bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KNOWING YOUR PLACE: THE DEPICTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SPACE IN MARTIN WALSER'S EIN FLIEHENDES PFERD
Authors: Plow Geoffrey
Published: January 2016

Critical investigation of the theme of space in literature often risks becoming superficial. This article considers Martin Walser's Ein fliehendes Pferd (1978) as a test case for a revised examination of the topic. Fresh scrutiny encompasses not just a discussion of the space that surrounds characters but also their own inner interpretations of it – in this case, the Lake Constance area of Southern Germany. The article argues that space in Ein fliehendes Pferd is never an inert backdrop. Instead the area offers the characters a corpus of suggestions to which each responds differently. The value of the commonplace is asserted. Helmut Halm, the central character and narrative focaliser, is ultimately seen as an ordinary individual who is offered the prospect of using his intellectual disposition to more practical effect than hitherto.

Die kritische Untersuchung der Raumthematik in der Literatur geht oft das Risiko ein, oberflächlich zu werden. Martin Walsers Ein fliehendes Pferd (1978) wird in diesem Artikel als Musterfall betrachtet, um dieses Thema neu zu untersuchen. Im Artikel wird nicht nur erörtert, was die Figuren im Text umgibt, sondern auch ihre eigenen inneren Interpretationen des Raums – hier eines Bodensee‐Ferienortes in Süddeutschland. Es wird argumentiert, dass der Raum im Fliehenden Pferd nie als einfache Kulisse dient. Stattdessen bietet er eine Reihe von Provokationen, auf die jede Figur anders und unterschiedlich reagiert. Es wird für das Alltägliche plädiert: dem Intellektuellen Halm wird die Möglichkeit angeboten, die eigene intellektuelle Veranlagung praktischer als bisher zu verwenden.
The use of endothelial progenitor cells combined with barrier membrane for the reconstruction of peri‐implant osseous defects: an animal experimental study
Authors: Machtei Eli E. , Kim David M. , Karimbux Nadeem , Zigdon‐Giladi Hadar
Published: January 2016

Background

The aim of this research was to study the efficacy of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) with ß tri‐calcium phosphate (β‐TCP) and barrier in the treatment of experimental peri‐implantitis.

Methods

Thirty implants were placed in five American foxhounds. Following osseointegration, ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis was initiated. EPC were isolated from peripheral blood. Two months later, open flap debridement was performed and implants’ surface was decontaminated with 24% EDTA. The sites were grafted with β‐TCP and collagen membrane (β‐TCP group) or β‐TCP loaded with EPC and covered with membrane (EPC group) or left un‐grafted (OFD group). At 3 months, animals were killed and specimens sent for histomorphometric and micro‐CT analysis. Bone height and %BIC served as primary and secondary outcomes.

Results

EPC group showed shorter distance to first BIC (3.29 ± 0.69 mm) compared to 4.2 ± 0.92 mm (β‐TCP) and 3.82 ± 0.73 mm (OFD). Mean histological BIC was 2–3 folds higher in the EPC group (17.65 ± 3.3%) compared with OFD (7.55 ± 2.24%, p = 0.01) and β‐TCP (5.68 ± 2.91%, p = 0.05). BIC greater than 25% was found only in the EPC group. The distance between the implant shoulder to 1st BIC was 2.51 ± 0.7 mm (lingual sites) compared to 3.64 ± 0.8 mm for buccal sites (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

β‐TCP loaded with EPC and covered with a membrane‐enhanced bone formation around previously contaminated dental implants in an experimental peri‐implantitis canine model.
The Cognate and False Cognate Knowledge of Young Emergent Bilinguals
Authors: Simpson Baird Ashley , Palacios Natalia , Kibler Amanda
Published: January 2016

This study examined young emergent bilinguals’ cognate and false cognate knowledge and vocabulary outcomes on four early‐language assessments in English and Spanish. Findings revealed that children were able to use shared phonology of words—before they had developed extensive knowledge about their orthography—to recognize and produce cognates. In addition, children were not confused by the similar phonology in semantically different words when recognizing and producing false cognates. This indicates that children who are just beginning to acquire literacy may also possess a “bilingual advantage” when identifying cognate items as do their older peers.
Consumer credit relationships – protection, self-interest/reliance and dilemmas in the fight against unfairness: the unfair credit relationship test and the underlying rationale of consumer credit law
Authors: Brown Sarah
Published: January 2016

The new UK regulatory structure for financial services is now firmly in place. This brings with it changes to the consumer credit regime, both in terms of regulation and supervision. The unfair credit relationship test is a sanction contained in the Consumer Credit Act 1974, and its future may well be subject to review as further reform to the UK regulation is actioned. This paper provides a fresh examination of the test's developing role in relation to protecting borrowers against unfairness and its application by the courts. The question is then posed as to whether evidence of underlying ‘competing’ ethics in both case-law and statutory policy suggests that the test will no longer be appropriate in the control of unfairness in relation to the credit consumer, when changes to the legislation and regulatory framework are concluded.
Comparison of posaconazole serum concentrations from haematological cancer patients on posaconazole tablet and oral suspension for treatment and prevention of invasive fungal infections
Authors: Pham Aaron N. , Bubalo Joseph S. , Lewis James S.
Published: January 2016

