bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forensic Osteological Analysis: A Book of Case Studies
Authors: Feldesman Marc R.
Published: December 2004

Forensic Osteological Analysis:. Book of Case Studies. Scott I. Fairgrieve. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1999. 340 pp.
Reflexive Ethnography: A Guide to Researching Selves and Others
Authors: Wilson Tamar Diana
Published: December 2004

Reflexive Ethnography:. Guide to Researching Selves and Others. Charlotte Aull Davies. New York: Routledge, 1999.257 pp.
The Estuary's Gift: An Atlantic Coast Cultural Biography
Authors: Bernstein David J.
Published: December 2004

The Estuary's Gift: An Atlantic Coast Cultural Biography. David Griffith. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999. 196 pp.
Some Spirits Heal, Others Only Dance: A Journey into Human Selfhood in an African Village; Everyday Spirits and Medical Interventions: Ethnographic and Historical Notes on Therapeutic Conventions in Zanzibar Town
Authors: Rosenthal Judy
Published: December 2004

Some Spirits Heal, Others Only Dance:. Journey into Human Selfhood in an African Village. Roy Willis. New York: Berg, 1999. 220 pp.

Everyday Spirits and Medical Interventions: Ethnographic and Historical Notes on Therapeutic Conventions in Zanzibar Town. Tapio Nisula. Helsinki, Finland: The Finnish Anthropological Society, 1999. 321 pp.
Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance and Self‐Determination
Authors: Suzman James
Published: December 2004

Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance and Self‐Determination. Peter P. Schweitzer. Megan Biesele. and Robert K. Hitchcock. eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 2000.498 pp.
Material Culture
Authors: Miyazaki Hkokazu
Published: December 2004

Material Culture. Henry Glassie. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. 413 pp.
Textual Tactics of Identification
Authors: GOMEZ MARY LOUISE
Published: December 2004

In this article we merge de Certeau's theory of strategies and tactics with more recent work on socially situated identities to investigate how youth in one eighth‐grade reading class withstood and resisted identities of “being remedial.” On the basis of observational and interview data collected during a year‐long ethnographic study, we illustrate how students used various texts to participate in official school practices while subverting those practices.
“It Was Fine, if You Wanted to Leave”: Educational Ambivalence in a Nova Scotian Coastal Community 1963–1998
Authors: CORBETT MICHAEL
Published: December 2004

This article reports on a study of schooling in southwest Nova Scotia. Using Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital and habitus, I analyze rural men's relationships involving identity, work, place, and schooling to explain continuing high male dropout rates and local traditions of ambivalence and resistance to schooling. I conclude that the tension between formal schooling and place is endemic in many rural communities and that qualitative migration analysis can reveal the complexity of relationships between learning and leaving.
Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology
Authors: Waller Richard
Published: December 2004

Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology Andrew B. Smith. London: Hurst & Co., 1992.
The Centrality of Agriculture: Between Humankind and the Rest of Nature
Authors: McDonald James H.
Published: December 2004

The Centrality of Agriculture: Between Humankind and the Rest of Nature Colin A. M. Duncan. Montreal: McGill‐Queens University Press, 1996.
Genescapes: The Ecology of Genetic Engineering
Authors: Dennis Dion
Published: December 2004

Genescapes: The Ecology of Genetic Engineering Stephen Nottingham. London: Zed Books, 2002 .
From Farm to Table: Making the Connection in the Mid‐Atlantic Food System
Authors: Andreatta Susan L.
Published: December 2004

From Farm to Table: Making the Connection in the Mid‐Atlantic Food System Mathew Hora and Jody Tick. Washington, DC: Capital Area Food Bank, 2001.
Which Way Forward? People, Forests, and Policy making in Indonesia
Authors: Wadley Reed L.
Published: December 2004

Which Way Forward? People, Forests, and Policy making in Indonesia Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo. eds. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future Press, 2002.
The Seed Is Mine: The Life ofKas Maine, A South African Sharecropper 1894‐1985
Authors: Rosenblatt Paul C. , Nkosi Catherine
Published: December 2004

The Seed Is Mine: The Life ofKas Maine,. South African Sharecropper 1894‐1985 Charles Van Onselen. New York: Hill and Wang, 1996.
Margaret Mead: From a Cultural/Historical Perspective
Authors: Foerstel Lenora
Published: December 2004

