bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of visual SLAM with dynamic objects
Authors: Qin Yong , Yu Haidong
Published: September 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the challenges and potential solutions in Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), laying the foundation for its applications in autonomous navigation, intelligent driving and other related domains.

Design/methodology/approach

In analyzing the latest research, the review presents representative achievements, including methods to enhance efficiency, robustness and accuracy. Additionally, the review provides insights into the future development direction of Visual SLAM, emphasizing the importance of improving system robustness when dealing with dynamic environments. The research methodology of this review involves a literature review and data set analysis, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the current status and prospects in the field of Visual SLAM.

Findings

This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the latest advances and challenges in the field of Visual SLAM. By collecting and analyzing relevant research papers and classic data sets, it reveals the current issues faced by Visual SLAM in complex environments and proposes potential solutions. The review begins by introducing the fundamental principles and application areas of Visual SLAM, followed by an in-depth discussion of the challenges encountered when dealing with dynamic objects and complex environments. To enhance the performance of SLAM algorithms, researchers have made progress by integrating different sensor modalities, improving feature extraction and incorporating deep learning techniques, driving advancements in the field.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the originality of this review lies in its in-depth analysis of current research hotspots and predictions for future development, providing valuable references for researchers in this field.
Relevancy and drivers of trade openness: a study of GIPSI countries
Authors: Suleman Shahida , Mohd Thas Thaker Hassanudin , Ariff Mohamed , Cheong Calvin W.H.
Published: September 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to systematically scrutinize the influence of macroeconomic determinants on trade openness, through the lens of various trade theories, with a particular focus on the economies of the GIPSI countries – Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy.

Design/methodology/approach

This study investigates the macroeconomic factors influencing trade openness in the GIPSI economies from 1995 to 2020. Methods include stepwise regression (SR) for model selection, Pedroni panel cointegration test and panel regression results. The analysis uses advanced panel regressions, including FMOLS, Panel OLS and FEM. The long-term dynamics were tested using Pedroni cointegration, while Granger causality testing was used to examine the causal direction between the trade openness ratio and trade determinant.

Findings

The results show both long-term and short-term relationships between trade openness and (1) foreign direct investment, (2) labor force participation rate, (3) trade reserves and (4) trade balance. The researchers also detected unidirectional and bidirectional causality relationships between trade openness and these four factors. The study also revealed that trade reserves (TR) emerge as the most influential determinant of trade openness, and per capita income does not exhibit economic significance concerning the trade openness of GIPSI economies.

Research limitations/implications

This research is conducted within the context of the GIPSI nations (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy). As such, the outcomes may not be universally applicable to other economic systems due to the distinct institutional settings and governance structures across different economic groups. Future investigations may explore the relationship between trade openness and its determinants by incorporating different variables.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study investigating the theory that suggested trade drivers drive the trade openness of GIPSI countries context. By focusing on GIPSI countries, the study offers a unique perspective on the dynamics of trade openness in economies that have experienced financial crises and stringent austerity measures.
The potential of new models of construction procurement to counter cost overruns in construction projects: an exploratory study from a contractors’ perspective
Authors: Sheamar Stephanie , Wedawatta Gayan , Tennakoon Maheshi , Palliyaguru Roshani , Antwi-Afari Maxwell Fordjour
Published: September 2023

Purpose

Cost overrun is a significant issue in construction, an undesirable feature the industry has long been associated with. Poor procurement practices are often blamed for subsequent cost overruns in construction, especially with conventional procurement methods leading to outrageous cost overruns. The purpose of this study is to review the features of the new models of construction procurement (NMCP) and assess their potential to reduce cost overruns in construction projects.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review was conducted to identify the issues of procurement leading to cost escalations. Primary data were obtained through exploratory, semi-structured interviews using a case study approach.

Findings

Clients’ lack of knowledge was highlighted as a key issue in procurement that interlinks with many factors causing cost escalation. The findings suggest that the features contained within the NMCP, such as early contractor involvement and collaboration throughout the project team, have the potential to make a positive contribution to addressing cost escalation in construction.

Research limitations/implications

The primary research was undertaken as an exploratory study and presents the contractor's perspective. Further research is therefore suggested, with multiple organisations representing all key stakeholders in a construction project, including clients, consultants, sub-contractors and suppliers.

Practical implications

The study recommends awareness of the NMCP be raised throughout the industry, and simplified information must be made available to help widen uptake of these contemporary procurement methods.

Originality/value

Addressing the dearth of research concerning the use of NMCP within the industry, this study makes a niche contribution to the body of knowledge on construction cost management by illustrating the potential offered by these new procurement methods for addressing cost escalation. For an industry where collaboration is accepted with reservations, this case study demonstrates how novel collaborative strategies such as open book costing, project bank accounts and shared pain and gain mechanisms can be implemented as part of the procurement strategy and how such strategies can contribute towards minimising the cost escalation inherent in construction projects.
A projective approach to understanding the Generation Z’s experience with service robots in restaurants
Authors: Ma Caiwei , Chen Po-Ju , Ren Lianping , Fan Alei , Ongsakul Viput
Published: September 2023

Purpose

This study aims to investigate Generation Z’s perception of and experience with restaurant service robots.

