bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective effect of vildagliptin on TNF‐α‐induced chondrocyte senescence
Authors: Bi Jianping , Cai Wusheng , Ma Teng , Deng Aiwei , Ma Ping , Han Ye , Lou Chunbiao , Wu Leilei
Published: April 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common age‐related disorder. Chondrocytes in joint tissue play a critical role in normal articular cartilage function and tissue homeostasis. Local inflammatory cytokine‐induced chondrocyte senescence contributes to the development and progression of OA. Various dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors have been widely used to treat type 2 diabetes. Here, we report a novel pharmacological role of the DPP‐4 inhibitor vildagliptin in chondrocyte senescence. Our data indicate that DPP‐4 is an inducible factor responsive to tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) treatment in chondrocytes. The inhibition of DPP‐4 by vildagliptin ameliorates TNF‐α‐induced chondrocyte senescence as determined by cellular senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐Gal) activity. Vildagliptin displayed protective capabilities against TNF‐α‐induced chondrocyte cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Moreover, vildagliptin suppresses the three major TNF‐α‐induced chondrocyte senescence proteins including p53, p21, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1). Vildagliptin also suppresses TNF‐α‐induced p53 acetylation at K382. Consistently, our findings demonstrate the inhibitory effect of vildagliptin on p53 acetylation, which is mediated by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) as the inhibition of SIRT1 negated the inhibitory action of vildagliptin on p53 acetylation. Furthermore, we found that the effect of vildagliptin on SIRT1 protection is adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) dependent, and the inhibition of AMPK activity negated the protection of vildagliptin against SIRT1 and chondrocytes senescence. In conclusion, our study explored the molecular mechanism and protective effect of the antidiabetic drug vildagliptin against chondrocyte senescence, and our findings imply that vildagliptin has a therapeutic potential in OA. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 1–2, 2019
Association of expression quantitative trait loci for long noncoding RNAs with lung cancer risk in Asians
Authors: Sun Qi , Wang Yuzhuo , Fan Jingyi , Li Zhihua , Zhang Jiahui , Wang Lijuan , Fan Xikang , Ji Mengmeng , Zhu Meng , Dai Juncheng , Ma Hongxia , Jin Guangfu , Hu Zhibin , Shen Hongbing
Published: April 2019

Identification of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression quantitative trait loci (lncR‐eQTL) that associated with lung cancer can provide insights into regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA, and help reveal the role of lncRNA in lung cancer. A two‐stage case‐control design was implemented in this study. We first selected the lncRNAs that differently expressed based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project (75 normal and 708 tumor tissues) and identified eQTLs for selected lncRNAs based on data of 278 normal lung tissues from the the genotype‐tissue expression database. Then we selected lncR‐eQTLs that associated with lung cancer based on two lung cancer GWAS datasets (7127 cases and 6818 controls). Promising lncR‐eQTLs were further replicated in an additional population (1056 cases and 1053 controls). Functional annotations of the identified lncR‐eQTLs and related lncRNAs were finally performed by using multiple public databases. Our eQTL analysis finally detected three lncRNA‐eQTLs, rs793544 in 3q13.12 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15; confidence interval [CI]:1.09‐1.22; P = 2.30 × 10−6), rs7234707 in 18p11.31 (OR = 1.1; CI:1.05‐1.15; P = 9.01 × 10−5) and rs1600249 in 8p23.1 (OR = 1.1; CI:1.05‐1.16; P = 1.27 × 10−4), that were consistently associated with the risk of lung cancer. These findings indicate that lncR‐eQTLs may serve as novel susceptibility markers for lung cancer.
Efficacy and safety of lithium and lamotrigine for the maintenance treatment of clinically stable patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials with an enrichment design
Authors: Oya Kazuto , Sakuma Kenji , Esumi Satoru , Hashimoto Yasuhiko , Hatano Masakazu , Matsuda Yuki , Matsui Yuki , Miyake Nobumi , Nomura Ikuo , Okuya Makoto , Iwata Nakao , Kato Masaki , Hashimoto Ryota , Mishima Kazuo , Watanabe Norio , Kishi Taro
Published: April 2019

Aim

Whether patients with adult bipolar disorder (BD) who have been clinically stabilized with lithium or lamotrigine should continue this medication is not established fully. This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of lithium and lamotrigine for maintenance treatment in clinically stable patients with adult BD.

Methods

This meta‐analysis included only double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials with an enrichment design that selected patients who responded acutely to lithium or lamotrigine. Reports prior to November 15, 2018, were retrieved from the PubMed/Cochrane Library/Embase. The primary outcome was the relapse rate due to any mood episode at the study endpoint. Other outcomes were relapse rates due to a manic/hypomanic/mixed episode or depression at the study endpoint, discontinuation rate, death, and death by suicide. Risk ratios (RRs) (95% confidence intervals) were calculated. When the random‐effects model showed significant differences between groups, the number‐needed‐to‐treat (NNT) was estimated.

Results

The search retrieved two studies regarding lithium (N = 218) and four evaluating lamotrigine (N = 706). Both drugs were superior to placebo for reducing the relapse rate due to any mood episode [lithium: RR = 0.52 (0.41‐0.66), P < 0.00001, I2 = 0%, NNT = 2.3 (1.6‐4.2); lamotrigine: RR = 0.81 (0.70‐0.93), P = 0.004, I2 = 0%, NNT = 8.3 (5.0‐25.0)] and all‐cause discontinuation. There were no significant differences in other outcomes between lithium or lamotrigine and the placebo groups.

