bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potencialização da isoniazida pelo DIMETILSULFÓXIDO (dmso) no Tratamento de hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), experimentalmente infectados com Mycobacterium bovis (AN5)
Authors: Paes Antonio Carlos , De Angelis Cortês José
Published: September 2019

A tuberculose zoonótica é uma doença mundialmente distribuída, com grande importância para a saúde pública, causada pela bactéria Mycobacterium bovis. Sua resistência a algumas drogas é muito discutida baseada no tratamento e diagnóstico. Assim, objetivou-se verificar o efeito potencializador do dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) em relação a isoniazida. Três grupos de 20 hamsters foram inoculados experimentalmente com uma estirpe de M.bovis: G1, controle; G2, tratado com isoniazida durante 30 dias após a infecção; G3, com isoniazida associada com DMSO pelo mesmo período. Todos os grupos foram sacrificados ao final do experimento. À necropsia foram colhidos fígado, pulmão, baço e rim para realização de exames histopatológicos e avaliação da intensidade das lesões,  análise morfométrica de granulomas e exames microbiológicos para isolamento e quantificação do agente. O resultado dos exames histopatológicos mostrou menor intensidade das lesões e menor número de granulomas e da área ocupada pelos mesmos em fígado e pulmão dos animais do G3 em relação aos outros grupos. Ao exame microbiológico identificou-se no G3 uma diminuição na quantificação do agente, isolado dos órgãos com diferença significativa comparada ao G2. Deste modo, os resultados comprovaram a eficácia do DMSO em potencializar a ação terapêutica da isoniazida frente a uma estirpe patogênica de M.bovis, provavelmente pelo aumento da penetração nas lesões tuberculosas e na complexa parede celular do agente, contudo, não suficiente para a eliminação completa da infecção.
THE IMPACT OF MOLECULAR GENETICS IN PLANT BREEDING: REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Zambelli A.
Published: September 2019

Even when conventional breeding was effective in achieving a continuous improvement in yield, Molecular Genetics tools applied in plant breeding contributed to maximize genetic gain. Thus, the use of DNA technology applied in agronomic improvement gave rise to Molecular Breeding, discipline which groups the different breeding strategies where genotypic selection, based on DNA markers, are used in combination with or in replacement of phenotypic selection. These strategies can be listed as: marker-assisted selection; marker-assisted backcrossing; marker assisted recurrent selection; and genomic selection. Strong arguments have been made about the potential advantages that Molecular Breeding brings, although little has been devoted to discussing its feasibility in practical applications. The consequence of the lack of a deep analysis when implementing a strategy of Molecular Breeding is its failure, leading to many undesirable outcomes and discouraging breeders from using the technology. The aim of this work is to trigger a debate about the convenience of the use of Molecular Breeding strategies in a breeding program considering the DNA technology of choice, the complexity of the trait of agronomic interest to be improved, the expected accuracy in the selection, and the demanded resources. Key words: DNA marker, selection, plant improvement.
Designing a Test of Thematic Learning for Elementary Education
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: September 2019

This work aims to gain the validity and reliability for a test of Thematic Learning in the topic about ‘Clean Air for Health’ for elementary education, that is based exclusively on judgement expert and internal consistency.
FEATURES OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF STUDENTS OF BASHKIR STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
Authors: Lukmanova A.I. , Povargo E.A. , Zul’karnaev T.R. , Kazak A.A.
Published: September 2019

It was established that 77,72 ± 1,38 % of students have normal nutritional status, 13,50 ± 2,57 %– inadequate nutritional status, and of 8,78 ± 2,70 % – redundant power status. A significant part of the diets account for bakery and confectionery products, at the same time revealed a low consumption of such basic foods as milk and dairy products, meat, fish. The energy value of the diets of the students were below the physiological norms by reducing the income of protein and carbohydrates. Students are also experiencing a shortage of virtually all vitamins and most minerals. It was established that the quality of life of students with different nutritional status differs, girls have reduced quality of life when excess nutritional status, in boys – while insufficient.
PERANAN KOMUNIKASI ANTARPRIBADI TERHADAP HUBUNGAN MASYARAKAT IKECAMATAN TAMALATE KELURAHAN MANGASA KOTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Kuen Fyan Andinasari , . Afrizal
Published: September 2019

ABSTRAKThis study discusses interpersonal communication on community relations in the mangasa village, the role of interpersonal communication on inter-community relations in the District of Tamalate, Kelurahan, Mangasa, Makassar City. This study uses a survey approach using quantitative descriptive analysis with reference to data collection in field research, interview questionnaires and also supported by secondary data. The results obtained from this study, namely interpersonal communication on community relations in the village, overall are considered good. This is indicated by the results of observations that show the majority of respondents, namely as many as 75% still respect each other and uphold the martyrs and their respective cultures. Of the many residents of the village of Mangasa there are some people who lack the awareness to communicate interpersonal among neighbors / around the house so that it can create a sense of uncertainty or mutual suspicion if there is no openness.

