bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FORMULATION OF TASTE AND VALUE IN AMERICAN ACTION-SPY MOVIES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE BOURNE SAGA
Authors: Firmansyah Muchammad Sofyan
Published: November 2020

The popularity of Hollywood action movies is undisputed, especially the ones related to espionage. The movies such as the 007 series and Mission: Impossible series are best known as successful action-spy movies as they are always considered the top blockbuster movies. However, the start of the release of The Bourne movies in 2002 changed audiences’ perspectives toward the depiction of espionage as commonly shown in 007 and Mission: Impossible. Four of The Bourne movies that consist of The Bourne Identity (2002), The Bourne Supremacy (2004), The Bourne Ultimatum (2007), and The Bourne Legacy (2011) are used as the object of this research. Furthermore, the different depictions of espionage in The Bourne movies successfully reached the attention of action-spy audiences. Many audiences from throughout the world expressed their feelings after watching these movies on the movie review site as IMDb.com. The audiences’ responses toward the different portrait of espionage that are presented in the movies may depend on the taste of those audiences with regards to the depictions inside the movies that may present certain American values as the narrative of the movies concerns an American named Jason Bourne. There are two goals of this research. The first is to reveal whether there is any relation between audiences’ taste and the values depicted in film whether these film are products of popular culture or not. The second is to know how these movies mold the American values in their narrative to appeal to the desire of audiences. This research is conducted under the American studies discipline, especially the paradigm of transnational American Studies. Furthermore, some theories are employed as tools to analyze the object in order to achieve the goal of this research. Conducted as qualitative research, books, movies, articles, and videos related to the focus of this research are used as supporting data.Keywords: The Bourne, Audience, Taste, Value.
Augustine Tolton’s Struggle as a Black Catholic against Discrimination as Portrayed in From Slave to Priest by Caroline Hamesath and They Called Him Father Gus by Roy Bauer
Authors: Damayanti Agnes Mira
Published: November 2020

This thesis aims to analyze how Black Catholics overcome the discrimination against their life in American society during the nineteenth century and also to explore what are the impacts of Black Catholics struggle portrayed in the biographies entitled From Slave to Priest and They Called Him Father Gus. The interdisciplinary approach applied in this thesis are including literature, sociology, and the concept of time and macro to micro by McDowell are used to enhance the analysis of Black Catholics’ struggle against the discrimination that they got in American society during the nineteenth century.The findings of the thesis show that Black Catholics did some actions to overcome the discrimination against their life in American society. The actions done by Black Catholics are the sign that they work hard struggling against the discrimination from whites, Catholic Church, and Black Protestants. Also, since this thesis highlights the impact of Black Catholics’ struggle, it indicates that the struggle of Black Catholics, represented mostly by the struggle of Father Augustine Tolton, give the positive impacts such as maintaining the good relation among black and white Catholics, inspired Black Catholics to keep struggle for their faith and inspired the establishment of Black Catholics’ organizations. Key words: Black Catholics, Father Augustine Tolton, Struggle, Impacts
BANGTAN SONYEONDAN (BTS) AS NEW AMERICAN IDOL
Authors: Suryani Ade Nine
Published: November 2020

South Korean pop songs or colloquially K-pop has spread globally. America also has a massive impact on this K-pop wave phenomenon. America now gives its enormous attention to the Bangtan Sonyeondan group or BTS group because this K-pop group is prevalent and becomes the new idol in America. In the beginning, K-pop is not successful, but until BTS comes and becomes a global sensation there. This paper tries to analyze which factors enable BTS to be the new idol in America. The writer uses a qualitative method to conduct the data and reception theory from Stuart Hall in the analysis. This analysis results in BTS, as the most popular K-pop group in America nowadays, has two factors that enable them to dominate American fans. The first one is through their androgyny physical appearance that redefines American traditional macho masculinity. The second one is through messages in their songs that raise social issues and mental health problems, helping their fans survive in their harsh lives.Keywords: BTS; decoded; encoded; k-pop; reception theory
THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN ZERO WASTE YOUTUBE VIDEOS ON GLOBAL AND MASSIVE INDONESIAN ZERO WASTE LIFESTYLE AND MOVEMENT
Authors: Sari Maria Ardianti Kurnia
Published: November 2020

Plastic has become a massive problem globally since there is a large portion of the ocean contaminated with plastic waste. Plastic becomes a material that cannot be broken down by soil and takes years to be broken. Therefore, many people try to influence each other to adoptthe zero waste lifestyle as a concern to the Earth. Zero waste has become a global activity that always encourages the society to reduce single-use plastics. Using single-use plastics can be found in everyday life, such as when going shopping to the market, sometimes the sellers will give plastic bag to the buyers. Most of the time, the plastic bag is only used once tobe throwninto the trash can. This research uses qualitative method. The researcher analyzes through zero waste lifestyle videos and books as the primary sources of this analysis. The results of this research are first, the step to get started to become a “zero-waste lifestyler”, second, how to be the “zero waste lifestyler”, and third, how zero waste can give the global lifestyle movement in Bali, Indonesia as their primary program, Bye Bye Plastic Bags, as in June 2019, Bali becomes the first province in Indonesia to ban in using single-use plastics.Keywords: bye bye plastic bags, single-use plastic; zero waste lifestyle
Pengaruh Aplikasi Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group)
Authors: Hafri Nanda Dwi , Sulistyaningsih Endang , Wibowo Arif
Published: November 2020

