bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protecting‐Group‐Directed Diastereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydropyrroloquinolines
Authors: Chaudhari Tohasib Yusub , Mallampudi N. Arjunreddy , Bansal Deepak , Mohapatra Debendra K. , Tandon Vibha
Published: March 2020

An efficient and protecting‐group‐directed highly diastereoselective (≥ 99:1) synthesis of tetrahydro‐3H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐c]quinolines bearing four contiguous chiral centers was achieved by using intermolecular Michael addition followed by intramolecular Mannich cyclization strategy. The domino reaction proceeded well with a broad scope of substrates under mild conditions and afforded the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. The synthetic protocol provided a straightforward synthetic route to tetrahydropyrroloquinolines as single diastereomers, which are difficult to synthesize by other methodologies.
The Improved Photoelectrochemical Performance of WO3/BiVO4 Heterojunction Thin‐Film Photoanodes via Thermal Treatment
Authors: Phiankoh Soriya , Prajongtat Pongthep , Chareonpanich Metta , Munprom Ratiporn
Published: March 2020

Improvement in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of WO3/BiVO4 heterojunction photoanodes is achieved by thermal treatment. The heterostructure systems consist of WO3 and BiVO4 layers spin coated onto fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO)‐coated glass substrates. The morphology and optical properties are modified by varying annealing conditions and calcining time. The crystal structure, morphology, and optical properties are studied using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–vis spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that the WO3/BiVO4 photoanodes obtain an interconnected structure which helps promote the PEC activity by increasing the active area for reaction and shortening the distance for carrier diffusion. Also, the preannealing treatment can improve film qualities, namely crystallinity, uniformity, and optical absorbance, leading to an enhancement of the PEC performance. The optimal thermal treatment is preannealing at 60 °C for 15 min, followed by calcining at 400 °C for 5 h. The photoanode with such an optimal treatment exhibits the highest photocurrent density under light‐emitting diode (LED) illumination, and the efficiency is increased by 3–4 times compared with the others. Herein, a simple method is offered to improve the PEC performance of a heterojunction photoelectrode.
Stigma of eating disorders and recovery‐related outcomes: A systematic review
Authors: Foran Aoife‐Marie , O'Donnell Aisling T. , Muldoon Orla T.
Published: March 2020

Objective

People with eating disorders (EDs) tend to engage in behaviours that are ordinarily perceived as normal in society, such as restrictive dieting. However, when people are diagnosed with an ED, they may often feel stigmatized, which is likely to act as a barrier to recovery. To date, there is a limited understanding of how stigma of EDs impacts recovery‐related outcomes.

Method

A systematic search was performed using PsychINFO and PubMed. Multiple combined searches of terms relating to stigma, EDs, and recovery‐related outcomes were conducted. PRISMA guidelines were followed throughout the selection process and resulted in nine studies meeting specific inclusion criteria. The extracted data are examined in a critical narrative synthesis.

Results

Our review suggested that across different samples and measures, stigmatization of EDs is negatively related to a range of factors important for recovery. These include psychological, social and physical health outcomes, ED psychopathology and treatment‐seeking behaviours.

Conclusions

Based on the quality assessment, it was concluded that future research would benefit from the use of research designs that can demonstrate causality and generalize findings across community samples. Therefore, in order to improve recovery‐related outcomes, treatment plans must consider the type of ED stigma experienced and its relation with specific recovery‐related outcomes.
Recent trends and applications of polysaccharides for microencapsulation of probiotics
Authors: Liu Huan , Xie Mingyong , Nie Shaoping
Published: March 2020

The viability of probiotic bacteria is always questionable when they exposed to the harsh environment and thus microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria is generally applied to enhance the viability during processing, storage, and also for the target delivery in gastrointestinal tract. Polysaccharide is one of the most widely used wall material in the area of probiotic microencapsulation. However, with the increasing demand and new application areas for probiotic microcapsules, traditionally used polysaccharides can barely satisfy such challenges. Therefore, seeking for new kinds of polysaccharides with preponderant properties that suitable for probiotic microencapsulation is now catching the interest of researchers and has important implication. This review focuses on the application of polysaccharides in the area of probiotic microencapsulation, including to classify the traditional polysaccharides according to their characteristic properties used especially for microencapsulation of probiotics, as well as to give a critical perspective on emerging polysaccharides applied as wall materials to encapsulate probiotic bacteria.
Return predictability of variance differences: A fractionally cointegrated approach
Authors: Li Zhenxiong , Izzeldin Marwan , Yao Xingzhi
Published: March 2020

