bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The professional status of massage therapists: experience, employability, and evolution
Authors: Marks Abigail
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the development and work experiences of an occupational grouping – massage therapy – and to examine the employment experiences of members of this profession, including their relationship with a newly formed professional body.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with massage professionals working within a region of the UK. The participants were recruited through a survey administered via a professional newsletter.

Findings

The findings from this paper suggest that there are few barriers to professionalisation for bodies attempting to represent alternative and complementary medical practitioners. Whilst arguably making this more accessible for the majority, it could lead to issues of control and manipulation of vulnerable individuals – both practitioners and patients.

Practical implications

There is some suggestion that governments should put into place mechanisms to regulate individuals wishing to set up training bodies and professional bodies within complementary and alternative medical practice.

Originality/value

This is an under‐explored area and presented unusually open access to both practitioners and key stakeholders in the professional body.
Using ANP priorities with goal programming in optimally allocating marketing resources
Authors: Polat Gul
Published: July 2010

Purpose

Construction companies typically allocate limited resources, i.e. human resources and funds, for marketing activities; so, they commonly face the problem of deciding in which marketing activities they should primarily invest and how much resource they should allocate for the selected marketing activities. Indeed, the problem of selecting the best set of marketing activities should be treated as a multi‐objective optimisation problem with multiple obligatory and flexible goals with different priorities, several interdependencies, and multiple constraints on resources. The main objective of this paper is to solve the problem of optimal allocation of scarce marketing resources using the combination of analytic network process (ANP) and zero‐one‐goal‐programming (ZOGP) models.

Design/methodology/approach

The research methodology of this paper mainly involves: reviewing the relevant literature on marketing and construction marketing; identifying the marketing activity alternatives in which construction companies may consider to invest; constructing an ANP model in order to calculate the importance weights of the different marketing activities; formulating a ZOGP model, which uses the weights obtained from the ANP model and considers the obligatory and flexible goals with different priorities, interdependencies and constraints on resources, that enables construction companies to optimize their scarce marketing resources; and conducting two case studies in order to illustrate how the proposed methodology works.

Findings

This paper provides construction companies with an integrated decision‐support methodology, which will assist them in allocating their limited marketing resources for different marketing activity alternatives in a more efficient way. The proposed methodology does not only consider the constraints on marketing resources and priorities of the goals that need to be satisfied but also show the deviations from the desired goals.

Originality/value

This paper is of benefit to construction companies as it offers an efficient and convenient tool that allows construction companies to optimise scarce marketing resources.
Bank risk and return: the impact of bank non‐interest income
Authors: Williams Barry , Prather Laurie
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact on bank risk of portfolio diversification between traditional margin income and fee‐based income for banks operating in Australia.

Design/methodology/approach

Considering several performance variables, this analysis compares the benefits of diversification across different bank types relative to margin income and fee income. Further, regression analysis considers bank risk and revenue concentration.

Findings

This paper documents that fee‐based income is riskier than margin income but offers diversification benefits to bank shareholders. While improving bank risk‐return tradeoff, these benefits are of second order importance compared to the large negative impact of poor asset quality on shareholder returns.

Practical implications

These results have implications for all stakeholders in Australian banks. The results suggest that shareholders of banks will benefit from increased bank exposure to non‐interest income via diversification. From a regulatory perspective, diversification reduces the possibility of systemic risk, but caution must be offered with respect to banks pursuing absolute returns rather than monitoring risk‐return trade‐offs, and so exploiting the benefits of the implied guarantee offered by “too big to fail” However, shareholders should also monitor bank exposure to non interest income to ensure that they do not become over‐exposed to the point where the volatility effect outweighs the diversification benefits.

Originality/value

The results of this study suggest that Australian regulators should consider requiring increased disclosure of the composition of bank non‐interest income. Such disclosure would aid in understanding the changing nature of banking in Australia. Given the recent sub‐prime crisis in the USA and the role played by fee based income sourced from securitization, increased disclosure of the nature of bank non interest income is now of global importance. This disclosure is particularly germane within the context of the implementation of Basle II, with its increased emphasis upon market discipline, given that Stiroh found increased disclosure in this area is accompanied by improved market pricing for risk.
The complete customer journey: avoiding technology and business barriers to measure the total value of media
Authors: Skinner Christopher
Published: July 2010

Purpose

This article aims to further discussion on viable methods for marketing measurement that account for the complete customer journey by exploring common technology and communication barriers and solutions.

Design/methodology/approach

Extensive industry experience with technical and business methods, referenced in cited case studies, and research on available methods of tracking, also cited, informed the analysis contained within the article. The article is intended as a jumping off point for further conversation and debate.

Findings

Internal (author informed) case studies, and current industry offerings reveal that extant technology and standard business practices prevent the development of a total value model of marketing measurement. These barriers must be corrected before a complete picture of media efforts can be realized.

