bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact lens wear in dry environments
Authors: Nilsson Sven Erik G. , Andersson Lennart
Published: May 2009

Abstract The relation between relative humidity at the place of work and subjective discomfort as well as a number of objective parameters was studied in 34 contact lens wearers. Subjects in a low relative humidity (< about 30%) showed significantly shorter BUT on the lens and more prominent lens deposits than subjects in a higher relative humidity (> 40%). A short BUT on the lens was associated with lens deposits (and vice versa) and restricted lens movements. Discomfort was particularly prominent when humidity was less than about 25%, when BUT on the lens was < 20 sec, and when lens deposits were present. An experiment where relative humidity was manipulated between about 20 and 50% showed that subjects with a short BUT on the lens and prominent lens deposits were much more sensitive to a low relative humidity than other subjects. Enzymatic cleaners, frequent lens replacements, and loose fits were valuable to lessen discomfort.
Frequent disc photography and computerized perimetry in eyes with optic disc haemorrhage
Authors: Heijl Anders
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two patients (one with glaucoma with field loss, one with ocular hypertension) with previously known optic disc haemorrhage were followed with frequent disc photography, computerized perimetry and tonometry for a period of one year. Nine haemorrhages were seen in three of the four eyes studied. Three bleedings showed sudden enlargements, interpreted as re‐bleedings, during the absorption phase. Haemorrhages were not associated with any stepwise localized or general worsening of the visual field, nor did the fields deteriorate during the period of the study. No structural changes of the optic nerve head were seen after the bleedings during the observation time of one year. The duration of the haemorrhages varied, but no bleeding lasted less than one week. Before disappearing they were often so small that they could only be detected when series of photographs were examined in chronological order. Haemorrhages large enough to be discernible on isolated slides were present in 20% of the disc photographs. Thus disc haemorrhages are transient and easy to overlook. Many careful observations may be necessary before the first haemorrhage is seen. Each individual bleeding is a minor vascular incident which usually leaves no measurable functional or structural trace.
Adverse reactions to fluorescein angiography
Authors: Karhunen Ulla , Raitta Christina , Kala Risto
Published: May 2009

Abstract Adverse reactions to ophthalmic patients during 9909 fluorescein angiographies during 9 years were registered. Nausea (4.6%) and vomiting (1.3%) were the most common untoward reactions. Allergic skin manifestations occurred in 48 patients, and 5 patients complained of shortness of breath. 56 patients (0.6%) felt dizzy during or immediately after the investigation. Nine patients complained of chest pain, three of whom developed myocardial infarction.

Sixteen patients collapsed during the procedure. One healthy male, 42‐year‐old, collapsed after the injection of fluorescein during angiography, and electrocardiogram showed an asystole of 24 seconds. Otherwise, the electrocardiograms registered on 100 consecutive patients did not reveal any systematic changes in heart rate or rhythm during fluorescein angiography.
Intersubject variability in corneal swelling response to anoxia
Authors: Efron Nathan
Published: May 2009

Abstract A controlled, double‐masked, randomized experiment was conducted on 9 human subjects, to determine whether there is an intersubject difference in the corneal swelling response to anoxia. A statistically significant intersubject variability was observed (P < 0.001), with oedema ranging from a mean of 3.6% to 7.3% following 3 h exposure to humidified nitrogen gas (anoxia). This result supports the hypothesis of previous workers that the intersubject difference in the corneal oedema response to a thick HEMA “stress lens” is due to oxygen deprivation and not some other physiological variable resulting from lens wear.
Eye symptoms and signs in buildings with indoor climate problems (‘office eye syndrome’)
Authors: Franck Carsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract Break‐up time measurements and Lissa‐mine green staining were performed on 169 office workers in 4 town halls in Copenhagen where the occupants complained about the indoor air quality. In a questionnaire investigation one year before the study it was found that 25% of all the employees had eye irritation several times a week. A statistically significant association (P < 0.025) was found between eye irritation and unstable precorneal film (reduced break‐up time) and/or lissamine green stained epithelial damage. There was a significant rank correlation between eye irritation and different degrees of dry eyes (P < 0.00006). The investigation proved that eye irritation associated with indoor climate problems can be related to objective pathological changes in the eyes as found in the dry eyes. The findings constitute a new syndrome which I propose to name the ‘office eye syndrome’.
Dislocated intraocular lens after biodegradation of fixation loops
Authors: Krause Ulf , Alanko Hannu I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A boy aged 3 years had a Worst Medallion intraocular lens with loops made of nylon 6 implanted in his right eye after aspiration of traumatic cataract. Postoperatively, the eye was irritated and showed increased tendency to secondary membrane formation. The patient was lost to follow‐up 3 months post‐operatively. He returned 5 years later because of 4 days of pain and redness in his right eye. On examination, the optic part of the intraocular lens was seen to lie free in the anterior chamber. The loops were broken near their insertions in the lens body. The distal ends of the broken loops could not be detected in the pupillary region. No traces of the iris fixation suture were to be seen. The lens was removed and subjected to scanning electron microscopy which revealed extensive biodegradative changes in the 3 loop stumps, the 4th being totally dissolved. The young age of the patient and the chronic inflammation may have had an accelerating effect on the nylon degradation. We conclude that children with eyes implanted with nylon‐loop lenses should stay under regular ophthalmological control.
Contrast sensitivity in amblyopia: III. Effect of occlusion
Authors: Koskela Pentti U. , Hyvarinen Lea
Published: May 2009

