bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiologische und klinische Aspekte einer im Trächtigkeitsverlauf veränderlichen Mikromorphologie des bovinen Corpus luteum*
Authors: Gasse H. , Lommetz C. , Hoedemaker M. , Peukert‐Adam I.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt Lichtmikroskopisch werden an Paraffinschnitten des Corpus luteum graviditatis vom Rind während der Trächtigkeit Veränderungen festgestellt. Zum einen fällt das Nebeneinander von unterschiedlichen histologiichen Zuständen mit individuellen Schwankungen hinsichtlich Grad und lokaler Ausdehnung auf. In einer Auswechslung einer Luteinzellpopulation durch eine andere scheint sich ein kontinuierlicher Umbau des Luteingewebes, jeweils auf verschiedene Bereiche lokal begrenzt und dabei vielleicht unter regulativer Beteiligung der Blutgefäße, zu vollziehen. Zum anderen wird eine besondere Beziehung solcher Veränderungen zu zwei Zeitabschnitten während der Gravidität bemerkbar:—Im zweiten Trächtigkeitsdrittel hat sich das Luteingewebe histomorphologisch derart verändert, daß von einem morphologischen “Umbruch” gesprochen werden kann. Daraus sich ableitende funktionelle Konsequenzen werden im Zusammenhang mit einer zu dieser Zeit herabgesetzten Wirksamkeit des Prostaglandin F2α diskutiert.—Gewebeproben aus dem neunten Monat fallen durch ihren vergleichsweise gut ausgebildeten Gewebeverband und relativ hohen Anteil vormals verminderter großer Luteinzellen auf. Die diesbezügliche Diskussion legt nahe, unter Einbeziehung von Berichten über ovarielles Relaxin beim Rind, dem Corpus luteum zu dieser Zeit (nach seiner ehemaligen Bedeutung für den Erhalt der Gravidität) nun eine Rolle für den ungestörten Geburts‐ und Nachgeburtsverlauf zuzusprechen.

Contents: Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Micromorphological Changes of the Bovine Corpus Luteum during Pregnancy In paraffin sections of the bovine corpus luteum changes are observed light microscopically throughout pregnancy. There is evidence of a simultaneous presence of different histologic stages, the degree and local extension of which vary individually. A replacement of one lutein cell population by the other seems to express a process of remodelling, which is limited to certain areas at one time. The blood vascular system may exert some regulating influence. These alterations appear to be correlated with two periods during pregnancy:—In the second trimester, structural changes of the luteal tissue have reached their highest degree. The functional consequence of this phenomenon is discussed with regard to the low effectiveness of PGF2α, during that time.—Luteal tissue of nine months pregnant cows displays a remarkably well structured formation. Large lutein cells, which were diminished formerly, have increased in number. This observation, in consideration of reports about ovarian relaxin in the bovine, leads to the suggestion that the corpus luteum may change functionally: after its significance for the maintenance of pregnancy, it may subsequently become of importance for an undisturbed course of parturition and postpartum delivery of fetal membranes.
Radiographic Estimation of Pregnancy in Goats
Authors: Saleh M. , Ahmed A.S. , Nono A.H. , Eissa H.M.
Published: October 2007

Contents: The onset and progression of goat fetal skeletal radio opacity were studied to identify the stage of pregnancy and the number of fetuses present. Lateral radiographs using 75 KVP, 200 Ma, 0.25 s and 100 FFD was found to be good values for detection of pregnancy in goats. Lengths taken for skull, femur and vertebral column of the fetus were used as a parameter for determination of the stage of pregnancy. Counting the number of fetal skulls were used for estimating the number of fetuses present. Accurate radiological diagnosis of pregnancy in goat was possible after 10 weeks of gestation.

Inhalt: Radiographische Bestimmung der Trächtigkeit bei der Ziege

Der Beginn und die Weiterentwicktung fötater Skelettbildung wurde radiologisch bestimmt, um das Stadium der Trächtigkeit und die Zahl der Föten zu ermitteln. Laterale Röntgenbilder wurden mit 75 KVP, 200 Ma., 0,25 Sek. und 100 FFD ermittelt, wobei sich diese Einstellung als günstig für die Trächtigkeitserkennung bei Ziegen erwies. Die Ermittlung der Schädellänge, des Femurs und des Rückenmarks beim Fötus wurden als Parameter für die Bestimmung des Trächtigkeitsstadiums benutzt. Die Zahl der Fötalschädel ergab die Zahl der Föten. Genaue radiologische Diagnose der Trächtigkeit bei Ziegen war ab etwa 10 Wochen der Trächtigkeit möglich.
Vorubergehende Thrombozytopenie während der frühen Trächtigkeit bei zur Superovulation stimulierten und unbehandelten Kühen*
Authors: Enbergs H. , Schultes H. , Lehnen B.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt: An 52 Kuhen aus verschiedenen ET‐Programmen (n=39) sowie aus dem normalen Besamungsbetrieb (n=13) wurde geprüft, ob es auch bei dieser Spezies in der frühen Trachtigkeit im Blut zu einer vorübergehenden Thrombozytopenie kommt, wie es von O'Neill (1985) bei Mausen beobachtet wurde. Die Blutproben (Sepzialrohrchen, 5 ml mit EDTA als Antikoagulans) wurden am Tag der Besamung und an den 4 folgenden Tagen aus der V. jugularis und V. subcutanea abdominis entnommen. Die Zahl der Thrombozyten wurde aus dem Volblut im Coulter Counter, Modell S‐Plus bestimmt. Nach Gruppierung der Kühe in solche mit transfertauglichen und solche rnit unbefruchteten Eizellen ergab sich bei den ersteren ein Abfall der Thrombozytenzahl bis zur 4. Probe, bei den letzteren dagegen ein vorübergehender Anstieg der Thrombozytenzaht. Dieser Unterschied erwies sich für den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum als hochsignifikant (p ≤ 0,001). Bei den Kühen aus dem normalen Besamungsbetrieb tendier‐ten die Ergebnisse nach Gruppierung der Tiere hinsichtlich ihres Trächtigkeitsstatus in die gleiche Richtung.

