bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memahami dan Menerapkan Prinsip Kepemimpinan Orang Muda Menurut 1 Timotius 4:12 bagi Mahasiswa Teologi
Authors: Samarenna Desti , Siahaan Harls Evan R.
Published: July 2019

Leadership is mostly required in church management. There are many leadership characteristics in the Bible that can be used as leadership patterns in the church. This article is a literature study with a qualitative approach to the text of 1 Timothy 4:12 concerning the leadership of a young person, which aims to encourage students to understand and apply the pattern of leadership referred to in the text of 1 Timothy 4:12. The method used is descriptive analysis in the text of 1 Timothy 4:12, to provide a clear picture and understanding of the principles of the leadership of young people. In addition, descriptive methods are also used to determine students' understanding of the principles of leadership according to the text, as well as the level of application in life and service. In conclusion, students understand the principle of leadership in 1 Timothy 4:12, which is about giving an example, but not all students are ready and able to do it.AbstrakKepemimpinan merupakan hal yang sangat dibutuhkan dalam manajemen gereja. Ada banyak karakteristik kepemimpinan dalam Alkitab yang dapat dijadikan pola kepemimpinan dalam gereja. Artikel ini merupakan kajian literatur dengan pendekatan kualitatif terhadap teks 1 Timotius 4:12 tentang kepemimpinan seorang muda, yang bertujuan untuk mendorong mahasiswa memahami dan menerapkan pola kepemimpianan yang disebut dalam teks 1 Timotius 4:12 tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analasis pada teks 1 Timotius 4:12, untuk memberikan gambaran dan pemahaman yang jelas tentang prinsip kepemimpinan orang muda. Selain itu, metode deskriptif juga digunakan untuk mengetahui pemahaman mahasiswa tentang prinsip kepemimpinan menurut teks tersebut, serta tingkat penerapannya dalam kehidupan dan pelayanannya. Kesimpulannya, mahasiswa memahami prinsip kepemimpinan dalam 1 Timotius 4:12, yaitu tentang memberikan teladan, namun tidak semua mahasiswa siap dan mampu melakukannya.
Presuposisi dan Metode Yesus dalam Menyampaikan Pendapat: Sebuah Pedoman bagi Para Akademisi
Authors: Lilo Deflit Dujerslaim
Published: July 2019

Freedom of speech is the human rights of every human being. This freedom must be implemented responsibly with based on the right of thinking, good intentions and goals, and attention to the rules of thinking. This article examines how Jesus underlies and builds His paradigm and the method that He used to tell His arguments to others. By using a descriptive analysis method and hermeneutic approach to the narratives in the Gospels, it can be concluded that Jesus told his argument by using a logical and comprehensive paradigm and method so that it could be used as a guideline for the academics. Abstrak: Kebebasan berpendapat merupakan hak asasi setiap manusia. Kebebasan ini harus dilakukan secara bertanggung jawab dengan berlandaskan pemikiran yang sehat, maksud dan tujuan yang baik, serta memperhatikan aturan-aturan penalaran. Artikel ini meneliti bagaimana Yesus mendasari dan membangun paradigma berpikir-Nya serta cara yang digunakan-Nya untuk menyampaikan pendapat kepada orang lain. Menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif serta pendekatan yang hermenutis pada narasi-narasi di kitab-kitab Injil, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Yesus menyampaikan pendapat dengan menggunakan paradigma dan metode yang logis dan komprehensif, sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai suatu contoh bagi para akademisi.
THE Pengembangan Modul Matematika untuk Menerapkan Model PQ4R
Authors: Muthia Novicha , Netriwati Netriwati , Sugiharta Iip
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran berupa modul berbantuan model PQ4R dalam pembelajaran matematika. Prosedur  yang digunakan dalam pengembangan media pembelajaran adalah prosedur ADDIE yaitu analyze, design, development, implementation and evaluation. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, angket, dokumentasi dan test. Tehnik analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji kelayakan, uji kemenarikan dan uji t. hasil utama penelitian dan pengembangan ini adalah modul pembelajaran matematika untuk model PQ4R yang telah dnyatakan layak dan valid oleh 3 ahli materi dengan skor rata-rata 3,42 dan ahli media 3,77 dengan masing-masing pada kriteria valid atau layak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran. Sedangkan uji kemenarikan diperoleh dari skala kecil dengan skor rata-rata 3,49 dan skala besar memperoleh skor rata-rata 3,71 dengan masing-masing pada kriteria sanagt menarik.  Ditinjau dari efektifitas penggunaan media diperoleh hasil  sebesar 2,224 dan  sebesar 2,051, hal ini berarti  maka . Berdasarkan hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa modul membelajaran untuk model  PQ4R berpengaruh atau efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika peserta didik. Berdasarkan hal ini maka dapat disimpulkan media yang dikembangkan layak dan sangat menarik digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran. Selain itu media yang telah dikembangkan juga efektif meningkatkan motivasi dan hasil belajar peserta didik dalam pembelajaran matematika pada pokok bahasan himpunan.
An Assessment of Basic Education under the Social Action
Plan in Pakistan
Authors: Rafi Khan Shahrukh
Published: July 2019

