bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing quality of life in epilepsy with a digital intervention (emyna): Results of the ELAINE randomized controlled trial
Authors: Meyer Björn , Betz Linda T. , Brückner Katja , Holtkamp Martin
Published: August 2024

Objective

Despite the availability of pharmacological treatment for seizures, people with epilepsy (PwE) commonly experience impairments in quality of life (QoL). Given the limited access to psychosocial treatments for PwE, digital interventions could bridge treatment gaps and help improve QoL. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of emyna, a fully automated digital intervention based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques, in improving health‐related QoL among PwE who reported impairments in QoL. A previous trial showed that emyna was effective in improving depressive symptoms among PwE with a comorbid depressive disorder, but its effects on QoL among PwE without comorbid depression remain unknown.

Methods

A pragmatic randomized controlled trial was conducted with N = 438 PwE (mean age = 37.5, 70.3% women, physician‐verified diagnoses) who were assigned to the intervention group (n = 216), which used emyna alongside treatment as usual (TAU), or the control group (n = 222), which received TAU only. QoL and secondary outcomes such as general self‐efficacy, medication adherence, general distress, and epilepsy‐related work and social adjustment were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The primary outcome was QoL assessed with the Quality of Life in Epilepsy [QOLIE‐31] total score at 3 months post‐randomization.

Results

Findings from the intent‐to‐treat analyses showed that after 3 months, participants in the intervention group experienced significant and clinically relevant improvements in health‐related QoL compared to the control group (baseline‐adjusted group difference = 4.5; 95% CI = [2.0, 6.9], p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.32). Effects on secondary outcomes did not reach statistical significance.

Significance

This study extends previous research by demonstrating that emyna facilitates improvements in QoL in a diverse group of PwE treated in routine care settings. This CBT‐based digital intervention therefore presents a convenient and cost‐effective addition to healthcare providers' treatment repertoire.

Plain Language Summary

In our study, we tested a digital program called emyna, which conveys cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques to help improve the quality of life for people living with epilepsy. We found that those who used emyna alongside their usual treatments felt better about their quality of life compared to those who did not use the program. Emyna offers a new, convenient way for people with epilepsy to manage their condition, which can be used alongside currently available treatments.
A high‐order pure streamfunction method in general curvilinear coordinates for unsteady incompressible viscous flow with complex geometry
Authors: Wang Bo , Yu Peixiang , Tong Xin , Ouyang Hua
Published: August 2024

In this paper, a high‐order compact finite difference method in general curvilinear coordinates is proposed for solving unsteady incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations. By constructing the fourth‐order spatial discretization schemes for all partial derivative terms of the pure streamfunction formulation in general curvilinear coordinates, especially for the fourth‐order mixed derivative terms, and applying a Crank‐Nicolson scheme for the second‐order temporal discretization, we extend the unsteady high‐order pure streamfunction algorithm to flow problems with more general non‐conformal grids. Furthermore, the stability of the newly proposed method for the linear model is validated by von‐Neumann linear stability analysis. Five numerical experiments are conducted to verify the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. The results show that our method not only effectively solves problems with non‐conformal grids, but also allows grid generation and local refinement using commercial software. The solutions are in good agreement with the established numerical and experimental results.
Distinct oscillatory patterns differentiate between segregation and integration processes in perceptual grouping
Authors: Costa Gabriel Nascimento , Schaum Michael , Duarte João Valente , Martins Ricardo , Duarte Isabel Catarina , Castelhano João , Wibral Michael , Castelo‐Branco Miguel
Published: August 2024

Recently, there has been a resurgence in experimental and conceptual efforts to understand how brain rhythms can serve to organize visual information. Oscillations can provide temporal structure for neuronal processing and form a basis for integrating information across brain areas. Here, we use a bistable paradigm and a data‐driven approach to test the hypothesis that oscillatory modulations associate with the integration or segregation of visual elements. Spectral signatures of perception of bound and unbound configurations of visual moving stimuli were studied using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in ambiguous and unambiguous conditions. Using a 2 × 2 design, we were able to isolate correlates from visual integration, either perceptual or stimulus‐driven, from attentional and ambiguity‐related activity. Two frequency bands were found to be modulated by visual integration: an alpha/beta frequency and a higher frequency gamma‐band. Alpha/beta power was increased in several early visual cortical and dorsal visual areas during visual integration, while gamma‐band power was surprisingly increased in the extrastriate visual cortex during segregation. This points to an integrative role for alpha/beta activity, likely from top‐down signals maintaining a single visual representation. On the other hand, when more representations have to be processed in parallel gamma‐band activity is increased, which is at odds with the notion that gamma oscillations are related to perceptual coherence. These modulations were confirmed in intracranial EEG recordings and partially originate from distinct brain areas. Our MEG and stereo‐EEG data confirms predictions of binding mechanisms depending on low‐frequency activity for long‐range integration and for organizing visual processing while refuting a straightforward correlation between gamma‐activity and perceptual binding.