Salah satu upaya penanganan penyakit moler bawang merah dilakukan melalui aplikasi Trichoderma. Aplikasi Trichoderma pada bawang merah memiliki beberapa keunggulan, yaitu mampu mensintesis hormon pertumbuhan tanaman. Terdapat jenis mikroba lain yang juga mampu meningkatkan fitohormon pada tanaman, yaitu Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menentukan isolat PGPR yang memiliki pengaruh paling baik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang merah varietas Crok Kuning di lahan sawah. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) faktor tunggal dengan tiga blok sebagai ulangan. Faktor perlakuan yang digunakan adalah lima isolat PGPR, yaitu: Bp.25.7 Bacillus subtilis, BrSG.5 Bacillus amyloliquofaciens, Bp.25.2 Bacillus methylotrophicus, BrsM.4 Burkholderia cepacia, danBp.25.6 Bacillus amyloliquofaciens dengan dua kontrol, yaitu kontrol positif berupa Trichoderma dan kontrol negatif tanpa aplikasi perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian perlakuan isolat Bp.25.2 Bacillus methylotrophicus pada bawang merah menyebabkan Laju Asimilasi Bersih (LAB) bawang merah lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pemberian perlakuan empat isolat PGPR lainnya maupun kontrol, tetapi sama baiknya dengan pemberian perlakuan Trichoderma. LAB yang tinggi menyebabkan Laju Pertumbuhan Tanaman (LPT) bawang merah dengan pemberian perlakuan Bp.25.2 Bacillus methylotrophicus yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan BrSG.5 Bacillus amyloliquofaciens dan Bp.25.6 Bacillus amyloliquofaciens, tetapi sama baiknya dengan pemberian perlakuan dua isolat PGPR lainnya, kontrol, maupun Trichoderma. Pemberian aplikasi lima isolat PGPR sama baiknya dengan aplikasi Trichoderma dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman bawang merah pada variabel luas permukaan daun dan bobot kering total dibandingkan kontrol. Peningkatan variabel pertumbuhan ini tidak diikuti oleh peningkatan variabel hasil dan produktivitas bawang merah tidak berbeda nyata antar perlakuan.
Indeks Mitosis dan Jumlah Kromosom Kentang Hitam (Coleus tuberosus)
Authors: Probowati Wiwit , Putranti Alifiani Hikmah
Published: November 2020

Kentang hitam (Coleus tuberosus) merupakan jenis kentang yang paling langka dari jenis kentang lainnya. Tanaman kentang hitam yang berasal dari Afrika Barat ini memiliki umbi yang tergolong kecil dan daging umbi berwarna hitam. Kurang optimalnya pemanfaatan kentang hitam sebagai sumber karbohidrat non beras sejalan dengan berkurangnya penelitian dan pengembangan komoditas tersebut. Pemanfaatan kentang hitam sebagai sumber karbohidrat masih sangat kurang sehingga ketertarikan riset dan pengembangan komoditas kentang hitam juga rendah. Tanaman Solanaceae merupakan tanaman yang memiliki variasi morfologi dan jumlah kromosom terbesar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui waktu mitosis aktif dan jumlah kromosom kentang hitam. Sehingga hal ini akan menambah data base bank genetik. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2019 hingga Desember 2019 di Laboratorium Terpadu, Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah ujung akar kentang hitam yang dipreparasi kromosomnya menggunakan metode squashing. Preparasi kromosom dimulai dari pukul 06.00 WIB sampai pukul 13.00 WIB dengan interval waktu preparasi kromosom setiap 30 menit dengan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa waktu mitosis kentang hitam (Coleus tuberosus) berkisar antara pukul 07.00-11.00 WIB, sedangkan fase prometafase ditemukan pada pukul 07.30 WIB. Jumlah kromosom diploid (2n) kentang hitam adalah 32 kromosom.
Tanggapan Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) terhadap Pemberian Mulsa dan Umur Pangkas Batang Utama di Lahan Pasir Pantai
Authors: Rahmah Isna Nur , Kastono Dody
Published: November 2020

