bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal and neonatal outcomes among incarcerated women who gave birth in custody
Authors: Shlafer Rebecca , Saunders Jennifer B. , Boraas Christy M. , Kozhimannil Katy B. , Mazumder Narayana , Freese Rebecca
Published: December 2020

Background

In the United States, the population of incarcerated women has increased by more than 600% since the 1980s. With this rise, correctional facilities have faced new challenges meeting the health care needs of women, especially those who are pregnant. This retrospective cohort study sought to describe five indicators of maternal and neonatal health among women who gave birth in custody, and to compare outcomes among incarcerated women who did and did not receive enhanced pregnancy support.

Methods

We used deidentified electronic health records (EHRs) to examine maternal and neonatal birth outcomes (ie, mode of birth, low birthweight, preterm birth, APGAR score, NICU admission) among women who gave birth in custody. Regression models examined differences in outcomes between women who received enhanced pregnancy support—group prenatal education and one‐on‐one doula visits—and a historical control group of women who received standard prenatal care.

Results

Adverse maternal and neonatal birth outcomes in this sample were rare. No differences in outcomes were found between incarcerated women who received enhanced pregnancy support and the historical control group.

Conclusions

Despite evidence for the benefits of enhanced pregnancy support in the general population, this study did not find differences in outcomes between incarcerated women who did and did not receive support. Integrated data from prison and hospital records are innovative, but effect measurement is limited by sample size. Future research should include primary data collection on maternal, neonatal, and dyadic outcomes longitudinally and across prisons.
A Pretext for Regression? The Gendered Institutional Response to COVID‐19 in the Country of Football
Authors: Biram Mark D. , Goellner Silvana Vilodre
Published: December 2020

This article considers the gendered institutional response to COVID‐19 in Brazilian football. It is argued that the asymmetries of power which shaped policy are rooted in the historical marginalisation of women's sports in the country along with socially constructed notions of hegemonic masculinity. The COVID‐19 pandemic has served to accentuate deeply embedded social and economic inequalities and may serve as a pretext for eroding precarious gains made in recent times.
Putting Large‐Scale Infrastructure Projects First: The COVID‐19 Pandemic in Indigenous Mexico
Authors: Hofmann Susanne
Published: December 2020

This article argues that whilst indigenous people are central to the Mexican president's official developmentalist discourse of bringing prosperity to the country's marginalised and poor, their needs during the COVID‐19 pandemic have not been met and their interests have been sidelined. Whilst experiencing serious loss of trading revenue, negative impacts of misinformation, and lack of access to appropriate healthcare, indigenous Mexicans also faced the aggressive advance on their territories of large‐scale infrastructure projects, which have become the backbone of the president's strategy for countering the economic recession caused by the pandemic. The discontinuation of relevant legal means to challenge the advance of the megaprojects during the pandemic effectively threatened indigenous people's democratic rights to protect their land, identities and way of life.
Behind COVID‐19: Deepening Poverty in Cuba
Authors: Tedesco Laura , Diamint Rut
Published: December 2020

The article explores the Cuban government's reaction to COVID‐19, emphasising its control of the press and the role of the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR). The main question is whether the health crisis could empower or weaken the government vis‐à‐vis civil society.
Health Risks for Poultry Workers in Brazil in the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: de Campos Silva Allan R.
Published: December 2020

This article discusses labour relations in the poultry industry in Brazil in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic. In the meat production and processing industries there have been many complaints about abusive practices that put workers' health at risk. In several small cities across the country, slaughterhouses already act as pandemic contagion risk hotspots. We present an overview of the demeaning treatment of workers and the risks to public health associated with Brazil's poultry industry.
Biostratigraphy and provenance analysis of the Cretaceous to Palaeogene deposits in southern Tibet: Implications for the India‐Asia collision
Authors: Wang Tianyang , Li Guobiao , Elmes Michele
Published: December 2020

Upper Cretaceous to Eocene marine sedimentary sequences of the Yarlung‐Tsangpo Suture Zone (YTSZ) provide critical constraints on the initial process of the India–Asia continental collision and the closure time of the Neo‐Tethyan Ocean. New sedimentological, petrographic, biochronological and detrital zircon age data of Cretaceous–Palaeogene strata from the southern margin of the YTSZ are reported in this study. Detrital zircons from the Lower Cretaceous Gyabula Formation are dominated by Archean to Cambrian U–Pb ages, indicating a likely source originating from the Indian continent. In contrast, zircon ages from the Palaeogene Jiachala Formation are predominantly younger than 200 Ma, with a major peak of ca. 76–187 Ma, which is consistent with a source from either an intra‐oceanic island arc system or the Asian continent. Sixty species of radiolarian fossils obtained from the Gyabula, Zongzhuo and Jiachala Formations provide a regional correlation with the Cretaceous Tethyan realm and Palaeogene low‐latitude biozonation schemes based on the Unitary Association method. The Palaeogene radiolarian zonation UAZ JP10 identified in the Jiachala Formation, when combined with existing absolute age models derived from the Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program, indicates an age of ca. 61.8–61.1 Ma. Integration of the biochronological and detrital zircon age data suggests that major changes in provenance occurred at the Indian continental margin, allowing an important timing constraint on the onset of collision to be placed no later than the Danian at ca, 61.8 Ma. This study highlights the significance of focusing on distinct sedimentary sequences in collisional orogens to reconstruct the timing and processes of continental collision events.
circPVT1 promotes osteosarcoma glycolysis and metastasis by sponging miR‐423‐5p to activate Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling
Authors: Wan Jun , Liu Yupeng , Long Feng , Tian Jian , Zhang Can
Published: December 2020

