bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Europe and the Islamic World in the Age of Exploration
Authors: Darling Linda T.
Published: April 2008

Our image of early modern Europe is one of religious wars, intellectual and scientific discoveries, and global explorations that "circumvented" the Islamic world and left it behind in the dust of progress. The Islamic world in the same period is pictured as stagnant and declining, unable or unwilling to adopt technologies or profit from discoveries made by a dynamic Europe. However, the idea of eastern immobility reflects not the reality of the east but the persistence of ancient western stereotypes. This essay describes the growth of those stereotypes, then discusses recent research on conditions in the Islamic world and how its results affect our understanding of relations between east and west. It sees transformations in the Islamic world as similar to those in western Europe, generating an image of two civilizations on parallel rather than opposing tracks. The source of European superiority in the modern period should not be sought in the decline of the east. The idea that while the west progressed the east stood still should be relegated to the horse-and-buggy era as something once believed but no longer credible, like the flat earth, spontaneous generation, or the medical use of leeches.
The Military Revolution, Administrative Development, and Cultural Change in Early Modern Russia
Authors: Poe Marshall
Published: April 2008

Among Western historians it is generally agreed that the "military revolution" spurred bureaucratization, and that bureaucracy in turn caused social and cultural change. This essay examines the links between military reform, administrative development, and cultural change in the Muscovite context. It argues that the "Europeanizing" military reforms of the mid-sixteenth to the mid-seventeenth century indeed had a significant impact on both Russian government and culture, at least among the service elite. In the era of Ivan III (1462-1505), the Muscovite court was a moderately-sized gathering of unlettered warriors who, together with a small group of scribes, managed a considerable principality in northeastern Rus'. A bit more than a century later the court was a much more complex entity comprising a well-stratified political elite, a system of functionally differentiated chancelleries, and a large network of gunpowder military forces. Behind this transformation were successive waves of military reform, waves which brought with them well-elaborated literate administration. The coming of literate administration to the governing class-the court elite, chancellery personnel, and higher gentry-had four effects: integration on an imperial level; increased status and functional differentiation; a slow movement from mechanical to organic solidarity; and, finally, the impersonalization of social identity.
At War With God: Ju/'Hoan Curing Dances
Authors: Platvoet Jan G.
Published: April 2008

In the 1950s and 1960s, only a few !Kung speaking San, or Bushmen, continued to follow the traditional way of life of nomadic food gathering in the Kalahari semi-desert of Southern Africa. One group were the Ju/'hoansi of the Nyae Nyae and Dobe areas of the Northwestern Kalahari. It is their religion that is discussed in this article. Their central rite was the curing dance, an all-night ritual which they often practised (and practise now, after they have settled permanently, even more commonly than before).2 It served as their major means of maintaining solidarity within their egalitarian bands3 and of removing conflict from it__another means being the sharing of the food they had collected and the meat they had hunted. Solidarity was maintained through the curing dance, partly because the dance was itself a process of sharing, of n/um, 'curing power', and partly because it served as a ritual of exclusion. God and the deceased were blamed for the evil present in the group, were declared personae non gratae and refused admission to the dances as unwelcome aliens, the !Kung waging a continual ritual war upon them as their sole enemies. The special interest of this religion and this ritual for the comparative study of religions is highlighted by an examination of the link between the anthropological study of the !Kung curing dances and recent archaeological research on San art, especially the thousands of rock paintings which have been found all over Southern Africa, and which are interpreted now as reflecting a tradition of San curing dances dating back for many millennia.
"True Felicity": Paradise in the Thought of Avicenna and Maimonides
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah
Published: April 2008

The attitude of Muslim and Jewish medieval philosophers to paradise was determined by their religious traditions as well as by their rationalistic philosophical approach. The present article examines the way in which medieval philosophers of the Islamic world handled this philosophic and religious heritage. In particular, it focuses on Avicenna and Maimonides, who represent, among Muslim and Jewish falasifa respectively, the first explicit and sustained attempts to translate the religious traditions on paradise into philosophical language. The article presents their interpretations of the notion of paradise, and attempt to show that, within the boundaries of their common philosophical outlook, their differing religious traditions dictated different nuances of attitude.
The Prayer Upon the Prophet Muhammad (Tasliya): a Manifestation of Islamic Religiosity
Authors: De La Puente Cristina
Published: April 2008

This article is a study of the supererogatory prayer called tasliya, uttered by the believer after the name of the Prophet and summarized in the expression salla allāh alay-hi wa-sallam. The topic is addressed from different perspectives: the meaning of the prayer upon the prophet; the various aims of the tasliya; and, finally, its significance for the traditionists. The recitation of the tasliya is linked with the evolution of Muslim veneration of the prophet. This practice must be considered a manifestation of Islamic religiosity and not only a religious characteristic of Sufi circles.
The implications of, and opposition to, the methods and theories of John Wansbrough1
Authors: Berg Herbert
Published: April 2008

