bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disturbances of phytoclimatic suitability within the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) natural distribution area in Spain
Authors: Cámara Obregón A.
Published: May 2024

This paper shows just a small piece from the whole phytoclimatic study done for Pinus halepensis Mill in Spain, using the models of Allué Andrade (1990-1997). It’s been the Site- Phytoclimatic Aptitude model (Allué Andrade, 1997) our main tool. The fluctuations of Site- Phytoclimatic Aptitude Index, between and after 1970 in the natural area of the Aleppo pine in our country, develop again the idea of the phytoclimatic habitat changing with time and space.
Phytoclimatic evolution of the last centuries in Spain based on dendroclimatic reconstructions
Authors: Manrique Menéndez E. , Fernández Cancio A.
Published: May 2024

In this work a new version of the methodology for phytoclimatic reconstruction of the past is described, based on growth tree-ring series. Employing this methodology the phytoclimatic analysis of some centuries is carried out, using climatic information from several meteorological Spanish stations. The reconstructions often expand backward in time to the 11th century. The main tools for the analysis are supra-annual elaborations, which integrate the phytoclimatic data of a period, and frequency polynomials, which take into account the variability.
Soil, topography, water and landscape
Authors: Gonzalez Rebollar J. L.
Published: May 2024

No abstract
The stem K-R-K in forest terminology
Authors: Ruiz de la Torre J.
Published: May 2024

Some terms, preferentialy on forest botany, with stem K-R-K, of origin in onomatopoeia, or transformed, are presented. Words referent to trees and other forest terms, in diverse idioms, are added.
Phitoclimatic homologation between Spain and Turkey
Authors: García López J. Mª.
Published: May 2024

A phytoclimatic homologation between Spain and Turkey is established with two main different objectives: the establishment of the degree of diffusion or originality of the Turkish phytoclimates, and facilitate the exchange of forest material and forest techniques. A search of homologous stations between 375 Turkish stations and more than 600 Spanish have been made, by a paired comparison method. Two affinities categories (loosens and strict) were used and incorporated to special cartographic bases. A 13.34 % of the Turkish surface, located in the maritime periphery of the country was defined as loose –homologous with Spain. The phytoclimatic subtypes better represented in these homologous areas were the Mediterranean (especially the Spanish IV4) and the nemoromediterranean (especially the Sapnish VI(IV)1). The homologous subtypes of predominantly nemoral component are located in north European Tracy and pontic shores, especially in their western half, less affected by the continental influence of asiactic origin. On the contrary, the homologous subtypes of predominantly Mediterranean component are located in the southern European Tracy and in the coastal Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. In the strict homologation process 143 Turkish stations were selected. The IVi Turkish subtypes represent 5/6 of the all the strict homologous stations. The rest (1/6) corresponds to nemoromediterranean Turkish subtypes VI(IV)i (20 stations) or Turkish nemoral VI and VI(V) (9 stations). In Turkey, the homologous regions are located in the margins of the Anatolian Peninsula close to the Mediterranean, Pontic and Aegean seas, and in the western-most parts of the circum–anatolian ring. In the Iberian Peninsula, the strict homologous stations are mainly located south-eastern and south-estern regions, and in a lesser extent the north-eastern region.
Transformation models from une venaged to unevenaged stands
Authors: González Molina J. Mª.
Published: May 2024

In most cases uneven-aged stands in Spain do not match the optimal distribution curves, being necessary to transform them during the first silvicultural treatments. Those transformation processes are frequently simplified just comparing the actual distribution with the optimal one and therefore extracting for each diameter class the surplus. Depending of the initial situation four different transformation cases are diferentiated based in plot data: low volumed, high volumed, standard and strong desequilibrated stands. The interventions criteria for each case are defined depending of the initial situation. In all cases it is suggested to transform the stands in several silvicultural interventions, in order to maintain a minimum of extracted volume to ensure the rentability and to avoid over-cuttings.
Developing a merchantable volume equation for Pinus radiata D. Don in Galicia using a taper function
Authors: Castedo Dorado F. , Álvarez González J. G.
Published: May 2024

Seventeen taper functions from six different groups of models (single polynomial, segmented polynomial, power, exponential, variable exponent and trigonometric taper fucntions) were fitted to diameter at different heights data from a sample of 280 trees of Pinus radiata D. Don in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). The equations obtained were compared to evaluate its performance and were validated using an independent sample of 85 trees to determine the best model. A total and merchantable volume equation was calculated by integration of the taper function. This equation is useful to estimate the yield of the stand for the different log qualities.
Nutrient distribution in Eucalyptus globulus plantations from NW Spain
Authors: Brañas J. , González-Río F. , Merino A.
Published: May 2024

