bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental illness and rehabilitation in early nineteenth-century Ireland: the case of Charles Stock
Authors: Clarke Basil
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

The case of a sixteen-year-old youth is presented on the basis of correspondence over the years 1806 to 1813. His initial breakdown was probably due to hebephrenic schizophrenia, but clinical detail is defective and the evidence is chiefly about the difficulties of recovery and rehabilitation. The case is discussed in relation to the treatment he received and against the background of provision for insanity and psychiatric methods and ideas in Ireland during the period.
Continuous amphetamine intoxication: an animal model of the acute psychotic episode
Authors: Ellison Gaylord D. , Eison Michael S.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

When amphetamines are administered to humans every few hours for several days, either during the ‘speed runs’ of addicts or in controlled laboratory settings, the psychosis which reliably results is similar to paranoid schizophrenia in a number of important aspects. This unique regimen of drug intake, which involves the continuous presence of stimulants over a prolonged period of time, can be simulated in animals using subcutaneously implanted slow-release silicone pellets containingd-amphetamine base. Monkeys and rats implanted with these pellets develop stages of behavioural alterations which are somewhat similar in sequence to those observed in humans who have received frequent doses of amphetamine. An initial period of hyperactivity and exploratory behaviour is followed by the gradual development of motor stereotypies which become virtually incessant. A period of relative inactivity then appears which is followed, at 4–5 days after pellet implantation, by a late stage. This final stage is characterized by ‘wet-dog’ shakes, parasitotic-like grooming episodes, and a variety of other forms of hallucinatory-like behaviour. At about the same time there are distinctive and partially irreversible alterations in dopaminergic innervations of the caudate nucleus, but not in mesolimbic dopamine innervation of the nucleus accumbens or in several other neurotransmitter systems. Continuous amphetamine administration may reproduce some aspects of the prolonged excitation which accompanies an acute psychotic episode and may be a fruitful model for the clarification of the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.
Stereotyped responding by schizophrenic patients on a two-choice guessing task
Authors: Frith Christopher D. , Done D. John
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

On each of a sequence of trials subjects had to guess whether a cross would appear on the left or the right side of a computer screen. The sequence of cross positions was random. Normal controls, manic-depressive patients and patients with senile dementia produced relatively random sequences of responses, as did acute schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms. Acute schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms and chronic patients produced more stereotyped sequences with many response alternations (LRLR). Chronic schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms and intellectual deterioration (defect state) produced very stereotyped sequences with many preservations (LLLL). This severe restriction of response sequences is similar to that shown by animals after treatment with amphetamine. It is suggested that it is due to an impairment of a higher order control process which normally inhibits the repetition of sequences of behaviour when these have proved inappropriate.
Cross-cultural differences in the perception of female body shapes
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Alibhai Naznin
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

Whereas in Western societies there is an inverse relationship between high social class and low body weight, the inverse is true of less developed, non-Western societies. It has also been shown that the longer immigrants have been in Western societies, the less obese they tend to be. This study examined how Kenyan Asian, British and Kenyan British females from similar backgrounds perceived female body shapes. As predicted, the Kenyans rated larger figures more favourably and smaller figures less favourably than the British. Also, as predicted, it was found that the Kenyan Asian British were more similar to the British group in their perceptions. The results support the view that social and cultural factors play dominant role in the perception of one's own and others' body shapes. In addition, the results reveal that in Britain preferences for small body shapes to the point of being anorexic are not uncommon.
Psychosocial intervention with cancer patients: a review
Authors: Watson Maggie
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

It is well established that a diagnosis of cancer and the subsequent treatment can cause a great deal of stress, and the need for psychosocial support is increasingly being advocated. The data for the efficacy of intervention programmes are reviewed. The evidence relating to the benefits gained by patients is equivocal. The indication is that a selective rather than a blanket service is needed, with the target for intervention being patients at high risk for psychological morbidity. The advantages of one type of support over another remain unproven.
Longitudinal records of anxiety and depression in general practice: the Second National Morbidity Survey
Authors: Dunn Graham
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

This paper analyses patterns of episodes of anxiety and depression as recorded by 22 general practices which took part in the Second National Morbidity Survey (RCGP, 1980). The data comprise 6 years′ records. Simple Markov chains are fitted to each age-group of men and women, and the inter-practice variation in the resulting parameter estimates are compared, using Andrews′ plots and principal components plots. The implications for the presentation and interpretation of data from large-scale morbidity surveys are discussed.
Defective genetic control of sodium-pump density in manic depressive psychosis
Authors: Naylor Graham J. , Smith Anne H. W.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

The ability of lymphocytes from manic-depressive and normal subjects to produce new pump sites in response to increased cell sodium was compared in a series of experiments. Ethacrynate or different potassium concentrations were used to increase cell sodium concentration. The lymphocytes of manic depressives had a significantly reduced ability to produce new pump sites. It is suggested that this may be the genetic defect underlying manic depressive psychosis.
On pseudo-hallucinations
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

