bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War. By Robert Jervis
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: November 2010

In this important book, Robert Jervis reveals his solid credentials as an intelligence insider. For him, this is not a conflict in roles. He is a social scientist, first, who hopes that the U.S. intelligence community (IC) will learn from its mistakes by adhering to sound social scientific practices. Jervis offers striking comparisons between the IC's failure to predict the overthrow of the Shah of Iran with the events of 1978–79—which the author assessed in a declassified internal review for the Central Intelligence Agency—and the erroneous judgment that Iraq had stockpiled biological and chemical weapons and was reconstituting its nuclear program, which the Bush administration used to justify the 2003 Iraq war. Drawing predominantly from these cases, Jervis argues that critical deficiencies in intelligence result because analysts fail to articulate their assumptions, subject these arguments to appropriate scrutiny, consider rival hypotheses that fit the evidence, test arguments by offering predictions, consider negative and positive evidence when evaluating assertions, and seek information that might disconfirm their existing point of view.
Response to Robert Jervis's review of The Limits of U.S. Military Capability: Lessons from Vietnam and Iraq
Authors: Lebovic James
Published: November 2010

I am grateful to Robert Jervis for his insights, which allow me to briefly clarify and extend my arguments by drawing upon two central themes of my book.
A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria. By Daniel Jordan Smith
Authors: Uslaner Eric M.
Published: November 2010

I first came upon Daniel Jordan Smith's remarkable book as I was close to finishing my own book on corruption (Corruption, Inequality, and the Rule of Law, 2008). I had decided that I needed to include an analysis of Africa and especially Nigeria. At the publisher's booth at one or another political science convention, I was able to secure page proofs of his book and realized that I had come upon a kindred spirit. Smith's argument on Nigeria was remarkably similar to my general framework for analyzing corruption, despite our coming from different disciplines and using very different methodologies.
When the State Speaks, What Should It Say? The Dilemmas of Freedom of Expression and Democratic Persuasion
Authors: Brettschneider Corey
Published: November 2010

Hate groups are often thought to reveal a paradox in liberal thinking. On the one hand, such groups challenge the very foundations of liberal thought, including core values of equality and freedom. On the other hand, these same values underlie the rights such as freedom of expression and association that protect hate groups. Thus a liberal democratic state that extends those protections to such groups in the name of value neutrality and freedom of expression may be thought to be undermining the values on which its legitimacy rests. In this paper, I suggest how this apparent paradox might be resolved. I argue that the state should protect the expression of illiberal beliefs, but that the state (along with its citizens) is also obligated to criticize publicly those beliefs. Distinguishing between two kinds of state action—coercive and expressive—I contend that such criticism should be pursued through the state's expressive capacities in its roles as speaker, educator, and spender. Here I extend the familiar idea that law, to be legitimate, must be widely publicized; I contend that a proper theory of the freedom of expression obligates the legitimate state to publicize the reasons that underlie rights, in particular reasons that appeal to the entitlement of each citizen subject to coercion to be treated as free and equal. My theory of freedom of expression is thus “expressive” in two senses: it protects the entitlement of citizens to express any political viewpoint, and it emphasizes a role for the state in explaining these free-speech protections and persuading its citizens of the value of the entitlements that underlie them.
Writing Culture Doctrine: Public Anthropology, Military Policy, and World Making
Authors: Albro Robert
Published: November 2010

I concur with Michael Mosser that bridge-building between academic and military policy communities should be an important priority. I also agree that this is a challenging task. But my sense of why this is both important and challenging differs from Mosser's in some key respects. Despite qualifications along the way, Mosser's account suggests that academia has a particular responsibility to make itself legible and available to military policy makers, but not the other way around. As he explains, his topic grew from a project concerned about “whether the academy is asking militarily interesting questions.” And he proceeds by thinking about how academic scholarship might be “more tightly integrated” with the doings of military policy and planning. Undertaking bridge-building by firstly asking how the US academy can be more effectively leveraged to support national security goals sets up a largely one-sided and unilateral engagement, where the burden is primarily on academia to explain itself to the military policy community, and probably to do so within a frame of reference sensible to the policy crowd but not necessarily vice-versa. This sets up, in short, a scenario making it less likely for policy makers to listen to what academics might be saying, particularly whenever this appears to complicate established agendas. From my point of view, the best mutual outcomes flow from a more balanced dialogue. This includes policy makers taking academic frames at least as seriously when talking with them, so that greater clarity can be reached about how, and under what circumstances, scholarship might contribute to policy concerns, but also when academic contributions might be inappropriate, irrelevant, or even impossible.
Scholars and Security
Authors: Bracken Paul
Published: November 2010

Michael Mosser's essay presents a strong brief for a constructive relationship between the academy and military and security institutions. Unless scholars join the security debate they won't have much of a voice in it. Much of the concern in the academy about being used or corrupted by the military is based on a misconception. Let's call it by its name: a prejudice. Too many academics think that senior military people are hawks, and not particularly smart or thoughtful ones. But this stereotype more often fits the civilians in the national security institutions than the military. And it's exactly those civilians who will dominate the idea market of national security and international order if academics withdraw from it.
Social Science Research and Military Agendas: Safe Distance or Bridging a Troubling Divide?
Authors: Calhoun Craig
Published: November 2010

