bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Recurrences of Pulmonary TB among Patients in Denpasar: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Karminiasih Ni Luh Putu , Putra I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka , Duarsa Dyah Pradnyaparamita , Rai Ida Bagus Ngurah , Karmaya I Nyoman Mangku
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The incidence of recurrence in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Denpasar in 2014 was relatively high, around 3.5% of 1082 patients. This study aims to determine the risk factors for recurrence of pulmonary TB patients in Denpasar.
Methods: The study design was a case control with 46 patients with pulmonary TB recurrence aged over 15 years as cases, and 92 patients who had recovered as control. Respondents were selected using systematic random sampling from the TB register from 2013 to 2015 in public health centers in Denpasar. Data were collected by a search of documents, observations, measurements and interviews conducted using questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were conducted using chi square test and logistic regression respectively.
Results: Risk factors that associated with recurrence of pulmonary TB were co-morbidity of diabetes mellitus (AOR=9.6; 95%CI: 2.17-43.08), adherence (AOR=7.6; 95%CI: 2.85-20.17), exposure to cigarette smoke during treatment (AOR=3.6; 95%CI: 1.41-9.16), home ventilation <10% (AOR=3.4; 95%CI: 1.27-9.47), house contact with pulmonary TB patients (AOR=3.1; 95%CI: 1.31-7.46) and malnutrition (AOR=2.8; 95%CI: 1.02-7.72).
Conclusion: Risk factors for recurrence of pulmonary TB among patients were co-morbidity of diabetes mellitus adherence, cigarette smoke exposure during the treatment period, home ventilation <10%, house contact with pulmonary TB patients and malnutrition.
Association between Nutritional Status and Intelligence Quotient of Junior High School Students in Denpasar
Authors: Ardi Ni Made Septiari Maryani , Putra I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka , Pinatih Gede Ngurah Indraguna
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The prevalence of obesity among youth in Indonesia was increasing. Obese young people have risk of having noncommunicable disease and also affect the intelligence quotient. This study aims to determine the association between nutritional status and intelligence quotient among junior high school students.
Methods: The study was cross sectional with a sample of 176 respondents determined by simple random sampling. Data were collected through an IQ test using Standard Progressive Matrices method, weight and height measurement, and self-administered questionnaires. Data were analysed using Stata. Bivariate analysis using chi-square test and multivariate by poisson regression test.
Results: Mean age of respondents was 12.2 years and mean of IQ was 105.8. There were 77 obese students, consisting of 48 (62.3%) males and 29 (37.7%) females. 47 students (26.7%) indicated a below average IQ, consisting of 24 (51.1%) males and 23 (48.9%) females. Bivariate analysis indicated that 55.8% of obese students had below average IQ meanwhile students with a normal nutritional status of 4,0%. On below average IQ 4.0% students never had obesity; 56.8% students <6 years of being obese and 67.5% students ≥6 years of being obese. Multivariate analysis found that respondent’s intelligence quotient was associated with obesity (APR=6.6; 95%Cl: 2.0-21.5).
Conclusion: Intelligence quotient was significantly associated with obesity and the period of obesity. The longer the period of being obese more likely had a below average IQ.
Risk Factors of Neonatal Sepsis at Perinatology Unit Sanglah General Public Hospital Denpasar
Authors: Widayati Kurniasih , Kurniati Desak Putu Yuli , Windiani Gusti Ayu Trisna
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) nationally in 2012 was 32 per 1000 live births and 29 per 1000 live births in Bali. This figure was higher than the target of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015 which amounted to 23 per 1000 live births. One of many factors that increase risk of infant mortality is neonatal sepsis. Research on neonatal sepsis has been done in Sanglah General Public Hospital but it was only a descriptive study. This study was conducted to determine the socio-demographic factors, clinical, environmental and invasive procedures associated with neonatal sepsis in the Sanglah General Public Hospital.
Methods: The study design was a case control with a sample of 30 cases and 30 controls that were selected randomly by matching on birth month of the register book of 1 January to 31 December 2014 at the Perinatology Unit Sanglah Hospital. The case groups were patients who were diagnosed with sepsis, and the control groups were not the sepsis. Data were collected from medical records of patients using extraction form. Bivariate analysis was conducted to determine crude OR and multivariate logistic regression method to determine adjusted OR.
Results: Bivariate analysis showed that factors that increase risk of neonatal sepsis were mothers who did not work or worked as laborers (OR=3.5; 95% CI: 1.1 to 11.7), low birth weight (LBW) babies (OR=6,6; 95% CI: 1.9 to 24.2), infant care in an incubator (OR=4.1; 95% CI: 1.2 to 14.3), infusion (OR=9.3; 95 % CI: 1.7 to 92.1) and the administration of oxygen (OR=7.0; 95% CI: 1.9 to 29.7). Multivariate analysis showed that the only variable significantly increases risk of sepsis was low birt weight (OR=20.2; 95% CI: 1.4 to 289.7).
Conclusion: LBW was the risk factor of neonatal sepsis at Perinatology Unit, Sanglah General Public Hospital.
Association of Pesticide Use and Personal Protective Equipments with Health Complaints among Horticulture Farmers in Buleleng, Bali
Authors: Minaka Ida Ayu Dwi Astuti , Sawitri Anak Agung Sagung , Wirawan Dewa Nyoman
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Uses of highly toxic pesticides mostly occur in developing countries, including Indonesia. Farmers at Pancasari village in Bali were active pesticide users, that potential for pesticide poisoning. Pesticides and personal protective equipment (PPE) use and their relationship with health complaints on farmers in that region are not well known.