Keyword : interpersonal communication, community relations
ANALISIS POTENSI PENDAPATAN PERUSAHAAN DAERAH MAKASSAR RAYA
Authors: Mustafa Abdul Talib
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan memberi gambaran atas potensi Perusahaan Daerah Pasar Makassar Raya, faktor yang mendukung pengembangan potensi dan cara mengembangkan kapasitas PD. Pasar Makassar Raya.  Penelitian bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi dokumen dan wawancara dengan para informan dengan menggunakan panduan wawancara. Pengolahan data dilakukan menggunakan SWOT Analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi peningkatan penerimaan PD. Pasar Makassar Raya dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam empat kategori. Pertama, yakni kurang dari atau sama dengan 5% (5% ≤) dengan potensi 4,34%. Kedua yakni antara 5% - 10% dengan potensi 8,69%. Ketiga, yakni antara 10% - 20% dengan potensi 21,73%, serta di atas 20% (20% ≥) dengan potensi  65,24%. Terdapat lima faktor penentu peningkatan penerimaan PD. Pasar Makassar Raya, yakni a) komitmen bersama seluruh karyawan, b) kepemimpinan yang kondusif, c) penataan peraturan perusahaan, d) peningkatan kekuatan dan menekan kelemahan, dan e) penataan kelembagaan perusahaan. Untuk mendorong peningkatan pendapatan PD. Pasar Makassar Raya dari sudut pandang manajemen stratejik terdapat tiga faktor yang perlu mendapat perhatian, yakni memperkuat komitmen seluruh karyawan, menumbuhkan kepemimpinan pada semua level, serta menata peraturan perusahaan.
¿Miramos el mundo a través de la grieta? Análisis del tratamiento editorial de la cumbre intercoreana desde Argentina
Authors: Dana Geraldina , Mas Catalina , Reiszer María , Soto Emilio
Published: September 2019

On April 27th 2018, the first summit in eleven years was held between North Korean and South Korean chief executives. This paper addresses Argentinian newspapers Clarín and Página 12 editorial approaches pertaining to that summit. The purpose is to analyze whether there is a difference in the frequency of the media coverage and the editorial approach of both newspapers. This paper tries to explain these phenomena through Framing, Agenda-setting and Intermedia Agenda-setting theories, based upon authors such as Kiousis (2004), Zunino (2016), Martini, Luchessi (2004), Amadeo (2008), Amadeo and Aruguete (2013) and Aruguete (2015). Given that the summit is not considered to be controversial in Argentina, the hypothesis assumes that these newspapers, although divergent within the national arena, will have a similar coverage in this case. Following this aim, a mixed gathering “of successive stages” was done (first, a quantitative one, and then, a qualitative one) of media coverage on both newspapers. This was then processed and codified in order to build a measurement model utilizing different data matrices. The analysis of the index results show that the relevance given by both newspapers was medium level, with the presence of cover and back cover articles. When it comes to the editorial approach, both papers focused on concepts such as de-nuclearization and analysis of geopolitical consequences therein. However, Clarín adopts a bias position favoring the South Korean stand, together with rhetorical resources criticizing North Korean leadership and government. Thus, for this reason, the hypothesis has only a partial corroboration.
MENEROPONG SISTEM PRODUKSI DALAM EKONOMI KONVENSIONAL
Authors: Subhan Moh
Published: September 2019

The production is an activity related to the way how INPUT can be used to generate a product (OUTPUT). Production, distribution and consumption is a series of interrelated economic activities. All three are influence each other, but the production is the base of economic activity. The production is human activity to produce goods and services which are then exploited by consumers. Production activities in perspective of Economics of Islam is not only oriented to maximize profits (maximizing of profit) consequential matter, regardless of the existing rules, as conventional economic paradigms, but more of that production in Islam is more oriented on expression of obedience to God's commands, namely to provide for the needs of both spiritual as well as material in order to create maslahah maximizer in the form of benefits and blessings can sustain existence as well as the height degree of human beings. Production factors include; capital (Capital/Ra'sul maal), labor (Labor/' charity), natural resources (Resouches/ "Ardh.).
BANK SYARIAH : Antara Labelisasi dan Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat
Authors: Mansur Mansur
Published: September 2019

The concept of Syariah Bank empowerment of the community's economy through its products such as: Mudharabah, Musyarakah, Murabahah, Kafala, and others, is a banking service that reflects its concern for improving the economy and welfare of the poor. While the weaknesses in the internal field such as inadequate institutional factors, and external factors, such as the readiness of the community to accept the presence of the Syariah Bank, are welcome in the National banking system, provided they are accompanied by high progression. The labeling of "syariah" in a bank is intended as a banking system in accordance with Islamic Law (Syariah) which is rahmatan lil ‘alamin. While the influence of labeling in the context of community economic empowerment is not so significant. Because, there is more needed is the quality of service and ease of access. In addition, the formalization of religion has the potential to be misused by its role to be so particular. In fact, for non-Muslims it is considered a political-economic institution founded on religious sentiments. Thus, the position of Bank Syariah is still ambiguous between community economic empowerment or formalization of religion.
Dakwah Pada Masyarakat Daerah Terpencil: Metode Da’wah bi al-Hal Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Taraf Kehidupan Mad’u
Authors: Idris Muhammad Ahnu
Published: September 2019