This paper examines the fractional cointegration between downside (upside) components of realized and implied variances. A positive association is found between the strength of their cofractional relation and the return predictability of their differences. That association is established via the common long‐memory component of the variances that are fractionally cointegrated, which represents the volatility‐of‐volatility factor that determines the variance premium. Our results indicate that market fears play a critical role not only in driving the long‐run equilibrium relationship between implied‐realized variances but also in understanding the return predictability. A simulation study further verifies these claims.
Intermediate confounding in trio relationships: The importance of complete data in effect size estimation
Authors: Tubbs Justin D. , Zhang Yan D. , Sham Pak C.
Published: March 2020

We present an important characteristic of trio models which may lead to bias and loss of power when one parent is unmodeled in trio analyses. Motivated by recent interest in estimating parental effects on postnatal and later‐life phenotypes, we consider a causal model where each parent has both an effect on their child's phenotype which is mediated through the genotype transmitted to the child and a direct effect on the phenotype through the parentally provided environment. We derive the power and bias of models in which one parent's genotype is not modeled, showing that while the effect of the child's genotype is biased in the direction of the unmodeled parent's effect as expected, the estimated effect of the observed parent's genotype is also biased in the opposite direction. While this phenomenon may not be intuitive under the assumption of random mating, it can be explained by intermediate confounding of the child's genotype–phenotype effect. These observations have implications for the accurate estimation of maternal and paternal effects in trio data sets with missing genotype data.
Residence Life and Housing Services: Why Mid‐Level Managers Are Integral to a Department's Success
Authors: Ellett Thomas , Stipeck Christopher J. , Pérez David
Published: March 2020

Mid‐level managers have the difficult task of juggling needs and direction of entry‐level staff with the demanding outcomes from their supervisors and senior leadership. To be successful, they must maneuver through demanding expectations from their supervisors while simultaneously garnering buy‐in from those they directly supervise in order to advance residence life and housing (RLH) initiatives. This chapter explores how mid‐level managers in RLH navigate these sometimes competing needs to be successful. This will include discussion of ways mid‐level staff provide institutional and professional knowledge, management, and supervision to the front‐line staff while at the same time providing critical support and operational expertise for the leadership of the department in the running of the daily student/staff development, facility oversight, and general programmatic initiatives to enhance the residential experience for the institution's residential population. Additionally, this chapter will provide a review of competencies and skills required for success in these positions.
Chronic viral infections impinge on naive bystander CD8 T cells
Authors: Barnstorf Isabel , Welten Suzanne P. M. , Borsa Mariana , Baumann Nicolas S. , Pallmer Katharina , Joller Nicole , Spörri Roman , Oxenius Annette
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Epidemiological data suggest that persistent viral infections impair immune homeostasis and immune responsiveness. Previous studies showed that chronic virus infections negatively impact bystander T‐cell differentiation and memory formation but there is limited knowledge of how chronic virus infections impinge on heterologous naive T‐cell populations.

Methods

We used adoptive transfer of naive CD8 T cells with defined nonviral specificity into hosts, which were subsequently chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, followed by analyses of numeric, phenotypic, and functional changes provoked in the chronically infected host.

Results

We demonstrate that chronic virus infections have a profound effect on the number and phenotype of naive bystander CD8 T cells. Moreover, primary expansion upon antigen encounter was severely compromised in chronically infected hosts. However, when naive bystander CD8 T cells were transferred from the chronically infected mice into naive hosts, they regained their expansion potential. Conversely, when chronically infected hosts were supplied with additional antigen‐presenting cells (APCs), primary expansion of the naive CD8 T cells was restored to levels of the uninfected hosts.

Conclusions

Our results document numeric, phenotypic, and functional adaptation of bystander naive CD8 T cells during nonrelated chronic viral infection. Their functional impairment was only evident in the chronically infected host, indicating that T‐cell extrinsic factors, in particular the quality of priming APCs, are responsible for the impaired function of naive bystander T cells in the chronically infected hosts.
Chrysin ameliorates hepatic steatosis induced by a diet deficient in methionine and choline by inducing the secretion of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α‐dependent very low‐density lipoprotein
Authors: Song Yu , Wu Wangfei , Sheng Liang , Jiang Bijie , Li Xiao , Cai Keshu
Published: March 2020

We investigated the effects of chrysin (CHR) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. The NAFLD mouse model was established using a diet deficient in methionine and choline (MCD). CHR was shown to attenuate MCD‐induced hepatic fat accumulation, increase very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and decrease hepatic oxidative stress in NAFLD mice. Inhibition of oxidative stress or direct suppression of protein kinase C (PKC) by CHR significantly reduced PKC activity in the liver, leading to a decrease in inhibitory phosphorylation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). The resulting activation of HNF4α led to induced transcription of apolipoprotein B and VLDL secretion. Together, these results show that CHR effectively ameliorates MCD‐induced fatty liver in NAFLD mice by targeting the hepatic oxidative stress/PKC/HNF4α signaling pathway.
Natural transition orbitals for complex two‐component excited state calculations
Authors: Kasper Joseph M. , Li Xiaosong
Published: March 2020

