bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring attachment security in patients with advanced cancer: psychometric properties of a modified and brief Experiences in Close Relationships scale
Authors: Lo Christopher , Walsh Andrew , Mikulincer Mario , Gagliese Lucia , Zimmermann Camilla , Rodin Gary
Published: September 2008

Objective: Attachment security has been identified as an important buffer of distress in patients with cancer and other medical illnesses but current measures have not been adapted for this population who may be older, in long‐term stable relationships, and suffering from considerable disease burden. This study reports on (1) the psychometric properties of a modified 36‐item Experiences in Close Relationships scale (ECR), adapted for this population; and (2) the validity of a brief 16‐item version of our modified scale.

Methods: A modified ECR (ECR‐M36) was constructed by rephrasing relevant items to refer more generally to people with whom one feels close, instead of specifically in relation to one's romantic partner(s). Patients with metastatic gastrointestinal (GI) and lung cancer completed the ECR‐M36 and other scales tapping self‐esteem, social support, and depressive symptoms on two occasions within a period of 4–6 months. Based on factor analyses of the ECR‐M36, 16 items were selected to form a brief measure (ECR‐M16).

Results: Factor analyses of both ECR forms revealed a higher‐order factor structure in which four first‐order factors (Worrying about Relationships, Frustration about Unavailability, Discomfort with Closeness, Turning Away from Others) loaded onto two second‐order factors tapping Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance. Both ECR forms were reliable and valid.

Conclusion: The ECR‐M36 and ECR‐M16 are good measures of attachment orientations for use with medically ill, older populations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper‐filled macroporous Si and cavity underneath for microchannel heat sink technology
Authors: Zacharatos F. , Nassiopoulou A. G.
Published: September 2008

Thermal management in ICs becomes essential as integration density and total power consumption increase. The use of microchannels in high power density electronics cooling is a well‐known technique for heat transfer. In this work we developed Cu‐filled macroporous Si channels with a Cu‐filled cavity underneath, which may be used as heat sinks in high power density electronics cooling. Macroporous Si is formed by electrochemical dissolution of bulk Si, while pore filling with copper is achieved by electro‐deposition. Using appropriate design, the resulting composite material may be fabricated on selected areas on the silicon substrate for use as heat sink on Si. The surface area is defined by patterning. The macroporous Si structure is composed of either randomly distributed pores or pores arranged in two‐dimensional (2‐D) arrays, fabricated by pre‐patterning the Si surface before anodization so as to form pore initiation pits. The pore size in this work was 5μm, while the porous layer and the cavity underneath had both a thickness of 40 μm. Copper deposition proceeds first by filling the micro‐cavity underneath the porous layer. This is achieved by linearly increasing the applied potential during electro‐deposition. After full Cu‐filling of the cavity, pore filling starts from the bottom of each pore and proceeds laterally, while no nucleation takes place on pore wall. In this way, homogeneous copper wires within pores may be fabricated. The Cu/Si composite material is appropriate for forming channels with improved heat transfer within the Si wafer. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A thermal vacuum sensor fabricated on plastic substrate – Study in various operation modes
Authors: Petropoulos A. , Kaltsas G. , Nassiopoulou A. G.
Published: September 2008

This work presents the characterization of a thermal vacuum sensor, directly integrated on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate. The sensor consists of a thin platinum strip, in direct electrical contact with the patterned Cu tracks of the PCB. The platinum resistor that resides on a thick SU‐8 layer on the PCB, acts as both heating and temperature sensing element. Both PCB substrate and SU‐8 have low thermal conductivity values, therefore ensuring a high degree of thermal isolation. Under electrical current flow through the Pt heater, an elevated temperature field is developed in its vicinity due to Joule heating. The overall heat exchange rate is a function of the surrounding gas pressure in certain pressure regimes due to the contribution of different heat transfer mechanisms. The determination of heat transfer allows for the extraction of the corresponding vacuum value. The sensor operation was tested in a pressure range from 103to 10–5mbar for three different operation modes, namely that of constant current (CI), constant temperature (CT) and constant power (CP). (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) leaf soluble solids on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Shen Szu‐Chuan , Cheng Fang‐Chi , Wu Ning‐Jung
Published: September 2008

This study investigated the effect of aqueous and ethanol soluble solid extracts of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) leaves on hypoglycemia and glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats. Low‐dose streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide were injected into Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats to induce type 2 diabetes. Acute and long‐term feeding tests were carried out, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to follow the changes in plasma glucose and insulin levels was performed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of guava leaf extracts in diabetic rats.

