bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ապահովագրության շրջանակներում դեղերի փոխհատուցման հիմնական սխեմաների համեմատական վերլուծություն / Comparative Analysis of the Main Drug Reimbursement Schemes in Insurance
Authors: KARAPETYAN LUSINE , PETROSYAN ARSEN , VARDANYAN TATEVIK , MIKAYELYAN TIGRAN , HAKOBYAN GAGIK
Published: January 2023

One component of the health
insurance system is drug insurance, which provides full or
partial reimbursement for the cost of prescription drugs.
Expenditures on pharmaceuticals account for a large proportion
of total health care costs. The regular distribution of drugs to
people in adequate quantities and with guaranteed quality
presents one of the largest challenges for the government of
every country. Both developed and developing countries have an
extensive experience with the primary insurance based on drug
reimbursement programs, making it crucial to evaluate the key
characteristics of these programs. The required medical
insurance system and its essential component, the drug
reimbursement program, have not yet been implemented in the
Republic of Armenia, making it a significant and pertinent issue
for study.
The authors studied and compared the drug
reimbursement schemes in selected countries, discussed the
criteria for drug reimbursement, the features of the compilation
of reimbursement lists, and presented the main approaches to
the price policy development in the field of drug reimbursement.
The study also analyses the main mechanisms of reimbursement
of medicines operating in the RA, population groups and
diseases included in the framework of reimbursement. The
research examines the primary mechanisms of drug
reimbursement in the RA, as well as population groups and
diseases covered by the framework of reimbursement.
The findings of the study demonstrate the lack of a
universal model for drug reimbursement. Instead, developed
nations and those with similar economies develop their own
public health protection models. These models, while differ in
organizational aspects, contain common components including
population categories, reimbursement lists, reimbursement
rates, price regulation systems, and other components that
should serve as a guide when creating the drug insurance model
in the RA.
ԵԱՏՄ թվային տնտեսության ռազմավարության վերլուծությունը / Analysis of the Strategy of the EEU Digital Economy
Authors: STEPANYAN LUSINE
Published: January 2023

In 2022, it is impossible to imagine any country or organization that
can establish international relations without a digital economy.
The creation of the EEU digital economy is based on economic
cooperation and development between the member states. From
a strategic point of view, the "digital economy" model will have
the greatest impact on the industrial development of countries,
the increase of trade turnover, the organization and
management of various business processes, the creation of
digital infrastructure, and the construction of new economic
models based on them. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is
to study and analyze the strategy of the "Digital Economy",
examine the digital dividends underlying the strategy, as well as
to reveal the impact of the "Digital Economy" on the
"employment growth" of the country and analyze the forecasts.
In suo Patrocinio - landowners in Dąbrówka and Ostałówka in the 17th century
Authors: Płonka Mirosław
Published: January 2023

Dąbrówka and Ostałówka founded in the 14th century were once two private villages, the latter is now the hamlet of the former. Until today, both have not been discussed in literature, and their owners were for instance land judge of Zator and vice-voivode Piotr Strzała from Krakow, valet of Mikołaj Zebrzydowski – Hieronim Strzała, subprefect of Żywiec Stanisław Biegański, Krakow town councillor Jakub Reynekier or master of the pantry (stolnik) of Podolia Michał Wilkoński. Apart from a brief overview of the villages and their inhabitants in the 17th century, the author introduced the noble families who were the landowners of the local estates. The text is supplemented with a source edition of the foundation of the cows by Jan and Barbara née Strzała Paszkowski family. The document is a testimony to the severe plague of 1663 and the relationship of the Dąbrówka and Ostałówka owners with the local rural community and parish in Stryszów.
Private Correspondence of Nuncio Julius Piazza with Bishop Agostino Steffani of the Years 1706-1708
Authors: Kopiec Jan
Published: January 2023

The article presents the content of the private letters of J. Piazza, Nuncio for Poland, residing in Troppau, to the Vicar Apostolic to the north (for the area of Northern Germany), Bishop A. Steffani, in the years 1706-1708. Letters show difficult circumstances in which Piazza had to fulfil his duties of the Nuncio after the abdication of King Augustus II. According to the viewpoint of papal diplomacy, he supported the right of Augustus as a legitimate ruler to the Polish throne. These private letters provide us with numerous detailed information included in the official reports that Piazza prepared for the Secretary of State.
SYNTHESIS OF SOL-GEL SILICA: OPTIMIZATION OF SUPPORTS FOR CATALYSTS USING ORANGE BIO-RESIDUES
Authors: Coredero Felipe , Igal Katerine , Arreche Romina , Vazquez Patricia
Published: January 2023

Citrus bio-residues play an important role in obtaining different materials through the sol-gel method. This method is a friendly technique. These waste consists of organic compounds with a wide variety and chemical reactivity. In this way, it has been recognized that this kind of waste, generated mostly by the food industry, has an important potential to obtain silica to be used as a catalyst support. Provided that the principles of green chemistry and circular economy are present. This work aims to use the peel and juice of orange bio-residues, in acidic hydrolysis to obtain sol-gel silica. FT-IR spectra confirm silica formation according to the centered band at 1070 cm-1. In addition, SEM and TEM images of the synthesized materials were compared to a reference sample to contrast their morphology. Strictly speaking, orange bio-residues promote silica polymerization, due to the availability of complex organic compounds and their abundant acidic contribution.
CATALYTIC HYDROTHERMAL CONVERSION OF BIO-DERIVED SUGARS FOR LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION USING SOL-GEL SYNTHESIZED ZIRCONIA
Authors: Piovano Federico A. , Aspromonte Soledad G. , Bergamini Carina V. , Giménez Paula , Boix Alicia V.
Published: January 2023

