bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verifying Feasibility of Artificial Lift Methods in Rapid Selection Tool
Authors: Chow Jason , Gamboa Jose , Garcia Gonzalo A. , Price Troy , Hall Colby
Published: November 2020

Conventional artificial lift selection tools often involve cursory table lookups with interdependent variables and generous design value ranges. This paper describes a semiautomated selection tool created to perform a screening level of analysis for several industry available artificial lift alternatives to quickly direct users towards preferred methods for further investigation. This approach takes the user provided well, fluid and field data, and applies a series of filters, resulting in a summary page displaying feasible and preferred well-specific artificial lift solutions for further investigation.
Comprehensive Fall Velocity Study on Continuous Flow Plungers
Authors: Sayman Ozan , Pereyra Eduardo , Sarica Cem
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study is experimental and theoretical investigation of the fall mechanics of continuous flow plungers. Fall velocity of the two-piece plungers with different sleeve and ball combinations and bypass plungers are examined in both static and dynamic conditions to develop a drag coefficient relationship. Dimensionless analysis conducted including wall effect, inclination and liquid holdup correction of fall stage. The fall model is developed to estimate fall velocities of the ball, sleeve, and bypass plungers. Sensitivity analysis is performed to reveal influential parameters to the fall velocity of continuous flow plungers.

In a static facility, four sleeves with different height, weight, and OD, three balls made with different materials and a bypass plunger are tested in four different mediums. The wall effect on settling velocity is defined, and it is used to validate the ball drag coefficient results obtained from the experimental setup. Two-phase flow experiments were conducted by injecting gas into the static liquid column and liquid holdup effect on drag coefficient is observed. Experiments in a dynamic facility are used for liquid holdup and deviation corrections. The fall model is developed to estimate fall velocities of the continuous flow plungers against the flow. Dimensionless parameters obtained in the experiments are combined with multiphase flow simulation to estimate the fall velocity of plungers in field scale.

Reference drag coefficient values of plungers are obtained for respective Reynold number values. Experimental wall effect, liquid holdup and inclination corrections are provided. The fall model results for separation time, fall velocity, total fall duration, and maximum flow rate to fall against are estimated for different cases. Sensitivity analysis showed that the drag coefficient, the weight of plungers, pressure, and gas flow rate are the most influential parameters for the fall velocity of the plungers. Furthermore, the fall model revealed that plungers fall slowest at the wellhead conditions for the range of gas flow rates experienced in field conditions. Lower pressure at wellhead had two opposing effects; namely, reduced gas density, therefore reducing the drag, and gas expansion, increased the gas velocity, therefore increasing the drag.

Estimating fall velocity of continuous flow plungers is crucial to optimize ball and sleeve separation time, plunger selection and gas injection rate for plunger assisted gas lift (PAGL). The fall model provides maximum flow rate to fall against, which is defined as the upper operational boundary for continuous flow plungers. This study presents a new methodology to predict fall velocity using drag coefficient vs. Reynolds number relationship, wall effect, liquid holdup, deviation corrections and incorporating multiphase flow simulation.
Pilot Application of Remotely Operated Gas Lift Valves in Permian Basin Unconventional Wells
Authors: Visser Johannes , Basic Tomislav
Published: November 2020

We present a review of new gas lift technologies designed to deliver increased production rates when compared to conventional gas lift systems and demonstrate the applicability of these systems in unconventional development wells in the Permian Basin.

We focus on results from wells employing electrically operated downhole injection technologies that provide a deeper point of injection and conserve surface injection pressure, reducing flowing bottom hole pressure. We present wells that represent a range of the inflow performance spectrum in the Permian Basin. These wells were completed with remotely operable injection stations to understand the impact of a variety of flowing conditions.

Several Gas Lift indicators are used for efficiency evaluation criteria: Depth of injection, multi-pointing elimination or reduction, and properly-sizing injection port to enable gas injection at critical flow. Downhole and surface conditions were continuously and remotely monitored, and included pressure and temperature sensors at each station, both inside and outside of tubing.

We present results that: enabled tuning of annulus pressure calculations; provided reliable gas lift modelling and optimization when compared conventionally equipped gas lift wells; demonstrated the benefits of preserving Gas Lift pressure for single point of injection as deep as possible. These results delivered performance increase, reduced uncertainty in diagnostics and well performance analysis and enhanced completion designs that included the remote operated valves. In all situations the depth of injection was moved further down the well, eliminating multipoint injection observed in conventional gas lift equipment.

