bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of one-lung ventilation on oxygen delivery in anesthetized dogs with an open thoracic cavity
Authors: Kudnig Simon T. , Monnet Eric , Riquelme Miriam , Gaynor James S. , Corliss Denise , Salman M. D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of one-lung ventilation on oxygen delivery in anesthetized dogs with an open thoracic cavity.

Animals—8 clinically normal adult Walker Hound dogs.

Procedure—Each dog was anesthetized and subjected to one-lung ventilation during a period when it had an open thoracic cavity. A Swan-Ganz catheter was used to measure hemodynamic variables and obtain mixed-venous blood samples. A catheter was inserted in the dorsal pedal artery to measure arterial pressure and obtain arterial blood samples. Oxygen delivery index was calculated and used to assess effects of one-lung ventilation on cardiopulmonary function. Effects on hemodynamic and pulmonary variables were analyzed.

Results—One-lung ventilation caused significant decreases in PaO2, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), mixed-venous oxygen saturation, and arterial oxygen content (CaO2). One-lung ventilation caused significant increases in PaCO2, physiologic dead space, and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference. Changes in SaO2, CaO2, and PaCO2, although significantly different, were not considered to be of clinical importance. One-lung ventilation induced a significant increase in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and shunt fraction. One-lung ventilation did not have a significant effect on cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, and oxygen delivery index.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—One-lung ventilation affected gas exchange and hemodynamic function, although oxygen delivery in clinically normal dogs was not affected during a period with an open thoracic cavity. One-lung ventilation can be used safely in healthy dogs with an open thoracic cavity during surgery. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:443–448)
Association of enteric shedding of bovine torovirus (Breda virus) and other enteropathogens with diarrhea in veal calves
Authors: Hoet Armando E. , Smiley Jeffrey , Thomas Christopher , Nielsen Paul R. , Wittum Thomas E. , Saif Linda J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the prevalence, fecal shedding pattern, and association of bovine torovirus (BoTV) with diarrhea in veal calves at time of arrival and periodically throughout the first 35 days after their arrival on a veal farm.

Animals—62 veal calves.

Procedure—Fecal samples collected on days 0, 4, 14, and 35 after arrival were tested for BoTV by use of ELISA and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Paired serum samples obtained from blood collected on days 0 and 35 were analyzed for BoTV antibodies with a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Fecal samples were also screened for other enteric pathogens, including rotavirus, coronavirus, andCryptosporidiumspp.

Results—Fecal shedding of BoTV was detected in 15 of 62 (24%) calves by use of ELISA and RT-PCR assay, with peak shedding on day 4. A significant independent association between BoTV shedding and diarrhea was observed. In addition, calves shedding ≥ 2 enteric pathogens were more likely to have diarrhea than calves shedding ≤ 1 pathogen. Calves that were seronegative or had low antibody titers against BoTV (≤ 1:10 hemagglutination inhibition units) at arrival seroconverted to BoTV (> 4-fold increase in titer); these calves were more likely to shed virus than calves that were seropositive against BoTV at arrival.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Shedding of BoTV was strongly associated with diarrhea in neonatal veal calves during the first week after arrival at the farm. These data provide evidence that BoTV is an important pathogen of neonatal veal calves. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:485–490)
Comparative bioavailability of fluoxetine after transdermal and oral administration to healthy cats
Authors: Ciribassi John , Luescher Andrew , Pasloske Kirby S. , Robertson-Plouch Carol , Zimmerman Alan , Kaloostian-Whittymore Liane
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and safety for transdermal (TD) and oral administration of fluoxetine hydrochloride to healthy cats.

Animals—12 healthy mixed-breed sexually intact 1- to 4-year-old purpose-bred cats.

Procedure—A single-dose pharmacokinetic study involving 3 groups of 4 cats each was conducted in parallel. Fluoxetine in a formulation of pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO gel) was applied to the hairless portion of the pinnae of cats at 2 dosages (5 or 10 mg/kg), or it was administered orally in capsules at a dosage of 1 mg/kg. Plasma samples were obtained and submitted for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry- mass spectrometry analysis of fluoxetine and its active metabolite, norfluoxetine.

Results—Peak fluoxetine concentration (Cmax) was lower and time to Cmaxlonger for TD administration versus oral administration. Relative bioavailability of each dose administered via the TD route was 10% of the value for oral administration of the drug. Mean plasma elimination half-life after oral administration was 47 and 55 hours for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study provides evidence that fluoxetine in a 15% (wt:vol) PLO gel formulation can be absorbed through the skin of cats into the systemic circulation. However, the relative bioavailability for TD administration is approximately only 10% of that for the oral route of administration. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:994–998)
Evaluation of microbial culture of pooled fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in large dairy herds
Authors: Tavornpanich Saraya , Gardner Ian A. , Anderson Randall J. , Shin Sang , Whitlock Robert H. , Fyock Terry , Adaska John M. , Walker Richard L. , Hietala Sharon K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate sensitivity of microbial culture
of pooled fecal samples for detection of
Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP)
in large dairy herds and assess the use of the method
for estimation of MAP prevalence.

Animals—1,740 lactating cows from 29 dairy herds
in California.

