bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The seasonal cycle of δ3CDIC in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre
Authors: Racapé V. , Metzl N. , Pierre C. , Reverdin G. , Quay P. D. , Olafsdottir S. R.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. This study introduces for the first time the δ13CDIC seasonality in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (NASPG) using δ13CDIC data obtained in 2005–2006 and 2010–2012 with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nutrient observations. On the seasonal scale, the NASPG is characterized by higher δ13CDIC values during summer than during winter, with a seasonal amplitude between 0.70 ± 0.10‰ (August 2010–March 2011) and 0.77 ± 0.07‰ (2005–2006). This is mainly attributed to photosynthetic activity in summer and to a deep remineralization process during winter convection, sometimes influenced by ocean dynamics and carbonate pumps. There is also a strong and negative linear relationship between δ13CDIC and DIC during all seasons. Winter data also showed a large decrease in δ13CDIC associated with an increase in DIC between 2006 and 2011–2012, but the observed time rates (−0.04‰ yr−1and +1.7 μmol kg−1 yr−1) are much larger than the expected anthropogenic signal.
Remotely sensed land-surface energy fluxes at sub-field scale in heterogeneous agricultural landscape and coniferous plantation
Authors: Guzinski R. , Nieto H. , Jensen R. , Mendiguren G.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. In this study we evaluate a methodology for disaggregating land surface energy fluxes estimated with the Dual Time Difference (DTD) model which uses the day and night polar orbiting satellites observations of Land Surface Temperature (LST) as a remotely sensed input. The DTD model is run with MODIS input data at a spatial resolution of around 1 km while the disaggregation uses Landsat observations of LST to produce fluxes at a nominal spatial resolution of 30 m. The higher resolution modeled fluxes can be directly compared against eddy-covariance based flux tower measurements to ensure more accurate model validation and also provide a better visualization of fluxes' spatial patterns in heterogeneous areas allowing for development of, for example, more efficient irrigation practices. The disaggregation technique is evaluated in an area covered by the Danish Hydrological Observatory (HOBE), in the west of the Jutland peninsula, and the modeled fluxes are compared against measurements from two flux towers: first one in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape and second one in a homogeneous conifer plantation. The results indicate that the disaggregated fluxes have greatly improved accuracy as compared to high resolution fluxes derived directly with Landsat data without the disaggregation. At the agricultural site the disaggregated fluxes display negligible bias and almost perfect correlation (r > 0.90) with Eddy Covariance based measurements, while at the plantation site the results are encouraging but not ideal. In addition we introduce a modification to the DTD model by replacing the "parallel" configuration of the resistances to sensible heat exchange by the "series" configuration. The later takes into account the in-canopy air temperature and substantially improves the accuracy of the DTD model.
Rapid formation of large aggregates during the spring bloom of Kerguelen Island: observations and model comparisons
Authors: Jouandet M.-P. , Jackson G. A. , Carlotti F. , Picheral M. , Stemmann L. , Blain S.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We recorded vertical profiles of particle size distributions (PSD, sizes ranging from 0.052 to several mm in equivalent spherical diameter) in the natural iron-fertilized bloom southeast of Kerguelen Island (Southern Ocean) from pre-bloom to early bloom stage. PSD were measured by the Underwater Vision Profiler during the Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau Compared Study cruise 2 (KEOPS 2, October–November 2011). The total particle numerical abundance was more than 4 fold higher during the early bloom phase compared to pre-bloom conditions as a result of the 2-weeks bloom development. We witnessed the rapid formation of large particles and their accumulation at the base of the mixed layer within a two days period, as indicated by changes in total particle volume (VT) and particle size distribution. The VT profiles suggest sinking of particles from the mixed layer to 200 m, but little export deeper than 200 m during the observation period. The results of a one dimensional particles dynamic model support coagulation as the mechanism responsible for the rapid aggregate formation and the development of the VT subsurface maxima. Comparison with KEOPS1, which investigated the same area during late summer, and previous iron fertilization experiments highlights physical aggregation as the primary mechanism for large particulate production during the earlier phase of iron fertilized bloom and its export from the surface mixed layer.
Regional climate model simulations for Europe at 6 and 0.2 k BP: sensitivity to changes in anthropogenic deforestation
Authors: Strandberg G. , Kjellström E. , Poska A. , Wagner S. , Gaillard M.-J. , Trondman A.-K. , Mauri A. , Davis B. A. S. , Kaplan J. O. , Birks H. J. B. , Bjune A. E. , Fyfe R. , Giesecke T. , Kalnina L. , Kangur M. , van der Knaap W. O. , Kokfelt U. , Kuneš P. , Lata\\l owa M. , Marquer L. , Mazier F. , Nielsen A. B. , Smith B. , Seppä H. , Sugita S.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. This study aims to evaluate the direct effects of anthropogenic deforestation on simulated climate at two contrasting periods in the Holocene, ~6 and ~0.2 k BP in Europe. We apply We apply the Rossby Centre regional climate model RCA3, a regional climate model with 50 km spatial resolution, for both time periods, considering three alternative descriptions of the past vegetation: (i) potential natural vegetation (V) simulated by the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS, (ii) potential vegetation with anthropogenic land use (deforestation) from the HYDE3.1 (History Database of the Global Environment) scenario (V + H3.1), and (iii) potential vegetation with anthropogenic land use from the KK10 scenario (V + KK10). The climate model results show that the simulated effects of deforestation depend on both local/regional climate and vegetation characteristics. At ~6 k BP the extent of simulated deforestation in Europe is generally small, but there are areas where deforestation is large enough to produce significant differences in summer temperatures of 0.5–1 °C. At ~0.2 k BP, extensive deforestation, particularly according to the KK10 model, leads to significant temperature differences in large parts of Europe in both winter and summer. In winter, deforestation leads to lower temperatures because of the differences in albedo between forested and unforested areas, particularly in the snow-covered regions. In summer, deforestation leads to higher temperatures in central and eastern Europe because evapotranspiration from unforested areas is lower than from forests. Summer evaporation is already limited in the southernmost parts of Europe under potential vegetation conditions and, therefore, cannot become much lower. Accordingly, the albedo effect dominates in southern Europe also in summer, which implies that deforestation causes a decrease in temperatures. Differences in summer temperature due to deforestation range from −1 °C in south-western Europe to +1 °C in eastern Europe. The choice of anthropogenic land-cover scenario has a significant influence on the simulated climate, but uncertainties in palaeoclimate proxy data for the two time periods do not allow for a definitive discrimination among climate model results.
Two distinct decadal and centennial cyclicities forced marine upwelling intensity and precipitation during the late Early Miocene in Central Europe
Authors: Auer G. , Piller W. E. , Harzhauser M.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Within a 5.5 m-thick succession of Upper Burdigalian (Karpatian) sediments in the North Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB; Austria), dated to CNP-zone NN4, a high-resolution section was logged continuously. 100 samples were taken with a resolution of ~10 mm per layer and analysed using an integrated multi-proxy approach. Earlier analyses of geochemistry and calcareous nannoplankton assemblages hint at small-scale, short-term variations in palaeoenvironmental conditions, such as water-column stratification, primary productivity, organic matter flux, bottom-water oxygenation, freshwater influx and changes in relative sea-level. The results indicate a highly dynamic shallow marine setting that was subject to high frequency environmental changes on a decadal to centennial scale. Time-series analyses on nine different proxy-datasets using REDFIT-analysis and Wavelet spectra were applied to resolve a possible cyclic nature of these variations. Analyses revealed that different proxies for precipitation, upwelling intensity, and over all productivity likely were controlled by different cyclicities. A best-fit adjustment of the likely sedimentation rates within the high-resolution section resulted in periodicities fitting well with the Lower (~65 yr) and Upper (~113 yr) Gleissberg cycle as well as the Suess/de Vries cycle (~211 yr). The section covers a timespan of ~1190 yr based on the correlation with solar cycles, which resulted in an estimated sedimentation rate of 575 mm kyr−1. For the first time, short-term climate variability on a decadal to centennial scale is resolved in Lower Miocene shallow marine laminated sediments in a land-based section. The results hint at a close relationship between climate variability and solar forcing during the Late Burdigalian. Moreover, accepting that these cyclicities are indeed of solar origin, this would indicate that precipitation was driven by the two Gleissberg cycles, while upwelling was driven by the Suess cycle. Furthermore, proxies for primary productivity were influenced by both cycles, although the Suess cycle exerts dominant control, reflecting a stronger influence of upwelling on primary productivity.
Variations in intermediate and deep ocean circulation in the subtropical northwestern Pacific from 26 ka to present based on a new calibration for Mg/Ca in benthic foraminifera
Authors: Kubota Y. , Kimoto K. , Itaki T. , Yokoyama Y. , Miyairi Y. , Matsuzaki H.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. To understand variations in intermediate and deep ocean circulation in the North Pacific, bottom water temperatures (BWT), carbon isotopes (δ13C) of benthic foraminifera, and oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of seawater at a water depth of 1166 m were reconstructed from 26 ka to present. A new regional Mg/Ca calibration for the benthic foraminifera Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi was established to convert the benthic Mg/Ca value to BWT, based on twenty-six surface sediment samples and a core top sample retrieved around Okinawa Island. In addition, core GH08-2004, retrieved from 1166 m water depth east of Okinawa Island, was used to reconstruct water properties from 26 ka to present. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), from 24 to 18 ka, BWT appeared to be relatively constant at approximately 2 °C, which is ~1.5–2 °C lower than today. One of the prominent features of our BWT records was a millennial-scale variation in BWT during the last deglaciation, with BWT higher during Heinrich event 1 (H1; ~17 ka) and the Younger Dryas (YD; ~12 ka) and lower during the Bølling/Allerød (B/A; ~14 ka). The record of seawater δ18O in core GH08-2004 exhibited a rapid increase in association with the rapid warming of BWT at 17 ka, likely due to the reduced precipitation in the North Pacific in response to less moisture transport from the equatorial Atlantic as a result of the collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. During the interval from 17 to 15 ka, the bottom water temperature tended to decrease in association with a decrease in the carbon isotope values of C. wuellerstorfi, likely as a result of increased upwelling of the older water mass that was stored in the abyssal Pacific during the glacial time. The timing of the increased upwelling coincided with the deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise initiated at ~17 ka, and suggested that the increased upwelling in the subtropical northwestern Pacific from 17 to 15 ka contributed to the carbon release from the Pacific into the atmosphere.
