bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The design of the sampling parameters for CMM of free-form surfaces
Authors: Zhang Yikun , Chen Yueping , Huang Kaiqi
Published: January 2022

In order to improve the inspection accuracy of free-form surface by CMM, this paper adopted the different sampling parameters to research the influence of the measurement accuracy of free-form surface. Through the combination of area uniform block random sampling and Latin hypercube random sampling, the minimum sampling grid block area and ball diameter were taken as the research parameters. Firstly, this research analysed theoretically the influence of measurement accuracy of free-form surface by different sampling parameters. Secondly, carrying out experiments verified the analytical results. Then, the influence of two groups of sampling parameters on the normal deviation of free-form surface could be acquired by analysing the experimental data. Finally, this research could obtain the result of normal deviation of free-form surface. The research results showed that the minimum block area of sampling and the diameter of measuring ball become smaller, and the profile error become larger when the number of measuring points were the same, the more it can reflect the actual contour of the free-form surface, which proves that the measurement accuracy is higher.
Study on variable condition model for steam turbine based on internal and external characteristics
Authors: Liu Gang , Yu Guang , Xue Qingyuan
Published: January 2022

It is not easy to carry out the detailed variable condition calculation of steam turbine in engineering application. In this paper, a variable condition calculation model based on the internal and external characteristics of steam turbine is proposed, and a variable condition calculation model of constant power and constant flow is established. The model is applied to calculate 75% THA, 50%THA, typical industrial and heating extraction conditions of a subcritical 330 MW unit. The error is small compared with the design value, and the calculation accuracy meets the requirements. The results show that the model has high accuracy and can meet the requirements of engineering application.
Zur „Inszenierung der Homöopathiedebatte“
– eine diskurslinguistische Untersuchung zum Homöopathiediskurs
von Eva Schmitt
Authors: Lucae Christian
Published: January 2022

Im Jahr 2017 erschien unter dem Titel „‚Wissenschaftlich
wirkungslos‘ vs. ‚Wer heilt, hat recht‘: Eine
diskurslinguistische Untersuchung zum Homöopathiediskurs“ die
Magisterarbeit von Eva Schmitt (Universität Darmstadt). Die umfassende
Untersuchung betrachtet den Gesundheitsdiskurs im Spannungsfeld zwischen
Erfahrungswissen und Wissenschaftlichkeit und greift im Rahmen einer
linguistischen Diskursanalyse aktuelle gesellschaftliche Kontroversen auf.
Mithilfe des sprachwissenschaftlichen Ansatzes gelingt es der Autorin, eine
nüchterne, sachliche Analyse der Homöopathiedebatte vorzunehmen,
wie sie insbesondere in den Printmedien geführt wird. Sie ergreift nicht
Partei, sondern legt die Stärken und Schwächen der jeweiligen
Argumentationsmuster offen und beleuchtet die Kriegsmetaphorik zwischen den
Diskursgemeinschaften.
Heinrich von Kleist in der Homöopathie –
„Ordre des Krieges“ versus „Ordre des
Herzens“
Authors: Pfeil Timo A. , Hadulla Michael M.
Published: January 2022

Welches homöopathische Arzneimittel hätte der Mensch und
Künstler Heinrich von Kleist gebraucht? Ein nur scheinbar historischer
Fall, denn auch heute ringen junge Menschen mit ihren Eltern, ihrer Existenz,
ihrer Liebe oder den politisch-sozialen Verhältnissen. Bei Heinrich von
Kleist mündete eben dieser Kampf in einem Suizid. Der Artikel
umreißt die Symptomatik und entwirft eine Annäherung an Ignatia,
Natrium muriaticum, Platinum, Arsenicum und ein Mittel der Güte.
Wundheilungsstörung bei einem Pferd – ein
Fallbericht
Authors: Weiermayer Petra
Published: January 2022

Ein 4-jähriger Traberwallach wurde aufgrund einer postoperativen
Wundheilungsstörung, assoziiert mit antibiotikaresistenten Bakterien,
klassisch homöopathisch therapiert, nachdem er auf die antibiotische
Therapie mit intravenös verabreichtem Gentamicin und Penicillin, gefolgt
von oraler Gabe von Sulfadiazin-Natrium und Trimethoprim nicht ansprach. Die
bakteriologische Untersuchung inklusive Antibiogramm ergab oxacillinresistenten
Staphylococcus haemolyticus und Actinobacillus equuli. Das Pferd wies eine
eitrige Entzündung, ein Ödem und ein Serom auf, die unmittelbar
nach der Behandlung abheilten. Das verabreichte homöopathische
Arzneimittel, Silicea terra, ist eines von vielen homöopathischen
Arzneimitteln, das bei der Behandlung von eitrigen
Wundheilungsstörungen, assoziiert mit antibiotikaresistenten Bakterien,
wirksam sein kann. Angesichts der weltweiten Bedrohung durch die
Antibiotikaresistenz Problematik sind weitere Studien in Kooperation mit
homöopathisch arbeitenden Tierärzten vonnöten.
Warzen oder der Wert einer dualen Therapie mit Natrium- und
Kalium-Salzen
Authors: Trebin Ernst
Published: January 2022

