bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Chronic Glycemic Exposure Variables as Correlates and Predictors of Microvascular Complications of Diabetes
Authors: Dyck Peter J. , Davies Jenny L. , Clark Vicki M. , Litchy William J. , Dyck P. James B. , Klein Christopher J. , Rizza Robert A. , Pach John M. , Klein Ronald , Larson Timothy S. , Melton L. Joseph , O’Brien Peter C.
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE—The degree to which chronic glycemic exposure (CGE) (fasting plasma glucose [FPG], HbA1c [A1C], duration of diabetes, age at onset of diabetes, or combinations of these) is associated with or predicts the severity of microvessel complications is unsettled. Specifically, we test whether combinations of components correlate and predict complications better than individual components.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Correlations and predictions of CGE and complications were assessed in the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study, a population-based, cross-sectional, and longitudinal epidemiologic survey of 504 patients with diabetes followed for up to 20 years.

RESULTS—In multivariate analysis, A1C and duration of diabetes (and to a lesser degree age at onset of diabetes but not FPG) were the main significant CGE risk covariates for complications. A derived glycemic exposure index (GEi) correlated with and predicted complications better than did individual components. Composite or staged measures of polyneuropathy provided higher correlations and better predictions than did dichotomous measures of whether polyneuropathy was present or not. Generally, the mean GEi was significantly higher with increasing stages of severity of complications.

CONCLUSIONS—A combination of A1C, duration of diabetes, and age at onset of diabetes (a mathematical index, GEi) correlates significantly with complications and predicts later complications better than single components of CGE. Serial measures of A1C improved the correlations and predictions. For polyneuropathy, continuous or staged measurements performed better than dichotomous judgments. Even with intensive assessment of CGE and complications over long times, only about one-third of the variability of the severity of complications is explained, emphasizing the role of other putative risk covariates.
Efficacy and Safety of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade in Elderly Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Winkelmayer Wolfgang C. , Zhang Zhongxin , Shahinfar Shahnaz , Cooper Mark E. , Avorn Jerry , Brenner Barry M.
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE—While national guidelines recommend ACE inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy in patients with diabetes and nephropathy, guidelines concerning elderly patients with diabetes have not endorsed these drugs. We sought to assess the nephroprotective efficacy and safety of ARB therapy in elderly patients by conducting age-specific subgroup analyses using data from the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied 1,513 patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy who randomly received either losartan or placebo. We tested for effect modification by age of the effect of losartan on the incidence of the predefined end points (doubling of serum creatinine, end-stage renal disease [ESRD], or death) and the risk of adverse events.

RESULTS—Of 1,513 participants, 421 (27.8%) were aged >65 years (maximum age 74 years). Age did not modify the efficacy of losartan in reducing the risk of the primary outcome, a composite of doubling of serum creatinine, ESRD, or death (Pinteraction = 0.66) or its individual components (all Pinteraction > 0.44). In patients aged >65 years, losartan reduced the risk of ESRD by 50% (95% CI 30–81, P = 0.005). We found no evidence that older patients were more likely to experience adverse events from losartan such as a rise in serum creatinine or hyperkalemia than younger patients.

CONCLUSIONS—Elderly patients had the same level of benefits and risks as younger patients from treatment with losartan. Underuse of ACEI and ARB therapy in elderly patients because of the perceived lack of efficacy or a greater risk of adverse events appears unjustified.
Assessing Regimen Adherence of Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Iannotti Ronald J. , Nansel Tonja R. , Schneider Stefan , Haynie Denise L. , Simons-Morton Bruce , Sobel Douglas O. , Zeitzoff Linda , Plotnick Leslie P. , Clark Loretta
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study is to evaluate two updated measures of diabetes regimen adherence. The Diabetes Self-Management Profile (DSMP) is a widely used, structured interview. Limitations include a substantial interviewer and respondent time burden and the need for well-trained interviewers to use appropriate prompts and score the open-ended responses. The Diabetes Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS) is a self-administered, fixed-choice survey.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Both measures were administered to 146 youth with type 1 diabetes (aged 11–18 years) and their parents. Items were added to the DBRS to allow for both flexible and conventional regimens, and the DSMP was modified to use standardized wording across items, accommodate flexible regimens, and permit administration by nonmedical interviewers.

RESULTS—Both measures had good evidence of internal consistency (for the DSMP: parent 0.75 and youth 0.70; for the DBRS: parent 0.84 and youth 0.84). Scores on the DSMP and the DBRS were significantly related (r = 0.72 for parents and 0.74 for youth). There was moderate agreement between parent and youth (DSMP, r = 0.51; DBRS, r = 0.48). The measures were correlated with HbA1c for both parent (DSMP, r = −0.35; DBRS, r = −0.35) and youth (DSMP, r = −0.36; DBRS, r = −0.34) reports.

CONCLUSIONS—Both measures exhibit good psychometric properties and good criterion validity but varied in terms of respondent and interviewer burden, issues that should be considered in selecting assessment procedures.
Flexible Intensive Insulin Therapy in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes and High Risk for Severe Hypoglycemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Sämann Alexander , Mühlhauser Ingrid , Bender Ralf , Hunger-Dathe Wilgard , Kloos Christof , Müller Ulrich A.
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE—Diabetes treatment and teaching programs (DTTPs) for type 1 diabetes, which teach flexible intensive insulin therapy to enable dietary freedom, have proven to be safe and effective in routine care. This study evaluates DTTP outcomes in patients at high risk for severe hypoglycemia and severe ketoacidosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—There were 96 diabetes centers that participated between 1992 and 2004. A total of 9,583 routine-care patients with type 1 diabetes were examined before and 1 year after a DTTP. History of repeated severe hypoglycemia/severe ketoacidosis was an indication for DTTP participation. Before-after analyses were performed for subgroups of patients with three or more episodes of severe hypoglycemia or two or more episodes of severe ketoacidosis during the year before a DTTP. Main outcome measures were GHb, severe hypoglycemia, severe ketoacidosis, and hospitalization.

