bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marketing profissional e visibilidade social na enfermagem: uma estratégia de valorização de recursos humanos
Authors: Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa , Trevizan Maria Auxiliadora , Mazzo Alessandra , Godoy Simone de , Ventura Carla Aparecida Arena
Published: December 2011

No cenário internacional percebe-se um movimento de valorização da enfermagem entre as profissões de saúde, utilizando, para tal, ferramentas de marketing profissional. Por meio de revisão integrativa da literatura discutimos o marketing como ferramenta para o incremento da visibilidade da enfermagem. Utilizamos as bases LILACS, MEDLINE, Web of Science e SciELO. Foram selecionadas publicações que relacionavam o marketing à enfermagem, no período de 2000 a 2010. Encontramos 91 artigos e, após leitura exaustiva dos títulos e resumos, foram selecionadas oito publicações que abordaram, em sua maioria, o uso dos meios de comunicação em massa como estratégia de marketing da profissão para promoção de saúde e imagem profissional veiculada em meios como a internet e a televisão. O tema é pouco explorado na pesquisa em enfermagem, mas há perspectivas de avanços, pelo interesse que desperta e pelo reconhecimento crescente de sua importância.
Influência do dimensionamento da equipe de enfermagem na qualidade do cuidado ao paciente crítico
Authors: Versa Gelena Lucinéia Gomes da Silva , Inoue Kelly Cristina , Nicola Anair Lazzari , Matsuda Laura Misue
Published: December 2011

Estudo na modalidade Revisão Integrativa, com objetivo de analisar a influência do dimensionamento do pessoal de enfermagem intensivista na qualidade do cuidado ao paciente crítico adulto. Foram incluídas apenas publicações científicas, das principais bases eletrônicas, veiculadas em periódicos de acesso livre e eletrônico, referentes à última década (janeiro de 2000 a janeiro de 2010), nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Obteve-se um total de 10 publicações, dentre as quais três avaliaram a incidência de mortalidade e extubação acidental no pós-operatório; três avaliaram os reflexos no cuidado resultantes da redução no número de enfermeiros; dois avaliaram o desenvolvimento de infecções; e um, respectivamente, avaliou a incidência de quedas e de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. Os estudos indicam relação entre o subdimensionamento de trabalhadores da enfermagem e o aumento nas taxas de infecções, mortalidade, quedas, pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica e extubação acidental.
Educação em saúde e a atuação de enfermagem no contexto de unidades de internação hospitalar: o que tem sido ou há para ser dito?
Authors: Rigon Angelita Gastaldo , Neves Eliane Tastch
Published: December 2011

A presente revisão foi fundamentada em uma busca bibliográfica desenvolvida no portal de teses e dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior, em novembro de 2009, com recorte temporal delimitado entre 1998 e 2008, utilizando-se os termos "educação em saúde", "enfermagem" e "hospital" como assunto. Foram incluídos trabalhos desenvolvidos no âmbito hospitalar e/ou apresentando reflexões sobre o tema. Analisaram-se 22 produções. Foram identificadas dez, referentes à educação em saúde, realizadas por enfermeiros, no contexto de internação hospitalar, com utilização da perspectiva de autonomia, como forma de promoção da saúde e nove foram implementadas e/ou propostas por pesquisadores e não por enfermeiros assistenciais das unidades de internação. Concluiu-se que há necessidade de maior desenvolvimento do tema educação em saúde, como inerente aos cuidados de enfermagem no contexto da internação hospitalar. Recomenda-se uma abordagem pautada em pedagogias ativas, possibilitando uma prática da enfermagem emancipatória e o empoderamento de sujeitos e enfermeiros.
Construindo caminhos, relatando vivências: a trajetória do grupo de estudos e pesquisa em saúde
Authors: Krug Suzane Beatriz Frantz , Assunção Ari Nunes , Weigelt Leni Dias , Sehnem Luciele , Alves Luciane Maria Schmidt , Faller Lívia de Almeida
Published: December 2011

O Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Saúde, da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, tem o propósito de construir coletivamente saberes para a transformação da sociedade e aprimoramento do conhecimento em saúde. O presente artigo tem como objetivo relatar as experiências do Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Saúde em seus nove anos de existência. Descreve a trajetória, atividades e projetos desenvolvidos, reflete sobre sua condução investigativa e pontua aspectos favoráveis e limitadores das práticas de pesquisa. Como delineamento metodológico utilizou-se o relato de experiência. Apresentam-se como resultados, pesquisas de enfoque qualitativo, com linha de pesquisa em saúde coletiva/saúde da família, participação na formação de discentes com estímulo para o trabalho em grupo e participação em eventos e produções cientificas. Aspectos pontuados nesta trajetória constituiram-se a partir de um grupo novo, composto de integrantes com condução investigativa recente, pertencente a uma universidade comunitária. Sem dúvida, esses fatores foram importantes na constituição da história do grupo.
Avaliação da taxa de sudorese de atletas de judô e sua associação com escores subjetivos de fome e apetite
Authors: Barros Jaqueline de , Fernandes Ana Paula Oliveira , Oliveira Juliana Valéria Serra , Stulbach Tamara Eugenia , Garcia Luciana da Silva , Peron Alessandra Nunes , Dattilo Murilo
Published: December 2011

