bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Tube Thoracostomy on Oxygenation in ICU Patients
Authors: de Waele J. J. , Hoste E. , Benoit D. , Vandewoude K. , Delaere S. , Berrevoet F. , Colardyn F.
Published: April 2003

Previous research found that in noncritically ill patients, thoracocentesis has an unpredictable effect on oxygenation, possibly due to re-expansion pulmonary edema and systemic hypotension. The authors performed a retrospective analysis to study the effect of tube thoracostomy on oxygenation in ICU patients, and the complications associated with it. The authors reviewed the charts of 58 ICU patients in whom 74 procedures were performed. Demographic data, APACHE II score, and indication for thoracocentesis were retrieved from the patient’s file. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio was calculated before, 12, 24, and 48 hours after tube thoracostomy. PaO2/FiO2 ratios at the mentioned time intervals were compared using 1-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with a good response to treatment. Age of the patients was 53 ± 19.0 years (range, 17-88), APACHE II score was 21 ± 8.3 (range, 6-38), and median length of stay was 13.5 days (interquartile range, 7-25). The volume drained during the first 24 hours was 1077 ± 667 ml. PaO2/FiO2 ratio was 185 ± 79.3 before chest drainage, 197 ± 79.1 at 12 hours, 217 ± 88.9 at 24 hours, and 233 ± 99.8 at 48 hours. In only 54% of the procedures, a response to therapy was present. Multivariate analysis identified a PaO2/FiO2 below 180 to be independently associated with improvement in oxygenation. At 24 and 48 hours, the PaO2/FiO2 ratio was significantly higher than before drainage ( P < .001). There were 13 complications in 11 procedures (14.9%). The authors’ results suggest that tube thoracostomy can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of selected patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure in the ICU. A low PaO2/FiO2 seems to be a good predictor of response to therapy. However, the complication rate is considerable, especially in patients with a prolonged ICU stay.
Synthesis, Physical Properties and Preliminary Investigation of Hemocompatibility of Polyurethanes from Aliphatic Resources with Castor Oil Participation
Authors: Szelest-Lewandowska A. , Masiulanis B. , Klocke A. , Glasmacher B.
Published: April 2003

The synthesis of polyurethanes (PURs) from oligoetherdiol, two low molecular diols, castor oil and 4,4′-Methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) is described. These polymers are characterized by measurements of the mechanical bulk and surface properties, preliminary investigation of compatibility with human blood and calcification in static conditions.

The critical surface energy of synthesized PURs is similar to the critical surface energy of natural surfaces. Material-induced hemolysis and the changes of platelet counts in blood samples after contact with PURs are very low. Static seven-weeks-calcification testing in a synthetic calcification fluid did not indicate calcification by optical density measurements and by visual inspection and computer image processing of the X-ray films for PURs with and without castor oil.
Preparation and Characterization of the Inclusion Complex of Furosemide with Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Vlachou Marilena , Papaïoannou George
Published: April 2003

A highly hydrophobic drug, furosemide, was treated with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin in an attempt to produce modified compounds with increased water solubility. Following a freeze-drying process, the interactions of furosemide and cyclodextrin led to the formation of an inclusion complex, whose dissolution rate in water was studied by the solubility method. Furthermore, mechanical mixtures of furosemide and cyclodextrin were also prepared and tested for their solubility. The reaction products were characterized in the solid state by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which provided some evidence about complexation. Additional evidence was obtained by recording the 1HNMR spectra of aqueous solutions of these same products. The study of phase solubility was based on the Higuchi & Connors method and showed an impressive enhancement of the miscibility of furosemide with water. In fact, a 11 fold increase of the drug solubility was recorded for the inclusion complex, in the first stages of dissolution. The experimental results of this work show that 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin isan efficient complexation agent for furosemide. Combination of those two substances can be carried out by simple techniques, providing easy control and the obtained inclusion complex is characterized by acceptable water solubility and increased dissolution rate.
Distance Education: a Bibliographic Review for Educational Planners and Policymakers 1992-2002
Authors: Bishop John S. , Spake Deborah F.
Published: April 2003

Distance education is a growing area of interest in the academic literature. An explosion of articles has appeared in recent years documenting this trend at postsecondary institutions. The topics addressed in the literature include the demand for distance education, its acceptance by students and instructors, the quality of distance learning, the methods of delivery, the economic impact of providing distance education, and the technological requirements necessary for the delivery of online courses. This bibliography focuses on the academic literature of the last decade and provides an overview for planners and policymakers in their attempt to develop quality distance education programs.
Investigative Experience and Accuracy in Psychological Profiling of a Violent Crime
Authors: Kocsis Richard N. , Hayes Andrew F. , Irwin Harvey J.
Published: April 2003

