bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION OF BILAYER TABLETS OF ATAZANAVIR SULFATE AND RITONAVIR 300 MG/100 MG
Authors: SANKARAIAH JONNA , SHARMA NEERAJ , NAIM MOHD JAVED
Published: September 2021

Objective: The objective of this study is to formulation and development of fixed-dose combination as a single dosage regimen by using the design of experiments (DOE) approach against the single dose of reference listed drugs of brand reyataz capsule 300 mg (atazanavir sulfate) and norvir tablets 100 mg (ritonavir tablets) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Infections.
Methods: Formulation was developed with each blend of ritonavir by using hot-melt extrusion and atazanavir sulfate by wet granulation process and compressed by bilayer technology followed by film coating. Formulation and process optimization by design of experiments (DOE) to evaluate dissolution and related substances of the finished product. Fractional factorial (22+3) and full factorial design (33+3) by using a design expert (version 11.0) were used to evaluate the formulation and process variables to prepare a robust formulation.
Results: Results indicate that the sorbitan monolaurate range has played a key role to achieve the dissolution for ritonavir formulation. The studied temperature range and interaction of temperature and feed rate, temperature and screw speed during the hot-melt extrusion process impact on the related substances of the bi-layer tablet. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) also finding the P-value less than 0.0500 and the studied range was significant. Design space was established for the significant factors to control the results within the acceptable limits. The studied formulation and wet granulation process for atazanavir sulfate have no significant impact on dissolution and related substances of the finished product. Further, the studied hardness range of 16-28kp for bi-layer tablets has no critical impact on the dissolution. Optimum formulation and process of bi-layer tablets in F37 yielded similar drug release and related substances against the reference drug product.
Conclusion: The present invention of fixed-dose combination can be recommended as a single dosage regimen with the consistent drug release and control of the unknown impurities in the prototype formulation against the individual reference drug product.
MITRAGYNINE PERCENTAGES OF VARIOUS KRATOM VARIANTS SEIZED IN INDONESIA: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-PHOTO DIODE ARRAY DETECTOR
Authors: TANTI  , LALANGI CHRISTIEN ANDRIYANI , ARFIYANI ERI , NINGTIAS WIDIANTI , MAULIDA ERLANA NINDYA
Published: September 2021

Objective: This study details the determination of mitragynine in various kratom samples using the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique and validation of analytical methods for quantifying the concentration of mitragynine in various kratom samples using liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (LC-PDA).
Methods: TLC technique using n-hexane: ethyl acetate: ammonia 25% (30: 15: 1 v/v/v) was applied to isolate mitragynine from kratom samples. Several interesting spots obtained were visualized under UV light at 254 nm. Samples were also prepared with organic solvent extraction directly prior to LC analysis (non-isolation method of preparation) to quantify the concentration of mitragynine. Mobile phases used were acetonitrile (MP A) and 0.1% formic acid in water (MP B). Samples and standards were run by gradient elution with a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min, detection using PDA detector at 254 nm.
Results: Mitragynine was successfully isolated from kratom samples in Rf 0.50 by TLC system applied. The validation of analytical methods for mitragynine passed the acceptance criteria as described by UNODC Guidance. The concentration of mitragynine in various kratom samples seized in Indonesia ranged from 0.37%-1.70% (%w/w).
Conclusion: Both TLC and LC analytical methods could be applied to determine and quantify the concentration of mitragynine in each examined sample, respectively.
OPTIMIZATION OF STARCH GLYCOLATE AS NOVEL SUPERDISINTEGRANT IN THE FORMULATION OF GLIPIZIDE FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS THROUGH 23FACTORIAL DESIGN
Authors: PRAKASH RAO A. HARI OM , KUMAR R. SANTOSH , KANDUKURI SHAMBHAVI , RAMYA M.
Published: September 2021

Objective: To synthesize, characterize and evaluate starch glycolate as a superdisintegrant in the formulation of Glipizide fast dissolving tablets by employing 23 factorial designs.
Methods: Starch glycolate was prepared and its physical and micromeritic properties were performed to evaluate it. The fast dissolving tablet of Glipizide was prepared by employing starch crotonate as a superdisintegrant in different proportions in each case by direct compression method using 23 factorial design for the evaluation of tablet parameters like disintegration and dissolution efficiency in 5 min.
Results: The starch glycolate prepared was found to be fine, free-flowing and amorphous. Starch glycolate exhibited good swelling in water with a swelling index (10%). The study of starch glycolate was shown by fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). The drug content (100±5%), hardness (3.5–4 kg/sq. cm), and friability (<0.15%) was been effective with regard to all the formulated fast dissolving tablets employing starch glycolate. The disintegration time of all the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 13±0.015 to 180±0.014 sec. The optimized formulation F8 had the least disintegration time i.e., 13±0.015 sec. The wetting time of the tablets was found to be in the range of 8±0.015 to 95±0.013 sec. The In vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 8±0.015s) in optimized formulation F8. The water absorption ratio of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 75±0.012 to 150±0.014%. The percent drug dissolved in the optimized formulation F8 was found to be 99.95% in 5 min.
Conclusion: Starch glycolate was an efficient superdisintegrant for fast-dissolving tablets. The disintegration and dissolution efficiency of the fast dissolving tablets of glipizide was good and depended on the concentration of superdisintegrant employed i.e., starch glycolate, sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone. The formulated fast dissolving tablets of glipizide exhibited good dissolution efficiency in 5 min which can be used for the fast therapeutic action of glipizide.
INHIBITION OF GASTRIC DEGRADATION OF OMEPRAZOLE USING A pH-SENSITIVE POLYMER AS A BINDER IN TABLET FORMULATION
Authors: OLORUNSOLA EMMANUEL O. , E. UDOH IMO , MAJEKODUNMI STEPHEN O. , ODIONG INIOBONG J. , EBONG UWAKMFON O.
Published: September 2021

