bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le passage à l’Institut Canadien de Montréal de Madame Manoël de Grandfort, écrivaine, journaliste, voyageuse et oratrice
Authors: Incesu Umut
Published: January 2021

Dans Gens de parole (1990), l’historien Yvan Lamonde attire notre attention sur la présence de Mme Manoël de Grandfort comme étant la seule femme à prendre la parole pendant les conférences publiques de l’Institut Canadien de Montréal (44). Cette association francophone, qui a marqué l’histoire culturelle et littéraire canadienne-française au XIXe siècle, a, selon Lamonde, organisé, 128 conférences publiques et accueilli 63 conférenciers entre 1845 et 1871 (17). Madame de Grandfort, quant à elle, y était la seule voix féminine et la seule personne « à monter trois fois à la tribune de l’Institut » (44). À une époque où l’on n’est pas encore tout à fait prêt à donner la parole aux femmes dans une sphère publique au Canada, les multiples conférences de cette écrivaine française méritent une étude approfondie. En nous appuyant sur les articles des journaux de 1854, nous chercherons à comprendre la contribution de Grandfort dans la vie littéraire et culturelle de l’Institut Canadien de Montréal et à l’histoire du féminisme au Québec au XIXe siècle.
La educación parvularia en la Universidad de Chile: un compromiso país
Authors: Manhey Moreno Mónica
Published: January 2021

El presente escrito relata la generación de la nueva carrera de Educación Parvularia en la Universidad de Chile, sus antecedentes históricos, elementos que se tomaron en cuenta para su diseño, sus énfasis y características que se aprecian como innovadoras, y finalmente la propuesta plasmada en el plan de estudios de manera sintética y algunos desafíos, los que se vislumbran no sólo para la carrera en la Universidad de Chile, sino como país. Es importante mencionar que se ha recogido información del trabajo sistemático realizado, por más de un año y medio, por un equipo de docentes, educadoras de párvulos, profesionales de la Universidad de Chile, que estuvo asesorado por expertos de la Red de Innovación de esta Universidad. Este informe fue el referente para la propuesta de apertura de la carrera.
Liderazgo femenino de estudiantes en una institución educativa. Perú
Authors: Cardenas Hurtado Leydi Kristel
Published: January 2021

La investigación pretende interpretar la naturaleza y proyección del liderazgo desde el ámbito educativo en estudiantes de secundaria en Perú. Es un estudio de caso que responde al paradigma interpretativo, de enfoque cualitativo; aplicando la entrevista en profundidad a estudiantes y el grupo focal a padres de familia y docentes. La triangulación de los discursos permitió la obtención de categorías emergentes, como las formas de relación del liderazgo femenino en el contexto educacional. La conclusión evidencia que el liderazgo femenino no es relevante en la institución, predominando la figura masculina en la participación y en la toma de decisiones. Por eso se propone desarrollar habilidades para la construcción de liderazgo femenino, a través de proyectos participativos y formativos.
La escuela y el fortalecimiento comunitario
Authors: López de Maturana Silvia
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo se focalizó en la escuela por considerar que puede potenciar las prácticas comunitarias. Al sistematizar las experiencias conocimos el alcance del trabajo pedagógico participativo de alumnos, profesores, familia y comunidad, al tiempo que reconstruimos el proceso gracias al cual fueron tomando conciencia sobre cómo utilizar los recursos naturales para ahorrar energía, cambiar el currículo escolar y cuidar del planeta.
Experiencias Educativas desde el Normalismo Rural. Chiloé 1970-1973
Authors: Barría Cárdenas Amanda , Silva Torrealba Benjamín , Miranda Paula
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo estudia los discursos y prácticas educativas de 20 maestros y maestras egresados de la Escuela Normal Rural de Ancud entre los años 1970 y 1973. Se propone como hipótesis de trabajo que el profesorado normalista, originario del mundo rural e isleño, reformuló y retomó saberes que les eran propios dado su extracción social y cultural, lo cual muchas veces dio lugar a una territorialización de lo educativo. Para el desarrollo de este estudio se utilizó el enfoque cualitativo como opción metodológica, el estudio de casos únicos como método y la entrevista individual semiestructurada como técnica de recogida de información. Por su parte, los testimonios fueron analizados a partir del método de análisis de contenido. Los principales resultados muestran que el normalismo rural chileno –en especial el desarrollado en Ancud– se caracterizó por poseer un fuerte componente social, de promoción del desarrollo político y económico de las comunidades rurales. La práctica educativa de las y los normalistas tuvo por propósito la defensa y promoción del Estado Docente, la cual se asociaba a la estrecha vinculación de estos sujetos con la realidad social, cultural y económica de la zona.
QUALIDADE FISIOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel.) Taubert CLASSIFICADAS PELO TAMANHO
Authors: Padilha Matheus Santin , Donatto Neymar Matheus De , Sobral Lúcia Salengue
Published: January 2021