Practitioner Points

Distinct neurophysiological signals underlie competing bistable percepts.

Increased alpha/beta activity correlate with visual integration while gamma correlates with segmentation.

Ambiguous percepts drive alpha/beta activity in the posterior cingulate cortex.
Emotional concepts shape the perceptual representation of body expressions
Authors: Liu Shuaicheng , He Weiqi , Zhang Mingming , Li Yiwen , Ren Jie , Guan Yuanhao , Fan Cong , Li Shuaixia , Gu Ruolei , Luo Wenbo
Published: August 2024

Emotion perception interacts with how we think and speak, including our concept of emotions. Body expression is an important way of emotion communication, but it is unknown whether and how its perception is modulated by conceptual knowledge. In this study, we employed representational similarity analysis and conducted three experiments combining semantic similarity, mouse‐tracking task, and one‐back behavioral task with electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, the results of which show that conceptual knowledge predicted the perceptual representation of body expressions. Further, this prediction effect occurred at approximately 170 ms post‐stimulus. The neural encoding of body expressions in the fusiform gyrus and lingual gyrus was impacted by emotion concept knowledge. Taken together, our results indicate that conceptual knowledge of emotion categories shapes the configural representation of body expressions in the ventral visual cortex, which offers compelling evidence for the constructed emotion theory.
Comparative analysis of school food policies in Australian jurisdictions: Insights for more effective policy action
Authors: Masila Nicodemus , Smith Kylie J. , Waddingham Suzanne , Jose Kim
Published: August 2024

Issue Addressed

School food policies in Australia have the potential to positively impact healthy eating in schools. While the policies are reviewed regularly, it is unknown if revised school food policies have incorporated the recommendations from a 2020 review of nutrition policies in publicly funded institutions. This review aims to examine the current state of Australian school food policy environment, including national‐level guidelines, food safety, allergy, and anaphylaxis management policies.

Methods

School food policy documents were identified by searching the federal government, and Departments of Health and Education websites of Australian jurisdictions. The L'Abbé framework for monitoring and evaluation of nutrition policies guided the data analysis.

Results

Eleven policies/guidelines from Australian national and state/territory governments were reviewed in 2023. Four state/territory policies had major updates since 2020. The consistency of nutrition standards improved across five jurisdictions, although a common nutrient classification system would have allowed better comparison. Implementation guides/tools and supporting resources were provided in all policies although their comprehensiveness varied. Policy monitoring and evaluation guide/tools, and local food procurement were incorporated in two additional policies. School principals were responsible for policy implementation and schools for independent compliance monitoring.

Conclusion

Continued improvement in monitoring and evaluation plans, policy review timelines, and support systems for schools is needed to enhance implementation and impact of school food policies. External stakeholder support may help school leadership in more effective policy implementation.

So What?

Limited progress in incorporating recommendations into current school food policies calls for additional support and strategies to enhance policy implementation and monitoring.
Spatio‐temporal analysis of snow depth and snow water equivalent in a mountainous catchment: Insights from in‐situ observations and statistical modelling
Authors: Çitgez Tarık , Eker Remzi , Aydın Abdurrahim
Published: August 2024

This research, conducted in the mountainous catchment near Abant Lake in the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye, aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of snow depth (SD) and snow water equivalent (SWE) throughout the snow season from December 2019 to March 2020, encompassing both accumulation and melting periods. In total, 14 snow surveys were conducted, covering 58 permanent snow measurement points (PSMP) marked with snow poles. The classification and regression tree (CART) method was employed to statistically analyse their relationships with eight variables: snow period, forest canopy, aspect, slope, elevation, slope position, plan and profile curvature. The root mean square error (RMSE) for SD and SWE was determined to be 0.15 m and 46 mm, respectively. The study findings revealed that mean SD and SWE values were higher in forest gaps compared with under‐forest and open areas. Although the snow cover disappeared earliest in under‐forest areas, the melting rate was observed to be 43% and 17% slower compared with forest gaps and open areas, respectively. Wind redistribution resulted in minimum snow accumulation on western aspects, upper slope positions and ridges, while maximum accumulation was observed on southern aspects, valleys and lower slope positions. Higher elevations (>1580 meters) experienced faster snow melting rates, leading to earlier disappearance of snow cover. PSMPs located on slopes with lower degrees (<15°) exhibited lesser accumulation and earlier snow disappearance. The CART model identified the snow period as the most significant factor in predicting SD and SWE, based on variations in snowfall and air temperature. Other significant variables included forest canopy, aspect and elevation. The study suggests that the CART method is well‐suited for modelling complex snow dynamics, providing valuable insights into spatiotemporal variations in SD and SWE in mountainous regions.
Adolescents' perceptions of the credibility of informational content on fitness and dietary supplements: The impact of banner and native advertising
Authors: Lacko David , Machackova Hana , Slavík Lukáš
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The assessment of online health‐related information presents a significant challenge for today's youth. Using the Processing of Commercial Media Content (PCMC) model, we investigated the impact of advertising on the perceived credibility of informational content concerning fitness (in boys) and dietary supplements (in girls).

