bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FIRMNESS EVALUATION OF SWEET CHERRIES BY A TRAINED AND CONSUMER SENSORY PANEL
Authors: ROSS CAROLYN F. , CHAUVIN MAITE A. , WHITING MATTHEW
Published: September 2009

The objective of this study was to examine cherry firmness and the ability of a trained and consumer panel to differentiate between cherries of different firmness values. For the trained panel (n = 12) and consumer panel (n = 100) evaluations, two late‐maturing, commercially important cherry cultivars were evaluated, “Selah” and “Skeena.” For trained panel evaluations, the analytical firmness value of each cherry was determined, although for the consumer panel, cherries were characterized into different firmness categories (low, intermediate and high), after which, a series of paired comparisons were made. “Selah” was the less‐firm cultivar by approximately 20 g/mm and consumers could distinguish the more‐firm cherry in all comparisons (P < 0.05). For “Skeena,” consumers could only distinguish soft versus firm. Trained panelists were able to distinguish between cherries of a minimum analytical firmness value of ∼40 g/mm. A model was developed to predict sensory firmness from analytical determinations of firmness (r = 0.63).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Developing prediction models to estimate sensory response from analytical data will benefit the fruit industry by potentially allowing the use of analytical measurements as a proxy for sensory evaluation. In addition, understanding the importance of firmness on cherry acceptance and knowing the specific firmness values at which individuals can perceive a difference in sensory firmness is useful for cherry growers to produce a cherry with acceptable texture.
EGG ALBUMIN AND GUAR GUM INFLUENCE ON FOAM THIXOTROPY
Authors: MIQUELIM JOICE NATALI , DA SILVA LANNES SUZANA CAETANO
Published: September 2009

Food foams may be defined as products containing a gaseous phase stabilized in a matrix containing water and proteins. The rheology of a foam can be altered by how the air bubbles inside are organized, its size and shape, allowing a product that was initially fluid to be molded, like marshmallow. Rheology makes possible to understand how these properties are affected using dynamic oscillatory measurements to evaluate the behavior through G′ and G″, and rotational to characterize the product through stress, and viscosity curves under controlled shear stress. These two methodologies combined are useful to analyze thixotropy. Nine formulations containing albumin and gelatin, and five others containing guar gum were evaluated by oscillatory rheology focusing thixotropy determination. Replacing gelatin by guar gum elasticity and thixotropy were increased, improving film stability around the air bubbles. It is possible to say that gelatin can be replaced by guar gum at concentrations of 0.4%, creating a product with a better ability of structure recovery.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

This study indicated an important role of thixotropic analysis choice to understand the behavior of structure of products like foam. It was tested with three alternatives to get information about thixotropy of the products. It is very important for those who work with rheological analysis and products formulation.
The Right to Relocation: Disappearing Island Nations and Common Ownership of the Earth
Authors: Risse Mathias
Published: September 2009

The Right to Relocation: Disappearing Island Nations and Common Ownership of the Earth

Mathias Risse

In recent work I have tried to revitalize the standpoint of humanity's commonly owning the earth. This standpoint has implications for a range of problems that have recently preoccupied us at the global level, including immigration, obligations to future generations, climate change, and human rights. In particular, this approach helps illuminate what moral claims to international aid small island nations whose existence is threatened by global climate change have. A recent proposal for relocating his people across different nations by President Tong of Kiribati is a case in point. My approach vindicates President Tong's proposal.
Effects of clear visual input and change in standing sequence on standing sway related to falls during night toilet use
Authors: Sada Kouji , Uchiyama Junko , Ohnishi Toshihiko , Ninomiya Ishio , Masino Yachiyo
Published: September 2009

sada k., uchiyama j., ohnishi t., ninomiya i. & masino y. (2009) Effects of clear visual input and change in standing sequence on standing sway related to falls during night toilet use.International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 34–40 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2009.00187.x

Aim. The aim of this study is to provide objective evidence that clear visual input and change in standing sequence can reduce fall risk related to night toilet use among hospitalized older patients.

Background. In hospitalized older patients, falls are likely to occur during night toileting needs.

Method. Using a stabilometer, we measured and compared maximal standing sway for 10 seconds immediately after standing with three visual input modes in two standing patterns, comparing healthy younger adults (n = 22) and older patients (n = 19). The three modes are no visual input (mode 1), vague (mode 2), and clear visual input (mode 3). Standing sequences A and B are defined as supine‐to‐standing and supine‐to‐sitting‐to‐standing, respectively.

Results. For a given visual mode, maximal moved distance was significantly greater for older patients than for younger adults with both standing patterns (P < 0.0001). Both standing pattern B and clear visual input decreased maximal moved distance in younger adults and older patients. A greater maximal moved distance score indicated a greater fall risk.