Nutrient concentration and distribution in the aboveground tree biomass, litter layer and mineral soil were determined in nine plantations of Eucalyptus globulus (6-18 years old) from NW Spain. In mature plantations, the total quantities of P, K, Ca and Mg in tree biomass were higher than available quantities of P, K, Ca and Mg in the soil. The logging residues (bark, branches, twigs and leaves), representing the 25 % of the total aboveground biomass, accumulated more than half of the tree biomass nutrients (N, K, Ca and Mg). These tree biomass components also accounted for more than 30 % of the P, Ca and Mg of the forest system. The organic horizon of soil in mature plantations also constituted an important reserve of limiting nutrients, specially of P, Ca and Mg. These results show the importance of logging residues and soil humus layer to avoid the loss of fertility after harvesting.
Visual strength grading of structural timber of Laricio pine (Pinus nigra Arn.): comparison of results according to UNE 56.544 and DIN 4074 standards
Authors: Díez R. , Conde M. , Fernández-Golfín J. I. , Rosskopf S.
Published: May 2024

On a 776 boards sample of Pinus nigra 150 X 50 X 3.000 mm size, coming from felled trees in Jaen (Spain) a comparison of results is made using two different standards of visual strength grading, the German DIN 4074, usually employed within Europe, and the recent Spanish UNE 56544. Graded the same batch of timber by means of both standards, the yields and the physico-mechanical properties of every grade are calculated. The physico-mechanical properties of timber (density, bending strength and modulus of elasticity) are studied by testing according to the methodology included in the European standard EN 408, calculating the results according to the standard EN 384 and assigning the strength classes according to EN 338. The results lead to the conclusion that the use of the Spanish standard produces almost the same results than the use of the German standard, not only as far as the yields are concerned but also regarding the physico-mechanical properties of timber. In this way a second conclusion is reached, the Spanish standard follows criteria and produces results commonly accepted by the market.
EUFORGEN: The road from Strasbourg Resolution S2
Authors: Turok J. , Borelli S.
Published: May 2024

The European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN) was endorsed at the Second Ministerial Conference in Helsinki as the instrument of international cooperation for implementing Resolution S2 of the first Ministerial Conference in Strasbourg. EUFORGEN is financed by participating countries and the coordinating secretariat is hosted by IPGRI. The Programme is overseen by a Steering Committee composed of National Coordinators from all participating countries. National Coordinators also act as formal link between the coordinating secretariat and national institutions involved in the activities on forest genetic resources. They seek to commit all relevant institutions within their country to carry out the agreed tasks and liaise between them. The programme work operationally based on four «pilot» Networks, focused on a selected set of species. These not only reflected national priorities for the conservation of the most threatened genetic diversity and its actual or potential use, but also covered different types of ecogeographic and genetic distribution patterns. The five Networks operating during Phase II of EUFORGEN are: Conifers (started as Picea abies Network), Mediterranean oaks (started as Quercus suber Network), Populus nigra (and P. alba), Noble Hardwoods and Social Broadleaves. The collaborative activities of the Networks typically include regular exchange of information, development of genetic conservation strategies and technical guidelines, common descriptors and databases, identification of common research needs and preparation of joint project proposals, exchange of genetic materials, literature overviews, and public awareness activities. Network members, in collaboration with other scientists and forest officers from participating countries, carry out the tasks of agreed workplans with their own resources as inputs in kind to the Programme. Many practical outputs have been produced by the Networks to date and are briefly summarised in this paper.
Forest genetic resource conservation of noble hardwoods in Spain
Authors: Fernández López J. , Díaz Vázquez R. , Cogolludo Agustín M. A. , Pereira Lorenzo S.
Published: May 2024

The main problems with the conservation of Noble Hardwood species are the following: selective cutting of the best trees, utilization of fruit-variety seeds in forest plantations, genetic introgression of cultivated varieties in wild populations. Priorities for establishing a conservation strategy are: the demarcation of provenance regions, the establishment of recomendations for the use of reproduction material, together with a fostering of planting efforts. The advantages and disadvantages of the in situ and ex situ conservation methods are listed for the species under consideration. Ex situ conservation is recommended for areas with populations whose variability has been reduced or in areas where the improvement of reproduction material is of interest.
Conifers. EUFORGEN Genetic Resources Conservation Network
Authors: Koski V.
Published: May 2024

The relatively small number of Coníferas in Europe is discussed in relation to their ancient species richness and to their higher number on other continents. The listed 38 native European species make up a heterogeneous group; some of them with wide distribution, some other ones with extremely small natural range. The importance of all species is emphasised, not neglecting introduced species. The history of the Norway spruce network is briefly described. In the beginning of the second phase of EUFORGEN other Coníferas besides Picea abies are included. The crucial importance of regeneration in conservation populations is pointed out. Research on the reproductive biology and population structure is sincerely recommended.
Conservation of genetic resources of conifers in Spain
Authors: Martín Albertos S. , González Martínez S. C.
Published: May 2024

