bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N‐doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanomeshes as Oxygen Reduction in pH‐Universal Media and Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts
Authors: Yang Xiaoxuan , Li Ke , Lv Jiaqi , Chen Xinyu , Zang Hong‐Ying , Tan Hua‐Qiao , Wang Yong‐Hui , Li Yang‐Guang
Published: August 2018

The design and synthesis of highly active and long‐term durable carbon‐based electrocatalysts with inexpensive raw materials and an environment‐friendly method for many renewable energy conversion and storage technologies remain a major challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a novel synthesis of nitrogen‐doped hierarchically porous carbon nanomeshes. This is the first report of using a green fermentation method to introduce nitrogen sources with grape skins as a single precursor which are a green and highly economical biomass waste globally generated at over 8 million tons per year. The resultant material has a high BET surface area (1029.41 m2 g−1), abundant hierarchical porosity and shows the impressive electrocatalytic performance, durability and excellent methanol tolerance in pH‐universal media for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and alkaline media for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This low‐cost fermentation approach provides a brief pathway to prepare outstanding N‐doped carbon‐based electrocatalysts straightforward from waste biomass.
Investigation of Electrically Heated Exploding Foils in Reactive Al/Ni Multilayer
Authors: Wang Yao , Sun Xinjuan , Jiang Hongchuan , Gao Yuan , Guo Fei , Wang Liang , Zhang Yuxing , Fu Qiubo
Published: August 2018

The mechanisms of metal phase transition process during electrical explosion are experimentally and theoretically investigated. Past experiments of investigation are single metal foil, such as gold, aluminum, and copper. The characteristics of aluminum‐nickel (Al/Ni) multilayer foil were investigated, which means electrical behavior and energy output. The foil was fabricated by magnetron sputtering based on ceramic substrate, and lithographically patterned into bow‐tie bridge regions. Scanning electron microscopy characterization revealed the layer structure of the Al/Ni multilayer. X‐ray diffraction characterization was employed to ascertain the composition of Al/Ni. The probing of voltage‐current waveforms reveals that Al/Ni multilayer foils exhibit high voltage, short burst time and high absorbing energy in electrically heated in comparison with copper or nickel alone. We also measured the energy output of foils through velocity measurements of encapsulation layers ejected from bridge region by Photonic Doppler velocimetry. We observed flyer velocities from Al/Ni multilayer foil in the 1.6–2.9 km/s range, which is much higher than copper foil. Combined with the 1‐D non‐stationary acceleration model calculation, it is found that the chemical energy and increased electrical absorbing energy contributed to additional kinetic energy in the 40–80 mJ range.
Analyzing PEGylation through Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Sousa Sérgio F. , Peres Joana , Coelho Manuel , Vieira Tatiana F.
Published: August 2018

Poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) is the most used polymer in drug delivery due to its unique properties, such as reduced toxicity and high solubility. PEGylation is the process of attaching PEG chains to compounds. Its effect on drug delivery has motivated a lot of experimental and computational studies. To explain and complement experimental findings, all‐atom, coarse‐grained and multi‐scale molecular dynamics simulations are being increasingly done. This review summarizes the computational studies using molecular dynamics that have been done regarding PEG and PEGylation of small molecules, proteins, peptides and drug nanocarriers such as micelles, liposomes, dendrimers and carbon nanotubes. Generally, the various studies presented indicate that molecular dynamics simulations can be a powerful tool in explaining and predicting experimental results and are efficient in providing an atomic‐level insight into the interactions between PEG molecules and other compounds. In particular, MD simulations are nowadays routinely used to provide direct insight into the dominant conformations formed, range of interactions established, and effect of PEGylation on the structural and dynamic properties of different drugs or therapeutic agents, enabling an atomic level analysis of a variety aspects including ionic concentration, identify of ions present, and specific PEG size and number of molecules.
Enhanced Performance of Sn4P3 Electrode Cycled in Ionic Liquid Electrolyte at Intermediate Temperature as Na‐Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Usui Hiroyuki , Domi Yasuhiro , Nishida Haruka , Yamaguchi Kazuki , Yamagami Ryota , Sakaguchi Hiroki
Published: August 2018

Charge−discharge performances of Sn4P3 anodes for Na‐ion battery were evaluated in an ionic liquid electrolyte using N‐methyl‐N‐propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide at intermediate temperatures of 60 and 90 oC. At these temperatures, the anode showed extra capacities based on the full sodiation of Sn in a potential range below 0.2 V vs. Na+/Na because its slow kinetics was improved by elevating operation temperature. Under the current density of 0.1 A g−1 (0.08 C), the Sn4P3 anode at 60 oC exhibited a large capacity of 750 mA h g−1 at the 120th cycle and high Coulombic efficiencies above 99% after the 5th cycle. On the other hand, the efficiency degraded at 90 oC by the electrolyte decomposition. At 60 oC, the anode attained an excellent rate performance with capacity of 250 mA h g−1 even at 3 A g−1 (2.65 C). These results demonstrated the promising operation at intermediate temperature at around 60 oC for Sn4P3 anode in ionic liquid electrolyte.
Improving Performance of Lead‐Free Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Perovskite Solar Cells by Tin Source Purification
Authors: Gu Feidan , Ye Senyun , Zhao Ziran , Rao Haixia , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Huang Chunhui
Published: August 2018

