bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissimilarity of functional connectivity uncovers the influence of participant's motion in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies
Authors: Yang Lili , Wu Bo , Fan Linyu , Huang Shishi , Vigotsky Andrew D. , Baliki Marwan N. , Yan Zhihan , Apkarian A. Vania , Huang Lejian
Published: October 2020

Head motion is a major confounding factor impairing the quality of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. In particular, head motion can reduce analytical efficiency, and its effects are still present even after preprocessing. To examine the validity of motion removal and to evaluate the remaining effects of motion on the quality of the preprocessed fMRI data, a new metric of group quality control (QC), dissimilarity of functional connectivity, is introduced. Here, we investigate the association between head motion, represented by mean framewise displacement, and dissimilarity of functional connectivity by applying four preprocessing methods in two independent resting‐state fMRI datasets: one consisting of healthy participants (N = 167) scanned in a 3T GE‐Discovery 750 with longer TR (2.5 s), and the other of chronic back pain patients (N = 143) in a 3T Siemens Magnetom Prisma scanner with shorter TR (0.555 s). We found that dissimilarity of functional connectivity uncovers the influence of participant's motion, and this relationship is independent of population, scanner, and preprocessing method. The association between motion and dissimilarity of functional connectivity, and how the removal of high‐motion participants affects this association, is a new strategy for group‐level QC following preprocessing.
Regulatory review time and pharmaceutical research and development
Authors: Chorniy Anna , Bailey James , Civan Abdulkadir , Maloney Michael
Published: October 2020

In the United States, all newly developed drugs undergo a lengthy review process conducted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These regulatory delays have direct immediate costs for drug manufacturers and patients waiting for treatment. Under certain market conditions, regulatory delays may also affect future research and development (R&D) strategies of pharmaceutical companies. To estimate the magnitude of this effect, we match data on drugs in the development pipeline in 2006 to data that we collect on FDA review times for all drugs approved between 1999 and 2005. Employing a rich and novel set of controls that affect drug R&D decisions and, potentially, regulatory review lags, we find that on average, three additional months of delay result in one fewer drug in development in that drug category. Our results suggest that the length of the regulatory delay matters for pharmaceutical firms' R&D decisions and that the firms are likely unable to pass on these costs onto consumers.
Mucosal‐Associated Invariant T Cell Dysregulation Correlates With Conjugated Bilirubin Level in Chronic HBV Infection
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhu Peng , Wang Wei , Tan Xiaosheng , Liu Chuanqiao , Chen Yingshan , Pei Rongjuan , Cheng Xue , Wu Mi , Guo Qing , Liang Hongmei , Liang Zhihui , Liu Jia , Xu Yang , Wu Xiongwen , Weng Xiufang
Published: October 2020

Background and Aims

Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are nonconventional T cells restricted to major histocompatibility complex class I–related protein 1 (MR1). They are highly abundant in human liver and activated by T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐dependent and TCR‐independent mechanisms to exhibit rapid, innate‐like effector responses. However, the roles of MAIT cells in chronic HBV infection are still open for study. This study aims to test their antiviral potential and investigate their dynamic changes and regulating factors during chronic HBV infection.

Approach and Results

Blood samples from 257 chronic HBV‐infected patients were enrolled, and nontumor liver specimens were collected from 58 HBV‐infected HCC patients. Combining cell‐culture experiments and human data, we showed that MAIT cells had strong cytotoxicity against HBV‐transfected hepatocytes in an MR1‐dependent way. However, circulating and hepatic MAIT cells in HBV‐infected patients decreased significantly compared to controls. Correlation analysis suggested that MAIT cell frequency was associated with disease progression and inversely correlated with serum‐conjugated bilirubin level. In particular, conjugated bilirubin not only directly promoted MAIT cell activation and apoptosis, but also impaired TCR‐induced proliferation and expansion of MAIT cells, which could be partially rescued by IL‐2 in the absence of conjugated bilirubin. Despite that MAIT cells from patients with high conjugated bilirubin levels showed decreased cytokine‐producing capacity, the increased TCR‐dependent antiviral cytokine production suggested MAIT cells as an important guardian of chronic HBV with high conjugated bilirubin.

Conclusions

We reveal the MR1‐dependent, anti‐HBV potential of MAIT cells and identify conjugated bilirubin as a major factor dysregulating its frequency and function in chronic HBV‐infected patients, suggesting a therapeutic target for MAIT‐cell–based immunity against chronic HBV infection.
Water balance model as a tool for building participation and joint water use promotion at the river basin level*
Authors: Supriyasilp Thanaporn , Pongput Kobkiat
Published: October 2020

