bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adulterated Food—Sentencing Problems in Strict Liability Offences
Authors: Bein Dan
Published: February 2016

The serious criticism expressed by many scholars of criminal law against strict responsibility offences (sometimes called Public Welfare Offences), has not brought about their abolition. The courts of this country, as of most common law countries, continue to interpret certain offences as imposing responsibility without fault and the legislator on his part has not interfered.

While the debate on the very existence of strict liability offences continues, very little attention has been paid to another not insignificant problem, the principles and considerations on which the courts should determine the severity of sentence to be imposed on conviction for such offences. It is, of course, impossible to deal with this latter aspect in isolation from the rationale given by the proponents of strict responsibility in favour of its retention. It follows, then, that any analysis of sentencing in strict liability offences is to a great extent also a renewed probing from another angle into the basic problems involved in the imposition of liability without fault in criminal law.
The “Actus Reus” and Offences of “Situation”.
Authors: Dan Cohen Meir
Published: February 2016

1. Foreword: The following judgment of the Supreme Court deals with an affair which lies on the periphary of criminal law, but nevertheless may serve as a means of raising a few problems which are of crucial importance in the sphere of penal law. These problems are all attached to one of the two central pillars of every crime, namely: the actus reus. We shall try to prove that even though this concept is well-known and hackneyed, it still contains many deficiencies and is a source of misunderstandings.

First, we shall try to expose the deficiency in the judgment itself, and then we shall proceed to a broader consideration of the perversions in the definitions of the actus reus of certain crimes in the legislation.

2. The Judgment: The matter under trial was as follows: The official receiver (the respondent) applied to the District Court for an order according to sees. 130 and 131 of the Bankruptcy Ordinance to bring the appellant, who is a bankrupt, to trial for offences under these sections. The appellant was invited to the proceedings on that application, gave evidence at the hearing, and after the respective arguments of the parties had been heard, an order was granted by the Court as required by the applicant.
Comments on the Law of Servitudes in Israel
Authors: Ophir Michael
Published: February 2016

The Land Law, 1969, brought into statutory effect a class of servitudes under the heading of “Easements”. On a first reading of the relevant provisions (sec. 5 and secs. 92–98) it might appear that their import is reasonably clear. Various questions, however, arise as to the meaning and scope of these enactments.

Are the new provisions founded, to a greater or lesser degree, on either the English or American concepts, or has the legislature in Israel endeavoured not only to broaden the scope of servitudes as such, but also to give legal sanction to a new class of servitudes which would not receive recognition either in England or in America? These questions will be considered in the light of the new Law and its relationship to the general approach and legal thinking on the subject in England and the U.S.A.
Comment on the Kahn Committee Report on the Protection of Privacy
Authors: Elman Peter
Published: February 2016

Since the preceding article was written, the Kahn Committee, mentioned therein, has presented its report with a minority report by one of its members on the communications media. The central feature of the report is the Bill of a Protection of Privacy Law which the Committee recommends; a copy of the Bill is appended to show Israel thinking on the subject and to illustrate how far the Bill meets the matters raised by Dr. Gavison.

Apart from a very general discussion of the problems involved, the report contains a brief sketch by Dr. N. Rakover of those aspects of the subjects which are covered by traditional Jewish law and a comparative study by Dr. Gavison herself of the position mainly in the U.S.A., England, Germany, France and Canada and incidentally in Sweden, Switzerland, the Argentine, Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela, with special reference to recent legislation.

For the record it may be noted that the Committee was appointed in August 1974 by the Minister of Justice to examine the means by which protection of privacy can be secured. It held 16 meetings and heard or received in writing the views of various institutions and individuals.
Legal Aspects of Declarations
Authors: Lador-Lederer J.
Published: February 2016

It is a challenging observation that the same term—declaration—is used in many different contexts, though always when a process of primary normative postulation is being initiated. Declarations may be made by any entity having some normative competence—states as well as international organisations, whether intergovernmental or non-governmental. The normative impact will depend on the functional and legal standing which the entity may have. Declarations made by States may relate to constitutional law or refer to some addressee in international relations. In the first case, they are used to introduceoptimâ formâsome constitutional charter, generally for the proclamation of independence of new States. In the second case, they may be unilateral or collective. In both cases they are always public, since publicity is considered essential to achieve the required effect—an effect inherent in the very choice of the term. The political motivation for the choice may arise from revolution, war or international parliamentarism.
The Palestine Liberation Organization in the United Nations: Implications for International Law and Relations
Authors: Silverburg Sanford R.
Published: February 2016

