bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity of Some New 4-Substituted-phenyl-3-chloro-1-{5-[(3, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl) methyl]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl} azetidin-2-one
Authors: Al-Smaisim Rafah Fadhil
Published: April 2022

A new series of 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives (1-15) incorporated into fused to different nitrogen and sulphur containing heterocyclic were prepared from 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole when treated with ethylchloroacetate in the present of potassium carbonate to offer Ethyl (3, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) acetate (1).Compound (1) converted to 2-[(3,5-dimethyl -1H-pyrazol -1-yl) acetyl] hydrazinecarbothioamide (2) by reaction with thiosemicarbazide in methanol.Cyclocondensation (2) was reacted with mineral acid H2SO4 to produce 5-[(3, 5- dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) methyl]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amine (3). Various new Schiff bases (4-9) were synthesized by the condensation of 5-[(3, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl) methyl]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amine (3) with various aryl aromatic aldehydes.A series of six new 4-substituted-phenyl-3-chloro-1-{5-[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)methyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl}azetidin -2-one (10-15) have been synthesized by condensation of various Schiff bases (4-9) with chloroacetyl chloride in presence of triethylamine. The structures of the new compounds (1-15) have been characterized by elemental analysis and spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds (10-15) were screened for their antibacterial activity against four bacterial species. They were found to exhibit good antibacterial activity.
The effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the clearance of pneumococcus pathogen from mice lung
Authors: AL-Murayati Haider Yousif
Published: April 2022

In the present study, we investigate the preventive effect of intraperitoneal inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus against intranasally challenge with Streptococcus pneumonia using a mouse experimental model.Five days before challenge with Capsulated S. pneumonia the treated group injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of heat –killed Lactobacillus acidophilus, while the positive control group injected with 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer saline. Mice were infected by dropping 25 μl of the inoculums containing 108 log- phase colony forming unit S.pneumonia in PBS into each nostril and allowing it to be inhaled by holding the mice in head-up vertical positionfor 2 min . Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on day 1st, 2ed and 3rd day of infections.The study showed that numbers of pneumococcal pathogen that recovered from lungs of positive control mice was increased from the first day of infection (Log 5.7±1.19) and the increasing rate continued in the next 2 days (Log 6.9±1.06 at 3rd day).In contrast the animal treated with L. acidophilus showed greater resistance to pneumococcal challenge, as their pathogen count in lung was significantly lower than those in positive control at same intervals (on day one was Log 2.5±0.65 to end as Log2±0.43 at third day), likewise the log mean number of bacteria found in blood stream of untreated animal increased steadily over the 3 days of the experiments starting with Log 3.3 ± 0.94 to Log 4.96 ± 0.7 at the last day, while the treated mice showed significant low level of Bacteremia gradually reaching to Log 0.5 ± 0.1 at the last, also the challenge with S. pneumonia increased the number of blood leukocytes in both experimental group of our study, but the pretreated mice with L. acidophilus present a significant higher value than positive control group. Also, the neutrophils were the principlecell population responsible for the increasing leukocyte of both study groups, followed by lymphocytes cells.These results showed that administration of intraperitoneal L. acidophilus may increases the clearance rate of S. pneumoniae from lung and prevent the dissemination of pneumococci into blood and that may due to activation of immune system by increasing the total count and efficacy of leukocytes especially neutrophils and lymphocytes
The influence of different concentrations of aqueous green tea extract on methotrexate induced haematological toxicity in rats
Authors: Abdul-Wahab Farah Kais
Published: April 2022

Methotrexate (MTX), a folic acid antagonist is widely used for the treatment of a variety of tumors. In the present study, the possible protective effect of aqueous green tea extract (AGTE) in methotrexate-induced haematotoxicity was investigated.Four main groups of white Albino rats were used: control group, (MTX) group, following a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg, i.p.) saline was administered for 5 days. (AGTE) group, was treated with 1.25% concentration of AGTE only for 12 days and the (MTX+AGTE) group, in thism group rats received different concentrations of AGTE (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5%), as their sole source of drinking water, 7days before and 5 days after MTX treatment. MTX induced significant decreases in RBC, Hb, Hct, WBC and platelets. Whereas increased MCV and MCH. Moreover, the concentrations of AGTE play a major role.The best protective effects of AGTE treatment were observed at the concentration 1.25% While 0.625% and 2.5% AGTE had no protective effects on haematological parameters.
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in AL-Yarmook teaching hospital-Baghdad
Authors: Abdullah Baydaa Hameed
Published: April 2022

Nosocomial infection is a major problem in the world today. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, usually resistant to several antibiotics and also intrinsic resistance to ß- lactam antibiotics, shows a particular ability to spread in hospitals and now present in most of the countries. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of MRSA and their rate of resistance to different antistaphylococcal antibiotics.Between Decembers 2009and April 2011, the clinical specimens submitted at the microbiology laboratory were processed and all Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates were included in this study.All isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by standard laboratory procedures and antibiotic susceptibility pattern including oxacillin was determined by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.Out of a total of 337 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various clinical samples, 140(41.54%) were found to be Methicillin- resistant. Among MRSA isolates, 86(46.99%) were from different inpatient departments, whereas, 54 (35.06%) of the isolates were from outpatients.All MRSA were resistant to penicillin. About 70% of the MRSA strains were resistant to cephalexin, ciprofloxacin and cloxacillin ,while less than 10% of them were resistant to amikacin and tetracycline. Many MRSA strains were multidrug resistant. However, no strains were resistant to vancomycin.This report showed a high prevalence of MRSA in Al-Yarmook hospital. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA, regular surveillance of hospital acquired infection and isolation is the need of the hour.
Measurement of protein and albumin/globulin ratio in patients infected with visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Ali Ekhlass Noori
Published: April 2022

