bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonuniform Rotation of an Infinite Circular Cylinder in an Infinite Viscous Liquid
Authors: Mallick D. D.
Published: May 2007

Rigorous solutions have been obtained giving the initial unsteady motion produced by the rotation of a circular cylinder in a viscous liquid. Both the external and internal solutions when the liquid is outside or inside the rotating cylinder have been obtained. In every case a steady state is reached. Curves showing how this steadiness spreads from infinity towards the cylinder for outside motion, and from the cylindrical surface towards the axis for internal motion, have been drawn.
Einfluß einer unendlichen Reihe gleicher Kreislöcher auf die Durchbiegung einer dünnen Platte
Authors: Tamate O.
Published: May 2007

Die Aufgabe der Abschätzung des Einflusses einer unendlichen Reihe gleicher Kreislöcher auf die Spannung in einer unbegrenzten, biegebeanspruchten Platte wird auf Grund der Kirchhoffschen Biegungstheorie und der komplexen Darstellungsmethode von Muskhelishvili behandelt. Zur Bestimmung der Koeffizienten, die in der Durchbiegungsfunktion der Platte enthalten sind, wird die Störungsrechnung angewandt. Numerische Ergebnisse für einige speziellen Fälle werden mitgeteilt.
Theorie von Regelsystemen mit zeitlich variabler Regelstärke
Authors: Ludwig G. , Rollnik H.
Published: May 2007

Die bisherige allgemeine Theorie von Regelsystemen wird dadurch verallgemeinert, daß für die Regelstärke eine zeitliche Variation zugelassen wird, die das System in einem endlichen Zeitintervall in den gewünschten End‐zustand überführt. Die Lösung dieses Problems gelingt mit Hilfe einer allgemeinen Laplace‐Transformation. Unter der Voraussetzung, daß die auftretenden Differential‐Operatoren Polynome beliebigen, aber endlichen Grades sind, werden die strengen Lösungen in Integralform aufgeschrieben und asymptotische Entwicklungen sowie Potenzreihen daraus gefolgert. Außerdem werden die Bedingungen für die Stabilität des Regelsystems angegeben. Eine Anwendung der Formeln soll in einer späteren Arbeit erfolgen.
Über den Zusammenhang verschiedener Näherungsverfahren zur Berechnung nichtlinearer Schwingungen
Authors: Magnus K.
Published: May 2007

Es wird gezeigt, daß einige der in der nichtlinearen Mechanik viel gebrauchten Nährungsmethoden (Aequivalente Linearisierung, Harmonische Balance, Beschreibungsfunktion, Energie‐Mittelung, Fehlerquadrat‐Minimum) als Spezialfälle des allgemeinen Ritz‐Galerkin schen Variationsverfahren aufgefaßt werden können. Unter Verwendung der Ritz‐Galerkinschen Vorschriften wird ein verallgemeinertes Verfahren zur Linearisierung durch nichtharmonische Funktionen angegeben, das für die Berechnung von Relaxationsschwingungen Vorteile bringen kann.
Ein besonderes uneigentliches Integral über das Produkt zweier regulärer Coulombscher Wellenfunktionen
Authors: Buchholz H.
Published: May 2007

Das uneigenfliche Integral der Gl. (2) tritt in der Kernphysik auf, worüber im einzelnen eine im Erscheinen begriffene Arbeit des Herrn von Behr unterrichtet. Die Berechnung des Integrals geschieht am einfachsten, indem man sich wie im folgenden auf allgemeine, unmittelbar aus der Differentialgleichung der Coulombschen Wellenfunktion folgende Beziehungen stützt. Die Berechnung ist dann sogar bei beliebigen Grenzen möglich, und die Ergebnisse bleiben gültig, wenn der hintere Parameter der Funktion M eine beliebige reelle Zahl ist.
Minimum‐Storage Matrix Inversion
Authors: Bolie Victor W.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this paper is to describe a method of turning a matrix into its inverse with a minimum numer of storage locations.
The Boundary Layer Equations of Compressible Flow. Separation
Authors: Meksyn D.
Published: May 2007

The Equations of Motion, Continuity and Energy of compressible boundary layer are reduced to two equations which, in the case when Prandtl numer ∼ is equal to unity and ∼ T, are reduced to one equation identical with the equation for incompressible flow.

It is applied to the case of flow past a plane with separation induced by a shock wave. An improved method of integration in indicated.
Das Wellenbild einer unter der Oberfläche eines Stromes schwerer Flüssigkeit pulsierenden Quelle
Authors: Becker E.
Published: May 2007

Unter der Oberfläche eines beliebig tiefen Stromes schwerer Flüssigkeit pulsiere eine punktförmige Flüssigkeitsquelle harmonisch mit der Zeit. Die Oberfläche des Stromes wird dann wellenartig deformiert. Für den asymptotischen Verlauf der Kurven konstanter Phase (z. B. der Wellenberge) in weiter Entfernung von der Quelle wird (bei Vernachlässigung der Oberflächenspannung) eine einfache geometrische Konstruktion mitgeteilt. Aus dieser Konstruktion können verschiedene Folgerungen för den Verlauf der Kurven sowie für die Energiestrahlung der Quelle gezogen werden.
Über Schraubentriebe mit parallelen Achsen zur kombinierten Grob‐ und Feineinstellung
Authors: Noli W.
Published: May 2007

