bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lewis Blood Group Substances in Seminal Fluid
Authors: Lodge T. W. , Usher A.
Published: March 2009

Lea and Leb substances are shown to occur in seminal fluids. Single tube inhibition tests and titration studies show that the amounts and specificities of these substances in seminal fluids parallel those found in serum and plasma by other workers. These findings are briefly compared with what is known about the appearance of Lewis substances in saliva, milk and ovarian cyst fluids.

On trouve dans le sperme des substances Lea et Leb. Des tests d'inhibition en tube et les titrations démontrent que la quantité et la spécificité des substances Lewis présentes dane le sperme correspondent aux valeurs observées par d'autres auteurs dans le sérum et le plasma. Ces résultats sont brièvement comparés avec ce que l'on sait actuellement au sujet de la présence des substances Lewis dans la salive, le lait et le liquide des kystes ovariens.

Die menschliche Samenflüssigkeit enthalt Lea‐ und Leb‐Substanzen. An Hand von Hemmversuchen (Einzelröhrchentests und Titrationen) wurde gezeigt, daß der Gehalt der Samenflüssigkeit an solchen Substanzen etwa den von andern Autoren ermittelten Gehaltsangaben für Plasma bzw. Serum entapricht. Die Befunde werden im weiteren mit den heute vorliegenden Daten bezüglich des Lewis‐Substanz‐Gehaltes des Speichels, der Milch und der Ovarialzystenflüssigkeiten kurz verglichen.
Les facteurs Gm(a), Gm(b), Gm(x) au cours des leucoses
Authors: Eyquem A. , Dausset J. , Podliachouk Mme L.
Published: March 2009

As shown by determinations in 1088 patients suffering from various diseases of the blood, the frequency of the Gm(a) factor was lower in these patients than in the general population; this was particulary striking in cases of lymphatic leukemia (25,8%) and acute leukemia (39,1%).

The determination of Gm(a) and Gm(x) in 89 cases of leukemia revealed, in addition to the known Gm phenotypes, the phenotype Gm(a‐b‐x‐) in 22 patients; the occurrence of this phenotype was not due to hypogammaglobulinemia.

La recherche du facteur Gm(a) dans 1088 cas d'hémopathies diverses a montré une diminution de sa fréquence par rapport à la population normale, surtout au cours de la leucémie lymphofde (25,8 %) et des leucoses aiguës (39,l %).

L'étude des facteurs Gm(a), Gm(b) et Gm(x) dans 89 cas de leucoses a révélé l'existence, en dehors des phénotypes Gm connus dans les populations normales, d'un phénotype Gm(a‐b‐x‐). Ce phénotype a été rencontré chez 22 malades, son apparition ne peut pas être attribué à une hypo‐gammaglobulinémie globale.

Anläßlich der Gm(a)‐Bestimmung bei 1088 Patienten mit verschiedenen hämatologischen Krankheiten wurde festgestellt, daß bei mehreren Kranheitsbildern insbesondere der lymphatischen Leukämie (25,8%) und den akuten Leukosen (39,1%) die Frequenz Gm(a)‐positiver Individuen geringer ist als in der Durchschnittsbevölkerung.

Bei der Bestimmung der Faktoren Gm(a), Gm(b) und Gm(x) bei Leukosen 89 fand sich, nebst den bekannten Gm‐Phanotypen, bei 22 Patienten der außergewöhnliche Phänotypus Gm(a‐b‐x‐). Dieser beruhte nicht auf einer globalen Hypogammaglobulinämie.
Irregular Transmission of a Blood‐Group Complex in One Family of Pigs Following Irradiation*
Authors: Andresen E.
Published: March 2009

Pigs of the Hampshire and Duroc breeds were subjected to bloodtyping. An anomaly of inheritance affecting the E blood‐group system was detected in one pig among 10056 progeny from 1171 matings. An E1E3 Hampshire male was mated with an E1E1 Hampshire female. The male had been exposed to 300 r of gonadal X‐irradiation. Thirteen pigs were born. Six pigs were E1E1, six were E1E3, and one appeared to be E1E2. The exceptional bloodtype might be a result of mutation, interallelic recombination or gene interaction. These hypotheses are discussed.
Factors Influencing the Agglutinability of Red Cells
Authors: Uhlenbruck G. , Seaman G. V. F. , Coombs R. R. A.
Published: March 2009

Ox red blood cells of the so called ‘inagglutinable’ class have the same electrokinetic charge as those of the ‘agglutinable’ class when examined either before or after treatment with neuraminidase or pronase. However, a greater amount of sialic acid is released from the ‘inagglutinable’ cells after such treatments. These findings support the hypothesis that inagglutinability arises from the extensiveness of mucoid layer of the cell membrane, the ‘inagglutinable’ cells having longer mucopeptide chains of variable lengths or a greater degree of branching.
Anti‐N Reagents in Elucidation of the Genetical Basis of Human Blood‐Group MN Specificities1
Authors: Springer G. F. , Tegtmeyer Herta , Huprikar S. V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Studies of the reactivity of the various anti‐human blood group N reagents with isolated human blood group M and N antigens and smaller molecules revealed besides the expected interaction with N antigens that M antigens inhibited all rabbit anti‐N sera, Vicia graminea extract and most human anti‐N sera. Mild acid hydrolysis of M antigens, which released sialic acid only, led to a large increase or de novo appearance of this inhibitory capacity. The partially hydrolyzed M antigens became temporarily indistinguishable from N antigens, indicating that the product of the N gene is the immediate precursor of the product of the M gene and that the allele to the M gene is an amorph. In the NM biosynthetic pathway, the Vicia‐reactive structure seems to precede the N‐specific molecule.

