bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Is Honesty? Laypersons Interpret High Lie Scale Scores as Reflecting Intentional Dishonesty: Rejoinder to de Vries et al.’s (2017) Comment on Feldman et al. (2017)
Authors: Feldman Gilad
Published: March 2018

Scholars have recently been questioning the original premise of lie scales as measuring dishonesty for social desirability, with some even claiming that lie scales may in fact represent higher honesty (e.g., de Vries et al., 2017 commentary on Feldman, Lian, Kosinski, & Stillwell, 2017). In a preregistered experiment, I examined the relationship between lie scales and honesty by directly assessing laypersons’ perceptions of honesty reflected in lie scales. Overall, laypersons perceived higher lie scale scores as reflecting higher dishonesty and higher lie scale scorers as more intentionally dishonest and socially sensitive, endorsing a negative (and rejecting a positive) relationship between lie scales and honesty. These findings provide empirical support for lie scales as capturing dishonesty. I discuss implications and possible directions for addressing the complexity inherent in the construct of honesty and the need for an integration of the seemingly contradictory findings to advance the debate regarding lie scales and honesty.
Geographic Variation in the Black-Violence Stereotype
Authors: Johnson David J. , Chopik William J.
Published: March 2018

The stereotype that Blacks are violent is pervasive in the United States. Yet little research has examined whether this stereotype is linked to violent behavior from members of different racial groups. We examined how state-level violent crime rates among White and Black Americans predicted the strength of the Black-violence stereotype using a sample of 348,111 individuals from the Project Implicit website. State-level implicit and explicit stereotypes were predicted by crime rates. States where Black people committed higher rates of violent crime showed a stronger Black-violence stereotype, whereas states where White people committed higher rates of violent crime showed a weaker Black-violence stereotype. These patterns were stronger for explicit stereotypes than implicit stereotypes. We discuss the implications of these findings for the development and maintenance of stereotypes.
Motivated Collective Defensiveness: Group Members Prioritize Counterarguing Out-Group Criticism Over Getting Their Work Done
Authors: Thürmer J. Lukas , McCrea Sean M. , McIntyre Baylee M.
Published: March 2018

Group members defensively reject out-group criticism in self-reports because they perceive it as more threatening than the same criticism from the in-group ( intergroup sensitivity effect). But does this effect motivate action? In five experiments, group members exhibited behavior patterns characteristic of motivated goal pursuit: They prioritized defending their group over completing their individual work (Experiments 1–5), even when work was intrinsically rewarding (Experiment 2) or incentivized (Experiment 3). Lastly, this effect disappeared when group members had attained their goal of protecting their group by other means (i.e., group affirmation; Experiments 4 and 5). Together, the experiments suggest that intergroup sensitivity motivates goal-directed action. We discuss how motivated collective defensiveness may undermine constructive debate and heighten acrimony between groups.
Does the Left Hair Part Look Better (or Worse) Than the Right?
Authors: Frimer Jeremy A.
Published: March 2018

This article provides the first experimental tests of whether the side of the head on which a person parts his or her hair affects the person’s appearance and perceived character. The popular culture view is that the left hair part makes a person appear more competent and masculine and the right part warmer and more feminine. Participants judged the appearance of a portrait with a hair part on one side, or a digitally altered version in which the hair part was reversed (while the face remained the same). Three studies (total N = 3,819) found that hair part does not alter appearance. The null results generalized to male and female models, smiling and neutral expressions, and hair parts flowing with or against the hair whorl. The popular belief that hair part alters one’s appearance may either be a myth of underspecified.
Phenytoin and Rifampin Do Not Decrease Levels in Acute Tacrolimus Toxicity
Authors: Lawson Benjamin O. , Seth Heemesh , Quan Dan
Published: March 2018

Tacrolimus is used in bone marrow transplant patients to prevent graft-versus-host disease. There have been few case reports of tacrolimus toxicity (>30 ng/mL) in solid organ recipients as well as in nontransplant patients. Several case reports suggest phenytoin and rifampin decrease tacrolimus levels in toxicity, but does it actually make a difference? A 60-year-old man with acute myeloblastic leukemia after allogenic stem cell transplant with fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain was transferred to the intensive care unit for persistent hypotension and acute hypoxic respiratory failure requiring intubation. The following day his tacrolimus level was 8.6 ng/mL and creatinine was 2.2 (baseline = 1.8). The patient inadvertently received 15 mg intravenous tacrolimus instead of his scheduled 0.5 mg intravenous. Four hours later, a random tacrolimus level was 36.4 ng/mL. Tacrolimus was discontinued; phenytoin 200 mg BID was started for 4 doses and rifampin was started for 2 doses at 600 mg. Sixteen hours postinjection, tacrolimus level decreased to 26.4 ng/mL and to 9 ng/mL after 64 hours. Creatinine improved to 1.1 after 30 hours. He was extubated 5 days later without any new neurological findings and his creatinine returned to baseline. Our patient received 30 times his daily dose resulting high tacrolimus levels. Assuming there was sufficient time for distribution, our patient’s half-life increased to 34.5 hours compared with the reported half-life of 12 hours. The possibilities for this increase include ineffective or harmful effects of the phenytoin/rifampin combination, change in metabolism kinetics at high levels, or other unidentified patient-specific factors. Further studies should be done to ensure that phenytoin and rifampin are safe to give in tacrolimus toxicity.
Should We Use the IMPACT-Model for the Outcome Prognostication of TBI Patients? A Qualitative Study Assessing Physicians’ Perceptions
Authors: Moskowitz Jesse , Quinn Thomas , Khan Muhammad W. , Shutter Lori , Goldberg Robert , Col Nananda , Mazor Kathleen M. , Muehlschlegel Susanne
Published: March 2018

