bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired Cardiovascular Structure and Function in Adult Survivors of Severe Acute Malnutrition
Authors: Tennant Ingrid A. , Barnett Alan T. , Thompson Debbie S. , Kips Jan , Boyne Michael S. , Chung Edward E. , Chung Andrene P. , Osmond Clive , Hanson Mark A. , Gluckman Peter D. , Segers Patrick , Cruickshank J. Kennedy , Forrester Terrence E.
Published: July 2014

Malnutrition below 5 years remains a global health issue. Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) presents in childhood as oedematous (kwashiorkor) or nonoedematous (marasmic) forms, with unknown long-term cardiovascular consequences. We hypothesized that cardiovascular structure and function would be poorer in SAM survivors than unexposed controls. We studied 116 adult SAM survivors, 54 after marasmus, 62 kwashiorkor, and 45 age/sex/body mass index–matched community controls who had standardized anthropometry, blood pressure, echocardiography, and arterial tonometry performed. Left ventricular indices and outflow tract diameter, carotid parameters, and pulse wave velocity were measured, with systemic vascular resistance calculated. All were expressed as SD scores. Mean (SD) age was 28.8±7.8 years (55% men). Adjusting for age, sex, height, and weight, SAM survivors had mean (SE) reductions for left ventricular outflow tract diameter of 0.67 (0.16;
P
<0.001), stroke volume 0.44 (0.17;
P
=0.009), cardiac output 0.5 (0.16;
P
=0.001), and pulse wave velocity 0.32 (0.15;
P
=0.03) compared with controls but higher diastolic blood pressures (by 4.3; 1.2–7.3 mm Hg;
P
=0.007). Systemic vascular resistance was higher in marasmus and kwashiorkor survivors (30.2 [1.2] and 30.8 [1.1], respectively) than controls 25.3 (0.8), overall difference 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.8–8.4 mm Hg min/L;
P
<0.0001). No evidence of large vessel or cardiac remodeling was found, except closer relationships between these indices in former marasmic survivors. Other parameters did not differ between SAM survivor groups. We conclude that adult SAM survivors had smaller outflow tracts and cardiac output when compared with controls, yet markedly elevated peripheral resistance. Malnutrition survivors are thus likely to develop excess hypertension in later life, especially when exposed to obesity.
Prediction of Cardiovascular Events With Aortic Stiffness in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Vlachopoulos Charalambos , Ioakeimidis Nikolaos , Aznaouridis Konstantinos , Terentes-Printzios Dimitrios , Rokkas Konstantinos , Aggelis Athanasios , Panagiotakos Dimosthenis , Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: July 2014

Erectile dysfunction confers an independent risk for cardiovascular events and total mortality. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an important predictor of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. We investigated whether PWV predicts major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with erectile dysfunction beyond traditional risk factors. MACEs in relation to PWV were analyzed with proportional hazards models in 344 patients (mean age, 56 years) without established cardiovascular disease. During a mean follow-up of 4.7 years (range, 1–8.5 years), 24 of 344 participants (7.0%) experienced a MACE. Subjects in the highest PWV tertile (>8.8 m/s) had a 4-fold higher risk of MACEs compared with those in the lowest PWV tertile (<7.6 m/s; adjusted hazard ratio, 3.97;
P
=0.035). A PWV value of 7.81 m/s was associated with a negative predictive value (ability to rule out MACE) of 98.1%. Addition of PWV to standard risk factor model yielded correct patient reclassification to higher or lower risk category by 27.6% (
P
=0.0332) in the whole cohort. Our results show that higher aortic stiffness is associated with increased risk for a MACE in patients with erectile dysfunction without known cardiovascular disease. Aortic PWV improves risk prediction when added to standard risk factors and may represent a valuable biomarker of prediction of cardiovascular disease risk in these patients.
Cardiac Sympathetic Afferent Denervation Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling and Improves Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Rats With Heart Failure
Authors: Wang Han-Jun , Wang Wei , Cornish Kurtis G. , Rozanski George J. , Zucker Irving H.
Published: July 2014