Methods

In a survey‐based preregistered experiment, 681 Czech adolescents (aged 13–18, 52% girls) were randomly assigned to three groups and exposed to websites with a banner ad, a native ad, or simple informational text without an ad.

Results

The presence of ads on websites diminishes the perceived credibility of informational content. While we did not observe the difference between banner and native advertising, we found one gender‐specific difference. Specifically, boys perceive informational content linked with native ads as more credible compared to girls. Additionally, no difference was found between younger and older adolescents. Adolescents demonstrated success in identifying both types of advertisements, irrespective of their age.

Conclusions

The findings are discussed in light of individual differences and various approaches to processing online content. It appears that adolescents are accustomed to native advertising, which seamlessly integrates with traditional banner ads. Moreover, it is plausible that boys assess advertising texts more heuristically and less systematically than girls. Contrary to PCMC expectations, even younger adolescents seem to possess sufficient skills to identify the advertisements.
Prostatic Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Ceftazidime: Dosing Strategy for Bacterial Prostatitis
Authors: Onita Tetsushu , Nakamura Kogenta , Nishikawa Genya , Ishihara Noriyuki , Tamaki Hiroki , Yano Takahisa , Naora Kohji , Morikawa Norifumi , Ikawa Kazuro
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to develop a prostatic pharmacokinetic model of ceftazidime and suggest more effective dosing strategy for the bacterial prostatitis, based on a site‐specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspective. Subjects were prostatic hyperplasia patients prophylactically receiving a 0.5‐h infusion of 1.0 g or 2.0 g ceftazidime before transurethral resection of the prostate. Plasma and prostate samples were premeditatedly collected after the administration and the concentrations were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The prostate tissue/plasma ratio in area under the drug concentration‐time curve was approximately 0.476. The prostatic population pharmacokinetic model incorporated creatinine clearance (CLcr) into ceftazidime clearance was developed, and adequately predicted prostate tissue concentrations by diagnostic scatter plots and visual predictive checks. Aiming for a bactericidal target of 70% of time above minimum inhibitory concentration (T > MIC) in prostate tissue, 2.0 g twice daily achieved ≥90% expected probability against main pathogens like Escherichia coli and Proteus species in patients regardless of renal function (CLcr = 60 and 90 mL/min). However, since the expected probability of attaining the bactericidal target of 0.5‐h infusion dosing regimen did not achieve 90% against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with CLcr = 60 and 90 mL/min, 4‐h infusion dosing regimen of 2.0 g three times daily (6 g/day) might be required for empirical treatment. Based on site‐specific simulations, the present study provides more effective dosing strategy for bacterial prostatitis.
Incidence and predicting factors of inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Asgari Alireza , Ziamanesh Fateme , Aliasgari Ali , Sohrabpour Amir Ali
Published: August 2024

Background and Aim

Adequate bowel preparation is necessary for optimal colonoscopy. Inadequate bowel preparation results in increased costs and imprecise colonoscopy results. This study aims to determine the incidence and risk factors of inadequate bowel preparation.

Methods

In this study, 604 consecutive patients were observed prospectively who underwent colonoscopy examination. The patient's clinical and demographic data were obtained on the day of the procedure. Bowel preparation was evaluated by Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) and was divided into two groups; adequate and inadequate. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

Inadequate bowel preparation incidence was 17.9%. In the univariate analysis, education level (P value = 0.009), body mass index (P value = 0.03), admission type (P value = 0.038), previous history of colonoscopy (P value = 0.03), color and consistency of the last feces (P value = 0.03), diabetes (P value = 0.004), and smoking (P value = 0.03) were significantly related with the incidence of inadequate bowel preparation. While ischemic heart disease (IHD) decreased the level of inadequate bowel preparation (P value = 0.047). Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] = 2.18), smoking (OR = 2.10), inpatient status of admission type (OR = 3.32), last stool that was non‐watery (OR = 1.60), and ischemic heart disease (OR = 0.032) were independent factors associated with inadequate bowel preparation.

Conclusion

Diabetic patients, smokers, inpatients and who defecated a non‐watery and colory stool as the last defecation are at risk of inadequate bowel preparation and need more potent regimens. It is important to inform patients about preventable factors that affect bowel preparation to improve their preparation outcomes.
mRNA expression insights: Unraveling the relationship between COPD and lung cancer
Authors: Gu Zhan , Sun Jijia , Wang Lixin
Published: August 2024

Background

Lung cancer is a prevalent form of cancer worldwide. A possible link between lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been suggested by recent studies. The objective of our research was to analyze the mRNA expression patterns in both situations, with a specific emphasis on their biological functions and the pathways they are linked to.

Method

Data on COPD mRNA expression was collected from the NCBI‐GEO database, while information regarding lung cancer mRNA was acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. To examine the association of COPD‐related scores in lung cancer patients, we utilized the ssGSEA algorithm for single sample gene set enrichment analysis. The possible routes were examined through the utilization of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. Risk models were developed using Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses. Moreover, a GSEA was performed to investigate significant pathways among various risk groups.

