bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous Monitoring of the Øresund Bridge: Data Acquisition and Operational Modal Analysis
Authors: Peeters Bart
Published: September 2009

The Øresund Bridge opened in July 2000. It is the most striking part of the fixed link across the Øresund connecting Copenhagen (Denmark) and Malmø (Sweden), which further includes a tunnel and an artificial island. The bridge is equipped with a PC‐based continuous monitoring system, capable of measuring both static and dynamic quantities such as temperatures, wind characteristics, air humidity, strains, and accelerations. The challenges for the design of the monitoring system were the long distances between the monitoring points and the variety of sensors. This article describes the bridge and the monitoring system components. Some typical measurement data are presented. Finally, the modal parameters of the bridge are extracted from the deck, cable, and tower vibrations. This shows that the system not only gives information about sudden events that exceed a certain threshold, but can also find use as a health monitoring system by tracking the evolution of the modal parameters.
Dynamic Response of Buildings of the Cultural Heritage
Authors: Clemente Paolo , Buffarini Giacomo
Published: September 2009

The dynamic behavior of historical buildings is quite complex owing to several reasons, such as the complexity of the geometrical characteristics, the nonlinear behavior of the material, and the noneffectiveness of the connection between the masonry walls and the decks. As a result, identification of the dynamic characteristics and the seismic analysis are very hard and the results obtained on a specific building cannot be easily generalized to other structures. Besides, the numerical analysis by means of finite element models, which is usually very helpful to analyze the expected behavior and to interpret the experimental results, contains large uncertainties: the structural size of the various elements cannot be evaluated with the needed accuracy; the material characteristics, such as the tension–strain relationship and strength, are not known; structure and materials often exhibit inelastic behavior; rigid floors are often missing; these are substituted by masonry vaults or by wooden floors, whose effectiveness in connecting walls is uncertain; neither the depth of the foundation nor their geometry and material properties are known; often the depth is variable as well as the soil characteristics; buildings are often connected to other constructions so that their behavior is very complex. Therefore, for such kind of structures, the experimental analysis is often the only way to improve our understanding about their dynamic behavior. In this article, two case studies are shown. The first one is a typical masonry bell tower in S. Martino in Rio, Italy, damaged by the 1996 Earthquake of Reggio Emilia. The second is a historical building in Cerreto di Spoleto, Italy, damaged by the 1997 Umbria–Marche earthquake.
Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of new 2‐[(3‐aminopropyl)dimethylsilyl]‐5‐triethylsilylfurans
Authors: Ignatovich Luba , Muravenko Velta , Shestakova Irina , Domrachova Ilona , Popelis Juris , Lukevics Edmunds
Published: September 2009

Highly cytotoxic 3‐aminopropyl derivatives of 5‐triethylsilyl‐2‐dimethylsilylfuran (LC501–3 µg ml−1) have been prepared by hydrosilylation of heterocyclic N‐allylamines with corresponding hydrosilane in the presence of Speier's catalyst. The influence of the amine structure on the cytotoxicity has been investigated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einbindetiefen und Schnittgrößen bei gestützten Wänden mit beliebiger Fußauflagerung
Authors: Hettler Achim
Published: September 2009

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet die Ermittlung von Schnittgrößen und Einbindetiefen bei gestützten Wänden. Zunächst wird ein Modell der Fußauflagerung vorgestellt, das sowohl eine freie Auflagerung, eine Teil einspannung als auch eine volle Einspannung umfasst. Die erforderliche Einbindetiefe lässt sich durch Ansatz von Bemessungsgrößen wesentlich einfacher berechnen als am System mit charakteristischen Größen. Bei einer teilweisen Einspannung im Boden können durch Vorgabe eines Drehwinkels im theoretischen Auflagerpunkt die charakteristischen Bodenreaktionen eindeutig festgelegt werden. Für den Fall, dass nur ständige Einwirkungen auftreten, können charakteristische Größen und Bemessungsgrößen durch einen Faktor ineinander umgerechnet werden. Eine weitere Vereinfachung ergibt sich, wenn man, den Empfehlungen des Arbeitskreises “Baugruben” folgend, die veränderlichen Einwirkungen mit einem Erhöhungsfaktor vergrößert und wie für den Lastfall mit ständigen Einwirkungen behandelt.

Embedment depths and sectional forces for propped walls with different foot supports.

