bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEARCH FOR HUMAN TUMOUR VIRUSES BY TRANSFECTION: UPTAKE OF MELANOMA AND EPSTEIN‐BARR VIRUS DNA BY HUMAN CELLS
Authors: Brown SC , Parsons PG , Pope JH
Published: November 2007

In a model system, consistent transfection of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) by DNA from the XC cell line occurred, with recovery of infections Rous sarcoma virus. The techniques were then applied in attempts to recover possible human humour viruses. Even with various modifications of the XC technique, DNA from three human malignant melanoma cell lines failed to infect adult or foetal human fibroblasts, although melanoma DNA was taken up into nuclei of target cells. XC DNA did not transfect human foetal fibroblasts and melanoma DNA was ineffective in CEF. DNA from the Raji (Epstein‐Barr virus non‐producer) and QIMR‐WIL (producer) lymphoblastoid cell lines applicable techniques therefore failed to recover EB virus the putative melanoma retrovirus, or other potential tumour virus.
A SERO‐EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROVAR BALCANICA IN FOUR BRUSH‐TAILED POSSUM POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Durfee Philip T , Presidente Paul JA
Published: November 2007

The microscopic agglutination (MA) test was utilised to study the prevalence of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in 4 populations of brush‐tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). The overall antibody prevalence varied from 14% to 66%; however, the age distribution of MA test titres was remarkably similar in all 4 populations. Antibody prevalence was similar in both males and females and demonstrable antibodies wore limited to sexually mature animals. The greater prevalence of high titres (≥ 1:128) in the 18‐ to 24‐month age group suggested that primary infections were acquired at this age. The findings suggested that infection was maintained in possum populations by direct transmission, probably associated with breeding. Focal interstitial nephritis was observed in kidneys of possums greater than 18 months of age and was associated with MA titres to hardjo (P < 0.001). Serovar balcanica was isolated from possum kidneys from 2 of these populations, suggesting that balcanica infections were responsible for most of the hardjo titres. However, agglutinin‐absorption tests indicated that some possums may be infected with a leptospire more closely related to hardjo than to balcanica.
BIOPHYSICAL AND SEROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NEW ZEALAND BOVINE ENTEROVIRUSES
Authors: Durham PJK , Burgess GW
Published: November 2007

Five previously reported New Zealand bovine enteroviruses are further characterised with regard to their biophysical and serological properties. Characteristics studied included heat stability, buoyant density, virus replication, plaque production and thin section electron microscopy. Serological tests indicated the isolates belonged to two different serogroups which showed only limited relationships with U.S. serotypes BES 1, 3 and 4. A correlation was noted between 2(α‐hydroxybenzyl) benzimidazole sensitivity, heat stability and the serogroup of the isolates.
GALACTOSE‐1 PHOSPHATE URIDYL TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY IN THE WESTERN GREY KANGAROO (MACROPUS FULIGINOSUS: MARSUPIALIA): A MODEL SYSTEM FOR GENE THERAPY STUDIES
Authors: Richardson BJ , Inglis B , Poole WE , Rolfe B
Published: November 2007

The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) was found to be deficient for galactose‐1 phosphate uridyl transferase (GPUT). This species could be used therefore for studies of gene therapy techniques. An improved GPUT assay procedure was developed. It was found that phage particles injected intravenously remain in the blood of kangaroos until the particles are removed by the reticuloendothelial system or, if this system is overloaded, the particles are inactivated by the immune system four days later. No effective transgenosis was detected of the bacterial gal operon contained in the phage used.
THE BINDING OF URATE BY PLASMA PROTEINS
Authors: Bertolini Joseph , Masarei John RL
Published: November 2007

Protein binding of urate may have some pertinence to the pathogenesis of goat. However, binding studies have been hampered by problems with in vitro methodology and by the problem of relating the results of in vitro studies to the physiological situation.

In the present study urate binding was determined by an ultrafiltration procedure. All manipulations were performed anaerobically and at 37° in order to maintain the sample under physiological conditions.

Normal urate bound was 15 ± 7·5% in males and 10 ± 6·67 in females. Urate binding did not correlate significantly with either the albomuin or total urate concentration. It is suggested that the interaction between protein and urate is influenced by a number of factors other than the concentrations of free urate and binding protein. Some possible ones are discussed.

The techniques described might usefully be applied to a study of urate binding in various pathological states.
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF ROTAVIRUS RNA DERIVED FROM SIX DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES
Authors: Smith M , Tzipori S
Published: November 2007

Rotavirus RNA prepared from calf, pig, mouse, deer, foal and dog‐adapted human isolates was compared using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Reproducible differences in the RNA migration patterns, were found between all isolates. There were 11 clearly resolved segments in the pig, mouse and foal samples. The calf rotavirus RNA and deer rotavirus RNA separated into 9 bands and 10 bands, respectively. The dogs‐adapted human virus migrated in 12 bands, and this probably mulls from the complex passage history of the original human rotavirus isolate.
ANTIBODY RESPONSES OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO. SPECIFICITY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PLAQUE‐FORMING CELL PRECURSORS
Authors: Finlay Graeme J , Booth Roger J , Marbrook John
Published: November 2007