Recent calls for more public social science have sometimes faltered at the idea that better relations with the military should be part of the project. Better relations with social movements, sure. With NGOs—why not? And certainly with the departments of state, education, or commerce. But is it the job of academic social scientists to inform the military?
The Risks of Scholarly Militarization: A Feminist Analysis
Authors: Enloe Cynthia
Published: November 2010

Michael Mosser's thoughtful essay calls on us as political scientists to engage more closely with the contemporary US military. To weigh the implications of such a proposal, we need to consider, I think, not just the military but the wider, deeper processes of militarization. As a multi-layered economic, political, and cultural process, militarization can be blatant and off-putting; but just as often it can be subtle and seductive. All of us trying to craft the best practices of political science here in the United States in the early decades of the twenty-first century are making those scholarly efforts at a time when militarization is a potent process in American public life. Awareness of its potency breeds scholarly caution.
Critical Thinking and Its Discontents
Authors: Yingling Paul
Published: November 2010

Good scholarship asks important questions and provides compelling arguments. Michael W. Mosser's “Puzzles versus Problems: The Alleged Disconnect between Academics and Military Practitioners” is a superb example of such scholarship. Mosser asks if a gap exists between scholars and military practitioners, and if so, what is being done to rectify it. Citing a large and growing body of anecdotal evidence, Mosser concludes that this gap is real. He identifies the source of this gap as “the oppositional nature of the worldviews that each community possesses.” Scholars are interested in explaining puzzles of interest to the academy, while military practitioners are focused on solving policy problems that employ the armed forces as an instrument of national power. However, this gap is more one of degree than scope, and is therefore amenable to reconciliation. Mosser finds that the tenure process for academics is a significant obstacle to such reconciliation. He concludes by identifying several ongoing and proposed initiatives, including the Pentagon's Minerva Project and the Army's operational design concept, to integrate more fully the efforts of academics and military practitioners.
Author's Response
Authors: Mosser Michael W.
Published: November 2010

Writing an essay in which one advocates a viewpoint or policy position—especially if the essay is part of a symposium where competing perspectives are put forth and debated in print—should come with an advisory sticker: “Warning: Entering Intense Discursive Zone. Check Egos at Door.” The symposium surrounding the essay on “puzzles versus problems” is no exception. It was exciting to put into words many of the ideas on the perceived split between the academy and the policy community that I had developed via personal experience or conversations with colleagues. I knew, however, that to do so would be a salutary check on any inflated sense of self-worth those ideas may have generated. The notions that I had held close for so long would be exposed to the depth and breadth of intellectual critique. They would have to stand on their own.
Estimation of fractional cloud cover for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer/Terra cloud mask classes with high‐resolution over ocean ASTER observations
Authors: Kotarba Andrzej Z.
Published: November 2010

Cloud masks are the final product of cloud detection and the starting point for determining the cloud amount. To calculate the cloud amount within thematic classes of cloud masks, the cloud fraction for each class must be assigned. This is usually done subjectively, assuming that clear pixels indicate a cloud fraction value of 0.0 and cloudy pixels indicate a cloud fraction value of 1.0. An analogous interpretation can also be applied using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) level 3 approach (L3), which calculates global cloud amounts from instantaneous cloud masks. In this paper, the cloud fractions for each of the four MODIS cloud mask classes were derived in a more objective manner. They were based on high‐resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) observations that were collocated in space and time with MODIS data. This study was limited to cumulus and stratocumulus clouds observed during the daytime over the ocean surface with a MODIS nadir viewing geometry. Cloud fraction values were averaged and used to calculate the cloud amounts for all analyzed ASTER scenes, which were then compared to statistics that assumed an L3 approach. Our results show that the L3 approach tended to overestimate the cloud amount in general by 0.087, and this value ranged between 0.007 and 0.100, depending on the observation conditions. We found that cloud fraction values were influenced by the average cloud amount in the analyzed ASTER scenes, especially in the case of “cloudy” and “uncertain” pixels. The MODIS 250 m cloud mask was also evaluated and found to be a reasonable source of cloud fraction information for cloud mask classes during the daytime over the ocean, reducing L3 overestimation by approximately 30%.
Three‐dimensionality of slab detachment due to ridge‐trench collision: Laterally simultaneous boudinage versus tear propagation
Authors: Burkett Erin R. , Billen Magali I.
Published: November 2010

