bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of some species of the genus Acer L. in the Hirkan flora using dendrochronological methods
Authors: Agamalieva Aydan Gahraman , Mehrelieva Hokume Ilham , Mammadova Shalala Abuzer , Alieva Khadija Hezi , Esli Ilaida Aga Aleskerova
Published: January 2025

Recently, due to global climate change and unregulated human economic activities, biodiversity has significantly degraded, which has led to changes and reductions in the ranges of species. Observations show that there is no comprehensive conservation strategy to protect certain regions where rare and endangered species of woody plants of the flora of Azerbaijan live. With the increase in the number of rare species and the decrease in the number of endangered plants, identifying the causes of these problems and preventing their further degradation is an urgent issue for both government agencies and scientific institutions. The main objective of this scientific study is to conduct a biometric and dendrochronological analysis of the processes occurring in the populations of rare species of the Hirkan flora. The study also includes monitoring the areas where rare and endangered species are found and developing action plans to assess and protect these ecosystems. The article presents studies conducted on samples of old species Acer hyrcanum and Acer mono, selected from the flora of Hyrcanus. Comparative analysis of the species was carried out using dendrochronological methods. Modern equipment was used to determine the age of species, study the dynamics of their development and assess the impact of environmental factors on them. As is known, woody plants experience radial and vertical growth, forming annual rings, although there are exceptions due to a number of complex factors. Among them, climatic conditions, habitat features, as well as genetic and age characteristics of plants play a particularly important role.
Use of ProPlanta Software in the Development of Recommendations for the Production of Agricultural Products
Authors: Burkhonova M. M. , Matyakubov B. Sh. , Zakirova S. Kh. , Nematov U. M. , Diyorova M. X.
Published: January 2025

This article provides an overview of ProPlanta software, which is specifically designed to provide recommendations for the rational use of agricultural land. The software is based on more than 50 years of research, including data from more than 80 long-term field trials. Designed for use in the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan, ProPlanta provides farmers with recommendations on the optimal use of key nutrients and fertilizers, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, lime, magnesium, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn). In addition, the software offers recommendations for the cultivation of environmentally beneficial plants, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
A blob method for mean field control with terminal constraints
Authors: Craig Katy , Elamvazhuthi Karthik , Lee Harlin
Published: January 2025

We develop a novel particle method for a general class of mean field control problems, with source and terminal constraints. Specific examples include the dynamic formulation of the 𝑝-Wasserstein metric, optimal transport around an obstacle, and measure transport subject to acceleration controls. Unlike existing numerical approaches, our particle method is meshfree and does not require global knowledge of an underlying cost function or of the terminal constraint. A key feature of our approach is a novel way of enforcing the terminal constraint via a soft, nonlocal approximation, inspired by recent work on blob methods for diffusion equations. We prove convergence of our particle approximation to solutions of the continuum mean-field control problem in the sense of Γ-convergence. A byproduct of our result is an extension of existing discrete-to-continuum convergence results for mean field control problems to more general state and measure costs, as arise when modeling transport around obstacles, and more general constraint sets, including controllable linear time invariant systems. We conclude by implementing our method numerically for the example problems discussed above. We conduct a detailed numerical investigation of the convergence properties of our method, as well as behavior in sampling applications and for approximation of optimal transport maps.
Physical and Chemical Methods for Mitigating Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wu Yuhang
Published: January 2025

The greenhouse effect caused by greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide emissions, has become a central issue in global environmental governance. Traditional emission reduction strategies, although effective, are difficult to meet global climate goals. In response, the scientific community has begun to explore new technologies for capturing, separating, storing and utilizing carbon dioxide through physical and chemical means. These technologies offer potential avenues for greenhouse gas (GHG) management, but still face technical, economic, and environmental challenges before large-scale application. This study systematically evaluates the progress of the application of these physical and chemical means in carbon dioxide (CO2) treatment, and discusses in depth the technical bottlenecks and future improvement directions by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each technology. It is hoped that this study provides a valuable theoretical basis and practical reference for the development and application of future large-scale CO2 abatement technologies.
Progress in Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) and Conversion Utilization Research
Authors: Ye Junteng
Published: January 2025

The issue of climate change caused by excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has garnered widespread attention. This paper reviews the current major technologies for CO2 treatment, including carbon capture and storage (CCS) and CO2 utilization. CCS technology effectively reduces atmospheric CO2 concentrations by injecting captured CO2 underground for long-term storage, thereby mitigating climate change. Additionally, improvements in technology can enhance oil recovery rates. CO2 utilization transforms CO2 into high-value chemicals such as methane and carbon monoxide (CO) through thermal catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. Despite challenges such as low energy efficiency and high costs, these technologies show significant potential in reducing carbon emissions and promoting carbon recycling.
Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Deng Xiaojie , Huang Ziying , Wu Xuheng
Published: January 2025

