bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Alternatives to Equilibrium Economics
Authors: Pluta Joseph E.
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Built on the fictional concept of equilibrium, mainstream economics provides a method of analysis that, when paired with the calculus, enables relatively easy identification of maximum and minimum values. Lacking empirical evidence of its behavioral assumptions, the profession accepts such familiar claims as consumer maximization of utility and business firm maximization of profit or revenue. In place of the relatively static concept of equilibrium, the Veblen‐Myrdal notion of circular and cumulative causation (CCC) arguably has greater descriptive capability and more penetrating insight for policy recommendations. This article traces the historical origins of both concepts and argues that CCC offers considerable potential for a broad, dynamic, interdisciplinary, more thorough, and more accurate analytical framework. Specific examples of work that has been done along with suggestions for future applications of this concept are given.
Ricardo, Gold, and Rails: Discovering the Origins ofProgress and Poverty
Authors: England Richard W.
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Henry George'sProgress and Povertywas one of the most widely read books of the 19thcentury. It is important to acknowledge the influence of classical writers such as Smith and Ricardo on George's thought. However, the content of George's most popular work cannot be fully appreciated unless one takes account of the historical period and social context within which its author came to maturity: Philadelphia and California before 1879 are part of the story ofProgress and Poverty(1979).
The Ethics of Countering the Private Counterfeiter: Rejoinder to Block
Authors: Davidson Laura
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Counterfeiting is, and should be, a crime. It involves theft by deception, and the stealing of goods or other valuables using false claims to money. But what about counterfeiting money that is already counterfeit? In Block's interpretation, such an action amounts to seizing stolen goods from a thief. Counterfeiting simply relieves the original counterfeiter of his ill gotten gains and is therefore not theft itself. The present article offers a critique of this thesis of Block's on the basis that counterfeiting money involves the theft of property from innocent people.
Human T‐lymphotropic virus antibody screening of blood donors: rates of false‐positive results and evaluation of a potential donor reentry algorithm
Authors: Stramer Susan L. , Notari IV Edward P. , Zou Shimian , Krysztof David E. , Brodsky Jaye P. , Tegtmeier Gary E. , Dodd Roger Y.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: Blood donor screening with enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for antibodies to human T‐lymphotropic virus (HTLV)‐I, and later to HTLV‐I/II, has led to the unnecessary deferral of tens of thousands of individuals. The licensure of the Abbott PRISM HTLV‐I/HTLV‐II chemiluminescent immunoassay (ChLIA) may permit the reinstatement of historically deferred donors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The efficacy of a reentry algorithm involving a follow‐up sample from EIA‐deferred donors testing HTLV‐I/II ChLIA nonreactive was evaluated using 386 serologic confirmed‐positive samples archived since the inception of anti‐HTLV donor screening. Reactivity of the 386 samples by the ChLIA, when coupled with the package insert sensitivity data, may be used to demonstrate efficacy of the reentry algorithm. Donor incidence was also examined from 2008 through 2009 to evaluate changes to the existing HTLV screening policy.

RESULTS: From January 1, 1995, to April 28, 2008, a total of 64,052 donors to the American Red Cross were deferred solely because of HTLV EIA false positivity, representing more than 130,000 US donors. HTLV ChLIA identified 386 confirmed‐positive donations from 386 randomly selected donors representing reactivity to both the bioMérieux and the Abbott HTLV‐I/II EIAs (95% confidence interval [CI], 99.2%‐100%); both EIAs have since been discontinued. This is comparable to the detection of 843 of 843 confirmed‐positive samples during the ChLIA clinical trials (95% CI, 99.48%‐100%). Incident HTLV infections occurred primarily among female repeat donors during 2008 throughout 2009.

CONCLUSIONS: Donors testing falsely positive by historic EIAs since 1988 should be considered for reinstatement if a contemporary sample tests ChLIA nonreactive. Changes to the existing screening algorithm seem unlikely since new HTLV infections were detected among repeat donors.
Transfusion‐transmissible viral infections among US military recipients of whole blood and platelets during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom
Authors: Hakre Shilpa , Peel Sheila A. , O'Connell Robert J. , Sanders‐Buell Eric E. , Jagodzinski Linda L. , Eggleston John C. , Myles Otha , Waterman Paige E. , McBride Richard H. , Eader Scott A. , Davis Kenneth W. , Rentas Francisco J. , Sateren Warren B. , Naito Neal A. , Tobler Steven K. , Tovanabutra Sodsai , Petruccelli Bruno P. , McCutchan Francine E. , Michael Nelson L. , Cersovsky Steven B. , Scott Paul T.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: Current US military clinical practice guidelines permit emergency transfusions of non–Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐compliant freshly collected blood products in theaters of war. This investigation aimed to characterize the risks of transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTIs) associated with battlefield transfusions of non–FDA‐compliant blood products.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: US Service members who received emergency transfusion products in Iraq and Afghanistan (March 1, 2002‐September 30, 2007) were tested for hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections using reposed pre‐ and posttransfusion sera. Selected regions of viral genomes from epidemiologically linked infected recipients and their donors were sequenced and compared.

