bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal relations between mother‐child talk about conflict and children's social understanding
Authors: Racine Timothy P. , Carpendale Jeremy I. M. , Turnbull William
Published: September 2006

We examined the relations between the ways 48 mothers and their 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds talked about a conflict depicted in a picture book and their children's current and subsequent level of social understanding. We distinguished explanatory talk, which directed attention to the actions that generated the conflict, from non‐explanatory talk, which discussed the conflict in terms of, for example, making up or saying sorry. Controlling for child age and overall talk by mother, explanatory talk was positively associated with contemporaneous social understanding. Social understanding at time one was also positively associated with social understanding 30 months later. These data suggest that dialogue about conflict may be helpful for 3‐ to 5‐year old children's understanding of the mental world, to the extent that it facilitates their understanding of particular social situations.
How important are linguistic factors in word skipping during reading?
Authors: Drieghe Denis , Desmet Timothy , Brysbaert Marc
Published: September 2006

The probability of skipping a word is influenced by its processing ease. For instance, a word that is predictable from the preceding context is skipped more often than an unpredictable word. A meta‐analysis of studies examining this predictability effect reported effect sizes ranging from 0 to 13%, with an average of 8%. One study does not fit within this picture and reported 23% more skipping of Dutch pronouns in sentences in which the pronoun had no disambiguating value (e.g. ‘Mary was envious of Helen because she never looked so good’) than in sentences where it did have a disambiguating value (e.g. ‘Mary was envious of Albert because she never looked so good’). We re‐examined this ambiguity in Dutch using a task that more closely resembles normal reading and observed only a 9% difference in skipping of the pronoun, bringing this linguistic effect in line with the other findings.
Rimes and superrimes: An exploration of children's disyllabic rhyming skills
Authors: Duncan Lynne G. , Seymour Philip H. K. , Bolik Fiona
Published: September 2006

The study investigated the extension of rhyme awareness to disyllabic stimuli. Three experiments are reported which examine the disyllabic rhyme production skills of adults and of children in their first, second or third year of schooling. Stress pattern and phonological rime and superrime neighbourhood density were manipulated. Rhyming skills were influenced by stress pattern. With initial stress, rhyming responses were based predominantly on the superrime but with final stress, rhyming responses variously shared the superrime, the final syllable and the final rime unit with the target. Neighbourhood density affected the likelihood of production of a real word rhyming response. Some implications for the organization of an orthographic lexicon of multisyllables are discussed.
Predicting children's word‐spelling difficulty for common English words from measures of orthographic transparency, phonemic and graphemic length and word frequency
Authors: Spencer Ken
Published: September 2006

Spencer demonstrated that spelling and reading difficulty for English words can be predicted from a number of factors, including word frequency, phonemic length and measures of orthographic depth and complexity. In this study, spelling difficulty of high frequency words was investigated across five year groups (ages 7 to 11 years) with a wide ranging series of data sources from which to determine word frequency values and orthographic depth measures. A regression model accounted for 52–66% of the variance for 7‐ to 11‐year‐olds and 72% of the variance for the lowest performing quartile group, irrespective of age. The most influential factor, phonetic difference (being the difference in the number of letters and phonemes in a word, and representing grapheme complexity), links the relative influence of large graphemic units in foundation literacy to a similar phenomenon, the ‘whammy’ effect, which provides support for serial processing in the dual route cascade model of word recognition in skilled readers (Rastle & Coltheart, 1998). The study supports recent research on European orthographies, which concludes that both orthographic depth and complexity contribute to delayed acquisition of foundation literacy skills.
Interrogative pressure in simulated forensic interviews: The effects of negative feedback
Authors: McGroarty Allan , Baxter James S.
Published: September 2006

Much experimental research on interrogative pressure has concentrated on the effects of leading questions, and the role of feedback in influencing responses in the absence of leading questions has been neglected by comparison. This study assessed the effect of negative feedback and the presence of a second interviewer on interviewee responding in simulated forensic interviews. Participants viewed a videotape of a crime, answered questions about the clip and were requestioned after receiving feedback. Compared with neutral feedback, negative feedback resulted in more response changes, higher reported state anxiety and higher ratings of interview difficulty. These results are consistent with Gudjonsson and Clark's (1986) model of interrogative suggestibility. The presence and involvement of a second interviewer did not significantly affect interviewee responding, although trait anxiety scores were elevated when a second interviewer was present. The theoretical and applied implications of these findings are considered.
Religious coping research and contemporary personality theory: An exploration of Endler's (1997) integrative personality theory
Authors: Schottenbauer Michele A. , Rodriguez Benjamin F. , Glass Carol R. , Arnkoff Diane B.
Published: September 2006