Practical implications

A total value model of marketing will require correcting for extant insufficient technology, and coordinating data and knowledge integration between business departments, to facilitate analysis of both online and offline marketing, and discern the value of individual media along the customer journey that lead to sales.

Originality/value

This article consolidates and pinpoints the crucial barriers to a method of marketing measurement that reveals online and offline media value along the entire customer journey. It offers solutions, for C‐level executives and marketers, to these barriers, and suggests that the most critical factor is internal business knowledge and practices.
Economics of development strategies utilising option and portfolio analytics
Authors: Grissom Terry V. , Berry James N. , Cheng J. Lim Lay
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to integrate land use and option pricing theories using case study analyses to compare a portfolio of uses comprising single and mixed‐use development on the same site and assess the effects on the risk‐return profile of potential development schemes. The integration of land use development based on highest and best use (HBU) is tested against a combination of uses on the selected sites at a point in time in the downswing of the real estate cycle.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed methodology integrates the development valuation approach with option theory in which both consider the relationships of cost and value associated with alternative development options. The approach used in this paper addresses the broader consideration of project coordination inclusive of land use flexibility and opportunity costs endogenously associated with development strategies. By investigating the uncertainty of economic options specific to the development process, the methodology considers the significance of complementary components of strategic decisions and entrepreneurial effort within a return/risk management strategy.

Findings

The stochastic model when compared to the real option model enhances strategic decisions and development project management by allowing the consideration of single/mixed‐use alternatives. The development process is facilitated by the research findings whereby alternative uses are tested to maximise the potential use of the site. The analyses consider optimal funding strategies in developing and investing for a range of use options on regeneration sites.

Practical implications

The significant insights apparent from the research is the quantification of the strategic specification of development as a productive process and an investment endeavour. The proposed model enables a comparison of a HBU based on a single development, a mixed‐use development or a combination of uses as the difference between the scenarios impacts on land value and profit measures, especially where these measures are calculated as distributive residuals.

Originality/value

The stochastic model developed in this paper provides a value‐added contribution to real estate literature by considering the complexity of the interrelationships between urban land economics, land use theory, valuation appraisal methodologies, portfolio analysis and option pricing as applied in the development of regeneration schemes.
Is Compensating Audit Committee Members with Stock Options Associated with the Likelihood of Internal Control Weaknesses?
Authors: Cullinan Charles P. , Du Hui , Jiang Wei
Published: July 2010

We examine whether firms with a stock option plan for their audit committee members are more likely to have internal control weaknesses. Using a sample of 486 US firms, we find that firms with a stock option plan for their audit committee members are significantly more likely to report an internal control weakness than firms without such a stock option compensation plan. Our results support a UK government report which indicates that compensating outside directors with stock options may diminish the effectiveness of these directors. Our findings suggest that stock option compensation plans may adversely affect the functioning of a firm's audit committee.
Methodological characteristics of academic clinical drug trials – a retrospective cohort study of applications to the Danish Medicines Agency 1993–2005
Authors: Berendt Louise , Håkansson Cecilia , Bach Karin F. , Andreasen Per B. , Petersen Lene G. , Andersen Elin , Poulsen Henrik E. , Dalhoff Kim
Published: July 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• From 1993 to 2005, the number of academic clinical drug trials in Denmark decreased by 38% with a small increase in 2006. Commercial clinical drug trials in Denmark were subject to a similar decrease. Implementation of the European Clinical Trials Directive in 2004 had no immediate effect on the number of either academic or commercial clinical drug trials.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Our study shows that randomization, definition of primary endpoint, monitoring according to the principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP monitoring), and control of medicine compliance form part of a significantly increasing percentage of academic clinical drug trials. This indicates an increasing quality of these trials.

• However, high numbers of unblinded randomized controlled trials and randomized controlled trials utilizing unacceptable methods for generation of allocation sequence emphasize the potential for further improvement of the methodological quality.

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal trends in characteristics of academic clinical drug trials. We here report characteristics on trial methodology.

METHODS

A review of 386 approved applications of academic clinical drug trials submitted to the Danish Medicines Agency 1993–2005 was carried out. Data on 11 methodological characteristics were collected, e.g. statement of primary endpoint, use of control group, blinding, randomization, method for generation of allocation sequence, monitoring according to the principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP monitoring) and publication.

