bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-infection of Fasciola and Dicrocoelium in gall-bladder of cows butchered in Ibadan abattoir, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyebamiji D.A. , Sodeeq F.O.D. , Datti P.E. , Hassan A.A.
Published: April 2021

Fascioliasis and Dicrocoeliasis are significant helminthic diseases of ruminants, especially livestock. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, intensity and co-infection rate of Fasciola and Dicrocoelium species inside livestock butchered in Ibadan abattoir, Oyo State, Nigeria. 2100 gall-bladders were collected from the and inward substances macroscopically examined for adults and egg parasite prevalence. Adult parasites examined macroscopically while the bile sedimentation technique was used in determining the presence of parasite ova and the eggs were examined under the microscope. Data were analysed using statistical tools and the association between variables were done using t-test, and oneway Anova was used to compare the means of variables. Both adults and eggs of F. gigantica and D. hospes were recovered from the samples with the overall prevalence being 76.0%. Only 25 (25.0%) samples had a single infection of F. gigantica and 20 (20.0%) had D. hospes. Mixed infection was observed in 31.1% of the examined samples. The overall prevalence of each parasite revealed 56.0% and 50.0% for F. gigantica and D. hospes, respectively. The overall intensity (mean) of eggs was 1126 (11.26±20.08) eggs per 2ml of bile. The intensity of F. gigantica recorded 1010 (10.09±17.50) and D. hospes recorded 116 (1.22±2.46) eggs per 2ml of bile. This study gives the current state of rearing animals amid existing  government efforts to improve animal productivity and reduction in economic loss. Cattle deworming should be practised regularly. Furthermore, the improved method should be employed for the determination of the current status of Fasciola in co-infection withDicrocoelium and other helminth parasites of cattle in Oyo State.

Keywords: Co-infection; Amosun abattoir; Gall-bladder; Cattle slaughtered; D. hospes
Effects of drug treatments on Worm burden and enzyme levels in Schistosoma haematobium infected laboratory Animals
Authors: Eberemu N.C. , Edelduok E.G. , Nnodim N.N.
Published: April 2021

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of drug treatments and enzymes level on the worm burden in an experimental Schistosoma haematobium infected guinea pig. Eggs of S. haematobium were collected from the urine of infected persons and hatched into miracidia. Fresh water Snail species Bulinus truncatus were exposed to miracidia and allowed for five weeks to establish infection and develop to cercaria. Guinea pigs were exposed to S. haematobium cercaraie by subcutaneous injection. The infected guinea pigs were divided into four groups, designated as 7, 28, 90 days post infection and controls. The guinea pigs were treated singly and in combination with different doses of Praziquantel (PZQ), Artemether (ART) and Artequine (ARQ). The efficacy of the different drugs on worm burden were assessed. Blood samples were collected from the guinea pigs before and after treatment for determination of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST). Result showed that treatment with higher doses of PZQ/ART (100/200mg/kg) and PZQ/ARQ (100/200mg/kg) resulted in total worm reduction rate of 58 and a percentage efficacy of 98.3%. ARQ (300 mg/kg) had the highest percentage efficacy of 89.8% amongst the single drugs used with respect to higher doses. There were observed alteration in the levels of the enzymes after S. haematobium infection. The serum level of ALP, AST and ALT after infection generally decreased. There were various activities in the level of ALPAST and ALT after treatment with different drug regimen at different stages of S. haematobium infection. ARQ alone and in combination with PZQ had anti schistosomal effect and could be promising in controlling schistosomiasis.

Keywords:  S. haematobium, Guinea Pigs, Liver functioning enzymes, Worm burden
Parasites on Vegetables Sold at Masaka Market, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Adogo L.Y. , Yakubu H.D. , Maikenti J.I.
Published: April 2021

The consumption of fresh vegetables serves as source of important nutrients in the body; however, parasitic infection from the consumption of raw fruits and vegetables is on the increase. This study aimed at identifying the parasitic contamination of Vegetables sold at Masaka market New Karu, Nasarawa State. A total of 240 samples of vegetables were examined by sedimentation concentration after washing using normal saline. The overall prevalence of parasitic contamination was 52.5%. Fluted pumpkin (93.3%) was the most contaminated vegetable while cucumber and apple (16.7%) were the least contaminated vegetables (P>0.05). Strongyloides stercoralis(28.9%) was the most frequently detected parasite followed by Taenia spp (18.8%), Entamoeba coli (17.2%), Hookworm (13.3%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (7.8%) and Toxocara spp (5.5%) was the least detected parasite. The parasitic contamination of different vegetables shows that Tomatoes and Lettuce had the highest poly-parasitic contamination of four species of parasites, whereas Apple and Cucumber had the least poly-parasitic contamination of one parasite. Strongyloides stercoralis had the highest infestation (37.5%) of the water samples used to refresh the vegetables. Vegetables that were washed before display for selling was significantly associated with reduced parasitic contamination (P>0.05). Vegetables are potential sources of transmission for intestinal parasites in the study area, hence, proper washing of fruits and cooking of vegetables is required to reduce parasitic infections.

