bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De la invisibilidad al continuum de homofobia: Barreras socioculturales para las familias LGBTI en Colombia
Authors: Pantoja Bohórquez Clara , Martínez Grisales Karen , Jaramillo Jaramillo Juliana , Restrepo Pineda Jair
Published: April 2020

Este artículo realiza un acercamiento a las barreras socioculturales que enfrentan las familias LGBTI en Colombia, desde la perspectiva de 44 activistas de organizaciones sociales, con quienes se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa-interpretativa. Los resultados se analizan desde los elementos teóricos de la heterosexualidad obligatoria, el estigma y la familia como producida y productora de un sistema social de relaciones materiales y simbólicas. Se señala que, si bien estas familias históricamente han existido, en la actualidad continúan vivenciando manifestaciones de invisibilización, homofobia, discriminación y violencia en distintos contextos, producto de la normalización del modelo hegemónico de la familia nuclear heterosexual. Se concluye que la visibilización y politización de las familias LGBTI permite desesencializar las concepciones de familia asociadas a la reproducción y el binarismo de género, y deben ser leídas como un espacio de tensión y transformación del orden societal, sin embargo, se presentan retos a nivel macro y microsocial, para superar las barreras socioculturales señaladas.
What have we missed when studying the impact of aerosols on surface ozone via changing photolysis rates?
Authors: Gao Jinhui , Li Ying , Zhu Bin , Hu Bo , Wang Lili , Bao Fangwen
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Previous studies have emphasized that the decrease in photolysis rate at the surface induced by the light extinction of aerosols could weaken ozone photochemistry and then reduce surface ozone. However, quantitative studies have shown that weakened photochemistry leads to a much greater reduction in the net chemical production of ozone, which does not match the reduction in surface ozone. This suggested that in addition to photochemistry, some other physical processes related to the variation of ozone should also be considered. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model coupled with the ozone source apportionment method was applied to determine the mechanism of ozone reduction induced by aerosols over Central East China (CEC). Our results showed that weakened ozone photochemistry led to a significant reduction in ozone net chemical production, which occurred not only at the surface but also within the lowest several hundred meters in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Meanwhile, a larger ozone gradient was formed in vertical direction, which led to the high concentrations of ozone aloft being entrained by turbulence from the top of the PBL to the surface and partly counteracting the reduction in surface ozone. In addition, ozone in the upper layer of the PBL was also reduced, which was also induced by much ozone aloft being entrained downward. Therefore, by affecting the photolysis rate, the impact of aerosols was a reduction in ozone not only at the surface but also throughout the entire PBL during the daytime over the CEC in this study. The ozone source apportionment results showed that 41.4 %–66.3 % of the reduction in surface ozone came from local and adjacent source regions, which suggested that the impact of aerosols on ozone from local and adjacent regions was more significant than that from long-distance regions. The results also suggested that while controlling the concentration of aerosols, simultaneously controlling ozone precursors from local and adjacent source regions is an effective way to suppress the increase in surface ozone over CEC at present.
Improving NO2 and ozone simulations through global NOx emission inversions
Authors: Qu Zhen , Henze Daven K. , Cooper Owen R. , Neu Jessica L.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone simulations have large uncertainties, but their biases, seasonality and trends can be improved with more accurate estimates of precursor gas emissions. We perform global top-down estimates of monthly NOx emissions using two OMI NO2 retrievals (NASAv3 and DOMINOv2) from 2005 to 2016 through a hybrid 4D-Var/mass balance inversion. The 12-year averages of regional NOx budgets from the NASA posterior emissions are 37 % to 53 % smaller than the DOMINO posterior. Compared to surface NO2 measurements, GEOS-Chem adjoint NO2 simulations using the DOMINO posterior NOx emissions have smaller biases in China (by 15 %) and the US (by 22 %), but NO2 trends have more consistent decreases (by 26 %) with the measurements (by 32 %) in the US from 2006 to 2016 when using the NASA posterior. The two posterior NOx emissions datasets have different strengths with respect to simulation of ozone concentrations. Simulations using NASA-based emissions provide better agreement for polluted conditions. Ozone from these shows the highest correlation (R2 = 0.88) with annual MDA8 ozone trends and alleviates the double peak in the prior simulation of global ozone seasonality. The DOMINO-based emissions, on the other hand, are better for simulating ozone at remote sites, making them well-suited to generation of boundary conditions for regional models, and in capturing the interannual variability of daytime-average (R2 = 0.72–0.81) and 24-hour average (R2 = 0.88–0.96) surface ozone. We recommend using NOx emission datasets that have the best performance in the corresponding spatial domain and temporal focus to improve ozone simulations.
Spatiotemporal variability of solar radiation introduced by clouds over Arctic sea ice
Authors: Barrientos Velasco Carola , Deneke Hartwig , Griesche Hannes , Seifert Patric , Engelmann Ronny , Macke Andreas
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The role of clouds in recent Arctic warming is not fully understood,
including their effects on the solar radiation and the surface
energy budget. To investigate relevant small-scale processes in detail, the intensive Physical feedbacks of Arctic planetary boundary layer, Sea ice, Cloud and AerosoL
(PASCAL) drifting ice floe station field campaign was conducted during early summer in the central arctic. During this campaign, the small-scale spatiotemporal
variability of global irradiance was observed for the first time on an
ice floe with a dense network of autonomous pyranometers. A total of 15 stations
were deployed covering an area of 0.83 km×1.59 km from
4–16 June 2017. This unique, open-access dataset is described here,
and an analysis of the spatiotemporal variability deduced from this
dataset is presented for different synoptic conditions. Based on
additional observations, five typical sky conditions were identified and
used to determine the values of the mean and variance of atmospheric
global transmittance for these conditions. Overcast conditions were
observed 39.6 % of the time predominantly during the first week, with
an overall mean transmittance of 0.47. The second most frequent
conditions corresponded to multilayer clouds (32.4 %), which
prevailed in particular during the second week, with a mean
transmittance of 0.43. Broken clouds had a mean transmittance of 0.61
and a frequency of occurrence of 22.1 %. Finally, the least frequent
sky conditions were thin clouds and cloudless conditions, which both
had a mean transmittance of 0.76 and occurrence frequencies of 3.5 %
and 2.4 %, respectively. For overcast conditions, lower global
irradiance was observed for stations closer to the ice edge, likely
attributable to the low surface albedo of dark open water and a
resulting reduction of multiple reflections between the surface and
cloud base. Using a wavelet-based multi-resolution analysis, power
spectra of the time series of atmospheric transmittance were compared
for single-station and spatially averaged observations and for
different sky conditions. It is shown that both the absolute magnitude
and the scale dependence of variability contains characteristic
features for the different sky conditions.
Can ocean community production and respiration be determined by measuring
high-frequency oxygen profiles from autonomous floats?
Authors: Gordon Christopher , Fennel Katja , Richards Clark , Shay Lynn K. , Brewster Jodi K.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Oceanic primary production forms the basis of the marine food web and provides a pathway for carbon sequestration. Despite its importance, spatial and temporal variations of primary production are poorly observed, in large part because the traditional measurement techniques are laborious and require the presence of a ship. More efficient methods are emerging that take advantage of miniaturized sensors integrated into autonomous platforms such as gliders and profiling floats. One such method relies on determining the diurnal cycle of dissolved oxygen in the mixed layer and has been applied successfully to measurements from gliders and mixed layer floats. This study is the first documented attempt to estimate primary production from diurnal oxygen changes measured by Argo-type profiling floats, thus accounting for the whole euphotic zone. We first present a novel method for correcting measurement errors that result from the relatively slow response time of the oxygen optode sensor. This correction relies on an in-situ determination of the sensor's effective response time. The method is conceptually straightforward and requires only two minor adjustments in current Argo data transmission protocols: (1) transmission of measurement time stamps, and (2) occasional transmission of downcasts in addition to upcasts. Next, we present oxygen profiles collected by 10 profiling floats in the northern Gulf of Mexico, evaluate whether community production and respiration can be detected, and show evidence of internal oscillations influencing the diurnal oxygen signal. Our results show that profiling floats are capable of measuring diurnal oxygen variations although the confounding influence of physical processes does not permit a reliable estimation of biological rates in our data set. We offer suggestions for recognizing and removing the confounding signals.
Tidal flood area mapping fronts the climate change scenarios: case study in a tropical estuary of Brazilian semiarid
Authors: Araújo Paulo Victor N. , Amaro Venerando E. , Aguiar Leonlene S. , Lima Caio C. , Lopes Alexandre B.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Previous studies on tidal flood mapping are mostly with continental and/or global scale approaches. Besides, the few works on local scale perception are concentrated in Europe, Asia, and North America. Here we present a case study approaching a flood risk mapping methodology against climate change scenarios in a region with a strong environmental and social appeal. The study site is an estuarine cut in the Brazilian semi-arid, covering part of two state conservation units, which has been in recent years suffering severe consequences from flooding by tides. In this case study, high geodetic precision data (LiDAR DEM), together with robust tidal return period statistics and data from current sea level rise scenarios were used. We found that approximately 118.26 km2 of the estuary understudy is at high risk, extremely high risk and urgently in need of mitigation measures. This case study can serve as a basis for future management actions as well as a model for applying risk mapping in other coastal areas.
Fundamentos formativos da Base Nacional Curricular Comum (BNCC): uma análise a partir de Zygmunt Bauman
Authors: Silva Rafael Bianchi , Silva Guilherme Elias da
Published: April 2020