Notable weaknesses in the literature on religion and mental health include theoretical inconsistencies and lack of integration with contemporary personality theory. The current study explored a potential solution to these theoretical limitations. A modified form of Endler's (1997) interactive model of personality was applied to the prediction of religious coping and tested using structural equation modelling. As predicted by the model, personality dispositions predicted coping directly, as well as indirectly through perception of the situation and situational anxiety. These patterns were, as expected, found to interact with the type of situation. Results indicated that having a positive disposition appears to buffer one's negative perceptions of situations over which one has little control. Participants tended to use more religious coping in low‐control situations; in high‐control situations, participants tended not to use negative religious coping techniques such as pleading for miracles.
Screening for psychological distress using internet administration of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: McCue Patricia , Buchanan Tom , Martin Colin R.
Published: September 2006

Objectives To investigate the factor structure and internal consistency of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in individuals with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) using an Internet administered version of the instrument.

Design Between subjects.

Method Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency analysis of the HADS was used to determine the psychometric characteristics of the instrument in individuals with CFS and a control group with data captured via an Internet data collection protocol.

Results CFA revealed that a 3‐factor solution offered the most parsimonious account of the data. Internal consistency estimations of the anxiety and depression subscales were found to be acceptable for both groups. The CFS group was found to have significantly higher HADS‐assessed anxiety and depression scores compared with controls, however, there was also evidence found that Internet administration of the instrument may inflate HADS subscale scores as an artifact of testing medium.

Conclusions The HADS is suitable for use for screening individuals with CFS in terms of the factor structure of the instrument, however, clinicians should be aware that this instrument assesses 3 domains of affective disturbance rather than 2 as is interpreted within the current HADS anxiety and depression subscale scoring system. Researchers need also be aware that Internet administration of negative affective state measures such as the HADS is likely to inflate scores and need to ensure that comparisons between clinical groups are made with control group data gathered using the same collection methodology.
Cue exposure in the treatment of alcohol dependence: Effects on drinking outcome, craving and self‐efficacy
Authors: Loeber Sabine , Croissant Bernhard , Heinz Andreas , Mann Karl , Flor Herta
Published: September 2006

ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate beneficial effects of cue exposure treatment for alcohol dependence by contrasting it with a well‐established treatment approach. We hypothesized that cue exposure treatment is associated with a stronger decline of craving, a stronger increase in self‐efficacy and has beneficial effects on drinking behaviour after discharge.

Design and methodsSixty‐three patients with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence were recruited from an in‐patient alcohol‐detoxification facility. Patients were sequentially assigned to either cue exposure or a standard cognitive‐behavioural treatment. We assessed self‐reports of craving and self‐efficacy prior to treatment participation and at the end of treatment. Drinking behaviour was assessed in the 6‐month period following discharge.

ResultsBoth treatments were associated with a reduction of self‐reported craving and an increase in self‐reported measures of self‐efficacy. A significant time x treatment interaction indicated a greater increase in self‐reported measures of self‐efficacy after cue exposure treatment. Measures of drinking behaviour showed clearly that both treatments were efficacious. Relapse rates and drinking‐related variables were not significantly different for the two treatments at the 6‐month follow‐up. There was preliminary evidence that suggests that cue exposure therapy may be more effective for patients with severe alcohol dependence.

ConclusionsWith respect to drinking behaviour, cue exposure and standard cognitive‐behavioural treatment seem to be equally effective for patients with a moderate severity of alcohol dependence. Further studies are necessary to specify criteria for differential treatment indication.
Personalizing and externalizing biases in deluded and depressed patients: Are attributional biases a stable and specific characteristic of delusions?
Authors: Diez‐Alegría Cristina , Vázquez Carmelo , Nieto‐Moreno Marta , Valiente Carmen , Fuentenebro Filiberto
Published: September 2006

Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore whether explicit and implicit attributional styles of delusional patients were associated to their clinical state, and whether attributions biases are specific to delusional psychopathology or also appear in other disorders (i.e. depression).

Design and methods A cross‐sectional design was used. The sample consisted of 136 participants (40 acute deluded participants, 25 remitted deluded participants, 35 depressed patients and 36 normal controls). The Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire (IPSAQ) and the Pragmatic Inferential Test (PIT) were used to assess explicit and implicit attributional style, respectively.

Results All participants, with the exception of the depressed patients group, showed an externalizing bias (EB) for negative events. Although both acute and remitted deluded patients showed a similar overall pattern of explicit attributions, the personalizing bias (PB) was significantly greater in the acute group. The magnitude of this bias, which was also found in the depressed patients, was significantly related to the patient's degree of severity, as assessed by the total BPRS score (r=.45, p<.001). The results on the implicit attributions were more equivocal, perhaps due the low reliability of the PIT.