AbstractContrast sensitivity of 26 children (mean age. 9 years) was measured using vertical gratings during the course of pleoptic treatment. A statistically highly significant improvement in the vision of amblyopic eyes occurred during intensive treatment in the hospital. Odusion of the amblyopic eye (inverse occlusion) before the pleopic treatment did not effect the function of the aniblyopic eyes. During 8‐week occlusion of the domi‐ nant eye (direct occlusion) after pleopic treatment changes in the vision of the amblyopic eyes were stastistically insignificant. In some patients there was change in contr;ist sensitivity without a corresponding change in visual acuity. The contrast sensitivity of the dominant eye dec reased markedly during occlusion in 12 patients. Alter a continuous occlusion of only 2 weeks there was a st;itistically significant decrease at spatial frequency 6 c/deg. There was no simultaneous decrease of visual acuity; thus the change can be called 'hidden occlusion amblyopia‘. An additional 8‐week occlusion did not cause any statistically significant decrease in contrast sensitivity, but visual acuity of 2 patients decreased slightly, a sign of beginning occlusion amblyopia. The changes disap‐peared during 'Einsch1eich‘‐occlusion or penalization ex‐cept in one child whose previously dominant eye became non‐dominant and slightly amblyopic.
Effects of surgery on the dominant eye in exodeviations
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar
Published: May 2009

Abstract It has been suggested that operating the dominant eye is a more effective way of treatment for exodeviations than the conventional non‐dominant eye surgery. We have tested this idea in groups of children and adults with intermittent and constant exotropia. In a first group of 30 patients where the non‐dominant eye was operated on, we found that our initial technique resulted in an undercorrection averaging 11 prism diopters. Modification of the technique, by increasing the relative amount of surgery on the non‐dominant eye in another group of 41 patients, improved the results significantly in adult patients, but not in children. Operations on the dominant eye in a third group of 26 patients were no more successful than non‐dominant eye surgery with the initial technique. Thus, we did not obtain better results in operations on the dominant eye with our technique than we did with surgery on the non‐dominant eye.
Non‐invasive tear film break‐uptime: sensitivity and specificity
Authors: Mengher L S. , Pandher K. S. , Bron A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The accuracy of a diagnostic technique; non‐invasive tear film break‐up time (NIBUT) was determined by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Thirty‐three dry eye patients (65 eyes) of varying severity (mild, moderate and severe) and 66 age and sex matched normal subjects (132 eyes) were examined. The results indicate that the critical value of 10 seconds for the NIBUT provides sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 86%.
A microbiological study of conjunctivitis with emphasis on Chlamydia trachomatis, in Northern Norway
Authors: Olafsen Lise D. , Størvold Gunnar , Melby Kjetil
Published: May 2009

Abstract To determine the microbiological agents in conjunctivitis in children and young adults, physicians outside hospitals were asked to obtain samples from the conjunctiva in patients presenting with conjunctivitis. Specimens from 194 patients and 177 healthy controls were cultivated for Chlamydia trachomatis. In 12 cases Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated (i.e. 4 neonates, 1 three‐year‐old child and 7 adults, aged 17 to 39 years), but in none of the controls. Of the specimens from patients 168 and all of the healthy controls were cultivated for both bacteria (including Chlamydia trachomatis) and viruses. The main microorganisms, regarded as infectious, were Haemophilus influenzae (20), Streptococcus pneumoniae (18), Staphylococcus aureus (14) and Chlamydia trachomatis (9). Haemophilus influenzae (non‐typable strains) were isolated more frequently in the age group below 5 years of age than in the age group 5–50 years. Herpes simplex virus (type II) was isolated in one neonate. Chlamydia trachomatis is among the most important infectious agents in conjunctivitis treated outside hospitals. As chlamydial infections need special attention regarding treatment and follow‐up, physicians should be encouraged to obtain specimens for microbiological examination, including chlamydia, from the population at risk.
Changes in refraction and corneal curvature during growth and adult life
Authors: Fledelius Hans C. , Stubgaard Max
Published: May 2009

Abstract A cross‐sectional analysis was performed regarding refractive value (spherical equivalent) and keratometry in a sample comprising 454 subjects aged 5–80 years. The refractive range was +5.5 to ‐6.75D. According to the requirements of a parallel study of eye position and age, eyes with excessive ametropia had been excluded, but otherwise the sample was considered refractively unselected. Concerning refractive distribution, the present data supplement previous investigations of adults by the first author. Myopia increased from 6% in the age group 5–10 years to a peak level about 35% in adults aged 20–40, with a subsequent decrease towards old age, where hypermetropia showed a significantly increasing share. Concerning corneal curvature radius, male and female mean values (7.93 and 7.75 mm) showed no variation through the age span under study, however with a tendency of decreasing at old age (significantly in males only). The possible association with refractive change by age is discussed. Corneal astigmatism showed the established shift from predominantly with‐rule in the very young to more against‐rule and oblique astigmatism cases in older subjects.
Some components affecting the precision of corneal thickness measurement performed by optical pachometry
Authors: Edmund Carsten , la Cour Morten
Published: May 2009

