bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corpo e psique: da dissociação à unificação - algumas implicações na prática pedagógica
Authors: Pereira Lucia Helena Pena
Published: June 2008

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a unicidade corpo/psique e os bloqueios de expressão pessoal, provenientes da dissociação dessas dimensões, que dificultam as atividades profissionais e a própria vida. A formação do professor exige mais que a aquisição de conteúdos e técnicas de ensino. Transformações mais profundas na prática pedagógica implicam uma mudança de atitude dos educadores, uma nova postura diante da vida e da educação, não apenas uma mudança cognitiva com a aquisição de conhecimentos, mas também mudanças emocional, corporal e espiritual, uma aprendizagem da integração das várias dimensões do ser humano. É necessário saber como superar ou minimizar bloqueios que a vida exigiu como proteção como nos mostram os estudos de Wilhelm Reich e alguns de seus continuadores - Alexander Lowen, Stanley Keleman e David Boadella -, que dão fundamentação teórica a esta pesquisa. É preciso saber como criar possibilidades de transformar padrões que são adquiridos pela formação acadêmica e que acabam por se cristalizar como evidenciam estudos pedagógicos aqui considerados. Uma das formas viáveis para tal são as atividades expressivas, dentre elas as atividades lúdicas e de arte-educação. As relações se constituem no ambiente social, o processo de crescimento se dá no contato com o outro, na percepção das diferenças, na aceitação da multiplicidade de pensamentos, na avaliação de seu próprio fazer. As teorias aqui consideradas são significativas para os estudos na área da Educação na medida em que apontam possibilidades de um novo olhar para a prática de sala de aula e as relações que nela se estabelecem.
Mycorrhiza influence on maize development under Cd stress and P supply
Authors: Andrade Sara A. L. de , Silveira Adriana P. D. da
Published: June 2008

The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cadmium (Cd) accumulation and on the possible attenuation of Cd stress was studied in maize plants (Zea mays L. var. Exceller). Plants inoculated or not with Glomus macrocarpum were exposed to Cd (0-20 µmol L-1), at two P levels (5 and 10 mg L-1) in the nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in a hydroponic system, using a randomized 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. The mycorrhiza-Cd interaction on plant growth, nutrients and Cd accumulation, AMF root colonization and on extra-radical mycelium was investigated. Mycorrhiza promoted plant growth whereas Cd addition reduced plant biomass production. No difference in plant Cd concentrations was found between mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, where Cd accumulated mainly in roots. In general, roots showed a slightly higher Cd concentration in the cell wall than in the cytoplasmic fraction, with M roots presenting 26% more Cd in the cell wall fraction than NM roots. Mycorrhizal plants showed higher P/Cd, N/Cd and S/Cd ratios in shoots and roots compared to NM plants. Mycorrhizal colonization and the length of extra-radical mycelium were diminished by Cd addition, the reduction being more pronounced under high-P supply. Addition of Cd induced guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity in roots; however, M plants, in addition to the higher root protein contents, showed no induction of GPOX activity in the presence of Cd, suggesting higher tolerance to Cd. It is concluded that Cd affected mycorrhizal symbiosis by decreasing root colonization and the development of the extra-radical mycelium. Nevertheless, the higher growth and nutrients/Cd ratios observed in M plants indicate an efficient symbiosis capable of alleviating Cd stress.
Hipercoagulabilidade e câncer de pulmão
Authors: Marinho Felipe Costa de Andrade , Takagaki Teresa Yae
Published: June 2008

A relação entre câncer e alteração na coagulação já havia sido sugerida há quase 150 anos por Trousseau e, subseqüentemente, ficou claro o maior risco que os pacientes oncológicos têm de desenvolverem fenômenos tromboembólicos. Isto pode ser conseqüência da ativação do sistema de coagulação pelas células neoplásicas ou pelas terapias empregadas (quimioterapias e cirurgias). Tais fenômenos podem, ainda, ser a primeira manifestação do câncer e a sua recorrência, mesmo com anticoagulação adequada, foi descrita. O sistema de coagulação é ativado, normalmente, com finalidade reparativa. Na presença de neoplasias, este complexo sistema está atuante frente a variados estímulos e parece contribuir para a progressão tumoral. Este efeito é mais importante para os focos metastáticos que para o próprio tumor primário. Contudo, a maior parte das vítimas de neoplasias morre das complicações das metástases, revelando a importância deste tema. Nesta área, vários mecanismos já são conhecidos e geram interessantes perspectivas para tratamentos futuros. Atualmente, o sucesso obtido com as heparinas de baixo peso molecular no carcinoma de pequenas células de pulmão é animador. Embora o conhecimento sobre esses mecanismos sejam relativamente recentes, os campos de pesquisa e tratamento estão amplamente abertos.
Granulometric activation of densified silica fume (CSF) by sonication
Authors: Martínez-Velandia D. , Payá J. , Monzó J. , Borrachero M. V.
Published: June 2008

