bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dark Side of Nonlinearity
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss that nonlinear systems do not respond respond in proportion to the solicitations they receive. Sometimes very small solicitation give rise to disproportionately large response (Butterfly effect), sometimes the opposite is true (Elephant effects). Why both effects hamper our ability to predict the future.
Free Energy
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

In which we describe the crucial role of Free Energy as the actual currency of the natural world. The competition/cooperation between Energy and Entropy through which Nature selects the structures featuring the least free energy cost, while still delivering useful functions, such as keeping our body going against thermal death.
Time, Complexity and the Human Condition
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss the profund connections between Time and Complexity, particularly the idea that time is an emergent property which can only be perceived by organisms beyond a minimum threshold of complexity. Humans belong, which brings hope but also anxiety for a future we cannot tell ahead. Most importantly, it brings awareness of our own mortality, and the way we react to this burden, largely defines who we are.
Implicit Learning and Language Acquisition
Authors: Rebuschat Patrick
Published: August 2022

Over the past decades, studies from different research areas have examined the acquisition of simple and complex linguistic features via distributional learning, under incidental exposure conditions and across a range of populations, from infants and children to younger and older adults. This research is fundamental, as it directly addresses questions about the potential contributions of implicit and statistical learning in language acquisition across the lifespan. It is often striking how much overlap there is in terms of research questions and priorities. Yet there is little interaction across strands. If researchers are to arrive at integrated theories of implicit and explicit learning of languages, they cannot afford to focus so heavily on their respective strands that they end up accidentally disregarding important data provided by other communities.
Implicit Learning in Healthy Aging
Authors: Howard Darlene V. , Howard Jr James H.
Published: August 2022

The past fifty years have yielded substantial advances in understanding the aging mind and brain. This chapter focuses on three themes that have emerged. (1) Some cognitive abilities decline with adult age, but others do not. (2) Brain regions differ in the extent of age-related decline, and old brains often perform functions differently from younger ones, reflecting lifelong neural plasticity. (3) It is possible to modify some age-related declines. Much of this research has focused on explicit learning and memory. This chapter considers whether these themes apply to the aging of implicit, statistical sequence learning. It presents evidence, some limited, that all three themes apply. Future progress requires that measures of implicit learning be included in large-scale longitudinal correlational and intervention studies. Research on the aging of implicit learning and memory needs to be more integrated with the burgeoning research on promoting successful aging.
The Unexplicated and Its Consequences
Authors: Collins Harry
Published: August 2022

The unconscious is not usually thought of as a topic for sociology, but the “unexplicated” is and there is an overlap between the two. The unexplicated is about what can and can’t be explicated rather than what is currently being executed without conscious attention. Gear changing in a car can be done both ways, so it is explicable knowledge and can be automated whereas there are other kinds of knowledge that are in-principle inexplicable. The chapter divides tacit knowledge into three kinds depending on these kinds of distinction. The sociology of knowledge argues that the reasons people accept most of what they know has never been explicated. This applies to scientific knowledge, too. Interactional expertise is the understanding of practical matters through immersion in the spoken discourse of experts but without practicing; the fractal model of society is based on socialization of citizens into many groups embedded into each other.
Sacred Fields
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines how, in places where migrants physically worked the land yet never owned it, they found opportunities to build their own churches. It argues that Mexican migrants wielded a creative genius in their pragmatism of starting churches in tents (that they called carpas) then transitioned to build brick-and-mortar temples. Temples offered migrants a sense of permanency in a context of agricultural labor that was designed to deny them any sense of belonging and to keep them uprooted. The chapter also considers how in the era of xenophobia toward Mexicans, Apostólicos built temples and developed a socially transgressive and politically resistant ethnic aesthetic. The clearest example is their appropriation of Mission Revival architecture. They reconfigured these places as spaces where they dared to imagine a new social configuration of relations.
Sacred Nostalgia
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows how three overarching themes (sounds, sights, and sites) emanate from the interviews conducted and sources consulted by the author. It further details how sounds, sights, and sites were all sacred material processes that, respectively, correspond to three phenomena in this chapter: (1) the sounds of los aleluyas, (2) the sights of las hermanas, and (3) the sites of the church familia and micro-colonias. The first of these shows the relationship between noisy worship and conversion. The second describes the world of modesty/holiness dress standards as expectations that fell most heavily on women and the nostalgic elements of those dress codes. The last argues that the “church familia” and smaller communities labeled here as “micro-colonias” offered migrant workers and families a semblance of permanency for life on the agricultural circuit.
Winning Words and Strategic Stories
Authors: Hattaway Doug , Zimmermann Eric
Published: August 2022

