bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemodynamically stable despite ruptured cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: a case report and literature review
Authors: Gurjar Bhakti , Wankhede Sachin , Saha Indrakshi , Narayan Gaurang , Rusho Maher Ali , Budair Mayar Moustafa , Wei Calvin R. , Mousa Hazem Mohamed , Naaz Farheen , Rizvi Syeda Vilay Zehra , Rizvi Syeda Umme Abiha , Fatima Sabika , Akilimali Aymar
Published: February 2025

Introduction and importance:

The increasing prevalence of cesarean sections has raised concerns regarding associated risks such as ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, and placenta accreta. Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP), although uncommon, has become more frequent with the rising rate of cesarean deliveries. This condition involves implantation of an embryo within the myometrial defect of a previous cesarean uterine incision. It requires early detection to mitigate life-threatening complications due to its potential rupture.

Clinical presentation:

A 27-year-old G5P3L3A1 female was referred to our facility presenting with vaginal bleeding post-medical termination of pregnancy at 16 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound and MRI findings indicated an adherent placenta at the previous C-section scar site, suggestive of placenta accreta complex and scar site ectopic gestation. To navigate the diagnostic dilemma, a laparoscopy was planned. The omentum was found covering a ruptured area. Once it was removed, the patient began bleeding profusely at the rupture site. Thus, the omentum had sealed the ruptured CSEP, preventing massive blood loss and keeping the patient hemodynamically stable.

Clinical discussion:

Transabdominal ultrasound is currently the primary method of CSEP diagnosis. Other methods include color Doppler, transvaginal ultrasound, and MRI. Due to the rarity of the diagnosis, there are no established treatment guidelines, and case reports and small case series make up the majority of management evidence. CSEP can be treated by methotrexate or surgery. Our patient was treated through a laparoscopic procedure as the complex nature of the case required intervention. Forty percent of ectopic pregnancies found on cesarean scars are asymptomatic while some patients present with abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding. Our patient had clinical manifestations of severe bleeding, pointing toward rupture of the ectopic pregnancy. The omentum however covered the ruptured uterine area in a rare occurence, limiting blood loss.

Conclusion:

CSEP cases always pose a diagnostic dilemma that could lead to severe maternal morbidity if not managed accurately. The diagnostic methods for CSEP need to be reviewed based on accuracy and efficiency. From this case, we can also conclude that the existence of a rupture should not be eliminated based on clinical findings as the patient was hemodynamically stable. This highlights the varied complex presentations that patients with ruptured CSEP may have.
From pregnancy to beyond: renewed emphasis on comprehensive HIV prevention in South Africa
Authors: Babalola Chibuzor M. , Peters Remco P.H. , Muzny Christina A. , Davey Dvora Joseph , Taylor Christopher M. , Mdingi Mandisa M. , Mukomana Freedom , de Vos Lindsey , Medina-Marino Andrew , Klausner Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2025

South Africa continues to document high HIV prevalence, particularly among pregnant women, highlighting significant prevention gaps. This viewpoint triangulates findings from the Sixth South African HIV Prevalence Survey, the 2022 Antenatal HIV Sentinel Survey, and our ongoing “Philani Ndiphile” trial, which is evaluating STI screening algorithms to improve pregnancy outcomes. Despite a recent national decline in antenatal HIV prevalence, the Philani trial recorded an HIV prevalence of 28.6% among pregnant women, mirroring high rates across the Eastern Cape Province. The trial cohort also revealed a significant increasing trend in HIV prevalence with age, from 6% at 18 years to 63% at 43 years, highlighting the need for age-targeted interventions in young women of childbearing age.

National progress toward UNAIDS’ targets for HIV status knowledge and ART initiation is evident; however, viral suppression remains a challenge, reflected in the 20% of Philani participants newly initiated or reinitiated on ART at their first antenatal visit. Efforts to reduce new HIV infections require strengthening, as high incidence rates persist among young women and during pregnancy and postpartum.

Expanding access to oral and long-acting PrEP for pregnant and postpartum women is critical. Current coverage is low, and while new options show promise, implementation guidance remains limited. Socioeconomic factors, such as poverty and intimate partner violence, exacerbate HIV risk. Comprehensive interventions, including educational and vocational support, engaging male partners, and addressing STIs are essential. Continued support from global health partnerships and innovation in prevention strategies are vital to ending the epidemic and ensuring equitable outcomes.
Craniofacial Injuries in Rugby: A US National Database Analysis
Authors: Suh Cody , Bhasin Garv , Stead Thor S. , Ganti Latha
Published: February 2025

Introduction:

Rugby is a sport popular in Europe and Australia that resembles American football. A key difference between Rugby and American Football is the lack of pads or protective equipment, which increases the risk of head-to-head collisions and craniofacial injuries. Despite the in-depth research done on head and neck injuries, there is an insufficient amount of research relating to intracranial injuries in rugby. This paper aims to analyze patterns and differences in rugby-related craniofacial injuries.

Materials and Methods:

An analysis of rugby players who sustained facial and neck injuries, including the ear, mouth, and eyes, was performed using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) data sets from 2014 to 2023. These data sets conveyed patient information such as sex, race, weight, age, diagnosis, treatment date, body part, disposition, and injury location that occurred while playing rugby.

