bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of ocean acidification and elevated temperature on growth of calcifying tubeworm shells (Spirorbis spirorbis): An in-situ benthocosm approach
Authors: Ni Sha , Taubner Isabelle , Böhm Florian , Winde Vera , Böttcher Michael E.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The calcareous tubeworm Spirorbis spirorbis is a wide-spread serpulid species in the Baltic Sea, where it commonly grows as an epibiont on brown macroalgae (genus Fucus). It lives within a Mg-calcite shell and could be affected by ocean acidification and temperature rise induced by the predicted future atmospheric CO2 increase. However, Spirorbis tubes grow in a chemically modified boundary layer around the algae, which may mitigate acidification. In order to investigate how increasing temperature and rising pCO2 may influence S. spirorbis shell growth we carried out four seasonal experiments in the 'Kiel Outdoor Benthocosms' at elevated pCO2 and temperature conditions. Compared to laboratory batch culture experiments the benthocosm approach provides a better representation of natural conditions for physical and biological ecosystem parameters, including seasonal variations. We find that growth rates of S. spirorbis are significantly controlled by ontogenetic and seasonal effects. The length of the newly grown tube is inversely related to the initial diameter of the shell. Our study showed no significant difference of the growth rates between ambient atmospheric and elevated (1100 ppm) pCO2 conditions. No influence of daily average CaCO3 saturation state on the growth rates of S. spirorbiswas observed. We found, however, net growth of the shells even in temporarily undersaturated bulk solutions, under conditions that concurrently favored selective shell surface dissolution. The results suggest an overall resistance of S. spirorbis growth to acidification levels predicted for the year 2100 in the Baltic Sea. In contrast, S. spirorbis did not survive at mean seasonal temperatures exceeding 24 °C during the summer experiments. In the autumn experiments at ambient pCO2, the growth rates of juvenile S. spirorbis were higher under elevated temperature conditions. The results reveal that S. spirorbis may prefer moderately warmer conditions during their early life stages but will suffer from an excessive temperature increase and from increasing shell corrosion as a consequence of progressing ocean acidification.
Technical note: An experimental set-up to measure latent and sensible heat fluxes from (artificial) plant leaves
Authors: Schymanski Stanislaus J. , Breitenstein Daniel , Or Dani
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Leaf transpiration and energy exchange are coupled processes that operate at small scales yet exert a significant influence on the terrestrial hydrological cycle and climate. Surprisingly, experimental capabilities required to quantify the energy–transpiration coupling at the leaf scale are lacking, challenging our ability to test basic questions of importance for resolving large-scale processes. The present study describes an experimental set-up for the simultaneous observation of transpiration rates and all leaf energy balance components under controlled conditions, using an insulated closed loop miniature wind tunnel and artificial leaves with pre-defined and constant diffusive conductance for water vapour. A range of tests documents the above capabilities of the experimental set-up and points to potential improvements. The tests reveal a conceptual flaw in the assumption that leaf temperature can be characterized by a single value, suggesting that even for thin, planar leaves, a temperature gradient between the irradiated and shaded or transpiring and non-transpiring leaf side can lead to bias when using observed leaf temperatures and fluxes to deduce effective conductances to sensible heat or water vapour transfer. However, comparison of experimental results with an explicit leaf energy balance model revealed only minor effects on simulated leaf energy exchange rates by the neglect of cross-sectional leaf temperature gradients, lending experimental support to our current understanding of leaf gas and energy exchange processes.
Analysis of decadal land cover changes and salinization in Urmia Lake Basin using remote sensing techniques
Authors: Alizade Govarchin Ghale Yusuf , Baykara Metin , Unal Alper
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Urmia Lake located in the north-west of Iran, is one of the largest hyper-saline lakes in the world. In recent years, most of the Urmia Lake have been rendered to unusable lands. Drought and rapid increase in agricultural activities are the most important reasons behind the shrinkage of the Lake. This kind of exploitation with the added salinity from irrigation occurring over time has caused increased soil salinity in the basin leading up to desertification. Soil salinity research are crucial to understand underlying causes and consequences of the drying Urmia Lake. In this study, we use remote sensing technology and image processing techniques to detect spatio-temporal variability of salt body, salt affected lands, and development of irrigated lands to estimate the extend of salinization in terms of spectral response of satellite images for the Urmia Lake Basin from 1975 to 2016. The results of this study indicate that salt and salty soil areas has increased dramatically from 1995 to 2014 and more than 5000 km2 of Urmia Lake's water surface area was converted to salt or salty soil bodies during recent years. Salinization and desertification progress are not limited to just dried bottom of the Urmia Lake. Although the area of irrigated lands has increased more than two times during the studied period, soil salinity has increased in regions close to Urmia Lake too. This desertification in the basin have potential to be the source of dust storms, which have adverse effects on people's life and climate as well.
El fenómeno de la ciberdelincuencia en España: La propuesta de la Universidad Nebrija en la capacitación de personal para la prevención y el tratamiento del ciberdelito
Authors: Payá Santos Claudio , Cremades Guisado Álvaro , Delgado Morán Juan José
Published: July 2017