Introduction. Shared Decision-Making may facilitate information exchange, deliberation, and effective decision-making, but no decision aids currently exist for difficult decisions in neurocritical care patients. The International Patient Decision Aid Standards, a framework for the creation of high-quality decision aids (DA), recommends the presentation of numeric outcome and risk estimates. Efforts are underway to create a goals-of-care DA in critically-ill traumatic brain injury (ciTBI) patients. To inform its content, we examined physicians’ perceptions, and use of the IMPACT-model, the most widely validated ciTBI outcome model, and explored physicians’ preferences for communicating prognostic information towards families. Methods. We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews in 20 attending physicians (neurosurgery,neurocritical care,trauma,palliative care) at 7 U.S. academic medical centers. We used performed qualitative content analysis of transcribed interviews to identify major themes. Results. Only 12 physicians (60%) expressed awareness of the IMPACT-model; two stated that they “barely” knew the model. Seven physicians indicated using the model at least some of the time in clinical practice, although none used it exclusively to derive a patient’s prognosis. Four major themes emerged: the IMPACT-model is intended for research but should not be applied to individual patients; mistrust in the IMPACT-model derivation data; the IMPACT-model is helpful in reducing prognostic variability among physicians; concern that statistical models may mislead families about a patient’s prognosis. Discussion: Our study identified significant variability of the awareness, perception, and use of the IMPACT-model among physicians. While many physicians prefer to avoid conveying numeric prognostic estimates with families using the IMPACT-model, several physicians thought that they “ground” them and reduce prognostic variability among physicians. These findings may factor into the creation and implementation of future ciTBI-related DAs.
Discrete-valued gravity inversion using the guided fuzzy c-means clustering technique
Authors: Maag Elizabeth , Li Yaoguo
Published: March 2018

The definition of boundaries, in a recovered model from an inversion, can be improved through the incorporation of known physical property values of a small number of geologic units. Directly imposing strict physical property values into a Tikhonov regularized inversion transforms it into an integer programming problem. Solving an integer programming problem can be prohibitively expensive for large problems in practical applications. We have developed a method to approximate a discrete-valued inverse problem by applying the guided fuzzy c-means clustering technique. This method enforces the discrete values to a high degree of approximation within the inversion by guiding the recovered model to cluster tightly around the known physical property values. Using this method, we are able to incorporate the uncertainty in our physical property information and solve the corresponding minimization problem with derivative-based minimization techniques, making this approach more efficient and broadly applicable. We applied the method to gravity inversions with two clusters, where the density contrast is restricted to be equal to either zero, for the background, or an anomalous value. We examine the method using synthetic and field data sets and determine that it recovers models with better distinguished density anomalies when compared with smooth inversion methods.
An average-derivative optimal scheme for modeling of the frequency-domain 3D elastic wave equation
Authors: Chen Jing-Bo , Cao Jian
Published: March 2018

Because of its high computational cost, we needed to develop an efficient numerical scheme for the frequency-domain 3D elastic wave equation. In addition, the numerical scheme should be applicable to media with a liquid-solid interface. To address these two issues, we have developed a new average-derivative optimal 27-point scheme with arbitrary directional grid intervals and a corresponding numerical dispersion analysis for the frequency-domain 3D elastic wave equation. The novelty of this scheme is that its optimal coefficients depend on the ratio of the directional grid intervals and Poisson’s ratio. In this way, this scheme can be applied to media with a liquid-solid interface and a computational grid with arbitrary directional grid intervals. For media with a variable Poisson’s ratio, we have developed an effective and stable interpolation method for optimization coefficients. Compared with the classic 19-point scheme, this new scheme reduces the required number of grid points per wavelength for equal and unequal directional grid intervals. The reduction of the number of grid points increases as the Poisson’s ratio becomes larger. In particular, the numerical S-wave phase velocity of this new scheme becomes zero, whereas the classic 19-point scheme produces a spurious numerical S-wave phase velocity, as Poisson’s ratio reaches 0.5. We have performed numerical examples to develop the theoretical analysis.
Multiphysics data modeling and imaging for exploration in the southern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Velasco Maria Soledad , Alumbaugh David , Schnetzler Emmanuel
Published: March 2018