Objective: This work was aimed at formulating omeprazole tablets using afzelia gum as a binder that is capable of inhibiting the gastric degradation of the drug.
Methods: Afzelia gum at different concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30% was used as a binder to formulate omeprazole tablets. The tablets were formulated by direct compression and the batches labelled F1 to F6 respectively. A batch containing 15% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (F7) was also formulated. The tablets were characterized; and dissolution in a pH 1.2 dissolution medium over 120 min period was studied. Aliquots taken every 20 min were analyzed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry to determine the amount of drug released and not degraded.
Results: Amounts of drug released and not degraded at time 120 min were 53.1%, 57.3%, 57.8%, 58.8%, 62.1%, 83.4% and 90.0% for F1 to F7 respectively.
Conclusion: Afzelia gum at a concentration of 30% is suitable for use as a binder in tablet formulation of omeprazole to ensure substantial inhibition of gastric degradation of the drug.
FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION, AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF DASATINIB LOADED POLYMERIC NANOCARRIERS TO EXTEND THE RELEASE OF THE MODEL DRUG
Authors: REDDY ADENA SANDEEP KUMAR , MATTE KASI VISWANADH , KOSURU RAMOJI
Published: September 2021

Objective: The present research aims to design, develop, optimize, characterize and evaluate dasatinib (DSB) loaded polymeric nanocarriers to treat chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) by adopting a quality by design (QbD) approach.
Methods: Risk assessment was performed by using failure modes and effects analysis, and optimization of nanoformulation was done by adopting 23 full factorial design. The optimized nanoformulation was characterized by different characterization techniques and evaluated by various in vitro studies.
Results: Surface morphology and shape were found to be smooth and spherical. Stability study results revealed that the nanoformulation could be stored in all three storage conditions for safe and long-term use since it retained its pharmaceutical properties. Drug release was 32.06 % in the first 4 h and 79.34 % by the end of 48 h which infers a sustained-release pattern. The hemocompatibility results showed no sign of hemolysis. Cellular uptake study showed approximately 10 to 20-fold much higher intracellular fluorescence intensities of nanoformulation than DSB. Cytotoxicity results confirmed that when compared to the pure drug, the optimized nanoformulation have a potential cytotoxic effect in the treatment of CML since it exhibited a significantly more % growth inhibition. Cell apoptosis assay revealed that the nanoformulation could provide significant antileukaemia activity against K562 cells and further induce K562 cell death with a dose and time-dependent manner.
Conclusion: The results of the characterization and evaluation studies showed that the developed nanoformulation offered significant advantages, making it a potential delivery system of DSB for more effective treatment of CML.
FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF NIFEDIPINE LOADED NANOCARRIERS
Authors: JADHAV ASHWINI , VARGHESE CHERIYAN BINOY
Published: September 2021

Objective: The main aim of this study to formulate a nifedipine-loaded nanocarrier for improving solubility and bioavailability.
Methods: To improve the solubility of drug, nifedipine-loaded nanocarrier (lipotomes) were prepared by using the film lipid hydration technique. lipotomes were prepared by using tween 80, which is used for increasing solubility and cetyl alcohol for lipophilic environment. Drug excipients interaction determined by FTIR. lipotomes were characterized for particle size, Entrapment efficiency and zeta potential. lipotomes were optimized by using Design-Expert 12 software. Optimized formula further lyophilized by using different cyroproyectant to improve the stability and oral administration of the drug.
Results: FTIR shows there was no interaction between formulation ingredients. Mean particle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential was determined and found to be 308.1 nm, 96.7%, 20.1mV, respectively. Surface morphology of lipotomes was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Optimized lipotomes was lyophilized with Mannitol (8% w/v) was the ideal cryoprotectant to retain the physicochemical characteristics of the OLT formulation after lyophilization.
Conclusion: Nifedipine loaded nanocarrier was successfully prepared, using film hydration method. Which have good particle size, EE% and zeta potential. After lyophilization no significant changes was observed in particle size with good physical stability, so it could be a good choice for conventional drug delivery system by doing further investigation as in vitro and in vivo study
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYTICAL METHODS OF MANNITOL: AN UPDATE
Authors: SHRIVASTAVA ALANKAR , SHARMA SANJAY , KAURAV MONIKA , SHARMA ABHISHEK
Published: September 2021

