bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotation‐free triangular shell element using node‐based smoothed finite element method
Authors: Choi J. H. , Lee B. C.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, a triangular thin flat shell element without rotation degrees of freedom is proposed. In the Kirchhoff hypothesis, the first derivative of the displacement must be continuous because there are second‐order differential terms of the displacement in the weak form of the governing equations. The displacement is expressed as a linear function and the nodal rotation is defined using node‐based smoothed finite element method. The rotation field is approximated using the nodal rotation and linear shape functions. This rotation field is linear in an element and continuous between elements. The curvature is defined by differentiating the rotation field, and the stiffness is calculated from the curvature. A hybrid stress triangular membrane element was used to construct the shell element. The penalty technique was used to apply the rotation boundary conditions. The proposed element was verified through several numerical examples.
Deep eutectic solvents used as extraction solvent for the determination of flavonoids from Camellia oleifera flowers by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ma Yaqian , Liu Menghan , Tan Ting , Yan Aiping , Guo Lan , Jiang Kun , Tan Changheng , Wan Yiqun
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Camellia oleifera flowers are rich in flavonoids, but there has been little attention on their application. A simple and reliable method for determining the content of flavonoids in C. oleifera flowers would be very helpful for the utilisation of agriculture resources.

Objective

To develop an efficient analytical method for the determination of flavonoids in C. oleifera flowers by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet (HPLC‐UV) detection.

Methodology

Preparing an environmentally‐friendly and effective solvent – deep eutectic solvents (DESs) – for compound extraction. Then investigating the influential factors of ultrasound‐assisted extraction with DESs by the Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology.

Results

DES‐5 synthesised with choline chloride and lactic acid (1:2) acquired excellent extractability for four flavonoids (quercetin 3‐O‐rhamnoside, kaempferol 3‐O‐rhamnoside and their aglycones) with different polarity. The proposed method, which could simultaneously determine four flavonoids with HPLC‐UV detection for the first time, displays satisfactory recovery yields and high precision with inter‐day relative standard deviation lower than 5.80%.

Conclusion

DESs could be promising solvents for efficiently and selectively extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials, and the analytical method for flavonoids of C. oleifera flowers could provide reference value for its application and be used in other plant resources.
Wafer integrated micro‐scale concentrating photovoltaics
Authors: Li Duanhui , Li Lan , Jared Bradley , Keeler Gordon , Miller Bill , Wood Michael , Hains Christopher , Sweatt William , Paap Scott , Saavedra Michael , Alford Charles , Mudrick John , Das Ujjwal , Hegedus Steve , Tauke‐Pedretti Anna , Hu Juejun , Gu Tian
Published: July 2018

A novel micro‐scale photovoltaic concept, Wafer Integrated Micro‐scale Photovoltaics (WPV), is proposed, analyzed, and experimentally demonstrated. The WPV concept seamlessly integrates multijunction micro‐cells with a multi‐functional silicon platform that simultaneously provides optical concentration, hybrid PV/CPV architecture, and mechanical alignment features. Fabrication and optical performance characterization of the Si platform are described in this paper. Over 100% improvement in the concentration‐acceptance‐angle product (CAP) is demonstrated using the wafer‐embedded micro‐concentrating elements, leading to significantly reduced module material and fabrication costs, sufficient angular tolerance for low‐cost trackers, and an ultra‐compact optical architecture compatible with commercial flat panel infrastructures. The development of a prototypical module with a 400× concentration ratio is described. Outdoor optical characterization of the module shows acceptance angles of ±1.7° and ±2.5° for 90% of on‐axis power and full‐width‐half‐maximum, respectively. The projected performance of the PV/CPV hybrid architecture illustrates its potential for cost‐effective collection of both direct and diffuse sunlight, thereby extending the geographic and market domains for cost‐effective PV system deployment. Leveraging low‐cost micro‐fabrication and high‐level integration techniques, the WPV approach presents a promising route to combine the high performance of multijunction solar cells and the low costs of flat‐plate Si PV systems.
A sorghum NAC gene is associated with variation in biomass properties and yield potential
Authors: Xia Jingnu , Zhao Yunjun , Burks Payne , Pauly Markus , Brown Patrick J.
Published: July 2018

Sorghum bicolor is a C4 grass widely cultivated for grain, forage, sugar, and biomass. The sorghum Dry Stalk (D) locus controls a qualitative difference between juicy green (dd) and dry white (D‐) stalks and midribs, and co‐localizes with a quantitative trait locus for sugar yield. Here, we apply fine‐mapping and genome‐wide association study (GWAS) to identify a candidate gene underlying D, and use nearly isogenic lines (NILs) to characterize the transcriptional, compositional, and agronomic effects of variation at the D locus. The D locus was fine‐mapped to a 36 kb interval containing four genes. One of these genes is a NAC transcription factor that contains a stop codon in the NAC domain in the recessive (dd) parent. Allelic variation at D affects grain yield, sugar yield, and biomass composition in NILs. Green midrib (dd) NILs show reductions in lignin in stalk tissue and produce higher sugar and grain yields under well‐watered field conditions. Increased yield potential in dd NILs is associated with increased stalk mass and moisture, higher biomass digestibility, and an extended period of grain filling. Transcriptome profiling of midrib tissue at the 4–6 leaf stages, when NILs first become phenotypically distinct, reveals that dd NILs have increased expression of a miniature zinc finger (MIF) gene. MIF genes dimerize with and suppress zinc finger homeodomain (ZF‐HD) transcription factors, and a ZF‐HD gene is associated with midrib color variation in a GWAS analysis across 1,694 diverse sorghum inbreds. A premature stop codon in a NAC gene is the most likely candidate polymorphism underlying the sorghum D locus. More detailed understanding of the sorghum D locus could help improve agronomic potential in cereals.
Changing frequency of fluctuating light reveals the molecular mechanism for P700 oxidation in plant leaves
Authors: Shimakawa Ginga , Miyake Chikahiro
Published: July 2018

