bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Konsep Al-Darurah Dalam Akad Tawarruq Menurut Maqasid Al-Kulliyah: Satu Kajian Awal (Al-Darurah Concept In Tawarruq Akad According to Maqasid Al-Kulliyah: An Initial Study)
Authors: Aziz Sumayyah Abdul , Ahmad Ridzwan
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe question of ḍarūrah (neccesities), from an academic perspective, is an important subject that should be mastered and explored by students, religious preachers and Islamic scholars. A mukallaf (a religiously responsible Muslim) is sometimes in a situation that does not allow the implementation of taklif syarak (obligations in the syarak) as ordered. Rather, they need to choose between two contradictory issues, namely the prohibition to consume carcasses and the demand to protect life. Islamic finance uses the principle of ḍarūrah in financial applications such as Tawarruq Munazzam. Tawarruq Munazzam, according to a fatwa, was prohibited by the OIC in 2009 but has been applied in Malaysia based on the argument of ḍarūrah. Hence, it demands a thorough and dynamic examination to ensure the use of ḍarūrah in Islamic finance is not only consistent with the actual principle of ḍarūrah but also a religious decree methodology that is dynamic. This journal aimed to elaborate on the actual concept of ḍarūrah in Islam and to describe the use of the religious decree methodology in contemporary Islamic finance. The inductive, deductive and comparative methods were used in this study. The findings indicated that the ḍarūrah concept has not been explored and applied in the actual context according to Islamic finance methodology as well as comprehensively according to Maqāsid Kulliyah, which fulfils the actual sustenance of syariah.Keywords: Ḍarūrah (neccesities), Current, Islamic Finance, Methodology, MaqāsidAbstrakPersoalan ḍarūrah secara ilmiah merupakan satu subjek yang penting untuk dikuasai dan diterokai oleh penuntut, pendakwah dan sarjana ilmu Islam. Seseorang mukallaf kadangkala berada dalam situasi yang tidak memungkinkan mereka menjalankan taklif syarak sebagaimana yang diperintahkan bahkan memerlukan mereka memilih di antara dua perkara yang saling bertentangan seperti larangan memakan bangkai dan tuntutan memelihara nyawa. Kewangan Islam menggunakan prinsip ḍarūrah dalam aplikasi kewangan seperti Tawaruq Munazzahom. Tawarruq Munzazzhom telah difatwakan haram oleh OIC pada tahun 2009 namun telah diaplikasikan di Malaysia dengan menggunakan hujah ḍarūrah. Maka ia menuntut satu tinjauan yang lebih menyeluruh dan dinamik dalam memastikan pemakaian ḍarūrah dalam kewangan Islam menepati bukan sahaja prinsip ḍarūrah sebenar tetapi metodologi hukum yang dinamik dan organik. Kertas kerja ini bertujuan menjelaskan konsep ḍarūrah sebenar dalam Islam seterusnya menghuraikan pemakaian metodologi hukum dalam kewangan Islam semasa. Metode yang digunakan ialah metode induktif, deduktif dan komparatif. Dapatan mendapati konsep ḍarūrah masih belum diterokai dan diaplikasi dalam konteks yang tepat menurut metodologi kewangan Islam secara menyeluruh menurut Maqāsid Kulliyah yang memenuhi sustansi syariah sebenar.Keywords: Ḍarūrah, Semasa, Kewangan Islam, Metodologi, Maqāsid
Profil Akhlak Guru Pendidikan Islam Di Malaysia (Islamic Education Teacher Profile In Malaysia)
Authors: Mohamed Salleh @ Salleh Salbiah , Ahmad Jamil , Che Noh Mohd Aderi , Hehsan Aminudin
Published: November 2018

Islamic Education Teacher (GPI) is the best character models to form a morality society. Great responsibility that held by GPI need discipline and seriousness to perfome as akhlaq Prophet (PBUH).  The quality GPI is crucial to the success of the educational philosopy. However, there were some issues and doubt of the community with the role of GPI that triggers the credibility of GPI akhlaq. In fact, the study of moral competency of GPI somewhat less implemented because most studies focused on teaching practise, motivation and training of Islamic Education Teacher. Thus, this study was designed to examine akhlaq of Islamic Education Teacher as well as focusing to the item that is hard and easier done base on the stage of their ability. Overall, GPI’s morality level is good and the analysis by demographic shown that women GPI have better morality than men’s GPI. GPI teaching in primary schools also demonstrates  more competent moral level than GPI who teach in secondary school. GPI teaching in the southern region is also have better morality compared to other regions. The use of Rasch Model as a modern analysis can visualised the akhlaq profile completely.
An Islamic perspective of the natural environment and animals: Said Nursi and his renewalist philosophy
Authors: Yucel Salih
Published: November 2018

