bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waste Upcycling for Marine Rubber Hoses
Authors: Sricharoen Poonsook , Roteborwornwittaya Ratchaneephan
Published: April 2019

Marine rubber hoses are normally used for loading and offloading condensate or crude oil in oil and gas industries. These hoses are mostly contaminated with hydrocarbons or other heavy metals and disposed of as hazardous waste. With the aim of "zero waste to landfill" and adoption of a waste upcycling approach, better and appropriate disposal methods for used hoses in market were evaluated and selected to support the achievement of the target.

Typically, used hoses are disposed of by secured landfill. To avoid the high negative impacts of landfill, used hoses from the Company activities had been accumulated in storage over many years while the Company sought out the best available process to manage them. Burning the waste in a Cement kiln, an alternative waste disposal method, cannot dispose of the hoses completely because they are made with reinforced steel wires; in fact, the hoses must be shredded into smaller pieces prior to burning them in the kiln. As a solution and an endeavor to develop new methods with hose manufacturers, waste disposers and other waste generators, a combination of decontamination and pyrolysis process was selected as the answer. The former is a process of removing contaminants that have accumulated in the hoses and that are critical to health and safety, while the latter is a new way of getting value from burned materials through thermochemical decomposition of organic material at high temperatures while they are in chamber absent of oxygen; this causes the materials to break down into smaller molecules. As a result of this combined process, we are able to convert hoses with reinforced materials into alternative valued products: carbon black, steel wires, and pyrolysis oil, which can be further used as raw material or an energy source for other industries. In terms of commercial use, this new method has resulted in lower cost when compared to using a secured landfill. It serves as an alternative waste disposal method and is considered to be the most efficient process to replace secured landfill. This method may also help the Company in disseminating future best practices on the disposal process to other oil and gas companies who are considering alternative processes and help the Company in promoting the waste upcycling scheme for a better environmental value.
Preventing Crude Oil Leakage into the Upper Aquifer from Happening in Steam Huff-Puff Production Wells
Authors: Wang Lei , Sun Wenyong , Chu Shengli , Cen Xueqi , Luan Guohua , Li Na , Su Hua , Wen Liangfan , Liu Hu , Tian Guoqiang , Chen Yihe
Published: April 2019

Oil leakage into the upper aquifer is generally considered to be an environmentally-unfriendly issue and shorten production life. Despite not necessarily receiving the most coverage, oil leakage do happen in steam huff-puff production wells and may actually occur more frequently than we perceive. Presently, the oil leakage through annular space around a cemented casing into upper water layer during huff stage has become a problem to be urgently solved in thermal recovery production. The solutions to this difficulty are usage of thermal-stability cement slurry system with high-adsorbability additives and thickened low-permeability surface cement sheath. The well section from 100 metres below the upper aquifer is cemented by thickened cement sheath, and the rest well section from the bottom of oil layer to the wellhead is cemented by a novel high-adsorbability cement slurry system. The objective of usage of high-adsorbability cement slurry system is to absorb spilled oil, and the objective of the thickened low-permeability surface cement sheath is to achieve a stable physical plugging. SEM photographs indicate that the microstructure of thermal-stability cement paste after high-temperature steam is more compact. The performance of hardened cement paste before and after steam vapor curing shows that the compression strength, tensile strength and shear stress had little change. It avoids annular cement paste as a channel for the leakage of crude oil. The scaled 3D oil adsorption physical simulation was employed to examine the effectiveness of cement paste with high-adsorbability additives. It can reduce the migration of oil, and the pollution is limited in the annular space. The results show that permeability of cement paste is about 0.03×10-3 μm3. The thickened low-permeability surface cement paste ensures that spilled oil cannot enter the upper aquifer. These results had been validated on site test. The CBL/VDL test report revealed that acoustic amplitude value of the well is less than 10%. The retest results of CBL/VDL after thermal recovery production for a long time reveal that acoustic amplitude value almost remain unchanged and almost no oil exists in annular space. No spilled oil has been observed in observation wells located in the upper aquifer.

Through usage of physical adsorption and plugging, the volume of oil leakage into annular space is obviously reduced, almost all the spilled oil is absorbed by cement paste, and no spilled oil has been observed in the upper aquifer. This method completely solved the problem of crude oil polluting the upper water layer and extended the production life.
Managing Underwriters Survey of Oil and Gas Installations
Authors: Aladasani Ahmad , Okasha Qutaiba , Al Dushaishi Mohammed
Published: April 2019

Leadership in the oil and gas industry can only be achieved with a lean management system that promptly, identifies operational liabilities, generates optimal action plans and seamlessly manages performance to achieve the desired targets. Major accidents in the oil and gas installation pose a significant risk and most operators opt to underwrite their assets to mitigate their financial exposure. This paper presents the Insurance Surveyor playbook on asset risk rating. Insurance Surveyors evaluate asset risks based on six categorizes. The risk rating categorizes are hierarchal and also represent various phases in the asset life cycle, that include inherent features, asset management, alarms/leak detection systems and firefighting equipment. The Insurance surveyor inductively and deductively assess risk development and the operator's risk management, this involves running down the Management System to ensure a systematic assessment of risk is conducted and then evaluating the Operator's response to performance, in particular, response to incidents. The Insurance surveyor also assess the Operator's conformance to its procedures and ultimately its own Policies. In essence slicing and dicing the management system to identify the level of conformance in par with the operating risks and exposure to loss.

