bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Import of Normative Language and Rules—Nonlegal Illustrations
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

This first part of the book addresses the skeptical possibility that answers to legal questions are rarely if ever determinate. Drawing from legal realists, some modern writers have emphasized the indeterminacy of legal norms. Often a central aspect of their critique has been an assertion that the language and content of legal rules are open to a wide spectrum of interpretations. If that thesis is sound, perhaps objective legal answers cannot be derived from authoritative rules. If the application of any single rule is indeterminate, questions that invoke broad sets of rules and principles are not likely to be determinate either. If the language and content of law are indeterminate, those who decide legal cases may not be essentially different from legislators and from executives exercising discretion. They may make political judgments that carry the day only because of their political authority. In that event, much legal decision differs little from unguided political decision.
Safe as Houses: Forsteras Cambridge Anthropologist
Authors: Schneidau Herbert N
Published: November 2023

Many agree with Lionel Trilling that Howards End is “undoubted!y Forster’s masterpiece.” A Passage to India, written much later, may have reached a wider audience, partly because of the topicality of its antiracist and anticolonialist sentiments, and of course Forster enthusiasts can make cases even for the earlier works. But for those interested in the twentieth-century novel, this creation of “1908-1910” counts as a high-water mark for Forster and the genre. The British novel just before the Great War attained a level it has not, in general, reached again, and the best novels of the 1920s were written by those who had attained maturity and mastery before 1914. The War harrowed English sensibilities and sent several of its writers into spiritual exile, ironically imitating James Joyce’s prewar remove. Their later works belong to International Modernism, not British literature. There was no surge in the number of new British writers after 1918, as in American, because those writers who stayed at home had trouble assimilating Modernism and especially could not embrace Ulysses, its pivotal work. Even Virginia Woolf called it the book of a “queasy undergraduate scratching his pimples,” a remark that says nothing about Joyce but tells all about the mental paradigms of Bloomsbury.
Paris and the Florida Land Boom
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

Stevens cultivated his isolation in the 1920s. During the First World War, he had benefited from an expatriate movement that carried artists to New York rather than Paris. But by 1916, when he moved from Manhattan to Hartford, Stevens’s artistic life became distanced from the currents of international modernism, and by 1922 he no longer cared to preserve the attachments he once enjoyed. Tired of the “art crowd,” Stevens packed up his collection of exhibition catalogues (which he considered a complete survey of what had been shown in New York for the previous ten years) and gave them to the Wadsworth Atheneum.
Lefts and Lefts
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

In the Partisan Review, May 1935, three months before Ideas of Order was published by the Alcestis Press: “Wallace Stevens is remembered by Harmonium; he is no longer a living poet.” That was the judgment of Edwin Rolfe in a comment on the state of American poetry, and anyone who had not picked up the first issue of Alcestis would have agreed. Even if Rolfe had read the poems Stevens published there-”The Idea of Order at Key West” along with seven others-he would hardly have considered them the work of a poet “alive” in any meaningful sense.
The Politics of Despair
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

In a much debated essay on the Partisan Review, Frederick Crews remarks that none of the journal’s editors “could explain how neo-Marxist political commentary was to be reconciled with ‘The Dry Salvages’ and highbrow discussions of the modern masters.” Ultimately, Rahv and Phillips never could justify their attempts to align modernism and Marxism, but they spent the better part of a decade trying: the value of their effort is not that a happy marriage was achieved but that their effort, even with its moments of blind ness, reveals what is at stake in a struggle that has never been comfortably resolved, whether in the pages of the Partisan Review or in the annals of the Frankfurt school.
The Heart of the Debacle
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

Soon after “Esthetique du Mal” was published in 1944, its seventh canto (“How red the rose that is the soldier’s wound”) became a standard selection in anthologies of war poetry. The canto depends on several familiar conventions of war poetry, but it also condenses some of the characteristics we have seen throughout Stevens’s own soldier-hero poems of the r 94os-the hero’s ability to unify the suffering of all individual men and the need to assert that the suffering of war may ultimately be assuaged by the ongoing continuities of normal life. In its final lines, the canto both offers an image of male bonding and delineates a wartime role for women.
A New Knowledge of Reality
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

