bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPECIFIC FEATURES AND CLASSIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS AND INFORMATION RESOURCES
Authors: Kovalska Lesia
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the article is to clarify the specific features of documentary information resources determine the theoretical foundations of the process of their classification, development of classification models based on documentary and source methodology. Research methodology. Methods of historical document science, source studies, archival science were applied, which allowed establishing the attribute of the documentary information resource and its classification within the limits of document science theory. The scientific novelty of the work is to establish the specific features of documentary information resources, identify information characteristics, disclose internal and external features of documents, their further classification as a documentary source of information stored in archives, museums, and libraries. Conclusions. The study made it possible to generalize the theoretical knowledge of historical records management and source study about the specific features of the documentary-information resource and the process of their subsequent classification. Systematization and classification of documentary and information resources expand the possibilities of studying the theoretical foundations of a document, allows you to create a holistic comprehensive vision of the external and internal features of a document as an information resource and a means of communication from the point of view of theoretical and thematic-applied problems. Historical records management, archival studies, and source studies provide for the use of interdisciplinary methodological foundations of scientific research of documentary and information resources. The process of classifying documentary and informational resources of a specific problem-historical study includes the fact that they are an organic component of the informational past of Ukraine.Key words: classification, documentary information resource, document, historical document science, source science, archival science, social communication.
Hairy Indigo Control in Peanut
Authors: Ferrell Jason , Colvin Blaire , Devkota Pratap
Published: June 2021

This publication provides county Extension agents, growers, and pesticide applicators with information on hairy indigo control options in peanut. Written by Jason Ferrell, Blaire Colvin, and Pratap Devkota, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, revised May 2021.
Small-to-Medium-Scale Sensory Evaluation of Horticultural Crops: Standard Sensory Practices
Authors: Campbell Sean Michael , Sims Charles A.
Published: June 2021

This new 5-page publication of the UF/IFAS Environmental Horticulture Department is the third in a series designed to assist producers in the small-to-medium-sized sensory evaluation of their horticultural crops, summarizing the standard sensory evaluation practices established for testing environment, sample ballots, panelist recruitment, and sample preparation. Written by Sean M. Campbell and Charles A. Sims.
A Primer on Exporting to Haiti
Authors: Storz Christina D. , Taylor Timothy G. , Fairchild Gary F.
Published: June 2021

Every year the U.S. Department of State publishes extensive Country Commercial Guides for a large number of countries. These guides provide a great deal of information useful to individuals interested in developing export markets either through direct exports or through direct foreign investment. This paper provides an abridged version of the Country Commercial Guide for Haiti as well as supplemental information of direct relevance to agribusiness firms. It is hoped that the information in this report provides a useful starting point for individuals interested in exploring export or investment opportunities in Haiti. This is EDIS document FE514, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published February 2005.
A Primer on Exporting to Honduras
Authors: Storz Christina D. , Taylor Timothy G. , Fairchild Gary F.
Published: June 2021

Every year the U.S. Department of State publishes extensive Country Commercial Guides for a large number of countries. These guides provide a great deal of information useful to individuals interested in developing export markets either through direct exports or through direct foreign investment. This paper provides an abridged version of the Country Commercial Guide for Honduras as well as supplemental information of direct relevance to agribusiness firms. It is hoped that the information contained in this report provides a useful starting point for individuals interested in exploring export or investment opportunities in Honduras. This is EDIS document FE515, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published February 2005.
A Primer on Exporting to Jamaica
Authors: Storz Christina D. , Taylor Timothy G. , Fairchild Gary F.
Published: June 2021

Every year the U.S. Department of State publishes extensive Country Commercial Guides for a large number of countries. These guides provide a great deal of information useful to individuals interested in developing export markets either through direct exports or through direct foreign investment. This paper provides an abridged version of the Country Commercial Guide for Jamaica as well as supplemental information of direct relevance to agribusiness firms. It is hoped that the information contained in this report provides a useful starting point for individuals interested in exploring export or investment opportunities in Jamaica. This is EDIS document FE516, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published February 2005.
A Primer on Exporting to Mexico
Authors: Storz Christina D. , Taylor Timothy G. , Fairchild Gary F.
Published: June 2021