In the following contribution the calculation of the embedment depth and the sectional forces is treated for the case of propped walls. A model for the earth support at the foot of the wall is presented including a free, a partly fixed and a fixed earth support. The determination of the embedment depth at the system with design loads is essentially easier compared to a calculation with characteristic quantities. Assuming a value for the rotation angle at the theoretical foot point of the wall permits to calculate the magnitude of the characteristic soil reactions. In the case that only permanent actions react on the wall, characteristic and design quantities are related by a simple factor. According to the recommendations of excavations a further simplification is possible, if the transient actions are increased by a factor and are treated as in the case of permanent situations.
Functionalization and Rearrangement of Spirocyclohexadienyl Oxindoles: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Authors: Rousseau Géraldine , Robert Frédéric , Landais Yannick
Published: September 2009

The preparation and functionalization of spirocyclohexa‐2,5‐diene oxindoles is described. The spirocyclic core of the title compounds was installed by using a SmI2‐mediated cyclization of aryl iodobenzamides. Epoxidation with CF3CO3H was then carried out and was shown to occur with a high level of diastereocontrol: the reagent approaches the diene moiety syn to the amide group, which is likely to be as a consequence of hydrogen bonding between the amide CO bond and the peracid hydrogen. Carbanionic functionalization of the spirocyclohexa‐2,5‐diene oxindoles was then examined, leading to an unprecedented rearrangement of the strained spiro system into dearomatized phenanthridinones. Upon treatment with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) at −40 °C, the dienes rearranged to provide a phenanthridinone lithium enolate intermediate that was trapped by electrophiles including alkyl halides and aldehydes. Interestingly, alkylation and hydroxyalkylation occurred with different regiocontrol. DFT calculations were performed that rationalize the observed skeleton rearrangement, emphasizing the role of LDA/diisopropylamine in this rearrangement. The proposed mechanism thus relies on a thermodynamically driven diisopropylamine‐mediated proton transfer with the cleavage of the diene–amide CO bond as the key step.
Metallomacrocycles with a Difference: Macrocyclic Complexes with Exocyclic Ruthenium(II)‐Containing Domains
Authors: Constable Edwin C. , Housecroft Catherine E. , Neuburger Markus , Rösel Pirmin J. , Schaffner Silvia , Zampese Jennifer A.
Published: September 2009

The templated synthesis of organic macrocycles containing rings of up to 96 atoms and three 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) units is described. Starting with the bpy‐centred ligands 5,5′‐bis[3‐(1,4‐dioxahept‐6‐enylphenyl)]‐2,2′‐bipyridine and 5,5′‐bis[3‐(1,4,7‐trioxadec‐9‐enylphenyl)]‐2,2′‐bipyridine, we have applied Grubbs’ methodology to couple the terminal alkene units of the coordinated ligands in [FeL3]2+ complexes. Hydrogenation and demetallation of the iron(II)‐containing macrocyclic complexes results in the isolation of large organic macrocycles. The latter bind {Ru(bpy)2} units to give macrocyclic complexes with exocyclic ruthenium(II)‐containing domains. The complex [Ru(bpy)2(L)]2+ (isolated as the hexafluorophosphate salt), in which L=5,5′‐bis[3‐(1,4,7,10‐tetraoxatridec‐12‐enylphenyl)]‐2,2′‐bipyridine, undergoes intramolecular ring‐closing metathesis to yield a macrocycle which retains the exocyclic {Ru(bpy)2} unit. The poly(ethyleneoxy) domains in the latter macrocycle readily scavenge sodium ions, as proven by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy data for the bulk sample. In addition to the new compounds, a series of model complexes have been fully characterized, and representative single‐crystal X‐ray structural data are presented for iron(II) and ruthenium(II) acyclic and macrocyclic species.
Closeness in relationships as a mediator between sexual abuse in childhood or adolescence and psychopathological outcome in adulthood
Authors: Dimitrova Nevena , Pierrehumbert Blaise , Glatz Nathalie , Torrisi Raffaella , Heinrichs Markus , Halfon Oliver , Chouchena Oliver
Published: September 2009

The risk of adverse psychological outcomes in adult victims of childhood and adolescent sexual abuse (CSA) has been documented; however, research on possible mediating variables is still required, namely with a clinical perspective. The attachment literature suggests that secure interpersonal relationships may represent such a variable. Twenty‐eight women who had experienced episodes of CSA, and 16 control women, were interviewed using Bremner's Early Trauma Inventory and the DSM‐IV Global Assessment of Functioning; they also responded to Collins' Relationship Scales Questionnaire, evaluating adult attachment representations in terms of Closeness, Dependence and Anxiety. Subjects with an experience of severe abuse reported significantly more interpersonal distance in relationships (low index of Closeness) than other subjects. The index of psychopathological functioning was correlated with both the severity of abuse and attachment (low index of Closeness). Regression analysis on the sample of abused women revealed that attachment predicted psychopathology when abuse was controlled for, whereas abuse did not predict psychopathology when attachment was controlled for. Therefore, preserving a capacity for closeness with attachment figures in adulthood appears to mediate the consequences of CSA on subsequent psychopathological outcome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• The way CSA victims deal with closeness and intimacy in relationships contributes to the quality of psychological outcome in adulthood.

