bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rear side dielectrics on interdigitating p+-(i)-n+ back-contact solar cells − hydrogenation vs. charge effects
Authors: Rienäcker Michael , Larionova Yevgeniya , Krügener Jan , Wolter Sascha , Brendel Rolf , Peibst Robby
Published: November 2021

Polysilicon-on-oxide (POLO) passivating contacts and interdigitated back-contact (IBC) cell technologies have recently attracted a lot of interest as candidates for the implementation in the next generation of solar cells. An IBC cell with POLO junctions for both polarities − a POLO2-IBC cell − has to electrically isolate the highly defective p+ and n+ poly-Si regions on the rear side of the cell to avoid parasitic recombination. Inserting an initially undoped, intrinsic (i) region between the p+ and n+ poly-Si regions was demonstrated to successfully prevent the parasitic recombination in the transition region of ISFH's 26.1%-efficient POLO2-IBC cell. In order to further improve the conversion efficiency towards 27%, we apply hydrogen-donating dielectric layer stacks to the p+-(i)-n+ POLO interdigitating rear side to enhance the passivation quality of the POLO junctions. We indeed show a significant improvement of POLO junctions on symmetrical full-area homogenously doped reference samples, but when we apply a hydrogen-donating layer stack on the p+-(i)-n+ POLO interdigitating rear side, we observe a strong degradation in the performance of the POLO2-IBC cell. We attribute this to the formation of a conductive channel between the p+ and n+ poly-Si regions due to the strong negative charge density of the hydrogen-donating layer stack.
Formability behavior of friction stir processed dual phase steel
Authors: Aktarer Semih Mahmut , Küçükömeroğlu Tevfik
Published: November 2021

This study investigated the formability behavior of dual-phase (DP) steel subjected to friction stir process (FSP), using a miniaturized Erichsen test. The friction stir process yielded a refined microstructure, which consisted of lath martensite and fine ferrite, as a result of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and phase transformation. Both yield and tensile strength were significantly increased via the grain refinement and increasing martensite fraction. Biaxial formability behavior of the friction stir processed sample exhibited a decline as the Erichsen index (EI) decreased from 2.7 mm to 2.2 mm. However, the required punch load (FEI) increased compatibly with the strength value after FSP. The grain refinement caused by FSP led to an improvement in the orange peel effect, defined as a negative effect of increased surface roughness after metal forming. The value of mean roughness in the free dome surface of the FSPed sample decreased from 4.90 μm to 2.62 μm. It can be concluded that the roughening with the orange peel effect on free surfaces of stretched metal can be eliminated by the friction stir process.
Rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale et orthodontie : état des lieux en France
Authors: Amat Philippe , Brezulier Damien
Published: November 2021

Introduction : l’état actuel des données publiées en orthodontie s’accorde sur l’importance d’une prise en charge des dysfonctions orofaciales. Pour autant, aucune recommandation de bonne pratique n’a encore été proposée. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les pratiques des orthodontistes en matière de rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale (RMOF).

Matériels et méthodes : une étude épidémiologique transversale a été conduite en ligne du 20 juin 2021 au 26 juillet 2021, auprès des orthodontistes exerçant en France.

Résultats : 377 réponses complètes ont été enregistrées. La majorité des orthodontistes (95,8%) avaient recours à la RMOF, mais avec des modalités variables. 43,8% adressaient systématiquement leurs patients à un professionnel spécialisé (kinésithérapeute ou orthophoniste). Les autres préféraient réaliser, occasionnellement ou systématiquement, la rééducation de leurs patients au sein de leur cabinet. Parmi eux, 97,5% recouraient à des dispositifs fonctionnels pour la rééducation de leurs patients.

Conclusion : les résultats de cette étude soulignent la diversité des prises en charges des patients orthodontiques en matière de rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale.
Collaboration de l’orthodontiste, de l’occlusodontiste et du kinésithérapeute à la prise en charge des dysfonctionnements temporomandibulaires par rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale
Authors: Amat Philippe , Fougeront Nicolas , Alvarado Caroline
Published: November 2021

La collaboration de l’orthodontiste, de l’occlusodontiste et du kinésithérapeute à la prise en charge des patients souffrant de dysfonctionnements temporomandibulaires (DTM) est essentielle. La rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale (RMOF) est une modalité thérapeutique conservatrice, simple et réversible. Son indication est justifiée par le large consensus qui émane des données actuelles fondées de la littérature scientifique.

Les objectifs de cet article sont de présenter les indications de la rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale dans la prise en charge des DTM et de montrer comment l’intégrer dans une démarche planifiée d’éducation thérapeutique du patient (ETP). Seront également exposées les données de la littérature évaluant l’efficacité de la RMOF, les données de neurosciences et de physiopathologie expliquant son mode d’action, ainsi que les exercices spécifiques pour le cou et le dos.
Factors Associated with Outpatient Therapy Utilization in Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Ponnapakkam Adharsh , Carr Nicholas R. , Comstock Bryan A. , Perez Krystle , O'Shea T. Michael , Tolia Veeral N. , Clark Reese H. , Heagerty Patrick J. , Juul Sandra E. , Ahmad Kaashif A. ,   for the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial Consortium
Published: November 2021

Objective Factors influencing utilization of outpatient interventional therapies for extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) after discharge remain poorly characterized, despite a significant risk of neurodevelopmental impairment. We sought to assess the effects of maternal, infant, and environmental characteristics on outpatient therapy utilization in the first 2 years after discharge using data from the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection (PENUT) Trial.

