bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Etkin Dinleme Eğitiminin Dinlediğini ve Okuduğunu Anlama Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: KARASAKALOĞLU Nuri , BULUT Berker
Published: September 2018

Bu araştırmada, dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerine verilen etkin dinleme eğitiminin, öğrencilerin dinlediklerini ve okuduklarını anlamaları üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırmada deney grubundaki öğrencilere haftada iki ders saati olmak üzere sekiz hafta süresince etkin dinleme eğitimi verilmiştir. Kontrol grubundaki öğrencilere ise etkin dinleme eğitiminin içeriğini oluşturan materyaller sunulmuş ancak bu materyalleri geleneksel dinleme çalışmaları yaparak haftada iki saatlik uygulamalarla sekiz hafta süresince işlemeleri sağlanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular incelendiğinde, etkin dinleme eğitiminin dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin dinlediğini ve okuduğunu anlama düzeylerinin gelişimine olumlu yönde katkı sağladığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte araştırmadan elde edilen bir diğer sonuç da öğrencilerin dinlediğini anlama başarısının, okuduğunu anlama başarısındaki gelişime ön koşul teşkil ettiği şeklindedir.
Özel Öğretim Kurumlarının -Dershanelerin- Kentteki Yer Seçimi: Trabzon Kenti Örneği
Authors: BEYAZLI Dilek , SAĞLAM Duygu
Published: September 2018

Ülkemiz mevzuatında, özel öğretim kurumlarının kuruluşu ve işletimini esas alan kanun ve yönetmeliklerin yanı sıra, ağırlıklı olarak kurumlarının mekânsal birimleri ve kurumlarda kullanılacak araç gereçlerin standartlarını belirleyen yönergeler bulunmaktadır. Dershanelerin kentsel düzlemde konumu, hareketliliği, yer seçimi, kentsel işlevlerle ilişkisi ve entegrasyonuna ilişkin standartlara ve/veya araştırmalara pek rastlanmamaktadır. Bu çalışma ile özel öğretim kurumların kentteki yerseçim kriterlerine ilişkin fiili durum, Trabzon kenti örneği üzerinden aktarılmış olup benzer durumun diğer kentlerdeki varlığı, sorunları farklılaşsa bile dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar ve değerlendirmeler kapsamında literatüre ve mevzuata katkı sunması amaçlanmıştır. Sonuçta, eğitim-öğretim sistemi içerinde bu kurumlar var olmaya devam edecekse ya da daha büyük bir problem olarak özel eğitim kurumuna dönüşme süreci yaşanacaksa;  kent merkezinde konumlanan dershanelerin dönüşümü mekânsal olarak duyarlılıkla irdelenmek durumundadır. 
İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Eleştirel Düşünme Becerilerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: ÖZYURT Melike , BAŞTOPÇU Gözde , BARCIN Fazilet , DEVİREN Gülben , ATİLE Hatice
Published: September 2018

"Bu araştırmada öğrencilerin eleştirel düşünme becerilerinin analiz, çıkarım ve değerlendirme alt boyutlarının cinsiyet, kreşe gitme durumu, kardeş sayısı, kardeş sırası ve sınıf ortamı değişkenleri açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nicel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldı çalışma tarama modelindedir. Araştırmanın örneklemini 2016-2017 eğitim öğretim yılında Gaziantep’te eğitim vermekte olan 12 ilkokulun dördüncü sınıfında öğrenim gören 617 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Doğanay ve Sarı (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Düşünme Dostu Sınıf Ölçeği ile Demir (2006) tarafından geliştirilen Eleştirel Düşünme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde t –testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda; eleştirel düşünme becerisinin analiz alt boyutunda cinsiyete göre kız öğrenciler lehine, kreşe gitme durumuna göre ise kreşe gidenler lehine anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kardeş sırası incelendiğinde, sıralamada sonda olan kardeşler lehine farkın arttığı belirlenmiştir. Eleştirel düşünme becerisinin çıkarım alt boyutunda ise kreşe gidenler ve kardeş sayısı çok olanlar lehine anlamlı bir fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Eleştirel düşünmenin değerlendirme alt boyutunda ise kreşe gidenler lehine anlamlı bir fark olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırmada ayrıca sınıf ortamının düşünmeyi engelleyici öğrenci davranışları bileşeni ile eleştirel düşünme becerisi arasındaki olumsuz yöndeki ilişkinin, sınıf ortamının diğer bileşenleri olan düşünmeyi destekleyici öğretmen ve öğrenci davranışları ile eleştirel düşünme arasındaki olumlu ilişkiden daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Değişen Dünyada Değişen Okul
Authors: ASLAN ALTAN Bilge
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışmada okul paydaşları tarafından değişen okul ortamının ve iyi bir okulun günümüzde nasıl ifade edildiği, paydaşlar gözüyle okulun değişen dünya standartlarında hangi görev ve sorumlulukları üstlendiği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olgubilim desenindede yürütülmüştür. Çalışma idareci, öğretmen, öğrenci ve velilerden oluşan toplamda 8 katılımcı ile yürütülmüştür. Verilerin toplanmasında yarı yapılandırılmış açık uçlu görüşme soruları kullanılmıştır. Veriler betimsel ve içerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, okulun küresel değişimin getirdiği rekabet olgusunu benimseyen bir kuruma dönüştüğü, bireylerin akademik başarı dışında odaklandığı farklı bir konuları olmadığı, okulların bütünleştirici ve sosyalleştirici işlevlerinin kaybolduğu, geleceğe yönelik umutsuzluk oluşturduğu sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
Fen Bilgisi Öğretmenliği 3. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Basınç-Kaynama Noktası İlişkisine Yönelik Düşünceleri: Bir TGA Uygulaması
Authors: LAÇİN-ŞİMŞEK Canan , ÖZTUNA-KAPLAN Aysun , ÇORAPÇIGİL Alper , MISIR Muhammet Emin
Published: September 2018