Result

After identifying 17 genes that were differentially expressed and linked to COPD, we found that they met the criteria of having a false discovery rate < 0.05 and an absolute log2 fold change > 0.585. By utilizing the ssGSEA algorithm, it became possible to classify individuals with lung cancer into two distinct groups based on their COPD status. Consequently, a seven‐gene risk model was developed specifically for these patients. The risk score was determined by applying the given formula: risk score = AC022784.1 × 0.0423737993775888 + CRISP3 × 0.0415322046890524 + MELTF × 0.0661848418476596 + MT2P1 × 0.111843227536117 + FAM83A‐AS1 × 0.045295939710361 + ZNF506 × −0.309489953363417 + ITGA6 × 0.01813978449589. The risk model associated with COPD showed a notable connection with different immune cells found in the lung cancer sample, including macrophages of M0/M1/M2 types, hematopoietic stem cells, mast cells, NK T cells and regulatory T cells. Overexpression of crucial genes was seen to enhance cell proliferation and invasive potential in the lung cancer sample. In the lung cancer sample, it was observed that an increase in ZNF506 expression enhanced both cell proliferation and invasion.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study effectively examines the potential correlation between COPD and lung cancer. A prognostic model based on seven COPD‐associated genes demonstrated robust predictive potential in the lung cancer sample. Our analysis offers comprehensive insights for lung cancer patients.
A 6‐month randomized controlled trial for vitamin E supplementation in pediatric patients with Gaucher disease: Effect on oxidative stress, disease severity and hepatic complications
Authors: Adly Amira Abdel Moneam , Ismail Eman Abdel Rahman , Ibrahim Fatma A. , Atef Mira , El Sayed Khaled Anwar , Aly Nihal Hussien
Published: August 2024

Enzymatic deficiency in Gaucher disease (GD) may induce oxidative stress. Vitamin E is the nature's most effective lipid‐soluble antioxidant. This prospective clinical trial assessed the oxidant‐antioxidant status in Egyptian patients with GD and the efficacy and safety and of vitamin E as an adjuvant antioxidant therapy. Forty children and adolescents with GD on stable doses of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) were enrolled. Abdominal ultrasonography and transient elastography were performed. Malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin E, and antioxidant enzymes (reduced glutathione [GSH], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and peroxiredoxin 2 [PRDX2]) were assessed. Patients were compared with 40 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Patients with GD were randomized either to receive oral vitamin E for 6 months or not. All patients with GD had significantly higher MDA levels with lower levels of vitamin E and antioxidant enzymes compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). Vitamin E and PRDX2 were negatively correlated to severity score index (SSI), lyso GL1, and MDA. After 6 months of vitamin E supplementation, SSI and liver and spleen volumes and liver stiffness were significantly lower. Lyso GL1 and MDA were significantly decreased post‐vitamin E therapy while antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher compared with baseline levels and with patients without vitamin E therapy. Oxidative stress is related to disease severity in pediatric patients with GD. A 6‐month vitamin E supplementation for those patients represents a safe therapeutic adjuvant agent increasing the efficacy of ERT, reducing oxidative stress, and improving outcomes.
SARS‐CoV‐2 reinfection broadens the antibody responses and promotes the phenotypic differentiation of virus‐specific memory T cells in adolescents
Authors: Zhao Xin‐Jing , Liu Xiao‐Lin , Gu Hong‐Jing , Liu Ti , Li De‐Yu , Zhang Sheng , Wu Jie , Du Kai‐Ge , Tian Shen , Chen Jin‐Jin , Xu Qiang , Lv Chen‐Long , Jiang Bao‐Gui , Wang Hui , Kou Zeng‐Qiang , Wang Guo‐Lin , Fang Li‐Qun
Published: August 2024

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Omicron subvariants raises concerns regarding the effectiveness of immunity acquired from previous Omicron subvariants breakthrough infections (BTIs) or reinfections (RIs) against the current circulating Omicron subvariants. In this study, we prospectively investigate the dynamic changes of virus‐specific antibody and T cell responses among 77 adolescents following Omicron BA.2.3 BTI with or without subsequent Omicron BA.5 RI. Notably, the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) titers against various detected SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, especially the emerging Omicron CH.1.1, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, EG.5.1, and JN.1 subvariants, exhibited a significant decrease along the time. A lower level of IgG and NAbs titers post‐BTI was found to be closely associated with subsequent RI. Elevated NAbs levels and shortened antigenic distances were observed following Omicron BA.5 RI. Robust T cell responses against both Omicron BA.2‐ and CH.1.1‐spike peptides were observed at each point visited. The exposure to Omicron BA.5 promoted phenotypic differentiation of virus‐specific memory T cells, even among the non‐seroconversion adolescents. Therefore, updated vaccines are needed to provide effective protection against newly emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants among adolescents.
Unravelling the atmospheric dynamics involved in flash drought development over Spain
Authors: Noguera Iván , Domínguez‐Castro Fernando , Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M. , García‐Herrera Ricardo , Garrido‐Pérez José M. , Trigo Ricardo M. , Sousa Pedro M.
Published: August 2024

