bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refining the Concept of God as Agent
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G
Published: November 2023

What would a notion of God as supreme Agent, literally understood, and as conformable to what a community of faith would want to say, based on its experience of God, look like? Let’s sketch out such a notion and then see in what respects it fails to conform to classical theistic notions and in what ways it compensates for these alleged ‘failures’.
The Birth of Nations: Europe After Charles
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

The Abbasid caliphate centered in Baghdad controlled, at least nominally, the entire Muslim empire except Spain. Here a rival caliph, the descendant of the Umayyads, presided over a florid , cosmopolitan civilization. Its capital Cordoba, once the Roman provincial capital, straddled the Guadalquivir in the vast fertile plain of Andalusia on the ancient route that crossed the peninsula from Cadiz to Narbonne.
Istanbul and Venice
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

Tenochtitlan fell to Cortes' conquistadors in 1521. In that same year, the armies of Suleyman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottoman Turks, captured Belgrade and moved into Hungary. The world in the opening decades of the sixteenth century was not what it used to be. Europe had reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and Asia bordered on Austria.
The Popes as Planners: Rome, 1450-1650
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

We define the See of the Holy Apostle and the Roman pope to hold primacy in all the world, and the pope to be the successor of St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, and the true Vicar of Christ and head of the universal church and father and teacher of all Christians.
Introduction
Authors: Christians Clifford G , Ferre John P , Fackler P Mark
Published: November 2023

The Chicago Tribune headline read: “Stray Bullet Kills Young Girl Watching Fireworks.” The tragic climax to Janet McClain’s life occurred around ten o’clock on a Saturday night, the Fourth of July, in the Albany Park neighborhood of Chicago. She was watching teenagers set off fireworks across the street when someone fired a small-caliber bullet into the crowd at curbside. When Janet slumped over, those closest to her hardly took notice. Was she faint? Tired? Then the bleeding, and frantic people rushed her to a hospital.
Communitarian Ethics
Authors: Christians Clifford G , Ferre John P , Fackler P Mark
Published: November 2023

The horror occurred early one October morning at Bluewater Lake, New Mexico. Michael Volkman had scarcely left his five-year-old daughter, Sage, asleep in a camper to go fishing with his son when they heard barking dogs and saw smoke rising from the campsite. They ran back to find their camper burning. Moments before it exploded, Volkman pulled out his lifeless daughter. He administered CPR, and Sage resumed breathing. She was flown to the burn center at the University of New Mexico Hospital and two weeks later was transferred to the Shriners Burns Institute in Galveston. Third- and fourth-degree burns covered almost half of Sage’s body. Her taut, melted skin would not permit her to stretch her limbs fully or to close her mouth. She could not walk or feed herself. Her fingers were gone, and her left eye was nearly blinded. No longer the pretty greeneyed girl with a broad smile, Sage needed massive skin grafts and physical therapy.
Organizational Culture
Authors: Christians Clifford G , Ferre John P , Fackler P Mark
Published: November 2023

A hundred sins belong to journalists alone. Sexist and racist comments are wrong. Exploiting the privacy of grief-stricken parents is inexcusable. Misquoting a speech or incorrectly identifying a police officer is wretched practice. If individual reporters “are ignorant, naive, lazy, sloppy, cowardly, vain, over-ambitious, prejudiced, dishonest, greedy-whatever professional faults derive from such failings are their own. Some of them will soon be fired by a watchful editor.” These personal failures send shock waves through the news craft as a whole. Female and black journalists were stung by the Janet Cooke caper. A legal counsel who provides incompetent or shady advice besmirches other lawyers assigned to news organizations. Jingoistic sportswriters degrade their colleagues. Unfortunately, others suffer for the malfeasance of a few.
Normative Pluralism
Authors: Christians Clifford G , Ferre John P , Fackler P Mark
Published: November 2023

In an ancient fable, a dragon is urgently summoned to defend the king’s castle. It pulls together its mighty frame and draws deep inside for a torrent of fire to scorch the attackers. Nothing happens. The flames in its stomach have died. At the moment of challenge, the dragon is little more than a puffing hulk with its fire gone out. Today, when the demands are most intense, the great communications enterprise rouses itself for battle. Ethics committees crop up in professional associations. Alarmists point to opinion polls that show plummeting press credibility, and they demand more responsible performance. Books, magazines, and television series are urging professional virtue, decency, prima facie duties, and compassion. The dragon is rumbling, heaving, puffing. But the fire flickers and fades. At the critical moment, when one should see roaring flames, the blaze inside sputters out.
Hasan Al-Banna And The Founding Of The Society Of The Muslim Brothers
Authors: Mitchell Richard P
Published: November 2023

