bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The frequency of pulmonary hypertension in patients with juvenile scleroderma
Authors: Adrovic Amra , Oztunc Funda , Barut Kenan , Koka Aida , Gojak Refet , Sahin Sezgin , Demir Tuncalp , Kasapcopur Ozgur
Published: August 2015

Juvenile scleroderma (JS) represents a rarely seen group of connective tissue diseases with multiple organ involvement. Cardiac involvement in JSS is well known and, although rare in children, it may be an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Therefore, an early determination of cardio-vascular and pulmonary involvement is of the most relevance to reduce the mortality in patients with juvenile scleroderma. The aim of the study was to explore the non-invasive methods (Doppler echocardiography, pulmonary function tests), Forced vital capacity (FVC) and Carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) in the assessment of the cardiopulmonary involvement in patients with JS. The assessment of pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) were made by the measurement of maximum tricuspid insufficiency (TI), end-diastolic pulmonary insufficiency (PI), ratio of acceleration time (AT) to ejection time (ET) (AT/ET), right atrial pressure (RAP) and contraction of vena cava inferior during inspiration. Thirty-five patients with confirmed JS were included in the study. The mean age of onset of the disease was 9.57 years (median 10 years, range 2-18 years). The mean disease duration and follow-up time was 2 years (median 1 year, range 0.5-8 years) and 3.57 years (median 2 years, range 0.5-14.5 years), respectively.The values of all the analyzed parameters including TI, PI, AT/ET, PAP, FVC and DLCO were found to be within normal ranges in all the patients tested, confirming an uncommonness of cardiopulmonary involvement in patients with juvenile scleroderma.
The influence of rhythm and dance to the physical fitness of children of primary school age
Authors: Голенкова Ю. В. , Пальчук Н. І.
Published: August 2015

Objective: to determine the impact of the rhythm and choreography on physical fitness of primary school pupils.Material and methods. Analysis of pedagogical and methodological literature; interviews with experts, questionnaire; surveillance; teacher testing.Research results. The influence of rhythm and choreography means the physical fitness of primary school pupils. It is shown that the use of the lessons of physical training exercises proposed rhythm and choreography contributed to a significant improvement in women flexibility and coordination hurried abilities, and the boys - flexibility
Characteristics of motor abilities of middle class
Authors: Смірнова О. В.
Published: August 2015

The aim — to determine the dynamics of motor preparedness of middle classes.Materials and methods. Analysis of pedagogical and methodological literature; interviews with experts, questionnaire; surveillance; teacher testing. In testing was attended by 100 students, 10 boys and 10 girls from 5 to 9 classes.Conclusions. The overall level of the physical condition of the body and motor pidhotovlensti students has a low level. Individual assessment of each motor readiness zoriyentovuye on the development of motor skills and provides an opportunity to identify ways to self-motor readiness of children of secondary school age.
Антишкольная культура и социальные сети школьников
Authors: Ivaniushina Valeria , Alexandrov Daniil
Published: August 2015

Иванюшина Валерия Александровна — кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Лаборатории социологии образования и науки НИУ ВШЭ — Санкт-Петербург. Эл. адрес: v.ivaniushina@gmail.com Александров Даниил Александрович — кандидат биологических наук, профессор, руководитель Лаборатории социологии образования и науки НИУ ВШЭ — Санкт-Петербург. Эл. адрес: da1581@gmail.com На основе анализа данных опроса учащихся государственных общеобразовательных школ проверяется существование феномена дифференциации — поляризации в российской школьной системе, отличающейся специфичной по отношению к зарубежной стратификацией, которая основана на социально-экономическом статусе семей. Сравнивается влияние прошкольной/антишкольной культуры на разных уровнях социального окружения школьника (школы, класса, тесных групп общения) на его образовательный результат.Рассматриваемые в рамках исследования школы в результате двухступенчатой стратифицированной выборки разделены на две группы: со стандартной и с усиленной образовательными программами. С помощью метода многоуровневой регрессии установлено, что социально-экономическая дифференциация российских школ не приводит к возникновению поляризации прошкольных/антишкольных установок в разных типах школ. Уровень прошкольных аттитюдов определяют индивидуальные и семейные характеристики ученика (пол, миграционный статус, социально-профессиональный статус семьи и образование родителей).Для сравнения влияния уровня школы и уровня непосредственного дружеского окружения ученика на общеобразовательный результат построена трехуровневая модель: индивид — клика (тесная группа общения) — школа. Для введения в анализ уровня клик построены полные социальные сети в пределах класса и выделены тесные группы общения, плотность внутренних связей которых выше, чем плотность внешних связей. Выявлено, что показатели прошкольных установок на уровне клик положительно связаны с успеваемостью ученика при контроле по индивидуальным аттитюдам и социодемографическим характеристикам. Эффект поляризации аттитюдов, отсутствующий на уровне школы, происходит и закрепляется на уровне тесных групп общения.
Нужна ли программа воспитания демократической школе?
Authors: Gazman Oleg
Published: August 2015