Uma estratégia adaptativa das espécies florestais contra fatores imprevisíveis do ambiente é a oscilação na produção anual e no tamanho das sementes. Neste sentido, diversos estudos têm buscado investigar a influência do tamanho das sementes na germinação e vigor. As pesquisas sobre a relação entre tamanho e qualidade fisiológica das sementes podem contribuir para a criação de estratégias para a seleção de sementes destinadas ao processo de produção de mudas. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de Peltophorum dubium classificadas pelo tamanho. O lote de sementes foi separado e pesado em três classes de tamanho: pequenas (< 0,0501 g), médias (0,0501 - 0,0600 g) e grandes (> 0,0600 g). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com oito repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: plântulas normais e anormais, sementes duras e mortas, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, uniformidade de germinação, comprimento de plântulas, massa seca de plântulas e índice de vigor. Houve diferença significativa entre as variáveis analisadas, sendo possível identificar diferenças na qualidade fisiológica entre as classes de tamanho. Com os resultados foi possível identificar que as sementes com menor tamanho apresentaram maior intensidade de dormência; as sementes de tamanho médio demonstraram maior qualidade fisiológica e, as sementes de tamanho grande apresentam maior potencial para formação de plântulas com maior massa seca.
A MODALIDADE FACULTATIVA EM ARTIGOS DE OPINIÃO: CONSTRUÇÃO DISCURSIVA E ARGUMENTATIVA
Authors: Oliveira André Silva , Lopes Maria de Fátima De Sousa
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma descrição e análise da modalidade facultativa no artigo de opinião como recurso e estratégia argumentativa. Para isso, recorremos à tipologia das modalidades de Hengeveld (2004), que especifica a modalidade facultativa como aquela relativa às capacidades e às habilidades intrínsecas ou adquiridas. Selecionamos, então, 30 temas, sendo que cada um continha 02 artigos de opinião, um contrário e outro favorável à temática proposta, da coluna Confronto das Ideias do jornal O Povo, cujos artigos de opinião foram publicados entre os anos de 2013 e 2014. Após a análise qualitativa das ocorrências, constatamos que a modalidade facultativa pode ser mais ou menos enfática e assertiva a depender do tipo de orientação modal (Participante ou Evento), cujos valores modais são de capacitação (intrínseca) ou habilitação (adquirida) e ser instaurada, por meio de auxiliares modais, no presente do indicativo ou do subjuntivo, revelando, assim, o grau de certeza ou dúvida acerca da possibilidade de concretização do evento. No que diz respeito à qualificação modal facultativa, esta pode ser interna ou externa, sendo marcada por diferentes pessoas gramaticais, geralmente a primeira pessoa do plural e a terceira pessoa do singular/plural.
PRÁTICAS TRANSLÍNGUES COMO RECURSO NO ACOLHIMENTO DE MIGRANTES VENEZUELANOS EM SALA DE AULA DE LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA
Authors: Guimarães Thayse Figueira , Buin Edilaine , De Garcia Rosana Iriani Daza , Ribeiro Cristiene Oliveira
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo resgata uma das primeiras ações promovidas pelo Grupo de Estudos em Linguagem e Transculturalidade (GELT-CNPq) e pelo Programa de Educação Tutorial (PET-Letras-UFGD) para o acolhimento de crianças venezuelanas que se encontram em situação de migração forçada no Brasil, estudantes em escolas públicas na cidade de Dourados-MS. Provenientes de uma pesquisa-ação, os dados discutidos são resultados de um projeto piloto em que integrantes dos dois grupos elaboraram ações de intervenção escolar por meio de práticas translíngues em aulas de Língua Portuguesa na educação básica. Destaca-se um momento significativo da intervenção em que uma estudante (filha de migrantes venezuelanos) desloca-se do lugar de quem não sabe para o lugar daquela que tem o conhecimento importante para a situação construída pedagogicamente. Inspiradas na proposta de uma educação linguística ampliada, desenvolvida por Marilda Calvalcanti, problematizamos na prática o conceito de translinguagem/práticas translíngues em articulação com o pensamento decolonial. Nosso objetivo é ‘tornar visíveis’ resultados de ações que, por meio de uma perspectiva decolonial dos estudos sobre bi/multilinguismo, contribuem na formação de professores para a diversidade e a pluralidade cultural, social e linguística, assim como na elaboração de políticas linguísticas de acolhimento e empoderamento de sujeitos bilinguajantes em aulas de Língua Portuguesa.
Measuring Building Height Using Point Cloud Data Derived from Unmanned Aerial System Imagery in an Undergraduate Geospatial Science Course
Authors: Kulhavy David , Hung I-Kuai , Unger Daniel R. , Viegut Reid , Zhang Yanli
Published: January 2021