RESULTS: Of 761 US Service members who received emergency transfusion products, 475 were tested for HCV, 472 for HIV, and 469 for HBV. One transfusion‐transmitted HCV infection (incidence rate of 2.1/1000 persons) was identified. The pretransfusion numbers (prevalence per 1000 persons) were HCV—four (8/1000), HIV—zero (0/1000), chronic HBV—two (4 /1000), and naturally immune (antibody to HBV core antigen)—nine (19/1000).

CONCLUSION: One HCV TTI was determined to be associated with emergency blood product use. The pretransfusion HCV and HBV prevalence in transfusion recipients, themselves members of the potential donor population, indicates better characterization of the deployed force's actual donor population, and further investigations of the TTI prevalence in these donors are needed. These data will inform countermeasure development and clinical decision making.
Recall Alerts in Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Recipients: Implications for Patients and Physicians
Authors: SCHWARTZ JÉRÔME , BLANGY HUGUES , ZINZIUS PIERRE YVES , FREYSZ LUC , ALIOT ETIENNE , SADOUL NICOLAS
Published: October 2010

Backgrounds: Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) malfunctions sometimes need recall. Despite the increasing number of device implantation, ICD recalls and advisories’ impacts have been little studied. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of ICD generator advisory in our center and to examine its clinical and financial implication.

Methods: We analyzed weekly Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Enforcement Reports issued between January 2000 and December 2008 to identify all advisories involving ICD generators and leads. We performed a retrospective analysis of all implanted patients affected by an advisory in our Cardiology department.

Results: During the 8 years of the study period, 13 advisories were issued for generators and one for leads, leading to a total number of 278 of 1,051 (26.4%) device with recall alerts, divided into 196 generator failures and 82 lead failures. Premature generator replacement was performed in 11 patients, whereas nine patients underwent lead replacement. There was no major complications attributable to advisory device replacement, and minor complications occurred only in one patient (lead extraction failure). Recalls accounted for 593 extra outpatient visits with a mean number of 2.20 ± 2.19 per patient. The total estimated cost of the device advisories in our population was 334,528 €.

Conclusions: ICD recalls and safety alerts frequently occur in ICD recipients and tend to increase in number and rate. Although potentially serious, they do not appear to be associated with substantial complications. Financial implications are important. (PACE 2011; 96–103)
Overweight and Obesity and Their Correlates Among Jordanian Adolescents
Authors: Hamaideh Shaher H. , Al‐Khateeb Reham Y. , Al‐Rawashdeh Ahmad B.
Published: October 2010

Purpose: To provide current estimates of the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Jordanian adolescents 14 to 17 years of age living in Irbid Governorate, and to determine the factors that are associated with overweight and obesity.

Design: Descriptive correlational cross‐sectional design was used.

Methods: Body mass index, perceived stress, dietary habits, physical activity, and demographics of 824 Jordanian adolescents living in Irbid were measured through a multistage cluster sampling method.

Findings: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.1% and 6.3%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among boys was 17.2% and 5.7%, respectively, and among girls was 21.0% and 7.0%, respectively. Both overweight and obesity rates were higher among girls. Physical activity, mother's educational level, and number of family members were negatively correlated with overweight and obesity. On the other hand, eating breakfast regularly, mother's weight, consumption of fried food, and perceived stress level were positively correlated with overweight and obesity.

Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are becoming a health problem among both boys and girls in Jordan.

Clinical Relevance: Detecting the prevalence and the associated factors of overweight and obesity among adolescents is the first step toward proposing intervention strategies.
Losing Lévi‐Strauss: The 2009 Year in Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Leinaweaver Jessaca
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT  In 2009, Claude Lévi‐Strauss died at the age of 100. In this article, I draw on frameworks that were central to his work to structure my discussion of the key themes in cultural anthropology publications over the past year. The four subjects I consider in this review are kinship, taxonomy, bricolage, and traveling.
Can Traditions Emerge from the Interaction of Stimulus Enhancement and Reinforcement Learning? An Experimental Model
Authors: Matthews Luke J. , Paukner Annika , Suomi Stephen J.
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT The study of social learning in captivity and behavioral traditions in the wild are two burgeoning areas of research, but few empirical studies have tested how learning mechanisms produce emergent patterns of tradition. Studies have examined how social learning mechanisms that are cognitively complex and possessed by few species, such as imitation, result in traditional patterns, yet traditional patterns are also exhibited by species that may not possess such mechanisms. We propose an explicit model of how stimulus enhancement and reinforcement learning could interact to produce traditions. We tested the model experimentally with tufted capuchin monkeys(Cebus apella),which exhibit traditions in the wild but have rarely demonstrated imitative abilities in captive experiments. Monkeys showed both stimulus enhancement learning and a habitual bias to perform whichever behavior first obtained them a reward. These results support our model that simple social learning mechanisms combined with reinforcement can result in traditional patterns of behavior.
Auctioning Patronage in Northeast Brazil: The Political Value of Money in a Ritual Market
Authors: Ansell Aaron
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT  Fundraising auctions help people in a small rural town in Northeast Brazil reckon with the effects that currency stabilization and democratization have had on municipal politics. These simultaneous processes have made politics confusing for the people of Passerinho by creating multiple modalities of electoral reciprocity. In this article, I argue that the ritual procedures of the auctions commensurate these modalities of reciprocity through a semiotic procedure in which money signifies both exchange value and more personal forms of value. I consider the auction's impact on municipal politics by looking at its effect on the narrative of democratic progress and on the prestige of grassroots politicians, traditional elites, and voluntary associations.
Chemical characterization of milk oligosaccharides of an African lion (Panthera leo) and a clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)
Authors: SENDA Akitsugu , HATAKEYAMA Emi , KOBAYASHI Rui , FUKUDA Kenji , UEMURA Yusuke , SAITO Tadao , PACKER Craig , OFTEDAL Olav T. , URASHIMA Tadasu
Published: October 2010

