bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opportunities to increase soil carbon sequestration in grazing lands in the southeastern United States
Authors: Silveira Maria L. , Rodrigues da Cruz Priscila Junia , Vendramini Joao Mauricio Bueno , Boughton Elizabeth , Bracho Rosvel , da Silva Cardoso Abmael
Published: March 2024

Background

Grazing lands provide numerous ecosystem services, including the capacity to store large amounts of soil carbon (C); however, our understanding of the factors affecting soil C responses to management is inadequate.

Methods

In this paper, we synthesized information about the impacts of grazing land management on soil C within the southeastern region of the United States.

Results

Most studies (68%) demonstrated that proper management increased soil C stocks with an average C accumulation rate of 1.4 Mg C ha−1 year−1. The remaining (32%) studies showed no effect of management on soil C. None of the studies reported negative impacts of management on soil C. The largest increase in soil C (8 Mg C ha−1 year−1) was associated with the conversion of cropland to pastureland while overseeding legumes into grass pastures resulted in the lowest C sequestration rates (0.2 Mg C ha−1 year−1).

Conclusions

Considering the rates of soil C accretion and the extensive area occupied by grazing lands, data in this synthesis confirm that the adoption of improved management practices can increase soil C sequestration in the southeastern United States. In addition, because most improved management practices can also have co‐benefits, they may be favorable for forage and livestock production and other ecosystem services.
Explaining the personal cognitive factors affecting physical activity and nutritional behaviors in the middle‐aged at risk of coronary artery disease: A directed qualitative content analysis
Authors: Ezati Rad Roghayeh , Hosseini Zahra , Mohseni Shokrollah , Aghamolaei Teamur , Mohammadi Mohammad , Nikparvar Marzieh
Published: March 2024

Background and Aims

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cardiovascular disease worldwide. Nutrition and physical activity are recognized as the major lifestyle‐related behaviors to reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases. It is essential to explain personal cognitive factors to identify potential ways to increase physical activity and improve nutritional behavior. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the personal cognitive factors affecting physical activity and nutritional behavior in the middle‐aged population at risk of a CAD.

Methods

The present qualitative study was conducted with a directed content analysis approach. A purposive sampling was used with maximum variety of sex, age, education, marital status, job, and risk factors of CAD. The data were collected through semistructured interviews with 20 middle‐aged participants at the risk of CAD visiting comprehensive health centers in Bandar Abbas city. The interviews continued until data saturation.

Results

The present findings led to the identification of 4 main categories (i.e., self‐efficacy, collective efficacy, outcome expectations, knowledge) and 10 subcategories.

Conclusion

It seems that to increase the self‐efficacy, attention should be paid to individuals' past experiences, self‐efficacy of action and maintenance and successful middle‐aged peers. Measures should be taken to improve and strengthen it. Peer support, networking, forming online groups (in social networks), and a comprehensive use of social media can help increase collective efficacy. Expectations of positive and negative outcomes and the public knowledge can also be modified through accurate and appropriate information provided in different campaigns for awareness‐raising.
Risk factors and management of perinatal genital hematoma: A single, tertiary medical center retrospective study in China
Authors: Guo Xiaoyue , Wu Yudan , Shao Hui , Zhang Yan
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The goal of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with puerperal genital hematoma (PGHA) and analyze the management strategies employed and the resulting maternal outcomes.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study examined the pregnant women delivering vaginally with PGHA in Peking University Third Hospital during January 2002 to December 2021. Exploratory data analysis was performed to assess mean, standard deviation (SD), frequency, percentage and percentiles. Independent‐samples t‐test was performed for continuous variables. Chi‐squared test was performed to compare categorical data.

Results

A total of 47 women with PGHA were included, and 94 matched controls were enrolled during the same study period. Compared with the control group, labor induction (34.0% vs. 9.6%, P = 0.000) and episiotomy (66.0% vs. 31.9%, P = 0.000) were more frequently performed in PGHA cases. There was a significantly higher incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) (53.2% vs. 6.4%, P = 0.000) in PGHA patients than in controls. Compared with the patients with <5 cm hematoma, the proportion of prenatal anemia (25.8% vs. 0.0%, P = 0.027) and the incidence of PPH (67.7% vs. 25.0%, P = 0.005) were significantly higher in patients with ≥5 cm hematoma. In comparison, the active period was significantly shorter (3.1 ± 1.9 vs. 5.1 ± 3.0, P = 0.031) in patients with ≥5 cm hematoma. There were significant differences in perineal pain and swelling (31.3% vs. 67.7%, P = 0.017), vulva hematoma (93.8% vs. 48.4%, P = 0.002) and surgical treatment (62.5% vs. 96.8%, P = 0.002). Nearly half of the patients in the ≥5 cm group underwent secondary suture (41.9% vs. 6.3%, P = 0.011). In patients with PGHA detected after more than 2 h, the body mass index was substantially higher (24.5 ± 4.3 vs. 21.4 ± 2.7, P = 0.011), and the weight gain during pregnancy (14.1 ± 4.3 vs. 11.4 ± 3.5, P = 0.021) was significantly lower. Compared with the patients in PGHA without PPH, age (31.7 ± 4.4 vs. 29.4 ± 2.6, P = 0.033) and newborn birth weight (3367 ± 390 g vs. 3110 ± 419 g, P = 0.045) were considerably higher in PGHA cases with PPH, and the platelet count ([182 ± 44] × 109/L vs. [219 ± 51] × 109/L, P = 0.015) was significantly lower.