With the progress of science and technology and the economy, realizing “sustainable development” has become the common development goal of many countries and regions in the world today. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is widely used as an important carbon resource, which aggravates the problem of global warming. electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide reduction reaction (ECO2RR) is a key technology for converting CO2 into useful carbon-based products (such as C2H4, CO, CH3OH). Thereby increasing the economic and commercial value of clean energy worldwide. In this paper, different electrocatalysts commonly used in ECO2RR reactions were studied. By summarizing the definition, characteristics, deficiencies, and modification strategies of different electrocatalysts, different effects of different electrocatalysts on ECO2RR reaction were studied. This paper helps to make up for the shortage of different electrocatalysts in the literature review of ECO2RR reaction, promote the development of ECO2RR reaction electrocatalysts, and promote the progress of ECO2RR reaction. Let the ECO2RR reaction enable energy conservation and emission reduction, and provide more effective measures for the early realization of the “double carbon goal”. Due to the limited literature on electrocatalysts, the current research is not comprehensive. Future studies should summarize the characteristics of different electrocatalysts in ECO2RR reactions more comprehensively.
A Review of Exterior Waterproofing Technologies in Prefabricated Buildings
Authors: Liao Baiheng , Zhou Meng , Wang Yutong , Wu Zhiduo
Published: January 2025

This paper analyses the status quo of exterior wall waterproofing technology of prefabricated building, introduces the application of waterproofing coil laying, sealant waterproofing, grouting method, exterior wall waterproofing coating, waterproof concrete and the integration technology of heat preservation and drainage, and analyses their advantages and disadvantages. In the future, the research and application of new materials should be strengthened, and the effects of different waterproof technologies should be quantitatively compared through experiments to further improve the waterproof performance of prefabricated building external walls.
Research on construction management based on BIM-AR/VR technology
Authors: Ma Songke
Published: January 2025

With the digital transformation of the construction industry, construction management built by BIM and AR/VR technologies has gradually become a crucial mean to enhance efficiency, reduce costs and promote environmental protection. This paper discusses the application of BIM combined with AR/VR in construction management, and demonstrates its advantages in project visualisation, collaborative communication and safety management through literature analysis. The combined technology can significantly improve the transparency and precision of project management, help managers better control construction progress and costs, optimise resource allocation, and reduce rework. At the same time, the introduction of AR/VR improves worker training, decreases the risk of accidents and promotes the intelligent and green development of construction management. Although the technology still faces problems such as data compatibility, applying BIM and AR/VR in construction management is promising with the integration of new technologies such as artificial intelligence.
Research on Intelligent Construction Technology Based on Green Concepts
Authors: Wang Kai
Published: January 2025

Compared with other industries, the construction industry has significant energy consumption characteristics. Therefore, actively promoting the green ecological construction in the construction industry is a crucial aspect to follow the current global low-carbon transformation call. This paper introduces intelligent building technology and its embodiment of green building concept. From the analysis of Building Information Modelling (BIM), intelligent building robot, Internet of Things (IoT) and other key technology fields, the significance of the combining of green and intelligent building is summarized. By conserving energy and reducing emissions, efficient use of resources, pollution reduction and other means. The construction industry is enriched by the birth of the construction industry Internet, construction robots, and other new industrial forms, which not only promotes resource conservation and environmental protection, but also promotes technological innovation and industrial upgrading. Meanwhile, these technologies improve building quality and user experience, create a safe, comfortable and convenient living and working environment, and extend the service life of buildings. Therefore, the active promotion and application of smart building technologies based on green concepts is of great significance for building a better and more sustainable future.
Wave dissipation performance of breakwater
Authors: Hu Yufan
Published: January 2025

This paper conducts a comprehensive review of the wave dissipation performance of various types of breakwaters in marine engineering. Over time, breakwaters have undergone significant evolution, and modern ones are constructed using advanced materials to enhance the efficiency of wave energy dissipation. They can be categorized into vertical, sloped, floating, and permeable types, each possessing distinct wave dissipation characteristics, physical principles, advantages, and disadvantages. Vertical breakwaters primarily reflect wave energy but can potentially cause strong reflections, which may have adverse effects in certain areas. Sloped breakwaters utilize the principles of kinetic energy conversion and wave breaking to dissipate energy, making them suitable for a wide range of coastal conditions. Floating breakwaters offer flexibility and adjustability to different wave conditions, while permeable breakwaters allow for water exchange while still reducing wave energy, which is beneficial for maintaining the ecological balance of the coastal area. The choice of breakwater type depends on factors such as wave conditions, topography, and environmental impact. In the future, breakthroughs in materials, design, and technology are anticipated to improve the performance of breakwaters. The selection and combination of breakwater types should take into account local conditions and requirements to ensure the effective protection of coastlines and marine facilities.
Status of Serpent Monte Carlo code in 2024
Authors: Leppänen Jaakko , Valtavirta Ville , Rintala Antti , Tuominen Riku
Published: January 2025

