bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of elevated CO2and nitrogen supply on the carbon assimilation performance and cell composition of the unicellular algaDunaliella viridis
Authors: Gordillo Francisco J. L. , Jiménez Carlos , Figueroa Félix L. , Niell F. Xavier
Published: November 2003

The carbon assimilation efficiency and the internal composition of the chlorophyteDunaliella viridishave been studied under conditions of current (0.035%) and enriched (1%) levels of CO2, with and without N limitation (supplied as nitrate). Results show that both photosynthesis and growth rates are enhanced by high CO2, but the strategy of acclimation also involves the light harvesting machinery and the nutritional metabolism in an N supply dependent manner.D. viridiscarried out a qualitative rather than a quantitative acclimation of the light harvesting system leading to increased PSII quantum yields. Total internal C decreased as a consequence of either active growth or organic carbon release to the external medium. The latter process allowed photosynthetic electron transport to proceed at higher rates than under normal CO2conditions, and maintained the internal C:N balance in a narrow range (under N sufficiency). N limitation generally prevented the effects of high CO2, with some exceptions such as the photosynthetic O2evolution rate.
Evaluating Alcohol Access and the Alcohol Environment in Neighborhood Areas
Authors: Freisthler Bridget , Gruenewald Paul J. , Treno Andrew J. , Lee Juliet
Published: November 2003

Background:This paper examines neighborhood, outlet, and server characteristics related to successful purchases of alcohol by intoxicated patrons and underage drinkers at alcohol establishments. It is hypothesized that outlets in commercial areas near to other premises, with poor exterior maintenance, much advertising, and inexperienced youthful servers will be more likely to sell alcohol to intoxicated and underage patrons.

Methods:Data were collected using pseudo‐intoxicated patron and apparent minor surveys of randomly selected alcohol establishments in a metropolitan area of northern California. Data collection operations included independent surveillance of these drinking places to establish neighborhood and premise characteristics and pseudo‐intoxicated patron and apparent minor stings to assess rates of these forms of illegal alcohol sales. Male actors feigning intoxication and female of‐age youth identified as appearing to be 20 years or younger attempted to purchase alcohol at on‐ and off‐premise establishments, respectively. Rates of sales (off‐premise) and service (on‐premise) were the primary outcomes.

Results:Apparent minors purchased alcohol in 39% of attempts (95% CI, 34–45%) while pseudo‐intoxicated patrons were served alcohol in 58% of attempts (95% CI, 50–67%). Sales to apparent minors were significantly related to percentage of Hispanic residents and areas with greater population density. Sales to pseudo‐intoxicated patrons were more frequent when the server was male and appeared to be under the age of 30. These sales were also more frequent in Hispanic neighborhoods with high population density and high numbers of on‐premise outlets but were less frequent in African American neighborhoods.

Conclusion:The findings suggest that underage and intoxicated patron sales differ by areas. Both forms of illegal sales of alcohol are more likely in highly populated areas of communities. The findings also suggest that server characteristics are strongly related to sales to intoxicated patrons, suggesting some leverage for responsible beverage service programs in these environments.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alcohol, and Tribes: Obstacles to Research
Authors: Villanueva Michael
Published: November 2003

Based on research and clinical experiences on and off Indian reservations in California, Arizona, and New Mexico, the author shares his perspective on systemic obstacles to psychological research in Indian Country. Using those obstacles as a springboard, he maps the emergent epistemological differences between western and native approaches to gathering knowledge and engendering change. The resulting discussion suggests different ways in which research can be conceptualized with Indian tribes.
CARBON NANOTUBES AS A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING CYLINDER
Authors: ANDO TSUNEYA
Published: November 2003

A brief review is given on electronic and transport properties of carbon nanotubes mainly from a theoretical point of view. The topics include a description of electronic states in a tight-binding model and in an effective-mass or k · p scheme. Transport properties are discussed including absence of backward scattering except for scatterers with a potential range smaller than the lattice constant, its extension to multi-bands cases, and long-wavelength phonons and electron-phonon scattering.
Reproductive modes, ontogenies, and the evolution of body form
Authors: Wake Marvalee
Published: November 2003

The evolution and development of complex morphological structures, and of body form, can now be addressed hierarchically, using diverse techniques from multiple theoretical perspectives. Such an 'integrative' or 'holistic' approach is likely to provide more complete insight into the origin of patterns and processes of evolution than the more traditional reductionist mode. Current work on the implications of reproductive mode on the ontogenies of amphibians and the evolution of their body form is an example of that approach. Genome size, egg and clutch size, and a number of other life history traits are involved with developmental rate and pattern (including loss of larval features, ontogenetic repatterning, and modified patterns of organogenesis), and reproductive mode (the presumed ancestral egg-laying vs. direct development and viviparity) is correlated and potentially causal for certain patterns. Such correlations are being explored using a variety of approaches, and examples of this work-in-progress are provided.
Epigenomics: The New Science of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology
Authors: Kardong Kenneth
Published: November 2003