Although psychological profiling has achieved wide acceptance in law enforcement investigations, there has been little empirical research into the skills required for profiling. One attribute that is frequently cited as quintessential for effective profiling is experience in police investigations. In a study similar in design to Kocsis, Irwin, Hayes, and Nunn, this study examined the importance in profiling of investigative experience by testing groups of homicide detectives, senior police detectives, trainee detectives, police recruits, and undergraduate chemistry students. The chemistry students tended to produce the most accurate profiles of the perpetrator of a closed homicide case. Of all the groups, the chemistry students most consistently outperformed a control group given no information about the case when constructing a profile of the offender. There was also some evidence of an inverse relationship between investigative experience and profile accuracy.
Patterns of Interaction Within Violent Families
Authors: Urquiza Anthony J. , Timmer Susan G.
Published: April 2003

During the past two decades, there has been a tremendous growth in research related to interpersonal violence. From this research, researchers have acquired a greater understanding of the risk factors associated with abusive and violent events, the consequences of being victimized, and the characteristics of victims and perpetrators. One area yet to be fully explored involves the interactional processes between a victim and a perpetrator. This article provides a brief description of the advantages of examining the contextual aspects of interpersonal violence, describes a promising observational analysis technique that may prove enlightening to current interpersonal violence research, and describes some limitations of the application of social interaction research to violent relationships. The article “Antecedents of Coercive Interactions in Physically Abusive Mother-Child Dyads” (from this issue) is presented as an example of the value of behavioral observational methods in interpersonal violence research.
Acute Stress Disorder in Victims of Robbery and Victims of Assault
Authors: Elklit Ask
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine acute distress in a group of 65 shop employees, of which 72% had been victims of armed robbery and the others had suffered life-threatening circumstances, physical or psychological assault or captivity, or they had seen people being injured or killed. In all, 25% suffered from acute stress disorder. A number of associations were found between background variables (gender, age, marital status, education, and life events) and traumatization, symptomatology, defense style, social support, and coping style. Previous workplace training in relation to robbery was not associated with symptoms. Gender, marriage, contact to other victims, optimism, and anxiety explained 60% of the acute stress disorder variance.
Findings From a Community-Based Program for Battered Women and Their Children
Authors: Sullivan Cris M. , Bybee Deborah I. , Allen Nicole E.
Published: April 2003

The effectiveness of a strengths-and community-based support and advocacy intervention for battered women and their children was examined. The study included a longitudinal, experimental design and employed multimethod strategies to measure children's exposure to abuse and their self-competence over a period of 8 months. Maternal experience of abuse and maternal well-being were also assessed. The experimental intervention involved advocacy for mothers and their children and a 10-week support and education group for the children. Families in the experimental condition received the free services of a trained paraprofessional for 6 to 8 hours per week over 16 weeks. Eighty mothers and their 80 children participated in the study. Findings were modest but promising. Children in the experimental condition reported significantly higher self-competence in several domains compared to children in the control group. The intervention caused improvement in women's depression and self-esteem over time. Policy, practice and research implications are discussed.
Predictors of Physical and Emotional Health in a Sample of Abused Australian Women
Authors: Parker Glennys , Lee Christina
Published: April 2003

This study investigated the extent to which aspects of abuse and of help seeking were associated with physical and emotional health. A total of 1,168 women aged 48 to 53, identified from the mid-age cohort of the Women’s Health Australia longitudinal project as having experienced abuse, completed self-report questionnaires. Descriptors of the abuse and of help seeking were used in an attempt to predict scores on the SF-36 physical and mental health summary measures, GHQ-12, and the CES-D depression scale. Although relationships were apparent in the data, all predictors together accounted for less than 25% of the variance in outcome measures, indicating that a history of abuse is only one aspect of a woman’s life that impacts on her general wellbeing. Future investigations would benefit from a focus on personal coping characteristics that are predictive of positive outcomes to identify strategies that help women survive abuse experiences
Investigation of Attitude Change in a Rape Prevention Program
Authors: Johansson-Love Jill , Geer James H.
Published: April 2003

