bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS OF MUNITIONS-GRADE NITROCELLULOSE
Authors: Alleman James E. , Kim Byung J. , Quivey David M. , Equihua Lucina O.
Published: May 2018

Cellulose nitrate compounds constitute an important industrial feedstock, with applications ranging from fingernail polish to photographic films to explosives. Indeed, the latter use has strategic implications associated with the production of military munitions. However, the particularly high level of cellulose nitration required for these explosive materials creates a significant environmental problem with respect to the necessary degradation of waste ‘fines’ inevitably discharged from their manufacturing operations. Rather ironically, these waste solids have proven to be remarkably stable, leading to a traditional reliance upon a primitive treatment approach (i.e., open-field incineration) which is neither safe nor environmentally acceptable. This paper, therefore, describes an alternative chemical degradation procedure based on alkaline hydrolysis. Primarily using sodium hydroxide at low percent dosage levels, this research effort has successfully achieved significant levels of denitration and apparent breakdown of the backbone cellulose structure. Furthermore, as compared with prior research on thi s topic, these results were achieved at markedly lower contact times and temperatures. However, two uncertainties still remain regarding this process, involving both the fate of a significant fraction of the original nitrogen and the apparently lingering recalcitrant nature of the post-degradation organics. In both cases, ongoing investigations have been instituted to resolve these issues.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE QUALITATIVE GC ANALYSIS OF SOME NON-CHLORINATED XENOBIOTIC CHEMICALS IN WASTE WATERS
Authors: Škrbic Biljana D. , Vojinovic-Miloradov Mirjana B.
Published: May 2018

Gas chromatographic unified retention indices of some chlorinated xenobiotic chemicals, as pollutants in waste waters, on OV-101 and SE-30 stationary phases are presented. These values agree well with the corresponding experimental values used in the statistical treaunent of the experimental data.
DISTILLATIVE TREATMENT OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Authors: Leonhard Konrad , Eisner Peter , Haase Wolfgang , Wilderer Peter A.
Published: May 2018

Liquid residues from industry have to be treated in a special manner. The continuing aim is to recycle valuable materials within the process and to separate pollutants for final disposal. The thermic processes of stripping, evaporation and rectification and various combinations of these methods are particularly efficient for the separation of pollutants. Evaporation with variations of the pH-value is the fundamental stage of a combined process. The efficiency of Ibis method is far greater than that of conventional treatment The complete elimination of highly volatile or volatile-in-steam substances (e.g. ammonia, hydrocarbons) can be achieved by stripping. This process step can be combined very efficiently with evaporation. The rectification method is used for further treatment of distillates, especially for the recycling of valuable substances. The efficiencies of. these thermic processes were very ably demonstrated by the results of many investigations carried out over a period of 12 years.
TREATMENT OF PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS IN NOVEL MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTORS
Authors: Rusten Bjørm , Mattsson Erik , Broch-Due Astrid , Westrum Thorbjørn
Published: May 2018

A new moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) has been developed, where the biomass is attached to small plastic elements that move freely along with the water in the reactors. Pilot-tests with these new biofilm reactors, have been performed at four different pulp and paper mills. The wastewaters tested were paper mill effluent, bleachery effluent, NSSC effluent and a mixture of CTMP and ground wood effluents. Good results were obtained with all the different wastewaters. These results are presented and discussed, together with full-scale design data for the MBBR treatment plants constructed at two of the mills.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE AGRO-BASED PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN INDIA – A HOLISTIC APPROACH
Authors: Gupta P. K.
Published: May 2018

The agro-residue based pulp and paper industry generates high strength and high volume wastewaters, which in the absence of techno-economically viable chemical recovery systems and cost-effective pollution control systems pollute the recipient environment.

The use of the “end of pipe” treatment approach results in a complex wastewater system and imposes a very high economic burden on these units. A more pertinent approach is to incorporate “at source” pollution prevention measures prior to the design of the end-of-pipe wastewater treatment facility. This cleaner production/waste minimisation approach not only results in direct financial returns in the form of material conservation and recovery/reuse of fibres but also reduces the overall investment and annual operational costs of the subsequent wastewater treatment system.

Studies at four paper mills where appropriate technologies for waste reduction and handling, and energy conservation have been demonstrated and implemented, are presented. The paper highlights the various in plant measures viz. process modification and recovery/recycle/reuse of resources, which can be used to reduce the total pollution load. These measures lead to increases in profit margin of up to 20% and reduced wastewater treatment costs of up to 30%.

To illustrate this approach, a case study in a 25 TPD mill has been discussed.
Monitoring and Estimating Concentrations and Effects of Microcontaminants in the Rhine-Delta: Chemical Analysis, Biological Laboratory Assays and Field Observations
Authors: Jan Hendriks A.
Published: May 2018

The aim of the Rhine Action Program is to create conditions for the return of (higher) indigenous species. To obtain an impression of current levels of contamination, several separate studies were carried out. The methods applied are discussed briefly and several representative results are given. The focus will be on the integration of the conclusions with respect to the goals of the Program.