Bu araştırmada, Tahmin-Gözlem-Açıklama (TGA) aracılığıyla Fen Bilgisi Öğretmenliği 3. sınıf öğrencilerinin basınç-kaynama noktası ilişkisine yönelik bilgi düzeyleri ve kavram yanılgılarının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma grubunu Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi’nde 2015-2016 eğitim öğretim yılında Fen Bilgisi Öğretmenliği programının 3. sınıfında öğrenim görmekte olan 33 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Suyu buzla kaynatma deneyi üzerinden yapılan TGA uygulaması ile veriler toplanmıştır. Veri toplama kaynaklarını TGA formları ve uygulama esnasında yapılan sınıf içi tartışma kayıtları oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada, öğretmen adaylarının basınç ve kaynama noktası ile ilgili tam olarak bir ilişki kuramadıkları ve gözlemlerinde en çok erlendeki yoğunlaşmaya odaklandıkları ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, öğretmen adaylarının çalışmanın tahmin, gözlem ve açıklama basamaklarının tümünde problem yaşadıkları gözlemlenmiştir.
An investigation on Turkish EFL Majoring Students’ Unethical Behaviors
Authors: BARIN Muzaffer , HAN Turgay , AYBİRDİ Nilüfer
Published: September 2018

Much research has investigated plagiarism in different educational contexts; however, very little research has investigated English-as-a-foreign language students’ ethic from gender and impression management perspectives in Turkish EFL context. Academic dishonesty scale, impression management scale, and personal attributes questionnaire were used to collect data. This survey investigates Turkish EFL-majoring students’ attitudes towards academic behaviors, impression management, and psychological gender. Data were collected from 285 EFL majoring students from 3 state universities in Turkey. The results of this present study showed that first, all students have a moderate level of cheating behavior, they have varying level of beliefs about cheating behavior, there are no significant cheating behavior differences by gender. 
Characteristics of clients and animals served by high-volume, stationary, nonprofit spay-neuter clinics
Authors: White Sara C. , Scarlett Janet M. , Levy Julie K.
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE To characterize the clients served by and the cats and dogs admitted to nonprofit spay-neuter clinics.

DESIGN Cross-sectional survey.

SAMPLE 2,154 dogs and 1,902 cats that were owned by 3,768 survey respondents and admitted to 22 nonprofit spay-neuter clinics across the United States between April 29, 2013, and January 24, 2014.

PROCEDURES Participating clinics distributed surveys to clients during each of 4 quarterly study weeks. The survey collected descriptive information about clients' pets and households as well as their decision-making regarding sterilization of their pets. For each of the study weeks, clinics reported the total number of surgeries, including those involving shelter animals, feral cats, and other owned animals.

RESULTS Respondents indicated that 49% of dogs and 77% of cats had not been examined previously by a veterinarian, except during vaccine clinics. Among animals ≥ 4 months of age, 1,144 of 1,416 (81%) cats and 572 of 1,794 (32%) dogs had not received a rabies vaccination. Previous litters were reported for 204 of 716 (28%) queens and 153 of 904 (17%) bitches. Most clients' (53%) household income was < $30,000 annually. Common reasons for clinic choice included cost; friend, neighbor, or family recommendation; and good reputation.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Nonprofit spay-neuter clinics predominantly served low-income clients and animals lacking regular veterinary care, in addition to animals from shelters and community cats. These clinics increase access to services needed for animal population control and public health.
Analisis Tingkat Penerimaan Sistem E-Learning menggunakan Blog Gratis sebagai Alternatif Media Pembelajaran pada Guru
Authors: Amalia Faizatul , Brata Adam Hendra , Sulistyo Rizki Tri , Diofanu Andre
Published: September 2018