La comisión de prácticas delictivas en el ámbito del ciberespacio, representa una tendencia de creciente entidad e impacto en la sociedad española. Dicho fenómeno requiere, para su adecuado tratamiento del personal, de un conocimiento profundo de la ciberdelincuencia y de las competencias necesarias para trabajar en pos de su prevención e investigación, ya sea en el ámbito policial o en el empresarial. A este respecto, según la propia Estrategia de Ciberseguridad Nacional de España, las instituciones académicas se articulan como actores de una relevancia estratégica incuestionable, de cuyo buen hacer depende en gran medida la satisfacción de las altas necesidades formativas de quienes se dedican a luchar contra la ciberdelincuencia. El Máster en Ciberdelincuencia de la Universidad Nebrija representa una importante contribución en este ámbito.
Modelos de Policía. Hacia un modelo de seguridad plural
Authors: Martínez Espasa José
Published: July 2017

La investigación “Modelos de Policía. Hacia un modelo de seguridad plural”, del Dr. D. Francesc Guillén Lasierra, aborda el importantísimo análisis de los modelos de organización y la función policial, que han caracterizado a las instituciones policiales de los Estados democráticos.
Propuesta de conversión del Centro de Investigación Científica (CINC) en Centro de Investigación Científica y Estudios Estratégicos de Seguridad (CINCEES)
Authors: Editor El
Published: July 2017

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 7(1) 2017: 447-464
Impact of emotional intelligence coaching on job satisfaction of pharmacists during organizational changes
Authors: Seymour Nicole , Jansen Sandy , Feng Lucy , Ayres Stephanie , Austin Zubin , Seabrook Jamie A. , Jones Philip M.
Published: July 2017

Job satisfaction is known to decline during times of major organizational change and emotional intelligence has been positively correlated with job satisfaction and adaptability. Computerized provider order entry (CPOE), closed loop medication administration, electronic medication administration records and 24/7 pharmacy services were implemented at London Health Sciences Centre (LHSC) during the spring of 2014. This pilot randomized controlled trial assessed whether completion of an emotional intelligence assessment, followed by a personalized one-hour emotional intelligence coaching session, would positively impact job satisfaction stability amongst pharmacists throughout these major organizational changes. Job satisfaction was measured by the Health Professions Stress Inventory (HPSI). The primary outcome was change in HPSI score from baseline. Emotional intelligence coaching was provided to participants randomized to the intervention. Semi-structured interviews were completed at baseline and follow-up for qualitative analysis. Twenty five participants were recruited and all participants completed the study. Job satisfaction improved in both control and intervention groups. Observations from semi-structured interviews suggested that emotional intelligence coaching may have increased self-awareness and ability to recognize dissatisfaction. Participants who were in their role for less than two years reported greater benefit from emotional intelligence coaching. Job satisfaction was worse during the anticipatory phase of major organizational change. Emotional intelligence coaching did not have an observable benefit on objective measures of job satisfaction, but it may have a subjective benefit that is more apparent in pharmacists who are less established in their role.
Management of Spinal Conditions in Patients With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Baker Joseph F. , McClelland Shearwood , Hart Robert A. , Bess R. Shay
Published: July 2017

Parkinson disease (PD) is increasingly prevalent in the aging population. Spine disorders in patients with PD may be degenerative in nature or may arise secondary to motor effects related to the parkinsonian disease process. Physicians providing care for patients with PD and spine pathologies must be aware of several factors that affect treatment, including the patterns of spinal deformity, complex drug interactions, and PD-associated osteoporosis. Following spine surgery, complication rates are higher in patients with PD than in those without the disease. Literature on spine surgery in this patient population is limited by small cohort size, the heterogeneous patient population, and variable treatment protocols. However, most studies emphasize the need for preoperative optimization of motor control with appropriate medications and deep brain stimulation, as well as consultation with a movement disorder specialist. Future studies must control for confounding variables, such as the type of surgery and PD severity, to improve understanding of spinal pathology and treatment options in this patient population.
Ямаан ангалзуур (lagochilus ilicifolius bge.) Ургамлын хлороформын бүлэглэлийн химийн найрлагын судалгаа
Authors: М Думаа , Гуанг-жоу Ли , Шао-жен Чен , Жен-хай Ий , Ганг Луо Инг , Г Чүнсриймятав , Л Мөнхгэрэл , Д Суран , Гуо-лин Жанг , Д Рэгдэл
Published: July 2017