To promote collaboration on water management between farmers and government agencies, both parties must have a mutual understanding of the measurement and management of available water resources using existing infra‐ and non‐infrastructure management tools. They are required to provide collaborative water management through appropriate technology, with capacity building and knowledge management. In this study, the water balance model was used as a tool to induce participation and the promotion of a joint water use at the river basin level. The amount and proportion of water use from different types of water sources were calculated based on this water balance model. Moreover, farmers were encouraged to help with water flow measurements using technologies and principles that were simple but accurate in terms of engineering aspects. According to the analyses of water use proportions, a large amount of water from pumping stations was used during the dry season at high cost. When aware of the proportion of water used, farmers collaboratively established guidelines on an effective water management in the area, including large‐scale viewpoints applicable beyond the actual areas. Overall, these guidelines will eventually bring positive results to other downstream water users.
Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate induces generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of p53‐dependent cell death in human endometrial cancer cells
Authors: Costa Bruna Pasqualotto , Nassr Marcella Tornquist , Diz Fernando Mendonça , Carlessi Leonardo Pfeiff , Fernandes Krist Helen Antunes , Nunes Fernanda Bordignon , Branchini Gisele , de Oliveira Jarbas Rodrigues
Published: October 2020

Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate (F1,6BP), an intermediate of the glycolytic pathway, has been found to play a promising anticancer effect; nevertheless, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect and mechanisms of F1,6BP in a human endometrial cancer cell line (Ishikawa). F1,6BP showed an antiproliferative and non‐cytotoxic effect on endometrial cancer cells. These effects are related to the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). These harmful stimuli trigger the upregulation of the expression of pro‐apoptotic genes (p53 and Bax), leading to the reduction of cell proliferation through inducing programmed cell death by apoptosis. Furthermore, F1,6BP‐treated cells had the formation of autophagosomes induced, as well as a decrease in their proliferative capacity after withdrawing the treatment. Our results demonstrate that F1,6BP acts as an anticancer agent through the generation of mitochondrial instability, loss of cell function, and p53‐dependent cell death. Thus, F1,6BP proves to be a potential molecule for use in the treatment against endometrial cancer.
Ferritin in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cheng Linlin , Li Haolong , Li Liubing , Liu Chenxi , Yan Songxin , Chen Haizhen , Li Yongzhe
Published: October 2020

Objective

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has rapidly developed into a pandemic. Increased levels of ferritin due to cytokine storm and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis were found in severe COVID‐19 patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of ferritin in COVID‐19.

Methods

Studies investigating ferritin in COVID‐19 were collected from PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, SinoMed, and WANFANG. A meta‐analysis was performed to compare the ferritin level between different patient groups: non‐survivors versus survivors; more severe versus less severe; with comorbidity versus without comorbidity; ICU versus non‐ICU; with mechanical ventilation versus without mechanical ventilation.

Results

A total of 52 records involving 10 614 COVID‐19‐confirmed patients between December 25, 2019, and June 1, 2020, were included in this meta‐analysis, and 18 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The ferritin level was significantly increased in severe patients compared with the level in non‐severe patients [WMD 397.77 (95% CI 306.51‐489.02), P < .001]. Non‐survivors had a significantly higher ferritin level compared with the one in survivors [WMD 677.17 (95% CI 391.01‐963.33), P < .001]. Patients with one or more comorbidities including diabetes, thrombotic complication, and cancer had significantly higher levels of ferritin than those without (P < .01). Severe acute liver injury was significantly associated with high levels of ferritin, and its level was associated with intensive supportive care, including ICU transfer and mechanical ventilation.

Conclusions

Ferritin was associated with poor prognosis and could predict the worsening of COVID‐19 patients.
Together We Rise: How Social Movements Succeed
Authors: Nardini Gia , Rank‐Christman Tracy , Bublitz Melissa G. , Cross Samantha N. N. , Peracchio Laura A.
Published: October 2020

Social movements, such as Black Lives Matter, surge when support grows for their social justice goals. At their core, social movements advance when people act collectively by rising in solidarity with a shared purpose to address injustice and inequality. Drawing on insights from consumer psychology, this review investigates how social movements succeed in creating social change. We build on an established 21st‐century framework for how social movements succeed to outline the promising practices of successful social movements. For each of these practices, we identify the consumer psychology mechanisms that motivate collective action and encourage people to transform from bystanders toupstanders, those who provide the grassroots momentum for successful social movements. We illustrate this framework with examples from the growth of the Black Lives Matter movement. Finally, we highlight insights from consumer psychology that promote an understanding of social movements, and we raise research questions to encourage more consumer psychologists to investigate how social movements succeed.
Cell autonomous requirement of neurofibromin (Nf1) for postnatal muscle hypertrophic growth and metabolic homeostasis
Authors: Wei Xiaoyan , Franke Julia , Ost Mario , Wardelmann Kristina , Börno Stefan , Timmermann Bernd , Meierhofer David , Kleinridders Andre , Klaus Susanne , Stricker Sigmar
Published: October 2020

Background

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multi‐organ disease caused by mutations in neurofibromin 1 (NF1). Amongst other features, NF1 patients frequently show reduced muscle mass and strength, impairing patients' mobility and increasing the risk of fall. The role of Nf1 in muscle and the cause for the NF1‐associated myopathy are mostly unknown.