Lead (Pb)‐free tin (Sn)‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been recognized as one of the solutions to the toxicity of Pb and drawn considerable attention. However, Sn4+ caused by oxidation or incomplete reduction during synthesis severely deteriorates the device performance. Herein, the authors firstly reveal that the addition of Sn powder into the FASnI3 (FANH2CHNH2+) precursor solution prepared from SnI2 with 99% purity leads to great improvement of the device performance with a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.75%, which is, to the best of their knowledge, the highest efficiency among those of the FASnI3‐based PSCs with SnF2 as the only additive, comparable to and even higher than the device fabricated from SnI2 with a high purity of 99.999%.
Male Testosterone Does Not Adapt to the Partner's Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Ström Jakob O. , Ingberg Edvin , Slezak Julia K. , Theodorsson Annette , Theodorsson Elvar
Published: August 2018

Background

It has not yet been established whether men in heterosexual relationships adapt their hormone levels to their female partner's menstrual cycle to allocate reproductive resources to the period when the female is actually fertile.

Aim

This prospective observational study tested the hypothesis that some males have peaks in testosterone or acne (a possible biomarker for androgen activity) near their partners' ovulation, whereas other males display the opposite pattern.

Methods

48 couples supplied menstrual cycle data, male salivary samples, and a protocol of daily activities for 120 days. Daily saliva samples were analyzed for testosterone concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The main hypothesis was tested by analyzing whether each individual male's testosterone/acne response to ovulation (either an increase or a decrease in comparison to the individual's average levels) was stable over time. To do this, we analyzed the Spearman correlation between individually normalized periovulatory testosterone and acne during the first half of the study versus the second half of the study.

Outcomes

Correlation between each male individual's periovulatory testosterone and acne patterns during the first half of the study versus the second half of the study.

Results

No predictability in the male individuals' testosterone (Spearman's rho = −0.018, P = .905) or acne (Spearman's rho = −0.036, P = .862) levels during ovulation was found.

Clinical translation

The study being “negative,” there is no obvious translational potential in the results.

Strengths and limitations

The main strength of this study lies in the excellent compliance of the study participants and the large number of sampling timepoints over several menstrual cycles, thereby allowing each male individual to be his own control subject. A limitation is that samples were only obtained in the morning; however, including later timepoints would have introduced a number of confounders and would also have hampered the study's feasibility.

Conclusions

The current results strongly indicate that male morning testosterone levels neither increase nor decrease in response to the partner's ovulation. This discordance to previous laboratory studies could indicate either that (i) the phenomenon of hormonal adaptation of men to women does not exist and earlier experimental studies should be questioned, (ii) that the phenomenon is short-lived/acute and wanes if the exposure is sustained, or (iii) that the male testosterone response may be directed toward other women than the partner.
The field of Strategic Communications Professionals: a new research agenda for International Security
Authors: Michelsen Nicholas , Colley Thomas
Published: August 2018

Communication has long been accepted as integral to the conduct of international affairs. The role that discourses, ideas, norms, and narratives play at the systemic level of world politics has been examined extensively. Scholarly interest has now turned to how international actors use political communication tools to create and counter threats, such as propaganda, hybrid warfare, fake news, and election tampering, and it is often taken for granted that states are inferior to their challengers in these domains. To address this, ‘Strategic Communications’ has emerged as a mode of thought and practice promising to enhance state communication; encompassing long-established activities including public diplomacy, public relations, nation branding, and information operations. In this developing field, private sector professionals are increasingly being called on to support and advise governments. Particular attention has been paid to the ‘Big Data’ private companies may have access to, but there has been little IR research examining the experts seeking changes in how strategic communications is practised. Informed by elite interviews with communication professionals across the public-private space, this article sets out a research agenda to fill this gap, enhancing understanding of the expert relationships that shape international strategic communications.
Reaction-infiltration instability in a compacting porous medium
Authors: Rees Jones David W. , Katz Richard F.
Published: August 2018

Certain geological features have been interpreted as evidence of channelized magma flow in the mantle, which is a compacting porous medium. Aharonovet al. (J. Geophys. Res., vol. 100 (B10), 1995, pp. 20433–20450) developed a simple model of reactive porous flow and numerically analysed its instability to channels. The instability relies on magma advection against a chemical solubility gradient and the porosity-dependent permeability of the porous host rock. We extend the previous analysis by systematically mapping out the parameter space. Crucially, we augment numerical solutions with asymptotic analysis to better understand the physical controls on the instability. We derive scalings for the critical conditions of the instability and analyse the associated bifurcation structure. We also determine scalings for the wavelengths and growth rates of the channel structures that emerge. We obtain quantitative theories for and a physical understanding of, first, how advection or diffusion over the reactive time scale sets the horizontal length scale of channels and, second, the role of viscous compaction of the host rock, which also affects the vertical extent of channelized flow. These scalings allow us to derive estimates of the dimensions of emergent channels that are consistent with the geologic record.
Grid Average and Nodal Value in High Order Scheme
Authors: Liu Z. , Cai Q.
Published: August 2018