Aus Schraubenmutter und Schraubenspindel mit größerem Spiel oder aus zwei Schraubenspindeln lassen sich Schraubentriebe herstellen, mit denen man nach Wunsch groben oder feinen Vortrieb erhalten kann. Die Berührungsbedingungen dafür benötigter Schraubflächenpaare mit Linienberührung und Wege zu ihrer Formgebung werden aufgezeigt.
Asymptotische Gesetze der turbulenten Ausbreitung von Heißluftstrahlen in bewegter und ruhender Außenluft
Authors: Szablewski W.
Published: May 2007

Auf der Grundlage des Prandtlschen Schubspannungsansatzes für freie Turbulenz werden die Geschwindigkeits‐ und Temperaturfelder runder und ebener Heißluftstrahlen in bewegter und ruhender Außenluft für große axiale Abstände von der Düsenmündung explizit mittels der Ähnlichkeitshypothese berechnet. Der Vergleich mit Messungen runder Heißluftstrahlen ergibt befriedigende Übereinstimmung. Besonders hervorzuheben ist dabei das Ergebnis, daß sich der empirische Koeffizient χ1 der Theorie für das Modell eines runden Düsenstrahls von der Mündung bis zur Asymptote praktisch als eine Konstante erweist.
Spannungsoptische Untersuchung einer Kragplatte mit linear veränderlicher Dicke
Authors: Schwieger H. , Haberland G.
Published: May 2007

Ein gewisser Fortschritt der experimentellen Mechanik insbesondere hier der Spannungsoptik ist in der Tatsache begründet, daß man heute elastische Platten ähnlich wie elastische Scheiben untersuchen kann. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen können einerseits die theoretischen Berechnungen dieser Flächentragwerke ergänzen und fördern und andererseits die in ihrer theoretischen Behandlung schwierigen Plattenprobleme überhaupt lösen. Als Beitrag zu diesen komplizierten Plattenproblemen wurden mittels des spannungsoptischen Zweischichtenverfahrens und des von uns entwickelten Auswerteverfahrens endliche Kragplatten mit ortsveränderlicher Biegungssteifigkeit untersucht. Dabei gelingt es, aus den spannungsoptischen Bestimmungsstücken, wie dem maximalen Torsionsmoment und den Richtungen der Hauptbiegungsmomente, schrittweise die Torsionsmomente, die Hauptmomentenlinien und schließlich die Plattenersatzmomente für die ganze Platte zu ermitteln. Aus letzteren Plattengrößen können dann die Biegungsmomente und daraus die Biegungsspannungen berechnet werden.
Existenz periodischer Bewegungen eines n‐fachen Pendels im Falle, daß einige Wurzeln seiner charakteristischen Gleichung ein Vielfaches einer anderen sind
Authors: Bradistilov G. , Boyadjiev G.
Published: May 2007

In einer seiner früheren Arbeiten beweist G. Bradistilov das Bestehen von n Scharen periodischer Bewegungen eines Systems aus n hintereinander gekoppelten, in einer Schwingungsebene liegenden Pendeln, unter der Voraussetzung, daß keine einzige Wurzel seiner charakteristischen Gleichung ein Vielfaches einer anderen ist. In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird dieselbe Frage betrachtet, aber unter der Voraussetzung, daß p — 1 Wurzeln der charakteristischen Gleichung ein Vielfaches einer anderen darstellen. Es wird bewiesen, daß für diese Wurzel überhaupt so viele Scharen periodischer Bewegungen bestehen, wie die Anzahl der reellen Lösungen eines die Bedingung der Periodizität ausdrückenden algebraischen Systems vierten Grades aus p — 1 Gleichungen mit p — 1 Unbekannten angibt.
Torsion of a large thick plate with rigidity varying linearly with depth and rigidly fixed at one face
Authors: Dutt S. B.
Published: May 2007

The present paper deals with the torsional problem relating to a large thick disk the rigidity of which varies in the direction from one face to the other, one face being assumed fixed. The investigation is extended to the case where both faces are acted upon by shearing forces depending on the radial coordinate.
Visco‐elastic steady flow
Authors: Sharma S. K.
Published: May 2007

Using a modified form of the stress‐strain relations for visco‐elastic materials, some problems on steady flow have been solved in a closed form. An extra normal effect lacking in both the Newtonian and the non‐Newtonian approaches has been found. The analysis is shown to have application in the study of gels formed by lyophillic solutions, an extreme illustration of which is table jelly. The results are found to be in good agreement with experiments.
Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity and plasma selenium concentration are reduced in maple syrup urine disease patients during treatment
Authors: Barschak Alethéa G. , Sitta Angela , Deon Marion , Barden Amanda T. , Schmitt Graziela O. , Dutra‐Filho Carlos S. , Wajner Moacir , Vargas Carmen R.
Published: May 2007

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched‐chain α‐keto acid dehydrogenase complex activity. In the present study we evaluated selenium levels in plasma from MSUD patients at diagnosis and under treatment and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes from treated patients. We verified that MSUD patients present a significant selenium deficiency at diagnosis, which becomes more pronounced during treatment, as well as a decrease of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity during treatment. In contrast, erythrocyte catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were not altered in these patients. Our present results suggest that the reduction of an important antioxidant enzyme activity may be partially involved in the pathomechanisms of this disorder and that plasma selenium levels must be corrected through dietary supplementation in MSUD patients.
Principles and Methods of Sterilization in Health Sciences ed. 2
Authors: Mehaffy Nancy L.
Published: May 2007