Design/methodology/approach

Established on the servicescape theoretical framework and following Zaltman Metaphoric Elicitation Technique, 34 in-depth interviews were conducted with Generation Z consumers.

Findings

The results showed that Generation Z consumers had a generally positive attitude toward the usage of service robots in restaurants. Research participants also indicated aspects that can be improved: the service robot’s appearance design and functionality, and the human service facilitating the robotic service process.

Research limitations/implications

This paper provides a holistic understanding of the Generation Z’s mind maps about robot service restaurants presenting practical suggestions for restaurants.

Practical implications

This research offers an in-depth understanding of how the young consumption power perceives and expects the innovative service robots employed in restaurants. The research findings provide industry practitioners with timely guidelines to improve the usage of robotic services in restaurants to satisfy the emerging consumer group of Generation Z.

Originality/value

The current research contributes to the servicescape literature by extending this long-standing theory to the emerging robotic service contexts for updating discoveries. Particularly, the study focuses on the young consumers of Generation Z, shedding lights on the generational cohort research.
Consumers’ experiences, preferences, and perceptions of effectiveness in using telehealth for cancer care in Australia
Authors: Banbury Annie , Taylor Monica , Caffery Liam , Der Vartanian Carolyn , Haydon Helen , Mendis Roshni , Ng Kawai , Smith Anthony
Published: September 2023

Aim

COVID‐19 accelerated telehealth (video and telephone) use for cancer care to reduce disease exposure and transmission. Understanding consumers’ health service delivery needs is required to sustain telehealth activity and develop new models of care. We explored consumers’ experiences of telehealth in cancer care and their perspectives on improving and sustaining telehealth uptake in the future.

Methods

Exploratory design mixed‐methods study using the Model for Assessment of Telemedicine (MAST) framework. Consumers affected by cancer completed an online survey and semistructured interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi‐square. Qualitative data from the MAST consumer domain were thematically analyzed.

Results

There were 1162 survey respondents and 18 interview participants. Video and telephone were used in cancer care with various providers. Telephone was used more frequently. Most respondents (85%) had reliable internet connections for video, however, 36% were not offered a video consultation. Video compared with telephone users were statistically significantly more likely to be satisfied with the quality of their treatment and perceived their consultation achieved as much as an in‐person consultation. Telephone users (51%) compared with video users (31%) were more likely to perceive their concerns would have been better understood by their care provider if they were seen in person. Five themes emerged from the qualitative data. Consumers want modality choice, video provides superior experiences versus telephone, consultation mode preference is fluid, and consultation scheduling and administration need further consideration.

Conclusion

Consumers support telehealth in cancer care. Consumers want consultation mode choices based on their needs and purpose of consultation.
Imaging features, clinical characteristics and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy luteoma: A case series and literature review
Authors: Shang Jian‐Hong , Huang Cai‐Xin , Zheng Qiao , Feng Jie‐Ling , He Ke , Xie Hong‐Ning
Published: September 2023

Introduction

This study aimed to investigate the imaging features, clinical characteristics and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy luteoma.

Material and methods

We retrospectively analyzed patients with pregnancy luteoma admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University between January 2003 and December 2022. We recorded their imaging features, clinical characteristics and neonatal outcomes. Additionally, we reviewed relevant studies in the field.

Results

In total, 127 cases were identified, including eight from our hospital and 119 from the literature. Most patients (93/127, 73.23%) were of reproductive age, 20–40 years old, and 66% were parous. Maternal hirsutism or virilization (such as deepening voice, acne, facial hair growth and clitoromegaly) was observed in 29.92% (38/127), whereas 59.06% of patients (75/127) were asymptomatic. Abdominal pain was reported in 13 patients due to compression, torsion or combined ectopic pregnancy. The pregnancy luteomas, primarily discovered during the third trimester (79/106, 74.53%), varied in size ranging from 10 mm to 20 cm in diameter. Seventy‐five cases were incidentally detected during cesarean section or postpartum tubal ligation, and 39 were identified through imaging or physical examination during pregnancy. Approximately 26.61% of patients had bilateral lesions. The majority of pregnancy luteomas were solid and well‐defined (94/107, 87.85%), with 43.06% (31/72) displaying multiple solid and well‐circumscribed nodules. Elevated serum androgen levels (reaching values between 1.24 and 1529 times greater than normal values for term gestation) were observed in patients with hirsutism or virilization, with a larger lesion diameter (P < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of bilateral lesions (P < 0.001). Among the female infants born to masculinized mothers, 68.18% (15/22) were virilized. Information of imaging features was complete in 22 cases. Ultrasonography revealed well‐demarcated hypoechoic solid masses with rich blood supply in 12 of 19 cases (63.16%). Nine patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT), and six exhibited solid masses, including three with multi‐nodular solid masses.

