bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organization of the keeping of interned servicemen of the Czechoslovak Legion in the Suzdal camp of the NKVD of the USSR (1940–1941)
Authors:   VLI of the FPS of Russia, ERIN DMITRY A. , RUBTSOV DMITRY I. ,   VLI of the FPS of Russia, FILIMONOV IVAN A. ,   Vladivostok Branch of the Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Published: July 2021

The presented article, based on an analysis of yet unpublished documents contained in the archives of the Information Center of the MIA of Russia Administration for the Vladimir Region, reveals some aspects of organizing the keeping of interned servicemen of the Czechoslovak Legion in the Suzdal camp of the NKVD of the USSR in the period from the summer of 1940 to September 1941. The article explores legal relations related to the organization, legal confirmation and practice of keeping interned servicemen, as well as the norms of domestic legislation, law enforcement practice and archival data on the problem under study. The purpose of the study is to identify and characterize the main issues of organizing the keeping the category of foreign citizens under study in the Suzdal camp of the NKVD of the USSR during the above-indicated period. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the dialectical method, analysis, synthesis, induction, system-structural, formal-logical methods, as well as the method of historical-legal analysis and formal-legal method. As a result of the work carried out, the prerequisites for the formation of a specialized structural unit in the NKVD system of the USSR were analyzed, the main task of which was the keeping of prisoners of war and internees, the structure of management of the Suzdal camp was also described. The main normative legal acts establishing the procedure for keeping prisoners of war and internees in the camps of the NKVD of the USSR are defined and characterized. The article reveals issues of implementation of internal regulations and disciplinary practice in relation to interned servicemen of the Czechoslovak Legion, as well as some features of their involvement in labor. Conclusions were made about the special status of the Czechoslovak Legion, which was separated from the prisoners of war, and the internees were provided with different conditions and a relatively favorable regime was created, respectively, the organization of the stay in the Suzdal camp of the NKVD of the USSR for such a category of persons in specific historical conditions met the requirements of international law. Keywords: internees, the Czechoslovak Legion, the Department for Prisoners of War, Department for Prisoners of War and Internees of the NKVD of the USSR, the Suzdal camp of the NKVD of the USSR, the organization of the keeping.
National Power After AI
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Daniels Matthew , Chang Ben
Published: July 2021

AI technologies will likely alter great power competitions in foundational ways, changing both how nations create power and their motives for wielding it against one another. This paper is a first step toward thinking more expansively about AI & national power and seeking pragmatic insights for long-term U.S. competition with authoritarian governments.
CHARLES HADDON SPURGEON: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM HIM FOR TODAY?
Authors: McGowan Andrew
Published: July 2021

In this article, the author gives an account of the life and theology of C.H. Spurgeon (1834-1892), the famous Reformed Baptist Minister, who preached in London in the second half of the nineteenth century.  The account demonstrates that Spurgeon was not only the most renowned preacher of his day, most of whose sermons were published and are still read widely today but also an author who published many volumes.  In addition to his work as preacher and writer, Spurgeon built children’s orphanages, started a theological college and assisted in many noble causes.  As part of this benevolent work, his church contributed large sums to support poor relief.

Having told Spurgeon’s story, the article then indicates six areas of Spurgeon’s life and ministry which are helpful for us today: his Passion for Souls; his Devotion to Prayer and Study; His attitude to the Bible & Expository Ministry; his Pastoral Ministry; His Practical Christianity; and His refusal to compromise on the truth of the gospel.

KEYWORDS: Spurgeon, ministry, preach, Bible
TWO HERMENEUTICAL TENSIONS IN EVANGELICAL FEMINISM
Authors: Poythress Vern S.
Published: July 2021

This article shows that there are at least two key hermeneutical tensions in evangelical feminist interpretation of the Bible. The first hermeneutical tension concern the issue of readers' prejudices. Feminists remind us that readers are always disposed to read texts against the background of their own expectations, customs, and world views. And the second hermeneutical tension, namely the tension over the nature of the actual practices of the first century church. Evangelical feminists have tended to give different answers depending on the passage that they are interpreting. In sum, feminism in its hermeneutical principles alerts us to the role of reader prejudice and social background in understanding texts.

