bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FIELD EMISSION AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF IMOGOLITE
Authors: OH JIHOON , CHANG SUNYOUNG , ROH SEUNGKWANG , JANG JIYOUNG , YI WHIKUN
Published: March 2007

We demonstrate field emission (FE) properties of imogolite including turn-on field and life time stability. Imogolite is found to be a good electron emitter under external electric field. The conductance of bound water molecules adsorbed on imogolite surface is measured and compared with bulk water molecules at various pH values, i.e., at various proton concentrations. At low concentration, most protons pass through bound water on imogolite rather than bulk water. At high concentration, on the other hand, protons move more easily through bulk water than bound water. Explanations are given in this paper.
LATERAL INTERSUBBAND PHOTOCURRENT STUDY ON InAs/InAlAs/InP SELF-ASSEMBLED NANOSTRUCTURES
Authors: LEI W. , CHEN Y. H. , JIN P. , XU B. , YE X. L. , WANG Z. G. , HUANG X. Q.
Published: March 2007

We present lateral intersubband photocurrent (PC) study on self-assembled InAs/InAlAs/InP (001) nanostructures in normal incidence. With the help of interband excitation, a broad PC signal has been observed in the photon energy range of 150–630 meV arising from the bound-to-continuum intersubband absorption in the InAs nanostructures. The large linewidth of the intersubband PC signal is due to the size inhomogeneity of the nanostructures. With the increase of the interband excitation the intersubband PC signal firstly increases with a redshift of PC peak and reaches its maximum, then decreases with no peak shift. The increase and redshift of the PC signal at low excitation level can be explained by the state filling effect. However, the decrease of PC signal at high excitation level may be due to the change of the mobility and lifetime of the electrons. The intersubband PC signal decreases when the temperature is increased, which can be explained by the decrease of the mobility and lifetime of the electrons and the thermal escape of electrons.
TREATMENT OF TiO2 FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF PHOTO-CATALYTIC PROPERTY AND DISPERSION STABILITY
Authors: CHA HWA JIN , PARK OK KYUNG , KIM YOUNG HWAN , CHA HYUN GIL , KANG YOUNG SOO
Published: March 2007

To be used as absorber of UV-ray in cosmetic products, UV-ray absorption ability of TiO 2 has to be increased and particle size of TiO 2 has to be reduced up to nanosize. TiO 2 was coated with inorganic layer of silica to suppress photo-catalytic activity and to increase dispersibility. Silica-coated TiO 2 nanoparticle was prepared with commercial TiO 2 (Degussa P-25) and TEOS. TiO 2 was treated with 0.1 M HCl to prevent aggregation. The pH of TEOS was adjusted in the range of 7–8 by adding 0.1 M NH4OH. Silica-coated TiO 2 nanoparticle included the structures of core-shell by TEM images. The decrease of photocatalytic activity and UV shielding effect of silica-coated TiO 2 nanoparticles was confirmed with UV-vis spectra. Improved dispersion of silica-coated TiO 2 nanoparticles as compared with pure TiO 2 was verified with increased Zeta potential value. The dispersion of TiO 2 nanoparticle was also studied on the effect of oleate coating on TiO 2 nanoparticle surface.
INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURES OF TETRAKIS(THIADIAZOLE)PORPHYRAZINE ON GOLD SUBSTRATE USING UHV-STM
Authors: TERUI TOSHIFUMI , MASHIKO SHINRO , SUZUKI YOSUKE , FUJIMORI MASATO , AWAGA KUNIO
Published: March 2007

It has been proposed that a bottom–up approach is necessary to make nanometer-scale devices. To improve the bottom–up approach, we need to observe and evaluate the structure and array of molecules on a substrate. Generally, the conformation of molecules at interfaces is critical in molecular devices. Numerous studies of phthalocyanine compounds have been done because of their high potential for applications in electro-optical and magnetic devices. Tetrakis(thiadiazole)porphyrazine (TTDPzH2) is one of the molecules that has been synthesized to control intermolecular interactions. X-ray crystal analysis revealed a 2D close packing structure. However, the details of intermolecular interaction and molecule–substrate interaction in thin films are not completely understood. We have observed the structure and arrangement of molecules that reflect their structural characteristics by using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Molecules were deposited on gold substrates to a sub-monolayer thickness. STM images of monolayer thin films showed differences in the crystal structure between as-deposited and post-annealed films. STM images of sub-monolayer films showed small dots that are consistent with TTDPzH2 molecule and cluster structures on the substrate terrace.
Adaptive Bayesian Iterative Transmission Reconstruction for Attenuation Correction in Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with SPECT/Slow‐Rotation Low‐Output CT Systems
Authors: Chen Ji , Garcia Ernest V. , Folks Russell D. , Peretz Aharon , Galt James R.
Published: March 2007