This chapter emphasizes the importance of the words that are used in communication and how audiences of strategic public health messaging perceive language. The chapter examines the role of “winning” words and the role of storytelling as two principal aspects of successful public health messaging. Strategic storytelling is another important component of relaying public health messaging. This includes describing public health professionals and public health initiatives in terms that will resonate with the audience. The language used and the stories told are just as important as the data public health professionals mine and the studies they publish. A core aim of effective public health storytelling is to align the messaging of public health initiatives with the personal visions of health that each person has for their own life. Making the connection between personal and public health is key.
1951
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Hammerstein discusses the idea of a World Government with Rex Stout. Hammerstein gets detailed input from Josh Logan and Robert Dolan on The King and I, which opens out-of-town and then on Broadway, with raves from all quarters. Basil Rathbone asks to have Rodgers and Hammerstein write a show in which he could star. The MGM film version of Show Boat opens. Rodgers and Hammerstein consider writing a musical based on George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion. South Pacific opens in London with Mary Martin. Denis P. S. Conan Doyle suggest that Rodgers and Hammerstein write a musical based on the Sherlock Holmes story “A Scandal in Bohemia.” Details on Sigmund Romberg’s death are reported to Oscar.
1952
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Hammerstein responds to fallout from the “Roger Rico scandal”—after firing Rico from playing Emile in South Pacific. Reports on South Pacific in London. Potential musicals to star Mary Martin are proposed and considered. Hammerstein will not agree to changes to the script of South Pacific in order for it to be shown in South Africa. Rodgers and Hammerstein begin work on Me and Juliet. There is much discussion related to Gertrude Lawrence’s ill health and sudden death. John Steinbeck proposes that Rodgers and Hammerstein write a musical based on the life of Abraham Lincoln. Josh Logan desperately wants Rodgers and Hammerstein to write the score for Fanny.
1953
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Rodgers and Hammerstein are approached for their permission to introduce a resolution making “Oklahoma” the official state song of the “OK” state. Work continues on Me and Juliet, which opens to disappointing responses. Hammerstein is co-chairman with Lena Horne of a group producing an extravagant show on behalf of the NAACP. Hammerstein gives detailed advice to the stage manager for The King and I, supervising cast changes and making sure the quality of the production is maintained. Hammerstein drafts a letter soliciting opinions on segregated housing and other race-related issues. Hammerstein provides detailed advice to Stephen Sondheim after reading Sondheim’s script for an original musical, Climb High. Rodgers and Hammerstein are not interested in writing a musical adaptation of Gone With the Wind. Rodgers and Hammerstein begin work on what will become the musical Pipe Dream.
1957
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Hammerstein corresponds with P. G. Wodehouse and Guy Bolton on a script they’ve written, apparently to take advantage of the nostalgia engendered by The Boy Friend. Oscar represents the Dramatists Guild in a disagreement with Actor’s Equity on their rules regarding casting foreign actors in American productions. Several letters relate to the upcoming film of South Pacific, including reports from Oscar to director, Josh Logan, on casting, crew, and the script, and enthusiastic letters from Logan on his plans to use color filters during the songs to generate moods. Oscar argues passionately in defense of ASCAP regarding the controversy with BMI regarding song writers’ rights and radio play. Rodgers and Hammerstein decide that their next musical will be an adaptation of C. Y. Lee’s novel, Flower Drum Song. Oscar expresses his opinion of country music to record producer Goddard Lieberson.
Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

At the end of the twentieth century, many believed the story of European political development had come to an end. Modern democracy began in Europe, but for hundreds of years, dictatorship rather than democracy had been the norm. Now, though, the entire continent was in the democratic camp for the first time. But by the beginning of the twenty-first century the story had already begun to unravel. Some of the continent's newer democracies were backsliding toward dictatorship, while citizens in many of its older democracies began questioning democracy's functioning and even legitimacy. Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe traces the long history of democracy in its cradle, Europe. It takes readers through more than two centuries of turmoil, revolutions, fascism, civil wars, communism and-finally-the rebuilding of democracy in Western Europe after 1945 and the emergence of democracy in Eastern Europe after 1989. Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe explains why democracy proved so difficult to achieve in Europe and draws lessons from Europe's past that can help us understand the conditions necessary for democracy to flourish.
Italian Unification
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