KEYWORDS: Hermeneutic, feminist, prejudice, Christian
Quantifying the structural uncertainty of the aerosol mixing state representation in a modal model
Authors: Zheng Zhonghua , West Matthew , Zhao Lei , Ma Po-Lun , Liu Xiaohong , Riemer Nicole
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Aerosol mixing state is an important emergent property that affects aerosol radiative forcing and aerosol-cloud interactions, but it has not been easy to constrain this property globally. This study aims to verify the global distribution of aerosol mixing state represented by modal models. To quantify the aerosol mixing state, we used the aerosol mixing state indices for submicron aerosol based on the mixing of optically absorbing and non-absorbing species (χo), the mixing of primary carbonaceous and non-primary carbonaceous species (χc), and the mixing of hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic species (χh). To achieve a spatiotemporal comparison, we calculated the mixing state indices using output from the Community Earth System Model with the modal MAM4 aerosol module, and compared the results with the mixing state indices from a benchmark machine-learned model trained on high-detail particle-resolved simulations from the particle-resolved stochastic aerosol model PartMC-MOSAIC. The two methods yielded very different spatial patterns of the mixing state indices. In some regions, the yearly-averaged χ value computed by the MAM4 model differed by up to 70 percentage points from the benchmark values. These errors tended to be zonally structured, with the MAM4 model predicting a more internally mixed aerosol at low latitudes, and a more externally mixed aerosol at high latitudes, compared to the benchmark. Our study quantifies potential model bias in simulating mixing state in different regions, and provides insights into potential improvements to model process representation for a more realistic simulation of aerosols.
Convection-Aerosol Interactions in the United Arab Emirates: A Sensitivity Study
Authors: Fonseca Ricardo , Francis Diana , Weston Michael , Nelli Narendra , Farah Sufian , Wehbe Youssef , AlHosari Taha , Teixido Oriol , Mohamed Ruqaya
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate convection-aerosol interactions in the United Arab Emirates for a summertime convective event. Both an idealised and scaled versions of a 7-year climatological aerosol distribution are considered. The convection on 14 August 2013 was triggered by the low-level convergence of the circulation associated with the Arabian Heat Low (AHL) and the daytime sea-breeze circulation. The cold pools associated with the convective events, as well as the low-level wind convergence along the Intertropical Discontinuity (ITD) earlier in the day, explain the dustier environment, with Aerosol Optical Depths (AODs) in excess of two. Due to a colder surface and air temperature, the AHL is incorrectly represented in WRF, which leads to a mismatch between the observed and modelled clouds and precipitation. Employing interior nudging in the outermost grids of the three-nested simulation has a small but positive impact on the model predictions of the innermost nest. This is because the higher temperatures from more accurate boundary conditions are offset by colder temperatures from locally enhanced precipitation, the latter arising from a shift in the position of the AHL. Numerical experiments revealed a high sensitivity to the aerosol properties. In particular, replacing 20 % of the rural aerosols by carbonaceous particles has an impact on the surface radiative fluxes comparable to increasing the aerosol loading by a factor of 10, with a daily-averaged reduction in the UAE-averaged net shortwave radiation flux of ~90 W m−2 and an increase in the net longwave radiation flux of ~51 W m−2. However, in the former, WRF generates 20 % more precipitation than in the latter, due to a broader and weaker AHL. The surface downward and upward shortwave and upward longwave radiation fluxes are found to scale linearly with the aerosol loading, while the downward longwave radiation flux varies by less than ±12 W m−2 when the aerosol amount and/or properties are changed. An increase in the aerosol loading also leads to drier conditions due to a shift in the position of the AHL and rainfall occurring in a drier region, with a domain-wise decrease in the daily accumulated rainfall of 16 % when the aerosol loading is increased by a factor of 10. In addition, the onset of convection is also delayed.
Effects of enhanced downwelling of NOx on Antarctic upper-stratospheric ozone in the 21st century
Authors: Maliniemi Ville , Nesse Tyssøy Hilde , Smith-Johnsen Christine , Arsenovic Pavle , Marsh Daniel R.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Ozone is expected to fully recover from the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) era by the end of the 21st century. Furthermore, because of anthropogenic climate change, a cooler stratosphere decelerates ozone loss reactions and is projected to lead to a super recovery of ozone. We investigate the ozone distribution over the 21st century with four different future scenarios using simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). At the end of the 21st century, the equatorial upper stratosphere has roughly 0.5 to 1.0 ppm more ozone in the scenario with the highest greenhouse gas emissions compared to the conservative scenario. Polar ozone levels exceed those in the pre-CFC era in scenarios that have the highest greenhouse gas emissions. This is true in the Arctic stratosphere and the Antarctic lower stratosphere. The Antarctic upper stratosphere is an exception, where different scenarios all have similar levels of ozone during winter, which do not exceed pre-CFC levels. Our results show that this is due to excess nitrogen oxides (NOx) descending faster from above in the stronger scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions. NOx in the polar thermosphere and upper mesosphere is mainly produced by energetic electron precipitation (EEP) and partly by solar UV via transport from low latitudes. Our results indicate that the thermospheric/upper mesospheric NOx will be important factor for the future Antarctic ozone evolution and could potentially prevent a super recovery of ozone in the upper stratosphere.
Ice nucleation on surrogates of boreal forest SOA particles: effect of water content and oxidative age
Authors: Piedehierro Ana A. , Welti André , Buchholz Angela , Korhonen Kimmo , Pullinen Iida , Summanen Ilkka , Virtanen Annele , Laaksonen Ari
Published: July 2021