Blog is a medium used to post news, information, video-based websites. The types of blogs that exist today are paid or free of charges such as Blogspot, WordPress, and others. Currently, blog users are numerous. This is because the function of the blog not only for posting news or information but the reader can provide advice related to the content or ask the blogger. In the world of education, blogs can be used as a medium of learning that can help post the subject matter, daily repetition announcements, or discussion related subject matter. But the use of the blog as a learning medium is less visible. This research has some intentions are: discovering the percentage of teachers which is used a free blog as an alternative learning media, discovering what factors are influenced in accepting the technology of free blog, and implementing the UTAUT method to evaluate in accepting technology in free blog as an alternative learning media. The method of UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) is used to test the acceptance of technology by the user against the use of blog as a medium of learning in school. The Vocational Teachers of Malang are being used in this research as a population. From this population, we should use the sampling method. And the sampling method is used random sampling which is 61 samples from all of the teacher in Vocational School in Malang. The result from this research are: (1) Blogspot is the most used by teacher in vocational school as learning media is about 63%, then wordpress is about 18.5%, Edmodo is about 17.4% and other is about 1.1%; (2) and at about 94.02% in effort expectancy, 89.50% in performance expectancy, 88.04% in social influence, 86.04% in supporting facilities, 85.71% in use behavior, and 84.39% in behavioral intention.
Penggunaan Teknik Unsupervised Discretization pada Metode Naive Bayes dalam Menentukan Jurusan Siswa Madrasah Aliyah
Authors: Saleh Alfa , Nasari Fina
Published: September 2018

Pemilihan jurusan bagi siswa merupakan langkah positif yang dilakukan untuk memfokuskan siswa sesuai dengan potensi yang dimiliki, hal ini dianggap penting karena dengan adanya jurusan, siswa diharapkan mampu mengembangkan kemampuan akademis sesuai bidang yang dikuasai. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, telah dilakukan pengujian dengan metode Naive Bayes yang bertujuan untuk mengkasifikasikan jurusan siswa bedasarkan kriteria yang menunjang dengan studi kasus pada siswa Madrasah Aliyah Swasta PAB 6 Helvetia, dan didapatkan hasil pengujian dari 100 data siswa dengan tingkat keakuratan 90%. pada penelitian ini, dilakukan optimalisasi metode yang digunakan sebelumnya dengan menerapkan teknik Unsupervised Discretization yang akan mentransformasikan kriteria numerik/kontinyu menjadi kriteria kategorikal dan mengeliminasi satu kriteria yang dianggap tidak mempengaruhi keakuratan hasil pengujian, dengan begitu keakurasian hasil klasifikasi dapat meningkat. Dari 120 data siswa yang diuji, terbukti bahwa hasil klasifikasi penerapan teknik unsupervised discretization pada metode naive bayes naik dari 90% menjadi 92.8%. AbstractSelection of majors for students is a positive step that is done to focus students in accordance with their potential, it is considered important because with the majors, students are expected to develop academic ability according to the controlled field. In previous research, Naive Bayes method has been tested to classify the students department based on the supportive criterias (case study on Madrasah Aliyah PAB 6 Helvetia), and the test result of 100 students data, the classification accuracy is about 90% . in this study, optimizaton is done with a method used earlier by applying Unsupervised Discretization techniques that would transform numerical / continuous criteria into categorical criteria and eliminating one criterion that is considered not affect the accuracy of test results. thus the accuracy of classification results could increase. 120 students data is tested, it is evident that the results of the classification of the application of unsupervised discretization techniques on the Naive Bayes method rose from 90% to 92.8%.
Klasifikasi Berita Olahraga Menggunakan Metode Naïve Bayes dengan Enhanced Confix Stripping Stemmer
Authors: Pramudita Yoga Dwitya , Putro Sigit Susanto , Makhmud Nurul
Published: September 2018

Dokumen berita olahraga dalam bentuk web kini memiliki jumlah yang besar dalam kurun waktu singkat. Untuk kemudahan akses dokumen perlu melakukan pengelompokan dokumen berita kedalam beberapa kategori. Hal tersebut bertujuan agar berita olahraga tersusun sesuai dengan kategori yang ditentukan. Berita dapat dikelompokkan secara manual oleh manusia, akan tetapi hal tersebut membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk melakukan kategorisasi. Metode klasifikasi diusulkan dalam penelitian ini untuk melakukan pengkategorian secara otomatis dokumen berita. Tujuan dilakukannya klasifikasi adalah untuk mempercepat dan mempermudah dalam pemberian kategori, sehingga dapat meningkatkan efisiensi waktu. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode klasifikasi Naïve Bayes Classifier. Sebelum dilakukan klasifikasi ada proses preprocessing dengan menggunakan Enhanced Confix Striping Stemmer.  Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengembalikan ke bentuk kata dasar, sehingga data berkurang dan proses komputasi menjadi lebih efisien. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan 18 berita olahraga yang dipilih secara acak oleh user atau tester, dari 18 berita yang diujikan terdapat 14 berita yang bernilai benar atau relevan dengan analisis yang dilakukan use atau tester pada berita uji. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Aplikasi Klasifikasi Berita Olahraga menggunakan Metode Naïve Bayes dengan Enhanced Confix Striping Stemmer mampu mengklasifikasi berita olahraga sesuai dengan kategori masing-masing, seperti Sepak Bola, Basket, Raket, Formula 1, Moto GP dan olahraga lainnya dengan keakuratan sebesar 77%. Abstract Web-based sports news currently has a considerable amount of documents. News documents need to be grouped into multiple categories for easy access. The goal is that sports news is structured according to the specified category. News can be grouped manually by humans, but it takes a long time to categorize if it involves large documents. Classification method is proposed in this research to categorize automatically news document. The purpose of doing the classification is to accelerate and simplify the granting of categories, thereby increasing the efficiency of time. In this research using the Naïve Bayes Classifier classification method. Prior to classification there is a preprocessing process using Enhanced Confix Striping Stemmer. It aims to return to the basic word form, so the data is reduced and the computing process becomes more efficient. From the test using 18 sports news randomly selected by the user or tester, there are 14 news stories that are true or relevant to the analysis by the user or the tester on the test news. This study concludes that the Sports News Classification Application using the Naïve Bayes Method with Enhanced Confix Striping Stemmer is able to classify sports news according to their respective categories, such as Football, Basket, Racquet, Formula 1, Moto GP and other sports with accuracy of 77%.
Ethnomedicine for stomach ache by the tribes of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: B V Ramarao Naidu
Published: September 2018

