bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fire Test Methods: Classification and Application
Authors: Robertson AF
Published: March 2009

It is shown that traditional fire test methods have in many cases represented physical models of real prototype fires. The results of applying them serve in a significant way to predict the behavior of a prototype system when exposed to fire. Consequently, the fire safety community has thought of fire tests as yielding information on the behavior of a fire system. Most of the new consumer protection fire tests adopted by the government may be considered as typical of the fire system type. Recently, there has been a trend toward introduction of a new series of tests that measure, often in technical terms, one or more specific fire properties. Many of these properties must usually be considered together to predict the behavior of a fire system. Thus, it becomes important for the user of the fire test to understand the nature of the test he plans to apply. It is unfortunate that explanatory material to assist the user in such understanding is usually not considered an integral part of the test method and is often omitted by those adopting the test for regulatory purposes. Action is proposed to correct such a defect. A table is provided to show the way in which the author has classified representative fire tests.
Heat Release Rates of Lumber and Wood Products
Authors: Chamberlain DL
Published: March 2009

Heat release rates (HRRs) were determined for twelve wood products on each of three similar HRR calorimeters. Linear regression treatment of these data showed reasonable correlation among the three instruments. The data showed that HRR decreases with increasing moisture content and increases with increased external radiant flux. The HRR values were markedly reduced by fire retardant treatment. The HRR values were also found to increase with increasing sample density, in contrast to the inverse relationship reported for charring versus density.
Influence of Flame-Retardant Chemicals on the Gas-Phase Combustion of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)
Authors: Day M , Suprunchuk T , Wiles DM
Published: March 2009

Flame-retardant chemicals are added to polymeric materials to reduce their flammability. This may be achieved chemically by altering the condensed-phase fuel producing reactions, or alternatively by inhibiting the gas-phase combustion reactions. A simple experimental technique for measuring the flammability limits of the gaseous fuel produced from poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been developed. By performing the experiments with the polymer and flame-retardant chemicals physically separated during the thermal decomposition processes, it has been possible to eliminate the condensed-phase inhibiting reactions in order to determine the effectiveness of the flame-retardant chemicals as gas-phase inhibitors. The results obtained by using this procedure have provided information not only on the relative effectiveness of the chemicals studied, but also on their mechanistic mode of operation.

In this way the effectiveness of bromine-containing compounds in inhibiting the gas-phase free radical reactions associated with the flaming combustion of poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been shown. Phosphorus-containing compounds without bromine present are only moderately effective as gas-phase active agents.
Suggested Methods for Determining the Efficacy of Vertebrate Control Agents in Developing Countries
Authors: Bruggers RL , Jackson WB
Published: March 2009

Toxic and repellent chemicals and devices are available in some countries as tools for reducing agricultural crop losses to vertebrate pests. Determining the benefits of these materials usually requires testing and evaluation programs in many environments and against many species. In developing countries, however, replicated test designs and the associated sophisticated statistics normally cannot be used. Varied sizes of test sites, nonuniformity of cultural practices, limited staff, varied ability of technicians, and the multiplicity of depredating species are some of the more important reasons for this. Some method of demonstrating efficacy, using acceptable procedures, needs to be conducted under the conditions of actual use. Systematic-random sampling patterns and simplified data collection procedures are suggested. Many examples are drawn from field trials conducted in developing countries, primarily in Africa, over the past several years.
Comparison of Environmental Protection Agency and Company Laboratory Efficacy Data for Federally Registered Rat and Mouse Toxicants
Authors: Peacock DB , Palmateer SD
Published: March 2009

The authors compared the efficacy data for federally registered rat and mouse anticoagulant toxicants tested both by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Terrestrial and Aquatic Biology Unit and by company laboratories. We chose ready-to-use dry-bait products, liquid-bait products, and tracking powder products evaluated according to the same laboratory test protocols. The data, which included 203 tests, were analyzed in two ways. First, we made comparisons based on the mean percentage acceptance or the mean percentage mortality for the different combinations of active ingredient (or pesticide grouping) and test species (Norway rat or house mouse). Products averaged better in company tests than in EPA tests in 11 out of the 16 comparisons. Second, we determined the amount of agreement between 54 matched sets of EPA and company data. We found agreement in 37 of the comparisons. In the 17 cases where agreement was not found, the products failed company tests but passed EPA tests in 3 cases and passed company tests but failed EPA tests in 14 cases. After comparing the results with our previous work, we discuss the reasons for the differences between the EPA and company data and the steps that are being taken or should be taken to reduce these differences.
Estimating Population Abundance of Ground Squirrels (Genus Spermophilus): A Review
Authors: Stroud D
Published: March 2009

A variety of techniques are available for estimating the abundance of ground squirrels. These methods can be classified as censuses, relative and absolute density estimates, and mark-recapture methods. At least several methods from each category have been used to estimate ground squirrel densities. There is no one method that is better than others. Instead, a large number of sampling methods are needed to match the variety of research needs in terms of economics, manpower, time, and ecological conditions.
Simulated Field Testing Methods for Pest Control Agents in Lotic and Lentic Ecosystems
Authors: Gilderhus PA , Burress RM , Walker CR
Published: March 2009