It also analyzes how this new state influenced subsequent Italian political development, particularly its impact on nation-building and by shaping the way the struggle for democratization played out during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
German Unification
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 8 examines the unification of Germany. It analyzes the state produced by the unification processes, focusing on the tensions created by the mixture of democratic and authoritarian elements embedded in it. It analyzes how this new state influenced subsequent German political development, particularly its impact on nation-building and nationalism and by shaping the way the struggle for democratization played out during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also investigates the tensions that built up within German society as a result of economic modernization during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the growth of nationalism and anti-Semitism, and the way in which domestic struggles contributed to the deadly slide into the First World War.
The Struggle for Democracy in Interwar France
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 9 examines the struggle for democracy in interwar France. It considers the main challenges confronting the Third Republic after the First World War and investigates why French democracy was able to survive until 1940, but in a weakened and troubled state.
Political Development in Spain
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 13 examines Spanish political development. It begins with a consideration of state- and nation-building during the early modern period and examines how these influenced Spain's subsequent political development. The chapter focuses on the instability and violence plaguing Spain during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and asks why traditional conservative forces were able to retain immense power in Spain, while their influence was waning in much of the rest of Europe. The chapter also analyzes why Spain's interwar democratic experiment failed and why this failure led to civil war and a relatively traditional conservative dictatorship rather than fascism.
Lessons from Europe
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 18 summarizes the book's findings and discusses the implications of the European experience for contemporary debates about democratization and consolidation. In particular, it lays out several crucial lessons European history provides about the development of democracy and dictatorship, focusing on the interaction among state-, nation- and democracy-building, and reiterates the contributions a historical perspective on political development can provide to those struggling to understand the challenges facing democracy in Europe and many other parts of the world today.
Military Philosophe and Courtier, 1794–1797
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter talks about the appointment of Mikhail Kutuzov as the director general of the Land Noble Cadet Corps on September 26, 1794. The Land Noble Cadet Corps was one of the premier institutions of military education in Russia. Its leadership was usually entrusted to an imperial grandee, such as Count Burkhard Christoph von Münnich and Prince Ludwig Wilhelm of Hesse-Homburg. The school grounds, located on Vasilievskii Island, had produced a generation of Russian commanders, including Peter Rumyantsev, Alexander Prozorovskii, Mikhail Kamenskii, Peter Melissino, and Mikhail Kakhovskii. The chapter refers to the period of Military Enlightenment, which embraced rationalism and professionalism, promoting greater proficiency in military matters, especially in military education. The Cadet Corps played a vital role in the institutionalization of the Military Enlightenment in Russia as well as the continued westernization of the Russian military.
The Tale of Two Ruses
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on the city of Vienna, which lay unprotected before the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, the incarnation of the French Revolution, in November 1805. Napoleon was furious about the setback at Krems-Durrenstein, for which he held Joachim Murat responsible. The chapter discusses how the French marshal was supposed to be nipping at Mikhail Kutuzov’s heels, especially given that he had received reports that Kutuzov intended to retreat across the Danube at Krems. The chapter explores Napoleon’s grand design of enveloping and destroying the enemy in another battle of annihilation. This plan was in jeopardy, and Murat should have pursued and prevented Kutuzov from crossing the Danube just long enough for Édouard Mortier to secure the crossing site at Krems. Upon learning of the French approach, Fürst Karl Joseph Franz von Auersperg chose to abandon the suburbs of Vienna and took up positions guarding the Tabor Bridge.
“The Old Fox of the North”
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks at Mikhail Kutuzov’s choices about what to do as Moscow was receding behind him. Kutuzov could either lead the army east to Vladimir, to draw upon the resources of the western provinces and to protect the routes leading to the imperial capital, or he could take a more southerly path, to Kaluga, which would allow the Russians to protect the resource-rich provinces and threaten the enemy lines of communication. It explains that the choice to go to Kaluga offered greater strategic and operational advantages, but it was also more dangerous, as it might expose the Russian army to a devastating flanking attack. The chapter describes Kutuzov’s order for the army to march southeast along the Vladimir-Ryazan road. This route allowed Kutuzov to turn left and proceed to Vladimir should Napoleon Bonaparte choose to pursue him or should the Grande Armée show no sign of heading to the Tula and Old Kaluga roads.
Introduction
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the concepts, features, appearance, and prevalence of execution ballads. It explains why a multilingual and longue durée analysis is so important to a phenomenon that endured throughout the nineteenth century and even into the twentieth century. The role of performativity, images, and authorship in balladry is explored, along with their significance for an understanding of execution ballads. The chapter offers an overview of ballad scholarship, conservation, and digitisation in the various countries and languages under study, and explains the profession of street singers. It provides an explanation of the various methods of public execution, and closes with a chapter outline of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