The paper deals with 31 species of plants covering 31 genera from 23 families used by the Savara, Jatapu, Konda dora, Gadaba, Kuttiya and Yerukula tribes of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh for curing stomach ache. Family-wise analysis showed that the dominance of Rubiaceae with 4 species followed by Sterculiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Acanthaceae (each 2) and others. Herbs are dominant with 12 species followed by trees (9), shrubs (8) and others. Root is used in 13 practices followed by leaf (7), stem bark (5) and others. 7 practices were found to be new or less known. The study is undertaken since there are no such ones in the region.
STUDY ON USE OF FUNDS RURAL PRIORITY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE VILLAGE AUTONOMY
Authors: Kusriyah Sri
Published: September 2018

The government policy in terms of rural development are set to determine the priority of the village budget is used for rural development initially was referring to Act No. 6 of 2014 on the village, Article 1 point 8 states that Rural Development is an effort to improve the quality of life and life to sebesar- the welfare of the village community. Priority use of the Village Fund to finance the implementation of priority programs and activities that cut across the field. among other areas of activity featured products village or rural areas
Lei n.º 11.645/2008: estudantes de Santo Antônio de Leverger (MT) e a temática indígena
Authors: Borges da Silva Armelinda , Secchi Darci , Galdino Suzete Da Silva
Published: September 2018

O presente artigo pretende discutir os cenários da Lei n.º 11.645/2008 referente à temática indígena. Para tanto, investigou-se como a referida legislação é aplicada no quotidiano escolar de uma escola do município de Santo Antônio de Leverger, estado de Mato Grosso e, a partir dos dados, procurou-se apresentar algumas interpretações e proposições. O estudo foi realizado durante os meses de abril a maio de 2018 por meio de um Diagnóstico Rápido e Participativo (WHITESIDE, 1994). Foram utilizados como instrumentos de levantamento de informações, um questionário fechado e a confecção de desenhos por parte das e dos estudantes. O resultado da pesquisa evidenciou que precisamos de ações mais efetivas dentro das unidades de ensino para uma aprendizagem mais emancipatória e crítica sobre os povos indígenas no Brasil, do estado de Mato Grosso e principalmente do município de Santo Antônio de Leverger.
Fostering Student Nurses’ Self-Regulated Learning with the Second Life Environment: An Empirical Study
Authors: Isam Al-hatem Ahmed , Masood Mona , Al-Samarraie Hosam
Published: September 2018

Aim/Purpose: This study investigated the potential use of Second Life (SL) to facilitate nursing students’ confidence and motivation, as well as its impact on their self-regulated learning development.

Background: The current emphasis on nursing education in general has resulted in more consideration of different virtual learning environments as a means for assessing individuals’ learning in a healthcare context.

Methodology: A quantitative research approach employing the survey method was used in this study. A model fit for Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique on 218 participants was produced to estimate the direct effect of environmental elements in terms of environment content design, environment interactivity, and environment functionality on student nurses’ behaviour in terms of motivation and confidence. In addition, the direct effect of student nurses’ behaviour on the development of their self-regulated learning was also examined and discussed. Two SL medical scenarios were designed to facilitate nurse students’ mastery of the learning task.

Contribution: This study shows the potential of using SL for empowering nurses’ self-regulated learning and collaborative learning. It extends the current understanding on how SL can assess nurses to learn about clinical related matters through the control of teleported characters (avatars), thus enhancing self-regulation.

Findings: This study found that SL content design, functionality, and interactivity can positively affect nursing students’ learning by providing them with the necessary elements to stimulate their confidence and motivation. We also found that nursing students’ confidence and motivation when using SL have significantly contributed to their self-regulated learning.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Findings from this study can help educational decision makers to consider the use of seamless learning environments, like the SL, to help students solve problems and generate alternative responses to their issues.
Seminário Temático Internacional do PPGE/IE “Multiculturalismo, Gestão e Formação On Line”
Authors: Palma Rute Cristina Domingos da , Alonso Katia Morosov
Published: September 2018