The detachment of subducted tectonic plates is a process that has been increasingly associated with collisional scenarios and the end of subduction in various locations worldwide. In particular, the propagation of slab detachment (“tearing”) of a subducting plate has been described in conceptual models as a cause for spatially and temporally progressing surface effects such as slab gap volcanism and uplift. However, there is little understanding of the causes and dynamics associated with three‐dimensional (3‐D) slab tearing, especially in the case of ridge‐trench collision. Here we show using fully dynamic 3‐D numerical models that the process of detachment due to ridge‐trench collision depends on the geometry of the ridge segments approaching the trench. For a finite laterally symmetric slab, the 3‐D detachment process occurs nearly simultaneously along strike by way of boudinage‐type necking and opening of holes central to the slab. For a case involving the approach of two offset ridge segments to the trench, slab tearing occurs in the form of (1) a vertical propagating separation along the age offset boundary within the slab that was previously weakened by a transform weak zone and (2) horizontal propagating detachment controlled by lateral transfer of slab pull to adjacent surface plate segments. However, lateral decoupling between offset adjacent plate segments and the propagating nature of the vertical and horizontal tearing are dependent upon fracture zones remaining weak through the subduction zone. Whether detachment occurs simultaneously along strike or propagates laterally, the process is controlled by plastic yielding of the slab interior when young lithosphere entering the trench can no longer support slab pull.
Temporal change of phase velocity beneath Mt. Asama, Japan, inferred from coda wave interferometry
Authors: Nagaoka Y. , Nishida K. , Aoki Y. , Takeo M.
Published: November 2010

We estimated the temporal changes of phase velocity of Rayleigh waves extracted from cross correlations of S‐coda waves recorded at 12 stations around Mt. Asama, Japan. First, we extracted a Rayleigh wave by taking cross correlations of S‐coda waves for 315 regional earthquakes between October 2005 and February 2009. The dispersion curve of the Rayleigh wave was measured and compared with the one extracted from 18 days of ambient seismic noise. We found that both dispersion curves are consistent with each other, demonstrating the dominance of the fundamental Rayleigh waves. We then divided the entire time period into sub‐periods, each of which consists of 80 earthquakes, to measure the temporal changes at frequencies between 0.3 and 0.6 Hz. The result shows the reduction of phase velocity by 1.5 % and the subsequent recovery before the eruption of Mt. Asama in 2008.
Parameterization of monoenergetic electron impact ionization
Authors: Fang Xiaohua , Randall Cora E. , Lummerzheim Dirk , Wang Wenbin , Lu Gang , Solomon Stanley C. , Frahm Rudy A.
Published: November 2010

We report a new parameterization of ionization in the Earth's atmosphere by isotropically precipitating monoenergetic (100 eV to 1 MeV) electrons. This new parameterization is the first one based on sophisticated first‐principle models, and represents a significant improvement in accuracy, particularly for incident auroral and lower energies. Without previous need to interpolate over source energy and atmospheric range, the new parameterization provides an easier implementation with a robust fit of model calculations for a wide range of incident energies and atmospheric conditions. By decomposing any incident energy spectrum into contiguous monoenergetic components and then calculating and integrating their resulting ionization, our parameterization is a valuable tool that can be used in conjunction with global models to accurately quantify the impact from realistic precipitating electrons during space weather events.
Small‐scale auroral current sheet structuring
Authors: Chaston C. C. , Seki K.
Published: November 2010

We simulate the 3‐D evolution of a thin current sheet as it impinges on the ionosphere from a magnetospheric source in a manner analogous to that which may occur during the onset of an auroral substorm. We consider two scenarios: one in which electron inertia alone acts to allow motion between the plasma and the geomagnetic field, and a second where a resistive layer at the interface between the ionosphere and magnetosphere is included. These two scenarios in our fluid model are intended to represent what have become known as “Alfvénic” and “Quasi‐static” or “Inverted‐V” aurora, respectively. In the absence of resistivity the evolution is shown to be driven by a combination of Kelvin‐Helmholtz and tearing instabilities leading to vortices similar to folds and the eventual break‐up of the planar arc into distorted fine‐scale sheets and filamentary currents. The later stage of this evolution is driven by an instability on the steep transverse current gradients created by the former instabilities. With a resistive layer present the K‐H instability dominates leading to the formation of auroral curls. We show how these evolutionary processes can be ordered based on the ratio of the transverse electric and magnetic fields (ΔEX/ΔBY) across the current sheet relative to the Alfvén speed, and demonstrate how the evolution is dependent on wave reflection from the topside ionosphere.
Assimilation of multiresolution radiation products into a downwelling surface radiation model: 2. Posterior ensemble implementation
Authors: Forman B. A. , Margulis S. A.
Published: November 2010

