bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A VIEW OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE USA
Authors: Simović Miodrag N. , Simović Vladimir M.
Published: June 2023

According to the federal system of government, the federal (i.e. national) government and the government of each one of the 50 US states has independent authority to enact criminal laws applicable within the territory of its jurisdiction. Also, each state has the authority to enforce criminal laws through its own criminal procedure laws, through its own criminal law agencies. Thus, in many respects, there are 51 different criminal proceedings, one for each state and one for the federal jurisdiction. Fifty second jurisdiction is secured by the decision of the US Congress (Amendment XXIII to the US Constitution) to treat the District of Columbia separately, which has a separate criminal code and criminal procedure code that are separated from those applicable in federal criminal laws across the country. In many areas where both federal and state governments have the authority to regulate an area, the federal system dominates. Federal law is the basic source of law and the vast majority of all enforcement proceedings are introduced into the federal structure (administrative or judicial). Similar dominance is not found in the sphere of criminal law. Using any of the traditional standards to measure its share of the national criminal justice system, the federal criminal justice system is nothing more but one of many. The presence of 52 different criminal proceedings would be less significant if these proceedings were the subject of a single act prescribing one exclusive, comprehensive regulation for all 52 jurisdictions. Contrary to the impression sometimes conveyed by constitutional experts, the US Constitution is not such an act. This does not challenge the characterization of federal constitutional law, as interpreted by the US Supreme Court, as “the most important source of criminal procedure law”. It is the only source of criminal justice provisions applicable in all 52 jurisdictions. It “closes” 52 jurisdictions into a basic procedural structure that guarantees uniformity in majority of comprehensive principles in different procedures. The U.S. Constitution, for many aspects of criminal procedure, also requires the application of special standards (sometimes quite detailed) that implement those standards. Nevertheless, the obligations imposed by the US Constitution are not extensive or exclusive enough to place the law of individual jurisdictions on a relatively insignificant role in regulating criminal proceedings. For many aspects of criminal procedure, the laws of individual states provide much more than the standards from the US Constitution. Even where the US Constitution is dominant, the “local” law of one jurisdiction often still plays a significant role. Of course, wherever the law of one jurisdiction has control, there is always the potential for variations in the content of the law from one jurisdiction to another.
APPLICATION OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AT THE HATE CRIME CASES
Authors: Dimovski Darko , Milovanović Dragana
Published: June 2023

At the beginning of this paper, the authors are point out that the incrimination of hate crimes through the legislation of many countries around the world occurred during the last century. However, the oppinion of criminologists on the application of restorative justice to hate crimes is widely accepted. In this paper, the authors emphasize the existence of two models of restorative justice, diversionary and therapeutic, providing more detailed explanations of each model individually. Also, the authors give an explanation of the subject models when it comes to their application in the Republic of Serbia, having in mind the current legal regulations.
ДРЖАВНОППРАВНИ СТАТУС БОСНЕ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНЕ И ПОЗИЦИЈА ЕНТИТЕТА У УСТАВНОМ УРЕЂЕЊУ БОСНЕ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНЕ
Authors: Petrović Željko
Published: June 2023

Босна и Херцеговина као држава по много чему је јединствена у међународној заједници. Прије свега треба истаћи њене организационе, политичке и територијалне специфичности, али и оне везане за Устав и конститутивност народа који живе на њеној територији. Уставом Босне и Херцеговине потврђен је државни континуитет Босне и Херцеговине у њеним границама које су међународноправно признате. Уставом, Босна и Херцеговина је одређена као држава грађана, три конститутивна народа Срба, Бошњак и Хрвата (заједно с осталима). Иако су три конститутивна народа Устав познаје два ентиетеа Федерацију Босне и Херцеговине и Републику Српску, као и Дистрикт Брчко, у њеној унутрашњој државној структури. Босна и Херцеговина је специфична држава, са карактеристичном, а за Европу и свијет комплексном оргнизацијом и сувереношћу. Државно уређење Босне и Херцеговине сложеног је карактера, а по облику владавине је Република, али и поред тога званично се не одређује као република, због сложености јединица на које је подијељена. Рад предмет истраживања усмјерава на анализу основних елемената државности Босне и Херцеговине и посматрање Босне и Херцеговине као посебне државе, уз присуство „савременог протектората“ међународне заједнице у циљу да се добије стручан и објективан став, односно сазнање.
DECOMPOSITION OF THE EUROPEAN REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX: THE NEW IRON CURTAIN
Authors: Forca Božidar , Sekulović Dragoljub
Published: June 2023

The theory of regional security complexes was developed by the Copenhagen School of Security from the end of the last century and the beginning of this century. Although this theory was partially abandoned by its creators, it has received considerable attention in modern security studies to this day. The European security complex was the focus of the Copenhagen School, and it occupies a significant place in the theories created in the later period. This paper is an attempt to analyze the European security complex in the conditions of new geopolitical turmoil in the world and Europe after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, especially on the example of the Western Balkan security sub-complex. The basic hypothesis from which the paper was based is that after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, a new world order is being created, which will especially affect the European security complex and the Western Balkan regional security sub-complex, as part of it. The key claims and unique conclusion of the work is that a new „iron curtain” is being created in Europe from the Atlantic to the Baltic and the Black Sea, which will primarily determine the position of the Western Balkan regional security sub-complex.
Effects of disturbances and environmental changes on an aridland riparian generalist
Authors: Blais Brian R. , Johnson Samantha L. , Koprowski John L.
Published: June 2023