This study investigated the effect of previously held rape myth attitudes and the accessibility of those attitudes on attitude change produced by a videotape previously used in successful rape prevention programs. Participants were 151 volunteering undergraduate males at a large southern university. Analyses revealed that participants were consistent in their responding over time. These findings argued that the data were reliable. Consistent with previous research, it was found that a commercially available videotape designed to reduce rape myth attitudes was effective. Rape myth attitudes were lower at both the immediate and the subsequent (2 weeks) assessments. The variables of Attitude Accessibility and previously held Rape Myth Attitude Levels were hypothesized to be related to both attitude change and memory for the material designed to change attitudes. However, although rape myth attitudes were lowered, the effect was unrelated to previously held Rape Myth Attitude Level or Attitude Accessibility.
Development and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Abuse Within Intimate Relationships Scale
Authors: Borjesson Wiveca I. , Aarons Gregory A. , Dunn Michael E.
Published: April 2003

To facilitate development of effective prevention programs, there is a need to identify precursors to intimate partner violence. As a first step in this direction, this study was designed to develop a psychometrically sound measure of intimate partner abuse for young adults. Potential items were derived by examining existing measures and from responses of a sample of college students to four open-ended questions. A second sample of college students completed all items, and responses were subjected to exploratory factor analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis. Results indicated that two general factors (physical and psychological abuse) with five subfactors (overt violence, restricting acts, emotional abuse, deceptive behaviors, and verbal abuse) were confirmable with excellent fit indices. The newly developed measure could shed light on early predictors of abusive behavior and provide a foundation for new early intervention strategies.
Nonfatal Workplace Violence Risk Factors
Authors: Scalora Mario J. , Washington David O’neil , Casady Thomas , Newell Sarah P.
Published: April 2003

A total of 281 cases investigated by a Midwestern law enforcement agency were analyzed to identify risk factors relevant to liability. Two sets of multivariate analyses were performed to assess the role of external (i.e., nonemployees) as well as internal threats (i.e., coworkers or domestic violence). Discriminant analysis indicates that assaults stemming from persons external to the workplace are more likely to affect male staff members, be particularly related to customer service concerns, involve prior threats, and involve increased risk related to perpetrators’ prior criminal histories. Regarding assaults perpetrated by people internal to the workplace, discriminant analysis indicates the significance of the perpetrator-victim relationship as well as relevant incident-related variables (i.e., prior threatening behavior, presence of weapons, and presence of witnesses). The relevant policy and legal implications of the findings are discussed in detail.
Understanding Children Exposed to Violence
Authors: Saunders Benjamin E.
Published: April 2003

Although comprehensive studies examining a variety of violence types and potential outcomes are becoming more common, there continues to be an overreliance on relatively simple, single violence type, criterion group comparisons. Unfortunately, the sheer volume of what is known about different forms of childhood violence, the many potential outcomes that have been shown to be related to a history of violence in childhood, and emerging research on mediators and moderators makes conducting comprehensive research a significant theoretical and technical challenge. Complicating this situation is that vertically organized and isolated professional fields of study and practice have emerged around specific types of childhood violence and outcomes, making cross-fertilization of ideas and methods difficult. Suggestions concerning theory, methods, and professional integration are offered to promote more integration of the field of childhood violence.
Police-Resident Interactions and Satisfaction With Police: An Empirical Test of Community Policing Assertions
Authors: Hawdon James , Ryan John
Published: April 2003

There have been several studies that report a positive correlation between police resident interaction and resident satisfaction with the police and that community policing can substantially lower resident fear of crime. However, these studies failed to control for levels of community solidarity. This study uses ordinary least squares regression to predict levels of satisfaction with local police among residents of a small neighborhood in western South Carolina. Once levels of community solidarity were accounted for, positive interactions between residents and the police did not influence resident perceptions of police effectiveness. Conversely, the visible presence of officers in the neighborhood improved the residents’ opinions of the police.
A Bulwark in a Busy World
Authors: MELLOW MURIEL
Published: April 2003

This article examines the strategies male and female rural clergy use to limit professional demands and preserve time and space for their family life. Clergy like other professionals face expansive work demands that originate in the understanding of professions as a vocation and are based on a masculine organization of work. Data drawn from ethnographic interviews with twenty female and twenty male clergy suggest that these clergy use their families as a bulwark against expansive professional demands and define them as one of the few legitimate reasons for saying no to work. In doing so, they resist gendered underpinnings of the profession. Clergy accounts demonstrate how ordinary arrangements for time off (i.e., days off or vacation time) and formal methods of time management fall short of guaranteeing time for the family in this particular professional milieu. Gender differences in women's and men's strategies for protecting family time are also discussed.
Teaching Wedding Rules
Authors: CORRADO MARISA
Published: April 2003