While the natural transition orbital (NTO) method has allowed electronic excitations from time‐dependent Hartree‐Fock and density functional theory to be viewed in a traditional orbital picture, the extension to multicomponent molecular orbitals such as those used in relativistic two‐component methods or generalized Hartree‐Fock (GHF) or generalized Kohn‐Sham (GKS) is less straightforward due to mixing of spin‐components and the inherent inclusion of spin‐flip transitions in time‐dependent GHF/GKS. An extension of single‐component NTOs to the two‐component framework is presented, in addition to a brief discussion of the practical aspects of visualizing two‐component complex orbitals. Unlike the single‐component analog, the method explicitly describes the spin and frequently obtains solutions with several significant orbital pairs. The method is presented using calculations on a mercury atom and a CrO2Cl2 complex.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of theophylline acetohydrazide hydrazone derivatives as antituberculosis agents
Authors: Gopinatha Vindya K. , Dukanya  , Mantelingu Kempegowda , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S.
Published: March 2020

A series of small molecules, theophylline acetohydrazide hydrazone derivatives were obtained via condensation of theophylline‐7‐acetohydrazide with different aromatic/heterocyclic aldehydes. The compounds were synthesized and characterized by using conventional methods. Further, the compounds and standard drugs were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain, the activity obtained was varying depending on the functional group attached to theophylline acetohydrazide hydrazone compounds. Among these, Br‐substituted compounds showed more potent against M. tuberculosis with MIC 3.6–4 μM and better than the reference drugs used. The molecular docking studies have shown the possible binding modes of the compounds with protein (PDB ID: 4RHX); the compound 4h has shown highest glide score and binding energy. For all compounds, ADME properties were predicted.
Immunohistological evaluation of mismatch repair deficiency in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treated with surgical resection
Authors: Otsuka Hiroyuki , Murakami Yoshiaki , Uemura Kenichiro , Kondo Naru , Nakagawa Naoya , Okada Kenjiro , Seo Shingo , Takahashi Shinya
Published: March 2020

Background

The frequency and prognosis of resected deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain unclear. This study was designed to assess the frequency of dMMR and its clinicopathological relevance in Japanese patients with PDAC treated with surgical resection.

Methods

A total of 400 consecutive patients with PDAC who underwent surgical resection at Hiroshima University were enrolled. Immunohistochemical staining with four antibodies including MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 was used to determine the presence of dMMR in PDAC specimens. Statistical analyses were applied to evaluate the frequency and clinical outcomes of these patients.

Results

Of these 400 patients, five (1.3%) had dMMR (two had MLH1 deficiency, two had PMS2 deficiency, and one had MSH2 deficiency). We found a significantly different histological differentiation pattern between patients with dMMR and those with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) (P = .03). Univariate survival analysis revealed no significant differences between dMMR and pMMR in recurrence‐free survival (P = .268) or overall survival (P = .173).

Conclusions

The incidence of dMMR in Japanese patients with resected PDAC is low, and we found no ethnic‐specific differences when comparing the incidence to that in Caucasian patients. In the current study, no significant difference was found in recurrence‐free and overall survival between patients with dMMR and pMMR.
Design and synthesis of novel quinoline derivatives bearing oxadiazole, isoxazoline, triazolothiadiazole, triazolothiadiazine, and piperazine moieties
Authors: Tang Zhiren , Peng Yang , Liu Fangming
Published: March 2020

A new series of 2,3‐disubstituted quinoline derivatives were synthesized from 2‐chloroquinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde. In the reaction sequence, acetanilide was cyclized to give 2‐chloroquinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde 1, which was transformed to 2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐carbaldehyde 2 by reaction with 4‐phenylpiperazine in DMF‐containing anhydrous K2CO3; then, compound 2 was oxidized by iodine in methanol, and methyl 2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinoline‐3‐carboxylate 3 was synthesized. The key intermediate 4, 4‐amino‐5‐[2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐yl]‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiol, was prepared using the ester 3 by a series of step. Reaction of 5 with various aromatic carboxylic acids or phenacyl bromides yielded 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 5a‐c and 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines 6a‐c, respectively. Moreover, compound 2 condensed with o‐phenylenediamine to give 2‐[2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐yl]‐1H‐benzimidazole 7. Interaction of 7 and 2‐chloromethyl‐5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles in the presence of K2CO3 led to the title compounds 8a‐c. Furthermore, 4,5‐dihydroisoxazoline derivatives 9a‐c were obtained by the reaction of readily accessible starting materials including 2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐carbaldehyde 2, 1‐phenyl‐2‐(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ethanone and hydroximoyl chlorides under mild conditions in the presence of Et3N. The hydrazone intermediates 10a‐c were obtained by the condensation of 2 with aroylhydrazides in ethanol, then, refluxing in acetic anhydride yielded 3‐acetyl‐5‐aryl‐2‐[2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐yl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles 11a‐c. Structures of these compounds were established by their elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral data.
Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral drugs against SARS, MERS or COVID‐19: initial assessment
Authors: Ford Nathan , Vitoria Marco , Rangaraj Ajay , Norris Susan L , Calmy Alexandra , Doherty Meg
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Several antiretroviral drugs are being considered for the treatment of COVID‐19, the disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus, (SARS‐CoV‐2). We systematically reviewed the clinical outcomes of using antiretroviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of coronaviruses and planned clinical trials.