Conclusions Attributional biases seem to be a stable characteristic of delusions. Yet, the PB might be a rather unspecific characteristic that varies with the degree of the severity of psychopathology. The implications of these findings for understanding the role of attributional biases in depression and delusion formation are discussed.
Specificity of autobiographical memory in social phobia and major depression
Authors: Heidenreich Thomas , Junghanns‐Royack Katrin , Stangier Ulrich
Published: September 2006

Objectives Several studies have found evidence for overgeneral autobiographical memory in patients with major depression and other disorders. Individuals with social phobia have been found to report early memories relating to specific experiences of being depreciated or rejected. However, there are no clear results regarding specificity of autobiographical memory in social phobia to date.

Design Experimental design is quasi‐experimental: Three groups were compared with regard to specificity of autobiographical memory. Emphasis was laid on matching the groups for age, gender and educational level.

Methods Following the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) and another recent study, 10 emotional cue words of positive or negative valence were presented to 18 outpatients with social phobia without current comorbid depression, 18 outpatients with major depression without current anxiety disorder and 18 healthy control subjects in a think‐aloud task. Participants were asked to report a specific autobiographical event and received sufficient training to ensure that the method had been understood.

Results Results indicated no significant differences between groups for specificity and latency of first specific response. In contrast with earlier studies, an overgeneral response style was not observed in depressed patients. However, significant differences in educational level emerged.

Conclusions Social phobics demonstrated a high ability to recall detailed specific autobiographical memories. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between our results and previous findings regarding depressed patients are discussed in terms of sample characteristics, specific modifications of the AMT‐protocol and level of education.
Metacognition in anorexia nervosa, dieting and non‐dieting controls: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Cooper Myra J. , Grocutt Elizabeth , Deepak Kavita , Bailey Emma
Published: September 2006

Objective The aim of the current study was to provide a preliminary investigation of the presence of metacognition in anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method Female participants with a history of AN (N=16), dieters (N=15) and non‐dieting controls (N=17) completed self‐report questionnaires, including one assessing five dimensions of metacognition.

Results Those with a history of AN, compared to both control groups, had higher scores on metacognition; indicating higher levels of uncontrollability and danger; cognitive confidence; need for control; and cognitive self‐consciousness, but not higher levels of positive beliefs.

Conclusion Metacognition is worthy of further study in those with a history of AN.
The psychological consequences of combat exposure: The importance of appraisals and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in the occurrence of delusional‐like ideas
Authors: Campbell Michelle L. C. , Morrison Anthony P.
Published: September 2006

Objective The aim of the current study is to explore the association between combat experience and the occurrence of delusional‐like beliefs. It is hypothesized that negative post‐trauma appraisals and positive beliefs about paranoia will be associated with vulnerability to delusional ideas and that veterans who meet criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will be more likely to hold delusional‐like ideas.

Design A small‐scale survey design was employed in order to ensure that detailed information was gathered concerning battle exposure.

Methods Forty‐one British war veterans completed questionnaires relating to combat experience, delusional ideation, beliefs about paranoia, appraisals of combat trauma and PTSD symptomatology.

Results Negative post‐trauma cognitions and positive and negative beliefs about paranoia were associated with increased predisposition to delusional beliefs; however, the severity of combat experience was not. It was also found that veterans who met criteria for PTSD were more likely to hold delusional‐like ideas compared with those who did not. Furthermore, the PTSD group held more negative post‐trauma cognitions and more positive beliefs about paranoia.

Conclusions These findings suggest that PTSD symptoms may confer vulnerability to delusional beliefs and that this may be mediated by negative appraisals about the self, the world and dysfunctional beliefs about paranoia. However, it is possible that psychotic‐like phenomena confer vulnerability to PTSD. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Distinguishing between anxiety and depression using the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ)
Authors: Buckby Joe A. , Yung Alison R. , Cosgrave Elizabeth M. , Cotton Sue M.
Published: September 2006

Objective To examine the discriminant validity of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) in a sample of young help‐seekers.

Method 136 young people referred to a psychiatric service completed a diagnostic interview and the MASQ.

Results Participants were classified according to diagnostic status: Mood Only; Anxiety Only; Mixed Anxiety‐Depression; Other DSM‐IV Disorder; and No Axis‐I Disorder. Participants in the Mood Only and Mixed groups scored significantly higher than the remaining groups on all MASQ scales. Participants in the Anxiety Only group did not score significantly higher than participants in the Other DSM‐IV or No Diagnosis groups for any scale.