Results:

During the study period, a total of 35,583 craniofacial injuries were estimated to occur in emergency departments across the nation. Among these cases, 27,669 (77.8%) were male, and 7914 (22.2%) were female. The 3 most common injury sites were the head (19,261 cases, 51.4%), face (13,261 cases, 35.4%), and neck (2115 cases, 5.6%). The most frequent diagnoses were lacerations (9906 cases, 25.8%), internal injuries (9543 cases, 24.9%), and concussions (8617 cases, 22.5%).

Conclusion:

In 35,583 total cases, 77.8% of diagnoses were male and 22.2% were female. There has been a downward trajectory in the annual injury rate, going from 5033 cases in 2014 to 2862 cases in 2023. Most diagnoses were internal injuries, lacerations, and concussions. Prevention of and recovery from craniofacial injuries requires greater attention among rugby coaches, players, and fans. Players should be given more time to recover and should consider wearing protective equipment to minimize injury. In addition, youth and amateur players would benefit from targeted education on proper tackling techniques and injury prevention strategies, addressing the heightened vulnerability in younger demographics due to lack of experience and developmental factors.
Tongue Base Schwannoma Presenting With Dyspnea
Authors: Ağirbaş Semra , Bozan Nazim
Published: February 2025

Schwannoma is a benign nerve sheath tumor arising from Schwann cells. Its exact etiology remains known. Tongue base schwannoma is a remarkably rare form of schwannoma. Although it often presents with dysphagia and swelling, it may cause obstructive airway problems as its size increases. Since it affects all age groups, its differential diagnosis typically includes congenital, infectious masses, and benign/malignant neoplasia of vascular and mesenchymal origin. In this study, the authors report on a 43-year-old patient with tongue base schwannoma, and the authors also review the cases reported in the literature over the last 60 years in terms of mass size, primary presenting complaint, and surgical techniques preferred in the studies.
Old but attuned: the ability to decode babies’ cries does not decline with age
Authors: Corvin Siloé , Cornec Clément , Peyron Roland , Reby David , Fauchon Camille , Mathevon Nicolas
Published: February 2025

In most human societies, grandparents often provide substantial care and support for their grandchildren, including as babies. Given that previous studies have shown that ageing is accompanied by a gradual decline in our ability to identify other people’s emotions, does age also reduce our skill at understanding a baby’s cries? Here, we show that older people with experience of caring for babies remain able to correctly decode the information conveyed by babies’ cries. The results of our psychoacoustic experiments underline that older people were at least as good as younger adults at identifying whether a baby is crying in pain or rather as a result of simple discomfort. These results are consistent with the notion that humans are cooperative breeders where older generations can effectively help younger ones with alloparental care. Favouring intergenerational solidarity is likely to simultaneously benefit the quality of life of young parents and older, knowledgeable carers.
Machine learning-based optimal design of fibrillar adhesives
Authors: Shojaeifard Mohammad , Ferraresso Matteo , Lucantonio Alessandro , Bacca Mattia
Published: February 2025

Fibrillar adhesion, observed in animals like beetles, spiders and geckos, relies on nanoscopic or microscopic fibrils to enhance surface adhesion via ‘contact splitting’. This concept has inspired engineering applications across robotics, transportation and medicine. Recent studies suggest that functional grading of fibril properties can improve adhesion, but this is a complex design challenge that has only been explored in simplified geometries. While machine learning (ML) has gained traction in adhesive design, no previous attempts have targeted fibril-array scale optimization. In this study, we propose an ML-based tool that optimizes the distribution of fibril compliance to maximize adhesive strength. Our tool, featuring two neural networks (NNs), recovers previous design results for simple geometries and introduces novel solutions for complex configurations. The predictor NN estimates adhesive strength based on random compliance distributions, while the designer NN optimizes compliance distribution to achieve maximum strength using gradient-based optimization. This method significantly reduces test error and accelerates the optimization process, offering a high-performance solution for designing fibrillar adhesives and micro-architected materials aimed at fracture resistance by achieving equal load sharing.
PACS deficiency disrupts Golgi architecture and causes cytokinesis failures and seizure-like phenotype in
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Frappaolo Anna , Zaccagnini Gianluca , Riparbelli Maria Giovanna , Colotti Gianni , Callaini Giuliano , Giansanti Maria Grazia
Published: February 2025

The PACS (phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein) proteins are membrane trafficking regulators, required for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing disease states. Mutations in human
PACS1
and
PACS2
cause human neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by epileptic seizures and neurodevelopmental delay. In vertebrates, functional analysis of PACS proteins is complicated by the presence of two paralogues which can compensate for the loss of each other. Here, we characterize the unique fly homologue of human PACS proteins. We demonstrate that Drosophila PACS (dPACS) is required for cell division in dividing spermatocytes and neuroblasts. In primary spermatocytes, dPACS colocalizes with GOLPH3 at the Golgi stacks and is essential for maintaining Golgi architecture. In dividing cells, dPACS is necessary for central spindle stability and contractile ring constriction. dPACS and GOLPH3 proteins form a complex and are mutually dependent for localization to the cleavage site. We propose that dPACS, by associating with GOLPH3, mediates the flow of vesicle trafficking that supports furrow ingression during cytokinesis. Furthermore, loss of dPACS leads to defects in tubulin acetylation and severe bang sensitivity, a phenotype associated with seizures in flies. Together our findings suggest that a Drosophila
PACS
disease model may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning human PACS syndromes.
Microsporidian parasite impairs colony fitness in bumblebees
Authors: Camenzind Domenic W. , Bruckner Selina , Neumann Peter , Van Oystaeyen Annette , Strobl Verena , Williams Geoffrey R. , Straub Lars
Published: February 2025