The term ‘pseudo-hallucination’ has received two incompatible definitions. It can refer either to self-recognized hallucinations (exterocepted or interocepted) or to introspected images of great vividness and spontaneity. It is argued that the phenomena to which the two definitions refer might best be distinguished as perceived and imaged pseudo-hallucinations.
Some social and phenomenological characteristics of psychotic immigrants
Authors: Littlewood Roland , Lipsedge Maurice
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

Various studies have shown: (i) increased rates of psychoses in immigrants to Britain, and a particularly high rate of schizophrenia in the West Indian- and West African-born; and (ii) a greater proportion of atypical psychoses in immigrants. A retrospective study of psychotic inpatients from a London psychiatric unit demonstrated increased rates of schizophrenia in patients from the Caribbean and West Africa. These patients included a high proportion of those with paranoid and religious phenomenology, those with frequent changes of diagnosis, formal admissions, and married women. The West Indian-born had been in Britain for nearly 10 years before first seeing a psychiatrist and, if they had an illness with religious symptomatology, were likely to have been in hospital for only 3 weeks. Rates of schizophrenia without paranoid phenomenology were similar in each ethnic group. It is suggested that the increase in the diagnosis of schizophrenia in the West Indian- born, and possibly in the West African-born, may be due in part to the occurrence of acute psychotic reactions which are diagnosed as schizophrenia.
Stressful life events preceding the onset of neurotic depression
Authors: Benjaminsen S.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

Successively admitted neurotic and non-neurotic depressives were compared with respect to stressful life events experienced in the 6 months before the onset of the illness. Almost equal proportions of neurotics and non-neurotics had experienced a single stressful event. Significantly more neurotics than non-neurotics had suffered multiple stressful events. An analysis of the multiple events revealed that many were related and involved a single calamity. For multiple unrelated stressful events no significant difference was found between neurotic and non-neurotic depressions.
Emotional disturbance in multiple sclerosis patients: validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)
Authors: Rabins Peter V. , Brooks Benjamin R.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

The 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was found to be a valid and sensitive instrument for detecting emotional morbidity in patients attending a multiple sclerosis clinic.
Subclinical anorexia nervosa
Authors: Button E. J. , Whitehouse A.
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

The Eating Attitudes Test (Garner & Garfinkel, 1979) was administered to 578 students (446 females and 132 males) at a College of Technology and to 14 ‘control’ subjects fulfilling diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa. Although no male students scored highly, a total of 28 female students (6·3% of the female student sample) scored in the ‘anorexic’ range. These ‘high scorers’, together with a random control group of 28 ‘non-high scorers’, were subsequently Interviewed. Interview revealed that the symptoms of anorexia nervosa were common in the high scoring group but virtually absent in the student control group. It is concluded that a substantial proportion of post-pubertal females (approximately 5%) develop a subclinical form of anorexia nervosa. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the aetiology, prevention and treatment of disturbances in eating behaviour.
Subdividing the functional psychoses: a family hereditary approach
Authors: Scharfetter Christian
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

Family genetic data, based on standardized and independent diagnostic procedures of index and secondary cases, confirmed the dichotomy between schizophrenias and affective disorders. The classical schizophrenic subtypes exhibited a significant tendency towards homotypia among their secondary cases. The genetic evidence did not support the monopolar–bipolar subdivision of affective disorder. Schizo-affective disorders impinged on the clear-cut schizophrenic and affective psychotic disorders and there was no homotypical tendency among the relatives of index cases with this diagnosis.
Insanity and the realities of history in early modern England
Authors: MacDonald Michael
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

This paper argues that the attack on religious enthusiasm, a campaign against popular religious radicalism, prompted the governing classes in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England to embrace secular explanations of the nature of insanity and to repudiate treatments which were based on religious and magical beliefs. An objection to the argument is considered, and some of its implications are discussed.
A prospective study of children with head injuries: II. Cognitive sequelae
Authors: Chadwick Oliver , Rutter Michael , Brown Gillian , Shaffer David , Traub Michael
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

