bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Fruit Respiration, Bruising Susceptibility, and Temperature in Sweet Cherries
Authors: Crisosto Carlos H. , Garner David , Doyle Jim , Day Kevin R.
Published: February 2019

Respiration rate and bruising incidence were assessed in new cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars adapted to high temperatures. `Bing', `Brooks', `Tulare', and `King' respiration rates were evaluated at 0,5,10, and 20C, and bruising susceptibilities at 0, 10, 20, and 30C. `Bing' was the least susceptible to bruising and had the lowest respiration rate at all temperatures. Respiration rate increased with temperature in all cultivars. Impact bruising damage was greatest in all cultivars when fruit flesh was below 10C. Vibration damage was not influenced by fruit temperature. Our results suggest that the cherry cultivars assessed should be handled at temperatures between 10 and 20C during packing to minimize bruising damage. Due to increased respiration rates at higher temperatures, however, fruit should be cooled to 0C within 4 to 6 hours after harvest.
Root-knot Nematode Resistance in Cucumber and Horned Cucumber
Authors: Walters S. Alan , Wehner Todd C. , Barkel Kenneth R.
Published: February 2019

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and horned cucumber (C. metuliferus Naud.) germplasm were evaluated for their resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). All 24 C. metuliferus cultigens evaluated were resistant to all root-knot nematodes tested-M. incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood race 3, M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 2, and M. hapla Chitwood. All 884 C. sativus cultigens (cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introduction accessions) tested were resistant to M. hapla and few to M. incognita race 3. Only 50 of 884 C. sativus cultigens evaluated were somewhat resistant to M. arenaria race 2 and M. incognita race 3. A retest of the most resistant C. sativus cultigens revealed that LJ 90430 [an accession of C. sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef.] and `Mincu' were the only cultigens that were moderately resistant to M. arenaria race 2. LJ 90430 was the only cultigen, besides the two retested C. metuliferus cultigens, that was resistant to M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. All C. sativus cultigens retested, including LJ 90430, were highly susceptible to M. incognita races 1 and 3. The two C. metuliferus cultigens retested were highly resistant to all root-knot nematodes tested-M. arenaria race 2, M. incognita races 1 and 3, and M. javanica.
Sweetpotato Whitefly, Drought Stress, and Leaf Silvering of Squash
Authors: Paris Harry S. , Stoffella Peter J. , Powell Charles A.
Published: February 2019

Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants were grown in pots with high (290% capacity) or low (45% to 70% of capacity) soil moisture. The plants were exposed or not exposed to sweetpotato whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Genn.). Only the plants exposed to whiteflies developed leaf silvering. Silvering was more severe in plants subjected to low soil moisture.
Sensory Quality Attributes of Butterhead Lettuce Cultivars Grown in Arid Conditions
Authors: Alsadon Abdulla A.
Published: February 2019

Six butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars-`Sorbon' (L2130), `Donatan' (L2694), `Jessy', `Aramir', `Florian', and `Suzan'-were grown in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Following harvest and yield assessment, individual heads from each cultivar were selected randomly for subjective sensory evaluation. Among the quality attributes evaluated were color, appearance, head firmness, texture, flavor, and freedom from defects. Attributes were highly correlated with overall quality for each cultivar. `Florian' attributes were ranked high by members of an evaluation panel. In addition, `Florian' plants were among the highest yielding cultivars. `Florian' is recommended for its yield and quality features.
Water Deficits and Fruiting Affect Carbon Assimilation and Allocation in Cucumber Plants
Authors: Janoudi Abdul K. , Widders Irvin E.
Published: February 2019

The effects of water deficit and fruiting on leaf gas exchange and dry-matter production and partitioning in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were evaluated in greenhouse and field experiments. Fruiting plants had higher photosynthetic rates (15.8 μmol·m-2·s-1) than defruited plants (12.7 μmol·m-2·s-1). Although stomatal conductance was lower in defruited plants, it accounted for only ≈35% of the assimilation rate (A) reduction. Under water deficit, defruiting caused a similar response in A, even though A was only ≈50% of that in watered plants. Fruiting and water deficits limited vegetative plant dry weight and total leaf area. In field experiments, removing flowers from the first four or eight nodes resulted in a higher count and fresh weight at harvest of only those pickling cucumber fruit that were irrigated.
Relay-Intercropping Muskmelons with Scotch Pine Christmas Trees Using Plastic Mulch and Drip Irrigation
Authors: Lamont W.J. , Hensley D.L. , Wiest S. , Gaussoin R.E.
Published: February 2019

Two systems of relay-intercropping muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) with Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Christmas trees using black plastic mulch and drip irrigation were evaluated for their potential to improve cash return. Returns ranged from a high of $26,200/ha for plastic mulch-drip irrigation and a selling price of $l.00/melon to a low of $6900/ha for bare ground-drip irrigation and a selling price of $0.40/melon. The benefit-cost index ranged from 24 to 3.4, depending on the system evaluated. Pine growth apparently was impeded by plastic mulch; however, increased yields of melons grown under plastic mulch may offset the slight decrease in pine growth.
Soil and Thatch Microbial Populations in an 80% Sand : 20% Peat Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green
Authors: Mancino Charles F. , Barakat Mohammad , Maricic Alison
Published: February 2019

