bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vanadium‐Controlled Crystallization of Stereoisomers of NBu4[VO2(N‐Salicylidene‐isoleucinato)] through Epimerization
Authors: Krivosudský Lukáš , Schwendt Peter , Šimunek Ján , Gyepes Róbert
Published: June 2014

Reported herein is a simple synthetic and crystallization procedure for sequential isolation of two stereoisomers of isoleucine‐derived vanadium(V) complexes from a racemic mixture with three stereogenic centers and therefore eight hypothetical species. The products of this crystallization were characterized by electronic and vibrational circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, and polarimetry to compare the chiroptic properties of the enantiomerically pure analogues prepared from L‐isoleucine and D‐allo‐isoleucine. NMR studies pointed to the yet unobserved phenomenon of vanadium‐catalyzed epimerization of isoleucine.
Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis—should they be used routinely?
Authors: Emmett Gary A.
Published: June 2014

Eco‐paediatrics is an occasional feature in Evidence‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal. Our goal is to contribute to the worldwide discussion on reducing waste in health care. In each instalment, we will select a recent Cochrane review highlighting a practice, still in use, which the available evidence tells us should be discontinued.
Protective effect of commercial acerola, willow, and rose extracts against oxidation of cosmetic emulsions containing wheat germ oil
Authors: Malinowska Paulina , Gliszczyńska‐Świgło Anna , Szymusiak Henryk
Published: June 2014

The effect of commercial cosmetic plant extracts, acerola, willow, and rose, used at the concentrations of 1 and 5%, and 0.01% butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), on the oxidative stability of oil‐in‐water (o/w) model emulsions containing 5% of wheat germ oil was studied. Considerable differences in total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as in the TEAC, FRAP, and DPPH antioxidant activities of extracts were observed. Emulsions were stored at 5 and 20°C for 6 months and at 40°C for 4 weeks. The oxidative stability of emulsions was monitored by the determination of peroxide content. The protective effect of plant extracts or BHT on emulsion oxidative stability was expressed as the protection factor (PF). It was found that all 5% extracts were better antioxidants than BHT in emulsions stored at 5°C. Similar results for 5% willow and rose extracts in emulsions stored at 20°C were obtained. PFs of 5% extracts for emulsions stored at 40°C were 2.4‐ to 3.5‐fold lower than this obtained for BHT. Extracts at the concentration of 1%, with an exception of acerola at 20°C, were also effective as antioxidants in tested emulsions but their PFs were about 1.4–5.7 times lower than those of BHT, depending on extract and storage conditions. Altogether, the results obtained revealed that commercial cosmetic plant extracts can be used at the concentrations recommended by their producers (1 or 5%) as natural antioxidants instead of synthetic BHT.

Practical application: The results of the present study can be applied in cosmetic industry to improve the quality and safety of emulsions. The studies on oxidative stability of cosmetic emulsions are an important step in the development of cosmetic product technology as they give information about the shelf‐life of product and its optimal storage conditions. The chemical composition of the final product should be optimized over a wide range of temperatures to ensure its physical and oxidative stability because the manufacturer is not able to predict conditions under which the cosmetics will be stored by consumers. Higher concentrations (1–5%) of plant extracts in cosmetic emulsions can be applied by the producers to improve not only the physicochemical properties of product, but as multifunctional, skincare cosmetic ingredients.

The protection factor (PF) values of plant extracts and BHT in cosmetic emulsions containing wheat germ oil stored in different conditions.
A Short, Chemo‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of trans‐3‐Hydroxy­pipecolic Acid
Authors: Begliomini Stefano , Sernissi Lorenzo , Scarpi Dina , Occhiato Ernesto G.
Published: June 2014

A short synthesis of both enantiomers of trans‐3‐hydroxypipecolic acid was based on the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of a lactam‐derived enol phosphate and the lipase‐catalyzed kinetic resolution of the alcohol obtained by hydroboration/oxidation of the coupling product. The RuCl3‐catalyzed oxidation of the heteroaryl group introduced by the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling eventually afforded, in six or seven steps, the target compounds in 15–17 % overall yield.
Density Functional Study of Interactions between Fluorinated Cyclohexanes and Arenes
Authors: Cormanich Rodrigo A. , Durie Alastair , Bjornsson Ragnar , Rittner Roberto , O'Hagan David , Bühl Michael
Published: June 2014

1H‐NMR Chemical shifts of all‐syn‐1,2,4,5‐tetrafluorocyclohexane (1), all‐syn‐1,2,3,4‐tetrafluorocyclohexane (2), and their complexes with benzene are calculated at the BHandH/6‐311+G(2d,p) level. The observed shielding of certain resonances on going from CD2Cl2 to (D8)toluene solution is qualitatively reproduced in these model calculations, in particular when standard B3LYP/def2‐TZVP optimised geometries are employed. The results are interpreted with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and non‐covalent interactions (NCI) methods, and they indicate that aromatic molecules bind strongly (1.6 kcal mol−1) to the ‘positive face’ of these molecules. The level of theory is validated for the new compound all‐syn‐1,2,4,5‐tetrafluoro‐3‐phenylcyclohexane (3), where a recently developed QM/MM protocol for optimisation of molecular crystals afforded excellent agreement between the B3LYP/def2‐TZVP structure and that observed in the solid.
Data Security and the Cloud
Authors: Byington J. Ralph , McGee Jo Ann
Published: June 2014