Газман Олег Семенович (1936–1996) — кандидат педагогических наук, член-корреспондент РАО, заведующий лабораторией Центра педагогических инноваций. Адрес: Российская академия образования — Россия, 119121, Москва, ул. Погодинская, д. 8.Анализируются толкования понятия «программа воспитания», существовавшие в период с 1950-х годов, когда в Академии педагогических наук РСФСР была создана первая подобная программа, до середины 1990-х годов.Регулирование жизни детского коллектива на основании заранее составленных на федеральном уровне программ и планов определяется как свойство тоталитарных систем. В условиях открытого демократического общества «госзаказ на человека» может базироваться только на самых общих принципах и ориентирах. А установление конкретных целей и задач воспитания — сфера самоопределения педагогических коллективов.Для максимального содействия саморазвитию личности ребенка как важнейшей образовательной задачи предлагается дифференцировать понятия его социализации и индивидуализации. На основании этого выделяются два соответствующих типа программирования: программы воспитания в контексте приобщения подрастающего поколения к национальным, общекультурным ценностям и к нормативному поведению; и программы педагогической поддержки индивидуального развития через помощь в преодолении препятствий к социально адекватному и самобытному развитию.Программа воспитания может быть создана только как один из разделов общей программы образования личности. Целостная образовательная программа в рамках учебного плана включает обучение, воспитание и педагогическую поддержку, находящиеся в компетенции школы. Соответственно, и внеурочные программы, создаваемые в школах в рамках дополнительного образования (развития) учащихся, могут включать и собственно воспитательные подпрограммы, и подпрограммы поддержки.
Social Capital in Development: Bonds, Bridges, and Links in Osa and Golfito, Costa Rica
Authors: Hunt Carter A. , Durham William H. , Menke Claire M.
Published: August 2015

Limited social capital poses a critical bottleneck for sustainable rural development. Despite vast investment, development interventions focused on preserving the biodiversity of the Osa and Golfito region of Costa Rica have done little to address poverty or improve the well-being of local residents. The authors of the current study draw upon field research and data gathered from semi-structured interviews with 310 community leaders and rural residents to investigate the bottlenecks to development and how they are related to forms of social capital in the Osa and Golfito cantons in Costa Rica. Specifically, we draw upon the distinction of bonding, bridging, and linking forms of social capital to characterize the nature of benefits from collective action in communities in Osa and Golfito. The data suggest that the lack of bridging and linking forms of social capital may explain the region's persistent development challenges and may thus indicate where development-related investments are most likely to bear fruit.
Congonhas
Authors: Alves Luiz Carlos
Published: August 2015

.
Starville
Authors: Gomes Duílio
Published: August 2015

.
Las cien perlas
Authors: Arciniegas Gabriela
Published: August 2015

.
A representação e o ritual em final do jogo, de Júlio Cortazar
Authors: Andrade Vera Lúcia
Published: August 2015

.
Eufrásio
Authors: Póvoa José Liberato Costa
Published: August 2015

.
Do diário de um pequeno burguês
Authors: Vieira Luiz Gonzaga
Published: August 2015

.
Antes
Authors: Gomes Eugênio
Published: August 2015

.
Premissa
Authors: Claver Ronald
Published: August 2015

.
Esfinge
Authors: Neves Osias Ribeiro
Published: August 2015

.
Poema
Authors: Alves Luiz Carlos
Published: August 2015

.
Êmbolo
Authors: Neves Libério
Published: August 2015

.
Centauro
Authors: Gomes Duílio
Published: August 2015

.
As visões de Dona Olga
Authors: Carneiro Plínio
Published: August 2015

.
Peixe-Alecrim, Peixe-Pecado
Authors: Lyon Sandra
Published: August 2015

.
Segredo
Authors: Carvalho Antônio De Pâdua Barreto
Published: August 2015

.
Aspectos da representação de Marco Túlio Cícero nos compêndios de História Universal do Ensino Secundário na Primeira República Brasileira (1889-1930) * Aspects of the representation of Marcus Tullius Cicero in textbooks on Universal History of the Second
Authors: TAVARES ANDRÉ LUIZ CRUZ
Published: August 2015

O artigo tem como objetivo o estudo das origens e das características da representação de Marco Túlio Cícero (106-43 a.C.) nos compêndios de História Universal utilizados no Ensino Secundário durante a Primeira República do Brasil (1888-1930), bem como a utilização dessa representação na construção identitária nacional republicana brasileira no início do século XX.

Palavras-chave: Cícero – República – Brasil.

 

Abstract: This paper aims to study the origins and characteristics of the representation of Marcus Tullius Cicero (103-46 BC) in textbooks on Universal History used in Secondary Education during the First Republic of Brazil (1889-1930), as well as use of this representation in the Brazilian republican national identity construction in early twentieth century.

