bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobility as a driver of change in rural Britain: an analysis of the links between migration, commuting and travel to shop patterns
Authors: Findlay A. M. , Stockdale Aileen , Findlay Anne , Short David
Published: August 2002

Policy‐makers are concerned with issues relating commuting to service provision. To make informed judgements on such topics requires an understanding of the nature of mobility cultures. This article explores the mobility cultures of rural residents. In particular, it investigates the association between migration, travel to work and travel to shop. Log‐linear analysis is used to show that the journey to work is a defining variable in mobility cultures and that commuting to work is likely to be associated with commuting for other activities such as shopping in the areas most favoured by migrants. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal sensitivity behavior and infant behavior in early interaction
Authors: Kivijärvi Marja , Voeten Marinus J.M. , Niemelä Pirkko , Räihä Hannele , Lertola Kalle , Piha Jorma
Published: August 2002

Maternal sensitivity behavior and infant behavior in early interaction were investigated among 57 Finnish mother–child pairs. Their interaction was video‐recorded at home in free‐play situation when the infants were 3 months and 12 months of age, and evaluated using the Parent–Child Early Relational Assessment Scale (PCERA). Maternal sensitivity behavior was mainly related to infant's positive aspects of mood, social and play behavior, and visual contact, both at 3 months and 12 months of age. Even though maternal sensitivity behavior correlated to infant behavior at 3 months and 12 months, infant behavior at 3 months of age contributed to later maternal sensitivity behavior. ©2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Results
Authors: Zemsky Robert , Shaman Susan , Shapiro Daniel B.
Published: August 2002

This chapter discusses the way in which the Collegiate Results Instrument measures collegiate outcomes.
Data Mining and Its Applications in Higher Education
Authors: Luan Jing
Published: August 2002

This chapter examines the theoretical basis for data mining, one of the essential knowledge management processes, and uses a case study to describe its application and impact.
MIOS: a decision tool for determination of optimal irrigated cropping pattern of a multicrop system under water scarcity constraints
Authors: Kipkorir E. C. , Sahli A. , Raes D.
Published: August 2002

This paper develops a dynamic programming optimisation model that considers the competition of crops in a season, both for irrigation water and cultivated area. Decision variables are the cultivated area and water allocated to each crop. The objective function of the model is based on crop‐water production functions, production costs and crop prices. The model is solved using the CSUDP generalised dynamic programming package for conditions existing in northern Tunisia where a large fraction of the irrigation water is stored in a reservoir mainly during the winter period. The model gives the optimal distribution of area and water to each crop and the profit. Sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution to costs, area and changes in crop prices is carried out. The analysis results show that changes in prices and costs have a large impact on profits. Results indicate that the model can be a valuable tool for regional agencies or irrigation authorities in determining seasonal cropping pattern for a region at the beginning of the season. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A longitudinal study of applicable decision aids for detailed tasks in a financial audit
Authors: Abdolmohammadi Mohammad , Usoff Catherine
Published: August 2002

This paper reports on changes in the extent to which decision aids are perceived to be useful for performing detailed financial audit tasks. The decision aids investigated were automation (AU), decision support systems (DSS), and knowledge‐based expert systems (KES). Data were collected from highly experienced mangers and partners from various international accounting firms in 1988 and 1996. The participants were asked to select the decision aid they viewed as applicable for each task in a comprehensive inventory of audit tasks. While the data indicate an increase in the choice of tasks for decision aids use between the two years, the fact remains that a majority of the responses (79% in 1988 and 69% in 1996) indicated human processing (HP) only. We present a list of detailed tasks for which at least 50% of the responses indicated some form of an applicable decision aid in 1996. We also discuss implications for practice and research. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A score test for non‐nested hypotheses with applications to discrete data models
Authors: Santos Silva J. M. C.
Published: August 2002

In this paper it is shown that a convenient score test against non‐nested alternatives can be constructed from the linear combination of the likelihood functions of the competing models. This is essentially a test for the correct specification of the conditional distribution of the variable of interest. Given its characteristics, the proposed test is particularly attractive to check the distributional assumptions in models for discrete data. The usefulness of the test is illustrated with an application to models for recreational boating trips. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative in vitro toxicity of cadmium and lead on redox cycling in type II pneumocytes
Authors: Tátrai Erzsébet , Kováciková Zuzana , Hudák Aranka , Adamis Zoltán , Ungváry György
Published: August 2002

Both cadmium and lead have pulmonary toxicity: cadmium can cause lung cancer, fibrosis and emphysema; lead can induce a moderate interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Both metals give rise to depletion of glutathione and depletion of the protein‐bound sulfhydryl groups, and lead to the production of reactive oxygen species. In the primary culture of type II pneumocytes, which is one of the most important cell groups from the aspect of glutathione metabolism and thus redox balance, the effect of cadmium chloride and lead nitrate upon the enzymes of the glutathione cycle, upon superoxide dismutase and upon the structure of type II pneumocytes was examined. Depending on the concentration, cadmium inhibited each of these parameters, whereas lead nitrate significantly increased the activity of glutathione reductase while inhibiting other parameters. Both metals induced damage of the membranes of type II cells, depending on the concentration, although cadmium caused significantly more damage than lead. The data obtained suggest that both substances cause an imbalance in the redox cycle and diversely affect the function and membrane structure of type II pneumocytes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of mitomycin‐C on the bioavailability of the radiopharmaceutical 99mtechnetium–phytic acid in mice: a model to evaluate the toxicological effect of a chemical drug
Authors: Gomes Maria Luisa , Braga Ana Cristina de Souza , Mattos Deise Mara Machado de , Freitas Rosimeire de Souza , Paula Emílio Faustino de , Bezerra Roberto José A.C. , Bernardo‐Filho Mario
Published: August 2002