O judô, assim como outros esportes que envolvem categorias de pesos, é uma modalidade em que os atletas apresentam grande risco de hipo-hidratação devido aos processos de desidratação involuntária e/ou voluntária. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a taxa de sudorese (ml/min) de judocas em um dia de treino e associar o grau de desidratação com alterações subjetivas de fome e apetite. A amostra foi composta por 14 atletas (nove homens e cinco mulheres), com idade média de 19,6 ± 5,9 anos. Para a realização do estudo, foram mensuradas a massa corporal e as taxas subjetivas de fome, apetite e esforço, expressas em uma escala de zero a 10, antes e logo após o treino. A massa corporal foi significantemente menor após o treino (68,8 ± 18,1kg versus 66,9 ± 17,3kg; p < 0,01), com redução de 2,6 ± 1,1%. As taxas de fome e esforço foram significantemente maiores após o exercício (2,1 ± 2,2 versus 4,8 ± 3,6, p = 0,02 e 0 versus 7,2 ± 1,3, p < 0,01), assim como a taxa de apetite por frutas (4,3 ± 3,8 versus 8,0 ± 2,8, p = 0,01). Correlações positivas foram obtidas entre: 1) escala de esforço e apetite por laticínios pós-treino (r = 0,63, p < 0,05); 2) percentual de redução de massa corporal e fome pós-treino (r = 0,55, p < 0,05) e, 3) percentual de redução de massa corporal e apetite por salgados pós-treino (r = 0,59, p < 0,05). Foi possível concluir que a taxa de sudorese média representou um quadro de desidratação moderado ao longo de uma sessão de treino de judô e que alterações no estado de hidratação podem estar associadas com modificações da percepção subjetiva de fome e apetite por determinados alimentos.
Reflexões sobre homofobia e educação em escolas do interior paulista
Authors: Teixeira-Filho Fernando Silva , Rondini Carina Alexandra , Bessa Juliana Cristina
Published: December 2011

Trata-se de um estudo do tipo survey realizado em 2009 junto a 2.282 estudantes de ambos os sexos cursando as três séries do ensino médio em três cidades do interior do Oeste Paulista (Assis, Presidente Prudente e Ourinhos). O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário autoaplicável e anônimo com 131 questões. Neste artigo, reflete-se sobre o quanto @s participantes da pesquisa reproduzem e reforçam, no espaço escolar, os discursos hegemônicos de controle das sexualidades pautados na tentativa de fazer prevalecer a heterossexualidade como a única forma de inteligibilidade sexual, em detrimento de outras formas de manifestação da sexualidade. Discute-se como a homofobia e os dispositivos de controle social das sexualidades (re)produzem preconceitos e estereotipias, resultantes em vulnerabilidades que os adolescentes não-heterossexuais apresentam, tais como: vitimização homofóbica, isolamentos sociais e afetivos, e ideações e tentativas de suicídio. O estudo mostra que o invariante foram as discriminações, as violências homofóbicas e as injúrias que são perpetradas nos valores e discursos dos adolescentes em situação escolar e familiar, demonstrando a institucionalização da homofobia como prática regulatória da construção social e psicológica de gêneros e identidades sexuais. Destaca-se quão importante é, para a escola, apropriar-se de meios de desconstrução das normativas heterocentradas, visando preservar os direitos e a cidadania de pessoas que não se identificam aos modelos vigentes da heterossexualidade.
Formação continuada de professores e resultados dos alunos no SARESP: propostas e realizações
Authors: Bauer Adriana
Published: December 2011

O presente trabalho apresenta resultados obtidos por meio da pesquisa realizada entre 2005 e 2006, intitulada Uso dos resultados do SARESP: o papel da avaliação nas políticas de formação docente, cujo propósito foi analisar possibilidades e limites da utilização dos resultados obtidos pelos alunos no Sistema de Avaliação do Rendimento Escolar do Estado de São Paulo (SARESP) para a formulação e o direcionamento de políticas de formação de professores. As preocupações recaíram sobre os programas de formação em língua portuguesa para o ensino fundamental. Foram visitadas quatro das treza diretorias regionais de ensino da capital do Estado de São Paulo a fim de conhecer o trabalho de formação docente realizado e analisar em que medida ele se relacionava aos dados obtidos no SARESP. O estudo qualitativo teve como principal estratégia a enquete exploratória, com uso de roteiros de entrevista e de observação semiestruturados. O referencial teórico sintetizou contribuições de Dennis Palumbo (1998) e de Marcus Figueiredo e Argelina Figueiredo (1986) para a compreensão do conceito e das etapas da política pública, assim como de Elba Barreto e Regina Pinto (2001), Blaine Worthen, James Sanders e Jody Fitzpatrick (2004) e Almerindo Afonso (1998) a respeito da discussão da avaliação de programas, entre outros. Concluiu-se que, apesar de a documentação dos programas de formação e o SARESP declararem que há relação entre os resultados da avaliação e os programas propostos, a concretização desse propósito depende do engajamento dos profissionais presentes nas diretorias de ensino. As ações formais da Secretaria da Educação para induzir esse uso de resultados não se mostraram suficientes para assegurar o pretenso vínculo entre avaliação e formação docente.
Mensuração da curva escoliótica pela técnica de cobb intraobservadores e interobservadores e sua importância clínica
Authors: Godinho Rigel Rego de Sá , Ueta Renato Hiroshi Salvioni , Curto David Del , Martins Délio Eulálio , Wajchenberg Marcelo , Puertas Eduardo Barros
Published: December 2011