The results of acute and long‐term feeding tests showed a significant reduction in the blood sugar level in diabetic rats fed with either the aqueous or ethanol extract of guava leaves (p < 0.05). Long‐term administration of guava leaf extracts increased the plasma insulin level and glucose utilization in diabetic rats. The results also indicated that the activities of hepatic hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase in diabetic rats fed with aqueous extracts were higher than in the normal diabetic group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, diabetic rats treated with the ethanol extract raised the activities of hepatic hexokinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (p < 0.05) only. The experiments provided evidence to support the antihyperglycemic effect of guava leaf extract and the health function of guava leaves against type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic relay deployment for disaster area wireless networks
Authors: Guo Wenxuan , Huang Xinming , Liu Youjian
Published: September 2008

This paper investigates the disaster area communication system using relay‐assisted wireless network for first responders as mobile nodes (MNs). Firstly, a novel mobility model is proposed to describe the movement pattern of MNs within a large disaster area. Secondly, we study the relay management problem of finding a minimum number of relay nodes (RNs) and their dynamic locations to cover all the MNs within the disaster area. A square disk cover (SDC) problem is formulated and three different algorithms, including the two‐vertex square covering (TVSC) algorithm, the circle covering algorithm and the binary integer programming (BIP) algorithm, are proposed to solve the SDC problem. Simulation results are presented to validate the mobility model and compare the algorithms with respect to computational complexity and worst case performance ratio. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐transplantation of bFGF‐expressing amniotic epithelial cells and neural stem cells promotes functional recovery in spinal cord‐injured rats
Authors: Meng Xiao‐ting , Li Chen , Dong Zhi‐yong , Liu Jia‐mei , Li Wei , Liu Ying , Xue Hui , Chen Dong
Published: September 2008

We have previously demonstrated that amniotic epithelial cells (AECs) can enhance survival and neural differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) when co‐cultured in basal media. In addition, the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhances this AEC function. The aim of the present study was to extend those findings and investigate whether AECs modified with the bFGF gene will also enhance NSCs survival and neural differentiation in vivo and promote repair of the injured spinal cord. Female Wistar rats were used for a contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Contusive SCIs were induced using a weight‐drop device at levels T9–T11. Seven days following contusion, rats received grafts of NSCs only, NSCs with AECs/pLEGFP‐hbFGF, or NSCs with AECs/pLEGFP‐C1 into the injured region. Significant locomotor improvement was observed in the NSCs/AECs co‐graft group beginning at 3 weeks compared with the NSCs or NaCl only groups. These results were confirmed and extended in an electrophysiological analysis. An immunohistological analysis revealed that AECs/pLEGFP‐hbFGF promoted the survival (vs NaCl group: 194 ± 9.17 vs 103.6 ± 13.05) and neural differentiation (vs NaCl group: 14.24 ± 1.11 vs 7 ± 0.63) of co‐transplanted NSCs. We also confirmed that AECs could promote the survival of host neurons. These results suggest that AECs/pLEGFP‐hbFGF improve the NSCs survival and differentiation microenvironment and may be useful as a source of sustained trophic supported to improve NSCs differentiation into neurons in vivo. These findings suggest that a cograft of AECs/pLEGFP‐hbFGF and NSCs may have benefits for SCI.
Neuronal characteristics of amniotic fluid derived cells after adenoviral transformation
Authors: Arnhold S. , Post C. , Glüer S. , Hoopmann M. , Wenisch S. , Volpers C. , Addicks K.
Published: September 2008

Efficient transformation of primary human amniocytes by E1 gene functions of human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) yield in stable cell lines, which exhibit morphological features of epithelial like cells. A thorough investigation using immunocytochemistry confirmed the expression of epithelial cell markers. The analysis also revealed the expression of neuronal and glial marker proteins, such as nestin, vimentin, A2B5 and GFAP. Using RT‐PCR, transcripts of the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and neurotrophin 3 (NT‐3) could be detected. Neurotrophic factors could also be detected in the cell culture supernatants of transformed amniocytes. In line with previous experimental data on a human Ad5 E1‐transformed embryonal kidney cell line (HEK‐293), the results suggest a co‐expression of epithelial and neuronal marker proteins in E1‐transformed human amniotic fluid derived cells and thus a preferential transformation into neuronal‐like cells.
Detection of antibodies againstFasciola hepaticain cirrhotic patients from Peru
Authors: Marcos L.A. , Bussalleu A. , Terashima A. , Espinoza J.R.
Published: September 2008

The prevalence ofFasciola hepaticainfection, in endemic countries, in patients with established cirrhosis is unknown. We hypothesized that, in endemic countries, the presence of fascioliasis may be detected in a serum pool of cirrhotic patients. Forty-four previously stored serum samples of patients with established liver cirrhosis, in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru, were collected from 1998 to 2003 and assessed for hepatitis B, C and fascioliasis antibodies (Fas2 ELISA). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was positive in 8.8% (n = 34), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) in 32.5% (n = 34), hepatitis C antibodies (anti-HCV) in 9.1% (n = 33), and 9.1% (n = 44) were Fas2 ELISA positive. This disease is an example of an emerging tropical infection which can be present in chronic liver diseases, requiring greater clinician awareness especially in endemic rural areas. Further clinical studies are warranted.
The origin of Standard Old English and Æthelwold's school at Winchester
Authors: Gneuss Helmut
Published: September 2008

