bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recirculation Method Using a Bottomhole Choke To Prevent Intermittent Production and Prolong Pump Life in Wells Lifted With the Electric Submergible Pump
Authors: Damsuki M. , Wahyudin P.
Published: December 2007

The recirculation method using a bottom hole choke to prevent intermittent production and prolong pump life in wells lifted with the Electric Submergible Pumps (ESPs) is a new technique that was developed in ARCO offshore North West Java Sea Contract Area.

In some of the new fields developed by ARCO, accurate well productivity data was not available at the time that ESP sizing operations were conducted. This limitation resulted in some wells having ESPs that were oversized in-comparison to the well's inflow liquid capacity.

This situation is undesirable in that the well intermits and causes the pump to operate outside its designed operating range. Pumps which operate out of the recommended range for a prolonged period of time will have a short run life in comparison to one that is properly sized.

In order to circumvent the problem either one of the following three options is available to the engineer.: Allow the oversized pump to run until failure (if possible) at which point the ESP is extracted from the well.Use the variable speed drive by reducing the frequency to get lower production rate.Install a down hole choke to allow recirculation of well-bore fluids so the ESP well does not pump off. (i.e. the well does not intermit).

The last option has been pioneered in the ONWJ Contract Area and has saved a considerable amount of expense since the installation of a dowhhole choke only requires a slick line unit which is more cost effective than a work over or snubbing rig as option (1) above would require. Additionally, the use of the downhole choke has increased the average pump run life considerably field wide.
Snorre Subsea Tree and Completion Equipment
Authors: Williams J. D. , Ytreland S.
Published: December 2007

The Snorre Subsea Production System (SPS) is an innovative 10 + 10 well facility which will be tied back to the Snorre tension leg platform (Figure 1). The Snorre SPS (Figure 2) will be installed in 1100 ft (335 m) of water, 93 miles (150 km) off the west coast of Norway in the northern sector of the North Sea2. The SPS installation is scheduled for the spring of 1992, with drilling and completion of the first subsea well slated for the fall of 1992. In general, field-proven components have been used wherever possible, with new technology being extensively verified and tested prior to installation.

To the extent practical, the drilling and completion equipment designs also use field-proven components. These components have been combined in a unique manner to produce a safe and reliable system which: (1) employs guidelineless, remotely-operated techniques for deployment, installation, and retrieval of the various subsea modules, (2) provides through flow line (TFL) maintenance capability, (3) uses metal seals and welded constructions for connections on permanently-installed equipment, (4) minimizes the number of hydraulic functions on the subsea tree, and (5) has been specifically designed to enhance the safety of simultaneous drilling and production operations.

This paper explains the basic design features of the Snorre subsea tree and completion equipment. In addition, a brief description of the equipment is provided.
Tordis Field Development: Single Satellite Wells with Subsea Manifold Centre
Authors: Kloeve B. , Hestad E.
Published: December 2007

The planned Tordis development consists of seven individual subsea wells connected to a subsea manifold, tied back to Gullfaks C for processing of hydrocarbons, supply of injection water and Production control, (ref. Figure 1). Start is scheduled for 1994.

Gullfaks has agreed upon a receipt commitment of 12 000 Sm3/day of processed liquid capacity.

The subsea wells are successively drilled, completed and tied back to the manifold. This allows a high degree of flexibility in field development and defers expenditure.

This paper presents details of the system configuration, design, installation and operation, as of the issue date December 1990 of the Plan for Development and Operation.
Advancements in Field Installation of Preloaded Subsea Wellhead Systems for TLP and High-Fatigue Environments
Authors: Hines F. C. , Jennings C. E.
Published: December 2007

This paper presents an overview of the evolution of design requirements for wellhead housing running tools necessitated by the development of wellhead interface systems to overcome the higher static and fatigue loadings generated by harsher environments and deeper water.

A brief history of the progression of wellhead designs is also presented in conjunction with their relevant running tools. A review of field operations for a new wellhead interface design with tapered sockets is presented along with the design of a tool that seats the double taper sockets [9].
Non-Linear Finite-Element Study of Pipeline Hot Tap Operations
Authors: Shanks J. M. , Wielenga W. M. H.
Published: December 2007