Abstract. We investigate the effect of water content and oxidative age on ice nucleation using 100 nm monodisperse particles of boreal forest secondary organic aerosol (SOA) surrogates. Ice nucleation experiments are conducted in the temperature range between 210 and 240 K and from ice to water saturation using the Spectrometer for Ice Nuclei (SPIN). The effect of the particle water content on the ice nucleation process is tested by preconditioning α-pinene SOA at different humidities (40 %, 10 % and <1 % RHW). The influence of the particle oxidative age is tested by varying their O:C ratio (oxygen-to-carbon ratio, O:C ∼0.45, 0.8, 1.1). To assess the suitability of α-pinene as a model compound to study the ice nucleation properties of boreal forest SOA and to confirm the atmospheric relevance of our findings, we compare them to measurements of SOA using pine-needle oil or Scots pine tree emissions as precursors. The ice nucleation measurements show that surrogates of boreal forest SOA particles promote only homogeneous ice formation. An effect of preconditioning humidity on homogeneous ice nucleation could be observed. Contrary to the expected behavior, homogeneous freezing is suppressed for SOA particles with high water content (preconditioned at 40 % RHW) and was only observed for SOA preconditioned at low RHW (≤10 %). No dependence of homogeneous freezing on the SOA oxidative age was observed. The results can be explained by a significant change of particulate water diffusivity as a function of humidity (from 10 % to 40 % RHW) at 293 K, where the aerosol is preconditioned. The measurements suggest that at low temperatures, water diffusion into dry SOA particles is slow enough to form a core-shell morphology. The liquid outer layer can equilibrate within the timescale of the experiment and freeze homogeneously. On SOA particles with higher water content, water diffuses faster into the particle, delaying equilibration at the particle surface and preventing the formation of a diluted shell, which can delay homogeneous freezing. We propose that the partial water vapor pressure to which the particles are exposed prior to an experiment can serve as an indicator of whether a core-shell structure is developing.
Meteor radar observations of polar mesospheric summer echoes over Svalbard
Authors: Younger Joel P. , Reid Iain M. , Adami Chris L. , Hall Chris M. , Tsutsumi Masaki
Published: July 2021

Abstract. A 31 MHz meteor radar located in Svalbard was used to observe
polar mesospheric echoes (PMSEs) during summer 2020. Data from 19 July were
selected for detailed analysis, with a focus on extracting additional
information to characterize the atmosphere in the PMSE region. The use of an
all-sky meteor radar adds an additional use to data collected for meteor
observations and enables the detection of PMSE layers across a wide field of
view. Comparison with data from a 53.5 MHz narrow-beam mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar shows
good agreement in the morphology of the layer as detected between the two
systems. Doppler spectra of PMSE layers reveal fine structure, including
regions of enhanced return that move across the radar's field of view. Examination of the
relationship between range and Doppler shift of off-zenith portions of the
layer enables the estimation of wind speeds with high temporal resolution
during PMSE conditions. Trials demonstrate good agreement between wind speeds
obtained from PMSE Doppler spectra and those calculated from specular meteor
trail radial velocities. Combined with the antenna polar diagram of the radar,
this same relationship was used to infer the aspect sensitivity of observed
PMSE backscatter, yielding a mean backscatter angular width of 6.8±3.3∘. A comparison of underdense meteor radar echo decay times
during and outside of PMSE conditions did not demonstrate a strong correlation
between the presence of PMSEs and shortened underdense meteor radar echo
durations.
Seasonal cycling of zinc and cobalt in the south-eastern Atlantic along the GEOTRACES GA10 section
Authors: Wyatt Neil J. , Milne Angela , Achterberg Eric P. , Browning Thomas J. , Bouman Heather A. , Woodward E. Malcolm S. , Lohan Maeve C.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. We report the distributions and stoichiometry of dissolved zinc (dZn) and
cobalt (dCo) in sub-tropical and sub-Antarctic waters of the south-eastern
Atlantic Ocean during austral spring 2010 and summer 2011/2012. In
sub-tropical surface waters, mixed-layer dZn and dCo concentrations during
early spring were 1.60 ± 2.58 nM and 30 ± 11 pM, respectively,
compared with summer values of 0.14 ± 0.08 nM and 24 ± 6 pM. The
elevated spring dZn concentrations resulted from an apparent offshore
transport of elevated dZn at depths between 20–55 m, derived from
the Agulhas Bank. In contrast, open-ocean sub-Antarctic surface waters
displayed largely consistent inter-seasonal mixed-layer dZn and dCo
concentrations of 0.10 ± 0.07 nM and 11 ± 5 pM, respectively.
Trace metal stoichiometry, calculated from concentration inventories,
suggests a greater overall removal for dZn relative to dCo in the upper water
column of the south-eastern Atlantic, with inter-seasonally decreasing dZn / dCo
inventory ratios of 19–5 and 13–7 mol mol−1 for
sub-tropical surface water and sub-Antarctic surface water, respectively. In
this paper, we investigate how the seasonal influences of external input and
phytoplankton succession may relate to the distribution of dZn and dCo and
variation in dZn / dCo stoichiometry across these two distinct ecological
regimes in the south-eastern Atlantic.
Large Scale Volcanism: an explanation for the heat-death of Venus like worlds
Authors: Way Michael , Ernst Richard , Scargle Jeffrey
Published: July 2021