The many desirable characteristics of technetium‐99m (99mTc) have stimulated the development of labelling techniques for different molecular and cellular structures. It is generally accepted that a variety of factors can alter the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals and one such factor is drug therapy. Because patients on chemotherapeutic treatment receive a radiopharmaceutical in a nuclear medicine procedure, we have studied in Balb/c mice the effect of mitomycin‐C on the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc‐phytic acid (99mTc‐PHY) used in hepatic scintigraphy. Mitomycin‐C is an antineoplastic agent obtained from Streptomyces caesptosus and is used on the treatment of disseminated adenocarcinoma of the stomach or pancreas. Three doses of mitomycin‐C were administered via the ocular plexus into Balb/c mice. One hour after the last dose, 99mTc‐PHY was administered and the animals were sacrificed. The organs were isolated, the radioactivity was determined in a well counter and the percentages of radioactivity in the organs were calculated. The results have shown that the percentage radioactivity has been increased in stomach, spleen, lung, thyroid and bone, decreased in pancreas and thymus and not altered in ovary, uterus, kidney, heart, liver and brain. The changes in the distribution of 99mTc‐PHY may be the result of metabolic processes and/or therapeutic actions produced by the administration of mitomycin‐C. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychometric functions for the olfactory and trigeminal detectability of butyl acetate and toluene
Authors: Cometto‐Muñiz J. Enrique , Cain William S. , Abraham Michael H. , Gola Joelle M. R.
Published: August 2002

We measured psychometric (i.e. concentration–response) functions for the detection of odor, nasal pungency and eye irritation from butyl acetate and toluene. Olfactory detection was measured in subjects with normal olfaction (i.e. normosmics) for whom nasal trigeminal detection does not interfere because it requires much higher concentrations. Nasal trigeminal detection, called nasal pungency, was measured only in subjects lacking olfaction (i.e. anosmics) in order to avoid odor interference. Ocular trigeminal detection, called eye irritation, was measured in both groups. The method employed entailed a two‐alternative, forced‐choice procedure with presentation of increasing concentrations. The outcome showed, for both chemicals, similar ocular trigeminal chemosensitivity in normosmics and anosmics and similar overall ocular and nasal trigeminal chemosensitivity. Olfactory sensitivity was much higher than both forms of trigeminal sensitivity by concentration differences of six and four orders of magnitude for butyl acetate and toluene, respectively. Detectability plots (i.e. detection performance vs log concentration) for the three sensory endpoints followed an S‐shaped function with a middle range section that showed a robust linear fit (r > 0.94) on graphs of z‐score vs log concentration. These detectability functions allow the calculation of olfactory and trigeminal thresholds at various levels of performance. At a point half‐way between random and perfect detection, trigeminal and olfactory threshold concentrations were, respectively, 0.67 (±0.32) and 2.28 (±1.77) log units lower than those measured by us in the past for the same chemicals using an analogous procedure but under just one, fixed, level of performance. The available data suggest that, although considerably laborious, detectability functions provide chemosensory thresholds of closer relevance to environmentally realistic conditions (e.g. whole‐body exposures). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uptake of poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microspheres by antigen‐presenting cells in vivo
Authors: Newman Kimberley D. , Elamanchili Praveen , Kwon Glen S. , Samuel John
Published: August 2002

Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen‐presenting cells (APC) and the most effective stimulators of primary T cell responses. Based on the strong influence of the APC on the immune response, we investigated cellular uptake of a biodegradable antigen delivery system, poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres, at two sites of injection: intraperitoneal and intradermal. We hypothesized that a fluorescent probe, tetramethylrhodamine labeled dextran, loaded in PLGA microspheres would be taken up by APCs and thereby provide a means for studying cellular uptake of PLGA microspheres in vivo. Phagocytic load and cell phenotype were determined using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results revealed cellular uptake of tetramethylrhodamine dextran loaded PLGA microspheres at both injection sites. After intraperitoneal immunization, the predominant cell phagocytosing PLGA microspheres in the peritoneal cavity was the macrophage whereas the intradermal immunization resulted in uptake of PLGA microspheres by dendritic cells. Hence, these results suggest that the profile for cellular uptake varies with the site of injection. More importantly, this study provides direct and conclusive evidence of uptake of PLGA microspheres by the most potent APC, the dendritic cell. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 480–486, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10019
Surface characteristics and structure of anodic oxide films containing Ca and P on a titanium implant material
Authors: Zhu Xiaolong , Ong Joo L. , Kim Sukyoung , Kim Kyohan
Published: August 2002

