bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language, Literacy, and Revolt in the Southern Philippines
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

This chapter summarizes the historical and sociological context of the Visayan archipelago of the southern Philippines with a view to understanding why the Eskayan language and its speakers went unnoticed in the archival record for so long. Pre-contact indigenous writing systems and literacy practices of the Philippines are introduced, as well as the language policies enacted by successive colonial governments in order to manage the “problem” of linguistic diversity. The chapter describes how colonial authorities in the Philippines formalized ethnolinguistic categories as a technique of governance resulting in the reification of certain cultural identities and the subordination or erasure of others. Highland minorities who spoke undocumented languages were typically cast as outlaws and heathens, contributing to an environment in which both highland unrest and linguistic diversity were misrecognized. Against this backdrop, the chapter traces centuries of anti-colonial rebellion in Bohol, from Tamblot, to Francisco Dagohoy, to Mariano Datahan.
Eskaya Literature and Traditional Historiography
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

Eskaya people have a large corpus of traditional literature, handwritten in both Eskayan and Visayan. The Eskaya also have traditions of oral historiography and prophecy. In these oral and written texts Eskaya people maintain that their ancestors arrived from Sumatra to colonize Bohol. Bohol’s first pope, Pinay, was instructed by the Holy Child to create the Eskayan language and script and base it on the human body. The Spanish came and burned the native records, which is how Cebuano-Visayan came to dominate the island. When Mariano Datahan discovered surviving Eskaya texts in the early twentieth century, the language was revived. Among Eskayan texts are stories that reference traditional Visayan folklore, and derivations from popular Visayan novels; however, most tropes cannot be traced to existing works. Processes of substitution and elaboration, seen in the Eskayan language, are also repeated in Eskaya literature where colonial categories are replicated and reimagined as indigenous.
Eskayan Revealed
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

This chapter is a speculative reconstruction of the process by which the Eskayan language and script came into existence. Eskaya people today maintain that Eskayan was created by the ancestral “pope” Pinay and that it was later revealed to the prophet Mariano Datahan. The chapter argues that this event took place after the United States began introducing English into Bohol’s educational system in 1902, prompting a desire to return to Bohol’s “true” language and script. Linguistic analysis suggests that Eskaya traditional literature was first written in Visayan (Cebuano). Within this literature a small number of Eskayan words emerged. The Eskayan alphabet was revealed, and this was later extended into a syllabary. As the literature was back-translated into Eskayan, lists of new Eskayan words were generated from American pedagogical templates and other models. The effort was collaborative but not strictly coordinated.
How Do We Engage in Co-research?
Authors: Lenette Caroline
Published: May 2022