The Serpent Monte Carlo code has been in public distribution for 15 years, and has a large international user basis with both research and commercial applications. Serpent is currently developed as part of the Kraken multi-physics framework, which has dedicated capabilities for core-level reactor physics analyses. In Kraken, Serpent can be used either as a high-fidelity neutronics solver, or for generating homogenized group constants for the Ants nodal neutronics code. The neutron and photon transport modes in Serpent enable using the code also for various stand-alone applications beyond reactor physics, such as radiation shielding and fusion neutronics. This paper presents a review of the current status and capabilities of Serpent, corresponding to the latest release 2.2.1. The main features are introduced, with references to publications with more detailed methodological descriptions.
Flexibel durch den Therapiealltag – Agile Führung
Authors: Holtmeier Lisa
Published: January 2025

Im Arbeitsalltag ist es wichtig, flexibel auf Veränderungen zu reagieren. Agile Führung ist ein Denkansatz, der sowohl auf individueller als auch auf organisatorischer Ebene angewendet werden kann, um anpassungsfähig auf diese Veränderungen zu reagieren und selbst Veränderungen voranzubringen. Wie agile Führung im Alltag umgesetzt werden kann, erfahren Sie jetzt.
Gemeinsam geht es besser – Dreiländertagung 2024
Authors: Blümke Christine , Kintscher Sandra
Published: January 2025

„Vernetzt versorgen – Primärversorgungszentren, Praxisnetzwerke und interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit“ lautete das Motto der Dreiländertagung am 26. und 27. September 2024 in Linz. Fachbesucher*innen aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz wollen hier von den Nachbarn lernen und gemeinsame Projekte entwickeln.
Wie wirkt Schwimmen auf chronische Rückenschmerzen? – Wissenschaft nachgefragt
Authors: Veit Katrin
Published: January 2025

In ihrer Bachelorarbeit untersuchte Leonie Vinke innerhalb einer Pilotstudie den Einfluss eines vierwöchigen Schwimmtrainings auf die Lebensqualität bei Personen mit chronischen lumbalen Schmerzen. Sie fand heraus, dass ein Schwimmtraining bestimmte positive Effekte auf die Beweglichkeit sowie auf die Schmerzen haben könnte.
Hochkomplex und äußerst individuell – Physiotherapeutisches Screening bei Post und Long Covid
Authors: Streeck Jesko
Published: January 2025

Eine Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 führt häufig zu neuen Symptomen oder persistierenden Beschwerden. In der Praxis ist es hilfreich, die Beschwerden klassifizieren zu können, ein Screening zu beherrschen und weitere diagnostische Kriterien zu kennen.
On the mathematical foundations of diffusion Monte Carlo
Authors: Caffarel Michel , Del Moral Pierre , de Montella Luc
Published: January 2025

The Diffusion Monte Carlo method with constant number of walkers, also called Stochastic Reconfiguration as well as Sequential Monte Carlo, is a widely used Monte Carlo methodology for computing the ground-state energy and wave function of quantum systems. In this study, we present the first mathematically rigorous analysis of this class of stochastic methods on non necessarily compact state spaces, including linear diffusions evolving in quadratic absorbing potentials, yielding what seems to be the first result of this type for this class of models. We present a novel and general mathematical framework with easily checked Lyapunov stability conditions that ensure the uniform-in-time convergence of Diffusion Monte Carlo estimates towards the top of the spectrum of Schrödinger operators. For transient free evolutions, we also present a divergence blow up of the estimates with respect to the time horizon even when the asymptotic fluctuation variances are uniformly bounded. We also illustrate the impact of these results in the context of generalized coupled quantum harmonic oscillators with non necessarily reversible nor stable diffusive particle and a quadratic energy absorbing well associated with a semi-definite positive matrix force.
Molecular beam epitaxy, photocatalytic solar water splitting, and carrier dynamics of InGaN micro-network deep-nano structures
Authors: Navid Ishtiaque Ahmed , Shen Yifan , Zhou Peng , Schwartz Jonathan , Goh Yin Min , Ma Tao , Hovden Robert , Norris Theodore , Mi Zetian
Published: January 2025

GaN-based nanostructures are increasingly being used for a broad range of electronic as well as optoelectronic device applications, and more recently artificial photosynthesis and solar fuel generation. We have performed a detailed investigation of the molecular beam epitaxy and characterization of Mg-doped p-type InGaN micro-network nanostructures with lateral dimensions reaching as small as a few nanometers. Mg doping shows a clear impact on the carrier dynamics and photocatalytic performance of such micro-network nanostructures. The p-type InGaN micro-network nanostructures exhibit remarkable photocatalytic activities for solar water splitting and hydrogen fuel generation. With an optimum level of Mg doping, we demonstrate a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of ∼2.6% in the photocatalytic water splitting process under concentrated sunlight at ∼50 °C temperature. The impact of Mg doping variation on the STH conversion efficiency and carrier dynamics has been investigated in detail. This study provides new directions for developing the next generation of high-efficiency photocatalytic nanostructure devices and systems.
A mathematical foundation for QUMOND
Authors: Frenkler Joachim
Published: January 2025