The global price tag for white‐collar crime (WCC) has reached $3.6 trillion annually. When WCC involves the computer and the Internet, it is called cybercrime—which received a boost with the onset of cloud computing. The authors discuss the risks of cloud computing, suggest some countermeasures, and provide a checklist that management can use to help prevent problems.
Individual Hydrogen‐Bond Strength QSPR Modelling with ISIDA Local Descriptors: a Step Towards Polyfunctional Molecules
Authors: Ruggiu Fiorella , Solov'ev Vitaly , Marcou Gilles , Horvath Dragos , Graton Jérôme , Le Questel Jean‐Yves , Varnek Alexandre
Published: June 2014

Here, we introduce new ISIDA fragment descriptors able to describe “local” properties related to selected atoms or molecular fragments. These descriptors have been applied for QSPR modelling of the H‐bond basicity scale pKBHX, measured by the 1 : 1 complexation constant of a series of organic acceptors (H‐bond bases) with 4‐fluorophenol as the reference H‐bond donor in CCl4 at 298 K. Unlike previous QSPR studies of H‐bond complexation, the models based on these new descriptors are able to predict the H‐bond basicity of different acceptor centres on the same polyfunctional molecule. QSPR models were obtained using support vector machine and ensemble multiple linear regression methods on a set of 537 organic compounds including 5 bifunctional molecules. They were validated with cross‐validation procedures and with two external test sets. The best model displays good predictive performance on a large test set of 451 mono‐ and bifunctional molecules: a root‐mean squared error RMSE=0.26 and a determination coefficient R2=0.91. It is implemented on our website (http://infochim.u‐strasbg.fr/webserv/VSEngine.html) together with the estimation of its applicability domain and an automatic detection of potential H‐bond acceptors.
Enhanced conductivity composites for aircraft applications: carbon nanotube inclusion both in epoxy matrix and in carbonized electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Molnár Kolos , Szebényi Gábor , Szolnoki Beáta , Marosi György , Vas László Mihály , Toldy Andrea
Published: June 2014

The potential of carbonized electrospun nanofiber mats to render epoxy resin composites for aircraft applications electrically and thermally more conductive was investigated. The effect of carbon nanotube inclusion both inside the carbon nanofiber and in the epoxy resin matrix material was studied, in order to reveal any synergistic effects of multilevel presence of nanosized reinforcements on the conductivity and mechanical properties. The carbon nanotube inclusion into the carbonized nanofibers increased the electrical conductivity of the samples by 20–50% and the thermal conductivity by approximately three times leading to a higher value than that of the conventional composites. The preparation of layered composites with a conductive upper layer containing nonwoven carbon nanofabric and a load bearing lower layer with conventional unidirectional carbon fiber reinforcement can offer a cost‐effective and weight‐saving solution for the replacement of metal meshes in structural aircraft composites. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whole‐lung irradiation in the treatment of metastatic synovial sarcoma
Authors: Gerber Naamit K. , Meyers Paul A. , LaQuaglia Michael P. , Wolden Suzanne L.
Published: June 2014

Whole‐lung irradiation (WLI) is standard of care in the treatment of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and Wilms tumor and pulmonary metastases. However, it is not routinely utilized in the treatment of pulmonary metastases arising from other soft tissue sarcoma histologies. A patient presented with synovial sarcoma of his groin and punctate pulmonary metastases. After completion of multimodality treatment to his primary lesion, he received WLI. The patient is without evidence of disease at 3.8 years. This case demonstrates the need for further study of WLI in synovial sarcoma as it may improve outcomes in patients with this disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2092–2093. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
When the Going Gets Tough, Communities Believe It's Time to Optimize and Adapt
Authors: Siegel Lenny
Published: June 2014

The people who live in the communities where complex groundwater sites are located are as diverse as the country itself, but those who fight for the cleanup of our groundwater recognize that total cleanup may be difficult, if not impossible, in our lifetimes. Still, as explained in a December 2013 joint letter to US EPA, we want those who are responsible for environmental protection, be they polluters, developers, or regulatory agencies, to try harder before admitting defeat. In Mountain View, California, community activists have developed criteria for the adaptive cleanup of the Moffett‐MEW Regional Plume of TCE groundwater contamination that emphasizes areas with high contaminant mass, source areas, locations that reduce the need for long‐term vapor intrusion mitigation, properties where the detectable plume encroaches on residential areas, schools, and other sensitive uses, and areas planned for reuse. In many other communities, trust is the key to developing community support for remedial strategies. Communities that are listened to tend to feel more empowered. Empowered communities tend to offer more constructive advice. Decision makers tend to listen to communities that offer constructive advice. In summary, when the cleanup going gets tough, empowered communities believe that it is time to optimize and adapt, not to give up. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding bereavement-related depression: the polemical journey of DSM-5
Authors: Ibrahim I.
Published: June 2014

Objective

This paper will bring you on a polemical journey to understand the issues related in conceptualizing bereavement-related depression.