Conclusions

Pregnancy luteomas mainly manifest as well‐defined, hypoechoic and hypervascular solid masses. MRI and CT are superior to ultrasonography in displaying the imaging features of multiple nodules. Maternal masculinization and solid masses with multiple nodules on imaging may help diagnose this rare disease.
Chemerin and IL‐17 are potential predictors and Chemerin silencing alleviates inflammatory response and bone remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Xie Daoyu , Bai Zhixiang , Zhou Guowen , Li Kaijie , Ding Jinv , Zhang Haiqin , Jiang Jianhua
Published: September 2023

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of paranasal sinuses. This study is formulated to explore the roles of pro‐inflammatory factors Chemerin and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) in CRS. Patients suffering from CRS without/with nasal polyps (CRSsNP/CRSwNP), along with volunteers, were recruited. CRS rabbit models were constructed by Staphylococcus aureus infection and rabbits were injected with lentiviral vectors of short hairpin RNA‐targeting Chemerin (shChemerin), followed by micro‐computed tomography (CT) scan. Levels of Chemerin and IL‐17 were determined, and histopathological lesions were observed in subjects and CRS rabbits. Correlations between Chemerin/IL‐17 level and Lund‐Mackay/Lund‐Kennedy scores of subjects and the predictive value of Chemerin or IL‐17 for CRS were analyzed. In CRS patients and rabbits, inflammatory degrees and the level of Chemerin/IL‐17 were increased in pathological tissues or plasma, while Chemerin silencing alleviated CRS symptoms of CRS rabbits. Chemerin and IL‐17 were mainly located in the immune cells of pathological tissues and presented the positive correlation with Lund‐Mackay/Lund‐Kennedy score of CRS patients. Also, they showed high predictive value for CRS. Micro‐CT scan uncovered that CRS rabbits had increased bone remodeling, which was alleviated by Chemerin silencing. Collectively, Chemerin and IL‐17 are potential predictors and Chemerin silencing alleviates inflammatory response and bone remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Fifth mass extinction event triggered the diversification of the largest family of freshwater gastropods (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea: Hydrobiidae)
Authors: Delicado Diana , Hauffe Torsten , Wilke Thomas
Published: September 2023

The fifth mass extinction event (MEE) at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) boundary 66 million years ago (Ma) led to massive species loss but also triggered the diversification of higher taxa. Five models have been proposed depending on whether this diversification occurred before, during or after the K–Pg boundary and the rate of species accumulation. While the effects of the K–Pg MEE on vertebrate evolution are relatively well understood, the impact on invertebrates, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, remains controversial. One example is the hyperdiverse Hydrobiidae—the most species‐rich family of freshwater gastropods. Whereas some studies place its origin in the Jurassic or even Carboniferous, most fossil records postdate the K–Pg event. We therefore used robustly time‐calibrated multi‐locus phylogenies of >400 species representing >100 hydrobiid genera to unravel its evolutionary history and patterns of diversification. We found that the family started diversifying shortly after the K–Pg boundary (∼60 Ma; 95% highest posterior density 52–69 Ma). Lineage richness gradually increased to the present and phylogenetic diversity until ∼25 Ma. These findings suggest that diversification was not initially driven by ecological opportunity. Combining the two criteria of timing and rate of diversification, a soft‐explosive diversification model of aquatic vertebrates best fits the patterns observed. We also show that most higher hydrobiid taxa (i.e. subfamilies) diversified from the Middle Oligocene to Middle Miocene (i.e. 12–28 Ma). Two of the 15 major clades delimited are described here as new subfamilies (i.e. Bullaregiinae n. subfam. and Pontobelgrandiellinae n. subfam.), whose members are restricted to subterranean waters. Our results are an important contribution to understanding how the fifth MEE has shaped evolution and patterns of biodiversity in continental aquatic systems. Given the high extinction risks faced by many hydrobiids today, they also emphasise the need to study the biodiversity of vulnerable ecosystems.
Rapid eye movement sleep affects interictal epileptic activity differently in mesiotemporal and neocortical areas
Authors: Ho Alyssa , Hannan Sana , Thomas John , Avigdor Tamir , Abdallah Chifaou , Dubeau François , Gotman Jean , Frauscher Birgit
Published: September 2023

Objective

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep reduces the rate and extent of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). Breakthrough epileptic activity during REM sleep is therefore thought to best localize the seizure onset zone (SOZ). We utilized polysomnography combined with direct cortical recordings to investigate the influences of anatomical locations and the time of night on the suppressive effect of REM sleep on IEDs.

Methods

Forty consecutive patients with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy underwent combined polysomnography and stereo‐electroencephalography during presurgical evaluation. Ten‐minute interictal epochs were selected 2 h prior to sleep onset (wakefulness), and from the first and second half of the night during non‐REM (NREM) sleep and REM sleep. IEDs were detected automatically across all channels. Anatomic localization, time of night, and channel type (within or outside the SOZ) were tested as modulating factors.

Results

Relative to wakefulness, there was a suppression of IEDs by REM sleep in neocortical regions (median = −27.6%), whereas mesiotemporal regions showed an increase in IEDs (19.1%, p = .01, d = .39). This effect was reversed when comparing the regional suppression of IEDs by REM sleep relative to NREM sleep (−35.1% in neocortical, −58.7% in mesiotemporal, p < .001, d = .39). Across all patients, no clinically relevant novel IED regions were observed in REM sleep versus NREM or wakefulness based on our predetermined thresholds (4 IEDs/min in REM, 0 IEDs/min in NREM and wakefulness). Finally, there was a reduction in IEDs in late (NREM: 1.08/min, REM: .61/min) compared to early sleep (NREM: 1.22/min, REM: .69/min) for both NREM (p < .001, d = .21) and REM (p = .04, d = .14).

