bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synaptic organization of tooth pulp afferent terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei
Authors: Bae Yong Chul , Kim Jong Pil , Choi Byung Ju , Park Kuk Pil , Choi Min Ki , Moritani Masayuki , Yoshida Atsushi , Shigenaga Yoshio
Published: June 2003

Previous studies provide evidence that a structure/function correlation exists in the distinct zones of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. To evaluate this relationship, we examined the ultrastructure of afferent terminals from the tooth pulp in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei: the principalis (Vp), the dorsomedial part of oral nucleus (Vdm), and the superficial layers of caudalis (Vc), by using transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP). A total of 93 labeled boutons were serially sectioned, in which some sections were incubated with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) antiserum. Almost all labeled boutons formed asymmetric contact with nonprimary dendrites, in which more than half of labeled boutons in the Vc made synapses with their spines. The labeled boutons could be divided into two types on the basis of numbers of dense‐cored vesicles (DCVs) in a boutons: S‐type and DCV‐type. Almost all labeled boutons in the Vp and Vdm were S‐type, whereas two types were distributed evenly in the Vc. In contrast to DCV‐type boutons, the S‐type was frequently postsynaptic to unlabeled axon terminals containing a mixture of round, oval, and flattened vesicles (p‐endings) and forming symmetrical synapses. Most p‐endings examined were immunoreactive to GABA. The frequency of axoaxonic contacts was higher for labeled boutons in the Vp than in the Vdm and Vc. These results suggest that the three structures of trigeminal sensory nuclei serve distinct functions in nociceptive processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:13–24, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distribution of butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase in the human thalamus
Authors: Darvesh Sultan , Hopkins David A.
Published: June 2003

It has been hypothesized that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) are coregulators of the duration of action of acetylcholine in cholinergic neurotransmission, suggesting that BuChE may also have an important role in the brain. To compare the expression of cholinesterases in the human thalamus, the distributions of BuChE and AChE activity were studied by using a modified Karnovsky‐Roots method. BuChE activity was present mainly in neurons, whereas AChE activity was present in both neurons and axons. There was intense staining for BuChE or AChE throughout the thalamus, with some nuclei primarily expressing one or the other cholinesterase. BuChE staining was most intense and widespread in neurons in the anteroventral, mediodorsal, ventral, lateral, and pulvinar thalamic nuclei. AChE was predominantly expressed in neurons of the anterodorsal, midline, ventral, intralaminar, and reticular nuclei. Many nuclei contained both cholinesterases. Considering the overall patterns of labeling in the thalamus for the two cholinesterases, there were both complementary and overlapping relationships of BuChE and AChE activity. Neuronal staining in the subthalamic nucleus and hypothalamus was predominantly positive for AChE activity. The distinct distribution of BuChE activity in neurons in the human thalamus is consistent with an important role for this enzyme in neurotransmission in the human nervous system. Furthermore, BuChE activity, like AChE activity, is found in certain thalamic nuclei related to cognitive and behavioral functions. Involvement of thalamic nuclei in diseases of the nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia suggests that BuChE could be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in these disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:25–43, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization and neural connections of the anterior optic tubercle in the brain of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Homberg Uwe , Hofer Sabine , Pfeiffer Keram , Gebhardt Stephan
Published: June 2003

The anterior optic tubercle is a small neuropil in the insect brain and a major target of visual interneurons from the optic lobe. The functional role of the tubercle is poorly understood, but recent evidence from locusts points to a possible involvement in polarization vision. The present study examines the organization of the anterior optic tubercle in the locust Schistocerca gregaria and its connections with other brain areas. The tubercle of the locust consists of an upper and a lower subunit. Both units are connected in parallel with the medulla and lobula of the optic lobe, with the contralateral tubercle, and with the lateral accessory lobe in the median protocerebrum. Wide‐field transmedullary neurons provide input from the medulla. Neurons with processes in the dorsal rim of the medulla, a relay station in the polarization vision pathway, project exclusively to the lower unit of the tubercle. Visual input from the lobula to the upper and lower unit originates from topographically distinct strata. The most prominent output target of the tubercle is the lateral accessory lobe in the median protocerebrum. Neurons from the upper unit project widely in the lateral accessory lobe, whereas neurons from the lower unit have focused projections confined to the median olive and to the lateral triangle. The two subunits of the anterior optic tubercle are, therefore, processing stages in two parallel visual pathways from the optic lobe to the median protocerebrum. Pathways via the lower unit of the tubercle appear to be involved in polarization vision. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:415–430, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing and evaluation of a patrol robot system for hospitals
Authors: Sato Kazuhito , Ishii Masaki , Madokoro Hirokazu
Published: June 2003

