bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical investigation of the proton affinities of benzazoles in the gas phase and in solution
Authors: Hilal Rifaat , Khalek Ahmed A. Abdel , Elroby Shabaan A. K.
Published: February 2005

The ground‐state equilibrium geometries of benzothiazole, benzoxazole, and benzimidazole were optimized at the density functional theory (DFT)/6‐31G** level of theory. Proton affinities on each of the possible sites in the studied series of compounds have been calculated at the DFT/6‐31G**/6‐311++G** level. The results indicate clearly that N‐site protonation is strongly favored over X‐site protonation (X = NH, O, S) for the series studied. Correlation of the computed proton affinities to the energy (EHOMO) of the highest occupied MO in the gas phase and in solution has been explored and discussed. A comprehensive investigation of the effect of solvent on the process of protonation of the studied compounds has been performed. Different dielectric continuum models (i.e., Onsager, PCM, and IPCM) have been tested; their performance and range of applicability are reported and discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Graph theoretical procedure for obtaining analytical expressions of eigenspectra of linear chains and cycles with alternant vertex weights and same edge weight: Application to some complicated graphs
Authors: Mandal Bholanath
Published: February 2005

A graph theoretical procedure for obtaining eigenvalues of linear chains and cycles having alternant vertex weights (h1, h2, h1, h2, h1, h2, …) and the same edge weight (k) have been developed. The eigenvalues of some complicated graphs, such as graphs of linear polyacenes, methylene‐substituted linear polyacenes and cylindrical polyacene strips, stack graphs, and reciprocal graphs have been shown to be generated in closed analytical forms by this procedure. Many such graphs represent chemically important molecules or radicals. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Simple improved confidence intervals for comparing matched proportions
Authors: Agresti Alan , Min Yongyi
Published: February 2005

For binary matched‐pairs data, this article discusses interval estimation of the difference of probabilities and an odds ratio for comparing ‘success’ probabilities. We present simple improvements of the commonly used Wald confidence intervals for these parameters. The improvement of the interval for the difference of probabilities is to add two observations to each sample before applying it. The improvement for estimating an odds ratio transforms a confidence interval for a single proportion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysing child mortality in Nigeria with geoadditive discrete‐time survival models
Authors: Adebayo Samson B. , Fahrmeir Ludwig
Published: February 2005

Child mortality reflects a country's level of socio‐economic development and quality of life. In developing countries, mortality rates are not only influenced by socio‐economic, demographic and health variables but they also vary considerably across regions and districts. In this paper, we analysed child mortality in Nigeria with flexible geoadditive discrete‐time survival models. This class of models allows us to measure small‐area district‐specific spatial effects simultaneously with possibly non‐linear or time‐varying effects of other factors. Inference is fully Bayesian and uses computationally efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation techniques. The application is based on the 1999 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Our method assesses effects at a high level of temporal and spatial resolution not available with traditional parametric models, and the results provide some evidence on how to reduce child mortality by improving socio‐economic and public health conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A permutation test for inference in logistic regression with small‐ and moderate‐sized data sets
Authors: Potter Douglas M.
Published: February 2005

Inference based on large sample results can be highly inaccurate if applied to logistic regression with small data sets. Furthermore, maximum likelihood estimates for the regression parameters will on occasion not exist, and large sample results will be invalid. Exact conditional logistic regression is an alternative that can be used whether or not maximum likelihood estimates exist, but can be overly conservative. This approach also requires grouping the values of continuous variables corresponding to nuisance parameters, and inference can depend on how this is done. A simple permutation test of the hypothesis that a regression parameter is zero can overcome these limitations. The variable of interest is replaced by the residuals from a linear regression of it on all other independent variables. Logistic regressions are then done for permutations of these residuals, and a p‐value is computed by comparing the resulting likelihood ratio statistics to the original observed value. Simulations of binary outcome data with two independent variables that have binary or lognormal distributions yield the following results: (a) in small data sets consisting of 20 observations, type I error is well‐controlled by the permutation test, but poorly controlled by the asymptotic likelihood ratio test; (b) in large data sets consisting of 1000 observations, performance of the permutation test appears equivalent to that of the asymptotic test; and (c) in small data sets, the p‐value for the permutation test is usually similar to the mid‐p‐value for exact conditional logistic regression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion channels for communication between and within cells
Authors: Neher Erwin
Published: February 2005

The development of patch-clamp procedures for measuring single-channel current fluctuations are described. The application of these techniques for studying secretion is discussed.
2-Ketoisocaproate transport in insulin-secreting cells
Authors: Best L. , Trebilcock R. , Tomlinson S.
Published: February 2005

The transport of the nutrient secretagogue 2-ketoisocaproate (KIC) was studied in isolated rat pancreatic islets and in the HIT-T15 insulinoma cell line using an oil-filtration technique. In both islets and HIT-T15 cells, KIC uptake was a slow process, not reaching equilibrium within 10 min KIC transport was not dependent upon Na+ in the medium, was not inhibited by α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamate nor by 2-amino-2-norborane carboxylic acid (BCH) and did not appear to be electrogenic. Evidence was obtained to suggest that KIC uptake occurred via passive diffusion into the cell of the undissociated acid species. This possibility was supported by the apparent unsaturability of KIC uptake in HIT-T15 cells. Addition of 10–30 mM KIC to dispersed islets cells or HIT-T15 cells produced a rapid intracellular acidification. In islets, the rate of transport of 10 mM KIC was comparable with oxidation rate of the keto-acid suggesting that uptake could be rate-limiting factor for KIC oxidation and thus stimulated insulin release. However, in HIT-T15 cells, the rate of uptake of KIC greatly exceeded the oxidation rate. The low rate of KIC oxidation could explain the poor secretory response of HIT-T15 cells to KIC
Doxorubicin and epirubicin iron-induced generation of free radicals In vitro. A comparative study
Authors: Grankvist Kjell , Henriksson Roger
Published: February 2005

