bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Backcountry Militia
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers the beginning of the American Revolution in the South Carolina backcountry and explains why many frontier people, especially Presbyterians, saw the rejection of royal authority not so much as rebellion, but rather as a bid to establish order and protect themselves from a corrupt royal government that allegedly was encouraging Cherokee attacks on white settlements. In this chapter, Pickens emerges as an important local militia leader and participates in several early campaigns and battles, including the first siege of Ninety Six and the Cherokee campaign of 1776, and narrowly escapes death and emerges as a hero in the “Ring Fight.”
Defending the New Order, 1777–1779
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

With the Cherokees and tories temporarily held at bay, whig authorities in South Carolina attempt to build a stable republican society, which also requires them to rely on the state military establishment, including non-elite, poorly educated backcountry militia officers like Pickens who formerly had not been trusted with authority at the provincial level. Pickens participates in more military operations, including his decisive victory over tories at the Battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia.
Liberty and Virtue in a Conquered Land
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, whig resistance in South Carolina collapses in the spring of 1780 when the British capture Charleston and inflict a disastrous defeat on the American cause. Pickens and other whig officers surrender, sign paroles, and are initially allowed to maintain neutrality. When Sir Henry Clinton reneges on this parole agreement and mistreats former whigs, the Revolution springs back to life. Pickens, however, maintains his neutrality until December, after loyalist troops raid his own home and mistreat his family; then he dramatically announces to a British officer his right to renounce his parole and his intention to rejoin the Revolutionary cause.
The “Brave and Valuable” Colonel Pickens
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers the Cowpens campaign and battle that took place in January 1781. It emphasizes the critical role that Pickens’s militia played in the campaign in terms of recruitment, intelligence, supply, and logistics, and finally in contributing to the battlefield victory on January 17. It also describes Pickens’s unique ability to work effectively with regular officers of the Continental Army.
The North Carolina Campaign
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers Pickens’s participation in General Nathanael Greene’s famous strategic retreat through North Carolina in the winter of 1781. It emphasizes the partnership between Pickens and Greene and also with Henry Lee. It also illustrates Pickens’s willingness to campaign extensively outside his own state; the critical strategic role of the militia in the campaign; and the difficulty in recruiting and retaining men in the militia ranks when serving far from home.
Fighting His Way Back Home
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, Pickens returns to his home territory and begins the process of reclaiming western South Carolina and upper Georgia from British and tory control. He and his militia cooperate with Continental forces under Henry Lee in the successful siege and recapture of Augusta, and cooperate with Nathanael Greene in a failed siege of Ninety Six. Pickens’s brother Joseph is killed in the siege. When the whig forces withdraw from the area, Pickens persuades his wife Becky to remain in enemy-held territory rather than flee, setting an example for other whig families and sending the message that the patriot forces plan to return soon.
A State of Alarm and Confusion
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter emphasizes that long after the American victory at Yorktown in October 1781, the war in the southern backcountry was not over, because tory bandits remained at large, whigs engaged in violent retribution against their whig neighbors, and the Cherokees were still a military threat. It reiterates the book’s theme that the American Revolution was not simply a military struggle against the British, but also a struggle to establish law and order at home. Pickens’s brother John is captured by tories and murdered by Cherokees. Pickens pursues tory bandits and inflicts a decisive defeat on the Cherokees at Long Swamp, Georgia, in late September 1782, though he demands that his men refrain from killing Indian women, children, or old men.
The Struggle for Peace
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter continues to cover Pickens’s efforts in Indian diplomacy, seeking treaties and in several instances acting to prevent war. In May 1788, Pickens is outraged at the treacherous slaughter of several Indians under a flag of truce, including his friend Corn Tassel, and he uses his influence to try to hold responsible the white militia officers involved. The chapter highlights the practical, constitutional, and political obstacles to establishing a lasting peace between white settlers and the Creeks and Cherokees, as well as what Pickens, influenced by Calvinist theology, saw as a moral problem—man’s inherent greed and penchant for violence.
War, Peace, and Corruption, 1793–1797
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers Pickens’s service in the Third Congress (1793-1795). Pickens was relatively rare as a representative from the southern backcountry who voted more often with Federalists, favoring respect for federal authority and a nationalist, pro-military stance. However, he did not share the Federalists’ pro-British foreign policy. The chapter also covers his further efforts to preserve peace on the southern frontier and his success in concluding the Treaty of Coleraine with the Creeks. During the Coleraine negotiations, Pickens once again found himself defending federal authority from resentful, land-hungry Georgia leaders. He and Benjamin Hawkins faced similar challenges as they went on a long expedition to mark the treaty boundary lines between the Cherokees and the southern states. Lawless greed again threatened moral order and the struggle for peace in the form of the Yazoo Land Fraud and the Blount Conspiracy.
Retirement and Looking Back
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter briefly covers Pickens’s service in the state legislature during the War of 1812, the dissolution of his trading company, Andrew Pickens & Company, in 1798, his move from Pendleton to Tamasee, South Carolina, and the activities of his grown children and their acceptance into the upper ranks of society. Mostly, however, it focuses on Pickens’s attitude toward slavery and how the debate over slavery played out in the Presbyterian Church in the Carolinas. As a slaveholder, Pickens struggled to reconcile slavery with Christianity, and provided for the conditional manumission of his slaves in his will.
Epilogue
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

I leave it to my Country to say.