To compensate for shortages of nurses and to reduce the stress of nursing work, we have attempted to create a patrol robot system for hospitals. The system consists of an autonomous mobile robot that can judge the condition of patients while moving around sickrooms, and a patrol information terminal to allow observation of the patrol conditions from the nurse center. For motion control during autonomous running, we propose a navigation technique using self‐estimation of the robot's position from a sequence of view images and color information. Running experiments have been performed as a preliminary practical implementation. In the proposed technique, the combined use of broad and narrow position estimation is possible and real‐time performance is excellent. In addition, the system is robust to environmental changes. A patient condition checking algorithm has been designed and the effectiveness of personal identification and facial expression recognition by SOM have been confirmed. Field tests at hospital facilities have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed system equipped with the capability for navigation by visual information and with the patient condition checking algorithm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(12): 14–26, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10139
Constituents of the essential oils from Piper friedrichsthalii C.DC. and P. pseudolindenii C.DC. from Central America
Authors: Vila Roser , Mundina Marisa , Tomi Felix , Cicció José F. , Gupta Mahabir P. , Iglesias José , Casanova Joseph , Cañigueral Salvador
Published: June 2003

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves and ﬂower spikes of Piper friedrichsthalii from Costa Rica and Panama, and leaves of P. pseudolindenii from Costa Rica were analysed by GC–FID, GC–MS and 13C‐NMR. Monoterpenoids constituted the main fraction of the oils of P. friedrichsthalii from Costa Rica, particularly α‐pinene, camphene, β‐phellandrene, limonene and menthane derivatives, whereas the oils from leaves of P. friedrichsthalii from Panamá and of P. pseudolindenii from Costa Rica were characterized by a high sesquiterpene content, especially 11‐selinen‐4α‐ol, α‐selinene, germacrene D and β‐selinene in the former, and β‐elemene, β‐caryophyllene, germacrene D and α‐humulene in the latter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aromatic plants from Yungas. Part III. Composition and antimicrobial activity of Myrrhinium atropurpureum Schott var. octandrum Bentham essential oil
Authors: Rotman Alicia , Ahumada Osvaldo , Demo Mirta S. , Oliva Maria de las M. , Turina Anahi V. , López Maria L. , Zygadlo Julio A.
Published: June 2003

The essential oil of Myrrhinium atropurpureum Schott var. octandrum Bentham was analysed by means of GC and GC–MS. From 24 identiﬁed compounds, representing 95.6% of the oils, α‐pinene was the major component. The oil showed antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potent aroma compounds in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese studied using a dynamic headspace (purge‐trap) method
Authors: Qian Michael , Reineccius Gary
Published: June 2003

The aroma‐active compounds potentially important to Parmigiano Reggiano cheese were studied using a dynamic headspace–gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O–DH) technique. The aroma contribution was evaluated by both Osme and AEDA technique. The Osme values were based on a 10 point scale, while the ﬂavour dilution values of AEDA were obtained by sequentially reducing the sample size at a ﬁxed purge gas volume. In general, aroma compounds with high Osme values also had high FD values. Among the aroma compounds identiﬁed in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, acetaldehyde, 2‐methylpropanal, 2‐methylbutanal, 3‐methylbutanal, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, methional, dimethyl trisulphide, diacetyl, and 2,6‐dimethylpyrazine were considered the most odour‐potent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on the essential oil of cultivated Salvia sclarea L.
Authors: Pešić Perica Ž , Banković Vladimir M.
Published: June 2003

The yield and composition in freshly picked material of wild‐growing and cultivated Salvia sclarea L. in Serbia have not been investigated previously. This paper reports the results of investigation of the yield, characteristics and essential oil composition of cultivated S. sclarea L. on the experimental plot of Hisar (Leskovac), through three different phases of herbal development: at full blossom; at seed formation; and at full seed maturity, in all parts of the inﬂorescence. Research material, the region of the inﬂorescence 20–50 cm from the plant top, was picked at 10–11 a.m. The fresh material was immediately distilled with overheated steam by the method of water and steam distillation. Oil yields (% v/w) reached values of about 0.25% in the phase of full blooming, 0.43% in the phase of growing fruit and 0.78–0.83% in the phase of full maturity of the seeds. Physicochemical properties were determined. The essential oil has been tested by GC–MS analysis. The results of the analysis show that the essential oil of S. sclarea L. is dominated by two monoterpenes, linalool and linalylacetate, which mostly determine the oil quality in all the tested phases of development; they constitute 86.07% from total oil mass. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opportunities for ultra‐high resolution analysis of essential oils using comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography: a review
Authors: Shellie Robert , Marriott Philip
Published: June 2003

In comprehensive 2D gas chromatography, the entire sample is simultaneously subjected to analysis on two capillary columns. By using a suitable modulation interface between the primary and secondary columns, hundreds of fast, second‐dimension chromatograms are produced. The data from these chromatograms are treated such that a 3D surface plot or a 2D contour plot of the components' individual retention times, on each column, as well as peak responses, are represented. In a properly tuned comprehensive 2D chromatogram, the individual sample components are spread throughout a 2D separation space, providing a signiﬁcant increase in the probability of resolving a greater number of sample components without increasing the analysis time. Comprehensive 2D–GC has proved useful for high‐resolution conventional essential oil analysis as well as high‐resolution enantioselective essential oil analysis. Combining comprehensive 2D–GC with either a quadrupole or time‐of‐ﬂight mass spectrometer gives a powerful 3D analysis technique, which is extremely effective for complex sample analysis. The present status and opportunities arising from these ultra‐high resolution approaches are discussed herein. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional cerebral blood flow correlations of somatosensory areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2 in humans during rest: A PET and cytoarchitectural study
Authors: Young Jeremy P. , Geyer Stefan , Grefkes Christian , Amunts Katrin , Morosan Patricia , Zilles Karl , Roland Per E.
Published: June 2003