Methods

Three databases were screened from inception to 30 March 2020 for studies reporting clinical outcomes of patients with SARS, MERS or COVID‐19 treated with antiretrovirals.

Results

From an initial screen of 433 titles, two randomized trials and 24 observational studies provided clinical outcome data on the use of antiretroviral drugs; most studies reported outcomes using LPV/r as treatment. Of the 21 observational studies reporting treatment outcomes, there were three studies among patients with SARS, six studies among patients with MERS and 12 studies among patients with COVID‐19. In one randomized trial 99 patients with severe COVID‐19 illness were randomized to receive LPV/r (400/100 mg twice a day) and 100 patients to standard of care for 14 days: LPV/r was not associated with a statistically significant difference in time to clinical improvement, although LPV/r given within 12 days of symptoms was associated with shorter time to clinical improvement; 28 day mortality was numerically lower in the LPV/r group (14/99) compared to the control group (25/100), but this difference was not statistically significant. The second trial found no benefit. The certainty of the evidence for the randomized trials was low. In the observational studies 3 out of 361 patients who received LPV/r died; the certainty of evidence was very low. Three studies reported a possible protective effect of LPV/r as post‐exposure prophylaxis. Again, the certainty of the evidence was very low due to uncertainty due to limited sample size.

Conclusions

On the basis of the available evidence it is uncertain whether LPV/r and other antiretrovirals improve clinical outcomes or prevent infection among patients at high risk of acquiring COVID‐19.
Evolutionary diversification in the raptorial forelegs of Mantodea: Relations to body size and depth perception
Authors: Oufiero Christopher E.
Published: March 2020

Limb proportions have evolved among animals to meet functional demands among diverse environments. Studies from terrestrial, vertebrate locomotion have demonstrated that variation in limb proportions have adaptively evolved so animals can perform in a given environment. Most of the research on limb proportion evolution is among vertebrates and terrestrial locomotion, with little information on limb segment evolution in invertebrates or for other functional roles. For example, among invertebrates, multisegmented raptorial forelimbs have evolved multiple times independently to capture prey, but there is little information on the adaptive evolution and diversity of these limbs. Furthermore, as feeding performance is influenced by the sensory system, few studies have examined the coevolution of sensory‐motor systems. Using mantises (Mantodea) I examined forelimb diversification among 97 species with a combination of methods, including ternary plots for morphospace visualization, phylogenetically informed allometric relationships, and comparison of evolutionary rates of diversification. Furthermore, using head width as a proxy for depth perception, I examined the correlated evolution of foreleg diversity with depth perception. The results show that among the three segments of the foreleg, the tibia is the smallest, most diverse, and has the highest rate of evolution after body size corrections. Furthermore, while all foreleg segments were related to head width, head width explained the most variation in tibial length compared with other foreleg segments. The results suggest a potential adaptive functional role of tibia length related to the displacement or force produced in this mechanical lever. Furthermore, results from this study support distinct ecomorphs of mantises, as several independent evolutions to grass mimicry evolve similar morphologies.

Research highlight

This study demonstrates interspecific variation among segments of an invertebrate raptorial foreleg. Among Mantodea species the tibia is the most diverse and is related to a proxy for depth perception, while the other segments had strong relationships with body size. This suggests an adaptive, functional role of the tibia during prey capture.
Using a Fork as a Hairbrush: Investigating Dual Routes to Release from Functional Fixedness
Authors: Weatherford Dawn R. , Esparza Lemira V. , Tedder Laura J. , Smith Olivia K. H.
Published: March 2020

