bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strain Distribution and Temperature Increase During Plane Strain Compression Testing
Authors: Colas R , Sellars CM
Published: February 2009

The strain distribution, the temperature evolution during and after testing, and the temperature gradients developed during deformation have been determined in specimens tested in plane strain compression at different strain rates. It is found that the strain distribution patterns are determined by the geometrical configuration of the material during deformation and are not affected by the strain rate. However, the range of variation of local strains within a specimen does increase at high strain rate. This increase is attributed to localized increases of temperature. It is shown that local variations in temperature are measured as a thermocouple crosses an active slip line field. Implications for metallographic studies are drawn.
A Statistical Analysis of the Notch Toughness of 9% Nickel Steels Obtained from Production Heats
Authors: Tarby SK , Stout RD
Published: February 2009

Storage tanks for liquefied natural gas are constructed from 9% nickel steel. A collection of over 600 production heat sheets from producers in Europe, Japan, and the United States was assembled and analyzed to establish the trend in changes of composition and mechanical properties which have taken place in the production of these steels over the past 15 years. Generally, enhancement of the toughness of 9% nickel steels has been attained by lowering impurity levels. In fact, Charpy notch toughness values at 77K (−196°C) far in excess of the ASTM minimum requirement of 27 J are now consistently obtained in production.

Two approaches were used in developing multiple regressions for Charpy toughness from the 627-heat data base. One approach involved the formulation of second-order expansions of the original predictor variables, while the second was a less formal approach wherein possible predictor variable combinations were generated from metallurgical considerations. Both multiple regressions accounted for approximately two-thirds of the variability in Charpy notch toughness values about the mean (112 J) of the data base.
Determination of K
c and Residual Strength Values for Sheet Materials
Authors: Abril ER
Published: February 2009

Obtaining values of Kc for sheets of high-toughness materials presents difficulties related to the plastic behavior of such materials. These difficulties are also encountered in the determination of the residual strength of cracked sheets.

In this paper, an attempt is made at avoiding such difficulties by means of an empirical interpretation of Kc and the assumption of some hypotheses, experimentally verified, about the behavior of centrally cracked sheets under tension.

An empirical expression for the gross-area stress at maximum load as a function of the initial crack length is obtained and, from this expression, Kc values are calculated. For this purpose, Kc is assumed to be proportional to the maximum of the product of such stress times the square root of the corresponding initial crack length, when infinitely wide sheets are considered. A procedure is established to pass from empirical values obtained with sheets of any width to the corresponding values for a sheet of infinite width.
A Simple, High Precision Biaxial Extensometer for High Temperature Creep Study
Authors: Ding JL , Lee SR , Ortiz R
Published: February 2009

A biaxial extensometer for high temperature creep study is described. The axial displacement is measured by a linear variable differential transformer, the angular displacement by a rotary variable differential transformer. The possible interference between the axial and angular displacement measurements is minimized by using instrument linear motion ball bushing bearings and case hardened shafts. Examples of applications are given for a constant shear strain rate test and a creep test at 200°C under abrupt changes of stress states performed on a thin-walled tube specimen made of 2618 aluminum alloy.
Generalized Equation for Compression Ratio
Authors: Nagaraj TS , Joshi RC , Srinivasa Murthy BR
Published: February 2009

For highly compressible normally consolidated saturated soil the compression index, Cc, is not constant over the entire pressure range. However, the ratio of the compression index and the initial specific volume, generally known as the compression ratio, appears to be constant. Thus settlement seems to depend on Cc/(1 + e) rather than Cc alone. Using the theoretical zero air voids line and the generalized compressibility equation for normally consolidated saturated soils, a generalized and simple equation for compression has been derived in the form: C'c = 0.003wL.
Introduction to Symposium on the Application of Coal Sampling and Coal Preparation to Petroleum Coke
Authors: Cox DW
Published: February 2009

Petroleum refining produces a broad spectrum of gases, liquids, and hydrocarbon products. In the early 1950s, a strong demand for gasoline and the replacement of heavy fuel oil by coal and natural gas forced U.S. refiners to convert the heavy residual fraction of crude to lighter products. The residue from this process of further fractionation resulted in a material called petroleum coke, having a volatile matter content of 8 to 18%.
Sampling Techniques Applicable to Petroleum Coke
Authors: Taylor LW
Published: February 2009

The collection of a representative sample is the first step in certifying that a designated lot of petroleum coke meets contract specifications. Sampling a lot of petroleum coke is a very complex procedure and requires the use of proper techniques in order to collect a representative sample. The techniques reviewed here will provide a basic understanding of collecting a representative sample.
The Sandwich Method—A Proposed Approach to the Measurement of Oxygen Transmission Rate Through Moisture-Sensitive Barrier Films
Authors: Wood RC
Published: February 2009

