bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nested toroidal flux surfaces in magnetohydrostatics. Generation via soliton theory
Authors: SCHIEF W. K.
Published: December 2003

It is shown that the classical magnetohydrostatic equations of an infinitely conducting fluid reduce to the integrable potential Heisenberg spin equation subject to a Jacobian condition if the magnitude of the magnetic field is constant along individual magnetic field lines. Any solution of the constrained potential Heisenberg spin equation gives rise to a multiplicity of magnetohydrostatic equilibria which share the magnetic field line geometry. The multiplicity of equilibria is reflected by the local arbitrariness of the total pressure profile. A connection with the classical Da Rios equations is exploited to establish the existence of associated helically and rotationally symmetric equilibria. As an illustration, Palumbo's ‘unique’ toroidal isodynamic equilibrium is retrieved.
Closing Joan's Book: Some Personal Footnotes
Authors: Barker Clive
Published: December 2003

For many, the death of Joan Littlewood on 20 September 2002 at the age of 87 marked the end of a theatrical era – though in practice she had lived an increasingly reclusive life following her move to France and the death of her partner Gerry Raffles in 1975, interrupted only in 1994 by the publication of an autobiography, Joan's Book. Clive Barker, Co-Editor of NTQ, became a member of Littlewood's Theatre Workshop company in 1955, shortly after the change from a touring policy to a building-based company at the Theatre Royal, Stratford, had led to the departure of Ewan MacColl and others of the original group, and subsequently to the displacement of other members as critical success led to West End transfers. What follows is not a dutiful obituary but a highly personal memoir of the years that followed, and provides an ironic contrast between Joan's own published recollections and the experience of one of her ‘slags’ – liable to be called on to do anything and everything. Joan's own recollection of Clive Barker was that ‘You could only do three things. Catatonics, menace, and I forget what the third was.’ Here, with fearful glances over his shoulder for an apparition at the window, Clive Barker reminds her, and adds a few other corrigenda to Joan's Book.
Grandfathers, Orphans, and the Family Saga of European Theatre
Authors: Barba Eugenio
Published: December 2003

In this essay Eugenio Barba, director of Odin Teatret, founder of the International School for Theatre Anthropology, and a Contributing Editor of NTQ, traces his own ‘orphanage’ from a professional family – and his discovery not only of an ‘elder brother’ in Grotowski, but of his two ‘grandfathers’, Stanislavsky and Meyerhold. He extends the metaphor to suggest how these two branches of a theatrical family tree, apparently of quite different impulses and temperaments, shared a working language, however differently this translated into their theatre practice. He sums this up as a common concern with ‘showing how thoughts move’, and relates this in particular to the ways in which the theatre lost, preserved, and has slowly rediscovered the work of Meyerhold, and to how the ‘disconnected tradition’ of his work re-emerges in unexpected places. This takes Barba on a journey from the home where Meyerhold received his friends in Moscow, as lovingly restored by his granddaughter, to Mexico and Colombia, where Seki Sano brought to a new continent his own discoveries from the ‘theatre paradise’ he believed he had found in the Soviet Union, in which ‘the discoveries of Stanislavsky and Meyerhold were part of the same baggage’, thus passing, ‘through the rigour of the craft, the meaning of a theatre that lives through revolt and a feeling of not belonging’.
Decoding Myths in the Nepalese Festival of Indra Jātrā
Authors: Ahmed Syed Jamil
Published: December 2003

As a rule, news from Nepal gets little or no prominence in the western media – but the regicide of 2001, in which Prince Dipendra allegedly mowed down his parents and then shot himself, was a notable exception. Two years earlier, Syed Jamil Ahmed witnessed Prince Dipendra's and his father King Birendra's participation in the festival of Indra Jātrā, held annually in the nation's capital city, Kathmandu. After an analysis of the myths underlying the festival, and of their modification over centuries to serve changing dynastic priorities, the author provides an account of the festival as a ‘first-person felt experience’, and then investigates how its contemporary actuality reflects and attempts to perpetuate an intricate network of social and political meanings. Syed Jamil Ahmed is a director and designer based in Bangladesh, where he is Associate Professor at the Department of Theatre and Music in the University of Dhaka. He trained in theatre at the School of Drama in New Delhi, and in 2001–2 was a visiting faculty member at King Alfred's College, Winchester. His full-length publications – Acinpakhi Infinity: Indigenous Theatre in Bangladesh (Dhaka University Press, 2000) and In Praise of Niranjan: Islam, Theatre, and Bangladesh (Dhaka: Pathak Samabesh, 2001) – catalogue the wide variety of indigenous theatre forms in Bangladesh. He has proceeded to examine the variety of Islamic theatre forms, their inherent features, and their relationship to the corrupting influence of western forms.
From Object to Subject: Israeli Theatres of the Battered Women
Authors: Lev-Aladgem Shulamith
Published: December 2003