The Carnivora include the superfamilies Canoidea and Feloidea. In species of Canoidea other than the domestic dog, Canis lupus, the milk contains only traces of lactose and much larger concentrations of oligosaccharides. In this study, lactose was found to be the dominant saccharide in the milk or colostrum of two species of Feloidea, namely the African lion (Panthera leo) and the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa). In addition to lactose, the following oligosaccharides were characterized in the milk of a lion; Neu5Gc(α2‐3)Gal(β1‐4)Glc (3′‐NGc‐SL), Fuc(α1‐2)Gal(β1‐4)Glc (2′‐fucosyllactose) and GalNAc(α1‐3)[Fuc(α1‐2)]Gal(β1‐4)Glc (A‐tetrasaccharide). The colostrum of a clouded leopard contained 3′‐NGc‐SL, Gal(α1‐3)Gal(β1‐4)Glc (isoglobotriose) and A‐tetrasaccharide. These oligosaccharides differ in some respects from those previously identified in another species of Feloidea, the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). These milks contained 3′‐NGc‐SL and A‐tetrasaccharide, while spotted hyena colostrum did not; however, it contained Neu5Ac(α2‐3)Gal(β1‐4)Glc (3′‐NAc‐SL) and Gal(α1‐3)[Fuc(α1‐2)]Gal(β1‐4)Glc (B‐tetrasaccharide).
Identification of tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) from natural habitat‐derived fecal samples by PCR‐RFLP analysis of cytochrome b gene
Authors: ISHIHARA Shinya , HERRELA Rommel J. , IJIRI Daichi , MATSUBAYASHI Hisashi , HIRABAYASHI Miho , DEL BARRIO Arnel N. , BOYLES Rodel M. , EDUARTE Medardo M. , SALAC Ronilo L. , CRUZ Libertado C. , KANAI Yukio
Published: October 2010

Fecal DNA analysis is a useful tool for the investigation of endangered species. Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) is endemic to the Philippine island of Mindoro but knowledge of its genetic and ecological information is limited. In this study, we developed a species identification method for tamaraw by fecal DNA analysis. Eighteen feces presumed to be from tamaraw were collected in Mount Iglit‐Baco National Park and species‐known feces from domestic buffaloes and cattle were obtained from a farm. Additionally, one species‐unknown fecal sample was obtained in Mount Aruyan Preserve, where the sighting of tamaraw has not been reported in recent years. Based on DNA sequence data previously reported, the genus Bubalus‐ and tamaraw‐specific primers for PCR of cytochrome b gene were newly designed. The Bubalus‐specific primer yielded a 976 bp fragment of cytochrome b for all fecal samples from tamaraw and domestic buffaloes, but not for cattle, whereas the tamaraw‐specific primer yielded a 582 bp fragment for all tamaraw fecal samples and for one of the four domestic buffalo samples. PCR‐RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis of the 976 bp PCR fragment with AvrII or BsaXI provided distinct differences between tamaraw and domestic buffalo. PCR‐RFLP analysis also showed that the species‐unknown sample obtained in Mount Aruyan Preserve, originates from tamaraw.
Polymorphisms in the bovine hemoglobin‐beta gene provide evidence for gene‐flow between wild species of Bos (Bibos) and domestic cattle in Southeast Asia
Authors: TANAKA Kazuaki , TAKIZAWA Tatsuya , DORJI Tashi , AMANO Takashi , MANNEN Hideyuki , MAEDA Yoshizane , YAMAMOTO Yoshio , NAMIKAWA Takao
Published: October 2010

The electrophoretic variation in bovine hemoglobin‐beta (HBB) is one of the most investigated genetic markers. The presence of a unique HBB variant, HBBX, in Southeast Asian cattle has been reputed as a sign of gene‐flow from wild bovine species. In this study, we analyzed the DNA sequences of HBB genes in domestic and wild bovine species to verify this belief. Isoelectric focusing of HBB chain revealed that the HBBX in domestic cattle had dimorphism and was separated into HBBX1 and HBBX2. The HBBX1 had the same DNA sequence of the common HBB variant in gayal (Bos gaurus frontalis), while some of the HBBX2 were identical with that of Cambodian banteng (Bos javanicus birmanicus). As a result, we confirmed that the bovine HBB variants can be a good indicator of introgression between wild and domestic cattle. The HBBX1 was always predominant to HBBX2 in the continental populations, suggesting that the gaur had contributed to the gene pool of domestic cattle in this region much more than the banteng. On the other hand, the mitochondrial DNA analysis could not detect gene‐flow from wild species. Autosomal markers that can trace the phylogeny between alleles are suitable for the assessment of bovine interspecific introgression.
Cellularity of developing subcutaneous adipose tissue in Landrace and Meishan pigs: Adipocyte size differences between two breeds
Authors: NAKAJIMA Ikuyo , OE Mika , OJIMA Koichi , MUROYA Susumu , SHIBATA Masahiro , CHIKUNI Koichi
Published: October 2010