We carried out a multidata geophysics study in southern Colorado to explore for [Formula: see text] reservoirs in an area where seismic imaging is very limited due to the mountainous terrain, the presence of high-velocity volcanic rocks, and difficulty in obtaining land access permits. We have developed a modeling/interpretation methodology using ground magnetotelluric data as well as airborne magnetic and electromagnetic data combined with public domain gravity data and existing well and seismic data. We used the integration of these data sets to produce a series of 2D and 3D geophysical models that reveal basin architecture previously poorly defined through the analysis of limited seismic and well data alone. We found that this type of analysis aids in decreasing uncertainty in the interpreted geologic cross sections and a better understanding of the structural complexities of the region. Through the application of machine learning methods, we are also able to integrate several data sets into a mathematical framework resulting in a predictive model of spatial [Formula: see text] distribution. The integration of the interpretations from all data sets, predictive analytics results, and knowledge of [Formula: see text] production, allows us to delineate areas of interest for further exploration.
Coherence attribute applications on seismic data in various guises — Part 2
Authors: Chopra Satinder , Marfurt Kurt J.
Published: March 2018

We have previously discussed some alternative means of modifying the frequency spectrum of the input seismic data to modify the resulting coherence image. The simplest method was to increase the high-frequency content by computing the first and second derivatives of the original seismic amplitudes. We also evaluated more sophisticated techniques, including the application of structure-oriented filtering to different spectral components before spectral balancing, thin-bed reflectivity inversion, bandwidth extension, and the amplitude volume technique. We further examine the value of coherence computed from individual spectral voice components, and alternative means of combining three or more such coherence images, providing a single volume for interpretation.
Concept Sacrifice in Ritual Discourse of Mythopoetic Epoch
Authors: Воронкина М. , Voronkina M.
Published: March 2018

The point of issue of the paper is the concept sacrifice as a part of speech activity that is pertain to the archaic sacrificial ritual. The work aims a fullscale reconstruction of the concept represented in the ritual discourse in its heyday. The paper studies the concept in conjunction of its notional, emotive, visual and value-referred components. The author appeals to the data of the monuments embodied the texts of the Mythopoetic Epoch. The research approach is in a special study of such texts that makes it possible to reconstruct the ritual discourse in terms of communicative strategies in the pragmatic aspect. The main results of the research are identification and description of the position, use and signification of the concept sacrifice in the ritual discourse of the Mythopoetic Epoch. One of the main conclusions is the declaring irrelevance of an appeal to the concept beyond of the discourse. In terms of the academic novelty, the results of the research are not only an endeavor to identify the position of the concept in the worldview but also to submit it in the aspect of Communication Studies and Linguistic Pragmatics.
A Case for Communicative Logic of Text as a Distinct Discipline
Authors: Мучник Б. , Muchnik B.
Published: March 2018

We demonstrate that communicative logic of text exists objectively, is distinct from conventional logic and deserves dedicated study. In order to highlight the difference between the two logics we contrast the typical flaws addressed by them. Conventional logic: non sequitur, vicious circle, false premise, hasty generalisation, the post hoc fallacy. Communicative logic: superfluous information, unjustified omission, misplaced elements, structural ambiguity. A large-scale experimental study of perception of communicatively deficient texts allowed us to formulate a set of rules aimed at constructing, assessing and improving texts with confidence and precision.
The Problem of Media Ownership Classification
Authors: Маркина Юлия , Markina Yulia
Published: March 2018

The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that over the past 20 years there have been constant transformations of organizational, economic, content nature, which is undoubtedly an occasion for scientific understanding and analysis not only of journalists but also of economists and political scientists on the domestic media market. And at the moment we should talk about the concentration of mass media as a characteristic and often - determining trend of the modern Russian media system both on the national information market and on the regional one.
ALLELES ASSOCIATION OF BLOOD GROUPS WITH MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SAMARA TYPE OF BLACK-MOTLEY CATTLE BREED
Authors: Грашин Алексей , Grashin Aleksey , Грашин Валерий , Grashin Valery
Published: March 2018