Large scale volcanism has played a critical role in the long-term habitability of Earth and possibly Venus.  We examine the timing of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) through Earth’s history [1] to estimate the likelihood of nearly simultaneous events that could drive a planet into an extreme moist or runaway greenhouse, quenching subductive plate tectonics. Such events would end volatile cycling and may have caused the heat-death of Venus. Using the Earth's LIP record a conservative estimate of the rate of LIPs in a random history statistically the same as Earth’s, pairs and triplets of LIPs closer in time than 0.1-1 Myrs are likely. This simultaneity threshold is significant to the extent that it is less than the time over which environmental effects have been shown to persist, for example in the Siberian Traps record [2,3].[1] Ernst, R.E. et al. (2021). Large Igneous Province Record Through Time and Implications for Secular Environmental Changes and Geological Time-Scale Boundaries. In: Ernst, R.E., Dickson, A.J., Bekker, A. (eds.) Large Igneous Provinces: A Driver of Global Environmental and Biotic Changes. AGU Geophysical Monograph 255 (pp. 3-26).[2] Burgess, S.D. et al. (2014). High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111:3316–3321 [correction 2014, 111: 5050]. [3] Burgess, S.D. & Bowring, S.A. (2015). High-precision geochronology confirms voluminous magmatism before, during and after Earth's most severe extinction. Sci. Adv. 1 (7), e1500470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500470.
Venus’s induced magnetosphere during active solar wind conditionsat BepiColombo’s Venus 1 flyby
Authors: Volwerk Martin ,   the Bepi Venus 1 MAG Team
Published: July 2021

Out of the two Venus flybys that BepiColombo uses as a gravity assist manoeuvre to finally arrive at Mercury, the first took place on 15 October 2020. After passing the bow shock, the spacecraft travelled along the induced magnetotail, crossing it mainly in the YVSO-direction. We discuss the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter Magnetometer (MPOMAG)data, with support from three other plasma instruments: the Planetary Ion Camera (PICAM), the MercuryElectron Analyser (MEA) and the radiation monitor (BERM). Behind the bow shock crossing, the magnetic field showed adraping pattern consistent with field lines connected to the interplanetary magnetic field wrapping around the planet. This flyby showed a highly active magnetotail, with, e.g., strong flapping motions at a period of ~7 min. This activity was driven by solar wind conditions. Just before this flyby, Venus’s induced magnetosphere was impacted by a stealth coronal mass ejection, of which the trailing side was still interacting with it during the flyby. This flyby is a unique opportunity to study the full length and structure of the induced magnetotail of Venus, indicating that the tail was most likely still present at about 48 Venus radii. This presentation will take place after the second Venus flyby by Solar Orbiter and BepiColombo and Solar Orbiter on 9 and 10 August, respectively.
A successful example of citizen science within the PRISMA network applied to the 15th March 2021 bolide over Italy
Authors: Gardiol Daniele , Cuppone Tiberio , Ascione Giovanni , Barghini Dario , Carbognani Albino , Di Martino Mario , Di Carlo Matteo , Ianniello Francesco , Pratesi Giovanni , Riva Walter , Rubino Elia , Russo Pasquale , Stirpe Giovanna , Valeri Diego , Volpicelli C.Antonio ,   the PRISMA collaboration
Published: July 2021

PRISMA is the italian fireball network dedicated to observation of bright meteors and recovery of freshly fallen meteorites. Since the very beginning of the project, we experienced an increasing enthusiastic participation of non-professionals, starting from amateur astronomers and reaching an ever wider audience among citizens. Nowadays PRISMA has become an established italian stakeholder in the field of meteors and meteorites, being the reference for visual warnings, video recording of fireballs and report of suspect meteorite finds.In this contribution we will describe our experience on this topic and the methodologies we have developed to capitalize such potential, by actively training and involving citizens in activities focused on meteorite/meteorwrong identification and organized on-field search campaigns. We will show an application to the real case of the 15th march 2021 meteorite-dropping bolide in sourthern Italy, near the city of Isernia.
SPHERE+, Imaging young planets down to the snow line
Authors: Boccaletti Anthony ,   SPHERE+ consortium
Published: July 2021

SPHERE, the high contrast imaging facility at the VLT has contributed significantly to the exploration of planetary systems, by revealing many details in proto-planetary and debris disks, by measuring the atmospheric properties of young giant planets and by deriving constraints on the giant planet population in long orbital periods. Such achievements allow us to provide a better understanding of planetary formation and evolution. The versatility of SPHERE also enables various secondary and sometimes unexpected science cases owing to a large spectral coverage from the visible to the near IR, and the availability of several observing modes as imaging, spectroscopy and polarimetry. Yet the access to the region where planets are expected to form, is not complete and still represents a challenge. To overcome this limitation larger contrasts at shorter separations are definitely required. The SPHERE+ concept precisely aims to provide the capabilities to primarily access the bulk of the young giant planet population down to the snowline  in order to bridge the gap with complementary techniques. As a second objective, SPHERE+ should be able to observe an increased sample of targets, fainter and redder than those observed in the first survey. Finally, SPHERE+ will provide a higher level of characterization of planet’s atmospheres. To achieve these goals, SPHERE should be upgraded with a faster Adaptive Optics system to reach  high contrasts at closer angular separations, together with a more sensitive wavefront sensor in the infrared to observe redder targets. Medium and high spectral resolution in the near infrared will be brought by a dedicated IFU spectrograph or taking advantage of the HiRISE project to combined SPHERE and CRIRES+. We will present the science cases and the technical solutions that are foreseen to reach the appropriate performances, and provide potential ways for such an upgrade.  
The outbursts of comet 29P/SW-1 and C/2020 R4 (ATLAS)
Authors: Lin Zhong-Yi , Kelly Michael S. P. , Ip Huen-Wing
Published: July 2021