This article serves as an introduction to Wansbrough's methods and theories for the study of the Qur¸dn, its Tafsīr, the Sīra, and other early Islamic texts. Muslim and most non-Muslim scholars work within essentially the same framework: one which reads the literature of early Islam as history. Wansbrough has demonstrated that what these sources provide is not history per se, but salvation history, and that methods appropriate for the study of this genre are not source critical but literary critical. Through the application of these methods Wansbrough has postulated theories, which, if correct, radically alter our understanding of Islamic origins. Islamicists have tended to fixate on these theories at the expense of the methodological approach from which they are derived. Judging by the arguments raised thus far by these opponents of Wansbrough, I suggest that their aversion to his work stems as much from the unwillingness of Islamicists to accept the uncertainty inherent in his methods and the political incorrectness associated with his theories as from their theoretical conservatism and methodological naivete.
Ecological approaches to the study of religion
Authors: Burhenn Herbert
Published: April 2008

This article is an attempt to describe and assess recent appeals to ecology for the purpose of explaining and understanding religious beliefs and practices. These appeals are divided into two kinds, those which trace out mono-directional causation and those which display functional relationships with feedback loops. The latter approach is found to be far more helpful and revealing, though some of the examples considered here lack quantitative precision or convincing empirical support. Examination of ecological explanations should help us to appreciate the value of having a variety of explanatory techniques.
Der Heliand Und Das Thomasevangelium
Authors: Huisman J.A. , Quispel G.
Published: April 2008

Wir schliessen unsere Untersuchung ab. Wir glauben bewiesen zu haben, dass der Heliand auf einem sehr abweichenden und altertümlichen Text des Diatessarons beruht, welcher Varianten mit dem Thomasevangelium gemein hat. Möge der Germanist auch diese oder jene Parallele anders beurteilen, die Entsprechungen sind zu zahlreich um zufällig zu sein. Wenn Krogmann so sehr die germanische Eigenart des Heliands benachdruckt, dass er jede Verbindung mit Tatian und Thomas leugnet, möge er bedenken, dass es eben verschiedene Versionen des Diatessarons gibt, und dass die Kontinuität der christlichen Kultur, vom Syrer bis zum Sachsen, nicht weniger eindrucksvoll ist als die germanische Eigenart. Und wenn die Forscher recht haben, die meinen, dass das Thomasevangelium eine unabhängige, judenchristliche Tradition enthält, dürfte sogar im Heliand noch ein Nachklang dieser Stimme zu spüren sein. Diejenigen, welche sich um die ursprüngliche Form der Jesusüberlieferung bemühen, können die Tradition des Diatessarons, und so auch den Heliand, nicht länger vernachlässigen.
The Apocalypse of Adam and Pre-Christian Gnosticism
Authors: Carroll Scott T.
Published: April 2008

Solomonic legend evolved through four clearly perceptible stages. The first stage found in the pre-Christian literature was marked by the most primitive notions about Solomon-as-exorcist. These legends about Solomon's abilities, however, were controlled by several qualifiers. Solomon controlled the demons by means of his God-given gift of wisdom along with the aid of some archaic talismans. The second evolutionary stage which spanned the first and second centuries A.D. expanded the theme of Solomon-as-exorcist. Solomon controlled the demons with talismans (his ring, seal, shield, magic roots, incantations, magic bottles ...), but God was still seen as the ultimate source of his power. Demons were used by the exorcist solely to help build the Temple in Jerusalem. The third stage, from the late second through the fourth centuries, was a watershed in the development of Solomonic legend. Solomon-the-magician extraordinaire was first attested at this date. Solomon's source of power was no longer readily identified with God. At this stage, demons were used by Solomon to accomplish manifold tasks. The final stage of development, dominated by Muslim adaptations, expanded the theme of Solomon-the-wizard and the idea of subservient demons, to imaginative heights.
The Researcher : Engaged Participant or Detached Observer?
Authors: Dreyer Jaco S.
Published: April 2008

The relationship between the researcher and the researched is one of the fundamental methodological issues which distinguish different approaches to empirical enquiry. Methodological debates on this issues usually contrast a detached observer (outsider or subject-to-object) perspective with an engaged participant (insider or subject-to-subject) perspective. There seems to be consensus among practical theologians that the observer and participant perspectives respectively correspond to quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The aim of this article is to explore an option that goes beyond the traditional dualism of the researcher's role, namely as detached observer or engaged participant. On the basis of Ricoeur's views on the dialectic between belonging and distanciation, it is suggested that the practical theological researcher embodies the dialectics of belonging (the insider perspective) and distanciation (the outsider perspective) in every research endeavour, whether quantitative or qualitative. The article ends with some methodological implications of this view of the relationship between the researcher and the researched.
The Right to Health
Authors: Hendriks Aart
Published: April 2008