The study included 30 serum samples from people (age: 1-12 years) suffering from visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani) infection, which were collected from the Central Health Laboratories, and a similar number of healthy controls.The serum level of total protein, albumin and globulin was measured, and fractions of globulin (alpha 1 globulin, alpha 2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin) were also analyzed.The results showed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in total protein of patients (82.27 vs. 57.75 g/L), as compared with controls, while there was a non-significant decrease in the level of albumin (30.63 vs. 31.66 g/L). A similar significant increased level of globulin was also observed in patients (51.63 vs. 24.83 g/L), and the fractions of globulin (alpha 1 globulin, alpha 2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin) were similarly increased (6.01, 13.20, 10.37,21.64 vs. 3.74, 6.63, 7.06, 7.50 g/L, respectively). Accordingly, the albumin:globulin ratio was decreased in patients as compared with controls (0.62 vs. 1.20).
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activityof 3-substituted Benzo[4,5]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazole
Authors: Al-Smaism Rafah F. , Raauf Ayad M.R. , Abd Razik Basma M. , Rasheed Hala A.M.
Published: April 2022

New series of tricyclic benzo[d]thiazole derivatives (2-12) incorporated into fused to different five membered nitrogen and sulphur containing heterocyclic were prepared from 2- hydrazinobenzo[d]thiazole (1) when treated with triethylformate, acetic anhydride, ethyl chloro acetate, carbon disulphide in alkali, and urea respectively.Compound(1) converted to Schiff’s bases by the condensation different aromatic aldehydes, the synthesized Schiff’s bases were cyclized by bromine in acetic acid to form triazole ring in the new derivatives (7-11) , which might result in biologically active agents.Similar new tricyclic compounds, triazolobenzothiazol-3-amine [12], was obtained from action of benzo[d]thiazole-2-thiol with thiosemicarbazide. The structures of the new compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis and spectral data.Newly synthesized compounds (2-12) were screened for their antibacterial activity against four bacterial species. They were found to exhibit good antibacterial activity.
Relation of Oxidant-Antioxidant Status with Glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Abed Baydaa Ahmmad
Published: April 2022

In diabetes mellitus, persistence of hyperglycemia was reported to cause increased production of oxidative parameters, and decreased antioxidant status. Therefore, the present study considered to evaluate the effect of glycemic control on oxidant-antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. The study examined 145 type 2 diabetic patients, who attend to the National Diabetic Center (Al-Mustansiyriah University). Patients were divided in two groups, as wellglycemic controlled (group1[75 patients]) (HbA1c< 7%, and FSG < 110 mg/dl) and poorly controlled (group2 [70 patients]) (had HbA1c≥ 7%, and FSG ≥ 110). All patients were reported in the morning after overnight fast, and underwent physical examination and laboratory tests.Height and weight were noted for Body Mass Index (BMI), it was calculated as weight (Km)/height2 (m2).Laboratory evaluations consisted of measuring fasting serum glucose (FSG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocyte-Glutation (GSH), ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and cerulopalsmine (CP). The results indicate that fasting serum FSG, HbA1c, (MDA), (TC), and (TG), were increased significantly (P<0.01 for FSG, HbA1c, MDA; and P<0.05 for TC, and TC) in poorly controlled subjects comparing to well controlled. Instead of that there is significant increase in (CP) (P<0.05) in poorly controlled patients. On the other hand there is significant decreased in (GSH, (AA), (UA) (P<0.01 for GSH, AA; and P<0.05 for UA) in poorly controlled compared to well controlled diabetic patients. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation in serum HbA1c-MDA, GSH-AA (P<0.01; and P<0.05 respectively) in both group, while there is only positive correlation in HbA1c-FSG (P<0.01) in well controlled patients, and positive correlation in HbA1c-TC in poorly controlled patients. On the other hand, there is a significant negative correlation in MDA-GSH, MDA-AA, and MDA-UA in both studying group. The present study concludes the increased risk of oxidative stress manifested by increased plasma MDA, and decreased antioxidant levels in poor glycemic control. The study therefore suggests, the estimation of antioxidants levels with other routine investigations may be useful in reduce of the oxidative stress in diabetics.
A Study of Some Biochemical Changes in Hydatid Cyst Patients Before And After Surgical removal of hydatid cyst
Authors: B. K. Sura
Published: April 2022