Ямаан ангалзуур (Lagochilus ilicifolius Bge.) ургамлын газрын дээд хэсгийн хлороформын бүлэглэлээс туйлгүй 52 нэгдлийг хийн хроматографи-масс спектроскопийн (ХХ-МС) аргаар таньж тодорхойлов. Нийт тодорхойлсон бодисын агууламж 92.61% байсан ба түүний дотор ханасан, ханаагүй тосны хүчил, тэдгээрийн эфир 75,58%, эфирүүдээс пальмитины хүчлийн метилийн эфир 44.92% байна. Үүнээс гадна энгийн болон ароматик нүүрс устөрөгчид, монотерпеноид, сесквитерпеноид, стеролууд тодорхойлогдсон болно.
Identifying strategic groups: an assessment in mexican franchises
Authors: Flores Villanueva Cesario Armando , Garza Villegas Juan Baldemar , Olague de la Cruz José Trinidad
Published: July 2017

The formation of strategic groups in the franchising sector has been previously documented in the context of different countries. Our proposal is the franchise industry in Mexico should be formed by groups of differentiated franchisors. The identification and analysis of the different strategic groups formed in the franchise system of the Mexican market is the objective of this research. Our evaluation was performed using the factor analysis technique in a sample of 167 franchises of national origin. Seven strategic dimensions supported by the theory of scarce resources and agency theory make up the existence of differentiated groups of franchisors in the Mexican market. Our research confirmed the identification of five strategic groups called: rapid growth, converters, experienced and international franchisors, high entry fees and expensive conservatives, which use differentiated strategies to compete in the Mexican market.
To what extent does patient experience account for variation in patient satisfaction with a healthcare system?
Authors: Kumah Emmanuel
Published: July 2017

Background: Patient experience and patient satisfaction, the two recognized indicators for assessing the quality of healthcare, are related, but distinct concepts. While there is existing evidence concerning a statistically significant association between these two concepts, research on the extent to which patient experience accounts for variation in patients’ overall satisfaction with health services has produced contradictory results.  Objectives: The primary aim of this paper was to determine the extent to which satisfaction with a healthcare system is explained by patient experience. A secondary objective was to identify the aspects of patient experience that relate most strongly to satisfaction with health services.Methods: The study was a secondary analysis of quantitative data from the 2006 Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Survey. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the association between global satisfaction and CAHPS domains of patient-reported experience with healthcare. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were computed to ascertain the aspects of patients’ experiences that have strong association with their overall satisfaction.  Findings: Much (67.4%) of the variation in overall patient satisfaction was accounted for by patient experience. Factors related to patient-professional relationship related strongly with patients’ overall satisfaction with health servicesConclusion: Patient experience of care is a major determinant of patients’ overall satisfaction with a healthcare system and the two concepts are not marginally related.
Using a biopsychosocial formulation to facilitate a person centered approach to Medically Unexplained Symptoms
Authors: McKay Katherine , Rudnick Abraham
Published: July 2017

There is sparse literature on the use of the biopsychosocial model to address medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Using this model can assist in developing a better understanding of individuals presenting with MUS, allowing for a personalized and meaningful approach to develop person-centered solutions. We use a selective literature review and an example to illustrate this.
Community-based medical education in action: primary care physicians’ perceptions
Authors: Yakhforoshha Afsaneh , Oveisi Dr. Sonia , Sarchami Dr. Ramin , Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari Dr. Behrooze
Published: July 2017

Introduction and objectives: During the last decade, in response to wide ranging changes in healthcare systems and physicians' roles, the medical curriculum has undergone some modification. To achieve high quality education, 2 strategies are suggested: (1) Community-based medical education and (2) Community-oriented medical education. During the process of curriculum planning, the planners need to identify the potential areas for improvement and to guarantee the quality of instruction. This study aimed to determine the viewpoints of medical graduates from Qazvin University of Medical Science (QUMS), Tehran, on community medicine internship and clerkship programs (CMICP) in order to assist better decision-making by policymakers.Methods: In this qualitative study, the conventional content analysis approach was employed. Data were gathered from 20 primary practitioners of QUMS through individual semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) which were continued until data saturation occured. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed immediately after the interviews. To analyze the data, one note was employed and to analyze the qualitative data, inductive method was used. The unit of analysis was selected and labeled using an open coding system. Then, the similar open codes were categorized in subthemes and finally the subthemes were organized into the main themes. Findings: The results of data analysis identified 4 main themes including: planned curriculum, delivered curriculum, hidden curriculum and curriculum evaluation.Conclusion: Many graduates suggest that, in addition to curriculum renewal, curriculum planners should identify mediated factors in CMICP to prepare graduates to practise in healthcare settings.
Population health: At odds with person-centered healthcare
Authors: Accad Michel
Published: July 2017