‘In literary culture’, Sir James Murray has said, ‘the Normans were about as far behind the people whom they conquered as the Romans were when they made themselves masters of Greece.’ Indeed when the Normans set foot on English soil Anglo-Saxon England was in possession not only of a remarkable literature but also of a highly developed written standard language, known and used in all regions of the country. Most of our Old English manuscripts were written in the late tenth century and in the eleventh in a form of English – although not always quite pure – which the grammarians call late West Saxon. This form of the language is by no means just a dialect, any more than its literature is merely the literary product of a dialect. This fact is first brought home to us when we examine the negative evidence – the rareness before the end of the tenth century of texts in dialects other than West Saxon and their almost complete absence after this time, a state of affairs for which various explanations might be found, historical factors among others. Considerably more important, however, is a positive criterion: texts in this late West Saxon were written and read in other parts of the country too, in Kent (Canterbury), in Mercia (Worcester) and indeed even in Northumbria (York). Moreover, texts which had originally been written in Anglian were transcribed into late West Saxon, as was a large part of Old English poetry. There can be no doubt: in our Old English texts of the eleventh century we are dealing with a standard literary language which, although based on a dialectal foundation, had extended its domain beyond the borders of this dialect.
The manuscript of the Leiden Riddle
Authors: Parkes M. B.
Published: September 2008

In April 1970 I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to examine Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, Vossius Lat. 4° 106, 25v, the page containing the text of the Leiden Riddle (see pl. I), under extremely strong early morning sunlight. Strong sunlight combines the advantage of ordinary light with, to a much lesser degree, the advantages of both infra-red and ultra-violet light whilst permitting a prolonged and close scrutiny of the manuscript. In sunlight some of the applications of reagent appear as opaque white, whereas in a photograph they appear as dark stains because the opaque white does not register adequately on the negative. In these conditions I was able to distinguish in the damaged parts of the text of the Leiden Riddle between traces of ink left upon the surface and stains left by the various reagents as well as other marks in the substance of the parchment itself. The following day I made an independent examination of the manuscript under ultra-violet light. Later by way of experiment a series of very hard prints was produced from photographs taken in ordinary light. Subsequently I compared the various readings and as a result of these examinations I offer a new transcription and notes on the more difficult passages.
Structural criticism: a plea for more systematic study of Anglo-Saxon buildings
Authors: Taylor H. M.
Published: September 2008

From the Norman Conquest onward, the architectural history of England has been put on a firm basis by the work of nineteenth-century writers who were able to associate precise dates, and even named builders, with a considerable number of buildings as a result of the survival of contemporary written records which could be unequivocally linked to the surviving buildings. For the period before 1066 the position is very different: the studies of the last century have indeed established firmly the principal distinctive features of Anglo-Saxon workmanship; but for only a handful of buildings is there any written record that allows a firm assignment of date; and there is consequently a wide divergence of opinion between scholars in the dates which they assign to individual buildings or particular architectural features.
Place-names from hām, distinguished from hamm names, in relation to the settlement of Kent, Surrey and Sussex
Authors: Dodgson John McN.
Published: September 2008

The element OE hām, ‘a village, a village community, an estate, a manor, a homestead’, is generally reckoned to belong to an early stratum of English place-names. Within this stratum, and especially in the type in -ingham from OE -ingahām, it is associated with place-names from OE -ingas and -inga- (the genitive composition form). The same common antiquity is noted on the continent between place-names from OHG -heim and those from OHG -ing. In recent years an attempt has been made at a re-appraisal of the value of the place-name from OE -ingas, -inga-, including the numerous -ingahām type, as evidence of the progress of the English settlements, while other recent work has seen the beginning of an examination of the place-names containing OE -hām and the compounds wīc-hīm, hīm-tūn, hām-stede and hām-st(e)all: the distribution of the compound wāc-hām has been shown to be related very particularly to Roman roads and Roman archaeology, and it has been recognized that in Cheshire (see fig. 1), place-names in -ham from -hām and in -ingham (<-ing(a)hām) are distributed in a pattern based on the run of the Roman roads.
Bede and medieval civilization
Authors: Bonner Gerald
Published: September 2008

The mortal remains of the Venerable Bede rest today in the cathedral church of Christ and Blessed Mary the Virgin, Durham. They were brought there in the early eleventh century by one Ælfred Westou, priest and sacrist of Durham and an enthusiastic amateur of that characteristically medieval form of devotion expressed in the acquisition, by fair means or foul, of the relics of the saints to the greater glory of God. The removal of Bede's remains to Durham, involving as it did considerable preliminary planning and solitary nocturnal vigil before the final successful snatch, was one of his more brilliant coups, upon which he seems especially to have preened himself. The bones were first kept in the coffin of St Cuthbert, being subsequently removed to a reliquary near the saint's tomb. In 1370 they were placed in the Galilee Chapel, where they now lie under a plain table-tomb of blue marble, made in 1542 after the medieval shrine had been defaced. Bede himself would certainly have preferred that his body should have been left in its grave among his brethren at Jarrow, there to await the coming of Christ which he so ardently desired to see; but if a removal had to be made, we need not doubt that he would have been content to lie at Durham, near but not too near the shrine of St Cuthbert, the great saint and patron of the north, under a modest tombstone, so much more in keeping with his nature than the earlier and richer shrine, despoiled by the commissioners of Henry VIII.
An interim revision of episcopal dates for the province of Canterbury, 850–950: part II
Authors: O'Donovan Mary Anne
Published: September 2008