The first instance of Stevens’s luminous final style came even before he had written “The Auroras of Autumn” or “An Ordinary Evening in New Haven.” In March 1947 he inscribed his editor’s copy of Transport to Summer with these words: “The Only Copy of Transport To Summer together with First Warmth, 1947.” The poem began: The poet who had recently completed “Description Without Place” asks this difficult question of himself, and the question demands an austerity of language that surpasses even the spareness of “
Charlie’ s
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Charlie’ s Tavern became a clubhouse for musicians during the big band era. If you gave up your room while you were on the road, your mail could be sent to Charlie’ s. When you were out of work, Charlie would run a tab for you, and he’ d cash your checks when you got paid. A musician could park his wife or girlfriend in a booth at Charlie’ s before a job and know that nobody would bother her until he got back.
Tupper Lake
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Playing the bass wasn’ t my idea. It was Buzzy Bridgford’ s. While I was drifting penniless around the Lower East Side that first spring in New York, Buzzy was also trying to get something going for himself. He found a few short gigs, but Betty’ s piano playing was paying the rent on their apartment. Buzzy sat in a few times with Gene Roland’ s rehearsal band, and in June, Roland hired him for a summer job he found for a quartet in the Adirondacks. Buzzy came over to Monroe Street to say goodbye, and said he’ d be at the Altamont Hotel in Tupper Lake, New York, for the next two months.
Slim Gaillard, Stan Getz
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

I went back to Toronto and finished out Teddy Charles’ s last week at the Town Tavern. With nothing else booked, we were ready to return to New York and scuffle until something else turned up, but then Slim Gaillard arrived in Toronto to do two weeks at the Colonial Tavern, and he came without a rhythm section. Slim had been traveling with a bassist and drumm r from the West Indies. They discovered at the Canadian border that if they left the country, they would have to start their U.S. immigration process all over again. Slim sent them back to New York and came to Toronto looking for a bass player and a drummer.
Pee Wee Marquette
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Whenever musicians talk about the old Birdland, they always mention Pee Wee Marquette, the master of ceremonies. William Clayton Marquette, three feet nine inches tall, was usually nattily dressed in a brown pin-stripe vested suit and a floral tie, or a dark green velvet suit with a large bow tie. On special occasions he wore tails. His miniature suits were fairly zoot. His belt line was at his armpits, his trousers were heavily pleated and tightly cuffed, and his box-back jackets featured extra-wide lapels.
Papa Jo
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

The Stan Getz quintet joined several other jazz groups for a concert at Carnegie Hall in the fall of 1952. Charlie Parker’ s group went on first, and I was surprised to see a stagehand walk out in front of them and plant an old-fashioned bird-cage microphone at the front of the stage. With the wonderful acoustics at Carnegie, amplification seemed unnecessary. We listened from out front, and I whispered to Stan, “That mike is terrible! It’ s loud, and it’ s distorting the sound.” Stan said, “Let’ s not use the damn thing.” When we were announced, he turned the mike off and we were able to enjoy the natural acoustics of that beautiful hall. Duke Jordan sounded especially good. We didn’ t always get to hear him play on such a fine piano. There was a live mike somewhere in the hall, though. Years later a couple of the tunes we played on that concert came out on a bootleg record album.
Stan the Man
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Stan Getz was the fair-haired boy of the jazz world, but his life got complicated. Like many of the musicians on Woody Herman’ s famous Four Brothers band, Stan had begun using heroin in the 1940s, and the drug haunted him for many years. Drugs were an on-again offagain thing with him during the time I was with him. Consequently, though his playing was beautiful, I never knew what to expect from him personally.
Popsie Randolph
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Popsie Randolph, who had once been Benny Goodman’ s famous band boy, often dropped in at the Hickory House. I had first met him when I was with the Teddy Charles Trio in 1952. He had become a show business photographer, and he took our publicity shots. I always enjoyed chatting with him and listening to his stories.
Gerry Mulligan
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Stan Getz’ s quintet broke up in California not long after I left him. Bob Brookmeyer stayed in Los Angeles for a while, sometimes playing with Zoot Sim and Gerry Mulligan, who had both moved out there. Bob eventually became a regular member of Gerry’ s quartet. Then, on one job, Gerry added Zoot and Jon Eardley, and the Gerry Mulligan Sextet was born.
Duke Ellington
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

American jazz drummer Kansas Fields was living in Paris, and the Nicholas Brothers had hired him to play their act at the Olympia Theater. Kansas spoke a wonderful mixture of fractured French and Harlem argot, but the locals seemed to have no trouble understanding him. Between shows on our first day at the theater, Kansas took us to a restaurant in Montmartre owned by American ex-football player Leroy Haynes and his French wife, Gaby. The cuisine was American soul food served with French salads, bread, and wine. Haynes and Gaby’ s became my favorite dinnertime hangout. Any American jazz musicians or entertainers who were passing through Paris were sure to turn up there. Another American in Paris, Art Simmons, was playing solo piano at the Mars Club. Dave Bailey and I spent many evenings there after our last show. Art used Dave and me on a record date with his quartet, with TerryDonoughue on guitar, and on another .record with American singer Bertice Reading. I wrote some blueslyrics for Bertice to sing that included a plug for Haynes and Gaby’ s restaurant.
All Around Town
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