Hasan Al-Bann A was born in October 1906, in the province of Buhayra, in the small town of Mahmudiyya, about ninety miles north-west of Cairo. His father, Shaykh Ahmad ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Banna al-Sa’ati, was the local ma’dhun, imam and teacher for the mosque, and student and author of various works on the hadith; he had been educated at Azhar University at the time of Shaykh Muhammad ‘Abduh. In between his religious duties, reading, and studying, he practised the art of watch repairing, which, along The primary source for the life of Banna is his own autobiographical material collected and compiled from the pages of the Society’s newspapers and magazines. The first book of memoirs, presumably gathered together by a Syrian (see MDA (15 Apr. 1951), 8), appeared in Beirut and was called Mudhakkarat Hasan al-Banna, vol. I (n.d.). It dealt with the life of Banna and the first few years of the history of the movement. A Cairo edition, Mudhakkarat al-da’wa wa’l-da’iyya (n.d.), is the original text of the Beirut edition with additions by an Egyptian which take the story to the beginning of World War II. Presumably the first text appeared in Beirut shortly after the first major dissolution of the Society in I 948 and the second in the early period of its reorganization after 1950. The Cairo edition will be used for this study and will be noted hereafter simply as Mudh. Because this chapter is largely based on this material, references will be noted, in parentheses, in the body of the study. Unfortunately, there are no critical sources, to our knowledge, with which to compare this autobiographical material.
Cairo: The Rise To Power
Authors: Mitchell Richard P
Published: November 2023

The minor crisis which marred Banna’s departure from Isma’iliyya did not impair the sense of elation and expectation which accompanied the move to Cairo. Banna shared his time between the demands of his school and the new organization. We have seen that the merger with the Society for Islamic Culture provided an operational starting-point for the latter. The branch in Isma’iliyya declared the transfer of the headquarters to Cairo, and continued to assist the Cairo operation financially. Banna claims to have rejected, as early as this period, offers of ‘aid’ in exchange for support of ‘the political status-quo’ made by Isma’il Sidqi Pasha, the perennial palace strong man and foe of the Wafd.
Re-Formation: The Second Phase
Authors: Mitchell Richard P
Published: November 2023

The government of Ibrahim ‘Abd al-Hadi was replaced on 26 July 1949 by that of Husayn Sirri Pasha, in which the Wafd participated until November, when a new cabinet was formed, parliament was dissolved, and preparations were begun by Sirri to hold new elections. On 3 January 1950 the Wafd emerged victorious at the polls and formed the new government on the 12th. The palace had bowed to the inevitable.
Communication And Indoctrination
Authors: Mitchell Richard P
Published: November 2023

Except during its times of crisis with the government, and then only with a little more difficulty, the Society always managed to make its voice heard, whether on matters of public policy or on organizational business. This was thanks to the close attention it paid to its apparatus of communications, both with the outside world and for the indoctrination of its own members.
Conclusion
Authors: Mitchell Richard P
Published: November 2023

IT now remains to focus on some of the special questions raised by this study of the Muslim Brothers and to attempt an assessment of its meaning. Accordingly, in this chapter, we will look more closely at the organization, especially the leadership phenomenon so integral to the Society’s dynamic, the question of political action and the related motif of violence, the place of the Society in Islamic modernism, and, finally, the type of member who responded to the appeals of the Society and the significance of these data for a final evaluation.
“To Your Tents O Israel!”: The Advance of Puseyism and the lliir Within the Church, 1839-1852
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt
Published: November 2023

By the end of the 1830s, High Churchmen and authoritative Evangelicals had made a tenuous peace. High Church bishops originally opposed to Mcllvaine’s election must have been pleased by his stand against radical revivalism, his defense of the episcopacy, and his participation in the church’s missions organization. By the 1830s, the orderly Evangelicals had secured their position within the Episcopal Church’s institutions and hierarchy.
‘The Ship in Tempest’: Rationalism, Ritualism, and the Post-Civil War Evangelical Worldview, 1866-1874
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt
Published: November 2023

In the years immediately following the Civil War, northern evangelicals, like Charles Mcllvaine, expressed conflicting emotions about the future. Elation, optimism, and triumph mixed with worry, doubt, and confusion. It seemed clear that American society, and the Episcopal Church along with it, was moving in new and different directions. But, in the 1860s and early 1870s, no one seemed quite sure which direction postwar America would take. ‘‘We are living,” wrote Mcllvaine, “in very difficult times. What is it the Lord intends? The ship in tempest, but He is on the Mount. Will he wait before he comes in power for us to get so near perishing?” In 1865, the abolition of slavery and the end of the war boosted the confidence of northern evangelicals. “The news came this morning,” wrote Mcllvaine to an English friend, “that yesterday the vote was taken in the House of Representatives . . . abolishing slavery.” God has overruled the terrible calamity of civil war to that end. He shook the nation, as the earthquake shook the prison at Philippi, till every door flew open, and every man’s bonds were loosed. The nation is filled with joy.
Conclusion: Whither Evangelicalism?
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt
Published: November 2023