Andrew Pickens to Henry Lee, August 28, 1811

Pickens still had a few more years to enjoy his retirement at Tamassee after his legislative service in 1813. He was still remarkably fit for his age, and those who knew him said he had lost none of his mental powers or alertness. The Red House often had visitors who had traveled far from the beaten path to see him. Traditional accounts state that many of them were Cherokee Indians, some of whom still lived in the mountain fastness of north Georgia and western North Carolina, not far from Pickens’s home. One story relates a small contingent of them visiting Tamassee and playfully marching in a circle around Pickens’s house while holding one of his infant grandsons, to the great alarm of the child’s mother. Pickens assured her there was no need for alarm....
Winning the Third World
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: September 2017

Winning the Third World examines afresh the intense and enduring rivalry between the United States and China during the Cold War. Gregg A. Brazinsky shows how both nations fought vigorously to establish their influence in newly independent African and Asian countries. By playing a leadership role in Asia and Africa, China hoped to regain its status in world affairs, but Americans feared that China's history as a nonwhite, anticolonial nation would make it an even more dangerous threat in the postcolonial world than the Soviet Union. Drawing on a broad array of new archival materials from China and the United States, Brazinsky demonstrates that disrupting China's efforts to elevate its stature became an important motive behind Washington's use of both hard and soft power in the "Global South."
The Emergence of a Rivalry, 1919–1950
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: September 2017

The first chapter explores the evolution of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) views of China’s role in what would later come to be known as the Third World. I argue that during these years, despite China’s weak position in international politics, CCP leaders nevertheless believed that their country would ultimately regain its status as a major power by leading a wider revolution of peoples oppressed by colonialism. It also looks at evolving American views of the CCP. It shows how American policies through most of the period served to alienate the CCP leaders from the United States.
The Burdens of Status, 1950–1954
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter shows how the PRC’s search for greater status brought with it new obligations. China’s desire to stand at the helm of an Eastern revolution compelled the CCP to offer assistance to other Asian revolutionaries. The chapter argues that this mindset was a key factor in Beijing’s decisions to enter the Korean War and provide training and assistance to the Viet Minh. The United States, on the other hand, sought to prevent the PRC from gaining stature through its role in these conflicts. It often cited deflating China’s prestige in Asia as a motive for both fighting on in Korea and aiding the French in Indochina.
Advancing the Peace Offensive, 1955–1958
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces China’s efforts to capitalize on its success in Geneva and Bandung through diplomacy, especially in Southeast Asia. During this period, hosting official state visits by neighboring leaders such as Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk and Indonesian President Sukarno was especially important to Beijing. These helped to give the Chinese government the imprimatur of legitimacy and to raise its profile in Asia. Washington therefore sought to discourage or minimize the importance of these visits. Despite American meddling, China enjoyed great success with its diplomacy in the mid 1950s.
China’s Radicalization and the American Response, 1958–1963
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter analyzes the radicalization of Chinese foreign policy during the early 1960s and how it influenced Sino-American competition in the Third World. The Sino-Soviet split and the Sino-Indian War forced Beijing to differentiate itself from both Delhi and Moscow in its policies toward Afro-Asian countries. The PRC placed a new emphasis on militant anti-imperialism and promoting revolution. These changes in Chinese foreign policy caused American officials to see the PRC as a greater rather than a lesser threat and led to new measures to prevent Beijing from making political gains in the region. These included promoting India as an alternative model to the PRC.
The Diplomatic Campaign, 1963–1966
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: September 2017

During the early 1960s, Beijing launched a new diplomatic effort to raise its visibility and promote its viewpoints in the Third World. Its goal was to assemble a radical coalition (or united front) of Afro-Asian states that opposed imperialism and revisionism. The PRC took advantage of the frustrations with the Great Powers harbored by Indonesia, Cambodia, Pakistan and some of the newly independent African countries to win allies in the Third World. The United States constantly sought to undermine these efforts by advocating more moderate versions of nonalignment and mobilizing public opinion against Chinese officials when they travelled abroad.
The Economic Competition, 1962–1968
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: September 2017