Method

A critical narrative review was carried out to evaluate arguments and controversies surrounding DSM-IV classifications of bereavement exclusion for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD).

Result

Available studies that are associated with bereavement exclusion criteria, the open trials and treatments with the implications of such conceptualizations and the current removal of the bereavement exclusion from MDD in DSM-5 were addressed.

Conclusion

The review highlights the never-ending polemical journey of conceptualizing any mental disorders, bereavement-related depression included.
THE PRODUCT LIABILITY SYSTEM IN CHINA: RECENT CHANGES AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Thomas Kristie
Published: June 2014

Following the enactment of the 2009 Tort Liability Law the product liability system in China is largely complete. This article sketches the development of this system before outlining some of the main substantive provisions in force today and drawing comparisons between the Chinese approach and the US and European provisions. The Article will conclude that China's product liability system provides an interesting case study which enriches the study of global trends and norms in the product liability arena. In line with many other countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, the main influence on China has been the EC Directive rather than the US model.
SVM-based Models for Mobile Users' Initial Position Determination
Authors: Petric Majda , Neskovic Aleksandar , Neskovic Natasa , Borenovic Milos
Published: June 2014

A large interest in developing commercial Location-Based Services (LBS) and the necessity of implementing emergency call services, have led to the intensive development of techniques for mobile users' localisation. In this paper, a Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) -based technique for initial position determination is proposed as an alternative to satellite-based methods in environments with obstructed satellite signals. Two positioning models, based on handset available Received Signal Strength (RSS) measurements from Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) base stations and the use of Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms, are proposed. Performances of proposed models are verified using field measurements, collected in a suburban environment. Models are analysed in terms of positioning accuracy, complexity and latency, and compared to some other promising PLMN-based techniques. Using proposed SVM-based positioning models a median error of 4·3 m–6·2 m and latency of less than a second can be achieved.
Papal Primacy: An Anglican Perspective
Authors: Hind John
Published: June 2014

I am grateful to the Ecclesiastical Law Society and the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland for their invitation to address this theme, although I have to confess, as a non-lawyer, I do feel rather a fraud standing here. I take comfort, however, first from the fact that, albeit welcome, your invitation was unsought, and second from my understanding that the purpose of canon law is to give legal expression to the theology of the church and that the purpose of the theology of the Church (in its positive and articulated aspects) is to explain the purposes and the work of God. In other words, the ultimate point of canon law is and must be pastoral, as is well expressed by the last canon, Canon 1752, of the 1983 Code of Canon Law for the Roman Catholic Church, with its reference to ‘the salvation of souls, which in the Church must always be the supreme law’.
In vivo functional mapping of the conserved protein domains within murine Themis1
Authors: Zvezdova Ekaterina , Lee Jan , El‐Khoury Dalal , Barr Valarie , Akpan Itoro , Samelson Lawrence , Love Paul E
Published: June 2014

Thymocyte development requires the coordinated input of signals that originate from numerous cell surface molecules. Although the majority of thymocyte signal‐initiating receptors are lineage‐specific, most trigger ‘ubiquitous’ downstream signaling pathways. T‐lineage‐specific receptors are coupled to these signaling pathways by lymphocyte‐restricted adapter molecules. We and others recently identified a new putative adapter protein, Themis1, whose expression is largely restricted to the T lineage. Mice lacking Themis1 exhibit a severe block in thymocyte development and a striking paucity of mature T cells revealing a critical role for Themis1 in T‐cell maturation. Themis1 orthologs contain three conserved domains: a proline‐rich region (PRR) that binds to the ubiquitous cytosolic adapter Grb2, a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and two copies of a novel cysteine‐containing globular (CABIT) domain. In the present study, we evaluated the functional importance of each of these motifs by retroviral reconstitution of Themis1−/− progenitor cells. The results demonstrate an essential requirement for the PRR and NLS motifs but not the conserved CABIT cysteines for Themis1 function.
CD44v10, osteopontin and lymphoma growth retardation by a CD44v10‐specific antibody
Authors: Megaptche Amelie Pajip , Erb Ulrike , Büchler Markus Wolfgang , Zöller Margot
Published: June 2014