Nearly every history c,f the Episcopal Church ends the story of the Evangelical party with the baptismal crisis and the Reformed Episcopal schism, as if the Evangelicals disappeared overnight. “As a great party struggling hopefully for the mastery within the Church,” pronounced John Henry Hopkins, Jr., in 1872, “the old Evangelical party is dead, dead, dead.” Hopkins’s announcement may have been premature: the Evangelical party did not simply die at the 1871 General Convention. It was, however, wounded and seriously divided. Although most Evangelicals agreed on issues of the new birth, spirituality, millennialism, and Scripture, their party splintered along very deep, old lines: their view of and relationship to the Episcopal Church.
Introduction
Authors: Chen Xiaomei
Published: November 2023

In the years since its introduction, Edward Said’s celebrated study, Orientalism, has acquired a near paradigmatic status in the Western academic world as a model of the relationships between Western and non-Western cultures. Said seeks to show how Western imperialist images of its colonial others-images that, of course, are inevitably and sharply at odds with the self-understanding of the indigenous non-Western cultures they purport to represent-not only govern the West’s hegemonic policies, but were imported into the West’s political and cultural colonies, where they affected native points of view and thus themselves served as instruments of domination. Said’s focus is on the Near East, but his critics and supporters alike have extended his model far beyond the confines of that part of the world. Despite the popularity of Said’s model, however, comparatists and Sinologists have not made extensive use of it in their attempts to define China’s self-image or the nature of Sino-Western social, cultural, and political relationships.
Occidentalist Theater Shakespeare, Ibsen, and Brecht as Counter Others
Authors: Chen Xiaomei
Published: November 2023

The current discourse on postcolonial and postmodern conditions has produced a number of exciting scholarly inquiries, among them Jyotsna Singh’s insightful historical account of the cultural imperialism manifested in the productions of Shakespeare in lndia. Singh demonstrates how the English bard “kept alive the myth of English cultural refinement and superiority-a myth that was crucial to the rulers’ political interests in colonial India.”2 This study is an especially valuable contribution to the current discussion because of the way it illustrates how the construction of English literature and the exporting of the English language consolidated the political and ideological hegemony of the colonial empire in a Third World country. Singh’s study has ramifications beyond India, however. Her model can certainly be followed in producing histories of the reception of Western ideas by other non-Western cultures sharing some of the historical conditions that marked colonial India. Among these cultures is twentieth-century China, where the introduction of English and other Western literary and philosophical traditions have fundamentally shaped the theory and practice of literature since the beginning of the May Fourth movement.
“Misunderstanding” Western Modernism The Menglong Movement
Authors: Chen Xiaomei
Published: November 2023

I have in the last two chapters focused on the manifestations of Occidentalism in such popular media as television and the professional theater in post-Mao China. Yet the same phenomenon can also be traced in media and traditions that are anything but popular. Consider, for example, the case of recent lyric poetry and its relationship to Western literary texts. Ezra Pound’s Orientalism, or his “discovery” of the Chinese ideograph, thought to have resulted from a “misunderstanding” of Chinese language and culture, is a familiar story in the West. What has not been widely known, however, is the twin story of the reception of Pound’s modernist poetics in post-Mao China and the way in which it has paradoxically affected the rise and fall of menglong poetry. This chapter is devoted to an examination of a recent Occidentalist “misunderstanding” of Poundian modernist poetics by Chinese poets and critics that would surprise Pound and Ernest Fenollosa. I will defend what might seem at first a surprising claim: that Chinese literary production of the 1980s-and particularly the critical debate on menglong poetry-is based on and conditioned by an Occidentalism and a “misunderstanding” of Western modernism that is as profound as its better-known Western Orientalist counterpart. From the perspective to be sketched here, we will see that it is impossible to speak of contemporary Chinese literature and its reception in the 1980s without taking into serious account the indispensable role that, as a form of ideology in the voice of a counter
A Wildman Between the Orient and the Occident Retro-Influence in Comparative Literary Studies
Authors: Chen Xiaomei
Published: November 2023

Our discussions of He shang, Chinese reception of Occidental theater, and the Chinese debate on menglong poetry in post-Mao society have demonstrated that in twentieth-century literary study it is impossible to separate Oriental and Occidental traditions.1 Certainly one can no longer talk about Ezra Pound and his modernist poetics without mentioning his Chinese “parental tradition.” Neither can one discuss the menglong debate without exploring the theory and practice of Pound and other Western predecessors. Indeed, to a marked extent, one can claim that Chinese literary and cultural studies are tied unavoidably to their Western counterparts. For Sinology, then, world literature and culture can no longer be ignored or assigned a secondary status as mere source or influence. Neither should they be simply labeled as expressions of Occidentalism and hence dismissed as acts of cultural imperialism. Especially in view of the increasing exchanges between cultures, Sinology cannot exist without Western contacts and apart from the contexts of Western texts. Neither is it possible to speak of a Western tradition that is “uncontaminated” by things Chinese. This situation points to yet another important aspect of the way that Occidentalism can be viewed, in certain cases, as a positive and liberating force in recent Chinese literature and culture.
Fathers and Daughters in Early Modern Chinese Drama On the Problematics of Occidentalism in Cross Cultural I Gender Perspectives
Authors: Chen Xiaomei
Published: November 2023

