bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Blood Group Antibody “Good,” 1966 II. Physicochemical Studies
Authors: Abelson Neva M. , Rawson Arnold J.
Published: October 2009

The physicochemical characteristics of the Good antibody were studied further. The antibody consisted of two molecular types, one associated with IgG globulin, and the other probably associated with IgM globulin. The two types differed in complement binding capacity and in sulfhydryl sensitivity. Both were “complete” agglutinins reacting best at 4 C. The IgG antibody was not potentiated by antiglobulin serum. The physicochemical and serologic characteristics of the antibody placentally transferred to the Good‐negative infant born in 1966 resembled those of the IgG antibody.
On the Detection of Anti‐Lub
Authors: Chattoraj Aparna , Gilbert Robert , Josephson Aaron M.
Published: October 2009

Six anti‐Lub sera were tested simultaneously by different serologic methods. Papain or bromelin treatment of the Lu(b+) erythrocytes and the antiglobulin test are recommended for detection of anti‐Lub. The enzyme test is slightly better than the antiglobulin test.
Hemoglobin Evaluation and Donor Acceptance: The Error
Authors: Hyams L.
Published: October 2009

Discussed errors in the collection of blood are based on the assumption that hemoglobin criteria must be satisfied. Caution is advised in the use of subsequent microhematocrit testing in the group of prospective donors rejected by the initial copper sulfate test.
Studies of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Marcus Donald M. , Bastani Ali M. , Rosenfield Richard E. , Grollman Arthur P.
Published: October 2009

After absorption with O Le(a—b—) erythrocytes, caprine antisera to purified human Lea and H‐Leb substances produced strong and specific agglutination of Le(a+b—) and Le(a—b+) cells. The reactivity of the anti‐Leb serum was relatively independent of ABO phenotype.
Transfusion Hepatitis
Authors: Polissar J.
Published: October 2009

It is proposed that Bayes' Theorem be used to maintain an estimate of probability that each individual donor is a hepatitis carrier. It is suggested that there exists a critical probability, above which prospective donors should be rejected. Various factors in hepatitis epidemiology that complicate implementation are discussed.
Heparin Treatment of Intravascular Coagulation Accompanying Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors: Rock R. C. , Bove J. R. , Nemerson Y.
Published: October 2009

Two patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to incompatible blood transfusion are reported. In one, the antibody responsible for the incompatibility was a noncomplement‐dependent anti‐Fya. Intravascular coagulation may be more frequent than has been appreciated, hence, laboratory study of hemostasis should be a part of the evaluation of patients who have received incompatible blood. Prompt diagnosis along with heparin therapy may prevent the development of a generalized bleeding diathesis.
Automated Duffy Typing Using a Multichannel Blood Grouping Machine
Authors: Taswell H. F. , Grina J. H. , Sweatt M. A.
Published: October 2009

Successful Fya blood typing has been achieved by using a multichannel automated blood grouping machine with a filter‐paper readout. The Fya channel was modified by increasing the temperature of incubation and by using a selected Fya antibody in an alkaline polyvinylpyrrolidone‐methyl cellulose reagent.
Comparison of Effectiveness of Various Proteolytic Enzymes in Blood‐Group Antibody Detection
Authors: Strohm P. L. , Busch S.
Published: October 2009

The present project was undertaken to compare the activity of enzyme preparations currently used; these are the six described in Technical Methods and Procedures of the American Association of Blood Banks, 4th Edition, 1966, three commercially available stabilized enzyme solutions, and one commercially prepared experimental bromelin solution. The latter four were tested according to instructions of the manufacturers. An antibody and an appropriate cell suspension were tested with each of the ten enzyme systems at one time. Antibodies studied were related to several blood group systems; cold agglutinins and, where possible, several examples of each specificity were included. Certain antibodies were detected in routine testing with enzyme‐treated cells, although this was contrary to some previously published reports.
Recovery of Glycerolized Red Blood Cells Frozen in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Runck A. H. , VALERI C. R.
Published: October 2009

Human red blood cells were frozen at a rapid rate in the presence of approximately 20 per cent w/v glycerol and an osmotic supporting agent, and were stored in liquid nitrogen vapor at approximately — 150 C for at least two weeks before thawing, washing, and resuspension. The recovery of red blood cells upon thawing was dependent on the type of freezing container used and the volume of red blood cells frozen. An additional loss of red blood cells during postthaw washing was related to the volume of red blood cells frozen, but was not related to the type of osmotic supporting agent used during the wash. The total amount of supernatant hemoglobin in the washed unit was inversely related to the recovery of the red blood cells upon thawing. For adequate recovery of preserved red blood cells, both the geometry of the container in which the cells had been frozen, and the capacity of the reusable bowl‐washing system employed for removing the glycerol, limited the mass of glycerolized red blood cells to less than 600 g.
Clotting Factor Activity in Cryoprecipitates and Supernatant Plasma Prepared from Blood Collected into ACD, ACD‐Adenine, CPD, and CPD‐Adenine and from Plasma Collected by Plasmapheresis
Authors: Graybeal F. Q. , Mooreside D. E. , Langdell R. D.
Published: October 2009