First, concentrations of traditional microcontaminants in sediment, water and organisms, collected in monitoring programs, are presented. Concentrations of some compounds, such as cadmium, have decreased substantially while concentrations of other compounds, like PCB153, remain on the same level as they were in the late seventies. The current levels will be compared to Dutch quality standards that are thought to protect most of the aquatic community.

Secondly, responses in biological assays with Rhine water are presented. In the seventies, laboratory species died immediately after exposure to Rhine water. Nowadays, water has to be concentrated to induce acute mortality. Remarkably, only a few percent of the mortality observed after XAD-concentration can be explained by the organic microcontaminants identified by GC/MS. To cover calamities that are missed by these static assays and by daily chemical analysis, biological early warning systems are positioned along the river. In the past, monitors with the fish species ide (Leuciscusidus) have registered several calamities that were not detected by chemical early warning. Currently monitors with waterfleas (Daphniamagna) are being tested, in order to broaden the spectrum of concentrations and compounds covered.

Thirdly, measured data are combined with literature information to obtain an impression of hazards for combinations of chemical compounds and biological taxa. Differences in exposure can be derived from knowledge on habitat and food composition, while information on sensitivity for a chemical can be estimated from data on related taxa. The assessment indicates that most taxa, included target taxa such as Salmonidae, are threatened by current concentrations of different groups of microcontaminants.

Finally, some illustrative (semi-)field observations from the Rhine-delta area will be mentioned as a qualitative validation of the extrapolation from experimental and theoretical analysis.
Effects of Organophosphorous Insecticides on Autochthonous and Introduced Gammarus Species
Authors: Streit Bruno , Kuhn Kerstin
Published: May 2018

The Rhine river and many other river systems are easily contaminated by organophosphorous insecticides. Whereas overall concentrations of organophosphorous compounds, their dispersal, photolysis, and degradation in rivers have been modelled various times, only few studies have been done on the complex effects on community structures in rivers so far. Using acetylcholinesterase inhibtion as a parameter of sublethal toxicity, we found that organophosphorous insecticide tolerance in various Gammarus species differs widely and may help to explain recent changes in species composition, especially of the introduced G. tigrinus vs. the autochthonous species G. pulex and G. fossarum. The higher tolerance of G. tigrinus could be one of several factors explaining the success of this species in the Rhine river invertebrate fauna.
DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOREACTOR SYSTEM FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHROMATE WASTEWATER USING ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE HO1
Authors: Fujie Koichi , Tsuchida Tomohiko , Urano Kohei , Ohtake Hisao
Published: May 2018

A novel bioreactor system was developed for tbe simultaneous treatment of toxic and mutagenic hexavalent chromium (chromate) and high strengtb organic pollutants by introducing chromate-resistant and chromatereducing bacteria Enterobacter cloacae strain HO1. Growth and chromate reducing characteristics of E. cloacae HO1 were extensively investigated to setup the bioreactor system and to clarify the optimal operating conditions of it. To enrich active E. cloacae HO1 in the bioreactor, the aerated cultivation with oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) control was successfully applied. Chromate and organic substrates in the artificial wastewater and in the metal plating wastewater were satisfactorily removed in the bioreactor. The reduced chromate was removed by precipitation as chromium hydoxide from the wastewater. The rate of chromate reduction was as high as 500 mg-chromate/g-microbes as particulate organic carbon and 10-60 gchromate/m3.h in the bioreactor.
Habitat Availability and Carrying Capacity in the French Part of the Rhine for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.)
Authors: Roche P.
Published: May 2018

A survey of potential spawning grounds and rearing habitats for Atlantic salmon was conducted in the French part of the Rhine Basin in Alsace, using a macro-habitat description method. Aerial photography was used for the Rhine whereas tributaries were described from a canoe. 113 ha of rearing habitat and 6 ha of spawning grounds were recorded, of which about half were in the I11 catchment and half in the Old Rhine between France and Germany. Their carrying capacity was evaluated on the basis of stocking tests. Parr densities at the end of the summer ranged from 0 to 26 0+ parr per 100 m2 of suitable habitat with unfed fry and from 5 to 70 with feeding fry (4-5 cm). The overall carrying capacity of the French part of the Rhine for Atlantic salmon is estimated at 344 100 yearling parr for the whole area. The carrying capacity would enable a production of 56 000 to 112 000 smolts, of which 70%are one year-old and 30% two-year-olds. Mortality through hydroelectric turbines during downstream migration was estimated at 20% of the smolt run. On a basis of a 2% return rate at the eventual stage of the reintroduction period, 900 to 1700 adults would return each year to the area. Recommendations are made to protect and restore vanishing running waters needed for salmonids.
The Relation between Vegetation and Hydrology/Geomorphology in the Gemenc Floodplain Forest, Hungary
Authors: Schoor Margriet M.
Published: May 2018