This study examined the numbers of specific soil and thatch microbial populations in a U.S. Golf Association (USGA) specification sand-peat putting green of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) over 17 months. Changes caused by adding a water-soluble or bio-organic (water-insoluble, contains microbial inoculum) N source were examined. Thatch was found to contain 40 to 1600 times as many bacteria as the soil, 500 to 600 times as many fungi, and up to 100 times as many actinomycetes. Soil populations of nitrate- and nitrite-reducing anaerobes were similar and ranged from 103 to 105 per gram of dry soil. Adding the bio-organic N source increased soil fungal counts and thatch thickness when compared with the control (no N applied), but not as much as the water-soluble N source. The amendments had no effect on soil respiration, total organic carbon. or total N content.
3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole Prolongs Carnation Vase Life
Authors: Altman Steven A. , Solomos Theophanes
Published: February 2019

Continuous postharvest treatment of carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Elliot's White) with 50 or 100 mM aminotriazole significantly extended useful vase life relative to flowers held in distilled H2O. No morphological changes symptomatic of floral senescence appeared in treated flowers until 12 to 15 days after harvest. The longevity of aminotriazole-treated flowers was extended to ≈18 days. The respiratory rate of aminotriazole-treated carnations was suppressed, and they exhibited no respiratory climacteric throughout the period of observation. The responsiveness of aminotriazole-treated flowers to exogenous ethylene appeared temporally regulated. Flowers treated with 50 mM aminotriazole for 2 days senesced in response to application of 10 μl exogenous ethylene/liter, whereas flowers treated for 24 days exhibited no morphological response to ethylene treatment. Chemical name used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole).
Sources of Genetic Resistance to Red Ringspot Virus in a Breeding Blueberry Population
Authors: Ehlenfeldt M.K. , Stretch A.W. , Drape A.D.
Published: February 2019

A group of 1031 genotypes representing 245 different crosses from a joint U.S. Dept. of Agriculture-New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station blueberry breeding program was evaluated for blueberry red ringspot virus (BBRRSV) symptoms after 8 years of field exposure. Among 41 parents represented by 10 or more progeny, significant differences were observed in offspring BBRRSV expression. The species Vaccinium lamarckii Camp. (4x) and V. amoenum Ait. (6x) and the cultivars Woodard (6x) and Earliblue (4x) seem to have high frequencies of alleles for BBRRSV resistance. Significant differences were also found among 21 different crosses. The most resistant cross was `Elizabeth' x `Earliblue', which had a 23% BBRRSV incidence. Progeny evaluation revealed that none of the parents involved produced families in which all plants were resistant; hence, resistance to this virus may be under polygenic control.
Color Change in Fresh Strawberry Fruit of Seven Genotypes Stored at 0C
Authors: Sacks Erik J. , Shaw Douglas V.
Published: February 2019

Color change in fresh, ripe strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) fruit stored at 0C for up to 7 days was recorded using the Commission Internationale de l' Éclairage color space (L*, a*, and b*). External (skin) fruit color became darker and less chromatic but did not change hue. Internal (flesh) fruit color became darker and more chromatic. Regression coefficients calculated for individual genotypes were homogeneous for each of the color traits except internal hue. Depending on genotype, the red fruit flesh either became a bluer red or did not change hue. In all cases, rates of change were small. Color change for fresh strawberry fruit during several days of storage at 0C likely is not an appreciable source of error in plant breeding experiments.
Organogenesis from Mature Pecan Cotyledons and Embryonic Axes
Authors: Obeidy Ahmed A. , Smith M.A.L.
Published: February 2019

The regenerative capacity of mature pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] embryonic tissues was demonstrated after pretreating mature nuts to eliminate associated endogenous contaminants. Cultured cotyledon segments were induced to form adventitious roots in a medium with 50 μm NAA. A regeneration medium with 20 μm BA and 5 μm IBA stimulated prolific axillary shoot production from the embryonic axis without causing cotyledon abscission. Cotyledon retention was essential for shoot initiation and long-term development. Eighty-five percent of the shoots emerging from embryonic axes formed at the cotyledonary nodes. Thirty percent of the microshoots rooted on an auxin-free medium after preculture in a medium with 20 μm IBA. TDZ (25 μm) stimulated callus production from the cotyledonary nodes and radicles. Adventitious buds emerged on the callus surface and internally in callus. Chemical names used: a -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 6-benzylaminopurine (BA); indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ).
Genotype, Temperature, and Sampling Date Affect Embryogenesis in Asparagus Anther Culture
Authors: Wolyn David J. , Feng Xiaorong
Published: February 2019

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) anthers from flowers of field-grown plants were cultured for five genotypes, four incubation temperatures, and three sampling dates. Treatments were evaluated for total and embryogenic callus production. Incubating anthers at 35C was optimal for initiating embryogenic callus for three genotypes. Another line performed best and equally well at 29 and 32C, while one was recalcitrant to embryogenic callus formation at the temperatures evaluated. For all genotypes, almost half of the anthers produced callus for at least one temperature treatment, hut the percentage of these calli that was embryogenic ranged from 0% to 50%. Sampling date affected response only for specific genotype-temperature combinations. Embryo recovery ranged from six to 14 per callus. For the four responsive genotypes, 77% to 100% of plantlets was haploid. Culturing anthers at several temperatures ranging from 29 to 35C, with repeated samplings of flowers from the field, likely will allow recovery of haploid embryos from many selections. This result will expand the germplasm base to develop all-male asparagus hybrids.
EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF FISH HYDROLYSATE FERTILIZER OR UREA ON APPLE YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY
Authors: Schupp J.R. , Schupp H.A. , Bates M.H.
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted in 1992 at Highmoor Farm, Monmouth, ME to test the effects of fish hydrolysate fertilizer on fruit set, fruit size and fruit quality of apple. Mature, semi-dwarf `Delicious' and `Golden Delicious' trees received 2.76g/1 N, supplied by either fish hydrolysate fertilizer or urea, or received no fertilizer (control). Fertilizers were applied via three foliar sprays applied at seven day intervals, beginning at petal fall. Fish hydralysate fertilizer reduced fruit set of `Delicious' and `Golden Delicious'. Foliar urea increased fruit set and yield of 'Golden Delicious'. Neither fertilizer affected mineral nutrient concentrations of leaves collected in July. Fish hydrolysate increased fruit russeting on both cultivars. Fish hydrolysate is not recommended as a foliar fertilizer for apples.
PRODUCTION OF 'SAMANTHA' GREENHOUSE ROSES IN ROOT MEDIA AMENDED WITH COAL BOTTOM ASH AND COMPOSTED HARDWOOD BARK
Authors: Butler Susan H. , Bearce Bradford
Published: February 2019

