bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutual coupling and correlation of closely spaced patch antennas
Authors: Abdullah Muhammad , Chen Xiaoming , Li Qinlong , Kishk Ahmed A.
Published: May 2019

It is commonly believed that orthogonal polarisations lead to negligible correlation. In this Letter, it is shown that for the closely spaced patch antennas, orthogonal polarisations alone do not ensure uncorrelation. The surface waves must be suppressed (in combination with orthogonal polarisation) to achieve uncorrelated antennas. This is validated by different realisations of closely spaced patch antennas. The final design with reduced mutual coupling and correlation has been fabricated and measured. Good agreements between measured and simulated results are observed.
Multi‐carrier chaotic communication scheme for underwater acoustic communications
Authors: Chen Menglei , Xu Weikai , Wang Deqing , Wang Lin
Published: May 2019

Multi‐carrier (MC) and spread‐spectrum (SS) are two good technologies for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. In this study, the authors propose a novel MC chaos modulation scheme, which combines code‐shifted differential chaos shift keying (CS‐DCSK) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), namely MC‐CS‐DCSK. The proposed scheme exploits the orthogonal characteristic of the Walsh code to superimpose the chaotic reference chips and the information bearing chips in the same time/frequency unit. Besides, a cyclic‐shift interleaver is used on chips to harvest frequency diversity. To the in‐depth understanding of the proposed system, the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed system under Gaussian channels and multipath Rayleigh fading channels are derived and verified by simulation. Furthermore, the spectral efficiency of the proposed system is analysed and compared with some existing chaos‐based communication systems. Finally, they study BER performance of the system under UWA channels and compare it with traditional MC direct sequence SS and OFDM‐based MC‐DCSK systems. Simulation results show that the system has good robustness under time‐varying UWA channels.
Bi‐subspace predictive current control of six‐phase PMSM drives based on virtual vectors with optimal amplitude
Authors: Gonçalves Pedro F.C. , Cruz Sérgio M.A. , Mendes André M.S.
Published: May 2019

Owing to the low equivalent impedance of six‐phase machines in the secondary subspace, in which currents do not contribute to torque production, low‐order current harmonics with high amplitude are likely to appear in the stator currents, increasing the harmonic distortion and the losses in the machine. In the case of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), the main causes of these harmonics are machine asymmetries, non‐linearities of the power converters and back‐electromotive force harmonics. The existing predictive control strategies based on virtual vectors for six‐phase machines only regulate the currents mapped into the fundamental subspace, responsible for flux/torque production and leave the currents mapped into the secondary subspace uncontrolled. This study proposes a novel bi‐subspace predictive control strategy for six‐phase PMSMs with optimal amplitude virtual vectors, which is able to effectively regulate the currents in both subspaces simultaneously, leading to a significant minimisation of the current harmonic distortion. Moreover, the proposed control strategy also allows operating the six‐phase PMSM with a current unbalance between the two sets of windings. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the much better performance of the proposed strategy in comparison with other state‐of‐the‐art predictive control strategies found in the literature.
Change detection in SAR images using deep belief network: a new training approach based on morphological images
Authors: Samadi Farnaam , Akbarizadeh Gholamreza , Kaabi Hooman
Published: May 2019

In solving change detection problem, unsupervised methods are usually preferred to their supervised counterparts due to the difficulty of producing labelled data. Nevertheless, in this paper, a supervised deep learning‐based method is presented for change detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. A Deep Belief Network (DBN) was employed as the deep architecture in the proposed method, and the training process of this network included unsupervised feature learning followed by supervised network fine‐tuning. From a general perspective, the trained DBN produces a change detection map as the output. Studies on DBNs demonstrate that they do not produce ideal output without a proper dataset for training. Therefore, the proposed method in this study provided a dataset with an appropriate data volume and diversity for training the DBN using the input images and those obtained from applying the morphological operators on them. The great computational volume and the time‐consuming nature of simulation are the drawbacks of deep learning‐based algorithms. To overcome such disadvantages, a method was introduced to greatly reduce computations without compromising the performance of the trained DBN. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method had an acceptable implementation time in addition to its desirable performance and high accuracy.
Salient object detection with adversarial training
Authors: Wang Zhijie , Zhang Wei , Rong Xuewen , Li Yibin
Published: May 2019

The generative adversarial network has been shown to produce state‐of‐the‐art results of image generation. In this study, the authors propose a novel adversarial training method to train salient object detection (SOD) models. They train a convolutional SOD network along with a gated adversarial network that discriminates salient maps coming either from the ground truth or from the SOD network. The motivation for our approach is that the adversarial network can detect and correct pixel‐wise errors between ground truth salient detection maps and the ones produced by the convolutional network. Our experiments show that the adversarial training approach leads to state‐of‐the‐art performance on MSRA‐B, extended complex scene saliency dataset, HKU‐IS, DUT, and SOD dataset.
ASiam: adaptive Siamese regression tracking with adversarial template generation and motion‐based failure recovery
Authors: Jiang Xiaolong , Xiao Zehao , Zhang Baochang , Cao Xianbin
Published: May 2019