Study Design This is a secondary analysis of 818, 24 to 27 weeks gestation infants enrolled in the PENUT trial who survived through discharge and completed at least one follow-up call or in-person visit between 4 and 24 months of age. Utilization of a state early intervention (EI) program, physical therapy (PT), occupational therapy (OT), and speech therapy (ST) was recorded. Odds ratios and cumulative frequency curves for resource utilization were calculated for patient characteristics adjusting for gestational age, treatment group, and birth weight.

Results EI was not accessed by 37% of infants, and 18% did not use any service (PT/OT/ST/EI). Infants diagnosed with severe morbidities (intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis), discharged with home oxygen, or with gastrostomy placement experienced increased utilization of PT, OT, and ST compared with peers. However, substantial variation in service utilization occurred by the state of enrollment and selected maternal characteristics.

Conclusions ELGANs with severe medical comorbidities are more likely to utilize services after discharge. Therapy utilization may be impacted by maternal characteristics and state of enrollment. Outpatient therapy services remain significantly underutilized in this high-risk cohort. Further research is required to characterize and optimize the utilization of therapy services following NICU discharge of ELGANs.

Key Points
A Retrospective Study on the Etiological Factors of Orofacial Pain in a Malaysian Sample
Authors: Mustafa Nazih Shaban , Kashmoola Muhannad Ali , Al-Ahmad Basma Ezzat Mustafa , Fansuri Mardhiah Abidah Binti Hazman , Jurimi Nur Hazwani Mohamad , Kashmoola Sayfaldeen
Published: November 2021

Objective This study aimed to examine the etiological factors of orofacial pain for patients attending dental clinic at Faculty of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM).

Materials and Methods This retrospective study examined the data of 248 patients who have attended dental clinic at Faculty of Dentistry IIUM and suffering from different types of orofacial pain. The data were collected from January 2010 to November 2018. The etiologies of pain were classified according to International Classification of Orofacial Pain, 1st edition (2020).

Statistical Analysis The association of age and gender with orofacial pain was evaluated by using the Chi-square test, and the significance level was set to 0.05.

Results Collected data showed that orofacial pain has different etiologies among the patients attending the dental clinic at Faculty of Dentistry IIUM. Moreover, a statistically significant relation was observed between orofacial pain toward gender and different age group.

Conclusion The findings proposed that the orofacial pain has a variety of etiological factors with the highest percentage of orofacial pain attributed to disorders of dentoalveolar and anatomically related structures among patients attending dental clinic at Faculty of Dentistry IIUM.
Pigmented Oral Lesions: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Dhanuthai Kittipong , Theungtin Natchaya , Theungtin Natnicha , Thep-akrapong Pantira , Kintarak Sompid , Klanrit Poramaporn , Chamusri Nutchapon , Sappayatosok Kraisorn
Published: November 2021

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical features of pigmented oral lesions from Thailand.

Materials and Methods Biopsy records of the Department of Oral Pathology, Chulalongkorn University, Department of Oral Diagnosis, KhonKaen University, Department of Oral Biology and Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Chiangmai University, Department of Stomatology, Prince of Songkla University, and Rangsit University were reviewed for oral pigmented lesions diagnosed during 1999 to 2019. Demographic data were culled from the biopsy records. Ages of the patients were subdivided into 10-year intervals. Locations of the lesions were classified as gingiva, labial/buccal mucosa, palate, floor of the mouth, tongue, as well as the combination of sites. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS version 20.0.

Results Of the 47,175 accessioned cases, 241 cases (0.51%) were diagnosed in the category of pigmented oral lesions. The age of the patients ranged from 1 month to 88 years with the mean ± standard deviation = 38.74 ± 20.96 years. Regarding gender, 172 patients (71.37%) with pigmented lesions were females, while 69 patients (28.63%) were males. The female-to-male ratio was 2.49:1. The majority of the pigmented lesions were encountered at the gingiva (29.88%) followed by labial/buccal mucosa (26.97%), palate (14.94%), lip (10.79%), alveolar mucosa (9.54%), and others (7.88%), respectively. The three most common pigmented oral lesions in the present study were nevus (39.83%), followed by melanotic macule (28.63%) and amalgam tattoo (17.43%), respectively.