Methods

To dissect the function of Nf1 in muscle, we created muscle‐specific knockout mouse models for NF1, inactivating Nf1 in the prenatal myogenic lineage either under the Lbx1 promoter or under the Myf5 promoter. Mice were analysed during prenatal and postnatal myogenesis and muscle growth.

Results

Nf1Lbx1 and Nf1Myf5 animals showed only mild defects in prenatal myogenesis. Nf1Lbx1 animals were perinatally lethal, while Nf1Myf5 animals survived only up to approximately 25 weeks. A comprehensive phenotypic characterization of Nf1Myf5 animals showed decreased postnatal growth, reduced muscle size, and fast fibre atrophy. Proteome and transcriptome analyses of muscle tissue indicated decreased protein synthesis and increased proteasomal degradation, and decreased glycolytic and increased oxidative activity in muscle tissue. High‐resolution respirometry confirmed enhanced oxidative metabolism in Nf1Myf5 muscles, which was concomitant to a fibre type shift from type 2B to type 2A and type 1. Moreover, Nf1Myf5 muscles showed hallmarks of decreased activation of mTORC1 and increased expression of atrogenes. Remarkably, loss of Nf1 promoted a robust activation of AMPK with a gene expression profile indicative of increased fatty acid catabolism. Additionally, we observed a strong induction of genes encoding catabolic cytokines in muscle Nf1Myf5 animals, in line with a drastic reduction of white, but not brown adipose tissue.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate a cell autonomous role for Nf1 in myogenic cells during postnatal muscle growth required for metabolic and proteostatic homeostasis. Furthermore, Nf1 deficiency in muscle drives cross‐tissue communication and mobilization of lipid reserves.
Galactose treatment of a PGM1 patient presenting with restrictive cardiomyopathy
Authors: Donoghue Sarah E. , White Susan M. , Tan Tiong Yang , Kowalski Remi , Morava Eva , Yaplito‐Lee Joy
Published: October 2020

We report a patient diagnosed with PGM1‐CDG at 11 years of age after two biallelic likely pathogenic variants in PGM1 were found on research genomic sequencing. To our knowledge, he is the first patient with PGM1‐CDG to be reported with a restrictive cardiomyopathy. Other clinical manifestations included cleft palate, asymptomatic elevated transaminases, intellectual disability and myopathy resulting in exercise intolerance. He was trialed on oral galactose therapy in increasing doses for 18 weeks to assess if there was any biochemical and clinical benefit. His galactose was continued for a further 9 months beyond the initial galactose treatment period due to improvements in exercise tolerance and myopathy. Treatment with galactose demonstrated an improvement in liver function and myopathy with improved exercise tolerance. Treatment with galactose for 15 months did not change heart function and exercise stress test results were stable.
Estimated radiation doses to ovarian and uterine organs in breast cancer irradiation using radio‐photoluminescent glass dosimeters (RPLDs)
Authors: Oonsiri Puntiwa , Vannavijit Chulee , Wimolnoch Mananchaya , Suriyapee Sivalee , Saksornchai Kitwadee
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The well‐being of breast cancer patients is essential, especially fertility in patients of reproductive age. The objective of this study was to estimate the radiation doses to the ovaries and uterus for different treatment techniques of breast cancer irradiation using radio‐photoluminescent glass dosimeters (RPLDs).

Methods

A Farmer‐type ionisation chamber (IBA FC‐65G) and RPLDs were used to measure in‐ and out‐of‐field radiation doses in a solid water phantom. The field sizes were set to 10 × 10 cm2and 8 × 17 cm2with the central axis at out‐of‐field measurement distances of 30 or 50 cm. The Rando phantom’s left breast was planned using four different techniques: two tangential standard fields with and without electronic tissue compensator (E‐comp) techniques, intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The radiation doses in the ipsilateral ovary, contralateral ovary and uterus were measured using RPLDs.

Results

The percentage ratio of out of field to in field was affected by distance from the central axis to the point of measurement, in addition to the field sizes associated with collimator scatter. Advanced techniques such as IMRT and VMAT produced higher doses to the ovaries and uterus. The estimated results of the worst‐case scenario for the ipsilateral ovary, contralateral ovary and uterus were 0.84% (42 cGy), 0.62% (31 cGy) and 0.76% (38 cGy), respectively, for a 5000 cGy prescription dose.