Object tracking is challenged by the varying appearances of targets and the real‐time requirement. Siamese regression trackers, being one of the most popular tracking paradigms, excel in efficiency but suffer at adaptability to cope with appearance variations. To improve their adaptability, the authors propose a new adaptive Siamese (ASiam) tracker, which integrates a novel adversarial template generation module and a motion‐based failure recovery module. The template generation module exploits the temporal coherence and evolution of target appearance variations encoded in preceding tracklets and then generates an adaptive target template online which approximates the varying target in the coming frame. This generation module is optimised via adversarial learning to achieve accurate appearance prediction and sharp template quality. The generated template, together with a search region, are fed into a Siamese tracking backbone to compute an appearance response map via dense similarity computation in a sliding‐window way. At frames where the Siamese tracking fails, the failure recovery module is invoked to perform deep frame differencing motion detection to provide a motion response map. By fusing different response maps, the drifted tracker can be re‐calibrated. Extensive experiments on the OTB2013, OTB2015, and VOT2016 datasets prove the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed tracker.
Chaotic image encryption algorithm using frequency‐domain DNA encoding
Authors: Guan Mengmeng , Yang Xuelin , Hu Weisheng
Published: May 2019

A digital image encryption algorithm based on dynamic deoxyribonucleic acid coding and chaotic operations using hyper digital chaos in frequency‐domain is proposed and demonstrated, where both the amplitude and phase components in frequency‐domain are diffused and scrambled. The proposed encryption algorithm is evaluated through various evaluations of key parameters such as histogram uniformity, entropy, and correlation. Excellent performance of the encrypted image is achieved to resist the statistical attacks, which implies that the statistical properties of the original image are completely destroyed. In the encryption procedure, each cipher pixel is affected by all of the plain‐pixels as well as cipher‐pixels, due to the implementation of chaotic diffusion and scrambling operations, which increases the sensitivity of the encrypted image to the plain‐text, and improves the security against any differential attacks. Moreover, due to the high sensitivity introduced by the hyper digital chaos, a huge key space is provided for the encrypted image to ensure the high security level, thus the encryption algorithm has a strong secure capability against the brute‐force attacks.
Fast non‐convex compressed sensing approach for diagnosis of defective array elements using planar near‐field measurements
Authors: Li Wei , Deng Weibo , Yang Qiang , Migliore Marco D.
Published: May 2019

The array diagnosis method using random perturbation‐convex local minimiser has to make a compromise between the probability of correct reconstruction and the computational burden. In order to overcome this limitation, in this study, a non‐convex () norm minimisation utilising iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm for identification of impaired planar array elements is investigated. Taken into account that the number of failed elements is far less than the total array elements, the differential array composed of the healthy array and damaged array is constructed. Then the near‐field data are acquired by the probe using a random under‐sampling strategy. Finally, the sparse excitations of this array are estimated through the proposed algorithm and the goal of failure detection is achieved. Numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed approach lowers the mean square error of retrieved excitations compared to the non‐convex approach using perturbation technique, with the advantage of a significant reduction of running time. In addition, it also improves the probability of success rate of diagnosis effectively compared to the norm and reweighted norm regularised methods.
Recent Results from the Antares Neutrino Telescope
Authors: Kouchner Antoine
Published: May 2019

Antares, the first undersea neutrino telescope, has been continuously operating since 2007 in the Mediterranean Sea. The transparency of the water allows for a very good angular resolution in the reconstruction of neutrino events of all flavors. This results in an unmatched sensitivity for neutrino source searches, in a large fraction of the Southern Sky, at TeV energies. As a consequence, Antares provides valuable constraints on the origin of the cosmic neutrino flux discovered by the IceCube Collaboration. Based on an all-flavor dataset spanning nine years of operation of the detector, the latest results of Antares searches for neutrino point sources, and for diffuse neutrino emission from the entire sky as well as from several interesting regions such as the Galactic Plane, are presented. Several results have been obtained through a joint analysis with the IceCube Collaboration. Concerning the multi-messenger program, the focus is made on the follow-up searches of IceCube alerts, in particular the one related to the TXS 0506+056 blazar, thought to be the first extragalactic high-energy neutrino source identified so far.
IceCube High Energy Starting Events at 7.5 Years - New Measurements of Flux and Flavor
Authors: Stachurska Juliana
Published: May 2019