The chapter argues that Beijing sought prestige rather than economic benefits through offering aid. Simply having aid programs signified that the PRC was an important power. American officials tried to mitigate the political impact of Chinese aid with their own programs. They often proposed aid projects that were designed to preempt or undermine those launched by the PRC.
Introduction
Authors: Frazier Jessica M.
Published: September 2017

A single photograph provides one of the few pieces of evidence that Lorraine Gordon and Mary Clarke, both white members of the U.S.-based organization Women Strike for Peace (WSP), were the first American peace activists to interview Vietnamese officials in North Viet Nam after U.S. bombing began....
Connecting U.S. Intervention with Social Injustice, 1970–1972
Authors: Frazier Jessica M.
Published: September 2017

After peace talks began in Paris, the female delegation of Nguyen Thi Binh, foreign minister of the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) of South Viet Nam, spearheaded people's diplomatic efforts as Binh’s own poised, determined, and feminine presence on the world stage inspired countless women around the world. Complementing the PRG women's efforts, U.S. women activists continued to travel to Viet Nam—both North and South. The context of American women's activism had shifted in two significant ways, however. First, the incarceration of Vietnamese political prisoners in South Viet Nam in "tiger cages" came to light in July 1970. Second, the context of growing feminist sentiment colored the views of women peace activists. The U.S. military's complicity in the deplorable prison conditions in the South led women peace activists to perceive social inequalities in the United States as they also noted the distinguished positions of women in North Viet Nam. They came to describe Vietnamese women in the North as having gained "liberation" and claimed South Vietnamese society had actually deteriorated because of U.S. intervention.
Shifting Alliances in the Postwar Period, 1973–1978
Authors: Frazier Jessica M.
Published: September 2017

With impending changes to the role of the United States in Viet Nam, the women’s antiwar diplomatic network established over the course of the war faced new challenges. The common enemy that had provided a means for U.S. and Vietnamese women to collaborate disappeared with U.S. withdrawal from Viet Nam. Humanitarian aid became a focus of American activists, but with increased monetary contributions on behalf of the American public came increased scrutiny of Viet Nam's domestic affairs—a space American women had diligently fought to preserve from U.S. government interference. At the same time, the United Nations’ declaration of 1975 as International Women's Year drew feminists' attention away from what was going on in Viet Nam to international and domestic women's rights issues.
Shape of the Roman Order
Authors: Gargola Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

In recent years, a long-established view of the Roman Empire during its great age of expansion has been called into question by scholars who contend that this model has made Rome appear too much like a modern state. This is especially true in terms of understanding how the Roman government ordered the city––and the world around it––geographically. In this innovative, systematic approach, Daniel J. Gargola demonstrates how important the concept of space was to the governance of Rome. He explains how Roman rulers, without the means for making detailed maps, conceptualized the territories under Rome’s power as a set of concentric zones surrounding the city. In exploring these geographic zones and analyzing how their magistrates performed their duties, Gargola examines the idiosyncratic way the elite made sense of the world around them and how it fundamentally informed the way they ruled over their dominion.
From what geometrical patterns Roman elites preferred to how they constructed their hierarchies in space, Gargola considers a wide body of disparate materials to demonstrate how spatial orientation dictated action, shedding new light on the complex peculiarities of Roman political organization.
Representing the Res Publica
Authors: Gargola Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines Roman modes of representing the polity and its institutions along with the literary forms in which we encounter them.
Rome, Its Magistrates, and its Empire
Authors: Gargola Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on the ruling elite’s conceptions of their empire, the ways that they deployed their polity’s most prominent official actors over it, and the adjustments needed to accommodate an ever-growing sphere of operations.
Sciences of the Center
Authors: Gargola Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the orientations and subdivisions of certain spaces, including camps and colonies, places and spaces that Roman magistrates created while operating away from Rome.
Radmilla’s Voice
Authors: Jacobsen Kristina M.
Published: September 2017