RESULTS—A total of 341 participants had three or more episodes of severe hypoglycemia the year before a DTTP. Mean baseline GHb was 7.4 vs. 7.2% after the DTTP, incidence of severe hypoglycemia was 6.1 vs. 1.4 events · patient−1 · year−1, and hospitalization was 8.6 vs. 3.9 days · patient−1 · year−1. In mixed-effects models taking effects of centers and diabetes duration into account, mean difference was −0.3% (95% CI −0.5 to −0.1%; P = 0.0006) for GHb and −4.7 events · patient−1 · year−1 (−5.4 to −4; P < 0.0001) for severe hypoglycemia. A total of 95 patients had two or more episodes of severe ketoacidosis. GHb was 9.4% at baseline versus 8.7% after DTTP; incidence of severe ketoacidosis was 3.3 vs. 0.6 events · patient−1 · year−1, and hospitalization was 19.4 vs. 10.2 days · patient−1 · year−1. In linear models with diabetes duration as the fixed effect, the adjusted mean difference was −2.7 events · patient−1 · year−1 (95% CI −3.3 to −2.1; P < 0.0001) for severe ketoacidosis and −8.1 days (−12.9 to −3.2; P = 0.0014) for hospitalization.

CONCLUSIONS—Patients at high risk for severe hypoglycemia or severe ketoacidosis may benefit from participation in a standard DTTP for intensive insulin therapy and dietary freedom.
Dietary Calcium and Magnesium, Major Food Sources, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Black Women
Authors: van Dam Rob M. , Hu Frank B. , Rosenberg Lynn , Krishnan Supriya , Palmer Julie R.
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE—Inverse associations between magnesium and calcium intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes have been reported for studies in predominantly white populations. We examined magnesium, calcium, and major food sources in relation to type 2 diabetes in African-American women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This is a prospective cohort study including 41,186 participants of the Black Women’s Health Study without a history of diabetes who completed validated food frequency questionnaires at baseline. During 8 years of follow-up (1995–2003), we documented 1,964 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes.

RESULTS—The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of intake was 0.69 (95% CI 0.59–0.81; P trend <0.0001) for dietary magnesium and 0.86 (0.74–1.00; P trend = 0.01) for dietary calcium. After mutual adjustment, the association for calcium disappeared (hazard ratio 1.04 [95% CI 0.88–1.24]; P trend = 0.88), whereas the association for magnesium remained. Daily consumption of low-fat dairy (0.87 [0.76–1.00]; P trend = 0.04) and whole grains (0.69 [0.60–0.79]; P trend <0.0001) were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes compared with a consumption less than once a week. After mutual adjustment, the hazard ratio was 0.81 (0.68–0.97; P trend = 0.02) for magnesium and 0.73 (0.63–0.85; P trend <0.0001) for whole grains.

CONCLUSIONS—These findings indicate that a diet high in magnesium-rich foods, particularly whole grains, is associated with a substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. black women.
FTIR study of gamma-irradiated cis-1,4-polyisoprene
Authors: Polovková J. , Klein E. , Cibulková Z. , Lukeš V.
Published: September 2006

The effect of γ-irradiation on the structure and oxidation of cis-1,4-polyisoprene is investigated by ATR-FTIR technique. This method provides the valuable insight into the type of oxidation products produced and the extent and nature of intramolecular cyclization and chain scission reactions. The formation of ketones, alcohols and/or ethers, and hydroperoxides is apparent already at small doses of γ-radiation and it increases with the exposure time significantly. At the highest dose of 309 kGy a decrease in the intensity of C=O stretching mode of ketones (1717 cm−1) was observed while the overall area of the band remained the same as in the case of 188 kGy dose. The shoulders observed at 1740 cm−1 and 1772 cm−1 could be assigned to C=O stretching frequency of esters and five-membered-ring lactones, respectively. Higher doses of γ-radiation also cause the formation of two relatively strong bands in the region of conjugated double bonds. These could origin from the aromatic products or cycloenes with one double bond formed by cyclization and chain scission processes.
Properties of Ni-W alloy coatings on steel substrate
Authors: Gáliková Z. , Chovancová M. , Danielik V.
Published: September 2006

Ni-W alloy coatings were prepared on the steel substrate at the temperature of 60°C. The content of tungsten in coatings was increased with the growing cathodic current density. The increase of the corrosion resistance of Ni-W alloy coatings with the rising content of tungsten was confirmed by the measurement of anodic polarization curves. Annealed coatings showed better antioorrosion properties than the non-annealed ones. The properties of annealed coatings including their corrosion resistance depend on the tungsten content, too.
Effect of chloride ions on the kinetics of nitrobenzene reduction by powdered iron
Authors: Heželová M. , Pikna L’. , Kladeková D. , Lux L.
Published: September 2006