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole, which detects Cherenkov light from charged particles produced in neutrino interactions, firmly established the existence of an astrophysical high-energy neutrino component. Here I present IceCube’s High-Energy Starting Event sample and the new results obtained with a livetime of about 7.5 years. I will focus on the new measurement of the flavor composition performed using this sample. IceCube is directly sensitive to each neutrino flavor via the single cascade, track and double cascade event topologies, the latter being the topology produced in tauneutrino interactions above an energy threshold of ~100 TeV. A measurement of the flavor ratio on Earth can provide important constraints on sources and production mechanisms within the standard model, and also constrain various beyond-standard-model processes.
TAIGA: results and perspectives
Authors: Kuzmichev L. , Astapov I. , Bezyazeekov P. , Borodin A. , Brückner M. , Budnev N. , Chiavasa A. , Gress O. , Gress T. , Grishin O. , Dyachok A. , Fedorov O. , Gafarov A. , Garmash A. , Grebenyuk V. , Grinyuk A. , Horns D. , Kalmykov N. , Kazarina Y. , Kindin V. , Kiryuhin V. , Kokoulin R. , Kompaniets K. , Korosteleva E. , Kozhin V. , Kravchenko E. , Kryukov A. , Lagutin A. , Lenok V. , Lubsandorzhiev B. , Lubsandorzhiev N. , Mirgazov R. , Mirzoyan R. , Monkhoev R. , Osipova E. , Pakharukov A. , Pan A. , Panasyuk M. , Pankov L. , Petrukhin A. , Poleschuk V. , Popesku M. , Popova E. , Porelli A. , Postnikov E. , Prosin V. , Ptuskin V. , Pushnin A. , Raikin R. , Rubtsov G. , Rybov E. , Sagan Y. , Samoliga V. , Semeney Yu. , Silaev A. , Sidorenkov A. , Skurikhin A. , Slunecka M. , Sokolov A. , Spiering C. , Sveshnikova L. , Tabolenko V. , Tarashansky B. , Tkachev L. , Tluczykont M. , Ushakov N. , Vaidyanathan A. , Volchugov P. , Voronin D. , Wischnewski R. , Zagorodnikov A. , Zurbanov V. , Zhurov D. , Yashin I.
Published: May 2019

In this talk, we describe the status and the perspectives of the hybrid Air Shower Array TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic rays and Gamma Astronomy) which is currently under construction in the Tunka Valley close to Lake Baikal and is taking data in its initial configurations. TAIGA is designed for the study of gamma rays and charged cosmic rays in the energy range of 1013 eV - 1018 eV. It has the potential to play an important role in the search for Galactic Pevatrons and within a multi-messenger approach to explore the high-energy sky.
Machine Learning in KM3NeT
Authors: De Sio Chiara
Published: May 2019

The KM3NeT Collaboration is building a network of underwater Cherenkov telescopes at two sites in the Mediterranean Sea, with the main goals of investigating astrophysical sources of high-energy neutrinos (ARCA) and of determining the neutrino mass hierarchy (ORCA). Various Machine Learning techniques, such as Random Forests, BDTs, Shallow and Deep Networks are being used for diverse tasks, such as event-type and particle identification, energy/direction estimation, source identification, signal/background discrimination and data analysis, with sound results as well as promising research paths. The main focus of this work is the application of Convolutional Neural Network models to the tasks of neutrino interaction classification, as well as the estimation of energy and direction of the propagating particles. The performances are also compared to those of the standard reconstruction algorithms used in the Collaboration.
Deconvolution in Measurements of Muon Neutrino Energy Spectra with IceCube
Authors: Ruhe Tim
Published: May 2019

As the energy of an incident neutrino cannot be accessed experimentally, muon neutrino energy spectra have to be inferred from energy-dependent observables, using deconvolution algorithms. This paper discusses the challenges associated with the application of deconvolution algorithms and presents two examples of spectral measurements obtained using the IceCube neutrino telescope in the 59- and 79-string configuration.
Nanobeacon: A time calibration device for KM3NeT
Authors: Real Diego , Calvo David
Published: May 2019

A very large volume neutrino telescope is being constructed in the Mediterranean Sea by the KM3NeT collaboration. Thousands of glass spheres holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers will be deployed at high depth forming a three-dimensional matrix. The glass spheres are the basic elements that will detect the Cherenkov light induced by charged particles produced in neutrino interactions with the surrounding matter. Time synchronization between photomultipliers is required to achieve optimal performance. Due to the high volume to be covered by KM3NeT, a cost reduction of the different systems is a priority. To this end a very low price calibration device, the so called Nanobeacon, has been designed and developed. In this article the main characteristics of the device are described.
Computing in the KM3NeT Research Infrastructure
Authors: Hofestädt Jannik
Published: May 2019

The KM3NeT research infrastructure is currently being established. It will consist of a network of deep-sea neutrino detectors to answer fundamental questions both in particle physics and astrophysics. The complexity and volume of the generated datasets is a challenge for analysis and archival of the data, and requires significant computing resources. The KM3NeT collaboration adopts a tier-like computing model for data management. The KM3NeT data management plan and computing model is presented, and plans for public data with open access are discussed.
Luminescence of water in Lake Baikal observed with the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope
Authors: Avrorin A.D. , Avrorin A.V. , Aynutdinov V.M. , Bannash R. , Belolaptikov I.A. , Brudanin V.B. , Budnev N.M. , Domogatsky G.V. , Doroshenko A.A. , Dvornický R. , Dyachok A.N. , Dzhilkibaev Zh.-A.M. , Fajt L. , Fialkovsky S.V. , Gafarov A.R. , Golubkov K.V. , Gorshkov N.S. , Gress T.I. , Kebkal K.G. , Kebkal O.G. , Khramov E.V. , Kolbin M.M. , Konischev K.V. , Korobchenko A.V. , Koshechkin A.P. , Kozhin V.A. , Kruglov M.V. , Kryukov M.K. , Kulepov V.F. , Kuleshov D.A. , Milenin M.B. , Mirgazov R.A. , Nazari V. , Panfilov A.I. , Petukhov D.P. , Pliskovsky E.N. , Rozanov M.I. , Rjabov E.V. , Rushay V.D. , Safronov G.B. , Shaybonov B.A. , Shelepov M.D. , Šimkovic F. , Štekl I. , Solovjev A.G. , Sorokovikov M.N. , Suvorova O.V. , Tabolenko V.A. , Tarashansky B.A. , Yakovlev S.A. , Zagorodnikov A.V.
Published: May 2019

