bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein‐Polyelectrolyte Complexes. How to Suppress Thermoaggregation without Noticeable Denaturing of the Protein?
Authors: Izumrudov Vladimir A.
Published: August 2012

Homotetrameric enzyme glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a model protein for elucidation a capability of the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte to suppress the protein thermoaggregation. Charge density and degree of polymerization of the chains, relative content of GAPDH in the mixture, as well as pH and ionic strength proved to be the factors of the thermoaggregation control. However the electrostatic binding of the most active suppressors, e.g. sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) was attended with marked changes of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of GAPDH and clearly defined denaturing. The performed comprehensive study of GAPDH interaction with different tightly bound polysulfoanions revealed the key role of a degree of polymerization and hydrophobicity of the chains in the denaturing, specifically the pronounced adverse effect on the enzyme of relatively hydrophobic short‐chained polyanions. Accordingly, the required criteria have been stated as follows: relatively hydrophilic highly polymerized polyelectrolytes that are able to form with a protein of fairly stable water‐soluble complexes are best suited to prevent thermoaggregation without drastic change of the protein structure.
Liquid‐Phase Polymer‐Based Retention of Chromate and Arsenate Oxy‐Anions
Authors: Sánchez Julio , Rivas Bernabé L.
Published: August 2012

The retention of chromate and arsenate anions was studied by liquid‐phase polymer based retention (LPR) technique by washing and enrichment methods. The extracting agents were water‐soluble cationic polymers (WSCPs) containing quaternary ammonium salts with chloride or methylsufate counterions. Through to washing method, the Cr(VI) and As(V) removal experiments were carried out at different pH (3, 6, 9) using WSCPs. The results showed highest retention capacity of Cr(VI) and As(V) at pH 9. The retention capacity in both cases was optimum for polymers containing chloride counterions. The decrease in the arsenic retention ability of the WSCPs is likely due to an increase in the ionic strength of solution by the presence of different concentrations of Na2SO4 or NaCl. The study of polymer:anion ratio showed the optimum molar ratio as 10:1 and 20:1 for efficient chromium and arsenic removal respectively. The maximum retention capacity (MRC) was determined by the enrichment method. It was between 79 to 165 mg ion retained/g polymer.The FT‐IR spectra of polymer‐anion were compared after and before to the maximum retention capacity showing differences due to the presence of Cr(VI) ions.The retention‐elution process shows that the elution process of the arsenate ions from polymers can be performed when the polymer‐arsenate was in contact with the acid solution from the reservoir.
Controlled Thermolysis of Macromolecule‐Metal Complexes as a Way for Synthesis of Nanocomposites
Authors: Pomogailo Anatoly D. , Dzhardimalieva Gulzhian I.
Published: August 2012

Metal–polymer nanocomposites, which comprise nanoparticles of metals and/or their oxides and carbides uniformly distributed in stabilizing polymer matrices, are obtained through solid‐phase polymerization of metal‐containing monomers followed by controlled thermolysis of synthesized metal‐containing polymers. The composition, structure and properties of nanocomposites obtained were studied using the methods of X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy and DSC‐TGA thermal analysis. The main stages and kinetics peculiarities of thermal transformations of metal‐containing monomers were estimated. It is shown that nanoparticles present in these systems have a characteristic core–shell structure that comprises a metal‐containing core and a surface layer, i.e., a polymer shell.
Heterocyclic Cationic Gemini Surfactants: A Comparative Overview of Their Synthesis, Self‐assembling, Physicochemical, and Biological Properties
Authors: Sharma Vishnu Dutt , Ilies Marc A.
Published: August 2012

Gemini surfactants (GS) are presently receiving substantial attention due to their special self‐assembling properties and unique interfacial activity. This comprehensive review is focused on positively charged heterocyclic GS, presenting their major synthetic access routes and examining the impact of structural elements on physicochemical and aggregation properties of this class of amphiphiles. Interaction of geminis surfactants with cells and their biological properties as novel transfection agents are emphasized through a detailed structure–activity relationship analysis. Throughout the review we have also presented the properties of selected ammonium GS, simple surfactants and lipid congeners, in order to emphasize the advantages conferred by using heterocyclic polar heads in GS design.
Quantitative first‐pass perfusion MRI of the mouse myocardium
Authors: van Nierop Bastiaan J. , Coolen Bram F. , Dijk Wouter J.R. , Hendriks Arjan D. , de Graaf Larry , Nicolay Klaas , Strijkers Gustav J.
Published: August 2012

