bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI Tools for Efficient Writing and Editing
Authors: Samantaray Rashmi Rani , Azeez Abdul
Published: May 2024

Wisdom cannot be replaced by AI tools. AI tools can save time spent on a pre-draft research. AI tools can open the door to create a better writing outcome. AI tools can boost productivity. Writing produced by AI tools still needs a human touch. Academic writing has undergone a revolution as a result of AI. Writing a book, a research grant, or even an academic journal article can be done by using AI techniques. Additionally, there are several AI-powered applications that can assist researchers in editing their publications and use English correctly.
AI in Research
Authors: Srivastava Shalini , Bajpai Ankita , Gbobaniyi Olabode
Published: May 2024

The three-level model of learning provides a useful entry point for understanding artificial intelligence and its potential impact on human activities. When AI entered social practices at the level of operations, it augmented and complemented activities, thus increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the way things were done. Likewise, at the level of acts, AI has replaced, substituted, and automated acts that were previously done by humans. Thus, the integration of AI into the realm of research has ushered in a transformative era of data-driven discovery and innovation. AI in research not only spans diverse fields, from enhancing data analysis to aiding decision-making processes, but more importantly, it has become a dynamic field with significant potential and challenges. The purpose of this chapter is to explore its challenges and future directions.
Securing Privacy in the Metaverse
Authors: Sharma Parveen Kumar , Ramesh B. , Arslan Farrukh , Parashar Anshumali , Malarvizhi N. , Soni Sharmila K.
Published: May 2024

This research explores the integration of privacy-preserving federated learning techniques in the context of biomedical image analysis within the metaverse. The metaverse, a virtual shared space, has witnessed remarkable advancements in various fields, including healthcare. However, ensuring the confidentiality of sensitive medical data poses a significant challenge. This study proposes a novel approach to address this concern by employing federated learning, a collaborative machine learning paradigm that enables model training across decentralized devices without compromising individual data privacy. The investigation focuses on the application of these techniques to enhance biomedical image analysis within the metaverse, aiming to facilitate medical research and diagnosis. Through the implementation of secure and privacy-preserving federated learning, the authors aim to strike a balance between technological innovation and safeguarding sensitive health information in the evolving landscape of the metaverse.
Federated Learning Approach to Safeguard User Privacy
Authors: Bansal Aryan , Karmel A.
Published: May 2024

Current intrusion detection models based on machine learning require reliable datasets, but the public dataset updates are typically delayed after new attacks, which slows down the model's update speed. Also, to train the existing model, the data needs to be shared; hence, it lacks data integrity. To address this issue, this project implements a never-ending learning (NEL) framework for intrusion detection that utilizes multi-task and transfer learning to continuously acquire knowledge from private datasets, regardless of sharing them publicly. The NEL framework also integrates serendipitous learning, which updates the model by identifying and classifying new attack categories from the suspected traffic of attacked devices. The project also enhances various continuous learning training methods with federated learning to safeguard user privacy, ensuring that user data is not transmitted directly.
Real-World Applications of Explainable AI in Healthcare
Authors: Mahajan Yash , Sharma Muskan , Singh Inderjeet
Published: May 2024

This chapter delves into the profound impact of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) on the healthcare sector, emphasizing its pivotal role in elevating diagnostics, treatment modalities, and ultimately, patient outcomes. The integration of artificial intelligence into healthcare has brought about a revolutionary shift, promising unparalleled improvements in patient care and insights gleaned from extensive datasets. A core theme explores XAI as the remedy to demystify intricate decision-making processes inherent in AI algorithms, especially the traditionally opaque deep learning neural networks. The narrative unfolds as a journey showcasing practical applications of XAI in healthcare, illuminating its capacity to equip healthcare professionals with actionable insights, instill trust, and effectively address ethical concerns.
Healthcare Services Enhancement in the Smart City Using 5G
Authors: Rao Manjula Gururaj , Gururaj Rao H. , Priyanka H. , Reddy Hemant Kumar , Kumar C. Sree , Noronha Shaun
Published: May 2024

A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that uses different modes of electronic methods and sensors to collect specific data. The information collected can be used efficiently and effectively to improve the quality of operations across the city. Fifth generation (5G) technology for wireless mobile communication is best suited for smart city services, which provide higher data rates, increased traffic capacity, ultra-low latency, and high connection density. Rich healthcare sector (HCS) is one core foundation block for any smart city, which will benefit from a wide range of vital communication infrastructure provided by 5G. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the effects and ramifications of 5G in HCS from a wide range of perspectives. The technological setting and the financial advantages of 5G are also covered in this chapter, keeping smart cities in mind. More information is provided on the model that is suggested for the HCS for the 5G-enabled smart city.
AI in Mental Health Federated Learning and Privacy
Authors: Pardeshi Shyelendra Madansing , Jain Dinesh Chandra
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the realm of mental health, focusing on the application of federated learning to ensure privacy and confidentiality. The study delves into the challenges of implementing AI-driven solutions in mental health contexts while prioritizing the protection of sensitive patient information. By leveraging federated learning, a decentralized machine learning approach, the research aims to enhance the accuracy and efficacy of mental health diagnostics without compromising individual privacy. The chapter discusses the potential benefits and ethical considerations associated with the use of AI in mental health, emphasizing the importance of technological advancements.
Machine Learning for Software Engineering
Authors: Kumar Aman
Published: May 2024