We link the QUMOND theory with the Helmholtz–Weyl decomposition and introduce a new formula for the gradient of the Mondian potential using singular integral operators. This approach allows us to demonstrate that, under very general assumptions on the mass distribution, the Mondian potential is well-defined, once weakly differentiable, with its gradient given through the Helmholtz–Weyl decomposition. Furthermore, we establish that the gradient of the Mondian potential is an Lp vector field. These findings lay the foundation for a rigorous mathematical analysis of various issues within the realm of QUMOND. Further, we prove that the once weakly differentiable Mondian potential solves a second-order partial differential equation in distribution sense. Thus, the question arises whether the potential has second-order derivatives. We affirmatively answer this question in the situation of spherical symmetry, although our investigation reveals that the regularity of the second derivatives is weaker than anticipated. We doubt that a similarly general regularity result can be proven without symmetry assumptions. In conclusion, we explore the implications of our results for numerous problems within the domain of QUMOND.
Efficient single-stage optimization of islands in finite-β stellarator equilibria
Authors: Smiet C. B. , Loizu J. , Balkovic E. , Baillod A.
Published: January 2025

We present single-stage optimization of islands in finite-β stellarator equilibria. Stellarator optimization is traditionally performed as a two-stage process; in the first stage, an optimal equilibrium is calculated that balances a set of competing constraints, and in the second stage, a set of coils is found that supports the said equilibrium. Stage one is generally performed using a representation for the equilibrium that assumes nestedness of flux surfaces, even though this is not warranted and occasionally undesired. The second stage optimization of coils is never perfect, and the mismatch leads to worse performing equilibria and further deteriorates if additional constraints, such as force minimization, coil torsion, or port access, are included. The higher fidelity of single-stage optimization is especially important for the optimization of islands as these are incredibly sensitive to changes in the field. In this paper, we demonstrate an optimization scheme capable of optimizing islands in finite β stellarator equilibria directly from coils. We furthermore develop and demonstrate a method to reduce the dimensionality of the single-stage optimization problem to that of the first stage in the two-stage approach.
The common structure of multiple instability patterns on free liquid surfaces induced by charge injection
Authors: Li Guoliang , Tian Wei , Tang Jau , Deng Tiantian , Liu Sheng
Published: January 2025

A previously disregarded electrohydrodynamic (EHD) instability pattern at the gas–liquid interface caused by charge injection is elaborately described and identified as the classical EHD instability. The characteristics and evolutionary processes of three classic EHD instability patterns were meticulously described experimentally. A Taylor cone-like conical structure is proposed as the common basis for the formation of all these patterns. A direct numerical model based on coupled hydrodynamic and electrodynamic equations is developed, and the evolution of the free liquid surface from static to classical EHD instability patterns is obtained from numerical simulations. The simulation results match the experiments, providing details that cannot be observed experimentally and proving the similarity between the conical structure and the Taylor cone. The comprehensive experimental observations and efficient numerical models can serve as a valuable inspiration and foundation for various applications related to EHD surface instability.
Stoichiometry effect on the structure and phase of antiperovskite Sr3SnO thin films prepared using combinatorial co-sputtering
Authors: Oh Ju Hyun , Nam Kideuk , Kim Donghyeon , Lee Dongik , Park Jihun , Pant Rohit , Kang Mijeong , Takeuchi Ichiro , Lee Seunghun
Published: January 2025

The observation of superconductivity in antiperovskite Sr3SnO crystals has sparked significant interest in understanding its underlying mechanism and fabricating them in thin film forms. To date, molecular beam epitaxy has been used to prepare Sr3SnO thin films, but superconductivity has not been observed. Sr deficiency and subsequent hole doping have been suggested as crucial for the emergent superconductivity, but difficulty in sample preparation due to high chemical instability of this material system has posed challenges for systematic and extensive studies. In this study, we report the fabrication of Sr3SnO thin films through co-sputtering of Sr and SnO2 and investigate the stoichiometry effect on the structural properties of Sr3SnO thin films using a combinatorial approach. A single Sr3SnO phase is observed over a wide range of off-stoichiometric Sr/Sn ratio regions, with preferred orientation changing depending on the Sr/Sn ratio. The formation of intermetallic Sr–Sn compounds in highly Sr-deficient regions suggests the need for careful consideration in elucidating the origin of superconductivity. The single orientation along the [002] direction and lattice parameter change due to biaxial strain applied by using a LAO substrate are indicative of the possible epitaxial growth of antiperovskite oxides using sputtering. Our experimental approach and findings pave the way for high-throughput preparation and characterization of antiperovskite oxides, thus encouraging research on antiperovskite oxides as well as other exotic materials involving highly reactive elements.
Mid-infrared detection device using magnetite substrates deposited by radio frequency sputtering method
Authors: Iwasaki Kazuma , Abe Seishi , Tanabe Tadao
Published: January 2025