O sociólogo polonês Zygmunt Bauman, no diagnóstico do presente construído ao longo de sua obra, analisou a passagem da sociedade de produtores para um modelo de relações sociais pautada pela lógica do consumo. Em tal configuração, o consumo passa a ser o principal crivo que serve de princípio valorativo para as instituições e relações sociais de nosso tempo difundindo elementos como o individualismo, a efemeridade e o custo-benefício para diferentes campos que incluem a educação. A partir dessa premissa, o presente artigo visa discutir os fundamentos formativos presentes na Base Nacional Curricular Curricular (BNCC) para indicar de que modo tais elementos se materializam como projeto educativo no contexto brasileiro. Observou-se que o referido documento, ao pautar-se pelo conceito de competência, oferece segmento aos elementos já presentes nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN), ampliando a importância do desenvolvimento de traços individuais atrelados a exigências de um contexto de trabalho em constante modificação. Conclui-se que, nesse contexto, amplia-se a transformação do homem em mercadoria e minimiza-se o lugar do trabalho, que visto enquanto sinônimo de emprego e renda, perde seu espaço enquanto princípio educativo.
Current Status of Transcultural Nursing Education in Nursing Baccalaureate Programs
Authors: Jang Seon Mi , Kim Jeongeun
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study presents the current status of transcultural nursing education in nursing baccalaureate programs. Methods: The nursing curricula from 185 out of 194 nursing colleges that received accreditation were collected and analyzed. Results: 109 (58.9%) nursing colleges offered 117 transcultural nursing-related courses. The courses were offered as elective (68.4%) as well as major (78.6%) courses. All courses were offered as a theoretical delivery class without any field experiences. The courses were offered mainly for sophomore (41.9%) and freshman students (33.3%), and most of them (79.5%) were two-credit courses. Instead of the term "transcultural nursing," "multicultural nursing" is mostly used in the title of courses. An inconsistency between the title of courses and their content was found. After analyzing the title of courses based on four nursing meta-paradigms, courses related to the environment were most common (41.9%). Conclusion: Transcultural nursing education has developed during the last decade. However, teaching methods and course content have not developed enough. Thus, a greater effort is needed to increase awareness of the importance of transcultural nursing education and to develop courses for it.
Clic Multimedia
Authors: Casado Martínez Carlos , Albadalejo Carlos
Published: April 2020