This article discusses methods of da'wah bi al-things in order to improve the lives of people in remote areas. Qualitative analysis, with the results of this paper was elaborated in the form of discussion based on literature and existing data. This topic is based on the assumption of reality in a society that assumes that the Da'wah only as a religious lecture, and lack of attention by activist preaching about the importance of this method to change the condition of a remote community have a low level of education, economic level intermediate down, less master SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY. These themes became important, as the progress and setbacks of Islamic Da'wah activities largely determined by which become the duty of every muslim.
Media Dan Ict Dalam Problematika Dakwah
Authors: Rosi Bahrur
Published: September 2019

Da'wah is a noble activity in invite and exhorts others towards goodness, the methods and the material presented must be able to embrace and accommodate all the things required by the partners of da'wah in all its religious activities. Thus indirectly demanded the existence of adjustment always preach, from the method of delivery, the message or the medium used. The world preaching experience challenges that are increasingly heavy, especially the development of science and technology which is always directly proportional to the problems faced by mankind as a user of the product and the technology itself. The entanglement between the Da'wah with advances in science, technology and communication media very closely. It is because of the possibility to fill in between the two, in the sense of communication media can be a means for Da'wah to be able to spread the content of dakwahnya in order to reach out to places that are difficult to be accessed are not likely to accessible directly by their da'i. Such is the case with events, can be useful as a control over the content displayed by the communications media so that more unscrupulous and in accordance with the rules and customs that apply in the community.
SUPERVISI KEPALA SEKOLAH (Upaya Peningkatan Profesionalisme Guru Pada Integrasi Sains Dan Nilai-Nilai Islam)
Authors: Azis Abdul
Published: September 2019

The principal has an important role in improving the professionalism of teachers, it is in order that a teacher really has competence is good and getting better. When teachers who teach the professional it will be received well particularly in students learning science and Islamic values, this requires extra power from the other, because it is still integrating the two disciplines. This certainly requires effort conducted by the principal to help teachers to become more professional. From a variety of roles at the top in increasing professionalism of teachers wrong satunnya is the head of school as the supervisor. Supervision is a guidance, coaching, gave his assessment to the educational institutions associated with a management educator and educational management, student management, learning management, curriculum management, financial management, facility management infrastructure, and management services. In addition, the supervision of the head of school may also help the integration of science and Islamic values indirectly.
HALALAN THAYYIBAN: THE KEY OF SUCCESSGUL HALAL FOOD INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Tamimah, Tamimah , Herianingrum Sri , Ratih Inayah Swasti , Rofi’ah Khofidlotur , Kulsum Ummi
Published: September 2019

This study aims to see the role of halal and thayyib food which can support the success of the halal food industry. Because at this time the diversity of food circulating in the community began to a very popular pattern of life. Starting from local food, even imported food has become a public interest in consumption. However, this diversity raises doubts about whether the food consumed has met the standards of halal and thayyib. Presently, halal and thayyib food is not only a basic obligation for consumers to consume, but has become the basic key to the development of a global halal food industry considering halal and thayyib foods are not only sought after by Muslim consumers, but non-muslim consumers are interested in halal products because security is guaranteed. The research method used uses literature studies by searching for various literature that is relevant to this research. The implications of this research are as a strategy for food industries to use halal and thayyib standards in their industrial development so that they can survive and be able to compete with other industries.
ZAKAT SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN FISKAL DALAM MENUTUPI GOVERMENT EXPENDITURE DI INDONESIA
Authors: Haliyah Tsaniyatul , Muhtadi Ridan , Premananto Gancar Candra
Published: September 2019

The potential of zakat which is large in the country up to now has not been utilized by the Indonesian government to improve people's welfare. A new strategy is needed so that the potential of zakat in Indonesia can be absorbed optimally and distributed according to sharia provisions and community needs. This study aims to try to offer an idea to make zakat as an instrument of fiscal policy in Indonesia, namely to enter zakat into the posture of the Indonesian state budget, the aim of which is to optimize the absorption of zakat in the country and on its distribution target. The strategy that the authors offer to realize this is through reforming the regulatory aspects, making the structure and position of a more strategic zakat institution, namely by forming a directorate general of zakat, and entering the state budget posture zakat, namely the zakat receipt post at the receipt of non-tax revenues, and zakat expenditure posts are in the state expenditure post for poverty alleviation. Therefore, political will is needed in order to realize zakat as an instrument of fiscal policy in Indonesia.
Computer mouse tracking reveals motor signatures in a cognitive task of spatial language grounding
Authors: Lins Jonas , Schöner Gregor
Published: September 2019