Rosa × hybrida 'Samantha' plants were planted in pots of three soilless and two soil-containing media. Soilless media consisted of coal bottom ash and composted hardwood bark in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 ratios. Soil-containing media were equal parts soil, peat, and coal bottom ash; and a control of equal parts soil, peat, and sand. Half the pots of each media were treated with a cover crop of Hordeum vulgare L. 'Barsoy' to simulate weathering and incorporate additional organic matter prior to planting the roses. Physical and chemical properties of all five original media were examined, and production indices of two harvests were measured; including stem length, flower bud diameter, fresh weight, days to harvest and average number of blooms per plant. Results to date indicate satisfactory growth in all treatments. The three soilless treatments have produced more stems with larger flower bud diameters and shorter days-to-harvest than the soil-containing treatments. However, the fertilization, and electrical conductivity of all treatments remains below normal. Moisture retention data also show the soil-containing treatments to have higher container capacity and easily available water. Cover-cropped plants also had shorter days-to-harvest, but in one of two harvests produced flower buds of smaller diameter.
EFFECT OF DAMONOZIDE, ANCYMIDOL AND PACLBUTRAZOL ON HEIGHT CONTROL OF POTTED MUSSAENDA
Authors: Cramer Christopher S. , Bridgen Mark P.
Published: February 2019

Mussaenda, a tropical, hybrid ornamental plant from India and the Philippines, is being evaluated as a potential greenhouse ported crop in the united States. Showy sepals of white, picotee (White with rosy edges), light pink, dark pink, or red complemented by fragrant, yellow flowers and dark green, pubescent foliage make Mussaenda a very attractive potted plant. However, sometimes the height of Mussaenda is unsuitable for pot plant culture. With the use of chemical growth regulators. plant height is reduced thus making Mussaenda a more feasible potted crop.

In the summer of 1992, a growth regulator study was conducted to evaluate three growth regulators and concentrations capable of reducing plant height in Mussaenda. Daminozide (B-Nine SP), ancymidol (A-Rest), or paclobutrazol (Bonzi) was applied at two concentrations each. Daminozide was tested as a spray at 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm. Ancymidol was applied as a spray at 33 ppm and 66 ppm or as a drench at 0.25 mg/pot and 0.50 mg/pot. Paclobutrazol was tested as a spray at 25 ppm and 50 ppm or as a drench at 0.125 mg/pot and 0.25 mg/pot. Growth regulators were applied as a single application or a double application with two weeks separating applications.

Daminozide at 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm was most effective in controlling plant height. Ancymidol as a drench at 0.25 mg/pot and 0.50 mg/pot was also effective in plant height control. Two applications of these growth regulators were more effective in controlling plant height than a single application.
THE EFFECTS OF LEAF PIGMENTATION ON RESISTANCE TO WHITEFLY INFESTATIONS IN PELARGONIUM XDOMESTICUM
Authors: Anon Kelly M. , Hanniford Glenn G.
Published: February 2019

The greenhouse whitefly (Trialcurodes vaporarorium) poses an acute and common production problem for growers of Pelargonium xdomesticum, the regal pelargonium. The main objective of this research was to ascertain whether leaf pigmentation is a feasible tool for selecting whitefly-resistant regal cultivars. Previous researchers have demonstrated that greenhouse whiteflies (GHWF) prefer yellow reflected light over all other hues. Five cultivars of Pelargonium xdomesticum were chosen for this study (`Country Girl', `Grand Slam', `Olga', `Elsie Hickman', and `Virginia'). Measurements of L* a* b* chromaticity valuer were performed using a Minolta Chroma Meter. model CR-100. For each experi-ment, L* a* b* measurements were taken on two leaves per plant for six plants of each cultivar. Plants were then randomized in three separate blocks and a known number of GHWF was released into each block. The numbers of eggs laid were evaluated 48 hours later. Three experiments took place between October, 1991 and April, 1992. Determinations of regression between individual chromaticity values (eg. L* or a*) for each cultivar and numbers of eggs laid revealed no correlations between color and whitefly preference. 'Country Girl' and 'Virginia' exhibited significantly higher levels of susceptibility at all three times. 'Elsie Hickman' was consistently the most resistant cultivar. `Grand Slam' also demonstrated significant levels of resistance and did not differ statistically from `Elsie Hickman'.
PRODUCTION OF POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST IPTASE
Authors: Barbour Sandra L. , Frett John J.
Published: February 2019