To improve the reliability of large hot tap pipeline operations, Shell Expro commissioned a detailed non-linear Finite Element study to investigate the structural and mechanical response of such systems, in particular during pressure testing of the branch welds. The study included load steps simulating welding of branch to pipeline, hydrostatic pressure testing of the welds, coupon cutting and removal, and normal pipeline operation. A limit state analysis was used to determine the ultimate collapse load of the coupon during external hydrostatic pressure testing, and was verified by a small number of scale model tests and then used to complete a full parametric study covering all branch sizes and configurations of interest. In some cases the buckling pressure was found to be quite low and the effect of welding stiffeners to the coupon was quantified. Pipeline spring back deflections were also determined and assessed as to their effect on coupon cutting and removal operations. The results of the study were applied to a large hot tap connection on the FLAGS gas pipeline during the summer of 1990 and ensured a high level of safety at all stages of the operation.
Embla Field: Development of a Complex Reservoir Near Existing Infrastructure
Authors: Snow S. E. , Frey E. P. , Jewhurst J. , Kiesow U. G. , Knight I. A.
Published: December 2007

Embla Field is located within the Greater Ekofisk Area in the Norwegian sector of the southern North Sea, 5 km south of the Eldfisk Field. A well drilled in 1974 indicated the presence of hydrocarbons. The producibility of the reservoir was proved by a well drilled in 1988. An appraisal well drilled in 1989 confirmed the discovery. During tests, the field produced volatile oil from a thick, pre-Jurassic sandstone sequence at about 4200 m TVD. Reservoir pressure is 828 bar and reservoir temperature is 159°C. A three phase development plan for the field was proposed and approved in 1990.

Seismic definition of both the top of the reservoir and its internal geometry is poor. Log, core, and DST information indicate that the reservoir is geologically complex. In order to allow for geologic complexity, minimize economic risk and obtain the necessary information for optimum reservoir management, the first phase of the development will be a low cost wellhead platform which will take advantage of the existing infrastructure. Production from this phase will start in late 1992.

Phase I will consist of pre-drilling up to 6 wells in a step-out fashion, installation of a remotely monitored 18 slot platform and one year of special reservoir monitoring from the pre-drilled wells. The reservoir monitoring program is designed to establish reservoir continuity and production characteristics. The information obtained information obtained from the first phase will form the basis for the rest of the development.

Phase II will include infill drilling and development of the remainder of the field. Phase III will be a pressure maintenance/improved recovery program.

Several alternative development schemes, including conventional delineation of the reservoir or test production through a subsea completion, were considered. The selected alternative best addressed the uncertainties of Embla while taking advantage of the existing infrastructure.
A New Type Curve for Well Testing in Anisotropic Formations
Authors: Hayes M. R. L. , Vaughan A. B.
Published: December 2007

It is recognised that depositional and tectonic processes can result in anisotropy in horizontal permeability. Previous authors have described inter well interference tests which can be used to determine the magnitude and direction of permeability anisotropy.

Earlougher describes the elliptical flow regime resulting from anisotropic permeability. He suggests that it is impossible to recognise anisotropy from a single well test as the pressure response curve is the same as for isotropic reservoirs. This is thought to be valid when the anisotropy occurs as a result of very small scale permeability variations.

The authors have observed that interpretations of welltests conducted on certain formations in the North Sea yield negative skins. The common feature of these formations is that they are prone to anisotropy.

This paper describes the flow regime resulting from large scale anisotropy. The reservoir modelled is assumed to contain a regular series of parallel partial baffles in an isotropic permeability field. Conventional radial flow is followed by an elliptical pseudo radial flow regime, akin to that described by Earlougher. In certain types of anisotropic formation, the skin associated with this flow regime is negative.

A new family of dimensionless type curves is presented which can be used to quantify permeability anisotropy from the pressure response at the disturbing well only. The type curves have been generated numerically but limiting cases have been compared with available analytical solutions to confirm accuracy. The effects of wellbore storage and producing time on pressure response are also considered. Pressure responses are observed to be similar to those from other lateral hetrogenieties. This lack of unique model reinforces the need to interface with other disciplines in well test interpretation.

Field and synthetic examples are used to illustrate use of these type curves.
Thermo-Mechanical Behavior Of Porous Rocks
Authors: Somerton Wilbur H.
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.

Earlier work on the thermal expansion of rocks has shown that a large amount of permanent deformation may exist upon cooling the test samples to room temperature. In the present paper, the changes in flow and mechanical properties of porous rocks as a result of heating, are presented and discussed.

Three typical sandstones were heated to several different temperatures, cooled to room temperature, and then changes in physical properties were measured. Increases in bulk volume were comparatively small [of the order of 3 per cent], but the resultant changes in porosity and permeability were substantial. Porosities were increased by as much as 20 per cent and permeabilities by over 60 per cent, depending upon the maximum heating temperature. Ultimate compressive strengths were decreased to one-half of original values on heating to 1,000 degrees C. Similar reductions in Young's moduli and sonic velocities were also noted.