Satellite‐derived radiation products are used to condition a high‐resolution estimate (space and time) of total downwelling radiation within a data assimilation (DA) framework. The prior ensemble (part 1 of this study) is conditioned using existing, multiresolution radiation products in an ensemble‐based DA scheme to yield a high‐resolution posterior ensemble. The resulting posterior ensemble implicitly captures the complex spatiotemporal uncertainties inherent in satellite‐derived radiative flux estimation. In addition, application of the DA framework reduces these uncertainties while simultaneously downscaling coarse‐scale spatial information content from the existing, multiresolution radiation products. Results suggest that the magnitude of the gain matrix is greatest when longwave (LW) estimates assimilate LW measurements and shortwave (SW) estimates assimilate SW measurements. Correlations in space are less pronounced between broadband fluxes of different type. The greatest reduction in uncertainty was achieved via simultaneous assimilation of North American Land Data Assimilation–LW and Pinker‐SW products. Comparison of the conditioned posterior ensemble against a network of independent, ground‐based radiometer observations in the Southern Great Plains of the United States during the 14 month study period showed a maximum reduction of 8 W m−2 (∼32%) in LW uncertainty and 2 W m−2 (∼6%) in SW uncertainty. The posterior (conditioned) ensemble could eventually be used as forcing in distributed terrestrial hydrologic model applications or land data assimilation systems with the goal of better understanding and characterizing the variability and uncertainty of the hydrologic response at the land surface.
Size fractionation and molecular composition of water‐soluble inorganic and organic nitrogen in aerosols of a coastal environment
Authors: Chen Hung‐Yu , Chen Liang‐De , Chiang Zhong‐Ying , Hung Chin‐Chang , Lin Fei‐Jan , Chou Wen‐Chen , Gong Gwo‐Ching , Wen Liang‐Saw
Published: November 2010

This study reports the first high and low molecular weight measurements of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in size‐fractionated atmospheric particles. The variations in concentration of nitrogen species corresponded to varying sources and weather conditions. The results indicate that continental, local, and marine origins are the key factors controlling the particle size distribution of inorganic and organic nitrogen species. For dissolved inorganic nitrogen and DON, relatively high concentrations and fine‐mode particle (particle diameter <1 μm) enrichment were significantly affected by continental and locally derived sources, which were mainly attributable to anthropogenic activities. However, the coarse/fine ratios indicate that DON was derived from a coarse particle (particle diameter >1 μm) source that may be sea salt particles. To investigate the possible sources of DON, an ultrafiltration method was used to separate DON into high (HMW) and low (LMW) molecular weight categories. The results indicate that HMW‐DON and LMW‐DON contributed 57 ± 9% and 43 ± 9%, respectively, to the total DON concentration. Correlations and positive matrix factorization analysis of HMW‐DON and LMW‐DON levels with major and non‐sea‐salt ions indicated that HMW‐DON and LMW‐DON in coarse particles may be generated from continental soil dust and sea spray, respectively, whereas, in fine particles, DON may originate from aerosols derived from combustion processes. The annual fluxes of HMW‐DON and LMW‐DON were estimated to be 11.0 and 11.3 mmol m−2 yr−1, respectively. Consequently, the inputs of HMW‐DON and LMW‐DON appear to make equal contributions to DON in aerosols over the studied coastal area.
An objective methodology for infrared land surface emissivity evaluation
Authors: Li Zhenglong , Li Jun , Jin Xin , Schmit Timothy J. , Borbas Eva E. , Goldberg Mitchell D.
Published: November 2010

Land surface emissivity (LSE) in the infrared (IR) window region (8–12 μm) governs the thermal emissions from the Earth's surface. Many LSE databases, retrieved from various satellite instruments, are available for studying climate, Earth‐atmosphere interaction, weather, and the environment. The precision (standard deviation) and accuracy (bias) of these databases remain unclear. In this study, we introduce an objective and efficient method for quantitatively evaluating the LSE precision using satellite radiance observations. The LSE brightness temperature (Tb) deviations, defined as the standard deviations of Tb differences between satellite observations and radiative transfer calculations, can be estimated by minimizing the impacts from land surface temperature (LST) and atmospheric profiles. This is followed by the estimation of LSE precision. This method does not need the true LSE measurements. It only needs ancillary information such as atmospheric profiles and LST, both of which do not require high accuracy and thus can be obtained from a numerical weather prediction forecast or analysis. The method is applied to six different monthly LSE databases from August 2006 and 2007, and the results are presented. The error sources affecting the method are identified and the sensitivity to these errors is studied.
Thermospheric temperatures above Poker Flat, Alaska, during the stratospheric warming event of January and February 2009
Authors: Conde M. G. , Nicolls M. J.
Published: November 2010

We report observations of neutral and ion temperatures at approximately 240 km altitude above Poker Flat, Alaska, taken during the stratospheric warming event of January and February 2009. Neutral temperatures were recorded by a single‐etalon Fabry‐Perot spectrometer observing the nighttime airglow and aurora at 630 nm wavelength, whereas ion temperatures were obtained with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar, mostly during daylight. Neutral and ion temperatures generally tracked each other closely; both data sets exhibited a similar overall seasonal trend during January to April 2009 and even showed similar short‐term day‐to‐day fluctuations. Further, the daily fluctuations correlated highly with geomagnetic activity. Both the short‐term temperature fluctuations and their overall seasonal trend matched expectations based on the MSIS model evaluated for this period at hourly intervals. A cooling response was seen in neutral temperature over a 2–3 week period during the main phase of the stratospheric warming. The magnitude of this cooling was around 50 K relative to the seasonal trend. A corresponding signature was also discernible in the ion temperatures, although it was less prominent than the neutral response. This was largely because the cooling was masked by ion temperature perturbations driven by magnetic activity. The strength of the response in ion temperature was observed to depend on the local time of the observations, which is consistent with results presented previously.
Runoff and erosional responses to a drought‐induced shift in a desert grassland community composition
Authors: Polyakov V. O. , Nearing M. A. , Stone J. J. , Hamerlynck E. P. , Nichols M. H. , Holifield Collins C. D. , Scott R. L.
Published: November 2010

