bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benjamin on Occultism and Progressive Education: A Warning Concerning “Liberal” Fascism
Authors: Lewis Tyson E.
Published: December 2024

For the first time, Walter Benjamin's critical comments on educator and philosopher Rudolf Steiner are examined in depth. In particular, Benjamin detected protofascist themes within Steiner's seemingly progressive notion of child‐centered, arts‐based, developmentally appropriate early childhood education. But this does not mean that Benjamin completely rejected Steiner's work as mere ideology. Instead, we can find the subtle trace of Steiner's influence in Benjamin's own reflections on childhood. Here Tyson E. Lewis calls for a dialectical approach modeled by Benjamin that allows us to critically interrogate Steiner's progressive education for protofascist tendencies, while also redeeming various insights into the lives of children. This dialectical approach to understanding the complex relationship between progressive education and fascism is now more urgent than ever before.
Effects of Interpersonal Stress and Maladaptive Metacognitive Beliefs on Paranoid Ideation Among Japanese University Students
Authors: Ishigaki Takuma , Nishiguchi Yuki
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Paranoid ideation, a crucial component of psychotic‐like experiences, tends to increase between early and late adolescence, even in the general population, and it negatively affects overall mental health and social adjustment. Japanese adolescents experience high levels of interpersonal stress. However, few studies have examined the relationship between paranoid ideation and interpersonal stress. This study investigated the effects of maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and interpersonal stress on paranoid ideation to provide suggestions for preventive education and early intervention for paranoid ideations among Japanese university students.

Methods

An online questionnaire survey involving 400 Japanese university students, aged between 18 and 22 years, was conducted. The questionnaires used were the Paranoia Checklist, the Metacognitive Questionnaire‐30, and the Interpersonal Stressor Scale. The Interpersonal Stressor Scale was developed specifically for Japanese adolescents.

Results

A multiple regression analysis was performed, which showed that the regression coefficients of the interaction between maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and interpersonal stress were significant for paranoid ideation. The results of the simple slope analysis regarding the scales on which interactions were found also indicated that the influence of maladaptive metacognitive beliefs on paranoid ideation was greater when interpersonal stress levels were higher.

Conclusion

The combination of interpersonal stress and maladaptive metacognitive beliefs exacerbates paranoid ideation among Japanese university students. It is important to modify metacognitive and cognitive biases in preventive education and early intervention strategies.
Sampling Simulation in a Virtual Ocean Reveals Strong Sampling Effect in Marine Diversity Patterns
Authors: Menegotto André , Tittensor Derek P. , Colwell Robert K. , Rangel Thiago F.
Published: December 2024

Aim

Undersampling and other sources of sampling bias pose significant issues in marine macroecology, particularly when shaping conservation and management decisions. Yet, determining the extent to which such biases impact our understanding of marine diversity remains elusive. Here, utilising empirical data on sampling efforts, we sampled from virtually established species distributions to evaluate how deep is the influence of sampling bias on estimations of the latitudinal gradient in marine diversity.

Location

Atlantic Ocean.

Time Period

Present.

Taxa Studied

Ophiuroidea.

Methods

We developed a computer simulation that implements two null models of species distribution (the geometric constraints and the area model) in a two‐dimensional domain, replicates the latitudinal distribution of historical sampling efforts and then quantifies diversity metrics (observed and estimated species richness) and sample completeness for each grid cell and latitudinal band.

Results

We found consistent patterns of observed species richness across models, noting peaks at midlatitudes regardless of whether the true richness was unimodal or flat. Dips in equatorial diversity persisted even after using different methods of species richness estimation. Additional simulations showed that estimators' accuracy improved with increased sampling efforts, but only when samples were randomly distributed. Spatially aggregated samples inflate completeness without necessarily enhancing estimators' accuracy.

Main Conclusions

This finding emphasises the imperative of bolstering sampling efforts at tropical latitudes and deploying robust statistical techniques to mitigate undersampling effects. Meanwhile, we suggest considering sampling bias as an alternative null hypothesis for recorded marine diversity patterns.
Influence of exercise and dietary habits on the association of alpha‐actinin‐3 gene polymorphisms with physical function and body composition in community‐dwelling individuals aged 60 years and older
Authors: Shiratsuchi Daijo , Taniguchi Yoshiaki , Akaida Shoma , Tateishi Mana , Kiuchi Yuto , Kuratsu Ryota , Makizako Hyuma
Published: December 2024

Aim

Alpha‐actinin 3 (ACTN3) is associated with diminished physical function and muscle mass in older individuals. However, the effects of lifestyle on this relationship remain unclear. This study explored whether the association between ACTN3 polymorphisms and physical function and body composition varied based on exercise and dietary habits.

Methods

A longitudinal analysis of 197 community‐dwelling individuals aged 60 years and older (mean age 72.5 ± 5.9 years, 60.9% women) in the Tarumizu study provided data on ACTN3 gene polymorphisms, with surveys completed in 2019 and 2022 (mean follow‐up 1156 ± 80.0 days). Physical performance (grip strength, walking speed) and body composition (body weight, appendicular skeletal muscle mass [ASMM], and fat mass) were assessed. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed in oral mucosa samples and categorized into type R allele carriers and type XX alleles (homozygous for minor alleles). Median values determined exercise habits (≤4 days/week or ≥5 days/week) and dietary habits based on high‐protein‐food frequency scores.

