bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PIXAÇÃO DOS JOVENS NO CONJUNTO TAQUARIL
Authors: Soares Flávia Cristina
Published: November 2018

Este artigo propõe investigar o fenômeno da pixação e sua relação com a juventude que reside no Conjunto Taquaril, localizado na periferia da cidade de Belo Horizonte. Durante a pesquisa de campo, foi possível identificar e perceber as relações estabelecidas entre os jovens, a constituição de identidades, a demarcação territorial e, por último, a transgressão da lei através de relatos da juventude local e de moradores da comunidade. De acordo com as entrevistas realizadas, a implantação de programas sociais pode minimizar os efeitos dessa prática na juventude. Foram investigadas duas áreas da comunidade denominadas Taquaril A e B: a quantidade de pixações, o estilo da letra utilizada nas mesmas e a apropriação do espaço público entre os jovens, objetivando a obtenção de fama e reconhecimento social.
DIALÉTICA DA VIOLÊNCIA: CIVILIDADE E INCIVILIDADE
Authors: Soares Antônio Matheus Carvalho
Published: November 2018

Este artigo de natureza teórica tem como objetivo problematizar o conceito de violência e suas mutações através dos tempos. Apresentamos as diversas abordagens que tem caracterizado o fenômeno na literatura sociológica, de modo a situar as complexidades deste conceito. Como fenômeno social, a violência é construída na relação entre os homens e se processa de forma a romper com os próprios códigos de ordens produzidos por esta relação. As compreensões expressas neste trabalho aprofundam análises sobre a violência e redimensionam os efeitos que ela produz para a condição humana. Neste contexto, manifestaremos como a violência se afirmou como uma questão pública que se insere entre as preocupações das agendas governamentais, seus jogos de poder, as relações de força e como movimento de fronteiras tênues entre o legal e o ilegal. Produzido através da pesquisa bibliográfica, o artigo se divide em três partes: 1) Violência e as intercalações entre civilidade e incivilidade, em que apresentamos as influências do contrato social e do Estado moderno, na circunscrição e caracterização da violência; 2) A violência como uma noção polissêmica, manifestando diversos conceitos e intensidades deste fenômeno; 3) Classificar e distinguir violências e crimes, na qual explicitamos os principais elementos que diferenciam a ação violenta, através das diversas formas de agressão, da ação criminal, postulada em lei. Além de apresentar diversos conceitos sobre a violência, o artigo afirma que ela esvazia o sentido da política, como ação dialógica.
COOPERAÇÃO E ORGANIZAÇÃO EM UM LABORATÓRIO DE TERAPIA CELULAR: NOTAS SOBRE UMA SOCIOLOGIA DA PRÁTICA CIENTÍFICA
Authors: Rocha Israel de Jesus
Published: November 2018

O presente texto tem como objetivo analisar, à luz dos estudos sociais, em ciência e tecnologia (STS) a organização de um laboratório e o modo como se dá a cooperação entre os pesquisadores associados ao mesmo. Para tanto, as evidências empíricas partem de quatro entrevistas realizadas com os pesquisadores que desenvolvem pesquisas com células-tronco em um laboratório de terapia celular. O laboratório possui uma configuração em que ao mesmo tempo está organizado em termos de projetos individuais de pesquisadores associados, ele pode ser visto como uma unidade integrada graças ao vínculo mantido por todos com o líder do laboratório e a possibilidade de cooperação entre os cientistas do laboratório. Por fim pode-se perceber que muito da organização do laboratório centra-se em seu líder, acentuando o seu papel articulador, bem como a dificuldade de relações de cooperação entre os pesquisadores.
DELIBERAÇÃO DOS COMITÊS DE BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS: quem participa, como faz e o que decide?
Authors: Santana Isabela
Published: November 2018

Através de reflexões teóricas e empíricas, sucintas e introdutórias, acerca do conceito de deliberação e participação, sustentadas na teoria democrática contemporânea, objetivamos, neste artigo, estabelecer conexões entre esses conceitos e o modelo de gestão de águas adotado no estado da Bahia. Em suma, pretendemos apresentar parte do debate inscrito no projeto de pesquisa intitulado Condicionantes Políticos do Processo de Institucionalização da Política Estadual de Recursos Hídricos da Bahia: limites e possibilidades, dos Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas. Assim, inicialmente, introduziremos em linhas gerais o conceito de deliberação e em seguida o de participação, à luz da teoria democrática, estabelecendo relação destes com questões relacionadas à gestão de águas na Bahia. Por fim, apresentamos as nossas considerações finais.
A LUTA POR MORADIA URBANA E OS TRAÇOS DA REPRESENTAÇÃO DOCUMENTÁRIA NO FILME SONHO REAL (2005)
Authors: Lessa Rodrigo Oliveira
Published: November 2018