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent form of bone cancer. It has a high metastatic potential and progresses rapidly. The molecular mechanisms of OS remain unclear and this study aims to examine the functional role of circPVT1 and miR‐423‐5p in OS. Quantitative RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) and western blotting were used to examine levels of miR‐423‐5p, circPVT1, Wnt5a, Ror2, and glycolysis‐related proteins, including HK2, PKM2, GLUT1, and LDHA. Colony formation and transwell assays were used to test the roles of miR‐423‐5p, circPVT1, and Wnt5a/Ror2 in OS cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Dual luciferase assay and Ago2‐RIP were used to validate the interactions of miR‐423‐5p/Wnt5a, miR‐423‐5p/Ror2, and circPVT1/miR‐423‐5p. Glucose uptake assay and measurement of lactate production were performed to assess the glycolysis process. A nude mouse xenograft model was used to evaluate the effects of sh‐circPVT1 and miR‐423‐5p mimics on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. miR‐423‐5p was reduced in both OS tissues and OS cell lines, while Wnt5a/Ror2 and circPVT1 were elevated. miR‐423‐5p bound to 3′‐UTR of Wnt5a and Ror2 mRNA, and inhibited glycolysis and OS cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting Wnt5a and Ror2. circPVT1 interacted with miR‐423‐5p and activated Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling by sponging miR‐423‐5p. Knockdown of circPVT1 or overexpression of miR‐423‐5p suppressed OS tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. miR‐423‐5p inhibited OS glycolysis, proliferation, migration, and metastasis by targeting and suppressing Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling pathway, while circPVT1 promoted those processes by acting as a sponge of miR‐423‐5p.
Oral health and related risk indicators in north‐central Appalachia differ by rurality
Authors: Zhou Yuqiao , Cuddy Richard , McNeil Daniel W. , Wright Casey D. , Crout Richard J. , Feingold Eleanor , Neiswanger Katherine , Marazita Mary L. , Shaffer John R.
Published: December 2020

Objectives

This cross‐sectional study assessed differences in oral health and related behaviours and risk indicators by rurality in a north‐central Appalachian population using the Andersen behavioural model as a conceptual framework.

Methods

Participants were residents aged 18‐59 years (n = 1311) from the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, selected according to a household‐based sampling strategy. Rural‐Urban Continuum codes (RUC) corresponding to the participants’ residences were used to classify participants as rural or urban. Mixed models were used to test rural‐urban differences in measures of oral health, related behaviours, and need, enabling, and predisposing risk indicators. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables: age, sex, race, income, perceived socioeconomic status, educational attainment and dental insurance.

Results

Rural residents had poorer oral health overall, with fewer sound teeth (β = −1.79), more dental caries (β = 0.27) and higher rates of edentulism (5.2% vs 2.8%). Differences also were observed for dental care utilization and perceived barriers to care. Rural residents were less likely to attend dental visits as often as needed (26.9% vs 42.8%) and were more prone to seek care only after experiencing a dental problem (64.3% vs 43.9%). Rural residents also were more likely to report high costs (89% vs 62.6%) as a major reason for not having dental visits. Rural‐urban differences for some oral health characteristics and behaviours could be explained by sociodemographic characteristics, whereas others could not.

Conclusions

This study revealed rural‐urban differences in risk indicators and oral health outcomes in north‐central Appalachia. Many of these differences were explained, completely or partly, by sociodemographic factors.
Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in pregnant women with type 2 diabetes and the impact on glycaemic control
Authors: Ásbjörnsdóttir Björg , Vestgaard Marianne , Do Nicoline C. , Ringholm Lene , Andersen Lise L. T. , Jensen Dorte M. , Damm Peter , Mathiesen Elisabeth R.
Published: December 2020

Aims

To study the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in pregnant women with type 2 diabetes compared with pregnant women without diabetes. Secondly, to explore whether anxiety and/or depression symptoms in early pregnancy have an impact on glycaemic control and gestational weight gain.

Methods

A prospective cohort study of 90 consecutive singleton pregnant women with type 2 diabetes and 88 singleton pregnant women without diabetes. All women completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire in early and late pregnancy. A score ≥8 in the anxiety or the depression scale was used to define anxiety and/or depression symptoms.

Results

Anxiety and/or depression symptoms were present in 40% of women with type 2 diabetes and 7% of women without diabetes in early pregnancy (Relative Risk = 5.87 (95% Confidence Interval: 2.60–13.22)). The figures were similar in late pregnancy. In women with type 2 diabetes and anxiety and/or depression symptoms in early pregnancy, HbA1c (mean ± SD) was 52 ± 14 vs. 49 ± 11 mmol/mol (6.9 ± 1.2 vs. 6.6 ± 1.0%), p = 0.31 in early pregnancy and 43 ± 8 vs. 40 ± 4 mmol/mol (6.1 ± 0.7 vs. 5.8 ± 0.4%), p = 0.04 in late pregnancy compared with women without symptoms. Gestational weight gain was similar in both groups.