In a novel computer mouse tracking paradigm, participants read a spatial phrase such as “The blue item to the left of the red one” and then see a scene composed of 12 visual items. The task is to move the mouse cursor to the target item (here, blue), which requires perceptually grounding the spatial phrase. This entails visually identifying the reference item (here, red) and other relevant items through attentional selection. Response trajectories are attracted toward distractors that share the target color but match the spatial relation less well. Trajectories are also attracted toward items that share the reference color. A competing pair of items that match the specified colors but are in the inverse spatial relation increases attraction over-additively compared to individual items. Trajectories are also influenced by the spatial term itself. While the distractor effect resembles deviation toward potential targets in previous studies, the reference effect suggests that the relevance of the reference item for the relational task, not its role as a potential target, was critical. This account is supported by the strengthened effect of a competing pair. We conclude, therefore, that the attraction effects in the mouse trajectories reflect the neural processes that operate on sensorimotor representations to solve the relational task. The paradigm thus provides an experimental window through motor behavior into higher cognitive function and the evolution of activation in modal substrates, a longstanding topic in the area of embodied cognition.
On the ecology and biology of two endogean millipedes (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae) endemic to the Western Rhodope Mtn., Bulgaria
Authors: Vagalinski Boyan
Published: September 2019

Mountain slopes covered with stone debris have been of special interest for zoologists since the pioneer work of Juberthie et al. (1980) who defined and described the Milieu Souterrain Superficiel, most popularly referred to in English as the Mesovoid Shallow Substratum (MSS). Today this particular habitat is classified as one of the several types of MSS, namely the colluvial MSS. In a number of recent publications, the MSS is considered as one of the Superficial Subterranean Habitats (SSHs) within a broader concept of the subterranean domain. According to a widely accepted idea, the SSHs are different in their nature but are all characterized by the absence of light which is regarded as the main factor responsible for the occurrence of troglomorphic fauna in these habitats, along with epigean species that are able to live in such conditions.

The present study focuses on two julid millipedes — Typhloiulus orpheus Vagalinski, Stoev & Enghoff, 2015 and a yet undescribed genus and species of the tribe Typhloiulini — occurring in the transitional layer of fine rubble between the soil stratum and the MSS in limestone taluses in the Western Rhodope Mtn. It was revealed that the spatial distributions of the two species in the studied sites were remarkably confined and follow the same pattern, which is suggested to reflect narrow microhabitat specialization. This assumption is further supported by certain traits in the morphology and biology of the two diplopods. It can be concluded that both T. orpheus and the new genus and species are essentially stenotopic endogean elements with strict requirements for an aphotic, mesophilous, limestone environment. Given the specific ecological conditions, which differ from both the overlying soil layer and the underlying colluvial MSS, together with the existence of certain narrowly adapted species, it is worth considering the recognition of the intermediate “microvoid” breakstone layer as a separate shallow subterranean habitat.
Social empathy for society beyond the social work profession: A contextual understanding of poverty and attitudes towards government interventions
Authors: Yoo Chanki , Jang Wonho
Published: September 2019

Empathie sociale. Au-delà de la profession de travailler social : compréhension contextuelle de la pauvreté and les attitudes envers l’intervention étatique. Sur la base des études sur l’empathie sociale, nous examinons la relation entre la compréhension contextuelle de la pauvreté et son attitude vis-à-vis de l’intervention gouvernementale visant à accroître le bien-être social. En utilisant les données de l’Enquête sociale générale coréenne, cette étude fournit des preuves d’une relation entre la compréhension contextuelle et l’attitude vis-à-vis du bien-être. Ceux qui sont conscients que les gens souffrent de pauvreté en raison d’un oppressif structurel ont tendance à avoir une attitude positive et proactive à l’égard de l’intervention du gouvernement pour le bien-être des pauvres. Sur la base de ces résultats, nous suggérons également des points de départ pour de futures discussions sur le sujet.
Probability Model of the Inaccuracy of Residual Stromal Thickness Prediction to Reduce the Risk of Ectasia After LASIK Part II: Quantifying Population Risk
Authors: Reinstein Dan Z , Srivannaboon Sabong , Archer Timothy J , Silverman Ronald H , Sutton Hugo , Coleman D Jackson
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To derive a statistical model to estimate the rate of excessive keratectomy depth below a selected cut-off residual stromal thickness (RST) given a minimum target RST and specific Clinical Protocol; apply the model to estimate the RST below which ectasia appears likely to occur and back-calculate the safe minimum target RST that should be used given a specific Clinical Protocol.

METHODS: Myopia and corneal thickness distribution were modeled for a population of 5212 eyes that underwent LASIK. The probability distribution of predicted target RST error (Part I) was used to calculate the rate of excessive keratectomy depth for this series. All treatments were performed using the same Clinical Protocol; one surgeon, Moria LSK-One microkeratome, NIDEK EC-5000 excimer laser, Orbscan pachymetry, and a minimum target RST of 250 µm-the Vancouver Clinical Protocol. The model estimated the RST below which ectasia appears likely to occur and back-calculated the safe minimum target RST. These values were recalculated for a series of microkeratomes using published flap thickness statistics as well as for the Clinical Protocol of one of the authors-the London Clinical Protocol.

