bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patrilineal populations show more male transmission of reproductive success than cognatic populations in Central Asia, which reduces their genetic diversity
Authors: Heyer Evelyne , Brandenburg Jean‐Tristan , Leonardi Michela , Toupance Bruno , Balaresque Patricia , Hegay Tanya , Aldashev Almaz , Austerlitz Frederic
Published: March 2015

Objective: The extent to which social organization of human societies impacts the patterns of genetic diversity remains an open question. Here, we investigate the transmission of reproductive success in patrilineal and cognatic populations from Central Asia using a coalescent approach. Methods: We performed a study on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome polymorphism of patrilineal and cognatic populations from Central Asia. We reconstructed the gene genealogies in each population for both kind of markers and inferred the imbalance level of these genealogies, a parameter directly related to the level of transmission of reproductive success. Results: This imbalance level appeared much stronger for the Y chromosome in patrilineal populations than in cognatic populations, while no difference was found for mtDNA. Furthermore, we showed that this imbalance level correlates negatively with Y‐chromosomal, mtDNA, and autosomal genetic diversity. Conclusions: This shows that patrilineality might be one of the factors explaining the male transmission of reproductive success, which, in turn, lead to a reduction of genetic diversity. Thus, notwithstanding the fact that our population genetic approach clearly shows that there is a strong male‐biased transmission of reproductive success in patrilineal societies, it also highlights the fact that a social process such as cultural transmission of reproductive success could play an important role in shaping human genetic diversity, although we cannot formally exclude that this transmission has also a genetic component. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:537–543, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Weaning age in an expanding population: stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of infant feeding practices in the Okhotsk culture (5th–13th centuries AD) in Northern Japan
Authors: Tsutaya Takumi , Ishida Hajime , Yoneda Minoru
Published: March 2015

Objective: The Okhotsk people were sedentary hunter–gatherer–fishers who lived and prospered in Sakhalin, Hokkaido, and the Kurile Islands during the 5th to 13th centuries AD. They expanded rapidly along the northeastern coast of Hokkaido. We reconstructed infant feeding practices of the Moyoro population of the Okhotsk culture in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Methods: Stable isotope ratios in 58 subadult human skeletons were measured. Results: The results suggest that complementary foods with a relatively low carbon isotope ratio were consumed during and after weaning, as observed in ethnographic descriptions of northern human populations such as the Ainu and isotopically suggested in ancient northern hunter–gatherer–fisher populations. Nitrogen isotope ratios of subadults showed that the age at the end of weaning in the Moyoro population was 1.8 (1.4–2.2 in 95% credible interval) years, which is earlier than that in other northern hunter–gatherer–fisher populations. Conclusions: Because weaning age is one of the most important determinants of fertility, a shorter breastfeeding period suggests increased fertility. Furthermore, better nutrition would further promote the population increase, and thus populations of the Okhotsk culture could expand into new regions. These findings are consistent with recent emerging evidence of great contributions of the Okhotsk to the formation of later Ainu populations and culture. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:544–555, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental defects in the teeth of three wild chimpanzees from theTaï forest
Authors: Smith Tanya M. , Boesch Christophe
Published: March 2015

Objectives:

Developmental defects in teeth (accentuated lines and hypoplasias) have played a critical role in studies of childhood disease, nutrition, weaning, environmental variation, and early mortality. While these enigmatic structures have been lauded for their potential insights into human evolution, few studies have examined defects in individuals of known histories.

Materials and Methods:

Here we document defects in the molars of three wild juvenile chimpanzees from the Taï forest (Pan troglodytes verus) and compare them with behavioral, epidemiological, and environmental records.

Results:

Accentuated lines of differing intensities were found throughout molar crown and root growth, and were most common in a juvenile who demonstrated slow skeletal growth and prolonged maternal dependence. These defects were observed in association with some but not all injuries and disease outbreaks in this community. A 10‐year record of accentuated line frequency across individuals shows a significant negative correlation with rainfall, but does not correlate with fruit availability or reveal significant annual trends. Several hypoplasias formed between ∼0.6 and 5.8 years of age on molar crowns and roots of the three individuals, however, available behavioral and epidemiological records do not explain their causation.

Discussion:

While teeth may provide precise and accurate records of illness and trauma in some cases, inferring seasonal cycles, social stress, or weaning in living or fossil primate dentitions requires additional evidence beyond the presence, absence, or degree of expression of these defects. Studies that microsample bulk and trace elements may provide a more secure context for the interpretation of environmental, physiological, and dietary changes that impact dental tissue formation. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:556–570, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of the pedicled nasoseptal flap in the endoscopic management of cholesterol granulomas of the petrous apex
Authors: Karligkiotis Apostolos , Bignami Maurizio , Terranova Paola , Ciniglio‐Appiani Mario , Shawkat Abdulrahman , Verrilaud Benjamin , Meloni Francesco , Herman Philippe , Castelnuovo Paolo
Published: March 2015

Background

Nowadays the endoscopic approach represents a useful alternative to traditional surgical approaches in the treatment of cholesterol granulomas (CGs) of the petrous apex (PA). Recently the nasoseptal flap (NSF) has been employed to permit long‐term patency of drainage site. The purpose of this study is to report our experience with the NSF in the endoscopic management of CG and to analyze the advantages, limitations, and outcomes of the technique.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was carried out on 10 patients affected by CG of the PA who had been treated endoscopically, using the NSF.

