bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Modality to Optimize Common Functioning of a Pressure Wave Supercharger with an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Leahu Cristian Ioan , Chiru Anghel , Tarulescu Stelian
Published: July 2015

The functional constructive variants of the Hyprex and Comprex compressors with pressure wave built until the present are reduced in number. Starting from this ascertainment, the paper proposes to highlight the optimization on joint functioning of existing pressure wave supercharger models with internal combustion engines. This is possible due to the efficiency of the supercharging process, realized with such superchargers, which depends on the correlation grade between the rotational speed of the supercharger and the pressure of the exhaust gasses that enter in the compressor's channels, reason due to, a single supercharger model can be capable to supercharge efficiently engines with different characteristics, if the optimal values for the driving speed of the pressure wave supercharger are identified (according to the method proposed in the work) and adapted (according the level of energetic and/or ecologic performances that the engine should achieve) for each type of engine apart.
Modal Analysis of Hummingbird Inspired MAV Flapping Wings
Authors: Kumar David , Kumar Vemuri Shyam , Goyal Tigmanshu , Mohite P.M. , Kamle S.
Published: July 2015

Natural flyers are the best source of inspiration for making successful MAVs. Hummingbirds are known for their excellent flight characteristics such as long duration hovering, backward flying, high agility, etc. Giant hummingbird is chosen as the bio-inspiration for designing the wing. Wings are required to be light, strong, and fatigue resistant to be used for MAV applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/Polypropylene (PP) composite is chosen as the wing membrane material whereas carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy (E) composite is chosen for wing frame. Two types of wings are fabricated, one is CNTs/PP wing and another is CF/E frame with CNTs/PP membrane wing. Kinematics, structural dynamics, and aerodynamics are the main component of flapping flight studies. Modal analysis of fabricated wings is done using 3D visual image correlation (VIC-3D) and laser displacement sensor setup. In the end, the results of both type wings are compared with experimental results and a good correlation has been seen. The validation of results is done using Ansys.
Characterization of ZnO Films Based Sensors Prepared by Different Techniques
Authors: Bhatia Sonik , Verma Neha , Mahajan Aman , Bedi R.K.
Published: July 2015

In the present research, zinc oxide (ZnO) films have been prepared by simple solution method and spray pyrolysis on different substrates (glass and sapphire) for different molar concentrations (0.2M & 0.25M). The films were subjected to different substrate temperatures (400 °C and 450 °C respectively. These were characterized for SEM and XRD and the average size of the crystallites were in range of 300 and 200nm for the films on Saphire and glass at higher substrate temperature. FTIR analysis has been carried out and optimization conditions were used in order to confirm the significant peaks and phase transformation. The films were subjected to ethanol gas for these substrates and corresponding electrical properties were carried out by two probe method and was found that the films for sapphire substrate prepared by spray pyrolysis method showed more conductance at higher temperatures than glass. Optical properties were also studied for these films and was found that films prepared by spray on sapphire shows less transmittance at higher substrate temperatures in comparison to the films on glass.
Testing the Accuracy of the Trajectory Ride for Omnidirectional Mobile Robot Odin
Authors: Gala Matěj , Krys Václav , Kot Tomáš
Published: July 2015

This article describes the process of designing and testing the accuracy of trajectory following for omnidirectional mobile robot Odin. It explains the relation between mobile robotic stair climbing system with shaped wheels and omnidirectional wheels, which are used together in a combined locomotive system. It is presented by the conception study only on account of realization of the simplified chassis with the omnidirectional wheels for testing mechanical parameters and the accuracy of the trajectory ride. The omnidirectional mobile robot Odin was built based on a simplified chassis with omnidirectional wheels and with the modular manipulator Schunk mounted on top. The article concludes with a description and comparison of the achieved results by testing the accuracy of the trajectory ride for the simplified chassis and for the omnidirectional mobile robot Odin.
Analyses about Trackability of Hand-Eye-Vergence Visual Servoing in Lateral Direction
Authors: Cui Yu , Nishimura Kenta , Sunami Yusuke , Minami Mamoru , Matsuno Takayuki , Yanou Akira
Published: July 2015

Visual Servoing to Moving Target with Fixed Hand-Eye Cameras Mounted at Hand of Robot is Inevitably Be Affected by Hand Dynamical Oscillations, then it is Hard to Keep Target at the Centre of Camera’s Image, since Nonlinear Dynamical Effects of Whole Manipulator Stand against Tracking Ability. in Order to Solve this Problem, an Eye-Vergence System, where the Visual Servoing Controller of Hand and Eye-Vergence is Controlled Independently, so that the Cameras can Observe the Target Object at the Center of the Camera Images through Eye-Vergence Functions. the Eyes with Light Mass Make the Cameras’ Eye-Sight Direction Rotate Quickly, so the Track Ability of the Eye-Vergence Motion is Superior to the One of Fixed Hand-Eye Configuration. in this Report Merits of Eye-Vengence Visual Servoing for Pose Tracking Have been Confirmed through Frequency Response Experiments.
Performance of Hydrogen Technology for Power Supply of Passive House
Authors: Felseghi Raluca Andreea , Şoimoşan Teodora Melania , Safirescu Călin , Moldovan Emil , Aşchilean Ioan , Iacob Georgiana
Published: July 2015