Procedure—Serum from each cow was tested by
use of a commercial ELISA kit. Individual fecal samples
were cultured and used to create pooled fecal
samples (10 randomly selected fecal samples/pool; 6
pooled samples/herd). Sensitivity of MAP detection
was compared between Herrold's egg yolk (HEY) agar
and a new liquid culture method. Bayesian methods
were used to estimate true prevalence of MAP-infected
cows and herd sensitivity.

Results—Estimated sensitivity for pooled fecal
samples among all herds was 0.69 (25 culture-positive
pools/36 pools that were MAP positive).
Sensitivity increased as the number of culture-positive
samples in a pool increased. The HEY agar
method detected more infected cows than the liquid
culture method but had lower sensitivity for
pooled fecal samples. Prevalence of MAP-infected
cows was estimated to be 4% (95% probability
interval, 2% to 6%) on the basis of culture of
pooled fecal samples. Herd-level sensitivity estimate
ranged from 90% to 100% and was dependent
on prevalence in the population and the sensitivity
for culture of pooled fecal samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of pooled
fecal samples from 10 cows was a cost-effective tool
for herd screening and may provide a good estimate
of the percentage of MAP-infected cows in dairy
herds with a low prevalence of MAP. (Am J Vet Res
2004;65:1061–1070)
Distribution of mRNA that codes for subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows
Authors: Meylan Mireille , Georgieva Teodora M. , Reist Martin , Blum Jürg W. , Martig Johannes , Georgieva Ivan P. , Steiner Adrian
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe the distribution of mRNA that codes for 9 subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the digestive tract of dairy cows.

Sample Population—Fresh full-thickness wall specimens from the abomasum (fundus, corpus, and antrum), ileum, cecum, proximal loop of ascending colon, and 4 locations of the spiral colon collected from 10 healthy cows at slaughter.

Procedure—Concentrations of mRNA that code for 9 subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the bovine gastrointestinal tract (α1A, α1B, α1D, α2AD, α2B, α2C, β1, β2, and β3) were measured by use of a quantitative realtime reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Results were reported in relation to mRNA expression of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).

Results—Mean mRNA contents of adrenergic receptors in the bovine digestive tract were low (range, 0.00006% to 5.04% of GAPDH). Distribution of receptor subtypes was similar in all tissues, with lowest expression of α1D receptors, followed by α2B, α2C, β3, α1B, α1A, β1, and β2in the abomasum, whereas α2ADand β2in the intestines were highest. In comparison with the intestines, relative concentrations of mRNA for receptors β2and β3were significantly lower in the abomasum.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Relative concentrations of mRNA that code for adrenergic receptors differed among receptor subtypes and among locations in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Comparison of these values established in healthy cattle with results for cows with motility disorders, such as abomasal displacement and cecal dilatation, may lead to improved therapeutic or prophylactic approaches for these diseases. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1142–1150)
Purification and partial characterization of feline pepsinogen
Authors: Tress Ursula , Steiner Jörg M. , Ruaux Craig G. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Williams David A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To purify and partially characterize feline
pepsinogen (fPG) from the gastric mucosa and compare
fPG with PGs of other species.

Sample Population—Stomachs of 6 cats.

Procedure—A crude protein extract was prepared
from the gastric mucosa of feline stomachs. Feline
PG A was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation,
weak-anion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion
chromatography, and strong-anion exchange chromatography.
Partial characterization consisted of estimation
of molecular weights (MWs) and isoelectric
points, N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and investigation
of susceptibility to pepstatin inhibition.

Results—Several fPG A-group isoforms were identified.
The MWs of the isoforms ranged from 37,000 to
44,820. Isoelectric points were all < pH 3.0. The proteolytic
activity of the activated PGs was inhibited
completely by pepstatin in a range of equimolar to 10-
fold molar excess. The specific absorbance of fPG A
was 1.29. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the
first 25 residues of the predominant fPG A7 had 75%,
72%, 64%, and 56% homology with PG A of dogs,
rabbits, cattle, and humans, respectively. Sequences
of 4 other fPG A-group isoforms were similar to fPG
A7. All isoforms were immunologically cross-reactive
with sheep anti-fPG A7 antiserum.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—PG A is the
only identified type of PG in cats and, similar to pg in
other species, comprises multiple isoforms. The availability
of fPG A may be used to facilitate the development
of an immunoassay to quantify serum fPG A as
a potential marker for gastric disorders in cats. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1195–1199)
Evaluation of head-out constant volume body plethysmography for measurement of specific airway resistance in conscious, sedated sheep
Authors: Bedenice Daniela , Bar-Yishay Ephraim , Ingenito Edward P. , Tsai Larry , Mazan Melissa R. , Hoffman Andrew M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the use of a modified whole
body plethysmograph in awake sheep.

Animals—10 healthy adult sheep.

Procedure—Concurrent measurements of specific
airway resistance (sRaw) and pulmonary resistance
(RL) were obtained using a novel noninvasive headout
constant-volume plethysmograph and esophageal
balloon-pneumotachography, respectively. All data
were collected before and after external resistive
loading with 1 and 5.6 cm H20/L/s. Functional residual
capacity (FRC) was measured by helium dilution for
computation of airway resistance (Raw) preloading
(Raw = sRaw/FRC).

