bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The social interaction approach to the measurement and analysis of social stratification
Authors: Prandy Kenneth
Published: June 2007

Reverses the traditional approach of defining classes or status groups before investigating patterns of social interaction by using patterns of interaction between more basic units such as occupational groups to determine the nature of stratification order. Outlines the theoretical basis and compares this to other methods before giving examples of applications.
The strategic influence of structural manufacturing decisions
Authors: Urgal‐González Begoña , Manuel García‐Vázquez José
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the implementation of certain structural manufacturing decisions and the importance that is attached to certain competitive priorities in the firm's business strategy. The paper seeks to analyse the role these decisions play in the creation of a firm's competitive advantage, and aims to provide evidence of which decisions provide the firm with strategically relevant production capabilities.

Design/methodology/approach

The hypotheses were tested using data collected from business units in the metal industry in Spain, by means of a postal survey. A total of 188 completed questionnaires were obtained and a structural equations analysis was conducted on the results.

Findings

This study has provided evidence for the strategic importance of structural decisions in the production area. The findings of this research suggest that the implementation of certain decisions can originate capabilities on which a competitive advantage can be based.

Research limitations/implications

The results of this research are specific to the industry, and the analysis is static. Further research should be conducted in other industries. A longitudinal study would be convenient, in order to obtain a good understanding of the causal relationships between structural production decisions and the competitive priorities emphasised in the business strategy.

Practical implications

Strategic management of the capabilities which derive from structural manufacturing decisions is shown to have a relevant role in the creation of competitive advantage.

Originality/value

The present paper contributes to the study of the strategic function of manufacturing from the perspective of manufacturing capabilities. In particular, we examine the strategic contribution of structural manufacturing decisions by contributing different capabilities.
Flexibility from a supply chain perspective: definition and review
Authors: Stevenson Mark , Spring Martin
Published: June 2007

Purpose

A growing body of literature has begun to recognise that in the era of supply chain management it is important to look beyond the flexible factory to the flexible supply chain. This paper seeks to further our understanding of supply chain flexibility and provide a comprehensive review of the available literature.

Design/methodology/approach

Published literature on supply chain flexibility has been considered. Where appropriate, additional insights have been obtained from related streams such as manufacturing flexibility, agility and supply chain responsiveness.

Findings

Much of the existing research has a limited definition of supply chain flexibility and describes flexibility simply as a reactive means to cope with uncertainty. Supply chain flexibility has emerged from the manufacturing flexibility literature and hence to date is largely confined to a manufacturing context (neglecting the role of services). Empirical research often takes the form of a cross‐sectional postal questionnaire conducted at the firm‐level that fails to explore the inter‐organisational components of supply chain flexibility.

Originality/value

The paper presents a timely review of the available literature and provides a more complete definition of flexibility in the context of supply chains. It is argued that future empirical research should approach research design from a network perspective, treating the supply chain as the unit of analysis, in order to develop a more complete understanding of the effects of flexibility across the whole supply chain. The paper also explores combining a flexible supply chain strategy with proactive means of reducing unwanted supply chain uncertainty, focusing on the roles of supply chain design, supply chain collaboration and inter‐organisational information systems.
The J‐curve dynamics of Turkish bilateral trade: a cointegration approach
Authors: Halicioglu Ferda
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study empirically the dynamics of Turkish bilateral trade between Turkey and her nine trading partners, in addition to aggregate trade balance data.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper employs cointegration, generalized impulse response analysis, and stability tests.

Findings

The empirical results suggest non‐existence of the J‐curve effect at disaggregate and aggregate levels. However, Marshall‐Lerner condition holds for the aggregate data along with some of the trading partners. With regard to the stability of trade balance equations, the findings are mixed.

Practical implications

Conclusions drawn from this study could be useful for the policy makers of governments and practitioners in international trade organizations.

Originality/value

This paper extends the existing literature by providing initial evidence at disaggregate data in the case of Turkey. Moreover, for the first time disaggregate and aggregate data are utilized in the same analysis.
Market power, competition policy and developing economies
Authors: Vindelyn Smith‐Hillman A.
Published: June 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to measure the influence of institutional capacity and population differences between Sub‐Saharan African and Caribbean economies, on the efficacy of competition policy.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses multiple regression analysis to evaluate the significance of demographics, as captured through population size, and institutional capacity on the performance of the national competition authority.

