bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glia–immune interactions post-ischemic stroke and potential therapies
Authors: Hersh Jessica , Yang Shao-Hua
Published: December 2018

Although the primary responsibility of the immune system has for over a century been perceived as the protector of the host against infection in the peripheral organs, we now know the immune system also plays a vital role in recovery pathways associated with central nervous system (CNS) injury. There is mounting evidence that the blood–brain barrier does not preclude the CNS from immune surveillance. Of particular interest for this review is how microglia and astrocytes interact with the cells of the immune system to modulate repair and recovery mechanisms in ischemic stroke. Our review argues that by deepening our understanding of neuroimmunity, specifically the bidirectional glial–immune cell communications, a plethora of new therapeutic targets and mechanisms may be revealed. Consequently, this review instigates novel experimental approaches to neuroimmunology and fosters a more rapid discovery process for the treatment of stroke.

Impact statement

This article reviews glial cell interactions with the immune system post-ischemic stroke. Research has shown that glial cells in the brain play a role in altering phenotypes of other glial cells and have downstream immune cell targets ultimately regulating a neuroinflammatory response. These interactions may play a deleterious as well as beneficial role in stroke recovery. Furthermore, they may provide a novel way to approach potential therapies, since current stroke drug therapy is limited to only one Food and Drug Administration-approved drug complicated by a narrow therapeutic window. Until this point, most research has emphasized neuroimmune interactions, but little focus has been on bidirectional communication of glial–immune interactions in the ischemic brain. By expanding our understanding of these interactions through a compilation of glial cell effects, we may be able to pinpoint major modulating factors in brain homeostasis to maintain or discover ways to suppress irreversible ischemic damage and improve brain repair.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Spirit Possession and Deliverance Ministries
Authors: Illueca Marta
Published: December 2018

This paper reviews the interdisciplinary clinical and diagnostic aspects of spirit possession phenomena pertinent to the health care and pastoral fields. The empirical data on possession states and deliverance ministries are limited and widely spread across various academic disciplines. This paper provides practical insights that may inform the initial evaluation and management of people seeking professional spiritual or psychological assistance. Further research in this area of inquiry, will benefit from the ongoing collaboration between pastoral and health care specialists.
Arterial Duplex as an Adjunct to Assist Decision Making in the Management of Arterial Trauma
Authors: Sommerset Jill , Condron Mary , Sea Stephanie , Teso Desarom , Karmy-Jones Riyad
Published: December 2018

Historically, imaging in vascular trauma has been performed to confirm the diagnosis and plan intervention and, in majority of cases, has included arterial or computed tomography (CT) angiography. In the operating room, angiography is generally performed for control occasionally to treat the injury, and to confirm success of the intervention. These techniques do not offer a method of following the patient and are limited in many settings. Intra-operative and bedside duplex ultrasound offers a means in some settings of real-time assessment and for following the outcomes of interventions. We present 2 cases that illustrate a possible for role for duplex ultrasound in the setting of trauma.
The gap between women’s needs when diagnosed with asymptomatic osteoporosis and what is provided by the healthcare system: A qualitative study
Authors: Ravn Jakobsen Pernille , Hermann Anne Pernille , Søendergaard Jens , Kock Wiil Uffe , Myhre Jensen Charlotte , Clemensen Jane
Published: December 2018

Objectives

Women diagnosed with asymptomatic osteoporosis need better support to understand the implications of the condition and how to practice self-management in their daily lives. In contrast, physicians report that asymptomatic osteoporosis is not a serious chronic condition and do not pay much attention to the condition compared to other chronic conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the gap between women’s needs, when diagnosed with asymptomatic osteoporosis, and what is provided by the healthcare system.

Methods

A secondary analysis of semi-structured interviews with 17 women newly diagnosed with asymptomatic osteoporosis was conducted and combined with semi-structured interviews with six physicians. Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method was used in the analysis.

Results

Two overall themes were identified: different perceptions of asymptomatic osteoporosis and discrepancies in the osteoporosis consultation. Habermas was used as a theoretical approach to discuss the findings.

Discussion

We discuss that physicians pay too much attention to the objective world and highlight that there is a need for better inclusion of women’s subjective and social worlds, to enable mutual understanding and communicative action in the osteoporosis consultation. This would lead to treatment decisions based on women’s needs and support women in their self-management of osteoporosis.
Obstetric management of a woman with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2i and dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: von Guionneau Alexandra , Burford Charlotte , Stone Sophia
Published: December 2018

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy describes a clinical phenotype with progressive weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the shoulders and hips. One of the more common types, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2i, is associated with impaired cardiac function and restrictive lung disease, typically disproportionate to muscular disease. This condition presents a number of complex challenges in pregnancy and there are few case reports of its successful management. Here we discuss the course of the first pregnancy of a 20-year-old woman with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2i.
Effects of the Simultaneous Presentation of Corresponding Auditory and Visual Stimuli on Size Variance Perception
Authors: Ueda Sachiyo , Mizuguchi Ayane , Yakushijin Reiko , Ishiguchi Akira
Published: December 2018