The end of the Second World War seemed to signal to many observers the onset of a new era of international relations and international law. The appearance of former colonial entities as independent and sovereign political units led both diplomats and academicians to divine a new world order for international relations. At the same time the consequent significant increase in the number of political actors in the international system changed not only its complexion but also its manner of interaction. It appears that there are still further developments in the offing whose full significance cannot as yet be fully documented. One aspect, however, which we can examine is the increasing importance of the transnational actor in international forums. Our intention in this paper is to examine several features of this development in international relations, law and organization as evidenced by the continually increasing participation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the chambers of the United Nations.
Religious Affiliation in Israeli Interreligious Law
Authors: Shifman Pinhas
Published: February 2016

Religious or communal affiliation is one of the major factors in the choice of law and jurisdiction in matters of personal status. First, a religious court has jurisdiction only if all parties belong to the religion or community of that court. Where the parties involved in a matter of personal status belong to different religious communities, only the President of the Supreme Court is entitled to confer jurisdiction upon a particular religious court. Secondly, religious affiliation determines the bond between a person and the substantive law which will apply to any matter of his personal status. The importance of such affiliation is declining as legislation fixing unified, territorial norms applicable to all religions and communities increases. However, because personal law continues to play a major role in our legal system, religious affiliation, too, continues to be a focal point of interreligious disputes. Here the lack of a consistent, unified system for regulation of these inter-religious disputes is particularly noticeable, and the solutions proposed are remarkable for their pragmatism and their evasion of the basic problems.
The Concept of Autonomy in International Law and the Practice of the United Nations
Authors: Sohn Louis B.
Published: February 2016

The concept of “autonomy” and the related concepts of “self-rule” and “self-government” are terms of both constitutional law and international law. While they are of ancient origin, their current importance is due to their use in the Camp David Agreement relating to a Framework for Peace in the Middle East, of 17 September 1978. That agreement speaks of: providing “full autonomy to the inhabitants” of West Bank and Gaza; a free election of a “self-governing authority”; giving due consideration to “the principle of self-government by the inhabitants of these territories”; establishing “the elected self-governing authority” in the West Bank and Gaza; negotiating an agreement which will define the powers and responsibilities of “the self-governing authority” to be exercised in the West Bank and Gaza; and beginning the transitional period of five years when “the self-governing authority (administrative council) in the West Bank and Gaza is established and inaugurated.”
The Relation Between the Camp David Frameworks and the Treaty of Peace — Another Dimension
Authors: Lapidoth Ruth
Published: February 2016

Since the conclusion of the two Camp David Frameworks (reproduced in this issue), much has been said about a possible relation between them, namely, whether there is any “linkage” between the Framework which deals with the bilateral relations between Egypt and Israel, and the Framework for Peace in the Middle East (the Comprehensive Framework), in particular its provisions concerning Judea, Samaria and the Gaza District. After the conclusion of the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, a similar question was raised with regard to a possible link between it and the Comprehensive Framework. This question has in fact been dealt with by several provisions of the Peace Treaty and related documents, i.e., the Preamble and Article VI paragraph 2 of the Treaty, and the Agreed Minutes, all reproduced in this issue.
Settlement of Disputes and the Treaty of Peace: The Israel Perspective
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: February 2016

The Treaty of Peace between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel contains two provisions (Articles VII and VIII) pertaining to settlement of disputes. The object of this article is to discuss—primarily from the perspective of Israel—obligations arising under these provisions, as well as the relationship between the Treaty of Peace and Israel's obligations by virtue of its acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. The Joint Commission established under Article IV of the Treaty and under Article IV of the Appendix to Annex I of the Treaty will not be dealt with.
The Case of the Woman with Two Husbands in Talmudic and Ancient Near Eastern Law
Authors: Friedman Shamma
Published: February 2016

The origin of the comparative study of Talmudic law lies in the Talmud itself, where we find instances in which the Sages formulated theirhalakhotin comparative terms, or took cognizance of non-Jewish legal positions.

There are two aspects to comparative legal studies in modern Talmudic research: first, that of pinpointing the influence of one system upon another; and second, that of obtaining a clearer and deeper understanding of each system by emphasizing the common and the unique elements in each. The first aspect is very much a matter of chance, and even when it is applicable, the results often constitute details which are not capable of being formulated in general terms. The second aspect—that of mutual clarification—is, however, generally applicable, and may be employed with profit in numerous instances.
The Crime Explosion — Its Causes and Effects
Authors: Lane
Published: February 2016

The subject upon which I have been invited to address you is a gloomy one. There is little pleasure to the speaker in recounting a catalogue of failures. The hope is that you may be able at the end to say “Thank goodness we have done better than the British”, or even, perhaps, “The British have made that mistake, we can avoid it”. In other words, a free and candid exchange of views never does any harm.