Isopentenyl transferase, encoded by the ipt gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA, is an enzyme active in cytokinin biosynthesis. The ipt gene was cloned into the pMAL-c2 vector (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) and expressed as a fusion protein. The production of this fusion protein was induced by a 2 hour exposure to IPTG. The fusion protein was then purified by a mini-aggregate procedure and visualized by SDS-PAGE. To verify that the correct protein was purified, antibodies specific to the conserved region of the fusion protein were used to probe a western blot. Secondary antibodies were biotinylated. Rabbits were immunized to raise polyclonal antibodies against iptase. Using a slot format blotting apparatus, serum was titered. These antibodies will be used to probe western blots from transgenic plants transformed with various ipt constructs.
EFFECTS OF OVERWINTERING COVERS ON ALSTROEMERIA SURVIVAL
Authors: Lu Chunsheng , Bridgen Mark
Published: February 2019

During the winter of 1991-92. four cultivars of Alstroemeria: `F-180'. `l-5'. `Parigo Pink' and `Parigo Red' were treated with eight different overwintering covers: straw, straw with plastic covering, sawdust, sawdust with plastic covering, hoops with plastic covering, hoops with microfoam covering, microfoam and a control with no cover. All covers had significant effects on the survival of `Parigo Pink' and `Parigo Red'; mulching with straw only gave the best winter protection. There were also significant genotypic differences among the four cultivars: 73% of `Parigo Pink' and `Parigo Red' plants survived after winter, but none of `F-180' or `l-5' survived. In addition, pre-winter evaluation indicated that there were significant genotypic differences among the four cultivars with cold resistance. The cold resistance was highly correlated with winter hardiness. It was concluded that: (1) pre-winter evaluation could be an efficient indicator for winter hardiness selection on Alstroemeria and (2) application of straw provided sufficient winter protection for zone 6 Alstroemeria. Other approaches of mulching need to be further identified in order to protect all Alstroemeria for overwintering in the northeastern United States.
CRANBERRY VARIETY FRUIT YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENETS
Authors: Novy Elissa M. , Vorsa Nicholi
Published: February 2019

Accurate estimates of yield and yield components for parental selection would facilitate cranberry breeding efforts. A study was designed to obtain value estimates for traits related to yield. Ten commonly-cultivated varieties grown in a replicated planting, were evaluated in 1991 and 1992 for fruit yield per unit area (FY), average berry weight (BW) and number of berries per unit area, or berry concentration (BC). Averaged over all varieties, FY was significantly greater in 1992. BC was responsible for higher yields in 1992. Regression analysis revealed that BC accounted for more of the variation in FY than did BW in both years. BW accounted for some variation, however, in 1991 when FY was lower. Varieties differed significantly in FY, BW and BC. Hybrid varieties bad significantly greater FY and BW than wild selections. Variation for yield components exists among varieties tested, suggesting genetic gain is possible for yield with additional breeding efforts. In particular, greater fruit set should be emphasized as a breeding objective.
THE USE OF YI-1066 AS A CHEMICAL THINNER ON GALA APPLES
Authors: Greene Duane W.
Published: February 2019

YI-1066 is a new blossom thinner that may be useful as an alternative to the presently-used chemical thinners. It was applied as a dilute spray to `Royal Gala' apples at either 475 or 950 ml/379 liters when about 80% of the flowers were open. Browning of flowers and leaves was noted within 1 hour of application. The 950 ml/liter rate reduced fruit set. One YI-1066 treatment was applied at the 475 ml/379 liters rate, and rain started within 10 minutes after the completion of the spray. Although flower browning was noted, fruit set on these trees was increased above that on control trees. The recommended commercial thinning combination, 3 ppm NAA and 600 ppm carbaryl, did not thin. YI-1066 at 950 ml/379 liters caused a significant amount of thinning but it also reduced seed number and increased the number of fruit with solid russet at harvest.
FUNGAL PATHOGENS FOR BIOCONTROL OF INSECTS IN GREENHOUSES.
Authors: Brownbridge Michael , Parker Bruce L. , Skinner Margaret
Published: February 2019

Western flower thrips (WFT), green peach aphid (GPA) and sweet potato whitefly (SPWF) are major pests of the greenhouse industry. Chemical control of these pests is not desirable. Alternative approaches to pest management need to be developed.

Entomopathogenic fungi hold great promise as sustainable biological control options. A broad range of indigenous fungal isolates have been screened for activity vs. WFT and GPA. Strains of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii have been shown to be particularly effective. Plant and soil trials vs. WFT are now underway to permit selection of the best strains for further development. To date, assays vs. SPWF indicate that strains of Paecilomyces farinosus and B. bassiana are the most pathogenic.
LEAF LOSS EFFECTS ON GROWTH PARAMETERS OF FOUR SWEETPOTATO CULTIVARS
Authors: McLaurin W.J. , Kays S.J.
Published: February 2019

Under typical field production conditions, four high-yielding sweetpotato cultivars (Centennial, Jewel, Regal and Resisto) were found to lose substantial amounts of leaves due to natural senescense rather than pathological or herbivory causes. Leaf loss by the normal harvest date ranged from 46 to 63% of the total leaves formed in 1991 and 48 to 59% in 1992. There was a strong positive correlation between leaves lost and the number of vines (r2 = 0.80) and nodes (r2 = 0.89) per plant. Positive correlations were also found between leaf loss and total dry weight of the plant (r2 = 0.67). root fresh weight (r2 = 0.65). root dry weight (r2 = 0.60), and vine dry weight (r2 = 0.68). Distinct differences were found among cultivars in dry matter allocation within the plant. Of the cultivars tested, 'Jewel' allotted a lower percentage of dry matter into vines and a greater percentage into storage roots. Estimated leaf dry matter losses due to leaf shedding ranged from 1.2 to 2.6 MT·ha-1. Amount of leaf loss appeared to be closely related to vigorous vine growth and subsequent shading of older leaves, though leaf loss did not have a negative impact on storage root yield in the cultivars tested.
HERITABILITIES FOR SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL RESISTANCE
Authors: Thompson Paul G. , Schneider John C. , Graves Boyett
Published: February 2019