Conclusions

In women with type 2 diabetes, 40% had anxiety and/or depression symptoms in early pregnancy. Women with these symptoms obtained less optimal glycaemic control in late pregnancy but similar gestational weight gain as the remaining women.
Effects of vitamin D3 on glucose metabolism in patients with severe osteoarthritis: A randomized double‐blind trial comparing daily 2000 with 800 IU vitamin D3
Authors: Grübler Martin R. , Gängler Stephanie , Egli Andreas , Bischoff‐Ferrari Heike A.
Published: December 2020

Aim

To investigate the effect of daily 800 versus 2000 IU of vitamin D3 supplementation over 24 months on glycaemic control in older adults after unilateral knee replacement.

Materials and Methods

The Zurich Multiple Endpoint Vitamin D Trial in Knee OA Patients was a randomized, double‐blind trial conducted from 2008 to 2014 in Zurich, Switzerland. Participants were randomly allocated to 800 or 2000 IU vitamin D3 daily for 24 months. This study investigates the predefined secondary endpoints of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) using linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, baseline vitamin D deficiency and body mass index.

Results

A total of 251 participants (age 70.2 ± 6.5 years; 55.4% women; 39% impaired glucose tolerance, mean 25‐hydroxyvitamin D 27.48 ± 12.48 ng/mL, mean FBG 5.49 ± 0.71 mmol/L) were included in this analysis. There was no significant difference in FBG between the group receiving 800 versus 2000 IU after 2 years with a least square mean (95% CI) of 5.32 (5.19; 5.44) versus 5.39 (5.27; 5.51) mmol/L (ptreat = .130) and no difference in HOMA‐IR (0.44 [0.37; 0.52] vs. 0.49 [0.41; 0.58]; ptreat = .162), respectively. However, FBG decreased significantly over time independent of vitamin D3 dose (800 IU: 5.54 [5.42; 5.66] to 5.32 [5.19; 5.44], ptime < .001; 2000 IU: 5.5 [5.38; 5.62] to 5.39 [5.27; 5.51] mmol/L, ptime = .019).

Conclusions

There was no clinically meaningful difference between 800 and 2000 IU of vitamin D3 over 2 years in FBG or HOMA‐IR in community‐dwelling older adults. Glycaemic outcomes improved in both groups.
New hosts for Lecanosticta acicola and Dothistroma septosporum in newly established arboreta in Spain
Authors: Mesanza Nebai , Raposo Rosa , Elvira‐Recuenco Margarita , Barnes Irene , van der Nest Ariska , Hernández Mónica , Pascual Maria Teresa , Barrena Iskander , San Martín Unai , Cantero Alejandro , Hernandez‐Escribano Laura , Iturritxa Eugenia
Published: December 2020

A historical outbreak of needle blight disease was recorded during 2018 to 2019 in plantations of Pinus radiata and Pinus nigra in the North of Spain. The main pathogens involved in this historical outbreak were identified as Lecanosticta acicola and Dothistroma septosporum. Recently, a variety of tree species in three arboreta planted between 2011 and 2013 in the Basque Country as part of the European project REINFFORCE were showing symptoms of needle blight and defoliation. The aim of this study was to determine which pine species were affected with these pathogens. Tree species sampled included several provenances of P. brutia, P. elliottii, P. nigra, P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. ponderosa, P. sylvestris and P. taeda. Using molecular identification methods, Lecanosticta acicola was confirmed infecting Pinus brutia (Provenance: Alexandropolis, Greece and var. eldarica, Crimea) and represents a new host species for this pathogen. Pinus elliottii (Provenance: Georgia, USA) and P. ponderosa (Provenance: Central California, USA) are new host reports of L. acicola for Spain. Dothistroma septosporum was found for the first time on P. brutia (Provenance: Marmaris, Turkey) and P. ponderosa (Provenance: Oregon, USA) in Spain and was also detected infecting P. nigra (Provenance: Sologne Vayrières, France).
Cariology consensus for undergraduates at dental schools in the Caribbean region
Authors: Abreu‐Placeres Ninoska , Grau‐Grullón Patricia , Naidu Rahul , García‐Godoy Franklin , Newton Jonathon Timothy , Ekstrand Kim R. , Pitts Nigel , Lopez del Valle Lydia M. , Féliz‐Matos Leandro , Rivera Yilda , González Ramón F. , Rajendra Santosh Arvind Babu , Morou‐Bermudez Evangelia , Jácome‐Liévano Sofía , Martignon Stefania
Published: December 2020

Aim

To obtain a consensus on the domains of cariology for undergraduates in dental schools in the Caribbean.

Materials and Methods

Dental school deans from the Dominican Republic (DR) and Puerto Rico (PR) were invited to participate. Afterwards, 24 cariology faculty members from the dental schools in the DR received a 40‐h workshop on the current understanding of dental caries. Then, representatives from participating dental schools in the DR and PR were divided into six groups and tasked with exploring the cariology domains described in the European and Colombian consensus. For each domain, the competencies in what the dental student, upon graduation, would have to (1) be proficient in, (2) have knowledge of, (3) and be familiar with were described. Two cariology consensus meetings to work on the domains and suggest changes for the Caribbean region were done, and representatives from the DR and PR agreed on a cariology consensus. For the second stage, Caribbean English‐speaking countries were invited to participate in the consensus. Meetings were held with representatives from dental schools in Trinidad and Tobago (TT) and Jamaica (J) to include their suggestions on each consensus domain.