Conclusion Our finding supported the specificity of the depression‐specific scale, however the purported anxiety‐specific scale did not distinguish between those with and those without Anxiety disorders. It was hypothesised that in clinical samples, the MASQ may measure general psychological distress.
The utility of the recognition memory test and the graded naming test for monitoring neurological patients
Authors: Bird Chris M. , Cipolotti Lisa
Published: September 2006

Objectives Repeated neuropsychological assessments are often used to monitor cognitive changes in neurological patients. In this study we document: test‐retest reliability (TRR), group changes in performance and measures of intra‐subject variability for two commonly used cognitive tests.

Design A large sample of neurological patients with either acute or degenerative neurological damage, and relatively static cognitive profiles, were retrospectively selected if they had been administered twice either the Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and/or the Graded Naming Test (GNT) within a 2‐year interval.

Results Overall, the TRR of the RMT was reasonable in both patient groups, although slightly better in the neurodegenerative population. The GNT had excellent reliability in both patient populations. For both tests, the intra‐subject variability was generally large and greater than that observed in healthy adults.

Conclusions Despite its reasonable TRR, the RMT's very large intra‐subject variability makes it unsuitable for monitoring the gradual changes in episodic memory performance that may be associated with both acute and degenerative neurological conditions. In contrast, the GNT is a reliable test of nominal skills and is sensitive to gradual changes in performance over time.
Subtypes of borderline personality disorder, associated clinical disorders and stressful life‐events: A latent class analysis based on the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey
Authors: Shevlin Mark , Dorahy Martin , Adamson Gary , Murphy Jamie
Published: September 2006

Objectives. The current study examined the types of borderline personality profiles, associated psychological disorders and stressful life‐events.

Design. Data from the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey were used to examine homogeneous subtypes of participants based on their responses to nine borderline personality disorder (BPD) criteria.

Methods. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify homogeneous groups, or classes, of individuals. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between classes and associated psychological disorders and stressful life‐events.

Results. A 4‐class solution provided the best fit, ranging from a class with a low probability of showing any BPD symptoms to a class whose members had a relatively high probability of endorsing all criteria. Severity of BPD was associated with higher co‐morbidity and higher stressful life‐events.

Conclusions. Results suggest that four discrete classes make up the borderline continuum.
The role of in‐group identification, religious group membership and intergroup conflict in moderating in‐group and out‐group affect
Authors: Cairns Ed , Kenworthy Jared , Campbell Andrea , Hewstone Miles
Published: September 2006

We conducted secondary analyses of data from two random samples of the population of Northern Ireland, involving 1046 participants in 2000, and 1000 participants in 2001, to explore the role of in‐group identity and religious group membership in moderating the relationship between in‐group and out‐group affect. In both surveys the results indicated a general in‐group bias ‐ feeling thermometer ratings (affect) for the in‐group exceeded those for the out‐group. This effect was moderated by participants' in‐group identification and religious group (Catholic or Protestant), but these moderations also varied as a function of differential sectarian tension between 2000 and 2001. In both years, high identifiers and Protestants exhibited more in‐group bias than low identifiers and Catholics, respectively.
Age and social support perception in Eastern Europe: Social change and support in four rapidly changing countries
Authors: Goodwin Robin
Published: September 2006

Despite a growing literature on social support processes across the life‐span, few studies have examined support perceptions in societies undergoing rapid social transition. This study reports data on age, support and mental health from 2,672 participants in four former Soviet nations. Results suggest a small but significant decline in overall support across age (r =−.12), with this slope significantly influenced by nationality and gender. Mental health also declines with age (r =−.15), with tangible support having the greatest mediational effect on the age‐mental health relationship. These findings are discussed in the light of the continuing economic and social strains influencing the inhabitants of this region.
Dissonance effects as conformity to consistency norms: The effect of anonymity and identity salience
Authors: Robertson Toby
Published: September 2006

This paper presents an induced compliance experiment (N =55) that tests the idea, developed from social identity theory (SIT), that attitude shift towards advocacy reflects conformity to a consistency norm. Following computer‐mediated group discussion of the primed consistency norm in either anonymous or identified conditions, participants were given either high or low choice to advocate counter‐attitudinally. As predicted by the social identity model of de‐individuation effects (SIDE), anonymity increased identity salience and adherence to the in‐group's consistency norm. As predicted by the social identity approach to dissonance, high choice/anonymous participants shifted attitude significantly more than high choice/identified participants, an effect that was mediated by salience. Contrary to predictions, the high choice/identified condition did not shift attitude significantly more than the low choice condition, though the predicted effect was found when salience was controlled for. These data strongly support both SIDE's view of anonymity and the SIT approach to dissonance, especially as alternative approaches predict the reverse of these effects. Implications for research and theory are discussed in relation to dissonance, anonymity and social identity.
Regret triggers inaction inertia – but which regret and how?
Authors: Sevdalis Nick , Harvey Nigel , Yip Michelle
Published: September 2006