Margaret Mead: From a Cultural/Historical Perspective presents a special opportunity for anthropologists to examine the ideologies within American culture that influenced Dr. Mead's perception of Third World people. Within this analystical study of Dr. Mead's work we find that the philosphy of humanism popularly associated with her may in fact have been less influential than her Freudian biological view of human behavior.
Images of Waste and Purification on the Banks of the Ganga
Authors: Alley Kelly D.
Published: December 2004

THESE PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES take the reader through the interstices of human civilization, to the places where waste accumulates, flows, and is “managed” by the state. Images of the sacred and profane and the notions of purity and material pollution associated with them are brought into stark relief to convey the argument that government, activist and Hindu understandings of the river Ganga are fundamentally incompatible. This incompatibility complicates solutions to problems that arise when urban waste is channeled into the river for disposal. [Sacred purity, environmental pollution, Hinduism, environmentalism, India]
Scrap Irony: An Exhibit Review Essay
Authors: Welsh Peter H.
Published: December 2004

RECYCLED, RE–SEEN shows the difficulties of incorporating irony into museum exhibits. Using objects made from materials that museum visitors can identify as “trash”—old tires, cans, pop‐tops, and flip–flops—the exhibit presents them as collectable art. These objects are not, however, dada‐like commentaries on contemporary aesthetics. They are the products of “making do” by people who have only the most limited economic resources. This essay questions whether the irony perceived by the exhibit creators—art from trash— can enable visitors to establish meaningful connections with the objects' makers. [Museum studies, vernacular art, found art, irony]
Globalization and the “Place” of Politics in Contemporary Theory: A Commentary
Authors: Gregory Steven
Published: December 2004

THE TENDENCY TO UNDERSTAND the impact of globalization on political activism through such binary oppositions as “global” versus “local” and “space” versus “place” elides the processes through which these spatial categories and discourses are politically constructed and contested. By contrast, the political significance of place, far from being settled in the evolving global economy, is a hotly contested stake in contemporary struggles over the built environment. Through an ethnographic study of community activism in New York City, this paper demonstrates how elite claims about the global imperatives of capital accumulation are being challenged in so‐called “local places.” [Globalization, urban development, activism, space, New York City]
Keeping Him Connected: Labor Migration and the Production of Locality in Cairo
Authors: Ghannam Farha
Published: December 2004

GLOBAL PROCESSES AND discourses are concretely articulated in a low‐income neighborhood in Cairo. Looking at locality as a structure of feeling, a material reality, and an attachment to a particular community, this essay shows how the continuous communication between families and young migrant men (through audio tapes, letters, and phone calls) and the pressure from their families to purchase housing units or remodel existing apartments are powerful techniques that provide moral support for labor migrants, ensure the flow of cash, and reinforce attachment to the neighborhood of origin. [Globalization, locality, labor migration, Middle East, Cairo]
Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast
Authors: Falk John H. , Dierking Linn D.
Published: December 2004

GLOBAL WARMING: UNDERSTANDING THE FORECAST. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY (May 15, 1992 ‐ January 19, 1993); Museum of Natural History of Los Angeles County (April 3 ‐ July 25, 1993); Carnegie Science Center, Pittsburgh, PA (September 24,1993 ‐ February 13, 1994); Denver Museum of Natural History (November 24, 1994 ‐ March 26, 1995); St. Louis Science Center (May 26 ‐ October 15, 1995); National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (December 15, 1995 ‐ May 5, 1996).
Museum Economics and the Community
Authors: Gable Eric
Published: December 2004

Museum Economics and the Community. Edited by Susan Pearce. New Research in Museum Studies: An International Series. Volume 2. London and Atlantic Highlands: The Althone Press, 1991. viii + 232 pp., bibliographies and index. $55 (cloth).
The Isaac Cowie Collection of Plains Cree Material Culture from Central Alberta
Authors: Jacknis Ira
Published: December 2004

The Isaac Cowie Collection of Plains Cree Material Culture from Central Alberta. JAMES W. VANSTONE. Fieldiana: Anthropology, n.s., no. 17. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1991.56 pp., 41 b/w photographs and line drawings, bibliography, appendix. $17.00 (paper).
Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific
Authors: Jones Anna Laura
Published: December 2004

Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific. NICHOLAS THOMAS. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991. 259 pp., 31 b/w illustration, 4 maps. $32.50 (cloth), $14.95 (paper).
The Conservation and Technology of Musical Instruments, Walter Kaufmann. Selected Musical Instruments: Selected Musical Terms of Non‐Western Cultures: A Notebook‐Glossary
Authors: Miller Thomas Ross
Published: December 2004

The Conservation and Technology of Musical Instruments. A Bibliographic Supplement to Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts, Volume 28, Number 3. Edited by CARY KARP. Marina del Rey, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1992. 236 pp. $55 (paper).

