bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetische Fundierung von AutoFOM-Merkmalen
Authors: Tholen E. , Brandt H. , Henne H. , Stork F.-J. , Schellander K.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Genetic foundation of AutoFOM-traits Since the beginning of the year 2000 the payment System of pig carcasses in some slaughter houses in northwest Germany is based on the recordings of the fully automated carcass Classification system AutoFOM. Besides legal information 'estimated lean meat percentage' relative exact details of the weights of important valuable cuts are available. Genetic parameters of the AutoFOM lean carcass cut information, ham-, chop-, Shoulder- and belly weights as well as lean meat percentage of the belly cut were estimated. Using the field data of the pig breeding organisations BHZP (n = 2224) and SNW (n = 3601) the estimated heritabilties of these carcass cuts vary between 0.13 and 0.27 (BHZP) and 0.13 and 0.31 (SNW), respectively. The estimated heritabilities of the AutoFOM carcass traits of station-tested pigs were more pronounced for the dam lines German Landrace and Large White (n = 1693) and Piétrain Al-boars mated to Fl sows (n = 1053). The estimates ranged from 0.27 to 0.59 (dam lines) and 0.05 to 0.40 (Pi Al-boars), respectively. Using the records of Station tested purebred Pietrain pigs (n = 1693) the heritabilities of the AutoFOM carcass cuts did not exceed 0.10. The genetic correlation between the different AutoFOM carcass traits exceed the absolute value of 0.8. In a similar way, the genetic correlation between the "estimated lean meat percentage" used in the test Station and the AutoFOM carcass traits were close to unity. We concluded that AutoFOM traits of slaughter pigs provide a useful information for the selection of Al-boars. Moreover, with regard to the Station testing of dam lines AutoFOM carcass informations derived from AutoFOM are a useful supplementation. Because of the low heritability, only a marginal additional benefit could be expected for the genetic ranking of Pi-boars using AutoFOM carcass cut records of purebred Station tested progenies.
Fütterungs- und nicht fütterungsbedingte Einflüsse auf den Milchharnstoffgehalt von Milchkühen – 1. Mitteilung: Fütterungsbedingte Einflussfaktoren auf den Milchharnstoffgehalt von Milchkühen
Authors: Richardt W. , Jeroch H. , Spilke J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: The impact of nutrition and non nutrition factors on milk urea concentration. I. The impact of nutrition factors on milk urea concentration The object of this study was to determine the impact of dietary crude protein / energy balance, stage of lactation parity, milk yield or milk protein yield, milk protein content, somatic cell count, season and herd on milk ureä concentration under the conditions of large herds (50–1000 dairy cows) and routine milk yield recording. From this data a model was created to predict the milk urea concentration for a single dairy cow or a feeding group For the analysis of the data a mixed linear model (proc mixed; SAS®, 1997) was used. The fixed effects (ratio of crude protein / energy, degradability of dietary crude protein, ruminal N-balance, lactation period, parity) was computed by generalized least-squares-means. The season, herd and month were used as random effects Milk yield or milk protein yield, milk protein content, somatic cell count and day in milk were included as Covariables in the model. The effect of dietary crude protein / energy balance on milk urea was significant (p < 0.0001). For diets with an optimal ratio of crude protein / energy (according to GfE, 1997) 226 mg/1 was calculated using least-squares-means. For diets with excess of crude protein this figure rose to 252 mg/1 In this study a significant difference in least-squares-means calculated urea concentration did not existed for degradability of dietary crude protein. On the other hand, a significant difference in least-squares-means calculated urea concentration existed for ruminal N-balance between 0 and 2.
Einsatz eines Nicht-Stärke-Polysaccharid (NSP) hydrolysierenden Enzyms als Futtersupplement bei Legehennen
Authors: Oloffs K. , Jeroch H. , Sorensen P.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Use of a non-starch-polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolysing enzyme as feed Supplement for laying hens The present study investigates the use of a non-starch-polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolysing enzyme as feed Supplement for laying hens. Furthermore it should be tested in which extent a multi enzyme complex at two diets (24 % barley, 23 % rye, 23 % sunflowerseeds vers. 19 % wheat, 25 % rye, 20 % sunflowerseeds) with two dosages can influence Performance parameters, nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy at laying hens The investigations comprised six experimental diets. Besides a Performance trial with 60 animals per treatment a balance study with six animals per tratment were carried out. At the Performance trial neither between the experimental diets nor between the enzyme dosages statistically differences could be found at the Performance parameters. A positive influence of the enzyme supplementation on the reduction of dirty eggs could be observed in both experimental rations; in the course of which the higher enzyme dosage had a bigger effect. At the balance trial no response of the addition of the multi enzyme complex on nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy could be found.