Separating precipitation and evapotranspiration from noise – a new filter routine for high-resolution lysimeter data
Authors: Peters A. , Nehls T. , Schonsky H. , Wessolek G.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Weighing lysimeters yield the most precise and realistic measures for evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (P), which are of great importance for many questions regarding soil and atmospheric sciences. An increase or a decrease of the system mass (lysimeter plus seepage) indicates P or ET. These real mass changes of the lysimeter system have to be separated from measurement noise (e.g., caused by wind). A promising approach to filter noisy lysimeter data is (i) to introduce a smoothing routine, like a moving average with a certain averaging window, w, and then (ii) to apply a certain threshold value, δ, accounting for measurement accuracy, separating significant from insignificant weight changes. Thus, two filter parameters are used, namely w and δ. In particular, the time-variable noise due to wind as well as strong signals due to heavy precipitation pose challenges for such noise-reduction algorithms. If w is too small, data noise might be interpreted as real system changes. If w is too wide, small weight changes in short time intervals might be disregarded. The same applies to too small or too large values for δ. Application of constant w and δ leads either to unnecessary losses of accuracy or to faulty data due to noise. The aim of this paper is to solve this problem with a new filter routine that is appropriate for any event, ranging from smooth evaporation to strong wind and heavy precipitation. Therefore, the new routine uses adaptive w and δ in dependence on signal strength and noise (AWAT – adaptive window and adaptive threshold filter). The AWAT filter, a moving-average filter and the Savitzky–Golay filter with constant w and δ were applied to real lysimeter data comprising the above-mentioned events. The AWAT filter was the only filter that could handle the data of all events very well. A sensitivity study shows that the magnitude of the maximum threshold value has practically no influence on the results; thus only the maximum window width must be predefined by the user.
A physically based approach for the estimation of root-zone soil moisture from surface measurements
Authors: Manfreda S. , Brocca L. , Moramarco T. , Melone F. , Sheffield J.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. In the present work, we developed a new formulation for the estimation of the soil moisture in the root zone based on the measured value of soil moisture at the surface. It was derived from a simplified soil water balance equation for semiarid environments that provides a closed form of the relationship between the root zone and the surface soil moisture with a limited number of physically consistent parameters. The method sheds lights on the mentioned relationship with possible applications in the use of satellite remote sensing retrievals of soil moisture. The proposed approach was used on soil moisture measurements taken from the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) and the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) databases. The AMMA network was designed with the aim to monitor three so-called mesoscale sites (super sites) located in Benin, Mali, and Niger using point measurements at different locations. Thereafter the new formulation was tested on three additional stations of SCAN in the state of New Mexico (US). Both databases are ideal for the application of such method, because they provide a good description of the soil moisture dynamics at the surface and the root zone using probes installed at different depths. The model was first applied with parameters assigned based on the physical characteristics of several sites. These results highlighted the potential of the methodology, providing a good description of the root-zone soil moisture. In the second part of the paper, the model performances were compared with those of the well-known exponential filter. Results show that this new approach provides good performances after calibration with a set of parameters consistent with the physical characteristics of the investigated areas. The limited number of parameters and their physical interpretation makes the procedure appealing for further applications to other regions.
Chemical and U-Sr isotopic variations of stream and source waters at a small catchment scale (the Strengbach case; Vosges mountains; France)
Authors: Pierret M. C. , Stille P. , Prunier J. , Viville D. , Chabaux F.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. This is the first comprehensive study dealing with major and trace element data as well as 87Sr/86Sr isotope and (234U/238U) activity ratios (AR) determined on the totality of springs and brooks of the Strengbach catchment. It shows that the small and more or less monolithic catchment drains different sources and streamlets with very different isotopic and geochemical signatures. Different parameters control the diversity of the source characteristics. Of importance is especially the hydrothermal overprint of the granitic bedrock, which was stronger for the granite from the northern than from the southern slope; also significant are the different meteoric alteration processes of the bedrock causing the formation of 0.5 to 9 m thick saprolite and above the formation of an up to 1 m thick soil system. These processes mainly account for springs and brooks from the northern slope having higher Ca/Na, Mg/Na, Sr/Na ratios but lower 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios than those from the southern slope. The chemical compositions of the source waters in the Strengbach catchment are only to a small extent the result of alteration of primary bedrock minerals and rather reflect dissolution/precipitation processes of secondary mineral phases like clay minerals. The (234U/238U) AR, however, are decoupled from the 87Sr/86Sr isotope system and reflect to some extent the level of altitude of the source and, thus, the degree of alteration of the bedrock. The sources emerging at high altitudes have circulated through already weathered materials (saprolite and fractured rock depleted in 234U) implying (234U/238U) AR < 1, which is uncommon for surface waters. Preferential flow paths along constant fractures in the bedrocks might explain the over time homogeneous U AR of the different spring waters. However, the geochemical and isotopic variations of stream waters at the outlet of the catchment are controlled by variable contributions of different springs depending on the hydrological conditions. It appears that the (234U/238U) AR is an appropriate very important tracer for studying and deciphering the contribution of the different source fluxes at the catchment scale because this unique geochemical parameter is different for each individual spring and at the same time remains unchanged for each of the springs with changing discharge and fluctuating hydrological conditions. This study further highlights the important impact of different and independent water pathways in fractured granite controlling the different geochemical and isotopic signatures of the waters.
Quantifying river form variations in the Mississippi Basin using remotely sensed imagery
Authors: Miller Z. F. , Pavelsky T. M. , Allen G. H.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Geographic variations in river form are often estimated using the framework of downstream hydraulic geometry (DHG), which links spatial changes in discharge to channel width, depth, and velocity through power-law models. These empirical relationships are derived from limited in situ data and do not capture the full variability in channel form. Here, we present a dataset of 1.2 × 106 river widths in the Mississippi Basin measured from the Landsat-derived National Land Cover Dataset that characterizes width variability observationally. We construct DHG for the Mississippi drainage by linking DEM-estimated discharge values to each width measurement. Well-developed DHG exists over the entire Mississippi Basin, though individual sub-basins vary substantially from existing width-discharge scaling. Comparison of depth predictions from traditional depth–discharge relationships with a new model incorporating width into the DHG framework shows that including width improves depth estimates by, on average, 24%. Results suggest that channel geometry derived from remotely sensed imagery better characterizes variability in river form than do the assumptions of DHG.
Soil erosion by snow gliding – a first quantification attempt in a sub-alpine area, Switzerland
Authors: Meusburger K. , Leitinger G. , Mabit L. , Mueller M. H. , Walter A. , Alewell C.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Snow processes might be one important driver of soil erosion in Alpine grasslands and thus the unknown variable when erosion modelling is attempted. The aim of this study is to assess the importance of snow gliding as soil erosion agent for four different land use/land cover types in a sub-alpine area in Switzerland. We used three different approaches to estimate soil erosion rates: sediment yield measurements in snow glide deposits, the fallout radionuclide 137Cs, and modelling with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The RUSLE model is suitable to estimate soil loss by water erosion, while the 137Cs method integrates soil loss due to all erosion agents involved. Thus, we hypothesise that the soil erosion rates determined with the 137Cs method are higher and that the observed discrepancy between the soil erosion rate of RUSLE and the 137Cs method is related to snow gliding and sediment concentrations in the snow glide deposits. Cumulative snow glide distance was measured for the sites in the winter 2009/10 and modelled for the surrounding area with the Spatial Snow Glide Model (SSGM). Measured snow glide distance ranged from 2 to 189 cm, with lower values at the north facing slopes. We observed a reduction of snow glide distance with increasing surface roughness of the vegetation, which is important information with respect to conservation planning and expected land use changes in the Alps. Our hypothesis was confirmed: the difference of RUSLE and 137Cs erosion rates was related to the measured snow glide distance (R2= 0.64; p < 0.005) and snow sediment yields (R2 = 0.39; p = 0.13). A high difference (lower proportion of water erosion compared to total net erosion) was observed for high snow glide rates and vice versa. The SSGM reproduced the relative difference of the measured snow glide values under different land uses and land cover types. The resulting map highlighted the relevance of snow gliding for large parts of the investigated area. Based on these results, we conclude that snow gliding is a key process impacting soil erosion pattern and magnitude in sub-alpine areas with similar topographic and climatic conditions.
A micro optical probe for edge contour evaluation of diamond cutting tools
Authors: Jang S. H. , Shimizu Y. , Ito S. , Gao W.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. This paper presents a micro optical probe, which is employed to evaluate edge contours of single point diamond tools with a size in a range of several millimetres. The micro optical probe consists of a laser source with a wavelength of 405 nm, an objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.25, a photodiode for measurement, and a compensating optical system including another photodiode for compensation of laser intensity. A collimated laser beam, which is divided by a beam splitter in the compensating optical system, is focused by the objective lens so that the focused spot can be used as the micro optical probe. The micro optical probe traces over an edge contour of an objective tool while the signals of both the two photodiodes are monitored. The output of the photodiode for measurement is compensated by using that of the photodiode for laser intensity compensation to eliminate the influence of the laser instability. The signal of the photodiode for measurement is used to define the deviation of edge contour within the diameter of the micro optical probe. To verify the feasibility of the developed optical probe, the optical system was mounted on a diamond turning machine, and some experiments were carried out. Two types of edge contours of the diamond tools having a straight cutting edge and a round cutting edge were measured on the machine.
A case report of chronic interstitial nephritis associated with Chinese herbal supplement Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen
Authors: Joshi Hiren J. , Obi Reginald
Published: March 2014