A case study is described where the Operator risk rating was improved from "poor" in the aftermath of major incident to "above average" within a few years. The underlining importance of this paper is to exploit the Insurance Surveyor method to safeguard life, risks that endanger welfare and cause harm to the environment. The Insurance Surveyor methodology is tenacious and fierce against thermal, toxic and pressure effects and the management systems that either inhibit/suppress or facilitate/escalate their occurrence. The Insurance Surveyor playbook is what every line supervisor should follow to ensure the safety the plants and the hope is to achieve buy-in and commitment to promote and exploit lean risk management systems.
Managing Communicable Disease in a Mega Construction Project
Authors: Suliaman Muhammad Nasir , Haron Mahzan
Published: April 2019

Communicable diseases have always a public health concern, globally as well as locally. While we have made tremendous steps in diseases surveillance and sharing of information, there are still areas or situations where such knowledge and practices are faced with uncertainty. This uncertainty came to us in a form a multibillion dollar Project where 65000 workers (mainly foreigners) work, stay and play on a 6,000+ acres of land. Since there has never been a project of such a scale in the country where it is constructed in a district famously known for its oil palm plantations and beach scenery rather than multistory steel structure and hydrocarbon vapors, the basic infrastructure of the health facilities and services were assessed, and reassessed, planned and executed to ensure the balanced development did not jeopardize the health of the locals, as well as the workers. It was with these assessments, judgement calls as well as networking that the health plan for the Project and the system was put in place to tackle the biggest, and most important health concerns – that is the communicable diseases. Issues can be unexpected, like the cases of Malaria among the foreign workers who are supposedly screened before coming; to administrative when it comes to managing medical service providers who are not directly under the Project owners. All in all, managing the communicable diseases in such project requires a lot of collaboration, clear communication, robust procedure and good strong team to withstand the expected as well as the unexpected.
HSSE Elements in Social Risk Assessment: An Integrated Approach in Managing Social Risks
Authors: Abdullah Lizuryaty Azrina , Foo Siang Choon
Published: April 2019

A key challenge for companies operating in the new global environment is social risk. The identification and mitigation of social risks enables the company to manage both the positive, and adverse actual or potential impacts created through its business activities, including through relationships with its partners. Social risks are often associated with issues of health, safety, security and environment (HSSE). Thus, the integration of HSSE elements is fundamental towards a comprehensive approach to managing social risks. This paper discusses the process of two internal assessment tools, the Social Risk Assessment (SRA) and Human Rights Due Diligence (HRDD) and how these have integrated HSSE elements. Both assessment tools have been used for projects to meet project financing requirements. The assessment allows social risks with elements of HSSE identified, thus mitigation can be introduced to reduce risk to the business. In carrying out both assessments, it is crucial to have a team with the necessary knowledge and skills that encompasses HSSE and Social Performance. This paper also highlights the efforts of the company in building internal talents to implement the assessments effectively through the establishment of the Social Performance technical skill group.
Offshore Fresh Water Deluge Test
Authors: Hong Joyceanne , Pannebakker Michiel , Bhaskaran Haridas
Published: April 2019

As per NFPA standard, every offshore platform is required to test the deluge system 3-yearly. Use of seawater to test the deluge system introduces multiple issues with materials offshore due to direct impingement of seawater coupled with chloride ingestion in instruments and other electrical items. This was experienced[SP(L1] by more senior engineers and operators working on other platforms commissioning and hence KBB was tasked to test the deluge system using freshwater.

On the KBB platform, freshwater system was never designed to be used for the deluge, and retrofitting or modifying the platform proved to have major obstacles. KBB investigated use of a barge or standby vessel to conduct this test, but the standby vessel pipeline header did not have sufficient capacity for the required test. KBB then designed an external system using water tanks, rented firewater pump, flexible hoses and pre-fabricated spools for use of fresh water on the deluge system. KBB was not successful on inquiries sent on similar test being conducted on other offshore facilities in the region.

The deluge test work pack was developed with due consideration given towards safe execution of work. This paper will present the details of how this was achieved safely offshore, bringing in fundamental innovations to ensure value is safeguarded while ensuring the regulatory requirement is met[SP(L2] which is to test the deluge valve dry yearly or wet test the system 3-yearly. Some of the findings from the deluge test will also be presented.
Reliability of pleth variability index in predicting preload responsiveness of mechanically ventilated patients under various conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Tianyu , Xu Chao , Wang Min , Niu Zheng , Qi Dun yi
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background: Goal-directed volume expansion is increasingly used for fluid management in mechanically ventilated patients. The Pleth Variability Index (PVI) has been shown to reliably predict preload responsiveness; however, a lot of research on PVI has been published recently, and update of the meta-analysis needs to be completed.
Methods: We searched PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science (updated to November 7, 2018) and the associated references. We also contacted relevant authors and researchers.
Results: Twenty-five studies with 975 patients were included in this meta-analysis. All patients were mechanically ventilated. The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) to predict preload responsiveness in patients was 0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79 - 0.85). The pooled sensitivity was 0.77 (95% CI 0.67-0.85) and the pooled specificity was 0.77 (95% CI 0.71-0.82). The results of subgroup of patients without undergoing surgery (AUC =0.86, Youden index =0.65) and the results of subgroup of patients in ICU (AUC =0.89, Youden index =0.67) were reliable.
Conclusion: The reliability of the PVI is limited, but the PVI can play an important role in bedside monitoring for mechanically ventilated patients who are not undergoing surgery. Patients who are expanded with colloid may be more suitable for PVI.
Less Is More? – a Feasibility Study of Fluid Strategy in Critically Ill Children With Acute Respiratory Tract Infection
Authors: Ingelse Sarah Anne , Geukers Vincent G. , Dijsselhof Monique E. , Lemson Joris , Bem Reinout A. , Woensel Job B. van
Published: April 2019

