bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Replication-Competent ΔNS1 Influenza A Viruses Expressing Reporter Genes
Authors: Nogales Aitor , Schotsaert Michael , Rathnasinghe Raveen , DeDiego Marta L. , García-Sastre Adolfo , Martinez-Sobrido Luis
Published: April 2021

The influenza A virus (IAV) is able to infect multiple mammalian and avian species, and in humans IAV is responsible for annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics of respiratory disease with significant health and economic impacts. Studying IAV involves laborious secondary methodologies to identify infected cells. Therefore, to circumvent this requirement, in recent years, multiple replication-competent infectious IAV expressing traceable reporter genes have been developed. These IAVs have been very useful for in vitro and/or in vivo studies of viral replication, identification of neutralizing antibodies or antivirals, and in studies to evaluate vaccine efficacy, among others. In this report, we describe, for the first time, the generation and characterization of two replication-competent influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1 (PR8) viruses where the viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1) was substituted by the monomeric (m)Cherry fluorescent or the NanoLuc luciferase (Nluc) proteins. The ΔNS1 mCherry was able to replicate in cultured cells and in Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) deficient mice, although at a lower extent than a wild-type (WT) PR8 virus expressing the same mCherry fluorescent protein (WT mCherry). Notably, expression of either reporter gene (mCherry or Nluc) was detected in infected cells by fluorescent microscopy or luciferase plate readers, respectively. ΔNS1 IAV expressing reporter genes provide a novel approach to better understand the biology and pathogenesis of IAV, and represent an excellent tool to develop new therapeutic approaches against IAV infections.
Conquering the Nuclear Envelope Barriers by EBV Lytic Replication
Authors: Lee Chung-Pei , Chen Mei-Ru
Published: April 2021

The nuclear envelope (NE) of eukaryotic cells has a highly structural architecture, comprising double lipid-bilayer membranes, nuclear pore complexes, and an underlying nuclear lamina network. The NE structure is held in place through the membrane-bound LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex, spanning the inner and outer nuclear membranes. The NE functions as a barrier between the nucleus and cytoplasm and as a transverse scaffold for various cellular processes. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human pathogen that infects most of the world’s population and is associated with several well-known malignancies. Within the nucleus, the replicated viral DNA is packaged into capsids, which subsequently egress from the nucleus into the cytoplasm for tegumentation and final envelopment. There is increasing evidence that viral lytic gene expression or replication contributes to the pathogenesis of EBV. Various EBV lytic proteins regulate and modulate the nuclear envelope structure in different ways, especially the viral BGLF4 kinase and the nuclear egress complex BFRF1/BFRF2. From the aspects of nuclear membrane structure, viral components, and fundamental nucleocytoplasmic transport controls, this review summarizes our findings and recently updated information on NE structure modification and NE-related cellular processes mediated by EBV.
Detection of Laryngotracheitis Virus in Poultry Flocks with Respiratory Disorders in Slovenia
Authors: Zorman Rojs Olga , Dovč Alenka , Krapež Uroš , Žlabravec Zoran , Račnik Joško , Slavec Brigita
Published: April 2021

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute, highly contagious infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract in chickens and other poultry species that causes significant economic losses in countries worldwide. Between 2017 and 2019, seven outbreaks of mild to severe respiratory disorders with high suspicion of ILT occurred in commercial and backyard poultry flocks in Slovenia. In all submissions, infection with ILT virus (ILTV) was confirmed by PCR, which is the first report of ILT in Slovenia. Circulating ILT strains were characterized by the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of two fragments of the ICP4 gene. Four strains—three detected in non-vaccinated flocks and one in a flock vaccinated against ILT—were identical or very similar to the chicken embryo–origin live virus vaccines, and the other three were closely related to Russian, Chinese, Australian, and American field strains and to tissue culture origin vaccine strains. As in other diseases, coinfections with other respiratory pathogens in confirmed ILT cases may cause a more severe condition and prolong the course of the disease. In our study, coinfections with Mycoplasma synoviae (7/7 tested flocks), infectious bronchitis virus (5/5 tested flocks), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (4/7 tested flocks), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (3/4 tested flocks), and avian pox virus (1/2 tested flocks) were confirmed, indicating the importance of these pathogens in the occurrence of ILT infections.
Mucosal Influenza Vector Vaccine Carrying TB10.4 and HspX Antigens Provides Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sergeeva Mariia , Romanovskaya-Romanko Ekaterina , Zabolotnyh Natalia , Pulkina Anastasia , Vasilyev Kirill , Shurigina Anna Polina , Buzitskaya Janna , Zabrodskaya Yana , Fadeev Artem , Vasin Andrey , Vinogradova Tatiana I. , Stukova Marina A.
Published: April 2021

New strategies providing protection against tuberculosis (TB) are still pending. The airborne nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection assumes that the mucosal delivery of the TB vaccine could be a more promising strategy than the systemic route of immunization. We developed a mucosal TB vaccine candidate based on recombinant attenuated influenza vector (Flu/THSP) co-expressing truncated NS1 protein NS1(1–124) and a full-length TB10.4 and HspX proteins of M.tb within an NS1 protein open reading frame. The Flu/THSP vector was safe and stimulated a systemic TB-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immune response after intranasal immunization in mice. Double intranasal immunization with the Flu/THSP vector induced protection against two virulent M.tb strains equal to the effect of BCG subcutaneous injection in mice. In a guinea pig TB model, one intranasal immunization with Flu/THSP improved protection against M.tb when tested as a vaccine candidate for boosting BCG-primed immunity. Importantly, enhanced protection provided by a heterologous BCG-prime → Flu/THSP vector boost immunization scheme was associated with a significantly reduced lung and spleen bacterial burden (mean decrease of 0.77 lg CFU and 0.72 lg CFU, respectively) and improved lung pathology 8.5 weeks post-infection with virulent M.tb strain H37Rv.
COVID-19 Vaccination Scenarios: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Turkey
Authors: Hagens Arnold , İnkaya Ahmet Çağkan , Yildirak Kasirga , Sancar Mesut , van der Schans Jurjen , Acar Sancar Aylin , Ünal Serhat , Postma Maarten , Yeğenoğlu Selen
Published: April 2021