Cholesteringehalt in Eiern und Blut von Federwild (Kurzmitteilung)
Authors: Straková E. , Vitula F. , Suchý P. , Vecerek V. , Skaloud J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Cholesterol concentration in yolks and blood plasma in five species of game birds (short communication) Cholesterol concentrations were determined in yolks and blood plasma of five significant species of game birds (common partridge, wild turkey, common pheasant, guinea fowl, and chukar partridge). Two yolk samples and one blood plasma sample were collected from 15 female birds of each species. Dimensions, whole egg weight and weights of sheli, yolk, and white were recorded for each egg. Mean blood plasma concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the common partridge (3.44 mmol/1), the wild turkey (3.78 mmol/1), and the common pheasant (3.67 mmol/1) than in the guinea fowl (2.61 mmol/1) and the chukar partridge (2.26 mmol/1). Mean yolk cholesterol concentrations in the wild turkey (1030 mg/100 g), the guinea fowl, and the chukar partridge (both 1010 mg/100 g) were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the common pheasant (960 mg/100 g) and the common partridge (930 mg/100 g/1). Mean blood plasma cholesterol concentrations exceeded mean yolk concentrations by a 7- to !2fold. Blood plasma cholesterol concentrations were near the lower limit of the normal range for domestic fowl, while yolk concentrations in the game birds were markedly lower than in the domestic chicken.
Variation und Eignung von physiologischen Merkmalen des Glukosetoleranztestes für die indirekte Eigenleistungsprüfung von Jungbullen
Authors: Panicke L. , Fischer E. , Staufenbiel R.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Variation and suitability of physiological indicators of the glucose tolerance test for the indirectly evaluation of young bulls The parameters of glucose tolerance test are suitable for an additional recommendation for the valuation of the breeding bulls before the start of test could be given. This show the Variation, the genetic determination and the mean correlations between physiological indicator and estimated breeding value by 0.40 to 0.50. The offspring's breeding value is suitable equivalent examined physiological indicators. These relationships are affected by factors such as experimental conditions, age and nutritional State of animals.
Auswirkungen intensiven Wachstums auf Konstitutionsmerkmale in einer Mäuse-Auszuchtpopulation: Ein Vergleich von Lebensleistungsdaten der G 89/90 der 90er Jahre mit denen der G 8/9 der 60er Jahre
Authors: Meyer J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Effects of intensive growth on constitutional traits in a mouse outbred stock: comparison of life Performance results of G 89/90 in the 90,h with results of G 8/9 in the 60,h Laboratory animal populations are characterised among other things by traits of their breeding Performance. The value of information of these traits is increasing with the amount per breeder of proofed litter Performances and is maximum, when it is possible to keep the animals over the time of reproduction- and lactation end until their natural end of lifetime. The result ofa comparison of generations that is each done with 100 female breeders is that it was not possible to keep the mouse outbred stock on the same level of Performance (Constitution) within its meanwhile more than 40 years of breeding-history. The obviously all deciding trait is the animals' body weight (composition?), that has been increasing over more than 20% from a more intensive young animals' development up to over all Steps of old animals' ages. Higher fertility (litter size, litter interval with homogeneous first mating age in 49 days) and higher lactation Performance (litter weight development) are linked with such a shortened productive time that live Performance of the G 8/9 are not reached anymore. The age of live has decreased as well (78 in comparison to 100%). The breeding strategy has moreover stayed the same over the years. Therefore the supposed „improvements" in the environment, especially the mouse's nutrition, and the out of this following genotypeenvironment- interaction have to be seen as the main cause of the change of traits of the population. These common valid and therefore also for the agricultural productive livestock applying results emphasize, that by intensifying the especially growing and younger animals' nutrition, a shortening effect of the productive time and the lifetime has to be accepted.
Mit Liposomen unterstützte Leukozytenkulturen und Standardisierungsversuche für zytogenetische Präparationen
Authors: Kovács B. Z. , Stranzinger G.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Liposome supported leukocyte eultures and standardisation for zytogenetic preparations There are considerable difficulties in making constant and qualitatively good chromosomal preparations from breeding animals. Varying animal material (without special management information), ingredients of the media, mitogenes, or different qualities of fetal calf serum are all influencing factors. We made experiments with liposomes, which have shown in the literature lo improve the quality of chromosomal preparations. There are only a few examinations reported about optimizing the culture conditions for short term cultures, including the following chromosomal preparations as well. These experiments have shown that fetal calf serum cannot be replaced by liposomes and the mitogene is obligatory for metaphases.
