bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scanning SQUID susceptometers with sub-micron spatial resolution
Authors: Kirtley John R. , Paulius Lisa , Rosenberg Aaron J. , Palmstrom Johanna C. , Holland Connor M. , Spanton Eric M. , Schiessl Daniel , Jermain Colin L. , Gibbons Jonathan , Fung Y.-K.-K. , Huber Martin E. , Ralph Daniel C. , Ketchen Mark B. , Gibson Gerald W. , Moler Kathryn A.
Published: September 2016

Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) microscopy has excellent magnetic field sensitivity, but suffers from modest spatial resolution when compared with other scanning probes. This spatial resolution is determined by both the size of the field sensitive area and the spacing between this area and the sample surface. In this paper we describe scanning SQUID susceptometers that achieve sub-micron spatial resolution while retaining a white noise floor flux sensitivity of ≈2μΦ0/Hz1/2. This high spatial resolution is accomplished by deep sub-micron feature sizes, well shielded pickup loops fabricated using a planarized process, and a deep etch step that minimizes the spacing between the sample surface and the SQUID pickup loop. We describe the design, modeling, fabrication, and testing of these sensors. Although sub-micron spatial resolution has been achieved previously in scanning SQUID sensors, our sensors not only achieve high spatial resolution but also have integrated modulation coils for flux feedback, integrated field coils for susceptibility measurements, and batch processing. They are therefore a generally applicable tool for imaging sample magnetization, currents, and susceptibilities with higher spatial resolution than previous susceptometers.
Operation results of the KSTAR far infrared interferometer
Authors: Juhn June-Woo , Lee K. C. , Wi H. M. , Kim Y. S. , Nam Y. U.
Published: September 2016

The 2015 KSTAR experimental campaign was the first year of routine measurement with a far infrared interferometer (FIRI) utilizing 118.87 μm CH3OH lasers at maximum 200 mW CW beam power. By using rtEFIT reconstruction, the path lengths of interferometers can be calculated and so the line-averaged electron densities n¯e from the FIRI and a millimeter-wave interferometer were in excellent agreement. In this way, the number of successfully diagnosed discharges is counted: 1003 shots or 83.7% of sustained discharges, defined as shots of plasma current IP ≥ 0.3 MA with pulse lengths tf ≥ 2.0 s, have good-quality FIRI data within a few fringe jump errors. In addition, real-time H-mode density feedback control based on the FIRI was also successfully achieved with supersonic molecular beam injection as an actuator. Both constant density and controlled linear increment with a ramp-up rate of 1.0 × 1019 m−3 s−1 were achieved.
Synchronization of mobile chaotic oscillator networks
Authors: Fujiwara Naoya , Kurths Jürgen , Díaz-Guilera Albert
Published: September 2016

We study synchronization of systems in which agents holding chaotic oscillators move in a two-dimensional plane and interact with nearby ones forming a time dependent network. Due to the uncertainty in observing other agents' states, we assume that the interaction contains a certain amount of noise that turns out to be relevant for chaotic dynamics. We find that a synchronization transition takes place by changing a control parameter. But this transition depends on the relative dynamic scale of motion and interaction. When the topology change is slow, we observe an intermittent switching between laminar and burst states close to the transition due to small noise. This novel type of synchronization transition and intermittency can happen even when complete synchronization is linearly stable in the absence of noise. We show that the linear stability of the synchronized state is not a sufficient condition for its stability due to strong fluctuations of the transverse Lyapunov exponent associated with a slow network topology change. Since this effect can be observed within the linearized dynamics, we can expect such an effect in the temporal networks with noisy chaotic oscillators, irrespective of the details of the oscillator dynamics. When the topology change is fast, a linearized approximation describes well the dynamics towards synchrony. These results imply that the fluctuations of the finite-time transverse Lyapunov exponent should also be taken into account to estimate synchronization of the mobile contact networks.
Charge compensation and electrostatic transferability in three entropy-stabilized oxides: Results from density functional theory calculations
Authors: Rak Zs. , Rost C. M. , Lim M. , Sarker P. , Toher C. , Curtarolo S. , Maria J.-P. , Brenner D. W.
Published: September 2016

Density functional theory calculations were carried out for three entropic rocksalt oxides, (Mg0.1Co0.1Ni0.1Cu0.1Zn0.1)O0.5, termed J14, and J14 + Li and J14 + Sc, to understand the role of charge neutrality and electronic states on their properties, and to probe whether simple expressions may exist that predict stability. The calculations predict that the average lattice constants of the ternary structures provide good approximations to that of the random structures. For J14, Bader charges are transferable between the binary, ternary, and random structures. For J14 + Sc and J14 + Li, average Bader charges in the entropic structures can be estimated from the ternary compositions. Addition of Sc to J14 reduces the majority of Cu, which show large displacements from ideal lattice sites, along with reduction of a few Co and Ni cations. Addition of Li to J14 reduces the lattice constant, consistent with experiment, and oxidizes some of Co as well as some of Ni and Cu. The Bader charges and spin-resolved density of states (DOS) for Co+3 in J14 + Li are very different from Co+2, while for Cu and Ni the Bader charges form continuous distributions and the two DOS are similar for the two oxidation states. Experimental detection of different oxidation states may therefore be challenging for Cu and Ni compared to Co. Based on these results, empirical stability parameters for these entropic oxides may be more complicated than those for non-oxide entropic solids.
Efficient dynamical correction of the transition state theory rate estimate for a flat energy barrier
Authors: Mökkönen Harri , Ala-Nissila Tapio , Jónsson Hannes
Published: September 2016