Results

An endoscopic transpterygoid approach was used for 6 patients and the remaining 4 were treated using the transclival approach. A NSF was used in all 10 cases. In 6 cases the flap was ipsilateral to the lesion whereas in 4 it was contralateral. In 90% of our patients no evidence of disease was observed after a mean follow‐up period of 35.7 months, with resolution of their symptoms. One patient presented a recurrence because of a technical error (inadequate placement of the flap in the cavity), and has been retreated endoscopically.

Conclusion

The pedicled NSF seems to be helpful in avoiding the concentric growth of the granulomatous cyst epithelium while assuring ventilation and drainage of the cyst. However, bigger studies with longer‐term follow‐up are needed to confirm these findings. Correct and meticulous placement of the flap inside the cystic cavity is the most critical issue for the success of the procedure.
Dual κ‐agonist/μ‐antagonist opioid receptor modulation reduces levodopa‐induced dyskinesia and corrects dysregulated striatal changes in the nonhuman primate model of Parkinson disease
Authors: Potts Lisa F. , Park Eun S. , Woo Jong‐Min , Dyavar Shetty Bhagya L. , Singh Arun , Braithwaite Steven P. , Voronkov Michael , Papa Stella M. , Mouradian M. Maral
Published: March 2015

Objective

Effective medical management of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia (LID) remains an unmet need for patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Changes in opioid transmission in the basal ganglia associated with LID suggest a therapeutic opportunity. Here we determined the impact of modulating both mu and kappa opioid receptor signaling using the mixed agonist/antagonist analgesic nalbuphine in reducing LID and its molecular markers in the nonhuman primate model.

Methods

1‐Methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine–treated macaques with advanced parkinsonism and reproducible LID received a range of nalbuphine doses or saline subcutaneously as: (1) monotherapy, (2) acute coadministration with levodopa, and (3) chronic coadministration for 1 month. Animals were assessed by blinded examiners for motor disability and LID severity using standardized rating scales. Plasma levodopa levels were determined with and without nalbuphine, and postmortem brain samples were subjected to Western blot analyses.

Results

Nalbuphine reduced LID in a dose‐dependent manner by 48% (p < 0.001) without compromising the anti‐PD effect of levodopa or changing plasma levodopa levels. There was no tolerance to the anti‐LID effect of nalbuphine given chronically. Nalbuphine coadministered with levodopa was well tolerated and did not cause sedation. Nalbuphine monotherapy had no effect on motor disability. Striatal tissue analyses showed that nalbuphine cotherapy blocks several molecular correlates of LID, including overexpression of ΔFosB, prodynorphin, dynorphin A, cyclin‐dependent kinase 5, and increased phosphorylation of DARPP‐32 at threonine‐34.

Interpretation

Nalbuphine reverses the molecular milieu in the striatum associated with LID and is a safe and effective anti‐LID agent in the primate model of PD. These findings support repurposing this analgesic for the treatment of LID. Ann Neurol 2015;77:930–941
Nonlinear arcsin‐electrodynamics
Authors: Kruglov Sergey I.
Published: March 2015

A new model of nonlinear electrodynamics with three parameters is suggested and investigated. It is shown that if the external constant magnetic field is present the phenomenon of vacuum birefringence takes place. The indices of refraction for two polarizations of electromagnetic waves, parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic induction field are calculated. The electric field of a point‐like charge is not singular at the origin and the static electric energy is finite. We have calculated the static electric energy of point‐like particles for different parameters of the model. The canonical and symmetrical Belinfante energy‐momentum tensors and dilatation current are obtained. We demonstrate that the dilatation symmetry and dual symmetry are broken in the model suggested.

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The Double‐Histidine Cu2+‐Binding Motif: A Highly Rigid, Site‐Specific Spin Probe for Electron Spin Resonance Distance Measurements
Authors: Cunningham Timothy F. , Putterman Miriam R. , Desai Astha , Horne W. Seth , Saxena Sunil
Published: March 2015

The development of ESR methods that measure long‐range distance distributions has advanced biophysical research. However, the spin labels commonly employed are highly flexible, which leads to ambiguity in relating ESR measurements to protein‐backbone structure. Herein we present the double‐histidine (dHis) Cu2+‐binding motif as a rigid spin probe for double electron–electron resonance (DEER) distance measurements. The spin label is assembled in situ from natural amino acid residues and a metal salt, requires no postexpression synthetic modification, and provides distance distributions that are dramatically narrower than those found with the commonly used protein spin label. Simple molecular modeling based on an X‐ray crystal structure of an unlabeled protein led to a predicted most probable distance within 0.5 Å of the experimental value. Cu2+ DEER with the dHis motif shows great promise for the resolution of precise, unambiguous distance constraints that relate directly to protein‐backbone structure and flexibility.
Understanding and guiding the phase inversion process for synthesis of solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes
Authors: Hołda Agnieszka K. , Vankelecom Ivo F.J.
Published: March 2015