Objectives. SPECT/slow‐rotation low‐output CT systems can produce streak artifacts in filtered backprojection (FBP) attenuation maps, impacting attenuation correction (AC) in myocardial perfusion imaging. This paper presents an adaptive Bayesian iterative transmission reconstruction (ABITR) algorithm for more accurate AC. Methods. In each iteration, ABITR calculated a three‐dimensional prior containing the pixels with attenuation coefficients similar to water, then used it to encourage these pixels to the water value. ABITR was tested with a cardiac phantom and 4 normal patients acquired by a GE Millennium VG/Hawkeye system. Results. FBP AC and ABITR AC produced similar phantom results. For the patients, streak artifacts were observed in the FBP and ordered‐subsets expectation‐maximization (OSEM) maps but not in the ABITR maps, and ABITR AC produced more uniform images than FBP AC and OSEM AC. Conclusion. ABITR can improve the quality of the attenuation map, producing more uniform images for normal studies.
On the Recursive Sequencexn+1=A+xnp/xn−1p
Authors: Stevic Stevo
Published: March 2007

This paper studies the boundedness, global attractivity, and periodicity of the positive solutions of the difference equationxn+1=A+xnp/xn−1p,n∈ℕ0, withp,A∈(0,∞). The main results give a complete picture regarding the boundedness character of the positive solutions of the equation.
AnLp-Lq-Version of Morgan's Theorem for then-Dimensional Euclidean Motion Group
Authors: Ayadi Sihem , Mokni Kamel
Published: March 2007

We establish anLp-Lq-version of Morgan's theorem for the group Fourier transform on then-dimensional Euclidean motion groupM(n).
Dynamics of a Discretization Physiological Control System
Authors: Ding Xiaohua , Su Huan
Published: March 2007

We study the dynamics of solutions of discrete physiological control system obtained by Midpoint rule. It is shown that a sequence of Hopf bifurcations occurs at the positive equilibrium as the delay increases and we analyze the stability of the solution of the discrete system and calculate the direction of the Hopf bifurcations. The numerical results are presented.
Effect of Current Density on Thermodynamic Properties of Nanocrystalline Palladium Capped Samarium Hydride Thin Film Switchable Mirrors
Authors: Kumar Pushpendra , Malhotra L. K.
Published: March 2007

A 55 nm samarium film capped with a 10 nm palladium overlayer switched from a metallic reflecting to a semiconducting, transparent in visible state during ex-situ hydrogen loading via electrochemical means in 1 M KOH electrolytic aqueous solution at room temperature. The switching between metal to semiconductor was accompanied by measurement of transmittance during hydrogen loading/unloading. The effect of current density on switching and thermodynamic properties was studied between dihydride state (FCC phase) and trihydride state (hexagonal phase). From the plateau of partial pressure of hydrogen atx=2.6, enthalpy of formation was calculated at different current densities. The diffusion coefficients and switching kinetics are shown to depend on applied current density.
Plasma Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interleukin-6 in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Konuk N. , Tekın I. O. , Ozturk U. , Atik L. , Atasoy N. , Bektas S. , Erdogan A.
Published: March 2007

Aim. Recent research implicated place of an immune mechanism in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite increasing evidence involvement of cytokine release in OCD, results of the studies are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma levels of the cytokines; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in OCD patients.Methods. Plasma concentrations of TNF-αand IL-6 were measured in 31 drug-free outpatients with OCD, and 31-year age and sex-matched healthy controls. TNF-αand IL-6 concentrations in blood were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results. Both TNF-αand IL-6 levels showed statistically significant increases in OCD patients compared to controls (P<.000,P<.001, resp.). In addition, the age of onset was negatively correlated with TNF-αlevel (r=−.402,P=.025) and duration of illness was weakly correlated with IL-6 levels(r:.357;P:.048)in patients group.Conclusion. OCD patients showed increases in TNF-αand IL-6 levels compared to the healthy controls. This study provides evidence for alterations in the proinflamatory cytokines which suggest the involvement of the immune system in the pathophysiology of OCD.
The Heart and Pulmonary Circulation at High Altitudes
Authors: Penaloza Dante , Arias-Stella Javier
Published: March 2007

More than 140 million people worldwide live >2500 m above sea level. Of them, 80 million live in Asia, and 35 million live in the Andean mountains. This latter region has its major population density living above 3500 m. The primary objective of the present study is to review the physiology, pathology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the heart and pulmonary circulation in healthy highlanders and patients with chronic mountain sickness. A systematic review of worldwide literature was undertaken, beginning with the pioneering work done in the Andes several decades ago. Original articles were analyzed in most cases and English abstracts or translations of articles written in Chinese were reviewed. Pulmonary hypertension in healthy highlanders is related to a delayed postnatal remodeling of the distal pulmonary arterial branches. The magnitude of pulmonary hypertension increases with the altitude level and the degree of exercise. There is reversal of pulmonary hypertension after prolonged residence at sea level. Chronic mountain sickness develops when the capacity for altitude adaptation is lost. These patients have moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension with accentuated hypoxemia and exaggerated polycythemia. The clinical picture of chronic mountain sickness differs from subacute mountain sickness and resembles other chronic altitude diseases described in China and Kyrgyzstan. The heart and pulmonary circulation in healthy highlanders have distinct features in comparison with residents at sea level. Chronic mountain sickness is a public health problem in the Andean mountains and other mountainous regions around the world. Therefore, dissemination of preventive and therapeutic measures is essential.
A Special Relationship: Chairpersons and the Secretariat in the Climate Change Negotiations
Authors: Depledge Joanna
Published: March 2007