Emerging infectious diseases can have a major impact on fitness of novel hosts, thereby contributing to ongoing species declines. In social insects, collaborative brood care by workers and successful mating of male sexuals are key to colony fitness. The microsporidian endoparasite
Nosema ceranae
has spread almost globally, shifting across honeybee species and now to bumblebees. However, despite
N. ceranae
being linked to recent population declines, its possible impact on bumblebee colony fitness remains poorly understood. Here, we show that
N. ceranae
infections can significantly impact
Bombus terrestris
worker feeding glands, as well as longevity, sperm quality and mating abilities of drones. In the laboratory, workers and drones were either exposed to the parasite or not. Then, parasite infection rates and loads, as well as lethal and sublethal parameters, were assessed. Infected drones revealed higher parasite infection rates and spore titres, as well as mortality compared with female workers, suggesting sex-specific susceptibility. Furthermore, infections impaired feeding glands, affected sperm traits and altered mating behaviour, all of which are key to colony fitness. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation on how
N. ceranae
contributes to the ongoing decline of wild bumblebee populations, calling for respective mitigation measures.
Impacts of predation risk on learning and memory of free-living mice
Authors: Ganci Carolina C. , McKay Leah , Hunninck Louis , Sheriff Michael J.
Published: February 2025

In predator–prey interactions, responses to predation risk typically involve behavioural, morphological or physiological changes. Laboratory-based studies have also shown changes in prey cognition (i.e. learning and memory), with individuals often showing impairment. However, an ecological perspective predicts that wild animals should conserve their cognitive ability, given that many risk responses require robust cognition. Here, we simulated predation risk and used a field-adapted version of the Morris Water Maze (MWM) to investigate how chronic predation risk affects cognition in wild white-footed mice (
Peromyscus leucopus
). We found that 24 days' exposure to predation risk did not impair learning. However, those exposed to risk had a 25% reduction of their short-term memory. Twelve days post-risk exposure, we found no performance differences between risk-exposed and control mice. Additionally, risk-exposed mice displayed greater exploration with a higher probability of completing the MWM in their initial trial. Given that prey integrate multiple pieces of information to shape their behaviour, the lack of learning impairment and altered exploration strategies may help mice respond to predation risk. However, the tendency of memory impairment suggests there are consequences for cognition when experiencing increased predation risk.
Phenological patterns of tropical mountain forest trees across the neotropics: evidence from herbarium specimens
Authors: Ordoñez J. C. , Tovar C. , Walker B. E. , Wheeler J. , Ayala-Ruano S. , Aguirre-Carvajal K. , McMahon S. M. , Cuesta F.
Published: February 2025

The flowering phenology of many tropical mountain forest tree species remains poorly understood, including flowering synchrony and its drivers across neotropical ecosystems. We obtained herbarium records for 427 tree species from a long-term monitoring transect on the northwestern Ecuadorian Andes, sourced from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and the Herbario Nacional del Ecuador. Using machine learning algorithms, we identified flowering phenophases from digitized specimen labels and applied circular statistics to build phenological calendars across six climatic regions within the neotropics. We found 47 939 herbarium records, of which 14 938 were classified as flowering by Random Forest Models. We constructed phenological calendars for six regions and 86 species with at least 20 flowering records. Phenological patterns varied considerably across regions, among species within regions, and within species across regions. There was limited interannual synchronicity in flowering patterns within regions primarily driven by bimodal species whose flowering peaks coincided with irradiance peaks. The predominantly high variability of phenological patterns among species and within species likely confers adaptative advantages by reducing interspecific competition during reproductive periods and promoting species coexistence in highly diverse regions with little or no seasonality.
Genomic and pathogenicity analyses to identify the causative agent from multiple serogroups of non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae in foodborne outbreaks
Authors: Morita Masatomo , Hiyoshi Hirotaka , Arakawa Eiji , Izumiya Hidemasa , Ohnishi Makoto , Ogata Kikuyo , Sasaki Mari , Narimatsu Hiroshi , Kitagawa Emiko , Akeda Yukihiro , Kodama Toshio
Published: February 2025

In 2013, foodborne outbreaks in Japan were linked to non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. However, laboratory tests have detected several serogroups, making it difficult to determine the causative agent. Therefore, whole-genome analyses revealed that only serogroup O144 V. cholerae possesses a genomic island with a type III secretion system (T3SS). A T3SS-deficient mutant was subsequently generated, and its pathogenicity was assessed using a rabbit ileal loop test. This led to the conclusion that serogroup O144 V. cholerae with T3SS was the causative agent of foodborne outbreaks. This study provides an illustrative example of the utilization of whole-genome data for pathogenicity and molecular epidemiological analyses in outbreak investigations.
Resistance to Radiation Enhances Metastasis by Altering RNA Metabolism
Authors: Kumar Ayush , Kishimoto Kensei , Goel Hira Lal , Wisniewski Christi A. , Li Rui , Pacheco Brendan , Zhu Lihua Julie , Flavahan William A. , Mercurio Arthur M
Published: February 2025