Since its introduction in membrane technology in the 1960's, phase inversion by means of immersion precipitation has been widely studied for the preparation of membranes to be applied in the fields of microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF). However, much less knowledge is available about this process in terms of integrally skinned asymmetric nanofiltration membranes, especially for more hydrophobic polymers applied in solvent resistant nanofiltration (SRNF). This review focuses on the preparation aspects of integrally skinned asymmetric membranes to be applied in the field of SRNF via phase inversion. It starts with the explanation of the basic principles of the phase inversion process, covering both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Further, it summarizes the parameters that significantly influence final membrane performance and morphology, including polymer type and concentration, casting solvent, additives, evaporation time, and temperature, humidity, membrane thickness, composition, and temperature of coagulation bath and post‐treatment. Literature contained within this review constitutes the core references in the field of SRNF, but also several references on preparation of MF, UF, aqueous NF, and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been included to better clarify or illustrate certain aspects of the process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42130.
Synthesis, characterization, and dielectric properties of polymers functionalized with coumarone and diethanolamine
Authors: Bezgin Feride , Ayaz Nursel , Demirelli Kadir
Published: March 2015

A series polymers of the poly(4‐{[bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐7‐yl‐2‐methylpropanoate), P(CIMMAOC)‐DEA, were synthesized by modification of poly(4‐(chloromethyl)‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐7‐yl‐2‐ethylpropanoate), P(CIMMAOC), with diethanolamine (DEA). All polymers were structurally characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, UV–vis, and Fluorescence spectra. The electronic features of the polymer, such as lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies and electrostatic potential (ESP), and the vibrational frequencies were computed by the Becke3–Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP) functional using 3–21G* basis set. Dielectric measurements for P(CIMMAOC) and P(CIMMAOC)‐DEA were performed by means of an impedance analyzer as a function of frequency and temperature. It was found that the dielectric constant values decreased in the applied frequency range. The values of dielectric constant increased with a rise in concentrations of DEA in polymer for all temperatures. Dielectric constants of P(CIMMAOC) and P(CIMMAOC)‐DEA (60%) were calculated as 3.93 and 12.29 at 1 kHz, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42164.
The Political Economy of Mental Health in Vietnam: Key Lessons for Countries in Transition
Authors: Lee Kelley , Zappelli Rebecca , Goldner Elliot M. , Vu Nguyen Cong , Corbett Kitty K. , Murphy Jill
Published: March 2015

Among low‐ and middle‐income countries, there is evidence that populations experiencing rapid political and economic transition have particularly high burdens of disease and disability from mental health conditions. This paper undertakes a political economy analysis of mental health in Vietnam to enhance knowledge translation, notably how both explicit and tacit knowledge can be used to promote evidence‐based policy making. It argues that Vietnam's experience illustrates the need to better understand, not only how transition transforms societies, but how it impacts on the mental health needs and care of populations. The political economy of transition in Vietnam has so far given highest priority to economic growth through integration with the world economy and public sector reform. There is a need to recognise that transition in Vietnam poses both a potential threat to the care of people with mental health needs, and an opportunity to develop mental health services appropriate to local contexts.
9H‐Carbazole Derivatives Containing the N‐Benzyl‐1,2,3‐triazole Moiety as New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Akrami Hamidreza , Mirjalili Bibi F. , Khoobi Mehdi , Moradi Alireza , Nadri Hamid , Emami Saeed , Foroumadi Alireza , Vosooghi Mohsen , Shafiee Abbas
Published: March 2015

A series of triazole‐containing carbazole derivatives were designed as new anti‐acetylcholinesterase (AChE) agents. The target compounds 6a–q were simply prepared via a one‐pot three‐component click reaction of N‐propargyl‐9H‐carbazole, sodium azide, and an appropriate benzyl halide. The in vitro anti‐cholinesterase assay showed that the unsubstituted benzyl derivative 6p along with the 2‐F, 2‐Me, 3‐Me, 3‐MeO, and 3‐F analogs (6a, 6c, and 6g–i) had significant anti‐AChE activity (IC50s ≤ 3.8 μM). Among them, the 2‐methylbenzyl derivative 6c with an IC50 value of 1.9 μM was the most active compound. The SAR studies revealed that small halogen atoms such as the fluorine atom or electron‐donating groups such as methyl or methoxy at the ortho or meta positions of the benzyl pendent group could be tolerated or improved the anti‐AChE activity.
Recent Progress on Pyrazole Scaffold‐Based Antimycobacterial Agents
Authors: Keri Rangappa S. , Chand Karam , Ramakrishnappa Thippeswamy , Nagaraja Bhari Mallanna
Published: March 2015

New and reemerging infectious diseases will continue to pose serious global health threats well into the 21st century and according to the World Health Organization report, these are still the leading cause of death among humans worldwide. Among infectious diseases, tuberculosis claims approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Also, agents that reduce the duration and complexity of the current therapy would have a major impact on the overall cure rate. Due to the development of resistance to conventional antibiotics there is a need for new therapeutic strategies to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Subsequently, there is an urgent need for the development of new drug candidates with newer targets and alternative mechanism of action. In this perspective, pyrazole, one of the most important classes of heterocycles, has been the topic of research for thousands of researchers all over the world because of its wide spectrum of biological activities. To pave the way for future research, there is a need to collect the latest information in this promising area. In the present review, we have collated published reports on the pyrazole core to provide an insight so that its full therapeutic potential can be utilized for the treatment of tuberculosis. In this article, the possible structure–activity relationship of pyrazole analogs for designing better antituberculosis (anti‐TB) agents has been discussed and is also helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic pyrazole‐based anti‐TB drugs.
A visual XML dataspace approach for satisfying ad hoc information needs
Authors: Moilanen Katja , Niemi Timo , Näppilä Turkka , Kuru Mikko
Published: March 2015