Hydatid disease is a major public health and economic problem in Iraq causing morbidity and mortality, This study was done to illustrate some biochemical changes, hemoglobin, blood group and CRP in hydatid cyst patients before and after 15 days of surgery.Twenty patients with hydatid liver cyst infection were enrolled in this study consist of (15 male) and (5 female), Those patients were matched with twenty (14 male) and (6 female) apparently healthy subjects as controls, The results of the study were as the following Significantly high serum triglyceride and serum bilirubin levels were observed in patients with hydatid cyst before and after 15 days of surgical removal when compared with healthy controls And significantly high serum bilirubin level in hydatid cyst patients before surgery when compared with patients after 15 days of surgical removal of the cyst.Blood glucose, urea and hemoglobin level for both studied subjects were within normal range as in healthy controls. Group O was more frequently in hydatid cyst patients than non O group (A, B, AB), Elevated CRP in 14% of hydatid cyst patients before surgery when compared with healthy controls, while after 15 days of surgical removal the mean level of CRP was decreased to 4% .In conclusion all studied parameters may be helpful in following up the effectiveness of surgical treatment. Further investigation in this regard with a larger group of patients is recommended to explore the potential of these parameters compared to alternative measures in monitoring hydatidosis infection and surgical removal of hydatid cyst on hydatid cyst patients.
Effect of alcoholic extract of soy bean consumption by pregnant mice on the testis and epididymis of their male offspring's
Authors: Ali Abeer Salih , Flayyih Nisreen Khazal , Qasim Hadeel Mohammed
Published: April 2022

Soy is flavones are phytoestrogens with potential hormonal activity due to their similar chemical structure to 17-B-estradiol. The increasing availability of Soyis flavones throughout the food supply and through use of supplements has prompted extensive research on biological benefits to humans in chronic diseaseprevention and health maintenance. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of consumption of soy bean by pregnant mice on histomorphology of testis, epididymis in the male offspring's. Twenty pregnant female mice at age of six weeks were used as a model for this study.After 40 days (around the puberty age) the animals were sacrificed to get their testes and epididymis each testis and epididymis was weighted, then preparedusing routine histological technique mouse born from mother treated with Soy bean extract (1.5mg daily), Note the absence of mature sperms and the appearance of immature sperms in the lumen seminiferous tubules and the appearance immature sperms connected to the germinal epithelium, and also we note in the epididymis of young male mouse from mother treated with soy bean extract absence of maturesperms in the lumen of the epididymis. Diameters of seminiferous tubules and epididymis together with the thickness of their germinal wall were calculated, these observation indicate that the perinatal exposure of male mice to is flavones affected in testies and epididymis, and they imply that Soy bean has potential implication for testis function.
Racial and Ethnic Distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups in Thi-Qar, Iraq
Authors: Mahmood Aysar E. , Magtooph Majeda G. , Alubadi Alia E. M. , Hamed Eman H. , Kamil Younis A.
Published: April 2022

Most data in the literature include frequencies of these antigens in European and American countries. In this study for the first time we have reported frequencies of these antigens in the Thi-Qar of Iraq.The aim of the present study was to record the various blood groups among the population of Thi-Qar and to compare it with other populations.To determine the prevalence of different blood groups and Rh factors in a random population sample from urban and rural areas of Thi-qar of Iraq.Blood group and Rh factor determination was carried out by the antigen-antibody agglutination test. The frequency of each type was calculated.Out of 2841 subjects 4804 (59.1%) were male subjects and 1963 (40.9%) were female. The overall phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood in three groups in the total sample was O>A>B>AB.The frequencies of ABO and Rh phenotypes in Thi-Qar are similar to those reported from most areas in the Arabian region
A Multiplex PCR for Detection of hlyA, papC, and traT genes in multidrug resistance Escherichia coli isolated from pregnant women
Authors: Salman Ruqaia Sabbar , Ali Mun'im Radwan , Hussin Suzan Saddi
Published: April 2022

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnancy is a common clinical problem which causes morbidity and, in a small minority of cases, renal damage and chronic renal failure. Urine samples from three hundred pregnant women were collected from Baghdad Teaching Hospital, were examined between January to June 2012 for the presence of bacteria. Their ages ranging from 15 to 50 years. Up to 32.6% (98) of women have a urinary tract infection (UTI). Escherichia coli was detected in 27.5% (27) of all the urine samples. All isolates were screened for some virulence factors: α-haemolysin, adhesion factor type P fimbriae and serum resistance. Multiplex PCR systems were used to detect genes encoding α-hemolysin (hlyA), adhesion P(papC), and traT associated with serum resistance.The results indicated that the occurrence of papC was detected in (18.5%), while traT was detected in (96.2%) of isolates on the other hand hlyA can't detected in any E. coli isolates. All the isolates were also studied for antibiotic susceptibility pattern using a disc diffusion method.The rate of resistance of E. coli Amoxicillin (92.5%), Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (89%), Cefotazidime, Cefotaxime and Cefepime (78%), kanamycin (59%), levofloxacin (55.5%), Ciprofloxacin (52%) and showed high degree of sensitivity toward Cefoxitin and Imipenem (7% and 0%) respectively. Additionally,17 (62.9%) isolates were multidrugresistant.The finding of this study indicated that the traT widespread among pathogenic E. coli in Iraq. Furthermore it concludes that E. coli is one of the important multidrug resistance causative agents of urinary tract infection in young women especially during the state of pregnancy.
Evaluation of thyroid function at different stages of pregnancy in Iraqi women
Authors: Jabbar Alhamd Alaa Kamal , Mohammed Haethem Qassim , Shnayeh Al-dhahiry Jawad Kadhim
Published: April 2022