When people miss a good bargain, they are less likely to take a subsequent one that is not as good. This phenomenon is termed inaction inertia. Two regret‐based explanations of it have been proposed. According to one, people anticipate that buying the item will lead to regret because it will remind them that they missed a better opportunity to buy it. According to the other, the regret people experience when missing a bargain, together with a subjective devaluation of the item resulting from that, produces inaction inertia. In two studies, we assessed experienced regret, anticipated regret, subjective valuation (SV) of the bargain and likelihood of purchase. Our findings provide grounds for reconciling the above accounts. The former is more appropriate when the difference between the previous and subsequent bargain is large, and the latter is more appropriate when it is smaller. Furthermore, our findings suggest that previous accounts of inaction inertia are incomplete. Whereas subjective value and regret considerations jointly determine purchase likelihood when no previous opportunity has been missed, regret considerations are the sole determinant of this likelihood when such an opportunity has been missed. Inaction inertia arises at least partly because considering regret turns attention away from the financial advantages of taking the bargain.
Self‐identity and the theory of planned behaviour: Between‐ and within‐participants analyses
Authors: Hagger Martin S. , Chatzisarantis Nikos L. D.
Published: September 2006

Two studies addressed the hypothesis that a minority of people are more oriented towards their self‐identity when forming intentions to act than the traditional antecedents of intentional action; attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC). In Study 1, participants (N =241) completed measures of an augmented version of theory of planned behaviour (TPB) that included self‐identity for 30 behaviours. Using within‐participants multiple regression analyses, the sample was classified into self‐identity‐oriented (SI‐oriented) and TPB‐oriented groups. Between‐participants multiple regression analyses revealed that self‐identity was a significantly stronger predictor of intentions and accounted for significantly more incremental variance in intentions in the SI‐oriented sample compared with the TPB‐oriented sample across the 30 behaviours. In Study 2, participants (N =250) completed the same TPB and self‐identity measures used in Study 1 as well as measures of generalized self‐concept and social physique anxiety for dieting behaviour. Results indicated that self‐identity was significantly associated with the generalized self‐related measures, and self‐concept and social physique anxiety moderated the self‐identity‐intention relationship. This investigation provides some preliminary evidence to support the effect of individual differences in self‐identity on the formation of intentions to act.
Group member prototypicality and intergroup negotiation: How one's standing in the group affects negotiation behaviour
Authors: Van Kleef Gerben A. , Steinel Wolfgang , Van Knippenberg Daan , Hogg Michael A. , Svensson Alicia
Published: September 2006

How does a representative's position in the group influence behaviour in intergroup negotiation? Applying insights from the social identity approach (specifically self‐categorization theory), the effects of group member prototypicality, accountability and group attractiveness on competitiveness in intergroup bargaining were examined. As representatives of their group, participants engaged in a computer‐mediated negotiation with a simulated out‐group opponent. In Experiment 1 (N=114), representatives with a peripheral status in the group sent more competitive and fewer cooperative messages to the opponent than did prototypical representatives, but only under accountability. Experiment 2 (N=110) replicated this finding, and showed that, under accountability, peripherals also made higher demands than did prototypicals, but only when group membership was perceived as attractive. Results are discussed in relation to impression management and strategic behaviour.
Replenishing connectedness: Reminders of social activity reduce aggression after social exclusion
Authors: Twenge Jean M. , Zhang Liqing , Catanese Kathleen R. , Dolan‐Pascoe Brenda , Lyche Leif F. , Baumeister Roy F.
Published: September 2006

Previous research found that social rejection leads to increased aggression. How can this aggressive behaviour be prevented? Four experiments demonstrate that reminders of social activity reduce aggression after social exclusion. A brief, friendly social connection with an experimenter (versus a neutral interaction) reduced aggression after social rejection. A traditional mood induction had no effect on aggressive behaviour, showing that an activity must be social to be effective. Participants who wrote about a family member, a friend or a favourite celebrity were also not aggressive after rejection. The effect was mediated by trust in other people but not by state self‐esteem or mood. Rejected participants who have an alternative source of social connection eschew the increased aggression usually displayed after social exclusion.
What is a typical rape? Effects of victim and participant gender in female and male rape perception
Authors: Anderson Irina
Published: September 2006