Currently, there are several electrically operated gas lift valves available on the market with similar capabilities but vary in design and implementation. Ongoing evaluation of these technologies enable maturation of this technology and creates the opportunity to combine it with integrated production optimization and autonomous operations in the future.
Overall Reduced Baseline Lymphocyte Subsets Closely Related to the Poor Prognosis and the Disease Severity in Patients With COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Liu Dafeng , Wang yong , Zhao Bennan , Lan Lijuan , Liu Yaling , Bao Lei , Chen Hong , Yang Min , Li Qingfeng , Zeng Yilan
Published: November 2020

IntroductionDysregulated host immune response was common in COVID-19. In this study we aimed at the characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and its relationship with the disease progression in COVID-19 patients with or without DM.MethodsThe baseline peripheral lymphocyte and subsets were compared between 55 healthy cases (control group) and 95 confirmed cases with COVID-19 (COVID-19 group), and between COVID-19 patients with and without DM.ResultsThe prevalence of DM in COVID-19 group was 20%, and severe cases had higher the prevalence of DM than non-severe cases (P=0.006), moreover significantly poor prognosis and higher severe rate were found in those with DM relative to those without DM (P=0.001,0.003, respectively). In COVID-19 group overall and significant reduced lymphocyte and subsets, especially B and T lymphocytes were found, especially in those with DM. Partial decreased lymphocyte subsets, age and DM closely related with the disease progression and the prognosis.ConclusionsThese findings provide a reference for clinicians that immunomodulatory treatment maybe improve disease progression and prognosis of COVID-19 patients, especially those with DM.
Comparative Genomic Analysis and Phenotypic Characterization of Bronchoscope-Associated Klebsiella Aerogenes
Authors: Huang Fang , Li Shuang , Chi Xiaohui , Wen Peipei , Fu Hao , Wu Lingjiao , Lou Lan , Xu Hao , Mo Junjun
Published: November 2020

Background: Bronchoscopes has been linked to the outbreaks of nosocomial infections. We aim to investigate the phenotypic and genomic profiles of bronchoscope-associated Klebsiella aerogenes isolates, and their association with genome public available isolates from human and environment.Methods: We performed a prospective single-center study sampling echoendoscopes after clinical use and after normal decontamination procedures. Bacterial screening was conducted by culturing the sample on Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method. Whole-genome sequencing of K. aerogenes isolates was performed using an Illumina HiSeq system and comparative genomics analysis were conducted.Results: Over the 5-month period, a total of 358 isolates and 13 isolates were recovered from samples after clinical procedures and samples after decontamination procedures, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing found 7 K. aerogenes isolates to exhibit low-level resistance to antimicrobial agents. Among 7 K. aerogenes isolates, we found 5 sequence types (STs). Whole genome sequencing and comparison analysis observed the genetic diversity in our bacterial collection, which clustered into three main clades. Furthermore, we identified a total of 43 antimicrobial resistance genes in the K. aerogenes core genomes. As expected, human isolates encoded more antimicrobial resistance genes than that environmental isolates. Conclusions: This study first described the phenotypic and genomics characteristics of bronchoscope-associated K. aerogenes. The present observations demonstrated that broadly investigation of specific pathogens using publicly available global genomes offered the opportunity to identify prevalent clones associated with various hosts, sources, and geographical locations.
Proposal of a Mixed-Methods Study to Develop and Validate the Malaysian Anti-Hypertensive Agents Compliance Scale in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Yew Sheng Qian , Nazan Ahmad Iqmer Nashriq Bin Mohd , Tan Kit Aun , Baharom Anisah
Published: November 2020

Background: There is still insufficient blood pressure control in hypertensive patients although anti-hypertensive medications are highly available. Determinants of compliance and non-compliance with such medications in hypertensive patients have not been well documented. In response, the objective of the present study is twofold: to identify themes of compliance and non-compliance towards anti-hypertensive medications in hypertensive patients (Study 1) and to develop and validate the Malaysian Anti-Hypertensive Agents Compliance Scale (MAACS) (Study 2). Methods: This study has an exploratory mixed-methods design and will be conducted from December 2020 to December 2021. In Study 1, we will recruit hypertensive patients from two selected clinics to participate in a semi-structured interview session. Recruitment of participants will be terminated once thematic saturation is achieved. Coding and thematic analyses will be performed to identify the themes. In Study 2, based on the themes generated from Study 1, we will develop a Malaysian version of the Anti-Hypertensive Agents Compliance Scale (MAACS). Four hundred hypertensive patients will be randomly selected. Of these, data from 200 participants (serving as the calibration sample) will be subjected to exploratory factor analysis and data from 200 participants (serving as the validation sample) will be subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. Factor structure, concurrent validity, and reliability of the MAACS will be statistically tested. Discussion: With the presence of the MAACS, public health officials and health care providers can gather crucial information regarding barriers and facilitators to hypertensive treatment compliance and design effective health promotion programme in an attempt to reduce complications of uncontrolled hypertension.
Assessment of Mosquito Collection Methods for Dengue Surveillance
Authors: Garjito Triwibowo Ambar , Susanti Lulus , Mujiyono Mujiyono , Prihatin Mega Tyas , Susilo Dwi , Nugroho Sidiq Setyo , Mujiyanto Mujiyanto , Wigati Raden Ajeng , Satoto Tri Baskoro Tunggul , Manguin Sylvie , Gavotte Laurent , Frutos Roger
Published: November 2020