Contents: Transitory thrombozytopenie during early pregnancy in superovulated and non‐treated cows

52 cows from different ET‐programs (n=39) and from the normal AI‐service (n=13) were checked to see wether there is during early pregnancy a similar transitory thrombozytopenie as O'Neill has detected it in mice. Venous blood samples (5 ml EDTA as anticoagulant) were taken for 5 days, beginning from the day of AI. The number of thrombocytes was counted from whole blood in a Coulter counter, modell S plus. After grouping the tested cows in such with suitable embryos and such with unfertilized ova in the first group a drop of the thrombocytes up to the fourth sample was seen, in the second group however a transitory increase of the number of thrombocytes. This difference was highly significant (p ≤ 0,001) for the whole test periode but not from day to day. In the cows of the normal AI‐service the results tended in the same direction after grouping them according their pregnancy‐status.
Radioimmunologische Hormonbestimmungen bei Ratten nach hohen Vitamin‐A‐Gaben
Authors: Kaemmerer K. , Döhler K.D. , Dey‐Hazra A.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt: Männliche Ratten reagieren auf intraperitoneale, intramuskuläre und orale Applikation extrem hoher Dosen von Vitamin A kurzfristig und befristet mit einem Anstieg von gonadotropen Hormonen und Testosteron im Serum. Der Effekt läβt sich bei alten Tieren (460 g; 100.000 IE/Tier) infolge teilweise fehlender Reaktionsbereitschaft bzw. übermäβig ansteigender Hormonkonzentrationen in Einzelfällen und daraus resultierender erheblich groβer Streubereiche nur tendenziell unterstellen. Jüngere Tiere (250–2 74 g; 50.000–100.000 IE/kg Tier) reagieren einheitlicher. Ein gesicherter Anstieg von LH und Testosteron läβt sich bereits eine Stunde nach der intraperitonealen bzw. oralen Applikation nachweisen. Der Hormonanstieg ist nur von kurzer Dauer. Bei intramuskulärer Eingabe wirkt sich die verzögerte Resorption aus, so daβ die hormona‐Len Reaktionen zeitverschoben nur angedeutet sind oder fehlen. Das Verhalten des als “Stundenphänomen” zu bezeichnenden kurzfristigen Hormonanstiegs wird sowohl hinsichtlich möglicher Eigenwirkungen auf spezifisch hormonelle Zusammenhänge als auch der Bedeutung für die Praxis (Deckunlust) diskutiert.

Contents: Hormone levels (RIA) in rats treated with high levels of vitamin A

After intraperitoneal, intramuscular and oral application of an extreme high dose of vitamin A, male rats react with a temporary short rise of gonadotropines and testosterone. Due to lack of partial reaction capacity in old animals (450 g; 100.000 IU/per animal) there is an extreme high rise of hormone concentration in some individuals with cause a wide range of variation in hormone concentration. As a result it shows only the tendency of this effect. Young animals (250–274 g; 100.000 IU/kg/per animal) react uniformally. Already one hour after intraperitoneal and oral application a proved rise of LH and testosterone is detected. This hormone rise is only for a short duration. Intramuscular application causes delayed resorption. As a result the hormone reaction is either delayed or absent. The short rise of hormone concentration which is called “hour phenomenon” is discussed in connection with possible effect on specific hormone and also its practical application.
Estrogene aktivieren Eischalenprotein‐Gene in der Leber von Legehennen
Authors: Wieser Dorothée , Krampitz G.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt: Die organische Matrix von Eischalen besteht aus Proteinen und stark sulfatierten Glykoproteinen, die am Aufbau der Eischale morphologisch und funktionell wesentlich beteiligt sind. Die Synthese von loslichen Vorstufen dieser Proteine erfolgt in der Leber. Zumindest eine entscheidende Regelgröβe dieses Synthese‐Prozesses stellt der Estrogenspiegel dar. Applikationen von Antiestrogenen (Tamoxifen) führt zum vollständigen Erliegen der Expression von Schalenprotein‐Genen in der Leber von Legehennen. Estrogen‐Gaben an juvenilen Hennen löst diesen Vorgang aus, auch wenn der Legetrakt noch nicht ausgebildet ist. Auch Hähne produzieren nach Estrogenbehandlung Schalenprotein‐mRNA. Die Expression von Schalenprotein‐Genen erlischt jedoch bei Estrogen‐Applikation an Hennen mit hoher Legeleistung. Gleichzeitig werden bei diesen Tieren massive Leberschäden beobachtet. In diesem Zusammenhang werden mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen manifestierten Leberschäden und schlechter Eischalenqualität diskutiert.