Results

A total of 15 dental schools (DR = 12; PR = 1; TT = 1; and J = 1) participated; they agreed on a new consensus considering the realities of the Caribbean participating countries.

Conclusion

A cariology consensus for undergraduates was achieved for 15 dental schools in the Caribbean region. This accomplishment will promote a shift for the Caribbean dental schools’ graduates towards a current understanding of dental caries.
Teaching to learn: Using peer‐assisted learning to complement the undergraduate dental curriculum
Authors: Varghese Ann Mary , Zijlstra‐Shaw Sandra
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Peer‐assisted learning (PAL) is a method of teaching in which students teach their often less‐experienced peers. Whilst they gain more knowledge, peer tutors are able to convey information at a level that tutees can engage with. Whilst the use of PAL has increased in popularity within the healthcare faculty, there are fewer reports of its efficacy within dental education. Our aim is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of PAL, identifying factors that make it effective within undergraduate dental teaching.

Method

3rd‐year dental students enrolled in supplementary PAL sessions taught by 4th‐year dental student volunteers alongside their curriculum on an Integrated Human Disease course. Tutees participating in more than one PAL session were invited to a focus group to discuss the value of PAL within teaching, as were their tutors. Semi‐structured focus groups in which they reflected on their learning experience and satisfaction were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically.

Results

The qualitative data gathered from the focus groups for peer tutees (n = 4) and peer tutors (n = 5) revealed that the sessions stimulated learning, built confidence, developed skills out with the core topics and were complementary to the course.

Conclusion

Our study confirms that PAL enhances the learning experience and is mutually advantageous to both tutees and tutors. Whilst further training, a larger sample size and higher quality research are required to confirm the more general use of PAL, the promise shown in this study would suggest that PAL is an extremely useful method, complementing the undergraduate dental curriculum.
Leveling Up Your Research and Research Operations: Strategies for Scale
Authors: METZLER BRIGETTE
Published: December 2020

With user research becoming more common within organisations, there is an emerging issue of meeting demand whilst also developing the craft of research. A new profession is emerging in response – research operations. This paper will describe the current state of publicly available frameworks for research operations. These tend to deal with one aspect of scale – the people who are doing the research, not how they do the research, when, or what we do with the research. Two frameworks will be combined to create a matrix that provides the tools to identify an investment strategy for research within the context of an organisation and their strategic goals. This matrix provides a significant contribution to the field by making it possible to be strategic and proactive about developing research practices in the context of individual organisations, how and why they do research, and to better manage the tension between scale and craft.
Salivary biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: An insight into the current evidence
Authors: Bahbah Eshak I. , Noehammer Christa , Pulverer Walter , Jung Martin , Weinhaeusel Andreas
Published: December 2020

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of mortality worldwide. In acute cardiovascular conditions, time is a crucial player in the outcomes of disease management. Given the ease and noninvasiveness of obtaining saliva, salivary biomarkers may provide a rapid and efficient diagnosis of CVD. Here, we reviewed the published data on the value of salivary molecules for diagnosis of CVD, especially in acute care settings. In this review, we show that some biomarkers such as salivary creatinine kinase myocardial band, C‐reactive protein, troponin‐1, and myoglobin exhibited promising diagnostic values that were comparable to their serum counterparts. Other molecules were also investigated and showed controversial results, including myeloperoxidase, brain natriuretic peptide, and some oxidative stress markers. Based on our review, we concluded that the clinical use of salivary biomarkers to diagnose CVD is promising; however, it is still in the early stage of development. Further studies are needed to validate these findings, determine cutoff values for diagnosis, and compare them to other established biomarkers currently in clinical use.
Acceptability of a community health worker intervention to improve the oral health of older Chinese Americans: A pilot study
Authors: Northridge Mary E. , Wu Yinxiang , Troxel Andrea B. , Min Deborah , Liu Rong , Liang Li Juan , Metcalf Sara S. , Seyedzadeh Sabounchi Shabnam , Yi Stella
Published: December 2020

Objective

To evaluate the acceptability of a community health worker (CHW) intervention designed to improve the oral health of low‐income, urban Chinese immigrant adults.

Background

Given that both dental caries and periodontitis are behaviourally mediated, biofilm‐based diseases that are largely preventable with attention to regular oral hygiene practices and preventive dental visits, strategies to arrest or even heal carious lesions and high‐quality maintenance care and plaque control without the need to resort to aerosol‐generating surgical approaches are evidence‐based best practices. Older immigrants have poorer oral health than older US‐born natives, motivating the need for delivery of more effective and affordable services to this vulnerable population.

Materials and Methods

CHWs were trained by the NYU College of Dentistry dental hygienist faculty members using dental models and flip charts to instruct patients on proper brushing and flossing techniques. In addition, they discussed the presented oral health promotion information one‐on‐one with patients, addressed any expressed concerns and encouraged prevention of oral conditions through regular dental visits and brushing with fluoride toothpaste.