O Seminário Temático Internacional denominado Multiculturalismo, Gestão e Formação On Line foi desenvolvido pelo grupo de pesquisa LêTECE – Laboratório de Estudos sobre Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação na Educação do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação do Instituto de Educação (PPGE/IE), pelo Programa Nacional de Administração Pública da UFMT e NEAD – Núcleo de Educação Aberta e a Distância.
PENGARUH FAKTOR SOSIAL TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN WISATAWAN DOMESTIK DALAM MEMILIH HOTEL BERBINTANG DI KAWASAN WISATA SENGIGI PULAU LOMBOK
Authors: Suryantini Suryantini
Published: September 2018

This research is aimed at determining the effect of Reference Group, Family, Role and Status on the decision of Domestic Tourists in Choosing Tourist Hotel in Lombok.  This research is quantitative causality study. The population of this research are customers of Sheraton Hotel and Killa Hotel. The samples were 100 respondents selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed with multiple linear regression using SPSS program.The research showed that reference group variable had positive and significant effect on the decision of domestic tourists in choosing Tourist hotel in Lombok, the family variable had positive and significant effect on the decision of domestic tourists in choosing Tourist hotel in Lombok, the role and status variable had positive and significant effect on the decision of domestic tourists in choosing Tourist hotel in Lombok. Keywords:Reference Group, Family, Role and Status, Decision of Domestic Tourists
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI KREATIF SEKTOR KERAJINAN PERHIASAN MUTIARA DI KOTA MATARAM
Authors: Ilhamuddin H Muhammad , Rusminah Rusminah , Hilmiati Hj , Ahyar Muhammad
Published: September 2018

This study is aimed to find out an alternative strategies of creative industry development of pearl jewelry craft sector in Mataram city. The research uses descriptive research design. The data collected by interview and observation methods which is analyzed by using Internal Factor Analysis (IFE), External Factor Analysis (EFE), and SWOT analysis. The results shows that the internal environment of the industry has a strong position where the strength has a total value of 2.46 compared to the weakness of 0.64. The industry’s position of the outside environment also has strong position where the industry ‘s opportunity has a total value of 1.80 versus threat 1.04. Based on the value of IFE and EFE can be obtained coordinate point in the axis system is 0.91,0.38. The strategy choice is a growth strategy.Keyword: development Strategy, SWOT, creative industry of pearl jewelry
Pakistan’s Energy Security Challenge: Some Observations and Thoughts
Authors: Khalid Rahman
Published: September 2018

ENERGY SECURITY 1.1. Energy security has become the burning topic of the day both in country specific and international terms. Many consider that the new alignments in geopolitics are strongly influenced by the search for energy security which may be defined as “dependable and affordable energy necessary for an economy.” It is even claimed that in terms of strategic importance energy security is second only to food security. Given the shortage of energy we are facing and the national debate on its cost and affordability, there is no doubt consensus that we have an Energy Crisis in the country and our Energy Security is at risk.
Fiscal Policy and Current Account Dynamics in the Case of Pakistan
Authors: Attiya Y. Javid  , Muhammad Javid  , Umaima Arif
Published: September 2018

The relationship between fiscal policy and the current account has long attracted interest among academic economists and policymakers after introduction of the standard intertemporal model of the current account by Sachs (1981) and its extension by Obstfeld and Rogoff, (1995) in open economy macroeconomics. There are two major strands of the current account literature Mundell-Fleming [Mundell (1968) and Fleming (1967)] and Ricardian equivalence [Barro (1974, 1989)] to explain such variations in the deficits. According to Mundell-Fleming model budget deficits cause current account deficits through stimulating income growth or exchange rate appreciation [Darrat (1988); Abell (1990); Bachman (1992) and Bahmani-Oskooee (1992)]. On the other hand, there is Ricardian view that the financing of budget deficits, either through reduced taxes or by issuing bond does not alter present value wealth of private households since both temporarily reduced taxes and issuance of bonds represent future tax liabilities [Kaufmann, et al. (2002); Evans (1989); Miller and Russek (1989); Enders and Lee (1990) and Kim (1995)]. The underlying reason is that the effects of fiscal deficits on the current account depend on the nature of the fiscal imbalance. For example, in a simple theoretical model in which Ricardian equivalence holds, a cut in lump sum taxes and the ensuing fiscal deficit would not affect the current account as the private savings increase will offset the fiscal deficit but investment will be unchanged. Conversely, a transitory increase in government spending will increase both the fiscal deficit and the current account deficit, a case of twin deficits. And a permanent increase in government spending will have no effects on the current account while its effects on the fiscal balance will depend on whether the extra spending is financed right away with taxes (in which case the fiscal balance is unchanged) or whether it is financed with debt (future taxes) in which case the fiscal balance worsens. Thus, fiscal deficit may or may not lead to current account deficits depending on the nature and persistence of the fiscal shock. There is also a third scenario relate to Recardian view that portrays the possibility of negative relationship between the deficits where, for example, output shock give rise to endogenous movements and two deficits are divergent.
The Causality between Revenues and Expenditure of the Federal and Provincial Governments of Pakistan
Authors: Tahir Sadiq
Published: September 2018