Natural sunlight exceeds the demand of photosynthesis such that it can cause plants to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently cause photo‐oxidative damage. Because photosystem I (PSI) is a major source of ROS, plants actively maintain the reaction center chlorophyll of PSI(P700) oxidized under excessive light conditions to alleviate the ROS production. P700 oxidation is universally recognized in photosynthetic organisms as a physiological response to excessive light. However, it is still poorly understood how P700 oxidation is induced in response to fluctuating light with a variety of frequencies. Here, we investigated the relationships of photosynthetic parameters with P700 oxidation in Arabidopsis thaliana under a sine fluctuating light with different frequencies. As the photon flux density of the light increased, P700 was oxidized concurrently with the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter qL unless the electron acceptor side of PSI was limited. Conversely, we did not observe a proportional relationship of non‐photochemical quenching with P700 oxidation. The mutant crr‐2, which lacks chloroplast NADPH dehydrogenase, was impaired in P700 oxidation during light fluctuation at high, but not low frequency, unlike the pgrl1 mutant deficient in PGR5 and PGRL1 proteins, which could not oxidize P700 during light fluctuation at both high and low frequencies. Taken together, our findings suggested that the changing frequency of fluctuating light reveals the tracking performance of molecular mechanisms underlying P700 oxidation.
Metabolomics Integrated with Transcriptomics Reveals a Subtle Liver Metabolic Risk in Dairy Cows Fed Different Crop By‐products
Authors: Sun Hui‐Zeng , Wang Di‐Ming , Liu Hong‐Yun , Liu Jian‐Xin
Published: July 2018

Ruminants make large contributions to sustainable agriculture by converting crop by‐products into agricultural food. Multi‐omics integrative analysis helps to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. The liver metabolome‐transcriptome interface (LMTI) in dairy cows, including 3938 significant correlations (p < 0.01 and |ρ| > 0.6) among 772 genes, 306 metabolites, and 305 microRNAs, is first demonstrated. How different crop by‐products, corn stover (CS) and rice straw (RS), affect the liver metabolic functions based on the LMTI is further analyzed. Compared to the CS‐fed cows, 13 out of 24 metabolites have lower relative concentrations (variable importance projection > 1.0 and p < 0.05), and 51 out of 68 genes are downregulated in the RS group (p < 0.01 and fold change < –2). Integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal that lipid metabolism is most enriched including 14 subpathways. The altered metabolites and genes revealed the enriched ketogenesis induced by the linoleic acid pathways (p = 0.017, topology value = 1), which is supported by blood and histomorphometric phenotypes. The above results indicate the foreseeable liver metabolic disorders when RS is fed to cows. These findings provide new insights into the liver metabolic mechanism and into crop by‐products utilization using integrative omics technologies.
Arrestin‐Domain Containing Protein 1 (Arrdc1) Regulates the Protein Cargo and Release of Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Anand Sushma , Foot Natalie , Ang Ching‐Seng , Gembus Kelly M. , Keerthikumar Shivakumar , Adda Christopher G. , Mathivanan Suresh , Kumar Sharad
Published: July 2018

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid‐bilayered vesicles that are released by multiple cell types and contain nucleic acids and proteins. Very little is known about how the cargo is packaged into EVs. Ubiquitination of proteins is a key posttranslational modification that regulates protein stability and trafficking to subcellular compartments including EVs. Recently, arrestin‐domain containing protein 1 (Arrdc1), an adaptor for the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin ligases, has been implicated in the release of ectosomes, a subtype of EV that buds from the plasma membrane. However, it is currently unknown whether Arrdc1 can regulate the release of exosomes, a class of EVs that are derived endocytically. Furthermore, it is unclear whether Arrdc1 can regulate the sorting of protein cargo into the EVs. Exosomes and ectosomes are isolated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from wild type and Arrdc1‐deficient (Arrdc1−/−) mice. Nanoparticle tracking analysis–based EV quantitation shows that Arrdc1 regulates the release of both exosomes and ectosomes. Proteomic analysis highlights the change in protein cargo in EVs upon deletion of Arrdc1. Functional enrichment analysis reveals the enrichment of mitochondrial proteins in ectosomes, while proteins implicated in apoptotic cleavage of cell adhesion proteins and formation of cornified envelope are significantly depleted in exosomes upon knockout of Arrdc1.
Spatially Controlled Molecular Encapsulation in Natural Pine Pollen Microcapsules
Authors: Prabhakar Arun Kumar , Potroz Michael G. , Park Soohyun , Miyako Eijiro , Cho Nam‐Joon
Published: July 2018