Findings

The model identifies institutional capacity as a statistically significant factor enabling robust enforcement of competition policy. Wide disparities in the provision of competition expertise between Western economies and developing countries effectively frustrate attempts in this respect.

Research limitations/implications

There is the considerable shortage of economic data, both broadly, as it relates to time series, and narrowly, within the remit of competition policy developments, within Sub‐Saharan African economies.

Originality/value

Both African and Caribbean economies represent significantly under‐researched areas, particularly in the sphere of competition policy. This paper represents a small contribution towards filling that void through application to specific country experience as against discussion in the abstract.
HR: how to make friends and influence people
Authors: Hobbs Graeme
Published: June 2007

Purpose

This paper examines looks at role of the human resources (HR) team during mergers or acquisitions.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a viewpoint paper.

Findings

Finds that the role of the HR department is especially important during mergers/acquisitions in promoting internal communications and perhaps changing the directions of people's careers and motivating them to want to be part of the new team.

Originality/value

The paper will be of interest to those involved with HR and team building within companies.
Resultsmanship
Authors: Barekat Matthew
Published: June 2007

Purpose

Reviews the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoints practical implications from cutting‐edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach

This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings

The managing partner of a consultancy gives a personal overview of the current backlash against questionable ethics employed by some consultancies

Practical implications

Provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world's leading organizations.

Originality/value

The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy‐to‐digest format.
Collision avoidance technology: from parking sensors to unmanned aircraft
Authors: Connolly Christine
Published: June 2007

Purpose

To examine the sensors and techniques used in preventing the collision of moving vehicles.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of automobile‐guidance research projects carried out in European universities and advanced safety vehicle development by Japanese car manufacturers is followed by a description of driver assistance systems in current use. A new research initiative for autonomous unmanned aircraft is then discussed.

Findings

Fully‐autonomous prototype vehicles have demonstrated impressive feats on public roads, but car manufacturers are currently concentrating on driver assistance systems. Research is underway to extend the use of unmanned aircraft into the civil field, and to allow them to share airspace with piloted planes.

Originality/value

Presents current policies in automotive and aerospace development, and describes the range of sensor technologies applied to collision avoidance.
Nanometrology: a critical discipline for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Bogue Robert
Published: June 2007

Purpose

To illustrate the importance of nanometrology, the discipline of metrology at the nanoscale, and to describe the techniques involved.

Design/methodology/approach

This firstly highlights the importance of nanometrology and considers some future applications with particularly demanding metrological requirements. The main techniques used to characterise nanoscale devices are described. Research and the activities of certain national metrology institutes are discussed.

Findings

This illustrates that nanometrology is a critical discipline that will underpin the nanotechnology revolution. It shows that a range of techniques exist for characterising nanomaterials and devices, although most are costly and complex. It further shows that nanometrology developments are underway on a global scale.

Originality/value

This paper demonstrates the importance of nanometrology and describes in detail the techniques used.
Resonating gyroscopes: the next big challenge for MEMS technology
Authors: Bogue Robert
Published: June 2007

Purpose

To describe the operation and historical development of MEMS gyroscopes and to consider their prospects in emerging high volume consumer markets.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper firstly describes the Coriolis effect and its application to MEMS‐based resonating gyroscopes. Designs are discussed and manufacturers identified. Applications and the prospects for MEMS gyroscopes in emerging, high volume markets are considered. Reference is made to a venture‐financed American start‐up who has targeted this sector.

Findings

This shows that technologically sophisticated MEMS gyroscopes are now in volume production and that prices are falling to a point where they may compete with accelerometers in the rapidly developing consumer markets.

Originality/value

This paper describes the principles and evolution of MEMS gyroscopes and identifies critical emerging markets.
In‐line quality control of product coding from Cobalt IS
Authors: Connolly Christine
Published: June 2007

Purpose

To show how the integration of standard sensors with software has produced a very powerful aid to food‐safety compliant product labelling in the production environment.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of the requirements of food labelling for traceability is followed by a description of the Cobalt Sentinel system for validating the packaging process. The advantages of biometric authentication over passwords for operator access control, and the installation and commissioning options are explained. Further, information is given about the range of sensors and software enhancements supplied by the company.

Findings

Cobalt IS has a lot of experience with the hardware needed for high quality product labelling, and writes its own software to configure it to meet application requirements. The Cobalt Sentinel ensures labelling equipment is correctly set up for each run, and links to the factory network for further checks against the production scheduling database. It aims to pay for itself within 12 months.

