bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bjørnson og Aulestad: «uadskillelige» og «uløselige»? Fortellinger om en dikter og hans hjem
Authors: Egeland Marianne
Published: June 2018

Beliggende 18 km nord for Lillehammer åpnet Aulestad som nasjonalmuseum i 1935, innkjøpt etter en landsomfattende innsamlingsaksjon på 1920-tallet. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsons hjem er et av landets eldste og mest komplette husmuseer. Gitt den nærmest standardiserte mytifiseringen av dikterhjem som unike, litterære steder med privilegert tilgang til forfatteren, hvilken strategi benyttes i konstrueringen av relasjonen mellom Bjørnson og Aulestad som «uadskillelig» og «uløselig» til tross for at ingen av hans mest kjente verk ble skrevet der? Materialet som undersøkes, dekker mer enn hundre år. Det er ført i pennen av personer med nær tilknytning til Bjørnson og med særlig ansvar for å etablere en særegen Aulestad-diskurs, som bygger opp om den nasjonallitterær myten om mannen og stedet: venner, familiemedlemmer og museumsforvaltere. Biografer og litteraturhistorikere trekkes inn i analysen for å perspektivere skildringene. Fordi det var Karoline Bjørnson som faktisk skapte det hjemmet vi kan besøke, og som bodde der desidert lengst, utgjør kjønnsdimensjon i materialet, en integrert del av prosjektet. Å avdekke tema som i likhet med Aulestads nazistiske «arv» ikke inkluderes, er like relevant som å påpeke mønstre og endringer i diskursen over tid. Parallelt med at kvinners samfunnsmessige posisjon ble styrket, minket Karolines betydning i museumspresentasjonene.
Analýza pohybu Homo neanderthalensis
Authors: Káčerková Michaela
Published: June 2018

Cílem studie je zhodnotit možnosti lokomoce druhu Homo neanderthalensis a porovnat zjištěné skutečnosti s lokomocí moderního člověka (Homo sapiens). Po krátké charakteristice neandertálců následuje popis jednotlivých druhů lokomoce. Možnosti lokomoce neandertálců jsou (kromě přírodních podmínek) závislé především na kostře osové (zde je důležitá bederní lordóza a s ní související lordotický úhel) a na morfologii horních a také dolních končetin. Horní končetiny jsou uvažovány v souvislosti s manuální zručností a se škrábáním a házením. Zmíněna je také jejich síla. Morfologie dolních končetin má vliv na chůzi a běh, činnosti spojené s pohybem kolenního a hlezenního kloubu.
Katalánská kartografická díla 14. a 15. století a zachycení Asie a Afriky
Authors: Liščák Vladimír
Published: June 2018

Švýcarské nakladatelství Urs Graf Verlag GmbH se sídlem v Dietikonu na předměstí Curychu vydalo v letech 1977 a 1995 faksimile dvou výjimečných katalánských kartografických děl 14. a 15. století. Prvním z nich byla Mappa mundi, jež vznikla mezi lety 1375 a 1381), druhým kruhová Mappa mundi Estense z období mezi 1450 a 1460. První dílo je označováno též jako Katalánský atlas 1375 a skládá se z několika tabulí zachycujících tehdy známý svět od pobřeží Atlantského oceánu až po východní pobřeží Asie. Hlavními prameny pro zpracování východní části Asie byly cestopisy Marka Pola, tzv. Jana Mandevila a Odorika z Pordenone. (Grosjean, ed., 1977) Druhým dílem je kruhová mapa o průměru 113 cm, zachycující kromě známého světa i země dosud neobjevené, ale předpokládané, s jejich přibližnou polohou. (Milano, ed., 1995) Obě díla jsou bohatě ilustrována a na své si přijdou i milovníci vlajek. Faksimile, reprodukující díla ve skutečné velikosti, doplňují podrobné studie a přepisy katalánských textů na mapách s jejich komentovanými překlady (v prvním případě do němčiny, ve druhém do italštiny a němčiny). Tento příspěvek podává přehled o obou těchto mapách s originálními texty a jejich překlady na základě nejnovější literatury.
José Sánchez Somoano: Un profesor de Educación Física Escolar entre Madrid y México (1887-1913)
Authors: Torrebadella Flix Xavier
Published: June 2018

En la convulsa encrucijada política y nacionalista del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, la configuración de los diferentes sistemas gimnásticos y de educación física representó, tanto en Europa como en América, un espacio de singulares y debatidas controversias técnicas e ideológicas. En esta coyuntura, algunos profesionales de la gimnástica probaron suerte fuera de sus países y, a la vez que exportaron conocimientos de los diferentes métodos gimnásticos, también trataron de congeniar aspiraciones de progreso y de modernidad en los países de acogida. Uno de estos profesionales fue José Sánchez y González de Somoano, profesor de gimnástica español que mantuvo una estrecha vinculación profesional con México, durante la segunda presidencia del general Porfirio Díaz. Su labor como fundador y director del gimnasio de la Escuela Normal de Profesores de México, entre 1887 y 1889, hacen que su figura, todavía inédita en la historia de la educación, sea recuperada como objeto de estudio de este trabajo a partir de una reveladora biografía y el estudio bibliográfico de algunas de sus obras más emblemáticas. El análisis crítico de estas obras, en el contexto histórico de la propia materia, permite establecer las analogías y las diferencias en el desarrollo y la conceptualización de la educación física escolar entre España y México. Asimismo, la información presentada es significativamente representativa para al conocimiento social y cultural del momento histórico y la relación transoceánica que existió entre ambos países
Los manuales de higiene escolar para maestros en Cuba, 1902-1963
Authors: Cordoví Yoel
Published: June 2018