Methods: Cross sectional survey was conducted among 87 horticultural farmers. Univariate, bivariate (chi square test) and multivariate (using logistic regression) analysis were conducted to understand relationship between health complaints related to pesticides used (at least two health complaints of: headache, itching, fatigue and nausea) with socio-demographics, knowledge and use of pesticides and PPE behaviour.
Results: The majority (94.3%) of farmers aged less than 30 years and 81.6% were male with secondary education or lower (78.2%). More than half (54.1%) farmers had moderate knowledge about pesticides and PPE, however they had poor behaviour. A total of 60.9% farmers experienced specific health complaints. Health complaints were associated with use of organophosphate (AOR=3.74; 95%CI: 1.33- 10.48), number of days use of work clothes before being washed (AOR=1.37; 95%CI: 1.08-1.75), not wearing long-sleeve clothes when mixing pesticide (AOR=0.25; 95%CI: 0.09-0.76) and not wearing a mask when spraying pesticide (AOR=0.18; 95%CI: 0.05-0.69).
Conclusion: Health complaints were associated with type of organophosfat pesticide, behavior of work clothes used before being washed and inadequate use of personal protective equipments.
Acceptance of Post-Placental Intrauterine Contraceptive Device in Denpasar
Authors: Widiastuti Ni Made Rai , Suariyani Ni Luh Putu , Karmaya I Nyoman Mangku
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The Indonesian Demographic Health Survey of 2012 indicated that the prevalence of contraceptive use in Bali Province has decreased compared to 2007. In addition, the proportion of the use an intrauterine device (IUD) also continues to decline. To increase number of IUD acceptors is to promote postplacental intrauterine device (PPIUCD), however the acceptance remains low. This study aims to determine factors associated with acceptance of post-placental intrauterine device in Denpasar.
Methods: Study was cross sectional with a total of 100 respondents selected by consecutive sampling. Respondents were mothers who had gave birth in January-February 2016 at Wangaya General Hospital and three health centers (Dauh Puri Sub Health Center, East Denpasar I and South Denpasar IV). Data were collected by interview in hospital and health center. Chi square test was conducted for bivariate analysis and multivariate using logistic regression.
Results: Proportion of PPIUCD acceptance was 35%. Multivariate analysis indicated that PPIUCD acceptance was associated with perception of benefits (AOR=10.39; 95% CI: 2.792-38.56), perception of low side effects (AOR=5.288; 95%CI: 1.085-25.761), role of health workers (AOR=7.1; 95%CI: 1.781-28.60) and support of the husband (AOR=12.020; 95% CI=2.888-50.01).
Conclusion: Variables associated with PPIUCD acceptance were perception of low side effects, perception
Association between Leadership, Motivation, Compensation and Employees Satisfaction in Primary Health Centres Denpasar
Authors: Wirajaya Made Karma Maha , Nopiyani Ni Made Sri , Wijaya I Putu Ganda
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Employees satisfaction can improve the work performance of employees that can create a positive situation in the organizational environment. Previous studies have shown that leadership, motivation and compensation related to employee satisfaction but has not been able to explain the association of leadership, motivation and compensation together with employee satisfaction. This study aims to determine the relationship of leadership, motivation, compensation and employees satisfaction in primary health centers, Denpasar.
Methods: This study was cross-sectional survey among all employees consist of 39 employees in Puskesmas II Denpasar Selatan and 36 employees in Puskesmas III Denpasar Utara. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression to examine the association between leadership, motivation, compensation and employees satisfaction in primary health centers, Denpasar.
Results: Most employees perceived lack in leadership of the head of primary health centers (52.00%), had a high motivation to work (56.00%), received adequate compensation (60.00%) and satisfied with their work (52.00%). Multivariate analysis showed that two variables had significant association, that were leadership with OR=7.28 (95%CI:=2.17-24.46) and motivation with OR=4.31 (95%CI: 1.29-14.39).
Conclusion: Factors associated to the employees satisfaction in primary health centers were leadership and motivation. Aspects of leader behavior to motivate employees and extrinsic motivation primarily on working conditions need to be improved to create employees satisfaction.
Relationship of Knowledge and Attitude among Midwives with the Implementation of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Badung Regency
Authors: Sudemi Luh , Adhi Kadek Tresna , Duarsa Dyah Pradnyaparamita
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Bali and also in Indonesia is still high while the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding fully for six months is still very low. One effort to improve exclusive breastfeeding is the early initiation of breastfeeding (EIB) i.e. breastfeeding to infants shortly after birth. This study was conducted to determine the implementation of EIB by midwives and the factors that influence it.
Methods: The study design was cross-sectional survey among 61 private practice midwives as respondents in Badung Regency. The respondents were all private practice midwives in three regencies purposively selected from six districts in Badung Regency. The data  were collected through questionnaires filled out by midwives and analyzed by bivariate with chi-square test and multivariate using poisson regression method.
Results: The EIB was implemented by 62.3% of the respondents. In the group of midwives having >4 patients per month significantly implemented the EIB more compared with those having ≤4 patients per month i.e. 83.3% and 57.1% respectively (p=0.008). The implementation of EIB had a significant difference among midwives with higher knowledge i.e. 84.6% and 45.7% respectively (p=0.002), midwives having positive attitude were 79.1% vs. 22.2% p<0.001 and those having received supervision, namely 77.5% vs. 33.3%(p=0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with implementation of EIB were knowledge with APR=1.5 (95%CI: 1.04- 2.1) and attitude with APR=2.7 (95%CI: 1.1-6.3).
Conclusion: Knowledge and attitude had a significant relationship to the implementation of EIB by midwives.
The role of social media support as public health intervention strategy in Indonesia
Authors: Januraga Pande Putu
Published: April 2024

