKOVIC STEFAN , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G.
Published: May 2009

The present paper on the perilimbal zone of the guinea pig conjunctival epithelium describes the ultrastructural organization of the basal cell layer, including basal epithelial cells, melanocytes and small lymphocytes, as well as the intermediate cell layers consisting of polyhedral cells and processes from the melanocytes and the small lymphocytes. Particular attention is paid to those cell features that might be associated with phagocytosis, autophagy, and transport mechanisms.
A SIMPLE ROUTINE FOR OPTIC DISC PHOTOGRAPHY THROUGH A NATURAL PUPIL
Authors: BENGTSSON BO , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

A simple device is described which made it possible to obtain usable fundus pictures in ca. 95 per cent of 2000 eyes without dilatation of the pupil. The camera is set to the patient's refraction by means of a scale on the camera extension.
ABSORBABLE SUTURES (DEXON AND VICRYL) IN THE CORNEOLIMBAL INCISION
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , HøJBJERG JENS CARL , WESTERLUND ERIK
Published: May 2009

In 115 consecutive cataract extractions with implantation of arteficial lens a clinical evaluation of absorbable sutures ‐ polyglactin (910) (Vicryl® 7‐0) and polyglycolic acid (Dexon® 8‐0) — in corneolimbal incision has been performed. The corneolimbal wounds were closed by continuous suture technique with one double loop knot at the 12 o'clock and 5–6 loops on each side of the 12 o'clock knot. The suture had disappeared after 8 weeks in 95% of the eyes.

Two months after operation the visual acuity, the power of corneal astigmatism and astigmatic orientation remained unchanged in both the Vicryl® and the Dexon® sutured group. This provided effectuation of early full prescription of glasses.

Most complications in this material were suture independent and appeared during the early postoperative period. In only one eye indequate wound closure was noticed. Shallow anterior chamber and hypotonia of short duration occured in 5 eyes. Four of these patients developed corneal dystrophy. In the Vicryl® sutured group suture reactions took place in 87% of the eyes. With dexon® suture no such reaction appeared.

The use of absorbable sutures in corneolimbal incision technique implies several surgical advantages and is seemingly safe.
ENDOTHELIAL MORPHOLOGY RELATED TO DISEASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN CORNEAS
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS , SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

Twenty normal and four groups of pathological corneas with the diagnoses aphakia, macula after herpetic keratitis, Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and graft rejection were stained with trypane blue and alizarin red. The morphology of the endothelium was described in terms of cell density, coefficent of variation for cell area, percentage of hexagonal cells, percentage of joint meetings of more than three cells, nuclei per cell and nuclear shape.

The groups of aphakia, keratitis, Fuchs' dystrophy and graft rejection were considered to represent increasing degrees of endothelial disease activity at the time of evaluation. The only parameter showing consistent variation with disease activity was the percentage of joint meetings of more than three cells.
TRIFLUORTHYMIDINE IN THE TREATMENT OF HERPES SIMPLEX CORNEAL ULCERS
Authors: GILBERT PREBEN , WORK KRESTEN
Published: May 2009

The treatment of herpetic corneal ulcerations with trifluorthymidine (F3T) has been evaluated in a clinical trial. F3T was found to be an effective antiviral agent for herpetic keratitis and a valuable alternative to idoxuridine (IDU)‐therapy. Clinically IDU — resistent herpetic ulcers responded favourably to treatment with F3T.
CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE IN THE LACRIMAL GLAND, ORBIT, AND EYE LID
Authors: SEN DHAN KRISHNA
Published: May 2009

Six cases of adnexal cysticercosis, (1 in the lacrimal gland, 3 orbital, and 2 palpebral) have been reported. In the lacrimal gland it presented as a painless, translucent cyst which closely simulated a simple dacryops. In the orbit, two of the cases presented as an acute abscess in the upper and inner quadrant. However, one of them initially presented and existed as a case of simple ptosis for a period of 8 months. The third orbital case appeared as a painless cyst in the upper and outer quadrant. In the lid the larva presented as a subcutaneous nodule in one case and in the other it was lodged in the orbicularis oculi muscle. The cyst was surgically removed in all cases and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. Lodgement of cysticercus cyst in the lacrimal gland and in the orbicularis oculi muscle is reported for the first time.
ASTIGMATISM AND SURFACE PHENOMENA IN PTERYGIUM
Authors: HANSEN ANDERS , NORN MOGENS
Published: May 2009

Examination of 39 eyes with pterygium and 17 contralateral eyes revealed increased astigmatism with the rule (> 0.5 D in 46%, ≥ 4 D in 13%) without associated impairment of vision.