We investigated the use of magnetite, a type of iron oxide with low environmental impact, as a mid-infrared detector. Mid-infrared rays with a wavelength of 10.6 μm were irradiated to magnetite thin films at regular intervals using a chopper, and changes in electrical resistance were recorded. For comparison, thin films comprising platinum (Pt) nanoparticles dispersed in magnetite were prepared and evaluated in the same way. The results showed that the average decrease in electrical resistance of magnetite corresponding to the mid-infrared irradiation period was 3.50 a.u., the average response time was 0.12 s, and the signal-to-noise ratio was 2.25. Therefore, magnetite can be used as a mid-infrared detector. Magnetite with Pt nanoparticles exhibited a two-orders-of-magnitude decrease in electrical resistance compared to that without Pt nanoparticles. This contributes to lower device power consumption. Its sensitivity is comparable to that of magnetite without Pt nanoparticles, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 1.66. Based on our results, magnetite could contribute to the realization and widespread use of mid-infrared sensors with low environmental impact in the future.
Numerical study for the effect of angle between inner wall of Wehnelt electrode and its axis on beam dynamics in a thermionic electron gun
Authors: Gao Hanyu , Ding Guoquan , Zhou Xin , Chang Dongbo , Tian Ying , Dang Mengxiang
Published: January 2025

Welding electron guns are usually designed using the theory of electron optics, where a change in the size of the Wehnelt electrode in the electrostatic field causes variations in the motion behavior of the electron beam. In this study, the COMSOL software is used to carry out finite element simulations; under temperature-limited emission conditions, the influence of changing α, which is the angle between the inner wall of the Wehnelt electrode and its central axis, on the beam is mainly analyzed. The results indicate that a change in α causes a variation in the potential on the axis and its first and second derivatives to the axial distance, which in turn causes changes in the beam current and emittance and the radius and position of the beam waist; however, it has no significant effect on the kinetic energy of the electrons. When 75° < α ≤ 90°, the beam cannot be focused effectively. When 0° ≤ α ≤ 15°, the beam current is significantly reduced, and the Wehnelt electrode is most likely to be damaged. After synthetically analyzing the main characteristic parameters of the beam waist, when α = 60°, the requirements for focusing the electron beam of the electron gun in this study can be met.
Research on surface charge accumulation characteristics of post-composite insulators in polluted environments
Authors: Huang Ping , Yang Guoting , Wei Kequan , Huang Junlin , Zhang Biao
Published: January 2025

Post insulators are commonly used in DC converter stations. Studying their contamination accumulation characteristics is crucial for reducing pollution flashover accidents and ensuring power systems’ safe and stable operation. This paper takes the FZSMW-75/8-Z post-composite insulator as the research object. Natural contamination accumulation tests are carried out under DC voltage. Group sampling of contamination accumulation on the upper and lower surfaces of insulator umbrella skirts resulted in a greater accumulation of dirt on the lower surface of the insulator skirt than on the upper surface. Based on the results of natural contamination accumulation tests, an FZSMW-75/8-Z insulator model is developed using COMSOL multiphysics simulation software. The simulation results are basically consistent with the natural contamination accumulation test results, verifying the rationality of the simulation model. Subsequently, aiming at the phenomenon of surface conductivity differences and surface charge accumulation caused by uneven contamination on the insulator surface, the surface charge accumulation situation is characterized by changes in surface charge density distribution. Analysis is carried out on how wind speed, the diameter of contaminating particles, and the inclination of wind direction impact the distribution of surface charge density on post-composite insulators. The results show that when the wind direction is fixed, the insulator’s surface charge density has a positive association with the wind velocity, and it first declines and then ascends as the diameter of the contaminated particles enlarges. When the wind direction changes, the surface charge density of the insulator slowly rises with the increase in airflow inclination.
Insight on the complete process of photoacoustic generation and propagation of cerebrovascular in brain via multi-physics coupling method
Authors: Hou Shangkun , Lv Anzhi , Lin Jiabin , You Bokang , Huang Shuaixin , Song Xianlin
Published: January 2025