Functional fixedness involves difficulty with conceptualizing creative object uses. When it obstructs problem‐solving, individuals must reframe their approach. We examined how different training techniques—chunk decomposition (i.e., considering an object’s basic parts and physical properties) and constraint relaxation (i.e., considering an object’s different functions)—might rely upon different routes to creative reframing. Additionally, we investigated how different forms of cognitive load interact with these dual routes. Participants learned one of three techniques. Chunk decomposition participants created object breakdown diagrams; constraint relaxation participants created object functions lists; and free association (control) participants wrote a word that they associated with each of several concrete nouns. After training, participants attempted to solve five functional fixedness problems. E1 investigated how increasing germane cognitive load via either direct or indirect prompting affected training transfer. Experiment 2 investigated how reducing extraneous cognitive load by providing no transfer instructions and using an eye‐closure strategy. Across both experiments, results supported differences in accuracy and response latency by training. However, chunk decomposition and constraint relaxation did not follow the same pattern, suggesting different mechanisms of the effect. We discuss possible applications to increase innovation in real‐world domains such as education, business, and engineering.
Dogs Detect Larger Wind Energy Effects on Bats and Birds
Authors: Smallwood K. Shawn , Bell Douglas A. , Standish Skye
Published: March 2020

As wind turbine‐caused mortality of birds and bats increases with increasing wind energy capacity, accurate fatality estimates are needed to assess effects, identify collision factors, and formulate mitigation. Finding a larger proportion of collision victims reduces the magnitude of adjustment for the proportion not found, thus reducing opportunities for bias. We tested detection dogs in trials of bat and small‐bird carcasses placed randomly in routine fatality monitoring at the Buena Vista and Golden Hills Wind Energy projects, California, USA, 2017. Of trial carcasses placed and confirmed available before next‐day fatality searches, dogs detected 96% of bats and 90% of small birds, whereas humans at a neighboring wind project detected 6% of bats and 30% of small birds. At Golden Hills dogs found 71 bat fatalities in 55 searches compared to 1 bat found by humans in 69 searches within the same search plots over the same season. Dog detection rates of trial carcasses remained unchanged with distance from turbine, and dogs found more fatalities than did humans at greater distances from turbines. Patterns of fatalities found by dogs within search plots indicated 20% of birds and 4–14% of bats remained undetected outside search plots at Buena Vista and Golden Hills. Dogs also increased estimates of carcass persistence by finding detection trial carcasses that the trial administrator had erroneously concluded were removed. Compared to human searches, dog searches resulted in fatality estimates up to 6.4 and 2.7 times higher for bats and small birds, respectively, along with higher relative precision and >90% lower cost per fatality detection. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Radiologically Defined Sarcopenia Affects Survival in Head and Neck Cancer: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wong Amanda , Zhu Daniel , Kraus Dennis , Tham Tristan
Published: March 2020

Objective

To determine whether radiologically defined sarcopenia at the C3 or L3 level as measured by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is prognostic of overall survival (OS) in head and neck cancers (HNCs).

Methods

Literature searches of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were conducted on July 12, 2019, to include articles written in the English language with no constraints on publication date. To be included in the analysis, articles had to report the prognostic impact of skeletal muscle mass measured radiologically at the C3 or L3 vertebral level in HNC patients; hazard ratios (HRs) for OS; 95% confidence intervals (CIs); be from a clinical trial, cohort, or case–control study; and have English full‐text availability. Articles were reviewed in consensus by two reviewers, with disagreements reviewed by a third reviewer. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses and Meta‐analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Checklist guidelines were used for reporting. Study quality assessment was performed using Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. The random‐effects DerSimonian and Laird method was used for meta‐analysis.

Results

Ten articles, nine retrospective and one prospective, were included in this meta‐analysis (n = 2,181 patients). Significant differences were found in OS for HNC patients with sarcopenia (HR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.64‐2.39; P < .00001). No heterogeneity was detected in either the overall or subgroup analyses.

Conclusions

Radiologically defined sarcopenia is a negative predictor of OS in patients with HNC. Early detection of sarcopenia in cancer patients may help guide nutritional and adjuvant support to improve treatment outcomes.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 131:333–341, 2021
COVID‐19 and the Otolaryngologist: Preliminary Evidence‐Based Review
Authors: Vukkadala Neelaysh , Qian Z. Jason , Holsinger F. Christopher , Patel Zara M. , Rosenthal Eben
Published: March 2020

The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), has rapidly swept across the world since its identification in December 2019. Otolaryngologists are at unique risk due to the close contact with mucus membranes of the upper respiratory tract and have been among the most affected healthcare workers in Wuhan, China. We present information on COVID‐19 management relevant to otolaryngologists on the frontlines of this pandemic and provide preliminary guidance based on practices implemented in China and other countries and practical strategies deployed at Stanford University. Laryngoscope, 130:2537–2543, 2020
More contact with mental health system appears to reduce youth suicide risk
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: March 2020