OBJETIVO: Analisar a mensuração manual do ângulo de Cobb entre profissionais com diferentes experiências da área de Ortopedia e Traumatologia e Cirurgia da Coluna Vertebral, para observar se existem diferenças na avaliação das radiografias de pacientes portadores de escoliose idiopática intra e interobservadores, a ponto de influenciar no tratamento e seguimento desses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas para este estudo 22 radiografias simples da coluna toracolombar, póstero-anterior, de pacientes portadores de escoliose idiopática, em acompanhamento regular no ambulatório do Grupo da Coluna do Hospital São Paulo. Os exames foram avaliados por quatro diferentes categorias de profissionais ortopedistas e cirurgiões da coluna vertebral e realizada a mensuração das curvas escolióticas através do método de Cobb. As vértebras terminais das curvas não foram previamente marcadas. Somente foram mensuradas as curvas principais (consideradas as de maior valor angular) de cada radiografia. A reprodutibilidade das mensurações feitas pelos diferentes Observadores (inter-observadores) e entre as duas mensurações de cada Observador (intraobservador) foi analisada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI). RESULTADOS: Foram observadas, quanto às medidas dos ângulos, concordâncias excelentes entre as avaliações intraobservadores, e observadas concordâncias excelentes entre as avaliações interobservadores, uma vez que o CCI em todas as situações manteve-se maior que 0,75, o que representa excelente reprodutibilidade. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que houve concordância excelente (CCI > 0,75) na avaliação dos ângulos nas mensurações das curvas escolióticas intra e interobservadores. Ao mesmo tempo, as mensurações apresentaram variação de até 13,58º intraobservadores, e de até 12,72º interobservadores.
Maine Nursery and Landscape Industry Perspectives on Invasive Plant Issues
Authors: Coats Vanessa C. , Stack Lois Berg , Rumpho Mary E.
Published: December 2011

A survey of the Maine landscape and nursery industry was conducted to identify industry views on invasive plant issues, attitudes towards potential regulation, and to estimate the potential economic costs of banning the sale of specific invasive plant species in Maine. Analysis of the 190 surveys returned (19% of 980 mailed) revealed that 76% of industry member respondents were genuinely concerned about invasive plant issues, and the same percentage felt the horticulture industry is responsible for educating customers about invasive plants. Industry members (68%) did not feel compelled to sell invasive plants merely on the basis of customer attraction to the plant, or due to competition with a neighboring business that sells the invasive plant. Self-reporting of sales indicated that Norway maple ($96K), burningbush ($68K), and Japanese barberry ($44K) constituted the largest portion of annual industry revenue (maximum values reported for 2006 to 2008) derived from the sale of seven identified invasive plants. Industry self-regulation was the most favored form of regulation, although the industry likely would not be significantly affected by legislated state-wide bans of at least purple loosestrife and oriental bittersweet. Bans on other popular invasive plants, including burningbush, Japanese barberry, and Norway maple likely would have a relatively small, short-term impact on the horticulture industry until alternative plants with similar properties were identified. The results of this survey demonstrated a need for identifying which plants are truly invasive or potentially invasive in Maine, as well as a need for open discussion of invasive plant issues among all interested parties in Maine.
New technique for flexural strengthening of RC columns with NSM FRP bars
Authors: Sarafraz Mehdi Esfandi , Danesh Fakhreddin
Published: December 2011

The effectiveness of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets for increasing the compression strength, shear strength and ductility of reinforced concrete (RC) columns has been demonstrated in many studies, but the influence of fibre reinforced polymer jacketing on the flexural capacity of columns is minimal. In this paper, a new retrofit method, which utilises near-surface mounted (NSM), fibre reinforced polymer, is developed to improve the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete columns subjected to bending and compression. This technique is based on bonding fibre reinforced polymer bars into grooves cut in the cover of reinforced concrete columns. For this purpose, seven reinforced concrete column specimens were designed, constructed and subjected to constant axial compression and lateral cyclic loading. In addition, the strengthened columns were wrapped with carbon composites to satisfy seismic detailing requirements. The test results show that the proposed strengthening technique is feasible and effective for improving the flexural capacity and energy dissipation capacities of reinforced concrete columns.
Unidirectional and Bidirectional Intimate Partner Violence Among White, Black, and Hispanic Couples in the United States
Authors: Caetano Rau , Ramisetty-Mikler Suhasini , Field Craig A.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the rates and risk factors of unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence (IPV) among White, Black and Hispanic couples in the US. Subjects constitute a multistage area probability sample representative of married and cohabiting couples from the 48 contiguous United States. Results indicate that most couples reporting violence engage in bidirectional IPV. Blacks are more likely than Whites to report bidirectional IPV. In addition, severe unidirectional and bidirectional IPV are more common among Blacks and Hispanics. The results also indicate that predictors of IPV vary depending on whether it is unidirectional or bidirectional. Unidirectional female-to-male IPV and bidirectional IPV are more associated with the characteristics of the female. In contrast, the occurrence of unidirectional male-to-female IPV is associated with a single risk factor, male childhood physical abuse. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing different types of IPV and have important epidemiological and prevention implications.
Validation of the Subtle and Overt Psychological Abuse Scale: An Examination of Construct Validity
Authors: Jones Shallimar , Davidson William S. , Bogat G. Anne , Levendosky Alytia , von Eye Alexander
Published: December 2011