Uncovering of N‐specific structures paralleled the appearance of terminal β‐d‐galactopyranosyl structures; their exposure to β‐galactosidase resulted in destruction of N specificity. Galactose and some β‐d‐galactopyranosyl derivatives inhibited the N erythrocyte agglutination by some anti‐N sera. Ganglioside I and ‘asialoganglioside’ were inhibitors of anti‐N reagents and anti‐ganglioside serum reacted preferentially with human blood group N antigens.
An Agglutinin in Human Serum Reacting with Cells from Le(a‐b‐) Non‐Secretor Individuals
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Latham Valerie
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody has been detected in the serum of a female patient which reacts specifically with cell samples from Le(a‐b‐) persons who are non‐secretors of H substance. It has been decided to call the antibody anti‐Lec and the corresponding antigen Lec. The antibody reactions are independent of the ABO group of the test red cells. Inhibition tests revealed the presence of Lec substance in salivas from Le(a‐b‐) non‐secretors and to a lesser extent in saliva from Le(a+b‐) persons and Le(a‐b‐) secretors. The finding of this antigen and that of Led extends the Lewis system from one represented on the red cells by two antigens to one of four antigens.
Cad and Sid
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Materials rich in Sda‐activity inhibit the anti‐Cad activity of Dolichos biflorus seed extract. This observation supports the view that Cad is a strong form of Sda.
Lymphocyte Antigens in Patients with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Boxer L. A. , Yokoyama M.
Published: March 2009

The present study was designated to test whether surface antigenicity would be reduced in patients with Down's syndrome as a reflection of diminished protein synthesis in response to stimulators of cellular immunity. Leukocyte typing was carried out on lymphocytes from 23 Caucasian children and 13 Japanese children, all with Down's syndrome. It was found that the lymphocytes from patients with Down's syndrome reacted less frequently than the control group in the microcytotoxicity test. Furthermore, in 6 families available for full study, patients with Down's syndrome showed marked deletions of the expected HL‐A haplotype. The findings of diminished antigen reactivity may be related to the phenomenon of triploidy.
ABH Receptors and Red Cell Survival in a ‘Bombay’ Blood
Authors: Poschmann A. , Fischer K. , Seidl S. , Spielmann W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.A Bombay blood group was detected in a 12‐year‐old Turkish girl with the rare Lewis type Le (a‐b‐). When using several phytohemagglutinins and Helix agglutinins (extracts from albumin glands of different snails), no ABH substances were detectable. However, after RDE treatment cryptantigens were demonstrable with anti‐HLa (Laburnum alpinum), anti‐BHEe (Evonymus europaeus), anti‐AHp (Helix pomatia), and anti‐TAh(Arachis hypogaea). Similarly, by application of the indirect fluorescence antibody method, only cryptantigens were detectable by anti‐BHEe, anti‐AHP, and anti‐TAh. Therefore, it was assumed that in Bombay cells only the surface antigenic sites are absent, whereas the cryptantigens are present. Survival studies with autologous transfused51Cr‐labelled cells showed a normal lifespan (51Cr T/2 26d).
Purification and Characterization of Anti‐A Agglutinin from Euhadra callizoma amaliae
Authors: Mukaida Masahiro , Takatsu Akihiro , Ishiyama Ikuo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Snail agglutinin (anti‐AEc, anti‐A1 of cold agglutinin type) from the albumin gland of Euhadra callizona amaliae was purified by affinity chromatography (meconium‐A aminoethyl cellulose). Its physicochemicl properties are as follows: S20, w: 5.3S. Isoelectric point: pH 3.6. Molecular weight: 8.9 × 104. Hexose content: 5.1%. The amino acid composition is that of an acidic protein.

The agglutination is inhibited by GalNAc, GNAc, raffinose, and melibiose at low concentration. It does not agglutinate B‐ and O‐RDE‐treated human red cells. Some blood group A‐active substances (secretor A saliva and hog gastric mucin A + H) have low potency to inhibit the agglutination. Anti‐ABC has no ability to release the cell‐fixed anti‐Eorssman haemolysin and the cell‐fixed blood group A‐decomposing enzyme. The significance of the antigen distribution on the limited area of the erythrocyte and protein surface is also discussed. Precipitin reaction of this agglutinin with various blood group‐active substances has shown that anti‐AEc is directed to a narrow‐range spectrum of determining antigenicity.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis Caused by Anti‐Wra (Wright)
Authors: Jørgensen Jan , Jacobsen Lisa
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case of severe erythroblastosis fetalis due to the Wright antibody anti‐Wra is reported. The mother was challenged for the first time with the corresponding antigen in the actual pregnancy. External version was tried several times in the last trimester which might have caused a large feto‐maternal bleeding.