Originality/value

Informs food packaging companies of a practical solution to the increasing demands of regulation and customer expectation for food traceability.
Machine vision inspection system for film
Authors: Jin‐Jiang Wang , Zheng Wang , Xu‐Tao Mo , Peng Wang , Ming Liu , Li Ren , Yue Zhu , Fang Zhang , Wen‐Yao Liu
Published: June 2007

Purpose

Film is an important recording medium in industry. How to ensure film quality is a problem, because the film is produced in a dark room. Aims to focus on this.

Design/methodology/approach

An inspection system based on machine vision is presented which could assure illumination and imaging at 940 nm which is safe for film.

Findings

An objective evaluation is given using an image processing method and satisfactory results are obtained. Now, the inspection system is used by the biggest film company in China.

Originality/value

This work focuses on an important issue in film production.
Multi‐modality multi‐interface level sensor with segmented capacitance and inductance sensing elements
Authors: Hwili A.O. , Yang W.Q.
Published: June 2007

Purpose

Crude oil separation is an important process in the oil industry. To make efficient use of the separators, it is important to know their internal behaviour, and to measure the levels of multi‐interfaces between different materials, such as gas‐foam, foam‐oil, oil‐emulsion, emulsion‐water and water‐solids. To develop a multi‐interface level sensor.

Design/methodology/approach

Multi‐modality sensor with segmented capacitance and electromagnetic sensing elements. Some key issues are addressed, including the effect of salt content in water on measurement.

Findings

Working with gas/oil/saline water, the simulation and experimental results show that the newly designed sensor is promising.

Originality/value

First time to present this multi‐modality sensor, which can cope with current problems with saline water.
iPOS: a fault‐tolerant and adaptive multi‐sensor positioning architecture with QoS guarantees
Authors: Bohn Jürgen
Published: June 2007

Purpose

To describe the architecture of iPOS (short for iPAQ positioning system), a novel fault‐tolerant and adaptive self‐positioning system with quality‐of‐service (QoS) guarantees for resource‐limited mobile devices.

Design/methodology/approach

The iPOS architecture is based on a novel sensor modelling technique in combination with a probabilistic data‐fusion engine, which is capable of efficiently combining the location information obtained from an arbitrary number of heterogeneous location sensors. As a proof of concept, the paper present a prototypical implementation for handheld devices, which was evaluated by means of practical experiments.

Findings

A major advantage of the iPOS positioning system is its extensibility and flexibility, which is achieved by means of an open plugin architecture and the support of global positioning coordinates according to the WGS‐84 standard. The iPOS system scales very well with respect to the number of sensor plugins that can be operated in parallel. The main limiting factor for the number of supported active plugins is the amount of available system resources on the MoD. With regard to recognition, the experimental results indicate a good accuracy of the fusion‐based positioning system in comparison to the accuracy of the individual sensing technologies. Thanks to the explicit modelling of reliable sensor events, the iPOS system is capable of providing QoS guarantees to applications with regard to the achieved positioning accuracy.

Research limitations/implications

During the experiments, the author recognized time synchronisation as an important challenge that should be addressed as part of future work.

Practical implications

The system enables resource‐restricted mobile devices and computerised objects to exploit computing resources found in their immediate physical vicinity (locality).

Originality/value

The paper presents a novel lightweight sensor‐fusion architecture for fault‐tolerant and adaptive self‐positioning that performs well on resource‐limited mobile devices. A special feature of the developed data‐fusion architecture is the application of a novel event modelling technique that enables the positioning system to give QoS guarantees under certain conditions.
High speed print registration and colour quality control
Authors: King P D , West T C
Published: June 2007

Changes in the consumer market have resulted in many companies
allocating considerable resources to their logos and trademarks with a
subsequent need for high quality product packaging. Looks at design work
undertaken for a system for quality control of printing images on packaging
materials. Discusses the need to integrate the print process within the box
making machine and the challenge of designing print machinery that can
utilise environmentally friendly recycled paper. It looks at the problems of
sensing and data acquisition from high through put machines and describes the
two main aspects of print quality ‐colour quality and print
registration and the methods of gathering this information. Concludes that a
mechatronic approach is required for quality control of print images on
packaging materials with an end product comprising sensors, machine vision,
microprocessors and ultimately machine control and actuation.
The world’s first automated laboratory comes on line
Authors: Evans Tony
Published: June 2007