Keywords: Vegetables, Parasitic contamination, Masaka, Karu, Nasarawa
Prevalence of Concomitant Infection of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Malaria Parasitaemia in a typical Nigeria Suburban Areas.
Authors: Achukwu N.O. , Enweani I.B. , Aniobi C.C. , Isiofia P.O. , Ogbonna U.S.A.
Published: April 2021

Helminthic infestation and malaria parasitaemia, separately or co- joined, can be present, in a host and still be asymptomatic. It is, therefore, crucial to assess the extent of co-infestation among individuals, particularly children who are most prone to parasitic infestations. Blood and Stool samples were collected from 557 pupils who were examined for intestinal helminths, malaria parasitaemia and anaemia. Formal acetate concentration method was used to analyse the stool specimens after which positive ones were further processed using Stolls method of counting helminths egg to determine the number of parasite per gram of stool. Thick film was used for malaria parasite test and malaria parasite density was calculated for the positive samples while anaemia was screened using cyanmethaemoglobin method. There were 235(42.2%) pupils co-infested with intestinal helminths and malaria parasitaemia Co-infestation of Ascaris lumbricoides and malaria parasitaemia 91(16.3%), and co-infection with hookworm and malaria parasitaemia 72(13.0%) had the highest prevalence. The percentage of pupils co-infested and anaemic were 130(23.3%) and is statistically significant (p > 0.05) across the communities. There was a negative correlation between haemoglobin concentrations (the indicator of anaemia), helminthic count with malaria parasite density count. This study revealed that intestinal helminths and malaria parasitaemia have a resurgence and concomitant infestation which constitutes a public menace. Co-infection increased the risk associated with anaemia and intensify the burden in Nigerian children.

Keywords: Co-infestation, malaria parasitaemia, intestinal helminthiasis, anaemia, pupils
Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Assessment of Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) Leaf Extracts Against Culex quinquefasciatus Larvae
Authors: Buduwara J.H. , Adiel T. , Sami R. , Tafem M.L.
Published: April 2021

The development of resistance by Culex mosquitoes to synthetic insecticides has necessitated the continued search for alternative ones from plants. This study screened the preliminary qualitative phytochemicals and assessed the larvicidal efficacy of extracts of J. gossypiifolia leaf against third and fourth stage Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The J. gossypiifolia was screened for the presence of phytochemicals using standard methods. After twenty-four (24) hours post exposure of both third and fourth stage C. quinquefasciatus larvae against different concentrations, (2.0mg/ml, 4.0mg/ml, 6.0mg/ml, 8.0mg/ml and 10 mg/ml) of various extracts. It showed that larval mortality increases significantly (p<0.05) with increase in extracts concentration. Acetone leaf extract showed highest mortality at 10mg/ml with 85% third stage Culex larvae mortality, followed by ethanolic leaf extract. However, least mortality was observed in n-Hexane leaf extract with 15% larval mortality against fourth stage Culex larvae. Low LC and LC values (3.715mg/ml and 12.490mg/ml) were noticed in 50 90 acetone leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia. The study observed that the highest LC and LC values (9.104mg/ml and 50 90 22.877mg/ml) were noticed in hexane leaf extracts. Conclusively, acetone leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia can be harnessed to control Culex larvae. However, there is a need to ascertain the quantities of bioactive components of J. gossypiifolia and its toxicity to non-target organisms.

Keywords: Jatropha gossypiifolia, Phytochemicals, Culex larvae
Mortality and Inhibitory Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Artemisia annua L. on Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) and Shedding of Cercariae
Authors: Ado I.M. , Ali Z.A. , Dogara M.M. , Abdullahi K. , Luka S.A , Nock H.I. , Ndams I.S. , Madara A.A.
Published: April 2021

The search for bioactive plants which can be used as non-conventional anthelmintics has received considerable attention in recent times because of the increasing, worldwide development of resistance to synthetic anthelminthes worm populations. However, scientific evidence to validate the use of raw plants materials remain limited. This study evaluated the mortality and inhibitory effects of the crude aqueous and methanolic extract of Artemisia annua L. against the shedding of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni from Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The phytochemical screening of the plant was done using standard procedure, after which the mortality effects of the plant extracts and effects on the shedding of cercariae from B. pfeifferi snails were assessed for 24 hour of exposure. Methanolic extract with the highest concentration of 1.77mg/µL had an inhibitory effect of 63.06±1.84 while the least concentration with 0.12mg/µL had 22.41±2.17 inhibitory effect. For the aqueous extract, the highest concentration with 2.73mg/µL had an inhibitory effect of  55.75±1.94 while the least concentration of 0.23mg/µL had 21.80±1.45. Inhibitory effect of cercariae in the snail vector was  concentration dependent, and there was significance difference (P<0.05) between the treatment mean when compared with the control group. This study has shown that this plant material has some inhibitory effect on the shedding of of S. mansoni cercariae and toxicityeffect on the B. pfeifferisnails, and can therefore be used for the control of the disease causing agent as well as the vector.