Conclusions

Pregnant women who underwent labor induction and episiotomy had a higher incidence of PGHA. The PGHA‐related PPH rate is significantly increased. Active surgical treatment is recommended for patients with ≥5 cm hematoma.
The restoration of hippocampal nerve de‐myelination by methylcobalamin relates with the enzymatic regulation of homocysteine level in a rat model of moderate grade hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Roy Anima , Trigun Surendra Kumar
Published: March 2024

This article describes how methylcobalamin (MeCbl) restores nerve myelination in a moderate‐ grade hepatic encephalopathy (MoHE) model of ammonia neurotoxicity. The comparative profiles of myelin basic protein (MBP), homocysteine (Hcy) and methionine synthase (MS: a MeCbl‐ dependent enzyme) activity versus nerve myelination status were studied in the hippocampus of the control, the MoHE (developed by administering 100 mg/kg bw thioacetamide i.p. for 10 days) and the MoHE rats treated with MeCbl (500 µg/kg BW i.p.) for 7 days. Compared to those of control rats, the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions of the MoHE rats showed significantly lower myelinated areas and MBP immunostaining. This coincided with the deranged myelin layering in TEM images, decreased MBP protein and its transcript levels in hippocampus of MoHE rats. However, all these parameters recovered to normal levels after MeCbl treatment. MeCbl is a cofactor of MS that catalyzes the conversion of Hcy to methionine as a feeder step of methylation reactions. We observed significantly increased serum and hippocampal Hcy levels in MoHE rats, however, these levels were restored to control values with a concordant activation of MS due to MeCbl treatment. A significant recovery in neurobehavioral impairments in the MoHE rats due to MeCbl treatment was also observed. These findings suggest that MoHE pathogenesis is associated with deranged nerve myelination in the hippocampus and that MeCbl treatment is able to restore it mainly by activating MS, a MeCbl‐dependent Hcy‐metabolizing enzyme.
Working through the body in metacognitive interpersonal therapy to change relational patterns in dependent personality disorder: The case of Lia
Authors: Passarella Tiziana , Galasso Vittoria , Dimaggio Giancarlo
Published: March 2024

Persons with dependent personality disorder (DPD) have difficulties describing their inner world, and in realizing their negative ideas about the self, such as being weak, unworthy or powerless are just ideas. As a consequence, they tend to over‐rely on others and may lose control over their emotions. Treating these persons can gain benefits from including body‐focused techniques as they can promote a) awareness of internal states, b) better emotion regulation, c) the capacity to consider their negative ideas about themselves as not necessarily true, and d) gain power of and agency. We will describe the therapist used body‐focused techniques in the context of Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy when treating Lia, a 40‐year‐old woman suffering from DPD who also suffered from generalized anxiety disorder and had difficulties in making autonomous choices. She had a romantic relationship with a man she described as distant and judgmental so she felt lonely and not entitled to express her discomfort or capable to break up. The therapist used body‐focused techniques, together with behavioural exposure, mindfulness and guided imagery, to let Lia be more aware of her thoughts and feelings, and then to regulate affects and realize she had previously capacities. At therapy termination anxiety diminished and she could break up with the partner and start a new one where she felt free to express herself. We suggest how bodily‐focused techniques can be used to enhance therapy effectiveness in DPD.
Non‐liver‐related mortality in the DAA era: Insights from post‐SVR patients with and without previous HCC history
Authors: Miuma Satoshi , Miyaaki Hisamitsu , Ichikawa Tatsuki , Matsuzaki Toshihisa , Goto Takashi , Kamo Yasuhiro , Shigeno Masaya , Hino Naoyuki , Ario Keisuke , Yanagi Kenji , Tsutsumi Takuya , Fukushima Nobuyoshi , Nakashiki Suguru , Yamasaki Kazufumi , Hamasaki Keisuke , Shibata Hidetaka , Arima Kazuhiko , Yamamichi Shinobu , Yamashima Mio , Takahashi Kosuke , Nakao Yasuhiko , Fukushima Masanori , Haraguchi Masafumi , Sasaki Ryu , Ozawa Eisuke , Taura Naota , Nakao Kazuhiko
Published: March 2024

Background and Aims

Mortality after sustained virological response (SVR) with interferon‐free direct‐acting antiviral (IFN‐free DAA) therapy is crucial for optimizing post‐SVR patient care, but it remains unclear, especially regarding non‐liver‐related mortality.

Methods

Consecutive post‐SVR patients from 14 institutions were stratified into three cohorts: A (without advanced fibrosis and without prior HCC), B (with advanced fibrosis and without prior HCC), and C (curative HCC treatment). We assessed mortality (per 1000 person‐years [/1000PY]) post‐SVR. Mortality rates were compared between cohorts A and B and the general population using age‐ and sex‐adjusted standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Comparison of survival between each cohort was performed using propensity‐score (PS) matching with sex, age, and comorbidity.