The cellular programs that mediate therapy resistance are often important drivers of metastasis, a phenomenon that needs to be understood better to improve screening and treatment options for cancer patients. Although this issue has been studied extensively for chemotherapy, less is known about a causal link between resistance to radiation therapy and metastasis. We investigated this problem in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and established that radiation resistant tumor cells have enhanced metastatic capacity, especially to bone. Resistance to radiation increases the expression of integrin β3 (ITGβ3), which promotes enhanced migration and invasion. Bioinformatic analysis and subsequent experimentation revealed an enrichment of RNA metabolism pathways that stabilize ITGβ3 transcripts. Specifically, the RNA binding protein heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HNRNPL), whose expression is regulated by Nrf2, mediates the formation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) that function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) for the family of let-7 microRNAs that target ITGβ3. Collectively, our findings identify a novel mechanism of radiation-induced metastasis that is driven by alterations in RNA metabolism.
Targeting Anti-HLA Class I and II Antibodies with CAR-B Cell Therapy: A Novel Strategy to Mitigate Graft Rejection and Platelet Refractoriness
Authors: Kesherwani Varun
Published: February 2025

Alloimmune responses mediated by anti-HLA (human leukocyte antigen) antibodies are significant barriers to successful transplantation and transfusion therapies. Current immunosuppressive strategies target broad components of the immune system, often leading to non-specific effects, such as increased susceptibility to infections and malignancies. Here, we propose a novel therapeutic approach using Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-B cells engineered to target anti-HLA Class I and II antibodies. By specifically neutralizing these antibodies, CAR-B cell therapy has the potential to mitigate immune responses in allogeneic transplantation and transfusion, reducing the incidence of graft rejection and transfusion reactions. It will also neutralize the T cell response by binding to reactive T cells against donor HLA molecules. In this article, we discuss the rationale, design, and anticipated outcomes of this innovative therapy.
pH-Responsive Near Infrared Light Triggered Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Targeted Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Palanikumar Loganathan , Yasin Faten Mansoor , Munkhjargal Itgel , Boitet Maylis , Ali Liaqat , Ali Muhammed Shiraz , Straubinger Rainer , Barrera Francisco Nicolas , Magzoub Mazin
Published: February 2025

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as an effective cancer treatment strategy, which utilizes photothermal agents that accumulate at tumor sites and induce localized hyperthermia when irradiated. Near-infrared II (NIR II) fluorophores, such as the polymethine cyanine-based photothermal dye IR1061, exhibit higher temporal resolution and better tissue penetration, thereby making them promising candidates for PTT. However, challenges such as the low water solubility and in vivo short circulation times of these dyes limit their biological applications. To address these issues, we have developed a biocompatible and biodegradable delivery system in which IR1061 is encapsulated within lipid-coated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (LHAPNIRs). The lipid shell is composed of DPPC/cholesterol/DSPE-PEG to retain the encapsulated dye and prevent serum protein adsorption and macrophage recognition, which would otherwise that hinder tumor targeting. Finally, the coat is functionalized with an acidity-triggered rational membrane (ATRAM) peptide for efficient and specific internalization into tumor cells in the mildly acidic microenvironment characteristic of tumors. The nanoparticles facilitated real-time thermal imaging and showed potent NIR-light triggered anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo, with no noticeable toxicity to healthy tissue. Our results demonstrate that ATRAM-LHAPNIRs (ALHAPNIRs) combine potent PTT and robust diagnostic imaging capabilities.
Single-Cell Resolution of Cellular Damage Illuminates Disease Progression
Authors: Padvitski Tsimafei , Unger Avila Paula , Chen He , Özel Cem , Braun Fabian , Müller Roman-Ulrich , Westermark Pål O. , Brinkkötter Paul T. , Schermer Bernhard , Benzing Thomas , Wunderlich F. Thomas , Kann Martin , Beyer Andreas
Published: February 2025

Degenerative diseases are marked by the progressive accumulation of cellular damage, leading to impaired cellular function and tissue degeneration. Despite advances in single-cell technologies, capturing the gradual decline of individual cellsin vivoremains challenging. Here, we present a novel, universal, cross-model framework for quantifying cellular damage at single-cell resolution, to uncover conserved molecular trajectories of cellular degeneration. This method uses single-cell RNA sequencing data and enables the detection of progressive damage within distinct cell populations under physiological and pathological conditions. We developed the Podocyte Damage Score (PDS) and Hepatocyte Damage Score (HDS) to monitor cellular deterioration in murine models of kidney glomerulosclerosis and liver steatosis, respectively. The application of these scores to both murine and human datasets accurately quantified cellular damage across diverse disease models and distinguished varying degrees of damage even in unperturbed samples. Notably, the PDS revealed circadian gene expression dysregulation as a hallmark of podocyte injury, while the HDS identified a critical threshold of hepatocyte damage leading to cellular senescence and metabolic dysfunction. The approach provides a scalable tool for decoding disease progression and identifying therapeutic targets across degenerative disorders.
The mechanism how Pretubulysin-induced microtubule disassembly improves T cell search efficiency
Authors: Montalvo Galia , Shaebani Reza , Nandakumar Shweta , Cowley Natasha , Zhao Renping , Hawkins Rhoda , Hoth Markus , Lauterbach Marcel A , Schaedel Laura , Qu Bin , Lautenschlaeger Franziska
Published: February 2025