Experiments were designed to compare the adipocyte cellularity of subcutaneous adipose tissue between growing Landrace (low backfat) and Meishan (high backfat) pigs at 1 week, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months and 5 months of age. As pigs aged, body weight and backfat thickness of both breeds significantly increased. When compared at equal ages, backfat thickness adjusted to equal body weight was greater for Meishan pigs. The mean diameter of fat cell size also increased with age, and by 6 weeks adipocytes from both outer and inner layers of subcutaneous adipose tissue were larger in Meishan pigs. At 5 months, approximately 80% of the adipose tissue mass in Meishan pigs was attributable to adipocytes measuring 95–165 µm in diameter, whereas adipocytes of 75–145 µm comprised most of the tissue mass in the Landrace. Although the contribution of smaller adipocytes (25–45 µm) to the tissue volume was negligible, both breeds showed a biphasic diameter distribution at all ages, suggesting that adipocyte hyperplasia is still active. Our results demonstrate that cellularity differences exist between the subcutaneous adipose tissues of Landrace and Meishan pigs, and adipocyte hypertrophy is the most overwhelming contributor to the greater backfat deposition for Meishan pigs.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—TRANSCRANIAL COLOR‐CODED DUPLEX SONOGRAPHY IN A DOG WITH HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Authors: DUQUE JAVIER , DOMINGUEZ‐ROLDAN JOSE M. , CASAMIAN‐SORROSAL DOMINGO , BARRERA‐CHACON RAFAEL
Published: October 2010

We report the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in a dog with hepatic encephalopathy secondary to a congenital portosystemic shunt. A severe increase in the pulsatility index was measured in the right middle cerebral artery, left middle cerebral artery, and basilar artery. These values returned to normal following medical stabilization of the patient and resolution of the neurologic signs. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography appears to have value for monitoring the status of intracranial hypertension in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
DOES CHANGING THE ORIENTATION OF A THORACIC RADIOGRAPH AID DIAGNOSIS OF RIB FRACTURES?
Authors: LAMB CHRISTOPHER R. , PARRY ANDREW T. , BAINES ELIZABETH A. , CHANG YU‐MEI
Published: October 2010

To test the hypothesis that changing the orientation of a thoracic radiograph aids diagnosis of rib fractures, a case–control study was carried out using 120 radiographs of small animal patients with recent thoracic trauma. Six independent observers representing three levels of experience viewed the radiographs in randomized order in conventional and unconventional orientations at 15‐s intervals in a PowerPoint® presentation. Sensitivity for rib fractures was 53–69% and specificity was 74–97%, depending on the observer. Radiologists had higher specificity than less experienced observers (P=0.0001), but comparable sensitivity for rib fractures. Radiologists had significantly higher accuracy than residents (P=0.03), and residents had higher accuracy than interns (P=0.02). Accuracy of diagnosis was reduced significantly when based on lateral radiographs compared with dorsoventral (DV)/ventrodorsal (VD) views (P=0.02) mainly because of low sensitivity of lateral radiographs of dogs with rib fractures. Rotating radiographs 90° clockwise was associated with increased specificity of one intern (from 74 to 90%, P=0.03), but had no effect on accuracy of diagnosis by other observers (P>0.16). Turning DV/VD views upside down had no effect on accuracy of diagnosis of any observers (P>0.40). Changing the orientation of a thoracic radiograph may make it easier for some novices to examine the ribs; hence it could be considered a training aid rather than a technique that will benefit an experienced radiologist.
The dawn of emergency medicine in Vietnam
Authors: O'Reilly Gerard M , Cameron Peter A , Tan Gim A , Mulligan Terrence , Hill Carter
Published: October 2010

In 2009 emergency medicine had not been officially established as a specialty in Vietnam. As a result of a non‐government organization identifying the need to improve the delivery of emergency care, the Vietnam2010 Symposium in Emergency Medicine was held in Hue in March 2010. This involved 1 week of activity including: an Emergency Medicine Conference, providing lectures and practical workshops in topics of emergency medicine; a Deans' Conference, dedicated to the development of emergency medicine as a specialty; a Disaster and EMS Conference; and an Emergency Nursing Conference. Vietnam2010 was a high impact event and was successful in raising the profile of emergency medicine. It formalized key international linkages, showcased the role of the knowledge and skills relevant to emergency care and provided the impetus for emergency medicine specialization in Vietnam. A consensus document committing to the development of emergency medicine as a specialty in Vietnam was signed by multiple national and international governmental, university and emergency medicine representatives. Challenges included a tendency for international flagbearers from mature systems to promote the specialty according to local expectations, with a consequent emphasis on vertical specialty topics and on technology, and the running of medical and nursing conferences separately. Vietnam now needs a medium‐term plan to develop the specialty to ensure these initial steps are translated into a sustainable capacity to provide emergency care nationally.
Motorcycle‐related major trauma: On‐road versus off‐road incidence and profile of cases
Authors: Mikocka‐Walus Antonina , Gabbe Belinda , Cameron Peter
Published: October 2010

Objective:  To describe and compare the incidence and profile of on‐ and off‐road motorcycle‐related major trauma (including death) cases across a statewide population.