For welcoming a future economy based on hydrogen technology, the paper presents the results of the study case that, for the first time in Romania, simultaneously tackles two concepts with remarkable role in the efficiency and decarbonisation of energy generation systems in residential buildings: hydrogen fuel cell and passive house. For power supply of passive house were created and simulated virtual operating conditions of a energy system as stand-alone type, the hydrogen technology has been integrated into hybrid solar - wind energy system inside of which to take over the storage function by electrolytic hydrogen obtained locally inside the system by exploitation of available renewable sources and use it on fuel cell that serves as a back-up to cover the peak load demands and intermittencies caused by weather conditions. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the capability and feasibility on energy, economic and environmental performance of hydrogen technology for power supply of passive house. The main results of the study: studied passive house, with an surface of 160 m2, located in Cluj - Napoca, has a total annual load value equal to 42,24 kWh/m²∙year, being of 75% lower than that of a newly constructed building in the European standard, the annual energy production of the power system is performed by the photovoltaic panels with a percentage of 54,55%, 35,95% by wind turbines and 9,50% by fuel cell. Storage and use the solar and wind renewable energy through electrolytic hydrogen is in proportion of 61,80% and the carbon footprint of the whole building - energy system is with 81,30% lower than in a traditional building energy aided by a classical system.
Data Acquisition and Processing Method Adequate for High Speed Transient Electrical Events
Authors: Purcaru Anca , Purcaru Dorina Mioara , Gordan Ioan Mircea
Published: July 2015

Many programmable electronic modules for data acquisition and processing can be found in power systems. To monitor and record different specific high speed transient events in energetic systems, an adequate data acquisition and processing method is required. This paper deals with such method and its application in data acquisition for implementation of complex protection functions. The acquisition routine for analog and digital channels, detailed acquisition and storing process for analog and digital values, storing and calculation method for acquired digital and analog values are all presented. The proposed method is adequate for many and various practical applications which require high speed data acquisition systems.
Facial Paralysis - Thermal Patterns
Authors: Cojocaru Ioana Maria , Cojocaru Marius Cristian , Ciobanu Ileana , Berteanu Mihai , Giurcaneanu Calin
Published: July 2015

Facial paralysis is a common affliction for the Rehabilitation Medicine practitioner. This type of paralysis is a very disabling condition. The lost sensation and muscle control in the territory of the facial nerve can cause difficulty in speech, swallowing, closing the eye (it can cause blindness if not tended carefully), it ca also cause vertigo (sometimes it’s so severe that the patient is unable to stand or walk) or the loss of taste in the anterior two thirds of the tongue. In healthy individuals the skin temperature distribution is symmetric. Lesions of the facial nerve are associated with an alteration of the normal skin temperature pattern. Infrared thermography is a valuable auxiliary tool for differential diagnosis, as it objectivizes the infrared thermal distribution on the facial skin.
Experimental Identification of Heating Process from Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) Equipment
Authors: Clitan Iulia , Moga Daniel , Lungoci Corneliu , Muresan Vlad , Stroia Nicoleta
Published: July 2015

Peritoneal Carcinomatosis (PC) carries a worse prognosis than other sites of systemic metastases. The combination of complete cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is on the verge of becoming the gold-standard treatment of PC, when feasible. In order to develop a HIPEC equipment, with complex inflow distribution system having multiple nozzles and a multipoint temperature measurement system, model based techniques will be used by the authors in order to design heating and flow controllers. Thus a functional model is needed for the concerned process such that the simulated model and the behavior of the real system coincide. This paper presents the experimental identification of the heater used on each of the flow channels that result in a transfer function model for the heating process. Also the model for the temperature sensor is obtained
Analytical Algorithm for the Optimal Kinematic Design of the Wheel Suspension Mechanisms
Authors: Alexandru Cătălin
Published: July 2015

The work puts forward an analytical method for the optimal kinematic design of the wheel suspension - guiding mechanisms. The independent design variables in the optimal synthesis are the global coordinates of the joints on car body (chassis), which is fixed on ground. The design objectives relate to the variations of the toe angle, camber angle, wheel track, and wheelbase. The goal of the optimal synthesis is to minimize these variations during the wheel travel. The proposed method contains three steps: imposing finite positions for the wheel, determining the global coordinates of the joints on car body, and analyzing the guiding mechanism.
Do district health systems perform differently because of their managers? Preliminary insights from Indonesia
Authors: Asante Augustine , Iljanto Sandi , Rule John , Doyle Jennifer
Published: July 2015