Salespeople must educate their customers and teach them to be good consumers of products. To maximize sales and minimize potential problems, salespeople must also develop strategies to control their customer's behavior. To examine the “generic social process” of gaining control over customers, the author focuses on the bridal shop to show how workers attempt to establish themselves as professionals. In the world of bridal wear, workers and brides must maintain extensive contact over many months. Bridal workers strive to gain control over their brides' behavior by presenting a professional self. By establishing familiarity with their clients and demonstrating their expertise, bridal workers can give orders to their customers and chastise them when they deviate from appropriate behavior without fear that the customer will not return.
Anarcho-Environmentalists
Authors: SHEPHERD NICOLE
Published: April 2003

This article explores experiences of environmental activism from the viewpoint of members of a radical environment group. It is based on data collected during eight months of participant observation and through semistructured interviews with ten core members and two ex-members. Working on personal feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors (self-work) was central to the strategy for social change employed by this group. Drawing on Weber's sociology of religion, this article explores the way the high expectation the activists had of themselves matched Weber's typification of the rationally active ascetic. It is argued that asceticism is an enduring element of Western culture that takes different forms in response to historical conditions. In this case, we see a form of secular asceticism that responds to the conditions of late modernity.
Financial Knowledge, Documents, and the Structures of Financial Activities
Authors: PREDA ALEX
Published: April 2003

Starting from participant observation and interviews conducted in several European banks, the article examines how financial knowledge is constituted in the process of producing documents like research reports, analyses, and newsletters. The core argument is that documents act as organizational devices, with the help of which relationships are created, maintained, and managed across various contexts. In this perspective, the production of financial reports, analyses, and newsletters creates (1) knowledge-based networks of social relationships in which financial action is embedded and (2) stable temporal structures, thus ensuring the continuity of financial activities. On these grounds, the author argues here that knowledge-generating processes should be taken into account as an essential dimension of the structural embeddedness of financial action.
Emotionality and Social Activism
Authors: MANN RUTH M.
Published: April 2003

This article addresses the dynamics and consequences of emotionality in social movement activity through a case study of a community development effort to establish a shelter for women in a small Ontario community in the early 1990s. From the perspective of involved actors, the shelter-building initiative took on “a life of its own,” producing outcomes that contravened their goals and values, as community workers and as feminists. These included two eventualities that shelter activists were particularly anxious to avoid—an “us-against-them” vilification of a male “opposition” and the stigmatization of abused women as a “problem population.” Theoretical work on the interplay of social structures, cultural repertoires, and the emotionality of the self provides insight into how and why such seemingly “irrational” processes evolve.
Women After the Utopia
Authors: BOERI MIRIAM WILLIAMS
Published: April 2003

Research on former members of cults, also known as new religious movements, often focuses on psychological issues. Little has been written about the everyday lives of former members, and rarely has gender been placed at the center of analyses. Based on participant observation at ex-cult reunions and in-depth interviews, this analytical ethnography examines the everyday lives of women who are former members of a religious cult. Their experiences and concerns are analyzed with a focus on four qualitative themes: identity, roles, interactions, and contexts. The salient issues that emerge are alienation, depression, spiritual confusion, changing wife and mother roles, limited friendships, sexual abuse, lack of education and work history, and health concerns. The minority status of cult survivor is proposed as a core concept, and the implications of this study for intervention and future research are discussed.
Review Essay
Authors: PITTS VICTORIA
Published: April 2003

This article situates new ethnographical work in the context of the emerging field of the sociology of the body. The author outlines some of the pressing issues raised in this field surrounding the body, identity, and agency, linking them to theoretical developments in postmodern, poststructural, feminist, and other theories of contemporary culture. The author then looks at how these are addressed in new work on body modification, beauty pageants, and reproductive technologies.
Shattered Lives
Authors: ELLIS CAROLYN
Published: April 2003

During the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001, the author was on a plane headed to Dulles Airport. She narrates and analyzes her experience in terms of how she reframed and made sense of these events. After she first resisted the frame of terrorism, her perceptions were influenced by her location during the attacks as well as by personal experiences of loss, both current (her mother's and mother-in-law's deteriorating health) and past (her brother's death on a commercial airplane). Through autoethnography, she shows that everyday stories of those not directly involved in the attacks, yet devastated by what happened, merit telling. She tells this story to find personal and collective meaning in this tragedy and to provide incentive for others to tell their stories so that we might discuss and better understand the impact of what happened. The author hopes this piece will stimulate a dialogue among qualitative researchers about their role in understanding September 11th.
In The Tube At San Quentin
Authors: Comfort Megan L.
Published: April 2003