Background:
Fluid overload is common in critically ill children and is associated with adverse outcome. Therefore, restricting fluid intake may be beneficial. This study aims to study the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing a conservative to a standard, more liberal, strategy of fluid management in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI).
Methods:
This is a feasibility study in a single, tertiary referral pediatic intensive care unit (PICU). Twenty-three children receiving mechanical ventilation for ARTI, without ongoing hemodynamic support, admitted to the PICU of the Emma Children’s Hospital/Amsterdam UMC between 2016-2018 were included. Patients were randomized to a conservative (<70% of normal intake) or standard (>85% of normal intake) fluid strategy, which was kept throughout the period of mechanical ventilation.
Results:
Primary endpoints were adherence to fluid strategy and safety parameters such as calorie and protein intake. Secondary outcomes were cumulative fluid intake (CFI) and cumulative fluid balance (CFB) on day 3. In the conservative group, in 75% of the mechanical ventilation days patients achieved their target fluid intake. Median [25th-75th percentiles] calorie intake over all mechanical ventilation days was 67.9 [51.5-74.0] kcal/kg/day in the conservative versus 67.2 [58.0-75.2] kcal/kg/day in the standard group (p=0.878). Protein intake was 1.6 [1.3-1.8] gr protein/kg in the conservative and 1.5 [1.2-1.7] gr protein/kg in the standard group (p=0.598). No adverse effects on hemodynamics or electrolyte imbalances were noted. Mean CFI on day 3 was 262.3 (sd±58.9) ml/kg in the conservative group vs. 360.5 (sd±52.6) ml/kg in the standard fluid group (p<0.001), which did not result in a lower CFB.
Conclusions:
A conservative fluid strategy in mechanically ventilated children with ARTI seems feasible, without limiting metabolic needs. However, in our study a conservative fluid strategy surprisingly did not reduce the degree of fluid overload. This study aids the design and sample size calculation of a future larger multicenter RCT, in which we need to redefine the target fluid strategy, possibly by even further fluid restriction and early initiation of active diuresis.
Correlation of retinal layer changes with vision gain in diabetic macular edema during conbercept treatment
Authors: Xu Yupeng , Qu Yuan , Suo Yan , Gao Jian , Chen Xia , Liu Kun , Xu Xun
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To assess the changes in individual retinal layer thickness and visual function associated with gains in visual acuity after an intravitreal conbercept injection in the diabetic macular edema (DME) on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and microperimetry during 1-year follow-up.

Methods

Retrospective observational study. Twenty patients with clinically significant DME in the study eye were imaged by SD-OCT every three months and MP1 microperimeter in the third month while receiving anti-VEGF (conbercept) treatment. In each patient, seven retinal layers were segmented in 98 scans covering a 6mm×6mm area of the macula at baseline and during 1 year of treatment. An automatic, full-threshold microperimetry of the central field (10°×10°, 40 stimulated points) with the MP1 microperimeter. Thickness and microperimetry changes were quantitatively measured and evaluated for their correlation with increases in visual acuity.

Results

Although thicknesses of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and the outer nuclear layer (ONL) were reduced the most after treatment (p< 0.05), decreases of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) (r = 0.591, p= 0.006) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) (r= 0.663, p= 0.001) in central subfield area was associated with BCVA gain, and had the best estimation of BCVA gain (adjust R2=0.544). Mean macular sensitivity in the central subfield was also well correlated with BCVA gain (r=0.531, p=0.016).