I left Gerry Mulligan’ s quartet the first time in early 1957. I found a steady gig in town with Don Elliot’ s quartet at Cy Coleman’ s, a club just south of Central Park. We played opposite Cy’ s trio. Besides me, Don had Dick Katz on piano and Denzil Best on drums. Denzil, the original drummer with George Shearing’ s quintet, had been in a bad auto accident in Chicago in January 1952. A car he was riding in skidded, hit a light pole, and rolled over, leaving him with multiple leg fractures and head injuries.
The Gerry Mulligan Quartet
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

In July 1958 I got a call from Gerry Mulligan to rejoin his quartet. Joe Benjamin had replaced me when I left, and then Henry Grimes had replaced him. Now Henry was leaving to go with Sonny Rollins. Dave Bailey was still Gerry’ s drummer, and Art Farmer had just joined him on trumpet. I liked Art and admired his playing tremendously. We just had time for one rehearsal before our first appearance at Newport.
The Concert Jazz Band
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

I spent the rest of the Spring of 1960 involved in the production of three one-act plays at the Jazz Gallery, a short-lived club in the East Village. In one of my few outings as a band leader, I put together a small jazz group, featuring saxophonist Hal McKusick, to provide incidental music. One of the plays was the premiere of Edward Albee’ s The Sandbox, with my friend Sudie Bond playing Grandma.
Judy Holliday
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Some time after Gerry and Arlene Mulligan’ s marriage came to an end, Gerry began seeing a lot of Judy Holliday. She liked his music and quickly made friends with the quartet. We were working in Los Angeles when Judy was touring there with her musical, The Bells Are Ringi,ng. We went to her show and she came to hear us play.

Judy had spent a lot of time in Hollywood, but none of the tinsel had rubbed off on her. She had self-respect as an actress, but success hadn’ t inflated her ego. She examined her own work with the clear eye of reality, and was probably her own best critic.
Berlin and the Ballad
Authors: Hamm Charles
Published: November 2023

Many of the most enduring songs of Berlin’s middle and later years are ballads, as a mere listing of a few of their titles—“Always,” “Remember,” “How Deep Is The Ocean (How High Is The Sky),” “Blue Skies,” “It Only Happens When I Dance With You,” and “All Alone,” for starters— is enough to remind one. But writing pieces of this sort wasn’t a matter of “doin’ what comes naturally” for Berlin. Relatively few of his early songs were ballads, and only a handful of these enjoyed much commercial or critical success, even after his novelty and ragtime songs had catapulted him into a position as the leading songwriter of the day.
The Wicked Sisters
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

This provocative study of the lives and works of Emily Dickinson, Marianne Moore, Elizabeth Bishop, Adrienne Rich, and Gwendolyn Brooks focuses on the historical struggles and differences among and within women writers and among feminists themselves. Erkkila explores the troubled relations of women writers with both the masculine and feminine literary culture, arguing that popular feminist views romanticize and maternalize women writers. Offering a revisionary model of women’s literary history, Erkkila focuses on the historical struggles and conflicts that make up the history of women poets. Without discounting the historical power of sisterhood, she seeks to reclaim women’s literary history as a site of contention, contingency, and ongoing struggle, rather than a separate space of untroubled and essentially co-operative accord among women.
The Supreme Court, Privacy, and Abortion
Authors: Annas George J
Published: November 2023

Feelings, beliefs and opinions are strong and divided on the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade. the Court’s 1989 decision in Webster that signaled a retreat from Roe, and the Courtߣs 1992 compromise decision in Casey. Opinion polls on abortion since 1973 show that Americans are deeply ambivalent on the issue. A consistent majority believe abortion is immoral in most cases. Nonetheless, overwhelming majorities believe abortion should be available in cases of rape, incest, and severe genetic handicap, and more than two-thirds consistently say even though they believe abortion is either “wrong” or “immoral” the ultimate decision should be made by a woman and her physician rather than by government decree.
The Concept Of Identity
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

In this book, Eli Hirsch focuses on identity through time, first with respect to ordinary bodies, then underlying matter, and eventually persons. These are linked at various points with other aspects of identity, such as the spatial unity of things, the unity of kinds, and the unity of groups. He investigates how our identity concept ordinarily operates in these respects. He also asks why this concept is so cental to our thinking and whether we can justify seeing the world in terms of such a concept. This is the revised and updated edition of a hardback published in 1982.
Love’s Knowledge
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