We report a case of renal failure associated with ingestion of Chinese herbal weight loss supplement called Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen. A 33 year old African American female who had been ingesting Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen for about one year in duration. The patient presented to our facility with renal failure requiring dialysis for one month from unknown etiology. The patient had a normal creatinine level a few months prior to starting dialysis. The patient had no additional medical history. Her urine studies were positive for sterile pyuria, suggestive of interstitial nephritis. She subsequently underwent a kidney biopsy which showed severe chronic interstitial nephritis due to Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen. The Chinese herbal supplement was discontinued, but patient remained dialysis dependent. Our literature search showed one other reported case of bee pollen associated with acute interstitial nephritis that required short term hemodialysis with renal recovery after discontinuation of supplement. This unique case highlights the growing health risks posed by nonprescription diet supplements and they can potentially add to the increasing burden of kidney disease.
A new species of Casmaria H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (Gastropoda, Cassidae) from the Philippines identified by molecular data
Authors: Fedosov Alexander , Olivera Baldomero M. , Watkins Maren , Barkalova Varvara
Published: March 2014

The genus Casmaria H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (family Cassidae) is widespread in the tropical Indo-Pacific and has been documented from some Atlantic localities as well. Two Casmaria species, C. erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. ponderosa (Gmelin, 1791), are common in Indo-Pacific shallow-water sandy bottom communities and are characterized by high morphological variability; both species encompass multiple, often sympatric forms of uncertain status. In the present study we carry out a phylogenetic analysis of some Philippine Casmaria morphs and demonstrate that one of the distinctive morphs earlier assigned to Casmaria ponderosa is in fact a different species, which we describe as Casmaria boblehmani sp. nov. The smooth form of Casmaria ponderosa, C. ponderosa ponderosa, and the solid nodulose form, widely called “form nodulosa” despite being strikingly different in shell morphology, are shown to be conspecific. Studied specimens of these two morphs even from different localities share the same haplotype of the CO1 gene. In light of these new data on the morphological variability of Casmaria species, we discuss criteria of species delimitation in the genus Casmaria and possible affinities of Casmaria boblehmani sp. nov. within the genus.
Mobile Communities and Pastoralist Landscapes During the Formative Period in the Central Altiplano of Bolivia
Authors: Capriles José M.
Published: March 2014