Penelitian tanggapan pertumbuhan dan hasil mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) terhadap umur pangkas dan pemberian mulsa di lahan pasir pantai ini dilaksanakan di lahan pasir pantai Samas, tepatnya di Patihan, Gadingsari, Sanden, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta yang terletak pada ketinggian 2 hingga 10 m di atas permukaan laut, sebagian wilayahnya sendiri berbatasan langsung dengan pesisir selama bulan Mei hingga Juli 2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh umur pangkas dan pemberian mulsa terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil mentimun. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan petak terbagi faktorial 2x4 dengan 3 blok sebagai ulangan. Faktor utama adalah pemulsaan, yaitu dimulsa dan tidak dimulsa, dengan anak faktor berupa umur pangkas pucuk yaitu tanpa dipangkas, dipangkas 14 hst, dipangkas 21 hst, dan dipangkas 28 hst. Data yang didapat kemudian diolah dengan anova, kemudian perbedaannya diuji lanjut dengan Tukey pada signfikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa tidak ada interaksi antara pengaruh pemulsaan dan umur pangkas pucuk. Perlakuan pemulsaan memberikan nilai yang lebih tinggi pada parameter volume akar dan jumlah daun yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan tanaman yang tidak diberi perlakuan pemulsaan. Perlakuan umur pangkas hanya memberikan pengaruh terhadap panjang tanaman yang lebih pendek pada perlakuan umur pangkas 21 dan 28 hst. Dengan demikian, petani dapat melakukan pemangkasan pada umur 28 hst untuk mendapatkan tanaman mentimun yang lebih pendek.
Kontribusi Genomika dalam Penemuan Gen Toleran Salinitas pada Tanaman Padi
Authors: Herwibawa Bagus , Kusmiyati Florentina
Published: November 2020

Kendala abiotik seperti salinitas, merupakan tantangan utama yang menjadi pembatas produktivitas tanaman padi. Sifat toleran salinitas sangat kompleks dan melibatkan banyak gen. Oleh sebab itu sangat sulit menyimpulkan bagaimana tanaman padi merespon cekaman salinitas. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kontribusi genomika dalam penemuan gen toleran salinitas tanaman padi. Saat ini, genomika telah berkontribusi dalam penemuan gen toleran salinitas tanaman padi, khususnya melalui genomika komparatif dan kajian asosiasi lintas genom. Pengembangan pangkalan data genom juga bermanfaat untuk mengidentifikasi famili gen yang berkaitan dengan toleransi salinitas antar spesies berdasarkan homologi dan sintaksis. Gen-gen toleran salinitas yang ditemukan dapat dimanfaatkan melalui silang balik berbantuan penanda, seleksi berbantuan penanda, dan seleksi genomik, namun hingga saat ini gen-gen tersebut belum secara optimal dimanfaatkan. Penggunaan teknik baru, seperti rekayasa genetika dan pengeditan genom juga menjadi metode baru dan cepat untuk menghasilkan tanaman padi toleran salinitas. Meskipun demikian, kedua pendekatan tersebut juga belum banyak memanfaatkan gen-gen toleran salinitas yang telah ditemukan. Tren penelitian pangkalan data berbasis web diperkirakan akan terus meningkat karena murah, relatif mudah, dan mampu menghasilkan data prediktif. Pangkalan data yang akan terus berkembang, tentu harus dapat dimanfaatkan oleh peneliti dan pemulia tanaman di Indonesia.
DIREITOS HUMANOS E CORRUPÇÃO: A INTERFACE ENTRE PODER E DESENVOLVIMENTO NA CONVENÇÃO INTERAMERICANA CONTRA A CORRUPÇÃO
Authors: Brandão Cláudio
Published: November 2020

A corrupção é um abuso de poder que substitui o interesse público pelo interesse particular. Na sua origem, encontrada na filosofia patrística, a indicava como forma de degeneração do bem comum. Nos instrumentos internacionais atuais, menciona-se ainda a noção de degeneração, mas a esta última se vincula o impedimento do desenvolvimento. Nesse contexto, é se investigará o sentido e o alcance da corrupção segundo a Convenção Interamericana contra à Corrupção.
O EXPANSIONISMO PENAL DECORRENTE DA GLOBALIZAÇÃO E A GERAÇÃO DE SERES HUMANOS SUPÉRFLUOS
Authors: Gomes Carla Silene Cardoso Lisboa Bernardo
Published: November 2020

A globalização ocorrida após os anos 90 do século XX implicou na ampliação da produção de bens consumíveis. Acompanhada das políticas neoliberais, no entanto, não resultou em ampliação dos consumidores através da redução das desigualdades sociais. Ao contrário, implicou no maior aumento das desigualdades e na geração de seres humanos supérfluos, ou seja, aqueles que não podem consumir. Ao mesmo tempo, houve a expansão do direito penal como forma de organização social e, os seres humanos supérfluos passaram a ser aqueles destinados a ocupar o sistema prisional.
MÍDIA, OPINIÃO PÚBLICA E UM NOVO MODELO DE PROCESSO PENAL
Authors: Amorim Maria Carolina de Mel
Published: November 2020