The use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), also known as drones is increasing in geospatial science curricula within the United States. Within the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture (ATCOFA) at Stephen F. Austin State University, Texas, seniors in the geospatial science program complete capstone projects to evaluate current geospatial technology to investigate complex ecological, social and environmental issues. Under the umbrella of a student initiated and designed senior project, students designed a study to estimate height of buildings with UAS data incorporating UAS data, LP360 and ArcScene programs, and Pictometry web-based interface. Results from a statistical analysis of the data confirm that geospatial science height estimation techniques can provide accurate estimates of height remotely. The independence of the students completing the project with UAS data for LP360 and ArcScene estimations, and utilizing Pictometry as an on-onscreen measuring tool, point to the need to integrate remote sensing, statistical analysis and synthesis of data into undergraduate geospatial science curricula. This reinforces the hands-on learning approach within ATCOFA and provides guidance to integrate the use of UAS in natural resource education.
Towards Responsible Business Conduct in Global Value Chains
Authors: Enneking Liesbeth , Veldman Jeroen
Published: January 2021

Towards Responsible Business Conduct in Global Value Chains – Relevant Legal Developments in the Netherlands

The past few decades have seen an increasing scrutiny of the impacts – both positive and negative – that companies have on the societies in which they operate. The search for adequate responses to such scrutiny is reflected in developments in the societal, political and academic debate on three separate but interrelated concepts: corporate social responsibility, business and human rights and responsible business conduct. The focus in this Special Issue will be on law and policy relating to responsible business conduct in global value chains. The contributions in this Special Issue identify relevant developments and institutions in the Netherlands, including rules and regulations related to trade, investment and corporate governance as well as cases related to corporate and consumer responsibilities, and assess their role in relation to the potential to provide a positive response to the concern about the human and environmental impacts of business activities. Together, they provide a multi-perspective view of relevant gaps and/or best practices with regard to regulatory governance in the Netherlands while at the same time enabling a comparative debate on the extent to which these diverse developments and institutions are in line with stated policy goals in this context both at national and EU levels. In doing so, this Special Issue aims to contribute to further coherence between national and EU policies with regard to RBC in global value chains and sustainable development.
Giresun İli Hepatit C Hastalarında Genotip Dağılımının Araştırılması
Authors: Genç Serpil , Uğur Mediha , Uzunoğlu Karagöz Emel , Avcı Esin
Published: January 2021

Introduction: HCV infections are an important public health problem due to their high chronicity, cirrhosis and advanced complications like hepatocellular carcinoma. In HCV infections, it is important and necessary to determine genotypes before treatment because treatment times and protocols vary according to genotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of HCV genotypes in HCV-RNA positive individuals in Giresun province and to investigate whether there was a statistically significant difference between genotypes and patient ages. Materials and Methods: HCV-RNA level and HCV genotype of 147 patients were included in the study. HCV RNA levels of the samples were studied by QIAsymphony SP (Qiagen) automated device, genotype determination by Rotor Gene Q (Qiagen) automated device by “real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)” method. Each sample was tested for HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4, 5a and 6. Results: Of the 147 patients genotyped; 128 (87%) genotype 1b, 9 (6%) genotype 1a, 8 (6%) genotype 3, 2 (1%) genotype 2 were detected. Genotypes 4, 5a and 6 were not detected. According to the HCV genotype distribution, median age and range (min.-max.) of the patients weren50 (30-83) for 1a, 70 (22-87) for 1b, 48.5 (36-61) for 2 and 33 (25-52) for 3. HCV RNA levels were between 37 and 12.630.170 IU/mL. Conclusion: The predominant genotype in the world and Turkey is genotype 1b. In our study, the most common genotype was also genotype 1b (87%), consistent with other studies in our country. This study contributed to HCV genotype distribution data in our region and country.
Aktywność okoruchowa osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu podczas percepcji bodźców społecznych – implikacje dla praktyki pedagogicznej
Authors: Lubińska-Kościółek Elżbieta
Published: January 2021

W artykule przeanalizowano wyniki badań eye trackingowych osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu w sytuacji percepcji bodźców społecznych, w perspektywie ich znaczenia dla praktyki pedagogicznej. We wstępie zawarto podstawowe informacje dotyczące istoty procesu widzenia oraz znaczenia ruchów gałek ocznych, zarówno dla tworzenia reprezentacji rzeczywistości, jak i skutecznego działania. Zwrócono również uwagę na zasadność wykorzystania techniki w badaniach osób z ASD. W dalszej części tekstu dokonano prezentacji wyników badań opisujących aktywność okoruchową osób z ASD podczas percepcji twarzy i scen społecznych, odwołując się głównie do prac przeglądowych z zakresu omawianej problematyki opublikowanych w ciągu ostatnich dwóch dziesięcioleci.
Analiza zaprezentowanego materiału wskazuje przede wszystkim na specyficzne wzorce aktywności okoruchowej osób z ASD w sytuacjach społecznych oraz osłabienie zainteresowania kontaktem z twarzą, szczególnie zaś unikanie eksplorowania rejonu oczu. Jednocześnie badacze dowodzą, że mechanizm preferencji ludzkich twarzy nie jest nieobecny w chwili urodzenia, lecz ulega stopniowemu osłabieniu, uniemożliwiając osobom z ASD pozyskiwanie kluczowych informacji dla prawidłowego kontaktu z innymi osobami. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika ponadto, że prezentowane wzorce skanowania twarzy mogą stanowić potencjalny biomarker zaburzenia, umożliwiając wczesną diagnostykę.
Uzyskane wyniki stanowią istotne źródło danych nie tylko dla naukowców dążących do rozpoznania istoty zaburzenia, ale również dla praktyków, wskazując na znaczenie wczesnych treningów widzenia i planowania treningów umiejętności społecznych z uwzględnieniem specyficznych potrzeb badanych związanych ze wzrokową analizą scen wizualnych.
Do trabalhador ao gestor da carreira:
Authors: Ferreira Dôuglas Aparecido
Published: January 2021

