bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water availability trends across water management zones in Uganda
Authors: Onyutha Charles , Asiimwe Arnold , Muhwezi Lawrence , Mubialiwo Ambrose
Published: June 2021

This study assessed trends in gridded (0.25° × 0.25°) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (PET), and precipitation minus PET (PMP) across the four water management zones (WMZs) in Uganda including Kyoga, Victoria, Albert, and Upper Nile. The period considered was 1979–2013. Validation of CFSR datasets was conducted using precipitation observed at eight meteorological stations across the country. Observed precipitation trend direction was satisfactorily reproduced by CFSR data extracted at five out of eight stations. Negative (positive) values of long‐term PMP mean were considered to indicate areas characterized by water scarcity (surplus). Areas with large positive PMP were confined to Lake Victoria and mountains such as Rwenzori and Elgon. The largest negative PMP values were in the arid and semi‐arid areas of north and northeastern Uganda. The null hypothesis H0 (no trend) was rejected (p < 0.05) for increasing annual precipitation trends across the various WMZs except in the extreme eastern parts of the Upper Nile, Kyoga, and Victoria WMZs (or areas along the boundary of Uganda and Kenya). The H0 (no trend) was rejected (p < 0.05) for decreasing trends in annual PET over West Nile region of the Upper Nile, western parts of Victoria, and the Albert WMZs. For increasing trend in PMP, the H0 (no trend) was rejected (p < 0.05) across the various WMZs except around the Mount Elgon area. The study findings are relevant for planning of water resources management across the different WMZs in the country.
Comparison of fitness levels between elementary school children with autism spectrum disorder and age‐matched neurotypically developing children
Authors: Coffey Craig , Sheehan Damien , Faigenbaum Avery D. , Healy Sean , Lloyd Rhodri S. , Kinsella Sharon
Published: June 2021

Low physical fitness is associated with reduced physical activity and increased cardiovascular diseases. To date, limited research has compared physical fitness levels between children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Therefore, the primary aim was to investigate if differences in fitness levels exist between children with ASD and age‐matched neurotypically developing children (ND). The second aim was to examine if age, sex, height and weight could be used to predict potential fitness levels. The third aim was to examine if the developmental trajectory of fitness is comparable between children with ASD and ND children. The modified Eurofit test battery was used to compare fitness levels between 244 children aged 4–13 years old (n = 152 ND and n = 92 ASD). Independent samples t tests and regression analyses were used to investigate differences in fitness levels between the two groups. The results indicated that statistically significant differences exist in fitness levels between children with ASD when compared to ND children across all ages, favoring the ND children, with small to large effect sizes noted (p < 0.05, d = 0.36–1.13). Regression analysis could not accurately predict fitness measurements in children with ASD but could for ND children. The developmental trajectories were significantly delayed on the 20 m sprint and standing broad jump for children with ASD when compared to ND children. Future studies should seek to address the disparities in physical fitness experienced by children with ASD by using relevant neuromuscular interventions.
Technoeconomic evaluation of protein‐rich animal feed and ethanol production from palm kernel cake
Authors: Turner Mark , Saville Bradley
Published: June 2021

Indonesia and Malaysia are net importers of animal feed products to meet the demand of their domestic livestock industries. These countries are also the largest producers and exporters of palm kernel cake (PKC), an animal feed waste by‐product from the palm industry that is used primarily as a ruminant feed. Prior work demonstrated that the bioethanol process can convert the gluco‐mannan fiber in PKC into ethanol and a high‐protein animal feed. We used Microsoft Excel to develop a bioethanol process model for PKC by adapting the well developed corn ethanol process used in the USA. The PKC biorefinery model, using PKC's composition and specialized enzymes to produce fermentable glucose and mannose, projects that 1 kg of PKC can produce 0.58 kg of high‐protein animal feed and 0.20 kg of ethanol, with some residual palm kernel oil. The model estimated an increase in crude protein content from 17% in the PKC to 27% in the high‐protein animal feed. A comprehensive technoeconomic assessment using the results of the process model indicates that a PKC bioethanol factory converting 100 000 Mg year–1 of PKC would cost USD 55 million and generate a 23% project internal rate of return (IRR). © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Science and Technology Progress on the Desulfurization Process of Crude Oil
Authors: Jumina  , Kurniawan Yehezkiel Steven , Purwono Bambang , Siswanta Dwi , Priastomo Yoga , Winarno Agustinus , Waluyo Joko
Published: June 2021

Currently, crude oil still remains an irreplaceable energy source for chemical industrial processes, transportation systems, electricity, and other human activities. However, crude oil contains sulfur elements as the major impurities in the form of aliphatic and aromatic organosulfur compounds. During the combustion of fuel, these organosulfur compounds are converted to harmful SOx gases; thus, many countries strictly limit the maximum sulfur content in the fuels. To fulfill the government regulation, refineries are trying to decrease the maximum sulfur content in crude oil through several desulfurization technologies, such as hydrodesulfurization, adsorption, oxidative‐desulfurization, alkylation, and biodesulfurization. Each desulfurization technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this review article, we aimed to briefly summarize the progress in the developing science and technology of each desulfurization process of crude oil. Several fields in the desulfurization process are still facing challenges to create better designs and development for a safer future of the world.
Co‐Co3O4 Embedded in Carbon Nanotube Derived from a Zeolitic‐Imidazolate Framework as Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hao Nguyen Thi My , Ahmed Sheraz , An Jung‐Chul , Sun Ho‐Jung , Park Gyungse , Shim Joongpyo
Published: June 2021