Conclusion

The lowest to highest out‐of‐field radiation doses to the ovarian and uterine organs from breast irradiation were the two tangential field techniques, VMAT and IMRT. These advanced techniques yielded higher radiation leakage, which potentially contributed to the out‐of‐field radiation dose.
Founder need to belong,tertius iungensorientation and new venture performance
Authors: Wei Li‐Qun , Zou Xi , Ormiston Margaret
Published: October 2020

In this study, we examine the role of founders' need to belong andtertius iungensorientation (i.e., the tendency of bringing people together and coordinating among others) in the context of new ventures. We propose and document evidence that a founder's tendency to engage intertius iungensoriented networking is positively associated with new venture performance. We also reveal that a founder's need to belong is a significant motivational antecedent of the founder'stertius iungensorientation. Further, the need to belong–networking orientation linkage is stronger for founders in new ventures at the early product development stage than those at the late product development stage. We tested our hypotheses using survey data collected with a two‐wave sample of new ventures in China. We discuss the theoretical significance of studying the need to belong andtertius iungensorientation for social networks and entrepreneurship literatures, as well as the practical implications for managing a successful new venture.
Association between intelligence quotient and obesity in England
Authors: Jacob Louis , Haro Josep Maria , Smith Lee , Koyanagi Ai
Published: October 2020

Introduction

In the past years, there has been a controversy regarding the potential association between intelligence quotient (IQ) and obesity. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the relationship between IQ and obesity in England using nationally representative community‐based data.

Methods

This study used data from people who participated in the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Verbal IQ was estimated using the National Adult Reading Test. Obesity was based on self‐reported weight and height and defined as a body mass index higher or equal to 30 kg/m2. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between IQ and obesity, while adjusting for sex, age, ethnicity, marital status, qualification, employment, income, chronic physical conditions, loneliness, social support, stressful life events, smoking status, alcohol dependence, drug use, and common mental disorders.

Results

There were 6798 individuals aged ≥16 years included in the present study. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared to IQ scores of 120‐129, IQ scores of 110‐119 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16), 100‐109 (OR = 1.35), 90‐99 (OR = 1.26), 80‐89 (OR = 1.68), and 70‐79 (OR = 1.72) were associated with increased odds for obesity. Furthermore, a 10‐point decrease in IQ was associated with a 1.10‐fold increase in the odds for obesity.

Conclusions

There was a negative association between IQ and obesity in the UK population. Further research is needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in this relationship.
Generative Deep Learning Model for Inverse Design of Integrated Nanophotonic Devices
Authors: Tang Yingheng , Kojima Keisuke , Koike‐Akino Toshiaki , Wang Ye , Wu Pengxiang , Xie Youye , Tahersima Mohammad H. , Jha Devesh K. , Parsons Kieran , Qi Minghao
Published: October 2020

A novel conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) model for designing nanopatterned integrated photonic components is proposed. In particular, it is shown that prediction capability of the CVAE model can be significantly improved by adversarial censoring and active learning. Moreover, generation of nanopatterned power splitters with arbitrary splitting ratios and 550 nm broadband optical responses from 1250 to 1800 nm are demonstrated. Nanopatterned power splitters with footprints of 2.25 × 2.25 m2 and 20 × 20 etch hole positions are the design space, with each hole position assuming a radius from a range of radii. Designed nanopatterned power splitters using methods presented herein demonstrate an overall transmission of about 90% across the operating bandwidth from 1250 to 1800 nm. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first time that a state‐of‐the‐art CVAE deep neural network model is successfully used to design a physical device.
Neuroimaging Detectable Differences between Parkinson's Disease Motor Subtypes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Boonstra Jackson Tyler , Michielse Stijn , Temel Yasin , Hoogland Govert , Jahanshahi Ali
Published: October 2020

Background

The neuroanatomical substrates of Parkinson's disease (PD) with tremor‐dominance (TD) and those with non‐tremor dominance (nTD), postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD), and akinetic‐rigid (AR) are not fully differentiated. A better understanding of symptom specific pathoanatomical markers of PD subtypes may result in earlier diagnosis and more tailored treatment. Here, we aim to give an overview of the neuroimaging literature that compared PD motor subtypes.

Methods

A systematic literature review on neuroimaging studies of PD subtypes was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Search terms submitted to the PubMed database included: “Parkinson's disease”, “MRI” and “motor subtypes” (TD, nTD, PIGD, AR). The results are first discussed from macro to micro level of organization (i.e., (1) structural; (2) functional; and (3) molecular) and then by applied imaging methodology.

Findings

Several neuroimaging methods including diffusion imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) distinguish specific PD motor subtypes well, although findings are mixed. Furthermore, our review demonstrates that nTD‐PD patients have more severe neuroalterations compared to TD‐PD patients. More specifically, nTD‐PD patients have deficits within striato‐thalamo‐cortical (STC) circuitry and other thalamocortical projections related to cognitive and sensorimotor function, while TD‐PD patients tend to have greater cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical (CTC) circuitry dysfunction.

Conclusions

Based on the literature, STC and CTC circuitry deficits seem to be the key features of PD and the subtypes. Future research should make greater use of multimodal neuroimaging and techniques that have higher sensitivity in delineating subcortical structures involved in motor diseases.
Mediterranean Dietary Pattern at Middle Age and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Swedish Cohort Study
Authors: Yin Weiyao , Löf Marie , Pedersen Nancy L. , Sandin Sven , Fang Fang
Published: October 2020

Background

The Mediterranean diet has been proposed to protect against neurodegeneration.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the association of adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) at middle age with risk for Parkinson's disease (PD) later in life.