Dataspace systems constitute a recent data management approach that supports better cooperation among autonomous and heterogeneous data sources with which the user is initially unfamiliar. A central idea is to gradually increase the user's knowledge about the contents, structures, and semantics of the data sources in the dataspace. Without this knowledge, the user is not able to make sophisticated queries. The dataspace systems proposed so far are usually application specific. In contrast, our idea in this paper is to develop an application‐independent extensible markup language (XML) dataspace system with versatile facilities. Unlike the other proposed dataspace systems, we show that it is possible to build an interface based on conventional visual tools in terms of which the user can satisfy his or her sophisticated information needs. In our system, the user does not need to master programming techniques nor the XML syntax, which provides a good starting point for its declarative use.
Research assessment based on infrequent achievements: A comparison of the United States and Europe in terms of highly cited papers and Nobel Prizes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Navarro Alonso
Published: March 2015

Scientific progress is driven by important, infrequent discoveries that cannot be readily identified and quantified, which makes research assessment very difficult. Bibliometric indicators of important discoveries have been formulated using an empirical approach, based on the mathematical properties of the high‐citation tail of the citation distribution. To investigate the theoretical basis of such formulations this study compares the US/European research performance ratios expressed in terms of highly cited papers and Nobel Prize‐winning discoveries. The research performance ratio in terms of papers was studied from the citation distributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, and biochemistry and molecular biology. It varied as a function of the citation level. Selecting an appropriate high citation level, the ratios in terms of highly cited papers were compared with the corresponding ratios for Nobel Prize‐winning discoveries in Chemistry, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine. Research performance ratios expressed in terms of highly cited papers and Nobel Prize‐winning discoveries are reasonably similar, and suggest that the research success of the United States is almost 3 times that of Europe. A similar conclusion was obtained using articles published in Nature and Science.
Bibliogifts in LibGen? A study of a text‐sharing platform driven by biblioleaks and crowdsourcing
Authors: Cabanac Guillaume
Published: March 2015

Research articles disseminate the knowledge produced by the scientific community. Access to this literature is crucial for researchers and the general public. Apparently, “bibliogifts” are available online for free from text‐sharing platforms. However, little is known about such platforms. What is the size of the underlying digital libraries? What are the topics covered? Where do these documents originally come from? This article reports on a study of the Library Genesis platform (LibGen). The 25 million documents (42 terabytes) it hosts and distributes for free are mostly research articles, textbooks, and books in English. The article collection stems from isolated, but massive, article uploads (71%) in line with a “biblioleaks” scenario, as well as from daily crowdsourcing (29%) by worldwide users of platforms such as Reddit Scholar and Sci‐Hub. By relating the DOIs registered at CrossRef and those cached at LibGen, this study reveals that 36% of all DOI articles are available for free at LibGen. This figure is even higher (68%) for three major publishers: Elsevier, Springer, and Wiley. More research is needed to understand to what extent researchers and the general public have recourse to such text‐sharing platforms and why.
Intuitive or idiomatic: An interdisciplinary study of child‐tablet computer interaction
Authors: McEwen Rhonda , Dubé Adam K.
Published: March 2015

UsingLuhmann's communication framework, we examine the interaction implications for kindergarten to Grade 2 students using mathematics applications on four types of tablet computers. Research questions included what content is communicated between the child and the tablet computer and how engaged are children in the interaction. We found that mathematics applications developers have focused on creating applications for the practice ofa prioriknowledge, rather than on creating instructional applications. Results show preliminary evidence that child‐tablet communication is generally successful, but this success comes at the cost of richer, multimodal interactions. Tablet computer application developers are being cautious in offering a variety of options for children to interact with the devices, and we suggest that there is scope for a broadening of communicative interaction modes.
Characteristics of tagging behavior in digitized humanities online collections
Authors: Choi Youngok , Syn Sue Yeon
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine user tags that describe digitized archival collections in the field of humanities. A collection of 8,310 tags from a digital portal (Nineteenth‐Century Electronic Scholarship, NINES) was analyzed to find out what attributes of primary historical resources users described with tags. Tags were categorized to identify which tags describe the content of the resource, the resource itself, and subjective aspects (e.g., usage or emotion). The study's findings revealed that over half were content‐related; tags representing opinion, usage context, or self‐reference, however, reflected only a small percentage. The study further found that terms related to genre or physical format of a resource were frequently used in describing primary archival resources. It was also learned that nontextual resources had lower numbers of content‐related tags and higher numbers of document‐related tags than textual resources and bibliographic materials; moreover, textual resources tended to have more user‐context‐related tags than other resources. These findings help explain users' tagging behavior and resource interpretation in primary resources in the humanities. Such information provided through tags helps information professionals decide to what extent indexing archival and cultural resources should be done for resource description and discovery, and understand users' terminology.
User motivations for asking questions in online Q&A services
Authors: Choi Erik , Shah Chirag
Published: March 2015

Online Q&A services are information sources where people identify their information need, formulate the need in natural language, and interact with one another to satisfy their needs. Even though in recent years online Q&A has considerably grown in popularity and impacted information‐seeking behaviors, we still lack knowledge about what motivates people to ask a question in online Q&A environments. Yahoo! Answers and WikiAnswers were selected as the test beds in the study, and a sequential mixed method employing an Internet‐based survey, a diary method, and interviews was used to investigate user motivations for asking a question in online Q&A services. Cognitive needs were found as the most significant motivation, driving people to ask a question. Yet, it was found that other motivational factors (e.g., tension free needs) also played an important role in user motivations for asking a question, depending on asker's contexts and situations. Understanding motivations for asking a question could provide a general framework of conceptualizing different contexts and situations of information needs in online Q&A. The findings have several implications not only for developing better question‐answering processes in online Q&A environments, but also for gaining insights into the broader understanding of online information‐seeking behaviors.
Construction of efficient experimental designs under multiple resource constraints
Authors: Harman Radoslav , Bachratá Alena , Filová Lenka
Published: March 2015

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we introduce ‘resource constraints’ as a general concept that covers many practical restrictions on experimental design. Second, to compute optimal or near‐optimal exact designs of experiments under multiple resource constraints, we propose a tabu search heuristic related to the Detmax procedure.