To overcome limitations in perceptual bandwidth, humans condense various features of the environment into summary statistics. Variance constitutes indices that represent diversity within categories and also the reliability of the information regarding that diversity. Studies have shown that humans can efficiently perceive variance for visual stimuli; however, to enhance perception of environments, information about the external world can be obtained from multisensory modalities and integrated. Consequently, this study investigates, through two experiments, whether the precision of variance perception improves when visual information (size) and corresponding auditory information (pitch) are integrated. In Experiment 1, we measured the correspondence between visual size and auditory pitch for each participant by using adjustment measurements. The results showed a linear relationship between size and pitch—that is, the higher the pitch, the smaller the corresponding circle. In Experiment 2, sequences of visual stimuli were presented both with and without linked auditory tones, and the precision of perceived variance in size was measured. We consequently found that synchronized presentation of audio and visual stimuli that have the same variance improves the precision of perceived variance in size when compared with visual-only presentation. This suggests that audiovisual information may be automatically integrated in variance perception.
Deep brain stimulation: An overview of history, methods, and future developments
Authors: Pycroft Laurie , Stein John , Aziz Tipu
Published: December 2018

Deep brain stimulation has already revolutionised the clinical management of treatment-resistant movement disorders and offers novel treatment options for an increasing range of neurological and psychiatric illnesses. In this article, we briefly review the history of deep brain stimulation, particularly focusing on the last 50 years, which have seen rapid development in the safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation. We then discuss the current state of the art in deep brain stimulation, focusing on emerging indications and recent technological advances that have improved the field. Finally, we consider the future developments in technology, technique, and research that will impact deep brain stimulation; particularly focusing on closed-loop stimulation techniques and emerging techniques such as optogenetics, cybersecurity risk, implantation timing, and impediments to undertaking high-quality research.
Affective geopolitics: Anxiety, pain, and ethics in the encounter with Syrian refugees in Turkey
Authors: Gökarıksel Banu , Secor Anna J
Published: December 2018

This paper explores the affective making of geopolitics through an analysis of how long-term residents of Turkey narrate their encounters with displaced people from Syria. Situating these narratives in relation to Turkey’s policies and practices concerning the Syrian war and Syrian refugees, our project asks: What are the affective dimensions of encountering Syrians in Turkey and how do these encounters unfold an embodied geopolitics on the street and in neighborhoods? Our analysis of focus group conversations (conducted between 2014 and 2016 in Istanbul, Konya, and Malatya) centers on three dimensions of the affective geopolitics of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey. First, we draw out feelings of threatening proximity, in which the denigration of Syrian bodies and lives converges with the desire for a spatial organization of bodies that would put literal boundaries between “us” and “them.” Second, we present how the Adalet and Kalkınma Partisi’s geopolitical orientation towards leadership in the Muslim Middle East and official rhetoric regarding Turkey’s obligation to the Syrians as part of Muslim unity do not preclude the anxiety citizens express about the embodied presence of displaced Syrians in their daily lives. And finally, we address the politics of pain and the problems of translation in the encounter with the other. Here, we argue that the imminent, embodied, and affective challenge posed by the arrival of more than three million Syrians in Turkey concerns the ethics of how to hear, understand, and respond to the pain of others.
Radiation Therapy-Induced Pathologic Scapula Fracture After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Case Report
Authors: Zhang Yichong , Keener Jay D
Published: December 2018

Background

Radiotherapy is widely used as an effective adjunctive treatment modality in conjunction with conservative surgery for breast cancer. Radiation-induced skeletal changes in the shoulder region have been reported in 1% to 3% of patients who have undergone this treatment modality. With treatment techniques improving life expectancy, there is an increasing number of patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty surgery with a history of cancer radiation therapy. To our knowledge, there are no reports focusing on potential radiation-related pathologic fractures of the shoulder after shoulder arthroplasty.

Case report

We present a case of catastrophic failure of glenoid component fixation after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in a patient with previous high-dose radiation to the breast and supraclavicular areas. In this patient, failure of ingrowth of the baseplate and incorporation of the glenoid bone graft lead to eventual component loosening and subsidence. In addition, insufficiency fractures of the scapular body and base of the scapular spine occurred, complicating the clinical situation. The likely cause of these complications stems from radiation-induced impaired bone metabolism directly limiting bone remodeling potential.

Conclusion

This is a rare complication following RSA but highlights a concern that must be considered prior to implantation of the prosthesis that requires bone ingrowth for fixation.
Preliminary Experience Using Bioactive Glass Wedges for Cotton Osteotomy
Authors: Borenstein Tood , Gonzalez Tyler , Krevolin Janet , Den Hartog Bryan , Thordarson David
Published: December 2018

Background:

Medial cuneiform dorsal opening wedge (Cotton) osteotomy is often used for treating forefoot varus in patients undergoing surgery for stage II posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction. The goal of this study was to examine the radiographic outcomes of Cotton osteotomy with bioactive glass wedge to assess for both maintenance of correction and clinical results and complications. We hypothesized that bioactive glass wedges would maintain correction of the osteotomy with low complication rates.