In the Gemenc floodplain along the river Danube in Southern Hungary, six vegetation zones have been identified. Together with soil and geomorphological data, these vegetation zones are interpreted to form a hypothesis of succession for the Gemenc floodplain. As the Gemenc floodplain is comparable with the Dutch floodplains, from a hydrological, geomorphological and floristic point of view, the results can be used in plans for the rehabilitation of the floodplains of the river Rhine in the Netherlands.
The Restoration of Former Channels in the Rhine Alluvial Forest: The Example of the Offendorf Nature Reserve (Alsace, France)
Authors: Klein Jean-Paul , Maire Gérard , Exinger Freddy , Lutz Georges , Sanchez-Perez José-Miguel , Tremolierest Michèle , Junodt Patrick
Published: May 2018

The hydraulic management works, carried out on the Rhine over about 150 years, have suppressed a large part of the Rhine floodplains and thus dramatically modified the environmental conditions of alluvial ecosystems. The Offendorf alluvial forest situated 30 km north of Strasbourg, of which 60 ha are now a nature reserve, is taken as an example of a restoration programme to attain “the most natural possible” ecosystem functioning. The general status of the Offendorf forest hydrographic network is mesotrophic to eutrophic, due to the water supply. Some diffluent arms present a tendency to silt up, because of the lowering of the water table. Thus a first step in the restoration programme was to re-establish the continuity of surface flow, in low as well as in high water, taking into account the water quality. But the accurate context of the restoration is that of a naturally functional unit, i.e. the whole extent of the forest lying between the high water dykes and not the limited sector within the administrative boundaries of the nature reserve.

A definition of a restoration programme is proposed: the renaturalizing of the riverside environments should comprise several stages from study of the past or present processes to prediction of new modifications.
Catchment Management Planning in the National Rivers Authority
Authors: Ayton W. J.
Published: May 2018

The National Rivers Authority of England and Wales is a non-departmental governmental regulatory body with a range of responsibilities for the water environment. These include pollution control, water quality improvement, flood defence, water resource management, fisheries management, conservation of the natural water environment, promotion of water based recreation and also navigation in some locations. Arising from the multiple use of river systems, their interactions and use requirements, the concept of Catchment Management Planning has been developed. Each river use should have an assigned objective and standard determined in respect of water quality, water quantity and river topography. Catchment Management Plans are prepared in consultation with interested parties. A review of some European river management suggests the size of some rivers and the responsibilities of relevant organisations exacerbates comprehensive and integrated river management.
Former Tidal Wetlands Revitalised: Nature Development in the Dordtse Biesbosch Reserve, The Netherlands
Authors: Coops H. , Ohm M. , Nijhuis A.
Published: May 2018

Geomorphological and ecological features belonging to the freshwater tidal landscape in the Rhi-ne/Meuse estuary have been degrading over the past decades. In particular, the intertidal zone was affected due to diminishing of tides and serious bank erosion.

To enhance the remaining tidal water movement locally, a plan was proposed to create side channels in the Dordtse Biesbosch, an area adjoining the Nieuwe Merwede riverbranch. In this plan, which was effectuated in the course of 1992, a connection was made between the creeks and the river at both ends, creating small side channels.

A monitoring programme was designed to test if predicted developments actually take place, at what timescale, and to observe the impact of extreme events. It involves measurement of sediment topography, water movement, vegetation, benthic meiofauna, fish, and water birds.
Barriers for Ecological Rehabilitation of the River Meuse in The Netherlands
Authors: Botterweg J. , Kerhofs M. J. J.
Published: May 2018

The first part of a research project to acquire knowledge of the River Meuse has been carried out. It appeared that certain ecological rehabilitation of the Meuse is likely most successful with enhancement of habitats for riverine vegetation, fish and birds. However, the arising of river banks and islands is uncertain because the transport capacity of the river is larger than the actual transport of sediment. Moreover there are still barriers for several macro invertebrates, and risks for waterbirds and mammals, due to eutrofication and presence of micropollutants.
Designing Constructed Wetlands for Nitrogen Removal
Authors: Hammer Donald A. , Knight Robert L.
Published: May 2018

Many constructed wetlands adequately treat BOD5, TSS, and bacteria. However, a review of nitrogen (N) data from 52 constructed and natural wetlands in the North American data base confirmed that N removal was variable. Nitrification and denitrification require aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This paper presents case histories of systems that use alternating shallow and deep water zones to create both environments. Regression analysis of N removal and N loadings in 18 shallow-deep water systems suggested that NH4+ loading (kg N/ha/day) could be used to predict effluent NH4+ values. Combinations of shallow water-emergent vegetation and deep water-submergent vegetation with low NH4+ (and TKN) loading rates can produce very low levels of discharged NH4+.
Flow Characteristics of Planted Soil Filters
Authors: Netter R.
Published: May 2018

Various water tracers were used for the determination of flow characteristics such as residence time, velocity of flow, and dispersion phenomena especially under the aspect of stagnant water regions. The tracers applied were bromide, uranin, eosin, lithium salt, and in one case tritiated water as a reference. Bromide as a chemically very stable anion with no detectable retardation proved under these conditions as very reliable. Uranin and eosin showed low retardation but were subject to losses by sorption, degradation, and photolysis in uncovered regions. Lithium can not be recommended for such applications.