Thirty-five years ago were stirring times for Israel. For us too, in Great Britain, in a more mundane way. Some of us were exchanging flying helmets for barristers wigs. There was new hope in the air. Social injustice would be a thing of the past. No one would go hungry. No one would go short of medical attention through lack of money, involuntary unemployment would no longer mean that a man's family would go short of food and the other necessities of life.
The Parameters for Analysis of Windfall Recoveries in the Corporate Setting
Authors: (Jurkevitz) Aaron Yoran
Published: February 2016

In 1903 when Dean Roscoe Pound, who was then Commissioner of the Supreme Court of Nebraska, decided that a corporation which was wholly owned by one stockholder could not sue the person from whom the present stockholder had purchased his stock, for mismanagement and waste allegedly committed before the purchase, he wrote:

It is not the function of courts of equity to administer punishment. When one person has wronged another in a matter within its jurisdiction, equity will spare no effort to redress the person injured, and will not suffer the wrongdoer to escape restitution to such person through any device or technicality. But this is because of its desire to right wrongs, not because of a desire to punish all wrongdoers. If a wrongdoer deserves to be punished, it does not follow that others are to be enriched at his expense by a court of equity. A plaintiff must recover on the strength of his own case, not on the weakness of the defendant's case. It is his right, not the defendant's wrongdoing, that is the basis of recovery. When it is disclosed that he has no standing in equity, the degree of wrongdoing of the defendant will not avail him.
Pooled analysis of the evidence for open cavity, combined approach and reconstruction of the mastoid cavity in primary cholesteatoma surgery
Authors: Harris A T , Mettias B , Lesser T H J
Published: February 2016

Background:

Cholesteatoma is keratinising epithelium within the middle-ear cleft or mastoid. This disease destroys the peripheral organs of balance and hearing, with possible intracranial sequelae. The management of cholesteatoma is surgical and the primary aim is to remove the disease and prevent recurrence. Secondary aims are to obtain a non-discharging, hearing ear. Cholesteatoma surgery falls into two broad categories: open cavity surgery and combined approach surgery. A third surgical category is reconstruction of an open mastoid cavity after open surgery. This study performed a pooled analysis of the worldwide literature to compare the rates of cholesteatoma not being cured (i.e. recidivism), ear discharge and hearing change among open cavity, combined approach and reconstruction mastoid surgery for primary cholesteatoma.

Methods:

A literature search for all types of cholesteatoma surgery in the PubMed, Google Scholar and Medline databases and in published conference proceedings was undertaken.

Results:

There was no level 1 evidence for the best method of primary cholesteatoma surgery. The highest evidence level found (level 2; 5366 patients) shows no difference in hearing change or discharge rate between open and combined approach surgery; however, these methods fail to cure the cholesteatomas in 16.0 per cent and 29.4 per cent of cases, respectively. In a total of 640 patients, reconstruction and/or repair mastoid surgery using a variety of non-comparable techniques had a failure rate of between 5.3 per cent and 20 per cent.

Conclusion:

The available evidence suggests that reconstruction of the posterior canal wall and/or obliteration of the mastoid may be the best surgical treatment alternative. This technique appears to provide the lowest recidivism rate combined with a low post-operative ear discharge rate.
Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: poorer prognosis than non-head and neck sites
Authors: Morand G B , Madana J , Da Silva S D , Hier M P , Mlynarek A M , Black M J
Published: February 2016

Background:

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive neurocutaneous malignancy. This study investigated whether patients with Merkel cell carcinoma in the head and neck had poorer outcomes than patients with Merkel cell carcinoma located elsewhere.

Methods:

A retrospective study was performed of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma treated at the Jewish General Hospital in Montréal, Canada, from 1993 to 2013. Associations between clinicopathological characteristics and disease-free and disease-specific survival rates were examined according to the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results:

Twenty-seven patients were identified. Although basic clinicopathological characteristics and treatments were similar between head and neck and non-head and neck Merkel cell carcinoma groups, disease-free and disease-specific survival rates were significantly lower in the head and neck Merkel cell carcinoma group (log-rank test; p = 0.043 and p = 0.001, respectively). Mortality was mainly due to distant metastasis.

Conclusion:

Patients with head and neck Merkel cell carcinoma had poorer survival rates than patients with non-head and neck Merkel cell carcinoma in our study. The tendency to obtain close margins, a less predictable metastatic pattern, and/or intrinsic tumour factors related to the head and neck may explain this discrepancy.
Dual neurocircuitry dysfunctions in disruptive behavior disorders: emotional responding and response inhibition
Authors: Hwang S. , Nolan Z. T. , White S. F. , Williams W. C. , Sinclair S. , Blair R. J. R.
Published: February 2016

Background

To determine the functional integrity of the neural systems involved in emotional responding/regulation and response control/inhibition in youth (age 10–18 years) with disruptive behavioral disorders (DBDs: conduct disorder and/or oppositional defiant disorder) as a function of callous-unemotional (CU) traits.

Method

Twenty-eight healthy youths and 35 youths with DBD [high CU (HCU), n = 18; low CU (LCU), n = 17] performed the fMRI Affective Stroop task. Participants viewed positive, neutral, and negative images under varying levels of cognitive load. A 3-way ANOVA (group×emotion by task) was conducted on the BOLD response data.