The UN Committee of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is seeking to break new grounds to enhance worldwide compliance with the right to health. At its ninth session (Geneva, 22 November - 10 December 1993) the Committee convened a 'general day of discussion' to explore various aspects of this right. The aim of the day was to lay the foundation for a special General Comment on the right to health. A report.
Conflict resolution in South Asia
Authors: De Silva Kingsley M.
Published: April 2008

South Asia has some of the most intractable political conflicts in the world today, and at three levels: international, national and subnational. Many of these have their roots in the region's colonial past, and in the manner in which independence was attained. Conflict resolution in South Asia has three unusual features beginning with the Sino-Indian dispute over their common border along the Himalayas. This major international dispute is sui generis. Second, the principal assymetrical feature of the South Asian political system, the overwhelming dominance of India makes multi-lateral negotiations over issues that involve India's vital interests - save in the case of the dispute over Kashmir - virtually impossible. Third, separatist agitation, politicized religion and ethnic conflicts disturb the peace in many parts of South Asia. In these internal conflicts we confront the difficulties inherent in the resolution of conflicts involving ethnicity and politicized religion - such conflicts are less amenable to mediation than most others, including conflicts between states. A complicating factor in the resolution of these conflicts is the impetus given to separatism in general by the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the emergence of new states in these regions. Potential conflicts of the future in South Asia include disputes over the sharing of scarce resources, especially water and irrigation works; and the problem of refugees and displaced persons arising from the region's many disputes, as well as its problem of severe overpopulation.
International law and indigenous peoples
Authors: Marquardt Stephan
Published: April 2008

Indigenous people- international law - self-determination. In recent years, indigenous people have become increasingly active at the international level. Recent developments, in particular the drafting of a UN declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, indicate that new rules of international law may be emerging from this process. The new developments raise the question of the legal status of indigenous peoples. This question has essentially two elements: whether indigenous peoples may claim sovereign rights and whether the right to self-determination of peoples is applicable to them. A number of arguments suggest that a positive answer may be given to these two questions. An important aspect in this context is that indigenous peoples should be distinguished from minorities.
The psychodynamics of ethnic terrorism
Authors: Volkan Vamik D. , Harris Max
Published: April 2008

This paper proposes to examine the phenomenon of ethnic terrorism through a psychological lens. Its intention is not to relegate the importance of "real-world" issues to secondary stature, but to broaden causality to include psychological motivation. In effect, we believe that terrorism is inspired by the complex intertwining of real-world issues and the psychological processes of individuals and large groups.
Religion and politics in contemporary Iran
Authors: Farazmand Ali
Published: April 2008

This article discusses religion and politics in contemporary Iran, with an emphasis on Shia radicalism, revolution, and national character. The relationship between religion and politics in Iran is analyzed in an historical context from the ancient time, the role of religious leaders in the Iranian political movements is discussed with a focus on the Iranian Revolution and on the Islamic Government, and aspects of Shia radicalism and Iranian national character are analyzed in some details. It is argued that the Iranian innovation in introducing Shi'ism as a minority, radical sect of Islam has been a manifestation of Iranian national character of independence and of her historical tradition as a great regional and world power. Shi'ism is a byproduct of the Iranian ancient traditions of state, religion, and politics, and of her cultural contributions to the Islamic and world civilizations; hence a remarkable continuity in Iran's past heritage of asserting her independence in the modem world of global transformation led by the superpowers. Iran is the motherland and springboard of Shi'ism and Shi'ism is an inalienable part of Islamic Iran, just as Zoroastrianism was of the ancient Sasanid Persia.
La Structure Du Domaine
Authors: Balon Joseph
Published: April 2008

Sommaire: - 1. L'introduction au cens. - 2. La nature juridique du cens. - 3. Le cens seigneurial. - 4. Le trefonds, les warisels et le cens waris. - 5. La cour tréfoncière et la cour foncière. - 6. Le tréfonds et la tréhalteur. - 7. Le trécens. - 8. Le droit-cens. - 9. Le cens d'accense. - 10. Les autres cens. - 11. L'assignation et le nantissement du cens. - 12. La valeur du cens. - 13. La capacite de contracter. - 14. Les juridictions compétentes - 15. Conclusions.
Natuurrecht of Romeins Recht
Authors: Jansen C.J.H.
Published: April 2008

Zweimal wurde zu Anfang des 19. Jhs. in den Niederlanden der Aufbau des juristischen Studiums Gegenstand heftiger Auseinandersetzungen: 1806-1810 und 1819/1820. Beide Male wurde um die Frage gestritten, ob im Lehrplan dem Naturrecht oder dem römischen Recht der Vorrang zu geben sei. Bereits im 18. Jh. war die Frage diskutiert worden. Die Naturrechtler befürworteten im ganzen die subsidiäre Geltung des Naturrechts; diesem Fach sei daher in der Ausbildung des angehenden Juristen vorzuziehen. Die Vertreter des römischen Rechts redeten entgegen der Eleganten Schule einer praktischen Anwendung dieses Rechts das Wort und wiesen auf die Gefahr einer 'aequitas cerebrina' bei der Anwendung des Naturrechts.
Strafbare Poging Bij Damhouder En Wielant En in De 15de- En 16de-Eeuwse Vlaamse Rechtspraktijk
Authors: Monballyu J.
Published: April 2008