• Treatment strategies for CSA victims should emphasize the enhancement of interpersonal experiences and the strengthening of the subject's sense of closeness to others, intimacy in relationships, and confidence in others.
Exploration of chromatic aberration for multiplanar imaging: Proof of concept with implications for fast, efficient autofocus
Authors: Weinigel Martin , Kellner Albert L. , Price Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2009

Image‐based autofocus determines focus directly from the specimen (as opposed to reflective surface positioning with an offset), but sequential acquisition of a stack of images to measure resolution/sharpness and find best focus is slower than reflective positioning. Simultaneous imaging of multiple focal planes, which is also useful for 3D imaging of live cells, is faster but requires complicated optics. With color CCD cameras and white light sources commonly available, we asked if axial chromatic aberration can be utilized to acquire multiple focal planes simultaneously, and if it can be controlled through a range sufficient for practical use. For proof of concept, we theoretically and experimentally explored the focal differences between three narrow wavelength bands on a 3‐chip color CCD camera with and without glass inserts of various thicknesses and dispersions. Ray tracing yielded changes in foci of 0.65–0.9 μm upon insertion of 12.5‐mm thick glass samples for green (G, 522 nm) vs. blue (B, 462 nm) and green vs. red (G‐R, 604 nm). On a microscope: (1) With no glass inserts, the differences in foci were 2.15 μm (G‐B) and 0.43 μm (G‐R); (2) With glass inserts, the maximum change in foci for G vs. B was 0.44 μm and for G vs. R was 0.26 μm; and (3) An 11.3 mm thick N‐BK7 glass insert shifted the foci 0.9 μm (R), 0.6 μm (G), and 0.35 μm (B), such that the B and R foci were farther apart (2.1 μm vs. 1.7 μm) and the R and G foci were closer together (0.25 μm vs. 0.45 μm). The slopes of the differences in foci were dependent on thickness, index of refraction, and dispersion. The measured differences in foci are comparable to the axial steps of 0.1–0.24 μm commonly used for autofocus, and focal plane separation can be altered by inserting optical elements of various dispersions and thicknesses. By enabling acquisition of multiple, axially offset images simultaneously, chromatic aberration, normally an imaging pariah, creates a possible mechanism for efficient multiplanar imaging of multiple spectral bands from white light illumination. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Summary of ‘Grommets (ventilation tubes) for recurrent acute otitis media in children’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: McDonald S. , Langton Hewer C. D. , Nunez D. A. , van Dalen E. C. , Kremer L. C. M.
Published: September 2009

This is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials, of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: McDonald S, Langton Hewer CD, Nunez DA. Grommets (ventilation tubes) for recurrent acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art, No.: CD004741. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004741.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Tonsillectomy or adeno‐tonsillectomy versus non‐surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis’
Authors: Woods Charles R.
Published: September 2009

This is a commentary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Burton MJ, Glasziou PP. Tonsillectomy or adeno‐tonsillectomy versus non‐surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001802. DOI:10.1002/14 651 858.CD001802.pub2. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Enhancement of auxiliary overcurrent protection in transformers using novel feature extraction algorithms
Authors: Huang Shyh‐Jier , Wan Hsing‐Ho
Published: September 2009

In this paper, a feature extraction approach embedded with wavelet computation is applied to enhance the auxiliary overcurrent protection, by which the transformer inrush current discriminating from internal fault can be achieved. This proposed method starts with a feature extraction of acquired differential current waveform following the execution of wavelet computation. Then, the extracted features are expressed as a group of quantitative turning points to serve as indicators for overcurrent recognition. It is found that by this way of design, the inrush current can be effectively discriminated from the fault current. To validate the effectiveness of the method, it was applied to various simulated scenarios as well as employed to inspect a 60 MVA, 161/23.9 kV transformer connected to a 161 kV power system in Taiwan. Test results help support the feasibility of the method for the application considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of road‐generated storm runoff on a small catchment response
Authors: Woldie Daniel W. , Sidle Roy C. , Gomi Takashi
Published: September 2009

The impact of road‐generated runoff on the hydrological response of a zero‐order basin was monitored for a sequence of 24 storm events. The study was conducted in a zero‐order basin (C1; 0·5ha) with an unpaved mountain road; an adjacent unroaded zero‐order basin (C2; 0·2 ha) with similar topography and lithology was used to evaluate the hydrological behaviour of the affected zero‐order basin prior to construction of the road. The impact of the road at the zero‐order basin scale was highly dependent on the antecedent soil‐moisture conditions, total storm precipitation, and to some extent rainfall intensity. At the beginning of the monitoring period, during dry antecedent conditions, road runoff contributed 50% of the total runoff and 70% of the peak flow from the affected catchment (C1). The response from the unroaded catchment was almost insignificant during dry antecedent conditions. As soil moisture increased, the road exerted less influence on the total runoff from the roaded catchment. For very wet conditions, the influence of road‐generated runoff on total outflow from the roaded catchment diminished to only 5·4%. Both catchments, roaded and unroaded, produced equivalent amount of outflow during very wet antecedent conditions on a unit area basis. The lag time between the rainfall and runoff peaks observed in the unroaded catchment during the monitoring period ranged from 0 to 4 h depending on the amount of precipitation and antecedent conditions, owing mainly to much slower subsurface flow pathways in the unroaded zero‐order basin. In contrast, the lag time in the roaded zero‐order basin was virtually nil during all storms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemorheological, morphological, and oxidative changes during ischemia‐reperfusion of latissimus dorsi muscle flaps in a canine model
Authors: Tamas Robert , Nemeth Norbert , Brath Endre , Sasvari Maria , Nyakas Csaba , Debreczeni Bela , Miko Iren , Furka Istvan
Published: September 2009