To illustrate the scope and performance of the proposed method, we chose the criterion of D‐optimality and computed efficient designs for (i) a block model with limits on the numbers of blocks and on the replications of treatments, (ii) a quadratic regression model with simultaneous marginal and cost constraints, and (iii) a non‐linear regression model with simultaneous direct and cost constraints. As we show, the proposed method generates similar or better results compared with algorithms specialized for computing optimal designs under less general constraints. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure to 50 Hz electric fields reduces stress‐induced glucocorticoid levels in BALB/c mice in a kV/m‐ and duration‐dependent manner
Authors: Hori Takuya , Inoue Noboru , Suzuki Hiroshi , Harakawa Shinji
Published: March 2015

Electric fields (EFs) can reduce elevated levels of stress‐related hormones in some organisms. In this study, endocrine effects of exposure to a 50 Hz EF were investigated in male BALB/c mice. Specifically, plasma glucocorticoid (GC) levels were examined because GC is known to mediate the stress response in mice, including changes induced by immobilization. Mice were exposed to 50 Hz EFs (at 2.5–200 kV/m) for 60 min. They were immobilized for the latter half (30 min). At the end of exposure period, blood samples were collected and GC levels estimated by spectrofluorometry. GC levels were not influenced by EFs in absence of immobilization, but they were significantly higher in immobilized mice than in non‐immobilized mice (P < 0.01). Elevated GC levels induced by immobilization were significantly reduced by exposure to an EF at 10 kV/m (P < 0.05), and the effect of EFs at 0–10 kV/m on GC levels increased in a kV/m‐dependent manner (P < 0.05). In contrast, following treatment with EFs at 50 and 200 kV/m, GC levels were higher than those observed at 10 kV/m. To assess the effect of EF treatment duration, mice were also exposed to 50 Hz EFs (10 kV/m) for 6, 20, or 60 min. Immobilization‐induced increase in GC levels was significantly suppressed by EF exposure for 20 and 60 min. Therefore, our results demonstrate that extremely low‐frequency EFs alter stress response of mice in a kV/m‐ and duration‐dependent manner. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:302–308, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antimicrobial Peptides from the Aurein Family Form Ion‐Selective Pores in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Wenzel Michaela , Senges Christoph Helmut Rudi , Zhang Jin , Suleman Selina , Nguyen Michael , Kumar Prashant , Chiriac Alina Iulia , Stepanek Jennifer Janina , Raatschen Nadja , May Caroline , Krämer Ute , Sahl Hans‐Georg , Straus Suzana Katarina , Bandow Julia Elisabeth
Published: March 2015

The mechanism of action of aurein 2.2 and aurein 2.3, antimicrobial peptides from the frog Litoria aurea, was investigated. Proteomic profiling of the Bacillus subtilis stress response indicates that the cell envelope is the main target for both aureins. Upon treatment, the cytoplasmic membrane depolarizes and cellular ATP levels decrease. Global element analysis shows that intracellular concentrations of certain metal ions (potassium, magnesium, iron, and manganese) strongly decrease. Selective translocation of some ions over others was demonstrated in vitro. The same set of ions also leaks from B. subtilis cells treated with sublethal concentrations of gramicidin S, MP196, and nisin. Aureins do not permeabilize the cell membrane for propidium iodide thus excluding formation of large, unspecific pores. Our data suggest that the aureins acts by forming small pores thereby causing membrane depolarization, and by triggering the release of certain metal ions thus disturbing cellular ion homeostasis.
CXCR4 positive cell‐derived Pdx1‐high/Shh‐low cells originated from embryonic stem cells improve the repair of pancreatic injury in mice
Authors: Yu Tao , Qing Qing , Deng Na , Min Xiao‐Hui , Zhao Li‐Na , Li Jie‐Yao , Xia Zhong‐Sheng , Chen Qi‐kui
Published: March 2015

Treatments for pancreatic injuries have been significantly improved recently, but full recovery of pancreatic function remains difficult. Embryonic stem cells have great potentialities for self‐renewal and multiple differentiations. In this study, we explored an approach to induce the differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells in vitro. Male mouse embryonic stem cells were cultured by the hanging‐drop method to form embryoid bodies. The definitive endoderm marked by CXCR4 in embryoid bodies was sorted by magnetic activated cell sorting and subsequently administrated with b‐FGF, exendin‐4, and cyclopamine to induce the differentiation of putative pancreatic progenitor cells, which was monitored by Pdx1, and Shh expressions. The putative pancreatic progenitor cells were transplanted into female BALB/c mice with pancreatitis induced by L‐Arginine. Male donor cells were located by detecting sex‐determining region of Y‐chromosome DNA. Definitive endoderm cells (CXCR4+ cells) were sorted from 5‐day embryoid bodies. After 3‐day administration with b‐FGF, exendin‐4, and cyclopamine, Pdx1‐high/Shh‐low cells were differentiated from CXCR4+ cells. These cells developed into more amylase‐secreted cells in vitro and could specifically reside in the damaged pancreas acinar area in mice with acute pancreatitis to enhance the regeneration. The putative pancreatic progenitor cells (Pdx1‐high/Shh‐low cells) derived from mouse embryonic stem cells through the administration of b‐FGF, exendin‐4, and cyclopamine on the CXCR4+ cells in vitro could improve the regeneration of injured pancreatic acini in vivo.
High‐Temperature Electrochemistry of a Solvent‐Free Myoglobin Melt
Authors: Sharma Kamendra P. , Risbridger Thomas , Bradley Kieren , Perriman Adam W. , Fermin David J. , Mann Stephen
Published: March 2015