Chapter Three focuses on the story of the first biracial, Navajo-African American “Miss Navajo Nation,” Radmilla Cody (born to Tp’ááschí’í, or Red Cheek People Clan). Fluent in Navajo and raised by her maternal grandmother on the Navajo Nation, I show how Radmilla’s singing voice, by performing “traditional” songs with melismatic, R & B inflection in the Navajo language, signals both inclusion and exclusion within Navajo communities. Here, sounding other than “Navajo” is a way of refusing to adhere to the ascribed status of Diné identity, including phenotype and what it means to “look Navajo.” Radmilla’s voice is a signifier of the intricacies of Diné social difference and as a meeting point of the singular and the social: as something innate and idiosyncratic to each singer and speaker, Radmilla’s voice is also something that is learned, socially acquired, and culturally inscribed.
Thrift Stores and the Gilded Age Shopper
Authors: Le Zotte Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter enunciates the social, moral, and hygienic anxieties plaguing popular perceptions of secondhand trade at the end of the nineteenth century and the steps taken to placate such concerns. As firsthand production of everyday goods increased in availability and decreased in cost, more still-viable discarded goods made secondhand economies attractive to a broader range of entrepreneurs. Protestant-run salvage businesses, known as "thrift stores" by the 1920s, used contemporary marketing tools to advertise Christianized, sanitized, and Americanized venues for secondhand products. The links between charity and profit created a new breed of business, which I call “philanthropic capitalism,” and established some of the earliest, still-existing American chain businesses. Meanwhile, style’s role in society shifted without diminishing; it grew in general economic, personal aesthetic, and political expressive value while declining as a clear indication of luxury and exclusivity. From the start, clientele included voluntary secondhand shoppers who used secondhand venues to expand their sartorial options.
Garage Sales and Suburban Subversiveness
Authors: Le Zotte Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on the origins and rise of another new form of secondhand exchange: the garage sales. Hosted and attended mostly by women, garage sales emerged in 1950s suburbs as tactics for newly isolated housewives to earn intermittent income, participate in politics, and build community networks. From huge Barry Goldwater campaign fundraisers to small family sales to raise "pin money," these intimate events both adapted to and defied the spatial limitations of suburban domesticity and postwar gender expectations. Moreover, garage sales introduced a new, larger-than-ever generation of middle-class youth to secondhand goods and clothing—providing provocative glimpses of the tools that could be used in a partly generational rejection of class status, sexual normativity, and political consensus.
Elective Poverty and Postwar Politics
Authors: Le Zotte Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter tracks the rise of voluntary poor dress and its links to a middle-class rejection of inherited class positions often rooted in political protest—against widespread poverty, the Vietnam war, gender inequality, and environmental destruction. Like rock-n-roll’s appropriation of black musical styles, the adoption of visibly secondhand clothing, as well as Native American and Old West costumes, relied upon the white, middle-class conviction that sincerity, depth, passion, creativity, and even social equality were more accessible from the margins of society—past and present. As public appearances and personal identities became central to the social and political conflicts of the era, a dramatized appearance of elective poverty—often through secondhand consumption— joined other visible means of middle-class, usually white, social rebellion.
One commonality attends almost all the wide array of secondhand dressers in the postwar years: in one direction or another, they expressed a disaffiliation with the middle class and its connotations of homogeneity, conformity, and bland plasticity. Beats, hippies, and Tom Wolfe’s derided “radical chic” all followed this pattern.
Expanding Black Settlement in the 1940s
Authors: Michney Todd M.
Published: September 2017

This chapter follows Glenville and Mount Pleasant from World War II into the early post-war years. As increasing numbers of African Americans moved into these historically heavily-Jewish neighbourhoods, racial tensions escalated and the phenomenon of panic selling first emerged, even as upwardly mobile black buyers expressed satisfaction and hope at their expanded housing choices. Into the early post-war period, interracial community councils seeking to stabilize population turnover counter-mobilized against exclusionary white homeowners’ associations attempting to choke off black housing access. Jewish residents were more active in these interracial neighbourhood mobilizations, but at the same time Jews departed for the suburbs at above-average rates, to the point where their demographic and institutional presence had diminished to an insignificant point by 1950.
Mobility and Insecurity
Authors: Michney Todd M.
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the structural factors and life dilemmas upwardly mobile black Clevelanders faced even after achieving geographic mobility, and explicates the dynamic whereby less-affluent African American families steadily moved into new, outlying black middle-class neighbourhoods. Topics discussed include lending discrimination, the unfavourable financing arrangements available to African American homebuyers and the associated economic setbacks they experienced, the role of black professional real estate brokerage associations, the phenomenon of isolated white families remaining in post-transitional neighbourhoods, and the forces driving lower-income African American families into outlying neighbourhoods, mainly downtown redevelopment and ongoing migration from the American South. It also investigates black middle class notions of status and the intra-racial, cross-class frictions that ensued around issues of property upkeep, personal comportment, child rearing, and leisure-time practices.
Midnight in America
Authors: White Jonathan W.
Published: September 2017

The Civil War brought upheaval to America, not only in waking hours, but also at night. Sleeplessness plagued the Union and Confederate armies, and dreams of war glided through the sleeping brains of Americans in both North and South. Sometimes the war intruded on soldiers’ and civilians’ nightly visions, vividly bringing the horrors of the conflict to life. For others, nighttime was an escape from the hard realities of life and death in wartime. In this innovative new study, Jonathan W. White explores what dreams meant to Civil War-era Americans, and what their dreams reveal about their experiences during the war. He shows how Americans grappled with their deepest fears, desires and struggles while they slept, and how their dreams helped them make sense of the confusion, despair, and loneliness that engulfed them. Midnight in America takes readers into the deepest, darkest, and most intimate places of the Civil War, connecting the emotional experiences of soldiers and civilians to the broader history of the conflict, confirming poets have known for centuries: that there are some truths that are only revealed in the world of darkness.
Dreams in Popular Culture
Authors: White Jonathan W.
Published: September 2017