Keywords: Cicero – Republic – Brazil.
Supervivencia prolongada en el síndrome de Casamassima-Morton- Nance. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura
Authors: Huerta-Uribe Nidia
Published: August 2015

El síndrome de Casamassima-Morton-Nance es una entidad rara, de etiología desconocida y mal pronóstico, que pertenece al grupo heterogéneo de las disostosis espondilocostales. Este síndrome, además de defectos vertebrales y arcos costales, comprende atresia anal y anormalidades genitourinarias como criptorquidia, hidrocele, hidronefrosis, agenesia renal, cloaca y fístulas urinarias, entre otras. En este trabajo informamos el caso de una niña de seis años de edad, sin historia de consanguinidad y con cariotipo normal, que presenta alteraciones congénitas, costovertebrales, anales y urogenitales compatibles con el síndrome de Casamassima-Morton-Nance. En su evolución se agregaron retraso psicomotor grave, epilepsia y litiasis renal recidivante, hallazgos no reportados en los casos previos, posiblemente por el fallecimiento temprano. Se han propuesto como mecanismos causales la herencia autosómica recesiva, mutaciones de novo y al menos dos casos han presentado rearreglos cromosómicos. Este reporte propone la posibilidad de supervivencia hasta la etapa escolar a partir de un abordaje multidisciplinario temprano; aunque el síndrome puede condicionar retraso psicomotor importante. La etiología permanece desconocida y no se descarta que sea heterogénea, por lo que los casos son candidatos a hibridación genómica comparativa en microarreglos o a secuenciación exómica.

 

 
Indicadores de riesgo del Perfil de Conductas de Desarrollo como instrumento para la detección temprana de retrasos y alteraciones del desarrollo
Authors: Bolaños Cristina , Mina-Lara María del Mar , Ramos-Ortega Gregorio
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: evaluar la validez de la discriminación de los Indicadores de Riesgo del Perfil de Conductas de Desarrollo-Revisados (INDIPCD-R), como instrumento de tamizado, para la detección temprana de retrasos y alteraciones del desarrollo en infantes de 6 meses a 4 años de edad. 

Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal comparativo con 145 infantes provenientes de una clínica y dos estancias infantiles (CENDI). Se evaluaron con INDIPCD-R y con la Escala Perfil de Conductas del Desarrollo-Revisada 83 niños, el resto fue evaluado sólo con los INDIPCD-R.

Análisis: frecuencias para variables de estudio. U de Mann- Whitney para comparar INDIPCD-R en clínica y CENDI. Sensibilidad y especificidad para el INDIPCD-R. Consistencia interna del INDIPCD-R mediante alfa de Cronbach.

Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0.05) en las frecuencias de indicadores de riesgo en los grupos evaluados. Grupo de niños de clínica: sensibilidad 100%; especificidad 69%. Grupo de niños de los CENDI: sensibilidad 94%; especificidad 84%. Alfa de Cronbach: 0.938.

Conclusiones: los Indicadores de Riesgo del Perfil de Conductas de Desarrollo-Revisados son un instrumento de tamizado que discrimina al niño que presenta alteraciones en su desarrollo de aquéllos cuyo desarrollo es normal y no se encuentran en riesgo. Se demostró de forma válida y confiable que niños con aparente desarrollo normal, sin diagnóstico específico, pueden presentar alteraciones en el desarrollo.

 

 
Pólipos gastrointestinales en pediatría
Authors: Cázares-Méndez Josefina Monserrat , Zamudio-Vázquez Vianey Paola , Gómez-Morales Esteban , Ortiz-Aguirre Silvia Guadalupe , Cadena-León José Francisco , Toro-Monjaraz Erick Manuel , Montijo-Barrios Erika , Zárate-Mondragón Flora , Cervantes-Bustamante Roberto , Ramírez-Mayans Jaime Alfonso , López-Ugalde Martha Verónica
Published: August 2015

Antecedentes: el pólipo gastrointestinal es un tumor o crecimiento localizado que protruye desde la pared hacia la luz intestinal. Su manifestación clínica más común es la rectorragia recurrente; también puede causar dolor abdominal, prolapso del pólipo por el recto, prurito, dolor después de la defecación, diarrea mucosa o constipación de vientre. La colonoscopia es el procedimiento de elección para diagnosticar y tratar los pólipos.

Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, colonoscópicas e histológicas de los pacientes pediátricos con poliposis colónica, atendidos en el Servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México.

Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, transversal, retrospectivo, descriptivo. Se revisaron todos los expedientes de los pacientes a quienes se realizó estudio endoscópico del 4 de junio del 2010 al 31 de diciembre del 2013.

Resultados: se revisaron 56 expedientes; 49 cumplían los criterios de inclusión con predominio del sexo masculino (59.2%). El síntoma principal de estos pacientes fue el sangrado moderado del tubo digestivo bajo no anemizante en 41 casos (83.7%); la localización más frecuente fue rectal (51%).

Conclusiones: en pacientes preescolares y escolares con hemorragia de tubo digestivo bajo “no anemizante”, la primera posibilidad diagnóstica es un pólipo que debe ser diagnosticado, tratado y, en su caso, seguido por el tiempo necesario.