Finally, with the growing and high number of internet and social media users, it could be concluded that Indonesia is a potential country for the development of internet-social media based health intervention.18 Currently, there are abundant programs and/or campaign using internet and social media based as platforms for health information and promotion, however most of them were developed without proper evaluation design to measure its effectiveness. Universities and research centers in the country could become a potential partner for any developers for developing programs and/or campaigns that utilize internet and social media in standardized and scientific ways.
Cervical cancer screening among reproductive-aged women: a crossectional survey in Tabanan Regency
Authors: Apriani Desak Gede Yenny , Suariyani Ni Luh Putu , Karmaya I Nyoman Mangku
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Cervical and breast cancers are the most common malignancies among women in Indonesia. The prevalence of cervical cancer in Bali was 0.6% in 2013. Screening coverage for cervical cancer in Tabanan district varies from 37% to 67%. This study aims to determine factors associated to cervical cancer screening uptake among reproductive-aged women.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at Baturiti Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province. This study involved 188 reproductive-aged women. Samples were randomly selected from all reproductive-aged women from two villages of Baturiti and Angseri. Data were collected using home interviews by a standardised questionnaire. Multivariate analysis was conducted using poisson regression model to determine factors associated to cervical cancer screening uptake.
Results: This study showed that the proportion of cervical cancer screening was 38.83%. Variables associated to the uptake of cervical cancer screening were comprehensive knowledge about cervical cancer (APR=10.16; 95%CI: 4.33-24.76), insurance holder (APR=2.95; 95%CI: 1.38-6.64) and aged of ≥40 years (APR=1.26; 95%CI: 1.01-1.59). Education level, employment status and perceived benefits were not associated with the screening uptake among reproductive-aged women.
Conclusions: Level of knowledge about cervical cancer, insurance ownership and aged over 40 years increase the cervical screening uptake among reproductive-aged women.
Barriers for people who inject drug (PWID) to access voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) at the health centres in East Lombok
Authors: Karmila Dany , Januraga Pande Putu , Septarini Ni Wayan
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Utilisation of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) by people who inject drug (PWID) in East Lombok is low. This study aims to explore barriers for PWID to access VCT service from community health centres in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara.
Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in East Lombok. Data were collected using in-depth interviews. Nine participats were purposively selected consisted of five HIV negative PWID who repeatedly tested for HIV, one non-governmental organization official, one field worker, one VCT counsellor and one medical doctor. Data were inductively analysed.
Results: This study found that PWID preferred to use mobile VCT rather than VCT at health centres because of scared of getting caught by police. They also felt uncomfortable of using VCT service at the health centres due to stigma and discrimination. In addition, lack of human resources at the health centre was also found to be a significant barrier. This led to increased workload thus limited attention was given to quality of VCT service.
Conclusions: Barriers to access VCT service at the health centre include high stigma and discrimination from health provider and living arrangements of PWID. To improve VCT access for PWID, effective collaboration between health centres, private health institutions and village cadres are required.
Association between the use of insecticide-treated bed net and malaria infection in Ende District, East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Sekunda Maria Salestina , Sawitri Anak Agung Sagung , Januraga Pande Putu
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Malaria is a public health problem in Eastern Indonesia, especially in East Nusa Tenggara. Insecticidetreated bed net was massively distributed in 2014, however the incidence of malaria in Ende District remains high. This study aims to examine association between the use of insecticide-treated bed net and malaria infection.
Methods: A case control study was conducted in Wewaria Subdistrict, Ende District in 2016 involving 67 cases and 134 controls. Data on the use of insecticide-treated bed net which include methods of net use, net use practice, net maintenance and its current conditions were obtained through interviews and observations. Physical conditions of respondent’s house that include conditions of the wall, floor, window, ventilation, ceiling and lighting were also documented through observations. Data were analysed using logistic regression.
Results: Case and control groups were comparable for gender (p=1), age (p=0.9), education level (p=0.9) and occupation (p=0.6). This study found that five variables were associated with malaria infection: irregular use of the insecticide-treated bed net (AOR=4.08; 95%CI: 1.87-8.89), torn net (AOR=2.23; 95%CI: 1.10-4.54), inadequate lighting (AOR=3.64; 95%CI: 1.77-7.47), humid floor (AOR=3.02; 95%CI: 1.24-7.34) and holes or broken ceiling (AOR=2.41; 95%CI: 1.02-5.72).
Conclusions: The use of insecticide-treated bed net and physical conditions of the house are risk factors for malaria infection.
Continuation rates for injectable contraception and intra-uterine device (IUD) at Banyuning Village, Buleleng District
Authors: Dwijayanti Lina Anggaraeni , Wirawan Dewa Nyoman , Sawitri Anak Agung Sagung
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Surveys on the proportion of contraception uptake have been regularly conducted in Indonesia, including Bali Province. However, very limited studies have explored contraceptive continuation rates. This study aims to examine continuation rates for injectable contraception and IUD including its determinants.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Buleleng District. A total of 100 reproductive age women who ever used or currently using injectable contraception or IUD were recruited to participate in the study. One village at Buleleng District was purposively selected and samples were selected from all registered reproductive age couples at the village using a systematic random sampling method. Data were collected through home interviews and were analysed using survival analysis to calculate contraceptive continuation rates. Multivariate analysis were performed using cox regression to identify factors associated to continuation rates for injectable contraception and IUD. Analysis was done using STATA SE 12.1.