Changes in physical properties of rocks subjected to high temperatures may be explained as due to differential thermal expansion of constituent mineral grains, dehydration of clays, and dissociation of certain minerals such as dolomite and calcite. The present heating tests were run at atmospheric pressure; under reservoir pressure conditions, the latter two reactions would be suppressed. Nevertheless, changes in properties were considered to be of sufficient magnitude to warrant additional tests under simulated reservoir conditions.

Introduction

The application of high temperatures to subsurface formations has become important in bottomhole heating and in-situ combustion of petroleum reservoirs. In planned applications of underground nuclear explosions, rocks will be subjected to extreme temperatures locally and to moderately high temperatures at considerable distances from the explosion center. Rock drilling methods utilizing high temperatures have been proposed. It is probable that localized high temperatures are generated by conventional rock drilling methods.

Physical properties of rocks may be altered considerably by heating. In earlier work the permanent deformation of rocks resulting from application of high temperatures were reported. Major structural damage of rocks may occur due to differential thermal expansion of mineral constituents. Mineral alterations may also contribute to changes in the physical structure of the rock.

In the present work, samples of three typical sandstones were heated to several temperatures up to a maximum of 1,000 degrees C. After cooling, physical properties of the samples were measured and compared with values obtained on identical tests before heating. Measurements included linear expansion, bulk-volume expansion, porosity and permeability.
Improved Hydrocarbon-in-Place Determinations of Shaly Rocks From Laboratory Electrical Resistivity Measurements at Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Dong Jing Xu , Archer J. S.
Published: December 2007

A systematic experimental study of different synthetic, outcrop and reservoir rock samples has been carried out to investigate the effect of clay minerals, pressure and temperature on the estimation of in situ rock volumetric parameters from electric logs. This paper outlines the key experimental results and indicates areas for improvement in the determination of hydrocarbon volume in place using the Archie equations for clean sands or a new conductivity model for shaly sands. The following factors have been considered in this study: the effect of pressure, temperature and hysteresis on formation factor and cementation factor, and the influence of temperature and clay distribution on the excess conductivity of the electric double layer associated with clay minerals.
Application of a Novel Squeeze Scale Inhibitor in the Beryl Field
Authors: Bonnett N , Fieler E. R. , Hen J
Published: December 2007

Mobil North Sea Limited (MNSL) have been conducting treatments to prevent both Carbonate and Sulphate scale formation in the Beryl Field since the early 1980's. In order to effectively prevent scaling without frequent treatments, a novel method of increasing the squeeze life of the scale inhibitor has been developed. This method is based on the use of a proprietary extending agent. This results in greater retention of the scale inhibitor within the formation and substantially reduced inhibitor backflow during the initial production following the squeeze. The inhibitor is then released from the formation at a low but effective concentration over a long period of time.

Following extensive laboratory studies, the first Mobil Long Life Scale Inhibitor (MLLSI) squeeze was performed on Beryl Well 9/13a-B16 in January, 1989. A squeeze life of fifteen months was obtained compared to an average life of about eight months from commercial treatments. Other wells in the Beryl Field have been treated subsequently and show improved treatment lives.

The benefits of the longer inhibitor life resulting from MLLSI include reduced deferred production and substantially lower inhibitor treatment costs.
Optimisation of Deep Carboniferous Exploration Well Drilling in the Southern North Sea
Authors: Stewart D. A. , Sigurdson S. R.
Published: December 2007

Recent Southern North Sea exploration drilling has focussed on deeper Carboniferous prospects in the U.K. and Dutch Sectors. (See Location Map)

Attempts to optimise the process of drilling deep Carboniferous exploration wells have been successful. Five wells in excess of 13850 feet, (4222 metres), have been drilled since 1989 and a significant learning curve has been seen.
A Review of Gravel Packing in the Forth Field
Authors: Gilchrist J. M. , Gilchrist A. L.
Published: December 2007

Gravel packing very unconsolidated, high permeability formations, such as those found in the Forth Field in the UK northern North Sea presents a number of problems. The main challenge is to maintain well control whilst minimising formation damage, thereby maximising well productivity.

Working from semisubmersibles, BP Exploration has tested a number of these wells using a gravel prepack and sized salt LCM to cure losses. This allows retrieval of the TCP perforating string prior to running the gravel pack assembly.