Machine learning (ML) is a field of study that focuses on developing techniques to automatically derive models from data. Machine learning has shown effectiveness in various domains of software engineering, encompassing behaviors extraction, testing, and issue remediation. Several further applications have yet to be determined. Nevertheless, acquiring a more comprehensive comprehension of ML techniques, including their underlying assumptions and assurances, will facilitate the adoption and selection of suitable approaches by software developers for their intended applications. The authors contend that the selection can be influenced by the models one aims to deduce. This technical briefing examines and contemplates the utilization of machine learning in the field of software engineering, categorized based on the models they generate and the methodologies they employ.
Mobile App Testing and the AI Advantage in Mobile App Fine-Tuning
Authors: Singh Suryadev , Kumar Shubham , Singh Sandeep Kumar
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores mobile app testing evolution, highlighting artificial intelligence (AI) as a key enhancement. It focuses on how AI transforms testing with automated test generation and predictive analytics. A spotlight on Apptim, an AI-powered performance testing tool, reveals its capability for in-depth analysis across devices and networks. Apptim excels in evaluating app responsiveness, battery usage, and optimization, offering data-driven insights for app refinement. Case studies illustrate Apptim's effectiveness in improving app quality and user experience. The text advocates integrating Apptim into development for continuous monitoring and leveraging AI recommendations for efficient app development.
Cerebroplacental Ratio and Cerebrouterine Ratio as Predictors of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Preeclamptic Pregnant Women
Authors: Patange R. P. , Patil Sanjay Kumar S. , Patil Supriya , Thoti Kiran Kumar
Published: May 2024

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive pregnancy illness linked to poor outcomes for the unborn child. While the “cerebrouterine ratio (CU)” is a new measure that represents both the uterine circulation of the mother and the cerebral circulation of the foetus, the “cerebroplacental ratio (CP)” is a well-established Doppler parameter for foetal assessment. The purpose of this research was to assess how well preeclamptic pregnancies' diagnostic features for CP and CU predicted unfavourable newborn outcomes. A prospective cohort research comprising 300 pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia. Doppler ultrasonography was used to calculate CP and CU. Preterm birth, IUGR, and perinatal mortality were examples of adverse neonatal outcomes. Diagnostic features were evaluated, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were produced. When the threshold was set at 0.85, CP showed excellent sensitivity and specificity, with an AUC of 0.82. CU demonstrated great specificity (91.3%) at the 0.80 threshold. Combining CP and CU improved risk categorization by offering a thorough evaluation of foetal well-being. CP and CU are useful instruments for evaluating risk in preeclampsia. With its high specificity, CU detects high-risk cases, whereas CP's sensitivity makes it a useful screening tool. Their complementary qualities improve risk assessment, supporting clinical judgment. More research is necessary to validate these results and determine the best cutoff values for various clinical settings. In preeclampsia, CP, and CU show promise as indicators of unfavourable neonatal outcomes. When used singly or in combination, they can enhance clinical management and risk assessment, which may improve outcomes for mothers and newborns in preeclamptic pregnancies.
Comparative Evaluation of Dinoprostone Gel and Pessary for Labor Induction on Efficacy and Safety Assessment
Authors: Laddad Manisha , Patange R. P. , Patil Supriya , Mahdy Wafiya
Published: May 2024

Labor induction is used to start labour when medical or obstetric symptoms occur. Dinoprostone, a prostaglandin E2 analogue, is widely synthesised for this purpose. Dinoprostone is mostly used as gel and pessary, which have different application ways but the same active ingredient. This study examined the safety and efficacy of pessary and dinoprostone gel for labour induction, focusing on fetomaternal outcomes. A prospective randomised controlled trial included 300 healthy pregnant moms who met labor-inducing criteria. Participants were randomly assigned Pessary or Dinoprostone gels. Inducing labour was the major goal, while uterine hyperstimulation, maternal side effects, newborn Apgar scores, neonatal resuscitation, and NICU admissions were secondary endpoints. The statistical tests were used to analyse the data. Labor induction success rates for Dinoprostone gel and pessaries were 85 and 87 percent, respectively. Neither group had more maternal side effects or uterine hyperstimulation. The groups had similar infant Apgar ratings at 1 and 5 minutes, NICU admissions, and resuscitation needs. This study concludes that pessary and dinoprostone gel induce labour safely and effectively. Selecting between the two categories based on clinical indications and patient characteristics supports personalised obstetrics treatment. The findings demonstrate dinoprostone's safety and efficacy in labour induction and support clinical decision-making.
Maternal and Fetal Outcome Comparison of Labor Induction With Foley's Catheter and Cervical Ripening Balloon Following Previous Cesarean Section
Authors: Patange R. P. , Patil Sanjay Kumar S. , Kshirsagar N. S. , Bawi Taufikin Arslan
Published: May 2024