O presente artigo busca compreender as representações sociais no cinema documentá- rio, a partir dos elementos estéticos determinantes para a expressão e o levantamento de questões que envolvem o cotidiano da cidade, no filme Sonho Real: uma história de luta por moradia (2005). Dentre estas questões, encontram-se o déficit habitacional estatal, a disputa coletiva de espaços urbanos para a construção de habitações populares, o exercício oculto da força policial em áreas suburbanas e a divulgação jornalística marcadamente ideológica de fatos envolvendo o uso da violência policial. Tais questões dizem respeito ao conflito social que envolveu a ocupação de uma propriedade privada, em maio de 2001, na cidade de Goiânia, articulada pelo movimento dos sem-teto. Um gênero de conflito social comum nas cidades brasileiras. A análise pôde destacar três aspectos que repercutiram decisivamente no perfil de sua maneira de representar o conflito e oferecer um novo olhar sobre fenômenos de embate social no cinema documentário: a) valorização autoral de padrões interpessoais de evidência e argumentação que determinam seu compromisso com a objetividade no documentário, b) a captação da tomada cinematográfica que recorta e registra a circunstância de mundo – onde sobressai a luta por moradia – no seu transcorrer e c) a construção de uma representação que expressa o conflito social sob a perspectiva política de segmentos sociais oprimidos pelas forças policiais no mundo urbano, neste caso, os sem-teto
AS METAMORFOSES DA POLITICA HABITACIONAL NO BRASIL
Authors: Pacheco Marina Rute
Published: November 2018

Este artigo descreve as transformações da Política Habitacional brasileira tendo por ponto de partida os arranjos institucionais do desenho das políticas em seu contexto histórico específico. Tange-se a esse debate a questão do direito social atrelado à moradia, as relações Estado e sociedade e os aspectos macroeconômicos que tendem a repercutir na implementação da política formulada. Discute-se a trajetória das instituições da Política Habitacional brasileira nos governos que se sucederam no século XX e os dilemas dos modos como é feito o enfrentamento da questão habitacional no Brasil no terceiro milênio. Para tanto, utilizou-se da metodologia fundamentada nas técnicas de investigação: revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e análise de dados secundários
ENTRE O CHUTE, O XADREZ E A ESPERA HÁ A CONVERSA: NOTAS SOBRE UMA PESQUISA NAS OLIMPÍADAS DE MATEMÁTICA EM SANTA CATARINA
Authors: Fernandes Gicele Sucupira
Published: November 2018

Este artigo apresenta notas de uma experiência etnográfica a partir das Olimpíadas de Matemática em Florianópolis (SC), com ênfase nas questões de gênero. A pesquisa teve a interlocução com crianças, professores e familiares durante diferentes atividades de Olimpíadas de Matemática, como treinamentos, provas e encontros. Argumento aqui que as Olimpíadas de Matemática são espaços de disputas, de desafios, de adivinhações, em que as crianças performatizam as relações de gênero e de geração, ao mesmo tempo em são parte de projetos específicos, compartilhados por crianças, familiares e professoras. As Olimpíadas fazem parte de um cotidiano imerso em atividades, investimentos e planejamento para o futuro, que expressam o tipo de adulto(a) que se pretende desenvolver.
NOTAS SOBRE A HABITAÇÃO SOCIAL EM SALVADOR NO FINAL DO SÉCULO XX : PADRÃO DE INSERÇÃO E ANSEIOS POPULARES
Authors: Soares Antônio Mateus
Published: November 2018

O objetivo deste estudo é compreender as formas de inserção urbana de três conjuntos habitacionais construídos nas duas últimas décadas do século XX, em Salvador: Conjunto Loteamento Vale das Dunas, construído na área do “Miolo Urbano”; Conjunto Viver Melhor/Ogunjá, localizado na área central da cidade de Salvador; e o Conjunto Nova Primavera, localizado no Subúrbio Ferroviário. Os três equipamentos são interceptados por vias de acessos estruturantes, localizam-se em diferentes espaços intraurbanos e sofreram o fenômeno do envelhecimento precoce na infraestrutura construtiva. A pesquisa realizada promoveu um conjunto de avaliações quanto à forma de alocação desses conjuntos habitacionais no tecido urbano de Salvador, assim como a qualidade técnica do projeto. Problematizando questões sobre a arquitetura do equipamento, a técnica construtiva e os anseios da participação popular. No desenvolvimento da metodologia, utilizamos pesquisas documentais, pesquisa de campo, visitas técnicas, com aplicação de questionários e roteiros de entrevistas. O estudo apresenta como resultado uma análise sucinta da política de habitação na década de 1990, em Salvador, assim como a afirmação de que projetos de habitação popular elaborados autocraticamente, sem a participação efetiva da população, põem em risco a sustentabilidade social do projeto.
Recent Advances in Memristive Materials for Artificial Synapses
Authors: Kim Sun Gil , Han Ji Su , Kim Hyojung , Kim Soo Young , Jang Ho Won
Published: November 2018