Characteristics of steers of six beef breeds fattened from eight months of age and slaughtered at a target level of intramuscular fat – II. Meat quality
Authors: Chambaz A. , Kreuzer M. , Scheeder M. R. L. , Dufey P.-A.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Meat quality of Angus (AN), Simmental (SI), Charolais (CH), Limousin (LI), Blonde d'Aquitaine (BL), and Piedmontese (PI) steers (n = 22 per breed group) was measured in the M. longissimus dorsi (M.l.d.) and the M. biceps femoris, regio glutea (M.b.f.). Animals were fattened in two subsequent series on a forage-based diet until a target level of 3.5 % intramuscular fat (IMF) was reached aecording to real-time ultrasound assessments in the live animals or until 15 months of fattening had passed. Series 1 was performed in a tie-stall barn while a loosehousing system with straw bedding was applied in series 2. The actually measured IMF contents in M.l.d. were 3.35, 3.47, 3.49, 3.48, 2.34 and 2.40 % for AN, SI, CH, LI, BL and PI, respectively. Breed group differences in IMF content were mostly accompanied by a contrary Variation either in muscle water or protein content. Muscle cholesterol levels were similar for all breeds amounting to 47 and 51 mg/100 g on average in M.l.d. and M.b.f, respectively. Early and late postmortem muscle pH was relatively similar among breeds, but water-holding capacity, measured as losses due to drip, ageing, thawing and cooking, was unfavourably high in AN (drip loss excepted) in both muscles. Cooking loss tended to be lowest in PI, drip loss in SI. The AN showed the palest meat. In line with lightness, heme iron contents were clearly lowest in both muscles in the AN steers. There was no relationship found between IMF and shear force among breed groups. No significant differences between breed groups occurred in M.l.d. collagen solubility and shear force. Apart from breed differences, there were several differences noted between fattening series, namely clearly better water-holding capacity and lower shear force of the meat from series 2 (group housing) than from series 1 (tied System). The results indicate that in steers of similar IMF content and raised under the same feeding and management conditions, differences in most M.l.d. and M.b.f. quality traits were apparent, with the exception of shear force and M.l.d. collagen solubility.
Selection indexes for improved weaning and marketing body weights of the Burundi local rabbits
Authors: Anous M. R.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for growth-related traits involving body weights at 4, 6 (weaning), 8 and 10 (marketing) weeks of age and average daily gains from 4- to 6- and 6- to 10-weeks of age (postweaning daily gain) were computed on 193 males of the Burundian local rabbits . Estimates were then used for constructing thirteen selection indexes, involved body weights at 4, 6 and 10 weeks of age and daily gains, to improve body weights of rabbits at weaning and marketing. The use of weaning weight in an index combined with body weight at 4 weeks of age (W4) and posuveaning average daily gain (index12) or postweaning daily gain solely (index2) resulted in a relative efficiency of about 100 % as using weaning weight combined with body weights at 4 and 10 weeks of age (index,) or with marketing body weight (index2) or W4 (index3). The accuracy of selection (rTI) using these indexes ranged between 0.890 and 0.906. They lead to a progress in weaning weight from 77–79 g and in marketing weight from 54–56 g. However, from a practical stand point, selection on index 3, including W4 and weaning weight, or on index 5, including weaning weight alone, could be recommended for improving both weaning and marketing weights of Burundian local rabbits.
Multiple-trait genetic analyses of racing Performances of German trotters with disentanglement of genetic and driver effects
Authors: Röhe R. , Savas T. , Brka M. , Willms F. , Kalm E.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The objectives of this study were the analysis of the effect of driver on racing Performances of trotters and development of a genetic model in order to estimate genetic parameters for German trotters. Data on 6,611 trotters with 163,322 records during 1997 and 1999 were analysed with a repeatability animal model using each individual start of trotters and pedigree information of up to 11 generations (13,202 horses). Besides the driver effect, the genetic model included year-season, age and sex of trotter, racing track, distance and condition of race track as fixed effects as well as additive genetic and permanent environmental effects as random effects. Traits analysed were Square root. of rank at finish, racing time per km and the logarithms of earnings per start. Ignoring the effect of driver resulted in an overestimation of heritability of 60, 24 and 44% for rank at finish, racing time and earnings, respectively, which shows the necessity to include the driver effect in the model. Drivers regarded as fixed or random effects resulted in a marginal change in parameters. Heritabilities based on the model with fixed driver effect were 0.05, 0.29 and 0.09 for ranks at finish, racing time and earnings, respectively. Genetic correlation between rank and racing time was 0,81. Both traits were highly correlated with earnings of −0.98 and −0.89 for ranking and racing time, respectively. Most important trait for selection of racing Performance was the racing time due to its substantial higher heritability and its high genetic correlation to earnings. Additionally, rank at finish has to be included in the breeding goal because it reflects more the potential of trotters to win at finish and accounts for records without earnings.
Wärmeabgabe der Milchkühe in Abhängigkeit von der Leistung – eine Studie
Authors: Jentsch W. , Derno M. , Weiher O.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Heat production of dairy cows in dependence on milk yield - a study On base of the recommendations of energy requirement of cows the heat production was calculated of cows with 4000–12000 kg EKM (energy corrected milk = 4 % milk fat) annual milk yield. Under the conditions of energy requirement related feed energy supply and thermoneutrality the heat production increased by 40% within the mentioned range of milk yield. The results are a theoretical basis for measures in keeping animals and the construction of stables.