The enhanced cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) contributes to the exaggerated sympathoexcitation in chronic heart failure (CHF). Increased sympathoexcitation is positively related to mortality in patients with CHF. However, the potential beneficial effects of chronic CSAR deletion on cardiac and autonomic function in CHF have not been previously explored. Here, we determined the effects of chronic CSAR deletion on cardiac remodeling and autonomic dysfunction in CHF. To delete the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor–expressing CSAR afferents selectively, epicardial application of resiniferatoxin (50 μg/mL), an ultrapotent analog of capsaicin, was performed during myocardium infarction surgery in rats. This procedure largely abolished the enhanced CSAR, prevented the exaggerated renal and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and improved baroreflex sensitivity in CHF rats. Most importantly, we found that epicardial application of resiniferatoxin largely prevented the elevated left ventricle end-diastolic pressure, lung edema, and cardiac hypertrophy, partially reduced left ventricular dimensions in the failing heart, and increased cardiac contractile reserve in response to β-adrenergic receptor stimulation with isoproterenol in CHF rats. Molecular evidence showed that resiniferatoxin attenuated cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis and reduced expression of fibrotic markers and transforming growth factor-β receptor I in CHF rats. Pressure–volume loop analysis showed that resiniferatoxin reduced the end-diastolic pressure volume relationships in CHF rats, indicating improved cardiac compliance. In summary, cardiac sympathetic afferent deletion exhibits protective effects against deleterious cardiac remodeling and autonomic dysfunction in CHF. These data suggest a potential new paradigm and therapeutic potential in the management of CHF.
2 Indicator-Based Multiobjective Search
Authors: Brockhoff Dimo , Wagner Tobias , Trautmann Heike
Published: July 2014

In multiobjective optimization, set-based performance indicators are commonly used to assess the quality of a Pareto front approximation. Based on the scalarization obtained by these indicators, a performance comparison of multiobjective optimization algorithms becomes possible. The [Formula: see text] and the hypervolume (HV) indicator represent two recommended approaches which have shown a correlated behavior in recent empirical studies. Whereas the HV indicator has been comprehensively analyzed in the last years, almost no studies on the [Formula: see text] indicator exist. In this extended version of our previous conference paper, we thus perform a comprehensive investigation of the properties of the [Formula: see text] indicator in a theoretical and empirical way. The influence of the number and distribution of the weight vectors on the optimal distribution of [Formula: see text] solutions is analyzed. Based on a comparative analysis, specific characteristics and differences of the [Formula: see text] and HV indicator are presented. Furthermore, the [Formula: see text] indicator is integrated into an indicator-based steady-state evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithm (EMOA). It is shown that the so-called [Formula: see text]-EMOA can accurately approximate the optimal distribution of [Formula: see text] solutions regarding [Formula: see text].
The Beaten Body of Christ
Authors: Moxnes Halvor
Published: July 2014

The text is taken from 1Peter, a letter probably written to a group of Christians in Asia Minor in the latter part of the 1st century. The passage in 1Pet 2:18–25 is an admonition to slaves to obey their masters despite cruel treatment in the form of beatings of their bodies. In support of this demand the writer draws on a presentation of Christ who endured unjust suffering. The text is analysed with perspectives from Foucault and a feminist critique of him by Elizabeth Grosz that relate “knowledge, power and bodies”. On the surface the text appears to support the slave system, which renders slaves as “bodies without boundaries”, i.e., without power to protect their bodies. However, the slaves are compared to Christ and his beaten body, and this discourse of comparison may not only support their suffering, but also represent a creation of an “inner body” as a symbol of healing.
Discussing Ghayra in Abbasid Literature: Jealousy as a Manly Virtue or Sign of Mutual Affection
Authors: Myrne Pernilla
Published: July 2014

Jealousy is a thriving theme in Abbasid poetry and narratives, but it is not confined to the realm of storytelling and poetic motifs; its meaning and boundaries are discussed from various points of view of Abbasid scholarship. In this article, explanations and definitions of ghayra as an emotion as well as cultural practice are investigated on the basis of a selection of Classical Arabic literary sources. It is a study of attitudes towards jealousy in literature that is predominantly normative, and hence excluding subjective experiences as they are expressed in poetry and anecdotal literature.
The Prayers of Abū Muslim and al-Maʾmūn. An Exercise in Dating Ḥadīth
Authors: Aerts Stijn
Published: July 2014

In usingḥadīthnarratives as historical sources, the challenge is to determine their origin. Different methods have been devised to trace the provenance ofḥadīthreports, but all these approaches lack an external frame of reference. Data retrieved from other sources, such as the historiographical genres, can be used to validate the results ofḥadīth-analysis under certain conditions. The method proposed here is exclusively applicable to traditions that describe events or support a rule that can be linked to a historical event described in the chronicles. Two case studies — concerning the festival prayer and the pronouncement of a finaltakbīrin the regular prayers — demonstrate that the results of the proposed method of datingḥadīths correspond to the dates ascribed to the events in the chronicles.
New palpigrades (Arachnida, Eukoeneniidae) from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: BARRANCO P. , MAYORAL J. G.
Published: July 2014

Eighteen specimens of palpigrades captured in seven caves in the provinces of Castellon and Valencia in eastern Spain are studied. We describe and illustrate three new species and a new subspecies: Eukoenenia valencianus sp. nov., Eukoenenia montagudi sp. nov., Eukoenenia sendrai sp. nov. and Eukoenenia patrizii iberica ssp. nov. The Iberian fauna now comprises nine species that we place into two different morphological groups. The relationships between species from eastern Spain and other Mediterranean species are discussed.
Governing private security in New Zealand
Authors: Bradley Trevor
Published: July 2014