There is growing recognition in the literature of the important roles played by Chairpersons and secretariats in global environmental negotiations. Less frequently recognized, however, is the interdependence of those roles. Using the example of the climate change negotiations, this paper argues that Chairpersons and the secretariat are locked into a mutually-dependent relationship. Whereas the Chairperson has the political authority needed to exert leadership in the negotiations, the secretariat possesses intellectual resources that can maximize the effectiveness of that leadership. The secretariat's input to the negotiations, however, must be shielded by a “veil of legitimacy,” whereby the Chairperson takes responsibility for that input. The paper explores how Chairpersons and the secretariat work together, along with the dysfunctionalities that can emerge in this very personal relationship. In doing so, the paper expands our understanding of exactly how these two actors exert influence in global environmental negotiations.
Contesting Privatization: NGOs and Farmers' Rights in the African Model Law
Authors: Zerbe Noah
Published: March 2007

The development of the concept of farmers' rights in the Food and Agriculture Organization, and its adoption by the African Union as a counterbalance to the private property rights of plant breeders, highlights the divisiveness of the question of ownership in biodiversity and biotechnology. This article examines the development of the African Model Law, a regional regime intended to promote indigenous control over local biodiversity. The principal argument is that key nongovernmental organizations were able to draw on African efforts and concerns regarding conceptions of private property rights embodied in international agreements, framing the question of farmers' rights in a way that spoke to the African experience. Farmers' rights thus came to be a focal point for African negotiators at international discussions on intellectual property rights and biodiversity, enabling Africa to take a key role in the articulation of alternatives to the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement.
Special Education and Research on Developmentally Delayed Children in China
Authors: Cheng Yue  , Mcloughlin Caven S.
Published: March 2007

Attending to the effects of developmental delay is one of the most important problems for medicine and education in contemporary society. The degree to which attention is paid to developmental delay reflects a nation's level of civilisation. Until several years ago, research on developmental delay was minimal in China. Yet, there have been dramatic changes and significant developments since China's so-called "Cultural Revolution" (1966-76). By examining the changes that have occurred, we may be able to learn about the future for education (and specifically special education) in China.
Four Steps to a Sound Correctional Research and Statistics Program
Authors: Mccafferty James A.
Published: March 2007

We cannot properly operate a multimillion-dollar program to rehabilitate offenders unless we have some way to determine whether the money spent in program, personnel, and plant is wisely invested. Indeed, with the tremendous growth and sys tematizing of knowledge in the areas of juvenile delinquency and correction, states have an excellent base for developing useful programs for evaluating their probation, institutional, and parole systems.
The Jack-of-All-Trades Offender
Authors: Roebuck Julian , Johnson Ronald
Published: March 2007

Seventy-one criminals with long arrest histories that revealed no pattern or concentration on a specific variety of crime were compared with the remainder of a total sample of 400 criminals, nearly all of whom did show a pattern in their criminal activities. The writers hypothesized that a comparison of the no-pattern group with the remainder of the offenders would reveal differ ences that would show why these 71 criminals did not evince any particular pattern. They also hypothesized that the no-pattern group might consist of two subgroups—one bright and highly mobile (in terms of shifts toward more "advanced" types of crime), and a second so dull that more experienced criminals would not accept them as apprentices. However, bright, mobile offen ders were almost nonexistent in the no-pattern group, indicating that criminal progression of adult criminals takes place within, not between, specific types of crime. While intellectually dull, the no-pattern group was no more so than the whole sample, so that lack of intellectual ability does not seem to be the cause of their lack of pattern. The introverted, "marginal" character of their personal relations suggests that these offenders showed no pattern because they did not have close enough contact with other criminals to learn effective techniques. Because of their naïveté in criminal operations and consequently their frequent incarceration, they were shunned by other criminals. Thus, they were further limited in their opportunities to learn a single, "sophisticated" pattern of crime.
The Career of a Syndicate Boss
Authors: Peterson Virgil W.
Published: March 2007