Gewichtsentwicklung beim Kaninchen (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nach Transfer reziproker Kernkombinationen in eine neutrale Ammenlinie
Authors: Harant H. , Porzig R. , Thielebein J. , Saar W. , Schüler L.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Development of body weight in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) after embryo transfer of reciprocal nuclear combinations to a neutral line of recipients. Ihe article describes differences in the development of body weight ofthe Fl-generations in the rabbit, which oecured after embryo transfer from reciprocal nuclear combinations to a neutral line of reeipients. These differences can be explained as expression of maternal cyto-plasmatical and / or imprinting-effects. The two races – Deutsche Riesen and Farbzwerge –, which are extremly different in body weight were used for the reciprocal crosses. The neutral reeipients were a commercial breed „Zika". Results show a significant higher litter weight of the offspring which descended from the heavier mother race. On the 84th day of life exists no differences in weight between the crosses. Differences were within the crosses between the females and males and between the crosses reciprocal different. Causes for the reciprocal sexdimorphism can be A: extrachromosomal respectively cytoplasmatic factors or B: a sex-linked and a sex-influenced heredity, which coinside and are regulated by imprinting
Direct and correlated responses to selection for 4-week body weight in two lines of Japanese quails
Authors: Brah G. S. , Chaudhary M. L. , Sandhu J. S.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Data on 29,411 quails of two selected lines along with a control line were examined over nine generations. Significant genetic gains/generation for 4-week body weight were realized in the two strains (3.70 and 3.10 g). Significant correlated genetic changes were also observed in early body weights (day-old to 3-weeks) as well as in 16-week body weight. Egg number and sexual maturity did not show any significant response while egg weight and egg mass showed desirable genetic gains. Natural selection did not seem to exert any effect. Inbreeding levels of 0.32 to 0.43 % per generation did not appear to be of any significance in affecting the response. Realized heritabilities (0.21–0.24) were reasonably consistent between sexes and matched fairly well with the nine-generation pooled sire-component heritabilities of 0.20 ± 0.04 and 0.25 ± 0.04 in the two lines. There was evidence of maternal effects as indicated by excess of dam- over the sire-component heritability. Time-trend in heritabilities was non-significant. There was good agreement between the predicted and realized genetic gains.
Content of lipid components in m. longissimus dorsi of progeny of the boars descending from reciprocal crossing of the Pietrain and Duroc breeds
Authors: Jacyno E. , Pietruszka A. , Kołodziej A. , Czarnecki R.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The study has been carried out on 72 fatteners being the offspring of crossbreed sows x Pietrain boars (group I) and hybrid boars of the ♂ Pietrain x ♀ Duroc breeds (group II) and, on the ♀ Duroc x ♂ Pietrain breed (group III). In m. longissimus dorsi, the content of dry matter, protein, intramuscular fat and total cholesterol has been determined. In the intramuscular fat of the muscle, the composition of the fatty acids has been determined. The hybrid boars with the participation of the Duroc breed (groups II and III) caused the increase (P ≤ 0.01) of the intramuscular fat and of total cholesterol in m. longissimus dorsi of their offspring, in comparison with the progeny of the Pietrain boars. However, the bigger quantity of those components (P ≤ 0.01) has been ascertained in the muscle of progeny of the hybrid boars, where the Duroc breed was in the position of the father (group III), in comparison with the reverse combination (group II). The intramuscular fat of the m. longissimus dorsi of progeny of the hybrid boars D x Pi (group III), contained more (P ≤ 0.01) SFA and less (P ≤ 0.01) UFA, including PUFA, in comparison with the progeny of the Pi boars (group I) and of the hybrid boars Pi x D (group II). The content of the aforementioned acids in fat of the muscles of the fatteners from the groups I and II, was similar. The gilts were characterised by better meatiness (P ≤ 0.01) and they contained less (P ≤ 0.01) intramuscular fat and of total cholesterol in m. longissimus dorsi, in comparison with the barrows. The fat of the gilts muscle contained less (P ≤ 0.01) of SFA and more (P ≤ 0.01) of PUFA, in comparison with barrows.
Changes in sources of shared variability of body size and shape in Egyptian local and New Zealand White breeds of rabbits during growth
Authors: Shahin K. A. , Hassan N. S.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Correlations between body weight and measurements (body length, thigh circumference, shank length and chest width) at 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age in New Zealand White (NZW), Red Baladi (RB), Black Baladi (BB) breeds of rabbits were studied by factor analysis to disclose the main sources of shared variability, to deduce the factors that describe these characteristics and to quantify breed differences in morphometric size and shape variation during growth. Differences and similarities between NZW and Egyptian rabbit breeds in factors describing variations in size and shape characters are discussed. At marketing age, compared with local breeds (RB and BB), NZW had higher communality (proportion of variance for a variable that is shared in common by other variables) for chest width and lower communality for body weight and other body shape characters. Compared with NZW, Egyptian breeds varied more in size and less in shape characters. Finding indicated that most of the common variability in live performance traits could be accounted for by two factors with the influence of general factor preponderating. Irrespective of breed, the first factor at various ages was interpreted as a general size factor. The second factor varies with breed and stage of development. In NZW, this factor at all ages (6 to 12 weeks) was described as chest width factor. The second factor in RB was designated to chest width (at 6 and 8 weeks) and a shank length at 10 and 12 weeks. In BB, the second factor was designated to chest width (at 6 weeks), a shank length (at 8 and 10 weeks) and to thigh circumference (at 12 weeks). The importance of the general size factor in relation to the second factor (shape) changes with age. The contribution of the general size factor to the total variance decreased with age in both NZW and RB, but it showed irregular pattern in BB. While that of the second factor increased with advancing age from 6 to 12 weeks in RB and from 6 to 10 weeks in NZW.