The concept of “the soldier’s dream of home” was ubiquitous in American popular culture during the Civil War era, showing up in poems, prints, songs, envelopes, newspapers, stationery, and other places. These sorts of popular depictions of soldiers dreaming resonated with Union and Confederate soldiers—and their wives—because the scenes on paper captured the daily expectations and nightly experiences or ordinary soldiers. In a practical sense, the concept of “The Soldier’s Dream” became a comfort to lonely spouses who were separated by war—a representation of the communication they longed to have, and often did have, in their dreams.
Eating on the Run
Authors: Miller Adrian
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores how presidential food preparation changes when the president travels to a destination, and stays away from the White House for an extended period of time. This chapter focuses on cooks who prepared food in a variety of contexts: the presidential train, the presidential yacht and Air Force One. This chapter chronologically profiles: railroad cooks Joe Brown, John Smeades and Delefasse Green; Elizabeth "Lizzie" McDuffie, Daisy Bonner, Ronald L. Jackson, Charlie Redden, Lee Simmons and Wanda Joell. Through their experiences, this chapter illuminates the strategies that presidents would pursue to get the comfort foods they loved and take a temporary break from the diets imposed upon them by the First Lady or the presidential physician. The chapter also details how the White House Mess was created and initially staffed. This chapter includes recipes for Daisy Bonner's cheese soufflé, Hawaiian French toast, and jerk chicken pita pizza.
Above Measure
Authors: Miller Adrian
Published: September 2017

This chapter opines on the prospect for another African American to helm the White House kitchen at some point in the future. No African Americans have presided over the White House kitchen since Zephyr Wright did in the late 1960s. Given the current way that chefs often get hired to work in the contemporary White House, future chefs will likely come from the existing kitchen staff, as the personal chef of a future president or as someone of stature in the culinary world. The chapter gives the back story of the 1994 State Dinner held in honor of Republic of South African President Nelson Mandela. The chapter ends by looking at how the contemporary White House kitchen inspires young people today with a special emphasis on former First Lady Michelle Obama's "Let's Move" Initiative and the Kids' State Dinners she hosted during her tenure. This chapter profiles Chef Patrick Clark, Chef Marcus Samuelsson, White House kitchen steward Adam Collick and Kiana Farkash. The chapter includes recipes for sesame and wasabi-crusted halibut, layered late-summer vegetables with lemongrass and red curry dressing, grilled salmon with farro, Swiss chard salad, and a tropical smoothie.
The Misremembered Past
Authors: Cooper Melissa L.
Published: September 2017

For the past twenty years, on the third Saturday in October, scores of visitors have flocked to the ferry headed for Sapelo Island, Georgia, to partake in the annual Cultural Day festivities. The fund-raising festival hosted by the Sapelo Island Cultural and Revitalization Society always attracts tourists who eagerly anticipate an encounter with ...
Drums and Shadows
Authors: Cooper Melissa L.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 follows the production of Drums and Shadows, illustrating how ideas about African survivals and the Gullah inside and outside of the academe touched down on the Sapelo Island and in the region. This chapter chronicles the feud that ensued between Granger, national Federal Writers' Project administrators, and the scholars who were consulted about the study.
Introduction
Authors: McConnell-Sidorick Sharon
Published: September 2017

The introduction is a general overview of the book. Beginning with the important founding of the Knights of Labor in Kensington, it seeks to counter some of the prevalent stereotypes of the community. It then goes on to elucidate some of the historical constructs that the book both explores and challenges, and lays out the book's theoretical framework based in class relations.
Martyrs and Working-Class Heroes in the Great Depression
Authors: McConnell-Sidorick Sharon
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes how hosiery workers went on the offensive against big business and government during the early years of the Great Depression while trying to aid those suffering the most. Hosiery workers joined with other unions and progressive organizations to form the Unemployed Leagues to stop the evictions of unemployed people, to assist with food and health care, and even birth control. In the course of a strike in 1930, the union lost its first martyr, Carl Mackley, and the ensuing memorial for this hero, attended by over 35,000 angry workers and residents of Kensington, raised the level of conflict for the remainder of the 1930s.
What Did She Just Say?
Authors: Ayo Damali
Published: September 2017

damali ayo turns on her recorder as she confronts her interlocutors with performance art. She asks paint store employees to match her brown flesh tone. She sits on the sidewalk and collects reparations for slavery, handing over any contributions from white people to equally surprised black people. As you might imagine, interesting things get said along the way. damali secretly records that dialogue. Producer Dmae Roberts turns those recordings, and damali’s reflections on them, into radio. It’s anything but conventional journalism, but damali firmly believes she’s delivering the news.
Living History
Authors: Smith Stephen
Published: September 2017