The evaluation of thyroid function of either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism should be assessed by determination of serum Triiodothyronine (T3),Thyroxin (T4) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Due to specific conditions related to the pregnancy period, there are various alterations accompanied this stage of life. Some changes required due to physiological demands of pregnancy. Thyroid function was studied by determination of thyroid hormones using highsensitive Enzyme Linked Immune sorbent Assay (ELISA) technique in 35 pregnant Iraqi women.The study group comprised 35 full term pregnant women scheduled follows up the alterations of thyroid hormones, while the control group included 30 healthy women volunteers. Serum concentrations levels of total T3 (TT3), total T4 (TT4) & (TSH) were estimated using (ELISA) technique. In the study group, blood samples were obtained during various stages of monthly period of pregnancy.Mean age of the study group was (27±5) years, and that of controls were (25±3)years. In first trimester: serum TT3 & TT4 levels were significantly higher than that in controls [1.2134±0.0445 vs. 1.0583±0.2439 ng/mL and 8.5266±0.4545 vs 7.0466±1.4460 μ gm/dL respectively while TSH levels were significantly lower than that of control 2.3866 ±0.3087 vs 3.3466±1.3396 μIU/mL; P< 0.05]. In second trimester, there were continuously increase in concentrations levels of TT3, and TT4 than that in control but TSH significantly was decreased [1.347±0.0191 vs 1.0583±0.2439 ng/ml, 9.5923±0.31005 vs 7.0466±1.4460 μ gm/dL and1.6733±0.1469 vs 3.3466±1.3396 μ IU/mL; P< 0.05]. In third trimester, TT3 showed significant fall [1.2833±0.0447 vs. 1.0583±0.2439 ng/ml and the levels of TT4 significantly increased 10.3213±0.0914 vs 7.0466±1.4460 μ gm /dL while TSH significantly decreased1.2685±0.0390 vs 3.3466±1.3396 μIU/mL and; P< 0.05]. All alterations, the TT3 in first trimester was rise significantly, and it was significantly fall in third trimester. TSH was significant fall in third trimester .Conclusion that during pregnancy seemed to be significantly influenced by stress present during pregnancy.
Synthesisof silver nanoparticles by some locallyLactobacillus spp.and detection of their antibacterial activity
Authors: Salman Jehan Abdul Sattar
Published: April 2022

The study included the rapid synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by locally Lactobacillus spp.(Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. gasseri, L.rhamnosus, L. fermentum). The silver nanoparticles were characterized with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and found theaverage size ranges from 33.71 to39.16 nm. Finally antibacterial activities of the silver nanoparticles were checked against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes).The zone of inhibiton seems extremely good showing a relatively large zone of inhibition in both gram positive and gram negative bacterial isolates. To the best of our study this is the first report on synthesis of silver nanoparticles by locally Lactobacillus spp.
Enhancing Dissolution of Ibuprofen via Solid Dispersion Using Hydrophilic Carrier and Fast Dissolving Sugars
Authors: Ali Wedad Kamal , Sabar Methaq Hamad , Habeeb Athmar Dhahir , Mahdi Zainb Hassan
Published: April 2022

In this study, solid dispersion using hydrophilic carriers (polyethylene glycols) and fast dissolving sugars (sorbitol and lactose) has been employed to enhance dissolution and hence the bioavailability of ibuprofen.Solid dispersions of different weight ratios (drug: carrier: fast dissolving sugars) have been prepared using fusion method.Microscopic images showed disappearance of specific features of ibuprofen, carriers and sugars in the solid dispersions.Release study of ibuprofen from prepared systems was performed in phosphate buffer pH 6.8; faster drug release was obtained from solid dispersions with high polyethylene glycol ratio and/ or from solid dispersions to which fast dissolving sugars has been added duringtheir preparations.The study also explored hydrogen bond interactions between polyethylene glycols and ibuprofen in the solid dispersions. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed intermolecular interaction at (2:1) drug to carrier mole ratio. This interaction was considered the most important factor in enhancing the dissolution of ibuprofen via solid dispersions.
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pure Form, Pharmaceutical Formulations, Biological Samples and in Environmental Water Samples
Authors: Ahmed Nief Rahman , Basil Karam
Published: April 2022

A simple, precise, rapid, and accurate reversed–phase high performance liquidchromatographic method has been developed for the determination of ascorbic acid in purefrom, pharmaceutical formulations, biological samples and in environmental water samples.Chromatography was carried out on supercar L1 (C18 ) reversed- phase column (25cm×4.6mm), 5 microns, using a mixture of methanol : water (42: 58v/v) as a mobile phase at aflow rate of 1.0 ml.min-1.Detection was performed at 254nm at ambient temperature.The retention time for ascorbic acid was found 2.3 minutes. The calibration curve waslinear (r= 0.9998) over a concentration range from 0.5 to 12.5μg/ml. Limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were found 3ng/ml and 9 ng/ml respectively. Themethod was validated for its linearity, precision and accuracy.The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of ascorbic acidin pure form, pharmaceutical formulations, and biological samples and in environmentalwater samples.
Modification of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidinone, Chitosan with Paracetamol As a Drug Carrier Polymer
Authors: Ali Firyal Mohammed , Musa Luma Amer , Younis Amany Sabri
Published: April 2022