En esta entrevista, Ignacio Vivot nos habla sobre la empresa Clic Multimedia, con sede en Argentina, especializada en desarrollos de páginas web para empresas e instituciones.
Functional histology of the skin in the subterranean African giant mole-rat: thermal windows are determined solely by pelage characteristics
Authors: Pleštilová Lucie , Okrouhlík Jan , Burda Hynek , Sehadová Hana , M. Valesky Eva , Šumbera Radim
Published: April 2020

Excavation of burrows is an extremely physically demanding activity producing a large amount of metabolic heat. Dissipation of its surplus is crucial to avoid the risk of overheating, but in subterranean mammals it is complicated due to the absence of notable body extremities and high humidity in their burrows. IR-thermography in a previous study on two species of African mole-rats revealed that body heat was dissipated mainly through the ventral body part, which is notably less furred. Here, we analyzed the dorsal and ventral skin morphology, to test if dermal characteristics could contribute to higher heat dissipation through the ventral body part. The thickness of the epidermis and dermis and the presence, extent and connectivity of fat tissue in the dermis were examined using routine histological methods, while vascular density was evaluated using fluorescent dye and confocal microscopy in the giant mole-ratFukomys mechowii. As in other hitherto studied subterranean mammals, no subcutaneous adipose tissue was found. All examined skin characteristics were very similar for both dorsal and ventral regions: relative content of adipose tissue in the dermis (14.4 ± 3.7% dorsally and 11.0 ± 4.0% ventrally), connectivity of dermal fat (98.5 ± 2.8% and 95.5 ± 6.8%), vascular density (26.5 ± 3.3% and 22.7 ± 2.3%). Absence of large differences in measured characteristics between particular body regions indicates that the thermal windows are determined mainly by the pelage characteristics.
O ensino de Português língua estrangeira no Brasil: ontem e hoje
Authors: Rocha Nildicéia Aparecida
Published: April 2020

Considerando o “boom” que o ensino e a aprendizagem de Português Língua Estrangeira (dovarante PLE) tem passado nos últimos trinta anos, em especial, o português falado no Brasil, este texto recupera uma  história complexa e contraditória, o ensino de uma língua estrangeira moderna. Árdua tarefa e que por vezes pode ser considerada incompleta por ser um trabalho de folego e prolongado estudo. Não obstante, o percurso apresentado propõe-se a traçar a história do ensino das línguas estrangeiras modernas no Brasil, a partir de um enfoque aparentemente linear; em seguida resgatar a história do ensino de PLE no Brasil e relacionando-a ao campo do ensino de línguas estrangeiras modernas; e, por fim, refletir sobre o presente momento no qual a emergência da área de PLE encontra-se analisada na perspectiva discursiva, percebendo a língua portuguesa do Brasil como uma língua transnacional (ZOPPI FONTANA, 2009). Desse modo, percebe-se a complexidade desta área e a necessária medida de reflexões que levam a ações transformadoras no campo educativo.
El Diccionario Monolingüe Pedagógico y la Enseñanza de Vocabulario: reflexiones teóricas y propuesta de actividad
Authors: Pereira Renato Rodrigues
Published: April 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre la importancia y sobre el uso de los diccionarios monolingües pedagógicos como materiales didácticos que mucho pueden contribuir para el proceso de enseñanza y de aprendizaje de Español como Lengua Extranjera (E/LE). Para ello, además de los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de la Lexicografía Pedagógica (LEXPED), buscamos apoyo en autores que valoran el desarrollo del conocimiento léxico en el estudio de lenguas y proponemos una actividad con ejercicios dirigidos cuyo objetivo es demostrar que léxico, texto y diccionario caminan juntos, como posibilitadores de significados e informaciones para la realización de los sentidos que deseamos.
O Ensino e a Aprendizagem de Línguas Estrangeiras Modernas: o processo de internacionalização do conhecimento
Authors: Nadin Odair Luiz , Rocha Nildicéia Aparecida , Marques Sandra Mari Kaneko
Published: April 2020