RESULTS: In the series of 5212 eyes, 6 (0.12%) cases of ectasia occurred. The model predicted an RST of 191 µm for ectasia to occur and that a minimum target RST of 329 µm would have reduced the rate of ectasia to 1:1,000,000 for the Vancouver Clinical Protocol. The model predicted that the choice of microkeratome varied the rate of ectasia between 0.01 and 11,623 eyes per million and the safe minimum target RST between 220 and 361 µm. The model predicted the rate of ectasia would have been 0.000003:1,000,000 had the London Clinical Protocol been used for the Vancouver case series.

CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be no universally safe minimum target RST to assess suitability for LASIK largely due to the disparity in accuracy and reproducibility of microkeratome flap thickness. This model may be used as a tool to evaluate the risk of ectasia due to excessive keratectomy depth and help determine the minimum target RST given a particular Clinical Protocol. [J Refract Surg. 2006;22:861-870.]
Higher Order Aberrations in Normal Eyes Measured With Three Different Aberrometers
Authors: Burakgazi Ahmet Z , Tinio Bernard , Bababyan Alejandro , Niksarli Kevin Kevork , Asbell Penny
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To assess the repeatability of measurements of higher order aberrations using three different aberrometers and to compare higher order aberration measurements between optical path difference (OPD) scanning and the Hartmann-Shack method.

METHODS: Wavefront aberration data obtained using the NIDEK OPD-Scan, Bausch & Lomb Zywave wavefront aberrometer, and VISX CustomVue wavefront analyzer were compared. A total of 19 subjects were included in the study. The repeatability in each machine was assessed by calculating the difference between measurements and the mean of three consecutive measurements in the same eye. Subsequent analysis of the distribution of these differences yields the mean difference, the standard deviation of the differences, and the 95% confidence interval for repeated measurements, also termed the "repeatability coefficient."

RESULTS: Repeatability errors in all three machines were found to be low, suggesting that all three machines are reliable in their repeated measurements. Significant differences were demonstrated between OPD scanning and Hartmann-Shack aberrometers. All three machines showed statistically significant differences in several higher order aberration parameters when compared to each other.

CONCLUSIONS: The three different aberrometers provided repeata ble measurements but statistical differences were noted in the measurement of higher order aberrations when comparing the machines. No instrument was superior over the other and all three were reliable. [J Refract Surg. 2006;22:898-903.]
ZB5M Anterior Chamber and Fyodorov's Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses: Long-term Follow-up
Authors: Utine Canan A , Bayraktar Sukru , Kaya Vedat , Eren Hakan , Perente Irfan , Kucuksumer Yasar , Kevser Mehmet Ali , Yilmaz Ömer F
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare the long-term complications of two outdated phakic intraocular lenses (PIOL) implanted in eyes with high myopia to aid development of better PIOL designs.

METHODS: Sixty-two eyes of 37 patients implanted with the ZB5M anterior chamber PIOL (anterior chamber group) and 22 eyes of 14 patients implanted with Fyodorov's posterior chamber PIOL (posterior chamber group) were examined. Complications were compared after a mean follow-up of 71.15±32.17 months (range: 24 to 145 months) in the anterior chamber group and 84.14±26.43 months (range: 24 to 132 months) in the posterior chamber group (P=.07).

RESULTS: At last follow-up, pupil ovalization was present in 32 (51.6%) eyes in the anterior chamber group and 1 (4.5%) eye in the posterior chamber group (P<.001), and cataract in 5 (8.1%) eyes in the anterior chamber group and 7 (31.8%) eyes in the posterior chamber group (P=.007). Phakic intraocular lens decentration, glaucoma, retinal detachment, corneal decomposition, and monocular diplopia were additional complications encountered in both groups, with no statistically significant difference.

CONCLUSIONS: Proper understanding of these outdated PIOLs may be helpful in developing better PIOL designs. [J Refract Surg. 2006;22:906-910.]
Reliability of Corneal and Total Wavefront Aberration Measurements With the SCHWIND Corneal and Ocular Wavefront Analyzers
Authors: Holzer Mike P , Sassenroth Martin , Auffarth Gerd U
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability of the SCHWIND Corneal and Ocular Wavefront Analyzers.

METHODS: This study comprised 115 eyes of 58 healthy volunteers (26 [44.8%] women and 32 [55.2%] men) with no corneal or lenticular pathologies and normal visual acuity. All eyes underwent three consecutive measurements by one examiner with the Corneal Wavefront Analyzer and the Ocular Wavefront Analyzer (Hartmann-Shack principle). Corneal wavefront errors were calculated using the topography data, a standard eye model, and ray tracing. The reliability was tested for 2nd, 3rd, and 4th order aberrations as mean values of the standard deviations for all measurements.

RESULTS: Mean patient age was 23±2.1 years. The mean refraction was -0.77±1.56 diopters (D) (range: +3.33 to -5.28 D). The repeatability test revealed a good reliability for both machines with a slightly better value for the Ocular Wavefront Analyzer for 3rd and 4th order higher order aberrations (P<.05, Wilcoxon test).

