bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infant muscle tone and childhood autistic traits: A longitudinal study in the general population
Authors: Serdarevic Fadila , Ghassabian Akhgar , van Batenburg‐Eddes Tamara , White Tonya , Blanken Laura M. E. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Verhulst Frank C. , Tiemeier Henning
Published: February 2017

In a longitudinal population‐based study of 2,905 children, we investigated if infants' neuromotor development was associated with autistic traits in childhood. Overall motor development and muscle tone were examined by trained research assistants with an adapted version of Touwen's Neurodevelopmental Examination between ages 2 and 5 months. Tone was assessed in several positions and items were scored as normal, low, or high tone. Parents rated their children's autistic traits with the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and the Pervasive Developmental Problems (PDP) subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist at 6 years. We defined clinical PDP if scores were >98th percentile of the norm population. Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was clinically confirmed in 30 children. We observed a modest association between overall neuromotor development in infants and autistic traits. Low muscle tone in infancy predicted autistic traits measured by SRS (adjusted beta = 0.05, 95% CI for B: 0.00–0.02, P = 0.01), and PDP (adjusted beta = 0.08, 95% CI for B: 0.04–0.10, P < 0.001). Similar results emerged for the association of low muscle tone and clinical PDP (adjusted OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.08–1.72, P = 0.01) at age 6 years. Results remained unchanged if adjusted for child intelligence. There was no association between high muscle tone and SRS or PDP. Exclusion of children with ASD diagnosis did not change the association. This large study showed a prospective association of infant muscle tone with autistic traits in childhood. Our findings suggest that early detection of low muscle tone might be a gateway to improve early diagnosis of ASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 757–768. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population-based study on resection rates and survival in patients with colorectal liver metastasis in Norway
Authors: Angelsen J-H , Horn A , Sorbye H , Eide G E , Løes I M , Viste A
Published: February 2017

Background

Detailed knowledge about the proportion of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM) undergoing resection is sparse. The aim of this study was to analyse cumulative resection rates and survival in patients with CLM.

Methods

For this population-based study of patients developing CLM during 2011–2013, data were extracted from the Norwegian Patient Registry and the Cancer Registry of Norway.

Results

A total of 2960 patients had CLM; their median overall survival was 10·9 months. Liver resection was performed in 538 patients. The cumulative resection rate was 20·0 per cent. The cumulative resection rate was 23·3 per cent in patients aged less than 40 years, 31·1 per cent in patients aged 40–59 years, 24·7 per cent in those aged 60–74 years, 17·9 per cent in those aged 75–79 years and 4·7 per cent in patients aged 80 years or more (P < 0·001). In multivariable analysis, resection rate was associated with age, extrahepatic metastases, disease-free interval and geographical region. Overall survival after diagnosis of CLM was affected by liver resection (hazard ratio (HR) 0·54, 95 per cent c.i. 0·34 to 0·86), rectal cancer (HR 0·82, 0·74 to 0·90), metachronous disease (HR 0·66, 0·60 to 0·74), increasing age (HR 1·32, 1·28 to 1·37), region, and extrahepatic metastases (HR 1·90, 1·74 to 2·07). Three- and 4-year overall survival rates after hepatectomy were 73·2 and 54·8 per cent respectively.

Conclusion

The cumulative resection rate in patients with CLM in Norway between 2011 and 2013 was 20 per cent. Resection rates varied across geographical regions, and with patient and disease characteristics.
Chromatographic determination of harmalans in the urine of autistic children
Authors: Kałużna‐Czaplińska Joanna , Jóźwik‐Pruska Jagoda , Axt Andrea
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a new approach to autism – a complex and still enigmatic condition. We present the results of our preliminary research which was based on the detection of the hallucinogenic substance 6‐ (or 10‐)methoxyharmalan in the urine samples of autistic children with the use of chromatographic methods. Additionally, we aim to describe the relationship between the level of tryptophan and harmalan, and the influence of supplementation on the level of this compound. We applied HPLC‐UV/vis, HPLC‐DAD and LC–MS in order to determine McIsaac's compound in the urine samples obtained from autistic children (n = 132) and healthy individuals (n = 10). The level of tryptophan was quantified with the use of GC–MS. Our research shows the presence of the McIsaac's compound in 110 samples of ASD children contrary to healthy children, where it was not found. No relationship between the level of tryptophan and 6‐methoxyharmalan was noticed. The study shows a strong influence of melatonin supplementation on the presence of the McIsaac's compound. We believe that the results of our research can contribute to a better understanding of autism spectrum disorders. Moreover, our findings can form the basis for other studies focused on autism, eventually making it possible to understand its etiology.
The establishment of tocopherol reference intervals for Hungarian adult population using a validated HPLC method
Authors: Veres Gábor , Szpisjak László , Bajtai Attila , Siska Andrea , Klivényi Péter , Ilisz István , Földesi Imre , Vécsei László , Zádori Dénes
Published: February 2017