Israeli institutional theatre has only just begun to toy with the idea of ‘feminist theatre’ and, despite a demonstrable increase in violence against women in Israel, with increased visibility in the mass media, the subject has yet to be confronted in mainstream theatres. However, women's creation has been longer at the frontier of theatre activities, and the issue of battered women has been a central theme of several community-based performances over the past two decades. In this article Shulamith Lev-Aladgem offers an overview of these plays – the first performed by professional actresses who had just graduated from university, and who were mostly Ashkenaziyot (of European origin); the two following produced by community amateur actresses who were Mizrahi (of Arabic origin) – women from a low social stratum who, although being acquainted with domestic violence, had wished to avoid being regarded as battered women; and the last performed by a group of amateur actresses who came from more heterogeneous backgrounds, but who were all being treated in one of the centres for prevention and treatment of domestic violence. The author argues that in the first performance the battered woman was articulated by another, distant woman; in the next two she was presented by a more closely, identifying relative; while only in the fourth production did she publicly represent herself by herself, articulating her own voice through the symbolic system of theatre. The author proceeds to analyze in detail the first and the last of these performances, which clearly present the process of passage from acting woman-as-object to acting woman-as-subject. Shulamith Lev-Aladgem is a lecturer, researcher and practitioner in the Community Educational Unit of the Theatre Department at Tel-Aviv University in Israel, who trained and worked as an actress and community theatre animator/director for many years. Her writings in areas of play theory, and performance and cultural studies, and their relation to community theatre, educational drama, drama therapy, and feminist theatre, have been published in numerous periodicals in the USA, Europe, and Israel, and her article ‘Ethnicity, Class, and Gender’ is forthcoming in Theatre Research International.
‘The Spirits Wouldn't Let Me Be Anything Else’: Shamanic Dimensions in Theatre Practice Today
Authors: Karafistan Rachel
Published: December 2003

In today's diverse and evolving world of performance there is a place for the reinvestigation of the archaic realm of shamanism, and the extent to which it relates to modern theatre practice. To what extent do the calling, initiation, trance, and performance states of the shaman resemble the experience of today's actors? Is there really a dichotomy between a theatre of greed and a theatre of need? Inspired by her own personal sense of the evolution of the actor from the role of the shaman, Rachel Karafistan here considers the work of contemporary, so-called ‘third theatres’ such as Odin Teatret, Teatr Biuro Podrozy, and Derevo in the light of shamanic precedent. Having initially studied Psychology at university, Rachel Karafistan worked as a freelance director, teacher, and actor in England for seven years while researching her doctoral study: Shamanic Dimensions within Theatre Practice Today: a Theoretical and Experiential Investigation, which she completed in 2001. She is currently working as an actress and teacher in Poland with Teatr Biuro Podrozy and her own company, COSmino.
The Contaminated Audience: Researching Amateur Theatre in Wales before 1939
Authors: Cochrane Claire
Published: December 2003

As concepts of nationhood and national identity become increasingly slippery, so the theatre historian attempting to recover neglected histories submerged within the dominant discourse of the nation state needs to be wary of imposing an ideologically pre-determined reading on the surviving evidence of performance practice and audience response. It is also important to acknowledge that theatre practice which represents the majority experience of national audiences does not necessarily conform to the subjective value judgements of the critic-historians who have tended to produce a limited, highly selective historical record. In attempting to re/write the history of twentieth-century British theatre Claire Cochrane has researched the hitherto neglected area of amateur theatre which was a widespread phenomenon across the component nations. Focusing in this article on the cultural importance of amateur theatre in Welsh communities before the Second World War, she explores the religious, socio-political, and topographical roots of its rapid expansion, and the complex national identities played out in the collaboration between actors and audience. Claire Cochrane lectures in drama and performance studies at University College Worcester. Her most recent book is Birmingham Rep: a City's Theatre, 1962–2002 (Sir Barry Jackson Trust, 2003). She is currently working on a history of twentieth-century British theatre practice for Cambridge University Press.
Theatre in Education in Britain: Current Practice and Future Potential
Authors: Sextou Persephone
Published: December 2003

This article is based on discussions with artistic directors and administrators of British Theatre in Education companies about past and current practice and changing funding resources. Persephone Sextou reviews developments in TiE practice since its beginnings in the 1960s, focusing upon the situation in the 1990s following the enforcement of National Curriculum requirements, the redirection of government funding to partnerships in education, and the availability of funds from the National Lottery. She describes how the remaining TiE companies are struggling not to compromise their artistic autonomy, and considers the relevance of the British TiE experience in relation to the potential for the development of the medium in other countries. Persephone Sextou is an instructor in Drama and Theatre in Education at the University of Thessaly in Greece, and is researching the transference of British TiE to a Greek context for her doctoral thesis at Goldsmiths College, University of London. Her book on School Dramatization has been published in Greece.
‘Channels’: a Translation Exchange for French Plays into English
Authors: Komporaly Jozefina
Published: December 2003

BETWEEN 14 and 28 June 2002 the Lyttelton Theatre hosted a series of five rehearsed readings: Jean-Paul Wenzels's Rising Blue (2000), translated by Lin Coghlan and directed by Deborah Bruce; Laurent Gaudé's Battle of Will (1999), translated by David Greig and directed by John Tiffany; Marie N'Diaye's Hilda (1999), translated by Sarah Woods and directed by Dalia Ibelhauptaite; Philippe Minyana's Habitats (2001), translated by Steve Waters and directed by Fiona Laird; and Serge Valletti's Le Pub! (1998), translated by Richard Bean and directed by Mick Gordon. Part of the National Theatre's innovative ‘Transformations’ season, the readings constituted the public interface of what the organizers viewed as a ‘new type of translation exchange’.
Farewell to the Dancing Don
Authors: Lidbury Clare
Published: December 2003