Der Autor sieht im Symptom der Warzen das Wirken vornehmlich der Sykose, als
deren Hauptarzneien er neben Medorrhinum und Thuja vor allem die Natrium-Salze
betrachtet. In derartigen chronischen Krankheiten hält er aber auch eine
ergänzende Anwendung von Kalium-Salzen für wirkungsvoll,
wofür dieser Aufsatz Beispiele bereithält.
A Homocoupling Approach to the Key Dione of CyMe4-BTPhen – Vital Ligands for Nuclear Clean-Up by the SANEX Process
Authors: Smith Christopher D. , Trunks Thomas M. , Babra Jasraj Singh , Westwood James
Published: January 2022

CyMe4-BTPhen and CyMe4-BTBP are the principal ligand systems used in Europe for the separation of actinides from lanthanides as a part of the SANEX process for nuclear recycling and reprocessing. We present a new approach to the synthesis of the CyMe4 fragment beginning from readily available hydroxypivalic acid. It features a cobalt-catalysed homocoupling of a neopentyl bromide to provide the key bisester precursor, thereby avoiding the requirement for technically challenging low-temperature LDA-mediated aldol chemistries.
A Development Strategy of Tailor-made Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Enhanced Extraction of Hydroxynaphthoquinones from Alkanna tinctoria Roots
Authors: Bossard Elodie , Tsafantakis Nikolaos , Aligiannis Nektarios , Fokialakis Nikolas
Published: January 2022

Natural hydroxynaphthoquinone enantiomers (HNQs) are well-described pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical agents especially present in the roots of Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch, a
species native to the Mediterranean region. In this work, eco-friendly natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) were developed for the selective extraction of these compounds. An extensive
screening was performed using more than sixty tailor-made NaDESs. The impact of the intrinsic physicochemical properties on the HNQs extraction efficiency as well as the specificity towards
the different enantiomeric pairs was thoroughly investigated. As a result of a multivariate analysis and of the one factor-a-time solvent optimization, the eutectic mixture composed of
levulinic acid and glucose (LeG) using a molar ratio of 5 : 1 (molHBA : molHBD) and 20% of water (w/w) was found as the most appropriate mixture for the highest
extraction efficiency of HNQs. Further optimization of the extraction process was attained by response surface methodology, using a temperature of 45 °C, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 30 mg/mL,
and an extraction time of 50 min. A maximum extraction output of 41.72 ± 1.04 mg/g was reached for HNQs, comparable to that of the commonly used organic solvents. A solid-phase extraction
step was also proposed for the recovery of HNQs and for NaDESs recycling. Our results revealed NaDESs as a highly customizable class of green solvents with remarkable capabilities for the
extraction of HNQs.
Pediatric Provider Utilization of a Clinical Decision Support Alert and Association with HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Prescription Rates
Authors: Chan Carrie T. , Vo Megen , Carlson Jennifer , Lee Tzielan , Chang Marcello , Hart-Cooper Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

Objectives An electronic clinical decision support (CDS) alert can provide real-time provider support to offer pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to youth at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of this study was to evaluate provider utilization of a PrEP CDS alert in a large academic-community pediatric network and assess the association of the alert with PrEP prescribing rates.

Methods HIV test orders were altered for patients 13 years and older to include a hard-stop prompt asking if the patient would benefit from PrEP. If providers answered “Yes” or “Not Sure,” the CDS alert launched with options to open a standardized order set, refer to an internal PrEP specialist, and/or receive an education module. We analyzed provider utilization using a frequency analysis. The rate of new PrEP prescriptions for 1 year after CDS alert implementation was compared with the year prior using Fisher's exact test.

Results Of the 56 providers exposed to the CDS alert, 70% (n = 39) responded “Not sure” to the alert prompt asking if their patient would benefit from PrEP, and 54% (n = 30) chose at least one clinical support tool. The PrEP prescribing rate increased from 2.3 prescriptions per 10,000 patients to 6.6 prescriptions per 10,000 patients in the year post-intervention (p = 0.02).

Conclusion Our findings suggest a knowledge gap among pediatric providers in identifying patients who would benefit from PrEP. A hard-stop prompt within an HIV test order that offers CDS and provider education might be an effective tool to increase PrEP prescribing among pediatric providers.
Identifying the roots of inequality of opportunity in South Korea by application of algorithmic approaches
Authors: Han Seungwoo
Published: January 2022

This study identifies the roots of inequality of opportunity in South Korea by applying algorithmic approaches to survey data. In contrast to extant studies, we identify the roots of inequality of opportunity by estimating the importance of variables, interpreting the estimated results, and analyzing the importance of individual variables, instead of measuring inequality of opportunity. We apply a decision tree classification algorithm, light gradient boosting machine, and SHapley Additive exPlanations to estimate the importance of the studied variables and interpret the estimated results. According to the estimated results, the region where the individuals grew up, their gender, and their father’s job during their childhood were the main factors contributing to inequality of opportunity. This study proves that the considerable regional disparity and social environment perpetuate gender inequality in South Korean society. It argues that an individual’s socio-economic achievements are strongly influenced by their father’s background, thus, outweighing other family background-related factors. Individuals receive unequal opportunities owing to a combination of region, father’s background, and their own gender, thereby, affecting their socioeconomic achievements. If these factors remain influential from birth to adulthood, removing the conditions that structure them would be one way to achieve equality of opportunity.
A genetic algorithm and backpropagation neural network based temperature compensation method of spin-exchange relaxation-free co-magnetometer
Authors: Liu Feng , Wu Jiaqi , Quan Wei
Published: January 2022