Neuromorphic architectures are in the spotlight as promising candidates for substituting current computing systems owing to their high operation speed, scale‐down ability, and, especially, low energy consumption. Among candidate materials, memristors have shown excellent synaptic behaviors such as spike time‐dependent plasticity and spike rate‐dependent plasticity by gradually changing their resistance state according to electrical input stimuli. Memristor can work as a single synapse without programming support, which remarkably satisfies the requirements of neuromorphic computing. Here, the most recent developments in memristor‐based artificial synapses are introduced with their excellent synaptic behaviors accompanied with detailed explanation of their working mechanisms. As conventional memristive materials, metal oxides are reviewed with recent advancements in heterojunction technologies. An overview of organic materials is presented with their remarkable synaptic behaviors including their advantages of biocompatibility, low cost, complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor compatibility, and ductility. 2D materials are also introduced as promising candidates for artificial synapses owing to their flexibility and scalability. As emerging materials, halide perovskites and low‐dimensional materials are presented with their synaptic behaviors. In the last section, future challenges and research directions are discussed. This review article is hoped to be a guide to rational materials design for the artificial synapses of neuromorphic computing.
A Strategy to Modulate the Bending Coupled Microwave Magnetism in Nanoscale Epitaxial Lithium Ferrite for Flexible Spintronic Devices
Authors: Shen Lvkang , Lan Guohua , Lu Lu , Ma Chunrui , Cao Cuimei , Jiang Changjun , Fu Huarui , You Caiyin , Lu Xiaoli , Yang Yaodong , Chen Lang , Liu Ming , Jia Chun‐Lin
Published: November 2018

With the development of flexible electronics, the mechanical flexibility of functional materials is becoming one of the most important factors that needs to be considered in materials selection. Recently, flexible epitaxial nanoscale magnetic materials have attracted increasing attention for flexible spintronics. However, the knowledge of the bending coupled dynamic magnetic properties is poor when integrating the materials in flexible devices, which calls for further quantitative analysis. Herein, a series of epitaxial LiFe5O8 (LFO) nanostructures are produced as research models, whose dynamic magnetic properties are characterized by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements. LFO films with different crystalline orientations are discussed to determine the influence from magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Moreover, LFO nanopillar arrays are grown on flexible substrates to reveal the contribution from the nanoscale morphology. It reveals that the bending tunability of the FMR spectra highly depends on the demagnetization field energy of the sample, which is decided by the magnetism and the shape factor in the nanostructure. Following this result, LFO film with high bending tunability of microwave magnetic properties, and LFO nanopillar arrays with stable properties under bending are obtained. This work shows guiding significances for the design of future flexible tunable/stable microwave magnetic devices.
Synthesis of a Novel Disperse Reactive Dye Involving a Versatile Bridge Group for the Sustainable Coloration of Natural Fibers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Fan Yue , Zhang Yan‐Qin , Yan Kai , Long Jia‐Jie
Published: November 2018

Disperse reactive dyes with appropriate chemical structure are key for the coloration of natural fibers in the water‐free environmentally friendly medium of supercritical carbon dioxide with various advantages. The objective of this work is to design and synthesize a novel anthraquinonoid disperse reactive dye involving a versatile bridge group to improve the coloration properties of the dye in supercritical carbon dioxide. Cross‐coupling condensation based on an Ullmann reaction between N‐phenylethylenediamine and 1‐chloroanthraquinone in a ligand‐free system is investigated by optimizing the synthesis parameters. Notable influences are observed from the dosages of N,N‐dimethyl formamide and potassium hydroxide, as well as the system temperature and reaction duration, on the isolated yield of the dye precursor. An optimized process is also recommended for synthesizing the designed novel dye. Then, the chemical structure, color characteristics, and coloration properties of the obtained dye are further investigated and successfully characterized by utilizing Fourier‐transform infrared analysis, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Additionally, practical coloration experiments are performed with cotton, silk, and wool in a supercritical carbon dioxide medium.
A Desymmetrization‐Based Total Synthesis of Reserpine
Authors: Park Jisook , Chen David Y.‐K.
Published: November 2018

Reported herein is a desymmetrization‐based synthetic approach to the fused polycyclic indole alkaloid reserpine. The centerpiece of the developed strategy features an internal desymmetrization process that enabled the use of a readily accessible and nonstereogenic reserpine E‐ring precursor, in contrast to the synthesis‐intensive and stereodefined E‐ring intermediates employed in all past reserpine syntheses. Utilization of inexpensive reagents through an orchestrated sequence of carefully selected chemical transformations further highlight the overall effectiveness of the developed pathway.
Magnesium(I) Halide versus Magnesium Metal: Differences in Reaction Energy and Reactivity Monitored in Reduction Processes of P−Cl Bonds
Authors: Arras Janet , Kruczyński Tomasz , Bresien Jonas , Schulz Axel , Schnöckel Hansgeorg
Published: November 2018

Magnesium(I) halides (MgIX; X=Cl, Br, I), as high temperature molecules, are trapped and finally stored at −80 °C in toluene/donor solutions. These solutions provide insights into the fundamental mechanism of reduction reactions using activated magnesium metal as a prototype for every base metal. The most important example of such a reaction is the preparation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). The details of this highly complex mechanism especially of intermediates between Mg metal and MgII (RMgX) remain unknown until today. The same is true for the reaction of bulk magnesium with Group 15 halide compounds that give biradicaloid species. We investigate the reduction of P−Cl bonds with solutions of [MgIBr(NnBu3)]2 (1). The phosphanes [ClP(μ‐NTer)]2 (2) and (Me3Si)2N‐PCl2 (3), were chosen as they had successfully been reduced by Mg metal before. Furthermore, reactions of both 1 and Mg metal are compared with an MgI chelate complex L1Mg−MgL1 containing a strong Mg−Mg σ‐bond.
Formation of Multicomponent Size‐Sorted Assembly Patterns by Tunable Templated Dewetting
Authors: Guo Dan , Zheng Xu , Wang Xiaohe , Li Huizeng , Li Kaixuan , Li Zheng , Song Yanlin
Published: November 2018