Adenine has been used to prolong the survival of stored erythrocytes, and thus extend the storage period of blood. It seemed desirable to investigate the effect of this additive on the procoagulants of plasma that full use of cryoprecipitates and other plasma fractions could be made from blood drawn into an adenine‐enriched anticoagulant. Eight units of whole blood were drawn into each of four anticoagulants: ACD, ACD‐adenine, CPD, and CPD‐adenine. Cryoprecipitates were prepared from each unit of fresh plasma according to a modification of Pool's method. Assays for fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, VIII, IX, and X were performed on the cryoprecipitates and on the supernatant plasma drawn off the cryoprecipitates. Adenine did not alter the expected yield of factor VIII (AHF) in the cryoprecipitate. There was slight to moderate loss of factor V and fibrinogen, respectively, in the supernatant plasma, but prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X were unaffected by the procedure. Assays also revealed good AHF activity in each unit of plasma from a double plasmapheresis; therefore, both units are satisfactory for use in preparing cryoprecipitates.
Studies on Stored Whole Blood
Authors: Shields C. E.
Published: October 2009

Blood stored at 10 C displayed no more evidence of cell destruction in vitro than did blood stored at 4 C. Agitation for one hour at weekly intervals of storage was also not obviously damaging, nor was warming blood to 22 C for up to 16 hours. Exposure to 22 C for 24 hours led to erythrocyte deterioration that was most evident when units were more than 21 days old, and agitation plus this warming increased these signs of damage. Units stored as packed cells were moderately affected by exposure to 22 C for 24 hours, and agitation reinforced this effect. Posttransfusion survival of blood warmed to 22 C for 24 hours tended to be lower than nonwarmed controls; the warmed group average was below 70 per cent survival at 28 days of storage.

From these studies, the temperature variation commonly encountered in clinical blood banking (4 C to 10 C and short exposure to 22 C prior to transfusion) would not appear to contribute significantly to erythrocyte damage unless the units were in the oldest stages of storage or had been exposed to warm temperatures for longer than 24 hours. Mechanical stress had minimal adverse effect, but this became more evident when blood was stored as packed cells or when whole blood had been stored for 21 days.
Stability of Lipids of Erythrocytes Preserved in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Sartiano G. P. , Rowe A. W. , Gottfried E. L.
Published: October 2009

Human erythrocytes preserved by a low‐glycerol, rapid‐freeze method maintained normal lipid concentrations after storage at ‐196 C for three to 146 weeks. In contrast to erythrocytes stored in ACD at 4 C, the frozen cells exhibited no tendency to develop progressive losses of total lipid weight, cholesterol, or lipid phosphorus. Relative distribution of individual phospholipids was similar to that of fresh control specimens. No streaking or other evidence of products of oxidative degradation was observed in thin‐layer chromatograms, and assays for peroxide formation in lipid extracts were unaffected by prolonged storage of the frozen cells. These findings indicate that the structural integrity of erythrocyte membrane lipoproteins remained intact for up to three years after preservation by a low‐glycerol, rapid‐freeze technic and storage in liquid nitrogen at ‐196 C.
Transient Production of Anti‐LW by LW‐positive People
Authors: Chown B. , Kaita H. , Lowen B. , Lewis M.
Published: October 2009

As the result of pregnancy immunization two Rh‐negative women produced anti‐D and anti‐LW, while an Rh‐positive woman produced anti‐LW in response to transfusion. The first two were both initially LW‐negative and direct antiglobulin test negative. One then became direct antiglobulin test positive, and this lasted as long as anti‐LW was present in her plasma. Other observations suggest this may not be a rare occurrence.
The Effects of Continuous—Flow Washing on Stored Red Blood Cells
Authors: Button L. N. , Kevy S. V. , Shohet S. B. , Oxman M. N.
Published: October 2009

Whole blood and packed cells stored up to 21 days prior to being washed by a continuous‐flow (CF) technic or by batch washing (BW) were found to have an average posttransfusion survival of greater than 70 per cent. CF‐washed red blood cells stored in 5 per cent dextrose and 0.9 per cent saline (5% D&S) wash solution for 24 hours had an average survival of 86 per cent. An average plasma protein dilution of 1:25,000 was obtained with the CF technic as compared to 1:600 with the conventional BW technic. A series of bloods were inoculated either with plasma containing hepatitis‐associated antigen (HAA), cytomegalovirus (CMV) or poliovirus (PVS) and then washed. CMV could not be detected by plaque assay in the washed red blood cells nor could HAA by immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis or radio‐immune assay. The poliovirus‐inoculated washed red blood cells had a marked reduction of the virus when washed by the CF technic as compared to the BW cells. Red blood cells washed by the CF technic did not induce a rise in an AHF inhibitor when transfused into a hemophilic patient with a circulating inhibitor.
A Comparative Clinical Evaluation of HAA Detection
Authors: Tripodi D. , Gocke D. J. , McKee A. P. , Hawk J. , Campbell J. , Pollack W.
Published: October 2009