The effect of different chloride ions concentrations on the reactivity of iron particles was studied using chronopotentiometry. It was found that the increase of Cl− ions concentration accelerated anodic dissolution of iron, thus enhancing its surface reactivity. This fact was confirmed also by the rate of nitrobenzene reduction by iron particles. The reactivity of powder particles of various sizes, hence of different specific surface, was investigated in chloride-free and chloride-containing acetate buffer electrolytes. Experimental results indicated that the rate of nitrobenzene reduction in the presence of chloride ions in the reaction system is faster in comparison with the rate in chloride-free medium for each studied grain fraction of particulate material.
Methane esterification in oleum
Authors: Michalkiewicz B.
Published: September 2006

The reactions taking place during methane esterification in oleum were investigated. It was found that the primary products were methyl bisulphate and formaldehyde, which was subsequently oxidized to carbon dioxide. The catalyst, Pd or PtCl4, was needed to activate methane and for its oxidation to the primary products. The formation of CO2 was not a catalytic process. It was found that the addition of either carbon dioxide or ester into the reaction mixture did not slow down the reactions. Methane oxidation in oleum is an irreversible process, during which water is produced and subsequently consumed to give sulphuric acid by the reaction with sulphur trioxide.
Momentum transfer in an agitated vessel with off-centred impellers
Authors: Cudak M. , Karcz J.
Published: September 2006

Momentum transfer was investigated in an unbaffled agitated vessel of inner diameter 0.3 m equipped with different off-centred impellers. The distribution of the shear rate on the tank wall as a function of the impeller type and Reynolds number was studied in the turbulent regime of the Newtonian liquid flow. The dependences of the averaged dimensionless shear rate, friction coefficient, and dissipated energy on the Reynolds number and eccentricity ratio were approximated using four-parameter equations.
Phosphonium ionic liquids as new, reactive extractants of lactic acid
Authors: Marták J. , Schlosser Š.
Published: September 2006

Solvent properties of ionic liquids with trihexyltetradecylphosphonium cation and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate anion (Cyphos IL-104) or chloride anion (Cyphos IL-101) were studied. IL-104 effectively extracted lactic acid (LA) with distribution coefficients above 40 at low acid concentrations. IL-104 extracted only undissociated acid (LAH) what supported the coordination mechanism of lactic acid extraction via H-bonding. In the extraction of lactic acid by phosphonium chloride (IL-101) an ion-exchange mechanism contributed remarkably to the extraction especially at basic pH where anionic form of this acid predominated. A high solubility of water in hydrophobic IL-104 up to 14.4 mass % was connected with the formation of reverse micelles. A dual mechanism of water extraction to phosphonium ionic liquids was identified, which consisted of water incorporation into reverse micelles and the inclusion of water into the hydrated complex of lactic acid with ionic liquid (IL). The extraction of lactic acid caused splitting of reverse micelles with liberation of water from the solvent. In the saturated solvent only hydration water remained in the complex of lactic acid with phosphonium ionic liquid, with the suggested structure (LAH)p(IL)(H2O)2, where the value of p ranged from 1 to 3.
Diagnosis and Management of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
Authors: Hartman Julia , Patki Tejal , Johnson Nicholas E.
Published: March 2024

This JAMA Insights discusses the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of myotonic dystrophy type 1.
Approach to Obesity Treatment in Primary Care
Authors: Yanovski Susan Z. , Yanovski Jack A.
Published: March 2024

Importance

More than 40% of US adults have obesity, which increases the risks for multiple chronic diseases and premature mortality. Historically, nonsurgical interventions often have not led to sufficient weight loss and maintenance to improve health, but highly effective antiobesity medications (AOMs) have recently become available, and additional effective therapeutics are under development. Given that most medical care for adults with obesity is delivered in primary care settings, guidance for integrating weight-management approaches is needed.

Observations

Lifestyle interventions can lead to a mean weight loss of 2% to 9% of initial weight at 1 year and increase the likelihood of weight loss of 5% or more, but weight regain over time is common even with continued treatment. Adjunctive treatments, including AOMs and surgical approaches, can lead to larger, more sustained weight loss and improvements in numerous obesity-associated medical conditions. Highly effective AOMs, including nutrient-stimulated hormone-based therapies, induce mean weight loss of 15% or more. Barriers to intervention, including access to care, have a disproportionate influence on populations most affected by obesity and its consequences.

Conclusions and Relevance

Primary care clinicians play a vital role in the assessment, management, and support of patients with obesity. With careful clinical assessment and shared decision-making, a flexible treatment plan can be developed that reflects evidence of treatment efficacy, patient preference, and feasibility of implementation. Adjunctive therapies to lifestyle interventions, including more effective pharmacotherapeutics for obesity, offer hope to patients and the potential for considerable improvements in health and quality of life.
Opioid Prescribing and Outcomes in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease Post–2016 CDC Guideline
Authors: Kang Hyeun Ah , Wang Bofei , Barner Jamie C. , Ataga Kenneth I. , Mignacca Robert C. , Chang Alicia , Zhang Yahan
Published: March 2024

Importance

Although the intention of the 2016 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain was not to limit pain treatment for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), clinicians and patients have recognized the possibility that the guideline may have altered outcomes for this population. However, the outcomes of the 2016 guideline for this patient population are unknown.

Objective

To examine changes in opioid prescribing patterns and health outcomes among patients with SCD before and after the release of the 2016 CDC guideline.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study conducted interrupted time series analysis of claims data from the Merative MarketScan Commercial Database from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2019. In this population-based study in the US, individuals with SCD who were at least 1 year of age, had no cancer diagnosis, and had pharmacy coverage for the month of measurement were included. The data were analyzed from January 2021 to November 2023.