Keywords: Artemisia annua, Inhibitory effects, cercariae, Biomphalaria pfeifferi
Assessment of Dog Owners’ Knowledge on Dog Rabies Vaccination in Rural Communities in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Awoyomi O.J. , Bankole N.O. , Kehinde O.O. , Adebowale O.O.
Published: April 2021

A cross sectional study was designed to assess knowledge of dog owners towards dog rabies vaccination in rural communities in Odeda local government area of Ogun State. A structured questionnaire was administered to 268 dog owners. The questionnaire sought information on demographic characteristics of the dog owners, their association with dogs, and knowledge about dog rabies vaccine. Data obtained were analyzed using chi square and logistic regression with p value set at ≤ 0.05. Dog rabies vaccination coverage in the study area was 4.9%. Most of the respondents (67.2%) were not aware of dog rabies vaccine. Only 3% of the dog owners had good knowledge about rabies vaccination. Socio-economic factors that had significant association with knowledge level were age, occupation, educational level and marital status of the respondents. There was also significant association between age, religion, occupation, educational level, awareness on dog rabies vaccination, knowledge about dog rabies vaccination, danger posed by non vaccinated dogs to the public and other animals and the intention of dog owners to vaccinate their dogs against rabies. One hundred and eighty seven respondents (70%) declared their intention to vaccinate their dogs, although 82% affirmed willingness to pay  for vaccination of their dogs against rabies; however the average amount indicated was only ₦200.00 ($0.57). In conclusion, it is free vaccination of dogs against rabies with an aggressive mass orientation on responsible dog ownership and enlightenment on fatality of clinical rabies through the mass media that can significantly alter the vaccination coverage in the studied community

Key words: Rabies, vaccination, dogs, rural communities, intention
Incursion of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Serotype O East Africa Topotype -3 (O/EA-3) in Nigeria
Authors: Ularamu H.G. , Ibu J.O. , Abenga J.N. , Lazarus D.D. , Wungak Y.S. , Ehizibolo D.O. , Shamaki D. , Adah M.I.
Published: April 2021

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic transboundary animal disease that affects livestock health across most of sub-Saharan Africa. Since the first official report of FMD in Nigeria in 1924, serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 have been documented within the  country. Molecular epidemiology has been used to trace the origin of FMD outbreaks in the case of animal movement, inter-species transmissions and trans-continental introductions. Phylogenetic analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences of the twelve isolates (n=12) provide evidence for the presence of type O/EAST AFRICA 3 (EA-3) in Nigeria. The epidemiological situation of FMD in Nigeria and other West African countries is further complicated by the emergence of the O/EA-3 lineage that is causing new outbreaks in the region in addition to the West Africa (WA) topotype that has been known to be in circulation in Nigeria and other parts of West African and  Central African regions. These recent development in west and central Africa, indicates the dynamic and complex nature of FMD epidemiology in the region and this is not un-connected to the nomadism in the region. In addition the un-restricted animal movement across the porous border in the region in search of pasture and water for their animal has contributed to the spread of diseases across  the region. From the results the phylogenetic analysis of the O/EA-3 has close identity and was closely related to O/EA-3 from the 2009 outbreak in Sudan. Therefore, based on these findings a sustained surveillance is required to yet understand the epidemiology of FMD  in West and Central Africa that will inform the type of vaccine and target areas in other to control the disease. The need to restrict animal movement across the border should be put in place and where necessary all animals that must move from one point to another  must have proper evidence of vaccine certification before it should be allow access into the area. Finally for effective FMD control, regional vaccination and surveillance should be advocated and it should be backed by law. The need to have FMD vaccination at national as well as regional FMD control policy is strongly advocate for effective FMD control in Nigeria and across the regions.

Key words: Topotype, West African; FMD and Nigeria
Endocrine, Reproductive, Neurophysiologic and Extraneous Activities of Estrogen in Vertebrates
Authors: Nwankudu O.N.
Published: April 2021

Estrogens are reproductive hormones synthesized in the gonads of both male and female vertebrates. This review is geared towards uncovering some endocrine, reproductive, neurophysiologic and extraneous activities of estrogen in vertebrates. The three most  common naturally occurring estrogens are: Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). In primates, estradiol is the most potent and predominant estrogen during reproductive years. Estrogens are synthesized primarily in the female ovaries and in small quantities in the male testes and the adrenal glands, brain, and fat of both sexes. Estrogens are steroid hormones. The adipose tissues are considered to be the major source of circulating estrogen after the gonads in both men and women. In essence, the presence of aromatase expression in a local tissue confirms extra-gonadal estrogen synthesis. In reproduction, estrogen promote secondary sexual characteristics in females and regulates maturation of sperm (spermiogenesis) in males. Neurophysiologically, estrogen promote glutamate activity in the central nervous system, facilitates dopaminergic neurotransmission but blocks gammaaminobutyric acid. Extraneously, estrogen decrease serum cholesterol and osteoporosis especially in menopausal females. However, acute estrogen droppostpartum leads to depressed mood experienced by most post parturient females. In this review, it is observed that, while serum estrogen decreases with age in females, in male it increases with age due to the extraneous synthesis of estrogen especially in the adipose tissue.