Flash droughts (FDs) are distinguished by a rapid development associated with strong precipitation deficits and/or increases in atmospheric evaporative demand in the short‐term, but little is known about the atmospheric conditions underlying these events. In this study, we analyse for the first time the atmospheric dynamics involved in the development of FDs in Spain over the period 1961–2018. FDs are related to large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns affecting the region, in particular with the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO is the main atmospheric driver of FDs in winter and autumn, and it is essential in explaining FD development in spring. We also found that FDs are typically linked to strong positive anomalies in 500 hPa geopotential height and sea level pressure over the region during the weeks prior to the onset. At the synoptic scale, the most common weather types (WTs) recorded during the development of FDs are Anticyclonic Western (ANT_W_AD), East (E_AD) and Northeast (NE_AD) advection, and Anticyclonic (ANTICYC). In particular, ANTICYC WT is the main atmospheric driver of FDs in summer. Ridging conditions occur frequently during FDs in all seasons, being the most important factor controlling FD development in spring. Likewise, we noted that some of the FDs recorded in summer are related to and/or exacerbated by Saharan air intrusions associated with pronounced ridges. The results of this research have important implications for the understanding, monitoring and prediction of FDs in Spain, providing a detailed assessment of the main atmospheric dynamics involved in FD triggering at different spatial scales.
Modulation of Pacific decadal oscillation on the relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation and rainy season onset over the Indo‐China Peninsula
Authors: Wang Fen , Luo Xian , Li Siyu , Wu Xinqu
Published: August 2024

Monsoon precipitation variability over the Indo‐China Peninsula (ICP) has become more complicated affected by global warming. In this study, the modulation of Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on the relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the rainy season onset over the ICP were investigated. The results showed that the ICP rainy season onset were predominantly correlated with winter sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the East Pacific Ocean, with late and early onsets following El Niño and La Niña events, respectively. During the warm and cold PDO phase, the correlations tended to be substantially strengthened and weakened, respectively. Further analysis indicates that PDO significantly influenced the effects of ENSO on the ICP rainy season onset by modulating SSTAs and low‐level wind fields. During the El Niño events, abnormal easterlies over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and southern ICP suppressed water vapour transporting to the ICP, which may be related to the zonal SST anomaly gradient between the Indian Ocean and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. When the El Niño occurred during the warm PDO phase, the rainy season onsets were later. The anomalous easterlies became stronger corresponds to the increasing zonal sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) gradient between the Indian Ocean and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. There was no significant anomaly on the rainy season onset during the cold PDO phase. During the La Niña events, the abnormal westerlies in BOB accelerated water vapour transport, and the rainy season onset were earlier during the warm and cold PDO phase. The modulating effects of PDO on La Niña were less than those on El Niño. These results suggest that the predictability of rainy season onset over the ICP can be improved through PDO and thus help agricultural planning and water resources management.
A comparative analysis of temperature trends at Modena Geophysical Observatory and Mount Cimone Observatory, Italy
Authors: Costanzini Sofia , Boccolari Mauro , Vega Parra Stephanie , Despini Francesca , Lombroso Luca , Teggi Sergio
Published: August 2024

Global warming has become a critical environmental, social, and economic threat, with increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. This study aims to analyse temperature trends and climate indices in the Po Valley, a significant economic and agricultural region in Italy, by examining data from two historical stations: the urban Modena Observatory and the rural Mount Cimone Observatory. The analysis extends previous studies to 2018, assessing the magnitude of climate changes since the 1950s and isolating the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in Modena. Significant warming trends were confirmed at both sites, with in maximum (TX) and minimum (TN) temperatures trends nearly doubling from 1981 to 2018 compared to 1951–2018. For example, TX trends reached 0.84°C·decade−1 in Modena and 0.62°C·decade−1 at Mount Cimone, while TN trends were 0.77 and 0.80°C·decade−1, respectively. Extreme climate indices showed a substantial increase in warm days and nights (TX90p and TN90p, respectively). Particularly we found TX90p of 27.5 days·decade−1 in Modena and 15 days·decade−1 at Mount Cimone while TN90p of 29.5 days·decade−1 in Modena, 22 days·decade−1 at Mount Cimone. The UHI effect significantly impacts Modena's temperature trends. Urbanization contributes up to 65% of the rise in warm nights. Specifically, frost days decreased by 1.88 days·decade−1 (37% of Urban Contribute, UC), tropical nights increased by 5.16 days·decade−1 (57% UC), warm nights increased by 12.7 days·decade−1 (65% UC), and cool nights decreased by 3.19 days·decade−1 (39% UC). Overall, the study underscores the importance of considering both global and local factors in regional climate trend analysis.
Refractory pyoderma gangrenosum in Caucasian adolescent with Takayasu arteritis and life‐threatening infections
Authors: Yeo Ting Fong , Labbouz Sofia , Lawrance Nicholas , Sitaraaman Hemalatha Bhuvanai , Tattersall Rachel S. , Cork Michael J.
Published: August 2024