The Conclusion summarises the various chapters, showing that the formulaic structure and content of execution ballads remained stable across four centuries. Ballads continued in most countries to employ contrafactum, and even in the nineteenth century were still making references to supernatural or diabolical causes. While many of the crimes that feature in early modern execution ballads, such as witchcraft and heresy, are no longer prosecuted, murder ballads continue to fascinate the public. The chapter argues that once public executions ceased to exist, execution ballads evolved into transportation ballads, as a new form of punishment was invented. Thus, song remained central to the idea of punishment itself.
The Caribbean Environment to 1850
Authors: Morgan Philip D.
Published: August 2022

This chapter offers a general account of the early Caribbean environment, covering all the elements—earth, fire, water, and wind. It ranges across many centuries, pays attention to animals as well as to humans, and most of all brings seascapes and landscapes into the same frame. It considers a series of dichotomies: the Caribbean region’s natural bounty and its vulnerability, its efflorescence and degradation, its promise and peril, its richness and impoverishment. It assesses the environmental impact of Taínos and Caribs, Europeans and Africans. It attempts to synthesize a robust and rapidly expanding scientific literature on such topics as climate change, coral reefs, overfishing, and deforestation with an increasing attention to environmental issues by anthropologists, geographers, cartographers, and literary scholars. It also introduces and probes briefly the topics of the next two chapters, disease and disaster. It concludes by invoking the concept of creolization, the process of mixing, jostling, and blending of peoples, plants, pathogens, and products that produced the distinctively international character of the Caribbean, one of the most varied mosaics and ecologies found anywhere.
Introduction
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V.
Published: August 2022

The Introduction introduces the main organizations within the labor movement and the agrarian movement, how and why certain organizations and parts of movements began to align, how they fared in relation to other people’s movements after the Mexican Revolution, including the Cristeros, rural Catholics who rebelled against the state. It presents the book’s main arguments, in relation to the existing scholarship, on how and why these parts of movements struggled, and the most important consequences for them and later developments in the labor movement and the agrarian movement. It provides overviews of the Mexican Revolution, and the labor and agrarian movements during and after the Revolution.
Global Revolutionary Strategy and National Revolutionary Crisis
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V.
Published: August 2022

Chapter Four traces the complex ways that the independent parts of these movements in Mexico took advantage of these global strategic changes and national state crises to strengthen themselves. Their increasingly strategic responses to unfolding state crises significantly determined how and why they originated a series organizations that revealed the extent of their strength and alliances in the early years after the Mexican Revolution.
Revolutionary Antagonism and Movement Decay
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V.
Published: August 2022

Chapter Five analyzes how a unique series of organizations from the labor and agrarian movements, best represented by the Communist-led Bloque Obrero y Campesino Nacional (National Worker and Peasant Bloc, BOCN) and the Confederación Sindical Unitaria de México (Unitary Union Confederation of Mexico, CSUM), sought to engage in revolutionary struggle against the state, which had calamitous consequences for them.
Conclusion
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V.
Published: August 2022

The Conclusion reflects on the immediate and long-term consequences of struggles by popular movements after the Revolution, including the rise of mass labor and agrarian confederations and the state subordination of them through its allied party’s incorporation of them as national party sectors, later a defining feature of the postwar Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI).
The Politics of Extraction
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah
Published: August 2022

In the face of new extraction, communities in Latin America’s hydrocarbon and mining regions use participatory institutions to challenge extraction. In some cases, communities act within the formal participatory spaces, while in others, they organize “around” or “in reaction to” the institutions, using participatory procedures as a focal point for the escalation of conflict. Communities select their strategies in response to the participatory challenges they confront. Those challenges are associated with contestation over the boundaries that determine access to the participatory institutions. Contestation over the line between subnational authority vis-à-vis central-state jurisdictions heightens communities’ challenge of initiating a participatory process. Disagreement over the territorial delineation of communities impacted by planned extraction creates the challenge of gaining inclusion in participatory events, for formally nonimpacted communities. Finally, disputes over the boundary that sets representatives of an affected community apart from the community at large intensify the community’s challenge of conveying a position on extraction. This analysis of thirty major extractive conflicts in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru in the 2000s and 2010s examines community uses of public hearings built into environmental licensing, state-led prior consultations with native communities, and local popular consultations, or referenda.
The Event Initiation Challenge and Contested Policy Jurisdictions
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah
Published: August 2022