Principles and Methods of Sterilization in Health Sciences ed. 2 Perkins, John J. MS LL D FRSH, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill, $16.50.
Marijuana–Countdown to Disaster
Authors: Kohnke Mary Ann
Published: May 2007

James E. Crane MD, Marijuana–Countdown to Disaster, 1970, Motivation, Inc, Stamford, Conn, $.10 pamphlet.
Nurses' Guide to Cardiac Monitoring
Authors: Pristelski Mary
Published: May 2007

P Hubner MD, MRCP, Nurses' Guide to Cardiac Monitoring, 1971, Bailliere, Tindall & Cassell Ltd (London) Williams & Wilkins Company (Baltimore), London & Baltimore, 66 pp, $5.00
Management
Authors: White Linda
Published: May 2007

Introduction to Leadership and Management in Nursing, second ed. By Mary Louise Holle, Mary Elizabeth Blatchley 1987, 279 pp $26.70 paperback
Neuroanatomy Made Easy and Understandable
Authors: Lang Marjorie R
Published: May 2007

Neuroanatomy Made Easy and Understandable. Liebman, Michael, University Park Press, 233 E Redwood St, Baltimore, Md 21202, 1979, 103 pp, $9.95 paperback.
A NURSE'S GUIDE TO ANAESTHETICS, RESUSITATION AND INTENSIVE CARE
Authors: Gaffrey Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2007

A NURSE'S GUIDE TO ANAESTHETICS, RESUSITATION AND INTENSIVE CARE, Norris, Walter, M.D., and Campbell, Donald, M.B., E & S Livingstone Ltd., Edinburgh, 1969, 164 pages.
Nursing and the Law
Authors: Sigrist Patricia
Published: May 2007

Nursing and the Law, Health Law Center, Springer, E.W. LLB ed.: Pittsburgh, Penn: Aspen Systems Corp., 1970, 188 pp.
Essential Noninvasive Monitoring in Anesthesia
Authors: Shipley Susan B
Published: May 2007

JS Gravenstein, Ronald S Newbower, Allen K Ream, NTy Smith, Essential Noninvasive Monitoring in Anesthesia, 1980, Grune and Stratton, Inc, 111 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10003, 323 pp, $19.50
Ethical Issues in Nursing
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Ethical Issues in Nursing. School of Nursing, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, and Department of Nursing Services, Catholic Hospital Association, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St Louis, Mo 63104, 1976, 99 pp, $6.
Ambulatory Surgery: A Guide to Perioperative Nursing Care.
Authors: Wells Maryann Papanier
Published: May 2007

Brenda Cole Mauldin, Ambulatory Surgery: A Guide to Perioperative Nursing Care, 1983, Grune & Stratton, 111 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10003, 183, $19.50.
Sea surface pCO2‐SST relationships across a cold‐core cyclonic eddy: Implications for understanding regional variability and air‐sea gas exchange
Authors: Chen Feizhou , Cai Wei‐Jun , Benitez‐Nelson Claudia , Wang Yongchen
Published: May 2007

This study is designed to improve the understanding of how biologically productive, cold‐core cyclonic eddies affect sea surface pCO2 in the lee of the main Hawaiian Islands in the subtropical North Pacific Gyre. We identified three unique relationships between pCO2 and sea surface temperature (SST). A positive correlation between pCO2 and SST was observed in the waters surrounding the eddy suggesting surface CO2 is controlled primarily by thermodynamics. In contrast, a negative relationship was observed within the eddy core as a result of the upwelling of CO2‐enriched subsurface waters. A third relationship existed throughout the rest of the eddy with reduced pCO2 suggesting a combination of biological uptake, physical upwelling and thermodynamic controls. In the absence of an eddy, this region is a CO2 sink, with the passage of the cold‐core mesoscale eddy decreasing the magnitude of the sink by ∼17%. However, if the general temperature correlation is used to predict pCO2 inside the cold eddy, it would overestimate the CO2 sink inside the eddy by 100%.
Parameterizing the optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis Atmospheric General Circulation Model with impacts on global radiation and energy fluxes
Authors: Bäumer D. , Lohmann U. , Lesins G. , Li J. , Croft B.
Published: May 2007

Parameterizations of the optical properties of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) aerosols in an external mixture are presented. The parameterizations in terms of look‐up tables are based on exact Mie calculations for a high number of wavelengths and values of the relative humidity. Both the shortwave, and the longwave portions of the atmospheric radiation spectra are considered. The parameterizations are used in the developmental version of the fourth generation Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM). Previously, this model neglected the impact of OC and BC on the radiative fluxes. The effect of OC and BC on global radiation and energy fluxes is quantified and compared to other aerosol types. It is found that the fraction of the OC/BC aerosol direct effect is rather high. The OC/BC aerosol is responsible for 25% to 65% of the absolute value of the total direct aerosol effect on various radiation and energy fluxes. At the top of the atmosphere, the change in the net solar flux due to BC and OC is +0.31 W m−2, but the sum of all aerosols except for nitrate but including BC and OC leads to a decrease in the net solar flux of 1.16 W m−2. The sum of all aerosols without nitrate reduces the surface sensible heat flux by 0.84 W m−2 with a BC/OC fraction of 0.55 W m−2. For the surface latent heat flux, these values are 1.05 W m−2 and 0.50 W m−2, respectively.
Statistics on the macrophysical properties of trade wind cumuli over the tropical western Atlantic
Authors: Zhao Guangyu , Di Girolamo Larry
Published: May 2007