Organisms are more than the genes that look after their assembly. Chemical and mechanical inputs from the environment, epigenomic (≈epigenetic) cues, also have an effect on the final phenotype. In fact, continued environmental influences on the adult phenotype continue to affect its characteristics. Despite its importance, it is a mistake to turn then to epigenomics as a causative agent of evolutionary modification. Within a biological hierarchy, higher levels result from lower-level processes (genes up to phenotype), and lower levels result from higher-level processes (natural selection of phenotypes down to gene pools), respectively, upward and downward causation. Predictable epigenomic cues are assimilated into the genome. The evolved genome therefore incorporates epigenomic cues or the expectation of their arrival, placing the current genome in the position of determining how much epigenomic information is included, what epigenomic information is incorporated, and when epigenomic information initiates gene expression during morphogenesis of the phenotype. Consequently scientific explanations of changes in phenotypes (e.g., morphological design) are of two kinds, causes and boundary conditions. Causes are the events directly involved in producing changes in the state of a biological system; they act within limits or constraints, the boundary conditions. Confusion between these two types of explanation has misled some to equate epigenomic cues, which are boundary conditions, with natural selection, which is a causative explanation. Such confusion extends outside of biology per se where the consequences of non-equilibrium thermodynamics or chaos complexity unfortunately have been championed for their challenge to biological processes. However, because functional and evolutionary morphology employs analytical tools that describe the boundary conditions set by an integrated adaptation, the discipline is most favourably suited to providing explanations of biological diversity and evolution.
Shaping up: how vertebrates adjust their digestive system to changing environmental conditions
Authors: Starck J. Matthias
Published: November 2003

The vertebrate gastrointestinal tract is a flexible system that can individually be modified to account for changes in amount and quality of food as well as changes in internal demands. In this paper, I summarise some recent findings and ideas about processes on the level of tissues and cells that allow vertebrates to adjust their intestines to fluctuating conditions. In mammals and birds intestinal flexibility is based on a balance of cell proliferation and cell loss. Maintenance as well as up- and down-regulation of the mucosa involves bio-production or dystrophy of tissue. Both are assumed to be energetically expensive. In contrast, up- and down-regulation of the mucosal epithelium of ectotherm sauropsids is based on configuration changes of the pseudostratified mucosal epithelium. Up-regulation of the mucosa size does not involve cell proliferation, thus it is presumably an energetically cheap process. A comparison of mammals, birds, and ectotherm sauropsids (mainly snakes) allows the development of some new ideas about the historical path of the evolution of gastrointestinal flexibility. Snakes seem to share with other basal tetrapods a phylogenetically plesiomorphic pattern. Birds and mammals have independently evolved new mechanisms that sustain flexibility at a high metabolic level.
Conflicting demands on the trophic system of Anseriformes and their evolutionary implications
Authors: van der Leeuw Angélique , Kurk Karin , Snelderwaard Peter , Bout Ron , Berkhoudt Herman
Published: November 2003

Within the Anseriformes, the Anatinae (ducks) shows a wide variation in diet and feeding mechanisms, in contrast to the Anserinae (geese and swans). While grazing is common in the Anserinae, only few species within the Anatinae use terrestrial grazing as their main feeding mechanism (e.g., wigeons). This may be explained by conflicting functional demands of grazing and filter-feeding on the trophic system. In this study, the feeding performance, feeding mechanisms and oropharyngeal anatomy is compared between geese, wigeon and a general filter-feeder/pecker, the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). The results show that the functional demands of filter-feeding and grazing are conflicting: filter-feeding requires a bald palatal surface and under-tongue transport for optimal functioning of the lingual cushion as a piston, whereas the transport mechanism of grazing requires large maxillary spines and over-tongue transport to retain grass during tongue protraction. The oropharyngeal anatomy of the wigeon shows a compromise in the small size of the maxillary spines that enable a sliding mechanism for the transport of a limited amount of grass. Filter-feeding is sometimes considered as a key adaptation that led to radiation in the anseriforms (Olson and Feduccia, 1980; Lack, 1974). We suggest, as an alternative hypothesis, that feeding on water plants may have led to the evolution of ridge-like structures in the bills, a sliding mandibular joint and the use of a water flow through the oropharynx (tongue pro- and retractions) for food transport in early anseriforms (cf. geese). A selection pressure on filter-feeding resulted in a large increase in efficiency of this system by the introduction of under-tongue transport of food and water (repatterning of bill and tongue movements) that enables the simultaneous intake and transport of a suspension of food particles (cf. Anatinae, a.o. Aythya and Anas). Terrestrial grazing later evolved by the development of maxillary spines, and in the case of the wigeon, a secondary change from the under tongue transport mechanism to over tongue transport for the grazing and pecking mechanisms only.
New directions in comparative embryology and the nature of developmental characters
Authors: Richardson Michael , Verbeek Fons
Published: November 2003