Relevance to clinical practice. It is important for nurses to train older patients to turn on the light and perform standing pattern B, when going to the bathroom at night. In addition, it is advisable to confirm the placement of distinct visual markers on the way to the bathroom.
Therapeutic Applications and Mechanisms Underlying the Activity of Immunosuppressive Oligonucleotides
Authors: Klinman Dennis M. , Tross Debbie , Klaschik Sven , Shirota Hidekazu , Sato Takeshi
Published: September 2009

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) capable of “neutralizing” or “inhibiting” immune responses have been described. This review will focus on the properties of phosphorothioate ODN that mimic the immunosuppressive activity of the repetitive TTAGGG motifs present in mammalian telomeres. These TTAGGG multimers block the production of pro‐inflammatory and T helper type 1 cytokines elicited when immune cells are activated by a wide variety of Toll‐like receptor ligands, polyclonal activators, and antigens. Several mechanisms contribute to the suppressive activity of such ODN. Ongoing microarray studies indicate that suppressive ODN interfere with the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT4, thereby blocking the inflammation mediated by STAT‐associated signaling cascades. In animal models, suppressive ODN can be used to prevent or treat diseases characterized by persistent immune activation, including collagen‐induced arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, silicosis, and toxic shock. These findings suggest that TTAGGG multimers may find broad use in the treatment of diseases characterized by over‐exuberant/persistent immune activation.
Toward a Durable Anti‐HIV Gene Therapy Based on RNA Interference
Authors: Berkhout Ben
Published: September 2009

Basic research in the field of molecular biology led to the discovery of the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) in Caenorhabditis elegans in 1998. RNAi is now widely appreciated as an important gene control mechanism in mammals, and several RNAi‐based gene‐silencing applications have already been used in clinical trials. In this review I will discuss RNAi approaches to inhibit the pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), which establishes a chronic infection that would most likely require a durable gene therapy approach. Viruses, such as HIV‐1, are particularly difficult targets for RNAi attack because they mutate frequently, which allows viral escape by mutation of the RNAi target sequence. Combinatorial RNAi strategies are required to prevent viral escape.
RNA Interference Inhibitors of Hepatitis B Virus
Authors: McCaffrey Anton P.
Published: September 2009

Previously, we showed that short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV) potently inhibit the virus in a transient mouse model. However, subsequent studies showed that expression of these hairpins (as well as hairpins targeting human α‐1 antitrypsin) from adeno‐associated virus vectors (AAV) cause fatality in mice. We used rational design to develop significantly more potent second‐generation HBV RNAi triggers embedded within the endogenous microRNA (miRNA) miR‐30. A statistical analysis of thermodynamic parameters revealed characteristics important for RNAi potency. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and shRNAs are known to compete with each other and with endogenous miRNAs for the miRNA machinery. We show that exogenous miRNA expression cassettes can compete with exogenous siRNAs, shRNA, and miRNAs as well as with endogenous miRNAs. Preliminary studies demonstrate that miRNA‐based HBV RNAi expression from AAV vectors is well tolerated in mice.
Determining the effects of habitat fragment area on grasshopper species density and richness: a comparison of proportional and uniform sampling methods
Authors: NUFIO CÉSAR R. , McCLENAHAN JEFF L. , THURSTON ELIZABETH G.
Published: September 2009

Abstract.  1. The sampling methodology used in diversity studies may at times define perceived biological patterns. In this study we used urban grassland fragments in the Front Range of northern Colorado, USA, to determine whether grasshoppers exhibit a species–area relationship (SAR) and to examine the potential effects of sampling protocol, namely uniform and proportional sampling, and sampling biases on our ability to detect such a relationship.

2. A uniform sampling protocol was used to survey grasshoppers across 13 urban fragments and then sample‐based rarefaction curves were used to determine how the SAR would have been modified had we used proportional sampling. We also used individual‐based rarefaction curves to explore the issue of ‘passive’ sampling and used species richness estimators to address the efficacy of our sampling protocols.

3. We found that reductions in habitat area due to urban fragmentation lead to a significant SAR between grasshopper species density and richness and fragment size. Using field data we also show, that relative to a uniform sampling protocol, proportional sampling can lead to similar conclusions about the density of species found within an area with the potential benefit of not over sampling smaller relative to larger areas. Finally, the estimators showed that most of the species in each fragment were detected and the individual‐based rarefaction curves showed that the detected SAR was not due to ‘passive’ sampling.
La réunion d’un symbole national
Authors: Munjeri Dawson
Published: September 2009

L’affaire de l’oiseau en pierre à savon a mobilisé beaucoup de parties prenantes en Belgique, en Allemagne et au Zimbabwe et illustre certaines dynamiques impliquées dans le rapatriement et la restitution de propriétés culturelles à leurs pays d’origine. En tant que Directeur général des Musées et Monuments Nationaux du Zimbabwe (NMMZ), l’auteur a été l’un des acteurs‐clé dans les efforts qui ont culminé dans la restitution par l’Allemagne au Zimbabwe de l’oiseau en pierre à savon du Grand Zimbabwe, bien qu’il s’agisse d’un « prêt permanent aux Musées et Monuments Nationaux du Zimbabwe ». Les questions de la « permanence du prêt » et de la « propriété légale » doivent encore être réglées à l’échelle mondiale et cet article en explore quelques aspects.
Le retour du patrimoine culturel du Danemark au Groenland
Authors: Gabriel Mille
Published: September 2009

De 1982 à 2001, le Danemark et le Groenland engagèrent une coopération muséale de grande ampleur qui aboutit à la restitution par le Musée national du Danemark d’environ 35 000 objets archéologiques et ethnographiques au Nunatta Katersugaasivia Allagaateqarfialu, le Musée national et les Archives du Groenland – processus nommé plus tard Utimut, le mot kalaallisut signifiant retour.
Implications et défis du retour et de la réinhumation des anciens Ngarrindjeri de la « collection d’Édimbourg »
Authors: Wilson Christopher
Published: September 2009