Large fiscal deficits and a growing debt burden have been a key element of the structural problems faced by the economy of Pakistan. During the last three years, for example, the budget deficit has averaged almost 6 percent of the GDP and the public debt has approached the level of 60 percent of the GDP. Targets agreed with IMF have been seriously violated and the SBA with the Fund has floundered because of the inability to control the fiscal deficit. There is a growing perception that one of the root causes of inflation is the large borrowing from the Central Bank to finance the deficit. This has resulted in a popular demand for cutting down of unproductive expenditure and observing austerity along with implementation of a strong programme of reforms to raise the low tax to GDP ratio of the country by broad-basing the tax system and eliminating exemptions. The fundamental question is whether measures at reducing the fiscal deficit will have a, more or less, permanent impact. If an increase in tax revenue is accompanied subsequently by a rise in expenditure then the impact on the deficit is likely to be temporary or limited in character. Alternatively, if a cut in expenditure leads to a slackening of the fiscal effort then the gains are also not lasting in nature.
An Analysis of Energy Security Using the Partial Equilibrium Model: The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Javed Anwar
Published: September 2018

Restricting energy imports and total primary energy supply are the two direct policy options used for the improvement of energy security. Restricting energy imports directly reduce energy import dependency that leads to diversification of energy resources and ultimately enhances energy security while total energy supply reduction affects the energy security through the diversification of efficient technology mix and energy resources supply mix. As energy is a vital element for sustained economic growth and development, therefore energy consumption is used as a basic indicator of people living standards. Due to technological and industrial development, the demand of energy in Pakistan is increasing more than the total primary energy supply; therefore, it is confronting the severe energy deficit today. So there should be a serious concern for the government about the energy security and should take enough actions for the development of indigenous alternative and renewable energy resources.
Improving Governance in Pakistan: Changing Perspectives on Decentralisation (The Allama Iqbal Lecture)
Authors: Ehtisham Ahmad
Published: September 2018

Allama Iqbal stressed the need for khudi in terms of national identity and focus on selfreliance, without which there would have been no chance to break colonial bounds. The message still resonates today, in a period of economic crisis and lack of national agreement on tax reforms. International experience with decentralisation also emphasises the importance of significant own-source revenues in generating accountability and effective service delivery at all levels of government. Although the 18th Amendment of Pakistan Constitution makes significant strides towards clarifying spending responsibilities, the issue of subsidiarity is not effectively addressed, nor is the issue of implementable own-source of revenues. This runs the risk of generating unfunded mandates, further pressures and weakening of public service delivery, leading possibly to strengthening of ethnic and parochial divisions and centrifugal forces. Iqbal’s message is as important now as it was in the last century. JEL classification: H 77 Keywords: Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations
Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: An Analysis of Family and Non-family Controlled Firms
Authors: Qaiser Rafique Yasser
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study is to scrutinise the impact of corporate governance mechanism on on the performance of family and non-family controlled firms in Pakistan. It has been found that a corporate governance structure influences the performance of both family and non-family controlled companies significantly. However all corporate governance mechanisms are not significant as the significant variables differ between family and non-family controlled companies. Thus, regulators need to be cautious in setting codes for different companies. JEL classification: G34, L21, L25 Keywords: Corporate Governance, Firm Performance
A Strategic Tool for Managing Intellectual Capital of Pakistan
Authors: Kamran Yousef Sandhu
Published: September 2018

In the post-industrial world, the Intellectual Capital (IC) of nations has become critical for wealth and value creation. In this era of knowledge-based economy, one real challenge that a nation faces is maintenance of its economic growth and its competitiveness in the international market. Policy-makers presently need to have a strategic management tool to measure and develop IC assets of a country. The paper extends the framework of Skandia Navigator [Edvinsson and Malone (1997)] from the corporate to the national level and develops a tool on the extended framework to visualise the intellectual capital of Pakistan. The Intellectual Capital of a country is indirectly visualised through various indices. These indices change from year to year, not necessarily in a consistent manner, so that having a general view would be baffling. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes three methods of measuring the change in IC based on Financial Index (FI), Human Index (HI), Process Index (PI), Market Index (MI) and Research Index (RI). These tools produce composite IC indices for Pakistan (2005-2010) that can be useful for the development of national policies. Keywords: Intellectual Capital Measurement, Knowledge Management, Strategic Management, Pakistan Economy
Remittances in Pakistan: Why They Have Gone Up and Why They Are Not Coming Down
Authors: Udo Kock  , Yan Sun
Published: September 2018

The flow of workers’ remittances to Pakistan has more than quadrupled in the last eight years and shows no sign of slowing down, despite the economic downturn in the Gulf Cooperation Council and other important host countries for Pakistani workers. This paper analyses the forces that have driven remittance flows to Pakistan in recent years. A methodological innovation is that we study the behaviour of per capita remittances and draw a close link between remittances and remitters’ earning capacity, in the belief that higher earning power leads to more remittances. Our main conclusions are that (i) the growth in the inflow of workers’ remittances to Pakistan is in large part due to an increase in worker migration, (ii) the higher skill levels of migrating workers has helped boost remittances, and (iii) other imporant determinants of remittances to Pakistan are agricultural output and the relative yield on investments in the host and home countries. JEL classification: F22, F24 Keywords: Workers’ Remittances, Migration, Pakistan
The Integration of Financial Markets in GCC Countries
Authors: Shabbir Ahmad
Published: September 2018