Conclusions

Neural recovery occurred after the resolution of edema during conbercept treatment, due to the decreases in GCL and IPL associating with gains in vision and improved microperimetry.
Changing face of Candida colonization pattern in pediatric patients with hematological malignancy during repeated hospitalization, results of a prospective observational study (2016-2017) in Shiraz, Iran
Authors: Hamzavi Sedigheh , Amanati Ali , Badiee Parisa , Kadivar Mohammad Rahim , Jafarian Hadis , Ghasemi Fatemeh , Haghpanah Sezaneh , Dehghani Mansooreh , Baghani Abbas Norouzian
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Surveillance of current changes in the epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Diseases (IFDs) as an important component of the antifungal stewardship programs (ASP), needs careful regular, monitoring especially in high-risk settings such as oncology centers. This study aimed at examining Candida colonization status and corresponding current changes in children with malignancy during repeated admissions and also investigating of possible epidemiological shifts after the implementation of ASP. Methods: In this prospective observational study, all eligible patients younger than 18 years were recruited during 2016-2017 at Amir Medical Oncology Center (AMOC) in Shiraz, Iran. Totally, 136 patients were enrolled and 482 samples were collected from different sites (oral/nasal discharges, urine and stool). Weekly regular sampling was carried out during hospitalization. Candida colonization status and epidemiological changes were monitored during repeated admissions. Samples were cultivated on Sabouraud Dextrose agar medium and identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction -Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: Estimated Candida colonization incidence was 59.9% (82/136) in our patients. Candida colonization was found to be higher in oral cavity and rectum than that in nasal cavity. Among those long-term follow ups and repetitive hospitalizations, a significant number of patients exhibited changes in their colonization patterns (37.7%). Candida colonization did not reveal any significant relationship with age, sex, oncologic diseases and degree of neutropenia. C. albicans (72.0%) was found as the most common Candida species in colonized patients, followed by C. krusei, C. kefyr, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis. Conclusion: Given the high incidence of Candida infections in children with cancers, close monitoring of epidemiologic change is essential for judicious management, based on local surveillance data and improvement of overall quality of care in high risk patients.
Risk factor identification and contribution to surgery-specific surgical site infection
Authors: Niekerk (Magnus) Johan Magnus van , Vos Margreet C , Stein Alfred , Braakman-Jansen (Annemarie) M A , holt Anne F Voor in´t , Gemert-Pijnen (Lisette) Julia Elisabeth Wilhelmina Cornelia van
Published: April 2019

Background: To identify common risk factors for the future occurrence of SSI across digestive system surgical procedures, thoracic surgery and orthopaedic procedures and quantify what the marginal contribution of explaining the future occurrence of SSI is of risk factors specific to each group of surgeries. Methods: Retrospective data from serial point-prevalence studies, performed at the Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands were used, together with medical data, from 3.250 surgical procedures, during the period January 2013 to 29 June 2014. Common risk factors across three groups of surgical procedures were identified by scanning literature and univariate analysis. A multivariate forward-step logistic regression model was used to identify the marginal contribution of the risk factor specific to each group of surgical procedure using the increase in the Gini coefficient. Results: For digestive system surgical procedures, antibiotic use, temperature, smoking status, age, CRP, thrombocyte, during of surgery and surgical urgency are risk factors for SSI, where the last four were specific to the digestive system group of surgical procedures and increased the Gini coefficient by 9.5% (0.63 to 0.69). Preoperative length of stay, antibiotic use and Leukocyte are risk factors for orthopaedic surgical procedures. Temperature, age and the use of antibiotics were significant for thoracic surgical procedures. Conclusion: ASA class, body mass index (BMI), Preoperative length of stay, diabetes, antibiotic use, age, Leukocyte, temperature and smoking status as general risk factors common to digestive, orthopaedic and thoracic surgical procedures using existing literature and univariate logistic regression. Risk factors for SSI, specific to a surgical procedure group can increase the ability to explain the future occurrence of SSI by 9.5%. The models developed in this study can aid healthcare workers to improve preoperative counselling and help identify potentially modifiable risk factors.
Iatrogenic acute headache secondary to co-administration of ergometrine and phenylephrine during cesarean section: a case report
Authors: Bi Yan Mei , Ni Juan
Published: April 2019

Background

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome has been described as a syndrome of severe recurrent thunderclap headache in bilateral posterior, with or without other neurological symptoms and signs, is fully reversible by 3 months. Vasoconstrictor play an important role in the development of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.

Case presentation

A 37-year-old pregnant women underwent elective cesarean section at 36+6 weeks gestation under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia . After a healthy female neonate was delivered, 0.2mg ergometrine was injected intramuscularly to induce uterine contraction. 30 minutes later, 0.1mg phenylephrine was given intravenously to treatment hypotension. Then she complained of a sudden headache and blood pressure was significantly risen to 163/104 mmHg versus baseline was 118/76 mmHg. Her severe headache was relieved 2 hrs after administering nitroglycerin, and headache did not recur after discontinued nitroglycerin.

Conclusion

The reason of hypotension should be identified in patients received ergometrine during cesarean section. Phenylephrine or other sympathomimetic should be used cautiously and vital signs should be observed closely for patient who received ergometrine during cesarean section. Nitroglycerin may be an alternative for the treatment of severe headache in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.
Degradation of phenol at high concentrations using immobilization of Pseudomonas putida P53 into sawdust entrapped in sodium-alginate beads
Authors: Abarian Moslem , Hassanshahian Mehdi , Esbah Akramsadat
Published: April 2019

Phenols are distributed either as natural or artificial mono-aromatic compounds in various environmental sites as major pollutants. The objective of this study was the immobilization of the phenol degrading bacteria P. putida P53 and A. scleromae P69 in sodium-alginate beads and sawdust as carriers and evaluate the biodegradation ability. The biodegradation ability of strains in free form were evaluated and P. putida P53 was shown to biodegrade up to 1,800 mg/L phenol. Bacterial biomass was prepared and attached to carrier with entrapment and attachment methods. Prepared beads were added to Erlenmeyer flasks containing different concentrations of phenol in BH medium (1,800, 2,200, 2,600 and 3,000 mg/L). According to the results, phenol biodegradation efficiency of immobilized bacteria in sawdust was more than free form. Strain P53 had better biodegradation than P69 strain. Attachment and entrapments into carriers had positive results, Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images indicated that alginate beads were globular shapes (10 nm), and strains aggregated between the large cavities of the matrix. Comparison of sawdust and alginate as carriers for degradation of phenol at high concentrations demonstrated that sawdust improved biodegradation better, and immobilized P53 into sawdust entrapped in sodium-alginate beads can be used for biodegradation purposes.
Diet Control in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sitkulanan Piyaporn , Sanguanklin Natthananporn , Pomjumpa Sirikhwan
Published: April 2019

