bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'image du mot dans le TLF. Vingt-cinq ans : une histoire
Authors: Champy Carole
Published: November 2007

C. Champy : The image of the Word in the TLF : 25 years of history

I. The TLF, a non-normative corpus : In the first volumes of the TLF, the spelling of the main entry was chosen by one editorial team, whereas the article devoted to "orthography" under the entry was written by another. It was difficult to take objective decisions on the matter, given the huge volume of data available.

II. Norms : Then came the gradual realisation (thanks to the works of R. Thimonnier and N. Catach) that orthography was not necessarily synonymous with chaos. Spelling norms for the main entry were drawn up, and the authors of the articles on "Orthography" were given their say (and their right to veto) in the matter.

III. The Conseil supérieur de la langue française :

1. We were grateful to have our norms recognised by this official body. However, by then, the TLF was almost finished ;

2 . Then we realised that a second problem existed : not all spellings could be accounted for by the rules we had drawn up. We tried, as best as possible, to apply the rules while considering each word individually, rather like the doctor who gives each patient a personalised diagnosis. The choice of a spelling for the main entry was a question of careful dosing, and of finding the right balance between the application of our rules and the individual profile of each word. 2 . Then we realised that a second problem existed : not all spellings could be accounted for by the rules we had drawn up. We tried, as best as possible, to apply the rules while considering each word individually, rather like the doctor who gives each patient a personalised diagnosis. The choice of a spelling for the main entry was a question of careful dosing, and of finding the right balance between the application of our rules and the individual profile of each word.
Un dictionnaire électronique des mots à trait d'union
Authors: Mathieu-Colas Michel
Published: November 2007

M. Mathieu-Colas : Electronic Dictionary of hyphen words

This study focuses on the problem of the hyphen in French spelling. It is based upon lexical data laid out in the form of an electronic dictionary, organized according to the principle of data bases (records and fields), which means that each entry is coded in explicit terms, both formally (flexion, variants, etc.) and semantically : 17,000 hyphenated words are thus described. This lay-out lends itself to a more precise analysis of spelling. In particular, it brings into relief the correlations between the use of the hyphen and the morphological structure of compound words (over 300 types are represented) ; it appears that the possibilities of normalization and harmonization depend on word patterns. Agglutinated forms are not always to be preferred, and there is no reason for the hyphen to be systematically discarded : the ambivalence of the sign (halfway between union and separation) reflects the intrinsic duality of certain forms of composition.
Naissance et première floraison de l'exemple dans la lexicologie française : étude historique et typologique
Authors: Wooldridge Terence Russon
Published: November 2007

Terence Russon Wooldridge : Historical and typological study of the example in early French lexicography

The first dictionaries of French language — those of Estienne and Nicot in the 16th century — contain the gradual development of the set of functions of the exemplification of the headword in context that remains characteristic of modern dictionaries : linguistic (syntagmatic and semantic collocates), philological (textual attestations), encyclopedic (referential information), ideological (conscious or unconscious) and literary (the author as privileged model). In early dictionaries the example is frequently introduced by a copula — comme, ainsi on dit, etc. — , whereas in modern dictionaries it is normally signified typographically by being printed in italics.
Quels compléments de nom peut-on extraire en français ?
Authors: Godard Danièle , Sag Ivan A.
Published: November 2007

Daniele Godard & Ivan A. Sag : Which Complements of a Noun can one Cliticize or Relativize in French ?

It is well-known that certain, but not all complements of a noun can be extracted (cliticized, relativized or turned into a question) in French. We examine a variety of facts which support the following generalization : only the first argument on a noun's argument list can be extracted (un livre dont j'ai aimé la fin /j'en ai aimé la fin), or can function as a wh-complement (included in a larger phrase in pied-piping constructions, as in un livre à la fin duquel je ne me suis pas intéressé). A second observation is that an element extracted from an NP must function as the complement of the highest noun (the head) in that phrase. By contrast, wh-expressions may be more deeply embedded within an NP. Casting our analysis in the HPSG framework, we propose two simple constraints on the lexical representation of (non-predicative) nouns. These constraints, which make reference to non-local features, interact with independently motivated aspects of the HPSG treatment of unbounded dependency constructions (e.g. relative and interrogative clauses) to predict the surprisingly complex domain of facts we survey.
Les génitifs : gouvernement d'antécédent et gouvernement thématique
Authors: Kupferman Lucien
Published: November 2007

Lucien Kupferman : Les génitifs : gouvernement d'antécédent et gouvernement thématique

This study puts in question the so-called Cinque's generalization (Cinque, 1979) which views the Determiner position as an escape hatch for adnominal NPs. It is shown on empirical grounds and for principled reasons that the pronominal determiner son and clitic en materialize two heterogeneous types of movement, the first one being regulated by a-government, and the second one by θ-government. This analysis could be best achieved if we consider de-insertion as a syntactic move which is postereous to son formation and is insensitive to the argument-structure of the nominal. Son is best categorized as a genitive D⁰. En, as a pro-PP, more accurrately a P⁰-D⁰, is generated after de-insertion and is sensitive to the argument-structure of the nominal.
L'interface forme/sens en poétique (post-)jakobsonienne
Authors: Aroui Jean-Louis
Published: November 2007