The Subtle and Overt Scale of Psychological Abuse (Marshall, 1999a) is a measure designed to examine previously unevaluated forms of psychological abuse. The scale was originally divided into seven subscales (overt: dominance, indifference, monitoring and discrediting; subtle: undermining, discounting, isolating). A sample of 172 women was used to evaluate the construct validity of this measure. In other words, the internal structure of the measure, its relation to other measures of physical and psychological abuse, and its relationship to other psychological outcomes. Empirical and theoretical approaches were used to replicate and examine the dimensions of this scale. Results revealed that this scale represents a unidimensional construct that is highly correlated to other measures of psychological abuse. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
September 11 Attacks: Prior Interpersonal Trauma, Dysfunctional Cognitions, and Trauma Response in a Midwestern University Sample
Authors: Nixon Reginald D. V. , Nishith Pallavi
Published: December 2011

Undergraduate college students (N = 133) were assessed for posttrauma and depressive symptomatology, posttrauma cognitions, and previous traumatic experiences 1 month after the September 11 attacks in the United States. Negative beliefs regarding oneself and the world mediated the relationship between prior interpersonal trauma and acute trauma symptoms. Acute depression acted as a mediator between prior interpersonal trauma and negative cognitions of oneself and self-blame cognitions. The results suggest that even in a nonclinical, nontreatment seeking college sample, prior traumatic events can play an important role in an individual’s short-term adjustment following indirect exposure to a significant trauma. The differential relationship of negative beliefs on acute trauma symptoms and depression is discussed.
Ordinary People and “Death Work”: Palestinian Suicide Bombers as Victimizers and Victims
Authors: Berko Anat , Erez Edna
Published: December 2011

Applying criminological/victimological concepts and theories, the study addresses the social processes involved in Palestinians’ suicide terrorism and describes Palestinians’ pathways to suicide bombing. The data are derived from in-depth interviews of 7 male and female Palestinians serving prison sentences in Israel for attempted suicide bombing. The social background, context, and experiences of the interviewees, including their recruitment, interactions with the organizations that produce suicide bombing, the tangible and intangible incentives and rewards that motivated them to become suicide bombers, their preparation for the mission, and the strategies employed by the organizations to sustain recruits’ resolve to conform to the plan are described and analyzed. The implications of the findings for theory and public policy are drawn and discussed.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology and Comorbid Depressive Symptoms Among Abused Women Referred From Emergency Department Care
Authors: Lipsky Sherry , Field Craig A. , Caetano Raul , Larkin Gregory L.
Published: December 2011

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) as is comorbid depression. Comorbid depression may exacerbate PTSD severity and chronicity. This study sampled female IPV victims from an urban emergency department to assess the relationship between PTSD symptomatology in the previous 12 months and current depressive symptomatology and to evaluate independent predictors of PTSD symptomatology. Half of respondents had symptoms consistent with PTSD. Those with PTSD symptomatology had significantly higher mean total depression scores and mean scores on 3 of 4 depression subscales than those without PTSD. Depressive symptomatology, being married, sexual IPV, severity of physical IPV, and partner’s consumption of 5 or more alcoholic drinks per occasion at least once a month independently predicted PTSD symptomatology. Our findings underscore the important roles these factors play in IPV-related PTSD and the need for prompt identification and intervention of those at risk.
Conducting Research on Violence in Asian American Communities: Methodological Issues
Authors: Yick Alice G. , Berthold S. Megan
Published: December 2011

Conducting culturally competent research is a challenge as the United States becomes increasingly multicultural. When conducting research on violence in Asian American communities, researchers need to consider how culture, race, and ethnicity influence definitions of concepts, and methodological issues such as research designs, sampling, developing and translating instruments, ethical issues, recruiting research participants, supervising and training interviewers, and disseminating findings. Examples from the authors’ research studies on community violence in the Khmer community, domestic violence in the Chinese American community, and dating violence in Asian American groups are extrapolated to highlight various themes. A commitment to a research program that collaborates with the community under study and cultural experts is vital at every stage of the research process.
Intimate Sexual Victimization Among Women With Protective Orders: Types and Associations of Physical and Mental Health Problems
Authors: Cole Jennifer , Logan TK , Shannon Lisa
Published: December 2011