In this article, we present a first‐pass perfusion imaging protocol to determine quantitative regional perfusion values (in mL min−1 g−1) of the mouse myocardium. Perfusion was quantified using a Fermi‐constrained deconvolution of the myocardial tissue response with the arterial input function. A dual‐bolus approach was implemented. Experimental evidence is presented for the linearity of signal intensity in the left‐ventricular lumen during the prebolus (r = 0.99, P < 0.001) and in the myocardium during the full‐bolus injection (r = 0.99, P < 0.01) as function of Gd(DTPA)2− injection concentration used. The prebolus was used to reconstruct a nonsaturated arterial input function. Regional perfusion values proved repeatable in a cohort of nine healthy C57BL/6 mice. The perfusion values over two measurements with a 1‐week interval were 7.3 ± 0.9 and 7.2 ± 0.6 mL min−1 g−1, respectively. No effects of time (P > 0.05) and myocardial region (P > 0.05) were observed. The between‐session coefficient of variation was only 6%, whereas the inter‐animal coefficient of variation was 11 and 8% for the separate experiments. We expect that the first‐pass perfusion method here presented will be useful in preclinical studies of myocardial perfusion deficits and valuable to assess the impact of pro‐angiogenic therapy after myocardial infarction. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimized quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy for clinical routine
Authors: Scheidegger Olivier , Wingeier Kevin , Stefan Dan , Graveron‐Demilly Danielle , van Ormondt Dirk , Wiest Roland , Slotboom Johannes
Published: August 2012

Several practical obstacles in data handling and evaluation complicate the use of quantitative localized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qMRS) in clinical routine MR examinations. To overcome these obstacles, a clinically feasible MR pulse sequence protocol based on standard available MR pulse sequences for qMRS has been implemented along with newly added functionalities to the free software package jMRUI‐v5.0 to make qMRS attractive for clinical routine. This enables (a) easy and fast DICOM data transfer from the MR console and the qMRS‐computer, (b) visualization of combined MR spectroscopy and imaging, (c) creation and network transfer of spectroscopy reports in DICOM format, (d) integration of advanced water reference models for absolute quantification, and (e) setup of databases containing normal metabolite concentrations of healthy subjects. To demonstrate the work‐flow of qMRS using these implementations, databases for normal metabolite concentration in different regions of brain tissue were created using spectroscopic data acquired in 55 normal subjects (age range 6–61 years) using 1.5T and 3T MR systems, and illustrated in one clinical case of typical brain tumor (primitive neuroectodermal tumor). The MR pulse sequence protocol and newly implemented software functionalities facilitate the incorporation of qMRS and reference to normal value metabolite concentration data in daily clinical routine. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A prospective randomized double‐blind trial of grape juice antioxidants in men with lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Spettel Sara , Chughtai Bilal , Feustel Paul , Kaufman Anna , Levin Robert M , De Elise
Published: August 2012

Aims

Many patients take alternative medications for their lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) either in addition or as a substitute for traditional therapies, despite a lack of clinical data. Grapes products are hypothesized to improve bladder function due to their antioxidant and membrane‐protective actions. There is increasing evidence that progression of obstructed bladder dysfunction is related to bladder ischemia, reperfusion injury and free radical damage. We prospectively studied a standardized grape product on urinary symptoms.

Methods

Men >45 years with significant LUTS were randomized to 240 ml daily of either 100% Concord grape juice or placebo. Participants were followed with validated questionnaires for LUTS, erectile dysfunction, and quality of life in addition to PSA, uroflow, and serum and urinary antioxidant levels. The primary endpoint was change in LUTS in Male International Continence Symptom score. The secondary endpoint was correlation between the level of antioxidants and changes in symptom scores.

Results

One hundred thirteen participations were randomized with 96 completing the 3‐month follow‐up. There was no difference in the primary endpoint between the groups. (ISCmale score improved by a mean of 1.6 points in both groups.) There was no statistical difference between groups by PSA or secondary questionnaires. A statistical significance was found between uroflow rates. Linear regression analysis gave no correlation between antioxidants (serum or urine) and changes in symptom scores or grape juice consumption.

Conclusions

Our study did not demonstrate any difference in LUTS in men taking a daily 240 ml 100% grape juice versus placebo after 3 months. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 261–265, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcomes of observation as therapy for pelvic organ prolapse: A study in the natural history of pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Gilchrist Alienor S. , Campbell William , Steele Hannah , Brazell Hema , Foote Jonathon , Swift Steven
Published: August 2012

Aims

To determine the rate of progression or regression of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in subjects with symptomatic POP who decline intervention (pessary or surgery) and elect observation.

Methods

Sixty‐four patients choosing observation as primary management of symptomatic POP were followed with sequential pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP‐Q) exams. A change in the leading edge value of ±≥2 cm was considered significant. POP‐Q exam results, choice of therapy and symptom severity at last visit were recorded.

Results

The leading vaginal edge POP‐Q exam value at initial exam ranged from −1.5 to 7 cm. Distribution of patients by POP‐Q stages on initial exam was: stage I: 1%, stage II: 31%, stage III: 31%, and stage IV: 1.78% (50/64) of patients demonstrated no change in leading edge value from first to last visit on POP‐Q exams. Nineteen percent (12/64) demonstrated progression (≥2 cm increase in leading edge); 3% (2/64) demonstrated regression (≥2 cm decrease in leading edge). Median follow‐up was 16 months (range 6–91 months). On multivariate analysis, no variable, including length of follow‐up, was associated with change in leading edge value (P = 0.09, data not shown). At their last recorded visit, 63% (40/64) of subjects continued observation, 38% (24/64) desired a pessary trial or surgical correction. Those desiring intervention had no greater worsening of prolapse on exam at last follow‐up compared with subjects who continued observation.