As of March 2021, COVID-19 has claimed the lives of more than 2.7 million people worldwide. Vaccination has started in most countries around the world. In this study, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of strategies for COVID-19 vaccination for Turkey compared to a baseline in the absence of vaccination and imposed measures by using an enhanced SIRD (Susceptible, Infectious, Recovered, Death) model and various scenarios for the first year after vaccination. The results showed that vaccination is cost-effective from a health care perspective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 511 USD/QALY and 1045 USD/QALY if vaccine effectiveness on transmission is equal or reduced to only 50% of effectiveness on disease, respectively, at the 90% baseline effectiveness of the vaccine. From a societal perspective, cost savings were estimated for both scenarios. Other results further showed that the minimum required vaccine uptake to be cost-effective would be at least 30%. Sensitivity and scenario analyses, as well as the iso-ICER curves, showed that the results were quite robust and that major changes in cost-effectiveness outcomes cannot be expected. We can conclude that COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey is highly cost-effective or even cost-saving.
Analysis of the Feasibility of a Vaccination Campaign against Influenza Epidemic and COVID-19 Pandemic in French Emergency Departments: A National Survey
Authors: Ghazali Daniel Aiham , Choquet Christophe , Bouzid Donia , Colosi Luisa , Ben Hammouda Arsalene , Wargon Mathias , Gay Matthieu , Vaittinada Ayar Prabakar , Douay Bendecite , Revue Eric , Soulat Louis , Hellmann Romain , Casalino Enrique
Published: April 2021

Background: Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to fight the influenza epidemic and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which represent a major public issue. The objective was to investigate the adherence of heads of French emergency departments (ED) and nursing departments on a potential vaccination campaign of healthcare workers (HCW) and patients in ED. Method: In February 2021, ED and nursing department heads were asked to answer a national survey. It included 24 questions designed to cover some dimensions, including characteristics of the hospital and emergency departments (ED) and questions on vaccination. Results: 414 responses out of 800 questionnaires (51.8%) were collected. Scores out of 10 were, respectively, 7 (6–8) and 8 (6–9) for vaccination against influenza and COVID-19 for HCW and 2 (2–3) and 2 (2–4) for ED patients (H = 989.3; p < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression found that the existence of a vaccine program in the hospital and the use of point of care influenza PCR in ED were positively associated with the acceptance of influenza vaccination campaign for HCW (p = 0.003) and patients (p = 0.015). Factors limiting adherence to a vaccination program of HCW and patients were lack of medical staff (p = 0.041 for HCW and p < 0.0001 for patients), overcrowded ED (p < 0.001), and the inability to follow up with patients after the ED visit (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: There have been many missed opportunities for influenza vaccination, and there is pressure to vaccinate against COVID-19 as soon as possible. Vaccination campaigns in ED could help to improve vaccination coverage. ED staff are more likely to vaccinate HCW than patients. There are factors that support the implementation of such programs, which can be grouped into a culture of diagnosis, control, and prevention of viral infectious diseases within the hospital and ED. On the other hand, there are limiting factors, such as overcrowding and lack of personnel.
EL CONSUMO DE ALIMENTOS Y LAS APLICACIONES MÓVILES: EL CASO DE UNIVERSITARIOS EN GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO
Authors: Montiel Flores Julio César
Published: April 2021

Este estudio aborda los impactos que ha tenido la pandemia causada por el virus COVID-19 en México en el consumo de alimentos a través del uso de las aplicaciones móviles. El estudio es de tipo cuantitativo descriptivo y transversal enfocado al análisis de los hábitos de consumo actual de los estudiantes universitarios en el estado de Guanajuato, México en una situación de confinamiento que tiende a ser librado pese a las recomendaciones de salud pública. La introducción incluye la revisión de la literatura disponible y del contexto habido a nivel nacional en México. Entre los resultados más significativos destaca la preferencia por el consumo de comida, este consumo lo realiza generalmente para el consumo familiar. Entre las conclusiones más relevantes se subraya el protagonismo que los jóvenes universitarios tienen debido al dominio de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TICS) y son objetivo clave para estrategias comerciales futuras.
CURRÍCULO DE LOS AUTORES
Authors: Villalba Fermín Doris L.
Published: April 2021

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11-12 (III-IV GIMNAZIJOS) KLASIŲ MOKINIŲ SVEIKATOS RAŠTINGUMAS IR ALKOHOLIO VARTOJIMAS
Authors: Ubartienė Olga , Šurkienė Genė
Published: April 2021

