bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of lesion volume in acute stroke treated by intravenous t‐PA
Authors: Pialat Jean‐Baptiste , Wiart Marlene , Nighoghossian Norbert , Adeleine Patrice , Derex Laurent , Hermier Marc , Froment Jean‐Claude , Berthezene Yves
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To determine the evolution of the ischemic lesion volumes in a population treated with tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA), MRIs were performed before treatment and 24 hours later; final infarct size was evaluated 60 days later.

Materials and Methods

A total of 42 patients with hemispheric stroke were recruited for a thrombolytic study. Intravenous t‐PA was given after MRI within the first seven hours after stroke onset. Volumes were evaluated on day 0 and day 1 with diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), on day 60 with T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI), and recanalization was assessed based on day 1 MR angiography (MRA).

Results

Lesion volume increased between day 0 and day 1, and decreased between day 1 and day 60. It was lower in the group of patients with recanalization on day 1 MRA.

Conclusion

Volume analysis emphasizes the effectiveness of recanalization as a predictive factor for better outcome, based on final infarct size. The decrease in lesion volumes between day 1 and day 60 suggests that other factors leads to overestimation of day 1 abnormal diffusion volume. This could explain the delayed partial reversibility of the DWI abnormality. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:23–28. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of tobacco smoke exposure on splenic architecture and weight, during the primary immune response of BALB/c mice
Authors: Ayre D. J. , Keast D. , Papadimitriou J. M.
Published: June 2005

Mice exposed to tobacco smoke (TS) for 3 days or 18 or 28 weeks, prior to SRBC inoculation, subsequently displayed less pronounced and/or “shorter‐lived” splenomegaly than age matched controls. In addition mice exposed to TS for three days or 18 weeks displayed a reduction in both the magnitude and duration of the primary immune response as evidenced by the pattern of expansion of splenic white pulp and “RNA‐rich” white pulp volumes. In contrast mice exposed to TS for 28 weeks, prior to inoculation, displayed white pulp and “RNA‐rich” white pulp volumes similar to those of control mice.
Transport of inhaled dust to extrapulmonary sites
Authors: Holt P. F.
Published: June 2005

A histological study of the lungs of guinea‐pigs that inhaled carbon, chrysotile asbestos or crocidolite asbestos dust indicated that dust particles in macrophages move through alveolar walls towards the pleura. After some weeks accumulations of dust‐filled macrophages were found near to pulmonary blood vessels. Macrophages that ingested carbon appeared to be much less mobile than those that ingested asbestos.

In sections from the animals that inhaled asbestos, macrophages were found that were penetrating the wall of blood vessels, some carrying asbestos fibres. It is probable that some inhaled dust is transferred to extrapulmonary sites by macrophages in the blood.
The kinetics of murine peritoneal macrophage replication
Authors: Murch A. R. , Papadimitriou J. M.
Published: June 2005

The percentage of peritoneal macrophages synthesising DNA in the unstimulated mouse peritoneum was found to be 0.4 per cent. after a 30 min in‐vivo pulse label of 3H Tdr. This percentage was found to rise to 4.0, 24 hr after stimulation of the cavity with thioglycollate. Using BrdU incorporation as an indicator of DNA synthesis it was found that in the unstimulated animals S + G2 lasted 12–15 hr while the same functions in stimulated animals took 7–10 hr. A small proportion of much more rapidly dividing cells was found in both stimulated and unstimulated animals. These findings possibly reflect differences between resident and exudate macrophages, or alterations in the kinetics of macrophage division as a result of inflammation. It was concluded that as the increase in the number of cells synthesising DNA and their rate of division was too low, the increase in the number of cells in the stimulated cavity could not be solely the result of cell division within the cavity.
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Authors: McDonald G. S. A.
Published: June 2005

Thirty‐eight nephrectomy specimens and two biopsies of perinephric abscesses from patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis have been examined. Twenty showed evidence of venous damage. This included organised thrombi in 12, intimal thickening in five and phlebitis in three. All specimens showed evidence of previous haemorrhage in the form of haemosiderin deposition. These findings differed significantly from a control series of chronic pyelonephritis.

It is suggested that venous occlusion and haemorrhage are factors in the pathogenesis of the lipid accumulation in the kidney which is characteristic of this condition.

The association of a papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the pelvis in a patient with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is reported for the first time.
Plasma transferable inhibition of BCG induced subcutaneous inflammation in human cancer
Authors: Bureau J. P. , Senelar R. , Cupissol D.
Published: June 2005

When a small dacron sponge disc containing live BCG was implanted subcutaneously in healthy subjects it became infiltrated with leukocytes which at 24 hours mainly involved neutrophils. This mycobacterial‐induced inflammatory response was markedly impaired in patients with cancer. This inhibitory effect could be reproduced by injecting the plasma of these patients into guinea‐pigs bearing identical discs. The differences in inflammatory reactions in the indirect technique were less marked than in the direct test, though a parallelism between the two was seen. The fact that the plasma from cancer patients interferes with neutrophil responses in this way does not exclude the possibility that abnormal cellular functions were also operative. Since tumour growth control depends on effective inflammation these data further underline the importance in cancer patients of a defect at this level.
Excess plasma proteins as a cause of chronic inflammation and lymphoedema: Quantitative electron microscopy
Authors: Casley‐Smith J. R , Gaffney R. M.
Published: June 2005