The use of plastic wading pools to simulate lentic environments expedites testing of fish control agents and other pesticides. This method permits replication of a variety of water conditions and benthic substrates and facilitates multiple-parameter testing under biological, physical, and chemical conditions comparable to those in different geographic areas. Similarly, a series of “raceways” or troughs arranged with various substrates can be used to simulate lotic environments complete with pool and riffle ecotypes. Water velocity, temperature, chemistry, and biota can be conveniently controlled to evaluate fish control agents, detoxification rates, and effects on both target and nontarget organisms.
Chapter 5—Physiologic Function Data: Standards and Technology Transfer Potentials
Authors: Zalesky PJ
Published: March 2009

Electronic monitoring devices provide essential information on physiological states. They may be used to assess current health status and potential problems, or they may be used to save lives during or in prevention of an emergency. How reliable is the information gathered by clinicians from electronic monitoring devices, and is interpretation of data uniform from clinician to clinician?
Load History Effects on the JR-Curve
Authors: Landes JD , McCabe DE
Published: March 2009

The effect of load history on theJ-Δa behavior of materials was studied under cyclic loading conditions. Two steels were studied, an HY-130 steel and a A508 Class 2 steel. The HY-130 steel showed little effect of the cyclic loading and the behavior was labeled “R-curve-dominated crack growth.” The A508 Class 2 steel showed a significant effect of the cyclic loading and the behavior was labeled “cyclic-dominated crack growth.”
Stress-Intensity Distributions for Natural Cracks Approaching Benchmark Crack Depths in Remote Uniform Tension
Authors: Smith CW , Kirby GC
Published: March 2009

A series of frozen stress photoelastic experiments on large flat plates containing surface cracks was conducted during which cracks were grown to depths approximating those prescribed as benchmark depths in uniform remote tension. Crack shapes and stress-intensity distributions were obtained and compared with analytical results. It was found that (1) cracks grown in uniform remote tension retain their semielliptic shape but exhibit nonself-similar flaw growth, (2) stress-intensity factor (SIF) distributions compare favorably with results from finite element models, and (3) benchmark geometries cannot be obtained from cracks grown under uniaxial loading.
On the Relation Between the Threshold and the Effective Stress-Intensity Factor Range During Complex Cyclic Loading
Authors: Bertel JD , Clerivet A , Bathias C
Published: March 2009

Overload effects have been studied for center-cracked tension (CCT) specimens of aluminum alloy 2124-T351. The results show that the retardation of crack propagation due to overloading, which is not taken into account by the Paris relation, can be explained by variation in the U ratio as defined by Elber. The crack length over which this retardation occurs was found equivalent to the diameter of the plastic zone as calculated by the Irwin relation. It was verified that the minimum value of ΔKeff reached after overloading could be calculated from threshold measurements taking into account the loading history. The threshold after overloading was related to the overload ratio, implying that two kinds of tests are sufficient to determine the threshold after any overload ratio and hence the minimum ΔKeff. The relationship between ΔKeff and the plastic zone size gives the ΔKeff value for a given crack length in the affected zone without measurement of crack tip opening displacement.
Automatic Modelling of Mixed-Mode Fatigue and Quasi-Static Crack Propagation Using the Boundary Element Method
Authors: Ingraffea AR , Blandford GE , Liggett JA
Published: March 2009

A multidomain boundary element model for the automatic analysis of mixed-mode fatigue and quasi-static crack propagation problems is described. Starting with the initial structural discretization, the new model automatically computes stress-intensity factors, direction of propagation, and load increment or number of cycles required to advance the crack tips a requested distance. This process is repeated, again automatically, until crack instability occurs or the requested number of crack increments is reached. Traction singular quarter-point boundary elements are used on each side of the crack tips. These elements contain both the dominant 1/√r traction singularity and the dominant √r displacement variation at the crack tip. Any of four mixed-mode interaction theories may be activated for angle and instability predictions. Solutions of example problems are presented. The predicted boundary element results show good correlation with both experimental and other numerically obtained results.
Respiratory Effects of Inhaled Amorphous Silica
Authors: Wilson RK , Stevens PM , Lovejoy HB , Bell ZG , Richie RC
Published: March 2009

To assess clinical effects of precipitated amorphous silica (PAS), we have reviewed serial spirograms, respiratory questionnaires, and chest radiographs of 165 workers exposed for a mean of 8.6 years. Monthly exposure was graded on a 1 to 4 scale and a cumulative exposure index (CEI) calculated for each worker from the sum of measured exposure. A mean exposure index was calculated by dividing the CEI by total months exposed. Sputum production and dyspnea were inversely correlated with CEI, while cough and dyspnea correlated with mean pack years of smoking but not PAS exposure. Linear regression analysis of yearly change of all pulmonary function variables (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75) showed no correlation with either the dose of PAS (CEI) or total years of exposure. Among 44 workers with a mean exposure time of 18 years (range 10 to 35 years), the yearly decline of FVC and FEV1 were similar to the overall group. Of 143 workers with serial radiographs and exposure to only PAS, none had radiographic pneumoconiosis. Respiratory symptoms in PAS workers correlated with smoking but not with PAS exposure, while serial pulmonary function values and chest radiographs are not adversely affected by long-term exposure.
Test Methods and Design Allowables for Fibrous Composites
Authors: Chamis CC
Published: March 2009