CONCLUSIONS: Wavefront measurements of corneal and total optical aberrations performed with the Corneal Wavefront Analyzer and the Ocular Wavefront Analyzer have good reliability. Both measurements are recommended prior to any refractive surgery treatment. [J Refract Surg. 2006;22:917-920.]
Measurement of Combined Corneal, Internal, and Total Ocular Optical Quality Analysis in Anterior Segment Pathology With the OPD-Scan and OPD-Station
Authors: Gatinel Damien , Hoang-Xuan Thanh
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To show the clinical use of the NIDEK OPD-Scan wavefront aberrometer and OPD-Station software in anterior segment surgery and pathology.

METHODS: Case examples are presented along with discussion about the relevant clinical data obtained from the OPD-Scan and OPD-Station software.

RESULTS: Six case examples including cataract surgery, secondary IOL implantation, phakic intraocular lens surgery, pterygium surgery, contact lens fitting, and multifocal ablations are discussed.

CONCLUSIONS: A complete understanding of the optics of the eye facilitates a better clinical comprehension of a variety of conditions in anterior segment surgery and pathology. [J Refract Surg. 2006;22:S1014-S1020.]
Wavefront Analysis in Asian-Brazilians
Authors: Nakano Eliane Mayumi , Bains Harkaran , Nakano Kozo , Nakano Celso , Portellinha Waldir , Oliveira Marivaldo , Alvarenga Lenio
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare the distribution of ocular higher order wavefront aberrations (third to sixth order) in the Brazilian population of Asian and non-Asian refractive surgery patients.

METHODS: Preoperative refractive and wavefront data were reviewed for 648 eyes in 324 patients who underwent custom ablation at the Excimer Laser Santa Cruz refractive surgery center in São Paulo, Brazil, from March 2002 to July 2005. Patients were divided into two groups: Asian patients and non-Asian patients, based on family history. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the differences between the groups with respect to manifest refractive spherical equivalent, astigmatism, pachymetry, OPD-root-square-mean (RMS) for a 6.0-mm pupil, total wavefront aberrations, third- to sixth-order higher order aberrations, and individual aberrations.

RESULTS: The mean spherical equivalent refraction in the Asian group of -4.38 diopters (D) was significantly higher than the spherical equivalent refraction of -3.46 D in the non-Asian group (t=-4.32; P=.00001). Comparison of the differences between groups with respect to higher order aberrations, coma, trefoil, quadrafoil, spherical aberration, higher order astigmatism, and pachymetry was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS: Asian patients have a higher prevalence of myopia than non-Asian patients. No differences were noted in higher order aberrations between Asian and non-Asian patients. [J Refract Surg. 2006;22:S1024-S1026.]
Precision of Higher Order Aberration Repeatability With NIDEK OPD-Scan Retinoscopic Aberrometry
Authors: Barreto Jackson , Netto Marcelo V , Cigna Alberto , Bechara Samir , Kara-José Newton
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate repeatability of the total high order aberrations with a retinoscopic wavefront sensor.

METHODS: This prospective case series analyzed 12 eyes from 6 patients who underwent wavefront measurement using retinoscopic aberrometry with the NIDEK Optical Path Difference Scan (OPD-Scan). Four consecutive wavefront measurements of each eye were taken by two trained examiners for 5.8±0.8-mm and 8.2±0.6-mm pupils (P=.002, Wilcoxon test). Total high order aberrations out to the eighth order were assessed including third order coma, third order trefoil, fourth order quadrafoil, fourth order secondary astigmatism, and fourth order spherical aberrations. Differences between measurements of all of the variables were analyzed. A P value <.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Repeatability analysis of the root-mean-square of total higher order aberrations, coma, trefoil, quadrafoil, secondary astigmatism, and spherical aberrations for both dilated and nondilated pupils did not show a statistically significant difference among all repeated measurements, except for trefoil and secondary astigmatism (analysis of variance and the Friedman test). The repeatability of total higher order aberrations was 0.15 µm for nondilated pupils and 0.18 µm for dilated pupils. Except for trefoil measurements, all high order aberrations showed reproducibility >0.15 µm when Zernike coefficients were analyzed individually.

CONCLUSIONS: The NIDEK OPD-Scan aberrometer measures total higher order astigmatism and most individual aberrations with acceptable repeatability. However, measurement of trefoil with this instrument is less repeatable. [J Refract Surg. 2006;22:S1037-S1040.]
Improvement of Best Spectacle-corrected Visual Acuity After LASIK in Highly Myopic Eyes With Reduced Preoperative Best Spectacle-corrected Visual Acuity
Authors: He Rui , Qu Min , Fen Yi , Yu Shun
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual acuity after LASIK in patients with high myopia and in patients with preoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) <0.6.

METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 97 consecutive eyes in 57 patients who underwent LASIK. Preoperative spherical refractive error ranged from -1.75 to -22.00 diopters (D) (mean: -11.77±3.61 D) with mean astigmatism of -1.54 ±10.6 (range: 0 to -4.00 D). Pre- and postoperative BSCVA and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) were measured and analyzed.