A sonication process was developed by means of which the deagglomeration of the particles of commercial densified silica fume (CSF) was achieved: an increase in the amount of submicrometric particles was obtained, which finally yielded a larger specific surface area. Sonicated silica fume (SSF) (prepared with an ultrasound probe, working in a water/silica fume suspension) was obtained starting from different tests in which parameters such as treating time and power level of sonication were varied. After sonication treatment, the commercial CSF (with 59.64 μm mean particle diameter) was converted to samples with mean particle diameter of about 5 μm, with an increase of the volume percentage of particles with diameter lower than 1 μm (more than 50%). With a longer sonication time and higher sonication power level it was possible to obtain a greater quantity of submicrometric particles. A threshold power level was identified below which the sonication process was not effective
Environmental life-cycle assessment of railway track beds
Authors: Kiani M. , Parry T. , Ceney H.
Published: June 2008

In the UK, ballast track beds remain the most commonly constructed, partly because of relatively low initial costs. Concrete track beds, while more expensive to construct, can have lower life-cycle costs and are being actively promoted for use in the UK. This paper describes the results of environmental life-cycle analyses of ballast and generic concrete track beds, including cast-in sleeper and embedded track systems. The scope of the study includes the manufacturing, construction, maintenance, dismantling and recycling of the track bed components. Comparison of the life-cycle analyses of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions shows that concrete slab track beds are not associated with higher environmental burdens compared with ballast track bed. The limitations of the available data are also discussed.
Contributions to Géotechnique 1948–2008: Soil behaviour
Authors: Jefferies M. , Delage P. , Cotecchia F.
Published: June 2008

Soil behaviour (that is, strains induced by changes in stresses, suction, or physico-chemical conditions) has been a recurring theme of contributions to Géotechnique throughout its 60 years. Focusing on experimental work, this essay illustrates the developing understanding of soil mechanics through brief reviews of 47 contributions. These contributions were chosen for their insight or influence, necessarily involving subjective judgement on our part. Some work comprises now well-understood wisdom. Other work provides fundamental, but not necessarily widely appreciated, insight—and continues to be relevant to developments in geomechanics today. Most interestingly, a striking feature in these various contributions is the commonality in findings across the many soils and loading paths investigated. From a practical perspective, this body of work allows assessment of soil behaviour, under a wide range of circumstances, using surprisingly few tests. More generally, these cited contributions provide a history of the subject—and suggest where the subject may go over the next few decades.
Metal distribution and metallothionein induction after cadmium exposure in the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)
Authors: Hispard Florian , Schuler Dietmar , de Vaufleury Annette , Scheifler Renaud , Badot Pierre-Marie , Dallinger Reinhard
Published: June 2008

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of Cd2+ exposure on metallothionein (MT) induction and on the distribution of metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) in the terrestrial pulmonate Helix aspersa. In particular, the soluble and nonsoluble pools of the accumulated metals and their tissue distribution in uncontaminated and contaminated edible snails were investigated after a two-week exposure to Cd2+. In the soluble cytosolic pool of the midgut gland of H. aspersa, three metal-specific putative MT isoforms were separated following a fractionation protocol with diethylaminoethyl cellulose, size-exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Interestingly, one of the above isoforms seems to bind both Cd and Cu, which may in addition mobilize, after induction by Cd2+, some of the intracellular Cu and, thus, perhaps increase the Cu pool in the cytosolic fraction. The cDNA and its translated amino acid sequence of a Cd2+-binding MT isoform from the snail midgut gland was characterized and attributed to one of the putative MT isoforms obtained by RP-HPLC. The amino acid sequence of this Cd-MT isoform of H. aspersa differed from similar sequences described in other terrestrial pulmonates, such as Helix pomatia or Arianta arbustorum, by only a few amino acids (n = 4 and 8, respectively). That the identified Cd-MT from H. aspersa is inducible by Cd2+ also was shown, chromatographic evidence aside, by a specific polymerase chain reaction protocol on a cDNA basis, which included a noninducible housekeeping gene as a control.
Influence of Abutment Connections and Plaque Control on the Initial Healing of Prematurely Exposed Implants: An Experimental Study in Dogs
Authors: Jeong Seung‐Mi , Choi Byung‐Ho , Li Jingxu , Kim Han‐Sung , Ko Chang‐Yong , Lee Seoung‐Ho
Published: June 2008

Background: Spontaneous early implant exposure is believed to be harmful, resulting in early crestal bone loss around submerged implants. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of abutment connections and plaque control on the initial healing of prematurely exposed implants in the canine mandible.