This study investigates how drought‐induced change in semiarid grassland community affected runoff and sediment yield in a small watershed in southeast Arizona, USA. Three distinct periods in ecosystem composition and associated runoff and sediment yield were identified according to dominant species: native bunchgrass (1974–2005), forbs (2006), and the invasive grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana (2007–2009). Precipitation, runoff, and sediment yield for each period were analyzed and compared at watershed and plot scales. Average watershed annual sediment yield was 0.16 t ha−1 yr−1. Despite similarities in precipitation characteristics, decline in plant canopy cover during the transition period of 2006 caused watershed sediment yield to increase 23‐fold to 1.64 t ha−1 yr−1 comparing with preceding period under native bunchgrasses (0.06 t ha−1 yr−1) or succeeding period under E. lehmanniana (0.06 t ha−1 yr−1). In contrast, measurements on small runoff plots on the hillslopes of the same watershed showed a significant increase in sediment discharge that continued after E. lehmanniana replaced native grasses. Together, these findings suggest alteration in plant community increased sediment yield but that hydrological responses to this event differ at watershed and plot scales, highlighting the geomorphological controls at the watershed scale that determine sediment transport efficiency and storage. Resolving these scalar issues will help identify critical landform features needed to preserve watershed integrity under changing climate conditions.
Estimation of aquifer scale proportion using equal area grids: Assessment of regional scale groundwater quality
Authors: Belitz Kenneth , Jurgens Bryant , Landon Matthew K. , Fram Miranda S. , Johnson Tyler
Published: November 2010

The proportion of an aquifer with constituent concentrations above a specified threshold (high concentrations) is taken as a nondimensional measure of regional scale water quality. If computed on the basis of area, it can be referred to as the aquifer scale proportion. A spatially unbiased estimate of aquifer scale proportion and a confidence interval for that estimate are obtained through the use of equal area grids and the binomial distribution. Traditionally, the confidence interval for a binomial proportion is computed using either the standard interval or the exact interval. Research from the statistics literature has shown that the standard interval should not be used and that the exact interval is overly conservative. On the basis of coverage probability and interval width, the Jeffreys interval is preferred. If more than one sample per cell is available, cell declustering is used to estimate the aquifer scale proportion, and Kish's design effect may be useful for estimating an effective number of samples. The binomial distribution is also used to quantify the adequacy of a grid with a given number of cells for identifying a small target, defined as a constituent that is present at high concentrations in a small proportion of the aquifer. Case studies illustrate a consistency between approaches that use one well per grid cell and many wells per cell. The methods presented in this paper provide a quantitative basis for designing a sampling program and for utilizing existing data.
Economic implications of climate change for infrastructure planning in transboundary water systems: An example from the Blue Nile
Authors: Jeuland Marc
Published: November 2010

This research develops a hydroeconomic modeling framework for integrating climate change impacts into the problem of planning water resources infrastructure development. It then illustrates use of that framework in evaluation of two alternative sizes of a potential hydropower project along the Blue Nile in Ethiopia. Storing water in a Blue Nile reservoir provides an interesting case for testing this integrated approach because such a project would induce a number of physical and economic changes, both transboundary and climate‐dependent. The proposed framework makes two contributions to the existing literature on water resources project appraisal. First, it demonstrates how routinely used hydrological modeling techniques can be supplemented with Monte Carlo simulation to include economic uncertainties inherent in the planning problem, in addition to its more commonly considered physical dimensions. Second, it demonstrates how analysts can include a number of linkages between climate change, hydrology, and economic production in conventional planning models to develop better understanding of the complexities and important uncertainties associated with future conditions. While the framework described here has not been used in a full analysis of alternative development projects in the Blue Nile, the general approach could be combined with a variety of decision‐analytic tools to evaluate design and management alternatives in water resources systems.
A multimeric immunogen for the induction of immune memory to beta‐amyloid
Authors: Mantile Francesca , Basile Carla , Cicatiello Valeria , De Falco Diana , Caivano Antonella , De Berardinis Piergiuseppe , Prisco Antonella
Published: November 2010