Tests for hepatitis‐associated antigen (HAA) of blood donor sera were performed by conventional counter‐immunoelectrophoresis and by a new complete test system devoid of wicks, buffers, or complicated power supply. An over‐all correlation of 93 per cent was obtained between the two counter‐immunoelectrophoretic methods.
Albumin Preparations and Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Activity*
Authors: Okuno T. , Freud W.
Published: October 2009

A 68‐year‐old male with nephrotic syndrome due to diabetic glomerulosclerosis was found to have high serum alkaline phosphatase after albumin infusions. By examining several albumin preparations, certain products were found to contain as high as 200 Sigma units of alkaline phosphatase per ml. By disc electrophoresis and heat treatment (56 C for 30 min), all of the alkaline phosphatases in the albumin preparations were found to be heat stable and of placental origin. Since a high alkaline phosphatase activity in serum may mislead diagnosis, it is quite important to know whether the high level of the enzyme in patient's specimens is of exogenous or endogenous origin. It is recommended that sera obtained from patients who have been treated with albumin should be heat tested before determination of alkaline phosphatase. Most of the alkaline phosphatase activity of liver, intestine, and bone origins is inactivated by heat, whereas that of placental origin is not inactivated.
The Bacteriological Screening of Platelet Concentrates Stored at 22 C
Authors: Goddard D. , Jacobs S. I. , Manohitharajah S. M.
Published: October 2009

Platelet concentrate prepared under routine British blood bank conditions in a closed‐bag‐system was examined for bacteriological contamination. None was found. Platelet concentrate was shown to support free multiplication from minimal inocula of several pathogenic and commensal bacterial species especially at 37 C. It is the authors' opinion that if any platelet concentrate is stored at 22 C and not used immediately after preparation, then it should be screened for bacterial growth by holding a heat sealed segment of tubing containing a representative sample of fluid overnight at 37 C and then preparing a Gram‐stained film for examination before issue of the parent bag.
Evaluation of Commercial Antiglobulin Sera Over a Two‐ Year Period. Part I. Anti‐Beta 1A, Anti‐Alpha 2D, and Anti‐Beta IE Levels
Authors: Issitt P. D. , Issitt C. H. , Wilkinson S. L.
Published: October 2009

Antiglobulin sera from nine different manufacturers have been tested, over a two‐year period, for their ability to detect the complement components beta 1A, alpha 2D, and beta IE. The results demonstrate considerable variation in the abilities of sera from different manufacturers to detect these components and indicate that not all sera on the market are suitable reagents for diagnostic use and compatibility tests. The results also show that there is considerable variation between different lots of serum from some of the manufacturers. In general, the anti‐complement levels of these reagents have increased during the two‐year period of study but not all companies produce suitable reagents for routine use.
A Study of Weak Subgroups of Blood Group A with an Antiglobulin‐Latex Test
Authors: Poskitt T. R. , Fortwengler H. P.
Published: October 2009

The distribution of the blood group A antigen on subgroups A1, A2, A3, Ax, and Ael was studied by means of a highly sensitive and specific anti‐globulin‐latex test. Marked variability in the cell to cell expression of A antigen was observed in A1 and A2 cells. The weaker subgroups (A3, Ax, and Ae1) were characterized by a minor population of cells containing A antigen and a major population with no detectable A sites. Comparison of the antiglobulin‐latex test with the fluorescent antibody technique indicates that the former is approximately 10,000 times more sensitive in detecting cell bound antibody, and thereby membrane antigens. The results of this study demonstrate that within each of the A subgroups (with the possible exception of A1) there exist erythrocytes that apparently lack recognizable A antigen sites. The number of such cells is greatest in the weakest subgroups (Ax and Ae1).
Anti‐C3d Antiglobulin Reagents. I. Characteristics of the Anti‐C3c and Anti‐C3d Responses During Hyperimmunization in Rabbits
Authors: Moore J. A. , Chaplin H.
Published: October 2009

Antiglobulin sera designed to detect erythrocyte coating by the third component of complement (C3) should contain primarily antibody to the C3d (α2D) antigenic grouping on the C3 molecule. During immunization, animals respond independently to the C3c (βlA) and C3d antigens. The present study reports quantitative serial precipitin and antiglobulin measurements of anti‐C3c and anti‐C3d responses in 12 rabbits during a four and one‐half month hyperimmunization program and a subsequent six month follow‐up period. Anti‐C3c precipitin responses occurred earlier and were sustained longer than were anti‐C3d precipitin responses. There was a general correlation of the strength of anti‐C3d precipitin and antiglobulin responses among serum samples from a single rabbit, but not among sera from different rabbits. While most rabbits developed strong anti‐C3c and anti‐C3d precipitin and antiglobulin reactivities at the peak of their immune response, five of five commercially manufactured goat anti‐C3 sera exhibited strong anti‐C3c reactivity with little or no anti‐C3d reactivity. The implications of these observations for production of anti‐C3 antiglobulin reagents are discussed.
The Prophylactic Treatment of Thrombocytopenic Leukemic Patients with Platelets: a Double Blind Study
Authors: Higby D. J. , Cohen E. , Holland J. F. , Sinks L.
Published: October 2009