Results

In cohort A (n = 762; median age, 65 years), 22 patients died (median follow‐up, 36 months); all‐cause mortality was 10.0/1000PY, with 86.4% non‐liver‐related deaths. In cohort B (n = 519; median age, 73 years), 27 patients died (median follow‐up, 39 months); all‐cause mortality was 16.7/1000PY, with 88.9% non‐liver‐related deaths. In both cohorts, malignant neoplasm was the most common cause of death; all‐cause mortality was comparable to that of the general population (SMR: 0.96 and 0.92). In cohort C (n = 108; median age, 75 years), 15 patients died (median follow‐up, 51 months); all‐cause mortality was 36.0/1000PY, with 53.3% liver‐related deaths. PS matching showed no significant survival differences between cohorts A and B, both of which had better survival than cohort C.

Conclusions

Mortality varies based on HCC history in the DAA era; nevertheless, attention should be paid to non‐liver‐related deaths in all post‐SVR patients.
Temporal changes in biomarkers of neutrophil extracellular traps and NET‐promoting autoantibodies following adenovirus‐vectored, mRNA, and recombinant protein COVID‐19 vaccination
Authors: Kuo Yu‐Min , Kang Chun‐Min , Lai Zhi‐Yun , Huang Ting‐Yu , Tzeng Shiang‐Jong , Hsu Chih‐Chieh , Chen Shey‐Ying , Hsieh Song‐Chou , Chia Jean‐San , Jung Chiau‐Jing , Hsueh Po‐Ren
Published: March 2024

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a role in innate pathogen defense and also trigger B‐cell response by providing antigens. NETs have been linked to vaccine‐induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia. We postulated a potential link between NET biomarkers, NET‐promoting autoantibodies, and adverse events (AEs) after COVID‐19 vaccine boosters. Healthy donors (HDs) who received ChAdOx1‐S (A), mRNA‐1273 (M), or recombinant protein (MVC–COV1901) vaccines at the National Taiwan University Hospital between 2021 and 2022 were recruited. We measured serial NET‐associated biomarkers, citrullinated‐histone3 (citH3), and myeloperoxidase (MPO)‐DNA. Serum citH3 and MPO‐DNA were significantly or numerically higher in HDs who reported AEs (n = 100, booster Day 0/Day 30, p = 0.01/p = 0.03 and p = 0.30/p = 0.35, respectively). We also observed a positive correlation between rash occurrence in online diaries and elevated citH3. A linear mixed model also revealed significantly higher citH3 levels in mRNA‐1273/ChAdOx1‐S recipients than MVC‐COV1901 recipients. Significant positive correlations were observed between the ratios of anti‐heparin platelet factor 4 and citH3 levels on Booster Day 0 and naïve and between the ratios of anti‐NET IgM and citH3 on Booster Day 30/Day 0 in the AA‐M and MM‐M group, respectively. The increased levels of citH3/MPO‐DNA accompanied by NET‐promoting autoantibodies suggest a potential connection between mRNA‐1273/ChAdOx1‐S vaccines and cardiovascular complications. These findings provide insights for risk assessments of future vaccines.
The impact of entrepreneurial hubris and narcissism on personal social responsibility
Authors: Emami Amir , Welsh Dianne H. B. , Hakimian Roohollah
Published: March 2024

This study aims to investigate the effect of entrepreneurs' hubris and narcissism operating in Tehran's Science and Technology Parks (STPs) on personal social responsibility (PSR). The study employed a cross‐sectional survey method with gender and experience as moderators. Results show that entrepreneurs' narcissism positively affects their social responsibility, while entrepreneurs' hubris negatively affects their social responsibility. Gender moderates the relationship between entrepreneurs' hubris and narcissism on PSR. Our findings suggest that personality traits (i.e., narcissism and hubris) and gender play a more critical role in an entrepreneur's tendency toward social responsibility than experience. Implications for future research and practical applications are discussed.
Research on etalon‐free CO2 measurement based on direct absorption signal fitting
Authors: Yang Yan , Guo Songjie , Li Jiatong , Wei Youxing , Lu Zhimin , Xing Xiwen , Ren Wei , Zhang Xiang , Yao Shunchun
Published: March 2024

The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) by thermal power plants is the main factor leading to the greenhouse effect. The measurement of CO2 is of great significance to carbon emission data statistics. In this paper, a measurement system based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) was built to measure the spectrum of CO2 near 1579 nm. To simplify the experimental system, a direct absorption signal fitting method is proposed to replace etalons for time‐frequency conversion. The method was applied to the measurement of four different concentrations of CO2 in the range of 7%–16%, and the measurement results were compared with the multipeak method, another etalon‐free method. The results show that the mean relative error of the measurement results is 4.23%, which is 1.76% lower than the measurement results of the multipeak method. The experimental research provides a feasible idea to simplify the CO2 measurement system based on TDLAS.
Environmentally stable all‐fiber femtosecond laser for industrial application based on a SESAM mode‐locked ytterbium‐doped laser
Authors: Cao Xue , Li Feng , Song Dongdong , Wang Yishan , Li Qianglong , Zhao Hualong , Zhao Wei , Wen Wenlong , Si Jinhai
Published: March 2024

We demonstrate an environmentally stable femtosecond laser for industrial application based on all polarization‐maintaining Yb‐doped laser and experimentally explore the effect of the net cavity dispersion (NCD) on output characteristics. The oscillator emits pulses with 5.1 ps and a 23 nm spectral bandwidth, then the pulse is compressed to 88 fs. The instabilities over 120 h gives 0.32% relative root mean square noise, indicating high stability of the pulse laser. With effective regulation of NCD, we obtained the maximum spectral bandwidth of 27 nm. Such broadband oscillator with compact all‐fiber configurations provide extremely high stability should be very attractive for long‐term industrial application.
The SelfSTarT intervention for low back pain patients presenting to first contact physiotherapists: A mixed methods service evaluation
Authors: Stevenson K. , Hadley‐Barrows T. , Evans N. , Campbell L. , Southam J. , Chudyk A. , Ellington D. , Jeeves B. , Jenson C. , Kleberg S. , Birkinshaw H. , Mair F. , Dziedzic K. , Peat G. , Jordan K. P. , Yu D. , Bailey J. , Braybooke A. , Mallen C. D. , Hill Jonathan C.
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Globally, back pain is the leading cause of years of disability. In the United Kingdom, over 20 million people live with musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, with low back pain being one of the most common causes. National strategies promote self‐management and the use of digital technologies to empower populations.