Every year the U.S. Department of State publishes extensive Country Commercial Guides for a large number of countries. These guides provide a great deal of information useful to individuals interested in developing export markets either through direct exports or through direct foreign investment. This paper provides an abridged version of the Country Commercial Guide for Mexico as well as supplemental information of direct relevance to agribusiness firms. It is hoped that the information contained in this report provides a useful starting point for individuals interested in exploring export or investment opportunities in Mexico. This is EDIS document FE517, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published February 2005.
A Primer on Exporting to Nicaragua
Authors: Storz Christina D. , Taylor Timothy G. , Fairchild Gary F.
Published: June 2021

Every year the U.S. Department of State publishes extensive Country Commercial Guides for a large number of countries. These guides provide a great deal of information useful to individuals interested in developing export markets either through direct exports or through direct foreign investment. This paper provides an abridged version of the Country Commercial Guide for Nicaragua as well as supplemental information of direct relevance to agribusiness firms. It is hoped that the information contained in this report provides a useful starting point for individuals interested in exploring export or investment opportunities in Nicaragua. This is EDIS document FE518, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published February 2005.
A Primer on Exporting to Paraguay
Authors: Storz Christina D. , Taylor Timothy G. , Fairchild Gary F.
Published: June 2021

Every year the U.S. Department of State publishes extensive Country Commercial Guides for a large number of countries. These guides provide a great deal of information useful to individuals interested in developing export markets either through direct exports or through direct foreign investment. This paper provides an abridged version of the Country Commercial Guide for Paraguay as well as supplemental information of direct relevance to agribusiness firms. It is hoped that the information contained in this report provides a useful starting point for individuals interested in exploring export or investment opportunities in Paraguay. This is EDIS document FE520, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published February 2005.
A Primer on Exporting to Venezuela
Authors: Storz Christina D. , Taylor Timothy G. , Fairchild Gary F.
Published: June 2021

Every year the U.S. Department of State publishes extensive Country Commercial Guides for a large number of countries. These guides provide a great deal of information useful to individuals interested in developing export markets either through direct exports or through direct foreign investment. This paper provides an abridged version of the Country Commercial Guide for Venezuela as well as supplemental information of direct relevance to agribusiness firms. It is hoped that the information contained in this report provides a useful starting point for individuals interested in exploring export or investment opportunities in Venezuela. This is EDIS document FE525, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published February 2005.
Glosario de términos usados en riego por goteo y su traducción al inglés (A Glossary of Drip Irrigation Terms and Their Translations in English)
Authors: Sanchez Tatiana , Simonne Eric , Ozores-Hampton Monica
Published: June 2021

En esta publicación se presenta el léxico técnico de riego por goteo en dos secciones. En la primera sección se describen en orden alfabético los términos y sus definiciones en español. En la segunda sección se enlista de forma alfabética los términos y sus definiciones en inglés. En ambas secciones, cada término incluye entre paréntesis su respectiva traducción al inglés o español. Las unidades son expresadas de acuerdo al sistema métrico y al sistema inglés.This publication includes the drip irrigation lexicon in two sections. In the first section, terms and their definitions are alphabetically described in Spanish. The second section lists terms and their definitions in English in alphabetical order. In both sections, each term includes its respective translation into English or Spanish in parenthesis. Units are expressed according to the English and metric systems.
Twostriped Walkingstick, Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll) (Insecta: Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae)
Authors: Thomas Michael C.
Published: June 2021

The most common stick insect in Florida is Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll), the so-called twostriped walkingstick. Other names applied to it and to stick insects in general include devil's riding horse, prairie alligator, stick bug, witch's horse, devil's darning needle, scorpion, and musk mare (Caudell 1903). The last common name is particularly apt as this species is capable of squirting a strong-smelling defensive spray that is painfully irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes (Gray 1835, Meinwald et al. 1962, Eisner 1965, Stewart 1937, Hatch et al. 1993, Paysse et al. 2001, Dziezyc 1992). Several recent inquiries about such incidents prompted the preparation of this circular. This document is EENY-314 (originally published as DPI Entomology Circular No. 408), one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: November 2003. 

EENY-314/IN590: Twostriped Walkingstick, Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll) (Insecta: Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) (ufl.edu)
Pine Sawflies, Neodiprion spp. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Dixon Wayne N.
Published: June 2021

Pine sawfly larvae, Neodiprion spp., are the most common defoliating insects of pine trees, Pinus spp., in Florida. Sawfly infestations can cause growth loss and mortality, especially when followed by secondary attack by bark and wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Scolytidae,). Trees of all ages are susceptible to sawfly defoliation (Barnard and Dixon 1983, Coppel and Benjamin 1965). This document is EENY-317 (originally published as DPI Entomology Circular No. 258), one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: January 2004. 