RESULTS: The mean preoperative BSCVA was 0.54±0.07 (range: 0.3 to 0.6). The mean postoperative BSCVA was 0.75±0.16 (range: 0.5 to 1.2). The mean postoperative UCVA was 0.60±0.25 (range: 0.5 to 1.2). A statistically significant improvement was noted in the mean postoperative BSCVA compared with the mean preoperative BSCVA (t= 12.78; P<.001) and mean postoperative UCVA compared with preoperative mean BSCVA (t=2.866; P<.01). The safety index was 1.38, which was statistically significant (P<.001). The efficacy index was 1.11, which was statistically significant (P<.01).

CONCLUSIONS: LASIK improved the mean postoperative BSCVA and UCVA compared with preoperative BSCVA in highly myopic eyes with reduced BSCVA. [J Refract Surg. 2006;22:S1053-S1055.]
Human Capital Formation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Onyina Paul Adjei
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the drivers of human capital development in the fourth industrial revolution by examining the role of women. It discusses the role of women in economic development since 570BC. Women are ignored in most important areas in society whereas men are found at the frontline. However, available empirical analyses suggest that when women are empowered, they are able to turn the tables in their favour. The chapter outlines development role played by selected women across time and uses data from studies to show poor representation of women on international bodies and parliamentary seats. Selected women that have led and continue to lead various countries all over the world are presented. This chapter argues that women are important stakeholders in economic freedom. The chapter suggests encouraging society and men in particular to help women become front line participants in the human capital development for the fourth industrial revolution.
Leadership for Enhancing Organisational Performance Through Workforce Reskilling
Authors: Baporikar Neeta
Published: September 2019

Leadership styles adopted influence employee performance, but merely appropriate style without workforce reskilling cannot ensure sustainable and holistic organizational performance. The objective of this chapter is to explore and analyze leadership for enhancing organizational performance through workforce reskilling in the context of a local authority, namely municipality. Adopting mixed method approach, the primary data was collected by administering questionnaires. A sample size of 100 respondents participated in the study with the aid of convenience sampling technique for proportionate representation from each department. However, out of 100 questionnaires distributed, only 96 were completed and returned. Analysis is done by STATISTICA Software. The findings reflect that both democratic and autocratic leadership are adopted and there was insufficient workforce reskilling required to meet the current needs of the organization.
Microwave Complex-Ratio-Measuring Circuits
Authors: You Kok Yeow , Lee Chia Yew , Areqi Nadera Najib AL , Lee Kim Yee , Cheng Ee Meng , Lee Yeng Seng
Published: September 2019

This chapter reviews the microwave complex ratio measuring (MCRM) circuits which are used for complex reflection coefficient measurement. This MCRM circuit is relatively simple and cost-effective. There are various structures for the MCRM circuit, such as multi-probe transmission line circuits, five-port ring circuits, six-port hybrid coupler-based circuits, switched-reflector circuits, dual-generator circuits, and Wheatstone bridge-based circuits. Each structure of the circuits has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this chapter, the MCRM circuit calibration process has been described in detail.
A New Compact Coplanar Waveguide Stop Band Filter Based on Circular Shaped DGS for Microwave and Millimeters Wave Applications
Authors: Sghir Elmahjouby , Errkik Ahmed , Latrach Mohamed
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces an overview of coplanar technology and the general techniques and process to improve the response and characteristics of microwave components. A new circular defected ground structure (DGS) with shaped coplanar line is investigated for compact stopband filter (SBF) for microwave and millimeter wave applications. With this structure, the response of resonant element in 20 GHz exhibits the bandstop function. The proposed DGS is also modified by introducing four symmetrical slots with L-configuration in conductor line of a coplanar circuit to improve separately the stopband and passband performances. An equivalent circuit model derived for the proposed structures will be provided.
LEDs for Solid-State Lighting
Authors: Umar Muhammad Wasif , Yahaya NorZaihar
Published: September 2019

Solid-state lighting technology is rapidly gaining acceptance in lighting industry street lighting, traffic lighting, decorative lighting, projection displays, display backlighting, automotive lighting, and so on. Differing from conventional light sources that use tungsten filament, plasma, or gases to generate light, solid-state lighting is based on organic or inorganic light emitting diodes (LEDs), and has the potential to generate light with almost 100 % efficiency. LED luminaires have a long lifetime and are environmentally friendly with no toxic mercury contained. However, the success of these luminaires depends on system design, which comprises an understanding of several factors such as performance and control. In this chapter, we shall touch upon some technological advancements in the field of solid-state lighting technologies and challenges that limit their market penetration for consumer lighting.
Performance Improvement of Mechanical Components by Precision Coating
Authors: Iosif Korka Zoltan
Published: September 2019