JANE WINEARLS, ‘the dancing don’ as one local newspaper described her, has died at the age of ninety-three. She was a pioneer in many ways through her work in the professional worlds of theatre and dance, and in her work in higher education.
Hornby on Derrida: a Response
Authors: Hawley William M.
Published: December 2003

RICHARD HORNBY does well to advocate freedom of interpretation for the actor in his NTQ article of November 2002, but he diminishes Jacques Derrida as a false friend of the actor in puzzling ways.
Introduction
Authors: Falk Cecilia , Riad Tomas
Published: December 2003

This special issue on Language Change of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics contains five articles relating to the topic in different ways, clustering around three main themes: (de)grammaticalization, word order and stress systems.
Morphological status and (de)grammaticalisation: the Swedish possessive
Authors: Börjars Kersti
Published: December 2003

It has been argued that the development of the Swedish possessive -s constitutes an example of degrammaticalisation because it has changed from being an affix to being a clitic (Norde 1997; 2001a, b). I argue that a simple distinction between affix and clitic cannot capture the development of this element, instead a distinction in two dimensions need to be made; PLACEMENT needs to be distinguished from DEGREE OF ATTACHMENT. Furthermore, I claim that the distinction between agreement and once only marking represents yet another dimension. With respect to the Swedish possessive, as Norde (1997) shows, there has been a clear change from agreement to once only marking; however, I argue that this change does not tell us anything about the element's morphological status. With respect to placement, -s is still subject to competing constraints and with respect to attachment, there is some evidence of morphological interaction between the -s and the word to which it attaches. It is then inappropriate to call the Swedish possessive -s a clitic and to refer to the change which it has undergone as degrammaticalisation.
Ta og ro deg ned noen hakk: on pseudocoordination with the verb ta ‘take’ in a grammaticalization perspective
Authors: Vannebo Kjell Ivar
Published: December 2003

The present paper deals with the construction ta og/och V ‘take and V’ in the Nordic languages. After a brief overview of pseudocoordinations of the type ‘V1 and V2’, the use and meaning of the ta-construction is discussed, with special emphasis on Modern Norwegian. It is argued that the subject of the activity expressed by V2 must normally have an agentive role, and that the construction has an intentional and initiating meaning. After having established the meaning of the modern construction, the historical development of the construction is discussed. On the basis of Old Norse examples, it is argued that the ta-construction has developed out of paratactically combined sentences where ta has been desemanticized, and has come to function as a kind of auxiliary. However, this development must, at least partly, have taken place at a very early stage. A hypothesis that the ta-construction has been borrowed from Greek is rejected.
On the historical core of V2 in Germanic
Authors: Fuss Eric
Published: December 2003

This paper focuses on the origin of the V2 property in the history of Germanic. Considering data from Gothic and Old English (OE), it is suggested that the historical core of the V2 phenomenon reduces to V-to-C movement that is triggered in operator contexts. Therefore, the historical system shares basic properties with limited V2 in Modern English. It is shown that apparent deviations from this pattern that can be observed in Gothic can be attributed to the influence of Greek word order. Concerning the apparently more elaborate V2 properties of OE, it is claimed that a large part of them in fact do not involve a Spec-head relation, but rather result from linear adjacency between the clause-initial element and a finite verb located in T0. Special attention is paid to the placement of pronominal subjects in OE, which are claimed to occupy SpecTP. This contrasts with a lower position of full subjects due to the absence of an EPP in OE. Finally, the loss of superficial V2 orders in the Middle English period is attributed to the development of an EPP feature in T.
The Rich Agreement Hypothesis and Early Modern Danish embedded-clause word order
Authors: Sundquist John D.
Published: December 2003

This article attempts to shed light on the issue of a possible link between the loss of ‘rich’ subject-verb agreement and the loss of verb raising in embedded clauses in earlier stages of the Mainland Scandinavian languages. Different versions of this so-called ‘Rich Agreement Hypothesis’ are compared in light of new diachronic data from the history of Danish. Examples of word order variation with and without verb raising over sentential adverbials were collected from a corpus of twelve sets of texts written in the Early Modern Danish period (ca. 1500–1700). Empirical results indicate that distinctions in person agreement in the verbal inflectional paradigm disappeared nearly 250 years before a significant decline in the frequency of verb raising. In order to explain a possible trigger for this change, the article closely examines the impact of structurally ambiguous word order and syntactic – not morphological – clues during acquisition.
On the change from left to right word-edge main stress in Icelandic, Polish and Latin
Authors: Jacobs Haike
Published: December 2003

A shift from left to right word-edge main stress can be observed in a large number of languages. Three cases, Icelandic/Faroese, Polish and Latin are studied in this paper. In doing so, two descriptive rule-based models are compared in order to evaluate their descriptive and explicative adequacy. The causes that have been proposed for the observed changes are critically discussed. Finally, an OT-description of the case studies is provided.
Do all fragments count?
Authors: BOD RENS
Published: December 2003