Throughout this study, we have emphasized the politically liberating force of Occidentalism when used as a counter-discourse in the formation of literary history in contemporary Chinese TV culture, drama, and poetry. In the account of the TV documentary He shang in chapter 1, for example, I stressed the anti-official function of Occidentalism, which was employed by Chinese intellectuals as a powerful strategy against the predominant official ideology. Yet, this is not to argue that Occidentalism is not highly problematic and cannot at times become ideologically limiting and confining. As a way of concluding this study of Chinese Occidentalism in an inclusive manner, with a deliberate open-endedness that matches the very subject under scrutiny, I stress in this chapter the problematic nature of Occidentalism by recounting an earlier episode in modern Chinese dramatic history. I argue that, on the one hand, a group of male May Fourth playwrights considered writing about women’s issues of liberation and equality important political and ideological strategies in their formation of a countertradition and a countercanon against the Confucian ruling ideology. In such a peculiar “male-dominated-feminist” discourse, they found in the image of the West a powerful weapon against the predominant ruling ideology of Confucianism.
The Impact of Calvin’s Trinitarian Controversies upon the Economic-Trinitarian Emphasis of His Theology
Authors: Butin Philip Walker
Published: November 2023

By and large, sufficient attention has not been given in assessments of Calvin’s thought to the prominence of trinitarian concerns in the doctrinal controversies of his minis-try, or to the profound contribution that these encounters made to the trinitarian shape of his emerging Christian vision. As a consequence, Calvin scholarship has tended to underestimate the pervasiveness of his trinitarian concern.1 The problem is only one facet of a broader inclination in Calvin studies to divorce consideration of his doctrine from examination of his life and ministry, and vice versa.
Viola Brothers Shore (1890–1970)
Authors: Herbert Rosemary
Published: November 2023

When Viola Brothers Shore died at the age of seventy-nine in 1970, her New  York  Times obituary did not mention that she was the creator of Gwynn Leith, the highly capable amateur sleuth who solves “The Mackenzie Case.” Shore dropped out of high school to pursue her dream of becoming a violinist but became an office worker, wife, and mother before taking up writing. A multi talented writer, Shore pursued journalism, wrote titles for silent movies and screenplays for early sound movies, and penned her own plays. She also authored a biography of the producer John Golden.
David Winser (1915–1944)
Authors: Herbert Rosemary
Published: November 2023

It is the joy of the anthologist to introduce readers to a writer of quality who has receded from public attention. David (Michael de Reuda) Winser is a case in point. Neglected by chroniclers of the literary history of crime and mystery writing, Winser nonetheless produced a story that was regarded by Ellery Queen as “the only short story we know of that involves boating as a true sport.” Winser’s foray into crime writing was but one of the many accomplishments that he achieved during his brief life. He had earned distinction as a sportsman, writer, doctor, and military man before he was tragically killed at the age of twenty-nine during World War II.
John Dickson Carr (1905–1977)
Authors: Herbert Rosemary
Published: November 2023

This anthology would not be complete without a story involving a corpse completely surrounded by sand-with no footprints leading to or from the murder site. The master of the impossible crime, John Dickson Carr, creates and solves this classic puzzle in “Invisible Hands,” which tells a tale of a strangling-usually a hands-on crime-that has taken place on an armchair shaped rock isolated on an untouched stretch of sand, indicating that no one has approached the victim close enough to get a grip on her.
Saho Sasazawa (1930–)
Authors: Herbert Rosemary
Published: November 2023

It is impossible to read Saho Sasazawa’s “Invitation from the Sea” without remarking on how reminiscent it is, in terms of circumstance and mysterious atmosphere, of Agatha Christie’s And  Then  There  Were  None(1940; originally titled Ten  Little  Niggers, 1939; also Ten  Little  Indians, 1965). Five guests who seem to have no prior connection to one another are invited by an unknown host to a waterside holiday retreat. The invitations are signed only, “The Sea.” Sasazawa builds tension among the guests gathered together in a Japanese hotel suite as successfully as Christie and other writers of classic detective novels, who assembled their suspects in country house libraries.
Susan Moody (1940–)
Authors: Herbert Rosemary
Published: November 2023