The term co-research is increasingly used in the literature on Participatory Action Research (PAR), given that the methodology’s intent is to privilege lived experience-led perspectives to challenge outsider-imposed agendas. However, academic researchers tend to overlook the difficulties and ethical dilemmas that co-research can entail. Chapter 4 provides a critique of the notion of research co-production and highlights the murky aspects that can affect pathways to co-produced knowledge. The author explains why the idea of mess in research should not be seen as a sign of “research gone wrong” but instead as an integral component of collaborating with human beings and as a site of deep engagement and learning. Natalie Nesvaderani’s vignette provides a critical perspective on co-produced research with young people and the challenges of disrupting the trend of “telling sad stories” via filmmaking. She describes how PAR’s community-building processes can support co-researchers to share their perspectives rather than what they think (western) researchers want to hear.
Introduction
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter identifies an artist’s motivations for creating site-specific performance works, such as working in new locations, moving outside of one’s creative comfort zones, delving into the history and culture of a site, exploring the physical properties of architecture, understanding new communities, and creating a dialogue with the general public. Working on a site engenders a sense of ownership within the creators, performers, and audience members who leave the experience with indelible memories resulting from their interactions with the site and the performance. The chapter also defines four different categories of site works: site-specific, site-adaptive, site-reshaped, and site-reframed. These are defined in terms of an artist’s intentions when bringing work into an environment. Subcategories and other art forms are included, such as flash mobs and immersive theater, and their relationship to the four categories of site-specific works defined.
Staffing Key Production Roles
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter defines various production roles to consider when assembling the production team for a project. The number of staff positions depends on the project’s size and financial resources. Prioritizing which roles are most important to fill is an essential first step. This chapter explores the duties and responsibilities of each supporting role in detail, providing definitions for the roles of executive producer, project manager/associate producer, rehearsal director or rehearsal assistant, technical director/production manager, production assistant, and stage manager. Communicating clearly when hiring production personnel supports a more efficient process. One person assuming multiple roles is possible as long as all positions are specifically defined and align with the project’s budget.
Staging, Placing Your Work in a Site (One Method)
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines a method designed to help you develop a narrative for a particular work. Guiding the sight/site is a tool that allows you to organize how space is animated through the duration of the performance; it means managing the order in which you reveal the specific locations of a site. Effective use of this tool will enable you to reveal a site’s physical properties through the lens of your conceptual/thematic goals for the work. The method depends on proper preparation, research, contemplation, ideation, and execution. Production elements such as lighting and audience design can also influence the audience’s perspective of the narrative flow of a work.
Site Content and Process
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines two types of creative content found in a site-specific work: physically dependent and physically independent. Physically dependent content is both inspired by the site and performed on the site. It engages the site’s existing surfaces, structures, weight, volume, and size. The performance depends on the site. If the content were somehow removed from the site, performing it would require the recreation of the site’s exact physical characteristics and dimensions. The creation of physically dependent movement will often generate specific and unique physical techniques necessary for the proper performance of the created vocabulary. Physically independent content is site-inspired creative material that does not rely on the physical properties of the actual site to be performed. This content includes all material—themes, metaphors, specific individual movements, and stage patterns—that you have created as a result of your knowledge, research, and impressions of the selected site. Although physically independent content can be performed on that site, it could also be performed at another location—on a stage, for example, against a visual projection of the original site without any physical recreation of the site. One method for generating content is to use a task-oriented approach to creating content with performers using the physical, metaphorical, and thematic properties of a site as inspiration.
Rehearsal Process
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses techniques for making an on-site and off-site rehearsal process as creative and productive as possible. Strategies to determine the amount of time needed, the balance between on-site and off-site rehearsals, issues with rehearsing in an urban context, navigating weather conditions, and scheduling short-term and long-term rehearsal periods are described in detail. Overall, given the vagaries of weather and other variables, negotiating site access and securing an off-site rehearsal location are stressed. Additionally, devising a rehearsal schedule that balances the needs of site stakeholders and the artistic plan with your performers’ physical safety and fair compensation is also emphasized.
Rehearsal Safety
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter reviews strategies for maintaining a safe environment during your rehearsals and performance. The recent pandemic made health and safety the prime issue, creating new protocols and awareness of audience and performer health. Proper safety protocols promote productivity and efficient use of rehearsal time. Safety is of special significance for site-specific works given the many potential sites and the range of environmental and design challenges they present. Safety concerns from the perspective of all stakeholders of a site-specific production are covered, from the producers, collaborators, performers, and production and technical staff to the audience members. Site-specific works, like other performance works, can pose emotional challenges for the performers and audiences. A checklist of issues to be aware of is provided, which includes physical distancing, bathrooms/changing rooms, footwear, clothing/costumes, nourishment, weather, urban grime, first-aid kits, ice, umbrellas, towels, mobile phone chargers, etc. Site-specific work offers the excitement of working outside the comforts of conventional performance spaces, but it should not engender fear of injury for participants or audiences.
Promoting and Marketing the Work
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines methods and strategies to attract audiences and critics and to publicize the vision and project. To use these strategies, you must ensure that initial negotiations with the commissioning organizations (if applicable) result in the your having a clear and specific role in creating and disseminating all marketing materials. How everyone working on the project is included in the marketing campaign is also important. Strategies for creating text and images for marketing are discussed in detail: publicity photos, websites, social media, blogs, posters, banners, programs, press releases. Issues around hiring a professional publicist and marketing ideas for rogue (guerrilla) productions are covered. Some presenters/producers are drawn to site-specific projects primarily for a project’s potential to attract public attention and publicity. The chapter offers suggestions for harnessing this motivation and developing relevant marketing-specific ideas when approaching potential partners.
Documentation
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the importance of preserving your work in order to communicate a clear history of creative output to future audiences, producers, and funders. Creating an archive representing your artistic vision and preserving the work’s creative energy allows you to revisit and learn from your past projects. Maintaining a useful archival record of the work requires planning and consistent effort, but diligence can contribute significantly to a career. The motivation behind documentation can take several forms: as an art form (recreating a work through another medium, e.g., video); as reference (a means to inform your creative process); as a historical record of the work (allowing future scholars and artists to study the work); and as illustration to support future fundraising and marketing efforts for new work. Detailed strategies to enhance video documentation are covered: how to plan for a video shoot, shooting techniques, editing, and special effects (multi-frame, gimbal, split-screen, drone footage, google earth, among others). Using still photography as documentation for both performance and process is also discussed. This chapter proposes that you consider documentation as integral to the creative and production process.
Fall
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: May 2022