The remarkable growth of private security has focused attention on the increased vulnerability to poor standards and malpractice among those now reliant upon it. A common international response to this increased risk has been the introduction and/or reform of ‘special’ industry regulation. New Zealand is no exception. Here, the Private Security Personnel and Private Investigators Act (2010) updated governing regulation first introduced in 1975. This article presents a critical assessment of the regulatory framework supplied by the Act and the form or modality of regulation it represents. Informed by original New Zealand research on the vexed issue of industry standards and professionalism the article contends that the new regulatory framework is insufficiently comprehensive in scope to achieve its primary aims of raising standards and reducing risk. The article, therefore, advocates a move beyond an exclusive dependence on a state centred ‘command and control’ approach that since the mid-1970s has proven largely unsuccessful and toward a more pluralistic, ambitious regulatory model within which the state constitutes just one, albeit significant, node or ‘site’ of governance.
Achieving restorative justice: Assessing contrition and forgiveness in the adult conference process
Authors: Halsey Mark , Goldsmith Andrew , Bamford David
Published: July 2014

This paper examines the key processes and outcomes of a pilot adult restorative justice programme initiated in one Australian state. We focus particularly on the methods used to ‘capture’ expressions of contrition and forgiveness in various conference settings. In addition, we examine the legal and procedural considerations arising from the pilot, and draw, importantly, on victim and offender narratives of ‘the conference experience’. In concluding, we note the substantive potential for restorative justice to play a meaningful role in adult contexts and briefly consider the future for initiatives of this kind.
Explaining compliance: A multi-actor framework for understanding labour law compliance in China
Authors: Chung Sunwook
Published: July 2014

I argue that there is increasing evidence that multiple stakeholders, such as labour intermediaries and independent workers, are involved in the regulation of labour standards in China, resulting in increasing compliance with labour laws. In addition, I argue that the differential interests of multiple stakeholders lead to a variation in compliance across different labour law provisions. I find support for these arguments using original factory-level compliance data collected in southern China between 2009 and 2011. There is ‘thick’ compliance when stakeholders’ interests converge, as observed in the case of written contract requirements. There is ‘thin’ compliance when there is less convergence in stakeholder interests, as observed in the case of compliance with social insurance provisions. Finally, there is no compliance when there is convergence toward non-compliance in stakeholder interests, as observed in the case of overtime hour limits.
The (non)distribution of leadership roles: Considering leadership practices and configurations
Authors: Chreim Samia
Published: July 2014

This article draws on distributed leadership and leadership-as-practice perspectives to report on a comparative case analysis of leadership configurations. The context of acquisitions is used in the study. Attention is given to the practices of members of the two leadership teams – one from each of the acquiring and acquired organizations – as they attempted to integrate their practices and redistribute leadership roles. The findings show that, despite expectations that distributed leadership would be achieved, the emergent configurations varied across the firms and consisted of distributed leadership, distributed leaderlessness, overlapping leadership and non-distributed leadership. These configurations were underpinned by members’ framings, relational practices and (non)exercise of agency. The article contributes to the leadership literature by proposing the notions of leadership deficits and leadership surpluses in configurations, by exploring how ambiguous leadership spaces are constructed, and by providing evidence of leadership models that vary in terms of conflict tractability. The study uncovers the limits of distributed leadership and shows that not all is well with distributed leadership models. The article also contributes to a broader understanding – than has been achieved through extant literature – of various potential leadership configurations that can emerge in the case of acquisitions and beyond.
Competence in professional practice: A practice theory analysis of police and doctors
Authors: Lindberg Ola , Rantatalo Oscar
Published: July 2014

This article outlines a theoretical understanding of competence as the inferred potential for desirable activity within a professional practice. By employing the concept of ‘teleoaffective structure’ as developed in Schatzki’s practice theory, our study investigates how notions of competent and excellent professionals are defined in two separate practices in which highly qualified professionals share formal qualifications. The study is comparative and based on a total of 39 interviews carried out in the Swedish National Police Counter-Terrorist Unit (police) and with recruiters of medical interns (doctors) in Swedish healthcare. Results indicate that, despite obvious differences between the professional groups in the study, some remarkable similarities are apparent in what are regarded as high levels of competence. Surprisingly, technical expertise was downplayed as an indicator of high levels of competence in both practices. The professional groups emphasized flexibility, drive/ambition and social competence, as well as the ability to balance between being highly capable and being humble before others, including other groups of professionals as characteristics of excellence. Based on the results, the authors discuss a ‘logic of excellence’ that can be used to describe mechanisms of competence differentiation in professional practices from a practice theory perspective.
Gender, power and sexuality among youth on the streets of Durban: Socio-economic realities
Authors: Osthus Ingrid Scharer , Sewpaul Vishantie
Published: July 2014