When human tonsillar lymphocytes are cultured with pokeweed mitogen they generate a large number of antibody‐secreting cells. A substantial number of the plaque‐forming cells generated have specificity for sheep erythrocytes but very few are specific for either bovine or horse erythrocytes. We have investigated the physical properties of sheep erythrocyte‐specific precursors and have found that they have characteristics of larger lymphocytes and are heterogeneous with respect to density. Our results support the concept that the percursors which can be induced by pokeweed mitogen to develop into plaque‐forming cells belong to a pie‐activated sub‐population of lymphocytes.
A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR MEASURING INTESTINAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST VIBRIO CHOLERAE IN MICE
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

Are‐evaluation was made of the efficiency with which some of the commonly used assays would detect intestinal antibodies are the baby mouse protection test and the radioimmunoassay. The reasons for the lack of sensitivity with other assay methods are discussed.
LYMPHOCYTE SENSITIZATION IN SHEEP INOCULATED WITH EXTRACTS OF SPONTANEOUSLY OCCURRING MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS
Authors: Johnstone AC , Moriarty KM , Manktelow BW
Published: November 2007

A macrophage migration inhibition lest showed that the blood lymphocytes of 15 of 27 sheep inoculated in utero or al birth with disrupted cells from ovine malignant lymphomas responded in culture to antigens derived from three other lymphomas. A close association was seen between animals whose lymphocytes were antigen‐sensitive and those which developed lymphocytosis. This association and the specificity of reaction between the various tumour antigens employed in the tests is interpreted as further evidence toward a viral aetiology in ovine malignant lymphoma.
A FREEZE‐THAW METHOD FOR CONCENTRATING PLASMA AND SERUM FOR TREATMENT OF HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINAEMIA
Authors: Thomas Keith W , Pemberton Doug H
Published: November 2007

Components of plasma or serum, including immunoglobulins, were concentrated two‐fold by freezing then collecting 40–50% of the initial volume during thawing. This concentrated plasma (or serum) was administered intravenously to treat hypogammaglobulinaemic foals and calves. An adaptation of this method suitable for field use is described.
A DIFFERENCE IN SURFACE PROTEINS OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA LARVAE FROM INTACT AND NUDE MICE
Authors: Howard Russell J , Chapman Colin B , Mitchell Graham F
Published: November 2007

Larvae of the trematode, Fasciola hepatica, dissected from the livers of intact mice at 12 to 14 days of infection, bind anti‐immunoglobulins in vitro. This is not so for larvae harvested from the livers of infected hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice. When attempts were made to confirm the presence of surface Ig using lactoperoxidase‐catalysed radioiodination and analysis by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, proteolysis at the time of solubilization markedly affected the profiles obtained. Provided protease inhibitors were present during processing, a μ‐like Ig heavy chain and a μ‐like Ig heavy chain could be demonstrated on larvae from nu/+ mice but not on larvae from nu/nu mice.
FOETAL AND NEONATAL ALBUMINS IN BOVINES: SOME BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Montiel Nola , Gallango ML , Arends T
Published: November 2007

A study is presented of bovine foetal albumin, a serum protein present in newborns less than 15 days old. As a result of the biochemical and immunochemical analyses, and of the comparison carried out with human foetal albumin, it was concluded that: 1) They share certain characteristics, such as molecular weight, behaviour in the presence of reducing agents, and a great affinity for staining agents. 2) Bovine foetal albumin has a slower electrophoretic mobility than that of the corresponding adult albumin, this aspect differentiating it from human foetal albumin which is faster than human adult albumin.
AUGMENTATION OF E‐ROSETTE FORMATION BY LYMPHOCYTES OF CANCER PATIENTS STIMULATED IN VITRO WITH TUMOUR EXTRACTS
Authors: Maluish Annette E , Koppi Thelma A , Harper Jacqueline J , Halliday WJ
Published: November 2007

The ability of tumour extracts to augment E‐rosette formation by cancer patients’ lymphocytes was demonstrated for colorectal carcinoma, breast carcinoma and melanoma. Positive augmentation reactions were obtained with 14 of 20 patients tested with extracts related to their own tumour types. Some lack of specificity was suggested by 5 positive reactions in the same patients tested with unrelated extracts. No false positives were found in normal subjects. The technique is simple, rapid and appears to depend on tumour‐associated antigens in the extracts. Simultaneous leucocyte adherence inhibition tests on split samples of blood had a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, confirming the potential reactivity of the leucocytes and extracts used.
STUDIES OF SURFACE MARKERS ON CANINE LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Kelly GE
Published: November 2007

Canine lymphoid cell preparations from blood, lymph node, spleen, thoracic‐duct lymph and thymus were examined for the presence of such surface markers as surface immunoglobulin, thymic‐specific antigen, Fc receptor and E‐rosette formation with normal (E) and neuraminidase‐treated (EN) human red blood cells. E‐RFC and EN‐RFC were further isolated and tested for reactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture.
PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE INVOLVEMENT IN RAT HEPATIC DRUG METABOLISM: PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE KINETICS OF ANILINE PARAHYDROXYLATION
Authors: Penglis Stan , Gourlay Geoffrey K , Stock Beresford H
Published: November 2007

Apparent kinetic constants (NADPH) have been calculated for NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase and parahydroxylase in the presence of aniline with hepatic microsomes from both phenobarbital pre‐reated and untreated rats. The addition of NADH gave similar stimulation of both aniline parahydroxylation and NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase activity in the presence of aniline. It is proposed that the increase in aniline metabolism with NADH is due to an increase in the NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase activity which is rate limiting in microsomes from both phenobarbital and untreated rats.
LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN LYMPH FROM BCG‐VACCINATED SHEEP INJECTED WITH TUBERCULIN PPD
Authors: Outteridge PM , Fahey KJ
Published: November 2007

The subpopulations of lymphocytes in efferent popliteal lymph from BCG‐vaccinated sheep were studied during the delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). There was an initial ‘shutdown’ or transitory decrease in cell output 12 h after the subcutaneous injection of PPD. During this time the output of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin (sIg+), Fc‐receptors and those forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes in saline (E+) or in Ficoll (Efic+) were reduced, suggesting that all subpopulations were affected equally.