The rising number of caesarean sections, especially among women who have had one prior surgery (LSCS), has sparked questions over the effectiveness and safety of labour induction techniques. In women having one prior LSCS, this research aimed to examine the results for the mother and foetus after labour induction using Foley's catheter and “Cervical Ripening Balloon (CRB)”. Five hundred pregnant women with a history of one previous LSCS, a gestational age between 37 and 42 weeks, and a favorable Bishop score of less than or equal to four were enrolled in this prospective observational research. Two sets of patients were established: 250 had labour induction via Foley's catheter, and another 250 underwent it via CRB. The effectiveness of labour induction, uterine hyperstimulation, post-induction caesarean section, and maternal complications were among the maternal and foetal outcomes evaluated. The prevalence of foetal distress, the Apgar scores at one and five minutes, and neonatal problems were all considered foetal outcomes. Compared to the Foley group, the CRB group showed significantly higher labour induction efficacy (78.0% vs. 62.0%, p < 0.001) and a reduced incidence of uterine hyperstimulation (11.2% vs. 18.0%, p = 0.045). Although there was no significant difference in the rate of post-induction caesarean sections, there was a trend in the CRB group towards fewer caesarean sections (7.6% vs. 12.0%, p = 0.132). There were comparable maternal problems in each group (p = 0.287). The CRB group had lower rates of foetal distress (8.8% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.021), and their newborns scored higher on the Apgar scale at 1 and 5 minutes (p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively). Complications throughout infancy were similar (p = 0.165). In summary, CRB showed superiority regarding foetal distress incidence, uterine hyperstimulation risk, and efficacy for inducing labour. The CRB group showed trends indicating a lower rate of caesarean sections while maintaining maternal safety. The results are consistent with earlier studies, suggesting that CRB is the better technique for inducing labour in women who have had one previous LSCS. Future research should include larger trials, long-term outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and patient preferences to improve this population's current understanding of labor induction.
Effects of antisperm antibodies post vasectomy reversal on pregnancy rates
Authors: Abouelgreed Tamer A. , Amer Mohamed A. , Mamdouh Hassan , El-Sherbiny Ahmed F. , Aboelwafa Hany , Omar Omar A. , Abdelshakour Mohammed , Elesawy Mohammad , Sonbol Mohamed , Maawad Ahmed N. , Zayed Elsayed M. , Eldestawy Mostafa T.
Published: May 2024

Objective: To investigate the correlation between antisperm antibodies (ASAs), pregnancy rates, and the method of conception following vasectomy reversal. This is particularly relevant as patients undergoing vasectomy reversal often express concerns about the potential inhibitory effects of ASAs on achieving pregnancy. Additionally, the American Urological Association guidelines for vasectomy emphasize the need for further research to address this question.
Patient and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis involving chart reviews and phone interviews with individuals who underwent vasectomy reversal at our institution between May 2015 and April 2023. Patients who underwent vasectomy reversal for reasons other than fertility, as well as those lacking postoperative semen analysis with ASA data, were excluded. We classified patients based on low (below 50%) or high (50% or above) ASA levels determined by their initial postoperative semen analysis. The primary outcome measured was the pregnancy rate, including details on the method of conception.
Results: A total of 145 patients were subjected to chart review. The median age at the time of surgery was 43 years, with a median obstruction interval of 7.7 years. The median age of their partners was 29 years. The majority (80%) of patients underwent bilateral vasovasostomy. Among them, 60 patients (41.4%) exhibited low (< 50%) ASA levels, while 85 (58.6%) had high (≥ 50%) ASA levels. Follow-up phone interviews were completed by 48 patients. Among them, the 19 men with low ASA levels, 13 (68.4%) achieved pregnancy, with 6 (31.6%) experiencing spontaneous conception. For the 29 men with high ASA levels, 21 (72.4%) achieved pregnancy, including 11 (38%) through spontaneous conception. The p-value from Fisher’s exact test was 0.2.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ASA levels do not show a significant association with either the pregnancy rate or the method of conception following vasectomy reversal.
LETERMOVIR PRIMARY CYTOMEGALOVIRUS PROPHYLAXIS IN ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS: COULD INFECTION AND DISEASE NO LONGER BE A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM?
Authors: Herrera Fabian
Published: May 2024