This paper presents a temperature compensation method based on the genetic algorithm (GA) and backpropagation (BP) neural network to reduce the temperature induced error of the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) co-magnetometer. The fluctuation of the cell temperature results in the variation of the optical rotation angle and the probe light absorption. The temperature fluctuation of the magnetic field shielding layer induces the variation of the magnetic field. In addition, one of the causes of light power variation is temperature fluctuation of the optical element. In summary, temperature fluctuations cause a variety of SERF co-magnetometer errors, and the relationship between these errors and temperature fluctuations has the characteristics of time-variance and non-linearity. There are two kinds of methods to suppress these errors. One way is to reduce temperature fluctuations of the SERF co-magnetometer. However, this method requires additional hardware and high cost, which are not suitable for miniaturization and low cost applications. Another effective method to suppress nonlinear and time-varying errors is to utilize intelligent algorithms for temperature compensation. In this paper, the BP neural network is applied for temperature compensation, and the GA is utilized to overcome the disadvantages of the BP neural network. The training data were obtained by changing the ambient temperature of the SERF co-magnetometer. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this work can significantly improve the accuracy of the co-magnetometer at complex ambient temperatures, and the stability of the SERF co-magnetometer at room temperature can be improved by at least 45%.
Evaluation of chromatin mesoscale organization
Authors: Lorber Dana , Volk Talila
Published: January 2022

Chromatin organization in the nucleus represents an important aspect of transcription regulation. Most of the studies so far focused on the chromatin structure in cultured cells or in fixed tissue preparations. Here, we discuss the various approaches for deciphering chromatin 3D organization with an emphasis on the advantages of live imaging approaches.
Temperature frequency stability study of extensional mode N-doped silicon MEMS resonator
Authors: Ahmed Hasnet , Rajai Payman , Ahamed Mohammed Jalal
Published: January 2022

Analytical and numerical modeling techniques are presented to predict n-type-doped silicon resonators’ temperature coefficient frequencies for the extensional mode of vibration by modeling of single-crystal silicon ([100] and [110]) directions. We utilized a previously reported empirical exponential expression for the uniaxial deformation potential that allows us to determine the deformation potential constant. It was observed that by using the empirical model of exponential expression for the uniaxial deformation potential, our result shows that the frequency variation with temperature is closely dependent on the direction and the variation of the different doping levels. We apply our analytical model to the [100] and [110] length extensional modes of a Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) resonator. We calculated the resonance frequency with temperature dependence and found that the first-order temperature coefficient frequency shows zero values at doping concentration levels of 0.5 and 1 × 1019 cm−3, which indicates the existence of frequency turnover at room temperature. We also extended our study by finite element analysis of MEMS resonators to investigate the mode shapes and resonant frequency for different aspect ratios in the extensional mode of vibration. It is observed that the mode shapes are more stressed with higher aspect ratios, and the frequency variation (ppm) of the resonance frequency between the [100] and [110] crystal directions of the MEMS resonator increases with increasing aspect ratios.
A symmetrized and simplified Bernoulli trial collision scheme in direct simulation Monte Carlo
Authors: Taheri Elmira , Roohi Ehsan , Stefanov Stefan
Published: January 2022

Here, a symmetrized and simplified Bernoulli trials (SSBT) scheme based on the probabilistic approach is introduced to provide less-restricted conditions in choosing selected pairs. Unlike the simplified Bernoulli trials (SBT) method, the SSBT scheme picks the second particle of a selected pair from a whole list of particles with equal probability; it prevents repetitive collisions by introducing a procedure to avoid duplicate colliding pairs. The efficiency of this newly introduced algorithm is investigated in benchmark problems such as a collision frequency test case, Fourier heat transfer, dissociation of simple gas, and hypersonic cylinder flow. Compared with SBT, no time counter (NTC), and nearest neighbor (NN) collision algorithms, the results show that the SSBT method predicts the solutions quite accurately. In the collision frequency test case and Fourier test case, we show that the SSBT scheme could work with few particles per cell (one or even less) if an appropriate space and time discretization is employed. The symmetrized algorithm of the SSBT scheme improves the quality of the selection process, which leads to a smaller sample size in the highly non-equilibrium problem of hypersonic cylinder flow to achieve the same convergence limit at that of the SBT and NN schemes. In addition, the SSBT scheme has inherently a lower separation of free paths in the stagnation point of the cylinder test case compared to the SBT scheme for the same grid test case. These features make SSBT a new, robust model that could be presented as an alternative to state-of-the-art models.
Co-sintered ceramic converter for transmissive laser-activated remote phosphor conversion
Authors: Lenef Alan , Kelso John F. , Serre Jeffery , Kulkarni Ashish A. , Kinkenon Douglas , Avison Matthew
Published: January 2022

