bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where Translation Studies lost the plot
Authors: Pym Anthony
Published: April 2018

Recent interest in the role of translation in language teaching calls for dialogue between the disciplines of Translation Studies and Language Education. In framing this dialogue, translation scholars would do well to avoid assuming superiority or special knowledge; they would instead do well to reflect on the history of their own discipline, particularly the opposition to language departments that can be found in some countries in the 1980s and 1990s. In politically turning away from language learning, translation scholars left the education field open for unopposed implantation of immersion and communicative teaching methods that ideologically shunned translation. Further, in framing their major internal debates in terms of binary categories, usually involving a good translation method opposed to a bad one, translation scholars themselves all but abandoned the non-binary pedagogical models that once included many types of translation solutions. Those non-binary models should now be investigated anew in order to rebrand translation for the language-education community. In so doing, however, translation scholars may need to break the unspoken pact that they have developed with the translation professions. They should instead adopt a view where everyone can translate, not just professionals, and everyone can be trained to translate better.
A model solution for English-Arabic-English translation students
Authors: Bazzi Samia
Published: April 2018

This paper proposes a model that addresses students’ common errors in English-Arabic-English translation. My study documents an attempt to develop a new interconnectedness between students’ errors and translation theories that may improve their performance when translating different genres. Consistent and repeated errors produced by tens of students working on the same texts were compiled and analyzed. The errors showed lack of knowledge of genre structure, functional analysis, appropriate intervention as well as lack of understanding of the wider context upon which appropriate decisions can be made. The methodology expounded in this study involves describing and categorizing students’ errors. It suggests solutions grounded in translation theory and proposes comparisons with professional translations. This methodology proved to be very successful during my teaching experience at the Lebanese University.1The model solution developed in this study draws on genre analysis, text-typology, text-functionality, register analysis, and equivalence. The application of the model solution minimized students’ errors to a large extent and enabled them to provide accurate descriptions of different translation strategies and critically assess professional translations.
Effects of ultrasonic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6016 aluminium alloy
Authors: Shi Chen , Shen Ke , Mao Daheng , Zhou Yajun , Li Fan
Published: April 2018

Ultrasonic treatment was applied during solidification forming of 6016 aluminium alloys. The effects of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the 6016 aluminium alloy ingot were studied. Compared with conventional casting, the ingot prepared with ultrasound applied to the molten metal had a fully refined microstructure and greater material homogeneity. Ultrasonic treatment reduced the amount of porosity developed by embedded gas and also resulted in an obvious decrease in solidification defects, like shrinkage. In addition, component segregation was minimised and the mechanical properties were enhanced.
Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of Al/Fe bimetal
Authors: Jiang Wenming , Li Guangyu , Jiang Zailiang , Wu Yao , Fan Zitian
Published: April 2018

The Al/Fe bimetallic castings were prepared by the compound casting combined with hot-dip galvanising and aluminising, and the effect of the heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of the Al/Fe bimetallic castings was systematically studied in the present work. The thickness of the reaction layer of the Al/Fe bimetallic castings continuously increased with increasing solution temperature or prolonging solution time. However, the excessive solution temperature and solution time promoted cracks of the reaction layer. Regardless of as-cast or heat treatment, there were respectively the Fe2Al5, Al9Fe4Si3, FeAl3, Al8Fe2Si and Al4.5FeSi phases in the reaction layers. The nano-hardnesses of the reaction layer after heat treatment exhibited an increase compared to that of the as-cast condition.
Microstructure characterisation of Fe–21Cr–15Ni–Nb–V non-magnetic austenitic stainless steel during hot deformation
Authors: Song Yan-Lei , Li Chang-Sheng , Li Bin-Zhou , Han Ya-Hui
Published: April 2018

Hot deformation behaviour of Fe–21Cr–15Ni–Nb–V stainless steel was investigated by isothermal compression in the temperature range of 950–1150°C with a strain rate of 0.01–10 s−1. The results showed that complete recrystallisation occurred beyond 1050°C, resulting from the pinning effect of (Nb, V)(C, N). The nucleation of dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) was performed by the bulging, sub-grain swallowing and twinning mechanism. With increasing strain rate, new twinning was transformed into the Σ3 regeneration mechanism in the partial DRX region, while an opposite transformation was observed in the complete DRX region. In the partial recrystallisation region, grain rotation resulted in the formation of 110 orientation. In the complete recrystallisation region, the texture tended to distribute randomly at a high strain rate, and the grain growth was accompanied by the emergence of stable 100 orientation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Psychiatry Residents’ and Fellows’ Confidence and Knowledge in Interpreting Urine Drug Testing Results Related to Opioids
Authors: Suzuki Joji , Garayalde Stephanie , Dodoo Martekuor , Rodriguez Claudia
Published: April 2018