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains the most common clinically significant infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.
Objectives: The present study was designed to describe and compare the incidence of untreated CMV reactivation (uCMVr), clinically significant infection (cs-CMVi) and disease (CMVd), as well as CMV-related hospitalization and outcome of allo-HCT patients, either treated with letermovir (LET) primary prophylaxis or managed with preemptive therapy (PET).
Methods: This is a prospective observational cohort study of adult CMV seropositive allo-HCT patients who either received primary prophylaxis with LET within the first 100 days after HCT or were managed with PET.
Results: The study population comprised 105 patients (28 in the LET group and 77 in the PET group). Compared to the PET group, patients in the LET group received more allo-HCT from alternative donors (54.5% vs. 82.14%, P=0.012). More than half of the patients in both groups were classified as high risk for CMVd. In the LET vs. PET group, cs-CMVi and CMVd developed respectively in 0 vs. 50 (64.94%), P=<0.0001, and 0 vs. 6 (7.79%), P=0.18. In the LET group, uCMVr occurred in 5 (17.8%) and were all considered blips. Hospital admissions related to cs-CMVi or CMVd in the PET group vs. LET group were 47 (61.04%) vs. 0, respectively, P=<0.0001. No differences were observed in 100-day mortality.
Conclusions: LET primary prophylaxis proved effective in preventing cs-CMVi and CMVd and reducing hospitalizations in allo-HCT adults. Blips can occur during prophylaxis and do not require LET discontinuation.
Keywords: letermovir; cytomegalovirus; hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Factors Affecting the Activation and Appearances of Epileptiform Abnormalities in Routine Electroencephalography by Different Provocation Methods
Authors: Nazish Saima
Published: May 2024

Objective:

The objective of this study was to observe the effects of various clinical factors on the activation and appearance of epileptiform abnormalities (EAs) in routine electroencephalography (rEEG) by different provocation methods.

Methods:

This observational study involved a review of 136 patients presented for EEG recording due to various indications and their EEG showing EAs during various provocation methods.

Results:

Generalized spike-wave discharges (GSWDs) were the most frequent activated epileptiform pattern observed in, 81 (59.1%) recordings. This pattern was seen mainly in females 49 (P = 0.00), in patients with generalized seizures 48 (P = 0.00), in prolonged EEG records 3 (P = 0.03), and in both genetic 35 (P = 0.00) and lesional epilepsies 21 (P = 0.00). Focal sharp waves with bilateral synchrony (FSWSBS) were the most activated ictal pattern (P = 0.00). Ictal EAs after hyperventilation (HV) (P = 0.03) and intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) (P = 0.01) were mainly observed in patients with uncontrolled seizures (P = 0.00), and immune-mediated epilepsy (P = 0.02). Females sex (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33, confidence interval [CI]: 0.6–2.6; P = 0.25), bilateral tonic–clonic seizures (OR: 1.17, CI: 0.5–2.4; P = 0.31) and lesional epilepsies (OR: 1.45, CI: 0.7–2.9; P = 0.20) had risk of activation of EAs by provocation methods; however this risk was not statistically significant. While sleep deprivation (SD) (OR: 6.33, CI: 2.2–18.2; P = 0.00), nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) (OR: 2.41, CI: 1.0–5.4; P = 0.00), and prolong EEG recording (OR: 1.91, CI: 0.9–3.9; P = 0.04) were leading to a statistically significant risk of activation and appearances of EAs due to provocation.

Conclusion:

Different provocation methods can activate and augment the variety of EEG patterns of diverse clinical significance. Detection of activated ictal EAs is dependent on various patient factors, including seizure control, and the provocation method applied. Further larger prospective cohort studies with adequate sample sizes are warranted.
A Retrospective CBCT Evaluation of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve’s Anterior Loop in Odisha People
Authors: Bajoria Atul Anand , Sangamesh NC , Mishra Silpiranjan , Samanta Anupa , Sahoo Sanjay Kumar , Vijayalaxmi P
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

The anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve is the portion of the nerve that is located anterior to the mental foramen before it exits the canal.

Objectives:

The objective of the research was to assess anterior loop in the Odisha population.

Materials and Methods:

For this study, a random selection of 100 CBCT scans representing 200 hemi-mandibles was made. Descriptive statistics were used to compute the distribution of the mental nerve pattern according to gender, age, and the presence or absence of dysplastic features. Frequency and percentages were then used to show the results.

Results:

There was significant difference among male and female on left and right side for anterior loop. 28% of studied population had loop and 72% without loop out of 100 participants. Pattern III was common type followed by patter I. Right side had slightly more loop than left side. Loop length distribution was significant.

Conclusions:

It was concluded that loop is a common finding; hence it must be evaluated before doing any surgical procedure in that anatomical location.
Control System for Regenerative Braking Efficiency in Electric Vehicles with Electro-Actuated Brakes
Authors: Tempone Giuseppe Pio , de Carvalho Pinheiro Henrique , Imberti Giovanni , Carello Massimiliana
Published: May 2024

This article presents the design and the analysis of a control logic capable of optimizing vehicle’s energy consumption during a braking maneuver. The idea arose with the purpose of enhancing regeneration and health management in electric vehicles with electro-actuated brakes. Regenerative braking improves energy efficiency and allows a considerable reduction in secondary emissions, but its efficiency is strongly dependent on the state of charge (SoC) of the battery. In the analyzed case, a vehicle equipped with four in-wheel motors (one for each wheel), four electro-actuated brakes, and a battery was considered.

The proposed control system can manage and optimize electrical and energy exchanges between the driveline’s components according to the working conditions, monitoring parameters such as SoC of the battery, brake temperature, battery temperature, motor temperature, and acts to optimize the total energy consumption. The solution devised allows first to maximize the effects of regenerative braking when the battery SoC is too high to regenerate efficiently, then to safeguard the condition of the battery for both the battery’s long life and overheating and safeguard the condition of the brakes to prevent their overheating.
Lighting and Marking of Earthmoving Work Machines
Authors:   OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
Published: May 2024

This SAE Standard establishes minimum requirements for lighting and marking earthmoving work machinery as defined in SAE J1116. It may be used as guidance for other types of machinery.