Tensions within the New Deal order and Cold War liberalism began to emerge in the 1960s. A re-energized civil rights movement and popular opposition to the Vietnam War undermined Lyndon Johnson’s presidency and fractured the New Deal coalition. The growth of international competition in the 1970s eroded global American economic leadership, prompting American corporations to expand their activities overseas and causing strains in the compact that had been established between labor and business in the postwar years. The oil shocks delivered the final blow to the Keynesian political economy that had underwritten the New Deal order and prompted a search for solutions to the novel problem of “stagflation.” Under the transitional presidency of Jimmy Carter an “incipient neoliberalism” emerged that was energized by hostility to government planning and regulation and the embrace of human rights and consumer sovereignty.
Beginnings
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: May 2022

The intellectual origins of neoliberalism are commonly traced to the formation of a “thought collective” in interwar Europe. This chapter, however, makes the case that neoliberalism should instead be understood as an episode within a longer history of liberalism in the modern world. It argues that American neoliberals were obliged to define their political program not only against an earlier laissez-faire tradition but also against the “new liberalism” of the Progressives and Roosevelt’s New Deal. As a result, postwar neoliberal ideology was protean in nature and was commonly but mistakenly conflated with conservatism. Neoliberals adopted three strategies for advancing their political agenda. First, they sought to use the state in novel ways to create an economic order that would nurture both domestic and international markets; second, they sought to expand the terrain of market principles to new areas of social life; and finally, they sought to revive the classical liberal concern for promoting individual freedom and self-determination.
Hubris
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: May 2022

The 9/11 attacks began a period of trial for the neoliberal order, prompting George W. Bush to invade Iraq. Bush wanted to bring democracy and free market capitalism to the world, but his hostility to government planning and his faith in the market to create spontaneous order ensured that the occupation of Iraq would end in failure. Like Clinton before him, Bush embraced multiculturalism and pluralism, but his efforts to build a “rainbow nation of homeowners” in the United States, which was intended to cultivate self-reliance, instead produced spiraling consumer debt. By maintaining a low interest regime, Alan Greenspan and the Federal Reserve fueled the growth of the subprime housing bubble that eventually burst in 2008, leading to the Great Recession. Bush’s more cautious successor, Barack Obama, remained captive to neoliberal orthodoxy, and his recovery plan in the crucial 2009 year privileged the interests of banks and financial institutions over the interests of ordinary Americans.
Populism: Why and Why Now?
Authors: Arato Andrew , Cohen Jean L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter tries to answer “why populism and why now?” by focusing on three time frames of causality: long term, middle term, and short term. Distinguishing among cultural, economic, and political contradictions of modernity, the chapter stresses that populism ultimately is rooted in the political tension between the two historical answers to “absolutism”: popular sovereignty and constitutionalism. This tension can be reduced by democratization processes but never eliminated under constitutional democracies or even under populist governments. The tension becomes salient in the middle term, on what is called “the demand side,” only in conjunction with welfare and or status deficits, articulated by ideologies that can become “hosts” for populism. In the short term, focusing on contemporary challenges, “the supply side” of populist narratives, leaderships and organizations become crucial and interact with the demand side, helping to turn crisis tendencies or potentials into full blown crises of representation.
System Leadership, Rise, and Relative Decline
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