The concepts of nodal value and grid average in cell centered finite volume method (FVM) are clarified in this work, strict distinction between the two concepts in constructing numerical schemes is made, and common fault in misidentifying the two concepts is pointed out. The expansion based on grid average, similar to Taylor’s expansion, is deduced to construct correct scheme in terms of grid average and to obtain modified partial differential equation (MPDE) which determines the order of accuracy of numerical scheme theoretically. Correct high order scheme, taking QUICK (Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics) scheme as an example, is constructed in different approaches. Furthermore, the property of interpolation coefficients is analyzed. We also pointed out that for high order schemes, round-off error dominates the absolute error in fine grid and truncation error dominates the absolute error in coarse grid.
LEAF ION CONTENT, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF FIELD-GROWN MELON UNDER SALINE CONDITIONS
Authors: AKRAMI MAHMOUD , ARZANI AHMAD , MAJNOUN ZAHRA
Published: August 2018

Our knowledge of melon (Cucumis melo L.) response to salinity stress is limited under field conditions and then the genotype × environment interaction and heritability of agro-morphological traits are poor understood. A field trial (2014/2015) was carried out to evaluate the performance of 17 melon cultivars, including 16 native and one exotic (Galia), under salinity stress. Leaf ion concentrations, agronomic, morphological and fruit quality traits were evaluated and their heritabilities were estimated. The results showed significant effects of salinity stress and genotype on the studied traits except for days to anthesis and peel thickness. Salinity stress also caused significant reductions in fruit weight and leaf K+ concentration, while increasing leaf Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations and total soluble solids. The most salt-tolerant cultivars (‘Sabouni’ and ‘Shahabadi-1’) had higher fruit yield, low leaf Na+ and high leaf K+ concentrations and enhanced K+/Na+ ratio under stress conditions. In general, the heritability estimates were higher under control than under salinity conditions, and the highest heritability was observed for total soluble solids. In addition, fruit weight, number of fruit per plant and leaf Na+ concentration were the strongest predictors of fruit yield, explaining 92% of yield variation under salt stress. These observations suggest that indirect selection based on these traits would be effective in improving fruit production under saline conditions.
Haematological alterations in non-human hosts infected withTrypanosoma cruzi: a systematic review
Authors: Villalba-Alemán Evaristo , Justinico David L. , Sarandy Mariáurea M. , Novaes Rômulo D. , Freitas Mariella B. , Gonçalves Reggiani V.
Published: August 2018

American trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease whose spectrum has not been quite understood, including the impact ofTrypanosoma cruziinfection on the haematological parameters of different vertebrate hosts. Thus, this study was designed to compare the pattern of haematological changes induced byT. cruziinfection in order to identify possible species-specific differences among taxons. We also aimed at evaluating the use of this parameter as a tool for diagnosis during the acute phase, when symptoms are usually masked. For this purpose, we performed a systematic search on PubMed and Scopus databases to retrieve original studies published until August 2016. Thirty-one studies were selected using Prisma strategy, which were then submitted to data extraction and methodological bias analysis. Half of the studies showed that the number of erythrogram decreased in infected animals, indicating anaemia. In 68.2% of the studies, the total amount of leukogram values increased, suggesting infection. The main methodological limitations were insufficient information forT. cruzistrains identification, inoculation routes and parasitological characterization. Most of the mammalian species analysed showed the same pattern of haematological changes followingT. cruziinfection, indicating that haematological parameters might direct the diagnosis of Chagas disease in the initial phase.
Adaptation of antibiotic treatment to clinical practice guidelines in patients aged ⩾65 years hospitalised due to community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Fernandez-Sierra M. A. , Rueda-Domingo M. T. , Rodriguez-del-Aguila M. M. , Perez-Lozano M. J. , Force L. , Fernandez-Villa T. , Astray J. , Egurrola M. , Castilla J. , Sanz F. , Toledo D. , Dominguez A. ,   Workgroup Project PI12/02079
Published: August 2018

Early, conforming antibiotic treatment in elderly patients hospitalised for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a key factor in the prognosis and mortality. The objective was to examine whether empirical antibiotic treatment was conforming according to the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery guidelines in these patients. Multicentre study in patients aged ⩾65 years hospitalised due to CAP in the 2013–14 and 2014–15 influenza seasons. We collected socio-demographic information, comorbidities, influenza/pneumococcal vaccination history and antibiotics administered using a questionnaire and medical records. Bivariate analyses and multilevel logistic regression were made. In total, 1857 hospitalised patients were included, 82 of whom required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Treatment was conforming in 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 49.1–53.8%) of patients without ICU admission and was associated with absence of renal failure without haemodialysis (odds ratio (OR) 1.49, 95% CI 1.15–1.95) and no cognitive dysfunction (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.25–2.35), when the effect of the autonomous community was controlled for. In patients with ICU admission, treatment was conforming in 45.1% (95% CI 34.1–56.1%) of patients and was associated with the hospital visits in the last year (<3 vs. ⩾3, OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.03–7.12) and there was some evidence that this was associated with season. Although the reference guidelines are national, wide variability between autonomous communities was found. In patients hospitalised due to CAP, health services should guarantee the administration of antibiotics in a consensual manner that is conforming according to clinical practice guidelines.
Atypical fetal development: Fetal alcohol syndrome, nutritional deprivation, teratogens, and risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and psychopathology
Authors: Georgieff Michael K. , Tran Phu V. , Carlson Erik S.
Published: August 2018