El artículo se adentra en el análisis de los contenidos de los manuales de higiene escolar para maestros, entre la publicación del primer Manual o guía para los exámenes de los maestros cubanos, en 1902, fecha del establecimiento de la república de Cuba hasta la edición de los Fundamentos básicos de Higiene Escolar, en 1963, previa nacionalización de la enseñanza tras el triunfo de la revolución cubana. No se trata de describir cada uno de los diez manuales procesados, sino que el objetivo principal radica en identificar las tendencias en las continuidades y también en los cambios de contenidos y enfoques higiénico-pedagógicos. La estructura del texto responde esencialmente a un conjunto de criterios metodológicos para el tratamiento del universo editorial relacionado con la manualística especializada en el país. En particular, se parte del criterio de los «usos» públicos (políticos) de la higiene escolar en los discursos pedagógicos, acorde con las retóricas del nacionalismo cubano en los diferentes contextos, así como su incidencia en los cambios de denominación y de orientación curricular que median entre la concepción de la asignatura Fisiología e Higiene (1902-1944) y la de Educación para la Salud (1944-1963).
La enseñanza de la Historia en las Filipinas españolas a través de los libros de texto: negocio, censura y control social
Authors: Inarejos, Juan Antonio
Published: June 2018

El contenido y enfoque de las asignaturas de historia recogidas en la reforma de la Instrucción Primaria de Filipinas de 1863 fueron concebidas por las autoridades coloniales como un efectivo mecanismo de control social. Por eso los libros de texto destinados a la enseñanza primaria y secundaria estuvieron sometidos al férreo control y a la censura de los religiosos que controlaron la educación colonial. Pero esta reforma educativa también abrió enormes horizontes de enriquecimiento económico a través del negocio de la venta de los libros de texto destinados a las instituciones educativas filipinas encuadrados en la tradición historiográfica liberal conservadora. Finalmente, durante el tramo finisecular, cuando arreciaron las protestas contra el dominio peninsular en el archipiélago, las autoridades coloniales apoyaron la distribución como manuales escolares de una serie de obras de carácter patriótico que ensalzaron la obra colonizadora de la metrópoli.
Fotografía, propaganda y educación. Presentación
Authors: Comas Rubi Francesca , Pozo Andrés María del Mar
Published: June 2018

Desde sus orígenes, la fotografía se ha considerado un testimonio visual objetivo de un hecho o momento del pasado, y se ha utilizado como tal para ilustrar o reforzar el texto escrito. Durante muchas décadas, la tendencia general ha conducido a pensar que la fotografía refleja algo real y objetivo. Y es cierto que contiene elementos, objetos, espacios o personas cuya existencia queda verificada gracias a la imagen. La fotografía puede mentir sobre el sentido de una cosa, pero no sobre su existencia. Hay, por tanto, elementos preexistentes en cualquier fotografía, que nos aportan información objetiva sobre su presencia en el pasado. Pero detrás de una fotografía hay muchos más elementos personales, institucionales o sociales que la han condicionado. Forma parte de un contexto social, histórico, político y cultural, que afecta tanto a su producción como a su difusión. No todo se fotografía ni en todo momento. Al igual que cualquier producto social, como bien apuntaba Bourdieu, lo que se considera en un momento dado fotografiable es fruto de un consenso al que se llega a partir de intereses, voluntades e incluso patrones sociales preestablecidos. El análisis de una fotografía, por tanto, deberá ir más allá de constatar la existencia histórica de los elementos que aparecen en ella, para adentrarse, teniendo en cuenta su contexto en sentido amplio, en aquello que representa, en el discurso que construye a través de la imagen.
Estudos de Tendências: contributo para uma abordagem de análise e gestão da cultura
Authors:   Universidade de Lisboa, Gomes Nelson Pinheiro , Cohen Suzana Amarante de Mendonça , Flores Ana Marta M. ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Published: June 2018

O presente artigo pretende problematizar o desenvolvimento e o processo de consolidação dos Estudos de Tendências, enquanto área transversal com características transdisciplinares, que se desenvolveu em articulação com os conceitos e as práticas de áreas como os Estudos de Cultura. As várias perspetivas dos Estudos de Tendências e as suas diversas associações promovem um desenvolvimento disperso que se torna considerar e desconstruir, encontrando pontos em comum e práticas, ou perspetivas, distintas, com vista a uma maior coesão de conceitos e de metodologias. Neste sentido, importa apresentar um modelo de articulação para a identificação e a observação sistemáticas de tendências, no âmbito do estudo das mudanças ao nível da cultura e de mentalidades. Isto permite gerar um processo paralelo de análise cultural capaz de contribuir com as bases para a geração de soluções estratégicas para questões institucionais e sociais, numa nova abordagem ao nível da gestão da cultura.
Sobre o Estar-Junto-Com Como Tendência Sociocultural e Coletivos Criativos: uma proposta interdisciplinar de metodologia para identificação de tendências visando cenários de futuro
Authors: Visoná Paula Cristina
Published: June 2018

