bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Temperature and Material Flow Gradients on Mechanical Performances of Friction Stir Welded AA6082-T6 Joints
Authors: Ma Xiaotian , Xu Shuangming , Wang Feifan , Zhao Yaobang , Meng Xiangchen , Xie Yuming , Wan Long , Huang Yongxian
Published: September 2022

The temperature and material flow gradients along the thick section of the weld seriously affect the welding efficiency of friction stir welding in medium-thick plates. Here, the effects of different gradients obtained by the two pins on the weld formation, microstructure, and mechanical properties were compared. The results indicated that the large-tip pin increases heat input and material flow at the bottom, reducing the gradient along the thickness. The large-tip pin increases the welding speed of defect-free joints from 100 mm/min to 500 mm/min compared to the small-tip pin. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the joint reached 247 MPa and 8.7%, equal to 80% and 65% of the base metal, respectively. Therefore, reducing the temperature and material flow gradients along the thickness by designing the pin structure is proved to be the key to improving the welding efficiency for thick plates.
Development of Temperature-Controlled Shear Tests to Reproduce White-Etching-Layer Formation in Pearlitic Rail Steel
Authors: Thiercelin Léo , Cazottes Sophie , Saulot Aurélien , Lebon Frédéric , Mercier Florian , Le Bourlot Christophe , Dancette Sylvain , Fabrègue Damien
Published: September 2022

The formation of a white etching layer (WEL), a very hard and brittle phase on the rail surface, is associated with a progressive transformation of the pearlitic grain to very fragmented grains due to the cumulative passage of trains. Its formation is associated with a complex thermomechanical coupling. To predict the exact conditions of WEL formation, a thermomechanical model previously proposed by the authors needs to be validated. In this study, monotonic and cyclic shear tests using hat-shaped specimens were conducted in the temperature range of 20 °C to 400 °C to reproduce the WEL formation. The tests showed a strong sensitivity of the material to temperature, which does not necessarily favor WEL formation. For the monotonic tests, no WELs were produced; however, a localization of the plastic deformation was observed for tests performed at 200 °C and 300 °C. In this temperature range, the material was less ductile than at room temperature, leading to failure before WEL formation. At 400 °C, the material exhibited a much more ductile behavior, and nanograins close to WEL stages were visible. For the cyclic tests, a WEL zone was successfully reproduced at room temperature only and confirmed the effect of shear in WEL formation. The same cyclic tests conducted at 200 °C and 300 °C yielded results consistent with those of the monotonic tests; the deformation was much more localized and did not lead to WEL formation.
Eco-Friendly Alternative Disposal through the Pyrolysis Process of Meat and Bone Meal
Authors: Zaharioiu Anca Maria , Şandru Claudia , Ionete Eusebiu Ilarian , Marin Florian , Ionete Roxana Elena , Soare Amalia , Constantinescu Marius , Bucura Felicia , Niculescu Violeta-Carolina
Published: September 2022

The capitalization of agri-food waste is essential for the sustainability of a circular economy. This work focuses on a solution to eliminate such waste, meat and bone meal (MBM), which is produced in large quantities by the food industry and is prohibited for use as animal feed under the European directives. Therefore, with the focus of converting waste to energy, the catalytic pyrolysis of MBM in the presence of mesoporous silica nanocatalysts (SBA-3 and SBA-16 materials and metallic derivates) was investigated in a home-made reactor for the production of renewable energy. The mesoporous silica materials were synthesized using relatively simple methods and then characterized in order to determine their morpho-structural characteristics. The MBM pyrolysis behavior under different experimental conditions was examined in detail, both in the presence and absence of the new catalysts. The resulting MBM-based pyrolysis products, MBMPYOILs and MBMPYGASs, were also assessed as potential alternative fuels, highlighting comparable energy values to conventional fuels. The outcomes of this investigation offer a potential pathway to the clean production of gas and oil, thus promoting the high-grade utilization of MBM waste.
Mixed Sensitivity Servo Control of Active Control Systems
Authors: Zhou Yanjun , Liu Jian , Wang Qingyu , Zhu Yunan
Published: September 2022

The aircraft control system of the future will be a combination of fly-by-wire technology and Active Control System (ACS) which, based on the artificial feel system, provides a control strategy for both position and force. The ACS has uncertainties, such as the mass of the simulated stick, system inertia, system damping and friction. In this paper, aiming at the servo control method of ACS, a mathematical model of ACS was setup. Then, to eliminate the perturbation of the external environment, such as noise and disturbance torque, a robust control method based on H∞ was proposed. Finally, to verify the simulation results, the mathematical model was verified via experimental studies.
A Combinatorial Model for Determining Information Loss in Organizational and Technical Systems
Authors: Yakovlev Alexey V. , Alekseev Vladimir V. , Volchikhina Maria V. , Petrenko Sergey V.
Published: September 2022

