bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal energy in dry snow avalanches
Authors: Steinkogler W. , Sovilla B. , Lehning M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Avalanches can exhibit many different flow regimes from powder clouds to slush flows. Flow regimes are largely controlled by the properties of the snow released and entrained along the path. Recent investigations showed the temperature of the moving snow to be one of the most important factors controlling the mobility of the flow. The temperature of an avalanche is determined by the temperature of the released and entrained snow but also increases by frictional and collisional processes with time. For three artificially released avalanches, we conducted snow profiles along the avalanche track and in the deposition area, which allowed quantifying the temperature of the eroded snow layers. Infrared radiation thermography (IRT) was used to assess the surface temperature before, during and just after the avalanche with high spatial resolution. This data set allowed to calculate the thermal balance, from release to deposition, and to discuss the magnitudes of different sources of thermal energy of the avalanches. We could confirm that, for the investigated dry avalanches, the thermal energy increase due to friction was mainly depending on the elevation drop of the avalanche with a warming of approximately 0.5 °C per 100 height meters. Contrary, warming due to entrainment was very specific to the individual avalanche and depended on the temperature of the snow along the path and the erosion depth ranging from nearly no warming to a maximum observed warming of 1 °C. Furthermore, we could observe the warmest temperatures are located in the deposits of the dense core. Future research directions, especially for the application of IRT, in the field of thermal investigations in avalanche dynamics are discussed.
Una vez más con el Derecho y la Justicia
Authors: Suárez-Rodríguez José Julián
Published: November 2014

A finales del siglo pasado, el profesor Robert ALEXY se preguntaba "si lo que era lícito según el Derecho positivo del sistema jurídico desaparecido tenía que seguir considerándose lícito en caso de conculcar los principios fundamentales de la justicia y del Estado de derecho"1. ALEXY se refería al Derecho positivo válidamente promulgado durante el Gobierno del Tercer Reich en Alemania. La pregunta de fondo que surgía a partir de los hechos por todos conocidos es: "¿puede ser hoy injusto lo que en aquella época era Derecho?"2; o, de otra manera: ¿existe alguna relación entre el Derecho y la Justicia?, ¿tiene alguna validez el Derecho injusto?
Los bienes humanos básicos y la fundamentación del derecho. Un estudio de la propuesta de John Finnis
Authors: Dandois Marina
Published: November 2014

Este trabajo busca dilucidar en qué medida la explicación sobre los bienes humanos básicos ofrecida por el iusfilósofo australiano John Finnis puede ser de utilidad para dar cuenta del fenómeno jurídico actual. Ello así, dada la incorporación en la mayoría de los textos constitucionales ocidentales de derechos fundamentales —en muchos casos recogidos como principios— y de sistemas de control de constitucionalidad, que supone reconocer, entre otras cosas, que los sistemas jurídicos no solo están formados por reglas, sino también por principios capaces de dirigir la acción como Derecho directamente aplicable y que la validez de las reglas del sistema depende no sólo de su corrección formal, sino también de su compatibilidad con los derechos fundamentales recogidos constitucionalmente. Para ello, en primer lugar se desarrollará la noción de bienes humanos básicos y los caracteres que aquellos comparten – autoevidentes, pre-morales y fundamentales. Luego se tendrán en cuenta los diversos desafíos que pueden planteárseles a los bienes humanos básicos en lo que respecta a ser todos ellos igualmente autoevidentes, pre-morales y fundamentales, y se sugerirán posibles respuestas a dichas objeciones. De este estudio se arribará a una conclusión sobre la idoneidad de los bienes humanos básicos para constituir puntos de partida irreductibles, inderivables y directivos, que permitan formular el conjunto de estándares morales generales de los que se nutren los principios constitucionales.
La transformación del concepto constitucional de familia. Alcances de una problemática teórica
Authors: Machado-Jiménez José Alejandro
Published: November 2014

El presente artículo mostrará, a partir de un análisis teórico, la transformación que pretenden imponer algunas decisiones hito de la Corte Constitucional colombiana al reconocimiento de la familia en la Constitución Política de 1991, artículo 42, por la vía de la argumentación formalística empleada para tutelar en abstracto posibles controversias patrimoniales y afectivas de las parejas que practican la homosexualidad. las perspec- tivas que ofrecen las reglas de la Corte en sus argumentaciones y las consecuencias que pudieran llegar a tener frente a la sistemática del derecho de familia colombiano actualmente vigente, se tratarán en una segunda parte del trabajo reservada para una próxima entrega.
Justicia y sistema tributario. Una mirada desde la perspectiva inglesa
Authors: Masbernat Patricio
Published: November 2014

Este artículo expone que la doctrina chilena aborda la cuestión de la justicia tributaria desde una triple perspectiva, económica, filosófica y jurídica. Con todo, desconfía de las posibilidades de esta última, para desarrollar soluciones genuinas de los complejos problemas que enfrenta la justicia tributaria. A partir de dicha evidencia, el autor indaga el desarrollo de este asunto en el mundo anglosajón, especialmente de inglaterra. El autor recorre el camino que filósofos, economistas y juristas efectúan acerca de los elementos más determinantes de la justicia tributaria. Para tales efectos, luego de plantear el problema y la perspectiva analítica del artículo, revisa la idea de justicia tributaria en las doctrinas liberales clásicas, la justificación de la imposición de tributos y los fines del Estado, el concepto de tributo, la justicia conmutativa y la justicia distributiva, las finalidades extra fiscales del tributo, el principio de igualdad como expresión normativa de la justicia en la tributación. El autor concluye que no obstante que el mundo anglosajón se aborda esta cuestión desde esta triple perspectiva, y de un modo muy diferente al del Derecho Continental, la doctrina jurídica ha sido capaz de discutir acerca de estos complejos problemas jurídicos con éxito.
Descentralización y re-centralización del poder en Colombia. La búsqueda de equilibrios entre la nación y las entidades territoriales
Authors: Valencia-Tello Diana Carolina , Karam de Chueiri Vera
Published: November 2014