Esse artigo se debruça sobre uma proposta de metodologia de identificação de tendências socioculturais e seus desdobramentos. Para desenvolver tal objetivo, abordamos o entendimento de tendências especialmente a partir de uma visão sociológica. Ao abrirmos essa perspectiva, introduzimos nosso entendimento de que tendências socioculturais são sensibilidades sociais, e assim sendo, estabelecem os princípios para a emergência de formas sociais, valores e outras tendências. O entendimento dessa relação é essencial, pois nos leva a abordar a correspondência entre o objeto de estudo dessa investigação – os Coletivos Criativos – e a tendência sociocultural estar-junto-com. Tendo estabelecido as conexões entre essas instâncias, o trabalho aborda a imanente relação entre elas e a emergência da economia criativa, também tratada aqui como economia da cultura. Após tecer essas afinidades, apresentamos a ferramenta cenários de futuro e localizamos sua utilização na proposta metodológica que desdobramos. Tal proposta se pauta em princípios da sociologia compreensiva, da antropologia interpretativa e do Dialogismo, tendo nos cenários de futuro um mecanismo de visualização, por meio de narrativa, de desenvolvimento para elementos identificados in loco em Coletivos Criativos da cidade Porto Alegre.
A Pesquisa de Tendências e a Gestão de Marcas de Moda na Sociedade de Hiperconsumo Moderna
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Ceccato Patricia , Gomez Luiz Salomão Ribas
Published: June 2018

A sociedade moderna caracteriza-se pela generalização da moda, que é a valorização do novo. Marcas de moda, portanto, são aquelas cujos produtos renovam-se ciclicamente, apresentando modificações constantemente. Em que sentido essas mudanças tendem a ocorrer é o que buscam prever as pesquisas de tendências, realizadas de maneira profissional pelos bureaux de estilo. A sociedade contemporânea é marcada também pelo hiperconsumo, em que os indivíduos adquirem muito mais que a funcionalidade dos produtos: eles buscam experenciar sensações, sentimentos, compartilhar valores, estilos de vida e personalidades. Nesse sentido, as marcas atribuem muito mais que uma assinatura aos produtos, mas sua gestão, ou branding, visa associar a seus nomes uma série de atributos intangíveis com os quais se identifique um grupo de consumidores. O objetivo deste estudo, nesse cenário, é descrever e analisar as relações entre a moda, o hiperconsumo, a gestão de marcas e a pesquisa de tendências na sociedade moderna.
O Sutiã e Seus Precursores: uma análise estrutural e diacrônica
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Alves Rosiane Pereira , Martins Laura Bezerra
Published: June 2018

Este artigo apresenta uma análise estrutural e diacrônica das roupas íntimas usadas para vestir as mamas femininas. Privilegiou a revisão de literatura enquanto fonte de dados. Estes revelaram que as estruturas configurativas dos precursores - protossutiãs e espartilhos - foram parcialmente transferidas para o sutiã. Porém, enquanto os protossutiãs e os espartilhos atuaram como mantenedores de um modelo de status quo de mulheres que não precisavam trabalhar, o sutiã contribuiu para a mudança desse paradigma. Sua criação, adoção e popularização ocorreram no início do século XX, sob influência das demandas sociais do mundo do trabalho e do desenvolvimento do prêt-à-porter.
O Coolhunter e a Pesquisa de Tendências na Era Digital
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Gora Nicolle Alexandra
Published: June 2018

Esta é uma entrevista com a profissional Paula Abbas, Head de Design Estratégico e docente em Coolhunting e Design Thinking, sobre o trabalho do Coolhunter e o estudo de tendências como estratégia de inovação nas empresas. A entrevistada discorre sobre a importância da pesquisa de tendências do ponto de vista profissional, das habilidades do profissional Coolhunter e da metodologia e influência da globalização e tecnologia digital no estudo de tendências. Por fim, comenta sobre as mudanças no segmento da moda e prevê para onde caminha este mercado.
Reconceptualising workplace resilience - A cross-disciplinary perspective.
Authors: Rook Caroline , Smith Lee , Johnstone James , Rossato Claire , López Sánchez Guillermo Felipe , Díaz Suárez Arturo , Roberts Justin
Published: June 2018

Stressful situations, performance pressure, and setbacks are part of contemporary organizational life. The dynamic nature of technological advances and globalisation of business leads to tougher competitive pressures and constant change. People’s responses to these challenging circumstances vary widely. Some bounce back and adapt to increasing challenges and adversity, others’ healthy functioning is significantly impaired. Even though resilience is recognised as a crucial issue in the workplace, the rates of new cases of work-related stress and depression have remained broadly flat for more than 10 years. Resilience research within Applied Psychology typically focuses on the psychological domain of a person’s functioning. This means that also resilience trainings or interventions focus on only one area. The present paper aims to build a comprehensive conceptualization of workplace resilience ultimately to assist in informing targeted intervention and in developing a model to move the research area forward as a whole. A cross-disciplinary understanding of and approach to individual resilience in the workplace would allow to better understand the mechanism of why some people bounce back from adverse events whereas others’ well-being declines. We propose a resilience framework with antecedents considering psychological (cognitive and emotional) and physiological correlates (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and metabolic). 
Evaluation of Temperature Changes in the Pulpal Chamber of the Primary Tooth During Curing of Colored Compomers
Authors: Altan Halenur , Göztaş Zeynep , Tosun Gul , Sarı Tuğrul
Published: June 2018