BackgroundSeveral methods exist to collect and assess the abundance of dengue vector mosquitoes, i.e. morning adult collection using an aspirator, pupae collection, various ovitraps, whole night collection using human landing methods, and larvae collection. This diversity of methods might be a source of variability and lack of statistical significance when trying to correlate mosquito density and risk of dengue outbreak. There is also a lack of published data regarding the effectiveness of these methods MethodsA mosquito survey was conducted in 39 locations corresponding to 15 dengue endemic provinces in Indonesia. The larval surveys were performed by collecting at least a single Aedes larva from each container, and then reared up until hatching. Three adult mosquito sampling methods were also used: morning resting collection, human landing collection, animal baited trap. All field samples were tested for dengue. Factor Analysis of Mixed Data was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the collection methods against mosquito species and dengue incidence.ResultsA total of 44675 mosquitoes were collected. The single larva method was the most efficient method. Out of a total of 89 dengue-positive pools, the most frequently encountered virus was DENV2 which made up half of the positive samples, followed by DENV3 and DENV1, respectively. FAMD showed that no correlation could be found between any methods and the presence of dengue virus in mosquitoes. Moreover, no correlation could be found either between any method and the incidence.Conclusions﻿There was no concistency in the efficacy of a given method and the incidence of dengue in the human population. There was no correlation between any of the parameters considered, i.e. method, incidence of dengue, location and presence of dengue virus in mosquitoes. This indicates that entomological factors are not reliable indicators.
Dietary Interventions for Gastroparesis in Pediatric and Adult Populations: A Systematic Review Protocol
Authors: Okafor Debra , Su Tanya , Lee Keya , Chumpitazi Bruno , Shulman Robert J , Hernaez Ruben
Published: November 2020

Background: Dietary interventions are the first-line treatment for patients with gastroparesis. It is unclear which diets are the most efficacious as well as clear guidance as to which diets should be recommended to adult versus pediatric patients. We plan to conduct this systematic review to assess the literature on the efficacy and effectiveness of dietary interventions on clinical outcomes in adult and pediatric patients with gastroparesis. Methods: We will search PubMed and EMBASE databases, evaluating randomized control trials and cohort studies that reported dietary interventions in gastroparesis. Our primary outcomes are to evaluate changes in symptom-specific patient-reported outcomes, changes in perception of quality of life, and changes in gastric emptying time. Data collected from the studies will be analyzed using meta-analysis. Depending on the outcome, we will use quantitative summary estimates (e.g., standardized mean difference with 95% Confidence Intervals, 95%CI) or dichotomous outcomes (e.g., odds ratio and 95%CI).Discussion: This review will explore the use of dietary interventions in the treatment of both adult and pediatric patients with gastroparesis, which has yet to be published in the literature. By assessing what has been investigated by researchers as effective non-pharmacologic treatments in patients, and providing a comprehensive overview of treatment options, healthcare providers will be able to better guide patient care. Furthermore, this review will act as a means to provide direction for future research. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42020210536.
Long Noncoding RNA uc.412 Promotes Mesangial Cell Fibrosis via Binding ELAVL1 in Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Ji Jialing , Rong Ju , Sun Ming , Huang Chan , Wang Jin , An Mengru , Shi Huimin , Zheng Hui , Gan Weihua , Zhang Aiqing
Published: November 2020

Background: Glomerulosclerosis is a characteristic pathologic feature in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Convincing evidence indicates that the mesangial cells (MCs) play critical role in this process. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Using RNA-seq analysis, we previously found that lncRNA uc.412 was involved in the MC proliferation. Here, the effect of uc.412 on glomerular fibrosis and the potential mechanism were explored. Methods: In vivo, CKD mice models were established by 5/6 nephrectomy. The expression of lncRNA uc.412 in CKD was detected by Real-Time PCR. In vitro, MCs were intervened with TGF-β1 (10ng/mL). The uc.412 expression in MCs was detected by in site hybridization. MCs were transfected with uc.412 siRNA or a lentivirus targeting uc.412 and then examined using western blot, Real-Time PCR, RNA pull down assay and immunofluorescence staining. Results: We found that the expression of uc.412 was significantly increased in CKD mice and is induced by TGF-β1 via Smad3- dependent signal pathway. Overexpressing uc.412 caused MCs fibrosis and knockdown of uc.412 alleviated TGF-β1-induced MCs fibrosis. Using RNA pull down analysis, we found that the ELAVL1 was the specific binding protein for uc.412. Moreover, ELAVL1 expression was increased in TGF-β1-treated MCs and silencing ELAVL1 expression attenuated MCs fibrosis. Conclusions: Thus, here, we demonstrated that uc.412, which is regulated in a Smad3-dependent mechanism, is significantly increased during progression of CKD via regulating ELAVL1 expression. Our findings provided the therapeutic strategy for treatment of CKD.
Orosomucoid can predict baseline peritoneal transport characteristics in peritoneal dialysis patients and reduce peritoneal proteins loss
Authors: Bao Manchen , Sun Zhaoxing , Yang Xiaoxiao , Ji Jun , Zhang Lin , Xiang Bo , Yan Guoquan , Ding Xiaoqiang , Zou Jianzhou , Yu Xiaofang
Published: November 2020