Educational expenditure as a percentage of GDP has indeed been
protected and over the first phase of SAP (1993-1996) has increased by about
0.2 per cent of GDP. However, despite SAP protection, it declined to the pre-
SAP level for 1998-99. While there is evidence that, in some aspects, the
gender and regional gaps have closed, the poorest continue to be excluded
from schooling, the rural female income gap in schooling has widened and, if
the poor do attend, they are the most likely to drop out. Also, net enrollment
rates for boys and girls actually declined over the first SAP period.
Population Growth - The Social Development
and Poverty Dimension
Authors: Jillani M.S.
Published: July 2019

The debate over the relationship of population and development is
now more than 200 years old, starting with the treatise on population by
Malthus, in 1798. The increase in population, ever since, has remained a
matter of concern for economists and development planners. The most
recent high point of the issue was witnessed at Cairo in September, 1994.
The conference which was attended by more than 10,000 persons from all
over the world ended with an agreement on the issues involved in the
growth of population and the economy. The outcome was a Plan of Action
for the next twenty years, which would concentrate on Reproductive Health
in order to obtain, “a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing,
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters
relating to the reproductive system and its functions and process”. This can
be a turn-around in global efforts for human health and welfare, if properly
implemented.
Note:
Analysis of Key Determinants of Tax Policy and
Administration
Authors: Khan Ahmad
Published: July 2019

Introduction
Similar to most countries, the objectives of the taxation system in
Pakistan are not well-defined. Historically, the primary objective has been
resource generation for the government. The taxation system has
simultaneously addressed the secondary objectives of promoting area/sectorspecific
economic activities, discouraging undesired imports/production,
encouraging savings and investment. These objectives were met through a
variety of tax concessions and exemptions, rebates and credits, differentiated
tax rates and tariffs. The revenue shortfalls/leakages resulting from
preferential tax treatment of the desired activities were offset through
appropriate changes in various fiscal instruments, e.g. high tax rates and
tariffs, regulatory duties, extended withholding and presumptive taxes,
excise duties on services, and many more. These measures, in turn,
complicated the taxation system and adversely affected the equity, neutrality
and progressivity thereof.
Pakistan’s Textiles and Anti-Dumping Laws
Authors: Yazdani Talat
Published: July 2019

Textile is one of the most heavily protected sector in developed
countries. This paper addresses the issue of anti-dumping measures, a new
form of trade restriction. Protectionism is still common place in textiles,
tariffs remain high and progress in eliminating import quotas has been slow.
In fact, protectionism is on the rise in a new guise: anti-dumping cases
against Asian countries are multiplying in the US, EU and around the world.
Pakistani textiles (yarn, unbleached grey cotton fabric and bed-linen) exports
are being increasingly subjected to the initiation of anti-dumping
investigations, which creates uncertainty and depresses business sentiment.
Investigation periods are quite lengthy and the legal costs of defending
against these cases are enormous. These result in a great loss of time that
could be better spent in a productive manner. This phenomenon is a matter
of great concern because it has created a damaging impact on the normal
growth of trade. In fact, by merely initiating an anti-dumping case against
exporting country's manufacturers, or even just threatening to do so,
developed countries producers can cause extensive disruption to the market
for an extended period of time. At the end of the day, whether dumping
and injury are proven may no longer matter for some Asian manufacturers,
who could be driven out of the market simply as a result of the case being
initiated.
Toward a Heterodox Approach: Reconciling Stabilization and Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Irfan ul Haque Irfan ul Haque , Amjad Sahar
Published: July 2019

This article attempts to show that a strategy for accelerated growth for Pakistan is both necessary and feasible. Pakistan’s macroeconomic conditions are broadly similar to some of its more rapidly growing neighbors. The country’s macroeconomic imbalances and inflation need to be brought down, but the required adjustment does not entail precipitate action, which could further depress the economy. We develop a “Heterodox Scenario,” which shows that macroeconomic adjustments can be phased in over the next few years and will be easier to make if the economy were to grow more rapidly. For accelerated growth to materialize, as a minimum, determined steps are needed to overcome the energy crisis, sharply raise the investment rate—particularly, private investment—and strengthen Pakistan’s competitiveness in the world market. A national strategy is needed toward that end.
The Captivating Vision of the “New Growth Strategy”: The Missing Political Economy Perspective
Authors: Akbar Zaidi S.
Published: July 2019

One hears little about the Planning Commission’s Framework for Economic Growth launched a year ago. This is indicative of its inappropriateness and lack of consideration of Pakistan’s economy or its structures and political economy. The Framework avoids tackling the core issues of taxation, distribution, and equity. It privileges the market and free enterprise over the role of the state, and undermines and dismisses the significant role and contribution of the government and state in promoting growth, particularly at a time when market failure has made economists rethink the role of markets after 2008. By ignoring central issues related to politics and the articulation of power, and of issues that fall in the realm of political economy, the Planning Commission constructs a technicist script that has little value to the messy world of realpolitics.
Export Barriers in Pakistan: Results of a Firm-Level Survey
Authors: Amjad Rashid , Ghani Ejaz , Musleh ud Din Musleh ud Din , Mahmood Tariq
Published: July 2019

This study attempts to evaluate exporters’ perceptions of the problems they face in exploiting their full competitive potential in the international market. Using firm-level survey data, we find that a shortage of skilled labor, the energy crisis, institutional rigidities, market imperfections, and weaknesses in physical infrastructure are the key impediments to achieving export competitiveness. Policies geared toward improving the quality of skilled labor, resolving the energy crisis, and reducing transaction costs by improving the institutional and physical infrastructure are key to expanding Pakistan’s exports on a sustained basis.
The Constraints to Industry in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Turab Hussain Syed , Khan Usman , Zaheer Malik Kashif , Faheem Adeel
Published: July 2019