Previous laboratory work and field experience has shown that filling perforation tunnels with gravel is fundamental to successful, high productivity gravel pack completions. Pumping a gravel prepack ensures that this criterion is met whilst still allowing LCM to be used for loss control.

The prepack also aids LCM removal which is essential, both to minimise formation damage and to ensure adequate leak-off to the formation for subsequent gravel pack placement.

Whilst the innovative use of the prepack technique has significantly improved completion efficiencies, all aspects of the gravel pack operation must be carefully planned and executed. This paper presents BP Exploration's design philosophy and operational practices in the North Sea and discusses results to date.
Offshore Coiled-Tubing Cement Squeezes, Forties Field
Authors: Barry T. S. , Beck D. L. , Putnam J. S. , Snow N.
Published: December 2007

Coiled tubing cement squeezing has proved to be a successful water shut-off method in the Forties Field. Six cement squeezes have been carried out to date on three different platforms in the field. The jobs have been carried out either as a stand-alone well service remedial operation or as a prelude to a full rig workover. Production increases have averaged 4.5 mbopd (720 m3/d) per well with the most successful operation resulting in a post-squeeze rate of 17 mbopd (2700 m3/d) at 10% water cut compared to a pre-squeeze rate of 6.9 mbopd (1100 m3/d) at 55% water.

This paper describes the well histories, the production profiles and the decision process in selecting coiled tubing cement squeezing over more traditional methods of isolation. It discusses the preparatory work required for proper slurry formulation, the equipment lay-out and step by step procedures used in performing the job. The paper reviews the difficulty in sizing the slurry volume given the friable nature of the reservoir sandstone. It also highlights the differences and difficulties in performing the operation offshore compared to a similar land based operation.
Health Care Training for Offshore and Remote Worksites
Authors: Cullen M.
Published: December 2007

A key issue in remote medicine is the t>asic and ongoing training of those who provide immedidate care for injury or illness sustained in the remote worksite. Training must be provided for and by laymen, nurses, paramedis and doctors.

In order to achieve this it is necessary to establish the pattern of illness and injury which is likely to be met. This has been done for the North Sea and for Antarctic exploration and the results will be presented and discussed in this paper. Data from over 5,000 cases who sustained injuries offshore and were subsequently evacuated to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary have been used for this purpose.

A system of training for health care in offshore and remote places has now been advised in RGIT Survival Centre and this will be descrilbed and discussed. More attention will tse devoted to consideration of who to provide training for, what to teach and how to ensure going training, supervision and feedback.
Health Care in Nigeria
Authors: Ogunnaike O. B.
Published: December 2007

The problems of Health Care Delivery in developing Countries and how Nigeria and a Multinational Company such as Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) have been coping are being highlighted.

The advantages of establishing well equipped specialist hospitals within the company's Industrial Area, one in each of the three locations with a level of expertise and infrastructure which compares favourably with that available in both public and private sectors are discussed using slides, viewgraphs showing performance indicators, types of surgical operations and other medical statistics. Our scheme has been so successful that other companies have now introduced or plan to establish their own hospitals.

We recognise that the overall SPDC performance in HSE depends on the efforts of our own staff together with those of our contractors who number over 25,000 and other persons who reside in our operational areas. Recently therefore the assurance of adequate medical facilities for those who might be affected by our operations is being vigorously pursued. Efforts in this direction which include the donation of equipment worth 2.0 million Naira to furnish twenty Rural Health Centres in our areas of operations have not only demonstrated the company's sensitivity to the political, social and economic situations prevailing in the Nigerian environment but have also resulted in the sharing of our experience and knowledge for the overall benefit of all.

In summary, in this time of economic recession, the need for effective management of human resources can only be assured by a well-trained, highly encouraged and cared for staff. These three objectives have been achieved by SPDC's progressive improvement over the years of an efficient, purposeful, cost-beneficial Health Care Delivery for its staff.

The concept of Primary Health Care which is gaining ground in developing countries and rapidly paving the way for specialist care could be improved by incorporating Occupational Health and Safety Programmes. This approach will facilitate co-ordination and eliminate duplication of efforts and also promote the concept of "Total Loss Control".
Health, Safety, and Environmental Considerations in Developing Frontier Areas
Authors: Smith J. R.
Published: December 2007

In the summer of 1989, Shell Western E&P Inc., a subsidiary of Shell Oil Company, and its partners commenced the first drilling operations ever attempted in the Chukchi Sea located off the northwest coast of Alaska. The Chukchi Sea is characterized by its remoteness and hostile environment. The nearest true medical facilities are over 1300 km away in Anchorage. The importance of having a world-class safety, medical and environmental plan was recognized from the inception of the project. The need for that plan was dramatically accentuated by the Exxon Valdez oil spill on March 24, 1989 in Alaska's Prince William Sound.