We present an analysis of the dynamic dust coma of Centaur 29P/Schewassmann-Wachmann 1 and long-period comet C/2020 R4 (Atlas). Comet P/SW1 has exhibited a considerable level of activity (so-called outbursts) since its discovery in 1925. In 2011, we found the morphology of comet P/SW 1 showed dust features in the form of jets, spirals and shells. This year, we have obtained multi-wavelength observations of 29P/SW 1's dust coma at Lulin observatory and we will present preliminary results including the morphological analysis and the colour (B-V, V-R, and R-I) investigation of the dust coma when comet is at quiet and active period.At least three outbursts found within two weeks from comet Atlas is unusual for long-period comet. However, we didn’t find any new jet features and fragments from the morphology of comet Atlas. Except for the color investigation during the outburst, we will also give the dust/gas production rates in the comparison between pre- and post-outbursts.
In-Situ Multi-Spacecraft and Remote Imaging Observations of the First CME Detected by Solar Orbiter and BepiColombo
Authors: Davies Emma , Möstl Christian , Owens Matthew , Weiss Andreas , Amerstorfer Tanja , Hinterreiter Jürgen , Bauer Maike , Bailey Rachel , Reiss Martin , Forsyth Robert , Horbury Timothy , O'Brien Helen , Evans Vincent , Angelini Virginia , Heyner Daniel , Richter Ingo , Auster Hans-Ulrich , Magnes Werner , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Fischer David ,   RAL Space STEREO HI Team
Published: July 2021

On April 19th 2020 a CME was detected by Solar Orbiter at a heliocentric distance of 0.8 AU and was also observed in-situ on April 20th by both Wind and BepiColombo. During this time, BepiColombo had just completed a flyby of the Earth and therefore the longitudinal separation between BepiColombo and Wind was just 1.4°. The total longitudinal separation of Solar Orbiter and both spacecraft near the Earth was less than 5°, providing an excellent opportunity for a radial alignment study of the CME. We use the in-situ observations of the magnetic field at Solar Orbiter with those at Wind and BepiColombo to analyse the large-scale properties of the CME and compare results to those predicted using remote observations at STEREO-A, providing a global picture of the CME as it propagated from the Sun to 1 AU.
Observability of Exo-Atmospheres in emission using Ariel
Authors: Bocchieri Andrea , Pascale Enzo , Mugnai Lorenzo , Changeat Quentin , Tinetti Giovanna
Published: July 2021

Ariel, the Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey, is a medium-class space mission part of ESA's Cosmic Vision program, due for launch in 2029. Ariel is the first mission dedicated to the spectroscopic observation of a diverse, statistical sample of about 1000 transiting exoplanets, obtaining spectra in transit, eclipse, or both, to answer questions about their composition, formation and evolution. Ariel has adopted a four-tiered approach in which all targets are observed with different SNRs to optimise the science return from the mission. Ariel has two separate instruments (FGS and AIRS) that will perform simultaneous observations across the 0.5-7.8 micron spectral range, which encompasses both the peak emission of exoplanets and the spectral signatures of key molecules. This will enable Ariel to collect statistical information on the composition and the thermal structure of exo-atmospheres, allowing it to reveal underlying trends in exoplanetary populations. In particular, transit spectroscopy is expected to provide the bulk of information on the chemical composition of exo-atmospheres, while eclipses are necessary to constrain their thermodynamic state. In this framework, I report a preliminary study of Ariel targets observed in emission: at first, I investigate the information content from Tier 1 data, where spectra from the full population of Ariel targets are observed with low SNR, and binned as if Ariel were a multi-band photometer to increase the SNR. I then investigate the effectiveness of Ariel in detecting chemical-physical trends in exoplanetary populations observed in Tier 2, designed to reach SNR in excess of 7 on spectra binned to roughly half the spectral resolution of the focal planes, as specified by the mission requirements.
A Systematic Characterization of the HR8799 System with GRAVITY
Authors: Nasedkin Evert , Molliere Paul ,   ExoGRAVITY
Published: July 2021