The results showed that the mean residence time in the filter was between 6 and 40 days with respect to hydraulic load, evapotranspiration, soil material and the hydraulic gradient. The determined conductivity of the filters was approximately 10−4 to 10−5 m/s and did not vary during the investigation period.
CHARACTERISATION OF THE NITRIFICATION PROCESS FOR DESIGN PURPOSES
Authors: Sinkjær O. , Yndgaard L. , Harremoës P. , Hansen J. L.
Published: May 2018

Pilot plant experiments have been performed over a period of four years in order to establish an experimental basis for the upgrading of the treatment plants of the city of Copenhagen to nitrogen removal. The design chosen is based on the alternating mode of operation. Nitrification rates have been determined in batch tests on activated sludge extracted from the pilot plants and through the measuring of transient concentrations during the alternating mode of operation in the aerobic reactor. The data have been nonnalised to standard conditions by correcting them according to the kinetic theory. By monitoring the normalised nitrification rate it could be established that the nitrification process was occasionally inhibited. The aerobic sludge age required to maintain nitrification has been estimated. A specific evaluation has been made of the sensitivity of the required sludge age to the oxygen concentration and temperature.
A NEW UNIFIED SOLIDS FLUX-BASED APPROACH FOR THE DESIGN OF FINAL CLARIFIERS: DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON WITH TRADITIONAL CRITERIA
Authors: von Sperling M.
Published: May 2018

The paper presents a methodology for the derivation of the overflow rate and the solids flux for the design of final sedimentation tanks in activated sludge plants. The method is based on a simplified characterization of the sludge into three ranges, according to its settleability (good, fair or poor). The coefficients were derived from the integration of well known results obtained by different authors, which have to-date been used only individually. This unified approach widens the breadth of the previous studies, allowing a more reliable detennination of the design rates. The rates obtained with the proposed method were compared with the values suggested by traditional design manuals, with both approaches leading to similar results.
INFLUENCE OF COMBINED SEWAGE INFLUENT ON SECONDARY CLARIFIERS OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS
Authors: Deininger Andrea
Published: May 2018

This poster describes the effects of natural and simulated stonn water events on the perfonnance of secondary clarifiers. Enhanced hydraulic loading had little effect on the effluent quality as long as the flow rate was relatively constant. Only when the hydraulic loading rapidly increased did the sludge blanket rise and the effluent solids content increase. Clearly, design of secondary clarifiers should be based not only on numeric values of hydraulic loading but on inflow dynamics as well.
BIOASSA Y FOR FULL-SCALE UV DISINFECTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Blatchley Ernest R. , Hunt Bruce A.
Published: May 2018

A new bioassay technique for ultraviolet (UY) disinfection is presented which penn its application to fullscale systems. The technique involves comparison of batch dose-response behavior and full-scale, continuous-flow disinfection efficacy using indigenous indicator organisms present in secondary or tertiary wastewater effluent. This approach allows the bioassay to be applied to UY systems of all sizes, thereby eliminating the need for extrapolation of pilot-scale bioassays to full-scale systems. By comparing the results of the bioassay with dose estimates from numerical modelling, a semi-quantitative assessment of full-scale system hydrodynamic efficiency is developed relative to two idealized reactor models. This approach has merit in tenns of evaluating full-scale disinfection system design and identification of hydrodynamic shortcomings.
WASTEWATER DISINFECTION BY UV AT TRANI MUNICIPAL PLANT
Authors: Carnimeo D. , Contini E. , Di Marino R. , Donadio F. , Liberti L. , Ranieri E.
Published: May 2018

The pilot investigation on the use of UV as an alternative disinfectant to NaOCI was started in 1992 at Trani (South Italy) municipal wastewater treatment plant (335 m3/h). The results collected after six months continuous operation enabled us to compare UV and NaOCl disinfection effectiveness on the basis of secondary effluent characteristics, quantify photoreactivation effects, evidence possible DBP formation and assess costs.
Nutrient and Heavy Metal Retention in Mangrove Sediment Receiving Wastewater
Authors: Tam N. F. Y. , Wong Y. S.
Published: May 2018