Co and carbon nanotube (CNT) were prepared as anode materials to be used in lithium rechargeable batteries from the zeolitic‐imidazolate framework‐67 (ZIF‐67) using the solvothermal method. By annealing ZIF‐67 at different temperatures between 400 and 700 °C, the carbon framework was changed to CNTs, and Co or Co3O4 nanoparticles were embedded in the CNTs (Co or Co3O4/CNT). The Co/CNT was converted to Co‐Co3O4/CNT by further treatment at 160 °C in air. The Co3O4/CNT showed high initial capacities (1582 mAh/g) but poor capacity retention during cycling. However, the air treatment of the Co/CNT at 160 °C enhanced its discharge capacity (935 mAh/g) and capacity retention during cycling.
ADME gene polymorphisms do not influence the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel: Results from a population pharmacokinetic study in Indian cancer patients
Authors: Patil Anand , Shriyan Bharati , Mehta Parsshava , Patil Mrudula , Gurjar Murari , Nookala Manjunath , Patil Vijay , Joshi Amit , Noronha Vanita , Prabhash Kumar , Gota Vikram
Published: June 2021

Background

Pharmacokinetics (PK) of docetaxel is characterized by high inter‐individual variability (IIV). While covariate models that explain the PK variability of docetaxel exist, not much is known about the effects of genetic variations on docetaxel disposition.

Methods

Fifty patients with head and neck or prostate cancer were enrolled of whom two patients withdrew consent before the start of the study. Docetaxel was administered at either 50 or 75 mg/m2 as intravenous infusion over 1 h. One pharmacogenetic sample and a series of PK samples, either intensive (N = 5; 13 samples each) or sparse (N = 43; 6 samples each), were collected from each patient. Docetaxel levels were estimated using a validated HPLC method. Polymorphic loci on the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination (ADME) genes were identified using the PharmacoScan array platform. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out using NONMEM v7.2.

Results

Docetaxel PK was well characterized by a three‐compartment model. Clearance (Cl) was found to be 18 L/h with an IIV of 45.3%. None of the genetic variants showed significant covariate effect on the Cl of docetaxel. Patients with abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were found to have 25% lower Cl as compared to patients with normal ALT values. However, the covariate effect could not be established in the final model possibly due to lack of adequate number of patients with abnormal ALT.

Conclusion

Genetic polymorphisms in the ADME gene do not explain the IIV in PK of docetaxel. However, patients with abnormal liver function might require dose reduction.

Clinical trial registration: Not applicable since participants in this study received treatment that was standard of care.
Atractylenolide III Ameliorates TNBS‐Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Mice by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Regulating Intestinal Flora
Authors: Ren Yan , Jiang Wenwen , Luo Chunli , Zhang Xiaohan , Huang Mingjin
Published: June 2021

The present study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of the main active ingredients of Atractylodes macrocephala on the 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)‐induced mouse colitis model. TNBS‐induced colitis was established in mice, which were treated with 8‐β‐Hydroxyasterolide (Atractylenolide III) for 14 days. The body weight of the mice in the middle and high dose groups of Atractylenolide III was increased compared with that of the model group. The disease activity index score was significantly reduced. The activity levels of myeloperoxidase were significantly decreased following increase in the dosage of Atractylenolide III, as determined by histological analysis. Moreover, Atractylenolide III downregulated the expression levels of the inflammatory factors interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α, and greatly suppressed the levels of the pro‐oxidant markers, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, while enhancing the expression levels of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The protein expression levels of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) and nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2) were upregulated in the colonic tissues of TNBS‐treated mice. This effect was effectively reversed by Atractylenolide III treatment. In vivo studies indicated that TNBS alone induced a decrease in the abundance of lactobacilli and in the biodiversity of the colon. In conclusion, the present study suggested that Atractylenolide III attenuated TNBS‐induced acute colitis by regulating oxidative stress via the FPR1 and Nrf2 pathways and by affecting the development of intestinal flora.
Enhanced Wound Healing Activity of Undenatured Type I Collagen Isolated from Discarded Skin of Black Sea Gilthead Bream (Sparus aurata) Conditioned as 3D Porous Dressing
Authors: Gaspar‐Pintiliescu Alexandra , Anton Elena Daniela , Iosageanu Andreea , Berger Daniela , Matei Cristian , Mitran Raul‐Augustin , Negreanu‐Pirjol Ticuta , Craciunescu Oana , Moldovan Lucia
Published: June 2021