Reports on the opening, in May 1995, of North West Water’s new water
testing laboratory in Warrington. It is the first automated laboratory in the
world, with 85 per cent of the company’s water tests involving the use of robots and
providing 24 hrs a day, 365 days a year production line testing. Uses
standard industrial systems and robots and which have been customized to
carry out more than 60 water sampling tests. Outlines the sampling procedure
from collection through analysis to storage of the test results on a central
computer.
Fast traffic at 28th ISATA
Authors: Monkman Gareth J.
Published: June 2007

Reviews the 28th International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation (ISATA), which was in six parts, covering most management and technology relevant areas to the automotive industry. Discusses the various sensor applications for the industry and the betterment of life through them.
The attitudes of women towards the compatibility of family and employment. The meaning of social situation for the idea of gender roles
Authors: Blättel‐Mink Birgit , Kramer Caroline , Mischau Anina
Published: June 2007

Investigates how women reconcile the two concepts of family and career. Considers the relative importance of each and questions whether these can truly be reconciled to the individual’s satisfaction. Looks at the attitudes and reasonings held by differing age ranges of women and compares their changing needs.
Handling the threat of organisational violence: an OD approach in a government agency
Authors: Maes Jeanne D. , Icenogle Marjorie L. , Shearer Robert A. , Fowler Christopher M.
Published: June 2007

Considers the recent increase of violence in the workplace, citing specific situations. Outlines the impact on the workplace in relation to areas such as morale, productivity, communication and responsibility. Covers the legal obligations and responsibilities of employers before profiling a case study of a government department. Provides details of the assessment and the findings together with recommendations for future improvement.
Gender and promotion in Academia
Authors: Todd Patricia , Bird Delys
Published: June 2007

Studies and analyses changes to the promotion policies and practices at the University of Western Australia (UWA) and identifies outcomes by gender. Suggests that there are quite a few factors to be addressed before gender equity in academia at UWA is obtained. Discusses, in depth, how to try to deal with lack of networks, socialization, the dual‐role burden, masculine organizational culture and gendered power imbalance in the workplace. States that, although great inroads have been made at UWA, statistics show that there are still very fundamental barriers to be addressed to aid further improvement for women academics.
Charismatic leadership
Authors: Poon Teng Fatt James
Published: June 2007

Examines charismatic leadership and how it works in public administration, also states that charisma can be interpreted as inferred and can be conferred by followers. Further states that there are three stages that any leader must use to guide his/her organisation from the present to the future and these are: evaluation; formulation; and development. Concludes, owing to constraints placed on public administration, personalized rather than socialized charisma may be shown.
Mujer! Women, the Nicaraguan literacy crusade and beyond
Authors: Daniel Patricia
Published: June 2007

Highlights the importance of education and training for women as an integral part of local and national development. Using Nicaragua as a leading example, outlining the recent history of the country in order to explain its particular approach to education. Presents the organizational model of multiplication of learning, the philosophical model of participative learning and the communication model of accessibility of learning materails. Concludes that through such education, women in Nicaragua reflect a high level of political awareness, defining issues and implementing creative solutions with a courage which should be envied by others.
Whose past? Whose future? An exploration of women’s history in Wales
Authors: Wright Martin
Published: June 2007

Examines a study of women’s history in modern Wales. Considers the way in which historians have approached (or failed to approach) the subject before evaluating a current attempt to rectify traditional neglect in this area. Profiles in particular the case of blue books, a report into education in Wales in 1847, which blamed poor standards, in part, on the women of Wales. Questions what the above project (project Grace) has achieved in terms of promoting the growth of women’s history in Wales.
We are no longer silent. Participatory research with hospital cleaners in Sweden
Authors: Härnsten Gunilla
Published: June 2007

