bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Photo-Thermoelectric Generator Integrating Dye-sensitized Solar Cells with Thermoelectric Modules
Authors: Chang Ho , Kao Mu-Jung , Huang Kouhsiu David , Chen Sih-Li , Yu Zhi-Rong
Published: June 2010

In this study, we adopt two different morphologies of self-made nano-TiO2 powder to prepare a double-layer photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Further, DSSC module and thermoelectric generator (TEG) coated with nano-Cu thin film were integrated with a novel photo-thermoelectric generator. For the fabrication of photoelectric conversion modules, TiO2 nanoparticles (H200) fabricated by the hydrothermal method and the powder of TiO2 nanofluid prepared by the submerged arc nanofluid synthesis system (SANSS) were utilized to prepare a double-layer thin film using a surgical blade as the photoelectrode of DSSCs. And then, commercial nano-Cu powder was coated on two sides of TEG to fabricate thermoelectric conversion module by surgical blade. Nano-Cu thin film, as the medium of thermal conductivity, can effectively transfer heat produced by sunlight on the surface of DSSC to the two sides of TEG. Finally, the two modules were combined into the optical thermoelectric generator. The overall experiment utilizes the intensity of 100 mW/cm2 illumination of simulated sunlight, which can produce 4.97 mW/cm2, an increase of 2.87% output compared with merely employing the DSSCs.
Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Transistor Nonvolatile Memory Using Ni Nanocrystals as Charge-Trapping Centers Fabricated by Hydrogen Plasma Process
Authors: Wang Terry Tai-Jui , Gao Pei-Ling , Ma William Cheng-Yu , Kuo Cheng-Tzu
Published: June 2010

Processes for fabricating a Ni nanocrystal (NC)-assisted low-temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film transistor (LTPS-TFT) nonvolatile memory device of noble stack below 600 °C were successfully developed. The NCs were fabricated in H-plasma atmosphere by heating a nanosized Ni film to realize an appropriate nanoparticle distribution. Results show that NCs with a number density of ∼5×1011 cm-2 and a particle diameter of 4 to 12 nm can successfully be fabricated as charge-trapping centers for enhancing the device performance. The results also indicate that the data retentions at the initial time and after 104 s for a SiO2/Ni-NCs/Si3N4/SiO2 gate under the present stack of devices are about 2.2 and ∼1.1 V, respectively.
Advances in Selective Wet Etching for Nanoscale NiPt Salicide Fabrication
Authors: Chu Ming Mao , Chou Jung-Hua
Published: June 2010

Currently, the two-step rapid thermal process (RTP) which includes a lower temperature RTP 1 and a larger amount of platinum (Pt) additive is the trend to form thinner nickel monosilicide (NiSi) for the NiPt silicide scaling together with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology toward the 22 nm node. In this work, we re-investigate the piranha chemistry and match the Pt oxidation/dissolution behavior to develop a piranha chemistry base wet etching process. The result shows that higher temperature preheated sulfuric acid Piranha will boost the reaction rate drastically. Also, the two-time Pt additive will take three-time process time to clear the Pt residue. Compare to the traditional chloric acid base process, the new Piranha process has achieved the goal of effective Pt removal, lower material loss and no damage to nickel-rich silicide (Ni2Si/Ni3Si2). It results in a lower and more uniform silicide sheet resistance (R
S) on both n/pMOS.
First-Principles Simulation on Thickness Dependence of Piezoresistance Effect in Silicon Nanosheets
Authors: Nakamura Koichi , Toriyama Toshiyuki , Sugiyama Susumu
Published: June 2010

We have simulated the piezoresistance coefficients of single-crystal silicon nanosheets on the basis of the first-principles calculations of model structures. The carrier conductivities of the hydrogen-terminated silicon nanosheet models with (001) surface orientation have been calculated using band carrier densities and their corresponding effective mass tensors derived from the two-dimensional band diagram by our original approach for a small amount of carrier occupation. The p-type shear piezoresistance coefficient for principal axes on the (001) plane increases in connection with the longitudinal and transverse ones for the [110] tensile stress, as the thickness of the nanosheet decreases. We have obtained a high piezoresistance coefficient π
s
of 450×10-11 Pa-1 for an approximately 1 nm thick silicon (001) nanosheet model. It is expected that the p-type ultrathin silicon (001) nanosheet will be a suitable candidate for nanoscale piezoresistors owing to its giant piezoresistivity.
Effect of Post Annealing of ZnO Buffer Layer on the Properties of Hydrothermally Grown ZnO Nanorods
Authors: Kim Ah Ra , Lee Ju-Young , Jang Bo Ra , Kim Hong Seung , Park Hyun Kook , Cho Young Ji , Jang Nak Won
Published: June 2010

We investigated the effect of an annealed ZnO buffer layer on the structural and optical properties of hydrothermally grown ZnO nanorods. ZnO buffer layers were deposited on a p-type Si(100) substrate by radio-frequency (RF) sputtering. ZnO nanorods were grown on as-deposited and annealed ZnO buffer layers by a hydrothermal process at a low temperature for various growth times. Annealed ZnO buffer layers have higher c-axis texturing than as-deposited ZnO buffer layer. ZnO nanorods grown on annealed ZnO buffer layers had higher X-ray diffraction (002) peak intensities and ultraviolet (UV) emission intensities than those grown on the as-deposited ZnO buffer layer. The degree of c-axis texturing of ZnO buffer layer affects the perpendicular growth for hydrothermal ZnO nanorod.
Fabrication of Flexible Thin Film with Pattern Structure and Macroporous Array Consisting of Nanoparticles by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Chung Yi-Wen , Fang Huang-Sheng , Lee Jian-Hong , Tsai Chih-Jen
Published: June 2010