Selective and deterministic assembly of particles is fundamentally significant for manufacturing functional devices. However, it is still a challenge to precisely and facilely manipulate particles of different sizes into different assembly patterns. Herein, a method is presented to achieve precise control over the formation of binary or ternary particle size‐sorted assemblies. We investigate the assembly process of particles by capillary confinement and show that different size‐sorted assemblies of multiple components can be realized by tuning the templated dewetting. By controlling the dewetting direction, receding contact angle, and pillar height of the template, assembly of dual‐ring patterns, “comet” structures, and patterns with component separation are regulated. These structures can be further diversified by tuning the composition of the particles. This approach is general for particle assemblies of different sizes and materials, which will be significant for the fabrication of printed micro/nanohybrid devices.
Ether‐Soluble Cu53 Nanoclusters as an Effective Precursor of High‐Quality CuI Films for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Yuan Peng , Chen Ruihao , Zhang Xiaomin , Chen Fengjiao , Yan Juanzhu , Sun Cunfa , Ou Daohui , Peng Jian , Lin Shuichao , Tang Zichao , Teo Boon K. , Zheng Lan‐Sun , Zheng Nanfeng
Published: November 2018

An effective strategy is developed to synthesize high‐nuclearity Cu clusters, [Cu53(RCOO)10(C≡CtBu)20Cl2H18]+ (Cu53), which is the largest CuI/Cu0 cluster reported to date. Cu powder and Ph2SiH2 are employed as the reducing agents in the synthesis. As revealed by single‐crystal diffraction, Cu53 is arranged as a four‐concentric‐shell Cu3@Cu10Cl2@Cu20@Cu20 structure, possessing an atomic arrangement of concentric M12 icosahedral and M20 dodecahedral shells which popularly occurs in Au/Ag nanoclusters. Surprisingly, Cu53 can be dissolved in diethyl ether and spin coated to form uniform nanoclusters film on organolead halide perovskite. The cluster film can subsequently be converted into high‐quality CuI film via in situ iodination at room temperature. The as‐fabricated CuI film is an excellent hole‐transport layer for fabricating highly stable CuI‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with 14.3 % of efficiency.
Malformations in the Murine Kidney Caused by Loss of CENP‐F Function
Authors: Haley Chanell O. , Waters Aoife M. , Bader D.M.
Published: November 2018

Centromere‐binding protein F (CENP‐F) is a large and complex protein shown to play critical roles in mitosis and various other interphase functions. Previous studies have shown that the disruption of CENP‐F function leads to detrimental effects on human development. Still, it is important to note the lack of studies focusing on the effects that the loss of this essential protein may have on specific adult organs. In the current study, we used a novel global knockout murine model to analyze the potential consequences deletion of CENP‐F has on adult kidney structure and function. We discovered several structural abnormalities including loss of ciliary structure, tubule dilation, and disruption of the glomerulus. Along with these structural irregularities, renal dysfunction was also detected suggesting hydronephrosis and acute kidney injury in these knockout organs. Importantly, this is the first study linking CENP‐F to kidney disease and hopefully these data will serve as a platform to further investigate the molecular mechanisms disrupted in the kidney by the loss of CENP‐F. Anat Rec, 302:163–170, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suppression of Murine Lupus by CD4+ and CD8+ Treg Cells Induced by T Cell–Targeted Nanoparticles Loaded With Interleukin‐2 and Transforming Growth Factor β
Authors: Horwitz David A. , Bickerton Sean , Koss Michael , Fahmy Tarek M. , La Cava Antonio
Published: November 2018

Objective

To develop a nanoparticle (NP) platform that can expand both CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells in vivo for the suppression of autoimmune responses in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs encapsulating interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) were coated with anti‐CD2/CD4 antibodies and administered to mice with lupus‐like disease induced by the transfer of DBA/2 T cells into (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice. The peripheral frequency of Treg cells was monitored ex vivo by flow cytometry. Disease progression was assessed by measuring serum anti–double‐stranded DNA antibody levels by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Kidney disease was defined as the presence of proteinuria or renal histopathologic features.

Results

Anti‐CD2/CD4 antibody–coated, but not noncoated, NPs encapsulating IL‐2 and TGFβ induced CD4+ and CD8+ FoxP3+ Treg cells in vitro. The optimal dosing regimen of NPs for expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells was determined in in vivo studies in mice without lupus and then tested in BDF1 mice with lupus. The administration of anti‐CD2/CD4 antibody–coated NPs encapsulating IL‐2 and TGFβ resulted in the expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells, a marked suppression of anti‐DNA antibody production, and reduced renal disease.