Intensified vital staining was seen to be provoked over the pterygium by tetrazolium and rose bengal, whereas this was not the case with fluorescein or alcian blue. There were no signs of desiccation (Break up time normal). Stocker's line in front of the pterygium was observed in 46%. In 13% this was continuous with Hudson Stähli's line.

A quantitative cytologic study disclosed keratinisation in 5%. Increased desquamation was seen in 10%.

The central thickness of the cornea was the same as in normal eyes.
TEAR FLOW AND SOFT CONTACT LENSES
Authors: SØRENSEN T. , TAAGEHØJ F. , CHRISTENSEN ULRICH
Published: May 2009

Tear flow was determined in 14 persons before and after one month of adaptation to a soft contact lens, (Soflens®, Bausch & Lomb), by means of a radioactive tracer (technetium, Tc99m, as pertechnetate), a gamma camera and a computer system. The elimination of the radioisotope from the conjunctival sac was diphasic with a significant increase of the fractional turnover rate after the adaptation period in the initial phase with a rapid elimination, but no change in the basal phase with a slower elimination. The fractional turnover rate was also determined with the soft contact lens placed on the cornea after having been pre‐soaked in the technetium solution resulting in a value of 0.021 ± 0.003 min−1 (mean ± sem, n = 12). The fractional turnover rate resulting from instillation of the radioisotope on the non‐pre‐soaked soft contact lens placed in the eye was found to 0.020 ± 0.004 min−1 (mean ± sem, n = 6). In the studies with the soft contact lens in the eye the elimination curves was monophasic and not diphasic as in normal tear flow studies.
THE OPTICS OF STATIC PHOTOGRAPHIC SKIASCOPY
Authors: HOWLAND HOWARD C.
Published: May 2009

The appearance of reflexes in static, photographic skiascopy is a function of myopic or hyperopic focus of the subject relative to the camera, camera to subject distance, subject pupil size, distance of flash relative to optic axis and camera aperture stop. This paper specifies this function.
ENUCLEATION IN CHILDREN
Authors: AXELSEN INGRID , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

In adults enucleation is usually considered a rather simple operation. By contrast the removal of an eye of a child is often a difficult task. We describe an effective technique which makes this surgical intervention a safe and trouble‐free procedure.
CHANGES IN THE CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM AFTER ACUTE ANTERIOR UVEITIS AS SEEN WITH THE SPECULAR MICROSCOPE
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

In order to investigate whether inflammation of the anterior uveal tract is accompanied by a loss of endothelial cells, 13 patients with previous unilateral attacks of anterior uveitis were photographed with the non‐contact specular microscope. All patients had shown an increased thickness or frank oedema of the cornea during the acute phase of the inflammation. As compared to the healthy eye, only two patients (15%) showed endothelial cell densities on the affected side which were lower than was to be expected from the normal difference between counts from left and right eye in a control population of 36 subjects. The two patients with detectable cell loss also showed defects in the specular reflex, the significance of which is discussed.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY (HLA) ANTIGENS IN CAPSULAR GLAUCOMA AND SIMPLEX GLAUCOMA
Authors: OLIVIUS ESKIL , POLLAND WERNER
Published: May 2009

HLA‐antigen typing of 39 patients with capsular glaucoma and 40 with simplex glaucoma showed a significantly higher frequency of Bw35 in the capsular glaucoma group compared to a control group of 985 blood donors. In the simplex glaucoma group Bw35 was less frequent and the difference was not significant.
A MEDICATION MONITOR AND FLUORESCEIN TECHNIQUE DESIGNED TO STUDY MEDICATION BEHAVIOUR
Authors: NORELL S. E. , GRANSTRÖM P.‐A. , WASSEN R.
Published: May 2009