Results

More than 98% of the 74 older Chinese adult participants strongly agreed/agreed that the CHWs helped them to improve how they take care of their health, the CHWs answered their questions and concerns, the information and topics were informative, and the in‐person demonstrations were helpful in improving oral health.

Conclusion

The health of all communities depends on access to comprehensive care, including oral health care, in the wake of COVID‐19. CHW interventions are acceptable to and may reach marginalised and immigrant communities.
Economic and military aspects of the Frankish conquest of Saxony
Authors: Landon Christopher
Published: December 2020

The Frankish conquest of Saxony represents one of the most intensively studied topics of Carolingian history. Yet the underlying motives that drove Frankish expansion into the lands between the Rhine and the Elbe remain poorly understood. In general, these motives have been discussed in terms of defensive strategy on the one hand and ideology (and specifically Christianization) on the other. In fact, however, there are good reasons for considering the conquest as part of a larger economic/military approach on the part of the Franks, focussed on securing Saxony's wide array of material resources, not least of which was the military potential of the Saxons themselves.
It's Great up North: maximising the learning and development opportunities provided by organising and attending a regional event
Authors: Young Gil , Gilroy Dominic , Nicholas Katie
Published: December 2020

In 2019 Health Education England supported health care library knowledge service staff in the Northern region to organise a two‐day event to share knowledge and expertise, and to develop their networks. The article describes how the event was organised, emphasising the advance planning and development opportunities provided for participants, such as webinars, and randomised coffee trial meetings between participants. Of the 100 participants, 60 delivered a poster, workshop or presentation. Reflective evaluation of the event by the organising committee indicated that networking was actively encouraged, and that a higher proportion of library assistants participated than usual. Concludes that the virtual aspects of the event worked well, and that future events could include a mix of face to face and virtual sessions. D.I.
Literature mining for alternative cementitious precursors and dissolution rate modeling of glassy phases
Authors: Uvegi Hugo , Jensen Zach , Hoang Trong Nghia , Traynor Brian , Aytaş Tunahan , Goodwin Richard T. , Olivetti Elsa A.
Published: December 2020

Efforts to reduce the carbon footprint associated with cement and concrete production have resulted in a number of promising lower‐emission alternatives. Still, research has emphasized a small subset of potentially useful precursor materials. With the goal of expanding the precursor pool, this work presents results of parallel literature mining and rate modeling activities. As a result of literature mining, materials with appropriate SiO2, Al2O3, and CaO concentrations were assembled into a comprehensive, representative ternary diagram. 23 000+ materials were extracted from 7000 journal articles, and 7500 materials from 6000 articles with 80 ≤ SiO2 + Al2O3 + CaO ≤105 wt% automatically classified. Both supervised and semi‐supervised models were used for dissolution rate prediction of glassy materials with all models pulling from a single data set (n = 802 reported dissolution rates from 105 different glasses). Supervised modeling utilized linear and decision tree regressions to determine features most predictive of dissolution rate, resulting in log‐linear relationships between rate and pH, inverse temperature (1/K), and non‐bridging oxygen per tetrahedron (NBO/T). Semi‐supervised modeling was observed to be more robust to broader feature inclusion, providing similar predictive ability with a relatively larger set of descriptive features. Most importantly, results indicated that models trained on data from disparate scientific communities were adequately predictive (RMSE ≈ 1), particularly under pH ≥7 conditions relevant to the cement and alkali activation communities.
Oxidation of 3D‐printed SiC in air and steam environments
Authors: Kane Kenneth , Stack Pádraigín , Schappel Danny , Montoya Katherine , Mouche Peter , Sooby Elizabeth , Terrani Kurt
Published: December 2020

The high‐temperature oxidation of additively manufactured and chemically vapor infiltrated (3D‐printed SiC) has been compared to chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC. 100‐h isothermal exposures were conducted at 1425° and 1300°C at 1 atm under both dry air and steam environments. A SiC reaction tube was utilized to reduce silica volatility. After steam oxidation at 1425° and 1300°C, on the 3D‐printed SiC surface, which was intrinsically rougher than the CVD surface, scales were 70%–90% thicker at the convex regions compared to concave/flat regions. In the convex regions, large cracks perpendicular to the oxidizing interface were observed. After dry air oxidation, scale thicknesses were comparable between 3D‐printed SiC and CVD SiC, regardless of geometry. Finite element modeling, conducted to elucidate the relationship between SiC geometry and ß‐ to α‐cristobalite transformation stress, determined cristobalite transformation tensile stresses to be on the order of 103 MPa during cool down, assuming a 6 vol% reduction. Compared to flat SiC substrates, tensile transformation stresses were elevated at concave regions and relaxed at convex regions. Combined with specimen mass gain (accounting for the rougher surface) of 3D‐printed SiC being 15%–32% higher for 3D‐printed SiC after 1300°C and 1425°C steam oxidation, the work presented concludes that the increased oxidation of 3D‐printed SiC is primarily caused by tensile hoop stresses driven by oxidation volume expansion. Lastly, the efficacy of the 3D‐printing method is demonstrated through the production of tristructural isotropic imbedded 3D‐printed SiC fuel forms.
Athermal electric field‐induced restructuring of glass during poling
Authors: McLaren Charles T. , Kopatz Craig R. , Fahey Albert J. , Smith Nicholas J. , Jain Himanshu
Published: December 2020