This paper discusses some of the planning considerations and regulatory approvals that were required. Early on in the planning for the exploratory drilling program in this most challenging frontier area, Shell made the strategic decision to use a dedicated oil-spill response barge to provide state-of-the-art equipment and a highly effective response capability. This paper addresses what conditions made this the preferred solution and possibly of greater importance - why this solution does not apply in all situations!

In three years of operation, despite the cost and difficulty of operating in this environment, our objective of operating in a safe, environmentally sound manner was never compromised. In fact, Shell's environmental performance was acknowledged by being the first recipient of the Conservation Award for Respecting the Environment (CARE) issued by the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service (MMS). The award recognized References and illustrations at end of paper.

Shell's innovation and leadership in planning, coordinating, and executing its 1989 exploratory drilling program. Shell was also the 1990 recipient of the MMS's SAFE Award for the safe conduct of our exploratory drilling operations in the Chukchi.
A Review of Audiometry Results in Offshore Workers in the Brent Field
Authors: Johnson J. W. , Gann M. J.
Published: December 2007

A review was made of 580 staff identified as currently working offshore for Shell Expro in the Brent Field. Of these 476 had more than one audiogram over their period of employment and were thought to be free of overt otological disease. This cohort was used to look at changes in audiometric performance over the period of their employment offshore by comparing first and most recent audiograms. The changes at 3, 4, and 6kH, the noise susceptible frequencies were averaged for the 2 ears and distributions of mean annual change calculated. The pattern of change for the whole population was also calculated and is not that to be expected if there were a significant contribution by noise. Relationships between initial hearing status, and age, and subsequent change were also analysed. Neither appear to have any significant bearing on rate of further change in this environment.

The paper concentrates on ways of assessing the performance of a potentially noise exposed population as a whole. The results suggest that although a noise hazard is present in the offshore workplace, efforts made to control it and protect staff are effective.
The Medical Screening and Selection Programme Among Workers in Indonesian Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Harjono Harjono , Soeryadi Soeryadi
Published: December 2007

Preemployment medical examination and annual check up activities are always conducted in Indonesian State Oil Company (PERTAMINA).

The objectives of these activities are mainly as one of human factor efforts for effisiency, safety, productivity, besides to fullfil the government regulation.

In this report we present data of 5 years experience, covering over 3,000 preemployment medical examination and over 30,000 annual check up in PERTAMINA Jakarta. The figure for preemployment medical unfit is 2 % whilst by annual check up 3 % of them need medical follow up for various reasons mainly for cardiovascular risk factors.
Employee and Organizational Assistance Program (EOAP): Meeting the Challenges of the Coming Decade
Authors: Csokonay W. M. , Chisholm D. M.
Published: December 2007

Shell Canada implemented an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) in 1980 with its roots founded in remedial counselling and treatment services for substance misuse, as well as facilitation of entry to community services for employees and family members with personal and psychosocial problems. In Canada, barriers to accessing community counselling and treatment services still exist for a variety of reasons, in spite of universal medicare coverage since the 1960's. Reasons for this, from an employer's perspective, will be discussed.

As the 1980's unfolded, use of the EAP by both employees and dependents increased, through both voluntary self referral and more formal management (mandatory) referral. Training at all levels of the company became an important aspect of the EAP providing education on behavioral issues which affect performance, illness (and absence from work), and safety. In 1989, an alcohol and drug policy was introduced into the company which included urine drug testing "for cause." The policy reinforced the need for education about substance misuse to employees and supervisors. It highlighted both employee (and peer) responsibility in recognizing and dealing with substance misuse, as well as the company's determination to take a stand on the importance of safety while showing compassion in facilitating employee use of EAP services to correct substance misuse problems. Driving forces for such policies in Canada will be discussed, and the components of a successful approach to an A & D policy.

A third generation initiative for programs of this type is in organizational remedial and preventive services, such as in the area of stress. Forces which drive this, as well as the types of programs (both reactive and proactive) will be reviewed, including emotional safety initiatives aimed at issues surrounding the "human error" component in accident/incident causation. Finally, volunteer peer referral agent mechanisms will be discussed.
Assessing Safety Performance After the Era of the LTI
Authors: Haines M. R. , Kian D. V. S.
Published: December 2007

SARAWAK SHELL/SABAH SHELL Petroleum Company have followed an enhanced safety management programme for about seven years and have made significant improvements in their safety record for both Company and contractor staff in that period. A leading indicator of safety performance in the early part of the programme was the Lost Time Injury (LTI) frequency. As the accident frequency fell, another LTI based indicator was introduced. At first this was applied to Company staff only but recently only the combined achievements of Company and contractor staff have been considered.