Sveikatos raštingumas – svarbi visuomenės sveikatos sritis. Nepakankamas sveikatos raštingumo lygis gali lemti paauglių žalingą elgesį, turintį neigiamos įtakos jų sveikatai, todėl svarbu plėtoti ir vertinti visuomenės sveikatos intervencijas, kurios galėtų skatinti geresnį paauglių ir jaunų žmonių sveikatos informacijos supratimą ir jos panaudojimą. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti 11-12 (III-IV gimnazijos) klasių mokinių alkoholio vartojimo ir sveikatos raštingumo sąsajas. Tyrimo metodai. Anoniminės anketinės apklausos metodu buvo apklausti 1038 Lietuvos mokyklų 11-12 (III-IV gimnazijos) klasių mokiniai. Sveikatos raštingumo lygiui įvertinti buvo naudojamas HLS-EU-Q47 išsamus 47 klausimų sveikatos raštingumo klausimynas, išverstas į lietuvių kalbą. Kita anketos dalis sudaryta iš socialinių-demografinių klausimų bei klausimų apie alkoholio vartojimą. Statistinė analizė buvo atlikta naudojant statistinių duomenų apdorojimo programas SPSS, Microsoft Excel ir WinPepi. Kategorinių duomenų analizei buvo naudojamas χ2 kriterijus ir Fisher palyginimo testas. Dviems nepriklausomoms ranginėms imtims buvo naudotas Mann-Whitney U testas, o kelioms nepriklausomoms ranginėms imtims – Kruskal-Wallis testas. Ryšiams tarp ranginių kintamųjų nustatyti buvo naudojamas Spearman koreliacijos koeficientas (rs). Rezultatai. Daugiau kaip pusės (53,3 proc.) mokinių sveikatos raštingumo lygis buvo pakankamas arba puikus, o kas 10 mokinio – neadekvatus. Berniukų ir 11 (III gimnazijos) klasių mokinių sveikatos raštingumas blogesnis, nei mergaičių (p<0.001) ir 12 (IV gimnazijos) klasių mokinių (p<0.001). Beveik pusė mokinių vartojo alkoholį reguliariai (48,8 proc.), kelis kartus per metus alkoholį vartojo apie trečdalis mokinių (30,7 proc.), penktadalis (20,5 proc.) mokinių atsakė, kad niekada nevartoja alkoholio. Alkoholį vartojančių vaikinų daugiau nei merginų (p<0.001). Nustatytos sąsajos tarp mokinių alkoholio vartojimo dažnumo ir sveikatos raštingumo. Dažniau alkoholį vartojančių mokinių sveikatos raštingumo lygis buvo žemesnis (rs=0,751, p<0,001).
9 – 10 KLASIŲ MOKINIŲ DALYVAVIMAS MOKYKLOJE VYKDOMAME SVEIKATOS STIPRINIMO PROCESE
Authors: Maceinaitė Rūta , Šurkienė Genė , Sketerskienė Rita , Žandaras Žymantas
Published: April 2021

Mokykla laikoma tinkamiausia vieta paauglių sveikatos stiprinimo procesui. Pagrindinis sveikatos stiprinimo proceso komponentas yra dalyvavimas jame, todėl norint, kad sveikatos stiprinimo procesas būtų efektyvus, būtina į jį įtraukti kuo daugiau mokinių. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti 9 – 10 klasių mokinių dalyvavimą mokykloje vykdomame jų sveikatos stiprinimo procese. Tyrimo metu apklausti 3574 devintųjų ir dešimtųjų klasių mokiniai iš 110 įvairių Lietuvos mokyklų. Paplitimo įverčiams apskaičiuoti 95 proc. PI, ranginių duomenų analizei panaudoti Mann Whitney ir Kruskal Wallis testai. Nustatant veiksnius, turinčius įtakos mokinių norui aktyviau dalyvauti mokykloje vykdomame jų sveikatos stiprinimo procese, sudaryti logistinės regresijos modeliai, gauti pakoreguoti šansų santykiai, apskaičiuoti jų 95 proc. PI. Aktyviai arba labai aktyviai mokinių sveikatos stiprinimo procese dalyvavo 10,1 proc. mokinių. Jų aktyvumas buvo reikšmingai susijęs su lytimi, amžiumi, gyvenamąja vieta, mokymosi mokykloje trukme, pastarojo pusmečio pažymių vidurkiu, mokyklos tipu, jos vieta bei ugdymo įstaigos priklausymu (nepriklausymu) SSM tinklui. Per pastaruosius metus 41,9 proc. Mokinių dalyvavo renginiuose bei 21,8 proc. mokinių padėjo renginius organizuoti. Beveik 70 proc. mokinių norėjo arba bent iš dalies norėjo aktyviau dalyvauti mokykloje vykdomame jų sveikatos stiprinimo procese, šis noras buvo reikšmingai susijęs su mokinių lytimi. Daugumos mokinių dalyvavimo sveikatos stiprinimo procese lūkesčiai buvo pozityvūs: 53,1 proc. respondentų manė, kad jie įgis sveikatos stiprinimui reikalingų žinių, 41,0 proc. mokinių teigė, kad jie taps fiziškai aktyvesni. Didžiausiai daliai mokinių aktyviau dalyvauti sveikatos stiprinimo procese trukdė jų laiko, noro ir žinių stoka (atitinkamai 60,8 proc., 52,5 proc. ir 24,3 proc.).
LIETUVOS GYVENTOJŲ INFORMACIJOS APIE MITYBĄ ŠALTINIAI IR JŲ PASIRINKIMUI ĮTAKĄ DARANTYS VEIKSNIAI
Authors: Žandaras Žymantas , Dobrovolskij Valerij , Stukas Rimantas , Maceinaitė Rūta , Arlauskas Rokas
Published: April 2021

Daugelio Lietuvos gyventojų mitybos įpročiai neatitinka sveikatos mitybos rekomendacijų. Sveikatai nepalankūs mitybos įpročiai gali būti siejami su patikimos ir moksliniais tyrimais pagrįstos informacijos stoka. Ši informacija įvairiomis priemonėmis (internetu, per televiziją, radiją ir kt.) gali būti perduodama gyventojams. Tik žinant, kokius informacijos apie mitybą šaltinius yra linkusios rinktis įvairios sociodemografinės grupės, galima nukreipti trūkstamą informaciją reikiama linkme ir suteikti reikalingų žinių. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvos gyventojų informacijos apie mitybą šaltinius bei jų pasirinkimui įtaką darančius veiksnius. Tyrimo metu apklausti 1007 18–75 metų Lietuvos gyventojai. Paplitimo įverčiams apskaičiuoti 95 proc. pasikliautinieji intervalai (PI). Nustatant veiksnius, galimai darančius įtaką gyventojų informacijos apie mitybą šaltinių pasirinkimui, sudaryti logistinės regresijos modeliai, gauti pakoreguoti šansų santykiai, apskaičiuoti jų 95 proc. PI. Didžiausia Lietuvos gyventojų dalis gavo daugiausia informacijos apie mitybą iš interneto (58,6 proc.) bei radijo ir televizijos (47,2 proc.), o mažiausia – iš laikraščių ir žurnalų (16,5 proc.) bei maisto produktų etikečių ir pakuočių (18,8 proc.). Interneto, kaip šaltinio, iš kurio gaunama daugiausia informacijos apie mitybą, pasirinkimas buvo reikšmingai susijęs su išsilavinimu, radijo ir televizijos – su amžiumi, gyvenamąja vieta ir išsilavinimu. Moterys ir jaunesni nei 45 metų gyventojai buvo reikšmingai labiau linkę gauti daugiausia informacijos iš specializuotų leidinių bei maisto produktų pakuočių ir etikečių. Reikšmingai didesnį šansą gauti daugiausia informacijos iš gydytojų, vaistininkų, mitybos specialistų turėjo moterys ir aukštojo išsilavinimo neturintys gyventojai. Laikraščių ir žurnalų, kaip šaltinių, iš kurių gaunama daugiausia informacijos apie mitybą, pasirinkimas buvo reikšmingai susijęs su lytimi, amžiumi, išsilavinimu, gyvenamąja vieta.
KRŪTIES VĖŽIU SERGANČIŲ PACIENČIŲ POTRAUMINIO STRESO SUTRIKIMO SOCIODEMOGRAFINIAI IR KLINIKINIAI RIZIKOS VEIKSNIAI BEI METŲ DINAMIKA
Authors: Kazlauskienė Jurgita , Bulotienė Giedrė , Fatkulina Natalja
Published: April 2021