A combinatorial model is proposed for determining the probability and information losses in an organizational and technical system (OTS) under destructive external influences. Mathematical expressions are obtained to determine the loss of information in the clusters of the control system. It is shown that the use of this model for a quantitative analysis of the probability of occurrence of events and information losses in the control system, under varying external influences on the dynamic OTS, makes it possible to carry out a quantitative analysis and synthesis of the structure of the control system that is resistant to destructive external influences. A decomposition of the probabilities of occurrence of events and the corresponding loss of information by the levels of the hierarchy of the analyzed air traffic control system is presented. The achieved result is due to the sensitivity of the model for determining information losses relative to changes in the structure of the system and destructive external influences, as well as the use of the mathematical apparatus in combinatorial analyses.
Sampling Rate Optimization and Execution Time Analysis for Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Control Systems
Authors: Şuşcă Mircea , Mihaly Vlad , Morar Dora , Dobra Petru
Published: September 2022

The current journal paper proposes an end-to-end analysis for the numerical implementation of a two-degrees-of-freedom (2DOF) control structure, starting from the sampling rate selection mechanism via a quasi-optimal manner, along with the estimation of the worst-case execution time (WCET) for the specified controller. For the sampling rate selection, the classical Shannon–Nyquist sampling theorem is replaced by an optimization problem that encompasses the trade-off between the fidelity of the controllers’ representation, along with the fidelity of the resulting closed-loop systems, and the implementation difficulty of the controllers. Additionally, the WCET analysis can be seen as a verification step before automatic code generation, a computational model being provided. The proposed computational model encompasses infinite-impulse response (IIR) and finite-impulse response (FIR) filter models for the controller implementation, along with additional relevant phenomena being discussed, such as saturation, signal scaling and anti-windup techniques. All proposed results will be illustrated on a DC motor benchmark control problem.
Bayesian Linear Regression and Natural Logarithmic Correction for Digital Image-Based Extraction of Linear and Tridimensional Zoometrics in Dromedary Camels
Authors: Iglesias Pastrana Carlos , Navas González Francisco Javier , Ciani Elena , Camacho Vallejo María Esperanza , Delgado Bermejo Juan Vicente
Published: September 2022

This study evaluates a method to accurately, repeatably, and reliably extract camel zoo-metric data (linear and tridimensional) from 2D digital images. Thirty zoometric measures, including linear and tridimensional (perimeters and girths) variables, were collected on-field with a non-elastic measuring tape. A scaled reference was used to extract measurement from images. For girths and perimeters, semimajor and semiminor axes were mathematically estimated with the function of the perimeter of an ellipse. On-field measurements’ direct translation was determined when Cronbach’s alpha (Cα) > 0.600 was met (first round). If not, Bayesian regression corrections were applied using live body weight and the particular digital zoometric measurement as regressors (except for foot perimeter) (second round). Last, if a certain zoometric trait still did not meet such a criterion, its natural logarithm was added (third round). Acceptable method translation consistency was reached for all the measurements after three correction rounds (Cα = 0.654 to 0.997, p < 0.0001). Afterwards, Bayesian regression corrected equations were issued. This research helps to evaluate individual conformation in a reliable contactless manner through the extraction of linear and tridimensional measures from images in dromedary camels. This is the first study to develop and correct the routinely ignored evaluation of tridimensional zoometrics from digital images in animals.
Ap Weights in Directionally (γ,m) Limited Space and Applications
Authors: Yan Yu , Wang Yiming , Lei Yiming
Published: September 2022

Let (X,d) be a directionally (γ,m)-limited space with every γ∈(0,∞). In this setting, we aim to study an analogue of the classical theory of Ap(μ) weights. As an application, we establish some weighted estimates for the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator. Then, we introduce the relationship between directionally (γ,m)-limited spaceand geometric doubling. Finally, we obtain the weighted norm inequalities of the Calderón–Zygmund operator and commutator in non-homogeneous space.
Optical Solitons with the Complex Ginzburg–Landau Equation with Kudryashov’s Law of Refractive Index
Authors: Arnous Ahmed H. , Moraru Luminita
Published: September 2022

In this paper, the optical solitons for the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with Kudryashov’s law of refractive index are established. An improved modified extended tanh–function technique is used to extract numerous solutions. Bright and dark solitons, as well as singular soliton solutions, are achieved. In addition, as the modulus of ellipticity approaches unity or zero, solutions are formulated in terms of Jacobi’s elliptic functions, which provide solitons and periodic wave solutions.
Estimation of Initial Stock in Pollution Control Problem
Authors: Su Shimai , Tur Anna
Published: September 2022

A two-player differential game of pollution control with uncertain initial disturbance stock is considered. In pace with contemporary policy in the resource extraction industry, we initiate our research based on a resource extraction differential model with a rehabilitation process in which the firms are required to compensate the local to rehabilitate the polluted and dilapidated areas. Given the reality that the initial pollution stock plays a critical role in the production, and we cannot rigorously determine its actual value, a simulation of the estimation of the initial stock is alternatively investigated through the Pontryagin maximum principle (PMP). The later analytical results by normalized value of information (NVI) indicate the precious influence brought to the final payoff under various estimations of the initial stock both in the cooperative and non-cooperative cases. With such guidance, the player is capable of making a much more judicious decision when it comes to the determination of the initial stock. Furthermore, a numerical example is additionally presented for better comprehension.
Estimation of the Six Sigma Quality Index
Authors: Tseng Chun-Chieh , Chiou Kuo-Ching , Chen Kuen-Suan
Published: September 2022