RESULTS

Statement of primary endpoint increased from 60 to 90% of trials (P < 0.0001). Comparing the period before and after implementation of the Clinical Trials Directive in 2004, intention of GCP monitoring increased from 13% to 94%. Control of medicine compliance increased from 42% to 76% (P < 0.0001) among trials with self‐administration of the investigational medicinal product. Among controlled trials use of randomization increased from 78% to 94% (P= 0.0063) of trials. Remaining characteristics did not change significantly. In total 68% (264/386) were randomized controlled trials.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shows that randomization, definition of primary endpoint, GCP monitoring, and control of medicine compliance form part of a significantly increasing percentage of academic clinical drug trials. This indicates an increase in the quality of academic clinical drug research in Denmark 1993–2005. However, high numbers of unblinded randomized controlled trials and randomized controlled trials utilizing unacceptable methods for generation of allocation sequence emphasize the potential for further improvement of trial methodology.
Emerging invasive alien plants for the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Brunel S. , Schrader G. , Brundu G. , Fried G.
Published: July 2010

A major step in tackling invasive alien plants consists of identifying those species that represent a future threat to managed and unmanaged habitats. The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization reviews and organizes data on alien plants in order to build an early warning system. A prioritization system is being developed to select species that represent emerging threats and require the most urgent pest risk analysis to implement preventive measures and to perform eradication and management measures. Attention has been drawn to the Mediterranean Basin which is particularly vulnerable because its climatic conditions potentially allow the establishment of sub‐tropical and tropical species. Surveys and rapid assessments of spread and impact have allowed identification of emerging invasive alien plants for Mediterranean countries: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae), Baccharis halimifolia (Asteraceae), Cortaderia selloana (Poaceae), Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae), Fallopia baldschuanica (Polygonaceae), Hakea sericea (Proteaceae), Humulus japonicus (Cannabaceae), Ludwigia grandiflora and L. peploides (Onagraceae), Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae), Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae), Myriophyllum heterophyllum (Haloragaceae), Pennisetum setaceum (Poaceae), Pistia stratiotes (Araceae), Salvinia molesta (Salviniaceae), Solanum elaeagnifolium (Solanaceae). These species represent priorities for action. Some other species are placed on the observation list, as available information does not allow them to be counted among the worst threats: Akebia quinata (Lardizabalaceae), Araujia sericifera (Apocynaceae), Delairea odorata (Asteraceae), Cabomba caroliniana (Cabombaceae), Nassella neesiana, N. tenuissima and N. trichotoma (Poaceae), Sesbania punicea (Fabaceae), and Verbesina encelioides (Asteraceae).
Seasonality in the strength and spatial scale of processes determining intertidal barnacle population growth
Authors: Fukaya Keiichi , Okuda Takehiro , Nakaoka Masahiro , Hori Masakazu , Noda Takashi
Published: July 2010

1. Population growth rate is determined by both density‐dependent and density‐independent processes. In the temperate zone, the strength and spatial scale of these processes are likely to differ seasonally, but such differences have rarely been quantitatively examined.

2. Coverage, the area occupied by organisms, is a measure of resource use in sessile marine populations. Population models used for density‐based studies should be able to characterize effectively fluctuations in coverage, but few have tried to apply such models to sessile populations.

3. We observed coverage of the intertidal barnacle Chthamalus challengeri at 20 plots on four shores along the Pacific coast of Japan over 8 years. We then fitted a population model that incorporated both a density‐dependent process (strength of density dependence) and density‐independent processes (intrinsic growth rate and stochastic fluctuation at different spatial scales) to these data to analyse the seasonal variation of these processes and answer the following two questions: (i) How do the effects of density‐dependent and density‐independent processes on population growth vary seasonally? (ii) At what spatial scale, regional (tens of kilometres), shore (hundreds of metres), or rock (tens of centimetres), does density‐independent stochastic fluctuation most strongly affect population size changes?

4. Barnacle population size tended to decrease in summer, when population dynamics were characterized by a relatively lower intrinsic growth rate, weaker density dependence and stronger stochastic fluctuation. In contrast, population size tended to increase in winter, reflecting a higher intrinsic growth rate, strong density dependence and weak stochastic fluctuation.

5. In summer, population growth rate was strongly affected by regional‐scale stochastic fluctuation, whereas in winter it was affected more by rock‐scale stochastic fluctuation, suggesting that populations were strongly affected by regional‐scale processes in summer but not in winter.

6. These results indicate that seasonally variable density‐dependent and density‐independent processes determine the population dynamics of C. challengeri. Therefore, to understand fluctuation patterns of populations of this species, seasonality should be taken into account. Moreover, this study demonstrates that population models commonly used for density‐based studies are also applicable to coverage‐based population studies.
The legacy of dispersal: larval experience shapes persistence later in the life of a reef fish
Authors: Shima Jeffrey S. , Swearer Stephen E.
Published: July 2010

1. Movement pathways of individuals can be shaped by heterogeneity in the dispersal environment that separates origin and destination patches. However, effects of the dispersal environment on the phenotype (or future fitness) of dispersers is poorly known; individual experiences during dispersal may have latent effects on the performance or persistence of later life‐stages.