A technique for measuring the oxygen transmission rate characteristics of moisture-sensitive barrier films is described. In this method, the operator constructs a thin sandwich in which the test specimen is confined between moist tissues and cover slips of an oxygen-transparent material. The assembled “sandwich” is tested in a conventional manner using the ASTM Test for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor (D 3985). Using appropriate salt solutions, it has been found possible to develop profiles and measure the transmission characteristics of films exposed to different humidity environments. Preliminary tests using specimen duplicates indicate that the method is reproducible.
A Twelve-Year Macroinvertebrate Study in the Vicinity of Two Thermal Discharges to the Susquehanna River Near York Haven, PA
Authors: Wurtz CB , Skinner WF
Published: February 2009

The macroinvertebrate fauna of a 14.5-km segment of the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of York Haven, PA was sampled each August for twelve successive years (1967 through 1978) in relation to two power plant thermal discharges. A total of 223 species was collected. Of these, 19 species commonly occurred and were considered to form the basic macroinvertebrate community. Discharges from the power plant with natural draft cooling towers (Three Mile Island Nuclear Station) had no significant effect on the downstream community. Discharges from the once-through cooling plant (Brunner Island Steam Electric Station) reduced the number of macroinvertebrate species in the plume of the discharge.
Precision of Low-Level Soluble Copper Measurements in Natural Freshwater Systems
Authors: Means JL , Ferrante JG
Published: February 2009

The primary objective of this study has been to evaluate the precision of the accepted analytical methodology for soluble copper in natural fresh waters of varying copper concentrations and chemical characteristics. Six different river water samples and low-level copper standards and blanks were sent in blind form to ten participating analytical laboratories that routinely analyze copper at ambient levels. Statistical analysis of the results yields a standard deviation of ±1.0 μg/L for a mean copper concentration of 6.0 μg/L, and ±0.8 μg/L for a mean copper concentration of 0.8 μg/L. The implications of these results with respect to guidelines on maximum permissible dissolved copper concentrations (mpc) in water are as follows. It might be reasoned that a copper measurement is not significantly greater than the mpc unless it exceeds one or even two standard deviations of the mpc value. If the mpc for copper is, for example, 12.0 μg/L, then the measured copper concentration would have to exceed 13.8 μg/L if one standard deviation is assumed to be an acceptable scatter or 15.6 μg/L for two standard deviation variation. The report also contains generalized standard deviation data for copper concentrations ranging from 0 to 14 μg/L, statistical analyses of intralaboratory variation, and correlations of interlaboratory precision with solution composition.
A Rapid Method for Determining Triuranium Octoxide (U3O8) by Fluorometry
Authors: Ho CL , Dupre B , Mahan C
Published: February 2009

A rapid method for determining triuranium octoxide (U3O8) in geologic, biologic, and water samples by fluorometry is described. Release of total U3O8 from geologic samples was accomplished by fusing samples with lithium tetraborate at 1040°C (1904°F) and subsequently dissolving the molten sample in 1.6N nitric acid. U3O8 in biologic samples and in association with organic substances in water was liberated by oxidation with concentrated nitric acid. U3O8 in 1.6N nitric acid was complexed with trioctylphosphine oxide and extracted into cyclohexane. The recovery of 0.1-μg U3O8 in the presence of 100 to 500 μg each of potential interfering elements ranged from 99 to 105%. Results on reference samples corresponded well to the reported values. The new method proved to be more reproducible and efficient than the method that uses ethyl acetate extraction from a saturated aluminum nitrate solution for determining total U3O8 in geologic samples.
Complementary Statistical Methodology for Precision and Bias Determination of Test Methods from Collaborative Studies on Analysis of Solutes in Water Cited in ASTM Standard Practice D 2777-86
Authors: Goddard MJ , Malaiyandi M
Published: February 2009

ASTM Standard Practice D 2777-86 provides simplified numerical methods for the statistical analysis of collaborative tests of chemical assays. Herein, we discuss the critical assumptions underlying the statistical methods in the standard practice. Further statistical analyses are discussed to indicate additional information which may be obtained through a more rigorous statistical treatment.
Mode II Wood Test Specimen: Beam with Center Slit
Authors: Murphy JF
Published: February 2009

A test specimen and equation are demonstrated to measure critical Mode II stress-intensity factor KIIc for wood. Knowledge of this critical material property is necessary for predicting crack propagation loads and, specifically, split propagation loads in split wood beams. Results for the specimen with two different notches reveal a difference in coefficient of variation of KIIc of a factor of two.
An Analysis of Notch-Size Effects at the Fatigue Limit
Authors: Du Quesnay DL , Yu MT , Topper TH
Published: February 2009