A 2¼-year prospective study of children suffering head injury is described. Three groups of children were studied: (a) 31 children with ‘severe’ head injuries resulting in a post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) of at least 7 days; (b) an individually matched control group of 28 children with hospital treated orthopaedic injuries; and (c) 29 children with ‘mild’ head injuries resulting in a PTA exceeding 1 hour but less than 1 week. Individual psychological testing was carried out as soon as the child recovered from PTA, and then again 4 months, 1 year, and 2¼ years after the injury. A shortened version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability and a battery of tests of specific cognitive functions were employed. The mild head injury group had a mean level of cognitive functioning below the control group, but the lack of any recovery during the follow-up period indicated that the intellectual impairment was not a consequence of the injury. In the severe head injury group, the presence of cognitive recovery and a ‘dose—response’ relationship with the degree of brain injury showed that the intellectual deficits were caused by brain damage. Some degree of cognitive impairment was common following head injuries giving rise to a PTA of at least 2 weeks. Conversely no cognitive sequelae, transient or persistent, could be detected when the PTA was less than 24 hours. The results were less consistent in the 1-day to 2-week PTA range, but the evidence suggested that a broadly defined threshold for impairment operated at about that level of severity of injury. Timed measures of visuo-spatial and visuo-motor skills tended to show more impairment than verbal skills but otherwise there was no suggestion of a specific pattern of cognitive deficit. Recovery was most rapid in the early months after injury, but substantial recovery continued for 1 year with some improvement continuing in the second year in some children, especially those with the most severe injuries. Age, sex and social class showed no significant effects on the course of recovery.
Body image in obese adults
Authors: Pearlson G. D. , Flournoy L. H. , Simonson M. , Slavney P. R.
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

Data were gathered on 38 obese women and 16 obese men attending a weight-reduction programme and on an equal number of normal weight controls, regarding accuracy of perception of body width in 4 regions, as well as attitudes towards body size. Obese subjects, particularly women, tended to overestimate body width and to dislike their bodies, but neither of these factors predicted success in losing weight. Age of onset of obesity was not related to degree of adult obesity or to accuracy of estimation of body width.
The Present State Examination used by interviewers from a Survey Agency: report from the MRC Camberwell Community Survey
Authors: Sturt E. , Bebbingtion P. , Hurry J. , Tennant C.
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

A random sample of 800 men and women between the ages of 18 and 64 living in Camberwell, south-east London, were interviewed using a short form of the Present State Examination (PSE). The interviewers were from a professional Agency and had received a shortened version of the usual PSE training course. A further interview was sought one month later with all subjects who were above the threshold on the Index of Definition, and a sample of those below the threshold. At this interview the full PSE was administered by members of the MRC Social Psychiatry Unit. Forty-nine audiotapes of Agency interviews were available for the members of the MRC team to rate.

This paper reports the reliability between interviewers. Techniques of comparison were chosen which enabled interviewer reliability to be assessed, without making the assumption that individual subjects would display the same symptom levels over a period of one month.

There is strong evidence that at least 2 of the 8 Agency interviewers had thresholds that were lower than those of the MRC team for rating many of the common minor symptoms such as irritability, also the key symptom of depressed mood. At least 4 of the Agency interviewers, however, were rating in a similar manner to the MRC team. There was no marked tendency for thresholds to change over the 6-month period of interviewing.
Life events and the onset of neurotic illness: an investigation in general practice
Authors: Cooper Brian , Sylph Judith
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

New cases of neurotic illness identified during one month by each in turn of eight general practitioners in a London borough were investigated by means of standardized clinical and social interviews. When compared with a matched control group of consulting patients, the index group was found to have experienced significantly more life events during the three months before the onset of illness. Events particularly associated with neurotic illness were unexpected crises and failure to achieve various life goals. The distribution of events suggested that serious, threatening events have an important aetiological role; minor events appear to play a small contributory part which may become critical when the morbid risk is already high. The problems of method involved in this type of investigation are discussed.
Down's syndrome and diabetes
Authors: Jeremiah D. E. , Leyshon G. E. , Francis Teresa Rose H. W. S. , Elliott R. W.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

A survey to determine the prevalence of diabetes in people with Down's syndrome was carried out at t raining centres in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Out of a total of 914 people known to the County Health Department as having this condition, 456 attended either junior or adult training centres and, of these, 404 provided urine specimens on two separate occasions. There were seven cases of diabetes among this group—a prevalence of 17 per thousand. Of more significance is the finding that the rate among children aged 0–14 years was 20·6 per thousand, which is considerably higher than expected in a population of this age group. It is postulated that there is an underlying defect of carbohydrate metabolism in people with Down's syndrome.
International reliability and communicability of a rating scale for depression
Authors: Åsberg Marie , Kragh-Sørensen Per , Mindham R. H. S. , Tuck J. Richard
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

A rating scale for depression, intended for international studies of drug treatment, is presented. The reliability between raters differing in training and language was 0·86 (Swedish and English raters) and 0·92 (Swedish and Danish raters); the reliability between two Swedish raters was 0·97. There was a strong correlation between severity of depression as measured on this scale and on a nurses' rating scale (0·87). The correlation with patients' self-ratings of depression was weaker (0·63) but still significant.
Evoked potential correlates of information processing in psychiatric patients
Authors: Levit Robert A. , Sutton Samuel , Zubin Joseph
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