Evidence suggests that decreased α‐tocopherol (the most biologically active substance in the vitamin E group) level can cause neurological symptoms, most likely ataxia. The aim of the current study was to first provide reference intervals for serum tocopherols in the adult Hungarian population with appropriate sample size, recruiting healthy control subjects and neurological patients suffering from conditions without symptoms of ataxia, myopathy or cognitive deficiency. A validated HPLC method applying a diode array detector and rac‐tocol as internal standard was utilized for that purpose. Furthermore, serum cholesterol levels were determined as well for data normalization. The calculated 2.5–97.5% reference intervals for α‐, β/γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols were 24.62–54.67, 0.81–3.69 and 0.29–1.07 μm, respectively, whereas the tocopherol/cholesterol ratios were 5.11–11.27, 0.14–0.72 and 0.06–0.22 μmol/mmol, respectively. The establishment of these reference intervals may improve the diagnostic accuracy of tocopherol measurements in certain neurological conditions with decreased tocopherol levels. Moreover, the current study draws special attention to the possible pitfalls in the complex process of the determination of reference intervals as well, including the selection of study population, the application of internal standard and method validation and the calculation of tocopherol/cholesterol ratios.
Interactive authoring of bending and twisting motions of short plants using hand gestures
Authors: Chen Kan , Johan Henry
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we propose an approach to interactively author the bending and twisting motions of short plants using hand gestures, especially suitable for grass, flowers, and leaves. Our method is based on the observations that hand motions can represent the bending and twisting motions of short plants and using a hand to describe motions is natural and proficient for human. We therefore use a hand as a “puppet” to author the animation of one single short plant based on transferring the motions of a hand to the motions of a short plant. We first author the global motions of the short plant followed by the motions of its elements such as leaves and flowers. We also propose a framework to utilize the animation results to animate a field of short plants and further adjust the motion effects according to the properties of the short plants, such as rigidity. As a result, users can intuitively and rapidly author and generate their desired motions of short plants under the influence of external forces. Especially, our method is accessible to non‐expert users and suitable for fast prototyping and authoring specific motions of short plants such as in cartoons.
Characterisation of Photoaffinity‐Based Chemical Probes by Fluorescence Imaging and Native‐State Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Teruya Kanae , Rankin Gregory M. , Chrysanthopoulos Panagiotis K. , Tonissen Kathryn F. , Poulsen Sally‐Ann
Published: February 2017

Chemical probes are small‐molecule reagents used by researchers for labelling and detection of biomolecules. We present the design, synthesis, and characterisation of a panel of 11 structurally diverse photoaffinity labelling (PAL) probes as research tools for labelling the model enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) in challenging environments, including in protein mixtures and cell lysates. We targeted the ubiquitous CA II as well as the two cancer‐associated CAs (CA IX and CA XII) that are of high priority as potential biomarkers of aggressive and/or multidrug‐resistant cancer. We utilise an atypical biophysical approach, native state mass spectrometry, to monitor the initial protein–probe binding and subsequent UV crosslinking efficiency of the protein:probe complex. This mass spectrometry methodology represents a new approach for chemical probe optimisation and development that might have broader applications to chemical probe characterisation beyond this study. This also represents one of the first studies, to the best of our knowledge, in which a comprehensive set of PAL probes has been used to establish the relationship between probe structure, noncovalent protein–probe binding, and covalent protein–probe crosslinking efficiency. Our results demonstrate the benefits of a comprehensive analysis of chemical probe structure–activity relationships to support the development of optimum chemical probes.
Constructing Dense SiOx@Carbon Nanotubes versus Spinel Cathode for Advanced High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ming Hai , Qiu Jingyi , Zhang Songtong , Li Meng , Zhu Xiayu , Wang Liming , Ming Jun
Published: February 2017

A newly designed dense SiOx@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite with a high conductivity of 3.5 S cm−1 and tap density of 1.13 g cm−3 was prepared, in which the CNTs were stripped by physical energy crushing and then coated on SiOx nanoparticles. The composite exhibits high capacities of 835 and 687 mAh g−1 at current densities of 100 and 200 mA g−1, which can be finely persevered over 100 cycles. Benefiting from this promising anode, two new full cells of SiOx@CNTs/LiMn2O4 and SiOx@CNTs/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with high energy densities of 2273 and 2747 Wh kganode−1 (i. e. 413 and 500 Wh kgcathode−1), respectively, were successfully assembled and can cycle more than 400 cycles. Even with further cycling at the elevated temperature of 45 °C, the cells can still deliver relatively high capacities of 568 and 465 mAh ganode−1, respectively, over 100 cycles. Such desired high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries with working voltages over 4.0 V can be widely developed for diverse applications (e. g. in handheld devices, electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles). The easy extension of the presented synthetic strategy and the configuration of high‐energy battery system would be significant in materials synthesis and energy‐storage devices.
Reinvigorating Reverse‐Osmosis Membrane Technology to Stabilize the V2O5Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathode
Authors: Wu Ji , Byrd Ian , Jin Congrui , Li Jianlin , Chen Hao , Camp Tyler , Bujol Ryan , Sharma Anju , Zhang Hanlei
Published: February 2017