Anthropogenic climate change and ecosystem disturbances can detrimentally affect habitats and species. Areas with concentrated biodiversity, such as aridland riparian zones, often yield the greatest number of vulnerable species. A better understanding of ecological and environmental relationships can guide more effective conservation strategies. We used both visual transects and external (tape) radio telemetry to study the behavioral and spatial ecology of black-necked gartersnakes (Thamnophis cyrtopsis; n = 81)—a dietary generalist yet aquatic habitat specialist—in a heterogenous aridland riparian zone of lower Sabino Canyon, Tucson, Arizona, between 2018 and 2021. Our objectives were to (1) understand how extrinsic conditions influence population ecology dynamics, including immediately prior to and after major disturbances and environmental extremes; (2) analyze behavioral activity and microhabitat usage in relation to environmental factors; and (3) assess the efficacy of a less-invasive telemetry strategy. Between late spring 2020 and early summer 2021, ecosystem disturbances included near-record heat and drought, wildfire, and low overwinter precipitation. Many aquatic habitats either completely dried or were spatially disjunct; gartersnake prey species were noticeably sparse. Extreme drought rapidly shifted to excessive flooding during the 2021 monsoon that brought above-average streamflow magnitude and duration. Between 2019 and 2021, we observed a dramatic decline in T. cyrtopsis; odds of detection reduced by 92.8% (CI [56.0–99.1%]). Strong spatiotemporal links relative to the extent and timing of available surface water appear important. Prior to the onset of monsoonal stream recharge in early summer, shallow and drying aquatic habitats are used as parturition sites and foraging grounds; all age classes took advantage to corral fishes trapped in isolated and shrinking pools. Ambient conditions had varying effects on gartersnake behaviors. Variation in microhabitat assemblages occurred with distance from water, activity level, and developmental age class. Interestingly, associations remained consistent across seasons and years, which suggests a reliance on heterogenous habitat structure. Sampling techniques complemented each other, however, bioclimatic parameters rendered limitations and should be considered in methodological decisions. Overall, disadvantageous responses to major disturbances and climatic extremes by a presumably adaptable generalist like T. cyrtopsis are concerning. Insights from long-term monitoring of responses by common yet environmentally sensitive species such as T. cyrtopsis may serve to more broadly highlight demographic challenges that other taxa with similar semi-aquatic life histories may face in changing systems. Such information could inform more effective conservation management strategies in warming and drying ecosystems.
Cuerpo, dolor y pasión: sufrimiento y transcendencia en "INRI" de Raúl Zurita
Authors:   Universidad Justus-Liebig de Giessen, Dolle Verena
Published: June 2023

Mi artículo se dedica al poemario INRI del renombrado poeta y artista chileno Raúl Zurita (*1950). Publicado en 2004, INRI es una reacción a la confesión pública de Ricardo Lagos en la Mesa de Diálogo sobre las prácticas monstruosas de los militares chilenos de cómo se habían ejecutado en realidad los así llamados vuelos de la muerte durante la dictadura para hacer desaparecer a personas o lo que quedaba de ellos: cuerpos arrojados al mar, a los ríos y a las montañas. Muestro de qué manera el poeta, haciendo referencia a la pasión de Cristi y con el estilo repetitivo de oraciones y letanías, fuerza a los lectores a imaginar esos últimos momentos de la caída de estos seres humanos, víctimas de la dictadura, antes de desaparecer para siempre. A través de su poesía, Zurita deja huella de su existencia, restituye su dignidad y ofrece imágenes llenas de belleza y consuelo para los supervivientes que han perdido a seres queridos. Es una elegía a las víctimas, más allá de la fe y una transcendencia cristiana, con la que se imaginan los cuerpos de las víctimas como grotescos en el sentido de Bajtin y, por tanto, como parte de un ciclo orgánico continuo de muerte y resurgimiento.
Ficciones de mudez y autorreferencia: "la doble voz" en "Trasandina" de Ivonne Coñuecar/ Tránsito y desarraigo
Authors:   Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (UMCE), Farías Duque Luis Alberto
Published: June 2023

Este artículo examina la obra Trasandina (2017) de Ivonne Coñuecar con el objetivo de analizar cómo los conceptos niña, madre, cordillera, trasandina, Ivón, otros, configuran una identidad desarraigada en el sujeto lírico enunciador, que retorna a la infancia con el fin de reencontrarse con su patria verdadera. Utilizando el concepto de la doble voz de Alicia Genovese, se sostiene como hipótesis del artículo que la voz que habla en Trasandina está escindida por una doble identidad temporal (pasado/niña-presente/mujer) y una doble posición de enunciación respecto al espacio (infancia/tránsito-adultez/desarraigo). Además, en el estudio se afirma que dichas dualidades contenidas en el discurso del “yo” lírico también constituyen dos posicionamientos frente al mundo ficticio propuesto en la obra: 1) mudez y 2) autorreferencia.
“Un ojo sin luz de nacimiento”: discapacidad de Caupolicán en "La Araucana" y "Canto General"
Authors: Alegría Diego
Published: June 2023