 
Onfalopileflebitis y absceso hepático neonatal
Authors: Baeza-Herrera Carlos , López-Medina Perla , Nájera-Garduño Heladio Marino , Martínez-Leo Bruno Adrián
Published: August 2015

La onfalopileflebitis y el absceso hepático en neonatos son raros y se asocian, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, con infecciones por Staphylococcus epidermidis y como complicación de la cateterización venosa umbilical. La manifestación única es una infección sistémica e implica dificultades diagnósticas. Presentamos los hallazgos clínicos y quirúrgicos de un recién nacido masculino de 12 días con onfalopileflebitis y absceso hepático asociados con cateterización de la vena umbilical.

 
Certificado médico
Authors: Reyes-Cadena Armando
Published: August 2015

El certificado médico es un testimonio escrito acerca del estado de salud actual de un paciente, que el profesional extiende a su solicitud o a la de sus familiares, luego de la debida constatación del mismo a través de la asistencia, examen o reconocimiento.
To Be or Not To Be a Consultant
Authors: Gilmore R. B.
Published: August 2015

Knowledge, experience, and judgment are basic keys to responsible petroleum reservoir engineering just as they are in all of the other phases of the industry, or of any industry. Companies and consultants earn a good reputation by the integrity of their employees and by consistently providing a quality service or product.

When times are tough in our industry – like now – a lot of formerly salaried engineers and geologists seem to turn to consulting to make a living. Sometimes, however, being a consultant in the petroleum industry isn't fun at all. Most of us begin practice with visions of pursuing excellence only to find it difficult to achieve. We can be almost perfect in forecasting that a wildcat well on a new prospect won't result in a commercial discovery. And we can be right most of the time when we caution that almost every wildcat well ought not be drilled. The trouble with these conclusions is that the odds are on our side, but the clients usually aren’t. Negative responses don't pay well and soon we may be looking for some other line of work.

Our professional society has developed and published a comprehensive library of practice and theory to explain in great – often excruciating – detail how to analyze and quantify flow of fluids in porous media along with many other measures of reservoir performance. We keep trying to write textbook how-to-do-it standards of acceptable definitions and procedures for estimating and reporting reserves. Some would think by now the only thing left is to turn on the computer and sign and seal the report.
Faecal sludge simulants to aid the development of desludging technologies
Authors: Radford J. T. , Underdown C. , Velkushanova K. , Byrne A. , Smith D. P. K. , Fenner R. A. , Pietrovito J. , Whitesell A.
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a review of currently available data from the literature on the undrained shear strength, bulk density, stickiness and debris content of faecal sludge. Those data have been used to develop two different simulants that replicate the full range of shear strengths and densities reported for faecal sludge. Comprehensive specifications are also presented for the debris or solid waste found in latrines to more closely replicate the challenge of pumping faecal sludge. Finally, a design guide has been produced to capture these results and support quantitative performance testing of desludging pumps. The simulants have already been used as part of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Faecal Sludge Omni-Ingestor project and by Water for People's SaniHub in developing improved desludging pumps. The wider use of these simulants could accelerate the development of pit emptying technologies and help standardize the quantitative evaluation of their performance.
Development of cost functions for water supply and sanitation technologies: case study of Bahir Dar and Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Authors: Ketema Atekelt Abebe , Lechner Markus , Tilahun Seifu Admassu , Langergraber Guenter
Published: August 2015

Sustainable and improved water supply and sanitation service provision for communities who are lacking it is the forefront issue of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). To assist the achievement of the MDGs, it is essential to overcome the traditional approach to planning water supply and sanitation (WS&S) systems. This study developed user and/or service provider cost functions for available WS&S technologies in the vicinity of Bahir Dar and Arba Minch townships. The cost functions help to estimate the life cycle cost of WS&S systems. Eight water supply and eleven sanitation technologies' design documents and cost data were collected and analysed. Results revealed that the maximum daily water demand and person equivalent were the responsive variables for the initial investment and/or recurrent costs of almost all WS&S technologies, respectively. In addition, disinfectant types, pump head, pipe length and diameter, tower height, well depth, conveyance distance and composting volume were identified as important parameters for the corresponding WS&S technologies. However, the cost of shallow well equipped with hand pump was influenced merely by the well depth. The obtained cost functions contribute to overcoming the common practice of WS&S systems comparison in the study area, which largely focus on their initial investment costs.
An energy-efficient membrane bioreactor for on-site treatment and recovery of wastewater
Authors: Künzle Rahel , Pronk Wouter , Morgenroth Eberhard , Larsen Tove A.
Published: August 2015

