bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of hepatitis B virus load and haemodialysis: a prospective study
Authors: Fabrizi F. , Lunghi G. , Alongi G. , Aucella F. , Barbisoni F. , Bisegna S. , Corghi E. , Faranna P. , Mangano S. , Romei‐Longhena G. , Martin P.
Published: July 2008

Summary.  The control of the spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection within dialysis units has been an important goal in the management of patients on regular dialysis but infected patients continue to enter the dialysis system. It is evident that HBV viraemia in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive patients on dialysis is low but it remains unclear whether haemodialysis per se can contribute to viral load reduction in such patients. HBV DNA was determined in 40 HBsAg‐positive patients on maintenance haemodialysis immediately before and at the end of a 4‐h haemodialysis session. The same measurements were repeated 48 and 72 h later. Twenty (50%) of 40 HBsAg‐positive patients had detectable HBV DNA in serum. Detectable HBV DNA in serum was not predicted by demographic, clinical or biochemical parameters. HBV load decreased in the majority of patients after haemodialysis, although the difference was not significant (29 390 ± 48 820 vs 23 862.8 ± 4 350 copies/mL, NS). There was a strong relationship between mean HBV DNA levels before dialysis and absolute reduction of HBV DNA during haemodialysis sessions (r = 0.75, P = 0.0001). No difference occurred in the magnitude of change in HBV DNA titre when comparing cellulosic to synthetic membranes. Haemodialysis per se leads to a reduction in HBV load in HBsAg‐chronic carriers on maintenance dialysis. This phenomenon could explain the low viral loads in these patients. Prospective studies are in progress to identify the mechanisms responsible for reduction in HBV load during haemodialysis.
Interobserver variability in antroduodenal manometry
Authors: Connor F. L. , Hyman P. E. , Faure C. , Tomomasa T. , Pehlivanov N. , Janosky J. , Rudolph C. , Liem O. , Di Lorenzo C.
Published: July 2008

Abstract  Interobserver variability affects investigations involving assessment of complex visual data, such as histopathology, radiology and motility. This study assessed interobserver variation for interpretation of antroduodenal manometry (ADM), as this has not been previously investigated. Thirty‐five ADM recordings from children aged 0.3–18 years were independently evaluated by five experienced paediatric gastroenterologists who were blinded to cases’ clinical histories. Intra‐class correlation (ICC) was analysed for detection and measurement of phase three of the migrating motor complex (MMC) and Cohen’s kappa statistic was calculated between observer pairs for detection of specific motility features and final diagnosis. Observers were unanimous on the differentiation of normal and abnormal motility in 63% of cases. There was excellent interobserver agreement for the number of phase three of the MMC in fasting (ICC = 0.82, P < 0.0001) and for measurements of phase three of the MMC (ICC = 0.9999, P < 0.0001). Detection of other normal and abnormal motility patterns varied more. Objective findings such as the presence of phase three of the MMC correlated more closely than findings that involved the integration of several variables, such as final diagnosis. However, these data overall indicate that agreement between expert observers for the distinction of normal and abnormal antroduodenal motility compares favourably with other standard medical assessments.
Delayed intravascular haemolysis following multiple asymptomatic ABO‐incompatible red blood cell transfusions in a patient with hepatic failure
Authors: Tormey C. A. , Stack G.
Published: July 2008

ABO‐incompatible red blood cell (RBC) transfusions have rarely been associated with delayed haemolysis. However, we report the case of a 75‐year‐old man (blood type O) with hepatic disease, who received 5 units of incompatible type B RBCs over 8 days. The patient did not develop symptomatic or biochemical evidence of haemolysis until 7–8 days after the first incompatible RBC unit. The patient had a low anti‐B antibody titre (1 : 64) prior to the first transfusion. The onset of haemolysis was temporally associated with an increase in anti‐B and the infusion of fresh‐frozen plasma. In conclusion, a patient with hepatic failure experienced a delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction after receiving multiple ABO‐incompatible RBC transfusions that were initially well‐tolerated. We speculate that the delayed haemolysis may have resulted from an anamnestic antibody response to the initial incompatible transfusion, or possibly as a result of the transfusion of fresh‐frozen plasma, which might have repleted low complement levels.
Phylogeography between valleys and mountains: the history of populations of Liolaemus koslowskyi (Squamata, Liolaemini)
Authors: Morando Mariana , Avila Luciano J. , Turner Cameron , Sites Jr Jack W.
Published: July 2008

The lizard genus Liolaemus is endemic to temperate South America and includes approximately 200 species. Liolaemus koslowskyi occurs in north‐western Argentina, where it is confined to a system of interior basins and valleys. This topographically complex region is now viewed as different enough that it has been suggested for recognition as a separate zoogeographical region: The Monte Desert of Mountains and Isolated Valleys. Here we use the mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data to investigate the phylogeographical pattern of L. koslowskyi and its relationships with other species of the darwinii group. Liolaemus koslowskyi is monophyletic with respect to all the species of the darwinii group included in this analysis. Three main clades were recovered within L. koslowskyi and we hypothesized that at least one of these, which shows 7% genetic divergence, is a candidate species. We discuss the phylogeographical patterns in association with the geological history of the region. The highly structured L. koslowskyi clade suggests that it has a relatively ancient history in a topographically rich, terrestrial archipelago of habitat and tectonic islands that are themselves relictual mountains and valleys.
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING CHANGE AND NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: A REASSESSMENT OF AMBITIONS AND RESULTS — AN INSTITUTIONALIST APPROACH TO ACCOUNTING CHANGE IN THE DUTCH PUBLIC SECTOR
Authors: Ter Bogt Henk J.
Published: July 2008