Keywords: Estrogen, Female, Aromatase, Male, adipose tissue
Chromatographic Analysis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Properties of Different Root Extracts of Hermannia geniculata Eckl. & Zeyh on Vero, HepG2 And RAW 264.7 Macrophage
Authors: Adeniran L.A. , Ashafa A.O.T.
Published: April 2021

Hermannia geniculata is widely used in the management of several illnesses in South African traditional medicine. Chromatographic analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity, and biological activities of secondary metabolites present in Hermannia geniculata root extracts were investigated. Vero monkey kidney cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines were used to determine the cytotoxicity of the extracts using MTT assay. The capabilities of the plant extracts to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase enzyme activities, the overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages by the ethanol extract was evaluated. Results showed selective toxicity of the extracts with LC50 values of Vero cells ranging from (0.40-0.57 mg/mL) while the LC50 value of HepG2 cells varies between (0.016-0.136 mg/mL). The selectivity indexes (SI) were recorded (31.87, 18.87, 33.33, and 13.52) for ethanol, hydro-ethanol, decoction, and aqueous extracts respectively. The ethanol extract inhibited NO production in a concentration-dependent manner showing a decrease of 82% at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Its LC50 value (3.64  mg/mL) is lower and significantly different (p<0.05) compared to quercetin (standard) with an LC50 (8.28 mg/mL). Similarly, the ethanol extract is a potent inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase enzyme with the lowest IC50 value of 0.14 mg/mL which is significantly different (p<0.05) from other extracts and indomethacin (standard). The GC-MS chromatograms of the ethanol extract revealed five principal compounds that have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties. This result indicated that Hermannia  geniculata root extracts is not toxic to Vero and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines and toxic to HepG2 cell lines used in this experiment, it may also possesses antiiflammatory and antiploriferative activities which could be exploited in the development of new, safer, and efficacious drugs.

Keywords: Cytotoxicity; Nitric oxide; 5-lipoxygenase; Hermannia geniculata, Antioxidant GCMS.
Luxurious caskets of the Przeworsk culture
Authors: Czarnecka Katarzyna
Published: April 2021

Among the wooden caskets with metal locks (a characteristic element of the furniture of graves of women in barbaricum) there is a distinguished group of finds with outstanding decoration made of large sheets of bronze covered with rich set of various punched motifs, fixed with vast amount of decorative, dome headed bronze nails. These caskets, similar in style, are known exclusively from the Przeworsk culture area (cemeteries in Opatów, Chmielów Piaskowy, Zamiechów, Kraków-Płaszów, and from the Tisa group cemetery in Badon “Doaşte”, in Romania). Fragments of bronze plates with similar motifs are known from a few other sites. They are dated to phase B2/C1 – C1 and can be treated as a very homogenous group, maybe even works of one craftsmen or workshop. The described ornamented caskets were found in graves with rich, however not outstanding, furniture. They can be treated as an attempt to imitate of wooden boxes with bronze decorative mounts known from the Roman Empire, however the motifs are deeply rooted in the local “barbarian” tradition. The ornamented caskets could have been a sign of special social status. Most interesting and really mysterious are figures on the plates from Kraków Płaszów presenting stylised complete human and animal representations.
Creating Memory in Vandal Period Africa
Authors: Quast Dieter
Published: April 2021

The Vandals left no origo gentis even though history is an essential factor for the construction of group identity. But the creation of memory in the Vandal kingdom in North Africa can be reconstructed with archaeological sources. For this an attempt by looking for visualisations in the form of images and inscriptions in Vandal Period Africa is made and interpreted against the background of “creating memory”. These observations are based on “official” visualisations. They are a sort of propaganda and because of this are contained within the content of the ideological superstructure. The created memory is addressed to the various groups living under Vandal rule. It is addressed to the former Roman administration, to the inhabitants of Carthage and Christianity as a whole. Only in the private sphere could the tradition of a family genealogy be seen, most probably needed for legitimation – and, if there was a need for this, it points to internal conflicts.
The magnetic survey of the early Scythian burial site and settlements in the Turan-Uyuk valley in Tuva
Authors: Oleszczak Łukasz , Przybyła Marcin M. , Pieńkos Igor , Chugunov Konstantin V. , Zhogova Nina A.
Published: April 2021

In 2019, Polish archaeologists took part in an expedition of the Hermitage Museum, led by K.V. Chugunov, in Chinge-Tey cemetery, Tuva (Russian Federation). This paper presents the results of magnetic surveys carried out within the so-called western chain of barrows and around the princely barrow of Chinge-Tey I. This method of non-invasive research is very well suited to the landscape and has produced a significant body of information. Among others, the survey of the western chain identified a stone mantle in barrow 8, which makes it different from other barrows from this group, whose mounds were built of earth. Another important result is the identification of a stone circle surrounding a cult feature (certainly associated with eschatological rituals) known as the northern complex. The presence of the circle came as a surprise for the investigators of the site, as it does not manifest itself at all on the surface of the site. On the other hand, worth noting is one negative result, which nevertheless allows for some conclusions, namely the lack of detectable anomalies connected with one of the tombs in the vicinity of Chinge-Tey I (barrow 15). Despite being clearly discernible in the landscape, and even more evident in LIDAR images, the barrow is invisible on images produced with a magnetometer. This means that one cannot rule out a possibility that other structures undetectable by magnetic surveys may be present within the investigated part of the cemetery. Nevertheless, one cannot but arrive at the conclusion that the results generated by the magnetic research provide significant information concerning the spatial arrangement of the cemetery and are helpful in planning of archaeological excavation.
Pozytywne skutki pandemii COVID-19 w obszarze ekologicznych ruchów społecznych
Authors: Kochman Olga
Published: April 2021

Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje temat sytuacji ruchów społecznych, fundacji i grup, które za cel postawiły sobie dbanie o środowisko w mieście, a także zapewnienie swoim członkom ekologicznej żywności, od lokalnych sprzedawców, w dobie pandemii.