The loading of multiple drugs into a single carrier is an effective advanced clinical therapeutic for various diseases. Here, by exploiting the architectural features of natural pine pollen from Pinus massoniana, the spatially controlled encapsulation of two types of molecules in distinct compartments of a single microparticulate carrier is demonstrated. By simple vacuum and passive loading, diverse molecules such as proteins, organic dyes, and a drug are effectively encapsulated into the pollen microcapsule in binary fashion. This technique represents an advancement toward the use of natural pollen grains as a multifunctional molecular vehicle for functional drug delivery systems and innovative theranostic microdevices.
Synthesis of NIR‐Emitting InAs‐Based Core/Shell Quantum Dots with the Use of Tripyrazolylarsane as Arsenic Precursor
Authors: Tietze Remo , Panzer René , Starzynski Thorben , Guhrenz Chris , Frenzel Florian , Würth Christian , Resch‐Genger Ute , Weigand Jan J. , Eychmüller Alexander
Published: July 2018

Tris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)arsane (1) is introduced as a low‐cost and convenient to handle arsenic precursor for the straight forward synthesis of InAs quantum dots (QDs). Transamination of 1 with the solvent oleylamine (OLAH) gives trioleylarsane (As(OLA)3) which in the presence of the reducing agents diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL‐H) or trioleylphosphane (P(OLA)3) yields InAs QDs via a typical hot injection approach. The size of the obtained InAs core QDs are tuned by varying the reaction time, the amount of the applied reducing agent, or even more effectively by changing the indium and/or zinc halide precursors, InX3, and ZnX2 (Cl, Br, or I). Passivation of the resulting InAs particles with a protective ZnS or ZnSe shell results in improved photoluminescence of the core/shell QDs covering a spectral range between 600 and 1150 nm.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach to Determine Dosing on Extracorporeal Life Support: Fluconazole in Children on ECMO
Authors: Watt Kevin M. , Cohen‐Wolkowiez Michael , Barrett Jeffrey S. , Sevestre Michael , Zhao Ping , Brouwer Kim L.R. , Edginton Andrea N.
Published: July 2018

Extracorporeal life support (e.g., dialysis, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)) can affect drug disposition, placing patients at risk for therapeutic failure. In this population, dose selection to achieve safe and effective drug exposure is difficult. We developed a novel and flexible approach that uses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to translate results from ECMO ex vivo experiments into bedside dosing recommendations. To determine fluconazole dosing in children on ECMO, we developed a PBPK model, which was validated using fluconazole pharmacokinetic (PK) data in adults and critically ill infants. Next, an ECMO compartment was added to the PBPK model and parameterized using data from a previously published ex vivo study. Simulations using the final ECMO PBPK model reasonably characterized observed PK data in infants on ECMO, and the model was used to derive dosing in children on ECMO across the pediatric age spectrum. This approach can be generalized to other forms of extracorporeal life support (ECLS), such as dialysis.
A Comparison Between Reduced and Intentionally Oxidized Metal Catalysts for Growth of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Qian Yang , An Hua , Inoue Taiki , Chiashi Shohei , Xiang Rong , Maruyama Shigeo
Published: July 2018

In this article, the authors report a detailed comparative study on the growth of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) from monometallic and its oxide (intentionally oxidized) catalysts. The difference and findings are summarized in the following three aspects. 1) High‐quality SWNTs are also grown from intentionally oxidized Co nanoparticles, but the yield of SWNTs significantly decreases, resulting in random network rather than vertically aligned SWNT arrays. 2) The authors clarify from in‐plane transmission electron microscopy that Co oxide nanoparticles grow SWNTs through an in situ reduction process, which means Co oxide becomes metallic Co after the introduction of ethanol; direct growth from an oxide phase is not observed. 3) Compared to the SWNTs grown by pre‐reduced catalysts, SWNTs grown from intentionally oxidized catalysts show narrower diameter distribution and smaller average diameter from Raman spectra. The strategy also shows similar results in the Ni catalysts. The findings are helpful to improve the controllability of SWNT diameter and morphology, as well as the reproducibility and robustness of CVD process.
Hydrogen migration in Coulomb explosion of cyclohexane to C2H4+ and C4H8+: Theoretical and experimental studies
Authors: Wu Hua , Wang Hui , Guo Zihan , Wen Junqing
Published: July 2018

The equilibrium structure of cyclohexane dication C6H122+ and singly charged ions C2H4+ and C4H8+ suggests that hydrogen migration can proceed in dissociation process of C6H122+ to C2H4+ and C4H8+. Using dc‐slice imaging technique, the fragmentation pathway C6H122+ → C2H4++C4H8+ is detected under an intense femtosecond laser field. Two‐body Coulomb explosion (CE) of C6H122+ to C2H4+ and C4H8+ is securely identified. The quasi‐isotropic distributions of ions indicate the precursor have a relatively long dissociation time. Then, B3LYP density functional theory calculations are performed on this dissociation process, the results show the precursor C6H122+ undergoes molecular rearrangement and 1, 2‐ and 6, 5‐ hydrogen migrations during the dissociation process. These molecular rearrangement and hydrogen migration processes can reduce the anisotropy distribution of fragment ions C2H4+ and C4H8+, which is consistent with the experimental results. The present work will be useful to understand hydrogen migration processes within the hydrocarbon molecules.
Theoretical study of the single noble metal stabilized on metal oxide clusters catalyze the water‐gas shift reaction
Authors: Xing Minmin , Guo Ling , Hao Zijun
Published: July 2018