Contemporary Muslim scholar Said Nursi’s (1877-1960) view of animals is highly spiritual. His positive thinking philosophy extends to the natural environment and includes animals considered harmful to humans. His view of not killing harmful animals contradicts with the majority Islamic scholarly works which permit the killing of detrimental ones. His understanding of the interconnectedness of natural beings and things as well as their connection to the Divine is the major source for his works. Nursi views each created thing as a piece of the puzzle of the universe in harmony with each other. To him, animals have a deep spiritual aspect alongside their physical dimension. This article argues that throughout his works, Nursi – with his unique perspectives on spiritual approaches towards the environment and devotion to the creation – more than any other Islamic scholar, defended the Islamic view against naturalists and attempted to Islamicize natural philosophy by addressing theists. He views nature as art not the Artist. This article examines Nursi’s positive thinking and actions towards animals as he presents a renewed interpretation of Islamic sacred sources.
Framing an Islamic Vision of Intellectual Property: Maqasid - Based Approach
Authors: Bayoumi Kawthar Abdalla , Rosman Arieff Salleh
Published: November 2018

The Islamic scholarship on Intellectual Property (IP) has extensively investigated its affinity to Shari’a upon a rule-based approach whereby a profound analogy and reasoning eventually generated a Fiqh rule that embraced the concept. However, a lingering discrepancy vis-à-vis the philosophical underpinning is hardly addressed. This paper undertakes an approach based on Maqasid al-Shari’a (objectives of Shari’a) to explore that underpinning as it pertains to the three key elements in the making of IP, namely, creativity, property, and policy. The major premise of the paper is that the current IP framework failed to fulfil the needs and aspirations of the Islamic countries. While its underlying objective emphasizes a strong utilitarian approach that contradicts in many ways the Islamic Shari’a. Consequently, better outcomes can be reached by adopting a holistic approach that takes into consideration the practical implication of IP system according to the benefits and interest of Muslim’s societies. Whereby, IP should be comprehensively addressed according to the sources, objectives, and principles of Islamic Shari’a. These can be employed to evaluate the current application of IP and to identify the elements required in an IP system that is congruent with Islamic Shari’a. The comparative analysis of the fundamentals of the present international intellectual property system and the Islamic perspective indicated that the core aspects of IP concerning the concept of creativity and the scope of protection are delineated differently under the Islamic framework. Moreover, the policy and regulations as can be derived from the principles and Maqasid al-Shari’a have a great potential in promoting a robust Islamic IP system that is in line with Shari’a, the needs, and orientation of the society.
PIN(2)-monopole Floer homology and the Rokhlin invariant
Authors: Lin Francesco
Published: November 2018

We show that the bar version of the$\text{Pin}(2)$-monopole Floer homology of a three-manifold$Y$equipped with a self-conjugate spin$^{c}$structure$\mathfrak{s}$is determined by the triple cup product of$Y$together with the Rokhlin invariants of the spin structures inducing$\mathfrak{s}$. This is a manifestation of mod $2$index theory and can be interpreted as a three-dimensional counterpart of Atiyah’s classical results regarding spin structures on Riemann surfaces.
Tutorial on interpreting x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra: Questions and answers on spectra from the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on silicon
Authors: Shah Dhruv , Patel Dhananjay I. , Roychowdhury Tuhin , Rayner G. Bruce , O’Toole Noel , Baer Donald R. , Linford Matthew R.
Published: November 2018

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become the most widely used method for chemically analyzing surfaces. In XPS, photoelectrons are generated by irradiating a surface with x rays. As the importance and popularity of XPS have grown, it has drawn users without significant XPS experience, and incorrect and incomplete interpretations of XPS spectra regularly appear in the literature. This tutorial is designed as a tool to guide less experienced users in analyzing XPS survey spectra. Here, the authors examine a series of XPS survey spectra collected during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 from trimethylaluminum and water precursors. Prior to this, brief explanations of XPS and ALD are presented. This tutorial is structured as a series of questions and answers that the interested reader may choose to engage in. The XPS spectra are scrutinized to extract information about the elements present in the film, the presence of contamination, and the nature of the film growth process. The questions and answers in this tutorial address important fundamental issues common to the interpretation of many XPS survey spectra in the context of ALD.
Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction of Sport Management Faculty Members
Authors: Stokowski Sarah , Li Bo , Goss Benjamin D. , Hutchens Shelby , Turk Megan
Published: November 2018

Informed by self-determination theory, this study builds on previous research to examine the work motivation and job satisfaction levels of sport management faculty members, as well as any relationship between their job satisfaction levels and work motivations. A total of 193 sport management faculty responded to a survey consisting of the Job Satisfaction Survey and the Motivation at Work Scale. Results revealed that regarding job satisfaction, faculty members were more satisfied with work itself, supervision, and coworkers and were less satisfied with pay, operating procedures, and reward. While participating sport management faculty had the highest mean in intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction also was significantly positively correlated with identified regulation. Male faculty showed significantly greater overall job satisfaction than female faculty, but gender did not affect work motivation factors. Finally, results revealed no significant differences among tenured, tenure-track, and non-tenure-track faculty in motivation levels, but after controlling for motivation, job satisfaction levels of non-tenure-track faculty were significantly less than those of tenured and tenure-track faculty. Results of this study can assist higher education administrators (i.e., department chairs, deans, provosts) to better understand that this population is highly intrinsically motivated and identifies deeply with their work. Administrators should work diligently to preserve autonomy, a factor that appears to lead to greater levels of motivation and job satisfaction.
Concurrent processes set
E. coli
cell division
Authors: Micali Gabriele , Grilli Jacopo , Osella Matteo , Cosentino Lagomarsino Marco
Published: November 2018

Two concurrent processes—a cell-related interdivision cycle and a chromosome cycle—compete to determine cell division.
Contingency and determinism in evolution: Replaying life’s tape
Authors: Blount Zachary D. , Lenski Richard E. , Losos Jonathan B.
Published: November 2018

Replaying the tape of life

The evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould once dreamed about replaying the tape of life in order to identify whether evolution is more subject to deterministic or contingent forces. Greater influence of determinism would mean that outcomes are more repeatable and less subject to variations of history. Contingency, on the other hand, suggests that outcomes are contingent on specific events, making them less repeatable. Blount
et al.
review the numerous studies that have been done since Gould put forward this question, both experimental and observational, and find that many patterns of adaptation are convergent. Nevertheless, there is still much variation with regard to the mechanisms and forms that converge.