Presents the findings of a study of female hospital cleaners in Sweden. Uses participatory research i.e. discussion and analysis of issues in groups to show how potential is often under utilized within such teams. Outlines the strengths which exist in subordinate groups in spite of structural obstacles. Focuses on models and methods to emphasize such strengths.
Discrimination in the workplace of the beer industry
Authors: Kapur Anil , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Looks at discrimination within the US beer industry, providing examples of sexual, racial and age discrimination which violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964. Provides suggestions for minimizing or eliminating these issues together with examples from industry.
New developments concerning discrimination against temporary workers
Authors: Gusan Cornel , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Considers the growth and development of the temporary worker within the workforce and looks at the advantages and disadvantages this brings. Cites common characteristics found in this area and provides a brief case study. Covers the legal implications and the importance of employee classification under Equal Employment Opportunity Commission guidelines. Briefly outlines new developments in this area.
How to conduct workplace investigations
Authors: Van Vlaenderen Heidi , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Provides a framework for the investigation of discrimination and harassment. Includes the obligations of employer, steps to take when investigation is required covering such areas as purpose and scope of investigation, an appropriate investigator, interviewing relevant parties and documentation.
New developments concerning racial harassment in the workplace
Authors: Milos Erna , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Defines racial harassment and the duties of employers; uses case studies as examples. Gives advice on how to avoid matters reaching a trial and the resulting problems this can bring. Provides recommended guidelines for employers including suggestions such as no tolerance, communication, complaints policy, speed of investigation and remedial action.
New developments concerning the fair employment and housing act
Authors: Lococo Anna M. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Outlines the reasons for the California Fair Employment and Housing Act. Considers recent developments in relation to religious organizations, sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination, racial harassment, disability discrimination and employment discrimination with regard to bank officers. Concludes that there is a need for clearer legislation and only through case law will employers gain further interpretation.
Determining exempt or non‐exempt status under California law for managers
Authors: Bridges Jonathan , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Considers the terms ‘exempt’ and ‘non‐exempt’ status in relation to an employee or an area as defined in the Fair Labour Standards Act 1938, California. Looks at the minimum wages, overtime, white‐collar exemption and industry exemption. Cites some common violations and misconceptions. Outlines the penalties for non‐compliance and provides brief recommendations.
New developments concerning sexual harassment in public schools
Authors: Ho Jacqueline P. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Discusses the concept of consensual relationships, listing reasons why these cause problems. Looks at the issues from the viewpoint of female students separately. Covers denial, before providing a list of suggestions for counsellors and educators.
Locations of sex discrimination and reverse discrimination: Hong Kong University students’ experiences and perceptions
Authors: Ng Catherine W.
Published: June 2007

Presents the results of a study of 84 first year undergraduates in Hong Kong which looked at discrimination due to gender. Considers the female students’ experience in relation to home, school and work showing that the study suggests they face blatant and subtle sexist attitudes in all areas. Looks at the male perception of discrimination against women which implies that some recognize and sympathise with the issue, whilst others hint that there is a backlash against the feminist movement. Discusses the implication of the findings.
Sexual harassment claims: a process in reducing corporate liability
Authors: Sisak James R. , Laird Michael J.
Published: June 2007

Attempts to provide employers with a procedural sequence that will reduce their liability in regard to employee sexual harassment claims. Invites employers to include this framework within their employee handbook. Concludes that it is vital employers understand what constitutes harassment and uses case law to provide short examples. Provides arguments advocating the use of the above policy.
African‐Americans’ perceptions of requisite characteristics of business managers
Authors: Tomkiewicz Joseph , Bass Kenneth , Adeyemi‐Bello Tope , Vaicys Cheryl
Published: June 2007

Attempts to discover whether African Americans who aspire to managerial positions are the victims of racial discrimination. Seeks to provide insight into the perceptions of these candidates against a managerial profile. Provides the results of a survey of 231 African American students at a business school of a historically African‐American University in the southern USA. Concludes that some African‐Americans’ experiences are unique to this minority.
Cliff jumping: empowering actions for disabled women
Authors: Cardinali Richard , Gordon Zandralyn
Published: June 2007

Explains the problems disabled women have with the obstacles they must overcome to “cliff jump”. Focuses on the research literature, pointing out that much of this has been oppressive. Argues that the research reinforces on those with disabilities that the differences they face are the results of their individual limitations or inadequacies rather than the limitations of society. Covers areas such as attitude, education, health care, abuse, information and empowerment.
Women managers and stress: a critical analysis
Authors: Fielden Sandra L. , Cooper Cary L.
Published: June 2007