Narrow-sense heritabilities (h2) for sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) resistance were estimated in 2 breeding populations. Population A included clones from US programs with previously reported moderate levels of weevil resistance. Population B included clones of US origin plusplant introductions from 14 countries. Parents and progenies were included in field evaluations with no wild weevils present. Weevils were cultured and applied to each plant. Population A was evaluated for 2 years and population B for 1. The GXE estimate for population A was also used for population B. Heritabilities were estimated by parent offspring regression and variance component analysis. Average h2 for percentage noninjured roots were 0.35 and 0.47 for population A and B, respectively. Intermating highest performing genotypes from both populations should increase h2 by increasing frequencies of resistance genes. A moderate rate of increase in resistance levels should result from selecting and intermating resistant genotypes.
SWEETPOTATO FLAVOR - EXISTING STATUS AND FUTUREOUTLOOK
Authors: Kays J. , McLaurin Wayne J.
Published: February 2019

Flavor is a primary trait in the selection of foods. The role of flavor in acceptance of the sweetpotato, flavors status as a selection trait in existing breeding programs, and our current understanding of the flavor chemistry of the sweetpotato was reviewed. The sweetpotato, unlike most staple crops, has a very distinct and dominant flavor. In typical breeding programs, however, flavor is generally one of the last traits screened. A tremendous diversity and range of flavors has been reported within the sweetpotato germplasm (e.g., acidic, bland, baked potato, boiled potato. carrot, chalky, chemical, citrus, earthy, Ipomoeo/terpene, lemon, musty, pumpkin, salty, squash (titer type), starchy, sweet, sweetpotato (traditional), terpene, and turnip. These results indicate that the genetic diversity for flavor present in sweetpotato germplasm will allow making substantial changes in the flavor of new cultivars, thus potentially opening previously unexploited or under-exploited markets. Implementation involves solving two primary problems: 1) identification of desirable flavor ideotypes; and development of procedures that allow maximizing the selection of specific flavor types.
EVALUATION AND BATING OF SENSORY ATTRIBUTES IN BAKED AND CANNED SWEETPOTATOES
Authors: Silva Juan L.
Published: February 2019

A total of 6 cvs and 14 lines of sweetpotatoes were analyzed by sensory panel for baking and canning quality. Baked samples were cured, washed, foil-wrapped, and baked for 1.5 h at 177°C. Canned samples were lye peeled and finished, packed with 20°Brix sucrose in 303 × 406 cans, and retorted for 25 min at 121.1°C. Beauregard and 'L86-33' scored the highest on canned samples. In analyzing the different sensory attributes, color uniformity had the highest partial R2 for both baked (0.61) and canned (0.67) products. Moistness (R2=0.13) and mouthfeel (R2=0.15) were the subsequent important factors followed by eye appeal, smoothness, lack of fiber and attractiveness. Thus color attributes accounted for 67.0% (baked) and 78.4% (canned) of the average rating of sweetpotatoes. Textural attributes followed with flavor being last with 1.0% and 1.1%. for baked and canned products, respectively. When averaging all samples, eye appeal and color uniformity were below the acceptable rating (6) in baked samples. For canned samples. attractiveness and color intensity were rated the lowest. This work shows that the average or total score given to a cv/line should be the result of the weighted scores of each attribute rated and not the arithmetic mean. Also, breeders should incorporate color intensity, uniformity, and susceptibility to browning ratings early in their program.
ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF SKIN RUSSETING IN POTATO USING NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES
Authors: Oehlke Leslie , Torres-Lopez Ramon , Myers J. Michele , Miller J. Creighton
Published: February 2019

The potato (Solanum luberosum, L.) is the fourth most important food crop worldwide and the most important vegetable crop in the United States. The United States is the only country which prefers russet skin potatoes, but plant breeders experience difficulty in manipulating the trait, since the potato is an autosomal tetraploid with complex inheritance. The enzyme banding patterns of white and russet skin potato tubers from five near-isogenic lines were studied in order to identify specific isozyme differences associated with russeting. Tuber skin samples were prepared and run on polyacrylamide gels. The gels were then stained for eight enzyme systems (PRX, EST, MDH, PGM, PGI, GOT, G-6PDH, 6PGDI-I) and scored for banding differences. Peroxidase activity was always associated with russeting, and differences in esterase banding were also observed. Potential markers associated with russeting might have been found, which could provide fingerprinting tools for mapping the gene(s) responsible for russeting in potato.
LIPID CONTENT AND QUALITY OF PECAN POLLEN
Authors: Thompson Tommy E. , Senter Samuel D. , Grauke L.J.
Published: February 2019