Considerando as recentes transformações do mundo do trabalho, que levaram os trabalhadores a investirem em capital humano para a manutenção da empregabilidade, assumindo as responsabilidades sobre suas carreiras, este artigo propõe entender as representações da figura do “empreendedor de si mesmo” no blog Love Mondays. Metodologicamente, serão analisadas as práticas representacionais em cinco publicações, identificadas na seção “Gerencie sua carreira”, e nos comentários dos leitores gerados a partir delas. Nota-se que o blog representa o gestor da carreira como uma figura individualista, unicamente responsável pelo seu sucesso e em constante investimento em si próprio por motivos que nunca se consolidam.
As representações da velhice e sua interface com a moda:
Authors: Teixeira Débora Pires , Farias Rita de Cássia Pereira
Published: January 2021

No presente artigo analisou-se o uso imagem do velho como modelo e sua interface com a moda, buscando desvelar os seus significados. Para tanto, foram analisadas 156 edições da revista Claudia (1997-2010). As fotografias foram tratadas pela metodologia de imagens fixas de Mendes (2003). O corpus confirma a representação hegemônica da velhice na revista, que migra da invisibilidade para a constituição do “novo velho”. As reportagens apresentaram sujeitos ativos, magros, brancos e das classes sociais superiores, cujas imagens reiteram a noção de atividade. Em conclusão, destaca-se que, embora esse perfil representacional possa contribuir para contestar a normatividade dos padrões de beleza, pautados na juventude, visa, prioritariamente, lançar luz sobre o potencial do velho como consumidor.

Palavras-chave: Modelos com 60 anos ou mais; Moda; Representações midiáticas da velhice; Revista Claudia.
Pandemia: a veiculação de notícias sobre a covid-19 nos sites de emissoras de rádio da região Celeiro, RS
Authors: Trentin Lidia Paula
Published: January 2021

O estudo aqui apresentado tem o intuito de verificar de que maneira as emissoras de rádio Difusora 1350 AM, Província 100.7 FM e Querência 89.7 FM veicularam conteúdo jornalístico relativo à doença Covid-19 em seus sites entre janeiro e março de 2020. Para fundamentar a pesquisa foram utilizados autores que discutem radiojornalismo e as mudanças que ocorreram com a convergência tecnológica. A técnica de pesquisa utilizada foi análise de conteúdo, a partir da qual observou-se que a veiculação de conteúdo nos sites se manteve estável nos três meses, o que mudou foi a quantidade de notícias sobre o novo coronavírus, uma vez que houve um crescimento significativo na veiculação de conteúdo sobre a Covid-19 no mês de março em relação a janeiro e fevereiro.
Creative Activities for a Child with Anxiety Problems: A Case Report
Authors: Fathipour-Azar Zeinab , Khalafbeigi Mitra
Published: January 2021

Introduction: This case report aimed to report the effectiveness of creative occupations on a child with anxiety problems in a mental health center in Iran. Case Presentation: This case report has been performed in 12 sessions with a three-month follow-up. The Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and a structured clinical interview were used to collect information. The child's score on SCAS was 66 at the first session, which was then reduced to 41 at the sixth session, and 27 at the twelfth session. The child's father also confirmed the positive effects of the intervention on the child's behavior. Conclusions: Creative occupations showed a positive effect on reducing the severity of anxiety symptoms. These effects remained to a large extent during the intervention.
Asian cave-adapted diplurans, with the description of two new genera and four new species (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha)
Authors: Sendra Alberto , Komerički Ana , Lips Josiane , Luan Yunxia , Selfa Jesús , Jiménez-Valverde Alberto
Published: January 2021

Twenty-nine specimens of Diplura collected from eight caves in China and Myanmar contain two new genera, Hubeicampa Sendra & Lips gen. nov. and Mueggejapyx Sendra & Komerički gen. nov., as well as four new species, Anisuracampa ywangana Sendra & Komerički sp. nov., Hubeicampa melissa Sendra & Lips gen. et sp. nov., Pacificampa wudonghuii Sendra sp. nov. and Mueggejapyx brehieri Sendra & Komerički gen. et sp. nov. These cave-adapted taxa showcase an impressive diversity in morphological adaptation (troglomorphy) to cave ecosystems. Their sensorial equipment, setae and receptors in the cupuliform organ have unique forms (H. melissa gen. et sp. nov.), as well as the pretarsus sticky surface (A. ywangana sp. nov. and H. melissa gen. et sp. nov.). Recent contributions on Asian diplurans, together with the taxonomic novelties shown in the present study, highlight the biogeographical importance of the Asian biodiversity. Asia is revealed as a continent with vast karst regions still waiting to be explored and new dipluran species waiting to be discovered.
The Aims of Studying Plane Geometry and How to Attain them.
Authors: Sisson E. P.
Published: January 2021