Results: The one year continuation rate for IUD for first child was 84.62% whereas for injectable contraception was 71.03%. When sex variable of the child was applied, the one year continuation rate for IUD for first child was higher among those who have male child (81.82%) than female child (66.67%). Similarly, the one year continuation rate for injectable contraception was higher among those who have male child (79.10%) than female child (57.58%). The one year contraceptive continuation rate is also higher for the second child than the first one (79.56 vs 71.03 for injectable and 87.88 vs 84.62 for IUD). The multivariate analysis showed that perceived quality of family planning services was associated to contraceptive continuation rates (AHR=2.54; 95%CI: 1.22-5.29).

Conclusions: The continuation rate for IUD was higher than injectable contraception. Higher contraceptive continuation rate was found among those who have male children. The contraceptive continuation rate was associated with perceived quality of family planning services. Interventions to improve the quality of family planning services are warranted.
Causes of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents in Bali Province: a qualitative study
Authors: Mayun Kadek Anggie Wisandewi , Ani Luh Seri , Suariyani Ni Luh Putu
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Teenage pregnancy is a major contributing factor of high maternal and infant mortality rates in Indonesia. Unwanted pregnancy among adolescents is increasing, therefore an understanding of its causes is essential. This study aims to explore causes of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents.

Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Bali Province. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 10 adolescents aged between 12-21 years who experienced unwanted pregnancy. Data were collected between September and October 2016. Data were analysed thematically and presented using a narrative approach.

Results: Our study revealed that determinants associated to unwanted pregnancy among adolescents included the lack of systematic education on sexual and reproductive health both at home and school, as well as the lack of self-efficacy of teenage girls to reject pre-marital sex with their partner. Our study found that this pre-marital sex was done as an expression of love, because of being forced by the partner, and due to stressful home environments.

Conclusions: The main causes of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents are the lack of sexual and reproductive health education and a weak self-efficacy of teenage girls to reject pre-marital sex demanded by their partner. Given the complexities of teenage pregnancy, overarching policy to facilitate an early comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education program at home, schools, and youth-friendly health facilities is warranted.
Association between blood glucose level with glycemic load, physical activity and compliance to medication among Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients in Buleleng District General Hospital, Bali Province
Authors: Sutana Ketut Adi Jaya , Sari Komang Ayu Kartika , Weta I Wayan , Suastika Ketut
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Indonesia is increasing, including in Buleleng District, Bali Province. Studies regarding determinants of blood glucose control in DM patients show varied findings. This study aims to examine association between blood glucose level with physical activity, compliance to medication and glycemic load among DM patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Buleleng District General Hospital from March to April 2017. A total of 73 patients were concecutively recruited to participate in our study. Data were collected through interview, observation and measurement. Data collected included socio-demographic characteristics, fasting blood glucose level, 1-hour and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose levels, carbohydrate intake, body mass index, glycemic index, glycemic load, physical activity, genetic or family history, and compliance to medication. A bivariate analysis was performed to examine association between independent variables and blood glucose levels. Multivariate analysis was also conducted to calculate adjusted odd ratio using a binary logistic regression.