District health systems (DHS) are central to the global efforts to improve health outcomes but many remain ineffective. In many lowresource settings, despite the generally weak DHS there is evidence that some districts consistently perform well against the odds, and this is often attributed to the calibre of managers leading such districts and their management and leadership (M&L) skills. This paper examines the M&L practices of district health managers in high and low performing districts in Indonesia in an attempt to understand whether the differences in the performance of DHS can be explained, at least in part, by the differences in the performance of their health managers. We employed a mixed methods case study design focusing on two purposefully selected districts. Data were collected in 2011 using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The preliminary results suggest that M&L practices of managers in the high and low performing districts are similar and provide little explanation for the differences in the performance of the two DHS. Contextual and health system factors offered a much better explanation for the variations in DHS performance.
What does it mean to be possessed by a spirit or demon? Some phenomenological insights from neuro-anthropological research
Authors: Craffert Pieter F.
Published: July 2015

The visible growth in possession and exorcism in Southern Africa can, amongst others, be attributed to the general impression in Christianity that, since Jesus was a successful exorcist, his followers should follow his example. Historical Jesus research generally endorses a view of Jesus as exorcist, which probably also contributes to this idea, yet there is no or very little reflection about either exorcism or possession as cultural practices. This article offers a critical reflection on possession based on insights from cross-cultural and neuro-scientific research. The first insight is that possession is not a single thing, but a collective term for what is a wide range of phenomena. At least two distinct meanings are identified: possession as a label for illness or misfortune, and possession as an indication of forms of human dissociative phenomena. In the latter instance, an impression of possession as a mode of being a Self, together with insights about the inherent potential for dissociative phenomena, provides the background to the view of possession as a cultural technique with a variety of functions. A second insight is that the term possession refers to complex neuro-cultural processes that can be described by means of both cultural and neurological mechanisms. A third insight is that in most ethnographic examples possession is the response or solution to other underlying problems. Against this background the role of exorcism should be reconsidered as clear-cut and worthy of emulation.
A review of ‘medical’ knowledge of epilepsy amongst isiZulu-speaking patients at a regional hospital in KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Gilani Zamir A. , Naidoo Kantharuben , Ross Andrew
Published: July 2015

Background: Epilepsy is a common disorder in South Africa and the literature indicates that many patients do not access treatment. The reasons are complex and include a poor knowledge about causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment (medical knowledge). This study aimed to assess the medical knowledge of isiZulu-speaking people with epilepsy (PWE) who attend a combination regional and district hospital in the eThekwini district in KwaZulu-Natal Province.Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study. Data were collected using a validated data collection tool for assessing the medical knowledge of PWE and analysed descriptively.Results: The questionnaires were completed by 199 PWE, with the general level of schooling being low and half being unemployed. Knowledge around causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments was good, but there were significant gaps in knowledge that may affect morbidity and mortality.Discussion: The findings will serve as a useful guide to develop both preventive and educational interventions to enhance knowledge around the causes and treatment of epilepsy in this population. It is important that such interventions also consider family and healthcare providers.Conclusion: There were considerable gaps in the medical knowledge of isiZulu-speaking PWE’s, indicating the need for an educational intervention to improve their understanding of epilepsy. Further research is needed-using a range of tools to ensure that the data is reliable and valid–if the results are to be generalisable to the rest of the province and South Africa.
Advances in diagnostic interventional pulmonology
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Nassar , Soubani Ayman O
Published: July 2015

The recent advances in diagnostic pulmonary procedures have revolutionized the evaluation of abnormal thoracic findings including lung nodules and masses, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and pleural diseases. Bronchoscopies with endobronchial ultrasonography and electromagnetic navigation are examples of new technology that has significantly improved the specificity and sensitivity of these procedures in diagnosis and staging of lung cancer without the need for more invasive procedures. This report describes the different diagnostic pulmonary interventions providing a description of the procedures, their indications, diagnostic yield and drawback.
Ascending pharyngeal artery arising from a hypoplastic internal carotid artery
Authors: Sidani Charif A , Sulaiman Rami , Rahal Amr , Campbell Danea J
Published: July 2015

Normal vascular variants often have clinical/surgical significance and can be misinterpreted for pathology. We report a case ascending pharyngeal artery arising from a hypoplastic internal carotid artery. We provide clues to differentiate between dysgenesis and disease/thrombosis of the internal carotid artery.
Effective Population Size and Signatures of Selection Using Bovine 50K SNP Chips in Korean Native Cattle (Hanwoo)
Authors: Li Yi , Kim Jong-Joo
Published: July 2015

Inferring the effective population size and the pattern of selection signatures is of interest both from an evolutionary perspective and to improve models for mapping of quantitative trait genes. We used DNA samples of 61 sires and 486 progeny of the Hanwoo, genotyped by the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip, to analyze the genetic structure. Our study showed a persistent decline in effective population size throughout the period considered, but suggested a marked decline at one distinctive time point (100th generation) and two sharp decline intervals (50th-25th generation and 25th-10th generation). This pattern can be explained by Hanwoo formation and the modern breeding program. Our results revealed 95 regions exhibiting the footprint of recent positive selection at a threshold level of 0.01. We found an overlap of the 11 core regions presenting top P-values and those that had previously been identified as harboring quantitative trait loci from other breeds. The information generated from this study can be used to better understand the mechanism of selection in Hanwoo breeding, and provide important implications for the design and application of association studies in the Hanwoo population.
Feasibility of bioplastic mulch systems to stimulate early seed germination and plant growth for corn silage hybrids
Authors: Beres Brian L. , Stevenson F. Craig
Published: July 2015