The electrochemical responses from a hybrid biofluid comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) dispersed in a solvent‐free myoglobin melt are investigated over an extreme temperature range (30–150 °C). Incorporation of LiPF6 resulted in an approximately 20‐fold increase in the conductivity of the biofluid across the entire temperature range. A polaron‐type mechanism involving electron hopping from heme‐to‐heme centers of myoglobin, accompanied by extrinsic Li counter‐ion movement, is proposed for the charge‐transport kinetics in the solvent‐free melt. Significantly, the redox signature of the heme prosthetic group varied systematically and reversibly with temperature, which was consistent with hyperthermophilic unfolding/refolding of the protein structure.
Selective Nitrogen Functionalization of Graphene by Bucherer‐Type Reaction
Authors: Chua Chun Kiang , Sofer Zdeněk , Luxa Jan , Pumera Martin
Published: March 2015

Nitrogen functionalization of graphene offers new hybrid materials with improved performance for important technological applications. Despite studies highlighting the dependence of the performance of nitrogen‐functionalized graphene on the types of nitrogen functional groups that are present, precise synthetic control over their ratio is challenging. Herein, the synthesis of nitrogen‐functionalized graphene rich in amino groups by a Bucherer‐type reaction under hydrothermal conditions is reported. The efficiency of the synthetic method under two hydrothermal conditions was examined for graphite oxide produced by Hummers and Hofmann oxidation routes. The morphological and structural properties of the amino‐functionalized graphene were fully characterized. The use of a synthetic method with a well‐known mechanism for derivatization of graphene will open new avenues for highly reproducible functionalization of graphene materials.
Synthesis of 1‐C‐Glycoside‐Linked Lipid II Analogues Toward Bacterial Transglycosylase Inhibition
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Kun , Chen Kuo‐Ting , Hu Chia‐Ming , Yun Wen‐Yi , Cheng Wei‐Chieh
Published: March 2015

Preparation of Lipid II analogues containing an enzymatically uncleavable 1‐C‐glycoside linkage between the disaccharide moiety and the pyrophosphate‐ or pyrophosphonate‐lipid moiety is described. The synthesis of a common 1‐C‐vinyl disaccharide intermediate has been developed that allows easy preparation of both an elongated sugar‐phosphate bond and a sugar‐phosphonate moiety, which are coupled with the polyprenyl phosphate to give the desired molecules. Inhibition studies show how a subtle structural modification results in dramatically different potency toward bacterial transglycosylase (TGase), and the results identify Lipid II‐C‐O‐PP (IC50=25 μM) as a potential TGase inhibitor.
Eliminating Voltage Decay of Lithium‐Rich Li1.14Mn0.54Ni0.14Co0.14O2 Cathodes by Controlling the Electrochemical Process
Authors: Wei Zhen , Zhang Wei , Wang Feng , Zhang Qian , Qiu Bao , Han Shaojie , Xia Yonggao , Zhu Yimei , Liu Zhaoping
Published: March 2015

A lithium‐rich cathode material Li1.14Mn0.54Ni0.14Co0.14O2 (LNMCO) is prepared by a co‐precipitation method. The issue of voltage decay in long‐term cycling is largely eliminated by control of the charge–discharge voltage range. The LNMCO material exhibits 9.8 % decay in discharge voltage over 200 cycles between 2.0–4.6 V, during which the working voltage decays significantly, from 3.57 V to 3.22 V. The decay was decelerated by a factor of six by using a voltage window of 2.0–4.4 V, from 3.53 V to 3.47 V. IR and Raman spectra reveal that the transformation of layered structure to spinel is significantly retarded under 2.0–4.4 V cycling conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also applied for examining phase change in an individual particle during cycling, showing that the spinel phase occurs both at 2.0–4.6 V and at 2.0–4.4 V, but is not dominant in the latter. Normalization of Li can remove the additional impact on the voltage decay which is brought by different amounts of Li intercalation. The mechanism of no voltage decay at 2.0–4.4 V cycling is raised and electrochemical impedance spectrum data also support the hypothesis.
Plank‐Shaped Column‐Forming Mesogens with Substituents on One Side Only
Authors: Girotto Edivandro , Ferreira Marli , Sarkar Parantap , Bentaleb Ahmed , Hillard Elizabeth A. , Gallardo Hugo , Durola Fabien , Bock Harald
Published: March 2015