The concept of functional connectivity relies on the assumption that cortical areas that are directly anatomically connected will show correlations in regional blood flow (rCBF) or regional metabolism. We studied correlations of rCBF of cytoarchitectural areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2 in the brains of 37 subjects scanned with PET during a rest condition. The cytoarchitectural areas, delineated from 10 postmortem brains with statistical methods, were transformed into the same standard anatomical format as the resting PET images. In areas 3a, 3b, and 1, somatotopically corresponding regions were intercorrelated. Area 2 was correlated with the dorsal pre‐motor area. These results were in accordance with the somatosensory connectivity in macaque monkeys. In contrast, we also found correlations between areas 3b and 1 with area 4a, and SMA, and among the left and right hand sector of areas 3a, 3b, and 1. Furthermore, there were no correlations between areas 3b, 1, and 2 with SII or other areas in the parietal operculum, nor of other areas known to be directly connected with areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2 in macaques. This indicates that rCBF correlations between cortical areas during the rest state only partly reflect their connectivity and that this approach lacks sensitivity and is prone to reveal spurious or indirect connectivity. Hum. Brain Mapping 19:183–196, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repetition effects elicited by objects and their contexts: An fMRI study
Authors: Tsivilis Dimitris , Otten Leun J. , Rugg Michael D.
Published: June 2003

Event‐related fMRI responses were recorded during a recognition memory test for previously studied visual objects. Some studied objects were superimposed on the same context (landscape scenes) as at study, some were superimposed on a different studied context, and some were paired with new contexts. Unstudied objects were paired with either a studied or a new context. Relative to all other stimulus classes, test stimuli where both components were unstudied elicited enhanced responses in lateral and ventral extrastriate visual cortex. This effect, which is analogous to a previously described electrophysiological result obtained with the same experimental procedure, had the same magnitude regardless of whether a test item was composed of one or two studied components, or whether a single studied component was task relevant or task irrelevant. The findings point to the existence of repetition‐sensitive neural mechanisms that operate in a non‐linear manner. Hum. Brain Mapping 19:145–154, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Participation of bone marrow derived cells in cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Badiavas Evangelos V. , Abedi Mehrdad , Butmarc Janet , Falanga Vincent , Quesenberry Peter
Published: June 2003

Bone marrow has long been known to be a source of stem cells capable of regeneration of the hematopoeitic system. Recent reports, however, have indicated that bone marrow might also contain early stem cells that can differentiate into other organ tissues such as skin. While these studies have illustrated that bone marrow stem cells could find their way to the skin, they have not addressed the dynamics of how bone marrow stem cells might participate in the homeostatis and regeneration of skin. In this report we followed green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled bone marrow transplanted into non‐GFP mice in order to determine the participation of bone marrow stem cells in cutaneous wounds. Our results indicate that there are a significant number of bone marrow cells that traffic through both wounded and non‐wounded skin. Wounding stimulated the engraftment of bone marrow cells to the skin and induced bone marrow derived cells to incorporate into and differentiate into non‐hematopoietic skin structures. This report thus illustrates that bone marrow might be a valuable source of stem cells for the skin and possibly other organs. Wounding could be a stimulus for bone marrow derived stem cells to travel to organs and aid in the regeneration of damaged tissue. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epstein–Barr virus: Induction and control of cell transformation
Authors: Dolcetti Riccardo , Masucci Maria G.
Published: June 2003

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous human herpes virus, is associated with an increasing number of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. The ability of the virus to establish life‐long persistent infections and induce growth transformation is related to the function of a set of viral proteins that are variously expressed in both normal and malignant cells. Recent evidence indicates that these viral proteins are able to usurp cellular pathways that promote the cell growth and survival, while impairing anti‐viral immune responses. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which EBV induces cell transformation and escapes host immune control provides the rational background for the design of new strategies of intervention for EBV‐related malignancies. J. Cell. Physiol. 196: 207–218, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone morphogenetic protein‐7 reduces the severity of colon tissue damage and accelerates the healing of inflammatory bowel disease in rats
Authors: Maric Ivana , Poljak Ljiljana , Zoricic Sanja , Bobinac Dragica , Bosukonda Dattatreyamurty , Sampath Kuber T. , Vukicevic Slobodan
Published: June 2003

Bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) is a growth and differentiation factor and belongs to the TGF‐β superfamily of proteins. Previous studies have shown an abundant expression of BMP‐7 in the developing intestine and an association with a perturbed BMP/SMAD downstream signaling leading to a malignant phenotype and inflammation in the gut. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of systemically administered recombinant human BMP‐7 against trinitrobenzenesulfonic (TNBS) acid induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in rats. The TNBS administered rats treated with BMP‐7 have developed much less severe form of colitis based on macroscopic and histological scoring when administered 1.5 h before or 24 h after colitis induction. Bioavailability studies in healthy rats have revealed that significant portion (3.6%) of i.v. administered BMP‐7 is targeted for BMP‐7 receptors in the stomach and ileum, respectively, suggesting its availability to target tissue upon administration. Immunohistochemical and RT‐PCR analyses have shown elevated expression of pro‐inflammatory (IL‐6, TNF‐β, ICAM‐1) and pro‐fibrogenic (TGF‐β) cytokines, and BMP‐7 treatment significantly reduced their expression in the intestine; among which the suppression of IL‐6 appeared to be the most important. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that BMP‐7 plays an important role in the regulation of anti‐inflammatory response in the adult gut tissue. J. Cell. Physiol. 196: 258–264, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromatin sphingomyelin changes in cell proliferation and/or apoptosis induced by ciprofibrate
Authors: Albi E. , Pieroni S. , Viola Magni M.P. , Sartori C.
Published: June 2003

It has been shown that neutral‐sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin‐synthase activities are present in chromatin and they modify the sphingomyelin (SM) content. The activity of the first enzyme is stimulated and the second inhibited, when the hepatocytes enter into the S‐phase after partial hepatectomy, thus suggesting that ceramide may have a pivotal role in cell proliferation. An opposite function was attributed to ceramide in hepatocytes which undergo apoptosis after lobular ligature. In order to clarify this point, a model was developed in which the same liver cells undergo proliferation followed by induced apoptosis. To this purpose, the rats were treated for 7 days with ciprofibrate and then left without treatment for 4 days. During the treatment, the peroxisome enzyme markers increase their activity and the number of proliferating cells increases, reaching a maximum after 3 days of treatment, as shown by the number of cells positive for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. At the same time, the chromatin sphingomyelinase activity reaches the maximum, while a similar increase is not found in the cytoplasm or in the isolated nuclei. On the contrary, SM‐synthase activity is depressed in chromatin, but not in the nuclei in which a peak is shown after 3 days of ciprofibrate treatment. After drug withdrawal, the hepatocytes undergo apoptosis as confirmed by the increase of Bax and tissue transglutaminase (tTGase) expression; the chromatin SM increases as a consequence of an increase of SM‐synthase activity. It can be hypothesised that chromatin SM may have a role in cell duplication by influencing the chromatin structure stability. J. Cell. Physiol. 196: 354–361, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Runx1/AML1 hematopoietic transcription factor contributes to skeletal development in vivo
Authors: Lian Jane B. , Balint Eva , Javed Amjad , Drissi Hicham , Vitti Regan , Quinlan Edward J. , Zhang Lina , van Wijnen Andre J. , Stein Janet L. , Speck Nancy , Stein Gary S.
Published: June 2003

The requirement of Runx2 (Cbfal/AML3), a runt homology domain transcription factor essential for bone formation and osteoblast differentiation, is well established. Although Runx2 is expressed in the developing embryo prior to ossification, yet in the absence of Runx2 initial formation of the skeleton is normal, suggesting a potential redundancy in function of Runx family members. Here we addressed expression of the hematopoietic family member Runx1 (AML1/Cbfa2) in relation to skeletal development using a LacZ knock‐in mouse model (Runx1lz/+). The resulting fusion protein reflects Runx1 promoter activity in its native context. Our studies show that Runx1 is expressed by prechondrocytic tissue forming the cartilaginous anlagen in the embryo, resting zone chondrocytes, suture lines of the calvarium, and in periosteal and perichondral membranes of all bone. Runx1 continues to be expressed in these tissues in adult mice, but is absent in mature cartilage or mineralized bone. However, hyaline cartilage outside the bone environment (trachea, xiphoid tissues), and epithelium of many soft tissues (trachea, thyroid, lung, skin) also express Runx1. The robust expression of Runx1 in vivo in chondroblasts at sites of cartilage growth and in osteoblasts at sites of new bone formation, suggests that Runx1 expression may be related to osteochondroprogenitor cell differentiation. This observation is further supported by high expression of Runx1 in ex vivo cultures of marrow stromal cells and calvarial derived osteoblasts from Runx1lz/+ mice. These data indicate that Runx1 may contribute to the early stages of skeletogenesis and continues to function in the progenitor cells of tissues that support bone formation in the adult. J. Cell. Physiol. 196: 301–311, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sonographic measurement of kidney size in geriatric patients
Authors: Akpınar İhsan Nuri , Altun Ersan , Avcu Serhat , Tüney Davut , Ekinci Gazanfer , Biren Tuğrul
Published: June 2003

Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare the value of absolute and relative renal length (ARL and RRL, respectively) measurements in determining variations in normal kidney size related to sex, body height, and increasing age among patients older than 60 years.

Methods

Kidney sizes were prospectively measured sonographically in patients older than age 60 years. Longitudinal renal lengths (ARLs) were measured, and the RRLs were calculated by dividing the ARL by the body height. ARL and RRL measurements were analyzed according to sex, age, and body height.