Aims to present a critical appraisal of the research relating to the sources of stress and stress reactions experienced by women managers. Considers the available data and level of understanding, and the assumptions that traditional approaches have been based upon. Presents conflicting findings and considers the implications of such results. Offers an overview of the current knowledge pertaining to women and managerial stress, raising a number of questions for which there are currently no answers.
Is age a handicap in finding employment?
Authors: Schuman Erik , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Uses a case study from Hollywood to demonstrate the issue of age discrimination. Compares the experience against others in the “real world” and concludes that, whilst the experiences are less, there are still real issues in age discrimination, particularly in the case of women. Suggests that those who wish to make age a handicap will do so whilst others will overcome such barriers if they so want.
New developments concerning discrimination against Hispanics
Authors: Shieh Ya‐Hui , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Outlines some serious inequalities between Hispanics and white non‐Hispanic workers in relation to income, wages and occupational achievement. Looks briefly at education and social aspects before discussing unfair job screening and barriers to promotion. Covers National Origin in relation to the Civil Rights Act before citing growing concerns from an advocate group. Provides some evidence of continuing discrimination before concluding that this growing sector of the population will begin to demand future improvements.
Sexual harassment of students by teachers in public schools
Authors: Birshan Minna , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Covers the legislation which protects children from sexual harassment in schools. Discusses the types of sexual harassment which exist and gives examples of potential unacceptable sexual conduct. Looks at the development of a sexual harassment policy, suggesting action for the parents and schools, and provides a framework for the above mentioned policy. Provides case studies of issues currently found in schools and discusses the problems they have encountered.
Implications of the California Family Rights Act for organizations
Authors: Shah Keyur , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Outlines the eligibility criteria within the California Family Rights Act, before considering the rights to which eligible individuals are entitled. Suggests that employers must keep themselves informed regarding eligibility and what constitutes a serious health condition. Concludes that failure to do so could result in an employee seeking civil action with unlimited compensatory damages for emotional injury and punitive damages.
Sexual harassment in government
Authors: Bellows Rick , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Briefly defines sexual harassment before discussing the pertinent section of the Civil Rights Act 1964. Outlines the procedures of the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission and looks at developments through the use of recent case law. Gives some examples of high profile cases. Concludes that there is an increased frequency in workplace relationships and there is a need for appropriate guidelines to be in place.
Sexual harassment in public schools
Authors: Kashani Ali , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Provides some figures on the state of sexual harassment in society before suggesting that US society lags far behind on the issue with particular reference to public schools. Considers in turn reason why this may be the case, covering arguments such as biological, society, media and home environment. Suggests that many areas responsible for this position are absolving themselves of responsibility and that society has a moral obligation to end this situation.
Sexual harassment and discrimination in law enforcement
Authors: Williams Jeff , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Defines sexual harassment before outlining what items should be contained within a law enforcement policy. Discusses harassment in the City of Los Angeles Police Department and introduces the National Centre for Women and Policing, briefly covering their programmes. Provides some general statistics about sexual harassment law enforcement. Concludes that the National Centre is essential to the future in this area but it will be individuals who must have the desire to change.
Discrimination and harassment in law firms
Authors: Ching Terese , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Suggests that the practice of law is one of the most regressive profesions in breaking down the white male‐dominated stereotype. State that the hiring practice does not reflect the demographics of law school graduates and that women and minorities often leave the career in the first three years. Explores the current level of discrimination and harassment as well as the steps the legal community has taken to reduce future occurrences. Examines the areas of illegal bias involving race, gender, age and sexual orientation.
Discrimination in the computer industry
Authors: Xia Aiwu , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Suggests that the computer industry is one of the most ageist of all industries. Attempts to analyse the causes of discrimination and the consequences to which this leads. Considers economic incentives which may have caused discrimination. Provides a case example of good equality practice and concludes that the way to beat the ageist issue is to remain up to date with skills and that the ageing workforce will mean that the need to attrarct and retain skilled workers will become paramount.
Discrimination in the restaurant industry
Authors: Carton Sharon , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Considers the discrimination in various areas of the restaurant industry, looking first at the discrimination of the customer. Covers areas of race, sexual orientation and people with disabilities, citing case law as examples in each. Continues by covering the employees in relation to race, sex, gender and pregnancy. Outlines discrimination in advertising and suggests that education is the key to improvement.
Reasonable accommodation of psychiatric disability under the ADA
Authors: Sahi Sanjit , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Looks at the definition of psychiatric disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act and the principle of reasonable accommodation. Outlines selected types of reasonable accommodation in turn. Reviews actual reported litigated cases for a fuller understanding. Concludes that this is a very fertile area for litigation and employers need to make sure that all possibilities are explored in order to avoid such claims.
How to accommodate common disabilities in organizations
Authors: Nelson Jennifer , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Defines disability and give some statistics on the numbers of those whose possess disabilities. Clarifies reasonable accommodation. Covers, in turn, the visually impaired, hard of hearing and back impairments. Suggests part of the solution is a change in attitude of others towards those with disabilities. Discusses recent progress in addressing the issue in the workplace before concluding that accommodation can be an integral part of a successful employment situation which can have positive benefits for the employer as well as employee.
A review of current empirical research concerning discrimination at work
Authors: Jodjana Victor , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Looks at the US federal Age Discrimination in Employment (ADEA) and gives statistics to suggest that more and more workers fall under the umbrella of this act. Gives a brief summary of its history before providing two case studies as examples. Concludes that the ussue remains prevalent and will probably increase as workers are getting older on average. Gives a brief technique for employer protection.
How to conduct diversity training effectively
Authors: Lai Yawen , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Introduces the concept of diversity training, which educates a workforce about differences between employees. Provides a framework within whcih this training can be introduced. Looks at the outside agencies which can assist and compares training from different employers. Concludes by looking at different methods of training delivery before suggesting that this is an area many employers have a need to develop.
New developments concerning defending sexual harassment claims
Authors: Chan Vincent , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Suggests that sexual harassment is very common. Analyses the defences to sexual harassment under three categories: general employer defences to claims of sexual harassment, unique defences to hostile environment harassment and new developments to sexual harassment defending sexual harassment claims. Provides cases as examples. Concludes that there is still a great deal of manoeuvring room within the language of the Court.
What employers need to do to ensure compliance with EEOC and FEHC requirements
Authors: Luwa Edwin , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Provides a strategy for avoiding discrimination through education. Covers areas such as treating all fairly and equally, the hiring process, disciplinary action and training needs. Provides case law as examples. Covers particularly sexual and age discrimination. Suggests that training and awareness appear to be the key to compliance with national guidelines and highlights the need to document such work.
Gender and subject decision at university. Gender specificity in subject perception and decision with main emphasis on science and technology
Authors: blättel‐Mink Birgit
Published: June 2007