The hydrothermal conversion of a multiple sugars solution (xylose, arabinose and glucose) was studied using high surface ZrO2-based catalysts to produce lactic acid. The catalysts were synthesized by template-assisted sol-gel method and alternative template removal procedures. Samples obtained by template extraction with solvent reported a specific surface area of 323 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.21 cm3/g and a total amount of acid sites of 359 µmol/g. An experimental design was performed to model lactic acid and by-products obtaining around the selected catalyst. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the main operating conditions. A mass selectivity of 35.1 % towards lactic acid was found at 183 °C and 212 min. In addition, the reaction mechanisms involved were proposed based on intermediates and degradation compounds detected by HPLC analysis.
ACTIVATED BIOCHARS FUNCTIONALIZATION FOR PHOTO-FENTON DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC DYES
Authors: Vinuesa Ariel José , Fermanelli Carla Soledad , Saux Clara
Published: January 2023

Activated biochars were obtained from peanut shells, a waste from the local agricultural industry, and used as supports for iron species. These materials were evaluated as catalysts in photo-Fenton reactions for methyl orange degradation in aqueous solutions. Supports and composites were physiochemically characterized by various techniques for better knowledge, finding a good interaction between the active phase and the support. The materials were subsequently evaluated in a batch system equipped with a Hg lamp. The catalysts showed good performance in the degradation of an organic dye. Reuse was evaluated for the catalyst with the highest activity (CA-FeWI), showing a slight loss in photodegradation capacity.
Androgenetic alopecia in males - characteristics and overview of therapies available in cosmetology and aesthetic medicine clinics
Authors:   Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, University of Applied Sciences in Nysa, Jakubiec Magdalena
Published: January 2023

Androgenetic alopecia is a disease of multifactorial etiology, commonly occurring in an increasing number of men. In addition to genetic factors responsible for the process of hair loss, the main role is played by hormones, stress, lifestyle, and eating habits. The aim of the study was to present the most commonly used methods in eliminating androgenetic alopecia in men struggling with this problem. A review of already published studies was made and the effectiveness of selected treatment methods was compared. In the analysis of correlations a survey-based diagnostic survey was also used. In the treatment of the disease, appropriate preparations and treatments are used to improve the structure of the hair and scalp. They can significantly reduce the severity of the disease.
Actor-Network Analysis on the Power Exercise Dynamics in Education Governance in Suncheon Area
Authors:   The Korean Society for Lifelong Education, Ha Jeong Ho
Published: January 2023

This article examines the process of establishing educational governance in the Suncheon region through the actor-network theory (ANT). In Suncheon, ‘Community of Practice for Rehabilitating Local Educational Capacities’ created an 'obligatory passage point (OPP),' attracting the attention of the administration, teachers, and residents, entrusting them with new tasks, and examining how they gathered them into one network. At the ‘Jeongdamhoe’ meeting, experiential learning of various educational subjects takes place. As they shared their practices through KakaoTalk and voluntarily formed large and small organizations, Suncheon residents expanded their network around the meeting. The regularity and continuity of the meeting, which is operated in the form of an open meeting, enabled deliberative democracy on educational agendas, and the results of the working-level council following the discussion were reported at the next meeting, giving participants a sense of efficacy. This shows the need to communicate inside and outside the school while creating an 'obligatory passage point (OPP)' through various formal and informal organizations even within the school and administration.
Corticospinal tract decussation alteration: A single case of a healthy woman presenting with left fronto-parietal intraparenchimal haemorrhage showing homolateral symptoms and signs
Authors:   Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy., G Cane , LA Mazzeo ,   Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital A Manzoni, Lecco, Italy., D Vismara ,   Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital A Manzoni, Lecco, Italy., A Salmaggi ,   Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital A Manzoni, Lecco, Italy
Published: January 2023

Alterations in crossing CST pathways are rare findings which may cause diagnostic confusion and in some cases pose a real challenge. Some of these patients have a known genetic or congenital syndrome which correlates with CST crossing pattern alterations, but in many others the diagnosis is less intuitive due to the absence of conditions related.
Framework for A Foreign Language Teaching Software for Children Utilizing AR, Voicebots and ChatGPT (Large Language Models)
Authors: TOPSAKAL Oguzhan , TOPSAKAL Elif
Published: January 2023

