bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Position of the rotator cuff footprint in relation to the centre of rotation of the humeral head
Authors: Caruana Ethan , Wigderowitz Carlos , Harrold Fraser
Published: January 2018

Background

The objective of the present study was to determine the size and position of the rotator cuff moment arms constructed from the cuff footprints, incident on the line of force acting through the humeral head.

Methods

Five humeri were dissected, leaving the footprints of the rotator cuff intact. Each of the rotator cuff footprints and the cartilage/calcar interface were digitized and the articular surface was scanned using a high precision surface laser scanner. All of the data were merged into the same coordinate system. The centroid of each cuff footprint, centroid of the articular surface of the humerus (G) and the centroid of the articular surface of the glenoid (P) were calculated. Moment arms were measured as the intersection of a perpendicular line of force from each footprint centroid onto the resultant line of force to the centroid of the Glenoid (P).

Results

The mean moment arms of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis muscles were incident close to the centroid (G), whereas teres minor was lateral to the centroid, consistently.

Conclusions

The teres minor moment arm aligned distal to the centroid of the sphere, consistently. The results may provide an understanding of the function of each muscle as a mobilizer or stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint. Further investigation is necessary.
Implementation of universal rapid human immunodeficiency virus screening on labor and delivery
Authors: Crochet Stacia , Huang Chun-Chih , Fries Melissa , Scott Rachel K.
Published: January 2018

Background:

A case of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV at a medical center in Washington, DC, resulted in the implementation of universal opt-out rapid testing of patients admitted for delivery. This article evaluates the policy’s efficacy and implementation.

Methods:

We evaluated the implementation using the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework.

Results:

We could not evaluate decrease in MTCT rate secondary to low sample size ( n = 3324) and no true-positive results. Patients not tested ( n = 458) were predominately secondary to physician omission (93.7%) and were more likely to be White ( p < 0.01) and older ( p < 0.01). There was a negative relationship with physician omission over time.

Conclusion:

The policy was successfully implemented with decreasing proportions of patients not tested. Earlier inclusion of testing into standard admission orders and nurse-based approach may have expedited adoption. Given the low incidence of new HIV diagnosis in labor, we were unable to assess decrease in MTCT.
Chronicity of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency, Part 1: Effects on the Tibiofemoral Relationship Before and Immediately After Anatomic ACL Reconstruction With Autologous Hamstring Grafts
Authors: Tanaka Yoshinari , Kita Keisuke , Takao Rikio , Amano Hiroshi , Uchida Ryohei , Shiozaki Yoshiki , Yonetani Yasukazu , Kinugasa Kazutaka , Mae Tatsuo , Horibe Shuji
Published: January 2018

Background:

It remains unclear whether the tibiofemoral relationship in the sagittal plane is restored after anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, particularly in cases of chronic ACL deficiency (ACLD).

Hypothesis:

Patients with long-term ACLD will exhibit an anteriorly subluxed tibia both preoperatively and immediately postoperatively, even after anatomic reconstruction.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

In total, 358 patients who had undergone anatomic ACL reconstruction with autologous semitendinosus grafts were divided into 5 groups based on chronicity of ACLD: (1) 0 to 6 months, (2) 6 months to 1 year, (3) 1 to 2 years, (4) 2 to 5 years, and (5) longer than 5 years. Preoperatively and immediately postoperatively, all patients underwent lateral radiography in extension to evaluate the tibiofemoral relationship, specifically with regard to anterior tibial subluxation (ATS), space for the ACL (sACL), and extension angle. Demographic and radiographic factors were compared among the 5 groups.

Results:

Preoperative ATS values in groups 4 (mean ± SD, 2.9 ± 2.1 mm) and 5 (2.6 ± 1.9 mm) were significantly greater than in group 1 (1.6 ± 1.9 mm). Postoperatively, the tibia was posteriorly overconstrained in all groups, and there was no difference in immediately postoperative ATS among the 5 groups. Further evaluation of the tibiofemoral relationship in the sagittal plane revealed that the mean preoperative side-to-side difference in sACL (sACL-SSD) was greater in groups 4 (2.5 ± 1.6 mm) and 5 (2.2 ± 1.7 mm) than in group 1 (1.2 ± 1.5 mm). Immediately after ACL reconstruction, however, there were no group-dependent differences in sACL-SSD. No significant group-dependent differences were found for extension deficit.