Exposure

The CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain released in March 2016.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main variables measured in this study included the practice of opioid prescribing among patients with SCD (ie, rate of opioid prescriptions dispensed, mean number of days supplied, mean total morphine milligram equivalents [MME] per patient, and mean daily MME per opioid prescription) and pain-related health outcomes (rates of emergency department visits related to vaso-occlusive crises [VOC] and hospitalizations related to VOC).

Results

The cohort included 14 979 patients with SCD (mean [SD] age, 25.9 [16.9] years; 8520 [56.9%] female). Compared with the preguideline trends, after the guideline was released, there was no change in opioid dispensing rate (−0.01 [95% CI, −0.04 to 0.02]) prescriptions per 100 person-month; P = .56), but there were significant decreases in the number of days supplied per prescription (−0.05 [95% CI, −0.06 to −0.04] days per prescription-month; P < .001) and opioid dosage (−40.0 [95% CI, −60.9 to −19.0] MME per person-month; P = .001; −10.1 [95% CI, −14.6 to −5.6] MME/prescription-month; P < .001). Conversely, significant increases in VOC-related emergency department visits (0.04 [95% CI, 0.02-0.05] visits per 100 person-month; P < .001) and hospitalizations (0.07 [95% CI, 0.05-0.1] hospitalizations per 100 person-month; P < .001) occurred after the guideline release. These changes were observed to a greater extent among adult patients, but pediatric patients experienced similar changes in several measures, even though the guideline focused exclusively on adult patients.

Conclusions and Relevance

This retrospective cohort study showed that the 2016 CDC guideline may have had unintended negative outcomes on the patient population living with SCD.
Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus With Continuous Intravenous Anesthetic Drugs
Authors: Au Yu Kan , Kananeh Mohammed F. , Rahangdale Rahul , Moore Timothy Eoin , Panza Gregory A. , Gaspard Nicolas , Hirsch Lawrence J. , Fernandez Andres , Shah Syed Omar
Published: March 2024

Importance

Multiple continuous intravenous anesthetic drugs (CIVADs) are available for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus (RSE). There is a paucity of data comparing the different types of CIVADs used for RSE.

Objective

To systematically review and compare outcome measures associated with the initial CIVAD choice in RSE in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Evidence Review

Data sources included English and non-English articles using Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science (January 1994-June 2023) as well as manual search. Study selection included peer-reviewed studies of 5 or more patients and at least 1 patient older than 12 years with status epilepticus refractory to a benzodiazepine and at least 1 standard antiseizure medication, treated with continuously infused midazolam, ketamine, propofol, pentobarbital, or thiopental. Independent extraction of articles was performed using prespecified data items. The association between outcome variables and CIVAD was examined with an analysis of variance or χ2test where appropriate. Binary logistic regressions were used to examine the association between outcome variables and CIVAD with etiology, change in mortality over time, electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring (continuous vs intermittent), and treatment goal (seizure vs burst suppression) included as covariates. Risk of bias was addressed by listing the population and type of each study.

Findings

A total of 66 studies with 1637 patients were included. Significant differences among CIVAD groups in short-term failure, hypotension, and CIVAD substitution during treatment were observed. Non–epilepsy-related RSE (vs epilepsy-related RSE) was associated with a higher rate of CIVAD substitution (60 of 120 [50.0%] vs 11 of 43 [25.6%]; odds ratio [OR], 3.11; 95% CI, 1.44-7.11;P = .006) and mortality (98 of 227 [43.2%] vs 7 of 63 [11.1%]; OR, 17.0; 95% CI, 4.71-109.35;P < .001). Seizure suppression was associated with mortality (OR, 7.72; 95% CI, 1.77-39.23;P = .005), but only a small subgroup was available for analysis (seizure suppression: 17 of 22 [77.3%] from 3 publications vs burst suppression: 25 of 98 [25.5%] from 12 publications). CIVAD choice and EEG type were not predictors of mortality. Earlier publication year was associated with mortality, although the observation was no longer statistically significant after adjusting SEs for clustering.

Conclusions and Relevance

Epilepsy-related RSE was associated with lower mortality compared with other RSE etiologies. A trend of decreasing mortality over time was observed, which may suggest an effect of advances in neurocritical care. The overall data are heterogeneous, which limits definitive conclusions on the choice of optimal initial CIVAD in RSE treatment.
MR‐linac MLC positioning QA by digitally stitching dual double‐exposed films
Authors: Sun Sheng‐Hsuan , Kollitz Erika , Tseng Wen‐Chih , Schwarz Amanda , Maloney Luke , Li Jonathan , Liu Chihray , Yan Guanghua
Published: March 2024

Purpose

The picket fence (PF) test is highly recommended for multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) quality assurance. However, since the electronic portal imaging device (EPID) on the Elekta Unity only covers a small area, it is not feasible to perform the PF test for the entire MLC. Here, we propose a technique for the PF test by stitching two double‐exposed films.

Methods

Two EBT3 films were used to encompass the entire MLC, with each one covering one half of the area. Two fields were employed to apply double exposure: a PF pattern consisting of 11 2 mm wide pickets and a 2.84 cm x 22 cm open field. The edges of the open field defined by the diaphragms were used to correct film rotation as well as align them horizontally. The PF pattern was also measured with the EPID where the pickets were used to align the films vertically. Individual leaf positions were detected on the merged film for quantitative analysis. Various MLC positioning errors were introduced to evaluate the technique's sensitivity.