Tony Accardo, boss of the Capone syndicate, was born of Italian immigrant parents in Chicago in 1906 and was reared in a poor neighborhood. His first conflict with the law occurred before he was sixteen. Before reaching twenty-one, he was an associate of the Circus Café gang members who became affiliated with the Capone syndicate and were suspects in the St. Valen tine's Day Massacre in Chicago in 1929. When only twenty-four years of age, Accardo was arrested with "Machine Gun" Jack McGurn and charged with carrying concealed weapons. The following year his name was on the Public Enemy list. He was married in 1934; he and his bride were accompanied on their honeymoon by a police sergeant who, twenty-five years later, toured Europe with him. In the 1930's and 1940's Accardo operated lucrative gambling joints. He played a leading role in obtaining the early release on parole of the Capone mob leaders who had been convicted in the $7 million moving picture extortion conspiracy case in 1943, and he became the syndicate boss. As leader of the Capone organization, Accardo was in volved in a fierce war over the racing information service. In 1949, he muscled into a $26 million a year gambling syndicate in Florida; in the same year, following violence in Chicago's South Side policy racket, Accardo and Jack Guzik were paid $278,000 by the operators of the Erie-Buffalo policy wheel. Accardo's interests include Nevada gambling, and he has exerted influence in naming, as well as ousting, the labor relations counsel for the Chicago Restaurant Association. From 1940 to 1955, inclusive, Accardo reported, for income tax purposes, a total of $1,155,524.17, an annual average of $72,220; over 43 per cent of it was listed as coming from one gambling establishment and from unidentified miscellaneous sources. When the Internal Revenue Service exerted pressure on Accardo to prepare com plete returns, he suddenly appeared on the payroll of a beer sales firm at a salary of $65,000 a year, although he performed no work. Prosecution was initiated for an income tax violation; he was convicted but on appeal the conviction was reversed. Accardo continues his way of life, enjoying as much as ever the luxury of his twenty-two room mansion in suburban River Forest and his contempt for the government, its officials, and the public.
The Prosecuting Attorney and Organized Crime
Authors: Hoey Joseph P.
Published: March 2007

Organized crime is a national evil that recognizes no boun daries. The main defense against it is the honest, forthright, competent, intelligent prosecutor who has the proper perspective of the duties and responsibilities of office, a selective and real istic discretion, an awareness of the handicaps in his path and the will to overcome these obstacles.
Correctional Views on Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Crime
Authors: Maccormick Austin H.
Published: March 2007

Aside from a few notable exceptions, the "revolving door jails" to which most alcoholic offenders are sent in the United States are a national disgrace. Among their many shortcomings is the almost complete absence of treatment programs for the problem drinker. Moreover, many alcoholics convicted of felonies and sent to state and federal prisons are not easily identifiable as problem drinkers and so do not receive adequate treatment. Until the end of the 1930's, when Alcoholics Anonymous had fully demonstrated its worth, no effective treatment programs for alcoholics were known and available to correctional admin istrators. Today, A.A. has over 400 groups in American prisons and jails, where it has had significant success. Its program has also proved markedly effective with probationers and parolees. This success and our increased understanding of the alcoholic offender offer hope that we may find effective ways of prevent ing, as well as treating, alcoholism and crime when they occur together.
The Social Worker's Role in Handling the Resistances of the Alcoholic
Authors: Strayer Robert
Published: March 2007

In handling the alcoholic's resistances to treatment, the social worker must be aware that the patient has suffered years of rejec tion by his family and his community. In addition, the therapist must develop an understanding and accepting attitude by which he can maintain some kind of rapport with his client. He must learn how to respond to his patient's immediate needs and how to handle his patient's as well as his own hostilities in order to avoid being identified with the authoritarian, punitive figures of the patient's traumatic past. Through the social worker's use of various techniques, the client can be made aware that his desire to be sober stems from his own inner motivations and is his own freedom of choice. The breaking down of an alcoholic's resistances is essentially an individualized process, in which the worker gears his treatment to the dynamics of the particular case.
A Gold Medal for Delinquency
Authors: Leiden Carl
Published: March 2007

If delinquency can be thought of as, in part, the violent and unreasoning rejection of authority, then to some degree it is present in every society, democratic or dictatorial. Paradoxically, it may serve some purpose in democratic constitutional develop ment, although it could hardly be encouraged for this purpose. The failure to eradicate delinquency is more significant in a dictatorship than in a democracy. In the democratic community rejection is fragmental and carries few ideological implications. But to the degree that a dictatorial society is totalitarian, the rejection is one of society, of an ideological way of life. Soviet delinquents reject not only the transient authority that bothers them, but the very ideological taproots of communism as well. The authoritarian state possesses instruments of coercion that are hardly acceptable to a democracy. But in spite of the use of such instruments and, in the case of the Soviet Union, in the face of a generation of trial at remolding man to a Marxian image, the delinquent remains the unassimilated antisocial ele ment. The very existence of delinquency there is a measure of the failure of communist society to substitute its will for that of the individual and, in spite of its tragic details, remains a bulwark against totalitarianism.
A Small Goal Is Big Enough
Authors: Chwast Jacob
Published: March 2007

