bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Characterization of EEG Brain Networks Under Mixed Reality Stereo Vision
Authors: Wu Yan , Tao Chunguang , Li Qi
Published: November 2024

Mixed Reality (MR) technology possesses profound and extensive potential across a multitude of domains, including, but not limited to industry, healthcare, and education. However, prolonged use of MR devices to watch stereoscopic content may lead to visual fatigue. Since visual fatigue involves multiple brain regions, our study aims to explore the topological characteristics of brain networks derived from electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Because the Phase-Locked Value (PLV) is capable of effectively measuring the phase synchronization relationship between brain regions, it was calculated between all pairs of channels in both comfort and fatigue states. Subsequently, a sparse brain network was constructed based on PLV by applying an appropriate threshold. The node properties (betweenness centrality, clustering coefficient, node efficiency) and edge properties (characteristic path length) were calculated based on the corresponding brain network within specific frequency bands for both comfort and fatigue states. In analyzing the PLV of brain connectivity in comfort and fatigue states, a notable enhancement in brain connectivity is observed within the alpha, theta, and delta frequency bands during fatigue status. By analyzing the node and edge properties of brain networks, it is evident that the mean values of these properties in the fatigue state were higher than those in the comfort state. By analyzing the node and edge properties at a local level, the average difference in betweenness centrality, clustering coefficients, and nodal efficiency across the three EEG frequency bands was computed to find significant brain regions. The main findings are as follows: Betweenness centrality primarily differs in frontal and parietal regions, with minor involvement in temporal and central regions. The clustering Coefficient mainly varies in the frontal region, with slight differences being seen in the temporal and occipital regions. Nodal efficiency primarily varies in the frontal, temporal, and central regions, with minor differences being seen in the parietal and occipital regions. Edge property analysis indicates that there is a higher occurrence of long-distance connections among brain regions during the fatigue state, which reflects a loss of synaptic transmission efficiency on a global level. Our study plays a crucial role in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying visual fatigue, potentially providing insights that could be applied to high-demand cognitive fields where prolonged use of MR devices leads to visual fatigue.
A Quantified Methodology for Evaluating Engineering Sustainability: Ecological Footprint Measurement Modeling
Authors: Jiang Jinli , Li Xiaojuan , Yu Liyan , Jin Jianqiang , Liang Xian
Published: November 2024

With the gradual increase in public awareness of ecological environmental protection, how to manage the increasingly tight supply of natural ecological energy and resources and the more evident greenhouse effect, how to properly treat and deal with the relationship between people, engineering and the ecological environment during the construction phase of engineering projects as well as how to evaluate the degree of environmental friendliness and sustainable development ability of engineering projects will become an urgent issue. Stakeholders in engineering projects must seriously consider these vital issues. Existing studies on the evaluation of engineering–ecology sustainable development capacity mainly focus on the regional and industry levels, with less research focusing on the sustainability of individual engineering projects; furthermore, they are primarily concentrated on the qualitative evaluation perspective. In order to refine these shortcomings, based on the viewpoint of the ecosystem of construction projects, this paper integrates the concept of whole life cycle with the ecological footprint measurement model and defines the notion of the ecological footprint of the whole life cycle of construction projects. Subsequently taking the above concept as the foundation and making the ecological footprint of various activities throughout the life cycle of a construction project a specific study object, the research establishes the ecological footprint measurement model of the whole life cycle of the project, and comprehensively evaluates the impacts on the surrounding environment, which include the consumption of energy resources, CO2 and the absorption of solid wastes across the whole life cycle of the project. We then measure the sustainable development ability of engineering projects by comparing the ecological footprint with the ecological carrying capacity of a certain surrounding region. Finally, the practicability and reliability of the model is verified through the example’s application. Thus, the results of the study have significant theoretical and practical implications: (1) the introduction of the ecological footprint addresses the gap about the quantitative evaluation of the sustainability of individual engineering projects from a micro perspective; (2) it compensates for the shortcomings of other evaluation methods that only evaluate a single element, such as only CO2, resources, energy or solid waste and so on; and (3) stakeholders can use the measured model to quantitatively assess the sustainability of new projects or urban renewal projects, providing strong support for project feasibility studies and project-establishment.
Modified Use of the Component Method to Get More Realistic Force Distribution in Joints of Steel Structures
Authors: Radnay László , Kovács Imre
Published: November 2024

According to the EN 1993-1-8 Standard, the moment resistance of end-plated connections can be calculated with the use of the component method. In this, a pair-of-force defines the moment resistance. The magnitude and the location of the compression force can be accurately identified. The tension force part is usually the resultant of parallel forces appearing in line with the bolt rows. Following the rules of manual calculation and using a mechanical finite element model, where each component is modelled with spring elements, in some—easily identifiable—cases, leads to different force distribution. The simplifications defined in the Standard provide a longer arm for the same force, and because of this, larger moment resistance at the expense of safety. In this work, an alternative calculation method will be presented that provides the same force values in each bolt row, as the mechanical model of the connection, without constructing the finite element model.
Efficacy of Antivascular Ultrasound (AVUS) in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Authors: Moradpour Moein , Li Zhuorui , Al-Daoud Omar , Yazdanpanah Fereshteh , Cheruvu Aashish , Sehgal Chandra , Hunt Stephen
Published: November 2024