The cognitive capabilities of children develop during the early years of their life. Research shows that learning a foreign language helps develop cognitive skills. Moreover, learning a foreign language has become essential and an increasing number of parents would like their kids to start learning a foreign language at an early age. However, engaging little kids with learning activities is challenging. In this study, we propose a framework for developing a language learning software tool utilizing Augmented Reality (AR), Voicebots, and ChatGPT (an AI utilizing the Large Language Model) technologies to provide a unique product for small kids to teach a foreign language. With AR and Voicebots, the product will grab attention, motivate and provide an entertaining learning environment. The capabilities of ChatGPT will be utilized to efficiently prepare the content for the software tool. We utilize the capabilities of ChatGPT to generate interactive dialogs that will be hosted at Google DialogFlow. We believe the framework and the design principles we propose in this study can be a blueprint for developing highly effective foreign language teaching software.
A szegényekért élni és egymás testvérének lenni. Megjegyzések Ferenc pápa pontifikátusának két meghatározó aspektusáról
Authors: Kisnémet Fülöp
Published: January 2023

Drawing on Pope Francis’s apostolic exhortation Evangelii Gaudium, the paper examines two important aspects of the ongoing pontificate. Since his election as Bishop of Rome in 2013, the pope has shown particular concern for the poor and encouraged efforts to promote fraternity across borders. Not only has he made gestures to demonstrate the importance of these two themes, but he also addressed them in his magisterial statements which will be systematically analysed in this article. Besides other themes, this essay also detects key ideas preceding the notion of the preferential option for the poor and of universal fraternity in the ecclesial tradition, especially in the teaching of the Second Vatican Council.
A Note on Ambiguity in W.B. Yeats’ “Sailing to Byzantium”
Authors: Dr. Sandhya Tripathi
Published: January 2023

W.B. Yeats is a poet of great artistic honesty and integrity. In his critical statements he has candidly stated his artistic intentions and preoccupations.  For such students of Yeats as have been puzzled by the artistic intentions of the poet in regard to the subject matter of his poetry, he has clarified his stance in his cryptic remark, “I remake myself” in my poetic compositions. Yeats, as every scholar knows it, is paradoxically a very complex and a simple poet.  His complexity lies in his reader’s bewilderment at the contradictory artistic issues and his simplicity lies in its being a key to the unlocking of some of the ambiguities lurking in some of his poems. In his poetry, sometime he raises an issue which develops logically but the conclusion seems to stultify his explicit poetic statement, because the conclusion of the poem is deliberately made meaningfully ambiguous.  His “Sailing to Byzantium” is a poem of this type of complex simplicity.
To Lie or Not to Lie: Revisiting Albert Camus’ The Outsider
Authors: Pabitra Kumar Swain  , Neeta Dubey
Published: January 2023

Meursault is different. He will not lie. He will not pretend. He is true to himself. So when his mother dies and he is unmoved, he refuses to do the proper thing and grieve. Returning to his native place after the funeral, he carries on life as usual until he becomes involved in a climatic murder scene. In court, it is clear that Meursault’s guilt or innocence will not be determined by what he did or did not do. He is on trial for being different- an outsider. For example in court when the police man asked Meursault if “he is ‘nervous’. He said no. Infact, in a way it would be interesting to watch a trail” (Camus, The Outsider 81).
The Apparel Apparatus: Covert Body-Politics and Violence against Women in India
Authors: Sanghita Sarkar
Published: January 2023

It is an undeniable fact that crime rates against women has increased to an alarming degree in India over the past few decades. With this alarming condition has risen up the question, where the ‘reasons’ behind such situation lie. The increasing number of violent atrocities against women has led to a number of debates in the present day scenario. One very important among them is the responsibility of the women themselves in such cases. Many have blamed the rapid westernization of our country in the past few decades and the changes that entailed them are loosening the moral values of our society. Such changes include the changing roles of the women in our country, such as working outside, having not only a private but also a public life, wearing western clothes etc. Some traditionalist termed these clothes as immoral and provocative to male eyes and should be discarded for they can loosen the moral of the male part of the society. Now the question is how far the women can be responsible for wearing an ‘immoral’ cloth or even crucial, can a ‘cloth’ be termed as ‘immoral’? What is this ‘moral guideline’, if any, that the women should follow? Is it even ‘moral’ to have such a guideline? Or is it another agenda of the hierarchical society to mask the reality colonization behind ‘morality’?
A Psychological Study of Fate in Arthur Miller’s The Man Who Had All the Luck
Authors: Rachna Rathore  , Dr. S. K. Yadav
Published: January 2023

Fate plays a big role in human life. It is also known as luck, destiny, and fortune. People believe that fate is not under the control of man. They have a wrong interpretation of fate because they connect the entire situation  with fate. This paper explains the psychological concept of fate revealed in the play, The Man Who Had All the Luck, written by Arthur Miller. Miller tells the power of mind brilliantly rather than the fate in this play. This play is not only a social study but also a psychological study. This paper focuses on the fate and chance of man. People value fate without knowing the power of mind which is responsible for their destruction. Through the characters of the play, we can understand the importance of choices in our life. Fate is not responsible for our failure or success but our choices or decisions are responsible. That is why, Arthur Miller has said about the play, “trying to weigh how much of our lives is a result of our character and how much is a result of our destiny” (Arthur Miller, xix).
“Numbing of the Heart”: Negotiating with Humanity in the Wake of the Pandemic in Jack London’s The Scarlet Plague
Authors: Dibyajyoti Das
Published: January 2023