Accumulating evidence indicates that the fetal environment plays an important role in brain development and sets the brain on a trajectory across the life span. An abnormal fetal environment results when factors that should be present during a critical period of development are absent or when factors that should not be in the developing brain are present. While these factors may acutely disrupt brain function, the real cost to society resides in the long-term effects, which include important mental health issues. We review the effects of three factors, fetal alcohol exposure, teratogen exposure, and nutrient deficiencies, on the developing brain and the consequent risk for developmental psychopathology. Each is reviewed with respect to the evidence found in epidemiological and clinical studies in humans as well as preclinical molecular and cellular studies that explicate mechanisms of action.
Maternal programming: Application of a developmental psychopathology perspective
Authors: Glynn Laura M. , Howland Mariann A. , Fox Molly
Published: August 2018

The fetal phase of life has long been recognized as a sensitive period of development. Here we posit that pregnancy represents a simultaneous sensitive period for the adult female with broad and persisting consequences for her health and development, including risk for psychopathology. In this review, we examine the transition to motherhood through the lens of developmental psychopathology. Specifically, we summarize the typical and atypical changes in brain and behavior that characterize the perinatal period. We highlight how the exceptional neuroplasticity exhibited by women during this life phase may account for increased vulnerability for psychopathology. Further, we discuss several modes of signaling that are available to the fetus to affect maternal phenotypes (hormones, motor activity, and gene transfer) and also illustrate how evolutionary perspectives can help explain how and why fetal functions may contribute to maternal psychopathology. The developmental psychopathology perspective has spurred advances in understanding risk and resilience for mental health in many domains. As such, it is surprising that this major epoch in the female life span has yet to benefit fully from similar applications.
Opening windows of opportunities: Evidence for interventions to prevent or treat depression in pregnant women being associated with changes in offspring's developmental trajectories of psychopathology risk
Authors: Goodman Sherryl H. , Cullum Katherine A. , Dimidjian Sona , River Laura M. , Kim Christine Youngwon
Published: August 2018

Although animal models and correlational studies support a model of fetal programming as a mechanism in the transmission of risk for psychopathology from parents to children, the experimental studies that are required to empirically test the model with the human prenatal dyad are scarce. With a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, we critically examined the evidence regarding the neurobiological and behavioral changes in infants as a function of randomized clinical trials to prevent or reduce maternal depression during pregnancy, treating randomized clinical trials as experiments testing the fetal programming model. Based on 25 articles that met inclusion criteria, we found support for interventions designed to change maternal prenatal mood being associated with changes in offspring functioning, but with a very small effect size. Effect sizes ranged broadly, and were higher for younger children. The findings enhance understanding of putative mechanisms in the transmission of risk from women's prenatal depression to infants’ vulnerabilities to, and early signs of, the development of psychopathology. We note limitations of the literature and suggest solutions to advance understanding of how preventing or treating depression in pregnant women might disrupt the transmission of risk to the infants.
Mechanizing proofs with logical relations – Kripke-style
Authors: CAVE ANDREW , PIENTKA BRIGITTE
Published: August 2018

Proofs with logical relations play a key role to establish rich properties such as normalization or contextual equivalence. They are also challenging to mechanize. In this paper, we describe two case studies using the proof environmentBeluga: First, we explain the mechanization of the weak normalization proof for the simply typed lambda-calculus; second, we outline how to mechanize the completeness proof of algorithmic equality for simply typed lambda-terms where we reason about logically equivalent terms. The development of these proofs inBelugarelies on three key ingredients: (1) we encode lambda-terms together with their typing rules, operational semantics, algorithmic and declarative equality using higher order abstract syntax (HOAS) thereby avoiding the need to manipulate and deal with binders, renaming and substitutions, (2) we take advantage ofBeluga's support for representing derivations that depend on assumptions and first-class contexts to directly state inductive properties such as logical relations and inductive proofs, (3) we exploitBeluga's rich equational theory for simultaneous substitutions; as a consequence, users do not need to establish and subsequently use substitution properties, and proofs are not cluttered with references to them. We believe these examples demonstrate thatBelugaprovides the right level of abstractions and primitives to mechanize challenging proofs using HOAS encodings. It also may serve as a valuable benchmark for other proof environments.
Availability of food and beverage items on school canteen menus and association with items purchased by children of primary-school age
Authors: Clinton-McHarg Tara , Janssen Lisa , Delaney Tessa , Reilly Kathryn , Regan Tim , Nathan Nicole , Wiggers John , Yoong Sze Lin , Wyse Rebecca , Grady Alice , Lecathelinais Christophe , Wolfenden Luke
Published: August 2018

Objective

To (i) describe the proportion of foods and beverages available on school canteen menus classified as having high (‘green’), moderate (‘amber’) or low (‘red’) nutritional value; (ii) describe the proportion of these items purchased by students; and (iii) examine the association between food and beverage availability on school canteen menus and food and beverage purchasing by students.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted as part of a larger randomised controlled trial (RCT).