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent type of primary liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Antivascular Ultrasound (AVUS) is a novel therapy approach that utilizes the mechanical and thermal interactions between ultrasound and microbubbles to disrupt tumor vasculature or potentiate effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy in a dose-dependent fashion. In this review, we aim to illustrate the mechanisms of AVUS, focusing on the preclinical and clinical evidence of AVUS applications in HCC. Methods: Peer-reviewed publications pertaining to the use of AVUS in HCC were collected and analyzed. Results: 12 preclinical studies and 1 clinical trial were analyzed. At lower energy levels, AVUS can enhance tumor perfusion, facilitating the delivery of chemotherapy agents and resulting in improved therapeutic outcomes. Conversely, at higher energy levels, AVUS can disrupt tumor perfusion, leading to ischemic damage of the tumors. Combining AVUS with other therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and transarterial radioembolization (TARE), can synergistically enhance therapeutic outcomes. Conclusions: AVUS is a promising novel treatment modality for HCC. Current evidence suggests that AVUS exhibits a dose-dependent nature, making it a versatile approach that can be effectively combined with other therapeutic regimens. Further clinical studies and long-term follow-ups are needed to establish the optimal clinical protocol and safety profile of AVUS.
Brain Metastases in Sarcomas: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Ellen , Farag Sheima , Dietz Hilary , Wang Daniel , Hirbe Angela , Ganjoo Kristen , Van Tine Brian , Zaid Shane , Miah Aisha , Keedy Vicki , Davis Elizabeth , Bui Nam
Published: November 2024

Purpose: Brain metastases (BM) in sarcomas occur rarely and are associated with poor prognosis. This study is a large retrospective cohort describing the demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients, treatment strategies, and survival outcomes. Methods: In total, 81 patients with BM from sarcomas were identified across five sarcoma centers. Demographic data, clinical presentation, and treatment modalities were analyzed. Results: The most common histologies were leiomyosarcoma (12.3%) and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (12.3%). The median time from sarcoma diagnosis to brain metastases was 1.9 years. Upon presentation, 88.9% of patients with BM from sarcomas were symptomatic with the most common presenting symptom being focal neurological deficits (37.9%) and headaches (22.1%). Higher-grade sarcomas were more likely to metastasize and were usually preceded by metastases to other sites, most commonly the lungs. One-year overall survival was 31% from initial sarcoma diagnosis, and the median time from diagnosis of BM until death was 6.0 months. For treatment, 60 (74.1%) patients had radiation, 39 (48.1%) patients had systemic therapy, and 29 (35.8%) patients had surgery. In a multivariate analysis, surgery (HR 0.30) and chemotherapy (HR 0.23) were found to be significantly correlated with improved survival outcomes. Although radiation as a whole was not found to significantly correlate with survival, improved outcomes were seen with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS, mOS 11.6 mo) as opposed to whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT, mOS 8.3 mo). Additionally, patients with leptomeningeal disease were significantly less likely to survive more than one year compared to patients with brain metastases only. Conclusions: Our findings identify that patients with metastatic sarcoma to the brain have poor prognoses, often have concurrent metastasis, and have a median survival of only 6 months. Additionally, our study found that leptomeningeal metastases is a rare presentation with poor survival outcomes. There are various treatment modalities for sarcomas with BM; however, there are no guidelines, unlike in other malignancies. Further research is necessary to evaluate the role of therapeutic measures in terms of type, timing, and outcomes.
Virtual Tumor Mapping: A New Standard for Surgeon–Pathologist Collaboration in Treating Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Michcik Adam , Jopek Maksym , Pęksa Rafał , Choma Piotr , Garbacewicz Łukasz , Polcyn Adam , Wach Tomasz , Sikora Maciej , Drogoszewska Barbara
Published: November 2024

Background: The histopathological assessment is critical in the comprehensive treatment process for patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A detailed and precise specimen characterization is essential to facilitate effective surgeon–pathologist communication. Methods: In response to this need, a user-friendly virtual communication protocol utilizing a 3D scanner has been developed. This study involved 50 patients with OSCC, whose resected tumors were directly scanned in the operating room and subsequently annotated and characterized using available software. Results: The direct application of annotations and descriptions onto the virtual tumor specimens significantly enhanced the quantity and accuracy of information conveyed to the pathologist. Conclusions: The proposed solution’s repeatability and standardized approach make integration into routine clinical practice feasible, thereby establishing a potential new standard in the field.
The Impact of Bone Marrow Involvement on Prognosis in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: An 18F-FDG PET/CT Volumetric Segmentation Study
Authors: Doma Andrej , Studen Andrej , Jezeršek Novaković Barbara
Published: November 2024