Abstract With the Haag‐Streit pachometer attached to a Haag‐Streit 900 slit‐lamp, 29 normal individuals were examined by repeated measurements on two separate days by the same observer. A statistical variance component model admitted three components of variance to be separated and estimated as SD: The biological day to day variation (0.006 mm), the variation attributed to the slit‐lamp adjustment (0.005 mm), and the variation derived from the adjustment of the pachometer (0.013 mm). Knowing these components an optimum practical procedure of examination can be established.
Lysozyme in tears during post‐operative inflammation of the eye
Authors: Sand B. B. , Jensen O. L. , Eriksen J. S. , Vinding T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Lysozyme (ly) concentration in tears was measured the day before and the days following intracapsular cataract extraction in 25 patients. A median ly concentration of 1.30 mg/ml was found pre‐operatively. On the first post‐operative day a significant drop in the median ly concentration was observed (0.58 mg/ml). Thereafter a gradual rise towards pre‐operative level was found at the 12th post‐operative day. An inverse correlation existed between ly concentrations and Schirmer values during the observation period, and dilution thus seems to be an important cause of the post‐operative drop in ly concentration. We observed an inverse relationship between ly level, and the number (%) of patients displaying bacterial colonization of the conjunctival sac 24 h later. The most frequently isolated bacteria were staphylococcus albus and diphteroids. It is proposed that the drop in ly concentration post‐operatively may contribute to an increased risk of bacterial colonization of the eye post‐operatively.
α1‐antitrypsin in acute anterior uveitis and rheumatic diseases
Authors: Saari K. M. , Kaarela K. , Korpela T. , Laippala P. , Frants R. R. , Eriksson A. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract To test the pathogenetic role of the phenotype MZ of α1‐antitrypsin/α1‐protease inhibitor (PI) in acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and in different rheumatic diseases we examined 360 unrelated patients including 93 with AAU alone, 24 patients with AAU and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 21 patients with AAU and Reiter's disease (RD), 26 patients with AAU, AS, and RD 54 patients with AS alone, 16 patients with RD alone, 115 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) alone, and 11 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PA) alone. Of the 164 AAU patients, 80 had a single attack, and 84 had repeated episodes. There were neither significant differences between different groups of the patients and 120 healthy controls nor between patients with AAU alone and patients with AAU and AS or RD in the frequencies of the PI phenotypes tested. The results indicate that the PI MZ type is not closely associated with AAU, AS, RD, RA and PA and that it does not play any role in determining whether AAU shows a pattern of a single attack or repeated episodes, and whether AAU occurs alone or together with AS or RD.
Contrast sensitivity in amblyopia II. Changes during pleoptic treatment
Authors: Koskela Pentti U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Contrast sensitivity at spatial frequencies 1 ‐ 19 c/deg was measured in 56 children (mean age 10 years), who had received pleoptic treatment. Measurements were done at the beginning and at the end of a pleoptic treatment period as well as at follow‐up using vertical gratings. A deficiency was observed in contrast sensitivity of amblyopic eyes at all spatial frequencies, but it was most notable at high spatial frequencies. Both types of CSF presented by Hess & Howell (1977) were found in all groups of amblyopia. A statistically significant improvement in the mean value of contrast sensitivity of the amblyopic eyes was observed at all spatial frequencies during the pleoptic treatment, although in 12 cases fixation and vision did not improve. Correlation with the improvement in visual acuity was poor. In several cases a change was observed in only one of the two parameters in question. Regarding the better eye, there were some signs of ‘hidden occlusion amblyopia’: in a few cases contrast sensitivity of the dominant eye deteriorated during the treatment period without a change in visual acuity only to risk back to the previous level at the follow‐up.
Contrast sensitivity in amblyopia IV. Assessment of vision using vertical and horizontal gratings and optotypes at different contrast levels
Authors: Koskela Pentti U. , Hyvärinen Lea
Published: May 2009