Conclusions The most common pigmented oral lesion in the present study is nevus. Demographic data of the patients in the present study are in accordance with previous studies with minor differences. Even though pigmented lesions of the oral cavity constitute a small portion of the oral pathology biopsies, accurate diagnosis is important since there is an overlap in clinical appearance of benign pigmented lesions and melanoma.
Compound Heterozygous ROBO3 Mutation in Two Siblings Presenting with Horizontal Gaze Palsy without Scoliosis: Case-Based Review
Authors: Deniz Adnan , Çomu Sinan , Güngör Mesut , Anık Yonca , Kara Bülent
Published: November 2021

Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is a rare, autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by a congenital absence of conjugated horizontal eye movements with progressive scoliosis developing in childhood and adolescence. HGPPS is caused by mutations of the ROBO3 gene that disrupts the midline crossing of the descending corticospinal and ascending lemniscal sensory tracts in the medulla. We present two siblings, 5-year-old and 2-year-old boys with HGPPS, from non-consanguineous parents. The older brother was brought for the evaluation of moderate psychomotor retardation. He had bilateral horizontal gaze palsy with preserved vertical gaze and convergence. Scoliosis was absent. Cranial MRI showed brainstem abnormalities, and diffusion tensor imaging showed absent decussation of cortico-spinal tracts in the medulla. Clinical diagnosis of HGPPS was confirmed by sequencing of ROBO3 gene, IVS4–1G > A (c.767–1G > A) and c.328_329delinsCCC (p.Asp110Profs*57) compound heterozygous variations were found, and segregated in parents. The younger boy was first reported at 16 months of age and had the same clinical and neuroradiological findings, unlike mild psychomotor retardation. ROBO3 gene analysis showed the same variants in his brother. Our cases show the importance of evaluating eye movements in children with neurodevelopmental abnormalities and looking for brainstem abnormalities in children with bilateral horizontal gaze palsy.
Sensuous reading in the Legatus divinae pietatis
Authors: Reitz Landon
Published: November 2021

Devotional practices in the later European Middle Ages were highly somatic, and they utilized the human sensorium to convey, incite, and engender knowledge and experiences of the divine. Reading does not normally stand out as one of the more somatic devotional practices, but as demonstrated by the example of theLegatus divinae pietatis, a devotional text written at the convent of Helfta around the end of the thirteenth century, reading was indeed imagined as a somatic, devotional experience that engaged the senses. In this article, I argue that theLegatusportrays a form of devotional reading that invokes all the senses in an effort to unite the book, the reader, and her community with the divine. Drawing on medieval conceptualizations of the human sensorium and theories of reading, my analyses of theLegatus’s sensual language, evocative imagery, and scenes of reading elucidate the embodied reading practices that theLegatus’s writers portrayed as fundamental to their communal, devotional lives.
Quartz tuning forks can be cost-effective means of trace gas detection
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: November 2021

Inexpensive method to detect gas molecules via infrared radiation absorption reported.
Study on scattering light field distribution of optical element in-surface defects based on Mueller matrix
Authors: Wang Hongjun , Zhang Yingge , Wang Dasen , Liu Bingcai , Zhu Xueliang , Tian Ailing
Published: November 2021

For precise optical elements, the size of in-surface defects is at the nanometer scale. When incident light illuminates in-surface defects on optical elements, strong diffraction and scattering effects are produced, and this greatly reduces the beam quality in optical systems. In this study, a three-dimensional model of the in-surface defects of K9 optical components was established. On this basis, a theoretical model of electromagnetic scattering between the defect and the incident and scattering fields was constructed. The 4 × 4-order scattering Mueller matrix light field distributions of incident light modulated by different-sized defects were obtained by numerical simulations, and the influencing factors were analyzed. These simulations provide a theoretical basis and a reference for the manufacture of precision optical elements and a scale calibration for surface quality detection methods.
An innovative V-shaped piezoelectric energy harvester for wind energy based on the fully fluid–solid-electric coupling
Authors: Liu Jianjun , Chen Yujie , Xia Wei , Zuo Hong , Li Qun
Published: November 2021

In order to convert galloping-based vibration energy generated by wind flow into electricity more effectively, an innovative piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) with V-shaped windward wings is proposed and designed to evaluate its performance in this paper. The V-shaped PEH mainly consists of three components: the main cantilever beam made of an aluminum plate, a piece of macro-fiber piezoelectric composite stuck to the end of the main cantilever beam as the key element of energy harvesting, and a pair of V-shaped windward wings as the structure of the bluff body to produce stronger and more regular vortices in wind flow. Wind tunnel experiments are conducted to evaluate its performance of the output voltages, and the results confirm that the angles of V-shaped wings have dramatically affected the behavior of energy harvesting. A pair of 60° angles was confirmed as the optimal angle for this V-shaped PEH, which can achieve the peak-to-peak value of alternating current voltage (VAC-PP) of more than 100 V when the wind velocity is 10 m/s. Subsequently, the fully fluid–solid-electric coupling for this corresponding two dimensional model is simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics, which expounds the mechanism of swing for this V-shaped PEH under the galloping-based vibration, as well as verifies the rationality of the experimental results.
Mechanism leading to semi-insulating property of carbon-doped GaN: Analysis of donor acceptor ratio and method for its determination
Authors: Koller C. , Lymperakis L. , Pogany D. , Pobegen G. , Ostermaier C.
Published: November 2021