2. We evaluated such ‘legacy effects’ for dispersing reef fish larvae using (i) otolith (ear stone) microchemistry to characterize two distinct dispersal pathways and (ii) otolith microstructure to estimate ‘larval quality’ (a composite of five measured larval phenotypes). We conducted a reciprocal transplant field experiment to evaluate selective mortality after dispersal as a function of larval quality. We conducted longitudinal sampling of natural cohorts of reef fish through to adulthood to quantify shifts in the distribution of larval quality in local populations.

3. We found the quality of dispersers to be variable and determined by their experience in the larval dispersal environment. Larval quality of successful dispersers predicted their subsequent survival after dispersal in reciprocal transplant experiments. Longitudinal sampling was consistent with short‐term field experiments, and revealed that survivors to adulthood were disproportionately comprised of high quality larval dispersers.

4. Overall, our results suggest that conditions in the dispersal environment shape future fitness of individuals after successful dispersal, and that this can indirectly mediate dispersal patterns and connectivity in a metapopulation.
A critical analysis of racial difference with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosing, clinical outcomes and adverse effects in pediatric kidney transplant patients
Authors: Jensen C.J. , Shrivastava S. , Taber D.J. , Weimert N.A. , Shatat I.F. , Orak J. , Chavin K.D. , Baliga P.K.
Published: July 2010

Jensen CJ, Shrivastava S, Taber DJ, Weimert NA, Shatat IF, Orak J, Chavin KD, Baliga PK. A critical analysis of racial difference with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosing, clinical outcomes and adverse effects in pediatric kidney transplant patients. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 534–540. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  There is paucity in the data examining the differences in mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosing and outcomes among pediatric kidney transplant recipients (PKTX) between races. The aims of this study were as follows (i) to assess whether higher doses of MMF are being utilized in African American (AA) PKTX (ii) to determine whether there is a correlation between MMF dose and outcomes between races, and (iii) to assess the adverse effects of MMF between races. This study analyzed 109 PKTX who received MMF between 7/99 and 5/08. Demographics were similar between groups. Fewer AAs received kidneys from living donors (18% vs. 44%), spent more time on dialysis (1.0 vs. 0.5 yr), and had more human leukocyte antigen mismatches (4 vs. 3). MMF doses among AA patients were higher throughout the study, with statistical differences at week 4, month 3, and month 18. AA patients had significantly higher acute rejection rates and trended toward poorer graft survival; infections, adverse events from MMF and post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease tended to be lower in the AA patients. AA PKTX received higher MMF doses within the first three yr post‐transplant compared to their non‐AA counterparts, yet demonstrate significantly more acute rejection episodes. Importantly, MMF caused fewer adverse events in AA patients, despite these patients receiving higher doses.
The University Worksite Organ Donation Project: a comparison of two types of worksite campaigns on the willingness to donate
Authors: Morgan Susan E. , Stephenson Michael T. , Afifi Walid , Harrison Tyler R. , Long Shawn D. , Chewning Lisa Volk
Published: July 2010

Morgan SE, Stephenson MT, Afifi W, Harrison TR, Long SD, Chewning LV. The University Worksite Organ Donation Project: a comparison of two types of worksite campaigns on the willingness to donate. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 600–605. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  To test the impact of different campaign strategies, a year‐long campaign was conducted to promote organ donation among university faculty, staff, and students. Two universities were assigned to each of three conditions: a media‐only campaign, a mass media‐plus‐interpersonal outreach condition, and a control condition. Universities were counter‐balanced by geographic region and diversity of population. Changes from pretest to post‐test on the key‐dependent measures, including signing a donor card and discussing donation with family members, were significantly greater in the media‐plus‐interpersonal condition than either the mass media only or control conditions. Implications for the creation of campaigns to promote other health behaviors are examined.
The horizontal flow of the plasmid resistome: clues from inter‐generic similarity networks
Authors: Fondi Marco , Fani Renato
Published: July 2010

By integrating sequence similarity data of plasmid‐encoded antibiotic resistance determinants with those coming from a less transferred molecular marker, we constructed a network in which all the sequences that most likely underwent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) were linked together. The analysis of this network revealed that either geographical barriers or taxonomical distance can often be overcome since phylogenetically unrelated bacteria, and/or those inhabiting distinct environments, were found to share common antibiotic resistance determinants, probably as a result of (one or multiple) HGT event(s). Data obtained also revealed that bacteria viable through multiple environments (ubiquitous) are likely to give a crucial contribution to the spreading of bacterial resistance towards antimicrobial compounds. These analyses represent a first attempt to give an almost global picture of the horizontal flow of antibiotic resistance determinants at the whole bacterial community level, also underlining the power of HGT among bacteria and how this ‘horizontal flow’ is poorly affected by both taxonomy and physical distance. Finally, data presented may be useful in the infections control procedures, suggesting which bacterial species are more likely acting as vectors of antibiotic resistance determinants.
Children of Katrina: Lessons Learned About Postdisaster Symptoms and Recovery Patterns
Authors: Kronenberg Mindy E. , Hansel Tonya Cross , Brennan Adrianne M. , Osofsky Howard J. , Osofsky Joy D. , Lawrason Beverly
Published: July 2010