The recrossing correction to the transition state theory estimate of a thermal rate can be difficult to calculate when the energy barrier is flat. This problem arises, for example, in polymer escape if the polymer is long enough to stretch between the initial and final state energy wells while the polymer beads undergo diffusive motion back and forth over the barrier. We present an efficient method for evaluating the correction factor by constructing a sequence of hyperplanes starting at the transition state and calculating the probability that the system advances from one hyperplane to another towards the product. This is analogous to what is done in forward flux sampling except that there the hyperplane sequence starts at the initial state. The method is applied to the escape of polymers with up to 64 beads from a potential well. For high temperature, the results are compared with direct Langevin dynamics simulations as well as forward flux sampling and excellent agreement between the three rate estimates is found. The use of a sequence of hyperplanes in the evaluation of the recrossing correction speeds up the calculation by an order of magnitude as compared with the traditional approach. As the temperature is lowered, the direct Langevin dynamics simulations as well as the forward flux simulations become computationally too demanding, while the harmonic transition state theory estimate corrected for recrossings can be calculated without significant increase in the computational effort.
Superradiant Ka-band Cherenkov oscillator with 2-GW peak power
Authors: Rostov V. V. , Romanchenko I. V. , Pedos M. S. , Rukin S. N. , Sharypov K. A. , Shpak V. G. , Shunailov S. A. , Ul'masculov M. R. , Yalandin M. I.
Published: September 2016

The generation of a 2-GW microwave superradiance (SR) pulses has been demonstrated at 29-GHz using a single-mode relativistic backward-wave oscillator possessing the beam-to-wave power conversion factor no worse than 100%. A record-breaking radiation power density in the slow-wave structure (SWS) of ∼1.5 GW/cm2 required the use of high guiding magnetic field (7 T) decreasing the beam losses to the SWS in strong rf fields. Despite the field strength at the SWS wall of 2 MV/cm, a single-pass transmission mode of a short SR pulse in the SWS allows one to obtain extremely high power density in subnanosecond time scale due to time delay in the development of the breakdown phenomena.
Study of the triton-burnup process in different JET scenarios using neutron monitor based on CVD diamond
Authors: Nemtsev G. , Amosov V. , Meshchaninov S. , Popovichev S. , Rodionov R. ,   JET Contributors
Published: September 2016

We present the results of analysis of triton burn-up process using the data from diamond detector. Neutron monitor based on CVD diamond was installed in JET torus hall close to the plasma center. We measure the part of 14 MeV neutrons in scenarios where plasma current varies in a range of 1-3 MA. In this experiment diamond neutron monitor was also able to detect strong gamma bursts produced by runaway electrons arising during the disruptions. We can conclude that CVD diamond detector will contribute to the study of fast particles confinement and help predict the disruption events in future tokamaks.
Raman mapping investigation of single-walled carbon nanotube bending in bottom-contact field-effect-transistor devices
Authors: Setiadi Agung , Akai-Kasaya Megumi , Kuwahara Yuji
Published: September 2016

We investigated the bending of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in bottom-contact SWNT devices using Raman mapping measurements. The height difference between the metal electrodes and the substrate caused the SWNTs to bend, down-shifting the G+ and G− bands of the bent SWNTs. No shifting of the G+ and G− bands was observed when flat electrodes were used. Shifting of the G+ and G− bands in SWNTs is strongly correlated to modulation of the Fermi level. We confirmed this effect by measuring the transport properties of the SWNT devices, which were in good agreement with the Raman measurement results.
Switching field distribution of exchange coupled ferri-/ferromagnetic composite bit patterned media
Authors: Oezelt Harald , Kovacs Alexander , Fischbacher Johann , Matthes Patrick , Kirk Eugenie , Wohlhüter Phillip , Heyderman Laura Jane , Albrecht Manfred , Schrefl Thomas
Published: September 2016

We investigate the switching field distribution and the resulting bit error rate of exchange coupled ferri-/ferromagnetic bilayer island arrays by micromagnetic simulations. Using islands with varying microstructure and anisotropic properties, the intrinsic switching field distribution is computed. The dipolar contribution to the switching field distribution is obtained separately by using a model of a triangular patterned island array resembling 1.4 Tb/in2 bit patterned media. Both contributions are computed for different thicknesses of the soft exchange coupled ferrimagnet and also for ferromagnetic single phase FePt islands. A bit patterned media with a bilayer structure of FeGd(5 nm)/FePt(5 nm) shows a bit error rate of 10−4 with a write field of 1.16 T.
Communication: Tunnelling splitting in the phosphine molecule
Authors: Sousa-Silva Clara , Tennyson Jonathan , Yurchenko Sergey N.
Published: September 2016