An anodic oxide film that formed on titanium with a mixture of β‐glycerophosphate sodium (β‐GP) and calcium acetate was investigated. The anodic oxide had interconnected pores (ca. 1–2 μm in diameter) and intermediate roughness (0.60–1.50 μm). In addition, it contained a mixture of amorphous, anatase, and rutile oxides. With an increase in the anodizing voltage and/or concentration of calcium incorporated into the oxide, the degree of oxide crystallinity increased. However, with an increase in the concentration of β‐GP, the degree of oxide crystallinity decreased. It was concluded that the surface roughness, oxide crystallinity, and surface composition of the anodic oxide were dependent on the voltage, current density, and concentration of the electrolyte. It was also concluded that the anodized surface could be optimized for maximum osseointegration. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 333–338, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10105
Functional and morphological evaluation of a low‐weight, monofilament polypropylene mesh for hernia repair
Authors: Klinge U. , Junge K. , Stumpf M. , A. P. Öttinger  , Klosterhalfen B.
Published: August 2002

With more than 1 million implantations per year worldwide, mesh repair has become a standard procedure for the treatment of hernias. Apart from various technical problems, the type of material has been proven to be of considerable importance for the functional and histological outcome, particularly for long‐term implantation. Whereas the advantageous application of low‐weight, large‐pore meshes based on multifilaments can be stated without doubt, it is still open whether similar results can be achieved on the basis of pure monofilaments.In the present study, a low‐weight polypropylene mesh (LW) made purely of monofilaments was compared to a common heavy‐weight polypropylene mesh (HW) in regard to the functional consequences and the tissue response. After implantation in rats as an inlay for 3–90 days, the abdominal‐wall mobility of the implant region was recorded by 3D stereography, and the tensile strength of both the suture zone and the mesh was measured. The morphometry of the histological reaction in regard to the inflammatory infiltrate, the connective tissue, the number of granulocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts served to reflect the tissue response. As parameters for the remodeling process at the interface the cellular activation was evaluated by TUNEL (DNA‐strand breaks or apoptosis, respectively), Ki 67 (cell proliferation), and HSP 70 (cell stress). The measured tensile strength of the LW mesh confirmed a sufficient strength of the material‐reduced mesh modification. After implantation the consecutive impairment of the abdominal‐wall mobility was reduced compared to the HW mesh, concomitant to the reduced fibrotic level at the interface. At the end of the observation period the foreign‐body reaction was significantly lowered for the LW mesh, almost reaching physiological values. In conclusion, these data confirm the improved biocompatibility of material‐reduced mesh implants. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 129–136, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10119
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐4 (TIMP‐4) gene expression is increased in human osteoarthritic femoral head cartilage
Authors: Huang Wensheng , Li Wen Qing , Dehnade Faramaze , Zafarullah Muhammad
Published: August 2002

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐4 (TIMP‐4), the newest member of the TIMP family, blocks the activities of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) implicated in the arthritic cartilage erosion. By utilizing semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry, we investigated whether the TIMP‐4 gene is expressed in human non‐arthritic and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. Directly analyzed femoral head cartilage showed TIMP‐4 RNA expression in 2 of 9 non‐arthritic and 12 of 14 OA patients. Femoral head cartilage from 6 of 9 OA patients had elevated TIMP‐4 protein compared to the low‐level expression in 3 of 8 non‐arthritic controls. In most patients, there was correlation between TIMP‐4 RNA and protein expression. TIMP‐4 protein was also detected immunohistochemically in the upper zone of OA cartilage. The widespread TIMP‐4 RNA and protein expression and augmentation in femoral OA cartilage suggests its important role in joint tissue remodeling and pathogenesis of OA. Increased TIMP levels in arthritic cartilage may not be a sufficiently effective defense against cartilage resorption by excessive multiple MMPs and aggrecanases. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 295–303, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human cell DNA replication is mediated by a discrete multiprotein complex
Authors: Jiang Hai Yan , Hickey Robert J. , Abdel‐Aziz Waleed , Tom Timothy D. , Wills Philip W. , Liu Jianying , Malkas Linda H.
Published: August 2002

A discrete high molecular weight multiprotein complex containing DNA polymerase α has been identified by a native Western blotting technique. An enrichment of this complex was seen at each step in its purification. Further purification of this complex by ion‐exchange chromatography indicates that the peak of DNA polymerase α activity co‐purifies with the peak of in vitro SV40 DNA replication activity eluting from the column. The complex has a sedimentation coefficient of 18S in sucrose density gradients. We have designated this complex as the DNA synthesome. We further purified the DNA synthesome by electroeluting this complex from a native polyacrylamide gel. The eluted complex retains in vitro DNA synthetic activity, and by Western blot analysis, contains DNA polymerase δ, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and replication protein A. Enzymatic analysis of the electroeluted DNA synthesome indicates that the synthesome contains topoisomerase I and II activities, and SDS–PAGE analysis of the electroeluted DNA synthesome revealed the presence of at least 25 major polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 240 kDa. Taken together, our evidence suggests that the DNA synthesome may represent the minimal DNA replication unit of the human cell. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 762–774, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quasi‐degenerate perturbation theory with general multiconfiguration self‐consistent field reference functions
Authors: Nakano Haruyuki , Uchiyama Ryuma , Hirao Kimihiko
Published: August 2002