Results

The ARLs and RRLs of the left kidney in 236 patients were significantly greater than those of the right kidney (p < 0.05) in both sexes. The ARLs for both kidneys were also significantly greater in men than they were in women (p < 0.05). In contrast, the RRLs for both kidneys were significantly lower in men than they were in women (p < 0.05). Both left and right ARLs decreased significantly with increasing age regardless of sex (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). The same was true for left and right RRLs (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusions

Renal size decreases with increasing age among patients older than 60 years. In our series of geriatric patients, the use of RRLs could not completely eliminate variations related to a subject's height, sex, and age. Therefore, we recommend that the ARL be used for renal measurements in geriatric patients. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:315–318, 2003
Effects of endurance training on satellite cell frequency in skeletal muscle of old men
Authors: Charifi Nadia , Kadi Fawzi , Féasson Léonard , Denis Christian
Published: June 2003

We investigated the effects of endurance training on satellite cells, which are a major component of the regenerative capacity of muscles. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of 11 men aged between 70 and 80 years who trained for 14 weeks (work load corresponding to 65–95% of peak oxygen consumption, V̇O2 peak). Satellite cells were identified by immunohistochemistry. There was a significant increase in satellite cell number. Additionally, V̇O2 peak, citrate synthase activity, and the area of type IIA fibers were significantly increased. Fiber type distribution and the myonuclear number were not significantly affected. The enhancement of satellite cell frequency and fiber area indicate that endurance training is an efficient strategy to improve muscle function in the elderly. Muscle Nerve 28: 87–92, 2003
Cluster ions of diquat and paraquat in electrospray ionization mass spectra and their collision‐induced dissociation spectra
Authors: Milman Boris L.
Published: June 2003

Cluster ions such as [Cat+X+nM]+ (n = 0–4); [Cat‐H+nM]+ (n = 1–3); and [2(Cat‐H)+X+nM]+ (n = 0–2), where Cat, X, and M are the dication, anion, and neutral salt (CatX2), respectively, are observed in electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry of relatively concentrated solutions of diquat and paraquat. Collision‐induced dissociation (CID) reactions of the clusters were observed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), including deprotonation to form [Cat‐H]+, one‐electron reduction of the dication to form Cat+., demethylation of the paraquat cation to form [Cat‐CH3]+, and loss of neutral salt to produce smaller clusters. The difference in acidity and reduction power between diquat and paraquat, evaluated by thermodynamical estimates, can rationalize the different fractional yields of even‐electron ([Cat‐H]+ and its clusters) and odd‐electron (mostly Cat+.) ions in ESI mass spectra of these pesticides. The [Cat+n · Solv]2+ doubly charged cluster ions, where n ≤ 2 and Solv is the solvent molecule (methanol and/or water), are only observed as very weak peaks in precursor ion CID spectra of the Cat2+ salt cation at low collision energy. The presence of an anion and a solvent molecule in a cluster is assumed to be related to existence of tight and loose ion pairs, respectively, in multiply charged droplets/ions formed by ESI. The results emphasize again the role of solution chemistry concepts such as acidity/basicity, redox power, and ion‐pair formation, for ESI. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequencing of bacitracin A and related minor components by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Govaerts Cindy , Li Chunlan , Orwa Jennifer , Van Schepdael Ann , Adams Erwin , Roets Eugène , Hoogmartens Jos
Published: June 2003

A selective reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MSn) method is described for the characterization of related compounds in commercial bacitracin samples. Mass spectral data for these polypeptide antibiotics were acquired on a LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization probe operated in the positive and negative ion mode. The LCQ ion trap is ideally suited for the sequencing of those linear side‐chain cyclized peptides because it provides on‐line LC/MSn capability. Using this method bacitracin A, 1‐epibacitracin A, bacitracins B1, B2, B3 and bacitracin F were sequenced and previous sequencing was confirmed. Bacitracins C1, C2, C3, D, H2 and H3 were resolved chromatographically and their ring portion was sequenced for the first time. Four components not described in the literature (1‐epibacitracin B1, 1‐epibacitracin B2, 1‐epibacitracin C1 and H4) were sequenced completely for the first time. The main advantage of this hyphenated LC/MSn technique is the characterization of the related substances without time‐consuming isolation and purification procedures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New generation of polycapillary lenses: manufacture and applications
Authors: Bjeoumikhov A. , Langhoff N. , Wedell R. , Beloglazov V. , Lebed'ev N. , Skibina N.
Published: June 2003

A polycapillary x‐ray lens is an effective element for radiation control. However, owing to the influence of several factors (efficiency of radiation capture by the capillary, absorption of radiation during its propagation through the capillary, etc.), a photon energy exists at which the lens has a maximum efficiency. The value of this energy is mainly determined by the diameter of the individual capillaries. In this paper, a new generation of polycapillary lenses with a combined structure is proposed. The developed lens consists of structures with different channel sizes and glass types. Capillary channels with larger sizes transport radiation of lower energies more effectively and capillary channels with smaller sizes transport radiation of higher energies more effectively. A comparison of the characteristic parameters of conventional lenses with a homogeneous structure and of new lenses with a combined structure was carried out. Examples of applications of these new lenses are given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic capture zone analysis of an arsenic‐contaminated well using the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimator (GLUE) methodology
Authors: Morse Brad S. , Pohll Greg , Huntington Justin , Rodriguez Castillo Ramiro
Published: June 2003