The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) possessing a low working temperature is used to fabricate functional thin films with microstructures onto a flexible substrate. We easily fabricate a flexible thin film in A4 size consisting of TiO2nanoparticles onto an indium–tin-oxide/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ITO/PET). The nanoparticle behavior during the EPD process is described and discussed according to different deposition time. The functional thin film can be applied as a flexible electrode layer of electrochromic displays and dye-sensitized solar cells. Furthermore, owing to the controllable deposition region of EPD, a pattern layer consisting of CdSe nanoparticles can be formed onto the flexible substrate within 1 min by EPD. Finally, by colloidal-template-mediated EPD, a nanostructure of a macroporous array onto flexible substrate can also be obtained. The result shows that the fabrication of nanostructures onto a flexible substrate is easy by EPD.
Photoisomerization of Sterically Hindered Azobenzenes in Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Surfaces
Authors: Ishikawa Daisuke , Honda Takumu , Ito Eisuke , Han Mina , Hara Masahiko
Published: June 2010

The photoisomerization characteristics of sterically hindered azobenzenes in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on flat gold surfaces have been investigated by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. Upon UV light irradiation, 2Et-2S substituted with two ethyl groups at the ortho positions and Me-2S with a methyl group at the meta position showed significant changes in π–π* absorption bands, together with reductions in contact angles for water, as a consequence of trans-to-cis photoisomerization. The reversible trans ↔ cis photoisomerization of azobenzenes in SAMs was clearly observed upon alternating UV and visible light irradiation. Furthermore, 2Et-2S underwent very slow thermal cis-to-trans isomerization over 24 h at ambient temperature, which is likely to be due to the steric hindrance of diethyl groups near the azo linkage.
Surface Morphology of Diamond-Like Carbon Film and Si Wafer Milled with 30 keV Gallium Focused Ion Beam
Authors: Kaito Takashi , Yasutake Masatoshi , Yasaka Anto , Miyamoto Iwao
Published: June 2010

Focused ion beam (FIB) technology is becoming increasingly important for submicron device processing. However, the generation of ripples on the substrate surface bombarded with an FIB at off-normal ion incidences will become a problem in three-dimensional fabrication using an FIB. Therefore, we have examined the 30 keV Ga-FIB milling of a single-crystal Si wafer and a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film deposited on a Si wafer by FIB chemical vapor deposition (CVD). After FIB milling, samples inclined at 45° were observed by scanning ion microscopy (SIM) to determine the surface morphology. As a result, we confirmed the 30 keV Ga-FIB milling conditions resulting in the generation of ripples on a DLC film and a single-crystal Si wafer. Then, we obtained ripple-free milling conditions for these materials.
Refractive Index Regulation of Gold Nanocrystal Superlattices by Varying the Nanocrystal Size
Authors: Sato Seiichi , Ito Takeyasu , Kimura Keisaku
Published: June 2010

Micrometer-sized three-dimensional superlattices with different lattice constants were fabricated by assembling Au nanocrystals modified with mercaptosuccinic acid in aqueous suspensions. The refractive index of the superlattices was varied between 2.3 and 3.3 by altering the size of the component nanocrystals between 3.11 and 4.68 nm. As a result, the metal content of the superlattices varied between 23 and 36%. The correlation between nanocrystal size and the optical permittivity estimated from the refractive index was explained using the Maxwell–Garnett theory.
Anisotropic Exciton Rabi Oscillation in Single Telecommunication-Band Quantum Dot
Authors: Miyazawa Toshiyuki , Nakaoka Toshihiro , Watanabe Katsuyuki , Kumagai Naoto , Yokoyama Naoki , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: June 2010

Anisotropic Rabi oscillation in the exciton state in a single InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) was demonstrated in the telecommunication-band by selecting two orthogonal polarization angles of the excitation laser. Our InAs QDs were embedded in an intrinsic layer of an n–i–Schottky diode, which provides an electric field to extract photoexcited carriers from QDs. Owing to the potential anisotropy of QDs, the fine structure splitting (FSS) energy in the exciton state in single InAs QDs was ∼110 µeV, measured by polarization-resolved photocurrent spectroscopy. The ratio between two different Rabi frequencies, which reflect anisotropic dipole moments of two orthogonal exciton states, was estimated to be ∼1.2. This demonstrates that the selective control of two orthogonal polarized exciton states is a promising technique for exciton-based-quantum information devices compatible with fiber optics.
Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays on Patterned SiO2/Si Substrates
Authors: Maehashi Kenzo , Iwasaki Shin , Ohno Yasuhide , Kishimoto Takaomi , Inoue Koichi , Matsumoto Kazuhiko
Published: June 2010

Horizontally aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were fabricated on patterned SiO2/Si substrates with groove-and-terrace or half-cylinder structures by electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching. Scanning electron microscopy observation reveals that the SWNTs were aligned in the direction parallel to the patterned structures and were preferentially grown along the edges of terraces or along the sidewalls of the half cylinders. The results are consistent with calculations obtained using the Casimir–Polder potential between the SWNTs and the patterned substrates. This method will be promising to control the directions of the SWNTs on SiO2/Si substrates.
Temperature Dependence of Cantilevered Carbon Nanotube Oscillation
Authors: Fukami Shun , Arie Takayuki , Akita Seiji
Published: June 2010