The purpose of the research is the improvement of the population of the Samara type of Black-Motley breed of cattle for signs of milk production by controlling entry into the herd geomarketing desirable complexes. The evaluation of erythrocyte antigens of animals in laboratories of immunogenetic control of authenticity of origin of the animals, OAO «Samara» for 9 genetic systems by using hemolytic tests obdarena the method of the Fortieth. Allelofond analysis was carried out taking into account the classification proposed by N. Popov and G. Eskin. The data of breeding zootechnical accounting were used to study the level of productivity. Statistical data processing is performed using a computer program Microsoft Excel. The level of milk productivity in the studied cows of Samara type in farms ranged from 5899 to 6886 kg, fat content from 3.78 to 4.07 %, protein from 3.08 to 3.22 %. Herds of Samara type are significant different in the yield of milk, butterfat and alcoholocaust. All farms showed significant superiority over Close corporation «Lunacharsky» (agriculture-originator) protein content in milk is 0.05-0.14%. In the stud of the population of Samara was identified markers associated with high milk yield: Close corporation «Lunacharsky» (6045-6220 kg): G2Y2E/1Q/, O2A/2J/1K/O/, «-»; the limited liability company «Plemzavod «Druzhba» (6633-7218 kg): O4Y2A/1I//, «-»,O4Y2A/2, G2Y2E/1Q/, I2, B1O3Y2E/3G/G//, O1G1, O4D/E/3F/2G/O/; SPK (kolkhoz) named Kuibyshev (6131-6881 kg): G2Y2E/1Q/, I2, B1O3Y2E/3G/G//, «-», O4Y2A/1I//, O1G1; PSK named Kirova (5876-6210 kg): B1O3Y2E/3G/G//, E/3F/2G/O/G//, G2Y2E/1Q/, «-»; joint stock company «Plemzavod «Kryazh» (5045-6217 kg): O4Y2A/1I//, E/3F/2G/O/G//, G2Y2E/1Q/, O1G1, «-».
Problems of cultural rights
Authors: Szlachta Bogdan
Published: March 2018

When one reads the declaration of UNESCO from the early twenty-first century and wonders not so much on the phenomenon of coexistence of different cultures, but rather on the multicultural projects formulated in relation to the above, one relates the key questions to its origin and possible new solutions, first political and then legal. In political philosophy today developed in the so-called Western societies, these projects are linked to the reflection on their liberal and democratic foundations, especially on the issue of individual and group rights. Outlining these problems may be the introduction to the discussion of the key issues emerging in the reflection on the modern citizenship, as well as the expected legal order of multicultural societies.
Intercultural Space
Authors: Korporowicz Leszek
Published: March 2018

Contemporary features of global, technological changes stimulate such processes as mobility of cultures, deterritorialization of space, multiplication of space, convergence and interaction, decentralization and disappearance of physical boundaries in communication and metamorphoses of space, especially of symbolic space which can repeatedly interchange its real and virtual dimension. That is why we shall form the basis for a proposal concerning the creation of an integrated theory of intercultural space which will combine the classical and the virtual understanding of cultural and intercultural space in the context of the contemporary universe of symbolic culture. Attributes of thus understood space have a relatively different and distinctive ontological status and they refer to different characteristics of space but in very intensive, mutual relations. In the proposed theory they are interlinked and their characteristics show a high degree of synergy between “objects,” “relations” and the “scope” of their attributes. Interactions of these attributes take place at various levels of reality; they change the character of attributes but maintain the general logic of mutual clarification and the explanatory power of the integrated theory of space where objects define relations, relations define objects and scope, and scope defines objects and relations.
On Some Aspects of Word , Image and Human Values as Reflected by Russian Orthodox Icons and Western Religious Paintings
Authors: Dudek Andrzej
Published: March 2018

The main focus of interest in the paper is the attitude of Western and Eastern stems of Christianity towards religious painting with reference to the problem of equality of word and image as far as the Church teaching is concerned. The roots and basic notions of Christian anthropology as well as positions revealed by both Churches during the discussions in 7-8th centuries are regarded as foundations for noticeable differences in interpretations of meanings, means, artistic principles, reality representations, ways of passing on the truth on man in Orthodox icons and Western religious paintings either. Taking in to account the relationship between object and its representation the paper develops the idea of metonymical principle being crucial for Western religious paintings and symbolic connection between signans belonging to the earthly reality and signatum pointing out to transcendent realm in Orthodox icon painting.
Human Values Expressed An Example of the Application of Linguistic Analysis in the Study of Human Values Terminology
Authors: Gacek Tomasz
Published: March 2018

The present article discusses the problem of how selected human values like ambition, freedom, honesty and piety are expressed in the Tajik language. The semantic fields of the forms in question is analysed in order to understand the associations and connotations they raise. Analysis of the semantic fields of language forms denoting a particular value may help us to understand the place of this value in the value hierarchy of some culture.
The Myth of Europe in Art and European Identities. The Divided Memory of Europe – Will Europe Succumb to Disintegration ?
Authors: Klocek di Biaso Beata , Michalski Bohdan
Published: March 2018