Setting

A nested sample of fifty randomly selected government schools from the Hunter New England region of New South Wales, Australia, who had participated in an RCT of an intervention to improve the availability of healthy foods sold from school canteens, was approached to participate.

Subjects

School principals, canteen managers and students.

Results

The average proportion of green, amber and red items available on menus was 47·9, 47·4 and 4·7 %, respectively. The average proportion of green, amber and red items purchased by students was 30·1, 61·8 and 8·1 %, respectively. There was a significant positive relationship between the availability and purchasing of green (R2=0·66), amber (R2=0·57) and red menu items (R2=0·61). In each case, a 1 % increase in the availability of items in these categories was associated with a 1·21, 1·35 and 1·67 % increase in purchasing of items of high, moderate and low nutritional value, respectively.

Conclusions

The findings provide support for school-based policies to improve the relative availability of healthy foods for sale in these settings.
Unveiling the Ambrotype: Characterization of Two 19th Century Photographs
Authors: Costa Leonor , Nunes Margarida , Costa Sónia , Trindade Milene , Miguel Catarina , Ferreira Teresa
Published: August 2018

This work used a multi-analytical approach to characterize two 19th century ambrotypes and was motivated by the lack of insight on these historical objects. Photographic imaging and optical microscopy (OM) were used to identify abrasions, cracks related to reticulation, tarnishing, and other aspects associated to production and degradation processes. With variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) these processes were seen with great detail and further characterized. Elemental point analysis and elemental mapping showed that the photosensitive material used was silver iodide. Degradation compounds were found as silver and chlorine-containing compounds. In one of the items, the tarnishing area also contained redeposited silver in a ring-shape surrounding a nucleus rich in silver, copper, and sulfur, in addition to copper-based salts. EDS analyses also identified that the supports were common soda–lime–silica glasses, refined with arsenic; and showed that a pigment rich in iron was used in both items to hand color the cheeks, extended with aluminum silicates alone or mixed with barium sulfate. Theμ-Raman study pointed out that a synthetic Mars pigment was employed.μ-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses identified collodion as the binder. Shellac was used as a protective varnish in one of the items and a gum was possibly employed on the other. Bitumen was used for the background in one ambrotype.
Strategies, facilitators and barriers to implementation of evidence-based practice in community nursing: a systematic mixed-studies review and qualitative synthesis
Authors: Mathieson Amy , Grande Gunn , Luker Karen
Published: August 2018

Aim

To appraise and synthesize empirical literature on implementation of evidence within community nursing. To explore the use of implementation theory and identify the strategies required for, and the barriers and facilitators to, successful implementation within this context.

Background

There is an international consensus that evidence-based practice can improve outcomes for people using health and social care services. However, these practices are not always translated into care delivery. Community nursing is a relatively understudied area; little is known about how innovations in practice are implemented within this setting.

Methods

Systematic mixed-studies review, synthesizing quantitative and qualitative research. The electronic databases AMED, PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, CINAHL Plus, ASSIA, British Nursing Index and EMBASE were used. Two grey literature databases were also searched: OpenGrey and EThOS. English language, peer-reviewed papers published between January 2010 and July 2017 were considered. Criteria included implementation of an innovation and change to practice within adult community nursing. An approach called Critical Interpretive Synthesis was used to integrate the evidence from across the studies into a comprehensible theoretical framework.

Results

In total, 22 papers were reviewed. Few studies discussed the use of theory when planning, guiding and evaluating the implementation of the innovation (n=6). A number of implementation strategies, facilitators and barriers were identified across the included studies, highlighting the interplay of both service context and individual factors in successful implementation.

Conclusion

Implementation is an expanding area of research; yet is challenged by a lack of consistency in terminology and limited use of theory. Implementation within community nursing is a complex process, requiring both individual and organizational adoption, and managerial support. Successful adoption of evidence-based practice however, is only possible if community nurses themselves deem it useful and there is evidence that it could have a positive impact on the patient and/or their primary carer.
“Paint It Black”
Authors: Zerhouni Oulmann , Lepage Johan
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The present study is a first attempt to link self-reported difficulties in everyday emotion regulation (ER) with evaluative conditioning (EC). We conducted a within-subject study in which participants (n = 90) filled the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and were exposed to neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with mildly or highly arousing negative unconditioned stimuli (USs) and positive USs. Participants then filled a contingency awareness measure. Results showed (i) that CSs paired with highly arousing negative USs were more negatively evaluated, (ii) that the EC effect with highly and mildly arousing negative USs was stronger among participants with greater self-reported difficulties in everyday ER. Moreover, participants were more likely to be aware of the CS-US contingencies with highly (vs. mildly) arousing negative USs. Implications for the understanding of maladaptive behaviors and for future directions in EC research are discussed.
Reply to Comment by Genthon et al. on “Surface Air Relative Humidities Spuriously Exceeding 100% in CMIP5 Model Output and Their Impact on Future Projections”
Authors: Ruosteenoja Kimmo , Jylhä Kirsti , Räisänen Jouni , Mäkelä Antti
Published: August 2018