The total cell output increased during the course of the blast cell response that followed the ‘shutdown’, but again the proportion of Efic+ cells remained relatively constant. In some sheep, The proportion of sIg+ cells and cells with receptors for complement (C′) increased to a peak 4 days after challenge, before returning to base levels. With most sheep, however, the numbers of sIg+ cells did not change greatly during the blast cell response.

Lymph cells obtained during the DTH response were found to enhance the in vitro response of sensitized lymphocytes to PPD. In one sheep this ‘help’ progressively increased from 108 h until 324 h, the last sample taken. These experiments failed to detect the presence of suppressor cells in lymph that could play a role in regulating the blast cell response of lymph‐borne cells to PPD.
EFFECT OF HYPO‐ AND HYPERTONIC SALINE AND RAFFINOSE ON CELL CONTENT OF Na, Cl and K IN RESPIRING RAT KIDNEY CORTEX AT 37°
Authors: Györy AZ , Kweifio‐Okai G , NG Josephine
Published: November 2007

Changes in cell Na, K and Cl content (per kg dry weight) and concentration (per kg intracellular water) were measured in respiring rat renal cortical slices incubated for 60 min at 37° in hypo‐ and hypertonic saline with and without the addition of a non‐electrolyte (raffinose). Both hypertonic saline and raffinose increased cellular concentration of Na, Cl and K, the former by producing minimal cell shrinkage and major entry of Na and Cl into the cell, the latter entirely by cell shrinkage leading also to a loss of Na content but not of K. In hypotonic saline both content and concentration of Na and Cl did not change significantly, whereas that for K dropped markedly. Addition of ouabain (1 mmol/l) produced a significant gain of cell Na and loss of K on a one to one basis but did not alter the effect of raffinose. It is concluded that sustained changes in cell ion concentrations and content in response to pericellular osmolality are produced and that these are directed towards equilibrating cellular activity of water to that of the surrounding medium.
NATURALLY OCCURRING INHIBITORS OF THE VENOM OF FUNNEL WEB SPIDERS (ATRAX SPECIES)
Authors: Atkinson RK
Published: November 2007

It has been shown that the blood plasma of rats and many other vertebrate species, but not man, contains a factor that inhibits the toxic actions of the venom of funnel web spiders (Atrax) on isolated toad voluntary muscle and rat lung preparations and also on anaesthetized whole rats. This factor was found to be effective against all obvious symptoms produced by the venom of both sexes of A. infensus and of the females of the other three common species of Atrax, particularly when administration of the factor to the test preparation preceded that of the venom.
THE ERYTHROCYTE INSULIN RECEPTOR
Authors: McElduff A , Eastman CJ
Published: November 2007

A precise, reproducible radioreceptor assay has been developed for insulin receptors on human erythrocytes. The mean specific binding in 11 normal volunteers was 7.7% ± 1.6 (S.D.) per 2.25 × 109 erythrocytes. The intra and inter assay coefficients of variation are 4%. The erythrocyte insulin receptor is specific for insulin and recognises insulin analogues in proportion to their respective biological activities. The pH and temperature dependence, the negative cooperativity and the inverse relationship between specific binding and fasting plasma Insulin levels suggest it is similar to insulin receptors elsewhere. The erythrocyte insulin receptor offers a model for the study of insulin/insulin receptor interaction in man.
MURINE HYBRIDOMA‐DERIVED ANTIBODIES PRODUCING CIRCUMOVAL PRECIPITATION (COP) REACTIONS WITH EGGS OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
Authors: Cruise Kathy M , Mitchell Graham F , Tapalés Fe P , Garcia Edito G , Sung‐Ru Huang
Published: November 2007

Of 7 hybridomas which secrete immunoglobulins binding to crude extracts of Schistosoma japonicum adult worms and/or eggs in solid‐phase radioimmunoassays (RIAs), 3 gave positive precipitation reactions in the circumoval precipitin test (COPT). The COPT is a simple and inexpensive immunodiagnostic test for schistosomiasis japonica which involves the incubation of a selected batch of S. japonicum eggs with sera from patients and examination for precipitates one or more days later. Using a competitive RIA with an egg antigen extract and a labelled COPT‐positive hybridoma ascites fluid, PwF.41‐1‐3, the surprising observation was made that only one anti‐egg antibody specificity appeared to be represented in the series of 3 antibodies (as ascites fluids). Using sera as inhibitors in the competitive RIA, inhibitory activity (presumably antibodies to the target antigenic determinant of PwF.41‐1‐3) was readily detected in sera from egg‐immunized mice and was of relatively high titre in a strain of mouse (C57BL/6) which can be readily sensitized for large granuloma formation around entrapped eggs in the lungs. Negligible inhibitory activity was found in the sera from S. japonicum‐infected patients, even with sera from patients with prominent hepatosplenomegaly. The availability of COPT‐positive hybridoma antibodies should facilitate isolation of at least one S. japonicum egg antigen involved in COP reactions and perhaps induction of immunopathological immune responses at least in mice.
PREVALENCE OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA INFECTION IN NATIVE MAMMALS IN SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Spratt David M , Presidente Paul JA
Published: November 2007