Science
, this issue p.
eaam5979
E-C coupling structural protein junctophilin-2 encodes a stress-adaptive transcription regulator
Authors: Guo Ang , Wang Yihui , Chen Biyi , Wang Yunhao , Yuan Jinxiang , Zhang Liyang , Hall Duane , Wu Jennifer , Shi Yun , Zhu Qi , Chen Cheng , Thiel William H. , Zhan Xin , Weiss Robert M. , Zhan Fenghuang , Musselman Catherine A. , Pufall Miles , Zhu Weizhong , Au Kin Fai , Hong Jiang , Anderson Mark E. , Grueter Chad E. , Song Long-Sheng
Published: November 2018

Protecting the heart

Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is fundamental to heart contraction. Junctophilin-2 is a structural protein required for formation of the E-C coupling machinery. During heart disease, stress-activated calpain cleaves junctophilin-2, disrupting the E-C coupling machinery and calcium ion signaling, which compromises cell contraction. Guo
et al.
found that under stress conditions, calpain-mediated cleavage converted full-length junctophilin-2 from a structural protein into a transcriptional regulator that shuttled to the nucleus (see the Perspective by Padmanabhan and Haldar). Furthermore, failing cardiomyocytes in stressed myocardium transduced mechanical information (E-C uncoupling) into transcriptional reprogramming.

Science
, this issue p.
eaan3303
; see also p.
1359
WDFY4 is required for cross-presentation in response to viral and tumor antigens
Authors: Theisen Derek J. , Davidson Jesse T. , Briseño Carlos G. , Gargaro Marco , Lauron Elvin J. , Wang Qiuling , Desai Pritesh , Durai Vivek , Bagadia Prachi , Brickner Joshua R. , Beatty Wandy L. , Virgin Herbert W. , Gillanders William E. , Mosammaparast Nima , Diamond Michael S. , Sibley L. David , Yokoyama Wayne , Schreiber Robert D. , Murphy Theresa L. , Murphy Kenneth M.
Published: November 2018

Adding to the cross-presentation family

Immune responses to viral or tumor antigens are typically initiated by the process of cross-presentation. Cross-presentation is believed to be the major way that innate immune cells, such as the classical dendritic cell 1 (cDC1) subset, activate and prime immunological T cells. Theisen
et al.
used CRISPR-based screening to identify regulators of cross-presentation by cDC1s (see the Perspective by Barbet and Blander). One such regulator that was identified, WDFY4 (WD repeat- and FYVE domain–containing protein 4), was required for cross-presentation of cell- and bacterial-associated antigens. WDFY4 played a critical role in cDC1-mediated viral and tumor immunity yet did not seem necessary for major histocompatibility complex class II presentation or for cross-presentation by monocyte-derived DCs.

Science
, this issue p.
694
; see also p.
641
Global pattern of nest predation is disrupted by climate change in shorebirds
Authors: Kubelka Vojtěch , Šálek Miroslav , Tomkovich Pavel , Végvári Zsolt , Freckleton Robert P. , Székely Tamás
Published: November 2018

No longer a safe haven

Many biological patterns have a latitudinal component. One long-recognized pattern is that predation rates are higher at lower latitudes. This may explain why many migratory birds travel thousands of miles from the tropics to the poles to breed. Looking across thousands of records, Kubelka
et al.
found that climate change seems to have altered this fundamental pattern. In shorebirds, at least, predation rates on nests are now higher in the Arctic than in the tropics.

Science
, this issue p.
680
Early human dispersals within the Americas
Authors: Moreno-Mayar J. Víctor , Vinner Lasse , de Barros Damgaard Peter , de la Fuente Constanza , Chan Jeffrey , Spence Jeffrey P. , Allentoft Morten E. , Vimala Tharsika , Racimo Fernando , Pinotti Thomaz , Rasmussen Simon , Margaryan Ashot , Iraeta Orbegozo Miren , Mylopotamitaki Dorothea , Wooller Matthew , Bataille Clement , Becerra-Valdivia Lorena , Chivall David , Comeskey Daniel , Devièse Thibaut , Grayson Donald K. , George Len , Harry Harold , Alexandersen Verner , Primeau Charlotte , Erlandson Jon , Rodrigues-Carvalho Claudia , Reis Silvia , Bastos Murilo Q. R. , Cybulski Jerome , Vullo Carlos , Morello Flavia , Vilar Miguel , Wells Spencer , Gregersen Kristian , Hansen Kasper Lykke , Lynnerup Niels , Mirazón Lahr Marta , Kjær Kurt , Strauss André , Alfonso-Durruty Marta , Salas Antonio , Schroeder Hannes , Higham Thomas , Malhi Ripan S. , Rasic Jeffrey T. , Souza Luiz , Santos Fabricio R. , Malaspinas Anna-Sapfo , Sikora Martin , Nielsen Rasmus , Song Yun S. , Meltzer David J. , Willerslev Eske
Published: November 2018