The four planets of the HR8799 system provide a benchmark for directly imaged exoplanets. As these planets share a formation history, variations between the planet’s atmospheric properties - likely tracing their individual formation pathways - could provide insight into the details of the process of planet formation. In order explore these atmospheres and their evolution, we use new data obtained with the GRAVITY instrument at the VLTI as part of the ExoGRAVITY campaign, combined with data from SPHERE, GPI, CHARIS, ALES and OSIRIS in order to provide the best picture of the planetary atmospheres across a broad wavelength range. Using petitRADTRANS in a Bayesian retrieval framework, we compare a suite of state-of-the-art models applied to each of the targets in order to measure atmospheric properties such as metallicity, molecular abundances, and the C/O ratio, which is a well known tracer of the formation history. In this talk I will describe the data processing and modelling efforts which allow us to peer into the atmospheres of the HR8799 planets, and will outline the steps needed to tie the newly retrieved planetary properties to the formation history of the system.
The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool: A digital tool to increase the discoverability and usability of plankton time-series data
Authors: Ostle Clare , Paxman Kevin , Graves Carolyn A. , Arnold Mathew , Artigas Felipe , Atkinson Angus , Aubert Anais , Baptie Malcolm , Bear Beth , Bedford Jacob , Best Michael , Bresnan Eileen , Brittain Rachel , Broughton Derek , Budria Alexandre , Cook Kathryn , Devlin Michelle , Graham George , Halliday Nick , Helaouet Pierre , Johansen Marie , Johns David G. , Lear Dan , Machairopoulou Margarita , McKinney April , Mellor Adam , Milligan Alex , Pitois Sophie , Rombouts Isabelle , Scherer Cordula , Tett Paul , Widdicombe Claire , McQuattors-Gollop Abigail
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Plankton form the base of the marine food web and are sensitive indicators of environmental change. Plankton time-series are therefore an essential part of monitoring progress towards global biodiversity goals, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Targets, and for informing ecosystem-based policy, such as the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Multiple plankton monitoring programmes exist in Europe, but differences in sampling and analysis methods prevent the integration of their data, constraining their utility over large spatio-temporal scales. The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool brings together disparate European plankton datasets into a central database from which it extracts abundance time-series of plankton functional groups, called ‘lifeforms’, according to shared biological traits. This tool has been designed to make complex plankton datasets accessible and meaningful for policy, public interest, and scientificdiscovery. It allows examination of large-scale shifts in lifeform abundance or distribution (for example, holoplankton being partially replaced by meroplankton), providing clues to how the marine environment is changing. The lifeform method enables datasets with different plankton sampling and taxonomic analysis methodologies to be used together to provide insights into the response to multiple stressors and robust policy evidence for decision making. Lifeform time-series generated with the Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool currently inform plankton and food web indicators for the UK’s Marine Strategy, the EU’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and for the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North- East Atlantic (OSPAR) biodiversity assessments. The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool currently integrates 155,000 samples, containing over 44 million plankton records, from 9 different plankton datasets within UK and European Seas, collected between 1924 and 2017. Additional datasets can be added, and time-series updated. The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool is hosted by The Archive for Marine Species and Habitats Data (DASSH) at https://www.dassh.ac.uk/lifeforms/. The lifeform outputs are linked to specific, doi-ed, versions of the Plankton Lifeform Traits Master List and each underlying dataset.
Global soil NO emissions for Atmospheric Chemical Transport Modelling: CAMS-GLOB-SOIL v2.2
Authors: Simpson David , Darras Sabine
Published: July 2021