Description

This unique volume is an important step toward an integrated source of test methods and procedures for setting design allowables for composites and composite structures. The contributions grouped into four major areas include:

New and Special Test MethodsSpecial Test Methods and AnalysisDesign AllowablesDesign Allowables for Special Applications.
Pavement Surface Characteristics and Materials
Authors: Hayden CM
Published: March 2009

Description

The papers presented in this publication discuss pavement texture measurements, relation of different texture measurement techniques, performance predictor models, and systematic approaches to safety improvement programs. The papers fall into two general categories: measuring and predicting skid resistance characteristics; and strategies for reducing wet weather accidents on highways.
Thyroid Storm After Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy: A Case Report and Discussion
Authors: Diaz Roberto , Blakey Marc D. , Murphy Patrick B. , Cryar A. Keith , Cmelak Anthony J.
Published: March 2009

A 43-year-old man with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue was treated with induction chemotherapy followed by intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Within 20 days post-treatment, the patient developed clinical symptoms highly suggestive of hyperthyroidism. Two and one half months after completion of therapy, the patient developed severe thyrotoxicosis, which, in retrospect, appears to have met the criteria for thyroid storm. This case history illustrates a previously unreported, life-threatening complication of external-beam radiation that should be considered in patients receiving IMRT therapy involving the thyroid. Diagnosis of the patient's hyperthyroidism and probable thyroid storm was difficult to recognize because of the significant overlap between the signs and symptoms of severe thyrotoxicosis and the expected toxicities of his cancer therapy.
Polymorphisms of DNA damage response genes in radiation-related and sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Akulevich Natallia M , Saenko Vladimir A , Rogounovitch Tatiana I , Drozd Valentina M , Lushnikov Eugeny F , Ivanov Victor K , Mitsutake Norisato , Kominami Ryo , Yamashita Shunichi
Published: March 2009

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) etiologically occurs as a radiation-induced or sporadic malignancy. Genetic factors contributing to the susceptibility to either form remain unknown. In this retrospective case–control study, we evaluated possible associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the candidate DNA damage response genes (ATM, XRCC1, TP53, XRCC3, MTF1) and risk of radiation-induced and sporadic PTC. A total of 255 PTC cases (123 Chernobyl radiation-induced and 132 sporadic, all in Caucasians) and 596 healthy controls (198 residents of Chernobyl areas and 398 subjects without history of radiation exposure, all Caucasians) were genotyped. The risk of PTC and SNPs interactions with radiation exposure were assessed by logistic regressions. The ATM G5557A and XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms, regardless of radiation exposure, associated with a decreased risk of PTC according to the multiplicative and dominant models of inheritance (odds ratio (OR)=0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45–0.86 and OR=0.70, 95% CI 0.59–0.93 respectively). The ATM IVS22-77 T>C and TP53 Arg72Pro SNPs interacted with radiation (P=0.04 and P=0.01 respectively). ATM IVS22-77 associated with the increased risk of sporadic PTC (OR=1.84, 95% CI 1.10–3.24) whereas TP53 Arg72Pro correlated with the higher risk of radiogenic PTC (OR=1.80, 95% CI 1.06–2.36). In the analyses of ATM/TP53 (rs1801516/rs664677/rs609429/rs1042522) combinations, the GG/TC/CG/GC genotype strongly associated with radiation-induced PTC (OR=2.10, 95% CI 1.17–3.78). The GG/CC/GG/GG genotype displayed a significantly increased risk for sporadic PTC (OR=3.32, 95% CI 1.57–6.99). The results indicate that polymorphisms of DNA damage response genes may be potential risk modifiers of ionizing radiation-induced or sporadic PTCs.
Effect of Aluminum‐Containing Amendments on Phosphorus Sequestration of Wastewater Treatment Wetland Soil
Authors: Malecki-Brown Lynette M. , White John R.
Published: March 2009