Results—The sRaw and RL were closely correlated in
10 adult sheep. Additionally, sRaw and RL accurately
reflected the magnitude of added resistance. The
mean FRC was 52 mL/kg and used to calculate Raw.
At baseline, the values for Raw were significantly correlated
with sRaw and RL.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Precise measurements
of sRaw and Raw at baseline and sRaw after
external resistive loading were obtained by use of this
novel noninvasive plethysmographic technology. This
method should have application to veterinary patients
or animals used in research in which noninvasive rapid
or serial measurements of sRaw in the conscious
state are required. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1259–1264)
Spatial dispersal of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated flies after contact with experimentally infected pigs
Authors: Schurrer Jennifer A. , Dee Scott A. , Moon Roger D. , Rossow Kurt D. , Mahlum Carrie , Mondaca Enrique , Otake Satoshi , Fano Eduardo , Collins James E. , Pijoan Carlos
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether flies can acquire porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and disperse the virus throughout a designated area.

Animals—60 four-month-old pigs.

Procedure—On day 0, 28 of 60 pigs were inoculated with PRRSV MN 30-100 (index variant). On the same day, 100,000 pupae of ochre-eyed houseflies and 100,000 pupae of red-eyed (wild-type) houseflies were placed in the swine facility for a release-recapture study. Flies were recaptured at 2 locations within the swine facility, 6 locations immediately outside the facility, and 30 locations 0.4, 0.8, 1.3, 1.7, 1.9, and 2.3 km from the facility. Traps were emptied on days 2, 7, 8, 10, and 14. Samples derived from flies were tested by use of a polymerase chain reaction assay, virus DNA was sequenced, and viruses were tested for infectivity by means of a swine bioassay.

Results—PRRSV RNA homologous to the index PRRSV was detected in trapped flies collected inside and immediately outside the facility and from 9 of 48 samples collected at 0.4 km, 8 of 24 samples collected at 0.8 km, 5 of 24 samples collected at 1.3 km, and 3 of 84 samples collected at > 1.7 km from the facility. Two samples collected at 0.8 km contained genetically diverse variants of PRRSV. Swine bioassays revealed the virus in flies was infectious.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Flies appeared to become contaminated with PRRSV from infected pigs and transported the virus ≥ 1.7 km. Flyborn transmission may explain how PRRSV is seasonally transported between farms. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1284–1292)
Preclinical evaluation of a liposome-encapsulated formulation of cisplatin in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Marr Amanda K. , Kurzman Ilene D. , Vail David M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the acute and short-term adverse effects of a liposome-encapsulated form of cisplatin at increasing dosages of up to twice the known maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of unencapsulated cisplatin in clinically normal dogs.

Animals—4 healthy 2.5-year-old sexually intact female hound-type dogs.

Procedure—4 dosages (70, 100, 125, and 150 mg/m2) were evaluated, and the 4 dogs received a total of 9 infusions (1 to 3 infusions/dog). Dogs were monitored to detect changes in clinical and clinicopathologic status. Evaluations consisting of a physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis were performed before and 7 and 21 days after each infusion.

Results—Acute anaphylactic-like reactions to liposome- encapsulated cisplatin were common but clinically manageable. Nephrotoxicosis and substantial myelosuppression, toxic effects commonly associated with unencapsulated cisplatin, were not observed in dogs treated with liposome-encapsulated cisplatin at dosages equivalent to twice the known MTD of unencapsulated cisplatin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Liposome-encapsulated cisplatin can be safely administered to clinically normal dogs at dosages of up to 150 mg/m2without the need for concurrent hydration protocols. This was a necessary prerequisite to enable phase I clinical trials in dogs with naturally developing cancers that could theoretically benefit from escalation in the dosage of cisplatin. Determination of an MTD, cumulative and long-term toxic effects, and efficacy can now be conducted in the context of phase I trials in tumorbearing dogs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1474–1478)
Distribution of vertical forces in the pads of Greyhounds and Labrador Retrievers during walking
Authors: Besancon M. Faulkner , Conzemius Michael G. , Evans Richard B. , Ritter Matthew J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To document peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) in the pads of Greyhounds and Labrador Retrievers.

Animals—8 Greyhounds and 8 Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure—Velocity and acceleration were restricted to ranges of 0.9 to 1.1 m/s and –0.1 to 0.1 m/s2, respectively. The PVF and VI measurements were collected from digital pad (DP)-2, -3, -4, and -5 and the metacarpal pad (McP) or metatarsal pad (MtP) of each limb in each dog.