Methods were developed to study medication behaviour, in order to obtain accurate and detailed information on the patterns of drug‐taking in medication with eye drops. A medication monitor was designed, which recorded the date and hour each time the medication bottle was opened. A fluorescein technique was designed to study the ability of patients to administer the eye drops into the conjunctival sac. Some problems in the measurement of medication behaviour are discussed. In a group of patients with open‐angle glaucoma, for whom pilocarpine eye drops three times daily had been prescribed, 18% of dose intervals had a duration of 12 h or more and 11% had a duration of 4 h or less. Fluorescein tests indicated that the patients were usually able to administer the eye drops correctly.
APPLICATION OF TWIN FLASH STIMULI FOR SOME MACULAR DISEASES ISOLATION OF LOCAL RESPONSES BY TWIN FLASHES
Authors: MITSUYU MARIKO , HONDA YOSHIHITO , NEGI AKIRA
Published: May 2009

Double flash ERG was examined for patients with visual loss from macular and optic nerve disorders, and the responses were compared. K values (= (B1‐B2))/B1 × 100) of the former were larger than normal values when the stimulus intervals were between 200 and 500 mseconds, and abnormality of K values seemed to correspond to the functional impairment of macula. On the other hand, K values of the patients with optic nerve diseases remained in the normal range. These facts indicate that double flash ERG is a very useful method to estimate the cone function clinically, and can be employed as a routine examination for patients with suspected cone dysfunction.
SPHEROID DEGENERATION OF CONJUNCTIVA AND CORNEA
Authors: NORN MOGENS
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐six subjects with spheroid degeneration were followed up after two years. The number of colourless conjunctival droplets was seen to have increased by on an average 46% (2α = 0.05) and that of autofluorescent conjunctival droplets by 223% (2α < 0.01).

Counting within the individual sites disclosed that some droplets will disappear (not less than 30 and 21% respectively), while recently formed will constitute at least 76 and 243%.

The number of areas with band‐shaped keratopathy was found to rise from 3 to 26 (P < 0.001) out of 104 possibilities, (nasally and temporally of right and left eye).

Vital staining (fluorescein, rose bengal, tetrazolium, alcian blue) showed the epithelium above the droplets to be intact, and the droplet‐containing eyes were found not to be abnormally dry (break up time, tear production).
GALACTOSAEMIA WITH CATARACT AND PERSISTENT HYALOID ARTERY
Authors: VANGSTED P.
Published: May 2009

A boy with galactosaemia and bilateral cataract developed large intraocular haemorrhages in the left eye which was enucleated.

Histologically a persistent hyaloid artery was demonstrated. This combination with galactosaemia seems not to have been described in the literature before. The haemorrhages are most likely secondary to the persistant hyaloid artery system. In addition, some foci of extramedullary haemopoiesis were demonstrated in the retina.
INDOCYANINE GREEN FLUORESCENCE ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: HYVÄRINEN LEA , FLOWER ROBERT W.
Published: May 2009

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography has been further refined for use in both laboratory and clinical investigations. In the present modification of the Zeiss fundus camera all lenses except the aspherical objective lens have been specially antireflection coated to increase light transmission in the spectral region around 800 nm. A 300 watt indium iodide lamp continuous light source has replaced the conventional xenon flash lamp. This light source produces a retinal irradiance of 265 mw, and therefore restricts retinal exposure time to 11.9 seconds, but that time is more than adequate to record passage of dye through the choroid. Spatial resolution of the fundus on the film has been increased from 11.7 microns to 7.4 microns.

With these technical refinements the choroidal circulation can be studied at 20 frames per second, which is adequate to document the very rapid movement of blood through the vasculature. ICG angiography may change our interpretations of choroidal circulatory phenomena which are now based on fluorescein angiography, and it clearly is an effective tool in laboratory (experimental) investigations.
COMPUTER DENSITOMETRY OF RETINAL NERVE FIBRE ATROPHY
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM MATS , EKLUNDH JAN‐OLOF
Published: May 2009

Lack of nerve fibre layer opacity and a granular appearance of the retina are important funduscopic signs in optic atrophy. In this pilot study serially obtained fundus photographs from a case with developing optic atrophy were subjected to computer densitometry. A monotonic increase in local density variations was found during evolution of optic atrophy. The change in density variations closely followed the funduscopic change in nerve fibre layer opacity. This method makes it possible to detect and quantify diffuse atrophy of the retinal nerve fibre layer.
A DEFECT IN THE BLOOD‐RETINA BARRIER IN THE OPTIC NERVE HEAD REGION IN THE RABBIT AND THE MONKEY
Authors: FLAGE TOR
Published: May 2009