Acid‐soluble, undenatured, type I collagen (BSC) isolated, for the first time, from gilthead bream skin and the novel fabricated 3D porous wound dressing were analyzed for physicochemical and biological properties, in order to offer a safe alternative to commercial bovine collagen (BC) products. SDS‐polyacrylamide analysis confirmed the purity of BSC preparation. The hydroxyproline content and temperature of denaturation of BSC were lower than those of BC, in accordance with the structural data recorded by FT‐IR spectroscopy. However, certain concentrations of BSC stimulated the cell metabolism of L929 fibroblasts in a higher proportion than BC. The 3D wound dressing presented high porosity and low surface hydrophobicity that could help cell attachment and growth. The rapid biodegradation of BSC wound dressing could explain the improved in vitro cell migration and wound closure rate. In conclusion, the skin of gilthead bream from the Black Sea coast represented a valuable source for the biomedical industry, providing biocompatible, biodegradable collagen and 3D porous wound dressing, as novel material with enhanced wound healing activity.
Surveillance imaging during first remission in follicular lymphoma does not impact overall survival
Authors: Goldman Max L. , Mao Jimmy J. , Strouse Christopher S. , Chen Wanqi , Rupji Manali , Chen Zhengjia , Maurer Matthew J. , Calzada Oscar , Churnetski Michael , Flowers Christopher R. , Cerhan James R. , Link Brian K. , Thompson Carrie A. , Cohen Jonathon B.
Published: June 2021

Background

Although many patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) undergo routine radiographic surveillance during their first remission, no consensus exists on the modality, duration, frequency, or need for routine imaging studies. The authors retrospectively examined the effect of surveillance imaging on relapse detection and overall survival (OS) in patients with FL.

Methods

Patients with newly diagnosed FL who had a response to induction therapy were identified from the Lymphoid Malignancies Enterprise Architecture Database (LEAD) at Emory University and from the Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER) of the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic. Patients were evaluated for both relapse and method of relapse detection (ie, clinical concerns vs radiologic detection through surveillance imaging in an asymptomatic patient).

Results

Of 148 patients in the LEAD cohort, 55 (37%) relapsed, and the majority (n = 35; 64%) of relapses were detected clinically. In the MER cohort, 63 of 177 relapses (54%) were detected clinically. There was no significant difference in OS from the date of diagnosis between the 2 methods of relapse detection in the LEAD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% CI, 0.13‐2.94; P = .54) and MER (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.47‐2.21; P = .96) cohorts. Similarly, there was no significant difference in OS from the date of relapse between the 2 methods of relapse detection in the LEAD (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.10‐2.27; P = .35) and MER (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.47‐2.21; P = .96) cohorts.

Conclusions

These findings suggest a limited role for routine surveillance imaging in patients with FL who complete front‐line therapy. Future studies should evaluate which patients may benefit from a more aggressive surveillance approach and should explore novel methods of relapse detection.
Observational, prospective, phase 4 study in patients with first‐line recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with cetuximab and platinum‐based therapy: DIRECT
Authors: Guigay Joël , Chamorey Emmanuel , Lefebvre Gautier , Rotarski Maciej , Wagner Jean‐Philippe , Blot Emmanuel , Alfonsi Marc , Seronde Audrey , Schulten Jeltje , Peyrade Frédéric , Le Tourneau Christophe
Published: June 2021

Background

Cetuximab plus platinum‐based therapy (PBT) followed by cetuximab maintenance until progression (EXTREME) is a guideline‐recommended first‐line treatment option in recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN). DIRECT (Dose Intensity RElative to CeTuximab) was the first phase 4 observational study evaluating EXTREME administration in the real‐world setting.

Aims

The primary aim of this study was to assess the relative dose intensity of cetuximab in patients with R/M SCCHN treated with first‐line cetuximab according to the EXTREME regimen.

Methods and results

Patients were ≥18 years old and eligible to receive cetuximab/PBT. Primary endpoint was cetuximab relative dose intensity (RDI). Of prospectively enrolled patients (n = 157), 119 received ≥1 cycle of EXTREME. Practices differing from the EXTREME trial were 5‐fluorouracil omission (14%), maintenance cetuximab given every other week (54%), prior cetuximab, disease‐free interval <6 months. 64% of patients reached cetuximab RDI ≥80%; mean cetuximab RDI was 88%. 46% of patients received maintenance cetuximab (mean RDI, 91%). Median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 4.5 and 9.4 months. No new/unexpected safety findings were observed.

Conclusions

The DIRECT study showed that first‐line cetuximab plus PBT was a feasible, beneficial first‐line treatment regimen in patients with R/M SCCHN in the real‐world setting.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Presentation in a preterm neonate
Authors: Fadhel Alvarez Ana , Patel Shaily P. , Brasher Maya I. , Ruggiero Jaclyn E. , Aneji Chiamaka
Published: June 2021

Background

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder in which Langerhans cells (LC) accumulate in the skin or other organs and cause tumor formation or organ damage. Cutaneous lesions can vary widely and do not predict extent of systemic disease or prognosis.

Case

We present a premature infant with skin findings, multisystem involvement, and immunohistochemical markers consistent with multisystem LCH.