As the world progresses in its fight against COVID-19, the human civilization finds itself fighting against more than just a mere pathogen. Besides being an unprecedented health emergency, the pandemic has caused breakdowns in many other fronts as well. One of the very alarming issues is the incidents of inhumanity, callousness and deliberate cruelty by people towards their fellow-sufferers, which may incite far-reaching complications in the human society.  In the worst case scenario, civilization could go either way- to become more united than ever or to fall to pieces with the extinction of human values- depending on our response in the wake of the pandemic. Plague and pestilence have ever been a popular topic in literature. Here, I take the case of Jack London's The Scarlet Plague for a study of the reversion to cruelty of all humans in the face of the plague and also what are the exceptions that have been admitted by the author to suggest how the retention of the ideals of human bonding and empathy can help us stand a chance in the hour of doom. This short novel has particular relevance to the present scenario for its temporal resemblances to the present outbreak, for London's preoccupation with naturalism in his fantasy and for his reliance on the latest scientific discoveries in virology and other modern technologies. The novel is also full of tropes that suggest that the germs of destruction are borne by the sociological framework and the ideologies that go into the foundation of the society.
Desire and Ambition: The Catalyst of failure in O’Neill’s Beyond the Horizon
Authors: Babita  , Dr. Bharti Tyagi
Published: January 2023

The present paper tries to consider Eugene O’Neill’s Beyond the Horizon and find answers to the questions about men’s desires towards their life. Man and woman have deferent types of desire in their whole life. O’Neill poses the story about the desire of life and love affairs and the interactions between two brothers in one hand and a girl on the other hand. This play tries to reflect a realistic view of different desire of men and women. He uses the character Robert and Ruth to show that man’s urgent need for sexual pleasure causes him to use romantic and emotional pleasure causes her not to see the fire under the clash. O’Neill, throughout the play, emphasizes the importance of having desire in one’s life as something real that can be found in any human being.
Reinterpretation of Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Selected Poetry: A Thematic Analysis
Authors: Dr. Upendra Kumar
Published: January 2023

Alfred Lord Tennyson was the most loved and acclaimed poet of the Victorian Era. He was born on 06 August 1809 in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England. He belonged to an influential family as his father was a clergyman having a large family. Alfred Lord Tennyson had 11 siblings and he showed his interest for writing in his early age. When he was merely thirteen years old, he wrote a 6000-line poem in epic style. His father was suffering from mental breakdowns and had an addiction for alcoholism. One of Tennyson’s brothers would quarrel with his father and another was sent to mental asylum. One more brother had opium addiction like T.S. Eliot. Tennyson entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1827 and he wrote Poems by Two Brothers in collaboration with his brother there. Tennyson had close friendship with Arthur Henry Hallam and both of them went to Europe tour in 1830 and 1832. Tennyson wrote an elegy In memoriam on Hallam’s death. He dedicated some of his poem to Hallam. He published Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830 and then Poems in 1832. People criticized these books and consequently he did not write for nine years. He got emotionally attached with Emily Sellwood. He rose to fame in 1942 and when his elegy published in 1850, he became the most popular poet of England. He became the Poet Laureate of England after the death of William Wordsworth and when Samuel Rogers refused this offer. He got married with Emily Sellwood. He died on October 6, 1892 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Present paper is an attempt to analyse Tennyson’s selected poems from multiple angles.
Rama Mehta’s Inside the Haveli: Geeta’s Journey from Bondage to Liberation
Authors: Dr. Budhanath Pratihast
Published: January 2023

Since ancient time, women have been placed at the secondary role by the patriarchs in our society. They are given less important as compared to men. Our society always keeps women under their pressure because they have to do all the household chores, take care of the cattle, children and the other members of the family. Even the responsibility of the kitchen is given to them. In the modern context, women are doing jobs also but they have to do all the kitchen work of their homes apart from other duties. Men are generally given only one responsibility i.e. to earn bread for the family. Apart from that they usually play no significant role in the family. The present paper analyses the character of Geeta in Rama Mehta’s feminist novel Inside the Haveli in which Geeta faces many problems in her life in Udaipur city but finally she wins in her attempts.
English Language Acquisition of the Secondary School Students Belonging to Tribal Area of Nanded District: An Investigation
Authors: Vithoba Pandit Khairnar  , Dr. Nirmala S. Padmavat
Published: January 2023

Being an International language English holds an important position in school curriculum of India. It is introduced as a second or third language. The students not only study it as language but as a subject. However the performance of the students in English is a matter of discussion. There are some issues regarding English language acquisition at secondary level of school education. These issues are much intense in Tribal area of the country in general and Maharashtra in special. The remote, backward, notified tribal areas of the Maharashtra are known for the diversity of sociolinguistic factors. Nanded district located to south east part of Maharashtra state has the tribal region covering Kinwat and Mahoor tehsils. Most of the people in this area are the people from Scheduled Tribe and Nomadic Tribe social categories. The schools located in this tribal area are mostly in vernacular language i.e. in Marathi. Despite of the strenuous, Himalayan efforts undertaken by the state government, a sorry state of affairs is still rampant to exist in the achievement of English and the acquisition of English language of secondary school students belonging to tribal area of Nanded district in Maharashtra state is not satisfactory.  The dialects, social background, weaker economic condition, aloofness from the advanced world, lack of amenities, health issues, ignorance are some of the social issues. Poor infrastructure, lack of teaching aids and competent teachers in tribal schools are some causes behind poor performance in English language. Students commit mistakes in spellings, sentence formation in addition to wrong pronunciation.
Traits of Mysticism in The Guide
Authors: Dr. Sunil Kumar
Published: January 2023