Cet article est basé sur la recherche sur le rapatriement des Anciens Ngarrindjeri. Plus de 100 ans après avoir été exhumés, ce n’est qu’en avril 2003 que plus de 300 individus (appelés la Collection d’Édimbourg) ont été rendus à la nation Ngarrindjeri, établissant une norme nationale pour le traitement des Anciens en Australie. Depuis cet événement hautement significatif, les Ngarrindjeri ont été submergés par le nombre d’Anciens rendus à la communauté, y compris les dépouilles provenant de collectionneurs privés et les soixante‐quatorze individus du Musée Victoria en 2004. Cet article propose un aperçu des processus de rapatriement et de réinhumation vécus par la nation Ngarrindjeri et esquisse les implications sociales, culturelles, politiques et économiques du rapatriement de dépouilles humaines sur les communautés indigènes en Australie. Il apporte en outre un éclairage sur la première réinhumation au sein de la communauté Ngarrindjeri et examine certains efforts collectifs inclus dans le processus de réinhumation en tant que tel.
De l’université d’Édimbourg à la nation Ngarrindjeri en Australie méridionale
Authors: Fforde Cressida
Published: September 2009

À partir du dix‐huitième siècle, des institutions européennes ont collectionné des restes humains autochtones australiens, constituant une partie des collections contenant des restes humains d’habitants du monde entier, y compris d’Europe. Acquis dans le but d’étudier de supposées différences « raciales », leur transfert était profondément ancré dans un paradigme scientifique raciste, abandonné depuis longtemps, mais qui a joué une part importante dans l’oppression des peuples autochtones par l’état colonisateur. La documentation historique prouve que ces restes humains ont été pris sans le consentement et contre la volonté de la population autochtone. Depuis les années 1980, de nombreux groupes autochtones ont mené campagne pour que les institutions à travers le monde restituent ces restes afin qu’ils puissent être réinhumés. Cet article traite du cas de l’Université d’Édimbourg, qui avait amassé au dix‐neuvième siècle une importante collection de restes humains du monde entier et qui, à la suite d’une campagne menée par le peuple autochtone, a adopté en 1991 une politique pro‐rapatriement.
Les bénéfices culturels du retour de l'obélisque d'Aksoum
Authors: Mariam Haile
Published: September 2009

Histoire

Dans le monde antique, l’Éthiopie était connue comme la légendaire Terre de Punt. Elle joua un rôle important dans les textes religieux de l’Égypte pharaonique et est mentionnée dans l’œuvre d’Homère. Les traces les plus significatives de la première civilisation éthiopienne sont situées dans la région nord de Tigré, le long d’une ancienne route commerciale de caravanes, menant de la ville d’Adulis sur la côte de la Mer Rouge à Qohaito, Metera, Yeha et Aksoum.
Le contexte historique des découvertes sumériennes
Authors: Caubet Annie
Published: September 2009

En 1877, le consul français à Bassora, Ernest de Sarzec, entreprit des fouilles sur le site de Tello, dans le sud de l’Iraq. Les objets, reliefs et sculptures retrouvés là portaient des inscriptions dans une langue inconnue, ce qui conduisit à une redécouverte de la civilisation sumérienne. Le commandant Gaston Cros prit ensuite la relève sur le site jusqu’en 1909. Les troubles dans la région s’aggravèrent alors et culminèrent avec le déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale. Entre 1909 et 1924, des pillages eurent lieu à une grande échelle. Des objets importants, souvent porteurs d’inscriptions, tombèrent entre les mains du marchand Gejou. Entre 1924 et 1925, une série de statues de la dynastie sumérienne, dont celle d’Ur‐Ningirsu, fut vendue à différents musées et collectionneurs européens et américains. En 1974, le Louvre et le Metropolitan Museum of Art de New York signèrent un accord prévoyant que les deux institutions réuniraient la tête et le corps de la statue sumérienne et l’exposeraient à tour de rôle, intacte, durant des périodes de quatre ans.
Nouveaux modes de coopération entre musées et pays d’origine
Authors: Ferri Paolo Giorgio
Published: September 2009

Cet article étudie les changements dans la sensibilité et l’opinion internationale concernant la circulation illicite de biens culturels. L’émergence d’une politique internationale nouvelle et différente implique des transformations dans les apports normatifs et jurisprudentiels, au moins en ce qui concerne la bonne foi et la manifestation de diligence, lesquelles sont enrichies des facteurs qu’une époque donnée et qu’un sentiment social commun leur attribue. L’harmonie et l’équilibre s’atteignent par l’assimilation de différents systèmes juridiques, et en respectant les normes impératives du pays d’origine. Il devient par conséquent possible d’envisager un résultat final unifié, c’est‐à‐dire la création d’une législation uniforme.
Le patrimoine artistique et le retour des chefs‐d’œuvre
Authors: Godart Louis
Published: September 2009