Abstract. We present a dataset of global soil NO emissions comprising gridded monthly data and the corresponding 3-hourly weight factors, suitable for atmospheric chemistry modelling. Data are provided globally at 0.5° × 0.5° degrees horizontal resolution, and with monthly time resolution over the period 2000–2018. Emissions are provided as total values and also with separate data for soil NO emissions from background biome values, and those induced by fertilizers/manure, pulsing effects, and atmospheric deposition, so that users can include, exclude or modify each component if wanted. This paper presents the emission algorithms and their data-sources, some comments on the availability of soil NO emissions in other inventories (and how to avoid double-counting), and finally some preliminary modelling results and comparison with observed data. This dataset was constructed as part of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), with the dataset referred to as CAMS-GLOB-SOIL v2.2. These data are available through the Copernicus Atmosphere Data Store (ADS) system, (https://doi.org/10.24380/kz2r-fe18, last access June 2021, Simpson 2021a) or through the Emissions of atmospheric Compounds and Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD) system (https://eccad.aeris-data.fr/, last access June 2021). For review purposes, ECCAD has set up an anonymous repository where a subset of the CAMS-GLOB-SOIL v2.2 data can be accessed directly (https://eccad.aeris-data.fr/essd-surf-emis-cams-soil/, Last access July 2021, Simpson 2021b).
Morphodynamic styles: characterising the behaviour of gravel-bed rivers using a novel, quantitative index
Authors: Booker William H. , Eaton Brett C.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The assessment of channels widely focusses on using channel form to identify channel character, but fail to capture the more nuanced variations of morphodynamics without the analysis of process. This paper presents a method using an index of channel behaviour, the throughput ratio (ζ), which is calculated from morphologic change and sediment transport, and explores the viability of inferring process from channel form to act as an indicator of channel behaviour. Two experiments using the same initial width, slope, discharge and grain size were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in representing different morphodynamics. In one experiment the channel was allowed to laterally deform, whilst the other had unerodible elements placed at its boundaries. As a result the experiment with mobile banks widened and reduced sediment transport to zero, whereas the fixed bank experiment— unable to decrease its shear stress— continued to output material. In both, the rate of morphologic change tended to zero despite their marked differences in sediment transport over time. The differences in evolution are due to the differences in process available to each channel despite a starting similarity in bed mobility and their gross similarity in a meandering planform. The throughput ratio allows new representations of the temporal and spatial patterns of the morphodynamics, providing additional measures with which to analyse the processes acting in river channels.
CLIMFILL: A Framework for Intelligently Gap-filling Earth Observations
Authors: Bessenbacher Verena , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Gudmundsson Lukas
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Earth observations have many missing values. Their abundance and often complex patterns can be a barrier for combining different observational datasets and may cause biased estimates. To overcome this, missing values in geoscientific data are regularly infilled with estimates through univariate gap-filling techniques such as spatio-temporal interpolation. However, these mostly ignore valuable information that may be present in other dependent observed variables. Here we propose CLIMFILL, a multivariate gap-filling procedure that builds up upon simple interpolation by additionally applying a statistical imputation method that is designed to account for dependence across variables. In contrast to popular up-scaling approaches, CLIMFILL does not need a gap-free gridded "donor" variable for gap-filling. CLIMFILL is tested using gap-free ERA5 re-analysis data of ground temperature, surface layer soil moisture, precipitation, and terrestrial water storage to represent central interactions between soil moisture and climate. These observations were matched with corresponding remote sensing observations and masked where the observations have missing values. CLIMFILL successfully recovers the dependence structure among the variables across all land cover types and altitudes, thereby enabling subsequent mechanistic interpretations. Soil moisture-temperature feedback, which is underestimated in high latitude regions due to sparse satellite coverage, is adequately represented in the multivariate gap-filling. Univariate performance metrics such as correlation and bias are improved compared to spatiotemporal interpolation gap-fill for a wide range of missing values and missingness patterns. Especially estimates for surface layer soil moisture profit taking into account the multivariate dependence structure of the data. The framework al- lows tailoring the gap-filling process to different environmental conditions, domains, or specific use cases and hence can be used as a flexible tool for gap-filling a large range of remote sensing and in situ observations commonly used in climate and environmental research.
Modeling perennial bioenergy crops in the E3SM land model
Authors: Sinha Eva , Calvin Kate , Bond-Lamberty Ben , Drewniak Beth , Ricciuto Dan , Sargsyan Khachik , Cheng Yanyan , Bernacchi Carl , Moore Caitlin
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Perennial bioenergy crops are increasingly important for the production of ethanol and other renewable fuels, and as part of an agricultural system that alters the climate through its impact on biogeophysical and biogeochemical properties of the terrestrial ecosystem. The Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Land Model (ELM) does not represent perennial bioenergy crops, however. In this study, we expand ELM’s crop model to include perennial bioenergy crops whose production increases in modeled socioeconomic pathways owing to their potential for mitigating climate change. We focus on high-productivity miscanthus and switchgrass, estimating various parameters associated with their different growth stages and performing a global sensitivity analysis to identify and optimize these parameters. The sensitivity analysis identifies eight parameters associated with phenology, carbon/nitrogen allocation, and photosynthetic capacity as the most sensitive parameters for carbon and energy fluxes. We calibrated the model against observations collected at the University of Illinois Energy Farm for carbon and energy fluxes, and found that the model closely captures the observed seasonality and the magnitude of carbon fluxes. The model accurately represents the seasonality of energy fluxes, but their magnitude is not well captured. This work provides a foundation for future analyses of the interactions between perennial bioenergy crops and carbon, water, and energy dynamics in the larger earth system and can also be used for studying the impact of future biofuel expansion on climate and terrestrial systems.
Groundwater fluctuations during a debris flow event in western Norway – triggered by rain and snowmelt
Authors: Bondevik Stein , Sorteberg Asgeir
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Pore pressure is crucial in triggering debris slides and
flows. Here we present measurements of groundwater pore pressure and
temperature recorded by a piezometer 1.6 m below the surface on a slope
susceptible to debris flows in western Norway. One of the largest
oscillations in data collected over 4 years coincided with a debris flow
event on the slope that occurred during storm Hilde on 15–16 November 2013.
More than 100 landslides were registered during the storm. Precipitation
totaled about 80–100 mm in 24 h, locally up to 129 mm, and an
additional trigger factor for the landslides was a rapid rise in air
temperature that caused snowmelt. In the studied slope a fraction of the
precipitation first fell as snow. On 15 November, the groundwater level in
the hillslope rose by 10 cm/h and reached 44 cm below the surface. At
the same time, air temperature rose from 0 ∘C to over 8 ∘C, and the groundwater temperature dropped by 1.5 ∘C.
The debris flow probably occurred late in the evening of 15 November, when
the groundwater level reached its peak. Measurements of the groundwater in
the hillslope in the period 2010–2013 show that the event in 2013 was not
exceptional. Storm Dagmar on 25–26 December 2011 caused a similar rise in
groundwater level but did not trigger any failures. The data suggest that
during heavy rainstorms the slope is in a critical state for a landslide to
be triggered for a short time – about 4–5 h.
The size-of-source effect in thermography
Authors: Budzier Helmut , Gerlach Gerald
Published: July 2021