Mysticism is the union with or absorption into the Deity or the absolute, or the spiritual apprehension of knowledge inaccessible to the intellect. It may be attained through contemplation and self-surrender. It is also realized as an active and passive process. Mysticism is also described as a faculty and tendency that is instinctive and inherent to all persons. It leads the individual towards knowledge, love, meaning, serenity, hope, transcendence, wellness and wholeness. Mysticism is one's character or quality that makes one rise above and go beyond the barriers of worldliness, caste, creed and sensuality and become conscious of one's union with the Truth. The present paper aims to explore the traits of mysticism in R.K. Narayan’s novel The Guide.
Mapping Indianness: Niranjan Mohanty’s Poetry
Authors: Indrajeet Mishra
Published: January 2023

Niranjan Mohanty is a distinct and unique voice in Indian English poetry. His poetry is a milestone in propagation and popularization of indigenous cultural ethos and methods. He fuses together religiosity, modernity, contemporaneity and imagination. He has unflinching faith and devotion in Almighty. In his Prayers to Lord Jagannatha and Krishna he reminds of medieval devotional poetry. He represents God in different and unconventional manner. To him God is friend, foe, companion, animal etc. He is not reluctant in critiquing and exhibiting devotion to God simultaneously he surrenders himself entirely. Mohanty’s poetry is full of mystic journey. His poetic themes include the poet’s love for his dead father, the poet’s grief over the de-generation that sprouts on the name of modernity and development and deep faith in rituals and religion. He glorifies the incarnation of divinity in the human form and records the pangs, suffering, longing, desire and uncertainties in love like mortal beings. The mythical references, images and symbols affirm poet’s craving for God, culture and tradition.
A Study of Mental Illness in Pasho in Krishna Sobti’s Memory’s Daughter
Authors: Navdeep Kaur
Published: January 2023

Since the second half of the twentieth century, cultural theorists have shown more interest in understanding the interaction between body and culture. This interaction has been studied from the perspective of illness-experience in individuals by Arthur Kleinman and Judith Lorber. Judith Lorber and Lise Jean Moore in Gender and Social construction of Illness advocate illness not merely a bodily event but a social experience –a disturbance in social lives without or without physical dysfunction wherein one feels constraints upon body in pursuing the usual tasks of life. Kleinman in Illness Narrative studies illness as a cultural construct, wherein some bodily conditions are categorized as illness and some are often passed on as normal because what is seen a normal and natural in a culture is based on the shared understanding in that culture.  The present paper aims to explore the role of culture through the lens of illness experience in Pasho in Krishna Sobti’s Memory’s Daughter.
Re-Inscribing Identity and Memorializing Performance: An Example of the Dikan Festival in Kajju
Authors: Abiriyi, Nathan  , Kwasu, Katung John
Published: January 2023

The present research article examines the myriad ways that the Dikan ritual performance among the Bajju people of Kaduna State, Northern West, Nigeria, is celebrated. The Dikan ritual performance in its current enactment can be gleamed as a cultural space for the remembrance of the essence and cultural identity of the Bajju tribe, in a world under the threat of rapid globalization, socio-cultural, and historical changes; which is made more prevalent by the exerting force of technology, popular culture, and postmodern elements demonstrated through various social media platforms and news outlets. The study begins by highlighting the background of Dikan ritual performance in Kajju from the precolonial to postcolonial Northern Nigeria. It espouses on the nature and structure of this ritual and its relevance to the Bajju people. It then makes recommendations on ways of sustaining this practice, to save it from extinction.
A Sociolinguistic Assessment of Language Shift in Hyam
Authors: Ndaks Kingsley Fumen  , Dr. Hannatu Kwasau
Published: January 2023

This paper dubbed “A Sociolinguistic Assessment of language shift among Hyam speakers” examines the sociolinguistic concepts of language shift and its resultant effect of language death or extinction. This is against the backdrop that like many other minority languages, the Hyam language is still in competition with other more sophisticated and standard linguistic codes. To achieve this aim, a total of two hundred (200) structured questionnaires are administered to both the home and the Diaspora populations respectively. findings reveal that even though people speak the language with their children and still have native-like competence, a greater number of them still speak or prefer other language varieties. They equally do not use the language with their friends or non-native speakers because it is not mutually intelligible. Nevertheless, the degree of solidarity and loyalty for the Hyam language are still very high regardless. It is however disturbing to say that the language is not standardized, literatures are very much lacking in the language, making teaching and learning in it somewhat challenging; and it is still incapable of performing modern functions typical of a metropolitan variety. It is on this light that this research is quick to state, and also by way of recommendation, that if something is not done soon and fast particularly in the area of instruction, documentation and standardization, the shift though gradual for now, may become irreversible and language death may therefore become inevitable.
Multiple Hues of Marginality and Assertion in Jokha Alharthi’s Celestial Bodies
Authors: Dr. Hem Raj Bansal
Published: January 2023