Thermal poling is a widely used method for creating glass surfaces with modified structure and altered properties by application of DC voltage. The mechanism of structural change has remained controversial, especially as poling is performed well below the glass transition temperature. Specifically, the role of Joule heating in facilitating structural transformation has remained an open question, conceivably through local heating to temperatures approaching Tg. Here, we investigate this possibility directly by in situ measurements of the local glass temperature during poling using infrared imaging. Examination near the anode region reveals only a slight temperature increase (~10°C) above the furnace temperature at the start of poling, and remains a few hundred degrees below Tg throughout. SIMS analysis revealed a ~1‐µm thick alkali depletion layer next to the anode. XPS analysis of the anode, cathode, and unpoled regions shows complex changes in structure and composition including migration of alkali ions, injection of hydrogen at the anode interface, removal of non‐bridging oxygen, and polymerization of the network via electrolysis. All these changes arise as a result of high electric field (~106 V/cm) produced across the highly resistive depletion layer, and refutes any significant increase in the temperature by Joule heating as the cause of their creation.
Design and fabrication of lutetium aluminum silicate glass and nanostructured glass for radiation detection
Authors: Shi Zhenguo , Zhou Shifeng , Yang Zhongmin
Published: December 2020

Flexible scintillating fiber plays an important role in X‐ray radiation monitoring and high‐resolution medical imaging, while construction of scintillating fiber derived from the commercial material system meet with limited success. Here, we report the design and successful fabrication of the Ce‐activated lutetium aluminum silicate glass, nanostructured glass, and fiber, and explore their scintillating properties. The scintillating glass with optimized composition and optical properties is determined. The crystallization behavior of lutetium aluminum silicate glass is studied and the nanostructured glass embedded with orthorhombic Lu2Si2O7 phase is successfully constructed for the first time. Importantly, the crystalline layer thickness of the nanostructured glass can be finely tuned and ~172.89% enhancement in the scintillating performance can be achieved. Furthermore, the fiber with large sized core is fabricated and its radiation response properties are tested. The results show that it exhibits high sensitivity and its scintillating emission is lineally dependent on the X‐ray power, indicating the potential application for radiation detection.
Steam oxidation of ytterbium disilicate environmental barrier coatings with and without a silicon bond coat
Authors: Kane Ken A. , Garcia Eugenio , Uwanyuze Sharon , Lance Michael , Unocic Kinga A. , Sampath Sanjay , Pint Bruce A.
Published: December 2020

The current generation of multilayer Si/Yb2Si2O7 environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are temperature limited by the melting point of Si, 1414°C. To investigate higher temperature EBCs, the cyclic steam oxidation of EBCs comprised of a single layer of ytterbium disilicate (YbDS) was compared to multilayered Si/YbDS EBCs, both deposited on SiC substrates using atmospheric plasma spray. After 500 1‐h cycles at 1300°C in 90 vol%H2O‐10 vol%air with a gas velocity of 1.5 cm/s, both multilayer Si/YbDS and single layer YbDS grew thinner silica scales than bare SiC, with the single layer YbDS forming the thinnest scale. Both coatings remained fully adherent and showed no signs of delamination. Silica scales formed on the single layer coating were significantly more homogeneous and possessed a markedly lower degree of cracking compared to the multilayered EBC. The single layer EBC also was exposed at 1425°C in steam with a gas velocity of 14 cm/s in an alumina reaction tube. The EBC reduced specimen mass loss compared to bare SiC but formed an extensive 2nd phase aluminosilicate reaction product. A similar reaction product was observed to form on some regions of the bare SiC specimen and appeared to partially inhibit silica volatilization. The 1425°C steam exposures were repeated with a SiC reaction tube and no 2nd phase reaction product was observed to form on the single layer EBC or bare SiC.
SDC‐SCFZ dual‐phase ceramics: Structure, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion, and O2 permeability
Authors: Li Claudia , Song Jian , Zhang Shude , Tan Xiaoyao , Meng Xiuxia , Sunarso Jaka , Liu Shaomin
Published: December 2020

New CO2‐resistant dual‐phase Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.925–SrCo0.4Fe0.55Zr0.05O3‐δ (SDC‐SCFZ) ceramics present a promising outlook for potential future applications in membrane reactors and solid oxide fuel cells. Their high oxygen permeation flux and stability in CO2 sweep gas also allow their integration in oxyfuel combustion. Here the structural characteristics, electrical conductivities, thermal expansion behaviors, and oxygen permeabilities of four different SDC‐SCFZ membranes with weight ratios of 10:90, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 (SDC:SCFZ) are systematically studied. Among these four SDC‐SCFZ compositions, 0.6 mm‐thick 25 wt% SDC‐75 wt% SCFZ displayed the highest oxygen permeation fluxes that reach 1.26 mL min−1 cm−2 at 950°C and retained its phase integrity under alternating He and CO2 sweep gas over 72 hours of operation. This composite also showed a moderate thermal expansion coefficient of 1.90 × 10−5 K−1 between 30°C and 1000°C and an electrical conductivity of at least 16 S cm−1 at 550°C and above. Modeling studies revealed that the oxygen permeation fluxes through 25SDC‐75SCFZ are limited by surface exchange reactions from 700°C to 800°C and mixed bulk diffusion and surface exchange reactions above 800°C.
Low‐temperature phase formation in the SrF2–LaF3 system
Authors: Fedorov Pavel P. , Alexandrov Alexander A. , Voronov Valery V. , Mayakova Mariya N. , Baranchikov Alexander E. , Ivanov Vladimir K.
Published: December 2020