Results: Our study found that blood glucose levels of most respondents were relatively well managed–63% for fasting, 61.6% for 1-hour postprandial, and 63% for 2-hours postprandial. Multivariate analysis revealed that fasting blood glucose level were associated with regular physical activities (AOR=74.09; 95%CI: 7.52-729.69) and compliance to medication (AOR=11.90; 95%CI: 2.24-63.29). Furthermore, 1-hour postprandial blood glucose level were associated with breakfast glycemic load (AOR=0.63; 95%CI: 0.47-0.85) and compliance to medication (AOR=27.29; 95%CI: 2.29-323.95), while 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level were associated with breakfast glycemic load (AOR=0.69; 95%CI: 0.54-0.89) and compliance to medication (AOR=19.81; 95%CI: 2.31-170.14).

Conclusions: Factors associated with fasting blood glucose level were regular physical activities and adherence to medication, while 1-hour and 2-hours postprandial blood glucose levels were both influenced by breakfast glycemic load and compliance to medication.
Relationship between Consumption of Iron Supplements and Malaria Infection with Anaemia among Pregnant Mothers in Ambon City
Authors: Wabula Widy Markosia , Suryadhi Nyoman Tigeh , Ani Luh Seri
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Maluku Province is one of the regions in Indonesia with the highest prevalence of anaemia among pregnant mothers; in addition, the prevalence of malaria in pregnant women in this province is also high. The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between consumption of iron supplements and malaria infection with anaemia of pregnant mothers in Ambon City

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. Study sample was pregnant mothers in their 3rd trimester, and a total sample of 83 respondents was selected using multistage random sampling. Primary data on iron supplement intake were collected through interviews. Secondary data on malaria infection were obtained from medical records. Data on anaemia was obtained through collected blood samples using a digital hemometer. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate (chi-square test) and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis.

Results: Multivariate analysis indicated there was a significant relationship between anaemia with consumption of iron supplement with OR=4.570 (95%CI: 1.174-17.788), as well as malaria infection with OR=20.216 (95%CI: 4.773-85.620).

Conclusion: Malaria infection and iron supplement intake was associated with anaemia of pregnant mothers in Ambon City.
Achieving ideal mentoring: working patterns among clinical instructors, nurses, and nursing students
Authors: Sugiantari Ayu , Sari Komang Ayu Kartika , Januraga Pande Putu
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The relationships between those responsible for clinical training, clinical instructors (CIs) and nurses, and the nursing students, have a great impact upon student learning during clinical placements. The present study investigates the pattern of working relationships among CIs, nurses, and student nurses, and analyses the extent to which they achieve ideal mentoring practices.
Methods: Qualitative study employing in-depth interviews with CIs (n=3), nurses (n=8), and nursing students (n=8) on a clinical placement was undertaken from June-July, 2017, at Badung District Hospital, Denpasar, Bali. Content analysis was conducted to identify the key themes that emerged from these interviews and formed the basis of the findings. The results are presented narratively in order to highlight the patterns of the working relationships identified and perceived by CIs, nurses, and nursing students, with the aim of developing improved mentoring practices.
Results: Analysis of the in-depth interviews identified three main themes: (i) perceptions on the hospital’s mentoring practices, (ii) the role(s) and behaviour in the mentoring process, and (iii) the patterns of working relationships between those involved in the mentoring process. In general, participants defined mentoring in terms of the provision of guidance and instruction to students. Participant’s contrasting perceptions of their role(s) affected how they behaved in the mentoring process. Furthermore, participant’s perceptions of their own’s roles and their behaviour provides a detailed overview of the working relationships pattern of the nursing students, nurses and CIs. Specifically, working relationships between CIs and nurses tend to fit an employee-employer type pattern, whereas those between CIs/nurses and nursing students do not appear to reflect typical mentor-mentee relationships.
Conclusions: The pattern of working relationships identified between CIs/nurses and nursing students do not, in fact, reflect a typical mentor-mentee relationship. Furthermore, this paper highlights the impact that suboptimal mentoring may have on nursing students’ achievement of medical competence, as well as on the quality of nursing care provided to patients in teaching hospitals.
Engaging the private sector to improve antimicrobial use in the community
Authors: Wulandari Luh Putu Lila , Wiseman Virginia
Published: April 2024