Fasciola hepatica infection was found in 5 of 12 marsupial and 1 of 3 eutherian species examined in southeastern Australia. Prevalence ot infection in native mammals was as follows; Macropus gigantcus, 59%; M. rufogriseus banksianus, 15%; Wallabia bicolor, 5%; Vombatus ursinus, 30%; Trichosurus vulpecula, 5%; and Rattus fuscipes, 4%. Collection sites were assigned to one of two categories. Prevalence was higher in macropodids collected on agricultural pastures grazed by sheep and cattle (category A) than in macropodids collected in forested areas variably grazed by livestock (category B). A high prevalence of infection (82%) was recorded In M. giganteus in an area from which sheep and cattle had been excluded for 15 years. Prevalence of F. hepatica infection in V. ursinus was similar in be two habitat categories; however, within forested areas infection was more common in V. ursinus collected near swamps and creeks than those taken from drier ridges. The presence of habitat suitable for the snail intermediate host, Lymnaea tomentosa, and Utilization of this habitat by domestic and native mammals are important epidemiological factors. Moderate numbers of flukes (1–95) and faecal egg production (1‐195 eggs per gram of faeces(EPG)) in M. giganteus and M.r banksianus emphasize their suitability as hosts and contaminators of pasture. Small numbers of flukes and conspicuous hepatic lesions in V. ursinus suggest moderate resistance to infection. The low prevalence and small number of flukes in T. vulpccula was attributed to the arboreal habit of this host. R. fuscipes is susceptible to infection but infected individuals were found in only one of numerous forest areas with suitable snail habitual. Feeding behaviour is probably responsible for the absence of F. hepatica infection in W. bicolor and Rattus lutreolus in forested areas.
The role of the freshwater shrimpCaridina nilotica(Roux) in the diet of the major commercial fish species in Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Authors: Budeba Y. L. , Cowx I. G.
Published: November 2007

The major commercial fish species of Lake Victoria at the present time are Lates niloticus, Oreochromis niloticus and Rastrineobola argentea. The contribution of Caridina nilotica in their diet was studied in the Tanzanian waters of Lake Victoria between March, 1999 and January, 2002. Stomach samples were collected during routine bottom trawl surveys in Tanzania. The results show that haplochromines dominate the diet of Nile perch, followed by C. nilotica, R. argentea, juvenile Nile perch, fish remains and other prey. Caridina nilotica predominance in diets decreased as size of the Nile perch increased, as this species switched to haplochromines. Larger perch also feed on their own juveniles. The importance of C. nilotica in the diet of L. niloticus was relatively greater in deeper water than that in shallower stations.

The diet of O. niloticus was predominantly algae followed by C. nilotica, dagaa, Chaoborus, Odonata and others. O. niloticus has shifted its diet from strictly herbivory to a more omnivorous diet, feeding opportunistically on the most available food material.

The overall diet of R. argentea was predominantly copepods, followed by Chaoborus, Cladocera, C. nilotica, Chironomids and insects. In the present food web, C. nilotica is an important food source for the fish stocks of Lake Victoria. The sustainability of the fisheries of Lake Victoria depends among other things on the abundance and availability of C. nilotica.
Reconstructing protein networks of epithelial differentiation from histological sections
Authors: Grabe Niels , Pommerencke Thora , Steinberg Thorsten , Dickhaus Hartmut , Tomakidi Pascal
Published: November 2007

Motivation: For systems biology of complex stratified epithelia like human epidermis, it will be of particular importance to reconstruct the spatiotemporal gene and protein networks regulating keratinocyte differentiation and homeostasis.

Results: Inside the epidermis, the differentiation state of individual keratinocytes is correlated with their respective distance from the connective tissue. We here present a novel method to profile this correlation for multiple epithelial protein biomarkers in the form of quantitative spatial profiles. Profiles were computed by applying image processing algorithms to histological sections stained with tri-color indirect immunofluorescence. From the quantitative spatial profiles, reflecting the spatiotemporal changes of protein expression during cellular differentiation, graphs of protein networks were reconstructed.

Conclusion: Spatiotemporal networks can be used as a means for comparing and interpreting quantitative spatial protein expression profiles obtained from different tissue samples. In combination with automated microscopes, our new method supports the large-scale systems biological analysis of stratified epithelial tissues.