Trauma symptoms, recovery patterns, and life stressors of children between the ages of 9 and 18 (n = 387) following Hurricane Katrina were assessed using an adapted version of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Hurricane Assessment and Referral Tool for Children and Adolescents (National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2005). Based on assessments 2 and 3 years after the hurricane, most children showed a decrease in posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms over time. Students were also classified into outcome trajectories of stress resistant, normal response and recovery, delayed breakdown, and breakdown without recovery (A. S. Masten & J. Obradovic, 2008). Age, gender, and life stressors were related to these recovery patterns. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of building and maintaining supportive relationships following disasters.
Children With Disabilities in the Context of Disaster: A Social Vulnerability Perspective
Authors: Peek Lori , Stough Laura M.
Published: July 2010

An estimated 200 million children worldwide experience various forms of disability. This critical review extrapolates from existing literature in 2 distinct areas of scholarship: one on individuals with disabilities in disaster, and the other on children in disaster. The extant literature suggests that various factors may contribute to the physical, psychological, and educational vulnerability of children with disabilities in disaster, including higher poverty rates, elevated risk exposure, greater vulnerability to traumatic loss or separation from caregivers, more strain on parents, and poor postdisaster outcomes, unless medical, familial, social, and educational protections are in place and vital social networks are quickly reestablished. Future research needs are outlined in the conclusion.
An Eye for Detail: An Event‐Related Potential Study of the Rapid Processing of Fearful Facial Expressions in Children
Authors: Vlamings Petra H. J. M. , Jonkman Lisa M. , Kemner Chantal
Published: July 2010

There is converging evidence for the presence of a fast subcortical face‐processing route that operates on global face characteristics in the mature brain. Until now, little has been known about the development of such a route, which is surprising given suggestions that this fast subcortical face‐processing route might be affected in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. To address this, early visual event‐related potentials to pictures of fearful and neutral faces containing detailed or global information in 3‐ to 4‐year‐old (n = 20), 5‐ to 6‐year‐old (n = 25), and 7‐ to 8‐year‐old (n = 25) children were compared. In children, emotional processing was driven by detailed information. Developmental effects are discussed in terms of maturation of the fast subcortical face‐processing route as well as an increase in experience with facial expressions with age.
An Eyeglass Simulator Using Conoid Tracing
Authors: Kakimoto M. , Tatsukawa T. , Nishita T.
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a method for displaying images at the fovea of the retina taking visual acuity into account. Previous research has shown that a point light source projected onto the retina forms an ellipse, which can be computed with wavefront tracing from each point in space. We propose a novel concept using conoid tracing, with which we can acquire defocusing information several times faster than that acquired by previous methods. We also show that conoid tracing is more robust and produces higher quality results. In conoid tracing the ray is regarded as a conoid, a thin cone‐like shape with varying elliptical cross‐section. The viewing ray from the retina is traced as a conoid and evaluated at each sample location. Using the sampled and pre‐computed data for the spatial distribution of blurring, we implemented an interactive eyeglass simulator. This paper demonstrates some visualization results utilizing the interactivity of the simulator, which an eyeglass lens design company uses to evaluate the design of complex progressive lenses.
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, UNEXPECTED DEPRECIATION AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Pilcher Robyn , Van Der Zahn Mitchell
Published: July 2010

Prior management and manipulation of financial accounting information research has overwhelmingly been focused within a private sector setting. This study adopts a public sector focus in empirically examining the use of a specific discretionary accrual (i.e., depreciation) to adjust the financial performance of New South Wales (Australia) local governments. Findings indicate a significant positive association between absolute unexpected depreciation and absolute local government income before capital contributions, and a significant positive association between absolute unexpected depreciation and capital contributions. Overall, the results make significant contributions to various literature streams with implications for various stakeholders interested in local governmental financial performance.
Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and after‐care for lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: international consensus statement
Authors: Love S. C. , Novak I. , Kentish M. , Desloovere K. , Heinen F. , Molenaers G. , O’Flaherty S. , Graham H. K.
Published: July 2010

Botulinum neurotoxin type‐A (BoNT‐A) has been used in association with other interventions in the management of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP) for almost two decades. This consensus statement is based on an extensive review of the literature by an invited international committee. The use of BoNT‐A in the lower limbs of children with spasticity caused by CP is reported using the American Academy of Neurology Classification of Evidence for therapeutic intervention. Randomized clinical trials have been grouped into five areas of management, and the outcomes are presented as treatment recommendations. The assessment of children with CP and evaluation of outcomes following injection of BoNT‐A are complex, and therefore, a range of measures and the involvement of a multidisciplinary team is recommended. The committee concludes that injection of BoNT‐A in children with CP is generally safe although systemic adverse events may occur, especially in children with more physical limitations (GMFCS V). The recommended dose levels are intermediate between previous consensus statements. The committee further concludes that injection of BoNT‐A is effective in the management of lower limb spasticity in children with CP, and when combined with physiotherapy and the use of orthoses, these interventions may improve gait and goal attainment.
Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and aftercare for paediatric and adult drooling: international consensus statement
Authors: Reddihough D. , Erasmus C. E. , Johnson H. , McKellar G. M. W. , Jongerius P. H.
Published: July 2010