Communities confronted the event initiation challenge, or the challenge of prompting a participatory process, if a participatory institution was activated only by formal request, as was the case in Colombia for the popular consultation and the public hearing on environmental impact studies (EIA hearing). Faced with the event initiation challenge, mobilized communities’ only option at the participatory stage was to request the participatory process and then engage in it. That is, communities used the participatory institutions as designed by criticizing planned development within formally provided spaces. The event initiation challenge was intensified by contestation over the line that separated municipal from central-state policy jurisdictions; it was especially difficult for communities to secure a participatory event if the municipality’s authority to host it was in question.
The Inclusion Challenge and Contested Geographic Boundaries
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah
Published: August 2022

The Peruvian EIA hearing, and prior consultation in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru, mandated a participatory stage for communities impacted by extraction. Often there was debate about whether a given community was impacted and therefore eligible to participate. Communities defined as not impacted—that is, “outsider” communities—confronted the inclusion challenge, or the obstacle of gaining access to participatory processes. They organized around participatory institutions to demand inclusion, by questioning either the lines that demarcated areas impacted by development, or state-recognized indigenous territorial boundaries.
The Social Function of News and (Mis)Information Use
Authors: Toff Benjamin
Published: August 2022

This chapter opens by warning that too much research on misinformation is being produced in disciplinary silos. Synthesizing scholarship from the fields of political psychology, journalism studies, and communications, the chapter proposes a new framework for thinking about research on misinformation that integrates the study of information exposure, information processing, and information effects. At the same time, the chapter argues that focusing only on these factors obscures a crucial dynamic at the heart of the misinformation problem—the role and function of news in society is largely social, not informational. Understanding how relational forces influence the spread of misinformation in society will allow us to understand better how misinformation becomes widespread and how it might be curbed.
Political Subgroups, Knowledge, and Information
Authors: Haider-Markel Donald , Vegter Abigail , Gauding Patrick
Published: August 2022

This chapter continues making the case for the importance of social group differences as determinants of misinformation—specifically as applied to differences in political knowledge between gun owners and non-gun owners. Making use of survey data from an original poll of U.S. adults, the authors demonstrate that, overall, gun owners display a high degree of accuracy when answering questions about gun ownership, but that they routinely overestimate the number of gun owners in the United States. This said, associated experimental data suggest that correcting people’s estimates of gun ownership rates does little to influence attitudes toward gun regulation. This study highlights the need for more research on knowledge and misinformation among subgroups in American society other than Democratic and Republican partisans.
Value Projection and the Marketplace of Realities
Authors: Barker David C. , Marietta Morgan
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that dueling fact perceptions—competing assessments of reality—stem at least as much from differences in political values as from differences in knee-jerk partisanship, simple tribal identities, or top-down propagandizing by media elites. The value projection model accounts for a broad range of DFPs across several policy domains, including disputes that cross-cut partisan commitments. Accompanying these findings is an important and somewhat disheartening conclusion that dueling fact perceptions are not likely to become shared anytime soon because none of the commonly proposed “correctives,” including fact-checking and education, stand much chance of working.
Can Facts Change Minds? The Case of Free Trade
Authors: Porter Ethan , Wood Thomas J.
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the understudied case of free trade. Like many economic topics, free trade is an issue about which the public knows little. Unlike with other economic topics, however, the views of political elites on trade have shifted in recent years. It is within this context that the authors examine the impact of fact-checks that counter anti-free trade misperceptions. The authors find not only that this information changed people’s factual beliefs about free trade, but that it also led respondents to become more supportive of free trade. This study is especially important because few researchers have shown such direct attitudinal change in response to factual information.
Introduction
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz
Published: August 2022

Historically, the critical question for Muslim religious thought has been to establish a logical epistemological relation between the two fields of law and ethics to demonstrate a cognitively undeniable correlation between reason and revelation in derivation of authoritative orthopraxy. The controversial aspect of this attempt to affiliate law and ethics was whether such a relationship could be shown to be solely the product of a religious worldview firmly founded upon scriptural authority, or whether it was possible to guide human moral conduct without reference to any revelatory sources. The emerging idea about the correlation between reason and revelation was the result of the logical necessity to provide continuous guidance for the developing and culturally diverse Muslim societies.
Herodotus and Imperial Greek Literature
Authors: Kirkland N. Bryant
Published: August 2022