Although ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) strongly influences muscle flap survival in reconstructive surgery, there is limited knowledge about its relation to hemorheological parameters and oxidative stress markers in flaps. In the present study we investigated these changes during I/R of latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) flaps in beagle dogs. In four animals LDM flaps were prepared bilaterally. The right side served as control, while the left side's vascular pedicle was clamped for 60 minutes, and a 60‐minute reperfusion was allowed afterward. Blood samples (0.5 ml each) were taken from the pedicle's vein bilaterally before and after the ischemia, and at the 5th, 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th minutes of the reperfusion, for hematological and erythrocyte aggregation tests. In muscle biopsies, taken before and after I/R, histological investigations and tests for measuring gluthation‐peroxidase (GSH‐PX) activity, glutathione (GSH) and carbonyl concentrations, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content were carried out. In I/R side leukocyte count increased during the reperfusion with a peak at the 30th minute. Hematocrit continuously increased from the 15th minute. In the first 5 minutes of the reperfusion, erythrocyte aggregation increased, than tented to be normalized. In muscle homogenates GSH‐PX activity did not change markedly, GSH content slightly decreased, carbonyl and TBARS content increased during reperfusion. A 1‐hour ischemia and reperfusion of LDM flaps caused local changes of leukocyte distribution and erythrocyte aggregation, supposedly due to the metabolic and inflammatory reactions. Oxidative damage during reperfusion was also demonstrated. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.
One‐plasmid tunable coexpression for mycobacterial protein–protein interaction studies
Authors: Chang Yong , Mead David , Dhodda Vinay , Brumm Phil , Fox Brian G.
Published: September 2009

A single plasmid that allows controlled coexpression has been developed for use in mycobacteria. The tetracycline inducible promoter, PtetO, was used to provide tetracycline‐dependent induction of one gene, while the Psmyc, Pimyc, or Phsp promoters were used to provide three different levels of constitutive expression of a second gene. The functions of these four individual promoters were established using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a newly identified red fluorescence inducible protein from Geobacillus sterothermophilus strain G1.13 (RFIP) as reporters. The tandem use of GFP and RFIP as reporter genes allowed optimization of the tunable coexpression in Mycobacterium smegmatis; either time at a fixed inducer concentration or changes in inducer concentration could be used to control the protein:protein ratio. This single vector system was used to coexpress the two‐protein Mycobacterium tuberculosis stearoyl‐CoA Δ9 desaturase complex (integral membrane desaturase Rv3229c and NADPH oxidoreductase Rv3230c) in M. smegmatis. The catalytic activity was found to increase in a manner corresponding to increasing the level of Rv3230c relative to a fixed level of Rv3229c. This system, which can yield finely tuned coexpression of the fatty acid desaturase complex in mycobacteria, may be useful for study of other multicomponent complexes. Furthermore, the tunable coexpression strategy used herein should also be applicable in other species with minor modifications.
Crystal structures of a therapeutic single chain antibody in complex with two drugs of abuse—Methamphetamine and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Authors: Celikel Reha , Peterson Eric C. , Owens S. Michael , Varughese Kottayil I.
Published: September 2009

Methamphetamine (METH) is a major drug threat in the United States and worldwide. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for treating METH abuse is showing exciting promise and the understanding of how mAb structure relates to function will be essential for future development of these important therapies. We have determined crystal structures of a high affinity anti‐(+)‐METH therapeutic single chain antibody fragment (scFv6H4, KD= 10 nM) derived from one of our candidate mAb in complex with METH and the (+) stereoisomer of another abused drug, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), known by the street name “ecstasy.” The crystal structures revealed that scFv6H4 binds to METH and MDMA in a deep pocket that almost completely encases the drugs mostly through aromatic interactions. In addition, the cationic nitrogen of METH and MDMA forms a salt bridge with the carboxylate group of a glutamic acid residue and a hydrogen bond with a histidine side chain. Interestingly, there are two water molecules in the binding pocket and one of them is positioned for a CH ⃛O interaction with the aromatic ring of METH. These first crystal structures of a high affinity therapeutic antibody fragment against METH and MDMA (resolution = 1.9 Å, and 2.4 Å, respectively) provide a structural basis for designing the next generation of higher affinity antibodies and also for carrying out rational humanization.
Theoretical studies on chemical bonding between Cu(II) and oxygen molecule in type 3 copper proteins
Authors: Saito Toru , Kataoka Yusuke , Nakanishi Yasuyuki , Matsui Toru , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Kawakami Takashi , Okumura Mitsutaka , Yamaguchi Kizashi
Published: September 2009