By confining a low-scattering ceramic phosphor conversion region within a high-scattering alumina substrate, we fabricated high-luminance laser-activated remote phosphor (LARP) with excellent thermal dissipation for white light generation. A dichroic mirror coating on the pump side recycles both luminescence and re-scattered pump light to improve efficacy. As a result, we demonstrated a transmissive LARP converter that achieves 600 lumens with 4.3 W of the blue pump power at an ambient temperature of 25 °C. Due to the strong cavity effect of the highly scattering substrate, a corresponding peak luminance of greater than 700 Cd/mm2 was observed. At 80 °C ambient, the converter can still achieve greater than 500 lumens and peak luminance exceeding 500 Cd/mm2. Simulations based on the optical diffusion approximation are generally in good agreement with data, although they overpredict luminous flux, suggesting the dichroic coating was not optimal and further performance improvements may be achievable.
Ultrafast multi-shot ablation and defect generation in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Solomon Joel M. , Ahmad Sabeeh Irfan , Dave Arpit , Lu Li-Syuan , Wu Yu-Chen , Chang Wen-Hao , Luo Chih-Wei , Her Tsing-Hua
Published: January 2022

Transition metal dichalcogenides are known to possess large optical nonlinearities, and driving these materials at high intensities is desirable for many applications. Understanding their optical responses under repetitive intense excitation is essential to improve the performance limit of these strong-field devices and to achieve efficient laser patterning. Here, we report the incubation study of monolayer MoS2 and WS2 induced by 160 fs, 800 nm pulses in air to examine how their ablation threshold scales with the number of admitted laser pulses. Both materials were shown to outperform graphene and most bulk materials; specifically, MoS2 is as resistant to radiation degradation as the best of the bulk thin films with a record fast saturation. Our modeling provides convincing evidence that the small reduction in threshold and fast saturation of MoS2 originate from its excellent bonding integrity against radiation-induced softening. Sub-ablation damages, in the form of vacancies, strain, lattice disorder, and nanovoids, were revealed by transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, Raman, and second harmonic generation studies, which were attributed to the observed incubation in 2D materials. For the first time, a sub-ablation damage threshold is identified for monolayer MoS2 to be 78% of the single-shot ablation threshold, below which MoS2 remains intact for many laser pulses. Our results firmly establish MoS2 as a robust material for strong-field devices and for high-throughput laser patterning.
Automatic multi-objective optimization of coarse-grained lipid force fields using SwarmCG
Authors: Empereur-mot Charly , Capelli Riccardo , Perrone Mattia , Caruso Cristina , Doni Giovanni , Pavan Giovanni M.
Published: January 2022

The development of coarse-grained (CG) molecular models typically requires a time-consuming iterative tuning of parameters in order to have the approximated CG models behave correctly and consistently with, e.g., available higher-resolution simulation data and/or experimental observables. Automatic data-driven approaches are increasingly used to develop accurate models for molecular dynamics simulations. However, the parameters obtained via such automatic methods often make use of specifically designed interaction potentials and are typically poorly transferable to molecular systems or conditions other than those used for training them. Using a multi-objective approach in combination with an automatic optimization engine (SwarmCG), here, we show that it is possible to optimize CG models that are also transferable, obtaining optimized CG force fields (FFs). As a proof of concept, here, we use lipids for which we can avail reference experimental data (area per lipid and bilayer thickness) and reliable atomistic simulations to guide the optimization. Once the resolution of the CG models (mapping) is set as an input, SwarmCG optimizes the parameters of the CG lipid models iteratively and simultaneously against higher-resolution simulations (bottom-up) and experimental data (top-down references). Including different types of lipid bilayers in the training set in a parallel optimization guarantees the transferability of the optimized lipid FF parameters. We demonstrate that SwarmCG can reach satisfactory agreement with experimental data for different resolution CG FFs. We also obtain stimulating insights into the precision-resolution balance of the FFs. The approach is general and can be effectively used to develop new FFs and to improve the existing ones.
Photodissociation dynamics of CO2 + hv → CO(X1Σ+) + O(1D2) via the 3P1Πu state
Authors: Zhang Su’e , Wu Yucheng , Zhang Zhaoxue , Luo Zijie , Zhao Yarui , Li Zhenxing , Chang Yao , Yang Jiayue , Wu Guorong , Zhang Weiqing , Yu Shengrui , Yuan Kaijun , Yang Xueming
Published: January 2022

The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photodissociation of CO2 is important to understand the primary photochemical processes of CO2 induced by solar VUV excitation in the Earth’s atmosphere. Here, we report a detailed study of vibrational-state-specific photodissociation dynamics of the CO(X1Σ+) + O(1D2) channel via the 3P1Πu state by using the time-sliced velocity-mapped ion imaging apparatus combined with the single VUV photoionization detection scheme. By recording the sliced images of the O(1D2) photoproducts formed by VUV photoexcitation of CO2 to the individual vibrational structure of the 3P1Πu state, both the vibrational state distributions of the counterpart CO(X1Σ+) photoproducts and the vibrational-state-specific product anisotropy parameters (β) are determined. The experimental results show that photodissociation of CO2 at 108.22, 107.50, 106.10, and 104.76 nm yields less anisotropic (β > 0) and inverted distributed CO(X1Σ+, v) photoproducts. The possible dissociation mechanism for the CO(X1Σ+) + O(1D2) channel may involve the non-adiabatic transition of excited CO2* from the initially prepared state to the 31A′ state with potential energy barriers. While at 108.82 and 107.35 nm, the vibrational distributions are found to have the population peaked at a low vibrational state, and the anisotropy parameters turn out to be negative. Such variation indicates the possibility of another non-adiabatic dissociation pathway that may involve Coriolis-type coupling to the low-lying dissociative state. These observations show sclear evidence of the influence of the initially vibrational excitations on the photodissociation dynamics of CO2 via the 3P1Πu state.
Spurious normativity enhances learning of compliance and enforcement behavior in artificial agents
Authors: Köster Raphael , Hadfield-Menell Dylan , Everett Richard , Weidinger Laura , Hadfield Gillian K. , Leibo Joel Z.
Published: January 2022