We have investigated the temperature dependence of cantilevered carbon nanotube oscillation in terms of the dissipation mechanism. The temperature dependences of resonant frequency andQfactor could be divided in two parts corresponding to the temperature dependence of Young's modulus at critical temperature. We have revealed that the critical temperature corresponds to the softening temperature of the nanotubes depending on crystallinity. Furthermore, we have pointed out that the temperature dependence ofQfactor at low temperatures mainly comes from the internal loss.
Non-amplified Quantitative Detection of Nucleic Acid Sequences Using a Gold Nanoparticle Probe Set and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Kim Hyonchol , Kira Atsushi , Yasuda Kenji
Published: June 2010

For the precise detection of the number of expressed biomarkers at the single-cell level, we have developed a method of quantifying and specifying target DNA fragments by using a set of gold nanoparticles as labels and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) to measure the number and sizes of gold nanoparticles attached to target samples. One or more target DNAs on a substrate were labeled with a set of different-sized gold nanoparticle probes having complementary sequences to different target candidates. The type and number of the target DNAs having a specific sequence were identified by counting the attached nanoparticles of a specific size in FE-SEM images. The results evaluated using a DNA microarray showed high specificity and sensitivity, and a linear correlation between the number of attached particles and the target DNA concentration, indicating the feasibility of quantitative detection in the femtomolar to nanomolar concentration range.
UV Nanoimprint in Pentafluoropropane at a Minimal Imprint Pressure
Authors: Hiroshima Hiroshi , Atobe Hidemasa , Wang Qing , Youn Sung-Won
Published: June 2010

UV nanoimprint in air and in pentafluoropropane (PFP) was carried out at imprint pressures ranging from 200 down to 10 kPa using a mold with fractal structure recesses with nominal sizes of 1.3, 3.9, 11.7, 35, 105, and 316 µm. While UV nanoimprint in air suffered severe bubble defect problems, UV nanoimprint in PFP was free from the bubble defect problem even at 10 kPa. From real-time monitoring of recesses being filled with resin for UV nanoimprint in PFP, it was found that the recesses are filled in the ascending order of sizes and filling is completed in 2–4 s. No imprint pressure by the imprint apparatus is needed for UV nanoimprint in PFP, and a full wetting can be spontaneously realized even at a concave area where a large amount of gas is liable to be trapped. This suggests that a capillary force must play an important role of filling at the initial stage of contact and filling between unparallel surfaces of the mold and wafer.
Size Dependence of Quick Cavity Filling Behavior in Ultraviolet Nanoimprint Lithography Using Pentafluoropropane Gas
Authors: Youn Sung-Won , Hiroshima Hiroshi , Takahashi Masaharu , Maeda Ryutaro
Published: June 2010

Rapid bubble elimination using pentafuoropropane (CFH2CH2CF3, HFC-245fa, CAS No. 460-3-1) condensing gas is one of the most promising methods to realize ultrahigh-speed ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL). In this study, we investigated the shrinkage behaviors and elimination time of bubbles for different cavity sizes and resist thicknesses by employing a UV-NIL stepper with a real-time monitoring system. As predicted, a smaller cavity size resulted in a faster filling. Unlike the prediction from an analysis model based on Stefan's equation, a nonlinear decrease in bubble elimination time was observed in accordance with the decrease in cavity size (area). Instead, a linear relationship between bubble elimination time and cavity width was found for a certain range of cavity widths (W). In the cavity width, range from 25 to 340 µm, bubble elimination time was almost proportional to cavity width and could be defined as 0.00145×W(s). When the cavity width was 25 µm, the complete filling time was less than 0.033 s, indicating the potential to realize a ultrahigh-throughput nanopatterning process. Regarding the effect of initial resist thickness on a bubble shrinkage behavior, bubble elimination time tended to increase with the decrease in resist thickness.
Ultrasonic Nanoimprinting in Organic Spin-on-Glass-Coated Si Substrates
Authors: Mekaru Harutaka , Takahashi Masaharu
Published: June 2010

We have already reported on our success in molding engineering plastics by an ultrasonic nanoimprinting technology. In this paper, we report on our experimental results of ultrasonic nanoimprinting in organic spin-on-glass (SOG)-coated Si substrates. A 753-nm-thick layer of Accuglass 512B, an SOG also known as methyl siloxane, was spin-coated on a sputter-deposited 10-nm-thick Ti layer on a Si substrate. Typically, SOG needs to be baked in a two-step thermal treatment by annealing at a low temperature and then at a high temperature. Therefore, a group of substrates previously heated at 150 °C for 1 min using a hot plate, and another group of substrates previously soft baked at 150 °C followed by hard baking at 450 °C for 1 h in a rapid thermal processor were prepared for tests. Nanoimprinting was carried out under conditions similar to those used in earlier experiments on engineering plastics. In the tests, the frequency and amplitude of ultrasonic vibration were set at 10 kHz and 3 µm, while the contact force and contact time were set to 500 N and 60 s, respectively. In the experiment, we succeeded in transferring mold patterns with linewidths of 500 nm, 700 nm, and 1 µm onto the substrates. The maximum depths of imprinting in the SOG-coated substrates without and with hard baking were 294 and 214 nm, respectively, as measured using a confocal microscope. In addition, the effect of a Ti interlayer and those of the frequency and amplitude of ultrasonic vibration on the depth of imprinting were investigated. The results of these experiments demonstrated the potential wide application of ultrasonic nanoimprinting technology for SOGs as well as for engineering plastics.
Enhanced Durability of Antisticking Layers by Recoating a Silica Surface with Fluorinated Alkylsilane Derivatives by Chemical Vapor Surface Modification
Authors: Kohno Akihiro , Sakai Nobuji , Matsui Shinji , Nakagawa Masaru
Published: June 2010