The introduction of the Rh immunoprophylaxis which is effective in nearly all cases will result in an increase in the relative importance of other red cell antibodies as the cause of erythroblastosis fetalis. In the following, we report a case of erythroblastosis fetalis due to anti‐Wra.
Incidence of ‘Bombay’ (Oh) Phenotype and Weaker Variants of A and B Antigen in Bombay (India)
Authors: Bhatia H.M. , Sathe Malti S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Incidence of Oh and weaker A and B variants was studied in 167,404 Indians in Bombay. Eight out of 17 cases of A variants were due to weak A2, the majority being among AB individuals. Incidence of all weak A is 1:3,300 among persons possessing the A antigen. The actual incidence of A variants deducting weak A2 is approximately 1:6,000 persons having the A antigen. Weak B is observed in 1:9,300 persons possessing the B antigen. Ax‐Bx variants were twice as common as AmBm types. The Oh phenotype is observed in 1:7,600 random persons. The regional and caste distribution of Oh individuals showed that 14 out of 22 of the Oh individuals in the present survey and 33 out of 58 among all Oh cases investigated belonged to south‐west districts of Maharashtra.
A and B and A1Leb Substances in Glycosphingolipid Fractions of Human Serum1
Authors: Tilley C. A. , Crookston M. C. , Brown B. L. , Wherrett J. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A and B and A1Leb substances were adsorbed onto red cells exposed to glycosphingolipid fractions prepared from the serum of group A and B and A1, Le(a‐b+) donors. Group O cells exposed to fractions prepared from the serum of group A or B donors were agglutinated by an IgM cross‐reacting antibody present in some group O sera. Cells exposed to fractions from A1, Le(a‐b+) serum were agglutinated by anti‐A1Leb. The amount of A substance in the fractions was related to the A subtype (A1 or A2) and to the Lewis and secretor phenotype of the donor. The uptake of blood‐group substances from the lipid fractions was inhibited by the addition of whole serum to the fractions.
Complement Fixing and Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies in Serum of Pregnant Women at Delivery
Authors: Nymand Gunnar
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The paper concerns 275 sera of pregnant women at delivery containing complement fixing platelet antibodies (CFPAb) and/or lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCTAb). 79 sera contained operationally monospecific antibodies against platelets and/or lymphocytes. 10 sera had only CFPAb, 4 of these were C‐fix anti‐A. 41 sera had CFPAb and LCTAb, 18 of these were monospecific against platelets and/or lymphocytes. In 224 sera only LCTAb could be demonstrated, 57 were monospecific.

Furthermore in 8 of 258 primigravidae, screened for LCTAb 6 months post partum, antibodies were detected. Generally the antibodies present at delivery had disappeared or narrowed, but in 3 cases the antibodies were detectable only in the postpartum sample.
Cytotoxins against a Granulocyte Antigen System: Detection by a New Method Employing Cytochalasin‐B‐Treated Cells1
Authors: Caplan Stephen N. , Berkman Eugene M. , Babior Bernard M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method for demonstrating granulocyte cytotoxins using a modified microdroplet dye exclusion technique and cytochalasin‐B‐treated cells is described. Cytochalasin‐B‐treated granulocytes were reacted against 223 sera from multitransfused pregnant and renal transplant patients. Incidence of granulocyte cytotoxins was 11.2%. Analysis (2times2 contingency tables) of the reactivity of GCT + sera showed highly significant (p<0.001) positive associations among 5 sera and a significant (p<0.001) negative association with another serum. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a granulocyte antigen system is detected by cytotoxins and that granulocyte antigens ‘Gr1’ and ‘Gr2’ may be products of allelic genes.
Familial Hodgkin's Disease and the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: Bowers Timothy K. , Moldow Charles F. , Bloomfield Clara D. , Yunis Edmund J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two sisters who developed nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease (H.D., N.S.) within 3 months of their 25th birthdays were HLA and MLC identical. All family members possessed the HLA‐B7 antigen. The propositi, a third HLA/MLC identical sister, and the mother, shared the maternal B7 and lacked Dw2. The father and a fourth sibling with the paternal B7 were heterozygous for Dw2. In six unrelated patients with H.D., N.S., the presence of B7 and Dw2 correlated precisely. In 69 consecutive patients with H.D., N.S., the frequencies of 23 HLA antigens did not differ significantly from the frequencies in 245 control subjects.
Inheritance of Cis‐AB in Three Generations (Family Lam.)
Authors: Hummel K. , Badet J. , Bauermeister W. , Bender K. , Duffner G. , Lopez M. , Mauff G. , Pulverer G. , Salmon C. , Schmidts W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a case of disputed paternity genetic incompatibility was observed in the ABO blood group system between mother (O) and child (AB). From biostatistical evaluation of 21 genetic markers, including HLA phenotypes, a high value of probability for paternity, maternity and parentage was found between the child, the child's mother, the accused man and his mother. Substitution of the newborn was thereby excluded. The serostatistical evaluation of maternity and paternity could be supported by anthropological opinion. In serological investigations of the ABH system the A and B antigens of the 'A2B' cells were found to be abnormal in the child, the child's father, and the father's mother: the A was weaker than normal A1 but stronger than normal A2; the B was found to be abnormal which in addition was documented through occurrence of irregular anti‐B antibodies in the child. In comparison to normal controls (A1, A2, B, A1B, A2B) diminished activity of α‐D‐N‐acetylgalactosamine and α‐D‐galactosyltransferase were observed in the three 'A2B' propositi. These facts confirmed the existence of a cis‐AB gene in the Lam. family which the child inherited from her father and the child's father from his mother. Assuming a population frequency of 1.1 times 10−5 for the cis‐AB gene, the probability for paternity was calculated from all genetic markers to be W = 99.9999985%.
Mild Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn due to Anti‐Jk3: A Serologic Study of the Family's Kidd Antigens
Authors: Kuczmarski C.A. , Bergren M.O. , Perkins H.A.
Published: March 2009