EENY317/IN592: Pine Sawflies, Neodiprion spp. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) (ufl.edu)
Yellow Fly, Diachlorus ferrugatus (Fabricius) (Insecta: Diptera: Tabanidae)
Authors: Fairchild G. B. , Weems, Jr. Howard V. , Fasulo Thomas R.
Published: June 2021

In Florida, the name "yellow fly" is commonly used to describe a group of about a dozen different yellow-bodied biting flies in the Tabanidae family. However, Florida tabanid experts recognize only one species, Diachlorus ferrugatus (Fabricius), as the "true" yellow fly. (Cilek 2000a). In Belize this species is known as the "doctor fly." The yellow fly is a fierce biter. Like mosquitoes, it is the female fly that is responsible for inflicting a bite. The males are mainly pollen and nectar feeders. Tabanids are most likely encountered in hot summer and early fall weather. They are active during daylight hours. This document is EENY-320 (originally published as DPI Entomology Circular 139), one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: April 2004. 

EENY320/IN595: Yellow Fly, Diachlorus ferrugatus (Fabricius) (Insecta: Diptera: Tabanidae) (ufl.edu)
Applesnails (of Florida), Pomacea spp. (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Pilidae)
Authors: Stange Lionel A.
Published: June 2021

There are three species of applesnails in Florida. One is native and the others are introduced. The Florida applesnail, Pomacea paludosa, occurs throughout peninsular Florida (Thompson 1984). It is the principal food of the Everglades Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Ridgway) and thus should be considered beneficial. The spiketopped applesnail, Pomacea bridgesi, was introduced many years ago into South Florida. However, it is the third species of Pomacea, P. canaliculata, that has caused recent concern to agriculture. This species grows nearly twice the size as the other two species and has become a serious rice pest in many countries. This document is EENY-323 (originally published as DPI Entomology Circular 388), one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: March 2004. 

EENY323/IN598: Applesnails of Florida Pomacea spp. (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) (ufl.edu)
Hieroglyphic Moth, Diphthera festiva (Fabricius) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Dunford James C. , Barbara Kathryn A.
Published: June 2021

The hieroglyphic moth, Diphthera festiva (Fabricius), is distributed throughout Florida and tropical or subtropical regions of the New World. The conspicuous larvae often occur gregariously on a wide array of plant species and occasionally are considered pests of pecan, coconut palms, sweet potato and soybeans. This document is EENY-326, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: May 2004.

EENY326/IN601: Hieroglyphic Moth, Diphthera festiva (Fabricius) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (ufl.edu)
Elements of Document Design
Authors: Telg Ricky , McLeod-Morin Ashley
Published: June 2021

This publication on the elements document design is the third of a five-part series on document design. This series also covers the document design process, principles of document design, graphic file formats, and brochure and newsletter design.

Updates previous version:

Telg, Ricky. 2012. “Elements of Document Design.” EDIS 2012 (7). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/119920.
Brochures and Newsletters
Authors: Telg Ricky , McLeod-Morin Ashley
Published: June 2021

This publication on brochure and newsletter design is the fifth of a five-part series on document design. This series also covers the document design process, principles of document design, elements of document design, and graphic file formats.

Updated from previous version:

Telg, Ricky. 2012. “Brochures and Newsletters”. EDIS 2012 (7). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/119922.
Estudo preditivo do impacto orçamentário da Emenda Constitucional nº 95/2016 nas universidades federais brasileiras
Authors: Karam de Oliveira José Claudio , Moreira Chagas Corrêa Denise Maria
Published: June 2021