Background:

The incidence of diabetes mellitus has significantly increased in the last two
decades. Gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM, is a complication that affects both pregnant women and
newborn babies. Pregnant women that are diagnosed with GDM are 7 times more likely to be diagnosed
with type II diabetes mellitus. In addition, infants born by GDM mothers are at higher risk of
developing diabetes mellitus in the future.

Objective:

The study aims to review the literature on the diet control in pregnant women with gestational
diabetes mellitus.

Results:

Controlling blood sugar within the normal range during pregnancy can decrease negative pregnancy
outcomes. However, most pregnant women with GDM cannot control their blood sugar within
the normal range because of a lack of knowledge and skill in selecting appropriate foods. They also often
experience inconsistency in their diet control behavior Most pregnant women worry about gaining too
much weight, and most pregnant women with GDM have to learn how to choose their food properly in
terms of both nutrients and quantity in order to control their blood sugar levels within the normal range.

Conclusion:

Diet control during pregnancy is one way to prevent the negative consequences of GDM
for both mothers and infants. The food proportion for pregnant women with gestational diabetes is
CHO: PRO: FAT = 50: 20:30 and also to consume an appropriate amount of vitamins and minerals
and water each day.
Development of In Vitro Methodologies to Investigate Binding by Sodium Hyaluronate in Eye Drops to Corneal Surfaces
Authors: Bock Udo , Deylen D Von , M Jochner , M Doerr , C Stäbler , S Reichl
Published: April 2019

Purpose:

To developin vitromethods to assess binding by sodium hyaluronate in eye drops to corneal surfaces.

Methods:

Two different, complementary corneal binding set-ups were developed. In a dynamicin vitromodel, confluent corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T) were assembled in chamber slides and a declining channel. A static model was constructed withex vivoporcine corneas clamped in Franz cells. To test the predictive capacity of models, four different eye drops containing sodium hyaluronate were spiked with tritium-labeled sodium hyaluronate to standardize quantification. In both settings, eye drops were applied for 5 min and physiological conditions were mimicked by flushing with artificial tear fluid. Spreading experiments on HCE-T next to synthetic membranes were used for further characterization.

Results:

Binding was more pronounced in dynamic HCE-T model. Three of the four eye drops demonstrated sigmoidal elution of sodium hyaluronate, suggesting pronounced binding. One solution eluted distinctly faster, likewise the buffer control. The static method produced a similar ranking but at lower levels. When eye drops in which phosphate buffer was replaced by citrate buffer (i.e., to prevent calcification) were used, binding was not influenced. All eye drops spread immediately when placed on HCE-T and at the same order of magnitude on glass and polyethylene terephthalate surfaces.

Conclusion:

Dynamic and static models performed on different corneal sources were used to determine sodium hyaluronate binding kinetics in solutions under physiological conditions. These methodologies resulted in a ranking of the capacity of sodium hyaluronate to bindin vitroto corneal surfaces.
Functional Polysilanes and their Optical, Chiroptical and Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Meenu Km. , Bag Dibyendu S. , Lagarkha Rekha , Tomar Radha , Gupta Arvind K.
Published: April 2019

‘Polysilanes’ is an important class of inorganic polymers having Si-Si σ-conjugation along the backbone. They exhibit extraordinary electronic and photophysical properties and find suitable optoelectronics applications. They are typically synthesized by Wurtz coupling reaction of dichlorodialkylsilane or dichlorodiphenylsilane or dichloroalkylphenylsilane and their combinations under drastic reaction conditions by using sodium dispersion in boiling toluene. In such a drastic condition, no functional groups sustain with polysilane polymer. In order to achieve such functional materials, researchers have been interested in synthesizing functional polysilane with a different functional group like a chiral group, azobenzene containing chromophore and other heteroatoms in their main chain or side chain. Therefore, it is a very challenging task to synthesize polysilanes having effective functionality integrated with their structures. However, the modern technological demand of materials leads to efforts to obtain polymers having functional and multifunctional activity in a single material. In this review article, we cover the synthesis of polysilane with functional activity via pre-polymerization and post-polymerization with a functional group.
Mah Sharaf Khanoum Ardalani (Mastura Kurdistani), historian and author(1805- 1847); her life and her epoch
Authors: Mustafa Aram Ali
Published: April 2019

Mahsharaf - Khanom became an educated and conscious person thanks to the education she received from her family and also a position that her parents and grandparents had on both sides of the parents.

In Ardalan and its capital, Sanandaj, as a center for the development of culture and education, Islamic and historical, in addition to a strong base, a large group of historians and intellectuals was found that significantly influenced Mahsharaf-Khanom's thought and consciousness.