The stability of a single noble metal (NM) atom (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au) supported on various metal oxide clusters (Al3O5+, Ce2O4+, V2O6+, FeO3−, and Ti3O7−) is higher than that of the widely used metal oxide support surface. The electronic structure analysis shows that the strong hybridization between the d orbital of the NM atom and the oxygen 2p orbital of the ortho position makes the stability of this system significantly enhanced. The higher the center value of the d‐band of Rh‐M
xO
y±, the stronger the adsorption of CO on the Rh atom, indicating that the reaction process of Rh‐M
xO
y± with CO is easier. By calculating and comparing the rate‐controlling steps of those loaded NMs on the left side of Group VIII of the periodic table, such as Ru, Rh, Os, and Ir, we have determined that the NM‐M
xO
y± cluster exhibits a higher catalytic performance for water‐gas shift reaction (WGSR). In particular, RhAl3O5+ has a lower reaction energy barrier than RhCe2O4+, and CeO2 substrate is considered to be the most promising candidate for WGSR, therefore, we speculate that Al3O5+ cluster is also a promising candidate for this reaction. It is expected that these theoretical results will provide new guidance for designing low‐cost, stable, and efficient heterogeneous single‐atom catalysts for WGSR.
Extraction, Modification, and Chemical, Thermal and Morphological Characterization of Starch From the Agro‐Industrial Residue of Mango (Mangifera indica L) var. Ubá
Authors: Ferraz Clara A. , Fontes Roseli L. S. , Fontes‐Sant'Ana Gizele C. , Calado Verônica , López Elvis O. , Rocha‐Leão Maria H. M.
Published: July 2018

The disposal of residues from the agro‐industry and the consequent waste of valuable substances are a problem in Brazil and in many countries. The Ubá mango is the main variety of mango used by the industry in Brazil and its waste, consisting of the peel and the seed, is not used. The seed kernel of the mango is composed mainly of starch, which is a biopolymer capable of replacing fossil origin polymers. In this paper, the starch is extracted from the Ubá mango kernel (78.42% w/w) and it is chemically modified by esterification reaction with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA). The native starch and modified starch are then characterized using particle size distribution technique, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The study shows that the reaction with OSA have a high degree of substitution. Particle size and microscopy results show that modified starch granules have a size range wider than the native starch and the chemical modification process with OSA seems to reduce the crystallinity of the native starch. The chemical and thermal properties of the starch granules are little influenced by the esterification reaction. The OSA starch has many possibilities of applications and an optimized process of extraction and modification has the potential to be implemented in industry.
Shaking table test on vibration control effects of a monopile offshore wind turbine with a tuned mass damper
Authors: Zhao Bin , Gao Hui , Wang Zixin , Lu Zheng
Published: July 2018

To investigate vibration control effects of a tuned mass damper (TMD) on the monopile offshore wind turbine tower under wind‐wave excitations and seismic excitations, shaking table tests on a 1/13‐scaled test model equipped with or without TMD are implemented. The TMD device adopted in the test is a bidirectional TMD whose mass ratio and frequency ratio are properly designed. During the test, the model identification of wind turbine model is conducted via white noise sweep. Furthermore, the influence of aerodynamic damping generated by blade rotation on the dynamic responses of a monopile offshore wind turbine is analyzed. Additionally, the vibration control effects of TMD under different rotation speeds of the blades and various external excitations are intensively studied. Based on the test results, the seismic responses of a monopile offshore wind turbine attached with/without TMD are also analyzed by the finite element software ANSYS. It has been found that the results obtained by numerical simulation fit well to the results derived from the experimental tests, showing that the numerical simulation method proposed in this paper is feasible with satisfactory accuracy. Both experimental and numerical researches conducted in this work are conducive to the further application of TMD to offshore wind turbines that are situated in seismic active regions. It should be noted that the investigated time‐histories cannot give a generalized result regarding the real performance of the TMD under wind‐wave excitations. The documented results can only support an overview about the tendency of the TMD efficiency.
A New Heterometallic CuII‐LaIII Metal‐organic Framework: Crystal Structure, Adsorption of Light Hydrocarbons and Anti‐gastric Cancer Activity
Authors: Zhang Lian‐Xing , Han Xia , Yang Yan , Zhang Qiu‐Ning , Wang Jia , Li Zhi‐Hu
Published: July 2018