The quasi‐degenerate perturbation theory (QDPT) with complete active space (CAS) self‐consistent field (SCF) reference functions is extended to the general multiconfiguration (MC) SCF references functions case. A computational scheme that utilizes both diagrammatic and sum‐over‐states approaches is presented. The second‐order effective Hamiltonian is computed for the external intermediate configurations (including virtual or/and core orbitals) by the diagrammatic approach and for internal intermediate configurations (including only active orbitals) by the configuration interaction matrix‐based sum‐over‐states approach. The method is tested on the calculations of excitation energies of H2O, potential energy curves of LiF, and valence excitation energies of H2CO. The results show that the present method yields very close results to the corresponding CAS‐SCF reference QDPT results and the available experimental values. The deviations from CAS‐SCF reference QDPT values are less than 0.1 eV on the average for the excitation energies of H2O and less than 1 kcal/mol for the potential energy curves of LiF. In the calculation of the valence excited energies of H2CO, the maximum deviation from available experimental values is 0.28 eV. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1166–1175, 2002
Improved RGF method to find saddle points
Authors: Hirsch Michael , Quapp Wolfgang
Published: August 2002

The predictor‐corrector method for following a reduced gradient (RGF) to determine saddle points [Quapp, W. et al., J Comput Chem 1998, 19, 1087] is further accelerated by a modification allowing an implied corrector step per predictor but almost without additional costs. The stability and robustness of the RGF method are improved, and the new version in addition reduces the number of gradient and Hessian calculations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 9: 887–894, 2002
Long‐term benefit of genotypic‐guided therapy and prevalence of multinucleoside resistance in an Italian group of antiretroviral multiexperienced patients
Authors: Quiros‐Roldan E. , Moretti F. , Airoldi M. , Fausti C. , Chiodera A. , Castelli F. , Carosi G.
Published: August 2002

Multiple nucleoside resistance involves specific genetic changes in the HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase gene, such as Q151M mutation and an insertion of two serine aminoacids at RT codon 69. Among 432 patients failing antiretroviral therapy, five (1.15%) harboured viruses with Q151M mutation into the RT gene and no viruses were identified harbouring insertion at codon 69. Also we have studied the long‐term benefit of HIV genotypic testing with the failure to reach a viral load below 50 copies/ml within 1 year of antiretroviral therapy using as the primary end‐point. A group of 64 HIV‐positive antiretroviral multiexperienced patients were examined, all of them failing the current ART. HIV‐RNA changed –0.8 log at month 4 and +0.1 log and –0.5 log at months 8 and 12, respectively. The proportion of patients with viral load below 50 copies/ml was 19.3, 32.8, and 28.1% at months 4, 8, and 12, respectively. In multidrug‐experienced patients, genotype‐guided therapy is not in fact able to achieve complete viral suppression in more than 30% of patients after 1 year of ART. The development of more precise resistance tests and interpretations are needed for better control of HIV replication. Other metabolic/pharmacokinetics factors of poor drug adherence should also be assessed. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:127–130, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Underlying cognitions in the selection of lottery tickets
Authors: Hardoon Karen K. , Baboushkin Hayley R. , Derevensky Jeffrey L. , Gupta Rina
Published: August 2002

There is evidence that the faulty cognitions underlying an individual's playing behavior maintains and supports their gambling behavior. Sixty undergraduate students completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), a measure to assess pathological gambling, and a questionnaire ascertaining the type and frequency of their gambling activities. Sixteen Loto 6/49 tickets were presented to participants and ranked according to their perceived likelihood of being the winning ticket. The numbers on the tickets were categorized as: long sequences (e.g., 1–2–3–4–5–6), patterns and series in a pseudo‐psychological order (e.g., 16–21–26–31–36–41), unbalanced (e.g., six numbers from 1–24 or 25–49), and those appearing to be random (e.g., 11–14–20–29–37–43). Verbal protocols of ticket selections were ranked into eight heuristics. Results revealed that for the entire sample the greatest percentage of tickets chosen for the first four selections were “random” tickets. Further, the most commonly cited reason for selecting and changing a lottery ticket was perceived randomness. The results are discussed with reference to the cognitions used when purchasing lottery tickets. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 749–763, 2001.
An evaluation of a six‐week intervention designed to facilitate coping with psychological stress
Authors: Lapidus Leah Blumberg , Shin Sun‐Kyung , Hutton E. Miles
Published: August 2002