This paper identifies the main impediments to investment and industrial productivity in Punjab, which have led to a decline in growth. This is done by analyzing the impediments and constraints to productivity and investment using the World Bank’s 2007 Investment Climate Assessment (ICA) data at the level of Punjab’s seven main industrial zones. This is followed by an analysis of a pilot survey of 100 firms conducted in the Lahore district. Almost 71 percent of the firms surveyed declared electricity to be the most important constraint and macroeconomic stability was ranked as the second-most important constraint. An inadequate workforce, access to raw materials, and corruption were ranked third, fourth, and fifth, respectively.
The Birth of Exporters: Entry and Scale of Firms in Punjab’s Export Sectors
Authors: Chaudhry Azam , Nasir Marjan , Haroon Maryiam
Published: July 2019

In this paper we analyze which factors affect new firm entry and the scale of new firms in the export clusters of Punjab. Our analysis looks at local conditions (such as the degree of concentration in an industry, the employment of firms of that industry already located in a region, the employment of firms of all industries located in that region) and international conditions (such as the real exchange rates of Pakistan’s major trading partners and tariff rates). The results show that more export sector firms will enter highly concentrated industries and that firm entry increases significantly as a result of a depreciation in the trade-weighted real exchange rate, while the impact of changes in trade partner tariffs is not significant
CATEGORIZATION OF LEAN SIX SIGMA TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES BASED ON DMAIC FRAMEWORK
Authors: Akmal Hanafi Norshazwana , Tan Owe Kowang , Goh Chin Fei
Published: July 2019

Lean Six Sigma is like twins to continuous improvement project which can be managed by using DMAIC methodology. DMAIC methodologies consist of several tools and techniques, and these tools differ for different industries. Thus, this study seeks to explore and compare the experiences of various organizations from various industries undertaking
DMAIC activities within their organization in order to sustain the performance and maximize their value. This paper provides an overview of each tool and techniques used in DMAIC stage.
Factors related to pasung on people with mental illness
Authors: Eka Angelina Roida , Daulima Novy Helena Catharina
Published: July 2019

Physical restraint and confinement (pasung) by families of people with mental illness is known to occur in many parts of the world Pasung is a common human right violation on people with mental illness found on every country in the world especially in developing countries like Indonesia. In Indonesia the term pasung refers to the physical restraint or confinement of "criminals, crazy and dangerously aggressive people. Despite the classification as Human Right Violation, pasung is constantly performed in Indonesia. In 2018, around 18% people with mental ilness experienced pasung. This study aimed to identify factors related to pasung. The researcher conduct the literature review on the credible sources. Five databases were used including  Science Direct, Proquest, Scopus, Ebsco, and  Google Scholar. Study result identified that factors related to pasung come from person with mental illness, family and community. The pasung phenomena within the community on people with mental illness ironically have a limited sources of research especially the ethnographic study of the said phenomena. Ethnographic study on pasung is important to elucidate the social and cultural meanings of the practice in a variety of settings and cultures especially in Indonesia, which take an enourmous impact within the community including the practice of pasung on people with mental illness.
Perilaku Masyarakat Pengguna Gigitiruan Lepasan di Kelurahan Bahu
Authors: Titjo Olivia Charisma
Published: July 2019

Penggunaan gigitiruan lepasan dapat menyebabkan rongga mulut lebih rentan terhadap karies dan penyakit periodontal, serta mempunyai potensi dalam mengakibatkan perubahan patologik dalam mulut. Oleh karena itu kebersihan rongga mulut pengguna gigitiruan lepasan harus diperhatikan, karena kebersihan gigitiruan dapat mendukung kesehatan rongga mulut secara menyeluruh. Perilaku merupakan faktor penting dalam keberhasilan penggunaan gigitiruan, karena semua yang berhubungan dengan pemakaian gigitiruan merupakan hasil dari pengetahuan masyarakat tentang fungsi dan manfaat dan selanjutnya akan melahirkan sikap positif ataupun negatif, kemudian akan mempengaruhi perkembangan kesehatan gigi dan mulut serta status kesehatan secara menyeluruh.Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui perilaku masyarakat pengguna gigitiruan lepasan di Kelurahan Bahu. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional study dengan sampel berjumlah 56 responden.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan masyarakat pengguna gigitiruan di kelurahan Bahu tergolong dalam kategori cukup dengan perolehan skor 433, sikap masyarakat pengguna gigitiruan tergolong dalam kategori baik dengan perolehan skor 549 dan tindakan masyarakat pengguna gigitiruan di kelurahan Bahu tergolong dalam kategori cukup dengan perolehan skor 393.Kata kunci : perilaku, pengguna gigitiruan, gigitiruan lepasan.ABSTACTThe use of removable dentures can cause mouth more susceptible to caries and periodontal disease, as well as having the potential to lead to pathological changes in the mouth. Therefore oral hygiene of removable denture user is necessarily concerned, since it may support oral health completely. Behavior is an important factor in the successful use of denture, because all that relates to the use of denture is the result of public's knowledge about the functions and benefits and will give birth to a positive or negative attitude, then it will affect the development of oral health and overall health status.The purpose of this study is to know behavior of of removable denture user in Kelurahan Bahu. This is a descriptive study with cros sectional among 56 sample.The results of the study showed that the knowledge of the user denture community in Kelurahan Bahu belong in enough category with 433 scores, the attitude of the people who use denture in good category with scores of 549, while the act of denture users in Kelurahan Bahu with 393 scores is in enough category.Key words : Behavior, denture user, removable denture.
GAMBARAN PEMBERIAN ANESTESI LOKAL BLOK MANDIBULA DENGAN TEKNIK GOW-GATES PADA PEMINUM ALKOHOL
Authors: Utomo Devina A.
Published: July 2019