V2O5is deemed as one of the most promising cathode materials for next‐generation high‐capacity lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). It possesses a theoretical capacity of 294 mAh g−1, which is much higher than conventional cathodes. However, there are many issues to be solved before its practical use, including poor cycle life and unsatisfactory rate performance, mainly owing to its low electronic conductivity and ionic diffusivity, as well as structural instability. This work reports three types of V2O5asymmetric membranes synthesized by using an adapted reverse‐osmosis membrane technology combined with sol‐gel chemistry, aiming to stabilize the cyclability and improve the rate performance. V2O5asymmetric membrane cathodes prepared using graphene as the conductive additives have a specific capacity of approximately 160 mAh g−1at a current density of 100 mA g−1with no capacity degradation after 380 cycles. It is also found that the annealing temperature and the choice of conductive additives can affect the morphology of V2O5nanoparticles and the overall electrode cyclability. A lower annealing temperature (300 vs. 400 °C) and addition of graphene are beneficial to long‐term cycling performance.
Development of a Novel Plug‐Flow System for Heterogeneously Catalyzed Multiphase Reactions
Authors: Leonhardt Tobias , Zogg Andreas , Hutter Cédric , Jeisy Julius , Riedl Wolfgang
Published: February 2017

Der einem inversen Festbettreaktor nachempfundene lasergesinterte Rohrreaktor stellt eine interessante Alternative zu anderen innovativen Reaktorkonzepten zur Prozessintensivierung dar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde für diesen Reaktortyp eine geeignete Peripherie konzipiert. Das entwickelte Anlagenkonzept soll verschiedene chemische Reaktionen unter inhärent sicheren Bedingungen ermöglichen. Im Fokus stehen heterogen katalysierte Mehrphasenreaktionen, die einen mittleren bis hohen Enthalpiestrom abgeben. Am Beispiel einer oxidativen Zyklisierung wird die Funktionalität des Reaktorsystems beschrieben.
Effect of selective oxidation and sulphur/phosphorus‐containing compounds on coking behaviour during light naphtha thermal cracking
Authors: Bao Binbin , Liu Jinglei , Xu Hong , Wan Shun , Zhang Weifeng
Published: February 2017

The investigation was aimed at evaluating the effect of selective oxidation and sulphur/phosphorus‐containing compounds on coking behaviour at the surface of HP40 alloy during thermal cracking of light naphtha. The surface morphology and composition of the selectively oxidized alloy were characterized by SEM, EDX, and XRD. Coking tests show that the coking rate of blank alloy decreased with sulphur/phosphorus‐containing compounds, while the effect of sulphur/phosphorus‐containing compounds on coking rate for selectively oxidized alloy is complex, and a mass concentration of µg/g results in the lowest coking rate. The morphology and microstructure of cokes were investigated by SEM and Raman spectra. SEM and Raman spectra analyses indicated that either selective oxidation or sulphur/phosphorus‐containing compounds resulted in more disordered graphite structures and amorphous carbon.
Dose determination for molecularly targeted therapies: Much Ado About Nothing
Authors: Tolcher Anthony
Published: February 2017

Literature reviews and meta‐analyses of phase 1 studies are particularly difficult to perform and rarely draw useful conclusions due to the small size of individual studies and the varied populations. With the low rate of success in oncology drug development, the focus should turn to improving the efficiency of phase 1 studies.

See also pages 1409‐15.
Exotic weeds and fluctuating microclimate can constrain native plant regeneration in urban forest restoration
Authors: Wallace K. J. , Laughlin Daniel C. , Clarkson Bruce D.
Published: February 2017

Restoring forest structure and composition is an important component of urban land management, but we lack clear understanding of the mechanisms driving restoration success. Here we studied two indicators of restoration success in temperate rainforests: native tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization. We hypothesized that ecosystem properties such as forest canopy openness, abundance of exotic herbaceous weeds, and the microclimate directly affect the density and diversity of native tree seedlings and epiphytes. Relationships between environmental conditions and the plant community were investigated in 27 restored urban forests spanning 3–70 years in age and in unrestored and remnant urban forests. We used structural equation modelling to determine the direct and indirect drivers of native tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization in the restored forests. Compared to remnant forest, unrestored forest had fewer native canopy tree species, significantly more light reaching the forest floor annually, and higher exotic weed cover. Additionally, epiphyte density was lower and native tree regeneration density was marginally lower in the unrestored forests. In restored forests, light availability was reduced to levels found in remnant forests within 20 years of restoration planting, followed shortly thereafter by declines in herbaceous exotic weeds and reduced fluctuation of relative humidity and soil temperatures. Contrary to expectations, canopy openness was only an indirect driver of tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization, but it directly regulated weed cover and microclimatic fluctuations, both of which directly drove the density and richness of regeneration and epiphyte colonization. Epiphyte density and diversity were also positively related to forest basal area, as large trees provide physical habitat for colonization. These results imply that ecosystem properties change predictably after initial restoration plantings, and that reaching critical thresholds in some ecosystem properties makes conditions suitable for the regeneration of late successional species, which is vital for restoration success and long‐term ecosystem sustainability. Abiotic and biotic conditions that promote tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization will likely be present in forests with a basal area ≥27 m2/ha. We recommend that urban forest restoration plantings be designed to promote rapid canopy closure to reduce light availability, suppress herbaceous weeds, and stabilize the microclimate.
The two water worlds hypothesis: Addressing multiple working hypotheses and proposing a way forward
Authors: Berry Z. Carter , Evaristo Jaivime , Moore Georgianne , Poca María , Steppe Kathy , Verrot Lucile , Asbjornsen Heidi , Borma Laura S. , Bretfeld Mario , Hervé‐Fernández Pedro , Seyfried Mark , Schwendenmann Luitgard , Sinacore Katherine , De Wispelaere Lien , McDonnell Jeffrey
Published: February 2017