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) in Caucasians with Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is uncommon. We described a case of refractory PG in an 18‐year‐old Caucasian man with TA since the age of 10 and was treated with corticosteroids, methotrexate, anti‐TNF therapy (adalimumab), anti‐CD20 therapy (rituximab), cyclophosphamide and most latterly tocilizumab and leflunomide. He has vascular stenosis complicated with renovascular hypertension and is steroid‐dependent. He presented with a 6‐week history of a left cheek rapidly enlarging lesion associated with pain, bleeding and purulent discharge not responding to flucloxacillin. Incisional biopsy suggested PG. He later developed similar lesions on the volar aspect of the right hand and at venepuncture sites. Despite topical immunosuppressive medication and high‐dose pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone, the left cheek lesion continued to grow rapidly. These painful, unsightly ulcers caused significant psychosocial stress and limited his daily life. Following a multidisciplinary team (MDT) discussion, tocilizumab was switched to abrocitinib. While initial improvement of lesions was observed, he subsequently developed an acneiform eruption which evolved into PG and became superinfected with herpes zoster virus and Staphylococcus aureus, requiring hospitalisation for intravenous (IV) acyclovir and antibiotics. Following several MDT discussions, abrocitinib was discontinued and a new regimen consisting of ciclosporin, dapsone and enhanced frequency IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) every 2 weeks was initiated, effectively stabilising his PG. This case highlights the rare association of PG and TA in Caucasians, the complexities of managing PG complicated by severe infections and underlying immunodeficiency, and the significant psychosocial burden of PG.
Microplastics may reduce the efficiency of the biological carbon pump by decreasing the settling velocity and carbon content of marine snow
Authors: Roberts Cordelia , Flintrop Clara M. , Khachikyan Alexander , Milucka Jana , Munn Colin B. , Iversen Morten H.
Published: August 2024

Plastics are pervasive in marine ecosystems and ubiquitous in both shallow and deep oceans. Microfibers, among other microplastics, accumulate in deep‐sea sediments at concentrations up to four orders of magnitude higher than in surface waters. This is at odds with the fact that most microfibers are positively buoyant; therefore, it is hypothesized that settling aggregates are vectors for the downward transport of microfibers in the ocean. However, little is known about the impact of microfibers on carbon export. We formed diatom aggregates with differing concentrations of microfibers using roller tanks and observed that microfiber addition stimulated aggregate formation, but decreased their structural cohesion and caused them to break apart more readily, resulting in smaller average sizes. The incorporation of positively buoyant microfibers into settling aggregates reduced their size‐specific sinking velocities proportional to the microfiber concentration. Slower sinking may extend aggregate retention time in the upper ocean, thereby increasing the time available for organic matter remineralization in the upper water column. Here, we show that at concentrations of 105 microfibers per cubic meter, microfiber incorporation into settling marine aggregates decreases potential export flux by 8–45%. Microfibers accumulating at such high concentrations, for example, in Arctic sea ice, may, therefore, be substantially reducing the efficiency of the biological carbon pump relative to the pre‐plastic era.
Calcification increases carbon supply, photosynthesis, and growth in a globally distributed coccolithophore
Authors: Grubb Austin R. , Johns Christopher T. , Hayden Matthew G. , Subhas Adam V. , Thamatrakoln Kimberlee , Bidle Kay D.
Published: August 2024

Coccolithophores fix organic carbon and produce calcite plates (coccoliths) that ballast organic matter and facilitate carbon export. Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide, while calcification produces it, raising questions about whether coccolithophores are a net sink or source of carbon. We characterized the physiology of calcified and noncalcified (“naked”) phenotypes of Emiliania huxleyi (CCMP374) and investigated the relationship between calcification and photosynthesis across a gradient of light (25–2000 μmol photons m−2 s−1) spanning the euphotic zone. Growth and photophysiological parameters increased with light until reaching a mid‐light (150 μmol photons m−2 s−1) maximum for both phenotypes. Calcified cells were characterized by enhanced photophysiology and less photoinhibition. Further, enhanced bicarbonate transport in calcified cells led to higher rates of particulate organic carbon fixation and growth compared to naked cells at mid‐light to high light (150–2000 μmol photons m−2 s−1). Coccolith production was similarly high at mid and high light, but the rate of coccolith shedding was >3‐fold lower at high‐light (1.2 vs. 0.35 coccoliths cell−1 h−1). The cellular mechanims(s) of this differential shedding remain unknown and underly light‐related controls on coccosphere maintenance. Our data suggest coccoliths shade cells at high light and that enhanced bicarbonate transport associated with calcification increases internal carbon supplies available for organic carbon fixation.
Speckle Pattern Analysis of PVK:rGO Composite Based Memristor Device
Authors: Jamali Ramin , Sajjadi Madeh , Taherkhani Babak , Abbaszadeh Davood , Moradi Ali‐Reza
Published: August 2024