Methods:  A review of prospectively collected data on adult, motorcycle‐related major trauma cases from 2001 to 2008 was conducted. Major trauma survivors were identified from the population‐based Victorian State Trauma Registry, and deaths were extracted from the National Coroners Information System. Poisson regression was used to test for increasing incidence using two measures of exposure: population of Victoria aged ≥16 years, and registered motorcycles.

Results:  There were 1157 major trauma survivors and 344 deaths with motorcycle‐related injuries over the study period. There was no change in the incidence of motorcycle‐related major trauma (both survivors plus deaths) (Incident Rate ratio [IRR]= 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94–1.37) over the study period. Similarly, there was no change over time in the incidence of on‐road motorcycle‐related injury (survivors plus deaths) per 100 000 population (IRR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.84–1.27). However, the incidence of off‐road motorcycle‐related injury (survivors plus deaths) increased over the study period (IRR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.10–2.60). Among survivors and deaths, 882 (76%) and 301 (87.5%) cases, respectively, occurred on road.

Conclusions:  Off‐road motorcycle‐related major trauma has increased and this has not been targeted in injury prevention campaigns in Australia. The incidence of on‐road motorcycle‐related death in adults has decreased. Preventive strategies to address on‐road injuries have been enforced and these are expected to lead to further reduction of on‐road motorcycle crashes in the future.
Biphasic actions of HMGB1 signaling in inflammation and recovery after stroke
Authors: Hayakawa Kazuhide , Qiu Jianhua , Lo Eng H.
Published: October 2010

Abstract  Stroke induces a complex web of pathophysiology that may evolve over hours to days and weeks after onset. It is now recognized that inflammation is an important phenomenon that can dramatically influence outcomes after stroke. In this minireview, we explore the hypothesis that inflammatory signals after stroke are biphasic in nature. The high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is discussed as an example of this idea. HMGB1 is normally present in the nucleus. Under ischemic conditions, it is released extracellularly from many types of cells. During the acute phase poststroke, HMGB1 promotes necrosis and influx of damaging inflammatory cells. However, during the delayed phase poststroke, HMGB1 can mediate beneficial plasticity and recovery in many cells of the neurovascular unit. These emerging findings support the hypothesis that inflammation after stroke can be both detrimental and beneficial, depending on the cellular situations involved.
Combating innate inflammation: a new paradigm for acute treatment of stroke?
Authors: Stoll Guido , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Nieswandt Bernhard
Published: October 2010

Interference with early steps of platelet adhesion/activation by inhibition of the von Willebrand factor (vWF) receptor glycoprotein (GP)Ib, its ligand vWF, or the collagen receptor GPVI, profoundly limits infarction in the mouse stroke model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). A similar pathogenic role was revealed for coagulation factor XII (FXII). Although these findings strongly suggest that microvascular thrombus formation is the leading pathophysiological event in acute stroke, recent studies have shown that these molecules have the additional capacity to guide inflammatory processes, thereby providing an intriguing alternative mechanistic explanation for these observations. Surprisingly, mice lacking T cells are also protected from acute stroke, and these T cell effects are antigen independent. Thus, acute ischemic stroke can be redefined as a thrombo‐inflammatory disorder, and multifunctional molecules such as GPIb, GPVI, and FXII may provide new therapeutic targets linking inflammation and thrombus formation.
Metalloproteinase and stroke infarct size: role for anti‐inflammatory treatment?
Authors: Morancho Anna , Rosell Anna , García‐Bonilla Lidia , Montaner Joan
Published: October 2010

Deregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the largest class of human proteases, has been implicated in brain damage in both animal and human studies. Some MMPs are elevated after stroke (both in plasma and in brain tissue), and their expression is enhanced by t‐PA during thrombolysis related to hemorrhagic transformation events. Although the exact cellular source of MMPs remains unknown, brain endothelium, astrocytes, neurons, and inflammatory‐activated cells, such as neutrophils, may release MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐8, MMP‐9, MMP‐10, and/or MMP‐13. Neurovascular perturbations occurring after stroke lead to blood–brain barrier leakage, edema, hemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration, and progressive inflammatory reactions to brain injury over hours or even days after the initial stroke. Synthesized MMP inhibitors and several compounds used for stroke secondary prevention, such as anti‐inflammatory drugs, might decrease MMPs and improve the acute treatment of human brain ischemia without compromising the beneficial effects of matrix plasticity during stroke recovery.
Impact of innate inflammation in population studies
Authors: Elkind Mitchell S. V.
Published: October 2010

Innate inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, thrombosis, and stroke. Inflammatory biomarkers related to innate inflammation, including acute phase proteins, may predict first stroke. The utility of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and other related markers may diminish among populations with established vascular risk. Other biomarkers, including lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2, may provide complementary information about prognosis after stroke or subclinical vascular disease. The innate immune system originally evolved to provide protection against bacterial infections. Moreover, infections may also contribute to stroke risk. Summary measures representing multiple chronic infections have been associated with risk of stroke and atherosclerosis. Acute infections, particularly respiratory infections, have also been found to serve as precipitants of stroke in recent epidemiological studies. These findings could have clinical implications. Further studies are needed to determine the role of innate inflammation and infection in stroke pathogenesis and prevention.
Reperfusion of chronic tissue ischemia: nitrite and dipyridamole regulation of innate immune responses
Authors: Pattillo Christopher B. , Fang Kai , Terracciano Justin , Kevil Christopher G.
Published: October 2010