Associations between Leu/Val polymorphism of growth hormone gene and milk production traits in Black-and-White cattle
Authors: Dybus A.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Associations between polymorphism of the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene (Leu/Val) and milk production traits of Black-and-White cattle with different proportional share of Holstein Friesian genes were analysed. A total of 1086 cows were included in the study. PCR-RFLP method was used for genotyping. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles were as follows: 0.653 for LL genotype, 0.324 for LV and 0.023 for VV, and 0.815 for GHL and 0.185 for GHV. Associations between Leu/Val polymorphism and milk production traits of cows were found only in first lactation. Cows with LL genotype had higher milk, fat and protein yield compared to LV individuals (P ≤ 0.01).
Optimization of a specialized beef breeding program with a crossbreeding component
Authors: Fuerst-Waltl B. , Willam A. , Sölkner J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. A complex deterministic approach (ZPLAN) was used to optimize the breeding programs for beef breeds. For the model population 1,000 beef cows and 60,000 dual purpose Simmental cows for crossbreeding were assumed. The percentage of AI was 25% within the beef breed and 93% within the Simmental cows. Domestic AI beef bulls were used for crossbreeding only. The total merit index included beef traits (birth weight, 200-day-weight direct and maternal, 365-day-weight, daily gain, dressing percentage, EUROP grading score) and functional traits (calving ease, stillbirth, fertility and functional longevity). The proportion of foreign proven and domestic AI bulls was varied as well as the number of bulls tested on stations and on contract farms. Annual monetary genetic gain and discounted profit were used to evaluate alternative breeding strategies. Extending the number of bulls tested on stations and establishing performance testing of natural service bulls on contract farms increased the annual monetary genetic gain and the discounted profit, especially when domestic AI bulls were also used in the beef cattle breeding population.
Untersuchungen zur Wurfleistung von Sauen mit Einzel- oder Gruppenhaltung an Rohrautomaten während der Trächtigkeit
Authors: Hoy S. , Räthel C.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Investigations on fertility of sows kept in single crates or in groups with tube feeders during pregnancy Investigations with more than 1000 litters of sows kept in single crates (n = 666 litters) or in groups of 12 each with tube feeders and single feeding places (n = 343 litters) between day 35 and 108 of pregnancy have shown no significant differences neither in litter size alive born piglets nor in number of stillborn piglets per litter between single crates (11.29 alive born and 1.25 stillborn piglets/litter) and loose-housing (11.20 alive and 1.08 stillborn piglets/litter). Sows kept in single crates during pregnancy had a highly significant higher percentage of puerperal diseases (24.0 % of all litters) compared with sows housed in groups (16.9 % of all litters).
Hämatologische Variablen und Plasmacortisol bei Milchrindern in Laufstallhaltung nach der Kalbung und bei deren Kälbern. Effekte einiger konstanter und variabler Faktoren
Authors: Steinhardt M. , Thielscher H.-H.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Hematological variables and plasma cortisol in dairy cattle kept loose house and in their newborn calves. Effects of some constant and variable factors On 80 dairy cows (72 Holstein Friesian, 8 German Red and White, kept loose house) and on their newborn calves hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrite (Hk), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), plasma cortisol and body temperature (RT) and in calves saliva cortisol and body weight (KM) measurements were done and analysed considering lactation number (LANR) and gestation length (TD) of the cow, sex and KM of the calf, day time and type of birth (GV) and the time between parturition and measurement (ZGM). Type of birth was specified as GV1 (without assistance), GV2 (with moderate assistance by the herdsman, in some cases with mechanical support), and GV 3 (with heavy traction, most with mechanical support). The mean value of Hb and of MCHC was smaller and that of plasma cortisol was greater in calves comparing dams. In GV2 and GV3 the number of male calves was two times that of female calves. Mean Hb and Hk of cows were greater in GV2 comparing GV1 and GV3 but this difference was only significant for Hk between GV1 and GV2. In calves Hb, Hk and MCHC values became smaller from GV1 to GV3. Mean values of the differences calf-cow of Hb and Hk were significantly different between GV1, GV2 and GV3. Cows and calves with GV1 had significant smaller plasma cortisol concentrations than those with GV2 and GV3. Significant effects on calf plasma cortisol could be established for ZGM, GV, pCO2 and pH group and those on plasma cortisol of cows for ZGM and pCO2 of calf blood. Saliva cortisol had a stronger correlation with plasma cortisol in calves of group GV1 (r = 0.749) than in those calves of group GV2 (r = 0.432). The Q-Q Plots of the day time of birth and plasma cortisol concentration confirmed effects of the type of birth suggesting a role for diurnal effects. Results show effects of birth assistance measures common used in dairy cattle production on the variation of physiological variables in cows and calves and they were discussed regarding development quality and the reactivity of calves as affected by delivery.