Selected Musical Terms of Non‐Western Cultures: A Notebook‐Glossary. WALTER KAUFMANN. Detroit Studies in Music Bibliography, No. 65. J. Bunker Clark, editor. Warren, Michigan: Harmonie Park Press, 1990. 806 pp. $75.00 (cloth).
Skeletal Biology of Past Peoples: Research Methods
Authors: Brauer Jaymie L.
Published: December 2004

Skeletal Biology of Past Peoples: Research Methods. Edited by SHELLEY R. SAUNDERS and M. ANNE KATZENBERG. New York: Willey‐Liss,1992. xvii + 265 pp., bibliographies, and index. $65.00 (cloth).
Living In Balance: The Universe of the Hopi, Zuni, Navajo and Apache
Authors: Ash‐Milby Kathleeen E.
Published: December 2004

Living In Balance: The Universe of the Hopi, Zuni, Navajo and Apache University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA (Permanent exhibition opened May 20,1995)
Codex Telleriano‐Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a Pictorial Aztec Manuscript
Authors: Furst Jill Leslie McKeever
Published: December 2004

Codex Telleriano Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in. Pictorial Aztec Manuscript. Eloise Quinones Keber. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. xi. 365 pp. 102 color and. b/w photos, 199 line drawings,. maps,. figures, notes, bibliography, index. $75.00 (cloth).
The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics
Authors: Handler Richard
Published: December 2004

The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics. Tony Bennett. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. x + 278 pp.; 26 illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $19.95 (paper).
Kuna Crafts, Gender, And The Global Economy
Authors: Dean Bartholomew
Published: December 2004

Kuna Crafts, Gender, And The Global Economy. Karin E. Tice. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. viii + 232 pp. 15 b/w photographs, appendix, notes, glossary, bibliography, index, 5 maps, 10 figures, 7 tables. $14.95 (paper).
Ordinary Life, Festival Days: Aesthetics in the Midwestern County Fair
Authors: Gable Eric
Published: December 2004

Ordinary Life, Festival Days: Aesthetics in the Midwestern County Fair. Leslie Prosterman. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. xi + 220 pp. b/w photographs, notes, index. $24.95 (paper).
Lives of Indian Images
Authors: Shukla Pravina
Published: December 2004

Lives of Indian Images. Richard H. Davis. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1997. xvii. 331 pp. 50 black and white photos, notes, bibliography, bibliographic appendix, index. $42.50 (cloth), $17.95 (paper).
Against Culture: Development, Politics and Religion in Indian Alaska
Authors: Dombrowski Kirk
Published: December 2004

In a small Tlingit village in 1992, newly converted members of an all‐native church started a bonfire of "non‐Christian" items, including, reportedly, native dancing regalia. The burnings recalled an earlier century in which church converts in the same village burned totem poles. This book traces the years leading up to the most recent burnings and reveals the multiple strands of social tension defining Tlingit and Haida life in Southeast Alaska today.
rHuEPO and Improved Treatment Outcomes: Potential Modes of Action
Authors: Blackwell Kimberly , Gascón Pere , Sigounas George , Jolliffe Linda
Published: December 2004

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

Relate hypoxia to gene expression. Relate hypoxia to angiogenesis. Discuss the possible relationship between tissue hypoxia and metastatic potential.

Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit atCME.TheOncologist.com

Within the past decade, clinical trials have shown that the presence of anemia can diminish the physical status, functional abilities, and overall quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients and can negatively influence the outcome of their treatment. However, recent preclinical and clinical studies have also shown that increasing hemoglobin levels by administering recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO, epoetin alfa) may ameliorate anemia and, in doing so, improve QOL and possibly result in better treatment outcomes following radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. Several mechanisms by which rHuEPO may improve treatment outcome have been proposed, including correction of tumor hypoxia, increased sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, correction of anemia and its associated symptoms (particularly fatigue), and immune-modulated effects of rHuEPO on tumor growth. Improvement of tumor oxygenation by rHuEPO could affect treatment outcome in two ways. First, correction of hypoxia results in the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a key regulator of cellular adaptive responses to hypoxia (e.g., angiogenesis), including many pathways that are important for tumor growth and metastasis. Interruption of the HIF-1 pathway not only limits growth of the primary tumor but also reduces the potential for the development of more aggressive tumors and metastatic spread, which could ultimately improve treatment outcome. Second, within the tumor, it is the hypoxic cells that are resistant to oxygen-dependent radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and improvement in their oxygenation would increase their sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of such treatment.