Visual and auditory evoked potentials were recorded from the scalp under conditions of uncertainty versus certainty, correctness versus incorrectness of pretrial guess, and shift versus repetition of the sensory modality of the stimulus. Schizophrenic patients, psychotic depressive patients, and normal controls were matched for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status and educational level. The two patient groups were matched for medication (chlorpromazine) dosage level. Under all conditions normals exhibited the largest N1-P3 evoked potential amplitudes, while depressives exhibited the next largest and schizophrenics the smallest. All three groups had larger Ni-Pa amplitudes in the uncertain condition than in the certain condition. However, the effect of uncertainty was greatest in the normal group and least in the schizophrenic group. There were no significant interactions between group membership and guessing correctly and incorrectly. On the other hand, there was a significant interaction between group membership and modality shift. Depressives and normals tended to have larger N1-P3 amplitudes in the crossmodal condition, while schizophrenics tended to have larger amplitudes in the ipsimodal condition.
Aircraft noise and psychiatric morbidity
Authors: Gattoni F. , Tarnopolsky A.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

An earlier investigation which showed that admission rates to a psychiatric hospital were higher from the higher noise zones close to Heathrow Airport than from relatively quieter areas was repeated. The present paper could not confirm those results, although a trend in agreement with the original findings was found. The scope of the relationship between levels of aircraft noise and types of psychiatric morbidity is discussed.
Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Garner David M. , Garfinkel Paul E.
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

A population of professional dance (N= 183) and modelling (N= 56) students, who by career choice must focus increased attention and control over their body shapes, was studied. Height and weight data were obtained on all subjects. In addition, a questionnaire that is useful in assessing the symptoms of anorexia nervosa, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), was administered. Results of these tests were compared with those of normal female university students (N= 59), patients with anorexia nervosa (N= 68), and music students (N= 35).

Anorexia nervosa and excessive dieting concerns were overrepresented in the dance and modelling students. Twelve cases (6·5%) of primary anexoria nervosa were detected in the dance group. All but one case developed the disorder while studying dance. Within the dance group those from the most competitive environments had the greatest frequency of anorexia nervosa. These data suggest that both pressures to be slim and achievement expectations are risk factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. The influence of socio-cultural determinants are discussed within the context of anorexia nervosa as a multidetermined disorder.
Aircraft noise and mental health: I. Prevalence of individual symptoms
Authors: Tarnopolsky Alex , Watkins Gareth , Hand David J.
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

A domiciliary survey (sample size circa 6000) was conducted in areas of different aircraft exposure affected by London (Heathrow) Airport. Respondents were urban dwellers age 16+. Since no differences were found in the prevalence of manifest psychiatric disorders, the frequency of 27 individual acute and chronic symptoms was investigated. Many acute symptoms showed an increase with noise, and this was particularly evident for waking at night, irritability, depression, difficulty in getting to sleep, swollen ankles, burns/cuts/minor accidents, and skin troubles. Two chronic symptoms, tinnitus and ear problems, showed evidence of an increase with noise, while most chronic symptoms were more common in low noise conditions. Results are controlled for the effects of age, sex and other standard epidemiological variables. Irrespective of their association with noise, most symptoms, chronic and acute, were more frequent among those respondents who also reported high annoyance. Suggestions for the analysis of surveys of health effects by noise are put forward.
Women whose mothers died in childhood: an outcome study
Authors: Birtchnell John
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

The incidence of psychiatric symptoms in a community sample of mother-bereaved women was not excessive. No differences emerged when a series of 160 female psychiatric patients whose mothers died before age 11 were compared with 80 female controls. Fifty bereaved women who had bad relationships with their mother replacements had specific clinical characteristics.
Measuring social relationships The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction
Authors: Henderson Scott , Duncan-Jones P. , Byrne D. G. , Scott Ruth
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

It is generally recognized that social relationships occupy a central position in psychiatry. To examine the role of social relationships in the onset of minor psychiatric morbidity it is necessary to construct an instrument which will meet the need for a valid, reliable and comprehensive index of social relationships. Such an instrument has now been developed and used in a sample of the general population.

The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction arose from a research need, and was constructed to assess the availability and perceived adequacy for any individual of a number of facets of social relationships. These consist both of persons and of the provisions obtained through them. Data from a general population sample suggest this instrument to be sufficiently valid and reliable, and also sensitive to predictable variations between sociodemographic groups, to justify its use in clinical and epidemiological studies, both in psychiatry and general medicine.
Who Collaborative Study: assessment of depressive disorders
Authors: Sartorius N. , Jablensky A. , Gulbinat W. , Ernberg G.
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