Carbon impurities in GaN form both acceptors and donors. Donor-to-acceptor ratios (DARs) determine the semi-insulating behavior of carbon-doped GaN (GaN:C) layers and are still debated. Two models are discussed; both can theoretically achieve semi-insulating behavior: the dominant acceptor model (DAM, DAR<1) and the auto-compensation model (ACM, DAR=1). We perform a capacitance–voltage analysis on metal/GaN:C/nGaN (n-doped GaN) structures, exhibiting Fermi-level pinning in GaN:C, 0.7 eV above the valence band maximum. This observation coupled with further interpretation clearly supports the DAM and contradicts the ACM. Furthermore, we reveal a finite depletion width of a transition region in GaN:C next to nGaN, where carbon acceptors drop below the Fermi level becoming fully ionized. Calculation of the potential drop in this region exhibits DAR values of 0.5–0.67 for GaN:C with total carbon concentrations of 1018 cm−3 and 1019 cm−3. Based on those results, we re-evaluate formerly published density functional theory (DFT)-calculated formation energies of point defects in GaN. Unexpectedly, growth in thermodynamic equilibrium with the bulk carbon phase contradicts our experimental analysis. Therefore, we propose the consideration of extreme carbon-rich growth conditions. As bulk carbon and carbon cluster formation are not reported to date, we consider a metastable GaN:C solid solution with the competing carbon bulk phase being kinetically hindered. DFT and experimental results agree, confirming the role of carbon at nitrogen sites as dominant acceptors. Under N-rich conditions, carbon at gallium sites is the dominant donor, whereas additional nitrogen vacancies are generated under Ga-rich conditions.
High and flat spectral responsivity of quartz tuning fork used as infrared photodetector in tunable diode laser spectroscopy
Authors: Wei Tingting , Zifarelli Andrea , Dello Russo Stefano , Wu Hongpeng , Menduni Giansergio , Patimisco Pietro , Sampaolo Angelo , Spagnolo Vincenzo , Dong Lei
Published: November 2021

Infrared laser technology over the last decades has led to an increasing demand for optical detectors with high sensitivity and a wide operative spectral range suitable for spectroscopic applications. In this work, we report on the performance of a custom quartz tuning fork used as a sensitive and broadband infrared photodetector for absorption spectroscopy. The photodetection process is based on light impacting on the tuning fork and creating a local temperature increase that generates a strain field. This light-induced, thermoelastic conversion produces an electrical signal proportional to the absorbed light intensity due to quartz piezoelectricity. A finite-element-method analysis was used to relate the energy release with the induced thermal distribution. To efficiently exploit the photo-induced thermoelastic effects in the low-absorbance spectral region of quartz also, chromium/gold layers, acting as opaque surface, have been deposited on the quartz surface. To demonstrate the flat response as photodetectors, a custom tuning fork, having a fundamental resonance frequency of 9.78 kHz and quality factor of 11 500 at atmospheric pressure, was employed as photodetector in a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy setup and tested with five different lasers with emission wavelength in the 1.65–10.34 μm range. A spectrally flat responsivity of ∼2.2 kV/W was demonstrated, corresponding to a noise-equivalent power of 1.5 nW/√Hz, without employing any thermoelectrical cooling systems. Finally, a heterodyne detection scheme was implemented in the tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy setup to retrieve the resonance properties of the quartz tuning fork together with the gas concentration in a single, fast measurement.
Barrier height study of two-well resonant-phonon terahertz quantum cascade lasers. I. The third-order tunneling current theory
Authors: Miyoshi Teppei , Ban Dayan
Published: November 2021

The third-order tunneling current model, reflecting the effect of carrier leakage from bound to continuum states, is modeled based on the second-order tunneling current and semi-classical leakage current theories and is incorporated in a simulation based on the rate equation. GaAs/AlGaAs-based two-well resonant-phonon terahertz quantum cascade lasers, published in the past, are theoretically examined by this method. Based on the latest recorded device, the influence of barrier height is investigated by changing the Al-composition from 12.5% to 45% with a fixed-layer thickness. As a result, there are carrier dynamics that diminish the carrier density of lasing subbands in both high and low barrier conditions. On the one hand, carrier leakage into continuum states increases drastically below 25% Al-composition. On the other hand, in high barrier conditions, substantial carriers accumulate in the ground state due to a strong confinement effect in addition to oscillator strength lowering.
Opportunities for hybrid diamond nanosensors targeting photothermal applications in biological systems
Authors: Suzuki Madoka , Plakhotnik Taras
Published: November 2021