This article is based on a qualitative study on sexuality, identity and relationships among female and male youth living on the streets. Data were obtained from approximately 50 focus groups and individual interviews with 37 youth, of which 17 were female. There were several themes with regard to masculinity and femininity and constructions of motherhood and fatherhood that emerged from the study. In this article we focus on the following broad theme: men as providers, violence, sex, and sexuality. Recommendations are made regarding consciousness raising, therapeutic intervention, transforming gendered relationships and working towards socio-economic equality.
Reconceptualizing social work in times of crisis: An examination of the cases of Greece, Spain and Portugal
Authors: Ioakimidis Vasilios , Santos Clara Cruz , Herrero Ines Martinez
Published: July 2014

What started as a peripheral banking crisis in 2008 within five years triggered the deepest recession Europe has seen in decades, escalating to manifold socio-political crises. Under these circumstances, many social workers find themselves in a situation of extreme pressure and insecurity. Traditional theories and orthodox practices are now challenged by frontline social workers. This article explores such a ‘reconceptualization’ process, evaluating recent developments and changes in Spanish, Portuguese and Greek social work. We argue that the current crisis has generated a profound (re)politicization of social workers which leads to the redefinition of the core values and principles of social work.
Promoting social and economic equality: Social workers’ contribution to social justice and social development in South Africa and Uganda
Authors: Lombard Antoinette , Twikirize Janestic M
Published: July 2014

This article explores how social workers in South Africa (where social work is regulated by law), and Uganda (where social work is not professionally regulated), draw on the premises that social work is a human rights profession embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, their respective countries’ constitutions, and developmental social work to claim their role in promoting social and economic equality. The case studies from both South Africa and Uganda show that developmental social work includes social, economic and environmental development activities and that social work can become a significant role player in promoting social and economic equality through its commitment to social justice and human rights.
The Global Agenda: Developing international perspectives and critical discourse in UK social work education and practice
Authors: Sims David , de Chenu Linda , Williams Janet
Published: July 2014

This article discusses and evaluates the learning from a consultation with social work students in respect of the Global Agenda for Social Work (GA). At the time the GA was being drafted it was circulated widely for consultation. In the UK social work educators prepared a set of questions for use with almost 400 students from six different universities. Responses revealed the GA to be a valuable pedagogical tool, generating reflection on social work values, diversity, neo-liberal agendas and international social work. The article analyses responses and suggests ideas for further use of the GA in social work education.
Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development: Voices of the social work educators from Asia
Authors: Nikku Bala Raju , Pulla Venkat
Published: July 2014

Social work is contextual yet increasingly internationalized. The development of Global Agenda in 2012 by the IASSW, ICSW and IFSW gave educators and practitioners an opportunity to reflect on challenges of social work education and the profession in their respective countries. The current article discusses the key factors that confront and influence social work education and practice in the Asian region. The article brings out deep-rooted perceptions amongst educators in the region. The authors endeavour to present select views of social work educators from South Asian countries and suggest possible steps to realize the four goals of Global Agenda in the context of those countries.
De la Taille on the Grace of Union
Authors: Coffey David
Published: July 2014

The grace of union is the hypostatic union conceived as grace for the humanity of Christ and so for the whole human race. It consists of two elements, one uncreated, the person of the divine Word, the other created and situated in the sacred humanity. This article concentrates on the created grace, because its exact nature has always been controverted. Aquinas had his own theology of the created grace of union, which in developed form was endorsed by French Jesuit Maurice de la Taille in his 1929 essay. Since then there has been little significant further development. Nor has there been any attempt to update de la Taille’s theology in the light of later knowledge. With the aid of Felix Malmberg’s critique of de la Taille for invoking sanctifying (habitual) grace among the consequences of the union, this article takes up both challenges.
Two Major Attempts to Articulate an Authentic Role for Christ’s Humanity in Salvation
Authors: McLeod Frederick G.
Published: July 2014

This paper cites selected works of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Karl Rahner as examples of a functional approach to Christology. While presuming the presence of a metaphysical unity in Christ, they centre their attention upon how Christ as man is related to and freely acts together with God the Word in their unity and also how Christ as man serves as the prime image of God, the recapitulating bond of the universe, and the singular saving mediator for all creatures. These approaches, similar but different, give flesh to the Council of Chalcedon’s christological formula that proclaims, from a human point of view, two pivotal unities in Christ: a metaphysical and, what can be interpreted as, a ‘functional’ unity.
The Inspiring Power of Scripture: Three Case Studies
Authors: O’Collins Gerald
Published: July 2014