The measurement of the process capability is a key part of quantitative quality control, and process capability indices are statistical measures of the process capability. Six Sigma level represents the maximum achievable process capability, and many enterprises have implemented Six Sigma improvement strategies. In recent years, many studies have investigated Six Sigma quality indices, including Qpk. However, Qpk contains two unknown parameters, namely δ and γ, which are difficult to use in process control. Therefore, whether a process quality reaches the k sigma level must be statistically inferred. Moreover, the statistical method of sampling distribution is challenging for the upper confidence limits of Qpk. We address these two difficulties in the present study and propose a methodology to solve them. Boole’s inequality, Demorgan’s theorem, and linear programming were integrated to derive the confidence intervals of Qpk, and then the upper confidence limits were used to perform hypothesis testing. This study involved a case study of the semiconductor assembly process in order to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
A Psychoanalytic-Derived Brief Psychotherapeutic Approach in the Treatment of Major Depression: Monotherapy Studies
Authors: Di Salvo Gabriele , Bianco Matteo , Teobaldi Elena , Maina Giuseppe , Rosso Gianluca
Published: September 2022

Over the years, short term psychodynamic therapy (STPP) has been broadly researched in order to evaluate its efficacy in the treatment of major psychiatric disorders. In particular, a consistent number of studies focused on assessing clinical outcomes of the principal psychodynamic techniques in treating depressive disorders. We conducted a narrative review in which we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of STPP in monotherapy in major depressive disorder and to assess possible features that may correlate with its clinical use. Databases searched were PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, PsycINFO and Cochrane Libraries from inception to July 2022. Our research underlined that STPP in monotherapy is particularly effective in moderately severe depression and in preventing depressive relapses. Moreover, a case-by-case evaluation of its efficacy should be performed when considering STPP for the treatment of major depression with other comorbid psychiatric conditions. Although such key points emerged from scientific evidence, STPP should be better studied in the long-term perspective; further research is needed to define the clinical scenarios in which STPP can be considered a first-line approach as monotherapy in major depressive disorder compared to medications or other types of psychotherapy.
Cellulose Triacetate-Based Mixed-Matrix Membranes with MXene 2D Filler—CO2/CH4 Separation Performance and Comparison with TiO2-Based 1D and 0D Fillers
Authors: Regmi Chhabilal , Azadmanjiri Jalal , Mishra Vipin , Sofer Zdeněk , Ashtiani Saeed , Friess Karel
Published: September 2022

Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) possess the unique properties and inherent characteristics of their component polymer and inorganic fillers, or other possible types of additives. However, the successful fabrication of compact and defect-free MMMs with a homogeneous filler distribution poses a major challenge, due to poor filler/polymer compatibility. In this study, we use two-dimensional multi-layered Ti3C2Tx MXene nanofillers to improve the compatibility and CO2/CH4 separation performance of cellulose triacetate (CTA)-based MMMs. CTA-based MMMs with TiO2-based 1D (nanotubes) and 0D (nanofillers) additives were also fabricated and tested for comparison. The high thermal stability, compact homogeneous structure, and stable long-term CO2/CH4 separation performance of the CTA-2D samples suggest the potential application of the membrane in bio/natural gas separation. The best results were obtained for the CTA-2D sample with a loading of 3 wt.%, which exhibited a 5-fold increase in CO2 permeability and 2-fold increase in CO2/CH4 selectivity, compared with the pristine CTA membrane, approaching the state-of-the-art Robeson 2008 upper bound. The dimensional (shape) effect on separation performance was determined as 2D > 1D > 0D. The use of lamellar stacked MXene with abundant surface-terminating groups not only prevents the aggregation of particles but also enhances the CO2 adsorption properties and provides additional transport channels, resulting in improved CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity.
CO2 as an Alternative to Traditional Antiscalants in Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes: An Experimental Study of Lab-Scale Operation and Cleaning Strategies
Authors: Shahid Muhammad Kashif , Choi Younggyun
Published: September 2022

Scaling, or inorganic fouling, is a major factor limiting the performance of membrane-based water treatment processes in long-term operation. Over the past few decades, extensive studies have been conducted to control the scale growth found in membrane processes and to develop sustainable and greener processes. This study details the role of CO2 in scale inhibition in membrane processes. The core concept of CO2 utilization is to reduce the influent pH and to minimize the risk of scale formation from magnesium or calcium salts. Three reverse osmosis (RO) units were operated with a control (U1), CO2 (U2), and a commercial antiscalant, MDC-220 (U3). The performances of all the units were compared in terms of change in transmembrane pressure (TMP). The overall efficiency trend was found as U1 > U3 > U2. The membrane surfaces were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) for the morphological and elemental compositions, respectively. The surface analysis signified a significant increase in surface smoothness after scale deposition. The noticeable reduction in surface roughness can be described as a result of ionic deposition in the valley region. A sludge-like scale layer was found on the surface of the control membrane (U1) which could not be removed, even after an hour of chemical cleaning. After 20–30 min of cleaning, the U2 membrane was successfully restored to its original state. In brief, this study highlights the sustainable membrane process developed via CO2 utilization for scale inhibition, and the appropriate cleaning approaches.
High-Pressure-Resistant Flexible Seven-in-One Microsensor Embedded in High-Pressure Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer for Real-Time Microscopic Measurement
Authors: Lee Chi-Yuan , Chen Chia-Hung , Chen Shan-Yu , Hsieh Hsiao-Te
Published: September 2022