In 1992, Mexican researchers discovered concentrations of arsenic in excess of World Heath Organization (WHO) standards in several municipal wells in the Zimapan Valley of Mexico. This study describes a method to delineate a capture zone for one of the most highly contaminated wells to aid in future well siting. A stochastic approach was used to model the capture zone because of the high level of uncertainty in several input parameters. Two stochastic techniques were performed and compared: “standard” Monte Carlo analysis and the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimator (GLUE) methodology. The GLUE procedure differs from standard Monte Carlo analysis in that it incorporates a goodness of fit (termed a likelihood measure) in evaluating the model. This allows for more information (in this case, head data) to be used in the uncertainty analysis, resulting in smaller prediction uncertainty. Two likelihood measures are tested in this study to determine which are in better agreement with the observed heads. While the standard Monte Carlo approach does not aid in parameter estimation, the GLUE methodology indicates best fit models when hydraulic conductivity is approximately 10−6.5 m/s, with vertically isotropic conditions and large quantities of interbasin flow entering the basin. Probabilistic isochrones (capture zone boundaries) are then presented, and as predicted, the GLUE‐derived capture zones are significantly smaller in area than those from the standard Monte Carlo approach.
An unusual case of primary effusion lymphoma in a HIV‐negative patient not pathogenetically associated with HHV8
Authors: Shimazaki Masaru , Fujita Miri , Tsukamoto Kenichi , Matsuki Takayuki , Iwata Michihiro , Takahashi Hiroshi , Doi Atsushi , Hyakkoku Masaya , Yamauchi Kazuaki , Genda Satoshi , Kikuiri Tsuyoshi , Sakamoto Takashi , Nojiri Shuichi , Ashie Takeshi
Published: June 2003

Abstract: The development of an unusual case of primary pleural effusion in a 90‐year‐old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐negative Japanese woman with no identifiable tumor mass has been described. Pleural effusion specimens contained large diffuse lymphoma cells, with the phenotype and genotype of a B‐cell lineage (positive for CD20, CD79a and clonal rearrangement of Ig heavy chain) and the c‐myc gene rearrangement, but were negative for T‐cell markers (CD45RO and CD3). The patient was negative for human herpes virus 8 (HHV8), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), as well as human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type‐1 (HTLV‐1). The patient died of respiratory failure 5 months after the diagnosis of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and an autopsy was performed. Autopsy findings revealed no evidence of tumor mass or bone marrow involvement of lymphoma cells. This case has been considered as a PEL in a HIV‐, HHV8‐, EBV‐ and HCV‐negative patient. Although cytomorphology of lymphoma cells was classified as large‐cell lymphoma in this case, it is interesting that the present case may represent an unusual subset of Burkitt‐like disease because of clear B‐cell phenotype and c‐myc gene rearrangement.
Oral lichen planus and intake of drugs metabolized by polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes
Authors: Kragelund C , Thomsen CE , Bardow A , Pedersen AM , Nauntofte B , Reibel J , Torpet LA
Published: June 2003

Objective:  To study if patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) had a medication profile different from that of a control group without oral mucosal lesions. It was hypothesized that OLP lesions might result from poor drug metabolism (PM) because of genetic variation of the major cytochrome P450‐enzymes (CYPs with a PM‐risk).

Subjects and methods:  Dental records of 172 OLP patients were reviewed in this cross‐sectional study and 152 sex‐ and age‐matched subjects served as controls. The measures for the drug profiles were medicine type (ATC‐code), mono‐ and polypharmacy, CYP‐enzyme metabolism pattern, and medicine with a potential to induce lichenoid drug eruptions.

Results:  Fifty per cent of the OLP patients consumed daily medications as compared with 59% of the controls. The OLP patients more frequently consumed medicines metabolized by CYPs with a PM‐risk (P = 0.03). Furthermore, they consumed more medicine with an inhibitory effect on one or more CYPs than the controls (P = 0.01).

Conclusion:  Confounders like sex, age, systemic diseases, drug distribution into the therapeutic classes, and polypharmacy were similar in the two groups; but the OLP patients consumed more drugs metabolized by CYPs with a PM‐risk. The results argue for further investigation of associations between OLP, medication intake and the CYP‐enzyme metabolic pathways.
The effect of anoxic treatment on the larvae of six species of dermestids (Coleoptera)
Authors: Bergh J.‐E. , Stengård Hansen L. , Vagn Jensen K.‐M. , Nielsen P. V.
Published: June 2003

Abstract: Based on surveys of species of museum pest insects commonly found in Finland, Norway, Denmark and Sweden, six species were selected for a study of the effect of exposure to anoxic treatment on the larval stage. An oxygen level of 0.3% (the rest, nitrogen) was applied and lethal exposure times were determined. Anthrenus museorum L. was the most susceptible species (LT99 = 32.2 h), while Attagenus woodroffei Halst. & Green and Attagenus smirnovi Zhantiev (LT99 = 88.1 h) were the most tolerant species. The LT99 value of At. woodroffei was not calculated, as only 50% of the larvae were killed by the treatment. The results indicate that large intraspecific variation is present in these two Attagenus species. Larvae of Anthrenus verbasci (L.) (LT99 = 43.9 h), Reesa vespulae (Milliron) (LT99 = 53.6 h), and Trogoderma angustum (Solier) (LT99 = 57.2 h) showed intermediate tolerance.
Visual, semi‐quantitative assessments allow accurate estimates of leafminer population densities: an example comparing image processing and visual evaluation of damage by the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella (Lep., Gracillariidae)
Authors: Gilbert M. , Grégoire J.‐C.
Published: June 2003