Purpose: To
investigate the temperature changes in the primary teeth pulp chambers during
the curing of different colored compomers

Methods:
Five extracted primary mandibular second molars were prepared with class II
cavities. Gold, blue, green, berry, and tooth (control group) colored compomers
were tested in two steps (aproximal and occlusal). Measurement of pulp chamber
temperature changes during curing was performed with a J type thermocouple. The
data including differences between the highest and initial temperature values
were recorded and analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests

Results:
There
were statistically significant differences temperature changes in groups (p<
0.05). Gold colored compomer showed the highest temperature increase in both
proximal and occlusal surfaces. Tooth colored compomer(A2) showed the lower
temperature increase. The temperature increase in aproximal cavities was found
to be higher than the temperature increase in occlusal cavities.

Conclusions:
Colored
compomer can be an alternative restorative materials in superficial class I and
II cavities in primary teeth. Dark coloured compomers should be used in deep
cavities.
Relations between scientific reasoning, culture of problem solving and pupil's school performance
Authors: Hejnová Eva , Eisenmann Petr , Cihlář Jiří , Přibyl Jiří
Published: June 2018

The article reports the results of a study, the main aim of which was to find out correlations among the three components of the Culture of problem solving (reading comprehension, creativity and ability to use the existing knowledge) and six dimensions of Scientific reasoning (conservation of matter and volume, proportional reasoning, control of variables, probability reasoning, correlation reasoning and hypothetical-deductive reasoning). Further, we present the correlations among individual components of the Culture of problem-solving and individual dimensions of Scientific reasoning with pupils’ school performance in mathematics and physics. We conducted our survey among 23 pupils aged between 14–15 years in the Ústí nad Labem Region. The results have shown that one component of the Culture of problem-solving – the ability to use the existing knowledge – strongly correlates with three dimensions of the Scientific reasoning structure: proportional reasoning, control of variables and probability reasoning. However, no correlation was proved between the creativity and the dimensions of Scientific reasoning. We have found out also that the indicators of the Culture of problem-solving and the Scientific reasoning largely do not correlate with school performance either in mathematics or in physics.
Stratégies d’engagement, faisabilité et impact potentiel d’une intervention de groupe cognitive comportementale pour la psychose au sein d’une équipe de suivi intensif dans le milieu
Authors: Francoeur Audrey , Hache-Labelle Catherine , Samson Crystal , Vézina Martin , Lecomte Tania
Published: June 2018

Objectifs Le but de cette étude pilote est de documenter les stratégies utilisées pour faciliter l’engagement des participants d’une équipe de suivi intensif dans le milieu (SIM) à une thérapie cognitive comportementale pour la psychose (TCCp) de groupe offerte pour la première fois dans ce contexte, ainsi que de décrire la faisabilité de cette intervention auprès de ce type de clientèle et des intervenants impliqués.

Méthode Une TCCp de groupe de 24 rencontres a été mise en place. Les participants ont été recrutés parmi les deux équipes SIM de Laval. Différentes stratégies ont été élaborées et documentées afin de favoriser l’engagement à la thérapie des participants. Les participants ont rempli les questionnaires suivants : l’Échelle brève d’estime de soi ; l’Inventaire bref des symptômes psychiatriques ; l’Échelle de provisions sociales avant et après la thérapie.

Résultats Les données descriptives montrent que les stratégies faisant partie de la catégorie « Renforcements positifs » ont été les plus utilisées, étant suivies de près par les « Matériels et services » et ensuite par les stratégies visant à pallier les « Problèmes de mémoire ». Les participants se sont présentés en moyenne à 76 % des séances. Quatre participants sur huit ont eu une amélioration sur leur score global d’estime de soi, 3 se sont améliorés sur leur soutien social et 3 se sont améliorés au niveau de l’indice de sévérité globale des symptômes.

Conclusion L’information recueillie pourrait être très importante pour d’autres équipes de suivi intensif qui souhaiteraient effectuer une TCCp au sein de la clientèle ciblée. Celle-ci pourrait particulièrement en bénéficier en considérant qu’une TCCp de groupe pourrait diminuer l’isolement social et la marginalisation souvent vécus par les individus ayant des troubles mentaux graves.
Intervention en contexte de radicalisation menant à la violence : une approche clinique multidisciplinaire
Authors: Ben-Cheikh Imen , Rousseau Cécile , Hassan Ghayda , Brami Mathieu , Hernandez Stéphane , Rivest Marie-Hélène
Published: June 2018