The subcutaneous tissue of rats was injected with plasma. PVP, or saline. In spite of precautions to avoid immunological reactions and the release of mediators, it was found that the plasma‐injected animals had many of the signs of chronic inflammation—even at 64 days. These were considerably reduced by coumarin, a benzo‐pyrone, which is known to enhance the lysis of proteins by macrophages. The numbers of these cells were greatly increased in the injection site—especially with the administration of coumarin. PVP also moderately increased macrophage numbers, but did not cause the increase in fibroblast numbers or collagen formation associated with the plasma‐injections. It is concluded that altered proteins in the tissues are a cause of chronic inflammation and that, in particular, chronic lymphoedema is a form of chronic inflammation.
Histochemical studies on the early proliferative lesion induced in the rat liver by aflatoxin
Authors: Butler W. H. , Hempsall Valerie , Stewart Mairi G.
Published: June 2005

Male inbred Fischer rats were fed a diet containing 5 p.p.m. aflatoxin for 1, 3, 4½ and 6 weeks at which times groups were killed for histological and histochemical study. Aflatoxin produced a scattered individual cell necrosis of parenchymal cells by 1 week. At 3 weeks small basophilic proliferative foci were seen which increased in size and abundance to 6 weeks. These foci showed starvation‐resistant glycogen, variable depletion of glucose‐6‐phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, aniline hydrogenase, membrane ATPase and acid phosphatase. At 6 weeks the foci showed the presence of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase. The basophilic foci were not preceded by other focal histological and histochemical change. The basophilic proliferative lesions are observed when an irreversible change has been induced in the liver. The role of such lesions in the histogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed.
Pulmonary mast cells in cattle and llamas at high altitude
Authors: Williams Andrew , Heath Donald , Harris Peter , Williams David , Smith Paul
Published: June 2005

The density of mast cells in various anatomical locations within the lung were measured in a Peruvian Andean llama, a Peruvian Andean cow and a sea‐level‐cow. These densities were determined separately around pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arterioles and venules, in the alveolar septa, and around bronchi. The total mast cell density did not differ significantly between the three animals and there were more periarteriolar and perivenular mast cells in the llama than in either of the two cows. These data do not support the hypothesis that the perivascular mast cell is responsible for initiating the vasopressor response to hypoxia. In fact it can be argued that they actually inhibit this response since a high mast cell density was found in the llama, an animal which does not develop pulmonary hypertension at high altitude.
A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of glomerular damage in the rat following heterologous serum albumin overload
Authors: Rollason T. P. , Brewer D. B.
Published: June 2005

Female Wistar strain rats injected intraperitoneally with 1 g of BSA per day for 5 days, a total of 5 g of BSA. developed heavy proteinuria. Characteristic morphological abnormalities were seen by both TEM and SEM in the large majority of glomeruli from these animals and were similar overall, but not identical to, those seen in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. The heterologous protein overload model seems to present considerable opportunity for study of the basic mechanisms of glomerular visceral epithelial cell handling of protein.
The enzyme histochemistry of lymphoid and non‐lymphoid cells of the human palatine tonsil: A basis for the study of lymphomas
Authors: Crocker J.
Published: June 2005

The distribution of various hydrolytic enzymes has been determined in 27 human palatine tonsils by means of conventional enzyme histochemical techniques, and lysozyme (muramidase) activity has been localised in eight tonsils by the unlabelled antibody peroxidase‐antiperoxidase complex (PAP) method. The enzyme activities of various cell types are compared and the effects of various methods of fixation and processing discussed.

The results suggest that arrangement of various histiocytic cell types within the tonsillar follicles and crypt epithelium is related to the processing of antigen. The PAP method for lysozyme demonstrates a smaller population of cells than is demonstrated by the α‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) method.

T‐cells are demonstrated by the presence of dot‐like ANAE activity in their cytoplasm. Large numbers of the lymphocytes of this type were located in the T‐dependent areas of the tonsil, and are frequent beneath the crypt epithelium. The efferent lymphatic vessels appeared to contain an almost pure population of T‐cells. The immunohistochemical method for lysosyme did not differentiate between T‐ and B‐cell areas, dot‐like activity being absent.

As in other workers' studies on non‐lymphoid cells of the murine spleen, several types of glass‐adherent cells have been identified in short‐term cell cultures from the human tonsil. True dendritic cells and branching macrophages differ in several ways (as in the mouse spleen).

The tonsil is considered to be a useful control “reactive” lymphoid organ, to act as a baseline tissue in an extended study of morphology and enzyme histochemistry in the lymphomas.
The biological behaviour of gastric cancer
Authors: Ishii Toshiharu , Ikegami Naoki , Hosoda Yasuhiro , Koide Osamu , Kaneko Masashi
Published: June 2005

A characterisation of the biological behaviour of gastric carcinoma was attempted by relating the histological classification to the mean number of metastases for each case (metastatic index). The material was chosen from a consecutive series of 294 gastric cancer autopsies in which only conservative therapy had been given or in which the cancer was first diagnosed at autopsy.