Little research has been conducted on methods to restore the P removal capacity of older constructed wetlands, as P treatment capacity can decrease with time. We investigated the capacity of alum and three Al‐containing alternatives (alum residual, polyaluminum chloride [PAC], and partially neutralized aluminum sulfate [PNAS]), at three rates (9, 18, and 36 g Al m−2) to reduce P concentrations. Water column pH of the alum treatment was significantly less than all other treatments, averaging 3.65 ± 1.12, while PAC (4.85 ± 0.96) and PNAS (4.21 ± 0.93) treatments had pH values significantly less than the alum residual and controls. Soluble reactive P decreased in the water column of all the treatments (−60.41 to −2.11 mg m−2 d−1). At all dosage rates, alum and PNAS were most effective at binding P, followed by PAC, while the alum residual was least effective. Significantly less P removal occurred in the 9 g Al m−2 alum, PNAS, and PAC treatments than the higher Al dosages. Dosage was inversely related to microbial biomass and activity in the surface soil, suggesting short‐term negative effects of chemical additions. Results suggest that a low‐dosage Al amendment application to wetland soil can, in the short term, prevent release of P from organic soil into the water column as well as remove P from the water column. Long‐term studies are needed, however, to verify P removal efficacy with time and the effects of continued applications on nutrient availability.
Sudden Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss Following Speedballing
Authors: Fowler Cynthia G. , King Jennifer L.
Published: March 2009

Background: Hearing loss is an infrequently-reported consequence of recreational drug abuse. Although there are sporadic reports of hearing loss from heroin and cocaine ingested separately, there are no reports of hearing loss resulting from the combination of both drugs ingested
simultaneously in the form of speedballing. Purpose: The purpose of this report is to document a case of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss associated with an episode of speedballing. Research Design: Case Report Data Collection And Analysis: The subject of this report
was a 40-year-old man with a 20-year history of substance abuse. Data collected included a case history, pure tone audiometry, tympanometry and acoustic reflexes, and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. Results: The audiologic evaluation indicated a mild to moderate, relatively
flat, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss that was worse in the right ear. Conclusions: A bilateral sensorineural hearing loss involving both cochlear and neural pathology may be a rare complication of cocaine, heroin, or the combination of the two drugs.
Predicting Word-Recognition Performance in Noise by Young Listeners with Normal Hearing Using Acoustic, Phonetic, and Lexical Variables
Authors: McArdle Rachel , Wilson Richard H.
Published: March 2009

Purpose: To analyze the 50% correct recognition data that were from the Wilson et al (this issue) study and that were obtained from 24 listeners with normal hearing; also to examine whether acoustic, phonetic, or lexical variables can predict recognition performance for monosyllabic
words presented in speech-spectrum noise. Research Design: The specific variables are as follows: (a) acoustic variables (i.e., effective root-mean-square sound pressure level, duration), (b) phonetic variables (i.e., consonant features such as manner, place, and voicing for initial
and final phonemes; vowel phonemes), and (c) lexical variables (i.e., word frequency, word familiarity, neighborhood density, neighborhood frequency). Data Collection and Analysis: The descriptive, correlational study will examine the influence of acoustic, phonetic, and lexical variables
on speech recognition in noise performance. Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that 45% of the variance in the 50% point was accounted for by acoustic and phonetic variables whereas only 3% of the variance was accounted for by lexical variables. These findings suggest that monosyllabic
word-recognition-in-noise is more dependent on bottom-up processing than on top-down processing. Conclusions: The results suggest that when speech-in-noise testing is used in a pre- and post-hearing-aid-fitting format, the use of monosyllabic words may be sensitive to changes in audibility
resulting from amplification.
Enjoyment of Music by Elderly Hearing-Impaired Listeners
Authors: Leek Marjorie R. , Molis Michelle R. , Kubli Lina R. , Tufts Jennifer B.
Published: March 2009

Background: Anecdotal evidence suggests that hearing loss interferes with the enjoyment of music, although it is not known how widespread this problem currently is. Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of music-listening difficulties among a group of elderly hearing aid
wearers. Research Design: Interview. Telephone interviews were conducted with patients who wore hearing aids. Questions regarding several aspects of music listening were included. Study Sample: Sixty-eight hearing-impaired people served as subjects. They had all been seen in
the audiology clinic for hearing aid evaluation during the previous year. Data Collection and Analysis: Subjects were asked questions concerning their use of hearing aids, the importance of listening to music in their lives, their habits and practices concerning music, and difficulties
they experienced in listening to music. Results: Almost 30% of the respondents reported that their hearing losses affected their enjoyment of music. About half of the respondents indicated that music was either too loud or too soft, although only about one-third reported difficulties
with level contrasts within musical pieces. In contrast to a similar survey carried out 20 years ago, there were many fewer complaints about listening to music. This result may be due in large part to improvements in hearing aids, especially with regard to nonlinear compression. Conclusions:
Although new hearing aid technologies have somewhat reduced problems of music enjoyment experienced by hearing-impaired people, audiologists should be aware that some 25‐30% of patients may have difficulties with listening to music and may require extra attention to minimize those problems.
Speech Perception in Noise Using Directional Microphones in Open-Canal Hearing Aids
Authors: Klemp Emily J. , Dhar Sumitrajit
Published: March 2009