Blockade of CD44 is considered a therapeutic option for the elimination of leukemia‐initiating cells. However, the application of anti‐panCD44 can be burdened by severe side effects. We determined whether these side effects could be avoided by replacing anti‐panCD44 with CD44 variant isoform (CD44v)‐specific antibodies in CD44v‐positive hematological malignancies using the EL4 thymoma and CD44v10‐transfected EL4 (EL4‐v10) as models. Subcutaneous growth of EL4 and EL4‐v10 was equally well inhibited by the anti‐panCD44 and anti‐CD44v10 antibodies, respectively. Ex vivo analysis indicated that natural killer cytotoxicity and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity were the main effector mechanisms. Under local inflammation, the efficacy of anti‐CD44v10 prolonged the survival time twofold compared with untreated, EL4‐v10 tumor‐bearing mice, and this was due to inflammation‐induced expression of osteopontin (OPN). A high level of OPN in EL4‐v10 tumors supported leukocyte recruitment and tumor‐infiltrating T‐cell activation. Taken together, in hematological malignancies expressing CD44v, anti‐panCD44 can be replaced by CD44v‐specific antibodies without a loss in efficacy. Furthermore, CD44v10‐specific antibodies appear particularly advantageous in cutaneous leukemia therapy, as CD44v10 binding of OPN drives leukocyte recruitment and activation.
Genome-wide analysis of Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 behaviour during inoculation and growth in contaminated sand
Authors: Moreno-Forero Silvia K , van der Meer Jan Roelof
Published: June 2014

The efficacy of inoculation of single pure bacterial cultures into complex microbiomes, for example, in order to achieve increased pollutant degradation rates in contaminated material (that is, bioaugmentation), has been frustrated by insufficient knowledge on the behaviour of the inoculated bacteria under the specific abiotic and biotic boundary conditions. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of genome-wide gene expression of the bacterium Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 in contaminated non-sterile sand, compared with regular suspended batch growth in liquid culture. RW1 is a well-known bacterium capable of mineralizing dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. We tested the reactions of the cells both during the immediate transition phase from liquid culture to sand with or without dibenzofuran, as well as during growth and stationary phase in sand. Cells during transition show stationary phase characteristics, evidence for stress and for nutrient scavenging, and adjust their primary metabolism if they were not precultured on the same contaminant as found in the soil. Cells growing and surviving in sand degrade dibenzofuran but display a very different transcriptome signature as in liquid or in liquid culture exposed to chemicals inducing drought stress, and we obtain evidence for numerous ‘soil-specific’ expressed genes. Studies focusing on inoculation efficacy should test behaviour under conditions as closely as possible mimicking the intended microbiome conditions.
Nitrile reductase as a biocatalyst: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Yang Lifeng , Koh Siew Lee , Sutton Peter W. , Liang Zhao-Xun
Published: June 2014

The review highlights the recent progress and challenges in developing a family of nitrile reductases as biocatalysts for nitrile-to-amine transformation.
RANEY® cobalt – an underutilised reagent for the selective cleavage of C–X and N–O bonds
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , Jones Matthew T. , Reekie Tristan A. , Schwartz Brett D. , Tan Shen H. , White Lorenzo V.
Published: June 2014

The first comprehensive survey of the application of the catalyst RANEY® cobalt in chemical synthesis is presented. Its capacity to effect chemoselective reductive cyclisation reactions under mild conditions is highlighted.
Experimental, DFT and quantum Monte Carlo studies of a series of peptide-based metal–organic frameworks: synthesis, structures and properties
Authors: Zhuang Gui-lin , Tan Li , Chen Wu-lin , Zheng Jun , Yao Hong-zhou , Zhong Xing , Wang Jian-guo
Published: June 2014

Properties and the function–structure relation of four peptide-based MOFs were identified by experimental measurements, DFT and quantum Monte Carlo calculation.
Stereospecific synthesis of highly functionalized benzo[3.1.0]bicycloalkanes via multistep cascade reactions
Authors: Zhu Jian-Bo , Chen Hao , Wang Lijia , Tang Yong
Published: June 2014

A facile approach for the synthesis of benzo[3.1.0]bicycloalkanesviaalkylation/cyclopropanation cascade reactions of benzyl bromide with triphenylphosphonium bromide.
A law of order estimation and leading-order terms for a family of averaged quantities on a multibaker chain system
Authors: Ishida Hideshi
Published: June 2014

In this study, a family of local quantities defined on each partition and its averaging on a macroscopic small region, site, are defined on a multibaker chain system. On its averaged quantities, a law of order estimation in the bulk system is proved, making it possible to estimate the order of the quantities with respect to the representative partition scale parameter Δ. Moreover, the form of the leading-order terms of the averaged quantities is obtained, and the form enables us to have the macroscopic quantity in the continuum limit, as Δ → 0, and to confirm its partitioning independency. These deliverables fully explain the numerical results obtained by Ishida, consistent with the irreversible thermodynamics.
On buckling of granular columns with shear interaction: Discrete versus nonlocal approaches
Authors: Challamel Noël , Lerbet Jean , Wang C. M.
Published: June 2014