Nas últimas décadas, o processo penal tem convivido com a ampla divulgação de seus trâmites pelos noticiários jornalísticos. Nesse contexto, os jornalistas se transformaram em investigadores e comentaristas de operações policiais e decisões jurídicas. O julgador, por outro lado, como membro da sociedade, se vê influenciado pela pressão provocada pela imprensa e pela opinião pública, o que macula sua imparcialidade.
The current situation and management of idle rural homesteads in China – based on a survey in Jiangxi province
Authors:   China National Institute for SCO International Exchange and Judicial Cooperation, SIYUAN JIANG , ZHONGYANG GAN ,   Shanghai University of Political Science and Law
Published: November 2020

Generally, China is still in the middle accelerating stage of urbanization. Rural idle homesteads are the main problems of rural areas in China, according to two elements (the population and land) can be divided into two types: the first is one household with houses, and the second is the population migration. Through the research questionnaire and interview analysis, the authors know that the traditional land concept is still deeply rooted among farmers. The phenomena of building houses only along the roads and the multi-story ostentation are prominent. The needs of traditional agricultural production have become a major obstacle to the management system of idle homesteads. The authors suggest that the management system of idle homesteads should be divided into three steps based on villager autonomy: the first step is to promote the voluntary withdraw system of idle homesteads, the second step is to issue homesteads use right certificates, the third step is the classification of the ways of idle homesteads use.
The ‘Greater Europe’ Project: collaboration aspects of critical importance
Authors:   Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, GRUSHKO ALEXANDER V.
Published: November 2020

The article was based on the author's speech on the topic ‘Greater Europe: in the process of establishment?’ at the Gaidar Forum 2020. The participants of the discussion, moderated by Giles Merritt, the founder and chairman of Friends of Europe, and Igor Jurgens, the board member of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, exchanged their opinions on the tools and mechanisms for resolving disagreements on the implementation of the project 'Europe from Lisbon to Vladivostok' and further progress on the agreed issues. The author’s view on the fundamental issues of the modern international agenda represents the official position of the Russian side on cooperation on the European continent and contains a systematic assessment of the current stage of relations between Russia and the European Union. It is noted that expert discussion platforms such as the Gaidar Forum allow to identify existing problems and outline possible ways of overcoming them. The author suggests dividing the issue of building the Greater Europe into three components that form a single complex. First of all, it is proposed to assess the current geopolitical situation in order to understand that the modern world is turbulent. The author insists that postponing cooperation issues until better times cannot help to find optimal ways of interaction between countries. The article contains analysis of economic ties between Russia and the EU that proves fundamental importance of their bilateral relations for the whole world and the necessity to develop Russia-EU cooperation.
About some of the factors for public administration effectiveness
Authors:   Astana Civil Service Hub, BAIMENOV ALIKHAN М.
Published: November 2020

The article emphasizes that modern governments, working in unique socio-economic, historical and cultural conditions, must take into account global trends, as well as the growth of citizens’ expectations associated with the rapid development of information technologies and other factors. In such circumstances, special attention is paid to the effectiveness of public administration. The article discusses some of the significant factors impacting the effectiveness of public administration, such as the professionalization of the state apparatus, the legibility of the institutional framework, the optimization of information flows and corporate culture. In accordance with this, on the basis of work experience in the public administration system and analysis of civil service reforms in the countries of the region, the main challenges and possible solutions are shown. In the professionalization of the state apparatus, the importance of the merit principles in the selection and promotion stages of personnel through the empowerment of human resource (HR) management services, the integrity of tools and approaches at all stages of selection process, and the responsibility of the selection board are noted. The author focuses on the need to ensure a balance of powers, responsibility and resources, delimitation of powers between political and administrative civil servants, optimization of information flows. Particular importance is paid to corporate culture, which is one of the main factors affecting the efficiency of the state apparatus. It is noted that central values of corporate culture and leadership in state bodies of the countries of our region, along with generally accepted in the modern leadership theory, should be respect for the dignity, work and time of employees.
Rethinking the relationship between international and national law at the turn
Authors:   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, BARTSITS IGOR N.
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to revealing the specifics of the implementation of such areas of constitutional law as the constitutionalization of international law and the internationalization of constitutional law by the example of additions to Article 79 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as the practices of the Italian Constitutional Court, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, etc. The author examined in sufficient detail the procedures for extending the effect of international law and international treaties of Russia to the national legal system, analyzed the concept of counter-limits in European and national judicial practice, presented the basic principles of interaction between European and national courts (the principle of subsidiarity, the principle of proportionality, the principle of ‘sincere cooperation’, method of ‘dialogue of judges’). There is a need for an updated understanding of the term ‘constitutional sovereignty of the state’, which is based on domestic norms on fundamental rights and norms on the foundations of the constitutional system, which presupposes the inadmissibility of any foreign or international influence that violates the requirement of priority of the norms and principles of the national Constitution in the national legal system. The article substantiates the expediency of using the doctrine of counter-limits in the Russian Federation as an instrument of constitutional self-defense, ensuring constitutional sovereignty and preserving constitutional identity.
Cultural diplomacy: building an international cooperation network
Authors:   Embassy and Consulate General of Italy in Russia, LO PORTO GIUSEPPE
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to problems in the field of communication between the states. It investigates the role of language in modern society, its impact on understanding and the image of the country as a whole. The author analyzes the perception of the language by the recipients and adaptation of the acquired skills through the language. Learning and understanding the language is quite important for the best work in the field of trade, culture, and the exchange of experience. The concept of “cultural diplomacy” and its role between the participating countries in the international arena are considered. The author explains the concept of “soft power”, its specific role in the field of close cooperation and the creation of an international network of collaboration. Cultural diplomacy may seem more indefinite than other traditional diplomatic practices related to the economic-commercial or political sector, exists clearly and has also been in practice for years, at least bilaterally. Cultural diplomacy is operated by the European Union, with the promotion of cultural diversity. The underlying logic is to place cultural cooperation at the center of the Union’s diplomatic relations with third partner countries. From a broader perspective, this strategy also contributes to the foreign policy priority of making the EU a stronger global player on the world stage.
Strategic alliances in global competition in the light of the forming the Alliance of Russian and Spanish Universities
Authors:   University of Valencia, PIROZHENKO OLGA V.
Published: November 2020