Conclusion

The natural history of pelvic organ prolapse is most often one of very minimal change in subjects who decline intervention (pessary or surgery) and choose observation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 383–386, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and evaluations of bisphosphonate‐containing monomers for dental materials
Authors: Akgun Burcin , Avci Duygu
Published: August 2012

Two new bismethacrylamide (1, 2) and two new methacrylamide (3, 4) dental monomers were synthesized. In each group, one monomer contains a bisphosphonate group, the other a bisphosphonic acid group. Monomer 1 and 3 were synthesized by amidation of 2‐(2‐chlorocarbonyl‐allyloxymethyl)‐acryloylchloride and methacryloyl chloride with tetraethyl aminomethyl‐bis(phosphonate) and converted to the bisphosphonic acid monomers 2 and 4 by hydrolysis with trimethylsilyl bromide. Monomer 1 (m.p.: 71–72 °C), monomer 3 (33–34 °C), and monomer 4 (no m.p.) were obtained as white solids and monomer 2 a viscous liquid, soluble in water. Homopolymerization of 1 gave crosslinked polymers, indicating its low cyclization tendency. The photopolymerization studies indicated that its copolymerizability with 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxy propyloxy) phenyl] propane and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) without changing their rates and conversions significantly means that it could be used as a biocompatible crosslinker. Although monomer 2 showed low polymerizability, because of its good performance in terms of solubility, hydrolytic stability, hydroxyapatite interaction, acidity, and copolymerizability with HEMA, it shows potential to be used in self‐etching dental adhesives. The thermal polymerization of 3 resulted in soluble polymers and evaluation of monomer 4 in terms of solubility, acidity, and copolymerizability with HEMA indicated its potential as an adhesive monomer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Determination of baseline susceptibility of European populations of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) to indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole using a novel dip bioassay method
Authors: Roditakis Emmanouil , Skarmoutsou Christina , Staurakaki Marianna , del Rosario Martínez‐Aguirre María , García‐Vidal Lidia , Bielza Pablo , Haddi Khalid , Rapisarda Carmelo , Rison Jean‐Luc , Bassi Andrea , Teixeira Luis A
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) is one of the most serious pests of tomato recently introduced in the Mediterranean region. A novel bioassay method designed for the accurate determination of insecticide toxicity on T. absoluta (IRAC method No. 022) was validated by three different laboratories [Greece (NAGREF), Italy (UC) and Spain (UPCT)] on European populations.

RESULTS: The insecticides indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole were used as reference products. The IRAC leaf dip method is easy to perform, producing repeatable, homogeneous responses. LC50 values for indoxacarb ranged between 1.8 and 17.9 mg L−1 (NAGREF), 0.93 and 10.8 mg L−1 (UC) and 0.20 and 0.70 mg L−1 (UPCT), resulting in a tenfold, 12‐fold and fourfold difference between the least and most susceptible populations at each laboratory respectively. For chlorantraniliprole, LC50 values ranged between 0.10 and 0.56 mg L−1 (NAGREF), 0.23 and 1.34 mg L−1 (UC) and 0.04 and 0.24 mg L−1 (UPCT), resulting in a sixfold difference in all three cases. Overall, UPCT reported lower mean LC50 to indoxacarb, while UC reported higher LC50 to chlorantraniliprole.

CONCLUSIONS: The new bioassay is reliable, providing a useful tool in the design of IRM strategies. Within each country/lab, the variability observed in the results for both indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole can be attributed to natural variation. Future research is necessary to determine the extent to which it is possible to compare results among laboratories. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Protein utilisation and intermediary metabolism of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) as a function of protein:lipid ratio
Authors: Borges Pedro , Medale Françoise , Dias Jorge , Valente Luísa M. P.
Published: August 2012

Previous experiments with Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) have demonstrated that dietary lipid levels above 8 % impaired growth and did not promote protein retention. We hypothesised that this low ability to use high-lipid diets may depend on the dietary protein level. In the present study, a 2 × 2 factorial design was applied where two dietary lipid (4–17 % DM) and two dietary protein (below and above the requirement levels, 48 and 54 % DM) levels were tested in juveniles for 114 d. Growth performance was not improved by the increase in dietary fat, irrespectively of the dietary protein levels. Protein retention was similar among the diets, although fish fed the diets with high lipid content resulted in significantly lower protein gain. Among the enzymes involved in amino acid catabolism, only aspartate aminotransferase activity in the liver was affected by the dietary lipid levels, being stimulated in fish fed high-lipid diets. Moreover, phosphofructokinase 1 activity was significantly elevated in the muscle of Senegalese sole fed 4 % lipid diets, suggesting enhanced glycolysis in the muscle when the dietary lipid supply was limited and dietary starch increased. The results confirmed that high-lipid diets do not enhance growth, and data from the selected enzymes support the assumption that lipids are not efficiently used for energy production and protein sparing, even when dietary protein is below the protein requirement of the species. Furthermore, data suggest a significant role of glucose as the energy source in Senegalese sole.
Cryptosporidiumspecies in Australian wildlife and domestic animals
Authors: RYAN UNA , POWER MICHELLE
Published: August 2012