This study presents a comprehensive statistical overview of the macrophysical properties of trade wind cumulus clouds over the tropical western Atlantic using 152 scenes taken from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) between September and December 2004. The size distribution, shapes, and spatial distribution of cumulus clouds were examined with ASTER near‐infrared data at 15 m resolution. The height distribution of these cumulus clouds was derived from ASTER thermal infrared data at 90 m resolution. The size distribution of cumuli exhibited a power law form and an exponent of 2.19 with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 using a direct power law fit method. The total cloud fraction of trade wind cumulus was 0.086, half of which was contributed from clouds smaller than 2 km in equivalent area diameter. An area‐perimeter power law was observed with a dimension of 1.28 and a correlation coefficient of 0.87. The majority of cloudy pixels had cloud top altitudes around 1 km and increasing altitude with increasing cloud equivalent area diameter. Seventy‐five percent of clouds have a nearest neighbor within a distance of 10 times their area‐equivalent radius. Our results are compared to other studies of small cumulus taken over different parts of the world observed using different instruments. The statistics of cumuli observed in this study are poorly related to synoptic scale meteorological conditions from reanalysis data.
Are lightning M components capable of initiating sprites and sprite halos?
Authors: Yashunin S. A. , Mareev E. A. , Rakov V. A.
Published: May 2007

The role of the M component mode of charge transfer to ground in lightning discharges in initiating sprites and sprite halos is examined. M components (surges superimposed on lightning continuing currents) serve to enhance the electric field at high altitudes and, as a result, may increase the probability of sprite (halo) initiation. It appears that occurrence of an M component shifts electric field maximum from the axis of the vertical lightning channel and therefore increases the likelihood of initiation of sprites displaced from the channel axis. Since M components follow return strokes after a time interval of a few milliseconds or more, they may be primary producers of so‐called delayed sprites.
Calculation of bounce‐averaged velocities and hydrogen densities for a storm‐time magnetic field
Authors: Vapirev Alexander E. , Jordanova Vania K.
Published: May 2007

Ion drift calculations in the inner magnetosphere are important for the study of the ring current. We calculate the bounce‐averaged hydrogen densities and magnetic gradient‐curvature drift velocities for ions moving in the storm‐time T04s magnetic field, and compare them with those for a dipole field for various geomagnetic conditions. We find that the hydrogen density for T04s differs with ∼5% from that for a dipole field for quiet time and it may become 30% smaller for disturbed conditions on the nightside for L > 4. The velocities for T04s at large L‐shells are ∼20% higher on the nightside and 20% lower on the dayside than those for a dipole field for quiet time. For disturbed conditions they are respectively ∼200% higher and 20% lower than the dipole values. The contribution of the cross‐B term to the magnetic drift is ∼5%.
Strong evidence for negligible methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) emissions from biomass burning
Authors: Simpson Isobel J. , Blake Nicola J. , Blake Donald R. , Meinardi Simone , Andersen Mads P. Sulbaek , Rowland F. Sherwood
Published: May 2007

With the phase‐out of industrial methyl chloroform (MCF) production, the atmospheric burden of this ozone‐depleting gas has rapidly declined. Therefore any non‐industrial sources are taking on greater significance in the MCF budget. The only natural MCF source that has been proposed, biomass burning, has been reported to emit up to 2–10 Gg MCF yr−1. We have re‐examined MCF data for thousands of airborne and ground‐based air samples collected by our group since 1990 that were directly impacted by major biomass burning sources. Without exception, we have found no positive evidence that MCF is released from biomass burning. Our results indicate that global biomass burning emissions of MCF have been significantly overestimated and are unlikely to exceed 0.014 Gg MCF yr−1. Lowering the uncertainty regarding the magnitude of the global MCF biomass burning source may extend its period of usefulness for determining global abundances and trends of the hydroxyl radical (OH).
Immobilization of grain‐sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, var. CSH‐14) leaf oxalate oxidase on to a modified mica chip and its application in the determination of urinary oxalate
Authors: Bhambi Manu , Pundir Chandra Shekhar
Published: May 2007

A new method is described for immobilization of oxalate oxidase purified from grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, var. CSH‐14) leaves on to mica chip through MnCl2 · 4H2O coupling with a conjugation yield of 0.36 mg of protein/cm2 and 65.3% retention of the initial activity of the free enzyme. The immobilized enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 6.5 when incubated at 40°C for 15 min. Km for oxalate was decreased from 0.7 to 0.53 mM after immobilization. The immobilized enzyme lost 12% of its initial activity after storage at 4°C in reaction buffer. The oxalate in urine was analysed using this immobilized enzyme. The minimum detection limit was 2.5 mg/l of urine. Analytical recovery of added oxalate (10, 20 and 30 mg/l) was 89.2, 91 and 92.1% respectively. Within‐ and between‐batch coefficients of variation were <1.3% and <4.1% respectively. A good correlation (r=0.92) was found between oxalate values obtained using a commercial enzymic colorimetric kit (Oxalate Urinalysis Diagnostic kit; procedure no. 591‐C; Sigma) based on free barley oxalate oxidase and the present method.
A genome‐wide transcriptional analysis of producer and non‐producer NS0 myeloma cell lines
Authors: Khoo Soo Hean Gary , Falciani Francesco , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed
Published: May 2007