This report presents the first prospectively followed case of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti‐Jk3 alone. A Samoan woman with known anti‐Jk3 was closely monitored during her third pregnancy. Because of elevated ΔOD values in the amniotic fluid and rising titer of serum antibody, labor was induced at 36 weeks gestation. The cord red blood cells were coated with IgG, and anti‐Jk3 was eluted from the cord cells and the placenta. A family study was done quantitating the expression of Kidd antigens by titrations and scores. Although titrations and scores have been reported to identify cells carrying the silent allele Jk in the heterozygous state, in this family, dosage differences were noted with only 1 of 2 Jk‐heterozygous daughters.
Modified Hemoglobin Solution as a Resuscitation Fluid
Authors: De Venuto Frank
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hemoglobin solution, as a potential oxygen‐carrying resuscitation fluid in blood volume replacement therapy, has two limitations: higher oxygen affinity (P50 ˜ 12–16 mm Hg) and shorter vascular retention time (plasma half‐disappearance time ˜ 2–4 h) of free hemoglobin as compared to hemoglobin in the red cells. To overcome these two limitations, several investigators have used a variety of reactions and procedures for the modification of the hemoglobin molecule. This article presents a review of the modifications of the hemoglobin, including reactions with different agents for the intra‐ or intermolecular cross‐linking of hemoglobin, reactions with pyridoxal phosphate with or without subsequent polymerization, and manipulations for the encapsulation of hemoglobin to obtain artificial cells. The P50 and the vascular retention time of the products obtained are indicated whenever they have been reported in the literature. The oxygen transport characteristics of a resuscitation fluid, in general, and of modified hemoglobin solution, in particular, have been correlated to the oxygen dissociation curve and to the hemoglobin concentration.
A Competitive Inhibition Assay for Gelatin Binding Fibronectin
Authors: Doran Jan E. , Callaway B. Dianne , Reese Andy C. , Wynn James J. , Mansberger Arlie R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A competitive inhibition assay for functional fibronectin (Fn), based on ELISA technology, is described. The assay measures Fn's physiologic ability to bind to denatured collagen (gelatin). Affinity‐purified Fn inhibits the binding of alkaline phosphatase coupled Fn to gelatin‐coated wells of a microtiter plate in a concentration‐dependent manner. The assay range is 50–500 μg Fn/ml, which is suitable for the measurement of plasma Fn in both normal and opsonin deficient individuals. It is reproducible over an eightfold dilution of plasma and is resistant to interference by normal plasma proteins. The assay described is quick, quantitative, and reproducible, and satisfies the need for a measure of functional Fn activity in the clinical laboratory.
Competition between ABO and Le Gene Specified Enzymes
Authors: Pendu J. Le , Lemieux R. U. , Dalix A. M. , Lambert F. , Oriol R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Radioimmunoassays were prepared using two anti‐A and one anti‐B reagents. The specificity of the procedures was assessed with 13 artificial antigens. The amounts of A and B natural antigens in saliva of ABH secretors of known Lewis phenotype were measured with these assays. The results confirmed that the average amount of A antigen is lower in Lewis‐positive (Leb) than in Lewis‐negative (Led) donors and in A2 than in A1 donors. However, the differences among the four combined A and Lewis phenotypes were only supported by significantly lower amounts of A antigenic determinants in A2Leb as compared to the other three phenotypes (A1 Leb, A1Led and A2Led) that had similar amounts of A antigenic determinants. No Lewis‐related difference could be detected in the amounts of B antigens between BLeb and BLed donors. The results are discussed in terms of competition between A, B and Lewis‐gene‐specified enzymes for their common acceptors. The difference in the efficiency of the A2 enzyme as compared to that of the A1 enzyme is proposed as a possible explanation for the A1‐A2 phenotypic difference.
Prospective Study of Posttransfusion Hepatitis in Cardiac Surgery Patients Receiving only Blood or also Blood Products1
Authors: Tremolada F. , Chiappetta F. , Noventa F. , Valfrè C. , Ongaro G. , Realdi G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The incidence, etiology and risk factors of posttransfusion (PT) hepatitis were evaluated in a prospective study of 297 consecutive open‐heart surgery patients. PT hepatitis occurred in 63 (21.2%) patients with a significantly higher hepatitis attack rate in 51 recipients of commercial clotting factor concentrates (56.8%) compared to 246 recipients of blood units from single volunteer donors (13.8% p<0.001). Among the concentrates, Prothrombin‐complex showed the highest relative hepatitis risk (24) while in patients receiving only blood, the incidence PT hepatitis was correlated with the blood volume transfused. Of the 63 patients with PT hepatitis, 2 (3%) had hepatitis B, 8 (13%) showed evidence of cytomegalovirus infection and 53 (84%) had non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. These results show that in Italy, as elsewhere, non‐A, non‐B PT hepatitis is frequent, particularly when commercial blood products are used.
Simulation Analysis of Platelet Production and Inventory Management
Authors: Katz A.J. , Carter C.W. , Saxton P. , Blutt J. , Kakaiya R.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To maximize the availability of platelet concentrates (PC) and minimize their outdate, competing criteria, a computer simulation model of platelet production and distribution was developed. Based on 2 years of actual platelet orders placed with a regional blood center, the simulation program generated daily platelet orders, and also calculated mean demand and standard deviation of demand for each day of the week. The number of PC to be produced on a given day was calculated from: PC to be produced = (mean demand for that day of the week) +T× (standard deviation of demand for that day of the week) — (PC in inventory on the given day), where T is a selected multiple of the standard deviation. As T increases, availability is maximized, but outdating is expected to increase. Conversely, lower T is associated with less availability, but lower outdate. At the simulated platelet demand level (about 735 PC per week), with 3‐day platelet storage life, 99% availability is associated with 1% outdate and distribution of PC of less than 1 day average age. 100% availability, with no outdate is predicted for a 5‐day storage life, with no further improvement in logistics with 7‐day storage life, at this level of demand. Although logistics of platelet production and distribution vary from center to center, the simulation analysis is generally applicable, and a formal plan has the great advantage of predictive, rather than reactive, platelet production.
Plasma Exchange in Neurological Diseases: A Critical Approach
Authors: Valbonesi M. , Garelli S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The rationale for and results of plasma exchange (PE) in the therapy of different immune‐mediated neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, acute and chronic‐relapsing Guillain‐Barré syndromes, polymyositis, dermatomyositis and amyothrophic lateral sclerosis are reviewed. Dialysis dementia and Refsum's disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and schizophrenia are mentioned, too. If we exclude the treatment of acute Guillain‐Barré syndrome, where PE alone appears to be sufficient to produce recovery or improvement, the combined use of immunosuppressive drugs and/or lymphocytapheresis is probably needed in the treatment of the other diseases. PE allows the disease to be controlled rapidly while long‐term pharmacological control is established. An underlying theme in this review is the need of adequately controlled studies or at least of large case lists with exhaustive reports concerning both positive and negative results since a new perspective is needed for this topic. Nonetheless, a number of uncontrolled observations suggest that probably PE effectiveness in most immune‐mediated neurological diseases could be proven if the requisite trials were performed.
Characterization of Formaldehyde‐Related Antibodies Encountered in Hemodialysis Patients at Different Stages of Immunization
Authors: Lynen R. , Rothe M. , Gallasch E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In hemodialysis patients who reuse formaldehyde‐sterilized dialysers we found that antibodies agglutinating native NN red cells belonged exclusively to the IgM fraction of immunoglobulins. In the same patients antibodies directed against formaldehyde‐altered NN red cells proved to be mainly IgG in addition to IgM. Three stages of formaldehyde‐dependent RBC immunization could be distinguished serologically. The production of these antibodies was dependent on the time of hemodialysis treatment. We found antibodies which could bind complement in the presence of soluble antigen. These antibodies are supposed to damage the patient's red cells immediately after contact to minute amounts of formaldehyde during hemodialysis.
Preservation of Red Blood Cells: Studies of Erythrocyte Adenine Nucleotides Using Luminescence Analysis
Authors: Gulliksson Hans , Olsson Thomas , Palmeborn Mats , Gullbring Bengt , Bergström Kurt , Thore Anders
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The levels of ATP and total adenine nucleotides (ATP + ADP + AMP) were determined by firefly luciferase assay in red blood cells during storage for 5 weeks at 4°C. With few exceptions, no significant differences in nucleotide levels were found between whole blood stored in CPD‐adenine and various preparations of red blood cells in CPD‐adenine or CPD with saline‐adenine‐glucose (SAG) as additive. The levels of ATP and total adenine nucleotides during storage are discussed in relation to glucose levels, extracellular pH and shelf life of the red blood cells.
Is the Use of the Term ‘Posttransfusion Hepatitis Type B’ in Its Conventional Sense Still Justifiable?1
Authors: Sugg U. , Erhardt S. , Morgenroth T. , Flehmig B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have investigated 8 cases of clinically manifest hepatitis type B said to be posttransfusion hepatitis that have become known in the years 1978–1981. Paired samples of serum from all 54 blood donors implicated have been drawn at the time of the donation in question as well as a few months later. Only 1 donor, negative for HBsAg but positive with high titer for anti‐HBc, could have been a possible source of infection. There is strong evidence that this person is a chronic low level carrier. In the case of 2 other patients transmission of hepatitis by clotting factors from pooled plasma cannot be denied. Regarding the remaining 5 cases, there is no hint whatsoever for a causal connection between blood transfusion and hapatitis type B.
Controversies in Autotransfusion
Authors: Hauer Jerome M. , Thurer Robert L.
Published: March 2009