Conclusion

This study shows for the first time that T cell–targeted PLGA NPs encapsulating IL‐2 and TGFβ can expand both CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells in vivo and suppress murine lupus. This approach, which enables the expansion of Treg cells in vivo and inhibits pathogenic immune responses in SLE, could represent a potential new therapeutic modality in autoimmune conditions characterized by impaired Treg cell function associated with IL‐2 deficiency.
Guided Hands‐On Activities Can Improve Student Learning in a Lecture‐Based Qualitative Biomechanics Course
Authors: Catena Robert D. , Carbonneau Kira J.
Published: November 2018

A qualitative biomechanics (functional anatomy) course is a typical course in kinesiology curriculum. Most evidence suggests that biomechanics learning could be improved with the inclusion of laboratory experiences. However, implementing laboratories into biomechanics curriculum is difficult due to cost and time constraints. This study was conducted to evaluate whether hands‐on activities in lecture improve qualitative biomechanics learning. A lecture format was compared to the same course with guided and unguided hands‐on activities included during lecture. Test performance and student evaluations were compared between lecture formats to determine if hands‐on experiences improve learning. The hands‐on group performed better on the same test questions and they evaluated their overall course activities as beneficial to their learning. The findings suggest that guided hands‐on experiences may improve learning compared to unguided activities. The hands‐on experiences seem to provide an embodied cognitive learning experience, facilitating retention of learned material through three‐dimensional and tactile mental representations. Findings from this research are currently shaping how biomechanics is taught to students at this university and could at other universities as well.
Cost‐Efficient Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Effective Photocatalyst for Antibiotic Degradation: An Insight into the Effects of Different Precursors and Coexisting Ions, and Photocatalytic Mechanism
Authors: Tian Cheng , Zhao Hui , Mei Jian , Yang Shijian
Published: November 2018

In this study, the photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) synthesized via different precursors (urea, thiourea, and dicyandiamide) is investigated in the degradation process of tetracycline. Owing to the efficient charge separation and transfer, prolonged radiative lifetime of charge, large surface area, and nanosheet morphology, the urea‐derived g‐C3N4 exhibits superior photocatalytic activity for tetracycline degradation under visible‐light irradiation. This performance can compare with that of most reported g‐C3N4‐based composite photocatalysts. Through the time‐circle degradation experiment, the urea‐derived g‐C3N4 is found to have an excellent photocatalytic stability. The presence of NO3−, CH3COO−, Cl− and SO42− ions with the concentration of 10 mm inhibits the photocatalytic activity of urea‐derived g‐C3N4, where this inhibitory effect is more obvious for Cl− and SO42− ions. For the coexisting Cu2+, Ca2+, and Zn2+ ions, the Cu2+ ion exhibits a significantly higher inhibitory effect than Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions for tetracycline degradation. However, both the inhibitory and facilitating effects are observed in the presence of Fe3+ ion with different concentration. The h+, .OH and .O2− radicals are confirmed as major oxidation species and a possible photocatalytic mechanism is proposed in a urea‐derived g‐C3N4 reaction system. This study is of important significance to promote the large‐scale application of g‐C3N4 photocatalysts in antibiotic wastewater purification.
Simultaneous determination of fifteen multiclass organic pollutants in human saliva and serum by liquid chromatography–tandem ultraviolet/fluorescence detection: A validated method
Authors: Russo Giacomo , Barbato Francesco , Mita Damiano Gustavo , Grumetto Lucia
Published: November 2018

A quick and inexpensive validated method, based on sample treatment by liquid–liquid microextraction followed by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with ultraviolet tandem fluorescence detection is proposed for the determination of 15 multiclass pollutants both in serum and in saliva, as a simple and easy to draw matrix. The method was set up and validated according to European guidelines. The compounds of interest include some endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (i.e. bisphenol A, bisphenol B, bisphenol E, bisphenol F, bisphenol AF, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol M, diethylhexyl phthalate, monoethylhexyl phthalate, triclosan and 4‐nonylphenol), as well as other pollutants belonging to the class of volatile organic compounds (2‐chlorophenol, 1,2 dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5‐tetrachlorobenzene). The limits of quantifications ranged from 2.28 × 10−3 μg mL−1(bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) to 6.29 μg mL−1(diethylhexyl phthalate), while those of detection ranged from 0.068 × 10−3 μg mL−1(bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) to 1.031 μg mL−1(diethylhexyl phthalate). To test method suitability, it was applied to real saliva and serum samples of healthy human volunteers and was found to meet the demands of the laboratories handling simple and relatively inexpensive equipment for screening oriented at rapid and reliable contamination assessment of a population.
The majority of piriformis muscles are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve
Authors: Iwanaga Joe , Eid Seif , Simonds Emily , Schumacher Maia , Loukas Marios , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: November 2018

The piriformis muscle is clinically implicated in pain disorders, posterior approaches for total hip arthroplasty, and iatrogenic injury to the muscle and the surrounding nerves. The piriformis muscle has been said to receive innervation from L5 to S3 ventral rami with most sources using S1 and S2 ventral rami as the most common innervation this muscle. However, descriptions of the nerve in the literature are vague. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the nerve supply to the piriformis muscle. Twenty sides from ten fresh‐frozen cadavers were studied. Specifically, via anterior dissection of the sacral plexus, branches to the piriformis were identified. Once identified, the nerves to the piriformis muscle were traced proximally to clarify their origin. Nerves supplying the piriformis muscle existed on all sides. On 80% of sides, the piriformis was innervated by two to three nerves. The origin of these nerves was from the superior gluteal nerve on 14 sides (70%), inferior gluteal nerve on one side (5%), L5 ventral ramus on one side (5%), S1 ventral ramus on 17 sides (85%), and S2 ventral ramus on 14 sides (70%), respectively. The most common nerve branches to the piriformis are from the superior gluteal nerve, and the ventral rami of S1 and S2. Based on our study, a single “nerve to piriformis” does not exist in the majority of specimens thus this term should be abandoned. Clin. Anat. 32:282–286, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“We are happy we welcome this decision what … our Prime Minister has taken”: Political subjectivities in populist politics during demonetization (2016) in India
Authors: Sambaraju Rahul
Published: November 2018