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a kind of replacement therapies for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. In the first 4-8 weeks of PD therapy, the patients were given an empirical dialysis prescription due to unknown peritoneal transport characteristics.Methods: Proteomic analysis was used to identify serum biomarkers which can predict the baseline peritoneal transport characteristics. Results: A discovery set of serum samples from ESRD patients were collected. After 4-8 weeks of PD therapy, these patients were divided into three groups according to the peritoneal equilibration test (PET) results: high (H), high average (HA), low average and low (LA&L) transporters. A total of 1051 differential proteins were screened by nano High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry / Mass Spectrometry (Nano HPLC-MS/MS). The top two proteins among different peritoneal transport characteristics were Orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) and C-reactive protein (CRP). To verify the above biomarkers, a larger population of PD patients were enrolled. Immunoturbidimetric assay showed that CRP was significantly elevated in H group than LA&L group, consistent with the result of proteomic analysis. Western blot validated that ORM2 in serum was increased in LA&L group compared with H and HA group. The expression of ORM2 in peritoneum also altered progressively in three groups. At last, supplying exogenous ORM could actually change peritoneal substances transport by reducing peritoneal proteins loss, without causing an excessive pro-inflammatory response in mice.Conclusions: Serum ORM2 and CRP could be used as biomarkers to predict the baseline peritoneal transport characteristics, so as to guide the early PD treatment. ORM also raised the possibility of decreasing peritoneal proteins loss in PD patients.
Bioinformatics Study on the Response of Human Endothelial Cells to Different Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Xie Tian-ao , Fang Ke-ying , Cao Wen-chao , Lv Jie , Chen Jia-xin , Cao Xun-jie , Zhang Heng , Zhang Yu-wei , Guo Xu-guang
Published: November 2020

BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus-induced bacteremia has an impact on human health due to its high mortality rate of 20–30%. To better study the invasion process of staphylococcus aureus, we conducted a study in human endothelial cells to try to find a link between the infection process and bacteremia at the molecular level.MethodsIn this study, the datasets GSE13736, GSE82036 were analyzed using R software to identify differentially expressed genes. Only the infection samples of four different strains had differential gene expression compared to the control samples. Then the GO analysis and KEGG analysis were conducted to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network which shows the interaction and influence relationship between these differential genes. Finally, the central gene of the selected CytoHubba plug-in was verified using GraphPad Prism 8.ResultsThere were 421 differential genes in the Strain 6850, including 64 up-regulated and 357 down-regulated; There were 319 differential genes in the Strain 8325-4, including 14 up-regulated and 305 down-regulated. There were 90 differential genes in the Strain K70058396, including 12 up-regulated and 78 down-regulated. There were 876 differential genes in the Strain K1801/10, accompanied by 261 up-regulated and 615 down-regulated. An analysis of GO and KEGG revealed that these differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in pathways associated with immune response and cytokines; Verification of the hub gene can provide a molecular basis for studying the relationship between invasive endothelial infection and bacteremia.ConclusionsWe found specific gene expression patterns in endothelial cells in response to infection with Strain K70058396, and these central genes and their expression products (RSAD2, DDX58, IFITT3, and IFIH1) play a key role in this process of infection.
Integration of Global Metabolomics and Lipidomics Approaches Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms and the Potential Biomarkers for Post-Operative Recurrence in Early Stage Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Padthaisong Sureerat , Phetcharaburanin Jutarop , Klanrit Poramate , Li Jia V. , Namwat Nisana , Khuntikeo Narong , Titapun Attapol , Jarearnrat Apiwat , Wangwiwatsin Arporn , Mahalapbutr Panupong , Loilome Watcharin
Published: November 2020