In the framework of biodiversity conservation, the inventory and conservation of forest genetics resources is a priority. In this work, the information available about quantitative and molecular variation in the species of genus Pinus, Abies, Juniperus, Tetraclinis and Taxus occurring in Spain is reviewed. In addition, the state of the on-going inventory and conservation of genetic resources is described (provenance areas, seed sources, seed orchards, clonal banks and seed banks, mainly). Ecology of the species, specific threats and the political framework are taking into account in the development of conservation strategies of forest genetic resources. In situ conservation both of pure stands and complex forest systems for all conifer species, ex situ conservation of the species of the genus Pinus in seed banks, and the importance of plantations, are highlighted.
Modelling the diameter-height relationship for Pinus pinaster Ait. in Galicia using SBB distribution
Authors: Castedo Dorado F. , Ruiz González A. D. , Álvarez González J. G.
Published: May 2024

The bivariate density function SBB has been fitted to height and diameter data of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) from 24 sample plots established in even-aged stands of this specie in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). The height-diameter model in maritime pine was estimated using a property of the SBB bivariate distribution. In order to get this, a median regression of SBB function was established between heights and diameters data of each one of the 24 sample plots. The estimated values obtained in the fit has also been used to obtain the curves corresponding to the percentiles of the 5 and 95 % of the height distribution. Finally, a generalized height-diameter function has been developed for Pinus pinaster in Galicia from the equations fitted to each plot, relating the SBB function with the principal stand variables.
Nutrititional status of beech forests from the Sierra del Caurel (NW Spain) and its relation with soil properties
Authors: Rodríguez Guitián M. , Fontao M. , Negral Fernández M. , Merino A.
Published: May 2024

This paper presents the study of some nutritional aspects affecting the conservation of beech woodstands (Fagus sylvatica L) located in the Sierra del Cuarel (NW Spain). The studied woodstands show a critical state of preservation due to the human pressure that caused important fragmentation, and to be far away from the main beech forests in Northern Spain. The main nutritional constraints are their low leaf phosphorous levels and in, some few cases, their low nitrogen levels as well. They are caused by the low soil availabily of P and N as a consequence of their reduced nutrient storage and their high acidity. This may decrease the chances for preserving these stands, and they should be taken into account when future conservation practices are to be designed.
Cork oak decline in Catalonia: Symptoms and related fungi
Authors: Luque J. , Parladé J. , Pera J.
Published: May 2024

The cork oak decline in Catalonia is characterised by low vigour of the trees. Most frequent symptoms are trunk cankers caused by fungi, trunk wounds due to bark-stripping, dieback, reduced branch growth, epicormic shooting, defoliation, low leaf surface area, and chlorosis. No significant differences in decline index were detected among trees of different diameter classes, indicating an homogeneous incidence of the disease unrelated to plant age. Moreover, there is not a clear relationship between plot orientation and decline, although the greatest percentage of diseased trees was found in southwest-facing expositions. Fifty-four fungal taxa were recorded after field surveys carried out in several cork oak forests. Several pathogenic fungi were identified: Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Botryosphaeria stevensii, Phomopsis sp., in branch and trunk; Cystodendron dryophilum, Dendrophoma myriadea, Elsinoë quercus-ilicis and Lembosia quercina, in leaves; and Armillaria sp. and Phytophthora cinnamomi, in roots. Some of these fungal species were especially abundant in the aerial parts of declined trees, thus remarking the importance of cork oak pathogens as a contributory factor to the decline of this forest species.
Morphogenesis in vitro of Teak (Tectona grandis L.)
Authors: Daquinta M. , Ramos L. , Capote I. , Lezcano Y. , Rodríguez R. , Escalona M.
Published: May 2024

The rescue of commercial species is a priority for biotechnology to increase multiplication rate and develop reforestation. Such programmes can be carried out simultaneously with the development of the country to mantain the ecosystem natural equilibrium. Teak (Tectona grandis L.) is a forest tree of high commercial and ecological value because of its rapid growth and wood quality. Teak is a specie with problems in the propagation as a result of its high genetic variability. For this reason, alternatives to produce propagules have been developed. With the aim to obtain plants regeneration from this were used shoot tips and flowers immature of mature tree explants and cotyledons from seed. Different thidiazuron concentrations was tested for callus formation and cytokinins for plants regeneration. Nodular calli was obtained from shoot tips, cotyledons and flowers immature. The shoots regeneration was achieved in calli from shoot tips.
Silvicultural prescriptions for density management of even-aged stand of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) in the Cantabrian on base of a synchronic approach
Authors: Reque Kilchenmann J.
Published: May 2024

(Silvicultural prescriptions for density management of even-aged stand of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Matts. Liebl.) in the Cantabrian range are presented. The methodology of the study was based on a synchronic approach. Even-aged stands of every stage of development of the species were analysed in order to reconstruct the chronological series of sessile oak. The field work methodology can be adapted to any forest species and allows a single person to cover a wide study area.The results of the present study are based on the analysis of 32 plots with dominant heights between eight and twenty-two meters. A silvicultural norm (regression line of density on dominant height) is obtained for even aged stands of oak as well as the recommended values of the Hart index for the species in a management model of multiple (productive and-protective) use. The mathematical expression of the norm is: 1n(N/ha) = 11,1347 –1,64823 * 1n(H0) or (N/ha = 69671,68061 * H0–1,64823). The recommended values of the Hart index for even aged stands of the species are situated in the interval S(%) _ [24,26].The results are a first approach to the density management of the species.
Behaviour of Populus nigra cv Italica timber in creosote and CCA preservation treatments
Authors: Díaz B. G. , Luna M. L. , Keil G. D. , Otaño M. E. , Peri P. L.
Published: May 2024