Recent studies using water isotopes have shown that trees and streams appear to return distinct water pools to the hydrosphere. Cryogenically extracted plant and soil water isotopic signatures diverge from the meteoric water lines, suggesting that plants would preferentially use bound soil water, while mobile soil water that infiltrates the soil recharges groundwater and feeds streamflow all plots on meteoric water lines. These findings have been described under the “two water worlds” (TWW) hypothesis. In spite of growing evidence for the TWW hypothesis, several questions remain unsolved within the scope of this framework. Here, we address the TWW as a null hypothesis and further assess the following: (a) the theoretical biophysical feasibility for two distinct water pools to exist, (b) plant and soil processes that could explain the different isotopic composition between the two water pools, and (c) methodological issues that could explain the divergent isotopic signatures. Moreover, we propose a way forward under the framework of the TWW hypothesis, proposing alternative perspectives and explanations, experiments to further test them, and methodological advances that could help illuminate this quest. We further highlight the need to improve our sampling resolution of plants and soils across time and space. We ultimately propose a set of key priorities for future research to improve our understanding of the ecohydrological processes controlling water flows through the soil–plant‐atmosphere continuum.
Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis for the C(sp3)–C(sp3) Cross‐Coupling of Alkylsilicates with Alkyl Halides
Authors: Lévêque Christophe , Corcé Vincent , Chenneberg Ludwig , Ollivier Cyril , Fensterbank Louis
Published: February 2017

Alkylsilicates were engaged under photoredox/nickel dual catalysis conditions with alkyl halides for the first time. The C(sp3)–C(sp3) cross‐coupling products were obtained in moderate yields and were accompanied by the homocoupling products of the alkyl halide derivatives. These promising findings are strongly suggestive of the high synthetic potential of the dual catalytic approach for the forging of alkyl carbon–carbon bonds.
Revisiting the Intermolecular Fujiwara Hydroarylation of Alkynes
Authors: Godoi Marla N. , de Azambuja Francisco , Martinez Pablo David G. , Morgon Nelson H. , Santos Vanessa G. , Regiani Thaís , Lesage Denis , Dossmann Heloise , Cole Richard B. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Correia Carlos Roque D.
Published: February 2017

The Fujiwara hydroarylation of alkynes was reinvestigated using the addition of indole to methyl or ethyl phenylpropiolate catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 as a model reaction. Reactions were monitored by both 1H NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS), and also through reactions carried out in the gas phase using MS/MS experiments. Contrary to the original suggestion for exclusive heteroarene activation, the data supports the coexistence of both heteroarene activation (C–H activation) and alkyne activation (Friedel–Crafts‐type pathway). Under the reaction conditions used in this work, intermediates for both mechanisms were detected by NMR spectroscopy and MS, but alkyne activation seems to be predominant according to 1H NMR spectroscopic studies and theoretical predictions. Alkyne activation is promoted by the coordination of an electrophilic palladium species to the C–C triple bond, followed by nucleophilic attack of the heteroaryl counterpart. Two previously undetected equilibria in this reaction involving the vinylpalladium intermediates and the final products were also found to be critical to the stereoselectivity of the reaction.
Pivotal Neighboring‐Group Participation in Substitution versus Elimination Reactions – Computational Evidence for Ion Pairs in the Thionation of Alcohols with Lawesson's Reagent
Authors: Chiacchio Maria A. , Legnani Laura , Caramella Pierluigi , Tejero Tomas , Merino Pedro
Published: February 2017

The mechanism of the thionation of alcohols with Lawesson's reagent was explored through quantum chemical DFT methods. Evidence that carbocations are involved was found. The mechanism is completely different to that established recently for the thionation of carbonyls. The presence of a phenyl ring at the alcoholic carbon atom exerts a pivotal role in the stability of the carbocation and enables a S–π interaction, which is crucial for favoring thionation instead of undesired elimination. The influence of the solvent was also studied, and elimination is preferred in toluene, whereas substitution leading to thionation is favored in acetonitrile. A clear correlation between solvent polarity and elimination was observed. The study is in complete agreement with the different behavior observed experimentally for primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols (bearing a phenyl ring or not), and the best conditions for minimizing undesired elimination can be predicted.
Ankyrin‐rich membrane spanning protein as a novel modulator of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1‐function in nociceptive neurons
Authors: Peter J. , Kasper C. , Kaufholz M. , Buschow R. , Isensee J. , Hucho T. , Herberg F.W. , Schwede F. , Stein C. , Jordt S.‐E. , Brackmann M. , Spahn V.
Published: February 2017

Background

The ion channel TRPV1 is mainly expressed in small diameter dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which are involved in the sensation of acute noxious thermal and chemical stimuli. Direct modifications of the channel by diverse signalling events have been intensively investigated, but little is known about the composition of modulating macromolecular TRPV1 signalling complexes. Here, we hypothesize that the novel adaptor protein ankyrin‐rich membrane spanning protein/kinase D interacting substrate (ARMS) interacts with TRPV1 and modulates its function in rodent DRG neurons.