This volume brings together Martha Nussbaum's published papers, some revised for this collection, on the relationship between literature and philosophy, especially moral philosophy. It also includes two new essays and a substantial Introduction. The papers, many of them previously not readily available to non-specialist readers, explore such fundamental issues as the relationship between style and content in the exploration of ethical questions; the nature of ethical attention and ethical knowledge and their relationship to written forms and style; and the role of the emotions in deliberation and self-knowledge. The author investigates and defends a conception of ethical understanding which involves emotional as well as intellectual activity, and which gives a certain type of priority to the perception of particular people and situations rather than to abstract rule.
The Discernment of Perception: An Aristotelian Conception of Private and Public Rationality
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

What one acquires here is not a technique; one learns correct judgements. There are also rules, but they do not form a system, and only experienced people can apply them right. Unlike calculating-rules. What is most difficult here is to put this indefiniteness, correctly and unfalsified, into words.
Fictions of the Soul
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

Gertrude says, “O Hamlet speak no more. Thou tunst mine eyes into my very soul.” He made her see her soul, then, with a speech. And many types of speeches try to do what Hamlet did here. They present us with accounts or pictures of ourselves, attempting to communicate to us some truth about what we really are-or (to use what is already a certain sort of picture) to show us the insides of our human souls. These truths about ourselves are delivered in many different styles and forms: some through structured argument, some through more devious or more violent strategies. One distinguished thinker compares his discourse about the nature of the soul to dry translucent shafts of sunlight that disperse the dark shadows of false belief. Another represents the recipient of a true account of the inside of her soul as crying out in pain: “These words like daggers enter in my ears.”
In Situ Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Powerful New Methodology
Authors: Bagasra Omar , Seshamma Thikkavarapu , Pomerantz Roger J
Published: November 2023

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Bell, 1989) has proven a valuable tool for amplifying defined DNA sequences, even if they are available in only minute amounts, to obtain quantities that can be analyzed and/or sequenced. Using a variety of thermostable DNA polymerase enzymes (e.g., Tag), the PCR can quickly and efficiently amplify a genetic sequence utilizing an automated thermocycler (Bell, 1989). Thus genes or virus sequences (Chehab et al., 1989; Krone et al., 1990; Meltzer et al., 1990; Saito et al., 1989) present only in a small sample of cells, or in a small fraction of cells in a heterogeneous population can be traced. A specific area of study especially important for PCR has been in the area of human immunodeficiency virus type I/acquired immune deficiency (HIV-1/AIDS) research, as the actual percentage of HIV-I-infected cells in the peripheral blood has been subject of controversy (Ho et al., 1989; Harper et al., 1986).
Age-structured Models: Renewal Theory
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the dynamics of an age-structured population partially developed in chapter 6 are completed by considering the regenerative process developed in chapter 3. The complete age-structured formulation has been studied by many authors. Pollard (1973) developed general theory with an elegant treatment of stochasticity and applied the methods to human populations. Keyfitz (1968) developed discrete and continuous theory, also with a view toward human demography. Getz and Haight (1989) described discrete age-and length-based models applicable to renewable resources and developed optimal harvesting results. Caswell (1989) considered a wide variety of age-and stage-structured models and provided extensive theory.
Optimal Harvesting
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B
Published: November 2023

Management strategies for exploited fish populations depend on the goals and objectives to be achieved. They are usually defined through a political process, in which stakeholders vie to have their points of view represented. Biological, economic, and social implications result from management action, and frequently formal processes that address these issues are required. Population dynamics and bioeconomic models are often used to derive and evaluate strategies. Two recent proceedings contain several essays related to this topic (Kruse et al. 1993, Smith et al. 1993).
The Washington Riots
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

I reached Washington early in the evening of July 22. As the train neared the capital I could feel the tenseness of the situation grow. It showed itself in the air of the passengers as they read the newspapers, with their glaring headlines telling of the awful night before and intimating that the worst was yet to come. As I passed through the cars on my way to the diner and back, men and women glanced up at me with what seemed to be a look of mild surprise; with a glance which seemed to say, “This man must indeed have very important business in Washington.” The porters and waiters plainly showed the strain under which they were doing their work-the strain of suppressed excitement with, perhaps, an added sense of dread of going into something, they knew not what. They moved about quietly, in fact, grimly and entirely without their customary good humor and gaiety. One of the porters who knew who I was questioned the wisdom of my going through with the trip. I may have felt that his question was not absolutely without reason, but I did not admit it. When I left the car he said to me, “Take good care of yourself.” I assured him that I would spare no effort to do so.
The Race Problem and Peace
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