Complex processes in the settling of the Americas

The expansion into the Americas by the ancestors of present day Native Americans has been difficult to tease apart from analyses of present day populations. To understand how humans diverged and spread across North and South America, Moreno-Mayar
et al.
sequenced 15 ancient human genomes from Alaska to Patagonia. Analysis of the oldest genomes suggests that there was an early split within Beringian populations, giving rise to the Northern and Southern lineages. Because population history cannot be explained by simple models or patterns of dispersal, it seems that people moved out of Beringia and across the continents in a complex manner.

Science
, this issue p.
eaav2621
A key ingredient for priming killer T cells
Authors: Barbet Gaëtan , Blander J. Magarian
Published: November 2018

WDFY4 protein controls the generation of antiviral and antitumor CD8
+
T cell immunity
What's next for humanity?
21 Lessons for the 21st Century
Yuval Noah Harari
Spiegel & Grau, 2018. 395 pp.
Authors: Greenbaum Dov , Gerstein Mark
Published: November 2018

With an emphasis on data science and biotechnology, a historian looks to the future
Novel Endotype Xanthanase from Xanthan-Degrading
Microbacterium
sp. Strain XT11
Authors: Yang Fan , Li He , Sun Jie , Guo Xiaoyu , Zhang Xinyu , Tao Min , Chen Xiaoyi , Li Xianzhen
Published: November 2018

This work characterized a novel endotype xanthanase, MiXen, and elucidated that the C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module of MiXen could drastically enhance the hydrolysis activity of the enzyme toward highly ordered xanthan. Both the sequence and structural analysis demonstrated that the catalytic domain and carbohydrate-binding module of MiXen belong to the novel branch of the GH9 family and CBMs, respectively. This xanthan cleaver can help further reveal the enzymolysis mechanism of xanthan and provide an efficient tool for the production of molecular modified xanthan with new physicochemical and physiological functions.
Murine Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O Promotes Epithelial Cell Infection
In Vivo
Authors: Yunis Joseph , Farrell Helen E. , Bruce Kimberley , Lawler Clara , Wyer Orry , Davis-Poynter Nicholas , Brizić Ilija , Jonjić Stipan , Adler Barbara , Stevenson Philip G.
Published: November 2018

Human cytomegalovirus is a leading cause of congenital disease. This reflects its capacity for systemic spread. A vaccine is needed, but the best viral targets are unclear. Attention has focused on the virion membrane fusion complex. It has 2 forms, so we need to know what each contributes to host colonization. One includes the virion glycoprotein O. We used murine cytomegalovirus, which has equivalent fusion complexes, to determine the importance of glycoprotein O after mucosal infection. We show that it drives local virus replication in epithelial cells. It was not required to infect myeloid cells, which establish systemic infection, but poor local replication reduced systemic spread as a secondary effect. Therefore, targeting glycoprotein O of human cytomegalovirus has the potential to reduce both local and systemic infections.
Mutations in the Spike Protein of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmitted in Korea Increase Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization
Authors: Kleine-Weber Hannah , Elzayat Mahmoud Tarek , Wang Lingshu , Graham Barney S. , Müller Marcel A. , Drosten Christian , Pöhlmann Stefan , Hoffmann Markus
Published: November 2018

MERS-CoV has pandemic potential, and it is important to identify mutations in viral proteins that might augment viral spread. In the course of a large hospital outbreak of MERS in the Republic of Korea in 2015, the spread of a viral variant that contained mutations in the viral spike protein was observed. These mutations were found to reduce receptor binding and viral infectivity. However, it remained unclear whether they also exerted proviral effects. We demonstrate that these mutations reduce sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization and are compatible with robust infection of target cells expressing large amounts of the viral receptor DPP4.
Induction and Suppression of NF-κB Signalling by a DNA Virus of
Drosophila
Authors: Palmer William H. , Joosten Joep , Overheul Gijs J. , Jansen Pascal W. , Vermeulen Michiel , Obbard Darren J. , Van Rij Ronald P.
Published: November 2018

Coevolution of multicellular organisms and their natural viruses may lead to an intricate relationship in which host survival requires effective immunity and virus survival depends on evasion of such responses. Insect antiviral immunity and reciprocal virus immunosuppression tactics have been well studied in
Drosophila melanogaster
, primarily during RNA, but not DNA, virus infection. Therefore, we describe interactions between a recently isolated
Drosophila
DNA virus (Kallithea virus [KV]) and immune processes known to control RNA viruses, such as RNA interference (RNAi) and Imd pathways. We found that KV suppresses the Toll pathway and identified gp83 as a KV-encoded protein that underlies this suppression. This immunosuppressive ability is conserved in another nudivirus, suggesting that the Toll pathway has conserved antiviral activity against DNA nudiviruses, which have evolved suppressors in response. Together, these results indicate that DNA viruses induce and suppress NF-κB responses, and they advance the application of KV as a model to study insect immunity.
Fatty Acid Synthase Promotes the Palmitoylation of Chikungunya Virus nsP1
Authors: Zhang Na , Zhao Hongjian , Zhang Leiliang
Published: November 2018