Eighteen patients with thrombocytopenia and acute leukemia were randomized in a double blind study to receive either platelets or platelet‐poor plasma as prophylaxis against bleeding. Despite no significant differences in platelet counts between patients of the two groups, the frequency of bleeding in the two groups was significantly different, affirming the value of prophylactic platelet transfusions. Fever preceded substantial hemorrhage in 10 of 13 patients, suggesting that infection may initiate bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients.
Effect of Chilling on Membrane Related Functions of Platelets
Authors: Ando Y. , Steiner M. , Baldini M.
Published: October 2009

The effect of short‐term exposure of human platelets to 4C was studied with respect to membrane structure and function. The distribution of membrane polypeptides and glycopeptides analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no difference in chilled, fresh or room‐temperature stored platelets. Similarly unaffected by chilling were Na+ flux and glutathione content. The electrophoretic mobility of cold‐exposed platelets was significantly lower than that of fresh or room‐temperature exposed platelets. The uptake of 45Ca++ was well preserved when platelets were stored for up to four hours at 4 C but showed a marked decrease at 22 C. The contractile response of platelets to hypotonic stress decreased rapidly on chilling concomitant with the length of exposure to cold temperature. These findings extend the known cold‐induced changes in platelets to include membrane structure and function.
Evidence for Heterogeneity of LW Antigen Revealed in a Family Study
Authors: Swanson J. L. , Azar M. , Miller J. , McCullough J. J.
Published: October 2009

An inbred family (Wald.) with three apparently LW negative members in two generations is described in this report. Studies of the red blood cells of these LW negative family members with a variety of anti‐LW reagents establishes that the VW‐Wald. category is a weak LW variant. Wald. red blood cells react weakly with the anti‐LW of Bige., but are negative with that of VW. An analogy may be made between the LW, ABO, and P systems. LW negative (lwlw) of the Bige. type corresponds to group O or pp. Weak LW positive or VW‐Wald. type corresponds to A2 and P2. Normal LW positive corresponds to A1 and P1. The antibody made by lwlw individuals may be comparable to the anti A + A1 of group O and anti P + P1 of pp. The antibody made by weak LW positive or VW type may be comparable to the anti A1 of A2 and anti P1 of P2 individuals. It is suggested that donors and patients now classified as LW negative be characterized as Bige. or VW types until more precise nomenclature is defined.
Administrative Reports Accomplishments of a Salaried Blood Donor Recruiter in a Municipal Hospital
Authors: McBarnette L. , Rosner F. , Bisserup R.
Published: October 2009

A salaried blood donor recruiter was appointed at a municipal hospital in 1971. Efforts were directed at both the community and hospital staff. The year prior to the appointment, 4,076 units of blood were purchased from commercial sources. During the last year no blood was purchased.
Developmental Patterns of ABO Isoagglutinins in Normal Children Correlated with the Effects of Age, Sex, and Maternal Isoagglutinins
Authors: Fong S. W. , Qaqundah B. Y. , Taylor W. F.
Published: October 2009

The developmental patterns of ABO saline isoagglutinins were determined in 272 children between birth and 16 years of age. The frequency of saline isoagglutinins was significantly higher in group O‐O maternal‐cord pairs compared to group A‐O paired sera. The anti‐A and anti‐B titers increased gradually from 3 to 12 months: 30 per cent of group O and B children attained adult median titers of isoagglutinin, whereas only 4 per cent of group A children acquired adult anti‐B titers. This slow development of anti‐B in group A children persisted through the second year. Maternal isoagglutinins may exert a suppressive influence on the development of specific isoagglutinins in the first year of life.
Recovery of heart rate following intense dynamic exercise
Authors: Coote John H.
Published: October 2009

The Olympic biathlon is a very demanding physical event that requires high oxygen delivery, good cross‐country skiing skills and skilful use of a rifle. Like all high‐performance endurance athletes, high cardiac vagal tone is a characteristic and extends the range over which cardiac output can increase. In the biathlete, however, the enhanced vagal control of the heart also allows a strategy for better control of stability needed for accurately firing a rifle at the end of each lap of the race. The role of endurance training, central command, reflexes from muscle, and of the carotid–cardiac baroreceptor reflex in changing vagal tone during intense exercise and recovery is discussed.
Altitude training considerations for the winter sport athlete
Authors: Chapman Robert F. , Stickford Jonathon L. , Levine Benjamin D.
Published: October 2009

Winter sports events routinely take place at low to moderate altitudes, and nearly all Winter Olympic Games have had at least one venue at an altitude >1000 m. The acute and chronic effects of altitude can have a substantial effect on performance outcomes. Acutely, the decline in oxygen delivery to working muscle decreases maximal oxygen uptake, negatively affecting performance in endurance events, such as cross‐country skiing and biathlon. The reduction in air resistance at altitude can dramatically affect sports involving high velocities and technical skill components, such as ski jumping, speed skating, figure skating and ice hockey. Dissociation between velocity and sensations usually associated with work intensity (ventilation, metabolic signals in skeletal muscle and heart rate) may impair pacing strategy and make it difficult to determine optimal race pace. For competitions taking place at altitude, a number of strategies may be useful, depending on the altitude of residence of the athlete and ultimate competition altitude, as follows. First, allow extra time and practice (how much is yet undetermined) for athletes to adjust to the changes in projectile motion; hockey, shooting, figure skating and ski jumping may be particularly affected. These considerations apply equally in the reverse direction; that is, for athletes practising at altitude but competing at sea level. Second, allow time for acclimatization for endurance sports: 3–5 days if possible, especially for low altitude (500–2000 m); 1–2 weeks for moderate altitude (2000–3000 m); and at least 2 weeks if possible for high altitude (>3000 m). Third, increase exercise–recovery ratios as much as possible, with 1:3 ratio probably optimal, and consider more frequent substitutions for sports where this is allowed, such as ice hockey. Fourth, consider the use of supplemental O2 on the sideline (ice hockey) or in between heats (skating and Alpine skiing) to facilitate recovery. For competitions at sea level, the ‘live high–train low’ model of altitude training can help athletes in endurance events to maximize performance.
Spray Quenching in a Ventilated Duct Fire
Authors: Habib I. S.
Published: October 2009