Continuity of care could prove to be an important component of reducing suicide rates among youth, as a population‐based study has found that a greater number of mental health visits was associated with reduced suicide risk.
APA poll finds nearly half anxious about getting COVID‐19
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: March 2020

Nearly half of Americans (48%) are anxious about the possibility of getting COVID‐19, and nearly four in 10 Americans (40%) are anxious about becoming seriously ill or dying from it, according to a new national poll released by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) March 15. However, many more Americans (62%) are anxious about the possibility of family and loved ones getting the coronavirus, the APA stated.
Existence of the non‐radially symmetric ground state for p‐Laplacian equations involving Choquard type
Authors: Lin Zhensheng , Chen Jianqing , Tang Xiuli
Published: March 2020

We consider some p‐Laplacian type equations with sum of nonlocal term and subcritical nonlinearities. We prove the existence of the ground states, which are positive. Because of including p=2, these results extend the results of Li, Ma and Zhang [Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Application 45(2019) 1‐25]. When p=2, N=3, by a variant variational identity and a constraint set, we can prove the existence of a non‐radially symmetric solution. Moreover, this solution u(x1, x2, x3) is radially symmetric with respect to (x1, x2) and odd with respect to x3.
Lump solutions of the 2D Toda equation
Authors: Sun Yong‐Li , Ma Wen‐Xiu , Yu Jian‐Ping
Published: March 2020

In this research, the lump solution, which is rationally localized and decays along the directions of space variables, of a 2D Toda equation is studied. The effective method of constructing the lump solutions of this 2D Toda equation is derived, and the constraint conditions that make the lump solutions analytical and positive are obtained as well. Finally, three classes of lump solutions are constructed, 3D plots, density plots, and contour plots are given to illustrate this proposed method.
Resilience of communication networks to random failures and disasters: An optimization perspective
Authors: Rak Jacek , Heegaard Poul E. , Helvik Bjarne E.
Published: March 2020

Communication networks are subject to many challenges leading to single or multiple failures of its elements. Example failure scenarios include unintentional failures due to scheduled maintenance activities or massive failures caused by disaster‐induced events. Therefore, it is crucial to enhance the networks with redundancy and resilience mechanisms able to maintain the availability of network services after a failure. As these problems are often inherently hard to solve to optimality, the role of time‐efficient approximation schemes is essential. In this paper, we highlight the selected problems of communication networks resilience addressed in this issue of Networks.
A new eco‐friendly green composite for antistatic packaging: Green low‐density polyethylene/glassy carbon
Authors: Oyama Isabela C. , de Souza Gabriel P. M. , Rezende Mirabel C. , Montagna Larissa S. , Passador Fabio R.
Published: March 2020

Antistatic packages are used to protect and storage sensitive electronic compounds, plates, and integrated circuit. To produce antistatic packages, polymers must have good mechanical properties and low electrical resistivity to prevent the accumulation of static electricity and damage the stored product. Many polymers can be used to produce packages, especially polyolefins. In the field of sustainable packaging, green low‐density polyethylene (green LDPE) has been highlighting in recent years due to its origin: sugar cane. Thus, it is a green polymer that has the same properties as LDPE obtained from petroleum. Due to its insulating character, it is necessary the addition of conductive fillers, thus in this work, glassy carbon (GC) was used as a conductive filler. GC is a carbon material made from furfuryl alcohol resin obtained from rice husk or sugar cane, it is a conductive material and can decrease the electrical resistivity of the green LDPE/GC composite, making it possible to use as an antistatic packaging. Eco‐friendly green composites based on green LDPE/GC with different contents of GC (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%) were prepared using a thermokinetic homogenizer. The green composites were characterized by mechanical and thermal properties, structural characteristics, water vapor permeability, optical properties, and impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the use of green LDPE/GC composites with low concentrations of GC (0.1 wt%) is feasible for the preparation of antistatic packaging since the green composites showed low electrical resistivity and improvement in elastic modulus.
Poverty Alleviation and Correction of Income Disparity Through Fiscal Spending on Education
Authors: Nakamura Yui
Published: March 2020

As demonstrated by human capital theory, accumulation of human capital through receiving education can increase individual incomes and may enable people to escape from poverty. However, education systems proposed by a utilitarian government exclude some individuals who cannot receive advanced education as a means of alleviating poverty. Moreover, such education systems usually expand income disparity between individuals who receive advanced education and those who do not. This study focuses on a possible situation in which education systems simultaneously enable poverty decline, correct income disparity, and maximize social welfare based on Bentham that is adopted by a utilitarian government. We then clarify a mechanism through which supporting and developing the individual educational environment can increase the quality of basic education and incomes of the poor even if they cannot receive advanced education.
The Focus on Poverty in the Most Influential Journals in Economics: A Bibliometric Analysis of the “Blue Ribbon” Journals
Authors: Cardoso Sara Mota , Teixeira Aurora A. C.
Published: March 2020