For part I see ASE 1 (1972), 23–44. Information about the conventions and abbreviations used is given ibid. pp. 24–6.
The round, cap-shaped hats depicted on Jews in BM Cotton Claudius B. iv
Authors: Mellinkoff Ruth
Published: September 2008

Individualized portraiture is rarely found in early medieval art. Personalities or groups were more often identified by context or inscription or some significant motif. To those who knew the biblical stories and legends, individuals portrayed in scenes such as Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac, or Moses and the brazen serpent, or the Last Supper, could be easily identified. Iconographical motifs not only served to identify particular prophets, apostles, saints and others, but also often established the character of certain groups. In the latter case, costume played an important part, and especially the head-dress. In western medieval European art a king can be recognized by his crown, a monk by his tonsure, a bishop by his mitre, a divine being by its nimbus and so on. While there were variations and some exceptions, nevertheless head-dress and costume were useful devices for ordinary labelling.
Portents and events at Christ's birth: comments on Vercelli v and vi and the Old English Martyrology
Authors: Cross J. E.
Published: September 2008

Many curious traditions are gathered by medieval man to magnify the birth of Christ. Homilies and tracts transmitted the stories of the anonymous apocrypha but this present investigation uncovers well-known names and a different tradition. For the theme in Vercelli homilies v and vi Rudolph Willard blazed the trail when he drew attention to De Divinis Officiis Liber (wrongly attributed to Alcuin) and also to a sequence in Rome, Vatican Library, Reg. Cat. 49, which is now named Catéchèses Celtiques. The historical information in both these Latin texts, however, clearly derives from Orosius‘s Historiarum adversum Paganos Libri VII.
Germanic and Roman antiquity and the sense of the past in Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Hunter Michael
Published: September 2008

Nothing is more characteristic of the Dark Ages than the ease with which the barbarians assimilated Latin culture. Within a century of Augustine's mission to the pagan English, ‘a barbarous, fierce and unbelieving nation’ who ‘paralysed [him] with terror’, Ceolfrith had attempted to make Jarrow a secondVivariumand Northumbria could boast scriptoria with an uncial hand superior to the contemporary products of Rome herself. No less striking is the career of a barbarian prince like Cædwalla, who emerged from the forests of Wessex on a pilgrimage to Rome, where he was baptized in St Peter's and had his epitaph written in classical metres by the archbishop of Milan. Yet the Christianity which thus introduced the Saxons to Mediterranean classicism did not cut them off from their native cultural inheritance. The Northumbria which produced theCodex Amiatinuswas also the home of Cædmon and of the Lindisfarne Gospels, whose rich mixture of Roman and barbaric elements exemplifies the Saxons’ success in turning vernacular poetry and insular art to Christian themes.
The Icelandic saga of Edward the Confessor: its version of the Anglo-Saxon emigration to Byzantium
Authors: Fell Christine
Published: September 2008

The fourteenth-century compiler of the saga of Edward the Confessor, Saga Játvarðar konungs hins helga, supplemented his material on the king with history, anecdote and legend on various topics. His final chapter contains an account of the Anglo-Saxon emigration to Byzantium after the Norman Conquest. No historian doubts that this event took place. There is fairly full documentation from Byzantium itself and the accounts of the Anglo-Norman chronicler Orderic and the hagiographer Goscelin are not unknown. But in general the medieval chroniclers in England make no reference to it and the scholars who have worked on Játvarðar saga, perhaps insufficiently aware of supporting Byzantine evidence, have tended to dismiss the account as a fabrication. Gudbrand Vigfusson calls it ‘an extraordinary story’. Professor Jón Helgason writes, with a characteristic touch of fine disdain, that ‘the saga concludes with the episode of Earl Sigurðr of Gloucester, who after the Conquest left England, together with other English malcontents, and with the Greek emperor's consent settled in a country six days' journey north-east of Constantinople. Here they gave the towns such English names as London and York. The source of this far-fetched story is unknown.’ H. L. Rogers says no more than ‘evidently a similar tradition was known to the Anglo-Norman Ordericus Vitalis’.
Anglo-Saxon charters: the work of the last twenty years
Authors: Brooks Nicholas
Published: September 2008