Analysis of the interaction between cold liquid sprays, a flowing hot gas, and an ignited duct wall is presented. This situation simulates what could be the result of a fire spread in an underground ventilated wood lined corridor or a coal mine entry. Spread of an ignition front is defined as the rate of propagation of a specific ignition temperature along the solid wall. Radial wall conduction, heat and mass transfer associated with the liquid sprays, convection at the wall, and surface, luminous, and nonluminous radiative interchange are accounted for. The zone method of solution is chosen as it can accommodate real gas effects in the analysis, and the adaptability of this approach to include luminous flames proved to be successful. Wall friction is included through the use of a friction coefficient. The results presented show in the direction of flow the variation in the temperature of the duct, the gas, and the liquid droplets. Also presented is the quenching distance along the duct at which wall ignition ceases as a function of spray distribution, air flow rate, and other pertinent parameters. The results give qualitative and quantitative assessment of the parameters which control a fire spread identified by the model presented.
Long-Time Solutions to Heat-Conduction Transients with Time-Dependent Inputs
Authors: Ceylan H. T. , Myers G. E.
Published: October 2009

An economical method for obtaining long-time solutions to one, two, or three-dimensional heat-conduction transients with time-dependent forcing functions is presented. The conduction problem is spatially discretized by finite differences or by finite elements to obtain a system of first-order ordinary differential equations. The time-dependent input functions are each approximated by continuous, piecewise-linear functions each having the same uniform time interval. A set of response coefficients is generated by which a long-time solution can be carried out with a considerably lower cost than for conventional methods. A one-dimensional illustrative example is included.
Condensation Heat Transfer within a Circular Tube under Centrifugal Acceleration Field
Authors: Mochizuki S. , Shiratori T.
Published: October 2009

Experimental and analytical investigation has been carried out to determine the effect of centrifugal acceleration on the condensation heat transfer within a circular tube. The experiments were conducted by condensing steam on the inside of a vertical tube rotating about an axis parallel to its own. A physical model was proposed consisting of a laminar filmwise condensation region and a bottom condensate flow region. The results of the present study indicate that the overall coefficient of heat transfer increases substantially with increasing centrifugal acceleration and it is slightly lower than the value for the case of condensation on the outside of circular tube under the same acceleration field.
A Successive Approximation Approach to Problems in Radiative Transfer with a Differential Formulation
Authors: Yuen W. W. , Tien C. L.
Published: October 2009

The radiation intensity in a gray participating medium is expressed in a differential form. The energy equation for radiative transfer becomes an infinite-order differential equation. Utilizing the method of weighted residuals and introducing some appropriate formulations for the intensity boundary conditions, a method of successive approximations is developed. The solution method is applied to a one-dimensional problem with linear-anisotropic scattering. This problem is chosen because of its practical importance and the availability of exact solutions. A first-order closed-form result, which has never been derived analytically before, is obtained and shown to have good accuracy. Successive higher-order approximate solutions are also presented. These solutions are easily attainable algebraically and converge quickly to the exact result. To illustrate the possible applicability of the solution method for multidimensional problems, the first-order solution to a simple two-dimensional problem is presented. Results show that based on the present approach, reasonably accurate approximate solutions can be generated with some simple mathematical developments.
Heat Transfer between Eccentric Rotating Cylinders
Authors: Singh M. , Rajvanshi S. C.
Published: October 2009

The heat transfer between eccentric rotating cylinders is studied using a modified bipolar coordinate system. The energy equation has been solved by expressing the temperature in the form of a perturbation in terms of α, the dimensionless parameter defining the clearance ratio; and Rm, the modified Reynolds number. The effect of Prandtl number, eccentricity and velocity ratio on temperature distribution has been shown graphically. The results are valid for small clearance ratio. There is no restriction on eccentricity.
New Parametrizations for Heat Transfer in Fins and Spines
Authors: Kraus A. D. , Snider A. D.
Published: October 2009

A previous paper by the authors introduced a new set of parameters for describing the heat transfer properties of fins, namely, the thermal transmission matrices or ratios. They were devised to facilitate the analysis of a conglomerate of such fins in an array of extended surface. The present paper elaborates on the status and validity of the new parameters, discussing their superiority over the classic notion of fin efficiency with regard to adaptability and versatility. Tabulations of the new parameters for spines and radial fins are also included.
Free Convection Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Melt Water Layer
Authors: Yen Yin-Chao
Published: October 2009