Through the imprisonment of their kin and kith, mass incarceration brings millions of women—especially poor women of color—into contact with the criminal justice system. These women experience restricted rights, diminished resources, social marginalization, and other consequences of penal confinement, even though they are legally innocent and reside outside the prison’s boundaries. This article draws on field observations in the visitor waiting area at California’s San Quentin State Prison and interviews with fifty women whose partners are incarcerated to illuminate one facet of the regulation and distortion of women’s lives that occurs due to the detainment of their family members, lovers, and friends behind bars: the experience of visiting an inmate in a correctional facility. An extension of Sykes’s classic analysis of the “pains of imprisonment” to the experiences of prison visitors suggests that women experience a form of “secondary prisonization” through their sustained contact with the correctional institution.
Respectability And Autonomy
Authors: Schalet Amy , Hunt Geoffrey , Joe-Laidler Karen
Published: April 2003

This article explores two different discourses of sexuality among female gang members. Homegirls have long been associated with stereotypes about their sexuality—they are usually portrayed as either too sexual or not (hetero)sexual enough. Yet, in spite of these stereotypes, we know little about how female gang members themselves talk and think about sexuality. In this article, using data from the authors’ ongoing study of street gangs in the San Francisco Bay Area, the authors trace two very different discourses of sexuality among female gang members. The first discourse centers on a modern-day variation of the classic dichotomy between “good” and “bad” girls. A second discourse of “sexual autonomy” stresses the female gang members’ own sexual needs, choices, and actions. Both discourses are not solely about sex per se. They express concerns about a homegirl’s place in the social world of which she is part.
Social Class And Structures Of Feeling In Women’s Childhood Memories Of Clothing, Food, And Leisure
Authors: Nenga Sandi Kawecka
Published: April 2003

Sociological and autobiographical accounts of working-class life suggest that emotions are one important component of social class identification. In this article, the author invokes Raymond Williams’ concept, “structures of feeling,” to explain how something as private and individual as emotions can be linked to one collective identity, social class. She examines the childhood memories of twenty-seven women from working-class and middle-class backgrounds for evidence of structures of feeling. Women’s childhood memories of clothing norm violations, encountering new food, and threatening situations revealed patterned emotional responses that varied by social class. The author argues that these patterns are evidence of class-based structures of feeling manifesting on an individual level.
Studying Equality/Inequality: Naturalist and Constructionist Approaches to Equality in Marriage
Authors: Harris Scott R.
Published: April 2003

This article compares naturalist and constructionist approaches to the qualitative study of equality and inequality, and encourages more ethnographers to adopt the latter. Focusing on the subfield of marital equality, three areas of divergence are explored: sampling, interviewing, and the analysis and presentation of data. In each area, naturalists tend to obscure the diversity and complexity of respondents’ interpretations. The constructionist alternative is to make storytelling paramount by treating equality and inequality as situated narrative accomplishments. A constructionist approach focuses on respondents’ own ethnographic skills while still fitting “the data” into a larger analytic story about equality.
Empirical Evidence on the Determinants of Rent-to-Own Use and Purchase Behavior
Authors: McKernan Signe-Mary , Lacko James M. , Hastak Manoj
Published: April 2003

This study uses logit and multinomial logit models and data from a nationwide random sample of rent-to-own (RTO) customers to investigate financial, demographic, regulatory, and other factors associated with consumer use of RTO transactions and the purchase of RTO merchandise. The analysis recognizes that RTO transactions can be used for either the purchase of merchandise or a temporary rental and models the determinants of use and purchase separately for each group of customers. The study concludes that income, access to credit, education, and race are significant determinants of whether consumers use RTO transactions with the intent to purchase. The study also finds some indication that state RTO laws may affect use and purchase, although this result is less robust. The determinants differ for consumers entering RTO transactions intending to purchase and intending a temporary rental, suggesting the industry serves two separate and distinct markets. The policy implications are discussed.
Moral Dilemmas, Moral Strategies, and the Transformation of Gender
Authors: GERSON KATHLEEN
Published: April 2003

Modern societies have reconciled the dilemma between self-interest and caring for others by dividing women and men into different moral categories. Women have been expected to seek personal development by caring for others, while men care for others by sharing the rewards of their independent work achievements. Changes in work and family life have undermined this framework but have failed to offer a clear avenue for creating new resolutions. Instead, contradictory social changes have produced new moral dilemmas. Women must now seek economic self-sufficiency even as they continue to bear responsibility for the care of others. Men can reject the obligation to provide for others, but they face new pressures to become more involved fathers and partners. Facing these dilemmas, young women and men must develop innovative moral strategies to renegotiate work-family conflicts and transform traditional views of gender, but persisting institutional obstacles thwart their emerging aspirations to balance personal autonomy with caring for others. To overcome these obstacles, we need to create more humane, less gendered theoretical and social frameworks for understanding and apportioning moral obligation.
Trying on Gender, Gender Regimes, and the Process of Becoming Women
Authors: WILLIAMS L. SUSAN
Published: April 2003