The article raises topical issues related to the university of the future, which will be based on university consortia and alliances actively created around the world. This trend will ultimately provide an opportunity to build a platform for a single educational space, which will contribute to the development of civil dialogue between societies of different countries. A project related to the expansion of bilateral Russian-Spanish cooperation in the field of education was examined, opening up new prospects for academic development for universities in both countries: the Alliance of Russian and Spanish Universities. The author emphasizes the need to achieve higher levels of implementation of the processes of internationalization of modern higher education, revision of the criteria for the development of educational systems, the combination of which will offer future generations improved learning formats that meet the needs of young generations of today. It is noted that the formation of professional skills and personal qualities in the learning process at the higher education level poses the task of training international experts who are able to conduct a constructive dialogue based on the acceptance of differences and the ability to find interaction points for cooperation on mutually beneficial parity principles. The ability to think and make effective decisions, promote national interests in the international arena, understand the mentalities of the peoples of other countries are the distinctive qualities of professionals - graduates of the university of the future. The desire for unification, and not for separation, is one of the principles of existence that will allow humanity to successfully develop for the good and in the name of the bright principles of tomorrow.
The transformation of the Russian notary in the new economic realities
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University, KORSIK KONSTANTIN A. , PARFENCHIKOVA ANASTASIYA A. ,   Kutafin Moscow State Law University
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the review of current changes in the legislation on notaries related to the development of electronic civil circulation, analysis of existing digital risks and assessment of the role of notaries in combating them. In modern economic realities, a significant expansion of the sphere of competence of the notary is carried out by introducing completely new notarial actions into the scope of the notary’s terms of reference. At the same time, the notary does not just follow the general ‘digital’ trend, but independently makes significant efforts to effectively perform the tasks of the social sphere regulator assigned to it by the state. The creation of the Unified Notary Information System as part of the formation of the technological infrastructure to ensure the security and stability of legal relations in the context of electronic civil circulation takes to a new level the quality of notarial services and the security of legally relevant information. The role of notaries significantly increases in conditions when the use of digital technologies in the economy, public administration, social sphere becomes one of the main vectors of world development, and society and the state inevitably face the flip side of this process – digital risks that jeopardize the safety of participants in civil turnover and their property. In 2020, as part of the implementation of the national program ‘Digital Economy’, it is planned to introduce a number of innovations that will create the basis for a stable and secure ‘digital’ turnover.
‘Immeasurable science’, the tyranny of indicators and digitalization: is there any reason for scientometric optimism?
Authors:   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, MEDVEDEVA OKSANA O.
Published: November 2020

The review was prepared on the basis of the materials of the expert section ‘Scientometry 2.0: Digital Restart’, which took place as part of the Gaidar Forum 2020. It is devoted to a discussion of the role of applied scientometrics in assessing the effectiveness of scientists, as well as the prospects and possibilities of digitalization of science. The ‘tyranny of indicators’ and the crisis of confidence among the academic community in any formal assessment of their activities is one of the most important trends in the field of scientific administration in recent years. The object of public criticism is applied scientometrics as a tool for this assessment. During the discussion, experts made a number of significant comments regarding the widespread use of applied scientometrics. First, scientometric awareness needs to be formed. Scientometrics can be useful for both researchers and organizations. Scientometric literacy needs to be educated. It is such an approach for the future that can be an important step towards overcoming the systemic crisis in assessing scientific activity. Secondly, the scientometric assessment should be supported by expert assessment. If the first formalizes the assessment process and makes the management system more transparent, the second fills it with meaningful meaning. Thirdly, the digital transformation in the management of scientific activity at the moment is not able to remove the contradiction that has arisen. Moreover, as follows from the expert’s speech, neither the scientific community, nor the scientific management system itself, is yet ready for digital transformation.
Adaptive capabilities of Russian law
Authors:   Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, SIDORENKO ELINA L.
Published: November 2020