According to the extent of metastasis it was possible to divide the nine histological types into two groups of limited invasiveness and generalised invasiveness. Unfavourable biological behaviour of the cancer was determined by the presence of the latter group of histological types in the primary site even in cases where this histological type formed the minor component of the tumour. The variation in histology within the primary tumour and between the primary site and the metastatic sites was related both to histological affinities and to the metastatic index associated with the primary site histology. It is suggested that this dual classification system adds significantly to our understanding of the natural history of gastric cancer.
The modification of macrophage activity in experimental granulomas by cyclophosphamide
Authors: Birman Esther G. , Mariano M.
Published: June 2005

Round glass coverslips were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of mice previously immunized to sheep red cells (SRBC) and the same antigen injected into the pocket where the coverslip lay. It was shown that when mice received a prior dose of cyclophosphamide (Cy) the number of macrophages adherent to the glass increased, they showed more pre‐mitotic DNA synthesis and were more phagocytic via their Fc and C3b surface receptors. However, when BCG was inoculated into similar coverslip pockets in mice not previously sensitized to BCG but pre‐treated with Cy, the number of macrophages on the glass surface fell and their phagocytic potential decreased compared with non‐Cy‐treated controls.

When BCG was inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of mice, Cy treatment induced a significant increase in the number of lesions in the peritoneal cavity compared with non‐Cy‐treated controls. When BCG was injected into the footpad of mice it was clear that pre‐treatment with Cy abolished the increase in foot volume otherwise seen at 24 hr but led to a sustained increase in volume which reached a peak on day 6. However, when Cy was given to the mice 5 days after BCG injection the course of the response was not altered.

It is concluded that treatment with Cy before an inflammatory stimulus with an immunological component, modifies macrophage function and granuloma development. Differential effects of Cy on various components of the immune response are thought to be its most likely explanation.
The formation of a structure with the features of synovial lining by subcutaneous injection of air: An in vivo tissue culture system
Authors: Edwards J. C. W. , Sedgwick A. D. , Willoughby D. A.
Published: June 2005

We have attempted to verify the suggestion that synovial membrane is the result of mechanical disruption of connective tissue, and may occur at any site. Mechanical disruption of the subcutaneous connective tissue was achieved in rats and mice by the repeated injection of air. The resulting cavities developed a lining structure with many of the features of synovial membrane as judged by electron microscopy, and light microscopy using haematoxylin and eosin and van Gieson stains, esterase activity and immunofluorescent staining for Ia antigen. A structure closely resembling synovium is formed as early as 6 days, providing a convenient method for studying large quantities of facsimile synovial tissue under a wide variety of easily administered stimuli.
Histochemical studies of hepatocellular carcinomas in the rat induced by aflatoxin
Authors: Butler W. H. , Hempsall Valerie
Published: June 2005

A histochemical study has been done on a group of 18 hepatocarcinomas induced by aflatoxin. One hundred per cent. incidence of hepatocarcinomas is induced by feeding 5 p.p.m. aflatoxin for 6 weeks. The carcinomas were trabecular hepatocarcinomas with a mixed adenomatous pattern and showed considerable variation in histochemical reactions throughout the lesions. There was a patohy distribution of glycogen and glucose‐6‐phosphatase and the membrane ATPase was present along much of the canalicular border of the cells but with an abnormal and tortuous pattern. Aniline hydroxylase was present in varying amounts in both trabecular and adenomatous carcinomas. It is concluded that the histological variants of hepatocarcinoma are all derived from hepatocytes, but no unique changes were observed related to the progress involved in malignant neoplasia. The observations form a basis for comparison with early lesions seen prior to the recognition of carcinoma.
Autopsy sampling and elemental analysis: Errors arising from post‐mortem changes
Authors: Iyengar G. V.
Published: June 2005

The implication of post‐mortem changes such as cell swelling, imbibition and autolysis on the elemental composition of body organs has been studied in rats. Liver has been chosen as an example. Retaining the liver inside the intact dead body for different periods of time at ambient temperature induced significant changes in its weight due to post‐mortem tissue degeneration. Livers from animals that were frozen at −15°C also showed significant decrease in weight when they were thawed on the third day. The effect of these changes on the concentrations of various elements depended on the association of the elements with extracellular fluid and intracellular components. For example, concentration of K+ was affected more by the lysis of the cell and sustained losses up to 30 per cent, in relation to the control values, while the total content was reduced by more than 40 per cent. as a result of both lysis and tissue liquefaction. For Na+, differences ranging from +10 to −20 per cent. in concentrations and +20 to −40 per cent. in total content were observed which could be explained by the movement of fluid in and out of the organ. Among trace elements, variations observed for iron ranged from −20 to +40 per cent., while both copper and zinc were found to fluctuate between −20 and +20 per cent. The loss observed in the total content in the liver for the five trace elements studied (Cu, Fe, Mn, Rb and Zn) was found to be about 20 to 40 per cent.
Malignant histiocytic tumour presenting as a primary uterine neoplasm: A cytochemical and electron microscopy study
Authors: Bellomi Alberto , Gamoletti Roberto
Published: June 2005

41‐year‐old woman was admitted because of uterine bleeding. The diagnosis of malignant histiocytic tumor was suspected from microscopic examination of the material obtained with diagnostic curettage. Total hysterectomy was performed a week later and a complete pathological examination of the specimens was performed.