Este artículo argumenta que la discapacidad de Caupolicán, un héroe mapuche tuerto, funciona como recurso literario y como categoría interpretativa en La Araucana (I: 1569; II: 1578; III: 1589) de Alonso de Ercilla y Canto General (1950) de Pablo Neruda, en especial dentro de la llamada “prueba del tronco”. Aunque no se menciona de manera explícita su anomalía física, ambos textos despliegan distintas retóricas visuales. En el Canto II de La Araucana, una visión exótica y maravillosa se detiene, a la vez que erotiza la fuerza del toqui mapuche y su cuerpo discapacitado. Esta mirada limitada y este discurso colonial otorgan el carácter épico del líder araucano dentro de la recepción española y europea. En el poema “Toqui Caupolicán” de Neruda, el mundo natural retrata el poderío del héroe y su discapacidad ignorada a partir de una retórica realista, sustentada en imágenes metafóricas. Esta figuración encarna la resistencia comunal y la unión geográfica del pueblo mapuche dentro de la recepción chilena e hispanoamericana. Así, desde la inclusión de la discapacidad como categoría analítica, crítica y contrastiva, este artículo explora la materialidad de la metáfora y su rol en la caracterización de personajes épicos indígenas.
Poemas
Authors: Rubio Rafael
Published: June 2023

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Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Baby-Led Cookies Produced from Rice, Banana and Cashew-nut Flour Blends
Authors: Oladebeye Abraham Olasupo , Oladebeye Aderonke Adenike
Published: June 2023

Aim: Cookies from rice, banana and cashew-nut flour blends were prepared as alternative to gluten-free baby-led food for children.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria and Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Food Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria between August, 2022 and January, 2023.

Methodology: Baby-led weaning cookies were formulated from flour blends as 100% raw rice (RRC), 50% rice and 50% wheat (RWC) and 40% rice, 20% cashew and 40% unripe banana (RCB) and their physical properties, sensory attributes, proximate properties, mineral compositions, vitamin profiles and anti-nutrients were determined and compared with 100% commercial cookie (CMC) with the view to substituting wheat flour with suitable flour blends with enhanced nutritional quality.

Results: The peak diameter (10.40±0.20 mm), thickness (6.37±0.06 mm) and weight (17.65±0.04 g) were obtained in RCB. Spread ratio was highest (2.66±0.11) and lowest (1.42±0.01) in CMC and RWC respectively while spread factor decreased from 100% in CMC to 77.19% (RRC), 53.46% (RWC) and 62.47% (RWC). The grittiness, texture, aroma, taste and general acceptability of RCB were significantly similar to those of CMC (P < 0.05). Na, K, Mg and Zn contents increased in RCB. Proximate compositions (%) of the cookies formulated varied significantly from CMC. Peak crude protein (14.49±0.59), crude fibre (4.03±0.02) and fat (32.22±0.00) in RCB, ash (3.28±0.02) and carbohydrate by difference (58.15±0.13) in CMC and moisture (18.19±0.11) in RRC. The peak values of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, C) were most abundant in RCB. The proportions (mg/g) of phytate, oxalate, tannins and phenols in the cookies formulated were comparatively lower than the lethal dose, implying that the cookies would be safe for consumption.

Conclusion: RCB cookie had excellent nutritional quality, which, as a novel baby-led weaning cookie, could serve as a suitable alternative to commercial cookies.
Ascertain the Farmers and Traders’ Willingness to Participate in E-National Agriculture Market (eNAM): Binary Logistic Regression Analysis
Authors: Gautam Sandeep , Supriya  , Mishra Harshit , Gupta Vishal , Kumar Prateek , Shakya Ankit Kumar
Published: June 2023

National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) is an electronic trading portal that networks the existing APMC markets to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities. The main aim of the study was to determine the willingness to participate in e-NAM trading by farmers and traders in Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The primary data was collected through 90 farmers and 30 traders by face-to-face interview with the help of survey schedule; this study was conducted in 2021-22, to find out the willingness, Binary Logit regression model was used. In the study the explanatory variables of farmers were social category, age of the respondent, education, produce sold to arhatiya or village traders and istance from mandi, according to analysis if education increased then willingness of farmers also increased with a coefficient of 3.27 similarly if the farmer is selling his produce to mandi arhatiya rather than a village trader then his probability to participate in e-NAM will increase by about 2.38 times. On other hand explanatory variables of Traders were social category, age of the traders, education level of traders, lending money to farmer, number of functions involved by traders in mandi and Business profits etc. All explanatory variables are significantly but only one variable which was not significantly i.e. Business profits because traders were afraid that their income will be known.
Early Test of the Tolerance of Upland Rice to Drought in the Germination Phase
Authors: Samudin Sakka
Published: June 2023

Climate change in the form of drought will reduce agricultural production, so it is necessary to develop superior drought-tolerant varieties. The study aimed to determine the drought-tolerant local upland rice cultivars at the germination stage. From September to December 2021, the study was carried out at the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu, Center Sulawesi, Indonesia.  A completely random design (CRD) with a two-factor factorial pattern was employed in the study. Twelve cultivars comprised the first factor, while two superior drought-resistant variants served as comparators. The second factor is osmotic stress, namely P0 = control, P1 = -1 bar, P2 = -2 bar, and P3 = -3 bar, so there are 56 treatment combinations repeated four times, so there are 224 experimental units. The observed variables were maximum growth potential, germination rate, radicle length, plumule length, radicle dry weight, plumule dry weight, sprout dry weight, water volume, and germination rate. The results showed that drought stress through PEG – 1 bar did not affect germination. Using PEG down to -3 bar resulted in a significant reduction in germination.  Pulut ko, logi and sina ponding are cultivars that have tolerance to drought stress.
Optimum Conditions for Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris on Oil Palm Residue Extracts
Authors: Asoka G. M. , Agwa O. K. , Ibiene A. A. , Asaolu K.
Published: June 2023