Em 2016, foi aprovada a Emenda Constitucional nº 95/2016 (EC 95), conhecida como a Lei do Teto dos Gastos Públicos, com o objetivo de limitar o crescimento das despesas primárias para os próximos 20 anos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar o impacto orçamentário da EC 95 nas universidades federais brasileiras, para os anos de 2018 a 2022. Esta pesquisa foi exploratória, quantitativa, documental e censitária, pois abrangeu as 63 universidades federais brasileiras. O estudo preditivo segregou as despesas em: pessoal, investimento e outras despesas correntes, em três cenários: otimista, neutro e pessimista. Os resultados revelaram que a imposição do teto das despesas em todos os cenários indicou que, mantidas inalteradas as demais variáveis, as universidades não conseguirão se adequar ao novo regime fiscal, já no primeiro ano, em 2018, e que os gastos com investimentos serão os mais afetados.
Fatores determinantes do resultado atuarial dos Regimes Próprios de Previdência Social (RPPS) municipais cearenses
Authors: Da Silva Francisco Wilson Ferreira , Mendonça Diniz Gleison
Published: June 2021

A temática previdência tem se potencializado com a perspectiva de reforma estrutural quanto à metodologia de concessão de benefícios previdenciários, principalmente pela insolvência atuarial dos regimes instituídos: o geral, abarcando os empregados regidos pelas leis trabalhistas; e os Regimes Próprios de Previdência Social, abrangendo os servidores públicos estatutários. A análise de dados por meio de instrumentos estocásticos tem se evidenciado como catalisadora da identificação e correção de variáveis determinantes do resultado atuarial, permitindo o estudo da sustentabilidade requerida para as entidades previdenciárias. A partir de algumas variáveis de natureza biométrica, econômica e financeira, na perspectiva da análise de dados observados dos regimes próprios instituídos no estado do Ceará, indagou-se: quais os fatores determinantes do equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial dos RPPS cearenses? Com base na Análise de Regressão Linear e na Análise Fatorial, avaliou-se a relação entre a variável resultado atuarial versus uma ou mais variáveis explicativas, concluindo-se que a variável pensionistas é determinante da variável dependente. Os achados evidenciaram que, quanto maior o número de pensionistas beneficiários de um regime de previdência social próprio no estado do Ceará, menor o resultado atuarial e maior a sua possibilidade de insolvência, isto é, a incapacidade de pagamento de benefícios previdenciários no longo prazo.
Indicadores de corrupção e Tribunais de Contas: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Piqueras Garcia Gilson
Published: June 2021

Apesar de a corrupção ser considerada um dos maiores problemas contemporâneos, existe muita dificuldade e pouco consenso sobre as suas formas de medição. Por isso, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre indicadores de corrupção. Os objetivos específicos são estudar a literatura sobre economia e corrupção, pesquisar os indicadores de corrupção de percepção (subjetivos) e revisar o estado da arte sobre os indicadores de corrupção objetivos regionais baseados em dados dos Tribunais de Contas. Esta pesquisa se justifica na medida em que indicadores são fundamentais para implementar e controlar políticas públicas de combate à corrupção. A técnica usada no estudo é a revisão bibliográfica narrativa. O estudo conclui sugerindo que se busque um indicador de corrupção objetivo regional, válido e consistente, baseado em fontes de dados acessíveis, confiáveis e permanentes.
Preservice Teachers' Preferred Definitions of Intelligence, and Related Demographics (Age, Gender, Educational Level, Academic Domains and educational Psychology Enrollment), as Predictors of their Implicit Beliefs of Intelligence
Authors:   , Bacchiocchi Michelle
Published: June 2021