Results

Youth with DBD-HCU showed significantly less activation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and amygdala in response to negative stimuli, compared to healthy youth and youth with DBD-LCU. vmPFC responsiveness was inversely related to CU symptoms in DBD. Youth with DBD-LCU showed decreased functional connectivity between amygdala and regions including inferior frontal gyrus in response to emotional stimuli. Youth with DBD (LCU and HCU) additionally showed decreased insula responsiveness to high load (incongruent trials) compared to healthy youth. Insula responsiveness was inversely related to ADHD symptoms in DBD.

Conclusions

These data reveal two forms of pathophysiology in DBD. One associated with reduced amygdala and vmPFC responses to negative stimuli and related to increased CU traits. Another associated with reduced insula responses during high load task trials and related to ADHD symptoms. Appropriate treatment will need to be individualized according to the patient's specific pathophysiology.
Serial verb constructions in Kamtok (Cameroon Pidgin English)
Authors: Ayafor Miriam
Published: February 2016

Kamtok, an English-based expanded pidgin/creole in Cameroon, has many of the grammatical structures of its lexifier language. However, there are certain grammatical structures in this contact language which are not so obvious in its lexifier, though they may exist sparingly in spoken forms of the production of some native speakers. One of these is the serial verb construction (SVC). SVCs are ‘a series of two (or more) verbs [that] have the same subject and are not joined by a conjunction … or a complementiser … as they would be in European languages (Holm, 1988: 183).
How are soil carbon and tropical biodiversity related?
Authors: SHEIL DOUGLAS , LADD BRENTON , SILVA LUCAS C. R. , LAFFAN SHAWN W. , VAN HEIST MIRIAM
Published: February 2016

This article discusses how biological conservation can benefit from an understanding of soil carbon. Protecting natural areas not only safeguards the biota but also curtails atmospheric carbon emissions. Opportunities for funding biological conservation could potentially be greater if soil carbon content is considered. In this article current knowledge concerning the magnitude and vulnerability of soil carbon stocks is reviewed and the relationship of these stocks to biological conservation values is explored. Looking at two relatively well-studied tropical regions we find that 15 of 21 animal species of conservation concern in the Virunga Landscape (Central Africa), and nine of ten such species in the Federal District of Brazil (Central Brazil), rely on carbon-rich habitats (alluvial and/or wetlands). At national scales, densities of species, endemics and threatened taxa (plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish) show positive and significant relations with mean soil carbon content in all but two cases (threatened amphibians and threatened fish). Of more than 1000 threatened species in 37 selected tropical nations, 85% rely on carbon-rich habitats. This tendency is observed in plants, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and crustaceans, while birds appear more evenly distributed. Research to clarify and explore these relationships is needed. Soil carbon offers major opportunities for conservation.
The binary-to-ternary rhythmic continuum in stress typology: layered feet and non-intervention constraints
Authors: Martínez-Paricio Violeta , Kager René
Published: February 2016

This article presents a novel OT analysis of ternary rhythm, using the restrictive format of McCarthy (2003)'s categorical alignment constraints, which we will refer to as ‘non-intervention constraints’, using the terminology of Ellison (1994), and argues for the rehabilitation of internally layered feet in metrical representations (i.e. feet with one layer of recursion). By means of a computer-generated factorial typology, we demonstrate that the constraint set proposed here generates the full typology of binary and ternary rhythm. The resulting typology suggests that there is no absolute boundary between binary and ternary systems; rather, a continuum emerges, such that binary and ternary feet may coexist in rhythmic stress systems.
The theory of multiple intelligence: implications for counselling children
Authors: O'Brien Patrick , Burnett Paul C
Published: February 2016

This paper discusses the application of Gardner's (1983) Theory of Multiple Intelligence to the counselling of children, particularly young children, who have not developed the language required for more verbally orientated counselling sessions. Specifically this paper asks: Does Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence have an application to counselling theory, and if so how would this theory impact on counselling practice?
Does social anxiety increase with age?
Authors: Campbell Marilyn Anne
Published: February 2016

One of the impressions in the literature on children's social anxiety is that young (preadolescent) children are not socially anxious and that social anxiety begins to manifest itself at adolescence and then increases with age. However there seems to be little direct research evidence to substantiate this claim. A questionnaire to assess feared outcomes in children and adolescents was therefore administered to 1415 children between the ages of 6 and 16 years. The results showed that worry about social threat did not increase with age and the content of the feared social outcomes also remained relatively constant over the age span.
Reasons for truancy: a literature review for school counsellors
Authors: Haddon Richard
Published: February 2016