No Abstract
Ainda AIDA? - Uma revisão histórico-crítica da hierarquia dos efeitos publicitários
Authors: Londero Rodolfo Rorato
Published: July 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma revisão histórico-crítica do modelo AIDA (Atenção-Interesse-Desejo-Ação), bastante conhecido por explicar os efeitos da publicidade. Pretende-se também revisar outras hierarquias dos efeitos publicitários, consideradas desenvolvimentos ou modificações radicais do modelo AIDA. Procura-se entender porque esse modelo perdura por mais de um século, constatando que isto se deve não por causa da confirmação de dados empíricos, mas porque o modelo se ajusta à visão cultural e organizacional dominante. Por fim, sugere-se alternativas ao modelo AIDA, como a fenomenologia e a semiótica.
El impacto del Informe PISA en la sociedad española: el caso de la prensa escrita
Authors: González Mayorga Héctor , Vidal Javier , Vieira María-José
Published: July 2017

En la última década los resultados de los diferentes Informes PISA han avivado el debate sobre la calidad de nuestro sistema educativo, repercutiendo en la opinión pública y en la toma de decisiones en el plano político. En el presente estudio se analiza el impacto que han tenido los resultados de PISA en la sociedad española a través de las noticias publicadas en el periódico «El País» desde el 2001 al 2014, atendiendo a las siguientes cuestiones: a) los subgéneros periodísticos utilizados para hablar de PISA y su autoría; b) la evolución de las noticias desde PISA 2001 hasta PISA 2012; y c) la frecuencia de uso de las competencias evaluadas por PISA como argumento informativo. Los resultados muestran la gran trascendencia de la evaluación PISA en prensa, sobre todo desde la edición del Informe correspondiente al año 2003 y reflejado en su mayoría en artículos de carácter informativo-descriptivo. Por otro lado, se evidencia el tratamiento que hacen los medios de comunicación escrita a las competencias matemática, científica y lectora, dando una mayor relevancia a esta última en los últimos años. Por último, se concluye que la prensa escrita ha sido un gran contribuyente a la hora de trasladar los resultados obtenidos en PISA a la opinión pública, a pesar del uso inadecuado que se hace en ocasiones de los datos sin tener en cuenta las limitaciones del propio estudio.
Acute HIV infection detection and immediate treatment estimated to reduce transmission by 89% among men who have sex with men in Bangkok
Authors: Kroon Eugène D.M.B. , Phanuphak Nittaya , Shattock Andrew J. , Fletcher James L.K. , Pinyakorn Suteeraporn , Chomchey Nitiya , Akapirat Siriwat , de Souza Mark S. , Robb Merlin L. , Kim Jerome H. , van Griensven Frits , Ananworanich Jintanat , Wilson David P. ,   RV254/SEARCH 010 Study Group
Published: July 2017

Introduction: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) reduces HIV transmission. Despite increased ART coverage, incidence remains high among men who have sex with men (MSM) in many places. Acute HIV infection (AHI) is characterized by high viral replication and increased infectiousness. We estimated the feasible reduction in transmission by targeting MSM with AHI for early ART.

Methods: We recruited a cohort of 88 MSM with AHI in Bangkok, Thailand, who initiated ART immediately. A risk calculator based on viral load and reported behaviour, calibrated to Thai epidemiological data, was applied to estimate the number of onwards transmissions. This was compared with the expected number without early interventions.

Results: Forty of the MSM were in 4th‐generation AHI stages 1 and 2 (4thG stage 1, HIV nucleic acid testing (NAT)+/4thG immunoassay (IA)‐/3rdG IA–; 4thG stage 2, NAT+/4thG IA+/3rdG IA–) while 48 tested positive on third‐generation IA but had negative or indeterminate western blot (4thG stage 3). Mean plasma HIV RNA was 5.62 log10 copies/ml. Any condomless sex in the four months preceding the study was reported by 83.7%, but decreased to 21.2% by 24 weeks on ART. After ART, 48/88 (54.6%) attained HIV RNA <50 copies/ml by week 8, increasing to 78/87 (89.7%), and 64/66 (97%) at weeks 24 and 48, respectively. The estimated number of onwards transmissions in the first year of infection would have been 27.3 (95% credible interval: 21.7–35.3) with no intervention, 8.3 (6.4–11.2) with post‐diagnosis behaviour change only, 5.9 (4.4–7.9) with viral load reduction only and 3.1 (2.4–4.3) with both. The latter was associated with an 88.7% (83.8–91.1%) reduction in transmission.

Conclusions: Disproportionate HIV transmission occurs during AHI. Diagnosis of AHI with early ART initiation can substantially reduce onwards transmission.
The effects of melatonin on bovine uniparental embryos developmentin vitroand the hormone secretion of COCs
Authors: Wang Shujuan , Liu Baoru , Liu Wenju , Xiao Yao , Zhang Hualin , Yang Liguo
Published: July 2017