Problem Just as teachers help their students bridge their prior knowledge to new understandings of ideas including conceptions of intelligence, preservice teachers as future teachers are undergoing the same training and work environment. Preservice teachers' implicit beliefs and their preferred definitions of intelligence are important, since as persons of authority they influence children and their beliefs about ability. For future teachers, there is limited empirical evidence exploring preservice teachers' implicit beliefs about intelligence and how they define intelligence. Method A survey was used to collect data on implicit beliefs about intelligence and definitions of intelligence from a sample of 262 preservice teachers from the Midwestern United States. Data was analyzed to understand the relationship between the independent variables of age, gender, educational level, academic domains, and educational psychology coursework, and the dependent variables of implicit beliefs about intelligence and preferred definitions of intelligence. Results The study showed that, in general, preservice teachers have a growth mindset regarding intelligence and ability. With non-parametric chi-square testing, the analysis demonstrated that preservice teachers have a preferred definition of intelligence and the majority preferred a definition that supports different learning styles. Using linear regression, the results indicated that preservice teacher's implicit beliefs about intelligence predicted their preferred definition of intelligence. Utilizing multiple linear regression, the study also indicated that younger teachers and females were more likely to endorse a growth mindset. Conclusions Implicit beliefs about intelligence and the preferred definitions of intelligence for preservice teachers were confirmed. With this information, preservice teachers can be better prepared to serve their future students. The conclusions collected from this study can be a stimulus for conversations among educator preparation institution faculty who are training preservice teachers and give them insights into how they can better support those preservice teachers who have fixed views of intelligence.
Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles on Histopathology and Electron Microscope Ultrastructure of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Gills
Authors:   PhD Student of Ecotoxicology, Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran., Mansouri Borhan , Johari Seyed Ali ,   Department of Fisheries, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: The increasing use of nanomaterials and nanoproducts has increased the possibility of contamination of the environment, which may have adverse effects on different organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles on histopathology and gill ultrastructure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under laboratory conditions. Methods: Zebrafish were exposed to four concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0.0015, 0.00375, 0.0075, and 0.015 mg/l) for a period of 4 days. Gill ultrastructure and histopathological changes were studied using scanning electron microscope and haematoxylin - eosin staining. Results: Exposure to silver nanoparticles significantly (P < 0.001) increased the diameter of gill filaments and secondary lamellae, while silver nanoparticles significantly reduced the length of the secondary gills in zebrafish. Moreover, other changes such as vacuolization, dilated and clubbed tips, hyperplasia, edema, fusion, swelling of mucocytes, hypertrophy, and necrosis were observed. The effects of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish gills were dose dependent. Conclusion: Based on the adverse effects of AgNPs on zebrafish gills, silver nanoparticle solutions can be hazardous pollutants for the environment.
A Retrospective Study on Snakebite Victims in a Tertiary Referral Center
Authors:   Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital Poison Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Zamani Nasim , Modir-Fallah Rad Leila ,   Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital Poison Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Soltaninejad Kambiz ,   Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran., Shadnia Shahin ,   Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital Poison Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Snakebite is a serious public health problem in the world. The annual incidence of snakebites ranges from 4.5-9.1 in 100,000 population in Iran. With regard to diversity of envenomation profiles in different geographical parts of Iran, the aim of this study was to determine the demographical data, clinical and laboratory findings, and the outcome of the snakebite victims referred to a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional study in Loghman Hakim Hospital Poisoning Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, during a four-year period from March 2007 to March 2011. The demographic data, clinical manifestations, paraclinical findings, treatments performed before hospital admission, time elapsed between the bite and hospital admission, total dose of antivenom and the patients’ outcomes were investigated. Results: Seventy cases (58 males, 12 females) were evaluated. Most of the cases (79%) were older than 20 year old. The most common bite site was upper extremity (67%). Most of the patients were admitted within 5 h after the snakebite. The most common local and systemic manifestations were swelling (90%), pain (81.4%), nausea and vomiting (24.3%). Leukocytosis (35.7%) and thrombocytopenia (25.7%) were the most common laboratory abnormalities. Most of the patients (97.1%) were treated with antivenom. Fifty percent of the patients only received 3-5 vials of antivenom. The mortality rate was 1.4%. Necrosis of the toes and compartment syndrome were the only serious complications. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of early admission to the hospital and treatment with antivenom to avoid morbidity and mortality.
Histopathological Study of Protective Effects of Honey on Subacute Toxicity of Acrylamide-Induced Tissue Lesions in Rats’ Brain and Liver
Authors:   DVM, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran., Ahrari Roodi Parichehr , Moosavi Zahra ,   Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran., Afkhami Goli Amir ,   Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran., Azizzadeh Mohammad ,   Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran., Hosseinzadeh Hossein ,   Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: The therapeutic potential of honey is related to antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species because it contains compounds such as polyphenols; therefore, we evaluated the potential protective effect of honey on subacute toxicity of ACR by histopathologic study on tissue lesions in rat. Methods: In Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 2016, male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups. To induce toxicity, ACR was injected (50 mg/kg for 11 d) to rats in 5 groups. In treatment groups, rats received three doses of honey 1.25, 2.5, and 5 g/kg in addition to the ACR. The two remaining groups received vitamin E (200 IU/kg) and normal saline as positive and negative control respectively. On the last day, after necropsy, tissue specimens from brain and liver were collected for histopathological studies. Results: Receiving of ACR caused tissue injuries including degeneration, necrosis, hyperemia, hemorrhage and inflammation in liver; ischemic cell change, hyperemia, hemorrhage and edema in brain tissue. Administration of honey considerably reduced tissue damages caused by ACR, particularly with dosage 5 g/kg. Conclusion: The severity of tissue lesions caused by the ACR can be reduced by honey, likely through its antioxidant activity. Increasing concentrations of honey will enhance its effectiveness.