The high-pressure proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) used for hydrogen production requires a high-operating voltage, which easily accelerates the decomposition of hydrogen molecules, resulting in the aging or failure of the high-pressure PEMWE. As the high-pressure PEMWE ages internally, uneven flow distribution can lead to large temperature differences, reduced current density, flow plate corrosion, and carbon paper cracking. In this study, a new type of micro hydrogen sensor is developed with integrated flexible seven-in-one (voltage; current; temperature; humidity; flow; pressure; and hydrogen) microsensors.
3D Printed Models in Cardiovascular Disease: An Exciting Future to Deliver Personalized Medicine
Authors: Sun Zhonghua , Wee Cleo
Published: September 2022

3D printing has shown great promise in medical applications with increased reports in the literature. Patient-specific 3D printed heart and vascular models replicate normal anatomy and pathology with high accuracy and demonstrate superior advantages over the standard image visualizations for improving understanding of complex cardiovascular structures, providing guidance for surgical planning and simulation of interventional procedures, as well as enhancing doctor-to-patient communication. 3D printed models can also be used to optimize CT scanning protocols for radiation dose reduction. This review article provides an overview of the current status of using 3D printing technology in cardiovascular disease. Limitations and barriers to applying 3D printing in clinical practice are emphasized while future directions are highlighted.
An Insect-Inspired Terrains-Adaptive Soft Millirobot with Multimodal Locomotion and Transportation Capability
Authors: Huang Han , Feng Yu , Yang Xiong , Yang Liu , Shen Yajing
Published: September 2022

Inspired by the efficient locomotion of insects in nature, researchers have been developing a diverse range of soft robots with simulated locomotion. These robots can perform various tasks, such as carrying medicines and collecting information, according to their movements. Compared to traditional rigid robots, flexible robots are more adaptable and terrain-immune and can even interact safely with people. Despite the development of biomimetic principles for soft robots, how their shapes, morphology, and actuation systems respond to the surrounding environments and stimuli still need to be improved. Here, we demonstrate an insect-scale soft robot with multi-locomotion modes made by Ecoflex and magnetic particles, which can be actuated by a magnetic field. Our robot can realize four distinct gaits: horizontal tumbling for distance, vertical tumbling for height, imitation of gastropod writhing, and inchworm-inspired crawling for cargo delivery. The soft compliant structure and four locomotion modes make the robot ideal for maneuvering in congested or complex spaces. In addition to linear motion (~20 mm/s) and turning (50°/s) on a flat terrain, the robot can also maneuver on various surface conditions (such as gaps, smooth slopes, sand, muddy terrain, and water). These merits, together with the robot’s high load-carrying capacity (5 times its weight), low cost, obstacle-crossing capability (as high as ~50% its length), and pressure resistance (70 kg), allow for a wide variety of applications.
Reduced Dislocation of GaAs Layer Grown on Ge-Buffered Si (001) Substrate Using Dislocation Filter Layers for an O-Band InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Narrow-Ridge Laser
Authors: Du Yong , Wei Wenqi , Xu Buqing , Wang Guilei , Li Ben , Miao Yuanhao , Zhao Xuewei , Kong Zhenzhen , Lin Hongxiao , Yu Jiahan , Su Jiale , Dong Yan , Wang Wenwu , Ye Tianchun , Zhang Jianjun , Radamson Henry H.
Published: September 2022

The development of the low dislocation density of the Si-based GaAs buffer is considered the key technical route for realizing InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers for photonic integrated circuits. To prepare the high-quality GaAs layer on the Si substrate, we employed an engineered Ge-buffer on Si, used thermal cycle annealing, and introduced filtering layers, e.g., strained-layer superlattices, to control/reduce the threading dislocation density in the active part of the laser. In this way, a low defect density of 2.9 × 107 cm−2 could be achieved in the GaAs layer with a surface roughness of 1.01 nm. Transmission electron microscopy has been applied to study the effect of cycling, annealing, and filtering layers for blocking or bending threading-dislocation into the InAs QDs active region of the laser. In addition, the dependence of optical properties of InAs QDs on the growth temperature was also investigated. The results show that a density of 3.4 × 1010 InAs quantum dots could be grown at 450 °C, and the photoluminescence exhibits emission wavelengths of 1274 nm with a fullwidth at half-maximum (FWHM) equal to 32 nm at room temperature. The laser structure demonstrates a peak at 1.27 μm with an FWHM equal to 2.6 nm under a continuous-wave operation with a threshold current density of ∼158 A/cm2 for a 4-μm narrow-ridge width InAs QD device. This work, therefore, paves the path for a monolithic solution for photonic integrated circuits when III−V light sources (which is required for Si photonics) are grown on a Ge-platform (engineered Ge-buffer on Si) for the integration of the CMOS part with other photonic devices on the same chip in near future.
Separation of Copper-Molybdenum Flotation Concentrate by Superconducting High-Gradient Magnetic Separation
Authors: Wang Zekai , Li Xindong , Wang Zhaolian , Huang Wanfu , Liu Guanfa , Zeng Chaocong , Huang Lijinhong
Published: September 2022