The study had three research aims: (1) to examine the current perception of female rape. Given recent changes in public awareness of female rape, it was predicted that respondents would conceptualize a typical female rape as an acquaintance rape rather than as the stranger rape stereotype; (2) to examine whether these perceptions differ according to respondents' gender; (3) to examine the ‘cultural lag’ theory of male rape, where it was hypothesized that if the public perception of male rape lags behind female rape, then a typical male rape will be conceptualized as the classic stranger rape stereotype. Findings showed that contrary to predictions, a typical female rape was conceptualized according to the stranger rape stereotype. It was also found that instead of lagging behind female rape along the stranger ‐ acquaintance rape dimension, male rape was viewed predominantly in terms of ‘other’ factors (factors not found on the stranger ‐ acquaintance dimension, e.g. victim/rapist sexual orientation, rapist calls victim names), which were erroneous, sexualizing and homophobic.
Attitudes, personal evaluations, cognitive evaluation and interpersonal attraction: On the direct, indirect and reverse‐causal effects
Authors: Singh Ramadhar , Jen Ho Li , Tan Hui Lynn , Bell Paul A.
Published: September 2006

The authors hypothesized that (1) attraction toward a stranger based on attitudinal similarity is automatic, but cognitive evaluation of the stranger's quality before the measurement of attraction can make attraction nonautomatic or controlled; (2) personal evaluations from the stranger activate automatic attraction and cognitive evaluation; (3) controlled attraction from attitudes and automatic attraction and cognitive evaluation from personal evaluations engender reverse‐causal effects (i.e. they mediate each other); and (4) attraction and cognitive evaluation are distinct constructs. Attitudinal similarity between the participant and the stranger or personal evaluations of the former by the latter were varied in Experiment 1 (N=96), and were crossed with each other in Experiment 2 (N=240). Orders of response measurement were either cognitive evaluation followed by attraction or attraction followed by cognitive evaluation. Results confirmed the hypotheses. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Testing the relationship between local cue–response patterns and the global structure of communication behaviour
Authors: Taylor Paul J. , Donald Ian
Published: September 2006

A central assumption of negotiation research is that organized sequences of cues and responses underlie the dimensions and constructs found to structure interaction. We empirically tested this assumption using a new ‘proximity’ coefficient, which measures the global interrelationships among behaviours based on their intrinsic local organization within an interaction sequence. An analysis of sequences from 21 hostage negotiations showed that local cue–response dependencies are organized in a way that corresponds with an established structural model of communication. Further analysis of case‐specific coefficients showed that criminal, political and domestic incidents involve very different cue–response dynamics, with criminal incidents dividing into two distinct types of interaction. The importance of the proximity concept for unifying local and global accounts of negotiation behaviour, and the avenues of research made possible by the proximity coefficient, are discussed.
The propaganda of extreme hostility: Denunciation and the regulation of the group
Authors: Finlay W. M. L.
Published: September 2006

This paper discusses how those espousing racist or separatist ideologies seek to persuade others to conform to their beliefs. Using examples from Nazi Germany, White Power movements in the USA and the extreme fringes of Zionist politics, it illustrates how notions of identity are linked to positions of hostility, hatred or separatism from other groups. In particular, it describes how those who maintain relations with other groups or who oppose hostility are discounted through accounts of social influence. The effectiveness of this rhetoric in terms of creating climates of social and self‐censure, and of silencing dissent in situations of conflict, is discussed.
Differences between bullies and victims, and men and women, on aggression‐related variables among prisoners
Authors: Archer John , Ireland Jane L. , Power Christina L.
Published: September 2006

This study assessed how behaviour indicative of bullying in prison settings is related to a variety of measures associated with aggression. Adult offenders (728 men and 525 women) from 11 prisons in the UK completed a 99‐item checklist measuring behaviour indicative of ‘bullying others’ and of ‘being bullied’, as well as a range of other behavioural measures. They also completed a 43‐item Response to Victimization Scale (RVS), asking about their responses to a scenario involving bullying; and measures of impulsiveness, and attributions about their aggression. Those classed as bullies showed, in response to the scenario, higher scores than non‐bullies on direct verbal and physical aggression, indirect aggression, verbal and physical displaced aggression, and revenge plans and fantasies; and lower values for fear/avoidance; they also showed higher impulsiveness and instrumental and expressive attributions. Those classed as victims showed higher scores than non‐victims for fear/avoidance, displaced physical aggression and impulsiveness. These main effects of bullying or victimization, with no interactions, are discussed in relation to hypotheses based on a previous four‐category classification of those involved in bullying. There were large sex differences in the male direction for direct physical aggression, and in the female direction for fear/avoidance. There were smaller differences in the male direction for revenge, indirect aggression and direct verbal aggression. These are discussed in relation to an evolutionary theory of sex differences in aggression.
Carrying on or giving in: The role of automatic processes in overcoming ego depletion
Authors: Alberts Hugo J. E. M. , Martijn Carolien , Greb Judith , Merckelbach Harald , de Vries Nanne K.
Published: September 2006