Cell migration is a crucial process for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), that allows effective navigation through three-dimensional (3D) environments to locate target cells and execute cytotoxic functions. Impaired CTLs infiltration into solid tumors remains a significant challenge, often limiting the efficacy of immunotherapies. To address this challenge, recent evidence suggests microtubules (MT) as a promising target, since perturbing MT stability improves T-cell migration and killing efficiency in dense matrices, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we use Pretubulysin, a known MT depolymerizer to unmask mechanism how MT stability influences T-cell migration. We found that complete disassembly of the microtubule network significantly increased CTLs infiltration and migration in a 3D environment. Asking how migration actually improves killing efficiency, we focused on the cell search efficiency, since finding a target is a crucial prerequisite to kill it. Using a persistent random walk model, we prove the ability of Pretubulysin to enhance T-cell search efficiency. We are proposing an underlying mechanism explaining this enhanced searching efficiency of T cells after Pretubulysin treatment: Depolymerizing microtubules in activated T cells leads to localized actomyosin accumulation at the uropod, altering cell mechanics and favoring stronger contraction forces at the rear of the cell. This results in faster and more persistent migration. Overall, our findings shed light on the role of MTs in search mechanisms of immune cells, regulating CTLs migration in 3D environments. We highlight the potential of MT-disassembling agents like Pretubulysin to optimize immune therapies against solid tumors.
Polyphasic discrimination ofShewanella seohaensisfrom closely related species and a whole-genome multilocus (wgMLST) scheme for the evaluation of diversity within thisShewanellaclade
Authors: Firmino Maria O. , Forofontov Mykyta , Louro Ricardo O. , Alberto J Martín-Rodríguez , Ramírez Mario , Paquete Catarina M.
Published: February 2025

Shewanellais an environmentally ubiquitous genus with significant roles in bioelectrochemical applications and human infections. However, identification problems involvingShewanella putrefaciens,Shewanella xiamenensis, andShewanella seohaensis, have been reported, potentially hindering research progress in these areas. In this study, we explored how to discriminate between these species. By comparing the genomes ofShewanellaspp. available in public databases with that of the newly sequenced strain DSM9451, we showed that this strain is a member of the speciesS. seohaensis. Of the eight public genomes associated with this species, only two were correctly identified in public databases. Phenotypic analysis revealed distinct features ofS. seohaensiswith respect toS. putrefaciensandShewanella decolorationis. However, only differences in the intensity of biochemical reactions were observed betweenS. xiamenensisandS. seohaensis. To discriminate between these closely related species and explore their diversity, a whole-genome multilocus sequence typing scheme was developed. The scheme distinguished related species and revealed significant diversity amongS. seohaensisandS. xiamenensisisolates, suggesting that both species may harbor isolates with significantly different metabolic properties. These differences are so wide within the clade that may explain why these two species are difficult to distinguish. The identification of exclusive genes of each species allowed the design of a simple molecular method to differentiateS. seohaensisfrom closely related species, which will help in clarifying its role in human infections and environmental processes.
Cryptosporidiummodifies intestinal microvilli through an exported virulence factor
Authors: Rodrigues Elena , Pallett Mitchell A. , Straker Lorian C. , Mkandawire Tapoka T. , Sala Katarzyna , Collinson Lucy , Sateriale Adam
Published: February 2025

Cryptosporidiumis a common intestinal infection of vertebrates and a significant threat to public health. Within the epithelial layer of the intestine, the parasite invades and replicates. Infected cells are readily detected under the microscope by the presence of elongated microvilli, particularly around the vacuole where the parasite resides. Here, we identify a family ofCryptosporidiumvirulence factors that are exported into the host cell during infection and localise to the microvilli. We examine the trafficking and function of the most highly expressed family member, MVP1, which appears to control the elongation of microvilli through engagement of host EBP50 and CDC42. Remarkably, this mechanism closely mirrors that of an enteropathogenicEscherichia colivirulence factor, MAP, which is also known to drive host microvilli elongation during infection. This highlights a unique instance where eukaryotic and prokaryotic virulence factors have convergently evolved to modulate host actin structures through a similar mechanism.
Crystal structure of a thermophilic family II inorganic pyrophosphatase enabling high-temperature adaptation inThermodesulfobacterium commune
Authors: Maruoka Saki , Teramoto Takamasa , Watanabe Keiichi , Kakuta Yoshimitsu
Published: February 2025