Conclusion

Limited data from preterm neonates with LCH suggest that prognosis is particularly poor, with even limited cutaneous disease often rapidly progressing to become fatal, although diagnosis is not always prompt. Early diagnosis and treatment may affect prognosis.
Synthetic origin of illicit methylamphetamine in Australia: 2011–2020
Authors: Salouros Helen
Published: June 2021

The National Measurement Institute's Methylamphetamine Profiling Program has evolved over the last 15 years to address analytical challenges faced with changes in illicit methylamphetamine production. The program involves organic and inorganic analysis of methylamphetamine to determine the precursors and synthetic route used in manufacture. This paper discusses changes in the methylamphetamine chemical profile for samples received at this laboratory during January 2011 to December 2020. In particular, changes observed in the methylamphetamine purity, potency, synthetic route, precursor and precursor synthetic origin are discussed. Over 13,180 samples were analysed during this period consisting of samples seized on the streets and the Australian border. This paper shows correlations between methylamphetamine seizures at the Australian border with international clandestine laboratory and precursor seizures trends. As the illicit drug landscape changes so too must our approach to chemical profiling if we are to confidently determine the synthetic origin of methylamphetamine.
A brief review of electrocatalytic reduction of CO2—Materials, reaction conditions, and devices
Authors: Pei Yuhou , Zhong Heng , Jin Fangming
Published: June 2021

Global warming caused by the rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is regarded as one of the most serious problems faced by human being. Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) is one promising strategy that can fix CO2 in a mild and clean manner combined with sustainable energies. However, the ECR performance is highly dependent on the catalysis system because of the difficulty in CO2 activation, low mass transfer, poor product selectivity, and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The binding strength of electrocatalysts toward carbon intermediates is the crucial factor for ECR performance. Furthermore, the reaction conditions and the configurations of devices are also of significance for ECR efficiencies. Here, we briefly reviewed the effects of electrocatalyst materials, as well as the reaction conditions, coupled anodic reactions, and devices on the ECR. Moreover, challenges and some perspectives for large‐scale applications are included.
Dietary Exposure of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and a Legacy Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) Containing PFOS: Effects on Reproduction and Chick Survivability and Growth
Authors: Bursian Steven J. , Link Jane E. , McCarty Michael , Harr Kendal , Roberts John , Simcik Matt F.
Published: June 2021

Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and a legacy aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) containing 91% PFOS (AFFF PFOS) on reproduction, chick survivability, and growth of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were determined. Day-old Japanese quail were administered PFOS or AFFF PFOS at 6 dietary concentrations ranging from 0 to 21 mg kg–1 feed for a total of 20 wk. At the age of 4 wk, 16 male/female pairs per treatment were assigned to cages, and egg laying was induced by the age of 10 wk. Eggs were collected daily, set weekly, and incubated for 18 d for the following 10 wk. Hatchlings were fed uncontaminated feed for 2 wk and euthanized to collect blood and liver. After 10 wk of egg collection, adults were euthanized to collect blood, liver, and kidneys. Significantly increased myofiber numbers in the liver and glomerular sclerosis in the kidneys of adults indicated damage at greater doses. Perfluorooctane sulfonate or AFFF PFOS did not significantly affect egg production; however, hatchability was decreased at the highest PFOS dose. The no-observed-adverse-effect levels for chick survivability, considered the critical effect, were 4.1 mg PFOS kg feed–1 (0.55 mg kg body wt–1 d–1) and 5.0 mg AFFF PFOS kg feed–1 (0.66 mg kg body wt−1 d–1), resulting in calculated average toxicity reference values of 0.25 mg kg feed–1 and 0.034 mg kg body weight–1 d–1. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2521–2537. © 2020 SETAC
Application of Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Deviation Equations to the Formulation of a Mixed‐Surfactant Washing Agent for Crude Rice Bran Oil Removal from Spent Bleaching Earth
Authors: Panumonwatee Gitsada , Charoensaeng Ampira , Arpornpong Noulkamol
Published: June 2021

In Thailand, spent bleaching earth (SBE) (20–40 wt.% remaining oil), an industrial waste from edible oil refineries, has usually been disposed of by improper landfilling at industrial sites. This study aims to formulate microemulsion‐based washing solutions from mixed surfactants for cleaning SBE contaminated with crude rice bran oil using the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept. Binary nonionic‐anionic surfactant mixtures consisting of System A (Dehydol LS3TH‐Levenol WX), System B (Dehydol LS5TH‐Levenol WX), and System C (Dehydol LS7TH‐Levenol WX) were formulated for use as microemulsion‐based washing formulations. A HLDmixed equation extended with the excess free energy term (GEX/RT) was developed and proposed for predicting the optimum salinity. The optimum salinities obtained from the HLDmixed equation were close to those obtained from the phase behavior. In the SBE washing study, the mixed‐surfactant systems showed a washing efficiency of 90% with low surfactant adsorption capacity on bleaching earth (qmax = 0.01–0.03 mol g−1). The mixed surfactants showed improved washing performance compared to that of the single‐surfactant system. This work highlights the utility of using the HLD concept in designing microemulsion‐based washing formulations from surfactants for the removal of vegetable oil from SBE.
Maxillary Sinus Floor Infiltration: Results From a Series of 118 Maxillary Sinus Cancers
Authors: Arosio Alberto Daniele , Turri‐Zanoni Mario , Sileo Giorgio , Tirloni Michele , Volpi Luca , Lambertoni Alessia , Margherini Stefano , Mercuri Anna , Battaglia Paolo , Cherubino Mario , Castelnuovo Paolo , Bignami Maurizio
Published: June 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

Maxillary cancers are rare and aggressive tumors, which can spread beyond the sinus bony walls. Preoperative assessment of infiltration of maxillary sinus floor (MSF) is paramount for surgical planning, as palatomaxillary demolition significantly impacts patients' quality of life. This study investigates the challenges involved in the preoperative and intraoperative evaluation of MSF infiltration and analyzes its prognostic relevance.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients treated for sinonasal malignancies at a single Institution was performed. Patients receiving surgical‐based treatment with curative intent for primary maxillary sinus cancers, between January 2000 and November 2019, were included.