Cytochemical and immunoperoxidase stains and electron microscopy confirmed that the neoplastic cells were derived from histiocytic elements, i.e. from the mononuclear phagocyte system.
Experimental mycobacterial granulomas in guinea pig lymph nodes: Ultrastructural observations
Authors: Narayanan R. B. , Badenoch ‐Jones P. , Turk J. L.
Published: June 2005

A systematic ultrastructural study has been performed of the mononuclear phagocytes in granulomas induced by different types of mycobacteria, e.g. live BCG (Pasteur), irradiated M. leprae and irradiated BCG (Pasteur) in guinea pig lymph nodes. Live BCG (Pasteur) induces a granuloma which peaks at 2‐3 weeks and by light microscopy, a large number of the infiltrating cells have the appearance of epithelioid cells. Ultrastructurally a large proportion of these cells have a distinct appearance. They are characterised by the presence of very large nuclei, and prominent nucleoli, paucity of cytoplasmic organelles and swollen rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cells from 2 week granulomas induced by live M. kansasii and BCG (Glaxo), had a similar ultrastructural appearance. BCG (Pasteur) granulomas slowly resolved and by light and electron microscopy fibrosis and collagen deposition was seen by 7 weeks and was very extensive in some nodes at 10 weeks.

The nodes from M. leprae injected animals showed peak infiltration at 5 weeks and by light microscopy the infiltrating cell population was more mixed, with most of the cells having a macrophage appearance. Electron‐microscopy showed these infiltrating cells to be mainly activated macrophages, containing phagocytosed organisms. Nodes from irradiated BCG (Pasteur) injected animals had peak infiltration at 1 week. The light and electron microscopic appearance showed areas consisting mainly of fibroblasts and mononuclear phagocytes. Thus, the granulomas induced by M. leprae are very different from those induced by BCG in the guinea pig. It is suggested that lymph nodes draining areas of local injection of BCG and irradiated M. leprae could respectively form a good model in the guinea pig for cellular and biochemical studies of the granulomas of tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.
Infantile and late onset form of generalised glycogenosis type ii in cattle
Authors: McC. Howell J. , Dorling P. R. , Cook R. D. , Robinson W. F. , Bradley S. , Gawthorne J. M.
Published: June 2005

A herd of cattle which produces calves with generalised glycogenosis type II has been established. Seven affected animals have been born and their disease status as indicated by a decreased acid α‐glucosidase activity and excessive glycogen deposition in muscle, can be detected on the day of birth. Two animals have died of heart failure aged 3 and 5 months and have shown cardiomegally. Five animals were clinically normal until 9 months of age when they failed to maintain weight gain, showed muscle weakness and four were killed aged between 12 and 16 months after showing difficulty in rising. All affected animals had abnormal ECG tracings and had elevated levels of CK. LDH and HBDH in serum. Excessive amounts of glycogen were deposited in voluntary, cardiac and smooth muscle, and in cells of the nervous system. The muscles showed a vacuolar myopathy. Both the infantile and late onset forms of generalised glycogenosis type II are present in this herd of cattle. The condition appears to be controlled by a recessive allele at a single autosomal locus.
Macrophages from malignant effusions
Authors: Katz D. R.
Published: June 2005

Cells from 11 malignant effusions have been examined for macrophage functional attributes and for evidence of macrophage malignancy.

Three patients with Hodgkin's disease and one patient with histiocytic medullary reticulosis had atypical macrophages in their serous fluids. This adds further evidence to support the theory that the macrophage is the malignant cell in these tumour types.

Two other patients with LRMPS tumours had atypical non‐adherent cells in their effusions; these were probably lymphoid in origin. Samples from patients with benign disease and with epithelial tumours did not have atypical LRMPS cells.

One patient with Hodgkin's disease lacked the atypical macrophage. In this patient the ascites was not due primarily to tumour involvement. There was no evidence to suggest a Hodgkin's disease‐related macrophage deficit as has been reported in tissue samples.

It is concluded that cells from malignant effusions are a particularly valuable source of information about the histogenesis of tumours which may be of macrophage origin.
Phagocytic recognition of bone by macrophages
Authors: Chambers T. J.
Published: June 2005

There is now persuasive evidence that osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes. The presence of osteoclasts on bone thus infers the phagocytic recognition of bone by mononuclear phagocytes. I compared the phagocytic recognition by macrophages of hydroxyapatite, and native, demineralised and deproteinated bone powder. Removal of mineral resulted in loss of phagocytic recognition by macrophages, while removal of the organic component resulted in avid binding of bone fragments to a similar degree to that observed for hydroxyapatite crystals. The organic component of bone therefore protects the hydroxyapatite crystals of the mineral component from phagocytic recognition by macrophages. A simple model for bone resorption would be that resident bone‐lining cells (active and resting osteoblasts) remove the organic protection under appropriate stimuli and thus allow phagocytic recognition of the underlying mineral by macrophages, which accumulate, fuse and commence digestion.
A transplantable human malignant Schwannoma
Authors: Rao M. Sambasiva , Chaudhuri Bina , Scarpelli D. G.
Published: June 2005