Significance

The fact that humans enforce and comply with norms is an important reason why humans enjoy higher levels of cooperation and welfare than other animals. Some norms are relatively easy to explain: They may prohibit obviously harmful or uncooperative actions. But many norms are not easy to explain. For example, most cultures prohibit eating certain kinds of foods, and almost all societies have rules about what constitutes appropriate clothing, language, and gestures. Using a computational model focused on learning shows that apparently pointless rules can have an indirect effect on welfare. They can help agents learn how to enforce and comply with norms in general, improving the group’s ability to enforce norms that have a direct effect on welfare.
SHORT-ROOT paralogs mediate feedforward regulation of D-type cyclin to promote nodule formation in soybean
Authors: Wang Chunhua , Li Meng , Zhao Yang , Liang Nengsong , Li Haiyang , Li Pengxue , Yang Liling , Xu Mengyuan , Bian Xinxin , Wang Mengxue , Wu Shasha , Niu Xufang , Wang Mengyao , Li Xinxin , Sang Yi , Dong Wentao , Wang Ertao , Gallagher Kimberly L. , Wu Shuang
Published: January 2022

Significance

Nitrogen fixation is economically important in agriculture. Enhancing nodulation in soybean can greatly enhance nitrogen fixation efficiency. Nodule formation in legumes starts with cortical cell divisions in the root. Despite the discovery of the Nod factors and plant hormones that are involved, it remains unclear how cortical cell division is spatiotemporally regulated. Here we provide evidence that soybean has acquired two
SHORT-ROOT
(
SHR
) paralogs during evolution, which are specifically induced in the early stage of nodule organogenesis. These
SHR
homologs can activate the expression of early nodulin genes and enhance cytokinin signaling and form part of a multilevel regulatory network to activate D-type cyclins during nodulation. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms of nodule organogenesis in soybean.
LRRTM3 regulates activity-dependent synchronization of synapse properties in topographically connected hippocampal neural circuits
Authors: Kim Jinhu , Park Dongseok , Seo Na-Young , Yoon Taek-Han , Kim Gyu Hyun , Lee Sang-Hoon , Seo Jinsoo , Um Ji Won , Lee Kea Joo , Ko Jaewon
Published: January 2022

Significance

The present study utilized imaging, electrophysiology, and three-dimensional high-resolution electron microscopy analyses to address the neural circuit role of LRRTM3 in vivo, using both conventional and conditionalLrrtm3-KO mice. We found that LRRTM3 is required for the specific assembly and function of the medial perforant path to dentate gyrus synapses. Moreover, LRRTM3 is required for proper excitatory synaptic connectivity and long-term synaptic plasticity at mossy fiber–CA3 synapses. Strikingly, presynaptic inactivation of medial perforant path–dentate gyrus (MPP–DG) circuit activities completely rescued the impaired excitatory synaptic inputs and long-term synaptic plasticity ofLrrtm3-KO mice, demonstrating that LRRTM3 is involved in activity-dependent hippocampal excitatory synapse refinement/stabilization, which is dictated and synchronized by glutamatergic neurotransmission.
GATOR2 complex–mediated amino acid signaling regulates brain myelination
Authors: Yu Zongyan , Yang Zhiwen , Ren Guoru , Wang Yingjie , Luo Xiang , Zhu Feiyan , Yu Shouyang , Jia Lanlan , Chen Mina , Worley Paul F. , Xiao Bo
Published: January 2022

Significance

Fast transmission of nerve impulses with energetic efficiency along axons of nerve cells is essential for brain function. Toward this goal, axons are wrapped by the myelin membranes extended from oligodendrocytes, which is known as myelination of axons. Therefore, myelination is dependent on the formation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. How the oligodendrocyte lineage is formed remains incompletely known. Previous studies suggest that signaling pathways of growth factors and amino acids might coordinate the regulation of oligodendrocyte formation, but the specific amino acid signaling pathway that participates in this regulation has not been identified. This study identifies the amino acid signaling complex GATOR2 (GAP activity towards Rags 2) as a positive regulator of oligodendrocyte formation and myelination that coordinately regulates brain myelination with growth factor signaling.
Functional communication between IP
3
R and STIM2 at subthreshold stimuli is a critical checkpoint for initiation of SOCE
Authors: Ahmad Moaz , Ong Hwei Ling , Saadi Hassan , Son Ga-Yeon , Shokatian Zahra , Terry Lara E. , Trebak Mohamed , Yule David I. , Ambudkar Indu
Published: January 2022