Methods

We used immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, microfluorimetry and immunoprecipitation experiments to investigate TRPV1 and ARMS interactions in DRG neurons and transfected cells.

Results

We found that TRPV1 and ARMS are co‐expressed in a subpopulation of DRG neurons. ARMS sensitizes TRPV1 towards capsaicin in transfected HEK 293 cells and in mouse DRG neurons in a PKA‐dependent manner. Using a combination of functional imaging and immunocytochemistry, we show that the magnitude of the capsaicin response in DRG neurons depends not only on TRPV1 expression, but on the co‐expression of ARMS alongside TRPV1.

Conclusion

These data indicate that ARMS is an important component of the signalling complex regulating the sensitivity of TRPV1.

Significance

The study identifies ARMS as an important component of the signalling complex regulating the sensitivity of excitatory ion channels (TRPV1) in peripheral sensory neurons (DRG neurons) and transfected cells.
Graphene Oxide Modified Chemically Activated Graphite Electrodes for Detection of microRNA
Authors: Erdem Arzum , Eksin Ece , Isin Deniz , Polat Derya
Published: February 2017

In our study, graphene oxide (GO) modified graphite electrodes were used for sensitive and selective impedimetric detection of miRNA. After chemical activation of pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surface using covalent agents (CA), GO modification was performed at the surface of chemically activated PGE. Then, CA‐GO‐PGEs were applied for impedimetric miRNA detection. The microscopic and electrochemical characterization of CA‐GO‐PGEs was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The optimization of experimental conditions; such as GO concentration, DNA probe concentration and miRNA target concentration was performed by using EIS technique. After the hybridization occurred between miRNA‐34a RNA target and its complementary DNA probe, the hybrid was immobilized onto the surface of CA‐GO‐PGEs. Then, the impedimetric detection of miRNA‐DNA hybridization was performed by EIS. The selectivity of our assay was also tested under the optimum experimental conditions.
Undrained behaviour of granular soils conditioned for EPB tunnelling – A new experimental procedure
Authors: Martinelli Daniele , Winderholler Rodrigo , Peila Daniele
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a characterisation campaign carried out on granular soils conditioned for EPB tunnelling using a modified direct shear box. The main objective of soil conditioning is the reduction of its shear strength to control the counterpressure inside the bulk chamber. In order to preserve the pseudo‐fluid characteristics of the conditioned soil mass, the main concerning para meters are their undrained properties. To characterise the un drained behaviour an adopted watertight direct shear apparatus was used. The purpose of this research is to define a simplified testing procedure for conditioned soil, analysing its feasibility and reliability with resources that can be found at any laboratory or job site. A comparison between the results obtained under dry and conditioned conditions is presented for three different cohesionless soils. The choice of the materials studied has been made in order to cover a wide range within sands grain size.
Dealing with natural hazards along federal and state roads in Bavaria
Authors: Zumbrunnen Thomas , Thuro Kurosch , König Sebald
Published: February 2017

Roads in the municipal Berchtesgaden are among the traffic infrastructure in Germany most highly endangered by natural hazards. Landslide, avalanche, rockfall and debris flow events led to repeated accidents and road closures. In order to improve the safety of main roads, a three‐stage approach has been introduced by the responsible road authority, especially in the light of finding the most suitable and sustainable solutions quickly. The first stage was a systematic spatial detection and delineation of all risk areas, as well as assessment of the level of risk and the resulting urgency. Based on this assessment, a more detailed investigation was conducted, leading to the development of tailored protection concepts. The main criteria for the entire design phase of any measure have always been the necessary level of protection, reasonable costs and environmental compatibility. Matching all these requirements is critical for rapid construction and therefore a reasonable use of resources. A good example of this approach is the integral protection concept for the B 21 main road with its central structure of a multifunctional protection gallery near Baumgarten. This has been completed recently, and several other projects are currently under construction.
Field Study of Variable Rate Irrigation Management in Humid Climates
Authors: Sui Ruixiu , Yan Haijun
Published: February 2017