The solvothermal self‐assembly reaction of CuCl2, LaCl3, and H2tdc afforded a new heterometallic compound, namely [CuLa2(tdc)4(H2O)(DMA)2]n (1) (H2tdc = thiophene‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid, DMA = N,N′‐dimethylacetamide). Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that compound 1 features a 3D framework based on 1D heterometallic rod‐shaped CuII‐LaIII‐carboxylate chains. The porous framework of the desolvated samples (denoted as 1′) can be easily obtained via the heat treatment process at 200°C for 2 h. Gas adsorption investigations revealed that 1′ exhibits good light hydrocarbons adsorption performance. In addition, the anticancer activities of this heterometallic complex were evaluated via the MTT assay.
Sprint to work: A novel model for team science collaboration in academic medicine
Authors: Sinha Shashank S. , Engler Tedi A. , Nallamothu Brahmajee K. , Ibrahim Andrew M. , Verhey-Henke Ann , Kerppola Marianna , Kerppola Marianna , Ellimoottil Chandy , Ryan Andrew M.
Published: July 2018

Collaborative research in academic medicine is often inefficient and ineffective. It often fails to leverage the expertise of interdisciplinary team members, does not seek or incorporate team input at opportune times, and creates workload inequities. Adapting approaches developed in venture capital, we created the ‘sprint model’ for writing academic papers based on the analysis of secondary data. The ‘sprint model’ minimizes common barriers that undermine collaboration in academic medicine. This model for team science collaboration begins with team members convening for a highly focused, guided session. In this session, a facilitator moves the group through a structured process to create the study plan. This includes refining the research questions, developing the study design, and prototyping the presentation of results. After adopting this model, our team has drastically reduced time from idea inception to final product submission through increased efficiencies and reduced redundancies. From December 2016 to April 2018, our team has initiated 15 paper sprints. The median time from sprint to submission for paper sprints has been 1.7 months (minimum: 0.5; maximum: 9). Although our current ‘sprint’ approach has already demonstrated a substantial improvement in our ability to rapidly produce high-quality research, we believe the ‘pre-sprint’ preparation and ‘post-sprint’ processes can be further refined. Finally, we discuss the limitations of this model and our efforts to adapt the process to meet the evolving needs of research teams.
Social Projection to Outgroups: Japanese Students Refer to Psychologically Distant Others
Authors: Yoshihara Chieko , Takamatsu Reina , Takai Jiro
Published: July 2018

This study focused on social projection (SP) to outgroups. Two studies were conducted to show that SP to outgroups was greater than to ingroups when an issue is more relevant to the outgroup than to the ingroup and vice versa. These experiments were conducted for students of different schools ( N 1 = 92, N 2 = 203). The results confirmed that students overestimated agreement with working adults when the topic was more relevant to working people. Also, when the topic was relevant to students, they overestimated agreement of other students relative to the working adults. These results suggested the relevance of the opinion was more important than perceived social distance when Japanese students refer to others.
Anthropogenic CO2 Emission Records in Scots Pine Growing in the Most Industrialized Region of Poland from 1975 to 2014
Authors: Sensuła Barbara , Michczyński Adam , Piotrowska Natalia , Wilczyński Sławomir
Published: July 2018

Stable carbon isotope ratios and radiocarbon (14C) concentrations in samples of pine wood (AD 1975–2012) from 3 sites, as well as needles (AD 2012–2014) collected from 15 sites, in a heavily urbanized area in proximity to heavy industrial factories in Poland were analyzed as bio-indicators of CO2 emissions. The sampling sites were located at different distances from point sources. The stable isotopic composition was determined using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, and the 14C concentration was determined using a liquid scintillation counter and an accelerator mass spectrometer. Spatial and temporal variability of δ13C and Δ14C in tree ring cellulose and needles was noted in all regions. A negative correlation between δ13C tree ring cellulose and anthropogenic CO2 emissions has been observed. The ratio of δ13C in tree ring cellulose to δ13C in needles created in the same year is equal to 1.2 at the investigated sites.
Physico-chemical and compositional analyses and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural concentration as indicators of thermal treatment intensity in experimental dulce de leche
Authors: Francisquini Júlia d'A , Neves Leandra NO , Torres Jansen KF , Carvalho Antônio F , Perrone Italo T , da Silva Paulo Henrique F
Published: July 2018

This Research Paper addresses the hypothesis that the type of dulce de leche formula affects formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) during production and storage. Milk and sweetened condensed milk are products in which the Maillard reaction (MR) defines important characteristics such as colour and taste. There are few studies on the effects of pH, time, concentration, and sugar type on the formation of HMF or other MR markers in DL. Four formulas (varying in the addition of sodium bicarbonate and the type of sugar) were analysed for moisture, lipid, protein, ash, carbohydrate, water activity (Aw), and soluble solids. We found low variability in physicochemical and compositional attributes, but an elevation of HMF indices throughout the manufacturing. We determined that the addition of glucose and the use of relatively high concentrations of sodium bicarbonate caused these HMF indicator increases. These results inform DL research and production by the dairy industries and the scientific community, and highlight the importance of control in manufacturing.
The optimal extraction and stability of atranorin from lichens, in relation to solvent and pH
Authors: VOS Carlo , MCKINNEY Phillip , PEARSON Colby , HEINY Erik , GUNAWARDENA Gamini , HOLT Emily A.
Published: July 2018