Significance

Our results demonstrate a spatiotemporal effect of IED suppression by REM sleep relative to wakefulness in neocortical but not mesiotemporal regions, and in late versus early sleep. This suggests the importance of considering sleep stage interactions and the potential influences of anatomical locations when using IEDs to define the epileptic focus.
Sleep apnoea, gut dysbiosis and cognitive dysfunction
Authors: Deyang Tenzin , Baig MD Awaise Iqbal , Dolkar Phurbu , Hediyal Tousif Ahmed , Rathipriya Annan Gopinath , Bhaskaran Mahendran , PandiPerumal Seithikuruppu R. , Monaghan Tanya M. , Mahalakshmi Arehally M , Chidambaram Saravana Babu
Published: September 2023

Sleep disorders are becoming increasingly common, and their distinct effects on physical and mental health require elaborate investigation. Gut dysbiosis (GD) has been reported in sleep‐related disorders, but sleep apnoea is of particular significance because of its higher prevalence and chronicity. Cumulative evidence has suggested a link between sleep apnoea and GD. This review highlights the gut–brain communication axis that is mediated via commensal microbes and various microbiota‐derived metabolites (e.g. short‐chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide and trimethyl amine N‐oxide), neurotransmitters (e.g. γ‐aminobutyric acid, serotonin, glutamate and dopamine), immune cells and inflammatory mediators, as well as the vagus nerve and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This review also discusses the pathological role underpinning GD and altered gut bacterial populations in sleep apnoea and its related comorbid conditions, particularly cognitive dysfunction. In addition, the review examines the preclinical and clinical evidence, which suggests that prebiotics and probiotics may potentially be beneficial in sleep apnoea and its comorbidities through restoration of eubiosis or gut microbial homeostasis that regulates neural, metabolic and immune responses, as well as physiological barrier integrity via the gut–brain axis.
Pathogenesis of non‐infection related inflammatory root resorption in permanent teeth: A narrative review
Authors: Lin Shaul , Mavridou Athina M. , Novak Rostislav , Moreinos Daniel , Abbott Paul Vincent , Rotstein Ilan
Published: September 2023

Background

The mechanism of action of root resorption in a permanent tooth can be classified as infection‐related (e.g., microbial infection) or non‐infection‐related (e.g., sterile damage). Infection induced root resorption occurs due to bacterial invasion. Non‐infection‐related root resorption stimulates the immune system through a different mechanism.

Objectives

The aim of this narrative review is to describe the pathophysiologic process of non‐infection‐related inflammatory processes involved in root resorption of permanent teeth.

Methods

A literature search on root resorption was conducted using Scopus (PubMed and Medline) and Google Scholar databases to highlight the pathophysiology of bone and root resorption in non‐infection‐related situations. The search included key words covering the relevant category. It included in vitro and in vivo studies, systematic reviews, case series, reviews, and textbooks in English. Conference proceedings, lectures and letters to the editor were excluded.

Results

Three types of root resorption are related to the non‐infection mechanism of action, which includes surface resorption due to either trauma or excessive orthodontic forces, external replacement resorption and external cervical resorption. The triggers are usually damage associated molecular patterns and hypoxia conditions. During this phase macrophages and clastic cells act to eliminate the damaged tissue and bone, eventually enabling root resorption and bone repair as part of wound healing.

Discussion

The resorption of the root occurs during the inflammatory phase of wound healing. In this phase, damaged tissues are recognized by macrophages and neutrophiles that secrete interlaukines such as TNF‐α, IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐8. Together with the hypoxia condition that accelarates the secretion of growth factors, the repair of the damaged perioduntiom, including damaged bone, is initiated. If the precementum and cementoblast are injured, root resorption can occur.

Conclusions

Wound healing exhibits different patterns of action that involves immune stimulation in a bio‐physiological activity, that occurs in the proper sequence, with overlapping phases. Two pathologic conditions, DAMPs and hypoxia, can activate the immune cells including clastic cells, eliminating damaged tissue and bone. Under certain conditions, root resorption occurs as a side effect.
Comparisons between diluted thrombin time, ecarin chromogenic assays, and UPLC–MS for plasma level dabigatran quantification: Results from DRIVING study
Authors: de Fautereau‐Vassel Ambre , Mokhtarian Antoine , Mangenot Manon , Krekounian Ombeline , Kousignian Isabelle , Delavenne Xavier , Curis Emmanuel , Gouin‐Thibault Isabelle , Siguret Virginie
Published: September 2023

Introduction

The knowledge of dabigatran levels is helpful for decision‐making in specific situations such as urgent surgery or when the question of reversal arises (uncontrolled bleeding, eligibility for thrombolysis). However, a limited number of observational studies are available regarding comparisons between quantification methods. The objective of the study was to compare dabigatran plasma levels using three assays including the reference method (high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry), focusing on the agreement around the 30–50 ng/mL clinically relevant thresholds.