The drug polymer was prepared by modification of polyvinylpyrrolidinone (PVP) withparacetamol through ester group formation, and partially ring opening of PVP withparacetomol, could let the chitosan to graft on other rings of PVP.Also the NH2 group of chitosan was reacted with PVP produced a new copolymerbiopolymer; the prepared polymers were characterized by UV, FT-IR,1H-NMRSpectroscopies, DSC thermal analysis was carried out.Controlled drug release was studied in different PH values. The physical propertiesand intrinsic viscosity were measured. The work aimed to prolong the sustainable drugdelivery system.
Cytotoxicity–Associated gene (CagA) Producing Helicobacter pylori Increased Risk of Developing Colorectal Carcinoma in Iraqi Patients.
Authors: Bakir Wasan Abdulilah , Ismail Noor Hashim , Latif Ayser Hameed , Abd Dina Wael , Saied Zena Zaki
Published: April 2022

Infection with Helicobacter pylori, particularly with strains positive for cytotoxicity–associated gene (CagA) gene, increases the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and it may beassociated with carcinogenesis in extra gastric target organ. The aim of this study to explorethe possible association between CagA positive H. pylori and colorectal carcinoma anddetermine the association with clinico-pathological features.Paraffin embedded tumor specimens from (49) patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and (30) healthy control were assessed by in situ hybridization for the expression of H. pylori CagA mRNA.Statistical analysis of H. pylori CagA positive expression revealed highly significant difference in colorectal carcinoma patients than in control group. There was no relationship between H. pylori CagA positive expression and range of clinicopathological features.Among patients infected with H. pylori CagA positive is associated with increased risk for colonic cancer.
Design and Implementation System for Serum Glucose Estimation
Authors: Al-Neami Auns Qusai H. , Obaid Sara Adnan
Published: April 2022

Blood glucose monitoring is a way used for testing the concentration of glucose in the blood (glycemia). Practically important to measure the levels of blood glucose in the care of diabetes mellitus patients. A blood glucose test is performed by piercing the skin (typically on the finger) to draw blood, then applying the blood to a chemically active disposable "test stripe".The main idea for the design of the circuit is by using a variable capacitor consist of two passive terminal or plates and by changing the density of the insulator between the two plates of the capacitor. The changing in capacitance results of the capacitor which is a part of a (frequency generator circuit) for that the output frequency of the circuit will be change, and if we used that frequency as an input to counter circuit we can read out the concentration of the glucose in the sample and then we display the result on a LCD monitor. The present study includes a comparison between the present system and the conventional glucose serums measurement systems, and the result approximately the same.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Screening of Some Bioactive 1,8-Naphthalimide Derivatives.
Authors: Khan Ayad Kareem , Hussain Suaad Mohammed , Ahmad Mohammed Rifat , Aziz Fitua Manwar , Abdulah*** Shimaa Mutasim
Published: April 2022

This research include developing new heterocyclic derivatives of 1,8-naphthalimides bearing oxazoline, thiazoline, oxadiazole, thiadiazole and aminotriazole moieties as the following steps: N-ester-1,8-naphthalimide (1) was obtained by direct imidation of 1,8- naphthalic anhydride with ethylglycinate in dimethylsulfoxide. Compound (1) was treated with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol to give N-acetohydrazide-1,8-naphthalimide (2).N-Acetophenylsemicarbazide-1,8-naphthalimide (3) and N-Aceto phenylthiosemicarbazide- 1,8-naphthalimide (7) were synthesized via reaction of compound (2) with phenylisocyanate and phenylisothiocyanate in absolute ethanol respectively.Cyclization of compounds (3) and (7) with p-substituted phenacyl bromide gives the oxazoline derivatives (4-6) and thiazoline derivatives (9-11) respectively. N-Methyl-[(5- (phenyl amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)]-1,8-naphthalimide (8) prepared via treatment of compound (7) with phosphoric acid. Reaction of the prepared hydrazide (2) with carbon disulfide in the presence of potassium hydroxide producing N-Methyl-[potassium dithiocarbazate]-1,8-naphthalimide (12). Acidifying of the obtained salt (12) with 4N hydrochloric acid give N-Methyl-[1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-5-thiol]-1,8-naphthalimide (13). The obtained salt (12) also treated with hydrazine hydrate to afford the desirable N-Methyl-[1,2,4- triazol-3-yl-4-amino-5-thiol]-1,8-naphthalimide (14).All the prepared compounds in this research were characterized by recording their melting points, FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR spectra, checked by TLC, physical properties and some specific chemical tests also. Some of the new prepared compounds were evaluated for the antimicrobial screening in vitro against two types of Gram positive bacteria including (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and two types of Gram negative bacteria including (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa).More, antifungal activities of some prepared compounds performed against the yeastlike pathogenic fungus (Candida albicans). The antimicrobial screening carried out in three concentrations of prepared compounds. Sulfamethoxazole/Clotrimazole was used as standard drugs. The results showed that most of the tested compounds have good biological activity against the mentioned organisms compared with standard drugs above
Determination of Losartan and Losartan Carboxylic acid in Human Plasma by New HPLC Method with Fluorescence Detection for Pharmacokinetics Studies
Authors: Hussein Ahmed Abbas
Published: April 2022