Although techniques for autotransfusion have been available for many years, recently the various methods of collecting and reinfusing a patient's own blood have become popular once again. There are many advantages in using a patient's own blood for transfusion, but there are many issues that remain unanswered or controversial. In an effort to clarify and, therefore, reduce many of the concerns often experienced about using autotransfused blood, we have outlined the current state‐of‐the‐art in autotransfusion practice, primarily addressing these issues and concerns.
Antithrombin III and Related Parameters in Surgical Patients Receiving Blood Components
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen P. , Ehrengruber E. , Frei E. , Papp E. , Senn A. , Tschirren B.
Published: March 2009

We examined the intra‐ and postoperative behavior of antithrombin III (AT), factor V, VIII, and fibrinogen in 27 elective surgical patients without evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and treated according to the concept of blood component therapy inaugurated at our hospital in 1975. The intraoperative depletions of AT and fibrinogen were proportional to the transfusion volumes and correlated significantly. AT, fibrinogen, and especially factor V and VIII were significantly mobilized during surgery. A greater intraoperative depletion of AT was significantly associated with a faster recovery during the first 24 postoperative h. The AT activity was virtually stable over a period of 4 weeks in CPD‐adenine red cell concentrates; fresh frozen plasma and whole blood are thus not essential as a source of AT. The application of our concept did not increase the frequency of thromboembolic complications, despite the fact that the intraoperative AT values fell below the presumed ‘critical’ level of 60–70% in some patients. The probable reasons are the brief duration of such levels, the simultaneous depletion of coagulation‐promoting plasma constituents (e.g. fibrinogen), and the use of antithrombotic prophylaxis. Our results suggest no reasons for a routine use of fresh frozen plasma in patients with a loss and replacement of less than about 75% of their blood volume.
Labile Coagulation Factors in Thawed Fresh Frozen Plasma Prepared by Two Methods
Authors: Kakaiya Ram. M. , Morse Edward E. , Panek Sophia
Published: March 2009