Development of cattle breeding strategies in Europe
Authors: Kalm E.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Modern milk production in Europe will undergo a radical structural change both in terms of the dairy farmer and the breeding companies. Thus, cooperation between breeding companies or breeding associations will be a necessary tool to survive in the global economy. Although some of the new molecular techniques are already in the beginning of its practical implementation, the breeding industry needs to consider international collaborations to obtain higher economic gain of certain breeds. Above that, the dairy breeding industry should think about the implementation of crossbreeding schemes to use the non-additive effects more efficiently. The implementation of crossbreeding schemes requires an even closed collaboration between the acting breeding companies and the commercial producers as it has already been shown in poultry, swine and beef cattle. These rapid developments in the entire dairy breeding industry will also influence the current dairy organizations and require their adjustment to a more flexible economy.
Ethological study of social behaviour of pigs from the point of view of housing restriction
Authors: Hvozdik A. , Kottferová J. , da Silva Alberto J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Investigations were carried out to observe predetermined forms of social behavior in pigs affected by environmental space restriction. Pens of floor area 3.6 m2, 6.8 m2, and 29 m2 were used in the study. The experimental programme included 150 piglets from 15 litters with their mothers (10 piglets in one litter). In each cage five piglets with their mother were placed. The animals were observed from the day they were born up to the age of 6 weeks and the forms of social behavior were recorded each day 24 hours during the mentioned weeks. The piglets were weaned in the 6th week of their life and were mixed by the previous categorization of piglets. Ethological observations continued by initial way just before weaning. The piglets housed in smaller pens (3.6 m2 and 6.8 m2) showed abnormal development of agonistic behavior in terms of increased level of aggression (Mann-Whittney U test, p < 0.05). In these pens we registered high frequency of cephalic attacks to dorsal, cephalic and anogenital regions of piglets which remained unchanged after 3 weeks of the experimental programme (Wilcoxon, p < 0.05). The development of social learning in the experimental animals was retarded and the development of agonistic behavior and social hierarchy did not re-establish itself even after the 2nd week of the experiment following the dislocation of piglets to the housing space (29 m2).
Schätzung des Prüfniveaus metabolischer Merkmale beim Glukose-Toleranz-Test (GTT) an Jungbullen
Authors: Panicke L. , Fischer E. , Fischer B. , Staufenbiel R.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Level estimation of metabolic parameters in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) of young bulls The metabolic parameters of the glucose tolerance test are suitable for an additional recommendation for the valuation of the breeding bulls before the start of the offspring’s test could be given. Very important is the level of glucose half live to the begin of lactation of the cows. The other limit is the hyperglycemias greater than 10 mmol/l (or 180 mg/dl) in the glucose level in the blood. The glucose half live measured nearly 48 minutes is comparable in the 8th week post partum in lactation of cows with the young bulls in the age one year. Their combination with the pedigree breeding value is leading to increase of information, that could be utilised to the selection of improper bulls if the present results were confirmed.
Methodenvergleich zur Fettextraktion aus Rückenspeck bei der Bestimmung der Fettsäurenzusammensetzung und der Iodzahl (Kurzmitteilung)
Authors: Reichardt W. , Eckert B.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Method comparison to the fat extraction from back bacon at the determination of the fatty acid composition and the iodine value (short communication) Trichlormethane, n-hexane as pure solvents and volume-per-volume mixtures of trichlormethane-methanol 3:1, of dichlormethane-methanol 9:1 as well as 2:1 and of n-hexane-acetone 2:1 are used to extract fat from the outer layer of back bacon of pigs by means of ultra sound. From the analysis of the iodine value according to WIJS at 15 animals arose, that under the chosen conditions the n-hexane-acetone mixture expelled the highest iodine value and the narrowest correlation to the iodine value, which was calculated from the fatty acid composition. There were significant differences at the polyunsaturated fatty acids only between n-hexane and the other extraction solvents or mixtures.
Offspring sex ratio in domestic goat (Capra hircus)
Authors: Górecki M. T. , Kościński K.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The Capra genus is sexually dimorphic, males are substantially bigger than females, they fight for mating privileges and sometimes even form harems. Thus Capra genus meets the assumptions of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. However, in case of the domestic goat Capra hircus their reproduction is man-managed. We assessed whether maternal hornedness, maternal and paternal breed and age, maternal birth year, litter size, previous year offspring sex, and litter birth year influenced offspring sex ratio in the domestic goat. We examined 268 litters born in the years 1997–2002 at the Experimental Farm in Złotniki. The statistic methods used were logistic regression and Spearman rank correlation. The offspring sex ratio in the herd differed significantly from unity: 55.8% kids were females, p < 0.01. The factors that significantly influenced offspring sex ratio were maternal hornedness and maternal birth year. Horned dams (occupying high positions in the social hierarchy) produced fewer daughters (52.2% of offspring) than hornless nannies (62.2%). The fact that dams born later produce more daughters can be connected with their origin from different farms and worse environmental conditions in Złotniki in the consecutive years (because of the Experimental Farm financial problems). Moreover, Spearman rank correlation between sex ratio in the first and in the second litter was marginally significant and negative (R = −0.25, p = 0.061).