Background: Cholangiocarcioma (CCA) is a major health problem for people in Thailand. The treatment is challenging because most of patients are diagnosed when the disease is advanced, and cancer recurrence is the main problem after treatment, leading to low survival rates. Therefore, our understanding of the mechanism underlying CCA recurrence is essential in order to prevent CCA recurrence and improve patient outcome. Methods: We performed 1H-NMR and UPLC-MS based-metabolomics on CCA serum. The differential metabolites were further analyzed using pathway analysis and potential biomarkers identification.Results: At an early stage, CCA patients with recurrence have a different metabolic profile compared with non-recurrence patients. In recurrence patients, the metabolites involved in energy metabolism, such as pyruvate metabolism and the TCA cycle, are down-regulated, while most lipids, including TGs, PCs, PEs and Pas, are up-regulated. This metabolic feature has been described in cancer stem-like cell (CSC) metabolism. Based on this, the correlation of putative CSC markers and proteins involved in identified pathways, together with recurrence-free survival was explored. The results revealed that the expression levels of the CSC markers CD44v6 and CD44v8-10 are associated with CD36 (a protein involved in lipid uptake) as well as with recurrence-free survival. Potential metabolic biomarkers were identified using ROC and Kaplan-Meier analyses. We found that citrate, sarcosine, succinate, creatine, creatinine and pyruvate and TGs have good predictive values for CCA recurrence and are associated with recurrence-free survival. Conclusions: These findings reveal an alteration of the metabolic profile associated with recurrence. These metabolic changes may be associated with the existence of CSCs that lead to CCA recurrence. Moreover, the alteration of metabolites was shown to provide suitable biomarkers for CCA recurrence. Therefore, the differential metabolites between patients with and without recurrence can be used as biomarkers for CCA recurrence.
Optimizing Cement Distribution in the Fractured Area for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures Through Biomechanical Effects Analysis Based on a Three Dimentional Lumbar Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Ye Lin-qiang , Liang De , Li Zhen , Weng Rui , Huang Xue-cheng , Feng Yong-hong , Zou Jian , Jiang Xiao-bing , Lu Guo-liang
Published: November 2020

Background: While cement distributes sufficiently in the fractured area and relatively symmetrically around the fractured area, three types of cement mass location in the vertebral body are commonly seen when performing bipedicular percutaneous vertebral augmentation (PVA) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs), including anterolateral (AL), anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL). However, little is known about differences of biomechanical behaviors among these three types of cement distribution so far. The present study aimed to investigate biomechanical effects of AL, AM and PL in the fractured area on OVCFs.Methods: Three dimentional finite element methods were utilized to construct OVCF model and simulate AL, AM and PL in the fractured area for OVCFs treated with PVA. Distributions and magnitudes of von Mises stress in cortical and cancellous bone and maximum displacement of the four models were compared.Results: Compared with the OVCF model, Distribution of von Mises stress in cortical bone was unchanged while that in cancellous bone was transferred to be concentrated symmetrically at cancellous bone surrounding cement after PVA. Maximum displacement and maximum von Mises stress in cortical bone in AL decreased the most significantly, while AM created the lowest maximum von Mises stress in cancellous bone.Conclusions: Cement distribution between AL and AM may balance stress in cortical and cancellous bone, better restoring vertebral strength, meanwhile, providing sufficient vertebral stability.
Reduced Brain Volume and White Matter Alterations in Shank3-Deficient Rats
Authors: Golden Carla Esther Meyer , Wang Victoria X , Harony-Nicolas Hala , Hof Patrick R. , Buxbaum Joseph
Published: November 2020

Background: Mutations and deletions in the SHANK3 synaptic gene cause the major neurodevelopmental features of Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). The SHANK3 gene encodes a key structural component of excitatory synapses that is important for synaptogenesis. PMS is characterized by intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, cognitive deficits, physical dysmorphic features, sensory hyporeactivity, and alterations in the size of multiple brain regions. Clinical assessments and limited imaging studies have revealed a reduction in volume of multiple brain regions. They have also found white matter thinning and microstructural alterations to be persistent in patients with PMS. While many of these impairments have been replicated in mouse models of PMS, the brain structure of a rat model has not yet been studied. Methods: We assessed the brain structure of haploinsufficient and homozygous Shank3-deficient rats that model the behavioral deficits of PMS with magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging, and compared their brain structure to wild type littermates.Results: Both gray and white matter structures were smaller in Shank3-deficient rats, leading to an overall reduction in brain size compared to wild type littermates. The largest region to be diminished in size was the neocortex. Some regions involved in sensory processing and white matter regions were also reduced in size. Lastly, the microstructure of two white matter tracts, the external capsule and fornix, was abnormal.Conclusions: Shank3-deficient rats replicate the reduced brain volume and altered white matter phenotypes present in individuals with PMS. Therefore, the brain regions that were altered represent potential cross-species structural biomarkers that warrant further study.
LOX-1 Mediates Inflammatory Activation of Microglial Cells Through the p38-MAPK/NF-κB Pathways Under Hypoxic-Ischemic Conditions
Authors: Itoh Masayuki , Aoki Yoshinori , Akamatsu Tomohisa , Oshima Takuya , Takahashi Naoto , Goto Yu-ichi , Oka Akira
Published: November 2020