Background: Prior studies have suggested that physicians and residents may not have sufficient knowledge to appropriately interpret urine drug tests (UDTs) in patients who are prescribed opioids or using illicit substances. Therefore, the aim of this study was to survey psychiatry residents and fellows about their confidence and knowledge in interpreting UDTs in patients with chronic pain or receiving office-based opioid treatment. Methods: All psychiatry residency and fellowship program directors in the New England states were approached to recruit their trainees to participate in an anonymous online survey including a 7-item knowledge test. Results: A total of 93 residents and fellows completed the survey. Only a minority (24.7%) reported any prior training in UDT interpretation. A majority (62.6%) felt confident about interpreting UDTs. The mean total score for the knowledge test was 3.5 (SD =1.1, range: 1–6). There were no significant differences in total score by confidence in UDT interpretation (3.7 vs. 3.4, t = −1.17, nonsignificant [NS]), nor by prior training in UDT interpretation (3.8 vs. 3.5, t = −1.22, NS). Conclusions: Psychiatry residents and fellows infrequently receive training in UDT interpretation, score poorly on the knowledge test, and their confidence in UDT interpretation does not reflect their knowledge. Future research should evaluate educational interventions that improve UDT interpretation among psychiatry residents and fellows.
Extracellular vesicles from bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells support ex vivo survival of human antibody secreting cells
Authors: Nguyen Doan C. , Lewis Holly C. , Joyner Chester , Warren Vivien , Xiao Haopeng , Kissick Haydn T. , Wu Ronghu , Galipeau Jacques , Lee F. Eun‐Hyung
Published: April 2018

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from bone marrow (BM)‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSC) are novel mechanisms of cell‐cell communication over short and long distances. BM‐MSC have been shown to support human antibody secreting cells (ASC) survival ex vivo, but whether the crosstalk between the MSC‐ASC interaction can occur via EVs is not known. Thus, we evaluated the role of EVs in ASC survival and IgG secretion. EVs were isolated from irradiated and non‐irradiated primary BM‐MSC and were quantified. They were further characterized by electron microscopy (EM) and CD63 and CD81 immuno‐gold EM staining. Human ASC were isolated via fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) and cultured ex vivo with the EV fractions, the EV‐reduced fractions, or conventional media. IgG Elispots were used to measure the survival and functionality of the ASC. Contents of the EV fractions were evaluated by proteomics. We saw that both irradiated and non‐irradiated MSC secretome preparations afforded vesicles of a size consistent with EVs. Both preparations appeared comparable in EM morphology and CD63 and CD81 immuno‐gold EM. Both irradiated and non‐irradiated EV fractions supported ASC function, at 88% and 90%, respectively, by day 3. In contrast, conventional media maintained only 4% ASC survival by day 3. To identify the specific factors that provided in vitro ASC support, we compared proteomes of the irradiated and non‐irradiated EV fractions with conventional media. Pathway analysis of these proteins identified factors involved in the vesicle‐mediated delivery of integrin signalling proteins. These findings indicate that BM‐MSC EVs provide an effective support system for ASC survival and IgG secretion.
Uniform resolvent and Strichartz estimates for Schrödinger equations with critical singularities
Authors: Bouclet Jean-Marc , Mizutani Haruya
Published: April 2018

This paper deals with global dispersive properties of Schrödinger equations with real-valued potentials exhibiting critical singularities, where our class of potentials is more general than inverse-square type potentials and includes several anisotropic potentials. We first prove weighted resolvent estimates, which are uniform with respect to the energy, with a large class of weight functions in Morrey–Campanato spaces. Uniform Sobolev inequalities in Lorentz spaces are also studied. The proof employs the iterated resolvent identity and a classical multiplier technique. As an application, the full set of global-in-time Strichartz estimates including the endpoint case, is derived. In the proof of Strichartz estimates, we develop a general criterion on perturbations ensuring that both homogeneous and inhomogeneous endpoint estimates can be recovered from resolvent estimates. Finally, we also investigate uniform resolvent estimates for long range repulsive potentials with critical singularities by using an elementary version of the Mourre theory.
The U.S. Constitution: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Bodenhamer David J.
Published: April 2018

The U.S. Constitution: A Very Short Introduction explores the major themes of American constitutional history—federalism, the balance of powers, property, representation, equality, rights, and security. Informed by the latest scholarship, each theme illustrates how the Constitution has served as a dynamic framework for legitimating power and advancing liberty. Today, we face serious challenges to the nation’s constitutional legacy. Endless wars, a sharply divided electorate and deadlocked government, economic inequality, immigration, cybersecurity and privacy, and foreign interference in the nation’s democratic processes have placed demands on government and on society that test our constitutional values. Understanding how the Constitution has evolved will help us adapt its principles to the challenges of our age.
2. Federalism
Authors: Bodenhamer David J.
Published: April 2018