A human malignant Schwannoma was serially transplanted through three generations in nude mice. The tumours grew readily and the take‐up rate was 100 per cent. No metastasis was observed in nude mice. Morphological features of the original tumour were strictly maintained through all the transplant generations. The tumour cells of the original and of the transplants showed features of primitive Schwann cells of embryonic nerve trunks.
Pancreatic lesions in shock and their significance
Authors: Gmaz‐nikulin E. , Nikulin A. , Plamenac P. , Hegewald G. , Gaon D.
Published: June 2005

The pancreas was examined histologically in 146 cases of patients dying of shock. The finding of morphological evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the pancreas supports the opinion that the pancreas is highly sensitive to disturbances of blood perfusion.

The presence of DIC combined with a variety of pathological lesions in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas was sufficiently characteristic to justify use of the term “shock pancreatitis”.

The relative scarcity of data hitherto available on pathological changes in the pancreas caused by shock can be ascribed to changes in the management of shock. It is concluded that the pancreatic lesions described in this study could influence the outcome in shock treated by modern methods of resuscitation.
The cytochemical demonstration of oestrogen receptors in human breast carcinomas
Authors: Walker Rosemary A.
Published: June 2005

A cytochemical method has been used to demonstrate oestrogen receptor in histological sections of breast carcinomas, and has given similar qualitative results to the biochemical dextran‐coated charcoal method. Two conjugation techniques were employed to couple horseradish peroxidase to 17β‐oestradiol‐6‐O‐carboxymethyloxime—bovine serum albumin. The periodate conjugation method led to a greater degree of coupling but a higher concentration was required for demonstration of oestrogen receptor than that needed when the two‐stage glutaraldehyde conjugation method was used, even though this resulted in a lesser degree of coupling.

Care in the preparation of tissue has been found to be essential. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue was unsuitable; rapid freezing of fresh tissue, only brief air‐drying or acetone fixation of tissue sections and short‐term storage were important.

A correlation has been shown between the presence of oestrogen receptor in breast carcinomas and good histological differentiation. The poorer differentiated tumours were also found to contain fewer reactive cells.
A survey of pathological changes associated with long‐term high tar tobacco smoke exposure in a murine model
Authors: Keast D. , Ayre D. J. , Papadimitriou J. M.
Published: June 2005

Balb/c mice were exposed to the fresh smoke of a daily equivalent of thirty high tar filtered cigarettes for periods of up to 95 weeks. Detailed surveys of the gross and histopathological data are presented which indicates that there is the induction or production of significant numbers of malignant tumours of several types in the animals exposed to tobacco smoke. There are also significant histopathological changes which consist mainly of interstitial pneumonia and focal low grade emphysema. These features contribute significantly to the reduction in life span of the test animals in which the main causes of death are malignancies and inflammatory diseases of the lungs.
Lanthanide‐induced calcergy
Authors: Garrett I. R. , McClure J.
Published: June 2005

The subcutaneous injection of solutions of chloride salts of the rare earths is follwed by calcification of the dorsal fascia in the mouse. The concentration of salt required to produce a constant, predictale response varies from salt to salt. The macroscopic outline of the reaction is generally irregular and therefore a quantitative radiological method has been developed to allow an accurate assessment of the dose/response relationship. This with the majority of salts is best described as a log regression and with three as a linear regression.
A quantitative study of lamina densa alterations in hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis
Authors: White F. H. , Gohari K.
Published: June 2005

Lesions produced by topical application of 0.5 per cent. DMBA to the hamster cheek pouch epithelium were classified as hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma groups using strict histological criteria. Untreated epithelium served as a control. Tissue samples from five animals in each group were processed for electron microscopy and electron micrographs from the epithelialconnective tissue junction were obtained from 5 blocks per animal. The micrographs were subjected to stereological intersection counting to determine the relative surface (SSLD,BM) of lamina densa which was in normal relationship to the basal cell plasma membranes. Quantitative results indicated a progressive loss of lamina densa during carcinogenesis and this was accompanied by the extrusion of pseudopodia from the basal cells through the gaps. The pseudopodia were frequently related to peripheral cytoplasmic microfilaments. Quantitative data confirmed the progressive nature of this loss, with values for SSLD,BM being of the order of 98 per cent., 88 per cent., 76 per cernt. and 42 per cent. for normal epithelium and for the hyperplastic, dysplastic and carcinomatous lesions respectively. The loss of lamina densa is discussed in relation to the specificity of the response and to the development of features indicative of motility in transforming cells.
Human pituitary gonadotropic adenoma; histological, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural and hormonal studies in eight cases
Authors: Trouillas J. , Girod C. , Sassolas G. , Claustrat B. , Lhéritier M. , Dubois M. P. , Goutelle A.
Published: June 2005