Conclusion:

Chronicity of ACLD had an effect on the preoperative tibiofemoral relationship in the sagittal plane, including ATS and sACL-SSD, especially in patients with ACLD longer than 2 years. However, preoperative extension deficit was not influenced by chronicity. Immediately postoperatively, chronicity did not affect the ability of anatomic ACL reconstruction to reduce subluxation.
Professional perceptions of the effectiveness of visual communication systems and their applications for functional communication interventions for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Alexander Elizabeth , Dille Lisa
Published: January 2018

Background & aims

This study investigated the perceptions of educational professionals in regard to the effectiveness of visual communication systems and their applications as a functional communication intervention for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Methods

One hundred and one individuals from diverse educational backgrounds, school districts, educational services, and various states were surveyed for this study. All participants in this study served individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder in a clinical and/or school setting.

Results

The study found that aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems were widely utilized, and participants perceived these systems as the most effective for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It also found that the use of low level tech aided augmentative communication systems such as Picture Exchange System and high level tech systems such as voice output systems that were strictly computer based, were dependent on the individual's abilities and needs. Finally, the study found that the use of photography and photo journaling techniques had positive outcomes for individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder and other students in the learning environment.

Conclusions

The results revealed that the overall consensus of educational professionals that serve individuals with ASD agreed that aided AAC systems were more effective methods to foster and enhance functional communication. In terms of effectiveness of the level of technology utilized within the system, it depends on the needs and abilities of the individual with ASD. Participants, however, did agree that photography and photo journaling techniques may provide positive attributes to all students and not only those diagnosed with ASD.

Implications

The ability to modify or alter the ways in which AAC systems are created and implemented may address the need to individualize the systems in terms of the needs and abilities of the individual with ASD. The results inform educational practices as they highlight that a majority of the professionals that participated in this study need further professional development with the understanding and application of these systems in order to better understand their benefits and what they have to offer individuals with ASD. The results also provided a lens through the professionals' experiences into the classrooms by providing information from professionals that utilize and implement these systems daily including their successes in aiding communication effectively.
Robust time-frequency analysis of seismic data using general linear chirplet transform
Authors: Huang Yucheng , Zheng Xiaodong , Duan Yanting , Luan Yi
Published: January 2018

Time-frequency analysis (TFA) has been widely used in seismic processing and interpretation. A good time-frequency representation can preferably characterize geologic spatial distribution and detect hydrocarbon reservoir anomalies. This paper applies a robust seismic TFA method based on the general linear chirplet transform (GLCT). The GLCT method is an extended form of LCT, which is a unifying framework encompassing the short time Fourier transform (STFT) and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) using the chirplet atom as the kernel function instead of the sinusoidal wave or wavelets. By rotating the chirplet atom at each time-frequency point, GLCT method could adaptively choose the best atom to fit the local time-frequency feature of seismic signals. The algorithm follows such a simple logic and produces a broadband time-frequency spectrum free of cross-term interference, resulting in good performance characterizing the instantaneous spectral variations. Synthetic data analysis demonstrates that the GLCT method is able to reach a higher energy concentration in the time-frequency plane than conventional methods. Robustness analysis indicates that GLCT produces more stable results that outperform not only STFT, CWT, but also high-resolution methods such as the synchrosqueezing transform and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition in the case of noisy data. The application to field data illustrates that the isofrequency attributes extracted by GLCT through spectral decomposition could effectively image subtle stratigraphic structures of the subsurface paleotopography and highlight the frequency anomalies associated with hydrocarbons. Sometimes, these anomalies might be otherwise inundated in the background noise. Our method can be a validation tool for seismic facies interpretation improvement and direct hydrocarbon indication in practice.
Joint petrophysical inversion of multifrequency conductivity and permittivity logs derived from subsurface galvanic, induction, propagation, and dielectric dispersion measurements
Authors: Han Yifu , Misra Siddharth
Published: January 2018