Methods: Bilateral, edentulated, flat alveolar ridges were created in the mandible of 10 mongrel dogs. After 3 months of healing, two implants were placed on each side of the mandible following a commonly used two‐stage surgical protocol. Implants on each side were randomly assigned to one of two procedures: 1) connection of a cover screw to the implant and removal of the gingiva to expose the cover screw; and 2) connection of a healing abutment to the implant so that the coronal portion of the abutment remained exposed to the oral cavity. In five dogs (plaque control group), meticulous plaque control was performed. In the other five dogs (no plaque control group), plaque was allowed to accumulate. At 8 weeks post‐implantation, microcomputed tomography was performed at the implantation site to measure bone height in the peri‐implant bone.

Results: The plaque control group had greater vertical alveolar ridge height (9.7 ± 0.5 mm) than the group without plaque control (7.4 ± 0.7 mm; P <0.05). In the plaque control group, the average bone height was greater with the abutment‐connected implant (10.1 ± 0.5 mm) than with the partially exposed implant (9.3 ± 0.5 mm; P <0.05). In the group without plaque control, the average bone height was greater with the partially exposed implant (8.2 ± 0.6 mm) than with the abutment‐connected implant (6.5 ± 0.7 mm; P <0.05).

Conclusion: These results suggest that the placement of healing abutments and meticulous plaque control may limit bone loss around submerged implants when implants are partially exposed.
In Vivo Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on Periodontal Bone Loss in Dental Furcations
Authors: de Almeida Juliano Milanezi , Theodoro Leticia Helena , Bosco Alvaro Francisco , Nagata Maria José Hitomi , Oshiiwa Marie , Garcia Valdir Gouveia
Published: June 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to histometrically evaluate the influence of photodynamic therapy on bone loss in furcation areas in rats with experimentally induced periodontal disease.

Methods: Ligatures were placed on the first mandibular molar in rats. Then the animals were divided into four groups: control group = no treatment; methylene blue group (MB) = treated topically with methylene blue (100 μg/ml); laser group (LLLT) = treated with low‐level laser therapy; and photodynamic therapy group (PDT) = treated topically with MB followed by LLLT (4.5 J/cm2). Rats from all groups were sacrificed at 7, 15, or 30 days postoperatively. The area of bone loss in the furcation region of the first molar was histometrically analyzed. Data were analyzed statistically (analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests; P <0.05).

Results: The PDT group demonstrated less bone loss compared to the other groups at 7 days (1.986 ± 0.417 mm2); at 15 days, the PDT (1.641 ± 0.115 mm2) and MB groups (1.991 ± 0.294 mm2) demonstrated less bone loss compared to the control (4.062 ± 0.416 mm2) and LLLT (2.641 ± 0.849 mm2) groups.

Conclusion: Within the parameters used in this study, PDT may be an effective alternative for control of bone loss in furcation areas in periodontitis.
A Morphometric and Histopathologic Evaluation of the Effects of Propolis on Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: Toker Hulya , Ozan Fatih , Ozer Hatice , Ozdemir Hakan , Eren Kaya , Yeler Hasan
Published: June 2008

Background: Propolis collected by honeybees from various plant sources is a resinous hive product possessing a broad spectrum of biologic activities. Propolis has been used extensively in the diet to improve health and prevent disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphometric and histopathologic changes associated with experimental periodontitis in rats in response to the systemic administration of propolis.

Methods: Forty Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: non‐ligated (NL; N = 10); ligature only (LO; N = 10); and systemic administration of ligature and propolis (100 mg/kg body weight per day [Pro100; N = 10] or 200 mg/kg body weight per day [Pro200; N = 10]). Silk ligatures were placed at the gingival margin of the lower first molars in both mandibular quadrants. The study duration was 11 days, and the animals were sacrificed at the end of this period. Changes in alveolar bone levels were clinically measured, and tissues were histopathologically examined to assess the differences among the study groups.

Results: At the end of 11 days, alveolar bone loss was significantly higher in the LO group compared to the NL, Pro100, and Pro200 groups (P <0.05). Osteoclast numbers in the LO group were significantly higher than those of the NL, Pro100, and Pro200 groups (P <0.05). Both dosages of propolis significantly reduced the periodontitis‐related bone loss, but the differences between the two propolis groups were not statistically significant (P >0.05).

Conclusion: The findings of this study provide morphologic and histologic evidence that propolis, when administered systemically, prevents alveolar bone loss in the rat model.
Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft for Root Coverage in Smokers and Non‐Smokers: A Clinical and Histologic Controlled Study in Humans
Authors: Souza Sérgio L.S. , Macedo Guilherme O. , Tunes Roberta S. , Silveira e Souza Adriana M.M. , Novaes Arthur B. , Grisi Marcio F.M. , Taba Mário , Palioto Daniela B. , Correa Vani M.A.
Published: June 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate root coverage of gingival recessions and to compare graft vascularization in smokers and non‐smokers.