The present study describes the development of a new type of aerated membrane bioreactor referred to as a biologically activated membrane bioreactor (BAMBi) for on-site treatment of high-strength wastewater. The treated wastewater is reused for flushing and personal hygiene. BAMBi is an adaptation of a gravity-driven membrane reactor, originally developed for the purpose of treating river water to drinking water quality. Initially, a series of reactor configurations were tested and it was found that the simplest possible configuration could treat the wastewater to an acceptable standard, provided that a polishing step for color removal and disinfection was introduced. A commercial electrolysis unit was utilized for polishing. The energy consumption of BAMBi is 0.8 kWh/m3 of water treated, which can be considered low for an on-site membrane bio reactor application.
E. coli from dishcloths as an indicator of hygienic status in households
Authors: Keshav V. , Kruger C. A. , Mathee A. , Naicker N. , Swart A. , Barnard T. G.
Published: August 2015

E. coli is routinely used as an indicator of fecal pollution, although some strains are capable of causing diarrhea. E. coli was used as a model organism for this study to assess the possibility that dishcloths used in households could contribute to the occurrence of diarrhea. Dishcloths (n = 424) were collected from five suburbs in Johannesburg (South Africa) as part of a larger Health, Environment & Development (HEAD) study. Results for the total coliforms indicated that on average 81% of the samples analyzed had total coliform counts of more than 1,000 cfu/100 ml per 25 cm2 cloth. The E. coli results indicated that 40% of the samples had culturable E. coli present with 17% of the samples showing the presence of >1,000 cfu/100 ml per 25 cm2 cloth. Except for the samples from Bertrams, all the pathogenic E. coli genes could be detected in various combinations in the different samples. Since all the diarrheagenic E. coli strains detected can be accepted as culturable due to the enrichment step, there is a clear danger of contamination of food and surfaces exposed to the contaminated dishcloths. The results indicated that there is a need for public education regarding hygiene in the households, especially if the same dishcloth is used for various tasks.
A regional approach to optimizing the location of rural handpumps
Authors: Hopkins Omar S.
Published: August 2015

Many rural water supply projects in sub-Saharan Africa are based on the installation of public handpumps. One of the key benefits of these projects is distance and time savings. Surprisingly, references to rural water planning rarely provide systematic approaches to optimizing distance-related benefits. This paper develops a conceptual model to identify the number and location of point sources that maximizes benefits to consumers, thereby serving as an aid to decision makers in identifying good alternatives. The proposed model is based on willingness to pay, a location model to identify optimal locations of sources, and a cost–benefit analysis. The model shows that as the number of sources increases, the distance between households and sources decreases but the user fee must increase to generate the revenue required to maintain them. Higher fees will dissuade households from using the point sources and hence reduce the aggregate distance savings that accrue. This suggests that there is an optimal number and location of point sources.
Adoption and sustained use of the arborloo in rural Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Fry Dionna , Mideksa Dejene , Ambelu Argaw , Feyisa Yeshewahareg , Abaire Bekele , Cunliffe Katherine , Freeman Matthew C.
Published: August 2015

In rural Ethiopia, only 19% of the population has access to improved sanitation, which has no doubt contributed to high levels of diarrhea, trachoma, and helminth infection. Low-cost sanitation options are needed in Ethiopia, but few studies have assessed their effectiveness and sustainability. The composting arborloo is one such option. Catholic Relief Services (CRS) has promoted the arborloo since 2004. Eighty thousand Ethiopian households have constructed arborloos with their assistance. We assessed the arborloo's adoption and sustainability in 20 communities that received arborloo promotion. We surveyed 690 households and conducted 24 key informant and 33 in-depth interviews. Over two-thirds [462 (67.0%)] of surveyed households constructed an arborloo; 352 (76.2%) sustained use and 65 (14.1%) moved to a more permanent latrine. There is a clear role for the arborloo in rural Ethiopia to increase the rate of sanitation adoption, sustainability, and movement up the sanitation ladder. We found no evidence that sustainability differed by arborloo age or socio-economic status. Sustainability was most strongly associated with use of the arborloo pit for planting and a cement slab. Slab subsidy discontinuation after 2012 may negatively impact sustainability. However, CRS sanitation marketing could increase slab access, maintain sustainability rates, and decrease reliance on programing for sanitation solutions.
Combining sensor monitoring and ethnography to evaluate household latrine usage in rural India
Authors: O'Reilly Kathleen , Louis Elizabeth , Thomas Evan , Sinha Antara
Published: August 2015

This paper advances research on methods used to evaluate sanitation usage and behavior. The research used quantitative and qualitative methods to contribute to new understanding of sanitation practices and meanings in rural India. We estimated latrine usage behavior through ethnographic interviews and sensor monitoring, specifically the latest generation of infrared toilet sensors, Portland State University Passive Latrine Use Monitors (PLUMs). Two hundred and fifty-eight rural households in West Bengal (WB) and Himachal Pradesh, India, participated in the study by allowing PLUMs to be installed in their houses for a minimum of 6 days. Six hundred interviews were taken in these households, and in others, where sensors had not been installed. Ethnographic and observational methods were used to capture the different defecation habits and their meanings in the two study sites. Those data framed the analysis of the PLUM raw data for each location. PLUMs provided reliable, quantitative verification. Interviews elicited unique information and proved essential to understanding and maximizing the PLUM data set. The combined methodological approach produced key findings that latrines in rural WB were used only for defecation, and that low cost, pit latrines were being used sustainably in both study areas.
Removal of foaming from industrial wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Khodabakhshi Nastaran , Asadollahfardi Gholamreza , Shahriarinia Elnaz
Published: August 2015