La manière dont une société punit la tentative criminelle est un indice pour mesurer aussi bien l'opinion pénale que l'abstraction juridique de cette société. En effet, il s'est produit une longue évolution entre l'impunité de principe de la tentative au moyen âge et la peine atténuée d'aujourd'hui. Les juristes des 15e et 16e siècles ont emprunté plusieurs éléments au droit romain pour marquer l'importance de l'intention criminelle. Ainsi ont-ils renoncé au principe germanique de la responsabilité relatée au résultat matériel de la tentative. Aux Pays-Bas, ce nouveau principe de la punition basée sur l'intention a été introduit par les officialités au 14e siècle et généralisé grâce aux cours centrales comme le Grand Conseil de Malines. Les jurisconsultes Wielant (1441-1520) et Damhouder (1507-1581) ont grandement contribué à ce processus de généralisation. Dans leurs ouvrages, ils ne traitent la tentative que dans les chapitres concernant les violences (crime de lèse-majesté, homicide, viol). Suivant la doctrine italienne, ils divisent l'iter criminis en trois phases: cogitare, agere et perficere. La tentative se situe dans les deux premières. La seule pensée de commettre un crime (cogitare) n'était en principe pas punissable. Pour Wielant, l'incendie volontaire constituait une exception à la règle générale. Damhouder étend l'exception au crime de lèse-majesté. Par contre, la tentative est incriminée dès que le malfaiteur a trahi ses desseins par un acte externe (agere). Damhouder distingue encore entre les actes éloignés et les actes proches du crime, une distinction importante pour la gravité du châtiment. Comment les cours flamandes ont-elles suivi les principes de Wielant et de Damhouder? En matière de crime de lèse-majesté, elles se sont réglées sur les auteurs cités. Par contre en cas d'attaque contre la vie ou contre l'intégrité physique, la jurisprudence suivait l'ancienne coutume en tenant compte du déroulement matériel de la tentative. Si la victime mourait, on appliquait la peine pour meurtre, si elle guérissait, on infligeait la peine pour coups et blessures. Néanmoins en cas de crimes atroces (meurtre commandé, assassinat) l'auteur était puni comme s'il avait consommé son crime. Par contre, les juges flamands étaient plus cléments en cas d'incendie où la menace verbale n'était pas punie par le feu (comme prévu par les auteurs en question), mais par une peine atténuée. Enfin, il est remarquable que Wielant et Damhouder ne traitent pas la tentative de vol. Pour eux, le vol ne commence qu'au moment où on se saisit de quelque chose (contrectatio). Cette opinion matérialiste ne s'est pas introduite dans les cours flamandes. Le Conseil de Flandre, les échevinages et les cours féodales punissaient chaque acte précédant le vol, dans lequel la tentative était manifeste.
Fatawa in Malaysia 1960-1985 Third Coulson Memorial Lecture
Authors: Hooker Barry
Published: April 2008

To summarise, the British legacy on Shari'a comprised: (1) Sharia in Anglo-Muhammadan precedent; (2) Sharia as a part of "native law"; and (3) Shari'a as an element of Malay sovereignty. So far as private law was concerned, it was restricted to family law, wakaf and (in some places only) mosque attendance and payment of zakat. It was also circumscribed by custom in all places. Between 1945 and 1957, at the approach to independence a considerable rationalisation of this legacy was achieved in the following ways. First, in the Federation, which came into being in 1957, each of the component states retained all rights over religious matters in each individual state. This was and remains specified in the Federal Constitution. Second, beginning in 1952 each state produced its own "Administration of Islamic (or Muslim) Law Enactment".4 While the individual Enactments vary in some details, and some are rather more elaborate than others, they all deal with three elements. These are: (1) An explanation of substantive rules of Shari'a (family law); (2) The structure and jurisdiction of Shari'a courts; and (3) The official determination of Islamic principle. The position now, therefore, is that Islam has: (1) A constitutional reference; and (2) A legislative and judicial form. It has become incorporated into the institutions of the state of Malaysia. From the point of view of this article the most important provision of the legislation is that dealing with what I have called the "official determination of principle". By this I mean to refer to the "Majlis Ugama Islam ..." or "Council of Religion" (the exact title varies from state to state) which each state has. The function of the Majlis is to aid and advise the Ruler on matters of Islam and Malay custom. The exact composition of the Majlis varies from state to state but the single most important duty is to issue fatawa, usually through the medium of a "Shariah Committee" or Fatawa Committee (terms and compositions vary) of the Majlis. A fatwa, once formally published in the State Gazette is binding on all Muslims in the state. Fatawa may be issued only by properly appointed persons through the medium of the appropriate committee(s). This, in short, is the constitutional and legislative structure. I shall now turn to the fatawa themselves.
Thoughts and Circumstances of Sébastien Basson. Analysis, Micro-History, Questions
Authors: Luthy C.H.
Published: April 2008