Stephen Smith wants you to hear history. He’s made excellent work across a broad spectrum. He produced an aural portrait of the playwright August Wilson; he uncovered war crimes in Kosovo. Some of his best docs, and those he most loves to make, explore twentieth-century history. Stephen traces the short life story of recorded sound, this magic we take for granted. And through his own pieces, like “Song Catcher, Frances Densmore of Red Wing”; “Remembering Jim Crow”; and “White House Tapes: The President Calling,” Stephen shows how radio can blast us into another time, “past the rope-line of textbook history.”
The Voice and the Place
Authors: Tolan Sandy
Published: September 2017

Sandy Tolan has traveled the globe recording voices that Americans rarely hear, from the Mexican border to the Amazon to the Israeli coastal plain. He’s determined to tell compelling human stories, those that have gotten under his skin and will get under yours. As a journalist, he also wants those stories to touch on broader issues that should demand our attention. That Introduction means that casting is an important part of Sandy’s work. He tells us how he does it.
Adventurers in Sound
Authors: Michel Karen
Published: September 2017

Some documentary makers talk of “giving voice.” Giving voice to the disadvantaged, the voiceless, one’s fellow man or woman. But what of the child? And what if giving voice means putting the tools of production in the hands of a teenager—all of the tools, including the director’s chair? Karen Michel is a talented and accomplished radio maker in her own right, but for Reality Radio we asked her to write about her years of work guiding teen radio makers. Teens really are different from you and me, Karen explains. And they can teach us aging radio makers a thing or two. But that’s not the reason to listen to them. Their priority, in any case, is not to educate grownups. They just want and deserve to be heard.
Oh, to be heard. And to listen.
Salt Is Flavor and Other Tips Learned While Cooking
Authors: Botein Emily
Published: September 2017