Proper operation of activated sludge systems is very important and depends on physical, chemical, and biological parameters of wastewater. In this study, some problems were studied in an existing wastewater treatment plant of a fish-canning factory located in Tehran where thick, brown, stable foam was observed in aeration and clarifier tanks. The effluent of this plant was higher than the standards of the Department of the Environment of Iran, and the pH in aeration tanks was lower than 5. As opposed to other researchers in solving the foaming problem, in this wastewater treatment plant, lime was used instead of organic polymers and other inorganic coagulants. The pH of aeration tanks was adjusted to between 6.5 and 8.5 with an injection of 500 mg/L (47.5 kg/day) lime in the chemical sedimentation tank. It appeared that the solid retention time in this plant was high. Therefore, the rate of return sludge in the aeration tank of the second stage was reduced by about 20%. Foaming was removed in 18 days. During this time, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of effluent went from 500 to 65 mg/L, which indicated 87% reduction. The estimated costs of using lime for removal of foaming were about 0.0029 Euros/day (0.004 dollars/day), which is very low.
Emerging contaminants, source water quality and the role of standards
Authors: Fawell J.
Published: August 2015

The WHO Guidelines provide the basis for drinking water standards built around the framework for safe drinking water in which prevention of contamination is the key component. The pressure to conserve and protect water has resulted in the need to reuse treated wastewater. This is can help protect source water quantity and quality, under threat from urban and population pressure and climate change. Emerging contaminants found in wastewater from human activity at a personal, domestic and industrial level are a barrier to reuse and a concern for source water quality. Control at the ultimate source is difficult, suggesting that a new approach to the whole managed water cycle is required. Monitoring is difficult and expensive, so traditional regulation is not useful. The best point of control appears to be wastewater treatment so it is appropriate to develop technology standards with operational monitoring to deliver the necessary quality of treated wastewater. However, this requires long-term planning and investment.
Twenty five years of operational experience using GW modeling to evaluate sustainable use of coastal aquifers for major water supplies
Authors: Harley B. M. , Gamache M. , Masterson K. K. , Fitzgerald R. H.
Published: August 2015

The sustainable development and management of groundwater resources in coastal aquifers is complex and, historically, challenging to accomplish. Groundwater models play an essential role in addressing these complexities and providing the basis for planning future sustainable development. For more than 25 years, the authors have applied three-dimensional groundwater models to manage large scale coastal aquifers.

The paper will present case studies demonstrating the application of groundwater models to evaluate conditions in complex coastal environments and to develop sustainable groundwater management strategies. These studies include Long Island, a sole source aquifer system in New York serving nearly 3 million people; aquifers in Southern California where injection barriers are used to prevent saltwater intrusion; and Savannah, Georgia in the southeastern US, where concentrated groundwater pumping has contributed to saltwater intrusion at a nearby resort island, and planning is underway to ensure a sustainable groundwater supply to both local industries and municipalities.
Model-based methodology for plant-wide analysis of wastewater treatment plants: industrial case study
Authors: Puchongkawarin C. , Menichini C. , Laso-Rubido C. , Fitzgerald S. , Chachuat B.
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the application of a model-based methodology for improved understanding of the tight interplay between effluent quality, energy use, and fugitive emissions in wastewater treatment plants. Dynamic models are developed and calibrated in an objective to predict the performance of a conventional activated sludge plant owned and operated by Sydney Water, Australia. A scenario-based approach is applied to quantify the effect of key operating variables on the effluent quality, energy use, and fugitive emissions. Operational strategies that enable a reduction in aeration energy by 10–20% or a reduction of total nitrogen discharge down to 3 mg L−1 are identified. These results are also compared to an upgraded plant with reverse osmosis in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This improved understanding of the relationship between nutrient removal, energy use, and emissions will feed into discussions with environmental regulators regarding nutrient discharge licensing.
Acquiescence to acceptance: community acceptance testing in water supply and sanitation
Authors: Ghimire Rajeeb
Published: August 2015

This paper deals with the concept of ‘community acceptance testing (CAT)’ which is perhaps a new concept in the water supply sector. To understand this it is necessary to accept the water supply system as a product of engineering works and water as social goods. While the engineering approach verifies the product against predefined specifications, the CAT validates the capability of that product to satisfy user expectations. In the water supply, sanitation and hygiene sector, there is a culture of verification, but validation should also be given due importance. The validation process is based on user stories and is done before handing over the project to the community. It establishes the community's supremacy over system decision-making and service delivery. The CAT approach promotes the designing of community-engineered systems.
Comprehensive evaluation of substrates in vertical-flow constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment
Authors: Wu Junmei , Xu Dong , He Feng , He Jie , Wu Zhenbin
Published: August 2015