Ce manuscrit propose une première description d’un travail clinique spécialisé au regard de la radicalisation menant à la violence au Canada. Une équipe clinique multidisciplinaire rattachée à un programme de santé mentale et de soins de première ligne à Montréal offre depuis juillet 2016 un service de consultation spécialisée pour soutenir des partenaires sur l’ensemble du territoire du Québec. Cet article décrit l’approche de l’équipe, l’organisation de l’offre de service et documente à travers des vignettes cliniques les principales catégories de problèmes sociaux et cliniques pour lesquels l’équipe fut sollicitée durant sa première année de fonctionnement. Nos observations préliminaires confirment la pertinence d’une évaluation pluridisciplinaire fondée sur une approche systémique du phénomène de la radicalisation violente, pour appréhender les différents facteurs sociaux, familiaux et individuels qui influencent les manifestations de ce phénomène, et déterminer la nature des interventions psychosociales et/ou psychiatriques pertinentes. La présentation des cas cliniques propose aux intervenants sociaux, communautaires et en santé mentale des pistes d’intervention et une compréhension du phénomène de radicalisation violente tel qu’il se présente dans les réseaux de la santé, de la protection de la jeunesse et de l’éducation au Québec.
Multiple processing limitations underlie multitasking costs
Authors: Lui Kelvin F. H. , Wong Alan C.-N.
Published: June 2018

Background. Human multitasking is typically defined as the practice of performing more than one task at the same time (dual-task) or rapidly alternating between multiple tasks (task switching). The majority of research in multitasking has been focusing on individual paradigms, with surprisingly little effort in understanding their relationships.

Methods. We adopted an individual-differences approach to reveal the limitations underlying multitasking costs measured in different paradigms.

Results. Exploratory factor analyses revealed not a general multitasking factor but instead three different processing limitations associated with response selection, retrieval and maintenance of task information, and task-set reconfiguration. The three factors were only weakly correlated with and thus not reducible to common measures of processing speed, working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. Males and females excelled in different aspects of multitasking, demonstrating the benefit of using a multifaceted view of multitasking competency in group comparison.

Discussion. Findings of the current study help resolve conflicting results between studies using different paradigms, and form the basis of more comprehensive measurement tools and training protocols covering different aspects of multitasking limitations. The study will also help future integration of multitasking abilities into the theoretical framework of executive function.
Rapid ecological specialization despite constant population sizes
Authors: Rakotoarivelo Andrinajoro R , Moodley Yoshan
Published: June 2018

Background. The bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus, is the most widespread and ecologically diverse ungulate species complex within the spiral-horned antelopes, occurring in approximately 73% of the total land area of sub-Saharan Africa. This species was found to consist of two genetically divergent lineages based on the mitochondrial (mt)DNA control region. One lineage inhabited the north-western half of the African continent (T. scriptus) while the other lineage (T. sylvaticus) was found in the south-eastern half. The complex was also found to comprise an unprecedented example of 23 phylogenetically distinct groups (‘ecotypes’), with montane and desert phenotypes potentially resulting from convergent evolution. The current study aim to test hypotheses regarding historical demography and adaptation of bushbuck using a higher-resolution framework, with faster evolving nuclear markers(MGF, PRKCI, SPTBN, and THY) as well as three further mitochondrial markers (cytochrome b, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA). Methods. Genealogies were reconstructed for the nuclear and mitochondrial data sets and for each gene independently to test the non-monphyly of the bushbuck complexe in a multi loci framework. In addition, we reconstruct the phylogeographic history of the bushbuck complex by a Bayesian discrete phylogeographic approach of our nucDNA data set to investigate its geographic diffusion and ancestral sequence location. Results. We uncovered two evolutionarily divergent lineages and geographically restricted lineages (Sylvaticus and Scriptus) of bushbuck using phylogenetics. Molecular dating indicates that these lineages last shared a common ancestor ∼2.54 million years ago. Summary statistics and analysis of the frequency distributions of DNA polymorphisms do not have any support for expanding population. Both BSPs and EBSPs indicate that the Scriptus and Sylvaticus lineages have remained relatively stable during the last 225-450Kya. Discussion. Both nucDNA and mtDNA support previously findings of two genetically divergent Sylvaticus and Scriptus lineages, despite them coming into secondary contact in several geographic regions. The three mtDNA loci confirmed 15 of the previously defined ecotypes, including those with convergent phenotypes. However, the nuclear tree showed less phylogenetic resolution at the more derived parts of the genealogy, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting of the slower evolving nuclear genome. The only exception to this was the montane ecotype meneliki of the Ethiopian highlands, which formed a monophyletic group at three of the four nucDNA loci. The independent evolution of this group relative to phenotypically similar montane ecotypes in Africa confirm previously suggestions of convergence within the bushbuck complex.
Quasi-Materials and the Making of Interior Atmospheres
Authors: Sadar John Stanislav
Published: June 2018

In The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment, Reyner Banham presents a parable in which, having come across an amount of wood, a nomadic tribe must decide how to use it to keep warm overnight: build a structure or build a fire (and burn the wood as fuel). The first of these uses the materials directly to create an amenable interior condition using the tangible materiality of geometric construction. The second, however, generates heat from combustion, thereby creating an intangible, graduated, thermal interiority, which one can draw deeper into, by moving closer to the fire, or recede from, by moving away.
Interior architecture has largely been concerned with achieving shelter and creating an interior atmosphere through the dependability and predictability of physical materials. Less often has interior architecture considered the interiority achieved through the temporal contingency of atmospheric quasi-materials (taking a cue from Tonino Griffero’s quasithings), phenomena such as light, sound, temperature, and humidity. While these often strike one as outside of the realm of designers, their effects profoundly colour our experiences of our environments: the smells of street food, the heat of the metro air exhaust, the veil of fog rolling in. A selection of student projects probing quasi-materials in interior architecture reveals their nature and potential for making interior environments. More akin to building a fire than fitting out a shell, these projects question existing tenets of interior architecture, while they enable types of interiority that are fluid, graduated and temporal.
Tracing the Progression of Inhabitation through Interior Surface in Semarang Old Town
Authors: Warakanyaka AA Ayu Suci , Yatmo Yandi Andri
Published: June 2018