Methods:

Between December 2015 and June 2016, the charts of 17 patients (10 female and 7 male) who underwent Cotton osteotomy using bioactive glass wedges were retrospectively reviewed. Patient age averaged 56.8 years (range, 16-84). The average follow-up was 6.5 months. Radiographs were reviewed to assess for initial correction and maintenance of correction of medial column sag as well as for union. Charts were reviewed for complications.

Results:

The medial column sag correction averaged 15.6% on the final postoperative lateral radiograph. Meary angle averaged 19 degrees (3.14-42.8 degrees) preoperatively and 5.5 degrees (0.4-20.7 degrees) at final follow-up. All patients achieved clinical and radiographic union. One patient developed neuropathic midfoot pain and was managed with sympathetic blocks. One patient had a delayed union that healed at 6 months without surgical intervention. No patients required the use of custom orthotics or subsequent surgical procedures.

Conclusion:

Cotton osteotomy with bioactive glass wedges produced consistent correction of the medial column with low risk.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Perspective: DNA Copy Number Variations in Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Vijay Aatira , Garg Iti , Ashraf Mohammad Zahid
Published: December 2018

Human genome contains many variations, often called mutations, which are difficult to detect and have remained a challenge for years. A substantial part of the genome encompasses repeats and when such repeats are in the coding region they may lead to change in the gene expression profile followed by pathological conditions. Structural variants are alterations which change one or more sequence feature in the chromosome such as change in the copy number, rearrangements, and translocations of a sequence and can be balanced or unbalanced. Copy number variants (CNVs) may increase or decrease the copies of a given region and have a pivotal role in the onset of many diseases including cardiovascular disorders. Cardiovascular disorders have a magnitude of well-established risk factors and etiology, but their correlation with CNVs is still being studied. In this article, we have discussed history of CNVs and a summary on the diseases associated with CNVs. To detect such variations, we shed light on the number of techniques introduced so far and their limitations. The lack of studies on cardiovascular diseases to determine the frequency of such variants needs clinical studies with larger cohorts. This review is a compilation of articles suggesting the importance of CNVs in multitude of cardiovascular anomalies. Finally, future perspectives for better understanding of CNVs and cardiovascular disorders have also been discussed.
In house virtual surgery and 3D complex head and neck reconstruction
Authors: Luu Kimberly , Pakdel Amirreza , Wang Edward , Prisman Eitan
Published: December 2018

Background

3-Dimensional (3D) printing can be applied to virtual planning and creation of surgical guides for mandibular reconstruction. Such systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in head and neck reconstruction. However, third party access to this technology is costly and removes the opportunity to design, create, and modify the bony reconstructions, as third party technology is a black box. This series is a pilot study to document the feasibility of an in-house software tool. The objectives of this study are to describe the design of an automated in house system and assess the accuracy of this in house automated software tool for mandibular reconstruction in a simulated environment.

Methods

Software was written to automate the preoperative planning and surgical guide creation process. In a simulation lab, Otolaryngology residents were tasked with resecting and reconstructing a simulated mandible using the 3D-printed cutting guides. A control group of residents performed resection and reconstruction using the traditional method without cutting guides. T-test analysis was performed to compare specific aspects of the final reconstructions including: change from native mandibular width and projection, segment gap distance, and reconstruction time.

Results

Mandibular reconstruction was successful in all participants using the 3D printed system. The guided group performed significantly better on the measurement of change in Mandibular overlap, projection, segment gap volume. There was a non-significant trend towards better mandibular width and operative time for the guided group.

Conclusions

This study confirms functionality and feasibility of using an in house automated software for planning and creating surgical guides.
Adjuvant Therapy for Biliary Tract Cancers
Authors: Horgan Anne M. , Knox Jennifer J.
Published: December 2018

Biliary tract cancers, including gallbladder cancer, intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal cholangiocarcinomas, although anatomically contiguous, represent a heterogeneous group of cancers with extensive biologic and genetic diversity. With early disease, surgical resection is the preferred option for all subtypes; however, relapse rates remain high, and survival outcomes are poor. Data to guide the use of adjuvant therapy have been limited to retrospective series, population-based studies, and meta-analyses, all with their associated limitations. The number of prospective trials ongoing or completed is increasing, and these results will ultimately dictate optimal treatment of this group of diseases. This review summarizes the data for adjuvant therapy in biliary tract cancers.
Protein association changes in the Hedgehog signaling complex mediate differential signaling strength
Authors: Giordano Cecile , Ruel Laurent , Poux Candice , Therond Pascal
Published: December 2018