Methods: Thirty subjects, 15 smokers and 15 non‐smokers, were selected. Each subject had one Miller Class I or II recession in a non‐molar tooth. Clinical measurements of probing depth (PD), relative clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR), and width of keratinized tissue (KT) were determined at baseline and 3 and 6 months after surgery. The recessions were treated surgically with a coronally positioned flap associated with a subepithelial connective tissue graft. A small portion of this graft was prepared for immunohistochemistry. Blood vessels were identified and counted by expression of factor VIII–related antigen–stained endothelial cells.

Results: Intragroup analysis showed that after 6 months there a was gain in CAL, a decrease in GR, and an increase in KT for both groups (P <0.05), whereas changes in PD were not statistically significant. Smokers had less root coverage than non‐smokers (58.02% ± 19.75% versus 83.35% ± 18.53%; P <0.05). Furthermore, the smokers had more GR (1.48 ± 0.79 mm versus 0.52 ± 0.60 mm) than the non‐smokers (P <0.05). Histomorphometry of the donor tissue revealed a blood vessel density of 49.01 ± 11.91 vessels/200× field for non‐smokers and 36.53 ± 10.23 vessels/200× field for smokers (P <0.05).

Conclusion: Root coverage with subepithelial connective tissue graft was negatively affected by smoking, which limited and jeopardized treatment results.
Review and update of paramphistomosis
Authors: Sanabria R. , Romero J.
Published: June 2008

Despite records of ruminal paramphistomes in Argentina dating back to the beginning of the XX century, in the last decade cases have increased in number with evidence of spreading to new geographical areas. This fact led us to carry out some studies in the last few years in order to enhance the poor availability of reports in South America, some of which are actually performed in our group. This paper reviews the characteristics of the life cycles and some aspects of the disease both at world and local level, and updates the latest paramphistome reports in domestic ruminants of Argentina.
First report of Mesocriconema xenoplax (Nematoda: Criconematidae) in Greece and first record of Viburnum sp. as a possible host for this ring nematode
Authors: Karanastasi E. , Handoo Z. , Tzortzakakis E.
Published: June 2008

In 2005, root and soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of Viburnum sp. plants in the yard of a house in Kifissia, Attica, Greece. The plants showed symptoms of yellowing and declining and all were dead within, approximately, one year. The roots were infected with the fungus Rosellinia necatrix. Several specimens of a ring nematode were recovered from soil and identified as Mesocriconema xenoplax based on morphological and morphometrical analysis of females. The nematode had been previously found on grapevines in Samos and Crete islands. This is the first report of M. xenoplax in Greece and the first record of Viburnum sp. as a host for this ring nematode. Additional information regarding distribution of this nematode in Greece is needed.
Application of fibre-optic rotational seismometer in investigation of seismic rotational waves
Authors: Jaroszewicz L. , Krajewski Z.
Published: June 2008

Application of a fibre-optic Sagnac interferometer as a rotational seismometer is presented in this paper. It is a new device which parameters (sensitivity equal to 4.3×10−8 rad/s for 2σ) are comparable with the parameters of typical mechanical rotational seismometers. However, a direct measurement of rotation without influence of linear motions for fibre-optic rotational seismometer designed it for a direct measurement of a ground rotation component. Experimental data obtained during simultaneous application of the above two types of sensors are also presented. Research of near-field seismic events, the amplitude of which has been identified in the range of 1.5×10−6 rad/s to 2×10−7 rad/s, shows directly that, so-called, seismic rotational waves exist independently of typical seismic waves generated during earthquakes.
The nuclear receptors Rev-erbs and RORs integrate circadian rhythms and metabolism
Authors: Duez Hélène , Staels Bart
Published: June 2008

Circadian rhythms are normal variations in physiological processes that occur over the period of a day. These rhythms are essential for the organism since they allow anticipatory metabolic regulations to prepare for the up-coming feeding or rest period. Disturbances of the biological clock predispose to metabolic disorders such as dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and obesity. Moreover, certain pathological events, such as cardiovascular accidents (myocardial infarction, stroke) occur more frequently at specific times of the day. The nuclear receptors Rev-erbα and RORα are clock components involved in the regulation of the core clock circuitry. They are also important regulators of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, adipogenesis and vascular inflammation. Moreover, they cross-talk with several other nuclear receptors controlling energy homeostasis. Therefore, Rev-erbα and RORα may play a central role in the coordination of metabolic processes and circadian outputs.
Mammalian hibernation: a naturally reversible model for insulin resistance in man?
Authors: Martin Sandra L
Published: June 2008

Mammalian hibernators such as ground squirrels store massive amounts of fat each autumn. These fat depots serve as the main source of metabolic fuel throughout the winter, gradually decreasing over a period of months until the animals emerge from hibernation each spring. Fat deposition occurs on an approximately annual, i.e. on a circannual, basis. Although this rhythm occurs in the absence of environmental temperature and light cues, it is entrained by the length of daylight, with peak fat deposition occurring as days shorten in the autumn. Here we examine the circannual cycle of hibernation, and then explore the similarities and differences between the obligatory, yet reversible, natural obesity and accompanying insulin resistance of natural hibernation, and the pandemic of human obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Independent associations between metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis: observations from the Dallas Heart Study
Authors: Chen Karen , Lindsey Jason B , Khera Amit , Lemos James A. De , Ayers Colby R , Goyal Abhinav , Vega Gloria L , Murphy Sabina A , Grundy Scott M , Mcguire Darren K
Published: June 2008

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been termed a “coronary disease equivalent”, yet data suggest that only those DM subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are at increased coronary risk.