Methods

Sixty healthy volunteers from DRIVING trial (NCT01627665) were given a single 300‐mg dabigatran etexilate dose. Serial blood samplings were performed at pre‐defined time points (0 to 24 h). We analyzed plasma samples using ultra‐performance‐liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS) (dabigatran reference method); ii/diluted thrombin time (dTT) (Hemoclot‐DTI‐Hyphen‐Biomed); iii/ecarin‐based chromogenic assay (ECA‐II‐Stago).

Results

Nine hundred sixty samples were analyzed using the three assays (2759 values). dTT and ECA‐II values were highly correlated with those of UPLC‐MS (Deming regression). Most values >50 ng/mL were higher using dTT and ECA‐II compared to UPLC‐MS: biases were constant, +14% and +16% with dTT and ECA‐II, respectively (Bland–Altman plots), suggesting that active metabolites accounted for ~15% of thrombin inhibition. Regarding values <30 ng/mL, 30–50 ng/mL, or ≥50 ng/mL, the agreement probability between dTT and ECA‐II was of 90.6% [88.4–92.5] (Cohen's kappa coefficient 0.84).

Conclusion

dTT and ECA‐II assays rapidly provide accurate dabigatran‐level results for clinical practice, both assays being suitable in emergency, taking into account the thrombin inhibitory effect of dabigatran metabolites.
Association between obesity and risk of delayed discharge and unplanned readmission for day surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xiao Shan , Dai Yan , Huang Mingjun
Published: September 2023

Aims

This work aims to investigate the association between obesity and risk of delayed discharge and unplanned readmission in day surgery patients.

Background

Day surgeries are well received and developing rapidly. Associations between obesity and delayed discharge and unplanned readmission, which are clinically relevant outcomes in day surgeries, are complex.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted.

Data Sources

The PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, and Wan Fang databases were comprehensively searched from inception until January 2021.

Review Methods

Two independent reviewers assessed the studies and extracted data. Pooled estimates were obtained using a random‐effects model.

Results

Eleven articles published between 2007 and 2020 were finally included. Obesity appeared not to increase the risk of delayed discharge. However, morbid obesity seemed to be associated with a higher risk of delayed discharge. The meta‐analysis revealed no relationship between higher body mass index (BMI) and unplanned readmission for day surgery patients.

Conclusions

Obesity appeared not to increase the risk of delayed discharge except in patients with morbid obesity. Additionally, a higher BMI was not associated with increased risk of unplanned readmission after day surgery. Future studies are required to address this issue further in different types of surgery and areas.
Utility of multigene panel next‐generation sequencing in routine clinical practice for identifying genomic alterations in newly diagnosed metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Nindra Udit , Pal Abhijit , Bray Victoria , Yip Po Y. , Tognela Annette , Roberts Tara L. , Becker Therese M. , Williamson Jonathon , Farzin Mahtab , Li Jing J. , Lea Vivienne , Hagelamin Abeer , Ng Weng , Wang Bin , Lee C. Soon , Chua Wei
Published: September 2023

Background

The standard of care in newly diagnosed metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is to test for aberrations in three genes for driver mutations – ALK, ROS1 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) – and also for immunohistochemistry to be performed for programmed death‐ligand 1 expression level. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS), with or without RNA fusion testing, is increasingly used in standard clinical practice to identify patients with potentially actionable mutations. Stratification of NGS mutation tiers is currently based on the European Society of Medical Oncology Scale for Clinical Actionability of Molecular Targets (ESCAT) Tiers I–V and X.

Aim

Our aim was to analyse NSCLC tumour samples for the prevalence of Tiers I–V mutations to establish guidance for current and novel treatments in patients with metastatic disease.

Methods

NGS was performed employing the Oncomine Precision Assay (without RNA fusion testing) that interrogates DNA hotspot variants across 45 genes to screen 210 NSCLC tissue samples obtained across six Sydney hospitals between June 2021 and March 2022.

Results

In our cohort, 161 of 210 (77%) had at least one gene mutation identified, with 41 of 210 (20%) having two or more concurrent mutations. Tier I mutations included 42 of 210 (20%) EGFR mutations (EIA) and five of 210 (3%) MET exon 14 skipping mutations (EIB). Non‐Tier I variants included 22 of 210 (11%) KRAS G12C hotspot mutations (EIIB), with a further 47 of 210 (22%) having non‐G12C KRAS (EX) mutations. NGS testing revealed an additional 15% of cases with Tier II ESCAT mutations in NSCLC. Forty‐six percent of patients also demonstrated potential Tier III and IV mutations that are currently under investigation in early‐phase clinical trials.