Abstract: In Indonesia, North Sulawesi province has the highest number of alcoholics which causes bad impact on health, social life, and medical treatment. Moreover, North Sulawesi is one of the 5 provinces with the highest prevalence of dental problems in Indonesia. This prevalence is about 29.8%; 35.04% consisted of tooth extraction or oral surgery. Tooth extraction and dental surgery can cause negative impact to the alcoholics who have dental problems that need appropriate anaesthetics. This was an experimental study which aimed to determine the doses and the onset of action of anesthetics which were given to patients who were alcoholics (categorized as light, medium, and heavy). Data were processed non-statistically and were based on the observation and analysis. The results showed that the average anaesthetic dose needed for heavy alcoholics was 4.6cc; medium alcoholics 3.8cc; and light alcoholics 2.66 cc. The average onset of action in heavy alcoholics was 19 minutes; medium alcoholics 16.6 minutes; and light alcoholics 13.6 minutes. Conclusion: The more alcohol the patient consumed, the higher average of the required anesthetic dose and the longer onset of action of the anesthetics.Keywords: mandibular block anesthesia, alcoholic, Gow-Gates techniqueAbstrak: Sulawesi Utara merupakan provinsi dengan jumlah peminum alkohol terbanyak di Indonesia. Perilaku ini berdampak buruk terhadap kesehatan, kehidupan sosial, dan juga terhadap perlakuan medis. Sulawesi Utara termasuk 5 besar provinsi dengan prevalensi masalah gigi dan mulut tertinggi di Indonesia yaitu sebesar 29,8%; 35,04% di antaranya ialah tindakan pencabutan atau bedah gigi. Proses pencabutan atau bedah gigi dapat berdampak negatif terhadap peminum alkohol dengan masalah gigi dan mulut sehingga dibutuhkan tindakan anestesi yang tepat. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental dan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran dosis anestesi dan onset of action pada pasien peminum alkohol yang dibagi dalam kategori peminum ringan, peminum sedang, dan peminum berat. Pengolahan data penelitian ini dilakukan secara deskriptif non-statistik berdasarkan hasil observasi dan analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis rata-rata yang dibutuhkan oleh pasien kategori peminum berat 4,6cc; peminum sedang 3,8cc; dan peminum ringan 2,66 cc. Rata-rata onset of action pada pasien kategori peminum berat pada menit ke-19; peminum sedang pada menit ke-16,6; dan peminum ringan pada menit ke-13,6. Simpulan: Pada pasien peminum alkohol rata-rata dosis anestesi yang diperlukan lebih tinggi dan onset of action semakin lambat seiring dengan tingginya jumlah alkohol yang dikonsumsi.Kata kunci: anestesi blok mandibula, teknik anestesi Gow-Gates, peminum alkohol
GAMBARAN Ph SALIVA ANAK-ANAK MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH DARUL ISTIQAMAH BAILANG
Authors: Sambow Steffi Ch.
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Dental caries is a dominant oral health problems in indonesia, caused by demineralization of dental hard tissue. Saliva is a natural protective factor againts caries that can be stimulated by chewing gum containing xylitol. The purpose of this study is to describe the pH of saliva before and after eating xylitol chewing gum. This type of research is the study of clinical trials, the experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. The tota sample of 45 children Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Darul Istiqamah Bailang the class 3,4,5 and 6. Examination of saliva pH performed 4 times, is before consuming xylitol chewing gum, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes after eating xylitol chewing gum. Conducted to consume xylitol chewing gum for 5 minutes. Salivary pH was measured using a pH meter scale from 0-14. Data analysis using the description of the characteristics of the data obtained from the research. Result of this study showed an average pH of saliva before consuming xylitol gum is 7,24 and the average yield pH saliva after consumption of xylitol chewing gum for 5 minutes is 7,48, 7,40 minutes 10 and minute 15 is to 7,32. Conclusion: There was an increase in salivary pH after consumption of xylitol chewing gum because this gum stimulated saliva secretion.Keywords: xylitol chewing gum, pH salivaAbstrak: Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang dominan di indonesia, disebabkan oleh proses demineralisasi jaringan keras gigi. Saliva adalah faktor pelindung alami terhadap karies yang dapat distimulasi oleh pengunyahan permen karet yang mengandung xylitol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pH saliva yaitu sebelum dan setelah mengonsumsi permen karet xylitol. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan ialah penelitian uji klinis dengan rancangan eksperimental pretest-posttest. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 45 orang anak Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Istiqamah Bailang yaitu kelas 3,4,5 dan 6. Pemeriksaan pH saliva dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali, yaitu sebelum mengonsumsi permen karet xylitol, kemudian 5 menit, 10 menit, dan 15 menit setelah mengonsumsi permen karet xylitol. Mengonsumsi permen karet xylitol dilakukan selama 5 menit. pH saliva diukur menggunakan pH meter yang berskala 0,0-14. Analisis data menggunakan gambaran tentang karakteristik data yang didapatkan dari hasil penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata pH saliva sebelum mengonsumsi permen karet xylitol yaitu 7,24, dan hasil rata-rata pH saliva setelah mengonsumsi permen karet xylitol menit ke 5 yaitu 7,48, menit ke 10 menjadi 7,40 dan menit ke 15 menjadi 7,32. Simpulan: Terjadinya peningkatan pH saliva setelah mengonsumsi permen karet xylitol disebabkan karena permen tersebut dapat menstimulasi sekresi saliva.Kata kunci: permen karet xylitol, pH saliva