To ascertain any differences in myocardial injury exerted by the anthracyclines doxorubicin and epirubicin, their ability to generate oxygen free radicals when mixed with Fe(II) was examined in vitro using an oxygen electrode. 5–250 μg/ml doxorubicin or epirubicin consumed oxygen when mixed with 50 or 100 μmol/1 Fe(II). Addition of 75 μmol/1 cytochrome C showed that of the consumed oxygen, approximately 80% entered the monovalent pathway of oxygen reduction. The strong inhibitory effect of 250 mg/1 catalase indicates that most of the superoxide radicals generated are further reduced to hydrogen peroxide by both anthracyclines. Addition of metal chelators DTPA (100/μmol/1), or DDTC (50 μmol/1) did not affect oxygen consumption, whereas EDTA (100/μmol/1) or desferrioxamine (100 μmol/1) with anthracyclines and Fe(II) rather stimulated oxygen consumption. It is concluded that there are no significant differences in the amount or proportion of generated oxygen free radicals between doxorubicin and epirubicin when mixed with Fe(II) in a cell-free system in vitro. Thus, the ability of the anthracyclines, in conjunction with iron alone, to generate radicals does not explain the differences of the drugs in causing myocardial injury.
Chemiosmotic systems in bioenergetics: H+-cycles and Na+-cycles
Authors: Skulachev Vladimir P.
Published: February 2005

The development of membrane bioenergetic studies during the last 25 years has clearly demonstrated the validity of the Mitchellian chemiosmotic H+ cycle concept. The circulation of H+ ions was shown to couple respiration-dependent or light-dependent energy-releasing reactions to ATP formation and performance of other types of membrane-linked work in mitochondria, chloroplasts, some bacteria, tonoplasts, secretory granules and plant and fungal outer cell membranes. A concrete version of the direct chemiosmotic mechanism, in which H+ potential formation is a simple consequence of the chemistry of the energy-releasing reaction, is already proved for the photosynthetic reaction centre complexes.

Recent progress in the studies on chemiosmotic systems has made it possible to extend the coupling-ion principle to an ion other than H+. It was found that, in ceertain bacteria, as well as in the outer membrane of the animal cell, Na+ effectively substitutes for H+ as the coupling ion (the chemiosmotic Na+ cycle). A precedent is set when the Na+ cycle appears to be the only mechanism of energy production in the bacterial cell. In the more typical case, however, the H+ and Na+ cycles coexist in one and the same membrane (bacteria) or in two diffeerent membranes of one and the same cell (animals). The sets of Δμ̄H+ and Δμ̄Na+ generators as well as Δμ̄H+ and Δμ̄Na+ consumers found in different types of biomembranes, are listed and discussed.
Chemiosmotic systems in medicine
Authors: Garland Peter B.
Published: February 2005

The concept of chemiosmotic systems arises from the pioneering work of Peter Mitchell on two fronts. One is concerned with the mechanisms by which molecules are transported across membranes which are generally barriers to such transport. These mechanisms are inevitably molecular, and are now yielding their secrets to a combination of structural protein chemistry and molecular biology. The other front is more physiological, and explores the functional relationships between metabolism and transport. Nevertheless, the two fronts form a continuum of mutally related structure and function. Chemiosmotic systems provide a hierarchy of complexity, starting from say a uniporter reconstituted in a chemically defined bilayer, and proceeding to greater complexity in mitochondria, chloroplasts, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes, and multicellular systems. Their relationship to medicine is profound, because they provide many opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this paper I present an overview of chemiosmotic systems at different levels of complexity, both molecular and biological, of their involvements in pathology, and of possible pharmacological treatment or prevention of disease.
Protein kinase C activating phorbolesters enhance the cyclic AMP response to parathyroid hormone, forskolin and choleratoxin in mouse calvarial bones and rat osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Ransjö Maria
Published: February 2005

The protein kinase C-(PKC) activating phorbol esters 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA; 100 nmol/l) and phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBU; 100 nmol/l) enhanced basal cyclin AMP accumulation in cultured neonatal mouse calvaria. The cyclic AMP response to parathyroid hormone (PTH; 10 nmol/l) and the adenylate cyclase activators forskolin (1–3 μmol/l) and choleratoxin (0.1 μmg/ml) was potentiated in a more than additive manner by TPA and PDBU. In contrast, phorbol 13-monoacetate (phorb-13; 100 nmol/l), a related compound but inactive on PKC, had no effect on basal or stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. In the presence of indomethacin (1μmol/l), TPA and PDBU had no effect on cyclic AMP accumulation in calvarial bones per se, but were still able to cause a significant enhancement of the response to PTH, forskolin and choleratoxin. PTH-, forskolin- and choleratoxin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in rat osteosarcoma cells UMR 106-01 was synergistically potentiated by TPA and PDBU, but not by phorb.-13. These data indicate that PKC enhances cyclic AMP formation and that the level of interaction may be at, or distal to, adenylate cyclase.
The influence of chlorpromazine on the potential-induced shape change of human erythrocyte
Authors: Hartmann J. , Glaser R.
Published: February 2005

The effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the shape of human erythrocytes with different values of transmembrane potential (TMP) was investigated. The shape of red blood cells with negative values of the TMP remained unchanged after the formation of stomatocytes by chlorpromazine, while cells with positive TMP showed a characteristic time course of shape change during the incubation with CPZ. Experiments with vanadate show that this might be due to a difference in the activity of the phospholipid-translocase at different values of TMP.
The mechanism of inhibition of ureogenesis by acidosis
Authors: Monson J. P. , Henderson R. M. , Smith J. A. , Iles R. A. , Faus-Dader M. , Carter N. D. , Heath R. , Metcalfe H. , Cohen R. D.
Published: February 2005

In perfused rat liver a decrease of cytosol pH, determined with pH-sensitive microelectrodes7 from 7.2 to 6.85 is associated with a 50% fall in ureogenesis from ammonium chloride. In isolated rat hepatocytes the fall in ureogenesis due to acidosis is associated with decrease in the mitochondrial and cytosolic concentration of citrulline. Limitation of carbamoyl phosphate synthesis and thus citrulline supply could be responsible for the inhibition of ureogenesis observed.
Hepatic hexose transport and the effect of N2-induced anoxia and KCN on this process
Authors: Europe-Finner G. N.
Published: February 2005

Hepatic hexose transport was characterized using 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, which is not metabolized by the liver. The kinetic parameters determined in the starved state were taken as basal values for the transport system which showed saturation kinetics with high Vmax and Km values of 161 nmol/mg dry wt./rnin and 39 mM respectively. In the fed state, the Vmax was found to be increased nearly two-fold; this may be due to a phenomenon known as trans-stirnulation. The effects of N2-induced anoxia and of KCN were investigated. In the fasted state, anoxia caused the transport characteristics Vmax and Km to decrease nearly two-fold whereas KCN had the opposite effect as the Vmax and Km were increased by three- and two-fold respectively. In the fed state, anoxia and KCN caused a marked decrease in the transport characteristics.
Increased α1 receptor density in brown adipose tissue of cafeteria-fed rats
Authors: Raasmaja Atso , Mohell Nina , Nedergaard Jan
Published: February 2005

A possible general corollary between α1-receptor density in brown adipose tissue and the degree of activation of the tissue was investigated. For this purpose, the effect of cafeteria feeding on α1-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue of seven-week-old female rats was studied by the use of the α1-antagonist (3H)prazosin. In cafeteria-fed rats, the KD of the α1-receptor for (3H)prazosin was unchanged (about 0.35 nM), but the receptor density was doubled (up to 40 fmol per mg of membrane protein). This was also observed when the results were expressed per unit of a plasma-membrane marker (5′-nucleotidase). It was concluded that an increased α1-receptor density is seen not only in cold-acclimated rats, but also in other conditions where brown fat is activated, and a possible general physiological significance of α1-adrenergic pathways in brown adipose tissue is discussed.
Interaction of proteins of the adenylate cyclase complex: Area-limited mobility or movement along the whole membrane? Analysis with the application of the percolation theory
Authors: Sobolev Alexander S. , Rosenkranz Andrey A. , Kazarov Alexander R.
Published: February 2005

Extraction of the ‘fluid‘ lipid fraction from rat reticulocyte plasma membranes by phospholipase/BSA treatment leads to a reduction in the percentage of β-adrenoreceptors complexed with the regulatory N-proteins and to a decrease of adenylate cyclase stimulation with a β-agonist. Analysis of the data obtained on the basis of the percolation theory suggests that proteins of the adenylate cyclase complex move along the whole membrane.
Liposome accumulation in chronic ischaemia is dependent on tissue necrosis
Authors: Caldecourt Margaret A. , Cole Arthur W. G. , Kingaby Rosalie O. , Palmer T. Norman
Published: February 2005

Liposomes accumulate in ischaemic rat intestine 24 h after mesenteric occlusion. The accumulation of liposomal components is shown to depend on necrotic or allied alterations in cell integrity/function associated with chronic ischaemia. Moreover) not all liposomai components accumulate at sites of infarction. It is concluded therefore that liposomes are likely to be of little value in the diagnosis and management of ischaemic disorders.
A simple method for large-scale electrofusion and culture of plant protoplasts
Authors: Watts J. W. , King Janet M.
Published: February 2005

A simple method is described for the electrofusion of plant protoplasts. Protoplasts were aggregated in a radio-frequency field (10 V RMS, 0.5 MHz) for 15–30 s with an inter-electrode distance of J mm. They were then fused with a 300-V DC pulse. The protoplasts were able to divide after this treatment. A trans-ferrable electrode permitted electrofusion of l-ml volumes of culture in standard tissue-culture dishes in about 20 s.
Milk-protein mRNAs and poly(A) in the involuting rat mammary gland return to the levels found during late pregnancy
Authors: Mezl Vasek A. , Nadin-Davis Susan
Published: February 2005

Analyses of the rat mammary gland show that the increase in the milk-protein mRNAs during the development of lactation and the rapid disappearance of these sequences during involution are not accompanied by similar changes in the poly(A) content. During the development of lactation the casein mRNA is initially in great excess to the whey-protein mRNA and this differential expression of the genes for the two types of milk proteins is again observed during early involution. Since the amounts of poly(A) and of both milk-protein mRNAs are also similar to the amounts found in the gland during late pregnancy, these results indicate that during early involution the mammary gland has reverted to the pattern of mRNA metabolism that occurs during late pregnancy.
Parallel measurements of heat production and thermogenin content in brown fat cells during cold acclimation of rats
Authors: Hansen Erik Steen , Knudsen Jens
Published: February 2005

