Extraordinary synapses of the unipolar brush cell: An electron microscopic study in the rat cerebellum
Authors: Mugnaini Enrico , Floris Alessandra , Wright‐Goss Mary 
Published: December 2004

A neglected type of neuron, termed the unipolar brush cell, was recently characterized in the granular layer of the mammalian cerebellar cortex with several procedures, including light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry utilizing antibodies to calretinin and neurofilament proteins. Although certain features of the unipolar brush cells were highlighted in these studies, the internal fine structure was partially obfuscated by immunoreaction product. In this study, rat cerebella were prepared for electron microscopy after perfusion fixation and Araldite embedding, and folia of the vestibulo‐cerebellum, where unipolar brush cells are known to be enriched, were studied by light microscopy in semithin (0.5–1 μ) sections and by electron microscopy in ultrathin sections. Unipolar brush cells were easily identified in semithin sections immunostained with antibodies to GABA and/or glycine, and cbunterstained with toluidine blue. The unipolar brush cells have a pale cytoplasm and are GABA and glycine negative, while Golgi cells are darker and appear positive for GABA and, for the most part, also for glycine. Sets of identification criteria to differentiate unipolar brush cells from granule and Golgi cells in standard electron micrographs are presented. The unipolar brush cells possess many distinctive features that make them easily distinguishable from other cerebellar neurons and form unusually conspicuous and elaborate synapses with mossy rosettes. The unipolar brush cell has a deeply indented nucleus containing little condensed chromatin. The Golgi apparatus is large and the cytoplasm is rich in neurofilaments, microtubules, mitochondria, and large dense core vesicles, but contains few cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, unipolar brush cells contain an unusual inclusion, which invariably lacks a limiting membrane and is made up of peculiar ringlet subunits. The cell body usually emits a thin axon and is provided with a single, large dendritic trunk that terminates with a paintbrush‐like bunch of branchlets. Numerous nonsynaptic appendages emanate from the cell body, the dendritic stem, and the branchlets. The appendages contain rare organelles and lack neurofilaments. The branchlets contain numerous mitochondria, neurofilaments, large dense core vesicles, and clusters of clear, small, and round synaptic vesicles. They form extensive asymmetric synaptic junctions with of a or two mossy fibers, which indicates minimal convergence of excitatory inputs. Under the postsynaptic densities, the branchlet cytoplasm displays a microfilamentous web. Besides their contact with mossy rosettes, the branchlets form symmetric and asymmetric synaptic junctions with presumed Golgi cell boutons that contain pleomorphic synaptic vesicles, indicating that the unipolar brush cells receive an inhibitory modulation. Some of these junctions are unusually extensive. The branchlets also form asymmetric synapses with granule cell dendrites, in which they represent the presynaptic elements, a feature never described before in the normal cerebellum. A minority of the unipolar brush cells receive mossy fiber contacts directly on the cell body, or on short dendritic branchlets emanating directly from the cell body. Such “enmarron” synapses were previously attributed to Golgi cells. Thus, the unipolar brush cells have complex synaptic features: Besides being specialized to form a powerful link with mossy rosettes, they may also have a paracrine function, and they participate with presynaptic dendrites in the cerebellar microcircuit. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.