The Philosophiae naturalis adversus Aristotelem libri XII of 1621 is the first textbook in natural philosophy to combine anti-Aristotelian arguments with explicit corpuscularianism. While its uniqueness resides in the pioneering role it played in the history of the neo-atomist movement, its fateful attraction lies in the almost complete anonymity of its author. No other novator in the history of early modern thought has been as elusive as the man known as Basso, Basson, Bassus, or Bassone. This essay consists of two parts. The first part places the Philosophia naturalis within its time and summarizes its main theories, emphasizing the larger themes and the tensions found between its conflicting accounts of causality. Special attention is drawn to Basson's dual approach to atomism, namely physical and theological, which are not complementary, but contradictory. The fortuna of Basson from his own age down to his current status in the history of science is examined next. In combination with his methodological heterogeneity, Basson's anonymity are found to have led to disparate assessments of his aims. In the current literature, Basson figures as a Neoplatonist, a pre-Cartesian occasionalist, the earliest molecular chemist, a Renaissance studioso, a Stoic philosopher and a Calvinist zealot. The second part of this essay tries to improve this situation. Recently discovered documents show that Basson, after a Jesuit education in the 1590's and subsequent medical studies, became a Protestant. He spent the years 1611 to 1625, to which our documents relate, at the smallest of French Huguenot academies in the mountain town of Die (Dauphiné) where he taught at the local Collège. An analysis of Die's difficult historical circumstances, of its little academy and its official natural philosophy, and finally of Basson's own uneasy sojourn in the Dauphiné elucidates several aspects of the Philosophia, notably the theological motifs in Basson's atomism, the outdatedness of his astronomical and optical expertise, the argumentative reliance on late scholasticism, its "eloquent" style, and the timing of the publication. Yet it is undeniable that the context cannot account for the Philosophia itself, whose relation to Basson's circumstances remains perplexing. The author's conflict with the Genevan censors demonstrates that an explanation of his views in terms of Calvinist theology alone cannot explain the contents of his book. Our findings point towards the variegated nature of the forces behind the neo-atomism of the early modern period, and they force us to reconsider the coherence of the movement itself and the motifs of its proponents.
Daniel Sennert On Matter and Form: At the Juncture of the Old and the New1
Authors: Michael Emily
Published: April 2008

Daniel Sennert (1572-1637), a prominent physician and a prolific and influential writer, was both an atomist and an Aristotelian. He was influenced by a distinctive and now little known Aristotelian approach to matter and form, and this promoted his development over time of a hierarchical account of atoms, with elementary atoms and grades of molecules. The first section provides a study of Sennert's Aristotelian foundation. The final two sections consider, in turn, Sennert's development over time of an atomistic theory, and the nature and significance for him of substantial forms.
Leibniz On the Unicorn and Various Other Curiosities
Authors: Ariew Roger
Published: April 2008

I discuss some of Leibniz's pronouncements about fringe phenomena__various monsters; talking dogs; genies and prophets; unicorns, glossopetrae, and other games of nature__in order to understand better Leibniz's views on science and the role these curiosities play in his plans for scientific academies and societies. However, given that Leibniz's sincerity has been called into question in twentieth-century secondary literature, I begin with a few historiographical remarks so as to situate these pronouncements within the Leibnizian corpus. What emerges is an image of Leibniz as a sober, cautious interpreter, a skeptic one might say, but one who is prepared to concede the possibility of many strange phenomena. Leibniz expects these fringe phenomena to take their place among the natural curiosities catalogued as part of a hoped for empirical database intended as means toward the perfection of the sciences.
Galen and Greek Neuroscience
Authors: Rocca Julius
Published: April 2008

The brain for Galen is the ηγεμOνiÓνand ãOΧηof the nervous system. Anatomical demonstration enabled him to advance his claims for its nervous function. His conception of the brain and the nerves hinges on his employment of some psychic pneuma. Galen's system of pneumatic physiology is, however, largely dependent on the demonstration of a functioning vascular system. This paper focuses on two vascular structures-essential for the proper functioning of the brain and nerves-which carry the psychic pneuma. They arc the retiform plexus, or rete mirabile, and the choroid plexuses. The former is a well-established arterial structure at the base of the brain in some higher mammals (but not in humans); the latter is a vascular plexus in the ventricles of the brain. Taken together, the account Galen gives of these structures is both internally consistent and convincing and sheds useful light on Galen's understanding of the brain and the nerves.
View of Life and Health
Authors: Kallenberg Kjell , Larsson Gerry , Söderfeldt Björn
Published: April 2008