Beres, B. L. and Stevenson, F. C. 2015. Feasibility of bioplastic mulch systems to stimulate early seed germination and plant growth for corn silage hybrids. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1229–1234. A study was conducted at Vauxhall and Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, in 2006 and 2007 to determine if covering corn (Zea mays L.) seed rows with bioplastic mulch accelerates growth and improves yield. Each site (location by year combination) included all factorial combinations of three seeding rates (64 000, 74 000, and 84 000 kernels ha−1), two Pioneer® corn hybrids [39J26 at 2350 corn heat units (CHU), high vigour; and Roundup Ready® 38K46 at 2775 CHU; low vigour], and seedbed preparation (1), bioplastic mulch covering each seed row, (2) same bioplastic system but removed 3 wk post-planting, or (3) no plastic covering. The use of a bioplastic mulch decreased days to anthesis and silking, and the removal of plastic often decreased days to anthesis a further day or two. Application and subsequent removal of plastic from corn rows always increased corn plant height relative to plots without plastic. However, the use of plastic without removal limited weed control, causing increased weed weight by 0.3–0.5 Mg ha−1 at the three sites. A yield reduction of 5–9 Mg ha−1 occurred with plastic mulch vs. no plastic applied or plastic removed at Vauxhall in 2006 (High CHU hybrid) and at Lethbridge in 2007 (both hybrids). Otherwise, yield was not affected with plastic applied vs. no plastic. Removal of the plastic offers accelerated plant growth and proper timing of weed removal, but the feasibility in a corn silage system at recommended sowing dates is questionable due to logistics at planting and increased costs. The system would provide earlier harvest dates for silage or grain systems, which lessens the risk of frost effects in fall.
Non-extendable Zero Sets of Harmonic and Holomorphic Functions
Authors: Gauthier P. M.
Published: July 2015

In this paper we study the zero sets of harmonic functions on open sets in ℝN and holomorphic functions on open sets in ℂN. We show that the non-extendability of such zero sets is a generic phenomenon.
Mosquitoes of Anopheles hyrcanus (Diptera, Culicidae) Group: Species Diagnostic and Phylogenetic Relationships
Authors: Khrabrova Natalia V. , Andreeva Yulia V. , Sibataev Anuarbek K. , Alekseeva Svetlana S. , Esenbekova Perizat A.
Published: July 2015

Herein, we report the results of study of Anopheles species in Primorsk and Khabarovsk regions of Russia. Three species of the Anopheles hyrcanus group: An. kleini, An. pullus, and An. lesteri were identified by molecular taxonomic diagnostics for the first time in Russia. Surprisingly, An. sinensis, which earlier was considered the only species of Anopheles in Russian Far East, was not observed. We analyzed nucleotide variation in the 610-bp fragment of the 5′ end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region. All species possessed a distinctive set of COI sequences. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed for members of the hyrcanus group. The examined Anopheles hyrcanus group members could be divided into two major subgroups: subgroup 1 (An. hyrcanus and An. pullus) and subgroup 2 (An. sinensis, An. kleini, and An. lesteri), which were found to be monophyletic.
Causes of Fever in Rural Southern Laos
Authors: Mayxay Mayfong , Sengvilaipaseuth Onanong , Chanthongthip Anisone , Dubot-Pérès Audrey , Rolain Jean-Marc , Parola Philippe , Craig Scott B. , Tulsiani Suhella , Burns Mary-Anne , Khanthavong Maniphone , Keola Siamphay , Pongvongsa Tiengkham , Raoult Didier , Dittrich Sabine , Newton Paul N.
Published: July 2015

The etiology of fever in rural Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) has remained obscure until recently owing to the lack of laboratory facilities. We conducted a study to determine the causes of fever among 229 patients without malaria in Savannakhet Province, southern Laos; 52% had evidence of at least one diagnosis (45% with single and 7% with apparent multiple infections). Among patients with only one diagnosis, dengue (30.1%) was the most common, followed by leptospirosis (7.0%), Japanese encephalitis virus infection (3.5%), scrub typhus (2.6%), spotted fever group infection (0.9%), unspecified flavivirus infection (0.9%), and murine typhus (0.4%). We discuss the empirical treatment of fever in relation to these findings.
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Dengue Virus Serotype-1 Purified-Inactivated Vaccine: Results of a Phase 1 Clinical Trial
Authors: Martinez Luis Javier , Lin Leyi , Blaylock Jason M. , Lyons Arthur G. , Bauer Kristen M. , De La Barrera Rafael , Simmons Monika , Jarman Richard G. , Currier Jeffrey R. , Friberg Heather , Danko Janine R. , Teneza-Mora Nimfa C. , Putnak J. Robert , Eckels Kenneth H. , Thomas Stephen J.
Published: July 2015