It is not surprising that Susan Moody has penned this story of treachery on the water entitled “Oh, Who Hath Done This Deed?” Moody grew up in Oxford but spent numerous holidays along the hazardous waterfront at Deal, near Dover, England. She has described the view from her childhood holiday home as containing “the spars of wrecked ships,” which “stuck up on the horizon like the arms of sailors, not waving, but drowning.” Even the sandbar where she played cricket between tides became quicksand as the tide turned. The daughter of an Oxford don, Moody was born Susan Elizabeth Horwood. She was educated at the Oxford High School for Girls and at the Open University, an educational alternative that Moody describes as “started by the socialists and implemented by the Tories.” Moody then spent two years in France, assisting an expert orchid grower. She later married an American biologist and moved to Tennessee, where she lived for ten years. After her first husband died, she remarried and continued to raise three sons in Bedford, England. She has worked as a creative writing teacher at H.M. Prison, Bedford, and has served as vice chairman and as chairman of the British Crime Writers Association. In recent years she has taken up residence again in Oxford.
Narrative, History, and the African Imagination
Authors: Irele F Abiola
Published: November 2023

Let me begin with a reminiscence, one whose relevance to my subject will, I hope, soon become apparent. I remember that, when I was a little boy in primary school in the late 1940s in Lagos, we used a textbook entitled Itan Eko for our history class. This was a book written in the Yoruba language on the history of Lagos, which is today capital of the independent African nation of Nigeria.
The Crisis of Cultural Memory in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart
Authors: Irele F Abiola
Published: November 2023

If there is any single work that can be considered central to the evolving canon of modern African literature, it is, without question, Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart. The novel owes this distinction to the innovative significance it assumed as soon as it was published, a significance that was manifested in at least two respects. In the first place, the novel provided an image of an African society reconstituted as a living entity and in its historic circumstance, an image of a coherent social structure forming the institutional fabric of a universe of meanings and values. Because this image of Africa was quite unprecedented in literature, it also carried considerable ideological weight in the specific context of the novel’s writing and reception. For it cannot be doubted that the comprehensive scope of Achebe’s depiction of a particularized African community engaged in its own social processes, carried out entirely on its own terms, with all the internal tensions this entailed, challenged the simplified representation that the West offered of Africa as a formless area of life, “an area of darkness” devoid of human significance.
Bonhoeffer’s Christological Redescription of Philosophy
Authors: Marsh Charles
Published: November 2023

In Act and Being Bonhoeffer provides what he calls a “typological sketch” of philosophers and philosophical theologians from both transcendental and ontological traditions as a means of evaluating their significance for theology. Among the representative figures of transcendental thought, Bonhoeffer discusses Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp, Friedrich Brunstäd, and Reinhold Seeberg; from ontology, Edmund Husserl, Max Scheler, Martin Heidegger, and Erich Przywara. Readers looking for detailed theological analyses of these seminal thinkers will be disappointed. Bonhoeffer’s purposes are twofold: first, to locate philosophical themes which can be applied to the theological project of reconciling concepts of act and being in a Christian reflection on God and revelation,1 and, second, to show how philosophy can be taken into the service of explicating the secondary objectivity of revelation, that is, the worldliness of revelation.
Christ Between Totality and Otherness: Bonhoeffer’s Earliest Theology
Authors: Marsh Charles
Published: November 2023

In 1927 Bonhoeffer qualified for the licentiate under Reinhold Seeberg at the University of Berlin with the dissertation Sanctorum Communio: A Dogmatic Inquiry into the Sociology of the Church. The book, as Bonhoeffer modestly describes it in the preface, is an attempt to position “social philosophy and sociology in the service of dogmatics.”1 The purpose is to understand the revelation of Jesus Christ in its constitutive sociality, without lapsing into a banal sociology or a bland ecclesiology.
The Body and Gender
Authors: Cooey Paula M
Published: November 2023

Issues of gender remain implicit throughout Alicia Partnoy’s account of her incarceration and torture in The Little School; however, gender itself is not incidental. At the time Partnoy is a mother separated from her very young daughter, as well as a wife separated from her husband. The stress of imprisonment, bad diet, and constant fear causes the female prisoners’ bodies to cease to menstruate. The possibility of rape, a violation that could result in pregnancy when perpetrated upon a female, preys upon the minds of the women. The guards amuse themselves by watching prisoners engage in sexual behavior. One female prisoner actually delivers a child; the mother never reappears, and the fate of the child remains unknown to this day.
The Body as Site for Religious Imagination
Authors: Cooey Paula M
Published: November 2023

Not solely a victim, Alicia Partnoy is also a witness. She has testified to human rights abuses in Argentina before the United Nations, the Organization of American States, Amnesty International, and human rights organizations in Argentina.
The Body as Sign for Religious Imagination
Authors: Cooey Paula M
Published: November 2023

What is the relation between sentience and subjectivity? This chapter focuses on the significance of the body for subjectivity. Verbal and visual images teach us to “see,” to imagine; they do so in part by providing concrete, particular bodies that cue us to attribute subjectivity to the self or another, or to withhold it. In short, the body locates a human being as object of interpretation by the self and others; the body is a sign—a very ambiguous one. This chapter explores the role played by verbal imagery in the attribution or denial of subjectivity to self and other; the next chapter discusses the significance of visual imagery.
Site, Sign, and Imagination
Authors: Cooey Paula M
Published: November 2023