Cryptosporidiumis an important enteric parasite that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contributeCryptosporidiumto surface waters. Most species ofCryptosporidiumare morphologically indistinguishable and can only be identified using molecular tools. Over 24 species have been identified and of these, 7Cryptosporidiumspecies/genotypes are responsible for most human cryptosporidiosis cases. In Australia, relatively few genotyping studies have been conducted. SixCryptosporidiumspecies (C. hominis,C. parvum,C. meleagridis,C. fayeri,C. andersoniandC. bovis)have been identified in humans in Australia. However, little is known about the contribution of animal hosts to human pathogenic strains ofCryptosporidiumin drinking water catchments. In this review, we focus on the available genotyping data for native, feral and domestic animals inhabiting drinking water catchments in Australia to provide an improved understanding of the public health implications and to identify key research gaps.
Genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA amongEnterobius vermicularisin Denmark
Authors: FERRERO MARIO RODRİGUEZ , RÖSER DENNIS , NIELSEN HENRIK VEDEL , OLSEN ANNETTE , NEJSUM PETER
Published: August 2012

Despite being the most prevalent nematode infections of man in Western Europe and North America, our knowledge of the genetic variability inEnterobius vermicularisis fragmented. We here report on a genetic study of pinworms in Denmark, performed using the cytochrome oxidase I (cox1) gene, with DNA extracted from individual eggs collected from clinical (human) samples. We collected cellophane-tape-test samples positive for pinworm eggs from 14 Departments of Clinical Microbiology in Denmark and surface-sterilized the eggs using a 1% hypochlorite solution before performing conventional PCR. Twenty-two haplotypes were identified from a total of 58 Danish patients. Cluster analysis showed that all Danish worms grouped together with human samples from Germany and Greece and with samples from Japanese chimpanzees designated as ‘type B’. Analysis of molecular variance showed no significant difference or trends in geographical distribution of the pinworms in Denmark, and several haplotypes were identical or closely related to samples collected in Germany, Greece and Japan. However, worms from the 4 countries were found to belong to different populations, with Fst values in the range of 0·16 to 0·47. This study shows pinworms in Denmark to be a homogenous population, when analysed using thecox1mitochondrial gene.
Asteroid strikes cause the Moon's surface to smooth
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: August 2012

The lunar surface is marred by impact craters, remnants of the collisions that have occurred over the past 4.5 billion years. The Orientale basin, the Moon's most recently formed sizable crater, stands out from the rest. The crater, which lies along the southwestern boundary between the near and far sides of the moon, appears as a dark spot ringed by concentric circles of ejecta that reach more than 900 kilometers from the impact location. Though other craters have similar rings, the lunar surface surrounding the Orientale basin is unusually rough with reduced concavity. The anomalous features were identified by Kreslavsky and Head after they produced a map of the lunar surface topographic roughness using observations from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Reproducibility of GPS radio occultation data for climate monitoring: Profile‐to‐profile inter‐comparison of CHAMP climate records 2002 to 2008 from six data centers
Authors: Ho Shu‐peng , Hunt Doug , Steiner Andrea K. , Mannucci Anthony J. , Kirchengast Gottfried , Gleisner Hans , Heise Stefan , von Engeln Axel , Marquardt Christian , Sokolovskiy Sergey , Schreiner William , Scherllin‐Pirscher Barbara , Ao Chi , Wickert Jens , Syndergaard Stig , Lauritsen Kent B. , Leroy Stephen , Kursinski Emil R. , Kuo Ying‐Hwa , Foelsche Ulrich , Schmidt Torsten , Gorbunov Michael
Published: August 2012

To examine the claim that Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data are useful as a benchmark data set for climate monitoring, the structural uncertainties of retrieved profiles that result from different processing methods are quantified. Profile‐to‐profile comparisons of CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) data from January 2002 to August 2008 retrieved by six RO processing centers are presented. Differences and standard deviations of the individual centers relative to the inter‐center mean are used to quantify the structural uncertainty. Uncertainties accumulate in derived variables due to propagation through the RO retrieval chain. This is reflected in the inter‐center differences, which are small for bending angle and refractivity increasing to dry temperature, dry pressure, and dry geopotential height. The mean differences of the time series in the 8 km to 30 km layer range from −0.08% to 0.12% for bending angle, −0.03% to 0.02% for refractivity, −0.27 K to 0.15 K for dry temperature, −0.04% to 0.04% for dry pressure, and −7.6 m to 6.8 m for dry geopotential height. The corresponding standard deviations are within 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.06 K, 0.02%, and 2.0 m, respectively. The mean trend differences from 8 km to 30 km for bending angle, refractivity, dry temperature, dry pressure, and dry geopotential height are within ±0.02%/5 yrs, ±0.02%/5 yrs, ±0.06 K/5 yrs, ±0.02%/5 yrs, and ±2.3 m/5 yrs, respectively. Although the RO‐derived variables are not readily traceable to the international system of units, the high precision nature of the raw RO observables is preserved in the inversion chain.
Insight into distribution and switching of resistive random-access memory filaments based on analysis of variations in memory characteristics
Authors: Kinoshita Kentaro , Tanaka Hayato , Yoshihara Masataka , Kishida Satoru
Published: August 2012