1973 is an auspicious year for the study of the charters of the pre-Conquest period. At the time of writing, the publication of Professor A. Campbell'sAnglo-Saxon Charters I, The Charters of Rochesteris imminent. This is the first volume in a series in which the entire corpus of pre-Conquest charters is to be edited with full critical apparatus, with detailed analysis of their diplomatic, palaeographical, topographical and linguistic features and with extensive glossaries and indices. Professor Campbell's volume is part of a collaborative enterprise organized by a committee of The British Academy and The Royal Historical Society. When the series is complete, historians will no longer need to reiterate W. H. Stevenson's famous dictum, ‘It cannot be said that the Old English charters have yet been edited.’ One significant feature of the scheme deserves to be noted here; each volume will cover the charters of an archive that was in existence towards the end of the Old English period. Thus there will be one volume for Rochester, another for Christ Church, Canterbury, another for Exeter, another for Burton Abbey, and so on. Small archives will be grouped together with others from the same region or diocese to form suitable volumes. In this way the organization of the edition will itself reveal the local character of Anglo-Saxon charters which is so marked throughout their history. It will also bring to light the work of forgers for individual churches developing their claims to particular lands and rights by means of charters of apparently widely differing dates.
The ideal of men dying with their lord in theGermaniaand inThe Battle of Maldon
Authors: Woolf Rosemary
Published: September 2008

There is a well-known resemblance between the heroic behaviour described in theGermaniaand inThe Battle of Maldon: in his account of the martial code of honour of the Germanic tribes Tacitus says, ‘ Iam vero infame in omnem vitam ac probrosum superstitem principi suo ex acie recessisse’, whilst inMaldonthe poet has the followers of Byrhtnoth affirm one after the other that it would be a disgrace to leave the battlefield now that their lord lies dead. For a long time it was assumed that this resemblance reflected historical fact, ties of loyalty and heroic aspirations having remained unchanged over 900 years. A more plausible modification of this view has been that, whilst the society of the tribes in first-century Germany had to be firmly distinguished from that of the Anglo-Saxons in tenth-century England, Old English poetry archaically preserved some of the ideals of conduct that characterized a much earlier form of society. But more recently still the harking back to Tacitus by students of Anglo-Saxon history and literature has been shown to be fallacious, originating in the ethnic romanticism of German scholars in the late nineteenth century. Nevertheless the long-standing view that there is a particular resemblance between theGermaniaandThe Battle of Maldoncannot be lightly abandoned. Indeed the more one becomes aware that there is no evidence that the obligation of a retainer to die with his lord was a pervasive ideal in Germanic society which could well have lived on into tenth-century English life or literature, the more striking and curious the resemblance becomes. My aims in the present article are first to demonstrate the apparently total lack of historical or literary–historical continuity between theGermaniaandMaldonand second, nevertheless, to seek an explanation for a resemblance which is too remarkable to be dismissed as pure chance.
Caesarius of Arles and Old English literature: some contributions and a recapitulation
Authors: Trahern Joseph B.
Published: September 2008

Several studies in recent years have contributed to the discovery that the early-sixth-century sermons of Caesarius of Arles had considerably more influence on Old English literature than had been realized. The extent of that influence may not be fully apparent even now, partly because many of the recent studies discuss examples in isolation, each in its own context, and partly because many of the earlier studies cited certain anonymous Latin sermons which have been only later identified as the work of Caesarius. My aim here is to offer new evidence for Caesarius's influence on five Old English texts and to recapitulate the evidence for his influence upon the corpus of Old English literature as a whole.
The palaeography of the Parker manuscript of theChronicle, laws and Sedulius, and historiography at Winchester in the late ninth and tenth centuries
Authors: Parkes M. B.
Published: September 2008

The Parker manuscript, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 173, is generally recognized to be the earliest surviving copy of the compilation known as theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle. It cannot be the original since it contains various scribal errors including dislocation in the chronology, yet its physical characteristics reflect all the major divisions in the text recognized by modern scholars: it seems to reflect the nature and sometimes even the format of the various exemplars from which it was copied. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to these and other palaeographical features and to survey some of the questions arising from them.
Latin loan-words in Old English place-names
Authors: Gelling Margaret
Published: September 2008

An article I published in 1967 on place-names derived from OE wīchām aroused interest among philologists, historians and archaeologists, and it continues to be quoted. This response suggests that the material is of genuine significance; but some of the conclusions drawn in 1967 are now in need of revision. The aim of the present article is to offer some further thoughts about OE wīchām and to draw attention to some other types of place-name which may have a similar historical significance. The place-name elements camp and funta are particularly promising and some names which contain port and ecles deserve consideration. All the names discussed are plotted on fig. 1 (p. 6).
The text of the Canterbury fragment of Werferth's translation of Gregory's Dialogues and its relation to the other manuscripts
Authors: Yerkes David
Published: September 2008