Comparison of variable rate irrigation (VRI) management with uniform rate irrigation (URI) management in soybean and corn crops was studied for 2 years in Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. The experiments were conducted on two 6.7 ha fields. Each of them was equally split into two sectors. VRI management was performed in one sector and URI management in the other. A centre pivot VRI system was used for delivering irrigation water. Soil apparent electrical conductivity (EC) of the fields was used to delineate VRI management zones and create a VRI prescription map. The VRI treatment used 25% less irrigation water and produced 2.8% more yield in soybean and 0.8% more yield in corn than the URI treatment. Irrigation water productivity (WP) of soybean under VRI management was 0.84 kg m−3which is 31.2% higher than URI. The WP of corn under VRI management was 1.69 kg m−3, 27.1% higher than URI. Yield of the rainfed treatment was significantly lower than the VRI and URI treatments for both soybean and corn in the 2015 season (p < 0.05). Results in this study demonstrated that VRI management was superior to URI in terms of water use efficiency. Copyright © 2017. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Copyright © 2017. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Comparison of two double red cell collection settings on Fenwal Alyx apheresis instrument
Authors: Burgstaler Edwin A. , Duffy Kimberly J. , Gandhi Manish J.
Published: February 2017

The Fenwal Alyx for collecting double red cell products has two red cell volume collection settings: fixed collection target of 360 ml (180 ml/unit) and a variable target of collecting either 400 or 360 ml (200 or 180 ml/unit), where the machine aims for the higher possible collection target. We retrospectively compared the two collection targets for the RBC content, donor time, technician time, and collection efficiency. We compared 18 fixed (F) target collections to 40 variable (V) target collections. All collections were performed as per the manufacturer's recommendations on Alyx and donors met the manufacturer's eligibility criteria. There was no significant difference in average whole blood processed (F: 963 ml, V: 1,000 ml); donor time (F: 43 min, V: 45 min) or technician time (F: 64 min, V: 64 min). There was a significant difference in unit volume (F: 283 ml, V: 300 ml); grams Hb/unit (F: 53 g, V: 57 g); ml RBC/unit (F: 157 ml, V: 167 ml); and RBC recovery (F: 87.8%, V: 88.9%). The fixed target had a significantly lower frequency of products with ≥51 g Hb (80.6%) than variable target (96.3%) and ≥153 ml RBC/unit (F: 55.6%, V: 96.3%). In conclusion, the variable target efficiently allows collections of products with higher red cell volume and hemoglobin without a significant increase in collection and processing time.
New advances of TMEM88 in cancer initiation and progression, with special emphasis on Wnt signaling pathway
Authors: Ge Yun‐xuan , Wang Chang‐hui , Hu Fu‐yong , Pan Lin‐xin , Min Jie , Niu Kai‐yuan , Zhang Lei , Li Jun , Xu Tao
Published: February 2017

Transmembrane protein 88 (TMEM88), a newly discovered protein localized on the cell membrane. Recent studies showed that TMEM88 was involved in the regulation of several types of cancer. TMEM88 was expressed at significantly higher levels in breast cancer (BC) cell line than in normal breast cell line with co‐localized with Dishevelled (DVL) in the cytoplasm of BC cell line. TMEM88 silencing in the ovarian cancer cell line CP70 resulted in significant upregulation of Wnt downstream genes (c‐Myc, cyclin‐D1) and other Wnt target genes including JUN, PTIX2, CTNNB1 (β‐catenin), further supporting that TMEM88 inhibits canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt signaling pathway has been known to play important roles in many diseases, especially in cancer. For instance, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become one of the most common tumors harboring mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway. As the inhibitor of Wnt signaling, TMEM88 has been considered to act as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. Up‐regulated TMEM88 or gene therapy approaches could be an effective therapeutic approach against tumor as TMEM88 inhibits Wnt signaling through direct interaction with DVL. Here, we review the current knowledge on the functional role and potential clinical application of TMEM88 in the control of various cancers.

Highlights

Wnt signaling displays an important role in several pathogenesis of cancer.

Wnt signaling pathway is activated during cancer development.

TMEM88 has an impact on cancer by inhibiting canonical Wnt signaling.

We discuss the importance and new applications of TMEM88 in cancer therapy.
Interplay between miRNAs and human diseases
Authors: Paul Prosenjit , Chakraborty Anindya , Sarkar Debasree , Langthasa Malobika , Rahman Musfhia , Bari Minakshi , Singha RK. Sanamacha , Malakar Arup Kumar , Chakraborty Supriyo
Published: February 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non‐coding RNAs, which have evoked a great deal of interest due to their importance in many aspects of homeostasis and diseases. MicroRNAs are stable and are essential components of gene regulatory networks. They play a crucial role in healthy individuals and their dysregulations have also been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and cancer. This review summarized the current understanding of interactions between miRNAs and different diseases and their role in disease diagnosis and therapy.
Adipocytes properties and crosstalk with immune system in obesity‐related inflammation
Authors: Maurizi Giulia , Della Guardia Lucio , Maurizi Angela , Poloni Antonella
Published: February 2017