In the context of an ongoing WHO research programme in depression, a total of 573 patients consulting psychiatrists in Canada, Iran, Japan and Switzerland were assessed with the WHO/SADD schedule which proved to be a simple and reliable instrument for standardized recording of clinical data. The results indicated that the ‘average’ depressive patients seeking care in culturally different settings have many clinical features in common. A screening instrument, developed in the same study, has been shown to be effective in selecting depressive patients among in- and out-patient populations.
Biological component of the NIMH Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the psychobiology of depression: I. Background and theoretical considerations
Authors: Maas James W. , Koslow Stephen H. , Davis John M. , Katz Martin M. , Mendels Joseph , Robins Eli , Stokes Peter E. , Bowden Charles L.
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

There are many reports which suggest that patients with affective illness (mania and/or depression) have abnormalities in the functioning of one or more neurobiological systems. At a conference convened by the Clinical Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, these findings were reviewed and some of the factors impeding movement towards a more complete and integrated view of the functioning of neurobiological systems in patients with mania or depression were identified. As a result, a multi-research centre, collaborative approach to the study of the psychobiology of affective disorders was developed. In this collaborative programme, which has now been underway for several years, the focus has been upon: (a) the assessment of the functioning of several different types of biological systems in the same patient, both before and during treatment; (b) obtaining a reasonably large number of patients and comparison subjects; and (c) the use within and across centres of standardized diagnostic categories and behavioural rating methodologies. In this paper the history, background, and rationale for this collaborative effort are reviewed. Those biological systems chosen for study are noted, and issues such as reliability and validity of diagnoses, measurement of state variables, assessment of change with treatment, and logistical and coordinating problems are discussed.
Schizophrenia and religious affiliation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Murphy H. B. M. , Vega G.
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

First admissions for schizophrenia in Northern Ireland are significantly higher for the Roman Catholics than for the rest of the population, although not as high as in the Irish Republic. The excess of Catholic cases affects only the never-married, and derives much more from the rural west of the territory than from the industrial east. It does not appear to be accounted for by geographyper se, by the differential use of services, diagnostic bias, social class distribution, or mean age at marriage. There are indications that some conflict around sex and marriage and, more doubtfully, a sense of relative deprivation may be contributing factors.
How patients describe bulimia or binge eating
Authors: Abraham Suzanne F. , Beumont P. J. V.
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS

Thirty-two patients who complained of episodes of ravenous overeating which they felt unable to control (bulimia) were asked to describe their behaviour and symptoms. There was considerable variation both between and within individuals, but a number of factors were defined which appeared to be common to all with the complaint. It is difficult to set up strict criteria for the recognition of bulimia, and those that have recently been proposed are criticized in the light of our present findings.
Dopamine metabolism in depressions, psychoses, and Parkinson's disease: the problem of the specificity of biological variables in behaviour disorders
Authors: Van Praag H. M. , Korf J. , Lakke J. P. W. F. , Schut T.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

The probenecid technique was used in a study of the central dopamine DA metabolism in patients with depressions, psychotic disorders, and Parkinson's disease. The disturbances found were neither nosologically nor syndromally specific, but appeared to be symptom-specific. Decreased DA turnover was associated with hypomotility, and increased DA turnover with hypermotility. Decreased DA turnover was probably related aetiologically to the hypomotility: the symptoms subsided after replenishment of the DA deficiency. The relation between increased DA turnover and hypermotility is still under investigation. In view of the findings obtained, a plea is made for the development of a functional psychopathology, in which psychiatric syndromes are ‘dissected’ into their constituent psychological dysfunctions. This development is expected to stimulate human brain and behaviour research. It can be achieved only by intensive collaboration between psychiatrists and experimental psychologists.
Activity in chronic schizophrenic patients: comparison of pimozide with fluphenazine in a double blind trial
Authors: Sims A. C. P. , Burnside I. G.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

A double-blind crossover trial was carried out comparing pimozide with fluphenazine. The effects of the drugs on the activity of 20 chronic inert male schizophrenic patients were measured using nursing observations, psychiatric rating, and an operant conditioning method. When activity was assessed in these different ways, no significant difference was found between the two drugs on any of the measures. It is concluded that pimozide does not effectively increase the activity in such patients. It is considered that the free operant conditioning method used was shown to be a useful measure for comparing therapy in chronic schizophrenic patients.
Effect of depression on the speed of recall of pleasant and unpleasant experiences
Authors: Lloyd G. G. , Lishman W. A.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

An experiment is described in which depressed patients were asked to recall pleasant or unpleasant experiences from their past life in response to a standard series of stimulus words. The ratio between the time for recall of pleasant and unpleasant experiences was found to fall progressively with increasing severity of depression or of ‘neuroticism’ and to be significantly related to each. Among patients who scored relatively low on depression or neuroticism pleasant memories were recalled more speedily than unpleasant; among those who scored high this relationship was reversed. Possible mechanisms to account for these findings are discussed.
Survey of alcoholism and excessive drinking in a suburb of Buenos Aires
Authors: Tarnopolsky A. , del Olmo G. , Levav (Lubchansky) I.
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