This paper investigates the macroscopic behaviour of an axially loaded discrete granular system from a stability perspective. The granular system comprises uniform grains that are elastically connected with some bending and shear interactions and confined by some elastic supports. This structural system can then be classified as a discrete repetitive system, a lattice elastic model or a Cosserat chain model. It is shown that this Cosserat chain model is exactly tantamount to the finite difference formulation of a shear-deformable Timoshenko column in interaction with a Winkler foundation. The buckling of the discrete column with pinned ends is first analytically investigated through the resolution of a finite difference equation. The solution is compared to a nonlocal approach derived by continualizing the discrete problem. The approximated Timoshenko nonlocal approach appears to be efficient with respect to the reference lattice problem and highlights some specific scale effects. This scale effect is related to the grain size with respect to the total length of the Cosserat chain. Finally, the paper shows the key role played by the shear interaction in the instabilities of granular structural system, especially when the bending interaction can be neglected.
A compact chaotic laser device with a two-dimensional external cavity structure
Authors: Sunada Satoshi , Fukushima Takehiro , Shinohara Susumu , Harayama Takahisa , Arai Kenichi , Adachi Masaaki
Published: June 2014

We propose a compact chaotic laser device, which consists of a semiconductor laser and a two-dimensional (2D) external cavity for delayed optical feedback. The overall size of the device is within 230 μm × 1 mm. A long time delay sufficient for chaos generation can be achieved with the small area by the multiple reflections at the 2D cavity boundary, and the feedback strength is controlled by the injection current to the external cavity. We experimentally demonstrate that a variety of output properties, including chaotic output, can be selectively generated by controlling the injection current to the external cavity.
Reversible conductance switching characteristics in a polymer-In2O3 nanocrystals junction
Authors: Kim Jongmin , Lee Dong Uk , Jo Yongcheol , Han J. , Kim H. S. , Inamdar A. I. , Jung W. , Im Hyunsik , Kim Eun Kyu
Published: June 2014

A transparent polymer-based resistive switching device containing In2O3 nanocrystals (NCs) is fabricated, and its nonvolatile memory characteristics are evaluated. Very clear reversible counter-clockwise bipolar-type resistive switching phenomena are observed. Stable retention is demonstrated. An Analysis of the temperature dependence of the bistable resistance states reveals additional features, not reported in previous studies, that the observed resistance switching is due to oxygen ions drift-induced redox reactions at the polymer/In2O3 NCs interface. The RESET and SET switching times (τRESET and τSET), which are defined as pulse widths extrapolated by the steepest slopes in the transition region, are τRESET ∼ 550 nsec and τSET ∼ 900 nsec. The authors propose that microscopic potential modification occurring near the polymer/In2O3 NCs boundaries plays a key role in determining resistive switching properties.
Structural studies of postentry restriction factors reveal antiparallel dimers that enable avid binding to the HIV-1 capsid lattice
Authors: Goldstone David C. , Walker Philip A. , Calder Lesley J. , Coombs Peter J. , Kirkpatrick Joshua , Ball Neil J. , Hilditch Laura , Yap Melvyn W. , Rosenthal Peter B. , Stoye Jonathan P. , Taylor Ian A.
Published: June 2014

Significance

Retroviral infection of cells can be blocked by the action of the postentry restriction factors. The Trim5α and Fv1 factors do so by targeting the capsid that surrounds the viral core. The nature of the interaction of these factors with the viral assembly is unclear. We show that these factors form antiparallel dimers that display specificity domains spaced to target motifs on the capsid lattice surface. In doing so Fv1 and Trim5α take advantage of the regularly spaced array of binding sites on the capsid surface, generating avidity to aid recognition of retroviral pathogens.
Automated identification of stratifying signatures in cellular subpopulations
Authors: Bruggner Robert V. , Bodenmiller Bernd , Dill David L. , Tibshirani Robert J. , Nolan Garry P.
Published: June 2014

Significance

Single-cell measurement technologies such as flow cytometry permit the investigation of specific cellular subpopulations. Mass cytometry currently measures >40 parameters per cell and produces phenotypically rich datasets that may be retrospectively interrogated for relevant biological signal. There are few methods that identify experimentally relevant subpopulations within these datasets, and most do not scale well to higher-dimensional measurements. To address this bottleneck, we present a data-driven method termed Citrus that identifies cell subsets associated with an experimental endpoint of interest. Citrus can test diverse experimental hypotheses and is demonstrated through the systematic identification of (i) blood cells that signal in response to experimental stimuli and (ii) T-cell subsets whose abundance is predictive of AIDS-free survival risk in patients with HIV.
Glutathione contributes to the efflux of selenium from hepatoma cells
Authors: Imai Takeshi , Kurihara Tatsuo , Esaki Nobuyoshi , Mihara Hisaaki
Published: June 2014