Background: This study assessed the prognostic value of tumor burden in bone marrow (BM) and total disease (TD), as depicted on 18F-FDG PET/CT in 140 DLBCL patients, for complete remission after first-line systemic treatment (iCR) and 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS3 and OS5). Methods: Baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT scans of 140 DLBCL patients were segmented to quantify metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and SUVmax in BMI, findings elsewhere (XL), and TD. Results: Bone marrow involvement (BMI) presented in 35 (25%) patients. Median follow-up time was 47 months; 79 patients (56%) achieved iCR. iCR was significantly associated with TD MTV, XL MTV, BM PET positivity, and International Prognostic Index (IPI). OS3 was significantly worse with TD MTV, XL MTV, IPI, and age. OS5 was significantly associated with IPI, but not with MTVs and TLGs. Univariate factors predicting OS3 were XL MTV (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.29), BMI SUVmax (HR = 0.56), and IPI (HR = 1.92). By multivariate analysis, higher IPI (HR = 2.26) and BMI SUVmax (HR = 0.91) were significant independent predictors for OS3. BMI SUVmax resulted in a negative coefficient and hence indicated a protective effect. Conclusions: Baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT MTV is significantly associated with survival. BMI identified on 18F-FDG PET/CT allows appropriate treatment that may improve survival.
Modelling Functional Thyroid Follicular Structures Using P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Najjar Fatimah , Milbauer Liming , Wei Chin-Wen , Lerdall Thomas , Wei Li-Na
Published: November 2024

Thyroid gland diseases remain clinical challenges due to the lack of reliable in vitro models to examine molecular pathways of thyrocytes development, maturation, and functional maintenance. This study aimed to develop in vitro thyrocytes model using a stem cell culture, P19 embryonal carcinoma which requires no feeder layer, differentiation into mature and functional thyrocytes that allow molecular and genetic manipulation for studying thyroid diseases. The procedure utilizes Activin A and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to first induce embryoid body endoderm formation enriched in thyrocyte progenitors. Following dissociating embryoid bodies, thyrocyte progenitors are plated in Matrigel as monolayer cultures that allows thyrocyte progenitors mature to functional thyrocytes. These thyrocytes further maturate to form follicle-like structures expressing and accumulating thyroglobulin that can be secreted into the medium upon TSH stimulation. Thyrocyte differentiation-maturation process is monitored by the expression of essential transcriptional factors and thyrocyte-specific functional genes. Further, the applicability of this system is validated by introducing a siRNA control. Following molecular manipulation, the system can still be guided to differentiate into mature and functional thyrocytes. This system spans a time frame of 14 days, suitable for detailed molecular studies to dissect pathways and molecular players in thyrocytes development and functional maintenance.
Effect of Over-Aging Degree on Microstructures, Precipitation Kinetics, and Mechanical Properties of an Ultra-High-Strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy
Authors: Liu Yuyang , Zhao Zhihao , Wang Gaosong
Published: November 2024

The effect of over-aging on the precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of an ultra-high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy was investigated using various over-aging treatment regimes. To reveal the influence of over-aging on matrix precipitation, nucleation and coarsening mechanisms were analyzed based on thermodynamic models and calculated precipitation data. Precipitation kinetics at different over-aging degrees were determined through differential scanning calorimetry analysis and the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equations, revealing the activation energy required to precipitate the η’ phase precipitates ranging from 166.08 to 343.28 kJ/mol, and the activation energy required to precipitate the η phase precipitates ranging from 802.03 to 288.42 kJ/mol from the T6 to T73 conditions. In conjunction with a quantitative microstructure analysis, a highly accurate model was developed by systematically calculating the strengthening components of the ultra-high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy under various aging conditions.
Synthesis of a Hard Anodic Oxide Coating with a Structure Allowing for Its Modification by Nanoparticles
Authors: Kozik Anna , Nowak Marek , Limanówka Kamila , Góral Anna
Published: November 2024

A hard anodic oxide coating’s characteristic porous structure allows for its modification by the incorporation of nanoparticles. However, achieving an appropriate microstructure requires an optimal pore arrangement and shape, which is influenced by the electrolyte composition, current densities, temperature, and processing time. To achieve pores with a diameter of about 50 nm and the most regular structure, a range of these parameters were tested. Using a two-stage manufacturing process had a beneficial effect on increasing the microporosity of the coating. The addition of phthalic acid at 0 °C did not increase the pore diameter, but allowed for the process to be carried out at higher temperatures. However, the coating produced at 20 °C had a larger pore diameter, but numerous defects. The coating obtained from the three-component solution had the most regular structure, but the smallest pore diameter.
Misconduct, Mishaps, and Misranking in Bibliometric Databases: Inflating the Production and Impact of Scientists
Authors: Maglaras Leandros , Katsaros Dimitrios
Published: November 2024