Contact:  niels.grabe@med.uni-heidelberg.de
Earthquake‐induced turbidites triggered by sea level oscillations in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene of Italy
Authors: Bice David M. , Montanari Alessandro , Rusciadelli Giovanni
Published: November 2007

Earthquakes are widely recognized as triggers for turbidites, submarine debris flows and slumps. In tectonically active areas, surprisingly small changes in stress can trigger seismic events, implying that past sea level changes may be important in controlling the timing of seismicity and the occurrence of turbidites. We apply this idea in an analysis of turbidites from the upper Cretaceous–Paleocene Scaglia Rossa Formation of the Umbria‐Marches region of Italy. These turbidites are composed of resedimented foraminiferal tests derived from fluidizing deep‐water (∼1500 m), pelagic sediments; seismic triggering is the most likely triggering mechanism given this setting and composition. The timing of these turbidites (and associated synsedimentary slumps), constrained by biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy, reveals an unusual, non‐random temporal pattern that appears to correlate well with proposed eustatic fluctuations. This correlation between turbidites and eustatic fluctuations leads us to suggest that stress and pore fluid pressure changes associated with changing sea level may trigger periods of increased seismicity in the geological past.
Tectonothermal evolution of a foreland fold and thrust belt: the Cantabrian Zone (Iberian Variscan belt, NW Spain)
Authors: García‐López Susana , Brime Covadonga , Valín M. Luz , Sanz‐López Javier , Bastida Fernando , Aller Jesús , Blanco‐Ferrera Silvia
Published: November 2007

Analysis of the conodont colour alteration index and the Kübler index of illite allowed us the characterization of four types of very low‐ or low‐grade metamorphism in the Cantabrian Zone (CZ) and determination of their regional and temporal distribution. These types are: (1) an orogenic Variscan metamorphism present only in restricted areas of the western and north‐western parts of the CZ where epizonal conditions are reached; (2) a burial metamorphism that appears in the basal part of some nappes, where anchizonal conditions are sometimes achieved; the thermal peak preceded emplacement of the nappes; (3) a late‐Variscan metamorphism in the southern and south‐eastern parts of the CZ; a cleavage, cutting most of the Variscan folds, is associated with this metamorphism, which has been related to an extensional episode; (4) a contact metamorphism and hydrothermal activity associated with minor intrusive bodies. The extension continued after the Variscan deformation giving rise to hydrothermal activity during Permian times.
Post‐Variscan tectonics in eastern Anti‐Atlas (Morocco)
Authors: Malusà Marco G. , Polino Riccardo , Feroni Andrea Cerrina , Ellero Alessandro , Ottria Giuseppe , Baidder Lahssen , Musumeci Giovanni
Published: November 2007

New field data integrated by fission‐track (FT) analysis unravel an innovative scenario for the post‐Variscan evolution of the eastern Anti‐Atlas. This area, unaffected by Meso‐Cenozoic tectonics according to most workers, is crosscut by crustal faults bearing evidence of a polyphase deformation history. Apatite FT ages, ranging between 284 and 88 Ma, point to fast Neogene exhumation and unravel contrasting cooling paths across major faults. Results show that the study area was buried beneath 2 km of allochthonous Variscan units, now eroded. The eastern Anti‐Atlas acted as the southern shoulder of the Atlasic rift in the Mesozoic, and underwent a dextral transpressional structuring of Neogene age followed by sub‐meridian shortening. The southern front of Atlasic deformation is therefore located inside the Anti‐Atlas region, and it is still active.
Environmental stress and the costs of whole‐organism phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles
Authors: STEINER U. K. , VAN BUSKIRK J.
Published: November 2007

Costs of phenotypic plasticity are important for the evolution of plasticity because they prevent organisms from shaping themselves at will to match heterogeneous environments. These costs occur when plastic genotypes have relatively low fitness regardless of the trait value expressed. We report two experiments in which we measured selection on predator‐induced plasticity in the behaviour and external morphology of frog tadpoles (Rana temporaria). We assessed costs under stressful and benign conditions, measured fitness as larval growth rate or competitive ability and focused analysis on aggregate measures of whole‐organism plasticity. There was little convincing evidence for a cost of phenotypic plasticity in our experiments, and costs of canalization were nearly as frequent as costs of plasticity. Neither the magnitude of the cost nor the variation around the estimate (detectability) was sensitive to environmental stress.
Genetic basis of adaptive evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation
Authors: SUZUKI Y. , NIJHOUT H. F.
Published: November 2007

Polyphenisms are evolved adaptations in which a genome produces discrete alternative phenotypes in different environments. In this study, the genetic basis of the evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation was investigated. A polyphenic strain and a monophenic strain of Manduca sexta (L.) were crossed and the F1 offspring and backcross progeny were analysed. The larval colour polyphenism was found to be regulated by one sex‐linked gene of major effect and many smaller effect modifier genes. The finding shows that the mechanism of genetic accommodation relies on genetic changes that are consistent with the current view of the genetic basis of adaptive evolution.
Hormones and honest signals: males with larger ornaments elevate testosterone more when challenged
Authors: MCGLOTHLIN J. W. , JAWOR J. M. , GREIVES T. J. , CASTO J. M. , PHILLIPS J. L. , KETTERSON E. D.
Published: November 2007

When male investment in mating varies with quality, reliable sexual signals may evolve. In many songbirds, testosterone mediates mating investment, suggesting that signals should be linked to testosterone production. However, because testosterone may change rapidly during behaviour such as territorial aggression and courtship, efforts to establish such a relationship have proved challenging. In a population of dark‐eyed juncos, we measured individual variation in the production of short‐term testosterone increases by injecting gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). We found a positive correlation between the magnitude of these increases and the size of a plumage ornament (‘tail white’) previously shown to be important for female choice and male–male competition. We then measured naturally elevated testosterone levels produced during male–male competition and found that they covaried with those induced by GnRH. We suggest that the association between tail white and testosterone increases may allow conspecifics to assess potential mates and competitors reliably using tail white.
In vitro function of buffy coat‐derived platelet concentrates stored for 9 days in CompoSol, PASII or 100% plasma in three different storage bags
Authors: Cardigan R. , Sutherland J. , Garwood M. , Bashir S. , Turner C. , Smith K. , Hancock V. , Wiltshire M. , Pergande C. , Williamson L. M.
Published: November 2007

Background and Objectives  The aim of the study was to compare the in vitro quality of buffy coat‐derived platelet concentrates (PC) during extended storage in plasma or additive solution in three different storage bags.