The maximum thermogenic capacity of brown fat cells from control and cold acclimated rats was measured using a continuous-flow microcalorimetric system, The content of the 32.000 D, brown fat specific protein, thermogenin, was measured in the cells used for heat production measurements by competitive ELISA. The ratio between the maximal thermogenic capacity and the amount ofthermogenin for control and cold acclimated rats was compared. It was found that the ratio between the two parameters decreased during cold acclimation due to a decrease in maximal thermogenic capacity and an increase in the amount ofthermogenin, indicating regulation of heat production either at thermogenin or receptor level.
Two stages of the differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; Commitment by 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and promotion by DMSO
Authors: Momoi Takashi , Senoo Haruki , Yoshikura Hiroshi
Published: February 2005

The differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 was found to be separated into two stages, i.e. commitment and promotion. Most of the HL-60 cells were committed to monocyte/macrophage lineage by pretreatment with 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (5–50 ng/ml) for 18–24 hr. The promotion in the second stage was inducer and lineage independent; treatment with 1.25% DMSO for 2 or 3 days promoted the differentiation of the committed HL-60 cells by 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 into monocyte/macrophage lineage, but not granulocyte lineage.
The FI gene product of bacterial virus Lambda is related to the E. coli chromosomal protein NS2 and is involved in intracellular DNA organization
Authors: Witkiewicz H. , Schneider R. , Schweiger M.
Published: February 2005

A likely function of the Lambda FI gene product (gpFI) is condensation of developmental forms of the bacteriophage DNA in the host cell. Several characteristics of gpFI support this hypothesis: it is similar in its structure and properties to E. coli NS proteins whose involvement in the bacterial DNA condensation has been established and it comigrates with DNA during fractionation of host cell lysate through a sucrose gradient.
Theory for plasma and dust voids in a complex plasma
Authors: MAMUN A. A. , SHUKLA P. K.
Published: February 2005

Theories for the formation of plasma and dust voids (large-amplitude ion and dust holes) in a complex plasma with static and mobile negatively charged dust are presented. It is shown that a plasma (dust) void in a complex plasma with negatively charged static (mobile) dust can be formed due to the presence of negative (positive) plasma potential, which is built up owing to a non-isothermal ion (dust) distribution arising from ion (dust) trapping. The plasma voids shrink when the dust grains are added into the plasma, and they tend to disappear if the dust number density is sufficiently high. On the other hand, the dust voids shrink with an increase in the dust charge density, but enlarges with an increase in the dust temperature.
A nonlinear model for coherent tripolar electric field structures in the Earth's auroral zone and solar wind
Authors: JOVANOVIĆ D. , SHUKLA P. K. , MORFILL G.
Published: February 2005

A theoretical explanation is given for tripolar electric field signals observed recently in the Earth's magnetosphere by the Cluster multi-spacecraft mission and in interplanetary space by the WIND mission, which feature an overall potential drop characteristic for weak double layers, with adjacent potential minima and maxima that trap both ions and electrons, respectively. A kinetic theory, based on Schamel's model for trapped particle distribution, is presented for electron and ion holes coupled with weak double layers, whose properties are studied analytically and numerically. In contrast to earlier models of double layers, which require external excitation in the form of asymptotically non-Maxwellian velocity distributions, tripoles only trap particles locally and the corresponding asymptotic particle distributions are Maxwellian. In the small amplitude limit, $e\phi\,{\ll}\, T_{\rm e}, T_{\rm i}$, such structures propagate with a speed that is in the ion thermal velocity range and they can only be excited if there is a relative drift between electrons and ions, whose speed is in the electron thermal velocity range. Conversely, non-propagating tripoles are found in the large amplitude regime and in the absence of particle streaming.
Dust-lower-hybrid instability in the presence of dust charge fluctuations in a magnetized dusty plasma
Authors: SALIMULLAH M. , NITTA H. , ISLAM M. K. , SHUKLA P. K.
Published: February 2005

The growth and damping of the low-frequency electrostatic dust-lower-hybrid (DLH) wave have been examined in the presence of dust charge fluctuations in a uniform magnetized dusty plasma. To obtain the dust charge fluctuation effects, the charging currents of electrons and ions to a spherical dust grain in a uniform magnetized dusty plasma have been calculated under the orbit-limited motion approximation. It is found that the external magnetic field reduces the charging currents, thereby reducing the dust charge fluctuation damping of a low-frequency electrostatic wave in a dusty plasma. However, for sufficiently low-frequency DLH wave having a finite parallel wave number, the thermal electrons may give rise to an instability of the DLH wave.
High velocity clouds interacting with galactic halo plasma as a source of X-ray emission
Authors: KELLETT B. J. , BINGHAM R.
Published: February 2005

Several high velocity clouds (HVCs) are now known to be soft X-ray sources. In this paper we suggest that an interaction between the HVCs and the galactic halo is leading to plasma instabilities that generate energetic electrons which in turn generate X-ray emission. This process is essentially analogous to the interaction process between comets and non-magnetized planets with the solar wind which is also known to lead to the generation of X-rays. We show that for reasonable assumptions about the galactic halo magnetic field, the X-ray emission can be converted into an estimate of the mean galactic halo density at the position of the cloud. This provides a method for estimating the baryonic mass of the plasma halo provided that we can obtain a good estimate for the distance to the HVC.
Surfatron and stochastic acceleration of electrons in astrophysical plasmas
Authors: McCLEMENTS K. G. , DENDY R. O. , DIECKMANN M. E. , YNNERMAN A. , CHAPMAN S. C.
Published: February 2005