Splitting due to tunnelling via the potential energy barrier has played a significant role in the study of molecular spectra since the early days of spectroscopy. The observation of the ammonia doublet led to attempts to find a phosphine analogous, but these have so far failed due to its considerably higher barrier. Full dimensional, variational nuclear motion calculations are used to predict splittings as a function of excitation energy. Simulated spectra suggest that such splittings should be observable in the near infrared via overtones of the ν2 bending mode starting with 4ν2.
Ferroelectric-like hysteresis loop originated from non-ferroelectric effects
Authors: Kim Bora , Seol Daehee , Lee Shinbuhm , Lee Ho Nyung , Kim Yunseok
Published: September 2016

Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) has provided advanced nanoscale understanding and analysis of ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. In PFM-based studies, electromechanical strain induced by the converse piezoelectric effect is probed and analyzed as a PFM response. However, electromechanical strain can also arise from several non-piezoelectric origins that may lead to a misinterpretation of the observed response. Among them, electrostatic interaction can significantly affect the PFM response. Nonetheless, previous studies explored solely the influence of electrostatic interaction on the PFM response under the situation accompanied with polarization switching. Here, we show the influence of the electrostatic interaction in the absence of polarization switching by using unipolar voltage sweep. The obtained results reveal that the electromechanical neutralization between piezoresponse of polarization and electrostatic interaction plays a crucial role in the observed ferroelectric-like hysteresis loop despite the absence of polarization switching. Thus, our work can provide a basic guideline for the correct interpretation of the hysteresis loop in PFM-based studies.
Impact of incomplete metal coverage on the electrical properties of metal-CNT contacts: A large-scale ab initio study
Authors: Fediai Artem , Ryndyk Dmitry A. , Seifert Gotthard , Mothes Sven , Schroter Michael , Claus Martin , Cuniberti Gianaurelio
Published: September 2016

Using a dedicated combination of the non-equilibrium Green function formalism and large-scale density functional theory calculations, we investigated how incomplete metal coverage influences two of the most important electrical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based transistors: contact resistance and its scaling with contact length, and maximum current. These quantities have been derived from parameter-free simulations of atomic systems that are as close as possible to experimental geometries. Physical mechanisms that govern these dependences have been identified for various metals, representing different CNT-metal interaction strengths from chemisorption to physisorption. Our results pave the way for an application-oriented design of CNT-metal contacts.
Divergent genotypes for fatness or residual feed intake in Angus cattle. 7. Low-fat and low-RFI cows produce more liveweight and better gross margins than do high-fat and high-RFI cows when managed under the same conditions
Authors: Anderton L. , Accioly J. M. , Copping K. J. , Deland M. P. B. , Hebart M. L. , Herd R. M. , Jones F. M. , Laurence M. , Lee S. J. , Speijers E. J. , Walmsley B. J. , Pitchford W. S.
Published: September 2016

The present paper focuses on the economic evaluation of the observed differences in maternal productivity of different genetic lines in Angus cattle that were managed under contrasting nutritional regimes typical of southern Australia. Five hundred Angus cows were managed concurrently at two locations in southern Australia. On each site, the cows were managed under the following two different nutritional treatments: High and Low, to simulate different stocking rates. Cows selected for a divergence in either carcass rib-fat depth or residual feed intake based on mid-parent estimated breeding values for those traits, were allocated in replicate groups to either High- or Low-nutrition treatments. By design, the supplementary feeding regime was the same for the High and Low genetic lines to ensure genetic differences were not confounded with management differences. Animal productivity results from the experiment were used as input data to evaluate the economic performance of the four genetic lines under the two nutritional treatments. Two methods were used; the first was a gross-margin calculation of income minus variable costs as AU$ per breeding cow for a 1000-cow herd; the second was a whole-farm linear programming model maximising the gross margin. Stocking rates were optimised by matching the energy requirements for the whole herd with the energy available from pasture and supplementary feed on a representative 700-ha farm. Using the two methods of calculating gross margin (per cow and optimised per hectare), including examination of sensitivity to changes in prices of cattle and supplementary feed, the present study demonstrated that genetically leaner cows due to selection of low fat or low residual feed intake, had gross margins superior to those of genetically fatter cows. They generated more income by selling more liveweight due to heavier weights and higher stocking rates. The results are affected by the management system utilised and some confounding with growth (leaner genetic lines had higher growth estimated breeding values), but will assist producers to make more informed decisions about how to manage animal breeding and nutritional interactions.
Effect of cryogenic thermal cycling on SiC-modified C/C composites
Authors: Zhang M.-Y. , Li K.-Z. , Shi X.-H. , Liu N.-K.
Published: September 2016