We aim at finding the minimal set of fragments that achieves maximal parse accuracy in Data Oriented Parsing (DOP). Experiments with the Penn Wall Street Journal (WSJ) treebank show that counts of almost arbitrary fragments within parse trees are important, leading to improved parse accuracy over previous models tested on this treebank. We isolate a number of dependency relations which previous models neglect but which contribute to higher accuracy. We show that the history of statistical parsing models displays a tendency towards using more and larger fragments from training data.
An augmented template-based approach to text realization
Authors: MCROY SUSAN W. , CHANNARUKUL SONGSAK , ALI SYED S.
Published: December 2003

We present an Augmented Template-Based approach to text realization that addresses the
requirements of real-time, interactive systems such as a dialog system or an intelligent tutoring
system. Template-based approaches are easier to implement and use than traditional approaches to
text realization. They can also generate texts more quickly. However traditional template-based
approaches with rigid templates are inflexible and difficult to reuse. Our approach
augments traditional template-based approaches by adding several types of declarative
control expressions and an attribute grammar-based mechanism for processing missing or
inconsistent slot fillers. Therefore, augmented templates can be made more general than
traditional ones, yielding templates that are more flexible and reusable across applications.
Surface-marker-based dialog modelling: A progress report on the MAREDI project
Authors: DELISLE SYLVAIN , MOULIN BERNARD , COPECK TERRY
Published: December 2003

Most information systems that deal with natural language texts do not tolerate much
deviation from their idealized and simplified model of language. Spoken dialog is notoriously
ungrammatical, however. Because the MAREDI project focuses in particular on the automatic
analysis of scripted dialogs, we needed to develop a robust capacity to analyze transcribed
spoken language. This paper summarizes the current state of our work. It presents the main
elements of our approach, which is based on exploiting surface markers as the best route to the
semantics of the conversation modelled. We highlight the foundations of our particular
conversational model, and give an overview of the MAREDI system. We then discuss its three key
modules, a connectionist network to recognise speech acts, a robust syntactic analyzer, and a
semantic analyzer.
A test of the leaf-ancestor metric for parse accuracy
Authors: SAMPSON GEOFFREY , BABARCZY ANNA
Published: December 2003

The GEIG metric for quantifying the accuracy of parsing became influential through the Parseval programme, but many researchers have seen it as unsatisfactory. The Leaf-Ancestor (LA) metric, first developed in the 1980s, arguably comes closer to formalizing our intuitive concept of relative parse accuracy. We support this claim via an experiment that contrasts the performance of alternative metrics on the same body of automatically-parsed examples. The LA metric has the further virtue of providing straightforward indications of the location of parsing errors.
Industry Watch
Authors: DALE ROBERT
Published: December 2003

A principal aim of this journal is to bridge the gap between traditional computational linguistics research and the implementation of practical applications with potential real-world use. This new column aims to help with that bridge-building, by providing a window on to what is happening with speech and language technologies in the industrial and commercial worlds, and a discussion forum for topics of interest in the technology transfer space.
Introducing dynamic behavior in amalgamated knowledge bases
Authors: BERTINO ELISA , PERLASCA PAOLO , CATANIA BARBARA
Published: December 2003

The problem of integrating knowledge from multiple and heterogeneous sources is a fundamental issue in current information systems. To cope with this problem, the concept of mediator has been introduced as a software component providing intermediate services, linking data resources and application programs, and making transparent the heterogeneity of the underlying systems. In designing a mediator architecture, we believe that an important aspect is the definition of a formal framework by which one is able to model integration according to a declarative style. To this purpose, the use of a logical approach seems very promising. Another important aspect is the ability to model both static integration aspects, concerning query execution, and dynamic ones, concerning data updates and their propagation among the various data sources. Unfortunately, as far as we know, no formal proposals for logically modeling mediator architectures both from a static and dynamic point of view have already been developed. In this paper, we extend the framework for amalgamated knowledge bases, presented in Subrahmanian (1994), to deal with dynamic aspects. The language we propose is based on the Active U-Datalog language (Bertino et al., 1998), and extends it with annotated logic and amalgamation concepts from Kifer and Subrahmanian (1992) and Subrahmanian (1987). We model the sources of information and the mediator (also called supervisor) as Active U-Datalog deductive databases, thus modeling queries, transactions, and active rules, interpreted according to the PARK semantics (Gottlob et al., 1996). By using active rules, the system can efficiently perform update propagation among different databases. The result is a logical environment, integrating active and deductive rules, to perform queries and update propagation in an heterogeneous mediated framework.
An abductive framework for computing knowledge base updates
Authors: SAKAMA CHIAKI , INOUE KATSUMI
Published: December 2003

This paper introduces an abductive framework for updating knowledge bases represented by extended disjunctive programs. We first provide a simple transformation from abductive programs to update programs which are logic programs specifying changes on abductive hypotheses. Then, extended abduction, which was introduced by the same authors as a generalization of traditional abduction, is computed by the answer sets of update programs. Next, different types of updates, view updates and theory updates are characterized by abductive programs and computed by update programs. The task of consistency restoration is also realized as special cases of these updates. Each update problem is comparatively assessed from the computational complexity viewpoint. The result of this paper provides a uniform framework for different types of knowledge base updates, and each update is computed using existing procedures of logic programming.
Logic programming in the context of multiparadigm programming: the Oz experience
Authors: VAN ROY PETER , BRAND PER , DUCHIER DENYS , HARIDI SEIF , SCHULTE CHRISTIAN , HENZ MARTIN
Published: December 2003