Pollen from five cultivars (cvs.) of pecans [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] was sampled at Brownwood and College Station, Texas, in 1991 and 1992. Samples were analyzed for cytoplasmic lipid classes and constituent fatty acids. Lipid classes in all cvs. included phosphatidyl inasitol, phosphatidyl swine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, free fatty acids, and triglycerides. Triglycerides were the predominant class of lipids in all cvs. analyzed. Fatty acids, qualitated and quantitated by gas chromatographic-mass spectral analysis, included palmitie (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic (18:3) adds. Quantities of individual and total fatty acids were significantly influenced (P> 0.05) by tree age. Within a uniform age class, quantities of individual and total fatty acids varied greatly and were significantly influenced by cultivar, year, and location as well as by interactions of main effects. The percent composition of individual fatty acids was stable in relation to total fatty acids in the sample, despite wide variation in quantities of fatty acids in different samples. Total fatty acids varied from 2.53% to 0.25% of dry weight. How this large variability in stored energy levels among pollen sources may affect orchard production is discussed.
PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH RABBITEYE, SOUTHERN HIGHBUSH AND HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Clark John R. , Robbins Robert
Published: February 2019

Two replicated blueberry plantings, one containing one highbush, (Vaccinium corymbosum) two southern highbush and two rabbiteye (V.ashei) cultivars, and another containing one highbush and three rabbiteye cultivars were sampled in October, 1991 and plant parasitic nematodes extracted and counted. Additionally, 15 commercial rabbiteye plantings were sampled. Standard and southern highbush samples had total plant parasitic nematode levels of 228-451 nematodes/250 ml soil compared to 4-14 nematodes/250 ml soil for rabbiteye. No difference in nematode population was found among the standard highbush ('Bluecrop') and southern highbush ('Cooper', 'Gulfcoast') cultivars. Xiphinema americanum was the most common nematode species found, along with very small populations of Paratrichodorus minor. All commercial plantings had lower nematode levels in samples from the blueberry plants as compared to those from the sod middles between the rows. Nematode levels from commercial plantings ranged from 1477/250ml soil from blueberry plants and 11-1546/250 ml soil from the sod middles. Species found at high levels in the sod samples were usually distinctly different from those found associated with the blueberry plants.
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE (DORMEX) ON REPLACING LACK OF CHILLING IN 'RUSTON RED' PEACH
Authors: Powell Arlie A. , Goodrick Scott , Tunnell Ed , Murphy Richard
Published: February 2019

Inadequate winter chilling periodically becomes a serious problem for the commercial peach industry in the Southeast, especially along the Gulf Coast. A number of countries around the world are using hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex-SKW) to replace lack of chilling in peaches and other fruit plants. Studies were conducted over 3 years (1990-1992) to evaluate the effects of hydrogen cyanamide on replacing lack of winter chilling in 'Ruston Red' peach, (850 hour chill requirement). Findings indicated full tree sprays in early fall and late winter (after buds had become active) caused excessive bud thinning and crop reduction. Applications made when 65 to 85% of chilling requirement was satisfied (no visible bud activity) were very effective at concentrations of 0.5 to 1.0% V/V of 49% Dormex. Rates above 2% were very toxic causing crop loss. Dormex effectively replaced a shortage of 265 chilling hours of 'Ruston Red' during one season resulting in full cropping while controls failed to crop.
THE EFFECTS OF SUMMER PRUNING ON APPLE TREE CANOPY MICROCLIMATE AND FRUIT QUALITY
Authors: Allen Ray , Rom Curt , Aselage John
Published: February 2019

Summer pruning effects on apple tree canopy microclimate, fruit quality, and summer disease were studied in a commercial orchard in eastern Arkansas. Eighteen lo-year-old trees of `Golde n Delicious'/M111 were treated as follows: 1) non-pruned control, 2) moderate pruned, thinning cuts in the canopy, and 3) heavy pruned, thinning cuts in the canopy and heading shoots on the canopy periphery. Treatments were applied on 23-June, 1992. All trees were dormant pruned. PPFD and relative evaporation (RE), measured with Livingston atmometers, were measured at time of treatment, on 15-July, and at Harvest, 9-Sept. PPFD and RE were immediately increased by summer pruning but by harvest had returned to levels near the non-pruned control. Fruit firmness, titratable acidity, starch, and color were not significantly affected while soluble solids were inconsistently affected. Weight was decreased insignificantly by moderate pruning and decreased slightly by heavy pruning. Summer fruit rot incidence was similar among all treatments. PPFD and RE were significantly higher in upper positions of the canopy as compared to lower positions.
THE VIRULENCE OF FOUR BITTER ROT ISOLATES (GLOMERELLA CINGULATA) ON `GOLDEN DELICIOUS' APPLE FRUITS
Authors: Shi Yan , Rom C.R. , Correll J.C.
Published: February 2019

Apple bitter rot, caused by Glomerella cingulata is an economically important disease in the Southeastern U.S. Development of resistant cultivars may be an important way to control this disease. To evaluate the apple germplasm resistance, it is necessary to understand variation in virulence of isolates so that appropriated isolates can be selected for screening procedures. Examination of virulence was performed on four Arkansas isolates (G667, G668, G959 and G960) on `Golden Delicious' fruit. The fruit were wound-inoculated with a 100 μl spore suspension (107 spores/ml), then incubated in dew chamber at 28C and 100% RI-I. Differences in virulence were detected among the isolates in terms of lesion diameter and depth. Isolate G959 was statistically (p=.05) more virulent than two isolates (G667 and G668) examined. Additional isolates from difference geographical locations will be examined for virulence in future studies.
USE OF NAA AS A PECAN NUT THINNER
Authors: Worley Ray E.
Published: February 2019

NAA was applied to pecan nuts at concentrations of 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 μg·g-1 on May 19, June 16, and July 20. The 500 μg·g-1 concentration induced nut drop at all dates but was phytotoxic to leaves when applied on May 19. Concentrations of 50-100 μg·g reduced preharvest drop of nuts.
THE EFFECT OF SEASON ON DICHOGAMY PATTERNS IN PECAN.
Authors: Grauke L. J. , Thompson Tommy E.
Published: February 2019

