Revealing the Inner Evolutions: Nondestructive Operando Studies of All-Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Zhu Hongli 
Published: December 2024

The exponential growth in electric vehicle demand has led to a widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in recent years. All-solid-state Li batteries (ASLBs) have gained significant attention due to their superior energy density and enhanced safety compared to conventional LIBs. However, the development of ASLBs has been hindered by several challenges, including interfacial compatibility issues, structural instability, Li dendrite formation, and difficulties in large-scale manufacturing. To address these obstacles, it is crucial to employ advanced characterization techniques that enable a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms governing the performance of ASLBs. In this talk, we propose the utilization of neutron imaging as a powerful, non-destructive approach for the operando visualization of ASLBs. Neutron imaging offers several advantages over other operando visualization techniques, providing unique insights into the internal dynamics of ASLBs. By comparing neutron imaging with alternative methods, we highlight its distinctive benefits and discuss its potential applications in the investigation of all-solid-state Li metal batteries and all-solid-state Li-sulfur batteries.

Neutron imaging enables the real-time observation of Li concentration gradients, reaction mechanisms, and transport phenomena within ASLBs. This technique allows researchers to visualize the spatial distribution of Li ions and monitor their movement during battery operation. By capturing the dynamic behavior of Li within the solid electrolyte and at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces, neutron imaging can shed light on the underlying mechanisms that govern battery performance, such as ion transport kinetics, interfacial reactions, and dendrite formation. Moreover, neutron imaging can provide valuable information on the structural evolution of ASLBs during cycling. By monitoring changes in the morphology and composition of the electrodes and electrolyte, researchers can identify potential sources of degradation and failure, such as volume changes and interfacial deterioration. This knowledge is essential for optimizing battery design and enhancing the long-term stability and reliability of ASLBs. The insights gained from neutron imaging are crucial for the development of high-performance all-solid-state batteries. By understanding the complex interplay between the various components of ASLBs and their behavior during operation, researchers can design targeted strategies to overcome the current limitations and unlock the full potential of this promising technology. Neutron imaging can guide the optimization of electrode and electrolyte materials, interface engineering, and cell architecture, ultimately leading to the development of safer, more energy-dense, and longer-lasting all-solid-state batteries. In conclusion, neutron imaging emerges as a powerful tool for the operando visualization and characterization of all-solid-state Li batteries. By providing unprecedented insights into the internal dynamics, reaction mechanisms, and transport phenomena within ASLBs, neutron imaging contributes significantly to the advancement of this transformative technology.