We describe the results from a human clinical trial of a dengue virus serotype-1, purified-inactivated vaccine (DENV-1 PIV) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide. This first-in-man, Phase 1, open-label clinical trial consisted of two groups of flavivirus-naïve healthy adult volunteers that received two intramuscular vaccine doses of either 2.5 μg or 5 μg of DENV-1 PIV administered on days 0 and 28. Following vaccination, both vaccine doses exhibited an acceptable safety profile with minimal injection site and systemic reactions. By study day 42, 2 weeks following the second vaccine dose, all volunteers in both vaccine groups developed serum-neutralizing antibodies against DENV-1. Additional testing using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated induction of a humoral immune response following both vaccine doses. The DENV-1 PIV was safe and immunogenic in a small number of volunteers supporting development and further testing of a tetravalent DENV PIV formulation.
The Effect of Glycopyrrolate on Induction Dose of Propofol during General Anesthesia
Authors: Arora Suman , Hegde Harihar Vishwanath , Wig Jyotsna , Puri Goverdhan Dutt
Published: July 2015

Background

Preinduction cardiac output (CO) is a small but significant predictor of induction dose of propofol. We hypothesized that glycopyrrolate, by inducing tachycardia (although to a small extent) would increase CO, and hence the induction dose of propofol. Aim of the study was to find out the dose of propofol required to induce anesthesia in patients receiving glycopyrrolate as compared to those not receiving it.

Meterials and methods

Eighty female patients (25-60 years, ASA-1, 2) undergoing elective procedures under general anesthesia were randomized into group G (glycopyrrolate) and group C (control). Patients received 1 ml (0.2 mg) glycopyrrolate (group G) or 1 ml normal saline (group C) intravenously 5 minutes before induction. Anesthesia was induced with propofol at a rate of 0.8 mg/kg/min titrated to achieve a target BIS = 40. Dose of propofol required for induction of anesthesia (loss of consciousness) and to reach the target BIS, heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at various intervals were compared. Correlation between the dose of propofol required to reach target BIS = 40 and heart rate after giving the test drug was performed by regression analysis.

Results

The dose of propofol required for achieving target BIS was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in group G (2.08 ± 0.42 mg/kg) (mean ± SD) as compared to group C (1.66 ± 0.23 mg/ kg). There was a significant positive correlation between the preinduction HR (3 minutes after giving the test drug) and the propofol dose required to reach target BIS = 40 (r = 0.356, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Administration of 0.2 mg of glycopyrrolate intravenously before induction of general anesthesia significantly increased the dose of propofol required for induction of anesthesia.

How to cite this article

Arora S, Hegde HV, wig J, Puri GD. The Effect of Glycopyrrolate on Induction Dose of Propofol during General Anesthesia. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(2): 62-65.
Solitary Fibular Metastasis from Hilar Adenocarcinoma of Lung
Authors: Dasan Arul , Kalanayak Vasanthakumar , Deepashri B
Published: July 2015

Adenocarcinoma constitutes 25 to 30% of cases of bronchogenic carcinoma. Most cases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma present as peripheral nodules rather than a central mass. It is the most common type of bronchogenic carcinoma in nonsmokers. Skeletal metastasis from bronchogenic carcinoma occurs most commonly to the spine, pelvis and femur. Solitary skeletal metastasis especially to bones below the elbow and knee is rare. We present a case of adenocarcinoma arising from right intermediate bronchus with solitary skeletal metastasis to the left fibula. Multimodality imaging is used for the diagnosis and characterization of the mass as well as the metastasis.

How to cite this article

Dasan A, Kalanayak V, Deepashri B. Solitary Fibular Metastasis from Hilar Adenocarcinoma of Lung. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(2):79-82.
Effects of Anger on Interpretation Bias, Negative Beliefs about Uncertainty, and Worry Catastrophizing: An Experimental Study
Authors: Deschênes Sonya S. , Dugas Michel J. , Anderson Kristin G. , Gouin Jean-Philippe
Published: July 2015

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms are associated with elevated anger; however the nature of these associations is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that anger perpetuates GAD symptoms and associated cognitive vulnerabilities by examining the effects of laboratory-induced anger on worry, negative interpretative style, and negative beliefs about uncertainty. Participants were randomized to an anger induction (n = 43) or a control condition (n = 34). An interpretation bias task, questionnaire items assessing beliefs about uncertainty, and a worry task were administered following the manipulation. Participants in the anger condition reported greater increases in negative interpretative style and in the belief that uncertainty is unfair and spoils everything than those in the control condition; however no group differences were found related to worry. Results provide partial support for the notion that anger contributes to cognitive vulnerabilities underlying GAD, namely negative interpretative style and specific beliefs about uncertainty.
Automatization and familiarity in repeated checking: A replication
Authors: Dek Eliane C.P. , van den Hout Marcel A. , Giele Catharina L. , Engelhard Iris M.
Published: July 2015

Repetitive, compulsive-like checking of an object leads to reductions in memory confidence, vividness, and detail. Experimental research suggests that this is caused by increased familiarity with perceptual characteristics of the stimulus and automatization of the checking procedure (Dek, van den Hout, Giele, & Engelhard, 2014). This suggests that defamiliarization by modifying perceptual characteristics of the stimulus will result in de-automatization and attenuation of the meta-memory effects. However, this was not found (Dek et al., 2014), but the manipulation may have been too weak.