The frequency of LTI's has now dropped to a level where it is no longer a sensitive measure of safety performance. This applies especially for Company staff and individual sectors of the operation where only a few LTI's occur each year. Retaining LTI's as the basis for key safety performance indicators generates negative effects. Worst of these is a tendency to foster a "blame culture", tempting staff to hide or downgrade the severity of accidents, sometimes going to amazing lengths to do so. Full accident reporting and investigation may also be inhibited, an important activity in a safety conscious company.

This paper outlines how SSB/SSPC has attempted to introduced more sensitive statistical measures of safety performance and makes proposals for further developments away from the traditional measures based on the LTI.
Implementation of Traffic Safety Standard
Authors: Talib H. A.
Published: December 2007

Traffic safety is a major problem for almost every manager and supervisor. There are few areas where motor vehicles are not used for some jobs and most employees drive cars off the job.

> The industrialization of any country brings additional risk to life and property, requiring additional efforts to prevent accidents. Every person must play a role in preventing industrial accidents, but instruction must be given by management and supervisors. Methods are now available and very practical for the effective prevention of motor vehicle accidents both that occur on the job and that occur of the job with personal vehicles. A safety specialist is employed to assist in controlling accidents to obtain efficient operations. The safety practitioner's role is a vital one, as it is through him that company safety program is communicated, effected and followed.

> In teaching "Traffic Safety", management should communicate to supervisors and local transport contractors that they have a critical role in traffic safety. They are at the point where the job is done. They must aggressively work toward a common goal by having the proper vehicle, driven by the proper person who has had the proper traffic education, performing vehicle operations under the proper control and lastly he should be safety-minded. While the supervisor may not purchase the vehicle or conduct the traffic safety training, he must make input to insure that these programs provide safe vehicles and safe drivers.
Smokehoods for Offshore Use: A Proposed Specification
Authors: Ross J. A. S. , Evans J. D.
Published: December 2007

The Public Inquiry into the Piper Alpha explosion and fire identified the major cause of death as being the inhalation of smoke. Accordingly, a recommendation was made that some form of smoke hood be provided for offshore workers. In the absence of any widely recognised standard for such protective equipment a project has been started to establish a specification for smoke hoods for offshore use. This paper reviews the challenge with which such devices must cope and briefly outlines the proposed standard.
Promoting Marine Seismic Safety: The Common Goal from Different Perspectives
Authors: Smethurst J. , Wong K-L. , Kolozs B. , Wood G. D.
Published: December 2007

This paper presents Shell's and Western Geophysical Co.'s quests for a common goal in seismic safety in their marine operations offshore Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia. Throughout the period 1985 to present, extensive efforts were made by both Shell and Western Geophysical to elevate safety standards and safe operating practices to a comparable level with successful technical achievements in seismic operations in this region of SE Asia. In 1985, genuine effort focussed on safety standards such as those of the equipment on the marine vessel with attention on compliance with international marine requirements. In 1985 there was little focus on personal protective equipment and management of safety. Even the subject of safety was then received with little enthusiasm amongst the crew personnel. With the initiation of Enhanced Safety Management (ESM) by Shell in late 1985 and Western Geophysical Co.'s unequivocal commitment, both parties went through a process of mutual safety education. This paper discusses such experiences during this period. In the early stage of ESM, emphasis was made on the standards of proper equipment, followed by institution of rules and procedures for safe practices. The majority of such enforcement was readily accepted and maintained. Those which received poor immediate responses were subjected to discussion and where acceptable, adapted to suit the conditions onboard the marine seismic vessel. Such processes were necessary to promote ready acceptance of valid procedures by the crews. In doing so, the aim is to instill commitment from every individual toward ensuring that safety performance was placed on a par with quality productivity. High level commitment has been demonstrated by WGC's appointment of a local management safety advisor. This complemented the Shell commitment and together very positive and pleasing results are achieved.
Guidelines for Cleaning/Disinfection in Chamber Systems Used in Operational Saturation Diving
Authors: Ahlen C. , Leinan I. , Berg M.
Published: December 2007

Skin infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurs frequently among saturation divers. Efficient cleaning/disinfection, in aim to reduce contamination and spreading of infection-related microbes, is of vital importance in this environment.