Results

The proportion of type XX genetic polymorphism was 26.4%. Two‐way repeated‐measures analysis of covariance showed a significant interaction between genetic polymorphism and time for ASMM (F = 10.552, P = 0.002) in the ≤4 days/week exercise habits group. Significant interactions were observed in grip strength (F = 7.013, P = 0.009) and ASMM (F = 5.347, P = 0.023) for the ≤11 score high‐protein‐intake group.

Conclusions

This association may contribute to accelerated age‐related changes in physical performance and body composition, particularly among individuals with type XX genetic polymorphism who have low exercise habits and a limited intake of high‐protein foods. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2025; 25: 173–181.
A phase 1/2 safety and efficacy study of TAK‐754 gene therapy: The challenge of achieving durable factor VIII expression in haemophilia A clinical trials
Authors: Chapin John , Álvarez Román Maria Teresa , Ayash‐Rashkovsky Mila , Diogo Dorothee , Kenniston Jon , Lopez‐Jaime Francisco‐Jose , Maggiore Caterina , Mingot‐Castellano María‐Eva , Rajavel Kavitha , Rauch Antoine , Susen Sophie , von Grotthuss Marcin , Wagoner Matt , Wang Qin
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Haemophilia A is an X‐linked bleeding disorder resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII (FVIII). To date, multiple gene therapies have entered clinical trials with the goal of providing durable haemostatic protection from a single dose. TAK 754 (BAX 888) is an investigational AAV8‐based gene therapy containing a FVIII transgene. Reduction in CpG motifs was performed to reduce immunogenicity based on prior observations. Here, we describe the results of the first two cohorts treated with TAK 754.

Aim

To report clinical and translational results of the TAK‐754 phase 1/2 AAV gene therapy study for the treatment of haemophilia A.

Methods

A phase 1/2 single arm open‐label dose escalation study of TAK‐754 was performed in participants with severe haemophilia A (NCT03370172). Participants were monitored for safety events, endogenous FVIII activity and bleeding rates. Glucocorticoids were implemented to preserve transgene expression. A transcriptomics analysis was performed to evaluate immunogenicity along with additional post‐hoc analyses.

Results

Four participants were dosed in two cohorts. Infusion of TAK 754 was well‐tolerated. All participants developed mild transient transaminase elevation and subsequent loss of FVIII expression within the first 12 months of treatment despite use of glucocorticoids. Transcriptomic analysis did not demonstrate significant changes in immunogenicity signals in peripheral blood. One serious adverse event of hypophosphatemia occurred in the second cohort without obvious risk factors.

Conclusions

Sustained FVIII expression remains a challenge in haemophilia A AAV gene therapy trials. Mechanisms of transgene expression loss require further study as clinical studies enter long term follow‐up periods.
Exploring Adolescents' Understanding, Experiences and Beliefs About Pain: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bogard Isabelle , Ayre Julie , Smith Jenna , Pate Joshua W. , Sortwell Andrew , Gorringe Jonah , Gordon Georgia , Kamper Steven J. , Yamato Tie P.
Published: December 2024

Background

Pain is prevalent across the lifespan and contributes to significant societal and economic burdens. The public often holds misconceptions about pain and pain management. Despite this, there are no well‐resourced public health initiatives delivering information about pain and pain management to the public. Adolescence is an opportune time to educate the public about pain. Health interventions designed for adolescents should reflect their understanding, beliefs and experiences; however, no studies explore this in non‐clinical populations of adolescents. We aimed to explore adolescents' understanding, experiences and beliefs about pain to inform the development of a school‐based pain education module.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 25 adolescents in grades 7–10 (ages 11–16) attending Australian secondary schools. Interviews were conducted on video‐conferencing software, audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using Framework Analysis.

Results

We generated three themes: (i) physical and psychological pain are distinct, (ii) psychological and contextual factors influence how someone feels or reacts to physical pain and (iii) physical pain matters if it impacts participation in meaningful activities.

Conclusions

Adolescents' understanding and beliefs about pain do not always align with current scientific understanding of pain. School‐based pain education programmes should target these areas of misalignment. Addressing adolescents' misconceptions about pain through pain education could also create a more supportive school environment for adolescents experiencing pain. Interactive approaches to learning, such as discussions that encourage adolescents to reflect on their experiences of pain, could be a promising avenue for pain education.

Patient or Public Contribution

Two co‐authors are part of the study population and contributed to the study design and analysis. Their input ensured the interview guide was appropriate for the target population and provided an adolescent perspective on the findings. They were remunerated for their time in accordance with consumer involvement guidelines.
Risk assessment of late biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: Usefulness of ultra‐sensitive prostate‐specific antigen measurement
Authors: Kawamura Norihiko , Nakayama Masashi , Hayashi Takuji , Nagahara Akira , Nakai Yasutomo , Nishimura Kazuo
Published: December 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate predictors of late biochemical recurrence in patients with no recurrence at 5 years after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Methods

We retrospectively investigated patients who underwent RP for prostate cancer in our institute from 1999 to 2016, selecting those with no biochemical recurrence at 5 years post‐RP. These patients did not receive neoadjuvant and adjuvant hormone therapy. Following RP, patients were regularly monitored using ultra‐sensitive prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) measurements, with a detection limit of 0.01 ng/mL. Biochemical recurrence was defined as PSA level ≥0.2 ng/mL, confirmed by subsequent PSA >0.2 ng/mL.