Federalism, the division of power between state and central governments, was the most novel doctrine to emerge from the Constitutional Convention. ‘Federalism’ explains how it embraced a contradiction, imperium in imperio, a sovereignty within a sovereignty. This logical inconsistency—classical theory assumed that governmental sovereignty was indivisible—could be explained only by another innovation, popular sovereignty, which vested ultimate power in the people. Federalism has proven to be a highly malleable scheme for accommodating the demands of a diverse society and a dynamic economy. What began in 1787 as a partnership of equal governments became a powerful national government two centuries later, with widespread authority to safeguard (or threaten) liberty for its citizens.
ImagePy: an open-source, Python-based and platform-independent software package for bioimage analysis
Authors: Wang Anliang , Yan Xiaolong , Wei Zhijun
Published: April 2018

This note presents the design of a scalable software package named ImagePy for analysing biological images. Our contribution is concentrated on facilitating extensibility and interoperability of the software through decoupling the data model from the user interface. Especially with assistance from the Python ecosystem, this software framework makes modern computer algorithms easier to be applied in bioimage analysis.

Availability and implementation

ImagePy is free and open source software, with documentation and code available at https://github.com/Image-Py/imagepy under the BSD license. It has been tested on the Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems.
Nef Cones of Nested Hilbert Schemes of Points on Surfaces
Authors: Ryan Tim , Yang Ruijie
Published: April 2018

Let X be the projective plane, a Hirzebruch surface, or a general K3 surface. In this paper, we study the birational geometry of various nested Hilbert schemes of points parameterizing pairs of zero-dimensional subschemes on X. We calculate the nef cone for two types of nested Hilbert schemes. As an application, we recover a theorem of Butler on syzygies on Hirzebruch surfaces.
The distinguishing signature of magnetic Penrose process
Authors: Dadhich Naresh , Tursunov Arman , Ahmedov Bobomurat , Stuchlík Zdeněk
Published: April 2018

In this Letter, we wish to point out that the distinguishing feature of magnetic Penrose process (MPP) is its super high-efficiency exceeding $100\hbox{ per cent}$ (which was established in mid 1980s for discrete particle accretion) of extraction of rotational energy of a rotating black hole electromagnetically for a magnetic field of milli Gauss order. Another similar process, which is also driven by the electromagnetic field, is Blandford–Znajek mechanism (BZ) that could be envisaged as high magnetic field limit MPP as it requires threshold magnetic field of order 104 G. Recent simulation studies of fully relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows have borne out super high-efficiency signature of the process for high magnetic field regime; viz BZ. We would like to make a clear prediction that similar simulation studies of MHD flows for low magnetic field regime, where BZ would be inoperative, would also have superefficiency.
Caterina Cornaro
Authors: Hurlburt Holly
Published: April 2018

Born into the Venetian patriciate class, Caterina Cornaro (also Corner, b. 1454–d. 1510), ruled the island of Cyprus as its last queen from 1473–1489. Her wealthy and ambitious father, Marco, and uncle Andrea possessed political and mercantile interests in the Cypriot kingdom ruled by the French Lusignan family that facilitated her marriage to King Jacques II in 1468, a union sanctioned and supported by the Venetian Republic. His death in 1473 prompted an attempted coup that Caterina and her infant son, Jacques III, evaded with Venetian assistance the following year. The coup provided justification for Venetian interference in Cypriot governance, which, despite Caterina’s resistance, gradually increased until Venice forced her abdication in 1489. After her return to the Venetian mainland, Caterina divided her time between the hill town of Asolo, which she governed on Venice’s behalf as recompense for her sacrifice of her kingdom; her hunting lodge (Barco) at Altivole; and Venice, where she continued to marshal her royal authority, arranging marriages for family and friends and regularly petitioning the Venetian government for offices and benefices for her former courtiers. Perhaps the most famous woman of the Venetian Renaissance, Caterina appeared in the paintings of Gentile Bellini as well as those of other artists. The image of her sacrifice of her kingdom for the sake of Venice appeared on her tomb in the church of San Salvador, Venice, other family tombs, and on the ceiling of the Great Council Hall in the Doge’s Palace. Venerated in humanist orations and poetry, Caterina and her court provided the setting for Pietro Bembo’s poetic musing on the nature of love, Gli Asolani (1505).
Citizenship in the Atlantic World
Authors: Morelli Federica
Published: April 2018