The need to manage agro waste in the environment has continued to generate worries to most developing countries. Oil palm mill waste cause pollutions of soil, water and environment but could be exploited as substrate for algal growth because of its rich mineral and carbohydrate contents. In this study Oil palm cake and Empty fruit bunch residue were obtained from Aluu, Rivers State Nigeria. The proximate, physicochemical analysis of the extract were ascertained, wavelength selection of extract was done to monitor for biomass production, growth media ratio of extract and One Factor at a Time (OFAT) was employed for the optimization of Chlorella vulgaris growth on the Oil Palm Residue Extracts. The proximate result revealed that the range of Ash (8.40 ± 0.30 - 6.60 ± 0.40 ppm), Moisture (10.90 ± 0.30 - 6.75 ± 0.65 ppm), Lipid (22.05 ± 0.35 - 14.90 ± 0.30 ppm), Protein (1.30 ± 0.18 - 0.80 ± 0.08 ppm), Fiber (25.50 ± 0.50 - 39.09 ± 0.57 ppm) and Carbohydrate (29.83 ± 0.29 - 29.29 ± 0.58 ppm). The physicochemical composition pH (5.15 ± 0.02 - 5.36 ± 0.06), Conductivity (224.15 ± 0.45 - 481.00 ± 2.00 µS/cm), DO (2.87 ± 0.06 - 4.86 ± 0.06 ppm), Nitrate (31.05 ± 0.48 - 40.33 ± 0.98 ppm), Sulphate (36.35 ± 0.46 - 50.68 ± 0.49 ppm) and phosphate (27.71 ± 0.50 - 37.35 ± 0.55 ppm) were obtained for Oil palm cake and Empty fruit bunch respectively. Wavelength of 620 nm exhibited better accuracy for the biomass monitoring and optimization investigations. Growth media ratio selected was 180:20 for empty fruit bunch: oil palm cake. The optimization revealed pH 6.0, temperature 30oC, salinity 10ppm and photoperiod 12:12 day: night as optimal condition for the growth of Chlorella vulgaris biomass. The oil palm residue can be a veritable medium for growth of this algae and biotechnological application in waste management.
Hate Speech Detection Using Decision Tree Algorithm
Authors: Lavanya J. , Ramesh M. , Kumar J. Sravan , Rajaramesh G. , Shaik Subhani
Published: June 2023

The advancement of the internet and social media, people has access to various platforms to freely share their thoughts and opinions on various topics. However, this freedom of expression is abused to incite hatred against individuals or groups of people based on race, religion, gender, etc. question. Therefore, to address this emerging problem on social media sites, recent studies have used various feature engineering techniques and machine learning algorithms to automatically detect hate speech posts on different datasets. Advances in machine learning have intrigued researchers seeking and implementing solutions to the problem of hate speech. Currently, we are using decision tree algorithm technique to detect hate speech using text data.
Economic Analysis of Cost of Production and Profitability of Watermelon in Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu in India
Authors: Kavinilavan R. , Ramchandra
Published: June 2023

The current study, "Economic Analysis of Cost of Production and Profitability of Watermelon in Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu in India," was conducted from 2022 to 2023. 100 farmers from the study area were chosen at random to participate in the study. Analyzing the costs, returns, profitability, marketing, and production of watermelons in the study area were the study's primary goals. 100% of the farmers used drip irrigation to grow watermelons and sowed seeds during the rabi season. The majority of farmers in the study area employed inputs that were above what was advised for watermelon cultivation. Pre-structured interview schedules were used to collect the data. The survey indicated that marginal farmers, small and semi-medium farmers, and medium farmers, respectively, spent Rs 155691.8, Rs 154302.5, Rs 149897, and Rs 148131.5 per hectare on watermelon farming on average. On marginal, small, semi-medium, and medium farms, the input-output ratio concerning cost C was (1:1.36), (1:1.39), (1:1.41), and (1:1.44), respectively. The cost of production lowers as farm size grows.
Proposed Response Parameters for Twelve‐Month Drug Trial in Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis: Results of the Hamburg International Consensus Meetings
Authors: Foeldvari Ivan , Torok Kathryn S. , Anton Jordi , Blakley Michael , Constantin Tamás , Curran Megan , Cutolo Maurizio , Denton Christopher , Fligelstone Kim , Ingegnoli Francesca , Li Suzanne C. , Němcová Dana , Orteu Catherine , Pilkington Clarissa , Smith Vanessa , Stevens Anne , Klotsche Jens , Khanna Dinesh , Costa‐Reis Patrícia , Del Galdo Francesco , Hinrichs Bernd , Kasapcopur Ozgur , Pain Clare , Ruperto Nicolino , Zheng Alison , Furst Daniel E.
Published: June 2023

Objective

Juvenile systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an orphan disease, associated with high morbidity and mortality. New treatment strategies are much needed, but clearly defining appropriate outcomes is necessary if successful therapies are to be developed. Our objective here was to propose such outcomes.