Dutch municipalities and provinces, denoted here as local government, have seen a succession of changes in their management accounting systems and have also introduced other changes related to New Public Management (NPM) in the last twenty years. This paper examines accounting changes, such as the introduction of accrual accounting, output and outcome budgets and performance measurement, from an institutionalist point of view. The paper presents experiences of 23 politicians and professional managers with the various changes over a period of fifteen to twenty years. The interviewees, just like various researchers in the field of NPM, were critical of the accounting changes and their effects. However, several of them also made clear that, seen over the long run, the changes did have some effects that they liked and seem to be in line with the ‘ideals’ presented in NPM literature. The paper suggests that an institutionalist perspective is helpful for studying change processes in organizations and for observing factors and developments that might not be noticed when a more functional and short‐term perspective is adopted.
DO STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT MATTER IN MUNICIPAL ORGANISATIONS?
Authors: Knutsson Hans , Mattisson Ola , Ramberg Ulf , Tagesson Torbjörn
Published: July 2008

In Sweden, a large share of public services are organised, produced and delivered by municipalities, large and small, rich and poor. Contextual conditions (size and location) and economic conditions (efficiency and wealth) differ considerably among these service‐providing organisations. The question raised in this paper is whether a municipality's economic situation is a direct consequence of the contextual situation or the organisation's strategy and management – that is: Do strategy and management matter? Our analysis rests on a resource‐based view of organisation strategy. Both quantitative and qualitative observations have been made. First, cost savings data from 50 municipalities were examined for patterns and relationships between contextual and economic conditions. Second, about 100 representatives – municipal executive board members and leading officials – from 20 municipalities with different characteristics were interviewed. In this paper we outline an analytical framework and propose that sound and sustainable provision of municipal service depends on whether organisational decision‐making is in harmony with work methods and objectives. The results indicate that strategy and management do matter. Among the municipalities included in our study, we identify four prevalent basic strategies. Strategy tends to coincide with the economic situation rather than the contextual situation. A low‐performing municipality tends to have a predominantly outward orientation in its decision‐making, whereas a higher‐performing municipality makes decisions with both inward and outward orientation.
ACCOUNTING REFORMS: DETERMINANTS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS' CHOICES
Authors: Anessi‐Pessina Eugenio , Nasi Greta , Steccolini Ileana
Published: July 2008

The introduction of accrual accounting in Italian Local Governments has been mandated in a way that permits, and in fact encourages, a merely formal compliance. Local Governments must produce accrual‐based financial statements, but double‐entry bookkeeping is not mandatory, nor may traditional budgetary accounting be abandoned. Why, then, should they bother to introduce an integrated system of budgetary and accrual accounting? In this paper, we empirically investigate the determinants of Local Government's choices of accounting innovation. According to our results, ‘rational’ elements such as complexity, types of activities performed, presence of surpluses, and access to capital markets are seemingly unhelpful in explaining why a Local Government decides to introduce accrual accounting. What counts are ‘institutional’ and cultural explanations, such as the perceptions of CFOs and the North‐South divide.
Transferable Ageing Provisions in Individual Health Insurance Contracts
Authors: Baumann Florian , Meier Volker , Werding Martin
Published: July 2008

We consider lifetime health insurance contracts in which ageing provisions are used to smooth the premium profile. The capital stock accumulated for each individual can be decomposed into two parts: a premium insurance and an annuitized life insurance, only the latter being transferable between insurers without triggering premium changes through risk segmentation. In a simulation based on German data, the transferable share declines in age and falls with an increasing age of entry into the contract. In spite of different benefit profiles, it is almost identical for women and men.
How Do Banks Determine Capital? Evidence from Germany
Authors: Kleff Volker , Weber Martin
Published: July 2008

We analyse whether the determinants of capital found in the previous literature hold for the special German banking sector comprising three characteristic banking groups including savings banks, cooperative banks and other banks, which differ regarding their ownership and their access to the capital market. Through the use of accounting data from German banks between 1992 and 2001 we find evidence in accordance with the buffer theory of capital for all German banking groups. Furthermore, we also detect some remarkable differences between the three banking groups regarding their determination of capital due to institutional characteristics.
A Model Incorporating Potential Skewed X‐Inactivation in MZ Girls Suggests that X‐Linked QTLs Exist for Several Social Behaviours Including Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Loat C. S. , Haworth C. M. A. , Plomin R. , Craig I. W.
Published: July 2008