Normally scholars, including historians of the Atlantic world, have traditionally strictly linked the concept of citizenship to that of the nation-state and its formation in the 19th and 20th centuries. This concept of citizenship emerged in the wake of the political and socioeconomic transformations resulting from the American and French Revolutions, on the one hand, and the Industrial Revolution, on the other. This modern perspective on citizenship is, however, quite restrictive, considering the term “citizen” has been employed since Antiquity to grant rights to individuals or groups living in a certain community, and because it disregards the social dimension of citizenship. The works listed in this article understand citizenship more extensively, defined as the ability to (a) participate in a political community, (b) enjoy individual or collective rights, and (c) share a sense of belonging. Citizenship cannot be reduced to a direct relationship of an individual to the state, unmediated by other affiliations. Citizenship has always had a cultural context, a question of which people were “in” and which were “out.” The very idea of the relationship of an individual to the state has always required the making of a claim, and debates about relating citizenship to other forms of social affinity are long-standing and ongoing within communities. The legal definition of citizenship is thus not sufficient to explain the procedures of acquisition or loss of citizen status: forms of belonging are built in the social fabric, through practices of integration and identification, which make certain persons recognizable by others as members of the community. Although the Atlantic revolutions contributed to the spread of the principle of legal equality and the elimination of the ethnic categories of colonial regimes, belonging to communities and enjoying certain rights continued to be one of the main instruments through which citizens were distinguished from noncitizens in the 19th-century Atlantic world. The mechanisms of incorporation into the national community were not imposed exclusively by the state, but resulted from complex dynamics between the state and the society. Thus citizenship can no longer be studied using a classic Marshallian approach, which assumes a progressive broadening of civic, political, social rights. Atlantic history, with its focus on colonial or postcolonial multiethnic societies, has helped historians shift toward a social approach to citizenship studies. Understanding that social practices influence legal definitions of citizenship, and that there are not striking differences between the construction of citizenship in the different empires and states of the Atlantic world, this article is not based on chronological or spatial divisions, but essentially on social concepts. This can help the reader look at citizenship more broadly, not limited to a legal, state-centered approach. At the same time, many of these concepts are very interrelated, which means the reader may find one source cited in multiple sections.
Authority and Work
Authors: Smith Ryan A. , Wilson George
Published: April 2018

The sociological study of authority (i.e., legitimate workplace control of human and organizational resources) is rooted in early theoretical debates surrounding the conceptualization of stratification and social class position. Such debates around conceptualization naturally led to disagreements over the manner in which authority should be measured (qualitative categories versus quantitative scales) for empirical assessment of social inequality. Thus, this field of sociological inquiry is about measuring positions in the workplace, the processes leading to those positions, and the consequences of those positions for workplace rewards. In addition to theory and measurement, the emergence of authority research includes studies of gender, race, and ethnic differences in the factors that determine authority and in the consequences of authority for various workplace outcomes. As multiracial/ethnic samples became available, researchers focused on the manner in which gender intersected with race/ethnicity to forge differential authority outcomes for men and women of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Studies here underscore the fact that job authority remains unevenly distributed nationally (race/ethnicity, gender), and cross-nationally (gender), and authority gaps have remained robust over time. Authority studies employ a variety of data from the United States and Europe, regions that dominate quantitative assessments of authority inequality, but recent data from Israel and Korea foreshadow the extension of these inquiries to less traditional locales, thereby expanding our understanding of group differences and similarities in authority attainment more globally.
Argentine Literature
Authors: Foster David William
Published: April 2018

Argentine literature is somewhat of an outlier among the major productions of Latin America, having its roots neither in the culture associated with the great Spanish and Portuguese empire viceroyalties (centered in Mexico City, Lima, Bogotá, Havana, and Rio de Janeiro) nor in multifaceted contacts with indigenous cultures, some of them empires in their own right (Mexico, Peru). Indeed, most Latin American literatures have eventually had to come to terms with indigenous influences. And while this is also true of Argentina, there is not the historical depth associated with dominant traditions such as Mexico and Peru or with peripheral ones such as Paraguay or the Central American republics. Also, while most Latin American national literatures are associated with the centripetal force of their political and administrative capitals, Buenos Aires has always been a paradigm of the almost absolute dominance of its major population center. Argentina’s rupture with its colonial past, of which only a thin record in terms of literary culture exists, will be fundamentally driven by the need to look toward Europe, especially France and England, and the imperative to pursue a project of modernity that will lead it to becoming, in the 19th century, the preeminent economy of Latin America. One of the most impactful dimensions of the preeminence Buenos Aires gains from the late 19th century going forward is the consequence of its policies of immigration. Although immigrants have a multitude of origins, there is nothing quite like the Italian and Jewish diaspora that settled in the city and areas extending up the Río de la Plata system. Argentina is rightly called “the second homeland of the Italians,” and it is recognized as having the largest (mostly urban) Jewish population in Latin America and one of the largest in the world. Spaniards also represented a significant immigrant stream around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Finally, Argentina has always been profoundly divided along two interacting axes. One has been the struggle over the national character as defined by its great port city, Buenos Aires, and the hegemony of Buenos Aires is contested by interests distributed elsewhere in the country—in opposition to the tendency to equate Buenos Aires with Argentina. The other axis is somewhat more complicated: the opposition between elite culture and popular culture. Since the return of democracy in 1983, alternative sociocultural ideologies have done much to democratize Argentine culture. In the final analysis, the most important observation that one can make is that Argentine literature in the 21st century plays a central role in conversations about Argentine society and about the individual and collective national experience.
Synonymy
Authors: Murphy M. Lynne
Published: April 2018