Results

Among 581 patients who underwent RP, 312 with no biochemical recurrence at 5 years post‐RP were selected. The median follow‐up period was 123 months. The 10‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rate for this cohort was 89.6%. Patients with a PSA value <0.02 ng/mL at 5 years post‐RP had a 10‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rate of 98.5%. Multivariable regression analysis identified Grade Group ≥4 and PSA value ≥0.02 ng/mL at 5 years post‐RP as independent predictors of late biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio 2.23, 95% confidence interval 1.06–4.71, p = 0.035; hazard ratio 37.5, 95% confidence interval 11.6–121.3, p < 0.001, respectively). Patients with Grade Group of 4 or more had a significantly reduced PSA doubling time at biochemical recurrence compared to those with Grade Group of 3 or less.

Conclusions

Among patients whose PSA levels remain below 0.02 ng/mL at 5 years after RP, the risk of subsequent late biochemical recurrence is very low. Utilizing ultra‐sensitive PSA measurements at the 5‐year mark can provide useful information regarding the need for follow‐up beyond 5 years.
Characteristics and management of eosinophilic esophagitis in Australasian children: a decade of experience
Authors: Philpott Hamish , Lemberg Daniel A. , Day Andrew S. , Rosenbaum Jeremy , Singh Harveen , Rumore Sarah , Ellison Samuel , Couper Michael , Porter Jody , Roberts Amin , Thacker Kunal , Moore David , Furata Glenn , Sharma Ajay
Published: December 2024

Background

The frequency of EoE has been increasing in Northern Hemisphere cohorts, yet there is a scarcity of data in our region. Regional climatic factors, and lifestyle habits may influence the presentation of EoE, and appropriate management is crucial to prevent complications. WIth this is mind we undertook the first comprehensive multisite study of EoE in Australasian children.

Aim

To determine the incidence, prevalence, clinical characteristics and management of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in Australasian children.

Methods

Retrospective audit of endoscopic records, histology reports and case notes (ICD code) over a 10‐year period (1 January 2008 to 31 December 2018). Cases were defined as having >15 eosinophils per high‐power field (HPF) at endoscopy and oesophageal biopsy, while treatment response was defined as <5 eosinophils per HPF. Included were patients aged 0–18 years presenting to tertiary paediatric hospitals in seven capital cities (Adelaide, Auckland, Brisbane, Christchurch, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney), while those with conditions that could cause eosinophilia (organ transplantation, hyper‐eosinophilic syndrome) or taking medications that may influence tissue eosinophilia (systemic corticosteroids immunosuppressants) were excluded. Australian Bureau of Statistics and Stats NZ were used to define comparative population data. Demographics (age at diagnosis, gender, country of birth, race) comorbidities (atopic conditions, e.g. asthma, seasonal rhinitis, eczema) and treatment (diet, steroids, proton pump inhibitors) were noted.

Results

The prevalence of EoE ranged from 15 to 54 per 100 000 children, where cases were more common in Adelaide than other localities. Incidence increased significantly in all sites across the 10 years, with peak incidence in Adelaide of 6.4 per 100 000 children in 2017. EoE was most frequent in males (male:female ratio = 3:1) and >90% were white Caucasian. Polynesian racial background in Auckland (10%) and middle eastern racial background in Sydney (10%) were the next most frequent. Treatment choice varied across sites, and greater than 30% of patients did not undergo endoscopy to assess initial treatment success.

Conclusion

The prevalence of EoE in Australasian children is comparable to that observed elsewhere, and the incidence is increasing significantly. Regional differences in disease frequency, management practices and access to endoscopy warrant further study.
Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors reduce albuminuria in patients with Fabry disease: a real‐world case series
Authors: Tsatsaronis Anthea , Tiong Mark , Nicholls Kathleen , Ruderman Irene
Published: December 2024

Background

Fabry disease is a rare X‐linked multisystem disease, with progressive proteinuric kidney disease contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality of these patients. Evidence shows that sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) can reduce proteinuria and slow progression to end‐stage kidney disease in both diabetic and non‐diabetic kidney disease.

Aim

Evaluate the effects of SGLT2I on kidney function and albuminuria in patients with Fabry disease.

Methods

Single‐centre real‐world case series reviewing electronic medical records of patients with Fabry disease who initiated therapy with dapagliflozin or empagliflozin (n = 11). Changes in urine albumin–creatinine ratio (uACR) and creatinine before and after treatment with SGLT2I were analysed using Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Two‐tailed P‐values <0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Eleven patients were followed for up to 19 months after commencement of SGLT2I. An overall significant reduction in albuminuria (P = 0.05) was seen with SGLT2I use in the Fabry cohort. Median uACR before SGLT2I was 76 mg/mmol (interquartile range (IQR) 47–141) and after SGLT2I was 39 mg/mmol (IQR 18–95) (P = 0.05). All patients with uACR >100 mg/mmol had reduction in albuminuria over the study period. SGLT2Is were well tolerated overall, with only one case resulting in cessation of treatment due to adverse effects.