Emily Botein is a full-time radio collaborator. As senior producer for The Next Big Thing, she orchestrated many of the show’s most inventive pieces with host Dean Olsher, including partnerships with artists like Sherre DeLys and Rick Moody (who wrote the foreword to the first edition of Reality Radio). Since The Next Big Thing went off the air in 2006, Emily has worked with a variety of producers for a range of shows, including NPR, Studio 360, and Weekend America. She is now vice president for on-demand content at WNYC Radio in New York, where she works closely with such shows as Death, Sex & Money, The New Yorker Radio Hour, and Here’s the Thing. She “came to radio through food.” In her essay, Emily offers a delightful comparison of her work in radio with that of her former life as a sous chef.
First simultaneous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone at Nam Co in the central Tibetan Plateau: impacts from the PBL evolution and transport processes
Authors: Xu Xiaobin , Zhang Hualong , Lin Weili , Wang Ying , Jia Shihui
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Both peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone (O3) are key photochemical products in the atmosphere. Most of the previous in-situ observations of both gases have been made in polluted regions and at low altitude sites. Here we present first simultaneous measurements of PAN and O3 at Nam Co (NMC, 90°57′ E, 30°46′ N, 4745 m  a.s.l.), a remote site in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP). The observations were made during summer periods in 2011 and 2012. The PAN concentrations averaged 0.36 ppb (range: 0.11–0.76 ppb) and 0.44 ppb (range: 0.21–0.99 ppb) during 16–25 August 2011 and 15 May to 13 July 2012, respectively. The O3 concentration varied from 27.9 ppb to 96.4 ppb, with an average of 60.0 ppb. Profound diurnal cycles of PAN and O3 were observed, with minimum values around 05:00 LT, steep rises in the early morning, and broader platforms of high values during 09:00–20:00 LT. We find that the evolution of planetary boundary layer (PBL) played a key role in shaping the diurnal patterns of both gases, particularly the rapid increases of PAN and O3 in the early morning. Air entrainment from the free troposphere into the PBL seemed to cause the early morning increase and be a key factor of sustaining the daytime high concentrations of both gases. The days with higher daytime PBL (about 3 km) showed stronger diurnal variations of both gases and were mainly distributed in the drier pre-monsoon period, while those with shallower daytime PBL (about 2 km) showed minor diurnal variations of both gases and were mainly distributed in the humid monsoon period. Episodes of higher PAN levels were observed occasionally at NMC. These PAN episodes were caused either by rapid downward transport of air masses from the middle/upper troposphere or by long-range transport of PAN plumes from North India. The PAN level in the downward transport cases ranged from 0.5 ppb to 0.7 ppb and may indicate the PAN abundance in the middle/upper troposphere. In the long-range transport case, the PAN level varied in the range of 0.6–1.0 ppb. This long-range transport process influenced most of the western and central TP region for about a week in early June 2012. Our results suggest that polluted air masses from South Asia can significantly enhance the PAN level over the TP. As PAN act as a reservoir of NOx, the impacts of pollution transport from South Asia on tropospheric photochemistry over the TP region deserve further studies.
Improving the simulation of global aerosol with size-segregated anthropogenic number emissions
Authors: Xausa Filippo , Paasonen Pauli , Makkonen Risto , Arshinov Mikhail , Ding Aijun , Denier Van Der Gon Hugo , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Kulmala Markku
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Climate models are important tools that are used for generating climate change projections, in which aerosol-climate interactions are one of the main sources of uncertainties. In order to quantify aerosol-radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions, detailed input of anthropogenic aerosol number emissions is necessary. However, the anthropogenic aerosol number emissions are usually converted from the corresponding mass emissions in precompiled emission inventories through a very simplistic method depending uniquely on chemical composition, particle size and density, which are defined for a few very wide main source sectors. In this work, the anthropogenic particle number emissions converted from the AeroCom mass in the ECHAM-HAM climate model were replaced with the recently-formulated number emissions from the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS)-model, where the emission number size distributions vary, for example, with respect to the fuel and technology. A special attention in our analysis was put on accumulation mode particles (particle diameter dp > 100 nm) because of (i) their capability of acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), thus forming cloud droplets and affecting Earth's radiation budget, and (ii) their dominant role in forming the coagulation sink and thus limiting the concentration of sub-100 nanometers particles. In addition, the estimates of anthropogenic CCN formation, and thus the forcing from aerosol-climate interactions are expected to be affected. Analysis of global particle number concentrations and size distributions reveal that GAINS implementation increases CCN concentration compared with AeroCom, with regional enhancement factors reaching values as high as 10. A comparison between modeled and observed concentrations shows that the increase in number concentration for accumulation mode particle agrees well with measurements, but it leads to a consistent underestimation of both nucleation mode and Aitken mode (dp > 100 nm) particle number concentrations. This suggests that revisions are needed in the new particle formation and growth schemes currently applied in global modeling frameworks.
Effects of temperature-dependent NOx emissions on continental ozone production
Authors: Romer Paul S. , Duffey Kaitlin C. , Wooldridge Paul J. , Edgerton Eric , Baumann Karsten , Feiner Philip A. , Miller David O. , Brune William H. , Koss Abigail R. , de Gouw Joost A. , Misztal Pawel K. , Goldstein Allen H. , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Surface ozone concentrations are observed to increase with rising temperatures, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect in rural and remote continental regions remain uncertain. Better understanding of the effects of temperature on ozone is crucial to understanding global air quality and how it may be affected by climate change. We combine measurements from a focused ground campaign in summer 2013 with a long-term record from a forested site in the rural southeast United States to examine how daily average temperature affects ozone production. We find that changes to local chemistry are key drivers of increased ozone concentrations on hotter days, with integrated daily ozone production increasing by 2.3 ppb C−1. Nearly half of this increase is attributable to temperature-driven increases in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), most likely by soil microbes. The increase of soil NOx emissions with temperature suggests that ozone will continue to increase with temperature in the future, even as direct anthropogenic NOx emissions decrease dramatically. The links between temperature, soil NOx, and ozone form a positive climate feedback.