Krūties vėžio diagnozę sužinojusios moterys patiria stiprų sukrėtimą, kuris gali paveikti daugelį gyvenimo sričių ir stipriai sutrikdyti pacienčių adaptaciją. Krūties vėžiu sergančių pacienčių potrauminio streso sutrikimo rizika yra didesnė, nei bendrojoje populiacijoje. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti sociodemografinių ir klinikinių veiksnių įtaką potrauminio streso sutrikimo rizikai prieš krūties operaciją ir praėjus vieneriems metams po jos. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad krūties vėžiu sergančių pacienčių potrauminio streso sutrikimo rizika per metus statistiškai reikšmingai sumažėjo. Potrauminio streso sutrikimo riziką praėjus vieneriems metams po operacijos didina gyvenimas santuokoje arba partnerystėje ir aukštesnis išsilavinimas. Apmokamas darbas kelia potrauminio streso sutrikimo riziką prieš operaciją, bet apsaugo nuo šios rizikos praėjus vieneriems metams po operacijos. Trumpas laiko tarpas po naviko nustatymo didina potrauminio streso sutrikimo riziką. Krūtį tausojanti operacija, praėjus vieneriems metams po jos, kelia potrauminio streso sutrikimo riziką. Teikiant sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas krūties vėžiu sergančioms pacientėms, tikslinga atkreipti dėmesį į jų psichologines problemas ir poreikius ankstyvajame (prieš operaciją) ir vėlyvajame (praėjus vieneriems metams) sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų teikimo etape. Svarbu į pacienčių sveikatos priežiūros procesą kryptingai įtraukti jų šeimos narius ir artimuosius, taip siekiant sustiprinti pagalbą bei paramą iš artimiausios pacientei socialinės aplinkos.
PACIENTŲ GRIUVIMO RIZIKĄ LEMIANTYS VEIKSNIAI
Authors: Gedrimė Lina , Dugalienė Jovita , Skarbalienė Aelita , Kutkauskienė Jelena , Kurienė Almeda , Fatkulina Natalja
Published: April 2021

Pacientų sveikatos ir funkcinio savarankiškumo išsaugojimas keliamas kaip vienas pagrindinių uždavinių visam PSO Europos regionui. Svarbu užtikrinti pacientų geresnę sveikatą, gyvenimo kokybę ir vertinti fiziologinius pokyčius senstant. Gera pusiausvyra ir mobilumas yra pagrindinės sėkmingo kasdienio gyvenimo bei mėgstamos veiklos prielaidos. Pacientų griuvimas yra aktuali problema, tačiau Lietuvoje nėra plačiai nagrinėjama. Pacientai traumas patiria ne tik namuose, gatvėje, bet ir gydymo įstaigoje. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti pacientų žinias apie griuvimo rizikos veiksnius.

Tyrimas vykdytas 2020 m. lapkričio–gruodžio mėn. Anketinės apklausos būdu. Apklausoje dalyvavo 104 asmenys nuo 55 metų, turintys judėjimo, kraujotakos, jutimų, pusiausvyros sutrikimų ar kitų gretutinių ligų, galėjusių turėti įtakos griuvimams. Klausimynas sudarytas iš 5 dalių, atspindinčių konkrečius klausimus, pateikiamas kiekvienos tyrimo dalies aprašymas.

Dauguma tiriamųjų buvo pargriuvę ir jautė galvos svaigimą. Nors respondentai jautėsi stabiliai judėdami (jaučia, kad gali paeiti tiesia linija), tačiau baimė pargriūti ribojo jų fizinį aktyvumą, jie reguliariai nesimankštino. Dauguma tiriamųjų pargriuvę patyrė sumušimus. Respondentų nuomone, dažniausiai griuvimus gali sukelti tokie išoriniai veiksniai kaip slidžios grindys, netinkama avalynė, prastas apšvietimas ar turėklų nebuvimas. Galimi ir vidiniai veiksniai – galvos svaigimas, raibuliavimas akyse. Pacientai yra suinteresuoti ir nori sužinoti, kaip pagerinti pusiausvyrą.
PIRMINĖ GIMDOS KAKLELIO MIULERIO ADENOSARKOMA
Authors: Putriūnas Giedrius , Vaitiekūnaitė Vaida , Simavičius Andrius
Published: April 2021