Borehole-based subsurface electromagnetic (EM) measurements, namely, galvanic resistivity (laterolog), induction, propagation, and dielectric dispersion logs, are commonly used for water-saturation estimation in hydrocarbon-bearing formations. EM logs exhibit frequency dependence due to the interfacial polarization (IP) effects arising from clay-grain surfaces, conductive minerals, and charge blockage in pore throats. IP effects in shale formations adversely affect the log-derived water-saturation estimates, especially when there is low porosity, high salinity, the presence of pyrite disseminations, and high clay concentration. Conventional EM log-interpretation methods estimate water saturation in shale formations by separately interpreting the galvanic, induction, propagation, and dielectric dispersion logs using various empirical models or mixing laws. This approach leads to significant variations and uncertainties in petrophysical estimations. We have developed an inversion-based joint petrophysical interpretation of multifrequency effective electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity logs derived from various combinations of the four aforementioned downhole EM logs acquired in clay- and pyrite-rich shale formations. The proposed joint-interpretation method uses a single mechanistic model that accounts for the IP effect arising from clay and conductive mineral grains, thereby generating physically consistent water-saturation estimates in shales. The proposed inversion-based interpretation also generates estimates of formation brine conductivity, surface conductance of clay, and average radius of clay and conductive mineral grains. The proposed method is applied to one field case and three synthetic geologic formations, with varying clay type, conductive mineral properties, and water saturation. Further, the sensitivity of inversion-derived estimates to the presence of various types of noise in the EM logs is investigated. The joint petrophysical inversion algorithm is applied to field broadband dispersion EM data acquired in an organic-rich shale formation. Water saturation, brine conductivity, surface conductance of clay, and radius of clay were consistently estimated in the shale formation using various combinations of available EM logs.
Availability of WHO Essential Medicines for Cancer Treatment in Botswana
Authors: Martei Yehoda M. , Chiyapo Sebathu , Grover Surbhi , Ramogola-Masire Doreen , Dryden-Peterson Scott , Shulman Lawrence N. , Tapela Neo
Published: January 2018

Purpose

Stock outs of cancer drugs are potentially fatal but have not been systematically studied in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the availability and alignment of the Botswana National Essential Medicines List (NEML) for cancer drugs with the WHO’s Essential Medicines List (EML).

Methods

The availability and cost of cancer drugs were analyzed using data from a weekly stock catalog sent by Botswana’s Central Medical Store to all pharmacy departments in government hospitals. Comparative data were extracted from the WHO EML and the “International Drug Price Indicator Guide-2014” from the Management Sciences for Health. Interviews with key informants were used to collect data on the Botswana NEML and the drug supply chain in the public sector.

Results

The 2015 Botswana NEML for cancer had 80.5% alignment with the WHO EML. At least 40% of essential drugs were out of stock for a median duration of 30 days in 2015. Stock outs affected chemotherapy drugs included in first-line regimens for treating potentially curable diseases such as cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer and were not associated with buyer price of therapy. Analyses showed that the median price ratio for procured drugs was greater than 1 for 61% of the NEML drugs, which suggests inefficiency in procurement in the public sector.

Conclusions

Botswana has one of the highest alignments of NEML to the WHO EML in the sub-Saharan African region, which is consistent with investment in the health care system evident in other clinical spheres. Better quantification of chemotherapy requirements using data from the National Cancer Registry and resource-sensitive treatment guidelines can help reduce stock outs and facilitate more effective and efficient procurement processes.
nextPARS: parallel probing of RNA structures in Illumina
Authors: Saus Ester , Willis Jesse R. , Pryszcz Leszek P. , Hafez Ahmed , Llorens Carlos , Himmelbauer Heinz , Gabaldón Toni
Published: January 2018

RNA molecules play important roles in virtually every cellular process. These functions are often mediated through the adoption of specific structures that enable RNAs to interact with other molecules. Thus, determining the secondary structures of RNAs is central to understanding their function and evolution. In recent years several sequencing-based approaches have been developed that allow probing structural features of thousands of RNA molecules present in a sample. Here, we describe nextPARS, a novel Illumina-based implementation of in vitro parallel probing of RNA structures. Our approach achieves comparable accuracy to previous implementations, while enabling higher throughput and sample multiplexing.
The control of paramyxovirus genome hexamer length and mRNA editing
Authors: Matsumoto Yusuke , Ohta Keisuke , Kolakofsky Daniel , Nishio Machiko
Published: January 2018