Abstract The contrast sensitivity of 49 amblyopic children (mean age 9 years) was measured in the beginning and at the end of a treatment period using both vertical gratings and optotypes (LH‐4 contrast test) at 2, 3, 5 and 75% contrast. The contrast sensitivity of 37 patients was also measured using horizontal gratings. The contrast sensitivity of the dominant eyes measured with vertical gratings was generally higher than when measured with horizontal gratings. The difference was statistically significant at spatial frequencies 1 and 6 c/deg. A similar difference was present in the amblyopic eyes only at the spatial frequency 1 c/deg both before and after the treatment. Individual variation was great; in a given patient the relationship between the two measurements varied from one spatial frequency to the next. It has been shown in earlier investigations that contrast sensitivity measurements using gratings reveal important new information in the study of amblyopia. Both tests, used in this investigation, measure visual function in the low contrast domain and improve follow‐up of the changes in vision during treatment of amblyopia when used in addition to visual acuity measurements. Low contrast optotype test seems to measure contrast sensitivity in amblyopia closely similarly to the grating test. The slight difference in detecting a ‘hidden occlusion amblyopia’ at the intermediate spatial frequencies needs further study.
Screening of infants for strabismus and refractive errors with two‐flash photorefraction with and without cycloplegia
Authors: Kaakinen K. , Ranta‐Kemppainen L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract 35 1/2‐year‐old and 31 1‐year‐old children were screened by two‐flash photorefraction for strabismus and refractive errors with and without cycloplegia. The sensitivity of the method to detect refractive errors was tested with an optical demonstration eye. All the children were examined clinically to compare the sensitivity of the method. Every child co‐operated with the photography, but 4 children did not co‐operate in the clinical examination and were thus excluded from the refractive material, as were also two cases of esotropias which were found. There were no false positive or negative strabismus cases. The total refractive material consisted of 120 eyes. The method was clearly more sensitive for refractive errors with cycloplegia. Even one hyperopia of +5.25 D(OD) and +6.0 D(OS) was underestimated without cycloplegia. In the material there were no cases of anisometropia of over 1.0 D in spherical equivivalent that would cause a potential risk for amblyopia. A rather good correlation of refractive results existed with the method in cycloplegia, with partial overlapping of emmetropic and moderate hyperopic cases. The screening of children aged 1/2‐1 year with two‐flash photorefraction is simple to perform. The underestimation of symmetrical hyperopias should be accepted when cycloplegia is not used. Only one successful photograph of each child is necessary for the interpretation.
Swelling pressure in bovine cornea determined by dialysis method
Authors: Midelfart Anna
Published: May 2009

Abstract The swelling pressure of 62 ± 2 mmHg and the fixed charge concentration of 15.7 ± 1.9 mmol/kg H2O were determined in bovine corneal stroma using a dialysis method. The hydration of the dialyzed stromal tissues was independent of ambient Na concentration. The same relationship was observed by incubation of whole corneas mounted in modified Ussing chambers.
Keratoendotheliitis fugax hereditaria
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract A peculiar hereditary corneal disease seen in one pedigree is presented. The disease manifests itself as transient attacks of kerato‐endotheliitis. These attacks last from a few days to some weeks. Clinically, corneal oedema and endothelial guttata‐like changes with very slight anterior chamber reaction can be seen; after many attacks there may be permanent opacities in the stroma. Endothelial specular photography during an attack reveals dramatic changes: large black non‐reflecting areas between quite normal‐looking hexagonal cells. Also between the attacks and among family members who have no clinical corneal disease, changes in the endothelium: black spots in the centres of endothelial cells and marked pleomorphism, are to be seen. Among the family members a high incidence of collagen diseases was found.
Retinal detachment
Authors: Törnquist Ragnar , Törnquist Per , Stenkula Staffan
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a population‐based material of patients with retinal detachment (RD), the pre‐operative findings in different subgroups were studied. In traumatic cases flap tears and round holes were found in at least as high a frequency as oral dialysis, or even higher. In aphakic cases subtotal or total RD was often observed on admission for surgery. A high proportion of aphakic eyes without lattice degeneration exhibited no breaks. RD in myopic eyes was usually large, and round holes were frequently found. Full‐thickness fixed retinal folds were more seldom seen pre‐operatively en myopic than in non‐myopic eyes. Lattice degeneration was usually observed in myopic RD patients of ages less than 30 years, but mainly in hyperopic or emmetropic eyes in patients over 60. In RD with lattice, multiple breaks were frequently found. A comparatively large group of RD cases without lattice were non‐traumatic, phakic and non‐myopic (40%). Most of these patients were 60 years and older. Flap tears were often seen, and the detachment was seldom large in this group.
Assessment of an elastic model in the pathogenesis of keratoconus
Authors: Edmund Carsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract One eye of 27 patients with keratoconus and 37 normals were examined by photokeratoscopy and topographic pachometry to obtain comparative informations about the corneal shape and thickness profile, characterized by radius of the central curvature K, the coefficient of radius variation RV, the central corneal thickness T and the coefficient of thickness variation TV. RV and TV express the corneal central‐peripheral variation in radius of curvature and thickness, respectively. Compared with normals the keratoconic corneas demonstrate a decrease in K and T and an increase in RV and TV. In the keratoconic eyes the decrease in K is positively correlated to the decrease in T. Further the decrease in K and T are both negatively correlated to the increase in RV and TV. Finally the increase in RV is positively correlated to the increase in TV. The results are in good accordance with an elastic model which implies increased distensibility of the keratoconic corneal tissue as a pathogenetic factor in the development of keratoconus.
Osmolality of the tear fluid in the contralateral eye during monocular contact lens wear
Authors: Martin Donald K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of monocular hydrogel contact lens wear on the osmolality of the tear fluid in the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes was measured. The hydrogel contact lenses were of similar diameter and either 38% or 70% water content with thicknesses of 0.07 mm, 0.15 mm or 0.30 mm. The ipsilateral eye showed an initial 2 m.osm/kg decrease (hypo‐osmotic) in tear fluid osmolality from baseline after lens insertion. After 5 min the osmolality increased (hyperosmotic) to 15 m.osm/kg greater than baseline, remaining around this level for the 60 min of lens wear. This hyperosmotic change was attributed to an increase in water evaporation due to disruption of the tear film by the contact lens. There was a similar pattern of change in the contralateral eye, but of smaller magnitude. All contact lenses produced a similar effect on tear fluid osmolality, except the combination of a 0.30 mm thick lens of 70% water content fitted with a flat bearing relationship which induced a greater hyperosmotic change after 5 min wear.
Morning glory disc anomaly with pulsating peripapillary staphyloma
Authors: Vuori M.‐L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of morning glory disc anomaly with pulsating peripapillary staphyloma is reported and the literature reviewed. The aetiology of this malformation remains a problem.
A simple clinical method of assessing patients with optic nerve hypoplasia The disc‐macula distance to disc diameter ratio (DM/DD)
Authors: Wakakura Masato , Alvarez Emilio
Published: May 2009