Community dwelling Korean adults (N = 40) coping with the stress of severe mental illness were randomly assigned to a six‐week differentiation furthering intervention (experimental) or a directed problem‐solving treatment program (control) and administered pre‐ and posttreatment measures including the Morey Personality Assessment Screener (PAS) and Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). As predicted, the experimental group showed greater improvement on 6 out of 10 mental health subscales (PAS) and on the GEFT than the controls. For the entire sample, differentiation gainers showed more improvement on three PAS subscales compared with the no change or loss in differentiation groups. A three‐month follow‐up showed greater attendance at mental health appointments for the experimental group over controls and for total sample differentiation gainers over nongainers. Implications are discussed of this empirically tested model of a community intervention to facilitate coping with stress and enhancing competence. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1381–1401, 2001
Thought field therapy: Initial research
Authors: Beutler Larry E.
Published: August 2002

Originally published in J Clin Psychol 57(10): 1149–1260, 2001.
Controls of EGF‐induced morphological transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Beckmann Joe D. , Stewart Annette , Kai Mark , Keeton Timothy P.
Published: August 2002

Human bronchial epithelial cells, both normal primary (NHBE) and the BEAS‐2B line, respond to epidermal growth factor (EGF) by extruding lengthy filaments, or filapodia. The morphological transformation of BEAS‐2B cells maximized at 48 h using 1–10 nM EGF. EGF‐induced filapodia extension was inhibited by co‐exposure to transforming growth factor beta, which did not affect tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor (EGFR). Inhibition was also effected by phorbol myristoyl acetate (PMA), which reduced the rate of EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation. Dibutyryl‐cAMP had no effect, whereas the protein kinase inhibitor H‐89 stimulated the EGF response. The ability to regulate cellular responses to EGF by hormonal and chemical approaches has implications for current investigations into the roles of EGF in lung growth, differentiation, and wound repair. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix and growth control
Authors: Kresse Hans , Schönherr Elke
Published: August 2002

Regulated cell growth results from the biological balance between soluble growth‐regulating factors, their receptors and the elicited signal cascade on the one hand side and from extracellular macromolecular components and their interplay with membrane receptors on the other side. Proteoglycans have recently been recognized not only to play a part in providing shape and biomechanical strength of organs and tissues, but also to exhibit direct and indirect cell signalling properties. In this review, we discuss the direct growth‐regulating role of proteoglycans with special emphasis on the lectican family and on the family of small proteoglycans with leucine‐rich repeats (SLRPs). Indirect actions of proteoglycans by modulation of growth factor activities and growth factor distribution are exemplified by discussing the TGF‐β‐binding properties of SLRPs and the interactions of core proteins of matrix proteoglycans with other growth factors. It is emphasized that the modulatory role of proteoglycans on cell proliferation cannot be separated from their participation in tissue organization in general, thereby explaining the diverse and sometimes contradictory reports on the effects of proteoglycans on cell proliferation and differentiation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Merosin‐integrin promotion of skeletal myofiber cell survival: Differentiation state‐distinct involvement of p60Fyn tyrosine kinase and p38α stress‐activated MAP kinase
Authors: Laprise Patrick , Poirier Ève‐Marie , Vézina Anne , Rivard Nathalie , Vachon Pierre H.
Published: August 2002

Myofiber survival and suppression of anoikis depend in large part on the merosin (laminin‐2/‐4)‐integrin α7β1D cell adhesion system; however, the question remains as to the nature of the signaling molecules/pathways involved. In the present study, we investigated this question using the C2C12 cell model of myogenic differentiation and its merosin‐ and laminin‐deficient derivatives. Herein, we report that: 1) of four members of the Src family of tyrosine kinases studied (p60Src, p53/56Lyn, p59Yes, or p60Fyn), the expression and activity of p60Fyn are found in myotubes exclusively; 2) a severe decrease of p60Fyn activity correlates with myotube apoptosis/anoikis induced by pharmocological compounds (herbimycin A or PP2) which inhibit tyrosine kinases of the Src family, by merosin deficiency and by β1 integrin inhibition; 3) myoblast survival depends on Fak and the MEK/Erk pathway, in contrast to myotubes; 4) the PI3‐K pathway is not involved in either myoblast or myotube survival; and 5) p38α SAPK stimulation and activity (but not that of p38β) are required in the progression of myotube apoptosis/anoikis induced by p60Fyn inhibition, merosin deficiency or β1 integrin‐inhibition; however, p38 is not involved in myoblast apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that the promotion of myotube survival by the merosin‐α7β1D adhesion system involves p60Fyn, and that disruptions in this cell adhesion system induce myotube apoptosis/anoikis through a p38α SAPK‐dependent pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 191: 69–81, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fetal and adult human skin fibroblasts display intrinsic differences in contractile capacity
Authors: Moulin Véronique , Tam Betty Y.Y. , Castilloux Gilbert , Auger François A. , O'Connor‐McCourt Maureen D. , Philip Anie , Germain Lucie
Published: August 2002