Posaconazole tablet formulation (PTF) was developed to optimise bioavailability. This study compared posaconazole levels between patients on the PTF and oral suspension formulation (OSF). We also examined factors that may impact posaconazole levels. The primary and secondary objectives were analysed by comparing trough levels and attainment of target level between the formulation groups. For the 86 patients on PTF and 176 on OSF, the mean first levels was 1.32 μg ml−1 (SD = 0.69) and 0.81 μg ml−1 (SD = 0.59), P < 0.0001 respectively. PTF group was more likely to achieve levels ≥0.7 μg ml−1 than OSF group (OR 7.97 [95 CI; 3.75–16.93], P < 0.0001). Levels from patients on PTF and with presence of acid suppression, GI GVHD, mucositis or diarrhoea were not statistically different from those without these factors. For PTF, no correlation was found between patient's weight (kg) and levels (R2 = 0.0536, P = 0.035). The incidences of elevation in ALT/AST or Tbili were similar between the formulation groups. In conclusion, PTF should be considered the preferred formulation because it demonstrated better absorption than the OSF. Patients on PTF for prophylaxis are more likely to attain target level and may not routinely require therapeutic drug monitoring during prophylaxis.
Visual quantification of embolism reveals leaf vulnerability to hydraulic failure
Authors: Brodribb Timothy J. , Skelton Robert P. , McAdam Scott A. M. , Bienaimé Diane , Lucani Christopher J. , Marmottant Philippe
Published: January 2016

Vascular plant mortality during drought has been strongly linked to a failure of the internal water transport system caused by the rapid invasion of air and subsequent blockage of xylem conduits. Quantification of this critical process is greatly complicated by the existence of high water tension in xylem cells making them prone to embolism during experimental manipulation.

Here we describe a simple new optical method that can be used to record spatial and temporal patterns of embolism formation in the veins of water‐stressed leaves for the first time.

Applying this technique in four diverse angiosperm species we found very strong agreement between the dynamics of embolism formation during desiccation and decline of leaf hydraulic conductance.

These data connect the failure of the leaf water transport network under drought stress to embolism formation in the leaf xylem, and suggest embolism occurs after stomatal closure under extreme water stress.
Effect of contact lens use on Computer Vision Syndrome
Authors: Tauste Ana , Ronda Elena , Molina María‐José , Seguí Mar
Published: January 2016

Purpose

To analyse the relationship between Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) in computer workers and contact lens use, according to lens materials.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study. The study included 426 civil‐service office workers, of whom 22% were contact lens wearers. Workers completed the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS‐Q) and provided information on their contact lenses and exposure to video display terminals (VDT) at work. CVS was defined as a CVS‐Q score of 6 or more. The covariates were age and sex. Logistic regression was used to calculate the association (crude and adjusted for age and sex) between CVS and individual and work‐related factors, and between CVS and contact lens type.

Results

Contact lens wearers are more likely to suffer CVS than non‐lens wearers, with a prevalence of 65% vs 50%. Workers who wear contact lenses and are exposed to the computer for more than 6 h day−1 are more likely to suffer CVS than non‐lens wearers working at the computer for the same amount of time (aOR = 4.85; 95% CI, 1.25–18.80; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Regular contact lens use increases CVS after 6 h of computer work.
Sustainable Development through Knowledge Management on the Example of Public Utilities Enterprise in IT Environment
Authors: Sztangret Izabela
Published: January 2016

Identifying the sustainable development with eco-development and the principles of the concept of social welfare in the long term (strategic), with particular emphasis on the economic and environmental efficiency projects, it is worth to pay the attention to the implementation of these rules to the utilities sector. This problem becomes particularly important in the era of the Information Society and the knowledge economy, where the skillful management of the diffusion of knowledge in subsystems of partners relations platform will foster communities of creators eco-values ​​and commercial values. The purpose of this article is identification of ways to implement the concept of sustainable development through knowledge management in the eco-system of the chosen company, a regional leader in the municipal services sector and its partners, in IT environment.
The fate of photons absorbed by phytoplankton in the global ocean
Authors: Lin Hanzhi , Kuzminov Fedor I. , Park Jisoo , Lee SangHoon , Falkowski Paul G. , Gorbunov Maxim Y.
Published: January 2016

Using solar energy suboptimally

How efficient are phytoplankton at converting sunlight into the products of photosynthesis? The two other pathways that that absorbed energy can take are emission back to the environment by fluorescence or conversion to heat. Lin
et al.
measured phytoplankton fluorescence lifetimes in the laboratory and combined them with satellite measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence. Combined, they determined the quantum yields of photochemistry and fluorescence in four ocean basins. Approximately 60% of absorbed solar energy is converted to heat, a figure 50% higher than has been determined for conditions of optimal growth.