Le présent article a été rédigéà l’occasion de l’exposition Nostoi : Capolavori ritrovati (Chefs‐d’œuvre retrouvés), qui s’est tenue au Palais du Quirinal. Pour la première fois, le public a pu voir soixante‐sept chefs‐d’œuvre rendus à l’Italie par quatre grands musées américains : le J. Paul Getty Museum, le Metropolitan Museum of Art, le Museum of Fine Arts de Boston et le Princeton University Art Museum. L’exposition, inaugurée officiellement par le président de la République et le ministre de la Culture le 21 décembre 2007, fut un succès sans précédent, au point qu’elle dut être prolongée. Toutes les œuvres exposées étaient le produit de fouilles clandestines réalisées sur des sites de Grande Grèce, d’Étrurie, du Latium, de Campanie et de Sicile. Elles couvrent environ 900 ans d’histoire italienne, du neuvième siècle avant J.‐C. au deuxième siècle après J.‐C. Elles révèlent le caractère généralisé d’un phénomène très préoccupant pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine artistique du pays. Selon le procureur Ferri, entre 1970 et 2000, près de 2 500 personnes ont fait l’objet d’enquêtes pour avoir participé au pillage d’importants sites archéologiques italiens.
Les antiquités non désirées
Authors: Brodie Neil
Published: September 2009

Le débat international sur le sort des biens culturels volés ou confisqués d’une manière ou d’une autre a tourné jusqu’à maintenant autour des questions liées à leur restitution. Cet article aborde le problème moins connu de ce qu’il convient de faire de tels biens lorsque leur pays d’origine ne réclame pas leur retour.
La déontologie et le droit des retours
Authors: Prott Lyndel
Published: September 2009

Si aussi bien le droit international que les droits nationaux sont applicables pour le règlement de conflits sur les articles du patrimoine culturel, que se produit‐il si le droit est incertain, ou inexistant, ou si les droits nationaux applicables se contredisent ? Les droits nationaux sont applicables car ils contrôlent des institutions comme les musées et déterminent si un article a été volé ou exporté illégalement. Le droit international engage tous les États membres de la communauté internationale. En outre, il y a une exigence de réciprocité et de courtoisie entre les nations dans leurs efforts pour préserver leurs patrimoines nationaux respectifs. Là où les droits national et international se contredisent, une nation ne peut pas justifier la non‐conformité avec le droit international au motif que son propre droit n’est pas en règle. Les principes déontologiques évoluent avec les changements d’attitudes dans une communauté. Dans la mesure où le droit formalise ces principes et en fait des règles, les changements d’attitudes préfigurent des changements du droit. De tels changements sont attestés par le « Plaidoyer pour le retour d’un patrimoine culturel irremplaçable à ceux qui l’ont créé », publié par le directeur général de l’UNESCO en 1978, et l’adoption de la Déclaration sur les droits des peuples autochtones par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies. Les principes culturels respectent l’importance spéciale de la culture dans les communautés.
Retour d’une génération volée
Authors: Besterman Tristram
Published: September 2009

Cet article se préoccupe des personnes– plutôt que des objets – et de leur retour. Les restes humains soustraits illégalement à leurs communautés sources à destination des musées du Royaume‐Uni pendant la période coloniale sont aujourd’hui rapatriés à un rythme sans précédent. Pourtant, quelques institutions du Royaume‐Uni restent sourdes à la voix des descendants, dont le sentiment de viol peut être aggravé par un traitement non averti et inconsidéré des institutions détentrices. Au moins deux principes devraient guider les musées dans la gestion des demandes : le contexte et le consentement. Pour l’analyse du contexte, aussi bien les circonstances historiques dans lesquelles les restes des personnes ont quitté leur communauté source et sont entrées au musée, que les circonstances actuelles de la demande, devraient être examinées avec sensibilité. L’esprit et la conduite de l’enquête doivent inclure un dialogue entre le musée et la communauté source qui reconnaisse l’équité et soit bien informé, en signe de respect, afin d’éviter un troisième niveau de viol. Par extension, le consentement – ou son absence – est un facteur fondamental dans la dépossession passée et la possession actuelle. Les constructions raciales de la science et de la pratique muséale du dix‐neuvième siècle peuvent résonner désagréablement au vingt‐et‐unième, si les institutions détentrices échouent à dialoguer convenablement avec les communautés revendicatrices.
Les voleurs de Bagdad : une nouvelle manière d’envisager la réunion des sculptures du Parthénon
Authors: Bogdanos Matthew
Published: September 2009

Responsable de l’enquête menée par le gouvernement américain sur le pillage du Musée de l’Iraq en 2003 et lui‐même Américain d’origine grecque, Matthew Bogdanos suggère que la tragédie que représente la perte du patrimoine iraquien peut être mise à profit de trois manières différentes pour donner de nouvelles perspectives et une plus grande force affective à la question de la réunion des sculptures du Parthénon. Il suggère tout d’abord que toutes les personnes participant à ce débat mobilisent l’intérêt et le soutien de l’ensemble de la société par un recours plus large aux médias, étant donné que la publicité se traduit par une plus grande prise de conscience, laquelle a pour effet d’accroître l’attention, la pression et les ressources en faveur de la récupération et du rapatriement des biens culturels. En second lieu, il défend l’idée que, si l’ensemble de la société considérait les déplacements de biens culturels opérés aux dix‐septième et dix‐neuvième siècles moins à travers les brumes des temps lointains qu’à travers le prisme d’avril 2003 et du pillage du Musée de l’Iraq, le citoyen, l’électeur et le contribuable moyens pourraient revoir l’image de bénins gentlemen aventuriers traditionnellement associée à ceux qui se sont emparés de ces biens. Enfin, tout en reconnaissant pleinement que l’analogie n’est pas parfaite, le colonel Bogdanos évoque la protestation qui se ferait entendre si certains pays refusaient de rendre les antiquités qu’ils détiennent et qui ont été volées en Iraq en 2003, notant qu’un grand nombre de ces pays ne disent mot de la restitution des sculptures du Parthénon.
Médiation et diplomatie culturelle
Authors: Stamatoudi Irini
Published: September 2009