Gimdos kaklelio sarkoma – itin reta ginekologinė patologija. Iš visų piktybinių procesų, išsivystančių gimdos kaklelyje, tik 2 proc. sudaro adenosarkomos, kitaip dar vadinamos Miulerio adenosarkomomis (MAs). Tai mišrus navikas, kuris dėl savo gerybinio komponento retai metastazuoja. Paprastai MAs lokalizuojasi gimdos endometriume, rečiau – kiaušidėse, dubenyje ar gimdos kaklelyje. Šiame staipsnyje aptariamas klinikinis lokaliai išplitusio gimdos kaklelio adenosarkomos atvejis.
BENDRUOMENĖS SLAUGYTOJO VEIKLOS PATIRTYS SU SERGANČIUOJU DEMENCIJA IR JO ARTIMAISIAIS
Authors: Vaikasienė Vilija , Gerikienė Vitalija
Published: April 2021

Tyrimu buvo siekiama išanalizuoti bendruomenės slaugytojo ir artimųjų patirtis, slaugant demencija sergantį pacientą namuose. Tyrime dalyvavo 9 slaugytojai ir 7 pacientų artimieji. Atliktas kokybinis tyrimas: pusiau struktūruotas interviu, analizuojant duomenis kokybinės turinio analizės metodu. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė bendruomenės slaugytojo veiklos problemas, susijusias su gyvybinės veiklos parametrų užtikrinimu, slaugytojo paslaugų trūkumu, artimųjų integravimo į slaugos procesą būtinumu, bendravimo ir bendradarbiavimo su pacientu, jo artimaisiais, kitais specialistais ypatumus. Išryškėjo artimųjų ryšio su slaugytoju palaikymo, pagalbos atsisakymo patirtis, kitų specialistų poreikis.
Innovación evaluativa con sistemas de respuesta inteligente: Uso de Socrative en Educación Superior
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de Sevilla., Torres Gordillo Juan Jesús , Perera Rodríguez Víctor Hugo ,   Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de Sevilla, Hervás Gómez Carlos ,   Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de Sevilla
Published: April 2021

La integración de la tecnología móvil en las instituciones educativas, y más específicamente en las aulas, se está llevando a cabo de forma gradual, siendo todavía una realidad emergente en la educación universitaria. En los últimos años, el uso de aplicaciones basadas en dispositivos móviles para promover el aprendizaje activo, y también para monitorear y evaluar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes en tiempo real, está despertando tal interés entre los docentes e investigadores que se están fomentando numerosas innovaciones en metodología de enseñanza. Este capítulo presenta una experiencia basada en el uso de Socrative en Educación Superior.
Gamificación con tecnología móvil en Educación Superior: evaluando los aprendizajes con Socrative
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de Sevilla., Torres Gordillo Juan Jesús , Perera Rodríguez Víctor Hugo ,   Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de Sevilla., Hervás Gómez Carlos ,   Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de Sevilla.
Published: April 2021

En los últimos años, el interés que está suscitando entre los docentes el uso de aplicaciones basadas en dispositivos móviles para promover el aprendizaje activo e interactivo, pero también para conocer y evaluar en tiempo real los aprendizajes de los alumnos, está impulsando numerosas innovaciones en metodología docente. Las nuevas experiencias educativas auspiciadas por el modelo BYOD (Bring Your Own Devices), práctica consistente en que los alumnos traigan sus propios dispositivos móviles al lugar de aprendizaje, no solo están alentando el empleo de metodologías creativas, sino que además están cubriendo muchas de las necesidades que vienen demandando los estudiantes de hoy. En el ámbito universitario, este fenómeno está despertando un nuevo enfoque metodológico basado en el empleo de técnicas de juego con tecnología móvil para promover atractivas experiencias de aprendizaje. Actualmente, los sistemas de respuesta inteligente apoyados por servicios en línea se han popularizado y están siendo reconocidos como uno de los recursos con mayor potencial para trabajar el aprendizaje activo e interactivo en el aula. Estos sistemas están influyendo positivamente en aspectos como las relaciones entre profesor y estudiantes optimizando las comunicaciones didácticas en el aula, permitiendo que los docentes puedan elaborar un feedback inmediato para el alumno a partir de información cualitativa e informes estadísticos. Este capítulo presenta una experiencia de aprendizaje gamificado con la aplicación Socrative, basada en tecnología móvil.
Meningkatkan Kemahiran Mengingat Lima Hukum Asas Tajwid Dalam Tilawah Al-Quran
Authors: Mohd Nawi Muhammad Zulazizi , Mohamed Noor Muhamad Amirul
Published: April 2021

Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji kemahiran mengingat pelajar terhadap lima hukum asas tajwid ketika mentilawahkan al-Quran. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif berbentuk ujian pra dan pasca ke atas 10 orang pelajar tingkatan 2 (DLP) dari Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Panglima Bukit Gantang, Parit Buntar, Perak. Sebelum pengkaji memperkenalkan kaedah pengajaran tajwid yang baharu, pengkaji perlu mengesan terlebih dahulu kelemahan pelajar. Tinjauan awal dilakukan dengan menyemak bacaan pelajar ketika waktu pengajaran dan didapati kebanyakan pelajar tidak mampu mengingat lima hukum asas tajwid selain terdapat banyak kesalahan dalam pembacaan. Jadi, pengkaji memperkenalkan kaedah jari tangan kanan bagi memastikan pelajar boleh mengingat lima hukum asas tajwid dan membaca al-Quran dengan baik. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa, pelajar bukan hanya mampu mengingat hukum-hukum tajwid malah dapat mengkategorikan jenis-jenis bacaan. Dapatan kajian ini juga turut menyumbang kepada maklumat asas mengenai fungsi tanwin (ًٌٍ ) dan nun sakinah (نْ). Kaedah jari tangan kanan mempunyai kelebihan yang tersendiri dan kaedah ini perlu diperluaskan sebagai alat bantu mengajar dalam arus perdana.