Two hypotheses were formulated to validate a multi-filament model (MFM) as a mechanism for the cycle-to-cycle dispersion of Vset in resistive random-access memory. The first is that the probability of Δ(1/Vset) > 0, P[Δ(1/Vset) > 0], increases with the number of filaments in one memory cell, Nfila, and decreases with increasing switching cycle, n. Here, Δ(1/Vset) is the difference between the inverse of the set voltages after the n-th and (n + 1)-th reset processes [1/Vset(n) − 1/Vset(n + 1)]. Thus, Vset decreases with increasing Nfila and increases with n. The second hypothesis is that the probability of Δ(1/R) > 0, P[Δ(1/R) > 0], agrees with P[Δ(1/Vset) > 0], assuming that vset depends on d in the MFM. Here, Δ(1/R) = 1/Rn − 1/Rn + 1, and Rn, vset, and d represent the resistance in the high-resistance state after the n-th reset process, the set voltage of each filament, and the thickness of a gap between the electrode and the end of the filament, respectively. The validity of these two hypotheses was confirmed by measuring the dependence of P[Δ(1/Vset) > 0], P[Δ(1/R) > 0], and the mean value of Vset on both n and the length of the perimeter for Pt/NiO/Pt structures into which filaments were introduced by etching the NiO layer.
In situ Raman spectroscopic study of the pressure induced structural changes in ammonia borane
Authors: Kupenko Ilya , Dubrovinsky Leonid , Dmitriev Vladimir , Dubrovinskaia Natalia
Published: August 2012

The effect of static compression up to 65 GPa at ambient temperature on ammonia borane, BH3NH3, has been investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy in a diamond anvil cells. Two phase transitions were observed at approximately 12 GPa and previously not reported transition at 27 GPa. It was demonstrated that ammonia borane behaves differently under compression at quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic conditions. The ability of BH3NH3 to generate second harmonic of the laser light observed up to 130 GPa suggests that the non-centrosymmetric point group symmetry is preserved in the material up to very high pressures.
Fish-Bite structure by three-dimensional hydrogen-bond acceptor: IR spectroscopy of pyrrole and N-methylpyrrole binary clusters
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiteru , Murakami Sunao , Honma Kenji
Published: August 2012

The N–H…π hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) structures of pyrrole (Py) and N-methylpyrrole (NMPy) binary clusters have been studied by IR cavity ringdown spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The Py1-NMPy1 cluster has an “L-shape” structure, which is formed by an ordinary H-bond between a N–H donor of Py and a π-electron cloud acceptor of NMPy. The Py2-NMPy1 cluster has a “Cyclic” structure, which is also formed by ordinary N–H…π H-bonds as well as the weak C–H…π H-bond between the methyl CH group and the π cloud acceptor of Py. On the other hand, the Py1-NMPy2 cluster shows an extraordinary structure, in which the single donor NH group is surrounded by a three-dimensional H-bond acceptor formed by two aromatic π electron clouds. We call the Py1-NMPy2 cluster as the “Fish-Bite” structure. The Py1-NMPy2 cluster exhibits a redshifted NH stretch by 157 cm−1 from the Py monomer, which is larger than 94 cm−1 of the Py1-NMPy1 cluster. However, both Py1-NMPy1 and Py1-NMPy2 clusters have calculated IR intensities of 169 and 163 km/mol, respectively. This result indicates that not only the N–H…π H-bonds but also the dipole-dipole interaction between Py and NMPy contributes to the Fish-Bite Py1-NMPy2 cluster formation.
Effects of parallel electron dynamics on plasma blob transport
Authors: Angus Justin R. , Krasheninnikov Sergei I. , Umansky Maxim V.
Published: August 2012

The 3D effects on sheath connected plasma blobs that result from parallel electron dynamics are studied by allowing for the variation of blob density and potential along the magnetic field line and using collisional Ohm’s law to model the parallel current density. The parallel current density from linear sheath theory, typically used in the 2D model, is implemented as parallel boundary conditions. This model includes electrostatic 3D effects, such as resistive drift waves and blob spinning, while retaining all of the fundamental 2D physics of sheath connected plasma blobs. If the growth time of unstable drift waves is comparable to the 2D advection time scale of the blob, then the blob’s density gradient will be depleted resulting in a much more diffusive blob with little radial motion. Furthermore, blob profiles that are initially varying along the field line drive the potential to a Boltzmann relation that spins the blob and thereby acts as an addition sink of the 2D potential. Basic dimensionless parameters are presented to estimate the relative importance of these two 3D effects. The deviation of blob dynamics from that predicted by 2D theory in the appropriate limits of these parameters is demonstrated by a direct comparison of 2D and 3D seeded blob simulations.
Faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in the free-ranging bandicoots (Perameles nasuta and Isoodon obesulus) of northern Sydney
Authors: Dowle Matthew , Webster Koa N. , Deane Elizabeth
Published: August 2012