Practitioners must seek what is realistically possible in treat ing delinquents. Doing this may necessitate radical innovations in goals and methods. The delinquent patient is typically resistant to treatment, consciously as well as unconsciously; and, oddly enough, his resistance may be mirrored by the therapist. The failure of traditional methods of treating delinquents may be due. partly to therapists' lack of flexibility in coping with repeated crises. Delinquents are usually nonverbal, con cretistic, irregular in habits, and action-oriented and can prove extremely trying to the therapist. While insight may be a prim ary objective for other patients, in the delinquent it must be approached with caution.
Judicial Supervision of Criminal Law Administration
Authors: Brennan William J.
Published: March 2007

The legal profession's preoccupation with needed reforms in civil procedure has obscured an equally urgent need for improve ments in the administration of criminal justice. Judges have an opportunity and a responsibility to secure reforms in management of the criminal calendar, application of pretrial discovery and pretrial conference procedures, police investigatory and arrest practices, administration of bail, acceptance of guilty pleas, ap pointment of counsel, and postconviction procedures. The trend is toward enlargement of the judicial supervisory role; perhaps it will take us to the ultimate mechanism of criminal administra tion-a Ministry of Justice.
Presentence Investigation in Abortion Cases
Authors: Bates Jerome E.
Published: March 2007

Complaining witnesses in abortion cases are in an unusually good position to supply information as to the defendant's modus operandi, aseptic technique, sobriety, and professional skill as well as the fee charged, extent of the practice, and attitude toward clients. Some illustrative cases are presented and a break down of thirty-four nonmedically trained abortionists analyzed. The author confirms the views of Bromberg and Keve that the untrained female abortionist, because of certain emotional deprivations in her background, is reacting in part to an un conscious need to reject children or deny them to others of her own sex. Examination of a grand jury presentment reveals that doctors who have been unable to establish a successful legitimate practice often turn to abortion as a lucrative way of earning a living.
Sentencing the Racketeer
Authors: Edwards George
Published: March 2007

Current state and local investigative methods are largely inef fective against the actual operators of organized crime syndicates. What this means for the sentencing judge is that the higher-ups in the rackets rarely come before him for sentence. The problem is further complicated by the limitations of the existing statutes, which are generally aimed at the operation, rather than the organization, of organized crime.
New Approaches in the Juvenile Court Setting
Authors: Larsen Lawrence C.
Published: March 2007

For most of us, the juvenile court has existed all our lives. Even so, most people do not understand it very well and it has never been given the tools to do its job properly. Many judges are unprepared for their tasks when they assume juvenile court responsibility; there are not enough probation officers with adequate training; and detention services often produce delin quency. Nevertheless, juvenile court maturity can be achieved if we are willing to work at it.
Classifying Work Camps for Young Offenders
Authors: Cary Lee J.
Published: March 2007

Work camps for young offenders vary in size, program, organ ization, admission age, and level of government sponsorship. Administrative data on 68 camps is presented to point out some of these differences and to suggest certain classifications of work camps as a step toward more systematic study of the subject.
The Case for Eclecticism
Authors: Hardman Dale G.
Published: March 2007

The author classifies modern criminological theories into three general categories—biological, psychological, and sociological— and views briefly the literature supporting and refuting them. He concludes that at this point none of the theories can be rejected as completely invalid but that none measures up sufficiently to be accepted wholly to the exclusion of any other.
Women Parolees
Authors: Devault Barbara M.
Published: March 2007

Sixty-five of the first 76 women seen at the Division of Legal Medicine's mental health clinic, a state agency, at Framingham Reformatory, Framingham, Mass., were later paroled and sub sequently studied in terms of the feasibility of their parole plan and their conduct on parole. The "success" group (23) was compared with the "failure" group (29) ; also included in the study was a smaller group (13) still on parole at the time of the study.
The Psychiatrist in the Institution
Authors: Kaufman Irving
Published: March 2007

The introduction of mental health services into a juvenile correctional facility should be conducted by a well-trained child psychiatrist with personal qualities that will enable him to get actively involved in a dynamic correctional program. He should have a series of preliminary discussions with the institutional administration to clarify mutual expectations and to dispel mis conceptions and apprehensions on the part of the administra tion, the institution staff, and the pyschiatrist. Other matters to be covered in initial meetings are the psychiatrist's contract concerning hours, salary, lines of communication, role, and function. While the psychiatrist will be called upon to diagnose, treat, and commit certain cases, there seems to be a growing demand for him to function as consultant and educator.
Short-term Education in a Short-term Penal Institution
Authors: Drucker Paula K.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the efforts of NCCD's Westchester Citizens Committee from 1962 to 1965 to establish a basic educa tion program at the Westchester County Penitentiary and to finance it with public funds.
Organization as a Key to Police Effectiveness
Authors: Mitchell Robert Edward
Published: March 2007