Adsorbed monolayers from (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)trimethoxysilane (FAS3), (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)trimethoxysilane (FAS13), (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)trimethoxysilane (FAS17), and (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)trichlorosilane (FAS17-Cl) were formed by chemical vapor surface modification (CVSM) on silica lens surfaces cleaned by exposure to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light at 172 nm. Changes in monolayer-modified lens surfaces concomitant with repeating a cycle of curing to induce the radical polymerization of a UV-curable resin and detaching the UV-cured resin were monitored by contact angle measurement with water and atomic force microscopy to investigate the property of the adsorbed monolayers as antisticking layers in UV nanoimprint lithography. A decrease of the contact angle for water with increasing the number of repeated cycles was mainly responsible for the removal of surface impurities in the form of nanoparticles on detaching the cured resin repeatedly. It was found that recoating the silica lens surface with monolayers from FAS13, FAS17, and FAS17-Cl after cleaning by VUV-light exposure resulted in the suppression of the decrease in the contact angle. These results indicate that the durability of an antisticking layer in UV nanoimprint lithography is markedly improved by the recoating.
Fabrication Technology of Microelectromechanical Systems Probe Chip Compatible with Standard Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Process
Authors: Huang Jung-Tang , Lee Kuo-Yu , Hsu Hou-Jun , Wu Rung-Gen , Lin Ming-Zhe , Tsai Ting-Chiang , Chen Ching-Kong
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we present a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) probe chip compatible with the standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process for testing RF devices and bumps. Using the standard CMOS process to fabricate in advance the multilayer interconnections between metal layers can conveniently facilitate the layout of the space transformer. In a limited area, we design two probe structures of meander shape and spiral shape. The probe cantilever consists of a CMOS membrane and the probe pitch is 150 µm. The probe tip is fabricated successfully by electroless nickel (EN) plating process and the height of the probe tip approaches 106 µm. In particular, grinding and polishing processes are employed to level the rough surface of the probe tip so as to obtain uniform coplanarity. Moreover, in the photoresist SU-8 removal process, the plasma removal process is used instead of the stripper solutions to protect the probe tip from being damaged. The meander shape and spiral shape of probe cantilevers are successfully suspended by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etch system and the probe cantilevers have no warpage.
High Coplanarity and Fine Pitch Copper Pillar Bumps Fabrication Method
Authors: Huang Jung-Tang , Hsu Hou-Jun , Lee Kuo-Yu , Tsai Ting-Chiang , Chen Ching-Kong
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we report a novel plating-friendly polishing mechanism for fabrication of high coplanarity and high density lead-free copper pillar bumps for advanced packaging applications. The final experimental results showed that the uniformity in wafer (UIW) could be sharply improved from 4.31% after plating to 2.88% after polishing and even to 2.54% after reflow throughout the entire 4 inch wafer.
Wiring Implanted by Laser-Assisted Powder Jet Using Copper Microparticles
Authors: Suzuki Katsuhiko , Miura Manabu , Konno Asahi , Miura Kaichi , Yuzawa Tetsuo , Watanabe Masanao , Kuriyagawa Tsunemoto
Published: June 2010

It has been confirmed that copper particles can be implanted into a poly(oxymethylene) thermoplastic resin substrate by using a laser-assisted powder jet and copper wiring can be formed. Irradiating the laser on the substrate, copper powder with a particle size of 1 or 1.5 µm was jetted using Ar gas, and was implanted into the substrate. A green laser of CW type with a power of 200 mW and a spot radius of 2.5 mm was condensed at the same spot as the powder jetted on the substrate using a focal length of 50 mm. The smallest wiring width of about 90 µm was formed by the laser-assisted powder jet of 1 µm particles at 0.3 MPa. The depth of the formed wiring increased, and its width and the resistivity decreased, as the number of repetitions of the wiring process increased under the conditions of a powder jet of 0.6 MPa formed using 1.5 µm particles. The smallest resistivity and the largest implantation depth were 0.31 µΩ·m and 75 µm for 5 repetitions, respectively.
Development of a Polymer Coating-Based Microlens Array on Isotropically Wet-Etched Quartz Substrates for Maskless Lithography Application
Authors: Nam Minwoo , Oh Haekwan , Seo Hyunwoo , Song Yotak , Yang Sangsik , Lee Keekeun
Published: June 2010