Jean-Louis Aroui : The interface between form and meaning within (post-) Jakobsonian poetics

Jakobson's work in poetics has been both carried on and criticized by Nicolas Ruwet in France and Marc Dominicy in Belgium. This paper introduces and discusses the major theoretical works of all three scholars.
Ordre des mots, ordre dans les mots
Authors: Sauzet Patrick
Published: November 2007

Patrick Sauzet : « World Order, Order within the Words »

Instead of being thought of as an inherent property of morphemes, linearity should be derived from a lexical state where phonological primes are only related to each other via attenance (unoriented adjacency). It is shown that order within words can be construed as an effect of phonology. However, such a phonological process sometimes interprets syntactic configurations. Hence the interaction between phonological ordering (order within words) and syntactic ordering (word order) is also explored in this paper. Cliticisation, it is argued, may represent the maximal relevance of phonological ordering, whereas syntactic (external) ordering effects may in turn be embedded within phonological domains (compound tenses).
Trois remarques sur l'ordre des mots dans la langue parlée
Authors: Blanche-Benveniste Claire
Published: November 2007

Claire Blanche-Benveniste : « Three remarks on word order in spoken French »

To study word order in spoken French, it is necessary to distinguish between two levels : 1° word order as actualised in the process of enunciation, with its repetitions and hesitations, 2° the grammatical order of phrases, which is an abstract reconstruction. Some types of phrase order are more frequent in spoken than in written French ; this is the case of the structure in which a complement comes before its verb, which is particularly frequent in French in spite of what traditional French grammarians lead us to believe. In this position, the complement is strongly focalised and has particular semantic and syntactic properties which bring about a contrast with the phrase coming after the verb. French speakers often use this double possibility in the form of structural chiasmus.
Pour une sémiogenèse du nom
Authors: Cadiot Pierre , Nemo François
Published: November 2007

P. Cadiot et F. Némo : Pour une sémiogenèse du nom

Lexical signification is often conceived, at least partially, in terms of a description or, in our terminology, in terms of intrinsic properties (IP). In this article we explore an opposite hypothesis that words (most notably nouns) invoke directly those types of relations :

1 . which a given word allows the loculor to establish with various referents.

2 . which these referents have (or arc perceived as having) with their environment.

The meaning itself of nouns must be identified with these relations or extrinsic properties (EP). In this way, polysemic, metonymic and metaphoric usages shed their marginal status, becoming the basis of a lexical signification which purely denominative usages conversely tend to obscure.
Conséquences théoriques des frontières de la polysémie. Application au pronom il
Authors: Lebas Frank
Published: November 2007

F. Lebas : Conséquences théoriques des frontières de la polysémie. Application au pronom il

Starting from the « indexical » conception of words, this work tries to lay some theoretical foundations taking accoung of polysemy and its boundaries. In the first part, the necessary notions — including a new meaning of in intension/in extension — are defined in the nominal domain. The second part makes use of these notions for the analysis of traditionnally problematic uses of the french pronoun il.
Pour une archéologie du sens figuré
Authors: Nyckees Vincent
Published: November 2007

V. Nyckees : Towards an archeology of figurative meaning

Cognitive semantics postulates that specific mental mechanisms belonging to the human imagination, namely metaphorical and metonymical mappings, are involved in semantic changes. Nevertheless, a thorough examination reveals the weakness of this theory. I therefore advocate a radically different analysis which allows us to do without these postulated cognitive mechanisms. Systematizing Meillet's observations about the role of « discontinuity in transmission » in semantic change, I propose, for each case studied, to look for what circumstances in collective experience can make the discrepancy between the new and the former meaning imperceptible to the speakers themselves. I argue that a semantic change at its decisive moment must most often perform in a covert way, without its instigators' knowledge.

The efficiency and heuristic fruitfulness of this method is illustrated in this paper by the study of certain Latin polysemous words expressing not only a physical bond but also a juridical obligation (obligare, obligatio, nectere, obstringere, solvere, absolvere). Cognitive semantics postulates that specific mental mechanisms belonging to the human imagination, namely metaphorical and metonymical mappings, are involved in semantic changes. Nevertheless, a thorough examination reveals the weakness of this theory. I therefore advocate a radically different analysis which allows us to do without these postulated cognitive mechanisms. Systematizing Meillet's observations about the role of « discontinuity in transmission » in semantic change, I propose, for each case studied, to look for what circumstances in collective experience can make the discrepancy between the new and the former meaning imperceptible to the speakers themselves. I argue that a semantic change at its decisive moment must most often perform in a covert way, without its instigators' knowledge.