The capacity of an interior to adapt and transform through time has imprinted interior with the consequences from its past occupancies. This paper argues that the trace of the past is imprinted within the layers of interior surfaces. The interior surfaces become the medium to trace the inhabitation throughout the life of the building and its interior, from the lens of Anthropocene. In particular this paper attempts to speculate the progression of inhabitation through the interior surface of the buildings in Semarang Old Town, Central Java, Indonesia that are presented through the stories of the facade, the paint and the tiles, and reveal how these layers narrate the idea of the deep time in which the past inhabitation is embedded. These layers of interior surfaces suggest the role of time, continuous transformation, and the traces of inhabitation in affecting and producing the current interior spaces. The understanding of deep time as reflected in the layers of interior surfaces suggests the agency of human inhabitation and culture within the transformation of interior space and highlights the ability of interior space to manoeuvre in time.
Unsupervised segmentation of greenhouse plant images based on modified Latent Dirichlet Allocation
Authors: Wang Yi , Xu Lihong
Published: June 2018

Agricultural greenhouse plant images with complicated scenes are difficult to precisely manually label. The appearance of leaf disease spots and mosses increases the difficulty in plant segmentation. Considering these problems, this paper proposed a statistical image segmentation algorithm MSBS-LDA (Mean-shift Bandwidths Searching Latent Dirichlet Allocation), which can perform unsupervised segmentation of greenhouse plants. The main idea of the algorithm is to take advantage of the language model LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) to deal with image segmentation based on the design of spatial documents. The maximum points of probability density function in image space are mapped as documents and Mean-shift is utilized to fulfill the word-document assignment. The proportion of the first major word in word frequency statistics determines the coordinate space bandwidth, and the spatial LDA segmentation procedure iteratively searches for optimal color space bandwidth in the light of the LUV distances between classes. In view of the fruits in plant segmentation result and the ever-changing illumination condition in greenhouses, an improved leaf segmentation method based on watershed is proposed to further segment the leaves. Experiment results show that the proposed methods can segment greenhouse plants and leaves in an unsupervised way and obtain a high segmentation accuracy together with an effective extraction of the fruit part.
Omissions
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: June 2018

Contrary to the view of Frances Kamm and Jeff McMahan that we can let something happen by acting – e.g., let somebody die by turning off a life‐sustaining apparatus – it is argued in this entry that letting happen takes omitting or refraining from action. It is also false that we can act, e.g. kill, by letting something, like death, occur, as Judith Thomson has claimed. It is suggested that these views are motivated by the unjustified assumption that letting an event happen, or allowing it to happen, is easier to morally justify than actively causing it to happen. Omitting an action, like refraining from it, implies that we have a true belief that we can perform it. They differ in that, whereas refraining requires that at the time we are conscious of having this capacity and decide not to act, or consciously do not make a decision to this effect, we may negligently overlook that we have this capacity to act when we omit performing the act. Nonetheless, we are responsible for our omissions to act.
Benevolence
Authors: Blum Lawrence
Published: June 2018

Benevolence has played an important role in the history of both Western and Chinese moral philosophy. Historically, it has often been used as the most general and encompassing term to refer to a sentiment aimed at promoting the good of others for its own sake. Since many, though not all, traditions in Western and Chinese moral philosophy identify morality with seeking the good of others, it is understandable that benevolence so understood should be regarded as so central to morality. This usage is important because of the challenge of psychological egoism (seeegoism), the view that agents seek as their ultimate end only their own good. Unearthing any example of someone aiming at the good of another for her own sake, no matter how minimal, is sufficient to refute psychological egoism. Once the threat of egoism is dispensed with, however, it becomes evident that the category “aiming at the good of others for its own sake” covers an extremely disparate range of actions and motives. Contemporary usages of “benevolence” are more sensitive to that variety.
Nudging
Authors: Wilkinson T. M.
Published: June 2018

A nudge is an attempt to change people's behavior by making minor changes in their environments rather than by changing the costs and benefits of their options. An example is making people opt out rather than opt in to pension schemes. The hope is that, by designing policies that go with the grain of human psychology, either people who are nudged or the wider society could be benefited without restricting freedom and perhaps without costing too much money. This entry sets out some different ways in which nudging has been interpreted and how it relates to paternalism, particularly what is called “libertarian paternalism.” It then discusses two objections. The first is that nudging is a form of manipulative control. Some methods of nudging would be clearly manipulative and others clearly not, which leaves further cases where the concept of manipulation is not yet developed well enough to give easy answers. A separate consideration in assessing the ethics of even manipulative nudges is how people feel about being nudged. The second objection is that nudgers may abuse their power and that democratic control would fail to prevent abuse because nudging is too insidious to be detected by voters. The force of this objection also partly depends on how people feel about being nudged.
Las Casas, Bartolomé de
Authors: Zorrilla Víctor
Published: June 2018