Materials and Methods  A pooled and split design was chosen so that identical PCs were produced in either 100% plasma, 70% PASII : 30% plasma or 70% CompoSol : 30% plasma (n = 6 each). This was repeated for three different manufacturers’ platelet storage bags (Fresenius, Baxter and Pall). PCs were sampled on days 1, 5, 7 and 9 of storage and tested in vitro using a variety of tests of platelet function. For each bag type, storage in PASII or Composol was compared with plasma (data taken across the entire storage period), and differences occurring with time were analysed for all storage media.

Results  The pH of all PCs was > 6·8 at day 9 of storage. In vitro platelet function, as assessed by markers of platelet activation and metabolism, of PCs stored in CompoSol appeared to be similar to that of PCs stored in plasma over 9 days of storage. In contrast, PCs stored in PASII tended to have significantly higher levels of platelet activation (almost a twofold increase in % platelets positive for CD62P by day 5) and lower hypotonic shock response (approximately 40%, by day 7) compared to either PCs stored in 100% plasma or 70% CompoSol. The magnitude of the differences observed between platelet storage media appeared to be dependent on the type of platelet storage bag with the highest degree of platelet activation and lowest hypotonic shock response values being observed in Fresenius bags in combination with PASII.

Conclusions  The maintenance of platelet function in vitro during extended storage of PCs in platelet additive solutions is dependent on the combination of type of additive solution and type of platelet storage bag. For all bag types studied, storage in PASII resulted in poorer platelet function in vitro.
Adaptive Learning in an Expectational Difference Equation with Several Lags: Selecting among Learnable REE
Authors: Bask Mikael
Published: November 2007

It is demonstrated that adaptive learning in the least squares sense may be incapable of satisfactorily reducing the number of attainable equilibria in a rational expectations model when focusing on the forward‐solutions to the model. The model examined, as an illustration, is a basic asset pricing model for exchange rate determination that is augmented with technical trading in the currency market in the form of moving averages since it is the most commonly used technique according to questionnaire surveys. The forward‐solutions to such a model are preferable to the backward‐solutions that are normally utilized since announcement effects is an important feature in currency trade. Because of technical trading in foreign exchange, the current exchange rate depends on

j
max

lags of the exchange rate, meaning that the model has

j
max+1
rational expectations equilibria, where several of them are adaptively learnable in the least squares sense. However, since past exchange rates should not affect the current exchange rate when technical trading is absent, it is possible to single out a unique equilibrium among the adaptively learnable equilibria that is economically meaningful. It is worth noting that the model examined can also be viewed as a model for stock price determination in which the forward‐solutions to the model are preferable to the backward‐solutions since the importance of announcement effects is a common characteristic for currency and stock markets.
To Stay or Not to Stay? Out‐Migration of Immigrants from Denmark
Authors: Jensen Peter , Pedersen Peder J.
Published: November 2007

A major portion of migration flows are temporary, ending with return migration to the home country or migration to a third country. However, the propensity to return differs according to migrants' countries of origin. This paper presents a discussion of the theoretical approaches to return migration and a brief survey of the actual flows in Denmark. We then present a panel data set of immigrants to Denmark covering the years 1986 ‐ 1995 and run a number of logit models where return migration is related to individual background factors. Our research shows significant differences in decisions of return depending on country of origin, age at entry, education, and family ties. One of the most important determinants is found to be a migrant's success, or lack thereof, regarding labour market integration. This research suggests that policy instruments such as education, training, and temporary wage subsidies could play an important role in controlling the interaction between immigration and labour market forces.
A study on whey protein supplement on physical performance and quality of life among elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Lum Christopher , Lo Raymond , Ng Kenway , Woo Jean , Tang Nelson , Fallows Stephen
Published: November 2007

Objectives:  To study if whey protein can improve exercise capacity and quality of life among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods:  This was a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Elderly patients with COPD recruited received sachets of whey protein supplement at 12 g twice daily (intervention), or identical looking sachets of casein (control).