El modelo de estado unitario y centralista ha sido el modelo preferido de gobierno en Colombia desde la Constitución de 1886. esto explica en parte, las dificultades que desde un inicio tuvo el estado para descentralizar su poder. en nuestro concepto, el proceso de descentralización iniciado en la decada de los años ochenta, obedeció, principalmente a dos situaciones contradictorias. Primero, en teoría, la descentralización buscó dar una respuesta a las comunidades sobre la crisis de legitimidad del estado, pues gran parte de la población no se sentía representada por el gobierno nacional. Pero, en la practica, el proceso de descentralización obedeció a una estrategia del gobierno nacional para formalizar el discurso de la des- centralización, retirando con esto presiones politicas indeseadas, sin que existieran politicas o mecanismos efectivos para otorgar a las entidades territoriales mayor poder de decisión o de gestión.
Influence of parasitic fungi on the nitrogen content and transpiration in common reed
Authors: Durska Bożena
Published: November 2014

Resultsare reported of the investigations concerning changes in the nitrogen content and transpiration in Pharagmites communis Trin, due to infection by five species of parasitc fungi. The nitrogen content in the infected leaves proved to be 11-31 per cent lower than in healthy plants. Infection by Ustilago grandis and Deightoniella arundinacea caused a 29-54 per cent decrease in the transpiration of reed, while Uredinales either decreased or in creased the transpiration of the infected leaves.
Yeasts occuring on wheat seeds. IV. A taxonomic study of strains of Cryptococcus laurentii (Kuff.) Skinner var. laurentii and var. flavescens (Saito) Lodder et Kreger-van Rij
Authors: Maciejowska-Pokacka Zofia
Published: November 2014

Morphology and physiology of strains of Crvptococcus laurentii var. laurentii and var. flavescens was studied. Morphological features found in var. laurentii suggested a close relation to Sporobolomycetaceae, and in particular to Bullera alba (Hanna) Derx.
Comparison of mycoflora associated with certain crop and weed seeds
Authors: Mishra R. R. , Srivastava V. B.
Published: November 2014

Fungal populations associated with seeds of certain crops and weeds were compared. The dominant fungal species were of varied nature in the two types of seeds.
Geographical analysis of the Uredinales flora of Poland
Authors: Majewski Tomasz
Published: November 2014

The analysis of the Polish flora of the order Uredinales is based on a simultaneously published descriptive elaboration (M a j e w s k i 1977, ms). The information on the Uredinales flora of Poland has been compared as far as possible with the data obtained from the analysis of the flora of sever al other countries in Europe with a different type of vegetations. In a chapter devoted to the statistics of the flora of Polish rust fungi the number of genera and species of these fungi in Poland is discussed, as well as their life cycles and host plants. The distribution of Uredinales in Poland is analysed on the basis of the A r w i d s s o n - D u r r i e u classification modified by the author, and particular attention is paid to the depedence of the range of the fungus on its life cycle and the occurrence of the host. Changes in the flora a result of its synantropization are also considered. The Polish Uredinales are divided into several groups on the basis of range, and example of their distribution involving historical factors are discussed.
Enzymatic activity of myccorrhizal fungi
Authors: Pachlewski Roman , Chruściak Elżbieta
Published: November 2014

The investigations included assays of enzymatic activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi from the genera: Amanita, Cenococcum, Coltricia, Hebeloma, Lactarius, Rhizopogon, Russula, Suillus, Tricholoma and the pine ectendomycorrhizal strain MrgX. Among the 22 investigated strains of fungi 18 could decompose starch, 14 urea, 11 asparagine, 7 protein, 6 pectin and 3 ce1lulose. The most varied enzyme activities were found in Amanita muscaria, A. verna, Hebeloma, mesophaeum, ectendomycorrhizal isolate MrgX, Rhizopogon luteolus and Suillus bovinus, the highest cellolotytic activity was shown by the ectendomycorrhizal strain.
Morpho-anatomical and chemical investigations of selected fungal species from the genus Cortinarius Fries
Authors: Noculak Alicja
Published: November 2014

The author has investigated 17 species from the genus Cortinarius, which she has divided into two groups: with spherical and elongated spores. Chromatographic data on the subject of the presence of atraquinones have shown a considerable agreement with the classification of M o s e r.
How postdocs benefit from building a union
Authors: Cain Benjamin , Budke Jessica M , Wood Kelsey J , Sweeney Neal T , Schwessinger Benjamin
Published: November 2014

Members of UAW 5810—the union for postdoctoral researchers at the University of California—describe how their union has led to improved terms and conditions for postdocs.
Hypertensive crisis: competencies listed by the nurse to care hospitals in Curitiba-PR
Authors: Caveião Cristiano , Visentin Angelita , Hey Ana Paula , De Oliveira Vanessa Bertoglio C. Antunes , De Moraes Eliane Oliveira , Nunes Luana Stephanie de Almeida
Published: November 2014