Background: Individuals with impaired hearing find it difficult to understand speech in the presence of background noise—a problem addressed effectively by directional microphones. As open-canal fittings have become increasingly popular in the recent past, so has the debate
about the effective directional benefit available from these devices. Purpose: This study investigates the benefit of directional microphones in two commercially available open-canal behind-the-ear hearing aids using the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). Study Sample: Sixteen individuals,
between 50 and 85 year of age, with high-frequency bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and no previous hearing aid experience participated in this study. Data Collection and Analysis: Data Collection and Analysis: Individuals were asked to repeat sentences (presented at 0° azimuth)
in the presence of a diffuse-field uncorrelated broadband speech-shaped noise. HINT performance was compared across hearing instruments and conditions using a linear model with repeated measures. Results: There was a directional advantage of 2.6 dB as compared to the unaided condition.
Average performance was worse in the omnidirectional mode as compared to the unaided condition. Conclusions: These results suggest that directional signal processing should not be precluded in open-canal instruments for listening in noisy environments.
Monitoring of a Jacket Docking Over a Template
Authors: Hirata K. , da Silva S. , Baruseo P.J. , Galarza J.A.
Published: March 2009

This work presents the results of monitoring of a jacket docking over atemplate, which is provided with a pile guide system in 101 meters water depth. The measurements comprised the crane-ship motions, the jacket motions and theguide loads during the docking. The most important measurements were relatedwith the guide loads that reached values around 40mt. for the systemmonitored.

Introduction

Due to need for early oil product.ion in Brazil the jackets are usuallyinstalled over pre-drilled wells. These wells end up on a template at thebottom of the sea and they are provided with a system of pile-guides to helpjacket docking.

From a series of seven jackets scheduled to be installed in NorthEast Poleof Campos Basin (Fig. 1) over templates, Pargo-1A was the first installed.

The final positioning was achieved by coupling three guide-sleeves attachedto the jacket on three pile-guides fixed around the template. A crane-ship wasused for the jacket docking.

The main dimensions of crane-ship and jacket are shown in table 1. A sketchof pile-guides position is shown in fig. 2. The water depth is 101m. The mainconcern of the measurements were the loads acting on the docking guides. Thedocking guide system have some particularities that should be highlighted. Theyshould be flexible enough to bend and absorb impact and oscillatory loads dueto jacket motion; but they should be rigid enough to work as a guide andguarantee the correct placement of the jacket over the wells.
Combined Effect of Waves and Current on the Motion Behaviour and Tether Forces of a Deepwater Tension Leg Platform
Authors: Huijsmans R.H.M. , Dekker J.N.
Published: March 2009

In this paper results will be discussed of model experiments andcomputations of the wavecurrent interaction effects on the motions of a tensionleg platform in deep water with waves and current coming in from ahead.

The model experiments were performed in the deep water testing facility, recently installed in the Yave and Current Basin of the Maritime ResearchInstitute Netherlands (MARIN).

It is shown that the neglect of wave-current interaction in bothcomputations as well as in model test experiments will lead to substantiallyhigher motion amplitudes.

Introduction

The first tension leg platform (TLP) was installed in 1984 at the Huttonfield in the North Sea in 150 metres water depth. At present the use of the TLPconcept is being considered for a number of locations in the US gulf area, North Sea and Mediterranean, all having water depths over 500 metres.

For the evaluation of design alternatives accurate prediction methods aswell as well conducted model experiments are indispensable. The character ofthe TLP concept requires that such tools include non-linearities.

One of the aspects that has not yet been fully understood is the combinedeffect of waves and current. A lot of attention has been devoted to theseparate action of waves and current.

The influence of current is described through Morison's equation, whereasthe first order motions are modelled e.g. using slenderness assumptions withrespect to the wave length, see Hooft [1]. As such the mean and slowly varyingwave drift forces are calculated using results of three dimensional diffractionprograms or using results of algebraic methods, see Yue [2].

Due to the natural periods of the heave and pitch motions of the TLP alsodouble frequency or sum frequency wave excitation is addressed, see Pinkster etal. [3] and Huijsmans [4].
The Compact Semisubmersible Multipurpose Support Vessels Smit Semi 1 and 2
Authors: Barker J.L.
Published: March 2009

This paper addresses the introduction of the two sophisticated and novelsemi submersible multi purpose support vessel's "Smit Semi 1" and"2" and the impact they had upon the company organisation. Discussedwill be the effects of introducing two such units and the experience ofoperating and managing them.

Introduction

Smit International commenced its activities in 1842 and has since developedinto an organisation called the SMIT INTERNATIONAL GROUP with its head officein Rotterdam, the Netherlands and offices throughout the world.

In the past, deep-sea, coastal, harbour towage and salvage have been themain activities of the group. However, throughout the years the scope of services has been steadily increased and now comprise of a complete package ofmarine services. The group is now operating in excess of 300 floating craft andemploys approx. 3000 people.

The group comprises of the following companies, SMIT LLOYD (supply boatservices), SMIT HARBOUR AND TOWAGE, SMIT TAK (Towage & Salvage) and SMITTRANSPORT SERVICES.

In order to meet the growing requirements of specialist services for theevolving offshore industry SMIT INTERNATIONAL MARINE SERVICES BV (SIMS) wasestablished in 1973.

