bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(Sur)vivre à la perte précoce de son (ses) parent(s) : expériences et répercussions de l’orphelinage
Authors: Julier-Costes Martin , Feige Charlène , Grange Julien
Published: March 2020

Constatant l’absence de prise en compte spécifique des orphelins dans les pratiques d’accompagnement des travailleurs sociaux, nous avons cherché à comprendre les expériences de la perte d’un ou des parents et leurs répercussions dans la vie adulte à travers une étude qualitative (entretiens semi-directifs) et des ateliers de réflexion collective (ARC) composés d’orphelins, de proches et de professionnels. Cet article rend compte synthétiquement de notre démarche et de la dimension structurante du décès et de ses conséquences sur la construction de soi, des relations à autrui et de la construction de son rapport au monde tout au long de la vie adulte. Nous présenterons notamment les stratégies de survie face au désordre provoqué par la mort et comment, d’un événement subi, les interviewés sont parvenus à tenir, puis à reprendre la main, à (re)devenir acteur de leurs vies.
Performances mnésiques chez des enfants orphelins : des difficultés spécifiques ?
Authors: Clerc Jérôme
Published: March 2020

La perte d’un parent durant l’enfance a des conséquences importantes sur le fonctionnement affectif, social et cognitif d’un enfant, des travaux suggérant chez des enfants orphelins un fonctionnement cognitif amoindri. On relève en particulier des difficultés attentionnelles et mnésiques. Néanmoins, aucune étude n’a établi de comparaison systématique entre enfants orphelins et non-orphelins dans des épreuves de mémorisation. Dans cette étude, les performances mnésiques d’enfants orphelins et d’enfants non-orphelins ont été comparées dans quatre épreuves. Les enfants orphelins obtiennent des performances mnésiques significativement moins bonnes aux deux épreuves nécessitant un degré de concentration élevé ou moyen, mais les performances des deux groupes sont équivalentes dans les deux épreuves nécessitant un degré de concentration modéré ou faible. Ces résultats sont discutés quant à l’explication des différences observées, ainsi que sous l’angle des possibles remédiations familiales et scolaires.
Changer de sexe et de sexualité
Authors: Beaubatie Emmanuel
Published: March 2020

Résumé La sexualité est peu explorée dans les recherches en sciences sociales sur le changement de sexe. Pourtant, elle joue un rôle primordial dans les parcours de transition. Fondé sur une enquête par entretiens et sur des analyses secondaires d’une enquête quantitative, cet article avance que les orientations sexuelles ont des significations genrées qui contribuent à faire ou à défaire l’appartenance à une catégorie de sexe ou à l’autre. Avant la transition, la moitié des femmes trans’ étaient des hommes hétérosexuels, tandis que les hommes trans’ étaient presque tous lesbiennes. Au fil du changement de sexe, nombreuses sont les femmes trans’ qui s’orientent vers l’hétérosexualité féminine, alors que le groupe des hommes trans’ se gayifie. Si l’hétérosexualité forge davantage la féminité que la masculinité, l’homosexualité émancipe plus de la première que de la seconde. Toutefois, les orientations sexuelles ont également des significations relatives à la classe : pour les hommes trans’ notamment, le fait de se dire gay peut parfois relever d’une logique de distinction.
Biofuel supply chain risk mitigation strategy framework: Expert interview based Approach
Authors: Wachyudi Tedy , Daryanto Arief , Machfud Machfud , Arkeman Yandra
Published: March 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this case study is to develop and framework supply chain characteristics and risk mitigation strategies in the context of biodiesel downstream supply chain.Design/methodology/approach: This study employs an expert interview-based approach as a qualitative approach with a multi-perspectives view.Findings: There are vary strategies among perspectives, such as perspectives of organization and business types, stakeholder types, times and methods. These also shows that business strategy of collaborative, coordinative, and cooperative arise as alternative strategies for each perspective and each level of stakeholder. Those business strategies may apply in a vary operation strategies which linking through an energy security framework element as company’s competitive priorities.Research limitations/implications: The research scope includes only a certain area of the country’s territory and the target company’s supply chain areas of activity. The research method includes only internal stakeholders and experts as respondents and data sources. The level of analysis was only at corporate level in the corporate case study context. The research also targets only a downstream activities of biodiesel supply chain context. The interview-based approach as a qualitative approach faces some subjectivity challenges among respondents.Practical implications: The research result provides some positive implications for business practice, includes how to minimize the impact of supply chain risk on company’s business activities and performance, how supply chain experts and practitioners used risk mitigation practices, how to formulate strategic plans to minimize the impact of supply chain risk and enhance the effectivity and sustainability of the supply chain activities.Social implications: The implication for business practice was that company’s leaders implemented supply chain risk mitigation strategies that provide positive impacts on the more valuable relationship among supply chain actors and stakeholders.Originality/value: The first, is an activities areas and operation schemes-based of biodiesel supply chain point of view. The second, is a multi-perspectives-based biodiesel supply chain characteristics framework. The third, is an energy security framework-based biodiesel risk mitigation strategies framework.
CryptoCurrency
Authors: Misra Siddharth , Kashyap Vishal , Poonacha K.B.  , Mukund Arjun , Parameshwar H.S.
Published: March 2020