Results

A cohort of 118 patients was analyzed. By comparing intraoperative findings (endoscopic assessment and frozen sections) with preoperative radiological assessment, diagnostic changes with regard to MSF infiltration were found in 27.1% (32/118 cases). MSF infiltration negatively affected the prognosis in both univariate and multivariate analyses in the overall population. In the subgroup of pT1‐T3 tumors, MSF infiltration was significantly associated with reduced overall (P = .012), disease‐free (P = .011), and distant recurrence‐free (P = .002) survival rates. Conversely, pT classification was not able to stratify patients according to prognosis, mainly because early‐staged cancers (pT1‐T2) with MSF infiltration showed reduced survival rates, similar to those observed in pT3 cancers.

Conclusions

Preoperative imaging should be integrated with intraoperative findings based on endoscopic inspection and frozen sections. Future studies are required to investigate the opportunity to incorporate MSF infiltration in the TNM staging system, considering its crucial role in defining the extent of surgery and its potential as prognosticator.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:26–35, 2022
Shifting baselines and cross‐scale drivers of lake water clarity: Applications for lake assessment
Authors: Deeds Jeremy , Amirbahman Aria , Norton Stephen A. , Bacon Linda C. , Hovel Rachel A.
Published: June 2021

Temporal Secchi depth trends are used in lake assessment to evaluate lake condition and possible shifts in trophic state. For accurate lake assessments, it is important to differentiate regional trends from lake‐specific trends, but this can be confounded by interacting factors. We present a divergent trend analysis which uses temporal patterns of Secchi depth water clarity from 1999 to 2018 for five different types of reference lakes from minimally disturbed watersheds to create dynamic baselines against which we evaluate Secchi depth trends from nonreference lakes in Maine, USA. We used mixed‐effect generalized additive models to generate smoothed curves of the expected baseline Secchi depth for each reference lake type to account for the nonlinear dynamics of lake condition through time. The majority of nonreference lakes (74%) showed no difference between measured trend (actual Secchi depth data) and divergent trend (residual Secchi depth from baseline trends). The most common difference in lakes with inconsistent trend test results showed stability in measured trends but apparent declining trends in divergent Secchi depth clarity. We used a Dynamic Factor Analysis (DFA) model to help interpret the variation and shifts observed in baseline reference lake trends. The best DFA model identified two common trends in water clarity among lake types and precipitation during the primary stratification season as the most informative covariable. Because precipitation amount and intensity are expected to increase according to predictive climate models for the Northeast US, our results suggest that baseline lake clarity in Maine will decrease with climate change.
Technical Note: Dose prediction for radiation therapy using feature‐based losses and One Cycle Learning
Authors: Zimmermann Lukas , Faustmann Erik , Ramsl Christian , Georg Dietmar , Heilemann Gerd
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To present the technical details of the runner‐up model in the open knowledge‐based planning (OpenKBP) challenge for the dose–volume histogram (DVH) stream. The model was designed to ensure simple and reproducible training, without the necessity of costly advanced generative adversarial network (GAN) techniques.

Methods

The model was developed based on the OpenKBP challenge dataset, consisting of 200 and 40 head‐and‐neck patients for training and validation, respectively. The final model is a U‐Net with additional ResNet blocks between up‐ and down convolutions. The results were obtained by training the model with AdamW with the One Cycle scheduler. The loss function is a combination of the L1 loss with a feature loss, which uses a pretrained video classifier as a feature extractor. The performance was evaluated on another 100 patients in the OpenKBP test dataset. The DVH metrics of the test data were evaluated, where , and were calculated for the organs at risk (OARs) and , , and were computed for the target structures. DVH metric differences between predicted and true dose are reported in percentage.

Results

The model achieved 2nd and 4th place in the DVH and dose stream of the OpenKBP challenge, respectively. The dose and DVH score were 2.62 ± 1.10 and 1.52 ± 1.06, respectively. Mean dose differences for the different structures and DVH parameters were within ±1%.

Conclusion

This straightforward approach produced excellent results. It incorporated One Cycle Learning, ResNet, and feature‐based losses, which are common computer vision techniques.
Practical considerations of developing and conducting a successful telehealth practice in response to COVID‐19
Authors: Tewksbury Colleen , Deleener Mary Elisabeth , Dumon Kristoffel R. , Williams Noel N.
Published: June 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic posed significant challenges to clinicians practicing in outpatient settings focused on chronic disease treatment and management. Many interprofessional teams transitioned to telehealth to continue to provide care while minimizing in‐person interaction to reduce risk of transmission. Given that telehealth will likely remain as a care option even as the pandemic subsides, this review summarizes the applied recommendations on telehealth in interprofessional patient care, provides practical insights for successfully transitioning care from an academic medical center bariatric surgery program, and highlights future opportunities for research.
The Matilda Effect: Underrecognition of Women in Hematology and Oncology Awards
Authors: Patel Shruti R. , St. Pierre Frederique , Velazquez Ana I. , Ananth Snegha , Durani Urshila , Anampa-Guzmán Andrea , Castillo Katerina , Dhawan Natasha , Oxentenko Amy S. , Duma Narjust
Published: June 2021

Background

The proportion of women in the field of hematology and oncology (H&O) has increased over recent decades, but the representation of women in leadership positions remains poor. In an effort to close the gender gap in academia, it is important to report on such inequities in hopes to close these gaps and improve career development.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a retrospective, observational study of published award recipients from 1994 to 2019 from the seven major H&O societies in the world. Gender was determined based on publicly available data. The χ2 and Cochran-Armitage tests were used for data analysis.