This paper presents guidelines for cleaning /disinfection in saturation chambers, and focus on practical performance of the procedure. The guidelines are mainly based on results from field studies of infection- /disinfection in operational saturation chamber systems in the North Sea.

In the presented guidelines, a distinction is made between pressurized and non-pressurized chambers. Complete cleaning/disinfection are to be performed in chambers at surface. For the main cleaning /disinfection of chambers under pressure, use of disposable equipment and frequent replacement of the shower-sets is outlined.

The new procedures are from operational studies shown to highly increase the efficiency of cleaning/disinfection. The new procedures are implemented onboard some diving vessels during the diving season 1991.
Ergonomic Testing of the "Man-Machine" System Underwater
Authors: Dmochowski J. , Pacholski L.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes a research project to develop method and conduct test of "man-machine" ergonomic system underwater.

Researches of "man-machine" system underwater are carried during tests of divers operating hand tools in water tanks. Tets are held in shallow-up to 3,5m water tanks so only water effects is considered during studies, when the depth effect in reference to breathing mixture saturation and decompresion is not considered. During introductory experiments the divers were drilling holes in steel plates using three types of driller and in granite slabs using hydraulic percussion driller. Response of the "diver-driller" system was measured when conditions of work, as temperature of water, vibrations of driller were changing. Results of the experiments were discussed.

During tests the divers were monitored and physiological data were obtained. Turther tests concerning hand tool aplication and cooperation between divers, typical for underwater ventures are elaborated. These tests are worked out in connection with developed method of ergonomic evaluation of hand tools for underwater technologies.
Permit To Work Procedures
Authors: Maddox K. H. , Butler J. D. , Bonsall D. A.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes a major review, carried out by Shell UK Exploration and Production, of its Permit To Work System. The key elements were seen to be: Concentrating management attention on work of high potential risk by specifying commensurate authorisation levels.Co-ordination of non-routine activities and providing visibility of the status of work in progress.Clear system specification.Disciplined isolation procedures.Constantly updated computer based permit information and tracking system.Training.Auditing.
Estimating Reservoir Pressure Using The Principle Of Superposition
Authors: Walker A. Craven
Published: December 2007

The standard methods available for determination of reservoir pressure from pressure build-up observations rely on the assumption of a flow geometry in the reservoir. A method of calculating reservoir pressure which does not require a specified reservoir flow pattern has been devised. This method is based entirely on the principle of superposition and develops the use of a single pressure drawdown curve for each well the well characteristic curve. Methods for constructing this curve are describes and its use in determining reservoir pressure from pressure build-up data is illustrated by the analysis of a transient pressure survey. The method has the advantage of requiring only a short shut-in period.

NOMENCLATURE

p(t) - the remanent pressure drawdown at time t, psi

G(t) - the characteristic remanent pressure drawdown functions psi/1000 bpd.

Pe - the reservoir pressure at the time of the pbu Pe - the reservoir pressure at the time of the pbu survey, psi.
New Employee Safety Training (NEST): A Company Commitment
Authors: Wertz R. , Greer C. R. , Knecht D. H.
Published: December 2007

New Employee Safety Training (NEST) is a training vehicle for new Schlumberger employees on safety and the environ-ment. The purpose of programs such as NEST is to begin an employee’s tenure with a strong emphasis on safety and an appreciation for the environment. Concern for safety and the environment should be as much a part of corporate culture as are service to clients and return to stockholders. A formal training program is an organized way to accomplish these goals.

The NEST curriculum includes five days of training in the areas of radiation, explosives, driving, water survival, fire fighting, first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), governmental regulations, hazardous materials and personal protective equipment. The program consists of classroom and hands-on training and testing.
Safe Coiled-Tubing Operations
Authors: Thomeer H. V. , Newman K. R.
Published: December 2007

Safe coiled tubing operations require quality control of the coiled tubing, wellsite safety standards for coiled tubing operations, and the safe deployment of long tool strings in and out of the well. The quality of coiled tubing is monitored by a patent pending real-time inspection device, fatigue cycle tracking, data acquisition of critical job parameters, and inputting all the coiled tubing history data into a model to get predicted coiled tubing life. Coiled tubing operational safety standards detail coiled tubing issues with emergency contingency procedures and the use of a downhole force model to predict the force when running coiled tubing in deviated wells. The safe deployment of long tool strings, both fluid and electrical, requires special procedures and equipment to get in and out of the well. The operational methods and standards provide improved safety during coiled tubing operations at the wellsite, whether onshore or offshore.
Super Heavy Weight Drilling Fluids And Cement Slurries
Authors: Jinoian Vardges
Published: December 2007

Water shows in the Gachsaran Formation in Iran occur primarily in limestones and may be of high pressure and volume. These high-pressure water shows, often exceeding overburden pressures, and their erratic distribution are thought to be attributable to the tectonic conditions of the Gachsaran Formation.