Bartolomé de las Casas (1484–1566) is known for his role in defense of the Amerindian communities during the Spanish conquest and early domination of the Americas. He upheld the essential unity tying all the peoples together, which had its basis in shared human rationality, and advanced a view in which all men and women are fundamentally equal despite their cultural differences. Thus he favored a rationally grounded cultural understanding between peoples. As a consequence, Las Casas contended that there should be several ethical duties that all humans were bound to honor regarding one another, and certain rights that must be respected. Among the latter were the right to be persuaded peacefully to adopt a conviction or way of life, the right to defend one's community and property, and the right to liberty and self‐determination in the political sphere. Las Casas's thought has been recognized as holding universal value in the struggle for human emancipation from oppression and injustice
Collateral Consequences of Conviction
Authors: Hoskins Zachary
Published: June 2018

In addition to a formal term of punishment, people convicted of crimes are subject to numerous other burdens, which legal scholars and practitioners have termed “collateral consequences.” Such consequences may be informal, such as social stigma or financial difficulties, or formal legal burdens, such as employment or welfare bans. Collateral consequences raise a number of challenging philosophical questions, including whether they sometimes constitute additional measures of punishment, and whether they can be justified either as forms of criminal punishment or as civil measures.
Bistable and Reconfigurable Photonic Crystals—Electroactive Shape Memory Polymer Nanocomposite for Ink‐Free Rewritable Paper
Authors: Xie Yu , Meng Yuan , Wang Wenxin , Zhang Elric , Leng Jinsong , Pei Qibing
Published: June 2018

Paper has remained the world's most‐widely accessible information medium even as sustainable and reusable paper replacements have attracted increasing attention. Here, an ink‐free rewritable paper concept is developed that combines recent developments in photonic crystals, shape memory polymers, and electroactive polymers in a nanocomposite that matches the benefits of paper as a zero‐energy, long‐term data storage medium, but provides the additional advantage of rewritability. The rewritable paper consists of a ferroferric oxide‐carbon (Fe3O4@C) core–shell nanoparticle (NP)‐based photonic crystal embedded in a bistable electroactive polymer (BSEP). Electrical actuation induces large deformation in the z‐axis of the nanocomposite, creating distinct color change in the actuated area. This nanocomposite stores high fidelity color images without inks, the images remain stable after more than a year of storage in ambient conditions, and the stored images can then be rewritten over 500 times without degrading. A seven‐segment numerical display is also demonstrated.
Probing Quantum Confinement and Electronic Structure at Polar Oxide Interfaces
Authors: Li Danfeng , Lemal Sébastien , Gariglio Stefano , Wu Zhenping , Fête Alexandre , Boselli Margherita , Ghosez Philippe , Triscone Jean‐Marc
Published: June 2018

Polar discontinuities occurring at interfaces between two materials constitute both a challenge and an opportunity in the study and application of a variety of devices. In order to cure the large electric field occurring in such structures, a reconfiguration of the charge landscape sets in at the interface via chemical modifications, adsorbates, or charge transfer. In the latter case, one may expect a local electronic doping of one material: one example is the two‐dimensional electron liquid (2DEL) appearing in SrTiO3 once covered by a polar LaAlO3 layer. Here, it is shown that tuning the formal polarization of a (La,Al)1−x(Sr,Ti)xO3 (LASTO:x) overlayer modifies the quantum confinement of the 2DEL in SrTiO3 and its electronic band structure. The analysis of the behavior in magnetic field of superconducting field‐effect devices reveals, in agreement with ab initio calculations and self‐consistent Poisson–Schrödinger modeling, that quantum confinement and energy splitting between electronic bands of different symmetries strongly depend on the interface total charge densities. These results strongly support the polar discontinuity mechanisms with a full charge transfer to explain the origin of the 2DEL at the celebrated LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface and demonstrate an effective tool for tailoring the electronic structure at oxide interfaces.
Neuromorphic Time‐Dependent Pattern Classification with Organic Electrochemical Transistor Arrays
Authors: Pecqueur Sébastien , Mastropasqua Talamo Maurizio , Guérin David , Blanchard Philippe , Roncali Jean , Vuillaume Dominique , Alibart Fabien
Published: June 2018

Based on bottom‐up assembly of highly variable neural cells units, the nervous system can reach unequalled level of performances with respect to standard materials and devices used in microelectronic. Reproducing these basic concepts in hardware could potentially revolutionize materials and device engineering which are used for information processing. Here, an innovative approach that relies on both iono‐electronic materials and intrinsic device physics to show pattern classification out of a 12‐unit biosensing array is presented. The reservoir computing and learning concept to demonstrate relevant computing based on the ionic dynamics in 400 nm channel‐length organic electrochemical transistor is used. It is shown that this approach copes efficiently with the high level of variability obtained by bottom‐up fabrication using a new electropolymerizable polymer, which enables iono‐electronic device functionality and material stability in the electrolyte. The effect of the array size and variability on the performances for a real‐time classification task paving the way to new embedded sensing and processing approaches is investigated.
Defense with benefits? Ducking plants outperformed erect plants in the goldenrod Solidago gigantea in the absence of herbivory
Authors: Wise Michael J.
Published: June 2018

Premise of the Study

Despite the fact that herbivores can be highly detrimental to their host plants’ fitness, plant populations often maintain genetic variation for resistance to their natural enemies. Investigating the various costs (e.g., allocation tradeoffs, autotoxicity, and ecological costs) that may prevent plants from evolving to their fullest potential resistance has been a productive strategy for shedding insight into the eco‐evolutionary dynamics of plant–herbivore communities.