Objetivo: identificar as competências elencadas pelo enfermeiro para o atendimento do paciente com crise hipertensiva e analisar a atuação descrita pelo enfermeiro perante o paciente com crise hipertensiva. Metodologia: estudo do tipo exploratório, com abordagem descritiva e quantitativa, realizado em 3 hospitais da cidade de Curitiba–PR, onde participaram 16 enfermeiros. Resultados: dentre as competências elencadas, destaca-se a tomada de decisão com 81,25%; liderança e educação permanente com 68,75% cada. Todos os enfermeiros priorizaram o atendimento. Frente às ações de intervenções na emergência 93,75%, priorizaram a aferição dos sinais vitais e monitorização cardíaca no atendimento inicial. Conclusão: contribuiu para identificar as competências elencadas para o atendimento de crise hipertensiva. O Enfermeiro possui conhecimentos técnico/científicos para que possam colocar em ação valores, conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes necessárias para um cuidado dentro dos princípios científicos, éticos e morais.
The teaching of first aid from the perspective of a problem-oriented curriculum
Authors: Marques Mariana Dolce , Lopes-Júnior Luís Carlos , Bomfim Emiliana De Omena , Gomes Carla Pedrosa Marega Luciano , Pavelqueires Shirlene
Published: November 2014

Objetivo: Identificar e descrever o conhecimento de estudantes da primeira série de medicina e enfermagem de uma faculdade estadual, relacionado à temática de primeiros socorros, antes e após a realização de um treinamento norteado por metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem. Método: Esta pesquisa é um quase experimento do tipo pré-teste/pós-teste, conduzida em uma cidade paulista em 2009. A amostra foi não probabilística e compreendeu 110 estudantes que estavam matriculados naquela série de ambos os cursos. Utilizou-se um pré-teste e um pós-teste composto por questões fechadas. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e estatística paramétrica. Resultados: Dos participantes, 35 eram estudantes de enfermagem e 75 estudantes de medicina, com idade média de 24 anos. Houve um aumento significativo de acertos no pós-teste, comparativamente ao pré-teste, obtendo significância estatística em 10 assertivas. Conclusões: O treinamento mostrou-se como uma estratégia válida de capacitação dos estudantes. Sugere-se sua difusão para além do âmbito acadêmico.
Nursing care for clients with cancer in the head and neck with emphasis on tumors of the oral cavity in the state of Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Raimundo Durval Diniz , Guedes Maria Teresa dos Santos , Luzial Nilsiara de Souza , Peixoto Monica Godinho da Silva
Published: November 2014

RESUMOObjetivos:  Levantar diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) em  portadores de Câncer de Cavidade Oral (CCO) e analisar idade, sexo, etilismo, tabagismo, domicílio (urbano ou rural), escolaridade, topografia da doença. Método: Estudo retrospectivo e analítico sobre 36 portadores de CCO, atendidos no Ambulatório de Enfermagem da Seção de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, no período de julho a dezembro de 2008.  Resultados: Principais DE identificados foram deglutição prejudicada, dor, comunicação verbal prejudicada relacionados ao tumor; processo familiar disfuncional por álcool e tabaco, tensão do papel de cuidador, risco de baixa auto-estima entre outros. Conclusões: Observou-se que assistência de enfermagem é determinante para manutenção da qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. Registro acurado sobre paciente e cuidador pode minimizar sofrimento. Outro fator importante é a monitorização dos sintomas do câncer e seus efeitos deletérios no corpo dos pacientes. O profissional enfermeiro é imprescindível na avaliação dos pacientes. Descritores: Enfermagem; Diagnóstico de enfermagem; Oncologia.
Predisposing causes for pregnancy among adolescents
Authors: Ferreira Emanuela Batista , Araújo Veras Juliana Lourenço , Brito Sâmara Aline , Gomes Edlainy Andrade , De Albuquerque Mendes Janaína Pontes , De Aquino Jael Maria
Published: November 2014

Objective: This study aimed to describe the predisposing causes for pregnancy among adolescents and theirknowledge on the prevention methods. Method: This is an exploratory, descriptive, and quantitative research carried out at basic health units in the town of Sao Caetano, Pernambuco, Brazil, in September and October 2011. For data collection, one used a semi-structured questionnaire applied to 42 adolescents enrolled for prenatal care. Results: The findings show that most adolescents was around 16 years of age, brown skinned, literate, and Catholic, lived with her partner, and had a low socioeconomic status. One’s own wish (54.8%) stood out as the main cause for pregnancy in the population under study. Conclusion: One found out there’s a need for investing on strategies for providing these female adolescents with guidance, so that contraceptive practices and the responsible exercise of sexuality start being realized as positive and usual behaviors.
Nursing perioperative care: an integrative review of literature
Authors: Guido Laura de Azevedo , Goulart Carolina Tonini , Brum Crhis Netto de , Lemos Ana Paula , Umann Juliane
Published: November 2014

Objetivo: conhecer quais são os cuidados de enfermagem realizados no período perioperatório.Método: Revisão Integrativa de literatura nas bases de dados realizada na Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF) e na Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), com os descritores enfermagem perioperatória e enfermagem de centro cirúrgico. Para análise foi utilizado análise de conteúdo. Resultados: obtiveram-se 23 artigos e duas categorias: cuidado de enfermagem no perioperatório: identificam-se como cuidado as orientações de enfermagem, cuidados na hipotermia e na prevenção das lesões de pele. Na categoria organização da assistência de enfermagem no perioperatório, os estudos evidenciam estratégias desenvolvidas para ofertar qualidade de assistência por meio da organização do trabalho de enfermagem. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo refletem as características do cuidado de enfermagem no perioperatório e possibilitam pensar sobre a assistência de enfermagem nos diferentes períodos da experiência cirúrgica.
Maps of precipitating electron spectra characterized by Maxwellian and kappa distributions
Authors: McIntosh R. C. , Anderson P. C.
Published: November 2014