Prolonged glyoxylation of pyrenyl‐1‐glyoxylic acid ethyl ester leads to a mixture of isomers with polar pyrenylene‐1,8‐diglyoxylic acid as the main product, whereas the centrosymmetric 1,6‐isomer is obtained in good yield from the corresponding dibromopyrene. Perkin condensations followed by Pd‐catalyzed cyclizations lead to isomeric dinaphthopyrene‐tetracarboxdiimides that self‐assemble into columnar liquid crystals of hexagonal and rectangular symmetry, of which the rectangular mesophases have unusually elongated unit cells. The cisoid diimides with both alkylimide substituents on the same side of the oblong arene system show a much greater tendency to self‐assemble into fluid stacks of disks than their centrosymmetric isomers. With racemically branched alkyl substituents, uniform vertical surface alignment of the columns in the high‐temperature hexagonal mesophase is resilient to cycling through the lower‐temperature rectangular and crystalline phases.
Selective Functionalization of Hollow Nanospheres with Acid and Base Groups for Cascade Reactions
Authors: Gao Jinsuo , Zhang Xueying , Lu Yong , Liu Shaomin , Liu Jian
Published: March 2015

The inner‐surface functionalization of hollow silica spheres has rarely been reported and is still a challenging topic. Herein, we report a deacetalization–Henry cascade reaction catalyzed by dual‐functionalized mesoporous silica hollow nanospheres with basic amine groups (NH2) on the internal shell and carboxylic acid groups (COOH) on the external shell. The selective functionalization has been realized by a combination of “step‐by‐step post‐grafting” and “cationic surfactant‐assisted selective etching” strategy. Compared to unisolated catalyst, the selectively isolated acidic and basic dual catalyst provides excellent catalytic performance for the deacetalization–Henry cascade reaction in terms of both activity (>99 %) and selectivity (95 %).
Stereoselective Preparation of Polyfunctional Alkenylindium(III) Halides and Their Cross‐Coupling with Unsaturated Halides
Authors: Shen Zhi‐Liang , Knochel Paul
Published: March 2015

The direct insertion of indium powder to cycloalkenyl iodides in the presence of LiCl in THF allows the preparation of new highly functionalized cycloalkenylindium(III) derivatives. In addition, we discovered that, in contrast to many metal insertions to alkenyl iodides which proceed with a loss of stereochemistry, the insertion of In/LiCl to stereodefined (Z)‐ and (E)‐styryl iodides in THF proceeded with high retention of stereochemistry. After a palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling, various polyfunctionalized (Z)‐ and (E)‐stilbenes were obtained with high stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Endohedral and Exohedral Metalloborospherenes: M@B40 (M: Ca, Sr) and M&B40 (M: Be, Mg).
Authors: Bai Hui , Chen Qiang , Zhai Hua‐Jin , Li Si‐Dian
Published: March 2015

A DFT study on the viability of the metalloborospherenes: endohedral M@B40 (M: Ca, Sr) and exohedral M&B40 (M: Be, Mg) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigations on the Luminescence of Emission‐Tunable Ca10K(PO4)7:Eu2+, Sr2+, Mg2+ Phosphors for White LEDs.
Authors: Wang Yuchun , Li Hongyan , Zhang Rongrong , Zhan Maolin , Zhang Jia
Published: March 2015

The title phosphors are prepared by solid state reactions of CaCO3, K2CO3, SrCO3, (MgCO3)4·Mg (OH)2·5H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, and Eu2O3 in a reducing atmosphere (N2:H2 = 95:5, 1180 °C, 6 h) and characterized by powder XRD, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the range of 200—700 nm, and luminescence spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: High Pressure Structures and Superconductivity of AlH3(H2) Predicted by First Principles.
Authors: Hou Pugeng , Zhao Xiusong , Tian Fubo , Li Da , Duan Defang , Zhao Zhonglong , Chu Binhua , Liu Bingbing , Cui Tian
Published: March 2015

The metallization, superconductivity, and high‐pressure structures of AlH3(H2) are explored at 25‐300 GPa by ab initio first principle calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum Source for Increase of Molybdenum Content in Electrodeposited Cu—Mo Composites.
Authors: Gotou Miku , Arakawa Tomiyuki , Watanabe Nobuaki , Hara Takatoshi , Tomita Tatsuya , Hashimoto Akira , Takanashi Hiroshi , Koiwa Ichiro
Published: March 2015

Cu‐Mo composites used as heat sinks in electronic devices are electrodeposited using Ni as cathode and Pt as anode from a bath containing Na2MoO4 or H3(PMo12O40), CuSO4, trisodium citrate, and/or EDTA, and/or glycolic acid at pH 9.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Combination of Trilacunary Dawson Phosphotungstates and Hexanickel Clusters: From an Isolated Cluster to a 3D Framework.
Authors: Li Xin‐Xiong , Fang Wei‐Hui , Zhao Jun‐Wei , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: March 2015

The new compounds (III), (IV), and (V) are hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, IR spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Access to Chiral Diol Bidentate Ligands: Their Efficient Enantioselective Induction in the Addition of Diethylzinc to Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Goek Yasar , Kueloglu Soner , Goek Halil Zeki , Kekec Levent
Published: March 2015

In most cases, higher enantioselectivities are observed by using titanium isopropoxide as additive.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Opening 1,3‐Dichlorination of Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes by Iodobenzene Dichloride.
Authors: Garve Lennart K. B. , Barkawitz Philip , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B.
Published: March 2015

Aliphatic, aromatic, oxygen, and nitrogen containing substituents are successfully employed as donors in the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Screening of N,N‐Bidentate and N,N,N‐Tridentate Pyridine‐Based Ligands in the Catalytic Allylic Oxidation of Cyclic Olefins.
Authors: Solinas Maurizio , Sechi Barbara , Chelucci Giorgio
Published: March 2015