Conclusion

These results suggest SGLT2Is can significantly reduce albuminuria in a portion of patients with Fabry‐related kidney disease and offer additional treatment for Fabry nephropathy. Given the nature of the study design and small case numbers, further long‐term controlled studies are required to evaluate the long‐term efficacy of this medication class in both cardiac and renal outcomes in Fabry disease.
Excipient induced allergies in oral medications: unravelling the covert threat – a systematic review
Authors: Seth Shrey , Lukose Lipin , Sud Kamal , Goh Jing Xin , Tesfaye Wubshet , Small Fatima , Sridhar Sathvik B. , Castelino Ronald L.
Published: December 2024

Excipients have been identified as ‘inert’ substances that often enhance the non‐pharmacological aspects of a medication. However, recent clinical evidence elucidates their potential in inducing anaphylaxis and indicates that they are often overlooked as potential allergens in routine clinical practice. The aim of the study was to assimilate published evidence on excipient‐induced allergies associated with the use of oral medications and to underline their potential as potent allergens. A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases was performed for case reports published from inception to June 2024. Studies were excluded if they were animal and laboratory studies or not published in English, full‐text articles were unavailable, and they lacked essential information. This systematic review was conducted in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Polyethylene glycol was the most prevalent allergenic excipient, followed by colouring agents. Clinical manifestations exhibited wide variability ranging from mild to life‐threatening reactions, and the most common presentations were urticaria and angioedema. Most patients recovered spontaneously after withdrawal of the offending agent with less than half necessitating additional drug interventions and only a single instance of reported fatality, which cannot be attributed to the excipient alone. Despite being labelled as inert, excipients pose a significant threat for the development of allergic reactions. Simple measures such as increased awareness among patients and healthcare professionals, comprehensive history taking, reviewing medication compositions and improved patient awareness regarding potentially allergenic excipients can aid in avoiding these readily preventable reactions.
The Impacts of Second Victim Experiences on Nurses' Absenteeism and Intention to Leave: A Multi‐Site Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Alfar Zainab , Hakamy Essa , Innab Adnan
Published: December 2024

Aim

Adverse events impact patients as primary victims including their families, while healthcare providers are impacted as second victims. These incidents have serious psychological and physical impacts on healthcare providers' quality of life and their ability to execute their jobs. As no studies have been conducted in the Middle East to explore the experiences of second victims among nurses, this study examined the relationship between nurses' second victim experiences, turnover and absenteeism.

Design

Descriptive, correlational, cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A convenience sample of 117 nurses was recruited from secondary‐ and tertiary‐level hospitals across 13 regions in Saudi Arabia. The Second Victim Experience and Support Tool was used to assess second victim experiences and their impact on turnover and absenteeism.

Results

Second victim trauma affected over half of the participants. ‘The mental weight of my experience is exhausting’ and ‘My colleagues can be indifferent to the impact these situations have had on me’ obtained the highest mean scores. Healthcare providers who stated that these situations had improved their quality of care were found to have the lowest scores. Second victim experiences had significant relationships with turnover and absenteeism. Further, healthcare providers' length of experience did not affect absenteeism, while second victim experiences significantly predicted absenteeism. Additionally, a strong relationship was observed between turnover and absenteeism. Overall, those with a second victim experience had a greater turnover intention.

Conclusions

The results underscore the physical and psychological distress that healthcare providers endure, increasing the likelihood of them leaving the profession. These problems are worsened by inadequate institutional support, emphasising the need for efforts to stabilise second victims and avoid unfavourable organisational outcomes.

Reporting Method

The study adheres to the STROBE reporting guidelines.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Childhood and Adulthood Predictors of Community Participation by Autistic Adults With and Without Intellectual Disability
Authors: Cameron Lauren A. , Tonge Bruce J. , Howlin Patricia , Einfeld Stewart L. , Stancliffe Roger J. , Gray Kylie M.
Published: December 2024

Background

Few studies have explored community participation for autistic adults, with or without intellectual disability. This study aims to investigate how autistic adults participate in the community, and the childhood and adulthood factors that predict community participation in adulthood.

Method

Eighty‐four autistic adults (mean age 34 years; 67% with co‐occurring intellectual disability) initially recruited as children and adolescents, participated in the current study. Community participation frequency and variety were measured in adulthood. Childhood and adulthood predictors of community participation were investigated.

Results

Participants engaged in the community an average of 18.2 times (range 0–49) over the previous 30‐day period, in an average of 6.3 different activities (range 0–13). Childhood and adulthood factors (autism symptoms, intellectual disability, living arrangements) were associated with community participation.