Disturbances of Biological Soil Crust by fossorial birds increase plant diversity in a Peruvian desert
Authors: Rengifo María Cristina , Arana Cesar
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The Lomas Formation are fog-dependent oases within the hyper arid band of the Peruvian coast. Biological soil crusts (BSC) form in the Lomas and interact with their fauna and flora. Here we asked if natural disturbances – biopedturbations – made by fossorial birds have an effect on seedlings emergence in the Lomas Formations in the National Reserve of Lachay in Lima, Peru. We analysed active and inactive avian biopedturbations, BSC and bare soil field samples for moisture content. Soil chemical properties were also analysed including organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, electrical conductivity (EC), pH and CaCO3 content, from BSC, the soil beneath the BSC and soil from biopedturbations. Furthermore, we looked into the seedbank and the field emergence of seedlings in plots with BSC and with active and inactive biopedturbations. The results revealed that active biopedturbations had the highest soil moisture content and BSC showed the lowest values. Moreover, organic matter and potassium content were significantly higher in the BSC than the soil beneath it and the bare soil. On the other hand, CaCO3 content and EC were higher in bare soil than the other treatments, and no significant differences were found in soil pH or phosphorus content between treatments. In the seedbank experiment, 13 herbaceous plant species were found; furthermore, biopedturbations had a higher diversity but lower abundance than the BSC. However, in the field observations biopedturbations had a higher diversity and abundance of seedlings than BSC and only 8 herbaceous species were found. The species Fuertesimalva peruviana (L.) Fryxell, Exodeconus prostratus (L'Hér.) Raf., Cryptantha granulosa I. M. Johnst. Solanum phyllanthum Cav. and Calandrinia alba (Ruiz & Pav.) D. C increase their abundance in some type of biopedturbations. Our results showed the positive effect on seed germination and diversity of vascular plants by the natural disturbances made by fossorial birds in a unique ecosystem of the Peruvian desert, and remarks the importance of spatial and temporal heterogeneity for ecosystem structure and functioning.
The influence of a vegetated bar on channel-bend flow dynamics
Authors: Bywater-Reyes Sharon , Diehl Rebecca M. , Wilcox Andrew C.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Alternating bars influence hydraulics, morphodynamics, and channel geometry in alluvial rivers. Recruitment of pioneer woody riparian vegetation is tightly coupled with bar building, yet the influence of vegetation on changing bend hydraulics and forces has been unresolved. We use a two-dimensional hydraulic model that accounts for vegetation drag to test the sensitivity of channel-bend hydraulics to riparian vegetation for a gravel-bed river with bars. A calibrated model for the Bitterroot River, Montana (United States) run with and without varied vegetation parameters on a bar shows vegetation slows flow upstream of the bar, steers the high-velocity core of flow toward the cutbank, and creates a large gradient in cross-stream velocity. Results are consistent with a feedback in channels with vegetated bars whereby vegetation steers flow towards the opposite bank, increasing bank erosion at the mid- and downstream end of the bend, and simultaneously increasing rates of bar accretion through reduction in velocity. Collectively, these patterns of morphodynamics influence topographic steering and channel migration rates.
Large-scale coastal and fluvial models constrain the late Holocene evolution of the Ebro Delta
Authors: Nienhuis Jaap H. , Ashton Andrew D. , Kettner Albert J. , Giosan Liviu
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The distinctive plan-view shape of the Ebro Delta coast reveals a rich morphologic history. The degree to which the form and depositional history of the Ebro and other deltas represent autogenic (internal) dynamics or allogenic (external) forcing remains a prominent challenge for paleo-environmental reconstructions. Here we use simple coastal and fluvial morphodynamic models to quantify paleo-environmental changes affecting the Ebro Delta over the late Holocene. Our findings show that these models are able to broadly reproduce the Ebro Delta morphology, with simple fluvial and wave climate histories. Based on numerical model experiments and the preserved and modern shape of the Ebro Delta plain, we estimate that a phase of rapid shoreline progradation began approximately 2100 years BP, requiring approximately a doubling in coarse-grained fluvial sediment supply to the delta. River profile simulations suggest that an instantaneous and sustained increase in coarse-grained sediment supply to the delta requires a combined increase in both flood discharge and sediment supply from the drainage basin. The persistence of rapid delta progradation throughout the last 2100 years suggests an anthropogenic control on sediment supply and flood intensity. Using proxy records of the North Atlantic Oscillation, we do not find evidence that changes in wave climate aided this delta expansion. Our findings highlight how scenario-based investigations of deltaic systems using simple models can assist first-order quantitative paleo-environmental reconstructions, elucidating the effects of past human influence and climate change, and allowing a better understanding of the future of deltaic landforms.
VEIN v0.2.2: an R package for bottom-up Vehicular Emissions Inventories
Authors: Ibarra-Espinosa Sergio , Ynoue Rita , O'Sullivan Shane , Pebesma Edzer , Andrade María de Fátima , Osses Mauricio
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Emission inventories are the quantification of pollutants from different sources. They provide important information not only for climate and weather studies, but also for urban planning and environmental health protection. We developed an open source model (named VEIN v0.2.2) that provides high resolution vehicular emissions inventories for different fields of studies. We focused on vehicular sources at street and hourly levels % they are the major source of air pollution in megacities. due to the current lack of information about these sources, mainly in developing countries. The type of emissions covered by VEIN are: exhaust (hot and cold) and evaporative considering the deterioration of the factors. VEIN also performs speciation and incorporates functions to generate and spatially allocate emissions databases. It allows users to load their own emissions factors, but it also provides emissions factors from the road transport model (Copert), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Brazilian databases. The VEIN model reads, distributes by age of use and extrapolates hourly traffic data, and estimates hourly and spatially emissions. Based on our knowledge, VEIN is the first bottom-up vehicle emissions software that allows input to the WRF-Chem model. Therefore, the VEIN model provides an important, easy and fast way of elaborating or analyzing vehicular emissions inventories, under different scenarios. The VEIN results can be used as an input for atmospheric models, health studies, air quality standardizations and decision making.