A polymer coating-based microlens array (MLA) was developed on an isotropically wet-etched quartz substrate for maskless photolithography application. The developed MLA showed excellent light focusing ability and uniformity, and a dense fill factor. The obtained focal length ranged from 32.2 to 45.4 µm depending on the curvature of quartz and the thickness of an ultraviolet (UV) adhesive. A small spot size of 1.55 µm and an uniformly focused beam intensity were obtained at the focal plane, confirming that the fabricated MLA has excellent uniformity and good focal ability. The fabricated MLA was applied to UV lithography. Beams were well focused onto a photoresist when UV passed through the MLA. Depending on the variable distance from the MLA, beam size on the photoresist was controlled. Variable micropatterns were realized on the photoresist. Even at high a temperature, the interface between quartz and the UV adhesive was thermally stable and lens performance characteristics remained unchanged.
2.5 GHz Low-Insertion-Loss Hybrid Phase Shifters Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems Switches
Authors: Ado Hiroto , Furutsuka Takashi , Suzuki Kenichiro
Published: June 2010

One-bit hybrid phase shifters with two different circuit topologies were developed for 2.5 GHz operation. They were realized by combining micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) shunt switch chips with delay lines formed on a printed circuit board (PCB). An equivalent circuit model of an assembled switch chip on a PCB with bonding wires was investigated in advance, and it was fully reflected on the phase shifters design. Through this approach, excellent design accuracy was achieved in MEMS hybrid phase shifters. The loaded-line phase shifter exhibited a very low insertion loss of 1.02 dB (maximum) with a 41.3° phase shift. From the switched-line phase shifter, a low insertion loss of 1.82 dB (maximum) was obtained with a 91.3° phase shift.
The Moine Supergroup of NW Scotland: insights into the analysis of polyorogenic supracrustal sequences
Authors: Strachan R. A. , Holdsworth R. E. , Krabbendam M. , Alsop G. I.
Published: June 2010

The Moine Supergroup of NW Scotland is a thick sequence of early Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks, with minor igneous intrusions, that display evidence for multiple phases of regional deformation and metamorphism. The descriptions and interpretations of the ‘Moine Schists’ provided by the 1907 memoir (

Peach
et al.
1907

) have been proved to be essentially correct and have laid the groundwork for a century of distinguished and influential research that has reached far beyond the confines of NW Scotland. The Survey workers recognized the sedimentary protoliths of these rocks, realized that they had been deposited unconformably on inliers of reworked basement gneisses that now occupy the cores of major folds, and understood the likely complexity of folding and the kinematic significance of mineral lineations. Further advances in understanding of the Moine rocks were mainly achieved through two techniques that were not available to the Survey workers of 100 years ago – geochronology and palaeomagnetism. Isotopic studies have confirmed the view of the Survey workers that the Moine rocks are of Precambrian age, and furthermore have demonstrated a complex, polyorogenic history.
Deformation partitioning, foliation successions and their significance for orogenesis: hiding lengthy deformation histories in mylonites
Authors: Bell T. H.
Published: June 2010

Although orogenesis commonly lasts 100 million years, a maximum of three foliations are usually preserved within any outcrop. They record little of the total history due to the effects of preferential partitioning of progressive shearing along S
0
. Such reactivation eventually destroys or rotates multiple successive foliations into parallelism with any layering that is present. Plate motion subjects a collisional orogen to spatially partitioned, episodic, but non-stop deformation. The bulk forces operating are horizontal and intermittently vertical (associated with gravitational load due to crustal thickening) forming sub-vertical and sub-horizontal foliations. These orientations are preserved in the strain shadows of anything competent that hinders reactivation of the compositional layering. Deformation partitioning results in portions of rock remaining unaffected for many events. Gravitational collapse of over-thickened orogen cores leads to significant extrusion in orogen rims and a dominance of sub-horizontal foliations in the latter and episodically continues throughout orogenesis. Reactivation causes decrenulation and/or rotation of foliations into parallelism with S
0
, destroying evidence that multiple sub-vertical and sub-horizontal foliations have developed except where preserved as inclusion trails in porphyroblasts and multiply truncated foliations in mylonites. However, the same processes operate in both the cores of orogens and ductile portions of their margins.
Toward a solution of the 3D balancing problem in curved segments of orogens
Authors: Hatcher Robert D. , Geiser Peter
Published: June 2010

Sections in strongly to moderately curved foreland fold-thrust belts may be restorable, but retrodeformation of two-dimensional (2D) serial sections produces overlap of their hinterland ends, making the incompatibility problem obvious. Outward-radiating displacement vectors predict along-strike stretching that increases toward the outer portions of arcuate foreland fold-thrust belts. Balancing of curved foreland fold-thrust belts becomes a three-dimensional (3D) material balance problem, involving non-plane strain. We propose a technique that will solve the 3D balancing problem if: (1) boundary pin lines, consisting of strike-boundary and normal-boundary lines, are present and identifiable; (2) a set of constant-length lines can be defined; (3) a set of section lines is constructed normal to tectonic strike; and (4) a set of boundary and internal constant-area regions is defined. This technique recognizes as false the unstated assumption that the deformed and undeformed state coordinate frames are identical. Accordingly, the displacement vector field of curved orogens does not parallel the deformed state strike normals. Instead, physically possible displacement vector fields require body rotations about a set of vertical axes during deformation, indicating that, during deformation, out-of-plane motions occur normal to the deformed-state strike normals relative to the external deformed-state coordinate frame. The final position of the plane strain surfaces parallels the deformed-state position of the strike normals, because they rotate into this position.
Mylonites: lessons from Eriboll
Authors: White S. H.
Published: June 2010