Methods

This proposal is the result of 4 face‐to‐face consensus meetings with a 27‐member multidisciplinary team of pediatric rheumatologists, adult rheumatologists, dermatologists, pediatric cardiologists, pulmonologists, gastroenterologists, a statistician, and patients. Throughout the process, we reviewed the existing adult data in this field, the more limited pediatric literature for juvenile SSc outcomes, and data from 2 juvenile SSc patient cohorts to assist in making informed, data‐driven decisions. The use of items for each domain as an outcome measure in an open label 12‐month clinical trial of juvenile SSc was voted and agreed upon using a nominal group technique.

Results

After voting, the domains agreed on were global disease activity, skin, Raynaud's phenomenon, digital ulcers, musculoskeletal, cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and gastrointestinal involvement, and quality of life. Fourteen outcome measures had 100% agreement, 1 item had 91% agreement, and 1 item had 86% agreement. The domains of biomarkers and growth/development were moved to the research agenda.

Conclusion

We reached consensus on multiple domains and items that should be assessed in an open label, 12‐month clinical juvenile SSc trial as well as a research agenda for future development.
Associations of Cost Sharing With Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Burden
Authors: Dowell Sharon , Swearingen Christopher J. , Pedra‐Nobre Manuela , Wollaston Dianne , Najmey Sawsan , Elliott Cynthia Lawrence , Ford Theresa Lawrence , North Heather , Dore Robin , Dolatabadi Soha , Ramanujam Thaila , Kennedy Stacy , Ott Stephanie , Jileaeva Ilona , Richardson Amina , Wright Grace , Kerr Gail S.
Published: June 2023

Objective

To evaluate the regional variation of cost sharing and associations with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease burden in the US.

Methods

Patients with RA from rheumatology practices in Northeast, South, and West US regions were evaluated. Sociodemographics, RA disease status, and comorbidities were collected, and Rheumatic Disease Comorbidity Index (RDCI) score was calculated. Primary insurance types and copay for office visits (OVs) and medications were documented. Univariable pairwise differences between regions were conducted, and multivariable regression models were estimated to evaluate associations of RDCI with insurance, geographical region, and race.

Results

In a cohort of 402 predominantly female, White patients with RA, most received government versus private sponsored primary insurance (40% vs. 27.9%). Disease activity and RDCI were highest for patients in the South region, where copays for OVs were more frequently more than $25. Copays for OVs and medications were less than $10 in 45% and 31.8% of observations, respectively, and more prevalent in the Northeast and West patient subsets than in the South subset. Overall, RDCI score was significantly higher for OV copays less than $10 as well as for medication copays less than $25, both independent of region or race. Additionally, RDCI was significantly lower for privately insured than Medicare individuals (RDCI −0.78, 95% CI [−0.41 to −1.15], P < 0.001) and Medicaid (RDCI −0.83, 95% CI [−0.13 to −1.54], P = 0.020), independent of region and race.

Conclusion

Cost sharing may not facilitate optimum care for patients with RA, especially in the Southern regions. More support may be required of government insurance plans to accommodate patients with RA with a high disease burden.
SAMHSA finds sexual minority adults more likely to use substances
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2023

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), data shows that lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults are more likely than straight adults to use substances, as well as to experience mental health conditions.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Wound Repair in a Diabetic Mouse Model via an Anti‐Inflammatory Immunomodulatory Mechanism
Authors: Levy Daniel , Abadchi Sanaz Nourmohammadi , Shababi Niloufar , Ravari Mohsen Rouhani , Pirolli Nicholas H. , Bergeron Cade , Obiorah Angel , Mokhtari‐Esbuie Farzad , Gheshlaghi Shayan , Abraham John M. , Smith Ian M. , Powsner Emily H. , Solomon Talia J. , Harmon John W. , Jay Steven M.
Published: June 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have recently been explored in clinical trials for treatment of diseases with complex pathophysiologies. However, production of MSC EVs is currently hampered by donor‐specific characteristics and limited ex vivo expansion capabilities before decreased potency, thus restricting their potential as a scalable and reproducible therapeutic. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a self‐renewing source for obtaining differentiated iPSC‐derived MSCs (iMSCs), circumventing both scalability and donor variability concerns for therapeutic EV production. Thus, it is initially sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential of iMSC EVs. Interestingly, while utilizing undifferentiated iPSC EVs as a control, it is found that their vascularization bioactivity is similar and their anti‐inflammatory bioactivity is superior to donor‐matched iMSC EVs in cell‐based assays. To supplement this initial in vitro bioactivity screen, a diabetic wound healing mouse model where both the pro‐vascularization and anti‐inflammatory activity of these EVs would be beneficial is employed. In this in vivo model, iPSC EVs more effectively mediate inflammation resolution within the wound bed. Combined with the lack of additional differentiation steps required for iMSC generation, these results support the use of undifferentiated iPSCs as a source for therapeutic EV production with respect to both scalability and efficacy.
Magneto‐Mechanical Bilayer Metamaterial with Global Area‐Preserving Density Tunability for Acoustic Wave Regulation
Authors: Sim Jay , Wu Shuai , Dai Jize , Zhao Ruike Renee
Published: June 2023