The permeability properties of the tissues in the optic nerve head region have been investigated in monkey and rabbit using horseradish peroxidase as an histochemical tracer. Following intravenous administration, the tracer diffused from the peripapillary choroid into the different parts of the optic nerve head region, and also into the receptor layer of the sensory retina adjacent to Kuhnt intermediary tissue. This observation demonstrates a defect in the blood‐retina barrier in this region. The defect in the permeability barrier is most likely located either to the retinal pigment epithelium near the optic nerve head, to the Kuhnt intermediary tissue, or to the junction between these tissues.
THE VALUE OF THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIAL IN SELECTING JUVENILE DIABETICS AT RISK OF DEVELOPING PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY
Authors: SIMONSEN SVEND ERIK
Published: May 2009

A prospective long‐term study of the predictive value of the oscillatory potential in the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy has been made in 137 diabetics. Follow‐ups 6–8 and 13–15 years later demonstrated that recording the oscillatory potential in juvenile diabetics with a disease duration of more than 5 years is valuable in selecting those at risk of developing proliferative retinopathy within 6 years at any rate. The predictive value of the oscillatory potential is probably more limited in women who later become pregnant.
HLA ANTIGENS IN CASES OF GIANT CELL ARTERITIS
Authors: KEMP A. , MARNER K. , NISSEN S. H. , HEYN J. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F.
Published: May 2009

HLA tissue‐type antigen determination for A‐, B‐ and C‐antigens in 88 patients suffering from giant cell arteritis of the temporal artery showed no significant deviations as compared to a control material of 3164 blood donors. A weak indication of association with antigen HLA‐B8 appeared to be of interest due to a corresponding indication in a previous investigation. The patients were a mixed hospital material, consisting of cases of clinical temporal arteritis and patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. There was an overrepresentation of women (77%). Familial occurrence was demonstrated sporadically (3 pairs of siblings).
A CHANGE IN INDICATIONS FOR CATARACT SURGERY? A 10 YEAR COMPARATIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER
Published: May 2009

A change in the indications for cataract surgery might be one of the many reasons for the steady increasing number of cataract extractions. A comparison between the indications for surgery in a group of cataract patients from 1970 and a similar group from 1980 was done. In bilateral cataracts, evaluated on basis of visual acuity in both eyes, no widening of the indications for cataract surgery could be found. In monaphakics, going to be operated on the second eye, visual acuity in both eyes revealed no change, but we do operate more second eye cataracts now, 41% against 25% in 1970, which means that monaphakia is in itself considered a stronger indication for surgery in the second eye than it was 10 years ago. Acknowledgment of the difficulties of being monaphakic, refinements of extraction techniques and increased requirements for better vision among the elderly population might explain this altered attitude towards monaphakia.
LACK OF LACRIMAL GLAND IMPROVEMENT BY NA‐872 IN SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME
Authors: MANTHORPE R. , FROST‐LARSEN K. , ISAGER H. , PRAUSE J. U.
Published: May 2009

NA‐872 is a bromhexine metabolite. Thirty‐two patients with Sjögren's syndrome were treated with 15 mg × 3 daily for 3 weeks, without effect, compared to placebo, judged by Schirmer I‐test, break up time, Bijsterveld score, cornea sensitivity and bisquit eating time.
ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TOXOPLASMIC CHORIORETINITIS
Authors: SAARI K. M. , TURUNEN H. , LEINIKKI P. O. , KRAUSE U. , POHJANPELTO P.J. , PARVIAINEN M. , AINE E.
Published: May 2009

To make a definite serological diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis we determined the ratio of toxoplasma IgG antibody levels in the aqueous humour and serum by using a new four‐layer modification of ELISA, and the ratio of total IgG in serum and aqueous by using single redial immunodiffusion plates. We used the product of these ratios as a coefficient (C) to characterize the antibody activity in aqueous as compared with that of serum. The C value was close to 1 (below 3.5) in seropositive normal cataract patients. In patients with recurrent active focal chorioretinitis the C value was elevated indicating intraocular antibody production; in other forms of posterior uveitis the C value was normal. Parallel determination of mumps virus IgG antibody levels in aqueous and serum confirmed without IgG determination the intraocular toxoplasma antibody production. This test is valuable if the aetiology of the fundal lesion is in doubt.
ABNORMAL EPITHELIAL FRAGILIGY IN DIABETES AND IN CONTACT LENS WEAR
Authors: O'LEARY D.J. , MILLODOT M.
Published: May 2009