Melatonin is a unique multifunctional molecule that mediates reproductive functions in animals. In this study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on bovine parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryonic development, oocyte maturation, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryos and cumulus—oocyte complexes (COCs) hormone secretion with melatonin supplementation at four concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30 pmol/mL), respectively. The results showed that melatonin significantly promoted the rates of bovine parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryonic cleavage and morula and blastocysts development (P < 0.05). The rate of cleavage was higher in the androgenetic embryo than that in the parthenogenetic embryo. Compared with the parthenogenetic embryos, the androgenetic embryos had a poor developmental competence from morula to blastocyst stage. Moreover, the levels of ROS were significantly lower in the parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryoes with melatonin-treated group than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Melatonin supplemented significantly increased the maturation rate of oocytein vitro(P < 0.05). More importantly, melatonin significantly promoted the secretion of progesterone and estradiol by COCs (P < 0.05). To reveal the regulatory mechanism of melatonin on steroids synthesis, we found that steroidogenic genes (CYP11A1, CYP19A1andStAR) were upregulated, suggesting that melatonin regulated estradiol and progesterone secretion through mediating the expression of steroidogenic genes (CYP11A1,CYP19A1andStAR). In addition, MT1 and MT2 were identified in bovine early parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryos using western blot. It could be concluded that melatonin had beneficial effects on bovine oocytein vitromaturation, COC hormone secretion, early development of subsequent parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryos. It is inferred that melatonin could be used to enhance the efficiency ofin vitrodeveloped embryos.
Zooplankton as a potential vector for white band disease transmission in the endangered coral,Acropora cervicornis
Authors: Certner Rebecca H. , Dwyer Amanda M. , Patterson Mark R. , Vollmer Steven V.
Published: July 2017

Coral diseases are a leading factor contributing to the global decline of coral reefs, and yet mechanisms of disease transmission remain poorly understood. This study tested whether zooplankton can act as a vector for white band disease (WBD) inAcropora cervicornis. Natural zooplankton communities were collected from a coral reef in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Half of the zooplankton were treated with antibiotics for 24 h after which the antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated zooplankton were incubated with either seawater or tissue homogenates from corals exhibiting WBD-like symptoms. A total of 15 of the 30 asymptomaticA. cervicorniscolonies exposed to zooplankton incubated in disease homogenate in tank-based experiments showed signs of WBD, regardless of prior antibiotic incubation. These results indicate that in our experimental conditions zooplankton were a vector for coral disease after exposure to disease-causing pathogens. Given the importance of heterotrophy on zooplankton to coral nutrition, this potential mode of disease transmission warrants further investigation.
An observational descriptive survey of rosacea in the Chinese population: clinical features based on the affected locations
Authors: Xie Hong-fu , Huang Ying-xue , He Lin , Yang Sai , Deng Yu-xuan , Jian Dan , Shi Wei , Li Ji
Published: July 2017

Background

There is currently no study that has evaluated the differences in epidemiological and clinical characteristics among rosacea patients according to different facial sites.

Methods

Clinical and demographic data were obtained from 586 rosacea patients. The patients were divided into four groups based on the main sites involved with the rosacea lesions (full-face, cheeks, nose, or perioral involvement). Clinical signs were measured through self-reported, dermatologist-evaluated grading of symptoms, and physiological indicators of epidermal barrier function.

Results

There were 471 (80.4%), 49 (8.4%), 52 (8.9%), and 14 (2.4%) cases in the full-face, cheek, nasal and perioral groups, respectively. Compared with the healthy control, the full-face group had lower water content and higher transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in the cheeks, and chin; the perioral group had lower water content and higher TEWL in the chin; while the nasal group had the normal water content and TEWL. Compared with the full-face group, the nasal group had more severe phymatous changes, less severe self-reported and dermatologist-evaluated grading of symptoms. All the patients in the perioral or the nasal group had their first rosacea lesions start and remain at the chin or on the nose. In the full-face group, 55.8% of patients had their lesions start with the full face, 40.1% on the cheek, and the rest (4.1%) on the nose.

Conclusion

Significant differences in clinical features were observed among rosacea patients with lesions at four different sites. The lesion localization of each group was relatively stable and barely transferred to other locations.
A nationwide survey of healthcare personnel’s attitude, knowledge, and interest toward renal supportive care in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Hung-Bin , Chao Chia-Ter , Huang Jenq-Wen , Chang Ray-E , Hung Kuan-Yu ,   COhort of GEriatric Nephrology in NTUH (COGENT) study group
Published: July 2017

Background

Renal supportive care (RSC) is an important option for elderly individuals reaching end-stage renal disease; however, the frequency of RSC practice is very low among Asian countries. We evaluated the attitude, the knowledge, and the preference for specific topics concerning RSC among participants who worked in different medical professions in Taiwan.

Methods

A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was employed. Healthcare personnel (N = 598) who were involved in caring for end-stage renal disease patients at more than 40 facilities in Taiwan participated in this study. Participants were asked about their motivation for learning about RSC, the topics of RSC they were most and least interested in, their willingness to provide RSC, and to rate their knowledge and perceived importance of different topics.

Results

The vast majority of respondents (81.9%) were self-motivated about RSC, among whom nephrologists (96.8%) and care facilitators (administrators/volunteers) (45%) exhibited the highest and the least motivation, respectively (p < 0.01). Overall, respondents indicated that they had adequate knowledge about the five pre-specified RSC topics between medical professions (p = 0.04). Medical professions and institutional size exerted significant influence on the willingness to provide RSC.