‘Genome‐wide’ or ‘global’ gene expression profiling provides a powerful approach to the characterization of a cell's transcriptional state. Such technology has been used in animal cell culture to create genome‐wide snapshots of transcriptional activity in response to environmental factors or cellular triggers under bioprocessing conditions. Furthermore, it allows us to have a fundamental understanding of genetic mechanisms involved in recombinant protein production. One such mechanism adversely affecting the growth of recombinant bacteria is the increased metabolic burden resulting from the maintenance of plasmid copy number and heterologous protein expression. There have also been some reports on the effect of metabolic burden in mammalian cell systems. In the present study, we have used a mouse array representing 6400 genes to assess the expression profile of a WT (wild‐type) mouse plasmacytoma cell line, NS0 WT, and a GS (glutamine synthetase)‐NS0 6A1‐100 cell line expressing chimaeric monoclonal antibody. The producer cells did not exhibit a slower growth as the result of any metabolic burden, but showed differences in metabolic activity. Gene expression profiling revealed that the producer cell line was selected for a higher expression of chromosomal genes, genes for zinc‐finger proteins as well as cell‐cycle‐related events. On the other hand, protein synthesis is greater and ribosomal genes were more expressed in the WT cells. A possible shift from expressing antigen presenting proteins to recombinant protein could also be seen. Hence, gene expression profiling suggests that the effect of the metabolic burden in slowing growth can be mostly negated in producer cell lines by careful clonal selection, where stable transfected cells are selected for both high productivity as well as high growth rates.
Evaluation of viral removal by nanofiltration using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Zhao Xiaowen , Bailey Mark R. , Emery Warren R. , Lambooy Peter K. , Chen Dayue
Published: May 2007

Nanofiltration is commonly introduced into purification processes of biologics produced in mammalian cells to serve as a designated step for removal of potential exogenous viral contaminants and endogenous retrovirus‐like particles. The LRV (log reduction value) achieved by nanofiltration is often determined by cell‐based infectivity assay, which is time‐consuming and labour‐intensive. We have explored the possibility of employing QPCR (quantitative PCR) to evaluate LRV achieved by nanofiltration in scaled‐down studies using two model viruses, namely xenotropic murine leukemia virus and murine minute virus. We report here the successful development of a QPCR‐based method suitable for quantification of virus removal by nanofiltration. The method includes a nuclease treatment step to remove free viral nucleic acids, while viral genome associated with intact virus particles is shielded from the nuclease. In addition, HIV Armored RNA® was included as an internal control to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the method. The QPCRbased method described here provides several advantages such as better sensitivity, faster turnaround time, reduced cost and higher throughput over the traditional cell‐based infectivity assays.
Micromagnetic study of hotspot and thermal effects on spin-transfer switching in magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Zhang Yisong , Zhang Zongzhi , Liu Yaowen , Kang Zhixiong , Ma B. , Jin Q. Y.
Published: May 2007

The hotspot and current self-heating effects on the spin-transfer-induced magnetization switching are investigated for low resistance magnetic tunnel junctions. Two kinds of spin torque theories, one for ohmic-like conduction from randomly distributed hotspots and the other for tunnel conduction from an insulator barrier, are combined together in this study by using a parallel resistor model. We find that the spin torque amplitude is locally enhanced in the hotspot region due to the large current density, which leads to a strong reduction of the current switching threshold (Jc), in a way that the enhanced spin torque induces the local magnetization near the hotspot switching first, and then drives the switching spreading through the whole free layer. The current self-heating effect is also studied; the free layer temperature increases only a few degrees at an applied current close to Jc∼1×107A∕cm2, which results in a slight decrease in Jc for the low resistance junctions with hotspots.
A full analytic potential energy curve for the aΣ+3 state of KLi from a limited vibrational data set
Authors: Salami H. , Ross A. J. , Crozet P. , Jastrzebski W. , Kowalczyk P. , Le Roy R. J.
Published: May 2007

Fourier transform spectra of near-infrared laser-induced fluorescence in K39Li6 show transitions to high vibrational levels of both the XΣ+1 and aΣ+3 electronic states. These include 147 transitions into six vibrational levels of the aΣ+3 state, which lie between 7 and 88cm−1 below the dissociation asymptote. Unfortunately, their energies span less than 30% of the well depth. However, fitting those data to eigenvalues of analytical model potential functions whose outer limbs incorporate the theoretically predicted long-range form, V(R)≃D−C6∕R6−C8∕R8, yields complete, plausible potential curves for this state. The best fits converge to remarkably similar solutions which indicate that De=287(±4)cm−1 and Re=4.99(±0.09)Å for the aΣ+3 state of KLi, with ωe=47.3(±1.4) and 44.2(±1.5)cm−1 for K39Li6 and K39Li7, respectively. Properties of the resulting potential are similar to those of a published ab initio potential and are consistent with those of the analogous states of Li2, K2, Na2, and NaK.
Anisotropic instability in a laser heated plasma
Authors: Sangam A. , Morreeuw J.-P. , Tikhonchuk V. T.
Published: May 2007