S-palmitoylation is an important form of lipid posttranslational modification, which affects the function of proteins by regulating their transport, stability, and localization. Previous studies have shown that FASN is critical for CHIKV replication; however, the mechanism for this function of FASN remains unknown. The key zinc finger DHHC domain-containing palmitoyltransferases involved in the palmitoylation of nsP1 are not clear. We demonstrated that FASN promoted CHIKV replication through nsP1 palmitoylation. ZDHHC2 and ZDHHC19 were identified as the major enzymes for nsP1 palmitoylation. Since nsP1 proteins are conserved in alphaviruses, our results highlight the mechanisms by which alphavirus nsP1 is palmitoylated.
HIV-1 Antisense Protein of Different Clades Induces Autophagy and Associates with the Autophagy Factor p62
Authors: Liu Zhenlong , Torresilla Cynthia , Xiao Yong , Nguyen Phuong Trang , Caté Clément , Barbosa Karina , Rassart Éric , Cen Shan , Bourgault Steve , Barbeau Benoit
Published: November 2018

In the present study, we provide the first evidence that a new HIV-1 protein termed ASP derived from different clades acts similarly in inducing autophagy, an important cellular process implicated in the degradation of excess or defective cellular material. We have gained further knowledge on the mechanism mediating the activation of autophagy. Our studies have important ramifications in the understanding of viral replication and the pathogenesis associated with HIV-1 in infected individuals. Indeed, autophagy is implicated in antigen presentation during immune response and could thus be rendered inefficient in infected cells, such as dendritic cells. Furthermore, a possible link with HIV-1-associated neurological disorder (HAND) might also be a possible association with the capacity of ASP to induce autophagy. Our studies hence demonstrate the importance in conducting further studies on this protein as it could represent a new interesting target for antiretroviral therapies and vaccine design.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP22 Suppresses CD80 Expression by Murine Dendritic Cells
Authors: Matundan Harry , Ghiasi Homayon
Published: November 2018

HSV-1-induced eye disease is a major public health problem. Eye disease is associated closely with immune responses to the virus and is exacerbated by delayed clearance of the primary infection. The immune system relies on antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system to activate the T cell response. We found that HSV-1 utilizes a robust and finely targeted mechanism of local immune evasion. It downregulates the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80 but not CD86 on resident dendritic cells irrespective of the presence of anti-HSV-1 antibodies. The effect is mediated by direct binding of HSV-1 ICP22, the product of an immediate early gene of HSV-1, to the promoter of CD80. This immune evasion mechanism dampens the host immune response and, thus, reduces eye disease in ocularly infected mice. Therefore, ICP22 may be a novel inhibitor of CD80 that could be used to modulate the immune response.
Population genetics revealMyotis keenii(Keen’s myotis) andMyotis evotis(long-eared myotis) to be a single species
Authors: Lausen Cori L. , Proctor Michael , Nagorsen David W. , Burles Doug , Paetkau David , Harmston Erin , Blejwas Karen , Govindarajulu Purnima , Friis Laura
Published: November 2018

Recognizing delineations of gene flow among groups of animals can be challenging but is necessary for conservation and management. Of particular importance is the identification of species boundaries. Several physical and genetic traits have been used with mixed success to distinguish Myotis keenii (Merriam, 1895) (Keen’s myotis) and Myotis evotis (H. Allen, 1864) (long-eared myotis), but it is unclear whether species distinction is biologically warranted. We generated 12–14 microsatellite locus genotypes for 275 long-eared Myotis representing four species — M. keenii, M. evotis, Myotis septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897) (northern myotis), and Myotis thysanodes Miller, 1897 (fringed myotis) — from across northwestern North America and 23 Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831) (little brown myotis) as the outgroup. Population genetic analyses revealed four well-defined groups (species): M. septentrionalis, M. thysanodes, M. lucifugus, and a single group comprising M. keenii and M. evotis. We document high rates of gene flow within M. evotis/M. keenii. Cytochrome b gene (mtDNA) sequencing failed to resolve morphologically identifiable species. We highlight the importance of geographically thorough investigation of genetic connectivity (nuclear markers) when assessing taxonomic status of closely related groups. We document a morphometric cline within M. evotis/M. keenii that may in part explain earlier analyses that led to the description of the smaller bodied M. keenii (type locality: Haida Gwaii). We conclude that M. keenii does not qualify as a genetic or biological species.
Charged Einstein-æther black holes in n-dimensional spacetime
Authors: Lin Kai , Ho Fei-Hung , Qian Wei-Liang
Published: November 2018