Results

The merged films covered 72 leaf pairs properly (four leaf pairs on both sides were outside the treatment couch). With the EPID, the leaf positioning accuracy was ‐0.02 ± 0.07 mm (maximum: 0.29 mm) and the picket width variation was 0.00 ± 0.03 mm (maximum: 0.11 mm); with the films, the position accuracy and width variation were ‐0.03 ± 0.13 mm (maximum: 0.80 mm) and 0.00 ± 0.13 mm (maximum: 0.74 mm), respectively. The EPID was able to detect errors of 0.5 mm or above with submillimeter accuracy; the films were only able to detect errors > 1.0 mm.

Conclusion

We developed a quantitative technique for the PF test on the Elekta Unity. The merged films covered nearly the entire MLC leaf banks. The technique exhibited clinically acceptable accuracy and sensitivity to MLC positioning errors.
Ion‐Sieving Effect Enabled by Sulfonation of Cellulose Separator Realizing Dendrite‐Free Zn Deposition
Authors: Zhou Weijun , Yang Ming , Chen Minfeng , Zhang Guifeng , Han Xiang , Chen Jizhang , Ma Dingtao , Zhang Peixin
Published: March 2024

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) hold great potential for grid‐scale energy storage systems, owing to their intrinsic safety and low cost. Nevertheless, their industrialization faces challenges of severe Zn dendrites and parasitic reactions. In this study, sulfonated cellulose separator (denoted as CF‐SO3) with low thickness, exceptional mechanical strength, and large ionic conductivity is developed. Benefiting from the electrostatic repulsion between ─SO3− functional groups and SO42− anions and the strongly interaction between ─SO3− and Zn2+ cations, the migration of SO42− anions can be restricted, the 2D diffusion of Zn2+ ions at the surface of Zn electrode can be suppressed, and the desolvation of hydrated Zn2+ ions can be promoted. Concurrently, the homogeneous nanochannels within CF‐SO3 separator can ensure uniform electric field and Zn2+ ion flux. With these benefits, the CF‐SO3 separator enables Zn//Zn cells to run stably for 1200 h at 4 mAh cm−2 by facilitating oriented and dendrite‐free Zn deposition. Under a large depth of discharge of 68.3%, a life span of 400 h can still be achieved. Additionally, the reliability of CF‐SO3 separator is confirmed in Zn//MnO2 and Zn//H11Al2V6O23.2 full batteries with high mass loading conditions. This work provides valuable guidance for the advancement of high‐performance separators of AZIBs.
Dynamic Hyperspectral Holography Enabled by Inverse‐Designed Metasurfaces with Oblique Helicoidal Cholesterics
Authors: Kim Joohoon , Im Jun‐Hyung , So Sunae , Choi Yeongseon , Kang Hyunjung , Lim Bogyu , Lee Minjae , Kim Young‐Ki , Rho Junsuk
Published: March 2024

Metasurfaces are flat arrays of nanostructures that allow exquisite control of phase and amplitude of incident light. Although metasurfaces offer new active element for both fundamental science and applications, the challenge still remains to overcome their low information capacity and passive nature. Here, by integrating an inverse‐designed‐metasurface with oblique helicoidal cholesteric liquid crystal (ChOH), simultaneous spatial and spectral tunable metasurfaces with a high information capacity for dynamic hyperspectral holography, are demonstrated. The inverse design facilitates a single‐phase map encoding of ten independent holographic images at different wavelengths. ChOH provides precise spectral modulation with narrow bandwidth and wide tunable regime in response to programmed stimuli, thus enabling dynamic switching of the multicolor holography. The results provide simple and generalizable principles for the rational design of interactive metasurfaces that will find numerous applications, including security platform.
Color‐Tunable Luminescence of Eu‐Doped LaF3 Particles Sensitized by d–f Energy Transfer from a Two‐Photon Absorbing Ir(III) Complex
Authors: Ye Yating , Jiménez Juan‐Ramón , Quesada‐Moreno María Mar , Navarro Amparo , Ortega‐Naranjo Esther M. , Orte Angel , Herrera Juan Manuel
Published: March 2024

The surface of Eu0.3La0.7F3 submicron particles is functionalized with a blue‐emitting Ir(III) complex (1) specifically designed to coordinate lanthanide(III) ions efficiently through a carboxylic unit. In this Eu0.3La0.7F3@1 composite, the Ir(III) complexes are randomly coordinated to either superficial La(III) ions or Eu(III) ions (Ir‐Lasurface and Ir‐Eusurface pairs, respectively) and its color emission, a balance between blue (Ir‐based) and red (Eu‐based) light, can be tuned as a function of the excitation wavelength. Irradiation at the maximum of the excitation band in 1 promotes blue emission from Ir‐Lasurface pairs and red emission from Eusurface ions sensitized by Ir → Eusurface energy transfer (EnT). At λexc = 396 nm (maximum of the Eu(III) 5L6 ← 7F0 absorption band) the red emission from inner Eu(III) ions becomes dominant. Excitation of 1 can also be achieved by two photon‐absorption (TPA) since this complex has a moderate cross‐section of σ2 = 9.4 ± 1.0 GM at 780 nm (σ2 = 5.8 ± 0.6 GM at 800 nm). Phosphorescence lifetime imaging (PLIM) allows the emission of individual particles to be visualized and the Ir‐, Eusurface‐, and Eucore‐based emissions can be distinguished due to the significant differences in their respective emission lifetimes.
High‐Resolution Printed Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Based Strain Sensor for Impact Sensing
Authors: Nazari Pariya , Zimmermann Johannes , Melzer Christian , Kowalsky Wolfgang , Aghassi‐Hagmann Jasmin , Hernandez‐Sosa Gerardo , Lemmer Uli
Published: March 2024