 

Enhancing the Skills of Memorizing the Five Basics of Tajweed in Holy Quran Recitation

This article aims to study students’ memorization skills on the five basics of tajweed when reciting the Quran. This study uses a quantitative approach in the form of pre and post-tests on 10 form 2 students (DLP) from Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Panglima Bukit Gantang, Parit Buntar, Perak. Before the researcher introduces a new method of teaching tajweed, the researcher must first detect the weaknesses of the students. A preliminary survey was done by checking students’ reciting during teaching sessions and it was found that most students are not able to memorize the five basics of tajweed apart from there are many errors in reciting. So, the researcher introduced the method of the right-hand finger to ensure that students can memorize the five basics of tajweed and recite the holy Quran well. The findings of the study show that students are not only able to memorize tajweed but can also recognize the types of recitation. The findings of this study also contribute to the basic information on the function of tanween (ًٌٍ ) and nun sakinah (نْ). The right-handed finger method has its advantages and this method needs to be expanded as a teaching aid in the mainstream.
Hubungan Adversity Quotient dan Hasil Belajar Matematika Peserta Didik dalam Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh di SMP
Authors: Laili Nurul
Published: April 2021

Masa pandemi ini sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan siswa dalam melaksanakan kegiatan pembelajaran sehingga harus melakukan pembelajaran jarak jauh. Siswa dikatakan berhasil mengikuti pembelajaran dengan baik dengan melihat hasil belajarnya. Adversity Quotient merupakan salah satu kecerdasan yang dimiliki untuk mengenali kesulitan diri sendiri dan mampu mengubahnya sebagai potensi untuk mengatasi kesulitan. Hal ini penting dilakukan mahasiswa dalam kegiatan pembelajaran jarak jauh kali ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara Adversity Quotient dengan hasil belajar matematika. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII di Depok. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei dengan analisis data deskriptif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan media Google Form dengan menyebarkan kuesioner yang berjumlah 16 item pernyataan. Responden dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 130 siswa, dengan 61 siswa laki-laki dan 69 siswa perempuan. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam uji korelasi penelitian ini memiliki nilai sig. 0,000 <0,05. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan dan positif antara Adversity Quotient dengan hasil belajar siswa.

 

Relationship between Adversity Quotient and Students' Mathematics Learning Outcomes for Distance Learning in Junior High Schools

This pandemic period greatly affects the development of students in carrying out learning activities so they have to do distance learning. Students are said to be successful in following the learning well by seeing the learning outcomes. Adversity Quotient is one of the intelligences possessed to recognize one's own difficulties and be able to change them as potential to overcome difficulties. This is important for students in distance learning activities at this time. This study aims to determine the relationship between Adversity Quotient and mathematics learning outcomes. The subjects in this study were 7th grade students in Depok. The research method used was a survey with descriptive data analysis. Collecting data using Google Form media by distributing questionnaires with a total of 16 statement items. Respondents in this study were 130 students, with 61 male students and 69 female students. The results obtained in the correlation test of this study have a sig value. 0.000 <0.05. It can be concluded that there is a significant and positive relationship between Adversity Quotient and student learning outcomes.
EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACT FROM LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon citratus) LEAVES ON VAIABILITY OF SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF FISH BALLS
Authors: Kamona Zaid K. , Alzobaay Amer H. H.
Published: April 2021

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) plant belongs to the Gramineae family. Lemongrass leaves essential oils were extracted by Clevenger method, antibacterial, MIC and MBC were evaluated against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and micrococcus spp., recorded high sensitivity to essential oil with inhibition zone reached (40, 32, and 28) mm respectively. While Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli recorded (20, 20, and 22) mm respectively. MIC and MBC values reached (3, 6.5) % respectively for gram-positive bacteria and (25,50) % respectively for gram-negative bacteria. C.citratus leaves essential oil showed superior efficiency in reduction count of total microorganisms, coliform bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and molds and yeasts, as well as the elongated shelf life for 15 days of fish balls treated with (5,10) µl\gram of essential oil under refrigerated storage compared with control treatment ( no oil added) which excluded for test after 6 days of refrigerated storage because microbial load and bad quality. Fish balls samples Lg10 (treated with 10µl\g of essential oil) gained best sensorial properties of color, texture, flavor, taste and overall acceptability were recorded 9/9 at the end of storage compared with treatment Lg5 (5µl\g essential oil added)  which gained acceptable sensorial score through refrigerated storage periods.
A NEW APPROACH IN TREATMENT ACUTE IVERMECTIN TOXICITY IN MALE BALB-C MICE
Authors: Al-Rekabi F. M. K . , Alsadawi A. , Al-ameedi Ali. I.
Published: April 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the potential therapeutic of flumazenil and neostigmine in single and combination in Balb-C mice subjected to ivermectin acute oral toxicity. Ivermectin-poisoning dose was considered the half dose of LD50 that computed in current study as 20.9 mg/kg BW. A total of 24 male Blub-C mice were divided randomly into four equal treatment groups and administered ivermectin-poisoning dose (10 mg/kg BW) and treated as follows: control group (C), treated orally with distilled water; neostigmine-treated group (NT), treated i.p. with 60 µg/kg BW of neostigmine; flumazenil-treated group (FT), treated i.p. with 7 µg/kg BW of flumazenil; and combination-treated group (CT), treated i.p. with 30 µg/kg BW of neostigmine plus 3.5 µg/kg BW of flumazenil. Oral administration of ivermectin at poisoning dose caused grooming, lethargy, depression, recumbency, with no mortalities recorded. The toxic signs of animals in FT and NT groups were disappeared within 1.23 and 1.98 h, respectively, comparing to animals in CT and C groups, in which the recovery time was prolonged to 40.62 and 4.52 h, respectively. Overall, both flumazenil and neostigmine medicines have the potential to overcome ivermectin acute poisoning in Bulb-C mice, with flumazenil being more efficient. However, the combination of both medicines can cause an adverse prognosis.
LEMONGRASS ESSENTIAL OIL SHOWS AN ANTIPROLIFERATIVE EFFECT ON LUNG CANCER CELLS AND ITS ROLE IN EXPRESSION OF P53 GENE
Authors: Abdulhasan G. A.
Published: April 2021