The bonding strength, mechanical properties and high-temperature thermal shock resistance of C/C–SiC composites after undergoing simulated low earth orbit environment including cryogenic thermal cycles (CTCs) between 153 and 393 K for 200 times with high-vacuum state of 1.3 × 10−3 Pa were investigated. Results of the tests showed that, the bonding strength at coating/substrate interface monotonically decreased as the CTCs increased. After 100 CTCs, the flexural strength of C/C–SiC composites enhanced and the percentage of remaining strength was 102.60%, while, the mass loss of specimens decreased from 2.08 to 0.89% after thermal shock resistance test between 1773 K and room temperature for 15 times. Once CTCs exceed 100 times, the mass loss increased, the flexural strength reduced and remained only 87.40% of initial strength after 200 CTCs. The fractural behaviour of CTCs-treated modified composites exhibited typical brittle mode. A model based on the evolution of the residual thermal stress after CTCs treatment was proposed to explain the oxidation failure mechanism of C/C–SiC specimens.
CCQM-K48.2014: assay of potassium chloride
Authors: Liandi M A , Bing W U , Mariassy Michal , Pratt Kenneth W , Hwang Euijin , Manzano Judith Velina Lara , Kozlowski Wladyslaw , Borges Paulo Paschoal , Waters Jason F , Suzuki Toshihiro , Shimolin Alexandr , Terentiev Gennady , Dobrovolskiy Vladimir
Published: September 2016

The CCQM-K48.2014 (CCQM-K114) key comparison for determination of the purity of potassium chloride was organized jointly by the inorganic analysis and electrochemical analysis working groups of CCQM to repeat a sub-set of comparisons to support CMC claims for all institutes in the relevant ranges with timely experimental data to measure the amount content of chloride in KCl. National Institute of Metrology P.R.China (NIM) acted as the coordinating laboratory of this comparison. Ten NMIs participated in this key comparison. All participants used coulometry and all of them analyzed the bromine impurity in the sample and made corrections. In general a very good overlap of results was observed and also the results for bromide are consistent with one exception.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Electron collisionless damping of the geodesic acoustic mode in rotating tokamak plasmas
Authors: Xie Baoyi , Guo Wenfeng , Gong Xueyu , Yu Jun , Chen You , Cao Jinjia
Published: September 2016

Collisionless damping of the geodesic acoustic mode due to electron dynamics in rotating tokamak plasmas is investigated. A dispersion relation of the geodesic acoustic mode with a non-adiabatic electron response in a rotating tokamak is derived and solved both analytically and numerically. It is found that the collisionless damping of the geodesic acoustic mode, due to electron dynamics, significantly increases with the increasing toroidal rotation, especially in the large safety factor regime. The rotation-induced frequency up-shift of the geodesic acoustic mode increases the resonant velocity, which enables a larger number of electrons to resonate with the geodesic acoustic mode. The significant increase of the number of the resonant electrons significantly enhances the collisionless damping of the geodesic acoustic mode. The result indicates that in rotating tokamak plasmas a more complete picture of the geodesic acoustic mode should include the electron dynamics.
Summary of the 1st International Workshop on Environmental, Safety and Economic Aspects of Fusion Power
Authors: Wu Y. , Stevens E. , Kim K. , Maisonnier D. , Kalashnikov A. , Tobita K. , Jackson D. , Alejaldre C. , Perrault D. , Panayotov D. , Merrill B. , Grisolia C. , Zucchetti M. , Pinna T. , van Houtte D. , Konishi S. , Kolbasov B.
Published: September 2016

The 1st International workshop on Environmental, Safety and Economic Aspects of Fusion Power (ESEFP) was held on 13 September 2015 at Jeju Island, South Korea. The workshop was initiated by the International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on a Co-operative Program on ESEFP. The workshop was well attended with about forty participants representing twelve institutions in ten countries. The presentations covered safety issues and environmental impacts, availability improvement and risk control and socio-economic aspects of fusion power. Safety and licensing gaps between DEMO and ITER were discussed in depth with the consensus output presented as a plenary presentation at the 12th International Symposium on Fusion Nuclear Technology (ISFNT-12). The next workshop is planned to be held in conjunction with the ISFNT-13 in 2017.
The Age-Structural Theory of State Behavior
Authors: Cincotta Richard
Published: September 2016

Over the past three decades, economic and political demographers, using various measures, have discerned that increased age-structural maturity makes significant statistical contributions to levels of per capita income, to educational attainment, to declines in the frequency of onsets of intrastate conflict, and to the likelihood of achieving and maintaining liberal democracy. Some of the stronger statistical relationships have been used in forecasts. For example, using the United Nations Population Division (UNPD) demographic projections, political demographers have relied on the strong statistical association between age structure and stable liberal democracy to forecast the rise of democracy in North Africa more than two years in advance (in 2008)—at a time when regional experts believed that forecast to be absurd.