Contents: Estrogens activate egg shell protein‐genes in liver of laying hens

The organic matrix of egg shell is a made‐up of highly sulfated glycoproteins, which are essentially involved in the construction of the shell as far as morphology and functions are concerned. The synthesis of soluble precursors of the protein occurs in th liver. At least one predominant control‐factor of this synthesis process is the level of estrogens. Application of antiestrogens (tamoxifen) results in a complete breakdown of the expression of shell protein‐genes in the liver of laying hen. Estrogen‐doses applied to juvenile chicken triggers this process even though the laying tract is not yet formed. Also roosters produce shell‐protein‐mRNA after estrogen treatment. The expression of shell protein‐genes ceases, however, after application of estrogens to chicken with a high laying rate. Simultaneously massive liver damages are observed in these animals. In this context possible relationships between manifested liver damage and low egg shell quality are discussed.
Intrafollikuläre Stoffwechselveränderungen am Ovar von Schlachtrindern
Authors: Böttcher M. , Gernhard K. , Lange W. , Neumann B.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Untersuchungen zur Stoffwechselaktivität in Antralfollikeln (< 10 mm Durchmesser) des exstirpierten Ovars von Schlachtrindern vorgestellt. Die Messungen wurden zum Zeitpunkt der Ovargewinnung (0) sowie nach Aufbewahrung der Organe über 1, 2 und 3 h in Dulbecco‐Medium durchgeführt. Als Stoffwechselparameter wurden Glukosegehalt und pH‐Wert gewählt. Der Glukosegehalt sinkt von 3,28 ± 0,67 mmol/lbei t0 auf 0,16 ± 0,22 mmol/l nach 3 h Aufbewahrung der Ovarien im Dulbecco‐Medium. Gleichermaßen verringert sich der pH‐Wert von 6,91 ± 0,11 auf 6,58 ± 0,26. Im Follikel des exstirpierten Ovars wird die Energiequelle schnell verbraucht, und die Pufferkapazität ist erschöpft. Daraus resultieren verschlechterte Lebensbedingungen für die Oozyte bereits kurze Zeit nach der Ovargewinnung. Für weitere In‐vitro‐Manipulationen scheint eine frühzeitige Gewinnung von Oozyten aus den Follikeln unmittelbar nach der Ovarentnahme aus dem Schlachttier erforderlich.

Contents

Metabolic changes in follicles on ovaries of slaughtered cattle

The present study deals with the metabolism of antral follicles of over 10 mm diameter on the ovary at the time of ovary removal (t0) and after ovary storage for 1, 2, and 3 h in Dulbecco medium. Glucose content and pH were used as parameters to characterize metabolic status. The glucose content decreased from 3,28 ± 0,67 mmolll at t0 to 0,16 ± 0,22 mmol/l after 3 h storage in Dulbecco medium. Similarly, the pH dropped from 6,91 ± 0,11 to 6,58 ± 0,16. The energy resources of th ovary are rapidly depleted after removal and its buffer capacity exhausted. Consequently, conditions permitting oocyte survival deteriorate rapidly. To permit further in‐vitro manipulations, it seems necessary to recover oocytes from the follicles immediately after removing ovaries from slaughtered cattle.
Die künstliche Besamung beim Schwein: 5 Jahre Einsatz des Bütschwiler Verdünners von 1983–1987
Authors: Summermatter P. , Burkhalter F.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt: Der Einsatz eines rnodifizierten Verdünners für die Schweinebesamung, basierend auf Bestandteilen der bekannten Zorlesco‐ und Modenamedien (Original Bütschwiler Verdünner), brachte in der Besamungsstation Bütschwil der Norm entsprechende Befruchtungsergebnisse. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu einer Untersuchung von L.A. Johnson et al. (1988), allerdings erzielt mit einem Verdünner, der bei zwei Komponenten mengenmüβig von demjenigen in Bütschwil verwendeten abwich. Auf Grund der Erbfehlererhebungen wurden in einem Zeitraum von 5 Jahren (1983–1987) folgende Abferkeldaten erzielt: Veredeltes Landschwein (VLS): 72,8% mit 10,4 lebenden und 1,8 toten Ferkeln pro Wurf; Edelschwein (ES): 73,2% mit 10,2 lebenden bzw. 1, s toten Ferkeln pro Wurf. Die Gegenüberstellung der Abferkelergebnisse mit einer anderen schweizerischen Eberstation, die den BTS‐Verdünner benützte, ergab in einer gleichen Zeitperiode von 3 Jahren (1985–1987) mit 73,0% bzw. 75,7% keinen signifikanten Unterschied.

Contents: Artificial insemination of swine. A five years use of the Bütschwil diluent from 1983–1987

A statement to the article of L.E. Johnson et al.: Artificial insemination of swine. In: Zuchthygiene 23, 49–55 (1988)

The use of a modified diluent for AI of swine, based on parts of the medias of Zorlesco and Modena (original Bütschwil diluent), resulted in normal fecundity in the area of the Bütschwil AZ Center. These results are in contrast to a field trial of L.A. Johnson et al. (1988), but obtained by a diluent which differed from the extender used in Bütschwil in the amount of 2 components. With the aid of the information forms of hereditary defects, the farrowing rates during a five‐year‐period (1983–1987) showed the following figures: Landrace (VLS) 72,8% with 10,4 live and 1,8 dead born piglets per litter; Yorkshire (ES) 73,2 with 10, Z live and 1,8 dead born piglets per litter. Comparing the farrowing rate with another Swiss boar center, which was using the BTS extender, showed in u same period of three years (1985–1987) with 73,07% respectively 75,70% no significant difference.
Embryo Sexing—A Broad Survey*
Authors: Miller J.R.
Published: October 2007

Contents:

Embryo sexing has been performed in both man and domestic species. Three approaches are described: H‐Y antigen, cytogenetic analysis and measurement of X‐linked enzyme activity. None of these requires the use of Y chromosome‐specific sequences. Sexing of semen by flow cytometry is discussed, this technique could eventually render embryo sexing obsolete.
Sex Determination of Bovine Embryo Biopsies Using in situ Hybridization*
Authors: Thomsen P.D. , Schwerin M. , Poulsen P.H. , Avery B.
Published: October 2007

Contents:

A male specific bovine DNA fragment was used as probe to determine the sex of bovine interphase cells by in situ hybridization. This method also proved useful for determining the sex of bovine embryos.
Transfer of Bisected Cattle Embryos within the Same Zona Pellucida*
Authors: Smith S.D. , Schmidt Mette , Greve T.
Published: October 2007

Contents:

Cattle embryos at the compact morula and blastocyst stages were bisected by two different methods. In some embryos the embryo bisection was performed outside of the zona pellucida and both halves were replaced into it. Other embryos were bisected within the zona pellucida and no pipetting of the halves was required. They were transferred to synchronized recipient cows and the pregnancy rates and twinning rates were evaluated.
Geklontes Kalb in Neustadt geboren
Authors: Todorov J. , Todorova T. , Zimmermann U. , Arnold W.M. , Leiding C. , Hahn R. , Hahn J.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:

Am 27.8.1992 wurde beim Besamungsverein Neustadt (BVN) in Neustadt a.d. Aisch ein geklontes Fleckviehkalb geboren. Die Identität der Abstammung konnte eindeutig gesichert werden. Der erfolgreiche Kerntransfer in einem Versuchsprogramm soll belegen, daβ sich nach der Fusion einer Blastomere aus einem Spenderembryo mit einer in vitro gereiften und enukleierten Empfängeroozyte ein Embryo entwickeln kann, der nach Transfer auf ein Empfängertier zur Geburt eines gesunden Kalbes führt.

Contents: A cloned calf was born in Neustadt ad. Aisch

A cloned “Fleckvieh” calf was born at the Al‐Association Neustadt (BVN) in Neustadt a.d. Aisch on August, 27, 1992. The identity of the parentage could be verified undoubtedly. The successful nuclear transfer in an experimental program showed that the fusion of a blastomere from a donor embryo with an in vitro matured and enucleated recipient oocyte led to the development of an embryo, and after transfer to a synchronous recipient to the birth of a healthy calf.
Isolation and Culture of Luminal Oviductal and Glandular Uterine Epithelia from the Pig (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Boerjan M. L. , de Laat J. M. T. , Stroband H. W. J.
Published: October 2007

Contents Pig luminal oviductal and glandular uterine epithelia were isolated and cultured to monolayers. Within 4–5 days after isolation the monolayers from glandular uterine epithelium reached confluency, while cultures of luminal oviductal epithelium needed 6–7 days to reach this stage. The epithelial character of the cultured cells was confirmed by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and by demonstration of intermediate filaments using immunohitochemistry. SEM analysis revealed that the monolayers from luminal oviductal origin consisted of microvilli rich epithelial cells only. In SEM preparations from glandular luterine epithelium we observed microvilli bearing as well as ciliated epithelial cells. All isolates from glandular uterine epithelium contained connective tissue derived fibroblasts. In cryosections of fresh oviductal and endometrial tissues, epithelial cells did react specifically with anti‐keratin while anti‐vimentin was not bound. Cultured epithelial cells, however, reacted with both anti‐vimentin and anti‐keratin indicating that cells from oviductal or urterine origin might dedifferentiate with respect to intermediate filament expression when brought into culture.

Inhalt: Isolierung und Kultur von Epithelzellen aus dem Eileiterlumen und von glandulären uterinen Epithelzellen beim Schwein (Sus scrofa)

Porcine Epithelzellen aus dem Eileiterlumen und glanduläre uterine Epithelzellen wurden isoliert und als Monolayer kultiviert. Innerhalb von 4–5 Tagen nach der Isolierung waren die uterinen Epithelzellen zusammengewachsen. Epithelzellen des Eileiters benötigten 6–7 Tage um dieses Stadium zu erreichen. Der epitheliale Charakter der Zellen wurde durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen (SEM) und durch den immunhistologischen Nachweis intermediärer Filamente bestätigt.

DieelektronenmikroskopischeUntersuchung zeigte, daβdie Monolayer aus den Eileiterzellen nur aus Mikrovilli‐reichen Epithelzellen bestanden.

Dagegen wiesen die glandulären Uterinzellen sowohl Zellen mit Mikrovilli als auch mit Zilien besetzte Epithelzellen bei der elektronenmikroskopichen Untersuchung auf.

Alle isolierten Epithelzellen uterinen Ursprungs enthielten Fibroblasten aus dem verbindenden Gewebe.

In Cryoschnitten frischer Eileiter‐ und Endometriumsgewebe reagierten die Epithelzellen spezifisch mit Anti‐Keratin, wohingegen Anti‐Vimentin nicht gebunden wurde.

Epithelzellen aus der Kultur reagierten jedoch mit beiden Substanzen. Dies kann als Hinweis gewertet werden, daβ die Zellen in der Kulturphase in Abhängigkeit der Intermediärfilamente entdifferenziert werden.
Statistical Methods to Produce “Good” Bovine Frozen Semen
Authors: Galli A , Signori T , Balduzzi D
Published: October 2007

A “good” bovine frozen semen must have: high fertility, low costs, good genetic values. The genetic value is associated to the sire and the Artificial Insemination (AI) centre can only optimize the management of the progeny test program. The high fertility and the low costs are strictly linked to the qualitative level of the technical management of the AI centre. The optimization of the management of an AI centre can be done by the choice of the best systems of semen handling and analysis, using the methods of the Statistical Quality Control (SQC). To support the production in an AI centre, it becomes important to set up some statistical instruments aiming to performing a Statistical Quality Control. These instruments (such as Control Charts) should allow the monitoring of the production because the various lots, produced by the same centre, should have a basically constant number of motile spermatozoa after thawing (the quality parameter with the better correlation with the fertility). Moreover, this number should range within the tolerance limits established by the centre. Only in this way the production activity of an AI centre may become of industrial type. The system that aims to maximize the production level, in an AI centre, as a function of the number of motile spermatozoa after thawing, consists of predicting forward motility and concentration, after thawing, of a batch of semen and using these values to compute the correct number of straws to produce for the batch (for each bull). The ARIMA models can be used to forecast the percentage of motile sperms after thawing for bulls with continue production, while to forecast the concentration it is necessary to verify the loss of spermatozoa during the semen handling.
Aspects on Hormonal Control of Normal and Induced Parturition in the Dog
Authors: Hoffmann B , Riesenbeck A , Schams D , Steinetz BG
Published: October 2007