Two preparations of fresh frozen plasma were studied. The plasma from CPDA‐1 whole blood units was either frozen within 6 h (FFP‐I) or 18–20 h (FFP‐II) of phlebotomy. Average activity for factor VIII for FFP‐I (n = 6) and FFP‐II (n = 19) was 102% and 55%, respectively (p<0.01). Average activity for factor V and VII in both products was approximately 100%. Factor XI activity (n = 13) in FFP‐II averaged 84%. We conclude that FFP‐I and FFP‐II are equivalent in terms of coagulation factor activity except for factor VIII.
Platelet‐ and Granulocyte‐Specific Antibodies after Allogeneic and Autologous Bone Marrow Grafts1
Authors: Minchinton R.M. , Waters A. H. , Malpas J.S. , Starke I. , Kendra J.R. , Barrett A.J.
Published: March 2009

After bone marrow grafting, severe unexplained thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia may complicate the post‐graft recovery of the patient. The present study has shown the presence of antibodies to platelets and granulocytes of donor origin in recipients of both allogeneic and autologous bone marrow grafts. In the case of autografts, such antibodies are by definition autoantibodies, and similar antibodies after allografting may also have an autoimmune origin. It is likely that this is the result of transient immune system imbalance, common to both allo‐ and autografts, in the early post‐graft period. The extent to which these antibodies affect the peripheral counts probably depends on the ability of the engrafted marrow to compensate for the rate of antibody‐mediated cell destruction.
I‐i– Phenotype in a Large Kindred Indian Family
Authors: Joshi S.R. , Bhatia H.M.
Published: March 2009

The I‐i– phenotype was found to be a familial character upto three generations in a large Indian family having 93 Members. 15 members showed highly depressed Ii antigens while 6 of the members had partial depression of the Ii antigens on their red cells. It was evident in the family that the phenotype is associated with A1 antigen. The A1 antigen score on the red cells was significantly higher among the subjects with depressed Ii antigens. The I‐i– status was not considered as a dominant or a recessive character nor does the partial depression of the Ii antigens indicate a heterozygous state of the variant gene.
The Rosetting Antiglobulin Test as a Means of Determining the D Zygosity of Human Red Cells
Authors: Sharon R. , Galili U.
Published: March 2009

The erythrocyte‐antibody rosetting antiglobulin test was used to determine differences in the expression of various Rh antigens on homozygous and heterozygous Rh positive red blood cells. The rosetting antiglobulin test was able to detect the relative difference in expression of C, c, E and e on homo‐ and heterozygous red blood cells. Based on these findings, the test was used and found suitable for determining the genotypes of various D positive red blood cells.
Anti‐C4 in the Serum of a Transfused C4‐Deficient Patient with Systemic Lupus erythematosus
Authors: Giles Carolyn M. , Swanson Jane L.
Published: March 2009

A C4‐deficient patient with systemic lupus erythematosus had been transfused on several occasions. His red cells reacted with a proportion of anti‐Rg (Rodgers) and anti‐Ch (Chido) reagents, but this was due to a separable antibody that did not have anti‐Rg or anti‐Ch specificity. Eluates of anti‐Rg and anti‐Ch indicate his red cell phenotype to be Rg–Ch–. Anti‐C4 has been identified in his serum that exhibits neither anti‐Rg nor anti‐Ch specificity, but has similar serological characteristics in reacting with C4‐ and C4d‐coated red cells.
Inhibition of Serological Reactions with Enzyme‐Treated Red Cells by Complement Binding Alloantibodies
Authors: Lown J.A.G. , Holland P.A.T. , Barr A.L.
Published: March 2009

Complement‐binding antibodies (2 examples of anti‐Jka and 2 anti‐kell) which inhibit agglutination of enzyme‐treated cells have been investigated in the sera of 4 patients. The sera containing anti‐Jka also contained rhesus antibodies (c+E and D+C) which could not be readily identified by an enzyme technique due to failure of the Jka+ cells of the corresponding Rh phenotype to react. The inhibition of the enzyme test reactivity was revealed using a control reagent added to each test after the initial examination for agglutination. Addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to the sera prior to testing resulted in identifiable reactivity with panel red cells. Failure to recognise this phenomenon in sera containing antibodies reacting only by an enzyme technique could result in misidentification, delay in providing compatible blood and transfusion of incompatible blood. Routine control of enzyme tests to detect false‐negative results is recommended.
Azapropazone‐Associated Antibodies
Authors: Bird G.W.G. , Wingham June , Babb R.G. , Bacon P. , Wood Diana
Published: March 2009