Populus nigra cv Italica (Álamo criollo) is the most important species planted in Southern Patagonia mainly to protect agricultural crops, livestock and rural houses and to provide a source of wood for fuelwood. In spite of the low natural durability of its wood, Alamo has been a traditional source of poles for construction purposes. The application of preservative treatments could increment the mean expected life of its wood in service. The objective of the present work was to evaluate Creosote absorption and CCA retention levels in different concentrations applied to Alamo timber with three treatments: full-cell, empty-cell and hot-cold bath. Small cubic blocks of Alamo criollo timber from two plantation sites in Santa Cruz province (Los Antiguos y Gobernador Gregores) were used. Physical and anatomical studies were carried out. Wood from Los Antiguos reached the highest creosote absorption and CCA retention levels. This timber, growing in better site conditions, also showed the lowest density and the highest annual ring increment growth. There were important differences for the anatomical variables studied between sites. Los Antiguos timber has the higher wood porosity and mean pore diameter. Physical and anatomical differences observed between timbers explain the absorption and retention levels obtained.
Traditional systems of forest ordination in the center of the basin of the Duero
Authors: Guerra Velasco J. C. , Fernández Manso A. A.
Published: May 2024

The historical documentation contributes enough data to understand the traditional management of our woodlands. This work studies a wide space of the interior of Castilla y León, the calcareous plateaus, characterized traditionally by the presence of wide sectors with «encina» (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) and «quejigo» (Quercus faginea subsp. faginea), and by the historical permanency of three transcendent uses in the life of the woodlands: the firewood, the charcoal and the grass. This documentation allows, first, to verify the existence of some bases of the forest treatment and management in the administration of these woodlands and, second, of a forest planning in short and long term.
Reproductive capacity of Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii in relation to mother plant age
Authors: Tiscar Oliver P. A.
Published: May 2024

This paper analyses the possible reduction of fertility in Pinus nigra ssp. salzmanii as trees age in the managed forests of Cazorla mountain range (Southern Spain). Fertility was assessed by the combined values: frequency of empty seeds and viability of full seeds. Performance of one year seedlings was also evaluated. Plant material came from reproductive trees of up to 120 years old (the rotation period in the study area), and from older trees of over 1000 years old. The older tended to produce larger quantities of empty seeds than the younger ones, and their filled seeds tended to be lighter and slower to germinate. Nevertheless, the difference in these parameters shown by the trees studied was not so great so as to establish that ageing Salzmann pines are unable to regenerate managed forests. The growth of first year seedlings was positively correlated to seed weight and, therefore, negatively correlated to mother plant age. However, these factors could only account for a small amount of the variability in the size of first-year seedlings. Results suggest that reproductive function works normally in the very old (senescing) Salzmann pines, this being important in relation to the maintenance of biodiversity in the managed mountain forests of Southern Europe.
Autoecology of sweet-chestnut stands in Castile (Spain)
Authors: Rubio A. , Sánchez Palomares O. , Gómez V. , Graña D. , Elena R. , Blanco A.
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we have established the physiographic, climatic and soil optimum and marginal habitat parameters of Castanea sativa stands in the regions of Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha and Madrid (Spain). Chestnut stands are usually located between 620 m and 1100 m elevation showing a wide range of variation in their rainfall, in contrast to the narrow range of temperature variation. The soils of the chestnut stands studied are mainly Cambisols, Luvisols and Umbrisols, generally highly acid, loamy or sandy-loamy and having a low C/N ratio. We have also established the interpretation criteria for ranges of the marginal habitats in relation to the optimum ones, in order to evaluate the chances of risk if the introduction of this species was carried out in an area such as the one considered in our study. Thus, the greater risk/danger would be encountered on soils whose autumn rainfall parameters are lower than 220 mm, fine earth below 16,7 %, lime lower than 20.4 %, water holding capacity lower than 38 mm, top soil organic matter lower than 2.1 %, temperature oscillations over 18.5ºC and permeability higher than 4,7. The silvicultural parameter which best describes the forestry characteristics of the Castilian chestnut stands in relation to the biotope evaluation parameters is Hart's index per number of stools, which can be satisfactorily estimated by considering slope, winter rainfall, surpluses and soil permeability
Analysis of depth factor in Pinus sylvestris L. structural timber
Authors: Hermoso E. , Fernández-Golfín J. I. , Díez M. R.
Published: May 2024