Precision coatings applied to mechanical components do not only provide different degrees of protection of their surfaces but can also contribute to significant improvement of performance. Given this fact, this chapter presents the main coating technologies and their practical applications. Beginning with the presentation of the main functions and types of coatings, the chapter progresses by offering information regarding the methods, the area of application, and the performance properties for each of the presented coating technologies. Furthermore, the quality and precision aspects, as well as the applicable standards, are discussed. Some practical examples regarding the performance improvement of different mechanical components by applying precision coatings are additionally presented. The final goal of this chapter is to enable the readers to choose the proper system for their application, by providing all the relevant information regarding various coating types.
Thermal Characterization and Improvement of Curing Stage in Resin Transfer Molding Process
Authors: Elyoussfi Soukaina , Saad Aouatif , Echchelh Adil , Hattabi Mohamed
Published: September 2019

Resin Transfer Molding has become one of the most efficient processes to manufacture composite parts. Among the steps in composite part processing is the curing reaction. In the majority of cases, this reaction is of exothermic nature accompanied by a rise in temperature in the laminate. This leads to the appearance of a thermal gradient. This research aims to study the thermal gradient generated. The objective is to minimize the temperature excess in the composite. By means of a one-dimensional numerical study using the finite differential method, we have showed that the energy balance depends not only on the temperature and on the degree of curing but also on several other factors, namely: the volume fraction of the fibres, the temperature cycle, and the reinforcement thickness. Authors have shown in this study the effect of increasing temperature on the optimization of the curing cycle. The chapter also investigated the effect of thickness variation on temperature distribution in the composite. A comparison of the authors' results with literature achievements showed agreement.
Peer Review in Online Professional Communities to Support Elementary Disciplinary Literacy Planning
Authors: Colwell Jamie , Taylor Valerie
Published: September 2019

This chapter reports the results of a qualitative case study focused on elementary pre-service teachers' perspectives on planning for disciplinary literacy using peer review in an online professional community (OPC). Seven pre-service teachers enrolled in an eight-week asynchronous, online content literacy course served as participants. Results indicated pre-service teachers' valued extended opportunities for reflection in the OPC and appreciated diverse backgrounds and experiences offered by their OPC colleagues. However, perceived challenges remained that are important to consider when incorporating peer review cycles into online asynchronous coursework. This study considers these perspectives in light of designing and planning online coursework in elementary disciplinary literacy.
Discussion Before the Discussion in Virtual Study Groups
Authors: Vasinda Sheri
Published: September 2019

The virtual study group project was designed to provide a framework for job-embedded, contextual professional development. Using an open annotation tool, Hypothes.is, provided opportunities for literacy specialist candidates to share marginal notes and written dialogue asynchronously during the process of reading online professional articles. Asynchronous engagement in the digital margins of online texts added another layer of social interaction to the synchronous virtual study groups. Findings indicate that this process supported content-knowledge building and also sparked and supported inquiry-based learning. Successes and missteps are included as well as project improvements.
The Tan $2 \Theta$ Theorem in fluid dynamics
Authors: Grubišić Luka , Kostrykin Vadim , Makarov Konstantin A. , Schmitz Stephan , Veselić Krešimir
Published: September 2019

We show that the generalized Reynolds number (in fluid dynamics) introduced by Ladyzhenskaya is closely related to the rotation of the positive spectral subspace of the Stokes block-operator in the underlying Hilbert space. We also explicitly evaluate the bottom of the negative spectrum of the Stokes operator and prove a sharp inequality relating the distance from the bottom of its spectrum to the origin and the length of the first positive gap.
Characterization of Deposits Collected from Plugged Fuel Filters
Authors: Csontos Botond , Bernemyr Hanna , Erlandsson Anders Christiansen , Forsberg Oscar , Pach Mayte , Hittig Henrik
Published: September 2019

Fuel filters serve as a safety belt for modern compression ignition engines. To meet the requirements from environmental regulations these engines use the common rail injection system, which is highly susceptible to contamination from the fuel. Furthermore, the public awareness towards global warming is raising the need for renewable fuels such as biodiesel. An increased fuel variety brings a higher requirement for fuel filters as well. To better understand the process of filtration, awareness of the different possible contaminants from the field is needed. This study used several chemical characterization techniques to examine the deposits from plugged fuel filters collected from the field. The vehicle was run with a biodiesel blend available on the market. The characterization techniques included X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) joined with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) sampling, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and lastly thermal gravimetric analyzer combined with FTIR and a GC-MS (TGA/FTIR/GC-MS). In addition the remaining ash from TGA was measured in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Deposits were scraped from the used filter, and prepared for the different analytic methods. After cleaning the deposits with different solvents, GC-MS identified the traces of glycerol and sterols in the filter. After a transesterification reaction GC-MS could identify carboxylates corresponding to degraded biodiesel. The TGA/FTIR/GC-MS revealed the presence of polymeric compounds in the deposit. XRF did not require any previous cleaning, and was used to identify different metals present in the deposits. The mentioned deposits are characterized as soft particles, and could originate from the impurities of biodiesel, presence of engine oils, or degradation of the fuel. The presented results help to better understand the current concerns with the on-board filtration of fuels, and can help to create more robust fuel systems in the future.