Whereas critics remain skeptical of the murky causal connections of age-structural theory, its proponents counter that causality in the development of state capacity is complex and is less important than the theory’s positive qualities (namely, that it is forward-looking, its statistical findings are easily repeated, its forecasts have outcompeted regional experts, and its predictive products can be readily adapted to the needs of intelligence foresight, defense planning, and foreign policy analysis). Perhaps most important, the age-structural theory of state behavior has yielded a surprising number of “novel facts”—new knowledge concerning the observed pace and timing of state political, social, and economic behaviors.
Team Building and Group Cohesion in the Context of Sport and Performance Psychology
Authors: Eys Mark , Kim Jeemin
Published: September 2016

Over the past 30 years, researchers studying group dynamics in sport have provided insight regarding the importance of considering a team’s environment, structure, and processes for its effective functioning. An emergent property resulting from activities within the group is cohesion. Cohesion is a dynamic property reflecting members’ perceptions of the unity and personal attractions to task and social objectives of the group. Generally speaking, cohesion remains a highly valued group property, and a strong body of evidence exists to support positive links to important individual and group outcomes such as adherence and team performance.

Given the importance attached to cohesion and other group variables for sport teams, coaches and athletes often attempt to engage in activities that facilitate group functioning. Team building is a specific approach designed to facilitate team effectiveness and individual members’ perceptions of their group. Cohesion has been the primary target of team-building interventions in sport, although recent work on team-building outcomes suggested that the effects of these interventions on cohesion may be limited. The most effective team-building approaches include a goal setting protocol, last at least two weeks in duration, and target a variety of outcomes in addition to cohesion, including individual cognitions and team performance. There is a clear need to identify a team’s requirements prior to intervening (i.e., a targeted approach), consider a variety of approaches to team building, and investigate the effects of team building via more stringent research methods.
Music Education Research
Authors: Matsunobu Koji , Bresler Liora
Published: September 2016

From rites of passage to closer community bonding, the practice, enjoyment, exchange, and transmission of music—regardless of the setting—is an integral element of the history of human civilization. While the field of music education research has long focused on school music and institutional teaching, it is increasingly reaching out to the wider community, in the process involving people at different life stages who are operating in a variety of societal contexts. Consequently, research in music education explores a broad spectrum of musical engagements (including composition and improvisation, in addition to singing, playing, and listening) and a wide-ranging repertoire (including jazz, popular music, folk, and world music), together with diverse pedagogies both inspired by and borrowed from these genres. This process reveals how these forms of musical transmission can, on the one hand, create new meanings and experiences at individual levels, and, on the other, shape collective identity formation through the facilitation of cultural sustainability and transformation. By means of quantitative, qualitative, historical, and philosophical methods, and typically drawing on the fields of—among others—psychology, sociology, and anthropology, music education researchers have addressed social, cultural, pedagogical, and ethical issues of music teaching and learning.
Foreign Economic Policy
Authors: Sargent Daniel
Published: September 2016

Foreign economic policy involves the mediation and management of economic flows across borders. Over two and a half centuries, the context for U.S. foreign economic policy has transformed. Once a fledgling republic on the periphery of the world economy, the United States has become the world’s largest economy, the arbiter of international economic order, and a predominant influence on the global economy. Throughout this transformation, the making of foreign economic policy has entailed delicate tradeoffs between diverse interests—political and material, foreign and domestic, sectional and sectoral, and so on. Ideas and beliefs have also shaped U.S. foreign economic policy—from Enlightenment-era convictions about the pacifying effects of international commerce to late 20th-century convictions about the efficacy of free markets.
Oil in the Andes
Authors: Cote Stephen
Published: September 2016

All of the Andean nations possess oil. Each has a unique historical relationship with petroleum, but there are also similarities between the histories of oil production in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. First, oil was discovered in the countries at roughly the same time in the late 19th century when oil was gaining in global importance. Second, foreign companies came to control oil reserves in these three countries, with similar outcomes. One such outcome was the development of state oil companies so that the countries could capture more revenues from the oil deposits than they received from foreign companies. Third, many saw oil as a panacea for the region’s many social ills. Failures by oil producers, including the state oil companies, to use the oil to cure those ills has led to persistent social and political conflict. And fourth, but not finally, oil extraction in these countries has caused major struggles between indigenous people and the state since the onset of neoliberal economic schemes in the 1980s and 1990s.