When I was a student at Atlanta University I taught school one summer down in the backwoods of Georgia. On sundry Sundays I used to listen to an old-time preacher, sometimes to my edification, and very often to my amazement. On one particular Sunday, after taking a rather cryptic text, he took off his spectacles, laid them on the pulpit, slammed the Bible with a bang, and said: “Brothers and sisters, this morning I intend to explain the unexplainable, to find out the undefinable, to ponder over the imponderable, and unscrew the inscrutable.”
A Letter to Edwin R. Embree: The First Eighteen Years Reviewed by Johnson
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Edwin Embree, at the time of this letter, was vice president of the Rockefeller Foundation. He later became president of the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Johnson assumed that Embree would pass this letter on to Rosen-wald. In existence for eighteen years, the NAACP’s work proceeded along three lines: education of public opinion through intelligent agitation and publicity; legal defense in order to prevent the hardening of injustices into custom through more default on the part of African-Americans; and securing, reaffirming, and clarifying citizenship rights through the highest courts. Citing the needs of the NAACP, this essay notes that if blacks failed in the objectives of the NAACP, whatever they accomplished in other endeavors would be of insignificant consequence.
The Shining Life: A Tribute to Julius Rosenwald
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Mankind is able to survive, to renew its faith in itself and in its destiny, to take on fresh strength and courage, to escape the dark night of hopelessness and despair only because from time to time, rising higher and higher above the earth-line, the life of some one man shines out like a star. Through all the ages of the race men have been constrained to raise their eyes from the ground, to turn their gaze toward the sky, to press their slow steps forward; always they have been touched by the fires of aspiration and received reassurance of the essential goodness, nobility and beauty of humanity because of these shining lives.
Seventy-One Years Ago Lincoln Freed the Slaves
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Seventy-one years have passed since Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation-the first step in the freeing of America’s 4,000,000 slaves. The act was, indeed, only a legal step; the slaves were not made free; they were merely turned loose. They were loosed, illiterate, penniless and homeless; thrown instantly into a civilization, into an economic, a social and political system with which they had not had the least opportunity to learn to cope. They were thrown not into a helpful but a hostile environment, the hostility of which was made more bitter by subsequent events. In the revolution that resulted in the liberation of the slaves, the only factors directed toward the Negro were military and political factors. By the one he was freed, and by the other given an unstable status of citizenship. At the present time it is not possible to contemplate the statemanship of the seventh decade of the last century without being amazed at its utter lack of social vision (“vision” is the precise word)-and social vision was what the epoch, as it concerned the freed men, demanded most of all. The only social wisdom manifested in the situation was shown not by statesmen but by missionaries, men and women who, following quickly behind the victorious Union armies, went into the South and set up schools.
Self-Determining Haiti
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

I The American Occupation To know the reasons for the present political situation in Haiti, to understand why the United States landed and has for five years maintained military forces in that country, why some three thousand Haitian men, women, and children have been shot down by American rifles and machine guns, it is necessary, among other things, to know that the National City Bank of New York is very much interested in Haiti.
Romance and Tragedy in Harlem: A Review
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

From its intriguing prologue to its tragic end, here is an absorbing story. Whether you like it or dislike it you will read it through every chapter, every page. Mr. Van Vechten is the first white novelist of note to undertake a portrayal of modern American Negro life under metropolitan conditions. Mr. Van Vechten is also the only white novelist I can now think of who has not viewed the Negro as a type, who has not treated the race as a unit, either good or bad. In NIGGER HEAVEN the author has chosen as his scene Harlem, where Negro life is at its highest point of urbanity and sophistication, and there the entire action of the story is played out. The economy of stage Mr. Van Vechten imposes for himself enables him to gain in dramatic intensity but it does not limit him in the scope of the action. The story comprehends nearly every phase of life in the Negro Metropolis. It draws on the components of that life from the dregs to the froth.
Spare Parts
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C
Published: November 2023

Spare Parts centres on the developments that have occurred in the field of organ transplantation during the 1980s and early 1990s, and on the rise and fall of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart in that period. It is vividly written in a narrative ethnographic style. The interconnected stories of organ transplantation and the artificial heart are recounted in an interpretive framework that attributes their most enduring significance to the triple themes of uncertainty, gift exchange, and the allocation of scarce material and non-material resources, and to the way that they open questions of life and death, identity and solidarity.
Of Wonder Drugs, the Transplant’ ‘Boom,’’ and Moratoria
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C
Published: November 2023