Conclusion

Both drugs showed benefit for preventing relapse in clinically stable patients with adult BD. However, the number of studies and patients in this analysis was small.
Effect of processing parameters on the fabrication of fiber metal laminates by vacuum infusion process
Authors: Dariushi Soheil , Rezadoust Amir M. , Kashizadeh Roya
Published: April 2019

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are hybrid structures made of fibrous composite layers that are located between thin metal layers and joined together by resin. In the current fabrication process, FMLs require prepreg and use of an autoclave or press. This will increase the cost of production and limit the size of the piece to the dimensions of the autoclave or press. Hence, there is an interest in finding methods of construction that are affordable and have no dimensional limitations but also does not reduce the quality of the part. Vacuum infusion is a convenient and economical way to provide high‐quality composite components. In this article, the possibility to construct FMLs with this method, as well as the effects of different parameters such as the number of layers, the type of fiber, and the presence of holes in metal layers on the time and quality of parts, is investigated. The fibers used consisted of unidirectional fibers (300 and 600 g/m2), woven, and CFM (300 g/m2). The results show that, increasing the number of fibrous layers, metal sheets or using woven fibers increased the infusion time, and the presence of holes in aluminum layers or using CFM fibers reduced the infusion time. However, the presence of holes in aluminum layers significantly reduces the time of infusion but weakens the mechanical properties of the FMLs. The results of the tensile tests showed that, although the elastic modulus does not change, ultimate strength and fracture strain of the specimen containing holes were 9% and 27% less than the specimen without hole, respectively.
Property improvement of a fibrous composite using functionalized carbon nanofibers
Authors: Anjabin Reza , Khosravi Hamed
Published: April 2019

This work focuses on the preparation and characterization of multiscale epoxy‐matrix composites reinforced by basalt fibers and carbon nanofiber (CNF). CNF powders were first functionalized with 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis; then, the epoxy resin was incorporated with 0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 0.3 wt%, and 0.5 wt% f‐CNF. The influence of functionalized‐CNF (f‐CNF) loading on the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), tensile, and wear behaviors of the multiscale basalt fiber/epoxy composites was studied. Whereas a relatively small improvement (12%) in tensile strength was achieved, a remarkable enhancement in ILSS (73%) was obtained for the multiscale specimen with an f‐CNF loading of 0.3 wt%. Also, the multiscale specimen filled with 0.5 wt% f‐CNF showed an improvement of 37% in tensile modulus. The wear rate and friction coefficient of the 0.3 wt% f‐CNF loaded composite were decreased by 56% and 38% with respect to the neat specimen, respectively. To establish the microstructure‐property relationship, the worn and fractured surfaces of the specimens were analyzed.
Herbicidal activity of isobenzofuranones and in silico identification of their enzyme target
Authors: Teixeira Milena G , Alvarenga Elson S , Lopes Dayane T , Oliveira Denilson F
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Given the weed resistance to various herbicides with different mechanisms of action, the search for new compounds that are more effective and exhibit low levels of impact to other species in nature has been imperative in the field of the agriculture. For this purpose, 16 phthalides, and furan‐2(5H)‐one were synthetized and evaluated for their effectiveness as herbicides in seeds of Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), and Allium cepa (onion). Furthermore, a preliminary in silico study was carried out to identify the enzyme target of the most active compounds.

RESULTS

In the assays with S. bicolor, the mixture rac‐(3aR,4R,5S,6S,7S,7aS)‐5,6‐dibromohexahydro‐4,7‐methanoisobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐one + rac‐(3aR,4R,5R,6R,7S,7aS)‐5,6‐dibromohexahydro‐4,7‐methanoisobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐one (15a + 15b) showed comparable inhibitory activity to (S)‐metolachlor, which was used as control herbicide at concentrations ranging from 50 μm to 1000 μm. The developments of the seeds evaluated were altered by all 17 compounds, either stimulating or inhibiting. The best results were presented by compounds 15a, and 15b, either in their pure form or as a mixture.

CONCLUSION

The results presented by 15a, and 15b were superior to the activity of the commercial herbicide (S)‐metolachlor in the assays with C. sativus, and A. cepa. The in silico study provides strong evidence that the most active compounds bind to strigolactones esterases D14 through the same binding site of (5R)‐5‐hydroxy‐3‐methylfuran‐2(5H)‐one (H3M), which is one of the strigolactones (SLs) cleavage products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
WIC Participation and Relative Quality of Household Food Purchases: Evidence from FoodAPS
Authors: Fang Di , Thomsen Michael R. , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Novotny Aaron M.
Published: April 2019

We examine the effect of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on the quality of household food purchases using the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) and propensity score matching. A healthy purchasing index (HPI) is used to measure nutritional quality of household food purchases. WIC foods explain the improvement in quality of food purchases, not self‐selection of more nutrition‐conscious households into the program. The improvement in purchase quality was driven entirely by WIC participating households who redeemed WIC foods during the interview week. There was no significant difference between WIC participants who did not redeem WIC foods and eligible nonparticipants. In this sample, there is no evidence that lack of access to clinics has adverse effects on participation nor is there evidence that HPI depends on supermarket access. A supervised machine learning process supports our main conclusion on the importance of WIC foods.
Two‐dimensional gas chromatographic method for direct determination of formalin
Authors: Tharpa Kalsang , Diwakar Makarand , Tantry Sudha , Naidu Kola S. , Rosa A. D. , Deshpande Raj
Published: April 2019