The theory of the Weibel instability induced by the inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption of a laser light in an underdense plasma is revisited. It is shown that previous analyses have strongly overestimated the effect by neglecting the stabilizing term related to the interaction of the generated quasistatic magnetic field with the laser-heated electrons. The revised model leads to a reduction of the growth rate by more than a factor of 10, to strong reduction of the domain of unstable modes and to inversion of the direction of the unstable wave vectors in the long wavelength limit. The consequences of this instability on the laser plasma interaction are also discussed.
Higher dimensional unitary braid matrices: Construction, associated structures, and entanglements
Authors: Abdesselam B. , Chakrabarti A. , Dobrev V. K. , Mihov S. G.
Published: May 2007

We construct (2n)2×(2n)2 unitary braid matrices R̂ for n⩾2 generalizing the class known for n=1. A set of (2n)×(2n) matrices (I,J,K,L) is defined. R̂ is expressed in terms of their tensor products (such as K⊗J), leading to a canonical formulation for all n. Complex projectors P± provide a basis for our real, unitary R̂. Baxterization is obtained. Diagonalizations and block diagonalizations are presented. The loss of braid property when R̂ (n>1) is block diagonalized in terms of R̂ (n=1) is pointed out and explained. For odd dimension (2n+1)2×(2n+1)2, a previously constructed braid matrix is complexified to obtain unitarity. R̂LL and R̂TT algebras, chain Hamiltonians, potentials for factorizable S matrices, and complex noncommutative spaces are all studied briefly in the context of our unitary braid matrices. Turaev construction of link invariants is formulated for our case. We conclude with comments concerning entanglements.
Efficient laser textured nanocrystalline silicon-polymer bilayer solar cells
Authors: Adikaari A. A. D. T. , Dissanayake D. M. N. M. , Hatton R. A. , Silva S. R. P.
Published: May 2007

Excimer laser textured thin film silicon and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene bilayer solar cells are fabricated and characterized with air mass 1.5 simulated solar irradiation. The polymer layer increases the light harvesting capability of the cell and increases the shunt resistance while increasing open circuit voltage. The highest efficiency of 0.87% for the thin film silicon/polymer bilayer device is observed due to enhanced charge collection resulting from the inclusion of the polymer layer. Generation of charge carriers is proposed to be occurring mainly in the silicon layer and charge transport is explained using an energy band diagram.
Elastic and superelastic properties of Co49Ni22Ga29 single crystal
Authors: Chernenko V. A. , Besseghini S. , Villa E. , Gambardella A. , Pérez-Landazabal J. I.
Published: May 2007

Low-frequency-elastic modulus, internal friction, tensile stress-strain loops, and thermally induced strain recovery are studied in the vicinity of the martensitic transformation (MT) exhibited by the [001]-oriented Co49Ni22Ga29 single crystal in as-grown state. The mechanical and thermomechanical tests are conducted with TA Instruments Q800 dynamic mechanical analyzer. Elastic modulus shows softening during cooling and a deep minimum at MT concurrently with the abrupt increase of internal friction. The stepwise and jerky yield and recovery of the superelastic 7% strain alongside the appearance of the jumplike character of thermally induced MT are obtained after thermomechanical training. Thermodynamic estimations reveal a self-consistency of the results.
CuBr films on KBr exhibiting 102 or 103 times higher efficiency of free-exciton luminescence than those on usual substrates such as Al2O3
Authors: Kondo S. , Saito T.
Published: May 2007

CuBr films grown on KBr crystals show 102 or 103 times higher efficiency of free-exciton photoluminescence (PL) than those grown on conventional substrates such as Al2O3 or silica glass. The efficiency exceeds even that of CuCl films by a factor of several tens, despite the general recognition that the free-exciton PL from CuBr is much weaker than that from CuCl. The present result encourages the authors to challenge to rethink the exciton PL in CuBr as well as in CuCl, because the compounds are the model materials for basic and application studies of linear/nonlinear exciton-related PL properties of solids.
Transmission electron microscopy studies of regrown GaN Ohmic contacts on patterned substrates for metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor applications
Authors: Saripalli Y. N. , Pei L. , Biggerstaff T. , Ramachandran S. , Duscher G. J. , Johnson M. A. L. , Zeng C. , Dandu K. , Jin Y. , Barlage D. W.
Published: May 2007

Contact selected area regrowth of GaN was performed by metal organic chemical vapor deposition using a silicon nitride dielectric hard mask to define plasma etched recesses and to define source-drain regions. A low temperature regrowth process at 750–850°C was adopted to limit lateral overgrowth. High resolution electron microscopy images and selected area diffraction confirmed the regrowth selectivity and revealed that the low temperature regrown GaN is epitaxial and has a wurtzite crystal structure. I-V characteristics of the fabricated metal oxidesemiconductor field effect transistor show enhancement mode operation.
Stoma coloproctology nurse specialist: a case study
Authors: Chaney Ursula , Hasson Felicity , Keeney Sinead , Sinclair Marlene , Poulton Brenda , McKenna Hugh P
Published: May 2007

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this paper is to provide insight into the role of a Stoma Coloproctology Nurse Specialist. This paper presents the findings of an in‐depth case study of a stoma coloproctology nurse specialist employed in one health board area in Northern Ireland. This case study was part of a larger study exploring innovative nursing and midwifery roles in Northern Ireland.