Hedgehog (Hh) is a conserved morphogen that controls cell differentiation and tissue patterning in metazoans. In Drosophila, the Hh signal is transduced from the G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) to the cytoplasmic Hh signaling complex (HSC). How activated Smo is translated into a graded activation of the downstream pathway is still not well understood. In this study, we show that the last amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail of Smo, in combination with G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (Gprk2), bind to the regulatory domain of Fused (Fu) and highly activate its kinase activity. We further show that this binding induces changes in the association of Fu protein with the HSC and increases the proximity of the Fu catalytic domain to its substrate, the Costal2 kinesin. We propose a new model in which, depending on the magnitude of Hh signaling, Smo and Gprk2 modulate protein association and conformational changes in the HSC, which are responsible for the differential activation of the pathway.
Collagen COL22A1 maintains vascular stability and mutations in COL22A1 are potentially associated with intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Ton Quynh V. , Leino Daniel , Mowery Sarah A. , Bredemeier Nina O. , Lafontant Pascal J. , Lubert Allison , Gurung Suman , Farlow Janice L. , Foroud Tatiana M. , Broderick Joseph , Sumanas Saulius
Published: December 2018

Collagen XXII (COL22A1) is a quantitatively minor collagen, which belongs to the family of fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices. Its biological function has been poorly understood. Here, we used a genome-editing approach to generate a loss-of-function mutant in zebrafish col22a1. Homozygous mutant adults exhibit increased incidence of intracranial hemorrhages, which become more prominent with age and after cardiovascular stress. Homozygous col22a1 mutant embryos show higher sensitivity to cardiovascular stress and increased vascular permeability, resulting in a greater percentage of embryos with intracranial hemorrhages. Mutant embryos also exhibit dilations and irregular structure of cranial vessels. To test whether COL22A1 is associated with vascular disease in humans, we analyzed data from a previous study that performed whole-exome sequencing of 45 individuals from seven families with intracranial aneurysms. The rs142175725 single-nucleotide polymorphism was identified, which segregated with the phenotype in all four affected individuals in one of the families, and affects a highly conserved E736 residue in COL22A1 protein, resulting in E736D substitution. Overexpression of human wild-type COL22A1, but not the E736D variant, partially rescued the col22a1 loss-of-function mutant phenotype in zebrafish embryos. Our data further suggest that the E736D mutation interferes with COL22A1 protein secretion, potentially leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Altogether, these results argue that COL22A1 is required to maintain vascular integrity. These data further suggest that mutations in COL22A1 could be one of the risk factors for intracranial aneurysms in humans.
Iron-Catalyzed Cross Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Alkyl Grignard Reagents: Synthetic Scope and FeII/FeIV Mechanism Supported by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Agata Ryosuke , Takaya Hikaru , Matsuda Hiroshi , Nakatani Naoki , Takeuchi Katsuhiko , Iwamoto Takahiro , Hatakeyama Takuji , Nakamura Masaharu
Published: December 2018

A combination of iron(III) fluoride and 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene (SIPr) catalyzes the high-yielding cross coupling of an electron-rich aryl chloride with an alkyl Grignard reagent, which cannot be attained using other iron catalysts. A variety of alkoxy- or amino-substituted aryl chlorides can be cross-coupled with various alkyl Grignard reagents regardless of the presence or absence of β-hydrogens in the alkyl group. A radical probe experiment using 1-(but-3-enyl)-2-chlorobenzene does not afford the corresponding cyclization product, therefore excluding the intermediacy of radical species. Solution-phase X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis, with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicates the formation of a high-spin (S = 2) heteroleptic difluorido organoferrate(II), [MgX][FeIIF2(SIPr)(Me/alkyl)], in the reaction mixture. DFT calculations also support a feasible reaction pathway, including the formation of a difluorido organoferrate(II) intermediate which undergoes a novel Lewis acid-assisted oxidative addition to form a neutral organoiron(IV) intermediate, which leads to an FeII/FeIV catalytic cycle, where the fluorido ligand and the magnesium ion play key roles.
Childhood Circumstances and Adult Outcomes: Act II
Authors: Almond Douglas , Currie Janet , Duque Valentina
Published: December 2018

That prenatal events can have life-long consequences is now well established. Nevertheless, research on the fetal origins hypothesis is flourishing and has expanded to include the early childhood (postnatal) environment. Why does this literature have a “second act?” We summarize the major themes and contributions driving the empirical literature since our 2011 reviews, and try to interpret the literature in light of an overarching conceptual framework about how human capital is produced early in life. One major finding is that relatively mild shocks in early life can have substantial negative impacts, but that the effects are often heterogeneous reflecting differences in child endowments, budget constraints, and production technologies. Moreover, shocks, investments, and interventions can interact in complex ways that are only beginning to be understood. Many advances in our knowledge are due to increasing accessibility of comprehensive administrative data that allow events in early life to be linked to long-term outcomes. Yet, we still know relatively little about the interval between, and thus about whether it would be feasible to identify and intervene with affected individuals at some point between early life and adulthood. We do know enough, however, to be able to identify some interventions that hold promise for improving child outcomes in early life and throughout the life course. (JEL I12, J13, J16, Q51, Q53)
Islam and Economic Performance: Historical and Contemporary Links
Authors: Kuran Timur
Published: December 2018