We discussed the most stable coordination of O2 binding in the Cu2O2 core of type 3 copper proteins from a viewpoint of broken‐symmetry (BS) DFT approach. This study put its focus on the active site of both oxy and deoxy form of hemocyanin as an example. We examined four conventional hybrid GGA functional sets that contain different proportion of exact exchange in a range of 20–50% within a BS way. To evaluate their net accuracy, the spin contamination errors caused by the triplet (S = 1) state on energy and energy gradient in the BS (S = 0) state were replaced by our approximate spin projection (AP) procedure. We also examined OO stretch vibrational frequencies and Gibbs free energies of O2 binding with the conductor‐like polarizable continuum model. From the results, UBHandHLYP outperform the other functional sets, indicating that the Cu2O2 core in oxyHc has significant diradical character under AP‐BS approximation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
What Have CEOs Been Doing?
Authors: Galambos Louis
Published: September 2009

The author traces and evaluates the major trends in the history and theory of the modern corporation: the literature dealing with market control, the New Business History that emphasizes efficiency, and recent developments by the Chicago School and the theorists of transactions costs. He concludes with an analysis of the recent problems U.S. corporations have experienced in managing innovation.
Innovations, Debts, and Bubbles: International Integration of Financial Markets in Western Europe, 1688–1720
Authors: Schubert Eric S.
Published: September 2009

The article uses recent exchange-rate data to explore the progressive integration of early eighteenth-century, West European financial markets. The process climaxed in 1719 and 1720 with the Mississippi Bubble in Paris, the South Sea Bubble in London, and the insurance bubbles in Hamburg and throughout Holland. Only Paris failed to integrate permanently into the new multinational network.
Did France's Colonial Empire Make Economic Sense? A Perspective from the Postwar Decade, 1946–1956
Authors: Fitzgerald Edward Peter
Published: September 2009

Aggregate trade data appear to support the mercantilist position that colonial markets were very important for the French economy after 1945. After summarizing and then criticizing arguments based on these data, this article concludes that the economic utility of the empire to France was in fact more spurious than real.
Economic and Geographic Mobility on the Farming Frontier: Evidence from Appanoose County, Iowa, 1850–1870
Authors: Galenson David W. , Pope Clayne L.
Published: September 2009

This article investigates the characteristics of early settlers on the midwestern farming frontier, the correlates of their geographic mobility, and the determinants of their wealth. Using evidence drawn from the 1850, 1860, and 1870 federal censuses we find average rates of growth of wealth over time that were considerably above the national average, a steeper cross-sectional relationship between wealth and age than those found for contemporary national samples, and a substantial positive effect of early arrival on the frontier on wealth levels. Very high levels of economic opportunity may have been a characteristic of the farming frontier.
A Spatial Approach to Structural Change: The Making of the French Hexagon
Authors: Blum Ulrich , Dudley Leonard
Published: September 2009

Previous studies explain the extension of royal power in fifteenth-century France by the professionalization of military combat or by the commercialization of economic activity. Neither approach can account for the turnaround in Charles VII's fortunes between 1435 and 1445. Using Lösch's model of spatial competition to examine the determinants of state borders, we suggest that the key factor in the formation of the French hexagon was an innovation in artillery projectiles that increased military scale economies. A reduction in state economic intervention apparently accompanied this development rather than the increase suggested elsewhere.
Capital Mobility and Financial Integration in Antebellum America
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard
Published: September 2009

Studies of postbellum financial markets have shown that the United States was not served by an integrated short-term capital market until the turn of the twentieth century. Until recently the data necessary for the study of a similar phenomenon in the antebellum period have not been available. This article reports several new regional interest rate series for the antebellum era that show that antebellum credit markets were more integrated than postbellum markets.
Age at Leaving Home in Rural Ireland, 1901–1911
Authors: Guinnane Timothy W.
Published: September 2009

Economic historians have stressed the importance of households and household formation but have devoted little attention to the process of leaving home. Leaving home in Ireland is important because of households' role in post-Famine demographic patterns. A matched Irish manuscript census sample for 1901 and 1911 shows that Irish males left home later than females. Statistical tests show that much of this reflects an Irish inheritance system that led many malesneverto leave home. Other economic forces, such as labor market opportunities, often had opposite impacts on males and females.
Counting Housework: New Estimates of Real Product in the United States, 1800–1860
Authors: Folbre Nancy , Wagman Barnet
Published: September 2009

Women engaged primarily in the provision of domestic services for family members make important contributions to total output. This article provides estimates of the size and sectoral allocation of the nonmarket household work force in the United States between 1800 and 1860. Those estimates are then used as a basis for several alternative imputations of the value of these women's work, which modify the historical picture of economic growth over this period.
Consumption of Farm Output and Economic Growth in the Old Northwest, 1800–1860
Authors: von Ende Eleanor , Weiss Thomas
Published: September 2009