Marginality is not only a state of tangible/physical suffering but also a condition of mind. However, the nature of both is complementary to each other as the troubled psychic state results only from material reality. The adjective ‘celestial’ in the title seems to negate any material claims to one’s deprived state as emanating from structural inequities. The marginal state of major female characters in Jokha Alharthi’s (b. 1978) the Man Booker International Prize-Winning novel Celestial Bodies (2019) has its basis in the patriarchal functioning of society. Marilyn Booth writes, “The impact of a strong patriarchal system on both women and subordinate men is unsparing but it shapes different generations, and individuals, distinctly as it leads to both suffering and confrontation” (x). All three sisters Mayya, Khawla and Asma in the Celestial Bodies have their own trajectories of hidden pain. Apart from it, marginality as observed in the case of Zarifa, the female slave who unconsciously submits herself to a better life, results from ignorance as she does not find anything appalling even in being a concubine to Merchant Sulayman, the slave owner. Another note of marginality stems in the portrayal of Habib and his son Sanjar who view slavery as an “involuntary human servitude” (Wright n.pag.) and hence break themselves free from the shackles of bondage by leaving the house of Sulayman. While the former realizes that despite being his wife, Zarifa is also his master’s keep which is a blow to his masculinity; his son also identifies selfish motives in Sulayman’s doing a few things for his betterment. Another victim of a husbandly suspicion is Fatima, the wife of Sulayman whose death remains a mystery until it is learnt that it was her husband who hastens her to a poisonous death as her affair with a slave is suspected. Mayya’s daughter London’s marginal state cements the vulnerable status of women as despite from a rich family she is treated in terms of her supposed weak gender as her voluntary marriage to a peasant’s ends in a fiasco. The present paper seeks to provide answer to different types of marginalities found in the Celestial Bodies along with charting out a course of passive to active resistance as adopted by different characters.
A Conceptual Framework of Indian Diaspora
Authors: Dr. Sunil Kumar Dwivedi
Published: January 2023

The term Indian diaspora refers to the overseas Indians officially known as Non- Resident Indians (NRIs) or the Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) or the people of India by birth or descendants from Indian subcontinents, living outside of Indian Republic. Overseas Indians are concerned as the people of India or the ethnic groups of people associated with Indian sensibility, ethnicity, nationality, citizenship or having other co-relation of Indian life style abroad overseas. The conceptual analyses on migration have explained the social criteria of Indian diasporic sensibility just as assimilation and integration, the organized associations, cultural crisis, emergence of identity crisis, ethnicity and the globalization etc.
照護一位首次接受透析治療的腎功能損傷病人之護理經驗
Authors: 孫婉娜 孫婉娜 , 林怡君 林怡君 , I-Chun Lin 顏妙芬
Published: January 2023

本文描述一位因腎功能損傷伴隨致命性高血鉀風險，使其面臨初次血液透析之護理經驗，經團隊評估後，需長期血液透析的個案，其日常生活受限、家中角色改變進而產生無力感，照護期間為2020/1/16~2/2。護理過程中藉由直接照護、身體評估、主動關懷及開放性會談等方式收集資料，發現主要健康問題有：一、呼吸喘，二、透析飲食執行度不佳，三、無力感。照護期間透過圖表（卡）教導個案測量水腫情況，並透過水壺、磅秤讓個案學習飲食及水份控制技巧，與其搭配營養師衛教及食品營養成分資料庫，增加個案對飲食資訊管道，並考量個案生活習慣下建立提醒機制，如：製作小吊飾或手機鬧鈴等個別性護理措施，加上家人支持、宗教信仰成為心靈上慰藉及腎友的經驗分享，引導個案接受目前扮演的角色，與疾病共存生活。建議往後照顧類似案例能融入家屬的參與，並思考如何強化醫療成員自我主動學習心理諮商輔導課程意願，讓往後面對此案例時能有更好的因應之道。

 

This paper describes the case of a patient with worsening renal function accompanied by electrolyte disturbance who required long-term hemodialysis after assessment by a medical team. The patient felt helpless due to restrictions in daily life and changes in their family role. The care period was from January 16 to February 2, 2020. In this period, observations, direct care, physical evaluation, medical record inspection, active concern, and open interviews were used for collecting information. Major health problems found included the following: 1. shortness of breath; 2. poor execution of dialysis diet; and 3. a sense of powerlessness. During the care period, picture teach the case to measure edema, and let the case study dietary water control skills through the use of water bottles and scales, nutrition-related information websites and several types of reminder mechanisms were employed, such as using cell phone charms or mobile alarms, to help the patient understand correct information on various dietary components and accept their current family role. This was done to make living with the disease easier for the patient. We recommend the inclusion of family participation for future studies on care of patients with similar conditions. Also, we should think of devising ways for increasing medical staff’s willingness to proactively take psychological counseling courses so that they can respond better to such cases in the future.