Electron acceleration by large amplitude electrostatic waves in astrophysical plasmas is studied using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The waves are excited initially at the electron plasma frequency $\omega_{\rm pe}$ by a Buneman instability driven by ion beams: the parameters of the ion beams are appropriate for high Mach number astrophysical shocks, such as those associated with supernova remnants (SNRs). If $\omega_{\rm pe}$ is much higher than the electron cyclotron frequency $\Omega_{\rm e}$, the linear phase of the instability does not depend on the magnitude of the magnetic field. However, the subsequent time evolution of particles and waves depends on both $\omega_{\rm pe}/\Omega_{\rm e}$ and the size of the simulation box $L$. If $L$ is equal to one wavelength, $\lambda_0$, of the Buneman-unstable mode, electrons trapped by the waves undergo acceleration via the surfatron mechanism across the wave front. This occurs most efficiently when $\omega_{\rm pe}/\Omega_{\rm e} \simeq 100$: in this case electrons are accelerated to speeds of up $c/2$ where $c$ is the speed of light. In a simulation with $L=4\lambda_0$ and $\omega_{\rm pe}/\Omega_{\rm e} = 100$, it is found that sideband instabilities give rise to a broad spectrum of wavenumbers, with a power law tail. Some stochastic electron acceleration is observed in this case, but not the surfatron process. Direct integration of the electron equations of motion, using parameters approximating to those of the wave modes observed in the simulations, suggests that the surfatron is compatible with the presence of a broad wave spectrum if $\omega_{\rm pe}/\Omega_{\rm e}> 100$. It is concluded that a combination of stochastic and surfatron acceleration could provide an efficient generator of mildly relativistic electrons at SNR shocks.
Effect of non-thermal ion distributions on the Jeans instability in dusty plasmas
Authors: PILLAY S. R. , VERHEEST F.
Published: February 2005

Non-thermal ion distributions are a characteristic feature of space plasmas, and in the current work the influence of such non-thermal ion distributions on the Jeans instability is examined. Following previous general models, the electrons are taken to be Boltzmann on the timescales involved, whilst the negative dust component is modelled by the continuity and momentum equations. The ion dynamics are described via a non-thermal Cairns distribution. The linear dispersion relation is derived and analysed for varying degrees of deviation from ordinary thermal behaviour, determined by the characteristic parameter of the Cairns distribution.
Electron energy distribution function in low-pressure complex plasmas
Authors: OSTRIKOV K. , DENYSENKO I. , YU M. Y. , XU S.
Published: February 2005

The effect of density and size of dust grains on the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in low-temperature complex plasmas is studied. It is found that the EEDF depends strongly on the dust density and size. The behavior of the electron temperature can differ significantly from that of a pristine plasma. For low-pressure argon glow discharge, the Druyvesteyn-like EEDF often found in pristine plasmas can become nearly Maxwellian if the dust density and/or sizes are large. One can thus control the plasma parameters by the dust grains.
SERENADES AND ELEGIES: THE RECENT MUSIC OF HUGH WOOD
Authors: Venn Edward
Published: February 2005

In 1999, both Hugh Wood and Alexander Goehr retired from Cambridge University. Goehrfest, a short festival put on to mark this occasion, featured performances of works by both composers (and others associated with the university), but for the most part, as the name suggests, it was Goehr's departure that generated the greater amount of retrospective stock-taking and speculation about the future. Indeed, the focus on Goehr was not surprising, for in comparison Hugh Wood's output and influence have to date been more modest. Nevertheless, the time is long overdue for a critical (re)assessment of Wood's music, which has demonstrated throughout his career an enduring concern with both directness of communication and the upholding of a core set of aesthetic and technical values.
TEMPO AND RACHMANINOFF'S ‘CORELLI’ VARIATIONS
Authors: Threlfall Robert
Published: February 2005

Of all the different ingredients that combine to make up a musical performance, it often seems that the one which reveals most, and most extreme, variation is – tempo. Subject as it is also to various non-musical factors – such as acoustics; size of the locale; technical or instrumental limitations – as well as to other somewhat equally subjective conditions such as taste; historical or supposed authenticity; even fashion – this is hardly surprising. Maelzel's invention of his metronome almost two centuries ago has not necessarily succeeded in bringing order into chaos; it is notoriously difficult to set this device to give an incontrovertibly accurate answer to every question. (It is also known that some composers have possessed a metronome which, apparently being mechanically unsound, has raised more questions than it has answered.)
Contemporary German composers
Authors: Whittall Arnold
Published: February 2005

LACHENMANN: Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern (Tokyo Version, 2000) c. Sylvain Cambreling. ECM New Series 1858/9 (2-CD set).

DÖHL: Sound of Sleat; Bruchstücke zur Winterreise for piano; String quintet: Winterreise; Notturno. James Tocco (pno), Hugo Noth (accordion), Ovidiu Dabila (double bass), Auryn Quartet with Boris Pergamenschikov (vlc), Lasalle Quartet. Dreyer-Gaido 21013.

HÖLLER: Piano Works. Kristi Becker, Pi-hsien Chen (pnos). cpo 999 954-2.