Arsenic and Lead Contaminations in Commercial Fruit Juices of Markets in Mashhad, Iran
Authors:   PhD of Clinical Toxicology, Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Balali-Mood Mahdi , Riahi-Zanjani Bamdad ,   PhD of Toxicology, Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Mahdizadeh Adeleh ,   BSc of Nursing, Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Moradi Valiallah ,   MSc of Toxicology, Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Fazeli-Bakhtiyari Rana ,   PhD of Analytical Chemistry, Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Contamination of fruit juices with heavy metals presents a risk for human health. Concentrations of lead, and arsenic in fruit juices of market in Mashhad, Iran, were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Methods: Fifty varieties of commercial fruit juices (grape, apple, orange, pomegranate, and multi-fruit) from 5 popular brands (A, B, C, D and E) were purchased from local markets of Mashhad during spring and winter 2016. Five samples of each brand were analyzed by AAS. Results: The mean concentrations of lead and arsenic were 39.4 and 1.9 ng/mL, with a range of 18.5–54.6 and 1.52-2.35 ng/mL, respectively. The orange A and multi-fruit A samples had a higher lead level than the others, whilst multi-fruit E contained the lowest. The lowest arsenic content was found in grape B, while the highest was found in multi-fruit C. Conclusion: Eighty-three percent of the samples had lead levels exceeding the maximum level (30 ng/mL) accepted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, while arsenic levels were below the maximal permissible value (10 ng/mL). Due to the fact that fruit juices are used by all age groups including infants and children, it is necessary to minimize the health risk from heavy metal contamination in fruit juices. For this reason, the amount of heavy metals contaminants in fruit juice samples should be regularly checked and controlled by the local health authorities.
A Comparative Analysis of Saffron and Methylprednisolone on Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats
Authors:   Department of Internal Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran., Bahtouee Mehrzad , Fatemikia Hossein ,   Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Movahed Ali ,   PhD of Biochemistry, Persian Gulf Tropical Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran., Esmaili Abdolhamid ,   Department of Pathology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran., Hassan Yaghoob ,   BSc of Nutrition, Student Research Committee Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran., Zarei Mohammad ,   Department of Internal Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran., Seyedian Ramin ,   Department of Pharmacology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of saffron and methylprednisolone on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Methods: This study was conducted in Bushehr, southern Iran in 2017.The animals were divided into four groups of five rats each. Three groups were injected with a single intratracheal dose of bleomycin (5 mg/kg). The fourth group was administered with normal saline at the same volume (200 µl). Saffron extract dissolved in water was given to one group (100 mg /body weight) orally while intraperitoneal injection of methylprednisolone (2.5 mg/kg) injected to another one for 16 days. The rats were sacrificed 28 days following surgery and their right and left lungs were removed and washed for measuring lung indices, myeloperoxidase activities and finally histopathological examination. Results: Injection of bleomycin caused decrement of body weight aggravated by intraperitoneal methylprednisolone treatment. Lung indices were increased in the bleomycin-treated group compared with the control, while methylprednisolone, unlike saffron, had no preventive effects on it. Both saffron and methylprednisolone treatment prevented the increase in lung myeloperoxidase as a destructive enzyme. In addition, excessive collagen deposition and thickening of alveolar septa were significantly prevented with saffron treatment as compared to methylprednisolone injection following hematoxylin and eosin staining. Conclusion: Saffron with established antioxidant properties could prevent some detrimental effects in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis even more than methylprednisolone injection known as a standard therapy in this murine model. More investigations must be carried out to examine the beneficial or harmful effects of this remedy.
Evaluation of Cytotoxicity Effects of Combination Nano-Curcumin and Berberine in Breast Cancer Cell Line
Authors:   MSc of Medical Biotechnology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., ZiaSarabi Parisa , Hesari AmirReza ,   Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Bagheri Malihe ,   MSc of Medical Biotechnology, Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Baazm Maryam ,   Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Ghasemi Faezeh ,   Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Berberine and Nano-curcumin are two herbal medicines with strong anti-cancer effects on tumor cells, but low toxicity on normal cells, when used alone. Breast cancer is known as the most common cancer in women and second deadly one. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity effects of combination Berberine and Nano-curcumin in breast cancer cell line to see whether they have further synergism cytotoxicity on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Methods: The cytotoxicity effects of Berberine and Nano-curcumin alone and in combination, were evaluated in MCF-7 cell lines using MTT cytotoxicity test. Statistical analysis is done through one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple range tests. Results: Analyzing results of this study showed that cytotoxicity of Nano-curcumin was higher than Berberine in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of combination Berberine and Nano-curcumin was lower and showed higher cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells compared with the time we use each of these drugs alone. Conclusion: In this study co-treatment of Berberine and Nano-curcumin significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and resulted in synergism cytotoxicity effects. These results indicated on their potency to further combination of these two drugs with other agents and common chemotherapies to improve breast cancer outcomes.
Effects of 1:1 Mixture of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennioides Root Bark Extracts on Haematological Parameters, Liver and Kidney Function Indices of Male Rats
Authors:   Department of Chemical Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria., Salau Amadu Kayode , Yakubu Musa Toyin ,   Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., Oladiji Adenike Temidayo ,   Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Published: June 2021