An adjustement depth factor for bending strength (MOR) to the standarized size of 150 " 50 mm of different Spanish provenances of Pinus sylvestris is assessed. For obtaining such a factor different models are adjusted, by non-linear regression, between MOR and depth and/or width. In order to study the influence of grade such a models were obtained not only for the total population but for the two different grades (ME1 and ME2) considered in the Spanish UNE 56.544 visual grading standard. The influence of the depth (h) and the volume into the bending strength (MOR) of timber is significative, especially in the lower grades (ME2). The average depth factor (kh) is similar than the one considered in EN 384, even though the influence of visual quality is evident, being higher in the lower grade (ME2) than in the high grade (ME1) one. The influence of the width has not statistical significance and can be neglected. A final comparison with the results of another study on Pinus nigra is also carried out, concluding that the conclusions on a given species can´t be extrapolated to others.
Autoecology of beech woodstands in La Rioja (Spain)
Authors: Blanco A. , Graña D. , Elena R. , Sánchez O. , Rubio A. , Gómez V.
Published: May 2024

In this study, a strastif ied sampling on 21 plots has been carried out on beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands in La Rioja (N.E. Spain). On each plot, 36 physiographic, climatic and edaphic parameters have been calculated in order to define central and marginal habitat of beech. Most of beech woodstands are located between 850 and 1650 m elevation, 600 and 1300 mm annual rainfall. According to FAO criteria, soil are classified as Cambisols and Luvisols. These soils are developed on slates, schists, sandstones and cuartzites. Although soil water holding capacities are low, there is no significant drought stress, because rainfalls are regularly distributed. Morever, several silvicultural stand parameters have been calculated and correlationed with ecological parameters. As a result, it is concluded that the best beechwoods are located on 1000 m elevation, with around 150 mm summer rainfalls. An increase in stand density and basal area are correlationed with an increase in clay content and soil water holding capacities.
Foliar nutrient status and tree growth response of young Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. (Franco) to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization in Galicia (Northwest Spain)
Authors: Zas R.
Published: May 2024

The nutritional status of 14 young Pseudotsuga menziesii plantations on abandoned agricultural land in Galicia (Northwest Spain) was studied and related to growth response to N, P and K fertilization. Nutritional status was assessed using macronutrient foliar analysis followed by the critical levels method and foliar nutrient ratios interpretation. Douglas fir showed high N levels in control foliage samples. Foliar N:P and N:K ratios were greatly unbalanced in many sites. Foliar Mg concentrations were below the satisfactory levels in all cases and P, K and Ca were deficient in several cases. Height growth of untreated plants correlated positively with foliar P, K and Ca concentrations and negatively with total soil N in the surface soil. Thus, P, K and Ca were classified as favorable parameters for Douglas fir growth, whereas N was classified as an unfavorable parameter. According to this, the application of urea significantly reduced the Douglas fir growth in several trials. However, there was a lack of consistence between the foliar diagnosis and the growth response to superphosphate and potassium sulphate applications at the end of the first growing season following fertilization. This response was much lower than expected after the foliar diagnosis. The low fertilization rates used, the short time passed between fertilization and response measurements or other factors such as Mg nutrition and other nutrient interactions, could be the cause. In conclusion, N fertilization is not recommended in young P. menziesii plantations on abandoned agricultural land in Galicia whereas further research is needed to generate a fertilization recommendation for the other nutrients.
Effect of soil mechanical impedance in fine root density of Eucalyptus globulus
Authors: Gaitán J. J. , Penón E. A.
Published: May 2024

In two sites in Balcarce and Necochea counties, on eight trees, mechanical impedance of soil (RM) and fine roots (under 2 mm in diameter) density were determined in the first 50 cm under the soil surface and near the stem. A very high density of fine roots was found at 20 cm depth in both sites, while a low density of f ine roots was observed in soil zones with high RM values. These high values corresponded with a clayey horizon in Balcarce site and a till induced pan in Necochea site. Over 0.5 Mpa RM values the fine roots diminished. RM should be considered as an important tool to detect radical growth limitant conditions and the basis to select tillage during pre-plantation labors.
The historical relationship of elms and vines
Authors: Fuentes-Utrilla P. , López-Rodríguez R. A. , Gil L.
Published: May 2024

In Spanish, the expression «You cannot ask an elm for pears» denotes something that is impossible. Although its origin is unknown, it can be dated back to the 1st century BC, when appeared the Latin maxim Pirum, non ulmum accedas, si cupias pira (You should go to a pear-tree for pears, not to an elm), a sentence from which we believe the Spanish saying comes. The objective of this paper is to show how the historical relationship of elms and vines can be related to these expressions, because elms did not give pears but, figuratively, did give grapes. The cultivation of vines was soon included among the domestic plants at the beginning of the Neolithic Age. During the Assyrian Empire (7th century BC), vines are represented growing up around pine-like trees. The first documentary evidence of the marriage between elms and vines is found in the Ancient Greece: a wine called Pteleaikós oinos is mentioned, which refers to the region where it was produced, Ptelea (Elm). During the Roman Ages, the cultivation of vines married to elms became more important as it is reflected in the treatises in agriculture. This technique was so common that it appears recurrently as a topic in Poetry and Drama. The classical books were copied during the Middle Ages, and only the Arabian agronomists in the Iberian Peninsula gave new evidence of the relationship between vines and elms in the 12th century. Some four hundred years later the use of elms as props for vines was rare in Spain and, although not to elms, the marriage of vines to trees lasted in the South of Spain until the 19th century. In Italy, elms and vines were even planted together in the 20th century, before the Dutch Elm Disease began to kill the plantations of trees and farmers were forced to replace them with poles.
Leaf morphology and bud-burst variation in Ulmus minor from Italy and France
Authors: Santini A. , Marcheselli M. P. , Falusi M.
Published: May 2024