Mannitol is an organic compound, a widely distributed natural sugar alcohol in nature. It is found in various plant species and produced by many microorganisms. Mannitol is about 50% as sweet as sucrose, has a low glycaemic index and inert nature, making it suitable to be used in many food products. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic administering through the iv route and having many clinical usages and is one of the well-known excipients in many different types of formulations. This is also used to increase the dissolution of drugs having solubility problems. Mannitol can be used as a drug and excipient. The goal of this work was to summarize the important physicochemical properties, mechanism of action, production, applications, incompatibilities, polymorphism, and particularly the analytical methodologies published in the last five decades for quantification. Relevant articles related to analytical methods were identified through a search of the English-language literature indexed in Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect and google scholar from 1970 to till date. The search terms were benign estimation of mannitol, determination of mannitol, methods for determination of mannitol, HPLC and Spectrophotometry method for estimation of mannitol. The methods described in USP, IP, and BP are also described. The presented review also outlines the further scope of research in the field of development of analytical methods.
FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF OLANZAPINE LIPOSOME
Authors: VANI G. NETHRA , ALAGUSUNDARAM M. , CHANDRASEKAR K. B.
Published: September 2021

Objective: Olanzapine (OZ) is a thioeno benzodiazepine class second-generation or atypical antipsychotic that selectively binds to central dopamine D2 and serotonin (5-HT2c) receptors used for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The present paper is aimed at developing an optimized liposome-loaded OZ as an approach for brain targeting through the nasal route for effective therapeutic management of schizophrenia.
Methods: The OZ liposomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method. Various independent variable such as phospholipid, cholesterol and sonication time was optimized by using Design-Expert® Software to obtain the dependent variables of entrapment efficiency, vesicle size and zeta potential. The optimized formulation was predicted based on the response obtained by the point prediction method.
Results: The entrapment efficiency of the formulation was range between 72.9 and 85.1 %. The average particle size of all the 15 experimental runs lies between the minimum and maximum values of the size 258.33 to 325.32 nm, respectively. The zeta potential ranges from-27.53 to-11.46 mV. The optimized formulation for characterized for its morphology by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In vitro release studies of OZ-loaded liposomal formulation was carried by dialysis sac method using pH 7.4 phosphate buffer (PBS) as a medium. The maximum release was found to be 98.43±1.2 % up to 24 h. The R2 zero-order kinetics and Korsmeyer-Peppas model was found to be 0.9919 and 0.9664, respectively. The zero-order shows the best-fit model with a highest R2 value exhibiting better correlation and the ‘n’ value was also found to be 0.85; indicating both diffusion-controlled and swelling-controlled drug release that is anomalous transport.
Conclusion: The results, clearly states that the prepared formulations justify the parameters and OZ might be a suitable candidate to target the brain through nasal delivery.
NEW VALIDATED METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ALLANTOIN AND PERMETHRIN USIGN RP-HPLC IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: S. MADHAVI , REDDY CHALLA SUDHEER , RAO B. TIRUMALESWARA
Published: September 2021

Objective: Special, effective high pressure liquid chromatography method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of Allantoin and Permethrin.
Methods: By using Waters HPLC e-2695 quaternary pump with a PDA detector of 2998 instrument the chromatographic separation of Allantoin and Permethrin was achieved on the column of Symmetry C18 (150x4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) using an isocratic elution with a buffer containing 0.1percent ortho phosphoric acid and acetonitrile at a rate of 40:60 as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 ml/min at ambient temperature. A detector wavelength of 226 nm utilizing the PDA detector were given in the instrumental settings. The linearity was studied between the concentration range of 1-15 µg/ml of Allantoin and 25-375 µg/ml of Permethrin were injected with a run time of 6 min. As a part of method validation the parameters like specificity, linearity, accuracy, ruggedness, robustness were determined and the results were found to be within the allowable limit. Validation of the proposed method was carried out according to an International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.
Results: LOD and LOQ for the two active ingredients were established with respect to test concentration. The plotted calibration curves were linear with a regression coefficient of R2>0.999, indicates that the linearity was with in the limit. As a part of method validation the parameters like specificity, linearity, accuracy, ruggedness, robustness were determined and the results were found to be within the allowable limit.
Conclusion: The method developed was found to be applicable to routine analysis and to be used for the measurement of both active pharmaceutical ingredients (i. e, Allantoin and Permethrin). Since, there is no HPLC method reported in the literature for the estimation of Allantoin and Permethrin, there is a need to develop quantitative methods under different conditions to achieve improvement in specificity, selecivity etc.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM
Authors: SHIVALINGAM M. R. , BALASUBRAMANIAN ARUL , RAMALINGAM KOTHAI
Published: September 2021