Sex differences in the frequency and patterns of behaviours are frequently observed and largely unexplained. We have investigated the possible role of X‐linked genes in the aetiology of social behaviour problems, including those involved in autistic spectrum disorders. A novel approach has been implemented. This is based on predictions following from stochastic patterns of X‐inactivation of lower concordance of monozygous female (MZF) twins than MZM twins for behaviours underpinned by X‐linked QTLs and the converse that DZF twins are expected to correlate more strongly for X‐linked traits than DZM twins because unlike males, females always have at least one X chromosome in common. These expectations were tested in an ongoing longitudinal cohort study in which all twins born in England and Wales between 1994 and 1996 were invited to take part. 1000 each of MZF, MZM, DZF and DZM pairs from TEDS were tested at 7 and 8 years of age. The results suggest the persistent influence of X‐linked genes on cognition and social behaviour problems, including those involved in autistic spectrum disorders, from early to middle childhood. This emphasises the potential importance of X‐linked genes in the developmental trajectories of behaviour and mental health and the need to stratify genetic analysis of behaviours by gender.
Localization of the Wilson disease protein in murine intestine
Authors: Weiss Karl Heinz , Wurz Judith , Gotthardt Daniel , Merle Uta , Stremmel Wolfgang , Füllekrug Joachim
Published: July 2008

Wilson disease is an inherited disorder of human copper metabolism, characterized by gradual accumulation of copper in tissues, predominantly liver and brain. The gene defect lies in the Wilson disease protein ATP7B, a copper transporting ATPase highly active in hepatocytes. In the liver, ATP7B is essential for excretion of excess copper into the bile and for copper loading of ceruloplasmin in the Golgi apparatus. The extrahepatic role of ATP7B is not yet completely understood. We analysed the intestinal expression of ATP7B in mice using RT‐PCR, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence. We found abundant expression of ATP7B in stomach and small intestine, but not in colon. Using confocal microscopy we demonstrate a Golgi localization of ATP7B in enterocytes. In response to elevated copper, the Wilson disease protein shows an intracellular trafficking pattern in the intestinal polarized cell line CaCo‐2, moving away from the Golgi apparatus to dispersed vesicles. This suggests a role for intestinal ATP7B in sequestration of copper in intracellular vesicles for maintenance of copper homeostasis in the enterocyte. In conclusion, the expression of ATP7B in the small intestine might represent an additional regulatory mechanism to fine‐tune intestinal copper absorption.
The effectiveness of volunteer nest protection on the nest success of Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus on Dutch arable farms
Authors: KRAGTEN STEVEN , NAGEL JAN C. , DE SNOO GEERT R.
Published: July 2008

Clutches of ground‐nesting farmland birds are often destroyed by farming operations, resulting in insufficient reproductive success and subsequently declining populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether volunteer nest protection can enhance nest success of ground‐nesting birds. The study compared nest success of protected and unprotected Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus nests over 2 years on arable farms in the Netherlands. Because of different crop management, nest success of ground‐breeding birds might differ between organic and conventional arable farms. The effectiveness of volunteer nest protection was therefore investigated on both farm types. Although nest protection significantly reduced nest loss due to farming operations, there were no significant differences in total clutch survival of protected and unprotected nests. However, sample sizes of unprotected nests, and protected nests on organic farms, were relatively small, which may have reduced statistical power. There were indications that protected nests were predated or deserted more often. We recommend exploring different ways to improve the effectiveness of volunteer nest protection through a further reduction of nest loss due to farming operations and predation.
Influence of within‐patch habitat quality on high‐AndeanPolylepisbird abundance
Authors: LLOYD HUW
Published: July 2008

Habitat restoration strategies for fragmented high Andean forest landscapes must consider the influence of within‐patch habitat quality on bird abundance. I examined vegetation and bird abundance at three locations within a highly fragmentedPolylepisforest landscape in the Cordillera Vilcanota, southern Peru. Across the landscape, there was significant variation in the vegetation structure ofPolylepisforest patches of different size categories, especially in terms of tree girth, tree height, tree density, and canopy vegetation structure. Principal Component Analysis extracted five factors of habitat quality, which together accounted for 74.2% of the variability within 15 habitat variables.Polylepisbird species differed in their responses to habitat quality but, overall, variation inPolylepisbird abundance was not fully captured by the range of habitat quality variables. Tall, dense vegetation cover was clearly important for 11 conservation‐important species, a high density of large trees was important for 10 species and primary forest ground cover was important for eight species. Habitat quality exhibited no significant influence on the abundance of only one species –Asthenes urubambensis. The abundance of seven species was associated with lower elevation forest, but only one species was associated with higher elevation forest. Management of habitat quality in large and medium remnant forest patches throughout the Cordillera Vilcanota, particularly in the 3800–4200 m elevation range, will be a cornerstone in ensuring the persistence of the majority of conservation‐important bird species populations.
Land‐use changes may explain the recent range expansion of the Black‐shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus in southern Europe
Authors: BALBONTÍN JAVIER , NEGRO JUAN JOSÉ , SARASOLA JOSÉ HERNÁN , FERRERO JUAN JOSÉ , RIVERA DOMINGO
Published: July 2008