System leaders have emerged largely based on possessing the world’s lead economy for a finite period. Because of concentrated technological innovation, energy, and global power projection capabilities, system leaders play preponderant roles in managing problems associated with the functioning of the world political economy. They base their leadership on the advantages bestowed by the creation of the most innovative economy. They encourage others to behave in ways that might correspond to collective interests. They also use coercion on occasion. Only three states—the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands—have relatively strong support for the systemic leadership label. The Netherlands rose to technological leadership based partly upon an energy foundation of peat and windmills. The Dutch were soon eclipsed by their neighbors and, particularly, the British development of coal-based industries and industrialization. Britain, in turn, was surpassed by the United States, which led the way in innovating petroleum-based industries in the twentieth century.
The Dysfunctionality of Domestic Politics
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on aspects of three processes in US domestic politics that cause dysfunction and make confronting external relative decline difficult: political-economic, political, and race/demographic dynamics. Long-term economic fluctuations are at work. American politics functioned better before the early 1970s, and the nation’s problems are unlikely to go away anytime soon. In the interim, the chances for unified government will be iffy from election to election thanks in part to gerrymandering, voting suppression practices, and electoral/institutional features. In a democracy, politicians must believe that they have a chance to return to power in a future election. But, ironically, if both US parties continue alternating wins, the dysfunctional interactions of parties that have become more polarized in terms of who they represent are likely to persist. Presumably, the dysfunction also precludes a US technological renaissance that could lead to a second round of Pax Americana.
The Second Sino-American Rivalry
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

Whether or not a new system leader is just around the corner, what should we expect in the interactions between the incumbent leader and its presumed challenger? There is as much interest among Asian specialists about whether the Asian region is ripe for rivalry as there is about the nature of the second Sino-American rivalry. Yet it can be demonstrated empirically that the Asian region is not moving toward increasing interstate rivalry—implying that we should focus more on one prominent rivalry than on the region’s general propensity to antagonistic interactions. Even so, there is no consensus on how these types of rivalry might be expected to interact. This chapter reviews eight models/theories: the Thucydides Trap, Power Transition, System Leader Retrenchment, Risk Assessments to Rising Challengers, Time Horizon Assessments of Rising Challengers, Rising Challenger Assessments of Incumbents based on Strategic Value and Military Position, Rising Power Status Immobility, and Geostructural Realism.
The Future of World Order
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

Given the ongoing relative decline of the United States and the low probability of global war, what might we expect to happen in the world order? The choices reduce primarily to two possibilities. One is that the present world order will persist and continue to decay in sync with the relative decline of its founding patron. The other is that a new world order will be established either by China should it supplant the US at the global center or by some type of coalition of interested actors. The latter seems unlikely in the absence of the appropriate preconditions for changing world orders. It may be that the historically based conditions will prove no longer to be valid but, failing that, it seems most likely that the former option will prevail. World order will gradually diminish in geographical and substantive scope. Other partial orders may emerge in different parts of the world.
The Formation of a Calvinist Conformist
Authors: Salazar Greg A.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 1 analyzes the first thirty-five years of Featley’s life, exploring how many of the features that underpin the major themes of Featley’s career—and which remerged throughout his life—were formed and nurtured during Featley’s early years in Oxford, Paris, and Cornwall. There he emerges as an ambitious young divine in pursuit of preferment; a shrewd minister, who attempted to position himself within the ecclesiastical spectrum; and a budding polemicist, whose polemical exchanges were motivated by a pastoral desire to protect the English Church. In these ways, Featley’s early years position him well for influence within the center of the ecclesiastical establishment.
The Ecclesiology and Polity of an English Calvinist Conformist
Authors: Salazar Greg A.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 6 explores Featley’s participation at the Westminster Assembly and his debates with separatists. It focuses on how Featley’s pursuit of the middle way was both a self-protective survival instinct—a rudder he used to navigate his way through the shifting political and ecclesiastical terrain of this period—and the very means by which he moderated and manipulated two polarized groups (decidedly convictional Parliamentarians and royalists) in order to reoccupy the middle ground, even while it was eroding away. During the 1640s the bounds of Featley’s theological confessionalism were tested. Thus, by examining the theological positions and pressures that shaped Featley’s actions in the escalating conflict, the tension in his positions is most clearly shown. Although it is tempting to view Featley’s potentially ambiguous positions as at odds with one another, in actuality Featley held to a consistent set of theological views that were typical of other Calvinist conformists.
Conclusion
Authors: Salazar Greg A.
Published: May 2022