Background: Microglial cells play an important role in the immune system in the brain. Activated microglial cells are not only injurious but also neuroprotective. We confirmed marked lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression in microglial cells in pathological lesions in the neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy model brain. LOX-1 is known to be an activator of cytokines and chemokines through intracellular pathways. Here, we investigated a novel role of LOX-1 in microglial cells under hypoxic and ischemic conditions. Methods: We isolated primary rat microglial cells from 3-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat brains and confirmed that the isolated cells showed more than 98% Iba-1 positive with immunocytochemistry. We performed oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment of primary rat microglial cells as an in vitro model of nHIE. Then, we evaluated the expression levels of LOX-1, cytokines and chemokines with or without siRNA and inhibitors, compared with no OGD-treated cells. In addition, we analyzed reactive oxygen species and cell viability.Results: We found that defects in oxygen and nutrition induced LOX-1 expression and led to the production of inflammatory mediators, such as the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, the chemokines CCL2, CCL5 and CCL3 and reactive oxygen/nitrile species. Then, the LOX-1 signal transduction pathway was blocked by inhibitors, LOX-1 siRNA, the p38-MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and the NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 suppressed the production of the inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we demonstrated that LOX-1 in microglial cells was autonomously overexpressed by positive feedback of the intracellular LOX-1 pathway. Conclusion: The hypoxic/ischemic conditions of microglial cells induced LOX-1 expression and activated immune system. We revealed one of the LOX-1 signaling pathways in microglia and provide a hint of a new treatment strategy for nHIE. It was speculated that Microglial cells are known to contribute to various neurological diseases. Hypoxic and ischemic brain injuries result in lifelong neurological and mental deficiency. LOX-1 and its related molecules or chemicals may be major therapeutic candidates.
Meaningful Measurements of Maneuvers: People With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury ‘step Up’ to the Challenges of Altered Stability Requirements
Authors: Ochs Wendy Lee , Cornwell Tara , Woodward Jane , Gordon Keith Edward
Published: November 2020

Background: Many people with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) have the ability to maneuver while walking. However, neuromuscular impairments create challenges to maintain stability. How people with iSCI maintain stability during walking maneuvers is poorly understood. Thus, this study compares maneuver performance in varying external conditions between persons with and without iSCI to better understand maneuver stabilization strategies in people with iSCI. Methods: Participants with and without iSCI walked on a wide treadmill and were prompted to perform lateral maneuvers between bouts of straight walking. Lateral force fields applied to the participants’ center of mass amplified or damped the participants’ movements, thereby increasing the bandwidth of the study to capture behavior at varied levels of challenge to stability.Results: By examining metrics of stability, step width, and center of mass dynamics, distinct strategies emerged following iSCI. The minimum margin of stability (MOSmin) on each step during maneuvers indicated persons with iSCI generally adapted to amplified and damped force fields with increased stability compared to persons without iSCI, particularly using increased step width and reduced center of mass excursion on maneuver initiation. In the amplified field, however, persons with iSCI had a reduced MOSmin when terminating a maneuver, likely due to the challenge of the force field opposing the necessary lateral braking. Persons without iSCI were more likely to rely on or oppose the force field when appropriate for movement execution. Compared to persons with iSCI, they reduced their MOSmin to initiate maneuvers in the damped and amplified fields and increased their MOSmin to arrest maneuvers in the amplified field.Conclusions: The different force fields were successful in unpacking relatively subtle strategy differences between persons with and without iSCI. Specifically, persons with iSCI adopted increased step width and reduction in center of mass excursion to increase maneuver stability in the amplified field. The amplified field may provoke practice of stable and efficient initiation and arrest of walking maneuvers. Overall, this work allows better framing of the stability mechanisms used following iSCI to perform walking maneuvers.
“Maskandi Experience”: Exploring The Use of A Cultural Song for Community Engagement in Preparation for A Pilot Sterile Insect Technique Release Programme for Malaria Vector Control in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa 2019
Authors: Manana Pinky , Jewett Sara , Zikhali Jabulani , Dlamini Dumsani , Mabaso Nondumiso , Mlambo Zothile , Ngobese Roxanne , Munhenga Givemore
Published: November 2020

Background An assessment of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) as a complementary malaria vector control tool is at an advanced stage in South Africa. The technique involves the release of laboratory-reared sterilised male mosquitoes of the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis, raising social, ethical and regulatory concerns. Therefore, its implementation largely depends on community participation and acceptance. Against this background it is critical that robust and effective community strategies are developed. This study describes the development of a cultural song to engage the community and increase awareness on SIT and malaria control in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Methods An exploratory concurrent mixed-methods study was conducted to get opinions about the effectiveness of a cultural song developed to engage communities and increase acceptability of the SIT technology. Two self-administered surveys (expert and community) were conducted. Additionally, more in depth opinions of the song and its effectiveness in conveying the intended information were investigated through three community dialogue sessions with community members in the study area. Results A total of 40 experts and 54 community members participated in the survey. Four themes were identified in relation to the appropriateness and effectiveness of the song, with a fifth theme focused on recommendations for adaptations. Overall, the song was well received with the audience finding it entertaining and informative. Responses to unstructured questions posed after the song showed an increase in the knowledge on malaria transmission and SIT technology. In particular, the explanation that male mosquitoes do not bite allayed anxiety and fears about the SIT technology.Conclusion The song was deemed both culturally appropriate and informative in engaging community members about the SIT technology. It proved useful in promoting health messages and conveying SIT technology as a complementary malaria vector control tool. With minor adaptations, the song has potential as an area-wide community engagement tool in areas targeted for sterile male releases.
Sex differences in viral entry protein expression, host responses to SARS-CoV-2, and in vitro responses to sex steroid hormone treatment in COVID-19
Authors: Sun Mengying , Shankar Rama , Ko Meehyun , Chang Christopher Daniel , Yeh Shan-Ju , Li Shilong , Liu Ke , Zhou Guoli , Xing Jing , VanVelsen Austin , VanVelsen Tyler , Paithankar Shreya , Feng Benjamin Y. , Young Krista , Strug Michael , Turco Lauren , Wang Zichen , Schadt Eric , Chen Rong , Li Xiaohong , Oskotsky Tomiko , Sirota Marina , Glicksberg Benjamin S. , Nadkarni Girish N. , Moeser Adam J. , Li Li , Kim Seungtaek , Zhou Jiayu , Chen Bin
Published: November 2020