The study looks at the benefits and usage of cryptocurrency as it seeks to compete with and also replace traditional currency. Despite many nations classifying cryptocurrency as a threat and confirming it to be an illegal tender, mostly due to the disruption providing little or no advantage to the government bodies, many private organisations are now taking up cryptocurrency as a legally acceptable method of payment in various sectors from education, travel, wealth management and even traditional practices like targeting of customers and advertising. Cryptocurrency may be temporary, as long as the process of obtaining, safeguarding, and storing it in the Blockchain remains tedious and an extremely confusing process and the governments of nations are not going to accept the currency as a legal tender, as long as they get no benefit with it and as long as usage of the Bitcoin is linked heavily with payments for drugs and weapons. However, the usage in the legal markets may also show a marked increase.
QSTR Analysis of Acute Rat Oral Toxicity of Amide Pesticides
Authors: Banjare Purusottam , Singh Jagadish , Roy Partha Pratim
Published: March 2020

The rodent acute toxicity is gaining much attention in the ecotoxicological assessment of chemicals. Among the available amide pesticides, the majority of compounds are lacking the experimental toxicity values of rat oral toxicity. In order to explore the structural alerts for toxicity and to fill the toxicity data gap through in silico studies, a series of statistically robust local quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) models were developed for the prediction of acute oral toxicity of amide pesticides on rat following OECD principles. The mechanistic interpretation indicated types of amide, the presence of halogen, and SO2 functionality were influential for the toxicity. Applicability domain (AD) analysis and prediction reliability indicators assured the robustness and reliability of the developed models. The detailed analyses of the AD as well the consensus predictions of the unknown compounds were commented for their toxic nature, and prioritization was done for similar classes of compounds without experimental values.
Effect of Particle Size on the Physical Properties of Activated Palm Kernel Shell for Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Ayinla Ridwan Tobi , Dennis John Ojur , Zaid Hasnah Bt Moh’d , Usman Fahad , Yar Asfand
Published: March 2020

The advantages of palm kernel shell (PKS) as a renewable and sustainable material for activated carbon production have been explored for various applications such as water treatment, pollutant, pesticide, and heavy metal adsorption. However, the full promises of this material for energy storage devices have not been duly studied. In this research, PKS is physically activated and the effect of particle size on the physical characteristics of the activated char was investigated. Pellet (3 mm), granules (0.4 mm), and powder (0.0075 mm) are the sizes considered in the experiment. The surface morphology, surface area, porosity and functional group at different sized was analyzed. Finally, a suitable particle size was recommended for the electrode material of supercapacitor based on the physical characteristics of the activated carbon.
Size Dependent Dielectric Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Anjali K.K. , Maheswari A. Uma , Sivakumar Manickam
Published: March 2020

In this study, influence of nanoparticles size on optical and dielectric properties of TiO2 nanoparticles is investigated through thermal treatment of hydrous amorphous titania synthesized by chemical precipitation method at temperatures 300 °C and 600 °C. The average sizes of nanoparticles estimated respectively are ~ 8 nm and ~ 22 nm. Although the optical bandgap energy of both samples remains the same the Eg Raman mode observed at 144 cm-1 for bulk TiO2 is shifted to 150 cm-1 only for nanoparticles calcined at 300 °C. The shift is ascribed to the size as well as higher density of surface defects. Moreover, the presence of surface defects like oxygen vacancies which provide effective sites for catalytic reaction are confirmed by EPR and photoluminescence studies. The oxygen vacancies enhances space charge polarization and consequently results in higher dielectric constant. In addition, the peak shift of loss tangent which determines the mobility of charge carriers is found to be size dependent. Hence calcination temperature has significant influence on defect levels which in turn determine the optical and dielectric properties of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Electric Current of Ferrofluid Depending on Temperature
Authors: Dai Min
Published: March 2020

Without external magnetic field, the relationship between electric current of ferrofluid (MF) and temperature is discussed. The electric current is increasing linearly with temperature rising in ferrofluid with Fe3O4 particles distributed into water (MF-Fe3O4-W). Through theory and experiment proved, the carrier liquid only in MF-Fe3O4-W could not decide the ability of delivering electric energy of MF-Fe3O4-W. The electric current would be contributed to the movement of free electric charges (or ions) and colliding of electric polarized particles in MF-Fe3O4-W.
Sustainable Turning of Biocompatible Materials Using Eco Nano-Mist Technique
Authors: Singh Gurraj , Gupta Munish , Sharma Vishal S.
Published: March 2020

In today’s industrial scenario, the requisite for elevated efficiency, better economic viability and higher quality asks for immense improvements in the cutting process stability. Such machining at higher cutting speeds and cutting depths causes an immense amount of heat generation at the work tool interface. The industry makes utilization of cooling techniques to contravene these ill-effects. These techniques make utilization of chemical coolants which are non-biodegradable in nature and consumed in immense quantities. In this study the role of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) or green machining was experimentally evaluated when utilizing nanoparticle enriched coolants. The effect on the wear and roughness values while turning commercially pure Titanium (Grade 3) was analyzed. Experimentation was performed in two phases. In the first phase, the comparison in dry, flood and MQL process was made. The experimental design was composed factorially and 16 experiments were performed. Analysis was carried out utilizing ANOVA and the results were compared. In the second phase, a graphical cognation was established between the coolant application rate with both surface roughness and flank wear values. It was concluded that the nanoparticle enriched coolant i.e. the “eco nanomist”technique was more efficacious when machining the biocompatible Titanium grade 3.
Characterization of TAPE-Gelatin as a Potential Bioadhesive
Authors: Ayalin Angelica Aira A. , Go Bernell Merwyn S. , Reyes Gail Edselle S. , Tumolva Terence
Published: March 2020