Conclusions

In addition to identifying patients with genomic alterations suitable for clinically proven standard‐of‐care therapeutic options, the 45‐gene NGS panel has significant potential in identifying potentially actionable non‐Tier 1 mutations that may become future standard clinical practice in NSCLC.
Simplified dressing change after surgery for high anal fistula: A prospective, single centre randomized controlled study on loose combined cutting seton (LCCS) technique
Authors: Shan Jiaying , Wang Jin , Lu Dongdong , Yu Xudong , Zheng Lihua , Zhang Yaosheng
Published: September 2023

Background

Dressing change is the most important part of postoperative wound care. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a more effective, simple and less painful method of dressing change for anal fistulas could be found without the need for debridement and packing. Data related to postoperative recovery were recorded at postoperative days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 180.

Methods

In this experiment, 76 subjects diagnosed with high anal fistula were randomly divided into a simplified dressing change (SDC) group and a traditional debridement dressing change(TDDC) group according to a ratio of 1:1.

Results

The SDC group had significantly fewer pain scores, bleeding rates, dressing change times, inpatient days and lower average inpatient costs than the TDDC group. There were no significant differences in wound healing time, area and depth and Wexner score between the two groups.

Conclusions

Studies have shown that the use of simplified dressing changes does not affect cure or recurrence rates, but significantly reduces dressing change times and pain during changes, reducing patient inpatient length of stay and costs.
Analysing the causal relationship between potentially protective and risk factors and cutaneous melanoma: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Liu Mingjuan , Lan Yining , Zhang Hanlin , Wu Mengyin , Zhang Xinyi , Leng Ling , Zheng Heyi , Li Jun
Published: September 2023

Background

Previous observational studies reported altered melanoma risks in relation to many potential factors, such as coffee intake, smoking habits and photodamage‐related conditions. Considering the susceptibility of epidemiological studies to residual confounders, there remains uncertainty about the actual causal roles of these reported factors in melanoma aetiology.

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the causal association between cutaneous melanoma (CM) and previously reported factors: coffee intake, alcohol consumption, lifetime smoking, socioeconomic status (SES), ease of skin tanning, childhood sunburn and facial ageing, providing insight into its underlying aetiology and preventative strategies.

Methods

We utilized a two‐sample MR analysis on data from the largest meta‐analysis summary statistics of confirmed cutaneous melanoma including 30,134 patients. Genetic instrumental variables were constructed by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that associate with corresponding factors. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the primary MR method. For sensitivity and heterogeneity, MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode and MR Egger intercept tests were examined.

Results

Cutaneous melanoma risks were found to be elevated in association with a predisposition towards ease of skin tanning (IVW: OR = 2.842, 95% CI 2.468–3.274, p < 0.001) and with childhood sunburn history (IVW: OR = 6.317, 95% CI 4.479–8.909, p < 0.001). Repeated MR after removing potential confounders and outliers demonstrated resolved horizontal pleiotropy and statistically significant results that closely mirrored the initial findings. Other potential factors, such as coffee intake, alcohol consumption, smoking and socioeconomic status (SES), indicated insignificant effects on melanoma risk in the analysis, and therefore, our Mendelian randomization study does not support their roles in modifying melanoma risks.

Conclusions

Our extensive MR analysis provides strong evidence of the causative role of ease of skin tanning and childhood sunburn history in elevating melanoma risk. Curtailing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure may be the single best preventative strategy to reduce melanoma risk.
Judging fast or slow: The effects of reduced caseloads on gender‐ and ethnic‐based disparities in case outcomes
Authors: Kricheli‐Katz Tamar , Weinshall Keren
Published: September 2023

What is the effect of caseload volume on case outcome disparities based on a litigant's gender or ethnicity? This paper presents three nonexclusive mechanisms to explain possible effects. The first mechanism relates to a litigant's inclination to settle or withdraw claims; the second mechanism concerns the strategic preemption of appeals by judges; and the third mechanism relates to the implicit biases of judges. To document the effect and test the mechanisms, we exploited a natural, near‐randomized experiment in the Israeli judicial framework. In 2012, six senior registrars were appointed to two of the country's six magistrate court districts. The choice of districts was not related to judicial performance. In these two districts, the civil caseload per judge was substantially reduced. We find that while this reduced caseload had a significant impact on the judicial process for all litigants, it had a particularly salient and beneficial effect on outcomes for female and Arab plaintiffs. The exogenous reduction in court caseloads was associated with positive effects for female Jewish plaintiffs in terms of the likelihood of winning the claim, recovery amount (from the claim), and cost‐shifting outcomes. The change was also associated with positive effects for Arab female plaintiffs in terms of the likelihood of winning the claim and the recovery amount (from the claim). Finally, the reduction in caseloads was associated with a positive effect for Arab male plaintiffs in terms of the fraction of the claim that was recovered. Our findings suggest that when judges are able to invest more time and resources in resolving individual cases, they tend to be less influenced by stereotypes about gender and ethnicity. We discuss the contribution of our findings to the literature on judicial bias and the implications for different policies designed to reduce or manage congested courts.
Obstructive sleep apnea heterogeneity and autonomic function: a role for heart rate variability in therapy selection and efficacy monitoring
Authors: Qin Hua , Fietze Ingo , Mazzotti Diego R. , Steenbergen Nicolas , Kraemer Jan F. , Glos Martin , Wessel Niels , Song Lijun , Penzel Thomas , Zhang Xiaowen
Published: September 2023