In this work, we investigate the [Formula: see text]-dimensional charged static black hole solutions in the Einstein-æther theory. By taking the metric parameter [Formula: see text] to be [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], we obtain the spherical, planar, and hyperbolic spacetimes, respectively. Three choices of the cosmological constant, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], are investigated, which correspond to asymptotically de Sitter, flat and anti-de Sitter spacetimes. The obtained results show the existence of the universal horizon in higher dimensional cases which may trap any particle with arbitrarily large velocity. We analyze the horizon and the surface gravity of four- and five-dimensional black holes, and the relations between the above quantities and the electrical charge. It is shown that when the aether coefficient [Formula: see text] or the charge [Formula: see text] increases, the outer Killing horizon shrinks and approaches the universal horizon. Furthermore, the surface gravity decreases and approaches zero in the limit [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the extreme charge. The main features of the horizon and surface gravity are found to be similar to those in [Formula: see text] case, but subtle differences are also observed.
Modeling Beam–Solid Finite Element Interfaces: A Stabilized Formulation for Contact and Coupled Systems
Authors: Montero Jorge A. , Haikal Ghadir
Published: November 2018

A number of engineering applications involve contact with bodies modeled using specialized theories of solid mechanics like beams or shells. While computational models for contact in 2D and 3D solid mechanics have been extensively developed in the literature, problems involving contact with beams or shells have received less attention. When modeling contact between a solid body represented with beam or shell theory and a domain discretized with solid finite elements, the contact model faces the typical challenges of enforcing geometric compatibility and the transfer of a complete pressure field along the contact interface, with the added complications stemming from the different underlying mathematical formulations and finite element discretizations in the connecting domains. Resultant-based beam and shell theories do not provide direct estimates of surface tractions, therefore rendering the issue of pressure transfer on beam–solid and shell–solid interfaces more problematic. In the absence of specialized contact formulations for solid–beam and solid–shell interfaces, contact models have relied almost exclusively on the Node-To-Surface (NTS) geometric compatibility approach. This formulation suffers from well-known drawbacks, including instability, surface locking and incomplete pressure fields on the interface. The NTS approach, however, remains the method most readily applicable to contact with beam or shell elements among the vast variety of available methods for computational contact modeling using finite elements. The goal of this paper is to bridge the gap in the literature on coupling domains with beam and solid finite element discretizations. We propose an interface formulation for beam–solid interfaces that ensures the transfer of a complete pressure field while enforcing geometric compatibility using standard NTS constraints. The formulation uses a stabilization approach, based on a special form of the Discontinuous Galerkin method, to enforce weak continuity between the stress fields on the solid side of the interface, and the moment and shear resultants in the contacting beam. We show that the proposed formulation is a robust approach for satisfying compatibility constraints while ensuring the transfer of a complete pressure field on beam–solid finite element interfaces that can be used with bilinear and quadratic interpolations in the solid, and Euler or Timoshenko formulations for the beam.
Some studies on central derivation of nilpotent Lie superalgebra
Authors: Padhan Rudra Narayan , Pati K. C.
Published: November 2018

Many theorems and formulas of Lie superalgebras run quite parallel to Lie algebras, sometimes giving interesting results. So it is quite natural to extend the new concepts of Lie algebra immediately to Lie superalgebra case as the later type of algebras have wide applications in physics and related theories. Using the concept of isoclinism, Saeedi and Sheikh-Mohseni [A characterization of stem algebras in terms of central derivations, Algebr. Represent. Theory 20 (2017) 1143–1150; On [Formula: see text]-derivations of Filippov algebra, to appear in Asian-Eur. J. Math.; S. Sheikh-Mohseni, F. Saeedi and M. Badrkhani Asl, On special subalgebras of derivations of Lie algebras, Asian-Eur. J. Math. 8(2) (2015) 1550032] recently studied the central derivation of nilpotent Lie algebra with nilindex 2. The purpose of the present paper is to continue and extend the investigation to obtain some similar results for Lie superalgebras, as isoclinism in Lie superalgebra is being recently introduced.
A note on improved upper bounds on the transversal number of hypergraphs
Authors: Henning Michael A. , Rad Nader Jafari
Published: November 2018

A subset [Formula: see text] of vertices in a hypergraph [Formula: see text] is a transversal if [Formula: see text] has a nonempty intersection with every edge of [Formula: see text]. The transversal number of [Formula: see text] is the minimum size of a transversal in [Formula: see text]. A subset [Formula: see text] of vertices in a graph [Formula: see text] with no isolated vertex, is a total dominating set if every vertex of [Formula: see text] is adjacent to a vertex of [Formula: see text]. The minimum cardinality of a total dominating set in [Formula: see text] is the total domination number of [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we obtain a new (improved) probabilistic upper bound for the transversal number of a hypergraph, and a new (improved) probabilistic upper bound for the total domination number of a graph.
Using App Inventor to provide the amortization schedule and the sinking fund schedule
Authors: Huang Li-Fei
Published: November 2018

The present value of interest in the amortization schedule or the sinking fund schedule is derived in the theorem. Even though that people prefer the level payments with smaller total amount of interest, the sum of the present value of interest and the present value of principal remains unchanged in all payment methods. The sum is just the loan amount. Rather than the traditional spreadsheet, the free MIT App Inventor is applied to create the amortization schedule and the sinking fund schedule in the mobile computing environment.
Military use of geologists and geology: a historical overview and introduction
Authors: Rose Edward P. F. , Ehlen Judy , Lawrence Ursula L.
Published: November 2018