Aims

To evaluate the uptake and impact of providing the SelfSTart approach (STarT Back and SelfBACK App) when delivered by a First Contact Physiotherapist (FCP) to people presenting with low back pain in primary care.

Methods

Patients presenting with a new episode of low back pain underwent routine assessment and completion of a STarT Back questionnaire. Patients with low/medium scores were offered the SelfBACK App. A control population was provided by the MIDAS‐GP study. Patient Experience, outcome measures, healthcare utilisation and retention were captured through the app and clinical systems (EMIS). Interviews with five FCPs explored the experiences of using the SelfSTart approach.

Results

SelfSTarT was taken up by almost half (48%) of those to whom it was offered. Compared to MIDAS‐GP, users were more likely to be younger, male, in work, and with higher health literacy. SelfSTarT users reported significant improved experiences relating to receiving an agreed care plan and receiving sufficient information. There were no significant differences in treatments offered. FCPs were positive about the app and felt it had value but wanted feedback on patient progress. They recognised that a digital solution would not be suitable for all.

Conclusion

This approach offers an opportunity to empower and support self‐management, using robustly evaluated digital technology.
Leveraging the Hankel norm approximation and data‐driven algorithms in reduced order modeling
Authors: Yu Annan , Townsend Alex
Published: March 2024

Large‐scale linear time‐invariant (LTI) dynamical systems are widely used to characterize complicated physical phenomena. Glover developed the Hankel norm approximation (HNA) algorithm for optimally reducing the system in the Hankel norm, and we study its numerical issues. We provide a remedy for the numerical instabilities of Glover's HNA algorithm caused by clustered singular values. We analyze the effect of our modification on the degree and the Hankel error of the reduced system. Moreover, we propose a two‐stage framework to reduce the order of a large‐scale LTI system given samples of its transfer function for a target degree of the reduced system. It combines the adaptive Antoulas–Anderson (AAA) algorithm, modified to produce an intermediate LTI system in a numerically stable way, and the modified HNA algorithm. A carefully computed rational approximation of an adaptively chosen degree gives us an algorithm for reducing an LTI system, which achieves a balance between speed and accuracy.
Utilization of broad‐ versus narrow‐spectrum antibiotics for the treatment of outpatient community‐acquired pneumonia among adults in the United States
Authors: Nickel Katelin B. , Durkin Michael J. , Olsen Margaret A. , Sahrmann John M. , Neuner Elizabeth , O'Neil Caroline A. , Butler Anne M. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: March 2024

Purpose

To characterize antibiotic utilization for outpatient community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the United States.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study among adults 18–64 years diagnosed with outpatient CAP and a same‐day guideline‐recommended oral antibiotic fill in the MarketScan® Commercial Database (2008–2019). We excluded patients coded for chronic lung disease or immunosuppressive disease; recent hospitalization or frequent healthcare exposure (e.g., home wound care, patients with cancer); recent antibiotics; or recent infection. We characterized utilization of broad‐spectrum antibiotics (respiratory fluoroquinolone, β‐lactam + macrolide, β‐lactam + doxycycline) versus narrow‐spectrum antibiotics (macrolide, doxycycline) overall and by patient‐ and provider‐level characteristics. Per 2007 IDSA/ATS guidelines, we stratified analyses by otherwise healthy patients and patients with comorbidities (coded for diabetes; chronic heart, liver, or renal disease; etc.).

Results

Among 263 914 otherwise healthy CAP patients, 35% received broad‐spectrum antibiotics (not recommended); among 37 161 CAP patients with comorbidities, 44% received broad‐spectrum antibiotics (recommended). Ten‐day antibiotic treatment durations were the most common for all antibiotic classes except macrolides. From 2008 to 2019, broad‐spectrum antibiotic use substantially decreased from 45% to 19% in otherwise healthy patients (average annual percentage change [AAPC], −7.5% [95% CI −9.2%, −5.9%]), and from 55% to 29% in patients with comorbidities (AAPC, −5.8% [95% CI −8.8%, −2.6%]). In subgroup analyses, broad‐spectrum antibiotic use varied by age, geographic region, provider specialty, and provider location.