The private sector has been an overlooked but major source of AMR in many LMICs, including Indonesia. Private drug sellers such as community pharmacies and drug stores therefore have a major part to play in educating patients, rationalising antibiotic use, and stopping antibiotic sales without a prescription. Drafting new laws and regulations to govern the private sector is, however, unlikely to provide a comprehensive solution to the problem of AMR. AMR research must be broadened to include the evaluation of multi-faceted interventions that better reflect the complex incentives and preferences of private drug sellers and their clients. This evidence is urgently needed as countries like Indonesia finalise their National Action Plans and begin rolling out AMR related activities.
Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infections among pregnant women in East Lombok District
Authors: Faizaturrahmi Eka , Ani Luh Seri , Sari Komang Ayu Kartika
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target of 90% reduction in new hepatitis B infections by 2030. The WHO program includes prevention of new infections, and increases testing uptake and treatment. In order to effectively foster prevention, it is necessary to understand the risk factors for transmission. This study aims to determine the risk factors of hepatitis B infection in pregnant women.
Methods: A case control study was carried out among 52 pregnant women with HBsAg (+) as cases and 104 pregnant women with HBsAg (-) as controls. The source of cases and controls was the register of pregnant women at the Pringgasela Public Health Center from January 2016 to October 2017. Cases were selected using systematic random sampling from 67 HBsAg (+) pregnant women and controls were selected in the same way from 1644 pregnant women with HBsAg (-). Cases and controls were matched by domicile. The data collected were age, age of first marriage, education, family income, parity, history of miscarriage, maternal or husband’s history of working abroad, frequency of marriage, history of injection, surgery, blood transfusion and dental care. Data collection was carried out with a pre-tested questionnaire in April-May 2018 through interviews at the home of each respondent. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was carried out to determine the adjusted odds ratio of each risk factor.
Results: Cases and controls characteristics were found to be similar in terms of age, domicile, education and income. Significant risk factors were the history of husband working abroad (AOR=4.28; 95%CI: 1.66- 11.08), age of first marriage ≤19 years (AOR=2.52; 95%CI: 1.16-5.48) and frequency of husband's marriage more than one time (AOR=3.08; 95%CI: 1.35-7.08).
Conclusion: Husbands with history of working abroad, age of first marriage <20 years and frequency of husband's marriage more than one time were found to be the risk factors for hepatitis B infection in pregnant women. These factors require public health attention in order to reduce the transmission of hepatitis B.
Pharmacist counseling intervention to improve patient antibiotic compliance
Authors: Widowati I Gusti Ayu Rai , Wirawan I Made Ady , Nopiyani Ni Made Sri , Sari Komang Ayu Kartika
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose: Reported microbial resistance to antibiotics is increasing. One of the main factors is patient noncompliance in use of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pharmaceutical counseling in a pharmacy setting to increase compliance with antibiotic use.
Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 104 adult patients aged 18 years and over who purchased antibiotics by prescription at a pharmacy in Denpasar City, Bali Province. Subjects were divided into intervention and control groups using block randomization method. The intervention group was provided with pharmaceutical counseling by a pharmacist, while the control group was provided drug information according to the pharmacy service standard. Subject compliance was measured by telephone interview using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 questionnaire within 3-5 days after purchasing the medication. Statistical analysis with the Mann Whitney U Test was performed to determine the difference in mean rank of compliance scores. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the adjusted compliance ratio.
Results: The number of subjects analyzed was 98, as five subjects could not be contacted by telephone and one subject was hospitalized. The mean rank of compliance scores in the intervention group (61.05) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than the comparison group (37.95). The proportion of compliance in the intervention group was 65.3% and the control group was 18.4%, with the proportion ratio (PR) of 3.56 (95%CI: 1.90- 6.64). Logistic regression analysis showed that variables which significantly increased compliance with antibiotic use were pharmacist counseling (APR=9.33; 95%CI: 3.24 26.87), frequency of taking medication (APR=6.94; 95%CI: 2.01-23.92) and method of payment (APR=4.30; 95%CI: 1.18-15.66).
Conclusion: Pharmaceutical counseling at a pharmacy setting was found to increase compliance of antibiotic use. Compliance of antibiotic use is also influenced by the frequency of taking medication and the method of payment. Pharmacist counseling when accessing medication at a pharmacy is crucial for improving patient compliance of antibiotic use.
Associations and predictors of psychological distress among students following disruption of academic activities by strikes embarked by university workers in Nigeria public universities
Authors: Ewah Patrick , Womboh Idoo , Awhen Peter Agba , Agbor- Obun Dan Felicia
Published: April 2024

Objective
Psychological distress is experienced to be heightened among students during health distress and the disruption of academic activities by strikes. This study sought to determine the associating and predicting factors of anxiety and depression among university students following the disruption of academic activities by strikes.
Material-Method
This cross-sectional face-to-face and online study conveniently recruited a total of 317 students aged 15-51 years. The student's socio-demographic, socioeconomic, physical characteristics, and psychological distress were assessed using a structured questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and General Anxiety Disorder–7 (GAD-7). Data analysis consists of descriptive statistics, Pearson's Chi-square test, and Logistic regression, at a significant level of p
Antibacterial, Phytochemical and Toxicological Activities of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacteria
Authors: Oyetunji Kolawole , Nwadike Blessing
Published: April 2024