Science
, this issue p.
264
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells function as airway sensors to control lung immune response
Authors: Branchfield Kelsey , Nantie Leah , Verheyden Jamie M. , Sui Pengfei , Wienhold Mark D. , Sun Xin
Published: January 2016

Neuroendocrine cells as air sensors

Liters of air pass through the lung every minute. Signals in the atmospheric environment are processed into physiological outputs, including the immune response. Branchfield
et al.
show that rare airway cells called pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) sense and respond to airborne cues (see the Perspective by Whitsett and Morrisey). Inactivating
Roundabout
genes in mouse PNECs prevents normal PNEC clustering and causes an increase in the production of neuropeptides, which in turn trigger a heightened immune response. Thus PNECs, despite their rarity, are sensitive and effective rheostats on the airway wall that receive, interpret, and respond to environmental stimuli.

Science
, this issue p.
707
; see also p.
662
Draft Genomes for Eight Burkholderia mallei Isolates from Turkey
Authors: Daligault H. E. , Johnson S. L. , Davenport K. W. , Minogue T. D. , Bishop-Lilly K. A. , Broomall S. M. , Bruce D. C. , Coyne S. R. , Frey K. G. , Gibbons H. S. , Jaissle J. , Koroleva G. I. , Ladner J. T. , Lo C.-C. , Munk C. , Wolcott M. J. , Palacios G. F. , Redden C. L. , Rosenzweig C. N. , Scholz M. B. , Chain P. S.
Published: January 2016

Burkholderia mallei
, the etiologic agent of glanders, is a Gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative intracellular pathogen. Although glanders has been eradicated from many parts of the world, the threat of
B. mallei
being used as a weapon is very real. Here we present draft genome assemblies of 8
Burkholderia mallei
strains that were isolated in Turkey.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Streptococcus
sp. X13SY08, Isolated from Murray Cod (
Maccullochella peelii peelii
)
Authors: Liu Yang , Zeng Runying , Weng Boqi , Luo Tuyan , Luo Qin , Xu Liwen
Published: January 2016

Streptococcus
sp. X13SY08, isolated from freshwater Murray cod ﬁsh, likely presents a novel species of
Streptococcus
. Here, we present an annotated draft genome sequence of this species, which will improve our understanding of its physiology and pathogenesis.
Paenibacillus larvae Phage Tripp Genome Has 378-Base-Pair Terminal Repeats
Authors: Abraham J. , Bousquet A.-C. , Bruff E. , Carson N. , Clark A. , Connell A. , Davis Z. , Dums J. , Everington C. , Groth A. , Hawes N. , McArthur N. , McKenney C. , Oufkir A. , Pearce B. , Rampal S. , Rozier H. , Schaff J. , Slehria T. , Carson S. , Miller E. S.
Published: January 2016

Paenibacillus larvae
bacteriophage Tripp was isolated from an American foulbrood diseased honey bee hive in North Carolina, USA. The 54,439-bp genome is 48.3% G+C, encodes 92 proteins, no tRNAs, and has 378-bp direct terminal repeats. It is currently unique in Genbank.
Draft Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum 2025
Authors: Karlyshev Andrey V. , Khlebnikov Valentin C. , Kosarev Igor V. , Abramov Vyacheslav M.
Published: January 2016

A draft genome sequence of
Lactobacillus plantarum
2025 was derived using Ion Torrent sequencing technology. The total size of the assembly (3.33 Mb) was in agreement with the genome sizes of other strains of this species. The data will assist in revealing the genes responsible for the specific properties of this strain.
Draft Genome Sequences of Six Mycobacterium immunogenum Strains Obtained from a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System Simulator
Authors: Gomez-Alvarez Vicente , Revetta Randy P.
Published: January 2016

We report here the draft genome sequences of six
Mycobacterium immunogenum
strains isolated from a chloraminated drinking water distribution system simulator subjected to changes in operational parameters.
M. immunogenum
, a rapidly growing mycobacterium previously reported to be the cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis from contaminated metalworking fluid aerosols, is becoming a public health concern.
Loa loain the vitreous cavity of the eye
Authors: Nayak Bhagabat , Sinha Subijay , Nayak Lipika
Published: January 2016

A 25-year-old man presented with painful diminution of vision (20/160), accompanied by redness, pain and floaters, over a period of 2 weeks, in his left eye. On examination, the anterior segment revealed moderate inflammation. Posterior segment examination showed a grade one vitreous haze with a fairly long live worm moving around in a haphazard and relentless manner throughout the vitreous cavity. The media was slightly hazy due to corneal oedema. The worm was clearly visible in the fundus photo taken. So we planned the patient for vitrectomy, and removal of the worm was performed under steroid cover. The worm was sent to the microbiology department for examination and it was found to be the species ofLoa loa. The patient was administered a course of diethylcarbamazine and, on follow-up after 2 weeks, his vision had improved to 20/40.
Markers of achievement for assessing and monitoring gender equity in translational research organisations: a rationale and study protocol
Authors: Ovseiko Pavel V , Edmunds Laurel D , Pololi Linda H , Greenhalgh Trisha , Kiparoglou Vasiliki , Henderson Lorna R , Williamson Catherine , Grant Jonathan , Lord Graham M , Channon Keith M , Lechler Robert I , Buchan Alastair M
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Translational research organisations (TROs) are a core component of the UK's expanding research base. Equity of career opportunity is key to ensuring a diverse and internationally competitive workforce. The UK now requires TROs to demonstrate how they are supporting gender equity. Yet, the evidence base for documenting such efforts is sparse. This study is designed to inform the acceleration of women's advancement and leadership in two of the UK's leading TROs—the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centres (BRCs) in Oxford and London—through the development, application and dissemination of a conceptual framework and measurement tool.