Intimate sexual violence was examined among a sample of women who had recently obtained protective orders against male partners using three groups: no sexual victimization (n = 368), sexual insistence (n = 114), and threatened and/or forced sex (n = 117). Differences in childhood sexual abuse as well as types of partner psychological abuse, stalking, and severe physical violence experiences were found across the groups. Multivariate analysis showed that women with no sexual victimization had significantly fewer mental health problems than women who had experienced sexual insistence and women who had been threatened or forced to have sex. Findings from this study underscore the importance of health, mental health, and criminal justice professionals assessing for a range of sexually abusive acts when working with victims of partner violence.
Victim Service and Justice System Representative Responses About Partner Stalking: What Do Professionals Recommend?
Authors: Logan TK , Walker Robert , Stewart Cara , Allen Jennifer
Published: December 2011

Research suggests that partner stalking is associated with reassault and lethality as well as increased psychological distress for victims. However, there is a significant gap in information about stalking interventions and the responses of health, mental health, law enforcement, social services, and criminal justice professionals to women experiencing partner stalking. The purpose of this study is to examine the ideas about appropriate and effective responses to stalking victims from professionals in victim services and the justice system. The study also examined differences among rural and urban representatives because prior studies have shown significant differences between rural and urban areas on experiences and responses to partner violence. A total of 152 key informants (38 urban and 114 rural) were interviewed. Study results suggest a need for more training for victim services and justice system professionals on stalking and service needs of women who experience stalking in the context of partner violence.
Gender Differences in Correlates of Recent Physical Assault Among Untreated Rural and Urban At-Risk Drinkers: Role of Depression
Authors: Chermack Stephen T. , Booth Brenda M. , Curran Geoffrey M.
Published: December 2011

This study examined gender-specific correlates of past 6-month physical assault victimization among 468 men and 229 women at-risk drinkers recruited from both urban and rural settings. Both alcohol dependence and depression were associated with physical assault, but there were differences for women and men in the pattern of significant correlates. Specifically, for women the presence of alcohol dependence, depression or their comorbidity all were associated with physical assault. For men, depression by itself was not associated with physical assault, but alcohol dependence and especially alcohol dependence comorbid with depression were significant predictors. Further, there were stronger relationships between demographics and physical assault for men. The results have implications regarding identification of risk factors for physical assault victimization among at-risk drinkers. Overall, the results of this study suggest that screening and prevention interventions for physical assault among at-risk drinkers should target both alcohol use disorders and depression.
Influence of Gender and Experience on College Students’ Stalking Schemas
Authors: Yanowitz Karen L.
Published: December 2011

Although stalking has been increasingly recognized as a serious social problem, surprisingly few studies have investigated perceptions of the specific behaviors that comprise stalking. The focus of this article, therefore, was to further delineate college students’ stalking schemas and to examine the influence of gender and personal knowledge of stalking on their schemas. Participants judged whether or not a variety of behaviors were examples of stalking. Behaviors were designed to range from mild, somewhat ambiguous, examples of stalking to more severe examples. Results revealed an interaction between gender and experience on ratings of mild stalking behaviors. Men who had personal knowledge of stalking (by having been stalked themselves or knowing someone who had been stalked) were significantly more likely to rate mild stalking behaviors as stalking than men who had no experience. In contrast, experience did not affect women’s perceptions of mild stalking, as no differences were found between women as a function of experience. Results are discussed in terms of overall relationship schemas.
What Do Battered Women Want? Victims’ Opinions on Prosecution
Authors: Hare Sara C.
Published: December 2011

Prosecutors have increasingly adopted mandatory prosecution in domestic violence criminal cases. There is little empirical evidence, however, that the policy is a good match for victims’ needs. Interviews with 94 battered women, whose cases were randomly selected from prosecutors’ files, focused on their opinions of prosecuting. A logistic regression explores the factors that predict whether victims favor or oppose prosecution. Open-ended responses are coded into themes using the goals of sentencing literature as a framework. Previous published works are also tentatively grouped into the same themes to look for trends in the field. The most frequent reason why victims oppose prosecution is that the crime is too minor to justify a penalty.
Gender and Multiple Forms of Peer Victimization: How Do They Influence Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment?
Authors: Felix Erika D. , McMahon Susan D.
Published: December 2011

This study explores the relationship among multiple forms of peer victimization (e.g., direct physical/verbal, relational, and sexual harassment) and psychosocial adjustment among urban students and uses cluster analysis to identify subgroups of victims. Students in sixth, seventh, and eighth grade completed self-report surveys about their psychosocial adjustment, peer victimization experiences, and the gender of the other person involved. Results reveal that both physical/verbal victimization and sexual harassment were related to internalizing behavior, and sexual harassment was related to externalizing behavior. Cluster analysis revealed preliminary subgroups of victims. In addition, being victimized by a boy was more strongly related to behavior problems for both boys and girls than the experience of being victimized by a girl. Results suggest that the gender of perpetrators and victims should be considered, and there is a need to include sexual harassment in the study of peer victimization when developmentally appropriate.
Chinese Secondary Students' Knowledge of, and Attitudes Toward, Death, Dying, and Life Education: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Mak Mui Hing June
Published: December 2011