Citing evidence on intercity differences in crime rates, as well as differences in rates of increase for several kinds of crime, this paper argues that police departments differ in their effectiveness. The key to an understanding of effectiveness lies in the way police departments themselves are organized. How individual police men perform their occupational duties depends in part on how these duties are defined. In order to understand these definitions and the pressures which affect the way police perform their work, it is necessary to adopt a "systemic" view of legal and illegal forces in society. Determinants of police effectiveness are ex plored, through examples from the control of organized crimes, by relating the way departments interact with other legal and illegal organizations.
The Westchester Misdemeanant Survey
Authors: Loth David
Published: March 2007

In a unique study of a much neglected area of American crime, a group of citizens in Westchester County, N.Y., set out to learn how persons arrested for petty crime are handled in their communities. Misdemeanors, they point out, constitute 90 per cent of all crime, but little is known about what happens to the suspects between arrest and final disposition.
Trial Judges and the Police
Authors: Goldstein Herman
Published: March 2007

Concern for protecting the neutrality of the judiciary has created a major vacuum between the police and the trial courts which, in turn, has precluded the police and the courts from establishing the kind of working relationships that are essential if some of the basic needs of the criminal justice system are to be met effectively.
Reasons for Runaways
Authors: Hildebrand James A.
Published: March 2007

Few studies deal with specific types of delinquent behavior. This investigation examines the runaway problem in two New York City precincts, one a low-income and high-crime area, the other a middle-income section. Attitude toward education emer ges as a pivotal factor. Parents in the high-crime area were apathetic toward education; some did not even know the name and location of the school the runaway supposedly attended. School problems also influenced the runaway from the middle- income section.
The Criminogenic Family
Authors: Grogan Hiram J. , Grogan Ruth C.
Published: March 2007

The family has the responsibility of teaching the child, by precept and example, the multitude of attitudes, values, and behavior patterns essential for his early socialization. In a family disorganized by unresolved and recurring internal conflicts the accomplishment of these responsibilities is extremely difficult if not impossible. As the child from a conflict family grows older he may react to the tensions of his family situation by turning too eagerly to a peer group, seeking the satisfactions he fails to experience in his family unit: identity, acceptance, a feeling of belonging, love and affection, even the security of being a member of a consistently structured group with well-defined roles. This inadequately socialized child is ill prepared to distin guish and reject antisocial or delinquent influences and may readily accept all the values, standards, and codes of conduct of the new group, including those that are antisocial and delin quent.
Capital Punishment
Authors: Gottlieb Gerald H.
Published: March 2007

In simplest terms, the thesis of this paper is that the death penalty is torture, that it serves no other purpose than revenge, that revenge is an unconstitutional purpose, and that torture is an unconstitutional act. The supporting narrative relies upon historical and present facts and upon law. It offers a prediction that our courts will strike down the penalty, applying those facts to the Eighth Amendment of the Bill of Rights.
Mr. Barzun and Capital Punishment
Authors: Nathanson Jerome , Packer Herbet L. , Warga Gerzon , Camus Albert , Morris Arval A. , Morley S.G. , Allen Sherman A.
Published: March 2007

Comments by Jerome Nathanson, Herbert L. Packer, Gerzson Warga, Robert Heilbroner, Arval A. Morris, S. G. Morley and Sherman A. Allen on Jacques Barzun's article, "In Favor of Capital Punishment," in the Spring SCHOLAR.
The Death Penalty in California
Authors: Carter Robert M. , Smith A. Lamont
Published: March 2007

To obtain the data for this article, the authors reviewed the case files of all persons executed in California, in the gas chamber at San Quentin, from 1938 to 1963. The demographic data for this 25-year period present a complete statistical outline, from which emerges a composite portrait—the story of Johnny Cain. Cain is both fact and fiction: fact in that he represents the statistical average; fiction in that there is no Johnny Cain. This article provides the reader with insight into the persons executed by the nation's most populous state.
Treatment of Condemned Prisoners
Authors: Murton Tom
Published: March 2007

The condemned prisoner has traditionally been excluded from the myriad of programs for inmates of penal institutions. His participation in them appears to the administrator to be futile, threatening to security, bad for public relations, and generally too troublesome.
California's Death Penalty Dilemma
Authors: Spangler Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses California's legal machinery in capital punishment cases, cites relevant court decisions, and provides tables showing the number of persons on death row and how long they have been awaiting execution. While executions have been stemmed by various court orders, death penalty cases con tinue to arrive on the row. Quick justice or even orderly or systematic justice does not exist in the present administration of capital punishment cases. There are no known solutions to California's present dilemma.
The Matter of Trust
Authors: Hardman Dale G.
Published: March 2007