Discursive social psychologists have examined various ways in which political talk and participation in politics are accomplished. In this paper, I examine talk related to a populist policy to examine how it is that members of the general public informally participate in populist political practices. I examined transcripts of broadcast on‐air interviews with those experiencing outcomes of a controversial monetary policy in India introduced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, namely, demonetization. Discursive psychological analyses show that interviewers and interviewees treated talk on policy as implicating political subjectivities for the interviewees. They flexibly offered various forms of assessments on the policy in ways to negotiate implications that they were predisposed to the policy and Modi. Their political subjectivities as those who were “Modi supporters,” for example, were attended to and negotiated in ways to accomplish interview participation. The findings show the relevance of personal/subjective assessments and positions in political talk. These are discussed in relation to contemporary understandings of populism.
Electrochemical Detection of Isoform‐Specific Interaction between Apolipoprotein E and Amyloid‐β
Authors: Su Han , Jin Yiyun , Noroozifar Meissam , Kerman Kagan
Published: November 2018

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) including amyloid‐β (Aβ) in the brain. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays a key role in the homeostasis of cholesterol and other lipids in blood circulation. The interaction between ApoE and Aβ has been implicated in the pathological progression of AD. In this study, the interaction of three isoforms of ApoE4, ApoE3 and ApoE2 with Aβ1–40and Aβ1–42peptides was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Interactions between Aβ peptides and ApoE isoforms were determined by monitoring the changes in ΔRctof Nyquist plots. The affinity between Aβ1–40and Aβ1–42and ApoE isoforms interpreted from EIS data followed the trend: ApoE4>ApoE3>ApoE2. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the binding affinity (KD) constants for the interaction of ApoE4 with Aβ1–40and Aβ1–42peptides were determined as 185±21 nM and 156±18 nM, respectively, in agreement with our electrochemical results. Our proof‐of‐principle study demonstrates that EIS provides a promising platform for the investigation of protein‐protein interactions implicated in AD.
Mixed‐valence Compounds: AuO2 and AuS
Authors: Tang Meng , Zhang Yanmei , Li Siya , Wu Xi , Jia Yan , Yang Guochun
Published: November 2018

The front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. Guochun Yang. The image shows two hitherto unknown AuO2 and AuS compounds with mixed‐valence states of Au discovered through first‐principles swarm structure searching calculations. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cphc.201800715.
Multistate occupancy modeling improves understanding of amphibian breeding dynamics in the Greater Yellowstone Area
Authors: Gould William R. , Ray Andrew M. , Bailey Larissa L. , Thoma David , Daley Rob , Legg Kristin
Published: November 2018

Discerning the determinants of species occurrence across landscapes is fundamental to their conservation and management. In spatially and climatologically complex landscapes, explaining the dynamics of occurrence can lead to improved understanding of short‐ vs. long‐term trends and offer novel insight on local vs. regional change. We examined the changes in occupancy for two species of anurans with different life histories over a decade using hundreds of wetland sites in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. To account for the joint dynamics of wetland drying and amphibian breeding, we adopted a multistate occupancy model as a means to investigate mechanistic relationships of observed occurrence patterns with climatological drivers of wetland hydrologic variability. This approach allowed us to decompose occupancy dynamics into habitat changes caused by wetland drying and amphibian breeding activity, conditional on available water and previous breeding state. Over our 10‐yr time series, we observed considerable variability in climate drivers and the proportion of dry wetlands. Boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata) were more responsive to changes in wetland inundation status than Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris), as indicated by higher breeding colonization probabilities under favorable (wet) conditions. Both species had high probabilities of breeding persistence in permanently inundated wetlands with prior breeding. Despite the absence of multi‐year drought in our time series, mechanistic relationships described here offer insights on how future climate variation may result in reduced and/or shifted occurrence patterns for pond‐breeding anurans in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Further, our modeling approach may prove valuable in evaluating determinants of occurrence for other species that are dependent on wetlands or other dynamic habitats.
A Tripodal Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex with pH Controlled Emissive Quenching
Authors: Brown Rodney T. , Fletcher Nicholas C. , Danos Lefteris , Halcovitch Nathan R.
Published: November 2018

A tripodal podand has been prepared and complexed to ruthenium(II) creating a metal complex with C3‐symmetry and an enclosed cavity. The complex shows the anticipated enhanced emission when compared to [Ru(bipy)3]2+ in acetonitrile. The emission from this cryptand like structure is invariant to the introduction of monovalent cations in aqueous solution, but a significant drop in the emission was observed with increasing pH over a very broad pH range (3 to 12). This is attributed to an N to t2g electron transfer in the excited‐state in the unprotonated form with a transfer rate of the order of 4.2 × 105 s–1. The crystal structure indicates the inclusion of water within the cavity suggesting that the protonation of a tertiary amine can be effectively moderated by a water molecule held in close proximity within a rigid cavity.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 1,3‐Butadiyne Derivatives and their Application in the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 2,5‐Diarylthiophenes
Authors: Andrade Camila B. , Carvalho Diego B. , Trefzger Ozildéia S. , Kassab Najla M. , Guerrero Palimécio G. , Barbosa Sandro L. , Shiguemoto Cristiane Y. K. , Baroni Adriano C. M.
Published: November 2018