Correction of anemia and its associated symptoms, particularly fatigue, can have a beneficial effect on patient QOL, and this in turn may translate into greater tolerance of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, allowing patients to receive full doses and on-schedule dosing, and thus have an increased likelihood of a therapeutic response. Lastly, results of a study using a murine model of multiple myeloma have indicated that rHuEPO may induce an immune-mediated antitumor effect. Therefore, additional research is warranted to further explore the biologic actions of rHuEPO and to determine their relevance to therapeutic outcome.
Assessment of Wastewater Impact on Groundwater by Hydraulic Soil Investigations
Authors: Mohrlok Ulf , Bücker‐Gittel Meike , Cata Cristina , Jirka Gerhard H.
Published: December 2004

There is an unknown risk potential related to the uncontrolled wastewater infiltrations from damaged sewers into soils affecting groundwater quality. The possible transformation processes during subsurface migration of pollutants are not well understood in their interactions under field conditions. In order to quantify the water and mass fluxes from single sewer leaks to groundwater mainly the hydraulics of water and mass transport in the unsaturated soils were investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The recently developed numerical code WTM (Water and Transport Model) was applied to different scenarios, including a two‐dimensional experimental set‐up simulating the water content and concentration development from a leaking pipe. Fine‐grained soils because of their hydraulic parameters as well as high infiltration rates lead to a wider spreading of the seepage flow. Residence times related to unsteady infiltrations have been more depending on the initial water content than on infiltration rates. Analyses of the pore size distribution in soil columns exposed to long‐term wastewater infiltration indicated clogging effects due to chemical or microbial transformation processes.
Changes of Chemical and Biological Parameters in Soil Caused by Trickling Sewage
Authors: An Pinglin , Hua Jianmin , Franz Mathias , Winter Josef , Gallert Claudia
Published: December 2004

The effect of leaking sewers on soil and groundwater was simulated by trickling sewage through 125 cm sand columns in the laboratory. The filtering effect of sludge and soil was tested and a detailed analysis of the soil and column effluent was performed after 3 months and 18 months. The trickling rates were highly variable. Sewage components that sedimented on top of the sand or were swept into the upper sand layers reduced the trickling rates to almost zero after a few days. However, biogas production by the anaerobic bacterial consortium in the sludge and upper soil layers periodically led to a significant increase of the trickling rates for a while, after the gas bubbles escaped and destroyed the dense sludge structure that restricted trickling with increasing trickling time. The COD elimination averaged 71.7…74 %. The total nitrogen content of the sewage was reduced after trickling through the sand column by 34 %. The column effluent contained mainly Norg and ammonia. Since the sand columns were not explicitly kept anaerobic, some oxygen was apparently available and little nitrite/nitrate was generated. As judged from the COD, TOC, or the total organic solids, the organic matter on the sand grains decreased rapidly and exponentially from top to bottom. This was in accordance with a decrease of the population density that was determined after resolution of the biofilm from the sand at different depth. More culturable bacteria per gram sand at every depth were found in the column that was run for 18 months than in the column that was run for only 3 months. This may be an indication for a less developed biofilm after 3 months in comparison to a more developed, thicker biofilm after 18 months. After trickling of sewage for 3 months the biofilm on the sand grains contained more aerobic bacteria, the biofilm that had developed after 18 months contained a higher portion of anaerobic bacteria.
Impact of Leaky Sewers on Groundwater Quality
Authors: Wolf Leif , Held Inka , Eiswirth† Matthias , Hötzl Heinz
Published: December 2004

Wastewater from defect sewers can affect groundwater quality. An assessment of this environmental impact for a city of 50 000 inhabitants (Rastatt, SW Germany) was done using marker species distributions, condition monitoring of the sewer network, lab‐scale analogy experiments, and specifically instrumented in‐situ test sites near defect sewers. The studies revealed elevated concentrations of iodated X‐ray contrast media (up to 360 ng/L amidotrizoic acid) and boron concentrations in the urban groundwater which are directly related to leaky sewers. Other common pharmaceuticals could not be detected in the groundwater. Observation wells were installed based on the information from a sewer defect database. These wells focusing on specific sewer leakages show significant changes in groundwater quality parameters.
Biodegradation and Bioclogging in the Unsaturated Porous Soil beneath Sewer Leaks
Authors: Fuchs Stephan , Hahn Hermann H. , Roddewig Jochen , Schwarz Martin , Turković Robertino
Published: December 2004