O Ensino e a Aprendizagem de Línguas Estrangeiras Modernas sempre cumpriram relevante papel nas sociedades. No mundo moderno, tecnológico e globalizado em que vivemos, saber diferentes línguas se tornou imprescindível tanto do ponto de vista cultural quanto com relação ao mercado de trabalho. Esse fato, atrelado ao intenso processo de internacionalização do conhecimento presente na sociedade moderna, principalmente em contextos acadêmicos, promove a necessidade de dar maior visibilidade ao ensino de línguas, à formação de professores e à produção científica decorrente desses aspectos. O principal objetivo da busca de maior visibilidade é o de compartilhar saberes produzidos em tais contextos, promovendo e ampliando a capacitação de professores e aprendizes para atuarem num cenário de diversidade cultural.
A expansão da língua portuguesa: algmas reflexões a partir do contexto espanhol
Authors: Sandes Egisvanda Isys de Almeida , Ferrero Ana María Díaz , Monteiro-Plantin Rosemeire Selma
Published: April 2020

Nesse artigo são apresentadas algumas reflexões sobre a expansão da língua portuguesa observadas a partir da perspectiva do contexto espanhol e o papel das universidades no processo. Como membro participante da Eurozona, o país ibérico sofreu com as consequências resultantes da crise financeira que impactou o mundo entre 2008 e 2013, especificamente por ver a evolução de seu processo interno provocar a fuga ao exterior de jovens cérebros e acelerar a internacionalização das empresas e universidades. Como um dos destino mais preferidos foi o Brasil, esse movimento provocou um crescimento no interesse por aprender a língua portuguesa e os diversos aspectos de sua cultura. Como consequência, as universidades tiveram suas rotinas alteradas para atender às novas necessidades da agitação mundial, não só por conta da formação de profissionais para o ensino de português como língua estrangeira (PLE), mas também para elaborar projetos que atendessem o vigente processo de internacionalização e mobilização de pesquisadores e estudantes, além do público social imigrante, vítimas dos eventos sucessivos após o advento da globalização.
Connecting Social Capital, Cognitive Bias, and Entrepreneurial Intentions: About Gender Differences
Authors: Cheng Lin Ju , Liao Chun Chieh
Published: April 2020

This study combines the SC-E model and entrepreneurial bias research to formulate a “social capital-cognitive bias-entrepreneurial intentions framework,” and to discuss the differences between gender in the relationship among social capital, cognitive bias, and entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, it also explores the mediation effects of optimism and overconfidence. Structural equation modeling is used to examine the hypotheses on a sample of 511 students at a Taiwanese university. Empirical results show that neither bonding nor bridging social capital has a direct impact on entrepreneurial intentions. They also indicate that male students are more optimistic and have higher entrepreneurial intentions than females. Regarding the mediation effect, bridging social capital may evoke both optimism and overconfidence, but bonding social capital only affects optimism. Furthermore, optimism is the antecedent of overconfidence, and it creates another channel of the mediation effect.
Surface Regulation of CsPbBr3 Quantum Dots for Standard Blue‐Emission with Boosted PLQY
Authors: Shi Shasha , Wang Yong , Zeng Siyuan , Cui Ying , Xiao Yin
Published: April 2020

It is demonstrated that, via surface treatment of CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) by introducing small amount of organic ammonium chlorides possessing short alkyl chain (C ≤ 4) in methyl acetate in the typical purification process, the emission can be tuned from green to blue region with boosted photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). The Cl− mainly works on the surface of PeQDs to fill bromide vacancy, which generates a passivated mixed‐halide surface and avoids formation of defects deep within bandgap. Meanwhile, the replacement of initial long‐chain ligands with short chain ammonium moiety benefits the film PLQY. Accordingly, a standard blue emission of 461 nm with a high film PLQY of 52% is accessed and the corresponding colloidal shows a PLQY of 80% at 456 nm. This method is also proved to be a versatile tool to boost the PLQY of PeQDs by using short chain ammonium halides bearing the same X with the initial CsPbX3. A near‐unity colloidal PLQY of 97% and 98% is achieved for CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3 respectively. Quantum dots light‐emitting diode (QLED) with treated CsPbBr3 affords a standard blue electroluminescence of 459 nm and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 0.3%.
Silicon Anode with High Initial Coulombic Efficiency by Modulated Trifunctional Binder for High‐Areal‐Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Zeheng , Zhang Yaping , Liu Tiefeng , Gao Xuehui , Li Siyuan , Ling Min , Liang Chengdu , Zheng Junchao , Lin Zhan
Published: April 2020

High‐capacity electrode materials play a vital role for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries. Silicon (Si) has been regarded as a promising anode material because of its outstanding theoretical capacity, but it suffers from an inherent volume expansion problem. Binders have demonstrated improvements in the electrochemical performance of Si anodes. Achieving ultrahigh‐areal‐capacity Si anodes with rational binder strategies remains a significant challenge. Herein, a binder‐lithiated strategy is proposed for ultrahigh‐areal‐capacity Si anodes. A hard/soft modulated trifunctional network binder (N‐P‐LiPN) is constructed by the partially lithiated hard polyacrylic acid as a framework and partially lithiated soft Nafion as a buffer via the hydrogen binding effect. N‐P‐LiPN has strong adhesion and mechanical properties to accommodate huge volume change of the Si anode. In addition, lithium‐ions are transferred via the lithiated groups of N‐P‐LiPN, which significantly enhances the ionic conductivity of the Si anode. Hence, the Si@N‐P‐LiPN electrodes achieve the highest initial Coulombic efficiency of 93.18% and a stable cycling performance for 500 cycles at 0.2 C. Specially, Si@N‐P‐LiPN electrodes demonstrate an ultrahigh‐areal‐capacity of 49.59 mAh cm−2. This work offers a new approach for inspiring the battery community to explore novel binders for next‐generation high‐energy‐density storage devices.
Performance enhancement of copper indium diselenide photovoltaic module using inorganic phase change material
Authors: Karthick Alagar , Ramanan Pichandi , Ghosh Aritra , Stalin Balasubramaniam , Vignesh Kumar Ramalingam , Baranilingesan Irusappan
Published: April 2020