The unusual ability of a human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2) nucleoprotein point mutation (NPQ202A) to strongly enhance minigenome replication was found to depend on the absence of a functional, internal element of the bipartite replication promoter (CRII). This point mutation allows relatively robust CRII-minus minigenome replication in a CRII-independent manner, under conditions in which NPwt is essentially inactive. The nature of the amino acid at position 202 apparently controls whether viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) can, or cannot, initiate RNA synthesis in a CRII-independent manner. By repressing genome synthesis when vRdRp cannot correctly interact with CRII, gln202 of N, the only residue of the RNA-binding groove that contacts a nucleotide base in the N-RNA, acts as a gatekeeper for wild-type (CRII-dependent) RNA synthesis. This ensures that only hexamer-length genomes are replicated, and that the critical hexamer phase of the cis-acting mRNA editing sequence is maintained.
Coming to Terms with Social Life
Authors: Erikson Kai
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how three masters of the sociological tradition—Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber—came to terms with social life. Two major themes run throughout Marx's work: the first has to do with the effects of the class struggle on the human spirit; the second has to do with the effects of class struggle on human thought and human institutions, a topic he dealt with under the general headings of class consciousness and ideology. The chapter also considers Durkheim's views on the nature of the social order and on the nature of sociology, and more specifically on questions such as those relating to division of labor, suicide, and religious life. Finally, it discusses Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism as well as his thoughts on topics ranging from the nature of sociology to forms of political authority.
It Seemed Like the Whole Bay Died
Authors: Erikson Kai
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on the Native peoples of Alaska. The disaster occurred in March 1989, when the supertanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on a reef in Prince William Sound. At least eleven million gallons of crude oil blackened more than a thousand miles of Alaskan coastline. The chapter considers what harm the disaster did to the Native individuals exposed to it and what damage it caused to the texture of their customary ways of life. In particular, it analyzes the ways that the oil spill affected the Alutiiq people's subsistence life as well as the Native way of being. It also discusses the Alutiiq's feeling of homelessness in the wake of the disaster.
Postscripts
Authors: Erikson Kai
Published: January 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Marvellous Foolishness
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the English bishops demonstrated the indispensability of their jurisdiction by launching a campaign to eradicate heresy. There is no doubting the seriousness with which heresy was taken in early Tudor England, or the determination of church leaders to see it eradicated. In February 1512, John Colet reminded the Fathers of Convocation that the realm was nowadays ‘grieved of heretics, men mad with marvellous foolishness’. His suggestion that the wicked lifestyle of priests itself represented a kind of heresy was calculated to concentrate minds on the problems facing the Church of England, and the weight of moral demand on those charged with addressing them. In England, the people accused of heresy were known as Lollards. The chapter first considers the heretics' link to reformation of the Church before discussing the inner worlds of Lollardy.
Enraged
Authors: Anhalt Emily Katz
Published: January 2018

Millennia ago, Greek myths exposed the dangers of violent rage and the need for empathy and self-restraint. Homer's Iliad, Euripides' Hecuba, and Sophocles' Ajax show that anger and vengeance destroy perpetrators and victims alike. Composed before and during the ancient Greeks' groundbreaking movement away from autocracy toward more inclusive political participation, these stories offer guidelines for modern efforts to create and maintain civil societies. The book reveals how these three masterworks of classical Greek literature can teach us, as they taught the ancient Greeks, to recognize violent revenge as a marker of illogical thinking and poor leadership. These time-honored texts emphasize the costs of our dangerous penchant for glorifying violent rage and those who would indulge in it. By promoting compassion, rational thought, and debate, Greek myths help to arm us against the tyrants we might serve and the tyrants we might become.
Lions and Lambs
Authors: Strote Noah Benezra
Published: January 2018

Not long after the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust, Germans rebuilt their shattered country and emerged as one of the leading nations of the Western liberal world. This book analyzes this remarkable turnaround and challenges the widely held perception that the Western Allies—particularly the United States—were responsible for Germany's transformation. Instead, the book shows how common opposition to Adolf Hitler united the fractious groups that had once vied for supremacy under the Weimar Republic, Germany's first democracy (1918–1933). The book's character-driven narrative follows ten Germans of rival worldviews who experienced the breakdown of Weimar society, lived under the Nazi dictatorship, and together assumed founding roles in the democratic reconstruction. While many have imagined postwar Germany as the product of foreign-led democratization, this study highlights the crucial role of indigenous ideas and institutions that stretched back decades before Hitler. Foregrounding the resolution of key conflicts that crippled the country's first democracy, the book presents a new model for understanding the origins of today's Federal Republic.
Raised on Christian Milk
Authors: Penniman John David
Published: January 2018