Opisano w nim rezultaty badań przeprowadzanych na przełomie sierpnia i września 2020 na terenie Krakowa. Respondentami byli członkowie takich grup jak Krakowski Alarm Smogowy, Fundacja Otwarty Plan, Wawelska Kooperatywa Spożywcza oraz Akcja Ratunkowa dla Krakowa. Poruszony w nim zostaje wpływ izolacji na funkcjonowanie wyżej wymienionych ruchów społecznych, fundacji i grup. Ponadto poruszona w nim została tematyka więzi typu communitas oraz trwałości grup opartych na tym typie więzi społecznych.

Znaczną część artykułu zajmują także prognozy i przypuszczenia co do tego, jak zmienić się może życie w miastach i jaki wpływ na samą miejskość ma kryzys branży usług.

Positive effects of COVID-19 pandemic in the area of ecological social movements

This article decscribes the situation of social movements, foundations and groups that have set themselves the goal of taking care of the environment in the city as well as providing their members with organic food, from local farmers, in the time of a pandemic. It describes the results of research carried out at the turn of August and September 2020 in Cracow. The respondents were members of groups such as the Krakowski Alarm Smogowy, Fundacja Otwarty Plan, Wawelska Kooperatywa Spożywcza and Akcja Ratunkowa dla Krakowa. It addresses the impact of isolation on the functioning of the above-mentioned social movements, foundations and groups. Moreover, it deals with the subject of communitas ties and the durability of groups based on this type of social ties. A significant part of the article is also devoted to forecasts and assumptions as to how life in cities may change and what impact the crisis in the service industry has on the city itself.
Considerations Regarding the Reserch of the Relationship between the Communications Style and the Degree of Conflictuality at the Young Age
Authors: Mîslițchi Valentina
Published: April 2021

The article highlights the relationship between the communication style and the degree of conflictuality at the young age. There are presented the experimental data regarding the communication style, the degree of conflictuality expressed by young people, the results obtained regarding the relationship between the degree of conflictuality and the communication style of the young people. The experimental approach and the results of the research showed that there is an interdependence relation between the communication style and the degree of conflictuality at the young age, and the high level of the assertive communication interrelates with the low level of conflictuality manifested by the young people, while the aggressive communication style relates at the level of strong and medium intensity with the high level of conflictuality.

Rozważania dotyczące badania związków między stylem komunikacji a stopniem konfliktowości w młodym wieku

W artykule podkreślono związek między stylem komunikowania się a stopniem konfliktowości w młodym wieku. Przedstawiono dane eksperymentalne dotyczące stylu komunikowania się, stopnia konfliktowości wyrażanej przez młodzież, przedstawiono uzyskane wyniki dotyczące relacji między stopniem konfliktowości a stylem komunikowania się młodych ludzi. Podejście eksperymentalne i wyniki badań wykazały, że istnieje współzależność między stylem komunikowania się a stopniem konfliktowości w młodym wieku – wysoki poziom asertywnej komunikacji wiąże się z niskim poziomem konfliktowości przejawianym przez młodych ludzi. Z kolei agresywny styl komunikacji wiąże się z wysokim poziomem konfliktowości.
Travel Stokvels, Leisure on Lay-by, and Pay at Your Pace Options: The Post COVID-19 Domestic Tourism Landscape in South Africa
Authors: Adinolfi Maisa , Harilal Vyasha , Giddy Julia
Published: April 2021

As the world came to a relative standstill during the initial stages of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, with nearly all countries having enforced some kind of COVID-19 regulations, the global tourism economy was one of the hardest hit. Travel bans and border closures resulted in many tourism businesses having to enter business rescue or shut down indefinitely. This new economic climate forced the tourism economy to imagine a new reality and to consider a negotiation of its revival in a post-pandemic world. Coupled with the impact on tourism itself, the pandemic resulted in a subsequent economic crisis, which unarguably, impacted upon travel, particularly leisure tourism. The South African tourism sector is no exception and will need to explore several avenues in addressing this new status quo. With domestic tourism being a weighty component of many countries’ tourism economies, it serves as an important building block for the resurgence of the industry. This is especially the case in a time when uncertainties are particularly prevalent for the re-emergence of international travel. Therefore, domestic tourism in South Africa has been a key starting point as travel restrictions have slowly started to lift, a context, which has been highlighted in current debates amongst South African tourism stakeholders. This paper explores the potential opportunities for opening up tourism to cash-strapped South Africans by specifically addressing their savings and travel cultures and prospects for future travel. The paper presents a desktop review of the recent introduction of savings and payment schemes available to travellers in South Africa, with particular focus on travel stokvels, leisure on lay-by and pay at your pace options.
Towards a Spontaneous Community Participation Model in Community-Based Tourism
Authors: Sithole Nothando , Giampiccoli Andrea , Jugmohan Sean
Published: April 2021