The commentators regard a categorical truncation of supersaturations with respect to ice in climate model output as an inappropriate solution to the supersaturation issue. This view is supported by observational evidence from the East Antarctic Plateau. We accept this criticism to a certain degree. Even so, it is necessary to make a clear distinction between the true supersaturations measured in the atmosphere and the spurious supersaturations existing in archived model output data sets: the latter result, for example, from inconsistencies in the interpolation of temperature and specific humidity to the near‐surface level. In the CMIP5 model output data sets, the largest relative humidities in near‐surface air are far above those observed. Moreover, supersaturations given at the 2‐m height are generally much larger than those at the lowermost tropospheric isobaric levels. Projections of relative humidity for the future may be considerably distorted if founded on unmodified output data sets.
Striatal dopaminergic alterations in Tourette’s syndrome: a meta-analysis based on 16 PET and SPECT neuroimaging studies
Authors: Hienert Marius , Gryglewski Gregor , Stamenkovic Mara , Kasper Siegfried , Lanzenberger Rupert
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Despite intense research, the underlying mechanisms and the etiology of Tourette’s syndrome (TS) remain unknown. Data from molecular imaging studies targeting the dopamine system in Tourette patients are inconclusive. For a better understanding of the striatal dopamine function in adult dopamine-antagonist-free patients we performed a systematic review in August 2017 identifying 49 PET and SPECT studies on the topic of TS. A total of 8 studies appraised the dopamine transporter (DAT) with 111 Tourette patients and 93 healthy controls, and could be included in a meta-analytic approach. We found a significantly increased striatal DAT binding in Tourette patients (Hedges' g = 0.49; 95% CI: (0.01–0.98)), although this effect did not remain significant after correcting for age differences between cohorts. A second meta-analysis was performed for the striatal dopamine receptor including 8 studies with a total of 72 Tourette patients and 71 controls. This analysis revealed a nonsignificant trend toward lower dopamine 2/3 receptor binding in striatum of Tourette patients. Other analyses regarding study population characteristics in both the DAT and receptor meta-analysis did not show any meaningful results. Our results indicate that dopaminergic alterations in TS are likely and thereby this data would be in line with the current pathophysiological hypotheses of a dysfunction in the dopamine system, e.g., the hypothesis of tonic-phasic dysfunction. However, these analyses suffer from low effect sizes probably due to the heterogeneity of TS and highlight the need for further large-scaled neuroimaging studies.
γδ T cells control humoral immune response by inducing T follicular helper cell differentiation
Authors: Rezende Rafael M. , Lanser Amanda J. , Rubino Stephen , Kuhn Chantal , Skillin Nathaniel , Moreira Thais G. , Liu Shirong , Gabriely Galina , David Bruna A. , Menezes Gustavo B. , Weiner Howard L.
Published: August 2018

γδ T cells have many known functions, including the regulation of antibody responses. However, how γδ T cells control humoral immunity remains elusive. Here we show that complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), but not alum, immunization induces a subpopulation of CXCR5-expressing γδ T cells in the draining lymph nodes. TCRγδ+CXCR5+ cells present antigens to, and induce CXCR5 on, CD4 T cells by releasing Wnt ligands to initiate the T follicular helper (Tfh) cell program. Accordingly, TCRδ−/− mice have impaired germinal center formation, inefficient Tfh cell differentiation, and reduced serum levels of chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-specific antibodies after CFA/OVA immunization. In a mouse model of lupus, TCRδ−/− mice develop milder glomerulonephritis, consistent with decreased serum levels of lupus-related autoantibodies, when compared with wild type mice. Thus, modulation of the γδ T cell-dependent humoral immune response may provide a novel therapy approach for the treatment of antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
The molecular genetic basis of herbivory between butterflies and their host plants
Authors: Nallu Sumitha , Hill Jason A. , Don Kristine , Sahagun Carlos , Zhang Wei , Meslin Camille , Snell-Rood Emilie , Clark Nathan L. , Morehouse Nathan I. , Bergelson Joy , Wheat Christopher W. , Kronforst Marcus R.
Published: August 2018

Interactions between herbivorous insects and their host plants are a central component of terrestrial food webs and a critical topic in agriculture, where a substantial fraction of potential crop yield is lost annually to pests. Important insights into plant–insect interactions have come from research on specific plant defences and insect detoxification mechanisms. Yet, much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms that mediate plant–insect interactions. Here we use multiple genome-wide approaches to map the molecular basis of herbivory from both plant and insect perspectives, focusing on butterflies and their larval host plants. Parallel genome-wide association studies in the cabbage white butterfly,Pieris rapae, and its host plant,Arabidopsis thaliana, pinpointed a small number of butterfly and plant genes that influenced herbivory. These genes, along with much of the genome, were regulated in a dynamic way over the time course of the feeding interaction. Comparative analyses, including diverse butterfly/plant systems, showed a variety of genome-wide responses to herbivory, as well as a core set of highly conserved genes in butterflies as well as their host plants. These results greatly expand our understanding of the genomic causes and evolutionary consequences of ecological interactions across two of nature’s most diverse taxa, butterflies and flowering plants.
Theoretical investigation of a plasmonic substrate with multi-resonance for surface enhanced hyper-Raman scattering
Authors: Zhu Shuangmei , Fan Chunzhen , Ding Pei , Liang Erjun , Hou Hongwei , Wu Yuanda
Published: August 2018