Those who write about synonymy (in earlier works, often synonymity) tend to claim either that it is the most common lexical relation or that it does not exist. These positions depend entirely on how one defines the term: either as “similarity of meaning” or “identity of meaning,” respectively. The usual test for synonymy is substitution: if one expression can be replaced by another in a sentence without change to the meaning of the sentence, then the two expressions are said to be synonyms. Absolute synonyms are substitutable in all possible contexts in all possible (semantic, grammatical, sociolinguistic) ways. Synonymy is a relation between individual senses of words, so that a single word typically has different sets of synonyms for each of its senses. For example, coat has different synonyms for its senses ‘outer garment’ (e.g., jacket) and ‘covering layer’(e.g., layer). Other synonym terms distinguish types of semantic overlap between words: identity of sense (perfect, or exact, synonymy: myopia~near-sightedness) versus overlap (near-synonymy: advice~suggestion); similar but non-identical referents (plesionymy: fog~mist); and differences in level of specificity (hyponymy: shoe~footwear). Finally, synonyms may be categorized by their non-referential meaning differences, such as register (tired~knackered), dialect (highway~motorway), or language (dog~chien). Like its converse, polysemy, lexical synonymy undermines linguistic economy—having more than one form to express a single meaning is inefficient. It would be economical for languages to avoid absolute synonymy, and indeed they seem to. But languages tolerate a large amount of semantic overlap and replication of meanings in different registers. In modern times, synonymy was initially a problem that lexicographers tackled. Dictionaries of synonyms were published in English from the 18th century, and Roget’s invention of the modern thesaurus in 1852 brought more attention to the problem of how words relate to one another. Philosophy and linguistic theory followed. European structuralist linguistics of the 20th century treated individual word meanings as emerging from the relations between words. Meanwhile, more formal-semantic approaches saw synonymy as a descriptive and diagnostic tool for determining the representation of meaning. Attention to synonymy has returned in the present century within usage-based theories of meaning. Today’s synonym investigations are supported by computational methods for modelling synonymy and corpus methods for investigating it.
Ze’ev Jabotinsky
Authors: Natkovich Svetlana
Published: April 2018

Vladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (b. 1880, Odessa–d. 1940, Hunter, NY) is one of the most influential, enigmatic, and controversial figures in the history of Zionism. A journalist, cultural critic, translator, novelist, poet, and politician, his accomplishments in every one of these fields would suffice for a distinguished career on its own. He started his career as a nonconformist journalist and aspiring Russian-language poet and playwright in a cosmopolitan fin-de-siècle Odessa, but in the course of 1902–1903 he became drawn to the Zionist movement, gradually rising to a position of one of the promising leaders of Russian Zionism. During the World War I, while working as a war correspondent of central Russian newspaper, he was among the initiators and organizers of Jewish military regiments (Legion) in the British army, and as an officer of the regiment participated in the British conquest of Palestine. In the early 1920s he was among the members of the executive committee of the World Zionist Organization, but his disagreement with Haim Weizmann’s position of compromise regarding the formulation of British policy in Palestine brought about his vocal resignation in 1923. After his resignation, a group of admirers and supporters started consolidating around him, which led to the foundation of the oppositional Revisionist Zionist Movement in the 1925. Among the core policies of the movement were the valorization of capitalist private initiative, the embrace of unapologetic nationalism, and the adoption of a more offensive political position in foreign affairs. During the 1930s, together with the growth of polarization inside Zionist politics, Jabotinsky and his movement became more and more alienated from the Zionist establishment, which led eventually to its resignation from the World Zionist Organization and the foundation of another group, the New Zionist Organization, with Jabotinsky in its head in 1935. Parallel to his political activity, Jabotinsky continued writing and publishing new stories, novels, and essays, mainly in Russian but also in English and Yiddish. Jabotinsky’s presence in the political and intellectual discourse of the Zionist movement from the beginning of the 20th century to our times, as well as his identification with one of the dominant political parties in Israel, has made his ideological and artistic legacy, as observed by his adherents, a defining factor in the reality of the country. However, precisely because of Jabotinsky’s venerated status as a leader, in many cases his figure and actions, along with his literary legacy, are perceived through the lenses of ideological struggles. This has resulted in an extremely heterogeneous body of research on Jabotinsky, when in different works diametrically opposite views on Jabotinsky’s figure and work are articulated—from his perception as a classical liberal to his framing in the context of the radical antimaterialist and even protofascist right.
Safeguarding the Anomalous Vertebral Artery While Dissecting, Drilling, and Instrumentation of C1-2 Joint for Congenital Atlantoaxial Dislocation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Salunke Pravin , Sahoo Sushanta K
Published: April 2018

The pathology in congenital atlantoaxial instability is usually in C1-2 joints. Addressing the joints appears to be the most rationale approach. The joints are usually approached posteriorly, manipulated, and fused. Understanding the normal and abnormal anatomy is important. Normally, the third segment of the vertebral artery courses lateral to the C1-2 joint. However, in about 20% of the cases with complex congenital craniovertberal junction anomalies the artery crosses the joint posteriorly. The artery in such cases may be injured while joint manipulation and instrumentation with disastrous consequences. Alternatively, occipital squama can be fused to the cervical spine. However, this requires fusion of multiple segments affecting the neck movements significantly. An anomalous vertebral artery can be dissected, mobilized, and safeguarded while dissecting, manipulating, and fusing the C1-2 joint. In this operative video, authors have highlighted the technique to safeguard the anomalous vertebral artery during joint manipulation.