A one‐pot protocol was developed for the synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,3‐butadiynes. The procedure is based on two sequential reactions: deprotection of R–C≡C–C≡C–C(Me)2OH derivatives in a retro‐Favorskii reaction to furnish a terminal 1,3‐butadiyne compound, which reacted with aryl iodides in a Sonogashira‐type cross‐coupling reaction catalyzed by Pd(PPh3)4 and CuI, using TBAOH as activator and toluene as solvent under reflux for 10 min. We also studied in situ thiocyclization of 1,3‐butadiynes, leading to unsymmetrical 2,5‐diarylthiophenes. The principal features of this method are operational simplicity, good substrate scope, very fast reaction, and high yields.
Trends in the consumption of opioids for the treatment of severe pain in Europe, 1990–2016
Authors: Bosetti Cristina , Santucci Claudia , Radrezza Silvia , Erthal Juliana , Berterame Stefano , Corli Oscar
Published: November 2018

Background

Over the last decades, consumption of opioids for the treatment of pain increased steadily in the United States, Australia, and a few European countries. To date, no study has analysed time trends in opioid consumption across Europe.

Methods

We analysed data provided by International Narcotics Control Boards on the consumption of fentanyl, oxycodone, morphine, hydromorphone and pethidine in 40 European countries over the last decade. Trends in total opioid consumption from 1990 to 2016 in 22 selected European countries, the European Union (EU) as a whole, and, for comparison purpose, the United States, were analysed using the joinpoint regression analysis.

Results

In 2014–2016, opioid use was >10,000 defined daily doses for statistical purposes (s‐DDD) per 1,000,000 inhabitants die in Western/Northern countries, whereas it was <1000 s‐DDD in Southern/Eastern ones. In most European countries, opioid consumption increased to a great extent between 2004–2006 and 2014–2016; it rose from 6,477 to 8,967 s‐DDD (+38.4%) in the EU, and from 14,598 to 16,491 s‐DDD (+13%) in the United States. The increase in opioid use was steady since the early to mid‐1990s in most European countries and it slowed down after the mid‐ to late 2000s. In Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Switzerland, Poland and the EU, opioid use levelled off or declined over most recent years.

Conclusions

Consumption of opioid analgesics sharply increased in most of European countries since the early to mid‐1990s. This notwithstanding, in the mid‐2010s there was still a more than 10‐fold difference between the highest consumption in Western/Northern countries and the lowest one in Southern/Eastern countries.

Significance

This study provides an updated and comprehensive analysis of time trends and geographic variations in opioid consumption use across European countries over the last three decades.
Effect of ferrous sulfate dosage and soil particle size on leachability and species distribution of chromium in hexavalent chromium‐contaminated soil stabilized by ferrous sulfate
Authors: Zhang Ting‐Ting , Xue Qiang , Li Jiang‐Shan , Wei Ming‐Li , Wang Ping , Liu Lei‐ , Wan Yong
Published: November 2018

Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) is widely used to effectively stabilize hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))‐contaminated soil. The leaching behavior, Cr(VI) content, and chromium speciation distribution in the stabilized soil are the most important indexes for determining the effectiveness of reduction treatment. Numerous factors, such as reductant dosage and soil particle size, affect the stabilization process; these factors are relatively important. This study investigated the influence of FeSO4 dosage and soil particle size on leachability and speciation distribution of chromium in contaminated soil. Results showed that the increase in FeSO4 significantly reduced the leachability and Cr(VI) content in the soil given the increased reducible species that stem from an acid soluble fraction of chromium. The small particle size of the soil that contains a large surface area facilitated the reaction between Cr(VI) and FeSO4, thereby resulting in low leachability and high reducible species of Cr(VI) in the stabilized soil. The leached Cr(VI) concentration was exponentially correlated to Cr(VI) content in the stabilized soil, and the leachability of Cr from the stabilized soil was linearly correlated to the exchangeable phase of Cr. In addition, the leached Cr(VI) concentration from the stabilized soil conform to the US Environmental Protection Agency and China regulatory limits; meanwhile, considerable Cr(VI) remained in a few stabilized soil and exceeded the environmental quality standards for soil in China. These results illustrated the importance of a comprehensive assessment of Cr(VI)‐contaminated soil, which is treated by reductants for enabling flexible future land use. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 500–507, 2019
Use of DNA sequencing for noncommunicable diseases in low‐income and middle‐income countries' primary care settings: A narrative synthesis
Authors: González‐Robledo Luz Maria , Serván‐Mori Edson , Casas‐López Anaid , Flores‐Hernández Sergio , Bravo María Lilia , Sánchez‐González Gilberto , Nigenda Gustavo
Published: November 2018

Objective

To present a systematic narrative review, informed by international experience, on the use of genomic analysis technologies in the primary care of noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) during the last 20 years.