2D metamaterials have immense potential in acoustics, optics, and electromagnetic applications due to their unique properties and ability to conform to curved substrates. Active metamaterials have attracted significant research attention because of their on‐demand tunable properties and performances through shape reconfigurations. 2D active metamaterials often achieve active properties through internal structural deformations, which lead to changes in overall dimensions. This demands corresponding alterations of the conforming substrate, or the metamaterial fails to provide complete area coverage, which can be a significant limitation for their practical applications. To date, achieving area‐preserving active 2D metamaterials with distinct shape reconfigurations remains a prominent challenge. In this paper, magneto‐mechanical bilayer metamaterials are presented that demonstrate area density tunability with area‐preserving capability. The bilayer metamaterials consist of two arrays of magnetic soft materials with distinct magnetization distributions. Under a magnetic field, each layer behaves differently, which allows the metamaterial to reconfigure its shape into multiple modes and to significantly tune its area density without changing its overall dimensions. The area‐preserving multimodal shape reconfigurations are further exploited as active acoustic wave regulators to tune bandgaps and wave propagations. The bilayer approach thus provides a new concept for the design of area‐preserving active metamaterials for broader applications.
High‐Performance and Stability of CsPbBr3/WSe2 Hybrid Photodetectors Functionalized Using Quaternary Ammonium Ligands
Authors: Moon Bowon , Ahn Jae‐Hyeon , Jeong Min‐Hye , Lee Sang‐Hyeon , Lee Jong‐Soo
Published: June 2023

The 2D–0D hybrid photodetector, with its special structure, high sensitivity, and wavelength tunability, is reported as a promising candidate system for optoelectronic devices. As research on hybrid lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) has progressed, PQDs with high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield and excellent absorption properties are increasingly applied in optoelectronic devices; however, PQD stability remains one of the biggest limitations on device performance. Here, it is reported that the properties and stability of the hybrid photodetectors are improved by surface passivation using the quaternary ammonium ligand (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, DDAB). The average carrier lifetime of DDAB treated CsPbBr3 PQDs (DDAB‐capped PQDs) is longer than that of pristine CsPbBr3 PQDs by 6.68–14.88 ns. It is confirmed that the durability against water is reduced by only 25.8% at PL intensity and is preserved for more than 16 h. A 2D–0D hybrid photodetector is then fabricated by deposition of DDAB‐capped PQDs on the WSe2 field‐effect transistor device for a high‐performance photodetector. The WSe2/DDAB‐capped PQD hybrid photodetector exhibits an enhanced responsivity of 1.4 × 103 A W−1 and an improved detectivity of 3.1 × 1013 Jones under 40.0 µW cm−2 of a 405 nm laser.
Exploring Efficient Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters by Constructing Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Fang Jingxian , Liu Zhangshan , Li Jinshi , Zhuang Ning , Yang Dezhi , Ma Dongge , Tang Ben Zhong , Zhao Zujin
Published: June 2023

Efficient blue organic luminescent materials are highly desired for full‐color displays and white lighting based on the organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) technique, but the exploration of robust blue emitters remains challenging. In this work, a series of efficient blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials comprised of a benzonitrile acceptor, pyridine bridge, and carbazole‐based donors is designed and synthesized. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed in these molecules, which improve molecular planarity and rigidity. These molecules exhibit excellent thermal stability, high photoluminescence quantum yields, and large horizontal dipole ratios. Highly efficient non‐doped and doped OLEDs are fabricated using these molecules as emitters, providing deep‐blue to sky‐blue lights with outstanding maximum external quantum efficiencies and good operational device lifetime. These results indicate that building intramolecular hydrogen bonds can be an effective strategy for the construction of efficient and robust blue emitters for OLED applications.
Quantum Confinement Breaking: Orbital Coupling in 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites Enables Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Dong Xiyue , Chen Mingqian , Wang Rui , Ling Qin , Hu Ziyang , Liu Hang , Xin Yufei , Yang Yang , Wang Jian , Liu Yongsheng
Published: June 2023

2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites have become emerging photovoltaic materials due to their intrinsic structure stability. Here, a concept of “quantum confinement breaking” in 2D perovskites is proposed using organic semiconductor spacers with suitable energy levels based on theoretical calculation and experimental results. An interesting finding is that there is intensive orbital coupling between the bithiophenemethylammonium (BThMA) spacer and adjacent inorganic layers in (BThMA)2PbI4, resulting in the breaking of the multiple quantum well structure. In comparison, no orbital interactions exist in (BPhMA)2PbI4 due to the wide bandgap of the biphenemethylammonium (BPhMA) spacer. Benefitting from the improved film quality, increased dielectric constant, and reduced binding energy, the (BThMA)2MAn−1PbnI3n+1 (n = 5) perovskite‐based device displays an outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.05%, which is much higher than that of the BPhMA‐based device (PCE = 12.69%) and among the best efficiency in 2D PSCs based on long conjugated spacers. The results provide an important implication for the effects of orbital interactions between organic semiconductor spacers and the adjacent [PbI6]4− octahedron layer on the performance of 2D perovskite solar cells and other optoelectronic devices.
Visible Light and Microwave‐Mediated Rapid Trapping and Release of Singlet Oxygen Using a Coordination Polymer
Authors: Li Qiu‐Yi , Deng Yun‐Hu , Cao Chen , Hong Yu‐Xuan , Xue Xin‐Ran , Zhang Min‐Jie , Ge Yu , Abrahams Brendan F. , Lang Jian‐Ping
Published: June 2023