Cet article examine les avantages de la médiation et de la diplomatie culturelle, et examine comment des progrès peuvent être réalisés à cet égard dans le cadre de l’UNESCO.
Musées et justice réparatrice : patrimoine, retour et éducation culturelle
Authors: Simpson Moira
Published: September 2009

Après des décennies de répression et d’injustice sociale, de nombreux peuples autochtones colonisés cherchent à ressusciter les valeurs traditionnelles et les pratiques culturelles en tant que partie d’un processus de renouvellement destinéà renforcer l’identité culturelle, guérir les maux individuels et communautaires et donner une impulsion à une nouvelle créativité. Dans cet article, l’auteur examine la valeur contemporaine des artéfacts sacrés et cérémoniels en tant que ressources pour un renouveau culturel de peuples autochtones qui ont perdu la plus grande partie de leur patrimoine matériel au cours de l’époque coloniale et qui cherchent à surmonter les effets d’un trauma postcolonial. Ce processus implique souvent la restitution d’éléments clés du patrimoine culturel et spirituel de cultures autochtones et ce sont ces types d’items qui sont le plus souvent l’objet de demandes de rapatriement. Cet article explore les liens entre patrimoine, santé et bien‐être qui deviennent évidents lorsque les peuples autochtones cherchent à reconstituer leurs valeurs culturelles et leur identité et renouveler la dimension spirituelle de leur culture en tant que moyens de vivre au vingt‐et‐unième siècle et examine les implications sur les rôles futurs des musées.
Un premier petit pas dans un long voyage
Authors: Davies Maurice
Published: September 2009

Cet article se base sur des conversations entre plusieurs participants à la récente conférence d’Athènes sur la question des marbres du Parthénon. Je souhaite renouer le fil de la discussion, et espère le faire de sorte que cela serve et soit acceptable aux deux camps.
Retour des biens culturels : l’expérience péruvienne
Authors: Alva Guerrero Blanca
Published: September 2009

Depuis le début de son existence en tant que nation indépendante, le Pérou a interdit l’exportation de ses biens culturels sans autorisation gouvernementale. Cependant, cela n’a pas empêché la perte ininterrompue de son patrimoine culturel. De nombreuses collections d’objets péruviens existent à l’étranger, en plus de nombreux objets isolés. Autant d’objets ont quitté le pays légalement (en tant que concessions ou faveurs du régime provisoire) qu’illégalement. En 2007, le Pérou avait un total de quarante‐et‐une revendications de biens culturels dans onze pays. Cette année‐là, pour la première fois dans l’histoire péruvienne, le gouvernement a attribué un fonds spécial à l’Institut national de la culture pour couvrir les dépenses de rapatriement de biens culturels exportés illégalement. Le plus grand nombre de ces rapatriements a eu lieu dans le cadre d’un protocole signé avec le gouvernement des États‐Unis d’Amérique, composés d’approximativement 640 pièces archéologiques. Le Pérou encourage la signature de nouveaux accords bilatéraux avec d’autres pays, ainsi que la révision d’accords déjà existants, pour faciliter les procédures de restitution. Ces accords comportent des catégories répertoriées d’objets protégés avec des descriptions génériques, pour surmonter le problème de la restitution d’objets archéologiques mis au jour clandestinement, sans documents officiels.
Lomerizine, a Ca2+ Channel Blocker, Protects against Neuronal Degeneration within the Visual Center of the Brain after Retinal Damage in Mice
Authors: Ito Yasushi , Nakamura Shinsuke , Tanaka Hirotaka , Tsuruma Kazuhiro , Shimazawa Masamitsu , Araie Makoto , Hara Hideaki
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine whether lomerizine, a Ca2+ channel blocker, protects against neuronal degeneration within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and superior colliculus (SC) after the induction of retinal damage by intravitreal injection of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) in mice. NMDA (20 mM/2 μL) was injected into the vitreous body of the left eye in mice (DAY 0). Lomerizine at 30 mg/kg, p.o. was administered daily from immediately after the injection of NMDA (DAY 0) to 90 days after (DAY 90). To investigate the neuroprotective effects of lomerizine, the retina, dLGN, and SC were examined using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Lomerizine reduced the retinal damage induced by NMDA and partially prevented the transsynaptic neuronal degeneration within dLGN and SC on the contralateral side. Moreover, lomerizine reduced the intravitreal NMDA induced decrease in the light‐induced expression of c‐Fos in the contralateral dLGN (used in this study to evaluate residual vision). These results indicate that lomerizine affords some protection against transsynaptic neuronal degeneration within the visual center of the mouse brain.
Characterization of canthaxanthin biosynthesis genes from an uncultured marine bacterium
Authors: Maresca Julia A. , Braff Jennifer C. , Delong Edward F.
Published: September 2009

Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments synthesized in plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea, with roles in light harvesting, protection from stress, and membrane and protein structures. To characterize carotenoid biosynthesis genes from oceanic microbes, a fosmid library derived from microbial samples collected in surface water of the Pacific Ocean was screened in Escherichia coli for pigment‐expressing recombinant strains. One DNA fragment enabled production of a bright orange pigment, and was analysed further by sequence analysis and phenotypic characterization. The cloned DNA encoded a five‐gene cluster predicted to be involved in the synthesis of canthaxanthin, a ketolated carotenoid. Each of these genes was inactivated by insertion of a transposon, and the biochemical function of each gene product was confirmed. Sequencing of related fosmids generated a 67 kb genomic contig, and comparative analyses suggested that the DNA may originate from a deltaproteobacterium. The carotenoid biosynthesis genes described here are related to well‐characterized families of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, but also indicate that the organism harbouring them is only distantly related to any previously characterized bacterial types.
Growth rates of different phylogenetic bacterioplankton groups in a coastal upwelling system
Authors: Teira Eva , Martínez‐García Sandra , Lønborg Christian , Álvarez‐Salgado Xosé A.
Published: September 2009

Microbial degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in planktonic ecosystems is carried out by diverse prokaryotic communities, whose growth rates and patterns of DOM utilization modulate carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles at local and global scales. Nine dilution experiments (September 2007 to June 2008) were conducted with surface water from the highly productive coastal upwelling system of the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula) to estimate bacterial growth rates of six relevant marine bacterial groups: Roseobacter, SAR11, Betaproteobacteria,Gammaproteobacteria, SAR86 and Bacteroidetes. Surprisingly, SAR11 dominated over the other bacterial groups in autumn, likely associated to the entry of nutrient‐rich, DOC‐poor Eastern North Atlantic Central Water (ENACW) into the embayment. Roseobacter and SAR11 showed significantly opposing growth characteristics. SAR11 consistently grows at low rates (range 0.19–0.71 day−1), while Roseobacter has a high growth potential (range 0.70–1.64 day−1). In contrast, Betaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, SAR86 and Gammaproteobacteria growth rates widely varied among experiments. Regardless of such temporal variability, mean SAR86 growth rate (range 0.1–1.4 day−1) was significantly lower than that of Gammaproteobacteria (range 0.3–2.1 day−1). Whereas the relative abundance of different bacterial groups showed strong correlations with several environmental variables, group‐specific bacterial growth rates did not co‐vary with ambient conditions. Our results suggest that different bacterial groups exhibit characteristic growth rates, and, consequently, distinct competitive abilities to succeed under contrasting environmental conditions.
A fossil‐calibrated relaxed clock for Ephedra indicates an Oligocene age for the divergence of Asian and New World clades and Miocene dispersal into South America
Authors: ICKERT‐BOND Stefanie M. , RYDIN Catarina , RENNER Susanne S.
Published: September 2009

Abstract  Ephedra comprises approximately 50 species, which are roughly equally distributed between the Old and New World deserts, but not in the intervening regions (amphitropical range). Great heterogeneity in the substitution rates of Gnetales (Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia) has made it difficult to infer the ages of the major divergence events in Ephedra, such as the timing of the Beringian disjunction in the genus and the entry into South America. Here, we use data from as many Gnetales species and genes as available from GenBank and from a recent study to investigate the timing of the major divergence events. Because of the tradeoff between the amount of missing data and taxon/gene sampling, we reduced the initial matrix of 265 accessions and 12 loci to 95 accessions and 10 loci, and further to 42 species (and 7736 aligned nucleotides) to achieve stationary distributions in the Bayesian molecular clock runs. Results from a relaxed clock with an uncorrelated rates model and fossil‐based calibration reveal that New World species are monophyletic and diverged from their mostly Asian sister clade some 30 mya, fitting with many other Beringian disjunctions. The split between the single North American and the single South American clade occurred approximately 25 mya, well before the closure of the Panamanian Isthmus. Overall, the biogeographic history of Ephedra appears dominated by long‐distance dispersal, but finer‐scale studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
Evolution of the Madrean–Tethyan disjunctions and the North and South American amphitropical disjunctions in plants
Authors: WEN Jun , ICKERT‐BOND Stefanie M.
Published: September 2009

Abstract  The present paper reviews advances in the study of two major intercontinental disjunct biogeographic patterns: (i) between Eurasian and western North American deserts with the Mediterranean climate (the Madrean–Tethyan disjunctions); and (ii) between the temperate regions of North and South America (the amphitropical disjunctions). Both disjunct patterns have multiple times of origin. The amphitropical disjunctions have largely resulted from long‐distance dispersal, primarily from the Miocene to the Holocene, with available data indicating that most lineages dispersed from North to South America. Results of recent studies on the Mediterranean disjuncts between the deserts of Eurasia and western North America support the multiple modes of origin and are mostly consistent with hypotheses of long‐distance dispersal and the North Atlantic migration. Axelrod's Madrean–Tethyan hypothesis, which implies vicariance between the two regions in the early Tertiary, has been favored by a few studies. The Beringian migration corridor for semiarid taxa is also supported in some cases.
A Survey of Evidence in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Oncology Manuscripts from 1999 to 2007
Authors: Sahora A. , Khanna C.
Published: September 2009

Objectives: To survey and monitor trends in evidence for oncology manuscripts published in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM) between 1999 and 2007 based on an evidence‐based medicine (EBM) standard.