Mahashraf-Khanom, by recognition of many the researchers , was the only female historian in the Middle East in the 19th century. She was the only woman in the period who, along with the author of poems, practiced Islamic studies with great ability and had writings and compositions.

In the beginning of the 19th century, the Iranian authorities, in particular, influenced the Ardalanian Kurds and changed their Sunni sect to Shia al-Jaafari. When they felt resistance, they imposed their authority and took control of the government directly in the emirate. They briefly removed it from existence. The Emirate of Ardalan, as part of the South - East Kurdistan, in addition to it was formed in areas, which later became under the control of the Emirate of Baban for more than two centuries, and became the source of disputes and conflicts between them and it came to the occupation of the land and cities, but despite the oppression of the Occupiers of Kurdistan, especially at the end of the 18-th century and the beginning of the 19-th century, there was a strong convergence and diverse integration among the population of the both Emirates and even the ruling class. Finally, when the dyanasty of Ardalan went to fall, Mahsharaf-Khanom and a few thousand Ardalanis moved to the capital of the Emirate of Baban, where they were received with great hospitality.
Genetic Variation in Selected Individuals Based on Number of Capsule in M5 Sesame Mutan Lines Detected by RAPD
Authors: Kholida Masruru , Taryono Taryono , Wulandari Rani Agustina
Published: April 2019

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is major oilseed crops with advantages in health and food industry. Due to self pollinated crop, breeding program in sesame utilized gamma rays irradiation to increase genetic variation. The research material consisted of 164 genotypes from 22 selected individual mutant line based on the number of capsules in M5 generation. This study is to detect genetic variation in selected individuals based on number of capsules in M5 generation of sesame mutant line using RAPD markers. The analysis consists of percentage of polymorphic loci, analysis of molecular variance and visualized in cluster and co-ordinate analysis. Fifteen primers RAPD were able to amplified 237 loci. Each genotype in populations had the similarity coefficient of 0.29 – 0.85. Variance within selected individual line (66%) was higher than variance among selected mutant lines (34%). Variance in each selected individual line contributed to its high value. Line 34 showed the lowest polymorphism (23.21%) and line 19 depicted the highest polymorphism (61.60%).
THE EFFECT OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: THE ROLE OF TRUST IN LEADER AS A MEDIATION AND PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT AS A MODERATION
Authors: Amir Diah Astrini
Published: April 2019

Current organizational behavior studies emphasize the importance of the human aspect. Therefore, leadership as a study of organizational behavior needs to focus on human aspects. The servant leadership (SL) popularized by Greenleaf in 1970 was in line with the idea. SL is explicitly defined as leadership that focuses on serving the needs of subordinates (human aspects). SL is believed to affect subordinate positive behavior which is indicated by organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). However, in the effect of SL on OCB, there is still debate over whether both of them have a direct or indirect impact. The role of organizational context is also not considered in previous studies. This study aims to examine the role of trust in leaders (TIL) as a mediating variable and perceived organizational support (POS) as a moderating variable on the effect of SL on OCB. A total of 238 respondents were collected in the current study in various regions of Indonesia. The results showed that SL had a significant positive effect on OCB. POS was also reported to significantly moderate the effect of SL on OCB. In addition, it was unexpectedly reported that TIL did not mediate the effect of SL on OCB. POS also reported not moderating the effect of SL on OCB through TIL. The arguments in explaining these results are discussed in more detail in the discussion section of this article.
Experimental Study on Doweled Expansion Joints on Behavior for Plain Concrete Pavement System
Authors: Al-kaissi Zainab Ahmed , Mohammed Mohammed Hashim , Kareem Nabaa Sattar
Published: April 2019

This paper deals with load-deflection behavior the jointed plain concrete pavement system using steel dowel bars as a mechanism to transmit load across the expansion joints. Experimentally, four models of the jointed plain concrete pavement system were made, each model consists of two slabs of plain concrete that connected together across expansion by two dowel bars and the concrete slab were supported by the subgrade soil. Two variables were dealt with, the first is diameter of dowel bar (12, 16 and 20 mm) and the second is type of the subgrade soil, two types of soil were used which classified according to the (AASHTO): Type I (A-6) and type II (A-7-6). Experimental results showed that increasing dowel bar diameter from 12 mm to 20 mm has a little effect on load-deflection behavior of the tested specimens with only 5% increase in failure load. This may be attributed to that the failure (caused by flexural crack) depends mainly on concrete strength. Results also showed that decreasing CBR value of subgrade soil from 7% to 5% decreases failure load by about 33%.
Recovery of Aluminum from Industrial Waste (Slag) by Melting and Electrorefining Processes
Authors: Ali Maytham Mahmood , Yassen Rabiha Saleh
Published: April 2019