Epidemiological studies suggest that men exhibit a higher mortality rate to COVID-19 than women, yet the underlying biology is largely unknown. Here, we seek to delineate sex differences in the expression of entry genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2, host responses to SARS-CoV-2, and in vitro responses to sex steroid hormone treatment. Using over 220,000 human gene expression profiles covering a wide range of age, tissues, and diseases, we found that male samples show higher expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, especially in the older group (>60 years) and in the kidney. Analysis of 6,031 COVID-19 patients at Mount Sinai Health System revealed that men have significantly higher creatinine levels, an indicator of impaired kidney function. Further analysis of 782 COVID-19 patient gene expression profiles taken from upper airway and blood suggested men and women present profound expression differences in responses to SARS-CoV-2. Computational deconvolution analysis of these profiles revealed male COVID-19 patients have enriched kidney-specific mesangial cells in blood compared to healthy patients. Finally, we observed selective estrogen receptor modulators, but not other hormone drugs (agonists/antagonists of estrogen, androgen, and progesterone), could reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
Efficiency Evaluation of BRICS’s National Innovation Systems based on Bias-corrected Network Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Alnafrah Ibrahim
Published: November 2020

The very limited studies that tried to measure the efficiency of national innovation systems (NISs) in BRICS economies were limited to the assumption that the innovation process at national level consists of one stage only and got different and conflicting results. Therefore, this study endeavours to measure the efficiency of sub-processes within the BRICS’s NISs and identify where the system failure lies in each NIS.Bias-corrected network data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to measure the efficiency of total NIS and the efficiency of the other sub-processes within the system: (1) Knowledge Production Process (KPP), and (2) Knowledge Commercialization Process (KCP).The results showed that NISs in BRICS economies suffer from low performance in commercializing their outputs of universities and research organizations. While, on the other hand, their performance in creating scientific and technical knowledge is good in comparison to other studied countries. We suggest that the reason behind this imbalance is the network system failure associated with weak institutions and high uncertainty in the economy.In this study, we argue that the problem in BRICS NISs is not a problem of resources, but it is a problem of system management and institutions.Some bridging policies are suggested to be adopted by BRICS economies to improve their innovation performance and overcome the system failure of weak links between universities and industry.
Safety of systemic anti-cancer treatment in oncology patients with non-severe COVID-19: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Marcke Cédric Van , Honoré Natasha , Elst Athénaïs van der , Beyaert Simon , Derouane Françoise , Dumont Caroline , Nana Frank Aboubakar , Baurain Jean-François , Borbath Ivan , Collard Philippe , Cornélis Frank , De Cuyper Astrid , Duhoux François , Filleul Bertrand , Galot Rachel , Gizzi Marco , Mazzeo Filomena , Pieters Thierry , Seront Emmanuel , Sinapi Isabelle , Eynde Marc Van den , Whenham Nicolas , Yombi Jean-Cyr , Scohy Anaïs , Maanen Aline Van , Machiels Jean-Pascal
Published: November 2020