Objective: The present study was an attempt to develop an alternative dosage form for the existing conventional oral, parenteral proton pump inhibitor (PPI) as transdermal patches for treating peptic ulcers.
Methods: Transdermal patches of PPI were prepared using HPMC E5 with PVP K 30 and HPMC E5 with Eudragit L100 polymers in different ratios by a solvent evaporation method. All the formulated patches were subjected to various evaluation parameters such as thickness, folding endurance, weight uniformity, content uniformity, swelling index, percentage moisture content, moisture uptake, surface pH and in vitro release studies.
Results: All patches exhibited satisfactory characteristics regarding integrity, flexibility, dispersion of drug, and other quality control parameters. In the in vitro release studies of transdermal patches, formulation F1 showed the prolonged release of drug (98.99 %) for 24 h, which indicates the maximum availability of the drug, and the in vitro skin permeability studies also showed that 96.26 % of drug Pantoprazole sodium permeated through the rat abdominal skin in 24 h. The kinetic studies were carried out and it was found that all the formulations follow zero-order and the release mechanism of drugs was found to be diffusion rate-limited, Non-Fickian mechanism which was confirmed by Korsmeyer–Peppas model.
Conclusion: This suggests the transdermal application of Pantoprazole sodium holds the promised controlled release of the drug for an extended period of time.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION AND STABILITY STUDIES BY RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE AND CURCUMIN IN CO-ENCAPSULATED NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIER DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: DE ASIT KUMAR , BERA TANMOY
Published: September 2021

Objective: The current study aims to boost the bioavailability criteria of two natural bioactive compounds, andrographolide and curcumin by their combination in nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) and also to develop a straightforward reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method to validate, quantify of andrographolide and curcumin simultaneously in novel NLC formulation.
Methods: The reliable chromatographic separation was executed by using a column of Phenomenex octadecylsilane (C18) at 35 °C column oven temperature using a mobile phase of 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH2PO4) salt solution of pH 3.0 as a buffer and acetonitrile in 50: 50 v/v fixed ratio and 1.5 ml/min flow rate of with 20 μl injection load. The detection was carried out at 240 nm isosbestic wavelength employing a photodiode array (PDA) detector.
Results: Andrographolide and curcumin were eluted at 2.4 and 4.9 min, respectively. Quantification and linearity were achieved for both drugs at the 10-140 μg/ml range. The method is specified as the presence of excipients utilized in the formulation failed to interfere with the estimation of andrographolide and curcumin. The developed method was successfully utilized to work out the drug loading efficiency and in vitro drug release study of those drugs in NLC formulation and also for the estimation of those drugs from rat plasma.
Conclusion: The developed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method may be utilized in the future estimation of andrographolide and curcumin simultaneously in NLC and other nanoformulations both in vitro and in vivo.
QUALITY BY DESIGN (QBD) AS A TOOL FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF INDOMETHACIN FREEZE-DRIED SUBLINGUAL TABLETS: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION
Authors: IBRAHIM MERVAT SHAFIK , ELMAHDY ELSAYYAD NIHAL MOHAMED , SALAMA ABEER , NOSHI SHEREEN H.
Published: September 2021

Objective: This study aims to prepare and optimize indomethacin freeze-dried sublingual tablets (IND-FDST) by utilizing a quality by design (QbD) approach to achieve rapid drug dissolution and simultaneously bypassing the GIT for better patient tolerability.
Methods: A screening study was utilized to determine the most significant factors which the quality attributes, namely disintegration time and % friability. Then an optimization study was conducted using a full response surface design to determine the optimized formula by varying the amount of the matrix-forming polymer (gelatin) and super disintegrant (croscarmellose sodium (CCS)). The variables' effect on the % friability, disintegration time, wetting time, and amount of drug release after 10 min (%Q10) was studied. The optimized formula was tested for compatibility, morphology as well as stability studies under accelerated conditions in addition to the in vivo pharmacodynamics in rats. QbD was adopted by utilizing a screening study to identify the significant formulation factors followed by a response surface optimization study to determine the optimized IND-FDST formulation.
Results: Optimized IND-FDST comprised of gelatin/CCS combination in a ratio of 1:1 possessed adequate %friability (0.73±0.03%), disintegration time (25.40±1.21 seconds), wetting time (3.49±0.68 seconds), and % Q10 (100.99±5.29%) as well as good stability under accelerated conditions. IND-FDST also showed significant inhibition of edema, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 release in vivo compared to the oral market product by 70%, 42%, and 65%, respectively.
Conclusion: QbD presents a successful approach in the optimization of a successful IND-FDST formula that showed superior in vivo and in vitro characteristics.
NOVEL FLOATING AGENT SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII FORMULATION BASED FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: CHITTAM SUVARNA , BHOSALE ASHOK
Published: September 2021