Knowledge of how animals cope with their environment is fundamental to the management of free-ranging populations. Urban animals face increased competition for resources, habitat fragmentation and predation. These pressures may impact an individual’s welfare by releasing glucocorticoid hormones in the blood through a response from the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, resulting in altered energy storage and utilisation. This study aimed to determine the applicability of measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in free-ranging bandicoots by using a simple enzyme immunoassay. We used long-nosed and southern brown bandicoots in northern Sydney to investigate whether environmental and demographic variables can influence faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Long-nosed bandicoots showed similar faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations between suburban backyards and National Park populations. Higher faecal glucocorticoid metabolites were recorded in female southern brown bandicoots than in males, whilst female and male long-nosed bandicoots had similar glucocorticoid metabolite levels. Ectoparasite load, body condition and season did not influence faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. This non-invasive method has a broad application and can be used to provide biological information to guide management of populations within a conservation context.
Human impacts and sustainability of grasslands in the northern Tianshan Mountains region of China
Authors: Zhao Wan Yu , Chen Ya Ning , Zhao Li , Yin Hui
Published: August 2012

A case study of changes in the pattern of land use was undertaken to describe the impact of land-use policy reform, rapid industrialisation and urbanisation in an arid area with particular reference to the Fukang County of the Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region of western China, in the Tianshan Mountains region, between 1971 and 2006. Information was obtained from a range of sources on changes in the consumption of products and related to changes in their area of production since little exchange of crop and animal products occurred outside the County particularly during the earlier part of the period in the light of the traditional self-sufficiency in inland undeveloped counties of western China. It was found that an unrestrained boom in the consumption of energy resources and animal products to promote economic activity and to increase the standard of living of humans led to a rapidly increased production from land resources. However, continuously expanding resource consumption quickly crossed the threshold of land ecosystem rehabilitation and caused unsustainable land-use patterns, especially in the transitional grassland–cropland area. The study demonstrated that grazing land is exposed to more ecological risks than cropland and forestland, not only due to enormously expanding requirements for and decreasing supply of grazing land but also Kazak herdsmen’s inability to cope with the management of change in the use of the grassland resource largely because of their poor economic status, lack of knowledge, passive response to rapid industrialisation and urbanisation, and some cultural conflicts.
Chlamydia prevention indicators for Australia: review of the evidence from New South Wales
Authors: Ali Hammad , Donovan Basil , Liu Bette , Hocking Jane S. , Agius Paul , Ward James , Bourne Christopher , Kaldor John M. , Guy Rebecca J
Published: August 2012

Background: Annual notifications of chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) diagnoses have increased steadily in Australia in the last decade. To guide public health programs, we developed 10 national chlamydia prevention indicators and report on each indicator for New South Wales (NSW). Methods: Using systematic methods, we reviewed the literature to report on the 10 health and behaviour indicators for 15- to 29–year-old heterosexuals in NSW from 2000. We included data with two or more time points. Results: Chlamydia notification rates (Indicator 1) in 15- to 29–year-olds have increased by 299%, from 237 per 100 000 population in 2001 to 946 per 100 000 population in 2010; and the percent of 15- to 34-year-olds with an annual Medicare-rebated chlamydia test (Indicator 2) increased by 326%, from 1.9% in 2001 to 8.1% in 2010. Since 2004, sentinel surveillance showed a 28% increase in chlamydia prevalence (Indicator 3) in 15- to 29-year-old females tested at their first sexual health service visit (from 8.5% in 2004 to 10.9% in 2010) but no significant increase in males. No NSW-specific chlamydia incidence (Indicator 4) was available. Pelvic inflammatory disease hospitalisation separations rate decreased from 0.58 per 1000 in 2001 to 0.44 per 1000 in 2010 in 15- to 29-year-old females (Indicator 5).Secondary school surveys in 2002 and 2008 showed chlamydia knowledge increased in males. The sexual risk-taking behaviour of young people remained unchanged (Indicators 6–10). Conclusions: Although notifications have risen steeply, the modest increase in chlamydia prevalence maybe a more realistic reflection of transmission rates. Strategies are needed to increase testing and to modify sexual risk behaviour. Crucial gaps in epidemiological data were identified.
Development of microsatellite markers using 454 sequencing for the rare socially parasitic hoverfly, Microdon mutabilis
Authors: von Zum Hof Juergen , Schönrogge Karsten , Cook James M. , Gardner Michael G.
Published: August 2012

To date there have been only limited fine-scale investigations into the molecular ecology of the European hoverfly, Microdon mutabilis, due to the paucity of available polymorphic markers. We describe the development of primers amplifying five novel microsatellite loci using next-generation sequencing (454) and three previously undescribed M. mutabilis microsatellite loci using enrichments. In hoverflies from a population in Ireland, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 16, and the observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.26 and 0.97
Same story, different attitude
Authors: Thompson Rose , Haddock Geoffrey
Published: August 2012