Using data from the Dallas Heart Study, a large, probability-based population study, we assessed the individual and joint associations between MetS, DM and atherosclerosis, defined as coronary artery calcium (CAC) detected by electron-beam computerised tomography (EBCT) and abdominal aortic plaque (AAP) detected by magnetic resonance imaging.

Among 2,735 participants, the median age was 44 years; 1,863 (68%) were non-white; 1,509 (55%) were women; 697 (25.5%) had MetS without DM; 53 (1.9%) had DM without MetS; and 246 (9.0%) had both DM and MetS. The prevalence of CAC increased from those with neither MetS nor DM (16.6%) to MetS only (24.0%) to DM only (30.2%) to both MetS and DM (44.7%) (ptrend <0.0001). The prevalence of CAC was higher in those with both DM and MetS versus either alone (p<0.0001). After adjustment, MetS and DM were each independently associated with CAC (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.1–1.8; OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.5, respectively). Compared with the group without DM or MetS, those with both MetS and DM had the most CAC (adjusted OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.6–3.2). All analyses of AAP yielded qualitatively similar results.

In conclusion, both MetS and DM are independently associated with an increased prevalence of atherosclerosis, with the highest observed prevalence in subjects with both DM and MetS.
Platelet hyperactivity in type 2 diabetes: role of antiplatelet agents
Authors: Natarajan Arun , Zaman Azfar G , Marshall Sally M
Published: June 2008

Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases atherothrombotic risk. Platelets in individuals with diabetes show increased activity at baseline and in response to agonists, ultimately leading to increased aggregation. Increased expression of platelet surface adhesion molecules and receptors, enhanced production of thromboxane and thrombin and disturbances in platelet calcium homeostasis are well documented. As intra-arterial thrombi are initiated by platelets, strategies to limit acute thrombotic events have largely focused on antiplatelet agents. Aspirin remains the cornerstone of antiplatelet therapy but appears to have limited benefit in diabetes. Use of thienopyridines and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors has been shown to benefit high-risk patient populations. This review summarises the different platelet abnormalities characterised in diabetes and the role of currently used antiplatelet agents.
Justice And Resentment In Hume, Reid, And Smith
Authors: PRITCHARD MICHAEL S.
Published: June 2008

Adam Smith and Thomas Reid follow Joseph Butler's lead in discussing the moral significance of resentment in great detail. David Hume does not. For Smith and Reid, resentment reveals shortcomings in Hume's attempt to ground justice solely in terms of self-interest and public utility. This can be seen most clearly in Reid's critique of Hume's response to the sensible knave. Reid argues that Hume's appeal to our integrity can have force only if Hume concedes that there are elements of justice that are grounded in neither self-interest nor public utility.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for complex chromosome rearrangements
Authors: Escudero T. , Estop A. , Fischer J. , Munne S.
Published: June 2008

Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCR) are structural rearrangements that involve more than two breakpoints. The most common ones involve three chromosomes and three breakpoints, but double translocations can also occur. Theoretically, the potential for chromosome imbalance in the gametes of CCR carriers is higher than for simple translocations, and thus they are at an even higher risk of recurrent miscarriage. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of repeated pregnancy loss in translocation carriers, and thus it is well indicated for CCR. Here we describe different approaches for PGD of CCRs. After PGD of five couples carriers of CCR, only 6.4% of embryos were found normal or balanced, but the transfer of these six embryos into four couples, resulted in two pregnancies, one with normal non‐identical twins, and the other with a balanced karyotype. Thus the implantation rate was 50%, and the pregnancy per retrieval was 40%, with 0% spontaneous abortions and 0% unbalanced offspring. This compares favorably with a prior history of spontaneous abortions, unbalanced offspring, and low fertility. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3D Computerized Model for Measuring Strain and Displacement of the Brachial Plexus Following Placement of Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis
Authors: Van Hoof Tom , Gomes Germano T. , Audenaert Emmanuel , Verstraete Koenraad , Kerckaert Ingrid , D'herde Katharina
Published: June 2008