We present data on the luminescence of the Baikal water medium collected with the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope. This three-dimensional array of light sensors allows the observation of time and spatial variations of the ambient light field. In 2016, we observed a maximum of luminescence activity between July and October.
Towards a better estimation of energy and species of primary cosmic rays in the knee region with the Tibet hybrid experiment: Utilization of refined EAS lateral distributions
Authors: Zhang Ying , Huang J. , Chen D. , Zhai L. M. , Chen Xu , Lin Y.-H. , Fang Jian-Hua , Nakamura Yoshiaki
Published: May 2019

A new hybrid experiment (YAC-II+Tibet-III+MD) located at Yangbajing has started to improve the capability of explicit measurements of the cosmic-ray components (P, He, CNO, Fe, etc) at the knee energy region since 2014. Considering the different features of air shower development for different primary cosmic-ray nuclei, using a full Monte Carlo simulation, we modified the lateral distribution functions for proton-induced, helium-induced and iron-induced air showers, respectively. The results show that the air shower size of different nuclei obtained by the modified Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen function is consistent with the true shower size within 5% systematic errors. Furthermore, we studied the Extensive Air Shower age parameter determination from the lateral distribution functions of charged particles near the air shower core with the Tibet hybrid experiment. The derived age parameter can be well used to estimate the particle type of the incident primary cosmic rays.
Cosmic ray origin: Supernova remnants through the electromagnetic spectrum
Authors: Sinitsyna V. G. , Borisov S.S. , Mirzafatikhov R. M. , Sinitsyna V. Y.
Published: May 2019

Supernova Remnants have long been considered as unique candidates for cosmic-ray sources. Recent observations of several SNRs in X-rays and TeV gamma-rays will help in solving the problem of the origin of cosmic rays and are key to understanding the mechanism of particle acceleration at a propagating shock wave. The observation results of Galactic shell-type supernova remnants at different evolution stages Cas A, Tycho's SNR, γCygni SNR, IC 443 and G166.0+4.3 by the SHALON mirror Cherenkov telescope are presented. For each SNR the SHALON observation results are given with its spectral energy distribution compared with other experimental data and images by SHALON together with data from X-ray by Chandra and radio-data by Canadian Galactic Plane Survey DRAO (CGPS). The comparison of the source's morphology in different energy bands could reveal its essential features as a forward and reverse shock or the location of swept out dense molecular cloud. The experimental data presented here have confirmed the prediction of the theory about the hadronic generation mechanism of very high energy 800 GeV-100 TeV gamma-rays in Tycho's SNR, Cas A and IC 443. Also the collected experimental data help to make clear the origin of TeV gamma-ray emission in the SNRs like γCygni SNR and G166.0+4.3.
Improving the prediction of the Atmospheric neutrino flux using the atmospheric muon flux
Authors: Honda Morihiro
Published: May 2019

It is well known that the correlation of atmospheric neutrinos and muons are simply correlated in the energy region of 1–10 GeV, and used for the test bench of the hadronic interaction model used for the calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux. However, the correlation becomes unclear for neutrinos in the energy range below 1 GeV, which is important for the study of mass ordering of neutrino and CP phase of the neutrino mass. We extend the study of the correlation to the lower neutrino energies and find that the atmospheric muon flux observed at high altitude shows a good correlation to the atmospheric neutrino flux, and could be used to calibrate the hadronic interaction model.
Atmospheric Neutrino Flux Measurement
Authors: Okumura Kimihiro
Published: May 2019

The atmospheric neutrino flux has been measured by several experiments and its understanding has been improved by comparing with the theoretical predictions in detail. In this paper recent results of the flux measurements will be reviewed and discussed.
Testing of almost all the hadronic interaction models by comparing calculated muon energy spectrum with data
Authors: Dedenko L. G. , Lukyashin A.V. , Roganova T. M. , Fedorova G. F.
Published: May 2019

Uncertainties of the model energy spectra of the most energetic secondary charged mesons are discussed. Computer simulations of the partial energy spectra of the atmospheric vertical muons induced by primary cosmic particles with various fixed energies in terms of hadronic interactions models had been carried out with the help of the CORSIKA package. These partial spectra have been convolved with the contemporary spectra of the primary cosmic particles in the energy range 0.1-10 000 TeV. Results of simulations are compared with the contemporary data of the atmospheric vertical muon flux. Comparison shows that all models underestimate the production of secondary charged π±-mesons (and K±-mesons) by a factor of ~ 1.4 ÷ 2 at the highest energies. This underestimation induces a more rapid development of extensive air showers in the atmosphere and results in uncertainties in estimates of energy and composition of the primary cosmic particles.
HT-KZ detector system: R&D considerations and prototype performance
Authors: Uakhitov Tileubek , Batyrkhanov Ayan , Beznosko Dmitriy , Iakovlev Alexander , Jakupov Shotan , Kaipiyev Amir , Konysbayeva Arailym , Yeltokov Alikhan , Yessimbet Kamilya , Zhukov Valeriy
Published: May 2019