This book is the first monograph devoted to the reception of Herodotus among Imperial Greek writers. Using a broad reception model and focused largely on texts outside of historiography proper, the book analyzes the entanglements of criticism and imitation in select works by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Plutarch, Dio Chrysostom, Lucian, and Pausanias. It offers a new angle on Herodotus’s intellectual afterlife, channeled through evocations both explicit and implicit in literary criticism, the moral essay, public oration, satire, and periegetic literature. The book shifts focus from reputation only—what ancient authors explicitly had to say about Herodotus—toward the kinetic interrelation between Herodotus’s reputation and his active reworking across genre and mode. It demonstrates how Herodotus was strategically construed and often implicitly summoned—as fabulist, classicist, moralizer, and evasive intellectual—and how such Herodotean presences played to the wider purposes of Imperial writers. Herodotus became a touchstone for writers concerned with a nimbus of questions that the Histories first helped to articulate. Imperial Greeks found Herodotus useful in puzzling through questions of authorial persona, mimesis, the relationship between aesthetic and ethical criticism, the self, and the contingent definitions of Hellenism under Rome. Ultimately, the book widens an incomplete reception history and reads bi-focally, examining how attention to the presence of Herodotus in various texts unveils new layers of meaning in those works, while also showing how ancient receptions offer insight into the Histories.
Merit and Caste at Elite Institutions
Authors: Subramanian Ajantha
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the intimacy between merit and caste by illuminating the role of caste in the stratification of Indian technical education. It analyzes three strategies through which upper castes remake themselves as casteless, meritocratic moderns: the mass examination, affirmative action, and diasporic mobility. It argues that meritocracy is an expression of upper-caste identitarianism that is aimed at forestalling democratic transformation.
Doctor’s Orders
Authors: Moore Scott M.
Published: August 2022

In less than 20 years, two completely new coronaviruses originated in China and spread throughout the world, upending economies and societies from Australia to Italy. The twin cases of SARS and COVID-19, alongside lesser-known viral outbreaks linked to China, show poignantly that China is essential to protecting public health. Moreover, Beijing is rapidly becoming a significant player in financing global health, including through bodies like the World Health Organization, and providing access to vaccines. But—despite decades of engagement—politics, prejudice, and propaganda consistently have undermined health cooperation between China and other countries. Even so, China and other nations have no choice but to work together to prevent future pandemics. When it comes to public health, their destinies are fundamentally linked.
The Need for Norms
Authors: Moore Scott M.
Published: August 2022

As the scope and scale of China’s technology sector expanded in the early twenty-first century, it became an indispensable player in developing and regulating emerging technologies like synthetic biology and fully autonomous systems. These technologies show enormous promise to help improve the human condition, but also to create new forms of danger and destruction. They also pose significant moral questions and threaten to outstrip existing ethical, legal, and institutional frameworks. That makes it essential for all countries, including China, to work together to formulate rules of the road for a brave new world of technology, even amid rising economic, geopolitical, and ideological competition.
Conclusion
Authors: Moore Scott M.
Published: August 2022

China’s state policy, its economy, and its role in the world are being transformed by ecological and technological challenges. Many of these challenges, from decarbonization to data privacy, are shared across countries, and certainly have global implications. Yet these common challenges have also highlighted fundamental barriers to greater cooperation between China and other countries—especially the lack of shared values. Though cooperation is still essential, this reality forces foreign governments, companies, and other organizations to think differently about when and how to engage with Chinese counterparts. Important strategies include re-envisioning relationships between the state and private sector, better engaging subnational and non-state actors both in China and abroad, and developing a new set of rules to govern data and other key twenty-first century assets.
An Astronomical Source of Income
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D.
Published: August 2022

In the 1960s, state governments turned to lotteries because they were desperate for new sources of revenue. After years of adding new services, states needed to increase taxes, but residents were reluctant to pay for the services to which they had become accustomed. Enter lotteries. This chapter explores the first wave of lottery legalization through the passage of the 1969 New Jersey lottery referendum. For white suburbanites, the lottery appeared to be a panacea. They reasoned that poor African Americans already spent money on illegal numbers games, which fed into the coffers of organized crime, so the state may as well legalize gambling to take a cut of the profit. Though it did not meet expectations, New Jersey’s was the first successful state lottery, and its innovative sales tactics inspired the spread of lotteries across the region. With New Jersey as a model, tax-wary voters ushered in the lottery age.
Not Luck, but the Work of God
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D.
Published: August 2022