The conclusion reviews the major facets and arguments of this study and explains the work’s overall contribution. It explores the accusation that Featley was a trimmer, namely “one who trims between opposing parties in politics” and “inclines to each of two opposite sides as interest dictates” (OED). It reviews the ways in which this study of Featley’s life and theology has contributed to several major themes and issues related to Reformed thought in post-Reformation England. It ends by explaining that this study is a lens to understand the theological ideals and career of Calvinist conformity in England by exploring a number of Featley’s most significant doctrinal commitments and connecting these doctrinal commitments and the theological debates to their context. By analyzing how Featley’s political flexibility was principled, it has used Featley’s theology and career as a lens to understand how he pursued his ultimate ideal, a truly reformed English Church.
Utilitarianism: Meaning and Proof (Methods IV.I and IV.II)
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book IV, Chapters I and II. Its topics are Sidgwick’s discussions of the meaning and of the proof of utilitarianism. The first section discusses Book IV Chapter I, noting that Sidgwick there notices issues and makes distinctions of enduring significance for the utilitarian tradition. The second section is concerned with Sidgwick’s brief but rich discussion of the connection between egoism and a Humean view of personal identity. The third section discusses strict proof, “proof” (in scare quotes), and sanctions. The fourth section discusses Sidgwick’s claim that the “proof” of utilitarianism as against egoism fails, exploring the contrast between his view on this issue and G. E. Moore’s. The fifth section discusses the “proof” of utilitarianism as against intuitionism, which Sidgwick thinks succeeds. The final section is an overview discussion of secondary literature on Sidgwick’s metaethics and moral epistemology.
The Dualism of Practical Reason (Methods Concluding Chapter)
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the Concluding Chapter of The Methods of Ethics. Its topic is Sidgwick’s most famous idea: that there is an unresolvable conflict between egoism and utilitarianism, the “dualism of practical reason.” The first section discusses the “proof” of utilitarianism as against intuitionism (which Sidgwick thinks succeeds) and the “proof” of utilitarianism as against egoism (which he thinks fails). The second section discusses and evaluates the new argument for the rationality of egoism which Sidgwick inserted into the Concluding Chapter in late editions of the Methods. The third section discusses Sidgwick’s treatment of sanctions in the Concluding Chapter. The fourth section focuses on his characterizations of the dualism. The final section is an overview discussion of secondary literature on interpretations of the dualism.
Misconduct in Research
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

Since the 1980s, well-publicized cases of research misconduct have increased public concerns about the integrity of research and stimulated responses from governments, research institutions, funding agencies, and journals. Surveys indicate that the prevalence of misconduct may be larger than many researchers would like to acknowledge and that it occurs in all fields of research. Research misconduct is not limited to one particular nation or region but is an international problem. This chapter examines the definition of research misconduct, distinguishes between misconduct and questionable research practices, considers factors in the research environment that contribute to misconduct, discusses educating and mentoring to prevent misconduct, and describes policies and procedures for reporting, investigating, and adjudicating misconduct.
Mentoring and the Research Environment
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

The research environment plays a key role in promoting integrity and preventing misconduct in research institutions and in the larger scientific profession. The research environment includes not only the physical environment but also, importantly, the social environment. The social environment includes relationships among investigators, trainees, and staff working in laboratories, research groups, or scientific institutions. Perhaps the most important of these relationships is between the mentor and the mentee. This chapter discusses a variety of issues and policies related to the research environment, including mentoring obligations and responsibilities, sexual and other forms of harassment, discrimination based on characteristics irrelevant to scientific qualifications, bullying, inappropriate relationships, and laboratory safety.
Introduction
Authors: Wolkowicz Vera
Published: May 2022

The Introduction presents the main argument of the book: the creation by Latin American composers of a national and continental art music during the first decades of the twentieth century, through discourses on Indigenism and the particular use of Inca culture, seen as a remnant of America’s grandiose imperial past. By exploring Inca culture as a source for art music, particularly opera, the analysis is restricted to those countries that had a connection with this past and had composers writing for this genre. The temporary scope is determined by the political and cultural changes that affected the region: from the first centennial celebrations of independence (ca. 1910) to the 1929 world economic crisis. The Introduction also addresses the disciplinary issues that the study of Latin American art music has encountered in Anglophone scholarship, and resituates it within the field of musicology instead of ethnomusicology, arguing for the importance of understanding this music as a Western periphery. It finally includes a summary of each of the following chapters in the volume.
Shaping a Continental Identity
Authors: Wolkowicz Vera
Published: May 2022