This essay critically evaluates the analytic literature concerned with causal connections between Islam and economic performance. It focuses on works since 1997, when this literature was last surveyed comprehensively. Among the findings are the following: Ramadan fasting by pregnant women harms prenatal development; Islamic charities mainly benefit the middle class; Islam affects educational outcomes less through Islamic schooling than through structural factors that handicap learning as a whole; Islamic finance has a negligible effect on Muslim financial behavior; and low generalized trust depresses Muslim trade. The last feature reflects the Muslim world’s delay in transitioning from personal to impersonal exchange. The delay resulted from the persistent simplicity of the private enterprises formed under Islamic law. Weak property rights reinforced the private sector’s stagnation by driving capital from commerce to rigid waqfs. Waqfs limited economic development through their inflexibility and democratization by keeping civil society embryonic. Parts of the Muslim world conquered by Arab armies are especially undemocratic, which suggests that early Islamic institutions were particularly critical to the persistence of authoritarian patterns of governance. States have contributed to the persistence of authoritarianism by treating Islam as an instrument of governance. As the world started to industrialize, non-Muslim subjects of Muslim-governed states pulled ahead of their Muslim neighbors, partly by exercising the choice of law they enjoyed under Islamic law in favor of a Western legal system.( JEL N25, N45, O43, O53, P51, Z12)
The Formation of Expectations, Inflation, and the Phillips Curve
Authors: Coibion Olivier , Gorodnichenko Yuriy , Kamdar Rupal
Published: December 2018

This paper argues for a careful (re)consideration of the expectations formation process and a more systematic inclusion of real-time expectations through survey data in macroeconomic analyses. While the rational expectations revolution has allowed for great leaps in macroeconomic modeling, the surveyed empirical microevidence appears increasingly at odds with the full-information rational expectation assumption. We explore models of expectation formation that can potentially explain why and how survey data deviate from full-information rational expectations. Using the New Keynesian Phillips curve as an extensive case study, we demonstrate how incorporating survey data on inflation expectations can address a number of otherwise puzzling shortcomings that arise under the assumption of full-information rational expectations. (JEL D04, E24, E27, E31, E37)
Finance and Economic Development in the Very Long Run: A Review Essay
Authors: Shin Yongseok
Published: December 2018

I review William N. Goetzmann’s Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible. This magnificent book offers insightful coverage of more than 5,000 years of human history under the theme of “how finance made civilization possible.” I reinterpret its main hypotheses in the context of recent economic research on finance and development, and also compare them with other economic historians’ views. I suggest that further examinations of the historical facts in the book could guide us in rethinking financial regulation. ( JEL E42, E44, G00, N20)
The Case for Imposing Cashlessness: A Review Article
Authors: Wallace Neil
Published: December 2018

In The Curse of Cash, Rogoff (2016) makes two arguments. (i) Large denominations of currency are primarily used for illegal activity. Therefore, eliminating them would have benefits that far outweigh the costs in terms of lost seigniorage. (ii) The zero lower bound (ZLB) on the interest rate implied by the possibility of holding large amounts of currency is a costly constraint on central-bank policy. The best way to eliminate the ZLB is to eliminate all but small denominations of currency, ten dollars and lower, and to have those be in the form of coins. The style of the book, no models and no symbols, works fairly well for (i), but not so well for (ii). For (ii), the author is unclear about a crucial matter: what fiscal policy accompanies alternative interest-rate settings chosen by the central bank? ( JEL E26, E42, E43, E52, E58, E62)
Novas formas para financiar velhos problemas
Authors: Tonelli Maria José , Wilner Adriana
Published: December 2018

Editorial - Novas formas para financiar velhos problemas
Tecnologia inclusiva?
Authors: Mariz Frederic
Published: December 2018

O blockchain tem potencial para melhorar o uso, a qualidade e o custo dos serviços financeiros à população brasileira, mas ainda há desafios técnicos, operacionais e de governança.
De um limão, uma limonada
Authors: Matzembacher Daniele Eckert , Barcellos Marcia Dutra de , Vieira Luciana Marques
Published: December 2018

Governos, organizações não governamentais (ONGs), grandes empresas e startups vêm mostrando que é possível ter ganhos financeiros, ambientais e sociais ao diminuir as perdas que ocorrem com alimentos desde a produção até o consumo.
ALTERNATIVE STUDY OF A BEVEL PUNCH-ASSISTED ECAE SCHEME
Authors: Perig Alexander V. , Golodenko Nikolai N.
Published: December 2018