Earthmoving work machines are normally operated off-highway. Therefore, this SAE document is not intended to be used as a basis for regulations by those having authority over on-highway motor vehicles.
Thermal, X-ray spectroscopy, morphological, density functional theory and molecular modeling studies on yttrium(III), germanium(IV), tungsten(VI), and silicon penicillinate antibiotic complexes
Authors: A. El-Habeeb Abeer , Shakya Sonam , Y. El-Sayed Mohamed , S. Refat Moamen
Published: May 2024

This manuscript elucidates the thermal stability analysis of four distinct penicillinate complexes, comprising yttrium(III), germanium(IV), tungsten(VI), and silicon, over a temperature ranging from 25 to 800°C. Thermal data revealed the high thermal stability nature of the decomposition steps. According to the spectroscopic measurements, the chemical formula of penicillinate complexes were [Y(Pin)2].Cl.6H2O complex (1), [Ge(Pin)2].2Cl.2H2O complex (2), [W(Pin)2].4Cl complex (3), and [Si(Pin)2].2Cl.2H2O complex (4). The powder XRD pattern revealed crystalline to polycrystalline natures. The synthesized penicillinate complexes were subjected to theoretical calculations utilizing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, employing the lanL2DZ/6-311G++ level of theory. The optimized geometry of each penicillinate complex was discerned, and a comprehensive evaluation of various properties, including the HOMO→LUMO electronic energy gap, molecular electrostatic potential map, and additional physical parameters, was conducted and validated against experimental findings. Molecular docking tool was used to explore the anticancer activity of the synthesized penicillinate complexes in comparison with penicillin potassium drug (Pin). For the computational investigation, two kinases — CSF1R (PDB ID: 7MFC) and MEK2 (PDB ID: 1S9I) associated with breast cancer progression and estrogen-dependent breast cancer were utilized. This comprehensive analysis provides a deeper understanding of the synthesized penicillinate complexes and their potential applications.
KEY WORDS: Penicillinate complexes, TGA-DrTGA, TEM, XRD, DFT/TD-DFT, Molecular docking
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 973-988.                                                      
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.13
Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial studies of some of first transition series metals and zinc complexes with mixed ligands of trimethoprim-isatin and nitrogen base
Authors: Y. Al-Assafe Amaal , A.S. Al-Quaba Rana
Published: May 2024

Complexes of mixed-ligand Schiff bases [trimetho-prim (TMP) with isatin] (L1) and nitrogen bases [2,2′-bipyridine (bipy)] (L2), [1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (L3)] with metal chlorides: M = Cr3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ were prepared and characterized by metal content determination (%), FT-IR, electronic, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, conductance measurements and elemental analysis (CHN). The bacterial activity of the ligands and their metal compounds was evaluated via various microorganisms. Infrared spectra of Schiff base showed an azomethine peak shifted in complexes that coincide synthesis and coordination of Schiff base through the nitrogen atom of azomethine C=N) and the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group of L1 with metal ions. L2, L3 (bipy, phen) coordinated through the di imine nitrogen atoms. Conductance dimensions suggested the non-conductance nature of all the compounds except Cr(III) complexes, this outcome fits in with the molar conductance value estimated for 1:1 electrolyte in DMF. Magnetic susceptibility analysis and electronic spectra indicated an octahedral geometry for all complexes. Biological study for prepared compounds have been evaluated towards pathogenic microbes Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Some compounds have stronger antibacterial action than Schiff base towards tested microbes.
KEY WORDS: Antimicrobial, Heterocyclic compounds, Schiff base, Trimethoprim drug, 2,2-Bipyridyl, 1,10-Phenanthroline
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 1013-1025.                                                           
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.16
Secondary metabolites and essential oil analysis of Clematis simensis with antioxidant and antibacterial activities
Authors: Dilnesa Gashaw Abraham , Gebreheiwot Bedane Kibrom , Mamo Hassen , Ele Yaya Estifanos , Abebayehu Desta Mekonnen
Published: May 2024