Separation of chalcopyrite from molybdenite is currently mainly carried out by flotation, but this process is costly because of the extensive use of inhibitors. This study briefly describes a 7.0T/100CGC low-temperature superconducting magnetic separator and discusses its separation principle as well as the effect of magnetic induction on chalcopyrite separation from molybdenite. A molybdenum (Mo) concentrate assaying 6.00% copper (Cu) and 19.01% Mo was magnetically sorted using a diamond-shaped steel rod medium mesh at a feed concentration of 20% and a pulp flow rate of 5 L/min from a Cu-Mo flotation concentrate with 88% of particles smaller than 23 μm using the separator. A Mo concentrate assaying 0.46% Cu and 16.28% Mo was finally obtained with a roughing (1.3 T)-cleaning (5 T) superconducting magnetic separation process. Similarly, the superconducting magnetic separator was performed to separate a Cu-Mo bulk flotation concentrate, and produced Cu concentrate assaying 19.64% Cu and 0.03% Mo from the bulk concentrate assaying 18.52% Cu and 0.39% Mo with a particle size of less than 0.074 mm. At a magnetic induction of 7 T, a pulp concentration of 20% and a feed velocity of 5 L/min, the grade and recovery of Cu in the magnetic product were 19.64% and 81.59%, respectively, whereas the grade and recovery of Mo in the non-magnetic product were 1.52% and 90.07%, respectively. Superconducting magnetic separation has potential applications for removing Cu from Mo concentrates, and separating Cu and Mo from Cu-Mo bulk flotation concentrates.
Numerical Modelling of Blasting Fragmentation Optimization in a Copper Mine
Authors: Torres Vidal Félix Navarro , Castro Cristian , Valencia María Elena , Figueiredo Janine Rodrigues , Silveira Leandro Geraldo Canaan
Published: September 2022

The blasting operation considerably influences the overall productivity of opencast mines, especially when blasting results in oversized fragments that impact the operations ranging from excavation to milling. In this work, a numerical analysis of blasting performance was implemented to optimize the blasting parameters and improve the fragmentation of the hard rock in a copper open pit mine site in Brazil. In this paper, the methodology comprised data collection, 3D numerical model construction for blasting optimization using Blo-Up software, calibration with historical data, and predictive analysis, including testing two different blast designs. With the objective of achieving a desired P80 size of the blasting fragmentation, the results indicate an optimized calibrated model with an overall error equal to 4.0% using a Swebrec distribution fitted to the model data. The optimal P80 size of the resulting muckpile was equivalent to ~0.53 m for the hard rock copper fragments, which was close to the desired P80 size.
Discovery of Novel c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 1 Inhibitors from Natural Products: Integrating Artificial Intelligence with Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Yang Ruoqi , Zhao Guiping , Yan Bin
Published: September 2022

c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) is currently considered a critical therapeutic target for type-2 diabetes. In recent years, there has been a great interest in naturopathic molecules, and the discovery of active ingredients from natural products for specific targets has received increasing attention. Based on the above background, this research aims to combine emerging Artificial Intelligence technologies with traditional Computer-Aided Drug Design methods to find natural products with JNK1 inhibitory activity. First, we constructed three machine learning models (Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Artificial Neural Network) and performed model fusion based on Voting and Stacking strategies. The integrated models with better performance (AUC of 0.906 and 0.908, respectively) were then employed for the virtual screening of 4112 natural products in the ZINC database. After further drug-likeness filtering, we calculated the binding free energy of 22 screened compounds using molecular docking and performed a consensus analysis of the two methodologies. Subsequently, we identified the three most promising candidates (Lariciresinol, Tricin, and 4′-Demethylepipodophyllotoxin) according to the obtained probability values and relevant reports, while their binding characteristics were preliminarily explored by molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, we performed in vitro biological validation of these three compounds, and the results showed that Tricin exhibited an acceptable inhibitory activity against JNK1 (IC50 = 17.68 μM). This natural product can be used as a template molecule for the design of novel JNK1 inhibitors.
Compositional Study of Phospholipids from the Dried Big Head and Opossum Shrimp, Mussel, and Sea Cucumber Using 31P NMR Spectroscopy: Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Plasmalogen
Authors: Hong Eun-Sik , Kim Ji-Hyun , So Hee-Jin , Park Eun-Ah , Park Ye-Lim , Lee Jeung-Hee , Shin Jung-Ah , Lee Ki-Teak
Published: September 2022