Atranorin is a secondary metabolite found in many lichens. This compound can act as a photo-buffer, supporting its use as a marker of metabolic response to changes in light. In preliminary trials, atranorin was found to be unstable over time when in solution, potentially precluding its usefulness in this capacity. The present study tests the stability of atranorin in different extraction solvents and at different pH values over time using HPLC analysis. We found that atranorin is most stable in acetonitrile, among six tested solvents, and that the presence of strong acid or a strong base destabilizes the compound. We propose that atranorin breaks down through transesterification in methanol and ethanol until an equilibrium is reached, while a strong base breaks down atranorin through saponification and under acidic conditions, atranorin concentration significantly increases with time. Although atranorin levels were found to be stable in whole thallus extracts from fresh lichens using a leaching method, chemicals isolated using chromatographic separation showed similar breakdown to an atranorin standard. In future work on lichens atranorin should be extracted in acetonitrile or acetone without an added base or acid to yield the greatest stability and thus provide more accurate concentration values of atranorin with time using HPLC. The interactions of atranorin with acid and with chloroform need further study.
German Society at War, 1939–45
Authors: BRODIE THOMAS
Published: July 2018

The actions, attitudes and experiences of German society between 1939 and 1945 played a crucial role in ensuring that the Second World War was not only ‘the most immense and costly ever fought’ but also a conflict which uniquely resembled the ideal type of a ‘total war’. The Nazi regime mobilised German society on an unprecedented scale: over 18 million men served in the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS, and compulsoryVolkssturmduty, initiated as Allied forces approached Germany's borders in September 1944, embraced further millions of the young and middle-aged. The German war effort, above all in occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, claimed the lives of millions of Jewish and gentile civilians and served explicitly genocidal ends. In this most ‘total’ of conflicts, the sheer scale of the Third Reich's ultimate defeat stands out, even in comparison with that of Imperial Japan, which surrendered to the Allies prior to an invasion of its Home Islands. When the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945 Allied forces had occupied almost all of Germany, with its state and economic structures lying in ruins. Some 4.8 million German soldiers and 300,000 Waffen SS troops lost their lives during the Second World War, including 40 per cent of German men born in 1920. According to recent estimates Allied bombing claimed approximately 350,000 to 380,000 victims and inflicted untold damage on the urban fabric of towns and cities across the Reich. As Nicholas Stargardt notes, this was truly ‘a German war like no other’.
Prohibition, Tolerance, Co-option: Cultural Appropriation and Francoism in Catalonia, 1939–75
Authors: DOWLING ANDREW
Published: July 2018

Dictatorships, autocracies and authoritarian political systems must adapt if they wish to survive. The long-lasting dictatorship of Franco's Spain (1939–75) underwent a series of internal adaptations during its almost forty years of existence. The initial project of the Franco regime, which included the destruction of its social and political enemies, lasted until the end of the Second World War. The second phase, marked by a failed autarkic experiment, ended in 1959. The economic change that followed entailed a moderate opening in political terms, whilst maintaining a dictatorial apparatus. This article examines a further feature in the evolution of the Franco regime which initially sought to impose a monolithic national identity (Spanish) by means of the repression of its national minorities (Basque, Catalan, Galician and so on). Due to the absence of a violent political movement as existed in the Basque Country in the form of ETA, Catalonia is a particularly fruitful source to examine the shifts that took place in the Franco regime's policy towards Spain's historic nationalities. This article focuses on the intermediate spaces that appeared between overt opposition on the one hand and active collaboration on the other. This article assesses the evolving policy towards Catalan culture and identity during the dictatorship. I find three main phases in the regime's strategy: repression, followed by comparative tolerance with a final phase of the co-option of Catalan culture, for the purposes of regime legitimation.
New Sources and Old Narratives
Authors: GETTY J. ARCH
Published: July 2018

My research has been about repression within the Soviet Communist Party, so the Ukrainian famine has been on the periphery of my interests. I therefore come to it as a bit of an outsider. But some aspects of the debate are dismayingly familiar. These include wild accusations of defending Stalin and an interpretive consensus that is resistant to the anomalies of new evidence and, sometimes, of logic.
The National and the Social in Stalin's Political Famines
Authors: GRAZIOSI ANDREA
Published: July 2018

Ten or more years ago I informally proposed to a friend sitting in the editorial board of a major historical journal to organise a forum on Soviet famines in the light of the new sources and interpretations that were emerging. The answer I received struck me: it was a good idea and the topic was indeed important, but times weren't yet ripe. At first I was reminded of what Mikhail Suslov supposedly told Vasily Grossman: people weren't yet ready for Life and Destiny, whose essential ‘truth’ he did not therefore question. Then, I came to the conclusion that the answer was in itself a sign of the relevance of the topic and of its potential impact upon our reading of the past century. In fact, as I will try to briefly show in my conclusions, within Soviet famines keys can be found that open doors to an array of new, conceptual questions which force us to reconsider many of our basic ideas and representations. This is for historians a fascinating opportunity, but it can also prove a harrowing personal experience, so that in a way my colleague – being unquestionably wrong – was also unquestionably right: big questions have their times, and we can ‘force’ these times only up to a point, and at a risk, as is often the case with ‘forcing’.
Can a Software-Based Metronome Tool Enhance Compression Rate in a Realistic 911 Call Scenario Without Adversely Impacting Compression Depth for Dispatcher-Assisted CPR?
Authors: Scott Greg , Barron Tracey , Gardett Isabel , Broadbent Meghan , Downs Holly , Devey Leslie , Hinterman EJ , Clawson Jeff , Olola Christopher
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Implementation of high-quality, dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-CPR) is critical to improving survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, despite some studies demonstrating the use of a metronome in a stand-alone setting, no research has yet demonstrated the effectiveness of a metronome tool in improving DA-CPR in the context of a realistic 911 call or using instructions that have been tested in real-world emergency calls.