Eriboll has been an important area in understanding the geology and structure of the NW Highlands of Scotland. It came to prominence during the Highland Controversy between Nicol and Murchison in the 1850s. Nicol recognized a major regional, or grand, dislocation (the Moine Thrust Zone) at Eriboll whereas Murchison denied its existence. An important element in the resolution of the controversy was the repeated observation of a distinctive schistose rock that often marked Nicol's dislocation. Lapworth named it a ‘mylonite’ and related its development to mechanical metamorphism resulting from tectonic (milling) movements along the dislocation. Peach, Horne and co-workers, whose contributions to early mylonite studies are often overlooked, described the effects of increasing strain on mylonite development, recorded the prominent lineation within mylonites and identified its kinematic significance via thrust geometries and a first use of shear sense indicators. In this contribution those elements of the Highland Controversy that led to the identification of mylonites will be reviewed, concentrating on the contributions of Lapworth and of Peach, Horne and co-workers. It will include an examination and discussion of the mylonites from Lapworth's locality and of the mylonitized Moine schists at Eriboll. It will conclude with comments on mylonite classification and nomenclature.
Moine Thrust zone mylonites at the Stack of Glencoul: II - results of vorticity analyses and their tectonic significance
Authors: Law R. D.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents quantitative data from the Stack of Glencoul on flow vorticities associated with mylonite generation in the hanging wall and footwall of the Moine Thrust, using samples collected in a vertical traverse from 80 m above the thrust plane to 8.5 m beneath the thrust. Estimated vorticity numbers (Wm) in Moine pelites and psammites above the thrust range from 0.775–0.725 (
c
. 43–47% pure shear component) increasing downwards to 0.83–0.75 (35–45% pure shear) at 10 cm above the thrust. Wm values in dynamically recrystallized Cambrian quartzites at 0.5–14.5 cm beneath the thrust range from 0.99–0.90 (10–30% pure shear). At 3.0–8.5 m beneath the thrust estimated Wm values are less than 0.75 in the quartzites, although there is some thin section-scale partitioning with Wm values of 0.75–0.65 (45–55% pure shear) in domains of dynamically recrystallized quartz and Wm values <0.65 (>55% pure shear) in domains of relict detrital quartz grains. Integration of strain and vorticity analyses indicates a vertical shortening of 50–75% in these gently dipping mylonites located at the base of the Moine Nappe. The tectonic implications of vertical shortening (thinning) and transport-parallel stretching at the base of the Moine Nappe are discussed.
Strain within the ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss region of Norway recorded by quartz CPOs
Authors: Barth Nicolas C. , Hacker Bradley R. , Seward Gareth G. E. , Walsh Emily O. , Young David , Johnston Scott
Published: June 2010

Electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to measure the crystal preferred orientations (CPOs) from 101 samples across the ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss region of Norway to assess slip systems, sense of shear, CPO strength, and strain geometry. The CPOs suggest a dominance of prism 〈a〉 slip, with lesser amounts of prism [c] slip and basal 〈a〉 slip; there are few Type I and Type II girdles. The major structural feature in the study area – the high-strain, top-W, normal-sense Nordfjord–Sogn Detachment Zone – is characterized by asymmetric and strong CPOs; an eastern domain with strong asymmetric CPOs shows top-E shear. Strain throughout the study area was characterized by a mix of plane strain and constriction with no evidence of flattening. Adjacent gneiss and quartzite/vein samples have similar CPOs.
Basement-influenced rifting and basin development: a reappraisal of post-Caledonian faulting patterns from the North Coast Transfer Zone, Scotland
Authors: Wilson R. W. , Holdsworth R. E. , Wild L. E. , McCaffrey K. J. W. , England R. W. , Imber J. , Strachan R. A.
Published: June 2010

The post-Caledonian development of the West Orkney Basin is regularly cited as a classic example of basement-influenced rifting. This paper presents the first detailed multidisciplinary analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) geometries and distribution of post-Caledonian faults in onshore northernmost Scotland, examining their relationships to basement fabrics and comparing them to rift-related structures developed offshore in the West Orkney Basin. Two phases of rift-related faulting are distinguished: 1) Devonian ENE–WSW extension localized in the east of the basin and related to regional sinistral transtension along the Great Glen Fault; and 2) Permo-Triassic NW–SE extension focused to the west of the basin and probably contemporaneous with movements along the Minch Fault. A complex North Coast Transfer Zone is developed along the northern Scottish coast linking Mesozoic rifts that reactivated Caledonian structures in the West Orkney Basin (Naver Thrust) to those bounding the North Minch Basin (Outer Hebrides Fault Zone). Polymodal faulting patterns are widespread in onshore exposures. Fault patterns vary due to changes in the obliquity between regional rifting vectors and variably orientated pre-existing structures in each basement terrane. The geometric complexity and spatial variations in fault patterns onshore can be correlated with changes in basement structures, despite limited direct reactivation of pre-existing fabrics.
Lithospheric-scale extension during Grampian orogenesis in Scotland
Authors: Viete Daniel R. , Richards Simon W. , Lister Gordon S. , Oliver Grahame J. H. , Banks Graham J.
Published: June 2010