The work presents the method to increase the electrical efficiency and power output of photovoltaic (PV) panel with the use of phase change material (PCM). CaCl2.6H2O–Fe3Cl2.6H2O eutectic has a suitable melting point and high latent heat for temperature regulation of PV panel. The work has been focused on the experimental setup and simulation heat extraction from the PV panel with the use of ANSYS software. A modification of copper indium diselenide (CIS) PV module from Solar Frontier (SF170‐S) was made with a eutectic mixture (70:30) of calcium chloride hexahydrate (70%) and iron (III) chloride hexahydrate phase change material. The cell temperature of the PV panel with and without PCM was measured and compared for two typical days. The simulation of the PV‐PCM systems comprising both PV panels was performed using ANSYS (fluent) software, followed by the comparison of the results actual experimental data. The experimental results show that the maximum temperature difference on the surface of PV panel without PCM was 9°C higher than that on the panel with PCM in a period of 1 day. Referring to experimental results, the calculation of the maximum and average increase of power gain was made for PV‐PCM panel. Final results show that the electricity production of PV‐PCM panel was higher for 96.55 Whr in a particular day of experimentation.
Electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of silicone foam composites filled with carbon‐based nanofillers
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Long , Zang Chong‐Guang , Jiao Qing‐Jie
Published: April 2020

It is critical to develop a new method to prepare engineered carbon‐based fillers for high‐performance applications. In this article, the functional nanocarbon‐based fillers (FG‐M) composed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by a simple self‐assembly reaction under the existence of triethoxyvinylsilane. Based on the FG‐M fillers, the silicone foam composites (FG‐M/SF) were prepared, and the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the composites were studied. Results showed that the FG‐M could effectively improve the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the composites compared with the single‐filler system (GO/SF and MWNTs/SF). Especially, the composites exhibited the best synergistic effect on electrically, thermal and mechanical enhancement while the ratio of MWNTs and GO was close to 1:1. Moreover, the effect of type and content of fillers on the rheological properties and density of the composites was also studied. The result showed that the FG‐M/SF system has good thixotropic and foaming performance. The FG‐M filler will have a good application prospect in the preparation of high‐performance SF composites.
Messung und Simulation der Erwärmung von ermüdungsbeanspruchten Betonprobekörpern
Authors: Vogel Albert , Völker Conrad , Bode Matthias , Marx Steffen
Published: April 2020

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Messungen und Berechnungen vorgestellt, die die Temperaturentwicklung in Betonzylindern aufgrund zyklischer Beanspruchung genau beschreiben. Die Messungen wurden in einem Versuchsstand, die Berechnungen im FEM‐Programm ANSYS durchgeführt. Mithilfe der Temperaturmessungen konnten die Simulationen für die Temperaturentwicklung der Betonzylinder mit der verwendeten Betonrezeptur validiert werden. Die Untersuchungen lassen den Schluss zu, dass bei zyklischer Probekörperbelastung und der einhergehenden Probekörperdehnung Energie dissipiert wird und diese maßgeblich für die Erwärmung der Probe verantwortlich ist.
Digitalisierung im Verkehrswasserbau
Authors: Heinzelmann Christoph , Bödefeld Jörg , Duric Zorana
Published: April 2020

Die Digitalisierung im Verkehrswasserbau bietet einerseits große Chancen und ist andererseits eine große Herausforderung für die nächsten Jahre. Um das Effizienzpotenzial der Digitalisierung voll auszuschöpfen, muss der gesamte Lebenszyklus der Bauwerke vom Planen und Bauen bis zum Betreiben und Unterhalten betrachtet werden. Unter dieser Voraussetzung ergeben sich Perspektiven, die weit über die Bauwerksplanung und die intelligente Bauwerksmodellierung hinausgehen. Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert mögliche Wege für eine erfolgreiche Digitalisierung im Verkehrswasserbau und zeigt auf, welche konkreten Schritte bereits heute unternommen werden können, um eine stabile Basis für eine nachhaltige digitale Entwicklung zu schaffen.
Hollow MoS3 Nanospheres as Electrode Material for “Water‐in‐Salt” Li–Ion Batteries
Authors: Quan Ting , Xu Yaolin , Tovar Michael , Goubard‐Bretesché Nicolas , Li Zhaolong , Kochovski Zdravko , Kirmse Holm , Skrodczky Kai , Mei Shilin , Yu Hongtao , Abou‐Ras Daniel , Wagemaker Marnix , Lu Yan
Published: April 2020