Results

Of the 1,642 awardees over the past 26 years, 915 met inclusion criteria. Award recipients were overwhelmingly men (77.9%) and non-Hispanic White (84.7%). Women awardees received 30.3% of the humanistic and education-related awards, whereas only receiving 16.0% of basic science awards (p < .01). Women represent 35.6% of all hematologists and oncologists but only received 24.0% of awards given to these physicians (p = .004). Black, Hispanic, and Asian awardees represented 3.7%, 3.3%, and 6.8% of the total awardees, respectively.

Conclusion

From 1994 to 2019, women were less likely to receive recognition awards from the seven major H&O societies studied compared with men. We also observed a considerably low proportion of minority awardees across all oncology subspecialties. Further studies examining how selection criteria favor either gender would be warranted in order to achieve equal representation in academic awards.

Implications for Practice

In this study, women and minority groups were found to be underrepresented amongst award recipients. Significant disparities were seen in disciplines that have been historically male predominant, such as basic sciences. As awards on an international level enhance academic resumes and assist with career advancement, it is important that awards are being given in an equitable manner. First steps to promote diversity and inclusion in academic medicine is reporting of gender and racial disparities in various areas of academia.
Health‐related quality of life of children born to childhood cancer survivors in Germany
Authors: Balcerek Magdalena , Sommerhäuser Greta , Schilling Ralph , Hölling Heike , Klco‐Brosius Stephanie , Borgmann‐Staudt Anja
Published: June 2021

Objective

Rising childhood cancer survival rates have increased the importance of health‐related quality of life (HRQL) assessment. While survivors show comparable HRQL to peers, concerns that cancer treatment could impact the health of prospective children were reported. No previous publications address HRQL of childhood cancer survivor offspring.

Methods

We assessed survivor offspring HRQL using the parental KINDL questionnaire. Matched‐pair analysis was conducted with data from the general population (KiGGS study) using age, gender and education (1:1, n = 1206 cases). Multivariate analyses were conducted to detect the influence of parental diagnose and treatment on offspring HRQL.

Results

Overall, within KINDL dimensions, survivors reported comparable to higher HRQL for their children than the general population. Survivor parents reported significantly (p < 0.001) higher psychological (86.7% vs. 83.0%, Cohen's d = 0.3) and self‐esteem (79.1% vs. 73.3%, Cohen's d = 0.5) well‐being scores for younger children (3–6‐year‐olds). As time since diagnosis increased, parents reported higher well‐being scores. Accordingly, recently diagnosed survivors reported significantly lower psychological well‐being scores (p = 0.28; OR = 0.457; 95% CI = 0.228–0.918) for their children. With increasing age, average HRQL scores decreased in both cohorts; yet, this drop was less pronounced for survivor offspring. The biggest difference between age groups (7–10‐ vs. 14–17‐year‐olds) was found for school‐specific well‐being (6.2‐point drop in survivor offspring vs. 18.2‐point drop in KiGGS offspring).

Conclusion

Comparable to higher parentally assessed HRQL was reported for survivor offspring compared to peers. These findings are reassuring and consistent with self‐reported HRQL in childhood cancer survivors. Type of parental cancer diagnosis and treatment showed no negative impact on offspring HRQL.
Sexual satisfaction and sexual distress after cancer: The role of body image disruption, self‐compassion, sexual pain and relationship satisfaction
Authors: Michael Sarah , Skaczkowski Gemma , Wilson Carlene
Published: June 2021

Objective

To identify variables that correlate with sexual satisfaction and sexual distress among adult cancer survivors, and how these differ, providing a basis from which approaches to intervention may be identified. This study examined four key variables: body image disruption, self‐compassion, relationship satisfaction and sexual pain, previously all linked to sexual quality of life.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted online, with participants (n = 113) recruited via cancer charities, support groups and sexual counsellors' networks. A multivariate multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyse relationships among variables.

Results

In a regression adjusted for age, sex and time since diagnosis, higher sexual distress was significantly associated with higher body image disruption (β = 0.23; p = 0.024), lower self‐compassion (β = −0.29; p = 0.009) and higher sexual pain (β = 0.39; p < 0.001); but not relationship satisfaction (β = −0.08; p = 0.434). Higher sexual satisfaction was significantly associated with higher relationship satisfaction (β = 0.35; p = 0.002) and lower sexual pain (β = −0.29; p = 0.005), but not body image disruption (β = −0.19; p = 0.089), or self‐compassion (β = 0.06; p = 0.614). Sexual pain had a significantly stronger association with sexual distress than sexual satisfaction; F (1, 84) = 18.29, p < 0.001.