Today, academics and researchers constantly strive to achieve more in their respective fields [...]
Left Ventricular Assist Device in Advanced Refractory Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review of Patient Selection, Surgical Approaches, Complications and Future Perspectives
Authors: Al Hazzouri Antonio , Attieh Philippe , Sleiman Christopher , Hamdan Righab , Ghadieh Hilda E. , Harbieh Bernard
Published: November 2024

The management of advanced heart failure (HF) has long posed significant challenges due to its complex and chronic nature. Heart transplantation, while effective, is not always feasible due to the limited availability of donor organs. In this context, long term mechanical circulatory support and mainly left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have emerged as a vital intervention to fill this gap. LVAD superiority compared to medical therapy for some patients in advanced heart failure has been demonstrated either as a bridge to transplantation or as destination therapy. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness, challenges, and advancements in the use of LVADs for treating advanced heart failure. It evaluates clinical outcomes associated with LVAD therapy, focusing on survival rates and quality of life improvements. The review synthesizes findings from recent studies, highlighting both the benefits and complications of LVAD implantation, such as infectious risk, thromboembolic events, hemorrhage and device malfunction. Additionally, it explores the latest technological and biomedical advancements in LVAD design, including innovations in biocompatibility, miniaturization, and power management. By examining current research, this review aims to elucidate how LVADs are transforming heart failure treatment and to offer insights into future directions for clinical practice and research.
The Use of Machine Learning in the Diagnosis of Kidney Allograft Rejection: Current Knowledge and Applications
Authors: Belčič Mikič Tanja , Arnol Miha
Published: November 2024

Kidney allograft rejection is one of the main limitations to long-term kidney transplant survival. The diagnostic gold standard for detecting rejection is a kidney biopsy, an invasive procedure that can often give imprecise results due to complex diagnostic criteria and high interobserver variability. In recent years, several additional diagnostic approaches to rejection have been investigated, some of them with the aid of machine learning (ML). In this review, we addressed studies that investigated the detection of kidney allograft rejection over the last decade using various ML algorithms. Various ML techniques were used in three main categories: (a) histopathologic assessment of kidney tissue with the aim to improve the diagnostic accuracy of a kidney biopsy, (b) assessment of gene expression in rejected kidney tissue or peripheral blood and the development of diagnostic classifiers based on these data, (c) radiologic assessment of kidney tissue using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and the construction of a computer-aided diagnostic system. In histopathology, ML algorithms could serve as a support to the pathologist to avoid misclassifications and overcome interobserver variability. Diagnostic platforms based on biopsy-based transcripts serve as a supplement to a kidney biopsy, especially in cases where histopathologic diagnosis is inconclusive. ML models based on radiologic evaluation or gene signature in peripheral blood may be useful in cases where kidney biopsy is contraindicated in addition to other non-invasive biomarkers. The implementation of ML-based diagnostic methods is usually slow and undertaken with caution considering ethical and legal issues. In summary, the approach to the diagnosis of rejection should be individualized and based on all available diagnostic tools (including ML-based), leaving the responsibility for over- and under-treatment in the hands of the clinician.
Comparative Safety Profiles and Usage Patterns of Iodinated Contrast Media in Medical Imaging
Authors: Shin Yu Ri , Youn Seo Yeon , Kim Hokun , Chun Ho Jong , Lee Hwa Young , Kim Hyo Joon , Oh Soon Nam
Published: November 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the usage patterns and hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) profiles of six nonionic iodinated contrast media (ICMs) used in computed tomography (CT) to enhance patient safety and inform evidence-based contrast agent selection. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 248,209 CT scans obtained between January 2020 and December 2022. Six ICMs (iomeprol, iohexol, ioversol, iopromide, iodixanol, and iobitridol) were compared on the basis of their usage rates, HSR incidence, and severity. This study also evaluated the impact of premedication protocol reinforcement and assessed the quarterly HSR rates. Results: Among the 248,209 CT scans, 1603 (0.65%) were associated with HSRs. Most HSRs were mild (86.2%), with moderate (10.9%) and severe (2.9%) reactions being less common. Four ICMs were used as first-line agents and two ICMs were used as second-line agents. The second-line agents, iobitridol and iodixanol, exhibited 7–8 times higher HSR rates compared to the first-line agents. A modified premedication protocol implemented in mid-2022 significantly reduced the incidence of moderate HSRs (p = 0.0075). The quarterly analysis indicated a trend in higher HSR rates in the first quarter and a statistically significant increase in severe HSRs in the third quarter (p = 0.033). Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of tailored premedication protocols and a 7–8 times higher rate of HSR with second-line agents in contrast-enhanced imaging. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying these variations to further refine contrast agent selection and management strategies.
Chronic Subdural Hematomas—A Retrospective Analysis of the Internal Architecture and Evaluation of Risk Factors for Recurrences After Surgical Therapy
Authors: Grübel Nadja , Klemptner Christine , Mayer Benjamin , Runck Frank , Durner Gregor , Wirtz Christian Rainer , Pala Andrej
Published: November 2024