The presence of the skull hinders photoacoustic imaging from being used for brain imaging. In order to understand the mechanism of photoacoustic signal generation of cerebrovascular in the presence of skull, a photoacoustic model of cerebrovascular was established by using COMSOL Multiphysics to achieve the visualization of the whole process of the generation and transmission of the cerebrovascular photoacoustic signal. The diffusion equation is approximated by the partial differential equations in the form of coefficients in the mathematical module of COMSOL to describe laser propagation in brain tissue. The light energy absorbed by the gray matter and blood vessels was used as a heat source, and the biological heat transfer module of COMSOL Multiphysics was used to describe the instantaneous temperature rise of gray matter and blood vessels. A thermal strain model was constructed by the solid mechanics module to visualize the surface displacement caused by the adiabatic expansion of blood vessels. The photoacoustic signal is generated by the surface displacement of the vessel, and the propagation of the photoacoustic signal is visualized using a transient pressure acoustic model of COMSOL Multiphysics. This visualization study provides theoretical guidance for the research and application of photoacoustic imaging in brain structural and functional imaging.
Synchronized observation of pressure wave influence on plasma–target interaction using optical wave microphone and high-speed camera
Authors: Wai Thuzar Phyo , Htet Myo Nway Htet , Hagiwara Kota , Mitsugi Fumiaki
Published: January 2025

Plasma–target interaction of atmospheric pressure plasma jet is one of the considerable things in a very wide range of biomedical applications with the transportation of reactive oxygen species. One of the most important observations on what plasma jets emit is pressure waves, which have been focused on the energic distribution of electric discharges in atmospheric pressure. A unique optical technique called an optical wave microphone works based on the Fraunhofer diffraction of laser for phase objects, and it has successfully detected shockwaves emitted by helium and argon plasma jet at the downstream of the plasma jet in the applied voltage frequency order of kilohertz. In this study, a fibered optical wave microphone and high-speed camera (Photron, FASTCAM SA1.1) were used for a synchronized investigation of pressure wave influence on the movement of fine particles caused by the needle electrode plasma jet. The plasma–target interaction was investigated through the synchronized observation with an optical wave microphone and a high-speed camera in which fine particles were used as the target for the observation of the influence of pressure waves. Experimental results show that the arrival and formation of pressure waves were strongly related to the fine particle movements at the plasma–target interaction.
Analysis of Brownian coagulation in the spatial mixing layer with average kernel method and iterative direct numerical simulation
Authors: Xie Mingliang
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the evolution of nanoparticle populations undergoing Brownian coagulation in a spatial mixing layer. The dynamics of particle size distribution and number concentration are analyzed using a coupled Eulerian approach that combines fluid dynamics with aerosol dynamics. The mixing layer serves as a fundamental flow configuration to understand particle–vortex interactions and their effect on coagulation rates. Results demonstrate that the shear-induced spatial mixing significantly influences the spatial distribution of nanoparticles and their subsequent coagulation behavior. The enhanced mixing in the shear layer leads to locally increased particle collision frequencies, accelerating the coagulation process compared to laminar conditions. The study reveals that the evolution of the particle size distribution is strongly dependent on both the local vorticity intensity and the initial particle concentration gradients across the mixing layer.
Early debates in space science
Authors: Cummings W. David , Lanzerotti Louis J.
Published: January 2025

Does the Sun generate a wind or a breeze? Where do gamma-ray bursts originate? Here’s how five of the biggest questions in the field were answered with the help of satellites.
Simplifying emissions modelling from wildland fires: laboratory-scale emission factors are independent of fine woody debris fuel load
Authors: Guérette Élise-Andrée , Paton-Walsh Clare , Desservettaz Maximilien , Reisen Fabienne , Surawski Nicholas C. , Meyer C. P. (Mick) , Roulston Christopher T. , Sullivan Andrew , Weston Christopher J. , Volkova Liubov
Published: January 2025

Background Air quality modelling of smoke from wildfires requires knowledge of emission factors and how these vary. Aims Experimental fires were used to test the variation of emission factors with fuel load to improve a smoke forecasting model. Methods Gas and particle-phase chemical composition of smoke plumes from laboratory-scale fires was measured with different fuel loads and at different stages of fire progression. Key results Different fine woody debris loads had no significant effect on the emission factors. In contrast, different stages of the fire produced significant differences in emission factors. The lowest emission factors for most species (except carbon dioxide) were observed during the flaming fire front, which accounted for half the total emissions. Importantly, we found that emission ratios relative to carbon monoxide were consistent across different fuel loads and throughout the fire’s progression. Conclusions By modelling the modified combustion efficiency, it is possible to simultaneously model the emissions of carbon monoxide and the emissions of nearly all other pollutants throughout the progression of a fire. Implications The emissions of carbon monoxide, fine particulate matter and other key pollutants all scale with the intensity of the fire, simplifying the task of modelling these emitted pollutants downwind of prescribed fires.
The use of Mahad leaf pellet feed affects the fermentation process and rumen micro-biota in beef cattle
Authors: Norrapoke Thitima , Pongjongmit Tanitpan
Published: January 2025