A direct two‐dimensional gas chromatographic method is proposed for simultaneous determination of aqueous formaldehyde and other products present in the reaction sample. Using Deans switch, HCHO‐H2O peak pair eluting from the first dimension column is heart cut into the second column where H2O and HCHO are separated and quantified using thermal conductivity detection. Formaldehyde being a dissolved gas, the influence of the plunger speed on the repeatability was investigated. A reduction in the plunger speed from 300 (default) to 5 μL/min results in a major improvement in repeatability precision from 9.6 to 0.7 (RSD). The method is being used to quantify initial and final amount of HCHO in the range 0.02–0.36 g/g, along with other reaction products. The proposed method is validated by analyzing three commercial aqueous formaldehydes using two different techniques: USP29‐NF24 (by titrimetry) and derivatization method involving HCHO‐2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine derivative on a high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection system.
Large Deviation Principles of Obstacle Problems for Quasilinear Stochastic PDEs
Authors: Matoussi Anis , Sabbagh Wissal , Zhang Tusheng
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we first present a sufficient condition(a variant) for the large deviation criteria of Budhiraja, Dupuis and Maroulas for functionals of Brownian motions. The sufficient condition is particularly more suitable for stochastic differential/partial differential equations with reflection. We then apply the sufficient condition to establish a large deviation principle for obstacle problems of quasi-linear stochastic partial differential equations. It turns out that the backward stochastic differential equations will also play an important role.
Evolution of multicellularity: cheating done right
Authors: Veit Walter
Published: April 2019

For decades Darwinian processes were framed in the form of the Lewontin conditions: reproduction, variation and differential reproductive success were taken to be sufficient and necessary. Since Buss (The evolution of individuality, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987) and the work of Maynard Smith and Szathmary (The major transitions in evolution, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995) biologists were eager to explain the major transitions from individuals to groups forming new individuals subject to Darwinian mechanisms themselves. Explanations that seek to explain the emergence of a new level of selection, however, cannot employ properties that would already have to exist on that level for selection to take place. Recently, Hammerschmidt et al. (Nature 515:75–79, 2014) provided a ‘bottom-up’ experiment corroborating much of the theoretical work Paul Rainey has done since 2003 on how cheats can play an important role in the emergence of new Darwinian individuals on a multicellular level. The aims of this paper are twofold. First, I argue for a conceptual shift in perspective from seeing cheats as (1) a ‘problem’ that needs to be solved for multi-cellularity to evolve to (2) the very ‘key’ for the evolution of multicellularity. Secondly, I illustrate the consequences of this shift for both theoretical and experimental work, arguing for a more prominent role of ecology and the multi-level selection framework within the debate then they currently occupy.
Family well-being is valued more than personal well-being: A four-country study
Authors: Krys Kuba , Capaldi Colin A. , Zelenski John M. , Park Joonha , Nader Martin , Kocimska-Zych Agata , Kwiatkowska Anna , Michalski Piotr , Uchida Yukiko
Published: April 2019

Well-being is recognized as a fundamental human goal and a universal human aspiration. However, some cross-country studies suggest that the desirability of the most often studied concept of well-being—personal life satisfaction—varies across countries, and we know little about the desirability of other types of well-being. Extending this novel area of research, we argue that focusing on the family (as compared to the individual) as the subject of well-being may be another important distinction in how well-being is conceptualized and valued. With data collected in four countries that tend to occupy different positions in rankings of personal life satisfaction (i.e., Canada, Colombia, Japan, and Poland), we document that, irrespective of cultural context, family well-being is valued over personal well-being. These findings suggest that policy makers and scientists may need to pay more attention to family well-being than they currently do.
Les guerriers et leurs domestiques dans la ville seigneuriale de Hagi
Authors: Tôru Morishita
Published: April 2019

La société du Japon de l’époque d’Edo était dominée par les guerriers (bushi), regroupés dans des villes sous la surveillance de leurs seigneurs, les daimyô. Ces guerriers, coupés de toute activité productive agricole ou artisanale, ou du commerce, vivaient de l’exploitation du travail des paysans et entretenaient une nombreuse domesticité. L’historiographie s’est longtemps interrogée sur la place de ces valets de guerriers dans la société des Tokugawa : étaient-ils aux derniers échelons de la condition guerrière ou devaient-ils être assimilés à la masse des domestiques employés par le reste de la population ? L’étude du cas du fief de Hagi montre que la domesticité guerrière était en réalité intimement liée au fonctionnement des vasselages et au prestige de la condition des bushi. Quoiqu’étant des travailleurs sans qualification et à l’origine sans patrimoine, les valets n’en recherchaient pas moins des moyens de sécuriser des positions avantageuses qu’ils avaient pu obtenir, en subvertissant ainsi les hiérarchies sociales.
Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments
Authors: Barak Aharon
Published: April 2019

This paper deals with the question of an amendment to the constitution that has been made pursuant to the formal requirements of the constitution but deviates from its basic structure. The paper explores different views regarding this question in comparative law. It also examines the applicability ofthe doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments in Israel.
External Review of Constitutional Amendments? International Law as a Norm of Reference
Authors: Garlicki Lech , Garlicka Zofia A.
Published: April 2019