This first chapter considers how indigenous music was used to create national and even continental art music. It begins by discussing scholarly descriptions of nation and continent, including terms such as “Americanism,” “Pan Americanism,” and “Latin-Americanism,” depending on the inclusion or exclusion of North America, and geared toward the construction of art forms that could represent both the nation and the continent as a whole. These terms have had (and still have) different meanings and implications for Latin American and European/North American readers. At the same time, this chapter explores the contingencies that arise inside each Latin American country between cosmopolitan capitals and the traditional provinces in which the indigenous perspective was appropriated or negated. It then develops the particular case of Inca civilization viewed from the early twentieth-century perspective (and the resulting tensions between the idealized Inca and the real plight of indigenous peoples) and its importance for Andean scholars and composers of art music. By following the models of positivism that claim European music’s “evolution” and the transition from the pentatonic to the diatonic scales in the greatest civilizations of the past (from Egypt and Greece to Western Europe), Latin American art music composers staked a claim for their old grandiose civilization, as an authentically “evolved” national music.
“We Are the Incas”
Authors: Wolkowicz Vera
Published: May 2022

What is now defined as Peru was once the center of the Inca empire, and later the center of the Spanish viceroyalty. The country has two prominent cities: Cuzco and Lima. By the early twentieth century, the citizens of Lima were looking at emulating European capitals (especially Paris) as their model for modernity and progress, while Cuzco was seen by those in Lima as mainly indigenous-inhabited and backward. On February 21, 1910, Daniel Alomía Robles gave his first lecture-recital on the music of the Incas. This marked the beginning of Alomía Robles’s career as the “Restorer of Inca Music,” as he was described by the media in and outside Peru. The case of Alomía Robles is exemplary, since he used this “scientific” approach to create and promote a music that was recognized as Inca around the continent. Simultaneously, José María Valle Riestra was being acclaimed as the first national Peruvian composer. The restaging of his opera Ollanta in 1920 gave him great success, but also showcased him as Alomía Robles’s rival. While for the Cuzqueña elite Alomía Robles represented the true Peruvian composer, the Limeña fostered the work of Valle Riestra for his mastery of European techniques. Yet these debates had ramifications in other parts of the country with different implications for the composers and their musics.
Epilogue
Authors: Wolkowicz Vera
Published: May 2022

The discourses on national and continental identity that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century are still largely present today. The main purpose of this book is to understand how these discourses are particularly reflected in the construction of art music (especially opera), and the identity questions that developed from it. Finally, the author demonstrates how, in a clear top-down scheme, this failed to succeed (as the scarce reception of the operas discussed in the previous chapter has shown): the discussions of identity in general (and indigenous and/or Inca identity in particular) passed originally from governmental elites, into the discussions of scholars, and continued developing through history toward a popular identity that, even though it can have specific features, it is still not fixed or agreed upon.
Bright and Dark Side of Personality
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: May 2022

This chapter concerns differences and similarities in the psychological research on personality traits and the psychiatric research on personality disorders. There are striking similarities in assumptions about the stability and consequences of traits and disorders. While the psychological research on the classification of traits has been dominated by psychometric work, the psychiatric world of disorder classification has shown relatively few changes over 50 years. There has, however, been something of a rapprochement between the two, particularly with personality psychologists being interested in subclinical disorders now known as dark-side traits, in contrast to the bright-side traits they have always investigated. There is now also a rapidly growing literature on the Dark Triad and Dark Tetrad, which focuses on three or four disorders (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, sadism). This chapter also concerns those interested in leadership at work success and failure who have turned to the dark side to offer insights into derailment.
Afterword
Authors: Hven Steffen
Published: May 2022

Rather than being confined to representing the real, cinema produces it by altering and modulating our perceptions, affects, cognitions, and experiences. Cinema comes alive though our visceral and cerebral investments into the flow of its movements. It is vital that we understand its direct material-affective mode of address to understand how it orchestrates its worlds to regulate, reproduce, or create experiences that go far beyond its text. This chapter emphasizes the ethical imperative that comes with cinema’s affective powers. To achieve this, it refers to how in the fifth season of Homeland a series of street art activists “hijacked” the diegesis to protest against the show’s stereotypical and antagonistic depiction of the Arab world and Islam.
Collapse
Authors: Huq Aziz Z.
Published: May 2022

This chapter documents and analyzes the erosion of remedial mechanisms for individual constitutional rights that had been established by the US Supreme Court in the 1950s through the 1970s. This collapse occurred initially as a consequence of President Nixon’s appointment of “strict constructionists” to the federal bench who favored “law and order.” These judges dramatically winnowed down the availability of remedies by limiting litigants to instances in which “fault” could be demonstrated. In other words, instances in which a litigant cannot show that a constitutional violation was especially egregious, or in flagrant bad faith, were found to not warrant a remedy. In some instances, the fault rule has seeped into the substance of constitutional law and limited the extent of actual rights. This chapter analyzes the potential justifications for this fault rule and demonstrates their inadequacy.
Profile 2: Deane Marchbein, M.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

In 1971, Deane Marchbein was in France, studying French and art history, when Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, or Doctors Without Borders) was established. Then and for many years afterward, she thought that she might work for MSF someday. And she did.