This article proposes guidelines and themes related to the advancement of spontaneous community participation for community-based tourism (CBT). Community-based tourism has its own difficulties and challenges, however it can still be a valuable strategy to advance community development through tourism. Globally, CBT has been embraced as a tourism development approach in various geographical contexts. In South Africa the Government has published specific Operational guidelines for community-based tourism and reflects on community participation in tourism over the last decades. This paper does not intend to idealise CBT or deny the possible use of external assistance. However, it proposes a facilitative approach, as the base of spontaneous participation to positively favour community spontaneous participation in CBT. This article proposes a community participation model, based on the extrapolation of themes on spontaneous participation. The proposed model is flexible and adjustable to various contexts aimed for global relevance. This is a conceptual paper based on secondary data and was compiled from existing literature and online sources.
THE INFLUENCE OF TURKISH LITERARY TRADITIONS ON HUSEYN JAVID’S WORKS
Authors: MEHERREMOVA Könül
Published: April 2021

The influence of the Turkish literature on the Azerbaijani literature in the beginning of the 20th century is indisputable. In this aspect, the works of the prominent Azerbaijani poet and playwright Huseyn Javid draws attention. The similarities with the works and thoughts of the significant representatives of the Turkish literature like Namık Kemal, Abdulhak Hamit, Mehmed Akif Ersoy, Tevfik Fikret and Riza Tevfik is observed in Huseyn Javid’s poems and plays. In the Turkish literary criticism, researches about Huseyn Javid increased noticeably in the recent times and these researches largely compared his works and philosophical thoughts with Turkish writers and poets. These studies focused Javid’s works, their topics, and literary features. Observing this kind of features in the works of H. Javid who lived and studied in Turkey for some time is normal, and this matter does not cause his works to lose their originality. Keywords: Azerbaijani literature, Turkish literature, poems, plays
THE DEAL WITH POVERTY STRATEGIES OF WOMEN IN LOW INCOME FAMILIES
Authors: ÖNÜR Hıdır , ERGÖZ Berkay
Published: April 2021

The fact of poverty one of the ways global inequalities appears affects societies especially in developing countries but this impact occurs in different forms and levels in different segments of population (women, the elderly, children, etc.). Therefore, different segments of population can develop different strategies to cope with the negative consequences of poverty. In this study, it is aimed to determine which strategies women have developed to combat poverty in low income families. For this purpose, indepth interviews were conducted with 8 women selected by purposeful sampling from low income families within the scope of qualitative research method. The interviews using the semi-structured interview form were conducted face to face. The data obtained from the interviews were evaluated using thematic analysis method. The research concluded that women have developed five strategies to combat poverty and the themes on which these strategies are evaluated are: (i) Delaying needs strategy, (ii) Optimal spending strategy, (iii) Household production strategy, (iv) Multi-use strategy, (v) Avoiding waste strategy. Key Words: Poverty, dealing with poverty strategies, low income families, women.
THE IMPACT OF SOME OUTSTANDING DISEASES FROM PAST TO PRESENT ON SOCIETY
Authors: PESEN Birgül , KONAK ÖZÇELİK Musaye
Published: April 2021

Diseases can be seen in people in different periods throughout history. Some of these diseases have become epidemics. Epidemic diseases from the past to the present have left deep marks in the society. Measures against epidemics have also been attempted in the past. Since the source of the epidemic diseases seen in the history and the effects of the disease are unknown, fear prevailed in the society. With the changes in the process and the steps taken in the field of health, the appropriate vaccine against epidemic diseases was found and the quarantine system was put into operation. However, despite the steps taken, it was understood that the public did not have enough information, so efforts were made to raise the awareness of the public. Despite the studies, the lethal effect of epidemics has led to ruptures in relations within society. The epidemic also had an impact on the economy and famines appeared in the society. Epidemic diseases affect the socio-economic life of the society very badly, and negativities have been noticed in individuals due to the epidemic. It has been found that the epidemic mostly affects people with weak body resistance (elderly, children). The Ottoman State continued its determination and acted within the framework of its activities in the fight against epidemic diseases. This determination continues today, and the state continues its struggle against the epidemic with its policies. In this study, after giving historical information about some epidemic diseases such as plague, syphilis, cholera, smallpox, malaria, measles, new coronavirus (covit-19), the effect of these diseases on the society was tried to be explained. Keywords: Epidemic, Society, Ottoman State, Disease, Health.
SHALWAR IN TURKISH CLOTHING CULTURE: SHALWAR EXAMPLES FROM KIRŞEHİR
Authors: ÖZKAN KUŞ Nurhan
Published: April 2021