Does developmental anatomy have a future in the age of molecular biology and digital technologies? Specifically, will morphological characters continue to be used in comparative developmental biology, or will new types of character be defined? Traditionally, comparative embryology was a non-quantitative, 'portrait-gallery' science. Wilhelm His attempted to develop a character-based, more quantitative approach. Quantitative approaches to development have been also been suggested by Meinhardt and others. With the current availability of computing power and the growth of bioinformatics and phylogenetic methodology, quantitative methodologies are increasingly being applied to studies of embryonic development. Our aim in this article is to examine some of these approaches. In both anatomical and molecular studies, the parameters to be quantified are temporal and spatial. Temporal data are analysed by techniques, such as event pairing, that analyse developmental sequences. In this case, the characters are developmental events. Spatial information can be analysed using morphometrics, in combination with computer-assisted 3D reconstruction. In spatial analyses, anatomical parts may be used as the characters. A major challenge in the coming years is to develop techniques for analysing 3D patterns of developmental gene expression and to compare them between species or individuals. Such analyses have to be defined in relation to five dimensions: the 3 orthogonal spatial planes; time; and individuals. The difficulties of such analyses are complicated by problems of homology. Some possible solutions are suggested. For example, it may be possible to use voxels as characters, and to assign to them attributes according to gene expression domains. At first sight, it might seem that traditional morphological characters would no longer be required in comparative embryology. However, we believe that some kind of anatomical framework will always be needed in comparative biology. The interplay between classical morphological characters, gene expression patterns and computing methodologies will be an exciting area for future work.
How Identity and Perspective Constrain Moral Choice
Authors: Monroe Kristen
Published: November 2003

What drives moral action? A narrative analysis of rescuers of Jews during World War II suggests it is not reason or religion (the explanations most frequently offered by scholars), but rather identity and a particular view of self in relation to others. Findings suggest the tremendous power of identity to constrain choice, reveal the complexity of the moral life, underscore the importance of identity for moral motivation, and fill in critical gaps in our understanding of the moral psychology. In particular, an examination of moral exemplars focuses attention on the self concept, especially the extent to which critical values are integrated into one’s sense of self and the extent to which a particular perspective (a way of seeing one’s self in relation to others) triggers a sense of moral salience. The analysis suggests that if we can understand how people see the world and themselves in relation to others, if we can decipher their cognitive frameworks, perceptions, and categorization schema, we may begin to determine why identity exerts such a powerful influence on our treatment of others.
The Vicious Circle of Party Underdevelopment in Russia: The Regional Connection
Authors: Golosov Grigorii V.
Published: November 2003

This article explores the region-level impediments to the process of party formation in Russia during 1993–2002. The design of Russia’s national electoral system produces parties because they are entitled to contest the proportional part of legislative elections. Once produced in this way, parties are motivated to penetrate into the regions. However, the article empirically demonstrates that the parties’ attempts to penetrate the peripheries of the country have failed throughout the period. Region-level factors that impede the process of party formation include the dominant modes of separation of power, electoral systems, and the patterns of intra-elite conflict in the regions. In turn, the lack of territorial penetration makes national political parties unsustainable.
Varieties of Parliamentarianism in the Advanced Industrial Democracies
Authors: Siaroff Alan
Published: November 2003

This article outlines what is meant by a parliamentary form of government and analyzes how such regimes vary in the postwar advanced industrial democracies. A wide range of variables are discussed and measured annually. Factor analysis is used to produce eight different aspects of parliamentarianism. The first two of these yield a twodimensional analysis. Based on these two key factors, it is argued that there are three main types of parliamentary systems: (1) those of cabinet dominance; (2) those that are polarized with a central role for a fragmented parliament; and (3) those of cooperative policy-making diffusion with a working parliament. Generally, the first and third of these are polar opposite types, yet they each manifest greater cabinet durability than the cluster of polarized systems.
Globalization and Recent Political Transitions in Brazil
Authors: de Castro Marcus Faro , Valladão De Carvalho Maria Izabel
Published: November 2003

This article discusses political transitions in Brazil in the context of globalization. It focuses on the political legacies that offered resistance to external processes and on the emergence of “new checks and balances” that constituted the relevant conditions for processes of political decision-making from the 1980s to 2002. It also shows that the management of economic policies, combined with the broader political process, was an important dimension of these political transitions. The article concludes by emphasizing the challenges that exist in the treatment of social issues and the connections between the domestic and the international agendas.
Reconciliation, Assimilation, and the Indigenous Peoples of Australia
Authors: Short Damien
Published: November 2003

Reconciliation as a peacemaking paradigm emerged as an innovative response to some of the mass atrocities and human rights violations that marked the 20th century. It provided an alternative to traditional state diplomacy and realpolitik that focused on restoring and rebuilding relationships. To that end, those creating reconciliation processes have set themselves the difficult task of laying the foundations for forgiveness through the establishment of truth, acknowledgment of harm, and the provision of appropriate forms of justice. In 1991, the Australian government instigated a process of reconciliation between the indigenous peoples and wider society in order to “address progressively” colonial injustice and its legacy (Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation Act 1991: Preamble). This article seeks to demonstrate, however, that restrictive policy framing and a lack of political will have severely hindered the progress of the Australian reconciliation process. An alternative conceptual approach to settler state and indigenous reconciliation is suggested.
Youth Culture and Smoking: Integrating Social Group Processes and Individual Cognitive Processes in a Model of Health-related Behaviours
Authors: Schofield Penelope E. , Pattison Philippa E. , Hill David J. , Borland Ron
Published: November 2003