In two experiments, the present investigation examined whether modification of the defamiliarization procedure (i.e., enlarging the amount of color alterations of the stimuli) would result in de-automatization and attenuation of the metamemory effects. Undergraduates performed a checking task, in which they activated, de-activated, and checked stimuli. Meta-memory was rated after a pre- and post-test checking trial. Simultaneously, automatization of checking was measured with a reaction time task during the pre- and post-test checking trial. In the reaction time task participants responded as quickly as possible to tones. In both experiments, perseverative checking reduced memory confidence, vividness, and detail, and led to automatization of checking behavior. In Experiment I, moderate defamiliarization led to de-automatization, but did not attenuate meta-memory effects of checking. In Experiment II, strong defamiliarization did not lead to de-automatization, but did reduce the detrimental effects of re-checking on memory confidence and vividness. This research suggests that automatization is a potential mechanism underlying the paradoxical phenomenon of perseveration leading to memory uncertainty.
Characterisation of J(O1D) at Cape Grim 2000–2005
Authors: Wilson S. R.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Estimates of the rate of production of excited oxygen atoms due to the photolysis of ozone (J(O1D)) have been derived from radiation measurements carried out at Cape Grim, Tasmania (40.6° S, 144.7° E). The individual measurements have a total uncertainty of 16 % (1σ). These estimates agree well with model estimates of clear-sky photolysis rates. Observations spanning 2000–2005 have been used to quantify the impact of season, clouds and ozone column amount. The annual cycle of J(O1D) has been investigated via monthly means. These means show an interannual variation (monthly standard deviation) of 9 %, but in midsummer and midwinter this reduces to 3–5 %. Variations in solar zenith angle and total column ozone explain 86 % of the observed variability in the measured photolysis rates. The impact of total column ozone, expressed as a radiation amplification factor (RAF), is found to be ~ 1.53, in agreement with model estimates. This ozone dependence explains 20 % of the variation observed at medium solar zenith angles (30–50°). The impact of clouds results in a median reduction of 30 % in J(O1D) for the same solar zenith angle range. Including estimates of cloudiness derived from long-wave radiation measurements resulted in a statistically significant fit to observations, but the quality of the fit did not increase significantly as measured by the adjusted R2.
Fourteen months of on-line measurements of the non-refractory submicron aerosol at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) – chemical composition, origins and organic aerosol sources
Authors: Fröhlich R. , Cubison M. J. , Slowik J. G. , Bukowiecki N. , Canonaco F. , Henne S. , Herrmann E. , Gysel M. , Steinbacher M. , Baltensperger U. , Prévôt A. S. H.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Chemically resolved (organic, nitrate, sulphate, ammonium) data of non-refractory submicron (NR-PM1) aerosol from the first long-term deployment (27 July 2012 to 02 October 2013) of a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ToF-ACSM) at the Swiss high altitude site Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) are presented. Besides total mass loadings, diurnal variations and relative species contributions during the different meteorological seasons, geographical origin and sources of organic aerosol (OA) are discussed. Backward transport simulations shows that the highest (especially sulphate) concentrations of NR-PM1 were measured in air masses advected to the station from regions south of the JFJ while lowest concentrations were seen from western regions. OA source apportionment for each season was performed using the Source Finder (SoFi) interface for the multilinear engine (ME-2). OA was dominated in all seasons by oxygenated OA (OOA, 71–88 %), with lesser contributions from local tourism-related activities (7–12 %) and hydrocarbon-like OA related to regional vertical transport (3–9 %). In summer the OOA can be separated into a background low-volatility OA (LV-OOA I, possibly associated with long range transport) and a slightly less oxidised low-volatility OA (LV-OOA II) associated with regional vertical transport. Wood burning-related OA associated with regional transport was detected during the whole winter 2012/2013 and during rare events in summer 2013, in the latter case attributed to small scale transport for the surrounding valleys. Additionally, the data were divided into periods with free tropospheric (FT) conditions and periods with planetary boundary layer (PBL) influence enabling the assessment of the composition for each. Most nitrate and part of the OA is injected from the regional PBL while sulphate is mainly produced in the FT. The south/north gradient of sulphate is also pronounced in FT air masses (sulphate mass fraction from the south: 45 %, from the north: 29 %). Furthermore, a detailed investigation of specific marker fragments of the OA spectra (f43, f44, f55, f57, f60) showed different degrees of ageing depending on season.
On the ability of RegCM4 regional climate model to simulate surface solar radiation patterns over Europe: an assessment using satellite-based observations