Effekte einer einmaligen oralen Eisenapplikation nach der Geburt auf die Gewichtsentwicklung sowie auf hämatologische Variablen, Hämoglobinderivate und Blutgasgehalte der Milchrindkälber während der Aufzucht in Gruppenhaltung mit Tränkeautomatenfütterung
Authors: Steinhardt M. , Thielscher H.-H.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Effects of a single oral iron application on growth and on hematological variables, hemoglobin derivatives and blood gas content in group housed feeder-fed dairy calves To characterize physiological variables in dairy calves of different developmental quality and fitness (hemoglobin content of blood low HbG1, moderate HbG2 and high HbG3) at early gowth with uniform husbandry system on dairy calves (71 German Holstein Friesian, 6 German Red Pied, 36 male and 41 female) measurements were done before (5 days of age) and repeatedly at 15, 40 and 60 days of age when calves were kept in groups with automatic feeding. Mean birth weight was not different between groups. Growth performance of calves of HbG1 was smaller then that of calves in HbG2 and HbG3. Correlations of birth weight and body weight at the following testing points with the growth criteria were of different degree within the groups. Hematological variables of the calves within the three groups changed with growth in different ways. Significant mean value differences between groups could be found for Hb, O2CAP, O2CONT, MetHb up to 40 days, for Hk, HHb, and for O2SAT up to 60 days, for MCHC up to 15 days, and for the lactate concentration at 40 days and 60 days of age. The prophylactic single oral iron application of 1000 mg in calves at birth and the iron supply of 100 mg/kg by milk replacer led to plasmairon concentrations of 20 to 40 μmol/l, but the erythropoietic reactions in the calves were different. Relationships between the quality of erythropoiesis and iron access were assessed considering the changes of the physiological variables and the initial situation in calves at birth.
Hygienic quality of cow bulk tank milk depending on the method of udder preparation for milking (short communication)
Authors: Skrzypek R. , Wójtowski J. , Fahr R.-D.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The investigations were carried out in the year 2001 on 167 Black-and-White cattle farms of Wielkopolska region (West Poland). On the farms included in the study a survey on performing the premilking procedures was conducted and the results were collected concerning analyses of bulk tank milk samples for the somatic cell count (SCC) and total microorganism count (TMC). Herds, in which udders and teats were cleaned with a towel soaked with a disinfectant or washed with water containing a disinfectant, were characterized by lowest logeSCC (12.36 and 12.41, respectively). They were followed by herds in which wiping with a dry towel (12.48) and washing with clean water (12.58) were practiced. The lowest logeTMC was observed in the herds in which udders and teats were cleaned with a dry towel (10.66). This characteristic was similar in the herds where washing with clean water or wiping with a towel soaked with a disinfectant were practiced (10.89 and 11.00, respectively). The highest value of logeTMC was in the herds in which washing with water containing a disinfectant was practiced (11.28). For SCC, a significant interaction was found between both pre-milking procedures. In the case of wiping with either a dry or wet towel, significantly lower values of logeSCC were observed in the herds in which forestripping was performed prior to cleaning. However, in the herds in which udders and teats were washed with water, a better option was to perform forestripping after udder and teat cleaning.
Bayesian estimation of genetic parameters for growth and carcass traits of grass-fed beef cattle by Full Conjugate Gibbs
Authors: Cantet R. J. C. , Steibel J. P. , Birchmeier A. N. , Santa Coloma L. F.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Growth and carcass data of Angus cattle were used to estimate heritabilities and genetic and environmental correlations between growth and carcass traits by means of a Bayesian data augmentation (DA) algorithm. Records were taken on 739 Angus steers from 31 sires, during 10 years of a designed progeny test. The cattle were entirely fed on grass during their lifelong. Growth traits evaluated were birth (BW), weaning (WW) and 18-month (W18) weights; and carcass traits were the weights of half the carcass (HCW), of hind "pistola" cut (HPW) and of three retail cuts (ECW). The model used for estimation was a multiple trait additive animal model. The prior densities used in the analyses were the multivariate normal for the fixed effects (with very large variances) and for the breeding values, and the inverted Wishart for the additive and environmental covariance matrices. The observed residual vector was augmented with sampled residuals for missing traits. The total number of samples drawn was 200,000. The heritabilities of growth traits increased with age at measure, and those of carcass traits were of sizeable magnitude. Whereas estimates of the genetic correlations were similar to those found in the literature for cattle fed on concentrates, environmental correlations were lower. Additive correlations between growth traits with either the HPW or ECW, were smaller than the correlations between growth characters and HCW.