The charism of biblical inspiration also includes the special impact of the Sacred Scriptures on those who read or hear them. This article examines three examples of such an impact: in the lives of St Antony of Egypt, St Augustine of Hippo, and Girolamo Savonarola, who were deeply affected by Matthew 19:21, Romans 13:13–14, and Genesis 12:1, respectively. These passages from the Scriptures prompted them at once (Antony and Augustine) or within a year (Savonarola) to surrender possessions (Antony), plans for his personal existence and career (Augustine), and life at home with his parents (Savonarola), and to embrace a new way of life as a hermit (Antony), as a baptized Christian and within ten years as a bishop (Augustine), and as a Dominican teacher and preacher (Savonarola).
Strength enhancement of notched composite pultruded shafts by repairing with woven and knitting fabrics
Authors: Balcıoğlu H Ersen , Aktaş Mehmet
Published: July 2014

Composite shafts can be damaged because of unsuitable production, mistaken assemblage, and excessive strain. Repairing of damaged composite shafts with patch or an alternative approach is an economical solution. This study aims to enhance the tensile, compressive, and four-point bending loads of notched E-glass/vinylester composite pultruded shafts by repairing with different patch materials. For this purpose, the notched composite shafts having 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm notch depths were repaired with E-glass woven fabric, rib knitting fabric, and milano knitting fabric with 30 mm, 50 mm, and 70 mm widths by winding method. The results of the repaired composite shafts were compared with unrepaired composite shaft to better understand the influence of type and width of patch and notch depth on the critical damage load. The results showed that the repairing with E-glass woven and knitting patches increased the critical damage load of notched composite shafts by about 67%.
Analytical model for high-velocity perforation of moderately thick ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene-woven laminated plates
Authors: Chen Changhai , Zhu Xi , Hou Hailiang , Luo Zhong , Tang Ting
Published: July 2014

An analytical model is developed for high-velocity perforation of moderately thick, plain-woven laminated plates by deformable blunt projectiles. Based on different mechanical states and energy-dissipative mechanisms, penetration is divided into three consecutive stages: cratering and mushrooming, shearing and compression, and stretching deformation. The model is based on the concept of energy conservation, which allows approximative calculation of residual velocity, and hence, ballistic limit. The model is validated by using experimental results for ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene-woven laminated plates in terms of residual velocity and ballistic limit. The model considers the mushrooming deformation of projectiles. Consequently, as projectile velocity increases, the accuracy and universality of the model improve.
Bovine and Human Papillomaviruses
Authors: Munday J. S.
Published: July 2014

Fifty years ago, inoculation with bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found to cause mesenchymal tumors of the skin in cattle and horses, as well as tumors of the bladder in cattle. Subsequent to these studies of BPVs, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) were found to cause cervical cancer resulting in intense research into papillomaviruses. During the past 50 years, the ways that HPVs and BPVs cause disease have been investigated, and both HPVs and BPVs have been associated with an increasingly diverse range of diseases. Herein, the biology, oncogenic mechanisms, and diseases associated with BPVs are compared with those of HPVs. As reviewed, there are currently significant differences between BPVs and HPVs. However, research 50 years ago into BPVs formed a prologue for the recognition that papillomaviruses have a significant role in human disease, and it is possible that future research may similarly reveal that BPVs are less different from HPVs than is currently recognized.
Investigated or ignored? An analysis of race-related deaths since the Macpherson Report
Authors: Athwal Harmit , Burnett Jon
Published: July 2014

Since the publication of the Macpherson Report in February 1999, there have been at least ninety-three deaths with a known or suspected racial element in the UK. Of these, 97 per cent of the victims were from BME communities (including those from Gypsy or Traveller communities and European migrant workers). Particular groups of BME people are at risk – asylum seekers, new migrants, students and those working in the night-time economy. In only a quarter of the cases was the allegation of racism accepted and prosecuted as such, with racial motivation factored into sentencing. The over-strict interpretation of the legal provisions for racial motivation may be inhibiting the (racial) charging of perpetrators and in fact removing the racial context of a crime from the court room. It also appears that if authorities, including the police, had, on occasion, intervened earlier, against persistent harassment and low-level abuse, some deaths might have been prevented.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, Return to Play, and Reinjury in the Elite Collegiate Athlete
Authors: Kamath Ganesh V. , Murphy Timothy , Creighton R. Alexander , Viradia Neal , Taft Timothy N. , Spang Jeffrey T.
Published: July 2014

Background:

Graft survivorship, reinjury rates, and career length are poorly understood after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in the elite collegiate athlete. The purpose of this study was to examine the outcomes of ACL reconstruction in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athlete cohort.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed of all Division I athletes at a single public university from 2000 to 2009 until completion of eligibility. Athletes were separated into 2 cohorts: those who underwent precollegiate ACL reconstruction (PC group) and those who underwent intracollegiate reconstruction (IC group). Graft survivorship, reoperation rates, and career length information were collected.