Occasional observations of Black‐shouldered Kites Elanus caeruleus in Europe date back to the mid‐19th century, but it was only recorded as a breeding species in the early 1960s in Portugal and a few years later in neighbouring Spain. This recent colonization, possibly from Africa where the species is abundant, may be due to climate change, land‐use changes in southern Europe, or both. As a first step to understanding this range expansion process we have developed a habitat selection model using data from the current strongholds of its European distribution. Comparing the proportion of different habitat types around 46 breeding sites and 45 randomly chosen plots, we have found that the area of cultivated parklands known as dehesas in Spain is a strong predictor of the current distribution range of breeding pairs of Black‐shouldered Kites. Specifically, the percentage of dehesas with planted cereal and a low density of trees (i.e. < 7 trees/ha and thus a savannah‐like habitat) within the study plots explained 44.6% of the residual deviance in our model. The minimal adequate model classified 81.3% of breeding sites and random plots correctly. Our results suggest that Black‐shouldered Kites may have taken advantage of the gradual increase of cultivated dehesas in the second half of the 20th century to expand its range in Europe. This particular type of dehesa is structurally similar to the African savannahs where the species thrives and may offer a higher density of rodents than traditional dehesas, which primarily contain pastureland for livestock ranching.
Breeding abundance of threatened raptors as estimated from occurrence data
Authors: SARÀ MAURIZIO
Published: July 2008

A model derived from the negative binomial distribution (NBD) has been proposed to solve the problem of predicting abundance of species from occurrence maps. The viability of NBD was explored for predicting the breeding abundance of five threatened species of raptor: Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus, Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, Peregrine Falco peregrinus, Lanner Falco biarmicus and Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni. First, the accuracy of the NBD was tested in a reference area where the species abundance and occurrence were known through intensive field surveys. Next, an estimation of regional abundance derived from NBD was made for each species. These estimates were then compared to the existing regional data for the five raptors. The spatial distributions of the species were strongly aggregated, with F. peregrinus correctly showing the most widespread area of occupancy. The NBD gave a good approximation of the breeding abundance of the raptors, but tended to overestimate real data, particularly the regional data for falcons. Difficulties in species detection, insufficient sampling effort (F. biarmicus) or data collected over long time spans when population size increased (F. naumanni) may have reduced the NBD's resolution power. The ability of the method to predict local abundances over large areas from readily available presence‐absence data, with relatively low fieldwork effort, could have considerable applications in conservation biology.
The visual fields of two ground‐foraging birds, House Finches and House Sparrows, allow for simultaneous foraging and anti‐predator vigilance
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ‐JURICIC ESTEBAN , GALL MEGAN D. , DOLAN TRACY , TISDALE VANESSA , MARTIN GRAHAM R.
Published: July 2008

In birds, differences in the extent and position of the binocular visual field reflect adaptations to varying foraging strategies, and the extent of the lateral portion of the field may reflect anti‐predator strategies. The goal of this study was to describe and compare the visual fields of two ground‐foraging passerines, House FinchCarpodacus mexicanusand House SparrowPasser domesticus. We found that both species have a binocular field type that is associated with the accurate control of bill position when pecking. Both species have eye movements of relatively large amplitude, which can produce substantial variations in the configuration of the binocular fields. We propose that in these ground foragers, their relatively wide binocular fields could function to increase foraging efficiency by locating multiple rather than single food items prior to pecking events. The lateral fields of both species are wide enough to facilitate the detection of predators or conspecifics while head‐down foraging. This suggests that foraging and scanning are not mutually exclusive activities in these species, as previously assumed. Furthermore, we found some slight, but significant, differences between species: House Sparrow binocular fields are both wider and vertically taller, and the blind area is wider than in House Finches. These differences may be related to variations in the degree of eye movements and position of the orbits in the skull.
Synthesis and electronic spectra of 3‐hetaryl substituted coumarin derivatives 7‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐on and 9‐hydroxy‐2H‐benzo(f)chromen‐2‐on
Authors: Deligeorgiev Todor , Tsvetkova Teodora , Ivanova Diana , Timtcheva Iliana
Published: July 2008

The synthesis of 3‐hetaryl substituted coumarin derivatives [7‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐on and 9‐hydroxy‐2H‐benzo(f)chromen‐2‐on] containing a hydroxyl group by reacting 2,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4‐dihydroxynaphtaldehydes with 2‐cyanomethylbenzothiazole, 2‐cyanomethylbenzimidazole, 1‐methyl‐2‐cyanomethylbenzimidazole and 2‐cyanomethyl‐4‐phenylthiazole is presented. The absorption and steady‐state fluorescence characteristics of the synthesised 3‐hetaryl substituted 7‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐on and 9‐hydroxy‐2H‐benzo(f)chromen‐2‐on in a solution of ethanol and at different pH values are studied to assess their possible application as fluorescent probes for use in molecular biology and medicine.
One‐bath union dyeing of wool/polytrimethylene terephthalate blends†
Authors: Zheng Jinhuan , Liu Xin , Rex Brady P
Published: July 2008