A cross-sectional household survey of drinking patterns, categorized as alcoholism, excessive drinking, moderate drinking, and abstinence, was conducted in a middle and lower-class section of Greater Buenos Aires. Alcoholism and excessive drinking were present almost exclusively among males, and were more prevalent among the lower levels of education, occupation, or residential area, and also among migrants. Prevalence rates for males, aged 15 +, were: alcoholics 4.4% ±2.1 and excessive drinkers 12.2% ± 3.4. Details of the methods, the implication of the findings, and comparisons with other surveys are reported and discussed.
Some characteristics of verbal behaviour in presenile dementia
Authors: Miller Edgar , Hague Frances
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

Two experiments concerned with the statistical characteristics of speech in presenile dementia are described. Apart from a lowered rate of production of words under certain conditions no speech abnormalities were detected on the variables examined.
Platelet monoamine oxidase activity during the course of a schizophreniform psychosis
Authors: Cookson Ian B. , Owen Frank , Ridges A. Pauline
Published: July 2009

Synopsis

A case is reported in which platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity fluctuated in the course of a schizophreniform psychosis in a way which suggests a direct relationship between low levels of MAO activity and the psychosis.
2. Psychopathology and social performance in a cohort of patients with schizophrenic psychoses. A seven-year follow-up study
Authors: Mignolli G. , Faccincani C. , Platt S.
Published: July 2009

The Italian psychiatric reform has attracted much interest and controversy around the world. While quantitative evidence on its implementation has already been provided (Tansellaet al.1987; de Girolamo, 1989), studies of the effects of the reform on patients are lacking.
Phylogeny of Trematomus (Notothenioidei: Nototheniidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences
Authors: Kuhn Kristen L. , Near Thomas J.
Published: July 2009

The biota of Antarctica is amazingly rich and highly endemic. The phylogenetics of notothenioid fishes has been extensively investigated through analyses of morphological characters, DNA sequences from mitochondrial genes, and single copy nuclear genes. These phylogenetic analyses have produced reasonably similar phylogenetic trees of notothenioids, however a number of phylogenetic questions remain. The nototheniid clade Trematomus is an example of a group where phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved. In this paper we revisit the phylogenetic relationships of Trematomus using both increased taxon sampling and an expanded dataset which includes DNA sequences from two mitochondrial genes (ND2 and 16S rRNA) and one single-copy nuclear gene (RPS7). The Bayesian phylogeny resulting from the analysis of the combined mitochondrial and nuclear gene datasets was well resolved and contained more interspecific nodes supported with significant Bayesian posteriors than either the mitochondrial or nuclear gene phylogenies alone. This demonstrates that the addition of nuclear gene sequence data to mitochondrial data can enhance phylogenetic resolution and increase node support. Additionally, the results of the combined mitochondrial and nuclear Bayesian analyses provide further support for the inclusion of species previously classified as Pagothenia and Cryothenia in Trematomus.
On Sums of Dilates
Authors: CILLERUELO JAVIER , HAMIDOUNE YAHYA O. , SERRA ORIOL
Published: July 2009

For k prime and A a finite set of integers with |A| ≥ 3(k − 1)2(k − 1)! we prove that |A + k · A| ≥ (k + 1)|A| − ⌈k(k + 2)/4⌉ where k · A = {ka: a ∈ A}. We also describe the sets for which equality holds.
Concentration on the Discrete Torus Using Transportation
Authors: SAMMER M. , TETALI P.
Published: July 2009

The sub-Gaussian constant of a graph arises naturally in bounding the moment-generating function of Lipschitz functions on the graph, with a given probability measure on the set of vertices. The closely related spread constant of a graph measures the maximal variance over all Lipschitz functions on the graph. As such they are both useful (as demonstrated in the works of Bobkov, Houdré and Tetali and Alon, Boppana and Spencer) for describing the concentration of measure phenomenon in product graphs. An equivalent formulation of the sub-Gaussian constant using a transportation inequality, introduced by Bobkov and Götze, is investigated here in depth, leading to a new way of bounding the sub-Gaussian constant. A tight concentration result for the discrete torus is given as a concrete application. An infinite family of graphs is also provided here to demonstrate that, typically, the spread and the sub-Gaussian constants differ by an order of magnitude.
INHERITED BLEEDING DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: PAVORD SUE R , LESTER WILLIAM
Published: July 2009

Inherited bleeding disorders pose a particular challenge for pregnancy and the puerperium, due to both the inheritance risk to the fetus and the bleeding risk to the mother. Women at risk require counselling to address the following questions

1

Will I bleed?

2

What treatment do I need?