Background: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is increasingly common due to the aging population and widespread use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications. The objective of this study is to examine the internal composition of CSDH and explore potential risk factors associated with its recurrence. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from 189 patients who underwent surgery in our department between 2014 and 2018. Recorded data included demographics, clinical information, details of surgical interventions, computer tomography (CT) scans, neurological assessments, and follow-up data. The outcome was evaluated clinically and through CT follow-up conducted 4–12 weeks post-surgery. CT scans measured various parameters, including hematoma thickness, hyperdense regions, chronic components, and membrane presence. Results: Patients after the evacuation of CSDH were significantly more common males (66.1%, p > 0.001) had a significantly higher BMI (p < 0.001, 61.6%), arterial hypertension (p < 0.001, 68.3%), and the intake of anticoagulant therapy (p < 0.001, 58%). The recurrence rate was 18.6% after 4 weeks and 2.1% after 8–12 weeks. After uni- and multivariable analysis, the initial hemispheric type (p = 0.019, HR: 3.191; p = 0.012, HR: 3.810) and the increasing preoperative midline shift in CT (p = 0.028, HR: 1.114; p = 0.041, HR: 1.107) were found as independent predictors for recurrence. Overall, outcomes were favorable with a modified Rankin scale (mRS) of 0–2 at discharge (72%), after 4 (89.7%) and 12 (87%) weeks. Conclusion: According to our data, increasing midline shift before surgery and initial hemispheric type of hematoma were independent predictors of recurrence. Most patients achieved an excellent outcome with a low-risk profile.
Very-High-Frequency Resonant Flyback Converter with Integrated Magnetics
Authors: Huang Yuchao , Yan Kui , Li Qidong , Song Xiangyi , Zhang Desheng , Zhang Qiao
Published: November 2024

This paper proposes a gallium nitride (GaN)-based very-high-frequency (VHF) resonant flyback converter with integrated magnetics, which utilizes the parasitic inductance and capacitance to reduce the passive components count and volume of the converter. Both the primary leakage inductance and the secondary leakage inductance of the transformer are utilized as the resonance inductor, while the parasitic capacitance of the power devices is utilized as the resonance capacitor. An analytical circuit model is proposed to determine the electrical parameters of the transformer so as to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS). Furthermore, an air-core transformer was designed using the improved Wheeler’s formula, and finite element analyses were carried out to fine-tune the structure to achieve the accurate design of the electrical parameters. Finally, a 30 MHz, 15 W VHF resonant flyback converter prototype is built with an efficiency of 83.1% for the rated power.
Quantifying the Remote Driver’s Interaction with 5G-Enabled Level 4 Automated Vehicles: A Real-World Study
Authors: Li Shuo , Zhang Yanghanzi , Edwards Simon , Blythe Phil
Published: November 2024

This real-world investigation aimed to quantify the human–machine interaction between remote drivers of teleoperation systems and the Level 4 automated vehicle in a real-world setting. The primary goal was to investigate the effects of disengagement and distraction on remote driver performance and behaviour. Key findings revealed that mental disengagement, achieved through distraction via a reading task, significantly slowed the remote driver’s reaction time by an average of 5.309 s when the Level 4 automated system required intervention. Similarly, disengagement resulted in a 4.232 s delay in decision-making time for remote drivers when they needed to step in and make critical strategic decisions. Moreover, mental disengagement affected the remote drivers’ attention focus on the road and increased their cognitive workload compared to constant monitoring. Furthermore, when actively controlling the vehicle remotely, drivers experienced a higher cognitive workload than in both “monitoring” and “disengagement” conditions. The findings emphasize the importance of designing teleoperation systems that keep remote drivers actively engaged with their environment, minimise distractions, and reduce disengagement. Such designs are essential for enhancing safety and effectiveness in remote driving scenarios, ultimately supporting the successful deployment of Level 4 automated vehicles in real-world applications.
Analytical Analysis of Power-Constrained Repeaters’ Insertion in Large-Scale CMOS Chips
Authors: Gaioni Luigi
Published: November 2024