Students who are truant from school are frequently referred to a guidance officer or school psychologist in the hope of improving their school attendance. This presents a difficult task as little is known about the effectiveness of counselling with such students. This paper reviews the literature to identify reasons for truancy and to suggest some ways in which this knowledge may be of assistance in developing appropriate counselling strategies. This paper is concerned with truanting students of compulsory high school age. A definition of the various types of truancy is presented and a number of possible causes are identified. Two concepts which offer possibilities for developing counselling strategies with truanting students are discussed. These are, firstly, the feeling of alienation and disaffection from school experienced by many truants and, secondly, the individual psychology theory of Psychological Reversals proposed by Apter (1982).
Eating disorders: prevention and recovery reflections on two research projects
Authors: Garrett Catherine J.
Published: February 2016

This article discusses two recent projects concerned with the problem of eating disorders and their prevention: One, an initiative of the NSW Department of School Education, examined the possibilities for prevention in schools. The other, the author's doctoral research on recovery from anorexia nervosa, explored the ways in which recovery takes place. Both took as their starting point the social aspects of eating disorders. The article discusses existing models of prevention. It outlines the aims, methods and findings of the NSW project, including what was discovered about students' self-image and attitudes to their bodies, the sources of information available to them concerning the problem, its relation to competitive sport, and the anxieties about it which were expressed by teachers and parents. It is argued that a study of recovery can make a strong contribution to preventive strategies. Participants in the second project, spoke of their own recovery as a rediscovery of meaning in their lives through access to ‘myths’ and ‘rituals’. This finding is explained in both sociological and recent scientific terms. The author concludes that an understanding of the factors present in recovery from an eating disorder can provide a blueprint for prevention.
Action research for guidance counsellors
Authors: Gillies Robyn
Published: February 2016

Action research enables guidance counsellors to use a variety of methodologies to evaluate the diversity of counselling programs. The emphasis is on helping the counsellor to make decisions about the development, improvement and continuation of specific programs in schools.
Identification of “At-risk” Students for Prevention and Early Intervention Programs in Secondary Schools
Authors: Campbell Marilyn A
Published: February 2016

Recent epidemiological studies in Australia have found that adolescent mental health issues are an important public health problem (Sawyer et al., 2001). These problems are often manifested in the classroom. As many as one in five Australian children aged from 4 to 17 have significant mental health concerns (Zubrick, Silburn, Burton, & Blair, 2000). However, only one in four of these young people receive professional help (Sawyer et al., 2001). To assist in preventing these problems, schools in Australia have been trialling innovative strategies in mental health promotion, prevention and intervention such as the Gatehouse Project and MindMatters. When selected or indicated prevention strategies are employed there is a need for identification of those students either at-risk or who have mild symptoms of a disorder. This process needs to be efficient and effective, using multiple informants and multi-methods. This article reports on the process utilised by two Australian high schools that trialled an identification process for at-risk students for anxiety/depression using indicated prevention programs. The benefits of using teachers, support staff and student self-identification are discussed.
MindMatters Plus: A Capacity-building Framework for Working with Secondary School Students with High Support Mental Health Needs
Authors: Broomhall Helen , Devlin Janet , Anderson Sarah , Doyle Martha
Published: February 2016

This article describes the history, development and status of MindMatters Plus (MM+). MM+ is a project developed within the context of MindMatters (MM), an ongoing initiative which aims to promote mental health within Australian secondary schools. MM+ is an integral component of the MM suite of initiatives and is consistent with its underlying philosophy of developing student resilience through a “whole of school”, capacity-building approach. The specific goal of MM+ is to develop best practice approaches to improving the mental health outcomes of secondary school students with high support mental health needs (SWHSNs) and is achieved in several ways: (1) assisting schools in early identification; (2) facilitating the implementation of preventative and other interventions; (3) developing new initiatives and refining existing processes, policies and strategies and; (4) encouraging the development of timely and accessible networks of care with external agencies and community partnerships.
Reducing high levels of communication apprehension among primary schoolstudents: Can teachers make a difference?
Authors: Carter Margaret-Anne , Hansford Brian
Published: February 2016

This study, conducted over a 20 week period, focused on a group of primary school teachers as they implemented a variety of intervention actions, within their class programs, directed towards supporting the reduction of high levels of communication apprehension (CA) among students. Six teachers and nine students, located across three primary schools, six class groups, and four year levels, participated in the study.

An action research paradigm incorporating a series of case studies was used to describe each teacher's journey as he/she responded to the diverse needs of individual students with high CA levels. The principal data collection methods used in this study included the Personal Report of Communication Fear (PRCF) scale, semistructured interviews, and dialogue journaling. The PRCF scale was used as a screening tool to identify students experiencing high levels of CA.

Semistructured interviews, conducted by the researcher at the beginning and conclusion of the action research process, provided valuable information relevant to each student. Dialogue journaling was the medium by which teachers engaged in written discourse with the researcher, discussing the growth, development, and progress of individual students. Entries in dialogue journals comprised a significant component of each teacher's case study.