This article uses two concepts—trying on gender and local gender regime—to examine adolescent gendering processes for 26 girls from two northeastern communities. Based on a four-year study, the author found that the process of becoming a woman is much more provisional than previously thought. Adolescent girls resist, experiment, and practice gender in a trying-on process; gender, race, and class structures in the communities mutually reinforce particular kinds of femininities. This article describes the gender regime of each community and examines how the gender regimes differentially shape the process of trying on gender as these girls make the transition to womanhood.
Reversal of Fortune
Authors: NEWSOME YVONNE D. , DODOO F. NII-AMOO
Published: April 2003

The earnings of African American women increased throughout the 1960s and 1970s, yet by the 1980s there were signs of a reversal. Using data from the 1980 and 1990 censuses of population, this study examines the deterioration in Black women's earnings across the 1980s. The authors ask what caused the earnings reversal given the improvements in Black women's human capital and industrial locations. The study finds that while the returns to schooling and industrial distribution improved over the decade, these gains were offset by the negative effects of changing family structure, nonmetropolitan residence, and occupational redistribution. Noteworthy is the fact that despite higher returns for public sector employment, work in this sector contributed little to Black women's changing economic status, perhaps because of cutbacks in affirmative action programs. The authors also find evidence of a widening bifurcation among African American women workers, with growing numbers of this group concentrated in the lower end of the earnings distribution.
“You've Struck a Rock”
Authors: KUUMBA M. BAHATI
Published: April 2003

In the Montgomery bus boycott and the South African anti-pass campaign, women's autonomous organizations initiated actions that catalyzed the mass movements for racial justice and national liberation. The activism of women and their organizations sprang from their particular positioning within systems of multiple oppressions simultaneously experiencing racial/ethnic, class, and gender oppression. In both the United States and South Africa, the particular structural location and autonomous resistance of women of African descent was an important aspect of the political opportunity structure and served as a catalyst that catapulted their respective movements for racial justice and/or national liberation to higher levels. This study employs a gendered and comparative approach to these two resistance campaigns to understand better the effects of interactive and multiplicative inequalities on movement processes and the gendered nature of political opportunities.
Gender Studies In Cuba
Authors: Núñez Marta
Published: April 2003

Cuban scholarly works on gender are little known outside Cuba. This article summarizes characteristics of the gender approaches used by social scientists in Cuba, stressing their methodological views, the methods they use, the non-Cuban authors who have influenced their works, and the social context in which gender studies started in Cuban academia. It includes an appendix listing works by the 24 scholars interviewed by the author.
Childfree And Feminine
Authors: Gillespie Rosemary
Published: April 2003

The roles of women and of feminine identity have been historically and traditionally constructed around motherhood. However, recent years have seen a growing trend among women to remain childless/ childfree. Drawing on interviews with 25 voluntarily childless women, this article considers the extent to which this trend results from the appeal or pull of the perceived advantages of a childfree lifestyle as well as the ways childfree women might represent a more fundamental and radical rejection of motherhood and the activities associated with it. The article concludes by considering how to recast understandings of feminine identity away from a mother-centered focus.
Gender And Elder Care In China
Authors: Zhan Heying Jenny , Montgomery Rhonda J. V.
Published: April 2003

The authors explore the changing dynamics of gendered familial caregiving in urban China within the context of economic reforms and the continued cultural influence of xiao (filial piety). Data collected in China through interviews with 110 familial caregivers were used to examine cultural and structural influences on the caregiving behavior of adult children. Results from multiple regression analyses provide evidence of a gendered division of parental care tasks, a decline in the patrilocal tradition of caregiving, and a strong social pressure that influences caregiving behavior. Structural factors linked to caregiving performance included family size, lack of pensions for elders, and caregivers’ employment status and income. Findings portend deleterious effects for the women who are now caregivers as they are likely to live longer but be more financially dependent and have fewer children available to help them.
Central State Child Care Policies In Postauthoritarian Spain
Authors: Valiente Celia
Published: April 2003

In Spain, public preschool programs have continuously expanded in the past three decades. However, this education policy has done little to support increases in the proportion of women in the paid workforce. Preschool is not child care because the former does not address the care needed by children younger than three years old and offers programs with short hours and long holidays.
Adhesion of Thermoplastic Matrices to Carbon Fibers: Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight and Fiber Surface Chemistry
Authors: Drzal L. T. , Raghavendran V. K.
Published: April 2003