What if the idea that “you are what you eat” weren’t a simple metaphor? What if it revealed a deeper medical, moral, and religious history about the relationship between food and the soul? In the early Roman Empire, food (and especially breast milk) was invested with the power to transfer characteristics, improve intellect, and establish bonds of kinship. Ancient Jews and Christians participated in this discourse surrounding the symbolic power of food and feeding. This book explores the legacy and complex history of food, feeding, and the formation of ancient religious cultures. Highlighting the apostle Paul’s reference to breastfeeding in 1 Corinthians 3, the book argues that this metaphor must be viewed as the result of social ideologies and embodied practices focused on the feeding of infants that were prominent throughout the Greco-Roman world. Drawing upon Paul and this broader cultural context, a wide range of early Christian authors (including Irenaeus of Lyon, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Gregory of Nyssa, and Augustine of Hippo) used milk and solid food to think about how humans become what they eat—for good or for ill. In so doing, the book demonstrates the deep connection between “eating well” and “being well” for diverse models of growth, education, and identity within early Christianity.
Paul
Authors: Fredriksen Paula
Published: January 2018

Often seen as the author of timeless Christian theology, Paul himself heatedly maintained that he lived and worked in history's closing hours. His letters propel his readers into two ancient worlds, one Jewish, one pagan. The first was incandescent with apocalyptic hopes, expecting God through his messiah Jesus Christ to fulfill his ancient promises of redemption to Israel. The second teemed with ancient actors, not only human but also divine: angry superhuman forces, jealous demons, and hostile cosmic gods. Both worlds are Paul's, and his convictions about the first shaped his actions in the second. Only by situating Paul within this charged social context of gods and humans, pagans and Jews, cities, synagogues, and competing Christ-following assemblies can we begin to understand his mission and message. The book offers a dramatically new perspective on one of history's seminal figures.
One Hot Summer
Authors: Ashton Rosemary
Published: January 2018

While 1858 in London may have been noteworthy for its broiling summer months and the related stench of the sewage-filled Thames River, the year is otherwise little remembered. And yet, this book reveals in this microhistory, 1858 was marked by significant, if unrecognized, turning points. For ordinary people, and also for the rich, famous, and powerful, the months from May to August turned out to be a summer of consequence. The book uncovers historically crucial moments in the lives of three protagonists — Charles Dickens, Charles Darwin, and Benjamin Disraeli. It also introduces others who gained renown in the headlines of the day, among them George Eliot, Karl Marx, William Thackeray, and Edward Bulwer Lytton. The book reveals invisible threads of connection among Londoners at every social level in 1858, bringing the celebrated city and its citizens vibrantly to life.
Policy events
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N. , Webb P. Taylor
Published: January 2018

The first chapter introduces and discusses the theoretical choices of the book. The chapter introduces how education policy can be thought of in ways consistent with the philosophical and historical ideas of an event. Through the idea of an event, the chapter discusses the ideas of race and racism, recognition and representation, cities and neoliberalism, biopolitics, and eventalisation.
Theoretical and conceptual issues in the extending working lives agenda
Authors: Krekula Clary , Vickerstaff Sarah
Published: January 2018

The policy debate on older people's extended participation in working life is not based on a social movement, such as the one putting forward demands on job opportunities for women, and has, by means of categorical stereotypes, mostly characterised older people as the problem. This narrative of individual choices and decisions presents older workers as de-gendered, de-classed individuals, shorn of their individual biographies and social contexts. It also treats the issue of extending working life as a phenomenon disconnected from surrounding society and trends. This line of reasoning points to the need for more sophisticated theoretical foundations. This chapter therefore provides a more encompassing framework for the discussion of extending working lives and outlines a new research agenda, including a power perspective with potential to shed light on age-based inequality, an intersectional perspective and a masculinity perspective which challenges the homogenous descriptions of older workers, a feminist understanding of work and a life course perspective which provides a framework which links the previous three.
From marriage to alternative union forms
Authors: Bildtgård Torbjörn , Öberg Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates union form in older people’s intimate relationships. It questions the assumption that older people are conservative in their choice of union form because they grew up in a time when marriage was the norm for intimate relationships, and shows that with regard to union form, older people tend to follow the times they live in, being part of the transformation of intimacy. It also argues that the later phase of life seems to have its own conditions that shape the choice of union form, such as having a wealth of earlier relationship experiences, being in a phase beyond work and reproduction, and having a restricted remaining lifetime.
Consequences for social network and support structures
Authors: Bildtgård Torbjörn , Öberg Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates how the introduction of a new partner affects the wider social network. The chapter shows that in most cases a new partner is integrated into the older individual’s social network and illustrates how existing relationships are renegotiated as a consequence. Second, it shows that the partner is viewed as a resource for autonomy, both for the older individual and for their children. Third, it shows that a new partner tends to replace children and friends as the preferred provider of different forms of social support. The chapter concludes by discussing different theoretical ways of understanding older people’s social support networks and by relating these theories to Swedish survey data.
Time as a structuring condition for new intimate relationships in later life6
Authors: Bildtgård Torbjörn , Öberg Peter
Published: January 2018