This article assesses four theoretical models proposed to predict future smoking. Young adults were surveyed at three six-month intervals, the first occurring three months after leaving school. Models 1 and 2 were versions of theory of triadic influence (TTI), which links a person’s behavioural experience and cognitions to their future behaviour. Model 1 did not fit the data; the fit of model 2 was just adequate. Model 3 combined TTI and self-categorization theory (ST), by allowing norms of the individual’s peer group to influence cognitions and future behaviour. It fitted the data well. Model 4, which extended model, provided the best fit. Strength of identification to the peer group was found to enhance the effect of the peer group norm.
Development of the York Angina Beliefs Questionnaire
Authors: Furze Gill , Bull Peter , Lewin Robert J.P. , Thompson David R.
Published: November 2003

It is known that people who have suffered a heart attack can hold misconceived or maladaptive beliefs and that these can have a deleterious effect on quality of life and functioning. It has also been noted that clinicians do not routinely elicit these maladaptive beliefs. It is probable that angina sufferers also hold such beliefs. As angina is a great burden in the western world, with over two million people with angina in the UK alone, there may be large numbers of people who suffer from these frightening and unhelpful misconceptions. We believe that there is a need for a simple questionnaire that could assist the delivery of tailored education directed at dispelling common misconceptions. This article details the development and psychometric properties of just such a brief questionnaire, designed for use both in research and in clinical practice.
Narratives of Obesity as Presented in the Context of a Television Talk Show
Authors: Giles David C.
Published: November 2003

Media representations of health and illness have come under scrutiny for their ability to mislead and misinform the public about health issues. However, the media also provide a public forum in which talk about health and illness may be circulated in a more positive fashion. This article consists of a narrative analysis of an episode of the BBC talk show Kilroy, in which the topic of obesity is discussed by the show’s host and a group of lay guests. Two narratives in particular are examined for their similarities and differences. Both are structured around the idea of a ‘turning point’ that results in successful recovery from obesity, although what constitutes recovery differs in both cases, and is linked to the overall structure of the narrative. It is argued that personal narratives are important conceptual tools for health psychologists to work with, although we cannot lose sight of the mediated context in which these data are produced.
‘Hirsutism’: A Psychological Analysis
Authors: Keegan Anna , Liao Lih-Mei , Boyle Mary
Published: November 2003

Hirsutism, i.e. ‘excess’ body hair in the ‘male’ distribution, is a medical term applied only to women. Although associated with social and psychological difficulties including anxiety, social avoidance and a confusion of gender identity and although it raises important gender issues, there has been little systematic study. No prior research has focussed on the relationship between women’s perceived degree of hirsutism and psychological distress.

A survey of 53 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which often produces ‘excess’ hair growth, was carried out to assess any psychological consequences of perceived hirsutism. Results indicated raised levels of psychological distress overall, but no significant relationships between perceived hirsutism and distress.

Four semi-structured interviews were then conducted to facilitate more in-depth exploration of hirsute women’s experience. Analysis suggested idealized cultural norms for hair growth prevail and excess hair growth contributes to gender inconsistencies and feelings of deviance and stigma. Effective concealment of hair growth and ‘passing’ for normal appear to facilitate relatively high levels of functioning and allows idealized cultural norms to be maintained.
From ‘I Wish’ to ‘I Will’: Social-Cognitive Predictors of Behavioral Intentions
Authors: Garcia Kelli , Mann Traci
Published: November 2003

We tested the ability of several social-cognitive models to predict intentions to engage in two different health behaviors (resisting dieting and performing breast self-exam). All constructs from the health belief model (with and without self-efficacy), the theory of planned behavior (with and without perceived behavioral control) and the motivational process of the health action process approach were measured simultaneously in two subject samples. We hypothesized that models that include self-efficacy (or the related construct of perceived behavioral control) would be more effective than the models that do not include it. Our results supported this prediction. The health action process approach was the best predictor of intentions to engage in both behaviors. Implications for selecting appropriate models on which to base interventions are discussed.
Control Constructs: Do They Mediate the Relation between Educational Attainment and Health Behaviour?
Authors: Leganger Anette , Kraft PÅl
Published: November 2003

Health promoting behaviours seem to be more prevalent among people with higher socio-economic status (SES). The main purpose of this article was to study (a) the relationship between education (as a dimension of SES) and intention and health behaviour (fruit/vegetable consumption), (b) the relationship between education and control conceptualizations (health locus of control (HLC), responseefficacy and self-efficacy) and (c) to what extent the relationship between education and intention/health behaviour (fruit/vegetable consumption) was mediated through different control beliefs. The results showed that women with higher education had higher intentions to consume fruit/vegetables and consumed fruit/vegetables more frequently. Higher education was associated with higher selfefficacy and response-efficacy beliefs and less belief in HLCchance. These control beliefs partly mediated the education–intention/behaviour relationship.
Perceived Risk of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Dietary Behavior
Authors: Weitkunat R. , Pottgießer C. , Meyer N. , Crispin A. , Fischer R. , Schotten K. , Kerr J. , Überla K.
Published: November 2003