Results:  Twenty‐four and 25 patients were recruited into control and intervention arm, respectively. Baseline 6‐minute walking test (6MWT) was at 211.7 ± 90.2 m, and total Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) was at 18.7 ± 3.35. At 6 weeks, there was an improvement of CRQ‐dyspnoea (0.075 in control, and 0.48 in intervention arm, P = 0.048). There was also a consistent trend of improvement on 6MWT, CRQ‐fatigue, emotion and mastery, although the results did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions:  Whey protein reduces shortness of breath among patients with COPD. Further studies are required to test out the dosage and duration of treatment required.
Kinetics of nucleoside uptake by the basolateral side of the sheep choroid plexus epithelium perfused in situ
Authors: Markovic Ivanka , Segal Malcolm , Djuricic Bogdan , Redzic Zoran
Published: November 2007

Sheep choroid plexus epithelium expresses equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT) 1 and 2 and concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 at the transcript level. This study aimed to explore the kinetics and functional role of these transporters at the basolateral side of the sheep choroid plexus epithelium perfused in situ. The cellular uptake of [3H]adenosine and [3H]uridine was insensitive to 1 μm nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI), and the uptake of [3H]adenosine was reduced significantly when 10 μm NBTI was present in low‐Na+ Ringer solution. This might suggest that ENT2, a transporter sensitive to micromolar NBTI, is functionally active at the basolateral side of the choroid plexus epithelium while ENT1, a transporter sensitive to nanomolar NBTI, is not active. When low‐Na+ Ringer solution was used for the in situ perfusion, the Na+ concentration in the venous effluent decreased to 14 mm; under these conditions the maximal uptake (Umax) of [3H]adenosine and [3H]uridine did not change significantly when compared with the Umax obtained when Ringer solution that contained 145 mm Na+ was used. Kinetic analysis revealed apparent Michaelis–Menten constants (Km,app) for cellular uptake of [3H]adenosine, [3H]inosine and [3H]thymidine of 1.2 ± 0.2, 15.7 ± 2.6 and 3.8 ± 0.9 μm, respectively. The HPLC and HPLC–fluorometric analysis of the sheep plasma and cerebrospinal fluid revealed nanomolar concentrations of adenosine and thymidine and micromolar levels of inosine and nucleobases. Considering the estimated Km,app values, it appears that under normal conditions inosine is the more important nucleoside substrate for uptake by the basolateral membrane of the choroid plexus epithelium than other nucleosides.
Inhibitory Activities of 11 Antimicrobial Agents and Bactericidal Activities of Vancomycin and Daptomycin against Invasive Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusIsolates Obtained from 1999 through 2006
Authors: Holmes Robert L. , Jorgensen James H.
Published: November 2007

We assessed MICs and minimal bactericidal concentrations of vancomycin, daptomycin, and nine other antimicrobials against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusisolates obtained from 1999 through 2006. No vancomycin, daptomycin, or linezolid resistance was observed. Clindamycin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin resistance decreased significantly. No tolerance to vancomycin or daptomycin was observed, nor was MIC creep seen.
Intranasal Interleukin-12 Therapy InhibitsMycoplasma pneumoniaeClearance and Sustains Airway Obstruction in Murine Pneumonia
Authors: Salvatore C. M. , Fonseca-Aten M. , Katz-Gaynor K. , Gomez A. M. , Hardy R. D.
Published: November 2007

Mycoplasma pneumoniaeis a leading cause of pneumonia and is associated with asthma. Evidence linksM. pneumoniaerespiratory disease severity with interleukin-12 (IL-12) concentrations in respiratory secretions. We evaluated the effects of IL-12 therapy on microbiologic, inflammatory, and pulmonary function indices ofM. pneumoniaepneumonia in mice. BALB/c mice were inoculated withM. pneumoniaeor SP4 broth. Mice were treated with intranasal IL-12 or placebo daily for 8 days, starting on day 1 after inoculation. Mice were evaluated at baseline and on days 1, 3, 6, and 8 after therapy. Outcome variables included quantitative bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)M. pneumoniaeculture, lung histopathologic score (HPS), BAL cytokine concentrations determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], gamma interferon [IFN-γ], IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and plethysmography, both before and after methacholine treatment.M. pneumoniae-infected mice treated with IL-12 (MpIL12 mice) were found to have significantly higher BALM. pneumoniaeconcentrations than those ofM. pneumoniae-infected mice treated with placebo (MpP mice) (P< 0.001). MpIL12 mice had higher BAL concentrations of IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6, with differences in IL-12 and IFN-γ concentrations reaching statistical significance (P< 0.001). Airway obstruction was statistically elevated in MpIL12 mice compared to that in MpP mice (P= 0.048), while airway hyperreactivity was also elevated in MpIL12 mice but did not reach statistical significance (P= 0.081). Lung parenchymal pneumonia subscores were significantly higher in MpIL12 mice (P< 0.001), but no difference was found for overall HPS, even though a strong trend was noticed (P= 0.051). Treatment of experimentalM. pneumoniaepneumonia with intranasal IL-12 was associated with more severe pulmonary disease and less rapid microbiologic and histological resolution.
An AbrB-Like Protein Regulates the Expression of the Bidirectional Hydrogenase in
Synechocystis
sp. Strain PCC 6803
Authors: Oliveira Paulo , Lindblad Peter
Published: November 2007

In the unicellular cyanobacterium
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803, the pentameric bidirectional Ni-Fe hydrogenase (HoxEFUYH) is the sole enzyme involved in hydrogen metabolism. Recent investigations implicated the transcription factor LexA in the regulation of the
hox
genes in this cyanobacterium, suggesting the factor to work as an activator. In this work, we show evidence that LexA cannot account exclusively for the regulation of the
hox
genes in this cyanobacterium. Therefore, we investigated which additional transcription factors interact in and may regulate the expression of the
hox
genes in
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803. By using DNA affinity assays, a transcription factor with similarity to the transition state regulator AbrB from
Bacillus subtilis
was isolated. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the AbrB-like protein specifically interacts with the promoter region of the
hox
genes as well as with its own promoter region. In addition, results obtained with two genetically modified strains of
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803, one with a not fully segregated inactivation mutation of the
abrB
-like gene and the other overexpressing the same
abrB
-like gene, suggest that this transcription factor functions as a regulator of
hox
gene expression.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR QCD AT HIGH ENERGY
Authors: AMARAL J. T. DE SANTANA
Published: November 2007