A constant concern to correctionists, and one that has been almost totally ignored in their literature, is the matter of trust: when to grant trust to an offender and when to withhold it, how to handle requests for trust, and what to do about violations of trust. There is no rule of thumb to guide a correctionist in granting trust; however, six generalizations may serve as guide lines : (1) To be trusted and to fulfill that trust is basically therapeutic. (2) Knowingly to permit a client to "snow" or "con" you is never therapeutic or helpful to him. (3) Violation of trust should be viewed not as a personal affront to the worker, but as the client's social immaturity—our mutual objective is to develop his social maturity. (4) Trust that is lightly rendered is apt to be lightly held. (5) Trust must be rooted in reality to be helpful. (6) The degree to which a client values a worker's trust is positively related to the degree of his trust in that worker.
Probation Department Management by Objectives
Authors: Terwilliger Carl , Adams Stuart
Published: March 2007

Management by objectives is a modern management model which has not yet gained general acceptance in correctional agencies, probably because they lack management sophistication and must contend with conflicting societal definitions of correc tional objectives. Yet, increasing managerial competence, the more systematic application of social science knowledge, and growing public demands for efficiency in correctional activities are making the use of this model imperative. The Los Angeles County Probation Department has taken the first steps in de veloping and implementing a management-by-objectives system. Such efforts are time consuming and difficult, but hold major promise for rationalizing correctional activities and increasing correctional efficiency.
The Administrative Response to Court Decisions
Authors: Rubin Sol
Published: March 2007

The decisions of the appellate courts are a vital part of the environment in which law enforcement and correction must function. The reactions of administrators in these fields to the decisions are, to a considerable extent, a matter of choice. The choices may be labeled provocative, defensive, or positive. The defensive position looks like the easiest one to take but may, in the long run, pose more difficulties than the positive reaction. The positive response is "right" in that it works better than the other responses toward advancing correctional practice.
Developing Correctional Manpower
Authors: Phillips Charles W.
Published: March 2007

Correction faces a difficult task in recruiting the enormous numbers of additional manpower it so desperately needs. It must compete with other institutions in attracting professional person nel and must enlarge and improve its line custodial staff. Three general ways to deal with the problem are to (1) reduce the rate of staff turnover; (2) provide intensive in-service training and upgrading programs; and (3) bring in new people. Better salaries and opportunities for career advancement are vital. New sources of manpower, such as former inmates and students, should be exploited. Finally, correction must erase its "stigma" and stimulate community interest and support.
The Affluent Suburban Male Delinquent
Authors: Tobias Jerry J.
Published: March 2007

The enormous rise in suburban delinquency rates since World War II and the scarcity of related data indicate an urgent need for sociological studies of this problem. One such study was conducted in a midwestern suburban community to determine the predominant types of misconduct in which the affluent sub urban delinquent involves himself and the causes of this anti social behavior.
Halfway House for Reformatory Releasees
Authors: Vasoli Robert H. , Fahey Frank J.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the organization and operation of a "halfway" house for youthful offenders. The facility grew out of a unique collaborative effort involving a university, a large steel corporation, and federal, state, and local agencies.
A Theory of Police Reaction to Miranda v. Arizona
Authors: Epinsky Harold E. P
Published: March 2007

There is no firm evidence to support the argument that the Miranda rules free the guilty. For one thing, the usefulness of confessions in determining guilt is open to question; for another, none of the many studies of the effect of Miranda on confession rates is conclusive. Nevertheless, the decision has probably low ered the rates, but not by much. Estimates of the necessity of confessions in obtaining convictions are highly speculative, but all agree in being low. It is difficult to believe, therefore, that the police who criticize Miranda are responding directly to a perceived threat to society: that those guilty of crime will remain at large.
Research-Who Needs It?
Authors: Gottfredson Don M.
Published: March 2007

If the correctional administrator is to do his job of improving his agency's programs on the basis of experience, he will have to adopt some aspects of the scientist's role. To increase his own ef fectiveness (and that of his agency) he will need a questioning attitude, a determination to test his beliefs or hunches by de manding evidence for and against them, and an ability to plan programs in such a way that he will know at the end whether or not they achieved their missions.
Rehabilitation as Beating the Rap: The Structural Ambivalence of Correction
Authors: Lobenthal Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

The rehabilitation worker who tries to reconcile what he does with what he thinks his work is supposed to accomplish can do so only by ignoring certain realities that constitute the penal setting for his activities and other realities that define his client's world. By contrast, the client's insight into this world and his perspective on rehabilitation are unencumbered by the worker's ideology; they are determined experientially. The price paid for subordinating this insight and perspective to agency needs is the continuing inability of rehabilitation to extract from the penal system the resources and handling that would enable workers to pursue their professed goals more effectively and with less conflict. This subordination perpetuates a closed system whose main "advantage" is that it enables success to be defined and measured in terms of whatever official activities are occurring and in light of organizational needs. The assertion of client interests will occur as a result of realizing the extent to which continuation of the present system depends on client participation and coopera tion. This assertion will produce new alignments, techniques consistent with goals, and ultimately revolutionary changes in the administration of criminal justice.
The Presentence Investigation
Authors: Treger Harvey
Published: March 2007