Substrates are the important component of constructed wetlands (CWs), which have an effect on construction cost, purification capability and stable operation, so that substrate optimization is the key part of CWs design. The comprehensive evaluation system, including four layers, eleven indicators and nine schemes, for substrates in vertical-flow CWs treating domestic wastewater was established based on analytic hierarchy process. Then combined with Delphi method and fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach, zeolite, anthracite, shale, vermiculite, ceramic filter material, gravel, steel slag, bio-ceramic and combination substrate (isopyknic layered anthracite, bio-ceramic and zeolite) were evaluated from the viewpoints of purification effect, practical performance and economic analysis. The results showed that phosphorus removal, nitrogen removal, chemical stability were the main factors of substrate selection. Combination substrate was the best scheme among nine substrates. Zeolite was ideal substrate for nitrogen removal and biocompatibility, while anthracite and steel slag were ideal substrates for phosphorus removal. The comprehensive evaluation system of substrates was beneficial to comprehensive compare all aspects of performance for different substrates, and could be improved according to the actual situation of engineering applications, so as to provide guidance of substrate selection for CWs design.
Feminism – difficult conversation
Authors: Szydło Joanna
Published: August 2015

Feminism is a conflict between the female identity and female differences. Yet, all feminist thoughts aim at protecting specific subjects - women. In its current, rather chaotic form it allows to discover, understand and learn something from women who live and work in different countries. Feminism is not monolithic. It comprises a large array of attitudes, interests and ideas. These in turn, are differently represented across countries. Women took and still take various paths in combating inequality, therefore perhaps it would be wise to refer to ‘feminisms’ instead of a singular form ‘feminism’. My goal is to present a concise summary of a particular set of meanings of this term, ones that are relatable in the broadest sense.
Women in the IT Management – Analysis Dimensions
Authors: Bielikowski Jakub
Published: August 2015

This paper looks into statistics, classic and modern research of women in the management and of women in Information and Computer Technology (ICT) industry. The subject of women in the management, the effect on the companies and their culture and factors underlying women’s management success has been raised in the 70’s, but there was not much research into the ICT industry until 90’s, with quite significant literature in the subject in the last decade. Based on the literature and current management thinking review paper aims to indentify the factors that influence first women choice of ICT as business career and second - women success in the management. The objective is to identify a framework that will be used as a reference in author’s qualitative research into woman in the ICT management in different cultures.
Perception of human capital competences for the provision of tourist services: an overview of visitors to the destination Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico
Authors: Larrañaga Núñez Ana María , Molina Germán José Octavio , Pérez Melo Anel Yadira
Published: August 2015

The consolidated tourist destinations are facing a stagnation situation, preamble to decline, stay, or rejuvenate (Butler, 1980). This perspective raises the need to develop strategies at national, local and organizational levels to maintain or increase the influx, spending and tourist permanence that generates greater benefits to the destination, which implies, necessarily, having human capital possessing ability, as well as the technical and behavioral competencies sufficient to cater to these visitors. The purpose of the study is to analyze the perception of tourists regarding the competences of the human capital in lodging, food and transportation organizations in the city of Mazatlan Sinaloa. The research was conducted using a mixed methodology, being a descriptive, cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used to develop the field work.

The human capital in the tourism sector that operates in the services of accommodation, meals and transportation in the destination of Mazatlan, has enough power from the perception of the visitors. The contribution of this research is considered relevant due to regularly surveyed tourists to learn about the satisfaction of service or from the perception of our human resources, which inferred the search for references about the state of the issue being addressed.
Eco-design as a strategic way to competitiveness in global markets for furniture family-owned MSMEs
Authors: Olkowicz Magdalena , Grzegorzewska Emilia
Published: August 2015

The furniture industry is a traditional Polish industry branch where the vast majority of firms are exactly MSMEs. Moreover the majority of them are family firms1. Their owners and managers with limited marketing budgets, more than large one, need a clear set of guidelines to compete in the global market. Environmental impacts for furniture are minor during use, and more associated with production and disposal. This paper demonstrates that using a method of eco-design and implementing ecoinnovation within the framework of a new product strategy can be successful, even though resources are limited. For the purpose of present the possible opportunities and barriers of eco-design implementation the literature study was conducted. According to the results growing concern about the environmental effects derived from furniture production and products use as well as on how they are disposed of at the end of their life cycle may in some degree determine the company market position. To compete successfully on global markets furniture family-owned MSMEs should take intent steps, and eco-trends indicate not only the most popular, but also desired by consumers direction.
Barriers to New Practice Emerging
Authors: Patora-Wysocka Zofia
Published: August 2015