Background The viral pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disrupted cancer patient management around the world. Most reported data relate to incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe COVID-19. The safety of systemic anti-cancer therapy in oncology patients with non-severe COVID-19 is unknown.Methods ONCOSARS-1 was a prospective, single-center, academic observational study. Adult patients with solid tumors treated in the oncology day unit with systemic anti-cancer therapy during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium were included. All patients (n=363) underwent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) serological testing after the peak of the pandemic in Belgium. Additionally, 141 of these patients also had a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test during the pandemic. The main objective was to determine the safety of systemic cancer treatment, measured by the rate of adverse events according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients compared with SARS-CoV-2-negative patients.Results Twenty-two (6%) of the 363 eligible patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and/or serology. Of these, three required transient oxygen supplementation, but none required admission to the intensive care unit. Hematotoxicity was the only adverse event more frequently observed in SARS-CoV-2 -positive patients than in SARS-CoV-2-negative patients: 73% vs 35% (P<0.001). This association remained significant (odds ratio (OR) 4.1, P=0.009) even after adjusting for performance status and type of systemic treatment. Hematological adverse events led to more treatment delays for the SARS-CoV-2-positive group: 55% vs 20% (P<0.001). Median duration of treatment interruption was similar between the two groups: 14 and 11 days, respectively. Febrile neutropenia, infections unrelated to COVID-19, and bleeding events occurred at a low rate in the SARS-CoV-2-positive patients.Conclusion Systemic anti-cancer therapy appeared safe in ambulatory oncology patients treated during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were, however, more treatment delays in the SARS-CoV-2-positive population, mainly due to a higher rate of hematological adverse events.
Socio-economic inequalities in the association between alcohol use disorder and depressive disorder among Thai adults: a population-based study
Authors: Assanangkornchai Sawitri , Nontarak Jiraluck , Aekplakorn Wichai , Chariyalertsak Suwat , Kessomboon Pattapong , Taneepanichskul Surasak
Published: November 2020

Background: Previous evidence indicates significant associations between depressive disorders and alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their strong links with social conditions. This study aims to investigate the association between major depressive episode (MDE) and AUD across various socio-economic groups.Methods: We analysed data from the 2014 Thai National Health Examination Survey containing a random sample of 13,177 adults aged >20 years from the general population. The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test was used to classify respondents into non-problem drinking (score 0-7), hazardous drinking (score 8-15), and harmful-dependent drinking (score 16-40). MDE was identified using questions based on the DSM-IV. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multinomial logistic regression to determine the strength of associations between MDE as a predictor and AUD as an outcome variable across different socio-economic levels.Results: The prevalence of MDE, hazardous, and harmful-dependent drinking was 2.5%, 10.3%, and 1.9%, respectively. The association between MDE and AUD was modified by wealth index, education level and area of residence. AORs for the association between MDE and harmful-dependent drinking were high among those in the highest (AOR=8.68, 95% CI: 5.34, 14.11) and lowest (AOR=7.14, 95% CI: 3.71, 13.73) levels of wealth index but not significant among those in the middle level (AOR=1.78, 95% CI: 0.74, 4.25). Education had the strongest effect on the relationship between MDE and harmful-dependent drinking (AOR=16.0, 95% CI: 10.30, 24.90 among those completing secondary school or higher and AOR=1.44, 95% CI: 0.63, 3.33 among those completing primary school only). The association between MDE and harmful-dependent drinking was higher among people who lived in urban areas (AOR=8.50, 95% CI: 5.50, 13.13) compared to those living in rural areas (AOR=4.73, 95% CI: 3.31, 6.77).Conclusion: Socio-economic factors modify the association between alcohol use disorder and major depressive disorder among Thai people.
Protocol for the development and validation of a risk prediction model for stillbirths from 35 weeks gestation in Australia
Authors: Sexton Jessica , Coory Michael , Kumar Sailesh , Smith Gordon , Gordon Adrienne , Chambers Georgina , Pereira Gavin , Raynes-Greenow Camille , Hilder Lisa , Middleton Philippa , Bowman Anneka , Lieske Scott , Warrilow Kara , Morris Jonathan , Ellwood David , Flenady Vicki
Published: November 2020

Background: Despite advances in the care of women and their babies in the past century, an estimated 1.7 million babies are born still each year throughout the world. A robust method to estimate a pregnant woman’s individualized risk of late-pregnancy stillbirth is needed to inform decision-making around timing of birth to reduce the risk of stillbirth from 35 weeks gestation in Australia, a high-resource setting.Methods: This is a protocol for a cross-sectional study of all late-pregnancy births in Australia (2005-2015) from 35 weeks gestation including 5,188 stillbirths among 3.1 million births at an estimated rate of 1.7 stillbirths per 1000 births. A multivariable logistic regression model will be developed in line with current Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) guidelines to estimate the gestation-specific probability of stillbirth with prediction intervals. Candidate predictors were identified from systematic reviews and clinical consultation and will be described through univariable regression analysis. To generate a final model, elimination by backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression will be performed. The model will be internally validated using bootstrapping with 1000 repetitions and externally validated using a temporally unique dataset. Overall model performance will be assessed with R2, calibration, and discrimination. Calibration will be reported using a calibration plot with 95% confidence intervals (α=0.05). Discrimination will be measured by the C-statistic and area underneath the receiver-operator curves. Clinical usefulness will be reported as positive and negative predictive values and a decision curve analysis will be considered.Discussion: A robust method to predict a pregnant woman’s individualized risk of late-pregnancy stillbirth is needed to inform timely, appropriate care to reduce stillbirth. Among existing prediction models designed for obstetric use, few have been subject to internal and external validation and many fail to meet recommended reporting standards. In developing a risk prediction model for late-gestation stillbirth with both providers and pregnant women in mind, we endeavor to develop a validated model for clinical use in Australia that meets current reporting standards.