Inorganic pyrophosphatases (PPases) are crucial for energy metabolism and classified into families with distinct metal ion requirements and structural features. This study is the first to successfully express, purify, and structurally characterize a thermophilic family II PPase isolated fromThermodesulfobacterium commune(TcPPase).TcPPase, which is optimally activated by Co2+and Mn2+, required both the N- and C-terminal domains for complete catalytic function. Comparative structural analyses of psychrophilic and mesophilic homologs revealed that the enhanced thermal stability ofTcPPase was due to its strong hydrophobic interactions, high proline content, dense hydrogen bond network, and additional salt bridges. These findings reveal the molecular basis for the thermal adaptation of family II PPases, providing valuable insights for thermostable enzyme engineering for biotechnological applications.
Combining Sampling Methods with Attractor Dynamics in Spiking Models of Head-Direction Systems
Authors: Pjanovic Vojko , Zavatone-Veth Jacob A , Masset Paul , Keemink Sander W , Nardin Michele
Published: February 2025

Uncertainty is a fundamental aspect of the natural environment, requiring the brain to infer and integrate noisy signals to guide behavior effectively. Sampling-based inference has been proposed as a mechanism for dealing with uncertainty, particularly in early sensory processing. However, it is unclear how to reconcile sampling-based methods with operational principles of higher-order brain areas, such as attractor dynamics of persistent neural representations. In this study, we present a spiking neural network model for the head-direction (HD) system that combines sampling-based inference with attractor dynamics. To achieve this, we derive the required spiking neural network dynamics and interactions to perform sampling from a large family of probability distributions - including variables encoded with Poisson noise. We then propose a method that allows the network to update its estimate of the current head direction by integrating angular velocity samples - derived from noisy inputs - with a pull towards a circular manifold, thereby maintaining consistent attractor dynamics. This model makes specific, testable predictions about the HD system that can be examined in future neurophysiological experiments: it predicts correlated subthreshold voltage fluctuations; distinctive short- and long-term firing correlations among neurons; and characteristic statistics of the movement of the neural activity "bump" representing the head direction. Overall, our approach extends previous theories on probabilistic sampling with spiking neurons, offers a novel perspective on the computations responsible for orientation and navigation, and supports the hypothesis that sampling-based methods can be combined with attractor dynamics to provide a viable framework for studying neural dynamics across the brain.
Promiscuous endosymbionts in deep-sea corals and crinoids are shaped by nitrogen cycling
Authors: Modolon Fluvio , Garritano Alessandro N , Hill Lilian J , Duarte Gustavo , Bendia Amanda G , Moura Rafael B , Pellizari Vivian Helena , Thomas Torsten , Peixoto Raquel
Published: February 2025

Crinoids are commonly associated with corals, but whether they physiologically interact is unclear. Like corals, crinoids host symbiotic microorganisms but little is known about the crinoid microbiome. Here, we reveal the microbiomes of the deep-sea corals Desmophyllum pertusum and Solenosmilia variabilis and, notably, their associated feather star crinoid, Koehlermetra (of the family Thalassometridae) in the Campos Basin, Brazil. We showed that the same endosymbiotic members of the families Endozoicomonadaceae and Nitrosopumilaceae interchangeably inhabit the internal and external structures of the corals and crinoid, indicating promiscuity in symbioses. The metagenome-assembled genome of the novel and dominant Endozoicomonas promiscua sp. nov. suggest that these symbionts may drive dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia, which could be a source of energy for ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) of the family Nitrosopumilaceae. Thus, nitrogen cycling may determine the microorganisms that are hosted by deep-sea corals, which may be provided by their associated crinoids. These findings provide important insight about the complex ecological interactions that could lead to promiscuous symbiosis.
Small-molecule screen inC. elegansidentifies benzenesulfonamides as inhibitors of microsporidia spores
Authors: Huang Qingyuan , Jiang Haiyi , Wei Junhong , Dou Yabin , Pan Guoqing , Chen Jie , Reinke Aaron W.
Published: February 2025

Microsporidia, a large group of fungal-related intracellular parasites, infect several economically significant animals, leading to substantial economic losses. As currently available anti-microsporidia therapies are either ineffective or come with numerous adverse effects, there is a need for alternative microsporidia inhibitors. Here we screen a subset of the ChemBridge DIVERset library, comprising 2500 diverse compounds, usingCaenorhabditis elegansinfected with its natural microsporidian parasite,Nematocida parisii. By testing these compounds at 60 μM in 96-well assay plates, we identified 26 hits that restored the ability ofC. elegansto produce progeny in the presence ofN. parisii. We confirmed that out of 20 tested compounds, 18 ChemBridge compounds effectively inhibitN. parisiiinfection inC. elegans. Of these 18, 10 were benzenesulfonamide derivatives which inhibit microsporidia infection by inactivating spores. We screened an additional 475-compound benzenesulfonamide library, successfully identifying three compounds that are effective at a lower concentration than the initial hits. We further show that one benzenesulfonamide compound displays inhibitory activity against several species of microsporidia, inhibiting infection of species belonging to theNematocida,Enterocytozoon, andEncephalitozoongenera. Together our results suggest that benzenesulfonamides are a potential scaffold for the development of microsporidia antiseptics.
Le Petit Prince (LPP) Multi-talker: Naturalistic 7T fMRI and EEG Dataset
Authors: Wang Qixuan , Zhou Qian , Ma Zhengwu , Wang Nan , Zhang Tianyu , Fu Yaoyao , Li Jixing
Published: February 2025