Due to its high reactivity and oxidative strength, singlet oxygen (1O2) is used in a variety of fields including organic synthesis, biomedicine, photodynamic therapy and materials science. Despite its importance, the controlled trapping and release of 1O2 is extremely challenging. Herein, we describe a one‐dimensional coordination polymer, CP1, which upon irradiation with visible light, transforms 3O2 (triplet oxygen) to 1O2. CP1 consists of CdII centers bridged by 9,10‐bis((E)‐2‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)vinyl)anthracene ligands which undergo a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction with 1O2, resulting in the generation of CP1−1O2. Using microwave irradiation, CP1−1O2 displays efficient release of 1O2, over a period of 30 s. In addition, CP1 exhibits enhanced fluorescence and has an oxygen detection limit of 97.4 ppm. Theoretical calculations reveal that the fluorescence behaviour is dominated by unique through‐space conjugation. In addition to describing a highly efficient approach for the trapping and controlled release of 1O2, using coordination polymers, this work also provides encouragement for the development of efficient fluorescent oxygen sensors.
The influence of carbon nanotubes and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets modified by phosphonium‐based ionic liquids on polyurethane composites
Authors: Vargas Patricia C. , Merlini Claudia , Livi Sébastien , de Nardi Martins Johnny , Soares Bluma G. , Barra Guilherme M. O.
Published: June 2023

The effect of the non‐covalent modification of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) with phosphonium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) on the polyurethane (PU) matrix was investigated. The two ILs used in this work were trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (IL 101) and trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium dicyanamide (IL 105). The electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of PU/CNTs and PU/xGnP composites was strongly influenced upon the loading and dispersion of the conductive fillers in the polymer matrix, as well as the amount and the chemical nature of IL. PU/IL‐xGnP and PU/IL‐CNTs show higher electrical conductivity and EMI SE values when compared to those composites comprising PU matrix with non‐modified fillers. Furthermore, the composites containing modified fillers with IL105 exhibited higher electrical conductivity and EMI SE values than those with IL101. This behavior was due to the better interaction of the dicyanamide counter anion (IL 105), which interacts more efficiently with the PU matrix than the chloride anion (IL 101). The hybrid composites (PU/IL‐CNT/IL‐xGnP) displayed higher electrical conductivity and EMI SE than those found for hybrid composites without ILs. Hybrid composite with a proportion of 75/25 of CNT/xGnP modified with IL 105, displayed EMI SE values adequate for commercial applications. These results highlight that these hybrid composites containing CNT/xGnP modified with trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium dicyanamide are promising materials for electromagnetic shielding.
Metabolomic Differences in Connective Tissue Disease–Associated Versus Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the PVDOMICS Cohort
Authors: Simpson Catherine E. , Hemnes Anna R. , Griffiths Megan , Grunig Gabriele , Tang W. H. Wilson , Garcia Joe G. N. , Barnard John , Comhair Suzy A. , Damico Rachel L. , Mathai Stephen C. , Hassoun Paul M. ,   the PVDOMICS Study Group
Published: June 2023

Objective

Patients with connective tissue disease–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD‐PAH) experience worse survival and derive less benefit from pulmonary vasodilator therapies than patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH). We sought to identify differential metabolism in patients with CTD‐PAH versus patients with IPAH that might underlie these observed clinical differences.

Methods

Adult participants with CTD‐PAH (n = 141) and IPAH (n = 165) from the Pulmonary Vascular Disease Phenomics (PVDOMICS) study were included. Detailed clinical phenotyping was performed at cohort enrollment, including broad‐based global metabolomic profiling of plasma samples. Participants were followed prospectively for ascertainment of outcomes. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms and regression models were used to compare CTD‐PAH versus IPAH metabolomic profiles and to measure metabolite‐phenotype associations and interactions. Gradients across the pulmonary circulation were assessed using paired mixed venous and wedged samples in a subset of 115 participants.

Results

Metabolomic profiles distinguished CTD‐PAH from IPAH, with patients with CTD‐PAH demonstrating aberrant lipid metabolism with lower circulating levels of sex steroid hormones and higher free fatty acids (FAs) and FA intermediates. Acylcholines were taken up by the right ventricular–pulmonary vascular (RV‐PV) circulation, particularly in CTD‐PAH, while free FAs and acylcarnitines were released. In both PAH subtypes, dysregulated lipid metabolites, among others, were associated with hemodynamic and RV measurements and with transplant‐free survival.