Thirteen cultivars of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] were monitored for bud break, pollen shed and stigma receptivity for 4 years at LSU Pecan Station, Robson, LA. Cultivars were generally consistent in displaying clear patterns of protogyny or protandry, although patterns were uncertain for some cultivars in some years. Mean dates of cultivar phenology varied significantly by year. Years with warm winter and spring temperatures had earlier seasons of growth and flowering than years with cooler temperatures. The duration of pollen shed and stigma receptivity varied between years. Protogynous cultivars, as a group, had greater bloom overlap than protandrous cultivars, although overlap varied between years for both dichogamy classes. The sequence of cultivar flowering relative to other cultivars varied between years, resulting in variable amounts of bloom overlap between cultivars in different years.
EFFECTS OF SEQUENTIAL FOLIAGE TOPPING ON YIELD OF TWO SWEETPOTATO CULTIVARS
Authors: David P.P. , Bonsi C.K. , Bonsi E. , Pace R.D. , Clark O. , Carva L.C. Garner
Published: February 2019

The effects of sequential foliage topping on two sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam cvs Georgia Jet, TU-82-18921 cultivars were investigated in a field trial. Three initial foliage cuttings (15 cm cutting from the growing tip) were initialed at 45.60 and 75 days after planting (DAP). Each initial cutting date was followed by zero, one or two cuttings at biweekly intervals.

Total storage root yields were not affected by cutting treatments regardless of the cultivar investigated. Both cultivars differed in their response in dry matter accumulation, while Georgia Jet was not affected by cutting treatments, TU-82-1892 accumulated less dry matter when foliage tips were removed twice during the growth cycle (75.90 DAP) compared to all other cutting treatments.

The amount of foliage tips removed from each cultivar differed significantly over all treatment levels with Georgia Jet producing more foliage tips than TU-82-1892. However. production of foliage tips for both cultivars was greatest when foliage cutting was delayed until 75 DAP.
NITROGEN LEVEL AND LIGHT INTENSITY CAN EFFECT VEGETABLE AMARANTH LEAF NUTRIENTS
Authors: Makus D.J.
Published: February 2019

Three-week-old transplants of Amaranthus tricolor cultivars 'RRC 241' (RC) and 'Hinn Choy' (HC) were given split applications of supplemental N of 0, 100 and 200 kg/ha and in the 5th week after sowing were exposed to 100, 70 and 50% of ambient solar radiation for nine and ten days, respectively. Increased shading had a linear (L) effect on leaf blade NO3, protein, K, Mg, S, P, Al, Fe and Cu (dry wt basis). There were L and quadratic (Q) increases in chlorophyll (chloro) and carotenoids. Increasing supplemental N increased leaf blade protein (L,Q), Na (L), Mn (L), chloro (L,Q), carotenoids (L,Q), but decreased Mg (L), P (L,Q) and Zn (L,Q). Nitrate levels showed L and Q increases in RC and HC, respectively. HC was higher in leaf blade K, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, NO3, chloro and carotenoides, but lower in CA than RC. Shading had no effect on leaf area or plant fresh wt, but decreased plant dry wt while increasing plant water content. Nitrogen application increased stem length, and plant fresh and dry wt.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS FOR GROWING PEANUT
Authors: Trotman A.A. , Mortley C.E. , Mortley D.G. , David P.P. , Loretan P.A.
Published: February 2019

Hydroponic growing systems have the potential to maximize phytomass production of peanut (Arachis hypogea) for Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS). Two greenhouse experiments were conducted with plant nutrients supplied in a modified Evan's solutionusing a nutrient film technique. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of hydroponic growing systems on pod and foliage yield of `New Improved Spanish' and `Georgia Red' peanut. Sub-objectives were to evaluate (i) the impact of channel size and (ii) the impact of gradation in pore size on the separation of the rooting zone from the zone of gynophore development. The treatments consisted in the first experiment of a wide channel (122 by 15 by 46 cm) fitted with a perforated (3.0mm diam.) PVC grid; a narrow channel (122 by 15 by 15 cm) either fitted with a perforated grid or without a grid. For 'New Improved Spanish' peanut dry foliage yield tended to be higher in the wide channel treatment (0.33 kg/sq m). But the narrow channel yielded the highest mean pod dry weight (0.12 kg/sq m). Pore sizes of the screens ranged from infinity (no screen). perforated grid, square mesh. filtering screen (75u) and solid screen (no pores). For `Georgia Red' peanut, the impact of gradation in pore size of screens was variable: pod number was highest with the filtering (food) screen (216/sq m) but pod dry weight was highest for the square mesh treatment (0.09 kg/sq m). Foliage yield was significantly greater for the filtering (food) screen (1.12 kg/sq m) than in any of the other treatments. The findings of the research indicate that use of screens is feasible and will not retard pod development. The presence of a perforated grid tended to result in lower phytomass production for `New Improved Spanish' peanut.
GROWTH ANALYSIS OF FIVE SWEETPOTATO (IPOMOEA BATATAS L) CULTIVARS
Authors: Khan Victor A , Stevens C. , Mafolo T. , Bonsi C. , Lu J.Y. , Rhoden E.G. , Wilson M. A. , Kabwe M. K. , Adeyeye Y.
Published: February 2019