Abstract The diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia may be difficult when the optic disc is only slightly reduced in size, or when central visual acuity is normal, or only minimally decreased. In these cases, measurement of the DM/DD ratio can provide a valuable tool in establishing the diagnosis. By means of fundus photographs the ratio of the distance between the centre of the optic disc and the fovea centralis, to the diameter of the optic disc (the DM/DD ratio) is measured. We have calculated the DM/DD ratio in 19 eyes of 11 patients with optic nerve hypoplasia and found it to be significantly higher than the ratios obtained for 58 eyes of 48 normal subjects, 22 eyes of 11 patients with primary open angle glaucoma and 25 eyes of 16 patients with optic atrophy. The DM/DD ratio is easily estimated and is recommended as a simple means of establishing the diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia.
Irreversible immune reactions following keratoplasty
Authors: Baun Ole , Gregersen Eilif , Prause Jan Ulrik
Published: May 2009

Abstract A total of 16/206 eyes in 14/186 patients developed irreversible immune reactions. 15 of the rejected eyes belonged to the ‘classical' risk groups, i.e. systemic immune disorders (3/3), metaherpetic keratitis (6/41), pseudophakic bullous keratopathy with inflammation (2/6), non herpetic keratitis with vessel invasion (1/23) and 3 regrafts not included in these groups (a total of 7/31 regrafted eyes rejected). Only 1 rejection occurred in the low‐risk groups: an aphakic eye with bullous keratopathy. Histopathological examination revealed that discs which later developed irreversible immune reactions had invariably been grafted in eyes which had vascular invasion and/or inflammation of the recipient cornea. In all, 55/206 eyes ended up with opaque grafts, i.e. irreversible immune reactions were responsible for about one third to one‐quarter of the graft failures in the present material. The irreversible immune reactions in the material must be considered ‘minimum values', since possible abortive, torpid immune reactions may have escaped recording.
Aqueous humour concentration of metoprolol after oral administration
Authors: Calissendorff Berit
Published: May 2009

Abstract The concentration of the beta‐adrenergic blocking agent metoprolol was determined in the blood plasma and aqueous humour of two groups of subjects after oral administration of the compound. One group (8 cases) had received a single divided dose of metoprolol, whilst the other group (7 cases) was receiving chronic therapy with the drug. There was a tendency towards a higher concentration of metoprolol in the aqueous humour as compared to the blood plasma in the chronic treatment group in contrast to the ‘single' dose group.
Two year electrophysiology follow‐up in quinine amblyopia
Authors: Moloney Jane B. M. , Hillery Maureen , Fenton Maurice
Published: May 2009

Abstract A 19‐year‐old girl presenting with quinine amblyopia had serial electrophysiology studies over a 2 year period. Visually evoked responses and the electro‐oculogram were abolished early. By 2 months the VER and visual acuity had returned to normal. The electro‐retinogram, initally mildly subnormal, became virtually abolished by 2 months. No recovery in cone function took place. Of the rods 50% regained function with normal latency by 1 year, but receptor sensitivity did not return to normal until 2 years after ingestion. The electro‐oculogram also recovered slowly over a 2 year period. This pattern suggest that quinine exerts a direct toxic effect on the cells of the outer retina and pigment epithelium, as well as on the ganglion cells.
Subclinical optic neuropathy in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Engell Tine , Trojaborg Werner , Raun Niels Erik
Published: May 2009

Abstract Affection of the optic nerves play a central role in multiple sclerosis (MS) symptomatology. In reported autopsy series the prevalence of optic neuropathy has approached 100%. In the present study subclinical affection of the optic nerves was investigated by visual evoked response (VER), Farnworth‐Munsell 100 Hue test (FM 100 Hue test) and Ishihara plates in 17 patients with normal visual acuity and without a history of acute optic neuritis. Optic neuropathy was demonstrated in 72% of the eyes. The occurrence of optic neuropathy was also investigated by the same methods in 16 patients with previous acute optic neuritis, which was bilateral in 5 patients. Affection of the optic nerves was demonstrated in 95% in this group. The affection of also the fellow eye in patients with previous monolateral optic neuritis is unexplained. It may be an analogue to the symmetry of plaques found in the brain and the spinal cord. The cause of this peculiar distribution of lesions is, like the ethiology of MS, unexplained at present. In compairing the different methods of demonstrating optic neuropathy, VER is recommended as the method of choice.
Ocular polyarteritis nodosa
Authors: Håskjold Erling , Frøland Stig , Egge Kjell
Published: May 2009