2 patients on the drug azapropazone developed positive antiglobulin tests. Their sera were each found to contain two distinct antibodies. One was an IgG antibody, probably a drug‐dependent autoantibody of the α‐methyldopa type, but could have been related to the disease. The other was certainly a drug‐dependent antibody of the penicillin type.
Isolation of Fibronectin under Mild Conditions
Authors: Morgenthaler J.‐J. , Baillod P. , Friedli H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Fibronectin was isolated from human blood plasma by affinity chromatography on immobilized Physiogel, a plasma expander made by chemical degradation of gelatin. Binding of fibronectin to Physiogel is weaker than to gelatin; elution could therefore be performed under rather mild conditions: at pH 6.5 and 30°C. Loading of the sample at low temperature increases the capacity of the affinity column.
Red‐Cell Auto‐Antibodies Mimicking Anti‐Fyb Specificity
Authors: van ‘t Veer M.B. , van Leeuwen I. , Haas F.J.L.M. , Smelt M. , Overbeeke M.A.M. , Engelfriet C.P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody is described, produced by an Fy(a+b‐) woman that at first reacted with her own cells, preferentially with Fy(b+) cells but not with Fy(a‐b‐) cells. Later, pure anti‐Fyb specificity occurred. Elution and absorption studies revealed that the antibody recognized a determinant absent from Fy(a‐b‐) cells but present on Fy(a+b‐) and Fy(a‐b+) cells, much more strongly, however, on the latter, and that it was an autoantibody.
Quantitation of Antibody Binding to Erythrocytes in LISS
Authors: Merry A.H. , Thomson Eileen E. , Lagar Julie , Howell P. , Voak D. , Downie M. , Stratton F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The amount of antibody bound to cells in a low ionic strength solution (LISS) has been quantitated for several antibodies including anti‐D, anti‐c̄, anti‐Kell, anti‐Fya, and anti‐Jka. With the exception of the Kell antibodies there was an enhancement of the rate of antibody uptake in LISS. For Rh antibodies the amount bound after a 5‐min LISS incubation is comparable to that bound after 45 min in saline. For Kell antibodies a smaller amount was bound in LISS than in saline. The effect of the ratio of serum to cells was also studied, and with several antibodies there was an increase in the amount of antibody bound with a higher serum to cell ratio irrespective of suspending medium. For Kell antibodies this ratio appears to be of greater importance than the ionic strength for antibody detection. A modification to the LISS method to increase the serum to cell ratio is, therefore, presented.
A Patient, Mosaic for Rh and Fy Antigens Lacking Other Signs of Chimerism or Chromosomal Disorder
Authors: Northoff Hinnak , Goldmann Shraga F. , Lattke Herbert , Steinbach Peter
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient who shows two populations of RBC, differing in their Rh and Fy antigens, was investigated but no other sign of chimerism or mosaicism in a variety of other antigenic systems, including serum and enzyme polymorphisms and HLA antigens, was observed. His karyotype, as investigated on lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures, was normal. Possible explanations of the observed phenomenon are discussed.
Erythrocyte Membrane Vesiculation and Changes in Membrane Composition during Storage in Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose‐Adenine‐1
Authors: Greenwalt Tibor J. , Bryan Donna J. , Dumaswala Umakant J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serial studies were made of the membranes of the erythrocytes and the vesicles shed during storage of blood in polyvinyl chloride containers for 35 days in citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine anticoagulant. Special precautions were taken to eliminate artifacts created by contaminating leukocytes, platelets and red blood cell ghosts. A total of 15.6% of the cholesterol and 5.2% of the phospholipids of the membranes was lost with no gross change in the gel electrophoretic patterns. The quantity of vesicles found in the supernatant plasma increased during storage and their membranes were characterized by the absence of spectrin, ankyrin, and periodic acid Schiff bands 2 and 3. The ratio of lipids to protein in the vesicles increased as they accumulated perhaps reflecting a rearrangement of the erythrocyte membrane constituents during prolonged maintenance at 4°C.
Transfusion‐Induced Alloimmunization in Patients Awaiting Renal Allografts
Authors: Moore S. Breanndan , Sterioff Sylvester , Pierides Alkis M. , Watts Sharon K. , Ruud Cathy M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies can be induced by the immunologic stimulus of pregnancy, blood transfusion, or tissue allograft. The presence of such antibodies can delay or prevent renal transplantation. However, a history of prior transfusion exposure has been strongly associated with excellent renal allograft survival. The problem of ensuring this ‘transfusion effect’ while minimizing the risk of alloimmunization is real for patients awaiting renal allografts. We examined the influence of pregnancy, allograft rejection, and transfusions on the levels of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the sera of patients awaiting renal transplantation. The results indicate that transfusions alone have a minimal effect on alloimmunization in men and in nulliparous women. The influence of transfusions alone was seen with 77% of men and 86% of women showing less than 10% panel reactivity. Deliberate transfusion policies for patients awaiting renal allografts should be designed to minimize transfusion exposure to parous patients or those who have previously rejected a renal graft.
Comparative Function of Centrifugal Apheresis Devices1
Authors: Rock G. , Blanchette V. , McCombie N. , Tittley P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The function of four apheresis devices has been evaluated to obtain comparative data on performance and safety. Granulocyte yields were highest with the CS‐3000 with 1.7 times 1010 cells, but this preparation also contained 4.5 times 1011 platelets; plateletpheresis gave ranges of 3.4 times 1011 to 4.5 times 1011 cells. The amount of blood processed to obtain these yields varied greatly, ranging from 2.4 to 7 liters. Studies done on the donor return line showed no significant effects of the process. Comparative results on the efficacy of plasma exchange showed relatively little red cell contamination with any of these devices, but significant (6.9 times 1010) platelet removal in the Fenwal bag.
Chloroquine Removal of HLA Antigens from Platelets for the Platelet Immunofluorescence Test