The use of “water‐in‐salt” electrolyte (WISE) (i. e., a highly concentrated aqueous solution) in rechargeable batteries has received increasing attention due to the significantly expanded electrochemical window compared to the limited voltage of conventional aqueous electrolytes. It enables the use of more positive/negative electrode material couples in aqueous batteries, resulting in an enhanced output voltage. However, one of the challenges is to identify promising anode materials for the “water‐in‐salt” Li‐ion batteries (WIS‐LIBs). Herein we for the first time demonstrate that MoS3, an amorphous chain‐like structured transitional metal trichalcogenide, is promising as anode in the WIS‐LIBs. In this work, hollow MoS3 nanospheres were synthesized via a scalable room‐temperature acid precipitation method. When applied in WIS‐LIBs, the prepared MoS3 achieved a high specific capacity of 127 mAh/g at the current density of 0.1 A/g and good stability over 1000 cycles. During operation, MoS3 underwent irreversible conversion to Li2MoO4 (with H2S and H2 evolution) during the initial Li ion uptake, and was then converted gradually to a more stable and reversible LixMoOy (2≤y≤4)) phase along cycling. Amorphous Li‐deficient Lix‐mMoOy/MoOz was formed upon delithiation. Nevertheless, MoS3 outperformed MoO3 in WIS‐LIBs, which could be accredited to its initial one‐dimensional molecular structure and the amorphous nature of the delithiated product facilitating charge transport. These results demonstrated a novel routine for synthesizing metal sulfides with hollow structures using a template‐based method and push forward the development of metal sulfides for aqueous energy storage applications.
Determination of plasma homocysteine with a UHPLC–MS/MS method: Application to analyze the correlation between plasma homocysteine and whole blood 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate in healthy volunteers
Authors: Ji Yubin , Luo Hongjun , Li Hui , Lin Zhexuan , Luo Wenhong
Published: April 2020

An ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for determination of homocysteine (HCY) in human plasma. The HCY was derivatized with 2‐chloro‐1‐methylquinolinium tetrafluoroborate and isolated using solid‐phase extraction. Derivatization, isolation and detection procedures were optimized. Satisfactory linearity was obtained with determination coefficients (r2) >0.999. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were in the interval of 1.2–5.1% and accuracy was within ±7%. Mean recoveries were close to 100%. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.46 and 1.38 μmol/L, respectively. The method was then applied to investigate the relationship between plasma HCY and whole blood 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate levels in healthy volunteers. The results revealed that the plasma level of HCY was significantly negatively correlated to whole blood 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate in volunteers.
Effect of Crystallization Conditions on the Metastable Zone Width and Nucleation Kinetics of p‐Aminobenzoic Acid in Ethanol
Authors: Mohd Noor Siti Zulaikha , Camacho Diana M. , Yun Ma Cai , Mahmud Tariq
Published: April 2020

A detailed knowledge of the metastable zone width (MSZW) and nucleation kinetics is vital for the design of batch cooling crystallization processes. Factors such as cooling rate and impeller speed affect the MSZW and nucleation kinetics. Crystallization and dissolution temperatures were measured as a function of cooling rate and impeller speed during the batch cooling crystallization of p‐aminobenzoic acid (pABA) from ethanol in a 0.5‐L stirred‐tank crystallizer. The polythermal experimental data were analyzed using the Nyvlt and first principles‐based Kashchiev‐Borissova‐Hammond‐Roberts (KBHR) methods. In all experimental cases, the latter model revealed that the nucleation process of pABA in ethanol was dominated by an instantaneous nucleation mechanism. The Nyvlt and KBHR analyses delivered a range of parameter values associated with a power‐law model describing the nucleation rate as well as the concentration of nuclei.
Kinetics of Electrophilic Fluorination of Steroids and Epimerisation of Fluorosteroids
Authors: Rozatian Neshat , Harsanyi Antal , Murray Ben J. , Hampton Alexander S. , Chin Emily J. , Cook Alexander S. , Hodgson David R. W. , Sandford Graham
Published: April 2020

Fluorinated steroids, which are synthesised by electrophilic fluorination, form a significant proportion of marketed pharmaceuticals. To gain quantitative information on fluorination at the 6‐position of steroids, kinetics studies were conducted on enol ester derivatives of progesterone, testosterone, cholestenone and hydrocortisone with a series of electrophilic N−F reagents. The stereoselectivities of fluorination reactions of progesterone enol acetate and the kinetic effects of additives, including methanol and water, were investigated. The kinetics of epimerisation of 6β‐fluoroprogesterone to the more pharmacologically active 6α‐fluoroprogesterone isomer in HCl/acetic acid solutions are detailed.
Quality of decision aids developed for women at average risk of breast cancer eligible for mammographic screening: Systematic review and assessment according to the International Patient Decision Aid Standards instrument
Authors: Hild Sandrine , Johanet Marion , Valenza Anna , Thabaud Maïna , Laforest Flore , Ferrat Emilie , Rat Cédric ,   for the DEDICACES Group, the French National College of General Practitioners
Published: April 2020