Obstructive sleep apnea is a highly prevalent sleep‐related breathing disorder, resulting in a disturbed breathing pattern, changes in blood gases, abnormal autonomic regulation, metabolic fluctuation, poor neurocognitive performance, and increased cardiovascular risk. With broad inter‐individual differences recognised in risk factors, clinical symptoms, gene expression, physiological characteristics, and health outcomes, various obstructive sleep apnea subtypes have been identified. Therapeutic efficacy and its impact on outcomes, particularly for cardiovascular consequences, may also vary depending on these features in obstructive sleep apnea. A number of interventions such as positive airway pressure therapies, oral appliance, surgical treatment, and pharmaceutical options are available in clinical practice. Selecting an effective obstructive sleep apnea treatment and therapy is a challenging medical decision due to obstructive sleep apnea heterogeneity and numerous treatment modalities. Thus, an objective marker for clinical evaluation is warranted to estimate the treatment response in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Currently, while the Apnea–Hypopnea Index is used for severity assessment of obstructive sleep apnea and still considered a major guide to diagnosis and managements of obstructive sleep apnea, the Apnea–Hypopnea Index is not a robust marker of symptoms, function, or outcome improvement. Abnormal cardiac autonomic modulation can provide additional insight to better understand obstructive sleep apnea phenotyping. Heart rate variability is a reliable neurocardiac tool to assess altered autonomic function and can also provide cardiovascular information in obstructive sleep apnea. Beyond the Apnea–Hypopnea Index, this review aims to discuss the role of heart rate variability as an indicator and predictor of therapeutic efficacy to different modalities in order to optimise tailored treatment for obstructive sleep apnea.
Phylogeographic relationships and morphological evolution between cave and surface Astyanax mexicanus populations (De Filippi 1853) (Actinopterygii, Characidae)
Authors: Garduño‐Sánchez Marco , Hernández‐Lozano Jorge , Moran Rachel L. , Miranda‐Gamboa Ramsés , Gross Joshua B. , Rohner Nicolas , Elliott William R. , Miller Jeff , Lozano‐Vilano Lourdes , McGaugh Suzanne E. , Ornelas‐García C. Patricia
Published: September 2023

The Astyanax mexicanus complex includes two different morphs, a surface‐ and a cave‐adapted ecotype, found at three mountain ranges in Northeastern Mexico: Sierra de El Abra, Sierra de Guatemala and Sierra de la Colmena (Micos). Since their discovery, multiple studies have attempted to characterize the timing and the number of events that gave rise to the evolution of these cave‐adapted ecotypes. Here, using RADseq and genome‐wide sequencing, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure and gene flow events between the cave and surface Astyanax mexicanus populations, to estimate the tempo and mode of evolution of the cave‐adapted ecotypes. We also evaluated the body shape evolution across different cave lineages using geometric morphometrics to examine the role of phylogenetic signal versus environmental pressures. We found strong evidence of parallel evolution of cave‐adapted ecotypes derived from two separate lineages of surface fish and hypothesize that there may be up to four independent invasions of caves from surface fish. Moreover, a strong congruence between the genetic structure and geographic distribution was observed across the cave populations, with the Sierra de Guatemala the region exhibiting most genetic drift among the cave populations analysed. Interestingly, we found no evidence of phylogenetic signal in body shape evolution, but we found support for parallel evolution in body shape across independent cave lineages, with cavefish from the Sierra de El Abra reflecting the most divergent morphology relative to surface and other cavefish populations.
Model of methane transport in tree stems: Case study of sap flow and radial diffusion
Authors: Anttila Jani , Tikkasalo Olli‐Pekka , Hölttä Teemu , Lintunen Anna , Vainio Elisa , Leppä Kersti , Haikarainen Iikka (P.) , Koivula Hanna , Ghasemi Falk Homa , Kohl Lukas , Launiainen Samuli , Pihlatie Mari
Published: September 2023

The transport processes of methane (CH4) in tree stems remain largely unknown, although they are critical in assessing the whole‐forest CH4 dynamics. We used a physically based dynamic model to study the spatial and diurnal dynamics of stem CH4 transport and fluxes. We parameterised the model using data from laboratory experiments with Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula and compared the model to experimental data from a field study. Stem CH4 flux in laboratory and field conditions were explained by the axial advective CH4 transport from soil with xylem sap flow and the radial CH4 diffusion through the stem conditions. Diffusion resistance caused by the bark permeability did not significantly affect gas transport or stem CH4 flux in the laboratory experiments. The role of axial diffusion of CH4 in trees was unresolved and requires further studies. Due to the transit time of CH4 in the stem, the diurnal dynamics of stem CH4 fluxes can deviate markedly from the diurnal dynamics of sap flow.
Transforming sustainable aquaculture by applying circularity principles
Authors: Chary Killian , van Riel Anne‐Jo , Muscat Abigail , Wilfart Aurélie , Harchaoui Souhil , Verdegem Marc , Filgueira Ramón , Troell Max , Henriksson Patrik J. G. , de Boer Imke J. M. , Wiegertjes Geert F.
Published: September 2023