Methods

Recent studies have shown that some individuals of goldenrod (Solidago spp.) evade apex‐attacking herbivores by a temporary nodding of their stem (i.e., resistance‐by‐ducking). Although ducking provides an obvious fitness benefit to these individuals, nonducking (erect) morphs persist in goldenrod populations. In this study, I investigated potential costs of ducking in Solidago gigantea in terms of tradeoffs involving growth and reproduction in a common garden experiment using field‐collected seeds.

Key Results

The S. gigantea population contained substantial genetic variation for stem morph, with 28% erect and 72% ducking stems. In the absence of herbivory, ducking plants were taller, had thicker stems, and produced an average of 20% more seeds than erect plants.

Conclusions

This study suggests that resistance‐by‐ducking, instead of being costly, actually comes with additional, nondefense‐related benefits. These results support the conclusion that the factors that constrain the evolution of resistance in plant populations are likely to be more subtle and complex than simple tradeoffs in resource allocation.
(3+3)‐Annulation of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Diaziridines
Authors: Chagarovskiy Alexey O. , Vasin Vladimir S. , Kuznetsov Vladimir V. , Ivanova Olga A. , Rybakov Victor B. , Shumsky Alexey N. , Makhova Nina N. , Trushkov Igor V.
Published: June 2018

The first example of (3+3)‐annulation of two different three‐membered rings is reported herein. Donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes in reaction with diaziridines were found to afford perhydropyridazine derivatives in high yields and diastereoselectivity under mild Lewis acid catalysis. The disclosed reaction is applicable for the broad substrate scope and exhibits an excellent functional group tolerance.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Treating Traumatic Pelvic Fractures
Authors: Miller Ramie
Published: June 2018

Pelvic fractures are traumatic injuries that can be caused by motor vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, motor vehicle–related pedestrian injuries, or falls from a significant height. These injuries can be life threatening because of the high vascularity of the pelvis and the difficulty in being able to see bleeding occurring in this area. Traditional approaches to treat pelvic fractures have been pelvic binding, external fixation, and open preperitoneal packing; however, the use of angiography and embolization enables faster pinpointing of the location of the bleeding. Increased use of hybrid ORs for treating traumatic pelvic fractures combines the superior imaging of interventional radiology with an OR that can quickly provide open interventions without needing to move a patient from an interventional radiology suite to another OR. This improvement in technology has combined the resources and knowledge of more diverse disciplines to provide a more centralized approach to improving patient outcomes.
Fluidigm2PURC: Automated processing and haplotype inference for double‐barcoded PCR amplicons
Authors: Blischak Paul D. , Latvis Maribeth , Morales‐Briones Diego F. , Johnson Jens C. , Di Stilio Verónica S. , Wolfe Andrea D. , Tank David C.
Published: June 2018

Premise of the Study

Targeted enrichment strategies for phylogenomic inference are a time‐ and cost‐efficient way to collect DNA sequence data for large numbers of individuals at multiple, independent loci. Automated and reproducible processing of these data is a crucial step for researchers conducting phylogenetic studies.

Methods and Results

We present Fluidigm2PURC, an open source Python utility for processing paired‐end Illumina data from double‐barcoded PCR amplicons. In combination with the program PURC (Pipeline for Untangling Reticulate Complexes), our scripts process raw FASTQ files for analysis with PURC and use its output to infer haplotypes for diploids, polyploids, and samples with unknown ploidy. We demonstrate the use of the pipeline with an example data set from the genus Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae).

Conclusions

Fluidigm2PURC is freely available for Unix‐like operating systems on GitHub (https://github.com/pblischak/fluidigm2purc) and for all operating systems through Docker (https://hub.docker.com/r/pblischak/fluidigm2purc).
iMEC: Online Marker Efficiency Calculator
Authors: Amiryousefi Ali , Hyvönen Jaakko , Poczai Péter
Published: June 2018

Premise of the Study

To accurately design plant genetic studies, the information content of utilized markers and primers must be calculated. Plant genotyping studies should take into account the efficiency of each marker system by calculating different parameters to find the optimal combination of primers. This can be problematic because there are currently no easily accessible applications that can be used to calculate multiple indices together.

Methods and Results

The program Online Marker Efficiency Calculator (iMEC) was developed using R for the simple computation of seven polymorphism indices (heterozygosity index, polymorphism information content, discriminating power, effective multiplex ratio, marker index, arithmetic mean heterozygosity, and resolving power). These indices are based on dominant and codominant DNA fingerprinting markers, thus allowing comparison and selection of optimal genetic markers for a given data set.

Conclusions

iMEC simplifies the calculation of diverse indices for the marker of choice to better enable researchers to measure polymorphism information for individual markers. The program is available at https://irscope.shinyapps.io/iMEC/.