Average length of gestation on the dog is 63 ± 2 days but may vary between 57‐71 days due to the long period of receptivity at oestrus and the extended period of sperm survival in the female genital tract. In contrast to other domestic animals progesterone‐ and oestrogen concentrations are almost identical in pregnant and non pregnant bitches, except for their rapid decline immediately prior to parturition. Control of luteolysis still poorly understood. Experiments with indomethacin leading to a blockade of the prepartal PgF2α increase, which commences with the decrease of progesterone, point toward a role of PgF2α at this stage of pregnancy, which was extended for several days. At physiological conditions first visible signs of parturition were observed at peak‐PgF2α levels, 33.6 ± 17.6 hours after onset of luteolysis, which lasted over 16.8 ± 3.4 hours. Pulse‐type releases of oxytocin were only observed after this point of time. To test for the effect of progesterone‐withdrawal, four 51‐57 days pregnant bitches were treated with the antiprogestin RU 38486 which inhibits the activity of progesterone at the receptor level. In all dogs first visible signs of parturition were observed 33.5 ± 7.5 hours after onset of treatment. However, the process of parturition came to an end after cervical opening and totally only one puppy was born. Different to a normal parturition no increase of PgF2α was observed. Relaxin levels were not influenced by treatment. These observations suggested that treatment with antiprogestin followed by PgF2α might be an adequate method to induce parturition in the dog; first experiences seem to confirm this conclusion.
The control of follicular dynamics by PGF2α, gnrh, hCG and oestrus synchronization in cattle
Authors: De Rensis F. , Peters A.R.
Published: October 2007

Introduction  Reliable oestrus detection in cows requires several periods of intensive observation daily and is therefore time consuming and expensive. However, the cost of failure to detect oestrus accurately is much greater. For example it has been calculated to cost the US dairy industry $300million per year. Although there is wide variation between farms, the average rate of oestrus detection is about 50% (Barr 1975; King et al. 1976). This figure does not seem to have changed in the last 20 years (RJ Esslemont, personal communication). Furthermore some studies suggest that between 5 and 30% of inseminations are carried out when the animal is not in oestrus (Smith 1982; Senger et al. 1988). Therefore the identification of a precise method of inducing and synchronizing oestrus and ovulation in the cow would be an important advance in cattle management.

Synchronizing the oestrous cycle involves the manipulation of ovarian activity so that the time of ovulation can be predicted. Therefore this review of recent developments in methods of oestrus synchronization is preceded by a brief description of recent advances in our understanding of the physiology of the bovine oestrous cycle.
Annotations file for RDA184Page: 1Author/editor: is short title acceptable?Reproductive and Endocrine Changes in Dairy Cows Given GnRH at Different Intervals Postpartum
Authors: Foote R.H. , Riek P.M.
Published: October 2007

Contents

The reproductive organs of 91 cows in the university herd were palpated at least twice per week from 12 to 53 days postpartum (PP). Based upon uterine and cervical involution and tone, ovarian condition and fluid discharge at 12 to 18 days PP they were classified as normal or abnormal. Within each group they were randomly assigned to receive either saline or 100 μg of GnRH at 12 to 18 days or 100 μg of GnRH at 22 to 28 days PP. Milk samples were taken for progesterone determinations three times per week until the first breeding or up to 90 days PP. A subset of 23 cows completed a frequent blood sampling programme at 0 h (just prior to treatment), 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h later and every 12 h for 15 days following treatment. Values for milk and serum progesterone in samples taken during the same time period were highly correlated, r = 0.90, and were consistent with ovarian changes detected by palpation. Cows classified as normal initially continued to be normal, and GnRH had little effect. In the abnormal groups of cows at 28 days PP, 41% of the saline group and 77% of those treated with GnRH at 12 to 18 days PP had fully involuted uteri. Early treatment of abnormal cows with GnRH improved the reproductive efficiency, resulting in 95 days open compared with 129 days for saline‐treated abnormals. In conclusion, treatment with GnRH was effective in hastening the return to normal of cows classified initially as abnormal, and appears to be cost effective in maintaining an optimal calving interval.
The Relationship between Semen Quality and the Nonreturn Rate of Bulls
Authors: Christensen P. , BrockhoffArticle no.: P.B. , Lehn‐Jensen H.
Published: October 2007

Contents

The value of routine evaluation of bull semen was analysed for 117 AI bulls placed in two studs. Data from semen analysis of a total of 1635 ejaculates was compared statistically with the nonreturn rates of the bulls. The semen parameters which were significantly correlated to nonreturn rates were the motility of the freshly collected ejaculates (p = 0.0140) and post‐thaw motility (p = 0.0075). The total number of motile sperm in the inseminate ranged from 10.9 to 19.3 × 106 and according to previous reports the effects of low motility should be fully ‘compensated’ when doses above 10 × 106 sperm/dose are used for insemination. In conclusion, the motility of freshly collected semen does not appear to be ‘compensation’ and a low percentage of motile sperm in an ejaculate may indicate other dysfunctions of the population of motile cells. Furthermore, post‐thaw motility appears to correlate significantly with nonreturn rates. The largest proportion of the variation was explained by the breed of the bull and stud (42.2% of the variation), whereas the two motility parameters explained 10% of the total variation in nonreturn rates. Objective and precise evaluation of sperm motility in combination with other semen traits are needed to improve breeding efficiency. Although microscopic evaluation of sperm motility correlates with nonreturn rates of bulls, the methods are subjectively assessed and inaccurate and therefore do not allow a satisfactory prediction of fertility.
Familial Thyroxin‐Binding Globulin Deficiency
Authors: Kato Kiyohiko , Takakura Iwao , Kuno Yoshiki , Ishikawa Kazuo , Ichihashi Yasuo
Published: October 2007