The Polish government commissioned from Franciszek Starowieyski, a renowned Polish painter, a composition to embellish the new building of the Permanent Representation of the Republic of Poland at the European Union in Brussels. The monumental Divina Polonia rapta per Europa profana, executed in 1998, was put on permanent show in the main hall of the Permanent Representation seat. ‘Divina Polonia,’ the second female figure featured in the canvas next to Europe, is depicted with a halo. F. Starowieyski referred to the classical myth of Europe (a Phoenician princess abducted by Zeus disguised as a bull) in order to emphasize the contrast between secular Europe and ‘holy’ Poland. What is the source of this combination of nudity and saintliness? Why has this otherwise liberated artist, who in hundreds of compositions obsessively portrays the female nude and remains distant from bigotry or clericalism, suddenly resorted to religious symbols? These intriguing and disturbing questions arose after seeing the exhibition on the myth of Europe shown in Florence. There, works of twentieth century artists from Western Europe did not contain religious symbols. We seem to be approaching the topical problem of the unity of Europe. The canvas Divina Polonia rapta per Europa profana is a symbolic summary of the two different historical experiences of the East and West of Europe.
Standard Arabic – core value or value added ?
Authors: Siwiec Paweł
Published: March 2018

In the opinion of the vast majority of the Arab society the literary Arabic is considered as a core value. Many even elevate it to the rank of sanctity, due to the fact that it is the language of the Koran. On the other hand Standard Arabic has never become a means of daily communication for all Arabs. It remains the language of written texts, ritual prayers and official speeches, while in everyday life people use dialects. Even Arabic language teachers in the Arab countries, when conducting classes in schools, speak a kind of intermediate Arabic or simply a dialect. In this context, the author tries to answer the question posed in the title of the present article.
Modern military strategy and its founders: Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz and Andre Beaufre
Authors: Królikowski Hubert
Published: March 2018

At the dawn of the twenty-first century there is a widespread belief in the unique character of this moment of history, but military forces still remain a fundamental tool at the disposal of the authorities of the state which wants to play a significant role. Primary role of the armed forces of a sovereign state is still to provide military security of the state and its defence. The capacity of taking action, the nature and structure of the armed forces determines the credibility and effectiveness of national defence, the position and contribution of the state in the creation of its own and collective safety. Ensuring effective implementation of the objectives of the security policy is the subject of a military strategy. This role of strategy has been perceived by philosophers and representatives of other sciences since ancient times. Linking strategy with the policy was stressed and well-characterized by General Andre Beaufre, Carl von Clausewitz and Sun Tzu. It is a fascinating subject of studies how military leaders and decision makers from antiquity, through Middle Ages, Renaissance, to the present days implemented Sun Tzu’s lessons even without any knowledge about The Art of War’s existence, and how the ancient Chinese conclusions are similar to the those of the European prophet of strategy – Carl von Clausewitz.
Axiological Sources of Social Order According to Paweł Włodkowic
Authors: Łucyszyn CM Józef
Published: March 2018

The paper focuses mainly on the doctrine concerning the approach of the Christian state towards pagans which described the practice of respecting the values that regulate social relations, and came as a result of the lifestyle of the society. It discusses the approach of Paweł Włodkowic, the rector of the Kraków Academy, who became famous for a speech given at the Council of Constance in 1415, and was a distinguished representative of this current of thought. Using theological and evangelical inspiration and legal knowledge, Włodkowic pointed to the effectiveness of practising the rules of spiritual life in social life. It allowed for the definition and recognition of the level of dialogue, understanding and compromise. Tradition, which in itself encapsulates consistency, is an important element of cultural and religious transfer. For it to occur in society in practice, it requires reception in the form of the normalisation and substantiation of its existence.
Transgression as a Result of Cultural Contact
Authors: Paleczny Tadeusz
Published: March 2018

This article focuses on the processes of transferring the cultural elements between different racial, ethnic and religious groups. The transmission of various cultural products containing symbols, norms and values is the result of crosscultural contact and multicultural relations. Transgression is a kind of exchange and transcultural diffusion between two or more different cultural groups. The processes of common cross-cultural, two-directional influences lead to the creation of new types of universalized identity and create the transcultural forms of social as well as political organization.
Searching for a New Identity: Muslims in Western Europe
Authors: Rudnicka-Kassem Dorota
Published: March 2018

This article is devoted to the issue of multi-ethnic relations in Western Europe, and in particular to the question of the search of Muslim nowadays identity. The so-called civilization clash, language and culture diversity, the ongoing debate about the Muslims both new comers and old settlers are the crucial issue. Muslims in Western Europe are in constant search for their new identity made out of various elements, such as influences of home tradition, new movements, including fundamentalism and modern western trends. What is more, since Europe is predominantly Christian country, a development of Muslim-Christian dialogue is essential because it will have a tremendous influence of shaping new Muslim identity.
Core Values and Human Values in Intercultural Space
Authors: Secombe Margaret J.
Published: March 2018