The memristors are expected to be fundamental devices for neuromorphic systems and switching applications. The device made of a sandwiched layer of poly(N‐ vinylcarbazole) and reduced graphene composite between asymmetric electrodes (ITO/PVK:rGO/Al) exhibits bistable resistive switching behavior. The performance of the memristor can be optimized by controlling the doped graphene oxide. To assess the device performance when it switches between ON and OFF states, optical characterization approaches are highly promising due to their non‐destructive and remote nature. Here, speckle pattern (SP) analysis to this end is introduced. SPs include a huge amount of information about their generating mechanism, which is extracted through statistical elaboration. SPs of the PVK:rGO in different states in situ and examine the conduction mechanism is acquired. The variations in the statistical parameters are attributed to the resistance state of the PVK:rGO with regard to the physical switching mechanism. The resistance/conduction state, in turn, depends on the activity and properties of PVK:rGO memristors, as well as the additional non‐uniformities induced through the variations of density of carriers. The present optical methodology can be potentially served as a bench‐top device for characterization purposes of similar devices during their operating.
Silica Nanoparticles Tailored with a Molecularly Imprinted Copolymer Layer as a Highly Selective Biorecognition Element
Authors: Oluz Zehra , Yazlak Mustafa Göktürk , Kurşun Tuğana Talya , Nayab Sana , Glasser Gunnar , Yameen Basit , Duran Hatice
Published: August 2024

Molecularly imprinted silica nanoparticles (SP‐MIP) are synthesized for the real‐time optical detection of low‐molecular‐weight compounds. Azo‐initiator‐modified silica beads are functionalized through reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, which leads to efficient control of the grafted layer. The copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) on azo initiator‐coated silica particles (≈100 nm) using chain transfer agent (2‐phenylprop‐2‐yl‐dithiobenzoate) is carried out in the presence of a target analyte molecule (l‐Boc‐phenylalanine anilide, l‐BFA). The chemical and morphological properties of SP‐MIP are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, SP‐MIP is located on the gold surface to be used as a biorecognition layer on the surface plasmon resonance spectrometer (SPR). The sensitivity, response time, and selectivity of SP‐MIP are investigated by three similar analogous molecules (l‐Boc‐Tryptophan, l‐Boc‐Tyrosine, and l‐Boc‐Phenylalanine) and the imprinted particle surface showed excellent relative selectivity toward l‐Boc‐Phenylalanine (l‐BFA) (k = 61), while the sensitivity is recorded as limit of detection = 1.72 × 10−4 m.
Supersoft Polymer Melts in Binary Blends of Bottlebrush cis‐1,4‐Polyfarnesene and cis‐1,4‐Polyisoprene
Authors: Tzourtzouklis Ioannis , Meier‐Merziger Moritz , Frey Holger , Floudas George
Published: August 2024

Binary blends of polyterpenes are employed comprising cis‐1,4‐polyfarnesene (PF) with a bottlebrush architecture, and linear cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene (PI) as model systems toward supersoft polymer melts. The bottlebrush PF results in a low plateau modulus ( Pa) that can further be reduced with the addition of PI. Depending on the fraction of short PI chains in the athermal and nearly isofrictional blends, plateau moduli in the range from 1 to 10 kPa can be achieved. Tube dilation is very efficient in the present binary blends as compared to more common blends comprising long/short or linear/star chains of identical polymer structure.
Investigation of mechanical properties of compatibilized polyvinyl chloride/polylactic acid nanocomposites
Authors: Khamisinasab M. , Azizi A. , Najafi M. , Aghazadeh R. , Bagherian M.H.
Published: August 2024

Polymer alloying is particularly important due to the possibility of choosing a wide range of materials and the ability to design a product with desired properties. In case of incompatibility between the components, the resulting alloy cannot meet the set of desired properties and shows poor performance. In this research, alloys of polyvinyl chloride and polylactic acid were prepared in an internal mixer and nanoclay and maleic anhydride‐grafted styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MAH) compatibilizer were used to improve the properties. In order to investigate the morphology and phase distribution of polylactic acid, scanning electron microscope images were taken. Tensile and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis tests were performed to evaluate the properties of the samples. The scanning electron microscope test images show the improvement of system uniformity by adding compatibilizer to the alloy. Adding nanoclay to the alloy increased the storage modulus and uniformity of the system. An increase in glass transition temperature and storage modulus was observed in the samples containing compatibilizer, and the uniformity of the system was also improved. The tensile test results showed that by adding nanoclay up to 3 % by weight, the tensile strength and Young′s modulus increase. Addition of compatibilizer up to 5 % by weight increased the physical and mechanical properties.
The efficacy and safety of pH‐responsive and photothermal‐sensitive multifunctional nanoparticles loaded with cryptotanshinone for the treatment of gastric cancer
Authors: Wu Dan , Chen MingHang , Zheng Nan , Lu Ying , Wang Xiang , Jiang Chuan , Xu HongTao
Published: August 2024