At the end of the 1970s and early 1980s trans planters exuberantly hailed the “advent” of a new immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporine. Hundreds of medical journal articles described it as the most “important,” “unique,” “interesting,” “remarkable,” “exciting,” “powerful,” “effective,” “superior” agent yet discovered in the effort to combat rejection. Indeed, it played a determining role in the dramatic rise in the number of organ transplantations carried out during the decade, which was continually reported by the mass media and professional literature.’
Laboratory Life in Cambridge
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Life in the Cambridge Biochemical Laboratory suited Hans Krebs perfectly. He found the people friendly and helpful, the environment stimulating. To him there was a spirit of fairness and tolerance that touched him all the more deeply because he had experienced the opposite during his last months in Germany. In the laboratory intense scientific activity was coupled with an atmosphere of casual forbearance. Divergent opinions were freely expressed. There appeared to be little formality or hierarchy, yet the laboratory ran smoothly. When there were decisions to be made concerning the operation or teaching responsibilities of the department, Hopkins called a meeting of the staff or consulted informally around a staircase. After he had gathered the sense of the group, he took the necessary actions, unostentatiously but confidently.
Disfiguring Economies:Mary Shelley’s Short Stories
Authors: Hofkosh Sonia
Published: November 2023

These extracts from Mary Shelley’s letters1 articulate the constellation of issues I want to explore in Shelley’s writing for annual gift-book anthologies in the 1820s and 1830s. Shelley’s cosmetic concern to edit out the “spots” and “blemishes” that disfigure Trelawny’s “beautiful” autobiographical narrative and render it unreadable for a female audience echoes her concern about self representation, about the way she and her language look to Jane Williams. While she edits Trelawny’s text to make it acceptable to female eyes, Shelley feels herself censored in the sight of her feminine reader. Throughout the late 1820s and 1830s, she records a particular consciousness of how she appears to others. Ontologically conceived in the letter to Jane Williams, such conscious ness has specific reference to bodily and to textual representation: her sensitiv ity about her complexion after smallpox in April 1828, for example (“I con tinue sufficiently marked to make me wish to hide myself altogether”; 16 May 1828), reverberates in her anxiety about the publication of her private life (“it would destroy me to be brought forward in print”; 15 Dec. 1829). Increasingly active as a literary professional in her own and in others’ behalf, Shelley comprehends that representation entails some kind of marking or omission. For Shelley, to appear as an author, or, more broadly and significantly, to appear as herself, is to be disfigured.
Plaguing Politics: AIDS, Deconstruction, and The Last Man
Authors: Fisch Audrey A
Published: November 2023

The Last Man begins with Lionel Verney’s tribute to the superiority of England, and of the Englishman, over the world and over nature. It is a striking beginning for a story that will tell not of England’s unique greatness but of its collapse. Nature, personified as and exemplified by the Plague, kills all but three human beings. Of these last three only one, the narrator Lionel Verney, survives a final shipwreck. Clearly England and the Englishman, in this narrative, have not ridden proudly over the vicissitudes of nature; England has sunk. The question of the novel is: If England is “the semblance of a vast and well-manned ship,” then why did it sink? The answer is contained in Mary Shelley’s exhaustive critique of the novel’s variety of political leaders and systems, a critique that pinpoints some of the blind spots of masculine Roman ticism. It is a bold project for a novel and perhaps a bolder project for a nineteenth-century woman novelist. The book was condemned, in Mary Shelley’s lifetime, as “the product of a diseased imagination and a polluted taste”. Today, it has been reclaimed by feminist critics for its critique of the bourgeois family and for its negotiations of the difficulties of female authorship in the nineteenth century. But its political acumen has yet to be fully appreciated. Those who have focused on its political critique have found the novel apolitical or nihilistic. But because Mary Shelley’s grounds of critique have a special relevance today, we’re better prepared to understand the different politics of the novel.
Realism: The Contemporary Debate—W(h) ither Now?
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2023

The philosophical literature about realism displays as many disagreements about what is at issue as about which side of the fence to stand. A signal example is provided by the debates, conducted in almost complete insulation from each other, concerning realism as opposed by Dummettian anti—realism the realism which believes in evidence-transcendent truth and the rest—and realism as opposed by irrealism or projectivism—the realism which believes in a face-value, ‘fact-stating’ construal of moral, aesthetic, or scientific-theoretical discourse. Is there any single issue which is the ultimate focus of both the debates, or are the respective ‘realisms’ alike in little but name?
Objectivity Refigured: Pragmatism Without Verificationism
Authors: Johnston Mark
Published: November 2023

Let us say that metaphysics in the pejorative sense is a confused conception of what legitimates our practices; confused because metaphysics in this sense is a series of pictures of the world as containing various independent demands for our practices, when the only real legitimation of those practices consists in showing their worthiness to survive on the testing ground of everyday life. Then metaphysics is not just a technical discourse within philosophy to which, since Kant, a technical apparatus of philosophical criticism has been opposed. It is endemic to our culture. So defined, metaphysics is the proper object of that practical criticism which asks whether the apparently legitimating stories which help sustain our practices really do legitimate, and whether the real explanations of our practices allow us to justify them. There then ought to be a critical philosophy which not only corrals the developed manifestations of metaphysics within philosophy but also serves the ends of practical criticism. Such a critical philosophy would be the content of anything that deserved the name of a progressive Pragmatism.
Introduction
Authors: Copp David
Published: November 2023

This book presents a picture of morality, its nature, its justification, and its role in society. The picture is meant to explain the conditions under which our moral claims are true. It is also meant to explain the sense in which moral claims are normative—the sense in which they guide our choices. There are two main ideas. First, a moral claim is true only if a related moral standard or norm is justified. Second, society needs to have a social moral code as part of its culture in order to enable us to get along together in our social life. It is because of this need that certain moral standards are justified and hence that certain moral claims are true.