Conclusions

Our results facilitate the understanding of the knowledge and attitude toward different RSC topics among varied medical professions, and can guide the design of RSC education content for healthcare personnel.
The earth is flat (p > 0.05): significance thresholds and the crisis of unreplicable research
Authors: Amrhein Valentin , Korner-Nievergelt Fränzi , Roth Tobias
Published: July 2017

The widespread use of ‘statistical significance’ as a license for making a claim of a scientific finding leads to considerable distortion of the scientific process (according to the American Statistical Association). We review why degradingp-values into ‘significant’ and ‘nonsignificant’ contributes to making studies irreproducible, or to making them seem irreproducible. A major problem is that we tend to take smallp-values at face value, but mistrust results with largerp-values. In either case,p-values tell little about reliability of research, because they are hardly replicable even if an alternative hypothesis is true. Also significance (p ≤ 0.05) is hardly replicable: at a good statistical power of 80%, two studies will be ‘conflicting’, meaning that one is significant and the other is not, in one third of the cases if there is a true effect. A replication can therefore not be interpreted as having failed only because it is nonsignificant. Many apparent replication failures may thus reflect faulty judgment based on significance thresholds rather than a crisis of unreplicable research. Reliable conclusions on replicability and practical importance of a finding can only be drawn using cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. However, applying significance thresholds makes cumulative knowledge unreliable. One reason is that with anything but ideal statistical power, significant effect sizes will be biased upwards. Interpreting inflated significant results while ignoring nonsignificant results will thus lead to wrong conclusions. But current incentives to hunt for significance lead to selective reporting and to publication bias against nonsignificant findings. Data dredging,p-hacking, and publication bias should be addressed by removing fixed significance thresholds. Consistent with the recommendations of the late Ronald Fisher,p-values should be interpreted as graded measures of the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis. Also largerp-values offer some evidence against the null hypothesis, and they cannot be interpreted as supporting the null hypothesis, falsely concluding that ‘there is no effect’. Information on possible true effect sizes that are compatible with the data must be obtained from the point estimate, e.g., from a sample average, and from the interval estimate, such as a confidence interval. We review how confusion about interpretation of largerp-values can be traced back to historical disputes among the founders of modern statistics. We further discuss potential arguments against removing significance thresholds, for example that decision rules should rather be more stringent, that sample sizes could decrease, or thatp-values should better be completely abandoned. We conclude that whatever method of statistical inference we use, dichotomous threshold thinking must give way to non-automated informed judgment.
Volumes de calda, uso de adjuvante e intervalos sem chuva no controle de plantas-daninhas com sulfentrazone
Authors: Almeida Dieimisson Paulo , Ferreira Marcelo Da Costa , Leite Gilson José , Velloso Caio Pizzini , Griesang Fabiano , Santos Renata Thaysa Da Silva
Published: July 2017

O herbicida sulfentrazone, utilizado na cultura canavieira, é recomendado para o controle de eudicotiledôneas e monocotiledôneas em pré-emergência, sendo também indicado para o controle de Panicum maximum e Ipomea hederifolia. A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de verificar a influência das aplicações do herbicida sulfentrazone com e sem adjuvante em solo desprovido de cobertura por palha, sob diferentes períodos sem precipitação pluviométrica, associado a diferentes volumes de aplicação, para o controle de P. maximum e I. hederifolia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, no arranjo fatorial 2x2x6 + 1, ou seja, dois tratamentos de herbicida, dois volumes de calda (60 e 120 L ha-1), seis períodos sem chuva antes da aplicação e mais uma testemunha, que não recebeu aplicação de herbicida. Foram realizadas avaliações de contagem de plantas-daninhas a 15 e 33 dias após a chuva. Foi avaliada também a matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas. Os resultados indicam que a aplicação de sulfentrazone com todos os tratamentos foi eficaz no controle I. hedrifolia, independente do volume de calda, período sem chuva ou presença de adjuvante. Mesmo havendo escape de plantas de P. maximum (emergência de plantas) em todos os períodos sem chuva, os tratamentos são eficazes para o controle da espécie. A presença do óleo mineral na calda com o herbicida sulfentrazone não incrementa o controle de P. maximum e I. hederifolia.
Seletividade do flumioxazin ao trigo
Authors: Assunção Natália Silva , Garcia Heloisa Andrade , Santos Luiz Paulo Dornelas , Dias Roque De Carvalho , Melo Christiane Augusta Diniz , Fernandes Flávio Lemos , Reis Marcelo Rodrigues
Published: July 2017