Objective: The objective is to design and optimize a floating tablet of furosemide using a novel floating agent Saccharomyces boulardii.
Methods: In this study floating tablet based on principle of combination of floating and swelling prepared by direct compression technique. Saccharomyces boulardii probiotics preparation is used as a floating agent due to its bloating property i.e. production of CO2 gas and hydrophilic polymer HPMC E LV 15 used as swellable polymer. Furosemide is a BCS class IV drug selected as model drug which shows pH dependent solubility and permeability and it is better absorbed from the gastric region, hence to improve dissolution and residence at absorption site of such drug, floating drug delivery system is needed. Calcium hydroxide used as pH modifier which increase rate of dissolution of furosemide and also maintain integrity of tablet matrix. Formulation designed and developed using central composite design response surface methodology technique, so as to explore the effect of formulation variables such as amount of Saccharomyces boulardii preparation and calcium hydroxide on floating lag time and % drug release after 12h.
Results: The numerical and graphical optimization technique were used to choose the optimal formulation. Floating lag time was found to be 12.6 min and 88.18% drug release for the optimized formulation. In vivo buoyancy studies depicted that formulation stay more then 6h in stomach.
Conclusion: Study indicate that Saccharomyces boulardii is a promising floating agent, and the formulation containing this novel floating agent is suitable for gastro retention and it increases bioavailability of furosemide.
AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC DRUGS, AND THEIR VIRTUAL SCREENING STUDY RETRIEVED FROM ZINC DATABASE ALONG WITH AN AUTODOCK STUDY OF THE BEST INHIBITOR
Authors: AKAHO EIICHI
Published: September 2021

Objective: Over the last 30 y cancer epigenetics research has grown extensively. It is note-worthy to recognize that epigenetic misregulation could substantiate the development of cancer and we need to continue to look for anti-neoplastic epi-drugs. Taking into consideration this phenomenon, our first aim is to search for an effective epi-drugs by virtual screening from ZINC database and to explore the validity of the virtual screening. The second aim is to explore a binding conformation of the top affinity ligands against macromolecules, by docking experiment.
Methods: The virtual screening was conducted by our Virtual Screening by Docking (VSDK) algorithm and procedure. Small molecules were randomly downloaded by ZINC database. For docking experiment, AutoDock 4.2.6 and AutoDock Tool were used.
Results: It took eight to ten hours for the successful virtual screening of the 2778 small compounds retrieved at random from ZINC database. Among histone H2B E76K mutant (HHEM) inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors, the first ranked inhibitors were 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diamine and 2-ethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole respectively.
Conclusion: As for the molecular structures obtained from virtual screening, most of the top ten HHEM and DNMT inhibitors contained 5-member rings. More than two times in affinity difference between the top and bottom ten compounds would indicate a successful virtual screening experiment. The histogram chart of AutoDock4 runs appeared in the lowest affinity region with two or three hydrogen bonds indicating a reliable conformation docking.
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY: AN OPTION TO ENHANCE HOST IMMUNITY AGAINST COVID-19
Authors: V. U. AMRUTHA , G. K. ARYA , M. ARYA , VIJAY VANI , KRISHNA AKSHAYA , B. ABHINANDH , CHANDRAN ANAND , C. NAIR SREEJA
Published: September 2021

The threat posed by COVID 19 outbreak, which is considered to be a global pandemic, is immeasurably affecting all the communities worldwide. COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease, which can affect birds, humans and, other animals. The emergence of this pandemic has been creating a tragic situation worldwide by affecting more people through human-human transmission. The burden (both healthwise and economic) placed by the disease is so huge that any measures to improve the current situation, to fasten up the recovery of already affected patients and, to reduce the risk of death and health deterioration should be considered. Vaccination, being the hope in the scenario, helps in preventing the condition to an extent, but in the absence of availability of a proper drug regimen to fight off COVID 19, the requirement of the need to find a system to control the severity of the infection is a necessity Nutritional supplementation helps in boosting up the immune system especially, vitamins like vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, Omega 3 fatty acids, etc. They also exhibit established immunomodulatory, antiviral as well as anti-inflammatory effects. Pieces of evidence have also highlighted the importance of supportive therapy using nutrient supplements in covid patients as it helps in prominent decreasing of SARS CoV2 load of the virus and also significantly reduces the hospitalization period. Hence the nutritional levels of each of the infected person must be assessed before initiating the anti-viral therapy. The search criteria used were PubMed, Medscape, google scholar, etc. The keywords used to search were COVID 19 Supportive therapy, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Nutrient supplementation, Host immunity, etc. The range of years is between 1978 and 2021.
FORMULATION AND QBD BASED OPTIMIZATION OF METHOTREXATE-LOADED SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES FOR AN EFFECTIVE ANTI-CANCER TREATMENT
Authors: SURVE CHAITALI , SINGH RUCHI , BANERJEE ANANYA , PATNAIK SRINIVAS , SHIDHAYE SUPRIYA
Published: September 2021