Many of the first American lottery winners believed God helped them win their jackpot. This chapter examines the religious rituals of lottery players in the 1970s and the statements of winners who attributed their prizes to divine forces. Amid a decade of economic tumult and religious revival—including the rise of the prosperity gospel—working-class northeastern gamblers turned to lottery tickets as their best chance at an instant fortune. Without any means of improving their chances in a game with minuscule odds, gamblers used prayer and other rituals to try exerting control over the results of the lottery. If they won, gamblers were quick to connect their praying with their playing, claiming that divine forces had made them rich. As they did so, they reinforced the American meritocracy, presenting the lottery as a means of divine merit, a way for God to reward the deserving.
Coercively Infiltrating Political Resistance
Authors: Board Jr. Marcus
Published: August 2022

The first of a three-chapter layout of the invisible weapons framework, this chapter examines Chinese- and wider Asian-American responses to the NYPD shooting and killing of Akai Gurley in 2014. The shooter was a rookie police officer of Chinese descent, leading to stratified and complex political responses—with some explicitly deferring to a white supremacist system versus others who stood with the movement in spite of their racial group commitments. Breaking down these community-level responses, the chapter outlines the invisible weapons framework as constituting three parts: (1) elite agenda-setting; (2) neglecting structural accountability; and (3) grassroots non-events. This framework revolves around the political dissonance and disempowerment of historically marginalized communities, as these groups are taught that they lack the ability to create change through politics in spite of politics being the only given avenue to express grievances and advocate for needs.
Using Feeder Programs, Recruiting Students, and Building Longevity
Authors: Swick Bill
Published: August 2022

How do you make the most of students who may be coming into your program, and how do you help these students get into their desired programs when they graduate from your program? Chapter 5 focuses on using feeder programs, recruiting students, and building longevity. This chapter offers ideas for each level of education to include all educators. This chapter’s sections cover elementary to middle school, middle school to high school, and high school to college. The chapter also addresses the issue of not having a handle on how many students are leaving the program at each level and how many students are needed to keep classes balanced both in numbers and skill levels. In addition, Chapter 5 offers ideas on how to maintain and motivate students to remain in your program.
Structures of Normativity and the Concept of “Ought”
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm
Published: August 2022

The aim of this chapter is threefold. First, it explores in greater detail various important elements of normative pluralism. Second, it attempts to establish normative pluralism as a coherent theory. Third, it tries to identify competing theories and explain what kind of picture of normativity each of them provides. Some essential concepts that are investigated are “reasons,” “requirements,” and “ought,” and the chapter distinguished between qualified (moral, prudential) and unqualified forms that these concepts may express. An important argument the chapter makes is that “ought all things considered” and “ought simpliciter” are not necessarily identical, and normative pluralism therefore can accommodate the belief that there are things we ought to do “all things considered.”
The Grounding and Extent of Normative Pluralism
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm
Published: August 2022

The aim of this chapter is to examine various motivations for holding a normative pluralist view in various forms. A particularly important question that is investigated is how many incommensurable normative standpoints are admitted. Unrestricted (“deflationary”) forms of normative pluralism are the main target here, and it is argued that we should avoid such variants of normative pluralism because they come with normative implications that are too costly. The chapter favors a form of grounding found in Henry Sidgwick’s “dualism of practical reason,” which is here interpreted as a proto-form of normative pluralism consisting of a moral and prudential standpoint. The grounding can be found in the dual way humans can see themselves and in which they are situated in the world. The existence of further normative standpoints, including meaningfulness, is also explored, but it seems that other standpoints can be seen as having normativity only derivatively, from either prudence or morality.
The Argument from Nominal-Notable Comparisons
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm
Published: August 2022

This chapter responds to the most common objection to normative pluralism. The idea that morality and prudence are incommensurable normative domains tends to be rejected because of “the argument from nominal-notable comparisons.” The argument relies on a premise that there are situations of moral-prudential conflict where we have a clear intuition that there are things we ought to do “all things considered.” It is usually concluded that this shows that morality and prudence must be comparable. The chapter argues that normative pluralists can account for these intuitions by (1) arguing that an “ought all things considered” need not presuppose intertype comparability among the reasons it covers and (2) endorsing more sophisticated theories of prudence, theories for which there are good, independent reasons to endorse, in any case. By following these steps, normative pluralism does not need to have the counterintuitive implications it is often thought to have.
The Supremacy Challenge
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents two challenges to normative monists: the codification challenge and the supremacy challenge. The codification challenge is to sufficiently codify the overarching normative standpoint that is claimed to exist, and the supremacy challenge is to argue for the supremacy of this standpoint over other normative standpoints. This chapter focuses on the supremacy challenge by evaluating some possible candidates that can already be said to be codified, namely, rationality and morality—as the ought simpliciter is sometimes identified with what the rational agent would do, or with morality itself. It argues that of the two standard conceptions of rationality, “structural rationality” does not have the right content to be understood as an overarching normative standpoint and that “substantive rationality” fails to meet the codification challenge. Hybrid versions are also rejected. The chapter also argues against the thesis of moral overridingness, which could serve to make morality supreme.
The Codification Challenge
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm
Published: August 2022