Soil column studies were carried out to examine the capacity of mangrove sediments in retaining wastewater nutrients and heavy metals. Synthetic wastewater of three different concentrations, namely diluted sewage (DW), medium sewage (MW) and concentrated sewage (CW), were applied to the columns daily over a period of 54 days. Leachate from each column was collected and analyzed. The study revealed that the concentrations of ammonium in the leachates from all sewage treatments decreased dramatically in the first week with a pattern similar to the control. After this initial decrease, ammonium contents increased rapidly especially in the column treated with CW, then remained at a steady level. At the end of the experimental period, the concentrations of ammonium found in the leachate were in the declining order of CW > MW > DW > control. Organic nitrogen, nitrites and nitrates were not detected in the leachates from all sewage treatments. This suggested that denitrification might have occurred and some of the nitrogen from sewage might have been retained in the mangrove sediment. The changes in leachate K concentration were similar to that of NH4+-N content. On the other hand, the soluble phosphorus and heavy metal contents of leachates from sewage treated columns were similar to those of the control. Most of the heavy metals, including Cu, Zn and Cd, were not detected in the leachate. The sediment data showed that NH4+-N, ortho-P, and heavy metals were accumulated on the top layer of the soil column and their contents decreased with the depth of the soil column. The highest metal content was found in the column treated with concentrated sewage. It is clear that mangrove sediments acted as a good filter/trap for phosphorus and metals, but were less efficient for ammonium nitrogen.
Nutrient Removal and Disinfection Performance in the Byron Bay Constructed Wetland System
Authors: Bavor H. J. , Andel E. F.
Published: May 2018

A constructed wetland system has been developed for polishing of treated sewage effluent at Byron Bay, northern New South Wales, Australia. Nutrient removal and disinfection performance of the system has been monitored in preliminary investigations and has been found to be promising. The system, monitoring program and ongoing research program are described
PARAMETERS FOR DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF W ASTEW ATER TREATMENT PLANTS WITH HIGH-RATE AND LOW-RATE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TANKS
Authors: Brands E. , Liebeskind M. , Dohmann M.
Published: May 2018

This study shows a comparison of important parameters for dynamic simulation concerning the highrate and low-rate activated sludge tanks of several municipal wastewater treatment plants. The parameters for the dynamic simulation of the single-stage process are quite well known, but parameters for the high-ratellow-rate activated sludge process are still missi ng, although a considerable number of wastewater treatment plants are designed and operated that way. At present any attempt to simulate their operation is restricted to the second stage due to missing data concerning growth rate, decay rate, yield coefficient and others.
Using Decomposition Kinetics to Model the Removal of Mine Water Pollutants in Constructed Wetlands
Authors: Tarutis William J. , Unz Richard F.
Published: May 2018

Although numerous mathematical models have been used to describe decomposition, few, if any, have been used to model the removal of pollutants in constructed wetlands. A steady-state model based on decomposition kinetics and reaction stoichiometry has been developed which simulates the removal of ferrous iron entering wetlands constructed for mine drainage treatment. Input variables for the model include organic matter concentration, reaction rate coefficient, porosity and dry density, and hydraulic detention time. Application of the model assumes complete anaerobic conditions within the entire substrate profile, constant temperature, no additional organic matter input, and subsurface flow only. For these ideal conditions, model simulations indicate that wetlands constructed with readily decomposable substrates rich in organic carbon are initially capable of removing far greater amounts of iron than wetlands built with less biodegradable substrates. However, after three to five years of operation this difference becomes negligible. For acceptable long-term treatment performance, therefore, periodic additions of decomposable organic matter will be required.
FLUORESCENCE MONITORING OF AN ALTERNATING ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
Authors: Isaacs S. , Henze M.
Published: May 2018

The fluoresence of a nitrification/denitrification tank in an activated sludge nutrient removal process was monitored over a two month period. The process employs an alternating mode of operation which subjects the sludge to a periodically changing environment (aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic) at the point in the process where the fluoresence is measured. The fluoresence signal decreased slowly during aerated periods and increased slowly during anoxic (denitrifying) periods. An abrupt rise in the fluoresence signal was found to occur upon the transition from anoxic to anaerobic conditions. The minimum fluoresence signal occurring during each operation cycle appeared to define a baseline whose general upward and downward movements correlated well with peak oxygen uptake rate.
Nutrient Reduction in an In-Series Constructed Wetland System Treating Landfill Leachate
Authors: Martin Craig D. , Moshiri Gerald A.
Published: May 2018

The effectiveness of an in-series surface flow constructed wetland designed to treat landfill leacbate was determined by conducting pollutant removal efficiency studies over a 4 month period. The first step in the study involved the characterization of the leacbate generated within the landfill. At the same time, ten in-series parallel wetlands with a 10:1 length to aspect ratio were constructed, with each cell designed for a maximum water depth of 0.5m. Cells were planted with a variety of vascular aquatic plants including Sagittaria spp., Pontedaria sp., Scirpus spp., Phragmities sp., Typha sp., Juncus spp., and Zizaniopsis sp.. This system is a component of a solid waste facility of a closed-loop design incorporating recycling, composting and constructed wetlands to treat leacbate mixed with septage on site. The system is characterized by a varying hydraulic loading rate and retention time.
Investigation into the use of Constructed Reedbeds for Municipal Waste Dump Leachate Treatment
Authors: Urbanc-Bercic Olga
Published: May 2018

The Institute of Biology, University of Ljubljana, bas established a pilot-scale constructed reedbed system to investigate the potential of this low-technology approach to the treatment of contaminated municipal waste dump leachate which is recognised to be a serious problem in Slovenia.