In this article we present the first estimates of output per capita for the Old Northwest in the years before 1840. The results indicate that the region grew quite rapidly, even during its earliest formative years. Its performance relative to the nation depends on the definition of output.
Uncertainty as a Propagating Force in The Great Depression
Authors: Ferderer J. Peter , Zalewski David A.
Published: September 2009

This article argues that the banking crises and collapse of the international gold standard in the early 1930s contributed to the severity of the Great Depression by increasing interest-rate uncertainty. Two pieces of evidence support this conclusion. First, uncertainty (as measured by the risk premium embedded in the term structure of interest rates) rises during the banking crises and is positively linked to financial-market volatility associated with the breakdown in the gold standard. Second, the risk premium explains a significant proportion of the variation in aggregate investment spending during the Great Depression.
Late Nineteenth-Century Anglo-American Factor-Price Convergence: Were Heckscher and Ohlin Right?
Authors: O'Rourke Kevin , Williamson Jeffrey G.
Published: September 2009

Due primarily to transport improvements, commodity prices in Britain and the United States tended to converge between 1870 and 1913. Heckscher and Ohlin, writing in 1919 and 1924, thought that these events should have contributed to factor-price convergence. It turns out that Heckscher and Ohlin were right: a significant share of the Anglo-American real-wage convergence was due to commodity-price convergence. It appears that this late nineteenth-century episode was the dramatic start of world-commodity and factor-market integration that continues today.
Myth of the Industrial Scrap Heap: A Revisionist View of Turn-of-the-Century American Retirement
Authors: Carter Susan B. , Sutch Richard
Published: September 2009

Using the census survival method to calculate net flows across employment states between 1900 and 1910, we find that approximately one-fifth of all men who reached the age of 55 eventually retired before death. Many of these retirees appear to have planned their withdrawal from paid employment by accumulating assets, becoming self-employed, and then liquidating their assets to provide a stream of income to finance consumption in old age. This “modern” retirement behavior has important implications for the economic history of capital and labor markets, of saving and investment, of insurance and pensions, and of the family economy.
The Poverty of Impoverishment Theory: The Economic Well-Being of the Elderly, 1890–1950
Authors: Gratton Brian
Published: September 2009

Progressive Ear and New Deal reformers claimed that industrialization impoverished the elderly by degrading older workers. This has become the standard interpretation in popular and scholarly accounts. Data from 1890 through 1950 show that real wages of older workers rose sharply during this peroid and that family economic strategies promised the elderly considerable security. Birth cohort analysis indicates positive age-earnings profiles across the life cycle. Although the elderly benefited from economic growth, security in old age often demanded intrafamilial exchanges. Tensions arising from these transfers may explain the broad popular support Social Security received.
Bonds without Bondsmen: Tenant-Right in Nineteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Guinnane Timothy W. , Miller Ronald I.
Published: September 2009

Tenant-right, or a tenant's right to sell his holding, was one of the most puzzling institutions of nineteenth-century Irish land tenure. Historians have argued that the institution reflects the tenants' assertions of a proprietary interest in the land, an assertion often backed up by threats and violence. In this article we argue that landlords respected tenant-right because they could profit from the instistution. Our model reflects comments by contemporaries and explains that tenant-right functioned as a bond aganist nonpayment of rent and was part of a rational landlord's income-maximizing strategy.
Reform During Crisis: The Transformation of California's Fiscal System During the Great Depression
Authors: Hartley James E. , Sheffrin Steven M. , Vasche J. David
Published: September 2009

In the midst of the Great Depression, California engaged in a massive restructuring of its tax system, reducing reliance on the property tax and introducing sales and income taxes. Our analysis suggests that this restructuring, which included a voter referendum, was primarily driven by a desire to change the mix rather than the level of taxation. Nonetheless, by introducing new taxes that had a higher revenue elasticity than the existing taxes, California created a revenue system that allowed the rapid growth of spending to continue.
Delivering Coal by Road and Rail in Britain: The Efficiency of the “Silly Little Bobtailed” Coal Wagons
Authors: Vleck Va Nee L. Van
Published: September 2009

The small railway coal wagon was an early example held up to demonstrate Edwardian Britain’s technological stagnation. The small wagons have been blamed for inflated rail freight rates and depressed railway profits. What has been overlooked is that the small wagon was integral to the local coal market. The coal wagon was a substitute for costly distribution and delivery by road transport; although some railway specific costs may have been inflated, beyond the railhead other costs were economized. Seen in the appropriate context the small coal wagon was neither a bad choice nor an oddity.
Greenback-Gold Returns and Expectations of Resumption, 1862–1879
Authors: Smith Gregor W. , Smith R. Todd
Published: September 2009