Objective: In the current study, the Quality by Design method was utilized for the formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles of Methotrexate (MTX SLNs).
Methods: MTX SLNs formulated by melt emulsification method were studied for the effect of independent variables viz. concentration of lipid and surfactants on quality attributes viz. particle size, polydispersity index, and entrapment efficiency of SLNs using 32 factorial design.
Results: The optimal formulation was spherical, had a particle size of 147.6±4.1 nm (z-average), a polydispersity index of 0.296±0.058, a zeta potential of −19±0.98 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 98.7±1.55%, and a cumulative drug release of 95.59±0.918% in 5 h.
Conclusion: The  in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that SLNs provide a promising oral delivery system to improve the bioavailability of MTX.
BIO-ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AVELUMAB, AXITINIB AND ITS APPLICATION TO PHARMACOKINETIC STUDIES IN RABBIT PLASMA BY USING LCMS/MS
Authors: RAFI SYED , RAMBABU KANTIPUDI
Published: September 2021

Objective: An easy, quick, precise, active and reproducible LC-MS/MS technique was developed for the bioanalytical method of Avelumab and Axitinib using Cytarabine as an internal standard.
Methods: This article summarizes the recent progress on bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods using waters x-bridge phenyl column (150x4.6 mm, 3.5µ) column and organic mobile phase of 0.1% Tri fluoro acetic acid and Acetonitrile in 50:50 ratio.
Results: The calibration curve was linear in the range of 2-40 ng/ml for avelumab and 0.5-10 ng/ml axitnib. Accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability results were found to be within the suitable limits. Simple and efficient method was developed and utilized in pharmacokinetic studies to see the investigated analyte in body fluids.
Conclusion: The application denotes all the parameters of system suitability, specificity, linearity and accuracy are in good agreement with USFDA guidelines and applied effectively for the investigation of pharmacokinetic studies in rabbit.
APPLYING NANOPARTICLES FOR TREATING GIARDIA INFECTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: ALMOHAMMED HAMDAN I. , E. ALBALAWI AISHAH , AL SADOUN HADEEL , BAKHTIARI NAVID , AMRAEI MORTEZA , MOGHADDAM ALI , LATEEF AL-AWSI GHAIDAA RAHEEM
Published: September 2021

At present, chemotherapy with some drugs such as nitroimidazoes derivatives is the preferred treatment for giardiasis. However, these agents are associated with adverse side effects ranging from nausea to possible genotoxicity. The present investigation was designed to systematically review the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies about the efficacy of nanoparticles against giardiasis. The study was carried out based on the 06-PRISMA guideline and registered in the CAMARADES-NC3Rs Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Facility (SyRF) database. The search was performed in five English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, without time limitation for publications around the world about anti-Giardia effects of all organic and inorganic nanoparticles without date limitation in order to identify all the published articles. The searched words and terms were “Giardiasis”, “Giardia lamblia”, “Giardia intestinalis”, “Giardia duodenalis”, “nanoparticles”, “nanomedicine”, “in vitro”, in vivo”, and “clinical trial”. Out of 312 papers, 10 papers, including 4 in vitro (40.0%), 5 in vivo (50.0%), and 1 in vitro/in vivo (10.0%) up to 2021 met the inclusion criteria for discussion in this systematic review. The most common type of nanoparticles was metal nanoparticles (5 studies, 50.0%) such as silver, gold, etc., followed by organic nanoparticles such as chitosan nanoparticles (4 studies, 40.0%). The results of this review study showed the high efficacy of a wide range of organic and non-organic NPs against giardiasis, indicating that nanoparticles could be considered as an alternative and complementary resource for treating giardiasis, since they have no significant toxicity. However, more studies are required to elucidate this conclusion, especially in clinical systems.
NANOPARTICLE AS THE STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SARS-COV-2 ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
Authors: YULIANI SRI HARTATI
Published: September 2021

In just a matter of months, SARS-CoV-2 had spread around the world. Scientists collaborate to solve the problem. The development of antiviral drugs is a challenge in itself due to the rapidly changing nature of the virus. Selection of drug candidates can be done quickly through the repurposing drug method. Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs may be strong candidates for SARS-CoV-2 therapy. Nanotechnology is one solution in the development of antiviral drug delivery systems. The advantages possessed by the nanoparticle system can answer the need for an ideal antiviral drug. This article will focus on the development of nanoparticle preparations as a strategy in handling viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
The selection of article for the current review was searched from specialized databases such as Elsevier, Pubmed, Science Direct, Medscape and other credible databases using the keywords nanoparticle, SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, drug repurposing, polymeric nanoparticle, micelle, liposome, solid lipid nanoparticle, nanostructured lipid carrier, dendrimer, metallic nanoparticle. The range of articles was 2007–2021.
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP AND REPURPOSING OF SARS INHIBITORS AGAINST SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN OF SARS-COV-2
Authors: RAJBHAR PRIYANKA , SINGH DIKSHANT , FATIMA RUKHSAR , YADAV RUCHI
Published: September 2021