Methods and analysis

A cross-sectional retrospective evaluation. A conceptual framework with markers of achievement and corresponding candidate metrics has been specifically designed for this study based on an adapted balanced scorecard approach. It will be refined with an online stakeholder consultation and semistructured interviews to test the face validity and explore practices and mechanisms that influence gender equity in the given settings. Data will be collected via the relevant administrative databases. A comparison of two funding periods (2007–2012 and 2012–2017) will be carried out.

Ethics and dissemination

The University of Oxford Clinical Trials and Research Governance Team and the Research and Development Governance Team of Guy's and St Thomas’ National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust reviewed the study and deemed it exempt from full ethics review. The results of the study will be used to inform prospective planning and monitoring within the participating NIHR BRCs with a view to accelerating women's advancement and leadership. Both the results of the study and its methodology will be further disseminated to academics and practitioners through the networks of collaborating TROs, relevant conferences and articles in peer-reviewed journals.
Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA): a study protocol for a multicentre project
Authors: Gerike Regine , de Nazelle Audrey , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark , Panis Luc Int , Anaya Esther , Avila-Palencia Ione , Boschetti Florinda , Brand Christian , Cole-Hunter Tom , Dons Evi , Eriksson Ulf , Gaupp-Berghausen Mailin , Kahlmeier Sonja , Laeremans Michelle , Mueller Natalie , Orjuela Juan Pablo , Racioppi Francesca , Raser Elisabeth , Rojas-Rueda David , Schweizer Christian , Standaert Arnout , Uhlmann Tina , Wegener Sandra , Götschi Thomas ,   on behalf of the PASTA consortium
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Only one-third of the European population meets the minimum recommended levels of physical activity (PA). Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Walking and cycling for transport (active mobility, AM) are well suited to provide regular PA. The European research project Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA) pursues the following aims: (1) to investigate correlates and interrelations of AM, PA, air pollution and crash risk; (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of selected interventions to promote AM; (3) to improve health impact assessment (HIA) of AM; (4) to foster the exchange between the disciplines of public health and transport planning, and between research and practice.

Methods and analysis

PASTA pursues a mixed-method and multilevel approach that is consistently applied in seven case study cities. Determinants of AM and the evaluation of measures to increase AM are investigated through a large scale longitudinal survey, with overall 14 000 respondents participating in Antwerp, Barcelona, London, Örebro, Rome, Vienna and Zurich. Contextual factors are systematically gathered in each city. PASTA generates empirical findings to improve HIA for AM, for example, with estimates of crash risks, factors on AM-PA substitution and carbon emissions savings from mode shifts. Findings from PASTA will inform WHO's online Health Economic Assessment Tool on the health benefits from cycling and/or walking. The study's wide scope, the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and health and transport methods, the innovative survey design, the general and city-specific analyses, and the transdisciplinary composition of the consortium and the wider network of partners promise highly relevant insights for research and practice.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval has been obtained by the local ethics committees in the countries where the work is being conducted, and sent to the European Commission before the start of the survey. The PASTA website (http://www.pastaproject.eu) is at the core of all communication and dissemination activities.
Community-based InterVentions to prevent serIous Complications (CIVIC) following spinal cord injury in Bangladesh: protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hossain Mohammad S , Harvey Lisa A , Rahman Md. Akhlasur , Muldoon Stephen , Bowden Jocelyn L , Islam Md. Shofiqul , Jan Stephen , Taylor Valerie , Cameron Ian D , Chhabra Harvinder Singh , Lindley Richard I , Biering-Sørensen Fin , Li Qiang , Dhakshinamurthy Murali , Herbert Robert D
Published: January 2016

Introduction

In low-income and middle-income countries, people with spinal cord injury (SCI) are vulnerable to life-threatening complications after they are discharged from hospital. The aim of this trial is to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an inexpensive and sustainable model of community-based care designed to prevent and manage complications in people with SCI in Bangladesh.

Methods and analysis

A pragmatic randomised controlled trial will be undertaken. 410 wheelchair-dependent people with recent SCI will be randomised to Intervention and Control groups shortly after discharge from hospital. Participants in the Intervention group will receive regular telephone-based care and three home visits from a health professional over the 2 years after discharge. Participants in the Control group will receive standard care, which does not involve regular contact with health professionals. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality at 2 years. Recruitment started on 12 July 2015 and the trial is expected to take 5 years to complete.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee at the site in Bangladesh and from the University of Sydney, Australia. The study will be conducted in compliance with all stipulations of its protocol, the conditions of ethics committee approval, the NHMRC National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007), the Note for Guidance on Good Clinical Practice (CPMP/ICH-135/95) and the Bangladesh Guidance on Clinical Trial Inspection (2011). The results of the trial will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presentations at scientific conferences.