A family with familial TBG deficiency in which an eight and a half‐month‐old boy was the propositus was reported. The com‐firmed diagnosis was based on paper electrophoresis results. The mode of transmission was X‐chromosome linked co‐dominant trait.
Policies for the Future Prevention of Handicaps in Children
Authors: Aldrich Robert A.
Published: October 2007

Handicaps to children are sufficiently numerous and of such variety that a significant proportion of children and youth in industrialized countries are unable to reach their natural potential and productivity. In times of low birth rates in industrialized countries this can become a limitation in reaching national goals. From a purely humanitarian standpoint children with handicaps could have better quality lives if their handicaps could be prevented. This paper is an effort to put forth a rationale for the prevention of furture handicaps to children and suggest some of the policies that lead in that direction.

Pediatricians worldwide have distinguished themselves for more than one hundred years by their effective efforts to understand and to interpret the phenomenon of human growth and development. This focus upon both physical growth and development and social‐behavioral development has discovered much of the evidence for the continuity of the human life span from conception to the elder years, continuity of processes that emerge at one stage in life and have maximum impact at still another. One can no longer seclude a single stage such as infancy from a much later stage such as the young adult because many manifestations observed in infancy may have their major effects in the young adult. In truth, we pediatricians are increasingly being drawn toward interest in all aspects of the life span simply because of their interrelatedness and the practical applicability of pediatric policies and principles to the stages of life that follow childhood and youth.
Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Group B Streptococcus Neonatal Infection in Japan
Authors: Nishida Hiroshi , Kadoi Nobuaki
Published: October 2007

GBS neonatal infection in Japan is on the trend of increase, which was confirmed by bibliographic analysis of data on neonatal bacterial infection in the past two decades and by recent clinical data. Vaginal GBS carrier rate of pregnant women in Japan was 11.3%, which was regarded as compatible with those from western countries. By analysing clinical cases, we proposed to classify GBS neonatal systemic infection as follows; amniotic infection type, rapid progress sepsis type and slow progress meningitis type, instead of early onset and late onset types. Serotypes la and III were predominant in clinical cases, especially after 24 hours of life, while Ic and III were the most frequent serotypes discovered from maternal vagina.
Early Detection of Pneumoperitoneum in an Infant with Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Transillumination
Authors: Togari Hajime , Kawase Atsushi , Ogino Takatoshi , Hagisawa Masahiro , Ogawa Yunosuke
Published: October 2007

We succeeded in the early diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum in a low birth weight infant with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis by transillumination. Transillumination is a simple and noninvasive technique which can be used in the evaluation in risk infants to detect pneumoperitoneum at the earliest possible time. In the large series of 296 neonates admitted to NICU over a period of 3 years, there was a sharp increase in the incidence of abdominal distension and/or intestinal bleeding with decreasing birth weight and gestation, indicating that neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis is dependent on the degree of prematurity. We therefore postulate that the disease could be termed “Enteropathy of Prematurity”. In infants with abdominal distension and/or intestinal bleeding, the routine use of transillumination may help the early detection of penumoperitoneum.
Investigations on Genetic Neurological Disorders of The Central Nervous System Involving Primarily Myelin Metabolism and Their Animal Counterparts
Authors: Baumann N. , Zalc B. , Lachapelle F. , HAUW J. J.
Published: October 2007

Several genetic neurological diseases involve primarily myelin or the myelin supporting cell, i.e. the oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system, or the Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system. Biochemical studies of these diseases are still scarce and post‐mortem findings are often difficult to interpret on account of non‐specific pre‐mortem changes. Experimental models appear particularly useful, especially murine species which myelinate post‐natally in the brain. The discovery of mutations in the mouse whose phenotypic expression involves mainly myelination has provided a new tool to study the genetic pathology of myelin.
Mammalian Genetic Galactosylceramidase Deficiencies
Authors: Suzuki Kunihiko
Published: October 2007

Genetic deficiency of galactosylceramidase is known to occur in man (globoid cell leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease), sheep, dog and mouse (twitcher). As expected from the same underlying cause, the clinical, pathological and biochemical manifestations are fundamentally similar in all species. Since the human disease is rare and since ethical considerations severely restrict the nature of studies feasible with the human disease, these genetically authentic animal models provide invaluable tools for research on globoid cell leukodystrophy. On the other hand, manifestations of the disease are not identical in all species despite the same genetic cause. Such species differences must be carefully taken into consideration when experimental results on the animal models are extrapolated to the human disease.
Cryopreservation of Pluripotent and Committed Hemopoietic Progenitor Cells from Human Bone Marrow and Cord Blood
Authors: Koike Kenichi
Published: October 2007