A structure property study between the interfacial adhesion and the polymer molecular weight, fiber chemistry and processing temperature in thermoplastic composites was undertaken. In the first phase of the study, four different molecular weight grades of pure bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPA-PC) and three different consolidation temperatures were used. Molecular weight and processing temperatures were found to have significant effect on interfacial adhesion, with a major increase in adhesion between the low molecular weight grade, which is below the critical molecular weight and the next higher molecular weight grade and a monotonous increase, but to a lesser degree above the critical limit. Further, the study shows that the interface might affect the segregation of polymer chains by their molecular weight resulting in a higher concentration of low molecular weight chains at the interface and consequent loss in mechanical properties [1].

In the second phase of the study, Hercules IM7 carbon fiber with four different levels of proprietary oxidative surface treatment and subsequent hydrogen passivation were employed to determine the effects of fiber chemistry on the interfacial adhesion. It was observed that, differing amount of surface oxygen functionalities have no effect on the level of adhesion, indicating insignificant polar or hydrogen bonding interactions between the fiber and the matrix. The level of adhesion was also found to be very weakly dependent on mechanical interlocking between the fiber and the matrix.

In the third phase of the study, BPA-PC and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were grafted on the surface of carbon fiber to study the effect of grafted chain length and entanglement on improvement in adhesion over ungrafted fiber composites. Grafting polymer chains to the fiber surface produced a penetrable interface, which improved adhesion levels by 25-100% over the ungrafted composites. The improvement in adhesion was independent of molecular weight of the grafted chains.
High Strain Rate Impact Response of Graphite/Epoxy Composites with Polycarbonate Facing
Authors: Vaidya U. K. , Hosur M. V.
Published: April 2003

Impact damage is of critical concern in structures using laminated fiber reinforced composites. Thermoplastic polycarbonate offers high impact resistance and finds application in windshields, canopies of aircraft and building structures. In several situations the impact threat results in high strain rate (HSR) loading of the structure. In the current study, two constituent advanced materials have been studied as a hybrid construction for their survivability to HSR impact. A laminated graphite/epoxy composite with polycarbonate facing has been investigated. A compression Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) with 0.7500 (19.05 mm) incident and transmission bars is used to study the HSR impact response on eight, sixteen, thirty-two and forty-eight layers (8, 16, 32 and 48 - of 1.6, 3.0, 6.4 and 9.4 mm thickness respectively) of graphite/epoxy cross-ply [0/90]s laminates bonded to polycarbonate facing. Tests were conducted both in the plane of the laminate, and through the thickness. The HSR impact tests were performed by considering three strain rates of 109, 327 and 544 s-1. The results of the investigation showed that a significant portion of the incident energy is absorbed by the polycarbonate and results in lesser extent of impact damage to the graphite/epoxy laminate. The use of polycarbonate is especially useful for thin laminates (8-16-plies).
Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Materials for Rigidizable Space Systems
Authors: Paesano A. , Cohee D. , Palmese G. R.
Published: April 2003

This paper describes the results obtained from a research program performed to develop thermoplastic-based composites specifically designed for deployment in low Earth orbit through inflation of compact structures followed by rigidization. For the past few years, ILC has been developing lightweight, low bulk, inflatable, rigidizable strut systems for erecting large structures in space. The composite system currently used in the development programs is a thermoset matrix (low offgassing epoxy) with carbon reinforcement. Such systems have high power requirements for erection and curing, have limited shelf life before deployment, and contain low-molecular-weight species that can result in significant offgassing. Thermoplastic systems eliminate shelf-life constraints, can potentially reduce energy requirements, and should reduce offgassing. Such systems, however, must provide equivalent mechanical performance and energy requirements if they are to be a viable alternative to the currently used material system.

In the research described in this paper, a number of thermoplastic systems were evaluated in conjunction with 1 k tow T300 plain-weave carbon fabric as reinforcement. Three thermoplastic resin candidates were selected: polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and glycol-modified polyester terephthalate (PETG). This selection was based on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the systems as well as the commercial availability of these systems in thin sheets.
Polypropylene/Silica/Rice Husk Ash Hybrid Composites: A Study on the Mechanical, Water Absorption and Morphological Properties
Authors: Ismail H. , Hong H. B. , Ping C. Y. , Khalil H. P.S Abdul
Published: April 2003