An experimental study was conducted on the formation of a water layer containing a maximum density, its effect on the onset of convection, and the heat transfer characteristics of such a system. This water layer was formed by one-dimensional melting (either from below or above) of a cylinder of bubble-free ice. For melting from above, with a melting rate measurement, the warm plate temperature Th varied from 4.16 to 13.09°C with initial ice temperatures T0 of −6.5 and −13°C, respectively. For experiments with a measurement of temperature profile, Th varied from 11.75 to 39.90°C with T0 at −12 and −15°C. For melting from below with a melting rate measurement, Th ranged from 7.70 to 25.50°C with four T0’s from −4.8 to −22°C. The layer depth at the onset of convection was determined by locating the inflection point on the water layer depth versus time curve, and was compared with layer depth calculated from a linear stability analysis of an identical problem. The results were compared with the analytical work of Veronis and were found to be in excellent agreement. Formation of a constant temperature layer was observed by measuring the water temperature distribution as melting progressed. The constant temperature was found to be dependent on Th for melting from below but was a constant for melting from above. The heat flux to the melting surface increased linearly with Th for melting from below, but had a weaker dependence for melting from above. Non-dimensional mean temperature profiles of the water layer were found to be in good agreement with those by Adrian for melting from above. In the case of melting from below, the mean temperature profile also fell into a single line with a somewhat higher value in the convection layer.
Onset of Natural Convection from a Suddenly Heated Horizontal Cylinder
Authors: Parsons J. R. , Mulligan J. C.
Published: October 2009

A study of the onset of transient natural convection from a suddenly heated, horizontal cylinder of finite diameter is presented. The termination of the initial conductive and “locally” conuectiue heat transfer regime which precedes the onset of global natural convection is treated as a thermal stability phenomenon. An analysis is presented wherein the effects of finite cylinder diameter, cylinder heat capacity, and cylinder thermal conductivity are included in calculations of the convective delay time. A simple experimental apparatus is described and data presented. The thermal stability analysis is confirmed experimentally and data is presented which indicates localized natural convection prior to global motion.
Heat Transfer of Laminar Mist Flow in Tubes
Authors: Yao Shi-chune , Rane Anil
Published: October 2009

Connective heat transfer of laminar mist flow is analyzed for constant wall temperature and constant heat flux conditions, respectively. The diminishing of droplet size, the increasing of vapor velocity, and the dilution of droplet density along the tube are considered in the present study. Calculations are performed from the inlet of thermal entrance region to the final fully developed single phase flow of vapor at the far downstream. Non-dimensional parameters influencing mist flow heat transfer are revealed and discussed. Fundamental heat transfer behavior of mist flow is studied and the results appear as an extension of our present understanding of single phase flow heat transfer.
Liquid-Liquid Direct-Contact Heat Transfer in a Spray Column
Authors: Moresco L. L. , Marschall E.
Published: October 2009

A computer-aided measuring technique was used for a study of direct-contact liquid-liquid heat transfer. Measurements of local mean and bulk temperatures of dispersed phase, continuous phase, and interface allow determination of the local heat transfer coefficients on both sides of the interface. Obtained results are either presented in terms of Nusselt number correlations or are discussed qualitatively.
Differential Approximation of Radiative Heat Transfer in a Gray Medium: Axially Symmetric Radiation Field
Authors: Higenyi J. , Bayazitogˇlu Y.
Published: October 2009

The differential approximation is used to analyze an axially symmetric radiation field for a gray medium within a finite, cylindrical enclosure. The medium emits, absorbs, and isotropically scatters radiant energy and is subject to a specified heat generation. Numerical solutions are obtained for the radiative heat flux and emissive power distributions. It is found that the accuracy of the differential approximation is of the same order for the axially symmetric and one-dimensional problems.
The Thermal Boundary Layer Far Downstream of a Spanwise Line Source of Heat
Authors: Andreopoulos J. , Bradshaw P.
Published: October 2009

Measurements are presented of velocity and temperature fluctuation statistics in two-dimensional boundary layers over nominally adiabatic, smooth, and rough surfaces far downstream of spanwise line sources of heat. All quantities are found to scale satisfactorily on uτ, δ and ΔTmax. The generation term in the transport equation for the mean-square temperature fluctuation reaches a maximum at a distance of about 0.7δ above the surface and the turbulent Prandtl number is about 1.0 in the outer layer falling to zero near the surface. The outer part of the thermal layer behaves like a uniformly heated wall flow and the results are relevant to the central region of the plume from a point source of heat or pollutants, which will be approximately two-dimensional at large distances from the source.
Structure of Growing Double-Diffusive Convection Cells
Authors: Suzukawa Y. , Narusawa U.
Published: October 2009