Background.  Specialist nursing roles have evolved and developed in response to changing health care needs, patient expectations, changes in professional regulation and government initiatives.

Design.  A case study approach was adopted.

Method.  Semi‐structured interviews with the post holder (PH), her line manager and the human resource manager were undertaken. Non‐participant observation of the PH's practice was also carried out. Analysis was undertaken on secondary data such as job specification, annual reports and other documentation relating to the post.

Results.  Findings illustrate the PH's function and the impact of the role on patient care. Examples of innovative practices relating to providing care, support and guidance for patients and their families were identified; however, limitations to her role were also identified.

Conclusions.  The PH provides an invaluable service to patients, demonstrating a positive impact on care. However, the findings suggest the importance of establishing clear role boundaries, which may lead to professional growth and practice development.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Although this study provides a valuable insight into the role of a Stoma Coloproctology Nurse Specialist a number of challenges exist, as the CNS role requires policy and appropriate educational preparation to practice at an advanced level. Further research investigating the development of the CNS role in the clinical setting and its relationship to members of the multi‐professional team would be beneficial.
Effectiveness of hand‐washing teaching programs for families of children in paediatric intensive care units
Authors: Chen Yong‐Chuan , Chiang Li‐Chi
Published: May 2007

Aims.  The authors developed a video‐centred teaching program based on social learning principles to demonstrate hand‐washing technique. A comparison was made between families who viewed the video and families who were taught the same techniques with the aid of an illustrated poster in terms of compliance and improvement in hand‐washing skills.

Background.  Nosocomial infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in paediatric intensive care unit patients. Hand hygiene is considered the most important preventive action against hospital‐acquired infections. A number of studies have shown that increased compliance with hand‐washing guidelines for health‐care workers leads to decreases in nosocomial infection rates. Furthermore, recommendations have been made to ensure that parents who visit their children in intensive care units wash their hands first.

Study design.  Quasi‐experimental time series. Compliance and accuracy measurements were collected during one to five visits following the initial teaching intervention.

Methods.  A total of 123 families, who visited paediatric intensive care units, were recruited and assigned to two groups – one experimental (61 families) and the other a comparison group (62). Participants in the comparison group were taught hand‐washing skills using simple illustrations. A 20‐item hand‐washing checklist was used to examine hand‐washing compliance and accuracy.

Results.  No significant differences were noted in terms of demographics between the two groups. Results from a general estimated equation analysis showed that families in the experimental group had higher compliance and accuracy scores at statistically significant levels.

Conclusion.  The video‐based teaching program was effective in increasing compliance and accuracy with a hand‐washing policy among families with children in intensive care units.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The education program is a simple, low‐cost, low technology intervention for substantially reducing the incidence of nosocomial infection.
Determining if disease management saves money: an introduction to meta‐analysis
Authors: Linden Ariel , Adams John L.
Published: May 2007

Disease management (DM) programmes have long been promoted as a major medical cost‐saving mechanism, even though the scant research that exists on the topic has provided conflicting results. In a 2004 literature review, the Congressional Budget Office stated that ‘there is insufficient evidence to conclude that disease management programs can generally reduce the overall cost of health care services’. To address this question more accurately, a meta‐analysis was warranted. Meta‐analysis is the quantitative technique used to pool the results of many studies on the same topic and summarize them statistically. This method is also quite suitable for individual DM firms to assess whether their programmes are effective at the aggregate level. This paper describes the elements of a rigorous meta‐analytic process and discusses potential biases. A hypothetical DM organization is then evaluated with a specific emphasis on medical cost‐savings, simulating a case in which different populations are served, evaluation methodologies are employed, and diseases are managed.
Practice patterns of physiotherapists in the treatment of work‐related back pain
Authors: Poitras Stéphane , Blais Régis , Swaine Bonnie , Rossignol Michel
Published: May 2007

Rationale and objectives  Although physiotherapists (PTs) are one of the health professionals most involved in the treatment of back pain, their practice patterns have not been well studied. The study objectives were to identify the practice patterns of PTs treating workers suffering from acute/subacute back pain, with and without radiating pain below the knee, and to assess the relationship between these patterns and characteristics of PTs.

Methods  PTs working in private clinics in the province of Quebec, Canada were invited to participate. Each PT used a self‐administered questionnaire to record, for each treatment session, treatment objectives, interventions used and education given to two workers with back pain, one without radiating pain (n = 189 PTs) and one with radiating pain (n = 136 PTs). Multiple correspondence analysis with hierarchical classification was used to identify practice patterns of PTs. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to assess the relationship between practice patterns and PTs characteristics.

Results  For workers without radiating pain, 51.9% of PTs focused their treatment on soft tissue mobilizations/massage and heat, 24.3% focused on the McKenzie approach and related interventions, and 23.8% focused on exercises and function. Similar results were found for workers with radiating pain. Most of the PT characteristics were not related to practice patterns.