One of the differences between fetal and adult skin healing is the unique ability of fetal wounds to heal without contracture and scar formation. Studies have shown that the ratio between the three isoforms of TGFβ is different in adult and fetal wounds. Thus, we analyzed the capacity of adult and fetal human skin fibroblasts to contract collagen gels after stimulation with TGFβ isoforms. In control medium, fetal fibroblasts had a contractile capacity similar to that of adult fibroblasts. However, the growth capacity of fetal fibroblasts was completely inhibited, in contrast to adult fibroblasts. When cells were treated with TGFβ, fetal fibroblasts showed an inhibition of their contractile capacity whereas adult fibroblasts further contracted gels. The contractile response was similar for all isoforms of TGFβ although TGFβ3 always had the strongest effect. We considered that the regulation of cell contractile capacity by TGFβ may be dependent on receptor expression for this cytokine, on myofibroblast differentiation of the cells, or in cell links with matrix. Since TGFβ receptor analysis did not show differences in receptor affinity, we studied the expression of α‐smooth muscle (SM) actin, a fibroblast contractile marker and of three integrins, the cell surface receptors specific of the attachment of the fibroblasts with collagen matrix. We observed that the expression of α‐SM actin and α3 and β1 integrin subunits was increased when TGFβ was added to the medium of adult fibroblasts whereas the levels of the α1 and α2 subunits were unchanged. In contrast, fetal fibroblasts treated with TGFβ showed a decrease of α1, α2, and β1 integrin expression but no change in α3 integrin and in α‐SM actin expression. These results indicate that intrinsic differences between fetal and adult fibroblasts might explain their opposite responses to TGFβ stimuli. The variations in their α‐SM actin and integrin expression patterns represent potentially important mechanisms used by fetal fibroblasts to regulate their response to cytokines, and likely contribute to the resultant differences in the quality of wound repair. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of the L‐aminoacylase‐catalyzed resolution of N‐acetyl‐DL‐butyrine
Authors: Bódalo Antonio , Gómez José L , Gómez Elisa , Máximo M Fuensanta , Montiel M Claudia
Published: August 2002

The kinetics of the asymmetric hydrolysis of N‐acetyl‐DL‐butyrine catalyzed by L‐aminoacylase to obtain optically pure L‐butyrine is described. Some of the constants are determined from the initial reaction rates and others from long‐term experiments in batch reactors by the numerical integration of the reactor design equation and minimization of the kinetic parameters. The methodology described can be applied to the kinetic study of other complex biocatalytic systems. Studies on enzyme activation by adding different divalent metal ions and enzymatic deactivation are also included.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of stimulants on electrodermal studies in Fragile X syndrome
Authors: Hagerman Randi J. , Miller Lucy J. , McGrath‐Clarke Jude , Riley Karen , Goldson Edward , Harris Susan W. , Simon Jody , Church Kelly , Bonnell Julie , Ognibene Todd C. , McIntosh Daniel N.
Published: August 2002

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is seen in the majority of children with Fragile X Syndrome (FraX). Previous work has documented an enhanced sweat response to stimuli in children with FraX compared to controls utilizing electrodermal response (EDR) measures. The present study assesses the EDRs both on and off stimulants in 19 children with ADHD and FraX compared to 17 age‐ and IQ‐matched control patients with ADHD and developmental delays. Although the baseline EDRs were comparable between FraX patients and controls, the patients with FraX had a significant decrease in EDR amplitude and number of peaks when treated with stimulants compared to controls. This suggests that patients with FraX are more responsive to the enhancement of inhibitory systems that occur with stimulant use for ADHD. The use of a quantifiable measure, such as EDR, is recommended in future studies of treatment efficacy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:168–173, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity in unity: The biochemical composition of the endothelial cell surface varies between the vascular beds
Authors: Ghitescu Lucian , Robert Manon
Published: August 2002

The vascular endothelium represents a population of squamous epithelial cells characterized by a particular histological localization (intima of blood vessels) and by several physiological functions such as the transport of substances between blood and tissues, the modulation of the vascular tone, the control of blood coagulation and that of the leukocyte extravasation. In spite of all these elements in common and of an identical embryonic origin, endothelial cells show definite morphological and physiological variations that divide them into types and subtypes, each specifically associated to various categories of organs. Even within the vasculature of the same organ, there are clear segmental (arterial/capillary/venous) differentiations of the endothelial cells. While the morphological and physiological differences between endothelial cells are well documented, there are very few data on the biochemistry underlying this heterogeneity. This work presents several data suggesting that, at present, the domain is ripe for a comprehensive analysis of this biochemical diversity, at least in what concerns the luminal aspect of the endothelial plasmalemma, a compartment of crucial importance in the biology and pathology of the cardiovascular system. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:381–389, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiphotoreceptor and multioscillator system in avian circadian organization
Authors: Oishi Tadashi , Yamao Mikaru , Kondo Chieko , Haida Yuka , Masuda Atsuko , Tamotsu Satoshi
Published: August 2002

Photoperiodism and circadian rhythms have been studied intensively in birds because Aves are typical seasonal breeders and diurnal animals. Light is the most important environmental factor involved in entrainment of circadian rhythms and photoperiodism. The eyes and the extraocular photoreceptors, such as the pineal organ and hypothalamus, are reported to have an important function not only for photoreception but also for circadian organization in nonmammalian vertebrates, including birds. In this report, we review the roles of the eyes, pineal organ, and deep brain as the components of the multiphotoreceptor and multioscillator system in avian circadian organization. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:43–47, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peribronchiolar accumulation of dendritic cells and their close association with CD4+ T cells in the murine lung hypersensitivity
Authors: Nishida Tatsuya , Inoue Kiyotoshi , Kawata Yasuhiro , Suzuki Hiroshi , Kinoshita Hiroaki , Kaneda Kenji
Published: August 2002