It is often claimed that ‘love is ageless’. But is this really true? This chapter raises the question: is there something that sets intimate relationships in later life apart from relationships in earlier parts of the life course? While earlier chapters have considered how intimate relationships in later life are shaped by historical and cultural conditions, this chapter instead focuses on how they are shaped by the particular existential structure of later life. It is argued that old age is a life phase characterized by a paradox of time: that of having lots of available free time, but little time left in life – and that this existential structure shapes intimacy in later life. It is further argued that the scope of this theoretical insight is much wider than the topic of intimate relationships.
Enterprising activism
Authors: Bassel Leah , Emejulu Akwugo
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, we explore how the changing politics of the third sector under austerity problematises minority women’s intersectional social justice claims in Scotland, England and France. We begin by exploring the ‘governable terrain’ of the third sector in each country since the 1990s. As the principle of a ‘welfare mix’ becomes normalised in each country, the reality of having different welfare providers vying for state contracts seems to prompt isomorphic changes whereby third sector organisations refashion themselves in the image of the private sector as a necessity for survival. We then move on to discuss the impact these changes in the third sector are having on minority women’s activism. We analyse how the idea of enterprise has become entrenched within these organisations and how an enterprise culture is problematically reshaping the ways in which organisations think about their mission, practices and programmes of work—especially in relation to minority women. We conclude with a discussion about what the marketisation of the third sector means for minority women. We argue that political racelessness is enacted through enterprise as minority women’s interests are de-politicised and de-prioritised through the transformation of the third sector.
The politics of survival
Authors: Bassel Leah , Emejulu Akwugo
Published: January 2018

In this chapter we explore minority women’s strategies for survival in informal spaces: self help groups, DIY networks and grassroots community organisations, as well as our participants’ personal narratives of and reflections on coping within neoliberal third sector organisations. Throughout this book ‘activism’ is defined broadly in order to capture the diverse ways in which minority women assert themselves as political agents. We argue that minority women’s activism is either misrecognised or erased by the white left. Given this hostility to a politics that is organised on the basis of race, gender and legal status, this problematises the solidarity work that minority women activists seek to build with their white counterparts as well as ignoring the political dimensions of selfcare. We centre the activism of minority women and note that it is often connected to third sector spaces and should not be dismissed as ‘inauthentic’ for this reason. We conclude by demanding that this politics of survival be recognised as a first step toward solidarity and alliances.
Towards a new economics: concepts and experiences from Latin America
Authors: Coraggio José Luis
Published: January 2018

In this chapter the Social and Solidarity Economy is presented both as an alternative theory and a counterhegemonic program of political action that challenges the tenets of the market economy of neoliberal doctrine. The proposal is framed within a substantive economy approach based on the works of Marx and Polanyi. The categories of a substantive economic analysis regarding ethical and specifically economic principles and institutions are outlined. Recent advances in the line of a Social and Solidarity Economy are sketched for some of the Latin American national-popular political processes (Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Argentina, with some references to Brazil), including an especial reference to the new constitutions and public policies and the tensions between different objectives revealed within them.
Innovation, cooperatives and inclusive development: rethinking technological change and social inclusion
Authors: Becerra Lucas , Thomas Hernán
Published: January 2018

In Latin America the relationships between technological innovation and inclusive development have been stabilised into research and policy agendas. However, conventional understandings of what constitutes innovation still guide practices that are embedded in Science and Technology Policy. This chapter aims at providing a reconceptualisation of the notion of the innovation and production system. In particular, the chapter utilises theoretical perspectives to position worker cooperatives as actors providing dynamism to innovation and social development processes, and argues that a shift in focus towards worker cooperatives could have the potential to set in motion a series of dynamics of learning, knowledge sharing, and techno-productive capability generation which would entail new socio-technical alliances oriented to more democratic processes of knowledge acquisition. It presents a brief review of the economic literature on the role of the company in terms of innovation, followed by a critical analysis of those principles. The chapter provides an explanation of the systemic implications of an innovation and production system focused on the profit-maximizing company vis-à-vis one focused on worker cooperatives. It closes with a series of reflections on STI public policies aimed at inclusive development.
Solidarity economy policy dialogue in Latin America: transferring Argentine experience of social currency to Brazil
Authors: Singer Paul I. , Primavera Heloisa H.
Published: January 2018