Among 230 surgically removed pituitary adenomas, eight tumours showing immunostaining gonadotropic cells and elevated intratumours gonadotropin concentrations have been detected (frequency: 3°5 per cent.). By light microscopy the tumours were composed of agranular cells and generally PAS negative cytoplasm. The immunofluorescence technique revealed the presence of immunoreactive FSH (β‐subunit) alone in two cases, of both FSH and LH in six cases with immunoreactive β endorphin in two of them. By electron microscopy, the cells contained an often dilated moderately or well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules measuring 150 nm to 200 nm which varied in electron density, and numerous microtubuls. Basal plasma FSH and LH levels were simultaneously elevated in two cases; FSH levels alone were elevated in two cases; in three cases, both FSH and LH plasma values were normal. FSH and LH intratumour concentrations were simultaneously elevated in five cases; FSH alone was elevated in two cases. In all cases, the concentrations of the other hormones were negligible, except in two cases where β endorphin concentration was elevated. The comparison of the immunocytochemical findings, the hormonal plasma levels and intratumour concentrations showed a good relationship between the immunoreactivity of the tumour and the intratumour RIA. The gonadotropic adenoma is uncommon but not rare. Its diagnosis is possible if immunocytochemical techniques are applied.
Isolated epithelioid cells from disaggregated BCG granulomas—an ultrastructural study
Authors: Williams Geraint T.
Published: June 2005

Non‐caseating epithelioid granulomas have been induced in rats by the subcutaneous injection of BCG vaccine and their cellular disaggregation to yield isolated epithelioid cells has been achieved using collagenase. Ultrastructurally epithelioid cells in both intact granulomas and disaggregated cell suspensions showed a spectrum of appearances ranging from cells with conspicuous rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (“plasmacytoid epithelioid cells”) to cells containing numerous cytoplasmic membrane‐bound vesicles (“vesicular epithelioid cells”). Numerous intermediate forms were present. Endocytosed material was inconspicuous.

Investigation of disaggregated 4, 10 and 28 day lesions showed that the proportion of vesicular epithelioid cells increased with maturation of the granulomas. Nevertheless a full spectrum of epithelioid cell morphology was present as early as 4 days.

It is suggested that mononuclear phagocyte cells entering the granuloma transform into vesicular epithelioid cells via an intermediate plasmacytoid stage.

The successful isolation of viable epithelioid cells from granulomas may allow th function of these cells to be evaluated further.
Calcitonin alters behaviour of isolated osteoclasts
Authors: Chambers T. J. , Magnus C. J.
Published: June 2005

Osteoclasts were incubated on a glass or plastic substrate and the effect of calcitonin (CT) on their behaviour was observed. Before exposure to CT the osteoclasts were actively motile, the cytoplasm advancing behind broad pseudopodial (lamellipodial) processes which showed intense ruflling activity. CT caused cessation of lamellipodial activity within minutes, followed by gradual fragmentation and retraction of lamellipodia. Complete osteoclast quiescence was regularly induced by concentrations of CT above 50 pg/ml, and lesser degrees of quiescence were induced at concentrations down to 10 pg/ml. This quiescent state was reversed on removing CT from the medium, and was abrogated by prior treatement of osteoclasts with trypsin. The quiescent state did not reduce the longevity of the cells in culture. nor did it affect their resistance to removal from glass by trypsin. CT showed no influence on the pseudopodial activity of osteoblasts, peritoneal macrophages or inflammatory giant cells. Osteoclast quiescence seems to be a reversible state induced by the interaction of CT with a trypsin‐sensitive CT receptor, present on osteoclasts. The range of concentrations which induce partial osteoclast quiescence are within the physiological range of serum concentrations in man, and this suggests that CT plays a physiological role in the regulation of osteoclast activity. The behavioural change induced by CT in osteoclasts may help to identify the precursor cell of the osteoclast and may assist investigations into the mechanism of control of osteoclasis.
The role of antibody in primary and reinfection BCG granulomas of rat skin
Authors: Spector W. G. , Marianayagam Y. , Ridley Marian J.
Published: June 2005

Primary subcutaneous infection of rats with BCG leads to a three stage local reaction. There is first a short‐lived simple granuloma corresponding with high levels of cell mediated immunity (CMI). This is followed by an explosive phase of necrosis and local Mycobacterial multiplication corresponding with low levels of CMI and high levels of circulating anti‐BCG antibody. Finally the lesion resolves via an epithelioid cell granuloma as bacteria fall in number and CMI returns.

Reinfection with BCG produces quite different lesions when initiated at different stages of the primary infection. Reinfection during the short first stage causes a self‐healing epithelioid granuloma. Reinfection during the long second stage produces a florid necrotic, bacilli‐laden lesion. Reinfection during the third stage produces only a vestigial, transient granuloma.

It is suggested that the evolution of tuberculous lesions depends on the interplay of CMI, bacillary load and circulating antibody. A large antigenic load in the presence of high antibody titres causes necrosis and bacillary multiplication, whereas reduced bacterial numbers plus antibody and high CMI lead to compact granulomas and healing. The first situation may be analogous to immune complex disease in antigen excess and the second to complexes in antibody excess.