Conclusions

Real‐world use of broad‐spectrum antibiotics for outpatient CAP declined over time but remained common, irrespective of comorbidity status. Prolonged duration of therapy was common. Antimicrobial stewardship is needed to aid selection according to comorbidity status and to promote shorter courses.
A comparison of general and special education teachers' attitudes toward evidence‐based practices for students with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Garman‐McClaine Blaine
Published: March 2024

Students identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) benefit from the implementation of evidence‐based practices (EBPs) in all educational settings, including general education classrooms. Research indicates that EBPs are not consistently implemented across educational placements, nor are they always implemented with fidelity. One contextual factor that can influence successful EBP implementation is teacher attitudes toward an EBP. This study examined and compared the attitudes of general education and special education teachers toward EBPs. Study results suggest that special education teachers have more positive attitudes toward EBPs, while general education teachers are more likely to diverge from EBPs to support students with ASD. These findings have implications for improving the implementation of EBPs in both general and special education classrooms for students with disabilities, particularly students with ASD.
Mental health screening in pediatric lower limb deficiency population
Authors: Marshall Emily , Shieh Eileen , Franzone Jeanne M. , Enlow Paul T.
Published: March 2024

Background

Youth with lower limb deficiency (LLD) may be at increased risk for mental health difficulties. However, guidelines around psychosocial screening are not well established.

Objective

To describe the implementation and results of a mental health screening process in a multidisciplinary prosthetics clinic.

Design

Survey.

Setting

Outpatient specialty care clinic located within a children's hospital.

Patients

All patients ages 0–18 years with LLD seen at a monthly multidisciplinary prosthetics clinic between September 2019 and January 2023 (n = 75).

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcomes Measures

Quality of life was measured by the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pediatric proxy survey. Psychological functioning was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).

Results

Descriptive statistics were used to determine the proportion of patients who endorsed clinically significant concerns. Of the 75 clinic visits during the study time frame, the psychosocial screeners were completed at 38 (51%). A total of 25 unique patients completed the screeners; 12 patients completed the screener more than once. The most commonly endorsed concerns on the PROMIS were issues with physical mobility (65%) and upper extremity function (40%). The SDQ revealed that a majority (62.5%) of the screened patients had an overall score above the clinical cutoff, indicating psychosocial distress in more than one area. The most commonly reported mental health concern was peer problems (62.5%). Post hoc analysis of repeat screenings indicated that most problems identified during the first screening persisted at follow‐up screenings.

Conclusions

Clinically significant psychological concerns were common among the sample, indicating the need to address this aspect of patients' well‐being. Preliminary data on repeat screenings suggest that clinically significant concerns may not self‐resolve. Routine psychosocial screening is critical for early identification of mental health problems and timely referral to evidence‐based psychological interventions.
Efficient and economic protein labeling for NMR in mammalian expression systems: Application to a preT‐cell and T‐cell receptor protein
Authors: Mallis Robert J. , Lee Jonathan J. , Berg Arjen Van den , Brazin Kristine N. , Viennet Thibault , Zmuda Jonathan , Cross Melissa , Radeva Denitsa , Rodriguez‐Mias Ricard , Villén Judit , Gelev Vladimir , Reinherz Ellis L. , Arthanari Haribabu
Published: March 2024

Protein nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy relies on the ability to isotopically label polypeptides, which is achieved through heterologous expression in various host organisms. Most commonly, Escherichia coli is employed by leveraging isotopically substituted ammonium and glucose to uniformly label proteins with 15N and 13C, respectively. Moreover, E. coli can grow and express proteins in uniformly deuterium‐substituted water (D2O), a strategy useful for experiments targeting high molecular weight proteins. Unfortunately, many proteins, particularly those requiring specific posttranslational modifications like disulfide bonding or glycosylation for proper folding and/or function, cannot be readily expressed in their functional forms using E. coli‐based expression systems. One such class of proteins includes T‐cell receptors and their related preT‐cell receptors. In this study, we present an expression system for isotopic labeling of proteins using a nonadherent human embryonic kidney cell line, Expi293F, and a specially designed media. We demonstrate the application of this platform to the β subunit common to both receptors. In addition, we show that this expression system and media can be used to specifically label amino acids Phe, Ile, Val, and Leu in this system, utilizing an amino acid‐specific labeling protocol that allows targeted incorporation at high efficiency without significant isotopic scrambling. We demonstrate that this system can also be used to express proteins with fluorinated amino acids. We were routinely able to obtain an NMR sample with a concentration of 200 μM from 30 mL of culture media, utilizing less than 20 mg of the labeled amino acids.
Stereotactic radiotherapy: An educational narrative review
Authors: Khan Agha Muhammad Hammad , Hashmi Syed Furqan Ahmad , Li Benjamin , Shaukat Fatima , Ahmed Yumna , Alfishawy Mahmoud , Al‐Amri Iqbal , Bashir Rashid , Altaf Furhan , Yilmaz Sercan , Khalid Jamsari , Mandhari Zahid Al , Pervez Nadeem , Rassou Salim Chaib , Mula‐Hussain Layth
Published: March 2024

Stereotactic radiotherapy is a term collectively used to describe the radiation treatment techniques that allow for the delivery of highly precise ionizing radiation. It is usually a high dose per session in single or few fractions. This treatment approach has been in medical use for over six decades and has primarily evolved in the last two decades. Many patients benefit from this unique non‐conventional radiotherapy approach. Its indications include various malignant, benign and functional problems in cranial and body sites. This technique is not widespread in developing countries compared to developed countries. This work is an educational narrative review for learners in radiation oncology. We aim to share the knowledge of this practice to improve precision radiation oncology globally. This review summarizes the basics of stereotactic radiotherapy, the technical prerequisites, the clinical considerations, the practical recommendations and the learning points from each site‐specific region.
Key roles of insulin receptor InR1 in initiating reproductive diapause in males of the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Ke , Zhang Han‐Xue , An Hao‐Min , Wang Kou , Zhu Fen , Liu Wen , Wang Xiao‐Ping
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND

Reproductive diapause serves as a valuable strategy enabling insects to survive unfavorable seasonal conditions. However, forcing insects into diapause when the environment is conducive to their well‐being can cause them to miss out on seasonal opportunities for reproduction. This outcome not only reduces insect populations but also minimizes crop losses caused by insect feeding. Therefore, altering the timing of diapause initiation presents a potential strategy for managing pests. In this study, we examined the possible role of the Insulin Receptor 1 (InR1) in controlling reproductive diapause entry in the male cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi.