The shown iminopyridine catalyst (CAM) gives the best results in the title reaction and enantioselectivities up to 53% are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective and Diastereoselective Aminoarylation of 1,3‐Dienes.
Authors: Bao Hongli , Bayeh Liela , Tambar Uttam K.
Published: March 2015

A new and general method for the regioselective aminoarylation of cyclic and acyclic 1,3‐dienes via sequential [4 + 2] cycloaddition with sulfurdiimide (II) and subsequent Cu‐catalyzed allylic substitution with Grignard reagents is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) 2‐Hydroxyethoxide‐Promoted Cross‐Coupling of Aryl‐ and Alkenyldimethylsilanes with Organic Halides.
Authors: Takeda Takeshi , Obata Ryosuke , Muramatsu Daisuke , Takeda Yuichiro , Tsubouchi Akira
Published: March 2015

The reaction proceeds with retention of E/Z configuration of the substrates (VI), (VIII), and (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Remarkable Enhancement of Enantioselectivity in the Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Dimethylzinc to (Z)‐Nitroalkenes with a Catalytic [(MeCN)4Cu]PF6‐Hoveyda Ligand Complex.
Authors: Zeng Xingzhong , et al. et al.
Published: March 2015

The new method for the title reaction features the unprecedented use of [Cu(MeCN)]PF6/LIG and (Z)‐nitroalkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Mo(CO)6 Catalyzed Chemoselective Hydrosilylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Amides for the Formation of Allylamines.
Authors: Volkov Alexey , Tinnis Fredrik , Slagbrand Tove , Pershagen Ida , Adolfsson Hans
Published: March 2015

A mild and chemoselective reduction of the α,β‐unsaturated tertiary and secondary amides to obtain the corresponding allylic amines is presented using tetramethyldisiloxane as the hydride source.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Pd‐Catalyzed N‐Dealkylative Carbonylation of Tertiary Amines for the Preparation of Amides.
Authors: Fang Tao , Gao Xu‐Hong , Tang Ri‐Yuan , Zhang Xing‐Guo , Deng Chen‐Liang
Published: March 2015

Various aryl iodides and alkyl tertiary amines are applicable in the title reaction to afford a series of N,N‐disubstituted amides with moderate to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Carbamates and Quinones via Sequential Oxidation of Salicylaldehydes Using TBHP as the Oxidant.
Authors: Rajendra Prasad K. , Suresh P. , Ravikumar B. , Reddy N. Veera , Reddy K. Rajender
Published: March 2015

The oxidative amidation of salicylaldehydes with cyclic amines in the presence of tBuOOH gives a wide variety of salicylamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Formation of C—O Bonds by Oxidative Coupling of Benzylic Alcohols with Ethers.
Authors: Wang Quan , Geng Haoran , Chai Wen , Zeng Xiaojun , Xu Min , Zhu Cheng , Fu Renzhong , Yuan Rongxin
Published: March 2015

A series of α‐acyloxy ethers are obtained by the title reaction via a radical pathway.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Amidation of Ether sp3 C—H Bonds with Sulfonamides Using PhI(OAc)2.
Authors: Campos Jesus , Goforth Sarah K. , Crabtree Robert H. , Gunnoe T. Brent
Published: March 2015

Aliphatic cyclic and aliphatic linear acyclic ethers react to the desired α‐branched products.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative (Cross‐)Coupling Reactions Mediated by C—H Activation of Thiophene Derivatives by Using Molybdenum(V) Reagents.
Authors: Schubert Moritz , Trosien Simon , Schulz Lara , Brandscheid Carolin , Schollmeyer Dieter , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: March 2015

The use of MoCl5 renders possible the preparation of various synthetically important polycyclic thienoacenes.
ChemInform Abstract: One Pot Synthesis of 4‐(Arylidene)‐2‐ [5‐(4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐2H‐pyran‐3‐yl)‐thiazol‐2‐yl] ‐5‐methyl‐2,4‐dihydro‐pyrazol‐3‐ones via Multi‐Component Approach.
Authors: Aychiluhim Tewodros Birhanu , Penta Santhosh , Rao Vedula Rajeswar
Published: March 2015

The efficient one‐pot, four‐component method for the synthesis of the title compounds (V) involves the simultaneous formation of the thiazole and the pyrazole ring system followed by condensation of various aromatic aldehydes on the active methylene group of pyrazolone under Knoevenagel reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Promoted Construction of Chromen‐4‐one and Isoflavone Scaffolds via Regio‐ and Chemoselective Domino Friedel—Crafts Acylation/Allan—Robinson Reaction.
Authors: Chanda Tanmoy , Chowdhury Sushobhan , Koley Suvajit , Anand Namrata , Singh Maya Shankar
Published: March 2015

Starting from a broad range of 3,5‐disubstituted phenols and aryl or alkyl substituted acetic acids this operationally simple strategy offers an efficient access to substituted chromen‐4‐one and isoflavone frameworks.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Alkylideneisochromans by Cyclocarbonylative Sonogashira Reactions.
Authors: Aronica Laura Antonella , Giannotti Luca , Giuntini Stefano , Caporusso Anna Maria
Published: March 2015

The advantages of the title synthesis are high yield, complete stereoselectivity, low catalyst loading (0.2‐0.5 mol%), and no need for CuI as co‐catalyst.