Maps of characterized auroral electron spectra, developed using 8 years of particle spectrometer data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) suite of polar‐orbiting spacecraft are presented. The electron spectra, which were sampled from both hemispheres, are categorized as either diffuse or accelerated. Diffuse spectra were best‐fit with Maxwellian or kappa distributions, and accelerated spectra were identified as displaying characteristics of either monoenergetic or broadband acceleration. A total of 30 million spectra were characterized, with 47.05% being best‐fit with Maxwellian distributions, 31.37% being best‐fit with kappa distributions, 12.20% as monoenergetic, and 9.38% as broadband. The spectra from both hemispheres were then binned in MLAT‐MLT using a bin size of (MLAT, MLT) = (1°, 0.25 h), for the ranges of 50° ≤ MLAT < 90° and 0000 ≤ MLT < 2400, and further separated into seven levels of Kp. Within each MLAT‐MLT‐Kp bin, the fraction of the bin total number of accelerated and best‐fit spectra corresponding to each spectral type was calculated. Consideration of the global distribution of these fractions showed the following results. For Kp< 2, diffuse electron spectra were predominantly best‐fit by Maxwellian distributions. With increasing Kp, more of the diffuse spectra were best‐fit by kappa distributions, especially within 0000 < MLT < 0600. For Kp< 2, monoenergetic spectra occurred throughout the oval at MLAT > 70° and broadband spectra occurred within 75° < MLAT < 80° and the local time regions of 0600 < MLT < 1000 and 1300 < MLT < 1500. For Kp≥ 2, coverage of accelerated spectra varied with Kp. For low levels of Kp, accelerated spectra, primarily monoenergetic spectra, predominated above 70°. With increasing activity, broadband spectra covered more of the daytime MLT sectors, while diffuse spectra (Maxwellian and Lorentzian) became increasingly frequent on the nightside due to the poleward expansion of the diffuse precipitation region.
Tuning the Luminescence of Phosphors: Beyond Conventional Chemical Method
Authors: Bai Gongxun , Tsang Ming‐Kiu , Hao Jianhua
Published: November 2014

Tuning the luminescence of phosphors is extremely important in controlling and processing light for active components of light sources, optical sensing, display devices, and biomedicine. So far, conventional chemical approaches have routinely been employed to modify the luminescence during the phosphor's synthesis. It is interesting to broaden the modulation of luminescence by physical methods, such as electric field, magnetic field, mechanical stress, temperature, photons, ionizing radiation, and so on. Since some physical methods may provide unusual routes to tune the luminescence in in‐situ, real‐time, dynamical and reversible manners, it should be beneficial for our understanding the fundamentals of luminescence and widespread applications in a variety of advanced optical materials and devices. In this review, a unified picture and primary physical strategies used for tuning the luminescence are provided. An attempt is made to review recent advances of tuning the luminescence in a wide range of phosphors, including metal‐ion‐doped compounds, semiconductors, 2D layered nanomaterials, and stimuli‐responsive organic phosphors. Lastly, some potential directions of challenging issues in this exciting field are suggested.
Selective Aryl α‐Diimine/Palladium‐Catalyzed Bis‐Alkoxy‐ carbonylation of Olefins for the Synthesis of Substituted Succinic Diesters
Authors: Fini Francesco , Beltrani Michela , Mancuso Raffaella , Gabriele Bartolo , Carfagna Carla
Published: November 2014

Aryl α‐diimine derivatives have been used, for the first time, as efficient new ligands for the palladium‐catalyzed oxidative bis‐alkoxycarbonylation reaction of olefins. The most active catalyst was formed in situ from bis(9‐anthryl)‐2,3‐dimethyl‐1,4‐diazabutadiene and palladium(II) trifluoroacetate [Pd(TFA)2]. This catalytic system was able to selectively convert olefins into succinic diesters in good yields (up to 97%) and low catalyst loading (up to 0.5 mol%) under mild reaction conditions [4 bar of carbon monoxide (CO) at 20 °C in the presence of p‐toluenesulphonic acid as additive and p‐benzoquinone as oxidant]. The optimized conditions could be successfully applied to both aromatic and aliphatic olefins, by using methanol, benzyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol as nucleophiles.

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Impacts of land use and land cover changes on the climate over Northeast Brazil
Authors: Cunha Ana Paula M. A. , Alvalá Regina C. S. , Kubota Paulo Y. , Vieira Rita M. S. P.
Published: November 2014

Two numerical experiments using the Atmospheric Global Circulation Model by the Center for Weather Prediction and Climate Studies and Integrated Biosphere Simulator were performed to investigate the impacts of land use and land cover changes on the climate in the semiarid area of Northeast Brazil due to replacing natural vegetation with pasture and degraded areas. Such a disturbance led to a decrease in the mean rainfall during the dry season at the study area. A meridional dipole pattern with a near surface temperature increase (reduction) in the northern (southern) areas of the semiarid region was found. The results also highlight that land use/cover change led to changes in the surface energy components and carbon balance.
Accelerated Life Testing of Double‐Layer Capacitors: Reliability and Safety under Excess Voltage and Temperature
Authors: Kurzweil Peter , Hildebrand Andreas , Weiß Matthias
Published: November 2014