Bioadhesives have much potential in the medical field as an alternative to sutures in internal surgery. They are easier to use and have better long-term results. Improvement of a new class of adhesives, tannic acid-polyethylene glycol (TAPE), was done by mixing it with gelatin, since it was found that TAPE alone could not be applied to certain internal applications like in inguinal hernia. It failed to close a fresh inguinal hernia sac. Characterization tests were done on the new material, TAPE-gelatin, which proved to have a tissue adhesion strength of 0.41 MPa which is 5 times greater than fibrin glue, good blood biocompatibility with blood clotting index of 97.46%, burst pressure strength that can withstand 1000 mL that is 10 times more than the volume in the peritoneal cavity, and cheaper, with a production cost of Php28.50, than commercially available bioadhesives, which can reach up to Php2,000 – Php30,000 per application. With its desirable properties, cheaper production cost, and large potential for scalability, TAPE-gelatin as a new candidate for medical adhesive was established.
Investigation of PLA-PEG-45S5 Bioactive Glass Composite Enhancement on Bioactivity
Authors: Sharifulden Nik Syahirah Aliaa Nik , Mohd Noor Siti Noor Fazliah , Samsurrijal Siti Fatimah , Ramlee Siti Nur Liyana , Azizan Nur Syazana
Published: March 2020

Bioactivity is an important aspect in biomaterial science ensuring materials used are safe for clinical application. The study describes fabrication of composites containing polylactic acid (PLA) – polyethylene glycol (PEG) with incorporation of sol-gel derived 45S5 bioactive glass (BG). Thermal analysis via Differential Thermal Analysis shows a favorable point over degree of crystallization that influence cells attachment, although non-significant difference in values indicates BG has homogenously dispersed. This correlates to X-ray diffraction analysis where non-significant difference is seen in intensities of the diffraction peaks, which confirms low impact of BG brittleness properties over the fabricated composite. Composites’ pH and degradation study in Simulated Body Fluid shows a steady increment profile over time and lower degradation rate for the composite after incorporation of BG. In vitro cell proliferation study also showed that HDF cells seeded on composite film of P/BG2.5 exhibit highest cell viability with steady increment of proliferation throughout the observation period.
The Effect of Chloride on Carbon Steel Reinforcement Corrosion
Authors: Taher Abulmaali M. , Alsayd Ayoub , Abdallah Elsadig
Published: March 2020

In this study, the effect of chloride in marine environment on carbon steel reinforcement corrosion was investigated. The nature of corrosion products produced was analyzed through visual inspection and X Ray Diffraction (XRD). It was very difficult using gain and loss technique alone to evaluate passivation conditions and corrosion reactions. It was found that the corrosion rate of steel increases with the increasing of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration when steel bars without concrete were used. However, a passive film was formed on all steel samples embedded in concrete due to concrete alkalinity. Results reveal that most corrosion products were mainly FeO(OH) along with FeCO3 and Fe2O3.
Effect of Cold Rolling and Annealing Temperature on the Characteristics of Cu-28Zn-5.5Al Alloy Produced by Gravity Casting for Bullet Case Application
Authors: Mahardika Aryya Satwiko , Setiawan Ignatius Andre , Sofyan Bondan Tiara
Published: March 2020

Bullet cases are usually made of Cu-28Zn alloy through various kinds of process such as cold rolling, deep drawing, and annealing. Alloying is needed to improve properties that increase forming capabilities of cartridge brass, one option is by addition of Al. Samples used in this research were prepared by melting Cu, Zn, and Al ingots in an induction furnace, followed by gravity casting. As cast samples were homogenized at 800 °C for 2 h followed by cold rolling for 5, 10 and 20 %. Annealing was conducted on the 20 % deformed samples at 300, 400, and 600 °C for 30 min. Hardness and microstructures formed by each treatment were then evaluated using Vickers microhardness test as well as optical and scanning electron microscopy. Addition of Al deteriorated Cu-28Zn alloy forming capabilities by reducing its ductility. It is also found that addition of Al reduced recrystallization temperature. Partial nucleation was found to occur locally around the edge of samples at 300 °C and 400 °C. Annealing at 400 °C exhibited γ phase precipitation due to the decomposition of β phase. While, homogeneous full recrystallization was achieved at 600 °C.
Development of Superhydrophobic Coatings on AA 7075 by Surface Modification Using Fatty Acids
Authors: Saikiran Amruthaluru , Mamidi Siva Kumar , Nair Arun Mohan , Hariprasad Sampatirao , Nagumothu Rameshbabu
Published: March 2020

The present work is aimed at developing superhydrophobic coatings on AA 7075 using two different fatty acids namely Stearic acid and Myristic acid. The coating was developed by initially etching the substrate in 1 M NaOH solution at a temperature of 70 °C for 10 hours, followed by passivating in 0.01 M ethanolic stearic acid and 0.01 M ethanolic myristic acid for different durations of passivation time. The coated samples were further investigated for their surface morphology, wettability and corrosion resistance. The contact angle and surface morphology of the developed coatings were assessed by contact angle goniometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was studied in 3.5 Wt. % aqueous NaCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization test (PDP). Passivation using fatty acids resulted in alteration of the surface morphology, which resulted in the increase of the contact angle exhibiting superhydrophobic nature, which also enhanced the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
Corrosion of Fe-Cr and Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys at 700-800°C in CO2-0.3SO2-6O2 Mixed Gas
Authors: Kim Min Jung , Lee Dong Bok , Xiao Xiao , Lee Kyong Hwan
Published: March 2020