Rethinking the economy is at the core of transformations that intersect with every social activity: livelihoods, energy production, healthy food, protection of the environment - and of course, education. All over the world new models of development are trying to cope with the challenge of confronting financial capitalism, and in this context the Solidarity Economy has developed in Latin America. This chapter discusses how different innovations are transferred to other countries and contexts, such as the case of how social currencies from civil society in Argentina that have inspired new public policy in Brazil. It shows how governments can support and/or retard good ideas developing within civil society organisations being transmitted from their origins and finding new homes, on the way being adjusted to new conditions.
Hungry Britain
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah
Published: January 2018

Drawing on empirical research with the UK’s two largest charitable food organisations, this book explores the prolific rise of food charity over the last 15 years and its implications for overcoming food insecurity. As the welfare state withdraws, leaving food banks to protect the most vulnerable, the author questions the sustainability of this system and asks where responsibility lies – in practice and in theory – for ensuring everyone can realise their human right to food. The book argues that effective, policy-driven solutions require a clear rights-based framework, which enables a range of actors including the state, charities and the food industry to work together towards, and be held accountable for, the progressive realisation of the right to food for all in the UK.
Introduction
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the book. It contextualises the policy background; provides details on the empirical basis of the book; defines key terms; and establishes the wider evidence base.
Theories of the food insecurity ‘problem’ and the right to food ‘solution’
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 sets out the key theories with which the book engages: food insecurity and the human right to food. Following on from a conceptualisation and definition of food insecurity, the right to food is introduced. Emphasis is placed on normative element of ‘adequacy and sustainability of food availability and access’ and on the state’s obligation to ‘respect, protect and fulfil the right to food’. Theories of ‘othering’ and ‘agency’ are employed to assess the social acceptability of emergency food systems as a means of acquiring food, and the power of providers to make sufficient food available through these systems and of potential recipients to access it. Theories of ‘care’ and ‘social protection’ are employed to explore the ways in which charitable providers are in practice taking responsibility for the duty to respect, protect and fulfil the right to food and how shifts in welfare policy are affecting need for this provision.
Food charity: the ‘other’ food system
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 discusses how socially acceptable emergency food provision is as a means of food acquisition. This acceptability is explored through the notion of ‘otherness’ and questions around the nature of emergency food as an ‘other’ system and whether it is experienced as such by recipients. This chapter argues that emergency food provision can be said to form an identifiably other system given the ways in which it lacks key features of shopping in the commercial market (the socially accepted form of food acquisition in the UK today). Whilst these systems and the food distributed through them do still hold moral and market-based aspects of value, ultimately, emergency food systems are not only identifiably other but experientially so as well. Such systems are experienced as ‘other’ by those that have to turn to them and the experience of this ‘other’ system as exclusionary is highly problematic.
Issues for the future of international social work education
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

The chapter presents a content analysis and discussion of interviews with most of the awardees and of biographies of others who received the Katherine Kendall Award, focused on their views on the future of international social work and its education. Debate on the future role of the International Association of Schools of Social Work is also reviewed. Weaknesses in the representation of the full range of international social work education by the Association and the Award are considered. Ways of strengthening representation through greater involvement from the Global South and better funding of representation are explored.
Herman D. Stein, 1994
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a biography of Herman D. Stein, a leader in American social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 1994, for his contribution to international social work education. He fulfilled senior academic roles in Columbia and Case Western Reserve Universities in the USA, and worked with displaced persons and victims of the Holocaust in Europe after World War II, and in social development work with UNICEF in Africa (particularly Tanzania). He was involved in major developments in the social work curriculum and on programmes to meet minority concerns in the US, incorporating a strong social justice perspective. He accepted leadership roles in the Council for Social Work Education (US) and the International Association of Schools of Social Work, demonstrating considerable qualities of diplomacy. His publications on behavioural and organizational issues in social work and on social work education were influential.
Robin Huws Jones, 1996
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a biography of Robin Huws Jones, a leader in British social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 1996, for his contribution to international social work education. After early academic posts in adult education and social studies, he became first Director of the National Institute for Social Work Education (UK) and later Associate Director, Joseph Rowntree Memorial Trust. For several years, he organised courses in England for African social welfare administrators. He led a major social development project in the valleys of south Wales and courses for social welfare administrators in third world countries. Contributing to the development of groupwork and community work in the UK, he was a successful fundraiser for many ventures, also achieving influence on social policy in a range of fields.
María del Carmen Mendoza Rangel (Mariacarmen Mendoza), 1998
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with Mariacarmen Mendoza, a leader in Mexican social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 1998, for her contribution to international social work education. In addition to her professorship at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mendoza has contributed to adult education, community work, civil society organisations, the development of public administration in Mexico and throughout Latin America. She has also undertaken disaster relief work and been concerned with the impact of environmental issues on poor communities. International work extended her opportunities for contributing on many of these important social issues. In social work education, she helped to develop collective education where subject and practice educators work together to develop curricula that include skills training and sought opportunities for indigenous publications.
Harriet Jakobsson, 2000
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a biography of Harriet Jakobsson, a leader in Swedish social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2000, for her contribution to international social work education. She fulfilled roles in social work education in Lund and Örebro universities and worked with refugees and with children in Africa and Asia, including leadership roles with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, and the Swedish International Development Commission. She contributed to the development of social work education in Lebanon as a professor of social. Her work with children reflected a strong focus on the rights and voice of children, promoting the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child.
Shulamit Ramon, 2008
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with Shulamit Ramon, a leader in British social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2008, for her contribution to international social work education. An important focus of her work as mental health, and early research compared Italian and UK services. She was also involved in developing social work in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet bloc and in the development of an international doctoral programme, INDOSOW. Later projects were concerned with social work responses in situations of political and social conflict. Her work demonstrates a commitment to user involvement in practice and education.
Changing Communities
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2018