Commercial 50 F double‐layer capacitors from leading international manufactures were tested with respect to fire protection regulations and general safety hazards in technical pulse–power applications at temperatures of up to 120 °C and voltages up to 4 V. Diagnostic criteria were gathered during a decade of lifetime testing concerning the destruction of the electrode materials and the evaporation of electrolyte. The aging behavior of supercapacitors is quantified on the basis of capacitance loss, parasitic side reactions, and the chemical analysis of decomposition products. Amines, amides, and oligomers of acetonitrile are formed in the electrolyte. The carbon composite electrodes are destroyed by continual stress at high temperatures and operating voltages.
Supercapacitor Electrodes Based on Three‐Dimensional Copper Structures with Precisely Controlled Dimensions
Authors: Armutlulu Andac , Bottomley Lawrence A. , Bidstrup Allen Sue Ann , Allen Mark G.
Published: November 2014

Well‐ordered three‐dimensional Cu architectures serving as low‐resistance current collectors for supercapacitor applications are fabricated by combining microfabrication and electrochemical techniques. These techniques enable the realization of electrodes with precisely controlled characteristic dimensions, including the surface area, thickness of the active material, and interlayer spacing. Highly laminated Cu structures are formed by through‐mold electrodeposition of alternating Ni and Cu layers followed by selective electrochemical removal of Ni layers. Underpotential deposition is utilized to precisely measure the electrochemically accessible surface area of the resultant Cu structure. A conformal, thin layer of nickel hydroxide is electrodeposited onto the Cu backbone, forming the supercapacitor electrode. The resulting electrodes exhibit a high specific capacitance value of 733 F g−1. In cycle testing, the electrodes deliver 94 % of their capacitance after over 1000 cycles. The supercapacitor is also shown to deliver 69 % of its 5 mV s−1 capacity at rates as high as 25 mV s−1. These results illustrate the benefits of using well‐ordered metal architectures as current collectors for advanced electrochemical energy storage applications.
Elucidating the Thermal Decomposition of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate by Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Photoionization: Pathways to the PO Radical, a Key Species in Flame‐Retardant Mechanisms
Authors: Liang Shuyu , Hemberger Patrick , Neisius N. Matthias , Bodi Andras , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Levalois‐Grützmacher Joelle , Gaan Sabyasachi
Published: November 2014

The production of phosphoryl species (PO, PO2, HOPO) is believed to be of great importance for efficient flame‐retardant action in the gas phase. We present a detailed investigation of the thermal decomposition of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) probed by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation and imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (iPEPICO) spectroscopy. This technique provides a snapshot of the thermolysis process and direct evidence of how the reactive phosphoryl species are generated during heat exposure. One of the key findings of this work is that only PO is formed in high concentration upon DMMP decomposition, whereas PO2 is absent. It can be concluded that the formation of PO2 needs an oxidative environment, which is typically the case in a real flame. Based on the identification of products such as methanol, formaldehyde, and PO, as well as the intermediates OPCH3, H2CPOH, and H2CP(O)H, supported by quantum chemical calculations, we were able to describe the predominant pathways that lead to active phosphoryl species during the thermal decomposition of DMMP.
ChemInform Abstract: High Pressure Superconducting Phase of BI3: An ab initio Study.
Authors: Duan Defang , Huang Xiaoli , Chen Changbo , Tian Fubo , Bao Kuo , Li Da , Liu Yunxian , Yu Hongyu , Liu Bingbing , Cui Tian
Published: November 2014

The high pressure crystal structure of BI3 with space group P21/c consisting of B2I6 dimers is determined using an ab initio evolutionary algorithm for crystal structure prediction in conjunction with density functional theory.
ChemInform Abstract: Origin of Ultrahardness of 6H Diamond: Harder Than Cubic Diamond.
Authors: Gao Faming , Zhang Junchuan , Li Zhiping
Published: November 2014

The structural, energetic, mechanical, and elastic properties of 6H diamond are predicted by first‐principles DFT calculations in combination with a semiempirical hardness theory.
ChemInform Abstract: Eu2+‐Activated Full Color Orthophosphate Phosphors for Warm White Light‐Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Zhao Chenglong , Xia Zhiguo , Li Molin
Published: November 2014

RbBaPO4:0.03Eu2+ (I), NaCaPO4:0.01Eu2+ (II), and CsMgPO4:0.07Eu2+ (III) phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of A2CO3 (A: Rb, Na, Cs), MCO3 (M: Ba, Ca), (MgCO3)4·Mg (OH)2·5H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, and Eu2O3 (alumina crucibles, CO atmosphere, 1150 °C, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Fluorite Structured Superparamagnetic RbGdF4 Nanocrystals as Versatile Upconversion Host.
Authors: Ahmad Shahzad , Nagarajan Rajamani , Raj Packiya , Prakash G. Vijaya
Published: November 2014

Title nanocrystals 2—18 nm in size are synthesized from MeOH solutions of RbF and Gd(acac)3 (25 °C, about 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Sr21Bi8Cu2 (CO3)2O41, a Bi5+ Oxycarbonate with an Original 10L Structure.
Authors: Malo Sylvie , Abakumov Artem M. , Daturi Marco , Pelloquin Denis , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Guesdon Anne , Hervieu Maryvonne
Published: November 2014