The efficiency and heuristic fruitfulness of this method is illustrated in this paper by the study of certain Latin polysemous words expressing not only a physical bond but also a juridical obligation (obligare, obligatio, nectere, obstringere, solvere, absolvere).
Une interprétation diachronique de la « dislocation à droite » dans les langues romanes
Authors: Simone Raffaele
Published: November 2007

Raffaele Simone: Une interprétation diachronique de la "dislocation à droite" dans les langues romanes

This paper claims that Right Dislocation (RD), as documented in Romance Languages, is not a movement phenomenon, but the result of associated processes: a change of sentence boundaries by reanalysis, and a change in pragmatic function of the constituents involved. As a consequence, RD starts by being a means for focussing a nominal 'dislocated' constituent, and ends by working as a tool for focussing the verb constituent, so changing variationally its nature, from marked to unmarked structure.
Sur un indéfini marginal : même exprimant l'identité
Authors: Van Peteghem Marleen
Published: November 2007

Marleen Van Peteghem: Sur un indéfini marginal: même exprimant l'identité

The word même in French meaning identity (cf. same in English) occurs regularly among the indefinite adjectives in French grammar. Its syntactic and semantic properties though differ from those of prototypical indefinites. Our investigation tends to prove that même together with the determiner constitutes a sort of complex determiner. Its syntactic, semantic and referential properties depend on the interaction of its two components. The referential instruction carried by même consists in linking the referent to at least two correlates.
De l'émergence disciplinaire à la didactisation des savoirs linguistiques : le tournant des années 60 et ses suites
Authors: Chiss Jean-Louis , Puech Christian
Published: November 2007

Jean-Louis Chiss and Christian Puech, From the emergence of linguistics as a subject to be taught to the didactization of linguistic knowledge: the turning-point of the sixties and its consequences

The point here is to show how linguistics — and more specifically structural linguistics — gradually became a subject to be taught, namely a constituted disciplinary body with a given teaching content. From the standpoint of the French situation and its specificity, the article analyses some of the stages the transmission of linguistic knowledge went through at school and university level. Special reference is made to textbooks for beginners and a linguistic school has been chosen as an example: functionalism.
Les mots graphiques dans des manuscrits et des imprimés du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Pellat Jean-Christophe
Published: November 2007

J.-C. Pellat : « The Written Word in 17th Century Manuscripts and Printed Books »

In the 17th Century, the handwritten manuscripts of classical authors present a large number of idiosyncrasies and archaic uses (joined forms, few external markers of word-boundaries). In contrast, the printed works of the same authors between 1630 and 1710 display remarkably homogeneous uses as far as the written representation of word-units is concerned (use of spaces, apostrophes, hyphens), which in turn differ in certain respects from our contemporary usage.
Les incertitudes du mot graphique au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Seguin Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

J.-P. Seguin : « Variations in Written Word Forms in the 18th Century »

In the 18th Century, awareness of the written word appears to be fixed. However, this awareness is not related to contemporary theoretical definitions of the word, such as can be found in the works of Restaud, Buffier, Girard, Beauzée or Féraud. On the other hand, the actual segmentation of texts into words, as practised by some grammarians, or by a writer like the self-taught window-glass maker Menetra, may show elements of an unconscious system. We find, for instance, that some authors tend to join the definite article, or the preposition en to the following words in writing, as well as using joined forms such as delà. Moreover, some grammarians systematically use joined forms such as parconséquent, àmoins, parce que, and so on.
Le démonstratif dans les textes et dans la langue
Authors: Gary-Prieur Marie-Noëlle , Léonard Martine
Published: November 2007

Marie-Noëlle Gary-Prieur and Martine Léonard : Demonstratives as textual and linguistic entities.

The introductory paper draws the main lines of this special issue. In the first part, M. Léonard explains how and why some linguistics and literature specialists decided to focus their attentions on demonstratives, in a common work that gives no priority to the linguistic system over textual realisations. In the second part, M-N. Gary-Prieur proposes a linguistic description of the way demonstratives work, mainly based on the observation of some of their textual uses.
Démonstratifs balzaciens. Personnage et temporalité
Authors: Léonard Martine
Published: November 2007

Martine Leonard : Balzacian demonstrative determiner : character and Time.

From the corpus of demonstrative noun phrases (ex. this woman) by which the characters of La Duchesse de Langeais (a novel by Balzac dating 1834) are designated, we show that the demonstrative determiner marks the character's transformation in time and, thanks to its reclassifying value, allows to express both permanence and reincarnation. In a third-person narrative, the subjectivity (which the demonstrative determiner displays) raises a problem of interpretation and the present time, as a fictive object represented, is to be decoded.
Les démonstratifs à l'épreuve du texte ou sur « Cette côte de la baie de l'Arguenon »
Authors: Kleiber G.
Published: November 2007

Georges Kleiber : "This coastline of Arguenon's bay" : Demonstratives text-tested.