This contribution presents a new model for the Grampian-age tectonothermal development of the Buchan Block and Barrovian-type regions to its west, in the Grampian Terrane, Scotland. The model has drawn on evidence gathered from field mapping, microstructural analysis, metamorphic petrology and mafic magma geochemistry to propose that emplacement of the Grampian gabbros and regional metamorphic heating associated with production of Barrovian- and Buchan-type units occurred during syn-orogenic (Grampian-age), lithospheric-scale extension. Extension followed lithospheric thickening associated with the initiation of Grampian orogenesis and was followed by renewed lithospheric thickening and termination of the extensional heating. Mantle melting to produce the Grampian gabbros of the Grampian Terrane was achieved by extensional thinning of the lithosphere and decompression melting of the asthenosphere at depths of less than 70 km. Advection of heat from the mantle with emplacement of the Grampian gabbros augmented elevated heat budgets associated with attenuation of isotherms during extension. Deposition of the uppermost Dalradian (the Whitehills and Boyndie Bay Groups and the Macduff Slates) occurred during Grampian-age lithospheric extension. A gently-dipping, mid-crustal detachment focused metamorphic heat sources and accommodated significant lithospheric-scale strain, allowing independent thermal evolution of units in its hanging wall (the Buchan Block) and footwall (Barrovian-type units).
Depositional properties and geochemistry of Holocene perched springline tufa deposits and associated spring waters: a case study from the Denizli Province, Western Turkey
Authors: Özkul Mehmet , Gökgöz Alİ , HorvatinčIć Nada
Published: June 2010

The Güney waterfall area is a perched springline tufa site developed on the southeast slope of the Büyük Menderes River near Güney town, in the Denizli province, Western Turkey. The site is 12 km away from Güney and 72 km from the city centre of Denizli. The spring waters emerge from the boundary between Palaeozoic marble and micaschist and precipitated tufa deposits downslope at the altitudes ranging from 220 to 400 metres. The tufa deposits cover an area of about 20 hectares. Flat upper surfaces of the deposits are indicative of mature stage. The waters are of the Ca–HCO
3
type and supersaturated with respect to CaCO
3
. The stable isotope values of the spring waters are −49.94 for δ
2
H and −7.15 for δ
18
O. The δ
13
C and δ
18
O values of active and passive tufa samples are in the range from −9.13 to −6.0‰, and from −8.44 to −7.40‰, respectively. These isotopic values are typical for fresh water tufa. The passive tufas give the
14
C age in the range from 2000 to 5800 yr BP. According to the
14
C age data, passive tufas are not older than Holocene. The stable isotope composition is similar south European examples.
Cave atmosphere controls on stalagmite growth rate and palaeoclimate records
Authors: Baldini James U. L.
Published: June 2010

Cave atmosphere
P

CO
2

partially controls calcite deposition on stalagmites by changing the thermodynamic drive of drip water to deposit calcite. The dissolved carbon dioxide contained in karstic percolation water is generally controlled by the soil
P

CO
2

, and this CO
2
will degas in any void spaces with a lower
P

CO
2

, including caves. If void space
P

CO
2

is higher than the
P

CO
2

of the water, dissolution may occur. Measured cave air
P

CO
2

ranges of several caves in different climate regimes suggest that soil temperature is a major control on cave air
P

CO
2

, but that the observed trend deviates from the modelled trend when soil carbon dioxide production is moisture-limited. Calcite deposition models illustrate how soil and cave air
P

CO
2

can influence stalagmite growth rates, and demonstrate how gradual temperature changes can skew the geochemical proxy signal in stalagmites in favour of certain seasons and eventually can result in total cessation of growth.
Petrology and geochemistry of annually laminated stalagmites from an Alpine cave (Obir, Austria): seasonal cave physiology
Authors: Fairchild Ian J. , Spötl Christoph , Frisia Silvia , Borsato Andrea , Susini Jean , Wynn Peter M. , Cauzid Jean ,   EIMF
Published: June 2010

Seasonality is encoded in palaeoproxies of secondary cave mineral deposits (speleothems) and the code is becoming cracked. The petrology of calcite stalagmites from Obir, an Alpine (1100 m altitude), perennially wet cave, was characterized by optical and electron backscatter diffraction, and their chemistry by bulk ICP-MS analysis, ion microprobe and synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence. Vadose water penetrates 70 m through Triassic limestones (with some Pb–Zn mineralization) to the chamber Säulenhalle where the stalagmites were collected. Strong seasonal ventilation in the cave leads to low PCO
2
in winter associated with falls in speleothem sulphate S and increase in δ
13
C values. All samples display autumnal event lamination defined by a narrow, optically visible zone with increases in trace element concentrations, within which synchrotron studies have resolved μm-scale enrichments of Pb and Zn. Small-scale (10 µm) lateral trace element variations reflect alternate flat faces and rough crystal edges, influenced by high Zn content. The elemental covariations are consistent with the transport of Pb, Zn, P, F, Br and I adsorbed onto organic colloids in dripwater, but the final deposition may have been from aerosols and we propose this as a new mechanism requiring further investigation. This study represents the most complete demonstration of how chemical variations are powerful expressions of seasonal cave physiology in humid temperate caves, including the contrast between summer and winter conditions, and the preservation of sub-weekly events during the autumn season.
Seasonal microclimate control of calcite fabrics, stable isotopes and trace elements in modern speleothem from St Michaels Cave, Gibraltar
Authors: Mattey David P. , Fairchild Ian J. , Atkinson Tim C. , Latin Jean-Paul , Ainsworth Mark , Durell Richard
Published: June 2010