ASTM T22 (Fe-2.25Cr-1Mo), 347HFG (Fe-18Cr-11Ni), and 310H (Fe-25Cr-19Ni) steels were reacted with CO2-0.3SO2-6O2 mixed gas. During corrosion at 700-800 °C for 20-100 h, 347HFG (Fe-18Cr-11Ni), and 310H (Fe-25Cr-19Ni) steels had good protective Cr2O3 oxide scale. Corrosion rates increased progressively as the corrosion temperature and time increased. Corrosion resistance increased in the order of T22, 347HFG, and 310H, suggesting that the alloying elements of Cr and Ni beneficially improved the corrosion resistance of steels. Basically, Fe oxidized to Fe2O3, and Cr oxidized to Cr2O3, some of which further reacted with FeO to form FeCr2O4.
Prediction of the Effective Stress-Strain Curves of Ductile Polymer 1D-Reinforced Composites Filled with Hollow Fibers Using Parameterized Model Based on Bezier Curves
Authors: Sokolov Alexander Pavlovich , Schetinin Vitaliy Nikolaevich , Sapelkin Arseniy Sergeevich , Kuts Mikhail Sergeevich , Mikhailovskiy Konstantin Valerievich
Published: March 2020

The article presents the results of numerical and experimental studies of stress-strain curves of 1D-reinforced polymer composite materials based on hollow porous fibers and epoxy matrix. The two-scale nature of the composite under research was taken into account. A surrogate easily parameterized model based on Bezier curves was developed and used to approximate the stress-strain curve of ductile material. The calculations were performed using reversible homogenization and finite element methods, which were implemented in computational subsystem of DCS GCD. Representative volume elements of the investigated materials were created using the geometry generating subsystem of DCS GCD. Test samples were made using three-axis milling machine and compression tests were carried out. Computational results of effective stress-strain curves determination were obtained and compared with experiments.
Experimental Study of Environment-Friendly Underwater Structure-Submerged Floating Tunnel
Authors: Jiang Bo Lin , Liang Bo , Shakel Sarmad
Published: March 2020

In order to study the dynamic characteristics of an innovative underwater structure, Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT), a model test study was carried out in a calibrated experimental tank based on the Qiongzhou Strait cross-sea passage project and considering the effects of wave and current loads. The size of the test tank is 36m (length) x 31m (width) x 3m (depth), which can simulate the effect of wave and current simultaneously. Under the conditions of pure current, pure wave and wave-current coupling, the pressure change of the test pipe is monitored, and the influence of the wave-current load on the surface pressure of the test pipe is analyzed. The experimental results show that the pressure at the inlet side of the test pipe increases with the increase of the current velocity, the wave height and period, regardless of whether the test pipe section is subjected to pure current, pure wave or wave-current coupling.
A Novel Neutralizing Antibody Targeting a Unique Cross-Reactive Epitope on the hi Loop of Domain II of the Envelope Protein Protects Mice against Duck Tembusu Virus
Authors: Chen Xueming , Li Chenxi , Lin Weiwei , Li Tongtong , Li Xiaojun , Bai Xiaofei , Wulin Shaozhou , Zhang Qingshan , Li Shuang , Liu Ming , Liu Jyung-Hurng , Zhang Yun
Published: March 2020

The Flavivirus E protein induces protective immunity, and its Abs cause serious problems for serodiagnosis because of the difficulty in differentiating cross-reactive Abs. Moreover, cross-reactive Abs may increase disease severity after secondary Flavivirus infections via Ab-dependent enhancement. Cross-reactive epitopes are therefore critical for understanding serodiagnosis and improving the general knowledge of Flavivirus infections. A minimal epitope, 227GSSAGTWQN235, was identified by a neutralizing mAb 1G2 against duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), which recognized only monomer E protein under nonreducing conditions. It was unexpectedly found that mutations in the epitope residues G231 or W233 completely abolished reactivity to 1G2 and sera from mice infected with Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. An immunofluorescence assay confirmed that mAb 1G2 could cross-react with the E proteins from Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. Protein and virus modeling revealed that the epitope was surface accessible in the mature virus and located in the hi loop of domain II. The neutralization of DTMUV by 1G2 played a clear therapeutic role in mouse models. The passive transfer of 1G2 resulted in 100% survival, reduced weight loss, and the complete clearance of DTMUV from the blood of BALB/c mice. Our findings document, for the first time to our knowledge, that mAb 1G2 targets the cross-reactive epitope on the hi loop of domain II in the E protein and might be of potential therapeutic value in treating DTMUV infection and improve the understanding of the issues related to serodiagnosis.
L’ECONOMIA ITALIANA E LE FRATTURE DELLA GLOBALIZZAZIONE
Authors: De Vincenti Claudio
Published: March 2020