Results—We found no significant differences between the left and right forelimbs or hind limbs for any pad in either breed. Vertical forces in the forelimb were always greater than those in the hind limb. The PVF in the forelimbs of Greyhounds was greatest in DP-3, -4, and -5 and DP-3, DP-4, and the MtP in the hind limbs. The VI in Greyhound forelimbs was greatest in DP-3, -4, and -5 but greatest in DP-4 in the hind limbs. The PVF in the forelimbs of Labrador Retrievers was greatest in the McP, whereas in the hind limbs it was greatest in DP-4. The VI in Labrador Retriever forelimbs was greatest in DP-3, DP-4, and the McP but greatest in DP-3 and -4 in the hind limbs. Significant differences were detected in load distribution between the breeds.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study confirms that DP-3 and DP-4 are major weight-bearing pads in dogs. However, loads were fairly evenly distributed, and DP-5 and the McP or MtP bear a substantial amount of load in both breeds. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1497–1501)
Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in plasma and urine of horses
Authors: Toutain Pierre-Louis , Reymond Nadège , Laroute Valérie , Garcia Patrice , Popot Marie-Agnès , Bonnaire Yves , Hirsch Alexandra , Narbe Rüdiger
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine pharmacokinetic parameters for meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in horses.

Animals—8 healthy horses.

Procedure—In the first phase of the study, horses were administered meloxicam once in accordance with a 2 × 2 crossover design (IV or PO drug administration; horses fed or not fed). The second phase used a multiple-dose regimen (daily oral administration of meloxicam for 14 days), with meloxicam administered at the recommended dosage (0.6 mg/kg). Plasma and urine concentrations of meloxicam were measured by use of validated methods with a limit of quantification of 10 ng/mL for plasma and 20 ng/mL for urine.

Results—Plasma clearance was low (mean ± SD; 34 ± 0.5 mL/kg/h), steady-state volume of distribution was limited (0.12 ± 0.018 L/kg), and terminal half-life was 8.54 ± 3.02 hours. After oral administration, bioavailability was nearly total regardless of feeding status (98 ± 12% in fed horses and 85 ± 19% in nonfed horses). During once-daily administration for 14 days, we did not detect drug accumulation in the plasma. Meloxicam was eliminated via the urine with a urine-to-plasma concentration that ranged from 13 to 18. Concentrations were detected for a relatively short period (3 days) after administration of the final daily dose.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study support once-daily administration of meloxicam regardless of the feeding status of a horse and suggest a period of at least 3 days before urine concentrations of meloxicam reach concentrations that could be used in drug control programs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1542–1547)
Comparison of the carbon 13-labeled octanoic acid breath test and ultrasonography for assessment of gastric emptying of a semisolid meal in dogs
Authors: McLellan Jonathan , Wyse Cathy A. , Dickie Alison , Preston Tom , Yam Philippa S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the rate of gastric emptying of a semisolid meal by use of the carbon 13-labeled octanoic acid breath test (13C-OBT) and gastric emptying ultrasonography (GEU) in dogs.

Animals—10 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Food was withheld from dogs for 12 hours before ingestion of a test meal (bread, egg, and skimmed milk) containing13C-octanoic acid. The gastric antrum was visualized by use of a 6.5-MHz microconvex transducer, and the area of the ellipse defined by the craniocaudal and ventrodorsal diameters of the stomach was measured. Samples of expired air and antral images were obtained 30 minutes before ingestion of the test meal and then every 15 minutes for 4 hours and every 30 minutes for a further 2 hours. The half-dose recovery time with the13C-OBT (t½[BT]) and the gastric half emtying time withGEU (t50%[GEU]) was calculated.

Results—Mean ± SD values for the t½(BT) and t50%(GEU) were 3.44 ± 0.48 hours and 1.89 ± 0.78 hours, respectively. A significant correlation was detected between the t½(BT) and t50%(GEU), although there was a large (1.55 hours) mean difference between these indices.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that there was a correlation between the rate of solid-phase gastric emptying assessed by use of GEU and the13C-OBT in dogs. Gastric emptying ultrasonography may be a useful, noninvasive method for assessment of the rate of solid-phase gastric emptying in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1557–1562)
Effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases on canine chondrocytes cultured in vitro with tumor necrosis factor-α
Authors: Kuroki Keiichi , Cook James L. , Kreeger John M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To elucidate tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-mediated effects on chondrocytes.

Sample Population—Articular cartilage from humeral heads of 6 dogs.

Procedure—Chondrocytes from harvested specimens were cultured in 3-dimensional (3-D) agarose at 106cells/mL. We prepared 3-D constructs exposed to only tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (50 ng/mL). Recombinant human TIMP-1 (255nM), -2 (285nM), or -3 (250nM) was added to liquid media bathing 3-D constructs cultured with TNF-α. Chondrocytes cultured without TIMP or TNF-α served as control samples. Samples of liquid media were collected on days 6, 9, 15, and 21 of culture for evaluation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and nitric oxide concentrations. The 3-D constructs were collected on days 9, 15, and 21 for evaluation of GAG, hydroxyproline (HP), and DNA contents.