There are many differences as well. The creation of state oil companies in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru occurred in different decades, and therefore, within different global and regional historical contexts. Only one of the countries, Ecuador, is a member of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). Bolivia has a stronger presence in regional energy distribution through its large deposits of natural gas. Peru has not turned away from the neoliberal model in the same ways that Bolivia and Ecuador have. Finally, indigenous people have had different levels of success in protecting their lands and cultures from the onslaught of oil production in the Andes. There is no question, however, that oil remains central to the development plans of each country.
MOCCA-SURVEY Database – I. Coalescing binary black holes originating from globular clusters
Authors: Askar Abbas , Szkudlarek Magdalena , Gondek-Rosińska Dorota , Giersz Mirek , Bulik Tomasz
Published: September 2016

In this first of a series of papers, we utilize results for around 2000 star cluster models simulated using the mocca code for star cluster evolution (Survey Database I) to determine the astrophysical properties and local merger rate densities for coalescing binary black holes (BBHs) originating from globular clusters (GCs). We extracted information for all coalescing BBHs that escape the cluster models and subsequently merge within a Hubble time along with BBHs that are retained in our GC models and merge inside the cluster via gravitational wave emission. By obtaining results from a substantial number of realistic star cluster models that cover different initial parameters, we have an extremely large statistical sample of BBHs with stellar mass and massive stellar BH (≲100 Mȯ) components that merge within a Hubble time. Using these data, we estimate local merger rate densities for these BBHs originating from GCs to be at least 5.4 Gpc−3 yr−1.
The Imperial Graft
Authors: Feerick Jean E.
Published: September 2016

Tracing a tendency in early modern culture to work through questions of human difference with reference to plant life, this essay explores moments in Shakespeare’s corpus that lean on the motif of grafting to signal the merits of England/Britain as a hybrid nation whose imperial strengths derive from its ability to mingle aspects of different cultures, languages, and peoples. I first read a series of horticultural tracts to demonstrate a widespread tendency to privilege the hybrid attributes of grafted fruits over a plant’s ‘natural’ offspring, before turning to an analysis of Henry V and Cymbeline. In these two plays I locate a shared interest in the practice of grafting as a trope for England/Britain, one that emphasizes the nation’s hybrid origins as its defining strength. Both plays challenge endogamy as a principle for England/Britain, urging instead the dynamic exchange of qualities figured by the graft.
Equeer
Authors: Raber Karen
Published: September 2016

When Hotspur imagines his final battlefield encounter with Prince Hal in Shakespeare’s 1 Henry 4, he specifically characterizes it as one between two ‘hot horses’ as well as their two riders. Past scholarship on the queer relationship between Hotspur and Prince Hal has overlooked the way it channels desire through these equine partners. This essay uses cognitive theories of embodied mind alongside accounts of early modern horsemanship to locate Hotspur and Hal in a chivalric tradition that dissolves the boundaries—physical, cognitive, and erotic—between human and animal. This essay argues that to fully appreciate the genuinely provocative range of the play’s queer potentialities we must consider how it represents the distribution of desire, identity, and agency across both bodies and species.
Pretty and Apt
Authors: Tribble Evelyn
Published: September 2016

Critical attention to the cross-dressed boy player has tended to focus on the erotic appeal of the boys. The boy player may have been an object of desire, but he was equally a skilled subject. Indeed, ‘boyishness’ is constituted by certain forms of skill display, and redirecting our attention to the skill of the boy player can provide a fuller account of the nature of embodiment on the early modern stage. The childishness of the boy actor allows him to play a double game, a dialectic of revealing and concealing skill, of presentation and representation that draws attention to the animate and quicksilver qualities of the young actor. This argument is made by contrasting the presentational and representational strategies in Lyly’s Galatea and Shakespeare’s Love’s Labours Lost and Twelfth Night.
Zooarchaeology and the Reconstruction of Ancient Human-Animal Relationships in the Arctic
Authors: Betts Matthew
Published: September 2016

Permafrost-preserved faunal assemblages from Arctic archaeological sites provide a high-resolution record of animal exploitation, ancient ecosystems, and climate. This chapter provides a review of what more than 90 years of archaeofaunal research has revealed about human-animal relationships in the Arctic and Aleutian Subarctic. Taking an alternate approach, the overview focuses on the evidence for the procurement, butchery, storage, and consumption of specific northern vertebrate and molluscan taxa, beginning from the earliest archaeological traces and tracking exploitation strategies geographically through time and space. Additionally, related paleoecological research, methodological advancements, and studies which address the social and ideational correlates of animal exploitation and consumption are reviewed.
Transnational Feminism in Psychology: Women’s Human Rights, Liberation, and Social Justice
Authors: Grabe Shelly
Published: September 2016

The paradigm of transnational feminism emerged in response to the economic and social dislocation that has disproportionately exacerbated women’s rights violations since the neoliberal restructuring of the global economy in the 1980s and 1990s. This chapter proposes that to have a better understanding of women’s rights and justice, contributions from a social justice-oriented psychology that integrates feminist scholarship and empirical findings based on women’s grassroots resistance and activism are necessary. It proposes a transnational feminist liberation psychology whereby researchers (1) work from the grassroots by fostering meaningful alliances with others working outside the academy in a joint pursuit of liberation, (2) use methodology that investigates sites of resistance, bringing visibility to a fuller spectrum of women’s lived experience, and (3) recognize how dimensions of power and inequality impact research. Given the persistent violations of women’s rights globally, it is imperative to understand the psychosocial conditions that lead to justice.
Clinical Risk Factors for Head Impact During Falls in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study in Long-Term Care
Authors: Yang Yijian , Mackey Dawn C. , Liu-Ambrose Teresa , Leung Pet-Ming , Feldman Fabio , Robinovitch Stephen N.
Published: September 2016

Objective:

To examine risk factors associated with head impact during falls in older adults in long-term care (LTC).