As the die area of CMOS integrated circuits continues to increase, interconnects will become dominant in determining the performance of the circuits from the standpoint of speed and power consumption. Uniform repeater insertion is an effective method used to reduce the propagation delay of a signal in long resistive-capacitive lines. However, non-optimal repeaters’ insertion yields non-optimal circuit performance. In this work, we provide a mathematical treatment for optimal repeater insertion with power consumption constraints. In particular, a closed-form expression for the optimum number and size of repeaters is given for a two-stage buffer used as a repeater. The validation of the analytical solution is assessed by means of circuit simulations, by comparing the theoretical optimal number and size of the repeaters to be placed in the long resistive-capacitive line with the simulated values.
Innovative Microgrid Services and Applications in Electric Grids: Enhancing Energy Management and Grid Integration
Authors: Lopez Alzate Yeferson , Gómez-Luna Eduardo , Vasquez Juan C.
Published: November 2024

Currently, microgrids are a reliable solution for integrating distributed energy resources and managing demand on electricity grids, serving as a pathway towards a responsible energy transition. However, the evolving needs of the sector require specialized approaches to enhance grid flexibility and support the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and their rising demand. This article explores and characterizes various advanced and innovative services offered by microgrids to improve the resilience, security, and reliability of electricity grids. It analyzes technical advances and novel control methodologies that demonstrate the potential for microgrids beyond mere energy provision. These include ancillary services, services aligned with demand response programs, and advanced asset management and energy resource optimization services. A global case study is conducted to provide a framework for the services that microgrids can provide. The case study validates the efficiency and reliability of electric grids with microgrids and addresses challenges related to their stability and resilience. This research provides a comprehensive perspective on the benefits of implementing microgrids and proposes new guidelines for the deployment of these systems in both urban and rural areas within the framework of energy communities in the Colombian electricity system, emphasizing the need for collaboration among stakeholders to ensure sustainable energy solutions.
Seedling Recruitment at the Upper Limit of Tree Growth in the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran: Safe Site Characteristics and Edaphic Conditions
Authors: Moradi Halime , Schwab Niels , Schickhoff Udo
Published: November 2024

Climate warming may enhance the upslope migration of tree species at high elevations. In this context, few studies have analyzed the requirements of tree seedlings with respect to safe sites and soil conditions, particularly in the Alborz Mountains (Iran). We collected regeneration and environmental data focusing on small seedlings and young saplings at the upper limit of tree growth in the Alborz Mountains. For each life stage, we assessed the association of seedlings with safe site conditions (rocks, stones, deadwood, and canopy shade), microhabitat substrates (vegetation, litter, bare soil, and stones), and soil variables along elevational gradients. Our findings revealed strong associations between seedlings and facilitative elements (tree shade, deadwood, rocks, and stones). Fewer associations were observed with microhabitat substrates. These associations differed between the two establishment stages. In addition, seedlings of both life stages exhibited distinct associations with soil variables (total nitrogen, sand, and bulk density). The contrasting relationships between small seedlings and young saplings with safe site conditions, microhabitat substrates, and soil variables suggest that early life stages may have different site requirements compared to later stages. Our results suggest that the potential for upslope migration of tree species may depend on safe site conditions, particularly those provided by tree shade, deadwood, rocks, and stones.
The Optimization of the Strength of Wood Adhesive Joints Supported by Steel Fasteners in Furniture Components
Authors: Jarecki Witold , Pałubicki Bartosz , Wołpiuk Marcin , Trociński Adrian , Orlikowski Dariusz , Wieruszewski Marek
Published: November 2024

The strength properties of softwood components with bonded joints reinforced with fasteners were investigated and compared. Initial tests of the strength of the glue joints were carried out, with a change in the type of adhesive used. The application method significantly influenced the shear strength of the joint. With the adhesive and pre-bonding systems used, the shear strength of the adhesive joint of pine wood (Pinus silvestris L.) with PUR and PVAC resin was determined. The industrial results were 31% lower than in the shear test of the wooden joint bonded with PVAC glue. In terms of transverse shear force with staples, the joint has a transverse holding force that is higher than components connected with screws or nails. As the number of glue sticks increased, the shear strength of the pine wood increased. The strengths of the joined components in the glue roller method had an intermediate value. They did not differ significantly between the two-row gluing systems used. An increase in the force required to shear the bonded joint was observed for the different adhesive systems, the fasteners used, and their density.
Assessment of Climate Impact of Sustainable Forestry Based on Landscape Structure
Authors: Prytz Kjell , van der Spoel David
Published: November 2024

This article presents an evaluation of the environmental impact of forestry based on landscape theory. It has been argued that this type of forestry offers a positive impact on the climate because there is a balance between the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and the absorption of these gases within an entire forested area. However, this analysis will demonstrate that the arrangement and composition of managed forests are linked to a significant carbon debt. This debt represents the disparity between the carbon that would typically be stored in a natural forest and the actual amount of carbon stored in the managed forest. While this excess carbon remains in the atmosphere rather than being sequestered, it contributes to the greenhouse effect. Using Swedish forestry as an example, the carbon debt is estimated to be comparable in scale to the total accumulated fossil fuel emissions of the country.
Greening the Economy: How Forest-Product Trade and Bioenergy Shape the Framework for Green Growth
Authors: Sohail Muhammad Tayyab , Li Weisong , Sohail Sidra
Published: November 2024