Conclusions

Sexual distress and sexual satisfaction are associated with different psycho‐social correlates even though both are used as indicators of sexual health. Research should seek to further understand the differences in these two critical markers of sexual health, with these differences likely to highlight the need to match interventions to the nature of the sexual difficulties experienced following cancer treatment.
Effects of Structural Phase Transitions on Hysteresis in Air‐Processed Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Haque Farjana , Mativenga Mallory
Published: June 2021

A comprehensive study on the effects of structural phase transitions (from −190 to 80 °C) on hysteresis in air‐processed methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is presented. The polarization effect of ordered MA+ ions and the migration of iodine ions are found to be the main causes of hysteresis in the orthorhombic (<−100 °C) and tetragonal (from −100 to 50 °C) phases, respectively. Large carrier concentration and lattice vibrations suppress the effects of ion migration in the cubic phase (>50 °C), resulting in negligible hysteresis. Hole current is found to vary marginally with temperature throughout the three phases. Electron current, however, is slightly smaller than hole current in the orthorhombic phase but rapidly increases with temperature until it exceeds hole current by three orders of magnitude in the tetragonal phase, and then decreases by an order of magnitude in the cubic phase due to scattering. Dedicating hole and electron transport, respectively to cold and hot conditions, may thus increase the operating temperature range for MAPbI3 devices. These findings provide fundamental insight into the origin of hysteresis in halide perovskite devices and guidelines for broadening their operating temperature window.
Improving the Electrical and Low‐Frequency Noise Performance of Ionic‐Liquid‐Gated ReS2 Field‐Effect Transistor with Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Authors: Liao Wugang , Huang Long
Published: June 2021

The impact of the interfacial hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) layer between the channel and ionic liquid (IL) on an IL‐gated 2D rhenium disulfide (ReS2) field‐effect transistor (FET) is investigated. Through electrical DC and low‐frequency noise (LFN) characterization, it is found that the interfacial h‐BN layer enhances mobility and reduces the noise level of the device due to suppressed traps and improved channel interface. These experimental findings suggest that the use of interfacial h‐BN layer in 2D FETs is a promising method for enhancing the device performance.
What is the evidence for clinical use of advanced technology in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty?
Authors: Mittal Anurag , Meshram Prashant , Kim Tae Kyun
Published: June 2021

Background

With an aim of improving prosthesis survivorship of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), use of computer‐assisted technologies (CATs) such as robotics, has been on the rise to reduce intraoperative errors in surgical technique. In light of recent influx of CATs in the UKA, a review of these innovations will help providers to understand their clinical utility.

Method

A systematic literature search was performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis guidelines.

Results

Among 19 studies comparing robot‐assisted UKA with conventional UKA, only 32% were randomized control trials, 47% reported minimum mean follow‐up of 2 years, and 21% evaluated prosthesis survival. Similar results were obtained for navigation‐assisted UKA and UKA performed with patient‐specific instrumentation.

Conclusion

While CATs seem to reduce the surgical errors in UKA, the evidence on the efficacy of any of the studied CATs to improve survivorship remains limited and there are issues related to cost‐effectiveness, learning curve, and increase in operating time.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Investigation of the Key Factors
Authors: Pandya Janam K. , Zhang Zhiyun , He Lili
Published: June 2021

Characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2‐NPs) is significant to ensure its quality and safety in applications and facilitate risk assessment. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a novel technique for characterization of the size of TiO2 particles. Herein, we investigated the key factors in the SERS analysis of anatase TiO2‐NPs using a variety of well‐characterized particle reference materials (8–173 nm) and gallocyanin (GLN) as a ligand for SERS. The result shows that regardless of the particle and ligand concentrations used, the R‐value obtained from the ratio of TiO2 (144 cm−1) to GLN (1639 cm−1) peak intensities was able to distinguish between the nano‐sized particles from the micro‐particles, although no significant difference was observed between 8 to 65 nm particles. This means particle size is the primary factor that affected the R. The concentration of the NPs and the ligand, respectively, could also affect the R as secondary factors and common dispersion methods such as adjusting the pH and the sonication did not affect the R. However, this method did not work in presence of a stronger binding dispersing agent such as sodium pyrophosphate (SPP). This study fulfilled the knowledge gap regarding the key factors that impacts the SERS analysis of TiO2‐NPs which will facilitate the further application of this technique in the analysis of TiO2‐NPs in food products and environmental matrices.
An Expedite Synthesis of Some Angularly Fused Novel ‘U’‐Shaped Tetracyclic Furophenanthraquinones Simulating ABCD Rings of Isotanshinone‐II
Authors: Samanta Khokan , Sarkar Aparna , Sarkar Achintya K. , Kar Gandhi K.
Published: June 2021