The aim of this paper is to study exhaustively one of the textual uses of the demonstrative adjective, given in the following quotation from Michel Tournier's Les Météores : "Le soleil s'inclinait déjà derrière la colline où les innocents de Sainte-Brigitte cueillaient des asters (...). Cette côte de la baie de l'Arguenon, orientée à l'est, ne reçoit le vent marin que des terres...". The analysis of this example gives interesting results on four points :

(i) all types of uses of the demonstrative adjective have not yet been pointed out ;

(ii) the theoretical explanation of some peculiar demonstratives, also called "literary demonstratives", implies an identification of the type of use ;

(iii) this identification is not permitted by the sole effects produced by the demonstrative ;

(iv) it implies a study of the correspondences between spatial uses and textual uses.
Pour une grammaire du discours : l'« ordre oratoire » face à la Praelectio, une occasion manquée
Authors: Viala Alain
Published: November 2007

Alain Viala : For a speech grammar. The « oratory order » against the praelectio : a missed opportunity

The « Français » still persists in treating the study of the language as a preliminary to the study of the texts (lot of grammar in primary school and Junior High School, lot of literature and no grammar in High School), especially by laying the emphasis on sentence's grammar. In reaction to its kicks, has appeared a text's grammar. But the language exists, in practice, as a speech, and is learned before school, and, more, the notion of « text » is problematical. The persistence of such an inadequate mechanism has historical reasons. In the middle of 18th Century, Batteux, by proposing to study the French authors aside of the Ancients, started a movement towards the « oratory order ». But the scholar institution didn't extend it, under the influence of the dominating model : the teaching of latin with a grammar of sentence — for a foreing language — and praelectio — for the literary texts. So there is an aggiornamento necessary and possible by the way of a "speech grammar"
Les mots sans guère de choses : la praelectio
Authors: Rossellini Michèle
Published: November 2007

Michèle Rossellini : Words without things : the praelectio

The history of praelectio from Erasmus to the 18th century reveals an increasing orientation towards to form more than substance. The Jesuits, indeed, stay away from the moral of the Ancients pagans, but they think that their « beautiful style » can and should be used to tell God's glory. The Jansenists, opposed to the flashing eloquence, turned the exercice towards language and translation. These process of thoughts have made a concept of « explication de texte » wich separates them from their fonction of speech.
Le problème du paradoxe dans une sémantique argumentative
Authors: Carel Marion , Ducrot Oswald
Published: November 2007

Marion Carel, Oswald Ducrot, Paradox in argumentative semantics

This paper aims at defining paradox as a mere linguistical notion, indépendant of any cognitive or sociological notion (in particular, « paradox » is distinguished from belief opposite to usually accepted opinions). This definition is given in the framework of the theory of « argumentation in language » , as recently reformulated : the paper second part presents the argumentative notions necessary to define (part 3) « paradox » in this framework. Lastly, the notion is used to characterize sequences of two connected sentences, and lexical words.
Les propriétés linguistiques du paradoxe : paradoxe et négation
Authors: Ducrot Oswald , Carel Marion
Published: November 2007

Oswald Ducrot, Marion Carel, Linguistical properties of paradox : paradox and negation

The previous paper has defined a mere linguistical notion of paradox. But this notion does not represent the meaning of the word paradox of the ordinary language : and so it must be justified. This is the purpose of this paper. It shows that the words, sentences and sequences to which the linguistical definition of paradox applies have peculiar properties : for instance the negation effect on them is different from the negation effect on the paradoxical expressions.
Les adages du droit français
Authors: Gouvard Jean-Michel
Published: November 2007

Jean-Michel Gouvard, French law adages

The aim of this paper is to compare proverbs and adages. First, I present some formal properties they share in common, I argue for a denominative approach of such sentences. Next, I demonstrate that adages show a very specific behavior from a semantical point of view and I try to define the class they belong to.
L'apprentissage de l'orthographe lexicale : le cas des régularités
Authors: Pacton Sébastien , Fayol Michel , Perruchet Pierre
Published: November 2007

Sébastien Pacton, Michel Fayol, Pierre Perruchet. L'apprentissage de l'orthographe lexicale : le cas des régularités

According to traditional stage models of spelling development, children are thought to isolate the phonemes in the word and attempt to spell each with an appropriate grapheme without regard for acceptable letter sequences or other conventions of specific orthographies. In this paper, using nonwords in both judgment and production tasks, we show that French children (Grades 1 to 5) are sensitive to some orthographic patterns having no phonological counterparts (the use of double consonants and the transcription of /o/) much earlier than traditional stage models posit.
Communication, fiction et expression de la subjectivité
Authors: Reboul Anne
Published: November 2007