Following the experience with the Horizon-10T detector systems, a completely new detector of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) has been designed to be built at Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan. The motivation of building HorizonT-Kazakhstan is to study in detail the phenomenon of the multi-modal EAS events that were initially explored by Horizon-8T and 10T detector systems. This detector will have a ns-level resolution of charged particle arrival times and pulse shape resolution. Each detection point is designed to have a total scintillation area approximately equal to 7.7 m2 and consists of three 1.6×1.6 m detectors located in a triangular arrangement for the local determination of the EAS disk arrival direction, and to have ns precision in timing between points. Local arrival direction is important following evidence of large angle differences in the multimodal events seen previously.
Modelling pp, pA and AA in Pythia8
Authors: Lönnblad Leif
Published: May 2019

We present a new model for generating complete exclusive hadronic final states in high energy collisions involving heavy ions. The model is called Angantyr and is inspired by the old Fritiof model, building on the concept of wounded nucleons.
The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station: Results from the First Two Years of Operation
Authors: Asaoka Y , Adriani O , Akaike Y , Asano K , Bagliesi MG , Berti E , Bigongiari G , Binns WR , Bonechi S , Bongi M , Bruno A , Brogi P , Buckley J H , Cannady N , Castellini G , Checchia C , Cherry M L , Collazuol G , Di Felice V , Ebisawa K , Fuke H , Guzik T G , Hams T , Hasebe N , Hibinov K , Ichimura M , Ioka K , Ishizaki W , Israel M H , Kasahara K , Kataoka J , Kataoka R , Katayose Y , Kato C , Kawanaka N , Kawakubo Y , Kohri K , Krawczynski H S , Krizmanic J F , Lomtadze T , Maestro P , Marrocchesi P S , Messineo A M , Mitchell J W , Miyake S , Moiseev A A , Mori K , Mori M , Mori N , Motz H M , Munakata K , Murakami H , Nakahira S , Nishimura J , De Nolfo G A , Okuno S , Ormes J F , Ozawa S , Pacini L , Palma F , Pal'shin V , Papini P , Penacchioni A V , Rauch B F , Ricciarini S B , Sakai K , Sakamoto T , Sasaki M , Shimizu Y , Shiomi A , Sparvoli R , Spillantini P , Stolzi F , Sugita S , Suh J E , Sulaj A , Takahashi I , Takayanagi M , Takita M , Tamura T , Tateyama N , Terasawa T , Tomida H , Torii S , Tsunesada Y , Uchihori Y , Ueno S , Vannuccini E , Wefel J P , Yamaoka K , Yanagita S , Yoshida A , Yoshida K
Published: May 2019

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) space experiment, which has been developed by Japan in collaboration with Italy and the United States, is a high-energy astroparticle physics mission on the International Space Station (ISS). The primary goals of the CALET mission include investigation of possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons, detailed study of galactic cosmic-ray acceleration and propagation, and search for dark matter signatures. With a long-term observation onboard the ISS, the CALET experiment measures the flux of cosmic-ray electrons (including positrons) up to 20 TeV, gamma-rays to 10 TeV, and nuclei up to 1,000 TeV based on its charge separation capability from Z = 1 to 40. Since the start of science operation in mid-October, 2015, a continuous observation has been maintained without any major interruptions. The number of triggered events over 10 GeV is nearly 20 million per month. By using the data obtained during the first two-years, here we present a summary of the CALET observations: 1) Electron+positron energy spectrum, 2) Nuclei analysis, 3) Gamma-ray observation with a characterization of the on-orbit performance. The search results for the electromagnetic counterparts of LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave events are also discussed.
Highlights from HAWC
Authors: León Vargas H.
Published: May 2019

The HAWC (High Altitude Water Cherenkov) observatory, located on the slopes of the Sierra Negra volcano in the state of Puebla, Mexico, was designed with the goal of detecting gamma-rays in the Teraelectron- volt energy range. However, most of the air showers that are detected with the observatory, with a rate of ≈ 27 kHz, are of hadronic origin. This makes that, after three years of operations, HAWC has accumulated a very large data set that allows to perform cosmic-ray analysis of high precision. The details of the observatory operation, as well as a selection of recent results in cosmic-ray physics are discussed in this work.
Angular and Abundance Distribution of High-energy Gamma Rays and Neutrons Simulated by GEANT4 Code for Solar Flares
Authors: Kamiya K. , Koga K. , Matsumoto H. , Muraki Y. , Shibata S.
Published: May 2019

In the solar flare observed on June 3, 2012, high energy gamma-rays and neutrons were observed. The event includes a remarkable feature of a high neutron/gamma-ratio in the secondary particles. We have examined whether this high n/γ-ratio can be explained by simulation. As a result of simulations using the GEANT4 program, the high n/γ-ratio may be reproduced for the case that helium and other heavy ions were dominantly accelerated in the flare.
TeV J2032+4130 - very high energy gamma-ray source of unresolved nature
Authors: Sinitsyna V.G. , Sinitsyna V.Y. , Balygin K.A. , Borisov S.S. , Kirichenko A.M. , Klimov A.I. , Mirzafatikhov R.M. , Moseiko N.I. , Ostashev I.E.
Published: May 2019

The Cygnus Region is one of the brightest regions in all ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum and contains a number of potential GeV and TeV emission sources. It includes active star formation regions, pulsars and supernova remnants. Some of the sources have been detected at high and very high energies. One of them discovered due to its proximity to the well-known microquasar Cyg X-3 is the object TeV J2032+4130. This object is still of unresolved nature and is being intensively studied in different energy ranges. The results of twenty-year observations of TeV J2032+4130 by the SHALON experiment are presented in this paper. The collected experimental data on fluxes, spectrum shape and morphology of TeV J2032+413 can help in the future to determine an object type and reveal mechanisms of generation of very high energy emission.
EXTASIS: Radio detection of cosmic rays at low frequencies
Authors: García-Fernández Daniel , Charrier Didier , Dallier Richard , Escudie Antony , Lecacheux Alain , Martin Lilian , Revenu Benoît
Published: May 2019

The detection of cosmic rays via the electric field (the so-called radio detection) is nowadays a fully operative technique. With the aim of exploring the low-frequency part of the emission spectrum (below 10 MHz), the EXTASIS experiment has been conceived. Located within the CODALEMA experiment at the Nançay radio-observatory, EXTASIS measures the low-frequency emission coming from the extensive air showers created by cosmic rays. Being able to calculate the electric field at low frequency is crucial in order to correctly interpret our results. We present some results from the EXTASIS experiment and discuss the calculation of the low-frequency radio signal. We also present a new formula for the electric field of a particle track within two semi-infinite media (air and soil).
Detection of Cosmic-Ray Ensembles with CREDO
Authors: Woźniak Krzysztof W.
Published: May 2019

One of the main objectives of cosmic-ray studies are precise measurements of the energy and chemical composition of particles with extreme energies. Large and sophisticated detectors are used to find events seen as showers starting in the Earth's atmosphere with recorded energies larger than 100 EeV. However, a Cosmic-Ray Ensemble (CRE) developing before reaching the Earth as a bunch of correlated particles may spread over larger areas and requires an extended set of detectors to be discovered. The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a solution to find such phenomena. Even simple detectors measuring the particle arrival time only are useful in this approach, as they are sufficient both to provide candidate CRE events and to determine the direction from which they are arriving.
NF-κB signaling and crosstalk during carcinogenesis
Authors: Brücher Björn L.D.M. , Lang Florian , Jamall Ijaz S.
Published: May 2019

Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that control the transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA by binding to specific DNA sequences either on their own or with other proteins as a complex. TFs thus support or suppress the recruitment of the corresponding RNA polymerase. In general, TFs are classified by structure or function. The TF, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), is expressed in all cell types and tissues. NF-κB signaling and crosstalk are involved in several steps of carcinogenesis including in sequences involving pathogenic stimulus, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, establishment of its remodeling to the precancerous niche (PCN) and transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell. Triggered by various inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB is activated along with other TFs with subsequent stimulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. The involvement of NF-κB in carcinogenesis provides an opportunity to develop anti-NF-κB therapies. The complexity of these interactions requires that we elucidate those aspects of NF-κB interactions that play a role in carcinogenesis, the sequence of events leading to cancer.
Techniques of new application for acquisition foreign languages: development stages and modern trend
Authors: Tahini Imad , Dadykin Aliaksei
Published: May 2019

In the conditions of scientific and technical progress and more developing international contacts in the field of science, technology, and culture, the practical knowledge of a foreign language becomes one of the most important characteristics of a highly qualified specialist of any profile. One of the important factors in the development of the system to accelerating learning is the demands of adults themselves. Therefore, we need to create an automated system fast and effective teaching another language that uses the mini-max criterion, which provides the maximum possible result to the minimum required amount of effort on the part of the student. The essence of the approach is to replace the description in our native language with visual objects using the latest technology for implementing this approach. This means that an intermediate language is introduced, not tied to any of the known languages. The Purpose of the research is to develop a methodology (technique) for applying the Visual Approach in the educational environment created on the basis of a distributed management system to accelerate the acquisition of foreign language skills by adults. The system provides the process of controlling the formation of speech skills to a threshold level, allowing the transition from language learning to its improvement and acceleration. On the basis of this new generation using continuous evaluation of the competency level of the trainee, visual models, and information technology, got them a new incarnation, opens a new direction in construction a new version of Learning Management System - E-AMS.
Vasculitis allergica – ein nicht-IgE-vermitteltes
Hypersensitivitätssyndrom
Authors: Lutze S. , Konschake W. , Ahmed M. , Arnold A. , Westphal T. , Riebe H. , Daeschlein G. , Jünger M.
Published: May 2019

Die Diagnose „Vasculitis allergica“ suggeriert eine klassisch allergische
IgE-vermittelte Genese. Dies ist jedoch nicht der Fall, vielmehr handelt es sich
um einen hochkomplex ablaufenden Mechanismus, der häufig das eigentlich
auslösende Antigen vor der Detektion bewahrt.

Die aktuelle Nomenklatur für dieses dermatologische Erkrankungsbild lautet kutane
IgM oder IgG Immunkomplex-Vaskulitis, es handelt sich um eine
leukozytoklastische Vaskulitis der postkapillären Venolen 3. Diese neue Einordnung legt die mit dem
ursprünglichen Namen einhergehende Assoziation mit einer typisch
IgE-vermittelten allergischen Erkrankung ab.

Vaskulitiden werden immunologisch betrachtet den Immunkomplex-Erkrankungen, der
sogenannten Typ III Reaktion nach Coombs und Gell, zugeordnet 14, 15,
16. Sie werden als entsprechend dem
dahinter liegenden immunologischen Prozess als „non-IgE-mediated allergic
hypersensitivity Syndrom“ eingestuft 14,
15, 16. Viele Vaskulitiden machen sich klinisch zuerst an der Haut u. a.
durch akut auftretende, rasch progrediente Ulzerationen bemerkbar, häufig
assoziiert mit starker Schmerzhaftigkeit. Sie sind damit in der
Ursachenabklärung eines Ulcus cruris bedeutsam, rangieren hier aber unter den
seltenen Diagnosen.

Der lange bestehende Begriff einer „leukozytoklastischen Vaskulitis“ für diese
Erkrankung steht entsprechend nicht länger für ein einzelnes Erkrankungsbild,
sondern vielmehr für ein histologisches Muster einer Gruppe von Vaskulitiden,
den sogenannten Immunkomplexvaskulitiden. 3
Hierbei handelt es sich von Gefäßkaliber überwiegend um „small vessel“
Vaskulitiden, diese können als „single organ vasculitis“ (SOV) mit alleiniger
Manifestation an der Haut oder auch als kutanes Teilsymptom einer anderen „multi
organ vasculitis“ (MOV) zum Beispiel im Rahmen eines systemischen Lupus
erythematodes auftreten 1. Die kutane IgM
oder IgG Immunkomplex-Vaskulitis zeigt den für Vaskulitiden klassisch plötzlich
auftretenden, rasch progredienten Verlauf und ist klinisch durch eine typische
Primäreffloreszenz, die palpable Purpura, mit hoher Inflammation
charakterisiert. 2 Im Therapiekonzept steht
an erster Stelle das auslösende Agens zu identifizieren und zu eliminieren 2, 42, 44. In der Regel zeigt dieser Typ von
Vaskulitis eine überwiegend residuenfreie Abheilung mit niedrigem Rezidivrisiko
unter der Voraussetzung, dass das auslösende Agens identifiziert und beseitigt
ist 2, 41,
42, 44.
Electrochemical Deoxygenation of N-Heteroaromatic N-Oxides
Authors: Xu P. , Xu H.-C.
Published: May 2019

An electrochemical method for the deoxygenation of N-heteroaromatic N-oxide to give the corresponding N-heteroaromatics has been developed. Several classes of N-heterocycles such as pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, and phenanthridine are tolerated. The electrochemical reactions proceed efficiently in aqueous solution without the need for transition-metal catalysts and waste-generating reducing reagents.
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Following Craniotomy: Risk Factors and Complications in Context of Perioperative High-dose Dexamethasone Application
Authors: Burkhardt Till , Czorlich Patrick , Mende Klaus Christian , Treitz Annika , Kiefmann Rainer , Westphal Manfred , Schmidt Nils Ole
Published: May 2019

Introduction Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is common in patients after craniotomy and may lead to severe postoperative complications. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors and postoperative complications associated with PONV in the context of perioperative high-dose dexamethasone administration.

Patients and Methods In this prospective single-center study, all patients planned for elective craniotomy for supra- and infratentorial lesions were eligible to be included. Any PONV in a 24-hour period after craniotomy was recorded and analyzed with regard to time to postoperative complications and the administration of perioperatively administered high-dose dexamethasone.

Results The overall PONV rate of 421 patients during a 9-month period was 18.1% (76 patients). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association of PONV with female sex, infratentorial localization, age, and history of PONV. There was no association between PONV and postoperative complications such as intracranial hemorrhage, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, or pneumonia. Perioperative administration of high-dose dexamethasone for prophylactic prevention of edema was the only significant risk factor for postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR]: 3.34; confidence interval [CI], 1.39–8.05; p < 0.01) with a highly significant association with the occurrence of CSF leaks (OR: 6.85; CI, 1.62–29.05; p < 0.01).

Conclusion The low PONV rate of 18.1% in this study may be the result of the frequent perioperative administration of high-dose dexamethasone for the prevention of edema. Our data indicate that perioperative high-dose dexamethasone is significantly associated with CSF leaks and can therefore not be recommended on a regular basis.
Significant Adhesion Reduction with 4DryField PH after Release of Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Ahmad Mouhannad , Crescenti Fabio
Published: May 2019

Background Peritoneal adhesions reoccur in up to 100% of cases, possibly causing complications like pain, secondary female infertility, and small bowel obstruction. The latter has a mortality rate of up to 15% during hospitalization. This study investigates if recurrence of peritoneal adhesions can be prevented by prophylactic use of the starch-based medical device 4DryField.

Methods The course of 40 patients with surgery for intestinal obstruction and, partially, second intervention was analyzed. In both operations, adhesion severity and extent were scored 0 (no adhesions) to III (massive/dense and vascular adhesions) and 0 (no adhesions) to III (extensive, covering more than approximately 25 × 25 cm), respectively. To prevent recurrence of adhesions all patients were treated with 4DryField gel (60 mL saline solution per 5 g powder), evenly distributed on the whole impaired intestine (including anastomoses) before abdominal closure. Follow-up was up to 1.5 years in a 3 to 6 months' interval.

Results Eight patients had relaparotomies on postoperative days 1 to 155. In the first operation, median adhesion severity score was III, median adhesion extent II. In redo-surgeries, significantly lower scores were detected (median adhesion severity: 0, p = 0.0003; median adhesion extent: 0, p = 0.0009). No adverse events related to the product were observed. One patient had later redo-surgery in another hospital due to recurrence of adhesions, one patient suffered from flatulence. All other patients were free of adhesion-related symptoms during follow-up.

Conclusion Based on the high severity of diseases and the significant reduction of adhesion severity and extent in redo-surgeries, 4DryField gel is a promising adjunct for adhesion prevention in bowel surgery. The favorable results should be confirmed in prospective randomized trials.
Direction of Flap Rotation in Propeller Flaps: Does It Really Matter?
Authors: Song Sinyoung , Jeong Hyung Hwa , Lee Yeonhun , Powers Hollie , Suh Young Chul , Christoffi Phaedon , Suh Hyunsuk Peter , Hong Joon Pio Jp
Published: May 2019

Background This article investigates the effect of 180° rotating propeller flaps and evaluates whether each flap has a “preferable” rotating direction.

Methods Part 1 evaluates the flap pedicle velocity and flow volume in neutral, 180°counterclockwise, and clockwise rotated position for 29 consecutive flaps. The data (velocity and volume) were divided into three groups: neutral, high value, and low value group then evaluated. Part 2 compares the outcome from the prospective study where a preferable rotation with high value was selected against 29 patients from 2012 to 2016 who had the same operation without selecting a preferable rotation direction.

Results In part 1, the three groups (neutral, high value, and low value groups) showed mean velocity of 28.06 ± 7.94, 31.92 ± 10.22, 24.41 ± 8.12 cm/s, respectively, and mean volume of 6.11 ± 4.95, 6.83 ± 6.69, 4.62 ± 3.55 mL/min, respectively. The mean velocity and volume of the perforator in the high value group were significantly higher than that in the low value group (p = 0.0001). In part 2, although no statistical significance in the outcome was observed, there were two cases of total, two cases of partial flap loss, and three cases of wound dehiscence in the patients where preferable rotations was not selected compared with only two wound dehiscence for flaps with preferable rotation.

Conclusion The velocity and flow of the flap are significantly different based on the rotation direction of the flap. Using the preferred rotation direction with statistically higher value of velocity and flow may increase the overall outcome of the propeller flap, especially where larger flaps are used.
Immediate Bilateral Breast Reconstruction Using Abdominally Based Flaps: An Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database
Authors: Holoyda Kathleen A. , Simpson Andrew M. , Ye Xiangyang , Agarwal Jayant P. , Kwok Alvin C.
Published: May 2019

Background Bilateral mastectomy rates are increasing in the United States. The abdomen is the most common harvest site for autologous reconstruction. Nationwide data were examined to determine differences in hospital charges, length of stay (LOS), and early postoperative complications following immediate bilateral pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (pTRAM), free TRAM (fTRAM), deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP), and superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) perforator flaps and were compared with unilateral reconstruction.

Methods Patients who underwent immediate bilateral breast reconstruction using a single method of abdominally based reconstruction were identified using the 2009 to 2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database. Outcomes included total hospital charges, LOS, and immediate postoperative complications.

Results We identified 13,348 cases of bilateral mastectomy with a single type of immediate bilateral autologous flap reconstruction. The majority were bilateral DIEP flaps. Mean total cost for bilateral pTRAM, fTRAM, DIEP, and SIEA flaps was US $21,886.80, US $28,839.40, US $30,051.30, and US $33,784.90, respectively (p < 0.0001). Mean LOS for bilateral pTRAM, fTRAM, DIEP, and SIEA was 4.3, 4.9, 4.5, and 5.4 days, respectively (p = 0.0002), and hematoma rates were 1.93, 2.61, 3.68, and 16.59%, respectively, (p = 0.0001), whereas return to the operating room for vascular anastomosis revision was 0, 1.63, 1.99, and 19.07%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Cost is less for unilateral pTRAM, fTRAM, and DIEP flaps (p < 0.0001). LOS is shorter for unilateral fTRAM versus bilateral (p < 0.0001). No differences were appreciated between unilateral and bilateral hematoma and reoperation rates for any reconstruction (p > 0.1).

Conclusion Immediate complication rates were higher in bilateral free flaps compared with bilateral pedicled flaps. pTRAM and fTRAM flap reconstructions are still performed frequently with acceptable immediate results without considering long-term morbidity, aesthetics, and abdominal muscle function. Bilateral SIEA free flaps were associated with significantly higher total cost, LOS, and complication rates compared with other groups. Complications were similar between unilateral and bilateral reconstruction procedures. While cost is significantly greater for bilateral procedures compared with unilateral pTRAM, fTRAM, and DIEP flaps, it is not doubled.