The German BSE crisis in early 2001 can be considered as a natural experiment with strong behavioral consequences. The present study investigated psychological and other factors associated with reduced meat consumption compared to the first months of the previous year. As expected, all types of meat, with the exception of poultry and game, were eaten less often. The effect was strongest in beef, where almost half of the sample reported reduced meat consumption. As predicted by the health belief model, perceived threat was associated with subjective vulnerability. It was not, however, strongly associated with perceived seriousness of BSE, probably due to the ubiquitous public discussion of the topic. Reduced beef consumption has three to four times more frequent in the event of subjective threat.
Spirituality, Breast Cancer Beliefs and Mammography Utilization among Urban African American Women
Authors: Holt Cheryl L. , Lukwago Susan N. , Kreuter Matthew W.
Published: November 2003

Spirituality has been shown to be associated with health, and is an important component in the lives of many African Americans. Recent research proposes that spirituality is a multidimensional construct. The present study proposes a two-dimensional model in which spirituality encompasses a belief and behavioral dimension. This hypothesis was examined, as were relationships between these dimensions and spiritual health locus of control, breast cancer beliefs and mammography utilization among African American women. The belief dimension played a more important role in adaptive breast cancer beliefs and mammography utilization that did the behavioral dimension. These findings suggest the importance of spiritual belief systems for health, and implications for spiritual cancer communication interventions are discussed.
Investigation of a New Pathway Forming Naphthalene by the Recombination Reaction of Cyclopentadienyl Radicals
Authors: Murakami Yoshinori , Saejung Taweesak , Ohashi Chikako , Fujii Nobuyuki
Published: November 2003

Mechanism of naphthalene (c-C10H8) formation by the recombination of cyclopentadienyl radicals (c-C5H5) was investigated by monitoring the time profiles of H atom behind the reflected shock of trifluoromethoxybenzene (C6H5OCF3) highly diluted with Ar. The rate constant for c-C5H5 + c-C5H5 → c-C10H8 + 2H was determined to be 3.3 × 1017 exp(−135 kJ/RT) cm3 mol−1 s−1.
What Will the Future Bring? Dominance, Technology Expectations, and Radical Innovation
Authors: Chandy Rajesh K. , Prabhu Jaideep C. , Antia Kersi D.
Published: November 2003

Are dominant firms laggards or leaders at innovation? The answers to this question are conflicting and controversial. In an attempt to resolve conflicting answers to this question, the authors argue that dominance is a multifaceted construct in which individual facets result in differing (and countervailing) propensities to innovate. To identify the overall effects of dominance, it is necessary to consider the effects of these facets taken together. The authors also study a hitherto ignored yet important driver of innovation, technology expectations, and show that managers have widely divergent expectations of the same new technology. Furthermore, even when their expectations are the same, managers of dominant firms display investment behavior at odds with their counterparts at nondominant firms. The authors use a triangulation of research methods and combine insights from lab studies with those from field interviews, archival data, and a survey of bricks-and-mortar banks’ responses to Internet banking.
What Is Uterine Prolapse?
Authors: Voelker Rebecca
Published: January 2024

This JAMA Patient Page describes the condition of uterine prolapse and its risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options.
Public Health, Firearms, and Domestic Violence in US v Rahimi
Authors: Tobin-Tyler Elizabeth
Published: January 2024

This Viewpoint describes the implications of US v Rahimi for public health and safety of persons experiencing domestic violence.
Perceived Success After Participation in the Summer Health Professions Education Program
Authors: Xirau-Probert Patricia , Lai Tram , Black Erik , Fanfan Dany , Blue Amy , Rush Caronne C. , Powers Rachel , Stacciarini Jeanne-Marie R.
Published: January 2024

Importance

The number of active health care professionals has not kept pace with the increasing number of minoritized individuals in the US. The Summer Health Professions Education Program (SHPEP) was developed to alleviate this underrepresentation in the health workforce.

Objective

To evaluate students’ changes in perceived barriers and motivators for entering and succeeding in professional school after SHPEP participation.

Design, Setting, and Participants

For this cohort study, anonymous electronic surveys were sent to the 2017 to 2021 SHPEP participants at an academic health center at a large university in the southern US. Participants were first- and second-year undergraduates interested in the health professions and enrolled in the SHPEP. Program participants were invited to complete the study.

Exposures

An anonymous electronic survey was administered before and immediately after program completion.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The SHPEP Career Barriers Survey (SCBS) is composed of 22 questions on motivators and 20 questions on barriers to entering and succeeding in health professional school. Students responded using a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating strongly disagree and 5 indicating strongly agree. Mixed analysis of variance was used to analyze the program’s latent factors.