Losartan is highly effective blood pressure lowering agent who directly works by selectively blocking angiotensin-I (AT-I) receptor. It is primarily metabolized in active form, losartan carboxylic acid. A sensitive and selective HPLC method was developed for determination of losartan and losartan carboxylic acid in human plasma was developed and validated. The drug and its metabolite were extracted from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction with t-Methyl butyl ether.Valsartan was used as internal standard. A Waters Associates Inc. (Milford, MA, USA) Liquid chromatography was used to complete this study. The analytical apparatus consisted of a 600 quaternary pump and a fluorescence detector. Samples were applied to a repacked 5 μm, 250 x 4.6 mm CN column using auto sampler. Flow rate of 1.25 ml/min was found to give adequate resolution. Separations were performed at 35ºC and monitored at an excitation wavelength of 250nm and an emission wavelength of 370nm. Mobile phase was prepared by mixing 0.015M phosphoric acid (pH 2.3): acetonitrile in a ratio of 72:28.Linearity was established for the range of concentrations 2–300 ng/ml and 3–375 ng/ml for losartan and metabolite respectively. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was identifiable and reproducible at 2 ng/ml with a precision of 3.28% and at 3 ng/ml with a precision of 2.59% for the drug and metabolite respectively.The inter batch, between days precision at 3 ng/ml level was found to be 8.07% for losartan. The inter batch, between days precision at 5 ng/ml level was found to be 4% for the metabolite. The precision and accuracy were established at low, medium and high concentration levels. The results were within the accepted limits. The analysis method was found to be sensitive, accurate, and precise for the quantification of losartan and its metabolite in human plasma. It was applied successfully, for pharmacokinetics studies.
Effects of Metformin &/or Glimepiride on Resistin Level and Related Biochemical Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Najim Hadeel Delman , Majeed Ibrahim Adham , Rahmah Abbas Mahdi
Published: April 2022

Resistin is a novel adipocyte-secreted hormone proposed to link obesity with diabetes in mice and may play a similar role in human. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship of serum resistin level to insulin resistance, and related parameters. Also to evaluate the effect of metformin &/or glimepiride on resistin level and glycemic control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).This is an open-label, randomized study carried out on 50 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and 20 healthy subjects. Patients were randomly divided into three groups and assigned for treatment with either metformin or glimepiride or both for 12 weeks. The comparisons were conducted between pre- and post-treatment for fasting serum glucose (FSG), glycocylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting serum insulin (FSI), insulin resistance (IR), body mass index (BMI) and serum resistin level.At week 12, FSG, HbA1c and IR were significantly decreased in all groups. Resistin level decreased only in glimepiride group. Serum insulin levels show no significant change.Metformin significantly decreased while glimepiride significantly increased BMI. In ourstudy serum resistin level did not correlate with markers of adiposity or diabetes.Circulating resistin is unlikely to play a major role in obesity, insulin resistance, or energy homeostasis in human and only glimepiride monotherapy showed an effect on resistin level after 3 months of treatment.
Evaluation of the Predisposing Factors for Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Iraqi Pediatric Patients.
Authors: Al-Hamdani Fadya Yaqoob , Al-Mutawalli Basma Zuheir
Published: April 2022

Recurrent respiratory tract infections are responsible for about 85% of all diseases in childhood, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the main causes underlying recurrent respiratory tract infections in 176 pediatric patients aged 2 month to 4 year and weight from 4 to11 kg referred to the child center hospital and Al-sader hospital prospective study.All parents were given information sheet which then analyzed and the percentage of incidence of causes were recorded, we found that higher % related to many causes; mostly related to the parent like poor family education, mother carelessness, incomplete vaccination, other related to empirical diagnosis, and short course of treatment and type of antibiotic used.We conclud that the burden of respiratory tract infections in paediatrics is extremely high.Due to adequate diagnosis and causative therapies of these often recurrent respiratory tract infections bear substantial limits, preventive measures deserve priority.The mainstays are parent education, active immunizations strategies and nonspecific immunostimulation with bacterial products.
Chemerin as a New Marker in Iraqi Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ahmed Hind Shakir , Thair Noor Thair
Published: April 2022

Chemerin is a novel adipokine, suggested to be involved in insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes and may be an attractive candidate for assessing risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

            The aim of this study was to examine the role of chemerin as a new marker in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied with obesity and study the effect of age and gender in chemerin concentration.

            This study included 53 (24 male and 29 female) newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients who visited the National Diabetic Center, University of AL-Mustansiriyah. Those cases were referred to the Center during the period from November 2013 until the end of August 2014. They were subdivided according to body mass index; their age range was (38-52), and (35) healthy subjects were selected as a control group; they were well matched age with patients group.