Authors: Nordhagen R. , Flaathen S. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Chloroquine‐treated platelets did not react with HLA antisera in a platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PSIFT), while the reactions with platelet‐specific antibodies (PlAl, Baka) seemed even stronger after treatment. The method might be useful in discerning HLA and platelet‐specific antibodies without absorption procedures. The treatment causes death of a proportion of the cells, with nonspecific fluorescence making the reading difficult. This may be circumvented by using special phase‐contrast lenses.
‘Partial Inhibition’ of Anti‐Rg and Anti‐Ch Reagents
Authors: Giles Carolyn M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Partial inhibition (p.i.) of anti‐Rg (Rodgers) and anti‐Ch (Chido) has been detected by antisera considered to be polyspecific. By using cells and C4 from individuals that are p.i. of Rg and Ch in absorption and elution experiments with selected antisera, it has been possible to separate several specificities. 2 Rg determinants, Rg1 and Rg2, and 3 Ch determinants, Ch1, Ch2, and Ch3, are defined by specific antisera. Partial inhibitors for Rg lack Rg2 and for Ch lack Ch2 or Ch3. The results are discussed in relation to other complexities of C4 polymorphism.
Identical Twins with the Rhnull Phenotype of the Regulator Type in a Finnish Lapp Family
Authors: Sistonen P. , Palosuo T. , Snellman A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An inbred family A. G. with identical twin sisters having the Rhnull phenotype of the regulator type as confirmed by the maternal family data of Rh inheritance is reported. The family was traced back through church records for six generations. Several connections could be established with a Norwegian Sea Lapp community in which a family with the amorph Rhnull type has been reported. The closeness of the Finnish and the Norwegian Lapps was given special attention since, despite both of the communities are small and share a more or less common gene pool, they nevertheless seem to possess the two ultra rare Rh genes, r in the Finnish and r in the Norwegian family, producing, when homozygous, the Rhnull phenotype.
Human Monoclonal Antibodies against Group A Red Blood Cells
Authors: Raubitschek Andrew , Senyk George , Larrick James , Lizak Gail , Foung Steven
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A human monoclonal antibody with anti‐A specificity was generated by Epstein‐Barr virus transformation of lymphocytes isolated from splenic tissue after in vitro stimulation with group A red blood cells. This antibody is of the IgM class and directly agglutinates group A red blood cells. Type A1, A2, Aint, A3, Ax, Aend and A5 cells were agglutinated by the reagent indicating a single determinant is shared by these A subgroups.
Example of a Thimerosal‐Dependent Antibody without Apparent Blood Group Specificity
Authors: Mason James M. , Osborne Pamela T. , Hall A. Jane , Skolnik Judy S. , Woods Laura Lee , Wood Catherine L. , Pierce Steven R. , Beck Malcolm L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A third example of a thimerosal‐dependent hemagglutinin is reported. The IgG antibody reacted by antiglobulin or ficin techniques with all cells incubated in the presence of thimerosal, including iadult cells and two examples of the Rhadult phenotype. Agglutination was inhibited by excess thimerosal (5 g/dl).
Preparation and Properties of Alpha1‐Proteinase Inhibitor Concentrate from Human Plasma
Authors: Coan M.H. , Brockway W.J. , Eguizabal H. , Krieg T. , Fournel M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Alpha1‐proteinase inhibitor (α1‐PI) has been prepared as a concentrate in quantities large enough for clinical testing of its safety and efficacy in the treatment of emphysema and other disorders. The α1‐PI was purified from Cohn fraction IV‐—I paste by polyethylene glycol precipitation and DEAE‐Sepharose chromatography. The methods used in the purification are gentle and the resulting product behaves almost identically to the α1‐PI from plasma. The protein has been heat treated (60°C, 10 h) to lower the risk of transmission of plasma‐borne diseases. This resulted in some aggregation of the protein, but did not cause the generation of new antigenic sites. Half‐life studies in animals showed that the protein behaved normally (catabolic t1/2 of 68 h).
Cell Surface Alterations during Blood‐Storage Characterized by Artificial Aggregation of Washed Red Blood Cells1
Authors: Hessel E. , Lerche D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Aggregation measurement of washed human erythrocytes (RBC) were carried out in a NaCl‐PBS solution under laminar shear conditions. Artificial aggregation of fresh and stored erythrocytes was caused by decreased pH and reduced ionic strength and characterized by collision efficiency α. Generally, the collision efficiency α of stored erythrocytes rises with the increased storage time. Such an aggregation technique might be useful to detect and quantify changes of the membrane and/or the surface structure due to aging and/or storage.
An Investigation into the Effect of Reagent Volume on the Spin Indirect Antiglobulin Test
Authors: Hunt A. F. , Hawkins G.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three polyspecific antiglobulin reagents were tested in a spin antiglobulin technique with 51 antibodies of varying blood group specificities in which the volume of antiglobulin reagent used ranged from 1 volume (35 μl) to 3 volumes (105 μl). Statistical analysis of results showed that a significant decrease in avidity and agglutination scores occurred as the volume of antiglobulin reagent used was increased (‘volume effect’). The volume effect was shown by 33/51 (65%) of antibodies with all three antiglobulin reagents and by 48/51 (94%) of antibodies with at least one antiglobulin reagent. Only 3/51 (6%) failed to show the volume effect with all three antiglobulin reagents.
Successful Treatment of Post‐Transfusion Purpura with High Dose Immunoglobulins after Lack of Response to Plasma Exchange
Authors: Hamblin T.J. , Abidi S.M. Naorose , Nee P.A. , Copplestone A. , Mufti G.J. , Oscier D.G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 77‐year‐old woman with post‐transfusion purpura failed to respond to two 2.5‐litre plasma exchanges with albumin as a replacement fluid. However, intravenous infusion of high‐dose human immunoglobulin produced a response within 4 h. It is suggested that plasma exchange and exchange transfusion are effective in this condition mainly because they have allowed large doses of immunoglobulin to be infused in the form of plasma or whole blood.