3

Can I pass it on to my children?
THIRD STAGE PRACTICES AND THE NEONATE
Authors: DOWNEY CANDICE L , BEWLEY SUSAN
Published: July 2009

The third stage of labour is defined as the period following the completed delivery of the newborn until the completed delivery of the placenta and its attached membranes. Whilst to the exhausted labouring woman this stage may be an afterthought, it is a crucial time for fetal-to-neonatal transition. Major changes in anatomy and physiology occur in both mother and baby. It has also been described as ‘potentially the most hazardous part of childbirth, largely due to the risk of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) on placental separation. Despite this, the current management guidelines are based on an ‘eclectic combination of historical, anecdotal, philosophical and research-based factors.
Climatology of postsunset equatorial spread F over Jicamarca
Authors: Chapagain Narayan P. , Fejer Bela G. , Chau Jorge L.
Published: July 2009

We use radar observations from 1996 to 2006 to study the climatology of postsunset equatorial 3‐m spread F irregularities over Jicamarca during all seasons. We show that the spread F onset times do not change with solar flux and that their onset heights, which occur near the altitude of the evening F region velocity vortex, increase linearly from about 260 to 400 km from solar minimum to solar maximum. Higher onset heights generally lead to stronger radar echoes. During the equinox, spread F onset occurs near vertical drift evening reversal times, while during the December solstice, they occur near the drift reversal times close to solar minimum and near the time of the prereversal velocity peak for high solar flux conditions. On average, radar plume onset occurs earlier with increasing solar flux in all seasons. Plume onset and peak altitudes increase with solar activity, and the peak heights are generally highest during the equinox. The F region upward drift velocities that precede spread F onset increase from solar minimum to solar maximum and are approximately proportional to the maximum prereversal drift peak velocities.
A threshold for wind‐wave growth
Authors: Donelan Mark A. , Plant William J.
Published: July 2009

Measurements in a closed, recirculating wind‐wave tank using variable wind speeds showed that wind waves in the gravity‐capillary range exhibit a threshold in their growth. Surface wave height variance spectral densities in the wave number domain were measured for gravity‐capillary waves using both radar backscatter and a wavelet transform technique applied to a laser probe. The measurements showed that when the wind speed was slowly ramped up, a threshold wind speed or friction velocity was required to produce waves. Turning the wind on suddenly showed that the wind stress did not grow as rapidly as the wind since the surface waves supporting the stress grew relatively slowly. Changing water temperature or current in the water caused a pronounced change in the wind speed threshold but not in the friction velocity threshold. Changes in fetch of as much as a factor of 2 had no discernible effect on the thresholds. The results imply that wind speed, being a condition imposed on the air‐water interface, causes wave growth, while friction velocity, being a result of air‐water interactions, is closely related to surface roughness, hence radar cross section, and changes during wave growth.
Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone during the Asian summertime monsoon
Authors: Worden John , Jones Dylan B. A. , Liu Jane , Parrington Mark , Bowman Kevin , Stajner Ivanka , Beer Reinhard , Jiang Jonathan , Thouret Valérie , Kulawik Susan , Li Jui‐Lin F. , Verma Sunita , Worden Helen
Published: July 2009

We characterize the horizontal and vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone measured by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) over North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Studies have shown that the summertime circulation associated with the Asian monsoon significantly influences the spatial distribution of ozone and its precursors. However, there have been limited observations of the distribution of tropospheric ozone over this region. Over the Middle East, TES observations reveal abundances of ozone between 60 and 100 ppbv, with amounts over 80 ppbv typically occurring between 300 and 450 hPa, whereas over India, enhanced ozone abundances are near 300 hPa. Over central Asia, observed ozone amounts are 150–200 ppbv at altitudes near 300 hPa. These enhanced ozone abundances are observed in June and July, corresponding to the onset of the Asian monsoon, and begin to dissipate in August. Intercomparison of the TES data with ozone climatologies derived from the Measurements of Ozone and Water Vapor by in‐Service Airbus Aircraft program show that the TES ozone is biased high by about 15% between 300 and 750 hPa, consistent with prior validation studies. Comparison of the assimilation of TES data into the GEOS‐Chem model with assimilation of data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) into the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS‐4) model shows consistency in the distribution of ozone. For example, at 7–8 km across North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia the bias between GEOS‐Chem and the assimilated OMI and MLS fields was reduced from 6.8 to 1.4 ppbv following assimilation of the TES data.
Fault displacement accumulation and slip rate variability within the Taupo Rift (New Zealand) based on trench and 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar data
Authors: McClymont Alastair F. , Villamor Pilar , Green Alan G.
Published: July 2009