The real interest parity (RIP) condition states that the interest rate differential between two economies is equivalent to the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate. This study examines the integration of financial markets in the GCC countries by verifying the validity of RIP in their economies. Using univariate and different panel unit root tests, we find evidence supporting the RIP theory, which indicates that the financial markets in these countries are well integrated and that the adoption of a common currency would be relatively easy. JEL classification: F21; F36; C23 Keywords: Real Interest Parity, GCC Countries, Panel Unit Root Tests, Monetary Union
Michael K. Connors, Rémy Davison, and Jörn Dosch. The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific. (Second edition). London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 2012. 274 pages. Price not given.
Authors: Uzma Zia
Published: September 2018

The updated edition of The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific provides a framework for understanding the complexities of global politics in this region. The book focuses on crucial aspects such as realism, liberalism, and critical theoretical views. It sheds light on refined interpretations and covers current important issues, including security, terrorism, and the role of transnational actors. The edition is a good collection of constructive and thought-provoking papers by three authors, and serves as a useful tool for graduate students, researchers, and policymakers with which to understand political policy debates.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Adnan Akram
Published: September 2018

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Infrastructure and Growth
Authors: Muhammad Imran  , Javeria Niazi
Published: September 2018

Physical Infrastructure stocks in Pakistan since the last two decades have been growing at a very low pace which resulted in increasing unemployment and very low economic growth in the last four years. The paper analyses the link between infrastructure, productivity and growth in Pakistan by applying two distinct methodologies—growth accounting and growth regressions. We find out that infrastructure stock has significantly positive impact on productivity and economic growth. At the individual level, electricity generation, agricultural water availability and telecommunications impact the economic growth positively and significantly, while, roads development have no impact. This is an indication of over investment in roads, especially highways. Based on model findings, we recommended that Pakistan will have to increase the allocation of PSDP to above 1.5 percent of the GDP if the problem of shortage of electricity is to be addressed on a priority basis so as to raise the growth rate of the economy.
Testing the Harrod Balassa Sameulson Hypothesis: The Case of Pakistan.
Authors: Sunila Jabeen  , Azad Haider
Published: September 2018

For a small open economy of Pakistan, exchange rate is determined through the two alternative theories; the nominal theory of exchange rate named by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the real theory known as Harrod Balassa Sameulson (HBS). According to the requirements of theories, two kinds of real exchange rate have been employed for the yearly data of 1972-2008. As, both of the theories are disputed at the ground of their long run relationship with real exchange rate, therefore, the VAR based Johenson Co-integration approach has been utilised to see the long run relationships. PPP has shown less satisfactory results either in its form of absolute version or relative version. Because, real exchange rate in Pakistan is a non-stationary process by Augmented Dickey Fuller unit-root test, predicting some pushing force behind the non-tradable sector. While favouring the PPP in tradable sector, the ADF and KPSS are indicating the presence of the HBS in Pakistan. On the other hand, the analysis of the HBS through co-integration is showing that relative productivity difference has an opposite relationship with relative non-tradable sector prices and with RER. However, the relationship between relative non-tradable sector prices and RER is much stronger and according to the theory. So, there have been incorporated some demand side and external factors to reduce the mis-specification of the simple HBS model. Therefore, in the extended HBS model, productivity difference, government consumption expenditure, terms of trade and world oil prices are appreciating the RER and money supply (a control variable) is pursuing depreciation in RER. So, these results yield some policy implications for Pakistan which can be useful for developing countries as well. JEL classification: E0, E31, E44 Keywords: Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson, Exchange Rate, Purchasing Power Parity, Pakistan
Economic Freedom, Exchange Rates Stability and FDI in South Asia.
Authors: Zafar Mueen Nasir
Published: September 2018

This study empirically examines the role of economic freedom, market size and exchange rates in attracting foreign direct investment in south Asian countries for the period 1995-2008 by employing panel data analysis in fixed effect setting. Results clearly indicate the presence of significant positive relationship between economic freedom and FDI inflows in South Asian countries during the period of study. The real effective exchange rate was having negative association with it indicating that depreciation in host country currency negatively influences the inflow of FDI to that country. Therefore, monetary policy should focus on providing stability to currencies of host countries. The model explains approximately 90 percent of total variation in FDI. The paper concludes that South Asian countries should make concerted efforts in devising polices that improve level of economic freedom. In other words, they should provide more investment friendly climate, trade openness, efficient monetary and fiscal policies and freedom from corruption. This can help to attract more foreign direct investment in the South Asian countries.
Macroeconomic Effects of Global Food and Oil Price Shocks to the Pakistan Economy: A Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) Analysis.
Authors: Muhammad Arshad Khan
Published: September 2018