PINTSCHER: Figura I–V; String Quartet No. 4, Portrait of Gesualdo; Dernier espace avec introspecteur. Theodoro Anzelotti (accordion), Arditti String Quartet. Winter & Winter 910 097-2.
Jonathan Harvey's ‘Passion and Resurrection’
Authors: Stadlen Shöel
Published: February 2005

HARVEY: Passion and Resurrection. BBC Singers, Sinfonia 21 c. Martin Neary. Sargasso SCD28052.
Piano Music by Erik Chisholm
Authors: Jones Michael
Published: February 2005

Piano music of Erik Chisholm and his friends. BARTÓK: With Drums and Pipes. SORABJI: Fantasiettina sul nome illustre dell'Egregio poeta Hugh MacDiarmid ossia Christopher Grieve. CHISHOLM: Piano Sonata in A, An Riobain Dearg. STEVENSON: A Threepenny Sonatina. BUSONI: Fantasia Contrappuntistica. Murray McLachlan (pno). Dunelm DRD0219.

CHISHOLM: Music for piano Volume 1. Straloch Suite; Scottish Airs for Children; Piano Sonata in A (abridged version 2004). Murray McLachlan (pno). Dunelm DRD0222.
Francis Jackson
Authors: Johnson Bret
Published: February 2005

JACKSON: Organ Works (includes Sonatas 1–4, Toccata, Chorale and Fugue, 3 Pieces, Eclogue, Suite Montrealaise, Ballade, 5 Preludes on English Hymn Tunes, Exultet, Diversion for Mixtures, Intrada, Recit and Allegro, Scherzetto, Scherzo Amabile, Fantasia Argenti, Improvisation, Impromptu and other pieces). Francis Jackson (organs of York Minster, Blackburn and Lincoln Cathedrals). Priory PRCD 930 (4-CD set)
New Releases of music by Women Composers
Authors: Rickards Guy
Published: February 2005

CECILIE ØRE: A. – a shadow opera. Joachim Calmeyer, Anneke von der Lippe, Tilman Hartenstein, Henrik Inadomi, Lakis Kanzakis, Rob Waring (voices). Aurora ACD 5034.

BETH ANDERSON ‘Swales and Angels’: March Swale1; Pennyroyal Swale1; New Mexico Swale2,1,3; The Angel4,1,5,6,8; January Swale1; Rosemary Swale1; Piano Concerto6,1,7,3,8. 1Rubio String Quartet, 2Andrew Bolotowsky (fl, picc), 3David Rozenblatt (perc), 4Jessica Marsten (sop), 5Joseph Kubera (vc, pno), 6André Tarantiles (hp), 7Darren Campbell (bass), c. 8Gary M. Scheider. New World 80610-2.

RAGNHILD BERSTAD: Anstrøk for violin and cello1; Krets for orchestra9; Respiro for clarinet and tape2; Zeugma for ensemble3; Toreuma for string quartet4; Verto for voice, cello & percussion5,6,7; Emutatio for voice, chorus and orchestra5,8,9. 1Kyberia, 2Lars Hilde (cl), 3Affinis Ensemble, 4Arditti String Quartet, 5Berit Ogheim (voice), 6Lene Grenager (vc), 7Cathrine Nyheim (perc), 8Oslo Chamber Choir, 9Norwegian Radio Orchestra c. Christian Eggen. Aurora ACD 5021.

TAILLEFERRE: Works for piano. Cristiano Ariagno (pno). Timpani 1C1074.

‘Sweetly I Rejoice: Music based on Songs and Hymns from Old Icelandic Manuscripts’ by HILDIGUNNUR RÚNARSDÒTTIR, MIST THORKELSDÒTTIR, THÒRDUR MAGNÚSSON, JÒN GUDMUNDSSON, ELÍN GUNNLAUGSDÒTTIR and STEINGRÍMUR ROHLOFF. Gríma Vocal Ensemble. Marta Gudrún Halldórsdóttir (sop), EThos String Quartet. Instrumental Ensemble c. Gunnstein Òlafsson. Smekkleysa SMK31 (2-CD set).

‘I Start My Journey’: Sacred music by Anon, SMÁRI ÓLASON, ELÍN GUNNLAUGSDÒTTIR, STEFÁN ÓLAFSSON, JAKOB HALLGRIMSSON, BARA GRÍMSDÒTTIR, HRÒDMAR INGI SIGURBJÖRNSSON, GUNNAR REYNÍR SVEINSSON. Kammerkor Sudurlands c. Hilmar Örn Agnarsson. Smekkleysa SMK17.

‘New Zealand Women Composers’. DOROTHY KER: The Structure of Memory. JENNY McLEOD: For Seven. GILLIAN WHITEHEAD: Ahotu (O Matenga). ANNEA LOCKWOOD/Lontano: Monkey Trips (1995). Lontano c. Odaline de la Martinez. LORELT LNT116.

SPAIN-DUNK: Phantasy Quartet in D minor. BEACH: String Quartet in one movement. SMYTH: String Quartet in E minor. Archaeus String Quartet. Lorelt LNT114.