Il documento presenta una ricostruzione sintetica delle principali tappe del processo di globalizzazione e dell'economia italiana dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale ad oggi. Per quanto riguarda lo scenario internazionale, si individuano due chiare fratture: la fine dell'"età dell'oro" con la crisi del dollaro dell'agosto 1971 e lo shock petrolifero del 1973; la crisi finanziaria del 2007-2008, dovuta all'accumulo di gravi squilibri macroeconomici negli anni della cosiddetta "Grande Moderazione". Queste due fratture trovano una chiara corrispondenza in due analoghe fratture dello sviluppo economico italiano. L'Italia, tuttavia, presenta una terza frattura intermedia con la crisi della lira dell'agosto 1992 legata a specifiche debolezze interne; uno spartiacque per la politica economica italiana. Oggi le tensioni nei rapporti commerciali internazionali e gli impulsi populisti nei Paesi avanzati testimoniano che la crisi del 2008 è ben lungi dall'essere ricomposta nelle sue determinanti. Il documento propone un suggerimento: alla base delle dinamiche economiche degli ultimi 75 anni c'è un rapporto irrisolto tra crescita economica capitalistica ed espansione della democrazia a livello nazionale e internazionale.
Percutaneous lung abscess drainage: revisiting the old gold standard
Authors: Matarese Alessandro , Tamburrini Mario , Desai Unnati , Zuccon Umberto
Published: March 2020

Lung abscess is defined as the necrosis of lung tissue with cavity formation due to varied etiology. The treatment of lung abscesses is medical involving antibiotics and chest physiotherapy. The failure of medical line of management requires an invasive surgical or percutaneous approach for drainage and control of infection. While the literature is ample regarding the surgical approach, it is rather scarce on the percutaneous approach. The percutaneous drainage has been most studied with computed tomography guidance. With our case series we describe to the treatment of lung abscesses non-responsive to medical management, by a bedside minimally invasive ultrasound or fluoroscopy guided percutaneous drainage approach.
Shar??ah Screening Process of Capital Markets: An Evaluation of Methodologies
Authors: Muhammad Hanif Muhammad Hanif
Published: March 2020

This study highlights the issues in the screening process of Shar??ah-compliant stock universe from Shar??ah and professional perspectives. We have critically analyzed Shar??ah-compliance methodologies of selected (eight) institutions in the light of Islamic principles of business. The findings suggest multiple weaknesses in the process, including variations in tolerance limits (for ?ar?m-elements), variations in the use of calculation methods (total assets and market capitalization), insufficient income purification mechanism, and confusions about the application of bay? al-?arf and bay? al-dayn regulations. In addition, we find lack of revisions in the tolerance limits, corresponding to the expansion of the Islamic finance market. We also find that certain important areas, such as questionable marketing and sales practices and environmental damages, are ignored in filtration. This study proposes a Shar??ah-compliance rankings mechanism for Islamic stock markets, within agreed upon framework, based on the degree of violations.
Biogas Reforming Conversion Character on Microwave-heating Carbon Receptor
Authors: Song Hee Gaen , Chun Young Nam
Published: March 2020