The new layered title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of Bi2O3, SrCO3, SrO, SrO2, and CuO (4:1:10:10:2; 900 °C, 15 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Surfactant‐Thermal Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Mn—Ge—Sulfides/Selenides.
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Li Peizhou , Ding Junfeng , Liu Yi , Xiong Wei‐Wei , Nie Lina , Wu Tom , Zhao Yanli , Tok Alfred Iing Yoong , Zhang Qichun
Published: November 2014

Effects of different amines on the formation of manganese chalcogenidogermanates under PEG‐thermal conditions are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Allylborations of Aldehydes Using α,α‐Disubstituted Allylic Pinacol Boronic Esters.
Authors: Hesse Matthew J. , Essafi Stephanie , Watson Charlotte G. , Harvey Jeremy N. , Hirst David , Willis Christine L. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: November 2014

Tetrasubstituted homoallylic alcohols with exceptional levels of diastereo‐and enantioselectivity are synthesized through allylboration of aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Designed Amide as an Aldol Donor in the Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Weidner Karin , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: November 2014

The azaindolylamido group is found to trigger exclusive formation of the amide enolate in the presence of enolizable aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light‐Mediated C—H Difluoromethylation of Electron‐Rich Heteroarenes.
Authors: Su Yi‐Ming , Hou Yu , Yin Feng , Xu Yue‐Ming , Li Yan , Zheng Xiaoqi , Wang Xi‐Sheng
Published: November 2014

A method for the photolytic Ru‐catalyzed difluoro(phenylsulfonyl)methylation of a variety of heterocycles using difluoro(phenylsulfonyl)methyl iodide as reagent is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Trifluoromethylthiolation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids in Aqueous Emulsion.
Authors: Hu Feng , Shao Xinxin , Zhu Dianhu , Lu Long , Shen Qilong
Published: November 2014

The decarboxylative trifluoromethylthiolation of secondary and tertiary carboxylic acids tolerates a wide range of functional groups and is accelerated by performance in an aqueous emulsion.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclopropanated 7‐Oxabenzonorbornadienes.
Authors: McKee Mary , Haner Jamie , Carlson Emily , Tam William
Published: November 2014

Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 7‐oxabenzonorbornadienes are cyclopropanated using gaseous diazomethane in the presence of a Pd catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Beyond Directed ortho Metalation: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Amide‐Directed CAr—N Activation/C—C Coupling Reaction of Anthranilamides with Organoboronates.
Authors: Zhao Yigang , Snieckus Victor
Published: November 2014

Substitution of the 2‐dimethylamino group in (I) by a 2‐diethylamino or a 2‐amino group leads to the corresponding analogues of (III) in significantly lower yield or no reaction, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Broensted Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Intermolecular Allylic Aminations.
Authors: Zhuang Minyang , Du Haifeng
Published: November 2014

All products are isolated as mixtures of regioisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Organocatalysis and Photocatalysis: An Anthraquinone‐Catalyzed Indole‐C3‐Alkylation/Photooxidation/1,2‐Shift Sequence.
Authors: Lerch Stephanie , Unkel Lisa‐Natascha , Brasholz Malte
Published: November 2014

A dichloroanthraquinone‐catalyzed, thermal C3‐alkylation of indoles is developed which can be combined with a photooxidation/1,2‐shift sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Synergistic Catalysis: Highly Diastereoselective Benzoxazole Addition to Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates.
Authors: Ceban Victor , Putaj Piotr , Meazza Marta , Pitak Mateusz B. , Coles Simon J. , Vesely Jan , Rios Ramon
Published: November 2014

A new reaction based on synergistic catalysis, in which two catalytic cycles involving organometallic activation of an alkyl azaarene by AgOAc and Lewis base (DABCO) activation of a Morita—Baylis—Hillman carbonates, is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Promoted One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Aryl Substituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles and 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives Using Al3+‐K10 Clay as a Heterogeneous Catalyst.
Authors: Suresh Dhanusu , Kanagaraj Kuppusamy , Pitchumani Kasi
Published: November 2014

The catalyst can be recycled and used at least 5 times with only a slight decrease in yield.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Heterocyclic Fusion Reaction and Its Application for Expeditious Syntheses of Rutaecarpine and Its Analogues.
Authors: Huang Guozheng , Roos Dominika , Stadtmueller Patricia , Decker Michael
Published: November 2014

Rutaecarpine (IIIa) and various analogs are prepared from anhydrides (I) and (VI) with cyclic imines via a simple heterocyclic fusion reaction which involves a spontaneous dehydrogenation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Functionalization of 3‐Azolylquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Geraschenko Oleksandr V. , Khodakovskiy Pavel V. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Tolmachev Andrey A. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: November 2014

The formation of compound (IX) as a single isomer starting from an 1:1 cis/trans‐mixture of diamine (VIII) is explained by epimerization during formation of the intermediate Schiff base.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Microbial Activity of Acrylamides with Heteroatoms.
Authors: Kooner Anoopjit Singh , Sharma S. , Sharma Poonam
Published: November 2014

The title compounds (V), (VII), (VIII)/(IX), (X), and (XI) are screened for their microbial activity against Rhizobium sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid—DMSO Promoted and Improved One‐Pot Synthesis of 5,6‐Diaryl‐1,2,4‐triazines.
Authors: Tamboli Riyaj S. , Giridhar Rajani , Mande Hemant M. , Shah Shailesh R. , Yadav Mange Ram
Published: November 2014

Optimum reaction conditions are studied for the synthesis of title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Inversion of γ‐Vinyl‐γ‐butyrolactone under Palladium Catalysis: Application to the Synthesis of (+)‐exo‐ and (+)‐endo‐Brevicomins.
Authors: Fernandes Rodney A. , Kattanguru Pullaiah , Bethi Venkati
Published: November 2014