GAMBARAN POLA ASUPAN MAKANAN PENDAMPING ASI DAN ERUPSI GIGI ANAK USIA 12 – 24 BULAN DI PUSKESMAS TELING
Authors: Paparang Ferdinand
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Additional food intake in children aged 12 months - 24 months is one of the factors to achieve optimal growth and development . It is also associated with the eruption of deciduous teeth . The pattern of food intake provides a description of the form of food and frequency of feeding in addition to breast-feeding ( breast milk ) . Tooth eruption is a process by which a dental crown appears on the surface of the gums . This study aims to describe the pattern of food intake on tooth eruption children aged 12-24 months . This is a descriptive study and sample selection is done by means of purposive sampling The results showed Preview pattern of food intake of children aged 12-24 months at the health center as seen from the top Teling types and frequency of eating food that is the subject of research in accordance with the type of food that reaches 100% while eating frequency corresponding to approximately 79.24%. Picture of tooth eruption patterns of children aged 12-24 months at the health center that has erupted Top Teling complete approximately 60.38% while that is not the complete eruption of approximately 39.62%. Keywords: food intake, tooth eruption. Abstrak: anak usia 12 bulan-24 bulan merupakan salah satu faktor tercapainya pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang optimal. Hal ini juga berhubungan dengan proses erupsi gigi desidui. Pola asupan makanan memberikan gambaran mengenai bentuk makanan dan frekuensi pemberian makan selain pemberian air susu ibu ( ASI ). Erupsi gigi merupakan proses dimana mahkota gigi muncul di permukaan gusi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pola asupan makanan dan pola erupsi gigi anak usia 12-24 bulan. Penelitian ini bersifat  deskriptif dan pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan cara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Gambaran Pola asupan makanan anak usia 12 – 24 bulan di Puskesmas Teling Atas yang dilihat dari jenis makanan dan frekuensi makan yakni subjek penelitian dengan jenis makanan yang sesuai mencapai 100% sedangkan untuk frekuensi makan yang sesuai sekitar 79,24%. Gambaran pola erupsi gigi anak usia 12 – 24 bulan di Puskesmas Teling Atas yang sudah erupsi lengkap sekitar 60,38% sedangkan yang tidak erupsi lengkap sekitar 39,62%. Kata kunci: Asupan makanan, erupsi gigi.
GAMBARAN KALKULUS PADA MASYARAKAT PESISIR YANG MENGONSUMSI AIR SUMUR GALI DI DESA GANGGA II
Authors: Wungkana Wanda S. , Kepel Billy J. , Wicaksono Dinar A.
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Calculus is a collection and calssification of plaque that had attached to surface of the teeth as well as other solid object in the mouth,  consequently can cause periodontal tissues damage. Dug well water contain such as calcium and phosphorous which are ingredients in the formation of calculus. This research was conducted to description calculus on coastal communities that consume dug well water  in Gangga II kecamatan Likupang Barat kabupaten Minahasa Utara.  This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional study approach. Sampling using simple random sampling with number of sample 272 responden whom still consume dug well water as the main source of drinking water. Research data stratified by age group, sex, and index calculus. Results of calculus status in Gangga II with good category were 176 people (64,70%) , moderate category were 88 people (32,35%)  and bad category were 8 people (2,94%). Based on the result showed the incidence of calculus on the population of Gangga II were good. Keywords: Calculus, water wells dug.     Abstrak: Kalkulus merupakan kumpulan plak yang mengalami kalsifikasi dan melekat erat pada permukaan gigi serta objek solid lainnya di dalam mulut, akibatnya dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan jaringan penyangga gigi. Air sumur gali memiliki kandungan seperti kalsium dan fosfor yang juga merupakan kandungan dalam pembentukan kalkulus. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran kalkulus pada masyarakat pesisir yang mengonsumsi air sumur gali di desa Gangga II kecamatan Likupang Barat kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Penelitian ini berupa penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional study. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik simple random sampling dengan jumlah sampel 272 orang yang masih mengkonsumsi air sumur gali sebagai sumber air minum utama. Data hasil penelitian dikelompokan berdasarkan kelompok umur, jenis kelamin dan skor indeks kalkulus. Hasil penelitian angka kejadian kalkulus di desa Gangga II dengan kategori baik berjumlah 176 orang (64,70%), kategori sedang berjumlah 88 orang (32,35%), kategori buruk 8 orang (2,94%). Hal ini menunjukkan angka kejadian kalkulus pada populasi masyarakat di desa Gangga II termasuk kategori yang cukup baik. Kata kunci: Kalkulus, air sumur gali, masyrakat pesisir.
UJI PENGARUH SALIVA BUATAN TERHADAP KEKUATAN TEKAN SEMEN IONOMER KACA TIPE II YANG DIRENDAM DALAM MINUMAN ISOTONIK
Authors: Fitriyana Dwi Cahya , Pangemanan D. H. C. , . Juliatri
Published: July 2019