Clematis simensis is one of the most commonly used folk medicines in Ethiopia. This study was aimed to investigate the chemical constituents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the aerial part of Clematis simensis, and analysis of the composition of its essential oil. The phytochemical study led to the isolation of five compounds: 1-tricosanol (1), 1-hexacosanol (2), 2-deoxy-D-ribono-1,4-lactone (3), 5-hydroxylevulinic acid (4), and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (5). Their chemical structures were determined by a comprehensive analysis of HR-ESI-MS, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. The chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial part of Clematis semenses were determined by GC-MS, which led to the detection of ten major compounds: (E)-2-nonen-1-ol (38.33%), 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione (28.69%), cyclofenchene (5.65%), benzene acetaldehyde (4.74%), methyl salicylate (2.77%), salicylaldehyde (2.68%), benzaldehyde (2.60%), α-terpineol (2.10%), eucalyptol (1.21%), and 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol (1.15%). Compound 4 showed high antioxidant activity (IC50 14.89 μg/mL) but has no antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. According to the antimicrobial parameters, crude extract showed very weak activity at 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, and 125 mg/mL. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of secondary metabolites from Clematis simensis.
KEY WORDS: Clematis simensis, Essential oil, Phytochemical investigation, Biological activities
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 1037-1049.                                                      
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.18
Analytical data of Acacia nilotica var. Nilotica gum
Authors: A.E. Satti Amira , E. Osman Mohammed , A. Hassan Elfatih , Al-Assaf Saphwan
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to characterize the exudate gum from Acacia nilotica var. nilotica in Sudan and compare its physicochemical properties to Acacia seyal var. seyal and Acacia senegal var. senegal (gum Arabic). Samples were collected from six different states in Sudan over three seasons. The gum had a moisture content of 10.50%, ash content of 1.86%, pH value of 5.19, specific optical rotation of +94.70, intrinsic viscosity of 10.44 cm3 g-1, nitrogen content of 0.024%, protein content of 0.16%, acid equivalent weight of 1907.82, and total uronic acid content of 10.18%. Sugar content analysis revealed arabinose (41.20%), galactose (17.43%), and rhamnose (10.68%). Potassium was the predominant cation, followed by calcium, magnesium, sodium, lead, and iron. Acacia nilotica was classified as part of the Gummeferae series and exhibited a positive specific optical rotation. The Number average molecular weight (Mn) was estimated using osmometric measurements and gel permeation chromatography. The gum had a higher molecular weight and lower intrinsic viscosity compared to gum Arabic, suggesting a spheroidal shape of molecule. Amino acid analysis showed similarities with gum Arabic, with hydroxyproline and serine as principal amino acids. Variations in cationic composition were attributed to differences in soil type among collection locations.
KEY WORDS: Physicochemical characterization, Acacia senegal var. senegal gum, Acacia seyal var. seyal gum, Acacia nilotica var. nilotica gum, gammiferae
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 839-852.                                                         
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.2
Quantification of phenolic compounds in dietary supplements and antioxidant activities
Authors: Kızılkaya Beray , Akpınar Reyhan , Yıldırım Baştemur Gizem , Perçin Özkorucuklu Sabriye
Published: May 2024

Dietary supplements (DS) are products that are recommended for the treatment of various health issues, especially during the global pandemic, and the accuracy of the labeling information of these supplements plays a significant role in human health. In this study, a novel high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method was developed and validated to determine the accuracy of the labeling information of commercial dietary supplements containing phenolic compounds (rutin, quercetin, and resveratrol). The mobile phase, flow rate, and column temperature were optimized. Validation studies were carried out to prove the validity of the developed method. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values ​​of rutin, quercetin, and resveratrol were found in the range of 4.83-6.62 ng/mL and 16.09-22.07 ng/mL, respectively. Recoveries% were calculated in the range of 99.52-100.19% and 99.78-100.34% in the intra-day and inter-day analysis, respectively. The IC50 values of the dietary supplement extracts obtained by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method ranged from 0.08 to 0.76 mg/mL. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) values of DS1, DS2, DS3, DS4, DS5, measured employing the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method, were found to be 0.09, 0.03, 0.10, 0.10 and 0.40 mmol trolox per gram of extract, respectively.
KEY WORDS: Dietary supplement, HPLC-DAD, Phenolic compound, Antioxidant activity
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 853-862.                                                             
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.3
Synthesis of substituted heterocyclic with their cobalt(Ⅱ) complexes from 2-amino- thiazoles and evaluation of their biological activity
Authors: Zuhair Husain Amra , S. Al-Jawaheri Yassir , Y. Al-Assafe Amaal
Published: May 2024

In this research, acetophenone and thiourea reacted in the presence of iodine to produce 2-amino-4-phenylthiazoles (1, 2). These compounds were then used in three different reactions to create substituted Schiff-bases (3-5) by further reactions with substituted benzaldehyde. To produce thiazole, they were first reacted with sodium azide (6). After adding maleic anhydride, they interacted with thioglycolic acid to yield oxazepine (7), and lastly, thiazolidine (8). The synthesised compounds (1-8) were confirmed to have their structures clarified by CHNS and spectroscopic methods such as infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. After being produced (1-4, 6-8), these compounds were used in 2:1 ratio reaction with CoCl2.6H2O to generate cobalt complexes (9-15). These complexes' magnetic characteristics, thermal analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were investigated. Several produced compounds were also tested against the growth of four different types of bacteria.
KEY WORDS: Schiff-bases, Thiazole, Oxazepine, Thiazolidine, Cobalt complexes
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 909-922.                                                
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.8
Means-based class of modified Weerakoon-Fernando method for determining the zero of nonlinear equation
Authors: Ogbereyivwe O. , Umar S.S.
Published: May 2024