Polypropylene hybrid composites were made using silica and white rice husk ash (WRHA) fillers as reinforcing agents in the polypropylene (PP) matrix. Both fillers were used at the similar total filler loading i.e., 40% by weight of PP matrix. Results indicate that the increasing loading of WRHA in silica/WRHA weight ratio has increased the flexural modulus and tensile modulus but decrease the tensile strength, stress at yield, elongation at break, Eb and water absorption of PP/silica/WRHA hybrid composites. Degradation study shows that percentage loss of above properties increases with increasing the loading of WRHA in silica/WRHA weight ratio of composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surfaces of composites indicates that silica has better adhesion with PP matrix compared to WRHA.
The Role Of Gender In The Construction And Evaluation Of Feedback Effectiveness
Authors: Lizzio Alf , Wilson Keithia L. , Gilchrist Jan , Gallois Cindy
Published: April 2003

This study investigated factors that influence managers’ conceptions and subordinates’ perceptions of effective feedback. A social rules perspective was used to operationalize male and female managers’ conceptions of effective negative feedback. In the first study, 68 male and female managers identified their optimal strategies for providing feedback to subordinates. Male and female managers endorsed different goals and tactics for giving negative feedback, particularly in terms of levels of participation and directness. In the second study, 116 male and female subordinates evaluated the comparative effectiveness and difficulty of these and other standard approaches to feedback. The female manager strategy was evaluated by both men and women as generally more task and relationship effective but not more difficult to enact.
The Nurse Theorists: 21st Century Updates—Martha E. Rogers
Authors: Fawcett Jacqueline
Published: April 2003

This edited transcript of an interview with Rogerian scholars Elizabeth Ann Manhart Barrett, Violet M. Malinski, and John R. Phillips presents their thoughts about the contributions of Martha E. Rogers’ science of unitary human beings to the current state of the discipline of nursing and the emergence of the unitary perspective in nursing and other sciences, as well as the implications of the science of unitary human beings for nursing research, education, administration, and practice.
The Role of Politically Motivated Subsidies on University Research Activities
Authors: Payne A. Abigail
Published: April 2003

Since WWII, the federal government has played a significant role in funding basic and applied research at universities. During the initial growth of research funding, the issues surrounding which universities would be the recipients of federal funding were not addressed by the government. As such, by the late 1970s, a majority of research funding was concentrated in a few universities located within a few states. This article examines two politically motivated methods used since 1980 to affect the distribution of funding on research activities, namely, congressional earmarks and set-aside programs. The results suggest that there has been a modest change in the distribution of research funding across research and doctoral universities, especially since 1990. Funding from earmarked appropriations has increased the quantity of academic publications but decreased the quality of these publications as measured by citations per publication. At those universities that qualified for funding under the set-aside programs, however, the quality of publications has increased whereas the quantity of publications has decreased.
Politics, Structure, and Public Policy: The Case of Higher Education
Authors: Nicholson-Crotty Jill , Meier Kenneth J.
Published: April 2003

This article examines whether governance structures facilitate or impede political forces by testing two competing hypotheses concerning the ability of bureaucratic structures to insulate higher education policies from politics. Centralized structures both create autonomy and facilitate access by environmental forces. This study examines the structures of higher education boards to gain a better understanding of how they interact with politics to affect higher education policy. To the extent that variation in governance structures is correlated with bureaucratic autonomy, it should limit the ability of elected officials to influence education policies. The transaction costs of individuals seeking to influence overall agency policy are lowered, however, in more centralized organizations. Political actors can focus their attention on a single geographic site rather than multiple sites that are adapting to different sets of institutional arrangements and different local environments. These hypotheses are tested in a 47-state, 8-year analysis.
The Renal Effects of Traditional Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents Versus Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors
Authors: Joy Melanie S.
Published: April 2003

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for the management of acute and chronic pain as well as for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Although gastrointestinal complications are the most common adverse events associated with the use of these drugs, the renal adverse effects such as acute renal failure, electrolyte abnormalities, nephrotic syndrome, interstitial nephritis, and papillary necrosis can be serious. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)- selective NSAIDs (celecoxib, rofecoxib) have been associated with a reduced frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events, but questions still remain as to their renal safety. Recent information has suggested an increased role for COX-2 as a constitutive renal enzyme, thus implying its importance for normal kidney homeostasis. Clinical studies and published case reports of renal adverse events associated with COX-2 inhibitors suggest that patients with decreased effective circulating blood volume, salt depletion, and renal insufficiency have an increased likelihood of renal-related adverse events. Because many older patients have conditions that place them in one of the “at-risk” categories, this population should be monitored closely for the development of renal adverse events from any NSAIDs, including COX-2-selective agents.