Open and public discussion of death remains one of the greatest social taboos in Chinese communities. Little is known about adolescents' perceptions of death and dying. However, suicide has been the leading cause of death among young people since 1999 in Hong Kong. There is a need to understand the needs and concerns of these young people. A qualitative study was conducted to explore the adolescents' knowledge and attitudes on death and related issues. The sample included 30 Chinese secondary students. The results revealed that these adolescents seldom talked and learned about death and related issues at home or in school. As they conceptualized their views on death and dying, they identified three significant factors: their experiences with death, the mass media, and religious beliefs. Most participants did not know much about death and dying and their emotions toward death varied. Noticeably, 20% of them expressed suicide ideation at some stages of their lives when they were not able to cope with life difficulties. Accordingly, most participants supported the inclusion of the study of death and dying and the value of life in school curricula. Some implications for future education, education policy, and research are suggested.
Intergenerational Transmission, Attitudes, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Times of War: A Comparison between Elderly People and Their Adult Offspring after the Second Lebanon War (2006) and Casting Lead Operation (2008)
Authors: Ron Pnina
Published: December 2011

Background:

While the effects of war on individuals, age groups, and communities have been thoroughly studied, there has been relatively little mention in the literature regarding its differential effects on adult children and their elderly parents and grandparents.

Methods:

Three hundred thirty-eight participants (167 elderly parents and 171 adult offspring) living in the northern and southern regions of Israel, were interviewed after the Second Lebanon War (2006) and the Casting Lead Operation (2008). (A military operation took place at the Israeli southern border as a reaction to the 7 years of missiles bombing from the Gaza strip to the Israeli civilians.) The participants were sampled by a cluster sampling.

Findings:

Elderly population experiences higher levels of PTSD symptoms than their adult children do. Women experience higher levels of PTSD symptoms than men and Israeli Arabs and Druze more than Israeli Jews.

Conclusions:

A policy should be enacted among the local authorities and the governmental offices that would ensure accessibility to and the ability to provide proper care for the elderly population during times of war or terror events. In addition, it is important to setup local teams in every local community to deal with the level of mental and emotional preparedness of the home front and its inhabitants, in case the latter should again become part of the human casualties of the wars and terrorist events that occur in Israel.
How Do States' Safety Net Policies Affect Poverty?
Authors: Wheaton Laura , Giannarelli Linda , Schiferl Michael , Zedlewski Sheila R.
Published: December 2011

How do state safety net policies affect poverty? Safety net policies can dramatically reduce poverty. A full assessment requires use of a Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) that adds near‐cash benefits and tax credits to cash income, deducts necessary expenses, and uses up‐to‐date, geographically‐sensitive poverty thresholds. This analysis implements the SPM in Georgia, Illinois, and Massachusetts to examine the effects of the key safety net programs on poverty. The results show that safety net policies in these three states have substantially different effects on poverty, but federal programs reduce poverty differences across the states.
Editor's Letter
Authors: Skidmore Max J.
Published: December 2011

Editor‐in‐Chief Max J. Skidmore shares his introductory thoughts about the fourth issue of PPP's Third Volume.
Influence of wood properties and technological parameters of processing on cutting power in milling of thermally modified beechwood
Authors: Mandic Marija , Todorovic Nebojsa , Popadic Ranko , Danon Gradimir
Published: December 2011

The paper presents results of influence of thermal modification on cutting
power required for milling wood processing. The experiment was conducted for
the different treatment temperatures (170?C, 190?C and 210?C) and different
technological parameters of processing (feed and cutting depth). Cutting
powers during milling were measured on four groups of beech wood samples,
dimensions 35?16?400 mm, separately for heartwood and sapwood. The following
mechanical and physical properties of the processed samples were tested:
bending properties (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity),
cross-sectional and tangential hardness, and air-dry density. The measuring
device used for measuring, monitoring and displaying cutting power was
developed at the Wood Machining Centre at the Faculty of Forestry in
Belgrade. The results point out the differences in the powers required for
processing heat-treated wood compared to untreated wood. The analysis shows
that with the increase in treatment temperature, the required cutting powers
decrease.
Early Childhood Inclusion: A Postcolonial Analysis of Pre-Service Teachers' Professional Development and Pedagogy in Ghana
Authors: Agbenyega Joseph Seyram , Klibthong Sunanta
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this qualitative study is to make the case for organizing teaching and learning in early childhood around the concept of inclusion rather than transmission of pedagogy through fear and domination. The study explored final-year early childhood pre-service teachers' curriculum planning and evaluation processes, professional education experiences and pedagogical practices, including teacher-child relationships in three kindergartens in Cape Coast, Ghana. A blend of critical postcolonial discursive and framework analysis of data produced three themes: ‘curriculum visibility and invisibility’, ‘children as colonized bodies' and ‘pre-service teachers as voiceless identities’. The article concludes that by clarifying and establishing a realistic postcolonial identity for teacher education, positive concepts of teaching and a new image of teachers and outcomes can emerge.
‘Non-Servile Virtuosi’ in Insubordinate Spaces: School Disaffection, Refusal and Resistance in a Former English Coalfield
Authors: Bright N. Geoffrey
Published: December 2011