The study’s objective was to assess how Mahad leaf pellet feed affected the microbial ecology and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. Using a 4×4 Latin square design, 4 Brahman crossbred heifers weighing 250 ± 40 kg (1–1.5 years old) were randomly allocated to each of the following treatments: The powder for concentration in the experiment following: (1) Control (0 g concentrate powder), (2) 50 g concentrate powder, (3) 100 g concentrate powder, and (4) 150 g concentrate powder. The cows received ad libitum rice straw and concentrate at 1% BW. None of the treatments affected ruminal temperature, NH
3
-N, microbial protein production, or pH. Hematocrit (Hct) and blood urea N were unaffected by the addition of Mahad leaf pellet feed. On the other hand, the addition of Mahad leaf pellet feed to the diet led to a linear reduction in the ruminal concentration of acetic acid (P = 0.01) and an increase in the ruminal concentration of propionic acid (P = 0.02). We projected a decrease in ruminal CH
4
production (P = 0.02) as the amount of Mahad leaf pellet feed in the diet increased. The addition of Mahad leaf pellet feed to the diet resulted in a linear decrease in the protozoal population (P = 0.01) as the amount increased. According to the current study, Mahad leaf pellet feed alters ruminal fermentation by reducing the acetate-to-propionate ratio and estimating the amount of CH
3
produced. It has no influence on ruminal pH, microbial synthesis or blood parameters. Decreases in the ruminal protozoa may account for some of the changes in ruminal fermentation parameters. The ideal level for animal feed supplementation is 150 g of the total ration, as supplementing beyond 150 g of the concentrate portion did not significantly enhance these beneficial effects.
Gravitational radiation reaction for compact binary systems at the fourth-and-a-half post-Newtonian order
Authors: Blanchet Luc , Faye Guillaume , Trestini David
Published: January 2025

We compute the gravitational radiation-reaction force on a compact binary source at the fourth-and-a-half post-Newtonian (4.5PN) order of general relativity, i.e., 2PN order beyond the leading 2.5PN radiation reaction. The calculation is valid for general orbits in a general frame, but in a particular coordinate system which is an extension of the Burke-Thorne coordinate system at the lowest order. With the radiation-reaction acceleration, we derive (from first principles) the flux-balance laws associated with the energy, the angular and linear momenta, and the center-of-mass position, in a general frame and up to 4.5PN order. Restricting our attention to the frame of the center of mass, we point out that the equations of motion acquire a non-local-in-time contribution at the 4.5PN order, made of the integrated flux of linear momentum (responsible for the recoil of the source) together with the instantaneous flux of center-of-mass position. The non-local contribution was overlooked in the past literature, which assumed locality of the radiation-reaction force in the center of mass frame at 4.5PN order. We discuss the consequences of this non-local effect and obtain consistent non-local equations of motion and flux balance laws at 4.5PN order in the center-of-mass frame.
Recent advancements in atomic many-body methods for high-precision studies of isotope shifts
Authors: Sahoo B K , Blundell S , Oleynichenko A V , Garcia Ruiz R F , Skripnikov L V , Ohayon B
Published: January 2025

The development of atomic many-body methods, capable of incorporating electron correlation effects accurately, is required for isotope shift (IS) studies. In combination with precise measurements, such calculations help to extract nuclear charge radii differences, and to probe for signatures of physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. We review here a few recently-developed methods in the relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT) and relativistic coupled-cluster (RCC) theory frameworks for calculations of IS factors in the highly charged ions (HCIs), and neutral or singly-charged ions, respectively. The results are presented for a wide range of atomic systems in order to demonstrate the interplay between quantum electrodynamics (QED) and electron correlation effects. In view of this, we start our discussions with the RMBPT calculations for a few HCIs by rigorously treating QED effects; then we outline methods to calculate IS factors in the one-valence atomic systems using two formulations of the RCC approach. Then we present calculations for two valence atomic systems, by employing the Fock-space RCC methods. For completeness, we briefly discuss theoretical input required for the upcoming experiments, their possibilities to probe nuclear properties and implications to fundamental physics studies.
Comparative effects of direct plasma treatment and plasma-activated media on B16F10 cancer cells using a multipoint surface dielectric barrier discharge system
Authors: Lima Luan G , Marcondes Michaela Shiotani , Azevedo Neto Nilton F , Queiroz Rafaela C , Tada Dayane B , Junior Clodomiro Alves , Pessoa Rodrigo S
Published: January 2025