This article is built around three general observations. The first is that, in the current stage of the development of constitutional theory and practice, there is a need to create procedures allowing the review of constitutional amendments. The second is that traditional mechanisms, in particular the “internal” review of constitutionality of constitutional amendments, may not always be able to provide sufficient protection against amendments that run counter to the existing constitutional structure. The final observation is that, in the current state of globalization, international law—in particular international human rights law—may play a significant role in an “external” assessment of the legitimacy of constitutional amendments. This role of international law is particularly well developed in Europe, and most of our conclusions therefore focus on the European perspective. Given the universal nature of human rights, however, at least some of these conclusions may also be validfor other regions of the world.
The Challenge of Reconciling Constitutional Eternity Clauses with Popular Sovereignty: Toward Three-Track Democracy in Israel as a Universal Holistic Constitutional System and Theory
Authors: Weintal Sharon
Published: April 2019

Since the concept of democracy made its premiere, popular sovereignty has always been one of its fundamental characteristics. Nevertheless, many democracies have adopted eternity clauses (non-amendable constitutional provisions) as well as the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine (the judicial power to strike down amendments to the constitution on substantive grounds), seemingly betraying the established democratic tradition. Including eternity clauses in a constitution certainly poses a challenge to any democracy, namely that of resolving the tension between their freezing effect on the legal system and the democratic notion of popular sovereignty. The intuitive question is why bother? Why address this challenge in the first place rather than uprooting eternity clauses from the constitutional system altogether, thereby resolving the inner tension they generate? One answer is that eternity clauses are presumably here to stay. More to the point, however, is that their presence in a legal system is desirable, since their absence would leave a modern democracy vulnerable to irresponsible normative acts by an incompetent body of representatives. Although Israel's Basic Laws do not include formal eternity clauses, its legal system tends to limit the scope of amending power where the Zionist project is concerned, thereby freezing the imperfect founding formula of the Jewish state. As a result, Israel as a Jewish democratic state faces the same challenge of resolving the tension between the freezing effect and popular sovereignty. This article argues that this challenge can be successfully met as soon as eternity clauses are integrated within a three-track democracy—a holistic constitutional system and theory. As a constitutional system, it distinguishes between three decision-making tracks and identifies the basic norm of the legal system with a nation's collective will or dynamic founding narrative. As a constitutional theory, it justifies constitutionalism and judicial review mainly for the purpose of regulating a nation's evolution. Eternity clauses play a pivotal role in three-track democracies by blocking the first decision-making two tracks in order to force revolutionary movements to engage in the consensual third track. This protects society from a unilaterally-imposed revolution—an act liable to be detrimental to the delicate evolutionary process.
In Memoriam: Edda Farnetani (1936–2010)
Authors: Recasens Daniel
Published: April 2019

Edda Farnetani died peacifully on the 14th of December of 2010 at her home on the Lago di Garda at the age of 74.
In Memoriam: Ilse Lehiste (1922–2010)
Authors: Beckman Mary E. , Shockey Linda
Published: April 2019

Long-time IPA member Ilse Lehiste died on 25 December 2010 after a brief bout with pneumonia. Her death marked the end of more than six decades of meticulous and ground-breaking research in many of the phonetic sciences and in several tangent disciplines within historical linguistics.
The Emerging Infectious Challenge ofClostridium difficile-Associated Disease in Massachusetts Hospitals: Clinical and Economic Consequences
Authors: O'Brien Judith A. , Lahue Betsy J. , Caro J. Jaime , Davidson David M.
Published: April 2019

Objective.

To estimate the clinical and economic burden ofClostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) in Massachusetts over 2 years.

Design.

A retrospective analysis of Massachusetts hospital discharge data from 1999-2003 was conducted. Cases of CDAD in 2000 were identified using code 008.45 from theInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; patients were excluded if they had a hospitalization in the prior year during which a diagnosis of CDAD was recorded. Hospitalizations for CDAD during 2001 and 2002 were examined. For primary case patients (ie, those for which CDAD was the principal diagnosis), all inpatient costs were deemed to be related, whereas for secondary case patients, all-patient refined diagnosis-related group assignment, case severity level, and length of stay (LOS) were used to calculate incremental costs attributable to CDAD. Costs were adjusted to the national level and reported in 2005 US dollars.

Results.

The CDAD cohort consisted of 3,692 patients; 59% were women, and the mean age was 70 years. This group represented 1% of all patients hospitalized in Massachusetts in 2000 (96% of hospitals treated at least 1 case; range, 1-257 cases). Of patients who received a first hospital diagnosis of CDAD in 2000, a total of 28% were primary case patients; their mean LOS was 6.4 days, and the mean cost per stay was $10,212. For secondary case patients, the mean CDAD-related incremental LOS was 2.95 days, and the mean incremental cost per stay was $13,675 per patient. Of patients with CDAD who survived their index stay in 2000, a total of 455 (14%) had at least 1 readmission for CDAD within the subsequent 2 years (mean number of readmissions, 1.4 per patient; range, 1-7 readmissions), with a mean time to first readmission of 3 months. Over 2 years, a total of 55,380 inpatient-days and $51.2 million were consumed by CDAD management.

Conclusion.