There was a significant increase in waist, waist/hip ratio, body mass index, fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-peptide, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance 2, and chemerin levels in newly diagnosed diabetic patients as compared to the control, (P=0.0001).

The results appear there was a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. A significant difference was found in serum chemerin levels among lean, overweight, and obese of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients, (P=0.01).There was a significant positive correlation between serum chemerin versus fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile except high density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-peptide, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance 2, while there was a significant negative correlation between high density lipoprotein cholesterol and chemerin, (P<0.05).

It can be concluded that high levels of serum chemerin found in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients suggest that chemerin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Effect of Vitamin D, Metformin on Metabolic Syndrome in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Patient
Authors: Abbas Hayder Kamil , Al-bayati Nisreen J. , Gatea Asmaa Kadhim
Published: April 2022

Polycystic ovary (PCO) is the most common hormonal disturbance disease that characteristic by anovulation, oligo-ovulation and increase androgen male hormone and presence small ulcers in ovary.

This study aims to find the effects of vitamin D and Metformin on FBS, Insulin, Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG and VLDL for Patients Receiving them.

Two sets were used,  the first set (G1)  includes 14 patients aged range between 18 to 30 years old, which divided into two classes, the first class before treatment referred as (G1-A) and the second class after received vitamin D alone 4001.U the dose was a once daily for about 3 months referred to as (G1-B). Similarly, the second set (G2)also divided into two classes, the first class includes 14 patients their aged ranged between 19 to 30  years old before treatment referred to as (G2-A) and the second class after received (500 mg) metformin three time daily) for about 3 months to as (G2-B).

Results showed that there are significant pre and post treatment mean difference for fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG,VLDL for patient that receiving vitamin D alone; so the study shows significant effect of vitamin D on fasting blood sugar and insulin resistance level. In second group that taken metformin alone, also there are significant pre and post treatment mean difference for fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG and VLDL. Metformin reduced hyperglycemia primarily as a result of reducing glucose production by the liver (hepatic gluconeogenesis) and the metformin significantly decrease in serum insulin resistance, whereas metformin appear no significant effect on testosterone level.
Synthesis, Characterization of Some New 2-Azetidinone Derivatives
Authors: Mahdi Monther Faisal , Al-Smaism Rafah Fadhel , Mahmood Ammar Ihsan
Published: April 2022

New series of 2-Azetidinone (4a-4f) were synthesized, the structure of these new derivativeswereconfirmed using spectral methods starting from Ketoprofen we prepared an amide ester by using DCC and TEA in DCM, then converted to hydrazide by using hydrazine hydrate, then a Schiff bases were synthesized using different aromatic aldehydes in ethanol, and the final compounds were obtained by cyclocondensation using chloroacetylechloride.

 The synthesis of the designed compounds has been successfully achieved. Purity and characterization were confirmed by determination of physical properties (melting points &Rf values), FT-IR spectroscopy and 1H-NMR Sp.
Pharmacokinetics of Paroxetine Tablets in healthy Arabic Subjects
Authors: Ibraheem Al-Tamimi Jaafar Jaber
Published: April 2022

A single oral dose of paroxetine 20 mg tablets (Seroxat®, GlaxoSmithKline, England) were administered to thirty six healthy male adult fasting subjects to study the pharmacokinetics of the drug in Arabic population.

            Twenty blood samples were obtained from each subject up to 96 hours after dosing. The concentrations of paroxetine were monitored in plasma to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters; Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t,AUC0-¥,Kel& T0.5;applying non-compartmental analysis.

            The mean±SD for the abovementioned parameters were; 3.14±2.09 ng/ml, 5.1±1.28 hr, 48.6±45.9 ng.hr/ml, 59.5±42.3 ng.hr/ml, 0.066±0.022 hr-1 and 11.9±5.1 hrs, respectively. The present investigation demonstrated high inter individual variation particularly in the primary pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax (CV=66.5%), AUC0-t (CV=94.5%), and AUC0-¥ (CV=71%). Beside, comparing the results of the current investigation obtained from Arabic population with that published in other studies conducted in other nations indicating that there is clear population variability in the pharmacokinetic of paroxetine.

            Therefore, it can be concluded from the present investigation that individualization and therapeutic drug monitoring are suggested for optimal therapy with paroxetine. However, further investigations are recommended to confirm this suggestion by studying the pharmacokinetics of the drug in Arabic patients and after multiple dosing.
Nebivolol Hydrochloride Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as Transdermal Delivery System: Part 1: Preparation, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: Ghazy Esraa , Abdulrasool Alaa Abdulhusain , Al-Tamimi Jafar Jaber , Ayash Nawal
Published: April 2022

Nebivolol hydrochloride (NEB) is a 3rd generation highly selective β1-blocker with antihypertensive properties, the elimination half-life is about 10 hrs and the oral bioavailability is about 12%.

            The study was aimed to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for transdermal delivery of NEB.

            The study involves two separate parts, part 1 (current) involves preparation and characterization of NEB loaded NLCs (NEB-NLCs). Part 2 of the study, NEB-NLCs based gel was formulated using gelling agent carbapol 934 as transdermal delivery system using rat skin. Part 2 of the study will be presented separately in the forthcoming issue.