States that the participation of men and women in the German academic and scientific system is unequally distributed. Shows that the higher the status at the university, the lower the female proportion and that women also choose different subjects to men. Asks why more men choose science and engineering and what social cognitive characteristics do women show who opt for a “male” subject. Presents the theoretical background to the above before providing some insights using surveys carried out in Germany.
By gosh I think she’s got it – well, not yet
Authors: Dubinsky Alan J. , Comer Lucette B. , Liu Sandra S.
Published: June 2007

Charts the rise of women into sales manager positions in the US and looks at the general traits which help females in such roles. Cites that women have more trouble being accepted in sales roles when selling to other countries. Focuses upon the People’s Republic of China and presents the finding of a study of 266 field sales personnel across the republic. Suggests that there are still a number of difficulties for businesses, but provides some ideas for consideration.
Woman power: the fuel that propels the equal opportunities engine: examining the war years, 1941‐1945
Authors: Cardinali Richard , Gordon Zandralyn
Published: June 2007

The period commencing with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour (December 7, 1941) and ending with the completion of World War II had a great impact on women’s employment and sets the stage for the expression of woman power and its tremendous impact on women’s future horizon. It indeed widened the present and future horizons of women.
Reasonable accommodation of employees with cancer
Authors: Kam King , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Worldwide, there are over six million new cancer cases and more than four million cancer deaths each year. Today, millions of people in the workforce have a history of cancer. Therefore, employers are seeing incidents of cancer among their employees. Many cancer survivors experience discrimination because of their cancer history. How to protect employees with cancer and what are their legal rights become very important to both employees and employers.
Perceptions of the hiring decision: a subcultural analysis over time
Authors: Peppas Spero C.
Published: June 2007

Job applicants seek to make a positive impression during the hiring process by emphasising attributes they perceive to be important to the hiring organisation. However, significant differences have been found to exist between different US subcultures in terms of their perceptions of the importance of certain selection criteria. Hence, individuals from different subcultures may emphasise different qualities during the interview process as a result of perceived differences in importance. Thus, those making hiring decisions may be getting different impressions of applicants who may be similarly qualified but whomay come from different subcultures, because of differences in emphasised attributes. This study examines African‐American and White‐American perceptions of the importance of 26 job selection criteria, using data from 1985 and 2002. Of particular interest was to determine if subcultural perceptions had changed over time, or, in other words, if there were significant differences in the importance rankings of the 1985 and 2002 African‐American groups and, similarly, of the two White‐American groups.
Senior management women and gender equity: a comparison of public and private sector women in Australia
Authors: Rindfleish Jennifer
Published: June 2007