Slag of aluminum is a residue which results during the melting process of primary and secondary aluminum production. Salt slag of aluminum is hazardous solid waste according to the European Catalogue for Hazardous Wastes. Hence, recovery of aluminum not only saves the environment, but also has advantages of financial and economic returns. In this research, aluminum was recovered and purified from the industrial wastes generated as waste from both of State Company for Electrical and Electronic Industries (Baghdad/AlWaziriya) and General Company for Mechanical Industries (Babylon/-Al-Escandria). It was found that these wastes contain tiny proportions of other elements such as iron, copper, nickel, titanium, lead, and potassium. Wastes were recovered for green sustainability, saving energy and cost effectiveness. The method applied for recovering aluminum was pyro-metallurgical method by smelting and refining. X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy and X- Ray diffraction techniques of the slag sample were used to determine the chemical analysis and phases, respectively. Melting experiments were conducted by using different types of fluxes (KAlF4, NaCl, KCl and AlCl3) at different percentages (0, 5, 10 %) and different melting temperatures (700, 750, 800oC). Design of Experiment (DOE) by Taguchi method, orthogonal array L9, was used in melting experiments. Melting efficiency of aluminum was equal to 84.7%. Electro-refining of aluminum was done by using anhydrous aluminum chloride and NaCl as ionic liquids at low temperature 100 ◦C in electro-refining method producing aluminum of 99% purity.
Experimental and Simulation investigations of Micro Flexible Deep Drawing Using Floating Ring Technique
Authors: Mahmood Zaid H. , Irthiea Ihsan K. , Abed Kadum A.
Published: April 2019

التشكيل المايكروي للمعادن يملك قابلية تطبيق هى مجالات صناعية مختلفة. عملية تشكيل الصفائح المعدنية بأستخدام أدوات مرنة عند مستوى ابعاد مايكروية يعد من بين تقنيات التشكيل التي تملك جذباً متزايداً لاهتمام الباحثين. عملية التشكيل هذه مناسبة لانتاج مركبات مايكروية كونها عملية رخيصة, تؤدي الى منتجات عالي الجودة و نسبيا معدل انتاج عالٍ. هذه الدراسة تقدم تقنية سحب عميق مايكروية مبتكرة من خلال استخدام حلق طافٍ بوصفه قالباً مساعداَ الى جانب وسادة مرنة بوصفها قالب تشكيل رئيس. الحلق الطافي المصمم على وفق هيئة هندسية معينة يوضع بين العينة والوسادة المرنة. وظيفة الحلق الطافي في هذا العمل هي انتاج منتجات مايكروية على شكل كؤس مصنىوعة من فولاذ مقاوم للصدا بأبعاد عالية الدقة. مودبلات العناصر المحددة انجزت باستخدام برنامج . لاثبات صحة النتائج النظرية مجموعة تجارب سحب عميق أجريت بأستخدام جهاز صمم وصنع خصيصا ليلاقي متطلبات الموديل النظري. النتائج أثيتت بأن التقنية المقترحة في هذه الدراسة هي ذات جدوى لانتاج منتجات مايكروية التي تملك امكانية تطبيق عالية في التكنولوجية صغيرة الابعاد.
Avaliação de Impacto das Concessões na Redução de Acidentes, Feridos e Mortos em Rodovias Federais do Distrito Federal e Entorno
Authors: Oliveira Júlio Cesar Matos de , Franco Mac Regio Sampaio , Da Silva Júnior Luiz Honorato , Mendes Annita Valleria Calmon , Almeida Alexandre Nascimento de
Published: April 2019

O presente trabalho se propoe a avaliar o impacto que a concessao de rodovias federais trouxe na redução de acidentes de trânsito, feridos leves, feridos graves e mortos nas rodovias federais do Distrito Federal e seu entorno. A hipotese inicial era que as melhorias na qualidade das rodovias concedidas, impostas pelo contrato de concessao, gerariam a redução de acidentes, feridos e mortos. Foi empregado o metodo das Diferencas em Diferencas, com a utilização de dados dos anos de 2010 a 2016. O grupo de tratamento foi composto pelas BR’s 040, 050 e 060, rodovias concedidas no ano de 2014, e o grupo de controle composto pelas rodovias nao concedidas (BR’s 020, 070 e 251). Os resultados sugerem que a concessao gerou impacto na redução de acidentes de trânsito nas rodovias federais do DF e entorno, entretanto, nao foi possivel afirmar que tenha havido redução do número de feridos e mortos em decorrencia de acidentes de trânsito nas rodovias federais concedidas.
Dinâmica e ressuspensão por ondas no Lago Guaíba (RS, Brasil) e implicações nos locais de captação de água para abastecimento humano
Authors: NICOLODI João Luiz , E.TOLDO Elirio , FARINA Leandro
Published: April 2019

Pesquisas referentes à dinâmica sedimentar do Lago Guaíba são escassas e a maioria trata da distribuição e textura dos sedimentos, sendo raras aquelas que fazem menção ao padrão de ondas e suas relações com a ressuspensão destes sedimentos e suas consequências. A presente pesquisa analisa, por meio da aplicação do software SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore), as características das ondas incidentes no Lago Guaíba quanto a seus principais parâmetros: altura significativa (Hs), período (T), direção de propagação e suas relações com a ressuspensão de sedimentos junto ao fundo. Os maiores valores de altura de ondas modelados foi de 0.55 m, particularmente quando de ventos do quadrante S e SE e com velocidades maiores que 7 m/s. Em termos gerais, as características das ondas seguem os padrões de intensidade e direção dos ventos, atingindo seus máximos valores aproximadamente 1 ou 2 horas após a velocidade de pico dos ventos. Os ambientes de sedimentação do lago foram mapeados e classificados da seguinte forma: 1) Ambientes Depositionais (51% da área do lago); 2) Ambientes Transicionais (41%); e 3) Ambientes Erosionais ou de não deposição (8%).Como forma de contribuir à gestão ambiental da região, foram gerados subsídios referentes ao potencial de concentração de material particulado em suspensão. Este potencial foi definido em função do percentual de tempo, ao longo do ano, em que a ressuspensão de sedimentos de fundo gerada por ondas pode incrementar os níveis de poluição nos locais onde a água é atualmente captada para o abastecimento público no município de Porto Alegre.
Características morfodinâmicas da praia do Pântano do Sul, Ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil
Authors: OLIVEIRA Ulisses Rocha de , BARLETTA Rodrigo do Carmo BARLETTA Do Carmo , PEIXOTO Janice Rezende Vieira , HORN FILHO Norberto Olmiro
Published: April 2019