The paper analyzes current issues of legal transformation in the context of digitalization. It is noted that, despite the existing and undeniable opinion of experts on the importance of digital transformation of law, this issue is not sufficiently developed, there is no consensus on what exactly this transformation should be expressed and whether the legislation has a sufficient degree of adaptability. Meanwhile, the ability of the law to adapt to the requirements of the digital age has an impact on ensuring the positive development of the digital economy, on clear processes for implementing ‘digit’ and on minimizing possible risks. The author pays main attention to the directions and stages of adaptation, determination of the legal status of digital technologies, their protection capacity and delinquency. The author identifies four components of adaptability of modern law and suggests evaluating it in two main directions: legal categories and institutions and private issues of technology regulation. Special attention is paid to the issue of copyright in the field of technology, but it is emphasized that first of all, the legal nature of the rights to the products of digital technologies should be determined. Based on expert assessments, key parameters of legal regulation of digital technologies and their products are determined and the need to supplement civil, financial and information law with new categories and institutions is justified. It is emphasized that the digital economy requires the development and adoption of fundamentally new legal structures. In addition, their development requires the efforts of the entire international community to ensure the universality of the law.
Mechanisms for deepening trade, economic and investment cooperation between the SCO and EEU countries (on the example of Uzbekistan)
Authors:   Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, RAKHIMOVA DILFUZA N. , NURITDINOVA DILSHODA A. ,   Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the issues of interaction between Uzbekistan and the states that are members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Eurasian Economic Union, on trade, economic and investment issues. The authors hope that Uzbekistan’s acquisition of the EAEU observer status will allow establishing a dialogue with partners and getting acquainted with the mechanisms of the EAEU functioning, using the developed transport and communication system of the Eurasian economic Union, which provides the shortest routes between Europe and Asia, access to markets and sea routes of the Middle East, China, Russia and Europe. The authors also draw attention to the obstacles that states have to deal with in the process of interaction: inconsistencies between the legal framework and technical standards of different countries.
Study of NIS Teachers’ Perceptions of Teacher Professionalism in Kazakhstan
Authors: Amirova Bakyt
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study is to understand the central phenomenon of teacher professionalism, identify the perceptions of teacher professionalism and what factors contribute to or inhibit teacher professionalism. The main research question of this study is how do Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools teachers perceive teacher professionalism in the school? Subsidiary research questions were addressed in order to reach the purpose of the study: what are the teachers’ perceptions of the factors that contribute to teacher professionalism at school?and what are their perceptions of the factors that inhibit teacher professionalism? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten participants and analyzed with the help of thematic coding and interpretation. The researcher used purposeful sampling. The study is significant because it voices teachers’ perceptions of how teacher professionalism is defined in the educational system of independent Kazakhstan as well as in the Central Asia region. The research findings revealed that teacher professionalism in Kazakhstan is a complex notion that comprises various aspects of teaching and learning including commitment to the profession, school-based courses, professional learning communities, and supportive work environment. There are also certain factors that inhibit professionalism including lack of time-management skills, lack of motivation, burnout and paperwork. The study has limitations as only ten participants shared their perspectives on teacher professionalism. Future studies could extend the research by conducting a similar study in other Kazakhstani school contexts, or other schools in Central Asia, to explore other teachers’ perceptions regarding professionalism involving teachers of different subjects teaching in rural and urban areas.
Academic Failure: Unspoken Experiences by International Postgraduate Students in a Malaysian University
Authors: Singh Jasvir Kaur Nachatar
Published: November 2020

Malaysia aspires to become a regional and international hub of higher education through an international student mobility initiative. Existing scholarly work on international students is skewed towards understanding the general challenges faced by international students, but limited work has been conducted in exploring the impact of severe supervision challenges on international postgraduate students’ experiences in a Malaysian research university. Hence, this paper explores the evidence of academic failure experienced by international postgraduate students by drawing on semi-structured interviews with 33 international postgraduate students. Academic failure experiences were faced by international postgraduate students as a result of two major challenges: supervision issues, and faculty mismanagement. The experience of academic failure has impacted the students’ enthusiasm, motivation and inspiration in progressing in their research work and has also impacted them psychologically. The implications for developing significant and profound strategies to assist international postgraduate students in achieving positive educational outcomes are also discussed.
An Issue of Urban/Rural Division? Examining Mongolian Language Education in the IMAR
Authors: Zhang Qi
Published: November 2020