Conclusions  The practices of PTs appeared to be separated into three distinct patterns. These practice variations suggest that there may be disagreement or uncertainty among PTs in the management of work‐related back pain. The lack of evidence for the majority of interventions used by PTs and the difficulties of integrating evidence into clinical practice may be possible explanations.
Cost‐effectiveness of an electronic medication ordering and administration system in reducing adverse drug events
Authors: Wu Robert C. , Laporte Audrey , Ungar Wendy J.
Published: May 2007

Objectives  Adverse drug events (ADEs) are common and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Patient safety groups advocate the implementation of electronic medication order entry systems to reduce ADEs. However, these systems are costly, and there are limited data on their effectiveness. We conducted a study to examine the costs of introducing an electronic medication ordering and administration system and its potential impact on reducing ADEs.

Methods  An incremental cost‐effectiveness analysis was performed comparing an electronic medication ordering and administration system to the standard system used at a large health care institution over a 10‐year time horizon. Estimates of effect were obtained from the literature. Cost data were obtained from a health care institution in Toronto, Canada.

Results  The incremental cost‐effectiveness of the new system was $12 700 (USD) per ADE prevented. The cost‐effectiveness was found to be sensitive to the ADE rate, to the effectiveness of the new system, the cost of the system, and costs due to possible increase in doctor workload.

Conclusions  An electronic medication order entry and administration system could improve care by reducing adverse events. Unfortunately there are limited data on effectiveness of these systems at reducing ADEs. Further research is required to determine more precisely the potential economic benefit of this technology.
Candida krusei– a serious complication in patients with hematological malignancies: successful treatment with caspofungin
Authors: Conen A. , Weisser M. , Orasch Jörg C. , Battegay M. , Trampuz A. , Frei R. , Christen S. , Heim D. , Gratwohl A. , Flückiger U.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Candida krusei infections are serious complications in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. We report the successful treatment of C. krusei infection with caspofungin in 3 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and 1 patient with induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia.
Families' needs when a child is long‐term ill: A literature review with reference to nursing research
Authors: Hallström Inger , Elander Gunnel
Published: May 2007

This article reports a literature review which draws together findings targeting families' needs when a child is long‐term ill. The databases PubMed and CINHAL were searched from 1999 to 2003 during February 2004. The search terms were child health care, family caregivers, and needs and combinations of these. The search was limited to articles published in English and the Scandinavian languages. The analysis entailed a series of comparisons across articles focusing on major areas of inquiry and patterns of results. Various levels of needs are described, based on individual, family and social needs.
‘With woman’ philosophy: examining the evidence, answering the questions
Authors: Carolan Mary , Hodnett Ellen
Published: May 2007

‘With woman’, ‘woman centred’ and ‘in partnership with women’ are new terms associated with midwifery care in Australia, and the underlying philosophy has emerged both as an antidote to the medicalisation of pregnancy and in a bid to reacquaint women with their natural capacity to give birth successfully and without intervention. A reorientation of midwifery services in the 1990s, a shift towards midwifery‐led care (MLC) and the subsequent introduction of direct entry midwifery programs all contributed to this new direction. Central concepts are a focus on the childbearing woman and a valuing of women's experiences. While this philosophical re‐alignment has been applauded by many midwives in terms of maternal empowerment and improved autonomy for midwives, there are nonetheless some concerns that, with its emphasis on normality, midwifery‐led care is in danger of becoming an exclusionary model. Particular concerns include meeting the needs of a growing cohort of women, those with ‘high risk’ pregnancies, and the educational adequacy of direct entry midwifery programs. To date, there has been no thorough evaluation of this emerging midwifery philosophy in Australia. In order to open the debate, this paper aims to initiate a discussion of ‘with woman’ midwifery care as it applies to Australian practice.
Decolonising research: a shift toward reconciliation
Authors: Prior Deborah
Published: May 2007

Although awareness of cultural differences that distinguish Indigenous peoples has increased worldwide following attention from international human rights bodies, Indigenous cultural values have had little influence in shaping research agendas or methods of inquiry. Self‐determination and reconciliation policies have been part of the decolonisation agenda of governments for several decades; however, these have not, until recently, been considered of relevance to research. Indigenous peoples feel that they are the most studied population in Australia, to the point where even the word research arouses feelings of suspicion and defensive attitudes. Indigenous people are generally cynical about the benefits of research and cautious toward what many perceive to be the colonial mentality or ‘positional superiority’ ingrained in the psyche of western researchers. This article examines the characteristics and colonising effects of traditional research methods and describes an alternative, decolonising approach. Decolonising research methodology is congruent with Indigenous epistemology and is guided by the values and research agenda of Indigenous people. TheGuidelines for ethical conduct in Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander health research, developed by the National Aboriginal and Islander Health Organisation (NAIHO) with the National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in 2003 are examined, as they exemplify a decolonising paradigm for researchers.
Verbal and social interactions in the nurse–patient relationship in forensic psychiatric nursing care: a model and its philosophical and theoretical foundation
Authors: Rask Mikael , Brunt David
Published: May 2007

The present paper focuses on the nurse–patient relationship in forensic psychiatric care. From research in the field six categories of nurse–patient interactions are identified: ‘building and sustaining relationships’, ‘supportive/encouraging interactions’, ‘social skills training’, ‘reality orientation’, ‘reflective interactions’ and ‘practical skills training’. The content of each category of interaction in the context of forensic psychiatric care is described. A conceptual model is presented together with an empirical, philosophical and theoretical foundation for the use of verbal and social interactions in nurse–patient interactions in forensic psychiatric nursing care. The implications and possible uses of the model in the practical field of forensic psychiatric care are discussed.