CDAD is widespread in Massachusetts hospitals. Rehospitalization with CDAD, if it occurs, generally happens within a few months and happens multiple times for some patients. Based on this study's findings, a conservative estimate of the annual US cost for CDAD management is $3.2 billion dollars.
Clinical Outcomes After Endovascular Coiling in High-Grade Aneurysmal Hemorrhage
Authors: Diaz Roberto Jose , Wong John H.
Published: April 2019

Object:

Our experience in Calgary was reviewed to determine the safety and clinical effectiveness of coiling in patients with high-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods:

Patients with Hunt-Hess grades IV and V aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who underwent endovascular coiling between January 1999 and April 2009 at Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada were reviewed. The primary outcome measure was the Modified Rankin Score after at least six months. Secondary outcome measures included extent of aneurysm occlusion and peri-procedural complications. In patients with favourable functional outcomes, Barthel's Index (BI), Re-integration to normal living index (RINL), and Zung depression scale (ZDS) were determined.

Results:

Thirty-three patients were identified (median age of 57 years; 73% female) and 69% were Hunt-Hess grade IV subarachnoid hemorrhage and 22 % were grade V Endovascular coiling resulted in absence of residual flow into the aneurysm fundus in 91%. Only seven procedure-related complications occurred with no deaths attributed to the procedure. Vasospasm, hydrocephalus, and pneumonia were the most common non-procedural complications. Average follow-up was 27 +/- 17 months. Overall mortality was 32%, but 53% of patients had good functional outcome (mRS<3). Nine patients completed the BI, RINL, and ZDS with average BI 99 +/- 2, RINL 89 +/- 14, ZDS 33 +/-11, suggesting minimal deficits in function and mood.

Conclusions:

Endovascular coiling in patients with high-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage is safe. While the morbidity and mortality from high-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage remains significant, favourable radiologic and functional outcomes can be achieved in a significant proportion of these critically ill patients.
La fabrique des droits hydrauliques
Authors: Lamouroux Christian , Xiaoping Dong
Published: April 2019

Grâce aux matériaux recueillis dans un groupe de villages du Shanxi (Chine), les auteurs analysent l’histoire des anciens droits hydrauliques qui lient ces villages entre eux. Au sortir de la collectivisation socialiste, la nouvelle alliance que leurs chefs ont choisi de réactiver visait à préserver les ressources en eau tout en maintenant les liens entre les villages. La gestion de l’eau collective se fonde sur une hiérarchie, légitimée par la longue durée de l’histoire, en tendant ainsi à figer des rapports inégalitaires.
Gouverner les eaux courantes en France au XIXesiècle
Authors: Ingold Alice
Published: April 2019

Cet article analyse comment s’élabore le gouvernement des eaux courantes dans la première moitié du XIXesiècle, en combinant leur inscription dans la catégorie des choses communes, une extension du droit de police de l’administration et des garanties nouvelles apportées aux usages. L’enquête porte sur la tentative des ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées de concevoir une « gestion intégrée » des eaux d’une vallée. Comment cette politique ouvret- elle une réflexion sur ledroitqui pourrait la soutenir, sur le rôle de l’administrationdans sa mise en oeuvre et sur lessavoirsqui pourraient la fonder ? La conflictualité de cette politique est observée à partir de l’analyse d’une controverse scientifique et technique qui se déploie en Roussillon puis enrôle l’Académie des sciences et la Société centrale d’agriculture. On y observe comment l’administration tente de faire prévaloir une définition unifiée du cours d’eau, visant à la fois à hiérarchiser les différents acteurs d’un bassin, particulièrement lesanciens usagerset lesnouveaux entrants, et à défendre un espace d’intervention indépendant de celui de la justice. La mesure des eaux occupe une place centrale, au travers de la discussion de la notion depénurie, et engage des conflits entre administration et justice pour la régulation des eaux. Les savoirs déployés par les ingénieurs, savoirs naturalistes et savoirs de la mesure, renvoient à leur capacité à rendre compatibles des usages, des pratiques et des savoirs concurrents de la rivière. Ils se heurtent en même temps à la capacité pratique du droit à trancher des conflits.
La nature, sujet de droit ?
Authors: Hermitte Marie-Angèle
Published: April 2019

La diversité biologique et ses composants, ce que l’on appelle souvent la nature, restent aujourd’hui des objets de droit, assortis de régimes juridiques très divers. Pourtant, de nombreuses lois et décisions de justice les dotent de qualités ou de régimes qui sont généralement réservés aux sujets de droit, introduisant un doute – et l’on peut parler, a minima, de situations hybrides. Cet article passe en revue toutes les situations limites : chez l’animal sa souffrance, son monde mental, pour les végétaux et les animaux les territoires qu’on leur concède. Que dire de l’introduction du préjudice écologique dit pur ? Pourtant, seule la Constitution équatorienne déclare expressément la nature, Pacha Mama, sujet de droit.
Migrations, souveraineté, droits sociaux: Protéger et expulser les étrangers en Europe du XIXesiècle à nos jours
Authors: Rosental Paul-André
Published: April 2019