Method

In a population‐based cohort of >47,000 Swedish women, information on diet was collected through a food frequency questionnaire during 1991–1992, from which adherence to MDP was calculated. We also collected detailed information on potential confounders. Clinical diagnosis of PD was ascertained from the Swedish National Patient Register through 2012.

Results

We observed an inverse association between adherence to MDP and PD, multivariable hazard ratio of 0.54 (95% confidence interval: 0.30–0.98), comparing high with low adherence. The association was noted primarily from age 65 years onward. One unit increase in the adherence score was associated with a 29% lower risk for PD at age ≥ 65 years (95% confidence interval: 0.57–0.89).

Conclusion

Higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet at middle age was associated with lower risk for PD. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Vitamin D and its Effects on DNA Methylation in Development, Aging, and Disease
Authors: Ong Lawrence T. C. , Booth David R. , Parnell Grant P.
Published: October 2020

DNA methylation is increasingly being recognized as a mechanism through which environmental exposures confer disease risk. Several studies have examined the association between vitamin D and changes in DNA methylation in areas as diverse as human and animal development, genomic stability, chronic disease risk, and malignancy. In many cases, they have demonstrated clear associations between vitamin D and DNA methylation in candidate disease pathways. Despite this, a clear understanding of the mechanisms by which these factors interact is unclear. This paper reviews the current understanding of the effects of vitamin D on DNA methylation. In light of current knowledge in the field, the potential mechanisms mediating vitamin D effects on DNA methylation are discussed, as are the limiting factors and future avenues for research into this exciting area.
Chlorogenic Acid Suppresses miR‐155 and Ameliorates Ulcerative Colitis through the NF‐κB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway
Authors: Zeng Junhao , Zhang Dengqing , Wan Xiaoyu , Bai Yuanling , Yuan Chengfu , Wang Ting , Yuan Ding , Zhang Changcheng , Liu Chaoqi
Published: October 2020

Scope

The over‐activation of the nucleotide‐binding domain like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Chlorogenic acid (CGA) exposure is identified as an effective strategy for repressing inflammatory responses.

Methods and results

In this study, the NLRP3 inflammasome model with LPS/ATP‐induced RAW264.7 cells in vitro and dextran‐sulfate‐sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis in mice are used to evaluate the effect of CGA on NLRP3 inflammasome‐related signaling. The results suggest that CGA suppressed the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome‐related genes (apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing CARD (ASC), cysteine‐requiring aspartate protease (Caspase)‐1 p45, Caspase‐1 p20, pro‐/cleaved‐interleukin (IL)‐1β, pro‐/cleaved‐IL‐18), p‐nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) protein, and miR‐155 in mice with colitis. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies of miR‐155 are performed to elucidate its role in inflammation. Moreover, activation of the NF‐κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and miR‐155 expression is investigated. CGA exposure in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells leads to a decrease in p‐NK‐κB and NLRP3 inflammasome‐related proteins, which is dependent on the downregulation of miR‐155 expression.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that CGA prevented colitis by downregulating miR‐155 expression and inactivating the NF‐κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in macrophages. The current study has promising therapeutic implications in the treatment of UC.
The Ground on Which We Stand: Making Abolition
Authors: Burns Devin , Dominguez Lauren , Gordon Rebekah , McTighe Laura , Moss Lydia , Rosario Gabriela
Published: October 2020

Abolition is both a vision and a practice. As abolitionists, we envision a world without prisons. We must also make that world together. Abolition is thus more than an ideological commitment to the absence of prisons. Abolition is presence, as Ruth Wilson Gilmore reminds us. It is the presence of life‐giving institutions. It is our presence with one another, as we enact and explore in this article. As co‐authors, we have been journeying together at Florida State University for nearly a year. Our work has shapeshifted through the COVID pandemic and in the wake of the Tallahassee Police Department murders of Mychael Johnson and Tony McDade. We open this article on these grounds, honoring the people have fought before us and all who fight in their legacy. We also stretch back into the violent histories that fill our present, and reflect in succession on the intimate work of building the world otherwise. Our prison nation may govern through erasure and abandonment, but the prison is in fact everywhere. That means that abolition must be everywhere, too. This ethnography is our work to create it. Through it, we hope to support you in making your own abolitionist futures in real time.
Safety, Tolerability, and Outcomes of Enteral Nutrition in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Durham Lucian A. , Kiraly Laszlo , Patel Jayshil J.
Published: October 2020

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a supportive care system for patients with respiratory or cardiac failure. Patients requiring ECMO are at risk for significant inflammation, prolonged hospitalization, and acquired malnutrition and sarcopenia. Societal guidelines recommend early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients; however, in this population, optimal timing and dose of nutrition remains unknown and fear of reduced splanchnic perfusion, delayed gastric emptying, and bowel ischemia poses a barrier to appropriate energy and protein intake. This narrative review intends to provide an overview of ECMO, highlight the rationale for nutrition support in this population, and review the safety, tolerability, and outcomes associated with enteral nutrition during ECMO.
Re‐examining the impact of financial development on the economic growth of North Cyprus through the moderating role of the education sector
Authors: Giritli Nuru , Kalmaz Demet B.
Published: October 2020