The 600 m2 gravel media reedbed, planted with Phragmites australis has been in operation since October 1990, receiving a mean daily leachate flow of 26 m3. Although the removal percentages for BOD5, COD and SS were only 32%, 36%, and 73%, respectively, this was adequate to achieve an acceptable effluent quality in terms of discharge requirements, despite widely fluctuating influent characteristics, the presence of organic toxins in the leachate, and operational and environmental problems including poor hydraulics of the gravel media and poor establishment of reeds in the first year.
Present state of municipal wastewater treatment in Slovakia
Authors: Námer J. , Hyánek L.
Published: May 2018

This paper reviews the present state of municipal wastewater treatment in the Slovak Republic. A comprehensive approach was applied to the problem; particular elements of water quality control systems were studied and subsequently their interactions were considered. Analysis of available data in this field shows the serious problems concerned with the performance and maintenance of existing sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants as well as with their process efficiency and impact on the water quality of receivers. The significant influence of groundwater infiltration and industrial wastewaters on municipal wastewater quality and their impact on effluent quality are documented. All these facts were evaluated and priorities were set for improving the water quality control and the utilization of integrated urban water quality management, keeping in mind the typical socio-economic problems encountered during the transition of post-communist countries.
Use of chemical upgrading (CU) in Hungary and Slovakia
Authors: Murcott Susan E. , Harleman Donald R. F.
Published: May 2018

In the past decade, the development of polymers and new chemical technologies has opened the way to using low doses of chemicals in wastewater treatment. “Chemical upgrading” (CU) is defined in this paper as an application of these chemical technologies to upgrade overloaded treatment systems (typically consisting of conventional primary plus biological treatment) in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Although some of the chemical treatment technologies are proven ones in North America, Scandinavia, and Germany, a host of factors, for example, the variations in composition and degree of pollution, the type of technologies in use, the type and mix of industrial and domestic sewage, and the amount of surface water, had meant that the viability of using CU in CEE countries was unknown. This report describes the first jar tests of CU conducted during the summer of 1993. The experiments show CU's ability to improve wastewater treatment plant performance and to potentially assist in the significant problem of overloaded treatment plants. Increased removal of BOD, TSS, and P in the primary stage of treatment is obtained at overflow rates above 1.5 m/h, using reasonably priced, local sources of metal salts in concentrations of 25 to 50 mg/l without polymers.
Development of a surface water quality assessment system in Hungary
Authors: Varga Pál , Kisgyörgy Sándor
Published: May 2018

Recent Hungarian water quality monitoring system uses 300 sampling points to classify surface waters into three quality categories that are mainly reflecting the viewpoints of different water uses. The suggested new system halved the number of the sampling points, while sampling frequency increased. The new system also includes metals, microbiological indices and organic micropollutants. The almost 70 constituents of the system are grouped into five water quality categories. The assessment is based on the value of 90 % relative frequency. The suggested new system is going to be introduced in practice from 1995 on.
The pollution prevention partnership: a Colorado voluntary private/public environmental initiative
Authors: Ferraro Paul
Published: May 2018

It started with breakfast. In 1989 representatives from industry, regulatory agencies and public interest groups began to meet over early morning coffee. At first they sought a better dialogue between industries and regulatory agencies-turning potential adversaries into team-mates. Later, this “breakfast club” evolved into the Pollution Prevention Partnership, a Colorado voluntary environmental initiative. The goal: working together to prevent pollution at its source.

By 1991, the Pollution Prevention Partnership (PPP) formed a non-profit organization. The Partnership set new standards for reducing pollution in Colorado's industries by making it easier for regulatory officials, public interest spokespeople and industry representatives to meet and forge new solutions to environmental problems.

The first major project, “SolvNet I,” focused on reducing the use of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA). TCA poses both health and environmental hazards. PPP set a goal for each company in the Partnership to reduce its use and release of this industrial “solvent-of-choice” by 70%. Partnership members methodically searched for more acceptable alternatives, testing over 50 compounds. By making changes in processes, products and business methods, they exceeded their goal. Pollution prevention-by reducing solvent use-reduces burdensome regulatory compliance, taxes and surcharges.

The work has not stopped there. The Partnership is reaching beyond its membership to other Colorado businesses. Members conducted technical workshops for other industry representatives. The Partnership hosted a luncheon for Colorado's top corporate executives. They worked with the Waste Minimization Assessment Center, of Colorado State University, to perform waste assessments at small and medium size industries in Colorado. Work is also under way on SolvNet II, an expanded program designed to reduce hazardous industrial waste by the Partnership's industrial members.

