bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of the Use of Digital Media in Improving Knowledge on Cadres of Colorectal Malignancy in the Era of Pandemi COVID-19
Authors: Budianto Aries , Sugiharto Setyo , Niam M S , Siswardana Dwicha Rahmawansa
Published: November 2021

This study increasing the role of cadres as public health providers in the initial screening of high-risk patients and colorectal cancer patients in the community, especially in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, and as public health providers who can help increase awareness and knowledge about colorectal cancer, to help reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer and early detection. The research design was cross sectional with pre and post test conducted in October 2020. The sample was divided into 3 groups based on region. All groups received education on colorectal cancer online and were evaluated through pre / post-tests both directly and via google form. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling by distributing questionnaires to respondents in order to obtain secondary data. Repetition of the test on education that has been given previously within 2 months without the provision of active material from the counselor, to evaluate the retention of the educational understanding that has been given is attached or not. The results obtained, have a very good response by evaluating that there is a pre- / post-test, although they still have not achieved the expected results, namely more than 70% success, but achieved success as much as 100% from the attendance of invited participants which indicates that memory retention is still good. The counseling that was carried out received positive responses from cadres and many enthusiasts in the counseling that was carried out.There was an increase in participants' knowledge of colorectal cancer after counseling by the authors. All participants showed improved knowledge outcomes as measured by the posttest score indicator and showed good memory retention
A system approach to the study of the city in the social understanding of its phenomenon for modern society
Authors: Зенин Константин Анатольевич
Published: November 2021

В данной статье рассматривается системный подход различных учёных к философскому пониманию феномена городского пространства, даётся обоснование его эвристичности. Современная социальная наука изучает феномен городского пространства не единолично, а находясь в тесной взаимосвязи с другими науками, такими как социология, психология, логистика, политология, география, культурология, практическими разделами архитектуры и т.д. Перечисленные науки изучают город с практической и эмпирической стороны, но теоретическое изучение происходит посредством использования устоявшихся методов философской науки. Отмечается, что применение социологической методологии в изучении городского локуса значительно расширяет возможности социогуманитарных наук в определении взаимозависимости пространственных и популяционных факторов развития городской среды (Т. Парсонс, Н. Луман). На основе обобщения системно-семиотического метода А.И. Уёмова город рассматривается через триаду «вещь», «свойство», «отношение». Антитезой в понимании города выступает концепция А.Э. Гутнова, объясняющего его сущностные характеристики посредством воссоздания пространственной параметрики. Делается вывод о том, что существующие теоретико-методологические подходы к исследованию городского пространства обладают значительным эвристическим потенциалом в экспликации города как целостного (интегрального) социокультурного феномена.

Understanding of the phenomenon of urban space provides a justification for its heuristicity. Modern social science studies the phenomenon of urban space not alone, but being in close relationship with other sciences, such as sociology, psychology, logistics, political science, geography, cultural studies, practical sections of architecture, etc. The listed sciences study the city from the practical and empirical side, but theoretical study takes place through the established methods of philosophical science. The application of sociological methodology in the study of the urban locus significantly expands the possibilities of socio-humanities in determining the interdependence of spatial and population factors for the development of the urban environment (T. Parsons, N. Luhmann). Based on the generalization of the system-semiotic method of A.I. Uyomov, the city is considered through the triad "thing," "property," "relation". Antithesis in the understanding of the city is the concept of A.E. Gutnov, explaining its essential characteristics by recreating spatial parametrics. It is concluded that the existing theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of urban space have significant heuristic potential in the explication of the city as a holistic (integral) socio-cultural phenomenon.
Arbitragem Global: Harmonizada
Authors: Bomtempo Eugênio
Published: November 2021

Este trabalho examina a relação entre a expansão dos negócios globalizados com a harmonização existente nos procedimentos arbitrais internacionais, processo que se desenvolve em caráter irreversível. Aproximadamente 60% dos negócios mundiais ocorrem entre as próprias empresas transacionais. A pesquisa adota metodologia qualitativa, com exames dos regulamentos das principais Cortes arbitrais, para testar a hipótese que os valores transacionais são elevados, assim, o sigilo se faz recomendável por questão como velocidade, produtividade, segurança operacional das empresas controvertidas, garantia de liberdade em face dos órgãos de controle dos Estados nacionais e fator de proteção tributária. Foi possível identificar que há estreita conexão de interesses entre a atuação das empresas transnacionais, em prol da expansão de arbitragens imparciais, rápidas, sigilosas, independentes e flexíveis. Há um trade-off entre a necessidade de velocidade na solução de controvérsias e deter a opacidade de transações se algum interesse público for ferido. No entanto, devido à correlação entre os aspectos macroeconômicos dos negócios transnacionais e a expansão das Cortes arbitrais esta percepção traz um plus e contribui para a compreensão do relevante fenômeno, pois os ganhos de produtividade são expressivos.
Ceftarolina fosamil e ceftriaxona em pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade
Authors: Sousa Milena Nunes Alves de , Mendes Beatriz Clementino Leite , Borges Lara Maria Veloso , Nascimento Lizandra Pinheiro do , Pequeno Stéphany Ferreira , Macedo Marriane Brito , Suarez Larissa de Araújo Batista , Rolim Lucíola Abílio Dinis Melquíades de Medeiros
Published: November 2021