The domestication of llamas and alpacas was fundamental for the cultural and economic development of Andean societies, but the origins of camelid pastoralism as a distinct mode of socioeconomic organization remain little understood. Whereas most archaeological interpretations of prehispanic highland societies emphasize the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture as a process marked by the establishment of agricultural sedentary villages, other subsistence and mobility strategies have been for the most part overlooked. A case in point is the Wankarani cultural complex from the Central Altiplano of Bolivia, which has been interpreted as an example of an early village-based sedentary society. Here, I argue that a model of mobile pastoralism based on ethnoarchaeological research better explains the Central Altiplano's Formative period archaeological record. Recently collected data support this proposition. Settlement patterns consisted of multiple dispersed camps attached to residential bases occupied recurrently. Horizontal excavations from a residential base revealed structures and features analogous to pastoralist landscapes documented around the world. Faunal identification confirmed the preponderance of domesticated camelids. Based on this evidence, I argue that we need better explanatory frameworks for approaching the origins, organization, and variability associated with early food producing societies such as mobile camelid pastoralists.
Étude de la productivité d’un aquifère de socle et approche statistique pour la détermination des tranches de profondeurs potentiellement productives : cas de la région de Bongouanou, est de la Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Assemian Emile Assie , Kouamé Fernand Koffi , Saley Mahaman Bachir , Affian Kouadio , Youan Ta Marc , Jourda Jean Patrice Roger , Biemi Jean
Published: March 2014