The strongly growing interest in digitalizing society requires simple and reliable strain‐sensing concepts. In this work, a highly sensitive stretchable sensor is presented using a straightforward and scalable printing method. The piezoresistive sensor consists of conductive core–shell microspheres embedded in an elastomer. As the elastomer, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is employed as an efficient and cost‐effective alternative compared to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). EVA allows for a significantly lower percolation threshold and low hysteresis compared with PDMS. Using 35 µm microspheres, a detection limit of 0.01% is achieved. When using 4 µm microspheres, the sensor shows a detection limit of 0.015% and electromechanical robustness against 1000 cycles of 0–1% strain. The stretchable strain sensor is successfully implemented as an impact sensor and a diaphragm expansion monitoring sensor. Fast (20 ms) and high‐resolution response as well as mechanical robustness to strain values greater than the linear working range of the sensor are demonstrated. The results of this research indicate the promising potential of employing conductive microspheres embedded in the EVA matrix for fast and precise strain detection applications.
Cutting‐Edge Technology for Early Intervention in Myocardial Infarction: Portable Fingertips‐Based Immunobiosensor
Authors: Yu Zhichao , Wu Di , Gao Yuan , Wang Yunsen , Zeng Yongyi , Tang Dianping , Liu Xiaolong
Published: March 2024

Early intervention in acute myocardial infarction can minimize myocardial damage and improve patient survival. Herein, a low‐cost device‐free portable immunobiosensing platform for flexible monitoring of immediate myocardial infarction is reported. CuS‐Pt nanofragments (CuS‐Pt NFs) with high photothermal conversion efficiency (≈26.41%) are synthesized by liquid‐phase polarity‐mediated synthesis. The CuS NFs are loaded in situ with platinum (Pt) nanoreactors using a solvothermal reduction strategy, which is employed to enhance the efficiency of gas production. The resulting CuS‐Pt nanocatalysts are encapsulated within liposomes for signal cascade amplification. Specifically, cardiac troponin I (cTn I), a target biomarker in serum, is captured on pre‐modified microtiter plates and formed into a classical sandwich model. The thermo‐chemically kinetically enhanced CuS‐Pt reactor is released through a one‐step chemical treatment and transferred to a closed gas generator. Under the excitation of a near‐infrared laser emitter, the internal pressure in the gas generator device increases with time and drives the carbon quantum dot solution in the connected hose. The moving distance shows a correlation with the target concentration. This work provides a new implementation for the development of low‐cost, efficient pressure immunosensors without the requirement of a readout device.
Technoeconomic and Emissions Analysis of the Hybrid Redox Process for the Production of Acetic Acid with CO2 Utilization
Authors: Haribal Vasudev , Iftikhar Sherafghan , Tong Andrew , Rayer Aravind , Sanderson Corry , Li Fanxing , Neal Luke
Published: March 2024

The production of oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as acetic acid, using captured CO2 is a promising pathway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the chemical industry. The use of a chemical looping‐based hybrid redox process (HRP) is proposed to convert CO2 and natural gas into separate CO and syngas streams that can be used to produce various commodity oxygenates, while allowing the beneficial utilization of captured CO2. Here, a detailed technoeconomic analysis of HRP applied to the production of acetic acid is presented. Emissions and energy analyses show the ability of HRP to lower the CO2 emissions for acetic acid synthesis by 74% compared to a conventional steam and autothermal reforming route. HRP also offers a potential 34% reduction in capital costs. Compared to a dry reforming based acetic acid production route, HRP has the potential for significantly lower costs. If integrated with a low carbon energy source, HRP has the potential to achieve a negative emission of greenhouse gas (‐0.50 kg CO2 per kg acetic acid).
Cysteine‐Specific Multifaceted Bioconjugation of Peptides and Proteins Using 5‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazines
Authors: Zuo Quan , Li Yiping , Lai Xuanliang , Bao Guangjun , Chen Lu , He Zeyuan , Song Xinyi , E Ruiyao , Wang Pengxin , Shi Yuntao , Luo Huixin , Sun Wangsheng , Wang Rui
Published: March 2024

Peptide and protein postmodification have gained significant attention due to their extensive impact on biomolecule engineering and drug discovery, of which cysteine‐specific modification strategies are prominent due to their inherent nucleophilicity and low abundance. Herein, the study introduces a novel approach utilizing multifunctional 5‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazine derivatives to achieve multifaceted bioconjugation targeting cysteine‐containing peptides and proteins. On the one hand, this represents an inaugural instance of employing 1,2,3‐triazine in biomolecular‐specific modification within a physiological solution. On the other hand, as a powerful combination of precision modification and biorthogonality, this strategy allows for the one‐pot dual‐orthogonal functionalization of biomolecules utilizing the aldehyde group generated simultaneously. 1,2,3‐Triazine derivatives with diverse functional groups allow conjugation to peptides or proteins, while bi‐triazines enable peptide cyclization and dimerization. The examination of the stability of bi‐triazines revealed their potential for reversible peptide modification. This work establishes a comprehensive platform for identifying cysteine‐selective modifications, providing new avenues for peptide‐based drug development, protein bioconjugation, and chemical biology research.
Oxide Semiconductor Memristor‐Based Optoelectronic Synaptic Devices With Quaternary Memory Storage
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Hyeon , Lee Hye Jin , Kim Hee‐Jin , Choi Jongyun , Oh Jae‐Hyeok , Choi Dae‐Choul , Byun Jisu , Ahn Seung‐Eon , Lee Sung‐Nam
Published: March 2024