 Proper informed consent was obtained from the patient.
Auditory Icon Alarms Are More Accurately and Quickly Identified than Current Standard Melodic Alarms in a Simulated Clinical Setting
Authors: McNeer Richard R. , Horn Danielle Bodzin , Bennett Christopher L. , Edworthy Judy Reed , Dudaryk Roman
Published: April 2018

Background

Current standard audible medical alarms are difficult to learn and distinguish from one another. Auditory icons represent a new type of alarm that has been shown to be easier to learn and identify in laboratory settings by lay subjects. In this study, we test the hypothesis that icon alarms are easier to learn and identify than standard alarms by anesthesia providers in a simulated clinical setting.

Methods

Twenty anesthesia providers were assigned to standard or icon groups. Experiments were conducted in a simulated intensive care unit. After a brief group-specific alarm orientation, subjects identified patient-associated alarm sounds during the simulation and logged responses via a tablet computer. Each subject participated in the simulation twice and was exposed to 32 alarm annunciations. Primary outcome measures were response accuracy and response times. Secondary outcomes included assessments of perceived fatigue and task load.

Results

Overall accuracy rate in the standard alarm group was 43% (mean) and in the icon group was 88% (mean). Subjects in the icon group were 26.1 (odds ratio [98.75% CI, 8.4 to 81.5; P < 0.001]) times more likely to correctly identify an alarm. Response times in the icon group were shorter than in the standard alarm group (12 vs. 15 s, difference 3 s [98.75% CI ,1 to 5; P < 0.001]).

Conclusions

Under our simulated conditions, anesthesia providers more correctly and quickly identified icon alarms than standard alarms. Subjects were more likely to perceive higher fatigue and task load when using current standard alarms than icon alarms.
Relationship Between Audio-Vestibular Functional Tests and Inner Ear MRI in Meniere’s Disease
Authors: Quatre Raphaële , Attyé Arnaud , Karkas Alexandre , Job Agnès , Dumas Georges , Schmerber Sébastien
Published: April 2018

Objectives:

Meniere’s disease is an inner ear disorder generally attributed to an endolymphatic hydrops. Different electrophysiological tests and imaging techniques have been developed to improve endolymphatic hydrops diagnosis. The goal of our study was to compare the sensitivity and the specificity of delayed inner ear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after intravenous injection of gadolinium with extratympanic clicks electrocochleography (EcochG), phase shift of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (shift-DPOAEs), and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP) for the diagnosis of Meniere’s disease.

Design:

Forty-one patients, with a total of 50 affected ears, were included prospectively from April 2015 to April 2016 in our institution. Patients included had definite or possible Meniere’s disease based on the latest American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery guidelines revised in 2015. All patients went through delayed inner ear MRI after intravenous injection of gadolinium (three dimension-fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequences), pure-tone audiometry, extratympanic clicks EcochG, shift-DPOAEs, and cVEMP on the same day. Endolymphatic hydrops was graded on MRI using the saccule to utricle ratio inversion defined as when the saccule appeared equal or larger than the utricle.

Results:

Abnormal EcochG and shift-DPOAEs in patients with definite Meniere’s disease (DMD) were found in 68 and 64.5%, respectively. The two methods were significantly associated in DMD group. In DMD group, 25.7% had a positive MRI. The correlation between MRI versus EcochG and MRI versus shift-DPOAEs was not significant. MRI hydrops detection was correlated with hearing loss. Finally, 22.9% of DMD group had positive cVEMP.

Conclusions:

EcochG and shift-DPOAEs were both well correlated with clinical criteria of Meniere’s disease. Inner ear MRI showed hydrops when hearing loss was higher than 35 dB. The shift-DPOAEs presented the advantage of a rapid and easy measurement if DPOAEs could be recorded (i.e., hearing threshold <60dB). In contrast, EcochG can be performed regardless of hearing loss. In combination with shift-DPOAEs, it enhances the chances to confirm the diagnosis with a better confidence.
The latest consensus on antiemetics
Authors: Herrstedt Jørn
Published: April 2018

Purpose of review

The present review summarizes and discuss the most recent updated antiemetic consensus.