Buscou-se avaliar, em pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade, se o uso de ceftarolina fosamil comparada a ceftriaxona possui melhor resposta terapêutica e segurança. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, com avaliação aos pares dos títulos e dos resumos de todos os estudos identificados e do texto completo. Os critérios de inclusão do estudo foram: 1) Ensaio clínico randomizado; 2) critério aplicado a partir de fatores que contemplam as questões PICO. A amostra constitu-se por quatro artigos. A maior parte dos estudos selecionados caracterizou-se como estudo duplo-cego, randomizado, multicêntrico e, majoritariamente, de origem americana. Os achados confirmaram a taxa de cura clínica da ceftarolina fosamil em comparação com a ceftriaxona, inclusive demonstrou sua superioridade em vários aspectos: tolerância, segurança e tempo de tratamento. Foi possível constatar que a resposta clínica dos pacientes que receberam a ceftarolina fosamil foi melhor, diminuindo os custos do tratamento dos doentes. Diante do que foi exposto é possível afirmar que a ceftarolina fosamil é um agente promissor para o tratamento da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade.
Enraizamento de estacas de roseira imersas em extrato aquoso de tiririca (Cyperus rotundus L.)
Authors: Paixão Marcus Vinicius Sandoval , Cremonini Gustavo Miranda , Fernandes Antonio Resende , Grobério Rafaela  Barreto Cazaroto , Faria Junior Helio Pena de
Published: November 2021

Nos tubérculos de tiririca (Cyperus rotundus L.) podem ser encontradas substâncias que aceleram o enraizamento de estacas, como no caso do hormônio AIB que funciona como um hormônio vegetal, que melhora a qualidade e a uniformidade de raízes. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de extrato de tiririca e de tempos de imersão na promoção do enraizamento de estacas de roseira. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x4 com oito repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram quatro tempos de embebição das estacas (1, 3, 5 e 10 minutos) associados a quatro concentrações de extrato de tubérculos de tiririca (10, 20, 30 e 40%). Havia também tratamentos com quatro concentrações de ácido indol-butírico AIB (1.000 mg.kg-1; 2.000 mg.kg-1; 3.000 mg.kg-1; 4.000 mg.kg-1) mais a testemunha. Após 60 dias avaliou-se o número de estacas enraizadas, número de brotações, número de folhas, comprimento médio da raiz e parte aérea e matéria seca de raízes e parte aérea. A imerção em extrato de tubérculo de tiririca provocou um aumento no comprimento médio de raízes e produção de matéria fresca e seca de raízes e folhas em estacas de roseira quando aplicadas nas concentrações de 30 e 40% pelos períodos de 3 e 5 minutos, sendo os resultados obtidos similares aos da utilização do AIB.
The effects of cinnamic acid and IBA treatments on the rooting of wood cuttings of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.)
Authors: KARABULUT Nur Selin , SARAÇOĞLU Onur
Published: November 2021

In this study, the effects of IBA and cinnamic acid applications on rooting of black mulberry cuttings taken from black mulberry trees grown in Tokat were treated. 6000 ppm Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), 6000 ppm IBA+100 ppm cinnamic acid (CA), 100 ppm cinnamic acid with control which no application was applied on the cuttings taken in July, September, November and January periods. The cuttings were kept during 60 days in rooting beds containing perlite and heated from the bottom. The highest rooting ratio (48.3%) and the highest average root number (3.1) were obtained from the cuttings taken November and January periods with 6000 ppm IBA + 100 ppm CA application. Among the applications and the periods, cuttings were taken, 6000 ppm IBA + 100 ppm CA application and July and January periods were superior to others.
Hallazgos por imagen de malformación de Abernethy tipo II en paciente de 12 años
Authors: González Pieri Manuel , Mencos Ochoa Patricia
Published: November 2021