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da análise das características morfodinâmicas da Praia do Pântano do Sul, uma praia de enseada localizada na costa sul da Ilha de SantaCatarina. Para isto, foram monitorados três perfis praiais, localizados em diferentes setores da praia, durante um ano. Amostras de sedimento foram coletadas durante o monitoramento dos perfis na base da duna frontal, pós-praia e face praial. Amostras adicionais de sedimento foramcoletadas na face da praia com intervalo de 200 m. A praia foi classificada utilizando parâmetros morfométricos e também um modelo sequencial de evolução morfológica. O setor nordeste da praia (perfil 1) é permanentemente abrigado da ação direta da energia das ondas. Neste setor, as ondas raramente ultrapassam 0,5 metros de altura e o estágio predominante é Intermediário Terraço de Baixa Mar (W = 1,44), tendo este setor sedimentos arenosos mais finos que o restante da praia. A energia de onda tende a aumentar progressivamente em direção aos outros setores da praia (perfis 2 e 3). Decorrente desta distribuição de energia, o diâmetro do grão aumenta emdireção aos setores sul da praia. A morfologia da praia proporciona duas linhas de arrebentação de onda e feições rítmicas com cúspides praiais. Os valores de ômega nos setores central e sul (perfis 2 e 3) foram 2,63 e 3,71, caracterizando, respectivamente, estágios intermediários debancos transversais, com correntes de retorno, e banco e praia de cúspide, ou rítmicos. Ao longo da praia do Pântano do Sul, os estágios predominantes variam de acordo com a incidência de ondas ao longo dos diferentes setores da praia. A baixa energia foi associada ao estágio intermediário Terraço de Baixa Mar, a moderada energia correlacionada ao estágio bancostransversais e a moderada alta energia ao estágio banco e praia de cúspide, ou rítmico.
A jazida de bentonita de Bañado de Medina, Melo, Uruguai. Geologia, mineralogia e utilização tecnológica
Authors: ALBARNAZ Luiz Delfino , DANI Norberto , FORMOSO Milton , MEXIAS André , LISBOA Nelson
Published: April 2019

O depósito de bentonita da região de Bañado de Medina, situado 18 km a sudoeste da localidade de Melo, no Uruguai, constitui a primeira ocorrência na região com potencial para exploração comercial. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar dados referentes à mineralogia, composição química, tipos de contaminantes e fatores de controle dos depósitos, bem como algumas propriedades tecnológicas deste material. Com base em 31 furos de sondagem, foi possível a delimitação de uma camada de bentonita que localizadamente possui uma espessura de até 6,6m. A descrição dos furos, juntamente com trabalhos de campo, permitiu estabelecer um depósito de bentonita limitado inferior e superiormente por camadas de arenito dentro da Formação Rio do Rasto (Permiano Superior da Bacia do Paraná). O depósito foi protegido dos processos erosivos posteriores num bloco tectonicamente rebaixado, definido regionalmente por estruturas tectônicas antigas do embasamento com direções NE e NW. A reserva medida nos 9,5 ha de área prospectados é de 580.000 t, sendo formada por uma camada contínua de bentonita com cobertura de arenito/siltito da ordem de 1,60m até 11,60m de espessura. A bentonita Bañado de Medina resulta dos eventos finais do Membro Serrinha da Formação Rio do Rasto (Membro Vila Viñoles da Formação Yaguari, na nomenclatura uruguaia). De acordo com a textura, estruturas sedimentares e cor, a camada de bentonita foi dividida em quatro unidades. A determinação da mineralogia por difratometria de Raios-X mostra a predominância de esmectita dioctaédrica cálcica seguida de quartzo e feldspato, por vezes como minerais traços. Os resultados químicos indicam uma esmectita com baixo teor em Fe3+ e com cerca de 76% da carga interfoliar proveniente da substituição em nível octaédrico de Al3+ por Mg2+, classificando-se como uma Al-montmorilonita. Foi avaliada a capacidade de troca de cátions (valores medidos entre 101 e 116 meq/100g) e sua relação com domínios 2EG, 1EG e 0EG. A montmorilonita com grande predominância é a do tipo baixa carga (2EG). Seu uso tecnológico foi testado para aplicação em moldes de fundição e como fluido de perfuração. Os resultados apontaram índices adequados de estabilidade térmica, inchamento e resistência à tração a úmido, quando ativada com 5% de carbonato de sódio