TU-82-155 and `Georgia-Jet' early maturing. `Carver II'. TU-1892 and `Rojo-Blanco' late maturing sweepotato cultivars were evaluated in the field for: leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate, foliage crop growth rate (FCGR), storage roots crop growth rate (RCGR) and alpha a (the mean relative growth rate in dry wt to the mean relative growth rate in leaf area over a time interval) or the partitioning of assimilates. A split plot design was used and plants were sampled at 6, 8, 11 and 16 wk after transplanting. The results from study showed that LAI reached maximum development 8 and 12 wk after transplanting for early and late maturing cultivars, respectively. All cultivars irrespective to maturity groups showed a reduction in net assimilation rate 6 wk after transplanting while FCGR for early maturing cultivars gradually declined 6 wk after transplanting and varied among late maturing cultivars. `Carver II' showed increases in FCGR up to 11 wk after transplanting then rapidly declined while `Rojo-Blanco' and TU-1892 began to decline 8 and 6 wk after transplanting, respectively. RCGR showed rapid increases (100 g.m /area/week) and (150 g/m /area/week) for early and late maturing cultivars beginning 6 wk after transplanting and this increase continued until the 12th and 8 th wk after transplanting for early and late maturing cultivars, respectively. Cultivars from both maturity groups began to produce surplus assimilates (Alpha a) 6 wk after transplanting. which coincided with the rapid increases in RCGR at the same time. Thus indicating that storage root enlargement begins after the plant had accumulated a surplus of assimilates.
SWEETPOTATO GROWTH AND YIELD IN NFT AS AFFECTED BY TYPE OF CUTTING AND PLANTING DEPTH
Authors: Garner Lauren , Mortley Desmond , Loretan Philip , Trotman Audrey , David Pauline
Published: February 2019

An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse environment to determine the relationship between type of cutting and planting depth on sweetpotato [Ipomea batatas (L) Lam] storage root yield using the nutrient film technique. Vine cuttings of the cultivar 'TI-155' were planted in growth channels (122×15×15 cm) in modified half Hoagland's solution. Treatments consisted of cuttings with all leaves and shoot apex removed with two nodes inserted (2NB), cuttings with all leaves and shoot apex removed with five nodes inserted (5NB). and cuttings with four leaves and the shoot apex remaining with two nodes inserted (2NB-L). Plants were harvested 130 days after planting and yield data was taken. Plants in 2NB-L had a significantly lower percent dry matter than those of 2NB. Neither cutting type nor planting depth affected yield or yield related parameters.
INDIAN MUSTARD AS A TRAP CROP FOR INSECT PESTS OF CABBAGE ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
Authors: Bender David A. , Morrison William P.
Published: February 2019

Indian mustard trap crops have successfully reduced pesticide use on commercial cabbage in India. Diamondback moth has been a serious pest of cabbage in Texas and has demonstrated resistance to most classes of insecticides. Use of a trap crop could fit well in an integrated management program for cabbage insects, Three-row plots of spring and fall cabbage were surrounded by successive single-row plantings of Indian mustard in trials at Lubbock, Texas to determine the efficacy of interplanting for reducing insecticide applications. Insects in the cabbage and Indian mustard were counted twice weekly, and insecticides were applied selectively when economic thresholds were reached. Indian mustard was highly attractive to harlequin bugs, and protected intercropped spring cabbage. Cabbage plots without mustard required two insecticide applications to control the infestation. False chinch bugs were also highly attracted to Indian mustard. Lepidopterous larvae, including diamondback moth, did not appear to be attracted to the trap crop. Indian mustard trap crops reduced insecticide applications to spring cabbage but had no positive effect on fail cabbage.
FRUIT SET OF FALL WATERMELONS IN FLORIDA
Authors: Maynard D.N. , Elmstrom G.W.
Published: February 2019

Fruit set of 'Crimson Sweet', 'Jubilee II', 'King of Hearts', 'Mickylee', and 'Sangria' watermelons was studied in Florida, In 1991 and 1992 seasons at Bradenton and Leesburg, In 1991, fruit set at Bradenton occurred primarily from 7-10 October. At Leesburg, fruit set in at least one of the four varieties occurred over 19 days. However, there were flushes of fruit setting 25-28 September and again 5-7 October. Fruit set over the entire season ranged from 11 to 16% at Leesburg and between 17 and 20% at Bradenton. In 1992, fruit set occurred primarily between 11 and 17 October at both locations. Fruit set for the entire season ranged from 16 to 21% at Bradenton and 22 to 31% at Leesburg. The effects of bee attractants on watermelon fruit yield were studied in Manatee (Bradenton) County in fall 1991 (Bee Scent) and in Manatee and Lake (Leesburg) counties in spring 1992 (Bee-Here). Bee attractants did not significantly affect yield in three of four experiments. In the fourth experiment, early yield and average fruit weight for the entire season were increased significantly following application of the bee attractant.
INHERITANCE OF ISOZYMES: DESCRIPTION OF NEW LOCI IN ONIONS ISOZYMES
Authors: Mangum Paul D. , Peffley Ellen B.
Published: February 2019

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to study the mode of inheritance of isozyme phenotypes of four enzyme systems (ADH, 6-PGDH, PGM, and SKDH) in Allium cepa L. and A. fistulosum L. by monitoring segregations in backcross and F2 progeny. Segregation for most of the polymorphisms fit the expected Mendelian ratios as tested by the chi-square statistic. Three new isozyme loci were defined for onion. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was dimeric in structure, with two alleles present at the first locus, while a second locus was monomorphic. Shikimate dehydrogenase was monomeric with two alleles.