Dr W. Urry discovered Canterbury Cathedral Library, Add. 25, containing portions of book iv of Bishop Werferth's translation of the Dialogues of Gregory the Great, about thirty years ago and its text is printed here for the first time. N. R. Ker has described the manuscript and his account should be consulted. After a personal inspection I agree with his description in all particulars save one: the first legible letters on 3r are e of lic (Hecht 313.20), not cíged wæs (313.21). Ker dates the manuscript s. x ex. and believes that it is probably a fragment of an item in the medieval catalogue of Christ Church, Canterbury, and that it has been damaged by fire and used as a wrapper.
The thematic structure of the Sermo Lupi
Authors: Hollis Stephanie
Published: September 2008

Sermo Lupi ad Anglos has attracted far more attention by its subject matter than have other Wulfstan sermons, because its apparent topicality is of interest to students of the Old English period. Like all Wulfstan's sermons, though, it has been chiefly esteemed for its forceful oratory – it is this sermon, indeed, which is responsible for his reputation as a fiery orator in the Old Testament vein. Most readers have praised it more enthusiastically than Sir Frank Stenton did, when he stated that it ‘makes its effect by sheer monotony of commination’. But even its admirers have regarded it as little more than a stringing together of the nation's sins and tribulations which impresses by the horrific accumulation of detail. Such a view, it will be argued, is a drastic oversimplification. The Sermo Lupi presents a number of closely related themes, and the catalogues are but one aspect of the development of these themes. Certainly the seemingly inexhaustible fashion in which Wulfstan heaps up specific instances of the nation's iniquities and misfortunes contributes much to the force of his indictment, but the sermon is neither formless nor repetitive. On the contrary, it is the most skilfully and tightly constructed of all his sermons.
The æecerbot charm and its Christian user
Authors: Hill Thomas D.
Published: September 2008

The Old English æcerbot charm, whichs is preserved in London, British Library, Cotton Caligula A. vii, in a hand of the first half of the eleventh century, has always attracted a good deal of attention, since it is one of the few surviving texts which unquestionably reflect the influence of Anglo-Saxon paganism – pagan religion, not merely pagan magic, if one can make the distinction. Our knowledge of Anglo-Saxon paganism is so limited, particularly in comparison with the rich corpus of myth and heroic legend preserved in Old Norse-Icelandic, that inevitably scholars give close attention to any text which reveals something of it. So far as the æcerbot charm is concerned, this has meant a preoccupation with distinguishing between pagan elements and Christian accretions. For instance, in Stopford Brooke's translation of lines 30–42 quoted by Storms in his edition, ‘old’ pagan parts of the prayer are printed in italics and ‘new’ Christian ones in roman print. Storms doubts the possibility of drawing a hard and fast line in all cases, but his quite lengthy commentary on the charm as a whole shares the same fundamental concern.
Old English literature and the liturgy: problems and potential
Authors: Gatch Milton MCC.
Published: September 2008

A number of recent scholarly publications hint that students of Old English are coming to believe that knowledge of medieval liturgies might provide keys for unlocking some of the secrets of literary monuments. A prospectus for such pursuits is set out by the Reverend Cyril L. Smetana in a forthcoming article on further ramifications of the use of the homiliary of Paul the Deacon by Ælfric: It has long been recognized that the Anglo-Saxon poets were influenced by the liturgy and that hymns, homilies and antiphons inspired some of the best poetry.
Some Latin poems as evidence for the reign of Athelstan
Authors: Lapidge Michael
Published: September 2008

Like his illustrious grandfather, Alfred, King Athelstan (924–39) combined a distinguished and successful career as soldier and statesman with more overtly intellectual pursuits. He restored monasteries, established new bishoprics and was an extremely generous benefactor of churches throughout England. William of Malmesbury reports a view allegedly shared by his twelfth-century contemporaries, that ‘no one more just or more learned ever governed the kingdom’. William's assessment has been endorsed by modern historians. Stenton, for example, wrote of Athelstan that ‘in character and cast of mind he is the one West Saxon king who will bear comparison with Alfred’. As in the case of Alfred, we are moderately well informed concerning Athelstan's military exploits and political achievements from early chronicles. But whereas we also have sound evidence for the literary enterprise of Alfred's reign both in the pages of Asser and in the surviving Old English translations which were executed under Alfred's sponsorship, we have no comparable evidence for the reign of Athelstan. Here the contemporary evidence is limited to a couple of Latin letters addressed to the king, a series of royal diplomas issued in his name and a miscellany of (largely incomprehensible) Latin verse. In face of this pitiful collection of contemporary evidence scholars have seized upon a poem quoted at some length by William of Malmesbury, have declared it a near-contemporary document and have used it to fill the void in the historical record – without ever having examined the poem's credentials to authenticity and antiquity with care. I propose to examine the miscellaneous Latin verse contemporary with Athelstan's reign presently; but since the poem quoted by William of Malmesbury has loomed so large in previous discussions of the reign, it may serve as an appropriate point of departure.
Slave raiding and slave trading in early England
Authors: Pelteret David
Published: September 2008