The development of active immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires the identification of immunogens that can ensure a high titer antibody response toward beta‐amyloid, whereas minimizing the risks of a cell‐mediated adverse reaction. We describe here two novel anti‐beta‐amyloid vaccines that consist of ‘virus like particles’ formed by a domain of the bacterial protein E2 that is able to self‐assemble into a 60‐mer peptide. Peptides 1–11 and 2–6 of beta‐amyloid were displayed as N terminal fusions on the surface of the E2 particles. E2‐based vaccines induced a fast‐rising, robust and persistent antibody response to beta‐amyloid in all vaccinated mice. The immune memory induced by a single administration of vaccine (1–11) E2 can be rapidly mobilized by a single booster injection, leading to a very high serum concentration of anti‐beta‐amyloid antibodies (above 1 mg ml−1). E2 vaccination polarizes the immune response toward the production of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐4 and does not induce a T cell response to beta‐amyloid. Thus, E2‐based vaccines are promising candidates for the development of immunotherapy protocols for AD.
The canonical BMP signaling pathway is involved in human monocyte‐derived dendritic cell maturation
Authors: Martínez Víctor G , Hernández‐López Carmen , Valencia Jaris , Hidalgo Laura , Entrena Ana , Zapata Agustín G , Vicente Angeles , Sacedón Rosa , Varas Alberto
Published: November 2010

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily, are multifunctional polypeptides regulating a broad spectrum of functions in embryonic and adult tissues. Recent reports have demonstrated that BMPs regulate the survival, proliferation and differentiation of several cell types in the immune system. In this study, we investigate the effects of BMP signaling activation on the capacity of human dendritic cells (DCs) to stimulate immune responses. Human DCs express type I and type II BMP receptors (BMPRIA, BMPRIB, type IA activin receptor, BMPRII) and BMP signal transduction molecules (Smad1, 5, and 8, as well as Smad4). On BMP stimulation, Id1–3 (inhibitor of differentiation 1–3/DNA binding) mRNA expression is upregulated and this effect can be blocked with the inhibitor dorsomorphin, showing that the canonical BMP signal transduction pathway is functionally active in DCs. BMP signaling activation promotes the phenotypic maturation of human DCs by increasing the expression of co‐stimulatory molecules and also CD83, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and PD‐L2, and stimulates cytokine secretion, mainly interleukin‐8 and tumor necrosis factor‐α. Accordingly, BMP‐treated DCs exhibit an enhanced T‐cell stimulatory capacity. BMP signaling also enhances the survival of human DCs increasing the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio. Finally, the expression of Runx transcription factors is increased in mature DCs, and the mRNA levels of Runx1–3 are upregulated in response to BMP stimulation, indicating that Runx transcription factor family may mediate the effects of BMP signaling in human DC maturation.
1994 COMPILATION OF WORKING VALUES AND SAMPLE DESCRIPTION FOR 383 GEOSTANDARDS
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K.
Published: November 2010

In this Special Issue, working values are reported for 383 international geostandards along with sample description. All this information is available in the form of databases. The possibility of easily accessing data on geostandards from a microcomputer in the laboratory itself is an efficient means for handling quality control/ quality assurance problems.
Feasibility of using Bose-Einstein condensates for filtering optical pulses
Authors: Slyusarenko Y. V. , Sotnikov A. G.
Published: November 2010

The feasibility of using the extreme slowing down of light in Bose-Einstein condensates of alkali metal atoms as a means of improving the spectral characteristics of optical signals is studied. The basis of this approach is the resonant character of the slowing down of electromagnetic pulses in these media. In other words, signals with frequency characteristics close to the intervals between levels in the energy spectrum of alkali metal atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate are slowed down the most. The filtering of electromagnetic signals is described in terms of a microscopic theory for the response of a gas of hydrogenlike atoms to a weak external electromagnetic field. The possibility in principle of signal filtering is demonstrated using the example of an electromagnetic pulse with a normal (gaussian) spectral intensity distribution propagating through a rarefied gas of alkali metal atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate state. We study in detail the use of the shift in the hyperfine Zeeman levels of sodium atoms in a homogeneous, external, constant magnetic field with an appropriate choice of the Zeeman sublevel populations of the ground states of these atoms. Conditions are determined such that, when an optical signal propagates through a condensate, it is possible to isolate components of that signal with strictly defined frequencies from residual low intensity noise. It is also shown that if the resulting filtered signal is repeatedly passed through a condensate with a different value of the magnetic field, noise can essentially be eliminated entirely from the optical signal.
Dynamic realignment of domain structure and the associated magnetic losses in conducting, soft-magnetic, single-crystal plates in rotating magnetic fields
Authors: Tiunov V. F. , Filippov B. N.
Published: November 2010

Magnetic losses and the dynamic behavior of domain structures in conducting single-crystal iron-silicon plates placed in a rotating magnetic field are studied. All the magnetic loss behavior can be interpreted in terms of the observed features of dynamic realignments of domain structures.
Dynamics of normal and degenerate nonequilibrium states of magnets with spin S=1
Authors: Kovalevsky M. Y.
Published: November 2010