She became an anesthesiologist and, for 19 years, practiced at Lawrence Community Hospital in Massachusetts, which served a working-class, immigrant community. She had many responsibilities in that position, including performing many types of anesthesiology and serving as director of the intensive care unit. And she recognized that her full-time position there would not enable her to work in other countries for long periods of time. So, in 2005, she changed her work setting to the Cambridge Health Alliance, where her contract enabled her to be away for a 4-month block each year....
Human Rights, Ethics, and International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter defines categories of human rights and describes United Nations documents on which many human rights are based. It covers Just War Theory and other aspects of the justification for war. It also covers justified conduct during war, based on the Geneva Conventions and other international humanitarian law. It covers the concept and the origins of medical neutrality. The chapter describes the origins, examples, and intervention for genocide and mass killing. It also describes torture and international law concerning torture, as well as illegal and immoral physician participation in torture. It describes enforced disappearance. The chapter also covers ethics, and the moral and ethical dilemmas faced by health professionals and humanitarian relief workers as well as ethical issues in research on war-affected populations. Finally, the chapter briefly describes conscientious objection to military service.
Assaults and Injuries
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes and gives examples of indiscriminate attacks on civilians during war and resultant injuries and deaths. It traces the history of aerial bombing. It covers targeted attacks on civilians, including gender-based violence and its physical and psychological consequences. It covers genocide and mass killing, including examples, and discusses mental disorders among survivors, the origins of genocide, and the reluctance of the United States to intervene. It covers torture, including definitions, types and occurrence, health consequences, and international law concerning torture. It describes child soldiers. Finally, the chapter describes multiple approaches to protecting civilians and civilian infrastructure during war.
Profile 10: Sheri Fink, M.D., Ph.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

War and humanitarian assistance during war raise complex medical and ethical issues. They defy simple narratives. And journalists have the challenging task of objectively documenting and describing war in its many complexities—searching for the historical truth. Few people are more capable for performing this task than Sheri Fink, physician, former humanitarian aid worker, book author, and, since 2014, a Correspondent with the ...
Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses the health impacts of war on vulnerable populations. It summarizes information from Chapters 6 through 10 concerning women, children, and displaced people. It describes how persons with disabilities have faced violent attacks, forced displacement, and ongoing neglect. It describes the increased risks that older people face during war because of reduced mobility, noncommunicable diseases, mental disorders, and inadequate support. The chapter addresses the health impacts of war to indigenous peoples. The chapter also describes the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Finally, the chapter discusses addressing the needs of vulnerable populations during war.
Health Impacts on Military Personnel and Veterans
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter covers deaths, injuries, and mental and somatic disorders among military personnel during war and veterans after war. With regard to mental disorders, it describes the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and suicide among military personnel. The chapter describes communicable disease threats for military personnel. It covers respiratory disorders, neurological disorders (including Gulf War Illness), morbidity due to toxic chemicals, and sensory impairment among combatants. The chapter provides information about some of the long-term consequences of war in military personnel, such as hypertension and obesity. Finally, the chapter describes the various approaches to preventing morbidity and mortality among military personnel.
Impacts on the Environment
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes contamination of the physical environment during war, the preparation for war, and the aftermath of war. With regard to air contamination, it covers airborne exposure to chemicals, greenhouse gas emissions, and nuclear weapons production and testing. With regard to water contamination, it covers contamination of oceans and other surface water, contamination of groundwater, and damage to water infrastructure. With regard to land contamination, it covers antipersonnel landmines and unexploded ordnance, Agent Orange, depleted uranium, the destruction of urban and rural infrastructure by bombing, resource wars, other military impacts on habitats, scorched-earth strategies, and intentional flooding. Finally, the chapter covers the prevention of the impacts of war on the environment.
Profile 13: Daniele Lantagne, Ph.D., M.Eng.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Human health depends on access to safe water. It takes years for a country to develop its water infrastructure, building water treatment plants and distribution networks and training technical experts to maintain and improve them. But war can destroy much of the infrastructure within minutes and injure or kill technical experts or force them to flee....
Introduction
Authors: Stivers Tanya
Published: May 2022