            The current investigation describes the effect of type and concentration of different solid lipids, liquid lipids, and surfactant/co-surfactant on the characteristics of NLC such as particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, and drug release profile. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope revealed nearly spherical shape NLC with negligible effect of liquid lipid (oleic acid) content on the particle morphology. The differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated depression in the melting point and crystallinity index of the NLCs with increasing the amount of liquid lipid. The in vitro drug release studies demonstrated that 93% of the drug was released over 24hrs. The NEB-NLCs possessed a biphasic release pattern characterized by a rapid initial release followed by a sustained release.
Causes, Attempts and Methods of Suicide in Baghdad: An Autopsy Study
Authors: Jabor Mohammad A. , Kareem Suhaila Saleem
Published: April 2022

Suicide is defined as intentional taking of one's own life. Until the end of the twentieth century approximately, suicide was considered a criminal act; legal terminology is used, in the Latin phrase felo-de-se, which means "a crime against the self".

            Descriptive study of 100 fatal recorded suicidal cases brought for postmortem examination at the Medico-legal institute of Baghdad within four years period from first of September 2011 to first of September 2015 (males 49 and females 51 cases). The study excludes the firearm deaths. Pre-tested questionnaire was used to obtain data by direct interview with the visitors of the victim, family members, witnesses and information available on police records.

            Death on spot was recorded in 47% of the cases while 41% of victims died within 24 hours of incidence whereas 12% victims survived for 7 days. About 56% of Suicidal victims were discovered dead not hospitalized. Low socioeconomic conditions were most frequent (45%) cause for committing suicide followed by psychosocial causes (43%) and chronic diseases (12%). Poisoning (53%) and hanging (45%) were the two exclusive methods employed for committing suicide. Most of the victims (males 87.76% and females78.43%) have had a successful attempt to commit suicide in their first attempt while history of previous suicidal attempts was available in 17% of victims.

            The aim of this study is to identify the intensity and frequency of suicide in relation to the Medico-legal aspect of the incidence such as method, duration of survival, causes of committing suicide and previous attempts to commit suicide.

            From the results of the study we can conclude that most of the victims incorporated such suicidal attempts and methods were successful in accomplishing suicide in the first attempt (males 87.76% and females 78.43%) and the commonest cause of committing suicide is mostly their low socioeconomic condition and psychosocial reasons.
Effect of Pomegranate Extract and Chlorhexidine Mouth Wash on Post-Operative Complications After Surgical Removal of Wisdom Teeth
Authors: Rassul Haider Ali , Hassan Ahmad Fliah , Radhi Hani , Kareem Jabber J.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of pomegranate mouth wash in comparison with chlorhexidine mouth wash on post-operative complications result from surgical removal of wisdom teeth.

            Forty Iraqi patients who underwent surgical removal of impacted wisdom teeth were divided into two equal groups, patients in first group were instructed to use pomegranate mouth wash while those in the second group used chlorhexidine mouth wash. Post operative complications as pain, swelling, trismus and oozing were examinated for both groups at second, fourth and seven days after operation. The data were statistically analyzes and compared between the groups.

            A significant difference was shown between the two groups of pomegranate and chlorhexidine mouth wash according to each parameters (first = pain, second= swelling, third= trismus, forth= oozing) depends on the days of post-surgical assessment (second days, forth days and seven days).

            In Conclusions the effectiveness of pomegranated mouth wash was better than chlorhexidine mouth wash on post operative complications following the surgical removal of third molars (wisdom).
Significance of Interleukin-8 in Cystitis and Schistosomal Chronic Cystitis
Authors: Jassim AL-Biaty Huda Sadoon , Aziz Rana Sami , Nayyef Hanan Jawad
Published: April 2022

One of the important mediators of early inflammatory response in cystitis and an agent for attraction of neutrophils to the inflammation site is IL-8, in addition to its role in regulation angiogenesis. This study was carried out to assess the level of IL-8 biomarker in urine of cystitis patients (schistosomal chronic cystitis and non schistosomal cystitis).

            Eighty eight Iraqi individual were divided to 50 cystitis patients and 38 healthy control, of whom urine sample and bladder biopsy were collected. Diagnosis of cystitis patients carried out by cystoscopy followed by histopathological examination and was classified to schistosomal chronic cystitis and non-schistosomal cystitis. Urine IL-8 level of studied groups was measured by ELISA test.

            According to the result of ELISA technique, the mean urine concentration (pg/ml) of IL-8 increased significantly in cystitis patients 224.86 pg/ml than healthy controls 51.70 pg/ml. In regard to the age of cystitis patients urine level of this marker was significantly different (P<0.05), but there was not  any  significant increase in  IL-8 urine level according to sex, while IL-8 was with significant increase in Schistosomal chronic cystitis than non-Schistosomal cystitis. Lastly urine IL-8 showed specificity in diagnosis of cystitis 91.39% and more sensitivity 96.34%.

            Result of this study showed significant increase in urinary IL-8 concentration in cystitis patients, with significant correlation between IL-8 level with Schistsoma infection and age.