(+)‐endo‐Brevicomin (V) is prepared in 27.4% overall yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Phosphinylation of α,α‐Diaryl Allylic Alcohols with Concomitant 1,2‐Aryl Migration.
Authors: Chu Xue‐Qiang , Zi You , Meng Hua , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: November 2014

The monoaryl allylalcohol 2‐phenyl‐but‐3‐en‐2‐ol is almost inert under the reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Method for Desymmetrizing 1,1′‐Ferrocenedicarboxaldehyde.
Authors: Benniston Andrew C. , Sirbu Dumitru , Turta Constantin , Probert Michael R. , Clegg William
Published: November 2014

The dialdehyde (I) can be easily converted into the desymmetrized compound (II) by simple oxidation with KMnO4.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Lepistine.
Authors: Kitabayashi Yusuke , Yokoshima Satoshi , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: November 2014

Starting from the chiral building block (S)‐glycidol, the first total synthesis of the tricyclic alkaloid lepistine is accomplished in 11 steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Increased Eu2+ Content and Codoping Mn2+ Induced Tunable Full‐Color Emitting Phosphor Ba1.55Ca0.45SiO4:Eu2+,Mn 2+.
Authors: Miao Shihai , Xia Zhiguo , Zhang Jie , Liu Quanlin
Published: November 2014

The new single‐phase white‐light emitting phosphor of title is prepared by solid state reaction of BaCO3, CaCO3, SiO2, MnCO3, and Eu2O3 (CO atmosphere, 1250 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Are Rare‐Earth Nanoparticles Suitable for in vivo Applications?
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Hou Yi , Gao Mingyuan
Published: November 2014

Review: state‐of‐the‐art in in vivo applications with emphasis on controlled synthesis, surface modification, tumor targeting and imaging, and toxicity; 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Solid‐State NMR of Alkaline Earth Elements
Authors: Moudrakovski Igor L.
Published: November 2014

Review: 25Mg, 43Ca, 135,137Ba, and 87Sr NMR; 342 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Bioactive Natural Products and Natural‐Product‐Like Compounds Based on Their Key Structural Units
Authors: Zhang Hongbin
Published: November 2014

Review: [29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Strategy for Multisubstituted Fused Furan Compounds Using Main‐Group Metal Reagents
Authors: Tsuji Hayato , Ilies Laurean , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: November 2014

Review: [52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2(3H)Pyrrolone — A Biologically Active Scaffold
Authors: Ali Yakub , Alam Mohammad Sarwar , Hamid Hinna , Hussain Asif
Published: November 2014

Review: detailed synthetic approaches and in depth analysis of the pyrrolones with resect to their medicinal significance; 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromophores, Fluorophores and Robust Ancillary Ligands for Molecular Catalysts: 1,3‐Bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindolines
Authors: Sauer Desiree C. , Melen Rebecca L. , Kruck Matthias , Gade Lutz H.
Published: November 2014

Review: [recent progress towards chiral 3‐bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindolines derivatives (BPI) as ligands for enantioselective catalysis as well as developments in the use of BPI complexes in materials science, focusing on luminescent and birefringent materials; 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Pd‐NHC*‐catalyzed Coupling Reactions
Authors: Kundig E. Peter
Published: November 2014

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrates as Ligands for Enantioselective Synthesis
Authors: Bauer Tomasz , Majdecki Maciej
Published: November 2014

Review: [applications of carbohydrate‐derived ligands in enantioselective transition meal catalysis since 2008]
Clinical and prognostic factors for renal parenchymal, pelvis, and ureter cancers in SEER registries: Collaborative stage data collection system, version 2
Authors: Altekruse Sean F. , Dickie Lois , Wu Xiao‐Cheng , Hsieh Mei‐Chin , Wu Manxia , Lee Richard , Delacroix, Scott
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

The American Joint Committee on Cancer's (AJCC) 7th edition cancer staging manual reflects recent changes in cancer care practices. This report assesses changes from the AJCC 6th to the AJCC 7th edition stage distributions and the quality of site‐specific factors (SSFs).

METHODS

Incidence data for renal parenchyma and pelvis and ureter cancers from 18 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries were examined, including staging trends during 2004‐2010, stage distribution changes between the AJCC 6th and 7th editions, and SSF completeness for cases diagnosed in 2010.

RESULTS

From 2004 to 2010, the percentage of stage I renal parenchyma cancers increased from 50% to 58%, whereas stage IV and unknown stage cases decreased (18% to 15%, and 10% to 6%, respectively). During this period, the percentage of stage 0a renal pelvis and ureter cancers increased from 21% to 25%, and stage IV and unknown stage tumors decreased (20% to 18%, and 7% to 5%, respectively). Stage distributions under the AJCC 6th and 7th editions were about the same. For renal parenchymal cancers, 71%‐90% of cases had known values for 6 required SSFs. For renal pelvis and ureter cancers, 74% of cases were coded as known for SSF1 (WHO/ISUP grade) and 47% as known for SSF2 (depth of renal parenchymal invasion). SSF values were known for larger proportions of cases with reported resections.