Dans le département de Bongouanou, l’essentiel de l’approvisionnement en eau potable de la population est assuré par les eaux souterraines contenues dans les aquifères de socle des granites et des schistes. Malheureusement, plus de 20 % des forages réalisés sont négatifs, en raison de leur trop faible productivité. Ce travail a donc pour objectif d’améliorer la connaissance de ce type d'aquifère et d’évaluer ses potentialités en eau souterraine. Pour ce faire, des analyses statistiques des paramètres hydrogéologiques de 230 forages réalisés dans le département de Bongouanou ont été effectuées. Cet aquifère bénéficie d’une recharge moyenne annuelle de 145 mm. La moyenne du débit des forages est de 4,34 m3•h‑1 et la transmissivité moyenne est de 1,5•10‑4 m2•s‑1. Les aquifères de socle de la région de Bongouanou sont donc modestement productifs, caractéristique typique des milieux de socle altérés. Les résultats statistiques révèlent que les schistes, qui occupent plus de 80 % du territoire, sont plus productifs que les granites. Généralement, les forages implantés sur les pentes et les fonds de vallée, dans cette région, présentent des débits plus importants que ceux des plateaux. L’influence de l’altération sur la productivité des forages est démontrée. Statistiquement, elle se traduit par une relation apparente entre l’épaisseur des altérites meubles (saprolite) et la productivité. Ainsi, pour des épaisseurs de saprolite inférieures à 15 m (interprétées comme dues à l’absence de l’horizon fissuré perméable sous-jacent) et supérieures à 60 m (interprétées comme dues au fait que le forage recoupe une discontinuité subverticale argilisée), les débits sont très faibles. On observe aussi que ce sont seulement les 30 premiers mètres de l’horizon fissuré, situé juste sous la base des altérites meubles, qui sont les plus perméables, et donc les plus productifs; au-delà de cette limite, la perméabilité diminue sensiblement avec la profondeur. Ainsi, dans cette région, à partir de la surface du sol, les profondeurs optimales les plus productives en eau souterraine sont comprises entre 40 et 70 m pour les granites et 40 à 80 m pour les schistes. Enfin, ce travail permet de proposer un modèle conceptuel de la structure et des propriétés hydrodynamiques des aquifères de socle de cette région de la Côte d’Ivoire.
Le site Gaudreau de Weedon
Authors: Graillon Éric , Chapdelaine Claude , Chalifoux Éric
Published: March 2014