Against the backdrop of the increasing disparities in urban and rural areas in China nowadays, this qualitative study explores trilingual education in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), with a focus on the Mongolian language programme. Through a field trip to five primary and secondary schools, interviews and class observations reveal that students are highly motivated in conducting their primary and lower secondary schooling through Mongolian, due to the high utilitarian value associated with Mongolian. Preferential policies make it possible to maximise the chance of academic advancement, career prospects and possible social upward mobility for learners of Mongolian. However, the dominant positions of Putonghua as the national common language, and English as a lingua franca in schools with admirable academic quality, restrict the ability to convert the linguistic capital of Mongolian into other forms of capital outside of Inner Mongolia. The study reveals that the problems and difficulties of Mongolian language education in compact ethnic minority regions tend to be the same as those faced by other Chinese rural schools. The marginalisation of a minority language is examined in relation to fast-paced urbanisation; changes would require institutional support to enhance the symbolic value of the ethnic minority language.
Maṇḍala in Architecture: Symbolism and Significance for Contemporary Design Education in India
Authors: Piplani Navin , Brar Tejwant Singh
Published: November 2020

This paper builds upon the understanding that the knowledge of traditional design concepts, particularly the maṇḍala, is relevant for contemporary design education. The significance of traditional principles and practices of design has been undermined by contemporary systems of education. The theory and practice of the philosophy of design are explained using textual references from the ancient treatises on architecture, and analysing buildings and sites of traditional and contemporary approaches to design. A specially devised framework of analytical indicators helps establish the relevance of traditional design concepts and processes for use in contemporary architecture education. An exploration into the current architecture pedagogy identifies the components of teaching structure where potential confluence zones are marked for the inclusion of traditional knowledge content. It is argued that the vāstu purush maṇdala is a philosophical vision and practical tool, which is readily applicable to design education because of its multi-dimensional qualities. A full and in-depth knowledge of the maṇdala will provide value-addition to the critical history-theory and essential context-relevance strands of design education.
The effects of sex steroids on bone via extraskeletal actions
Authors: Fokas Stavros , Moustakas George , Tsirpanlis George
Published: November 2020

Sex steroids have direct effect on bone via their action on the estrogen and androgen receptors of bone cells. However, there is emerging evidence that their indirect actions on bone can play also important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and bone loss in inflammatory diseases. The tissues that are involved in the extraskeletal actions of sex hormones and are better studied in the past few decades are adipose tissue, muscle tissue and the immune system. Key regulators on those complex pathways are molecules such as cytokines, adipokines and reactive oxygen species.
The role of cystatin C in the risk of hip fractures in the elderly
Authors: Papakonstantinopoulou Konstantina , Sofianos Ioannis
Published: November 2020

World’s population is aging. The elderly are at high risk for both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hip fractures. Severe chronic kidney disease is a well-known risk factor for fractures and death especially in the elderly. Mild and moderate stages of kidney disease are often undiagnosed and/or untreated, thus their effect on fracture risk is not well established. Many ways of estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have been developed but there are very few studies recommending the best and most valuable method for estimated GFR (eGFR) calculation that could correlate with fracture risk. In this mini- review we searched the literature concerning the use of cystatin C in the estimation of GFR related to the risk of hip fractures in the elderly. Our goal was to review the most important recent evidence on whether cystatin C could become a useful biomarker for the prediction of fracture risk. We concluded that there is evidence to support the use of cystatin C in hip fracture risk prediction in elder patients with chronic kidney disease.
Current non-operative treatments for adhesive capsulitis: A Review
Authors: Chhatlani Roshan , Morgan Oberle Lara , Tekmyster Gene
Published: November 2020

This study aims to determine the best available non-operative approach for adhesive capsulitis and to create a guided treatment plan based on the research and evidence. An electronic search of multiple databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, and Ovid Medline was completed. Search terms included “adhesive capsulitis”, “frozen shoulder”, “adhesive capsulitis treatments”, and “frozen shoulder treatments”. Exclusion criteria included articles that were published before the year 1984 and non-peer reviewed articles. Seventy-four articles were retrieved from the original search, and of those forty-nine articles were included and twenty-five were excluded. In the available research and literature, there is no clear consensus of one non-operative approach against the other. There is however clear evidence that intra-articular corticosteroid injections provide pain relief in the short term. There may be a role for the other non-operative interventions in the treatment for adhesive capsulitis but the current evidence does not support them being implemented as standalone treatment options. In order to determine the best available non-operative approach for adhesive capsulitis there is a need for higher quality randomized controlled trials moving forward. The available literature has limitations that would restrict one to formulate a consensus on a guided treatment plan.
Quantum-chemical study of octafluoro-spirobi[triphosphazene]
Authors: Gall Marian , Breza Martin
Published: November 2020