A pioneering integration of oxide semiconductor memristors with optoelectronic features is presented, surpassing binary limitations to realize multi‐valued synaptic operations. Through Pt/Ga2O3/Pt memristors, their structural and electronic attributes via atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy are explored. Demonstrating unipolar resistance switching with remarkable endurance and retention, the devices exhibit intricate light‐resistance correlations, yielding substantial photoelectric effects in distinct resistance states. Investigating synaptic behaviors, potentiation, and depression akin to biological synapses are unveiled, facilitating learning and memory processes. The standout achievement lies in attaining quaternary memory storage within a single device. Empirical data and simulations validate this concept, showcasing the potential for encoding and sustaining multiple memory states. This innovation heralds transformative possibilities, emphasizing oxide semiconductor memristors as a gateway to quaternary memory storage and enhanced synaptic functions. In essence, this work pioneers optoelectronic synaptic devices with expanded memory capabilities.
Iridium Oxide Coordinatively Unsaturated Active Sites Govern the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Water
Authors: Velasco Vélez Juan Jesús , Bernsmeier Denis , Mom Rik V. , Zeller Patrick , Shao‐Horn Yang , Roldan Cuenya Beatriz , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Schlögl Robert , Jones Travis E.
Published: March 2024

A special membrane electrode assembly to measure operando X‐ray absorption spectra and resonant photoemission spectra of mesoporous templated iridium oxide films is used. These films are calcined to different temperatures to mediate the catalyst activity. By combining operando resonant photoemission measurements of different films with ab initio simulations these are able to unambiguously distinguish µ2‐O (bridging oxygen) and µ1‐O (terminal oxygen) in the near‐surface regions of the catalysts. The intrinsic activity of iridium oxide scales with the formation of µ1‐O (terminal oxygen) is found. Importantly, it is shown that the peroxo species do not accumulate under reaction conditions. Rather, the formation of µ1‐O species, which are active in O−O bond formation during the OER, is the most oxidized oxygen species observed, which is consistent with an O−O rate‐limiting step. Thus, the oxygen species taking part in the electrochemical oxidation of water on iridium electrodes are more involved and complex than previously stated. This result highlights the importance of employing theory together with true and complementary operando measurements capable of probing different aspects of catalysts surfaces during operation.
Nitric Acid‐Mediated Artificial Urea Photo‐Synthesis With N2 And CO2
Authors: Shi Chuanwei , Xia Kai , Zhang Linlin , Guo Mingxia , Guan Xiping , Gu ChunLei , Yang Xiaolong , Wang Yong , Liu Xia , Ding Xin
Published: March 2024

Photocatalytic urea synthesis, utilizing N2 and CO2 as feedstock and sustainable solar energy, represents an environmentally friendly and promising alternative strategy. However, the conventional unidirectional gas phase co‐reduction techniques typically employes pose stringent demands for the design of key catalysts, reaction control, mass transfer, and other aspects, due to the disparity in physical properties, structure, and catalytic kinetics between N2 and CO2. Herein, Ru‐TiO2 is synthesized and employed as an effective catalyst for urea photo‐synthesis through a nitric acid‐mediated pathway combining nitrogen oxidation and subsequent kinetically advantageous nitrate and CO2 co‐reduction. A urea yield of 24.95 µmol h−1 g−1cat. is obtained through an innovative intermittent illumination method, AQE values of 4.7% and 6.3% at 380 and 420 nm, respectively. The remarkable photo‐activity is attributed to its unique oxygen vacancy‐anchored Ru nanostructure (Ru‐O4Ti1), which effectively activates inert N2 molecules to minish the disparity of orbital energy levels, facilitates the formation of crucial *NN(OH) intermediates, and serves as an “electronic pump” to avoid electronegativity effect for facilitating electron transfer from nitrogen to TiO2 support for urea photosynthesis. This study presents groundbreaking insights for nitrogen oxidation activation and provides brand‐new ideas for the direct resource utilization of nitrogen.
Dupilumab prevents nasal epithelial function alteration by IL‐4 in vitro: Evidence for its efficacy
Authors: Fieux Maxime , Carsuzaa Florent , Bellanger Yvan , Bartier Sophie , Fournier Virginie , Lecron Jean Claude , Bainaud Matthieu , Louis Bruno , Tringali Stéphane , Dufour Xavier , Coste André , Favot Laure , Bequignon Emilie
Published: March 2024

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) is a typical type 2 inflammation involving interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐13. Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting IL‐4 receptor α subunit, thereby blocking signaling by both cytokines. Our hypothesis was that IL‐4 and IL‐13, by inducing a severe epithelial dysregulation, are involved in CRSwNP pathogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro direct effect of IL‐4, IL‐13, and dupilumab on nasal epithelial functions.

Methods

Nasal polyps and control mucosa from 28 patients, as well as human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) from 35 patients with CRSwNP were used. Three major epithelial functions were investigated: the epithelial barrier function (characterized by transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and tight junction protein expression), the ciliary motion (characterized by the ciliary beating efficiency index), and wound healing (characterized by the wound repair rate) under various stimulations (IL‐4, IL‐13, and dupilumab). The main outcome was a significant change in epithelial functions following exposure to IL‐4, IL‐13, and dupilumab for 48 h in the basal media.