Functionalized diamond nanocrystals persistently expand their use for sensing and labeling in a biological context. The surface of such crystals modified chemically adds additional modality to such applications. In this Perspective, we discuss mainly applications in nanothermometry but begin with a brief general introduction of fluorescent nanodiamonds. Then we consider temperature at the sub-cellular environment, explain the working principle of fluorescent nanodiamonds as temperature probes, and demonstrate their biological applications from the literature. The application of nanohybrids (such as heater-thermometer hybrids built within a single nanoparticle) in biological cells will be covered with more details. We summarize recent results of intracellular measurements to estimate that 0.1 nJ of heat released in a cellular hot spot of 1-μm radius can produce a 1-K temperature rise lasting for about 50 μs and repeatable approximately every 2 ms. Our view on the reason for limitations in biological applications of nanodiamonds concludes the review.
Knowledge-based learning of nonlinear dynamics and chaos
Authors: Jiahao Tom Z. , Hsieh M. Ani , Forgoston Eric
Published: November 2021

Extracting predictive models from nonlinear systems is a central task in scientific machine learning. One key problem is the reconciliation between modern data-driven approaches and first principles. Despite rapid advances in machine learning techniques, embedding domain knowledge into data-driven models remains a challenge. In this work, we present a universal learning framework for extracting predictive models from nonlinear systems based on observations. Our framework can readily incorporate first principle knowledge because it naturally models nonlinear systems as continuous-time systems. This both improves the extracted models’ extrapolation power and reduces the amount of data needed for training. In addition, our framework has the advantages of robustness to observational noise and applicability to irregularly sampled data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme by learning predictive models for a wide variety of systems including a stiff Van der Pol oscillator, the Lorenz system, and the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation. For the Lorenz system, different types of domain knowledge are incorporated to demonstrate the strength of knowledge embedding in data-driven system identification.
Influence of processing parameters on the ferroelectric-relaxor crossover in BNT-based piezoelectric ceramics
Authors: Gupta Sanu K. , Gibbons Brady J. , Mardilovich Peter , Cann David P.
Published: November 2021

The effects of sintering time on the ferroelectric to relaxor crossover were systematically investigated for Sr(Hf0.5Zr0.5)O3-modified Bi0.5(Na0.8K0.2)TiO3 ceramics, prepared using the conventional solid-state mixed-oxide route. Scanning electron microscopy indicated a modest increase in grain size from 1.0 ± 0.2 to 2.0 ± 0.5 μm when the sintering time increased from 2 to 24 h. Furthermore, it was observed that the sintering time does not affect the long-range average crystal structure, as x-ray diffraction data suggest the presence of a single pseudocubic phase for all the samples, irrespective of the sintering time. Interestingly, ferroelectric and piezoelectric characterization showed evidence of a ferroelectric to relaxor transition when the sintering time increased from 2 to 6 h. This transition was marked by a sudden decrease in remanent polarization, a loss in negative strain along with a drastic increase in the maximum electromechanical strain. This was further exemplified in the unipolar strain data, which showed a transition from linear to non-linear dependence with electric field when the sintering time increased from 2 to 6 h. The piezoelectric properties were enhanced with further increase in sintering time up to 12 h, with the corresponding normalized strain value (Smax/Emax) d33∗=647pm/V. However, the d33∗ decreased with further increase in sintering time to 24 h. As the sintering time increased, temperature-dependent dielectric data show a decrease in the maximum permittivity along with the slight shift of the Tmax (temperature of maximum permittivity) to a higher temperature. In addition, results from impedance spectroscopy indicate that the DC resistivity increased by approximately two orders of magnitude when the sintering time increased from 2 to 12 h. These results suggest that while sintering time has a minimal impact on either the microstructure or the long-range average structure, it has a strong influence on the ferroelectric to relaxor crossover, which is often associated with enhanced electromechanical properties. This work presents further evidence that the crossover phenomenon is closely tied to the local structure, where disruption of the long-range dipole order results in stabilization of the relaxor state.
Projection-suspended stereolithography 3D printing for low-loss optical hydrogel fiber fabrication
Authors: Zhuo Xuan , Shen Hua , Bian Yinxu , Xu Anni , Zhu Rihong
Published: November 2021

Hydrogel fibers (HFs) have shown great potential for delivering light and sensing in vivo. However, HFs commonly suffer from high optical attenuation, which significantly affects their light-guiding efficiency and sensing performance. Here, we demonstrate a projection-suspended stereolithography (PSS) 3D printing method for fabricating low-loss HFs. Axially continuous and uniform HFs are produced via a light-curing area that floats on the precursor solution. Additionally, PSS improves the guiding efficiency of the HF by simultaneously regulating the fiber diameter, core–cladding structure, and refractive index. We obtained a loss of ≤0.15 dB/cm, which is better than that reported by previous studies. We also demonstrate that the fabricated HF provides light delivery and sensing capability in deep tissues, which will benefit the development of biomedicine and optogenetics. The PSS method heralds a novel fabrication for advanced waveguides.
Stability among cyclic change in an Antipodean pond and bolster heath system 1983–2017
Authors: Kirkpatrick J. B. , Gibson N. , Fitzgerald N.
Published: November 2021