Green growth aims to foster economic development while ensuring environmental sustainability by optimizing resource use and reducing pollution. Despite growing attention, the nexus between forest trade, bioenergy, and green growth remains underexplored. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate the impact of forest trade and bioenergy on green growth. To that end, we apply cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) using 33 global economies. The findings of the CS-ARDL show that forest trade helps enhance green growth both in the short- and long run. However, bioenergy significantly boosts green growth only in the long run, while the short-run estimate of bioenergy is insignificant. The estimates of the regional analysis signify that forest trade and bioenergy enhance green growth in both developed and developing economies only in the long run. Policymakers in both developed and emerging economies should focus on boosting forestry trade and promoting bioenergy production to stimulate green growth.
Carbon Sequestration and Stability and Soil Erosion in Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Pang Danbo , Xu Hongwei
Published: November 2024

Soil is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems, being about three to four times larger than the vegetation carbon pool and two to three times larger than the atmospheric carbon pool [...]
Climate and Altitude Drive Spatial and Temporal Changes in Forests on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau—Evidence from the Shaluli Mountain
Authors: Feng Yu , Shi Songlin , Niu Pengtao , Ye Peng , Wang Xueman , Zhang Xiaojuan
Published: November 2024

Forests are widely distributed in terrestrial ecosystems, covering about one-third of the global land area. They play a key role in sequestering carbon, releasing oxygen, mitigating climate change, and maintaining ecosystem balance. The ecology of the Tibetan Plateau is very fragile, but the impact of environmental change on regional forest ecosystems is not yet clear. Located in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, the Shaluli Mountain has the richest biodiversity and the widest distribution of forests on the Tibetan Plateau. Assessing the dynamics of forest change is the basis for correctly formulating forest management measures, and is important for regional biodiversity conservation. However, traditional field surveys have the shortcomings of high cost, being time-consuming, and having poor regional coverage in forest dynamics monitoring. Remote sensing methods can make up for these shortcomings. Therefore, in this study, satellite remote sensing images were used to extract forest information from 2000 to 2020 in Shaluli Mountain, and the main drivers of forest change were analyzed with full consideration of the Spatially Stratified Heterogeneity (SSH) of environmental factors. The results found that the forest area increased from 23,144.20 km2 in 2000 to 28,429.53 km2 in 2020, and the average Percentage of Forest Cover (PFC) increased from 19.76% to 21.67%, with significant improvement in forest growth. The annual minimum temperature (TMN), altitude, annual maximum temperature (TMX), and annual precipitation (PRE) were the main driving factors of forest change, with an average driving power (q-value) of 0.4877, 0.2706, 0.2342, and 0.2244, and TMN was the primary limiting factor for forest growth. In addition, the driving power of all environmental factors on forest change increased from 2000 to 2020. The results of this study can provide a basis for the development of forest management strategies, and provide reference materials for regional biodiversity conservation.
Protecting the Next Seven Generations: Self-Indigenization and the Indian Child Welfare Act
Authors: Mills Taylor Elyse
Published: November 2024

In 1978, the United States enacted the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) “to protect the best interest of Indian Children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by the establishment of minimum Federal standards for the removal of Indian children and placement of such children in homes which will reflect the unique values of Indian culture.” The ICWA was codified to address centuries of genocidal government policies, boarding schools, and coercive adoptions that ruptured many Native families. Now one of the strongest pieces of legislation to protect Native communities, the ICWA was designed to ensure that Native foster children are placed with Native families. Implementing the ICWA has not been smooth, however, as many non-Native foster parents and state governments have challenged the ICWA. While the ICWA has survived these legal challenges, including the recent 2023 Haaland v. Brackeen Supreme Court case, the rise of non-Natives claiming Native heritage, also known as self-indigenizers or “pretendians,” represents a new threat to the ICWA. This Article presents a legal history and analysis of the ICWA to unpack the policy implications of pretendians in the U.S. legal context. This Article demonstrates how the rise of pretendians threatens to undermine the very purpose of the ICWA and thereby threaten the sovereignty of Native peoples. By legally sanctioning the adoption of Native children into non-Native pretendian homes, the ICWA can facilitate a new era of settlers raising Native children, rather than preventing this phenomenon as intended. In response, this Article offers concrete policy recommendations to bolster the ICWA against this threat.
Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of Risks Associated with Children’s Walks to School in Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: Chinkonda Bosco , Piragauta Alejandra , Mazingi Dennis , Chokotho Linda , Nzanga Monica , Manyozo Steve , Puvanachandra Prasanthi , Peden Margaret
Published: November 2024