The one‐bath dyeing of blends of polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) staple and wool has been investigated. The exhaustion of selected Terasil disperse dyes on PTT fibre and Lanasol reactive dyes on wool was measured as a function of temperature, together with the cross‐staining of the Terasil dyes on the wool component and the Lanasol dyes on PTT component. Most Terasil disperse dyes achieved satisfactory dye uptake on PTT at 110 °C, whereas on conventional polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) temperatures of up to 130 °C are required. An optimised union‐dyeing technique for wool/PTT blends was developed which minimised the staining of Terasil disperse dyes on wool and produced dyed goods with high levels of wet colour fastness. Carriers were not required to enhance the dyeability of PTT at low temperatures. The wool component appeared to be protected against damage at 110 °C by the reactive dyes. The results indicate the potential for blending PTT fibre and wool to produce fabrics that are easier to dye at lower temperatures than conventional wool/polyester blends.
Effects of a cationic diblock copolymer derived from [2‐(methacryloyloxy)‐ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride in the dyeing of cotton with reactive dye
Authors: Han Shin Young , Jang Chun Keun , Jaung Jae Yun
Published: July 2008

A cationic diblock copolymer (PEO45‐MeDMA) derived from [2‐(methacryloyloxy)‐ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (MeDMA) gave a positive charge to a cotton surface and provided strong attraction to an anionically charged reactive dye. PEO45‐MeDMA was used as the cotton pretreatment. The dyeability of cationised cotton fabrics using CI Reactive Blue 250 was found to be dependent on the PEO45‐MeDMA concentration. The colour strength and fastness properties of the dyed fabrics using the PEO45‐MeDMA copolymer and sodium sulphate were compared. The dyeability of the cotton fabrics pretreated with PEO45‐MeDMA indicated higher dye uptake than that of sodium sulphate. This suggests that the pretreatment of cotton by PEO45‐MeDMA diblock copolymer can be considered as an alternative to the use of the exhausting agent sodium sulphate.
Colour of flax fibres in regard to different pretreatment and dyeing processes
Authors: Fakin Darinka , Ojstršek Alenka
Published: July 2008

The main objective of this work was to compare the colour of different pretreated (alkaline, acidic and enzymatic) and dyed (conventional and ultrasonic‐assisted) flax fibres, to establish the impact of various parameters on dyeing kinetics. Flax fibres were dyed using two direct dyes of different chemical structures and molecular mass. Diffusion profiles were established by the application of Fick’s Law and dyeing behaviour was studied by means of online spectrophotometry. Finally, the dyed samples were colorimetrically evaluated and colour differences and colour strengths were subsequently calculated. The results provided evidence that a dye molecule’s size has a greater influence on the exhaustion degree, migration and diffusion than individual pretreatment processes. The determined diffusion coefficients indicated superior dye mobility and faster diffusion into the fibres when ultrasonic power was used in comparison with conventional process. Nevertheless, the colour depth obtained was found to be low after ultrasonic dyeing using a larger dye molecule, implying part degradation of CI Direct Red 80 (and total degradation of small‐size dyestuff, CI Direct Red 81).
Direct coloration of textiles with photochromic dyes. Part 1: Application of spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyester, nylon and acrylic fabrics†
Authors: Billah Shah M Reduwan , Christie Robert M , Shamey Renzo
Published: July 2008

1,3,3‐Trimethylspiroindoline‐2,3′‐3H‐naphth[2,1‐b][1,4]oxazine (1a) and 6′‐piperidino‐1,3,3‐trimethylspiroindoline‐2,3′‐3H‐naphth[2,1‐b][1,4]oxazine (1b) were applied as disperse dyes to polyester, nylon and acrylic fabrics. Under optimised dyeing conditions, photochromic fabrics were produced which, on irradiation with ultraviolet or exposure to sunlight, turned blue (1a) or blueish‐purple (1b). Dye 1a showed enhanced photochromic colour change performance compared with dye 1b. The photochromic colour build was highest on nylon and lowest on acrylic fabric. The colour change properties and the technical performance (wash fastness and photostability) of the photochromic fabrics were evaluated using specifically adapted colour measurement methods. The data were analysed in terms of variation of lightness, a*, b*, chroma, hue angle and ΔE, colour difference before and after exposure, and K/S curves as a function of irradiation time. The fabrics generally showed good wash fastness. Although the colour build‐up decreased with exposure to the Xenotest fadeometer, some residual photochromism remained after prolonged exposure.
Evaluating colour image difference metrics for gamut‐mapped images
Authors: Hardeberg Jon Yngve , Bando Eriko , Pedersen Marius
Published: July 2008

The quality of several colour image difference metrics, pixelwise CIELAB ΔEab, S‐CIELAB, iCAM, Structural Similarity Index, Universal Image Quality and the hue‐angle algorithm, have been investigated. These results were compared with the results from a psychophysical experiment in which the perceptual image difference was evaluated. Six original images were reproduced using six different colour gamut‐mapping algorithms. The results of our experiment indicate that perceptual image difference cannot be directly related to colour image difference calculated by current metrics. Therefore, it is currently not possible to evaluate colour gamut mapping quality using colour image difference metrics.
Protection of lyocell fibres against fibrillation; influence of dyeing with bis‐monochloro‐s‐triazinyl reactive dyes
Authors: Bates I , Ibbett R , Reisel R , Renfrew A H M
Published: July 2008