A multifunctional polydopamine/mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded cryptotanshinone (PDA/MSN@CTS) was synthesized and subjected to investigating its physicochemical properties and anti‐gastric cancer (GC) effects. Utilizing network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques, CTS was identified as our final research target. The structural morphology and physicochemical properties of PDA/MSN@CTS were examined. Near‐infrared (NIR) laser was employed to evaluate the photothermal properties of the PDA/MSN@CTS, along with pH‐responsive and NIR‐triggered release assessments. In vitro experiments evaluated the impact of PDA/MSN@CTS on the malignant behavior of AGS gastric cells. A subcutaneous tumor model was further established to evaluate the in vivo safety of PDA/MSN@CTS. Furthermore, the in vivo photothermal efficacy of PDA/MSN@CTS, in addition to its combined effect with photothermal therapy (PTT), was investigated. Uniform and stable PDA/MSN@CTS had been successfully synthesized and demonstrated efficient release under tumor environment and NIR irradiation. Upon increasing NIR laser conditions, in vivo cytotoxicity, apoptosis rate, reactive oxygen species scavenging ability, and suppression of migration and invasion of AGS cells by PDA/MSN@CTS were significantly enhanced. In vivo assessments revealed excellent blood compatibility and biosafety of PDA/MSN@CTS, alongside robust tumor tissue targeting. Combining nanoparticles with PTT facilitated the anti‐GC effects of PDA/MSN@CTS. Compared to free drugs, PDA/MSN@CTS exhibits higher selectivity towards cancer cells, demonstrating effective anticancer activity and biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our nanomaterial possesses excellent photothermal properties, and under NIR conditions, PDA/MSN@CTS exhibits synergistic therapeutic effects.
Technology innovation decision‐making and optimal government subsidy strategy with endogenous bargaining power in a vertical supply chain
Authors: Chen Junlong , Han Zuli , Sun Xiaomin , Liu Jiali
Published: August 2024

This study presents a vertical supply chain model that considers bargaining power to explore independent innovation and co‐innovation decisions and their impacts and analyzes the optimal subsidy strategy for co‐innovation. We find that collaboration promotes technology innovation. Increases in consumer innovation preferences and government subsidies are conducive to co‐innovation. Both independent and co‐innovation can promote Pareto improvements under limiting conditions. Government subsidies can improve co‐innovation performance, but the subsidy parameter needs to be regulated. The optimal subsidy strategy is influenced by the subsidy target and budget. Governments prefer an innovative degree subsidy or a production cost subsidy.
Investment in fuel‐consumption reduction technologies in a vehicle supply chain under different subsidy policies: A dynamic framework
Authors: Yi Yongxi , Zhang Meng , Li Yuqiong , Fu Chunyan
Published: August 2024

It develops a differential game model of a fuel car supply chain in which consumers' low fuel consumption, green preferences, and government subsidies promote manufacturers' investment in fuel‐consumption reduction technologies (FCRT); the price, the fuel consumption per mile, and the retailer's marketing efforts jointly determine the demand for the product. There are four game scenarios constituted by ex ante or ex post government that subsidizes and shares or does not share marketing costs. The results show that ex ante and ex post subsidies can incentivize investment in FCRT. However, the preferable subsidy model depends on the parameter values; the manufacturer‐led marketing cost‐sharing contract results in supply chain coordination.
Optimizing agitated saline volume for contrast echocardiography: Balancing diagnostic performance and operator fatigue
Authors: Li Hezhi , Huang Yanying , Luo Dongling , Wen Song , Fei Hongwen , Zhang Caojin
Published: August 2024

Background

Agitated saline contrast echocardiography, essential for patent foramen ovale detection, typically uses a 10 mL saline protocol, which may lead to operator fatigue and compromise diagnostic accuracy. This study aimed to identify an optimal saline volume that balances diagnostic efficacy and minimizes operator fatigue.

Methods

Fifty‐three patients with suspected patent foramen ovale underwent echocardiography using three saline protocols: 10 mL (9 mL saline + 1 mL air), 7 mL (6.4 mL saline + 0.6 mL air), and 5 mL (4.6 mL saline + 0.4 mL air). The protocols were evaluated for their impact on microbubble signal intensity in the right atrium, right‐to‐left shunt grading, and operator fatigue, as assessed by the Borg CR10 scale.

Results

The signal intensities were comparable between the 10 mL and 7 mL protocols, while the 5 mL protocol showed significantly lower signal intensities at all time points (p < 0.001). The 7 mL protocol achieved 100% right‐to‐left shunt grading concordance with the 10 mL protocol, while the 5 mL protocol showed decreased accuracy and recall. Operator fatigue significantly decreased with the reduction in saline volume (p < 0.001), and the 7 mL protocol demonstrated optimal diagnostic accuracy and reduced fatigue.

Conclusion

A 7 mL agitated saline volume is recommended for contrast echocardiography to maintain diagnostic accuracy while significantly reducing operator fatigue, offering a practical balance between diagnostic precision and operator comfort.