Because of the unique selection rule, hyper-Raman scattering (HRS) can provide spectral information that linear Raman and infrared spectroscopy cannot obtain. However, the weak signal is the key bottleneck that restricts the application of HRS technique in study of the molecular structure, surface or interface behavior. Here, we theoretically design and investigate a kind of plasmonic substrate consisting of Ag nanorices for enhancing the HRS signal based on the electromagnetic enhancement mechanism. The Ag nanorice can excite multiple resonances at optical and near-infrared frequencies. By properly designing the structure parameters of Ag nanorice, multi- plasmon resonances with large electromagnetic field enhancements can be excited, when the “hot spots” locate on the same spatial positions and the resonance wavelengths match with the pump and the second-order Stokes beams, respectively. Assisted by the field enhancements resulting from the first- and second-longitudinal plasmon resonance of Ag nanorice, the enhancement factor of surface enhanced hyper-Raman scattering can reach as high as 5.08 × 109, meaning 9 orders of magnitude enhancement over the conventional HRS without the plasmonic substrate.
A fast and accurate computational method for the linear-combination-based isotropic periodic sum
Authors: Takahashi Kazuaki Z. , Nozawa Takuma , Yasuoka Kenji
Published: August 2018

An isotropic periodic sum (IPS) is a powerful technique to reasonably calculate intermolecular interactions for wide range of molecular systems under periodic boundary conditions. A linear-combination-based IPS (LIPS) has been developed to attain computational accuracy close to an exact lattice sum, such as the Ewald sum. The algorithm of the original LIPS method has a high computational cost because it needs long-range interaction calculations in real space. This becomes a performance bottleneck for long-time molecular simulations. In this work, the combination of an LIPS and fast Fourier transform (FFT) was developed, and evaluated on homogeneous and heterogeneous molecular systems. This combinational approach of LIPS/FFT attained computational efficiency close to that of a smooth particle mesh Ewald while maintaining the same high accuracy as the original LIPS. We concluded that LIPS/FFT has great potential to extend the capability of IPS techniques for the fast and accurate computation of many types of molecular systems.
Self-assembly of tetra-nuclear lanthanide clusters via atmospheric CO2 fixation: interesting solvent-induced structures and magnetic relaxation conversions
Authors: Wang Wen-Min , Wu Zhi-Lei , Zhang Ya-Xin , Wei Hai-Ying , Gao Hong-Ling , Cui Jian-Zhong
Published: August 2018

Two systems of carbonate complexes are constructed via chemical fixation of atmospheric CO2, in which solvent-induced different structures and magnetic behaviors are observed.
Hybrid multicyclophanes based on thiacalix[4]arene and pillar[5]arene: synthesis and influence on the formation of polyaniline
Authors: Shurpik Dmitriy N. , Yakimova Luidmila S. , Gorbachuk Vladimir V. , Sevastyanov Denis A. , Padnya Pavel L. , Bazanova Olga B. , Rizvanov Il'dar Kh. , Stoikov Ivan I.
Published: August 2018

A series of new tetrakispillar[5]thiacalix[4]arenes was synthesized. Supramolecular assistance of the multicyclophanes in oxidative polymerization of aniline was studied.
Prediction of secondary and tertiary structures of human BC200 RNA (BCYRN1) based on experimental and bioinformatic cross-validation
Authors: Sosińska-Zawierucha Patrycja , Zawierucha Piotr , Bręborowicz Andrzej , Barciszewski Jan
Published: August 2018

Based on experimental and bioinformatic approaches, we present the first empirically established complete secondary structure of human BC200 RNA. BC200 RNA is a brain-specific non-messenger RNA with a confirmed regulatory role in dendritic translation in neurons. Although the involvement of human BC200 RNA in various types of tumour and Alzheimer's disease has been repeatedly confirmed, the exact secondary structure remains not fully elucidated. To determine the secondary structure of BC200 RNA in vitro, we performed partial hydrolysis with sequence-specific nucleases and lead-induced cleavage. We also examined the availabilities of putative single-stranded regions and base-pairing interactions via specific DNAzymes and RNase H assay. To determine the complete spatial folding of BC200 RNA, we used experimental data as constraints in structure prediction programs and performed a comparison of results obtained by several algorithms using different criteria. Based on the experimental-derived secondary structure of BC200 RNA, we also predicted the tertiary structure of BC200 RNA. The presented combination of experimental and bioinformatic approaches not only enabled the determination of the most reliable secondary and tertiary structures of human BC200 RNA (largely in agreement with the previous phylogenetic model), but also verified the compatibility and potential disadvantages of utilizing in silico structure prediction programs.
Der Einfluss von intravitrealem Aflibercept auf das retinale Gefäßkaliber bei Patienten mit diabetischem Makulaödem
Authors: Consigli Andrea , Papanastasiou Athanasios , Roquelaure Daniel , Wuarin Raphael , Roy Sayon , Thumann Gabriele , Chronopoulos Argyrios
Published: August 2018

Fragestellung Die diabetische Retinopathie ist durch eine gestörte retinale Gefäßautoregulation gekennzeichnet mit retinaler Hyperperfusion im Frühstadium und Kapillarausfall mit peripherer Ischämie im Spätstadium. Die initiale retinale Gefäßdilatation deutet auf eine Progression der Erkrankung hin und die anschließende Vasokonstriktion signalisiert einen proliferativen Zustand. In dieser Pilotstudie untersuchen wir den Einfluss des intravitrealen Aflibercepts auf den Durchmesser der retinalen Gefäße bei Patienten mit diabetischem Makulaödem.