There are, then, two main components to the picture. There is a cognitivist theory of normative language, the “standard-based theory,” which provides a general account of the truth conditions of normative propositions. And there is a theory of the justification of moral codes and standards, the “society-centered theory.” There are other components as well. This introductory discussion is a preliminary sketch, meant to orient the reader and to explain how the components fit together.
Normative Skepticism: A Regress Argument
Authors: Copp David
Published: November 2023

The standard-based theory presents us with several questions, the most important of which is, Under what conditions would a moral standard qualify as justified? In this chapter, I present a skeptical argument that brings into stark relief the difficulty of this question. The argument puts the problem in a much wider context, however, by calling into question not only the existence of justified moral standards but also the existence of relevantly justified standards of any kind.
Society-Centered Moral Theory
Authors: Copp David
Published: November 2023

We have seen that any paradigmatic moral proposition entails, nontrivially, that some relevant moral standard has a specific authoritative status. Under what conditions would a standard have that status? I speak of this status as that of being “justified.” What is the nature of this status?

According to the attitudinal theory, a moral code either is, or is a “model” for, a social moral code. Call this the “model principle.” Given this principle, I will suggest, it is natural to evaluate moral codes on the basis of how well they would serve as the social moral code in a given society. A moral code is justified, for a given society, if it is the code that would serve best as its social moral code.
The Concept of a Society
Authors: Copp David
Published: November 2023

The concept of a society is central to the project of this book. It enters into the conception of a moral code, and it is obviously pivotal in society-centered moral theory.

This chapter aims to distinguish societies from collective entities of other kinds, such as nations, states, organizations, and families. A satisfactory ontology of societies must obviously mesh with a general ontology of collectives. Such things are not sets or any other kind of abstract entity. A society typically occupies a territory, for example, but an abstract entity, such as a set, necessarily has no spatial location at all. I have argued elsewhere that a society is a “mereological sum” of its members during those periods of their lives when they are members. But I shall not concern myself with ontological issues here, for society centered moral theory does not require agreement on ontology beyond acknowledgment that societies exist.
Intuition and Number
Authors: Parsons Charles
Published: November 2023

How are natural numbers given to us? How do we know that there are such objects? Two responses to these questions have had some currency recently—the first, that they are not given to us (however indirectly) and we don ‘t know that there are numbers because we have no need of that hypothesis (e.g., Field 1980, 1989), and second, that these are not sensible questions at all (e.g., Tait 1986). I am not satisfied with either of these responses, because the first one involves denying what seems obvious to me, that mathematicians and the rest of us make statements involving reference to numbers that are true. It is harder to say why I am not persuaded by the second response; a first approximation might be to say that it would have to be justified by some theory about either numbers as objects or number-expressions as merely apparently referring to objects, and then the question arises whether it is really different from other responses, such as the first.
Jazz and Pop
Authors: Collier James Lincoln
Published: November 2023

One of the problems that confronts the art historian and the aesthetician is determining what should and what should not be included under the rubric of any particular art form. Should we treat the Viennese waltz as serious music? What about the vast nudes drawn from classical mythology of Bouguereau and Cabanel, so admired by the Victorians, which we now see only as the established art the Impressionists were in reaction to? Literary critics agree that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a masterpiece; but what about The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which uses many of the same characters in the same setting? The problem has particularly bedeviled jazz. Almost from the beginning, critics, musicians, and fans were arguing over what should and should not be classified as jazz.
The Critics
Authors: Collier James Lincoln
Published: November 2023

Criticism has a long history. Its practitioners include some of the most imposing names in arts and letters, from Plato to George Bernard Shaw, from DaVinci to Ezra Pound. Yet, despite the fame of some workers in this field, the craft has always been somewhat suspect. What, really, does the critic contribute? Who elected him to his office? What business does he have to tell artists, who are presumed to be able to do something the critic cannot, how to achieve their efforts, and indeed what effects they ought to achieve? It has seemed to a good many working artists-if we must use that dreadful term-that the primary function of criticism is to assert the superiority of the critic over the artist. That, certainly, was the case with the deconstructionists, who managed blandly to assert that the writer had no idea what his work meant, and it was up to the critic to explain it to him. 1 Given how
Local Jazz
Authors: Collier James Lincoln
Published: November 2023