Results

Of all 402 SHPEP participants (mean [SD] age, 19.32 [0.88] years) from 2017 to 2021, 325 completed the preprogram survey and 259 also completed the postprogram survey. Of the 325 initial participants, 4 identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander (1.2%); 12 as Asian (3.7%); 188 as Black (57.8%); 95 as Hispanic or Latino (29.2%); 7 as White (2.2%); and 16 as multiracial (4.9%). Two hundred twelve participants were female (65.2%), and 226 were first-generation college students (69.5%). Results of the SCBS indicate that the SHPEP had a significant small to moderate association on perceived motivators (mean [SD] x̅ = 84.60 [9.67] vs 80.95 [8.93]; P = .001) and decreases in perceived barriers (mean [SD] x̅ = 48.02 [13.20] vs 51.72 [11.39]; P = .008). There was no significant difference in program success between studied years.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, the SHPEP appeared to provide essential support for underrepresented students as measured by improved perceived motivators and reduced perceived barriers to entering professional education. Knowledge from this study can assist educators and health care professionals who wish to implement similar enrichment programs.
Breast Cancer Incidence Among US Women Aged 20 to 49 Years by Race, Stage, and Hormone Receptor Status
Authors: Xu Shuai , Murtagh Sara , Han Yunan , Wan Fei , Toriola Adetunji T.
Published: January 2024

Importance

Breast cancer in young women has a less favorable prognosis compared with older women. Yet, comprehensive data on recent trends and how period and cohort effects may affect these trends among young women are not well-known.

Objective

To evaluate breast cancer incidence among young women in the US over a 20-year period by race and ethnicity, hormone receptor status (estrogen receptor [ER] and progesterone receptor [PR]), tumor stage, and age at diagnosis, as well as how period and cohort effects may affect these trends.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 17 registries (2000-2019). Women aged 20 to 49 years with a primary invasive breast cancer were included. Data were analyzed between February and June 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), incidence rate ratios (IRR), and average annual percent changes (AAPC) stratified by race and ethnicity, hormone receptor status, tumor stage, and age at diagnosis.

Results

Out of 217 815 eligible women (1485 American Indian or Alaska Native [0.7%], 25 210 Asian or Pacific Islander [11.6%], 27 112 non-Hispanic Black [12.4%], 37 048 Hispanic [17.0%], 126 960 non-Hispanic White [58.3%]), the majority were diagnosed with an ER+/PR+ tumor (134 024 [61.5%]) and were diagnosed with a stage I tumor (81 793 [37.6%]). Overall, invasive breast cancer incidence increased (AAPC, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.15), with increasing trends across almost all racial and ethnic groups. ASIR increased for ER+/PR+ (AAPC, 2.72; 95% CI, 2.34 to 3.12) and ER+/PR− tumors (AAPC, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.87), and decreased for ER−/PR+ (AAPC, −3.25; 95% CI, −4.41 to −2.07) and ER−/PR− tumors (AAPC, −0.55; 95% CI, −1.68 to 0.60). For women aged 20 to 29 and 30 to 39 years, ASIRs were highest among non-Hispanic Black women (age 20-29 years: IRR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.43 to 1.65; age 30-39 years: IRR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.18). For women aged 40 to 49 years, ASIR was lower for non-Hispanic Black women (IRR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94 to 0.97) compared with non-Hispanic White women. Incidence rates increased for stages I and IV tumors but decreased for stage II and III tumors. Age-period-cohort analysis demonstrated both cohort and period effects on breast cancer incidence (P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this population-based cross-sectional analysis, an increase in breast cancer incidence rates among young US women and age-related crossover between non-Hispanic White and Black women were observed. Prevention efforts in young women need to adopt a targeted approach to address racial disparities in incidence rates observed at different age phases.
Incidence of Fit Test Failure During N95 Respirator Reuse and Extended Use
Authors: Wang Ralph C. , Degesys Nida F. , Fahimi Jahan , Jin Chengshi , Rosenthal Efrat , Lazar Ann A. , Yaffee Anna Q. , Peterson Susan , Rothmann Richard E. , Jones Courtney M. C. , Tolia Vaishal , Shah Manish N. , Raven Maria C. ,   Reuse N95 Group, Harris Anna R. , Kemball Robin , Mitchner Alexis , Wong Angela , Hall Alex , Iqbal Rabbiya , Kramer Michael , Maliszewski Kendall , McBryde Breana , DeAngelis John , Corbett-Valade Emily , Castillo Edward , Maru Apoorva , Gifford Angela
Published: January 2024

Importance

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a widespread acute shortage of N95 respirators, prompting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to develop guidelines for extended use and limited reuse of N95s for health care workers (HCWs). While HCWs followed these guidelines to conserve N95s, evidence from clinical settings regarding the safety of reuse and extended use is limited.