Morrison’s characters illustrate in regard to text how the body cues an interpreter to respond to another’s agency in relation to various cultural forces. Posture, skin color, body markings, and movement, portrayed through the medium of the written word, operate as evocative coding, the meaning of which emerges as a transaction from the interaction of sentience with an immediate context and an interpreter’s past. An encounter among characters serves as the generative force for meaning that becomes only further complicated and enriched by what a reader of the text brings to bear upon it, as well as what other critics may have written about it.
Teleology, Monocausality, and Marriage in Ulysses
Authors: Spoo Robert
Published: November 2023

In Writing Degree Zero Roland Banhes describes the French preterite as “the ideal instrument for every construction of a world,” and notes that “it is the unreal time of cosmogonies, myths, History and Novels.”1 He finds this verb form-the “operative sign whereby the narrator reduces the exploded reality to a slim and pure logos”-to be the special signature of historical and fictional narratives: When the historian states that the due de Guise died on December 23rd, 1588, or when the novelist relates that the Marchioness went out at five o’clock, such actions emerge from a past without substance; purged of the uncertainty of existence, they have the stability and outline of an algebra, they are a recollection, but a useful recollection, the interest of which far surpasses its duration.
“Nestor” and “Proteus”: History, Language, Intertextuality
Authors: Spoo Robert
Published: November 2023

For all its celebrated yea-saying, Molly Bloom’s monologue amounts to a feminine refusal of history. Although structurally the telos of Ulysses, “Penelope” is in fact the undoing of teleology and structure, an episode in which “the accent falls differently from of old,” to quote Virginia Woolf’s essay on modern fiction (which includes a discussion ofJoyce).1 According to Woolf, the Edwardian novel with its rigid causality and familiar plot sequence could not capture “life,” “the essential thing.” The accustomed rhythms of narrative were particularly unsuited to female experience, a point Woolf underscored by repeating the metaphor of the displaced accent in Orlando (1928), her spoof of conventional biographies: “[T]he truth is that when we write of a woman, everything is out of place-culminations and perorations; the accent never falls where it does with a man.”2 The female narrator of”The Mark on the Wall” (1917) is even more direct: “But how dull this is, this historical fiction! It doesn’t interest me at all.” Bored and oppressed by the usual ways of accenting the past, the narrator opts for a playful historiography of irrelevance, one less interested in Charles I than in the kinds of flowers that grew during his reign.
Denominational Studies in the Reshaping of American Religious History
Authors: Hutchison William R
Published: November 2023

The conference for which this essay was first written carried a puckish yet deadly serious title: “The Scholarly Writing of Denominational History: An Oxymoron?” My first reaction to that query was a fairly simple negative: No, we are not in the discouraging position of struggling with an oxymoron. Thoroughgoing denominational interest is not automatically at odds with good scholarship—by which, I assume, we mean work that is critical, honest, and probing and that is not beholden to the promotional interests of a given group. In principle, at least, we should be able to treat a religious denomination with as much care and relative objectivity as historians are able to apply to anything else.
Denominations and Denominationalism: An American Morphology
Authors: Richey Russell E
Published: November 2023

Of late, both denominational leaders and the academics who study the religious landscape have pondered the poor health of and the future prospects for mainline denominations and denominationalism. The leaders, desperate for antidotes to staunch membership losses and financial reversals, grasp for diagnoses and cures.1 For their part, scholars wonder whether American denominations and denominationalism are actually breaking up.2 They see signs thereof in the massive losses suffered by mainstream Protestantism; the alienation of members and congregations from national leadership; resultant diversion of resources away from denominational coffers into local and regional projects; the growing division within denominations between liberals and evangelicals (and the persisting division between white and black); the emergence of quasiindependent caucuses and struggle groups, each bent on pressing its agenda and capturing power; and the muting of mainstream Protestant denominations’ public voice and/or its eclipse in American society by evangelical and non-Protestant voices. Denominations, at least in their mainsteam Protestant form, seem to have lost their directions.3 Such disorientation and cataclysmic change have sufficiently worried the Lilly Endowment that it has invested millions in projects such as the conference from which these papers issue in an effort to understand and to describe mainstream American religion. The resultant enquiries, including particularly the major studies of the Disciples of Christ and of Presbyterianism,4 help us appreciate the nature and the extent of the change in mainstream Protestantism.
Denominations as Bilingual Communities
Authors: Mullin Robert Bruce
Published: November 2023

In the year 1863, in the midst of one the bloodiest years of the American Civil War, an ecclesiastical squall erupted within the Episcopal Church concerning, of all things, who should be reckoned the true founder of the Episcopal Church. For John Henry Hopkins, Jr., writing in the Church Journal, the true patriarch of the church was Samuel Seabury, the first bishop of Connecticut. The editors of the Philadelphia-based Episcopal Recorder were equally adamant in claiming the title for William White, the first bishop of Pennsylvania.1 Incidents such as this pepper the histories of America’s religious denominational communities but usually fail to find a place either in traditional denominational historical accounts or in general American histories such as those of the Civil War. What, if any, relationship such an incident might have to the broader culture and how one might illumine the other remain unexplored.
Denominational History When Gender Is the Focus: Women in American Methodism
Authors: Schmidt Jean Miller
Published: November 2023