Conclusions

CTD‐PAH is characterized by aberrant lipid metabolism that may signal shifted metabolic substrate utilization. Abnormalities in RV‐PV FA metabolism may imply a reduced capacity for mitochondrial beta oxidation within the diseased pulmonary circulation.
Nonlinear recursive gain asymptotic tracking controller design for hydraulic turbine regulating systems
Authors: Kanchanaharuthai Adirak
Published: June 2023

This paper focuses on the nonlinear asymptotic tracking control for a hydraulic turbine regulating system (HTRS). The proposed control approach combines a recursive gain control scheme with an adaptive technique to achieve asymptotic tracking. An important characteristic feature of the proposed controller is the incorporation of a smooth function with a time‐varying function that is integrable and positive. This function provides the developed controller with sufficient power to achieve asymptotic tracking, whereas the recursive gain control alone can ensure that tracking errors converge exponentially to zero within balls of any arbitrarily small radii. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the presented control technique, which outperforms backstepping, command‐filtered backstepping, dynamic surface, synergetic control designs; deals with the “explosion of complexity” problem; and simultaneously achieves asymptotic tracking. Furthermore, even though the HTRS parameters vary, the proposed technique is capable of providing consistent control performance. As a result, the presented controller is unaffected by changes in the system's parameters.
Adaptive tracking control for multiagent systems with event‐triggered communication and asymmetric input saturation
Authors: Yang Xiaoyu , Cao Liang , Pan Yingnan , Zhou Xiaoshuai , Lu Qing
Published: June 2023

In this paper, the adaptive tracking control problem is investigated for the multiagent systems with event‐triggered (ET) communication and asymmetric input saturation. By adopting an auxiliary system, the problem of asymmetric input saturation is successfully handled. Two ET mechanisms are employed in the controller‐to‐actuator channel and communication channel respectively to economize the limited communication resources. The update frequency of the controller can be reduced by devising a novel switching ET mechanism, which can unify the three existing ET schemes. Based on a backstepping technique, a distributed ET controller is devised, which only requires the sampled value of neighboring states. Due to the discontinuity of the ET state signals, the repetitive differentiation of virtual control laws will not be computed. To solve this problem, the predesigned differentiable partial derivatives of virtual control laws are used to construct the ET virtual control laws. By applying the Lyapunov stability method, it is proved that the desired tracking performance and the stability of the closed‐loop system can be guaranteed. Finally, a simulation example demonstrates that the proposed control strategy is effective.
Artificial intelligence and campus safety
Authors: Zacarese Lawrence M.
Published: June 2023

Artificial intelligence has emerged as a groundbreaking technology, revolutionizing numerous aspects of our lives. This column explores the transformative power of AI, highlighting its impact on various sectors, the benefits it brings, and the ethical considerations associated with its advancement.
Determine when to apply supportive measures, accommodations, or remedies in Title IX process
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: June 2023

CLEARWATER, FLORIDA — If a student complainant involved in a Title IX process at your institution requests extra support, accommodations, adjustments, or remedies, it can be confusing to determine which is which and if or how you’re required to comply.
Synthesis, Anti‐Oomycete and Anti‐fungal Activities of Novel Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives Containing Sulfonate Moiety
Authors: Chen Yingwu , Zhang Song , Tian Yuee , Huang Xiaobo , Zhou Lin , Liu Shengming , Chen Genqiang , Che Zhiping
Published: June 2023

Using cinchona alkaloid as the lead compound, twenty‐four cinchona alkaloid sulfonate derivatives (1 a–l,2 a–c,3 a–c,4 a–c, and5 a–c) were designed and prepared by modifying their C9 position, and structurally confirmed by1H‐NMR,13C‐NMR, HR‐MS and melting points. Moreover, the stereochemical configurations of compounds1 fand1 lwere unambiguously confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Furthermore, we determined the anti‐oomycete and anti‐fungal activities of these target compounds againstPhytophthora capsiciandFusarium graminearumin vitro. The results showed that two compounds4 band4 cexhibited prominent anti‐oomycete activity, and the median effective concentration (EC50) values of4 band4 cagainstP. capsiciwere 22.55 and 16.32 mg/L, respectively. This study suggested that when the C9 position of cinchona alkaloid sulfonate derivatives is in theSconfiguration and the 6′‐position methoxy group is not present, the anti‐oomycete activity is superior. In addition, five compounds1 e,1 f,1 k,3 cand4 cdisplayed significant anti‐fungal activity, with EC50values of 43.64, 45.07, 80.18, 48.58 and 41.88 mg/L againstF. graminearum, respectively. This result indicates that only when a specific substituent is introduced into the structural framework of the target compound, the corresponding compound exhibits significant inhibitory activity against fungi.
One‐Pot Chitin Conversion to High‐Activity Antifungal N,N‐Dimethyl Chitosan Oligosaccharides
Authors: Cheng Jiong , Armugam Arunmozhiarasi , Yang Yang , Jin Fangming , Zhang Yugen , Yan Ning
Published: June 2023

Chitosan oligosaccharide and its derivatives are known for their diverse biological activities. In this study, we communicate a convenient one‐pot synthesis of N,N‐dimethyl chitosan oligosaccharide (DMCOS) from chitin via acid‐catalyzed tandem depolymerization‐deacetylation‐N‐methylation pathway using formaldehyde as the methylation reagent. The synthesis protocol offers 77 % DMCOS that features a high degree of deacetylation, a high degree of methylation, and a low average molecular weight. Compared to chitosan, DMCOS exhibits superior antifungal activity against Candida species. Mechanism study reveals a previously non‐reported hydroxyl group‐assisted effect that facilitates the reductive amination reaction under strong acidic conditions. Overall, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of direct synthesis of DMCOS from chitin, highlighting its potential use in anti‐fungal applications.