Objective

To measure the incidence of fit test failure during N95 reuse and compare the incidence between N95 types.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective cohort study, conducted from April 2, 2021, to July 15, 2022, at 6 US emergency departments (EDs), included HCWs who practiced N95 reuse for more than half of their clinical shift. Those who were unwilling to wear an N95 for most of their shift, repeatedly failed baseline fit testing, were pregnant, or had facial hair or jewelry that interfered with the N95 face seal were excluded.

Exposures

Wearing the same N95 for more than half of each clinical shift and for up to 5 consecutive shifts. Participants chose an N95 model available at their institution; models were categorized into 3 types: dome (3M 1860R, 1860S, and 8210), trifold (3M 1870+ and 9205+), and duckbill (Halyard 46727, 46767, and 46827). Participants underwent 2 rounds of testing using a different mask of the same type for each round.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was Occupational Safety and Health Administration–approved qualitative fit test failure. Trained coordinators conducted fit tests after clinical shifts and recorded pass or fail based on participants tasting a bitter solution.

Results

A total of 412 HCWs and 824 N95s were fit tested at baseline; 21 N95s (2.5%) were withdrawn. Participants’ median age was 34.5 years (IQR, 29.5-41.8 years); 252 (61.2%) were female, and 205 (49.8%) were physicians. The overall cumulative incidence of fit failure after 1 shift was 38.7% (95% CI, 35.4%-42.1%), which differed by N95 type: dome, 25.8% (95% CI, 21.2%-30.6%); duckbill, 28.3% (95% CI, 22.2%-34.7%); and trifold, 61.3% (95% CI, 55.3%-67.3%). The risk of fit failure was significantly higher for trifold than dome N95s (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.46-2.10).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of ED HCWs practicing N95 reuse, fit failure occurred in 38.7% of masks after 1 shift. Trifold N95s had higher incidence of fit failure compared with dome N95s. These results may inform pandemic preparedness, specifically policies related to N95 selection and reuse practices.
Trends in Encounters for Emergency Contraception in US Emergency Departments, 2006-2020
Authors: Vogt Emily L. , Chibber Shani , Jiang Charley , Owda Rieham , Caldwell Martina T. , Harris Lisa H. , Marsh Erica E.
Published: January 2024

This cross-sectional study of female emergency contraception users examines emergency contraception–related emergency department use disparities and associations with policy changes.
Deciphering metabolic crosstalk in context: lessons from inflammatory diseases
Authors: Verheijen Fenne W. M. , Tran Thi N. M. , Chang Jung‐Chin , Broere Femke , Zaal Esther A. , Berkers Celia R.
Published: January 2024

Metabolism plays a crucial role in regulating the function of immune cells in both health and disease, with altered metabolism contributing to the pathogenesis of cancer and many inflammatory diseases. The local microenvironment has a profound impact on the metabolism of immune cells. Therefore, immunological and metabolic heterogeneity as well as the spatial organization of cells in tissues should be taken into account when studying immunometabolism. Here, we highlight challenges of investigating metabolic communication. Additionally, we review the capabilities and limitations of current technologies for studying metabolism in inflamed microenvironments, including single‐cell omics techniques, flow cytometry‐based methods (Met‐Flow, single‐cell energetic metabolism by profiling translation inhibition (SCENITH)), cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE‐Seq), and mass spectrometry imaging. Considering the importance of metabolism in regulating immune cells in diseased states, we also discuss the applications of metabolomics in clinical research, as well as some hurdles to overcome to implement these techniques in standard clinical practice. Finally, we provide a flowchart to assist scientists in designing effective strategies to unravel immunometabolism in disease‐relevant contexts.
Evaluating eyewitnesses: Translating expressions of pre‐ and post‐identification confidence
Authors: Cash Daniella K. , Russell Tiffany D. , Harrison Alan T. , Papesh Megan H.
Published: January 2024

Although the confidence‐accuracy relationship is now well established, confidence assessments are usually taken after the lineup identification procedure. Witnesses, however, often express confidence in their potential identification accuracy at other times, such as prior to seeing a lineup. Recent research has shown that these post‐identification confidence statements are not consistently interpreted in the manner witnesses intend them. The present studies compare interpretations of pre‐ and post‐identification confidence statements, and examine whether these interpretations are similarly affected by numerical statements and featural justifications. Across four studies, participants read eyewitness confidence statements and judged how confident and accurate they perceived witnesses to be. We manipulated expression type (verbal, numerical), statement type (confidence only, confidence paired with justification), and statement time (pre‐ and post‐identification). Pre‐identification confidence statements were perceived as less confident and less likely to be accurate. Unlike post‐identification statements, pre‐identification statements were not discounted when accompanied by featural justifications.
The effects of lecture speed and note‐taking on memory for educational material
Authors: Chen Ashley , Murphy Dillon H. , Brabec Jordan A. , Bjork Robert A. , Bjork Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2024