Research has shown that repeated exercise of self‐control leads to impaired performance on subsequent self‐control tasks, a phenomenon labelled ego depletion. The current research investigates the influence of automatic processes on self‐control performance. Study 1 shows that activation of persistence leads to stable self‐control performance and may help to overcome effects of ego depletion. Initially depleted participants kept their physical self‐control performances constant when primed with persistence. If such a prime was absent, self‐control performance of depleted participants decreased indicating ego depletion. Using a different manipulation, these findings were replicated in Study 2.
The implicit association test outperforms the extrinsic affective Simon task as an implicit measure of inter‐individual differences in attitudes
Authors: De Houwer Jan , De Bruycker Els
Published: September 2006

We used both the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST) and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) as implicit measures of inter‐individual differences in attitudes towards political parties (Experiment 1), food items (Experiment 2) and homosexuality (Experiment 3). IAT but not EAST scores were related in a meaningful manner to self‐report measures of the corresponding attitudes (Experiments 1–3) and self‐reported behaviour (Experiments 2 and 3). Whereas split‐half reliability of the IAT scores was satisfactory, EAST scores overall had a low split‐half reliability. The present results suggest that the EAST as introduced by De Houwer (2003b, Experimental Psychology) does not offer a good alternative for the IAT as an implicit measure of inter‐individual differences in attitudes.
Swings and roundabouts: Management of jealousy in heterosexual ‘swinging’ couples
Authors: de Visser Richard , McDonald Dee
Published: September 2006

Swinging involves consensual mutual involvement in extra‐dyadic sex. Jealousy in swinging couples is an interesting topic for social psychological research, because it is a common and acceptable response to a romantic partner's real or imagined infidelity. This qualitative study examined the management of jealousy among four active heterosexual swinging couples living in southern England. Participants highlighted the importance of discussion and negotiation to develop a shared couple identity and shared rules and boundaries that allowed them to manage jealousy so that they could better enjoy swinging. Rather than seeking to eliminate jealousy, swingers may manage their feelings of jealousy in order to increase sexual excitement and arousal. This study adds to our understanding of jealousy among swingers and the broader issue of jealousy in intimate relationships.
Locals, incomers and intra‐national migration: Place‐identities and a Scottish island
Authors: McKinlay Andy , McVittie Chris
Published: September 2006

In a trans‐national context, immigrants are often described as essentially different from existing residents. However these descriptions of group differences are occasioned constructions of immigrants, and talk about nations provides frameworks of history and space within which immigration is understood. Claimed group differences and the proposed commonality of nation together present a challenging context for immigrants to negotiate identities and to gain acceptance. Drawing on the concept of place‐identity, we examined here whether similar issues arise in intra‐national migration to a remote Scottish island. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with individuals who had lived on the island for periods ranging from 14 months to 20 years. The interviewees described island residents as comprising different groups, in terms such as residence, motivation, place of birth, and connections to other locations. The interviewees negotiated place‐identities that compared favourably with others with more transitory connections but unfavourably with residents of longer‐standing. Findings show that spatial connections can be used to account for varying degrees of social status in such locations. But some issues relevant to trans‐national immigration still arise in intra‐national migration, even in the absence of racial, ethnic, religious, or language differences. In short, ‘incomers’ cannot readily do ‘being local’.
Angry opposition to government redress: When the structurally advantaged perceive themselves as relatively deprived
Authors: Leach Colin Wayne , Iyer Aarti , Pedersen Anne
Published: September 2006

We examined (structurally advantaged) non‐Aborigines' willingness for political action against government redress to (structurally disadvantaged) Aborigines in Australia. We found non‐Aborigines opposed to government redress to be high in symbolic racism and to perceive their ingroup as deprived relative to Aborigines. However, only perceived relative deprivation was associated with feelings of group‐based anger. In addition, consistent with relative deprivation and emotion theory, it was group‐based anger that fully mediated a willingness for political action against government redress. Thus, the specific group‐based emotion of anger explained why symbolic racism and relative deprivation promoted a willingness for political action against government redress to a structurally disadvantaged out‐group. Theoretical and political implications are discussed.
Perceptions of athletic competence and fear of negative evaluation during physical education
Authors: Ridgers Nicola D. , Fazey Della M. A. , Fairclough Stuart J.
Published: September 2006

Background. Physical education (PE) aims to enhance self‐esteem, develop sporting interests and to encourage a physically active life‐style. However, little is known about how a fear of negative evaluation (FNE), the socially evaluative aspect of social anxiety, affects children's attitudes to PE.

Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between perceived athletic competence and FNE within PE lessons, specifically looking at differences between boys and girls and primary and secondary schools.

Sample. The participants were 192 children in three primary schools (N = 85, mean age = 9.5±1.1 years) and two secondary schools (N = 107, mean age = 14.5±0.8 years) from rural areas of North Wales and the Midlands region of England.

Methods. The participants completed the Brief‐FNE Scale and the Self‐Perception Profile for Children immediately post‐lesson on one occasion.

Results. Girls had higher FNE but lower perceptions of athletic competence than did boys. Older girls had higher FNE and lower perceived competence than the remaining three groups. Additionally, a significant and reverse but weak correlation was observed between girls' perceived athletic competence and FNE.

Conclusions. The findings suggest that girls with a high FNE report lower perceptions of their athletic competence. Individuals who are high in FNE behave in ways to avoid the prospect of being evaluated negatively. However, they may seek feedback from significant others as a signal that unfavourable evaluations have been avoided. Therefore, positive, encouraging feedback used in child‐centred learning strategies may foster feelings of competence in boys and girls and could reduce the girls' social anxiety.
Pathways into retirement: Entry or exit?
Authors: Kloep Marion , Hendry Leo B.
Published: September 2006

This qualitative interview study set out to gauge older citizens' perceptions of reasons for willingly entering retirement, or, alternatively, resisting it, by examining the retrospective views of 45 adults (aged 62 to 94 years) in Norway who had already crossed the retirement threshold. Interviews were taped, transcribed and analysed (separately) by the two authors. Findings, extrapolated from the interview data, demonstrated an array of interacting factors influencing individual pathways into retirement and adjustments to various retired life‐styles. Furthermore, three broad themes were identified; namely, ‘there is life beyond work’; ‘work as a life‐style'; and ‘there is not much left to live for’ with individually different routes within these. Importantly, it became clear that these pathways were initiated long before retirement. Given the range of influencing factors and of the psychosocial resources shown by the participants, it was proposed that future research should focus more innovatively on interactive, ecological approaches with a longer time‐span perspective.
A panel study of the effects of school positions and promotions on absenteeism in the teaching profession
Authors: Shirom Arie , Rosenblatt Zehava
Published: September 2006

We hypothesized that being promoted to a supervisory position leads to a reduction in subsequent absence spells and time lost in absences, and that the higher the supervisory level, the more pronounced its negative effect on subsequent absence behaviour. We tested our hypotheses by analysing the government records of 51,974 school teachers in the years 2000 and 2001. Controlling for potential confounding variables, we found that relative to rank‐and‐file teachers, the higher the level of the supervisory position that a teacher was promoted to, the more pronounced the year‐to‐year decline in either absence spells or time lost in absences. As hypothesized, for most of the supervisory positions examined, the size of their effect on absence behaviours was lower for veterans than for the newly appointed.
Certainty as a moderator of feedback reactions? A test of the strength of the self‐verification motive
Authors: Anseel Frederik , Lievens Filip
Published: September 2006

The present study investigated whether employees are merely interested in hearing good news about themselves, as predicted by self‐enhancement theory, or are more interested in feedback that confirms their self‐concept, as predicted by self‐verification theory. We examined in a field study whether self‐view certainty serves as a moderator and strengthens the effect of congruence between individuals' self‐views and the performance feedback they receive about these self‐views on feedback reactions. Polynomial regression results revealed that people mainly reacted favourably to positive feedback. Prior self‐views did not play a key role in explaining feedback reactions. As feedback scores were the main determinant of feedback reactions, it seems that feedback reactions are dominated by self‐enhancement strivings and that self‐verification strivings are less prominent. Little support was found for the moderating role of self‐view certainty.
Relationships between leader and follower organizational identification and implications for follower attitudes and behaviour
Authors: Van Dick Rolf , Hirst Giles , Grojean Michael W. , Wieseke Jan
Published: September 2006

We present a multi‐sample multi‐level approach that examines the link between leader and follower organizational identification, and follower attitudes. Study 1 comprises 367 school teachers and 60 head teachers in Germany. The results illustrate a significant relationship between head teacher and school teacher school identification. Moreover, indirect relations between head teacher school identification and school teacher job satisfaction and self‐reported citizenship behaviours, mediated by school teacher school identification, are predicted and supported by the data. The findings are replicated within Study 2, comprising 233 school teachers and 22 head teachers. Finally, a third study replicates the findings in a different sector using a sample of 314 travel agents in 127 travel agencies and their leaders. Taken together, leader's self‐construal in terms of the organization is related to follower organizational identification, and therefore leads to greater follower satisfaction and to a greater willingness to exert extra effort on behalf of the organization.