Setting:

Two LTC facilities in British Columbia, Canada.

Participants:

160 LTC residents.

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Main Measures:

Between 2007 and 2014, we video captured 520 falls experienced by participants. Each fall video was analyzed to determine whether impact occurred to the head. Using generalized estimating equation models, we examined how head impact was associated with other fall characteristics and health status prior to the fall.

Results:

Head impact occurred in 33% of falls. Individuals with mild cognitive impairment were at higher risk for head impact (odds ratio = 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-5.0) than those with more severe cognitive impairment. Impaired vision was associated with 2.0-fold (1.3-3.0) higher odds of head impact. Women were 2.2 times (1.4-3.3) more likely than men to impact their head during a fall.

Conclusion:

Head impact is common during falls in LTC, with less cognitively impaired, female residents who suffered from visual impairment, being most likely to impact their head. Future research should focus on improving our ability to detect neural consequences of head impact and evaluating the effect of interventions for reducing the risk for fall-related head injuries in LTC.
Growth model for large branched three-dimensional hydraulic crack system in gas or oil shale
Authors: Chau Viet T. , Bažant Zdeněk P. , Su Yewang
Published: September 2016

Recent analysis of gas outflow histories at wellheads shows that the hydraulic crack spacing must be of the order of 0.1 m (rather than 1 m or 10 m). Consequently, the existing models, limited to one or several cracks, are unrealistic. The reality is 10
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almost vertical hydraulic cracks per fracking stage. Here, we study the growth of two intersecting near-orthogonal systems of parallel hydraulic cracks spaced at 0.1 m, preferably following pre-existing rock joints. One key idea is that, to model lateral cracks branching from a primary crack wall, crack pressurization, by viscous Poiseuille-type flow, of compressible (proppant-laden) frac water must be complemented with the pressurization of a sufficient volume of micropores and microcracks by Darcy-type water diffusion into the shale, to generate tension along existing crack walls, overcoming the strength limit of the cohesive-crack or crack-band model. A second key idea is that enforcing the equilibrium of stresses in cracks, pores and water, with the generation of tension in the solid phase, requires a new three-phase medium concept, which is transitional between Biot’s two-phase medium and Terzaghi’s effective stress and introduces the loading of the solid by pressure gradients of diffusing pore water. A computer program, combining finite elements for deformation and fracture with volume elements for water flow, is developed to validate the new model.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Energy and the subsurface’.
Implicit level set algorithms for modelling hydraulic fracture propagation
Authors: Peirce A.
Published: September 2016

Hydraulic fractures are tensile cracks that propagate in pre-stressed solid media due to the injection of a viscous fluid. Developing numerical schemes to model the propagation of these fractures is particularly challenging due to the degenerate, hypersingular nature of the coupled integro-partial differential equations. These equations typically involve a singular free boundary whose velocity can only be determined by evaluating a distinguished limit. This review paper describes a class of numerical schemes that have been developed to use the multiscale asymptotic behaviour typically encountered near the fracture boundary as multiple physical processes compete to determine the evolution of the fracture. The fundamental concepts of locating the free boundary using the tip asymptotics and imposing the tip asymptotic behaviour in a weak form are illustrated in two quite different formulations of the governing equations. These formulations are the displacement discontinuity boundary integral method and the extended finite-element method. Practical issues are also discussed, including new models for proppant transport able to capture ‘tip screen-out’; efficient numerical schemes to solve the coupled nonlinear equations; and fast methods to solve resulting linear systems. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the numerical schemes. We conclude the paper with open questions for further research. 

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Energy and the subsurface’.
Computational sciences in the upstream oil and gas industry
Authors: Halsey Thomas C.
Published: September 2016

The predominant technical challenge of the upstream oil and gas industry has always been the fundamental uncertainty of the subsurface from which it produces hydrocarbon fluids. The subsurface can be detected remotely by, for example, seismic waves, or it can be penetrated and studied in the extremely limited vicinity of wells. Inevitably, a great deal of uncertainty remains. Computational sciences have been a key avenue to reduce and manage this uncertainty. In this review, we discuss at a relatively non-technical level the current state of three applications of computational sciences in the industry. The first of these is seismic imaging, which is currently being revolutionized by the emergence of full wavefield inversion, enabled by algorithmic advances and petascale computing. The second is reservoir simulation, also being advanced through the use of modern highly parallel computing architectures. Finally, we comment on the role of data analytics in the upstream industry.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Energy and the subsurface’.
An unusual case of thoracic empyema caused by Granulicatella elegans (nutritionally variant streptococci) in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Mvelase Nomonde R. , Marajh Kanitha , Hattingh Olga , Mlisana Koleka P.
Published: September 2016

Introduction:

Nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) are an infrequent cause of human infection with Granulicatella elegans being the least encountered species in clinical specimens. The most common infection caused by NVS is infective endocarditis.