This paper considers the issue of human values in intercultural space through the writings of Professor Jerzy Smolicz. It begins by explicating Smolicz’s concept of core values, developed from research on Australian ethnic cultural groups over more than three decades. Core values, he argued, were those central to the survival of viable and identifiable cultural groups. Where these values were lost, individuals assimilated into the mainstream cultural group. Intercultural space can be understood as places where individuals of different cultural backgrounds communicate, interact and co-operate. Such spaces may be transient and targeted to a specific purpose; develop over generations of different cultural groups inhabiting the same geographical region; be fostered in school classrooms; or even occur when an individual experiences ‘the cultural other’ in imagination through a literary or visual text. In such contexts, it would seem most appropriate for human values, those cultural meanings shared by all people as human beings, to prevail. However, Smolicz’s multicultural model for Australian society was based on a balance between the core values of the various minority groups and the overarching values shared by Australians of all cultural backgrounds. It is argued that a similar balance between core values and human values is required, if any intercultural space is to achieve dialogue, communication and fruitful interaction.
Democracy tempered by Aristocracy: rethinking an old idea
Authors: Kinneging Andreas
Published: March 2018

This article retakes an argument that has ancient roots, but is nowadays largely forgotten, namely that democracy, to be viable and stable, stands in need of aristocratic checks. First of all, institutional checks, like an Upper House in Parliament, and a professional judiciary. But more importantly – and that is what the article focuses on – an aristocratic ethos in the rulership or leadership. The tradition of reflection on the aristocratic ethos, going back to antiquity, is described, including the virtue theory it propounds. Finally, an overview is given of the traditional ideas on how to create and ensure the influence of the aristocratic ethos over the rulers or leaders.
“Good Law” Versus “Bad Law”: Civil Disobedience During the Desegregation Process in the United States of America
Authors: Laidler Paweł
Published: March 2018

In 1954, after almost sixty years of tolerating the separate-but-equal doctrine shaped in Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to reject the unequal policy of the government in educational system, and thus to initiate changes in the status of racial segregation. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision ignited both positive and negative feelings and emotions of Americans, who began to show two types of civil disobedience. The first type of disobedience was addressed against the Court and its controversial precedent, and could be visible mainly in Southern states among white citizens and some state authorities. Despite the fact that the Court’s decision was binding, Southern judges, politicians as well as ordinary people showed their disobedience towards the highest judicial institution in the country and its notion of desegregation. The second type of civil disobedience was addressed towards these institutions which neglected the necessity of social change and promotion of equality, and could be observed in actions undertaken by various individuals and organizations aiming at broadening the constitutional protection of black Americans. The purpose of the article is to analyze both types of civil disobedience which were initiated by the same source – a judicial precedent, and had an enormous impact on American society of the late 1950s and early 1960s, leading to final change in the perception of the equality  principle as well as the status of civil rights. The article proposes a thesis that the scope and character of civil disobedience may depend on the ideology of certain social groups and therefore influence their attitude to the direction of changes in law.
Źródła rosyjskiej myśli konserwatywnej
Authors: Romanowski Dymitr
Published: March 2018

Sources of Russian conservative thought. Political Theology of Metropolitan Philaret

The article is dedicated to the expositon of the political theology of Metropolitan Philaret (secular name Vasily Mikhaylovich Drozdov). He was an Orthodox metropolitan of Moscow, the first professor of theology in Russia. Under the influence of secular culture Filaret gives special attention to the theory of the state, creating the first in Russia historiosophical concept of the monarchy, based on a ‘symphony’ of the State and the Church.
Nauka o państwie a teologia w ujęciu Hansa Kelsena
Authors: Górnisiewicz Arkadiusz
Published: March 2018

Hans Kelsen on the Relation of the Theory of the State and Theology The paper pays attention to the theological‑political themes in the thought of an Austrian lawyer and philosopher Hans Kelsen (1881‑1973). It especially aims to explore one of the lesser known aspects of his legal theory that is the parallelism between theology and the Staatslehre. I attempt to reconstruct the numerous structural analogies between theology and the legal and political theory discussed in various Kelsen’s works. By focusing on these analogies, I am trying to understand their place and meaning within Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law. I claim that they constitute a preliminary tough indispensable part of Kelsen’s effort to construct a theory that completely identifies the state and the legal order and to do away with the influence of theology and metaphysics.
Projekt etyki absolutnej
Authors: Drelich Sławomir
Published: March 2018

Ayn Rand’s project of absolute ethics

Ayn Rand is one of the most famous American thinkers identified with libertarian thought. She is primarily known as the founder of the philosophical system, which she described as the Objectivism or Objectivist philosophy. This concept became the foundation for created by her ethics and axiology, as well as her interesting vision of society, state and economy. This article gives an overview of Ayn Rand’s absolute ethics, which has never been formulated as a separate theory. However it can be reconstructed on the basis of Rand’s essays, novels and journalism. This kind of ethics can be defined as an absolute or objective ethics. The foundation of this concept of ethics is Randian dogma of the objective existence of the world and human being. That is why the central ideas of this concept are: individualism, rationalism, voluntarism and vitalism. And the key values are accordingly: man, reason, freedom and life. Ayn Rand refers to the Aristotle’s concepts but also attempts to restore the principles of the classical liberalism.
Dynamika reformy ustrojowej strefy euro w latach 2012‑2016
Authors: Węc Janusz Józef
Published: March 2018