Las malformaciones del sistema venoso abdominal son alteraciones vasculares raras. La incidencia de esta afección se estima en uno de cada 30,000 nacimientos y se asocian con malformaciones gastrointestinal, genitourinaria, ósea y cardiovascular. En el 2018 se ha registrado en la literatura mundial 39 casos de Abernethy tipo I y 22 casos de Abernethy tipo II. CASO CLÍNICO paciente femenino de 12 años con antecedente de hipertensión portal tratada hace 2 años, con historia de malestar general e ic- tericia, acudió a centro privado para realizarse estudios complementarios. Un ultrasonido Doppler portal evidenció una lesión isoecogénica al parénquima hepático en el aspecto inferior del lóbulo derecho. Se continuó la evaluación realizando una tomografía en la cual se observó: configuración anómala del sistema venoso portal; la vena esplénica y mesentérica superior se encuentran dilatadas, además se evidenció confluencia portoesplénica elongada, en la cual derivan dos trayectos portales, uno de ellos drenando la lobulación hepática antes descrita y la segundo se comunica con el sistema venoso portal hepático derecho, demostrando tortuosidad de su trayecto, con estenosis de su porción proximal. Los hallazgos antes descritos sugieren malformación vascular del sistema venoso portal-esplácnico, que causa derivación porto-sistémica en relación a malformación de Abernethy tipo II. En conclusión se recomienda el diagnóstico precoz. El examen preferente es el ecodoppler con posterior confirmación mediante angiotac abdominal. El tratamiento es sumamente importante pues su retraso puede devenir en lesiones irreparables hasta la insuficiencia hepática y muerte.
Strategic Innovation Management (SIM) Practices and the Efficiency of State Owned Enterprises Perspective from Mexico City, Mexico
Authors:   Universidad Anáhuac Mexico North Campus, Vergera Hayek Talia , Mariano Derbez W. ,   Universidad Anáhuac Mexico North Campus, Lopez Benito A. ,   Universidad Anáhuac Mexico North Campus
Published: November 2021

Strategic Innovation Management is critical for firms that are in pursuit of improved efficiency and their reward is often an increase in their profits and their market share. Process of Strategic Innovation Management is strongly associated with organizational learning and refers to ability of organization to generate, accept and implement new ideas, processes, products or services. The primary goal of process innovation is to generate a notable increase in productivity or to drive down costs significantly. This approach can help organizations achieve major reductions in process cost, improvements in quality, service levels and other business objectives. Strategic Innovation Management is contributor to creation of new markets and products for the market, however even after the benefits of Strategic Innovation Management has been established the impact of Strategic Innovation Management on efficiency of State Owned Enterprises has remained misunderstood. The specific objectives of the study were; to establish the effect of Service innovation on the efficiency of State Owned Enterprises in Mexico City, to establish the effect of product innovation on the Efficiency of State Owned Enterprises in Mexico City. The study used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes. Result findings from literature-based review indicated that innovation had positive and significant influence on the efficiency of State Owned Enterprises. It was recommended that innovation information should be available particularly to regulatory and advisory bodies for guidance to the State Owned Enterprises on the need to craft and employ sound strategies geared towards continuously embracing innovativeness since innovation leads to improved financial efficiency. Keywords: Product Innovation, Service Innovation, Efficiency.
Buscando los rostros campesinos de por acá. Una aproximación desde la noción de vida campesina
Authors: Becerra Osto Silvia Juliana , Rojas Guzmán Julieth
Published: November 2021

Este artículo propone una perspectiva analítica para abordar las complejas realidades de las comunidades rurales de Colombia. El enfoque propuesto, el cual se sostiene en el concepto de vida campesina, considera los elementos más variados de la cotidianidad campesina, en la que el centro de la búsqueda son saberes, significados, prácticas y formas de hacer. Esto se debe a que la perspectiva predominante en las investigaciones acerca de lo campesino ha sido la dimensión productiva, ligada fundamentalmente a lo económico; así como los análisis que pretenden evidenciar las repercusiones de la valoración del sujeto desde el Estado y el resto de la sociedad. Aquí se hace una aproximación a las relaciones interculturales que constituyen las vidas campesinas en el país, a partir de la perspectiva del multiculturalismo, la cual implica una construcción identitaria exclusiva y excluyente de la campesinidad. El enfoque aquí expuesto desmitifica y rompe las barreras y fronteras que el multiculturalismo genera para las poblaciones que han decidido o no transitar el camino del reconocimiento étnico. La orientación propuesta intenta aportar en la construcción de un enfoque investigativo para la comprensión de las vidas campesinas, cuyos resultados contribuyan en la proyección de políticas públicas que reconozcan el papel y el valor fundamental del campesinado colombiano.Palabras Clave: Vida campesina, Interculturalidad, Multiculturalismo, Ordenamiento territorial, Etnografía, Reconocimiento, Redistribución, Prácticas, Saberes. ABSTRACTLOOKING FOR THE PEASANT FACES FROM AROUND HERE. AN APROXIMATION FROM THE NOTION OF PEASANT LIFEFrom the concept of peasant life, this article proposes an analytical perspective to address the complex realities of rural communities in Colombia. The proposed approach considers the most varied elements of peasant everyday life, in which the center of the search are knowledge, meanings, practices and ways of doing, since the predominant perspective of research on the peasant has been the productive dimension, mainly linked to economics; as well as evidence, its impact on the valuation of the subject from the government and the rest of the society. The proposed outlook aims to approach intercultural relations of peasant’s lives in the country, restating the perspective of multiculturalism, which helps to build unique and exclusive identities becoming frontiers and borders for populations who have decided or not, to transit the path of ethnic recognition. The proposed guidance here, try to contribute in the construction of a research approach to the understanding of peasants lives, whose results could contribute to the projection of public policies that recognize the role and the fundamental value of the Colombian peasantry.Keywords: Peasant life, Interculturality, Multiculturalism, Land management, Ethnography, Recognition, Redistribution, Practices, Knowledges.
Asimetrías en la protección de la forma de vida campesina colombiana. Hacia una protección especial de la forma de vida campesina
Authors: Hernández Castaño María José
Published: November 2021