It is a common practice in pressure forming to make an Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) of a workpiece through a die with channel intersection angle 2θ = 90° using a standard punch of brick or cylindrical shape with 2θ0 = 90°. However Nejadseyfi et al (2015) have applied a beveled 2θ0-punch to the process of ECAE through a standard angular die of Segal geometry with 2θ = 90° and 2θ0 ≠ 2θ. The scope of the article is focused on an alternative numerical study of Nejadseyfi-ECAE-Scheme using techniques of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A finite-difference method was applied to the numerical solution of the boundary value problem for the Navier-Stokes equations in the form of a vorticity transfer equation. The complex of 2D plots for CFD-derived fields of flow lines and flow velocities and 3D plots for spatial distributions of flow velocities and tangential stresses were firstly derived for Nejadseyfi-ECAE-Scheme during viscous flow of polymer workpiece models through angular die with 2θ = 90° for the different punch inclination angles 30° ≤ 2θ0 ≤ 150°. It was found that Nejadseyfi-ECAE-Scheme provides enhancement of the rotary modes of intensive deformations during ECAE. Results provide visualization of velocity gradients and macroscopic rotation and the illustration of Nejadseyfi et al’s ideas from an alternative CFD-based viewpoint.
O ativismo judicial na visão de Ronald Dworkin
Authors: Appio Eduardo Fernando
Published: December 2018

O presente texto busca questionar a alegada correspondência entre as proposições doutrinarias (e judiciais) que defendem o ativismo judicial no Brasil e algumas das idéias de um brilhante autor norte americano que, involuntariamente, acabaram servindo para incrementar os equívocos que hoje se acometem, com especial enfoque no controle judicial de políticas públicas.
DETECÇÃO DE MUDANÇAS NAS ÁREAS CONSTRUÍDAS DA AP4/RIO DE JANEIRO, ENTRE 2000 E 2015.
Authors: Viégas Vandré Soares , Marques João Vitor Freitas Pereira Abrantes , De Oliveira Ana Paula , De Souza Elizabeth Maria Feitosa da Rocha
Published: December 2018

Com o advento das técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, há um grande número de ferramentas que podem contribuir diretamente para a análise do ambiente urbano modificado, já que a expansão de uma determinada área ocupada, bem como sua ocupação, pode ser facilmente detectada através de imagens de satélite. O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar as mudanças ocorridas na Área de Planejamento 4 - no Rio de Janeiro, utilizando técnicas de Detecção de Imagem TM / LANDSAT para detectar alterações de cobertura do solo ocorridas no período de 2000 a 2015. As imagens foram submetidas a curvas específicas a resposta espectral dos alvos para verificar o ajuste das imagens. Por fim, o modelo GEOBIA foi gerado para a identificação de áreas urbanas, utilizando os descritores NDBI, NDWI e NDVI. Após a modelagem dos descritores e o mapeamento das áreas urbanas na AP 4, foi possível identificar mudanças e características sociais dos resultados.
Assistant practitioners in palliative care: doing things differently
Authors: Rudrum Ian , Mahalingam Nisanthan , Bura Mary
Published: December 2018

The acute hospital palliative care team at London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust provides specialist palliative care advice and supports end-of-life care across the trust. We have experienced a year-on-year increase in demand for our services and have previously managed this by recruiting more clinical nurse specialists. The appointment of two assistant practitioners to support end-of-life care has allowed us to look at a different model of care and new ways of working to meet increasing demands on our service.
The Dangers of Social Media and Young Dental Patients' Body Image
Authors: Rana Shivani , Kelleher Martin
Published: December 2018

New media poses new dangers for many younger dental patients and, in particular, to their body image. There is now a generation of younger dental patients that have grown up entirely in the digital era where social media is just part of their normal life. Most of the images they are exposed to have some benefits, but others can pose significant risks for them. For instance, images are readily available to them of the supposed ‘ideal’ dental or facial appearance and sometimes accompanied by some alleged ‘quick fix’ to achieve dental or facial improvement. There are potential dangers of being exposed persistently to such highly idealized images in that many adolescents perceive that their happiness is largely dependent on achieving these artificially enhanced versions of alleged dental or facial beauty. There are dangers in some impressionable young people seeking elective interventions to improve their appearance in various ways which can have longer term mental or physical health consequences. Dentists need to be aware of these important issues in order to help younger people avoid various dangers and to help to safeguard their longer term dental and emotional health.

This article aims to provide professionals in various fields with recommendations on advising young patients about some of the dangers of spurious claims about ‘do-it-yourself’ dentistry or facial aesthetics, as well as helping them avoid destructive or unstable treatments, especially those of the ‘quick fix’ variety. Caution is advised in relation to dentists and young patients not believing unproven claims for some treatments.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: It is important to challenge unrealistic aspirations of some adolescents about their appearance early on, in order to help to manage those expectations more sensibly and thereby avoid later disappointment, complaints or litigation.
How Orthodontic Therapists have Changed the Provision of Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Ainscough Sarah , Roberts-Harry Dai , Shelton Andrew , Littlewood Simon , Hodge Trevor
Published: December 2018