Prior neuroimaging datasets using naturalistic listening paradigms have predominantly focused on single-talker scenarios. While these studies have been invaluable for advancing our understanding of speech and language processing in the brain, they do not capture the complexities of real-world multi-talker environments. Here, we introduce the "Le Petit Prince (LPP) Multi-talker Dataset", a high-quality, naturalistic neuroimaging dataset featuring 40 minutes of electroencephalogram (EEG) and 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings from 26 native Mandarin Chinese speakers as they listened to both single-talker and multi-talker speech streams. Validation analyses conducted on both EEG and fMRI data demonstrate the dataset's high quality and robustness. Additionally, the dataset includes detailed transcriptions and prosodic and linguistic annotations of the speech stimuli, enabling fine-grained analyses of neural responses to specific linguistic and acoustic features. The LPP Multi-talker Dataset is well-suited for addressing a wide range of research questions in cognitive neuroscience, including selective attention, auditory stream segregation, and working memory processes in naturalistic listening contexts.
In toto imaging of germ plasm dynamics reveals an essential role for early distribution of germ granules in germline development
Authors: Zaucker Andreas , Papafoti Maria , Corcoran David , La Rodé DaeNia La Shawn , Leech Rebecca , Vrliczak Pavle , Kumari Pooja , Sampath Karuna
Published: February 2025

A fundamental question in developmental biology is how the fertilized egg gives rise to all the different cell types of an organism. The traditional view is that the different cell types are specified either by intrinsic factors such as cell fate determinants or via intercellular signaling. In some animals a cytoplasmic determinant-like substance called ‘germplasm’ specifies the germline. In zebrafish eggs, germplasm is dispersed in form of mRNP complexes called germ granules, which are enriched at the animal pole. After fertilization the distribution of germ granules changes dramatically. The germ granules accumulate in the corners of the first two cleavage furrows of the embryo, to form four large masses that are essential for germline development. Although germ granule movement has been linked to the network dynamics of the microtubular and actin cytoskeleton, a clear mechanistic understanding of the process is currently lacking. Fundamental questions about germplasm dynamics, including “What is the main driving force?” have not been answered yet.

To address this gap, we performed careful quantitative analysis of germ granule dynamics relative to dynamic cytoskeletal reorganization in early zebrafish embryos by live-imaging. We identified stereotypic signatures of germ granule dynamics across different regions of the early embryo. Interestingly, we find that the timing of large-scale germ granule movements contrasts prevailing models for the mechanism of germ granule aggregation during cleavage divisions, and rather points to cytokinetic apparatus itself.

Using zebrafish mutants affecting the RNA-binding protein Ybx1 (Y-box binding-protein 1), we show that the timing and dynamics of germ granule accumulation in the blastodisc is a crucial factor for appropriate later aggregation into cleavage furrows and eventual distribution to PGCs. Germplasm accumulation in the cleavage furrows is reduced and ectopic aggregates form at the blastoderm margin of ybx1 mutant embryos. Our work establishes Ybx1 as a novel factor with crucial functions in germplasm distribution and suggests that additional factors drive normal germplasm dynamics.
Search for the
KL→π0νν¯
Decay at the J-PARC KOTO Experiment
Authors: Ahn J. K. , Farrington M. , Gonzalez M. , Grethen N. , Hanai K. , Hara N. , Haraguchi H. , Hsiung Y. B. , Inagaki T. , Katayama M. , Kato T. , Kawata Y. , Kim E. J. , Kim H. M. , Kitagawa A. , Komatsubara T. K. , Kotera K. , Lee S. K. , Li X. , Lim G. Y. , Lin C. , Luo Y. , Mari T. , Matsumura T. , Morioka I. , Nanjo H. , Nishimiya H. , Noichi Y. , Nomura T. , Ono K. , Osugi M. , Paschos P. , Redeker J. , Sato T. , Sato Y. , Shibata T. , Shimizu N. , Shinkawa T. , Shiomi K. , Shiraishi R. , Suzuki S. , Tajima Y. , Taylor N. , Tung Y. C. , Wah Y. W. , Watanabe H. , Wu T. , Yamanaka T. , Yoshida H. Y. ,   KOTO Collaboration
Published: February 2025

We performed a search for the KL→π0νν¯ decay using the data taken in 2021 at the J-PARC KOTO experiment. With newly installed counters and new analysis method, the expected background was suppressed to 0.252±0.055stat −0.067syst+0.052. With a single event sensitivity of (9.33±0.06stat±0.84syst)×10−10, no events were observed in the signal region. An upper limit on the branching fraction for the decay was set to be 2.2×10−9 at the 90% confidence level (C.L.), which improved the previous upper limit from KOTO by a factor of 1.4. With the same data, a search for KL→π0X0 was also performed, where X0 is an invisible boson with a mass ranging from 1 to 260  MeV/c2. For X0 with a mass of 135  MeV/c2, an upper limit on the branching fraction of KL→π0X0 was set to be 1.6×10−9 at the 90% C.L.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Generalized Thermodynamic Relations for Perfect Spin Hydrodynamics
Authors: Florkowski Wojciech , Hontarenko Mykhailo
Published: February 2025