A long-term study of a bolster heath–pond system at Newdegate Pass, Mount Field, Tasmania, was designed to test a theory of cyclical dynamics and to determine why there was constancy in the proportions of species in stable mosaic bolster heath, while their individual distributions changed. Groups of permanent plots were monitored approximately once every 5 years between 1983 and 2017, in apparently stable, apparently colonising, apparently recovering and apparently degrading bolster heath. The putatively stable sites exhibited an average of 37% spatial turnover in the three early 5-year periods, with reciprocal replacements between many pairs of species; however, there was little evidence of long-term directional change except for expansion of a gymnosperm shrub across the top of the bolster mosaic at one site. This pattern suggests a cyclical succession of species in the stable mosaic; however, the mechanism driving cyclicity remains unclear, with facilitation, competition and stochastic processes being implicated at different times and locations. These cyclic changes were likely to have been largely endogenous, given the variability and autocorrelations in relative growth rates of the stable mosaic over short horizontal distances, conforming with neutral theory. The process of dam vegetation loss after draining was rapid, as was vegetation colonisation of the floor of one dam and recovery from fire. On a putatively colonising site on rocky ground, changes were subdued but directionally consistent with the previously proposed model, which was consistent with all long-term observations.
Quantifying shark and ray discards in Western Australia’s shark fisheries
Authors: Braccini Matias , Murua Hilario
Published: November 2021

Commercial fisheries can discard a considerable volume of sharks and rays, which, as a group, are of high conservation concern. In Western Australia (WA), commercial shark fishing commenced in the 1940s; however, catch time series are not available for discarded species. The present study quantified catch (i.e. dead individuals) time series of discarded sharks and rays in WA’s shark fisheries using on-board observer information collected since 1993 and testing assumptions through sensitivity analysis. Overall, 18 shark and ray taxonomic groups were discarded, comprising ~20% of the observed catch by number. Port Jackson shark, southern eagle ray and spurdogs were the most commonly discarded elasmobranchs, followed by western wobbegong, angel sharks, stingrays, and guitarfish and shovelnose rays. For the base case scenario, the catch of these species was small, peaking at 12.6, 5.6, 1.3, 1.8, 4, 1.3 and 2.7 tonnes (Mg) respectively, given their low post-release mortality (PRM). Current catch levels were even lower (e.g. <5 Mg for Port Jackson shark). Other discarded elasmobranchs were rarely caught. Assuming 100% PRM resulted in higher annual catches, highlighting the need for further research on the PRM of sharks and rays. The reconstructed catch series will be used in risk assessments to determine the sustainability of discarded species.
Effects of biological agents on soil microbiology, enzyme activity and fruit quality of kiwifruit with root rot
Authors: Ku Yongli , Xu Guoyi , Su Shaoxin , Cao Cuiling
Published: November 2021

Context Root rot is common for kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. diliciosa) plants. It is not easily controlled by chemical methods, and biological agents are an alternative. Aims This study investigated the effects of biological agents on the activity and diversity of soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity and physicochemical indices during the growth period of kiwifruit plants. Methods There were four treatments: (1) root-rot plants applied with traditional fertiliser (RP); (2) root-rot plants applied with biological agents CY (CY); (3) root-rot plants applied with biological agents CL (CL); and (4) healthy plants with traditional fertiliser (HP). Most samples were taken during the growth period of kiwifruit plants, while activities of defensive-related enzymes and quality of kiwifruits were tested in the fructescence period. Key results CY and CL treatments significantly improved microbial activity, changed microbial structure, increased the diversity, richness and uniformity of microbial species, and altered the relative utilisation ratio of six carbon sources. Soil nutrients of kiwifruit plants with root rot improved with CY and CL compared to RP. Health of kiwifruit plants with CY and CL also improved compared to RP. Activities of defensive-related enzymes in CY and CL treatments were significantly higher than in RP treatment (P < 0.05). Fruit quality indices were also higher than RP. Conclusions CY and CL changed the microbial communities in soil, and improved soil nutrients and plant health. Implications By altering the soil microbial structure, biological agents used to control root rot in kiwifruit plants improved tree health and fruit quality, and provide an alternative to chemical control of root rot.
The structure of the
Aquifex aeolicus
MATE family multidrug resistance transporter and sequence comparisons suggest the existence of a new subfamily
Authors: Zhao Jiangfeng , Xie Hao , Mehdipour Ahmad Reza , Safarian Schara , Ermler Ulrich , Münke Cornelia , Thielmann Yvonne , Hummer Gerhard , Ebersberger Ingo , Wang Jingkang , Michel Hartmut
Published: November 2021

Significance

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters play a significant role in the active export of drugs and toxic compounds in pathogens. The transport mechanism is still not fully understood. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis indicates that Aq_128 of
Aquifex aeolicus
is a member of a subfamily of MATE transporters together with transporters from ε-Proteobacteria and Archaea. The high-resolution crystal structure (2.0 Å) in combination with drug efflux assays, mutagenesis studies, docking experiments, and molecular dynamics simulations reveals structural features that differ from previously described MATE transporters, and sheds light on their transport mechanism.
Growing Sideways in Twenty-first Century British Culture
Authors: Malewski Anne
Published: November 2021