Significance

STIM proteins sense decreases in [Ca
2+
]
ER
and cluster in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–plasma membrane (PM) junctions where they recruit and activate Orai1. While STIM1 clustering requires substantial [Ca
2+
]
ER
decrease, STIM2 displays preclustering under resting conditions and regulates basal Ca
2+
entry. The mechanism(s) underlying constitutive clustering of STIM2 is not known. We show herein that endogenous STIM2 assembles as mobile and immobile clusters and that Orai1 is recruited to the latter. Anchoring of STIM2 clusters is triggered by decreases in local [Ca
2+
]
ER
that are mediated by ambient activity of IP
3
R and sensed by the STIM2 N terminus. This functional link between IP
3
R and STIM2 governs constitutive STIM2 clustering and ensures coupling of [Ca
2+
]
ER
decrease at subthreshold stimuli with activation of Ca
2+
entry.
Insight into the symbiotic lifestyle of DPANN archaea revealed by cultivation and genome analyses
Authors: Sakai Hiroyuki D. , Nur Naswandi , Kato Shingo , Yuki Masahiro , Shimizu Michiru , Itoh Takashi , Ohkuma Moriya , Suwanto Antonius , Kurosawa Norio
Published: January 2022

Significance

The DPANN superphylum is a grouping of symbiotic microorganisms categorized based on their genomic contents and a few examples of cultivation experiments. Although the genome information of DPANN archaea is increasing year by year, most of them have remained uncultivated, limiting our knowledge of these organisms. Herein, a thermoacidophilic symbiotic archaeon (ARM-1) from the DPANN superphylum was successfully cultivated and characterized. We determined its physiological, morphological, and genomic characteristics in detail and obtained experimental evidence of the symbiotic lifestyle of this archaeon. Notably, ARM-1 is a symbiotic archaeal strain that showed dependence on a range of host species in a laboratory culture. The results significantly contribute to the true understanding of the physiology and ecology of DPANN archaea.
The PCY-SAG14 phytocyanin module regulated by PIFs and miR408 promotes dark-induced leaf senescence in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Hao Chen , Yang Yanzhi , Du Jianmei , Deng Xing Wang , Li Lei
Published: January 2022

Significance

Leaf senescence is a critical process in plants and has a direct impact on many important agronomic traits. Despite decades of research, identity of the senescence signal and the molecular mechanism that perceives and transduces the signal remain elusive. Using dark-induced leaf senescence as the experimental system, we found that senescence induces rapid reciprocal regulation of plastocyanin, a copper-binding electron carrier in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, and the PCY-SAG14 pair of phytocyanins located on the endomembrane. We also found that PCY-SAG14, which is modulated by PIF3/4/5 and miR408, is both necessary and sufficient to promote senescence. These findings indicate that intracellular copper homeostasis mediated by the PCY-SAG14 module plays an important regulatory role in dark-induced leaf senescence.
Role of smooth muscle activation in the static and dynamic mechanical characterization of human aortas
Authors: Franchini Giulio , Breslavsky Ivan D. , Giovanniello Francesco , Kassab Ali , Holzapfel Gerhard A. , Amabili Marco
Published: January 2022

Significance

The rupture of aortic aneurysms causes around 10,000 deaths each year in the United States. Prosthetic tubes for aortic repair present a large mismatch of mechanical properties with the natural aorta, which has negative consequences for perfusion. This motivates research into the mechanical characterization of human aortas to develop a new generation of mechanically compatible aortic grafts. Experimental data and a suitable material model for human aortas with vascular smooth muscle (VSM) activation are not available. Hence, the present study provides experimental data that are needed. These data made it possible to develop a precise structure-based model of active aortic tissue. The results show the importance of VSM activation on the static and dynamic mechanical response of human aortas.
The constraints in the field of institutional translation in Turkey
Authors: Seçkin Sevcan
Published: January 2022

This paper aims to examine the constraints in the institutional field within the framework of the sociology of translation. In the paper, the term “constraint” refers to the problems that cannot be solved due to many factors and negatively affect the translation process, translators, and therefore translation product. The paper will reveal all the constraints with an analysis of the position of the field within the field of power, the structure of the field, and the habitus of agents (here exclusively referring to translators), based on Pierre Bourdieu’s model of field analysis. The study draws on the case studies of four institutions to analyze all the dynamics of the institutional field and their impact on the translation process and translation product. The institutions are the European Union Translation Coordination Presidency (EUTCP) and the Prime Ministry Directorate General of Press and Information (PDGPI) as a national institution, the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) as an international institution, and the Association of Solidarity with Asylum Seekers and Immigrants (ASAM) as a non-governmental organization. Face-to-face interviews with these four institutions, which carry out different translation activities for different purposes, will reveal the big picture of the field. However, more empirical work is needed to generalize about the constraints of this field.
The etymological substance of the Italian first- and second-person oblique clitic pronouns
Authors: Olander Thomas
Published: January 2022

The first- and second-person plural oblique pronuns in modern standard Italian are ci and vi; other varieties of Italo-Romance present ne (rarely ni) and ve. The pronominal clitics ci, ne and vi are often identified etymolo­gically with the local adverbs ci, ne and vi, reflecting Latin (*)hince, inde and ibi. According to a competing view only ci has an adverbial origin, whereas the pronominal clitics ne and vi reflect Latin nōs and uōs. In this study I present the material and analyse it historically. I conclude that the latter hypothesis is more plausible: it was precisely the accidental merger of pronominal ne and vi (from Latin nōs and uōs) with adverbial ne and vi (from Latin inde and ibi) that triggered the replacement of ne with ci (from Latin (*)hince).
Active RB causes visible changes in nuclear organization
Authors: Krishnan Badri , Yasuhara Takaaki , Rumde Purva , Stanzione Marcello , Lu Chenyue , Lee Hanjun , Lawrence Michael S. , Zou Lee , Nieman Linda T. , Sanidas Ioannis , Dyson Nicholas J.
Published: January 2022