This article proposes a unified framework for studying the greenback-gold price during the U.S. suspension of convertibility from 1862 to 1879.The gold price is viewed as a floating exchange rate, with a fixed destination given by gold standard parity because of the prospect of resumption. This perspective is tested using daily data for the entire period, and the effect of news during and after the Civil War is measured. New evidence of a decline in the volatility of gold returns after the Resumption Act of 1875 provides statistical support for the importance of expectations of resumption.
The European Grain Invasion, 1870–1913
Authors: O'Rourke Kevin H.
Published: September 2009

The article quantifies the impact of cheap grain on the European economy in the late nineteenth century. Falling transport costs led to dramatic declines in Anglo-American grain price gaps, but price convergence was less impressive between the U.S. and other European economies, and within Europe. Cheaper grain meant lower rents throughout Europe, and protection boosted rents, but the magnitudes involved differed between countries. Similarly, cheap grain increased real wages in Britain, but lowered them elsewhere. The grain invasion implied different shocks across countries, and this partly explains the varying trade policies pursued in Europe during this period.
Strikebreaking and the Labor Market in the United States, 1881–1894
Authors: Rosenbloom Joshua L.
Published: September 2009

Using data from a sample of over 2,000 individual strikes in the United States from 1881 to 1894 this article examines geographic, industrial, and temporal variations in the use of strikebreakers and the sources from which they were recruited. The use of strikebrekers was not correlated with business cycle and did not vary appreciably by region or city size, but employers located outside the Northeast or in smaller cities were more likely to use replacement workers recruited from other places. The use of strikebreakers also varied considerably across industries, and was affected by union authorization and strike size.
Marriage, Bargaining, and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: Excess Female Mortality among Adults during Early German Development, 1740–1860
Authors: Klasen Stephan
Published: September 2009

This article investigates sex-specific mortality rates in eighteenth- and nineteenthcentury rural Germany to determine whether there was any gender bias in the allocation of household resources. Family reconstitution data from 60 villages provide evidence of considerable excess female mortality among married adults. The empirical findings are consistent with a bargaining approach to understanding intrahousehold resource allocation and suggest that women's survival disadvantage is related to their positions in the remarriage market, the perceived value of their work, as well as differences in altruism. Agricultural change appears to be one factor responsible for the emergence of this disadvantage.
Interest Rate Uncertainty and the Founding of the Federal Reserve
Authors: Caporale Tony , McKiernan Barbara
Published: September 2009

This article examines the impact of what is undoubtedly the most important monetary regime change in U.S. history: the founding of the Federal Reserve System. We find, using a (G)ARCH model, a significant reduction in interest rate uncertainty following the founding of the Fed. Additionally, we show that the passage of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908, another significant change in policy, also led to a reduction in interest rate uncertainty. These results are robust to alternative interest rate models, as well as to incorporating the impact of other events important to financial markets in our sample.
Was Ecomomic Growth Likely in Colonial British North America?
Authors: Mancall Peter C. , Weiss Thomas
Published: September 2009

Conventional wisdom holds that output per capita in colonial British America increased between 0.3 and 0.6 percent per year. Our conjectural estimates challenge this view, suggesting instead that such growth was unlikely. We show that the most likely rate of economic growth was much lower, probably close to zero. We argue further that to understand the performance of the colonial economy it is necessary to include the economic activity of Native American Indians. When this is done, we estimate that the economy may have grown at the rate suggested by previous researchers.
Did Glass-Steagall Increase the Cost of External Finance for Corporate Investment?: Evidence From Bank and Insurance Company Affiliations
Authors: Ramírez Carlos D.
Published: September 2009

The Glass-Steagall Act may have increased the cost for corporations of raising external funds for investment spending. Significant differences are found in the way financial institutions influenced corporate investment spending. Investment regressions for a sample of companies affiliated to financial institutions are estimated and compared to those for a control sample. Prior to Glass-Steagall, affiliated companies do not display any sensitivity between investment spending and internal measures of liquidity, whereas the control sample does.
The Sources of Regional Variation in the Severity of the Great Depression: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing, 1919–1937
Authors: Rosenbloom Joshua L. , Sundstrom William A.
Published: September 2009

The impact of the Great Depression was milder in the South Atlantic states, more severe in the Mountain states, and surprisingly uniform across other regions of the countly—despite large differences in industrial structere. Employing data on 20 manufacturing industries disaggregated by state, we analyze the relative contributions of industry mix and location to regional variations in economic performance. Industrial composition had a significant impact on employment growth, with regions that concentrated on durable goods or inputs to construction faring worse than others. Long-run trends also mattered, and explain much of the South Atlantic's more favorable performance.
The Impact of Immigration on American Import Trade in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Dunlevy James A. , Hutchinson William K.
Published: September 2009