Objectives:Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are the main components of biogas and are produced from biomass gasification. These two gases are a by-product gases that can be used as an energy source and is known as a greenhouse gas that affects global warming. In order to convert the gas which is the main cause of global warming into high-quality fuel energy, the microwave reforming characteristic research was conducted. In this study, the reforming characteristics of microwave carbon receptor pyrolysis-gasification gas were investigated. In addition, reforming gas conversion characteristics according to the reforming temperature, flow rate, and CH4 / CO2 ratio, which are the main influence variables, were studied.Methods:Experiment was achieved in a microwave convertor which was installed a quartz tube reactor. The reactor was irritated by a microwave energy to heat carbon receptor in a sample basket which was placed at the center of the quartz tube. A simulated gas mixture of methane and carbon dioxide was fed into the carbon receptor in the reactor, and a reformed product gas was collected and analyzed using a GC-TCD.Results and Discussion:In the case of microwave reforming of a mixture gas of carbon dioxide and methane, hydrogen and carbon was produced by thermal decomposition of methane. The produced carbon was adsorbed to the receptor and interfered with the catalytic activity. The attached carbon was reacted with the carbon dioxide by gasification reaction to produce carbon monoxide, and was cleaned to maintain a constant reforming conversion.Conclusions:As a result, the conversion rate and the product gas yield were high when the receptor bad reforming temperature was high and the space velocity in the convertor was low. The increase in methane in the simulated gas resulted in low conversion due to carbon adsorption.
Increasing the spatial resolution of cloud property retrievals from Meteosat SEVIRI by use of its high-resolution visible channel: evaluation of candidate approaches with MODIS observations
Authors: Werner Frank , Deneke Hartwig
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This study presents and evaluates several candidate approaches for
downscaling observations from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and
Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) in order to increase the horizontal
resolution of subsequent cloud optical thickness (τ) and
effective droplet radius (reff) retrievals from the
native ≈3km×3km spatial resolution of the
narrowband channels to ≈1km×1km. These methods make
use of SEVIRI's coincident broadband
high-resolution visible (HRV) channel. For four example cloud fields,
the reliability of each downscaling algorithm is evaluated by means of
collocated 1 km×1 km MODIS radiances, which are
reprojected to the horizontal grid of the HRV channel and serve as
reference for the evaluation. By using these radiances, smoothed with the
modulation transfer function of the native SEVIRI channels, as retrieval
input, the accuracy at the SEVIRI standard resolution can be evaluated
and an objective comparison of the accuracy of the different
downscaling algorithms can be made. For the example scenes considered
in this study, it is shown that neglecting high-frequency
variations below the SEVIRI standard resolution results in significant
random absolute deviations of the retrieved τ and
reff of up to ≈14 and
≈6 µm, respectively, as well as biases. By error propagation, this
also negatively impacts the reliability of the subsequent calculation
of liquid water path (WL) and cloud droplet number
concentration (ND), which exhibit deviations of up to
≈89gm-2 and ≈177cm-3, respectively. For τ, these deviations can be almost
completely mitigated by the use of the HRV channel as a physical constraint
and by applying most of the presented downscaling schemes. Uncertainties in retrieved reff at the native SEVIRI resolution are smaller, and the improvements from downscaling the observations are less obvious than for τ. Nonetheless, the right choice of downscaling scheme yields noticeable improvements in the retrieved reff. Furthermore, the improved reliability in retrieved cloud products results in significantly reduced uncertainties in derived WL and ND. In particular, one downscaling approach provides clear improvements for all cloud products compared to those obtained from
SEVIRI's standard resolution and is recommended for future downscaling endeavors. This work advances efforts to mitigate impacts of scale mismatches among channels of multiresolution instruments on cloud retrievals.
Deep-sea sponge grounds as nutrient sinks: denitrification is common in boreo-Arctic sponges
Authors: Rooks Christine , Fang James Kar-Hei , Mørkved Pål Tore , Zhao Rui , Rapp Hans Tore , Xavier Joana R. , Hoffmann Friederike
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Sponges are commonly known as general nutrient providers for the marine
ecosystem, recycling organic matter into various forms of bioavailable
nutrients such as ammonium and nitrate. In this study we challenge this
view. We show that nutrient removal through microbial denitrification is a
common feature in six cold-water sponge species from boreal and Arctic
sponge grounds. Denitrification rates were quantified by incubating sponge
tissue sections with 15NO3--amended oxygen-saturated
seawater, mimicking conditions in pumping sponges, and de-oxygenated
seawater, mimicking non-pumping sponges. It was not possible to detect any rates of anaerobic ammonium
oxidation (anammox) using incubations with 15NH4+. Denitrification rates of the different sponge species ranged
from below detection to 97 nmol N cm−3 sponge d−1 under oxic
conditions, and from 24 to 279 nmol N cm−3 sponge d−1 under
anoxic conditions. A positive relationship between the highest potential rates of
denitrification (in the absence of oxygen) and the species-specific
abundances of nirS and nirK genes encoding nitrite reductase, a key enzyme for
denitrification, suggests that the denitrifying community in these sponge
species is active and prepared for denitrification. The lack of a lag phase
in the linear accumulation of the 15N-labelled N2 gas in any of
our tissue incubations is another indicator for an active community of
denitrifiers in the investigated sponge species. Low rates for coupled nitrification–denitrification indicate that also under
oxic conditions, the nitrate used to fuel denitrification rates was derived rather
from the ambient seawater than from sponge nitrification. The lack of nifH
genes encoding nitrogenase, the key enzyme for nitrogen fixation, shows that
the nitrogen cycle is not closed in the sponge grounds. The denitrified
nitrogen, no matter its origin, is then no longer available as a nutrient
for the marine ecosystem. These results suggest a high potential denitrification capacity of deep-sea
sponge grounds based on typical sponge biomass on boreal and Arctic sponge
grounds, with areal denitrification rates of 0.6 mmol N m−2 d−1 assuming non-pumping sponges and still 0.3 mmol N m−2 d−1
assuming pumping sponges. This is well within the range of denitrification
rates of continental shelf sediments. Anthropogenic impact and global change
processes affecting the sponge redox state may thus lead to deep-sea
sponge grounds changing their role in marine ecosystem from being mainly
nutrient sources to becoming mainly nutrient sinks.
Seasonal cycling of zinc and cobalt in the Southeast Atlantic along the GEOTRACES GA10 section
Authors: Wyatt Neil J. , Milne Angela , Achterberg Eric P. , Browning Thomas J. , Bouman Heather A. , Woodward E. Malcolm S. , Lohan Maeve C.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. We report the distributions of dissolved zinc (dZn) and cobalt (dCo) in sub-tropical and sub-Antarctic waters of the Southeast Atlantic Ocean during austral spring 2010 and summer 2011/12. A strong seasonal signal was observed in sub-tropical surface waters with early spring mixed-layer dZn and dCo concentrations of 3.16 ± 1.35 nM and 39 ± 9 pM, respectively, compared with summer values depleted well below these levels by biological activity. The elevated spring mixed-layer dZn concentrations resulted from an apparent offshore transport of elevated dZn at depths between 20–50 m, derived from lithogenic inputs from the Agulhas Bank. In contrast, open-ocean sub-Antarctic surface waters displayed largely consistent inter-seasonal mixed-layer dZn and dCo concentrations of 0.11 ± 0.08 nM and 11 ± 5 pM, respectively. The vertical distributions of dZn and dCo in the upper water column were similar to that of phosphate (PO43−), with positive linear relationships during each of the seasons and across dynamic biogeochemical regimes, suggesting surface biological drawdown and shallow remineralisation of these metals in this region largely influences their distribution. The ecological stoichiometries for dZn and dCo, calculated from the linear regression with PO43−, suggest a greater overall use of dZn relative to dCo in the upper water column of the Southeast Atlantic with an inter-seasonal Zn:Co ratio ranging between 9 and 29. Sub-tropical surface water Zn:Co ratios were found to decrease between spring and summer indicating a preferential removal of dZn relative to dCo between seasons. In this paper we investigate how the seasonal influences of external input and phytoplankton succession may relate to the distribution of dZn and dCo, and variation in Zn:Co ecological stoichiometry, across two distinct ecological regimes in the Southeast Atlantic.
Beijing Climate Center Earth System Model version 1 (BCC-ESM1): model description and evaluation of aerosol simulations
Authors: Wu Tongwen , Zhang Fang , Zhang Jie , Jie Weihua , Zhang Yanwu , Wu Fanghua , Li Laurent , Yan Jinghui , Liu Xiaohong , Lu Xiao , Tan Haiyue , Zhang Lin , Wang Jun , Hu Aixue
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The Beijing Climate Center Earth System Model version 1 (BCC-ESM1) is the first version of a fully coupled Earth system model with interactive atmospheric chemistry and aerosols developed by the
Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration. Major aerosol
species (including sulfate, organic carbon, black carbon, dust, and sea salt)
and greenhouse gases are interactively simulated with a whole panoply of
processes controlling emission, transport, gas-phase chemical reactions,
secondary aerosol formation, gravitational settling, dry deposition, and wet
scavenging by clouds and precipitation. Effects of aerosols on radiation,
cloud, and precipitation are fully treated. The performance of BCC-ESM1 in
simulating aerosols and their optical properties is comprehensively
evaluated as required by the Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project
(AerChemMIP), covering the preindustrial mean state and time evolution from
1850 to 2014. The simulated aerosols from BCC-ESM1 are quite coherent with
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5)-recommended data, in situ measurements from surface networks (such as
IMPROVE in the US and EMEP in Europe), and aircraft observations. A
comparison of modeled aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm with satellite
observations retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) and the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and surface AOD
observations from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) shows reasonable
agreement between simulated and observed AOD. However, BCC-ESM1 shows
weaker upward transport of aerosols from the surface to the middle and upper
troposphere, likely reflecting the deficiency of representing deep
convective transport of chemical species in BCC-ESM1. With an overall good
agreement between BCC-ESM1 simulated and observed aerosol properties, it
demonstrates a success of the implementation of interactive aerosol and
atmospheric chemistry in BCC-ESM1.
Multi-layer Cloud Conditions in Trade Wind Shallow Cumulus – Confronting Models with Airborne Observations
Authors: Jacob Marek , Kollias Pavlos , Ament Felix , Schemann Vera , Crewell Susanne
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Airborne remote sensing observations over the tropical Atlantic Ocean upstream of Barbados are used to characterize trade wind shallow cumulus clouds and to benchmark two cloud-resolving ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) model simulations at kilo- and hectometer scales. The clouds were observed by an airborne nadir pointing backscatter lidar, a cloud radar, and a microwave radiometer in the tropical dry winter season during daytime. For the model benchmark, forward operators convert the model data into the observational space for considering instrument specific cloud detection thresholds. The forward simulations reveal the different detection limits of the lidar and radar observations, i.e., most clouds with cloud liquid water content greater than 10−7 kg/kg are detectable by the lidar, whereas the radar is primarily sensitive to the rain-category hydrometeors in the models and can detect even low amounts of rain. The observations reveal two prominent modes of cumulus cloud top heights separating the clouds into two layers. The lower mode relates to boundary layer convection with tops closely above the lifted condensation level, which is at about 700 m above sea level. The upper mode is driven by shallow moist convection, also contains shallow outflow anvils, and is closely related to the trade inversion at about 2.3 km above sea level. The two cumulus modes are reflected differently by the lidar and the radar observations and under different liquid water path (LWP) conditions. The storm-resolving model (SRM) at kilometer scale reproduces the cloud modes barely and shows the most cloud tops slightly above the observed lower mode. The large-eddy model (LEM) at hectometer scale reproduces better the observed cloudiness distribution with a clear bimodal separation. We hypothesize that slight differences in the autoconversion parametrizations could have caused the different cloud development in the models. Neither model seems to account for in-cloud drizzle particles that do not precipitate down to the surface but generate a stronger radar signal even in scenes with low LWP. Our findings suggest that even if the SRM is a step forward for better cloud representation in climate research, the LEM can better reproduce the observed shallow cumulus convection and should therefore in principle represent cloud radiative effects and water cycle better.
EVOLUÇÃO ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DO USO E OCUPAÇÃO DA TERRA NO CORREDOR FLUVIAL DO RIO PARAGUAI, PANTANAL SUPERIOR - BRASIL
Authors: Dos Santos Leandro Gustavo Roberto , Rodrigues do Nascimento Flávio , Alves de Souza Célia
Published: March 2020