Abstract: Qualitative or semi‐quantitative visual assessments are most often used for estimating population size of herbivorous insects. The precision of these estimates, however, is often difficult to establish. A ‘simulation game’ with the horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lep., Gracillariidae) shows that visual, semi‐quantitative assessments can provide accurate information. Damaged areas of 411 horse chestnut leaves collected in 100 sites were closely related to mine numbers despite some variability in mine and leaf size (R2 = 0.915; n = 411; P < 0.001). On the basis of this relationship, two methods of population assessment are compared: (i) digital image processing of leaf damage and (ii) visual assessment using a damage key reflecting the relative infested area on each leaf (0, 0%; 1, 0–2%; 2, 2–5%; 3, 5–10%; 4, 10–25%; 5, 25–50%; 6, 50–75%; 7, 75–100%). Both methods used to estimate damage presented a similar, close relationship to the ‘real’ numbers of mines (R2 = 0.858; n = 777; P < 0.001 for image processing and R2 = 0.905; n = 777; P < 0.001 for visual assessment). The potential of using visual assessments as an accurate and fast method in situ at the tree scale is discussed.
Experiences of regional and rural people with cancer being treated with radiotherapy in a metropolitan centre
Authors: Martin‐McDonald Kristine , Rogers‐Clark Cath , Hegney Desley , McCarthy Alexandra , Pearce Susanne
Published: June 2003

This paper explores the issues related to rural people with cancer whose choice of radiotherapy treatment necessitated travel and accommodation in a metropolitan centre. Semi‐structured interviews with 46 participants, from the Toowoomba and Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia, were conducted and the data thematically analysed. The specific themes identified were: being away from loved ones, maintaining responsibilities whilst undergoing treatment, emotional stress, burden on significant others, choice about radiotherapy as a treatment, travel and accommodation, and financial burden. This study supports the need for a radiotherapy centre in the location of Toowoomba as a way of providing some equity and access to such treatment for the rural people of Queensland.
Cerebral Blood Flow and CO2 Reactivity in Interictal Migraineurs: A Transcranial Doppler Study
Authors: Kastrup Andreas , Thomas Christine , Hartmann Claudia , Schabet Martin
Published: June 2003

There is still some controversy about alterations in velocity of blood flow and in cerebral vasomotor reactivity of intracranial arteries in migraineurs during the interictal phase. By means of simultaneous bilateral transcranial Doppler ultrasonography we, therefore, assessed intracranial blood fIow velocities and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide of all three basal brain arteries in 20 migraineurs during the interictal phase and 30 nonheadache‐prone control subjects. Mean blood flow velocities were higher in migraineurs than in controls in all three arteries on both sides, with a significant difference (P<0.05) for the right anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery under basal conditions and for the right posterior cerebral artery during hypercapnia. Similarly, the cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide was always higher in patients than in controls, with a significant difference for the left anterior and the right middle cerebral arteries (P<0.05) and the right posterior cerebral artery (P<0.01). The broad overlap of cerebrovascular blood flow velocities and CO2 reactivities in patients and controls precluded identification of values diagnostic of migraine. Nevertheless, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography offers the opportunity to noninvasively monitor cerebral blood flow parameters and, therefore, represents a valuable tool for vascular research in migraine.
Self‐Efficacy Moderates the Impact of Stressful Events on Headache
Authors: Marlowe Nicholas
Published: June 2003

A positive correlation between the frequency of headache and the frequency of stressful events was demonstrated in a sample of 114 headache sufferers. The strength of this relationship was shown to be moderated by the level of self‐efficacy, defined as the individual's perceived capacity to exercise self‐control over their cognitive, behavioral, and affective responses to stressful events. The relationship between stressful events and headache was strongest for subjects low in self‐efficacy and became progressively weaker as self‐efficacy increased. It was concluded that self‐efficacy may be an important psychological resource buffering the impact of stress on the frequency of headache. Theoretical implications and indications for further research are discussed.
Amelanotic/Hypomelanotic Melanoma – Is Dermatoscopy Useful For Diagnosis?
Authors: Zalaudek I. , Argenziano G. , Kerl H. , Soyer H. P. , Hofmann‐Wellenhof R.
Published: June 2003

Background: Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma often leads to delayed clinical diagnosis because its clinical appearance can mimic other hypopigmented skin conditions. Dermatoscopy (dermoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy) is thought to be a helpful diagnostic tool in pigmented skin lesions, but it can be used also in non‐pigmented skin tumors due to the recognition of vascular structures not visible to the naked eye.

Objective: 7 amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanomas in 6 patients were analyzed in order to define their dermatoscopic findings using standard pattern analysis.

Methods: Clinical and dermoscopic images of each lesion were obtained using Dermaphot (Heine Optotechnik, Herrsching, Germany), with 10‐fold magnification of the lesion and the color slides were converted to digital format using a Kodak Photo CD system.