Culture is all of the unique, material and spiritual values that distinguish societies formed as a result of historical accumulation. Values such as customs and traditions nurtured by cultures have shaped the dress codes of societies. Turks, who have a rich culture, have their own traditional clothes. The aim of this study is to deal with the historical dimension of the shalwar which has always played an important role in the life of the Turkish nation with a long history, and which has a place among the traditional clothes. Shalwars contain the cultural and spiritual values of the society. Since this cultural heritage is in danger of extinction in the future, it is important to research, document, preserve and keep alive the material cultural assets without losing these values completely. In the study, a literature review was made on the definition, history, and current status of shalwar. Among the examples of shalwars which have survived to the present day and are few in boxes and museums, two shalwar samples in Kırşehir Province Museum were included in the study. The shalwars were examined through observation slips prepared according to their characteristics. Combining the information obtained with today's trends, one shalwar was sewn. It is thought that this study will contribute to the survival of the shalwar, which is an important part of the Turkish clothing culture. Key words: Turkish culture, Shalwar, Traditional clothing, Kırşehir Region Shalwars
Učestalost serovarova Salmonella spp. u pilećem mesu s područja sjeverozapadne Hrvatske
Authors: Jaki Tkalec Vesna , Cvetnić Željko , Mikulić Marina , Sokolić Krunoslav , Mustapić Petra , Sokolović Jadranka , Cvetnić Marija , Kiš Maja , Furmeg Sanja
Published: April 2021

Salmoneloza je jedna od najučestalijijh zoonoza koja se prenosi hranom, a najčešći izvor zaraze za ljude je kontaminirano meso i prerađevine od mesa peradi. Tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja od 2016. do 2020. godine provedeno je istraživanje tijekom kojeg je na Salmonellu spp., pretraženo 2457 uzoraka pilećeg mesa koje je uzorkovano u klaonicama i mesnicama na području Međimurske, Varaždinske, Koprivničko- križevačke, Bjelovarsko-bilogorske i Zagrebačke županije. Salmonella spp. je izdvojena iz 136 (5,5 %) obrađenih uzoraka. Godine 2016. ustvrđena je u 5 (6 %) pretraženih uzoraka, 2017. godine u 41 (4,7 %) uzorku, 2018. godine u 33 (6,1 %) uzorka, 2019. godine u 26 (6,6 %) uzoraka i u 2020. godini u 31 (5,4 %) uzoraka. Serološkom tipizacijom S. Infantis je identificirana u 86 (63,2 %) izdvojenih izolata; S. Typhimurium u 8 (5,9 %) izolata; a S. Enteritidis je tipizirana u 3 (2,2 %) izdvojena izolata. Tipizirani su i slijedeći serovarovi salmonela: S. Corvallis - 5 izolata (3,7 %), S. Isaszeg - 5 izolata (3,7 %), S. Derby- 3 izolata (2,2 %), S. Give - 2 izolata (2,2 %), S. Indiana - 2 izolata (2,2 %), i po 1 izolat 7 (5,1 %) serovara (S. Schwarzengrund, S. Goldcoast, S. Chester, S. Bredeney, S. Mbandaka, S.Newport, S. Saintpaul). U 15 (11 %) izolata tipizacija nije izvršena. S. Infantis je tijekom svih godina bila najčešće potvrđeni serovar. Salmoneloza predstavlja znatan gospodarski problem zbog šteta u intenzivnoj proizvodnji, ali i kao zoonoza koja se mesom i mesnim prouzvodima od mesa peradi širi na ljude. Provedbom odgovarajućih higijenskih mjera i dobre higijenske prakse od peradarskih farmi i klaonica do prodajnih mjesta moglo bi se doprinijeti manjoj kontaminaciji pilećeg mesa različitim serovarovima Salmonella spp.
Las mujeres cuidadoras inmigrantes: un análisis en datos de 1992 - 2009 por el mundo, en especial sobre la realidad de España
Authors: Soares Douglas Verbicaro
Published: April 2021

El estudio tiene como objetivo visualizar la realidad de las mujeres inmigrantes en los ámbitos laboral, social y colectivo, centrándose en el tema de la discriminación de género, influenciada por factores histórico-culturales. Muchos de ellos transmitidos a lo largo de los siglos, por un modelo patriarcal de sumisión femenina en diferentes sociedades. La investigación abordará el tema de las mujeres, destacando el factor humano en el desempeño de la actividad laboral femenina de la atención, especialmente en el contexto español. Se llevó a cabo una investigación bibliográfica y documental como procedimiento metodológico, utilizando el enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo. La investigación tiene una investigación bibliográfica multidisciplinar, como historia, ciencias jurídicas y etc. Esta investigación concluye por la existencia de discriminación para las mujeres en el desempeño de la actividad laboral, razón por la cual se necesitan más estudios para visualizar estos problemas para el cambio de paradigma.
ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF REGIONAL AIRPORTS OF FRANCE AND REGIONAL AIRPORTS OF THE CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT: DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST AIRLINES DESTINATIONS AS A KEY FACTOR IN THE PASSENGER TRAFFIC GROWTH
Authors:   Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Rublev V.V.
Published: April 2021