Phase formation in the SrF2–LaF3 system was studied at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 450°C using nitrate flux. The solubility of LaF3 in SrF2 decreases with decreasing temperature. The equilibrium width of the solid solution region Sr1−xLaxF2+x at 400°C, it is 44.6 ± 0.4 mol% LaF3 (x = 0.446), at 350°C — 38.3 ± 0.7 mol% LaF3 (x = 0.383), and decreases almost to zero at 300°C.
GDF‐5 induces epidermal stem cell migration via RhoA‐MMP9 signalling
Authors: Li Xue , Wang Fan , Lan Yuanxin , Bian Ruyu , Wang Ying , Zhang Xiaorong , Guo Yicheng , Xiao Ling , Ni Wenqiang , Zhao Xiaohong , Luo Gaoxing , Zhan Rixing
Published: December 2020

The migration of epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) is critical for wound re‐epithelization and wound healing. Recently, growth/differentiation factor‐5 (GDF‐5) was discovered to have multiple biological effects on wound healing; however, its role in EpSCs remains unclear. In this work, recombinant mouse GDF‐5 (rmGDF‐5) was found via live imaging in vitro to facilitate the migration of mouse EpSCs in a wound‐scratch model. Western blot and real‐time PCR assays demonstrated that the expression levels of RhoA and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP9) were correlated with rmGDF‐5 concentration. Furthermore, we found that rmGDF‐5 stimulated mouse EpSC migration in vitro by regulating MMP9 expression at the mRNA and protein levels through the RhoA signalling pathway. Moreover, in a deep partial‐thickness scald mouse model in vivo, GDF‐5 was confirmed to promote EpSC migration and MMP9 expression via RhoA, as evidenced by the tracking of cells labelled with 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine (BrdU). The current study showed that rmGDF‐5 can promote mouse EpSC migration in vitro and in vivo and that GDF‐5 can trigger the migration of EpSCs via RhoA‐MMP9 signalling.
The relationship between airway immunoglobulin activity and eosinophils in COPD
Authors: Southworth Thomas , Higham Andrew , Kolsum Umme , Li Jian , Scott Thomas , Dungwa Josiah , Sridhar Sriram , Pham Tuyet‐Hang , Newbold Paul , Singh Dave
Published: December 2020

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the effects of inhaled corticosteroids are predicted by blood eosinophil counts. We previously briefly reported increased immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of COPD patients with higher (eosinophilhigh) compared to lower (eosinophillow) blood eosinophils (>250/μL versus < 150/μL), suggesting differences in adaptive immune function. An inverse relationship exists between eosinophil counts and airway pathogenic bacteria levels. The mechanistic reasons for these associations between eosinophils, corticosteroids and pathogenic bacteria are unclear. IgA, IgM and IgG levels were assessed in BAL, bronchial biopsies and epithelium collected from eosinophilhigh (n = 20) and eosinophillow (n = 21) patients. Bronchial B‐cell numbers were measured by immunohistochemistry. B‐cell activity was assessed in bronchial samples and following exposure to BAL from eosinophilhigh and eosinophillow patients. BAL levels of non‐typeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi)‐specific immunoglobulins were quantified. Results showed airway expression of IgA, IgG1 and IgM were lower in eosinophillow compared to eosinophilhigh patients, with lower levels of NTHi‐specific IgA and IgM. Bronchial B‐cell numbers were similar in both groups, but B‐cell activity was lower in eosinophillow patients. In conclusion, COPD eosinophillow patients show differences in adaptive immune function compared to COPD eosinophilhigh patients. These differences may cause different microbiomes in these COPD phenotypes.
Is jaw muscle activity impaired in adults with persistent temporomandibular disorders? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dinsdale Alana , Liang Zhiqi , Thomas Lucy , Treleaven Julia
Published: December 2020