En el presente artículo busca presentar un punto de inicio para la búsqueda de una protección constitucional y legal de la forma de vida campesina en Colombia.Pretende probar que el movimiento campesino surgió agrupando campesinos, indígenas y afrocolombianos debido a su común denominador: ser trabajadores del campo y luchar por la tierra. Sin embargo, este movimiento se divide como un efecto de la violencia contra el mismo. De esta división surgen los indígenas y afrocolombianos como movimientos sociales diferenciados étnicamente, obteniendo una protección constitucional especial, justificada en la discriminación histórica que estos grupos han sufrido. El trabajo intenta llamar la atención sobre la asimetría que estos reconocimientos generan sobre la forma de protección de los campesinos que no se han identificado étnicamente y proponer que, debido a su forma de vida diferenciada, los campesinos requieren así mismo una protección especial para garantizar sus derechos y su forma de vida tradicional.Palabras Clave: Movimiento campesino, Indígenas, Afrocolombianos, Vida campesina, Protección constitucional. ABSTRACTASYMMETRIES IN THE PROTECTION OF THE COLOMBIAN PEASANT LIFESTYLE. TOWARDS SPECIAL PROTECTION OF THE PEASANT LIFESTYLE This work aims to show a starting point for finding a special constitutional and legal protection of peasant way of life in Colombia. It aims to prove that the peasant movement emerged gathering peasants, indigenous and afro-Colombians because of their common denominator: being laborers and fighters for the land. However, this movement is divided because of violence against it. From this division, indigenous and afro-Colombian social movements ethnically differentiated arise, obtaining special constitutional protection, justified in the historical discrimination that these groups have suffered. The paper attempts to draw attention to the historical asymmetry suffered by the peasants that doesn’t have an ethnical identification and proposes that due to their special way of life peasants need a special way of protection so that their rights may be guaranteed.Key Words: Peasant movement, Indigenous, Afro Colombians, Farming life, Constitutional protection
Historia de Bage novos olhares
Authors:   Gustavo Figueira Andrade,   Maria Medianeira Padoin,   Clarisse Ismerio
Published: November 2021

Artigos que revisitam a historia do municipio de Bage
Verbal abuse facing Saudi nurses during internship program
Authors: Banakhar Maram , Alzahrani Maha , Essa Amani Omar , Al-dhahry Asal Fathi , Farooq Batwa Rahma , Suliman Salem Renan
Published: November 2021

Background: Verbal abuse, in the context of workplace violence, is increasing, with nurses at high liability of being subjected to it since they are the first line of care delivery. This phenomenon is now receiving greater recognition due to its negative impact on nurses. This study aims to assess the prevalence of verbal abuse faced by Saudi nursing intern students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted via a modified online questionnaire completed by Saudi intern nurses in Jeddah in March 2020. Descriptive statistical analysis was executed using statistical software SPSS Version 21.Results: From a total of 132 nurses, 94 participants met the study criteria. The findings show that 39.4% of Saudi intern nurses have experienced verbal abuse. The common perpetrators are patient/client (73%) and other staff members (73%), followed by patients’ relatives (45.9%). 48.6% of the participants did not report incidences of verbal abuse, commonly citing fear of the negative consequences (51.4%) and not knowing who to report it to (45.9%). A significant relation between working night shifts (6 pm to 7 am) and being verbally abused was found.Conclusions: Saudi nursing interns are vulnerable to verbal abuse. This study’s results highlight the possible risk to nursing interns, which may be diminished by modifying perceptions of verbal abuse and by clarifying the rules and regulations for both nursing interns and suspected perpetrators. We recommend future studies of verbal abuse are conducted in larger groups of nurses across different provinces in Saudi Arabia.
פולקלור וחינוך
Authors: זילברמן יעל
Published: November 2021

הערך סוקר את השימושים ואת הייתרונות בשילוב פולקלור בעבודה ובשיח החינוכי.
Bible Translation and Orality
Authors: Regt Lénart J. de
Published: November 2021

In the last decade or so, the United Bible Societies have paid increasing attention to orality, features of orality in biblical texts, and what impact these should have on Bible translation. Articles appeared in The Bible Translator, an Orality Working Group was convened in 2008, a Source Text and Orality Workshop for Europe-Middle East translation consultants took place in January 2011, and an Intersemiotic Translation workshop was held in March 2011. Some of these findings have led the author to reflect on performance criticism in this contribution.
Verb Ranking in Koine Imperativals
Authors: Hoopert Daniel A.
Published: November 2021