Obesity is a condition likely associated with several dysmetabolic conditions or worsening of cardiovascular and other chronic disturbances. A key role in this mechanism seem to be played by the onset of low‐grade systemic inflammation, highlighting the importance of the interplay between adipocytes and immune system cells. Adipocytes express a complex and highly adaptive biological profile being capable to selectively activate different metabolic pathways in order to respond to environmental stimuli. It has been demonstrated how adipocytes, under appropriate stimulation, can easily differentiate and de‐differentiate thereby converting themselves into different phenotypes according to metabolic necessities. Although underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, growing in adipocyte size and the inability of storing triglycerides under overfeeding conditions seem to be crucial for the switching to a dysfunctional metabolic profile, which is characterized by inflammatory and apoptotic pathways activation, and by the shifting to pro‐inflammatory adipokines secretion. In obesity, changes in adipokines secretion along with adipocyte deregulation and fatty acids release into circulation contribute to maintain immune cells activation as well as their infiltration into regulatory organs. Over the well‐established role of macrophages, recent findings suggest the involvement of new classes of immune cells such as T regulatory lymphocytes and neutrophils in the development inflammation and multi systemic worsening. Deeply understanding the pathways of adipocyte regulation and the de‐differentiation process could be extremely useful for developing novel strategies aimed at curbing obesity‐related inflammation and related metabolic disorders.
MicroRNA‐195‐5p Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Periodontal Ligament Cells Under Mechanical Loading
Authors: Chang Maolin , Lin Heng , Fu Haidi , Wang Beike , Han Guangli , Fan Mingwen
Published: February 2017

Osteogenic differentiation and bone formation are tightly regulated by several factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs). However, miRNA expression patterns and function during mechanical loading‐induced osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the differential expression of miRNA‐195‐5p in the periodontal tissues of mice under orthodontic mechanical loading and in primary human PDLCs exposed to a simulated tension strain. The miR‐195‐5p was observed to be down‐regulated and negatively correlated with osteogenic differentiation. Overexpression of miR‐195‐5p significantly inhibited PDLC differentiation under cyclic tension strain (CTS), whereas the functional inhibition of miR‐195‐5p yielded an opposite effect. Further experiments confirmed that WNT family member 3A (WNT3A), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and bone morphogenetic protein receptor‐1A (BMPR1A), proteins important for osteogenic activity and stability, were direct targets of miR‐195‐5p. Mechanical loading increased the WNT3A, FGF2, and BMPR1A protein levels, while miR‐195‐5p inhibited WNT3A, FGF2, and BMPR1A protein expression. WNT, FGF, and BMP signaling were involved in osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs under CTS. Further study confirmed that reintroduction of WNT3A and BMPR1A can rescue the inhibition of miR‐195‐5p on osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that miR‐195‐5p is a mechanosensitive gene that plays an important role in mechanical loading‐induced osteogenic differentiation and bone formation.
Resolution and super‐resolution
Authors: Sheppard Colin J. R.
Published: February 2017

Many papers have claimed the attainment of super‐resolution, i.e. resolution beyond that achieved classically, by measurement of the profile of a feature in the image. We argue that measurement of the contrast of the image of a dark bar on a bright background does not give a measure of resolution, but of detection sensitivity. The width of a bar that gives an intensity at the center of the bar of 0.735 that in the bright region (the same ratio as in the Rayleigh resolution criterion) is
for the coherent case with central illumination. This figure, which compares with
for the Abbe resolution limit with central illumination, holds for the classical case, and so is no indication of super‐resolution. Theoretical images for two points, two lines, arrays of lines, arrays of bars, and grating objects are compared. These results can be used a reference for experimental results, to determine if super‐resolution has indeed been attained. The history of the development of the theory of microscope resolution is outlined.
Synthesis of 1β‐hydroxydeoxycholic acid in H‐2 and unlabeled forms
Authors: Hayes Martin A. , Roberts Ieuan , Grönberg Gunnar , Lv Kexin , Lin Baorui , Bergare Jonas , Elmore Charles S.
Published: February 2017

1β–hydroxydeoxycholic acid in unlabeled and stable isotope labeled forms was required for use as a biomarker for Cytochrome P450 3A4/5 activity. A lengthy synthesis was undertaken to deliver the unlabeled compound and in the process, to develop a route to the deuterium labeled compound. The synthesis of the unlabeled compound was completed but in a very low yield. Concurrent with the synthetic approach, a biosynthetic route was pursued and this approach proved to be much more rapid and afforded the compound in both unlabeled and deuterium labeled forms in a 1‐step oxidation from deoxycholic acid and [D4]deoxycholic acid, respectively.
An organizational ethic of care and employee involvement in sustainability‐related behaviors: A social identity perspective
Authors: Carmeli Abraham , Brammer Stephen , Gomes Emanuel , Tarba Shlomo Y.
Published: February 2017

We expand on the emergent research of an ethic of care (EoC) to theorize why and how an organizational EoC fosters employee involvement in sustainability‐related behaviors at work. Across two studies, we explore the socio‐psychological mechanisms that link an EoC and involvement in sustainability‐related behaviors. The results of Study 1, in which we applied an experimental design, indicate that an EoC is significantly related, through employees' affective reaction towards organizational sustainability, to involvement in sustainability‐related behaviors. In Study 2, in which we used time‐lagged data, we further drew on social identity theory to suggest that an EoC is both directly and indirectly, through enhanced organizational identification, related to employees' satisfaction with organizational sustainability. Through these two mechanisms, we explain the process by which an EoC can drive employee involvement in sustainability‐related behaviors. These theoretical developments and empirical findings help to better understand the micro‐foundations of organizational sustainability by building upon the moral theorizing of care.
Maternal cinnamon extract intake during lactation leads to sex‐specific endocrine modifications in rat offspring
Authors: Bento‐Bernardes Thais , Toste Fernanda P , Pazos‐Moura Carmen C , Oliveira Karen J
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Cinnamon supplementation has been associated with an improvement in glucose disposal and a reduction in fat mass in type 2 diabetes. Maternal nutrition during lactation impacts the health of the offspring throughout life. We hypothesize that cinnamon intake by lactating rats affects maternal physiology, leading to hormonal and metabolic changes in their offspring. To investigate this hypothesis, dams received aqueous cinnamon extract (400 mg cinnamon kg−1 body mass day−1) or water orally, during lactation.