Chronic and intermittent ischemic vascular disorders represent a burgeoning clinical challenge. Previous studies have focused on the idea that therapeutic angiogenesis strategies could alleviate tissue ischemia; however, it is now appreciated that vascular disease is not simply limited to vascular wall cells but also influenced by simultaneously occurring inflammatory responses. Our laboratory has discovered that pharmacological treatment of permanent tissue ischemia with dipyridamole significantly augments ischemic tissue reperfusion, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis over time. We have found that the beneficial effects of dipyridamole therapy are due to its ability to increase tissue nitric oxide bioavailability that corrects tissue redox imbalance. Importantly, we have also discovered that dipyridamole treatment invoking nitric oxide (NO) production significantly downregulates various innate immune response genes during chronic ischemic tissue injury. These findings demonstrate that dipyridamole‐induced production of nitrite/NO significantly decreases inflammatory responses while increasing vascular growth in ischemic tissues.
Aging and cerebrovascular dysfunction: contribution of hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and immunotherapy
Authors: Vasilevko Vitaly , Passos Giselle F. , Quiring Daniel , Head Elizabeth , Kim Richard C. , Fisher Mark , Cribbs David H.
Published: October 2010

Age‐related cerebrovascular dysfunction contributes to ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs), microbleeds, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and cognitive decline. Importantly, there is increasing recognition that this dysfunction plays a critical secondary role in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and CAA are the most common causes of blood–brain barrier (BBB) lesions. The accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the cerebrovascular system is a significant risk factor for ICH and has been linked to endothelial transport failure and blockage of perivascular drainage. Moreover, recent anti‐Aβ immunotherapy clinical trials demonstrated efficient clearance of parenchymal amyloid deposits but have been plagued by CAA‐associated adverse events. Although management of hypertension and atherosclerosis can reduce the incidence of ICH, there are currently no approved therapies for attenuating CAA. Thus, there is a critical need for new strategies that improve BBB function and limit the development of β‐amyloidosis in the cerebral vasculature.
Effect of dipyridamole during acute stroke: exploring antithrombosis and neuroprotective benefits
Authors: d’Esterre C.D. , Lee T‐Y
Published: October 2010

Currently, many stroke‐prone individuals take antithrombotic drugs, which have known antiplatelet properties, to decrease stroke incidence. There is now evidence that this regimen could also reduce stroke severity through neuroprotective, nonplatelet mechanisms that include anti‐inflammatory processes. Inflammation was found to play an important role in atherosclerosis/thrombosis development and acute stroke progression. In light of these findings, prevention strategies that target inflammatory mediators are under investigation. A common secondary stroke prevention therapeutic, dipyridamole, has shown promise for reducing stroke recurrence without increasing bleeding. In addition to its antiplatelet ability, dipyridamole has positive effects on vascular endothelium and inflammation. This review explores the effect of dipyridamole during acute stroke, revealing its potential use for improving poststroke clinical outcome.
Effects of Bagging on Volatiles and Polyphenols in “Wanmi” Peaches during Endocarp Hardening and Final Fruit Rapid Growth Stages
Authors: Wang Yiju , Yang Chunxiang , Liu Chunyan , Xu Man , Li Shaohua , Yang Liu , Wang Younian
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Fruits of the late‐ripening peach cultivar “Wanmi” were bagged at the early period of fruit endocarp hardening, and the bags were removed 1 wk before maturity harvest. The effects of bagging on volatile compounds and polyphenols were studied. Total volatiles and the sum of C6 compounds, esters from bagged fruits were significantly lower than from nonbagged fruits from the beginning of the final rapid fruit growth stage to maturity. As the most dominant compounds of C6 compounds and esters, the lower contents of hexanal, trans‐2‐hexenal, hexyl acetate, cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, and trans‐2‐hexenyl acetate attributed to the lower content of C6 compounds and esters in bagged fruit. γ‐Hexalactone and δ‐decalactone were produced earlier in bagged fruits than in nonbagged ones, suggesting that bagging accelerates fruit maturity. Level of γ‐decalactone in bagged fruits was significantly lower than in nonbagged fruits at 159 days after full blossom (DAFB), so did δ‐decalactone at 166 DAFB. Bagging did not affect chlorogenic acid and catechol contents of either fruit peel or flesh, nor did it affect contents of keracyanin or quercetin‐3‐rutinoside in fruit flesh during fruit development. However, keracyanin and quercetin‐3‐rutinoside levels were significantly reduced in bagged fruit peels before ripening compared to nonbagged fruit peels. Considering the large changes in volatiles and polyphenols, the key stage for “Wanmi” fruit maturity was between 126 DAFB and 147 DAFB, about 1 mo ahead of maturity.