This article reviews excerpts from a body of ethnographic data examining some young people's disaffection from, and refusal of, the education project as a whole in a UK coalfield area. Key examples are used to illustrate intergenerational continuities and disjunctions in attitudes to formal education in these exceptional and sometimes ‘insubordinate’ localities. It is argued that reviewing such data in the light of concepts emerging from the literature on Italian autonomist politics of the 1970s — particularly Paulo Virno's work — is potentially fruitful in reclaiming a politics of educational refusal from the dual grip of a middle-class imaginary that abhors it as pathological and dangerous and a body of scholarship that seems incapable of moving beyond either lionising it as heroic or loathing it as nihilistic.
Novel optimal recursive filter for state and fault estimation of linear stochastic systems with unknown disturbances
Authors: Khémiri Karim , Hmida Fayçal , Ragot José , Gossa Moncef
Published: December 2011

Novel optimal recursive filter for state and fault estimation of linear stochastic systems with unknown disturbances

This paper studies recursive optimal filtering as well as robust fault and state estimation for linear stochastic systems with unknown disturbances. It proposes a new recursive optimal filter structure with transformation of the original system. This transformation is based on the singular value decomposition of the direct feedthrough matrix distribution of the fault which is assumed to be of arbitrary rank. The resulting filter is optimal in the sense of the unbiased minimum-variance criteria. Two numerical examples are given in order to illustrate the proposed method, in particular to solve the estimation of the simultaneous actuator and sensor fault problem and to make a comparison with the existing literature results.
Positive stable realizations of fractional continuous-time linear systems
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz
Published: December 2011

Positive stable realizations of fractional continuous-time linear systems

Conditions for the existence of positive stable realizations with system Metzler matrices for fractional continuous-time linear systems are established. A procedure based on the Gilbert method for computation of positive stable realizations of proper transfer matrices is proposed. It is shown that linear minimum-phase systems with real negative poles and zeros always have positive stable realizations.
On the Need for Prevention in the Pension System on the Example of the Demographic Reserve Fund
Authors: Obidziński Piotr
Published: December 2011

On the Need for Prevention in the Pension System on the Example of the Demographic Reserve Fund

The subject of this paper is the Demographic Reserve Fund (DRF) which was established following the November 11th 1998 legal act of on the system of social security. The goal of the paper is the analysis and diagnosis of as well as the forecast for the Fund's demand for the financial means that have emerged after ageing demographic boom generation started entering the retirement age. The forecast is based on the assumptions referring to the demographic, social and economic situation of the country. These assumptions particularly refer to fertility, mortality, economic growth, earnings growth, migration, inflation, unemployment rate, structure of the population with respect to occupational groups and groups being beyond the labor force, indicators of valorization of premiums paid and services from social security, etc.
Local Money - A Response to the Globalisation of Capital?
Authors: Pacione Michael
Published: December 2011

Local Money - A Response to the Globalisation of Capital?

In response to the global financial crisis of 2007, a number of central banks used quantitative easing to address the collapse of confidence and credit. This involved increasing the liquidity of the financial system by creating new money. It is suggested that similar strategies of ‘printing money’ in the form of local currencies may be of value for local communities confronting the challenges of economic globalisation. This paper identifies the local impacts of economic globalisation, examines the underlying causes of the global financial crisis, explains the nature of money, and illustrates the goals and different forms of local money. Finally, the potential value of local currencies as a response to the globalisation of capital is assessed.
The Impact of Media on Fear of Crime among University Students: A Cross-National Comparison
Authors: Kohm Steven A. , Waid-Lindberg Courtney A. , Weinrath Michael , Shelley Tara O'Connor , Dobbs Rhonda R.
Published: December 2011

Fear of crime has been the focus of considerable research in Canada and the United States over the past five decades. An enduring question for researchers is the impact of various forms of media on fear of crime. Specifically, do the salience of specific media types and the amount of exposure to specific news media – newspapers, television, radio, and Internet – affect fear of crime? Using survey data collected at three universities in the United States and one in Canada, this article comparatively examines the impact of media on fear of crime among university students. The results show distinct differences between Canadian and U.S. students, with Canadian students reporting significantly higher levels of fear, particularly of violent crime. The impact of media on fear was inconsistent between the two groups, but media tended to exert a broader range of influence on the American students' fear of crime.
THE ABIDING PRESENCE OF CONSCIENCE: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGAINST THE LAW AND THE MODERN CONSTITUTIONAL IMAGINATION
Authors: Berger Benjamin L
Published: December 2011