When a fluid with a vertical solute gradient is heated from a sidewall, layers of convection cells form along the wall. For an aqueous solution of common salt (i.e., fixed values of Pr and τ), the convection cells will form along the vertical heated wall for values of π(= α(q/k) / β(−dS/dz) ) greater than ∼0.28. This paper reports the experimental investigation of the structure of the growing convection cells when a uniform heat flux is applied at the vertical wall. A series of tests was conducted using a small tank (23 cm high × 16 cm deep × 20 cm wide). Measurements of the vertical temperature distribution in the fluid at five different locations were taken continuously along with shadowgraph pictures to monitor the growth of the convection cells. Based on the set of data thus obtained, the following characteristics of a growing convection cell were found: (a) A convection cell with a vertical height, K, grows laterally into the quiescent fluid at a constant speed, U, and the Reynolds number of a moving front, defined as UH/ν, changes linearly with π on a log-log scale for our experimental range of π = 0.3 – 10. (b) The vertical averaged temperature inside a growing cell is a linear function of the distance from the heated wall over a major portion of the cell. (c) The lateral temperature gradient inside a cell decreases with time, and is proportional to the inverse of the elasped time.
Critical Heat Flux During Natural Convective Boiling in Vertical Rectangular Channels Submerged in Saturated Liquid
Authors: Monde M. , Kusuda H. , Uehara H.
Published: October 2009

An experimental study of the critical heat flux has been carried out for natural convective boiling at atmospheric pressure in vertical rectangular channels. Experiments in four kinds of test liquids (water, ethanol, freon 113, and benzene) have been made for the ratio l/s less than 120, in which l is the length of the heated surface and s is the width of the channels. A generalized correlation for the critical heat-flux data in the four test liquids is evolved.
Thermal Turbulent Boundary Layer Under Strong Adverse Pressure Gradient Near Separation
Authors: Afzal N.
Published: October 2009

The problem of the thermal turbulent boundary layer under the influence of strong adverse pressure gradients near separation is analysed by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The limit corresponding to the neighborhood of separation, as formulated by Afzal [3], is employed. The thermal boundary layer problem is analysed using the appropriate inner and outer expansions (both above the thermal wall layer). It is found by matching that there exists an inertial sublayer where temperature distribution obeys the inverse half power laws. The comparison of the theory with the measurement shows that the slope and intercept of the wall (inner) law may be regarded as universal numbers, whereas the intercept of outer law shows a linear dependence on τw/δpx.
Lower Plenum Voiding
Authors: Bharathan D. , Wallis G. B. , Richter H. J.
Published: October 2009

One of the phenomena involved in a loss-of-coolant accident in a pressurized water reactor may be lower plenum voiding. This might occur during the blowdown phase after a cold-leg break in the primary coolant circuit. Steam generated in the reactor core may flow out of the bottom of the reactor core, turn in the lower plenum of the vessel, in a direction countercurrent to the emergency core coolant flow, and escape via the break. If its velocity is high enough, this steam may sweep water from the bottom (lower plenum) of the reactor vessel. Emergency coolant added to the vessel may also be carried out by the escaping steam and thus the reflooding of the core would be delayed. This paper describes a study of two-phase hydrodynamics associated with lower plenum voiding. Several geometrical configurations were tested at three different scales, using air to simulate the steam. Comparisons were made with data obtained by other researchers.
Assessment of the In Vitro Kinetic Activity of Caspofungin against
Candida glabrata
Authors: Nagappan V. , Boikov D. , Vazquez J. A.
Published: October 2009

Echinocandins have become the drug of choice in infections caused by
Candida glabrata
. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of caspofungin alone and in combination against
C. glabrata
. In vitro assays demonstrated that caspofungin alone showed excellent fungicidal activity against
C. glabrata
, including fluconazole-resistant strains. The combination of caspofungin and azole antifungals showed potential synergy against
C. glabrata
. Overall, caspofungin demonstrated excellent in vitro activity, alone and in combination, against strains of
C. glabrata
.
Analysis of Two Gene Clusters Involved in the Degradation of 4-Fluorophenol by
Arthrobacter
sp. Strain IF1
Authors: Ferreira Maria Isabel M. , Iida Toshiya , Hasan Syed A. , Nakamura Kaoru , Fraaije Marco W. , Janssen Dick B. , Kudo Toshiaki
Published: October 2009

Arthrobacter
sp. strain IF1 is able to grow on 4-fluorophenol (4-FP) as a sole source of carbon and energy. To clone the 4-FP degradation genes, DNA libraries were constructed and screened with a probe obtained by PCR using primers designed on the basis of conserved regions of aromatic two-component monooxygenases. Sequencing of positive clones yielded two gene clusters, each harboring a gene encoding a monooxygenase with high sequence similarity to the oxygenase component of 4-nitrophenol and 4-chlorophenol monooxygenase systems. Both these monooxygenase genes were differentially expressed during growth on 4-FP, as revealed by Northern blotting and reverse transcription-PCR. One cluster also contained a gene for a flavin reductase. The monooxygenase and reductase were purified from
Escherichia coli
cells expressing the corresponding genes, and together they catalyzed NADH-dependent hydroxylation and dehalogenation of 4-halophenols. The results indicate that strain IF1 transforms 4-FP to hydroquinone by a two-component monooxygenase system of which one component provides reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide at the expense of NADH and the other catalyzes
para
-hydroxylation of 4-FP and other 4-substituted phenols.
Autoaggregation Response of
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Merritt Justin , Niu Guoqing , Okinaga Toshinori , Qi Felicia
Published: October 2009