This volume examines changing boundaries between childhood and adulthood in British society and culture at the beginning of the twenty-first century − where these age boundaries are widely debated, policed, and contested − to investigate alternatives to conventional ideas of growing up. Building on observations, especially in children’s literature criticism, that human growth is shaped by a grand narrative that privileges adulthood, and on terminologies of non-normative growth, particularly in queer theory, this monograph develops growing sideways as a concept that queers this grand narrative by destabilising childhood and adulthood, and the boundaries between them. The concept is refined through close readings of twenty-first century British children’s literature, television series, film, and participatory events, troubling age boundaries via specific strategies in three conceptual areas: appearance, play, and space. Exploring power structures around age and gender, this monograph traces growing sideways as a distinct and important alternative discourse of human growth.
Acquisition of clitic climbing by European Portuguese children
Authors: Lobo Maria , Vitorino Inês
Published: November 2021

This study investigates the acquisition of clitic climbing by European Portuguese speaking children considering spontaneous production data from three children aged 1;5 to 3;11 (Santos’ corpus: Santos et al., 2014) and data from an elicited production task administered to 64 children aged 5;2 to 8;2. The study shows that: clitic climbing is acquired early, as expected for a parametric property that is dependent on the specification of the functional domain; there is early sensitivity to properties of the adult grammar, although children take a while to determine which specific verbs allow or disallow clitic climbing. In optional contexts younger children prefer clitic climbing constructions over non-climbing constructions. We discuss these results in light of the notion of complexity in language development.
Can explicit instruction help L2 learners overcome persistent L1 interference?
Authors: Teixeira Joana
Published: November 2021

The present work investigates whether free inversion is difficult to eliminate from the L2 English grammars of L1 speakers of a null subject Romance language, European Portuguese (EP), and whether L1 interference can be overcome as a result of explicit instruction. The work comprises two interrelated studies: a study on subject placement in L2 English, which was conducted with advanced and near-native learners, using timed and untimed tasks, and a teaching intervention study, which was conducted with intermediate and advanced learners, using a pre-test/post-test design. Results reveal that, typically, free inversion is only fully eliminated from L1 EP – L2 English grammars at a near-native level and that instruction can help learners overcome L1 interference, but its effectiveness depends on learners’ proficiency level.
A register approach toward pop lyrics in EFL education
Authors: Werner Valentin
Published: November 2021

The language-educational literature seems to agree on the conversational nature of pop lyrics. Thus, they
have been advocated as an authentic, easily accessible and highly motivating resource for EFL learning, especially suitable to
introduce conversational features. The present study re-assesses the alleged conversationality of lyrics, which to date has
been implicitly assumed rather than empirically tested. It relies on a purpose-built pop lyrics corpus and applies
Multidimensional Analysis (MDA) to situate them relatively to other spoken and written registers. The MDA indicates that
lyrics constitute a specialized register, aligning with both spoken and written registers. This implies that rather than
merely representing a convenient EFL resource for the illustration of spoken features, lyrics should be analysed both in their
own right and in contrast to other registers, opening avenues for addressing broader issues such as register and language
awareness.
Estimate the spectrum of affine dynamical systems from partial observations of a single trajectory data
Authors: Cheng Jiahui , Tang Sui
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we study the nonlinear inverse problem of estimating the spectrum of a system matrix, that drives a finite-dimensional affine dynamical system, from partial observations of a single trajectory data. In the noiseless case, we prove an annihilating polynomial of the system matrix, whose roots are a subset of the spectrum, can be uniquely determined from data. We then study which eigenvalues of the system matrix can be recovered and derive various sufficient and necessary conditions to characterize the relationship between the recoverability of each eigenvalue and the observation locations. We propose various reconstruction algorithms with theoretical guarantees, generalizing the classical Prony method, ESPRIT, and matrix pencil method. We test the algorithms over a variety of examples with applications to graph signal processing, disease modeling and a real-human motion dataset. The numerical results validate our theoretical results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Degradation mechanism analysis for SiC power MOSFETs under repetitive power cycling stress
Authors: Rao Yunliang , Chen Yuan , He Zhiyuan , Chen Yiqiang , Liu Chang , Xu Xinbing , Liu Yang , Lu Guoguang
Published: November 2021

In this work, investigation on the degradation behavior of 1.2 kV/52 A silicon carbide (SiC) power MOSFETs subjected to repetitive slow power cycling stress has been performed. Electric characteristics have been characterized periodically over the stress and the respective degradation mechanisms have also been analyzed. A comprehensive degradation analysis is further conducted after the aging test by virtue of the x-ray inspection system, scanning acoustic microscope, scanning electron microscope, emission microscope, etc. Experimental results reveal that both the degradation of the gate oxide on the chip-level and the degradation of the bond wire and solder layer on the package-level have emerged over the cyclic stress. Specifically, growths of threshold voltage (V
th) and gate leakage current (I
gss) are thought to be relevant with the degradation of gate oxide by SiC/SiO2 interface states trapping/de-trapping electrons on the chip-level, while the appearance of fatigue in the bond wire and the delamination of the solder layer imply the degradation on the package-level. This work may provide some practical guidelines for assessments of the reliability of SiC power MOSFETs in power conversion systems.
Revisiting the theory of positive glow corona with a comprehensive kinetic scheme
Authors: Xiao Mian , Liu Lipeng , He Hengxin , Luo Bin , Che Junru , He Junjia
Published: November 2021