Oz is a multiparadigm language that supports logic programming as one of its major paradigms. A multiparadigm language is designed to support different programming paradigms (logic, functional, constraint, object-oriented, sequential, concurrent, etc.) with equal ease. This paper has two goals: to give a tutorial of logic programming in Oz; and to show how logic programming fits naturally into the wider context of multiparadigm programming. Our experience shows that there are two classes of problems, which we call algorithmic and search problems, for which logic programming can help formulate practical solutions. Algorithmic problems have known efficient algorithms. Search problems do not have known efficient algorithms but can be solved with search. The Oz support for logic programming targets these two problem classes specifically, using the concepts needed for each. This is in contrast to the Prolog approach, which targets both classes with one set of concepts, which results in less than optimal support for each class. We give examples that can be run interactively on the Mozart system, which implements Oz. To explain the essential difference between algorithmic and search programs, we define the Oz execution model. This model subsumes both concurrent logic programming (committed-choice-style) and search-based logic programming (Prolog-style). Furthermore, as consequences of its multiparadigm nature, the model supports new abilities such as first-class top levels, deep guards, active objects, and sophisticated control of the search process. Instead of Horn clause syntax, Oz has a simple, fully compositional, higher-order syntax that accommodates the abilities of the language. We give a brief history of Oz that traces the development of its main ideas and we summarize the lessons learned from this work. Finally, we give many entry points into the Oz literature.
Individuelle Unterschiede und die Bearbeitung komplexer Probleme
Authors: Schoppek Wolfgang , Putz-Osterloh Wiebke
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung: Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über individuelle Unterschiede bei der Lösung komplexer Probleme. Betrachtet werden Unterschiede in Wissen und Fertigkeiten, in Parametern der Informationsverarbeitung und in motivationalen Variablen. Das bereichsspezifische Vorwissen wird dabei als stärkste Einflussvariable identifiziert. Charakteristisch für Problemlöseprozesse sind Veränderungen im Wissen und in der Motivation, was den Einfluss vorab erhobener Variablen schmälert. Für die zukünftige Forschung wird gefordert, die zentrale Rolle von Strategien näher zu untersuchen, sie mit Aufgabenanalysen zu verknüpfen und Simulationsmodelle weiter zu entwickeln.
Die Nutzung von Telefoninterviews für die Qualitätssicherung und Therapieevaluation in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Authors: Mattejat F. , Hirsch O. , Remschmidt H.
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Telefonische Interviews weisen gegenüber anderen Befragungsmethoden deutliche Vorteile auf; deshalb stellt sich die Frage, ob diese Methodik für die Qualitätssicherung und Therapieevaluation in der Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters geeignet ist. Es wird zunächst eine Literaturübersicht vorgestellt, die zu folgenden Ergebnissen gelangt: Die Teilnahmequoten sind bei schriftlichen Befragungen deutlich schlechter als bei telefonischen und persönlichen Befragungen. Vorhandene Untersuchungen aus dem sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereich kommen bezüglich der Datenqualität von Telefoninterviews zu uneinheitlichen Ergebnissen. Aus dem psychiatrischen und insbesondere aus dem kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Bereich liegen bisher bezüglich der Datenqualität nur sehr wenige Ergebnisse vor, die noch keine klaren Schlussfolgerungen zulassen. Methodik: Im empirischen Teil werden zwei katamnestische Studien mit ehemals stationär behandelten kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Patienten vorgestellt, deren Eltern mit standardisierten telefonischen bzw. persönlichen Interviews nachuntersucht wurden. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse aus diesen Studien bezüglich der Teilnahmequote und der möglichen Stichprobenverzerrungen werden berichtet. Die gewonnenen empirischen Befunde zeigen, dass die Teilnahmequote bei telefonischen Interviews deutlich höher ist (ca. 85%) als bei persönlichen Befragungen und schriftlichen Erhebungen. Darüber hinaus wurde aufgezeigt, dass die Stichprobenverzerrung bei telefonischen Interviews deutlich geringer ist als bei anderen methodischen Zugangsweisen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die gewonnenen Befunde sprechen dafür, dass die Methode des katamnestischen Telefoninterviews bedeutsame Vorteile im Vergleich zu anderen methodischen Ansätzen aufweist und in der Zukunft in der Qualitätssicherung und Therapieevaluation routinemäßig genutzt werden sollte.
Reliabilität und Validität von telefonisch erhobenen Evaluationsmaßen
Authors: Remschmidt H. , Hirsch O. , Mattejat F.
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Das katamnestische Telefoninterview ist eine Methode, die bei der Qualitätssicherung und Evaluation von klinischen Behandlungen im kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Bereich zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt. Bisher ist die Reliabilität und Validität von telefonisch erhobenen Daten noch nicht hinreichend untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Frage untersucht, ob die in einem standardisierten katamnestischen Telefoninterview gewonnenen Angaben der Eltern von kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Patienten eine hinreichende Reliabilität und Validität aufweisen. Methodik: Zur Prüfung dieser Frage wurde an einer Stichprobe von n = 32 Fällen zwei Wochen nach dem Telefoninterview eine unabhängige persönliche Untersuchung durchgeführt. In der Datenanalyse werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen Erst- und Zweituntersuchung überprüft; darüber hinaus wird untersucht, wie gut die Elternangaben mit einem Expertenrating übereinstimmen. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die im Telefoninterview gewonnenen Daten eine hinreichende bis gute Reliabilität aufweisen. Darüber hinaus sprechen die gewonnenen Ergebnisse für die Validität der im telefonischen Elterninterview gewonnenen Daten. Schlussfolgerungen: Auf dieser Grundlage kann das von uns entwickelte standardisierte katamnestische Telefoninterview als reliable und valide Methode zur Überprüfung des längerfristigen Behandlungserfolges eingesetzt werden. Da das Telefoninterview nur einen geringen Aufwand erfordert, kann die Methode auch in der routinemäßigen Qualitätssicherung genutzt werden.
Psychoedukation als Gruppenangebot für Eltern essgestörter Jugendlicher
Authors: Hagenah U. , Blume V. , Flacke-Redanz M. , Herpertz-Dahlmann B.
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung: Patientenbezogene Psychoedukation gilt aufgrund der bei erwachsenen Patientinnen nachgewiesenen Wirksamkeit mittlerweile als Standardkomponente kognitiv-behavioraler Therapieverfahren bei Essstörungen. Wir berichten über eine seit mehr als zwei Jahren durchgeführte Gruppen-Psychoedukation für Eltern essgestörter Jugendlicher unserer Klinik. Eine zum Gruppenende durchgeführte Evaluation zeigt bei den teilnehmenden Eltern eine hohe Zufriedenheit mit dem Angebot.
Teilstationäre Behandlung zweier Geschwister mit elektivem Mutismus
Authors: Beck N. , Warnke A.
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung: In diesem Fallbericht wird die teilstationäre Therapie zweier sieben und acht Jahre alten Geschwister mit einem elektiven Mutismus dargestellt. Bei der Behandlung handelt es sich um eine psychopharmakologische und intensive behaviorale Kombinationstherapie. Dargestellt werden die multimodale therapeutische Vorgehensweise sowie weiterführende psychosoziale Maßnahmen. Die Schwerpunkte des verhaltenstherapeutischen Vorgehens mit einem Aufbau sprachlicher Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten, dem Abbau der Sprechangst in sozialen Situationen sowie der Generalisierung auf nicht-therapeutische Situationen wird detailliert dargestellt. Die Kasuistik wird in den aktuellen Stand der Literatur zum elektiven Mutismus eingeordnet.
Bedeutung von Androgenen für externalisierende Verhaltensauffälligkeiten Jugendlicher
Authors: Maras A. , Laucht M. , Lewicka S. , Haack D. , Malisova L. , Schmidt M. H.
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: In mehreren Untersuchungen konnte der Einfluss männlicher Steroidhormone auf die Entstehung und Ausprägung aggressiven Verhaltens sowohl im Tierexperiment als auch an Gruppen gewalttätiger Personen nachgewiesen werden. Die wenigen Studien mit Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigen inkonsistente Befunde. Die Bedeutung einer androgenvermittelten Verhaltensbeeinflussung bei Jugendlichen aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung, die ein höheres Risiko für die Entwicklung von Verhaltensstörungen tragen, wurde bislang nicht untersucht. Methodik: Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Längsschnittstudie von Risikokindern wurden bei 119 Jugendlichen (51 m, 68 w) im Alter von 14 Jahren Plasmakonzentrationen relevanter Androgenmetaboliten Testosteron (T) und Dihydrotestosteron (DHT) bestimmt und externalisierende Verhaltensauffälligkeiten mittels deutscher Versionen der Achenbach-Skalen durch Elternbefragung (CBCL) und Selbstbeurteilung der Jugendlichen (YSR) erfasst. Ergebnisse: Bei den Jungen fanden sich signifikante positive Korrelationen von DHT-Plasmakonzentrationen mit der Sekundärskala Externalisierendes Verhalten im CBCL sowie mit den Problemskalen Aggressives Verhalten und Dissoziales Verhalten. In der Selbsteinschätzung der Jugendlichen ergab sich lediglich eine marginal signifikante Beziehung zwischen DHT und dissozialem Verhalten. Bei den Mädchen fehlten entsprechende Zusammenhänge völlig. Schlussfolgerungen: Frühere Befunde von Androgeneffekten auf aggressives und antisoziales Verhalten bei Erwachsenen mit gewalttätigem Verhalten konnten nun auch für männliche Jugendliche mit externalisierenden Verhaltensauffälligkeiten aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung bestätigt werden. Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt dabei dem Androgenmetabolit DHT zu.
A deglacial–middle Holocene record of biogenic sedimentation and paleoproductivity changes from the northern Norwegian continental shelf
Authors: Knies Jochen , Hald Morten , Ebbesen Hanne , Mann Ute , Vogt Christoph
Published: December 2003