Can we discover and codify the way in which moral and prudential reasons are to be compared? This chapter looks at (i) three original proposals for such codifications (those of Derek Parfit, Joshua Gert, and Dale Dorsey) and (ii) attempts to avoid the codification challenge though the position that our practical reasons are comparable but also uncodifiable. As Gert’s and Dorsey’s proposals have much in common and make concessions to normative pluralism, both are discussed under the label “weak monism.” While both Parfit’s “wide dualism” and weak monism can account for some of the intuitions supporting normative pluralism, it is argued that normative pluralism overall has advantages over these theories. It is furthermore argued that trying to avoid the codification challenge may be the monist’s best route, but it also faces several challenges. Neither particularism nor various forms of Aristotelianism can by themselves guarantee the comparability of moral and prudential reasons.
Stars and Shadows
Authors: Ambar Saladin
Published: August 2022

Stars and Shadows is the first book to provide a comprehensive history of the political significance of interracial friendship in American politics. From Thomas Jefferson’s abrupt connection with Benjamin Banneker to the rich and familiar friendship between Barack Obama and Joe Biden, the book traces the ways in which such friendships have been integral to demonstrating the possibilities—and, at times, shortcomings—of multiracial democracy in America. By invoking less familiar as well as well-covered examples ranging from Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass to Ella Fitzgerald and Marilyn Monroe, Stars and Shadows offers an innovative approach to thinking about the relationship between racial equality, political leadership, and personal friendship. Taking the metaphor of Stars and Shadows from Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, this text exposes the strengths and weaknesses endemic to America’s quest to become a truly egalitarian nation.
Riverside
Authors: Ambar Saladin
Published: August 2022

From Chicago to Selma to Riverside Church in Harlem, Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. built a friendship dedicated to eradicating racism and the evils of a society premised upon militarism over justice and equality. Their intellectual, political, and ultimately spiritual bond underscored the possibilities for multiracial democracy and human dignity. Their culminating moment was at Riverside Church in 1967, as Dr. King publicly opposed the Vietnam War for the first time, with Heschel at his side. Their prophetic voices remain an inspiration for an American society no longer premised upon racial, religious, or class divisions. Chapter 8 presents the intimate and powerful connection between two prophetic leaders in a defining moment of national reckoning.
Apple Creek
Authors: Aron Stephen
Published: August 2022

The chapter probes how people who had been locked in a death struggle for control of the Ohio Valley then lived in peace and friendship as neighbors and explains the factors that contributed to this reconciliation. For that is what happened when, in the aftermath of the American Revolution, Indians and Americans from the Ohio Valley relocated to the vicinity of Apple Creek in what is today Missouri but what was then part of the Spanish colony of Louisiana. There and elsewhere under nominally Spanish rule, they found the common ground that had eluded Boone and his Shawnee adopters in Chillicothe. In an astonishing rapprochement, Shawnee and American refugees, including Boone and his family, now settled harmoniously alongside one another during the 1790s.
The Laws of Neutrality in the Interconnected World
Authors: Nasu Hitoshi
Published: August 2022

The traditional law of neutrality emerged to address the conflicting interests of belligerent and neutral States, particularly during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when maritime transport gained significance to the world’s economies as the means of international commerce. The fundamental principles of impartiality and abstention from assisting belligerents in the prosecution of warfare were developed to balance the right of neutral States to freedom of trade against the right of belligerents to defend themselves against the damage that might arise from such trade. While, since then, the law of neutrality has remained stagnant, the growth in dual-use technologies and various means of transmitting knowledge, goods, and services has created the environment where military operations rely heavily on interconnected infrastructure such as cyber and space assets. Further technological advances in different areas such as 3D printing and nanotechnology are expected to reduce the need to rely on traditional means of transport in order to acquire arms and military equipment. This chapter explores how the competing interests of belligerents and neutral States might play out in the interconnected world by examining four possible scenarios that might unfold in future warfare.