How does one think about denominational history when gender is taken seriously? Since the early 1980s, scholars have begun to recover and to interpret the histories of women in a number of Protestant denominations.1 My own work has focused on women in American Methodism, including the history of women in the predecessor bodies of the United Methodist Church and the broader American Methodist family of denominations.2 This essay attempts to use the scholarship on women in American Methodism as a case study to illustrate the fruitfulness of gender-conscious denominational history.
Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox Judaism in America: Is There an Alternative to Denominationalism?
Authors: Raphael Marc Lee
Published: November 2023

In 1981 a publisher invited me to write a history of American Judaism to serve as one volume in a series on religions in America. The senior editor told me to organize it around the major denominations, and I must admit that I never gave this organizing structure much critical thought. True, I wrestled with how to define Orthodoxy: as a self-conscious response to the challenges modernity offers to tradition or as an attempt to reconstruct East European Jewish communities? And, depending on the answer to this, I wondered in what order I should present the branches of American Judaism: Was Orthodoxy always here, together with the earliest Jews, or (as I would argue) did a self-conscious American Orthodoxy emerge only after the rise of Reform and Conservative Judaism? Was Conservative Judaism an American denomination, or did it intentionally imitate the European model in which its origins lay—who was (and was not) a Conservative Jew in the nineteenth century? But the fundamental division into Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist Judaism, whatever the actual order, I took for granted.1
Presbyterians and the Mystique of Organizational Efficiency, 1870–1936
Authors: Moorhead James H
Published: November 2023

In 1922 William Adams Brown of Union Theological Seminary in New York City .published an extensive survey of American Protestantism. The noted educator, Presbyterian minister, and ecumenist wrote The Church in America because he believed that Protestant denominations had reached a moment of truth: “We are trying an experiment,” noted Brown, “which will have a far-reaching effect upon the future of democracy, an experiment which will show whether it is possible to supply the unifying spiritual influence needed in a democracy by means of a strong, coherent, free Church, and so make possible under the conditions of our modern life the coming of the new social order called by our Maker the Kingdom of God.” Protestants could exercise that “unifying spiritual influence” only to the extent that they reordered their institutions for more effective ministry. Brown allowed that the churches needed more than new organizational blueprints. “We may plan as we will, but when all is done, there is always something incalculable about religion.
Introduction
Authors: Dewees Don , Duff David , Trebilcock Michael
Published: November 2023

The crisis in the mid-1980s in the availability, affordability, and adequacy of liability insurance in the United States and to a lesser extent in Canada, and the widespread public attention that has been generated in the United States in a number of huge mass tort claims, such as the asbestos, DES, and Agent Orange litigations, have precipitated much anguished political, judicial, and academic soul-searching as to the goals and future of the tort system, especially with respect to personal injuries. While some scholars have questioned whether the perception of a so-called litigation explosion in recent years is empirically well grounded,. calls for a re examination of the tort system and its alternatives continue unabated.. In any event, the pervasiveness and cost of accidents underscore the immense importance of law and policy decisions in this area. One of every four Americans is injured each year. In 1985, million Americans were injured seriously enough to require medical attention or to restrict their activities, and 143,000 of these died from their injuries, making injuries the fourth leading cause of death in the United States.. One study estimated the cost of injuries in the United States in 1985 to be $182 billion (in 1988 dollars).. This book documents the ways in which the traditional tort regime has come underseige on a number of different fronts. While upward trends in frequency and size of claim have been less dramatic for automobile accidents than for other accidents, concerns over escalating costs of premiums-which most drivers must payhave led to questioning of various features of the tort system, as well as proposals for partial or total replacement of it by various forms of no-fault compensation schemes. Although medical misadventure is still ostensibly governed by a negligence regime, the frequency and size of both medical malpractice claims and insurance premiums have escalated dramatically in the last two decades. In turn, this escalation has led to criticisms that the tort system has induced enormously expensive forms of defensive medicine rather than cost-justified improvements in precautions. Again, as in automobile accidents, commentators have urged either major tort reforms or the replacement of tort with some form of no-fault compensation scheme.
Medical Accidents
Authors: Dewees Don , Duff David , Trebilcock Michael
Published: November 2023