In offshore regions, studies based on densely spaced reflection seismic data tied to stratigraphic logs demonstrate that active faults can have variable displacement rates over relatively short distances and short time intervals. Here, we demonstrate how high‐resolution 3‐D ground‐penetrating (GPR) data tied to trench‐derived stratigraphic logs provide similar information for active faults in onshore regions. To investigate recent (≤24.4 ka) fault activity within the Taupo Rift of New Zealand, we analyze 3‐D GPR data acquired over 10 fault strands within the Maleme fault zone. After correlating three prominent GPR reflection horizons with three faulted chronostratigraphic units observed within a trench, we extrapolate the geometries of the horizons over a ∼150 × 250 m area of the fault zone and determine slip accumulation patterns and rates. Profiles of cumulative fault displacement measured for horizons older than 12.5 ka exhibit characteristic displacement distributions. By calculating average cumulative displacements with time for five practically complete fault strands, we obtain robust slip rate estimates. Slip rates are variable for time intervals ≤12.5 ka long, suggesting that at least four earthquakes are required for these faults to exhibit uniform slip rates characteristic of their long‐term behavior.
Non‐Darcian two‐phase flow in a transparent replica of a rough‐walled rock fracture
Authors: Nowamooz Ali , Radilla Giovanni , Fourar Mostafa
Published: July 2009

This article presents experimental results for single‐ and two‐phase flows at high flow rates through a replica of an actual rough‐walled rock fracture. The results of the single‐phase flow are interpreted using non‐Darcian laws: the weak inertia cubic law, Forchheimer's law, and the full cubic law. They allow the determination of the fracture's intrinsic properties (absolute permeability and inertial coefficient). These laws are then generalized to describe non‐Darcian two‐phase flows. The generalized cubic and Forchheimer's laws are shown to be inconsistent in terms of the relative permeabilities. The generalization of the full cubic law is used to describe the liquid and gas relative permeabilities in the non‐Darcian regime with a good accuracy.
Subarctic atmospheric aerosol composition: 1. Ambient aerosol characterization
Authors: Friedman Beth , Herich Hanna , Kammermann Lukas , Gross Deborah S. , Arneth Almut , Holst Thomas , Cziczo Daniel J.
Published: July 2009

Subarctic aerosol was sampled during July 2007 at the Abisko Research Station Stordalen field site operated by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Located in northern Sweden at 68° latitude and 385 m above sea level (m asl), this site is classified as a semicontinuous permafrost mire. Number density, size distribution, cloud condensation nucleus properties, and chemical composition of the ambient aerosol were determined. Back trajectories showed that three distinct air masses were present over Stordalen during the sampling period. Aerosol properties changed and correlated with air mass origin to the south, northeast, or west, suggesting that particle source and transport were important factors. We observe that Arctic aerosol is not compositionally unlike that found in the free troposphere at midlatitudes. Internal mixtures of sulfates and organics, many on insoluble biomass burning and/or elemental carbon cores, dominate the number density of particles from ∼200‐ to 2000‐nm aerodynamic diameter. Mineral dust that had interacted with gas‐phase species was observed in all air masses. Sea salt, due to the uptake of nitrate species and loss of chlorine, was the aerosol type that most varied chemically with air mass.
Investigation of archaeal and bacterial diversity in fermented seafood using barcoded pyrosequencing
Authors: Roh Seong Woon , Kim Kyoung-Ho , Nam Young-Do , Chang Ho-Won , Park Eun-Jin , Bae Jin-Woo
Published: July 2009

Little is known about the archaeal diversity of fermented seafood; most of the earlier studies of fermented food have focused on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the fermentation process. In this study, the archaeal and bacterial diversity in seven kinds of fermented seafood were culture-independently examined using barcoded pyrosequencing and PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) methods. The multiplex barcoded pyrosequencing was performed in a single run, with multiple samples tagged uniquely by multiplex identifiers, using different primers for Archaea or Bacteria. Because PCR–DGGE analysis is a conventional molecular ecological approach, this analysis was also performed on the same samples and the results were compared with the results of the barcoded pyrosequencing analysis. A total of 13 372 sequences were retrieved from 15 898 pyrosequencing reads and were analyzed to evaluate the diversity of the archaeal and bacterial populations in seafood. The most predominant types of archaea and bacteria identified in the samples included extremely halophilic archaea related to the family Halobacteriaceae; various uncultured mesophilic Crenarchaeota, including Crenarchaeota Group I.1 (CG I.1a and CG I.1b), Marine Benthic Group B (MBG-B), and Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group (MCG); and LAB affiliated with genus Lactobacillus and Weissella. Interestingly, numerous uncultured mesophilic Crenarchaeota groups were as ubiquitous in the fermented seafood as in terrestrial and aquatic niches; the existence of these Crenarchaeota groups has not been reported in any fermented food. These results indicate that the archaeal populations in the fermented seafood analyzed are diverse and include the halophilic and mesophilic groups, and that barcoded pyrosequencing is a promising and cost-effective method for analyzing microbial diversity compared with conventional approaches.