Les sites où l’on a retrouvé des pointes à retouches parallèles sont bien représentés en Gaspésie et au Bas-Saint-Laurent, mais ils demeurent rares ailleurs au Québec méridional. Un nouveau site, situé à Weedon, à la jonction des rivières Saint-François et au Saumon, a livré une petite collection de pointes Plano du Paléoindien récent taillées dans un matériau inconnu s’apparentant visuellement aux rhyolites, mais dont l’identification précise et la source restent à confirmer. Cet assemblage diagnostique a été récupéré en profondeur au sein de ce qui semble représenter un petit atelier de taille composé d’environ 500 éclats du même matériau que les pointes. Dans cet article, la description de l’outillage et du débitage est suivie d’une discussion sur l’importance de ce nouveau site Plano pour mieux comprendre la chronologie et l’adaptation de ces chasseurs-cueilleurs qui devaient s’ajuster au milieu changeant de la transition Pléistocène-Holocène.
Feminización y subalternización del otro enemigo. Construcción y destrucción de corporalidades en contextos de conflicto armado y violencia extrema
Authors: Cortés Ibáñez Erika Alejandra
Published: March 2014

Studying extreme violence entails a profound analysis of the individual and collective Self. Cruelty is a terrible human quality and, as such, condenses a big part of our construction as subjects in relation to the other; cruelty is usually intimate, where proximity between executioner and victim is brewed, especially in the not few cases where sexual abuses are involved in armed conflicts. Physical and psychological abuses frequently perpetrated in various armed conflicts are part of a logic where the enemy embodies a hated and threatening alterity, which must be destroyed by any means possible. Thus, the perpetrator constructs itself as an ultra-masculine subject, in the dominant position, and sees the victim as something subjugated, dominated, humiliated and feminized. The bodies involved are vessels, and deposits of symbols and representations of what is at stake, of what is trying to be destroyed and remade.
La “compañera política”: mujeres militantes y espacios de “agencia” en insurgencias latinoamericanas
Authors: Dietrich Ortega Luisa María
Published: March 2014

This article explores gender arrangements within insurgent projects in El Salvador, Colombia and Peru. Particular interest lies in the introduction of an insurgent femininity, “the female comrade” and the possibilities for enhanced agency offered in the context of armed conflict. Analysis on an institutional level enables to differentiate two levels within insurgent regimes that are governed by differing gender arrangements: on the one hand, a level that is “functional to armed conflict”, that has a disposition toward change, and, on the other hand, a level that is associated to “emotional relations” that tend to enforce masculine privilege. The findings allow for nuanced approaches on transit from armed struggle towards post-conflict and the mechanisms that operate to re-install and perpetuate gendered inequalities.
La paradoja hipócrita. Problematización de la participación política de la mujer misak
Authors: Parrado Morales Stefannia , Isidro Luisa
Published: March 2014

The paper examines how the Colombian indigenous community Nation Misak deals with the political issues related to the protection of nature and the territory. Specifically, the paradigmatic role of women and their participation in the community are discussed, as even when referring to the community life and cosmogony, the woman is the protector and safeguarding of the natural heritage, in the private sphere and in the indigenous cabildos and organizations, women are victims of various types of violence. To investigate this, we take into account different gender practices of the indigenous community and the relationship between the Misak woman and natural resources.
This paradox becomes evident by means of a qualitative study based on four interviews conducted with four women and three men from the Misak community. As a conclusion, some new initiatives and peaceful struggle strategies adopted by the Misak women are reviewed.
“Una pared de vidrio fundido”. Análisis del uso táctico del imaginario de la fragilidad femenina: caso de las milicias femeninas de Jamia Hafsa
Authors: Serrano López Adriana María , Pinto Pamela Támara
Published: March 2014

Departing from the post-colonial theoretical approaches exposed by Chandra Talpade Mohanty and Frantz Fanon, this article presents an analysis on the tactics and strategies used by the Syeda Jamian Hafsa female students. The way in which the Jihadists turn the traditional imaginary around female vulnerability into a tactical attack instrument is analyzed.
Activation of boron and recrystallization in Ge preamorphization implant structure of ultra shallow junctions by microwave annealing
Authors: Tsai Ming Han , Wu Chi-Ting , Lee Wen-His
Published: March 2014