La fin du XIXesiècle marque moins l’apparition d’une gestion étatique de la migration que son changement de régime. La « protection du travail national » par le développement de l’identification et des barrières aux frontières vient se substituer à une régulationex postfondée sur l’utilitarisme et la subsidiarité (sauf à bénéficier d’une protection sociale communale, les étrangers tombant dans l’indigence étaient menacés d’expulsion). À l’avènement de cette xénophobie institutionnelle, les réformateurs sociaux, bientôt relayés par le Bureau international du Travail, opposent la signature de traités bilatéraux et de conventions internationales rapprochant les droits sociaux des migrants – chômage, retraite, contrat de travail, etc. – de ceux des nationaux. Tout en ayant permis le développement des assurances sociales et de l’État-providence, ces engagements transnationaux interrogent l’exercice de la souveraineté étatique, selon des modalités perpétuées de nos jours par le recours au traité de Gotha de 1851 pour administrer les flux de réfugiés.
Enfance en guerre
Authors: Lee Downs Laura
Published: April 2019

Cet article part d’une comparaison des évacuations française et britannique des enfants citadins vers les campagnes en 1939-1940 pour nourrir une réflexion plus large sur les manières très différentes de concevoir la bonne façon d’éduquer les enfants de part et d’autre de la Manche. À travers cette comparaison, il montre comment cette divergence dans les traditions d’éducation pointe des différences plus profondes dans la perception des besoins affectifs des enfants ainsi que dans la manière d’appréhender les relations famille-état-enfant dans une démocratie libérale et dans une démocratie républicaine à la fin des années 1930.
« S’attacher à des pierres comme à une religion locale… »: La terre d’origine dans les diasporas des XVIe-XVIIIesiècles
Authors: Muchnik Natalia
Published: April 2019

L’attachement au pays d’origine est bien analysé pour les diasporas contemporaines afin de démontrer leur dimension transnationale et décrire leurs rapports avec l’état-nation. Pour les XVIe-XVIIIesiècles, en revanche, cette question pourtant fondamentale est minorée au profit des liens entre communautés. Souhaitant sortir des perspectives mono-confessionnelles qui limitent l’historiographie des diasporas modernes, ce travail s’appuie sur l’étude de quatre groupes dispersés : les séfarades, les catholiques britanniques, les huguenots et les morisques. La terre d’origine, qui grave son empreinte culturelle sur la diaspora, constitue un liant structurant fondamental : lieu de l’événement-déclencheur de dispersion et du martyre, elle apparaît comme le front de la résistance qui légitime l’existence de « l’arrière », la diaspora. Territoire matriciel, souvent mythifié et mobilisé dans les visions messianiques, elle est indissociable de la notion de retour.
Les campagnes de la Méditerranée occidentale autour de 1300 : tensions destructrices, tensions novatrices
Authors: Bourin Monique , Carocci Sandro , Menant François , To Figueras Lluís
Published: April 2019

Cet article présente une synthèse des résultats obtenus par une étude internationale menée pendant quatre années sur la conjoncture des années 1300 dans le monde de la Méd.terranée occidentale chrétienne. Il en ressort une image fortement diversifiée. Géographiquement diversifiée : coexistent des régions «émergentes» en plein développement et d’autres dont les ressorts semblent usés. Et socialement diversifiée : les nouveaux chemins de l’économie et de la politique bouleversent les équilibres traditionnels, mettent à mal les anciennes formes de richesse et créent de nouvelles stratégies gagnantes. À la différence de l’Europe du Nord, l’Europe méridionale n’a pas connu la grande famine de 1315. Il n’y a pas, au Sud, de disette généralisée sauf en 1347. Les disettes y sont dues aux distorsions du marché plus qu’à la chute de la productivité des terres cultivées. L’urbanisation y est en pleine puissance et pèse sur les circuits d’approvisionnement. Le commerce pénètre partout et dans tous les milieux, notamment à partir d’un réseau de petites villes qui s’est densifié au cours du XIIIesiècle. Rien n’indique un réel manque de monnaie : le crédit, omniprésent, y supplée mais contribue à redistribuer les cartes économiques et sociales.
Avidité et trahison du bien commun: Une peinture infamante du XIIIesiècle
Authors: Milani Giuliano
Published: April 2019

Sur la base d’une nouvelle lecture d’une inscription conservée au Palazzo della Ragione de Mantoue, l’article propose de réinterpréter la peinture au sein de laquelle cette inscription est insérée comme l’un des premiers témoignages de peinture infamante parvenus jusqu’à nous, réalisée pour punir les citoyens qui avaient remis aux ennemis le château communal de Marcaria en 1251. La présence du motif iconographique de la bourse autour du cou conduit à réfléchir à la définition des comportements contraires à la bonne gestion des ressources publiques dans les communes italiennes du Moyen Âge et, plus largement, à l’usage des images pour véhiculer des messages idéologiques.
Un pays pour la colonie: Mourir de nostalgie en Algérie française, 1830-1880
Authors: Dodman Thomas
Published: April 2019

Bien avant l’époque de la «nostalgérie», les ambitions coloniales de la France en Algérie se heurtaient déjà à une «nostalgie africaine». Comme le découvrirent les premiers soldats et colons qui traversèrent la MÉd.terranée en 1830, cette nostalgie du sol natal était une maladie dangereuse, un mal du pays aux conséquences souvent fatales. Or, à peine quelques décennies plus tard, il ne restait plus de cette pathologie que le nom : diagnostic devenu désuet, la nostalgie laissa la place à une forme bénigne «d’amour du pays» qui, par un retournement original, offrait désormais aux Français d’Algérie la possibilité de se ressourcer dans un cadre de vie familier – dans un pays implanté dans la colonie. Cet article retrace la trajectoire surprenante de cette maladie dont la disparition fut l’occasion paradoxale de relancer une colonisation jusque là chancelante, et de donner corps à l’idée d’une «Algérie française».
Les communautés politiques en France et en Russie: Regards croisés sur quelques modalités du «vivre ensemble»
Authors: Koveneva Olga
Published: April 2019