Practical Application:  Bagging on “Wanmi” peach accelerates fruit maturity. Bagging reduces volatile contents in “Wanmi” peach. Bagging reduces keracyanin and quercetin‐3‐rutinoside contents in “Wanmi” peach.
Lactobacillus Fermentum Isolated from Human Colonic Mucosal Biopsy Inhibits the Growth and Adhesion of Enteric and Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Varma Parvathi , Dinesh Kavitha R. , Menon Krishna K. , Biswas Raja
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  A number of Lactobacillus species are used as probiotic strains in order to benefit health. We have isolated L. fermentum from human colonic mucosal biopsy samples that possess antimicrobial activities against entroinvasive and foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio sp. In addition to lactic acid, L. fermentum secretes antimicrobial proteinacious compound(s) that was found to be active even at neutral pH (pH 7.0). The compound was sensitive to heat treatment and trypsin digestion. Lactobacillus fermentum inhibited the adhesion of enteropathogens to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Isolated cell surface associated proteins (SAPs) from L. fermentum were sufficient for the adhesion exclusions of enteropathogenic E. coli. Our results indicate that L. fermentum produces antimicrobial compounds and SAPs to inhibit the growth and adhesion of enteropathogens, respectively.
The Possibility of Lowering Oil Content of Potato Chips by Combining Atmospheric Frying with Postfrying Vacuum Application
Authors: Tarmizi Azmil Haizam Ahmad , Niranjan Keshavan
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Four protocols involving the application of low pressures, either toward the end of frying or after frying, were investigated with the aim of lowering the oil content of potato chips. Protocol 1 involving frying at atmospheric pressure followed by a 3 min draining time constituted the control. Protocol 2 involved lowering of pressure to 13.33 kPa, 40 s before the end of frying, followed by draining for 3 min at the same pressure. Protocol 3 was the same as protocol 2, except that the pressure was lowered 3 s before the end of frying. Protocol 4 involved lowering the pressure to 13.33 kPa after the product was lifted from the oil and holding it at this value over the draining time of 3 min. Protocol 4 gave a product having the lowest oil content (37.12 g oil/100 g defatted dry matter), while protocol 2 gave the product with highest oil content (71.10 g oil/100 g defatted dry matter), followed by those obtained using protocols 1 and 3 (68.48 g oil/100 g defatted dry matter and 52.50 g oil/100 g defatted dry matter, respectively). Protocol 4 was further evaluated to study the effects of draining times and vacuum applied, and compared with the control. It was noted that over the modest range of pressures investigated, there was no significant effect of the vacuum applied on the oil content of the product. This study demonstrates that the oil content of potato chips can be lowered significantly by combining atmospheric frying with draining under vacuum.

Practical Application:  Application of vacuum toward the end of the frying process is aimed at hindering the surface oil from entering into the food structure, and result in a product with lower oil content. Since frying is undertaken, more or less, under conventional conditions, the product quality is essentially the same in all other respects.
Impact of Shelf Life on Content of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
Authors: Veberic Robert , Schmitzer Valentina , Petkovsek Maja M. , Stampar Franci
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  In this study, we evaluated the changes in apple fruit quality during shelf life. After a month of cold storage, apples of cultivars “Jonagold” and “Golden Delicious” were exposed to ambient temperatures for 21 d, with subsequent sampling every 3 or 4 d. Fruit firmness, changes in amounts of sugars, malic acid, and phenolics were observed during shelf life. Chemical analyses were done with HPLC‐PDA system. An interchange between various sugars was noticed, but in general, the sum of sugars remained at the same level. The content of malic acid remained stable or dropped, resulting in sweeter fruit. Levels of phenolics were more constant in the pulp of both cultivars analyzed, while in the peel, the changes were more pronounced. In the pulp, a peak in the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols was noticed on the 2nd or 3rd sampling and afterwards, the amounts remained constant. In the peel an initial decrease of all analyzed phenolic groups was observed in both cultivars, however it was more pronounced in “Jonagold.” It can be concluded that changes in primary and secondary metabolites are not the main reason for the lower quality of fruit exposed to ambient temperatures. On the other hand, fruit firmness might be the limiting factor for shelf life duration.

Practical Application:  In our study, we were able to show that various quality parameters react uniquely to exposure to ambient temperatures. The most dramatic change was noticed in fruit firmness, which might be the limiting factor for the practical duration of shelf life. On the other hand phenolics, as the health‐beneficial constituents in the flesh and peel of apples, did not change dramatically during shelf life. This information is important for nutritionists as well as for the consumers and specialists in fruit storage and handling.
Effect of Enzyme Activity and Frozen Storage on Jalapeño Pepper Volatiles by Selected Ion Flow Tube—Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Azcarate Carolina , Barringer Sheryl A.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Samples of unblanched (fresh), stannous chloride‐treated, or blanched jalapeño peppers were measured for real‐time generation of lipoxygenase‐derived volatiles during 10 min after tissue disruption. Volatiles were also measured before and after 1.5, 2.5, 3, 6, and 9 mo of frozen storage at −15 °C. The concentration of all lipoxygenase‐derived compounds was significantly higher in unblanched jalapeño peppers compared to enzyme inhibited peppers. The maximum concentration of (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, and hexanal was detected at about 1.2, 1.5, and 1.5 min after tissue disruption, respectively. A decrease in (Z)‐3‐hexenal and an increase in dimethyl sulfide and methylbutanal occurred in blanched compared to stannous chloride‐treated peppers due to heat. Frozen storage resulted in no major changes in the lipoxygenase‐derived volatiles of whole and pureed blanched peppers after 9 mo. However, in whole unblanched peppers a gradual decrease of (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, hexanal, hexenol, and hexanol was observed over time; whereas in pureed unblanched peppers these compounds increased, reached maximum concentration, and then decreased. Similarly, the minor volatiles 2‐pentenal, 1‐penten‐3‐one, (E)‐2‐heptenal, (E)‐2‐octenal, and (E)‐2‐nonenal showed an initial increase followed by a decline in both whole and pureed unblanched peppers. Tissue disruption increased generation and degradation rates during frozen storage. The compounds (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal, n‐propyl aldehyde, 2‐isobutyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, and a mixture of terpenes decreased in unblanched and blanched frozen samples, while nonanal and methylbutanal increased only in unblanched samples.