This article proposes a cline of Greek imperativals, that is, a progressive ordering of Greek imperativals from a totally unmitigated command to a highly mitigated exhortation. It grows from a study of 1 Cor. 10:6–10. In this passage, the Apostle Paul shifts from a first person form of the verbal construction to a second person form, then to two first person forms, and finally back to a second person form. I did not find the explanations in the commentaries for these usages to be satisfactory. I accordingly propose that the use of the different persons is to be seen as part of an increase in marked prominence. Along with the change in persons in the imperatival forms, there is a change in the imperativals themselves, going from a purpose clause to the imperative γíνεσθε ‘be’ used with a substantive, to two uses of the hortatory subjunctive, followed by a second person imperative form of the verb. This, along with an increase in marked prominence in this passage, suggests a cline of mitigation for Greek imperativals. In the passage in 1 Corinthians, the imperativals proceed up the cline from a highly mitigated exhortation to a totally unmitigated command. I followed material written by Neva Miller on imperativals in Romans 12, work done by Robert Longacre on 1 John, on Biblical Hebrew and on discourse in general, and work done by Ernst Wendland on 1 Peter. This article also examines an increase in marked prominence in the text in 1 Corinthians, and uses this to support the thesis of a perceived decrease in mitigation in the imperatival forms. Included in this article in particular is the proposal that the imperative of γíνομαι ‘be’ plus a substantive occupies a place in a cline of imperativals below (more mitigated than) hortatory subjunctives. It also proposes that the switch from a first person form to a second person form, back to first person forms, and then to a second person form, is to be understood as a part of an increase in marked prominence. Thus, all of the imperativals in this passage can be perceived as exhortations directed to the Corinthians.
The Demonstrative Pronouns זֶה Zeh / זאֹת Zōʾt / אֵלּהֶ Ēlleh: Referring Backward or Forward?
Authors: Schmidt Peter
Published: November 2021

In some places, it is not immediately clear whether the Hebrew demonstrative pronouns of the זֶה zeh paradigm refer backward (anaphoric) or forward (cataphoric). The translator cannot continue without deciding this. Standard resources do not discuss the problem satisfactorily. In this article, an exegetical “checklist” is presented as a guideline for determining the meaning of such pronouns. Then five debatable cases are discussed in detail, with reference to the pertinent literature and including the consequences for translation. The following four points emerge from the investigation: (1) The debatable cases are typically discourse deictic pronouns. These are an element of metadiscourse, and they link paragraphs. (2) General predictions are not possible. Context decides. (3) Nevertheless, there is a higher likelihood for backward-orientation. (4) The translation will guide the reader. Apart from choosing the right demonstrative pronoun, punctuation and layout need attention.
Reasoning Styles and Types of Hortatory Discourse
Authors: Levinsohn Stephen H.
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a modification of the types of supportive information that Breeze (1992) identified for hortatory discourses as a basis for bringing out the mismatches that are most likely to occur when translating from a verb-object (VO) language to an object-verb (OV) language. Earlier sections review the factors that underlie Longacre's (1996) classification of texts into four broad categories and outline what characterizes mainline information for each genre. They are followed by illustrations of deductive and inductive reasoning from Koiné Greek and Ancient Hebrew, since deductive reasoning tends to correlate with instructional exhortations and inductive reasoning with attempts to persuade.
Mark 12:41-44 as a Script for Persuasive Speaking in Lovangai Church Congregations
Authors: Fast Lesley
Published: November 2021

This article links the oratorical application of the original Gospel of Mark in Græco-Roman society with a parallel oratorical application of Mark in contemporary Melanesian church congregations in northeast Papua New Guinea. It is based on the thesis that the original text of Mark was designed to be delivered orally to mostly preliterate groupings of Jesus followers in the Græco-Roman world. Individual Lovangai church congregations are likewise practicing a similar rhetorical delivery as a useful and practical translational activity that addresses practical concerns relevant to the Lovangai society. This article discusses the characteristics of text as script in relation to Græco-Roman rhetorical practise and interacts with selected scholarly works that treat the identity of the Gospel audiences. Effect in translation is connected with the phenomenon of speaking, integrated with practical life experience. This view is presented as an alternative to models that would have effect primarily taking place in the domain of cognition. Insights from anthropological studies into how humans pass on cultural knowledge are applied to an understanding of persuasive speaking, and we maintain that this can be seen as directing group members toward a desired change of practise. To illustrate translational activity for Mark 12:41–44, one Lovangai church member is followed as she speaks from her own interpretation of the script to a matter of import in the social setting of one church congregation.
From Word to Scenario: The Influence of Linguistic Theories upon Models of Translation
Authors: McElhanon Kenneth A.
Published: November 2021

In the late twentieth century any given model of translation was constrained by the code model of communication and by the theory of linguistics upon which it was based. Whereas the code model supplied the notion of equivalence as the standard by which a translation was evaluated, the linguistic theory supplied what was regarded as the minimal unit of translation. Accordingly, as linguistic theories were formulated to account for increasingly larger units of text, translation models were redesigned so that the notion of equivalence mirrored the size of these linguistic units. Ultimately, the notion of equivalence became so broad that attempts to achieve it were regarded as illusionary. The result was a Kuhnian revolution of sorts, with two claimants: relevance theory and cognitive linguistics. The remainder of the paper highlights how recent insights of cognitive linguistics are important in the translation praxis.
Translating YHWH
Authors: Daams Nicolaas
Published: November 2021