The quest for causes behind health and sickness proposes deeper causes like per- sonality and general view of life. Two such concepts have been shown to associate with health indicators in a systematic way, sense of coherence and view of life. Sense of coherence (SOC) is defined as the sum of three factors, comprehensibility, manage- ability, and meaningfulness. View of life (VOL) consists of three components, general theories of man and the world, a central value system, and a basic attitude. Two em- pirical studies are summarized where the concepts are related to bereavement and health, respectively. It is concluded that there are many similarities between the two concepts. They both emphasize integration and coherence and connote basic struc- tures in belief systems. They can be related to personality structure and the coping process. The concepts differ in scope and depth. SOC can be considered as part of the connotation of VOL. SOC is quantitatively measurable while VOL presumes qualitative methods of assessment. In studies of health, where factors pertaining to world view or sense of coherence are not in focus, but studied rather as possible confoun- ders, methodological simplicity points to use of the SOC concept. In studies of health where the deeper causal structures are in focus, VOL should also be used, since it per- mits greater depth of analysis. Ideally, both concepts should be applied for a full un- derstanding between man's inner processes and health.
A Time to Mourn
Authors: Danbolt Lars Johan
Published: April 2008

This article gives brief results of a Norwegian empirical project where the main purpose has been to study the burial rite versus bereavement and the role of religiousness in relation to the disposing of the dead. The theoretical perspective is that loss of a significant close, as well as religiousness are primary life experiences which flow together in the bereaved person's grieving conduct during the burial rite.

70 bereaved persons who had lost a close relative during a certain time period have filled in questionnaires with information about the death, the funeral, religiousness and bereavement. The sample is treated statistically by means of indexes for grieving conduct during the burial week, religiousness, and grief.

The sample is coherent and unambiguous, and shows that those who let the burial rite be a time to mourn experienced more benefit from the funeral service and had less anxiety, depression and intrusive experiences during the first year of bereavement. But sadness was independent of the grieving conduct during the burial rite, a result which makes sadness an aspect of mourning which qualitatively differs from the other aspects described. External conditions as urbanity and institutionalizing, as well as internal matters as the dramatical character of the loss, and personal religiousness affected the bereaved person's grieving conduct during the burial rite.
African culture, African intellectuals and the white academy in South Africa - some implications for Christian theology in Africa
Authors: Maluleke T.S.
Published: April 2008

Attitudes towards African culture are central to the crisis of African intellectuals. This crisis is manifest in the issues of African identity, black self-love, black poverty, the stranglehold of the Western academy and white racism. For the debilitating aspects of the crisis to be converted to our advantage, African intellectuals must reconnect to African culture. However, such a reconnection must include not only an analysis and problematisation ofwhatAfrican culture is, but also the question of how best to connect to it. The call for African intellectuals to reconnect to African culture is not a call for the resuscitation of romantic views on African culture. Nor is it a call for a rehash of the often strident views of Western missionaries, philosophers and colonialists on African culture. It is also not a call for the self-hating castigation of African culture by Africans themselves. It is rather a call to a mature reappropriation of past and present manifestations of African culture within, because of and in spite of oppressive and racist conditions. This kind of appropriation will help African intellectuals emerge from the crisis. Such a reappropriation has significant implications for the teaching and the shape of Christian theology of Africa. Basic to these implications is the necessity to return to black and African theologies of liberation.
Unexpected Waves
Authors: Gemmrich Johannes , Garrett Chris
Published: April 2008

Extreme, or “rogue,” waves are those in the tail of the probability distribution and are a matter of great concern and considerable research. They may be partly associated with non-Gaussian behavior caused by resonant nonlinear interactions. Here it is shown that even in a Gaussian sea, “unexpected” waves, in the sense of, for example, waves twice as large as any in the preceding 30 periods, occur with sufficient frequency to be of interest and importance. The return period of unexpected waves is quantified as a function of the height multiplier and prior quiescent interval for various spectral shapes, and it is shown how the return period is modified if allowance is made for nonlinear changes in wave shape and/or a buildup of one or more waves prior to the unexpected wave. The return period of “two-sided” unexpected waves, with subsequent as well as prior quiescence, is also evaluated.
Mean and Flux Horizontal Variability of Virtual Potential Temperature, Moisture, and Carbon Dioxide: Aircraft Observations and LES Study
Authors: Górska Monica , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano Jordi , LeMone Margaret A. , van Heerwaarden Chiel C.
Published: April 2008

The effects of the horizontal variability of surface properties on the turbulent fluxes of virtual potential temperature, moisture, and carbon dioxide are investigated by combining aircraft observations with large-eddy simulations (LESs). Daytime fair-weather aircraft measurements from the 2002 International H2O Project’s 45-km Eastern Track over mixed grassland and winter wheat in southeast Kansas reveal that the western part of the atmospheric boundary layer was warmer and drier than the eastern part, with higher values of carbon dioxide to the east. The temperature and specific humidity patterns are consistent with the pattern of surface fluxes produced by the High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System. However, the observed turbulent fluxes of virtual potential temperature, moisture, and carbon dioxide, computed as a function of longitude along the flight track, do not show a clear east–west trend. Rather, the fluxes at 70 m above ground level related better to the surface variability quantified in terms of the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), with strong correlation between carbon dioxide fluxes and NDVI.