This investigation examines the variation of the fatigue notch factor with notch size for sharp and blunt notches. Analytical expressions are developed to predict the fatigue notch factor for sharp notches based on short crack fracture mechanics and for blunt notches based on Neuber's rule. Experimental evidence to support these expressions is provided together with fatigue notch factors for circularly center-notched plate specimens of 2024-T351 aluminum and SAE 1045 steel. The notch diameters were varied from 0.24 to 5.0 mm. The specimens were tested in laboratory air under uniaxial constant-amplitude loading at load ratios of R = −1 and R = 0. Further experimental evidence to support the analysis is provided by data from the literature for two low carbon steels and a copper. At the fatigue limit, the fatigue notch factor increases with notch size for sharp notches. However, a notch-size effect does not occur for blunt notches. The observed notch-size effects from this and other investigations are in good agreement with the analytical expressions that are presented.
Introduction to Symposium on the Fitting of Footwear
Authors: Trott AW
Published: February 2009

[The Symposium on the Fitting of Footwear, held 27 April 1987 in Cincinnati, Ohio, was sponsored by ASTM Committee F-13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear. Arthur Trott and B. Everett Gray served as chairmen. Six papers from the symposium are presented in this issue of Journal of Testing and Evaluation; Mr. Trott has provided a brief Introduction.—Editor]
The Futile Search for the Perfect Shoe Fit
Authors: Rossi WA
Published: February 2009

The common assumption that perfect or correct shoe fit can be expected if the shoe and fitting are proper is untenable for a variety of reasons. For instance, no two feet of a pair are exactly alike, inevitably resulting in some degree of shoe misfit. Also, the foot assumes four different sizes and shapes under different conditions: at rest, on weight-bearing, in gait, and under thermal variations, yet all must comply to a shoe of only one size and shape.

The complexities of shoe fit are further exacerbated by other obstacles. These include the prevailing design of shoe lasts, the absence of uniformity of shoe sizes, the limited training and skills of most shoe salespeople and fitters, the subjective determination of shoe fit by customer and fitter alike, and the role of footwear fashions.

Hence shoe fit at best must be a compromise with the ideal. Nevertheless, improvements are possible, as suggested in this paper.
A 1986–1987 Study of Consumer Problems in Shopping for Footwear, with Emphasis on Size and Fit
Authors: Collazzo C
Published: February 2009

A study was conducted to determine the cost in time, money, frustration, and health to consumers because of failure to obtain proper size, fit, style, price, or quality of footwear. Consumer frequency of footwear shopping was also examined.
Introduction to Symposium on Halogenated Solvents Technology—A Look at the Future
Authors: Gavlin G
Published: February 2009

We are in the midst of a critical period in the history of industrial halogenated solvents, a history that dates back some 60 years. Accurate data on current annual use are not available to me, but it must exceed 2 million metric tons, certainly a strong measure of economic success, the ability to beat all competition based on performance, price, and, yes, safety—certainly safety from fire, the scourge of all industrial chemical operations. Furthermore, this has always been considered to have been achieved at low levels of acute toxicity.
Preventing and Coping with Water Pollution
Authors: Andrews DE , Cosler DJ
Published: February 2009

Halogenated organic solvents (HOS) have only recently been recognized as a major class of ground water contaminants. The mechanisms for HOS subsurface migration are discussed and the available investigative and remedial techniques summarized. HOS migration involves transport in the saturated and unsaturated zones by any of the following mechanisms: liquid HOS movement, volatilization into and diffusion through the air phase of the unsaturated zone, and aqueous phase transport. Several processes affect the migration. These include advection, dispersion, sorption/desorption, biochemical transformation, volatilization, and diffusion. With an appropriate understanding of how HOS migration occurs, an investigator can more effectively utilize available diagnostic tools such as remote sensing, geophysics, and direct measurements to ascertain the nature, extent, and impacts of a release to the environment. Cost-effective remedial solutions can then be designed and implemented. These solutions can consist of a combination of source control, recovery of “free product”, soil remediation, and ground water restoration.
Solving Air Pollution by Reducing Emission Losses from Solvent Vapor Cleaning Systems
Authors: Gerard DR
Published: February 2009

This paper discusses design of vapor cleaning systems and how proper design can reduce solvent losses from these units. It addresses such items as proper freeboard, work openings, heat balance, compartment dimensions, covers, operational controls, and heating elements. Solvent loss mechanisms are discussed in detail, such as diffusional losses, solvent drag-out, leakage, and poor maintenance.

One section is devoted to choosing the proper solvent for a cleaning system and how the physical characteristics of solvents can contribute to high losses if the solvent is improperly chosen.