Slaves were an integral and numerically important part of English society in the Anglo-Saxon period. They appear in the earliest English law code promulgated between 597 and 616 by Æthelberht of Kent; nearly half a millennium later at the beginning of the Norman age their continued widespread presence in English society is attested by Domesday Book. Yet they do not seem to have excited much attention from scholars. The longest treatment in print remains that by Kemble, which was written over a century ago. Stenton in his magisterial survey of Anglo-Saxon England made only four references to them. Some other recent histories, however, have discussed slavery in more detail. Professor Whitelock rightly included slaves in her analysis of the social classes of England up to the time of the Norman Conquest. H. P. R. Finberg took this further in his agrarian history of Anglo-Saxon England by dividing the society into three chronological periods and examining the regional variations within England during those periods. Both works mention the slave trade. This receives a more detailed discussion in H. R. Loyn's economic and social history. But the evidence on slavery in England is mostly fragmentary and in widely scattered sources. Inevitably general histories of the period but skim the surface. Only by patiently assembling all the evidence, as Professor Verlinden has been doing for many years in his studies on slavery in continental Europe, can knowledge about this significant element in English society be advanced.
Auxiliary and verbal inBeowulf
Authors: Bliss Alan
Published: September 2008

The principles of Old English prose syntax are on the whole well understood, but there is no general agreement about verse syntax. There are many reasons why verse syntax should differ, at least in some respects, from the syntax of prose. The Old English poetic tradition is known to have been conservative, and it is therefore possible that certain ancient syntactic patterns, obsolete in prose, might have survived in verse. The more ‘rhetorical’ purposes of verse might have made it necessary to call extensively on usages either rare or unknown in prose. Above all, the metre might have exercised such a constraint on the syntax that certain syntactic patterns could not be used at all, or could be used only in favourable circumstances. Such general considerations would no doubt be accepted as plausible by all students of Old English poetry, but there is still no agreement about how they may have operated in detail: the result is that any attempt to judge the style of an Anglo-Saxon poet is frustrated at every turn. It is impossible to tell how far his usage is the result of choice, how far the result of constraint; there is no way of judging how skilful he is in avoiding such constraint, or of assessing the ingenuity he exercises in saying what he wants to say in spite of the difficulties imposed by the metrical form; there is no way to tell how far his variations from prose usage are dictated by ‘rhetorical’ motives. Judgement is necessarily limited in this way until there is an agreed analysis of verse syntax.
Cain's monstrous progeny in Beowulf: part II, post-diluvian survival
Authors: Mellinkoff Ruth
Published: September 2008

In part I of this study I concluded that some of the most unusual characteristics of Grendel and his mother (and their ambience) bear a striking likeness to, and may derive from, concepts of a race of cannibalistic giants descended from Cain in an ancient Jewish pseudepigraphical Noah book or (if, as some think, there was no Noah book) pseudepigraphical traditions designated as Noachic. I now take up the second question posed at the beginning of my part I, namely, what knowledge that such a race (or races) survived the Flood is the poet likely to have had? It is a real question, for, after all, if all mankind and all living creatures – except the prescribed Noah contingent – were destroyed by the Flood (Genesis vi and vii), without some authority the Beowulf poet would not have come to the belief that some of Cain's evil progeny had survived. We should not doubt the reality of that belief. For one thing, we can be confident that he believed in the physical actuality of monsters. They formed part of the repertoire of medieval belief, especially evident (though not exclusively so) when mystical–popular–folkloristic impulses asserted themselves. In the Middle Ages monsters were not regarded as imagined fictions, nor understood as spiritual–metaphorical symbols. Secondly, to suggest that in deriving his monsters from Cain the Beowulf poet was ‘merely employing a metaphor for the society of reprobates’ and that ‘it is unlikely that Grendel was identified with the race of Cain with any save figurative intent’ is surely inadequate. The narrator's two statements about the line of descent from Cain to Grendel and his mother are neither vague nor obliquely hinted; on the contrary, they are markedly definite.
The scholarly recovery of the significance of Anglo-Saxon records in prose and verse: a new bibliography
Authors: Stanley E. G.
Published: September 2008

The new bibliography by Stanley B. Greenfield and Fred C. Robinson of the entire body of publications on Old English literature provides the occasion for reviewing not so much the bibliography itself as the subject it covers. This article is, of course, not a brief history of Anglo-Saxon studies from the dissolution of the monasteries in Henry VIII's reign to the 1970s. It is a highly selective exemplification of some of the changing aims and achievements of scholars when they went to the vernacular records in prose and verse that survive from Anglo-Saxon times.
The kingdom of the East Saxons
Authors: Yorke Barbara
Published: September 2008