The aim of the present study was to develop a method for three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the brachial plexus to study its morphology and to calculate strain and displacement in relation to changed nerve position. The brachial plexus was finely dissected and injected with contrast medium and leaden markers were implanted into the nerves at predefined places. A reverse shoulder prosthesis was inserted in a cadaveric specimen what induced positional change in the upper limb nerves. Computed tomography (CT) was performed before and after this surgical intervention. The computer assisted image processing package Mimics® was used to reconstruct the pre‐ and postoperative brachial plexus in 3D. The results show that the current interactive model is a realistic and detailed representation of the specimen used, which allows 3D study of the brachial plexus in different configurations. The model estimated strains up to 15.3% and 19.3% for the lateral and the medial root of the median nerve as a consequence of placing a reverse shoulder prosthesis. Furthermore, the model succeeded in calculating the displacement of the brachial plexus by tracking each implanted lead marker. The presented brachial plexus 3D model currently can be used in vitro for cadaver biomechanical analyses of nerve movement to improve diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathies. The model can also be applied to study the exact location of the plexus in unusual upper limb positions like during axillary radiation therapy and it is a potential tool to optimize the approaches of brachial plexus anesthetic blocks. Anat Rec, 291:1173‐1185, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A High‐Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Based on Platinum(II) Porphyrin: Peripheral Substituents on Porphyrin Ligand Significantly Affect Film Structure and Charge Mobility
Authors: Che Chi‐Ming , Xiang Hai‐Feng , Chui Stephen Sin‐Yin , Xu Zong‐Xiang , Roy V. A. L. , Yan Jessie Jing , Fu Wen‐Fu , Lai P. T. , Williams Ian D.
Published: June 2008

Organic field‐effect transistors incorporating planar π‐conjugated metal‐free macrocycles and their metal derivatives are fabricated by vacuum deposition. The crystal structures of [H2(OX)] (H2OX=etioporphyrin‐I), [Cu(OX)], [Pt(OX)], and [Pt(TBP)] (H2TBP=tetra‐(n‐butyl)porphyrin) as determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD), reveal the absence of occluded solvent molecules. The field‐effect transistors (FETs) made from thin films of all these metal‐free macrocycles and their metal derivatives show a p‐type semiconductor behavior with a charge mobility (μ) ranging from 10−6 to 10−1 cm2 V−1 s−1. Annealing the as‐deposited Pt(OX) film leads to the formation of a polycrystalline film that exhibits excellent overall charge transport properties with a charge mobility of up to 3.2×10−1 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is the best value reported for a metalloporphyrin. Compared with their metal derivatives, the field‐effect transistors made from thin films of metal‐free macrocycles (except tetra‐(n‐propyl)porphycene) have significantly lower μ values (3.0×10−6–3.7×10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1).
Alternative translation start sites and hidden coding potential of eukaryotic mRNAs
Authors: Kochetov Alex V.
Published: June 2008

It is widely suggested that a eukaryotic mRNA typically contains one translation start site and encodes a single functional protein product. However, according to current points of view on translation initiation mechanisms, eukaryotic ribosomes can recognize several alternative translation start sites and the number of experimentally verified examples of alternative translation is growing rapidly. Also, the frequent occurrence of alternative translation events and their functional significance are supported by the results of computational evaluations. The functional role of alternative translation and its contribution to eukaryotic proteome complexity are discussed. BioEssays 30:683–691, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The circadian clock system in the mammalian retina
Authors: Tosini Gianluca , Pozdeyev Nikita , Sakamoto Katsuhiko , Iuvone P. Michael
Published: June 2008

Daily rhythms are a ubiquitous feature of living systems. Generally, these rhythms are not just passive consequences of cyclic fluctuations in the environment, but instead originate within the organism. In mammals, including humans, the master pacemaker controlling 24‐hour rhythms is localized in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. This circadian clock is responsible for the temporal organization of a wide variety of functions, ranging from sleep and food intake, to physiological measures such as body temperature, heart rate and hormone release. The retinal circadian clock was the first extra‐SCN circadian oscillator to be discovered in mammals and several studies have now demonstrated that many of the physiological, cellular and molecular rhythms that are present within the retina are under the control of a retinal circadian clock, or more likely a network of hierarchically organized circadian clocks that are present within this tissue. BioEssays 30:624–633, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Origin of β‐cells in regenerating pancreas
Authors: O'Neill Kathy E. , Eberhard Daniel , Tosh David
Published: June 2008

The origin of insulin‐expressing β‐cells in the adult mammalian pancreas is controversial. During normal tissue turnover and following injury, β‐cells may be replaced by duplication of existing β‐cells.1 However, an alternative source of β‐cells has recently been proposed based on neogenesis from a Ngn3‐positive population present in regenerating pancreatic ducts.2 The appearance of β‐cells from Ngn3‐positive progenitors is reminiscent of normal pancreas development, and Ngn3‐expressing cells isolated from regenerating pancreas can generate the full repertoire of endocrine phenotypes. The isolation and characterisation of the equivalent human progenitors may represent a significant step forward in the hunt for a cure for diabetes. BioEssays 30:617–620, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DNA microarrays in the clinic: infectious diseases
Authors: Mikhailovich Vladimir , Gryadunov Dmitry , Kolchinsky Alexander , Makarov Alexander A. , Zasedatelev Alexander
Published: June 2008