An expedite general synthesis of three angularly fused furophenantharquinones is described from 1‐(2‐furyl)‐naphthalen‐2‐carbaldehyde derivatives. 1‐(2‐furyl)‐naphthalen‐2‐carbaldehyde derivatives on sequential functional group transformation of the −CHO group afforded 2‐[1‐(2‐furyl])‐naphthalen‐2‐acetic acid derivatives in reasonably overall good yields. Cyclization of the carboxylic acids lead to the formation of furophenanthrenol derivatives. The phenolic intermediates were oxidized with Fremy's salt to furnish the condensed furophenanthraquinone derivatives in excellent yields. The synthesized compounds simulate the ABCD core nucleus of the naturally occurring isotanshinone‐II isolated from Salvia glutinosa.
Synthesis and Biological Properties of Coumarin Derivatives. A Review
Authors: Bouhaoui Abderrazzak , Eddahmi Mohammed , Dib Mustapha , Khouili Mostafa , Aires Alfredo , Catto Marco , Bouissane Latifa
Published: June 2021

Coumarin and its derivatives are widely used as scaffolds in the synthesis of new heterocyclic systems. This review focuses on current developments in the synthesis of heterocyclic coumarin compounds. Numerous approaches especially involving nanoparticle catalysts have been developed to get new bioactive coumarin derivatives endowed with pharmacological and biological activities. The present work describes the reactivity and the new strategies using various catalysts for the synthesis of coumarin and its derivatives reported in the literature and their biological properties.
Synthesis of Heteroleptic Zinc Complexes Containing Aminoalkoxide and β‐Diketonate Ligands
Authors: Kim Na Yeon , Hwang Jeong Min , Han Seong Ho , Lee Ga Yeon , Park Bo Keun , Eom Taeyong , Son Seung Uk , Chung Taek‐Mo
Published: June 2021

New heteroleptic complexes of zinc were designed and synthesized using aminoalkoxide and β‐diketonate ligands. The complexes, [Zn(dmamp)(tmhd)]2 (1), [Zn(dmamp)(acac)]2 (2), [Zn(dmamp)(hfac)]2 (3), [Zn(dmamb)(tmhd)]2 (4), [Zn(dmamb)(acac)]2 (5), and [Zn(dmamb)(hfac)]2 (6), were synthesized by controlled acid‐base reactions between [EtZn(aminoalkoxide)]2 and β‐diketonate ligands. Single crystal x‐ray diffraction showed that complexes 1−4 and 6 exist as dimeric molecular structures with the zinc metal centers interconnected by the alkoxy oxygen atom via μ2‐O bonding and their gemetries exhibit distorted trigonal bipyrimidal. TGA curves of complexes 3 and 6 showed sharp weight losses in a single step with very low residues, which confirmed the excellent vaporization and thermal stability.
Influence of dietary fish oil supplementation on DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of nine healthy dogs
Authors: Pellegrino Francisco J. , Risso Analía , Corrada Yanina , Gambaro Rocío C. , Seoane Analía I.
Published: June 2021

Background

Fish oil (FO) supplementation as a source of omega 3 fatty acids is associated with beneficial effects on health. However, high unsaturated fatty acid content in the diet could result in increased lipid peroxidation and damage to proteins, lipids and DNA. We evaluated the effect of dietary FO supplementation on DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of dogs. Additionally, we determined the effect of FO supplementation on lipid peroxidation and lipid profile of these dogs.

Methods

Healthy male dogs (n = 9) were randomly assigned to one of two diets during 90 days: control (CG, n = 4), based on a commercial food, and FO (FOG, n = 5), the same food supplemented with 1000 mg FO. Blood samples were collected on days −1, 30, 60 and 90. DNA damage was assessed with the comet assay, and the damage index was obtained. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Lipid profile determination included serum triglyceride, cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein and high‐density lipoprotein levels (HDL).

Results

Damage index values (arbitrary units) were lower in FOG on day 30 (CG, 13.7 ± 2.5; FOG, 6.5 ± 2.5), 60 (CG, 14.7 ± 2.5; FOG, 3.5 ± 2.5) and 90 (CG, 15.5 ± 2.5; FOG, 3.0 ± 2.5) compared with CG (treatment × time interaction, p < 0.01). Serum MDA and HDL concentrations were lower in FOG compared with CG on day 60 and 90 (treatment × time interaction, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that dietary FO supplementation did not induce DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy dogs, but rather reduced it.
Speech Recognition: A
Authors: Walrand Jean
Published: June 2021

Speech recognition can be formulated as the problem of guessing a sequence of words that produces a sequence of sounds. The human brain is remarkably good at solving this problem, even though the same words correspond to many different sounds, because of accents or characteristics of the voice. Moreover, the environment is always noisy, to that the listeners hear a corrupted version of the speech.

Computers are getting much better at speech recognition and voice command systems are now common for smartphones (Siri), automobiles (GPS, music, and climate control), call centers, and dictation systems. In this chapter, we explain the main ideas behind the algorithms for speech recognition and for related applications.

The starting point is a model of the random sequence (e.g., words) to be recognized and of how this sequence is related to the observation (e.g., voice). The main model is called a hidden Markov chain. The idea is that the successive parts of speech form a Markov chain and that each word maps randomly to some sounds. The same model is used to decode strings of symbols in communication systems.

Section 11.1 is a general discussion of learning. The hidden Markov chain model used in speech recognition and in error decoding is introduced in Sect. 11.2. That section explains the Viterbi algorithm. Section 11.3 discusses expectation maximization and clustering algorithms. Section 11.4 covers learning for hidden Markov chains.