The last decade has seen the orthodontic workforce transformed by the introduction of orthodontic therapists. This article aims to highlight how they have changed the provision of orthodontic treatment and how the orthodontic profession has caught up with general dentistry where task delegation to dental therapists and hygienists has been commonplace for many years.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article will enable readers to see just what roles OTs undertake, increase their awareness of who may be undertaking the treatment on the patients they refer on and highlight the guidelines on appropriate supervision that their referring orthodontists should be following.
Developmental Defects of Enamel in Primary Molars: A Review
Authors: Marshall Sophie , Kandiah Thayalan
Published: December 2018

Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) are not uncommon in both the primary and permanent dentition. This article presents a review of the current literature and describes the definition, prevalence, aetiology, diagnosis and management of primary molars affected by DDE.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article describes the diagnosis and management of DDE in practice to aid treatment planning in children with primary molars affected by DDE.
Making worlds in urban cultural studies
Authors: Birdsall Carolyn , Kalkman Simone
Published: December 2018

In this editorial, we explore the relevance of the concepts of worlding and world-making within the context of urban cultural studies. We ask how cultural practices make worlds and how these practices are in turn worlded, with particular attention to the diverse forms that the urban (as a ‘global’ phenomenon) takes across the world and fact that academic research itself should be considered a form of worlding. In doing so, three focal points come to the fore. The first is the importance of so-called ‘elite dreams’ and their messy and contested relation with worlding practices from below. Second, we emphasize the need to examine the social, political and economic contexts in which cultural objects are created, distributed and received – which calls for an interdisciplinary approach. Third, we focus on historical differences and the need for longer-term perspectives within scholarly research, considering how particular cultural practices are preserved and remembered.
(Re)Addressing Mostar: Global imaginaries, local activisms
Authors: Carabelli Giulia
Published: December 2018

This article examines how artistic interventions in public space become worlding practices that challenge established, global representations of cities. Focusing on Mostar, an ethnically divided city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the essay contrasts the global representation of the city as intolerant and uncooperative to the worlding practices of Abart, a collective whose art interventions make visible moments of solidarity among supposedly antagonistic actors. Through the mobilization of Lefebvre’s core concepts of the production of space and heterotopia, this article explores how Abart navigates global funding streams through the re-appropriation of donors’ vocabulary as a means of countering their dominant narratives that limit the very potentials of urban activism. Thus, Mostar’s network of activists constitutes a significant example of grassroots actors critically intervening into the ‘art of being global’.
Defiant worldings from Manchester, England: Expulsed global solidarities and the international homeland of dignity
Authors: Gräbner Cornelia
Published: December 2018

This article explores contemporary material and affective traces of two instances of global solidarity in Manchester, England. The first is a letter sent to Abraham Lincoln by an assembly of Manchester citizens in December 1862, assuring Lincoln of their unwavering support for the struggle for the freedom of all despite the cotton famine’s effect on those assembled. The second instance refers to the multi-faceted practices of solidarity with the Spanish Republic and the International Brigades. Drawing on Stephen D’Arcy’s ‘language of the unheard’ and Ananya Roy’s ‘civic governmentality’, and on commemorative traces in Manchester’s topography, the article reflects on how ‘defiant worldings’ are commemorated, subordinated and/or marginalized but also how the spirit of egalitarian, anti-racist and anti-fascist defiance is remembered and kept alive.
Music in Samuel Beckett’s radio play Embers: ‘I shouldn’t be hearing that!’
Authors: Jeffery Lucy
Published: December 2018

This article explores how Samuel Beckett’s use of music in his 1957 radio play Embers is linked to our understanding of the experience of memory and storytelling. It reconsiders how Beckett’s use of the radio medium both informs and is informed by his lifelong interest in music. Beckett’s well-known attitudes towards storytelling – his struggle to express, interest in ambiguity, and resistance to neat conclusions – are revisited with close attention paid to his attempt to express the ineffable. The article argues that Beckett’s simultaneous need for and resistance to storytelling finds its voice in the impossibility of describing music. It suggests that this implicit tension is essential not only in terms of listening to Embers, but also becomes an increasingly central and knotty element of Beckett’s creative process. Hence, the article claims that Beckett can be read alongside twentieth-century composers such as Arnold Schoenberg and Paul Hindemith. In its use of Theodor Adorno and Vladimir Jankélévitch, the analysis employs musicological readings of Beckett’s radio play to demonstrate how Beckett’s use of music complicates, rather than facilitates, our experience of memory and storytelling.
The Family Nagashi: Anti-racist radio and the Japanese internment
Authors: Killmeier Matthew A.
Published: December 2018

This article provides a cultural history of The Family Nagashi, a 1945 propaganda play by Arch Oboler focused on combatting racism against Japanese Americans returning home from the wartime internment camps and military service. It situates the play in the historical contexts of wartime US racism towards Japanese Americans, the collaborative nature of US wartime propaganda and the uses of ethnic soldiers in wartime propaganda to promote tolerance. The author argues that the play provides a poetic argument that relies heavily on an affective narrative to support the efforts of the US government to resettle Japanese Americans immediately after the war. The play draws on materials provided by the US government, which was a common collaborative practice in wartime propaganda, in its attempt to persuade listeners that Japanese Americans are assimilated Americans, to combat racism against them and to forward a message of tolerance and pluralism.
The spontaneous discourse of radio presenters in states of security emergency
Authors: Ben-Atar Ella , Ben-Asher Smadar
Published: December 2018