This study was aimed to investigate the antiproliferative effect of lemongrass essential oil (LEO) from Cymbopogon citratus on A549 cell line and their effect on the expression of p53 gene in lung cancer cells. The LEO was extracted and anlaysed using GC-MS analysis, the cytotoxicity of LEO against lung cancer cells was examined using MMT assay and finally the expression of p53 was determined via qRT-PCR. The chromatogram of GC-MS exhibited 14 compounds in ELO, the major one is citral (56.4%). The cytotoxicity of LEO was dose dependent which proliferation of the lung cells were significantly inhibited with increased concentration of essential oil (P≤ 0.01) as well as the IC50 was 29.13 ppm. Furthermore, it showed that cell treated with IC50 of LEO had a significant higher gene expression (P≤ 0.05) in the fold of p53 expression than untreated cells with change fold of 4.47±0.7. In conclusion, C. citratus essential oil have been found to possess antiproliferative activity against lung cancer cells and upregulation of p53 gene which can be considered a promising treatment for lung cancer patients.
CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR BASED ON A NEW MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMERS(MIPS) FOR HIGHLY SELECTIVE AND SENSITIVE DETERMINATION OF CLEBOPRIDE (CBD) IN PHARMACEUTICAL COMMERCIAL SAMPLES
Authors: Al-Bayati Y. K.
Published: April 2021

Clebopride (CBD) selective molecularly imprinted polymers(MIPs) were based on ion-pair by prepared four polymers(MIPs) using CBD as the template a well as (Acryl amide) (AAM), 2-Acrylamido-2-Methyl-1-Propane sulphonic Acid (2-AAMMPSA as monomer, used N,N-ethylenebismethacrylamide (EBMAA) ,ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ethylene glycol(EGDMAC), N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (NNMBAAM)) as cross linker and used benzoyl peroxide as initiator . NIPs prepared by using the same composition of MIPs except the template (CBD). The MIPs were prepared using variation  ratio of monomer and cross linker .These MIPs applicate as solid phase extraction for determination CBD in pharmaceutical preparation used UV as detector .the results gave good response, where the reconstruction percentage (Rec%) value of CBD drug took the range (99- 101% ), and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) value took the range (0.27% - 0.93 %) for standard solution and Rec% took values of (98- 99) %, and RSD% took values of (0.86 – 1.62) % of CBD drug for the Clebopride pharmaceutical.
A STUDY OF COXO-FEMORAL BYPASS IN INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURE FEMUR OF ELDERLY PATIENTS
Authors: Tandon Suneet , Kumar Manoj , Iqbal Kashif , Asthana Mohit , Pathak Abhishek , Gaur Sanjiv
Published: April 2021

In this study we tried to nd and analyse the outcome of coxofemoral bypasss in intertrochanteric fractures which were operated at our centre and completed the follow up till 12 months. These patients were analysed on various intra-operative and post-operative parameters. Functional assessment was done using Harris Hip Score. Harris Hip Score showed that 04(20%) patients had excellent results, 08(40%) patient had good results, 04(20%) patients had fair and 02(10%) had poor results, poor results seen in patient with multiple co-morbidity.Our study indicate that coxofemoral bypass in elderly patients have shown to achieve early rehabilitation of the patient and good long-term results intertrochanteric fractures.
IMMEDIATE AND SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF MULLIGAN MOBILIZATION WITH MOVEMENT, ON PAIN, DISABILITY AND RATIO OF VASTUS MEDIALIS AND VASTUS LATERALIS ACTIVITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE AGE GROUP 50-70 YEARS.
Authors: Mulaokar Shruti , Pavri Karen
Published: April 2021

Knee osteoarthritis is a common cause of knee pain and functional impairment. In this study immediate and short term effect of Mulligan
mobilization with movement (MWM) technique on Pain,disability,and ratio of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis activity were assessed on 40
individuals with knee osteoarthritis in the age group of 50-70 years.
Method- Duration of study for each participant was 2 weeks which included 4 sessions- on day 1,3,5 and 12.Immediate effect was assessed
immediately after each treatment session and short term effect was assessed one week after the nal treatment session i.e on day 12.Outcome
measures were Numerical Pain Rating Scale,Knee outcome Survey and EMG activity of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis.
Result-Signicant immediate effect of MWM on pain was obtained in every session.(p<0.0001).There was signicant short term effect of
Mulligan on pain. (p<0.0001).Signicant effect of MWM on disability reduction was also seen (p<0.0001). There was no immediate or short term
effect of MWM on ratio of EMG activity of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles.(p=0.5)
Conclusion- Mulligan MWM has immediate and short term effect on pain and disability but not on ratio of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis
activity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis in the age group of 50-70 years.
IS ASTHMA AND USE OF INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS A RISK FACTOR FOR COVID-19 INFECTION?A CLINICAL REVIEW
Authors: Subramaniam Ajeet , Ghazal Aktham
Published: April 2021

Asthma is the most common chronic inammatory lung disease worldwide and SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the upper
and lower airways leading to marked inammation, the question arises about the possible clinical and pathophysiological
association between asthma and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Other questions include whether use of Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) affects the
outcomes of acute respiratory infections due to coronavirus, whether patients with asthma are at increased risk of developing COVID-19? This
clinical review aims to answer some of these questions based on latest research on asthma and COVID-19.
PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND INSULIN RESISTANCE AMONG PCOS WOMEN ATTENDING TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION.
Authors: R Bhatia Anita , Bagra Peyir , Suri Jyotsna , Dawar Rajni
Published: April 2021