We argue that the most‐promising area of clinical application of microarrays in the foreseeable future is the diagnostics and monitoring of infectious diseases. Microarrays for the detection and characterization of human pathogens have already found their way into clinical practice in some countries. After discussing the persistent, yet often underestimated, importance of infectious diseases for public health, we consider the technologies that are best suited for the detection and clinical investigation of pathogens. Clinical application of microarray technologies for the detection of mycobacteria, Bacillus anthracis, HIV, hepatitis and influenza viruses, and other major pathogens, as well as the analysis of their drug‐resistance patterns, illustrate our main thesis. BioEssays 30:673–682, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Reduction of 3,5‐Dinitroacetophenone Using CT Complexation with Optically Active 1,12‐Dialkylbenzo[c]phenanthrenes.
Authors: Sugiura Hiroki , Teranishi Kazuhiro , Amemiya Ryo , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Amidation of Terminal Alkynes: Efficient Synthesis of Ynamides.
Authors: Hamada Tetsuya , Ye Xuan , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Rh(I)/Pd‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition/Intramolecular Allylation: Stereocontrolled Construction of γ‐Butyrolactones and Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Fillion Eric , Carret Sebastien , Mercier Lauren G. , Trepanier Vincent E.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Substituted 3‐Iodofurans by Electrophilic Cyclization of Propargylic Oxirane Derivatives.
Authors: Xie Yong‐Xin , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Wu Lu‐Yong , Han Yao , Zhao Lian‐Biao , Fan Ming‐Jin , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Synthesis of Functionalized 2‐Thioxoimidazolidine Derivatives.
Authors: Bouzroura Samia , Hammal Lamouri , Nedjar‐Kolli Bellara , Balegroune Fadila , Hamadene Malika , Poulain Sophie
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of in vivo Metabolites of the New Adenosine A3 Receptor PET‐Radiotracer [18F]FE@SUPPY.
Authors: Shanab Karem , Wadsak Wolfgang , Mien Leonhard‐Key , Mitterhauser Markus , Holzer Wolfgang , Polster Victoria , Viernstein Helmut , Spreitzer Helmut
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 4‐Quinolylhydrazines Followed by Nickel Boride Reduction: A Convenient Approach to 4‐aminoquinolines and Derivatives.
Authors: Gemma Sandra , Kukreja Gagan , Tripaldi Pierangela , Altarelli Maria , Bernetti Matteo , Franceschini Silvia , Savini Luisa , Campiani Giuseppe , Fattorusso Caterina , Butini Stefania
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Rubrenoic and nor‐Rubrenoic Acids.
Authors: Sanchez Lucina G. , Castillo Elizabeth N. , Maldonado Hortensia , Chavez Daniel , Somanathan Ratnasamy , Aguirre Gerardo
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugation and Optoelectronic Properties of Acetylenic Scaffolds and Charge‐Transfer Chromophores
Authors: Kivala Milan , Diederich Francois
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases in older patients
Authors: Kim Se‐Hyuk , Weil Robert J. , Chao Samuel T. , Toms Steven A. , Angelov Lilyana , Vogelbaum Michael A. , Suh John H. , Barnett Gene H.
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND.

This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in patients aged ≥75 years who presented with brain metastasis.

METHODS.

The authors analyzed the data from 44 consecutive patients treated with SRS for ≥1 brain metastasis. The median age at the time of treatment for brain metastases was 79.3 years (range, 75 years–86 years), and the median Karnofsky performance status was 80 (range, 50–100). At the time of SRS, 31 patients were treated for a single metastasis, and the remaining 13 patients were treated for ≥2 lesions (n = 74 lesions). The median tumor volume was 1.2 cm3 (range, 0.007 cm3‐22.5 cm3). The median maximal and marginal doses were 36 grays (Gy) (range, 18.8 Gy‐48.2 Gy) and 20 Gy (range, 10 Gy‐24 Gy), respectively.

RESULTS.

Median survival was 7.3 ± 1.65 months (range, 1.6 months‐38.9 months) from the time of diagnosis of brain metastasis. Median survival of the patients with a single brain metastasis (10.1±1.92 months) was longer than that of the patients with ≥2 metastases (6.6±1.28 months) (P <.02). A single lesion was found to be an independent favorable prognostic factor (P±=±.017; odds ratio, 2.385 [95% confidence interval, 1.167‐4.874]) in univariate and multivariate analysis. Patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer fared worse than patients with other tumor types (survival of 6.5 ± 0.70 months vs 10.1 ± 2.33 months [P<.05]).

CONCLUSIONS.