Solvent emission reduction devices, such as hoods, transport systems, freeboard chillers, containment of sprays, hot vapor drying, carbon adsorbers, and solvent cool-down coils, are detailed in regard to their effectiveness. The final section is dedicated to process control of the cleaning system through the use of computers.
Risk Assessment for Halogenated Solvents
Authors: Travis CC
Published: February 2009

A recent development in the cancer risk area is the advent of biologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models. These models allow for the incorporation of biological and mechanistic data into the risk assessment process. These advances will not only improve the risk assessment process for halogenated solvents but will stimulate and guide basic research in the biological area.
Federal Regulation of the Halogenated Solvents
Authors: Cammer PA
Published: February 2009

The chlorinated cleaning solvents have drawn the attention of regulatory agencies in recent years because of their popularity in a wide variety of industries. Initiation of regulatory review is sometimes viewed by chemical users and the public as the beginning of highly restrictive regulation or a ban. Consequently, an irreversible market impact can occur before a regulatory decision is made. The regulatory and market history of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene are traced from the 1960s to the present. Current regulatory activities concerning methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) are reviewed, as are the prospects for future federal regulation. State regulation of the solvents also is discussed, focusing on regulation of air toxics and Proposition 65 in California and air toxics regulation in New York.
Influence of Frequency on the Actual Testing Load of Hydraulic Mechanical Testing Machines
Authors: Wang Z , Radin A , Laird C
Published: February 2009

The influence of frequency on the actual testing load of hydraulic mechanical testing machines is discussed. Different materials were tested on an MTS 810 machine at different frequencies. Based upon experimental results, a relationship between frequency, maximum load, and material stiffness was established.
Precompressed Concrete Corbels
Authors: Chakrabarti PR , Kashou SI
Published: February 2009

Very short members such as concrete brackets, corbels, and ledger beams are exposed to direct shear force. While much research has been done on reinforced concrete corbels, experimental data on the performance of precompressed concrete corbels and high-strength concrete corbels are limited. This study was designed to verify the shear-friction theory of design as suggested in the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code. Nine corbels, divided into three series with the average concrete strength ranging between 33.23 MPa (4820 psi) and 65.72 MPa (9530 psi), were subjected to varying compressive forces and light confining steel. The corbels were loaded monotonically to failure and studied at the California State University at Fullerton. In all cases, the shear span to depth ratio (a/d) was less than 0.5. Incremental static load was gradually applied until the specimen failed. The study indicated that the ACI Code provisions are conservative and the shear friction theory needs modification.
Regression Analysis of Single Specimen Fracture Toughness Data with Serially Correlated Errors
Authors: Moskovic R , Windle PL
Published: February 2009

The statistical properties of errors associated with J-integral estimates and crack growth measurements obtained by single specimen fracture toughness test methods are examined. It is shown that the errors in the J estimates can be serially correlated. Slope and intercept estimates and their standard errors are derived for the fitted line on the basis of a regression model, suggested by Mandel, which makes allowance for the serial correlation of errors in J. A theoretical model is developed to compare the scatter apparent on a J/Δa plot with the true error inherent in the data.
A Useful Hedonic “Smiley” Scale
Authors: Basker D
Published: February 2009

A hedonic scale was developed with 15 pictorial “Smiley” ratings. This scale was found useful for nonparametric assessment of quality by non-trained panels. A precise method is described for reporting median results. A method is described for quantitatively comparing rating distributions of similar products.
Using the Aspergillus Bioassay to Detect and Measure Preservatives in Wood
Authors: Morrell JJ , Scheffer TC
Published: February 2009

Detecting and estimating levels of preservatives in wood poses a considerable problem for the inspector who lacks sophisticated analytical equipment. Bioassays offer a simpler way of doing this. The Aspergillus niger bioassay, which is based on the absence of dark-pigmented spores in the presence of toxicants, represents one attractive method. The A. niger bioassay is simple and inexpensive to perform, sensitive to many currently available wood preservatives, highly reproducible, and potentially widely applicable.
A Technique to Evaluate the Bonding Reactivity of Thermosetting Adhesives
Authors: Humphrey PE , Zavala D
Published: February 2009

The rate at which thermosetting adhesive bonds develop strength critically effects the economic viability of many manufacturing processes. Bonds between the constituents of laminated and particulate panel products, overlays, and moldings must, for example, attain a certain minimum strength before the hot press used in their manufacture may be opened. A technique is reported that will prove useful to adhesive technologists endeavoring to develop resins with reactivities tailored to the specific conditions occurring within products during their manufacture. With the technique, many small lap-shear bonds pressed under controlled conditions of temperature and load are pulled after a range of curing times for measurement of their accumulated shear strength. This enables a family of shear-strength development curves to be constructed for a range of nearly constant temperature conditions. The effect of temperature on the bonding kinetics of the adhesive-adherend combination may thereby be evaluated. The technique lends itself to standardization for use in commercial laboratories, requiring much simpler sample preparation and apparatus than previously reported methods in which bonds are tested in tension perpendicular to the glueline. Wood adherends and a liquid phenol formaldehyde adhesive are used in a candidate system demonstrating the technique.
Nondestructive Testing: Interpretation of Deflection Bowl for Falling Weight Deflectometer Tests on Flexible Pavements
Authors: Jung FW
Published: February 2009

Nondestructive testing methods such as Dynaflect or Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) provide dynamic or impulse deflection data which represent a deflection basin of the flexible pavement under the test load. The magnitude of the deflections and the shape of the deflection basin in relation to the magnitude and configuration of the test load provide excellent data for a diagnostic “probe” of structural pavement strength at the location and time of testing. Meaningful comparison between tests at different times or locations requires adjustment of the measured and processed data for a standard temperature and a standard test load.