Objective: The rise in multiple antibiotic resistant microorganisms has led to a decline in the efficacy of many antibiotics, prompting the investigation of alternative solutions such as medicinal plants. To tackle this concerning issue, this study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antibacterial activity, and toxicological characteristics of Garcinia kola extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria commonly found in clinical settings.
Material-Method: The cold maceration technique was employed to extract the root and leaf of Garcinia kola using water and methanol. The extracts were then subjected to phytochemical screening. To evaluate the extracts' potential to inhibit bacterial growth, five multidrug-resistant isolates were utilized in this study. Agar well assay was used to determine the zones of inhibition. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using the broth macro dilution technique. Additionally, Brine shrimp lethality assay was conducted to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of the extracts. The extracts were also combined for synergism.
Results: The investigation found that the root extract in methanol had the highest yield at 25.58%. All four extracts contained ten out of the fourteen tested phytochemicals. The methanol leaf and root extracts exhibited the highest and lowest inhibition zones of 20mm and 9mm against Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The MIC values ranged from 250 to 600 mg/ml, indicating broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The cytotoxicity test showed a range of 33.03 to 126.3µg/mL for the aqueous and methanol extracts.
Conclusion: Although Garcinia kola shows potential as a source of antibacterial compounds, caution should be exercised due to its toxic effects.
Analyzing stock returns in Indonesian state-owned firms: NPM, ROE and GCG factors
Authors: Markonah Markonah , Riwayati Hedwigis Esti
Published: April 2024

This research aims to investigate the factors influencing the stock returns of state-owned enterprises (SOE) in Indonesia. The study focuses on net profit margin (NPM), return on equity (ROE)  and good corporate governance (GCG) as potential determinants. The research population comprises 20 SOE companies registered at the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2017 to 2022. The purposive sampling method is employed to select a sample of 6 companies that meet the specific criteria outlined in the research objectives. Panel data regression with common effects is used as the research technique. The results reveal that net profit margin (NPM) and return on equity (ROE) do not exert a significant impact on the stock returns of SOE companies listed on the IDX. However, good corporate governance (GCG) is identified as a strong negative factor influencing the stock returns of these companies. The findings suggest that investors and stakeholders should carefully consider the role of good corporate governance (GCG) when evaluating and making decisions related to state-owned enterprises (SOE) stocks in the Indonesian market. Implementing robust governance practices may be crucial for mitigating potential negative effects on stock returns. The practical implications of these findings emphasize the need for policymakers, regulators  and company management to enhance GCG practices to enhance overall performance and sustain investor trust in SOE stocks.
A Review of electricity tariffs and enabling solutions to optimize energy billing at the university centre of Tipaza, Algeria
Authors: Tourqui Djamel Eddine , Bey Mohamed , Khalef Rostom
Published: April 2024

The subject of our study follows the guidelines of our Minister for Higher Education and Scientific Research, who promotes bringing universities closer to the user sector. This document addresses the need to optimize the use of electricity in order to reduce energy bills, highlighting the case of the Morsli Abdellah university center in Tipaza (ARGELIA), which has faced a significant increase in its electricity costs in recent years. To tackle this problem, the center's professors and specialists are carrying out numerous scientific investigations aimed at finding applied solutions to reduce energy expenditure in order to improve the budget situation. First, we collected information on electricity consumption. Then we proceeded to establish a balance of power that allowed us to target potential sources of energy savings. Then, energy efficiency solutions. The main objective of the study is to optimize the use of electricity within the center, thereby reducing costs. The analysis of historical consumption data guides the implementation of specific strategies, including the choice of optimal prices and power analysis. The study brings significant results, recommending tariff readjustments, a reduction in available power and the installation of reactive energy compensation devices. The study recommends strategic changes to correct inefficiencies, such as changing prices, reducing available power and installing reactive compensation devices. The results suggest notable savings by eliminating costs associated with reactive energy and aligning the energy bill with actual consumption. These specific actions demonstrate the possibility of significantly optimizing energy management in an institutional context, with financial and ecological benefits.
Abordagens inovadoras no ensino de ciências e matemática
Authors: Cunha Matias Rebouças , Silva Francisca Maria Angelino Ribeiro e , Mendes Gilmara Beatriz Conrado Nogueira , Silva José Erisvaldo Soares da , Silva Katiana Santos da , Silveira Kenitt Oliveira da , Guerreiro Záira Maria do Nascimento Sales , Adriano Vânia Célia Sousa
Published: April 2024

O estudo abordou o problema relacionado à necessidade de modernização dos métodos de ensino em Ciências e Matemática, face aos desafios impostos pelas rápidas mudanças tecnológicas e demandas sociais contemporâneas. O objetivo geral foi investigar como abordagens inovadoras podem ser integradas efetivamente no ensino dessas disciplinas para melhorar a qualidade e a eficácia da educação. A metodologia adotada foi a revisão de literatura, onde se realizou uma coleta sistemática de dados em publicações científicas relevantes para o tema. A análise focou na identificação e discussão de inovações pedagógicas, como a gamificação, o uso de inteligência artificial e estratégias de inclusão digital, avaliando seu impacto no processo de aprendizagem e engajamento dos alunos. Os resultados indicaram que enquanto tais abordagens promovem um maior envolvimento e personalização da aprendizagem, sua implementação efetiva enfrenta desafios significativos como resistência institucional, necessidade de treinamento dos educadores, e requisitos de infraestrutura adequada. A análise dos dados coletados mostrou que a integração bem-sucedida de tecnologias e métodos inovadores requer um planejamento cuidadoso e recursos adequados. As considerações finais ressaltaram que, apesar dos obstáculos, a adoção de métodos inovadores no ensino de Ciências e Matemática é essencial para preparar os alunos para um futuro tecnologicamente avançado e interconectado. A pesquisa concluiu que o comprometimento com a modernização pedagógica e a inclusão tecnológica no ambiente educativo é importante para o desenvolvimento de habilidades relevantes nos estudantes.
Mobile Adaptation: Continuously Transforming Pedagogical Practice
Authors: Ocádiz Gabriela
Published: April 2024