The relative proportions of marine organic carbon and biogenic carbonate in a high‐resolution record from a glacial trough on the northern Norwegian continental shelf were used to decipher changes in biogenic sedimentation and paleoproductivity from the last deglaciation to the middle Holocene. Decadal‐scale to century‐scale oscillations in biogenic sedimentation and surface ocean productivity recorded in the Andfjorden sediments are synchronous with abrupt climate changes in open oceanic and atmospheric regimes of the high northern latitudes. Following several fluctuations during the Bølling‐Allerød interstadial, the most dramatic drop in marine organic carbon and biogenic carbonate proportions occurred during the Younger Dryas. However, many short‐term and low‐amplitude events during the Preboreal and the Holocene have also affected biogenic sedimentation in the outer Andfjorden. Apparently, these abrupt changes in biogenic sedimentation were caused by the suppression of a potential upwelling center in the outer Andfjorden by variable Atlantic Water inflow over the past 14,000 years. The adjustment of decadal high‐productivity coastal systems to freshwater‐forced multiple cooling events during the late glacial to middle Holocene highlights the impact of global climate changes on the climate‐sensitive local ecosystems off coastal Norway.
Global distribution of N2O and the ΔN2O‐AOU yield in the subsurface ocean
Authors: Nevison Cynthia , Butler James H. , Elkins J. W.
Published: December 2003