(1) Background: This study explored the challenges faced by schoolchildren while commuting to school, particularly the hazards associated with poor road conditions, exposure to high-speed traffic, and traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). (2) Methods: The research focused on community perspectives gathered through four focus group discussions (FGDs) involving parents and teachers from two primary schools in Blantyre City. Employing qualitative analysis with NVivo, themes, sub-themes, and codes were developed collaboratively within the research team. (3) Results: The community identified road safety risks, emphasizing concerns about different actors’ risky behaviors, poor infrastructure (such as sidewalks, crossings, and signals), and personal safety issues. Proposed solutions for road safety involved educational initiatives for students, infrastructure enhancement, and enforcing stricter penalties. The study revealed a lack of awareness about air pollution among participants, which they often associated solely with unpleasant odors. Suggestions for addressing air pollution centered on educational interventions related to waste disposal and hygiene practices. (4) Conclusions: This research underscores the community’s adeptness at identifying road safety issues and proposing viable interventions. However, it highlights the need for enhanced education and awareness regarding air pollution. The paper advocates for community engagement to comprehensively address these challenges, fostering community cohesion, and empowering community members to advocate for change.
Exploring Factors Associated with Limited Male Partner Involvement in Maternal Health: A Sesotho Socio-Cultural Perspective from the Free State, South Africa
Authors: Engelbrecht Michelle , Mulu Ngwi , Kigozi-Male Gladys
Published: November 2024

Despite efforts to promote gender-inclusive approaches to maternal health, male partner involvement (MPI) remains limited, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding of the factors associated with a lack of MPI. A mixed method, concurrent/parallel design was applied to explore MPI in maternal health and to identify factors associated with limited MPI. Data collection entailed a cross-sectional survey among 407 fathers together with 16 focus group discussions with men and women of reproductive age and eight community discussions with community leaders. MPI was defined in terms of communication, decision making, physical and emotional support and physical presence at ANC. Data was subjected to descriptive, multiple linear regression and thematic analysis. Three out of five participants (63.9%) scored above the mean for higher levels of MPI in maternal health. Factors significantly associated with a lower level of MPI were younger age, unemployment, men not living with the mother of their youngest child, men who had not had a male role model involved in domestic chores, and men who were not interested in attending future maternal health programmes. In addition, the qualitative analysis also identified relationship problems, family conflicts, health systems barriers and alcohol abuse as hinderances to MPI in maternal health. Health systems capacity is required for the promotion of male partner interventions that are in line with socio-cultural practices and gender norms.
Redefining Urban Recreation: A Demand Analysis for Urban Year-Round Green Exercise
Authors: Reuß Konrad , Huth Christopher
Published: November 2024

Urban green exercise offers substantial physical and mental health benefits, especially in urban environments with limited natural access. This study analyzes the demand for urban year-round green exercise under various meteorological conditions. Using a primary empirical research design, data were collected from 408 active participants in Germany through an online survey. The survey consisted of one questionnaire, with multiple sections including demographics, green exercise, year-round green exercise, and nature-relatedness. Spearman rank correlations and Pearson’s correlation were conducted for data analysis, and linear regressions calculated differences between groups. The results indicate a high demand for green exercise, with most participants engaging in endurance-based sports in urban green spaces at least once a week, regardless of weather conditions. However, adverse weather, such as precipitation and extreme cold, significantly reduces the likelihood of green exercise. Furthermore, the study identifies a positive correlation between participants’ connection to nature and their likelihood of engaging in green exercise under different weather conditions. The findings suggest that urban year-round green exercise could be a viable public health intervention, accessible to a broad demographic, with the potential to improve overall well-being. However, further research is needed to explore the barriers to green exercise in adverse weather and to develop strategies to promote year-round green exercise.
Machine Learning Algorithms to Estimate Propensity Scores in Health Policy Evaluation: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lourenço Luís , Weber Luciano , Garcia Leandro , Ramos Vinicius , Souza João
Published: November 2024

(1) Background: Quasi-experimental design has been widely used in causal inference for health policy impact evaluation. However, due to the non-randomized treatment used, there is great potential for bias in the assessment of the results, which can be reduced by using propensity score (PS) methods. In this context, this article aims to map the literature concerning the use of machine learning (ML) algorithms for propensity score estimation. (2) Methods: A scoping review was carried out in the PubMed, EMBASE, ACM Digital Library, IEEE Explore, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Compendex, and gray literature (ProQuest and Google Scholar) databases, based on the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. This scoping review aims to identify ML models and their accuracy and the characteristics of studies on causal inference for health policy impacts, with a specific focus on PS estimation using ML. (3) Results: Seven studies were included in the review from 3018 references searched. In general, tree-based ML models were used for PS estimation. Most of the studies did not show or mention the performance metrics of the selected models, focusing instead on discussing the treatment effects under analysis. (4) Conclusions: Despite important aspects of model development and evaluation being under-reported, this scoping review provides insights into the recent use of ML algorithms in health policy impact evaluation.