Four bis‐monochlorotriazinyl (bis‐MCT) reactive dyes, including Procion Orange H‐ER, together with Remazol Black B, were applied, in turn, to lyocell fibres and their wet abrasion resistance (Nass‐Scheuer‐Festigkeit) measured. The bis‐MCT dyes performed poorly, showing that little cross‐linking had occurred and all were inferior to Remazol Black B. The cross‐linking propensity of Procion Orange H‐ER was not superior to the other bis‐MCT dyes evaluated. A possible explanation for the apparent superiority of Procion Orange H‐ER in a recent paper published in this journal may lie with fabric construction but not with the suppression of fibrillation once it has occurred.
Dental hygiene work in a clinical trial
Authors: Luís HS , Morgado I , Assunção V , Bernardo MF , Leroux B , Martin MD , DeRouen TA , Leitão J
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Dental hygiene activities were developed as part of a randomized clinical trial designed to assess the safety of low‐level mercury exposure from dental amalgam restorations. Along with dental‐hygiene clinical work, a community programme was implemented after investigators noticed the poor oral hygiene habits of participants, and the need for urgent action to minimize oral health problems in the study population.

Objectives:  Clinical and community activity goal was to promote oral health and prevent new disease. Community activities involved participants and their fellow students and were aimed at providing education on oral health in a school environment.

Methods:  Dental hygienists developed clinical work with prophylaxis, sealants application and topical fluoride and implemented the community programme with in‐class sessions on oral health themes. Twice a month fluoride mouthrinses and bi‐annual tooth brushing instructional activity took place. Participation at dental‐hygiene activities, sealed teeth with no need of restoration and dental‐plaque‐index were measures used to evaluate success of the programme for the participants.

Results:  Improvement in dental hygiene is shown by the decrease in dental plaque index scores (P < 0.0001); also sealants integrity is achieved in 86.3% of teeth. 888 (13.7%) teeth with sealants had to be restored or were lost. Children participated actively on dental hygiene activities. Teachers became aware of the problem and included oral‐health in school curricula.

Conclusion:  Dental hygiene activities have shown to be helpful to promote dental hygiene, promote oral health and to provide school‐age children with education on habits that will be important for their future good health.
Evaluation of two soft manual toothbrushes with different filament designs in relation to gingival abrasion and plaque removing efficacy
Authors: Versteeg PA , Rosema NAM , Timmerman MF , Van der Velden U , Van der Weijden GA
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Objectives:  To evaluate the effect of two soft manual toothbrushes with different filament and brush head designs in relation to gingival abrasion and plaque removing efficacy to the in relation flat trimmed manual reference toothbrush of the American Dental Association (ADA).

Methods:  The study had a randomized single use cross‐over model (n = 76) with three sessions whereby all brushes were used by each subject. Subjects were asked to abstain from all oral hygiene procedures for 48 h. They brushed according to split‐mouth design. Pre‐ and post‐brushing plaque and gingival abrasion were assessed.

Results:  The Sensodyne® Sensitive (SENS) was more abrasive than the ADA (P < 0.001) while the Oral‐B® Sensitive Advantage® (OBSA) was less abrasive than the SENS (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the OBSA and the ADA (P = 0.319). All three brushes showed statistically significant reductions (49–56%) in plaque versus baseline. Compared to the ADA and the SENS, the OBSA had a smaller percentage of plaque removal (56% versus 49%, P ≤ 0.001; and 50% versus 52%, P = 0.028).

Conclusions:  The present study which compared two soft toothbrushes showed that the OBSA caused less gingival abrasion compared to the SENS‐brush with a marginal loss (2%) of efficacy.
Toothpaste detergents: a potential source of oral soft tissue damage?
Authors: Moore C , Addy M , Moran J
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Objectives:  Toothpastes are thought to be of benefit to cleaning teeth but may also have the potential for soft tissue damage at least on the cellular level by inclusion of detergents in their formulation. The aim of this study was to observe the in vitro response of oral mucosa like cells to toothpaste detergents.

Methods:  TERT‐1 keratinocytes were exposed to varying concentrations of the detergents Adinol, Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, Tego Betain and Pluronic as well as PBS and culture medium. After 2‐min exposure, cells were washed and incubated in fresh medium for 24 h. Cell death was then spectrophotmetrically measured using an MTT assay.

Results:  Except for Pluronic, cell viability was markedly reduced for all detergents at all increasing concentrations when compared to the positive medium control. Cells treated with Pluronic were stimulated compared to medium alone.

Conclusions:  These in vitro data suggest that some detergents may have the potential to cause soft tissue damage in the mouth. Although in vivo, saliva may neutralize such effects. The results for Pluronic suggest a possible oxidative stress response that bears further study.
The Cardiff Dental Survey: oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in relation to smoking in young adults
Authors: Hunter L , Newcombe R , Richmond S , Owens J , Addy M
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Objective:  To examine the relationship between tobacco smoking, oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in young adults.

Study design:  Cross‐sectional (conducted in the course of a cohort study).

Setting:  Cardiff, UK, 1989 and 2000.

Methods:  Plaque was recorded, as was presence or absence of bleeding on probing and loss of attachment (LA). Information concerning tobacco smoking was obtained from questionnaire data.