Anne Reboul : Communication, fiction and the expression of subjectivity

The expression of subjectivity, though it is by no means confined to fiction, has mostly been studied in the fictional discourse. One of its expressions is the so-called represented speech and thought (RST), which has been widely discussed by Banfield. Her major thesis is that, in a given RST utterance, the subjectivity of no more than one subject of consciousness can be expressed. This has been contested, notably by Ducrot. In this paper, I compare RST with two other ways of reporting speech, namely direct discourse and indirect discourse. I focus on singular personal pronouns and their use in reporting subjectivity and I conclude that the pronouns used to designate the subject of consciousness in a RST utterance - whether they are or not third person pronouns - are very similar in both their function and their interpretation to the first person in speech. However, given that first person pronouns in the same sentence can be used to designate distinct individuals, Banfield's claim that there can be no more than one subject of consciousness in a given RST sentence does not seem to hold. What is more, contrary to her claims, there can be RST utterances where the subject of consciousness is represented by the first or second person pronouns, which means that RST is a means of communication. Finally, the expression of subjectivity, far from being restricted to fiction, is merely the manifestation of a general cognitive tendency in humanity: the intentional stance.
Apposition, attribut, épithète : même combat prédicatif ?
Authors: Forsgren Mats
Published: November 2007

Mats Forsgren - Apposition, attribut, épithète : même combat prédicatif ?

This contribution deals with a plaidoyer for unifying the description of the much- debated category of apposition, viewed here as one of three syntactic modes of semantic predication on referents of noun phrases, the two others being modification (fr. épithète) and attribution (fr. attribut). Starting from the pragmatic view-point that apposition represents primarily a propositional speech act — a secondary predication — and a discourse strategy, the author attempt to find common denominators at langue level, in terms of basic constructional and semantic criteria, which are hierarchically ordered, with the aim to isolate some prototypical appositive predicates, as invariants covering the different contextual cognitive interpretations, as described by others (eg. Blumenthal, 1980; Combettes, 1998; Neveu, 1998a and b). Special attention is given to identifying and locative appositive predicates.
L'apposition comme unité textuelle et constituant phrastique : approche diachronique
Authors: Combettes Bernard
Published: November 2007

Bernard Combettes - L'apposition comme unité textuelle et constituant phrastique : approche diachronique

This paper considers different types of functionally motivated principles which determine the placement of the apposition phrase in clause first position; from a diachronic point of view, it is possible to distinguish a textual constraint (the initial place as a marker of topic continuity), and a semantic one (the apposition as a marker of temporal relations).
Avoir et la prédication seconde
Authors: Kupferman Lucien
Published: November 2007

Lucien Kupferman, Avoir et la prédication seconde

It is shown that the two realizations of the French Verb avoir, so-called Predicative avoir, avoir v and so-called Possessive avoir, avoir г are both predicates, in fact two-places predicates, and not some forms of copulas. The difference between them is to be located on the level of the internal argument : for the first one it is categorized as a small-clause (SC),,and then we observe a secondary predication-like configuration, and for the second one - a DP. From here derives a différenciation regarding the reading of the predicate. Avoir is existential and assignats to its internal argument a prototypically eventive propositional content. Avoir г denotes a property state and may, with some restrictions which are summarized and explained, have a posséder paraphrazing. There is also an argument for strengthing the SC categorizing of the internal argument of the predicate avoir r
Comenius et sa « méthode d'enseignement graduée »
Authors: Besse Henri
Published: November 2007

Henri Besse : Comenius et sa « méthode d'enseignement graduée »

Around 1630, J. A. Comenius wrote two definitive books about what he was one of the first to call 'didactics'. One of them presents a programme, and was later published with the title Didactica magna, the other implements this "art of teaching" in a Latin textbook known as the Ianua linguarum reserata. In spite of the fact that they envisage things in a mediaeval way, these books represent a change of viewpoint in the lengthy socio-historical construction of western reflection on the teaching and learning of languages, more specifically on its relationship to grammar. Comenius initiates a change by setting this reflection in a large curricular project where languages are learnt "always one after the other and never simultaneously", going from mother tongue to dead languages. Beginners learn the language from an "epitome" written so that the most frequent words and phrases are presented as "the ready made key to a grammar" adapted "to the language that is already known, and where only the differences are stressed", i. e. which takes the language they already use into account, as well as the way it was taught to them. These proposals are still, nowadays, indicative of a sort of "educational utopia".
La description en termes de classes d'objets et l'enseignement des langues
Authors: Gross Gaston , Vivès Robert
Published: November 2007

Gaston Gross et Robert Vivès : La description en termes de classes d'objets et l'enseignement des langues

In this paper we develop the idea that a grammatical description combining lexis, syntax and semantics offers better knowledge of the mechanisms which constitute meaning in simple and complex sentences as well as in discourse. We present two examples of descriptive parameters for sentences with orage and courage on the one hand, with words expressing the idea of AIM on the other hand. We think this way of describing sentences and discourse can be useful in the organization of learning data and activities in language teaching.
Les savoirs linguistiques « ordinaires » en didactique des langues : des idiotismes
Authors: Beacco Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

Jean-Claude Beacco : Les savoirs linguistiques « ordinaires » en didactique des langues : des idiotismes