Abstract: The immersion of GIC type II in acid drink like isotonic drink could reduce the compressive strength (CS) of GIC type II. This is due to the matrix degradation process of  GIC in acid condition. But on the other hand, there is artificial saliva that can neutralize this condition. Purpose: Purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of artificial saliva on compressive strength of GIC type II immersed in isotonic drink. Method: The GIC specimens of 6mm x 6mm x 12mm (length x width x depth) were immersed for 24 hours in water, 24 hours in isotonic drink, 24 hours in isotonic drink and continue with 72 hours in artificial saliva, 48 hours in isotonic drink, and 48 hours in isotonic drink and continue with 144 hours in artificial saliva. The compressive strength was determined using Universal Testing Machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc LSD test ( = 0.05). Result: Statistic test shows significant difference of CS (p<0,05). Conclusion: conclusion of this study artificial saliva gives effect to the rising of the compressive strength of GIC type II immersed in isotonic drink. Keywords: Isotonic drink, artificial saliva, compressive strength, Glass Ionomer Cement       type II.  Abstrak: Perendaman SIK tipe II dalam minuman asam seperti minuman isotonik dapat mengurangi kekuatan tekan SIK tipe II. Hal ini disebabkan proses degradasi matriks SIK pada kondisi asam. Namun di sisi lain, saliva buatan yang dapat menetralkan kondisi ini. Tujuan: untuk untuk mengetahui pengaruh saliva buatan terhadap kekuatan tekan SIK yang direndam dalam minuman isotonik. Metode: Spesimen SIK tipe II berukuran 6mm x 6mm x 12 mm (panjang x lebar x tinggi) direndam selama 24 jam dalam air, 24 jam di dalam minuman isotonik, 24 jam di dalam minuman isotonik dan lanjutkan dengan 72 jam pada saliva buatan, 48 jam di minuman isotonik, dan 48 jam di minum isotonik dan lanjutkan dengan 144 jam dalam saliva buatan. Kekuatan tekan diukur menggunakan Universal Testing Machine dengan kecepatan 0,5 mm / min. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan one-way ANOVA dan post-hoc uji LSD ( = 0,05). Hasil: Uji statistik menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan dari kekuatan tekan (p <0,05). Simpulan: terdapat pengaruh saliva buatan terhadap kekuatan tekan SIK tipe II yang direndam dalam minuman isotonik. Kata kunci: minuman isotonik, saliva buatan, kekuatan tekan, Semen Ionomer Kaca tipe II.
ANALISIS INVESTASI USAHATANI KEDELAI VARIETAS TANGGAMUS DI KABUPATEN GORONTALO
Authors: Mantau Zulkifli
Published: July 2019