Authors: Alexandri G. , Georgoulias A. K. , Zanis P. , Katragkou E. , Tsikerdekis A. , Kourtidis K. , Meleti C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. In this work, we assess the ability of RegCM4 regional climate model to simulate surface solar radiation (SSR) patterns over Europe. A decadal RegCM4 run (2000–2009) was implemented and evaluated against satellite-based observations from the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) showing that the model simulates adequately the SSR patterns over the region. The bias between RegCM4 and CM SAF is +1.54 % for MFG (Meteosat First Generation) and +3.34 % for MSG (Meteosat Second Generation) observations. The relative contribution of parameters that determine the transmission of solar radiation within the atmosphere to the deviation appearing between RegCM4 and CM SAF SSR is also examined. Cloud macrophysical and microphysical properties such as cloud fractional cover (CFC), cloud optical thickness (COT) and cloud effective radius (Re) from RegCM4 are evaluated against data from CM SAF. The same procedure is repeated for aerosol optical properties such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), asymmetry factor (ASY) and single scattering albedo (SSA), as well as other parameters including surface broadband albedo (ALB) and water vapor amount (WV) using data from MACv1 aerosol climatology, from CERES satellite sensors and from ERA-Interim reanalysis. It is shown here that the good agreement between RegCM4 and satellite-based SSR observations can be partially attributed to counteracting effects among the above mentioned parameters. The contribution of each parameter to the RegCM4-CM SAF SSR deviations is estimated with the combined use of the aforementioned data and a radiative transfer model (SBDART). CFC, COT and AOD are the major determinants of these deviations; however, the other parameters also play an important role for specific regions and seasons.
ACTRIS non-methane hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment in Europe to support WMO GAW and EMEP observation networks
Authors: Hoerger C. C. , Claude A. , Plass-Duelmer C. , Reimann S. , Eckart E. , Steinbrecher R. , Aalto J. , Arduini J. , Bonnaire N. , Cape J. N. , Colomb A. , Connolly R. , Diskova J. , Dumitrean P. , Ehlers C. , Gros V. , Hakola H. , Hill M. , Hopkins J. R. , Jäger J. , Junek R. , Kajos M. K. , Klemp D. , Leuchner M. , Lewis A. C. , Locoge N. , Maione M. , Martin D. , Michl K. , Nemitz E. , O'Doherty S. , Pérez Ballesta P. , Ruuskanen T. M. , Sauvage S. , Schmidbauer N. , Spain T. G. , Straube E. , Vana M. , Vollmer M. K. , Wegener R. , Wenger A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The performance of 18 European institutions involved in long-term non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) measurements in ambient air within the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) and the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) was assessed with respect to data quality objectives (DQOs) of ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network) and GAW. Compared to previous intercomparison studies the DQOs define a novel approach to assess and ensure a high quality of the measurements. Having already been adopted by GAW, the ACTRIS DQOs are demanding with deviations to a reference value of less than 5 % and a repeatability of better than 2 % for NMHC mole fractions above 0.1 nmol mol−1. The participants of the intercomparison analysed two dry gas mixtures in pressurised cylinders, a 30-component NMHC mixture in nitrogen (NMHC_N2) at approximately 1 nmol mol−1 and a whole air sample (NMHC_air), following a standardised operation procedure including zero- and calibration gas measurements. Furthermore, participants had to report details on their instruments and assess their measurement uncertainties. The NMHCs were analysed either by gas chromatography–flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) or by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the NMHC_N2 measurements, 62 % of the reported values were within the 5 % deviation class corresponding to the ACTRIS DQOs. For NMHC_air, generally more frequent and larger deviations to the assigned values were observed, with 50 % of the reported values within the 5 % deviation class. Important contributors to the poorer performance in NMHC_air compared to NMHC_N2 were a more complex matrix and a larger span of NMHC mole fractions (0.03–2.5 nmol mol−1). The performance of the participating laboratories were affected by the different measurement procedures such as the usage of a two-step vs. a one-step calibration, breakthroughs of C2–C3 hydrocarbons in the focussing trap, blank values in zero-gas measurements (especially for those systems using a Nafion® Dryer), adsorptive losses of aromatic compounds, and insufficient chromatographic separation.
Two-dimensional distribution of living benthic foraminifera in anoxic sediment layers of an estuarine mudflat (Loire Estuary, France)
Authors: Thibault de Chanvalon A. , Metzger E. , Mouret A. , Cesbron F. , Knoery J. , Rozuel E. , Launeau P. , Nardelli M. P. , Jorissen F. J. , Geslin E.