Starting with a variational principle, Poisson brackets are obtained for the macroscopic parameters and nonlinear equations are derived for the dynamics of magnetic media with spin S=1. Two types of exchange magnetic hamiltonians are considered, corresponding to the two Casimir invariants of the SU(3) group. A thermodynamics is constructed for these magnetic systems and the flux densities of the additive integrals of motion are found in terms of the magnetic energy density. A magnon momentum is introduced in this condensed medium and a dynamic equation is obtained for it. The spectra of spin and quadrupole waves are obtained for magnetic states that have different symmetries with respect to time reversal in the equilibrium state.
Magnetic states of multilayer Fe∕Cr structures with ultrathin iron layers
Authors: Drovosekov A. B. , Kreines N. M. , Kholin D. I.
Published: November 2010

The evolution of the magnetic properties of Fe∕Cr superlattices is studied as the nominal thickness of the iron layers is reduced to atomic values, when these layers are no longer continuous. The studies were done on multilayer samples with Fe thicknesses of 2–6Å and chromium spacer thicknesses of 10 and 20Å. The samples were prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. The static magnetization and complex magnetic susceptibility were measured and FMR spectra taken. It was found that, depending on the thickness of the Fe layers and temperature, different magnetic phases are realized in the system: supermagnetism, magnetic ordering, and a nonergodic state characterized by a dependence of the magnetization of a sample on its magnetic prehistory. The observed nonergodic phase is found to exhibit spin glass properties. A qualitative phase diagram of the magnetic states of this system is constructed.
Weak turbulence of Kelvin waves in superfluid He
Authors: L’vov Victor S. , Nazarenko Sergey
Published: November 2010

The physics of small-scale quantum turbulence in superfluids is essentially based on knowledge of the energy spectrum of Kelvin waves, Ek. Here we derive a new type of kinetic equation for Kelvin waves on quantized vortex filaments with random large-scale curvature which describes a step-by-step energy cascade over scales resulting from five-wave interactions. This approach replaces the earlier six-wave theory, which has recently been shown to be inconsistent owing to nonlocalization Solving the four-wave kinetic equation, we found a new local spectrum with a universal (curvature-independent) exponent, Ek∝k−5∕3, which must replace the nonlocal spectrum of the six-wave theory, Ek∝k−7∕5 in any future theory, e.g., when determining the quantum turbulence decay rate, found by Kosik and Svistunov under an incorrect assumption of locality of energy transfer in six-wave interactions.
Application of electron backscatter diffraction to the study on orientation distribution of intermetallic compounds at heterogeneous interfaces (Sn/Ag and Sn/Cu)
Authors: Zou H. F. , Zhang Z. F.
Published: November 2010

In the current study, the orientation distribution and formation mechanism of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at heterogeneous interfaces (Sn/Ag or Sn/Cu) were investigated by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method. The EBSD orientation maps have revealed that some special orientation relationships exist not only at the interfaces between the faceted IMC and (001) or (111) single crystal substrates but also at the interfaces of the scalloplike IMC/(011) single crystal substrate, which are attributed to the low misfit between the IMC and the substrates. However, only part of special orientation relationships can be obtained by using the pole figure when a large number of IMC grains were considered. The reason is that the single crystal substrate can supply more immobile atoms for these special orientated IMC cluster. With increasing the reflowing or aging time, the orientation relationship has no obvious change between the IMC and the single crystal substrates. Meanwhile, it is found that the determinative factor controlling the IMC morphology should include two kinds of interfacial energies at the interfaces of IMC/solder and IMC/substrate. The variations in the interfacial energies would induce the transformation of the IMC morphology. These experimental results would be helpful for better understanding on the formation mechanisms of IMCs at the interfaces of Sn/crystals and promoting the wide application of EBSD to study the orientation relationships at other heterogeneous interfaces.
Physical origins of mobility enhancement of Ge p-channel metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistors with Si passivation layers
Authors: Taoka Noriyuki , Mizubayashi Wataru , Morita Yukinori , Migita Shinji , Ota Hiroyuki , Takagi Shinichi
Published: November 2010

The physical origins of the mobility enhancement in Ge p-channel metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistors (p-MISFETs) with Si passivation layers (PLs) have been systematically investigated. This was done through a comparison between simulated gate-to-channel capacitance versus gate voltage (Cgc-Vg) curves and measured Cgc-Vg curves to estimate carrier distributions at the insulator/Si/Ge interfaces, and mobility measurements at various temperatures to clarify scattering mechanisms of holes in the Ge inversion layers. It was found, from the comparison of the Cgc-Vg curves, that the channels are mainly formed at the Si/Ge interfaces by inserting the Si PLs, and not the insulator/Si interfaces. It was revealed, in the high effective field (Eeff) region, that the reduction in surface roughness scattering due to the change in the channel region from the insulator/Si interfaces to the Si/Ge interfaces has a significant contribution to the mobility enhancement. It was also found in the low Eeff region that the reduction in Coulomb scattering due to the separation of mobile carriers from the interface charges located at the insulator/Si interfaces by inserting the Si PL layer as well as the reduction in the density of Coulomb scattering centers is responsible for the mobility enhancement. As a result, the inversion-layer hole mobilities of the Ge MISFETs were significantly improved by inserting the Si PLs of the appropriate thickness.
Enhancement of current injection in inverted organic light emitting diodes with thermal annealing
Authors: Wang Po-Sheng , Wu I.-Wen , Wu Chih-I.
Published: November 2010