Napoleon Bonaparte was, in 1798, the first general to include geologists as such on a military operation. Within the UK, the following century saw geology taught, and national geological mapping initiated, as a military science. Nevertheless, military geologists were not deployed on a battlefield until World War I, first by the German and Austro-Hungarian armies and later and less intensively those of the UK and USA. Geologists were used primarily to guide abstraction of groundwater, construction of ‘mine’ tunnels and dug-outs, development of fortifications and quarrying of natural resources to enhance or repair supply routes. Only the USSR and Germany entered World War II with organized military geological expertise, but the UK and later the USA made significant use of military geologists, albeit far fewer than the
c.
400 in total used by German forces. Military geologist roles in World War II included most of those of World War I, but were extended to other aspects of terrain evaluation, notably the rapid construction of temporary airfields and factors affecting cross-country vehicular movement (‘going’). After 1945, more military geologists were used in the USA than Germany or the UK, in these and wider roles, but mostly as civilians or reservists.
Extensional fault-related folding in the northwestern Red Sea, Egypt: segmented fault growth, fault linkages, corner folds and basin evolution
Authors: Khalil Samir M. , McClay Ken R.
Published: November 2018

Segmented, planar, domino-style extensional fault arrays and their associated hanging wall fault-related folds form complex linked basins along the onshore margin of the northwestern Red Sea, Egypt. The extensional fault systems form half-graben basins with kilometre-scale, asymmetrical, doubly plunging longitudinal synclines and narrow, plunging transverse anticlines and synclines. The axial traces of the hanging wall longitudinal folds are curvilinear, sub-parallel to the half-graben Border faults, and bend or are offset at relay ramps and at fault linkage points. Transverse corner fold systems occur at the fault linkage points and fault jogs. The fold geometries, variations in fault displacement, and fault slip indicators indicate that the fold and fault systems are kinematically related and formed during the Late Oligocene–Miocene rifting of the northern Red Sea. The folds were controlled by vertical and lateral fault propagation and by the mechanical anisotropy of the pre-rift strata. The proposed model for these extensional folds is the initial formation of monoclinal flexures above reactivated blind basement faults. Increased displacement, propagation and segment linkage formed hanging wall longitudinal folds and transverse corner folds. The longitudinal folds grew progressively at the expense of the transverse folds and merged along-strike into long hanging wall synclinal basins.
Micro-RNA-143 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of thymocytes by targeting CXCL13 in a myasthenia gravis mouse model
Authors: Wu Dong-Mei , Wen Xin , Han Xin-Rui , Wang Shan , Wang Yong-Jian , Shen Min , Fan Shao-Hua , Zhuang Juan , Zhang Zi-Feng , Shan Qun , Li Meng-Qiu , Hu Bin , Sun Chun-Hui , Lu Jun , Zheng Yuan-Lin
Published: November 2018

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder, affecting the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. The present study aims to determine the relationship between micro-RNA-143 (miR-143) and C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) and whether it influences the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG). Thymus specimens were resected from patients with thymic hyperplasia combined with MG and then infused into normal mouse cavities to establish MG mouse models. Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, in situ hybridization detection, and Western blot analysis were employed to identify the expression of miR-143 and CXCL13 in MG and normal mice. The obtained thymocytes were cultured in vitro and transfected with a series of miR-143 mimic, miR-143 inhibitor, overexpression of CXCL13, or siRNA against CXCL13. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and flow cytometry assays were employed to assess cell viability, cycle entry, and apoptosis of the thymocytes. Dual-luciferase reporter assay provided verification, confirming that CXCL13 was the target gene of miR-143. Low miR-143 expression in the thymus tissues of the MG mice was detected, which presented with a reciprocal relationship with the expression rate of CLCX13. Observations in relation to the interactions between miR-143 mimic or siRNA-CXCL13 exposure showed reduced cell viability, with a greater number of cells arrested at the G0/G1 phase and a greater rate of induced apoptosis. Furthermore, overexpression of CXCL13 rescued miR-143 mimic-induced apoptosis. The findings have identified the potential role of miR-143 as a MG development mediator by targeting CXCL13. The key results obtained provide a promising experimental basis for targeted intervention treatment with miR-143.
RNA interference may suppress stress granule formation by preventing argonaute 2 recruitment
Authors: Lou Qiang , Hu Yanzhong , Ma Yanfang , Dong Zheng
Published: November 2018

RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) is formed during RNA interference (RNAi), whereas stress granules (SG) are assembled in response to cellular stress. Here, we demonstrate an interesting connection between RISC and SG that may involve argonaute 2 (Ago2), a core component of RISC. We analyzed SG induction by arsenite, the commonly used SG inducer. SG formation was suppressed in heat shock transcription factor 1 (Hsf1) or hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif1α) shRNA-transfected cells but not in Hsf1 or Hif1α-knockout cells, suggesting that RNAi per se (rather than gene deficiency) may account for the suppressive effect on SG. In support, the suppressive effect of RNAi on SG formation was reversed by the RISC-loading inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid. In non-RNAi cells, arsenite induced the accumulation of Ago2 in SGs as shown by its colocalization and coimmunoprecipitation with SG proteins, but Ago2 was not recruited to SG in the cells with RNAi. Consistently, arsenite induced the dissociation of Ago2 from RISC proteins in non-RNAi cells but not in RNAi cells. CRISPR-Cas9-medicated ablation of Ago2 attenuated SG formation during arsenite treatment, suggesting a critical role of Ago2 in SG assembly. Together, these results indicate that RISC and SG may compete for some key components, such as Ago2. In response to cellular stress, Ago2 is recruited for SG assembly; however, during RNAi, Ago2 is held in RISC, becoming unavailable for SG formation.
Attenuation of murine and human airway contraction by a peptide fragment of the cytoskeleton regulatory protein gelsolin
Authors: Mikami Maya , Perez-Zoghbi Jose F. , Zhang Yi , Emala Charles W.
Published: November 2018