A program (PROBE) has been developed which implements this fundamental consideration for the FWD test. Different versions of the PROBE calculate the following primary response parameters under the test load: curvature and horizontal strain in the asphalt concrete (AC) layer; elastic stiffness or modulus of the subgrade; and vertical deflection, stress, and strain on top of the subgrade. In its backcalculation feature, based on a calibrated method of equivalent layer thickness (ELT), the program determines the combined effect of AC and base layer stiffnesses on the subgrade. The horizontal AC strain is computed kinematically (i.e., directly via the curvature of the deflection basin).

With regard to the accuracy of actual response parameters, the program has been tested against numerous forwardly calculated cases, using linear-elastic layer theory as a benchmark. It has also been tested on FWD field test data from a test site in Ontario.

All response parameters influenced by changes in the AC temperature are adjusted for a chosen standard AC temperature, and new concepts of modelling such adjustments are introduced. Differences are discussed between results from ideally elastic and actual soil materials as used at a test site in Ontario.
Design of a Multi-Spring Floating Die Compaction System for Plastic Powders
Authors: Crawford RJ , Cumberland DJ , Keating TG
Published: February 2009

This paper describes the design and use of a rig to simulate double-ended compaction of powder into a solid mass. The design uses three linear levels of springs in a novel way to model the load-deformation characteristic for the material being compacted. It was found that this design worked extremely well, producing compacts which had properties similar to those expected from a true double-ended compaction rig. The design of this rig thus provides an economic way of compacting powders into a solid mass using a single hydraulic ram but with the benefits of the double-ended compaction mode.
Inflammability Ranking of Metals and Alloys in an Oxygen Atmosphere
Authors: Sato J
Published: February 2009

Fire spread limits along low flammability metal rods of copper, nickel, Monel (Monel 400), and tin-bronze (BC 3), in a high pressure oxygen atmosphere, have been studied experimentally and theoretically. Theoretical results have shown that two types of low flammability metals exist: one for metals like copper, the other for metals like nickel. The low flammability nature of copper is attributable to the low heat of formation of copper oxide. On the other hand, the low flammability nature of nickel is attributable to the high activation energy of the oxidation reaction. With the combined experimental and theoretical studies, the inflammability ranking of these metals and alloys has been discussed. The inflammability ranking is as follows (from the lowest flammability): copper, Monel (Monel 400), nickel, tin-bronze (BC 3).
Investigation of the Influence of Impact Velocity and Temperature on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of the Material 22 NiMoCr 37
Authors: Krompholz K , Ullrich G
Published: February 2009

Precracked modified Charpy subsize impact test specimens of the nuclear reactor pressure vessel material 22 NiMoCr 37 (similar to SA 508 Class II) have been impact tested in the as-received condition. Impact tests were performed at temperatures 233 ≤ T/K ≤ 423. Specific impact energies were determined by (1) dial readings, (2) integration of load versus load point displacement diagrams, and (3) integration of load versus time diagrams. In all cases the agreement was excellent.

The evaluation of the impulse for the different impact velocities revealed clearly the different behavior of the dynamic processes during impact. A unique graphical function for the impulse versus temperature diagrams for the different initial impact velocities was found.

The dynamic fracture toughness values were determined for the different temperatures following the equivalent energy approach for the upper shelf regime. In the other cases the rules for the 95% secant method or the load maximum were applied. The transition temperature between upper and lower shelves for the specific absorbed energies and the dynamic fracture toughness values were not equal; this fact can be explained by the technique applied for the fracture toughness determination.
Strength and Stiffness of Metal Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings
Authors: Stern EG
Published: February 2009

Building codes and agency regulations concerning permanent railing systems and rails for buildings cover the required resistance of these building elements to potential forces and disregard their deflections. This is the case despite the fact that deflections and residual deflections may govern the performance of railings and rails according to recent test data established by the American Society of Civil Engineers' Task Group on Pre-Standardization of Permanent Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings. The updating of building codes and agency regulations with the inclusion of deflection criteria is appropriate.

Reference data were obtained based on the application of vertical and horizontal static loads to 60 steel, aluminum, red-brass, yellow-brass, and stainless steel picket, panel, and pipe railing systems and rails of various designs. These data indicate that design loads of, say, 900 N (200 lbf) applied horizontally at the centers of railing systems of two 1.50-m (5-ft) spans may, under given conditions, be resisted only at deflections ranging from 65 to 125 mm (2 1/2 to 5 in.). On the other hand, a lesser deflection may be required under certain conditions because of the psychological aspects involved. Those railing systems which did not meet the 900-N (200-lbf) design-load requirements at acceptable deflections might be remedied by the use of inserts in the pipe and tubular posts or the use of stronger posts.
The Barnacle Electrode: A Compromise Between Analysis and Experiment
Authors: Fullenwider MA
Published: February 2009

The analysis for the Barnacle electrode is reviewed and presented in its contemporary aspects. The field has some exciting facets, wide variances in the calculated quantities being issued with different techniques.