Scientific publications tend to influence policymakers significantly. Despite the scientific and social importance of poverty today, the attention the top economic journals (American Economic Review;Econometrica;International Economic Review;Journal of Economic Theory;Journal of Political Economy;Quarterly Journal of Economics;Review of Economic Studies)pay to the matter is not clear, particularly in the so‐called “Blue Ribbon” journals (andReview of Economics and Statistics). On the basis of bibliometric techniques, we analyzed all 27,322 articles published in the “Blue Ribbon” journals from 1970 to 2018. This is the first study on the scientific attention paid to poverty by the most influential journals in the field of economics. Two main findings can be highlighted: (i) the scientific attention paid to poverty in the Blue Ribbon journals is relatively meager, but it has observed a positive trend, increasing from a modest 0.36 percent of the total articles published in the 1970s to 1.92 percent of total publications in the 2010s; and (ii) the relative weight of specific poverty subtopics has significantly changed over the last 50 years, shifting from a focus on defining and measuring poverty in the earlier decades to policy‐related issues in the most recent period (2000 onward).
Citizens' Trust in Government and Their Greater Willingness to Pay Taxes in Tanzania: A Case Study of Mtwara, Lindi, and Dar es Salaam Regions
Authors: Byaro Mwoya , Kinyondo Abel
Published: March 2020

This article examines the citizens' trust in government and their willingness to pay taxes to improve public goods/services in Tanzania. Descriptive statistics show that 79.4 percent of the citizens trust the government. The findings show that a citizen's trust in government varies positively and significantly with the quality of public goods/services. An increase of one unit of public service delivery is associated with an increase in a citizen's trust in the government. A χ2 test shows a significant association between a citizen's trust in the government and willingness to pay more taxes for improved public services. About 91.3 percent of citizens were willing to pay more taxes if public services were improved. A higher level of citizens' trust in government and good quality of public service delivery encourage greater willingness to pay taxes in order to improve public services. Therefore, targeting public policies toward dissatisfied citizens is critical to making a stronger impact on trust in government.
Synthesis and Characterization of Gelled High‐Density Fuels with Low‐Molecular Mass Gellant
Authors: Cao Jinwen , Zhang Yong‐Chao , Pan Lun , Shi Chengxiang , Zhang Xiangwen , Zou Ji‐Jun
Published: March 2020

The demand for high performance and safer fuels has led to an ever increasing interest on gelled fuels. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of gelled high‐density fuels with low‐molecular mass gellants (LMMGs). This LMMG is synthesized simply by one step reaction and shows excellent gelling ability with the critical gellant concentration less than 1 %. Scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that LMMGs self‐assemble into fibrous structures and create a 3D network structure by crosslink of these fibers, which constructs the basic network of gel. The basic physical and thermal properties of gelled fuels such as gel transition temperature (TG), density, centrifugal stability and heat of combustion were investigated. Thermal characterizations reveal that the gels are thermally reversible and the TG increases with the concentration of gellant. Physical stability determined by the ratio of gel‐liquid separation under high speed centrifugation shows that gelled quadricyclane (QC) and exo‐tetrahydrotricyclopentadiene (HDF−T1) exhibit good physical stability. Rheological measurements show that the gels are shear‐thinning and the viscosity increases with an increasing amount of gellant. The viscosity of gelled QC is the highest among four gelled fuels, followed by gelled HDF−T1. The strain sweep tests and frequency‐sweep tests show that gelled QC also has superior mechanical strength while the gelled kerosene (RP‐3) has the lowest strength. Gel with higher strength has a higher viscosity and better physical stability due to a more stable internal structure and stronger resistance to deformation.
Identification and in silico bioinformatics analysis of PR10 proteins in cashew nut
Authors: Bastiaan‐Net Shanna , Pina‐Pérez Maria C. , Dekkers Bas J. W. , Westphal Adrie H. , America Antoine H. P. , Ariëns Renata M. C. , de Jong Nicolette W. , Wichers Harry J. , Mes Jurriaan J.
Published: March 2020

Proteins from cashew nut can elicit mild to severe allergic reactions. Three allergenic proteins have already been identified, and it is expected that additional allergens are present in cashew nut. pathogenesis‐related protein 10 (PR10) allergens from pollen have been found to elicit similar allergic reactions as those from nuts and seeds. Therefore, we investigated the presence of PR10 genes in cashew nut. Using RNA‐seq analysis, we were able to identify several PR10‐like transcripts in cashew nut and clone six putative PR10 genes. In addition, PR10 protein expression in raw cashew nuts was confirmed by immunoblotting and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analyses. An in silico allergenicity assessment suggested that all identified cashew PR10 proteins are potentially allergenic and may represent three different isoallergens.
Dielectric Dispersion at the Mn/ZnPc Interfaces
Authors: Qasrawi Atef F. , Zyoud Hadeel M.
Published: March 2020