An analogy is drawn between the reinfection experiments and natural infection after BCG vaccination in humans. It is postulated that BCG vaccination in man may be followed by a phase in which antibody is high relative to CMI. If because of high prevalence rates, natural infection with large doses of bacilli was more likely to occur at this time, the results might help to explain the failure of BCG prophylaxis in India and comparable countries, as opposed to its success in the UK.
Morphometric investigation of hypertrophy in the arteries of DOCA‐hypertensive rats
Authors: Berry C. L. , Henrichs K. J.
Published: June 2005

The increase in peripheral resistance of the vascular bed in hypertension has been attributed to adaptive hypertrophy of the media or a so‐called contracture of the arterial wall due to altered reactivity of smooth muscle cells. We have measured medial cross‐sectional area, numbers of smooth muscle cell nuclei and the relative proportions of scleroporteins present in the media in hypertensive rats. The results show that hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells and an increase in medial area occur in hypertension, a change most marked in the peripheral branches of the renal artery.
The uptake of cationised ferritin and its subsequent redistribution by gallbladder epithelium in vivo
Authors: Hopwood D. , Milne G. , Wood R. A. B.
Published: June 2005

Cationised ferritin was injected into the gallbladders of guinea pigs at operation and its subsequent fate studied with an electron microscope over a 24‐hr period. The apical cell membrane of the epithelium was tagged and showed patching. The cationised ferritin was internalised into small vesicles, some derived from coated pits, within 5 min. Other vesicles were found at the same time near the lateral cellular membrane. Cationised ferritin was found in lysosomes and in residual bodies in large quantities and occasionally in multivesicular bodies and vesicles near the Golgi apparatus Clumps of (cationised) ferritin appeared in the lateral intercellular space, 2 hr after exposure, increasing in number with time up to 5 hr. Similar clumps also were found between the basal cell membrane and the lamina rara interna of the basement membrane in a fairly regular pattern. By 5 hr the marker was beginning to pass through the basement membrane. The process was largely complete by 10 hr. Twenty‐four hours after injection of cationised ferritin, virtually no marker was found in either the epithelium or underlying connective tissue.
Renal malakoplakia. Experimental production and evidence of a link with interstitial megalocytic nephritis
Authors: Garrett I. R. , McClure J.
Published: June 2005

The intrarenal injection of Boivin antigen is followed by the development of true malakoplakic lesions as characterised by the accumulation of macrophages containing MG bodies. Similarly the injection of diluted antigen is followed by the accumulation of macrophages with a granular PAS‐positive cytoplasm but lacking MG bodies. These experimental models are compared with typical human renal malakoplakia and that entity known as megalocytic interstitial nephritis.
Microfibrils in glomerulopathies of children: An ultrastructural study
Authors: Yoshikawa N. , Cameron A. H. , White R. H. R. , Standring Dorothy M.
Published: June 2005

Extracellular microfibrils were found in 47 per cent. of 360 renal biopsies performed in children with a variety of nephropathies. They were observed in the mesangial matrix and basal lamina. They are 17 to 35 nm in diameter and a few show cross‐striations with a periodicity of about 10 nm. They are different from fibrin or interstitial collagen. Their close association with thinner filaments in the mesangial matrix and basal lamina suggests that they are derived from such filaments.
Histological and ultrastructural studies of the human juxtaglomerular apparatus in Bartter's syndrome and renal artery stenosis
Authors: McLaren K. M. , MacDonald M. K.
Published: June 2005

Histological and ultrastructural studies of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) were performed on renal biopsy material from three cases of Bartter's syndrome and two cases of renal artery stenosis. These cases of known JGA hyperfunction were compared with the apparatus in a presumed inactive or basal state as in minimal lesion glomerulonephritis.

Light microscopic assessment of the ease of JGA identification, its size and cellularity, provides a valuable reflection of activity and indicates those cases which require ultrastructural assessment of granule turnover.

Granule stains often failed to demonstrate any significant increase in granule number in the two conditions studied, and only ultrastructural studies allowed evaluation of secretory activity, rhomboid granule formation and granule release. From these investigations, a proposed mechanism of granule turnover is suggested.

The morphological findings in both Bartter's syndrome and renal artery stenosis support the concept of hyperfunction of the apparatus. They may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome and to predict the outcome of surgical intervention in renal artery stenosis.

Such studies could profitably be performed on renal biopsies in other disease states, so augmenting our understanding of the contribution of the JGA to the pathogenesis of a variety of glomerular and vascular lesions.
“Extraepithelial enterochromaffin cell—nerve‐fibre complexes” in the normal human appendix, and in neurogenic appendicopathy
Authors: Auböck L. , Ratzenhofer M.
Published: June 2005

Extraepithelial, extraglandular endocrine cells of types EC1 and EC2 occur in the lamina propria of the normal appendix. They are more numerous in intramucosal neurogenic appendicopathy. Ultrastructurally there is invariably a close association between the cells and non‐myelinated nerve fibres of the mucous plexus. Together they form a complex surrounded by a common basal lamina, and the term enterochromaffin cell‐nerve fibre complex (ECC–NF) is suggested for this morphological and funcitional unit. The derivation of extraepithelial EC cells from the glandular epithelial cells could not be established and the existence of the complexes in held to support an origin from neuroendocrineprogrammed ectoblasts.
Grain dust and alveolar macrophages: An experimental study of the effects of grain dust on the mouse lung
Authors: Armanious M. , Cotton D. , Wright J. , Dosman J. , Carr I.
Published: June 2005