“There is no royal road to geometry,” says Euclid. Plato had written over the porch of his famous school, “Let no one who is unacquainted with geometry enter here.” An old poet has written, “Without enthusiasm, no mathematics.”
Modern Tendencies in the Teaching of Mathematics.
Authors: Schwatt Isaac J.
Published: January 2021

Until the middle of the last century, mathematics had been developed only from the top, so to speak; but during the last decades, the efforts of some of the ablest mathematicians have been directed towards obtaining clearer conceptions of the foundations of mathematics.
Conditions which have Led to the Establishment of Junior High Schools
Authors: Webb Harrison E.
Published: January 2021

The junior high school is usually regarded as offering a solution of a very serious administrative problem in education. This problem can be properly characterized as American, as without question it arises from our ideals of freedom. It is also emphatically a public-school problem. Private schools have for years past so interwoven the respective curricula of public grammar schools and public high schools that in their practice these two domains of educational thought are hardly distintinguishable.
An Experiment in Motivation
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Gaylord Harry D. , Chambers Geo. Gailey , Breckenridge William E. , Schlauch William S.
Published: January 2021

Educators are generally agreed that the genesis of knowledge in the individual should follow the line of evolution by which the race conquered and learned to interpret its environment. When challenged by a new situation man bent his energies to the solution of the problem that perplexed him. His environment presented a series of problems to him and out of the series of efforts to feed, clothe, and shelter himself, and harness the forces of Nature the sciences gradually differentiated out of a mass of common knowledge. Mathematical relations were investigated first because they were involved in solving some definite problem in which the investigators were interested.
The Effect of Post-Armistice Conditions on Mathematical Courses and Methods
Authors: English Harry
Published: January 2021

Events are happening so rapidly that one fancies he is looking at a quick-moving kaliedoscope of topsy-turvey happenings colored by the ever-changing play of varied human emotions and interests throughout the world.
The Slide Rule in Business
Authors: Shelley S. L. , _ _
Published: January 2021

One of the most interesting developments in the business world since the war has been the marked tendency of the average executive to desert his former methods, based on opinion and snap judgment, in favor of facts and figures. Even as Greek, Latin, and some of the modern languages are being discarded as non-essential and unnecessary in training for business, mathematics is rapidly coming into the foreground. If our experience is typical in this connection, the average executive of today places mathematics second only to English in considering an applicant’s training and fitness. This tendency is indicated very clearly by the number of engineers who are being taken into executive positions which require little or no actual engineering knowledge.
No Home Work for Mathematics Pupils
Authors: Wright Horace C.
Published: January 2021

In August, 1919, at a departmental meeting of the University High School mathematics department, I asked for permission to conduct a section of first year pupils without assigning them homework. Permission was granted and the idea was carried out in all the freshmen mathematics classes.
The Human Worth of Rigorous Thinking
Authors: Keyser Cassius J.
Published: January 2021

The question I purpose to diseuss briefly is this: how much mathematical discipline is essential to the appropriate education of men and women as human beings?
The Teaching of Mathematics: The Need and The Method
Authors: Williams Frank B.
Published: January 2021

The sine qua non in mathematics in accuray. Sylvester said “The fine arts are four: Plastic, Music, Lyric and Mathematic,” and Dr. Story has recently defined mathematics as “The Art, of Exact Thinking.
Certain Cases of Extraneous Roots
Authors: Hegeman Andrew S.
Published: January 2021

Sir Oliver Lodge has somewhere referred to the equation as the “most serious thing in mathematics.” Certainly the solution of equations involves many serious difficulties in the teaching of mathematics. One such difficulty is the matter of so-called “extraneous roots.”
The Teaching of Beginning Geometry
Authors: Schwartz A. J.
Published: January 2021

It seems necessary before presenting the main points of this paper to discuss, briefly, some of the underlying principles on which they are based. I ask your indulgence, therefore, if I appear to go somewhat far afield in my search for an adequate setting.
Fundamental Principles of Algebra
Authors: Modesitt R. L.
Published: January 2021

An eminent mathematician has said recently that of all the high school subjects, algebra has the least and geometry the most educational value. No study in the high school course leaves a more hazy impression on the mind of the average high school student as to its purpose and value than does algebra. The student may put in hours of hard work; he may acquire some skill in performing algebraic operations (to him a highly mechanical accomplishment); he may be able to solve a fairly large number of the problems; he may quote verbatim many definitions, rules and principles; but, when asked what algebra is “all about,” what the letters mean, and whether or not there is any “point” or advantage to his accomplishments, the pupil is “at sea.” In talking with students, I find that the work done by them, in many cases, is quite purposeless and meaningless. To many the algebra work is done from day to day because it is a task assigned, a sort of daily grind that they must go through, using as their guide-posts the type examples worked out in the algebra texts, or explained by the teacher in the assignment of the lesson.
The Case for General Mathematics
Authors: Reeve William David
Published: January 2021