Hypothesis

Use of the metronome tool will increase the proportion of callers able to perform CPR within the target rate without affecting depth.

Methods

The prospective, randomized, controlled study involved simulated 911 cardiac arrest calls made by layperson-callers and handled by certified emergency medical dispatchers (EMDs) at four locations in Salt Lake City, Utah USA. Participants were randomized into two groups. In the experimental group, layperson-callers received CPR pre-arrival instructions with metronome assistance. In the control group, layperson-callers received only pre-arrival instructions. The primary outcome measures were correct compression rate (counts per minute [cpm]) and depth (mm).

Results

A total of 148 layperson-callers (57.4% assigned to experimental group) participated in the study. There was a statistically significant association between the number of participants who achieved the target compression rate and experimental study group (P=.003), and the experimental group had a significantly higher median compression rate than the control group (100 cpm and 89 cpm, respectively; P=.013). Overall, there was no significant correlation between compression rate and depth.

Conclusion:

An automated software metronome tool is effective in getting layperson-callers to achieve the target compression rate and compression depth in a realistic DA-CPR scenario.

Scott G, Barron T, Gardett I, Broadbent M, Downs H, Devey L, Hinterman EJ, Clawson J, Olola C. Can a software-based metronome tool enhance compression rate in a realistic 911 call scenario without adversely impacting compression depth for dispatcher-assisted CPR? Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):399–405
A Global Empirical Model for Near‐Real‐Time Assessment of Seismically Induced Landslides
Authors: Nowicki Jessee M. A. , Hamburger M. W. , Allstadt K. , Wald D. J. , Robeson S. M. , Tanyas H. , Hearne M. , Thompson E. M.
Published: July 2018

Earthquake‐triggered landslides are a significant hazard in seismically active regions, but our ability to assess the hazard they pose in near‐real‐time is limited. In this study, we present a new globally applicable model for seismically induced landslides based on the most comprehensive global data set available; we use 23 landslide inventories that span a range of earthquake magnitudes and climatic and tectonic settings. We use logistic regression to relate the presence and distribution of earthquake‐triggered landslides with spatially distributed estimates of ground shaking, topographic slope, lithology, land cover type, and a topographic index designed to estimate variability in soil wetness to provide an empirical model of landslide distribution. We tested over 100 combinations of independent predictor variables to find the best fitting model, using a diverse set of statistical tests. Blind validation tests show that the model accurately estimates the distribution of available landslide inventories. The results indicate that the model is reliable and stable, with high balanced accuracy (correctly versus incorrectly classified pixels) for the majority of test events. A cross‐validation analysis shows high balanced accuracy for a majority of events as well. By combining near‐real‐time estimates of ground shaking with globally available landslide susceptibility data, this model provides a tool to estimate the distribution of coseismic landslide hazard within minutes of the occurrence of any earthquake worldwide for which a U.S. Geological Survey ShakeMap is available.
Groundwater Flow and Exchange Across the Land Surface Explain Carbon Export Patterns in Continuous Permafrost Watersheds
Authors: Neilson Bethany T. , Cardenas M. Bayani , O'Connor Michael T. , Rasmussen Mitchell T. , King Tyler V. , Kling George W.
Published: July 2018

Groundwater flow regimes in the seasonally thawed soils in areas of continuous permafrost are relatively unknown despite their potential role in delivering water, carbon, and nutrients to streams. Using numerical groundwater flow models informed by observations from a headwater catchment in arctic Alaska, United States, we identify several mechanisms that result in substantial surface‐subsurface water exchanges across the land surface during downslope transport and create a primary control on dissolved organic carbon loading to streams and rivers. The models indicate that surface water flowing downslope has a substantial groundwater component due to rapid surface‐subsurface exchanges across a range of hydrologic states, from unsaturated to flooded. Field‐based measurements corroborate the high groundwater contributions, and river dissolved organic carbon concentrations are similar to that of groundwater across large discharge ranges. The persistence of these groundwater contributions in arctic watersheds will influence carbon export to rivers as thaw depth increases in a warmer climate.
Relative Relocations of the North Korean Nuclear Tests From 2006 to 2017 Using the Hi‐Net Array in Japan
Authors: Wang Dun , Hutko Alexander R.
Published: July 2018