Detailed monitoring of three drip sites in New St Michael's Cave, Gibraltar, reveals a strongly coherent seasonal pattern of dripwater chemistry despite each site having significantly different flow paths and discharge patterns. Calcite saturation is closely linked to regular seasonal variations in cave air pCO
2
caused by seasonally reversing ventilation driven by temperature difference between the cave interior and the air outside. A coupled model of CO
2
degassing and calcite precipitation links seasonal δ
13
C variations in coexisting dripwater, cave air CO
2
and speleothem calcite to large variations in pCO
2
that are driven by cave ventilation. The relationships between stable isotope ratios, Sr/Ca and speleothem fabrics across annually formed calcite laminae are consistent with a degassing–calcite precipitation process in which rapid degassing controls the δ
13
C of both drip water DIC and calcite whereas a much slower rate of calcite precipitation causes seasonal cycles of Sr in a more complex manner. By demonstrating the causes of laminated speleothem fabrics plus trace element and isotope cycles in modern speleothem from a closely monitored cave, this study provides clear links between the local microclimate and the proxy record provided by speleothem geochemistry. In Gibraltar, low cave air pCO
2
in summer is unusual compared to what has been revealed by cave monitoring carried out elsewhere and shows that caution is needed when linking paired speleothem fabrics to specific seasons without knowledge of local processes operating in the cave.
Microbes in caves: agents of calcite corrosion and precipitation
Authors: Jones Brian
Published: June 2010

Diverse biogenic and abiogenic processes produce calcite speleothems. From a biogenic perspective, cave microbes mediate a wide range of destructive and constructive processes that collectively influence the growth of calcite speleothems and their internal fabrics. Destructive processes include substrate breakdown by dissolution, boring and residue micrite production, whereas constructive processes include microbe calcification, trapping and binding of detrital particles to substrates, and microbial induced calcite precipitation. Biogenesis can be established from: (1) the presence of mineralized microbes; (2) fabrics, such as stromatolite-like structures, that can be attributed to microbial activity; and/or (3) geochemical proxies (carbon and oxygen isotopes, lipid biomarkers) considered indicative of microbe activity. Such criteria have, for example, been used to demonstrate microbial involvement in the formation of pool fingers, stalactites/stalagmites, cave pisoliths and moonmilk. Nevertheless, absolute proof of microbial biogenesis in calcitic speleothems is commonly difficult because taphonomic processes and/or diagenetic processes commonly mask evidence of microbial activity. The assumption that calcitic speleothems are abiogenic, which has been tacitly assumed in many studies, is dangerous as there is clear evidence that microbes thrive in most caves and can directly and indirectly influence calcite precipitation in many different ways.
Role of clock genes in gastrointestinal motility
Authors: Hoogerwerf Willemijntje A.
Published: June 2010

Biological rhythms coordinate the timing of our internal bodily functions. Colonic motility follows a rhythm as well: most people will have a bowel movement in the morning and rarely during the night. Recent work provides a potential mechanism for this observation: the mouse colon possesses a functional circadian clock as well as a subset of rhythmically expressed genes that may directly impact on colonic motility. Furthermore, measures of colonic motility such as the colonic tissue contractile response to acetylcholine, stool output, and intracolonic pressure changes vary as a function of the time of day, but these variations are attenuated in mice with disrupted clock function. These laboratory findings are supported by clinical observations. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea or constipation are prevalent among shift workers and time-zone travelers, both of which are conditions associated with disruptions in biological rhythms. This review will discuss new insights into the role of clock genes in colonic motility and their potential clinical relevance.
H2O2 alters rat cardiac sarcomere function and protein phosphorylation through redox signaling
Authors: Avner Benjamin S. , Hinken Aaron C. , Yuan Chao , Solaro R. John
Published: June 2010

ROS, such as H2O2, are a component of pathological conditions in many organ systems and have been reported to be elevated in cardiac pathophysiology. The experiments presented here test the hypothesis that H2O2 induces alterations in cardiac myofilament function by the posttranslational modification of sarcomeric proteins indirectly through PKC signaling. In vitro assessment of actomyosin Mg2+-ATPase activity of myofibrillar fractions showed blunted relative ATP consumption in the relaxed state (pCa 8.0) in response to treatment with 0.5 mM H2O2 before myofilament isolation. The effect was attributable to downstream “redox signaling,” inasmuch as the direct application of H2O2 to isolated myofibrils did not alter Mg2+-ATPase activity. Ca2+-ATPase activity, which was used as a measure of myofibrillar myosin function, was unaffected by H2O2. Functional experiments using rat cardiac trabeculae treated with 0.5 or 5 mM H2O2 followed by detergent extraction of membranes demonstrated increased Ca2+ sensitivity of force production, a faster rate of force redevelopment, and (for 5 mM) decreased maximum tension. Biochemical analysis of myocardial samples treated with 0.5 mM H2O2 demonstrated increased phosphorylation of two sarcomeric proteins: cardiac troponin I and myosin-binding protein-C. These changes were eliminated by a general PKC inhibitor. However, H2O2 and the general PKC activator PMA induced different phosphorylation patterns in cardiomyocytes in which PKC-δ was elevated by viral infection. These data provide evidence that PKC-dependent redox signaling affects the function of cardiac myofilaments and indicate modification of specific proteins through this signaling mechanism.