 
投資人如何反應嚴重急性呼吸道症候群和嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎？
Authors: 張志向 張志向 , 鄭淳云 鄭淳云
Published: January 2023

本研究旨在探討臺灣股市投資人如何反應嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎(COVID-19)及嚴重急性呼吸道症候群(SARS)的首例確診宣告。相異於偏重調查單一傳染病之股價效果的早期文獻，本研究調查COVID-19及SARS首例確診宣告對股票報酬率、交易量及報酬波動性的影響。我們的實證結果顯示COVID-19及SARS對於股東財富及股票交易頻率產生明顯的衝擊；此外，COVID-19首例確診宣告也導致投資人持股風險出現顯著的增加。總結而言，COVID-19對股市投資人決策的影響力是高於SARS。

 

This study aims to examine how investors in the Taiwanese stock market respond to the announcement of the first confirmed case of COVID-19 and SARS. Unlike earlier studies focusing on the share price effect of an infection, this study explores the influences of the first confirmed case of COVID-19 and SARS on the stock returns, trading volume and return volatility. Empirical results reveal that both COVID-19 and SARS have an important impact on the shareholder’s wealth and stock trading frequencies. Additionally, the announcement of the first confirmed case of COVID-19 increases significantly the risk of investing in shares. Overall, the influences of COVID-19 on the investor’s decision-making is greater than those of SARS.

 
Voluntary ESG evaluation and default risk
Authors: Li-Hsun Wang Li-Hsun Wang
Published: January 2023

ESG is essential to companies and only few Taiwanese firms have ESG rating record evaluated by independent third party. This study examines whether these going ahead firms associate with lower default risk. We obtain 66 Taiwanese samples that voluntarily evaluated by Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) in the period of 2017 to 2021 and find they have lower industry adjusted default risk. Among them, the higher ESG rating firms have lower default risk than others with lower rating record, consisting with the finding of Li et al. (2022). Interestingly, such superiority remains no matter their ESG rating is improved or worsened in next year. It is possible that firms who voluntarily take ESG evaluation conveying they are more information transparency and have higher intention on regulatory compliance than competitors. This study suggests policymakers to consider a mandatory ESG evaluation and disclosure results freely to public for the purpose of shareholder protection.

 
Uncovering Asymmetries in Monetary Policy Transmission in the Economic Community of West African States: Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Analysis
Authors: Tucker Joseph Ansu
Published: January 2023

As the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) gravitates toward establishing a monetary union, characterized by a common central bank and a single currency, the eco, there is need for deeper knowledge of the monetary policy transmission mechanism to ensure the effective conduct of a common monetary policy in the region. This study investigates the existence of potential asymmetries in the transmission of monetary policy impulses and the implications for monetary policy effectiveness under a unified framework. It employs the dynamic heterogeneous structural panel vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling technique developed by Pedroni (2013), which allows for heterogeneous country-specific dynamics and accommodates cross-sectional dependencies. Based on quarterly data covering the period 1994–2016, the findings reveal statistically insignificant responses of real gross domestic product (GDP) and inflation in member countries to a common monetary policy shock, though the country-specific responses exhibit some asymmetries. The panel estimates for the region also do not produce statistically significant responses to the unanticipated monetary policy shock. In addition, the results indicate that the two plausible monetary transmission channels—the bank lending channel and the exchange rate channel—are either weak or inoperable at the level of ECOWAS and that could undermine the effective conduct of a common monetary policy within the proposed monetary union. Policy should, therefore, be directed at enhancing the transmission of monetary policy impulses in the region, including through far-reaching financial sector reforms, modernization of monetary policy frameworks, and the comprehensive harmonization of institutional and operational mechanisms of monetary policy across member countries.
Pneumomediastinum in association with Covid-19: A less commonly considered differential diagnosis for worsening respiratory failure
Authors: Rashid Khalid , Waheed Muhammad Aamir , Khan Yahya , Afridi Adnan , Ansar Farrukh , Elzouki Abdelnaser
Published: January 2023

We have reported here two cases of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients aged 29 and 68 years who were diagnosed with pneumomediastinum (PM). PM is a rare complication that is being reported in association with COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 can present with a variety of etiologies that make them vulnerable to PM. Respiratory complications due to COVID-19 are widely known, and it presents as mild to severe and critical illness. Spontaneous PM is a known complication of COVID-19. Despite seeming to be a lesser-known condition, PM can have a significant impact on disease progression and prognosis. We have presented here two contrasting cases of PM. The first patient was young and with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia and PM, while the second one was an old man with severe COVID-19 pneumonia manifestations. Both patients were diagnosed with PM, but their outcomes were completely different.
At the Edge (Always): An Interview with Jeffrey Schnapp
Authors: Schnapp Jeffrey
Published: January 2023

In this interview, Jeffrey Schnapp conceptualizes Digital Humanities, Knowledge Design and Experimental Humanities, seen as innovative frameworks, aimed at propitiating a radically new understanding of the current challenges of the contemporary world. The overwhelming presence of digital media and artificial intelligence is scrutinized by Schnapp in order to produce theory literally at the edge.
The Agency of Matter in Brian Castro’s The Garden Book
Authors: Ma Lili , Zhong Daoxian
Published: January 2023

This paper examines the non-human actants in Brian Castro’s novel The Garden Book, including nature, the human body, and human artifacts in light of Jane Bennett’s theory of vibrant matter and Castro’s own arguments about the status of objects. Castro subverts the life-matter binary in this novel, giving attentiveness and respect to material powers, as well as affect and empathy to objects, thus undermining anthropocentrism. In a pandemic era in which humans and non-humans are seen as more interconnected than ever, such empowerment and understanding are not only significant, but also necessary to build a harmonized community.
The “Dragging Foot” of José Garcia Villa’s Performative “Comma Poems”
Authors: Bradshaw Katie
Published: January 2023