The article presents an analysis of the activities of regional airports in France in 2019. The growth of passenger traffic was observed in those airports that actively developed cooperation with budget airlines, increasing the number of destinations in the route network. Regional airports in France, whose route network structure did not expand in 2019, showed a slight decrease in passenger traffic (from –0.1% to –3%). The first and only experimental regional airport in France (city of Beziers), handling flights of only one budget airline, Ryanair, showed an increase in passenger traffic by 14.5% in 2019. The share of routes of budget airlines in the structure of the route network of regional airports in France is quite high. The key problems of regional airports in Russia are the low passenger traffic and the underdeveloped route network. Due to the presence of the only national budget airline "Pobeda" on the market and the minimal impact on the segment of budget air transportation of foreign airlines, the share of budget air transportation destinations in the structure of regional airports of the Russian Federation continues to remain at an extremely low level. 2019 showed a record growth in passenger traffic at regional airports in the Central Federal District (an increase from +2.8% to +262%, with the exception of Tambov Airport, whose passenger traffic fell by 57.4%), which indicates an increase in demand and the need to expand the route network of regional airports. On the example of the Voronezh airport, a model for the development of low-cost airline destinations is presented.
COMPETITIVE DEVALUATION AS AN ELEMENT OF RUSSIA'S MODERN MONETARY POLICY
Authors:   Witte Moscow State University, Bunevich K.G. , Gorbacheva T.A. ,   Witte Moscow State University, Brodunov A.N. ,   Witte Moscow State University
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this article is to analyze the current system of exchange rate formation in Russia, to identify its main features. The dynamics of the exchange rate is of particular importance for Russian economy, which is among the so-called export-and resource-oriented. In such economies, the exchange rate is significantly dependent on the conditions of foreign markets, since the receipt of foreign exchange earnings from exports is the most important fundamental factor in the supply of foreign currency on the domestic market. On the other hand, the exchange rate itself is a factor in the external price competitiveness of Russian exports. The statistical databases of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Bank of Russia, as well as the statistical data of the International Monetary Fund group, the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, served as the information base for this study. The paper used critical and comparative analysis, a systematic approach to the study of information, retrospective, statistical and graphical methods, on the basis of which the prerequisites were investigated and the features of the current monetary policy and some of its individual elements were identified.
Natural Laurel Soap
Authors: ÖZER Tahsin , SERT Fatma Zehra , İHSAN Ali
Published: April 2021

Food and cleaning products are the most basic living materials. Soap is a cleaning agent. The first known record of the production of soap, belong the Sumerians in BC 2500 years. Soap making has been developed and has survived to the present day. The products of olive and laurel plants are used in the construction of natural laurel soap. Olive and daphne are typical plants of the Mediterranean climate. Olive is among the first plants to be tamed. The laurel plant grows naturally in the Mediterranean climate. The laurel plant is not cultured. The construction of the natural laurel soap used today is transferred to the literature and presented to interest of the researchers and developers.
Conflict between Religious Beliefs and Sexuality: An Autoethnography
Authors: Gerena Carlos
Published: April 2021

Despite the shift in attitudes in religious institutions toward homosexuals in the United States, there are some religions that continue to view same-sex behavior as a deviant and damning sin. For many, religious beliefs and values provide meaning and impact personal identity. Using autoethnography, I will explicate my own experiences with religious institutions and the ongoing conflict between religious beliefs and sexuality. I will discuss messages received from the Pentecostal church, family, and Latino community, and how these messages influenced my human development and emotional well-being. I show that internalization of the principles taught by the Pentecostal Church triggered a conflict when I became aware of my homosexuality. In this article, I discuss the mental health challenges I faced, and strategies I used to reconcile conflicting identities. I also discuss the use of autoethnography in social work and its implications in social work research and practice.
Creating New Metaphors for Women Engineering Students through Qualitative Methods
Authors: Haynes Cliff
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study is to describe female students’ experiences in an engineering living-learning program using metaphorical analysis through a constructivist theoretical perspective. Extant literature uses metaphors from a negative viewpoint or a deficit model to describe the experiences of female undergraduates in engineering; however, new metaphors have not been used to describe the experience. This study aims to fill existing gaps in LLP literature using qualitative methods. Data from 13 semi-structured individual interviews (7 initial interviews and 6 follow-up interviews) serve as the primary data source. After conducting metaphorical analysis, I found five interpretive metaphors emerging: LLP as a Starting Point, LLP as a Neighborhood, Engineering Classes as Challenges, Different as Normal, and Female Engineers as a Support System. Two significant findings were found: advantage-based metaphors are used to provide a positive description of women in engineering and metaphorical analysis is an appropriate method for conducting research under the constructivist theoretical perspective.
Use of Culture in the Website Brand Management of Kentucky Wine Producers
Authors: Triana Benjamin
Published: April 2021

Digital and social media offer new opportunities for communication for brands, producers, and their stakeholders, especially for local producers with limited access to multiple industry-related marketing and communication resources. This study examines the digital brand management practices presented on the websites of Kentucky wine producers. The study analyzed all available Kentucky wine websites during the length of the study (2013-2015) with emphasis on the use of culture in the brand messaging. Cultural symbols were identified as the primary associations adopted by Kentucky wine brands for differentiation and recognition. Kentucky wine producers employ a combination of local, unique, international wine community, and cultural consumption symbols to create distinct brand messages. Not only did brand management strategies encourage wine purchases, but also winery visits for wine tasting and on-site purchases, interpreted as cultural rituals (practices that create and/or reinforce meanings associated with specific cultural symbols) for this report. The study extends research on the use of culture in digital brand management, the employment of cultural rituals for brand messaging, and the use of digital communication channels for small organizations in competitive creative, crafts, and cultural industries (industries where value is derived from the product’s cultural importance rather than economic benefit).