Conclusion

Areas for additional support and resources were identified.
Implementing Pretraining to Optimise Learning in Immersive Virtual Reality
Authors: Delgado Cynthia Y. , Mayer Richard E.
Published: December 2024

Background

In recent years, immersive virtual reality in education has garnered attention, however, there have been mixed findings on the efficacy of IVR in education. Thus, exploring which strategies are effective in transferring learning from IVR to real‐world applications is imperative.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the pretraining principle for acquiring procedural knowledge and skills in an IVR setting that will transfer to real‐world environments.

Methods

Ninety‐three participants were randomly assigned to either a pretraining or no‐pretraining group. The pretraining group watched a video before the IVR lesson, providing the names and characteristics of the physical objects and actions of a micropipette, while the no‐pretraining group did not receive this video. During the IVR lesson, participants completed a training phase, followed by a four‐step serial dilution test. Afterwards, all participants completed a modified serial dilution test in a real‐life setting, along with a knowledge test and assessment on cognitive load, presence, self‐efficacy and demographic information.

Results and Conclusions

Analyses demonstrated the pretraining group scored significantly higher on the knowledge test and committed fewer errors in the real‐life serial dilution task compared to the no‐pretraining group. The pretraining group also reported lower cognitive load, with no observable differences in presence, self‐efficacy ratings or errors during the virtual serial dilution task between groups. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Leveraging Large Language Models to Generate Course‐Specific Semantically Annotated Learning Objects
Authors: Lohr Dominic , Berges Marc , Chugh Abhishek , Kohlhase Michael , Müller Dennis
Published: December 2024

Background

Over the past few decades, the process and methodology of automatic question generation (AQG) have undergone significant transformations. Recent progress in generative natural language models has opened up new potential in the generation of educational content.

Objectives

This paper explores the potential of large language models (LLMs) for generating computer science questions that are sufficiently annotated for automatic learner model updates, are fully situated in the context of a particular course and address the cognitive dimension understand.

Methods

Unlike previous attempts that might use basic methods such as ChatGPT, our approach involves more targeted strategies such as retrieval‐augmented generation (RAG) to produce contextually relevant and pedagogically meaningful learning objects.

Results and Conclusions

Our results show that generating structural, semantic annotations works well. However, this success was not reflected in the case of relational annotations. The quality of the generated questions often did not meet educational standards, highlighting that although LLMs can contribute to the pool of learning materials, their current level of performance requires significant human intervention to refine and validate the generated content.
Joint Analysis of Multiple Omics to Describe the Biological Characteristics of Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Hu Yuanlong , Wang Yuqi , Song Yueyue , Liang Dan , Yin Jiufeng , Li Yunlun , Yang Wenqing , Zhang Dan
Published: December 2024

Resistant hypertension (RH) may cause severe target organ damage and poses significant challenges in the field of hypertension prevention and treatment. Mining biological characteristics is crucial for exploring the pathogenesis of RH and for early diagnosis and treatment. Although several single‐omics studies have been conducted on RH, its complex pathogenesis has only been partially elucidated. In this study, metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics were jointly analyzed in healthy subjects and patients with hypertension and RH. The multi‐omics analysis found that differential substances of RH were enriched in the HIF‐1 signaling pathway and that differential substances such as ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione (GSH), choline, citric acid, transferrin receptor (TfR), Egl‐9 family hypoxia‐inducible factor 2 (EGLN2), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) were screened out. The results of intergroup comparisons were as follows: RH versus N: ascorbic acid (Fold Change (FC):0.42, p < 0.01), GSH (FC:0.65, p < 0.05), choline (FC:1.32, p < 0.05), citric acid (FC:0.48, p < 0.001), TfR (FC2.32, p < 0.001), GPX1 (FC:16.02, p < 0.001), EGLN2 (FC:0.76, p < 0.001); RH versus EH: ascorbic acid (FC:0.52, p < 0.05), GSH (FC:0.55, p < 0.05), choline (FC:1.28, p < 0.05), citric acid (FC:0.59, p < 0.001), TfR (FC:1.71, p < 0.001), GPX1 (FC:2.11, p < 0.05), EGLN2 (FC:0.76, p < 0.05). These differential substances may reflect the biology of RH. This study provides multi‐omics analysis for a deeper understanding of the complex molecular characteristics of RH, providing new insights into the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and precise treatment of the disease.
Association of constipation with all‐cause mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Li Xianhua , Wen Haibin , Ke Jing , Zhao Dong
Published: December 2024

Background

Constipation is a common complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet its impact on mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between constipation and all‐cause mortality in patients with T2DM.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2010. Mortality outcomes were ascertained through linkage to National Death Index records until December 31, 2019. The association between constipation and all‐cause mortality was assessed using weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models. Kaplan–Meier curves were then employed to visualize survival probabilities. Effect modification was explored through stratified analyses and interaction tests.

Results

Of 1,339 participants with T2DM, 146 (10.90%) reported constipation. During a median follow‐up of 10.75 years, 411 deaths occurred (57 in the constipation group, 354 in the non‐constipation group). Fully adjusted weighted Cox regression analysis revealed that constipation was associated with increased all‐cause mortality (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.01–2.22, P = 0.04). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated a significantly lower survival probability in patients with constipation (log‐rank P < 0.05). Stratified analyses and interaction tests corroborated these findings across various subgroups.