We present and analyze a data set of subsurface N2O from a range of oceanic regions. Observed N2O concentrations are highest in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), intermediate in the northern Pacific and Indian Oceans, and relatively low in the Southern and Atlantic Oceans. Tongues of high N2O, which propagate along sigma surfaces, provide evidence that N2O from the ETP is exported widely. Correlation slopes of ΔN2O (the level above atmospheric equilibrium) versus apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) are found to be an unreliable gauge of the biological N2O yield per mole O2 consumed because the slopes are strongly influenced by mixing gradients. Most features of the subsurface data set are consistent with an N2O source dominated by nitrification, including the widespread, robust ΔN2O‐AOU correlation and the lack of a widespread anticorrelation between ΔN2O and N*. In addition, ΔN2O/NO3− ratios tend to increase with decreasing O2 in a manner consistent with laboratory studies of nitrifying bacteria. The sensitivity of the nitrifier N2O/NO3− yield to O2 can explain much of the variability in ΔN2O/AOU observed in the ocean. A parameterization is derived for the instantaneous production of N2O per mole O2 consumed as a nonlinear function of O2 and depth. The parameterization is based on laboratory and oceanic data and is designed for use in ocean biogeochemistry models. It is coupled to a global dissolved O2 climatology and ocean carbon model output to estimate a total oceanic N2O inventory of 610–840 Tg N and a global production rate of ∼5.8 ± 2 Tg N/y.
Sensitivity of carbon isotopic proxies to paleoclimatic forcing: A case study from Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana, over the last 32,000 years
Authors: Beuning Kristina R. M. , Talbot Michael R. , Livingstone Daniel A. , Schmukler Glenn
Published: December 2003

Analyses of carbon isotopic ratios in concomitant bulk sediment samples and fossil grass epidermal fragments from Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana, demonstrate that both records reflect paleohydrologic variability. However, the bulk sediment signal is dominated by within‐lake processes, whereas the fossil grass epidermal record provides the terrestrial vegetation response to changes in available moisture. The direction of change is similar, but the magnitude and timing of response are different. During the terminal Pleistocene, the aquatic record shows a dramatic, flip‐flop behavior (bulk sediment δ13C: −4 to −32‰), while the terrestrial grass epidermis record is much more muted (δ13C shifts from −11 to −15‰). Furthermore, during the transition to the relatively moister conditions of the Holocene, a dominance of C4 plants persisted for at least 800–1000 years after limnological changes began. On the other hand, the epidermal isotopic record shows a much more dramatic response than that provided by the bulk sediment to the onset of drier, more seasonally contrasted conditions during the late Holocene. These results emphasize the need to consider varying response times of the biogeochemical systems that control the production of proxies, especially when attempting to correlate widely separated records based upon fundamentally different proxies.
Oxygen isotope content of CO2 in nocturnal ecosystem respiration: 1. Observations in forests along a precipitation transect in Oregon, USA
Authors: Bowling D. R. , McDowell N. G. , Welker J. M. , Bond B. J. , Law B. E. , Ehleringer J. R.
Published: December 2003

The oxygen isotope content of nocturnal ecosystem respiration (δ18OR) was examined in forests along a precipitation gradient in Oregon, USA, to determine whether site‐to‐site variation in δ18OR was more strongly related to variation in δ18O of precipitation or to evaporative processes that isotopically modify water pools within ecosystems. Measurements were made over 4 years at sites ranging in mean annual precipitation from 227 to 2760 mm. There was a gradient in the isotopic content (δ18O) of precipitation, with inland sites receiving isotopically depleted precipitation (more negative δ18O) relative to coastal sites. The δ18O of water in plant xylem generally followed the isotopic pattern of precipitation. Inland forests were drier than coastal forests, leading to a gradient in the vapor pressure deficit of air that caused isotopic enrichment of soil and leaf water. The enriched soil and leaf water pools influenced the isotopic composition of respired CO2, leading to variation in observed δ18OR (Keeling‐plot intercepts). Keeling plots with non‐significant (p > 0.01) regression slopes and those sampled over a time period (t) greater than 5 hours yielded unacceptably high uncertainty in δ18OR. The range of observed δ18OR was 21.7 to 35.3‰ (VSMOW), with variation within a single site as large as 10.7‰ (range 24.2 to 34.9‰ at different sites). The results suggested a trend of more positive δ18OR at inland sites relative to those nearer the coast, indicating that fractionation due to evaporative enrichment overshadowed the original isotopic composition of precipitation as a first order control on δ18OR.
Long lasting epeirogenic uplift from mantle plumes and the origin of the Southern African Plateau
Authors: Nyblade Andrew A. , Sleep Norman H.
Published: December 2003