Case Presentation:

We report an unusual case of thoracic empyema due to G. elegans in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus infection. The patient responded favourably to drainage and penicillin.

Conclusion:

This case illustrates that even though TB is responsible for the majority of pleural effusions in this setting, other rare opportunistic bacteria may cause infection in susceptible patients. Therefore, microbiological investigations should be performed in all patients presenting with pleural effusion.
Impact of type 2 diabetes on cardiorespiratory function and exercise performance
Authors: Caron Joanie , duManoir Gregory R. , Labrecque Lawrence , Chouinard Audrey , Ferland Annie , Poirier Paul , Legault Sylvie , Brassard Patrice
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of well-controlled uncomplicated type 2 diabetes (T2D) on exercise performance. Six obese sedentary men with T2D and 7 control participants without diabetes matched for age, sex and body mass index were recruited. Anthropometric characteristics, blood samples, resting cardiac and pulmonary functions and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory threshold were measured on a first visit. On the four subsequent visits, participants performed step transitions (6 min) of moderate-intensity exercise on an upright cycle ergometer from unloaded pedaling to 80 % of ventilatory threshold. VO2(τVO2) and HR (τHR) kinetics were characterized with a mono-exponential model. VO2max (27.8±4.0 vs. 27.5±5.3 ml kg-1min-1; p=0.95), τVO2(43±6 vs. 43±10 s; p=0.73) and τHR (42±17 vs. 43±13 s; p=0.94) were similar between diabetics and controls respectively. The remaining variables were also similar between groups. These results suggest that well-controlled T2D is not associated with a reduction in VO2max or slower τVO2and τHR.
Behavioral syndromes can reduce population density: behavior and demographic heterogeneity
Authors: Kendall Bruce E. , Fox Gordon A. , Stover Joseph P.
Published: September 2016

Behavioral syndromes are widely recognized as important for ecology and evolution, but most predictions about ecological impacts are based on conceptual models and are therefore imprecise. Borrowing insights from the theory of demographic heterogeneity, we derived insights about the population-dynamic effects of behavioral syndromes. If some individuals are consistently more aggressive than others, not just in interspecific contests, but also in foraging, mating, and anti-predator behavior, then population dynamics could be affected by the resulting heterogeneity in demographic rates. We modeled a population with a boldness-aggressiveness syndrome (with the individual's trait constant through life), showing that the mortality cost of boldness causes aggressive individuals to die earlier, on average, than their non-aggressive siblings. The equilibrium frequency of the aggressive type is strongly affected by the mortality cost of boldness, but not directly by the reproductive benefit of aggressiveness. Introducing aggressive types into a homogeneous non-aggressive population increases the average per-capita mortality rate at equilibrium; under many conditions, this reduces the equilibrium density. One such condition is that the reproductive benefit of aggression is frequency dependent and the population has evolved to equalize the expected fitness of the two types. Finally, if the intensity of aggressiveness can evolve, then the population is likely to evolve to an evolutionarily stable trait value under biologically reasonable assumptions. This analysis shows how a formal model can predict both how a syndrome affects population dynamics and how the population processes constrain evolution of the trait; we suggest some concrete predictions.
A Multi-Crystal Method for Extracting Obscured Signal from Crystallographic Electron Density
Authors: Pearce Nicholas M , Bradley Anthony R , Collins Patrick , Krojer Tobias , Nowak Radoslaw P , Talon Romain , Marsden Brian D , Kelm Sebastian , Shi Jiye , Deane Charlotte M , von Delft Frank
Published: September 2016

Macromolecular crystallography is relied on to reveal subtle atomic difference between samples (e.g. ligand binding); yet their detection and modelling is subjective and ambiguous density is experimentally common, since molecular states of interest are generally only fractionally present. The existing approach relies on careful modelling for maximally accurate maps to make contributions of the minor fractions visible (1); in practice, this is time-consuming and non-objective (2–4). Instead, our PanDDA method automatically reveals clear electron density for only the changed state, even from poor models and inaccurate maps, by subtracting a proportion of the confounding ground state, accurately estimated by averaging many ground state crystals. Changed states are objectively identifiable from statistical distributions of density values; arbitrarily large searches are thus automatable. The method is completely general, implying new best practice for all changed-state studies. Finally, we demonstrate the incompleteness of current atomic models, and the need for new multi-crystal deconvolution paradigms.

One Sentence Summary

Normally uninterpretable map regions are reliably modelled by deconvoluting superposed crystal states, even with poor starting models.