The Dynamics of the system reform of the Eurozone in the years 2012‑2016 The article shows the dynamics of the system reform of the Eurozone in the years 2012‑2016. The first part of the article concentrates on the implementation of the system reform in the period since the adoption by the European Council Herman Van Rompuy’s report on 13th/14th December 2012 until the creation of organisational foundations for the Banking Union. The second part has been devoted to the work on the reform after publishing on 22 June 2015 what is know as Five President’s Report.
Reforma systemu zabezpieczeń i weryfikacji materiałów jądrowych jako warunek bezpieczeństwa nuklearnego w XXI w.
Authors: Młynarski Tomasz
Published: March 2018

The reform of the nuclear safeguards and verification of nuclear materials as a condition of nuclear safety in the 21 Century

The condition of maintaining nuclear safety in the twentieth century is to ensure a global system of nuclear materials safeguards. In practice, this means the need for a global system of verification of compliance with non‑proliferation requirements equipped with mechanisms of international control, accounting and physical protection of nuclear materials and facilities, as means of preventing the usage of nuclear dual‑use technology for non‑peaceful purposes (construction of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices). The track record of non‑proliferation regime discovered the weakness of the nuclear safeguards and verification system, in particular, limits of the IAEA control functions. Maintaining the “Nuclear Peace” can be assured only by a global system of physical protection, accounting, and security of nuclear materials, which means the need to improve the internationally comprehensive system of verification of compliance with non‑proliferation. The aim of the article is to present the principles of the international system of nuclear safeguards and the role of the International Atomic Energy Agency in maintaining nuclear peace and nuclear challenges of non‑proliferation regime reform. The analysis leads, among others, to the conclusion that the Agency should develop a procedure to standardize the rules, structure, and terminology of reporting non‑compliance, promote the internationalization of the fuel cycle while the UN Security Council should react faster in the case of non‑compliance detection.
Terytoria „buforowe” w stosunkach polsko‑rosyjskich
Authors: Diec Joachim
Published: March 2018

Buffer territories in Polish‑Russian relations: the case of Belarus The notion of buffer territories is understood as referring either to buffer zones (whose status is usually reflected in international documents) or to states and semi‑state subjects existing between bigger and usually antagonistic powers. Belarus has sometimes been described as a buffer country both in its pre‑sovereign version and after 1991. In several moments of Belarusian history, especially after 1918, neighboring powers tended to treat the area as a part of a bigger creation: either as a part of Russia (Soviet Russia and Germany) or as a segment of Bigger Lithuania (Poland and Lithuania). Those speculations, based on false geopolitical perceptions, turned out to be a mistake in all cases. The failure of the Belarusian People’s Republic led to the unnatural division of the nation, which resulted not only in the miserable conditions it had to overcome but in strengthening the area of potential conflict between powers as well. Today’s Republic of Belarus despite its semi‑authoritarian system and connections with the Russian Federation within the Eurasian structures provides a good example of a state which gradually works out its independent position in international relations.
The Interaction between the Church and the State (Not ) to the Letter:
Authors: Subačius Paulius V.
Published: March 2018

Soon after the restoration of Independence in 1990, The Act for the Restitution of the Status of the Catholic Church in Lithuania was adopted, which declared cooperation between the State and the Church on the basis of parity. A difficult search for consensus between the bishops and changeable negotiations with secular authorities lasted ten years and the process was reinitiated three times until finally, in 2000, three agreements between the Holy See and the Republic of Lithuania were signed. Having been granted access to the current archives of the Lithuanian Bishops’ Conference and the archdioceses for the first time, the author of the present article aims to reconstruct the course of preparation of the agreements from the perspective of the Church. It is revealed how the agreement that had to regulate the restitution of Church property was completely rejected. While discussing the fifteen-year experience of the integration of ratified acts into the Lithuanian legal system and administrative practice, the author asserts that they made a wider impact on civic power and the development of democracy than their direct function would allow us to imagine. The understanding that the Church and the State had a common aim – welfare of person – led the Catholic community itself to greater openness and a positive interaction with other agents of society.
Speak out
Authors: Weinstein Nicole
Published: March 2018

Being in the woods is boosting children's language skills at one of West Sussex's first early years settings to be awarded a national accreditation for the provision of Forest School. Nicole Weinstein reports
All about… care routines
Authors: Tassoni Penny
Published: March 2018

Feeding, dressing and nappy changing support learning and development, explains Penny Tassoni
Into focus
Authors: Turner Nicola , Robinson Eloise , Alton Camilla
Published: March 2018