Results—GAG content in control samples increased significantly during the study, whereas GAG content in 3-D constructs cultured with TNF-α or TNF-α plus TIMP did not increase. On day 9, GAG release from 3-D constructs cultured with TNF-α was significantly higher than that in other constructs. The HP content in control samples increased during the study and was significantly higher than that in all other constructs on day 21. Concentrations of nitric oxide were significantly lower in control samples on day 6, compared with concentrations for all other constructs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Addition of TIMPs did not counteract suppression of GAG and HP accumulation in 3-D constructs exposed to TNF-α. Apparently, adverse effects on chondrocytes exposed to TNF-α cannot be prevented by addition of TIMP alone. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1611–1615)
Effects of microcin 24-producing Escherichia coli on shedding and multiple-antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in pigs
Authors: Frana Timothy S. , Carlson Steven A. , Rauser Daryl C. , Jones Bradley D. , Fergen Brian J. , Griffith Ronald W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate the effect of an Escherichia
coli that produced microcin 24 (Mcc24) on shedding
of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in swine
and evaluate evidence of in vivo activation of the
Mcc24-mediated, multiple-antibiotic resistance ( mar)
operon.

Animals—36 crossbred weaned pigs.

Procedure—24 pigs were allocated to 2 groups
(12 pigs/group). Pigs in 1 group received daily oral
administration of an Mcc24-producing E coli, whereas
the other group received a non–Mcc24-producing E
coli. All pigs were challenge exposed with Salmonella
Typhimurium
χ4232. A third group of 6 pigs received
Mcc24-producing E coli and was challenge exposed
with an Mcc24-sensitive, marA-deleted strain of
SalmonellaTyphimurium 4232. After challenge exposure,
fecal samples from all pigs were cultured to
detect shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium and
Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were screened for
resistance to ciprofloxacin. Fecal samples were collected
throughout the study, and tissue samples were
collected during necropsy.

Results—Differences in shedding of Salmonella
Typhimurium were not detected between groups
receiving Mcc24-producing or non–Mcc24-producing
E coli. No significant differences were found in quantitative
analysis between groups receiving Mcc24-producing and non–Mcc24-producing E coli. Evidence
of maractivation was not detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Microcin-producing
E coli did not exert an effect on shedding of
Salmonella Typhimurium or maractivation in pigs. It may
be difficult or impractical to create the conditions
required for Mcc24 to be an effective part of a food safety
intervention to reduce shedding of Salmonella
Typhimurium. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1616–1620)
A technique for creating critical-size defects in the metatarsus of sheep for use in investigation of healing of long-bone defects
Authors: Viateau Véronique , Guillemin Geneviève , Yang Yu Chien , Bensaïd Wassila , Reviron Thierry , Oudina Karim , Meunier Alain , Sedel Laurent , Petite Hervé
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop a technique for use in investigation
of healing of long-bone defects by creation of a
critical-size defect in the left metarsal III and IV bone
(metatarsus) of sheep.

Animals—18 healthy adult sheep.

Procedure—Sheep were allocated to 4 groups (3, 3,
5, and 7 sheep in groups 1 to 4, respectively). An
ostectomy with various segmental length-to-diaphyseal
diameter ratios (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.0 for groups
1 to 4, respectively) was performed on the left
metatarsus of each sheep. The defect was left empty
in sheep of groups 1, 2, and 3, whereas the defect
was filled with a massive corticocancellous bone
autograft in sheep of group 4.

Results—All sheep tolerated the surgical procedure
well and were able to use the affected limb the day
after surgery. Radiographic and histologic examinations
conducted 16 weeks after surgery revealed
nonunion in all sheep of groups 1, 2, and 3, whereas
consistent bone healing with abundant bone formation
was observed in all sheep of group 4.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of
these findings suggests that the sheep metatarsal
model is a critical-size defect model with low morbidity.
It should allow the assessment of new technologies
for bone regeneration in conditions closely mimicking
the clinical setting.

Impact for Human Medicine—Use of this technique
in sheep should be of benefit for the preclinical study
of osteoconductive, osteoinductive, or osteogenic
biomaterials for use in humans. (Am J Vet Res
2004;65:1653–1657)
Generation and performance of an equine-specific large-scale gene expression microarray
Authors: Gu Weisong , Bertone Alicia L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To create high-quality sequence data for the generation of an equine gene expression microarray and evaluate array performance by use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure of synoviocytes.

Sample Population—Public nucleotide sequence database fromEquus caballusand synoviocytes from clinically normal adult horses.

Procedure—Computer procurement of equine gene sequences, probe design, and manufacture of an oligomicroarray were performed. Array performance was evaluated by use of patterns for equine synoviocytes in response to LPS.

Results—Starting with 18,924 equine gene sequences, 3,098 equine 3' sequences were annotated and met the inclusion criteria for an expression microarray. An equine oligonucleotide expression microarray was created by use of 68,266 of the 25-oligomer probes to uniquely identify each gene. Most genes in the array (68%) were expressed in equine synoviocytes. Repeatability of the array was high (r, > 0.99), and LPS upregulated (> 5-fold change) 84 genes, many of which were inflammatory mediators, and downregulated (> 5-fold change) 14 genes. An initial pattern of gene expression for effects of LPS on synoviocytes consisted of 102 genes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of a computer algorithm to curate an equine sequence database generated high-quality annotated species-specific gene sequences and probe sets for a gene expression oligomicroarray, which was used to document changes in gene expression associated with LPS exposure of equine synoviocytes. The equine public database was expanded from 290 annotated genes to > 3,000 provisionally annotated genes. Similar curation and annotation of public databases could be used to create other species-specific microarrays. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1664–1673)
Automatic image registration of three-dimensional images of the head of cats and dogs by use of maximization of mutual information
Authors: Böttcher Peter , Maierl Johann , Hecht Silke , Matis Ulrike , Liebich Hans-Georg
Published: December 2005

Objective—To validate mutual information criterion as a ready-to-use technique for automated alignment (ie, registration) of 3-dimensional (3-D) multimodal image data of the head of cats and dogs.