RB restricts G1/S progression by inhibiting E2F. Here, we show that sustained expression of active RB, and prolonged G1 arrest, causes visible changes in chromosome architecture that are not directly associated with E2F inhibition. Using FISH probes against two euchromatin RB-associated regions, two heterochromatin domains that lack RB-bound loci, and two whole-chromosome probes, we found that constitutively active RB (ΔCDK-RB) promoted a more diffuse, dispersed, and scattered chromatin organization. These changes were RB dependent, were driven by specific isoforms of monophosphorylated RB, and required known RB-associated activities. ΔCDK-RB altered physical interactions between RB-bound genomic loci, but the RB-induced changes in chromosome architecture were unaffected by dominant-negative DP1. The RB-induced changes appeared to be widespread and influenced chromosome localization within nuclei. Gene expression profiles revealed that the dispersion phenotype was associated with an increased autophagy response. We infer that, after cell cycle arrest, RB acts through noncanonical mechanisms to significantly change nuclear organization, and this reorganization correlates with transitions in cellular state.
The fourth fundamental circuit element: principle and applications
Authors: Sun Young
Published: January 2022

The relationships between four basic circuit variables—voltage (v), current (i), charge (q), and magnetic flux (ϕ)—have defined three fundamental circuit elements: resistors, capacitors, and inductors. From a viewpoint of symmetry, there is a fourth fundamental circuit element defined by the relationship between charge and magnetic flux. Historically, a device called a memristor was considered to be the fourth element, but it has caused intense controversy because a memristor is conceived based on a nonlinear i–v relationship rather than a direct q-ϕ relationship. Alternatively, a direct correlation between charge (q) and magnetic flux (ϕ) can be built up by employing the magnetoelectric (ME) effects; i.e. magnetic field control of electric polarization and electric field control of magnetization. In this review, recent progress on the principle and applications of the fourth circuit element based on ME effects is summarized. Both the fourth linear element and nonlinear memelement, termed transtor and memtranstor, respectively, have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A complete relational diagram of fundamental circuit elements has been constructed. A transtor with a linear ME effect can be used in a variety of applications, such as energy harvesters, tunable inductors, magnetic sensors, gyrators, transformers, etc. A memtranstor, showing a pinched hysteresis loop, has great potential in developing low-power nonvolatile electronic devices. The principle is to utilize the states of the ME coefficient α
E = dE/dH, instead of resistance, magnetization, or electric polarization, to store information. Both nonvolatile memory and logic devices can be implemented by using memtranstors, which provides a route toward logic-in-memory computing systems. In addition, artificial synaptic devices that are able to mimic synaptic behaviors have also been realized using memtranstors. The fourth circuit element and memelement based on ME effects provide extra degrees of freedom to broaden circuit functionalities and develop advanced electronic devices.
Thermoinduced structural-transformation and luminescent conversion in hybrid manganese halides
Authors: Jiang Chunli , Luo Qianqian , Luo Chunhua , Lin Hechun , Peng Hui
Published: January 2022

We report here the synthesis of hybrid manganese halide crystals, (C4H7N2)MnCl3 · H2O and (C4H7N2)2MnCl4, by using the same organic ligand 2-methylimidazole. Upon heating treatment, the red-emissive (C4H7N2)MnCl3 · H2O crystal is structurally transformed into green-emissive (C4H7N2)2MnCl4 crystal in situ. The crystal structural analysis reveals that the [MnCl5 · H2O]3− octahedra chains decompose into mono [MnCl4]2− tetrahedra, accompanied by the departure of H2O molecules. Upon cooling in air or water vapor, the crystal structure and luminescence of (C4H7N2)2MnCl4 are transformed to those of (C4H7N2)MnCl3 · H2O. The in situ conversion of luminescence between (C4H7N2)MnCl3 · H2O and (C4H7N2)2MnCl4 provides new insight into the potential application of hybrid manganese halides.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of defect engineered monolayer graphene
Authors: Kim Woochang , Lee Wonseok , Lee Seung-Mo , Kim Duckjong , Park Jinsung
Published: January 2022

We propose a method of improving the thermoelectric properties of graphene using defect engineering through plasma irradiation and atomic layer deposition (ALD). We intentionally created atomic blemishes in graphene by oxygen plasma treatment and subsequently healed the atomistically defective places using Pt-ALD. After healing, the thermal conductivity of the initially defective graphene increased slightly, while the electrical conductivity and the square of the Seebeck coefficient increased pronouncedly. The thermoelectric figure of merit of the Pt-ALD treated graphene was measured to be over 4.8 times higher than the values reported in the literature. We expect that our study could provide a useful guideline for the development of graphene-based thermoelectric devices.
Equivalent circuit modeling and analysis of aerodynamic vortex-induced piezoelectric energy harvesting
Authors: Jia Jinda , Shan Xiaobiao , Zhang Xingxu , Xie Tao , Yang Yaowen
Published: January 2022