Herein, the effects of manganese transparent (150 nm) substrates on the structural, nonlinear optical, and dielectric properties of zinc phthalocyanine are explored. ZnPc thin films are observed to exhibit deformed crystal structure associated with remarkable enhancement in the light absorbability by 21 times at 2.62 eV and by 173 times in the near‐infrared (NIR) region of light upon replacement of glass by transparent Mn substrates. The Mn layer also causes a redshift in the energy bandgap, allows generation of free carrier absorption process and increases the dielectric constant by more than 169% in the NIR region. The interaction between the manganese substrates with the organic ZnPc thin layers decreases the free holes density, widens the plasmon frequency range, and improves the drift mobility of holes. The nonlinear dielectric response with the highly improved light absorbability in the NIR range of light nominates the Mn/ZnPc thin films for optoelectronic applications.
On the design of nonparametric runs‐rules schemes using the Markov chain approach
Authors: Shongwe Sandile C.
Published: March 2020

The aim of this paper is to highlight some concerns about the partly inaccurate manner in which the currently available2‐of‐2and2‐of‐3simple and improved runs‐rules charts based on the sign and the signed‐rank statistics were designed using Markov chain matrix. Because of the memory‐less property of the Markov chains, the empirical average run‐length (ARL) values were not affected; but the design structure of the matrix makes it difficult to formulate the general expressions of theARLexplicitly. Also, the dimension (and consequently, the simplicity) of the transition probability matrices (TPMs) and the false alarm rates expressions were affected negatively. Thus, we present some zero‐ and steady‐state formulae that make it easier to construct some key elements of the run‐length distribution (including the TPMs) of the simple and improved 2‐of‐(H+ 1) runs‐rules charts based on the sign and the signed‐rank statistics, for any positive integer valueH> 0, not justH= 1 and 2, as currently available for these monitoring schemes, so that any interested reader may use these formulae to obtain the corresponding empirical study.
When to Make the Sensory Social: Registering in Face‐to‐Face Openings
Authors: Pillet‐Shore Danielle
Published: March 2020

This article analyzes naturally occurring video‐recorded openings during which participants make the sensory social through the action of registering—calling joint attention to a selected, publicly perceivable referent so others shift their sensory attention to it. It examines sequence‐initial actions that register referents for which a participant is regarded as responsible. Findings demonstrate a systematic preference organization which observably guides when and how people initiate registering sequences sensitive to ownership of, and displayed stance toward, the target referent. Analysis shows how registering an owned referent achieves intersubjectivity and puts involved participants' face, affiliation, and social relationship on the line. A video abstract is available at
https://youtu.be/rNL70vawG3o
Connecting Learning About the Earth to Societal Issues: Downstream Effects on Faculty Teaching
Authors: Iverson Ellen R. , Wetzstein Lia J.
Published: March 2020

This chapter describes InTeGrate, a national sustainability curricular development program, and the influence of the program on instructors who created the curriculum as well as those who utilized the InTeGrate curriculum in their courses.
Observing once‐in‐a‐lifetime weather: the severe gale of 8 January 2005
Authors: Goodall Trevor
Published: March 2020

One of the most memorable weather events in my 42 years of observing occurred on the morning of Saturday 8 January 2005, during the time when I was keeping weather records from my home on the West Cliff at Whitby, North Yorkshire. A severe gale, with gusts approaching 90 knots, caused considerable structural damage to my property – and resulted in an abrupt and unfortunate termination of my anemometer record.
State‐Level Political Institutions Matter: The Balance of Powers Among Governors, Legislatures, and Direct Democracy Influences Medicaid Expansion Decisions
Authors: O'Mahen Patrick , Petersen Laura
Published: March 2020

Why have some Republican‐controlled states controlled expanded Medicaid while others have not? Research into state expansion decisions has emphasized partisanship, interest groups, legislative professionalization, and available resources. In contrast, we evaluate the impact of political institutions, which are rules that govern how officials reach policy decisions. We explain how different state institutional structures can lead to different expansion decisions, given similar partisan control patterns. We describe varying gubernatorial powers over Medicaid programs and analyze the potential of voter‐led initiatives to impose expansion on recalcitrant elected officials. Finally, we describe how politicians change rules to make it more likely that their preferences are enacted. Overall, focusing on institutions in addition to partisanship and interest groups more effectively illuminates the expansion prospects in holdout states. This allows for an effective illustration of potential roadmaps and roadblocks for pursuing both Medicaid expansion and other state‐level health reforms that can improve access and equity of health care.