Many individuals with neurological problems or anatomical abnormalities of the jaw, lips or oral cavity may drool, which can impact on health and quality of life. A thorough evaluation of the patient’s history, examination of the oral region by a speech pathologist and, in individuals over 3 years, a dental examination is warranted. Questionnaires with established validity such as the Drooling Impact Scale are useful assessment tools. A hierarchical approach to treatment is taken from least invasive therapies, such as speech pathology, to more invasive, such as injection of botulinum neurotoxin type‐A (BoNT‐A) into the salivary glands (parotid and submandibular). The wishes of the individual and their carer are crucial considerations in determining the suitability of the intervention for the patient. In the presence of dysphagia and cerebral palsy (CP), careful assessment is required prior to the injection of BoNT‐A. Favourable responses to intervention include a reduction in the secretion of saliva and in drooling, as well as psychosocial improvements. BoNT‐A is usually well tolerated, although potential side effects should be discussed with the patient and carer.
Czechoslovak Conference on Paediatric Neurology
Authors: Lesný Reported by Ivan
Published: July 2010

The general theme of the 11th Annual Czechoslovak Conference on Paediatric Neurology (Brno, 15–16 June, 1971) was ‘Social factors influencing disorders of the nervous system in childhood’. While only a few factors could be discussed in detail during the two days, the conference did help to define the problems to which further study must be given. The programme was divided into four sessions, each concerned with a particular aspect of the general theme, and discussions followed the presentation of each paper.
The Sounds of Infancy
Authors: Ostwald Peter
Published: July 2010

The infant's cry is an imperative signal which is related to the life‐sustaining functions of respiration and nutrition. The relatively new field of study of the infant cry is surveyed in this paper in order to demonstrate what has been accomplished so far, and to consider what future study might accomplish.

Les sons de l'enfance

Le pleur de l'enfant est un signal impératif lié aux fonctions indispensables à la vie, de la respiration et de Ia nutrition. Les auteurs étudient ce champ relativement nouveau d'étude du pleur de l'enfant en vue de montrer les résultats déjà obtenus et ce que de nouvelles études pourraient apporter.

Die kindlichen Laute

Der Kindesschrei ist ein notwendiges Signal, das zu den lebenswichtigen Funktionen Atmung und Ernährung in Zusammenhang steht. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Überblick iiber das relativ neue Untersuchungsgebiet der kindliche Schrei gegeben, um zu zeigen, was bisher auf diesem Gebiet bekannt ist, und um festzustellen welche weiteren Studien dafür sinnvoll wären.

Los sonidos en el lactante

El llanto del lactante es un signo imperativo en relación con las funciones vitales de respiratión y nutritión. El campo de estudio relativamente nuevo del llanto del lactante es estudiado en esta comunicación con el objeto de demostrar lo que ya se ha conseguido y considerar qué estudio futuro debe realizarse.
The Risk of Handicap due to Birth Defect in Infants of Very Low Birthweight
Authors: Stewart Ann
Published: July 2010

The relationship between birth defects (congenital malformations and genetically determined metabolic errors) and long‐term handicaps has been examined in a group of 195 infants of very low birthweight (< 1.5kg). The overall incidence of birth defects in the whole group was 13 per cent. The incidence was 16 per cent in the 98 survivors and 10 per cent among the 97 infants who died. Two per cent of the survivors had long‐term handicaps due to a birth defect. Thus, contrary to earlier suggestions, birth defect did not appear to be a major cause of long‐term handicap in this group of infants of very low birthweight.

Risque de handicap par anornalie de naissance chez les enfants de très faible poids de naissance La relation entre anomalies de naissance (malformations congénitales et erreurs méta‐boliques d'origine génétique) et handicap à long terme a étéétudiée sur un groupe de 195 enfants de très faible poids de naissance (moins de 1,5 k) La fréquence des anomalies de naissance dans le groupe entier était de 13 pour cent. Elle était de 16 pour cent chez les 97 survivants et 10 pour cent chez les enfants qui moururent. 2 pour cent des survivants présentèrent des handicaps à long terme liés aux anomalies de naissance. Ainsi, contrairement aux suggestions antérieures, les anomalies de naissance ne semblent pas être une cause majeure de handicap dans ce groupe d'enfants de trés faible poids de naissance.