Methods

We used the methodology for conducting systematic reviews proposed by the Center for Coordination and Information on Evidence for Policies and Practices. The selected articles were organized by time, place, study design, and type of DNA sequencing. Finally, we analyzed the implications of our findings for health systems in middle‐income and low‐income countries focusing on a NCD high prevalence country such as México.

Results

Evidence concerning the use of DNA sequencing in primary care for NCDs was scarce and geographically concentrated in high‐income countries. Use was limited by costs, insufficient knowledge among health care personnel, and a lack of confidence on the part of users.

Conclusions

The use of DNA sequencing for primary care of NCDs is a challenge for low‐ and middle‐income countries. More evidence is needed on cost effectiveness, public funding mechanisms, and the training of health care personnel for its implementation.
Vanadium compounds and cellular death mechanisms in the A549 cell line: The relevance of the compound valence
Authors: Guerrero‐Palomo Gabriela , Rendón‐Huerta Erika P. , Montaño Luis F. , Fortoul Teresa I.
Published: November 2018

Non‐small lung cell carcinoma has a high morbidity and mortality rates. The elective treatment for stage III and IV is cisplatinum that conveys serious toxic side effects. Vanadium compounds are metal molecules with proven antitumor activity that depends on its valence. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanism of action of vanadium compounds is required. The aim of our study was to investigate the mechanisms of cell death induced by sodium metavanadate (NaVO3 [V(+5)]) and vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4 [(+4)]), both of which have reported apoptotic‐inducing activity. We exposed the A549 cell line to various concentrations (0‐100 μM) and to different exposure times to each compound and determined the cell viability and expression of caspases, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Bcl2, Bax, FasL and NO. Our results showed that neither compounds modified the basal expression of caspases or pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic proteins. The only change observed was the 12‐ and 14‐fold significant increase in ROS production induced by NaVO3 and VOSO4, respectively, at 100 μm concentrations after 48 hours. Our results suggest that classical apoptotic mechanisms are not related to the cell death induced by the vanadium compounds evaluated here, and showed that the higher ROS production was induced by the [(+4)] valence compound. It is possible that the difference will be secondary to its higher oxidative status and thus higher ROS production, which leads to higher cell damage. In conclusion, our results suggest that the efficacy of the cell death mechanisms induced by vanadium compounds differ depending on the valence of the compound.
Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on gelatin/glycosaminoglycan electrospun nanofibers with different amount of glycosaminoglycan
Authors: Honarpardaz Ali , Irani Shiva , Pezeshki‐Modaress Mohamad , Zandi Mojgan , Sadeghi Amin
Published: November 2018

Tissue engineering is a new technique to help damaged cartilage treatment using cells and scaffolds. In this study we tried to evaluate electrospun scaffolds composed of gelatin/glycosaminoglycan (G/GAG) blend nanofibers in chondrogenesis of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). Scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning technique with different concentration of glycosaminoglycan (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) in gelatin matrix. BMMSCs were cultured on the scaffolds for chondrogenesis process. MTT assay was done for scaffold's biocompatibility and cells viability evaluation. Alcian blue staining was carried out to determine the release of GAG and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was done for expression ofCOL2A1and also immunocytochemistry assay were used to confirm expression of type II collagen. Scaffold with 15% GAG showed better result for biocompatibility (p=0.02). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that MSCs have good attachment to the scaffolds. Alcian blue staining result confirmed that cells produce GAG during differentiation time different from GAG in the scaffolds. Also the results for RT‐PCR showed the expression ofCOL2A1marker. Immunocytochemistry assay for type II collagen confirm that this protein expressed. Scaffold comprising 15% GAG is better results for chondrogenesis and it can be a good applicant for cartilage tissue engineering. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 38–48, 2019.
Saponins enriched in the epidermal layer of Holothuria leucospilota body wall
Authors: Sroyraya Morakot , Kaewphalug Wanita , Anantachoke Natthinee , Poomtong Tanes , Sobhon Prasert , Srimongkol Atthapol , Suphamungmee Worawit
Published: November 2018

Saponins are secondary metabolites that provide medicinal benefits in controlling body homeostasis and metabolic functions. Sea cucumber has been consumed in many Asian countries due to their health benefits. Active chemicals found in sea cucumber include natural source of saponins which are enriched in their tissues, including the Cuvierian tubules and the body wall. Tissue origin of the saponin biosynthesis and accumulation is limitedly known. The present study is to indicate major compositions and distributions of saponins in the body wall of Holothuria leucospilota. Structurally, their body wall consisted of the pigmented layer of the epidermis, the dermal connective tissues, and inner muscular layers. Interestingly, release of the pigmented granules from the epidermis was related to detection of epidermal saponins. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) revealed identical mass spectra in the saponin extracts and compared to the known compounds of holothurians. To investigate the release of epidermal saponins, the epidermis dissolved in either butanol or distilled water were analyzed and presented the saponin masses with two prominent masses of m/z 1,243.3 (holothurin A and scabraside B) and 1,259.3 (holothurin A3). MALDI‐IMS also demonstrated strong signals of the known saponins which were only localized in the epidermis of the body wall. Taken together, this study shows that granule release from epidermal pigmented cells is somehow related to the amount of epidermal saponins released to surrounding seawater. Hence, the future research in the sea cucumber better focuses on epidermal cells that are the enriched site of saponins, although several active compounds require further investigation.