SRS for patients aged ≥75 years with brain metastases is an effective and safe treatment modality that appears to improve survival, with outcomes that compare favorably with those reported for younger patients in an appropriately selected population. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Recent Developments in the Addition of Phosphinylidene‐Containing Compounds to Unactivated Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Phosphorus–Carbon Bond Formation by Hydrophosphinylation and Related Processes
Authors: Coudray Laëtitia , Montchamp Jean‐Luc
Published: June 2008

The reactions of phosphinylidene‐containing compounds with unactivated unsaturated hydrocarbons are reviewed. The review is organized by phosphorus‐containing functional group types. Free‐radical and metal‐catalyzed additions of R1R2P(O)H to alkenes, alkynes, and related compounds deliver functionalized organophosphorus compounds RP(O)R1R2, including H‐phosphinates, phosphinates, tertiary phosphane oxides, and phosphonates. The review covers the literature up to February 2008.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Flexible Rolled Thick‐Film Miniaturized Flow‐Cell for Minimally Invasive Amperometric Sensing
Authors: Kagie Andrea , Bishop Daniel K. , Burdick Jared , La Belle Jeffrey T. , Dymond Robert , Felder Robin , Wang Joseph
Published: June 2008

We describe here a miniaturized flexible thick‐film electrochemical biosensor flow detector, suitable for insertion into the lacrimal canaliculus towards minimally invasive amperometric monitoring of biomarkers in the tear fluid. Our focus here is on the microfabrication and in‐vitro testing of the new laterally rolled screen‐printed sensor. The new device responds rapidly and sensitively to dynamic changes in the levels of norepinephrine and glucose (the later in connection to glucose‐oxidase containing ink). Coverage of the enzyme electrode with an electropolymerized polytyramine minimizes contributions from the common electroactive interferences ascorbic and uric acids. Such attractive performance indicates great promise for minimally invasive monitoring of health biomarkers in the tear fluid, or in alternative usage such as capillary microelectrophoresis, ultralow volume sampling, or in‐flow (tubular) systems for batch processing of blood or culture media.
Computation of a drastic flow pattern change in an annular swirling jet caused by a small decrease in inlet swirl
Authors: Vanierschot M. , Van den Bulck E.
Published: June 2008

This paper investigates the flow pattern change in an annular jet caused by a sudden change in the level of inlet swirl. The jet geometry consists of an annular channel followed by a specially designed stepped‐conical nozzle, which allows the existence of four different flow patterns as a function of the inlet swirl number. This paper reports on the transition between two of them, called the ‘open jet flow high swirl’ and the ‘Coanda jet flow.’ It is shown that a small sudden decrease of 4% in inlet swirl results in a drastic and irreversible change in flow pattern. The objective of this paper is to reveal the underlying physical mechanisms in this transition by means of numerical simulations. The flow is simulated using the unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach for incompressible flow with a Reynolds stress turbulence model. The analysis of the numerical results is based on a study of different forces on a control volume, which consists of the jet boundaries. The analysis of these forces shows that the flow pattern change consists of three different regimes: an immediate response regime, a quasi‐static regime and a Coanda regime. The simulation reveals that the pressure–tangential velocity coupling during the quasi‐static regime and the Coanda effect at the nozzle outlet during the Coanda regime are the driving forces behind the flow pattern change. These physical mechanisms are validated with time‐resolved stereo‐PIV measurements, which confirm the numerical simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unemployment and self‐assessed health: evidence from panel data
Authors: Böckerman Petri , Ilmakunnas Pekka
Published: June 2008

We examine the relationship between unemployment and self‐assessed health using the European Community Household Panel for Finland over the period 1996–2001. Our results show that the event of becoming unemployed does not matter as such for self‐assessed health. The health status of those that end up being unemployed is lower than that of the continually employed. Therefore, persons who have poor health are being selected for the pool of the unemployed. This explains why, in a cross‐section, unemployment is associated with poor self‐assessed health. All in all, the cross‐sectional negative relationship between unemployment and self‐assessed health is not found longitudinally. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A retrospective content analysis of studies on factors constraining the implementation of health sector reform in Ghana
Authors: Sakyi Dr E. Kojo
Published: June 2008

Ghana has undertaken many public service management reforms in the past two decades. But the implementation of the reforms has been constrained by many factors. This paper undertakes a retrospective study of research works on the challenges to the implementation of reforms in the public health sector. It points out that most of the studies identified: (1) centralised, weak and fragmented management system; (2) poor implementation strategy; (3) lack of motivation; (4) weak institutional framework; (5) lack of financial and human resources and (6) staff attitude and behaviour as the major causes of ineffective reform implementation. The analysis further revealed that quite a number of crucial factors obstructing reform implementation which are particularly internal to the health system have either not been thoroughly studied or overlooked. The analysis identified lack of leadership; weak communication and consultation; lack of stakeholder participation, corruption and unethical professional behaviour as some of the missing variables in the literature. The study, therefore, indicated that there are gaps in the literature that needed to be filled through rigorous reform evaluation based on empirical research particularly at district, sub‐district and community levels. It further suggested that future research should be concerned with the effects of both systems and structures and behavioural factors on reform implementation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.