O controle químico de plantas daninhas é um importante manejo para se manter a alta produtividade na cultura do trigo. Devido à escassez de produtos registrados para a cultura, objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade do herbicida flumioxazin ao trigo, aplicado em pós-emergência. O experimento foi realizado a campo e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram aplicados no estádio V3 da cultura do trigo e consistiram de seis doses de flumioxazin: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 g ha-1. Foram realizadas avaliações de índice SPAD, de intoxicação e de controle de plantas daninhas aos 15, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação. Ao final do experimento, 109 dias após a semeadura, as plantas foram trilhadas para determinação do peso de mil grãos, peso hectolitro e produtividade de grãos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que apesar de causar redução do índice SPAD de até 20% e intoxicação de até 34% na maior dose aplicada, o flumioxazin proporcionou seletividade à cultura do trigo por não interferir nas demais variáveis avaliadas, principalmente na produtividade de grãos.
Subtropical westerly jet waveguide and winter persistent heavy rainfall in south China
Authors: Ding Feng , Li Chun
Published: July 2017

Using observed daily precipitation and National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data, what induced winter large spatial persistent heavy rainfall (PHR) events in south China was examined, based on composite analyses of 30 large spatial PHR events during 1951–2015. The results showed that wave trains within North Africa‐Asia (NAA) westerly jet existed in upper troposphere during these PHR processes. The wave trains shared the characteristic of a Rossby wave. The Rossby wave originated from northwest Europe, entered into the NAA jet through strong cold air advection to form convergence over the Mediterranean, and then propagated eastward along subtropical NAA jet. The Rossby wave propagated toward Southeast Asia and caused strong divergence in the upper troposphere. The strong divergence in the upper troposphere induced vertical convection and favored large spatial PHR events in south China. In addition, the enhanced India‐Burma trough and subtropical high in the northwestern Pacific supplied enough water vapor transportation. This mechanism would be useful to the medium‐range forecast of such winter rainfall processes over south China.
Banishment
Authors: Frederick Hawley Francis
Published: July 2017

Banishment is the punishment of forced exile for a fixed term or life. It was used both in ancient societies and in colonial Britain as a punishment for rebels and common criminals. The institution of “transportation” was used extensively to populate and supply cheap labor to British North American colonies and Australia. Internal exile was also used to isolate criminals and political opponents of the tsarist regime in Russia and more recently in the Soviet Union. Some writers contend that extreme residential restrictions on sex offenders in the United States constitute de facto banishment.
D
enmark, Corrections in
Authors: Moeller Kim
Published: July 2017

The Scandinavian countries have low imprisonment rates and very good prison conditions. When compared to other countries and regions they constitute a penal policy cluster. Historically, the welfare state ideal of egalitarianism has helped keep criminal justice policies relatively lenient and the vast majority of criminal convictions that result in a prison sentence are served in open institutions, essentially prisons without walls. All prisons in Denmark are run by the state and prisoners work during the day and are encouraged to participate in education. Recent trends in corrections show a bifurcation. A series of new sanction alternatives, such as electronic monitoring and mediation, have been introduced to help keep costs down and maintain the ambition of reintegrating inmates into society. Concurrently, sentence severity is increasing for crimes related to drugs and violence.
Gulags
Authors: Frederick Hawley Francis
Published: July 2017

In the 1920s, the new Soviet state instituted a system of forced labor, imprisonment, and internal banishment known as “gulag.” This system gained momentum under Joseph Stalin and remained in place until the Khrushchev “thaw” of the mid‐1950s and was gradually dismantled in the 1960s. It was an integral part of imposing Soviet order and economic plans throughout that era, as the threat of being sent to the gulags was extremely coercive. Moreover, the gulag facilities themselves, such as mines, forestry camps, and canal building camps, were used as institutions for direct economic development. Both common criminals and those who ran afoul of the communist regime by word or deed (i.e., “dissidents”) were confined to a variety of camps, prisons, and settlements. The gulag facilities, in whatever form, existed as a formal part of the Soviet correctional and economic system from the 1920s into the 1960s.
G
offman,
E
rving
Authors: Dellwing Michael
Published: July 2017

Erving Goffman (1922–1982) was not a criminologist by training or by field of research. A Canadian sociologist, anthropologist, and sometimes linguist, he examined the ways actors construct shared realities in the course of “presenting” and negotiating meaning through small and seemingly instinctual motions of face‐to‐face interaction. Due to his emphasis on presentation of self, this has been dubbed the
dramaturgical approach
. To grasp this process, Goffman gathered data on face‐to‐face interaction wherever he came across it and used a fourfold metaphor, mixing theater, ritual, language, and game terminology, showing shared reality as the result of a game with a ritualized idiom of the presentation of meaning.
Felon Disenfranchisement
Authors: Larson Ryan P. , Uggen Christopher
Published: July 2017

Felon disenfranchisement is the practice of restricting the voting rights of people convicted of felony‐level crimes. This entry first explains the scope, origins, and political impact of voting bans on felons. Next, it discusses public opinion regarding the practice, the relation between voting and recidivism, and international variation in disenfranchisement law. Finally, there is a brief discussion of reform efforts.
Drug Testing of Probationers and Parolees
Authors: Reyes Cassandra L.
Published: July 2017