Studies of the contemporary period for the United States and for Canada have established that the presence of an immigrant population is associated with an increase in trade between the immigrants' host and origin countries. We wish to discover if such a protrade phenomenon was systematically associated with the massive inflow of immigrants to the United States during the 40 years preceding World War I. Applying a gravity model to U.S. imports of 78 commodities from 17 countries at five-year intervals, we find support for a broad pro-import immigrant effect, especially for more fmished and more differentiated goods.
The Political Economy of British Imperialism: Measures of Benefits and Support
Authors: Davis Lance E. , Huttenback Robert A.
Published: September 2009

The paper provides new evidence on the debate over the decision of the British to invest in empire in the period of 1860–1914. An examination of the flow of symbolic capital indicates that the Empire was not a major recipient until the end of the period. The largest transfers went to the “rest of the world” although a surprisingly large fraction was absorbed domestically.A study of the profits of British firms operating at home, in the Empire, and abroad shows that while the Empire was relatively very profitable in the years before 1880, domestic returns were higher from that date until the end of the Boer War. Moreover, those domestic returns were also higher than foreign from the mid-1870s to the mid-1880s and again throughout the 1890s. Finally, the evidence indicates that empire returns were as high as they were only because of substantial social subsidies from the British. The imperial experience could therefore be viewed more as a redistribution of income within the United Kingdom than as a transfer from the empire to the mother country.
City Size and Ethnic Discrimination: Michigan Agricultural Implements and Iron Working Industries, 1890
Authors: Hannon Joan Underhill
Published: September 2009

Late nineteenth-century immigrants tended to concentrate in large cities despite the fact that they experienced less occupational mobility there than they did in small cities. This paper suggests that variation across cities in labor management systems and in the associated froms of discrimination may help to explain this apparent paradox. Analysis of data from Michigan's agricultural implements and iron-working industries in 1890 indicates that discrimination in hiring made it more difficult for immigrants to break into the small-city labor force. But in large cities, immigrant mobility was restricted by discriminatory barriers to entry into higher level jobs.
Did Capitalism Lead to the Decline of the Peasantry? The Case of the French Combraille
Authors: Meyering Anne C.
Published: September 2009

The growth of French cities made possible the growth of population in the Combraille that lasted from about 1730 until about 1830. After 1830 the growth of cities and the rise of industrial capitalism explain the decline in population in the Combraille. Permanent out-migration accelerated. Temporary seasonal migration and the rate of natural increase declined. But the economic situation of the peasants in the Combraille improved. By 1950 the size of the population of the Combraille had returned to its pre-1730 level, but the majority of the inhabitants were much better off than they had been 200 years earlier.
The Standard of Living Debate: Glasgow, 1800–1850
Authors: Cage R. A.
Published: September 2009

This analysis of the condition of the working classes in Glasgow in the first half of the nineteenth century is provided in two stages. An average real wage index for 1810–1840 exhibits a marked decline as a result of the high proportion of textile workers in the labor force. Quality indicators, such as housing conditions and mortality rates, deteriorated, and working-class diets at best did not improve. The evidence examined for Glasgow suggests no improvement in the standard of living of the city's working-class population.
Structural Change in American Manufacturing, 1850–1890
Authors: James John A.
Published: September 2009

This article examines the role of capital-deepening technical change in promoting the growth of large firms and concentrated markets in the late nineteenth-century United States. Translog production functions allowing nonconstant returns to scale and biased technical change are estimated in pooled cross-section time series for 16 major industries over the period 1850–1890 based on Census data. It is shown that substantial increases in optimal firm size, dictating natural monopoly or tight oligopoly market structures, occurred in some but not all of the industries experiencing substantial increases in concentration over this period. In a number of markets high concentration levels did not appear to have been compelled by changes in technology.
Macroeconomic Instability and the “Natural” Processes in early Neoclassical Economics
Authors: Mirowski Philip
Published: September 2009

It may seem odd to disinter an economic theory—in this instance, William Stanley Jevons's claim that sunspots caused macroeconomic fluctuations—which no one now believes or much cares about. In fact, my purpose is not to scoff at a dead theory, but to use it as a pretext to discuss the following issues: economic historians often have suggested a dichotomy between a premodem and industrial macroeconomy, with the premodern economy largely at the mercy of weather and other natural phenomena; the dichotomy is rooted in early neoclassical economic theory (here restricting ourselves to Jevons); there is little historical evidence that premodern macro fluctuations were caused by natural disturbances, such as the weather (here restricting ourselves to the case of England); and the above three theses have some interesting implications for the way economic policy is conceived, both then and now.
Banking Struture and the National Capital Market, 1869–1914
Authors: Sushka Marie Elizabeth , Barrett W. Brian
Published: September 2009

We examine (1) why, when a national capital market developed in the United States, regional interest rate differentials existed and seemed to narrow toward 1900, and (2) the changing patterns of banking behavior in the post-Civil War period. We show that a national capital market was established early (1870s), and regional rate differentials were a response to variations and changes in the interest sensitivity of business loan demand. Bank structure was characterized by monopoly, but it declined because of increasing sophistication of business financing decisions, which became more sensitive to open market rates (in particular the stock market) and to loan rates themselves.