Induction of fertile cycles in the Blackhead sheep during the anoestrus period
Authors: Schneider F. , Rehbock F.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. A continuous supply of lambs is expected from the market, but not realizable without additional administration of hormones in seasonal breeds kept under extensive conditions. Our study had the aim to work out a possibility to induce fertile cycles in a flock of the Blackhead sheep already in early summer. Analyses of hormones progesterone and LH in untreated ewes were used, together with other tools, to control the different treatments for success, e.g. induction of ovulation, appearance of oestrus signs, regular luteal phases or pregnancy. Annual treatments were performed on altogether 76 ewes and started in June (1998), May (1999–2001), or April (2002). All tested variants had the main aim to overcome the GnRH/LH deficiency in the summer period. First series of experiments with either a single GnRH injection, a pheromone-containing paste or FSH showed unsatisfying results. An improvement was found after a previous progesterone priming which may have simulated a luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. Further modifications of the second part of treatment revealed a successful stimulation after as well a sequential GnRH agonist administration as a PMSG regime detected by plasma progesterone and ultrasonographic analyses. Finally, births of a single lamb and a pair of twins, respectively, already in October demonstrated the essential potency of both treatment regimes. However, a simplification, i.e. reducing the number of injections, and an optimisation of added hormone amounts are necessary. At the same time, changed conditions for keeping both the pregnant ewes and earlier born lambs have to be considered.
Körperkondition und Stoffwechselstabilität als Grundlage für eine hohe Milchleistung bei ungestörter Fruchtbarkeit und allgemeiner Gesundheit von Milchkühen
Authors: Staufenbiel R. , Schröder U. , Gelfert C.-C. , Panicke L.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Body condition and metabolic stability as basis of high milk yield, reproductive performance, and general health in dairy cows The target of this study was to describe the interactions between body condition and various descriptors of yield and fertility. It was aimed to identify an optimal conditional range to be used in herd management which combines high milk yield with acceptable fertility traits and general health. For this purpose, backfat thickness was measured by ultrasound at 46111 dairy cows on 78 different farms and was subsequently related to production variables. Negative energy balance is getting more intense and prolonged with increasing milk yield. However a conditional nadir below 10 mm leads to decreased milk production. To reach a high production level without an increasing incidence of health disorders, conditional nadir should not decline below 13 mm backfat thickness on herd average. Lower value only lead to negligibly higher milk yield but cause a distinctively higher risk of fertility problems and culling. High herd yields do not have to be at expense of reproduction performance and can be achieved without extreme body condition losses. An efficient herd management can offset depression in fertility, which commonly is combined with increasing milk yield. It is suggested a standard curve for backfat thickness throughout lactation to be used in dairy herd management.
Associations between polymorphisms of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and pituitary transcription factor 1 (PIT1) genes and production traits of Limousine cattle
Authors: Dybus A. , Kmieć M. , Sobek Z. , Pietrzyk W. , Wiśniewski B.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Associations between polymorphism of the bovine growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and pituitary transcription factor 1 (PIT1) genes and production traits of Limousine cattle were analysed. A total of 130 calves were included in the study. PCR-RFLP method was used for genotyping. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles of PIT1 and GHRH were as follows: 0.0692 – AA, 0.4077 – AB, 0.5231 – BB, and 0.2731 for PIT1A, 0.7269 for PIT1B; 0.0154 – AA, 0.1692 – AB, 0.8154 – BB, and 0.1 for GHRHA, 0.9 for GHRHB. Associations between polymorphism and production traits of Limousine calves were found. Statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between individuals of different GHRH genotypes were found in relation to height at sacrum (cm) and height at withers (cm) at 210th day of age. The calves with AA genotype of GHRH were shorter (−8,14 and −8,33 cm) than AB and BB individuals (P ≤ 0.01). The small number of calves with the AA genotype did not enable important conclusions.
Genetische Analyse der Population des Vorderwälder Rindes
Authors: Biedermann G. , Ott B. , Rübesam K. , Maus F.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Title of the paper: Genetic analysis of the population of Vorderwald cattle The actual population of Vorderwald cattle, comprising 5452 animals has been analysed concerning the gene contribution, the generation interval and the degree of relationship and inbreeding with regard of five generations of ancestors. About 84 % of the genes are originating from Vorderwald cattle. The genetic portions of other breeds have been contributed by Red Holsteins, Montbéliards and Ayrshires. The average generation interval parents–current animals is about 4.5 years. The mean relationship has been found out with 5.5 % within the bulls and 3.4 % within the cows. Accordingly the mean coefficient of inbreeding is higher within the bulls (2,7 %) than within the cows (2,4 %). Only 28.6 % of the bulls and 36.6 % of the cows are not inbred. With 0.9 % the increase of inbreeding in the last generation is of alarming proportions; that’s why a carefully directed program of mating has to be recommended.