Results: All 7 amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanomas revealed peculiar dermatoscopic findings, namely, atypical vessels, dotted vessels, and a central pink to white veil. In addition, in 2 patients a slight brownish homogenous pigmentation at the periphery of the lesion was observed. In one case the correct diagnosis was done by an experienced dermatologist using dermatoscopy, whereas in the remaining 6 cases the clinical diagnoses included squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen disease, pyogenic granuloma and basal cell carcinoma. In 2 of 6 patients amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma was associated with a previous history of melanoma.

Conclusion: Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma exhibits as a common dermatoscopic denominator atypical vessels, varying in size and shape, usually associated with a central pink to white veil.
Enhancer Trapping Reveals Widespread Circadian Clock Transcriptional Control in Arabidopsis
Authors: Michael Todd P. , McClung C. Robertson
Published: June 2003

The circadian clock synchronizes the internal biology of an organism with the environment and has been shown to be widespread among organisms. Microarray experiments have shown that the circadian clock regulates mRNA abundance of about 10% of the transcriptome in plants, invertebrates, and mammals. In contrast, the circadian clock regulates the transcription of the virtually all cyanobacterial genes. To determine the extent to which the circadian clock controls transcription in Arabidopsis, we used in vivo enhancer trapping. We found that 36% of our enhancer trap lines display circadian-regulated transcription, which is much higher than estimates of circadian regulation based on analysis of steady-state mRNA abundance. Individual lines identified by enhancer trapping exhibit peak transcription rates at circadian phases spanning the complete circadian cycle. Flanking genomic sequence was identified for 23 enhancer trap lines to identify clock-controlled genes (CCG-ETs). Promoter analysis of CCG-ETs failed to predict new circadian clock response elements (CCREs), although previously defined CCREs, the CCA1-binding site, and the evening element were identified. However, many CCGs lack either the CCA1-binding site or the evening element; therefore, the presence of these CCREs is insufficient to confer circadian regulation, and it is clear that additional elements play critical roles.
Ethylene Modulates Root-Wave Responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Buer Charles S. , Wasteneys Geoffrey O. , Masle Josette
Published: June 2003

When stimulated to bend downward by being held at 45 degrees off vertical but unable to penetrate into agar-based media, Arabidopsis roots develop waving and looping growth patterns. Here, we demonstrate that ethylene modulates these responses. We determined that agar-containing plates sealed with low-porosity film generate abiotic ethylene concentrations of 0.1 to 0.3 μL L-1, whereas in plates wrapped with porous tape, ethylene remains at trace levels. We demonstrate that exogenous ethylene at concentrations as low as a few nanoliters per liter modulates root waving, root growth direction, and looping but through partly different mechanisms. Nutrients and Suc modify the effects of ethylene on root waving. Thus, ethylene had little effect on temporal wave frequency when nutrients were omitted but reduced it significantly on nutrient-supplemented agar. Suc masked the ethylene response. Ethylene consistently suppressed the normal tendency for roots of Landsberg erecta to skew to the right as they grow against hard-agar surfaces and also generated righthanded petiole twisting. Furthermore, ethylene suppressed root looping, a gravity-dependent growth response that was enhanced by high nutrient and Suc availability. Our work demonstrates that cell file twisting is not essential for root waving or skewing to occur. Differential flank growth accounted for both the extreme root waving on zero-nutrient plates and for root skewing. Root twisting was nutrient-dependent and was thus strongly associated with the looping response. The possible role of auxin transport in these responses and the involvement of circadian rhythms are discussed.
Overexpression of the ASN1 Gene Enhances Nitrogen Status in Seeds of Arabidopsis
Authors: Lam Hon-Ming , Wong Piu , Chan Hiu-Ki , Yam Kwan-Mei , Chen Li , Chow Cheung-Ming , Coruzzi Gloria M.
Published: June 2003

In wild-type Arabidopsis, levels of ASN1 mRNA and asparagine (Asn) are tightly regulated by environmental factors and metabolites. Because Asn serves as an important nitrogen storage and transport compound used to allocate nitrogen resources between source and sink organs, we tested whether overexpression of the major expressed gene for Asn synthetase, ASN1, would lead to changes in nitrogen status in the ultimate storage organ for metabolites—seeds. Transgenic Arabidopsis constitutively overexpressing ASN1 under the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were constructed (35S-ASN1). In seeds of the 35S-ASN1 lines, three observations support the notion that the nitrogen status was enhanced: (a) elevations of soluble seed protein contents, (b) elevations of total protein contents from acid-hydrolyzed seeds, and (c) higher tolerance of young seedlings when grown on nitrogen-limiting media. Besides quantitative differences, changes in the relative composition of the seed amino acid were also observed. The change in seed nitrogen status was accompanied by an increase of total free amino acids (mainly Asn) allocated to flowers and developing siliques. In 35S-ASN1 lines, sink tissues such as flowers and developing siliques exhibit a higher level of free Asn than source tissues such as leaves and stems, despite significantly higher levels of ASN1 mRNA observed in the source tissues. This was at least partially due to an enhanced transport of Asn from source to sink via the phloem, as demonstrated by the increased levels of Asn in phloem exudates of the 35S-ASN1 plants.