In these proceedings a stochastic particle (1+1)-dimensional model which mimics high energy evolution and scattering in QCD at fixed impact parameter is presented. The model exhibits a saturation mechanism similar to gluon saturation in QCD as well as all the qualitative features expected in QCD at fixed impact parameter, concerning both the mean-field aspects and the effects of fluctuations, and appears to be in the universality class of the reaction-diffusion process, as also expected for QCD. The evolution equations for the scattering amplitude generated by this model appear as a natural generalization of the Balitsky-JIMWLK equations in which both target and projectile are symmetrically treated. The structural aspects of the model may inspire future searches for corresponding structures in QCD.
EQUATION OF STATE FOR HYBRID COMPACT STARS WITH A NONLOCAL CHIRAL QUARK MODEL
Authors: GRUNFELD A. G. , BERDERMANN J. , BLASCHKE D. B. , KLÄHN T. , GÓMEZ DUMM D. , SCOCCOLA N. N.
Published: November 2007

We study the thermodynamics of two flavor color superconducting (2SC) quark matter within a nonlocal chiral quark model, using both instantaneous and covariant nonlocal interactions. For applications to compact stars, we impose conditions of electric and color charge neutrality as well as β equilibrium and construct a phase transition to the hadronic matter phase described within the Dirac–Brueckner–Hartree–Fock (DBHF) approach. We obtain mass-radius relations for hybrid star configurations which fulfill modern observational constraints, including compact star masses above 2M⊙.
EXCITED BARYON PHOTOPRODUCTION IN LARGE Nc QCD
Authors: GOITY J. L. , SCOCCOLA N. N.
Published: November 2007

The photoproduction helicity amplitudes for the positive parity excited baryons are analyzed in the context of the 1/Nc expansion of QCD.
RELATIVISTIC HADRONIC MODELS AND PARITY VIOLATING LEPTON SCATTERING
Authors: GRAEFF C. A. , SCHNEIDER A. S. , MARINELLI J. R.
Published: November 2007

Electron scattering cross sections, including the eletromagnetic and weak neutral interactions with nuclei, are obtained from a microscopic relativistic model. Our calculation is important for heavy nuclei, for which unique experimental information on the neutron distribution is now under way.
NUMERICAL CALCULATION WITH ARBITRARY PRECISION
Authors: RODRIGUES B. O. , DA MOTA L. A. C. P. , DUARTE L. G. S.
Published: November 2007

The vast use of computers on scientific numerical computation makes the awareness of the limited precision that these machines are able to provide us an essential matter. A limited and insufficient precision allied to the truncation and rounding errors may induce the user to incorrect interpretation of his or her answer. In this work, we have developed a computational package to minimize this kind of error by offering arbitrary precision numbers and calculation. This is very important in Physics where we can work with numbers too small and too big simultaneously.
INTEGRATING VISUALIZATION AND MULTI-ATTRIBUTE UTILITY THEORY FOR ONLINE PRODUCT SELECTION
Authors: THEETRANONT CHUREE , HADDAWY PETER , KRAIRIT DONYAPRUETH
Published: November 2007

Effectively selling products online is a challenging task. Today's product domains often contain a dizzying variety of brands and models with highly complex sets of characteristics. This paper addresses the problem of supporting product search and selection in domains containing large numbers of alternatives with complex sets of features. A number of online shopping websites provide product choice assistance by making direct use of Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT). While the MAUT approach is appealing due to its solid theoretical foundations, there are several reasons that it does not fit well with people's decision making behavior.

This paper presents an approach designed to better fit with people's natural decision making process. The system is called VMAP for Visualizing Multi-Attribute Preferences. VMAP provides on one screen both a multi-attribute preference tool (MAP-tool) and a product visualization tool (V-tool). The product visualization tool displays the set of available products, with each product displayed as a point in a 3D attribute space. By viewing the product space, users can gain an overview of the range of available products, as well as an understanding of the relationships between their attributes. The MAP-tool integrates expression of preferences and filter conditions, which are then immediately reflected in the V-tool display. In this way, the user can immediately see the consequences of his expressed preferences on the product space.

The VMAP system is evaluated on a number of factors by comparing users' subjective ratings of the system to those of a more traditional MAUT product selection tool. The results show that while VMAP is somewhat more difficult to use than a traditional MAUT product selection tool, it provides better flexibility, provides the ability to more effectively explore the product domain, and produces more confidence in the selected product.
ARBITRARY ℓ-STATE SOLUTION OF THE HELLMANN POTENTIAL
Authors: KOCAK G. , BAYRAK O. , BOZTOSUN I.
Published: November 2007

We present an alternative and accurate solution of the radial Schrödinger equation for the Hellmann potential within the framework of the asymptotic iteration method. We show that the bound state energy eigenvalues can be obtained easily for any n and ℓ values without using any approximations required by other methods. Our results are compared with the findings of other methods.