Methods: All veterinary oncology‐related articles published in JVIM and 7 other high‐impact journals from 1999 to 2007 were collected by database searches. Relevant manuscripts then were characterized including investigator affiliation, subject matter investigated, retrospective or prospective study design, manuscript type, and classifications of manuscripts using an EBM standard.

Results: A total of 172 relevant veterinary oncology manuscripts were identified in JVIM between 1999 and 2007. The proportion of oncology manuscripts published each year rose with the total number of manuscripts published in JVIM (mean, 13%; range, 8–15%). The author affiliations and subject matter were similar during this evaluation period. Case series represented the most common manuscript type (40%). With the exception of a progressive increase in prospective manuscripts and a reduction in case reports, no significant changes in the classification of manuscripts using EBM standards were seen. During this same period, veterinary oncology manuscripts published in 7 high‐impact journals were associated with higher standards of evidence including prospective studies and randomized trials.

Conclusions: The standards of evidence for veterinary oncology manuscripts published in JVIM have remained static between 1999 and 2007. This survey provides an informative benchmark for the state of evidence in previous JVIM oncology manuscripts and may be useful in identifying specific opportunities that may raise the standards of evidence in future publications in JVIM.
Log-isocristaux surconvergents et holonomie
Authors: Caro Daniel
Published: September 2009

Let 𝒱 be a complete discrete valuation ring of unequal characteristic with perfect residue field. Let $\X $ be a separated smooth formal 𝒱-scheme, 𝒵 be a normal crossing divisor of $\X $, $\X ^\#:= (\X , \ZZ )$ be the induced formal log-scheme over 𝒱 and $u: \X ^\# \rightarrow \X $ be the canonical morphism. Let X and Z be the special fibers of $\X $ and 𝒵, T be a divisor of X and ℰ be a log-isocrystal on $\X ^\#$ overconvergent along T, that is, a coherent left $\D ^\dag _{\X ^\#} (\hdag T) _{\Q }$-module, locally projective of finite type over $ \O _{\X } (\hdag T) _{\Q }$. We check the relative duality isomorphism: $u_{T,+} (\E ) \riso u_{T,!} (\E (\ZZ ))$. We prove the isomorphism $u_{T,+} (\E ) \riso \D ^\dag _{\X } (\hdag T) _{\Q } \otimes _{\D ^\dag _{\X ^\#} (\hdag T) _{\Q }} \E (\ZZ )$, which implies their holonomicity as $\D ^\dag _{\X } (\hdag T) _{\Q }$-modules. We obtain the canonical morphism ρℰ : uT,+(ℰ)→ℰ(†Z). When ℰ is moreover an isocrystal on $\X $ overconvergent along T, we prove that ρℰ is an isomorphism.
Applications of a Hereditary Constitutive Law of Discrete Memory Type
Authors: Boisserie J. M. , Guelin P. , Terriez J. M. , Wack B.
Published: September 2009

A formulation is given for the constitutive equations of an elastoviscoplastic material and an elastoplastic material with strain hardening; the coefficients of the latter formulation are identified for 316 L stainless steel. The results are obtained numerically and are related to simple geometries, including an axisymmetrical thin shell. The class of consitutive equations is briefly recalled. It describes hysteresis and hardening by expressing the effective stress as the sum of two hereditary contributions, of discrete and continuous memory form, respectively. It is closely related to a thermomechanical pattern which demands the use of the discrete memory concept.
Constitutive Equations for Large Plastic Deformation of Metals
Authors: Hartley C. S. , Srinivasan R.
Published: September 2009

Calculations of deformation behavior in metal forming operations require constitutive equations valid at large plastic strain. This work examines the quality of fit provided by two types of equations, an exponential form which generalizes power laws and a saturation-type relation, to data produced by isothermal, uniaxial testing of annealed 304 stainless steel and Zircaloy-4 at a constant total true strain rate and various temperatures. The use of annealed material reduces the number of independent parameters to three in the exponential equation and to four in the saturation-type equation. Physical reasoning places limits on the values of some parameters and identifies two with the true stress, σm, and true strain, εm, at the maximum load sustained by the specimen. Least-square fits of the data reveal that the Voce form of the saturation-type equation exhibits the lowest standard deviation of all equations studied. Material parameters representing σm, εm, and σs, the saturation stress, generally followed expected trends for the temperature dependence of measures of strength and ductility, except that εm, of 304 stainless steel tended to decrease with increasing temperature.
Stress-Strain Properties of Tough-Pitch Copper After Multi-Pass Drawing and Extruding
Authors: Thomsen E. G.
Published: September 2009

Tough-pitch copper was drawn and extruded in multi-pass operations to effective strains of 1.53 or area reductions of 80 percent. It appears that residual stresses and mean pressure did not influence the behavior of the deformed materials as interpreted from tension and compression tests. It is suggested that the behavior of tough-pitch copper after deformation is similar to that observed by metallurgists in endurance tests and strongly indicates simultaneous strengthening and softening, through the combined process of dislocation strengthening (by multiplication, pinning and interaction) and softening by recovery.
Fatigue Life Prediction for Complex Load Versus Time Histories
Authors: Dowling N. E.
Published: September 2009