Background: PCOS is one of the most common endocrine metabolic disorder found among women of reproductive age group. It is characterized
by the presence of ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology. PCOS has seen to have overlapping features of
metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, which seems to be a linking factor between the two. The present study was undertaken to nd the
prevalence of metabolic syndrome and Insulin resistance in women diagnosed with PCOS in north-Indian population.
Objective:To nd the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance among women diagnosed with PCOS in north-Indian population.
Materials and Methods: 100 women attending gynecology-OPD diagnosed with PCOS were enrolled and assessed for the presence of clinical
and/or biochemical features of metabolic syndrome.
Results: Metabolic syndrome was present in 31% of women with PCOS. 87% of women with metabolic syndrome were obese, 93.5% had HDL
level <50mg/dl; 90.3% had fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dl. 69% of PCOS women had insulin resistance.
Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance is highly prevalent among women with PCOS. Lipid and blood glucose parameters should
be simultaneously assessed to screen women with PCOS in the clinical set up to prevent or delay the long term effects of metabolic syndrome.
“TUBERCULOSIS – A COMMON GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE AT UNCOMMON SITES: A COMPREHENSIVE HISTOCYTOLOGICAL STUDY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF CENTRAL INDIA”
Authors: Saluja Anki , Gupta Rashmi , Barpande Chitrangi P. , Singh B. P.
Published: April 2021

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a common granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects lungs in
about 80 % of cases. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is dened according to WHO classication criteria as an infection by M. tuberculosis
which affects tissues and organs outside the pulmonary parenchyma. Among EPTB the most common location is cervical lymphadenopathy (63-
77%). Involvement of other organs or location is extremely rare, even in countries in which tuberculosis is endemic.
Aim:To study the common granulomatous lesion, tuberculosis at uncommon sites on histological and cytological preparations.
Materials and methods: A retrospective study of 76 cases (presented during two years), of extrapulmonary tuberculosis excluding lung, pleura
and cervical lymph nodes was undertaken. Cases were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After morphological diagnosis,
cases were subjected to modied ZN staining. This was correlated with ultrasonography and Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplication Test
(CBNAAT) wherever available.
Results: Majority of cases (63.2%) were females. Most of the cases (28/60) belonged to the age group between 21 and 30 years. Most common of
the uncommon sites were axilla followed by breast and submandibular region.
Conclusions: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is quite common and keeping a high index of suspicion helps in early diagnosis and hence early
treatment of this disease.
REVIEW OF CARDIOPULMONARY AUTOPSY FINDINGS IN DECEASED COVID-19 POSITIVE PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER IN CENTRAL INDIA
Authors: S Ganguly , CP Barpande , BP Singh
Published: April 2021

COVID-19 is global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. COVID-19 is a systemic multiorgan disorder with major involvement of the
lungs and heart leading to Interstitial Pneumonia, Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). An
important mechanism responsible for the widespread COVID-associated mortality is presumed to be the ineffective immune responses to the
SARS-CoV-2 virus along with an associated thrombotic microangiopathy that ultimately leads to multiorgan failure and death. Even COVID-19
survivors with preexisting comorbidities; especially the elderly, run a risk of secondary neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications and might
sometimes succumb to sudden death. Autopsy ndings are crucial to gaining a better understanding of the pathobiology of this “novel” disease as
well as analyzing its long-term effects on target organs. In India, due to the prohibitive regulations regarding COVID autopsies; very little data is
available on autopsy histopathology of patients dying of COVID-19; as well as those recovering from the disease, only to pass away during the
recovery period. The present study aims to document the cardiopulmonary abnormalities found in autopsies of COVID-positive patients conducted
at our institution while simultaneously conducting a review of the available international literature on the related topic. This will be particularly of
interest for clinicians treating COVID-19 in Central India, as; of now, no similar studies have been reported from this region.
ISCHEMIC STROKE IN COVID-19 PATIENT: A RARE CASE REPORT.
Authors: Kaushik Atul , Nazir Wani Showkat , Garg Anish , Kumar Dev
Published: April 2021

Background: COVID-19 is shown to be associated with hypercoagulable state which may cause neurological and cardiovascular complications.
COVID-19 has been represented as an independent risk factor for acute ischemic stroke.
Objective:We report a case of acute ischemic stroke as a COVID-19 complication.
Material and methods: A 62-year-old known hypertensive male was diagnosed with COVID-19. He developed neurological symptoms 10 days
after being tested positive. On doing an NC-CT head, a large acute ischemic stroke involving left Middle Cerebral Artery infarct was detected.
Result and Conclusion: Our case represents the development of acute ischemic stroke as a neurological manifestation in patient with COVID-19.
Early evaluation for acute neurological changes and timely management may reduce morbidity and mortality in such cases.
PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT OF VARIABLES TO PREDICT DIFFICULT INTUBATION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING SURGERIES UNDER GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Chatrath Veena , Mahajan Leena , Kaur Gagandeep , Taneja Ankita , Khetarpal Ranjana , Makhni Reena
Published: April 2021

Background- Advance prediction of difcult airway provides us ample time for optimal preparation of equipment and participation of
experienced anaesthesiologist to handle difcult airway. The present study was designed to evaluate the efcacy of Upper Lip Bite Test (ULBT),
Ratio of neck circumference (NC) and thyromental distance (TMD) and Arne Risk Index in predicting difcult airway.
Material and methods-This prospective observational study was conducted on 250 patients, aged 18-60 years of ASAgrade I and II scheduled for
surgeries under general anaesthesia. Three screening tests i.e. ULBT, NC/TMD and Arne Risk Index were used to predict difcult airway. Number
of patients successfully intubated, number of attempts taken for intubation and time taken for intubation was noted. Difcult intubation was
calculated using Intubation Difculty Score (IDS). All the three screening tests were compared for their sensitivity, specicity, negative predictive
value (NPV) and Positive predictive value (PPV) to predict difcult airway.
Result- The incidence of difcult intubation was found to be 6.8%. 233 (95.2%) patients were intubated in rst attempt and 12 (4.8%) patients were
intubated in second attempt and there was no failed intubation. Arne Risk Index had high sensitivity (88.23%), high specicity (88.84%), highest
NPV (99.04%) and PPV of 36.58%. ULBThas sensitivity of 76.47%, specicity of 88.41%, NPV of 98.09% and PPV of 32.50% and NC/TMD has
sensitivity of 47.05%, specicity of 87.98%, PPVof 22.22% and NPVof 95.79% in predicting difcult airway.
Conclusion- Arne Risk index, a multivariate clinical risk index had highest sensitivity, specicity, NPVand PPVto predict difcult airway.