Drilling through these high pressure water bearing and plastic formations requires mud hydrostatics that generally equal and are sometimes higher than overburden pressures.

High mud weights, with their inherent high solid ratios, create problems that are unique and can be solved only with proper, formulation problems that are unique and can be solved only with proper, formulation and close control.

These muds must be followed with cement slurries of approximately the same weights to prevent water flows during casing cementations. The various additives that go into these slurries are selected with utmost care so that heavy weight slurries can be mixed with good stability and flow characteristics.

1. Super Heavy Weight Drilling Fluids

In South Iran drilling through the Gachsaran formation, which is plastic and charged with high pressure formation water, frequently requires mud hydrostatics in excess of overburden pressures.
Psychological Factors in Safety Performance
Authors: Young D. R.
Published: December 2007

Developing a safe work environment for employees in the petroleum industry has been a high priority in recent years. Although much improvement is evident in the industry, there is a commitment to further reduce the potential for accidents. Psychological characteristics of both individuals and groups that undermine the potential for a healthy work environment are discussed. The resistance to using psychology in developing safety awareness and accident investigation techniques is explored followed by the potential contribution psychological thinking might make to the challenge of insuring a safe and healthy work environment.
Safety Acceptance Criteria for Oil/Gas Production Systems
Authors: Aven T.
Published: December 2007

The application of safety acceptance criteria (targets) to oil and gas production systems has often been discussed, in particular regarding their consistency with overall business objectives. In this paper, this question is addressed, and possible solutions proposed. It is concluded that acceptance criteria should be used with care. Such criteria may restrain sound innovation and judgement, and result in an unnecessarily expensive design. This is especially the case for safety acceptance criteria related to material assets and production, but there are many problems also associated with the implementation of safety acceptance criteria related to human life, health and environment.

This paper also discusses some important factors related to the quality of risk analyses. Risk analysis is the basis for using quantitative safety acceptance criteria; the quality of such analyses is therefore critical.
The New Risk Analysis Regulations from the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate: Their Applicability to the Control of Occupational Accidents in Design
Authors: Kjellen U. A.
Published: December 2007

Regulations concerning implementation and use of risk analysis in the petroleum activity are in effect in Norway since February 1, 1991. The regulations specify a number of requirements on the operator's internal control system including that safety goals and acceptance criteria shall be defined, that risk analyses shall be applied in the identification and assessment of accident risks and that risk reducing measures shall be implemented when necessary to meet the criteria.

The paper examines the implementation of the "Risk analysis regulations" in the control of occupational accidents in design. It is based on results and experiences from the application of various methods of risk analysis during the design of a fixed offshore installation. A risk analysis method has been developed for the purpose of verifying complience with acceptance criteria concerning the expected accident frequency rate. Theoretical and methodological problems are discussed in relation to these results and experiences.

It is concluded that the basic requirements of the "Risk analysis regulations" are possible to meet. Its implementation requires the use of a combination of risk analysis methods and access to adequate experience data. Subject-matter expert judgement must be accepted as an integral part of the analyses.
Dispersion Modeling of Gas Releases on Offshore Platforms
Authors: Fontaine D. J. , Hall M. E.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the technique used to evaluate the potential hazards to personnel and equipment in the unlikely event of an accidental release of sour gas from nearby off-shore platforms. These potential impacts arise from the possibility of well blow-outs during the installation and operation of new sulfur mining and oil production platforms in the vicinity of several existing platforms. This evaluation was performed using accident release consequence modeling, and focused on the following potential impacts: inhalation of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) by personnel on the nearby platforms; the extent of the flammable hydrocarbon gas cloud; and the radiant heat from an ignited gas jet. "Worst-case" estimates and assumptions were used in the modeling process to minimize the likelihood of under-estimating any potential impacts.

The gas flammability, and flame radiation hazards were predicted by the modeling system to be confined to the area within 200 ft. (60 m) of the gas release source. The modeling system predicted the potential H2S inhalation hazards to extend from the source a distance of 0.2 to 2.0 miles (0.3 to 3.2 kml. depending on the physical characteristics of the release scenario and the H2S exposure level chosen.