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating novel, effective, and selective therapies. Cold atmospheric plasma generates reactive species that can selectively kill tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue. We developed a multipoint surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) plasma system capable of simultaneously treating all wells in a 24-well plate, enhancing experimental throughput and consistency. We investigated both direct plasma treatment and indirect effects via plasma-activated media (PAM) on the viability of B16F10 melanoma cells and L929 fibroblasts. Characterizations confirmed uniform plasma generation and safe operating temperatures suitable for cell applications. Physicochemical analyses of PAMs showed time-dependent changes in pH, oxidation–reduction potential, and conductivity, indicating the generation of reactive species like nitrite, nitrate, and hydrogen peroxide. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that both direct plasma treatment and PAM significantly reduced melanoma cell viability, with direct treatment causing a more pronounced effect. After 3 min of direct exposure, melanoma cell viability decreased to approximately 30% after 24 h and further to 13% after 48 h. In contrast, healthy L929 fibroblasts remained largely unaffected under both treatment conditions. These results suggest that both short-lived and long-lived reactive species contribute to the selective cytotoxic effects observed in cancer cells. The multipoint SDBD plasma system shows potential as a selective anticancer treatment modality, effective through both direct plasma exposure and the application of PAM, offering a promising avenue for future cancer therapies.
Chronic inflammation in a radium dial painter cohort: elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and radiation-induced hearing loss
Authors: Goans Ronald Earl , Dauer L.T. , Iddins Carol J , Mumma Michael T. , McComish S. L. , Tolmachev Sergey Y
Published: January 2025

The radium dial painters (RDP) are a well-described group of predominantly young women who incidentally ingested 226Ra and 228Ra as they painted luminescent watch dials in the first part of the twentieth century. In 1974 pathologist Dr. William D. Sharpe published complete clinical and autopsy results for 42 former radium dial painters evaluated in the New Jersey Radium Research Project (NJRRP). This was an important paper due to the completeness of the observations. Surprisingly, in this study, clinicians noted a 35.5% incidence of hearing loss, both conductive and mixed etiologies. Since the 1974 publication, there has developed a considerable literature on radiation-induced hearing loss in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. It is expected that hearing loss would also be associated with systemic inflammation. Recently, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been shown in many cancer and non-cancer studies to be a nonspecific marker of inflammation. In prior collaborative efforts with the United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USTUR) and with the NCRP Million Person Study, it has been possible to evaluate NLR from medical records of a cohort of 166 former radium dial painters previously evaluated at Argonne National Laboratory. In addition, NLR was available in historic medical records of the sarcoma and nasopharyngeal cancer patients described in Rowland’s summary of the Argonne studies. . Using elevation of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a non-specific marker of inflammation, chronic inflammation has been observed in all cohorts with significant dose. The RDP cohort has had a unique exposure to radium, but the incidence of radiation-induced hearing loss here is uncertain. Due to cosmic radiation dose to astronauts in space flight, there is a significant interest in high LET radiation dose to the brain, including the auditory system. 
Computational simulation of graphene/h-BN nanopores for single-molecule herbicide sensing
Authors: Scopel Wanderlã L , de Souza Fábio A L , de Souza Sávio B , Amorim Rodrigo G , Scheicher Ralph H
Published: January 2025

The growing world population and climate change are key drivers for the increasing pursuit of more efficient and environmentally-safe food production. In this scenario, the large scale use of herbicides demands the development of new technologies to control and monitor the application of these compounds, due to their severe environmental and health-related problems. Motivated by these issues, in this work, a hybrid graphene/boron nitride nanopore is explored to detect/identify herbicide molecules (Glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, Diuron, and 2,4D). Solid-state nanopores based on 2D materials have been widely explored as novel generation sensors capable of single-molecule resolution. The present investigation combines density functional theory (DFT) and the non-equilibrium Green’s function method to assess the interaction of each herbicide with the nanopore and how its interaction modulates the device’s electronic transport properties. The device’s sensitivity spreads from 9.0% up to 27.0% when probed at different gate voltages. Overall, the proposed device seems to be sensitive and selective to be considered as a promising single-molecule herbicide sensor.
Fabrication and characterization of a pneumatic soft gripper integrated with a novel 3D-printed piezoresistive force sensor
Authors: Lee Hyun Jae , Rejimone Justin , Liu Zhiqiang , Park Simon S , Kim Keekyoung
Published: January 2025

A pneumatic soft gripper, composed of multiple elastomeric materials, was designed and manufactured based on gripping simulations. The simulation results demonstrated that the different stiffnesses of the elastomeric materials can influence the internal air pressure required for the proper actuation of the gripper. Considering the substrate properties and the morphological changes of the soft gripper during gripping, a piezoresistive force sensor was developed using elastomers and conductive filaments with the aid of additive manufacturing techniques. We confirmed the reproducibility and stability of the proposed piezoresistive force sensor through evaluations under various fabrication conditions. Results from touch experiments and compressive force measurements indicated that the stiffness of the sensor substrate and the thickness of the conductive part of the sensor affected the sensitivity and reliability of the sensor with respect to different levels of applied forces. Incorporating a rigid panel between the soft gripper and the piezoresistive force sensor diminished the effect of the variable stiffness and curvature of the gripper on the measurement of electrical resistance generated by the piezoresistive force sensor. Our 3D-printed sensor combined with elastomeric materials showed the possibility of differentiating the simple actuation and the gripping demonstration of the soft gripper.