The bi-electrode yields data related to the deep bulk of the metal, while the barnacle cell determines surface quantities that are orders of magnitude different. Diffusion coefficients in the case of 4340 steel differ by five orders of magnitude, and solubilities at the surface are four orders of magnitude smaller than those for the bulk.
Development of a Test Setup to Simulate Pipe Reaction End Loading on Large Valves
Authors: Rao GJ , Narayanan R , Muruganantham R , Jayakar B
Published: February 2009

A test setup was designed and fabricated to simulate pipe reaction end loading on a large valve in accordance with the specifications and requirements of ANSI B16.41-1983. The setup can be used for testing different sizes of valves. A gate valve was tested using this setup for pipe reaction end loading when it was also internally pressurized. The valve was instrumented, and measurements were taken to record the strains and deflections during the test. The paper describes the salient features of the test setup, details of testing, and results of tests carried out on a 300 mm diameter gate valve.
Plastic Strain Arising from Fatigue Crack Initiation
Authors: Coulon A , Knosp B , Saisse H
Published: February 2009

Of the methods used for characterizing the plastic zone before and after crack initiation, the best results have been given by extensometry, which makes possible strain measurement in the notch root under monotonic loading, and the observation of deformation bands, which enables the size of the plastic zones in the notch root and at the fissure bottom to be calculated.

A comparison of experimental results and theoretical models also shown that: (1) where the nominal stress (σnom) is less than the yield stress (Re), Molski's model provides an accurate description of the behavior of the material in the notch root under monotonic loading, whereas Neuber's model overestimates the strain; (2) when the ratio Re/Smax is greater than 0.3, it was possible to calculate the size of the plastic zone in the notch root using an expression, in the plastic mode, of the stress gradient in the specimen thickness; and (3) the size of the plastic zone around the point of fissure (with length on the order of 2 mm) is proportional to [Kmax/R0.2%]2; this conforms to linear elastic fracture mechanics.
Improving Bend and Tensile Yield Strengths of Metallic Strip by Reducing the Effects of Residual Stresses
Authors: Hart RR
Published: February 2009

A process is described for removing the detrimental effects of residual stresses in cold-rolled alloys without heat treatment. The process consists of reverse bending the strip over a small diameter cylinder such that the plastic tensile strain at the outer fibers exceeds several percent. The bending yield strength of an AISI Type 301 stainless steel was increased over 80% by the procedure. Subsequent low temperature heat treatments resulted in further improvements.
An Evaluation of Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Type A508 Class 3 Steel
Authors: Fujii E , Sakai Y , Ando Y
Published: February 2009

Using dynamic loading at a K rate range of 102 to 105 MPa√m/s, fracture toughness tests were made on Type A508 Class 3 steel. Fatigue precracked 2T-type compact tension specimens were used. Tests were performed in accordance with Annex 7 of ASTM Test for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials (E 399) using a high flow and high response tensile machine. In this investigation, load, strain, and displacement outputs were obtained with quite small oscillations. The results showed that dynamic fracture toughness values decreased with increasing test velocity and decreasing test temperature.
Development of a Constant-K Specimen for Materials Testing
Authors: Huculak P
Published: February 2009

A study is presented of a constant stress intensity factor specimen comprising four circular cutouts. The results of fatigue crack growth tests, compliance measurements, and a finite element formulation show that minor modifications to a center cracked tension specimen lead to constancy in the stress intensity factor as a function of crack length. The basic geometry can also be repeated in a stacked configuration in order to test multiple cracks in a single setup.
Evaluation of Plane-Stress Fracture Testing Methods
Authors: Pearson HS
Published: February 2009

ASTM Recommended Practice for R-Curve Determination (E 561) allows the use of either center cracked or compact specimens for determination of R-curves and Kc. A round-robin program to establish a Precision and Accuracy statement for ASTM E 561 was recently conducted on compact specimens. This paper presents R-curves and Kc data for two materials as determined from both specimen types. A discussion of the results is included.
A Pin-on-Drum Abrasive Wear Test and Comparison with Other Pin Tests
Authors: Blickensderfer R , Laird G
Published: February 2009

The Bureau of Mines, in its ongoing effort to combat the wear of mining and mineral processing equipment, has used several types of laboratory wear tests. Investigations into existing pin abrasive wear testing machines resulted in the construction of the Bureau's own pin-on-drum wear testing apparatus, incorporating the best features of the previous designs. Comparisons of pin diameters, loads, and other factors are made between the Bureau of Mines' pin-on-drum test and other pin abrasion tests.