Abstract. In thermometry, the displayed temperature value of an object depends on the size of the object. This behaviour, also known as the size-of-source effect (SSE), might be a major cause of measurement uncertainty in a thermoscene. The SSE is caused by diffraction, scattering, reflection, aberration and digitization in the optoelectronic propagation path. The influence of diffraction and digitization (sampling and pixelization) can be described
advantageously with the modulation transfer function MTF. The system MTF of an uncooled camera is determined by the diffraction in
the lens (optical MTF) and the averaging of the radiation over the pixel area (pixel MTF). If the system MTF is known,
the contrast reduction and, thus, the SSE can be calculated. Especially with very small objects, e.g. hotspots creating an image covering less than
4 pixel × 4 pixel on the focal plane, the displayed temperatures are much too low. When imaging large objects, such as area blackbodies,
not only the edge areas are affected, but also the entire image. Finally, the contrast reduction by the MTF is explained by means of a complex scene (Siemens star).
Surges of Harald Moltke Bræ, north-western Greenland: seasonal modulation and initiation at the terminus
Authors: Müller Lukas , Horwath Martin , Scheinert Mirko , Mayer Christoph , Ebermann Benjamin , Floricioiu Dana , Krieger Lukas , Rosenau Ralf , Vijay Saurabh
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Harald Moltke Bræ, a marine-terminating glacier in north-western Greenland, shows episodic surges. A recent surge from 2013 to 2019 lasted significantly longer (6 years) than previously observed surges (2–4 years) and exhibits a pronounced seasonality with flow velocities varying by 1 order of magnitude (between about 0.5 and 10 m d−1) in the course of a year. During this 6-year period, the seasonal velocity always peaked in the early melt season and decreased abruptly when meltwater runoff was maximum. Our data suggest that the seasonality has been similar during previous surges. Furthermore, the analysis of satellite images and digital elevation models shows that the surge from 2013 to 2019 was preceded by a rapid frontal retreat and a pronounced thinning at the glacier front (30 m within 3 years). We discuss possible causal mechanisms of the seasonally modulated surge behaviour by examining various system-inherent factors (e.g. glacier geometry) and external factors (e.g. surface mass balance). The seasonality may be caused by a transition of an inefficient subglacial system to an efficient one, as known for many glaciers in Greenland. The patterns of flow velocity and ice thickness variations indicate that the surges are initiated at the terminus and develop through an up-glacier propagation of ice flow acceleration. Possibly, this is facilitated by a simultaneous up-glacier spreading of surface crevasses and weakening of subglacial till. Once a large part of the ablation zone has accelerated, conditions may favour substantial seasonal flow acceleration through seasonally changing meltwater availability. Thus, the seasonal amplitude remains high for 2 or more years until the fast ice flow has flattened the ice surface and the glacier stabilizes again.
Spaceborne infrared imagery for early detection of Weddell Polynya opening
Authors: Heuzé Céline , Zhou Lu , Mohrmann Martin , Lemos Adriano
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Knowing when sea ice will open is crucial, notably for scientific deployments. This was particularly obvious when the Weddell Polynya, a large opening in the winter Southern Ocean sea ice, unexpectedly re-appeared in 2016. As no precursor had been detected, observations were limited to chance autonomous sensors, and the exact cause of the opening could not be determined accurately. We investigate here whether the signature of the vertical ocean motions or that of the leads, which ultimately re-open the polynya, are detectable in spaceborne infrared temperature before the polynya opens. From the full historical sea ice concentration record, we find 30 polynyas starting from 1980. Then, using the full time series of the spaceborne infrared Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, we determine that these events can be detected in the 2 weeks before the polynya opens as a reduction in the variance of the data. For the three commonly used infrared brightness temperature bands, the 15 d sum and 15 d
standard deviation of their area median and maximum are systematically lower than the climatology when a polynya will open. Moreover, by comparing the infrared brightness temperature to atmospheric reanalysis, hydrographic mooring data, and autonomous profilers, we find that temporal oscillations in one band and the decrease in the difference between bands may be used as proxies for upwelling of warm water and presence of leads, respectively, albeit with caution. Therefore, although infrared data are strongly limited by their horizontal resolution and sensitivity to clouds, they could be used for studying ocean or atmosphere preconditioning of polynyas in the historical record.
Putting Advocacy Back Into Rehabilitation: A Discourse on Needs Identified in the Field
Authors: Mitus Jamie , Levine Allison
Published: July 2021

This article seeks to promote discussion about and renew interest in rebuilding the relationship between rehabilitation counseling and the disability advocacy community. Rooted in legislation, rehabilitation counseling was historically grounded in disability rights along with the disability advocacy community. Over the years, however, the nature of this relationship has drifted, with each one concentrating in their own respective domains. In turn, this has created a divide that, in the end, may prove less productive in achieving the mutual goal of full community inclusion of individuals with disabilities. To ignite this discussion, perspective was sought from two leaders of disability advocacy organizations about ways in which rehabilitation counseling and the disability community can reignite and fortify a collaboration in the future.