Das Risiko einer Schädigung auf Grund eines Geburtsschadens bei Kindern rnit sehr niedrigem Geburtsgewicht

Bei einer Gruppe von 195 Kindern mit sehr niedrigem Geburtsgewicht (1,5 kg) wurde die Beziehung zwischen Geburtsschäden (angeborene Mißbildungen und genetisch bedingte metabolische Defekte) und Dauerschädigungen untersucht. Bei 13 Prozent dieser Gruppe kamen Geburtsschäden vor. Von den 98 Überlebenden waren es 16 Prozent und von den 97 Verstorbenen 10 Prozent. 2 Prozent der Überlebenden zeigten Dauerschädigungen bedingt durch einen Geburtsschaden. Entgegen früherer Behauptungen scheinen also Geburtsschäden bei diesen Kindern mit sehr niedrigem Geburtsgewicht kein Hauptgrund für Dauerschädigungen zu sein.

El riesgo de rninusvalía debida a un defecto de nacirniento en niños con un peso de nacimiento muy bajo

En un grupo de 195 niños de un peso de nacimiento muy bajo (< 1,5 kg) se ha examinado la relación entre defectos de nacimiento (malformaciones congénitas y errores metabólicos genéticamente determinados) y minusvalías a largo plazo. La incidencia global de los defectos de nacimiento en todo el grupo fue del 13 por ciento. La incidencia fue del 16 por ciento en los 98 supervivientes y 10 por ciento en los 97 que murieron. Dos por ciento de los supervivientes tenían minusvalías a largo plazo debidas a un defecto de nacimiento. Así pues, contrariamente a sugestiones anteriores, el defecto de nacimiento no aparece como una causa mayor de minusvalia a largo plazo en este grupo de niños de muy bajo peso de nacimiento.
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Size Constancy and Experience of Mobility in Cerebral Palsied Children
Authors: Wedell K. , Newman Colin V. , Reid P. , Bradbury I. R.
Published: July 2010

Size constancy was investigated in a group of cerebral palsied children aged between 7 and 9 years, and in a reference group of non‐handicapped children in the same age‐range. Cerebral palsied children showed significantly less size constancy at 12 and 17 feet. Analysis of the results for cerebral palsied children, when these were grouped according to length of experience of independent mobility, provided some confirmation of the hypothesis that limited experience of independent mobility is associated with reduced size constancy.

Etude exploratoire de la relation entre la constance des grandeurs et les expériences de mobilité chez les enfants IMC

La constance des grandeurs (aptitude à juger que la taille d'un objects la même à différentes distances) a étéétudiée dans un groupe d'enfants imc de 7 à 9 ans et un groupe contrôle d'enfants non handicapés de même 2ge. Les enfants imc ont montré une constance des grandeurs significativement moindre è 12 et 17 pieds (3,65 m et 5,18 m). L'analyse des résultats chez les enfants imc regroupés selon le temps d'expérience de mobilité indépendante apporte quelques confirmations à I'hypothttse qu'une expérience limitée de mobilité indépendante est associée è une constance des grandeurs moindre.

Eine untersuchende Studie über die Beziehung von Gröβenkonstanz und Bewegungserfahrung bei cerebral paretischen Kindern

Bei einer Gruppe cerebral paretischer Kinder im Alter von 7–9 Jahren und bei einer Gruppe nicht geschädigter Kinder derselben Altersstufe wurden Untersuchungen über die Größenkonstanz (d.h. die Fähigkeit, die Größe eines Gegenstandes in verschiedenen Entfernungen gleich abzuschätzen) durchgeführt. Die cerebral paretischen Kinder wiesen eine signifikant geringere Größenkonstanz bei 12 und 17 Fuß (3,65 und 5,18 Metern) auf. Die Analyse der Ergebnisse fur die cerebral paretischen Kinder, die nach der Dauer der unabhängigen Bewegungserfahrung eingeteilt waren, unterstrich die Vermutung, daß eine Beziehung besteht zwischen der begrenzten Dauer unabhängiger Bewegungserfahrung und der eingeschränkten Größenkonstanz.

Estudio exploratorio de la relación entre la constancia en la determinación del tamaño y la experiencia de movilidad en niños con parálisis cerebral

La habilidad para juzgar el tamaiio de un mismo objeto a diferentes distancias se investigó en un grupo de niños con paràlisis cerebral entre 10s 7 y 9 años y en un grupo de niños no minusvàlidos con el mismo margen de edad. Los niños con paràlisis cerebral mostraron significativamente menos habilidad para distancias de 12 y 17 pies (3,65 y 5,18 m.). El anàlisis sobre 10s resultados para 10s niños con paràlisis cerebral, agrupados según el tiempo de experiencia de motilidad independiente, arrojó alguna confirmación de la hipótesis según la cual la limitada experiencia en la motilidad independiente va asociada con una reducción de la habilidad para juzgar dimensiones de objetos.
Mothers' Expectations of Their Child's Accomplishment of Certain Gross Motor Skills
Authors: Ely Karen P. , Healey Alfred , Snzidt Gary L.
Published: July 2010

One hundred post‐partum women were interviewed individually to assess their expectation of the ages at which their child would first perform each of six selected gross motor skills. The total number of subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of socio‐economic status and number of previous children. Responses for each of the six skills were compared among the groups using analysis of variance. No significant difference was found among the groups for any of the six activities at the 01 per cent level.