Conclusions

Constipation is associated with elevated all‐cause mortality risk in T2DM patients. These findings suggest that constipation management may be an important consideration in improving long‐term outcomes for individuals with T2DM.
The Influence of Caffeine on Tolerance to Sport‐Specific High‐Intensity Exercise in Young Elite Soccer Players
Authors: Bezuglov Eduard , Vakhidov Timur , Malyakin Georgiy , Kapralova Elizaveta , Emanov Anton , Koroleva Egana , Manina Marina , Erdes Svetlana , Talibov Oleg
Published: December 2024

Background

Modern elite football places extremely high demands on the athlete's body, so it is of practical interest to study the effect of various dietary supplements on load tolerance and postexercise recovery. Furthermore, there is a lack of research on the effects of caffeine on key measures of load tolerance in football such as delayed‐onset muscle soreness (DOMS), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) at different time points after the exercise.

Methods

54 young players aged 15–17 years from a leading Russian football academy took part in a randomised trial using the balanced placebo design. They were divided into 4 groups: 1 – told caffeine/given caffeine, 2 – told caffeine/given placebo, 3 – told placebo/given placebo and 4 – told placebo/given caffeine. All participants consumed two capsules 60 min before testing, each containing 200 mg of caffeine or placebo. Sprinting, counter‐movement jump, change of direction run, dribbling, T‐test and the repeated sprint ability test were used to create conditions for high‐intensity sports‐specific load. A visual analogue scale was used to assess the severity of muscle soreness. RPE was assessed using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale. HR immediately postexercise (HRpe), HR after 2 min of passive rest (HRrest) and recovery HR (HRrec = HRpe − HRrest) were obtained.

Results

The data demonstrated that a single caffeine intake of 400 mg had no statistically significant effect on RPE (p = 0.948), HRpe (p = 0.698) or HRrec (p = 0.920) across the groups. Additionally, the severity of DOMS 24 h postexercise did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.077).

Conclusion

Acute caffeine ingestion does not affect the subjective and objective indicators of training load in young football players aged 15–17 years with low levels of anxiety and low levels of daily caffeine intake.
Incidence and influencing factors for surgical site infections after cesarean section in China: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Guo Li , Huang Shujuan , Sui Hongmei , Li Weichao
Published: December 2024

Objective

This study aims to estimate the overall incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) after cesarean section (CS) and the influencing factors in the Chinese population.

Materials and Methods

The study searched all relevant literature in English and Chinese search databases (English search bases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science; Chinese search bases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and China Science and Technology Journal Database) up to March 19, 2024, according to the search strategy. A random/fixed effects model was decided on the basis of the I2 statistic assessing the magnitude of study heterogeneity, and publication bias was assessed using the Begg's test.

Results

After the selection, a final selection of 25 articles was involved. The estimate of post‐CS SSIs in China was 2.4% (95%CI: 0.019, 0.029). Age ≥30 years (WMD: 3.8), pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (WMD: 1.8), obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 3.0), vaginal cleanliness 3–4 (OR: 4.2), anemia (OR: 1.4), premature rupture of membranes (OR: 2.6), diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.7), National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System 1–3 (OR: 5.6), emergency surgery (OR: 2.3), trial of labor (OR: 2.9), duration of surgery ≥60 min (OR: 2.0), and intraoperative blood loss >500 mL (OR: 3.5) were the risk factors for post‐CS SSIs.

Conclusions

The rate of post‐CS SSIs estimated was 2.4% in China. Both maternal conditions and surgical factors can potentially increase the risk of post‐CS SSIs.
Relationship between relaxin‐2 levels in serum and mode of conception in twin gestations: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Silvano Angela , Ammar Oumaima , Parenti Astrid , Strambi Noemi , Seravalli Viola , Bani Daniele , Di Tommaso Mariarosaria
Published: December 2024

Aim

Relaxin is a peptide hormone commonly associated with pregnancy when it is thought to play a role in modulating various physiological processes to optimize maternal–fetal adaptation. In twin pregnancies these adaptive requirements are higher than in singleton pregnancies, therefore it is important to understand how circulating relaxin behaves in such conditions. This prospective cohort study aims to determine the serum relaxin‐2 levels throughout gestation in twin pregnancies and to investigate its association with the mode of conception.

Methods

Blood samples were collected during each trimester of gestation from 26 women with twin pregnancies obtained through spontaneous conception (SC, n = 18) or assisted reproductive technologies, specifically through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ART, n = 8). Serum relaxin‐2 levels were measured by a highly sensitive ELISA method.

Results

The results indicated that serum relaxin‐2 level peaks in the first trimester (491.05 ± 207.41 pg/mL), then decreases in the second trimester (446.27 ± 180.4 pg/mL; p < 0.057) and in the third trimester (422.19 ± 194.30 pg/mL; p < 0.025). Interestingly, the serum relaxin‐2 level was higher in the spontaneous conception group with respect to the assisted reproductive technologies group (p < 0.001), when measured at each trimester of gestation. In addition, the multivariate regression analysis showed that only the assisted reproductive technologies had a significant impact on serum levels of relaxin‐2 (p < 0.001), and no significant association was found with other women's clinical and demographic characteristics.