Precisely locating sites of nuclear tests is important for the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty and structure studies. Here we apply a relative relocation method to a dense regional seismic array, Hi‐net, to determine the relative locations of the sites of the North Korean nuclear tests from 2006 to 2017. Our results show that the sites of the 2013 to 2017 events are closely located together and within 600 m of the site of the 2009 event. The site of the 2006 event is located ~2 km southeast to the site of the 2009 event. A bootstrap resampling of azimuthal subsets of the array adds confidence to the relative locations. Seismic data recorded at regional distance by a dense network with azimuthal coverage as limited as 80° can resolve the relative locations of the nuclear tests to within a few hundred meters for all but the 2006 event. This approach can be extended to locating natural earthquakes as well.
Observations of Impulsive Electric Fields Induced by Interplanetary Shock
Authors: Zhang Dianjun , Liu Wenlong , Li Xinlin , Sarris Theodore , Xiao Chao , Wygant J. R.
Published: July 2018

We investigate the characteristics of impulsive electric fields in the Earth's magnetosphere, as measured by the Van Allen Probes, in association with interplanetary shocks, as measured by Advanced Composition Explorer and Wind spacecraft in the solar wind from January 2013 to July 2016. It is shown that electric field impulses are mainly induced by global compressions by the shocks, mostly in the azimuthal direction, and the amplitudes of the initial electric field impulses are positively correlated with the rate of increase of the dynamic pressure across the shock in the dayside. It is also shown that the temporal profile of the impulse is related to the temporal profile of the solar wind dynamic pressure, Pd. It is suggested that during the first period of the impulse, the evolution of the electric field is directly controlled by external solar wind forcing, and thus, finite rates of change of Pd should be considered in the study of the interactions between solar wind and magnetosphere. The implications of shock‐induced impulsive electric fields on the acceleration and transport of radiation belt electrons are also discussed.
Variations of the Argentine Gyre Observed in the GRACE Time‐Variable Gravity and Ocean Altimetry Measurements
Authors: Yu Y. , Chao B. F. , García‐García D. , Luo Z.
Published: July 2018

We investigate the nonseasonal and high‐frequency variations of the Argentine Gyre in the south Atlantic Ocean by analyzing the time‐variable gravity (TVG) measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission in conjunction with the satellite ocean altimetry and two ocean general circulation model outputs (GLORYS2V4 and ECCO V4R3). We solve the empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) and complex EOF and find good agreement between TVG and altimetry observations, confirming the barotropic structure of the Argentine Gyre. In particular, the leading EOF modes of the overall up‐and‐down undulation in TVG and altimetry variations are found to be in pace temporally with the Antarctic Oscillation Index with correlation as high as 0.69 at zero time shift. Furthermore, the leading complex EOF mode signifies a counterclockwise dipole pattern of ~25‐day periodicity within the overall gyre with multiscale amplitude modulation. The fact that GRACE does observe these signals, while the de‐aliasing background ocean model fails to, ascertains that GRACE data have adequate sensitivity to allow the detection of TVG signals at spatial and temporal resolutions higher than practiced hitherto. The ~25‐day oscillation is well recovered in the GLORYS2V4 ocean general circulation model, but not in ECCO V4R3. Our study demonstrates that satellite‐observed TVG fields can be useful in studying oceanographic gyres, particularly the polar gyres, that are not well observed by altimetry and in situ data.
Consideration of the Mechanisms for Tidal Bore Formation in an Idealized Planform Geometry
Authors: Viero Daniele P. , Defina Andrea
Published: July 2018

A tidal bore is a positive wave traveling upstream along the estuary of a river, generated by a relatively rapid rise of the tide, often enhanced by the funneling shape of the estuary. The swell produced by the tide grows and its front steepens as the flooding tide advances inland, promoting the formation of a sharp front wave, that is, the tidal bore. Because of the many mechanisms and conditions involved in the process, it is difficult to formulate an effective criterion to predict the bore formation. In this preliminary analysis, aimed at bringing out the main processes and parameters that control tidal bore formation, the degrees of freedom of the problem are largely reduced by considering a rectangular channel of constant width with uniform flow, forced downstream by rising the water level at a constant rate. The framework used in this study is extremely simple, yet the problem is still complex, and the solution is far from being trivial. From the results of numerical simulations, three distinctive behaviors emerged related to conditions in which a tidal bore forms, a tidal bore does not form, and a weak bore forms; the latter has a weakly steep front and after the bore formed it rapidly vanishes. Based on these behaviors, some criteria to predict the bore formation are proposed and discussed. The more effective criterion, suitably rearranged, is checked against data from real estuaries, and the predictions are found to compare favorably with the available data.
“I Felt Like There Would Be a Vast Sky Out There” The Leaving Home Decisions of Chinese Migrant Women Workers
Authors: Zhong Juan , Arnett Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2018

This study examined how migration decisions are made in the context of development during emerging adulthood. Thirty-two Chinese migrant women workers aged 18–29 years were individually interviewed on their decision-making process when they migrated for the first time. Their main reasons for “going out” were family poverty, dislike of the hard work on the farm, disinterest in continuing school, and the appeal of city life. Going out was typically part of a family strategy that would benefit other family members, and all the young women sent money home, but they also wanted a better life and a broader range of opportunities for themselves. The young women’s accounts revealed a balance between their enhanced sense of autonomy as a consequence of migration and their traditional beliefs in family obligation. These results will help bring attention to Chinese migrant women workers, who are migrating in vast numbers but are greatly underrepresented in psychological studies.