We present exploratory research to propose that the Transportation-Imagery Model (Green & Brock, 2000) underlies how individuals form general evaluations in response to reading narratives, while the Fiction as Cognitive and Emotional Simulation Model (Oatley, 1999) underlies how individuals form personal evaluations in response to reading narratives. In our study, 100 participants first gave an indication of their own past drinking experiences. They then read a narrative about binge drinking, completed measures of general and personal risks of binge drinking, a transportation scale, and intentions to reduce alcohol intake. Participants who were more transported into the narrative reported binge drinking to be more risky in general but did not rate their own drinking behavior as risky. In contrast, participants who had reported drinking more thought binge drinking to be less risky in general, but that their own drinking behavior was more risky. Further, general risk perceptions were not predictive of intentions to reduce alcohol intake, whereas previous experience was predictive of such intentions. These exploratory findings are discussed with respect to how narratives influence individuals’ attitudes, and how they may offer new directions for future research.
Rab10 and myosin-Va mediate insulin-stimulated GLUT4 storage vesicle translocation in adipocytes
Authors: Chen Yu , Wang Yan , Zhang Jinzhong , Deng Yongqiang , Jiang Li , Song Eli , Wu Xufeng S. , Hammer John A. , Xu Tao , Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer
Published: August 2012

Rab proteins are important regulators of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane (PM), but the precise steps in GLUT4 trafficking modulated by particular Rab proteins remain unclear. Here, we systematically investigate the involvement of Rab proteins in GLUT4 trafficking, focusing on Rab proteins directly mediating GLUT4 storage vesicle (GSV) delivery to the PM. Using dual-color total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and an insulin-responsive aminopeptidase (IRAP)-pHluorin fusion assay, we demonstrated that Rab10 directly facilitated GSV translocation to and docking at the PM. Rab14 mediated GLUT4 delivery to the PM via endosomal compartments containing transferrin receptor (TfR), whereas Rab4A, Rab4B, and Rab8A recycled GLUT4 through the endosomal system. Myosin-Va associated with GSVs by interacting with Rab10, positioning peripherally recruited GSVs for ultimate fusion. Thus, multiple Rab proteins regulate the trafficking of GLUT4, with Rab10 coordinating with myosin-Va to mediate the final steps of insulin-stimulated GSV translocation to the PM.
Mena binds α5 integrin directly and modulates α5β1 function
Authors: Gupton Stephanie L. , Riquelme Daisy , Hughes-Alford Shannon K. , Tadros Jenny , Rudina Shireen S. , Hynes Richard O. , Lauffenburger Douglas , Gertler Frank B.
Published: August 2012

Mena is an Ena/VASP family actin regulator with roles in cell migration, chemotaxis, cell–cell adhesion, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. Although enriched in focal adhesions, Mena has no established function within these structures. We find that Mena forms an adhesion-regulated complex with α5β1 integrin, a fibronectin receptor involved in cell adhesion, motility, fibronectin fibrillogenesis, signaling, and growth factor receptor trafficking. Mena bound directly to the carboxy-terminal portion of the α5 cytoplasmic tail via a 91-residue region containing 13 five-residue “LERER” repeats. In fibroblasts, the Mena–α5 complex was required for “outside-in” α5β1 functions, including normal phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin and formation of fibrillar adhesions. It also supported fibrillogenesis and cell spreading and controlled cell migration speed. Thus, fibroblasts require Mena for multiple α5β1-dependent processes involving bidirectional interactions between the extracellular matrix and cytoplasmic focal adhesion proteins.
Hierarchical assembly of the eggshell and permeability barrier in C. elegans
Authors: Olson Sara K. , Greenan Garrett , Desai Arshad , Müller-Reichert Thomas , Oegema Karen
Published: August 2012

In metazoans, fertilization triggers the assembly of an extracellular coat that constitutes the interface between the embryo and its environment. In nematodes, this coat is the eggshell, which provides mechanical rigidity, prevents polyspermy, and is impermeable to small molecules. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we found that the Caenorhabditis elegans eggshell was composed of an outer vitelline layer, a middle chitin layer, and an inner layer containing chondroitin proteoglycans. The switch between the chitin and proteoglycan layers was achieved by internalization of chitin synthase coincident with exocytosis of proteoglycan-containing cortical granules. Inner layer assembly did not make the zygote impermeable as previously proposed. Instead, correlative light and electron microscopy demonstrated that the permeability barrier was a distinct envelope that formed in a separate step that required fatty acid synthesis, the sugar-modifying enzyme PERM-1, and the acyl chain transfer enzyme DGTR-1. These findings delineate the hierarchy of eggshell assembly and define key molecular mechanisms at each step.
Influence of Li and B coatings of metal walls on deuterium retention and plasma confinement in HT-7
Authors: Wang H.Y. , Hu J.S. , Gao X. , Cao B. , Li J. , Pégourié B.
Published: August 2012

In winter 2010, the carbon plasma-facing components (PFCs) of HT-7 were changed for molybdenum PFCs. The surface area of the wall that was covered with Mo was about 1.28 m2. In the following experimental campaign, the plasma was first operated with Mo PFCs; then 28 successive lithium coatings were carried out (for a total of 350 g Li); finally, 3 g of carborane were filmed to the PFCs. In each phase, the characteristics of hydrogenic species retention were investigated as well as the energy confinement and recycling properties, offering a good opportunity for comparing similar discharges. With Mo PFCs, significant wall outgassing is generally observed and, in all cases, less than 10% of the puffed fuel is trapped, corresponding to a retention rate of around a few Pa l s−1 (1018 atom s−1); energy confinement is poor, mainly due to huge central radiation. When the PFCs are covered by lithium, about 40–80% of the puffed gas is trapped and the retention rate is 102–103 Pa l s−1 (1020–1021 atom s−1); good confinement properties are recorded, and the radiation remains located at the edge. After boronization, about 70–80% of the puffed deuterium is trapped and the retention rate is a few 102 Pa l s−1 (1020 atom s−1); the energy confinement is not as good as with Li coating, and significant radiation is measured in the plasma core.
Measuring the difference between gross and net erosion
Authors: Doerner R.P. , Nishijima D. , Schwarz-Selinger T.
Published: August 2012