Objective: Coronaviruses are a group of similar viruses which cause fatal infection and responsible for affecting the upper respiratory tract in many organisms. Throughout the time these viruses have been found to affect human life by causing major pandemics like SARS, MERS and COVID-19 due to their high rate of mutation and zoonotic transmission. Repurposing of a drug could be a solution for this challenge, as many previously available drugs hold great potential to act as a drug molecule. Interfering this interaction could be a potent mechanism to stop the viral infection and propagation.
Methods: In the current study we have predicted the evolutionary relationship of nCoV using three viral proteins Nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, membrane glycoprotein and Envelop protein with accession number YP_009724397, YP_009724393 and YP_009724392 respectively. Phylogenetic tree was constructed and evaluated using the bootstrap method. Homology modeling and docking studies has been done to identify the interaction and binding affinity of SARS drugs.
Results: Phylogenetic tree shows that Nucleocapsid phosphoprotein is originated from Hypsugo Bat Coronavirus, Membrane glycoprotein is originated from MERS Corona Virus and Envelop proteins have originated from Ferret coronavirus. From the docking result we concluded that Precose (glide score-8.372) shows that it has stable and strong interaction with Spike glycoprotein.
Conclusion: Precose which is commonly known as Acarbose can act as a potential inhibitor for the spike glycoprotein. This paper described and highlighted the importance of repurposing of the previously available drug to act as a potent inhibitor in the newly discovered or novel diseases.
IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MULTIPLE BODY ORGAN FAILURE: A REVIEW
Authors: MAHMOOD ALABDALI AYA YASEEN , CHINNAPPAN SASIKALA , ABD RAZIK BASMA M. , R. MOGANA , KHALIVULLA SHAIK IBRAHIM , H. RAHMAN , SAMEIN LAITH H.
Published: September 2021

COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); which is a novel single-stranded positive RNA infection which consist of cytokines that activate the pathogenic systems that cause high respiratory pain condition, and adversely affect on multiple body organ in humans as per their immunity standards to fight against the virus. SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell through Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE 2). ACE 2 is a sub-part of the Renin-Aldosterone Angiotensin System (RAAS), intelligently communicated in the body's kidney, heart, lungs, and malignant tissues. The malfunctioning of RAAS in the body leads to hypertension, cardiovascular sicknesses, endocrine system and negatively affects a brain-body communication channel. Treatments on the RAAS structure, 'thiazolidinedione's and smoking, toxemia, kidney, lungs disorder due to the SARS-CoV-2 attack on the host cell and notice the behavioral changes of body organs the arrival of cytokines that causes multi-organ damage. This paper involves the study of the effects of coronavirus disease on multiple body-organ injuries.
STABILITY INDICATING AND COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF SOTORASIB BY USING RP-HPLC
Authors: YARLAGADDA SUBBA RAO , MANNAM SUBBA RAO , JAMPANI BABY PADMINI
Published: September 2021

Objective: The current investigation was pointed at developing and progressively validating novel, simple, responsive and stable RP-HPLC method for the measurement of active pharmaceutical ingredient of Sotorasib.
Methods: A simple, selective, validated and well-defined stability that shows isocratic RP-HPLC methodology for the quantitative determination of Sotorasib. The chromatographic strategy utilized symmetry C18 column of dimensions 150x4.6 mm, 3.5 µ, using isocratic elution with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (70:30). A flow rate of 1 ml/min and a detector wavelength of 221 nm utilizing the PDA detector were given in the instrumental settings. Validation of the proposed method was carried out according to an international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines.
Results: LOD and LOQ for the active ingredient were established with respect to test concentration. The calibration chart plotted was linear with a regression coefficient of R2>0.999, means the linearity was within the limit. Recovery, specificity, linearity, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness were determined as a part of method validation and the results were found to be within the acceptable range.
Conclusion: The proposed method to be fast, simple, feasible and affordable in assay condition. During stability tests, it can be used for routine analysis of the selected drug.
STABILITY INDICATING METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF MITOMYCIN AND FLUOROURACIL BY USING UPLC
Authors: RAVITEJA GUNTURU , RAMBABU KANTIPUDI
Published: September 2021

Objective: The current investigation was pointed at developing and progressively validating novel, simple, responsive and stable UPLC method for the measurement of active pharmaceutical ingredients of Mitomycin and Fluorouracil.
Methods: A simple, selective, validated and well-defined stability that shows isocratic UPLC methodology for the quantitative determination of Mitomycin and Fluorouracil. The chromatographic strategy utilized Inertsil ODS column of dimensions 250x4.6 mm, 5 micron, using isocratic elution with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1 percent formic acid (70:30). A flow rate of 1 ml/min and a detector wavelength of 255 nm utilizing the PDA detector was given in the instrumental settings. Validation of the proposed method was carried out according to an international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines.
Results: LOD and LOQ for the two active ingredients were established with respect to test concentration. The calibration charts plotted were linear with a regression coefficient of R2>0.999, means the linearity was within the limit. Recovery, specificity, linearity, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness were determined as a part of method validation and the results were found to be within the acceptable range.
Conclusion: The proposed method to be fast, simple, feasible and affordable in assay condition. During stability tests, it can be used for routine analysis of production samples and to verify the quality of drug samples during stability studies.
The reputation of the Judge as a Prerequisite for the Formation of Trust and Respect for the Court (Judges): Ukraine’s Experience
Authors:   Lviv University of Business and Law Ukraine, Khmyz Mariana
Published: September 2021