The article is best seen as a follow-up article in a series of articles about this topic that have previously appeared in The Bible Translator (1992) and in NOT (1997). The article explores the meaning of YHWH in various contexts, and what the implications of this analysis are for Bible translators. It concludes that there are only two legitimate options for representing YHWH, and it provides translators with a clear set of criteria that will help the translator to determine which one of these two representations should be used.
God's Word Became Our Poetry and Sang within Us: Facilitating Contextualisation through Indigenous Poetry
Authors: Morris Sheryl
Published: November 2021

Many cultures around the world esteem poetry as a medium for communicating truth and preserving traditions, and which can impact peoples’ cognitive, affective and volitional dimensions of life. This exploratory project discusses the necessity of effectively contextualising theology for indigenous churches, and the inherently beneficial nature of poetry to help achieve this process. Research includes the study of relevant missiological literature and material acquired by questionnaire. This questionnaire was completed by linguistic field workers involved in Bible translation and by their professional colleagues. The findings of this research indicate that indigenous poetry is inherently valued in a variety of cultures and can be appropriately applied by both indigenous poets and cross-cultural workers to facilitate the contextualisation of Bible translation.
Toward a Prototypical Model of Culture for Bible Translation
Authors: Matthews Thomas G.
Published: November 2021

Bible translation is inherently a communication event originating in a historical language and culture. Recipients of translated Scriptures interpret this historical text through their language and cultural grid. They have cultural practices, material culture, beliefs, values, a worldview, image schemas, etc., that can assist or compromise their ability to properly understand the Bible. This work addresses the challenge to translators and translation consultants to more readily identify translation issues that are rooted in the target culture such that they may be further researched and treated as appropriate in the translation and helps. A prototypical model of culture is proposed to support these deliberations, which is comprised of a stratified network of observable cultural systems, beliefs, values, and deep structural components of worldview and image schemas. The cultural model is productively applied to a survey of translation issues rooted in the target cultures of several language teams in eastern Africa, and to three, in-depth analyses from Zinza and Digo Scriptures. The results suggest that Zinza prefer LINK and PATH image schemas over IN/OUT and FULL/EMPTY CONTAINER image schemas in metaphorical extensions such as “in Christ.” In addition, the Digo people’s limited knowledge of biblical construction practices, and the strong impact of the Lake Victoria ecosystem on Zinza culture, present translation challenges to the Digo New Testament and Zinza Genesis, respectively.
Lexical Pragmatics and Hermeneutical Issues in the Translation of Key Terms
Authors: Harmelink Bryan L.
Published: November 2021

Translation involves, among other things, the attempt to communicate the words of one language in another language. An important part of Bible translation is dealing with the translation of key biblical terms. But is it words that we are really translating, or rather the concepts that are associated with those words? Is it reasonable to expect that in translation we will find a word in one language that will communicate “the same meaning” as another word in another language, or borrow a word if necessary? What is the relationship between words and meanings? How are different senses or different meanings bundled together in a single word? Should we be talking in terms of key biblical concepts, rather than key biblical terms, as the goal of what we aim to communicate in translation? This paper draws on insights from the field of lexical pragmatics in order to discuss realities and strategies in translating, based on the principles of representation, underdeterminacy, dynamic context, and the principle of relevance.
Translating “Messiah,” “Christ,” and “Lamb of God”
Authors: King Phil
Published: November 2021

The terms translated “Messiah,” “Christ,” and “Lamb of God” in English versions of the Bible would have created significant contextual effects in the minds of the original hearers when applied to Jesus. This paper investigates the use of these terms in their original context through a semantic analysis based on logical and encyclopedic entries and then considers some implications for translation. The approach to translation is based on Relevance Theory and in particular the notion of Direct Translation.
The Late La Tène Decorated Scabbard from the Upper Dniester Area: A Far Relative of the Gundestrup Cauldron?
Authors: Kazakevich Gennadiy
Published: November 2021

The article touches upon the late La Tène scabbard with open work decoration from the Przeworsk burial n. 3 of the Gryniv cemetery (Upper Dniester area). It is pointed out that the Gryniv scabbard belongs to the same art style as the Gundestrup cauldron. The scabbard was made using the La Tène metalworking tradition, while its decoration demonstrates mainly a mixture of the Celtic and Thracian art practices and religious beliefs. It’s emergence in the Upper Dniester area may be explained as a result of the Bastarnae raid in Thracia in 29 BC. The artifact reflects complicated cultural interactions in late La Tene Central Europe in which Celtic, Germanic, Thracian and possibly Proto-Slavic groups were involved. Also it marks one of the possible ways from the Balkans to the Jutland which had been passed by the Gundestrup cauldron itself.
'Making Strange': Defamiliarising Perspectives on the Troubles
Authors: Schwerter Stephanie
Published: November 2021