Six case studies document the teacher's action research journey. These case studies recount the teacher's perceptions of their endeavours to minimise the problems that arise with primary school students experiencing high CA levels. In particular, they highlight the fact that teachers are faced with diverse problems and plan to resolve these in different ways.
Narrative Therapy in Practice: A “storied” approach to building mental health resiliency in adolescents
Authors: Fernandez Miguel R.
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the use of Narrative Therapy in a high school. The focus is on demonstrating the use of Narrative Therapy in working with students who demonstrate at-risk behaviours especially with a view to building resiliency. It is proposed that to fully understand the value of Narrative Therapy, theory supporting this approach should be discussed. Underlying this approach is the recognition that a better understanding of theory will extend the practice of Narrative Therapy. To that end this paper approaches the use of Narrative Therapy on two levels, (a) a description of the theory that supports the practice of Narrative Therapy. This description focuses on the language and practices associated with Narrative Therapy. Specifically, issues around stories are discussed at length, and (b) a case study is presented attempting to bind theory to practice. It takes the reader on a journey by a student who was at-risk to her developing resilient behaviour. Initially, several key words and phrases are introduced as direct representations of the theory of Narrative Therapy. As the case study unfolds additional descriptions of theory impacting on practice are presented. The final outcome is a comprehensive description of a counselling approach that has relevancy in dealing with the complex issues of mental health resiliency in schools.
Assessment of Depression in Children
Authors: Fry Michael J.
Published: February 2016

The assessment of childhood depression is a function of the definition of depression, namely, a single-symptom, symptom cluster, or categorical approach. Furthermore, the assumptions associated with these approaches underpin the development and selection of assessment devices which fall into three main categories: self-report measures, parent, teacher and peer reports, and diagnostic clinical interviews. In describing, exemplifying, and evaluating these measurement techniques, their relationship with the definitional assumptions will be demonstrated through a critical review of the literature. The related and crucial issues of comorbidity and informant variability will also be examined.
Young Adults' Suicide Related Knowledge and Attitudes: Implications for suicide awareness education
Authors: Thornhill Jaime , Gillies Robyn
Published: February 2016

This study investigated the effects of gender, personal experience with suicidal others and exposure to suicide awareness education upon suicide related knowledge and attitudes of 190 young adults and 52 older adults. Results showed that both the young and older adults indicated a substantial degree of personal experience with suicidal others, and despite displaying inadequate knowledge, possessed reasonable attitudes to adolescent suicide (e.g., need for education). Young adults' level of knowledge was found to vary as a function of gender (females displaying better knowledge than males), and having been exposed to school-based suicide curriculum. Differential gender effects also emerged in young adults' suicide-related attitudes with females indicating greater support for the inclusion of suicide education in schools. The implications of these findings for school-based suicide prevention efforts are discussed.
“But I'm Not Really Bad”: Using an Ideographic Versus a Nomothetic Approach to Understand the Reasons for Difficult Behaviour in Children
Authors: Bitsika Vicki
Published: February 2016

The number of students who are identified as experiencing behavioural difficulties in the mainstream school setting is growing. However, current efforts by teachers to address these behavioural difficulties are seriously limited because of lack of training in the procedures for assessing and working with difficult behaviour. This paper will argue that the apparent failure of traditional “behaviour modification” in producing positive changes in difficult behaviour lies in its prescriptive application of general strategies to specific student problems. This approach to behaviour change is ineffective because it is not based on an understanding of the reasons for difficult behaviour. The functional assessment framework for investigating and understanding student difficulties will be presented as a more efficient means of changing the behaviour problems that occur in the classroom. At the foundation of this framework is the assumption that meaningful and long-term changes to difficult behaviour can only result from teaching the student to behave differently rather than focusing on the elimination of problem behaviour.
Kompetenzorientierte Lehrerausbildung
Authors: Vennewald Nadja , Stumpf-Parketny Tanja , Bonato Marcellus , Schneider Kordula , Kostorz Peter , Wickern Franca
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung. Studierende der beruflichen Lehramtsausbildung starten mit unterschiedlichen berufsbezogenen Voraussetzungen. Das Praxisprojekt «Individuelle Lernbegleitung durch Kompetenz-Assessment (ILKA)» zeigt eine Möglichkeit auf, wie Bachelorstudierende des Lehramts an berufsbildenden Schulen am Fachbereich Gesundheit sowie dem Institut für Berufliche Lehrerbildung der Fachhochschule Münster ihre berufsbezogenen Kompetenzen aktiv und gezielt fördern und vertiefen können. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Konzept, Evaluationsergebnisse und praxisrelevante Empfehlungen dargestellt.
Experten aus Erfahrung
Authors: Haslbeck Jörg
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung. In der Gesundheitsversorgung von Menschen, die mit chronischen Krankheiten leben, wird soziale Unterstützung durch «peers» immer bedeutsamer, d. h. durch Personen, die aufgrund ähnlicher Krankheits- und Alltagserfahrungen in einer vergleichbaren Lebenssituation sind. Welche Potenziale, Chancen sowie Grenzen hat «peer-to-peer healthcare» im Kontext von Selbstmanagementförderung? Der Beitrag diskutiert dies anhand von Erfahrungen mit dem Stanford Kursprogramm «Gesund und aktiv leben».
ZEB1 turns into a transcriptional activator by interacting with YAP1 in aggressive cancer types
Authors: Lehmann Waltraut , Mossmann Dirk , Kleemann Julia , Mock Kerstin , Meisinger Chris , Brummer Tilman , Herr Ricarda , Brabletz Simone , Stemmler Marc P. , Brabletz Thomas
Published: February 2016