This article bears upon the necessity, as regards foreign language learning and teaching, to identify and characterise ordinary (as opposed to academic) knowledge, a specific and important component of learning /teaching situations and contexts. In this respect, idiomatic expressions, which come under grammar and /or lexicon and /or discourse, may be considered as a specific type of ordinary knowledge, on account of their diversity and of the cross-linguistic perceptions and representations associated. Contrastive bilingual inventories of idiomatic expressions, on an extensive and structured basis, are suggested. Not only they are useful for learning /teaching at advanced levels, but they also contribute to an understanding of the morphosyntactic image of the foreign language, such as it is perceived by the non-native learners, as a part of of a wider body of representations.
Le langage intérieur comme miroir du cerveau : une enquête, ses enjeux et ses limites
Authors: Carroy Jacqueline
Published: November 2007

Jacqueline Carroy : Interior language as a brain mirror. An inquisition, its purposes, its limits

In 1892, Georges Saint-Paul, a young physician, inquired into interior language. Quickly, 200 persons answered a long questionary which Saint- Paul and his master A. Lacassagne had elaborated and which was inspired by Charcot' anatomo-pathological theories. Several famous men, such as Emile Zola, responded and their auto-observations were published by newspapers. Saint-Paul thought he had discovered what he called "endophasic formulas". This paper studies the historical context and analyses how Saint-Paul tried to legitimate his investigation: if interior language was a reflection of the brain, the answers couldn't be deceitful or ambiguous, because they mirrored endophasic formulas which mirrored brain organization. This paper studies the historical context and analyses how Saint-Paul tried to legitimate his investigation: if interior language was a reflection of the brain, the answers couldn't be deceitful or ambiguous, because they mirrored endophasic formulas which mirrored brain organization.
Les représentations de la parole intérieure
Authors: Rabatel Alain
Published: November 2007

Alain Rabatel : Representations of inner speech. Interior monologue, free direct speech, free indirect speech and point of view

The construction of a meta-discourse in order to describe interior monologues (IM) cuts across narratologic and linguistic approaches. It varies according to whether the purpose is to establish a typology based on their wider representation or to provide a linguistic analysis restricted to reported speech. The paper highlights the persistent under-rating of a phenomenon close to the IM, and related to the "unspeakable sentence", that of "the point of view". The represented "point of view" and the free indirect speech have coexisted since the second half of the 19th. However, unlike as in the IM, these forms are not clearly differentiated as dual forms of the expression of the inner speech. Consequently, inner speech (at least as a theory issued from literary experience) is reduced to the relatively homogeneous form of the "interior speech" or "flow of consciousness". But this representation is under the influence of enormous tensions as literary manifestations of inner speech are more varied than the phrase IM gives to understand.
Le paradoxe énonciatif endophasique et ses premières solutions fictionnelles
Authors: Philippe Gilles
Published: November 2007

Gilles Philippe : The enunciative paradox of inner speech and the early fictional interior monologues

Two solutions are usually given to the obvious paradox of inner speech (why does the self speak to the self?): either one stresses the cognitive function of inner speech and the part it plays in mental processes, or one considers that it corresponds to an internal representation of a self-to-other discourse- situation. In the first case, inner speech is considered as properly monological; in the second, it is only a specific case of the dialogical situation that is always to be looked for whenever speech appears. In this article, we show that these contradictory solutions of the enunciative paradox of inner speech are not only to be found in theoretical works (Husserl, Guillaume, Benveniste, Bakhtine, Derrida...), but also in fictional interior monologues: the analyse here is based on two short stories published in July and August 1927 (by Jean Schlumberger and Emmanuel Berl), that bring to light all the linguistic consequences of apparently strictly enunciative choices. only to be found in theoretical works (Husserl, Guillaume, Benveniste, Bakhtine, Derrida...), but also in fictional interior monologues: the analyse here is based on two short stories published in July and August 1927 (by Jean Schlumberger and Emmanuel Berl), that bring to light all the linguistic consequences of apparently strictly enunciative choices.
Endophasie et linguistique
Authors: Bergounioux Gabriel
Published: November 2007

Gabriel Bergounioux : Endophasia and linguistics: breakdowns, quotes, skeletons

Endophasia, phenomenologically speaking, is speech without a signal. While its activity was at first noticed in pathology and in dreams as an effect of the intrusion of the unconscious, its everyday existence presents just as much of an enigma for linguistic analysis, which is used to approaching its sequences in scriptural form. Writing being founded on a conventional, and partial, correspondence between graphs and certain properties inherent in phonetic utterances, internal speech by contrast offers only a temporal dimension to acoustic apprehension. This temporal dimension operates on two levels: in the breakdown of phonemes and in their reduction via processes skin to anaphora: quotes. Thus it is on both phonological and semantic levels that endophasia provides the touchstone of theories of language.
Les emplois du mot raison, entre singularité et régularité
Authors: Betote Akwa Doumbe
Published: November 2007