Herein, we present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the compositions of plasmalogens and phospholipids (PLs) in dried big head shrimp (Solenocera melantho), opossum shrimp (Neomysis awatschensis), mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), and sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). We also analyze the fatty acid composition of the extracted lipids, phosphatidyl choline (PtdCho), and plasmalogen choline (PlsCho) from each sample. In big head shrimp, opossum shrimp, and mussel, phosphatidyl choline (PtdCho) was the most abundant PL at 1677.9, 1603, and 1661.6 mg/100 g of dried sample, respectively, whereas the most abundant PL in sea cucumber was PlsCho (206.9 mg/100 g of dried sample). In all four samples, plasmalogen ethanolamine (PlsEtn) was higher than phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PtdEtn). The content (mg/100 g of dried sample) of PlsCho was highest in mussel (379.0), and it was higher in big head shrimp (262.3) and opossum shrimp (245.6) than sea cucumber (206.9). The contents (mg/100 g of dried sample) of PlsEtn were in the order of mussel (675.4) > big head shrimp (629.5) > opossum shrimp (217.9) > sea cucumber (51.5). For analyzing the fatty acids at the sn-2 position of PlsCho, the consecutive treatment with phospholipase A1, solid phase extraction, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and GC-FID were applied. The most abundant fatty acid was eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, n-3) in big head shrimp and sea cucumber, palmitoleic acid (C16:1, n-7) in opossum shrimp, and docosadienoic acid (C22:2, n-6) in mussel.
Dual-Channel Mid-Infrared Toroidal Metasurfaces for Wavefront Modulation and Imaging Applications
Authors: Zhang Jingyu , Liu Chang , Feng Hengli , Fang Dongchao , Wang Jincheng , Zhang Zuoxin , Gao Yachen , Gao Yang
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we propose a dual-channel mid-infrared toroidal metasurface that consists of split equilateral triangular rings. The electromagnetic responses are analyzed by the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method and temporal coupled-mode theory (TCMT). The results show that one channel of the metasurface is insensitive to the polarization angle of the incident light and temperature, while the other channel is sensitive. The reflectance and resonance wavelength can be manipulated by the polarization angle and temperature independently. Based on such a mechanism, we propose metasurfaces for two-bit programmable imaging and thermal imaging. The metasurfaces are believed to have potential applications in information processing and thermal radiation manipulation.
Stroke and Emerging Blood Biomarkers: A Clinical Prospective
Authors: Gkantzios Aimilios , Tsiptsios Dimitrios , Karatzetzou Stella , Kitmeridou Sofia , Karapepera Vaia , Giannakou Erasmia , Vlotinou Penelope , Aggelousis Nikolaos , Vadikolias Konstantinos
Published: September 2022

Stroke constitutes the primary source of adult functional disability, exhibiting a paramount socioeconomic burden. Thus, it is of great importance that the prediction of stroke outcome be both prompt and accurate. Although modern neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques are accessible, easily available blood biomarkers reflecting underlying stroke-related pathophysiological processes, including glial and/or neuronal death, neuroendocrine responses, inflammation, increased oxidative stress, blood–brain barrier disruption, endothelial dysfunction, and hemostasis, are required in order to facilitate stroke prognosis. A literature search of two databases (MEDLINE and Science Direct) was conducted in order to trace all relevant studies published between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2021 that focused on the clinical utility of brain natriuretic peptide, glial fibrillary acidic protein, the red cell distribution width, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and aquaporin-4 as prognostic tools in stroke survivors. Only full-text articles published in English were included. Twenty-eight articles were identified and are included in this review. All studied blood-derived biomarkers proved to be valuable prognostic tools poststroke, the clinical implementation of which may accurately predict the survivors’ functional outcomes, thus significantly enhancing the rehabilitation efficiency of stroke patients. Along with already utilized clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging biomarkers, a blood-derived multi-biomarker panel is proposed as a reasonable approach to enhance the predictive power of stroke prognostic models.
Greater Ultra-Processed Food Intake during Pregnancy and Postpartum Is Associated with Multiple Aspects of Lower Diet Quality
Authors: Nansel Tonja R. , Cummings Jenna R. , Burger Kyle , Siega-Riz Anna Maria , Lipsky Leah M.
Published: September 2022

Low diet quality during pregnancy and postpartum is associated with numerous adverse maternal and infant health outcomes. This study examined relations of ultra-processed food intake with diet quality during pregnancy and postpartum. Using data from 24-h recalls, ultra-processed food intake was operationalized as percent energy intake from NOVA-classified ultra-processed foods; diet quality was measured using Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI) total and component scores. Pearson correlations examined associations of ultra-processed food intake with HEI total and component scores, and food group intake was compared across four levels of ultra-processed food intake. On average, ultra-processed food comprised 52.6 ± 15.1% (mean ± SD) of energy intake in pregnancy and 50.6 ± 16.6% in postpartum. Ultra-processed food intake was inversely correlated with HEI total and 8 of 13 component scores. Compared to participants with the highest ultra-processed food intake (≥60% energy), those with the lowest ultra-processed food intake (<40% energy) had a 17.6-point higher HEI total score and consumed 2–3 times more fruit, vegetables, and seafood and plant proteins, and 1½ times more total protein. Additionally, they consumed 2/3 as much refined grains and 1/2 as much added sugar. Greater ultra-processed food intake was associated with lower diet quality across most HEI components. Reducing ultra-processed food intake may broadly improve adherence to dietary guidelines in pregnant and postpartum populations.
Is Melatonin the “Next Vitamin D”?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements
Authors: Minich Deanna M. , Henning Melanie , Darley Catherine , Fahoum Mona , Schuler Corey B. , Frame James
Published: September 2022