A series of systematic experimental investigations are reported, using a beryllium-containing oven to seed a controlled and adjustable amount of impurities into a steady-state plasma. Beryllium impurity seeding of the plasma is used to simulate redeposition of eroded material to investigate the relationship between gross and net erosion. The measured net erosion rates from beryllium targets do not change when the influx of beryllium ions is increased unless the Be-seeding rate exceeds, by an order of magnitude, the beryllium surface loss rate, which was determined without beryllium seeding of the plasma. Measurements of the penetration distance of eroding beryllium atoms axially into the plasma column reveal that the reflection coefficient of the incident beryllium ions is unchanged, but the sputtering yield of the plasma-deposited surface beryllium is increased with respect to the bulk beryllium material by a factor of ∼10.
Decoherence and its role in the modern measurement problem
Authors: Wallace David
Published: August 2012

Decoherence is widely felt to have
something
to do with the quantum measurement problem, but getting clear on just
what
is made difficult by the fact that the ‘measurement problem’, as traditionally presented in foundational and philosophical discussions, has become somewhat disconnected from the conceptual problems posed by real physics. This, in turn, is because quantum mechanics as discussed in textbooks and in foundational discussions has become somewhat removed from scientific practice, especially where the analysis of measurement is concerned. This paper has two goals: firstly (§§1–2), to present an account of how quantum measurements are actually dealt with in modern physics (hint: it does not involve a collapse of the wave function) and to state the measurement problem from the perspective of that account; and secondly (§§3–4), to clarify what role decoherence plays in modern measurement theory and what effect it has on the various strategies that have been proposed to solve the measurement problem.
Association between β2‐adrenoceptor (ADRB2) haplotypes and insulin resistance in PCOS
Authors: Tellechea Mariana L. , Muzzio Damián O. , Iglesias Molli Andrea E. , Belli Susana H. , Graffigna Mabel N. , Levalle Oscar A. , Frechtel Gustavo D. , Cerrone Gloria E.
Published: August 2012

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore β2‐adrenoceptor (ADRB2) haplotype associations with phenotypes and quantitative traits related to insulin resistance (IR) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) in a polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) population. A secondary purpose was to assess the association between ADRB2 haplotype and PCOS.

Design

Genetic polymorphism analysis. Cross‐sectional case–control association study.

Setting

Medical University Hospital and research laboratory.

Patients

One hundred and sixty‐five unrelated women with PCOS and 116 unrelated women without PCOS (control sample).

Measurements

Clinical and biochemical measurements, and ADRB2 genotyping in PCOS patients and control subjects.

Methods

ADRB2 haplotypes (comprising rs1042711, rs1801704, rs1042713 and rs1042714 in that order), genotyping and statistical analysis to evaluate associations with continuous variables and traits related to IR and MS in a PCOS population. Associations between ADRB2 haplotypes and PCOS were also assessed.

Results

We observed an age‐adjusted association between ADRB2 haplotype CCGG and lower insulin (P = 0·018) and HOMA (P = 0·008) in the PCOS sample. Interestingly, the expected differences in surrogate measures of IR between cases and controls were not significant in CCGG/CCGG carriers. In the case–control study, genotype CCGG/CCGG was associated with a 14% decrease in PCOS risk (P = 0·043), taking into account confounding variables.

Conclusions

Haplotype I (CCGG) has a protective role for IR and MS in PCOS.
Associations between airway hyperresponsiveness, obesity and lipoproteins in a longitudinal cohort
Authors: Rasmussen Finn , Hancox Robert J. , Nair Parameswaran , Hansen Henrik Steen , Siersted Hans Christian , Nybo Mads
Published: August 2012

Background

Epidemiological data have linked obesity with an increased risk of asthma, but the mechanisms responsible for this relationship remain unknown. One possible mechanism, which has received little attention, could be the effect of cholesterol metabolism on airway smooth muscle function. The present study investigated the association between airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine and body mass index (BMI) and plasma lipoproteins [low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol].

Methods

Associations between AHR, BMI and plasma lipoproteins were assessed in a population‐based cohort at ages 14 and 20 years.

Results

In unadjusted analyses, higher LDL cholesterol levels at age 14 were associated with AHR at age 20 in both sexes (P < 0.05). HDL, LDL/HDL ratio and total cholesterol were not associated with AHR. In multiple regression analyses adjusted for sex, lung function, smoking and asthma, only higher levels of BMI at age 14 or 20 years were significantly associated with increased AHR at age 20 years, while neither LDL, HDL and LDL/HDL ratio nor total cholesterol were significantly associated with AHR.

Conclusion

We confirmed that in teenagers there is a strong association between BMI and AHR to methacholine. This association seems to be independent of the plasma lipoprotein levels at that age.