Akwa Doumbé Bétoté : Les emplois du mot raison, entre singularité et régularité

This paper aims at bringing out the identity of the word raison through an examination of the role it plays in the various types of construction and lexical surroundings where it is employed. The author suggests a general characterisation accounting for the diversity of its meanings.
Étude sémantique du préfixe RE en français contemporain : à propos de plusieurs débats actuels en morphologie dérivationnelle
Authors: Jalenques Pierre
Published: November 2007

Pierre Jalenques : Étude sémantique du préfixe RE en français contemporain : à propos de plusieurs débats actuels en morphologie dérivationnelle

In this article, we study the semantic properties of the French prefix RE used with verbs. We are mainly dealing with two issues 1) what status should be granted to the intuition of native speakers, about the polysemy and the idiomaticity of such verbs as reconnaître, remarquer, regarder? We argue that these verbs should not be submitted to intuition but within utterances; 2) how can we account for the polysemy and the idiomaticity of verbs prefixed with RE, from a synchronical point of view? We argue that a dynamic analysis of the semantic relations between the prefix, the stem of the verbs and also the argument structure of the verbs can account for those data.
Intégration conceptuelle et métaphore filée
Authors: Gréa Philippe
Published: November 2007

Philippe Grea : Conceptual Integration and Extended Metaphor

In relation to the specific question of the metaphor, a comparison between two cognitive theories - the conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1986) and the conceptual integration theory (Fauconnier & Turner 1998) - is leading us to note their similarities but also a number of existing differences. Both of these two approaches share the idea that a metaphor is based on the initial severance of two entities (conceptual domains or mental spaces), which is to be resolved in a set of conceptual mappings. However, the conceptual integration puts in place a different formal structure which outlines the dynamic aspect of the problem. As a result, its explanatory capacity reaches the innovating metaphors and the extended metaphors, contrary to the conceptual metaphor theory which is often confined to the most generic conventional metaphors. We are illustrating this advantage of the conceptual integration with an example from the Doderer's novel. Such an example would allows us also to stress the importance of the optimality principles for the constitution of the integration network and in particular, of the blending space.
La stylistique des genres
Authors: Combe Dominique
Published: November 2007

Dominique Combe : The stylistics of genres

In spite of the importance of literary kinds in theory today, a stylistics of genres is still to be expected, although it was initiated in France by Pierre Larthomas. The field of such a stylistics was yet opened by Russian Formalists and Bakhtine in the twenties, but the ambivalent situation of stylistics (individual/ social discourse, formal criteria /historical and analysis, etc.), prevented it to be fully acknowledged within the field of poetics and stylistics.
Le cas de simple
Authors: Noailly Michèle
Published: November 2007

Michèle Noailly : The particular case of simple

This article looks for the first time at the behaviour of the adjective simple. This adjective has ordinary uses as a qualifier, an aspect that will receive little attention here. The analysis will focus instead on the uses of simple as a preceding attributive adjective: une simple allusion, un simple soldat. A contextual study makes it possible to demonstrate the argumentative role played by this adjective. This role, which is sometime close to that of the adjective seul, is clearly restrictive and contrasts with that of pur (un simple divertissement vs un pur divertissement). In addition, the insertion of simple between a determinant and a noun is related to different methods speakers use to make an enonciative issue of the denominative term they choose in order to refer to a given speech object. On these grounds, it seems legitimate to include simple among the body of items known as "enclosures". Until now, only the adjectives vrai and véritable were included under this heading. Their behaviour is however very close in this respect to that of simple, but also to that of pur and, to a lesser degree, to that of plein and franc. This leads to a much broader view about a body of adjectives used in a non-qualifier capacity than earlier studies had attempted to gather together.
Prochain/dernier et compagnie. Les adjectifs « déictiques » à l'épreuve de l'espace ou comment circuler dans le temps, l'espace, le texte
Authors: Berthonneau Anne-Marie
Published: November 2007

Anne-Marie Berthonneau : On the French "deictic" adjectives prochain and dernier or How to find one's way through time, space and texts

This paper analyzes the referential functions of prochain/dernier in their temporal and spatial uses, on the basis of their syntactic properties as adjectives (among which, naturally, their position with respect to the noun). It also covers the relations between prochain and suivant with nouns denoting various kinds of material entities, which may or may not be considered as places.

Prochain and dernier do not figure prominently in the littérature on adjectives, because of their non prototypical status. With respect to time, there is a general consensus assuming that they are "deictic", at least when they follow the noun (e.g. la semaine dernière/prochaine), despite the well known fact that dernier is an ordinal adjective. They contrast with (précédent /suivant) which establish reference on the basis of a given reference time (e.g. à Noël ... la semaine précédente/ suivante) rather than on the basis of speech time.