The geometries of monocharged and neutral
octafluoro-spirobi[triphosphazene] in singlet, doublet and/or
triplet ground spin states were optimized. Their electronic structures
are investigated in terms of Quantum Theory of Atoms-in-Molecules and
compared with neutral hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene. The change of the
total molecular charge implies mainly the change of the properties of
the nitrogen atoms which are bonded to the central spiro-phosphorus
atom. The charged systems in singlet spin states have stable structures
of D2d symmetry only unlike the remaining ones of C2 symmetry within two
geometry types. The existence of the less symmetric structures can be
fully explained as a consequence of the (pseudo-) Jahn-Teller effect.
Effects of affinity to the Mediterranean Diet pattern along with breastfeeding on childhood asthma, inflammatory and recurrent diseases in an intervention study
Authors: Calatayud-Sáez Fernando , CALATAYUD BLANCA , Prado Ana Calatayud-Moscoso del , Luque-Navas Mónica , FERNANDEZ-PACHECO JOSE G , Rivas-Ruiz Francisco
Published: November 2020

Introduction: There is an increasing amount of data relating the
dietetic pattern to health variables, although data concerning the child
population are scarce. The aim of the study is to assess the effects of
affinity to the Traditional Mediterranean Diet (TMD) pattern, together
with breastfeeding, on the incidence of childhood asthma and
inflammatory and recurrent diseases in children under two years of age.
Methods: Quasi-experimental intervention study, where breastfeeding was
promoted and following the TMD pattern was offered. The incidence of
morbidity was evaluated and correlated with the dietary patterns which
were followed. According to their adhesion to the TMD-Breastfed Test
patients were classified into two groups: Group-1 (greater affinity) and
Group-2 (lower affinity). Results: The score of the TMD-Breastfed Test
was optimal in group-1 and good in group-2. It shows a marked reduction
in both consultation groups “on request” compared with “planned”,
with low morbidity and low use of antibiotics. The incidence of
infectious diseases and bacterial complications shows a clinically
relevant difference between both groups. The incidence of childhood
asthma was greater in group-2, with less adherence to breastfeeding.
Conclusions: In these cohorts of breastfed patients with good adherence
to TMD patterns, there was evidence of a low incidence of infectious
diseases and childhood asthma, more pronounced in the breastfed group.
Adapted milk and other foodstuffs of animal origin have been linked to
being able to cause inflammatory and recurrent diseases, as their
dietary limitations have contributed to decreasing morbidity.
Reshaping Cell Line Development and CMC Strategy for Fast Responses to Pandemic Outbreak
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Chen Ji , Wang Junghao , Gao Qiao , Xu Shurong , Zhang Li , Cai Jill , Zhou Weichang
Published: November 2020

The global pandemic outbreak, SARS-COV-2, which causes COVID-19, has
coerced numerous pharmaceutical companies to sprint for the vaccine and
therapeutic biologics development. Most of the therapeutic biologics are
common human IgG antibodies, which were identified by next-generation
sequencing with the B cells from the convalescent patients in less than
one-month post-infection. While the global public health emergency calls
for medications urgently, it saves lives to expedite the clinical trials
of biologics as much as possible, hence the biologics development
strategies are unprecedentedly challenged. Since the advent of
therapeutic biologics, transfection, and selection strategy has been
continuously improving for developing more robust cell lines with
greater productivity and efficiency. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
has also been implemented into cell bank testing for acceleration. These
recent advances enable us to rethink and reshape the chemistry,
manufacturing and controls (CMC) strategy against the pandemic
outbreaks, to start supplying cGMP materials for the life-saving
clinical trials as soon as possible. We elucidated an accelerated CMC
workflow for biologics against pandemics, including using cGMP-compliant
pool materials for Phase I clinical trials, selecting the final clone
with similar product quality as Phase I materials for late-stage
development and commercial production and matching product quality among
different manufacturing stages.
Leaf heat tolerance of 147 tropical forest species varies with elevation and leaf functional traits, but not with phylogeny
Authors: Slot Martijn , Cala Daniela , Aranda Jorge , Virgo Aurelio , Michaletz Sean , Winter Klaus
Published: November 2020

Exceeding thermal thresholds causes irreversible damage and ultimately
loss of leaves. The lowland tropics are among the warmest forested
biomes, but little is known about heat tolerance of tropical forest
species. We surveyed leaf heat tolerance of sun-exposed leaves from 147
tropical lowland and pre-montane forest species by determining the
temperatures at which potential photosystem II efficiency based on
chlorophyll a fluorescence started to decrease (T)
and had decreased by 50% (T). T
averaged 46.7°C (5–95
percentile: 43.5–49.7°C) and T averaged 49.9°C
(47.8–52.5°C). Heat tolerance partially adjusted to site temperature;
T and T decreased with elevation
by 0.40°C and 0.26°C per 100m, respectively, while mean annual
temperature decreased by 0.63°C per 100m. The phylogenetic signal in
heat tolerance was weak, suggesting that heat tolerance is more strongly
controlled by environment than by evolutionary legacies.
T increased with the estimated thermal time constant
of the leaves, indicating that species with thermally buffered leaves
maintain higher heat tolerance. Among lowland species,
T increased with leaf mass per area, so species with
structurally more costly leaves reduce the risk of leaf loss during hot
spells. These results provide insight in interspecific variation in heat
tolerance at local and regional scales.