RESULTS

Compared to short‐day (SD) conditions, long‐day (LD) conditions led to reproductive diapause of C. bowringi males, characterized by arrested gonad development, increased Triglyceride (TG) accumulation, and upregulated expression of diapause protein 1 and genes associated with lipogenesis and stress tolerance. Upon employing RNA interference to knock down InR1 under SD conditions, males destined for reproduction were compelled into diapause, evidenced by arrested gonadal development, accumulation of TG, and elevated expression of diapause‐related genes. Intriguingly, despite the common association of the absence of juvenile hormone (JH) with reproductive diapause in females, the knockdown of InR1 in males did not significant affect the expression of JH biosynthesis and JH response gene.

CONCLUSION

The study highlight InR1 is a key factor involved in regulating male reproductive diapause in C. bowringi. Consequently, targeting insulin signaling could be a viable approach to perturb diapause timing, offering a promising strategy for managing pests with reproductive diapause capabilities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Identification of pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) loading response genes in Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus) through comparative genomics and transcriptomics
Authors: Zou Xiangying , Jia Jiayu , Zhu Tengfei , Cai Shouping , He Yiman , Su Shunde , Fang Yu , Li Jian , Lin Guifang , Su Jun
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND

Pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), which is considered the most dangerous biohazard to conifer trees globally. The transmission of PWN relies on insect vectors, particularly the Japanese pine sawyer (JPS; Monochamus alternatus). However, the molecular mechanism underlying PWN‐JPS assembly remains largely unknown.

RESULTS

Here, we found that both geographical and gender could significantly affect the PCA (PWN carrying amount) of JPS; thus, JPS transcriptomes from diverse locations and genders were explored regard to PWN loading. Due to the shortage of genomes, we developed a full‐length reference transcriptome for analyzing next‐generation sequencing data. A comparative genomic study was performed, and 11 248 potential PWN‐carrying associate genes (β) were nominated in JPS by using the reported genomes of PWN and non‐PWN carrier insect species. Then, 151 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs), 28 of them overlapped with β, correlated with the PCA of JPS were nominated by RNA‐Seq, and found that fatty acid β‐oxidation might be the key factor that affected the PCA of JPS. Furthermore, JPS fatty acid β‐oxidation rates were experimentally decreased using the inhibitor Etomoxir, leading to an increased PCA of JPS. Meanwhile, silencing MaCPT1 in JPS by RNA interference led to a decreased fatty acid β‐oxidation rate and increased PCA of JPS.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, MaCPT1 was able to decrease the PWN‐JPS assembly formation through the fatty acid β‐oxidation of JPS. These results provide new insights for exploring the impact of PWN invasion on JPS. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
A non‐parametric way to estimate observation errors based on ensemble innovations
Authors: Hu Chih‐Chi , van Leeuwen Peter Jan , Geer Alan J.
Published: March 2024

Previous studies that inferred the observation error statistics from the innovation statistics can only provide the second moment of the error probability density function (pdf). However, the observation errors are sometimes non‐Gaussian, for example, for observation operators with unknown representation errors, or for bounded observations. In this study, we propose a new method, the Deconvolution‐based Observation Error Estimation (DOEE), to infer the full observation error pdf. DOEE does not rely on linear assumptions on the observation operator, the optimality of the data assimilation algorithm, or implicit Gaussian assumptions on the error pdf. The main assumption of DOEE is the availability of an ensemble of background forecasts following the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) assumption. We conduct idealized experiments to demonstrate the ability of the DOEE to accurately retrieve a non‐Gaussian (bimodal, skewed, or bounded) observation error pdf. We then apply the DOEE to construct a state‐dependent observation error model for satellite radiances by stratifying the observation errors based on cloud amount. In general, we find that the observation error pdfs in many categories are skewed. By adding a new predictor, total column water vapor (TCWV), into the state‐dependent model, we find that for cloudy pixels, when TCWV is small, the observation error pdfs are quite similar and Gaussian‐like, whereas when TCWV is large, the observation error pdfs differ for different cloud amount, while all of them are positively biased. This result suggests that exploring other predictors, like cloud type, might improve the stratification of the observation error model. We also discuss ways to include a non‐parametric observation error pdf into modern data assimilation schemes, including a consideration of the strong‐constraint 4D‐Var perspective, as well as the implications for other observation types including observations with bounded range.
A novel probabilistic modeling for multilateral random attacks in cyber‐physical system reliability analysis
Authors: Huang Jiayue , Yang Jianfeng , Zheng Zhoutao , Qiu Zhengxia
Published: March 2024