I have been saving for last the discussion of a phenomenon in jazz that is little remarked, but that may be more important to the vitality of the music than other aspects I have talked about. It is, in any case, one of the happiest ones. That is what might be called the “local” jazz scene. Jazz criticism and jazz history have always concentrated on the big names, the stars, and the famous clubs and dance halls where they worked. In fact, jazz history is usually written around a chain of major figures Oliver, to Armstrong, to Beiderbecke, to Ellington, to Goodman, to Parker, to Davis, to Coltrane, to Coleman-to the point where it might appear to the outsider that these great players were jazz history.
The Distribution of the Effects of Compliance
Authors: Murphy Liam B
Published: November 2023

The compliance condition is most plausible. I have said. if it is understood as the second part of a joint answer to our two questions about agent-neutral principles and responsibility. The answer to the first question was that agent-neutral principles should dis­ tribute responsibility under full compliance in a fair manner. And a fair distribution of responsibility. I said. is one that yields a fair distribution of compliance effects. If we add to this first answer an assumption that plausible agent-neutral principles do distribute compliance effects fairly under full compliance. the compliance condition can be seen as a very plausible answer to our second question—that of how agent-neutral principles should impose responsibility on agents under partial compliance. For if an agent’s responsibility under full compliance is allocated on some fair basis, it is natural to insist that her responsibility not increase to her detriment just because other people will fail to meet their fairly allocated responsibilities. Fulfillment of her partial-compliance responsibility should not leave her with a worse compliance effect than she would enjoy if she fulfilled her fairly allocated responsibility under full compliance.
Akratic Action: Some Theoretical Difficulties
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

The earliest detailed philosophical treatment of akrasia or weakness of will is found in Plato’s Protagoras, where Socrates defends the thesis (352aff.) that ‘no one willingly does wrong.‘The notion of akrasia finds expression earlier, however, in Greek literature (e.g., in Euripides’ ‘Hippolytus,380ff.,1 and in his ‘Medea,’ l078ff.). Homer, much earlier yet, makes it painfully evident how hunger and greed can pull reason from her throne, but he does not leave his audience feeling that reason is a slave of the appetites and passions. Odysseus’s having himself lashed to the mast in order that he may safely hear the Sirens’ song shows what a little foresight can do (Odyssey, Bk. 12).
Being Interdisciplinary Is So Very Hard To Do
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: November 2023

Interdisciplinary has long been a familiar word in discussions of education and pedagogy, but recently it has acquired a new force and urgency, in part because as an agenda interdisciplinarity seems to flow naturally from the imperatives of left culturalist theory, that is, from deconstruction, Marxism, feminism, the radical version of neopragmatism, and the new historicism. Each of these movements, of course, should be distinguished from the others in many respects, but it is fair to say that they are alike all hostile to the current arrangement of things as represented by ( l) the social structures by means of which the lines of political authority are maintained and (2) the institutional structures by means of which the various academic disciplines establish and extend their territorial claims. Often this hostility takes the form of antiprofessionalism, an indictment of the narrowly special interests that stake out a field of inquiry and then colonize it with a view toward nothing more than serving their own selfish ends. In the antiprofessional diatribe, specialization stands for everything that is wrong with a practice that has lost its way, everything that is disappointing about an educational system that seems out of touch with the values it supposedly promotes.
Gödel’s Dialectica Interpretation and Its Two-way Stretch
Authors: Feferman Solomon
Published: November 2023

In 1958, Godel published in the journal Dialectica an interpretation of intuitionistic number theory in a quantifier-free theory of functionals of finite type; this subsequently came to be known as Godel’s functional or Dialectica interpretation. The article itself was written in German for an issue of that journal in honor of Paul Bernays’ seventieth birthday. In 1965, Bernays told Godel of a plan to publish an English translation by Leo F. Boron of his 1958 paper, again in Dialectica. However, Godel was dissatisfied with certain aspects of the original, and set out to revise the translation. A year after doing so to his apparent satisfaction, Godel changed his mind and decided instead to add a new series of extensive footnotes by way of improvement and amplification. The result was sent to the printer in 1970 after much help and encouragement by Bernays and Dana Scott, but when the proof sheets were returned, Godel was again dissatisfied, especially with two of the added notes. Though he apparently worked on rewriting these until 1972, the paper was never returned in final form for publication. The corrected proof sheets found in his Nachlass were reproduced for the first time in volume 2 of Godel’s Collected Works (1990), where they appear as (1972). The full story of the vicissitudes of this paper is told by A. S. Troelstra in his introductory note to (1958) and (1972) in that volume.