Practical Application:  Data obtained in this study contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of lipoxygenase‐derived volatile formation upon tissue disruption of jalapeño pepper. In addition, it contributes to generate knowledge on the effect of processing techniques, namely blanching and frozen storage, on the volatile profile of these peppers. This knowledge has applications in the manufacturing, product development, and quality control areas of the food industry as useful information to help in the designing and monitoring of processes aimed to obtain products with specific aroma characteristics. For instance, maximum levels of “fresh” and “green” aroma compounds are achieved rapidly during the first few minutes after pepper tissue is disrupted. The inhibition of enzyme activity shortly after this may help to maximize concentration of these aroma notes in the product. Frozen storage produces enzymatic and chemical changes in the volatile profile of unblanched peppers. The aroma profile of blanched peppers is more stable under frozen conditions, with a lower total volatile concentration.
Spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography assessment of pterygium and pinguecula
Authors: Soliman Wael , Mohamed Tarek A.
Published: October 2010

Purpose:  To study the morphological patterns of pterygia and pingueculae using high‐resolution anterior segment spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT).

Methods:  Prospective cross‐sectional study of 25 eyes presented with pterygia and pingueculae was conducted, and the eyes were examined by anterior segment SD‐OCT.

Results:  We examined 25 eyes, including 13 eyes with primary pterygia, six eyes with recurrent pterygia, one case with a pseudopterygium and five eyes with pingueculae. Primary pterygia revealed elevation of the corneal epithelium by a wedge‐shaped mass of tissue separating the corneal epithelium from the underlying Bowman’s membrane, which became wavy and interrupted. We found satellite masses of pterygium tissue advanced under the epithelium beyond the clinically seen pterygium margins. In recurrent pterygia, we detected that the central tip of the pterygium was more advanced and creeping beneath the basal corneal epithelium than the primary pterygium. In pseudopterygium, the SD‐OCT images showed that the overgrowing membrane was not really attached to the underlying cornea. In cases of pingueculae, SD‐OCT revealed a wedge‐shaped mass that was nearly similar in pattern to that of the pterygia but stopped at the limbal region. Immediately after removal of pterygia, we noticed many remnants of the pterygia masses over the corneal stroma in spite of the clinically clear appearance of cornea.

Conclusions:  SD‐OCT provided us with high‐resolution images of the pterygium and the pinguecula and showed clearly the anatomical relationship between the corneal tissues and these lesions. The use of this new modality of imaging may help to decrease the current recurrence rates after pterygium excision through using the anterior segment SD‐OCT in the evaluation of these lesions.
Gene expression profile of Li23, a new human hepatoma cell line that enables robust hepatitis C virus replication: Comparison with HuH‐7 and other hepatic cell lines
Authors: Mori Kyoko , Ikeda Masanori , Ariumi Yasuo , Kato Nobuyuki
Published: October 2010

Aim:  Human hepatoma cell line HuH‐7‐derived cells are currently the only cell culture system used for robust hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. We recently found a new human hepatoma cell line, Li23, that enables robust HCV replication. Although both cell lines had similar liver‐specific expression profiles, the overall profile of Li23 seemed to differ considerably from that of HuH‐7. To understand this difference, the expression profile of Li23 cells was further characterized by a comparison with that of HuH‐7 cells.

Methods:  cDNA microarray analysis using Li23 and HuH‐7 cells was performed. Li23‐derived ORL8c cells and HuH‐7‐derived RSc cells, in which HCV could infect and efficiently replicate, were also used for the microarray analysis. For the comparative analysis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), human hepatoma cell lines (HuH‐6, HepG2, HLE, HLF and PLC/PRF/5) and immortalized hepatocyte cell line (PH5CH8) were also used.

Results:  Microarray analysis of Li23 versus HuH‐7 cells selected 80 probes to represent highly expressed genes that have ratios of more than 30 (Li23/HuH‐7) or 20 (HuH‐7/Li23). Among them, 17 known genes were picked up for further analysis. The expression levels of most of these genes in Li23 and HuH‐7 cells were retained in ORL8c and RSc cells, respectively. Comparative analysis by RT–PCR using several other hepatic cell lines resulted in the classification of 17 genes into three types, and identified three genes showing Li23‐specific expression profiles.

Conclusion:  Li23 is a new hepatoma cell line whose expression profile is distinct from those of frequently used hepatic cell lines.