This paper presents the purpose and goals of the Pollution Prevention Partnership. It discusses the SolvNet I and SolvNet II projects, gives perspectives on how companies succeeded in preventing pollution, and outlines the Partnerships technical assistance activities.
Multimedia waste auditing in Hungary: a waste minimization feasibility study for a metal plating facility
Authors: Halloran A. R. , Higgins T. E. , Mikéta G.
Published: May 2018

Multimedia waste audits of three industries that generate significant quantities of waste and are vital to the future economic life of Hungary were performed by CH2M HILL; VRF (The Institute for Environment and Safety in the Chemical and Explosives Industry); and Post, Buckley, Schuh, and Jernigan (PBS&J). The industries were tanning, chemical production, and metal plating (galvanic). The seven plants selected for the audits were given detailed questionnaires concerning their manufacturing processes, waste production, energy consumption, and waste treatment and disposal practices. The plants were then visited, and the staff were interviewed. The results of the audits were general waste minimization strategies for the seven plants and detailed waste minimization feasibility plans for two of the plants. The plans included cost estimates for the waste minimization recommendations. The results of the audits were used by the Hungarian Ministry of Industry and Trade to provide potential foreign investors with information on how best to invest in these companies to modernize them and reduce their environmental risks and costs.
An industrial pretreatment facility inspector training program
Authors: Kerri Kenneth D.
Published: May 2018

The US federal pretreatment regulations have created a demand for qualified pretreatment facility inspectors. The objectives of the General Pretreatment Regulations are to protect publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), prevent pollutants from upsetting treatment processes, improve opportunities to reclaim or recycle wastewaters and sludges and reduce health and environmental risks from discharge of toxic pollutants to POTWs. Pretreatment inspectors have the responsibility of protecting municipal wastewater collection systems, treatment plants and the environment from the damage that may occur when industries discharge hazardous or toxic materials into a wastewater collection system. The inspectors must possess the knowledge and skills to perform their jobs safely and fairly. To meet this need, a training program using the independent-study (correspondence) format was developed and field tested. Experienced inspectors active in the field prepared the training material on the basis of what pretreatment facility inspectors “need to know” to do their job. The training program has been implemented and used by inspectors as home-study or self-paced instruction (correspondence) as well as by colleges and universities as a textbook in formal classes. Since 1988 over 1600 persons have successfully completed this training program and over 7000 copies of the training manual have been sold throughout the world. In areas where the training program has been used, the results of an effective pretreatment program using qualified inspectors is very impressive. An agency with a training program that produces competent inspectors can have an effective pretreatment program.
Effects of residual configuration on the rate of trichloroethylene (TCE) dissolution
Authors: Gönüllü M. Talha , Farquhar Grahame J.
Published: May 2018

In order to examine the effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) residual configuration on the TCE dissolution, four different runs are carried out. For these purposes, TCE volumes of 10 and 25 ml are spread over the sand column during packing, or put in the bottom of the bottle before packing the sand. Soil flushing performed by distilled water injection at a specific discharge of 5.8 × 10−3 cm/s showed that the residual amount of Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) plays a much greater role on the rate of dissolution. The effect of configurations in the sand column of DNAPL such as ponded residual and spread residual are then studied, and higher concentrations for spread residual are obtained for longer.
Biotransformation of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene to ethylene and ethane under anaerobic conditions
Authors: Komatsu T. , Momonoi K. , Matsuo T. , Hanaki K.
Published: May 2018

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) is frequently found at significant concentrations in groundwater which is contaminated with tetrachloroethylene or trichloroethylene. Under anaerobic conditions, cis-DCE can be biotransformed via reductive dechlorination to ethylene. Several factors affecting this transformation were investigated using anaerobic sewage sludge as an inoculum. The reductive dechlorination of cis-DCE was observed at 25°C and 15°C but not at 35°C. Supplying a suitable electron donor (organic substrate or hydrogen) was necessary to sustain reductive dechlorination. Glucose, yeast extract, propionate, and hydrogen stimulated dechlorination, while methanol and acetate did not. Anaerobic enrichment cultures capable of dechlorinating cis-DCE to ethylene were developed from the sludge. In the presence of either glucose, yeast extract or propionate (100 mgCOD/l), 0.46 mg/l of cis-DCE was almost completely dechlorinated to ethylene within 4 days by the cultures at 25°C. Transformation rate was somewhat lower in the culture fed with hydrogen. Dechlorinating ability was sustained even in the cultures fed with low concentrations (10 mgCOD/l) of glucose or hydrogen, although the transformation was sometimes insufficient. These results suggest that anaerobic bioremediation processes can be used for removal of chlorinated ethylenes from contaminated groundwater.
Degradation of pesticides by chlorination during water purification
Authors: Magara Yasumoto , Aizawa Takako , Matumoto Naohisa , Souna Fumikazu
Published: May 2018