Sample Population—Corresponding 3-D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) brain scans of a 6-month-old Doberman Pinscher with a brain cyst; CT images of the head of a European shorthair cat with a meningioma before and immediately, 3, and 6 months after surgical resection; and CT and corresponding stacked anatomic cryosection images of the entire head of a 2-year-old sexually intact female Beagle.

Procedure—All images were matched retrospectively by use of an in-house computer program developed on the basis of a mutual information image registration algorithm. Accuracy of the resulting registrations was evaluated by visual inspection.

Results—All registrations were judged to be highly accurate. Additional manual corrections were not necessary.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mutual information registration criterion can by applied to 3-D multimodal head images of cats and dogs for full automatic rigid-body image registration. The combination of such aligned images would considerably facilitate efforts of veterinary clinicians as indicated by its widespread use in brain surgery and radiation therapy of humans. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1680–1687)
Assessment of the effects of epinephrine and insulin on plasma and serum biochemical variables in llamas and alpacas
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Tornquist Susan J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe the metabolic effects of epinephrine administration in New World camelids and investigate whether these effects are influenced by administration of insulin.

Animals—6 llamas and 8 alpacas (all adult castrated males).

Procedure—Prior to each experiment, food was withheld from camelids for 8 hours. On each of 2 consecutive days, alpacas were administered epinephrine (10 mg/kg, IM; time 0); alpacas were randomly assigned to receive regular insulin (0.2 U/kg, IV) immediately after epinephrine administration on one of those days. In llamas, the experiment was performed once after administration of epinephrine only. At 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 minutes after treatment, blood samples were collected and several serum or plasma biochemical variables were assessed; in addition, plasma samples from llamas were assessed for insulin concentrations. Data were compared between days (alpacas only) and between time points.

Results—Administration of epinephrine induced mobilization of glucose, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate. A small increase in endogenous insulin concentration was detected in epinephrine-treated llamas, compared with baseline values. Overall, insulin administration decreased, negated, or delayed the epinephrine-associated increases in serum or plasma concentrations of circulating energy substrates, except that it augmented the epinephrine-associated increase in concentration of triglycerides.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Epinephrine appeared to mobilize energy substrates in camelids and hence may be involved in the pathogenesis of disorders of glucose and fat metabolism. Insulin appeared to antagonize most of these effects, and its administration may have therapeutic value in camelids. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1692–1696)
Effects of dietary fat and energy on body weight and composition after gonadectomy in cats
Authors: Nguyen Patrick G. , Dumon Henri J. , Siliart Brigitte S. , Martin Lucile J. , Sergheraert Renaud , Biourge Vincent C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of dietary fat and energy density on body weight gain, body composition, and total energy expenditure (TEE) in neutered and sexually intact cats.

Animals—12 male and 12 female cats

Procedure—Male cats were castrated (castrated male [CM]) or underwent no surgical procedure (sexually intact male [IM]). Female cats underwent ovariectomy (spayed female [SF]) or laparotomy and ligation of both uterine tubes without ovary removal (sexually intact female [IF]). Cats were fed either the low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet for 26 weeks, with the final allocation consisting of 8 groups: IF-LF, IF-HF, SF-LF, SF-HF, IM-LF, IM-HF, CM-LF, and CM-HF. Mean food intake for each group was recorded daily, and body weight was monitored weekly throughout the study. Body composition and TEE were measured before surgery in week 0 and at the end of the study (week 26) by isotope dilution (double-labelled water).

Results—Neutered cats gained significantly more body fat and body weight (53.80 ± 5.79%) than sexually intact cats (27.11 ± 5.79%) during the study. Body weight gain of neutered cats fed the HF diet was greater than those fed the LF diet. Following correction for body composition, TEE was similar in all groups and no pattern towards increased food intake was evident.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Weight gain in neutered cats was decreased by feeding an LF, low energy-dense diet. To prevent weight gain in cats after neutering, a suitable LF diet should be fed in carefully controlled meals rather than ad libitum. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1708–1713)
Determination of electrocardiographic parameters in healthy llamas and alpacas
Authors: Kraus Marc S. , Calvert Clay A. , Spier Alan W. , Meurs Kathryn M. , Anderson David E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine electrocardiographic parameters
in healthy llamas and alpacas.

Animals—23 llamas and 12 alpacas.

Procedure—Electrocardiography was performed in
nonsedated standing llamas and alpacas by use of multiple
simultaneous lead recording (bipolar limb, unipolar
augmented limb, and unipolar precordial leads).