A first attempt is made to estimate the ratios of the flux at the entrainment zone to the surface flux (entrainment ratios) as a function of longitude. The entrainment ratios averaged from these observations (βθυ ≈ 0.10, βq ≈ −2.4, and βCO2 ≈ −0.58) are similar to the values found from the homogeneous LES experiment with initial and boundary conditions similar to observations.

To understand how surface flux heterogeneity influences turbulent fluxes higher up, a heterogeneous LES experiment is performed in a domain with higher sensible and lower latent heat fluxes in the western half compared to the eastern half. In contrast to the aircraft measurements, the LES turbulent fluxes show a difference in magnitude between the eastern and western halves at 70 and 700 m above ground level. Possible reasons for these differences between results from LES and aircraft measurements are discussed.
Numerical Analysis of a Mediterranean “Hurricane” over Southeastern Italy
Authors: Moscatello Agata , Miglietta Mario Marcello , Rotunno Richard
Published: April 2008

The presence of a subsynoptic-scale vortex over the Mediterranean Sea in southeastern Italy on 26 September 2006 has been recently documented by the authors. The transit of the cyclone over land allowed an accurate diagnosis of the structure of the vortex, based on radar and surface station data, showing that the cyclone had features similar to those observed in tropical cyclones. To investigate the cyclone in greater depth, numerical simulations have been performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, set up with two domains, in a two-way-nested configuration. Model simulations are able to properly capture the timing and intensity of the small-scale cyclone. Moreover, the present simulated cyclone agrees with the observational analysis of this case, identifying in this small-scale depression the typical characteristics of a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone. An analysis of the mechanisms responsible for the genesis, development, and maintenance of the cyclone has also been performed. Sensitivity experiments show that cyclogenesis on the lee side of the Atlas Mountains is responsible for the generation of the cyclone. Surface sensible and latent heat fluxes become important during the subsequent phase of development in which the lee-vortex shallow depression evolved as it moved toward the south of Sicily. During this phase, the latent heating, associated with convective motions triggered by a cold front entering the central Mediterranean area, was important for the intensification and contraction of the horizontal scale of the vortex. The small-scale cyclone subsequently deepened as it moved over the Ionian Sea and then maintained its intensity during its later transit over the Adriatic Sea; in this later stage, latent heat release continued to play a major role in amplifying and maintaining the vortex, while the importance of the surface fluxes diminished.
Sexual Differentiation of Behavior: The Foundation of a Developmental Model of Psychosexuality
Authors: Friedman Richard C. , Downey Jennifer I.
Published: April 2008

The sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior occurs as the result of prenatal hormonal influences. Knowledge of this area is helpful for the construction of an appropriately modern psychoanalytically informed developmental paradigm of psychosexuality.
Primary Mental Expression: Freud, Klein, and Beyond
Authors: Robbins Michael
Published: April 2008

Freud formulated the primary process model, describing mental activity that creates the illusion of an actual experience in lieu of reflective thought, at the very start of his career. In this, his initial formulation of unconscious mental activity, he was attempting to account for the nature of dreaming, by inference for the mind of infancy and, more speculatively, for adult psychosis. He never revised the model in light of his later formulations of the structural model and the death instinct, nor did he elaborate on his speculation that it could serve as a model for psychosis, and there has been little subsequent effort to employ the model outside the context of dreaming. A small number of analysts, including Klein, Bion, and Matte-Blanco, have constructed theories of psychosis in idiosyncratic conceptual languages that seem to be describing phenomena similar to those from which Freud constructed his model. Although Klein's model of positions, which has become the most widely accepted theory of psychosis, is generally considered a fundamental departure from Freud, both accounts have remarkable similarity and both tend to confuse primary mental expression with mature thought and normal infancy with psychosis. Contributions by cognitive-developmental psychologists including Werner and Piaget suggest ways to clarify some of the confusion and to supplement and amplify Freud's and Klein's description of some of the salient features of primary mental expression. Findings from neuroimaging studies of dreaming and of schizophrenia support the proposition that primary mental activity is a qualitatively distinctive form of mental expression.
Clearing Murders
Authors: Regoeczi Wendy C. , Jarvis John , Riedel Marc
Published: April 2008

This study uses data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to explore the impact of model selection on determining the association of victim-level and incident-level factors to the likelihood of homicide clearance. We compare both traditional operationalizations of clearance rates as well as the time to clearance as dependent variables in examinations of correlates of solvability in homicide cases. Using a different approach than most other analyses of this problem, the results affirm the consistency of some effects but also reveal some important differences when the aspect of time is factored into the model. Implications for analyses of efficiency and effectiveness of police response to homicide, cold-case analyses, and other strategies for solving crime are discussed.
Public Support for Getting Tough on Corporate Crime
Authors: Unnever James D. , Benson Michael L. , Cullen Francis T.
Published: April 2008