Abstract A patient with bilateral amaurosis as a complication to polyarteritis nodosa is presented. He developed affection of the central retinal arteries and the arteries supplying the optic discs followed by retinal and optic atrophy. After one month no vessels could be observed neither in the retinae nor at the optic discs. The importance of early diagnosis and aggressive immunosuppressive treatment is stressed.
Plasmin in tear fluid of patients with corneal ulcers: basis for new therapy
Authors: Salonen Eeva‐Marjatta , Tervo Timo , Törmä Esa , Tarkkanen Ahti , Vaheri Antti
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a patient with chronic corneal ulcer, resistant to conventional therapy, analysis of tear fluid revealed a high plasmin activity which could be inhibited by aprotinin, an inhibitor of serine proteinases. Therapy with topical aprotinin resulted in rapid epithelialization. After this initial patient, within a period of four months tear fluid specimens of altogether 48 patients with corneal lesions were analyzed, and 32 were found to be positive for proteolytic activity. Of these 18 were treated with topical aprotinin which rapidly promoted corneal epithelial healing. Six of these patients had been treated with conventional therapy for 3–10 weeks but proved to be completely therapy‐resistant. Our observations on three successfully treated patients with chemical burns of the cornea indicated appearance of plasmin in tear fluid after a few days correlating with cessation of epithelialization. In all patients, in which tear fluid plasmin activity was followed, the activity disappeared during aprotinin therapy correlating with corneal re‐epithelialization. In some patients with low proteolytic activity aprotinin was combined with fibronectin with a beneficial therapeutic effect. No proteolytic activity was found in the tear fluid of control individuals. These preliminary data indicate that in patients with treatment‐resistant corneal lesions inhibition of proteolytic activity can assist in epithelial healing. Such an inhibition is likely to be a prerequisite for the proteinase‐sensitive cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin to promote epithelialization.
Updating of methods for prevention of HIV transmission during ophthalmological procedures
Authors: Tervo T. , Laatikainen L. , Tarkkanen A. , Valle S.‐L. , Tervo K. , Vaheri A. , Suni J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) particles in the tear fluid, on the conjunctival surface or in the contact lenses of patients with chronic HIV infection has made it necessary to establish better for guide‐lines for decontamination of instruments during ophthalmological procedures. The methods are now at the stage of evolution. The present paper describes the disinfection procedures used in the Helsinki University Eye Hospital and updates the present decontamination protocols.
Relation between blink frequency and break‐up time?
Authors: Prause Jan U. , Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A possible correlation between break‐up time (BUT) and blink frequency was investigated in 32 healthy persons (17 females and 15 males) and in 29 patients suffering from primary Sjögren's syndrome (27 females and 2 males). A significant negative correlation, was found between BUT and blink frequency. In persons with high BUT, the blink frequency is low, probably just sufficient to prevent spontaneous tear breaks. In persons with low BUT, i.e. the Sjögren patients, the blink frequency is high, and tear fluid breaks are mostly prevented.
Impairment of colour vision associated with amiodarone keratopathy
Authors: Duff G. R. , Fraser A. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Objective changes in colour vision have not been demonstrated previously in patients on long‐term amiodarone therapy, although the occurrence of blurring of vision and seeing coloured haloes around lights has been widely reported. In a masked study, colour vision was assessed in 15 patients who had been treated with amiodarone for 16–72 months. Subjects with extensive corneal microdeposits (Miller stage 3) had worse colour vision than subjects with mild or moderate corneal changes (Miller stages I and 2) (P = 0.02), and higher serum concentrations of the metabolite desethlyamiodarone (P = 0.008). The only subject with marked asymmetry of corneal changes had a long‐standing unilateral ptosis, suggesting that exposure to light might influence the development of corneal changes.
Malignant melanoma of the choroid in an infant with the dysplastic naevus syndrome
Authors: Jensen O. A. , Movin M. , Müller J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A 7‐month‐old Algerian boy with numerous skin naevi from birth was found to have a malignant melanoma of the choroid, giving symptoms from the age of 3 months. The ocular and cutaneous tumours were shown to be melanocytic by a battery of histochemical tests and by electron microscopy. The rarity of the case is discussed on basis of the literature, and it is concluded that the case is unique because of the early age at which both the ocular tumour and the dysplastic naevus syndrome occurred.
Corneal transplantation using 4‐week banked donor material. Long‐term results
Authors: Andersen Jørgen , Ehlers Niels
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Thirty‐six corneal transplantations employing banked donor material maintained during prolonged storage (mean: 29.5 days) in organ culture at 31°C were followed for 5 years. The overall graft survival was 80%, and graft failures were almost exclusively found in a pre‐operatively defined risk group where the survival rate was 49.6% compared with 95.5% in the non‐risk group. Five years after transplantation the mean central thickness of surviving grafts was 0.52 mm and the mean endothelial cell density 862 cells/mm2. All grafts were optically clear judged by slit‐lamp appearance even though a higher degree of ligt‐scatter was demonstrated compared with controls. The functional results were satisfactory with an over‐all mean visual acuity of 0.67 cc. Excluding cases where low visual performance had non‐corneal causes, 88% of patients obtained 0.5 cc or better. The median spherical equivalent of corneal curvature was 8.23 mm and the median astigmatism 4 diopters. Intraocular pressure was normal, and all grafts had obtained some degree of sensibility, although reduced compared with controls. The study demonstrates that banked donor material can be successfully employed for corneal transplantation achieving favourable long‐term results.
Exfoliation syndrome in enucleated haemorrhagic and absolute glaucoma
Authors: Karjalainen Kari , Tarkkanen Ahti , Merenmies Lauri
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Occurrence of exfoliation syndrome was studied in 172 eyes enucleated for haemorrhagic and absolute glaucoma in 1962–82, using histopathological techniques. Exfoliation was found in 33% of haemorrhagic glaucoma cases and in 22% of absolute glaucoma. In patients over 70, exfoliation was found in 53% of the haemorrhagic cases and in 46% of the absolute glaucoma cases. Capsular glaucoma may provoke haemorrhagic glaucoma and may lead to blindness and enucleation of eye with or without vascular catastrophe.
Serial examination of the normal visual field using Octopus automated projection perimetry Evidence for a learning effect
Authors: Wood J. M. , Wild J. M. , Hussey M. K. , Crews S.J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The influence of prior perimetric experience on the magnitude of both differential sensitivity and the short and long term fluctuations remains unclear, and confounds accurate interpretation of visual field data obtained by computer‐assisted perimetry. The purpose of the experiment was to identify and quantify any influence of training on the automated perimetric response. The full field of the right eye of 10 clinically normal, naive subjects was examined on 8 occasions with Octopus Program 21 (target size 3) on days 1–5 inclusive, 15, 16 and 44. Sensitivity increased with serial examination in 8 subjects. By dividing the field into zones, it was demonstrated that the learning effect was greatest in the superior field and for eccentricities beyond 30°.
Pericentral Retinal Dystrophy
Authors: Grøndahl Jan
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A diagnosis of pericentral retinal dystrophy was made in 28 patients from four families, all living in North Norway. Patients from two and three generations were examined, establishing the relatively benign but progressive course of the disease. The advanced stage of pericentral retinal dystrophy could not be differentiated from the advanced stage of ‘classical’ retinitis pigmentosa. Three families demonstrated an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. In one family the mode of inheritance probably was autosomal recessive. Fluorescein angiography in the initial stage of the disease was normal, without evidence of pathological changes in the pigment epithelium or choroidal vessels, indicating that the pathological process may start in the photoreceptors.
Acute cataract in the rat after exposure to radiation in the 300 nm wavelength region A study of the macro‐, micro‐ and ultrastructure
Authors: Söderberg P. G.
Published: May 2009