No detailed study has ever been made of the East Saxon kingdom, and general works of Anglo-Saxon history usually devote only a few lines to it. Some incidents are well known, such as the conversion of Saberht in 604 by his uncle Æthelberht of Kent, and the apostacy of Sigehere during the plague of 664, while his co-ruler Sæbbi remained Christian. These events are frequently cited as evidence for the workings of overlordship or for the existence of joint kingship in Anglo-Saxon England, though in order to appreciate their true significance they must be placed in a wider context of East Saxon history. Other events from the East Saxon past are less well known, but the fact that East Saxon kings ruled part of Kent for at least six years and that their royal family was one of the few to survive until the ninth century are indications that the East Saxon province was one of the more significant minor kingdoms. Their relative neglect is due to the scarcity of written sources: no East Saxon chronicle has survived, and charters are few and often imperfectly recorded. Inevitably many areas of the East Saxon past must remain obscure, but the situation is not as bleak as it might first appear. East Saxon sources, although few, are varied, and illuminate different aspects of the kingdom's history. The evidence they contain is reviewed first, before more general conclusions are drawn about the East Saxon system of kingship and the relations of East Saxon kings with other kingdoms.
Aldhelm'sEnigmataand Isidorian etymology
Authors: Howe Nicholas
Published: September 2008

In failing to abide by the chief rule of their genre, theEnigmataof Aldhelm have themselves become something of a riddle: for why should their author give, in the form of a title word or phrase, the solution to each of the one hundred riddles? By violating from the start the essential quality of any riddle – a seeming impossibility of solution – Aldhelm would seem to neglect the point made in this Swedish riddle about riddles: ‘When one does not know what it is, then it is something; but when one does know what it is, then it is nothing.’ Certainly the work of Symphosius provided Aldhelm with a precedent for including solutions to his riddles; but this fact in itself does not explain very much about Aldhelm's practice, for it ignores the pleasure he took in exploring the possibilities of the riddle as a genre. Since his work as a whole demonstrates a taste for the difficult and esoteric, it is not surprising that hisEnigmatashould pose this riddle of their own. His practice in this regard is all the more intriguing because very few of theenigmataare difficult to solve, even without their titles. They differ quite markedly from the riddles of the Exeter Book, many of which are insoluble. In the paradoxical fashion so beloved of riddlers, the mystery of the enigma is also the important clue. That is, the title word or phrase offers in the obvious sense a solution; but in a more esoteric, linguistic sense it may also present a riddle of its own.
The text of Aldhelm'sEnigmano. c in Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson C. 697 and Exeter Riddle 40
Authors: O'Keeffe Katherine O'Brien
Published: September 2008

Exeter Riddle 40 presents two related problems as a translation of one of Aldhelm'sEnigmata(no. c: ‘Creatura’): its dislocation, in an otherwise accurate translation, of six lines from their position in the Latin text; and its connection with the so-called ‘Lorica’ of Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, Voss. lat. Q. 106, the only other surviving Old English translation of an Aldhelmianenigma. In his edition of the Exeter Riddles, Tupper addressed these problems by postulating that both Old English riddles were the work of one translator and that Exeter Riddle 40 was revised from an earlier version of Aldhelm'senigmanow lost to us. Although Tupper's view has been widely accepted, it presents a number of difficulties. It is the purpose of the present article to suggest an alternate interpretation of the evidence: that Exeter Riddle 40 – a much later poem than the ‘Leiden Riddle’, a Northumbrian poem perhaps of the eighth century – was translated from a ninth-century continental manuscript with tenth-century English corrections: Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson C. 697.
The glossed manuscript: classbook or library book?
Authors: Wieland Gernot R.
Published: September 2008

In a recent article, Michael Lapidge has cautioned the scholarly world not to assume too readily that any glossed medieval manuscript was necessarily used in the schoolroom. Identical glosses, he points out, often appear in several manuscripts, forcing us to conclude that glosses were either copied along with the text or from a commentary. The glosses naturally show greater variety than the texts because the scribe could at will omit them, change them, or add to them. Nonetheless, the fact that the same glosses appear in several manuscripts indicates that they were not the spontaneous reactions of a teacher or student.
Anglo-Saxon Architectureand Anglo-Saxon studies: a review
Authors: Biddle Martin , Cramp Rosemary , Gatch Milton Mcc. , Keynes Simon , Kjølbye-Biddle Birthe
Published: September 2008

The pilgrimage to discriminate the styles of Anglo-Saxon architecture on which Dr Harold Taylor embarked with his late wife Joan some fifty years ago was brought to a majestic conclusion in 1978 by the publication of the third volume ofAnglo-Saxon Architecture(hereafterAS Arch), the first two volumes of which appeared in 1965. It is a work in the mainstream of English antiquarianism, reaching back to the days of Camden, Aubrey, Stukeley and Horsley, and is to be compared in our own time only with Pevsner'sThe Buildings of England.
Rutland and the Scandinavian settlements: the place-name evidence
Authors: Cox Barrie
Published: September 2008

A cursory glance at a map of Rutland shows a surprising lack of place-names containing Scandinavian themes. When Rutland's place-names are studied in historical detail, this dearth becomes truly startling, especially when we consider the geographical position of the county, lying as it does between the Danish boroughs of Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford and surrounded by heavy Norse settlement in Leicestershire and Lincolnshire and a not inconsiderable spread in Northamptonshire to its south.