Exposure of mice to grain dust in a dusting chamber for 2–80 days led to a pulmonary macrophage response but no interstitial pulmonary damage. The macrophages contained prominent paracrystalline cytoplasmic inclusions.
Enolase isoenzyme distribution in the human brain and its tumours
Authors: Royds Janice A. , Parsons M. A. , Taylor C. B. , Timperley W. R.
Published: June 2005

Using the immunoperoxidase PAP method we have studied the cellular distribution of α, β and γ enolase subtypes in normal human adult brain and in human brain neoplasms.

γ enolase is found only in viable neurones throughout the brain. α enolase is demonstrable in astrocytes, ependymal cells, capillary endothelial cells, Schwann cells and arachnoidal endothelial cells but oligodendrocytes appear to have low levels of this isoenzyme. β enolase is not demonstrable in normal brain tissues.

Of the primary cerebral neoplasm studied only medullo‐blastomas and neuroblastomas did not contain demonstrable enolase. Astrocytomas, ependymomas, oligodendrocytomas, meningiomas and acoustic neuromas all contained varying quantities of α enolase. No cerebral tumours contained β or γ enolase.

Tumour and adjacent brain tissue with histological evidence of ischaemia and necrosis showed loss of cellular enolase.
Inclusion body fibromatosis
Authors: Zardawi I. M. , Earley M. J.
Published: June 2005

The clinical and pathological features of two further cases of the condition previously described as Recurring Digital Fibrous Tumour of Childhood are presented. The ultrastructural appearance of the characteristic cell inclusions bears some resemblance to Mallory's hyaline and suggest increased functional activities in the fibroblasts carrying these unusual dense bodies. Retention of abnormal metabolic products in fibroblasts is the most likely explanation. The term Inclusion Body Fibromatosis is proposed for this entity.
Biological markers in human breast carcinoma
Authors: Walker Rosemary A.
Published: June 2005

An indirect immunoperoxidase method has been used to study a series of breast carcinomas for the presence of five potential biological markers (two appropriate to breast, two placental proteins and one oncofetal protein). One or more markers were detectable in 84 per cent, of tumours, two or more in 60 per cent, and three or more in 32 per cent. Similarity of staining patterns was noted for two placental proteins and for the oncofetal protein and one placental protein. Markers appropriate to breast tissue tended to be detected in separate areas. In certain instances more than one antigen could be detected within the same cell. The relationship of the number of markers present to histological differentiation was found to be complex, but carcinomas with three or more antigens demonstrated showed a tendency to be well or moderately differ entiated. Tumours with no markers often had not metastasised to lymph nodes but conversely those with four and five markers had. A striking feature throughout the study was the heterogenous secretory nature of breast carcinomas.
The histochemical features of the Michaelis–Gutmann body and a consideration of the pathophysiological mechanisms of its formation
Authors: Stevens S. , McClure J.
Published: June 2005

The reactions to a number of histochemical stains by Michaelis‐Gutmann (MG) bodies in 13 cases of malakoplakia are described. All MG bodies contained calcium and phosphate. Iron was present in six cases. Special stains failed to reveal the presence of micro‐organisms. In six cases the MG bodies contained either lecithin or sp'hingomyelin and in three both phospholipids were present. There was no evidence of phospholipid of bacterial cell membrane derivation. Carbohydrate staining reactions suggested the presence of a neutral polysaccharide and an acidic non‐suiphaied polysaccharide (such as a sialoglycan). No histochemical evidence could be adduced to implicate bacterial cell membranes in the structure of the organic matrix of the MG body. The implications of these findings in the light of the association between clinical bacterial infection and malakoplakia are discussed.
Isolation and characterisation of mononuclear phagocytes from the bone marrow, blood, and peritoneal cavity of the guinea‐pig
Authors: Brade V. , Dulk M. M. C. Diesselhoff‐Den , van Furth R.
Published: June 2005

The present paper describes a method developed to obtain a relatively pure population of mononuclear phagocytes from guinea‐pig bone marrow, peripheral blood, and peritoneal cavity. The cytochemical and functional characteristics of these cells are also described.
Ultrastructural examination of the skeletal muscles in polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: Fassbender Regine , Simmling‐Annefeld Marliese
Published: June 2005

Skeletal muscle biopsies of 13 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) were examined systematically with the electron microscope. Ultrastructural changes in the PMR specimens have been classified according to 14 criteria including nucleus, myofilaments, mitochondria, T‐system, as well as glycogen deposition, lipid, lipofuscin, and myelin figures. The described muscle changes are of both regressive and progressive character and non‐specific in themselves. The systematic recording of these criteria shows an extraordinaryly high incidence in PMR. This constellation of characteristics gives the ultrastructural picture of the skeletal musculature in PMR a definite profile. Similarities with the changes in other muscular diseases suggest that in PMR also neurogenous mechanisms may play a pathogenetic role.