This paper introduces a generalized class of modified Weerakoon and Fernando iterative method (WFM) for determining the zero of equations that are nonlinear. The idea applied in the modification, involves the composition of a perturbed Newton method with a corrector iterative function that is based on parametric bi-variate rational function of degree one and a power means generating function. The convergence analysis on the developed class of methods, shows that it is of convergence order four with efficiency index of 1.5874. Some existing modified WFM were established to be concrete members of the developed class of methods. Numerical results obtained when the new methods were implemented are provided to compare their effectiveness and efficiency.
Received signal evaluation for Ultra High Frequency (UHF)terrestrial television; Case of Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Oluwole Ayodele Sunday , Ojo Olumayowa , Akinsanmi Olaitan
Published: May 2024

This paper presents the evaluation of the received signal for UHF channel 41, (transmitting frequency of 631.25 MHz) and Star-times (transmitting frequency of 618 MHz). Using a Digital Field Strength Meter, the signal strength from the two UHF Transmitting Stations was measured throughout the state along two routes. The elevation, geographic coordinates, and line of sight of the various data points from the base stations were determined using a global positioning system (GPS) receiver. Regression analysis and correlation were used in the signal assessment process. Analysis of the data collected from the field measurements indicated that as line of sight increases signal strength reduces along all the routes for Ekiti Television (EKTV) and Star-times except along Route B for Star-times. Line of Sight and Elevation have a strong negative connection in almost all routes except along route A for star-times. Elevation and Signal strength correlation indicated negatively very high except for that along route B for EKTV and route A for Star-times. Regression analysis revealed that variance in Line of Sight and Elevation accounted for high significant changes in signal strength for EKTV and consistently very high changes for Star-times. Generally, it was observed that distance from the base station, topography/elevation, power of the transmitter, nature of signal (Digital/Analog) as shown for regression analysis and other factors affected the quality of service of the propagated signal. Terrestrial Television stations should ensure they transmit with the standard parameters. To improve service quality, the transition from analog to digital should be accelerated in Nigeria such that most stations transmit via the standard Digital method of transmission.
Socio-demographic, obstetric characteristics and molecular confirmation of Trichomonas vaginalis detected from pregnant women attending Kawo General Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria
Authors: Dikwa K.B. , Maryam A.S. , Dibal D.M. , Omalu I.C.J. , Muazu Muhammed
Published: May 2024

Trichomoniasis is a widespread Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) that can have detrimental consequences, including infection of the skin, endometrium, Bartholin glands, and fallopian tubes and ovaries (the adnexa of the uterus). This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) and T. vaginalis from vaginal swabs of pregnant patients attending Kawo general hospital in Kaduna state. A total of 250 high vaginal swab samples were randomly taken from consenting pregnant women attending antenatal. Structured questionnaires were used to collect participant demographic and medical data. Samples were analysed by wet mount preparation and T. vaginalis positive samples were confirmed using Polymerase Chains Reaction (PCR). Out of the 250 pregnant women that were examined, 24 (9.6%) were positive for T. vaginalis infection. T. vaginalis was detected more in age group 20-25 (9.4%), and among women of third trimester stage (11.4%). T. vaginalis infection was significantly associated with age, gravidation, education and occupation. Among the 24 pregnant women that tested positive for T. vaginalis infection, only 2 (8.0%) were without symptoms associated with vaginal trichomoniasis, while the remaining 22 (92.0%) presented symptoms such as vaginal odour (20%), itching and discomfort (32%) and greenish yellow vaginal discharge (92%). Molecular analysis confirmed 1 positive case out of the 5 samples randomly analysed. Trichomoniasis transmission to newborn infants could be avoided with better personal cleanliness, screening, and treatment for pregnant women who are affected.
Effect of vehicle speed on injury of child passenger in frontal crashes
Authors: Rafukka I.A
Published: May 2024

Speed is major cause of death to vehicle occupants especially children. Studying effect of speed on child injury severity is crucial to establishing safety regulations. This work investigates the effect of vehicle speed on the severity of injury sustained by three-year-old (3YO) children. Restrained 3YO child dummy Finite Element (FE) model was used to conduct crash simulation at impact speed of 40km/h, 46 km/h and 48 km/h in Ford Taurus FE model using LS DYNA code. Vehicle deceleration was found to increase with increase in speed. Head Injury Criteria (HIC36), HIC15, chest acceleration (CA), chest severity index (CSI), chest deflection (CD) and neck moment (NM) were evaluated and compared with National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) threshold. It was found that the injury parameters sustained by 3YO child increased with increase in speed. HIC36 was found to be above threshold for 48km/h and 46km/h. Speed of 40 km/h had all the injury values below the threshold. Chest deflection was lower than the threshold for all the three speeds. Chest acceleration and neck moment were also presented and their values also increase with speed, though, NHTSA doesn’t capture their threshold. The study disseminates information on the effect of speeding on child injuries in frontal crashes for road safety agents and vehicle designers and users. Limiting vehicle speed is therefore crucial to child occupant protection.
Spatial and agronomic stage distribution dynamics of maize stem borers (Lepidoptera) in the Agricultural development Zone B of Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyibo-Usman K. A., , Olayemi I. K. , Adeniyi K. A.
Published: May 2024