Selenite is a selenium source for selenoprotein biosynthesis in mammalian cells. Although previous studies have suggested the involvement of glutathione (GSH) and/or thioredoxin reductase in selenite metabolism, intracellular selenite metabolism remains largely unknown. Here, we report that GSH depletion did not affect the amount of selenoprotein in Hepa 1–6 cells, suggesting that GSH does not play a central role in the reduction of selenite in selenoprotein biosynthesis. On the other hand, we found that GSH is involved in the efflux of low-molecular-weight selenium compounds from cells, presumably via the formation of selenodiglutathione. Moreover, selenite inhibited the efflux of a fluorescent bimane-GS conjugate that is mediated by ATP-dependent multidrug-resistant proteins, implying the existence of an active transporter for selenodiglutathione. This is the first report demonstrating that GSH plays a role in selenium excretion from cells by forming a GSH-conjugate, which may contribute to the distribution, detoxification, and homeostasis of selenium in the body.
Evaluation of bifidobacterial adhesion to acidic sugar chains of porcine colonic mucins
Authors: Nishiyama Keita , Kawanabe Akira , Miyauchi Hirofumi , Abe Fumiaki , Tsubokawa Daigo , Ishihara Kazuhiko , Yamamoto Yuji , Mukai Takao
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the adhesion of Bifidobacterium strains to acidic carbohydrate moieties of porcine colonic mucin. Mucins were extracted and purified via gel filtration chromatography followed by density-gradient ultracentrifugation. The presence of sulfated and sialylated carbohydrates in mucins was shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using PGM34 and HMC31 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), respectively. Adhesion of Bifidobacterium strains to mucin preparations was markedly affected by the degree of purification. In eight of 22 strains, we observed increased adhesion to mucin preparations purified by ultracentrifugation. Moreover, in some of these eight strains, adhesion to mucin was reduced by pretreatment with sulfatase and/or sialidase, and competitively inhibited by pretreatment with PGM34 and/or HCM31 mAbs. Our results showed that some Bifidobacterium strains adhered to sulfo- and/or sialomucin and were able to recognize carbohydrate structures of the mAbs epitopes.
Simultaneous measurement of nicotinamide and its catabolites, nicotinamide N-oxide, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, in mice urine
Authors: Maeta Akihiro , Sano Mitsue , Fukuwatari Tsutomu , Shibata Katsumi
Published: June 2014

Nicotinamide N-oxide is a major nicotinamide catabolite in mice but not in humans and rats. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of nicotinamide, nicotinamide N-oxide, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide in mice urine was developed by modifying the mobile phase of a reported method for measurement of nicotinamide N-oxide.
Determination of hydrophobicity of dry-heated wheat starch granules using sucrose fatty acid esters (SFAE)
Authors: Tabara Aya , Oneda Hiroshi , Murayama Ryuji , Matsui Yuko , Hirano Akira , Seguchi Masaharu
Published: June 2014

Sucrose fatty acid esters (SFAE) were adsorbed onto dry-heated (120 °C for 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 min) wheat starch granules and extracted with ethyl ether in a Soxhlet apparatus without gelatinization of the starch granules. The amount of sucrose in the extracted SFAE was determined by the phenol sulfate method. A gradual increase of the sucrose from 159 to 712 μg, in SFAE per gram of starch, occurred with increasing dry-heating time and demonstrated the increased hydrophobicity of the starch granules. Increase of the SFAE was highly correlated (r = 0.9816) to increase of the oil-binding capacity of the dry-heated wheat starch granules. Non-waxy rice, waxy rice, sweet potato, and potato starch granules also showed higher hydrophobicity after dry-heating by this method.
Becoming Human
Authors: Coward Fiona
Published: June 2014

Studying human evolution means getting to grips with the fundamental question of what it actually means to be ‘human’. Is humanity best defined by our genes, our physical biology, or our behaviour, or some combination of all three? Multiple lines of evidence are available from a range of disciplines, including archaeogenetics, biological anthropology, and archaeology, but each also has its weaknesses, and different disciplines often work from very different definitions of ‘human’ which are inevitably informed by—and impact on—broader cultural ideas about human nature and origins. This chapter discusses the ways in which archaeologists and anthropologists can integrate these often conflicting perspectives on what humans and our ancestors are, what we do and why, into a coherent account of how and why we ‘became human’.
Cognitive Linguistics and the Concept(s) of Number
Authors: Núñez Rafael , Marghetis Tyler
Published: June 2014

What is a ‘number,’ as studied within numerical cognition? The term is highly polysemous, and can refer to numerals, numerosity, and a diverse collection of mathematical objects, from natural numbers to infinitesimals. However, numerical cognition has focused primarily on prototypical counting numbers (PCNs) – numbers used regularly to count small collections of objects. Even these simple numbers are far more complex than apparent pre-conditions for numerical abilities like subitizing and approximate discrimination of large numerosity, which we share with other animals. We argue that the leap to number concepts proper relies, in part, on two embodied, domain-general cognitive mechanisms: conceptual metaphor and fictive motion. These mechanisms were first investigated within cognitive linguistics, a subdiscipline of cognitive science, but are now thought to subserve cognition more generally. We review the proposal that these mechanisms structure numerical cognition – including PCNs, but also the positive integers and arithmetic – and survey the supporting empirical evidence.
Selective Exposure Theories
Authors: Stroud Natalie Jomini
Published: June 2014