Fusobacterium nucleatum
is a gram-negative oral bacterial species associated with periodontal disease progression. This species is perhaps best known for its ability to adhere to a vast array of other bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Numerous studies of
F. nucleatum
have examined various coaggregation partners and inhibitors, but it is largely unknown whether these interactions induce a particular genetic response. We tested coaggregation between
F. nucleatum
ATCC strain 25586 and various species of
Streptococcus
in the presence of a semidefined growth medium containing saliva. We found that this condition could support efficient coaggregation but, surprisingly, also stimulated a similar degree of autoaggregation. We further characterized the autoaggregation response, since few reports have examined this in
F. nucleatum
. After screening several common coaggregation inhibitors, we identified
l
-lysine as a competitive inhibitor of autoaggregation. We performed a microarray analysis of the planktonic versus autoaggregated cells and found nearly 100 genes that were affected after only about 60 min of aggregation. We tested a subset of these genes via real-time reverse transcription-PCR and confirmed the validity of the microarray results. Some of these genes were also found to be inducible in cell pellets created by centrifugation. Based upon these data, it appears that autoaggregation activates a genetic program that may be utilized for growth in a high cell density environment, such as the oral biofilm.
Assessment of the Total Inflammatory Potential of Bioaerosols by Using a Granulocyte Assay
Authors: Timm Michael , Madsen Anne Mette , Hansen Jørgen Vinsløv , Moesby Lise , Hansen Erik Wind
Published: October 2009

Occupational health symptoms related to bioaerosol exposure have been observed in a variety of working environments. Bioaerosols contain microorganisms and microbial components. The aim of this study was to estimate the total inflammatory potential (TIP) of bioaerosols using an in vitro assay based on granulocyte-like cells. A total of 129 bioaerosol samples were collected in the breathing zone of workers during their daily working routine at 22 biofuel plants. The samples were analyzed by traditional assays for dust, endotoxin, fungal spores, (1→3)-β-d-glucan, total number of bacteria, the enzymeN-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase; primarily originating from fungi),Aspergillus fumigatus, and mesophilic and thermophilic actinomycetes; the samples were also assayed for TIP. In a multilinear regression four factors were significant for the TIP values obtained: endotoxin (P< 0.0001), fungal spores (P< 0.0001), (1→3)-β-d-glucan (P= 0.0005), and mesophilic actinomycetes (P= 0.0063). Using this model to estimate TIP values on the basis of microbial composition, the correlation to the measured values wasr= 0.91. When TIP values obtained in the granulocyte assay were related to the primary working area, we found that bioaerosol samples from personnel working in straw storage facilities showed high TIP values (≈50 times the TIP of unstimulated controls). In contrast, bioaerosol samples from personnel with work functions in offices or laboratories showed low TIP values (≈5 times the TIP of the unstimulated control). This indicates, as expected, that these areas were less contaminated. In conclusion, the granulocyte assay reacts to multiple contaminants in the environmental samples and can be used to obtain a measurement of TIP. Therefore, potential occupational health effects related to inflammation of the airways in a working environment can be estimated using this assay.
Degradation of a Mixture of Hydrocarbons, Gasoline, and Diesel Oil Additives by
Rhodococcus aetherivorans
and
Rhodococcus wratislaviensis
Authors: Auffret Marc , Labbé Diane , Thouand Gérald , Greer Charles W. , Fayolle-Guichard Françoise
Published: October 2009

Two strains, identified as
Rhodococcus wratislaviensis
IFP 2016 and
Rhodococcus aetherivorans
IFP 2017, were isolated from a microbial consortium that degraded 15 petroleum compounds or additives when provided in a mixture containing 16 compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
m
-xylene,
p
-xylene,
o
-xylene, octane, hexadecane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane [isooctane], cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, naphthalene, methyl
tert
-butyl ether [MTBE], ethyl
tert
-butyl ether [ETBE],
tert
-butyl alcohol [TBA], and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate [2-EHN]). The strains had broad degradation capacities toward the compounds, including the more recalcitrant ones, MTBE, ETBE, isooctane, cyclohexane, and 2-EHN.
R. wratislaviensis
IFP 2016 degraded and mineralized to different extents 11 of the compounds when provided individually, sometimes requiring 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HMN) as a cosolvent.
R. aetherivorans
IFP 2017 degraded a reduced spectrum of substrates. The coculture of the two strains degraded completely 13 compounds, isooctane and 2-EHN were partially degraded (30% and 73%, respectively), and only TBA was not degraded. Significant MTBE and ETBE degradation rates, 14.3 and 116.1 μmol of ether degraded h
−1
g
−1
(dry weight), respectively, were measured for
R. aetherivorans
IFP 2017. The presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEXs) had a detrimental effect on ETBE and MTBE biodegradation, whereas octane had a positive effect on the MTBE biodegradation by
R. wratislaviensis
IFP 2016. BTEXs had either beneficial or detrimental effects on their own degradation by
R. wratislaviensis
IFP 2016. Potential genes involved in hydrocarbon degradation in the two strains were identified and partially sequenced.