Children at Balham Nursery School embraced digital technology and used it to work together on creative projects. By deputy head Nicola Turner, artist educator Eloise Robinson and SENCO Camilla Alton
Present tense
Authors: Russell Meredith Jones
Published: March 2018

With workplace stress in settings on the rise and sharing emotions at work difficult, providing a space for practitioners to communicate their feelings is vital, discovers Meredith Jones Russell
Up to standard
Authors: Rawstrone Annette
Published: March 2018

New quality standards for supporting deaf children have been published, writes Annette Rawstrone
Inside and out
Authors: Russell Meredith Jones
Published: March 2018

How can settings avoid excluding children with challenging behaviour, asks Meredith Jones Russell
We've explored… tubes
Authors: Rawstrone Annette
Published: March 2018

One setting investigated the purpose of pipes, which led to great educational play, finds Annette Rawstrone
Five things to do with… a new recruit
Authors: Mountain Julie
Published: March 2018

Make sure new-starters appreciate the importance of outdoor play at your setting by following these tips. By Julie Mountain
Far and wide
Authors: Pound Linda
Published: March 2018

Use music and instruments from around the globe to help children understand the world, says Linda Pound
In the balance
Authors: Goddard Charlotte
Published: March 2018

The recent ‘Bold Beginnings’ report by Ofsted has only added to the uncertainty about what is expected of children in their first year of school. Charlotte Goddard investigates
Plan ahead
Authors: Faux Karen
Published: March 2018

Have the Education, Health and Care plans achieved their aim of ensuring that children with SEND receive the right support from all agencies early? Karen Faux investigates
A world of difference
Authors: Jozwiak Gabriella
Published: March 2018

We often talk about deprivation from a UK perspective, yet we are one of the richest countries in the world. How is it tackled in developing countries? Gabriella Jozwiak reports
Getting messy
Authors: Mountain Julie
Published: March 2018

The benefits of messy play are well known to practitioners, but many parents are still wary of it for a number of reasons, reports Julie Mountain, who carried out a survey on the subject
Grand designs
Authors: Boulanger Anthony , Manolopoulou Yeoryia
Published: March 2018

Environment has a major effect on well-being, say Anthony Boulanger and Yeoryia Manolopoulou, directors of AY Architects, who offer some advice to those planning to build or refurbish a setting
Plastic planet
Authors: Russell Meredith Jones
Published: March 2018

The volume of plastic now littering the environment has provoked widespread realisation that our consumer habits need to change. Meredith Jones Russell reports on the settings leading the way
Go ahead for Level 3
Authors: Goddard Charlotte
Published: March 2018

Four years after the first employer ‘trailblazer’ group was formed, the new Level 3 apprenticeship standard has finally been approved. Charlotte Goddard reports
Medial subvastus versus the medial parapatellar approach for total knee replacement
Authors: Berstock James R. , Murray James R. , Whitehouse Michael R. , Blom Ashley W. , Beswick Andrew D.
Published: March 2018

Twenty randomized controlled trials comprising 1893 primary total knee replacements were included in this review. The subvastus approach conferred superior results for mean difference (MD) in time to regain an active straight leg raise (1.7 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0 to 2.3), visual analogue score for pain on day one (0.8 points on a scale out of 10, 95% CI 0.2 to 1.4) and total range of knee movement at one week (7°, 95% CI 3.2 to 10.7). The subvastus approach also resulted in fewer lateral releases (odds ratio 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.7) and less peri-operative blood loss (MD 57 mL, 95% CI 10.5 to 106.4) but prolonged surgical times (MD 9.7 min, 95% CI 3.9 to 15.6). There was no difference in Knee Society Score at six weeks or one year, or the rate of adverse events including superficial or deep infection, deep vein thrombosis or knee stiffness requiring manipulation under anaesthesia. This review demonstrates evidence of early post-operative benefits following the subvastus approach with equivalence between approaches thereafter.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:78-84. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170030.
‘They’ve lost that wounded look’: Stonewall and the struggle for LGBT+ rights
Authors: Field Nicola
Published: March 2018

This paper focuses on the Stonewall Riots, a key episode in the struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and other sexual minorities (LGBT+) rights. In the 1960s, LGBT+ people in the US were seen as sick and endured extreme state repression. The cost to isolated individuals, frequently rejected by their families, was devastating. Excluded from public sector jobs, criminalised and imprisoned, they were subjected to agonising ‘cures’ and persecuted by police. The article explores the terrifying context and radicalising impact of the Stonewall Riots, which erupted in New York in June 1969. That historic uprising transformed existing defence campaigns into a militant political movement for LGBT+ liberation and ignited an unstoppable 50-year fight against state repression and for equality. Inspired by the Black Panthers, the first ‘Gay Power’ militants envisaged a society not just tolerant of sexual and gender minorities, but transformed in its social attitudes towards homosexuality, bisexuality and trans and genderfluid lives.