Recent findings

Two new neurokinin (NK)1-receptor antagonists, netupitant and rolapitant, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency and incorporated in the latest versions of the MASCC/ESMO, ASCO, and NCCN guidelines. Guidelines all recommend a combination of a serotonin (5-HT)3-receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and a NK1-receptor antagonist in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) with the addition of the multireceptor targeting agent, olanzapine, as an option in cisplatin or anthracycline-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. A combination of a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and a NK1-receptor antagonist is also recommended in patients receiving carboplatin-based chemotherapy, although based on a lower level of evidence. In spite of the development of new antiemetics, nausea has remained a significant adverse effect. Olanzapine is an effective antinausea agent, but sedation can be a problem. Therefore, the effect and tolerability of multitargeting, nonsedative agents like amisulpride, should be explored.

Guidelines recommend a combination of a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and an NK1-receptor antagonist in HEC and carboplatin-based chemotherapy. The addition of olanzapine can be useful in cisplatin-based and anthracycline-cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy in particular if the main problem is nausea.
DNA damage pathways and B-cell lymphomagenesis
Authors: Knittel Gero , Rehkämper Tim , Nieper Pascal , Schmitt Anna , Flümann Ruth , Reinhardt H. Christian
Published: April 2018

Purpose of review

Recent lymphoma genome sequencing projects have shed light on the genomic landscape of indolent and aggressive lymphomas, as well as some of the molecular mechanisms underlying recurrent mutations and translocations in these entities. Here, we review these recent genomic discoveries, focusing on acquired DNA repair defects in lymphoma. In addition, we highlight recently identified actionable molecular vulnerabilities associated with recurrent mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which serves as a model entity.

Recent findings

The results of several large lymphoma genome sequencing projects have recently been reported, including CLL, T-PLL and DLBCL. We align these discoveries with proposed mechanisms of mutation acquisition in B-cell lymphomas. Moreover, novel autochthonous mouse models of CLL have recently been generated and we discuss how these models serve as preclinical tools to drive the development of novel targeted therapeutic interventions. Lastly, we highlight the results of early clinical data on novel compounds targeting defects in the DNA damage response of CLL with a particular focus on deleterious ATM mutations.

Defects in DNA repair pathways are selected events in cancer, including lymphomas. Specifically, ATM deficiency is associated with PARP1- and DNA-PKcs inhibitor sensitivity in vitro and in vivo.
Health and Social Needs of Young Mothers
Authors: Dumas S. Amanda , Terrell Ivy W. , Gustafson Maggie
Published: April 2018

Purpose:

Teen parenting rates are disproportionately high among minority youth in the Southern United States. We explored barriers and unmet needs relating to medical and social support as perceived by these teen mothers, and elicited suggestions for improving their healthcare through the medical home.

Study Design and Methods:

We conducted four focus groups of 18- to 24-year-old mothers in New Orleans with questions designed to prompt discussions on young motherhood and healthcare. All 18 participants identified as African American, became mothers when <20, and their children were <5 at the time of the study. Two researchers independently analyzed focus group transcripts and coded them thematically, revealing various unmet social and health needs.

Results:

Seven main themes emerged, which revealed a concerning lack of mental healthcare, few with consistent medical homes, inadequate contraceptive knowledge and access, and a desire for parenting education and support groups. Suggestions for improving care largely centered around logistical and material support, such as extended clinic hours, transportation, and baby supplies.

Clinical Implications:

Findings suggest a need for improved medical knowledge, healthcare access, and social support for teen mothers. This may be provided through a multidisciplinary medical home model, such as a Teen-Tot clinic, where the unique challenges of adolescent parenting are continuously considered.
Higher Heart Weight in New Zealand Māori and Pacific Islanders
Authors: Philcox Winston , Garland Jack , Zaidi Faseeh , Morrow Paul , Kesha Kilak , Stables Simon , Wong Christopher X. , Spark Amy , Tse Rexson
Published: April 2018

Heart weight is dependent on sex, age, height, and weight. Although previous autopsy studies showed no differences in heart weight between different ethnic groups, none have examined the New Zealand population of Māori and Pacific Islanders (Polynesians). The presented study compared heart weights between 101 European and 85 Polynesian suicide hanging deaths from New Zealand. Univariate linear regression coefficients for age, male sex, height, body weight, body mass index, and Polynesian ethnicity were positive and significant (P < 0.05). Apart from body mass index, subsequent multivariate analysis showed that all regression coefficients remained positive and significant (P < 0.05). Polynesian ethnicity seemed to be an independent predictor for increased heart weight in the study population. Apart from possible genetic factors, the higher heart weight in Polynesians may have other underlying reasons. Caution is required when interpreting heart weight in cases of sudden natural deaths, especially in this population.
Happy and Unhappy Patients: A Quantitative Analysis of Online Plastic Surgeon Reviews for Breast Augmentation
Authors: Dorfman Robert G. , Purnell Chad , Qiu Cecil , Ellis Marco F. , Basu C. Bob , Kim John Y. S.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Online reviews have become modern versions of the word-of-mouth recommendation, and prospective patients are increasingly consulting them before making decisions about their surgical care. The authors’ objectives were to (1) identify trends in the use of online reviews, and (2) important reasons for patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction with aesthetic surgery. The authors selected breast augmentation as the primary procedure of interest.