This chapter offers an overview of prior research on questions and responses with a focus on research examining spontaneous, naturally occurring interaction. It first synthesizes current research to show many of the compositional and positional mechanisms that questioners rely on to constrain recipients’ next actions through questions. It next turns to responses, with a discussion of four distinct paths of alternative but non-equivalent response types to questions and what is known about each. Through this, the chapter reveals how little is known about answer types in social interaction. It then introduces the idea of responses to questions as a window into relationship management and offers the outline of a model to be fleshed out over the course of the book—the scalar principles of alignment, affiliation, and autonomy that will provide analytic leverage to understand what speakers are doing relationally through responses to questions.
The Questions We Answer
Authors: Stivers Tanya
Published: May 2022

In asking a polar question, questioners set the topic, agenda, and terms of the response. While these can be resisted, whatever follows will be understood vis-à-vis the question because there is a shared social norm that when asked a question a recipient should respond. This chapter reveals that although often relatively little conscious thought is put into how speakers design questions, they are nonetheless finely calibrated for question recipients. This calibration is the work questioners do to ensure that questions receive an optimal answer response. At the broadest level, the two dimensions that questioners rely on are action and design. Questioners are accountable for offering or requesting (for instance) what they can reasonably expect their recipient to accept and for designing questions in ways that are well suited to their recipients in terms of polarity, prefaces that position the questions relative to ongoing interaction, and lexical choices.
Responding with a Non-Answer
Authors: Stivers Tanya
Published: May 2022

While questioners’ sometimes face no response at all from their interlocutors, this is rare. Yet, the range of responses varies widely in the degree of cooperation that recipients give questioners. This chapter explores differences between responses that answer questions and those that fail to answer. It begins by identifying the primary types of non-answer responses before showing evidence that non-answer responses are dispreferred relative to answers. In the response possibility space, non-answer responses are fundamentally disaligning because they inhibit progress in the questioner’s project through her question. Whether a specific response is understood as a more egregious form of disalignment depends on the context in which the question is asked, of whom it is asked, and the reasonable ability to expect the recipient to answer. Questioners hear, and question recipients produce, non-answer responses in a context where answering is an alternative response whether affiliative or disaffiliative, equivocal or wholehearted.
Interjections
Authors: Stivers Tanya
Published: May 2022

Interjection answers provide affirmative or negative valence but give away nothing about the question’s proposition—no hint about what is being confirmed or disconfirmed. This property helps them communicate just an answer to the question. Both the distinctiveness of interjections and the degree to which they accept all aspects of the question will be important in this chapter on confirming interjections. This is the basis for a typology of interjections, unmarked and marked, of which the latter subdivide into upgraded, downgraded, and acquiescent interjections. The chapter describes how each type of interjection is used and starts to sketch how the types of interjections help speakers to position themselves in the answer possibility space. This allows one to start to consider why the possibility space has the shape that it does and what the affordances and consequences of answering with one or another interjection might be.
Transformations
Authors: Stivers Tanya
Published: May 2022

Both interjections and repetitions accept the proposition entirely. Sometimes, though, question recipients put forward a different proposition than the one in the question and do so as their answer. This chapter explores two main types of transformations—those that modify the terms of the question’s proposition, and those that modify the agenda of the proposition. The chapter argues that with transformations, speakers can answer questions that they otherwise would have to offer non-answer responses to; and they can confirm questions that they might otherwise have to give disconfirmations to. In this way, question recipients can rely on transformations to be more affiliative than they might be able to be if they relied only on the other alternatives in the response possibility space. However, the chapter also shows that when speakers could have provided a more direct repetition or interjection, the answer can be disaffiliative.
The Modular Response Possibility Space
Authors: Stivers Tanya
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the full range of responses, focusing on answers. It shows that the major permutations of the answer possibility space reflect interactants’ primary preoccupations with alignment, autonomy, and affiliation, which give the response possibility space its shape. The chapter considers each answer type and their subtypes in terms of where they are positioned in the possibility space. It then argues that the response system is best conceptualized as modular, where the various modules work to fine-tune the communicative import of a response within the response possibility space. These modules include not only the answer types, but also regular features of the answer turn design, including timing and prefaces. Finally, this chapter argues that the precise stance a speaker takes with their answer turn also draws on the details of their answer design, including lexical choice, prosody, and embodied conduct, to help manage ongoing social relationships.