The increase of soybeans  world price was causing of a domino effect for the Indonesian’s soybeans. Meanwhile, soybean productivity at the farm level is still low ( 1.3 t / ha ) with a range from 0.6 to 2.0 t / ha. In additional, the production technology can able to result of 1.7 to 3.2 t / ha . To solve these problems, It needs to planted the soybean that have a high productivity and efficient technically and economically.  The aims of this research are to find the investement feasibility of soybean farming (Tanggamus var.) at Puncak Village, Gorontalo District with benefit cost analysis approach (3 years projection). This research conducted at Puncak Village, Pulubala sub district, Gorontalo District. The datas was a primary observation data in the field, especially the data of soybeans farming activities for 2 seasons (1 year).  Analysis method use a benefit cost analysis. The analysis use a financial price (actual price) in the cost factors. The result showed that Net Present Value (NPV) (12%) Rp 10 269 643, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 97.21%, Net Benefit Cost ratio (Net B/C) 2.64 and Payback periodh (PBP) 9 months or 0.7 year or 2 planted seasons.
KAJIAN DISTRIBUSI PANGAN POKOK BERAS DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN TALAUD
Authors: Ruauw Eyverson
Published: July 2019

This study aims to determine the various models of distribution channels / staple food marketing and analyze the performance of the market of each channel of distribution / marketing of staple food to the people in Talaud Islands District. Primary data were obtained through direct observation in the field and in-depth interviews (depth) by using a list of questions (questionnaire) which had been prepared in advance to the institutions of marketing / distribution of food.  Determination of the respondents in this study was conducted with a purposive sampling method and method snowbow of respondents key (key Pearson) of any marketing agencies. The results showed that the distribution of milled rice in the District of Talaud Islands only one pattern involving several marketing agencies, namely the village traders, wholesalers and retailers of Manado city in town Lirung Talaud Islands, while for rice packaging of Surabaya, the distribution includes agencies marketing Mananado local distributor, wholesaler in the city of Manado and retailers in town Lirung Talaud Islands. Also the results of the study showed that the total marketing margin is formed on the pattern of distribution channels milled rice food staples in Talaud Islands amounted to Rp2.500,00 per kg, with a total marketing costs amounted to Rp413 per kg, while for rice packaging, total marketing margin formed on the pattern of distribution channels staple food rice krmasan in District Talaud Islands is Rp 3.500,00 per kg, with a total marketing costs Rp454 per kg. The amount of the farmer's share of the milled rice marketing in District of Talaud Islands amounted to 73.68%, where the farm-gate price of Rp7,000 per kg and prices at the consumer level of Rp9,500 per kg. The ratio of cost advantages in marketing agency traders village is very large compared to the traders in the city of Manado and retailers in the City Lirung. Cost benefit ratio was lowest in the large trader marketing agencies in the city of Manado.
PERUBAHAN SOSIAL PADA PETANI KELAPA (Studi kasus Petani Kelapa di Desa Senduk, Kecamatan Tombariri)
Authors: Sembel Richi Romel , Sendow Martha M. , Wangke Welson M. , Timban Jean F.J.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine how social changes in the lives of coconut farmers in the village Senduk over the last 10 years. This study uses a case study. Data collected in the form of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected by means of in-depth interviews on 20 respondents who are coconut farmers. The primary data is regarding the farmer characteristics and the occuring of social change process. While secondary data such as population growth comes from the Senduk village office. Primary data were analyzed descriptively. The research results showed that social change in the form of social order has been a shift. In this case the shift in social norms that lead to behavioral changes in Senduk coconut farmers in the village. The results showed that social change in the form of social order has been a shift. In this case the shift in social norms that lead to behavioral changes in society Senduk coconut farmers in the village. Likewise, there has been a change in people's lifestyles, people are more likely to implement a consumptive lifestyle. Coupled with the influx of new technologies have led to reduce a directly social interaction and also farmers began to abandon their traditions. Population growth that occurred over the last 10 years has led to an increase in density which in turn leads to the village of Senduk government should expand the area of ​​new settlements. The expansion of residential areas has an impact on agricultural land with the narrowing of agricultural land due to the transfer of use of agricultural land to residential land.
PARTISIPASI ANGGOTA DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KELOMPOK TANI DI DESA SOATOBARU KECAMATAN GALELA BARAT
Authors: Maleba Edwin ., , Rantung Ventje V. , Wangke Welson M. M. , Rori Yolanda P. I
Published: July 2019

This study aims to determine the participation of members in the development of farmer groups in the village Soatobaru Galela District West. The research is expected to provide information regarding participation of farmer group members on farmer group development. This research was conducted in the village of Soatobaru Galela District West, North Halmahera and lasted for three months from preparation through statements commencing from April to June 2015. Data collections were using primary data and secondary data. The primary data obtained through interviews with members of farmer groups based on a list of questions that had been prepared previously. Research was using census method in both groups of farmers that farmers group One Heart with group members 26 and Melati Jaya with members of 24 people who lived in the village of Soatobaru Galela District West. Secondary data were obtained from the parties or the relevant agencies inclulding Soatobaru village office and two farmer group offices/ documentation. Member participation in the development of farmer groups in the village Soatobaru Galela District West by 5 (five) indicators, namely: Presence in the preparation of the program, activeness provide feedback or opinions in the preparation of the program, active participation in the implementation of activities within the group, activeness helps fund the group, activeness program evaluation in groups and activeness in providing input or opinion in the evaluation. Based on the results of the study found that the level of participation of members of farmers One Heart classified in the category of active, it is seen from the activity of members in the activities of farmer groups ranging from the involvement of the presence in the preparation of the program, the liveliness of their input or opinions in the preparation of the program, active participation in the implementation of activities within the group , activeness of program evaluation in the group, as well as active in providing input or opinion in the evaluation. While the level of participation of members of farmer group Melati Jaya relatively less active on five aspects because they still lack of information and lack of initiative of members of farmer groups.
PROFIL USAHA NASI KUNING DI KECAMATAN TUMINTING KOTA MANADO (Studi Kasus Nasi Kuning Ci’ Ida)
Authors: Abidjulu Rival N. , Katiandagho Theodora M. , Loho Agnes E.
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the profile of the business yellow rice in District Tuminting, Manado City. The business profile is limited to the amount of profit earned. The study was conducted in Yellow Rice Ci'Ida Tuminting District of Manado City. Data were collected by interview directly with the owners of yellow rice. Variables are calculated for characteristic of entrepreneurs, age, education, long sought, establishment, the owners of capital, organization structure, licensing, production, product type, production process, type of production, packaging and sales, raw materials, labor, buildings and equipment. Yellow rice effort Ci 'Ida is a small business has been operating since 1962 using its own capital and maintain recipes from parents. The yellow rice businesses serve customers every day from 07.00- 11:00 am and  05:00 to 10:00 p.m.. The amount of raw materials used rice ranges between 8-12 kg. On Saturday and Sunday is the highest demand. The highest demand on the benefits obtained is Rp 445 039 per day.
PARTISIPASI KELOMPOK TANI DALAM KEGIATAN PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN DI DESA KANONANG LIMA, KECAMATAN KAWANGKOAN BARAT, MINAHASA
Authors: Koampa Mario Victorya , Benu Olfie L.S. , Sendow Martha M. , Moniaga Vicky R.B.
Published: July 2019