The article discusses the issues of barriers to creating practice from the processual perspective in management sciences. The notion of practice is a relatively important cognitive concept in the processual approach to management. It is connected with the issues of the organizational change and draws on Anthony Giddens’s concept of structuration. Management issues understood in this way are presented in the context of the specific nature of enterprises’ functioning as part of their everyday actions. This article is a theoretical and empirical analysis of the issues discussed. The goal of the research is to recognize barriers to emerging practice in an enterprise. The researcher used qualitative methods. As part of this research, a semi-structured interview was conducted in an enterprise representing the textile and clothes sector. Barriers to practice development are of processual, resource and environmental character. The most important barriers to practice creation are those which are sector-specific and environmental.
Determinants of Family Business Progress
Authors: Wróblewska-Kazakin Agnieszka
Published: August 2015

The aim of this article is to indicate the characteristics, which make family business prominent in the free market. Perceiving these characteristics as values of family business gives them the opportunity to gain competitive advantage and enables multi-generation existence of the company. The process of succession, if conducted in a planned and formalized way, becomes a value itself. The two projects: ‘The guide to succession’ and ‘Value codes’, both in the testing phase, promoting the process of succession in Polish family firms, have set the creating of complex tools enabling the succession in the family business to be effected their target
The Impact of Conflict Management on Organizational Culture in Family Business
Authors: Królik Ryszard
Published: August 2015

In the article there is presented the connection between the strategy of conflict management and the level of organizational culture in the family business. There was put forward the argument to formalize the family and business relationships by implementing the internal constitution, which helps to manage conflict management effectively. Particularly, it allows to reduce the movement of conflicts between the enterprise and the family by means of the improvement in, among others, the internal communication
Culture of Marketing Actions of a Company in the Area of Sustainable Marketing Mix
Authors: Trojanowski Tomasz
Published: August 2015

The article focuses on the essence and importance of a sustainable marketing mix in business enterprises. In the first chapter the concept of this work the concept of sustainable product is brought closer. The characteristics of a sustainable product are presented. The further part of the article describes the prices of the products in terms of sustainability. Inter alia, the impact of the use of sustainable corporate policy on the price level of products is indicated. The third chapter addresses the issues of sustainable products distribution including the description of sustainable distribution channels. The final part of the work includes the information on sustainable marketing communication with the use of promotion mix instruments. The paper presents the main objectives of sustainable marketing communication and identifies means of marketing messages. The paper concludes with a summary.
The Importance of Organizational Culture for Entrepreneurship in Family Businesses
Authors: Łukasik Katarzyna
Published: August 2015

The article discusses the issue of the importance of organizational culture for business development of family businesses. In connection with the above, there will be presented the essence and types of organizational culture, leading to the entrepreneurial attitudes of all members of family business. The theoretical part of the article is supported by empirical research, carried out in a selected group of family businesses in various industries in Czestochowa
The Immediate Effects on Inter-rectus Distance of Abdominal Crunch and Drawing-in Exercises During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Authors: Mota Patrícia , Pascoal Augusto Gil , Carita Ana Isabel , Bø Kari
Published: August 2015

Study Design

Longitudinal descriptive exploratory study.

Objectives

To evaluate in primigravid women the immediate effect of drawing-in and abdominal crunch exercises on inter-rectus distance (IRD), measured at 4 time points during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.

Background

There is scant knowledge of the effect of different abdominal exercises on IRD in pregnant and postpartum women.

Methods

The study included 84 primiparous participants. Ultrasound images were recorded with a 12-MHz linear transducer, at rest and during abdominal drawing-in and abdominal crunch exercises, at 3 locations on the linea alba. The IRD was measured at 4 time points: gestational weeks 35 to 41, 6 to 8 weeks postpartum, 12 to 14 weeks postpartum, and 24 to 26 weeks postpartum. Separate 2-way, repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed for each exercise (drawing-in and abdominal crunch) and each measurement location to evaluate the immediate effects of exercises on IRD at each of the 4 time points. Similarly, 2-way ANOVAs were used to contrast the effects of the 2 exercises on IRD.

Results

Performing the drawing-in exercise caused a significant change in width of the IRD at 2 cm below the umbilicus, narrowing the IRD by a mean of 3.8 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2, 6.4 mm) at gestational weeks 35 to 41, and widening the IRD by 3.0 mm (95% CI: 1.4, 4.6 mm) at 6 to 8 weeks postpartum, by 1.8 mm (95% CI: 0.6, 3.1 mm) at 12 to 14 weeks postpartum, and by 2.5 mm (95% CI: 1.4, 3.6 mm) at 24 to 26 weeks postpartum (P<.01). Performing the abdominal crunch exercise led to a significant narrowing of the IRD (P<.01) in all 3 locations at all 4 time points, with the exception of 2 cm below the umbilicus at postpartum weeks 24 to 26. The average amount of narrowing varied from 1.6 to 20.9 mm, based on time and location.

Conclusion

Overall, there was a contrasting effect of the 2 exercises, with the abdominal crunch exercise consistently producing a significant narrowing of the IRD. In contrast, the drawing-in exercise generally led to a small widening of the IRD. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(10):781–788. Epub 24 Aug 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5459