The use of pre‐recorded lecture videos as a primary mode of instruction during online learning has allowed students flexibility in how they self‐regulate their learning. Although increasing lectures up to 2x speed has little cost on memory, it is unknown whether note‐taking at increased speeds interacts with memory. Participants watched lecture videos at 1x or 2x speed while some simultaneously took notes (Experiment 1: laptop, Experiment 2: longhand). We found that test performance numerically declined as speed increased (significant in Experiment 1) and observed a mnemonic benefit of note‐taking, regardless of modality (laptop, longhand). Post‐hoc analyses revealed no significant differences in performance between individuals who took notes at 2x speed and took no notes at 1x speed. Hence, note‐taking may help compensate for disadvantages to learning caused by greater lecture speed. Overall, when watching accelerated lecture videos, it is recommended to take notes, as it supports memory for lecture content.
Is student learning from a video lecture affected by whether the instructor wears a mask?
Authors: Leng Xiaoxue , Wang Fuxing , Mayer Richard E.
Published: January 2024

This study examined whether having the instructor wear a mask during a video lecture affects learning. In Experiment 1, college students watched an instructional video on the formation of lightning, in which an instructor who either did or did not wear a mask as she stood next to slides and lectured. Learners' learning outcomes did not differ significantly, but learners spent significantly less time looking at the instructor's face when she was masked. In Experiment 2, using a 2 (the instructor wore a mask or not) × 2 (slides were displayed or not) between‐subject design, college students learned about the process of water cycle from instructional videos. There was a significant interaction in which adding slides improved learning outcomes with a masked instructor, but not with an unmasked instructor. Adding a mask lowered student ratings of social presence with the instructor. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Vascularized 3D Human Skin Models in the Forefront of Dermatological Research
Authors: Rimal Rahul , Muduli Saradaprasan , Desai Prachi , Marquez Andrea Bonnin , Möller Martin , Platzman Ilia , Spatz Joachim , Singh Smriti
Published: January 2024

In vitro engineered skin models are emerging as an alternative platform to reduce and replace animal testing in dermatological research. Despite the progress made in recent years, considerable challenges still exist for the inclusion of diverse cell types within skin models. Blood vessels, in particular, are essential in maintaining tissue homeostasis and are one of many primary contributors to skin disease inception and progression. Substantial efforts in the past have allowed the successful fabrication of vascularized skin models that are currently utilized for disease modeling and drugs/cosmetics testing. This review first discusses the need for vascularization within tissue‐engineered skin models, highlighting their role in skin grafting and disease pathophysiology. Second, the review spotlights the milestones and recent progress in the fabrication and utilization of vascularized skin models. Additionally, advances including the use of bioreactors, organ‐on‐a‐chip devices, and organoid systems are briefly explored. Finally, the challenges and future outlook for vascularized skin models are addressed.
Monolithic 2D Perovskites Enabled Artificial Photonic Synapses for Neuromorphic Vision Sensors
Authors: Wang Yun , Zha Yanfang , Bao Chunxiong , Hu Fengrui , Di Yunsong , Liu Cihui , Xing Fangjian , Xu Xingyuan , Wen Xiaoming , Gan Zhixing , Jia Baohua
Published: January 2024

Neuromorphic visual sensors (NVS) based on photonic synapses hold a significant promise to emulate the human visual system. However, current photonic synapses rely on exquisite engineering of the complex heterogeneous interface to realize learning and memory functions, resulting in high fabrication cost, reduced reliability, high energy consumption and uncompact architecture, severely limiting the up‐scaled manufacture, and on‐chip integration. Here a photo‐memory fundamental based on ion‐exciton coupling is innovated to simplify synaptic structure and minimize energy consumption. Due to the intrinsic organic/inorganic interface within the crystal, the photodetector based on monolithic 2D perovskite exhibits a persistent photocurrent lasting about 90 s, enabling versatile synaptic functions. The electrical power consumption per synaptic event is estimated to be≈1.45 × 10−16 J, one order of magnitude lower than that in a natural biological system. Proof‐of‐concept image preprocessing using the neuromorphic vision sensors enabled by photonic synapse demonstrates 4 times enhancement of classification accuracy. Furthermore, getting rid of the artificial neural network, an expectation‐based thresholding model is put forward to mimic the human visual system for facial recognition. This conceptual device unveils a new mechanism to simplify synaptic structure, promising the transformation of the NVS and fostering the emergence of next generation neural networks.
A Boron Scan of Ethyl Acetoacetate Leads to Versatile Building Blocks
Authors: Trofimova Alina , White Brandon , Diaz Diego B. , Širvinskas Martynas J. , Lough Alan , Dudding Travis , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: January 2024

Discovered in the 19th century, ethyl acetoacetate has been central to the development of organic chemistry, including its pedagogy and applications. In this study, we present borylated derivatives of this venerable molecule. A boron handle has been installed at either
‐ or
‐position of acetoacetate by homologation of acyl‐MIDA (N‐methyliminodiacetic acid) boronates with diazoacetates. Either alkyl or boryl groups were found to migrate with regiochemistry being a function of the steric bulk of the diazo species. Boryl
‐ketoesters can be further modified into borylated pyrazolones and oximes, thereby expanding the synthetic toolkit and offering opportunities for additional modifications.