L’article présente un regard comparatif sur les modalités d’agrandissement de la cause environnementale en France et en Russie depuis des usages locaux. En suivant de près la formation progressive des collectifs écologiques, nous mettons en lumière les exigences qui pèsent sur la transformation de l’environnement de proximité, mais aussi sur celle des personnes en êtres publics. Nous appréhendons les tensions qui accompagnent ce mouvement, les vacillements et basculements entre les attachements locaux et engagements publics, ainsi que les tentatives politiques de laisser place, voire de mettre en valeur au sein-même du format public, les relations personnelles et attaches familières. Cette démarche nous permet de porter un regard symétrique et nuancé sur les cas étudiés et de rendre compte des difficultés et obstacles qui jalonnent le chemin de l’apprentissage de l’exercice démocratique.
Les marges statutaires dans le Japon prémoderne: enjeux et débats
Authors: Carré Guillaume
Published: April 2019

La question des marges statutaires a émergé dans l’historiographie du Japon prémoderne (fin XVIe-milieu du XIXesiècle) au cours des années 1990, dans le sillage de la remise en cause progressive d’une compréhension de la société d’ordres des Tokugawa conjuguant conceptions traditionnelles des statuts sociaux et schémas du matérialisme historique. Alors qu’on considérait jusqu’alors que la structure sociale du Japon prémoderne se composait de quatre statuts hiérarchisés (les guerriers, les paysans, les artisans, les marchands) et de parias, les recherches menées dans l’entourage de Yoshida Nobuyuki et de Tsukada Takashi ont montré que de larges pans de la population ne pouvaient être complètement assimilés à l’un de ces ordres canoniques. L’analyse de la variété des formes d’association des «groupes sociaux» de la période d’Edo et de leurs rapports avec leur environnement social et politique a conduit à reconsidérer la notion même de statut social à l’époque prémoderne, en renouvelant en profondeur l’histoire sociale de cette période et en ouvrant de nouveaux domaines d’investigation pour les chercheurs.
Artistes ou marginaux?: Lessasarade Shinano
Authors: Yuriko Yoshida
Published: April 2019

Lessasaradu sud de la province de Shinano (actuel département de Nagano) étaient une population d’artistes itinérants donnant des spectacles dans plusieurs régions du pays, surtout à l’occasion des fêtes du Nouvel An. Ils étaient obligés d’accomplir dans leurs communautés villageoises de résidence des tâches considérées comme avilissantes par le reste des habitants et y subissaient des discriminations plus ou moins importantes. Pourtant, cessasaraavaient une forte conscience de leur statut et cherchaient à tout prix à se distinguer d’autres groupes qu’ils considéraient comme plus dégradés qu’eux, tels leshinin. C’est pourquoi ils se firent patronner par une institution religieuse, le temple du Mii-dera, et cherchèrent à tirer parti de son prestige pour sécuriser leur position sociale et leurs intérêts. Lessasaran’en restaient pas moins un groupe social à la personnalité ambiguë, à la limite du monde des gueux, de celui des artistes et de celui des religieux mendiants.
Les religieux mendiants d’Ôsaka durant la période prémoderne
Authors: Takashi Tsukada
Published: April 2019

Le formidable développement urbain du Japon au XVIIe siècle provoqua la prolifération de populations de mendiants que les autorités guerrières des cités cherchèrent à contrôler. Dans le cas d’Ôsaka, certains groupes discriminés et relégués dans des ghettos, les hinin, avaient fait de la mendicité leur principale activité professionnelle. Mais il existait d’autres types de quêteurs qui prenaient un prétexte religieux pour recueillir les aumônes, parfois en se livrant à diverses performances. Ces individus réduits à la mendicité, mais qui n’étaient pas à l’origine issus de groupes discriminés, étaient en concurrence les uns avec les autres pour capter la charité des citadins. Aussi, bien qu’écartés en apparence de toute forme de propriété, ces individus cherchaient parfois à se regrouper et à former des associations sous le patronage d’une institution religieuse reconnue, afin de défendre leurs intérêts et de les faire reconnaître par les autorités de la ville, soucieuses de leur côté de mieux encadrer ces populations suspectes.
Faire de l’histoire dans un monde globalisé
Authors: Gruzinski Serge
Published: April 2019

Il y a maintenant presque quarante ans, sous la direction de Pierre Nora et de Jacques Le Goff, des historiens se posaient la question en ouvrant des pistes qui refltaient ltat de la discipline dans notre pays 1. On aurait aujourdhui envie de relancer le dbat en le reformulant : quest-ce que « faire de lhistoire » dans un monde soumis une globalisation chaque jour plus envahissante ? On peut discuter perte de vue des vertus respectives de laworld history, de laglobal history, desconnected historiesou encore des histoires croises. La rflexion historiographique nest jamais superflue, sauf quand elle finit par prendre le pas sur la production historique elle-mme. Avouons quen France, dans la dernire dcennie, on sest davantage interrog sur les origines, les caractristiques, les apports et les impasses de ces courants quon a produit doeuvres qui en seraient le prolongement ou qui leur rpondraient. Il est en effet plus difficile de lancer des chantiers que de dresser des inventaires critiques.
Inpatient psychiatry: why do we need it?
Authors: Sederer Lloyd I.
Published: April 2019

The author makes the case for the necessity of inpatient psychiatric services in a comprehensive, community based, system of care. The editorial begins with an historical perspective on mental hospitals. It then discusses acute and intermediate psychiatric inpatient units. A section also covers forensic units, also indispensable for a region or population of any size. The editorial concludes with a call for recognizing the purpose and value of inpatient services and thus using them most effectively.