Attente des mères dans les réalisations de certaines performances d'habileté motrice Cent mères divisées en quatre groupes sur la base du statut socio‐économique et du nombre d'enfants déjà eu, ont été interrogées individuellement peu après une naissance sur leur appréciation de l'êge auquel leur enfant pourrait réaliser chacune des six performances sélectionnées. La moyenne d'estimation donnée par les quatre groupes a été comparée par analyse de variance. Aucune différence significative n'a été notée entre les groupes pour les six performances au seuil de 0,01.

Über die Erwartungen der Mütter wann ihr Kindgewisse groβ‐motorische Fähigkeiten erlangt Einhundert Frauen, die man nach socio‐ekonomischen Gesichtspunkten und nach der Anzahl der vorhergehenden Schwangerschaften in vier Gruppen eingeteilt hatte, wurden nach der Entbindung einzeln befragt, mit welchem Alter sie bei ihren Kindern jedes der sechs ausgewahlten groß‐motorischen Fähigkeiten erwarten würden. Die Mittelwerte der Angaben der vier Gruppen wurden unter Verwendung der Varianzanalyse verglichen. Eine Signifikanz von 01 wurde für keine der sechs motorischen Fähigkeiten bei den vier Gruppen gefunden.

Expectativas de las madres acerca del momento en que sus niños llegarán a realizar ciertas habilidades motoras

Cien madres en la fase de post‐parto, divididas entre cuatro grupos según su nivel socio‐económico y el número de niños habidos anteriormente fueron entrevistados individualmente para estudiar sus expectativas acerca de la edad en la que sus niños realizarían por primera vez cada una de seis habilidades motoras seleccionadas. Las estimaciones medias dadas por 10s cuatro grupos fueron comparadas utilizando anàlisis de varianza. No se encontró diferencias significativas antre 10s grupos en ninguna de las seis actividades al nivel 0,01.
Convulsions in the Newborn Period
Authors: Brown J. K.
Published: July 2010

This comprehensive revision article on convulsions in the newborn period is presented as an aid both to newcomers to the field of child neurology and to those readers who may find it helpful to have an up‐to‐date review of the subject.

The author considers mainly two types of convulsions in the newborn period—clonic and tonic. The pathophysiology, aetiology, clinical pattern and management of convulsions are systematically discussed and, where possible, indications are given of the prognoses for infants who have convulsions from various causes during the first month of life.

L'article qui fait une révision générale sur les convulsions dans la période néonatale est écrit pour aider aussi bien les nouveaux venus dans le domaine de la neurologie infantile que les lecteurs qui souhaitent une mise au point à jour sur le sujet.

L'auteur considère principalement deux types de convulsions dans la période néonatale—clonique et tonique. La physiopathologie, l'étiologie, les symptômes cliniques et le traitement des convulsions sont systématiquement discutés et lorsque cela est possible des indications sont données sur le pronostic des nourrissons qui souffrent de convulsions, de causes variées, durant le premier mois de la vie.

Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel über Neugeborenenkrämpfe soll sowohl den Neulingen auf dem Gebiet der Kinderneurologie als auch den Lesern, die sich an einem Überblick über die neusten Erkenntnisse auf diesem Gebiet orientieren wollen, als Hilfe an die Hand gegeben werden.

Der Autor berücksichtigt hauptsächlich zwei Krampfformen in der Neugeborenen‐periode—Klonisch und Tonisch. Pathophysiologie, Ätiologie, klinische Erscheinungsform und Behandlung der Krämpfe werden systematisch diskutiert und soweit möglich werden Hinweise auf die Prognosen für die Kinder gegeben, die während der ersten Lebensmonate an Krämpfen unterschiedlicher Ursache leiden.

Este artículo en que se revisan las convulsiones del período neo‐natal se presenta como una ayuda para los recién llegados a la neuropediatría y para los lectores que pueden encontrar útil una puesta al día del tema.

El autor considera fundamentalmente dos tipos de convulsiones en el período neonatal: clónicas y tónicas. Se discute sistemáticamente la fisiopatología, etiologia, esquema clínico y tratamiento de las convulsiones y cuando es posible, se dan indicaciones sobre el pro‐nóstico de los niños que padecen convulsiones por varias causas durante el primer mes de vida.