This chapter provides an overview of the theory of selective exposure, the idea that people purposefully select messages matching their beliefs. After reviewing several psychological explanations for why the phenomenon occurs, the chapter turns to describing various forms of selective exposure. Selective exposure can be studied in terms of whether people select news or entertainment, the issues about which people seek information, which medium is selected in obtaining information, and the extent to which like-minded information is preferred. Numerous moderators of the links between citizens’ beliefs and their information selection are presented. Next, the chapter details four different methodological techniques that have been used to study selective exposure. Finally, the chapter outlines a host of unanswered questions about selective exposure for future researchers to tackle.
Instability of supersonic compression ramp flow
Authors: Logue R. P. , Gajjar J. S. B. , Ruban A. I.
Published: June 2014

The instability of supersonic compression ramp flow is investigated. It is assumed that the Reynolds number is large and that the governing equations are the unsteady triple-deck equations. The mean flow is first calculated by solving the steady equations for various scaled ramp angles
α
, and the numerical results suggest that there is no singularity for increasing ramp angles. The stability of the flow is investigated using two approaches, first by solving the linearized unsteady equations and looking for global modes proportional to
e

λ
t

. In the second approach, the linearized unsteady equations are solved numerically with various initial conditions. Whereas no globally unsteady modes could be found for the range of ramp angles studied, the numerical simulations show the formation of wavepacket type disturbances which grow and convect and reach large amplitudes. However, the numerical results show large variations with grid size even on very fine grids.
Polynomial sum of squares in fluid dynamics: a review with a look ahead
Authors: Chernyshenko S. I. , Goulart P. , Huang D. , Papachristodoulou A.
Published: June 2014

The first part of this paper reviews the application of the sum-of-squares-of-polynomials technique to the problem of global stability of fluid flows. It describes the known approaches and the latest results, in particular, obtaining for a version of the rotating Couette flow a better stability range than the range given by the classic energy stability method. The second part of this paper describes new results and ideas, including a new method of obtaining bounds for time-averaged flow parameters illustrated with a model problem and a method of obtaining approximate bounds that are insensitive to unstable steady states and periodic orbits. It is proposed to use the bound on the energy dissipation rate as the cost functional in the design of flow control aimed at reducing turbulent drag.
Collisions, rebounds and skimming
Authors: Liu Kevin , Smith Frank T.
Published: June 2014

Repeated oblique impacts and rebounds of a solid body or bodies on horizontal shallow water are investigated through mathematical modelling. The inclinations from the horizontal are supposed small as the skimming evolves, for a thin typical body shape. The new formulation aimed at improved prediction as well as the background involved is presented together with nonlinear analysis and computation. Comparatively fast or slow collisions and rebounds are found to be of special interest over short time-scales.
Gross separation approaching a blunt trailing edge as the turbulence intensity increases
Authors: Scheichl B
Published: June 2014

A novel rational description of incompressible two-dimensional time-mean turbulent boundary layer (BL) flow separating from a bluff body at an arbitrarily large globally formed Reynolds number,Re, is devised. Partly in contrast to and partly complementing previous approaches, it predicts a pronounced delay of massive separation as the turbulence intensity level increases. This is bounded from above by a weakly decayingRe-dependent gauge function (hence, the BL approximation stays intact locally), and thus the finite intensity level characterizing fully developed turbulence. However, it by far exceeds the moderate level found in a preceding study which copes with the associated moderate delay of separation. Thus, the present analysis bridges this self-consistent and another forerunner theory, proposing extremely retarded separation by anticipating a fully attached external potential flow. Specifically, it is shown upon formulation of a respective distinguished limit at which rate the separation point and the attached-flow trailing edge collapse asand how on a short streamwise scale the typical small velocity deficit in the core region of the incident BL evolves to a large one. Hence, at its base, the separating velocity profile varies generically with the one-third power of the wall distance, and the classical triple-deck problem describing local viscous–inviscid interaction crucial for moderately retarded separation is superseded by a Rayleigh problem, governing separation of that core layer. Its targeted solution proves vital for understanding the separation process more close to the wall. Most importantly, the analysis does not resort to any specific turbulence closure. A first comparison with the available experimentally found positions of separation for the canonical flow past a circular cylinder is encouraging.
Isolation of Leptospira interrogans Hardjoprajitno from vaginal fluid of a clinically healthy ewe suggests potential for venereal transmission
Authors: Director A. , Penna B. , Hamond C. , Loureiro A. P. , Martins G. , Medeiros M. A. , Lilenbaum W.
Published: June 2014

A total of 15 adult ewes from one flock known to be seroreactive for leptospirosis was studied. Urine and vaginal fluid were collected from each animal to test for the presence of leptospires using bacterial culture and conventional PCR methods. One pure culture ofLeptospirasp. was obtained from the vaginal fluid sample of a non-pregnant ewe. The isolate was characterized by DNA sequencing of therrsandsecYgenes, variable-number of tandem-repeats (VNTR) analysis and serogrouping, and the isolate was typed asLeptospirainterrogansserogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo type Hardjoprajitno. This report indicates the presence of viableLeptospirain the vaginal fluid of a ewe, suggesting the potential for venereal transmission of leptospires in sheep.
Supervision environments and performance of UK dairy warehouses: a path analysis
Authors: Akhtar Pervaiz , Fischer Christian
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– For team leaders or supervisors (functional coordinators (FCs)) warehouses are one of the most difficult places to supervise and manage subordinate workers. FCs themselves can be supervised by their bosses in different ways, either semi-autonomously or in a traditional authoritarian manner. However, different supervision environments for FCs may affect the performance of the warehouses they work in. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the linkages between different supervision environments; FCs’ trust in and satisfaction with their bosses, warehouse service quality and company growth.