The theory of positive glow corona is revisited by performing a detailed simulation based on the fluid model with a comprehensive kinetic scheme (CKS). The kinetic scheme includes 28 species, 127 chemical reactions for N2/O2 mixture. The simulation results are compared with that from an averaged kinetic scheme (AKS) which considers only five species and seven reactions. The two models give similar predictions in terms of discharge current. However, several differences in details of the results bring new physical insights to the theory of positive glow corona. It is shown that, the model with the AKS underestimates the detachment effect that plays an important role in positive glow corona discharge. Moreover, the wave-front of the current pulse calculated by the model with the CKS has a smaller steepness, a lower peak-to-peak value, and a longer rise time. These results are in better agreement with the experimental measurement reported in the literature. It is also found that the positive space charge of glow corona is dominated by O2
+ in the ionization layer and by O4
+ in the drift region far away from the anode. Negative ions are produced in the ionization layer close to the anode and the main species are O− and O3
−.
Tunable and enhanced performance of graphene-assisted plasmonic sensor with photonic spin Hall effect in near infrared: analysis founded on graphene’s chemical potential and components of light polarization
Authors: Prajapati Yogendra Kumar , Maurya J B , Sharma Anuj K
Published: November 2021

In this work, we propose a graphene-assisted plasmonic structure with photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) for sensing applications in near infrared with an emphasis on tunable and spin control aspects leading to enhanced performance. We comprehensively investigate PSHE in view of variable chemical doping of graphene monolayer in the structure and manipulation of the spin dependent splitting by considering single and cross polarization states. There is observed a considerable variation in spin shift due to increase in chemical potential or Pauli blocking, which fundamentally controls the light absorption by graphene. Our simulation results reveal that the amplified spin dependent shift (SDS) is 1.13 × 104 times higher than the conventional SDS at 0.436 eV of graphene chemical potential. Further, this structure is utilised for sensing application, and it is observed that graphene-assisted plasmonic based structure possesses significantly greater spin dependent sensitivity (5.53 times), figure of merit (8.56 × 105 times), and extremely finer limit of detection (by a factor of 18.10) are achieved compared to the structure without graphene. The results indicate that choosing the proposed graphene-assisted plasmonic structure with variable chemical potential and light polarization components, an extremely enhanced sensing performance can be achieved. The results are consistent with the physical rationale and are particularly important for potential biosensing applications.
Neural network potential for Zr–Rh system by machine learning
Authors: Xie Kun , Qiao Chong , Shen Hong , Yang Riyi , Xu Ming , Zhang Chao , Zheng Yuxiang , Zhang Rongjun , Chen Liangyao , Ho Kai-Ming , Wang Cai-Zhuang , Wang Songyou
Published: November 2021

Zr–Rh metallic glass has enabled its many applications in vehicle parts, sports equipment and so on due to its outstanding performance in mechanical property, but the knowledge of the microstructure determining the superb mechanical property remains yet insufficient. Here, we develop a deep neural network potential of Zr–Rh system by using machine learning, which breaks the dilemma between the accuracy and efficiency in molecular dynamics simulations, and greatly improves the simulation scale in both space and time. The results show that the structural features obtained from the neural network method are in good agreement with the cases in ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, we build a large model of 5400 atoms to explore the influences of simulated size and cooling rate on the melt-quenching process of Zr77Rh23. Our study lays a foundation for exploring the complex structures in amorphous Zr77Rh23, which is of great significance for the design and practical application.
In-motion initial alignment method for a laser Doppler velocimeter-aided strapdown inertial navigation system based on an adaptive unscented quaternion H-infinite filter
Authors: Xiang Zhiyi , Wang Qi , Huang Rong , Xi Chongbin , Nie Xiaoming , Zhou Jian
Published: November 2021

With its advantages of high velocity measurement accuracy and fast dynamic response, the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDVs) is expected to replace the odometer (OD) in combination with a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) to give a higher-precision integrated navigation system. Since a LDV has higher velocity measurement accuracy and data update frequency than an OD and Doppler velocity log, a LDV is used for the first time in this paper to aid a SINS in in-motion alignment. Considering that some approximation is used in the alignment model, the uncertainty noise of the sensors during the motion process and the unknown noise parameters during the filter process, an adaptive unscented quaternion H-infinite estimator (AUSQUHE) is proposed. The proposed AUSQUHE method has high robustness since it combines the advantages of an unscented quaternion estimator and H-infinite filter. The adaptive threshold of the H-infinite filter and the adaptive measurement noise covariance matrix are introduced to make the filter adapt to the changing environment and accelerate the convergence of errors. The performance of the proposed method is verified by a vehicle field test with a normal LDV signal and a vehicle test with the LDV signal disturbed by noise. The results show that the proposed method has higher alignment accuracy, faster convergence speed and stronger robustness than the four other compared methods.