RESULTS

Maternal cinnamon intake did not affect the body mass gain or food intake of dams or their offspring, although it decreased visceral white adipose tissue mass in dams and in their adult offspring of both sexes. Cinnamon‐treated dams exhibited no differences in serum insulin, adiponectin, leptin or estradiol levels, although they presented higher serum progesterone. At weaning, cinnamon male pups exhibited lower insulinemia, whereas cinnamon female pups exhibited lower glycemia. Interestingly, in adulthood, only the female offspring exhibited an altered hormonal profile, with reduced serum leptin, adiponectin and insulin levels accompanied by lower glycemia.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrates that maternal cinnamon intake during lactation promotes mild changes in dams and can trigger sex‐specific metabolic programming in pups that lasts into adulthood. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Anti‐prediabetic effect of rose hip (Rosa canina) extract in spontaneously diabetic Torii rats
Authors: Chen Si Jing , Aikawa Chiwa , Yoshida Risa , Kawaguchi Tomoaki , Matsui Toshiro
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Prediabetes, a high‐risk state for developing diabetes showing impaired glucose tolerance but a normal fasting blood glucose level, has an increasing prevalence worldwide. However, no study investigating the prevention of impaired glucose tolerance at the prediabetic stage by anti‐diabetic functional foods has been reported. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the anti‐prediabetic effect of rose hip in a prediabetic rat model.

RESULTS

Spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats were supplemented with hot‐water extract of rose hip at a dose of 100 mg kg–1 body weight day–1 for 12 weeks. The results obtained showed that the supplementation of rose hip extract improved impaired glucose tolerance, promoted insulin secretion, preserved pancreatic beta‐cell function and suppressed plasma advanced glycation end‐products formation of methylglyoxal‐derived hydroimidazolone (MG‐H1) residue and Nϵ‐carboxymethyl‐lysine residues (e.g. MG‐H1, control: 465.5 ± 43.8 versus rose hip: 59.1 ± 13.0 pmol mg protein–1, P < 0.05) in SDT rats at the prediabetic stage (12–20 weeks old).

CONCLUSION

The present study provides the first evidence showing that a hot‐water extract of rose hip could exert an anti‐prediabetic effect in a rat model. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Differences in the multimodal treatment of gastric cancer: East versus west
Authors: Russo Ashley , Li Ping , Strong Vivian E.
Published: February 2017

There has been a great deal of interest about varying treatment paradigms of gastric cancer in Eastern and Western countries. Differences in tumor biology, screening initiatives, surgical approach, extent of lymphadenectomy, and neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy regimens have been studied and documented in the literature. The purpose of this review is to give an updated report on the current status and management differences in the treatment of gastric cancer between Eastern and Western countries.
Morphological Similarity of Channels: From Linear Erosional Features (Rill, Gully) to Alpine Rivers
Authors: Sofia Giulia , Di Stefano Costanza , Ferro Vito , Tarolli Paolo
Published: February 2017

The geometric characteristics of incised features such as channels, rills, ephemeral gully, gully, represent the erosional transport regime and the fluvial dynamic equilibrium, and thus it is critical for the understanding of the long‐term evolution of natural, agricultural, and anthropogenic landscapes. This paper examines the morphological similarity of channelized erosion in two different environments such as Alpine landscapes and cultivated hillslopes. The first dataset comprises six rivers in the Italian Alps, three in the Carnia region and three in the Dolomites, where erosion is mainly the effect of discharges with high sediment loads or landslides and debris flows. The agricultural areas dataset includes rills, ephemeral gullies, and gullies surveyed in literature. This research highlights that the eroded volume in Alpine rivers is in line with that of agricultural landscapes or badlands around the world. Dolomites rivers of colluvial origin, flowing on soils that are not particularly deep and subject to natural disaggregation, tend to behave similarly to ephemeral gullies. Contrarily, channels that exhibit evident alluvial morphologies and coarse grain sizes are more similar to gully erosion. At different spatial scales, the results demonstrated that length–volume equations calibrated on rills, ephemeral gullies, gullies and badlands, might be feasible also for Alpine channels. The research areas present soils and bedrock lithology that differs from those in literature, thus suggesting that the morphology of linear erosion is independent of the intrinsic soil characteristics. Differences emerged between Dolomites and Carnia rivers: this highlights the importance of taking into account in future analyses other forcing factors (e.g. climate) on land degradation processes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.