In this study, high-current and low-energy (400 eV) ion implantation and low-temperature microwave annealing were employed to achieve ultra shallow junctions. To use the characteristic of microwave annealing more effectively, two-step microwave annealing was also employed. In the first step annealing, a high-power (2400 W; ∼500 °C) microwave was used to achieve solid-state epitaxial regrowth (SPER) and enhance microwave absorption. In the second step of annealing, unlike in conventional thermal annealing, which requires a higher energy to activate the dopant, a 600 W (∼250 °C) microwave was used to achieve low sheet resistance. The device subjected to two-step microwave annealing at 2400 W for 300 s + 600 W for 600 s has the lowest V
th. It also has the lowest subthreshold swing (SS), which means that it has the highest cap ability to control sub threshold current. In these three devices, the largest I
on/I
off ratio is 2.203 × 106, and the smallest I
on/I
off ratio is 2.024 × 106.
Multiple phase change structure for the scalable phase change random access memory array
Authors: Lee Jung-Min , Saito Yuta , Sutou Yuji , Koike Junichi , Jung Jin Won , Sahashi Masashi , Song Yun-Heub
Published: March 2014

A multiple phase change structure with Sb79Te21 for switching and Ge1Cu2Te3 for memory was fabricated and evaluated for cell operation. It was confirmed that Sb79Te21 with smaller contact diameter is successfully operated or used as a switching device with selective current pulses. In addition, it was estimated that this structure provides acceptable on–off ratio and leakage current by structural consideration. From these results, we consider that the structure with multiple phase change materials is suitable as a new device with both switching and memory functions, which gives higher scalability in three-dimensional array architecture by adopting no additional selective devices, such as transistors and diodes. Therefore, we expect that this structure can be one of the candidates for the scalable phase change random access memory (PCRAM).
Multisensor readout circuit using a multiple differential-input operation amplifier with pulse output
Authors: Wang Ruey-Lue , Fu Chien-Cheng , Yu Chi , Wu Wei-De , Chuang Yan-Tse , Lin Chen-Fu , Liao Hsin-Hao , Tsai Hann-Huei , Juang Ying-Zong
Published: March 2014

In this paper, a CMOS multisensor readout circuit is presented. A multiple differential-input operational amplifier (MDI-OPA) with three distinct positive inputs and one common negative input is designed to make one of the three inputs to act as a general differential-input OPA through a built-in multiplexer. A voltage-to-current converter and a current-controlled oscillator are integrated with the MDI-OPA so that the selected analog input voltage can be used to generate a pulse output whose frequency is linearly proportional to the selected input voltage. The linearity of the transfer characteristic is at least 99.99% for input voltages below 1.44 V. An added current-offset structure is used to modify the transfer characteristic that usually varies owing to process variation. The measured output transfer characteristics of three input channels show nearly the same sensitivity of 90 Hz/mV or so with a linearity of at least 99.99% with the assistance of the current-offset mechanism.
Post annealing effect on buffer-free CuInS2 solar cells with transparent conducting Zn1−
xMgxO:Al films
Authors: Okuda Kasumi , Chantana Jakapan , Fujita Yuji , Hironiwa Daisuke , Minemoto Takashi
Published: March 2014

CuInS2 solar cells without buffer layers, i.e., buffer-free cells, were fabricated. The typical structure of the cells is ZnO:Al/CdS/CuInS2/Mo/glass and thus includes CdS as a buffer layer. Eliminating the buffer layer is effective in preventing short-wavelength light absorption loss caused by CdS and simplifying the structure and process. However, the elimination of CdS from the structure results in the formation of a ZnO:Al/CuInS2 junction, leading to the mismatching of a conduction band offset (CBO). In this work, instead of ZnO:Al, we used a (Zn,Mg)O:Al layer prepared by co-sputtering ZnO:Al and MgO:Al for CBO matching. Also, the junction quality deteriorated by sputtering damage during (Zn,Mg)O:Al deposition was recovered by post annealing after cell fabrication. The low open-circuit voltage of as-fabricated cells of 0.25 V was improved to 0.52 V by annealing at 250 °C for 10 min, leading to an improvement in efficiency from 1.9 to 5.5%. The results indicate the possibility of realizing buffer-free CIS solar cells.
Influência da palha no controle químico de plantas daninhas no sistema de cana crua
Authors: Silva Paulo Vinicius da , Monquero Patrícia Andrea
Published: March 2014

No sistema de colheita mecanizada sem a queima prévia do canavial (cana crua) é deixada sobre o solo uma camada de palha que pode superar até 20 t ha-1, o que representa uma barreira para germinação e emergência de algumas espécies daninhas e pode afetar a lixiviação e eficácia dos herbicidas. Portanto, diante dessa alteração, os herbicidas utilizados na pré-emergência das plantas daninhas, no sistema de cana crua, precisam apresentar algumas características físico químicas especificas para que sejam eficazes no controle de plantas daninhas, tais como: alta solubilidade em água, baixa pressão de vapor e baixo Kow. Além disto, é importante considerar a quantidade e distribuição de palha no campo e a intensidade de chuva após a aplicação dos herbicidas, já que estes fatores determinam o quanto do produto é interceptado pela palha, não atingindo o solo que é o seu destino final.  Diante do exposto, a presente revisão tem como objetivo esclarecer como a palha na superfície do solo pode influenciar o controle químico das plantas daninhas e o comportamento dos herbicidas em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar.
Dinâmica de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência sobre palha de cana-de-açúcar em diferentes regimes hídricos
Authors: Prado Ana Beatriz Campos Almeida , Obara Flávio Eduardo Botelhos , Brunharo Caio Augusto Grossi , Melo Marcel Sereguin Cabral , Christoffoleti Pedro Jacob , Alves Marcelo Corrêa
Published: March 2014