The enhancement of current density in inverted organic light emitting diodes is achieved by thermal annealing after device process. The current-voltage characteristics of annealed devices are improved as compared to that of nonannealed devices. The current improvement is attributed to the increase in electron injection efficiency from the inverted cathodes. X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy were also carried out to investigate the origins of the enhancement. The result shows that the activation of doping effect of the inverted Alq3 trilayers occurs after thermal annealing. However, the current density is still not compatible to that of normal devices with Alq3 trilayers as the cathode on the top. The reason is found to be related to the oxidation of aluminum cathodes, which are deposited first in the inverted devices.
Gate stack insulator breakdown when the interface layer thickness is scaled toward zero
Authors: Suñé Jordi , Tous Santi , Miranda Enrique
Published: November 2010

To fully profit from the advantages of high-K materials in metal-oxide-semiconductor gate insulator stacks, the reduction in the silicon oxide interfacial layer thickness is being pursued. In the framework of the percolation model, we explore the effects of reducing the interfacial layer thickness on the dielectric breakdown of the gate stack. If the reduction in interface layer thickness is performed at constant equivalent oxide thickness, a significant improvement of oxide lifetime is predicted. Our results also suggest that it is possible to scale the equivalent oxide thickness without degrading the breakdown-related reliability.
Carrier doping into boron nanobelts by neutron transmutation
Authors: Kirihara Kazuhiro , Shimizu Yoshiki , Yamada Yoichi , Esaka Fumitaka , Sasaki Takeshi , Koshizaki Naoto , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Shamoto Shin-ichi , Kimura Kaoru
Published: November 2010

We report the effects of a neutron-capture reaction of isotope B10 on the structure and electrical transport of B10-enriched single-crystalline boron nanobelts. Partial amorphization, particularly at the surface of the nanobelt, was observed after thermal neutron irradiation with a dose of 2×1019 cm−2. Carrier doping into the nanobelts by neutron transmutation is expected after postannealing. The change in conductance is discussed based on the distribution of localized states in the band gap of α-tetragonal boron.
Photopolymerized microscopic vortex beam generators: Precise delivery of optical orbital angular momentum
Authors: Brasselet Etienne , Malinauskas Mangirdas , Žukauskas Albertas , Juodkazis Saulius
Published: November 2010

Direct femtosecond laser photopolymerization is used to fabricate high resolution microscopic spiral phase plates. The total phase change all around their center is prepared to be a integer multiple of 2π for the operating wavelength in the visible domain. The optical performances of the spiral plates are measured and we propose a simple single beam interferometric technique to characterize the phase singularity of the generated vortex beams. The experimental results are compared to simulations and a satisfying agreement is obtained. Potential of large scale fabrication, templating, and smart spiral plate architectures are also illustrated.
Graphene growth on epitaxial Ru thin films on sapphire
Authors: Sutter P. W. , Albrecht P. M. , Sutter E. A.
Published: November 2010

Single crystalline Ru(0001) thin films epitaxially grown on sapphire (0001) substrates were used as sacrificial metal templates for the synthesis of high-quality graphene with uniform monolayer thickness and full surface coverage. Removal of the metal template by etching transferred monolayer graphene with good crystal quality onto the insulating sapphire support. Our findings demonstrate epitaxial Ru(0001) films on sapphire (0001) as a substrate for the scalable synthesis of high-quality graphene for applications.
Phase contrast x-ray microscopy study of rabbit primo vessels
Authors: Kim M.-S. , Oh S.-W. , Lim J.-H. , Han S.-W.
Published: November 2010

The microstructural properties of the primo-vascular systems of rabbits were examined by phase contrast x-ray microscopy. The primo-vascular systems with an average diameter of 32 μm were extracted from the surfaces of the rabbit internal organs. Phase contrast x-ray imaging showed that the primo-vascular systems were tubules with random holes on their lateral surfaces. The size of the holes on the vascular surface was 2–5 μm. The holes might act as size selective channels for microcells coming in and out and assist in the unidirectional flow of the primo-vascular systems.
Triple quantum dot device designed for three spin qubits
Authors: Takakura T. , Pioro-Ladrière M. , Obata T. , Shin Y.-S. , Brunner R. , Yoshida K. , Taniyama T. , Tarucha S.
Published: November 2010

Electron spin confined in quantum dots is a promising candidate for experimental qubits. Aiming at realizing a three spin-qubit system, we designed split micromagnets suitable for the lateral triple quantum dots. From numerical simulations of the stray magnetic field distribution, field gradients ∼0.8 T/μm and differences of in-plane components ∼10 mT can be attained, which enable the electrical and addressable manipulation of three qubits. Furthermore, this technique can be applied for up to 25 qubits in realistic multiple quantum dots. For the first step of implementing such three-qubit systems, a relevant triple quantum dot device has been fabricated and characteristic charge states were observed.