This study examines the impact of financial development on economic growth with the multiplier effect of the higher education by employing yearly data covering the years between 1990 and 2018 measured in TL. The results reached could shape the policies in achieving sustainable economic growth. Co‐integration between the series are tested with ARDL based bounds test; since Zivot‐Andrews structural unit root test results showed that variables are integrated at different orders. Furthermore, FMOLS and DOLS are applied to check for robustness. Moreover, Toda‐Yamamoto Causality test is employed to test for the causal relationship between the series. Results show that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between financial depth and economic growth; and unidirectional causal relationships from money supply to financial depth, from economic growth and financial depth to education sector. Diagnostic and stability tests results confirm the reliability and stability of the parameters of the model employed.
Trophy hunting and conservation: Do the major ethical theories converge in opposition to trophy hunting?
Authors: Ghasemi Benjamin
Published: October 2020

Ethical concerns are at the heart of the ongoing debate on trophy hunting; however, so far, most studies have addressed the issue from a single ethical perspective. These studies, approaching the subject from different ethical perspectives, have reached different conclusions. For instance, those who support trophy hunting as a conservation strategy usually adopt a utilitarian perspective, while those who adopt a deontological perspective usually oppose it.

The analysis presented in this paper challenges the ethical justification of trophy hunting based on a utilitarian perspective, and it also suggests that trophy hunting is problematic from the perspectives of both deontology and virtue theory.

This paper supports a version of Bryan Norton's ‘convergence hypothesis’ (Norton, 1991). Although holism and anthropocentrism in environmental ethics are usually presented as fundamentally opposed views, Norton argued that their conclusions for policy converge, at least when a sufficiently broad and long‐range view of human interests are considered.

Analogously, this paper proposes that, regarding trophy hunting, the implications of three major traditional perspectives in ethics (i.e. utilitarianism, deontology and virtue theory) may converge in opposition to the practice of trophy hunting.

The final section of this paper recommends some ways authorities and policymakers can address these ethical concerns and presents a view of the future.

A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Increased prenatal detection of 22q11.2 deletion and 22q11.2 duplication after introduction of nationwide prenatal screening for trisomy 21, trisomy 13, and trisomy 18
Authors: Steffensen Ellen Hollands , Hyett Jonathan , Petersen Olav Bjørn , Vogel Ida ,   The Danish Cytogenetic Central Registry Study Group
Published: October 2020

Objective

To evaluate time of diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion and 22q11.2 duplication as well as trisomies 21, 13, and 18 before and after introduction of a prenatal screening program including combined first‐trimester screening (cFTS) for the trisomies in Denmark in 2004.

Method

Cross‐sectional, population‐based register study employing The Danish Cytogenetic Central Register. Proportions of cases diagnosed 1998‐2004 and 2005‐2017 were compared before 14+0 and 22+0 weeks and birth (prenatal cases) or up to 1 or 10 years of age (postnatal cases).

Results

In total, 4562 cases were included. From 1998‐2004 to 2005‐2017, the proportion of 22q11.2 deletion cases identified prenatally increased from 4.3% (95% CI: 0.9‐12.0%) to 27.3% (21.2‐34.0%), while for 22q11.2 duplication an increase from 0/6 to 26/87 (prenatal cases/all cases) was observed. Similarly, proportions of trisomies 21, 13, and 18 detected before birth increased. A greater proportion of the studied conditions was identified earlier in pregnancy, but not generally earlier in the postnatal course.

Conclusion

Proportions of 22q11.2 deletion and 22q11.2 duplication identified prenatally increased after introduction of a prenatal screening program not aimed specifically to identify these conditions,. A greater proportion of all cases were detected earlier in pregnancy, but not earlier postnatally, following introduction of screening.
Triplet pregnancy: What do we tell the prospective parents
Authors: Mhatre Mohak , Craigo Sabrina
Published: October 2020

Experience managing triplet pregnancies has increased over the past few decades as the incidence has changed related to assisted reproductive practices. Physicians caring for women carrying triplets cannot predict an individual outcome or pregnancy course but must educate patients about the challenges related to these high risk pregnancies. Obstetric providers can describe the wide range of risks associated with triplet gestations, and the general plan for management, but ultimately parents must make decisions with potentially lifelong consequences. Here, we present the diagnostic criteria, common complications, and management options for triplet pregnancies, to help obstetricians counsel patients on the medical and psychosocial consequences of triplet pregnancy, potential complications, and multifetal reduction.
Anchored metallocene linear low‐density polyethene cellulose nanocrystal composites
Authors: Hendren Keith D , Hough Sarita A , Knott Kenneth , Lu Wei , Deck Paul A , Foster E Johan
Published: October 2020