SAARIAHO: Du cristal…a la fumée1–3; Nymphaea4; Sept Papillons2. 1Petri Alanko (alto fl), 2Anssi Karttunen (vlc), 3Los Angeles PO c. Esa-Pekka Salonen, 4Kronos Quartet. Ondine ODE 1047-2.
Proms 2004: Turnage, Bingham, Sheng, Silk Road, Henze
Authors: Lister Rodney
Published: February 2005

In fulfillment of a commission from the BBC for a work in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the BBC Symphony Chorus, Mark-Anthony Turnage produced Calmo, an untypically quiet and gentle work for chorus with handbells – and, what has become something of a signature instrument for him, desk bells. The text of the work consists of the words ‘Dona nobis pacem’ and their translations in several languages. It is dedicated to the memory of Turnage's friend Sue Knussen. Calmo's intense eloquence was enhanced by its brevity, and, both despite and because of it, stood out in a program of music for chorus, harp, and organ by an assortment of older and newer Czech and British Composers, including Janáček, MacMillan, Holst, and Eben, presented by the BBC Symphony Chorus, conducted by Stephen Jackson.
Proms 2004: Zhou, Casken, Hillborg, Vine, Talbot
Authors: Anderson Martin
Published: February 2005

The Immortal by the Chinese-American Zhou Long (b. 1953) – commissioned by the BBC World Service (apparently its first-even Proms commission) and premièred by the BBC Symphony Orchestra under its out-going chief conductor, Leonard Slatkin, on 20 July – is a tribute ‘to the influence of Chinese artists and intellectuals in the twentieth century’, as the composer notes in the score. He adds: ‘Having grown up in an artistic family during the time of the Cultural Revolution, I know from personal experience the struggles and hardships that past generations have endured to remain true to these eternal ideals’. Past generations? Zhou himself was sent to labour in the fields; a back injury had him re-allocated to a song-and-dance troupe, where he encountered notionally prohibited western instruments among the Chinese ones – a stylistic integration he maintains even when writing exclusively for the modern symphony orchestra.
The Palace Rhapsody
Authors: Anderson Martin
Published: February 2005

SALLINEN: The Palace Rhapsody, op. 72.1 AHO: Tristia.1 RAUTAVAARA: A Soldier's Mass, op. 40.2 KANTELINEN: Ghosts.2 The Guards' Band c. 1Elias Seppälä, 2Raine Ampuja. Alba ABCD 170.
Gloucester Cathedral: Variations on ‘Down Ampney’
Authors: Vass George
Published: February 2005

Commissioned by the Three Choirs Festival and performed there for the first time on 13 August by the Philharmonia Orchestra under Martyn Brabbins, these variations on Vaughan Williams's hymn tune ‘Down Ampney’ (so named after the village of the composer's birth), were surprising individual successes. The overall shape of the work, arch-like with a slow-fast-slow-fast-slow structure, was suggested by John McCabe, celebrating his 65th birthday year and featured composer at this year's Three Choirs. McCabe, joined in this collaborative effort by Robert Saxton, James Francis Brown, David Matthews and Judith Bingham, also sensibly requested that the orchestration be limited to double woodwind, modest brass and percussion sections, harp and the usual strings.
London, Purcell Room: New French Song
Authors: Barlow Jill
Published: February 2005

‘I haven't heard my piece yet, none of us have’, confided thirtysomething composer Will Todd as he arrived to take his place in the audience at the Purcell Room on 13 July. He spoke as one of the twenty British composers, all alive and well, commissioned by artists Alison Smart (soprano) and Katharine Durran (piano) to set a French poem for them to perform. Unusually, the composers had to submit their scores as if ‘tablets from on high’, without rehearsal input. Although this worked well as they all entered into the spirit, and the artists seemed particularly adept at interpretation over a wide range of genres – from Graham Fitkin's mimimalist-style ‘Les Aliments Blancs’ (Satie: ‘je ne mange que des aliments blancs’), to John Casken's impressionistic ‘Colloque Sentimental’, with its shades of Debussy – having such a swift succession of 20 short ‘soundbites’ made for a rather over intense programme overall. Perhaps, on another occasion, a concentration on no more than ten composers, would allow for rehearsal time with each to assist in conveying more in-depth interpretation of the text, and give the audience more time to absorb each contribution.
Object of Contention: an Examination of Recuay-Moche Combat Imagery
Authors: Lau George F.
Published: February 2005

This study examines a painted combat scene on a ceramic vessel of the Moche culture (ad 100–800) of the north coast of Peru. The scene portrays a series of distinctly Moche warriors fighting adversaries who feature characteristics (weaponry, ornaments and dress) that are unconventional for Moche visual culture. Correspondences in Recuay pottery and stone sculpture instead support the argument that the enemies were groups from the neighbouring inland valleys and highlands of the Pacific Andean flanks. The analysis of the imagery and its implications illuminate how societies without writing sometimes perceived and configured interaction with other groups — namely, through representations of warfare.
Evidence for Urban Walling in the Third Millennium bc
Authors: Moeller Nadine
Published: February 2005

A tradition of enclosure walls developed in Egypt very early on. Until recently the evidence was primarily artistic, in the shape of depictions on several late prehistoric palettes of symbols representing enclosed areas of square layout with rounded corners and numerous external buttresses. These images seem to depict walled inhabited settlements, and they belong to artistic compositions that also portray fighting and other violence; and together such scenes are often seen as reflecting local struggles along the road of state formation.
The Late Roman and Early Islamic Urban Enceinte
Authors: Gascoigne Alison L.
Published: February 2005

It has been established in the preceding sections that settlement walls were by no means uncommon in ancient Egypt, and it is from this tradition that the late Roman and early Islamic urban configuration developed. With the incorporation of the country into the Roman empire, it was inevitable that changes would be made to its defensive situation, and the continuing Hellenization of the upper classes would alter perceptions of the urban ideal. This section will consider to what extent these forces brought Egypt into line with other eastern Roman provinces, and how the urban enceinte developed after the Arab conquest of the country in 642.
Final Remarks: Protecting Assets
Authors: Kemp Barry
Published: February 2005