Gender inequity is constructed and reproduced differently in response to varying organisational contexts. In order to challenge gender inequity, EEO policies must be monitored and managers need to enact appropriate strategies that enable change. This article compares the views and strategies of 251 senior management women in public, and 338 in private, sector organisations towards issues of gender equity. The aim is to contrast and compare the views and reported behaviour of senior management women in each sector towards gender equity, and examine the strength and nature of any differences arising from the different organisational contexts. The results highlight the importance of an identification with feminism, personal experience with sexual discrimination, and the assistance of amentor as enabling forces that predispose senior women managers in both sectors to enact change strategies that address gender inequity. However, women in the public sector are significantly more predisposed, than private sector women, to enact strategies that challenge gender inequity. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for gender equity goals in each type of organisational context.
United States wage and hour law: a basic primer for foreign companies
Authors: Collins Woodford Kelly , Maes Jeanne D.
Published: June 2007

Before sending employees to the US, it is critical for foreign employers to understand the basic requirements of US wage and hour law to avoid unintentional but costly violations of that law. Many foreign companies are surprised to learn that the US workers they employ in the United States as well as their own workers who are sent to the United States for short periods are protected by the US wage and hour laws and must be paid in accordance with US law for workweeks in which the employee performs his or her work in the US or its territories. Unfortunately, many foreign companies do not learn about US wage and hour law until it is too late. This article explains the basic requirements of the US wage and hour law. Because most US wage and hour law requires an individualised case‐by‐case assessment of coverage and requirements, companies considering employing workers in or sending employees to the US are encouraged to consult with US employment law counsel about their specific situations.
Unearthing black entrepreneurship in the Caribbean: exploring the culture and MSE sectors
Authors: Boxill Ian
Published: June 2007

This exploratory paper argues that there is a need to rethink the issue of black entrepreneurship in the Caribbean. It contends that part of the problem with many of the discussions on black entrepreneurship in the Caribbean is that they have tended to focus on traditional areas of entrepreneurship. This means that other categories of business – the knowledge, culture/entertainment sectors and micro and small enterprises – are often ignored in these discussions. Yet, these are areas in which Afro‐Caribbean people have, historically, established cultural spaces. Therefore, it is being suggested that there is a need to understand the strengths and weaknesses of entrepreneurial activity in these areas, and account for the reasons why black entrepreneurs have not, in larger numbers, expanded beyond their traditional cultural spaces. To do so, there is a need to enter the world of the black entrepreneur and to discover that world. It is necessary to understand his/her definition of that world, and then see how s/he perceives opportunities and barriers to entrepreneurial success. In general, this paper calls for both a methodological and theoretical shift to the way in which the study of black entrepreneurship in the Caribbean is conducted.
Inequality between genders in the executive suite in corporate America: moral and ethical issues
Authors: Elmuti Dean , Lehman Judith , Harmon Brandon , Lu Xiaoyan , Pape Andrea , Zhang Ren , Zimmerle Terad
Published: June 2007

We examined the role gender plays in managerial stereotypes and changes that have occurred in the US for executive women in the workforce. We also investigated factors and personality traits that affect advancement into upper management for all executives and those that affect women in particular. Despite increased organisational sensitivity, public policies, and equal rights legislation, women continue to be underrepresented in corporate America. Pay increases and promotions for females have not kept pace with those for men. Study results also indicate that managerial womenwho juggle jobs and family life benefit from these multiple roles, but women who put off marriage and family to build top‐level careers suffer in later years from greatly reduced chances of finding spouses and having children. Further adaptation of organisational culture in the new economy, weakening of the glass ceiling phenomenon, and family friendly work policies may alleviate some of the difficulties experienced by women who want it all.
Breaking the glass ceiling: African‐American women in management positions
Authors: Mitra Aparna
Published: June 2007

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1998) this article analyses the labour market status of African‐American women in management positions. The results show that among supervisors with a high school and college education, black women earn lower wages than black men even after controlling for detailed background, personal, and human capital characteristics. The lower earnings of black female supervisors can partly be attributed to the fact that they are segregated in predominantly female jobs. Additionally, in contrast to black males and white females, black females do not earn significant wage premiums associated with supervisory duties.