Esta pesquisa foi realizada no município de Cáceres, Mato Grosso, no trecho do rio Paraguai, Pantanal Superior – Brasil, e seu objetivo foi analisar as mudanças de cobertura com o avanço do uso e ocupação da terra no período de 1980 a 2013. Para tanto, imagens LANDSAT foram georreferenciadas, classificadas e processadas; e as classes temáticas, quantificadas e editadas. Aliado aos procedimentos de gabinete, trabalhos de campo foram realizados, os quais permitiram a identificação das principais formas de uso das margens e dos canais do sistema fluvial. A pesquisa evidenciou que a principal atividade econômica desenvolvida é a pecuária, com valores gradativos ao longo dos anos – a área ocupada por pastagemque dobrou de 1984 para 2003. Os resultados evidenciaram importantes transformações na paisagem com significativas supressões da cobertura vegetal, ou seja, no período analisado, em mais de 50% da área houve algum tipo de transformação – desmatamento ou conversão de usos (áreas de pastagem para expansão urbana). Em relação às margens do canal, obras de engenharia foram as principais alternativas adotadas, a fim de conter os processos erosivos, sobretudo no perímetro urbano e em trechos côncavos, paralelos a BR-070.
INFLUÊNCIA DA FIBRA DE AÇO SOBRE A RESISTÊNCIA RESIDUAL À TRAÇÃO POR FLEXÃO OBTIDA SEGUNDO O RILEM TC 162-TDF (2002)
Authors: Borba Fernando Vasconcelos , Da Rocha Jorcelan Pereira
Published: March 2020