Scholars from various research disciplines have focused on ways of helping a civilian population withstand mass natural or human-instigated disasters. The present study examines the theoretical principles suggested by Hobfoll et al. (safety, calming, efficacy, connectedness and hope) by an analysis of the spontaneous discourse of educational radio presenters during emergency broadcasts when the region’s residents live under the constant danger of rocket fire. This study analysed 198 broadcasting hours sampled from three different periods of military conflict (2008−14). The radio presenters’ spontaneous discourse was analysed by content, drawing a distinction between resilience-promoting (function) and resilience-impairing (dysfunction) messages. The findings show that despite the presenters’ intention to help the community contend with the difficult situation, numerous resilience-impairing messages also appeared in their spontaneous discourse. The present study contributes by providing an additional layer of theoretical research on interventions in community stress situations and looks at utilizing the potential inherent in educational radio as a tool to aid development of community resilience.
Book Reviews
Authors: Roxo Pedro , Luscombe Anya
Published: December 2018

Music and the Broadcast Experience: Performance, Production and Audiences, Christina L. Baade and James Deaville (eds) (2016) New York: Oxford University Press, 368 pp., ISBN-13: 978-0-19931-470-6, h/bk, $93.24; p/bk, $27.00

Across the Waves: How the United States and France shaped the International Age of Radio, Derek W. Vaillant (2017) Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 258 pp., ISBN: 9-780-25204-141-9, h/bk, $95.00; p/bk, $29.95; e-book, $26.96
Una propuesta de categorización sin morfemas para el compuesto lavaplatos
Authors: Marqueta Gracia Bárbara
Published: December 2018

En el presente trabajo se retoma un tema habitual en la teoría morfológica: la asignación de estructura y categoría al compuesto verbonominal lavaplatos. En primer lugar, se revisan algunos de los problemas identificados en las propuestas precedentes, a los que se añaden algunos aspectos estructurales y fonológicos que, de ser tenidos en cuenta, ponen en tela de juicio toda posibilidad de analizar el compuesto lavaplatos de manera paralela a construcciones con morfemas nominalizadores –típicamente, construcciones como secador de pelo o dish-washer–. En segundo lugar, se ofrece una propuesta de análisis de lavaplatos en la que el compuesto se hace sustantivo (opcionalmente) a través de una operación de movimiento. Trataremos de demostrar que este análisis presenta la ventaja de poder dar cuenta del doble uso designador y caracterizador de las palabras formadas en el esquema de lavaplatos.
Factores lingüísticos y sociales en el proceso de debilitamiento de /-n/ final de palabra y el uso de formas vulgares en la ciudad de Málaga
Authors: Martín Morales Miriam
Published: December 2018

El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer los resultados de un estudio de carácter exploratorio realizados sobre materiales del corpus PRESEEA-Málaga. Por un lado, se analiza el proceso de debilitamiento de /n/ en posición final de palabra y, por otro, la distribución social de un conjunto de lexías, normativamente consideradas como vulgarismos generalizados, en función de su alternancia con las formas del español estándar (como para / pa o luego / aluego, entre otros). En cuanto a la realización de la nasal en posición final de palabra, se observa que, en Málaga, el proceso de debilitamiento se encuentra asentado en la velarización de este segmento, ya que esta realización es prácticamente categórica en todos los contextos. Por otro lado, la distribución social de las variables léxicas analizadas lleva a determinar la existencia de dos patrones diferenciados en función de la edad de los hablantes que las favorecen.
Adquisición de rasgos gramaticales del español por hablantes adultos de ruso: identificando las áreas de dificultad dentro de una instrucción gramatical explícita
Authors: Batiukova Olga
Published: December 2018

En este trabajo se defiende la necesidad de una enseñanza formal de la gramática de segundas lenguas y de estimular la reflexión sobre el funcionamiento de los elementos gramaticales y su aportación al contenido de una expresión lingüística para conseguir una competencia lingüística plena. Partiendo de este enfoque, se compara el funcionamiento de algunas de las categorías funcionales asociadas al grupo nominal y el sintagma verbal en ruso y español y se señalan aquellas cuyos rasgos o realización morfológica divergentes pueden resultar especialmente difíciles en la adquisición del español por parte de hablantes adultos de ruso. Se alude asimismo a su relación con los fenómenos que sobrepasan el dominio morfosintáctico y se suelen tratar como léxicos o pragmático-discursivos. Los diferentes puntos de este repaso se ilustran con ejemplos de producciones escritas recogidos en corpus de E/LE y varios estudios teóricos.