Results

IL‐4 (1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) but not IL‐13 induced a significant decrease in occludin and zonula‐occludens protein expression, ciliary beating efficiency, and wound repair rate in HNEC. Dupilumab (0.04 mg/mL) had no effect on HNEC and specifically restored all epithelial functions altered when cells were exposed to a 48‐h IL‐4 stimulation.

Conclusion

Dupilumab, in vitro, restored epithelial integrity by counteracting the effect of IL‐4 on the epithelial barrier (increased epithelial permeability, decreased ciliary beating efficiency, and decreased wound repair rate).
Photocatalytic Upcycling and Depolymerization of Vinyl Polymers
Authors: Parkatzidis Kostas , Wang Hyun Suk , Anastasaki Athina
Published: March 2024

Photocatalytic upcycling and depolymerization of vinyl polymers have emerged as promising strategies to combat plastic pollution and promote a circular economy. This mini review critically summarizes current developments in the upcycling and degradation of vinyl polymers including polystyrene and poly(meth)acrylates. Of these material classes, polymethacrylates possess the unique possibility to undergo a photocatalytic depolymerization back to monomer under thermodynamically favourable conditions, thus presenting significant advantages over traditional thermal strategies. Our perspective on current formidable challenges and potential future directions are also discussed.
Exploring helix structures of γ‐peptides based on 2‐(aminomethyl)cyclopentanecarboxylic acid
Authors: Park Hae Sook , Lee Joo Yun , Kang Young Kee
Published: March 2024

Conformational search and density functional theory calculations were performed to explore the preferences of helical structures for chiro‐specific oligo‐γ‐peptides of 2‐(aminomethyl)cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (γAmc5) with a cyclopentyl constraint on the Cα–Cβ bond in solution. The dimer and tetramer of γAmc5 (1) with homochiral (1S, 2S) configurations exhibited a strong preference for the 9‐membered helix foldamer in solution, except for the tetramer in water. However, the oligomers of γAmc5 (1) longer than tetramer preferentially adopted a right‐handed (P)‐2.614‐helix (H1‐14) as the peptide sequence becomes longer and as solvent polarity increases. The high stabilities for H1‐14 foldamers of γAmc5 (1) in solution were ascribed to the favored solvation free energies. The calculated mean backbone torsion angles for H1‐14 helix foldamers of γAmc5 (1) were similar to those calculated for oligomers of other γ‐residues with cyclopentane or cyclohexane rings. However, the substitution of cyclopentane constraints on the Cα−Cβ bond of the γAmc5 (1) residue resulted in different conformational preferences and/or handedness of helix foldamers. In particular, the pyrrolidine‐substituted analogs of the H1‐14 foldamers of γAmc5 (1) with adjacent amine diads substituted at a proximal distance are expected to be potential catalysts for the crossed aldol condensation in nonpolar and polar solvents.
Trifluoroacetyl‐effect on amino‐single benzene‐based fluorophores: Synthesis, optical properties, and cytotoxicity
Authors: Jin Ji Hye , Kim Dopil , Kang Jisoo , Lee Sangho , An Jong Min , Kim Min , Kim Dokyoung
Published: March 2024

Amino‐single benzene‐based fluorophores (SBBFs) are representative small‐size fluorescent dyes that have an electron push‐pull structure within the benzene core. In this work, a new library of amino‐SBBFs, which have trifluoroacetyl moiety at the electron‐pushing amine group (named SBBF‐TFA), featuring a variety of methylamines, dimethylamines, as well as acetyl. To explore the SBBF‐TFA library, we conducted (i) library synthesis, (ii) assessment of various photophysical properties in nine different types of organic/aqueous solvents, and (iii) evaluation of cytotoxicity in the HeLa cell line. We believe that our findings provide valuable insights for advancing novel small‐molecule fluorescent probes and materials with diverse applications across pharmacochemical fields.
In Silico and In Vitro Screening of Some Pregnane Glycosides Isolated from Certain Caralluma Species as SARS‐COV‐2 Main Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Abdel‐Sattar Essam , Kutkat Omnia , El‐Shiekh Riham A. , El‐Ashrey Mohamed K. , El Kerdawy Ahmed M.
Published: March 2024

SARS‐CoV‐2 caused pandemic represented a major risk for the worldwide human health, animal health and economy, forcing extraordinary efforts to discover drugs for its prevention and cure. Considering the extensive interest in the pregnane glycosides because of their diverse structures and excellent biological activities, we investigated them as antiviral agents against SARS‐COV‐2. We selected 21 pregnane glycosides previously isolated from the genus Caralluma from Asclepiadaceae family to be tested through virtual screening molecular docking simulations for their potential inhibition of SARS‐CoV‐2 Mpro. Almost all target compounds showed a more or equally negative docking energy score relative to the co‐crystallized inhibitor X77 (S=−12.53 kcal/mol) with docking score range of (−12.55 to −19.76 kcal/mol) and so with a potent predicted binding affinity to the target enzyme. The activity of the most promising candidates was validated by in vitro testing. Arabincoside C showed the highest activity (IC50=35.42 μg/ml) and the highest selectivity index (SI=9.9) followed by Russelioside B (IC50=50.80 μg/ml), and Arabincoside B (IC50=53.31 μg/ml).