I shall not attempt, in this paper, to discredit our traditional methods of teaching algebra in the first year of the high school, followed by plane geometry in the second year, intermediate algebra in the third year, and so on. I say this in spite of the fact that much of our traditional practice and the accompanying results might justify one in so doing. In short, I am not interested in a destructive type of criticism of past methods with a view to setting up new bits of content (or at least reorganized content) and technique of procedure. Certainly, I should not favor a method which would seem to be attempting to force any set program upon the teaching body. The best progress is not made in that way. With many teachers of mathematics, the traditional order of treatment, if not the traditional methods, will prevail. Moreover, this will he true even after much experience and available scientific data may make a trial of some form of reorganized content and methods seem wise and feasible.
Mechanics
Authors: Mirick Gordon R.
Published: January 2021

The subject of mechanics and its application to engineering science opens up a possible source of problem material for high school mathematics. Such ideas as velocity, acceleration, angular motion, momentum, force and energy give rise to some problems that can be used in place of some that are already in our textbooks. A great many problems can be gotten together on statics and simple machines that are very elementary and worth while.
Some Aspects of Correlation Theory.
Authors: Mensenkamp L. E.
Published: January 2021

The theory of correlation seeks to devise methods of measuring the extent to which two characteristics measured in a group of individuals are so related that there is a tendency for changes in the size of the one to depend upon changes in the size of the other. For example, in the realm of biological phenomena one might seek to determine the degree of correlation between height and weight in a group of individuals; in the realm of mental phenomena one might seek the correlation between algebraic ability and geometrical ability in the group, assuming that adequate measures of these abilities exist.
Probability Applied to Grades
Authors: Moulton E. J.
Published: January 2021

Measurements are subject to error, whether measurements of lengths or of intellectual attainments. A stick is measured, its length found to be 25.7 inches. Its true length, as determined from the average of a very great many careful measurements is likely to be somewhat different, perhaps 25.832 inches; the first measure is in error by .132. A grade is assigned to a student's performance—an oral answer, a theme, a test paper, or a semester's work—the grade being 80. The true grade, as determined by taking the average of grades on repeated assignments for the same performance is likely to be different, perhaps 81.4; the first grade is in error by 1.4.
The Pennsylvania State Course of Study in Mathematics
Authors: Foberg John A.
Published: January 2021

The State Course of Study in Mathematics in Pennsylvania is a twelve-year program. This program is continuous not only in the sense that it is laid down year by year, beginning at the first school year and extending through the twelfth school year, but also in the sense that it is clearly understood that each subject after it has once been introduced is thereupon to be regarded as an element entering into all later instruction in mathematics throughout the course of study. Thus, for instance, arithmetic is looked upon as an implicit, if not an explicit, element in the mathematics program of studies throughout the junior and senior high school. So, also, after any element of algebra or geometry is taken up in class work, it is understood that this element is to be regarded as part and parcel of the subject matter of instruction for all later semesters and years.
Correlation of the Mathematical Subjects Develops Mathematical Power
Authors: Stone Charles A.
Published: January 2021

The problem below was recently submitted to the pupils of the University High School. It was published in the University High School Daily. Interest in the problem was aroused by the fact that it previously had been inserted for two weeks in the daily of a technical college in the city. It was the talk of the college for about two weeks but only four incorrect solutions were turned in, in spite of the fact that it was specifically stated that the problem could be solved by simple arithmetic. This added to the interest of the project.
A Dutch Text-Book of 1730
Authors: Simons Lao Genevra
Published: January 2021

It is natural that arithmetic should have been the first mathematical subject to appear in print in the American colonies. It is, on the contrary, surprising that algebra should occupy over one-third of the space in the third book on arithmetic published in this country1 when nearly sixty years were to elapse before the appearance of another book2 containing any algebra. Some forty-five hundred titles3 of publications in Pennsylvania before 1785 show many almanacs but few works on mathematics, and none containing algebra. A complete bibliography4 of all American books up to 1792 reveals, among those on mathematics, only three which include algebra in their contents. One of the three is a Dutch text-book and while the extent of its influence was probably very limited, it has interest as the earliest and, for a long period, the only work on algebra printed here.
Curriculum Making: What Shall Constitute the Procedure of National Committees?
Authors: Rugg Harold
Published: January 2021

American education can advance no more rapidly than the rate at which its basic facts and laws are discovered. Within the field of the mathematics curriculum two concurrent publications exhibit clearly the chief methods by which school men are attempting to discover these basic facts and laws. These publications are: (1) Thorndike and others, The Psychology of Algebra1 (2) The Reorganization of Mathematics in Secondary Education2 (Mathematical Association of America), prepared by a committee of mathematics teachers.
Continuity in Mathematics and Everyday Life
Authors: Lovitt W. V.
Published: January 2021

In Wentworth's plane geometry, page 107, we read: “By making the distinction between quantities measured in opposite directions, a theorem may often be so stated as to include two or more particular theorems.”
Mathematics of the Calculating Machine
Authors: Locke L. Leland
Published: January 2021