Conclusions

These findings extend the current knowledge about the pattern of circulating relaxin‐2 throughout gestation in twin pregnancies, providing a sensitive measurement of serum relaxin‐2 levels and a description of its putative physiological roles in humans.
Anaphylactic Reactions During Bee Venom Immunotherapy in the Paediatric Population
Authors: Wong Jessica W. S. , Courtney Ashling , O'Gorman Tess , McKinnon Elizabeth , Noble Valerie , Itotoh Benedicta
Published: December 2024

Aim

A retrospective study will review episodes of anaphylaxis during bee venom immunotherapy (BVIT) in children, any modifications made to the dosing schedule, and the subsequent outcomes over a nine‐year period in Western Australia.

Methods

Patient demographics, dose eliciting anaphylaxis during BVIT, modifications made to BVIT regimen following anaphylaxis (i.e., continuation, modification, or cessation), and the subsequent outcomes were collected for children commenced on BVIT from 1st September 2012 to 31st August 2021.

Results

A total of 624 children were commenced on BVIT from 2012 to 2021. 12/624 (1.9%) did not complete the recommended duration of BVIT, the majority of which were due to poor compliance. 33 children (5.2%) developed anaphylaxis. 2/33 children (6.0%) experienced anaphylaxis on multiple occasions, resulting in 36 separate episodes of anaphylaxis. Most of the anaphylactic episodes occurred on Day 1 of BVIT (56%). 23/35 children (65.7%) developed anaphylaxis during the build‐up phase and 12/35 children (34.3%) developed anaphylaxis during the maintenance phase. For those who experienced anaphylaxis in the build phase, 6/23 children (26.0%) continued with immunotherapy on the same day, and 5/6 of these children (83.3%) tolerated the same‐day continuation of immunotherapy; 17/23 children (73.9%) ceased immunotherapy and restarted on another day, with 11/17 children (64.7%) tolerating cessation and recommencement of the regimen on another day. For those who developed anaphylaxis during the maintenance phase, 6/12 children (50.0%) tolerated ongoing immunotherapy.

Conclusions

Children who experience anaphylaxis during the build‐up phase of BVIT showed a low risk of further anaphylaxis with proceeding immunotherapy on the same day. Children who experience anaphylaxis during the maintenance phase of BVIT appear less likely to tolerate ongoing immunotherapy due to the recurrence of anaphylaxis.
Trans‐Specific Polymorphisms Between Cryptic Daphnia Species Affect Fitness and Behavior
Authors: Murray Connor S. , Karram Madison , Bass David J. , Doceti Madison , Becker Dörthe , Nunez Joaquin C. B. , Ratan Aakrosh , Bergland Alan O.
Published: December 2024

Shared polymorphisms, loci with identical alleles across species, are of unique interest in evolutionary biology as they may represent cases of selection maintaining ancient genetic variation post‐speciation, or contemporary selection promoting convergent evolution. In this study, we investigate the abundance of shared polymorphism between two members of the Daphnia pulex species complex. We test whether the presence of shared mutations is consistent with the action of balancing selection or alternative hypotheses such as hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting or convergent evolution. We analyzed over 2,000 genomes from six taxa in the D. pulex species group and examined the prevalence and distribution of shared alleles between the focal species pair, North American and European D. pulex. We show that North American and European D. pulex diverged over 10 million years ago, yet retained tens of thousands of shared polymorphisms. We suggest that the number of shared polymorphisms between North American and European D. pulex cannot be fully explained by hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting alone. We show that most shared polymorphisms could be the product of convergent evolution, that a limited number appear to be old trans‐specific polymorphisms, and that balancing selection is affecting convergent and ancient mutations alike. Finally, we provide evidence that a blue wavelength opsin gene with trans‐specific polymorphisms has functional effects on behavior and fitness in the wild.
Prevalence, Incidence and Risk Factors of White Spot Lesions Associated With Orthodontic Treatment – A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hussain Umar , Wahab Abdul , Kamran Muhammad Abdullah , Alnazeh Abdullah Ali , Almoammar Salem , Alshahrani Shaya Saud Mohammed , Niazi Fayez Hussain , Alam Shamsul , Arif Nauman , Campobasso Alessandra , Pandis Nikoloas
Published: December 2024