Experimental and epidemiological data indicate a correlation between exposure to UV radiation and cataract morbidity. UV radiation induced cataract is thought to be evoked by photochemical mechanisms. The present investigation resolves the macroscopical events in the rat lens after a one dose exposure to spectrally and radiometrically well defined UV radiation, as revealed in light‐ and dark‐field illumination. The macroscopic sequence of events is related to the morphology as revealed by light‐ and electron microscopy. The radiation was found to alter the chromatin pattern and to induce morphological changes indicating a disturbance of the cellular water balance. The latter is assumed to cause the acute UV radiation induced opacification of the lens. It is suggested that future investigations of the toxic effects of UV radiation in the lens should focus on how UV radiation affects the chromatin and the cellular water balance.
The calcium and magnesium content of the human lens and aqueous humour A study in patients with hypocalcemic and senile cataract
Authors: Ringvold Arnund , Sagen Erling , Bjerve Kristian S. , Förlling Ivar
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Previous observations of raised calcium content in mature senile cataract are confirmed in the present study. Also human hypocalcemic cataract showed increased amounts of calcium in accordance with previous observations in animals. On the other hand, the magnesium content of the lens was not influenced by cataract development. The calcium aqueous/serum ratio was similar in all examined groups (normal, hypocalcernic‐, incipient‐, and mature senile cataract). whereas the corresponding magnesium ratio was elevated in the cataract patients. This observation may indirate a possible connection between magnesium metabolism and the development of rataract.
Long‐term visual results after laser treatment of proliferative diabetes retinopathy in childhood onset diabetes
Authors: Vatne Harald Overskott , Syrdalen Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Ninety‐seven laser treated eyes from 55 highly selected childhood onset diabetics (diabetes before the age of 15, proliferative retinopathy before the age of 31, and a follow‐up time of at least 5 years) were examined retrospectively. The eyes were divided into two groups, with or without high‐risk characteristics according to DRS classification. They were all treated with a blue‐green argon laser in the years 1974 to 1981. Of 34 eyes with high‐risk characteristics, 12 (35%) were blind (less than FC 1 M) after 5 years. Of 63 eyes without high‐risk characteristics, 8 (13%) were blind after 5 years.
Instant photographic refractometry in children
Authors: Wanger Peter , Waern Gunnela
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A simple photographic method for detection and measurement of refractive errors in children, using a specially designed camera and electronic flash unit and ‘instant’ (Polaroid) film, was tested on 64 children, aged 3 to 8 years, and compared with the results from retinoscopy. The refractive errors ranged from ‐6.5 to +6.5 D. A light reflex in the pupil was observed on the photos of all children with hyperopia > = 0.5 and myopia > = 2.0 D. A curvilinear relationship was observed (in the range ‐2 to ‐4 and +0.5 to +3 D) between the width of the light reflex in the pupil, easily measured on the photos and the degree of refractive error, determined by retinoscopy. The degree of ametropia could be estimated with reasonable accuracy (± 0.5 D) in the interval from ‐ 2 to ‐4 D and +0.5 to +3 D. The method can demonstrate the type and, to a limited extent, also the degree of refraction anomaly and may be of value in screening for refractive errors in children. photographic refractornetry
Retinal detachment treated by pneumatic retinopexy
Authors: Mortensen K. Kamp , Sjølie A. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Pneumatic retinopexy has been employed for the treatment of uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in 12 patients, with retinal tear(s) situated between 8 and 4 o'clock. The operations were performed using transconjunctival cryothermy and in‐travitreal gas‐injection of sulphurhexafluoride or per‐fluoropropane. All patients were followed for more than G months. Retinal attachment was achieved in 10 patients following the first surgical procedure. The post‐operative visual acuity was 6/12 or better in 8 patients, a further 2 patients had visual acuity of 6/36 or better. Pneumatic retinopexy was found to be an efficient and simple operative procedure for selected cases of retinal detachment, with results comparable to conventional operative procedures.