Melatonin has become a popular dietary supplement, most known as a chronobiotic, and for establishing healthy sleep. Research over the last decade into cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, fertility, PCOS, and many other conditions, combined with the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to greater awareness of melatonin because of its ability to act as a potent antioxidant, immune-active agent, and mitochondrial regulator. There are distinct similarities between melatonin and vitamin D in the depth and breadth of their impact on health. Both act as hormones, affect multiple systems through their immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory functions, are found in the skin, and are responsive to sunlight and darkness. In fact, there may be similarities between the widespread concern about vitamin D deficiency as a “sunlight deficiency” and reduced melatonin secretion as a result of “darkness deficiency” from overexposure to artificial blue light. The trend toward greater use of melatonin supplements has resulted in concern about its safety, especially higher doses, long-term use, and application in certain populations (e.g., children). This review aims to evaluate the recent data on melatonin’s mechanisms, its clinical uses beyond sleep, safety concerns, and a thorough summary of therapeutic considerations concerning dietary supplementation, including the different formats available (animal, synthetic, and phytomelatonin), dosing, timing, contraindications, and nutrient combinations.
Pregnant Dutch Women Have Inadequate Iodine Status and Selenium Intake
Authors: Mayunga K. Clara , Lim-A-Po Melany , Lubberts Janniek , Stoutjesdijk Eline , Touw Daan J. , Muskiet Frits A. J. , Dijck-Brouwer D. A. Janneke
Published: September 2022

Iodine and selenium are essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Iodine and selenium interact. Pregnancy increases the maternal iodine requirement. We previously reported inadequate iodine status in pregnant Dutch women. Since little is known about their selenium intake, we investigated the iodine status and selenium intake in relation to iodine and selenium supplement use during pregnancy. Iodine status was established in 201 apparently healthy pregnant women as 24 h iodine excretion (24H-UIE; sufficient if median ≥225 µg), iodine concentration (24H-UIC; ≥150 µg/L) and iodine/creatinine ratio (24H-UICR; ≥150 µg/g). Selenium intake was calculated from 24 h selenium excretion. Iodine status in pregnancy proved insufficient (medians: 24H-UIE 185 µg; 24H-UIC 95 µg/L; 24H-UICR 141 µg/g). Only women taking 150 µg iodine/day were sufficient (median 24H-UIE 244 µg). Selenium intake was below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR; 49 µg/day) in 53.8%, below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA; 60 µg/day) in 77.4% and below the Adequate Intake (AI; 70 µg/day) in 88.7%. Combined inadequate iodine status and selenium intake <RDA was found in 61%. Women who want to become pregnant should, consistently with WHO and ETA recommendations, be advised to use a 150 µg iodine-containing supplement. Concomitant selenium supplementation should be added to this advice, at least in The Netherlands.
Novel Insights in the Physiopathology and Management of Obesity-Related Kidney Disease
Authors: Sandino Justo , Martín-Taboada Marina , Medina-Gómez Gema , Vila-Bedmar Rocío , Morales Enrique
Published: September 2022

Obesity is recognized as an independent risk factor for the development of kidney disease, which has led to the designation of obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG). Common renal features observed in this condition include glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, haemodynamic changes and glomerular filtration barrier defects. Additionally, and although less studied, obesity-related kidney disease also involves alterations in renal tubules, including tubule hypertrophy, lipid deposition and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Although not completely understood, the harmful effects of obesity on the kidney may be mediated by different mechanisms, with alterations in adipose tissue probably playing an important role. An increase in visceral adipose tissue has classically been associated with the development of kidney damage, however, recent studies point to adipose tissue surrounding the kidney, and specifically to the fat within the renal sinus, as potentially involved in the development of ORG. In addition, new strategies for the treatment of patients with obesity-related kidney disease are focusing on the management of obesity. In this regard, some non-invasive options, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists or sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, are being considered for application in the clinic, not only for patients with diabetic kidney disease but as a novel pharmacological strategy for patients with ORG. In addition, bariatric surgery stands as one of the most effective options, not only for weight loss but also for the improvement of kidney outcomes in obese patients with chronic kidney disease.
Astaxanthin Inhibits Oxidative Stress-Induced Ku Protein Degradation and Apoptosis in Gastric Epithelial Cells
Authors: Lee Jaeeun , Lim Joo Weon , Kim Hyeyoung
Published: September 2022