Fatigue life prediction for complex load versus time histories is considered from the viewpoint of separating the history into discrete events, or cycles, which may then be used with constant amplitude fatigue data in a cumulative damage type of analysis. Highly irregular histories require special attention, with minor load excursions being considered in cycle counting as temporary interruptions of larger load cycles. Local notch plasticity and mean stress effects are interrelated, and such effects are most rationally accounted for in terms of local notch stresses and strains. The paper describes and discusses a life prediction procedure for notched members which is based on modeling of the stresses and strains occurring locally at the notch.
A Statistical Approach to Nondestructive Testing of Laser Welds
Authors: Duncan Hibbert A.
Published: September 2009

A statistical analysis of the data obtained from a relatively new nondestructive technique for laser welding is presented. The technique is one in which information relating to the quality of the welded joint is extracted from the high intensity plume which is generated from the materials that are welded. The system is such that the detected plume is processed to give a numerical value associated with the material vaporization and consequently, the weld quality. Optimum thresholds for the region in which a weld can be considered as acceptable are determined based on the Neyman-Pearson criterion and Bayes rule.
An Anisotropic Generalization of the Bridgman Analysis of Tensile Necking
Authors: Eisenberg M. A. , Yen C. F.
Published: September 2009

Tensile necking in anisotropic bars is analyzed in the spirit of P. W. Bridgman’s treatment of the isotropic case. Anisotropic plastic flow causes an initially axisymmetric bar to develop an elliptical neck. Using physical approximations analogous to Bridgman’s, an approximate analytical solution for the stress distribution is obtained. The solution is shown to be asymptotically correct in two important limiting cases: (a) the fully developed anisotropic neck, and (b) the isotropic limit. In the latter case it is shown that the solution is a member of a one-parameter family of solutions, which includes the Bridgman and the Davidenkov and Spiridonova solutions.
Interaction Diagram for Time Dependent Fatigue
Authors: Radhakrishnan V. M.
Published: September 2009

Interaction of fatigue with corrosion and creep has been analyzed through a parameter [Fi] introduced at the crack propagation stage. Assuming the effect of corrosion and creep to become dominant below a certain frequency, a model is proposed which is able to explain the stress-hold and the strain-hold effects on the fatigue life in time dependent fatigue. Beyond a certain period stress-hold leads to time-dependent and strain-hold leads to cycle-dependent interaction life. By suitably evaluating the parameter [Fi], life under any type of loading condition can be estimated. Based on the parameter, an interaction diagram is proposed for predicting the fatigue life in time dependent high temperature low cycle fatigue.
The Effects of Hold Period on the Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of 2 1/4 Cr-1Mo Steel at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Challenger K. D. , Vining P. G.
Published: September 2009

The effects of various loading wave forms on the fatigue crack growth rate of 2 1/4 Cr-1Mo steel at 482 and 538°C tested in air have been determined. Scanning electron fractography was used to measure the fatigue striation spacing on the fracture surface of strain controlled push-pull fatigue tests. The fatigue striation spacing was then used as a monitor of the fatigue crack growth rate in these specimens once a fatigue crack had been initiated. Constant strain hold periods were introduced during each cycle at various points of the hysteresis loop. Both increasing temperature and strain range increased the fatigue crack growth rate for continuously cycled tests as expected. However, when a hold period was introduced, the crack growth rate was dominated by the time that preceded each strain reversal; temperature and strain range effects became secondary to hold time. The effect of hold periods for the conditions examined is primarily crack tip oxidation rather than creep crack growth during the hold period.
Toughness of Cr-Mo-V Steels for Steam Turbine Rotors
Authors: Viswanathan R. , Jaffee R. I.
Published: September 2009

Cr-Mo-V steels are used extensively as the rotor material in the High Pressure and Intermediate Pressure Sections of modern steam turbines. The toughness of these rotors has a major influence on the reliability and efficiency of the turbine and the overall economy of operation and maintenance of the plant. The metallurgical factors affecting the toughness of the rotors and the methods to improve the toughness are now understood better than ever before. This paper will present a broad overview of the materials and design aspects of the toughness of Cr-Mo-V rotors with emphasis on the salient results of recent research programs aimed at improving their toughness.
Analysis of an Idealized Directionally Solidified FCC Material
Authors: Laflen J. H.
Published: September 2009

Directionally solidified materials are being increasingly used in aircraft engines. These alloys are anisotropic due to the well aligned crystalline structure with additional considerations including large grain sizes and perturbations in the local orientation. In this paper, the Bishop-Hill method is combined with nonlinear optimization techniques to predict the anisotropic plastic behavior of an ideal directionally solidified FCC material subjected to off-axis uniaxial loadings. A comparison of these results is made with a continuum theory.
Incremental Failure of an Expansion Joint During Combined Pressure and Expansion Loading
Authors: Wolf L. J. , Mains R. M.
Published: September 2009

Incremental failure was observed when two different loading conditions, pressure and expansion, were applied alternatively to an expansion joint. Neither of the conditions was capable independently of failing the expansion joint. When the conditions occurred together, only a small amount of plasticity was observed. But when the expansion was cycled while holding pressure constant, incremental plastic deformation occurred during each cycle which was cumulative to that of past cycles. The joint was dimensionally unstable over a large number of expansion cycles. Analytical and experimental results are presented in an attempt to explain the observed phenomenon.