Results:

Thirty-five athletes were identified with precollegiate reconstruction and 54 with intracollegiate reconstruction. The PC group had a 17.1% injury rate with the original graft, with a 20.0% rate of a contralateral ACL injury. For the IC group, the reinjury rates were 1.9% with an ACL graft, with an 11.1% rate of a contralateral ACL injury after intracollegiate ACL reconstruction. The athletes in the PC group used 78% of their total eligibility (average, 3.11 years). The athletes in the IC group used an average of 77% of their remaining NCAA eligibility; 88.3% of those in the IC group played an additional non-redshirt year after their injury. The reoperation rate for the PC group was 51.4% and was 20.4% for the IC group.

Conclusion:

Reoperation and reinjury rates are high after ACL reconstruction in the Division I athlete. Precollegiate ACL reconstruction is associated with a very high (37.1%) rate of repeat ACL reinjuries to the graft or opposite knee. The majority of athletes are able to return to play after successful reconstruction.
Social Capital Activation and Job Searching: Embedding the Use of Weak Ties in the American Institutional Context
Authors: Sharone Ofer
Published: July 2014

By comparing job seekers’ use of weak ties in Israel and the United States, this article shows that Granovetter’s canonical findings are rooted in the particular institutional context of the American white-collar labor market. Drawing on in-depth interviews with three distinct groups of white-collar job seekers: Americans searching in the United States, Israelis searching in Israel, and Israelis searching in the United States, this article untangles cultural and institutional factors underlying the use of weak ties and shows how labor market institutions and processes of hiring shape systematic variations in job seekers’ utilization of weak ties.
Characterization and energy potential of food waste from catering service in Hangzhou, China
Authors: Guo Xiao-Hui , Sun Fa-Qian , Sun Ying-Jun , Lu Hao-Hao , Wu Wei-Xiang
Published: July 2014

Safe disposal of food waste is becoming an impending issue in China with the rapid increase of its production and the promotion of environmental awareness. Food waste from catering services in Hangzhou, China, was surveyed and characterized in this study. A questionnaire survey involving 632 units across the urban districts showed that 83.5% of the food waste was not properly treated. Daily food waste production from catering units was estimated to be 1184.5 tonnes. The ratio of volatile solid to total solid, easily biodegradable matter (including crude fat, crude protein and total starch) content in total solid and the ratio of total organic carbon to nitrogen varied in ranges of 90.1%–93.9%, 60.9%–72.1%, and 11.9–19.9, respectively. Based on the methane yield of 350 mL g VS-1 in anaerobic batch tests, annual biogas energy of 1.0 × 109 MJ was estimated to be recovered from the food waste. Food waste from catering services was suggested to be an attractive clean energy source by anaerobic digestion.
Cost-Effectiveness of Electronic Training in Domestic Violence Risk Assessment
Authors: Hilton N. Zoe , Ham Elke
Published: July 2014

The need for domestic violence training has increased with the development of evidence-based risk assessment tools, which must be scored correctly for valid application. Emerging research indicates that training in domestic violence risk assessment can increase scoring accuracy, but despite the increasing popularity of electronic training, it is not yet known whether it can be an effective method of risk assessment training. In the present study, 87 assessors from various professions had training in the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment either face-to-face or using an electronic training program. The two conditions were equally effective, as measured by performance on a post-training skill acquisition test. Completion rates were 100% for face-to-face and 86% for electronic training, an improvement over a previously evaluated manual-only condition. The estimated per-trainee cost of electronic training was one third that of face-to-face training and expected to decrease. More rigorous evaluations of electronic training for risk assessment are recommended.
The Association Between Childhood Physical Abuse and Dyslexia
Authors: Fuller-Thomson Esme , Hooper Stephen R.
Published: July 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between a history of dyslexia and childhood physical abuse in a large population-based epidemiological sample. It was hypothesized that the prevalence of dyslexia would be significantly higher in individuals who reported a childhood history of physical abuse in comparison to those who did not report such a history. A secondary analysis examined data from respondents 18 years and older from the Saskatchewan and Manitoba sample of the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). There were 13,640 respondents ages 18 and older. Due to missing data, the final sample size was 13,054 respondents. One third (34.8%) of respondents who reported they had been physically abused during their childhood or adolescence also reported being diagnosed with dyslexia in comparison with 7.2% of those who did not report being physically abused ( p < .001). Initial adjustments for sociodemographic variables produced an odds ratio (OR) for dyslexia that was more than 7 times higher (OR = 7.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [4.42, 11.35]) for those who had reported being physically abused in comparison with their peers who did not report such a history; with additional adjustments for other adverse childhood experiences, these odds decreased only slightly to 6.09 times higher (95% CI = [3.58, 10.35]). Further research is needed to understand the mechanism linking physical abuse and dyslexia.
Patriotism in Mourning
Authors: Szeligowska Dorota
Published: July 2014