Respiratory arrest after retrobulbar block
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We describe a patient who suffered respiratory arrest some minutes after retrobulbar block before cataract extraction. She was managed by artificial respiration for 20 min, and after she had recovered from this potentially fatal complication cataract extraction was performed without complications and without any neurological sequelae. Retrobulbar blocks, as well as other retrobulbar injections, should be performed only in safe situations. Individuals trained in airway maintenance and ventilatory support should be immediately available, and the patient must be monitored for at least 10 min after the retrobulbar injection.
The corneo‐limbal ring in normal and keratoconic eyes
Authors: Edmund Carsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The corneo‐limbal ring (CLR) is defined here as the best fitting ellipse within the limbal region and characterized by the horizontal diameter (Dh), the vertical diameter (Dv), the eccentricity (e), and the circumference (O). The shape of CLR is expressed by e. The larger the e the more oval is CLR. Based on photoslit‐lamp examination the parameters of CLR were estimated in 29 normal and 27 keratoconic eyes. Pooled values of the normal eyes demonstrated x̄ ± SD of Dh, Dv, e, and O to be 11.86 ± 0.53, 11.47 ± 0.68, 0.25 ± 0.11 and 36.65 ± 1.83 mm, respectively. No significant differences could be demonstrated between normal and keratoconic eyes with respect to the CLR parameters. From photokeratoscopic examinations the corneal astigmatism (ΔKmm) was determined in the two groups. In the normal, but not in the keratoconic group ΔK was positively correlated to the difference between Dh, and Dv. In conclusion, the equal shape and size of CLR in normal and keratoconic eyes indicate a mainly corneal alteration in keratoconus.
Isolation and culture of basal cells of the human corneal epithelium
Authors: Håskjold Erling , Nicolaissen Bjørn
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The present study introduces a method that permits the isolation of a pure population of viable basal cells of the human corneal epithelium. We demonstrate that this population can be maintained in culture with a maintained epithelial phenotype, DNA‐synthesis, migratory and mitotic activity. The isolation procedure permits evaluation of the adhesion between cells in the epithelium and of the surface morphology and histological organisation of the basal cells. This organization is demonstrated to be far more complex than previously recognized. The culture system permits evaluation of the in vitro behaviour of a basal cell population without contaminating superficial cells or stromal cells.
Elevation of tear fluid plasmin in corneal disease
Authors: Tervo T. , Salonen E.‐M. , Vahen A. , Immonen I. , van Setten G.‐B. , Himberg J. J. , Tarkkanen A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Plasmin concentration was determined in tear fluid from 76 eyes showing corneal epithelial disorders, such as corneal ulcers and erosions due to trauma or contact lens wear. Nearly 70% of the eyes with corneal disease had plasmin in their tear fluid, whereas plasmin was present in only 20% of the eyes in a control group of 50 eyes. Re‐examination of the plasmin positive control eyes revealed conjunctival bacterial growth or mild subclinical viral infection in most cases. We conclude that plasmin is released into the tear fluid in the presence of corneal or conjunctival lesions or infections, suggesting a pathogenic role of plasmin in these disorders. The significance of the occurrence of plasmin in tear fluid during corneal wound healing is discussed.
Evaluation of penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus
Authors: Sayegh Fouad N. , Ehlers Niels , Farah Iyad
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Penetrating keratoplasty was done in 104 cases with keratoconus. The donor material were preserved either as a whole eye in moist chamber at 4°C, or as a corneoscleral segment in MK‐medium at 4°C, or in a tissue culture. The post‐operative observation time varied between 6 months and 9 years. The visual acuity was found to be better than before surgery in 96%, unchanged in 3%, and worse in 1% of the cases. The average visual acuity was found to be after 6 months 0.25 ± SD 0.2 and after 7 years 0.65 ± SD 0.23. The post‐operative spherical error of refraction was found to be ‐3.26 ± SD 3.5 D, and the postsurgical astigmatism ‐2.6 ± SD 1.9 D. ‐