Trial registration numbers

ACTRN12615000630516, U1111-1171-1876.
Prognostic significance of histomolecular subgroups of adult anaplastic (WHO Grade III) gliomas: applying the ‘integrated’ diagnosis approach
Authors: Rajmohan K S , Sugur Harsha S , Shwetha S D , Ramesh Arvind , Thennarasu Kandavel , Pandey Paritosh , Arivazhagan Arimappamagan , Santosh Vani
Published: January 2016

Aims

Anaplastic gliomas (AGs; WHO Grade III) include anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO) and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma (AOA) and are known to have variable prognosis. Since biomarkers have a major impact on prognosis of gliomas, we compared the prognostic significance of the established biomarkers of AGs and the ‘histomolecular’ subgroups based on the proposed International Society of Neuropathology-Haarlem (‘ISN-Haarlem’) guidelines, with the current WHO 2007 classification.

Methods

The study was carried out on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues from 91 adult patients with AG. Clinical, histological and molecular parameters, including 1p/19q codeletion, isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (IDH1)-R132H positivity, α thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked gene (ATRX) expression and O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase gene (MGMT) promoter methylation (mMGMT), were correlated with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Subsequently, following sequencing for rareIDHmutations, we derived three ‘histomolecular’ subgroups based on the ‘integrated’ diagnosis approach proposed by ‘ISN-Haarlem’ guidelines and correlated this with clinical outcome.

Results

Gross tumour resection, administration of radiochemotherapy, 1p/19q codeletion,IDH1-R132H positivity and mMGMTwere associated with favourable OS and RFS (p≤0.001), while the WHO histological subgroups were prognostically not significant. The ISN ‘histomolecular’ subgroups prognosticated best with AOs (IDHmut, 1p/19q codeleted,ATRXpredominantly retained) having the best survival, followed by the AAs (IDHmut,ATRXloss or retained, 1p19q non-codeleted) and AAIDHwild type group having the worst OS and RFS (p=<0.001 for OS).

Conclusions

Our study reiterates the prognostic significance of biomarkers, 1p/19q codeletion,IDH1-R132H positivity and mMGMTin AGs. Importantly, we show that the ‘histomolecular’ subgroups of AGs based on the ‘integrated’ diagnosis has a prognostic value, superior to the WHO histological classification.
Fuzzy System Design for Security and Environment Control Applications
Authors: Heyman Andrew , Reznik Leon , Negnevitsky Michael , Hoffman Andrew
Published: January 2016

As the amount of data available to researchers continues to grow, sharp class distinctions generated through Boolean logic fundamentally limit researchers' abilities to adequately process data into useable information. The application of fuzzy systems to real world problems allows us to synthesize this raw data into meaningful results. This paper demonstrates how fuzzy theory can be applied to real life application's design where rules can be generated explicitly through an expert system, or implicitly derived through a hybrid neural-fuzzy system. The paper illustrates the success of the fuzzy system use in applications by providing examples in the context of mobile device security evaluation and air quality evaluation and prediction. The examples represent important application areas within engineering and information technology domains.
On the Expected Value of Fuzzy Events
Authors: Klement Erich Peter , Mesiar Radko
Published: January 2016

Generalizing a first approach by L. A. ZADEH (J. Math. Anal. Appl. 23, 1968), expected values of fuzzy events are studied which are (up to standard boundary conditions) only required to be monotone. They can be seen as an extension of capacities, i.e., monotone set functions satisfying standard boundary conditions. Some of these expected values can be characterized axiomatically, others are based on some distinguished integrals (Choquet, Sugeno, Shilkret, universal, and decomposition integral).
An Overview on the Statistical Central Tendency for Fuzzy Data Sets
Authors: Sinova Beatriz , Rosa De Sáa Sara De La , Lubiano María Asunción , Gil María Ángeles
Published: January 2016

When Statistics deals with data which cannot be expressed in a numerical scale, the scale of fuzzy values (in particular, the scale of fuzzy numbers) often becomes a suitable tool to express such data. In this way, many ratings, opinions, judgements, etc. mostly coming from human valuations can be appropriately described in terms of fuzzy data. To summarize the central tendency of a fuzzy dataset, some measures have been suggested in the literature. This paper aims to review some of the main ones, and examine their properties in a comparative way. A real-life example illustrates their application. Furthermore, the paper shows the statistical robustness (both through the finite sample breakdown point and a simulation study) and the empirical “precision” of the fuzzy number-valued sample measures. Finally, some related developments and future directions are pointed out.
Why are Vine Copulas so Successful in Econometrics?
Authors: Sriboonchitta Songsak , Kosheleva Olga , Nguyen Hung T.
Published: January 2016

One of the most empirically successful tools for studying dependence between different quantities in econometrics is the tool of vine copulas. In this paper, we explain this empirical success by showing that the most widely used vine copulas are, in effect, the results of using the general fuzzy methodology. To be more precise, vine copulas correspond to a natural extension of the traditional fuzzy methodology, when we allow several different “and”-operations (t-norms), and some of these t-norms can be nonassociative.
Combination of angiotensin II and l-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress to cause heart failure
Authors: Hamilton Dale J. , Zhang Aijun , Li Shumin , Cao Tram N. , Smith Jessie A. , Vedula Indira , Cordero-Reyes Andrea M. , Youker Keith A. , Torre-Amione Guillermo , Gupte Anisha A.
Published: January 2016