We investigate under what conditions the present‐day long wavelength anomalous elevation (∼500 m) of the southern African Plateau can be attributed to Mesozoic plume events. The anomalous, long wavelength topography of the southern African Plateau cannot be easily explained by recent heating of the upper mantle, as opposed to other areas of the African Superswell, and geomorphological studies provide few hard constraints on the timing of the uplift. A Mesozoic origin for the plateau uplift is attractive in that southern Africa experienced several large magmatic events in the Mesozoic. We formulate numerical and scaling models to investigate if plume material ponded beneath cratonic lithosphere in the Mesozoic could produce 500 m of present‐day elevation. We find that starting plume heads are ineffective at producing much long lasting uplift because the material spreads into a thin layer, tens of km thick. The ponded plume material also suppresses secondary convection by having a stable boundary at its base. Over time, heat continues to flow out of the top of the lithosphere, and a net imbalance of heat flow in the lithosphere develops, resulting in subsidence. Even after the plume material has cooled to the temperature of the mantle adiabat, secondary convection supplies less heat to the lithosphere than is lost upward by conduction. The cratonic lithosphere returns to its original thermal structure on a timescale of less than 200 m.y. Even two mantle starting plume heads, one at the time of Karoo volcanism (ca.183 Ma) and the other at the time of kimberlite eruption (ca. 80–90 Ma) in our models, cannot produce much (<200 m) of the present‐day anomalous elevation. However, significant uplift can be generated by plume tails, provided they linger beneath the lithosphere for ∼25–30 m.y., and if the uplift effects of Mesozoic plume heads and tails are considered together, then it is possible to account for ∼500 m of present‐day elevation. Consequently, a Mesozoic plume model for plateau uplift in southern Africa appears to be a viable model, if plume tails delivered heat to the southern African lithosphere over a period of 25 m.y. or more.
Tracing a meteoric trajectory with infrasound
Authors: Evers L. G. , Haak H. W.
Published: December 2003

A bright bolide appeared over the Netherlands on the evening of 2003, February 19. Infrasound generated by this bolide was detected at two nearby infrasound arrays as two distinct events. The origins of the infrasonic signals were located in the stratosphere at heights of 30 and 57 km. The results were obtained independently of visual observations of the bolide but confirm the reported time of occurrence. The ability to distinguish between a moving and static source is crucial for the application of infrasound as a monitoring technique. This study also illustrates the dependence of the infrasound technique on signal coherency, inter‐array distance and atmospheric knowledge.
High precision earthquake locations reveal seismogenic structure beneath Mammoth Mountain, California
Authors: Prejean Stephanie , Stork Anna , Ellsworth William , Hill David , Julian Bruce
Published: December 2003

In 1989, an unusual earthquake swarm occurred beneath Mammoth Mountain that was probably associated with magmatic intrusion. To improve our understanding of this swarm, we relocated Mammoth Mountain earthquakes using a double difference algorithm. Relocated hypocenters reveal that most earthquakes occurred on two structures, a near‐vertical plane at 7–9 km depth that has been interpreted as an intruding dike, and a circular ring‐like structure at ∼5.5 km depth, above the northern end of the inferred dike. Earthquakes on this newly discovered ring structure form a conical section that dips outward away from the aseismic interior. Fault‐plane solutions indicate that in 1989 the seismicity ring was slipping as a ring‐normal fault as the center of the mountain rose with respect to the surrounding crust. Seismicity migrated around the ring, away from the underlying dike at a rate of ∼0.4 km/month, suggesting that fluid movement triggered seismicity on the ring fault.
Estimation of S‐wave scattering coefficient in the mantle from envelope characteristics before and after the ScS arrival
Authors: Lee Won Sang , Sato Haruo , Lee Kiehwa
Published: December 2003

Examining seismogram envelopes of regional earthquakes in Central Asia with focal depths deeper than 150 km in 1s–20s periods for a wide lapse time range up to 2000s, we found an offset in each coda envelope before and after the ScS arrival at 10s and 15s periods. The ScS wave has its own tail, that is, scattered waves of ScS waves sometimes dominate over the original coda waves composed of scattered S waves and scattered surface waves. For 1s, 2s and 4s periods, such an offset is not clear. However, there is a change of coda decay gradient associated with the ScS arrival. In a layered velocity and attenuation structure according to the PREM, scattering process of S‐waves can be simulated by using the Monte Carlo method based on the radiative transfer theory for isotropic scattering process. Comparing numerical simulation for a two‐layered scattering model with observed envelopes, we estimated the total scattering coefficients as 1.129 × 10−3 km−1 and 6.230 × 10−4 km−1 at 4s, and 4.510 × 10−4 km−1 and 2.710 × 10−4 km−1 at 10s, for the lithosphere and upper mantle and for the lower mantle, respectively. In the lower mantle, scattering loss is dominant in the total attenuation of S waves.