The effects of variations in abrasiveness over the drum were essentially eliminated by making corrections based on the wear of a standard pin traveling a parallel path. Reproducibility of wear values on homogeneous alloys was generally within ±0.5%. Statistical analyses and test procedures are given for heterogeneous alloys. Design parameters for future pin abrasion tests are recommended.
Structure/Property Relationship for Normalized Pipe Flanges (Grade LF2) Made to ASTM Specification A 350/A 350M
Authors: Mintz B
Published: February 2009

A nondestructive procedure has been developed using microstructural examination to predict the Charpy impact value at −46°C (−50°F) of installed normalized flanges (Grade LF2) made to ASTM Specification A 350/A 350M (minimum impact requirement of 20 J at −46°C). V-notch Charpy impact specimens were cut from a number of flanges and tested at −46°C. The absorbed energies were correlated with microstructural measurements obtained from the Charpy specimens resulting in the equation

Impact energy absorbed, J, at −46°C = 37 d−1/2 − 2%P − 226 where P = volume pearlite, and, d = grain diameter, mm.

The relationships between the pearlite volume fraction and grain size at the surface of a flange to that measured at the corresponding Charpy position were then established, so that this equation could be adjusted to predict the impact energy from small slivers taken from the sides of installed flanges (an operation which would not affect the integrity of a flange).

The predicted impact energies from microstructural examination of small surface slivers taken from a large number of flanges were then compared to the values obtained from Charpy testing the same flanges. Statistical analysis of the results showed that to be 95% confident in meeting the ASTM A 350/A 350M (Grade LF2) impact requirement of 20 J at −46°C, the value predicted from the impact energy equation must be ≥ 33 J.

Having established the technique and assessed its accuracy, the technique was used in an on-site investigation to identify flanges that would fail to meet the impact requirement of 20 J at −46°C.
Consumer-Friendly Labels
Authors: Shane RS
Published: February 2009

We look at what should be on a label to maximize its utility to the consumer. The label is consumer-friendly if it advances the consumer's interests, can be trusted, and can be fully understood by the consumer.
Field Testing Device for Railing Systems and Rails
Authors: Stern EG
Published: February 2009

A simple, portable, field testing device is described that allows instantaneous determination of the static performance of installed railing systems and rails in order to ascertain whether they conform with applicable specifications and meet governing code requirements and agency regulations.
Plastic Rotation Factors of Three-Point Bend and Compact Tension Specimens
Authors: Wu S-X , Mai Y-W , Cotterell B
Published: February 2009

Plastic rotation factors (rp) for three-point bend and compact tension specimens were obtained for a range of normalized crack depths (a/W) from 0.25 to 0.88 and power law hardening materials. The theoretical slip-line field solutions were used for non-strain hardening materials (i.e., n = ∞) and the Kumar-German-Shih finite element plastic displacement solutions for strain hardening materials (i.e., n < ∞) in these rp calculations. For crack depth a/W = 0.50, the factors rp are approximately independent of strain hardening if n > 5 and are in reasonable agreement with those values recommended by ASTM Subcommittee E24.08 for calculation of crack tip opening displacements in these two types of specimens. For n ≤ 5 the error in rp becomes appreciably large.
Precision of Marshall Stability and Flow Test Using 6-in. (152.4-mm) Diameter Specimens
Authors: Kandhal PS , Wu Y , Parker F , Spellerberg PA
Published: February 2009

Earlier studies have shown that the repeatability of Marshall stability, flow, and air voids content measurements on 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter specimens of large stone mixes is better than the repeatability on 4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter specimens. A round robin study involving twelve participating laboratories was conducted to provide information for developing a precision statement for the ASTM Test Method for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus (6 inch-Diameter Specimen) (D 5581). Difference two-sigma (d2s) limits were developed to determine acceptable single and multilaboratory differences for bulk specific gravity, percent voids, Marshall stability, and Marshall flow measurements. Analysis of other data collected during the study indicated that stability and flow measurements are not sensitive to minor differences in various 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter breaking heads currently in use.
Prediction of Single-Layer Fabric Air Permeability by Statistical Modeling
Authors: Epps HH
Published: February 2009

Historically, it has been difficult to directly obtain accurate air permeability measurements of open-structured textile fabrics. Although measurements can be made using a nonstandard pressure differential between the two fabric surfaces, this technique may not be reliable. An alternative method of determining permeability of open-structured fabrics by extrapolation from measurements of multiple layers is used on a limited basis with instruments that may not have a full range of air permeability measurement capability. This research evaluates the accuracy of this method through comparison of statistically predicted values with actual measurements of fabrics whose permeabilities lie within the measurement range specified in the standard test method.
The Extraction and Determination of Azadirachtin from Soil and Insects by Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Authors: Brooks MW , Roy S , Uden PC , Vittum P
Published: February 2009