Early dissemination, metastasis and therapy resistance are central hallmarks of aggressive cancer types and the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths. The EMT-inducing transcriptional repressor ZEB1 is a crucial stimulator of these processes, particularly by coupling the activation of cellular motility with stemness and survival properties. ZEB1 expression is associated with aggressive behaviour in many tumour types, but the potent effects cannot be solely explained by its proven function as a transcriptional repressor of epithelial genes. Here we describe a direct interaction of ZEB1 with the Hippo pathway effector YAP, but notably not with its paralogue TAZ. In consequence, ZEB1 switches its function to a transcriptional co-activator of a ‘common ZEB1/YAP target gene set’, thereby linking two pathways with similar cancer promoting effects. This gene set is a predictor of poor survival, therapy resistance and increased metastatic risk in breast cancer, indicating the clinical relevance of our findings.
Gut immunity in a protochordate involves a secreted immunoglobulin-type mediator binding host chitin and bacteria
Authors: Dishaw Larry J. , Leigh Brittany , Cannon John P. , Liberti Assunta , Mueller M. Gail , Skapura Diana P. , Karrer Charlotte R. , Pinto Maria R. , De Santis Rosaria , Litman Gary W.
Published: February 2016

Protochordate variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) consist of immunoglobulin-type V domains and a chitin-binding domain (CBD). VCBP V domains facilitate phagocytosis of bacteria by granulocytic amoebocytes; the function of the CBD is not understood. Here we show that the gut mucosa of Ciona intestinalis contains an extensive matrix of chitin fibrils to which VCBPs bind early in gut development, before feeding. Later in development, VCBPs and bacteria colocalize to chitin-rich mucus along the intestinal wall. VCBP-C influences biofilm formation in vitro and, collectively, the findings of this study suggest that VCBP-C may influence the overall settlement and colonization of bacteria in the Ciona gut. Basic relationships between soluble immunoglobulin-type molecules, endogenous chitin and bacteria arose early in chordate evolution and are integral to the overall function of the gut barrier.
Optimal architectures for long distance quantum communication
Authors: Muralidharan Sreraman , Li Linshu , Kim Jungsang , Lütkenhaus Norbert , Lukin Mikhail D. , Jiang Liang
Published: February 2016

Despite the tremendous progress of quantum cryptography, efficient quantum communication over long distances (≥1000 km) remains an outstanding challenge due to fiber attenuation and operation errors accumulated over the entire communication distance. Quantum repeaters (QRs), as a promising approach, can overcome both photon loss and operation errors and hence significantly speedup the communication rate. Depending on the methods used to correct loss and operation errors, all the proposed QR schemes can be classified into three categories (generations). Here we present the first systematic comparison of three generations of quantum repeaters by evaluating the cost of both temporal and physical resources and identify the optimized quantum repeater architecture for a given set of experimental parameters for use in quantum key distribution. Our work provides a roadmap for the experimental realizations of highly efficient quantum networks over transcontinental distances.
“Nanofiltration” Enabled by Super-Absorbent Polymer Beads for Concentrating Microorganisms in Water Samples
Authors: Xie Xing , Bahnemann Janina , Wang Siwen , Yang Yang , Hoffmann Michael R.
Published: February 2016

Detection and quantification of pathogens in water is critical for the protection of human health and for drinking water safety and security. When the pathogen concentrations are low, large sample volumes (several liters) are needed to achieve reliable quantitative results. However, most microbial identification methods utilize relatively small sample volumes. As a consequence, a concentration step is often required to detect pathogens in natural waters. Herein, we introduce a novel water sample concentration method based on superabsorbent polymer (SAP) beads. When SAP beads swell with water, small molecules can be sorbed within the beads, but larger particles are excluded and, thus, concentrated in the residual non-sorbed water. To illustrate this approach, millimeter-sized poly(acrylamide-co-itaconic acid) (P(AM-co-IA)) beads are synthesized and successfully applied to concentrate water samples containing two model microorganisms: Escherichia coli and bacteriophage MS2. Experimental results indicate that the size of the water channel within water swollen P(AM-co-IA) hydrogel beads is on the order of several nanometers. The millimeter size coupled with a negative surface charge of the beads are shown to be critical in order to achieve high levels of concentration. This new concentration procedure is very fast, effective, scalable and low-cost with no need for complex instrumentation.
Magnetoelectric effect in organic molecular solids
Authors: Naka Makoto , Ishihara Sumio
Published: February 2016