In much contemporary constitutional thought the exercise of state power unbounded by or contrary to the law is nothing other than the failure of justice in the constitutional order. Yet it has not always been so. For a substantial period of common-law legal history the exercise of judgment despite the law was viewed as essential to seeing that justice was done. This article argues that attention to the imaginative architecture of our criminal justice system discloses the continued presence of the concept of the positive conscience-based exception as a dimension of modern constitutionalism. This article looks at jury nullification, the royal prerogative of mercy, and prosecutorial discretion as abiding expressions of the idea that law and reason alone are insufficient to give full expression to our sense of state justice. The persistence of these sites for conscience-based decisions unbounded by the law ought to trouble prevailing theories of modern constitutionalism based on the pre-eminence of a reason-driven proportionality in which all decisions must be contained and regulated by the reason of law. Without denying the dangers of the exception, this article suggests that the conscientious decision made against or in spite of the law remains an important component of the way in which we imagine criminal justice.
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS IN THE BALANCE: MODERN EXCLUSIONARY RULES AND THE TOLERATION OF POLICE LAWLESSNESS IN THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH
Authors: Thaman Stephen C
Published: December 2011

This article explores the tension in modern criminal procedure between the goal of ascertaining the material truth of the criminal charge and the respect for important human rights of criminal suspects during the investigation of their alleged criminal responsibility. It examines two major areas where police run the risk of violating and often do violate the constitutional rights of criminal suspects during interrogations and during invasions of privacy in the form of dwelling searches and interception of confidential communications. The approaches of modern democracies to this dilemma run from the strict exclusion of all direct and indirect evidence (fruits of the poisonous tree), whenever a substantial constitutional right is violated, to a discretionary approach, which balances various factors, including the need to ascertain the truth before deciding whether to use the evidence. The ambition of the article is to draw clear lines between when courts should exclude evidence and when discretion can reign.
BASIC RIGHTS AND SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW: THE INCEST CASE
Authors: Lagodny Otto
Published: December 2011

To what extent do constitutional basic rights limit the legislator in the field of substantive criminal law? This is the main question of this article. Its dilemma is that, at least from a continental view, we have two ‘disciplines’ dealing with them: constitutional law and criminal law. The divergence culminates in the concept of the Rechtsgut (public value or interest), which serves as a starting point in the criminal law arena. This difference was decisive in a case where the German Constitutional Court stated that the punishment of incest between natural siblings is not contrary to the German Basic Law. Criminal lawyers disagree with that ruling because the criminal law provision does not protect a legitimate Rechtsgut. The ‘criminal law school’ of the Rechtsgut puts all aspects of legitimate criminalization into one and only box: ‘the’ Rechtsgut. This is not convincing from the point of view of constitutional law.
CITIZENSHIP REVOCATION AS PUNISHMENT: ON THE MODERN DUTIES OF CITIZENS AND THEIR CRIMINAL BREACH
Authors: Lavi Shai
Published: December 2011

Citizenship revocation has recently resurfaced as a source of political and legal debate in many democratic countries. While some countries have rejected the practice mainly on constitutional grounds, others have amended their laws to make it easier for the state to revoke the citizenship of both naturalized and born citizens. Proponents of the practice view it as an administrative measure and a necessary means for defending vital state interests, while opponents view it as a fundamental violation of basic civil and human rights. Countering both positions, the article offers a justification for citizenship revocation under highly limited conditions. It shows why citizenship revocation can and can only be justified as a punitive (rather than administrative) measure in response to a fundamental breach of the duty of citizens as members of an egalitarian, free, and deliberative polity and only as long the revocation of citizenship does not leave them stateless.
CONSTITUTIONALISM AND THE CRIMINAL LAW: RETHINKING CRIMINAL TRIAL BIFURCATION
Authors: Fisher Talia
Published: December 2011

The article challenges the bifurcation of criminal trials into two distinct phases of conviction and sentencing, as well as the all-or-nothing sentencing regime that such separation facilitates. Pointing to the sub-optimality of the bifurcation of decision-making regarding guilt and punishment, the article proposes an alternative sentencing regime – comparative sentencing – in which the severity of the punishment is correlated with the probability of guilt. It shows that in the epistemic space above the ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ threshold, comparative sentencing has a greater deterrent effect than uniform punishment, detached from certainty of guilt. It also demonstrates that when the level of certainty as to the defendant's guilt does not meet the ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ standard, the imposition of partial punishment, reflecting epistemic certainty as to the defendant's culpability, may also lead – in certain circumstances – to better deterrence outcomes than the existing alternative of no punishment (full acquittal).
CONSTITUTIONALIZING SELF-DEFENCE
Authors: Brudner Alan
Published: December 2011

Taking its cue from the Supreme Court of Canada's constitutionalization of the criminal law's unwritten general part, this article illustrates the interaction between criminal law theory and constitutional law that process implies. It does so by applying a criminal law theory of why and when force in self-defence is justified in order to assess the constitutionality of the self-defence provisions of Canada's Criminal Code. The assessment concludes that, though frequently criticized for excessive complexity, the Code's provisions on self-defence accurately track the nuances demanded by the theory of self-defence best qualified to interpret the provisions. That theory, I argue, puts dignity rather than self-preservation at its centre.