Background: This study evaluated the effects of 1:1 mixture of aqueous root bark extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill & Perr (Combretaceae) and Terminalia avicennioides Guill & Perr (Combretaceae) in male rats. Methods: Male rats were orally administered a 1:1 mixture of both extracts (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) for seven days. Liver and kidney function indices, haematological parameters and the levels of malondialdehyde were evaluated in the animals at 7 days post-administration of the mixture of the extracts. Results: Administration of mixture of the extract significantly (p<0.05) increased the activities of liver and kidney alkaline phosphatase and reduced the serum alkaline phosphatase, liver and serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase activities. The mixture also decreased the levels of serum chloride ions, liver and kidney malondialdehyde. Furthermore mixture significantly (p<0.05) increased the serum total protein concentrations whereas the levels of serum albumin, creatinine, urea, potassium, sodium and bicarbonate ions, red blood cells, white blood cells and their related indices were not significantly (p>0.05) altered. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the mixture caused functional toxicity of the liver and kidney of male rats without any evidence of haematotoxicity. The consumption of the 1:1 mixture of the plant extracts at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight has some toxic implications in male rats.
Dichlorvos Induced AChE Inhibition in Discrete Brain Regions and the Neuro-Cognitive Implications: Ameliorative Effect of Nigella Sativa
Authors:   Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., Imam Aminu , Adebayo Muhammed ,   Department of Paediatrics Neurology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria., Abdulmajeed Wahab Imam ,   Department of Paediatrics Neurology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria., Alli-Oluwafuyi Abdulmusawir ,   Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., Amin Abdulbasit ,   Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., Ibrahim Abdulmumin ,   Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., Gwadabe Sadiya ,   Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., Popoola NiyiAbdulGafar ,   Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kwara State University, Nigeria.
Published: June 2021