The recent wave of corporate wrongdoing has raised the issue of whether the public is concerned about the control of lawlessness in the business world. Using a national probability sample, we explore whether Americans want to enact stricter regulations of the stock market and advocate more punitive criminal sanctions for corporate executives who conceal their company's true financial condition. The findings reveal that Americans generally favor getting tough on corporate illegality. The analysis also indicates, however, that group differences exist in public support for punitive corporate crime control policies. Although liberals and conservatives equally support punishing corporate criminals more harshly, African Americans are more likely than Whites to endorse more restrictive and more punitive policies toward corporate criminals. We conclude that punitive attitudes are socially constructed beliefs that reflect the dynamics of conflicted class and racial relations.
The “Cause” of Low Self-Control
Authors: Nofziger Stacey
Published: April 2008

Self-control theory is one of the most tested theories within the field of criminology. However, one of the basic assumptions of the theory has remained largely ignored. Gottfredson and Hirschi stated that the focus of their general theory of crime is the “connection between the self-control of the parent and the subsequent self-control of the child” (1990:100). However, no study to date has specifically tested this relationship. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study finds that mothers with low self-control do indeed produce children with lower self-control. To begin to understand the mechanism responsible for this relationship, several parenting practices used by the mothers are examined. The analysis shows that the self-control of the mother influences her choice of punishments, as well as having moderate impacts on how she supervises her children. In turn, higher supervision and several choices of punishments affect the development of self-control in the child. This study therefore provides support for a vital, yet previously unexamined, piece of the general theory of crime.
Distress Tolerance Treatment for Early-Lapse Smokers
Authors: Brown Richard A. , Palm Kathleen M. , Strong David R. , Lejuez Carl W. , Kahler Christopher W. , Zvolensky Michael J. , Hayes Steven C. , Wilson Kelly G. , Gifford Elizabeth V.
Published: April 2008

A significant percentage of individuals attempting smoking cessation lapse within a matter of days, and very few are able to recover to achieve long-term abstinence. This observation suggests that many smokers may have quit-attempt histories characterized exclusively by early lapses to smoking following quit attempts. Recent negative-reinforcement conceptualizations of early lapse to smoking suggest that individuals' reactions to withdrawal and inability to tolerate the experience of these symptoms, rather than withdrawal severity itself, may represent an important treatment target in the development of new behavioral interventions for this subpopulation of smokers. This article presents the theoretical rationale and describes a novel, multicomponent distress-tolerance treatment for early-lapse smokers that incorporates behavioral and pharmacological elements of standard smoking-cessation treatment, whereas drawing distress-tolerance elements from exposure-based and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy—based treatment approaches. Preliminary data from a pilot study ( N = 16) are presented, and clinical implications are discussed.
Influence of Appearance-Related TV Commercials on Body Image State
Authors: Legenbauer Tanja , Rühl Ilka , Vocks Silja
Published: April 2008

This study investigates the influence of media exposure on body image state in eating-disordered (ED) patients. The attitudinal and perceptual components of body image are assessed, as well as any associations with dysfunctional cognitions and behavioral consequences. Twenty-five ED patients and 25 non-ED controls (ND) viewed commercials either featuring appearance (AC; 5 min) or not featuring appearance (NC; 5 min). Both perceptual and attitudinal body image components changed markedly after the AC condition for ED patients, compared with the ND group and NC condition. Cognitions referring to dietary restraint and internalization/social comparison also changed significantly in ED patients depending on the experimental manipulation, whereas thoughts about body and self-esteem did not. The results suggest that media exposure acts as a stimulus that triggers body-related schemas. Partial support is given to cognitive-behavioral models of eating disorders, which postulate an association between cognitive bias, body image disturbances, and compensatory behavioral consequences.
Foucault's Kantian critique
Authors: Hendricks Christina
Published: April 2008

In several lectures, interviews and essays from the early 1980s, Michel Foucault startlingly argues that he is engaged in a kind of critical work that is similar to that of Immanuel Kant. Given Foucault's criticisms of Kantian and Enlightenment emphases on universal truths and values, his declaration that his work is Kantian seems paradoxical. I agree with some commentators who argue that this is a way for Foucault to publicly acknowledge to his critics that he is not, as some of them charge, attempting a total critique of Enlightenment beliefs and values, but is instead attempting to transform them from within. I argue further that Foucault's self-professed Kantianism can also productively be read as a means of encouraging change in his intellectual audience, a call to courage to take up the thread of Enlightenment thought that Foucault finds in Kant's essay, `What is Enlightenment?': that of directing one's philosophical efforts towards questioning and transforming one's own present in its historical specificity, for the sake of promoting the values of freedom and autonomy therein. Though much of Kant's philosophical work is focused on that which lies outside of history, Foucault locates in some of it a concern for what is happening here and now that, I argue, he encourages his audience to take up for themselves through tracing his own intellectual lineage to Kant. In so doing, he encourages contemporary philosophers to consider the value and effects of their work on the present social and political contexts in which they live.