Low-speed wind energy has potential to be captured for powering micro-electro-mechanical systems or sensors in remote inaccessible place by piezoelectric energy harvesting from vortex-induced vibration. Conventional theory or finite-element analysis mostly considers a simple pure resistance as interface circuit because of the complex fluid-solid-electricity coupling in aeroelastic piezoelectric energy harvesting. However, the output alternating voltage should be rectified to direct voltage to be used in practical occasions, where the theoretical analysis and finite-element analysis for complex interface may be cumbersome or difficult. To solve this problem, this paper presents an equivalent circuit modeling (ECM) method to analyze the performance of vortex-induced energy harvesters. Firstly, the equivalent analogies from the mechanical and fluid domain to the electrical domain are built. The linear mechanical and fluid elements are represented by standard electrical elements. The nonlinear elements are represented by electrical non-standard user-defined components. Secondly, the total fluid-solid-electricity coupled mathematical equations of the harvesting system are transformed into electrical formulations based on the equivalent analogies. Finally, the entire ECM is established in a circuit simulation software to perform system-level transient analyses. The simulation results from ECM have good agreement with the experimental measurements. Further parametric studies are carried out to assess the influences of wind speed and resistance on the output power of the alternating circuit interface and the capacitor filter circuit. At wind speed of 1.2 m s−1, the energy harvester could generate an output power of 81.71 μW with the capacitor filter circuit and 114.64 μW with the alternating circuit interface. The filter capacitance is further studied to ascertain its effects on the stability of output and the settling time.
Degradation mechanism of the superconducting performance of a Bi2212 cable under magnetic fields
Authors: Zhang Zhen-Chuang , Yang Dong-Sheng , Zhou Hai-Shan , Qin Jing-Gang , Luo Guang-Nan
Published: January 2022

In magnetic confinement fusion reactors, superconducting magnet systems are essential for generating and controlling high magnetic fields. To increase the magnetic field, new superconducting materials such as Bi2212 (Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x
) have been selected in the design of magnet systems. However, the stability of the Bi2212 superconductor under magnetic fields must be studied for the routine and safe operation of magnet systems. In this work, the stability and degradation mechanism of a Bi2212 cable under magnetic fields were investigated. With a magnetic field of 5.8 T, the cable carrying 29 kA was exerted with a force of ∼168.2 kN m−1. In the core area of the cable, moved wires were detected by computed tomography. The macroscopic movement of the wires would vary with the axial position, which could be related to the twist structure. Then, the cable was decomposed, and the acquired wires were tested under 12 T at 4.2 K by four-probe method. The results indicated that the inner wires had relatively lower critical currents, which should be the reason for the degradation of cable performance. Scanning electron microscope images of the superconducting phase within the wires confirmed that cracks existed in the superconducting phase of the inner wires, while intact crystals were found in that of the outer wires. The variation in microstructures gave rise to changes in the wire performance.
Ultracold neutron storage simulation using the Kassiopeia software package
Authors: Bogorad Z , Mohanmurthy P , Formaggio J A
Published: January 2022

The Kassiopeia software package was originally developed to simulate electromagnetic fields and charged particle trajectories for neutrino mass measurement experiments. Recent additions to Kassiopeia also allow it to simulate neutral particle trajectories in magnetic fields based on their magnetic moments. Two different methods were implemented: an exact method that can work for arbitrary fields and an adiabatic method that is limited to slowly-varying fields but is much faster for large precession frequencies. Additional interactions to simulate reflection of ultracold neutrons (UCNs) from material walls and to allow spin–flip pulses were also added. These tools were used to simulate neutron precession in a room temperature neutron electric dipole moment experiment and predict the values of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times as well as the trapping lifetime. All three parameters are found to closely match the experimentally determined values when simulated with both the exact and adiabatic methods, confirming that Kassiopeia is able to accurately simulate neutral particles. This opens the door for future uses of Kassiopeia to prototype the next generation of atomic traps and UCN experiments.
Regulation of the intermittent release of giant unilamellar vesicles under osmotic pressure
Authors: Zhou Qi , Wang Ping , Ma Bei-Bei , Jiang Zhong-Ying , Zhu Tao
Published: January 2022

Osmotic pressure can break the fluid balance between intracellular and extracellular solutions. In hypo-osmotic solution, water molecules, which transfer into the cell and burst, are driven by the concentration difference of solute across the semi-permeable membrane. The complicated dynamic processes of intermittent bursts have been previously observed. However, the underlying physical mechanism has yet to be thoroughly explored and analyzed. Here, the intermittent release of inclusion in giant unilamellar vesicles was investigated quantitatively, applying the combination of experimental and theoretical methods in the hypo-osmotic medium. Experimentally, we adopted a highly sensitive electron multiplying charge-coupled device to acquire intermittent dynamic images. Notably, the component of the vesicle phospholipids affected the stretch velocity, and the prepared solution of vesicles adjusted the release time. Theoretically, we chose equations and numerical simulations to quantify the dynamic process in phases and explored the influences of physical parameters such as bilayer permeability and solution viscosity on the process. It was concluded that the time taken to achieve the balance of giant unilamellar vesicles was highly dependent on the molecular structure of the lipid. The pore lifetime was strongly related to the internal solution environment of giant unilamellar vesicles. The vesicles prepared in viscous solution were able to visualize long-lived pores. Furthermore, the line tension was measured quantitatively by the release velocity of inclusion, which was of the same order of magnitude as the theoretical simulation. In all, the experimental values well matched the theoretical values. Our investigation clarified the physical regulatory mechanism of intermittent pore formation and inclusion release, which provides an important reference for the development of novel technologies such as gene therapy based on transmembrane transport as well as controlled drug delivery based on liposomes.