Maize farmers in Nigeria have been facing challenges as efforts towards the cultivation of maize is seriously hampered by insect pest infestation in maize fields, of which stem borers are a major culprit. The study was carried out to identify the species of stem borers present and their abundance in Agricultural development Zone B of Niger State. Farm sites located in Beji, Chanchaga, Paiko and Shanu, were selected and sampled for stem borers, during vegetative, reproductive and harvest stages of the field maize crops. Identification was done using standard taxonomic keys. The results indicated the presence of three species of stem borer belonging to three families. A species each from Noctuidae, Crambidae and Pyralidae consisting of Busseola fusca (n = 1639, 68.24%), Chilo partellus (n = 160, 6.66%) and Eldana saccharina (n = 603, 25.10%) respectively. Generally, all sites had two species of the stem borer (B. fusca and E. saccharina) present in all growth stages of the maize plant during the destructive sampling with the exception of Chilo partellus that was rarely found; occurring only in one site (Beji), all amounting to a total of 2402 stem borers collected during the study period. Among all the growth stages of the maize plants in all sampled sites the level of infestation varied significantly (p< 0.05), in an increasing order: vegetative stage < reproductive stage < harvest stage of the maize plants. The findings of this study suggest that there is a serious stem borer pest infestation in the maize farms of Agricultural development Zone B of Niger state that could pose threats to maize (Zea mays) production in the area; thus, requiring urgent interventions on the parts of all stakeholders.
Effects of restricting wastage to only staff who reach the peak of their career in manpower planning models
Authors: Ogumeyo S.A , Ekeh K. I.
Published: May 2024

Wastage is the exit of employees from an organization which may be voluntary or involuntary. The concept of wastage in manpower planning models in literature is being expanded in this study by restricting the concept of wastage to only employees who got to the highest rank in their careers before their exit from service. A new approach which involves backward recursive procedure in dynamic programming (DP) is formulated and applied to evaluate the wages of retirees who exit from service. The athematical analysis of the proposed model indicates that the wages of employees who got to the highest rank in their profession earn higher wages compare to other employees recruited to replace retirees in all the periods of manpower cost being considered.
Seasonal variation and uptake pattern of heavy metals in maize
Authors: Abdullahi Nura , Dandago Munir Abba , Gambo Muhammad Sani , Abubakar Shamsuddeen Sarki , Tsoho Adamu Usman , Idah Patrick Godwin
Published: May 2024

The detrimental impact of heavy metals on human health necessitates a focus on their contamination in the food chain. Heavy metals possess carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and endocrine-disrupting properties. The objective of the study was to ascertain how Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, and Hg are accumulated in the roots and grains of maize samples cultivated under the Kano River Irrigation Project during both wet and dry seasons production and subsequently compare the levels of these heavy metals with the recommended permissible limits established by FAO/WHO. Additionally, the research sought to employ Translocation Factors to examine the uptake pattern of heavy metals in maize during the two growing seasons. Maize samples were procured from 10 different locations within the irrigation scheme during 2022 wet season and 2023 dry season harvests. The samples were prepared using standard laboratory protocols and heavy metals were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The heavy metals accumulation in maize grains was found in the order Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni>Co during wet season production. Cd, Cr, and Hg were not detected in samples collected during the wet season. It is only the concentration of Zn that exceeded the permissible limit in the samples collected during wet season production. The accumulation order during the dry season was Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Ni>Co>Cd. Hg was not detected in all the maize grain samples. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr exceeded permissible limits in maize grains samples collected during dry season production.
Growth assessment among northern Nigerian children using the middle phalanx of the third finger and its correlation with mandibular canine calcification.
Authors: A.O Aghimien , M Mejabi , I Osazuwa
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND: Assessment of growth especially skeletal maturation, is considered vital in the treatment planning of orthodontic patients that require jaw modification. Appropriate treatment timing for jaw growth modification will determine the outcome of such intervention especially when clinicians take advantage of the pubertal growth spurt. The need for a quick, reliable and cost effective method using the mandibular canine calcification stages will be of immerse help to the orthodontist. AIMS:To determine the level of association between mandibular canine calcification stages and skeletal maturation stages.MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a prospective cross-sectional descriptive study comprising 74 participants (5-17 years). Skeletal maturation was evaluated using the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3), and the Demirjian method was used to stage the mandibular canine calcification stages (MCCS). The chi-square test of association and Spearman Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used to test the association and correlation between MP3 and the MCCS, respectively. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.RESULTS: Overall, there was a statistically significant association between MP3-skeletal maturation and the MCCS (male r=0.836 p value<0.001; female r=0.824 p value<0.001). The stage of acceleration of pubertal growth spurt (MP3-FG) was more associated with MCCS-G for both males and females. The peak pubertal growth spurt (MP3-G) was more associated with MCCS-H for males and MCCS-G for females. CONCLUSION: There was gender variation between the association of the period of peak pubertal growth (MP3-G) and the mandibular canine calcification stage. However, There was a significant correlation between the MP3 developmental stages and MCCS.