We have previously reported that mice genetically deficient in the actin binding protein gelsolin exhibit impaired airway smooth muscle (ASM) relaxation. Primary cultured ASM cells from these mice demonstrate enhanced inositol triphosphate (IP3) synthesis and increased intracellular calcium in response to Gq-coupled agonists. We hypothesized that this was due to increased intracellular availability of unbound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), based on the fact that gelsolin contains a short peptide region that binds PIP2, presumably making it a less available substrate. We now questioned whether a peptide that corresponds to the PIP2binding region of gelsolin could modulate ASM signaling and contraction. The 10 amino acid sequence of the gelsolin peptide within the PIP2-binding region was incubated with primary cultures of human ASM cells, and IP3synthesis was measured in response to a Gq-coupled agonist. Gelsolin peptide-treated cells generated less IP3under basal and bradykinin or acetylcholine (Gq-coupled) conditions. Acetylcholine-induced contractile force measured in isolated tracheal rings from mice and human tracheal muscle strips in organ baths was attenuated in the presence of the gelsolin peptide. The gelsolin peptide also attenuated methacholine-induced airway constriction in murine precision-cut lung slices. Furthermore, this peptide fragment delivered to the respiratory system of mice via nebulization attenuated subsequent methacholine-induced increases in airway resistance in vivo. The current study demonstrates that introduction of this small gelsolin peptide into the airway may be a novel therapeutic option in bronchoconstrictive diseases.
High-mobility group box-1 protein from CC10+ club cells promotes type 2 response in the later stage of respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Chen Sisi , Yu Guangyuan , Xie Jun , Tang Wei , Gao Leiqiong , Long Xiaoru , Ren Luo , Xie Xiaohong , Deng Yu , Fu Zhou , Liu Enmei
Published: November 2018

The type 2 immune response, induced by infection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), has been linked to asthma development, but it remains unclear how the response is initiated. Here, we reported that the high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein promotes the type 2 response in the later stage of RSV infection. In mice, we found that type 2 cytokines were elevated in the later stages, which were strongly diminished after administration of anti-HMGB1 antibodies. Further investigation revealed that HMGB1 expression was localized to CC10+ club cells in the lung. In the clinic, levels of HMGB1 in nasopharyngeal aspirates in hospitalized infants with RSV bronchiolitis [median (interquartile range) 161.20 ng/ml (68.06–221.30)] were significantly higher than those without lower respiratory tract infections [21.94 ng/ml (12.12–59.82); P < 0.001]. Moreover, higher levels of HMGB1 correlated with clinical severity. These results reveal a link between viral infection and the asthma-like type 2 responses that are associated with long-term consequences.
Blood Culture-Negative but Clinically Diagnosed Infective Endocarditis Complicated by Intracranial Mycotic Aneurysm, Brain Abscess, and Posterior Tibial Artery Pseudoaneurysm
Authors: Jiang Chao , Lu Haibin , Guo Yaoqiang , Zhu Li , Luo Tianqi , Ziai Wendy , Wang Jian
Published: November 2018

Blood culture-negative endocarditis is often severe and difficult to diagnose. It is necessary to emphasize the importance for the early diagnosis and accurate treatment of blood culture-negative endocarditis. Here, we described the relevant clinical information of a blood culture-negative but clinically diagnosed infective endocarditis complicated by intracranial mycotic aneurysm, brain abscess, and posterior tibial artery pseudoaneurysm. This patient was a 65-year-old man with a 9-month history of intermittent fever and died in the end for the progressive neurological deterioration. Although the blood culture is negative, this patient was clinically diagnosed as infective endocarditis according to Duke criteria. This patient course was complicated not only by cerebral embolism, intracranial mycotic aneurysm, and brain abscess but also by posterior tibial artery aneurysm of the lower extremity. The clinical findings of this patient suggest that the confirmatory microbiology is essential for the treatment of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis. Clinicians should be aware of the detriment of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis for its multiple complications may occur in one patient. The delayed etiological diagnosis and insufficient treatment may aggregate the clinical outcome of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis.
Thermodynamics of the FRW Universe at the Event Horizon in Palatini f(R) Gravity
Authors: Sefiedgar A. S. , Mirzazadeh M.
Published: November 2018

In an accelerated expanding universe, one can expect the existence of an event horizon. It may be interesting to study the thermodynamics of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe at the event horizon. Considering the usual Hawking temperature, the first law of thermodynamics does not hold on the event horizon. To satisfy the first law of thermodynamics, it is necessary to redefine Hawking temperature. In this paper, using the redefinition of Hawking temperature and applying the first law of thermodynamics on the event horizon, the Friedmann equations are obtained in f(R) gravity from the viewpoint of Palatini formalism. In addition, the generalized second law (GSL) of thermodynamics, as a measure of the validity of the theory, is investigated.