Azadirachtin is a powerful anti-feedant and insect growth-disrupting compound. A primary problem with the utilization of classical extraction techniques for determining azadirachtin is the high hydrophilicity of the compound. Further, since determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) requires measuring absorbance at 214 nm, use of methanol for extraction requires a solvent exchange since methanol absorbs in this region. This paper demonstrates the use of supercritical fluid extraction for determination of azadirachtin residues. Methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract azadirachtin from soil and Japanese beetle adult and larval forms. Greater than 80% of fortified material was recovered at spike concentrations of 1 to 2 µg/g. Using this procedure azadirachtin was determined to be field stable for less than 3 months. Azadirachtin was also successfully extracted from insects showing recovery levels of 75% and greater. The inability of modified supercritical carbon dioxide to cross the insect cuticle was also demonstrated.
Cyclic Tests on High-Strength Prestressed Concrete Frames
Authors: Mo YL , Hwang WL
Published: February 2009

Results from small-scale models of eight high-strength prestressed concrete frames, tested under various displacement histories simulating earthquake forces are presented. The primary curves (horizontal force-displacement relationships) and the hysteretic loops are determined experimentally. Concrete strength is approximately between 50 and 60 mPa, and effective prestress is 50% of the ultimate strength of the prestressing steel. It is found that the effect of displacement history on the mechanical behavior is significant because the entire shape of the hysteretic loops is different and the prestressed concrete frames made of high-strength concrete with a slump of 25 cm may have at least a ductility factor of 8.0.
A Modified Theodolite Instrument: Conceptual Work
Authors: Obaidat MT , Al-Smadi ZA
Published: February 2009

A proposed modified theodolite instrument is presented. The instrument concept, sequence of operation of measurements, and design plans are reported. The proposed instrument has a potential similar to metric photogrammetry in computing 3-D coordinates without physically touching the target point. A sliding graduated rod (arm) has been introduced to connect the upper and lower parts, each of which has a separate vertical vernier. The rod supports the theodolite head that can be extended upward an arbitrary distance, thus effectively providing a second position for the head. Appropriate angular measurements, together with the length of the extension (the rod) can be used to calculate the inaccessible distances. The instrument relies on simple trigonometric functions to measure the height of objects and the horizontal and slope distances, and to perform trigonometric leveling. Accuracy potential of the instrument has been presented based on the law of propagation of random error. The flow of operations for different measurement cases has been mathematically demonstrated. The instrument is anticipated to bypass the cost-effectiveness and technological bottlenecks between plane surveying and photogrammetric systems.
Two Parameters Limiting the Sensitivity of Laboratory Tests of Condoms as Viral Barriers
Authors: Lytle CD , Routson LB , Thomas DP , Regnault WF , Cyr WH
Published: February 2009

The practical limits of a laboratory test for evaluating condoms as virus barriers were characterized by determining virus penetration through small punctures in latex condoms. The test quantifies virus penetration through a pressurized, restrained condom filled with challenge virus. Estimation of the minimum-detectable hole (narrow slit) dimensions indicated that a limiting factor in virus transmission through such a puncture is fluid flow. The virus penetration rates decreased with time, apparently caused by the hole closing or being blocked, indicating that extending the test duration to allow more virus penetration was of limited value. Further, it was found that adsorption of virus particles during passage through a hole may limit the useful sensitivity of the test. With bacteriophage ϕX174 as the challenge virus, the practical limit for detecting virus penetration may be approximately 2 × 10−6 mL; with more adsorptive viruses, the test would be less sensitive.
Optimal Design of a Disk-Shaped Specimen for Biaxial-Tensile Fatigue Testing
Authors: Zouani A , Bui-Quoc T , Bernard M
Published: February 2009

A relatively simple apparatus has been proposed for conducting biaxial-tensile fatigue tests using an annular disk specimen with a reduced testing section. It makes use of a conventional hydraulic testing machine so that the uniaxial force is converted into radial forces extending the disk specimen. Thus, a specified positive ratio of the tangential to the radial stresses can be imposed at the testing section of the disk specimen.

In this paper, the optimal configuration of the specimen is investigated. A number of requirements have been identified and expressed in terms of the stresses in the testing section and their standard deviations. Afterwards, these requirements are grouped into a single performance criterion. The finite element method (FEM) is then applied to fulfill the criterion and realize the disk specimen geometry optimization for isotropic elastic materials. The results obtained from the analysis confirm the potential of the optimized specimen for the study of the material behavior under biaxial-tensile fatigue loading, in particular at high temperatures.
Analysis of Plowing and Adhesive Effects in the Rolling Ball Tack Method for Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Authors: Miyagi Z , Yamada N , Urahama N , Yamamoto K
Published: February 2009

An analysis of the motion of a ball rolling on a pressure sensitive adhesive tape at a constant velocity was carried out theoretically and experimentally. In the experimental analysis, a rotary drum tack tester and a spherical probe tack tester were developed to quantitatively analyze rolling ball tack. Applying the results obtained by the two testers, actual adhesive and plowing moments and impressive moment were determined independently as a function of the rolling velocity of 11.1 mm (14/32 in.) diameter steel balls. The most important results were that the impressive force acting between the ball and the adhesive was far greater than the gravitational force due to the mass of the rolling ball and that the plowing moment played an important role in rolling resistance.