Methoden Zwölf Augen von 9 Patienten mit diabetischem Makulaödem wurden während der ersten 3 Monate der Behandlung mit Aflibercept untersucht. Es wurden das Kaliber der Netzhautarterien und -venen sowie das zentrale Netzhautarterien- und -venenäquivalent registriert. Das diabetische Makulaödem wurde im Verlauf der Behandlung mit dem Netzhautgefäßkaliber korreliert.

Ergebnisse Die Behandlung mit Aflibercept führt zur signifikanten Reduktion des Durchmessers der Netzhautarterien sowie des zentralen Netzhautarterienäquivalents. Die Netzhautvenen zeigten zwar eine Vasokonstriktion, die aber keine Signifikanz erreichte. Es kam zudem zur signifikanten Reduktion des Makulaödems. Diese korrelierte aber nicht mit dem vaskulären Kaliber der Netzhaut.

Schlussfolgerung Diese Pilotstudie zeigt zum ersten Mal, dass Aflibercept möglicherweise zur signifikanten Reduktion des retinalen arteriellen Gefäßkalibers führt. Ob diese Reaktion auf die intravitreale Anti-VEGF-Behandlung auch eine Verbesserung der retinalen Gefäßhomöostase widerspiegelt, muss in weiteren Studien verifiziert werden.
Empfehlung der Sektionen 2 und 11 der DGP zur Rebiopsie bei Lungenkarzinomen
Authors: Brückl W. , Ficker J. , Tiemann M. , Schumann C. , Reinmuth N. , Heigener D. , Schütte W. , Eberhardt R. , Darwiche K. , Wagner M.
Published: August 2018

Rebiopsien bei primären Lungenkarzinomen sowie deren Metastasen werden im klinischen Alltag immer wichtiger, da sich die Therapien weiterentwickeln und häufig gezielte weitere Behandlungsstrategien erst nach immunhistochemischen oder/und molekularen Veränderungen zugelassen sind. Prinzipiell können fast alle Rezidive bzw. progrediente Tumore biopsiert werden, allerdings häufig nur mittels invasiver Maßnahmen. Hier muss der Aufwand und das Risiko des Patienten mit dem zu erwartenden Benefit durch die Rebiopsie in jedem einzelnen Fall überlegt und vorher mit dem Patienten besprochen werden. In der Übersichtsarbeit werden die Indikationen bei Rezidiv und progredienter Erkrankung sowie die Risiken diskutiert und Alternativen zur Rebiopsie aufgezeigt. Diese Arbeit stellt die Empfehlungen der Sektionen 2 (Endoskopie) und 11 (pneumologische Onkologie) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (DGP) dar.
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery of Parapneumonic Empyema – a 10-year Single-Centre Experience
Authors: Höfken H. , Herrmann D. , Ewig S. , Volmerig J. , Hecker E.
Published: August 2018

Objectives Evaluation of a standardised management for the treatment of patients with parapneumonic empyema.

Methods A retrospective 10-year single-centre analysis of all patients with parapneumonic empyema undergoing a standardised thoracoscopic treatment approach. We describe referral and age patterns, microbiological results, overall and stage-dependent success rates, conversion rates, 30-day and in-hospital mortality.

Results From May 2003 to April 2013, 248 patients with parapneumonic empyemas were treated in our centre. Most patients were referred at weekends, and younger patients had advanced stages. The cure rate in stage I was 97.6 % and reached 80.3 % in stage II and 63.1 % in stage III. 6 patients (2.4 %) (all stage III) needed conversion to an open procedure. A revision was required in 19.7 % of cases in stage II and 27.7 % in stage III. 30-day mortality was 4.8 %, in-hospital mortality was 8.1 %.

Conclusion A standardised approach, including VATS, is associated with a high cure, low revision and moderate conversion rates. In view of a still considerable mortality, a higher index of suspicion and detection of advanced stages, especially in younger patients, is required to improve outcomes.
Erweiterte Hemihepatektomie rechts mit Hepatikusgabelresektion und Rekonstruktion der Pfortadergabel und der linken Lebervene bei cholangiozellulärem Karzinom
Authors: Huber Tobias , Huettl Florentine , Baumgart Janine , Lang Hauke
Published: August 2018

Die vollständige Resektion gilt bei Patienten mit cholangiozellulärem Karzinom als Therapie der Wahl. Aufgrund der Tumorausdehnung sind hierbei Resektion und Rekonstruktion vaskulärer Strukturen häufig erforderlich. Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktionen der Schnittbildgebung können in diesen Fällen hilfreich für die Resektionsplanung sein. Das vorliegende Video zeigt eine erweiterte Hemihepatektomie rechts mit Hepatikusgabelresektion mit Resektion und Rekonstruktion der Pfortadergabel und einer von 2 linken Lebervenen bei einem intrahepatischen cholangiozellulären Karzinom.