Mammographic screening contributes to a reduction in specific mortality, but it has disadvantages. Decision aids are tools designed to support people's decisions. Because these aids influence patient choice, their quality is crucial. The objective of the current study was to conduct a systematic review of decision aids developed for women eligible for mammographic screening who have an average breast cancer risk and to assess the quality of these aids. The systematic review included articles published between January 1, 1997, and August 1, 2019, in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and PsycInfo databases. The studies were reviewed independently by 2 reviewers. Any study containing a decision aid for women eligible for mammographic screening with an average breast cancer risk was included. Two double‐blind reviewers assessed the quality of the selected decision aids using the International Patient Decision Aid Standards instrument, version 3 (IPDASi). Twenty‐three decision aids were extracted. Classification of decision aid quality using the IPDASi demonstrated large variations among the decision aids (maximum IPDASi score, 188; mean ± SD score, 132.6 ± 23.8; range, 85‐172). Three decision aids had high overall scores. The 3 best‐rated dimensions were disclosure (maximum score, 8; mean score, 6.8), focusing on transparency; information (maximum score, 32; mean score, 26.1), focusing on the provision of sufficient details; and probabilities (maximum score, 32; mean score 25), focusing on the presentation of probabilities. The 3 lowest‐rated dimensions were decision support technology evaluation (maximum score, 8; mean score, 4.3), focusing on the effectiveness of the decision aid; development (maximum score, 24; mean score, 12.6), evaluating the development process; and plain language (maximum score, 4; mean score, 1.9), assessing appropriateness for patients with low literacy. The results of this review identified 3 high‐quality decision aids for breast cancer screening.
Nomen est omen, cognitive dissonance, and homology of memory centers in crustaceans and insects
Authors: Strausfeld Nicholas J.
Published: April 2020

In 1882, the Italian embryologist Giuseppe Bellonci introduced a nomenclature for structures in the stomatopod crustacean Squilla mantis that he claimed correspond to insect mushroom bodies, today recognized as cardinal centers that in insects mediate associative memory. The use of Bellonci's terminology has, through a series of misunderstandings and entrenched opinions, led to contesting views regarding whether centers in crustacean and insect brains that occupy corresponding locations and receive comparable multisensory inputs are homologous or homoplasic. The following describes the fate of terms used to denote sensory association neuropils in crustacean species and relates how those terms were deployed in the 1920s and 1930s by the Swedish neuroanatomist Bertil Hanström to claim homology in insects and crustaceans. Yet the same terminology has been repurposed by subsequent researchers to promote the very opposite view: that mushroom bodies are a derived trait of hexapods and that equivalent centers in crustaceans evolved independently.
Hollow CeOx/CoP Heterostructures Using Two‐dimensional Co−MOF as Template for Efficient and Stable Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Tong , Wu Xiaoxia , Fan Yifan , Shan Changfu , Wang Bingkai , Xu Huajie , Tang Yu
Published: April 2020

Constructing heterostructures has been identified as an efficient means to optimize the catalytic activity and boost electrocatalytic performances. Herein, we designed a novel hollow CeOx/CoP heterostructure supported on nickel foam (NF) through two‐dimensional Co‐metal‐organic framework (Co−MOF) as template, which could be used in electrocatalytic water splitting The hollow CeOx/CoP/NF nanocatalyst demonstrated excellent activities toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in anode and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in cathode with relatively low overpotential (264 mV and 117 mV) at 10 mA cm−2. Besides, the battery potential was only 1.63 V toward electrocatalytic water‐splitting at 10 mA cm−2, and demonstrated excellent operational durability for 60 h. In this work, introducing CeOx significantly enhanced the inherent activity of monophase transition‐metal phosphides (TMPs). Thus, this work may provide a new standpoint for constructing heterostructures with high activity containing transition‐metal compounds and rare earth species for electrocatalytic water splitting.
Fw‐fuzz: A code coverage‐guided fuzzing framework for network protocols on firmware
Authors: Gao Zicong , Dong Weiyu , Chang Rui , Wang Yisen
Published: April 2020

Fuzzing is an effective approach to detect software vulnerabilities utilizing changeable generated inputs. However, fuzzing the network protocol on the firmware of IoT devices is limited by inefficiency of test case generation, cross‐architecture instrumentation, and fault detection. In this article, we propose the Fw‐fuzz, a coverage‐guided and crossplatform framework for fuzzing network services running in the context of firmware on embedded architectures, which can generate more valuable test cases by introspecting program runtime information and using a genetic algorithm model. Specifically, we propose novel dynamic instrumentation in Fw‐fuzz to collect the running state of the firmware program. Then Fw‐fuzz adopts a genetic algorithm model to guide the generation of inputs with high code coverage. We fully implement the prototype system of Fw‐fuzz and conduct evaluations on network service programs of various architectures in MIPS, ARM, and PPC. By comparing with the protocol fuzzers Boofuzz and Peach in metrics of edge coverage, our prototype system achieves an average growth of 33.7% and 38.4%, respectively. We further verify six known vulnerabilities and discover 5 0‐day vulnerabilities with the Fw‐fuzz, which prove the validity and utility of our framework. The overhead of our system expressed as an additional 5% of memory growth.
Flux Growth and X‐Ray Diffraction Study of the Crystal Structure of Ca/SrMoO4 Single Crystals
Authors: Zhang Shoubao , Yu Haitian , Han Shuo , Ni Meiyan , Liu Xiaoli , Zhao Hongyan , Zhou Shaoshuai
Published: April 2020

Single crystals of CaMoO4 and SrMoO4 are grown by a flux‐growth technique using the corresponding chlorides as the flux. The crystal structures of CaMoO4 and SrMoO4 are refined using powder X‐ray diffraction data: space group I41/a (no. 88), Z = 4. Unlike SrMoO4, which can be reduced to SrMoO3, the CaMoO4 decomposes to CaO and Mo in H2/Ar (5%) flow. It is probably because the highly distorted MoO4 tetrahedron in CaMoO4 hinders the structural transition. The distortion of MoO4 tetrahedron is also confirmed by their emission spectra.
A novel high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector method for the simultaneous quantification of the enzyme‐reactivating oximes obidoxime, pralidoxime, and HI‐6 in human plasma
Authors: Kranawetvogl Tamara , Steinritz Dirk , Thiermann Horst , John Harald
Published: April 2020