In most power driven machines the set-up device, usually a set of slides or a keyboard, is designed to set the selector mechanism is such an operative position that one revolution of the main shaft, by hand, spring, or electric power, will serve to register the number set up or combine it with a number already in the machine. There are exceptions, as in the case of machines which involve a mechanical Pythagorean table.
New Types of Schools in Germany and Their Curricula in Mathematics
Authors: Lietzmann W.
Published: January 2021

In many European countries, public instruction has either been changed or else completely transformed since the war. In some cases, as in France, this change has taken the form of a reversion to the humanities, the classic side. In others, as in Austria, the shift has been toward the modern scientific one. What is happening in Russia is beyond our knowledge. But even in the recently created border countries, people are ardently at work devising new types of schools. On every side, one hears of the reorganization of the curriculum.
The Slide Rule in Junior and Senior High School
Authors: Barnhill John F.
Published: January 2021

One of the most common criticisms of the public schools is that pupils are lax and careless in thought, expression and in accuracy of computation. The ability to think clearly, to express thoughts in clear and definite language, and to solve the problems of life with accuracy and speed is one of the marks of a scholar and should be one of the aims in education. Mathematics, more than any other subject, should be characterized by the highest degree of accuracy in, reasoning, expression and computation. The ability to solve problems rests solely upon the individual's ability, first, to understand and state accurately the conditions of the problem; second, to analyze the situation and to reason from unknown to known quantities with the formation of correct judgments as to the proper procedure in the solution; third, to perform the indicated operations with facility, accuracy and speed and to apply the appropriate check to the result; fourth, to interpret the result. The discussion in this article will be limited to the third ability; namely, accuracy and speed in computation with an efficient method for checking the result.
The Slide Rule in Plane Geometry
Authors: Gorsline W. W.
Published: January 2021

The first place where the Slide Rule has a real application in Plane Geometry is in the study of proportion and similar figures in Books III, IV and V. After the proposition is taken up in the class in the usual way, the numbers for the various known lines in a figure are assigned and the unknown lines are computed. Very often the result is found by one setting of the slide by reading the numbers under the runner. In the case a continued proportion, any number of answers may be read off by reading them under the runner.
Fanciful Hypotheses on the Origin of the Numeral Forms
Authors: Cajori Florian
Published: January 2021

A problem as fascinating as the puzzle of the origin of language relates to the evolution of the forms of our numerals. Proceeding on the tacit assumption that each of our numerals contains within itself, as a skeleton so to speak, as many dots, strokes, or angles as it represents units, imaginative writers of different countries and ages have advanced hypotheses as to their origin. Nor did these writers feel that they were indulging simply in pleasing pastime or merely contributing to mathematical recreations. With perhaps one exception, they were as convinced of the correctness of their explanations, as are circle squarers of the soundness of their quadratures.
What Amount of Algebra is Retained by College Freshmen?
Authors: Eells Walter Crosby
Published: January 2021

The object of this paper is to report the results of giving the Hotz high school algebra scales to a group of freshman students at Whitman College, and to compare these results with those in other schools and with the Hotz standards of high school achievement.
High School Mathematics Clubs
Authors: Reed Zulu
Published: January 2021

In most of our high schools our courses of study are too crowded with formal work to permit our following, in the class room, interesting by-ways which touch our paths. Such is the case in mathematics. It is largely because of the failure of teachers to provide opportunity for exploring these mysterious by-ways that many high school pupils regard mathematics as a necessary evil, as something almost entirely apart from every day life, as an affliction to be escaped as soon as the minimum requirement has been met. But work that has been considered drudgery may become a pleasurable pastime with the proper incentive. Some one has fittingly said that the greatest problem to be solved by the mathematics teacher today is the problem of making mathematics interesting to the pupil. The mathematics club offers a means of helping to solve this problem.
The Use of the Function Concept in First Year Algebra
Authors: Booher Eleanor E.
Published: January 2021

We have all tried at various times in our lives to solve riddles and we have all observed others try to solve them too. Now when it comes to solving riddles folks may be classified roughly under two heads: those who give up if the answer does not come to their minds immediately and those who will try for hours. There are the easy givers up and those with the inquiring mind. The very fact that we have devoted a good part of our time to the study and teaching of mathematics must indicate that in our younger days, at least, we were not always with the easy givers up when occasionally a mathematical riddle was propounded to us from back of the teacher's desk. Of course, in these days, mathematics is taught quite differently and many of the problems of the riddle type have given place to a more rational kind of exercise, but even so some of us have had ample opportunity to observe how folks react when riddles are assigned.
How Much Elementary Algebra is Remembered by Freshmen When Entering College?
Authors: Eells Walter Crosby
Published: January 2021

The issue of The Mathematics Teacher for March, 1925, contains an article by Gordon R. Mirick and Vera Sanford reporting the results for high school students of two short tests covering items of fundamental importance in first year algebra and in arithmetic. The object of this paper is to report the results of giving the first of these two tests to a group of freshmen in Whitman College, and to compare these results with those reported for the high school students in the article mentioned.
The “Attack” in Propositions on Inequality of Lines
Authors: Haas Arthur
Published: January 2021