This study examines the transmission channels through which the global food and oil price shocks affects selected macroeconomic variables including inflation rate, output, money balances, interest rate and real effective exchange rate for Pakistan using monthly data over the period 1990M1-2011M7. An empirical analysis is carried out by employing structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) framework. Generalised Impulse Response Functions and Generalised Forecast Variance Decompositions are employed to track the impact of oil and food price shocks to Pakistan‘s economy. Results suggest that oil price shock affects industrial production, appreciates real effective exchange rate negatively and affect inflation and interest rate positively. Whereas, following food price shocks, industrial output increases. Similarly, interest rate and inflation rate responds positively following food price shocks. However, the variation in interest rate due to food price shock is relatively larger than that of oil price shocks. Generalised impulse response functions reveal that real effective exchange rate is most important source of disturbances following either oil price or food price shocks. Generalised forecast variance decompositions analysis also supports the findings based on generalised impulse response functions. The result clearly reveals that oil and food price shocks significantly affect output, short-term interest rate, inflation rate and real effective exchange rate. However, among all, real effective exchange rate has seen a dominant source of variations in Pakistan. This implies that supply-side and demand-side disturbances originated by external shocks are the major sources of inflation (stagflation) in Pakistan. Keywords: Oil and Food Price Shocks, SVAR, GIRFs, GFEVDs, Pakistan
Relative Efficiency of Decision Making Units Producing Both Desirable and Undesirable Outputs: A Case of Textile Processing Units in Pakistan.
Authors: Samina Khalil
Published: September 2018

This paper aims at measuring the relative efficiency of the most polluting industry in terms of water pollution in Pakistan. The textile processing is country‘s leading sub sector in textile manufacturing with regard to value added production, export, employment, and foreign exchange earnings. The data envelopment analysis technique is employed to estimate the relative efficiency of decision making units that uses several inputs to produce desirable and undesirable outputs. The efficiency scores of all manufacturing units exhibit the environmental consciousness of few producers is which may be due to state regulations to control pollution but overall the situation is far from satisfactory. Effective measures and instruments are still needed to check the rising pollution levels in water resources discharged by textile processing industry of the country. JEL classification: L67, Q53 Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Decision Making Unit (DMU), Relative Efficiency, Undesirable Output
Growth and Financing Behaviour of Firms of Textile Industry in Pakistan: A Panel Data Analysis.
Authors: Ijaz Hussain
Published: September 2018

High economic growth, extremely low nominal interest rate and negative real interest rate gave a boost to financial leverage (gearing ratio) of the textile sector to its peak in 2005. Firms are now are facing the consequence of high gearing. An explosion in their financing costs along with removal of textile quota from 2005 onwards and later on an acute energy crisis hampered their profitability and ability to repay their debt. This in turn contributed to non-performing loans which is now is likely to pose a big challenge for financial sector and push economy into another crisis. Most of the previous studies including a very few on capital structure of Pakistani firms focus on understanding only the firm specific determinants of financial leverage and completely ignore macroeconomic or institutional factors. Findings of this paper prove that all firm specific determinants including profitability and efficiency, firms‘ growth, risk and collateral excluding size significantly influence corporate financial leverage of textile industry in Pakistan. All macroeconomic variables including overall economic growth, equity market conditions and nominal cost of debt also have significant impact on corporate gearing. Negative sign with the composite measure of profitability and efficiency implies that banks are compelled to fund inefficient and unprofitable firms because demand for loans comes more from inefficient and unprofitable firms. Positive sign with growth and negative sign with risk is indicative of the fact that banks prefer to lend to growing rather than riskier firms. JEL classification: C13, C23, C51, L65, G10, G30 Keywords: Capital Structure Determinants, Corporate Financial Leverage, Corporate Gearing Ratio
Determinants of Exports of Pakistan: A Country-wise Disaggregated Analysis.
Authors: Naseeb Zada
Published: September 2018

Given the importance of international trade and export performance in economic growth, this study attempts to examine the determinants of exports of Pakistan, using a time series data over the period 1975-2008. A simultaneous equation approach is followed and the demand and supply side equations are specified with appropriate variables. This is a country-wise disaggregated analysis of Pakistan versus its trade partners and the estimation strategy is based on two approaches. First we employ the Generalised Methods of Moments (GMM), which is followed by the Empirical Bayesian technique to get consistent estimates. The GMM technique is believed to be efficient for time series data provided the sample size is sufficiently large. In case of small samples, the estimates might not be precise and might appear with unbelievable sign and insignificant magnitudes. To avoid the sample bias and other problems, we employ the Empirical Bayesian technique which provides much precise estimates. The factual results obtained via the GMM technique are a little bit mixed, although most of the coefficients are found to be statistically significant and carry their expected signs. In order to compare and validate these results, the Empirical Bayesian technique is employed. This offers considerable improvement over the previous results and all the variables are found to be highly significant with correct sign across the countries concerned with the exception of a few cases. The price and income elasticities in both the demand and supply side equations carry their expected signs and significant magnitudes for the trading partners. The findings suggest that exports of Pakistan are much sensitive to changes in the world demand and world prices. This establishes the importance of demand side factors like world GDP, Real exchange rate, and world prices to determine the exports of Pakistan. On the supply side, we find relatively small price and income elasiticities. The results reveal that demand for exports is relatively higher for countries in NAFTA, European Union and Middle East regions. The study recommends particular concentration on the trade partners in these regions to improve the export performance of Pakistan. Keywords: Exports, GMM, Empirical Bayesian Method, Pakistan