More than 40 Ulmus minor clones were characterised on the basis of 10 foliar morphological traits and budburst phenology in two successive years. Ramets, 4- and 5-years-old, were obtained by means of self-rooted cuttings from elms located in northern, central and southern Italy and in France. Measurements were taken in an open field in the vicinity of Florence (Italy). The morphological traits were found not to be appropriate for describing the variability between clones of different origins, even if some of these traits indicated a xeric adaptation in clones originating from southern Italy. On the contrary, the phenological traits were valid describers of the origin of the clones. Indeed, the southern-Italian clones flushed earlier than the others, while the French clones were more delated. A comparison of the results of the two years showed that the chilling requirements on the trial site were not satisfied. The actual state of knowledge regarding dormancy in the Ulmus genus does not enable to speculate further on the results of this research. Morphological characters seem to show a greater phenotypic plasticity with respect to phenological traits.
Virus-diseased Ulmus laevis in Eastern Germany
Authors: Bandte M. , Essing M. , Obermeier C. , Büttner C.
Published: May 2024

Virus-like leaf symptoms and dieback were observed on elm trees in a public park near Potsdam. Infection with Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), Elm mottle virus (EMV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), well known viruses to infected elm trees was excluded by bioassays and serological tests. Poty- or carlavirus- like flexible particles of approximately 750 nm in length were isolated repeatedly from diseased elms. The particles were transmissible to diverse Chenopodium species, a herbaceous indicator. The virus was not a member of the Potyviridae family, based on an ELISA and an RT-PCR assay using a potyvirus genus-specific broad-spectrum polyclonal antibody and family-specific primers, respectively. Also no potyvirus-like pinwheel inclusions were found in leaf cells of infected indicator plants in electron microscopic studies. Further molecular characterization of these virus isolates is under way.
Detection and prophylaxis of Elm Yellows phytoplasma in France
Authors: Boudon-Padieu E. , Larrue J. , Clair D. , Hourdel J. , Jeanneau A. , Sforza R. , Collin E.
Published: May 2024

Surveys conducted since 1998, showed that symptoms typical of Elm Yellows (EY) were quite frequent in the elm conservatories of Nogent-sur-Vernisson and Guémené- Penfao, France, and on forest trees in several locations in western Europe. Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomatic trees and plants using Polymerase Chain Reaction amplification followed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analyses of conserved regions of 16S rDNA of phytoplasmas, or of the EY group-specific non ribosomal DNA fragment FD9. Potential vectors were searched among leafhoppers and planthoppers trapped in conservatories and tested for the presence of phytoplasma in their body. Sanitation of multiplication material was experimented using soaking of dormant cuttings and branches in hot water, according to the method devised for destruction of phytoplasma in grapevine multiplication material. Phytoplasmas detected in a number of the elm clones held in the conservatories and in several forest or hedgerow elm trees, showed some diversity, according to restriction analyses of the FD9 fragment. Both American and European types were characterized. Four leaf- and planthopper species were found to carry an EY phytoplasma. Plants grown from cuttings taken from EY-infected clones and soaked in hot water (50 °C, 45 mn) never developed symptoms and tested phytoplasma negative. Most of untreated control plants were all symptomatic and positive. In the future, EY phytoplasma should be carefully checked, especially in sensitive cultivars. More studies of EY phytoplasma variability and potential vecteurs and the assessment of routine use of hot water therapy in multiplication of material should be conducted.
The history of elm breeding
Authors: Mittempergher L. , Santini A.
Published: May 2024

Breeding elms resistant to Dutch elm disease (DED) started in the Netherlands in the year 1928 on the initiative of a group of women scientists. They were active until 1954, when Hans Heybroek took over at the Dorschkamp Research Institute and carried on until his retirement in 1992. Two more programmes were initiated in Europe, in Italy and Spain, in 1978 and 1993 respectively, under the impulse of Dutch breeding activities. Elm breeding in America began in 1937 in the USDA-Agricultural Research Service Laboratories and is still being pursued under the leadership of Alden Townsend. Another programme was set up at the University of Wisconsin in 1958, led by Eugene Smalley and was closed after his retirement and death in 2002. A third programme found birth at the Morton Arboretum, Chicago, in 1972 where activities are still carried out by George Ware since his retirement. The number of resistant elm clones released on the market and the scientific progress fostered by breeding activities indicate that the long work needed to carry them on is a positive one. Among the key points considered are: elm germplasm collection, elm species crossability, inoculation system and disease evaluation, building up of resistance, and the possible consequences from introducing foreign species and hybrids to native elms. Because of shortage of funding long-term research and the perception that biotechnology will provide rapid solutions to long-term problems, traditional elm breeding activities seem now to be in difficulty. In this context, it seems wise to take all possible steps to avoid a loss in the precious gene resources so far collected and not to give up on traditional elm breeding activities, which so far has been found to be the sole means in providing tangible results for controlling DED.
Feeding responses by Scolytus scolytus to twig bark extracts from elms
Authors: Pajares J. A. , García S. , Díez J. J. , Martín D. , García-Vallejo M. C.
Published: May 2024