The fragility of the corneal epithelium of diabetic subjects and of contact lens wearers was compared with the fragility of normals. Diabetics had a damage threshold of 14.9 mg. In hard lens wear the threshold was 20.33 mg, whilst in soft lens wear it was 15.3 mg. These values compare with the control value of 28.3 mg are significantly depressed (P< 0.05). There is some evidence to suggest that the abnormal fragility of the epithelium in all groups is due to hypoxia of the epithelium. The sensitivity of the cornea of diabetics is also depressed. Touch thresholds, measured at the periphery, are elevated by about 85% over the comparable control group. This is considerably greater than the threshold elevation for touch reported elsewhere to occur in diabetes, and so the abnormal corneal sensitivity may be partly caused by a local epithelial abnormality.
SLOW‐RELEASE ARTIFICIAL TEARS (SRAT) IN DRY EYE DISEASE
Authors: HØVDING GUNNAR , AASVED HENRY
Published: May 2009

Twelve patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca were treated with soluble inserts of a dehydrated cellulose polymer placed in the inferior conjunctival fornix. Compared with their previous use of liquid tear substitutes burning, photophobia and foreign body sensation were reduced in 7 patients. An increased tear film break up time (BUT) (P < 0.002) and a decreased rose bengal staining of cornea and conjunctiva (P <0.002) were recorded. The mean visual acuity did not change. Simultaneous use of 0.9% NaCl eye drops was necessary for comfort. The main disadvantage of the inserts was their tendency to dislocate.

The hydroxy propyl cellulose inserts were supplied in an individual foil pack (Merck Sharp & Dohme‐Chibret Laboratories).
LOW‐LUMINANCE MYOPIA AS MEASURED WITH A LASER OPTOMETER
Authors: EPSTEIN DANIEL , INGELSTAM ERIK , JANSSON KJELL , TENGROTH BJÖRN
Published: May 2009

Using a new version of the laser optometer, enabling testing at photopic, mesopic and scotopic luminance levels, studies were performed which confirmed earlier reports of large inter‐subject variability in the magnitude of twilight and night myopia. Indications that a sizeable section of the population manifests such low‐luminance myopia were also substantiated. Tests in a twilight model landscape showed no simple formula for calculating spectacle correction from laser optometer values. The optometer was able to filter out those not likely to need mesopic correction and to help select those who may need special optical correction at that luminance.
SCLERITIS ASSOCIATED WITH CENTRAL CHOROIDAL HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: AHRENDT NIELS
Published: May 2009

A case of scleritis associated with a central choroidal haemorrhage is reported. Diagnosis was based on clinical appearance, ultrasound findings and flourescein angiography. No associated collagen disease was found. The patient was succesfully treated with corticosteroid. To the best of the author's knowledge, no similar case has been reported.
VARIATION IN CENTRAL AND VERTICAL CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: AZEN S. P. , SMITH R. E. , BURG K. A. , REINIG J.
Published: May 2009

Twenty normal subjects, aged 20 to 50, who had never worn contact lenses underwent determinations of central, inferior and superior corneal endothelial cell density using the Heyer‐Schulte specular microscope. Analysis of variance revealed that superior cell density was significantly larger than central cell density, and that central cell density was significantly larger than inferior cell density (P < 0.00001). In addition, 4 of these subjects had measurements taken on 4 separate sessions. Analysis of variance revealed that central and vertical cell density determinations were reproducible across measurement sessions. The finding of a vertical gradient in cell density was in contrast to 2 published reports which found no vertical differences in the normal cornea. Consequently, those data were re‐analyzed using correct statistical procedures and similar vertical differences were obtained for one series of patients. The finding of a vertical gradient in endothelial cell density challenges the appropriateness of relying upon measurement of the central corneal field as an indicator of the pre‐operative endothelial cell density.