Methods:

Reviews of the top 10 to 20 most reviewed plastic surgeons in each of six large metropolitan areas were obtained from Google, Yelp, and RealSelf. Reviews were assessed for predefined dimensions of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

Results:

A total of 1077 breast augmentation reviews were obtained. Ratings were distributed bimodally, with peaks at five stars and one star. The majority of reviews were positive (87.5 percent). Relative popularity of Google versus Yelp varied across geographic regions, and average rating varied by platform. Between 2011 and 2016, the number of online reviews for breast augmentation grew at an average rate of 42.6 percent per year. Aesthetic outcome was the most commonly cited dimension (69.8 percent of reviews), whereas cost was mentioned in only 7.8 percent of reviews. A substantial minority of negative Yelp (37 percent) and Google (9.4 percent) reviews were written by patients who did not actually undergo surgery. Free-text analysis of heterogeneous reviews (containing positive and negative attributes) classified dimensions as critical, redeemable, or protective.

Conclusion:

As the influence of online review platforms continues to grow, understanding drivers of positive and negative reviews may help surgeons improve patient satisfaction.
A Prospective Comparison of Short-Term Outcomes of Subpectoral and Prepectoral Strattice-Based Immediate Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Baker Benjamin G. , Irri Renu , MacCallum Vivienne , Chattopadhyay Rahul , Murphy John , Harvey James R.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Prepectoral acellular dermal matrix–assisted immediate implant-based breast reconstruction is gaining popularity, involving complete implant coverage with acellular dermal matrix. The authors aimed to compare pain, patient-reported outcome measures (including implant rippling), and safety of prepectoral and subpectoral Strattice–assisted implant-based breast reconstruction.

Methods:

Consecutive patients were recruited prospectively, having either therapeutic or risk-reducing mastectomy. Patients scored their pain three times per day for the first 7 postoperative days on a Likert scale, and completed the BREAST-Q reconstruction module 3 months postoperatively. Clinical records and the authors’ prospective complications database were used to compare the early morbidity of the two procedures.

Results:

Forty patients were recruited into the study. There was no significant difference in pain scores between the prepectoral group (mean, 1.5) and the subpectoral cohort (mean, 1.5; p = 0.45) during the first 7 days. Thirty-one BREAST-Q questionnaires were returned; mean Q scores were similar for both prepectoral and subpectoral (72 and 71, respectively; p = 0.81) groups. Patients reported significantly more visible implant rippling in the prepectoral group than in the subpectoral group (seven of 13 versus two of 17; p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in length of stay or early morbidity, with implant loss being 4.7 percent in the prepectoral group compared with 0 percent in the subpectoral group.

Conclusions:

Early postoperative pain and quality of life at 3 months are equivalent between groups. Early experience of prepectoral implant placement with complete acellular dermal matrix coverage suggests this is safe and provides good quality of life for patients. Further studies are required to compare short- and long-term outcomes with the current standard forms of reconstruction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, II.
Validated Outcomes in the Grafting of Autologous Fat to the Breast: The VOGUE Study. Development of a Core Outcome Set for Research and Audit
Authors: Agha Riaz A. , Pidgeon Thomas E. , Borrelli Mimi R. , Dowlut Naeem , Orkar Ter-Er K. , Ahmed Maziyah , Pujji Ojas , Orgill Dennis P.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Autologous fat grafting is an important part of the reconstructive surgeon’s toolbox when treating women affected by breast cancer and subsequent tumor extirpation. The debate over safety and efficacy of autologous fat grafting continues within the literature. However, work performed by the authors’ group has shown significant heterogeneity in outcome reporting. Core outcome sets have been shown to reduce heterogeneity in outcome reporting. The authors’ goal was to develop a core outcome set for autologous fat grafting in breast reconstruction.

Methods:

The authors published their protocol a priori. A Delphi consensus exercise among key stakeholders was conducted using a list of outcomes generated from their previous work. These outcomes were divided into six domains: oncologic, clinical, aesthetic and functional, patient-reported, process, and radiologic.

Results:

In the first round, 55 of 78 participants (71 percent) completed the Delphi consensus exercise. Consensus was reached on nine of the 13 outcomes. The clarity of the results and lack of additional suggested outcomes deemed further rounds to be unnecessary.

Conclusions:

The VOGUE Study has led to the development of a much-needed core outcome set in the active research front and clinical area of autologous fat grafting. The authors hope that clinicians will use this core outcome set to audit their practice, and that researchers will implement these outcomes in their study design and reporting of autologous fat grafting outcomes. The authors encourage journals and surgical societies to endorse and encourage use of this core outcome set to help refine the scientific quality of the debate, the discourse, and the literature.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, V.