On 10 April 2010, the plane carrying the Polish president to the commemoration of the seventieth anniversary of the Katyń massacre crashed near the Smolensk airport in Russia. The following article will not analyze the reasons for the catastrophe or its sequels. It will focus on the way in which the tragic death of Lech Kaczyński (along with ninety-five other people on board) and the subsequent national mourning were depicted in public discourse, bringing into focus key political concepts, such as community, national identity, and, above all, patriotism. It will focus on a number of questions: Did the perception and expression of patriotism change in this time of mourning? What was commonly perceived as patriotism during a national trauma? Was the national mourning symbolic? If yes, in what way? The current analysis presents the dynamics of public debate in the aftermath of the catastrophe and the major shifts the debate went through. First, it deals with the question of national mourning and the controversial decision to bury the presidential couple in the crypt of the Wawel Royal Castle in Kraków. Subsequently, the analysis focuses on references to Romanticism, religion, and the (de- and re-)construction of the concept of patriotism, drawing on insights concerning community and its alleged unity. While patriotism has been broadly discussed throughout the democratic transition, and new civic approaches have been offered, during the period of national mourning it was possible to detect a strong resurgence of Romantic language with its melodramatic and martyrological features.
“Cause it’s family talking to you”: Children acting as change agents for adult food and physical activity behaviors in American Indian households in the Upper Midwestern United States
Authors: Gadhoke Preety , Christiansen Karina , Swartz Jackie , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: July 2014

This article presents research findings from the formative phase of OPREVENT, a pilot obesity prevention intervention trial for American Indian households on two reservations in the Upper Midwestern United States. We describe processes by which American Indian children acting as change agents influence adult food and physical activity behaviors on an Ojibwa and a Potawatomi reservation. This study borrows from Bronfenbrenner and Ceci’s socio-ecological model and extends Daniel’s resiliency theory for practice with vulnerable children. Using purposive sampling, we interviewed 168 community members, including 25 children between 6 and 13 years of age, using adult in-depth and paired-child interviews, household group interviews, focus groups, and community workshops. Results reveal that six American Indian children, 10–13 years old, were acting as change agents. We propose a socio-ecological conceptual framework to guide our understanding and application of a children as change agent approach for adult health behaviors which includes cultural identity (macro-system), institutional and community support (mezzo-system), family support through a secure base (micro-system), and children’s sense of belonging, self-esteem, self-efficacy, knowledge, and actions as change agents (intrapersonal factors). Resiliency and vulnerability are dynamic processes that intersect the multiple systems throughout children’s developmental stages to bolster their agency. We conclude with considerations for the OPREVENT pilot project and discuss future directions for developing a child as change agent theoretical framework for adult health behavior change.
The high-pressure liquid jet incremental forming for the aluminum sheet
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhang Tong T , Lei Lei , Dai Min Q
Published: July 2014

High-pressure liquid jet incremental forming, a new die-less forming process, utilizes liquid as a flexible tool to deform the sheet metal. In this article, an oil was used as the forming liquid. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation were conducted to obtain the influence of jet nozzle geometry on the jetting pressure and velocity, and then, the best conic angle of the nozzle was proven to be 13°. Through analyzing the simulation results, it is found that the preferable jetting distance is between 15 and 30 mm and the dynamic pressure distribution approximately obeys a Gaussian distribution on the cross section of the oil jet. Aluminum sheets with a thickness of 0.3 mm were used in the local bulging experiment and simulation to investigate the process parameters of high-pressure oil jet forming. High-pressure liquid jet incremental forming is one of several high-speed forming methods. To obtain the precise simulation results, the dynamic effect of jetting pressure was studied by using Abaqus/Explicit. The results show that using loading time 0.02 s in the simulation is suitable for the simulation of the dynamic effect caused by the high-pressure oil jet. By comparing the deformation of the sheet under different oil pressures, it can be found that the deformation of the aluminum sheet becomes severe as the oil pressure increases, and the proper oil pressure is 15 MPa for the 0.3-mm-thick LF21 aluminum sheet. To investigate the influence of jetting path on the surface quality of the sheet metal parts, the forming processes of the 0.3-mm-thick LF21 aluminum sheets, with different path intervals, were simulated. The simulation results show that a better forming quality of the workpiece can be obtained when the jetting path interval is 4 mm.
Increased oxidative stress and activated heat shock proteins in human cell lines by silver nanoparticles
Authors: Xin L , Wang J , Wu Y , Guo S , Tong J
Published: July 2014