How people have classified things is one of the defining aspects of cognitive archaeology. Here we have been looking at the most obvious physical manifestations of protection, namely large enclosure walls.
Cannabidiol inhibits human glioma cell migration through a cannabinoid receptor‐independent mechanism
Authors: Vaccani Angelo , Massi Paola , Colombo Arianna , Rubino Tiziana , Parolaro Daniela
Published: February 2005

We evaluated the ability of cannabidiol (CBD) to impair the migration of tumor cells stimulated by conditioned medium. CBD caused concentration‐dependent inhibition of the migration of U87 glioma cells, quantified in a Boyden chamber. Since these cells express both cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors in the membrane, we also evaluated their engagement in the antimigratory effect of CBD. The inhibition of cell was not antagonized either by the selective cannabinoid receptor antagonists SR141716 (CB1) and SR144528 (CB2) or by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, indicating no involvement of classical cannabinoid receptors and/or receptors coupled to Gi/o proteins. These results reinforce the evidence of antitumoral properties of CBD, demonstrating its ability to limit tumor invasion, although the mechanism of its pharmacological effects remains to be clarified.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144, 1032–1036. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706134
Unresponsiveness of mu‐opioid receptor knockout mice to lipopolysaccharide‐induced fever
Authors: Benamar Khalid , McMenamin Malgorzata , Geller Ellen B , Chung Young G , Pintar John E , Adler Martin W
Published: February 2005

Recently, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced fever could be suppressed by a selective mu‐opioid receptor antagonist, indicating that the mu‐opioid system is involved in the LPS fever. In the present study, to confirm the role of the mu‐opioid system in the pathogenesis of LPS fever, we used mice lacking the mu‐opioid receptor. In the wild type (WT), following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 100 μg kg−1 of LPS, body temperature (Tb) increased approximately 1°C and remained elevated during the 360‐min recording period. In the mu‐opioid receptor knockout (MOR‐KO) mice, the administration of 100 μg kg−1 i.p. of LPS did not induce fever during the recording period. Saline by itself, given i.p., did not alter the Tb, either in WT or MOR‐KO. These results confirm that the mu‐opioid system is involved in LPS‐induced fever.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144, 1029–1031. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706145
The stability of an encapsulated cylindrical liquid bridge subject to off-centering
Authors: Uguz A. Kerem , Narayanan R.
Published: February 2005

Liquid bridges are usually encapsulated with another liquid in float-zone crystal growth processes to ensure the containment of volatile components. This paper is concerned with the stability of an inviscid liquid bridge that is off-centered with respect to its encapsulant. Perturbation theory is used to study the stability of such a bridge subject to inertial disturbances. It is concluded that while the off-centered nature does not change the neutral point it does affect the rate of growth and decay of the disturbances causing the unstable regions to become less unstable and stable regions to become less stable. Limiting conditions are considered in order to provide a better understanding of the physics of off-centering.
Smart photogalvanic running-grating interferometer
Authors: Kukhtarev N. V. , Kukhtareva T. , Edwards M. E. , Jones J. , Bayssie M. , Wang J. , Lyuksyutov S. F. , Reagan M. A. , Buchhave P.
Published: February 2005

Photogalvanic effect produces actuation of periodic motion of macroscopic LiNbO3 crystal. This effect was applied to the development of an all-optical moving-grating interferometer usable for optical trapping and transport of algae chlorella microorganisms diluted in water with a concentration of 27×104ml−1.
A nonlinear constitutive model for Terfenol-D rods
Authors: Zheng X. J. , Liu X. E.
Published: February 2005

To overcome some deficiencies in previous constitutive models of giant magnetostrictive materials, a nonlinear and coupled model is suggested to describe the constitutive relations for a Terfenol-D rod subjected to an axial pre-stress and then located in an axial magnetic field. The numerical simulation by the model proposed in this paper shows predicted magnetostrictive strain curves for various compressive pre-stresses in good agreement with the experimental data not only in the region of low and moderate magnetic field but also in the region of high field. In comparison with the previous models, the proposed model can more effectively describe the effect of the pre-stress on the maximum magnetostrictive strain. Moreover, the effect of the stress and the magnetic field on the Young’s modulus of the materials, i.e., the ΔE effect, can also be predicted. In the proposed model, there are only five material parameters. They are the saturation magnetization Ms, the saturation magnetostrictive strain λs, the intrinsic (or saturation) Young’s modulus Es and the initial Young’s modulus E0 as well as the linear magnetic susceptibility χm. Since these parameters are easily measured in experiments, the proposed model is convenient to be used in engineering applications.
Variation in the critical mass ratio of a freely oscillating cylinder as a function of Reynolds number
Authors: Ryan K. , Thompson M. C. , Hourigan K.
Published: February 2005

A two-dimensional numerical investigation of the flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder held free to oscillate transverse to the free-stream direction has been performed. The simulations were performed over a Reynolds number range Re=[30,200] and for an infinite reduced velocity. Two regions of high amplitude oscillations are observed and are referred to as the viscous and higher Reynolds number range, respectively. The viscous range was observed for Re=[40,95] and the higher Reynolds number range was observed above Re=180. A critical mass ratio, below which appreciable amplitude oscillations are observed, is determined as a function of Reynolds number. For Reynolds numbers between the two ranges, only very small oscillations were observed for all mass ratios investigated.