As one of the studies on autologous bone marrow transplantation for childhood cancer, the viabilities of several kinds of hemopoietic progenitor cells after cryopreservation was assayed using bone marrow and cord blood samples. The mean recovery rates of granulocyte‐macrophage colony forming units (CFU‐GM), erythroid burst forming units (BFU‐E) and erythroid colony forming units (CFU‐E) from bone marrow cells were 47.9%, 31.3% and 10.5%, respectively. The mean recovery rates of CFU‐GM, BFU‐E and CFU‐E from cord blood cells were 46.7%, 39.1% and 22.4%, respectively. The ratio of primitive to mature BFU‐E did not change after cryopreservation. The mean recovery rate of mixed colony forming units (CFU‐mix) from marrow cells was 30.2%, and that from cord blood cells was 58.9%, demonstrating their sufficient proliferative activity after cryopreservation. These results demonstrate that CFU‐mix, primitive BFU‐E as well as CFU‐GM, mature BFU‐E can be well cryopreserved, supporting the usefulness of autologous marrow transplantation for the rescue of the ruined hemopoiesis after intensive cancer therapy.
The Coffin‐Lowry Syndrome: Four New Cases In Three Families
Authors: Tonoki H. , Tomita T. , Ishikiriyama S. , Fukushima Y. , Nanbu H. , Niikawa N.
Published: October 2007

Four Japanese boys with the Coffin‐Lowry syndrome in three unrelated families were reported. Three of the four patients aged2–8 years had typical features of the syndrome including severe mental retardation, coarse facies, tapered fingers, and distal phalangeal tufting, while the remaining patient, examined at the age of seven months because his eldest brother was affected, had less characteristic features. As mentioned by many authors, clinical manifestations of the three patients had developed with age, so then the features in the youngest patient may progress in his childhood. All of the three mothers had variable features that were moderate to normal. Tapered fingers and tufting of distal phalages were the most common features among them and would be most diagnostic for the detection of affected females.
Severe Atopic Manifestations after Varicella in a Young Iffant
Authors: Azuma Hiroshi , Fujita Kozo , Cho Kazuhiko , Yoshioka Hajime
Published: October 2007

A 3 1/2‐month‐old girl developed aggravating atopic dermatitis and asthmatic bronchitis in the convalescence of her severe varicella, infected simultaneously with her mother following her brother. She had a marked eosinophilia and an elevated level of IgE. Clinical symptoms improved in parallel to the improvement of labolatory values within fortnight.
Studies of Pulmonary Function in Asthmatic Children
Authors: Nishima Sankei , Umeno Eisuke , Koizumi Shunjiro
Published: October 2007

Pulmonary functions were studied in 188 asymptomatic children with bronchial asthma and 272 healthy children. Ventilatory function was measured by the spirogram and maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve. Although the forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were of the same values in normal and asthmatic subjects, the maximal mid‐expiratory flow rate (MMF), the maximal flow rate at 50% (V50) and that at 25% (V25) of vital capacity were definitely lower in asthmatic children than those in healthy children, particularly in children with severe asthma.

Arterial blood gas tensions and pH were measured in 180 asthmatic children with various clinical symptoms and 102 asthmatic children with disturbance of consciousness. Hypocapnia was detected even in the asymptomatic state, and carbon dioxide tensions (Pco2) were markedly high values only on very severe attacks. There was a linear fall in arterial oxygen tension (Po2) and oxygen saturation (So2) with increasing severity of attack. A complication of metabolic acidosis was frequent in the subjects who suffered from severe attacks.

Children with severe asthma had small airways obstruction even in the asymptomatic state. This pulmonary disturbance appears to induce mild sustained hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis as acceleration of ventilatory drive. Therefore, the development of hypercapnia, even if it is mild, may be considered to represent somewhat severe impairement of the pulmonary function in children with bronchial asthma.
Ataxia Telangiectasia with Persistent Epstein‐Barr Virus Infection and Malignant Lymphome
Authors: Sakiyama Yukio , Takahashi Y. , Tsuneta H. , Matsumoto S.
Published: October 2007

Ataxia telangiectasia is agenetically determined immunodeficiency with predisposition to malignancy. Herein we report a case of ataxia telangiectasis in a child who had showed high antibody titers to viral capsid antigen (VCA), presence of antibodies to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) induced early antigen (EA), low titers of antibodies to EBV associated nuclear antigen (EBNA), and a high incidence of EBNA‐positive cells in the peripheral blood without symptoms of infectious mononucleosis before succumbing to malignant lymphoma five years later. We hypothesize the association betwen some cytogenetic defects and persistent EBV infection on the development of the malignant lymphoma in this patient.
Low Dose Administration of Captopril in Severely Hypertensive Children
Authors: Hisano Satoshi , Harada Tatsuo , Fukushige Junichiro , Goya Nagahide
Published: October 2007

Capopril, an oral angiotensin‐1‐ converting anzyme inhibitor, was administered to 8 severely hypertensive children. Three children did not respond to other conventional antihypertensive drugs. According to our protocol, patients who weighed 10 kg or less were given one half tablet, and those of over 10 kg were given one tablet in order to alleviate hypertensive crisis. There was a dramatic drop in blood pressure (BP) withing 30 minutes of administration of an anitial low dose of captopril (0.5–1.4mg/kg). The BP was stabilized to withing normal limits for two hours, and thereafter, the BP returned to the previous level after four hours. After administration of an initial dose of captopril, the BP was controlled by contined therapy of captopril alone with the exception of two cases to whom other antihypertensive were given in combination with captopril. Four cases with low renin activity responded as well to captopril as other with high renin activity did. Although captopril was given to two cases with nephrotic syndrome, there was no exacerbation of proteinuria. The only side effect was a skin eruption in one child who received long‐term treatment. We conclude that even a low dose of captopril is very effective in the control of both hypertensive crisis and of hypertensive children refractory to ther potent antihypertensive drugs.
New Equations to Determine the Depth of Orotracheal Intubation in the Very Low Birth Weight Infant
Authors: Ogawa Yunosuke , Nishida Akira , Inagawa Akira , Kitoh Hideyuki , Togari Hajime
Published: October 2007