Generalized thermodynamic relations are introduced into the framework of a relativistic perfect spin hydrodynamics. They allow for consistent treatment of spin degrees of freedom, including the use of spin tensors whose structure follows from microscopic calculations. The obtained results are important for establishing consistency between different formulations of spin hydrodynamics and form the basis for introducing dissipative corrections.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Is it possible to obtain a plausible experimental electronic structure without collecting high-order diffraction data?
Authors: Hlinčík Andrej , Bučinský Lukáš , Breza Martin , Kožíšek Jozef
Published: February 2025

To study the experimental electronic structure, the exact position of the nonhydrogen atoms in the starting geometry is necessary. In this paper, we compare the results of the experimental electronic structure obtained using the full data set [low-order (sinθ/λ < 0.7 Å−1) together with high-order (sinθ/λ > 0.7 Å−1) diffraction data] and the results based on low-order reflections only. The initial geometry and atomic displacement parameters were obtained from NospherA2 software when using low-order data. If this approach is meaningful, it reduces the measurement to data acquisition time by a factor of 7:1. Thus showing a promise to make experimental studies of electronic structure widely accessible.
Harnessing artificial intelligence for strategic decision-making: the catalyst impact of digital leadership
Authors: Jaboob Mohammed , Al-Ansi Abdullah M. , Al-Okaily Manaf , Ferasso Marcos
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications enable entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to make strategic decisions based on more accurate predictions and modeling scenarios to achieve operational efficiency and profitability. This research aims to investigate the role of AI applications in enhancing strategic decision-making (SDM) through the mediating role of digital leadership (DL).

Design/methodology/approach

The sample included 306 Omani entrepreneurs from SMEs randomly sampled to collect data from different SME industrial incubators. To test hypotheses, structural equation modeling (SEM), regression and confirmatory factor analysis and Process V4 to test the mediating role of DL were used.

Findings

Results reveal that AI applications have a positive and significant impact on SDM and DL. Furthermore, DL has a positive and significant impact on SDM. The results also reveal that DL enhances the relationship between AI applications and SDM in Omani SMEs.

Originality/value

This research provides evidence regarding SMEs in the Arabian context and the ability of AI application adoption to improve productivity and sustainability in the economic sector.
Avoiding harm to the product: how product anthropomorphism and buyer usage intent affect sellers’ pricing
Authors: Liu Ping , Li Shouwei , Zhang Lijun , Li Wei
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Building on the core concept of anthropomorphism and the empathy-helping theory, this research aims to examine how product anthropomorphism and buyer usage intentions affect sellers’ pricing in second-hand markets as well as explore the psychological dynamics underlying these effects.

Design/methodology/approach

To test the hypotheses, a series of four experiments were conducted. Studies 1a (n = 140) and 1b (n = 140) employed a one-factor (product anthropomorphism: yes vs no) between-subject design and used chi-square analysis. Study 2 (n = 145) and Study 3 (n = 162) employed a 2 (usage intention: protective vs destructive) × 2 (product anthropomorphism: yes vs no) between-subject design and used two-way ANOVA and moderated mediation analysis.

Findings

The study found that even when potential buyers with destructive (vs protective) usage intentions offer higher prices, sellers of anthropomorphized (vs non-anthropomorphized) products are less willing to choose them (Studies 1a and 1b). When potential buyers express destructive (vs protective) usage intentions, sellers of anthropomorphized (vs non-anthropomorphized) products are less willing to offer discounts (Study 2), and the lowest price they are willing to accept is higher (Study 3). The level of perceived capacity for pain mediates these effects (Study 3).

Originality/value

These findings offer insights into the application of product anthropomorphism strategies and the second-hand transactions of used anthropomorphized products.
Compressed stabilised earth blocks as a sustainable building material: investigation of customer purchase intentions
Authors: Tissaveerasinghe Stanly Prashanthan , Chathuranga Namila , Siriwardana Chandana
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This research aims to analyse the influence of multidimensional factors on customer purchasing intentions of compressed stabilised earth blocks (CSEBs), providing relevant authorities with systematic insights to promote CSEBs.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional field survey with 222 respondents, preceded by a pilot survey with 30 respondents, was conducted in the Eastern and Northern provinces of Sri Lanka. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to analyse the significance of personal, social, psychological and cultural factors on customer purchase intentions of CSEBs.

Findings

Beyond the direct influence of product pricing, factors of lifestyle, social norms/values, perception and social differences significantly shape customer purchasing intentions within the personal, social, psychological and cultural dimensions, respectively. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses further indicated that personal, social and psychological dimensions substantially influence customer purchasing intentions of CSEBs, while the cultural dimension had negligible influence.

Research limitations/implications

By identifying key factors shaping customer purchasing intentions, this research lays the groundwork for initiatives aimed at promoting CSEBs. These insights can also inform marketing strategies, educational/awareness programmes and regulatory measures to promote CSEBs effectively.

Originality/value

This research addresses a critical gap in behavioural research on sustainable building materials, focusing on the influence of personal, social, psychological and cultural factors on the customer purchasing intentions of CSEBs. The findings enrich the existing knowledge base and offer novel insights for evidence-based decision-making to promote CSEBs and future behavioural research.