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We present a new rapid and accurate protocol to simultaneously sample benthic living foraminifera in two dimensions in a centimeter scale vertical grid and dissolved iron in high resolution (200 μm). Such an approach appears crucial to study foraminiferal ecology in heterogeneous environments. The foraminiferal faunas of the main intertidal mudflat of the Loire estuary are dominated by Ammonia tepida, which accounts for 92 % of the living assemblage (CTG-labeled). Its vertical distribution shows a first density maximum at the surface, a sharp decrease in the next two centimeter followed by a well defined second maximum between 3 and 8 cm depth. The heterogeneity of A. tepida in this 3–8 cm depth layer was calculated by the Moran's Index and reveals lateral patches with a characteristic length of 1 to 2 cm. We investigate mechanisms potentially responsible for this distribution by observation of burrow structures and two-dimensional high-resolution imaging of dissolved iron. The surface maximum corresponded to the area of maximum oxygen availability. Observable burrows have no clear relation with the distribution of A. tepida but were closely related to dissolved iron distribution. Consequently, no evident relation between A. tepida and dissolved iron was observed. Nevertheless, two one cm-wide structures, enriched in dissolved iron produced by anaerobic degradation of labile organic matter, corresponded to increased A. tepida densities. This observation suggests that within strongly oxygen-depleted sediments, A. tepida could still be favoured by labile organic carbon. The main characteristics of the vertical distribution of A. tepida are interpreted in the present study as a combination of passive downward transport by biomixing into deeper suboxic (without both oxygen and sulfide) sediment layers and a subsequent mobility driven by a sensitivity to geochemical gradients. We hypothesize that the survival of A. tepida in oxygen depleted environments is explained its ability to lower its metabolism between periods of oxygen renewal by bioirrigation.
Responses of soil microbial communities and enzyme activities to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in Chinese fir plantations of subtropical China
Authors: Dong W. Y. , Zhang X. Y. , Liu X. Y. , Fu X. L. , Chen F. S. , Wang H. M. , Sun X. M. , Wen X. F.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions to forest ecosystems are known to influence various above-ground properties, such as plant productivity and composition, and below-ground properties, such as soil nutrient cycling. However, our understanding of how soil microbial communities and their functions respond to nutrient additions in subtropical plantations is still not complete. In this study, we added N and P to Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China to examine how nutrient additions influenced soil microbial community composition and enzyme activities. The results showed that most soil microbial properties were responsive to N and/or P additions, but responses often varied depending on the nutrient added and the quantity added. For instance, there were more than 30 % greater increases in the activities of β-Glucosidase (βG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in the treatments that received nutrient additions compared to the control plot, whereas acid phosphatase (aP) activity was always higher (57 and 71 %, respectively) in the P treatment. N and P additions greatly enhanced the PLFA abundanceespecially in the N2P treatment, the bacterial PLFAs (bacPLFAs), fungal PLFAs (funPLFAs) and actinomycic PLFAs (actPLFAs) were about 2.5, 3 and 4 times higher, respectively, than in the CK. Soil enzyme activities were noticeably higher in November than in July, mainly due to seasonal differences in soil moisture content (SMC). βG or NAG activities were significantly and positively correlated with microbial PLFAs. There were also significant relationships between gram-positive (G+) bacteria and all three soil enzymes. These findings indicate that G+ bacteria is the most important microbial community in C, N, and P transformations in Chinese fir plantations, and that βG and NAG would be useful tools for assessing the biogeochemical transformation and metabolic activity of soil microbes. We recommend combined additions of N and P fertilizer to promote soil fertility and microbial activity in this kind of plantation.
Lateral carbon fluxes and CO2 outgassing from a tropical peat-draining river
Authors: Müller D. , Warneke T. , Rixen T. , Müller M. , Jamahari S. , Denis N. , Mujahid A. , Notholt J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Tropical peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle due to their immense carbon storage capacity. However, pristine peat swamp forests are vanishing due to deforestation and peatland degradation, especially in Southeast Asia. CO2 emissions associated with this land use change might not only come from the peat soil directly, but also from peat-draining rivers. So far, though, this has been mere speculation, since there was no data from undisturbed reference sites. We present the first combined assessment of lateral organic carbon fluxes and CO2 outgassing from an undisturbed tropical peat-draining river. Two sampling campaigns were undertaken on the Maludam river in Sarawak, Malaysia. The river catchment is covered by protected peat swamp forest, offering a unique opportunity to study a peat-draining river in its natural state, without any influence from tributaries with different characteristics. The two campaigns yielded consistent results. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations ranged between 3222 and 6218 μmol L−1 and accounted for more than 99 % of the total organic carbon (TOC). Radiocarbon dating revealed that the riverine DOC was of recent origin, suggesting that it derives from the top soil layers and surface runoff. We observed strong oxygen depletion, implying high rates of organic matter decomposition and consequently CO2 production. The measured median pCO2 was 7795 and 8400 μatm during the two campaigns, respectively. Overall, we found that only 26 ± 15 % of the carbon was exported by CO2 evasion, while the rest was exported by discharge. CO2 outgassing seemed to be moderated by the short water residence time. Since most Southeast Asian peatlands are located at the coast, this is probably an important limiting factor for CO2 outgassing from most of its peat-draining rivers.