Declaration of Interest: None.
Brain anatomy of major depression I. Focus on hippocampus
Authors: Bellani Marcella , Baiano Monica , Brambilla Paolo
Published: April 2019

Here we briefly summarize the most consistent structural MRI studies on hippocampus in major depression and debate the effects of clinical variables on hippocampal morphology.
Patterns of experienced and anticipated discrimination in patients with Schizophrenia. Italian results from the INDIGO international multisite project
Authors: Maggiolo Davide , Buizza Chiara , Vittorielli Michela , Lanfredi Mariangela , Rossi Giuseppe , Ricci Alessandro , Cicolini Alessia , Lasalvia Antonio
Published: April 2019

Aims— To describe patterns of experienced andanticipated discrimination in a sample of schizophrenic patients recruited in Italy in the context of the International Study of Discrimination and Stigma Outcomes (INDIGO).Methods— Cross-sectional survey on a sample of 50 people with clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia recruited in the Italian INDIGO sites of Verona and Brescia. The 41-item interview-based Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-10), which assesses how experienced and anticipated discrimination affects the life of people with schizophrenia, was used.Results— The most frequently occurring areas of experienced discrimination were discrimination by family members (44%), making and keeping friends (33%), keeping (36%) and finding a job (34%), getting or keeping a driving licence (32%). Anticipated discrimination was common in applying for work, training or education (58%), lookingfor close relationships (50%) and doing something important (48%); 68% felt the need to conceal their diagnosis. Positive experiences were rare, and getting welfare benefits/disability pensions was the only area where participants reported being treated with advantage (34%) more commonly than with disadvantage (8%). Overall, experienced discrimination reported by Italian patients was in the intermediate position of the score range of all INDIGO sites, whereas anticipated discrimination was lower than that reported in the other countries.Conclusions— Interventions to reduce discrimination against people with schizophrenia may need to address both actual and anticipated discrimination. Targeted therapeutic strategies aiming to improve self-esteem of people with schizophrenia may be usefulto facilitate their social participation and full inclusion in the community.

Declaration of Interest: The authors declare they have not competing interests.
Primary care and the early phases of schizophrenia in the Czech Republic
Authors: Holub David , Wenigová Barbora , Umbricht Daniel , Simon Andor E.
Published: April 2019

Aim– To explore knowledge, treatment setting, attitudes and needs associated with patients in early phases of psychosis among general practitioners (GPs) in Prague, andto compare results with GPs from 6 countries participating in theInternational GP Study(IGPS)on Early Psychosis(Canada, Australia, New Zealand, England, Norway,Austria).Methods– Survey questionnaires were mailed to 648 GPs in the city of Prague.Results– The response rate was 19.9%. Prague GPs showed significantly lower diagnostic knowledge of early phases of psychosis compared to their international colleagues. They frequently indicated depression/anxiety and somatic complaints as early warnings of psychosis. They more often considered their behaviour to be problematic and more commonly handed them over to specialists. The majority of Prague GPs wished specialized outpatient services for low-threshold referrals of such patients.Conclusions– Along the mental health reforms in the Czech Republic which emphasis the role of primary care, GPs' knowledge of the early warning signs of psychosis needs to be improved.

Declaration of Interest:The study was supported by an unrestricted grant from Sanofi-Synthélabo SA, Switzerland, to the principal investigators of the IGPS (AES, DU). The authors have stated that there are none; all authors are independent from the funding body and the views expressed in this paper have not been influenced by the funding source.
Design concept for a modular in-vacuum Hall probe mapper for in-vacuum undulators and cryogenic permanent magnet undulators of varying magnetic length
Authors: Rank J. , Harder D. , Rakowsky G. , Tanabe T.
Published: April 2019

Both in-vacuum undulators (IVUs) and cryogenic permanent magnet undulators (CPMUs), each important to third-generation light sources, are best characterized in their operating environment. To create a precision Hall probe map of an IVU/CPMU (IVU hereafter), an in-vacuum magnetic measurement (IVMM) system is proposed. Point-by-point measurement of field and trajectory error informs corrective tuning.

A novel design concept for a universal IVMM System has been developed and explored. The IVMM seals to the rectangular Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) flange of the IVU and shares its common vacuum space. Moreover, a modular design permits a wide range of IVUs of varying magnetic length to be mapped with a single IVMM, and is thus cost effective when multiple IVUs of varying configurations are planned. Here we review aspects of the modular IVMM design concept.
Study of Alaskan Landslide Could Improve Tsunami Modeling
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: April 2019

A rare submarine landslide provides researchers with a reference point for modeling the biggest tsunamis.
Linking Observations and Modeling of Flat-Slab Subduction
Authors: Saylor Joel , Finzel Emily , Jadamec Margarete
Published: April 2019

The Center for Tectonics and Tomography: Workshop on Flat Slab Subduction; Houston, Texas, 18–20 January 2019