Results:  At age 19–20 years, smokers had statistically significantly (P < 0.01) higher whole mouth mean plaque scores than non‐smokers. Whole mouth mean bleeding scores, however, were similar in smokers and non‐smokers. The relationship of plaque to smoking was very similar at age 30–31, yet bleeding scores were approximately 25% lower in smokers than in non‐smokers (P < 0.01). Whole mouth LA scores showed small, statistically non‐significant differences between smokers and non‐smokers. At the age of 30–31 years, gender and social class had a negligible confounding effect on oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in smokers and non‐smokers.

Conclusions:  Smokers consistently demonstrated poorer oral hygiene than non‐smokers. The effect of smoking in reducing gingival bleeding was already apparent at age 19–20 years despite the fact that, at this time, subjects might be assumed to have been exposed to a relatively small dose of tobacco over a short period of time. In the follow‐up study conducted at the age of 30–31 years, the impact of smoking on the periodontal tissues was, as expected, more pronounced.
In situ enamel morphology evaluation after acidic soft drink consumption: protection factor of contemporary toothpaste
Authors: Sauro S , Mannocci F , Piemontese M , Mongiorgi R
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Objective:  The enamel erosion induced by acidic soft drinks is an increasingly important problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of soft drinks on enamel erosion and the protection offered by representative modern toothpastes using a new ‘in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‐replica technique’.

Methods:  Six patients were selected to receive in vivo enamel replicas, fabricated with a polyvinyl‐siloxane/polyether impression material. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the morphology of enamel surface before and after exposure to lemon juice and SPRITE®. The protective effectiveness of toothpaste was further evaluated with the same method. Furthermore, to validate the effectiveness of the in situ SEM‐replica technique, we compared it to a direct in vitro SEM investigation on extracted teeth.

Results:  Scanning electron microscopy investigation of the in situ replicas showed severe enamel morphology alterations after acidic soft drink exposure. On the other hand, it was also showed the protective effectiveness of toothpaste in preventing enamel erosion induced by acidic soft drinks. The direct in vitro SEM investigation provided similar enamel erosion results and proved the effectiveness of the in situ SEM‐replica technique.

Conclusion:  Acidic soft drinks induce enamel erosion but regular use of toothpaste might reduce the risk for enamel erosion. The in situ SEM‐replica technique provides an accurate method for tracing enamel morphology alterations and erosion induced by acidic soft drinks.
Survey of medical doctors’ attitudes and knowledge of the association between oral health and pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Al‐Habashneh R , Aljundi SH , Alwaeli HA
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Objectives:  The study was designed to assess the views and knowledge of healthcare providers in general medicine and other specialties on the association between oral health and pregnancy outcomes.

Material and Methods:  Two hundred and fifty physicians practicing in northern Jordan hospitals and healthcare centers were asked to complete a questionnaire. Completed questionnaires with the answers were returned completed by 197 participants (response rate was 79%).

Results:  The majority of the physicians (81%) agreed that pregnancy increases the tendency to have gingival inflammation. However, 88% of doctors advised delay dental treatment until after pregnancy. Only half (54%) thought that tooth and gums problem can affect the outcomes of pregnancy. Moreover, approximately 50% agreed with the possible association between oral health and pregnancy outcomes. Altogether, 52% agreed with the statement ‘a tooth for a baby’ and 57% believed that calcium will be drawn by the developing baby. If asked to advise patient to visit dentist during pregnancy, 50% said they would do so. Moreover, the majority (68%) did not advise women planning to become pregnant to include a periodontal evaluation as part of their prenatal care. About 32% felt that periodontal disease can be treated safely during pregnancy with a procedure called scaling and root planning. Reading the information in a book, magazine or pamphlet was useful and reliable information about preterm births and periodontal disease. Physicians do not routinely advise their patient to seek dental care during pregnancy. General practitioners were less informed about oral health practices on pregnant women. Issues on training need to be addressed. A public health campaign is required to educate healthcare providers to encourage pregnant women on the need for a regular dental check‐up during and prior to attempting pregnancy.

Conclusion:  There is a need to educate healthcare personnel further about oral health and pregnancy outcomes.
Patients' Evaluation of Two Occlusal Schemes for Implant Overdentures
Authors: Aarts John M. , Payne Alan G. T. , Thomson W. Murray
Published: July 2008

Background: There is an absence of conclusive evidence for occlusal schemes in implant overdentures.

Purpose: To investigate the consequences of two different occlusal schemes on levels of satisfaction for patients wearing implant overdentures.

Materials and Methods: Within an existing randomized controlled clinical trial, a physiologic occlusal scheme was compared with a lingualized occlusal scheme for 18 selected participants all with implant overdentures. Nine participants had conventional maxillary complete dentures opposing mandibular 2‐implant overdentures; a further nine participants had maxillary 3‐implant overdentures opposing mandibular 2‐implant overdentures. All participants recruited had been wearing their original prostheses for 3 years with a bilateral balance occlusal scheme. The participants' existing satisfaction levels, as a baseline, were determined using visual analogue scale questionnaires. They were followed by similar assessments of two further occlusal schemes using 2‐month assessment periods. On completion of the study, the participants selected their preferred occlusal scheme and semiformal interviews were conducted to assess the rationale for their choices.