Results—Common features of ECGs of llamas and
alpacas included low voltage of QRS complexes, variable
morphology of QRS complexes among camelids,
and mean depolarization vectors (mean electrical
axes) that were directed dorsocranially and to the
right. Durations of the QT interval and ST segment
were negatively correlated with heart rate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—ECGs of
acceptable quality can be consistently recorded in
nonsedated standing llamas and alpacas. Features of
ECGs in llamas and alpacas are similar to those of other
ruminants. Changes in the morphology of the QRS
complexes and mean electrical axis are unlikely to be
sensitive indicators of ventricular enlargement in llamas
and alpacas. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1719–1723)
Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs
Authors: Kuo Wei-Chen , Keegan Robert D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare sedative, analgesic, and cardiopulmonary effects after IV administration of medetomidine (20 µg/kg), medetomidine-hydromorphone (20 µg of medetomidine/kg and 0.1 mg of hydromorphone/kg), and medetomidine-butorphanol (20 µg of medetomidine/kg and 0.2 mg of butorphanol tartrate/kg) in dogs.

Animals—6 dogs healthy mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure—Instruments were surgically inserted, and heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), core body temperature, and cardiac output (CO) were measured 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after injection. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated. Arterial samples for blood gas analysis were collected 0, 15, and 45 minutes after injection. Intensity of analgesia, degree of sedation, and degree of muscle relaxation were evaluated at aforementioned time points and 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 minutes after injection.

Results—Administration of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol was associated with increases in SAP, MAP, DAP, MPAP, PCWP, CVP, SVR, PVR, core body temperature, and PaCO2and decreases in HR, CO, CI, SV, SI, RR, pH, and PaO2. Clinically important differences were not detected among treatments. Medetomidine-hydromorphone and medetomidine-butorphanol provided a longer duration of sedation and better quality of analgesia, compared with medetomidine alone.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Medetomidine-hydromorphone or medetomidine-butorphanol is associated with improved analgesia and sedation but has cardiopulmonary effects comparable to those for medetomidine alone. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:931–937)
Characterization of equine intestinal fatty acid binding protein and its use in managing horses with colic
Authors: Nieto Jorge E. , Aldridge Brian M. , Beldomenico Pablo M. , Aleman Monica , Snyder Jack R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the nucleotide sequence of the equine intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) gene, its expression in various regions of the gastrointestinal tract, and the use of measuring I-FABP in horses with colic.

Animals—86 horses with colic.

Procedure—The mRNA sequence for the I-FABP gene was obtained by use of a rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends technique. Comparative I-FABP gene expression was quantitated by use of a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Amounts of I-FABP in abdominal fluid and plasma were measured by use of an ELISA kit. Association between I-FABP concentrations and clinical variables was performed by nonparametric analysis, and associations of these variables with intestinal ischemia were determined by the Spearman correlation test.

Results—The nucleotide sequence had 87% identity with human I-FABP. The I-FABP gene was highly expressed in the small intestinal mucosa but had low expression in the colon. High concentrations of I-FABP in abdominal fluid correlated with an increase in protein concentrations in peritoneal fluid and nonsurvival, whereas plasma I-FABP concentrations correlated with the necessity for abdominal surgery. Clinical variables associated with intestinal ischemia included the color and protein content of abdominal fluid and serum creatine kinase activity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Determination of I-FABP concentrations in abdominal fluid and plasma may be useful for predicting survival and the need for abdominal surgical intervention in horses with colic. Furthermore, serum creatine kinase activity and color and protein concentrations of abdominal fluid may be useful in the diagnosis of intestinal ischemia. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:223–232)
Evaluation of six-lead electrocardiograms obtained from dogs in a sitting position or sternal recumbency
Authors: Coleman Michael G. , Robson Mark C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare 6-lead ECG traces in clinically normal conscious dogs in a sitting position and sternal recumbency to that of right lateral recumbency.

Animals—31 healthy dogs with no history of cardiac disease.

Procedure—Six-lead ECGs were recorded for dogs in right lateral recumbency, a sitting position, and sternal recumbency. Q-, R-, and S-wave amplitudes as well as QRS-complex duration were measured in all leads. Additionally, P-wave amplitude and duration, PR interval, ST-segment elevation or depression, and QT interval were measured in lead II.

Results—Compared with measurements in right lateral recumbency, the sitting position resulted in increased Q-wave amplitude (lead III), increased Rwave amplitude (leads I and aVL), decreased R-wave amplitude (leads III and aVF), increased S-wave amplitude (lead aVR), decreased S-wave amplitude (lead aVL), increased P-wave amplitude (lead II), and a leftward shift in the mean electrical axis. Compared with measurements in right lateral recumbency, sternal recumbency resulted in decreased Q-wave amplitude (leads I, II, and aVF), increased R-wave amplitude (leads II, III, and aVF), decreased R-wave amplitude (lead aVR), increased S-wave amplitude (lead aVR), increased P-wave amplitude (lead II), and decreased ST-segment depression (lead II). Compared with right lateral recumbency, the sitting position or sternal recumbency did not result in significant differences in PR interval, QT interval, or QRS-complex duration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Significant changes are found in ECG measurements in the sitting position and sternal recumbency, compared with right lateral recumbency. In dogs, many ECG reference range values for right lateral recumbency are not valid for ECGs obtained in the sitting position or sternal recumbency. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:233–237)
Glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations in dogs with babesiosis
Authors: Jacobson Linda S. , Lobetti Remo G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To document changes in glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations in dogs with severe or complicated babesiosis; assess relationships among glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations in those dogs; and compare clinical and laboratory variables in dogs with and without hypoglycemia and hyperlactatemia.