SIMS is specialised in offshore engineering, consultancy and projectmanagement. In 1987 the scope of SIMS was broadened and Smit OffshoreContractors was formed.

This paper will address the introduction of the Semi Submersible Multipurpose Support Vessels, the management organisation and operation of these "STATE OF THE ART" UNITS.
Postnatal testicular regression mircopenis and microcephaly: Conformation of a new syndrome?
Authors: Oguz Kutlu Alev , Akbiyik Fatih , Kara Cengiz
Published: March 2009

Testicular regression may develop at various phases of the intrauterine period and the clinical findings vary depending on the timing of the intrauterine phase. On the other hand, postnatal regression of the testicles is rare and few cases have been reported in the literature. Our patient presented with undescended testicles, micropenis, flat scrotum and microcephaly. The patient's levels of basal luteinizing hormone (LH) were low/normal and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was high. No response was obtained in the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation test. The levels of inhibin B and anti Mullerian hormone (AMH) were found to be low. Penile growth response to intramuscular testosterone injections was 2.5 cm. Testicles were visualized bilaterally in inguinal canal by ultrasound examination initially but by 2 years of age no testicular tissue was observed during inguinal exploration. In conclusion we recognized postnatal testicular regression in our patient that had started in the intrauterine period and persisted into infancy. The genital system anomalies, microcephaly and motor retardation in our patient confirm the hypothesis of Parisi et al. of a novel condition of postnatal regression and micropenis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two distinctive classic genetic syndromes, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and Angelman syndrome, occurring within the same family
Authors: Kosaki Rika , Migita Ohsuke , Takahashi Takao , Kosaki Kenjiro
Published: March 2009

We document a sib pair born to a mother with a reciprocal translocation, t(15;22)(q13;q11.2): the daughter had the Angelman syndrome phenotype associated with a maternally derived 15q deletion, and the son had a phenotype associated with a 22q deletion. Adjacent two‐type segregation during gametogenesis in the mother can account for the unbalanced karyotypes of the siblings. From a tetravalent chromatid formed by normal chromosome 15, derivative chromosome 15, normal chromosome 22, and derivative chromosome 22, the daughter inherited chromosome 22 and derivative chromosome 22 and the son inherited chromosome 15 and derivative chromosome 15. The family is unique in that two distinctive genetic syndromes, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and Angelman syndrome, occurred within the same family. The family is also elucidative from an educational standpoint in that major concepts of non‐Mendelian inheritance (microdeletion, genomic imprinting, and reciprocal translocation) need to be considered to appreciate the inheritance pattern. Furthermore, the family illustrates the importance of cryptic rearrangements at the most proximal end of acrocentric chromosomes in the evaluation of siblings with multiple congenital anomaly–mental retardation phenotypes that are dissimilar among affected siblings. The situation is analogous to parental balanced translocation between the most “distal” segments of a chromosome, that is, the subtelomere region, a recently appreciated cause of familial recurrence of multiple congenital anomaly–mental retardation phenotype with a normal G‐banding karyotype. We suggest that cryptic rearrangements at the most proximal end, analogous to those at the most distal end, should be considered as an appreciable cause of recurrent multiple congenital anomaly–mental retardation phenotype. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyhydramnios, fetal overgrowth, and macrocephaly: Prenatal ultrasound findings of Costello syndrome
Authors: Smith Laura P. , Podraza John , Proud Virginia K.
Published: March 2009

Costello syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome consisting of dysmorphic facies, cutis laxa, short stature, developmental delay, and mental retardation. Complications include failure to thrive, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with arrhythmias, and benign and malignant tumors. This report describes a new case of Costello syndrome in a preterm infant born at 27 weeks gestation and diagnosed with Costello syndrome at 7 weeks of life who died at 6 months of age due to cardiac and pulmonary complications. In addition, data were compiled from parent surveys including growth parameters on 16 infants who were subsequently diagnosed with Costello syndrome and had mutation confirmation. The most common prenatal findings in the literature and in this cohort were polyhydramnios and fetal overgrowth with relative macrocephaly. Based on this study, ultrasound identification of polyhydramnios in the context of prenatal overgrowth, especially with relative macrocephaly, needs to raise the possibility of a diagnosis of Costello syndrome in the fetus because of the life‐threatening cardiac complications that may occur early in the newborn period. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AMPA receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis alter synaptic receptor location
Authors: Lai Meizan , Hughes Ethan G. , Peng Xiaoyu , Zhou Lei , Gleichman Amy J. , Shu Huidy , Matà Sabrina , Kremens Daniel , Vitaliani Roberta , Geschwind Michael D. , Bataller Luis , Kalb Robert G. , Davis Rebecca , Graus Francesc , Lynch David R. , Balice‐Gordon Rita , Dalmau Josep
Published: March 2009

Objective

To report the clinical and immunological features of a novel autoantigen related to limbic encephalitis (LE) and the effect of patients' antibodies on neuronal cultures.