Due to widely commercial applications of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), toxicity assessment of this NP is of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the oxidative stress and heat shock response of Ag NPs at different doses to A549 and HepG2 cells. After treatment with different concentrations of Ag NPs for 24 h, oxidative damage indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-epi-PGF2α, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) concentrations and protein levels of heat shock protein A1A (HSPA1A) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were determined. Ag NPs induced dose-dependent increases in MDA, 8-epi-PGF2α, and 8-oxo-dG concentrations in both A549 and HepG2 cells. Stress-inducible HSPA1A and HO-1 were also significantly upregulated in a dose-dependent manner. A higher level of HSPA1A and HO-1 activation by Ag NPs occurred in HepG2 cells than that in A549 cells. Compared with that of HSPA1A, Ag NPs induced a stronger increase in protein level of HO-1 in both cell lines. Significant positive correlations between protein levels of HSPA1A and HO-1 and oxidative damage were also observed. In conclusion, Ag NPs could induce oxidative stress in human cell lines. In addition to the products of oxidative stress such as MDA and 8-oxo-dG, HSPs can be used as potential biomarkers in nanotoxicity assessment, especially HO-1.
District nurse advocacy for choice to live and die at home in rural Australia
Authors: Reed Frances M , Fitzgerald Les , Bish Melanie R
Published: July 2014

Background:

Choice to live and die at home is supported by palliative care policy; however, health resources and access disparity impact on this choice in rural Australia. Rural end-of-life home care is provided by district nurses, but little is known about their role in advocacy for choice in care.

Objectives:

The study was conducted to review the scope of the empirical literature available to answer the research question: What circumstances influence district nurse advocacy for rural client choice to live and die at home?, and identify gaps in the knowledge.

Method:

Interpretive scoping methodology was used to search online databases, identify suitable studies and select, chart, analyse and describe the findings.

Results:

34 international studies revealed themes of ‘the nursing relationship’, ‘environment’, ‘communication’, ‘support’ and ‘the holistic client centred district nursing role.

Discussion:

Under-resourcing, medicalisation and emotional relational burden could affect advocacy in rural areas.

Conclusion:

It is not known how district nurses overcome these circumstances to advocate for choice in end-of-life care. Research designed to increase understanding of how rural district nurses advocate successfully for client goals will enable improvements to be made in the quality of end-of-life care offered.
Changing Social Relations between Science and Society: Contemporary Challenges
Authors: Krishna Venni V.
Published: July 2014

Social history of modern science, particularly the way it acquired social legitimacy, clearly depicts the science and society relationships emerging from the time of Galileo. The social institution of science has evolved as one of the most powerful, highly influential and sought out institutions. Knowledge as public good; peer review of science; prominence attached to open publications; and premium placed on professional recognition and scientific autonomy remained the hall mark of science for the last three centuries. Based on this ethos of science, the social institution of science evolved a unique social contract between science and society in the last six decades. As we enter the second decade of twenty-first century, the social institution of science is undergoing a major change. Three societal forces are responsible for the change: (i) globalisation; (ii) industrial and post-industrial society; and (iii) climate change. What is at stake? Is there a significant change? Is it transforming the very social institution of science? And what implications this has for our contemporary and future society? These are some of the important issues, which will be addressed in this article.
The Role of the Government in Science and Technology Education of Korea
Authors: Jung Heyjie , Mah Jai S.
Published: July 2014

The government of Korea has made various efforts in science and technology (S&T) education. The current article explains the role of the government in S&T education system of Korea for the past half century. By classifying the S&T education at each level, this article reveals how S&T education was supported by the government and how it was altered to match industrial needs in each stage of economic development. It also draws policy implications for developing countries who seek industrialisation and development of technology-intensive industries through S&T education fostering human capital.
An analytic investigation on behavior of smart devices consisting of reinforced shape memory polymer beams
Authors: Baghani M , Taheri A
Published: July 2014

In this paper, structural behavior of a shape memory polymer (SMP) actuator is analytically studied. This system consists of a reinforced SMP beam and a spring which will be attached to the beam in a part of thermomechanical shape memory effect (SME) cycle. The 3D phenomenological constitutive model for SMP composites, recently proposed by Baghani et al. (2012b), is used as the basis for the beam model employing the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. We implement and study this model for a reinforced SMP beam undergoing different external transverse loadings, and also under different recovery conditions during heating, e.g., partial stress-strain recovery through utilizing a spring in the heating process. Consequently, the proposed analytical solution can be used as an efficient tool for studying the effects of changing any of the material or geometrical parameters on smart structures consisting of SMP composite beams and actuators for their design and optimization where a large number of simulations is involved.
The Stress of Sadness
Authors: Ratkowski Kristy L. , Washington Karla T. , Craig Kevin W. , Albright David L.
Published: July 2014

A family member or friend is often a hospice patient's primary caregiver and, as such, may face a significant number of stressors, including challenges related to managing patient symptoms. This study investigated the most stressful patient symptoms as reported by 111 hospice family caregivers of cancer (n=66) and cardiopulmonary (n=45) patients. Researchers calculated the mean level of stress caregivers attributed to 32 different patient symptoms commonly encountered at end of life. They found the symptoms perceived as most stressful for caregivers were psychological in nature. Study findings suggest that members of the hospice interdisciplinary team should connect patients and their caregivers to various types of support to address psychological symptoms, benefitting patients and caregivers alike.