In order to avoid complications of improper endotracheal tube positioning, new equations for determining the proper depth of orotracheal intubation in the preterm infant were devised (A. for infants whose crown‐heel length <40cm; Y = 0.2X ‐ 1, B. for infants with crown‐heel length >=40lcm; Y = 0.15X + 1, where Y = proper depth of orotracheal tube in cm, X = crown‐heel length in cm). The equations were derived from orotracheal measurements on routine inspiratory chest radiographs of 124 newborn infants. Thirty consecutive orotracheal intubations were performed using new equations. Proper tube placement with the tip within 1±1.0 cm from the theoretical mid‐tracheal point was com firmed by chest radiography in all of them. There were no complications noted. These simple formulae, therefore, are useful in emergency intubation on the very low birth weight infant to avoid improper placement of the tube tip prior to radiographic confirmation.
Newer Concepts of Dietary Therapy in IDDM in Children
Authors: Aagenaes ØYstein , Bergstad Ingunn , SkÄRa BjφRg , Vaaler Stein
Published: October 2007

The most important aspects of the diet for diabetic children are:

1. The timing of the meals. For the main meals, the time of the school meal and of the family dinner should be followed. Smaller meals will be necessary in between, with a total of about 6 meals daily.

2. The size of the meals and total amount of energy must be adjusted to the need of the children, and to the insulin type, dose and time of injection. A reasonable variation in energy intake is supported. Extra intake related to exercise will not only be taken on the days of exercise but also on the day after. This is supported by our own investigation. The appetite of the children should also be used in this regulation.

Newer studies are summarized about the change in absorbability of starch by heating and cooking, and the effect on blood glucose of potatoes, rice and bread, different fruits and sorbitol. A long‐term study of different fibres in bread is presented. A decrease both in mean bloodglucose and HbAl was found to be induced both by bran and by guar. The practical accomplishment of the diet is a larger problem than the theoretical ones.
Current Status of Pump Therapy in Childhood
Authors: J. Becker Dorothy , M. Kerensky Kirk , Transue David , P. Gutai James , Nathan Susan , Wolfson David , Drash Allan
Published: October 2007

Subcutaneous insulin infusion (SCII) has been shown in adults, but not yet in childhood IDDM, to successfully induce long‐term improvement of glycemic control & substrate & counterregulatory hormonal abnormalities. We studied 17 adolescents aged 15‐ 19 yrs during conventional therapy (A), after 6 wks of intensive monitoring with1–2 insulin injections (B), after1–2 wks (C),1–2 (D),4–5, (E), &6–8 (F) mos, &1–2 yrs of SCII. One girl was unable to tolerate the pump for more than 1 wk. Three boys discontinued SCII after 2 & 3 mos because of interference with sports & inability to adapt, & two girls because of excessive weight gain & return to poor control. A poorly compliant boy died in his sleep after 10 mos of SCII. Four others continued SCII for at least 1 yr, at which time two changed to multiple dose injection regimens.

The major decrease in whole blood glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) occurred from A (12.3 ± 1.7%, SD)to B (10.8 ± O.8%, P<01). A further, decrease at C (10.1 ± 1.2%) was less significant (P<0.05). Thereafter, there was a gradual increase to 11.2 ± 1.2% (P=0.02) at D, 11.9 ± 1.6% at E, 11.9 ± 1.7% at F, & 11.5 ± 0.9% at G. The stable GHb followed a similar pattern with a significant decrease from A to B of 11.8 ± 1.6% to 10.2 ± 0.7% (P<0.05), a non‐significant decrease at C to 9.5 ± 0.9% at G. The stable GHb followed a similar pattern with a significant decrease from A to B of 11.8± 1.6% to 10.2 ± 0.7% (P<0.05), a non‐significant decrease at C to 9.5 ± 1.1% & 9.6% 1.0% at D. At E, F, & G, this rose to 11.9%, 10.3% & 10.7%, respectively, & the means were not different from our clinic population. Mean blood sugars during 24 hr sampling showed similar patterns. 24 hr measurement of glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, FFA, & ketones significantly decreased during C. & D. These were occasionally below age‐matched normals. During SCII, there was increased incidence of ketoacidosis & some initial problems with infection. Many patients were unable to comply with the rigorous monitoring demands to make SCII safe & effective. Our data do not support the widespread use of SCII in adolescents, unless they unusual maturity & motivation.
The Wearable Artificial Endocrine Pancreas with a Needle‐ Type Glucose Sensor: Perfect Glycemic Control in Ambulatory Diabetics
Authors: Shichiri Motoaki , Kawamori Ryuzo , Goriya Yoshikazu
Published: October 2007

We have succeeded in miniaturizing a glucose monitoring system into a needle type which preserves the characteristics suitable to apply in a wearable closed‐loop control system. The wearable artificial endocrine pancreas (12 times 15 times 6 cm, 400 g) consists of the sensor, a microcomputer system which calculates insulin and glucagon infusion rates and a 2‐syringe driving system.

When glucose monitorings were attempted by a needle‐type glucose sensor inserted in subcutaneous tissue of the forearm or abdomen of healthy and diabetic volunteers, these results were around 10% lower than blood glucose concentrations, but high correlation between them was observed in the range of49–388 mg/dl.

Perfect glycemic controls were established by infusing insulin intravenously or even subcutaneously in response to measured glucose concentrations on a moment‐to‐moment basis in diabetics for a period of several days. By comparing the glycemic controls with those obtained in each patient with intensified multiple insulin injection regimes, the superiority of feedback control with the system was clearly demonstrated.

These data might indicate the feasibility of long‐term glycemic control in ambulatory diabetic patients with a wearable closed‐loop glycemic control system.