In Irish literature a substantial number of writers turn to different cultures and histories in order to contemplate on their own environment through the lens of otherness. In particular, poets from Northern Ireland draw upon contrasting literary traditions to articulate their personal experience of political violence through an international framework. In the poetry of Seamus Heaney, Tom Paulin and Medbh McGuckian a noticeably strong link between Northern Ireland and pre- and post-revolutionary Russia can be discerned. Through allusions to Russian literary figures, politicians and social conflicts, the three poets attempt to reconsider established power structures ingrained in Northern Irish society and challenge conventional interpretations of the Troubles. Employing Victor Shklovsky’s technique of defamiliarisation, Heaney, Paulin and McGuckian take Russia as a point of comparison and contrast. In so doing, they attempt to generate a new vision of the Northern Irish situation and work against the traditionally one-sided discourse of the conflict. In the following article I analyse the different ways in which the three writers establish links to Russian literature, history and culture in order to give voice to their individual perceptions of contemporary Northern Ireland. In this context, I shall shed light on the reasons why they feel compelled to look outside their own culture in order to come to terms with the Northern Irish Troubles.
Between Dublin and Siberia: Poland in the Nation Newspaper, 1846
Authors: Jędrzejewski Jan
Published: November 2021

It has for a long time been something of a critical commonplace among cultural historians and literary scholars alike to see Ireland and Poland as sister nations which, albeit geographically distant, have over the centuries followed similar historical and political trajectories, developed similar patterns of social and cultural life, and generated similar types of mentality. The popular stereotypes of a typical Irishman and a typical Pole – sociable, passionate, generous, patriotic, but at the same time irrational, dogmatic, intolerant, and obsessively preoccupied with ideologies of the past at the expense of pragmatically engaging with the realities of the present – are of course only partly accurate; in fact, it could well be argued that the perception of Poland as the Central-Eastern European equivalent of Ireland, a fervently Catholic nation which clung, during long years of political and cultural oppression, to its faith and its culture in an attempt to preserve its sense of national identity and pride, to eventually emerge, after the First World War, as an independent nation liberating itself from the political dominance of its powerful yet somehow morally inferior eastern neighbour, offers a rather simplistic and superficial interpretation of a much more complex set of historical, sociological, and cultural comparisons that could be made between those two nations.

And yet there were indeed moments in Irish and Polish history, not least during the nineteenth century, when some straightforward historical analogies could indeed justifiably be made, and when the problems facing Irish and Polish societies, the concerns of the Irish and Polish public opinion, and the themes and ideas explored by Irish and Polish thinkers and artists followed similar lines, and possibly – as it is the intention of this paper to demonstrate – influenced each other in a dynamic and creative way.
The Stone Novel of Éire
Authors: Abelian Natalia
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we shall attempt to define the place of the megalithic stone structures in the outlook of the early Irish culture. We shall include some archaic Irish linguistic elements and look at relevant myths that have survived in various early Irish sources, and, in particular, in the compilation known as The Metrical Dindshenchas (hereinafter MD). In our contribution, we shall confine ourselves to defining such notions as ‘water’, ‘fertility’, ‘the Otherworld’ that are commonly associated with the megalithic stone structures in early Irish mythology and in Irish folklore beliefs and customs. We come to the conclusion that the megalithic stones became connected with two positive sources in the pre-literate culture of early Ireland: the dark and wet source of fertility in the Otherworld situated under the ground; and the light and sunny source of the conception of the new life and of the new year in the celestial Otherworld.
On the Translation of Voices, Accents, Tongues: Scottish Poets Commemorating Robert Burns Today
Authors: Korzeniowska Aniela
Published: November 2021

In 2009, Scotland was celebrating the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the birth of Robert Burns, the country’s world-famous and greatest national bard. Burns’s first collection of verse appeared in 1786 under the title Poems. Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect and was known as the ‘Kilmarnock Edition’. It is the title of this first collection that has been borrowed for a recent anthology of poems New Poems. Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, prepared and published in the 2009 anniversary year as a tribute to the bard. This anthology contains works which refer openly to being after Cavafy, Hölderlin, Li Po, Pasolini or Montale, to name just a few foreign influences. The range of poetic and linguistic possibilities points to Scotland’s penchant for diversity. It also highlights a phenomenon that for centuries has been part of Scottish literature – translation.
Russian Beckett: Paradoxes of Perception
Authors: Prozorova Nadezhda
Published: November 2021

This essay is focused on hermeneutical aspects of Samuel Beckett’s work. To be precise – on the problems of their perception and interpretation in contemporary Russia in the situation of “revaluation of values” that is typical of the new fin de siécle. The process of Russian perception of Beckett is connected with radical changes in the optics of our vision. Something outer and alien unexpectedly becomes inner and native when we apply the works by this “splendidly mad Irishman” to our own experience. Beckett’s works help us to feel the unity of European cultural tradition and the common fate of “all that fall”.
Alexander Smirnov and the Beginnings of Celtic Studies in Russia
Authors: Bondarenko Grigory
Published: November 2021