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were functionalized with different loadings of metallocene catalyst and subjected to in situ polymerization with ethene and 1‐hexene to yield linear low‐density polyethene (LLDPE) polymer matrix composites (PMCs). CNC content was determined with thermogravimetric analysis, confirming that the PMCs varied in their CNC loadings from 3.6 to 11.4 wt%. Differential scanning calorimetric, gel permeation chromatographic and NMR spectroscopic analyses revealed that the LLDPE (matrix) components of these PMCs shared similar physical properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed a general increase in the storage modulus of the PMCs with increasing CNC content. These relative differences in storage modulus were even more evident at higher temperatures. Uniaxial tensile testing of the PMCs found a notable increase in Young's modulus between the 3.6 wt% CNC PMC (240 ± 50 MPa) and the 11.4 wt% CNC PMC (391 ± 7 MPa), while the elongation at break decreased from the 3.6 wt% CNC PMC (400 ± 90%) to the 11.4 wt% CNC PMC (70 ± 10%). All PMCs showed similar yield strengths of ca 10 MPa. These mechanical properties showed that the method of dispersing CNCs in LLDPE reported herein affords the highest moduli reported thus far in LLDPE–CNC PMCs. The ability of the catalyst to incorporate co‐monomer olefins may allow for the incorporation of smart CNCs into ethane‐based polymers. © 2020 Society of Industrial Chemistry
Operational discipline in practice
Authors: Rashid Muhammad Imran , Ali Chaudhry Haider , Mukhtar Kashif , Benhelal Emad , Athar Muhammad
Published: October 2020

A general guideline to improve operational discipline is required. Operational discipline can be improved with simple things such as floor level meeting (FLM), job cycle check (JCC), risk assessment (RA), daily safety audit (DSA), consequence analysis (CA), mechanical integrity (MI), incident investigation (II), management of change (MOC), behavior observation (BO), pre‐start up safety reviews (PSSR), process hazard analysis (PHA), job risk assessment (JRA), quantitative risk assessment (QRA), and process safety management (PSM) implementation. This article presents risks identified from floor level meetings, steps for job cycle check and risk sensitivity and procedure for daily safety audit and behavior observation audit. Consequence analysis, pre‐start up safety review and why tree analysis are discussed for improving operational discipline. Inclusion of consequence analysis in work instructions is discussed. Procedure for accident investigation is elaborated by investigating trainee unit shift engineer (USE) burning injury accident and why tree diagram is constructed and findings and recommendations are provided. PHA techniques (HAZOP, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) methodology is presented to enhance operational discipline. This article is especially for those industries which are located in countries where PSM implementation is not mandatory and they are lacking in operational discipline.
Construction of Dual‐Mesoporous Carbon Fibers Via Coassembly for Supercapacitors
Authors: Du Juan , Lv Haijun , Yu Yifeng , Chen Aibing
Published: October 2020

Mesoporous carbon fiber (MCF) has shown great application prospects in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to its large specific surface area, large draw ratio, fast electron transfer ability, and good cycle stability. Herein, the dual‐mesoporous carbon fibers (DMCF) is prepared via a coassembly process with phenolic resin oligomers as carbon precursors, sodium silicate (silica precursor) as an assistant, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and pluronic F127 as templates. The silica and F127 micelles provide mesoporous sizes of 3.8 and 2.6 nm, respectively. The obtained DMCF has fibrous morphology, high specific surface area, and double mesoporous structure. Compared with carbon fibers with a single pore distribution, DMCF exhibits an excellent specific capacitance of 264 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and shows good cycle stability as an electrode material in supercapacitors, demonstrating the enormous potential of DMCF in energy‐storage applications.
Effect of Ion Irradiation on Amorphous and Crystalline Ge–Se and Their Application as Phase Change Temperature Sensor
Authors: Ahmed Simon Al-Amin , Jones Lyle , Sakaguchi Yoshifumi , Kunold Henri , van Rooyen Isabella , Mitkova Maria
Published: October 2020

Research on phase change materials is predominantly focused on their application as memory devices or for temperature control which requires low phase change temperature. The Ge–Se binary chalcogenide glass system with its wide glass‐forming region is a potential candidate for high‐temperature and high‐radiation phase change applications. Herein, the concept of employing Ge
x
Se100−x
glasses to monitor high temperature (450–528 °C) using the phase change effect, is reported. Materials selection, device structure, and performance of prototype sensors are analyzed. In addition, the effect of heavy ion irradiation by Xe ions with energies of 200, 600, and 1000 keV (fluence ≈1014 cm−2) on the Ge
x
Se100−x
(x = 30, 33, 40) thin films and phase change devices is studied. The irradiation effect on the amorphous and crystalline structure of the thin films is evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Although the changes in the structural units of amorphous films are negligible, in crystalline films orthorhombic‐GeSe2 crystals are found to be most affected by irradiation and a new phase, orthorhombic GeSe is found in the thin films after irradiation. The performance of a sensor with an active film of Ge40Se60 is also shown as an example.
A systematic review of observation protocols used in postsecondary STEM classrooms
Authors: Anwar Saira , Menekse Muhsin
Published: October 2020