Design/methodology/approach

– Structural equation modelling (path analysis) is applied to a randomly drawn data sample (n=95) of dairy warehouses from the UK.

Findings

– The results show that semi-autonomous supervision has a strong positive impact on FCs’ trust and satisfaction and on warehouse service quality which positively affects company growth. In addition, FCs’ trust and satisfaction are found to be important antecedents of warehouse service quality and they also directly enhance company growth. In contrast, traditional supervision does not build trust nor creates satisfaction and has a negative direct impact on warehouse service quality.

Research limitations/implications

– While conducted based on a small sample, the study examines important performance determinants and thus enhances the understanding of how to better manage warehouses in particular in a logistically challenging industry.

Originality/value

– This study empirically analyses the linkages between supervision environments, warehouse service quality and company growth and thus contributes to determine a best-practice approach for modern warehouse management.
Social capital, shocks and livestock investments: evidence from Masaka District, Uganda
Authors: Mawejje Joseph , Terje Holden Stein
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of a household's social capital in the form of community group participation and empirically analyses the roles that social capital plays in helping rural households rebuild productive assets after shocks.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this paper, social capital is modelled as a household's intensity of group participation measured by the density and active participation in group activities as well as their multiplicative and additive indices. Instrumental variable methods were used to address the problem of endogeneity associated with social capital.

Findings

– The results indicate that household characteristics such as age, education level, dependence ratio and years of village residence as well as village-level characteristics such as the village population density are critical determinants of social capital. In addition, social capital measured in form of density of participation in group activities and attendance score as well as multiplicative and additive indices of these have significant positive effects on the household ability to rebuild livestock assets.

Research limitations/implications

– The authors realize that several weakness in the approach could compromise the validity of the findings. These weaknesses include: the cross-sectional nature of the data, the omitted variable bias, the endogeneity concerns of social capital and the identification strategy, sample size and the dimensions the authors chose to measure social capital. Future research should explore the factors that can help households to engage more in-group activities.

Practical implications

– The findings have important implications for government policy especially in areas of agricultural development and poverty reduction. Specifically, governments should pay close attention to the various social groups as they can serve as important channels to achieve better social economic outcomes, including the accumulation of rural assets, as is the case with livestock assets in rural Uganda.

Social implications

– Many governments in Sub-Saharan Africa are constrained to provide basic public goods to the people. This is due to a combination of limited budgets and lack of good leadership. In such circumstances, the people have to rely on their collective/social effort to take advantage of market opportunities. Such opportunities can be accessed using the existing social structures whose norms and the trust between members permit cooperation.

Originality/value

– The study contributes to a small but growing empirical literature on social groups and how they can mediate social economic outcomes especially for rural households. The empirical estimations take into consideration the endogeneity concerns associated with social network capital. The paper will be useful for policy makers and researchers who may have a keen interest in the roles that group activities play in agricultural development and poverty reduction.
Agritourism consumers’ participation in wine tasting events
Authors: Govindasamy Ramu , Kelley Kathleen
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to determine the likelihood of a USA Mid-Atlantic region consumers’ willingness to partake in a wine tasting event, an example of an agritourism activity, based on their responses to an Internet survey conducted from June 22 to 29, 2010.

Design/methodology/approach

– Potential participants were screened and asked to participate if they resided in one of the states targeted (Delaware, New Jersey or Pennsylvania); were aged 21 years and older; were the primary food shopper for the household; and had previously attended an agritourism and/or direct marketing events or activities.

Findings

– A logit model was developed based on responses from 972 consumers who participated in the 15-minute Internet survey to predict participation in wine tasting activity. Consumers who are more likely to attend an on-farm wine tasting event include those who learn about agritourism events through newspapers, think that the variety and price of produce is better at direct markets than supermarkets, are older than 50 years, have a graduate degree and are self-employed.

Research limitations/implications

– Empirical results will help agritourism operators enhance marketing efforts and develop profitable on-farm agricultural activities by identifying consumer segments likely to participate in wine tourism activities.

Practical implications

– This paper helps identify consumer segments that are more likely to participate in a wine tasting event and provides marketers with the ability to target likely buyers based on corresponding demographic characteristics.

Originality/value

– This paper identifies likely wine tasting participants based on demographics, psychographics and behavioral characteristics.