RESUMO: A caracterização de peças reforçadas com fibra de aço à tração pode ser realizada por meio de ensaios de tração direta, ou de compressão diametral ou de flexão. No que diz respeito aos ensaios de flexão, o RILEM TC 162-TDF (2002), além de descrever os procedimentos para a realização do referido ensaio, também avalia o comportamento à tração em termos das curvas carga x deslocamento e carga x CMOD (Crack Mouth Opening Displacement). O presente trabalho tensiona estudar as resistências residuais à tração na flexão ( ). Nesse contexto, coletou-se da literatura um banco de dados formado por 46 ensaios  de flexão em três pontos de prismas entalhados, será apresentado e avaliado, através de um estudo estatístico, para que propostas sejam estabelecidas para estimar as resistências residuais à tração na flexão  (i = 1, 2, 3 e 4).  Além disso, também será analisado a capacidade destas propostas em reproduzir as relações tensão-CMOD e tensão-deslocamento, as quais são regularmente obtidas a partir do ensaio de flexão em três pontos de prismas entalhados. A análise dos resultados quanto à capacidade de estimar as resistências residuais obtidas em ensaios foi favorável. Evidencia-se o desempenho das estimativas de  (i = 1, 2 e 4), com MED ? 1,0 e CV < 25 %. A estimativa de fR3 foi mais dispersa, com Média ? 1,0 e coeficiente de variação > 25 %, dado o elevado nível de fissuração do prisma no momento do registro dessa resistência. Por fim, este trabalho tem grande importância no meio cientifico principalmente, pois a fibra de aço é um material que vem sendo estudado a bastante tempo, e por se tratar de um material complexo, necessita-se um estudo prévio do comportamento da resistência á flexão de vigas reforçadas com fibra de aço, tendo como principal objetivo determinar valores  (i = 1, 2, 3 e 4) de ensaio de flexão em três pontos de prismas entalhados.
Left branch extraction, object shift, and freezing effects in Tumbalá Ch’ol
Authors: Little Carol-Rose
Published: March 2020

Ch’ol (Mayan) exhibits asymmetries in what is available for left branch extraction. While both numerals and interrogative possessors are able to extract from absolutive subject position, only numerals may extract from absolutive object position. To capture this asymmetry, I provide evidence that objects with overt possessors always undergo object shift, blocking left branch extraction. This follows from the Freezing Principle (Ross 1974; Wexler & Culicover 1977), or a ban on extraction from a moved constituent. Objects with numeral modifiers do not obligatorily undergo object shift and therefore may extract from the object. In addition to numerals and interrogative possessors, I present and analyze possibilities for other elements to extract out of various positions. I situate this work within Agree-based theories of extraction (e.g. Rackowski & Richards 2005; van Urk & Richards 2015; Branan 2018) and discuss this proposal’s theoretical implications. Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the author’s fieldwork.
In via: Francisco, os franciscanos e seus lugares no mundo
Authors: Da Silva Maria Angélica
Published: March 2020

Francisco buscou a pobreza e o despojamento dos bens materiais. Mas a passagem da vida do santo para a construção da ordem franciscana propriamente dita fez com que estas metas fossem objeto de muitas contendas. Das peregrinações às sedes fixas, entre o eremitério e a cidade, serão abordados aspectos acerca da materialidade da experiência seráfica com relação à sua casa no mundo. A atenção se dará aos lugares que os franciscanos foram ocupando, focando em especial, a situação do convento no contexto urbano, tanto no que diz respeito à localização medieval, quanto aos preceitos da implantação das casas e seus atributos na vida citadina. Considerará fatos significativos que ocorrem desde o período compreendido pela vida do santo a episódios da história da Ordem no seu processo de expansão nos séculos seguintes, do contexto de Assis rumo ao mundo.
A primeira Legislação agrária republicana riog-randense:aparato legal para controlar o acesso à terra
Authors: Nascimento José Antonio Moraes do
Published: March 2020

O artigo apresenta a primeira Legislação agrária republicana rio-grandense, discutindo seus impactos para controlar o acesso à terra. Uma etapa significativa dessa política ocorreu a partir de 1899, quando se sentiu a necessidade de efetivamente promovê-la. Essas novas leis favoreceram um controle estatal sobre as terras tidas como públicas, numa tentativa de impedir o apossamento e a destruição de áreas florestais, mas possibilitando o comércio das mesmas, por parte do governo.
Laboratório de Estudo de História das Américas (LEHA-USP): Ensino, pesquisa e intercâmbios
Authors: Oliveira Angela Meirelles de , Grejo Camila Bueno , Martins Maria Antonia Dias
Published: March 2020

O artigo recupera a trajetória do Laboratório de Estudo de História das Américas, vinculado ao Departamento de História da FFLCH/USP, destacando as bases teóricas que dão sustento às pesquisas bem como os principais resultados obtidos nos últimos anos.