Feeding responses by Scolytus scolytus were tested using elm twig bark extracts in a laboratory bioassay. One to 4- years-old elm twigs or small branches were sampled in spring and their bark extracted separately with methanol and with a mixture of petroleum ether and diethyl ether (1:1) as solvents. Bark extracts were tested in a two choice feeding bioassay consisting of two polyurethane discs placed in a 10 cm diameter Petri dish. Extracts were applied onto the discs and the amount of disc eaten by ten freshly emerged S. scolytus adults was recorded after 24 hours. Ten U. minor, two U. laevis, six U. glabra, three Dutch hybrids (European x Asiatic) and one U. pumila trees were tested in several comparisons. Discs with extracts from both U. laevis trees were significantly less eaten than those from U. pumila or from U. minor trees in two choice tests. Similarly, extracts from all U. glabra trees received less feeding than those from U. minor. On the contrary, S. scolytus showed no difference in feeding between U. pumila and U. minor extracts, and similarly for Dutch hybrids in comparison with two U. minor clones. Again, beetles preferred to feed on Dutch hybrid extracts better than in those from U. laevis. Significant intraspecific differences in feeding were obtained in U. minor. One of the U. minor clones resulted less chosen when compared to other four trees. Extracts from a dying U. minor tree received more feeding than those from a healthy tree. Comparisons were also made between bark extracts from 2-to 4-year-old vs. current-year twigs within the same trees. In one of the four U. minor tested, a significant preference for the older twig extracts was recorded.
Osmotic adjustment in two temperate oak species [Quercus pyrenaica Willd and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl] of the Iberian Peninsula in response to drought
Authors: Aranda I. , Gil L. , Pardos J. A.
Published: May 2024

One-year-old seedlings of Quercus pyrenaica and Quercus petraea were subjected in a greenhouse to three consecutive water stress cycles. Watering was withdrawn in water stressed seedlings until 5% volumetric soil water content in the two first cycles and up to 3.5% in the third one. At the end of each cycle, predawn water potential (Ψpd) was measured by a pressure bomb. Furthermore, other water parameters: osmotic potential at full (Ψπ100) and at turgor loss point (Ψπ0) as well as bulk modulus of tissue elasticity at maximum turgor (Emax), were derived from the establishment of pressure-volume curves at the end of the second and third water stress cycles. In the three drought periods there was a significant decrease of Ψpd in both species as compared to the controls which were maintained at field capacity. This decrease progressed from the first to the following cycles in Quercus pyrenaica up to –1.7 ± 0.31 MPa minimum value. In Quercus petraea the Ψpd value reached at the end of the first cycle (±1.8 ± 0.52 MPa), was no significantly different from those reached afterwards. A large decrease in Ψπ100 and Ψπ0 together with an increase of Emax were recorded in both species after the second water stress cycle, without any new significant variation in the third one. When well-watered and water-stressed seedlings were compared, Quercus pyrenaica showed a decrease in Ψπ100 of 0.8 MPa with regard to 0.3 MPa in Quercus petraea. These results show the occurrence of osmotic adjustment in both species. However, the osmoregulation capacity was higher in Quercus pyrenaica, which pointed out to a higher ability to develop mechanisms of water stress tolerance. This could be recognized as one of the physiological traits that explain why Quercus pyrenaica is better adapted to xeric conditions than Quercus petraea.
Characterization of forestal sites of Populus deltoides cv Catfish 2 in the Low Delta of Parana River in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Authors: Casaubon E. , Gurini L. , Cueto G. , Gómez L. , Zanelli M. , Berrondo G. , González A.
Published: May 2024

The objective of this work consists of the identification of the ambient and management components which determine different productivities in a 12 years old Populus deltoides cv Catfish 2 plantation. The plantation occupies a surface of 2 hectares in an area protected by a perimetrical dike of the low Delta of the Paraná River in the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The Salicaceae average yield increment for this region was estimated in 20-25 m3/ha/year. A plantation inventory was done and, later on, the whole set was subdivided into 199 plots of 96 m2 each. In each plot, the heights of the dominant and the average trees were measured, and also the land contour elevation readings, as well as, the number of broken plants by the wind because of the action of Platypus mutatus were registered. In each of three areas defined by the land elevation, 27 soil samples were analysed and studied. Those ambients defined as high lands or ridge of fertile land («albardón») and intermediate high lands or ridge of median fertile land (semi-albardón), protected by a perimetrical dike, moderate well drained and deep, pertaining to the franco-coarse textural family, presented wood yield average increments greater than 30 m3/ha/year, and also greater loss of commercial volume because of the Platypus mutatus attack , while those located in the low lands (bañado), protected by dike, with alkaline-sodium layers under surface and a slightly alkaline pH at a depth of 28 cm, showed an average increment of 28.5 m3/ha/year. In this commercial plantation, Carex riparia, Hydrocotyle bonariensis and Duchesnea indica are associated to good sites, but Rubus spp., Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris angusta and Bromus unioloides are associated to those sites of low quality.
Possibility of using the Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco provenance tests as local seed sources
Authors: Merlo E. , Díaz R. , Zas R. , Fernández-López J.
Published: May 2024