Oximes such as pralidoxime (2‐PAM), obidoxime (Obi), and HI‐6 are the only currently available therapeutic agents to reactivate inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in case of intoxications with organophosphorus (OP) compounds. However, each oxime has characteristic agent‐dependent reactivating efficacy, and therefore the combined administration of complementary oximes might be a promising approach to improve therapy. Accordingly, a new high‐performance liquid chromatography method with diode‐array detection (HPLC‐DAD) was developed and validated allowing for simultaneous or single quantification of 2‐PAM, Obi, and HI‐6 in human plasma. Plasma was precipitated using 5% w/v aqueous zinc sulfate solution and subsequently acetonitrile yielding high recoveries of 94.2%–101.0%. An Atlantis T3 column (150 × 2.1mm I.D., 3 μm) was used for chromatographic separation with a total run time of 15 min. Quantification was possible without interferences within a linear range from 0.12 to 120 μg/mL for all oximes. Excellent intra‐day (accuracy 91.7%–98.6%, precision 0.5%–4.4%) and inter‐day characteristics (accuracy 89.4%–97.4%, precision 0.4%–2.2%) as well as good ruggedness were found. Oximes in processed samples were stable for at least 12 h in the autosampler at 15°C as well as in human plasma for at least four freeze–thaw cycles. Finally, the method was applied to plasma samples of a clinical case of pesticide poisoning.
Synthesis of Fused Spiropyrrolidine Oxindoles Through 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides Prepared from Isatins and α‐Amino Acids with Heterobicyclic Alkenes
Authors: Kumaran Subramani , Saritha Rajendhiran , Gurumurthy Palanivelu , Parthasarathy Kanniyappan
Published: April 2020

The synthesis of various fused spiropyrrolidine oxindoles from isatins, amino acids, and heterobicyclic alkenes through a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition is described. For the first time, we used heterobicyclic alkenes as a dipolarophile in 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of the azomethine ylide generated by decarboxylation. Triflic acid mediated aromatization of cycloaddition products has been demonstrated. A possible mechanism is proposed that the formation of iminium carboxylate intermediate (I), azomethine ylide intermediate (II) via decarboxylation, subsequent 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with oxabenzonorbornadiene to give cycloaddition product.
Olefin‐Oriented Selective Synthesis of Linear and Branched N‐Alkylated Heterocycles by Hydroamination
Authors: Sushmita  , Aggarwal Trapti , Saini Kapil Mohan , Verma Akhilesh K.
Published: April 2020

An effective base‐induced selective approach for the synthesis of linear and branched N‐alkylated heterocycles by hydroamination of olefins has been described. The designed C–N bond formation method was directed through the olefin, as with styrenes only linear N‐alkylated product was obtained, and acrylates gave linear as well as branched alkylated heterocycles. This protocol provided the synthesis of exclusive N‐alkylated product instead of the C‐3 Michael addition product. The reaction was also compatible with phenyl vinyl sulfone, thus leading to the formation of sulfone substituted heterocycles in good yield. Further, the method was utilized for the synthesis of medicinally important analogs of CB1 Cannabinoid receptor and Dimebon analogue in short reaction sequence.
Surficial fractures in the Navajo sandstone, south‐western USA: the roles of thermal cycles, rainstorms, granular disintegration, and iterative cracking
Authors: Loope David B. , Loope Garrison R. , Burberry Caroline M. , Rowe Clinton M. , Bryant Gerald C.
Published: April 2020

Deep (> 5 m) sheeting fractures in the Navajo sandstone are evident at numerous sites in southern Utah and derive from tectonic stresses. Strong diurnal thermal cycles are, however, the likely triggers for shallow (< 0.3 m) sheeting fractures. Data from subsurface thermal sensors reveal that large temperature differences between sensors at 2 and 15 cm depth on clear summer afternoons are as great as those that trigger sheeting fractures in exposed California granite. Extensive polygonal patterns in the Navajo sandstone are composed of surface‐perpendicular fractures and were produced by contractile stresses. Numerous studies have shown that porewater diminishes the tensile strength of sandstone. Based on our thermal records, we propose that cooling during monsoonal rainstorms triggers polygonal fracturing of temporarily weakened rock. On steep outcrops, polygonal patterns are rectilinear and orthogonal, with T‐vertices. Lower‐angle slopes host hexagonal patterns (defined by the dominance of Y‐vertices). Intermediate patterns with rectangles and hexagons of similar scale are common. We posit that outcropping fractures are advancing downward by iterative steps, and that hexagons on sandstone surfaces (like prismatic columns of basalt) have evolved from ancestral orthogonal polygons of similar scale. In lava flows, fractures elongate intermittently as they follow a steep thermal gradient (the source of stress) as it rapidly moves through the rock mass. In our model, a steep, surficial thermal gradient descends through unfractured sandstone, but at the slow pace of granular disintegration. Through time, as the friable rock on stable slopes erodes, iterative cracking advances into new space. Hexagonal patterns form as new fractures, imperfectly guided by the older ones, propagate in new directions, and vertices drift into a configuration that minimizes the ratio of fracture length to polygon area. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.