Prior research studies have extensively used different classroom observation protocols to identify the characteristics of the lecture and instructional methods used by course instructors, to observe student and instructor behaviours, to evaluate the fidelity of certain implementations, and to understand classroom dynamics. This systematic review provides a synthesis and comparison of the features and dimensions of commonly used observation protocols in postsecondary (undergraduate or college) classrooms. This study identifies eight observation protocols, which are: Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol, Oregon Teacher Observation Protocol, VaNTH Observation System, Cooperative Learning Observation Protocol, Teaching Dimension Observation Protocol, Classroom Observation Protocol for the Undergraduate STEM, Classroom Interactive Engagement Observation Protocol, and Student Resistance and Instructional Practices. Based on 35 articles included in the full review, we present an overview description of each protocol. Further, we describe the strength and limitations of these protocols using deductive thematic and content analysis. Also, we evaluate these protocols by using the assessment triangle approach. The study advances the existing literature by providing usability details and suggestions to use each protocol. This review study also enhances the literature in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education as the first study that evaluates all these observation protocols and provides a reference point for future researchers.
Positivity and stability of mixed fractional‐order systems with unbounded delays: Necessary and sufficient conditions
Authors: The Tuan Hoang , Trinh Hieu , Lam James
Published: October 2020

This article provides a comprehensive study on quantitative properties of linear mixed fractional‐order systems with multiple time‐varying delays. The delays can be bounded or unbounded. We first obtain a result on existence and uniqueness of solutions to these systems. Then, we prove a necessary and sufficient condition for their positivity. Finally, we provide a necessary and sufficient criterion to characterize asymptotic stability of positive linear mixed fractional‐order systems with multiple time‐varying delays.
Prioritizing reaches for restoration in a regulated Alpine river: Locally driven versus hydro‐morphologically based actions
Authors: Carolli Mauro , Gelmini Francesca , Pellegrini Stefano , Deriu Micaela , Zolezzi Guido
Published: October 2020

We discuss the prioritization of river reaches to be selected for restoration measures under the constraints of financial resource limitation. We propose and apply a simple approach based on the quantification of major hydro‐morphological alterations and the critical comparison with locally proposed restoration actions. The available hydro‐morphological and ecological data for the approach do not go beyond the requirements posed by the implementation of the EU Water Framework and Floods Directives. We describe an example that refers to a heavily regulated Alpine river (Sarca River, NE Italy). The results indicate hydropower facilities as a key source of hydrological alteration, with sediment retention and grade control structures on lateral tributaries playing an additional relevant role in reducing sediment supply. The frequency and duration of sediment‐transporting floods have dramatically decreased, and the bed sediment composition has been markedly altered and become highly compacted. Habitat improvement has been achieved after the implementation of minimum environmental flows. The comparison between the results of the hydro‐morphological indicators and the locally proposed restoration actions highlights that reaches with lower degree of hydro‐morphological alterations do not coincide with the areas chosen for the locally planned actions, which often miss considerations of the relevant spatial scales. In a context of limited available financial resources and data compared to other flagship river restoration projects in the European Alps, the present work suggests viable options for the choice of target restoration reaches.
One‐Pot and Solvent‐Free Hantzsch Condensation Reaction Catalyzed by Mononuclear Dy(III) Complex
Authors: Sarkar Arijit , Mondal Pinku Prasad , Nayek Hari Pada
Published: October 2020

A mononuclear Dy(III) complex, [Dy(DBM)3.bpy] (1) was synthesized from dibenzoylmethane (DBM) and bipyridine (bpy). Complex 1 was used as a catalyst towards the Hantzsch reaction for the synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridines involving ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate and different aldehydes (aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic aldehydes) as substrates. The yield of 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives was in the range of 72 %–93 %. This study displays first‐ever approach to utilize a mononuclear lanthanide complex as a catalyst in the Hantzsch condensation reaction.
Polyoxometalates‐Based Ionic Liquids (POMs‐ILs) for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Cruz Hugo , Gomes Neide , Mirante Fatima , Balula Salete S. , Branco Luís C. , Gago Sandra
Published: October 2020

Four Polyoxometalates based Ionic Liquids (POMs‐ILs) have been developed and applied in electrochemical studies. In a conventional 3‐electrode configuration cell the POM‐ILs possess three quasi reversible electron transfers (ET) when compared to the commercially available POM under the same experimental conditions. It is also important to note that they presented bleaching and coloration processes faster than the commercially ones. In this configuration cell, the bleaching times are much higher than the coloration times. In this approach, POMs and POM‐ILs as electrochromic materials and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) as electrolytes were tested in order to prepare efficient electrochromic devices (ECDs). The coloration of the ECD can be tuned by changing the counter cation of the POM‐ILs as well as the amount of selected POM corresponding to the metals.