The presentence investigation is the first step in the attempt to correct criminal behavior. Of the variety of methods relevant to examining the offender, the social casework method and process is extremely useful.
Temporary Prison Release
Authors: Holt Norman
Published: March 2007

Since January 1969 inmates in the California state prison system have been eligible for release on 72-hour furloughs within the period beginning ninety days before their release dates. The statewide program is described in this report, and data on the frequency of its use in each institution during the first half of 1969 are presented. During this period 795 inmates were fur loughed from state correctional facilities.
The Warren Court and the Administration of Criminal Justice
Authors: Macnamara Donal E.J. , Sagarin Edward
Published: March 2007

Three important changes in American society were given impetus by decisions of the Supreme Court under Earl Warren. These were in the issues of desegregation; one-man, one-vote; and the administration of criminal justice. The accusation against the Warren Court that it was coddling criminals and handcuffing police, belied by statistics, may have been incited by hostility that the Court had aroused because of its decisions on integration and electoral apportionment. Analysis of impor tant decisions in the years before Warren reveals a hesitant and ambiguous Court, taking both forward and backward steps in defense of the constitutional rights of the accused. Some of the Warren decisions on issues of criminal justice were unani mous, and others were made by a split court. A study of the voting records of Warren's colleagues leads to the belief that the major thrust of that court will not be reversed by its successor, unless under the pressure of a precipitate change in America's social atmosphere.
The New York City Family Court: A Law Guardian's Overview
Authors: Silver Martin T.
Published: March 2007

The New York City Family Court undertakes supervision of thousands of ghetto youngsters who have not adhered to the dehumanizing regimen imposed on them by public welfare agen cies and whose behavior, except when judged by highly arbitrary standards, is not antisocial. Its policy is to take jurisdiction of nearly any youngster brought before it, on the assumption that the ravages of poverty and injustice can be eradicated by psy chologists and social workers. What happens instead is that youngsters are forced into meaningless relationships with lawyers, probation officers, and judges. Too often, furthermore, the court's services are at the disposal of "law-and-order" men who use psychiatric tests to spot and "preventively detain" youngsters who have not committed antisocial acts.
Measuring the Cost of Correctional Services
Authors: Richmond Mark S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to identify and examine major issues related to the concept of the offender as a consumer of resources. These perspectives should contribute to increased effectiveness of correctional planning and program manage ment.

The immediate problem is two-fold: the costs of dealing with the offender are enormous and increasing and there are virtually no indications that present correctional methods are effective interventions in criminal careers. A complicating set of additional problems arises from the failure to define and synthesize the goals of criminal justice and correction. This paper proposes a number of goal-setting assumptions and illustrates cost-effectiveness approaches to program design. Im portani related questions of resource management are raised. The paper's thesis is that resource consumption must become goal-oriented rather than process-oriented.
How Police Use Information to Make Decisions
Authors: Sullivan Dennis C. , Siegel Larry J.
Published: March 2007

Systematic study of the decision-making process at each critical stage of the criminal justice system has been limited. Specifically, little attention has been given to the decision-making of police on whether or not to process juveniles into and through the system. Even more remarkable is the lack of research on the types of information police use to arrive at their decisions.

One device available for studying information handling in decision-making is the information or decision board developed by Leslie Wilkins. The technique simulates, as closely as possible, the real-life use of information and allows for rigorous experi mental conditions. By use of this technique, the decision- making of twenty-four policemen was studied—specifically, the amount and types of information each used to make a decision about a juvenile charged with drunk and disorderly conduct.

The results show that police use more information to make a decision than is popularly believed. On the average, five pieces of information were selected before a decision was reached. The data also indicate that younger officers (less than five years on the job) tend to use nearly twice as much information as their more experienced counterparts (five or more years on the job) and that these two groups of officers do not always reach the same final decisions.

Twenty-three of the twenty-four officers selected offense first, but the most critical topic for reaching a final decision was attitude of offender. Eighteen of the twenty-four officers made a decision when this piece of information was selected. Surprising ly, the piece of information race had little significance in the decision-making process.

This study shows that the information board can be used effectively to examine the decision-making of police in their processing of juveniles. The data suggest that future studies may be able to identify types of decision-makers among police by examining their information-search profiles.
Psychedelic Drugs in Correctional Treatment
Authors: Duncan D.F.
Published: March 2007

Psychedelic drugs have been used for individual psychotherapy in prison settings. This paper outlines two studies that explore the use of psychedelic drugs in correction. In 1961 Timothy Leary and Walter Houston Clark administered psilocybin to thirty-three prisoners at the Massachusetts Correctional Insti tution. This program seemed to have positive effects on the inmate-subjects. William H. Lyle gave doses of LSD to inmate- addicts from the Clinical Research Center in Lexington, Ky. Lyle's treatment indicates that LSD can accelerate certain forms of psychotherapy. Since long-term follow-ups were not made on either study, their full value cannot be determined. However, these two programs do indicate that further research should be conducted on the use of psychedelic drugs in the correctional setting.