The objective of this research is to describe the participation of farmer’s group in extension activity. The benefit of this research is to support the knowledge for agricultural extension agent.  This research had been conducted for three months from the the preparation to management of report from July to September, 2015 at Kanonang Lima Village Kawangkoan Barat Sub-district, Minahasa Regency. The research uses purposive random sampling of  farmer;s group combined with four farmer groups namely Esa Lalan, Esa Ate, Karondoran and Berkat at Kanonang Lima Village Kawangkoan Barat Sub-district. Only two farmer groups that predominantly namely Esa Lalan and Esa Ate farmer groups. Methods of data collection is done by using the primary data. The primary data obtained directly from Esa Lalan and Esa Ate farmer groups using a list of questions. The collecting data had been conducted by using primary data from Esa Lalan and Esa Ate farmer groups. The participation of farmers’ group in agricultural activity had been classified as active at planning and conducting stage. The presence of farmer to participate in agricultural extension is needed to be increased.
PENENTUAN TOTAL HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI TEPUNG KELAPA PADA PT. PUTRA KARANGETANG DESA POPONTOLEN, KECAMATAN TUMPAAN, SULAWESI UTARA
Authors: Aboka Tengku M.A , Loho Agnes E. , Kumaat Ribka M.
Published: July 2019

North Sulawesi is one of the biggest coconut producer in Indonesia . This situation provides an opportunity for PT .Putra Karangetang processing of coconuts into deciccated coconut . To determine the selling price of this industry, it is necessary to determine the cost of production . This study uses a case study by using primary and secondary data . The data was analyzed by the method of full costing and variable costing. The results showed that the cost of production of each kilogram of desiccated coconut by the company amounted to Rp 18.067,17 while using the full costing is Rp 18.155.31 and variable costing is Rp 17.651.53 .*ael*
Analisis perbandingan tingkat inflasi di Kota Manado dan daerah perdesaan di Sulawesi Utara
Authors: Regar Norma O. F. , Pakasi Caroline B.D. , Rumagit Grace A. J.
Published: July 2019

This study aims to: (1) Describe the inflation rate in the city of Manado and rural areas in the province of North Sulawesi; (2) to analyze the comparative rate of inflation that occurred in the city of Manado and rural areas in the province of North Sulawesi; (3) To analyze the effect of the inflation rate of each group of public spending to the inflation rate in the city of Manado and rural areas in the province of North Sulawesi. The research was conducted in the city of Manado North Sulawesi for 3 (three) months. The data used is inflation data from January 2009 to December 2014, which analyzed qualitative, and quantitative descriptive in the statistical analysis using different test average analysis and multiple linear regression. The results showed that the average inflation rate for rural areas is relatively high compared with urban areas. seven groups of grouping expenditure in the inflation calculation period 2009-2014 showed that there are four groups that the inflation average rate is higher in cities than in rural, which includes foodstuffs, housing, electricity, gas and fuel; education, recreation and sports; and group transport, communications and financial services. The rest, three other groups show the average inflation rate in the city is lower than in rural areas, which include: food, beverages, cigarettes and tobacco; clothing; and health groups. The inflation rate in the city of Manado produces the same patterns with the rate of inflation in the rural areas. The rate of general inflation both in the city of Manado and rural areas is strongly influenced by the inflation rate of seven groups of expenditure for goods and services which consist of foodstuffs, food, clothing, housing, health, education and transport.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN SUBSEKTOR PERIKANAN DI KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT, PROPINSI MALUKU
Authors: Reressy Yoseph ., , Rengkung Leonardus R. , Katiandagho Theodora M.
Published: July 2019

The objective of the study is: Analyzing a good strategy in the development of the Fisheries Resources in West Southeast Maluku District, so as to provide a decent income for communities and regions. This research is done by using the method of SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) by looking at internal and external factors that exist. The research results indicate that internal factors, which become the strengths in the management of the fishery sector are the potential of Natural Resources, the availability of a reliable workforce, the potential of the sea in West Southeast Maluku District, improving the management of natural resources in the field of fisheries, and policies of the Government of the district in managing fishery sector. While the weakness of the internal factors are quality of human resources that are still relatively low, lack of education for the workers, the availability of infrastructure, lack of good understanding in technology, and lack of support from formal and informal institutions. External factors which become opportunity are regional autonomy, national policy for marine, support from the central government, and market potential. While the threats of external factors are the condition of the natural, social and cultural, illegal fishing, the limited supply of energy, and the price of the product which is not stable. In short, to improve the good management of the fishery sector in West Southeast Maluku District, then through a SWOT analysis, all elements of society in the district, especially the local government should optimize its strengths and opportunities that exist, as well as seeking alternative policies to reduce its weaknesses and threats which exist.
DAYA SAING INDUSTRI KACANG GOYANG DI KOTAMOBAGU (STUDI KASUS DI USAHA DAGANG BERUSAHA DAN USAHA DAGANG KABELA)
Authors: Makakombo Windy Amelia , Rengkung Leonardus R. , Talumingan Celcius .,
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the Competitivences of ‘Kacang Goyang’ industry of ‘UD Berusaha’ and ‘UD Kabela’ Kotamobagu, North Sulawesi. This study was conducted over three months from July to October 2015 in Motoboi Kecil, South Kotamobagu, North Sulawesi. Data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data collection is done by interview using questionnaires and secondary data derived from Dinas Pertanian. The used analysis is Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). The result showed that consumers are satisfied with the level of the cleanliness, appearance and performance. Prices offered by the two businesses are affordable and is according to the contents of products and flavors. The consumen is satisfied with the price. Consumers’ considended that the two companies have a clean and comfortable place, but there are some aspects that should be corrected such as, location and parking. Consumers also considened that this two companies provide a good service in the aspect of speed, knowledge and friendliness, but consumers have not been satisfied in the physical aspect, dressed, and neatness.*lrr*