A manutenção da cobertura morta sobre o solo pode reduzir o potencial de infestação de plantas daninhas, assim como pode afetar a transposição dos herbicidas, a dinâmica de molhamento e a lavagem da palha pela água das chuvas. O trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a dinâmica dos herbicidas diuron, metribuzin e tebuthiuron em diferentes regimes hídricos com e sem palha, e apontar as principais relações entre a presença ou ausência de palha na remoção dos herbicidas pela água da chuva e influência na eficácia de controle de plantas daninhas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6 x 3 x 2, com quatro repetições, onde foram testados seis níveis para o fator chuva simulada (testemunha, 0, 5, 10, 20 e 20 + 20 mm), três herbicidas (diuron a 2,0 kg ha-1; metribuzin a 1,92 kg ha-1 e tebuthiuron a 1,2 kg ha-) e duas quantidades de palha (0 e 10 t ha-1). Um dia após a aplicação dos herbicidas a palha foi removida dos vasos e as espécies Ipomoea grandifolia e Cucumis sativus foram semeadas, avaliando-se o controle aos 15 e 30 dias após a aplicação e 10 e 21 dias após a aplicação, respectivamente. O herbicida diuron foi menos eficaz nos tratamentos com palha em comparação ao metribuzin e tebuthiuron. A palha afetou de maneira significativa o controle das espécies I. grandifolia e . sativus pelos herbicidas na ausência de chuva simulada. Uma chuva de 20 mm foi suficiente para remover os herbicidas da palha para o solo e promover excelentes níveis de controle das plantas daninhas.
Sediment supply to beaches: Cross‐shore sand transport on the lower shoreface
Authors: Aagaard Troels
Published: March 2014

Many beaches have been built by an onshore supply of sand from the shoreface, and future long‐term coastal evolution critically depends on cross‐shore sediment exchange between the upper and the lower shorefaces. Even so, cross‐shore sediment supply remains poorly known in quantitative terms and this reduces confidence in predictions of long‐term shoreline change. In this paper, field measurements of suspended sediment load and cross‐shore transport on the lower shoreface are used to derive a model for sediment supply from the lower to the upper shoreface at large spatial and temporal scales. Data collection took place at five different field sites that exhibit a wide range of wave conditions and sediment characteristics. Data analysis shows that both suspended sediment load and cross‐shore sediment transport scale with the grain‐related mobility number which ranged up to ψ ≈ 1000 in the measurements while the effect of orbital velocity skewness is more limited. A 1 year long simulation of sediment transfers between the lower and the upper shorefaces on a natural beach compares well with transport rates estimated from long‐term bar migration patterns and aeolian accretion on the same beach.
Midcrustal discontinuities and the assembly of the Himalayan midcrust
Authors: Larson Kyle P. , Cottle John M.
Published: March 2014

Detailed quartz lattice preferred orientation (LPO) data define two structural discontinuities in the exhumed high‐grade metamorphic core of the Himalaya exposed in the upper Tama Kosi region of east central Nepal. The structures are marked by abrupt breaks in a general trend of up structural section increasing quartz LPO‐defined deformation temperatures. Deformation associated with the upper structural discontinuity, which occurs within sillimanite grade rocks, is postpeak metamorphism in both the hanging wall and the footwall. New geochronologic data constrain the timing of metamorphism in the hanging wall of the upper discontinuity to between 24 and 16 Ma, indistinguishable from previously published ages for the footwall. Movement across this structure represents Early Miocene strain localization and thickening in the Himalayan midcrust. Movement across the lower discontinuity, which occurs between staurolite and kyanite grade rocks, appears to be synmetamorphic with material in its footwall at approximately 10 Ma, but postpeak metamorphism for material in its hanging wall. This movement is interpreted to reflect the underplating and incorporation of material into the metamorphic core. The recognition of two thrust‐sense discontinuities in the exhumed Himalayan core in the Tama Kosi region is consistent with other similar structures recognized along the Himalaya. The widespread nature of these structures reinforces that they are important to our understanding of the evolution of the kinematics of large, hot orogens.
Engineering the Substitution Position of Diphenylphosphine Oxide at Carbazole for Thermal Stability and High External Quantum Efficiency Above 30% in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Mounggon , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: March 2014

A carbazole derivative substituted with two diphenylphosphine oxide groups at asymmetric positions of carbazole is synthesized and the substitution position is correlated with the photophysical properties and device performances of blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. The carbazole type host with substituents at 2‐ and 5‐ positions of carbazole shows the merits of low driving voltage of 2‐position substitution, and high thermal stability and high quantum efficiency of 5‐ position substitution. Therefore, the carbazole type host exhibits excellent thermal and morphological stability up to 140 °C and record high quantum efficiency of 31.4% and power efficiency of 53.1 lm W‐1 without any outcoupling enhancement and p‐ or n‐doped charge transport layer in blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes.