bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification by Ordered Monolayers: New Ways of Protecting Materials Against Corrosion
Authors: Rohwerder M. , Stratmann M.
Published: August 2016

Metal/polymer composites are used in numerous technical applications. For example, polymer coatings on metal surfaces are used for corrosion protection, metal films on polymers inhibit static buildup, and polymers between two metals can serve as a “glue” for connecting materials that cannot be welded. Polymer/metal composites also play an important role in modern electronics. In condensers, polymers serve as insulating layers between metallic leads and are used to encapsulate entire electronic circuits. In all circumstances, interfaces are formed between the two different materials, and since the chemistry and structure change abruptly, interfacial failure is frequently observed.

The cause of failure may just be mechanical (e.g., shrinkage of the polymer during curing), or the interface stability may be degraded by attack of aggressive species, resulting in delamination. More specifically, loss of adhesion is directly caused by interfacial electrochemical reactions that nucleate at a defect and progress into intact regions of the interface. This occurs for encapsulated electronic parts in humid atmospheres as well as for lacquers on automotive parts.

Thus the investigation of corrosion reactions at a buried interface is an important area of research, but it is made very difficult by the fact that most electrochemical methods do not give information on localized reaction kinetics at a buried (metal/polymer) interface. This situation has changed with the invention and development of the scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). This method allows, for the first time, local analysis of reactions occurring at a buried metal/polymer interface. Based on the results obtained with the SKP, a detailed reaction model for the delamination process has been developed. This understanding has led to the development of new approaches that protect the interface from delamination. The idea is to chemically modify the interface using Afunctional molecules that promote adhesion between metal and polymer surfaces.
Diagnosing Engineering Problems with Neutrons
Authors: Withers P.J. , Holden T.M.
Published: August 2016

In the past, many unexpected failures of components were due to poor quality control or a failure to calculate—or to miscalculate—the stresses or fatigue stresses a component would experience in service. Today, improved manufacturing, fracture mechanics, and computational finite element methods combine to provide a solid framework for reducing safety factors, enabling leaner design. In this context, residual stress—that is, stress that equilibrates within the structure and is always present at some level due to manufacturing—presents a real problem. It is difficult to predict and as hard to measure. If unaccounted for in design, these stresses can superimpose upon in-service stresses to result in unexpected failures.

Neutron diffraction is one of the few methods able to provide maps of residual stress distributions deep within crystalline materials and engineering components. Neutron strain scanning, as the technique is called, is becoming an increasingly important tool for the materials scientist and engineer alike. Point, line-scan, area-scan, and full three-dimensional (3D) maps are being used to design new materials, optimize engineering processes, validate finite element modeis, predict component life, and diagnose engineering failures.
Superconductivity at High Temperatures Without Copper: Ba1-xKxBiO3
Authors: Cava R.J. , Batlogg B.
Published: August 2016

Before the pioneering work of Bednorz and Müller in finding superconductivity near 30 K in lanthanum-barium-copper oxide,. oxide superconductors were well known, but perhaps not fully appreciated. Most anomalous among those superconductors was the perovskite structure material BaPb0.75Bi0.25O3, with a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of 12 K2 and a surprisingly low density of states at the Fermi level. The increases in Tc for copper-oxide-based materials continue to generate worldwide excitement, but from both a chemical and theoretical point of view, high Tc superconductivity observed in a noncopper containing material is also of considerable interest.

Recently we found that the simple cubic perovskite compound Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 displays a superconducting transition temperature near 30K—a Tc considerably higher than that of conventional superconductors and surpassed only by copper containing compounds. This material is in stark contrast to the now well-known copper oxides for two reasons: (1) superconductivity occurs within the framework of a three dimensionally connected bismuth-oxygen array (and not a 2-d array as in the Cu-O based compounds) and: (2) there are no magnetic fluctuations present in the chemical system, either in the superconductor itself or in the nonsuperconducting end member compound, eliminating the possibility that the high Tc might be caused by magnetic interactions. The parent compound BaBiO3 is, however, of considerable interest due to the presence of a structurally frozen charge disproportionation of the bismuth atoms, considered by many to be the electronic equivalent of the antiferromagnetism observed in the nonsuperconducting cuprate host compounds.

The ideal undistorted perovskite ABO3 structure consists of a regular array of equally dimensioned BO6 octahedra sharing all corner oxygens with neighboring equivalent octahedra, with 180° B-O-B angles.
High Tc Superconducting Thin Films
Authors: Laibowitz Robert B.
Published: August 2016

While high Tc superconductivity was first discovered in bulk material, it was apparent that thin films of these materials, particularly the compound YBa2Cu3O7-δ, would be of great interest to both science and technology. In this sense the development of these materials parallels a similar history in the low Tc materials. Initially, most of the low Tc materials of interest were single element metals such as Nb, Pb and Al in bulk form. Later work, mostly in magnets, led to the development of compounds or alloys of such metals as Nb-Sn, Nb-Ti, and many others. However, many physical and technological investigations required thin films with thicknesses in the range of 0.1-10μm. Microwave, infrared, and critical current studies are examples of some of the scientific uses of thin films. A few examples of the applications would include josephson junction-based digital computer circuits, SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices), transmission lines, and interconnects and rf mixers. These studies are also of great interest in the high Tc materials. It is readily apparent that scientific and technological developments in superconductivity are closely interwoven.

The high level of interest in thin films can be appreciated by observing that it was barely a few months after the announcement of superconductivity above 77 K that the first films of these complex, multi-element materials, superconducting at about 86 K were announced. These early efforts at thin film fabrication were generally accomplished using multi-element deposition techniques but subsequent development has seen many varieties of film fabrication techniques used quite successfully to fabricate high-quality films.
Up Close: Materials Science at Argonne National Laboratory
Authors: Fradin Frank
Published: August 2016

Basic and applied materials research at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) is conducted by the Materials Science Division (MSD) and the Materials and Components Technology Division (MCT). Of the $30 million annual budget, $23 million comes from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that funds Basic Energy Sciences (BES)-Materials Sciences, Reactor Development, Fusion Energy, Fossil Energy, and Conservation Technology. Another $5 million of the $30 million budget comes from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the remaining $2 million is from the Department of Defense.

Representative projects in fission energy include fuel element behavior in the Advanced Breeder Reactor, fuel development for the Integral Fast Reactor, and supporting research in aqueous corrosion and in phase stability.

Materials research for fusion environments includes containment materials, liquid metal compatibility, vanadium alloy development, defect production processes, radiation-induced segregation, sputtering of self-replenishing low atomic number coatings, and ultrahigh field superconductors.
Maintaining Technological Leadership in a World Economy—1988 MRS Fall Meeting Plenary Address
Authors: Thurow Lester C.
Published: August 2016

If you are an economist in this day and age, and especially if you are an economist at MIT, you often get asked “Is economics really a science?”

I used to give a very complicated answer to that question, but recently I discovered a much simpler one: When the Discovery went up, the Space Administration announced that the success of the Discovery was entirely due to the scientific achievement of economists because in shifting from the Challenger to the Discovery the Space Aclrninistration had to do a lot of experiments, and they had to replace rats with economists in all these experiments. They announced three reasons for replacing rats with economists: First, there were now more economists and they were cheaper; second, you sometimes emotionally get attached to the rats; and third, there are some things that rats just won't do.

The serious answer to that question, however, is that economics is much like geology. Geologists understand earthquakes and volcanoes perfectly—it's plate tectonics. But if you ask a geologist, “Tell me the precise timing and the precise magnitude of the next earthquake in Los Angeles,” you are in trouble.

The problem is that people like to ask economists that question: “Give me the precise timing and the precise magnitude of some event.” And economists have a character weakness. They tend to answer those kinds of questions. And those kinds of questions simply can't be answered.
Up Close: Center for Micro-Engineered Ceramics at the University of New Mexico
Authors: Kodas Toivo
Published: August 2016

The Center for Micro-Engineered Ceramics (CMEC) recently established at the University of New Mexico is a National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center. It is supported by the National Science Foundation, Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico Research and Development Institute, and the ceramics industry.

The CMEC is unique in that it combines the resources of two universities (University of New Mexico and New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology) and two national laboratories to attack ceramics-related basic research problems of industrial significance. An essential part of the effort is the strong interplay between the basic scientific disciplines, particularly physics and chemistry, along with engineering; the work is interdisciplinary with members from chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, chemistry, physics, and geology.

The goals of the CMEC are to

1. Aggressively attack ceramics-related basic research problems using university/national laboratory/industry collaborations;

2. Transfer technology between the universities, national laboratories, and industry; and

3. Train a new generation of ceramic scientists and engineers at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.

At present, the areas of major interest are novel powder synthesis and processing schemes for controlled morphology powder compacts, and coatings and porous films. In addition, both laboratories and universities have programs on ceramic superconductors.
Point Defects in Materials Part II: Applications to Different Materials Problems
Authors: Seidman David , Shi Donglu
Published: August 2016

This issue of the MRS Bulletin follows up on the November issue's five articles on point defect phenomena in a wide range of materials with five more articles on point defects. The present articles emphasize the behavior of different phenomena in various materials—nonstoichiometric metal oxides, intermetallic compounds, type II superconductors and semiconductors—in terms of fundamental properties of point defects. Again, point defects is the unifying theme but the emphasis shifts to material behavior.

This issue begins with Marshall Stoneham's article on the roles theory plays in predicting and understanding material behavior in terms of point defects in the different classes of materials. The following article by Rüdiger Dieckmann discusses the relationships between point defect concentrations in nonstoichiometric metal oxides and diffusion, i.e., mass transport. Next, Georges Martin and Pascal Bellon review their new approach for analyzing the role played by antisite defects in nonequilibrium phase transitions in intermetallic compounds. Then, Donglu Shi focuses on the effect of point, line, and planar defects on three major properties of type II superconductors—the critical transition temperature, the upper critical magnetic field, and the critical current density. Finally, Lionel Kimerling shows how defect engineering is used to achieve a high degree of complexity in product fabrication and greater sophistication in product performance; he illustrates what he means by defect engineering with examples from basic processes used in electronic materials processing.
Vacancies and Self-Interstitials
Authors: Huntington H.B.
Published: August 2016

This article aims to review in rather cursory fashion the ways the concepts of lattice defects have contributed at an early stage to our understanding of solid-state kinetics in metals and insulators.

The importance of point defects in solid-state kinetics was just beginning to be widely recognized in the late 1930s. The crucial experiments of Kirkendall and others were still to come. Many of the leaders in the field of metallurgy believed almost tacitly that diffusion in substitutional alloys occurred by direct interchange or perhaps a ring mechanism.

For the ionic salts, however, basic calculations were further advanced, and it was possible to figure quite confidently the role of Schottky and Frenkel defects in facilitating atom movements. In their seminal paper, Mott and Littleton made specific calculations as to the energies involved in diffusion by the various mechanisms and hence to the relative importance of these mechanisms in the kinetics of these materials. They began by taking over the Born-Mayer short-range formula for ionic repulsion. Next they treated in detail the polarization response of the salt to an extra charge in the lattice, whether interstitial or vacancy. This polarization included the individual polarizabilities of the ions and, for the static case, the ion displacements. Application of this analysis gave good quantitative results for the activation energies to be expected for diffusion and ionic conductivity. For the alkali halides it was made clear that the Schottky defect would dominate and that Frenkel defects would be few.
Biomedical Materials
Authors: Barenberg S.A. , Mueller E.P.
Published: August 2016

Biomedical materials is an embryonic interdisciplinary science whose practitioners are scientists, engineers, biochemists, and clinicians who use synthetic polymers, metals, ceramics, inorganic, and natural polymers to fabricate artificial organs, medical devices, drug delivery systems, prosthetics, and packaging systems.

The intent of this special issue of the MRS Bulletin is to provide readers with insight into current biomaterials research and product development. This issue is not meant to be either conclusive or definitive, but rather a “sound bite” of the field.

For further information, please feel free to contact either the individual authors or the editors of this issue.
Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Langer Robert
Published: August 2016

For many years, drug delivery systems were composed of simple pills, eyedrops, ointments, or intravenous solutions. Recently, materials have begun to play a major role in improving drug delivery. Drugs are now chemically attached to polymers, entrapped in small vesicles that are injected into the bloodstream, or put in pumps or polymeric materials that are placed in the body. These new materials-based systems are beginning to change the way drugs can be administered and, in so doing, have improved human health. This article provides a brief review of the major classes of drug delivery systems; a recent paper discusses these issues in detail.

Chemically attaching a drug to a polymer may alter such properties as its distribution in the body, rate of appearance in certain tissues, solubility, or antigenicity. For example, drugs have been linked to soluble macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, or synthetic polymers via degradable linkages. This alters the drug's size and other properties, resulting in a different bodily drug distribution pattern. One example involves coupling the antitumor agent neocarzinostatin to styrene-maleic acid copolymers. When this complex was injected intra-arterially in patients with liver cancer, tumor size decreased significantly. In animals, the antitumor agent, doxorubicin, bound to N(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymers reduced toxicity. The plasma half-life and the drug levels in the tumor increased while the concentrations in the rest of the body decreased.
Effective Technology Transfer Through Active Licensing
Authors: Levy Nelson L. , Coles Eric
Published: August 2016

The National Science Foundation has estimated that 28% of the information processing products, 37% of the pharmaceutical processes, and 44% of the pharmaceuticals on the market today derive directly from university research. Single companies create annual research budgets in the hundreds of millions of dollars by allocating to research 2–10% of their revenues, a percentage identical to the typical royalty rate. Yet none of our great research institutions receives royalty income in excess of $15 million, and most receive under $1 million. Certainly, our universities and their faculty could enjoy greater benefit from the transfer of their technology to the private sector. Such expectations account for the explosive growth of university technology transfer programs.

We would define the mission of technology transfer as (1) to bring university inventions into public use with maximum integrity, effectiveness, and speed, and (2) to maximize the financial return to the university and the inventor. This article will describe “active licensing,” an approach to technology transfer that we have found to be more effective and that we feel is more rational than the paradigms in use at most institutions.

Figure 1 presents the commercial value of technology as a function of incremental time and cost investment in development of the technology.
Materials Rheology: An Overview
Authors: Kurtz Stuart J.
Published: August 2016

My fellow authors and I have assembled a series of articles on using rheology to understand the structure and processing of a wide range of materials. We approach this task by presenting an introduction to the concepts of rheology and some illustrative applications, followed by a description of linear vis-coelasticity and a description of the rheological behavior of elastic fluids. These concepts and related tools are then used to describe molten polymers, colloidal suspensions, latex systems, electrorheological fluids, and gels. In each of these areas, we show how rheology provides insights into the structure of materials and the type of information required to process them. We also show that the rheological approach spans macroscopic and microscopic domains. These aspects of rheology are of value to materials scientists and engineers. We hope these examples will clarify the relevance of rheology to materials.

If we are successful in this presentation, you will obtain a flavor of the process of rheological studies. While reading through these articles, look for the interplay of the concepts of molecular or domain structures and the flow and deformation of the bulk materials. These articles may even inspire you to examine the role that rheology may play in your own studies.
Mechanical Response of Linear Viscoelastic Solids
Authors: Wineman Alan
Published: August 2016

The word “viscoelastic” is used to describe the mechanical response of materials exhibiting both the springiness associated with elastic solids and viscous flow characteristics associated with fluids. A familiar example of a material called viscoelastic is Silly PuttyTM. If a blob of Silly Putty is rolled into a ball and then dropped onto a hard surface, it will bounce like an elastic ball. If the ball is placed on a hard surface, its own weight will cause it to flow into a puddle. This behavior indicates that time is an intrinsic parameter in discussing viscoelastic response of materials. The elastic response is associated with a contact force of very short duration. The flow into a puddle occurs when forces act for a long period of time.

Viscoelastic response occurs in materials such as soils, concrete, cartilage, biological tissue, and polymers. Soils and cartilage can be thought of as porous solids filled with fluid. Viscous response is due to the flow of the fluid in the pores; elastic response is due to the distortion of the porous solid.
Rheology of Molten Polymers
Authors: Dealy John M.
Published: August 2016

The term “polymeric liquids” is used to describe both solutions of polymers and molten polymers. All polymeric liquids exhibit non-Newtonian flow behavior, including a shear stress-dependent viscosity and elasticity. However, concentrated solutions and melts of polymers whose molecular weights exceed a certain critical value (the “critical molecular weight for entanglement,” Mc) exhibit quite remarkable deviations from classical fluid behavior, especially marked elasticity. Among the remarkable rheological phenomena exhibited by these materials are elastic recoil and flow-induced an-isotropy. Indeed, in certain situations, such materials can exhibit elastic effects that are almost indistinguishable from those exhibited by cross-linked rubbers. This behavior is important, because most commercial “thermoplastics,” such as polyethylene and polystyrene, have high molecular weights (M > Mc) and are processed in the molten state.

A given generic polymer, polyethylene for example, can exhibit a wide range of properties depending on the molecular weight distribution. Another important aspect of molecular structure is branching. For many monomers (the molecular building blocks that make a polymer molecule), two types of polymer structure are possible, linear and branched. For example, ethylene can be polymerized in two ways to form either linear polyethylene or branched polyethylene. Branching enhances the non-Newtonian and elastic aspects of the melt flow behavior. Yet another possible aspect of polymer molecular structure is the presence of a comonomer.
Imaging in Materials Science
Authors: Pennycook Stephen J.
Published: August 2016

Imaging is about communicating. Through images, it is possible to convey information about a subject in an exceedingly efficient manner. We are all familiar with the nightly news reports and how a few visual images can rapidly convey a deep impression far beyond that of the accompanying spoken word. The worlds of art and photography are based on images and their power to invoke a sense of beauty and awe in our minds. Both of these aspects are also important for imaging in materials science, although the beauty and awe we wish to convey concerns our understanding of the behavior of materials or the laws of physics and not the aesthetic appeal itself.

An image can convey an insight into a materials problem which is unrivaled in depth and breadth. In many cases, it can reveal aspects of the problem which were completely unforeseen. An image may even reveal the key to the entire problem and so provide a fundamental advance in our understanding, in contrast to the incremental advances which usually result from more or better data. It is this theme which links the articles in this issue of the MRS BULLETIN. Covering semiconductors to cement, the atomic scale to the macroscopic, the theme in common is the power of the image to unravel the story. Often this involves changing our preconceived ideas on the subject (images provide constant proof that “truth is stranger than fiction”), but this is what major advances in research and development are all about.
High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Gibson J.M.
Published: August 2016

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) has had a major impact on materials science in the last five decades, despite the fact that it is necessary to prepare thin samples in order to use the technique. The primary reason for this effectiveness is the ability to access both real space and diffraction data in the same instrument, and to filter in one and observe the effect in the other. This is possible because of the wave nature of electrons and the existence of effective magnetic lenses for focusing. Abbe showed that any lens has the ability to Fourier transform its input wavefield in its focal plane, and to provide a second Fourier transform in the image plane. This is schematically shown in Figure 1. A crystalline object will diffract only in certain directions, with Bragg angles (θB) depending on the inverse of the interplanar spacing. The diffraction pattern is a series of spots in the Fourier, or focal, plane of the lens. A filter placed in the focal plane serves to limit the resolution by limiting the bandwidth of the image, but it also can serve to select certain parts of the Fourier spectrum in the image. The simplest examples of this, as used in optical microscopy, are bright-field and dark-field imaging. In the former the un-scattered beam is allowed to reach the image, in the latter it is not.
Computer Applications in Plasma Materials Processing
Authors: Graves David B. , Gottscho Richard A.
Published: August 2016

In manufacturing microelectronic and optoelectronic devices, thin solid films of various sorts are routinely deposited and etched using low pressure, weakly ionized plasmas. The term “plasma” in this context implies an ionized gas with nearly equal numbers of positive and negative charges. This definition is not very restrictive, so. there are an enormous number of phenomena that are termed plasmas. For example, very hot, magnetized, fully ionized plasmas exist in stellar environments and thermonuclear fusion experiments. High temperature electric arcs are a form of plasma as well. In contrast, the plasmas used in electronic materials processing are near room temperature and the gas is usually weakly ionized. Indeed, due to the sensitivity of electronic devices to high temperatures, their low operating temperature is one of the major advantages of plasma processes.

Plasma processing is attractive because of two important physiochemical effects: energetic free electrons in the plasma (heated by applied electric fields) dissociate the neutral gas in the plasma to create chemically reactive species; and free positive ions are accelerated by the plasma electric fields to surfaces bounding the plasma. Reactive species created in the plasma diffuse to surfaces and adsorb; wafers to be processed are typically placed on one of these surfaces.

The combination of neutral species adsorption and positive ion bombardment results in surface chemical reaction. If the products of the surface reaction are volatile, they leave the surface and etching results. If the products are involatile, a surface film grows.
A Primer on the Federal Budget Process
Authors: Post Robert L.
Published: August 2016

The federal budget process is often regarded as an arcane affair, the province of a select group of Washington insiders. This includes the mysteries behind the determination of budgets for R&D on materials. The purpose of this discussion is to demysrify the subject a little. It will focus largely on the role of Congress.

A common misconception is that the White House sets the budget for the federal government. What the White House does do is send detailed recommendations to Congress each year in January on what it believes the budget should be. This covers spending, tax policy, and economie predictions (the latter reflected in the anticipated tax revenues). In January 1990, for example, the administration submitted budget recommendations for fiscal year 1991, which began on October 1 and runs until September 30, 1991. These recommendations (with subsequent negociations with the Hill) can be quite influential, but serve primarily as a point of reference, which Congress can gladly accept, or completely ignore, as circumstances and preferences dictate.
Materials Education—A Challenge
Authors: Abbaschian R.
Published: August 2016

The recent study by the National Research Council, entitled Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s—Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials, has identified materials science and engineering as an intellectually exciting field crucial to the success of U.S. industries, economy, and defense. The study surveys the needs of eight industries (aerospace, automotive, biomaterials, chemical, electronics, energy, metals, and telecommunications), which employ more than seven million people and have sales in excess of $1.4 trillion. The survey shows the industries' critical requirements for new, improved, more economical materials and processes. Similar needs are documented in such public sector areas as defense, energy, transportation, space, and health. Despite the fact that their economic performance and technological leadership within the global market vary widely, these industries consistently identify materials science and engineering as vital to their ability to maintain or improve their international competitiveness. In every case, the survey indicates a clear need to produce and fabricate new and traditional materials with improved quality and economy. It is also evident that the United States currently leads in certain materials-related areas, but adequate resources, planning, and training are required to maintain this leadership role.

In terms of manpower and educational needs, the study emphasizes the need for more educated personnel to meet current and future opportunities, and recommends basing undergraduate courses and programs in materials science and engineering on the four basic elements of materials science and engineering—synthesis and processing, structure, properties, and performance — and on the relationships among them. The study further recommends that undergraduate materials education be centered in materials departments, and that these departments interact strongly with other science and engineering departments to develop interdisciplinary materials-related educational programs.
Making Education in Materials Science and Engineering Attractive to Undergraduate Students
Authors: Farrington Gregory C.
Published: August 2016

Materials research and education is currently one of the liveliest areas of science and engineering and is likely to be so for many decades. It is an outstanding example of an interdisciplinary field; persons who call themselves materials researchers are found in departments of chemistry, physics, metallurgy, ceramics, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering, and also in many departments that now call themselves by the name “materials science and engineering.” The field has grown so rapidly that the term “materials science and engineering,” has many different meanings. In fact, most of the funding that supports materials science and engineering research is awarded to investigators in the more traditional disciplines, and the vast majority of scientists and engineers working in the field were educated in these traditional core disciplines.

There is no question that the field of materials science and engineering is a success. However, is materials science and engineering now a discipline as well as a field? Should MS&E departments exist and what should be their educational mission? Should MS&E departments offer undergraduate and graduate majors? These questions are being discussed by many university faculties as they work to devise effective research structures and educational programs to respond to the growth of interest in a field that does not fit neatly into any single traditional discipline, but is far too important to ignore.

Recently, the University Materials Council appointed a committee to consider these issues and specifically address the challenge of creating effective, attractive programs of undergraduate education in materials science and engineering.
Identity of and Need for Undergraduate Materials Science and Engineering Education
Authors: DuBow Joel
Published: August 2016

A litany has recently emerged which proclaims materials science and engineering a primary enabling technology for most aspects of a modern high technology economy. More materials engineers have been called for, but employers and academia have not yet agreed on what job description or curricula should define a materials engineer. While the research or science aspects of materials science have been functioning well, manpower availability and industrial materials technology for commercial, military, environmental, and other societal needs lag behind our worldwide competitors.

to nucleate the growth of a consensus and to create awareness and understanding of materials science and engineering begs an answer. In the absence of a consensus to help focus curriculum and increase awareness of materials science and engineering, the current diverse educational practices will remain, and a rare opportunity for professional development will be lost.
Proposal for a Generic Materials Processing Course
Authors: Flemings Merton C. , Jensen Klavs F. , Mortensen Andreas
Published: August 2016

In the early 1950s when “materials science” was beginning to take shape in the minds of educators in materials departments, discussions were heated on the subject of how (and whether) intellectually rich courses could be developed with such broad coverage. It was argued by many that materials are too complex and vary too greatly from one another in their properties and in their applications to be treated in a single course. These individuals argued that if “materials” was to be taught, then it would have to be in courses or segments of courses broken down by materials classes-metals, ceramic, polymers, semiconductors.

A full generation of faculty has passed through our ranks since those days, and the arguments regarding teaching of at least the beginning materials science subjects are now muted and perhaps moot. Few materials departments begin today with a materials-specific subject (e.g., metallurgy, ceramics) for either their own students or as a service subject for other engineering departments. Most begin with a subject in materials science or materials science and engineering that deals generically with all materials for at least a major portion of the subject. Examples are drawn from individual materials classes, and emphasis may shift to individual materials classes as the subject progresses.

The key to development of these subjects, and the intellectual foundation on which they rest, is structure and structure-property relations. We can understand, and teach, how the building blocks of materials (atoms, molecules, grains, amorphous phases, etc.) fit together to build macroscopic structures.
NSF Workshop on Undergraduate Curriculum Development in Materials: A Synopsis of the Report
Authors: Reynik Robert J.
Published: August 2016

As a follow-up to the recommendations of a 1986 National Science Board Task Committee Report on Undergraduate Science & Engineering Education, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored a series of workshops on undergraduate education in science and engineering disciplines. In October 1989, the NSF's Division of Materials Research (DMR) organized a workshop in the materials area. It was held at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Dr. Donald N. Langenberg, Chancellor, University of Illinois at Chicago, chaired the panel of 27 invited experts. They were charged to assess the needs and opportunities in the education of undergraduates with career opportunities in any of the areas of materials research or technology, and to recommend possible ways to improve undergraduate curricula in chemistry, physics, and materials science and engineering.

The panel consisted of three subpanels: Chemistry chaired by Gregory C. Farrington, Condensed Matter Physics chaired by Phillip J. Stiles, and Materials Science and Engineering chaired by Reza Abbaschian. Robert J. Reynik, DMR/NSF, was the workshop organizer and coordinator. Each subpanel held separate meetings to discuss undergraduate education in materials and develop recommendations in its respective disciplines; plenary sessions featured group discussions of views and recommendations.

Each subpanel prepared a separate report, and the chairman prepared a summary report, which organizes the findings and recommendations of the subpanel reports into five areas: curriculum development, undergraduate laboratories, computers in undergraduate education, textbooks and other teaching resources, and faculty and student development. These reports constirute the full workshop report, which is available at no cost from the NSF. The opinions and recommendations in the workshop report are those of the expert panel and do not represent NSF policy. The recommendations are currently under review by DMR.
The Magnetic Phase Diagram of High Tc Superconductors
Authors: Malozemoff A.P.
Published: August 2016

Among the many surprises in the held of high temperature superconductivity, new features discovered in the magnetic phase diagram are among the most exciting and controversial, generating many new physical concepts and impacting practical applications. This brief review complements several other recent reviews and refers mostly to the bulk crystal (not ceramic) Y1Ba2Cu3O7 and Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox materials, from now on denoted YBaCuO and BiSrCaCuO.

The magnetic phase diagram of a conventional type II superconductor as a function of magnetic held H and temperature T is well known and understood in the mean-field Ginzburg-Landau and London theories. As shown in Figure 1a, a Meissner phase characterized by complete flux exclusion appears at low fields, delineated by a mean-field phase transition line called the lower critical field Hc1(T), which increases linearly with decreasing temperature below Tc and then saturates at low temperature. A second mean-field phase transition line, called the upper critical field Hc2(T), delineates the transition between the normal and superconducting states and shows a T-dependence similar to Hc1(T). In a strongly type II superconductor (in which the penetration depth λ is much larger than the coherence length ξ), the large region intervening between Hc1 and Hc2 is called the Abrikosov mixed phase. Here magnetic field penetrates the superconductor in the form of tubes of magnetic field called flux lines or vortices. In an ideal isotropic superconductor, these vortices self-organize into a hexagonal array. Defects disturb the hexagonal long-range order, causing the array to break up into a kind of glassy state with more or less short-range order.
The Molecular Engineering of Oxides: 1989 MRS Fall Meeting Von Hippel Award Address
Authors: Goodenough John B.
Published: August 2016

I am particularly pleased to receive the Von Hippel Award and to do so in the city of Boston. I spent 24 happy years here at the Lincoln Laboratory of MIT, and Prof. Von Hippel was one of those on campus who made a special effort to build a bridge of communication to those of us who were out on Route 128. I would like him to know that his personal encouragement and his welcome to campus life were very much appreciated. During that period, it was Prof. Von Hippel who coined the phrase “molecular engineering” to describe the whole process of materials science. So it is in his honor that I have chosen as the title of my talk, “The Molecular Engineering of Oxides.”

Back in the 1950s, I was part of the group at Lincoln Laboratory that developed the ferrite-core memory for the digital computer. This task involved an identification of the optimum ferrospinel composition and the development of a fabrication and testing process that would give a high yield of cores with acceptable physical properties. Its realization involved, as well, the development of a theoretical underetanding of the factors that determine the shape of a B-H hysteresis loop and of why an exquisite annealing procedure was required to develop controlled chemical inhomogeneities via the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect. This experience made it clear to me that there was an urgent need to build bridges between the engineer and the materials scientist.
Up Close: Physical Chemistry Cluster of the University of Amsterdam
Authors: Elders Job
Published: August 2016

The Physical Chemistry Cluster (PCC), located in the Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands is a cooperative entity which directs a wide range of in-depth research. Extensive collaboration within the PCC offers a broad base of expertise to every participant. The PCC is situated in the inspiring environment of the Van't Hoff Laboratory, named for the Dutch chemist who received the first Nobel prize awarded for chemistry in 1901 for his research on valence-directions and stereochemistry of the carbon atom.

The PCC is composed of a number of different bodies, with the Department of Physical Chemistry serving as the pivot point. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the PCC organization which includes the University of Amsterdam (UvA); the foundation, Chemical Research Netherlands (SON); Institute of Mass Spectrometry (IMS); the Interaction of Matter with Photons group (IMF); Faculty of Physics (UvA); Laser Application and Information Center Amsterdam (LAICA); the LAICA Laser Technology Ventures, Ltd.; and the Laser Lease Center.

The Physical Chemistry Cluster finds its roots at the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of the University of Amsterdam. The Laboratory for Physical Chemistry has an academie staff of about 18 members who cooperate with the faculty of physics of the University of Amsterdam. PCC research activities cover a broad field of physical chemistry. Here, researchers study the interaction of matter and photons to obtain information on spectroscopic properties and dynamics of excited states of isolated or clustered molecules in the gas or condensed phase.
Up Close: Science of Materials at Trinity College, University of Dublin
Authors: Kelly John M. , McGilp John
Published: August 2016

Materials Science at Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland, has a distinguished past as well as a promising future. Trinity College published the first book on optics in English by Molyneux (1692). The work of Hamilton, Lloyd, Fitzgerald and others in the 19th century are impressive antecedents for today's research as well, which now enjoys broader horizons and new research opportunities due to major funding by the European Community (EC) and other agencies.

In the Departments of Chemistry and Pure and Applied Physics, internationally recognized research groups are pursuing materials-oriented research in laser physics and nonlinear optics, surfaces and interfaces, magnetic materials, polymers, and theoretical solid-state physics and chemistry.

The current research, described in the following two sections, has for many years resulted from close collaboration in the materials area among researchers in both departments. Common interests have led the departments to establish an honors degree course in the science of materials. The final section discusses the aims of this course.
Multilayer Materials
Authors: Barbee Troy W.
Published: August 2016

Multilayers, as considered in the following articles, are manmade thin-film materials periodic in one dimension in composition or in composition and structure. This composition/structure variation is generated during synthesis, which is typically accomplished using atom-by-atom technologies. Individual component layers in a multilayer may vary in thickness from one atomic layer (~2 Å) to hundreds of atomic layers (~1,000 Å) of a given material.

An example of these synthetic micro-structures, a lattice image transmission electron micrograph of a cross section of a hundred period titanium (63 Å)/titanium-nickel (40 Å) multilayer microstructure fabricated using magnetron sputtering, is shown on the cover of this issue of the MRS BULLETIN. The titanium-nickel layers are amorphous as a result of the low substrate temperature (<75°C) and the very large atomic quench rates characteristic of vapor deposition (>1012 K/s). The elemental titanium layers are fiber textured with the basal plane of this hexagonal close-pack structure element in the plane of the layers. These (00.1) planes are the ones lattice imaged in this electron micrograph.

The general concept of a multilayer structure, as illustrated above, is now well accepted because the ability to synthesize such materials for scientific study and technological application has been demonstrated at many nationally and internationally based laboratories.
Using Lattice Energies to Model the Physical/Chemical Behavior of a Doped Refractory Oxide
Authors: Howard Scott A. , Lee Soon-Ho , Moore Robert E.
Published: August 2016

Burned periclase brick became a commonly used refractory material during the 1940s and early 1950s in the steel-making industry. Unfortunately, periclase brick easily reacts with water or water vapor and results in dimensional instability, i.e., a volume expansion. This may lead to the mechanical failure of any article made from it. Considerable research has been performed in the past 30 years to suppress the hydration susceptibility of magnesia refractory.

Boron has been found to be extremely effective in improving the hydration resistance of magnesia. It can be added to magnesite, brucite, light calcined magnesia or it can be deposited on post dead burned magnesia. However, the use of boron decreases the hot loading bearing properties of the magnesia and the dissolution of the boron into certain grades of steel may adversely affect their mechanical properties. Moreover, the addition of boron compounds requires a high-temperature calcination, normally higher than 1600°C, which has been proven uneconomical.

Other dopants, incorporated either on the surface or in the bulk, have been reported to have various effects on the hydration susceptibility. The ultimate goal of the work reported here is to determine if there is a correlation between the hydration susceptibility of MgO having various cation substitutions for Mg and the energies of the resulting lattices.
Metalorganic Deposition (MOD): A Nonvacuum, Spin-on, Liquid-Based, Thin Film Method
Authors: Mantese J.V. , Micheli A.L. , Hamdi A.H. , Vest R.W.
Published: August 2016

There are many methods of depositing thin film materials: thermal evaporation, sputtering, electron or laser beam evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). A good survey of many of the deposition methods appears in the 1988 November and December issues of the MRS BULLETIN. One method not included in that survey, however, is metalorganic deposition (MOD), a powerful method for depositing a variety of materials.

Metalorganic deposition is not to be confused with metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), which is a gaseous deposition method. MOD is a nonvacuum, liquid-based, spin-on method of depositing thin films. A suitable organic precursor, dissolved in solution, is dispensed onto a substrate much like photoresist. The substrate is spun at a few thousand revolutions per minute, removing the excess fluid, driving off the solvent, and uniformly coating the substrate surface with an organic film a few microns thick. The soft metalorganic film is then pyrolyzed in air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other suitable atmosphere to convert the metalorganic precursors to their constituent elements, oxides, or other compounds. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the deposition process including a prebake and annealing (if necessary).