Celtic studies in Russia which have developed during the twentieth century into a recognised and respectable branch on the tree of humanities owe much to one person who undoubtedly has won a right to be called a patriarch of Celtic studies in Russia, namely Alexander Alexandrovich Smirnov. Mostly known for his pioneering translations of early Irish tales into Russian in the early days of his career he was also prominent scholar of Welsh and Breton covering many aspects of Celtic linguistics and literary studies. His biography, achievements and approach to Celtic studies in Russia deserve better attention both on the Russian side and in the view of the history of Celtic studies worldwide. We are aiming here to connect facts of his biography with his academic career in the field of Celtic studies and because of the specific aims and limits of the present conference we are not going to touch on his role as a scholar of Romance literatures and as a Shakespearean scholar. Alexander Smirnov [27.8(8.9).1883 – 16.9.1962] can be considered the first professional Celtic scholar in Russia. He was a prominent medievalist and philologist with a range of interests from early Irish and Welsh literature to Shakespearean studies. The paper is devoted to some little known facts from Smirnov’s biography especially to the early years of his academic career in Russia, France and Ireland. His earlier publications on Celtic literatures and ideas expressed therein will be brought to light and examined. Smirnov should be recognised as a ‘founding father’ of a school of Russian Celtic studies. His ideas and influence are still alive in the works of subsequent Russian scholars of Celtic.
Introduction
Authors: Fomin Maxim , Jarniewicz Jerzy , Stalmaszczyk Piotr
Published: November 2021

Introduction to the second part of the Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium of the Societas Celto-Slavica
Celtic Countries from the Perspective of Polish Romantics and Exiles
Authors: Gmerek Katarzyna
Published: November 2021

In this piece on the Polish Romantic travellers confronted with Celtic cultures and countries, I have tried to show the way they reacted and how their imaginations worked. Probably some of their reactions were not different to those of all other Celtophiles. The special role of the Czartoryskis’ cultural patronage needs to be highlighted. In the nineteenth century Poland, nobody ever attempted to gather so many books about Celtic history and culture again, even after the emergence of Celtic Studies as an academic discipline later in the nineteenth century. The predictable result was that, with time, knowledge of Celtic cultures diminished among the Polish writers. The literary revival in early twentieth century Ireland, associated with Yeats and his contemporaries, did not elicit widespread reaction from Polish librarians and academics. This failure to respond to new developments in Ireland is probably to be explained in terms of the economic and socio-political conditions in the divided Poland of that time.

One of the many negative results of the partitions at the end of the eighteenth century was that a large number of important Polish writers moved abroad, as well as that their relations and impressions were affected by this emigration. Being a political émigré was not always helpful in so far as the exploration of new cultures was concerned, both from the point of view of the psychological trauma of being away from home and of various everyday constraints. Generally, it was personal interests and earlier studies, and not finances or place of living that influenced some Polish authors’ choice to write on Celtic themes.
ANALISIS YURIDIS PASAL 98 AYAT (3) UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2011 TENTANG PERUMAHAN DAN KAWASAN PERMUKIMAN (KAJIAN TERHADAP PENETAPAN LOKASI PERUMAHAN KUMUH OLEH PEMERINTAH DAERAH DENGAN PERATURAN DAERAH).
Authors: Mardiansyah Alfiyan , Adisti Neisa Ang-rum
Published: November 2021

Adanya upaya peningkatan kualitas terhadap perumahan dan permukiman kumuh yang dilaksanakan oleh setiap Pemerintah Daerah, maka terhadap lokasi perumahan kumuh yang berada didaerah tentunya akan diupayakan untuk ditingkatkan menjadi perumahan dan pemukiman yang layak huni. Hal tersebut tentunya akan mengubah lokasi perumahan kumuh yang telah dipetakan oleh Pemerintah Daerah setiap tahunnya data lokasi perumahan kumuh akan berubah. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, pada Pasal 98 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Perumahan dan Kawasan Permukiman mengamanatkan bahwa Penetapan lokasi perumahan kumuh dan permukiman kumuh dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah peraturan daerah. Hal tersebut penulis nilai tidak efektif untuk dilaksanakan, mengingat pihak Pemerintah Daerah telah mempunyai upaya peningkatan lokasi perumahan kumuh untuk menjadi kawasan yang layak huni. Sehingga tiap tahunnya data perumahan kumuh tersebut dapat berubah tiap tahunnya. Sebaiknya disarankan penetapan lokasi perumahan kumuh ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Kepala Daerah agar lebih efektif dalam pelaksanaanya. Maka terhadap Pasal 98 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Perumahan dan Kawasan Permukiman yang berbunyi “Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai penetapan lokasi perumahan kumuh dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah daerah dengan peraturan daerah” kami sarankan penormaanya untuk diubah menjadi “Penetapan lokasi perumahan kumuh dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintah Daerah dengan menetapkan Keputusan Kepala Daerah”.