The article reveals the practical principles of building the reputation of judges as a prerequisite for the formation of respect and trust in the court and judges, based on the experience of Ukraine. It is established that there is a relatively low level of trust in courts and judges and the judiciary in general among citizens and society as a whole. It was found that mass media play a unique role in shaping the positive attitude of citizens towards the judiciary, as citizens usually receive information about judges and courts from the media. It is determined that the trust of society and citizens, in particular, is a critical element of the capacity of the judiciary, as well as one of the main indicators of its efficiency, so the judiciary in Ukraine should be based on trust, respect and confidence of citizens and society as a whole. It is established that judges exert the primary influence on increasing the level of public confidence in the activities of the judiciary, as it is these activities and the legality of the administration of justice that serve as the basis for forming the level of public confidence. It is proved that respect for the activities of the judiciary depends on 1) the professionalism of judges; 2) efficiency of execution of court decisions; 3) positive coverage of information about the activities of judges in mass media and its impact on the formation of respect for judges and the authority of the judiciary in the society; 4) respect for judges and bodies of the judiciary by politicians; 5) respect for judges and bodies of the judiciary by lawyers; 6) features of cleansing the judiciary from corruption; 7) conduct of judges at the time of consideration of court cases; 8) judges’ behavior in private life; 9) active involvement of judicial governing bodies in defending the status of independence of judges; 10) transparency of the judiciary. It is established that the image of judges provides grounds for establishing the level of public credibility of the judiciary. It is noted that the prospects for further research in this area are to study the practical principles of building the reputation of judges as a prerequisite for the formation of respect and trust in the court and judges in Europe.
Cooperators Satisfaction with Cooperative Society Housing Activities in Jos
Authors:   University of Jos, Mazadu Aishatu Adamu , Salihu Maryam Muhammad ,   Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Iroaganachi Nneoma ,   Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University
Published: September 2021

Most public workers in Nigeria have always faced the problem of housing either during service or after retirement. This is because the mechanism put in place by the government for tackling the housing problem has not met their expectations. Due to that, workers started using alternative means to solve their housing needs. This study measured the level of housing activities carried out by the cooperative society and assessed cooperators' satisfaction with the activities in Plateau State, Nigeria. The study was based on a questionnaire survey conducted on institution-based cooperative societies engaged in cooperator housing activities using various methods. Data was collected from Jos University Teaching Hospital JUTH multipurpose cooperative society in the State. Data were analysed with descriptive statistical tools using mean ranking, and a 5-Point Likert scale was used to determine the level of each activity. It was found that housing development, direct purchases of houses, private-public projects and building materials purchase ranked highest. In contrast, processing land and building documents, housing loans, and land allocation were the least ranked contrary to popular belief that cooperative societies only achieved land allocation and granting of housing loans. Also, the respondents were most satisfied with housing development, directly purchased houses, building materials purchase, transaction cost, while their level of satisfaction on interest to be paid on loans for housing, cost of loan recovery, processing of land and building document and land allocation were ranked least respectively. Therefore, the study concluded that cooperators satisfaction should be given consideration in all activities to improve patronage for their various housing needs at all times.
Planning the Implementation of a Startup Project in Terms of Business Development and Commercialization of Innovations
Authors:   National Aviation University, Dolgova Lyudmila , Danylchenko Sergii ,   Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman
Published: September 2021

The main stages of planning the implementation of a startup project in the conditions of private business development and commercialization of innovations are studied in the article. The article highlights the main characteristics of a startup project; the main stages of startup project management are researched; the need for planning for the implementation of a startup project is determined; the features of planning for the realization of a startup project are characterized. The article considers the essential aspects which are to be considered when planning a startup project. Some of the problems faced by a startup project manager are typical for specific stages of implementation, and some can occur at any time. The main task of the project manager is to form a basic strategic implementation plan and, by their actions, minimize the occurrence of non-standard situations that lead to the disruption of planned indicators and measures. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in developing scientific and practical provisions that allow increasing the success of the implementation of startup projects through planning.
Pengaruh Intensitas Cahaya Terhadap Nyala Lampu dengan Menggunakan Sensor Cahaya Light Dependent Resistor
Authors: Nurhayati Nurhayati , Maisura Besty
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between the intensity of light hitting the LDR to the resistance and the flame of the light. The research created an automatic lighting system, in which the lighting system was designed to turn on or off lights by light intensity. This research created automatic light controls using LDR light sensor. The LDR light sensor set is used as a switch that turns on or off a light automatically based on the recieved of intensity of light. By using the LDR components, it can design a series of light sensors for such items as outdoor light sensors, sleeping lights, garden lights, road lights that turn on at night and go out during the day automatically. The equipment used of the research were 2 test lamps, and done with 2 lighting sources, a natural source of lighting and an artificial source of lighting. From the research, it showed that the large light intensity affects the light flame by using LDR light sensor. It could be concluded that the greater of the light hitting intensity from the LDR surface was smaller than the value of the resistance and the flickering of the light. In contrast, the less light that affects the LDR, was the greater value of LDR resistance and lighter the light.