In this autoethnography, I explore personal and professional processes of adaptation that have an impact on music pedagogies while teaching music with students of immigrant and refugee backgrounds in Canada. Informed by theories of introspection, cultural fusion, and mestizaje, this article also provides representations of reflexivity. Throughout the article, reflections transform into imagined futures of music education in societies experiencing sociocultural fusion and social change due to human mobility. Autoethnography, as a research methodology, serves to analyze a selection of past and present events as temporal reflections that inform music education pedagogy, and the frameworks for analysis serve to bring light into complex understandings of pedagogical adaptation in fluctuating social contexts.
Assessing the Causes of Undergraduate Management Students’ Reading Difficulties
Authors: Pearlin E , Gandhi S. Mercy Gnana , Lamessa Oli , Hoque Mohammed Shamsul , M.D Thamarai Selvi
Published: April 2024

Reading is a vital skill that everyone must develop. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the major causes of management students’ reading comprehension difficulties at Rift Valley University. For this study, descriptive research and a mixed research approach were employed. One hundred twenty-one samples were selected for the survey. A questionnaire and a classroom observation were used to collect data. SPSS version 26 was employed for the analysis of inferential statistics. The result identified the significant factors affecting students’ reading comprehension. These factors are a lack of good teaching methods, a lack of practice, a limited number of reading activities, uninteresting reading activities, and a lack of knowledge of reading strategy. Teachers teaching methodology and reading activities are the most determinant factors that affect students’ reading comprehension. The results of an analysis of variance (ANOVA) that includes multiple comparisons among "mother tongue," "national language," and "English language." that the p-values show less than 0.05 which provides strong evidence that there was a significant difference among the groups. Besides the result of the correlation analysis reveals that majority of pairwise correlation coefficients are high and positive. Mobile device is suggested as an effective tool which is used to improve students’ reading skills.
Penggunaan Model Teams Games Tournament untuk meningkatkan Keaktifan Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika
Authors: Teranikha Elma , Fatonah Siti , Saputro Susilo Adi
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan penjelasan dan mengungkapkan tentang bagaimana keaktifan siswa saat mengikuti pembelajaran matematika dengan mmenggunakan model Team Games Tournamen. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui metode observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data mencakup pengurangan data atau reduksi data, penyampaian data, dan pengambilan kesimpulan. Penerapan model Team Games Tournament pada materi mengurutkan bilangan sesuai dengan langkah yang direncanakan. Hasil observasi menunjukan tingkat keaktifan belajar siswa meningkat setelah menggunakan model Turnamen Pertandingan Tim setiap aspeknya yaitu, aspek mengikuti pembelajaran dengan baik meningkat 25%, mengajukan pertanyaan meningkat 11%, menjawab pertanyaan meningkat 31%, berpartisipasi dalam diskusi meningkat 23%, dan mennyelesaikan tugas meningkat 10%. Oleh karena itu, implementasi model Team Games Tournament (TGT) menunjukkan hasil yang positif karena dapat meningkatkan Keaktifan belajar siswa pada proses pembelajaran matematika materi mengurutkan bilangan di kelas 1 SDN Pandeanlamper 03.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar melalui Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning
Authors: Widyasari Devi , Miyono Noor , Saputro Susilo Adi
Published: April 2024

Pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (Ppkn) adalah dasar diperlukan bagi seorang siswa untuk pembentukan pribadinya Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan hasil belajar Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Siswa kelas V (PPKN) pada materi keragaman di SDN Pandeanlamper 03 dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran berbasis masalah. Penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif. Desain penelitian yang digunakan berupa preexperimental dengan sistem one group pretest posttest design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 28 peserta didik dengan jumlah 15 siswa perempuan dan 13 siswa laki-laki. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah sampel jenuh. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan tes. Teknik analisis data berupa uji normalitas, uji homogenitas dan uji hipotesis. Hasil yang didapatkan yaitu nilai pretest memperoleh nilai rata-rata 56,59 dengan nilai dan nilai postest 71,07. Berdasarkan hasil uji t-test nilai sig (2-tailed) sebesar 0.000 < 0.05 artinya H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan hasil belajar kelas V dengan model pembelajaran berbasis masalah.