The primary objective was to systematically assess the prevalence, incidence and risk factors of WSLs with orthodontic treatment. The secondary objective was to compare the prevalence of WSLs between conventional fixed appliances (CFA) and other appliances, as well as with no treatment. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACs, Virtual Health Library and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB‐2, ROBINS‐I tool and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Random‐effects meta‐analyses of pooled proportions and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were conducted, followed by meta‐regressions, sensitivity analyses, and an assessment of the quality of evidence using GRADE. Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA) was performed to determine the conclusiveness of the evidence. Fifty‐seven studies involving 9101 patients (mean age of 16.4 years, 33.5% male) were included. Among orthodontic patients, the pooled prevalence of WSLs was 55.06% (95% CI: 47.7%, 63.6%: 42 studies), incidence was 34.2% (95% CI: 27.6%, 40.6%: 44 studies) and surface prevalence was 26.9% (6 studies; 95% CI: 13.8%, 39.8%). Among non‐treated patients, the pooled prevalence of WSLs was 29.1% (95% CI: 17.2%, 41.1%; 21 studies). The odds of WSLs were significantly higher, with CFA being 4.73 times greater compared to other appliances (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1, 19.2, p = 0.05) and seven times higher compared to no treatment (OR = 7, 95% CI: 2.6, 18.5, p = 0.001). Prevalence of WSLs increased with longer treatment duration (p < 0.001), varied with ethnicity, being highest in Africans and lowest in Americans (p < 0.05), and method of detection (p < 00.1). TSA confirmed that CFA leads to more WSLs than other appliances or no treatment, with future studies unlikely to alter the direction of the outcomes. Orthodontic treatment increases WSL prevalence, influenced by various factors. Clinicians should carefully consider the development of WSLs during orthodontic treatment and adjust treatment plans accordingly, choose appliances wisely and monitor with effective detection tools. Since one‐third of untreated cases already have WSLs, proper documentation at treatment start is essential.

Trail Registration: CRD42023478065
Parental and Child‐Reported Health‐Related Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients With Vascular Malformations
Authors: González‐Moreno Andrea Fernanda , González‐González Mónica Krysteel , Durán‐McKinster Carola , García‐Romero Maria Teresa
Published: December 2024

Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in pediatric patients with vascular malformations (VaM) remains challenging to measure due to an absence of disease‐specific tools and limited correlation with clinical measures. In this cross‐sectional study of 50 children with VaM we evaluated self and parental‐reported physical and psychosocial HRQoL using the PedsQL tool and analyzed scores according to type of VaM and age categories. We found HRQoL is considerably decreased in children with VaM and perceived similarly by patients and their parents, except for those with simple VaM and ages 13–18 years, who scored physical domains better than their parents. These findings contribute to the adequate clinical care of children with VaM, underscoring the need to identify and understand factors affecting their HRQoL and to improve multidisciplinary care strategies.
‘You fine an industry, then return the funding to them’: State‐facilitated corporate crime and Colorado's Suncor Oil Refinery
Authors: Malin Stephanie A. , Luxton India , Beltrán Ramona , Ravetta Emilia , Hulama Kristina
Published: December 2024

In Commerce City, Colorado, residents contend with multiple environmental hazards and live in the most polluted zip code in the US. Perhaps no source of environmental harm is more visible than the imposing, aging Suncor Oil Refinery. The refinery dominates entire city blocks and residents' daily lives. Since 2005, the refinery has been cited for over nearly 60 environmental and safety violations. Despite this, it continues operating with minor penalties, exemplifying how the state's neoliberalized regulatory approaches prioritize corporate profit over social–environmental protections. We examine how the Suncor Oil Refinery creates harmful environmental injustices, representing a significant instance of state‐facilitated corporate crime, as the state leaves the industry to self‐regulate and violate (or operate without) permits. Bridging green criminology and environmental justice literatures, our findings emphasize the importance of recognizing state‐facilitated corporate crime as a key driver of environmental injustice. Drawing on interviews with 53 community members, educators, and elected officials, this study provides firsthand accounts of the detrimental effects of the refinery's operations on nearby residents and documents their lived experiences of environmental injustice. Our findings illustrate harmful impacts of state‐facilitated corporate crime and contribute to scant research examining people's experiences of harm from living or working near oil refineries.
Effects of different ecological planting modes of economic forests on soil infiltration characteristics in the Dabie Mountain area of China
Authors: Sun Lei , Wenqi Fan , Jamshidi Abdul Hakim , Zhiyang Dou , Yun Zhu , Guangcan Zhang , Liu Xia
Published: December 2024

The effect of different ecological planting modes of economic forests on soil infiltration characteristics is an essential topic for designing sustainable forest management practices. This study examined the soil infiltration characteristics of mono‐planting Chinese chestnut forest (MCF), Chinese chestnut‐tea intercropping (TCF) and Chinese chestnut forest with close‐to‐nature restoration (NCF) and compared them with mixed wood forest (MWF, the control) in Jinzhai County, which is located at the northern foot of Dabie Mountain. The basic soil properties and water infiltration characteristics of topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) were measured, and the main factors affecting soil water infiltration characteristics were analysed. The results showed that: (1) Compared with MWF, soil water infiltration rates of MCF, TCF and NCF were significantly reduced, and NCF had higher soil water infiltration rates than TCF; (2) After MWF was converted to MCF or TCF, soil bulk density of 0–40 cm increased significantly, and the soil clay content, organic matter, porosity, water content and aggregate stability decreased; (3) The response of topsoil properties to planting mode was higher than that of subsoil; (4) Correlation analysis showed that the amount of macroaggregate fraction (>0.25 mm), soil porosity and SOM were the most important factors affecting soil water infiltration characteristics of Chinese chestnut forest under different ecological planting modes in Dabie Mountain. Close‐to‐nature restoration of Chinese chestnut forest might be a proper planting mode to enhance soil water infiltration characteristics in the studied area.