Animals—20 dogs with naturally developing severe or complicated babesiosis.

Procedure—Samples and measurements were obtained before treatment was initiated. Babesiosis was diagnosed by examination of blood smears. Arterial blood pressure measurement, parasite quantification, CBC count, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, venous blood gas analysis, and acid-base determination were performed. Glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations were measured in samples of venous blood.

Results—We detected a significant negative correlation between glucose and lactate concentrations. Glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations all differed significantly between dogs that died and those that survived. Three of 5 dogs that died had concurrent hypoglycemia, hyperlactatemia, and hyperpyruvatemia. Hypoglycemic dogs differed significantly from normoglycemic dogs with regard to lactate, urea, and bicarbonate concentrations; lactate-to-pyruvate ratio; percentage parasitemia; and PCO2. Dogs with hyperlactatemia differed significantly from normolactatemic dogs with regard to clinical collapse; alanine transaminase activity; concentrations of bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and bicarbonate; percentage parasitemia; and PCO2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism is commonly evident in dogs with severe or complicated babesiosis and is often associated with changes in other clinical and laboratory variables. Significant differences were found between survivors and nonsurvivors. Hypoglycemia should be assessed and aggressively treated in dogs with babesiosis. Lactate concentration can be used as an indicator of disease severity. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:244–250)
Evaluation of cardiac lesions and risk factors associated with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Authors: Kreuder Christine , Miller Melissa A. , Lowenstine Linda J. , Conrad Patricia A. , Carpenter Tim E. , Jessup David A. , Mazet Jonna A.K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe cardiac lesions and identify risk factors associated with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in beach-cast southern sea otters.

Animals—Free-ranging southern sea otters.

Procedure—Sea otters were necropsied at the Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center from 1998 through 2001. Microscopic and gross necropsy findings were used to classify sea otters as myocarditis or DCM case otters or control otters. Univariate, multivariate, and spatial analytical techniques were used to evaluate associations among myocarditis; DCM; common sea otter pathogens; and potential infectious, toxic, and nutritional causes.

Results—Clusters of sea otters with myocarditis and DCM were identified in the southern aspect of the sea otter range from May to November 2000. Risk factors for myocarditis included age, good body condition, and exposure to domoic acid andSarcocystis neurona. Myocarditis associated with domoic acid occurred predominantly in the southern part of the range, whereas myocarditis associated withS neuronaoccurred in the northern part of the range. Age and suspected previous exposure to domoic acid were identified as major risk factors for DCM. A sample of otters with DCM had significantly lower concentrations of myocardial L-carnitine than control and myocarditis case otters.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cardiac disease is an important cause of death in southern sea otters. Domoic acid toxicosis and infection withS neuronaare likely to be 2 important causes of myocarditis in sea otters. Domoic acid–induced myocarditis appears to progress to DCM, and depletion of myocardial L-carnitine may play a key role in this pathogenesis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:289–299)
Comparison of pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin and enrofloxacin in calves challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica
Authors: TerHune Terry N. , Skogerboe Terry L. , Shostrom Valerie K. , Weigel Daniel J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare concentrations of danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in plasma and respiratory tissues of calves treated after challenge withMannheimia haemolytica.

Animals—75 calves.

Procedure—24 hours after challenge withM haemolytica, 72 calves with clinical signs of respiratory tract disease were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 equal treatment groups. Three nonchallenged, nontreated calves formed a control group. Challenged calves were treated with danofloxacin (6 and 8 mg/kg, SC) and enrofloxacin (8 mg/kg, SC) once. At 1, 2, 6, and 12 hours after treatment, 6 calves from each treatment group were euthanatized. Antimicrobial drug concentrations were assayed in various specimens. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax)-to-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; Cmax-to-MIC) ratios and the area under the concentration versus time curve over a 12-hour period-to-MIC ratios (AUC12h-to-MIC) were calculated.

Results—Danofloxacin and enrofloxacin had MICs of 0.03 µg/mL for theM haemolyticachallenge isolate. Danofloxacin administered at doses of 6 and 8 mg/kg resulted in numerically higher geometric mean concentrations of danofloxacin in plasma and all respiratory tissues than geometric mean concentrations of enrofloxacin after treatment with enrofloxacin. Geometric mean concentrations of enrofloxacin were numerically higher than geometric mean concentrations of ciprofloxacin metabolite in plasma and almost all respiratory tissues. Danofloxacin and enrofloxacin achieved Cmax-to-MIC ratios > 10 and AUC12h-to-MIC ratios > 125 hours.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— When used to treat pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves, danofloxacin and enrofloxacin can be expected to deliver concentration-dependent bactericidal activity againstM haemolytica, the bacteria most commonly associated with bovine respiratory tract disease. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:342–349)