Cyber‐Physical Systems (CPS) are at the forefront of the intersection between information technology and physical operations, revolutionizing industries such as communication, automation, control, and intelligent transportation. However, evaluating the reliability of CPS, especially in the presence of multilateral random attacks, poses a complex challenge. This paper introduces an inventive probabilistic modeling approach to enhance the analysis of CPS reliability under the influence of multilateral random attacks. We provide an overview of fundamental CPS concepts and their significant role in modern society, followed by a comprehensive exploration of multilateral random attacks. Our novel probabilistic modeling approach is presented as a means to improve the accuracy and robustness of CPS reliability assessments when faced with multilateral random attacks. Numerical experiments and simulations validate the effectiveness of our innovative approach, emphasizing its potential to fortify the reliability of Cyber‐Physical Systems.
Exponential stability of delayed discrete‐time systems with averaged delayed impulses
Authors: Sun Bin , Zhang Yu
Published: March 2024

This article investigates the exponential stability of nonlinear discrete‐time systems with time‐varying state delay and delayed impulses, where the delays in impulses are not fixed. Specifically, the study is separated into two cases: (1) stability of delayed discrete‐time systems with destabilizing delayed impulses, where the time delays in impulses can be flexible and even larger than the length of the impulsive interval; (2) stability of delayed discrete‐time systems with mixed delayed impulses (means stabilizing and destabilizing delayed impulses exist simultaneously), where the time delays in impulses are unfixed between two adjacent impulsive instants. First, the concept of average impulsive delay (AID) is extended to discrete‐time systems with delayed impulses. Then, some Lyapunov‐based exponential stability criteria are provided for delayed discrete‐time systems with delayed impulses, where the impulses satisfy the average impulsive interval (AII) condition and the delays in impulses satisfy the AID condition. For the delayed discrete‐time systems with mixed delayed impulses, the exponential stability criterion is provided by limiting the geometric average of the impulses' strengths. The obtained results can be used to study the delayed discrete‐time systems with some large impulses which may even be unbounded. It's also shown that the delays in impulses can have a stabilizing effect on the stability of delayed discrete‐time systems. Some numerical examples are also provided to illustrate the effectiveness and advantage of the theoretical results.
Retrograde Flow Phenomenon of Poly-D,L-Lactic Acid Filler Injection over Lower Eyelids
Authors: Lin Chuan-Yuan , Lin Jui-Yu
Published: March 2024

The occurrence of ‘retrograde flow along the cannula/needle tract’ during filler injections has not been extensively addressed in the existing literature, possibly because it is often imperceptible unless the injection is conducted at a superficial layer. In our experience with poly-D,L-lactic acid filler for lower eyelid injections, we have observed and documented this phenomenon through the skin. This article aims to elucidate and illustrate the retrograde flow phenomenon and discuss the factors influencing it.
Multi‐Purpose Fluorescent Powder: Development of Latent Fingerprints and Glove Prints
Authors: Kaur Rajdeep , Singh Prabhpreet
Published: March 2024

A novel hydroxy benzothiazole based yellow fluorescent powder (labelled as 2‐SiO2) was prepared by adsorption of 2 on silica (4 % w/w) for visualization of latent fingerprints (LFPs) and glove prints using powder dusting method. The solid‐state spectrum of 2‐SiO2 shows emission peak at 550 nm with CIE‐1931 coordinates (
) of 0.42, 0.50 and yellow colour purity is 58.6 %. The high fluorescence of 2 in the solid‐state could be attributed to AIE+ESIPT features. Due to high fluorescence
of 2‐SiO2 (4 % w/w) powder, fluorescence imaging of LFPs on a variety of porous and non‐porous substrates including glove prints, up to levels 1–3, without any post‐treatment has been achieved. The 2‐SiO2 showed strong interaction with D‐Glucose, urea and lactate components present in sweat. The practical applications of 2‐SiO2 powder have been demonstrated by analysis of LFPs, development of LFPs at different temperatures; aged, stained fingerprints and preservation of developed fingerprints for documentation purposes.
Metal‐Free Regioselective Oxidative C−H Trifluoromethylation of Imidazothiazoles and Their Antitubercular Activity
Authors: Chirra Nagaraju , Shanigarapu Varshitha , Pedapati Ravi Kumar , Varakala Saiprasad Dasugari , Bollikanda Rakesh K. , Sriram Dharmarajan , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Kantevari Srinivas
Published: March 2024

Here we report a metal‐free direct C−H trifluoromethylation of the imidazothiazoles 7(a–ad) using sodium triflouromethanesulfinate (Langlois’ reagent) and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant. The control studies show that the protocol follows the radical reaction pathway and provides excellent yields of trifluoromethylated products 9(a–ad) with broad substrate scope and regioselective operation. Moreover, the newly synthesized compounds exhibit promising antimycobacterial activity.
Optoelectronic Tweezers Micro‐Well System for Highly Efficient Single‐Cell Trapping, Dynamic Sorting, and Retrieval
Authors: Gan Chunyuan , Zhang Jiaying , Chen Bo , Wang Ao , Xiong Hongyi , Zhao Jiawei , Wang Chutian , Liang Shuzhang , Feng Lin
Published: March 2024