Background: There has been a rise in accidental poisoning cases resulting from the indiscriminate use and exposure to Dichlorvos (DDVP), especially in developing countries, and no antidote with satisfactory efficacy is currently available. Thus, we investigated the AChE reactivation potential of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) following DDVP induced AChE inhibition patterns in the brain and the associated cognitive implications. Methods: Fourty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each.; The controls were administered PBS (1 ml/kg); DDVP (8.8 mg/kg) was given to the experimental group I; while DDVP+NSO (8.8 mg/kg + 1 ml/kg) and NSO (1 ml/kg) was administered orally to the experimental groups II and III respectively. All treatments lasted for 14 consecutive days. Morris Water Maze (MWM) paradigm was used to assess the working memory, then rats were euthanized, the brain excised, three brains were fixed for histological examination (Nissl staining), and the other seven brains were homogenized for AChE activity and Ca2+ concentrations. Data were analyzed statistically, using ANOVA method and P values of ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: In this study, DDVP differentially inhibited AChE activities in various brain regions: cerebellum (86.1%), hippocampus (40.6%), frontal cortex (33.2%), medulla (21.5%), spinal cord (14.8%), and occipital cortex (8.9%). It reduced Ca2+ concentration, but had no effect on the delayed escape latency in the MWM, nor impaired the neuro-architectures. NSO caused increased AChE activities, Ca2+ concentration and reduced escape latency, and improved histologic architectures. Conclusion: We concluded that NSO reactivated DDVP-induced AChE inhibition and improved memory indices, thus, it may serve as a potential treatment in the management of DDVP poisoning cases.
Characterization of an Industrial Sewage Sludge and Its Evaluation for Land Application
Authors:   Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran., Mohammadi Galangash Mohsen , Mahdavianpour Mostafa ,   Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Ghafouri Safa Samira ,   Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Sewage treatment leads to the production of large amount of sludge, containing organic matter and nutrients and considering requirements for recycling could be used as fertilizer. The sludge may also contain various pollutants that pose serious harm to human health and the environment. This study aimed at characterizing the industrial sewage sludge and evaluating its capability as fertilizer with no or a minor pretreatment. Methods: The sludge’s organic matter and nutrient contents, heavy metals, organic and microbial contaminants were determined and compared to literature data and international guidelines. Results: The organic matter, nutrients, phosphorous, and exchangeable potassium contents of the sludge samples were significantly high as follows: 33.6 ± 2.85 %, 6.29 ± 0.16 %, 1.41± 0.01 % and 1.236 g/kg, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals was 94.3 ± 59.5 mg/kg. The concentration of heavy metals, organic contaminants, such as PCBs, BTEX, and PAHs, and microbial contents (coliforms & E. coli) were lower than those reported by other studies. Toluene concentration was high. Conclusions: All characteristics of the sludge samples, except for the toluene and microbial contaminations, were acceptable for its use as land fertilizer. Both toluene and microbial contaminants can be removed, using thermal conditioning as a pretreatment.
Assessment of Mercury Accumulation and Magnification in a Freshwater Food Chain: Sediment, Benthos and Benthivorous Fish
Authors:   hD of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing, China., Khoshnamvand Mehdi , Almasieh Almasieh ,   Department of Nature Engineering, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Mollasani, Iran., Kaboodvandpour Shahram ,   Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan. Sanandaj, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Present study was conducted to measure the level of total mercury (tHg) in sediments, benthos and benthivorous fish (i.e., common carp) for determining Biota (Benthos)-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF), as well as Biomagnification Factor (BMF) of tHg between two trophic levels of benthos and benthivorous fish caught from Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir (SGR) in the west of Iran. Methods: Samples of sediments and benthos biomasses were collected from three sampling stations. Common carps were captured around the selected stations during July to December 2010. Results: Means accumulated tHg (±SE) in sediments, benthos masses and muscle tissue of common carp were 117.66±9.72, 94.3±5.02 and 233.21±20.67 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively. Means accumulated tHg in benthos masses and muscle tissue of the common carp during the studying months showed no significant differences (P>0.05), while it was significantly differed in sediment samples (P<0.05). Results showed that there were statistically significant differences between accumulated tHg between sediment and benthos mass samples collected from the study sites (P<0.05). Conclusion: During the study, all calculated BSAF measurements were less than one, indicating transmission of mercury from sediment to benthos was not considerable. However, mercury BMFs was higher than one, denoting mercury biomagnification occurred from the benthos trophic level to the higher trophic level (i.e., common carp) in study site. Hence, the health considerations have to be taken in to the account for consumption of fishery products of SGR.
Investigation of Aflatoxins in Imported Animal Feeds in Iran
Authors:   PhD of Biophysics, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran., Mazaheri Mansooreh , Mahmoudi Maymand Masoumeh ,   MSc of Toxicology, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Aflatoxins (AF’s) are secondary metabolites produced by certain species of fungi on grains and animal feeds. Because of serious impact of AF’s on health, they should be monitored closely in potentially hazardous foods and feeds. Method: In this study, AF’s in imported animal feeds including cereals, corn gluten and meals (pastes derived from the cotton, colza and sunflower seeds) from several Iranian ports were investigated. To determine AF’s contamination in feeds, the HPLC method coupled with immunoaffinity column clean up and post column derivatization were used. Results: The results showed that 44.2% of samples were positive for AF’s at levels of 0.5 to 103.8μg/Kg. Nine of the positive samples (3.7%) showed total AF’s concentrations (B1, B2, G1 and G2) higher than the limit established by the regulated Iranian standards. Conclusions: The results of the present investigation showed that the level of aflatoxin contamination in these feeds samples was variable. Among the samples, corn was more susceptible to various AF species than other tested substrates.