In order to understand the interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and helper T (Th) cells in the region exposed to antigens during pulmonary delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH), which is considered to be mediated by Th1 cells, we immunohistochemically investigated their spatial relationship in the cellular infiltrate. At 24 hours after intratracheal instillation of hapten in sensitized mice, DCs were preferentially accumulated around the bronchioles, whereas macrophages were more abundant around the accompanying arteries. DCs often formed a cluster, in which they were interconnected with each other by projections. Serial section analysis revealed that clustered DCs made a close apposition to Th cells but much less frequently to cytotoxic T cells and B cells. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that lymphocytes extravasated the capillaries in the peribronchiolar interstitium and made conjugation with DCs. In the interstitial tissue, DCs often adhered to the fibroblasts, suggesting the supportive role of the latter cells in DC migration. Eosinophils were also frequent around the arteries, representing the possible involvement of Th2 cytokines. By contrast, in a chronic type of airway inflammation induced by repeated challenges of aerosolized ovalbumin, DCs were densely and diffusely accumulated around the arteries in the same way as macrophages. The present study demonstrated a close association of DCs with Th cells around the bronchioles during pulmonary DTH, suggesting that local interaction between them in the lung may play important roles in the development of this disorder. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:246–255, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax in rat gastric chief and parietal cells
Authors: Neu Bruno , Herrmuth Hedda , Ernst Franziska , Vaupel Wolfgang , Reindl Wolfgang , Hutzler Peter , Atkinson Michael J. , Classen Meinhard , Schepp Wolfgang
Published: August 2002

Apoptotic cell death is common in the inflamed gastric mucosa, but its role in the regulation of cell homeostasis in normal gastric mucosa is unknown. We investigated the expression of CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax and their roles in the regulation of apoptosis in normal rat gastric mucosa and in cultures of highly enriched rat chief and parietal cells by immunostaining, Western blotting, and FACS. In intact tissue CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax were localized predominantly in the glandular base region in chief cells. In freshly isolated cells, expression of CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax was much more pronounced in chief cells than in parietal cells. A lower intracellular Bcl‐2/Bax ratio suggesting a higher susceptibility to apoptosis was noticed in chief rather than in parietal cells. In extended cultures of parietal and chief cells, Bax expression was upregulated and Bcl‐2 expression was downregulated. These regulatory changes, presumably caused by in vitro effects, were not associated with an increase in spontaneous apoptosis. Treatment of chief and parietal cells with Fas‐ligand induced apoptosis of all CD95 expressing cells. Expression of CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax predominantly in chief cells suggests that in this cell type regulation of apoptosis may differ from that in parietal cells. Binding of FasL with functionally active CD95 receptors on chief and parietal cells may be relevant for induction of apoptosis in inflamed gastric mucosa. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:377–388, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low prevalence of latently Epstein‐Barr virus‐infected cells in chronic gastritis
Authors: Hungermann Daniela , Müller Susanna , Spieker Tilmann , Lisner Renate , Niedobitek Gerald , Herbst Hermann
Published: August 2002

The association of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) with a proportion of gastric carcinomas is well established. The role of EBV in conditions predisposing to carcinoma such as chronic gastritis has remained undefined, however. We used in situ hybridization with radioactive and nonradioactive single‐stranded RNA probes specific for the EBV small latent nuclear transcripts, EBER1 and EBER2, to analyze biopsy specimens from 242 patients with mild to severe chronic gastritis of Sydney classification types A, B, and C. A small number of EBV infected lymphocytes was detected in only nine cases, even in biopsies investigated with radioactive probes. Labeling of epithelial or stromal cells was not observed. The paucity of latently EBV‐infected cells in chronic gastritis biopsies differs from the previously reported higher prevalence of virus carrying cells in inflammatory conditions at other sites of the gastrointestinal tract. These findings argue against a direct involvement of EBV in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis. The low prevalence of EBV‐positive cells suggests that local factors do not favor the entry and retention of circulating EBV‐infected lymphocytes in gastric mucosa. Moreover, our findings indicate that EBV infection of gastric epithelial cells is not an early event in gastric carcinogenesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:409–413, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the avian lymphatic system
Authors: Wilting Jörg , Papoutsi Maria , Othman‐Hassan Karim , Rodriguez‐Niedenführ Marc , Pröls Felicitas , Tomarev Stanislav I. , Eichmann Anne
Published: August 2002