The Magnetoelectric (ME) effect in solids is a prominent cross correlation phenomenon, in which the electric field (E) controls the magnetization (M) and the magnetic field (H) controls the electric polarization (P). A rich variety of ME effects and their potential in practical applications have been investigated so far within the transition-metal compounds. Here, we report a possible way to realize the ME effect in organic molecular solids, in which two molecules build a dimer unit aligned on a lattice site. The linear ME effect is predicted in a long-range ordered state of spins and electric dipoles, as well as in a disordered state. One key of the ME effect is a hidden ferroic order of the spin-charge composite object. We provide a new guiding principle of the ME effect in materials without transition-metal elements, which may lead to flexible and lightweight multifunctional materials.
Activity induces traveling waves, vortices and spatiotemporal chaos in a model actomyosin layer
Authors: Ramaswamy Rajesh , Jülicher Frank
Published: February 2016

Inspired by the actomyosin cortex in biological cells, we investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of a model describing a contractile active polar fluid sandwiched between two external media. The external media impose frictional forces at the interface with the active fluid. The fluid is driven by a spatially-homogeneous activity measuring the strength of the active stress that is generated by processes consuming a chemical fuel. We observe that as the activity is increased over two orders of magnitude the active polar fluid first shows spontaneous flow transition followed by transition to oscillatory dynamics with traveling waves and traveling vortices in the flow field. In the flow-tumbling regime, the active polar fluid also shows transition to spatiotemporal chaos at sufficiently large activities. These results demonstrate that level of activity alone can be used to tune the operating point of actomyosin layers with qualitatively different spatiotemporal dynamics.
Feminization and masculinization of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) observed in rivers impacted by municipal wastewaters
Authors: Huang Guo-Yong , Liu You-Sheng , Chen Xiao-Wen , Liang Yan-Qiu , Liu Shuang-Shuang , Yang Yuan-Yuan , Hu Li-Xin , Shi Wen-Jun , Tian Fei , Zhao Jian-Liang , Chen Jun , Ying Guang-Guo
Published: February 2016

Municipal wastewaters have been known to contain various estrogens and androgens. Little is known about the joint action of these chemicals from wastewaters on fishes in the aquatic environment. The objectives of this study were to investigate the estrogenic and/or androgenic effects in wild mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) of two effluent-impacted rivers in South China by determining morphological changes and hepatic mRNA expression levels of relevant genes such as vitellogenin (Vtg), estrogen receptor (ERα) and androgen receptors (ARα and ARβ) and to assess the linkages of those morphological changes and hepatic mRNA expression levels to the chemical concentrations measured by in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis. The results showed a significant induction of Vtg and ERα mRNA in the livers of the males and a gonopodium-like anal fin in the females collected at the majority of sites. Redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis showed that the chemical concentrations obtained by in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis had significant correlations with some of the endpoints for the estrogenic and/or androgenic effects in mosquitofish. The findings from this study indicate that the estrogens and androgens present in the two rivers could cause the observed estrogenic and androgenic effects in mosquitofish.
Extracellular microcystin prediction based on toxigenic Microcystis detection in a eutrophic lake
Authors: Dong Xin , Zeng Siyu , Bai Fei , Li Dan , He Miao
Published: February 2016

Existing models for predicting microcystin concentration in water body generally use chlorophyll or cyanobacteria concentration as input variables, although microcystins only originate from toxigenic strains of a few species. Moreover, the nonconcurrency between harmful algal growth and toxin release has yet to be quantified. Therefore, this study explored a new prediction method that considers these toxin production mechanisms for the eutrophic Yangcheng Lake, a large-scale drinking water source in China. The Lake was monitored weekly at six sampling sites from July to October in 2012, including the detection of toxigenic Microcystis (expressed as mcyA copy number) by qPCR. Compared with chlorophyll a, cyanobacteria, and total Microcystis abundance, toxigenic Microcystis concentration was more significant in predicting extracellular microcystin. Site-specific nonlinear regression models that link mcyA to microcystins were established. Parameters for toxin release delay (i.e., one or two weeks) were embedded in these models. Further analysis ascribed the different release timescale to NH3-N:TN and TN:TP ratios of approximately 0.015 and 9.2, respectively, which may decrease the delay in microcystin release. Model applications in determining mcyA monitoring frequency and its warning thresholds were discussed.