In this paper we discuss the possibility of using the Pseudotsuga menziesii provenance tests after selecting the best phenotypes as local seed sources. The study was conducted on eight provenance tests located in northern Spain using 16-18 yr-old growth data. A variance analysis was used to decompose the phenotypic variance at each site. The potential gain through provenance selection and the heritabilities within and among provenances were estimated. The differentiation among provenances and the genetic variability within them were also analyzed. Predicted gain was estimated for three different selection methods: a) within provenance selection, b) within and among provenance selection and c) mass selection. For some sites, predicted gain was over 20% using option b) and doubled that of the other selection methods. The proposed selection method for each site varied in relation to the estimated gains, the actual survival and the site quality. Seven out of the eight studied tests are proposed as base material for seed production, whereas the remainder one is proposed as a gene conservation site. Selective thinning is proposed in five sites while systematic thinning is recommended in the other three sites in order to maintain the experimental design to enable further measurements.
Wild olive and holm oak response to a fulvic amendment application on soils polluted by trace elements
Authors: Madejón P. , Murillo J. M.
Published: May 2024

The effect of the application of a fulvic acids-rich amendment on the growth and nutrition of two representative species of the Mediterranean forest, wild olive (Olea europaea L. var. sylvestrys Brot.) and holm oak (Quercus ilex, L. subsep. ballota) was studied. Both species were used frequently in the afforestations of the «green corridor» in the Guadiamar Valley, as part of the ecological restoration of the soils affected by the Aznalcóllar mine spill. Fulvic acids are known to increase the availability of the minor elements; however, phytotoxic effects could derive if the mobilization of trace elements potentially toxic are excessive. The application of the amendment in soils of the corridor highly polluted by trace elements, increased only slightly the concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Tl in the leaves of both species. The main nutrient contents were basically not affected (significant increases in N were recorded for the wild olive) and increases in chlorophyll were recorded for both species. Interestingly, the growth of the wild olives treated with the amendment was better in the affected soils than in an unaffected soil used for comparison. The results seem to corroborate the absence of phytotoxicity that could derive from the amendment application on soils polluted by trace elements
Analysis of Korean Pop Music: The Enlightenment for Chinese Pop Music
Authors: Jiang Anrui
Published: May 2024

Since the 21st century, Korean pop music, represented by TV dramas, music, movies, fashion products, and other cultural forms, has spread widely worldwide. 2012 when Psys Gangnam style swept the globe, Jay Chou, a representative figure of the Chinese music scene, said, Dont let the K-pop become more and more arrogant, the Chinese Chinese pop music is the best. However, is this the case? In 2022, the value of the cultural industry represented by the Korean Wave accounted for 18% of South Koreas GDP, nearly $320 billion (Qiu 2014). China and South Korea are culturally similar and belong to the same East Asian region, so the spread of Korean pop music in China is also of some reference significance. This paper will take BlackPink as a case study and analyze why K-pop has gained tremendous popularity worldwide by combining music characteristics, team characteristics, and marketing strategy. It will then explore the way of overseas global marketing of Chinese pop culture to maintain the features and style of Chinese culture while spreading Chinese pop culture to the world and expand the vision of cross-cultural marketing of Chinese pop music by learning from the Korean market, to provide a reference basis for the cross-cultural marketing of Chinas contemporary pop music and fill the blank of transnational cultural dissemination of Chinese pop music.
The Continuation of Traditional Chinese Culture in Education: A Case Study of Children's Original Picture Books
Authors: Yang Jiaping , Xu Xinpei
Published: May 2024

Under the call of the times for the inheritance and protection of the excellent traditional Chinese culture, children's cultural picture books provide new possibilities and innovative strategies for learning in the preschool stage. At the same time, in the context of digital education transformation, comprehensive analysis and combination of preschool cultural education and technology innovation and integration is the call of the new era, but also for the physical and mental development of young children and the cultivation of national pride has indelible significance. Therefore, this study focuses on children's cultural picture books, and innovates the form of point-to-point reading to explore the innovation and feasibility of its integration with cultural education, with the aim of providing new innovative forms and practical ways for cultural teaching for young children. The integration of culture and technology with audio cultural picture books and picture book teaching is not only a new attempt of digital teaching, but also an innovation to protect and pass on Chinese culture and to cultivate the cultural background of young children, which is of social and educational significance.