Oxidative stress induces DNA damage which can be repaired by DNA repair proteins, such as Ku70/80. Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate the activation of caspase-3, which degrades Ku 70/80. Cells with decreased Ku protein levels undergo apoptosis. Astaxanthin exerts antioxidant activity by inducing the expression of catalase, an antioxidant enzyme, in gastric epithelial cells. Therefore, astaxanthin may inhibit oxidative stress-induced DNA damage by preventing Ku protein degradation and thereby suppressing apoptosis. Ku proteins can be degraded via ubiquitination and neddylation which adds ubiquitin-like protein to substrate proteins. We aimed to determine whether oxidative stress decreases Ku70/80 expression through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway to induce apoptosis and whether astaxanthin inhibits oxidative stress-induced changes in gastric epithelial AGS cells. We induced oxidative stress caused by the treatment of β-D-glucose (G) and glucose oxidase (GO) in the cells. As a result, the G/GO treatment increased ROS levels, decreased nuclear Ku protein levels and Ku-DNA-binding activity, and induced the ubiquitination of Ku80. G/GO increased the DNA damage marker levels (γ-H2AX; DNA fragmentation) and apoptosis marker annexin V-positive cells and cell death. Astaxanthin inhibited G/GO-induced alterations, including Ku degradation in AGS cells. MLN4924, a neddylation inhibitor, and MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, suppressed G/GO-mediated DNA fragmentation and decreased cell viability. These results indicated that G/GO-induced oxidative stress causes Ku protein loss through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, resulting in DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. Astaxanthin inhibited oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis via the reduction of ROS levels and inhibition of Ku protein degradation. In conclusion, dietary astaxanthin supplementation or astaxanthin-rich food consumption may be effective for preventing or delaying oxidative stress-mediated cell damage by suppressing Ku protein loss and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells.
Partial Synthetic PPARƳ Derivative Ameliorates Aorta Injury in Experimental Diabetic Rats Mediated by Activation of miR-126-5p Pi3k/AKT/PDK 1/mTOR Expression
Authors: Ahmed Yasmin M. , Orfali Raha , Abdelwahab Nada S. , Hassan Hossam M. , Rateb Mostafa E. , AboulMagd Asmaa M.
Published: September 2022

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a world wild health care issue marked by insulin resistance, a risk factor for the metabolic disorder that exaggerates endothelial dysfunction, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR) agonists have therapeutically mitigated hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in T2D patients. Therefore, we aimed to experimentally investigate the efficacy of newly designed synthetic PPARα/Ƴ partial agonists on a High-Fat Diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D. Female Wistar rats (200 ± 25 g body weight) were divided into four groups. The experimental groups were fed the HFD for three consecutive weeks before STZ injection (45 mg/kg/i.p) to induce T2D. Standard reference PPARƳ agonist pioglitazone and the partial synthetic PPARƳ (PIO; 20 mg/kg/BW, orally) were administered orally for 2 weeks after 72 h of STZ injection. The aorta tissue was isolated for biological ELISA, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting investigations for vascular inflammatory endothelial mediators endothelin-1 (ET-1), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and anti-inflammatory vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), as well as microRNA126-5p and p-AKT/p-Pi3k/p-PDK-1/p-mTOR, endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) immunohistochemical staining all are coupled with and histopathological examination. Our results revealed that HFD/STZ-induced T2D increased fasting blood glucose, ET-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VIP levels, while decreasing the expression of both microRNA126-5p and p-AKT/p-Pi3k/p-PDK-1/p-mTOR phosphorylation. In contrast, the partial synthetic PPARƳ derivative evidenced a vascular alteration significantly more than reference PIO via decreasing (ET-1), ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VIP, along with increased expression of microRNA126-5p and p-AKT/p-Pi3k/p-PDK-1/p-mTOR. In conclusion, the partial synthetic PPARƳ derivative significantly affected HFD/STZ-induced T2D with vascular complications in the rat aorta.
A Review on Tumor Control Probability (TCP) and Preclinical Dosimetry in Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT)
Authors: Spoormans Kaat , Crabbé Melissa , Struelens Lara , De Saint-Hubert Marijke , Koole Michel
Published: September 2022

Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) uses radiopharmaceuticals to specifically irradiate tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue. Response to this treatment highly depends on the absorbed dose. Tumor control probability (TCP) models aim to predict the tumor response based on the absorbed dose by taking into account the different characteristics of TRT. For instance, TRT employs radiation with a high linear energy transfer (LET), which results in an increased effectiveness. Furthermore, a heterogeneous radiopharmaceutical distribution could result in a heterogeneous dose distribution at a tissue, cellular as well as subcellular level, which will generally reduce the tumor response. Finally, the dose rate in TRT is protracted, relatively low, and variable over time. This allows cells to repair more DNA damage, which may reduce the effectiveness of TRT. Within this review, an overview is given on how these characteristics can be included in TCP models, while some experimental findings are also discussed. Many parameters in TCP models are preclinically determined and TCP models also play a role in the preclinical stage of radiopharmaceutical development; however, this all depends critically on the calculated absorbed dose. Accordingly, an overview of the existing preclinical dosimetry methods is given, together with their limitation and applications. It can be concluded that although the theoretical extension of TCP models from external beam radiotherapy towards TRT has been established quite well, the experimental confirmation is lacking. Thus, requiring additional comprehensive studies at the sub-cellular, cellular, and organ level, which should be provided with accurate preclinical dosimetry.