A circular economy is considered one way to reduce environmental impacts of human activities, by more efficient use of resources and recovery, resulting in less waste and emissions compared to linear take‐make‐dispose systems. Muscat et al. developed five ecological principles to guide biomass use towards a circular economy. A few studies have demonstrated environmental benefits of applying these principles to land‐based food systems, but to date, these principles have not been explored in aquaculture. The current study expands on these principles and provides a narrative review to (i) translate them to aquaculture, while identifying implications for the main species and production systems, and (ii) identify the main pathways to make aquaculture more circular. We show that the underlying concepts of the ‘safeguard’, ‘entropy’, and ‘recycle’ principles have been well researched and sometimes well implemented. In contrast, the ‘avoid’ and ‘prioritise’ principles have been explored much less; doing so would provide an opportunity to decrease environmental impacts of aquaculture at the food‐system level. One example is prioritising the production of species that contribute to food and nutrition security, have low environmental impacts and thinking at wider food system scale to avoid feed‐food competition in aquaculture. We identified six priorities that could make aquaculture more circular: (i) increase production and demand for the most essential species, (ii) decrease food loss and waste at farm and post‐harvest stages, (iii) support nutrient recycling practices at multiple scales, (iv) adapt aquafeed formulations, (v) inform consumers about benefits of species of low trophic levels and other environmentally friendly aquatic foods, and (vi) address urgent research gaps.
PPARγ regulates lipid metabolism and viability of sheep trophoblast cells
Authors: Hao Kexing , Liu Xiuxia , Chen Yan , Zeng Weibin , Chen Lei , Wang Jing , Hu Guangdong
Published: September 2023

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is highly expressed in trophoblast tissues in pregnancy during which the protein participates in diverse events, including embryo implantation and placental formation. However, little is known about the role of PPARγ in embryonic development. This study investigated the function of PPARγ in sheep trophoblast cells. The coding sequence of sheep PPARγ encoded 475 amino acids and included one synonymou mutation compared with the sheep reference sequence for PPARγ. The PPARγ protein was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of sheep trophoblasts. The relative expression of PPARγ was elevated in cells treated with rosiglitazone and reduced following administration of GW9662. Activation of PPARγ promoted cell proliferation and mobility, but inhibited apoptosis. In addition, stimulation of PPARγ promoted the expression of lipid metabolism‐related genes FABP4 and PLIN2. The expression of prostaglandin metabolism‐related genes PLA2G4A, PTGS2 and PTGES also was upregulated significantly in trophoblast cells when PPARγ was activated. In contrast, activation of PPARγ did not impact expression of the prostaglandin‐related genes PGFS and SLCO2A1. At the same time, activation of PPARγ activity increased the ratio of PGE2 to PGF2α. Furthermore, fluorescence labelling showed that the numbers of cell lipid droplets increased after stimulation of PPARγ activity, but decreased when PPARγ was inhibited. In conclusion, PPARγ is critical for the regulation of lipid metabolism and prostaglandin synthesis and secretion in sheep trophoblast cells and also has a potent effect on cell proliferation and viability.
Short‐term function and immune‐protection of microencapsulated adult porcine islets with alginate incorporating CXCL12 in healthy and diabetic non‐human primates without systemic immune suppression: A pilot study
Authors: Sremac Marinko , Luo Hao , Deng Hongping , Parr Madeline F. E. , Hutcheson Jessica , Verde Pushkar S. , Alagpulinsa David A. , Kitzmann Jenna Miner , Papas Klearchos K. , Brauns Timothy , Markmann James F. , Lei Ji , Poznansky Mark C.
Published: September 2023

Replacement of insulin‐producing pancreatic beta‐cells by islet transplantation offers a functional cure for type‐1 diabetes (T1D). We recently demonstrated that a clinical grade alginate micro‐encapsulant incorporating the immune‐repellent chemokine and pro‐survival factor CXCL12 could protect and sustain the integrity and function of autologous islets in healthy non‐human primates (NHPs) without systemic immune suppression. In this pilot study, we examined the impact of the CXCL12 micro encapsulant on the function and inflammatory and immune responses of xenogeneic islets transplanted into the omental tissue bilayer sac (OB; n = 4) and diabetic (n = 1) NHPs. Changes in the expression of cytokines after implantation were limited to 2–6‐fold changes in blood, most of which did not persist over the first 4 weeks after implantation. Flow cytometry of PBMCs following transplantation showed minimal changes in IFNγ or TNFα expression on xenoantigen‐specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cells compared to unstimulated cells, and these occurred mainly in the first 4 weeks. Microbeads were readily retrievable for assessment at day 90 and day 180 and at retrieval were without microscopic signs of degradation or foreign body responses (FBR). In vitro and immunohistochemistry studies of explanted microbeads indicated the presence of functional xenogeneic islets at day 30 post transplantation in all biopsied NHPs. These results from a small pilot study revealed that CXCL12‐microencapsulated xenogeneic islets abrogate inflammatory and adaptive immune responses to the xenograft. This work paves the way toward future larger scale studies of the transplantation of alginate microbeads with CXCL12 and porcine or human stem cell‐derived beta cells or allogeneic islets into diabetic NHPs without systemic immunosuppression.