Results: Baseline data showed all the participants had pre‐existing high satisfaction levels. Thereafter, of those participants that received lingualized occlusion first, 55.6% reported that the physiologic occlusion was better than lingualized occlusion. For those participants who received the physiologic occlusion first, 85.7% reported that physiologic occlusion was better than lingualized occlusion. On completion of the study, 64.7% of the participants preferred the physiologic occlusion, 35.3% preferred the lingualized occlusion. However, when the two groups' satisfaction scores were modeled using the three main key indicator questions (general satisfaction, general ability to chew, or general function), there were no significant differences between them.

Conclusions: Within the limitations of a small number of participants, the majority of them still indicated a preference for a physiologic occlusion for implant overdentures. Improved function was given as the main indicator for that preference. Having implant overdentures in one or both jaws is not a formative factor in patient's opinions on occlusal schemes.
Laser‐Welded Titanium Frameworks Supported by Implants in the Partially Edentulous Mandible: A 10‐Year Comparative Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Örtorp Anders , Jemt Torsten
Published: July 2008

Background: Comparative long‐term knowledge of different framework materials in the partially edentulous implant patient is not available.

Purpose: To report and compare 10‐year data on free‐standing implant‐supported partial prostheses with laser‐welded titanium (test) and conventional gold alloy (control) frameworks.

Materials and Methods: Altogether, 52 partially edentulous patients were consecutively provided with laser‐welded prostheses (n = 60) in the partially edentulous lower jaw (test group). A control group of 52 randomly selected patients with gold alloy castings (n = 60) was used for comparison. Clinical and radiographic 10‐year data were retrospectively collected and evaluated for both groups.

Results: The overall 10‐year implant cumulative survival rate (CSR) was 93.0% (loaded implants, 96.4%), with a 10‐year implant CSR of 91.5 and 94.7% for test and control implants, respectively (p > .05). Out of a total of 22 lost implants, 17 implants (77.3%) were shorter than 10 mm. The overall 10‐year prosthesis CSR was 93.7%, with a corresponding 10‐year CSR of 88.4 and 100% for test and control groups, respectively (p < .05). Average 10‐year bone loss was 0.46 mm (SD 0.47) and 0.69 mm (SD 0.53) for the test and control groups (p < .001), respectively. Only 1% of the implants had >3 mm accumulated bone loss after 10 years. Altogether, 10 of the prostheses in both groups had implant component mechanical problems (8.3%). None of the frameworks or implants fractured, but more fractures of porcelain veneers were observed in the test group (p < .05).

Conclusion: The protocol of implant treatment in the partially edentulous jaw functioned well during 10 years, although prosthodontic maintenance was required. However, laser‐welded titanium frameworks presented more problems as compared with gold alloy frameworks. More loaded implants were lost (p < .05), and higher incidence of porcelain chipping was noted in the test group (p < .05). However, bone loss was on an average lower for the test group during the 10 years of follow‐up (p < .001).
Utilization of Multiple Restorative Materials in Full‐Mouth Rehabilitation: A Clinical Report
Authors: NAM JUNG , RAIGRODSKI ARIEL J. , HEINDL HARALD
Published: July 2008

Many different restorative materials are currently available for use in modern dentistry. Clinicians and dental technicians should be able to choose the most suitable materials for each patient based on research, anecdotal evidence, clinical experience, as well as patient's expectations and desires. The purpose of this article is to share the challenges presented in full‐mouth rehabilitation and to describe the considerations in selecting three different restorative materials to achieve a successful restoration in terms of biomechanics, function, and esthetics.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Interdisciplinary treatment planning, knowledge of available restorative materials, sequencing treatment modalities, and adequate communication between all parties involved are key to a successful treatment outcome when pursuing full‐mouth restorative rehabilitation.
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR RESTORING MANDIBULAR INCISORS WITH PORCELAIN LAMINATE VENEERS
Authors: Walter Robert D. , Raigrodski Ariel J. , Swift, Jr. Edward J.
Published: July 2008

Porcelain laminate veneers have been proven to be a successful treatment modality for maxillary incisors in clinical practice and in controlled clinical studies. However, the data in clinical studies on the success of veneers for restoring mandibular incisors are limited. Clinically, the successful restoration of mandibular incisors with porcelain laminate veneers is one of the more challenging procedures in all of esthetic restorative dentistry. Limited coronal dimensions, the small amount of enamel available for bonding (particularly in the cervical areas), materials and techniques for the bonding procedures, and the response of the tooth–veneer complex to forces generated during the incisal loading in both functional as well as parafunctional contacts must be considered as potential sources of success or failure.

This Critical Appraisal reviews three recent scientific articles to shed some light on these issues and, as in all research endeavors, leads the reader to identify additional areas of concern that might stimulate further scientific inquiry.

The first publication studied predictors for enamel thickness for mandibular incisors. The second examined bonding protocols for exposed dentin and suggested immediate dentin sealing. The third paper addressed fracture behavior of mandibular incisors restored with porcelain laminate veneers in vitro.