Recently, highly specific markers of the lymphatic endothelium have been found enabling us to reinvestigate the embryonic origin of the lymphatics. Here we present a review of our studies on the development of the lymphatic system in chick and quail embryos. We show that the lymphatic endothelium is derived from two sources: the embryonic lymph sacs and mesenchymal lymphangioblasts. Proliferation studies reveal a BrdU‐labeling index of 11.5% of lymph sac endothelial cells by day 6.25, which drops to 3.5% by day 7. Lymphangioblasts are able to integrate into the lining of lymph sacs. Lymphatic endothelial cells express the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors‐2 and ‐3. Their ligand, VEGF‐C, is expressed almost ubiquitously in embryonic and fetal tissues. Elevated expression levels are found in the tunica media of large blood vessels, which usually serve as major routes for growing lymphatics. The homeobox gene, Prox1, is expressed in lymphatic but not in blood vascular endothelial cells throughout all stages examined, namely, in developing lymph sacs of day 6 embryos and in lymphatics at day 16. Experimental studies show the existence of lymphangioblasts in the mesoderm, a considerable time before the development of the lymph sacs. Lymphangioblasts migrate from the somites into the somatopleure and contribute to the lymphatics of the limbs. Our studies indicate that these lymphangioblasts already express Prox1. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:81–91, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leptin, ghrelin, and energy metabolism of the spawning burbot (Lota lota, L.)
Authors: Mustonen Anne‐Mari , Nieminen Petteri , Hyvärinen Heikki
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the energy metabolism of the burbot (Lota lota, n=38) before, during, and after spawning, which represents the greatest annual metabolic demand for the species. A decrease in body mass, relative weight of the livers, and glycogen concentration of the livers was observed toward the end of spawning. The prespawning period was characterized by high rates of liver glycogenolysis and lipid mobilization. Also, plasma triiodothyronine and sex steroid levels were high before reproduction. During spawning, liver lipolysis was reduced and muscle glycogenolysis stimulated. The levels of triiodothyronine and sex steroids decreased. After reproduction, liver glycogenolysis was suppressed and the rate of gluconeogenesis increased. Thyroid hormone levels were elevated after spawning. Leptin protein and a ghrelin‐immunoreactive peptide were detected in burbot plasma. Their concentrations were relatively low before and during reproduction but increased after spawning. The functions of leptin and the ghrelin‐immunoreactive peptide in the physiology of the burbot are not consistent with the models of their function in mammals. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fuel use in hawkmoth (Amphion floridensis) flight muscle: Enzyme activities and flux rates
Authors: O’Brien Diane M. , Suarez Raul K.
Published: August 2002

The fuels used by the hawkmoth Amphion floridensis to power flight are determined by nectar‐feeding, with fed moths using primarily carbohydrate and unfed moths using primarily fat. To investigate the metabolic pathways underlying fuel‐use flexibility in this species, we measured the maximal activities of several key metabolic enzymes in the flight muscle of fed and unfed individuals, for which metabolic rates and fuel utilization had been previously determined. Hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) occur at high activities and, during carbohydrate‐fueled flight, are estimated to operate at fractional velocities comparable to those of exclusively carbohydrate‐utilizing insects. Females exhibited higher glycolytic enzyme activities than did males, and males regulated PFK activity according to nectar feeding. Although β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) was found at high activities, carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) was not detectable, suggesting that fatty acids may be utilized via a carnitine‐independent pathway during flight. Principal component analysis revealed a tendency for the activities of citrate synthase, HK, PFK, and HOAD to be positively correlated among individuals, as well as a lesser tendency for the activities of glycolytic vs. mitochondrial enzymes to be negatively correlated with each other. However, the principal components did not correlate with variation in either oxygen consumption rate or fuel use in vivo, suggesting that variation in enzyme concentration did not determine differences among individuals in metabolic performance during flight. J. Exp. Zool. 290:108–114, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of chicken CYP26 in anterior versus posterior limb bud in response to retinoic acid
Authors: Martinez‐Ceballos Eduardo , Burdsal Carol A.
Published: August 2002

Multiple studies indicate that quantitative control of the levels of all‐trans‐retinoic acid (RA) in the vertebrate embryo is necessary for correct development. The function of RA in cells is regulated by a number of coordinated mechanisms. One of those mechanisms involves controls on the rate of RA catabolism. Recently, enzymes capable of catabolizing RA were found to constitute a new family, called CYP26, within the cytochrome P450 superfamily. CYP26 homologues have been isolated from human, mouse, zebra fish, and recently from the chick. In this study, we examined the regulation of chicken CYP26 (cCYP26) expression by RA during the early phase of chick limb outgrowth. In the anterior limb mesenchyme and apical ectodermal ridge (AER), cCYP26 expression was induced in a concentration dependent manner by implanting beads soaked in 0.1, 1, and 5 mg/ml RA. The RA‐induced expression of cCYP26 in anterior limb mesenchyme and the AER was detected as early as 1 hr after treatment and was not affected by the presence of cycloheximide. In contrast to the anterior limb, the induction of cCYP26 was dramatically reduced (or absent) when RA beads were implanted in the posterior limb mesenchyme. Furthermore, induction of cCYP26 expression in the anterior mesenchyme was inhibited by transplantations of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) and by Shh‐soaked beads. Our data suggest that different mechanisms regulate retinoid homeostasis in the AER and mesenchyme during limb bud outgrowth. J. Exp. Zool. 290:136–147, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.