This book brings theoretical understandings of migration and displacement (including displacement as a result of urban redevelopment programmes) together with empirical illustrations of the varying ways in which communities respond. These responses can be negative, divisive and exclusionary. But responses to migration and displacement can also be positive and mutually supportive, building solidarities both within and between communities, whether locally or transnationally. Drawing upon original research, the book includes case studies from varying international contexts, illustrating how different communities respond to the challenges of migration and displacement. These include examples of responses through community arts – such as poetry, story-telling and photography, exploring the scope for building communities (including transnational, diaspora communities) of solidarity and social justice.
The concluding chapters identify potential implications for public policy and professional practice, aiming to promote communities of solidarity, addressing the structural causes of widening inequalities, taking account of different interests, including those related to social class, gender, ethnicity, ability and age.
Asylum rejected: ‘appeal rights exhausted' Afghan care leavers facing return
Authors: Robinson Kim , Williams Lucy
Published: January 2018

Kim Robinson and Lucy Williams focus on young Afghan men’s asylum claims in terms of their family background, citizenship and immigration status within the Care system under vulnerability.
All young Afghans have had their asylum claims considered classified as Appeals Rights Exhausted and face return to Afghanistan.
The chapter reveals how young Afghans’ narratives speak of a dangerous place where they have no links or connections yet at the same time, their description of the UK is often negative and critical of the support they have received here.
The findings illustrate how immigration policies impact on marginality and affect the daily lives of these young people who are caught between two unpalatable futures, one back in Afghanistan and one living in destitution and illegality in the UK.
[B]othered Youth: marginalisation, stop and search and the policing of belonging
Authors: Murphy Seán F
Published: January 2018

Seán F. Murphy examines the contemporary issues surrounding the policing of disadvantaged communities. Specifically looking at the discriminatory practice of ‘Stop and Search’ methods of policing.
He argues that for young people, rights become qualified or suspended during encounters with the police.
He theorises the condition of ‘advanced marginality’, through the term [b]othered youth within a wider institutional mistrust of youth.
Critically assessing how the discretionary powers, through the framing of suspects, can reproduce inequalities, injustice and resentment.
He argues that [b] othering, resistance and marginalisation of disadvantaged youth in poor communities result in a loss of legitimacy and the tensions emerging from over-policing.
Artfully thinking the prosocial
Authors: Warr Deborah , Taylor Gretel , Williams Richard
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how arts-based activities form part of an experimental approach for social research that fuses sociological insights with creative practice. As an ethos, people conceive the prosocial as seeking to promote collective human flourishing, while a prosocial practice is inclusive and imaginative. The potential to flourish is supported by involvement in diverse social relations that connect people as families, friends, communities, neighbourhoods, and nations. Experiences of social collectivity, however, are being shredded through the expanding dominance, and cascading impacts, of market-oriented ideologies. The chapter shows how the status of the social as a nonmarket domain has little value or sense when seen from within these dominant ideological framings.