After experiencing trouble in teaching propositions involving inequalities, especially the one in which two triangles were involved, and after having noticed, term after term, the hopeless floundering of pupils endeavoring to work out original exercises which required the proof that one line was longer than another, the writer undertook devising a general method of approach which would aid the student in his endeavors along these lines. The result, year after year, showed such improvement, that the writer feels justified in offering it to others who may have suffered from the same trouble, in the hope that it will prove of equal value to them.
Revision of College Preparatory Mathematics
Authors: Gugle Marie
Published: January 2021

College entrance mathematics is a variable quantity; until recently each college set its own entrance requirements. As President Butler said, they “were going their several ways with sublime unconcern for the policies of other colleges, for the needs of secondary schools, or for the general public interests…. No secondary school could adjust its work and its program to their requirements.”
Traveling Mathematics
Authors: Stritzinger Miss Marylew
Published: January 2021

Imagine its the eighteenth of June. Come on, go abroad with me. Take only your knowledge of Mathematics which includes your ability to express yourself in real English, if possible in French, Italian and German; then remember your Geometric truths in packing your conventional covering, and be prepared to use your keen observation, honesty, accuracy and pep. For this trip lengthen that proverb: “Speech is Silver, Silence is Golden.” but PEP is Platinum.
The Laboratory Method in Teaching of Geometry
Authors: Austin C. A.
Published: January 2021

About ten years ago a group of experienced teachers of mathematics in Fresno, California, realized that it was absurd for young people to be “addling their brains over mere logical subtleties, trying to understand the proof of one obvious fact in terms of another, equally, or it may be, not quite so obvious, and conceiving a profound dislike for mathematics, when they might be learning geometry, a most important and fundamental subject which can be made very interesting and instructive.”
Teaching by Parables
Authors: Lovitt W.V.
Published: January 2021

Christ was and is the greatest teacher of all time. The people of His day had rejected Him. They had failed to understand His message. They failed to understand Him when He spoke of the essential things for which He was sent among them, so He talked to them of the things with which they were familiar. He endeavored to reveal the Heavenly things through the earthly symbol. He spoke in parables.
Extraneous Details
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

It is universally admitted that the mathematical problems which arise in business, economics and science are seldom neat composites of information that is both necessary and sufficient for the obtaining of a solution. Many “real life” problems contain information that is not needed and they often lack necessary details. The two situations are not mutually exclusive and each challenges the wit and ingenuity of the person who tries to solve the problem in a way peculiar to itself.
The Influence of General Mathematics on the Subject Matter of Mathematics and on the Theory and Technique of the Teaching of Mathematics
Authors: Blank Laura
Published: January 2021

Whether one agrees with the theory of attempting to unify or generalize mathematics or not, whether one entertains an opinion that unification or generalization of mathematics is feasible or desirable even if possible, or one does not, out of this theory and attempt, together with the psychological studies developed contemporaneously, have come new and splendid developments in subject matter, and in the theory and in the technique of the teaching of mathematics. The efforts to unify mathematics have been in a large measure responsible for a general rationaizing and psychologizing of the branches of the subject, not alone the high school branches but the college branches as well. René Descartes, called “the father of modern algebra,” the inventor of analytic geometry, perhaps one should say, rather, the discoverer of the interrelations between geometry and algebra, more than three hundred years ago in his complete and unique coordination of these two branches of mathematics set in motion further attempts of the same sort. John Perry, of England, engineer and teacher of engineering students, about three decades ago, dissatisfied with the preparation of the youth of the English sclwols in mathematics, advocated among other plans for promoting interest, mastery and originality on the part of the students of mathematics that of correlating mathematics with other subjects, with the other sciences particularly, stressing application rather than theory. The most recent impetus in the direction of unifying or generalizing mathematics is the recognition, though no whole-hearted endorsement of the endeavor, made in the Report of the National Committee on the Reorganization of Mathematics in Secondary Education published in 1922.
Study or Recitation First in Supervised Study in Mathematics Classes?
Authors: Douglass Harl R.
Published: January 2021

For twenty years the supervised study movement has been making slow but certain progress. Employed but in the occasional school ten or twelve years ago, it has found a place in a very strong minority of schools, which minority threatens to become a majority in another decade or so. The most common of its many f orms is the division of the class hour into two portions, one of which is given over to supervised study and the other to recitation.1
Popularizing Plane and Solid Geometry
Authors: Pratt Gertrude V.
Published: January 2021

Popularizing geometry is indeed a broad subject and the methods employed depend on the individual teacher, her class, the locality in which she teaches, and the particular situation in which she finds herself. In fact, methods vary from year to year, constantly reaching out toward the goal of popular geometry. But in order to have something concrete on whleh to work, I am suggesting methods which have at various times helped m to relieve the monotony which frequently overwhelms the most entlmsiastic of classes. The development of these suggestions I leave to the very fertile imaginations which you as geometry teachers must possess.