An attempt was made to detect pesticides remaining in river water and raw water for tap water supply, located in an agricultural area. As a result, 11 kinds of pesticides were detected. The residual pesticides in water were also degraded to by-products, since chlorine is a strong oxidant that does not exist in natural conditions. Organophosphate pesticides containing P = S bonds were easily degraded and produced oxons (P = O) as a primary by-product. Thiobencarb was also degraded by chlorination, producing chlorobenzyl alcohol, chlorotoluene, chlorobenzyl chloride, chlorobenzoic acid and chlorobenzyl aldehyde as chlorination by-products. Also, when thiobencarb was detected in raw water, the above by-products were detected in the filtered water in a purification plant for water supply. Therefore, the management and control of pesticides in drinking water and ambient water quality management should include testing for chlorination by-products.
Runoff pattern of pesticides from paddy fields in the catchment area of Rikimaru reservoir, Japan
Authors: Nagafuchi O. , Inoue T. , Ebise S.
Published: May 2018

Patterns of runoff behaviours in concentration and loading of pesticides from paddy fields have been intensively observed in the catchment area of Rikimaru Reservoir, mainly during the regular application period of fungicide during the summer. The runoff characteristics of three pesticides (pyroquilone, isoprothiolane and flutolanil) from paddy fields to the drainage river differed from one another due to their water solubilities. The linear correlation between the water solubilities and the amounts of pesticide runoff loadings from paddy fields to the drainage river and reservoir during dry weather days was confirmed as good on log-log paper. To reduce the risk to raw water for drinking in the reservoir the method of irrigation water management for paddy fields should be improved.
The effect of livestock on the concentration of nitrogen in stream water
Authors: Shimura Motoko , Tabuchi Toshio
Published: May 2018

Recently NO3-N concentrations of the rivers that flow into the Kasumigaura lake have increased. The lake is much eutrophicated and is used as a source of water supply for Tsuchiura-city. Stocking density and NO3-N specific load have a high correlation (r=0.93). NO3-N concentrations increase corresponding to the increase of stocking density. In this area the livestock has a larger influence to the nitrogen concentration of the rivers than the land use.
Microorganic pollution control of polish rivers and the baltic sea declaration
Authors: Zelechowska Aleksandra
Published: May 2018

To meet the requirements of the Baltic Sea Declaration which insist on a 50 percent reduction in the discharge of potential hazardous pollutants (organics) to the Baltic Sea by 1995, it is necessary to provide reliable assessments of the pollution loads received by rivers entering the Baltic. In this paper the estimation of input loads via rivers is discussed, with particular reference to monitoring requirements and analytical performance criteria. The author makes use of the data sets obtained in a three-year study on the concentrations of biocides in Polish rivers. Considering the monitoring requirements and taking into account the accuracy of the routine analytical methods which are in use now in Poland, it becomes obvious that there is an urgent need of substituting them with analytical methods of higher accuracy.
A modification of the HBV model for assessing phosphorus transport from a drainage area
Authors: Bilaletdin Ämer , Kallio Kari , Frisk Tom , Vehviläinen Bertel , Huttunen Markus , Roos Jaana
Published: May 2018

The aim of the study was to develop a method for assessing phosphorus transport from a large drainage basin. A tentative conceptual model of watershed dynamics was developed consisting of two components: a runoff model and a phosphorus transport model. A similar approach has also been used in previous studies (e.g. Kallio 1992). As the runoff model, a modification of the HBV-model (Vehviläinen 1992) was used. The statistical P transport model was developed in this study. The models were tested against the data of eight subcatchments of the watercourse of Lake Längelmävesi, central Finland.

Runoff calibration was made against total discharges, though in the output data the runoff from forested and agricultural areas were presented separately. A good fit was obtained, the correlation coefficient squared R2 against water level being 0.964. The calibration against total phosphorus transport was made using simulated discharge values. In the present version the correlation coefficient squared R2 was 0.901.
Prediction of the O2 Conditions in the Selector
Authors: Kruit J. , Boley F. , Jacobs L. J. A. M. , Wouda T. W. M.
Published: May 2018

Influent characterization and biosorption experiments were carried out with settled influent of seven wastewater treatment plants to study the influence of O2 in the selector in relation to the success of developing good settling properties of the sludge. In previous years working selectors were installed and/or pilot plant research was carried out at these wastewater treatment plants. Characterization of the influent was done with help of standard COD and BOD measurements with help of a coarse filter.

The research has elucidated that the presence of O2 in the selector, at initial sludge loadings of 3.5-6.5 kg BOD/kg MLSS.d, is important for producing good settling properties of the sludge when the sum of readily biodegradable COD and rapidly hydrolysable COD is greater than 40%. When the sum of sludge COD and slow hydrolysable COD is greater than 50% an unaerated selector can be used.
Scumming Due to Actinomycetes: An Uncalibrated Simulation Model
Authors: Kappeler Jürg , Gujer Willi
Published: May 2018

Applications of a mathematical simulation model, which is based on a condensed summary of hypotheses related to “Scumming due to Actinomycetes”, are presented. The most important observations from practice may be simulated with the model: Substantial concentrations of hydrophobic substrate and especially non biodegradable or only slowly biodegradable surfactants may provoke a dramatic increase in the Actinomycetes population of the activated sludge.