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated as a cause of energy deprivation in heart failure (HF). Herein, we tested individual and combined effects of two pathogenic factors of nonischemic HF, inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis [with l- NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME)] and hypertension [with angiotensin II (AngII)], on myocardial mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and metabolic gene expression. l-NAME and AngII were administered individually and in combination to mice for 5 wk. Although all treatments increased blood pressure and reduced cardiac contractile function, the l-NAME + AngII group was associated with the most severe HF, as characterized by edema, hypertrophy, oxidative stress, increased expression of Nppa and Nppb, and decreased expression of Atp2a2 and Camk2b. l-NAME + AngII-treated mice exhibited robust deterioration of cardiac mitochondrial function, as observed by reduced respiratory control ratios in subsarcolemmal mitochondria and reduced state 3 levels in interfibrillar mitochondria for complex I but not for complex II substrates. Cardiac myofibrils showed reduced ADP-supported and oligomycin-inhibited oxygen consumption. Mitochondrial functional impairment was accompanied by reduced mitochondrial DNA content and activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and complex I but increased H2O2 production and tissue protein carbonyls in hearts from AngII and l-NAME + AngII groups. Microarray analyses revealed the majority of the gene changes attributed to the l-NAME + AngII group. Pathway analyses indicated significant changes in metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial function, cardiac hypertrophy, and fatty acid metabolism in l-NAME + AngII hearts. We conclude that l-NAME + AngII is associated with impaired mitochondrial respiratory function and increased oxidative stress compared with either l-NAME or AngII alone, resulting in nonischemic HF.
Increased postflight carotid artery stiffness and inflight insulin resistance resulting from 6-mo spaceflight in male and female astronauts
Authors: Hughson Richard L. , Robertson Andrew D. , Arbeille Philippe , Shoemaker J. Kevin , Rush James W. E. , Fraser Katelyn S. , Greaves Danielle K.
Published: January 2016

Removal of the normal head-to-foot gravity vector and chronic weightlessness during spaceflight might induce cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations related to changes in arterial pressure and reduction in physical activity. We tested hypotheses that stiffness of arteries located above the heart would be increased postflight, and that blood biomarkers inflight would be consistent with changes in vascular function. Possible sex differences in responses were explored in four male and four female astronauts who lived on the International Space Station for 6 mo. Carotid artery distensibility coefficient ( P = 0.005) and β-stiffness index ( P = 0.006) reflected 17–30% increases in arterial stiffness when measured within 38 h of return to Earth compared with preflight. Spaceflight-by-sex interaction effects were found with greater changes in β-stiffness index in women ( P = 0.017), but greater changes in pulse wave transit time in men ( P = 0.006). Several blood biomarkers were changed from preflight to inflight, including an increase in an index of insulin resistance ( P < 0.001) with a spaceflight-by-sex term suggesting greater change in men ( P = 0.034). Spaceflight-by-sex interactions for renin ( P = 0.016) and aldosterone ( P = 0.010) indicated greater increases in women than men. Six-month spaceflight caused increased arterial stiffness. Altered hydrostatic arterial pressure gradients as well as changes in insulin resistance and other biomarkers might have contributed to alterations in arterial properties, including sex differences between male and female astronauts.
Serum S100A8 and S100A9 Enhance Innate Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Baker's Asthma
Authors: Pham Duy Le , Yoon Moon-Guyng , Ban Ga-Young , Kim Seung-Hyun , Kim Mi-Ae , Ye Young-Min , Shin Yoo Seob , Park Hae-Sim
Published: January 2016

Background: S100A8 and S100A9 can be produced by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated granulocytes and provoke an innate immune-mediated airway inflammation. Involvement of S100A8 and S100A9 has been implicated in asthma. To further understand the role of S100A8 and S100A9 during innate immune responses in baker's asthma, we investigated the associations of serum S100A8 and S100A9 with exposure to bakery allergens and polymorphisms of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene. Methods: Totally, 381 bakery workers and 100 unexposed healthy controls were recruited. Skin prick tests for bakery allergens were performed. Serum levels of S100A8, S100A9, myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-8 were measured using ELISA. Predictive values of serum S100A8 and S100A9 in bakery workers were evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Polymorphisms of TLR4 -2027A→G and -1608T→C were genotyped. Results: Higher serum levels of S100A8 and S100A9 were noted in bakery workers compared to the normal controls (p < 0.001); however, no significant differences were noted according to work-related symptoms. The area under the ROC curve of serum S100A8 was 0.886 for occupational exposure (p < 0.001). The TLR4 -1608CC genotype was significantly associated with a higher serum S100A8 level (p = 0.025). Serum S100A8 and S100A9 levels were correlated with serum levels of MPO (r = 0.396 and 0.189, respectively), TNF-α (r = 0.536 and 0.280, respectively), and IL-8 (r = 0.540 and 0.205, respectively; p < 0.001 for all). Conclusion: S100A8 and S100A9 are involved in innate immune responses under the regulation of TLR4 polymorphisms in baker's asthma pathogenesis. Serum S100A8 could be a potential biomarker for predicting occupational exposure to wheat flour in bakery workers.
BDNF Serum Levels with Respect to Multidimensional Assessment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Tremolizzo Lucio , Pellegrini Andrea , Conti Elisa , Arosio Alessandro , Gerardi Francesca , Lunetta Christian , Magni Paolo , Appollonio Ildebrando , Ferrarese Carlo
Published: January 2016

Background: The clinical presentation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by high heterogeneity, the greatest part of which still remains unexplained. Objective: To assess serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in ALS patients, implementing a multidimensional characterization focused on four a priori chosen elements of phenotypic variability: ALS bulbar/spinal subtype, cognitive impairment, mood dysfunction and disease progression speed. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 45 ALS outpatients (16% bulbar onset) and 22 healthy controls. Each patient underwent the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and disease progression speed was estimated by calculating the decay of the ALSFRS-R score over time. Results: BDNF serum levels did not differ between patients and controls, although ∼25% lower levels characterized those patients carrying a depressive trait. Finally, BDNF serum levels were significantly lower in ALS patients expressing lower ALSFRS-R scores (r = 0.39, p < 0.01). No differences were found when considering cognitive impairment, disease progression speed and site of onset. Conclusion: BDNF serum levels might mark and possibly contribute in part to ALS phenotypic variability.
Determinants and Prognostic Significance of the Renal Resistive Index
Authors: Cauwenberghs Nicholas , Kuznetsova Tatiana
Published: January 2016

Background: The noninvasive assessment of renal hemodynamics is currently possible by assessing the renal resistive index (RRI) derived from intrarenal Doppler arterial waveforms as (peak systolic velocity - end-diastolic velocity)/peak systolic velocity. In this review, we outline the important determinants of the RRI to clarify the true identity of the RRI and highlight its potential diagnostic and prognostic value in renal and cardiovascular pathology. Summary: Although the RRI was initially considered to reflect intrarenal vascular pathological processes, this index is actually a product of a complex interaction between renal and systemic vascular wall properties and hemodynamic factors. Indeed, studies in patients and general populations consistently demonstrated a significant and direct association between the RRI and central or peripheral pulse pressure independent of other covariables. Moreover, studies in renal transplant patients also showed that the RRI mainly reflects characteristics of the recipient but not those of the graft. Thus, the major influence of the systemic hemodynamics on the intrarenal arterial waveforms excludes RRI as a specific marker of renal vascular pathology. On the other hand, because the RRI reflects pulsatility in renal arteries, it might be useful for the early detection of renal microvascular damage. Future longitudinal studies are still needed to clarify whether the detection of Doppler changes in intrarenal arteries might yield an improvement in the adverse cardiovascular and renal outcome. Conclusion: Published studies on RRI imply that the interaction between the systemic hemodynamics and peripheral circulation in the kidney is a complex physiological phenomenon. In addition to renal vascular properties, the central hemodynamic factors significantly influence the intrarenal arterial Doppler waveform patterns. Previous research also suggested an important role of the RRI for the evaluation of renal target organ damage, particularly in patients with increased pulsatility of the intrarenal blood flow.
Equol Effectively Inhibits Toxic Activity of Human Neutrophils without Influencing Their Viability
Authors: Pažoureková Silvia , Lucová Marianna , Nosál Radomír , Drábiková Katarína , Harmatha Juraj , Šmidrkal Ján , Jančinová Viera
Published: January 2016

Equol (7,4′-dihydroxy-isoflavan, or 4′,7-isoflavandiol) is a chroman derivative produced by intestinal bacteria in response to soy isoflavone intake in some, but not in all, humans. Equol shows strong anti-oxidant, anti-estrogenic, anti-cancerous and anti-inflammatory properties. The antioxidative capacity of equol has recently received considerable attention, and it has been used for preventing and treating several diseases. We investigated the effect of equol on human neutrophils, extra- and intracellular formation of oxidants, the phosphorylation of protein regulating NADPH oxidase and its effect on apoptosis. Neutrophils, isolated from blood from healthy subjects, were tested upon activation with various stimulants, proper for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and treated by equol. Equol has the ability to reduce the toxic action of neutrophils. With increasing concentrations, equol decreased the amount of oxidants produced by neutrophils both extra- and intracellularly. The phosphorylation of p40phox (a component of NADPH oxidase, responsible for the assembly of functional oxidase in intracellular membranes) was reduced in the presence of equol. The experiments showed that equol did not change the number of viable, apoptotic or dead neutrophils significantly in all concentrations used. These results indicate the promising effect of equol in the operation of ROS in different mechanisms in the model of inflammation.
Prognostic Significance of Incidental Prostate Cancer at Radical Cystoprostatectomy for Bladder Cancer
Authors: Gakis Georgios , Rink Michael , Fritsche Hans-Martin , Graefen Markus , Schubert Tina , Hassan Fahmy , Chun Felix K. , Brummeisl Wolfgang , Fisch Margit , Burger Maximillian , Stenzl Arnulf , Renninger Markus
Published: January 2016

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the clinical significance of incidental prostate cancer (PC) on overall survival (OS) after radical cystoprostatectomy (RC) for bladder cancer (BC). Methods: A total of 822 consecutive men underwent RC in 3 academic centers between 1996 and 2011. The clinical significance of incidental PC was determined according to the Epstein criteria. The Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank was used to investigate the impact of PC on OS and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for risk factors of OS. The median follow-up was 36 months (interquartile range 10-49). Results: Of the 822 men, 117 (14.2%) had clinically significant, 243 (29.6%) insignificant and 462 (56.2) no PC at RC. Men with PC were at higher risk for lymphovascular invasion (LVI) of BC compared to men without PC (p < 0.001). The 5-year OS for men with clinically significant, insignificant and no PC was 33.3, 51.3 and 51.5%, respectively (p = 0.050). In the subgroup of pN0 patients (n = 601), clinically significant PC was significantly associated with inferior OS (p = 0.044) but not in multivariable analysis (p = 0.46). Conclusions: We did not find the clinical significance of incidental PC to be an independent predictor. However, the positive correlation between incidental PC and LVI of BC deserves further investigation.
Synergistic Inhibition of Both P2Y
1
and P2Y
12
Adenosine Diphosphate Receptors As Novel Approach to Rapidly Attenuate Platelet-Mediated Thrombosis
Authors: Gremmel Thomas , Yanachkov Ivan B. , Yanachkova Milka I. , Wright George E. , Wider Joseph , Undyala Vishnu V.R. , Michelson Alan D. , Frelinger Andrew L. , Przyklenk Karin
Published: January 2016

Objective—

Unlike currently approved adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists, the new diadenosine tetraphosphate derivative GLS-409 targets not only P2Y
12
but also the second human platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor P2Y
1
and may, therefore, be a promising antiplatelet drug candidate. The current study is the first to investigate the in vivo antithrombotic effects of GLS-409.

Approach and Results—

We studied (1) the in vivo effects of GLS-409 on agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation in anesthetized rats, (2) the antithrombotic activity of GLS-409 and the associated effect on the bleeding time in a canine model of platelet-mediated coronary artery thrombosis, and (3) the inhibition of agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation by GLS-409 versus selective P2Y
1
and P2Y
12
inhibition in vitro in samples from healthy human subjects before and 2 hours after aspirin intake. In vivo treatment with GLS-409 significantly inhibited adenosine diphosphate- and collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation in rats. Further, GLS-409 attenuated cyclic flow variation, that is, platelet-mediated thrombosis, in vivo in our canine model of unstable angina. The improvement in coronary patency was accompanied by a nonsignificant 30% increase in bleeding time. Of note, GLS-409 exerted its effects without affecting rat and canine hemodynamics. Finally, in vitro treatment with GLS-409 showed effects similar to that of cangrelor and the combination of cangrelor with the selective P2Y
1
inhibitor MRS 2179 on agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma and whole blood before and 2 hours after aspirin intake.

Conclusions—

Synergistic inhibition of both P2Y
1
and P2Y
12
adenosine diphosphate receptors by GLS-409 immediately attenuates platelet-mediated thrombosis and effectively blocks agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation irrespective of concomitant aspirin therapy.
Risk Analysis of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Murayama Yuichi , Takao Hiroyuki , Ishibashi Toshihiro , Saguchi Takayuki , Ebara Masaki , Yuki Ichiro , Arakawa Hideki , Irie Koreaki , Urashima Mitsuyoshi , Molyneux Andrew J.
Published: January 2016

Background and Purpose—

The natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms remains unclear, and management strategy is not well defined.

Methods—

From January 2003 to December 2012, we enrolled patients with aneurysm in our institution. In total, 2252 patients with 2897 aneurysms were eligible for analysis, and 1960 eligible aneurysms were conservatively managed. Precise 3-dimensional evaluation was conducted using computed tomography angiography, digital subtraction angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography. We then assessed the risk of aneurysm rupture, mortality, and morbidity associated with aneurysm characteristics, demographics, and known health/lifestyle risk factors.

Results—

The mean follow-up duration was 7388 aneurysm-years. During observation, 56 aneurysms ruptured, resulting in an overall rupture rate per year of 0.76% (95% confidence interval, 0.58–0.98). The mean initial visit to rupture interval was 547 days. Aneurysm size, location, daughter sac, and history of subarachnoid hemorrhage were significant independent predictors for aneurysm rupture. Aneurysms that were ≥5 mm were associated with a significantly increased risk of rupture when compared with 2- to 4-mm aneurysms (unadjusted hazard ratio, 12.24; 95% confidence interval, 7.15–20.93). Of 56 patients who experienced hemorrhage, 29 (52 %) died or were rendered severely disabled. Of the patients who had large or giant aneurysms, none recovered without deficits, and the mortality rate after rupture was 69%. For aneurysms sized <5 mm, the mortality rate was 18%.

Conclusions—

Larger aneurysms are at greater risk for rupture and poor outcome. Ethnic factors may play a role in the risk of rupture.