Single‐cell arrays have emerged as a versatile method for executing single‐cell manipulations across an array of biological applications. In this paper, an innovative microfluidic platform is unveiled that utilizes optoelectronic tweezers (OETs) to array and sort individual cells at a flow rate of 20 µL min−1. This platform is also adept at executing dielectrophoresis (DEP)‐based, light‐guided single‐cell retrievals from designated micro‐wells. This presents a compelling non‐contact method for the rapid and straightforward sorting of cells that are hard to distinguish. Within this system, cells are individually confined to micro‐wells, achieving an impressive high single‐cell capture rate exceeding 91.9%. The roles of illuminating patterns, flow velocities, and applied electrical voltages are delved into in enhancing the single‐cell capture rate. By integrating the OET system with the micro‐well arrays, the device showcases adaptability and a plethora of functions. It can concurrently trap and segregate specific cells, guided by their dielectric signatures. Experimental results, derived from a mixed sample of HepG2 and L‐O2 cells, reveal a sorting accuracy for L‐O2 cells surpassing 91%. Fluorescence markers allow for the identification of sequestered, fluorescence‐tagged HepG2 cells, which can subsequently be selectively released within the chip. This platform's rapidity in capturing and releasing individual cells augments its potential for future biological research and applications.
The Role of Grain Boundaries on Ion Migration and Charge Recombination in Halide Perovskites
Authors: Zhou Wencai , Chen Xiaoqing , Zhou Rongkun , Cai Hongbo , Wang Yun , Zhang Tiankai , Zheng Zilong , Gao Feng , Zhang Yongzhe , Yan Hui
Published: March 2024

Grain boundaries (GBs) have a significant role in polycrystalline perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, there is ongoing debate regarding the impact of GBs on the performance and long‐term stability of PSCs. Employing the first‐principles molecular dynamics for perovskites, the iodine vacancy defect migrations both in bulk and at GBs are investigated. i) The positive iodine vacancy (VI+) is found that have both lower formation energy (1.4 eV) and activation energy (0.18 eV) than those of neutral iodine vacancy (VI), statistically. It indicated the VI+ acts as the dominant migrated iodine vacancy rather than VI; ii) the iodine vacancy at GBs has ≈0.48 eV higher activation energy than those in bulk, which leads to the accumulation of iodine vacancy at GBs; iii) the presence of VI+ result in a 3‐fold increase in charge recombination ratio at GBs, compared to pristine PSCs. Based on quantum molecular dynamics statistical results, which are consistent with experimental measurements, insights into iodine vacancy migration both at GBs and in the bulk are gained. This understanding can be valuable for defects engineering related to ion migration, in order to improve the long‐term stability and promote the performance of PSCs.
Multi‐Scale Dispersion Engineering on Biomass‐Derived Materials for Ultra‐Wideband and Wide‐Angle Microwave Absorption
Authors: Tan Ruiyang , Liu Yijie , Li Weijin , Zhou Jintang , Chen Ping , Zavabeti Ali , Zeng Haibo , Yao Zhengjun
Published: March 2024

Efficient electromagnetic waves (EMWs) absorbing materials play a vital role in the electronic era. In traditional research on microwave absorbing (MA) materials, the synergistic modulation of material dispersion and structural dispersion of EMWs by incorporating multi‐scale effects has frequently been overlooked, resulting in an untapped absorption potential. In this study, the material dispersion customization method based on biomass carbon is determined by quantitative analysis. The study carries out thermodynamic modulation of carbon skeleton, micro‐nano porous engineering, and phosphorus atom donor doping in turn. The dielectric properties are improved step by step. In terms of structural dispersion design, inspired by the theory of antenna reciprocity, a Vivaldi antenna‐like absorber is innovatively proposed. With the effective combination of material dispersion and structural dispersion engineering by 3D printing technology, the ultra‐wideband absorption of 36.8 GHz and the angular stability of close to 60 ° under dual polarization are successfully realized. The work breaks the deadlock of mutual constraints between wave impedance and attenuation rate through the dispersion modulation methods on multiple scales, unlocking the potential for designing next‐generation broadband wide‐angle absorbers.
Effect of Fermentation Time and Varietal Difference on the Pasting Properties and Bread‐Making Ability of Cassava Starch (Manihot esculenta)
Authors: Ndjang Marie Madeleine Nanga , Klang Mathilde Julie , Fadimatou Bebbe , Njapndounke Bilkissou , Foko Marius Edith Kouam , Kamdem Michael Hermann Kengne , Tonga Jordan Lembe , Mmutlane Edwin Mpho , Ndinteh Derek Tantoh , Kayitesi Eugenie , Zambou François Ngoufack
Published: March 2024

This research is to investigate the breadmaking ability of three cassava starch varieties (96/1414, TME15, and YARA) grown in Cameroon. To achieve this, starch samples from each variety are collected before and during fermentation to determine chemical, rheological, and bread‐making properties. They are analyzed for pH, titratable acidity (TTA), lactic acid (LA), specific volume (SPV), and pasting properties using known method; These parameters are used to perform a principal component analysis (PCA). The morphological characteristics are studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Result shows that, there is a decrease in pH (6.21–3.8) with an increase in TTA (0.34–7.05) and LA (0.15–6.46) with fermentation time. In parallel, a decrease of pasting properties and an increase in SPV (1.15–2.82 cm3 g−1) are observed. The PCA surrounds 96/1414 day 30, YARA day 30, and TME15 day 25 α 30 as the best samples, and the SEM shows a superficial degradation of the granules after fermentation. Thus, this study suggests that the optimal sour cassava starch for bread‐making can be obtained from 96/1414 day 30, TME15 day 25 α 30, and YARA day 30. The variety 96/1414 appears to have the best bread‐making ability while TME15 appears to be most suitable for short fermentation time.