Methods

We conducted clinical analyses of 10 patients with LE. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were used to identify the antigens. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the antigens were used in immunocytochemistry and enzyme‐linked immunoabsorption assay. The effect of patients' antibodies on cultures of live rat hippocampal neurons was determined with confocal microscopy.

Results

Median age was 60 (38–87) years; 9 were women. Seven had tumors of the lung, breast, or thymus. Nine patients responded to immunotherapy or oncological therapy, but neurological relapses, without tumor recurrence, were frequent and influenced the long‐term outcome. One untreated patient died of LE. All patients had antibodies against neuronal cell surface antigens that by immunoprecipitation were found to be the glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) and GluR2 subunits of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR). Human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing GluR1/2 reacted with all patients' sera or cerebrospinal fluid, providing a diagnostic test for the disorder. Application of antibodies to cultures of neurons significantly decreased the number of GluR2‐containing AMPAR clusters at synapses with a smaller decrease in overall AMPAR cluster density; these effects were reversed after antibody removal.

Interpretation

Antibodies to GluR1/2 associate with LE that is often paraneoplastic, treatment responsive, and has a tendency to relapse. Our findings support an antibody‐mediated pathogenesis in which patients' antibodies alter the synaptic localization and number of AMPARs. Ann Neurol 2009;65:424–434
Clinical‐neuroimaging characteristics of dysexecutive mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Pa Judy , Boxer Adam , Chao Linda L. , Gazzaley Adam , Freeman Katie , Kramer Joel , Miller Bruce L. , Weiner Michael W. , Neuhaus John , Johnson Julene K.
Published: March 2009

Objective

Subgroups of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have been proposed, but few studies have investigated the nonamnestic, single‐domain subgroup of MCI. The goal of the study was to compare clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of two single‐domain MCI subgroups: amnestic MCI and dysexecutive MCI.

Methods

We compared the cognitive, functional, behavioral, and brain imaging characteristics of patients with amnestic MCI (n = 26), patients with dysexecutive MCI (n = 32), and age‐ and education‐matched control subjects (n = 36) using analysis of variance and χ2 tests. We used voxel‐based morphometry to examine group differences in brain magnetic resonance imaging atrophy patterns.

Results

Patients with dysexecutive MCI had significantly lower scores on the majority of executive function tests, increased behavioral symptoms, and left prefrontal cortex atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging when compared with control subjects. In contrast, patients with amnestic MCI had significantly lower scores on tests of memory and a pattern of atrophy including bilateral hippocampi and entorhinal cortex, right inferior parietal cortex, and posterior cingulate gyrus when compared with control subjects.

Interpretation

Overall, the clinical and neuroimaging findings provide support for two distinct single‐domain subgroups of MCI, one involving executive function and the other involving memory. The brain imaging differences suggest that the two MCI subgroups have distinct patterns of brain atrophy. Ann Neurol 2009;65:414–423
Oxidative stress in SEPN1‐related myopathy: From pathophysiology to treatment
Authors: Arbogast Sandrine , Beuvin Maud , Fraysse Bodvaël , Zhou Haïyan , Muntoni Francesco , Ferreiro Ana
Published: March 2009

Objective

Mutations of the selenoprotein N gene (SEPN1) cause SEPN1‐related myopathy (SEPN1‐RM), a novel early‐onset muscle disorder formerly divided into four different nosological categories. Selenoprotein N (SelN) is the only selenoprotein involved in a genetic disease; its function being unknown, no treatment is available for this potentially lethal disorder. Our objective was to clarify the role of SelN and the pathophysiology of SEPN1‐RM to identify therapeutic targets.

Methods

We established and analyzed an ex vivo model of SelN deficiency using fibroblast and myoblast primary cultures from patients with null SEPN1 mutations. DCFH assay, OxyBlot, Western blot, Fura‐2, and cell survival studies were performed to measure intracellular oxidant activity, oxidative stress markers, calcium handling, and response to exogenous treatments.

Results

SelN‐depleted cells showed oxidative/nitrosative stress manifested by increased intracellular oxidant activity (reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide) and/or excessive oxidation of proteins, including the contractile proteins actin and myosin heavy chain II in myotubes. SelN‐devoid myotubes showed also Ca2+ homeostasis abnormalities suggesting dysfunction of the redox‐sensor Ca2+ channel ryanodine receptor type 1. Furthermore, absence of SelN was associated with abnormal susceptibility to H2O2‐induced oxidative stress, demonstrated by increased cell death. This cell phenotype was restored by pretreatment with the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine.