CONCLUSIONS

Stage distributions between the AJCC 6th and 7th editions were similar. SSFs were known for more than two‐thirds of cases, providing more detail in the SEER database relevant to prognosis. Cancer 2014;120(23 suppl):3826‐35. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
DNA barcoding reveals novel insights into pterygophagy and prey selection in distichodontid fishes (Characiformes: Distichodontidae)
Authors: Arroyave Jairo , Stiassny Melanie L. J.
Published: November 2014

DNA barcoding was used to investigate dietary habits and prey selection in members of the African‐endemic family Distichodontidae noteworthy for displaying highly specialized ectoparasitic fin‐eating behaviors (pterygophagy). Fin fragments recovered from the stomachs of representatives of three putatively pterygophagous distichodontid genera (Phago, Eugnathichthys, and Ichthyborus) were sequenced for the mitochondrial gene co1. DNA barcodes (co1 sequences) were then used to identify prey items in order to determine whether pterygophagous distichodontids are opportunistic generalists or strict specialists with regard to prey selection and, whether as previously proposed, aggressive mimicry is used as a strategy for successful pterygophagy. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of aggressive mimicry suggesting instead that, despite the possession of highly specialized trophic anatomies, fin‐eating distichodontids are opportunistic generalists, preying on fishes from a wide phylogenetic spectrum and to the extent of engaging in cannibalism. This study demonstrates how DNA barcoding can be used to shed light on evolutionary and ecological aspects of highly specialized ectoparasitic fin‐eating behaviors by enabling the identification of prey species from small pieces of fins found in fish stomachs.
Potential seasonal calibration for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction using skeletal microstructures and strontium measurements from the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa
Authors: MOUCHI VINCENT , CROWLEY QUENTIN G. , JACKSON ANDREW L. , MCDERMOTT FRANK , MONTEYS XAVIER , RAFÉLIS MARC DE , RUEDA JOSÉ LUIS , LARTAUD FRANCK
Published: November 2014

Lophelia pertusa is a colonial cold‐water coral species with a wide spatial distribution in recent marine waters. Analysing the chemistry of its skeleton allows reconstruction of environmental parameter variations. While numerous studies have attempted to interpret such analyses, little information is available on the microstructures of Lophelia pertusa and their temporal constraints. This study introduces newly recognized microstructures in the coral wall following growth along the radial axis. The thicknesses of these ‘micro‐layers’ are correlated with strontium concentrations and can be used to estimate seasonal growth rates of single polyps from the colony. We propose that each of these micro‐layers represents a period of 1 month of mineralization and can locate two decreasing periods in growth rate during a year: one caused by limited food availability during winter months and one in autumn linked to gametogenesis. High‐frequency study of strontium concentrations using this interpretation shows a lunar cycle. We demonstrate that while the micro‐layers are present in all L. pertusa specimens from four locations in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, growth patterns reveal a complex organization that limits their visibility. Strontium fluctuations, however, appear to be a promising mechanism by which to establish a temporal calibration.
Shape-Shifting Representation
Authors: SAWARD MICHAEL
Published: November 2014

Shape-shifting representation is common in practice but largely shunned in theoretical and empirical analysis. This article resurrects, defines, and explores shape-shifting and closely linked concepts and practices such as shape-retaining. It generates new concepts of representative positioning and patterning in order to aid our understanding, and makes the case for placing this critical phenomenon front and center in the analysis of political representation. It examines crucial empirical and normative implications for our understanding of representation, including the argument that shape-shifting representation is not intrinsically undesirable. Developing the theory of shape-shifting representation can prompt a new level of analytical purchase on the challenge of explaining and evaluating representation's vitality and complexity.
AEQVOR: THE SEA OF PROPHECIES IN VIRGIL'SAENEID
Authors: García Ruiz M. Pilar
Published: November 2014

In a well-known article, Hodnett pointed out that Virgil emphasizes the peacefulness and quiet of the sea, its immensity and limitlessness, in contrast to the view articulated by the Roman poets of the Republic, which presents the sea as deceptive and fearsome. Among the many terms used in theAeneidto denote the sea,aequorstands out precisely because it is the term most frequently used by Virgil in place of the wordmare.
Music for Inner Domains: Sinhala Song and theAryaandHelaSchools of Cultural Nationalism in Colonial Sri Lanka
Authors: Field Garrett M.
Published: November 2014

In this article, I juxtapose the ways the “father of modern Sinhala drama,” John De Silva, and the Sinhala language reformer, Munidasa Cumaratunga, utilized music for different nationalist projects. First, I explore how De Silva created musicals that articulated Arya-Sinhala nationalism to support the Buddhist Revival. Second, I investigate how Cumaratunga, who spearheaded the Hela-Sinhala movement, asserted that genuine Sinhala song should be rid of North Indian influence but full of lyrics composed in “pure” Sinhala. The purpose of this comparison is to critique Partha Chatterjee's notion of the inner domain. Chatterjee focused on Bengali cultural nationalism and its complex relation to Western hegemony. He considered Bengal, the metropolis of the British Raj, to be representative of colonized nations. This article reveals that elsewhere in South Asia—Sri Lanka—one cultural movement sought to define the nation not in relation to the West but in opposition to North India.
Growing Fat on Reform: Obesity and Nutritional Disparities among China's Children, 1979–2005
Authors: Morgan Stephen L.
Published: November 2014

Economic growth over the past three decades has greatly improved the nutrition and living standards of people in China. However, increasingly, the Chinese are becoming heavier. As many as a quarter of Chinese school-age urban boys are overweight or obese, yet a third of Chinese children remain underweight. Drawing on six national surveys of children's health conducted since 1979, the article reports on trends in nutritional status and regional disparities. It shows that the drivers behind the increase in mean body mass and in nutritional inequality are associated with rising household incomes and associated inequalities between provinces.