José Garcia Villa’s “comma poem,” in which he introduces “a new, special and poetic use” for the comma, is arguably the poet’s most contentious innovation. Starting from an appropriation of Leonard Caspar’s description of the comma poems as “demonstrably malfunctional as a dragging foot,” this essay argues that the comma poem was a visual performance whereby Villa dis-oriented and de-naturalized poetic “flows” through a queer/crip aesthetic of hesitation and brokenness. Read as footsteps and/or footnotes, the comma’s minor mark interrupts and dis-ables normative flow, forcing the reader to adopt a nonnormative “gait.” Utilizing Sara Ahmed’s phenomenological theory of “queer orientation,” I examine how the comma poems’ specific incongruity extends beyond modern grammars: anticipating readings of his “foreignness” and “insensitivity” to the English language, Villa performs the essentiality of the “minor mark” through linguistic experimentation. In doing so, he queers not only the “direction” of modern poetry and its canonicity, but also a contemporary politics of recuperation.
Normas internacionales, movimiento transnacional de derechos humanos y enjuiciamientos penales por crímenes de lesa humanidad en las democracias posautoritarias
Authors: Carrasco Núñez Mauricio , Rojas Bolvarán Pablo , Alfaro Montecinos Jennifer , Guerra Núñez Pía
Published: January 2023

Los procesos de enjuiciamiento penales por crímenes de lesa humanidad en democracias post autoritarias tienen a su haber una serie de factores claves para lograr eficacia histórica. En el presente artículo se trabajan factores tanto estructurales como de agencia, haciendo repaso de tres enfoque teóricos y normativos de la justicia transicional. Respecto de ellos, la posición de los autores es que el enfoque histórico institucional permite abordar de manera más precisa el por qué del aumento en la rendición de cuentas judiciales por crímenes de lesa humanidad alrededor del mundo. Sobre esto, se concluye que el movimiento transnacional de derechos humanos y la adopción de tratados internacionales en la materia contribuyen significativamente al desarrollo de estrategias y acciones penales eficaces para combatir la impunidad, y que el enfoque histórico institucional logra imbricar operativamente la mayor cantidad de dimensiones explicativas del aumento considerable de enjuiciamientos por violaciones de derechos humanos.
Satisfação com a vida, otimismo, afetos e sites de redes sociais
Authors: Chnaider Janaina , Santos-Vitti Laís , Nakano Tatiana de Cássia
Published: January 2023

A investigação do impacto psicológico do uso de redes sociais permite o desenvolvimento de estratégias de promoção de saúde mental. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas, otimismo, satisfação com a vida, afetos e frequência de uso de sites de redes sociais (SRS). Participaram dessa pesquisa 257 brasileiros, sendo 69% do sexo feminino, com média de 36 anos (DP = 15,32). Foram usadas a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS), a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida (EVS) e o Teste de Orientação da Vida (TOV-R). A idade foi a variável de mais significativa nos resultados dos participantes (nas três medidas), seguida pelo tempo de uso das redes sociais (em satisfação com a vida e afetos negativos). Participantes que relataram utilizar SRS por cinco horas ou mais por dia, apresentaram menores níveis de satisfação com a vida e maiores níveis de afetos negativos. Os mais velhos apresentaram maiores médias em otimismo e satisfação com a vida, bem como menos afetos negativos. Concluiu-se que a frequência de uso em sites de redes sociais pode influenciar negativamente o bem-estar subjetivo da população, sendo que o aumento da idade se mostrou favorável à saúde mental positiva dos participantes.
Entrar a la universidad en pandemia: rol mediador de la regulación emocional en los síntomas depresivos
Authors: Morán-Kneer Javier Antonio , Calderón Claudia , Miranda-Castillo Claudia , Labbé Yvana , Placencia-Cofré Victoria
Published: January 2023

Introducción: diversa evidencia propone que estudiantes universitarios de primeros años son un grupo de especial riesgo para el desarrollo de síntomas depresivos, algo que se ha visto incrementado durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Estos estudiantes han debido hacer uso de estrategias de regulación emocional aún en desarrollo para hacer frente a estresores académicos hasta ahora desconocidos. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de mediación de estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas en la relación entre acumulación de estresores académicos y sintomatología depresiva en estudiantes de primer año de educación superior durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Método: se aplicó una encuesta en modalidad on-line a 137 jóvenes chilenos/as entre 18 y 20 años que evaluó síntomas depresivos (PHQ-9), regulación emocional (CERQ) y acumulación de estresores académicos (a través de un cuestionario diseñado para este estudio). El efecto indirecto de la regulación emocional se evaluó a través de análisis de mediación simple. Resultados: la autoculpabilización fue la única estrategia de regulación emocional que medió la asociación entre estrés académico y síntomas depresivos. Discusión: esta estrategia de regulación operaría como mecanismo que promueve una atribución personal como respuesta al estrés ante falta de contexto por la virtualización. Se señalan propuestas para autoridades académicos a partir de estos resultados.