Interpretation

SelN plays a key role in redox homeostasis and human cell protection against oxidative stress. Oxidative/nitrosative stress is a primary pathogenic mechanism in SEPN1‐RM, which can be effectively targeted ex vivo by antioxidants. These findings pave the way to SEPN1‐RM treatment, which would represent a first specific pharmacological treatment for a congenital myopathy. Ann Neurol 2009;65:677–686
Thermal cure behavior and pyrolysis of methyl‐tri(phenylethynyl)silane resin
Authors: Zhou Quan , Ni Lizhong
Published: March 2009

A polyfunctional organic–inorganic hybrid monomer, methyl‐tri(phenylethynyl)silane (MTPES) could be thermally polymerized by a free radical mechanism to a highly crosslinked structure of interest as a high temperature composite matrix resin. The structural changes during thermal cure process were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectrum and 13C‐CP‐MAS‐NMR spectrum. The disappearance of secondary acetylene stretching band at 2166 cm−1 was used successfully to monitor cure reaction accompanied with the formation of cis‐polyene structure at 1600 and 754 cm−1. The possible cure mechanism of MTPES was also proposed. The pyrolysis of cured MTPES under a stream of argon to 1450°C gave a ceramic in high yield (81%). Thermal conversion of polymer to ceramic was studied by means of X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectrum, and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. The results showed that pyrolytic products were made up of β‐SiC, graphite, and glassy carbon. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Terpolymer resin VIII: Chelation ion‐exchange properties of 2,4‐dihydroxybenzophenone‐oxamide‐formaldehyde terpolymer resins
Authors: Butoliya S. S. , Zade A. B. , Gurnule W. B.
Published: March 2009

Terpolymer resins (2,4‐DHBPOF) were synthesized by the condensation of 2,4‐dihydroxybenzophenone and oxamide with formaldehyde in the presence of acid catalyst and using varied molar ratios of reacting monomers. Terpolymer resins composition has been determined on the basis of elemental analysis and the number average molecular weight of these resins was determined by conductometric titration in nonaqueous medium. Viscometric measurements in N,N‐dimethyl formamide have been carried out with view to ascertain the characteristic functions and constants. UV–visible, IR and NMR spectra were studied to elucidate the structure. The ion‐exchange study of the prepared resin was checked by batch equilibrium method with selected metal ions, Cu2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Fe3+ at varying electrolyte concentration, pH and time. It is found that, resin can be used as ion exchanger. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Optimization of preparation conditions of carboxymethyl potato starch through orthogonal experimental design
Authors: Bi Yinghui , Liu Mingzhu , Wu Lan , Cui Dapeng
Published: March 2009

To optimize the preparation conditions of carboxymethyl potato starch (CMPS), the effects of relevant factors on viscosity (η) of 2% CMPS aqueous solution and degree of substitution (DS) were investigated. These condition parameters included etherification temperature, alkalization and etherification time, water content in the mixed solvent, ratio of liquid volume to starch mass, molar ratio of sodium hydroxide to monochloroacetic acid, and molar ratio of monochloroacetic acid to anhydroglucose unit. After individual parameter influencing η and DS was researched one by one, an orthogonal experiment of L18 (2 × 37) was designed to identify the main factors affecting them. In light of range analysis, the comparative importance of factors impacting η and DS was obtained, separately. Results of variance analysis showed that the most effective factor to control DS was etherification temperature, whereas the influences of all factors on η were not significant. Meanwhile, η and DS of the optimized final product were found to be 12,000 mPa.s and 0.68, respectively. In addition, the structure of CMPS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A starch‐based biodegradable film modified by nano silicon dioxide
Authors: Tang Huali , Xiong Hanguo , Tang Shangwen , Zou Peng
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this work was to improve the properties of the starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films with nano silicon dioxide (nano SiO2). Starch/PVA/nano‐SiO2 biodegradable blend films were prepared by a solution casting method. The characteristics of the films were assessed by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results obtained in this study indicated that the nano‐SiO2 particles were dispersed evenly within the starch/PVA coating and an intermolecular hydrogen bond and a strong chemical bond COSi were formed in the nano‐SiO2 and starch/PVA. That the blending of starch, PVA and nano‐SiO2 particles led to uniform starch/PVA/nano‐SiO2 blend films with better mechanical properties. In addition, the nano‐SiO2 particles can improve the water resistance and light transmission of the blend films. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of a novel thermosensitive hydrogel based on chitosan and gelatin blends
Authors: Chang Yuhua , Xiao Ling , Tang Qian
Published: March 2009

In this study, a novel injectable in situ gelling thermosensitive hydrogel system based on chitosan and gelatin blends was designed and investigated. The addition of gelatin provides the correct buffering and other physicochemical conditions including control of hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, which are necessary to retain chitosan in solution at neutral pH near 4°C and furthermore to allow gel formation upon heating to body temperature. The chitosan/gelatin hydrogels were studied by FTIR, swelling, and rheological analysis. The rheological analysis evidenced the endothermic gelation of chitosan/gelatin solutions, which indicated their gelation temperatures and reflected the effect of gelatin concentration on the thermosensitive properties of gels. The morphology of this system was examined with laser scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The images indicated that the gels were quite heterogeneous and porous. The investigation of these gels as vehicles for delivering bovine serum albumin as a model drug of protein showed that the system could sustain the release of the protein drug. These results show that chitosan/gelatin solutions can form gels rapidly at body temperature and have promising perspective for their use in local and sustained delivery of protein drug. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009