Though it is often assumed that time should be analyzed as a transposition of space, the temporal behaviour of prochain and dernier turns out not to be precisely parallel to their spatial uses. Dernier no longer forms a pair with prochain (e.g. Je descends à la station prochaine /*dernière); it functions strictly as an ordinal adjective. Furthermore, suivant is in competition with prochain (e.g. Je descends à la station prochaine/à la prochaine station/à la station suivante), though the two adjectives produce clearly distinct references with respect to time (e.g. la semaine prochaine Ф la semaine suivante).

Contrasting the behaviour of these adjectives with respect to time and space is important because it reveals the asymmetry between prochain and dernier, which is hidden if one only considers the temporal uses. It allows one to explain (i) how prochain and dernier come together to form a contrasting pair in their temporal uses, despite the fact that dernier is not an indexical; (ii) why suivant can provide the same referent as prochain with names of material entities, despite the fact that the meanings of the two are radically different.

At the end of this journey through months and weeks, stations and times, women, pages and chapters, it will turn out that the differences between space and time are less important than might initially appear, at least if one takes into account a crucial property of temporal entities, namely their lack of salience.
L'imparfait, un temps inconséquent
Authors: Caudal Patrick , Vetters Carl , Roussarie Laurent
Published: November 2007

Patrick Caudal, Carl Vetters et Laurent Roussarie : Treating the French Imparfait as an inconsequent tense

The goal of this paper is to provide a unified account of the different interpretations of the French imparfait. Capitalizing on the idea put forth in Caudal & Roussarie (2002a) that tenses should be viewed as illocutionary functions ('illocutionary viewpoints') because their aspectual, temporal and modal content reflect the speaker's attitude towards some propositional content, we will ascribe the imparfait a largely underspecified illocutionary force. In particular, we argue that the imparfait is not intrinsically related to assertion, as opposed to the passé simple. We show that such a move makes it possible to account for the entire range of interpretative effects associated with this tense. towards some propositional content, we will ascribe the imparfait a largely underspecified illocutionary force. In particular, we argue that the imparfait is not intrinsically related to assertion, as opposed to the passé simple. We show that such a move makes it possible to account for the entire range of interpretative effects associated with this tense.
Imparfaits en contexte : les conditions de la causalité inférée
Authors: Mellet Sylvie
Published: November 2007

Sylvie Mellet : The "French imparfait": on conditions of Causality Inference

This paper will examine a set of contextual parameters which are in harmony with the french imperfect to express a causal relation between two sentences in a paratactic construction. It will be shown that the meaning of this tense, if only reduced to an abstract scheme of elementary operations, allows the implicit expression of causality without any deformation of its primary and fundamental value. Then, the context is conceived as a set of interactions between the different terms of the text sequences (words, grammatical categories, ...), so that these terms are the textual traces which point to the processes of a dynamic construction of the sense.
La « concordance des temps » revisitée ou de la « concordance » à la « convergence »
Authors: Rosier Laurence , Wilmet Marc
Published: November 2007

Laurence Rosier et Marc Wilmet : The revisited "sequence of tenses"

The starting point of this article is to revisit the "sequence of tenses" in a more general problematics, wondering about the relationship between tenses and co(n)text. Indeed, the sequence of tenses offers a particular cotext of use which was studied mainly, in French and English, under the restricted angle of the introducers verbs and /or the temporal articulation, whether mechanical or semantic, between verbs of the sentence and the under-sentence. In the light of a monosemist approach of verbal tenses, we advance two simple rules:

(i) The verbal form with the past is the sufficient condition of "imparfait" in the under- sentence but is not a necessary condition (cf the "imparfait" in the under-sentence with a nonlast verbal form).

(ii) The co(n)textuals elements are necessary conditions but never sufficient of a present (because the secant aspect of "imparfait" entitles it to play the same role).
Le traitement de qui, qui(s), quod dans la tradition grammaticale latine : quelques jalons pour l'étude du relatif, de Donat à Port-Royal
Authors: Colombat Bernard
Published: November 2007

Bernard Colombat, « The treatment of Qui, qui(s), quod in the Latin grammatical tradition: some stages in the study of relative, from Donatus to Port-Royal ».

The aim of this article is to study stages in the description of what we today call the 'relative pronoun' in the Latin tradition over a very long period (from Antiquity to the 17th century). For ancient grammarians, the first difficulty was to show the specificity of the relative among others qu- forms (interrogative, indefinite), a specificity that is represented only imperfectly in the morphology. But they also had to decide whether qui is a 'pronoun' (as it for Donatus) or a 'noun' (as it is for Priscian). Priscian already analyses quite clearly the syntactic function of qui as relative. But it took a very long time to recognize its double function, anaphoric and subordinating. Unexpectedly for us, the relative had to lose its anaphoric function, being only an anaphoric indicator followed by the repetition of the antecedent (for Linacre and Sanctius); by Port-Royal, the relative 'pronoun' fully recovered the anaphoric function, but the propositional analysis also made it possible to insert a proposition incidente into another proposition. As for quod, its analysis as being only a relative and the difficulty in recategorizing it prevented grammarians from recognizing it as a conjunction.