Medical, or iatrogenic, injury is by no means an insignificant phenomenon. A 1964 study reported that 20% of patients admitted to the medical wards of a teaching hospital over an 8-month period experienced one or more untoward episodes.1 A 1981 report in the New England Journal of Medicine reported a 36% rate of iatrogenic injury (defined as “any illness that resulted from a diagnostic procedure or from any form of therapy” as well as “harmful occurrences ... that were not natural consequences of the patient’s diseases”) among 815 consecutive patients on a general medical service of a university hospital; of these, 9% were reported to have suffered “major complications.”.A Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW) study based on records from two hospitals placed the incidence of iatrogenic injury at 7.5%.3 Two large-scale independent studies of hospital records-one undertaken in California in the mid-1970s4 and the recent Harvard Medical Practice Study of New York hospitals5-yielded similar findings, indicating that approximately 4% of all hospitalizations result in adverse events from medical treatment and one-quarter of these incidents involve substandard care.6 In other words, negligent adverse events were found to occur in 1% of all discharges.7 As a result, the Harvard study concluded that in New York State in 1984 nearly 99,000 patients suffered disabling injuries, of which more than 13,000 resulted in death.8 Extrapolated to the U.S. population as a whole, this suggests that of 40 million patients hospitalized every year, 1.5 million suffer some kind of disabling injury, that 180,000 of these patients die as a result of medical treatment, and that over half of these deaths are due to negligence.9 The number of deaths from medical injury thus appears to exceed mortalities associated with both motor vehicle accidents (about 40,000 per year) and workplace accidents (6,000 per year)..
Summary And Implications
Authors: Dewees Don , Duff David , Trebilcock Michael
Published: November 2023

Over the past 20 years or so, tort scholarship has been dominated by theoretical debates about the appropriate normative goals of the tort system and the doctrinal implications that each entails. These debates have centred around three major goals: deterrence, compensation, and corrective justice. We believe that these debates cannot be resolved in the abstract, but require close attention to empirical evidence on how the tort system, and alternatives to it, actually perform. We believe that the central normative question should not be which of these goals, or values, is superior to which other, but rather which legal or policy instruments are best equipped to vindicate which values. In other words, we accept the legitimacy of all of these goals and focus our analysis on identifying the means that best achieve each goal. In this respect, the empirical evidence has convinced us that a single instrument, the tort system, cannot successfully achieve all three of the major goals claimed for it, and attempting to use it in pursuit of objectives for which it is not well suited is both costly and damaging to its ability to perform well with respect to other goals that it is better able to realize. Almost a century ago, the tort system was abandoned for workplace accidents and replaced by an administrative workers’ compensation system to perform the compensation function with a regulatory system emerging to deter some types of hazardous workplace behavior. Since the middle of this century, no-fault compensation systems have been adopted in various jurisdictions to compensate victims of automobile accidents, complementing regulatory systems for reducing risks to motorists. We endorse these moves and propose extensions of them with three caveats: compensation schemes must be separately funded in each of the accident areas; premiums for compensation schemes must be risk-rated to preserve deterrence incentives; and tort should not be entirely displaced, but should have a residual role in cases of egregious behavior causing serious harm.. However, we do not see these compensation schemes operating in the areas of product or environmental injuries.
Introduction
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy
Published: November 2023

In the vast moorland known as the Borders of Scotland, the ancient towns, or burghs, are sentinels of civic order amid an otherwise sparsely populated expanse of heath and meadow dominated by hills and Cheviot sheep. The stately towns form commercial islands linked together in patterns of trade in goods, in the exchange of people through marriage, and, in a very important way, in ceremonial performances. Each town, on a recurrent Friday or Saturday in summer, holds its own particular town ceremony or festival, and the other towns send representatives who are principal players in their own earlier or anticipated local performances. Hawick, Selkirk, Melrose, Peebles, Kelso, Jedburgh, Galashiels, Langholm, and Lauder each in turn call out their casts of riders and horses, foot processionals, silver bands, pipe bands, banners, emblems, costumes, vocal music, and actors in order to bring into being a dramatic statement about the burgh as a place and about other themes that run through the culture of Scottish Border life-themes of war and death, loss through emigration, the divisions within the town by trades and crafts, and the overarching theme of protecting the town against the “outside world” beyond the boundaries of its common land.
Scenes of Processions, Marking of Boundaries, and Casting of Flags
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy
Published: November 2023

The contact with the world beyond the town has produced further experiences of loss and death, especially loss through emigration and the threatened death of the town’s autonomy through its sale of common lands and its loss of local political control. These themes are represented in the ongoing drama through the riding of the boundaries and the procession of the guilds. The horses and riders assemble in a street called Back Row and wait for the appointed hour as towns folk begin to gather at 6:15 A.M. in High Street to sing the first of the common riding songs, to the music of the silver band. The singing throng makes its way to Victoria Hall, where they watch and cheer the handing over of the burgh flag by the provost to the royal burgh standard bearer for his ceremonial ride. By 7:00 A.M. the crowd is streaming into the streets in a merry surge of guilds behind their flags, with the riders following behind the standard bearer and his attendants, all adorned in stately garb with hunting jackets and fine attire festooned with rosettes in town colors, and the walking public singing loudly to the tunes they have known from childhood to be sung in a set order on Common Riding morning.