Understanding jaw muscle activity changes in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is crucial to guide clinical management. The nature of these changes is currently unclear. Explore changes in jaw muscle activity in TMD. Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane) and bibliographies were searched from inception to 9 July 2020 for eligible studies, including grey literature. Case‐control and interventional studies reporting time‐domain and frequency‐domain electromyographic measures of jaw muscle activity in TMD and control groups were included. SIGN checklist for case‐control studies was used to evaluate risk of bias. Results were pooled for meta‐analysis using random‐effects model. Confidence in cumulative evidence was established using American Academy of Neurology guidelines. Forty‐five studies were included. Most were rated moderate risk of bias. Activity of four muscles (masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, suprahyoids) was assessed across six domains (resting, clenching, chewing, swallowing, concentrating, resisted mandibular movements), with partial meta‐analysis scope. Masseter and temporalis activity were significantly higher at rest (P = .05, P < .0001), but lower during brief maximal clenching (P = .005, P = .04) in TMD vs controls. Insufficient data precluded meta‐analysis of remaining outcomes and subgroup analysis. Confidence in cumulative evidence ranged from moderate to very low. Changes in jaw muscle activity exist in TMD, which are both task‐specific and muscle‐specific. It remains unclear whether jaw muscle activity changes vary between TMD subgroups. Muscle function should be considered in clinical management of TMD. Insufficient subgroup data highlight future direction for research.
Association between type of phototherapy management and hospital and patient‐related outcomes in neonates with non‐haemolytic jaundice at an Australian community hospital
Authors: Bautista Manuel , Griffin Alison , Hay Karen , Frakking Thuy T
Published: December 2020

Aim

To evaluate the associations between type of light‐emitting diode phototherapy intervention and hospital and patient related outcomes in term neonates with non‐haemolytic jaundice.

Methods

A retrospective observational study in a community hospital within a disadvantaged area in Australia was conducted. Data was extracted from hospital systems and medical records regarding the use of three types of phototherapy surface‐area exposure for term neonates ≤28 days with non‐haemolytic neonatal jaundice. Associations between type of phototherapy management and length of stay (LOS), rate of serum bilirubin (SBR) decline and duration of phototherapy were estimated using the general linear mixed model or linear regression.

Results

Of 102 neonates diagnosed with non‐haemolytic jaundice between 1 June 2016 and 31 August 2017, 82 were included in final analyses. Neonates treated for jaundice during their first (birth) admission had a median LOS of 118 h for single‐sided and 125 h for maximal double‐sided phototherapy. Differences by phototherapy type were not statistically significant (P = 0.06). SBR rate of decline increased as surface‐area of phototherapy increased (P < 0.001) with the fastest decline seen in maximal double‐sided phototherapy. Estimated duration of phototherapy did not vary by phototherapy type but did vary by age at initiation of phototherapy (P = 0.006), with 16 fewer hours of phototherapy if commenced at ≥72 to <96 h versus ≥24 to 48 h of age (difference −16.4 h, 95% confidence interval −29.1 to −3.7 h).

Conclusions

LOS and phototherapy duration were not associated with phototherapy type. Older neonates with neonatal jaundice required shorter phototherapy duration. Double‐sided phototherapy was associated with faster reduction in SBR.
“Surviving out of the Ashes” – An exploration of young adult service users' perspectives of mental health recovery
Authors: Mccauley Claire‐Odile , Mckenna Hugh , Keeney Sinead , Mclaughlin Derek
Published: December 2020

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

The conceptual components of mental health recovery have been proposed, however, the barriers to their sustainability within the context of internal and external stressors require further exploration.

Within their emerging adult role, young people will experience the personal challenges that will directly impact their understanding of their recovery, which will be different from other age groups.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

Findings revealed recovery is understood as an uncharted, timely and personal process of engaging and transcending pain. Perceived barriers to mental health recovery and the internal dynamics experienced within the process have been explored.

Recovery in young adulthood involved the reclaiming of their active and purposeful life force. It acquires real‐life relevance when applied to the social and cultural factors that provide meaning in life for young adults.

What are the Implications for practice?

This research will impact how mental health nurses understand the catalytic effects of personal, social and cultural meaning of suffering in young adults’ actualization of mental health recovery.

Findings have significance for practice as the process of mental health recovery must not be presented as a clinical pathway, but understood as a personalized strategy of individual wellness in young adulthood.

Introduction

Within their emerging adult role, young people will embark on employment, form intimate relationships and live independently. This indicates that how recovery is experienced and actualized in young adulthood may be different from other age groups.

Aim/Question

To explore young adult service user's perspectives of mental health recovery in Northern Ireland.

Method

Semi‐structured individual qualitative interviews were analysed using a Gadamerian‐based hermeneutic method and interpreted using a novel theoretical framework. The sample comprised 25 participants with an average age of 28 years.

Findings

Five key themes evolved: Services: A Losing Battle Straight Away; From your Foundations to a Step in the Dark; Let Go of the Pain not the Experience; Surviving Out of the Ashes Recovery; and Needs to be More than a Word.

Discussion

The main findings were that recovery involved the reclaiming of their active and purposeful life force. It is suggested that young adults have developed an explanatory model of “use that stuff you wanna bury” to transform an illness narrative to a wellness strategy.

Implications for Practice

This research has implications for mental health nursing so the process of mental health recovery is not presented as a clinical pathway, but a personalized strategy of individual wellness.
Polysemy and thought: Toward a generative theory of concepts
Authors: Quilty‐Dunn Jake
Published: December 2020

Most theories of concepts take concepts to be structured bodies of information used in categorization and inference. This paper argues for a version of atomism, on which concepts are unstructured symbols. However, traditional Fodorian atomism is falsified by polysemy and fails to provide an account of how concepts figure in cognition. This paper argues that concepts are generative pointers, that is, unstructured symbols that point to memory locations where cognitively useful bodies of information are stored and can be deployed to resolve polysemy. The notion of generative pointers allows for unresolved ambiguity in thought and provides a basis for conceptual engineering.