Presently, there are approximately 4.8 million adults under community supervision in the United States. Research has revealed that between 60 and 80% of the people who are under the control of the criminal justice system have substance use‐related issues. As a result, mandatory drug testing is frequently included in probation and parole conditions. The drug testing of probationers and parolees can be conducted using such methods as buccal swabs and urine testing. This entry will examine the most common and successful techniques of drug monitoring in today's system of community corrections.
Catholicism in Prisons
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew
Published: July 2017

The prison as we know it today is in significant respects an innovation begun by the Catholic Church. This entry discusses the roots of the contemporary prison in the practice of penance during the first centuries of the Christian era, in the development of monasticism, and in the formation of the world's first modern legal system, canon law, early in the second millennium. It also discusses efforts in current Catholic teaching to reform the practice of confinement in terms of its formative influences.
B
rockway,
Z
ebulon
Authors: Marciniak Liz Marie
Published: July 2017

During the late 1800s, Zebulon Brockway ushered in significant changes to the way in which prisoners served their sentences and how they were released. He is most known for his work as warden of Elmira Reformatory in New York State. Brockway initiated a move from the fixed sentence to indeterminate sentencing, developed a mark system within the institution, provided prisoners with educational and vocational training, and introduced a system of parole. His efforts changed the function of the prison from a penitentiary to a reformatory. Brockway's innovations spread to other prisons throughout the nation.
A
ustralia, Corrections in
Authors: Rynne John , Thomsen Lisa
Published: July 2017

Australia's criminal justice system comprises nine separate approaches – a federal system, six state government systems, and two territory systems. The following describes the characteristics of custodial and community corrections in each Australian jurisdiction. The entry details federal and state approaches to custodial corrections followed by a brief review of community corrections. Also included are the numbers in prison and on community corrections in each jurisdiction. The entry concludes by identifying trends in Australian corrections.
D
ix,
D
orothea
Authors: Mason Karen A.
Published: July 2017

Dorothea Lynde Dix was a humanitarian and social reformer well known for her advocacy on behalf of the mentally ill. However, what is less recognized is that her work as an advocate for the mentally ill actually began as a result of her efforts to bring reform to jail and prison conditions. Dix inspected jails, prisons, workhouses, and institutions housing mentally ill and indigent criminal populations between 1841 and 1856 in both the United States and abroad. She was also a forerunner in the application of empiricism and the moral treatment philosophy to reform efforts in the United States.
D
eath
P
enalty
P
roject
Authors: Wright Valerie L.
Published: July 2017

The Death Penalty Project was founded in 1992 by Saul Lehrfreund and its main objective is to abolish capital punishment. The Project seeks to achieve this goal by providing free legal representation to individuals facing death sentences, promoting human rights and providing increased awareness about capital punishment to the public and key stakeholders.
Faith‐Based Programs
Authors: Denney Andrew S.
Published: July 2017

Faith‐based programs are one of the oldest forms of correctional treatment in prisons around the world. In the United States, faith‐based programming was the original and primary form of treatment. The use of faith‐based programming in the United States was reduced greatly with the rise of the medical model of inmate rehabilitation in the mid‐twentieth century. It has experienced revitalization with the Charitable Choice provision of the 1996 Welfare Reform and the development of the White House Office of Faith‐Based and Community Initiatives in 2002 (since renamed the White House Office of Faith‐Based and Neighborhood Partnerships). Consequently, faith‐based organizations are now allowed to compete for federal grants once reserved exclusively for non‐religious organizations. As such, the increased presence and use of faith‐based programming in correctional contexts has simultaneously continued a strong tradition and has renewed a long‐standing debate in corrections.
Furlough
Authors: Maziarka Kristen
Published: July 2017

While confined to correctional institutions, inmates sometimes have the ability, though not the right, to request unsupervised leave. The purpose for this temporary release may vary, but it includes work, education, family emergencies, social visits, medical procedures, court appearances, and more. Some furloughs are extended in nature and act as a form of community supervision prior to parole. Furlough is granted infrequently, and when granted it is heavily regulated and requires strict documentation. While research has indicated certain benefits of furlough programs, especially work release, there have been incidents such as the Willie Horton case that have made their use politically unpopular.
C
ullen,
F
rancis
T.
Authors: Lero Jonson Cheryl
Published: July 2017

Francis T. Cullen is a modern‐day criminological renaissance man. With over 300 publications and more than 35,000 citations to his work, he has left an undeniable mark on the fields of criminology and criminal justice. Although best known for his work on criminological theory and rehabilitation, Cullen has published abundantly in the areas of corporate crime, public opinion on crime and punishment, perceptions of criminal justice workers, correctional policy, and victimization of collegiate women. Earning numerous honors and accolades, Cullen has established himself as one of the foremost criminological scholars of our time.