According to the potential risk for soil and groundwater caused by wastewater exfiltration, the processes of retention, transport, and transformation in the surrounding of leaky sewers have been studied in detail. The importance of the microbial biomass and its spatial and temporal distribution are focused on in this paper. Considering two aspects i) degradation of wastewater compounds, ii) soil clogging, several experiments have been carried out under laboratory and full‐scale conditions.

Besides the purification capacity the clogging of the pore space beneath a leak and its stability are essential to assess the long‐term impacts of exfiltrating wastewater on soil and groundwater. Deposition of particulate matter as well as microbial growth are responsible for decreasing pore space and hydraulic conductivity.

According to the grain size of the soil, the water and mass flux, the availability of oxygen, and the filter length the removal rates vary in a wide range. For DOC from 30 to 73 % and for NH4+‐N from 0 to 99 % removal were observed.

The influence of the microorganisms on soil clogging has been quantified by detecting the concentration of nucleic acids as an indicator for microbial biomass and activity. A correlation between the total biomass in the upper layers of soil and hydraulic conductivity could be drawn up.
Randomized trial comparing the Prolene® Hernia System, mesh plug repair and Lichtenstein method for open inguinal hernia repair
Authors: Nienhuijs S W , van Oort I , Keemers-Gels M E , Strobbe L J A , Rosman C
Published: December 2004

Background

Most surgeons favour the use of a mesh for open inguinal hernia repair as it has a low recurrence rate. Procedures used most frequently are the Lichtenstein method, mesh plug repair and the Prolene® Hernia System. The choice of technique may be influenced by the effects on postoperative pain and quality of life.

Methods

A total of 334 patients were allocated blindly and at random to receive one of these three meshes for open hernia repair. Quality of life was assessed with the Short Form 36 and pain by a visual analogue scale 14 days, and 3 and 15 months after surgery.

Results

Operative complications were rare and comparable between the groups. Long-term follow-up was completed by questionnaire in 95·8 per cent of patients. There were no significant differences in pain parameters between the three meshes; overall, 43·3 per cent of patients reported some form of groin pain. The severity of the chronic pain correlated with a higher pain score in the first 2 weeks after surgery (P < 0·001). A significant reduction in scores for role emotional (short term) and vitality (long term) quality of life domains was found in patients who had a Lichtenstein repair.

Conclusion

These short- and long-term results did not show any clinically significant difference in postoperative pain and quality of life between the three types of mesh hernia repair. Severe early postoperative pain reliably predicted the likelihood of persisting chronic groin pain.
Spatial determinants in morphogenesis: Recovery from plasmolysis in the diatom Ditylum
Authors: Pollock Fiona M. , Pickett‐Heaps Jeremy D.
Published: December 2004

Ditylum cells are enclosed in a rigid wall consisting of two “valves” (end walls) connected by “girdle bands.” A hollow spine, the Labiate Process (LP), extends from each valve and a stable cytoplasmic strand connects its base with the nucleus. We investigated whether cells might possess “spatial determinants” for controlling their internal organization and wall morphogenesis. Upon plasmolysis, cells contracted into a spherical protoplast detached from the wall. Recovery was initiated by growing filopodia that “searched” the inside of the wall. Some attached to the inside corners, generating tension that could temporarily displace the protoplast. Others consolidated into the strand connecting nucleus with the LP. The protoplasts soon expanded and cells recovered: some divided immediately, the rest within 24 h. When recently divided cells were plasmolysed, their nascent valves were exocytosed. These were ignored by the filopodia during recovery. Later, protoplasts secreted a new valve, while the nascent valves were discarded. The interphase microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton radiates from a central Microtubule Center. A thicker bundle connects the nucleus to each LP. Plasmolysis destroyed the MT cytoskeleton; its re‐establishment matched growth of the filopodia. The anti‐MT drug oryzalin prevented filopodial extension while existing filopodia retracted, except those stabilized by attachment to the corners of the cell and the LP. Several anti‐actin agents had relatively little effect. However, one, mycalolide B, caused the nucleus to be extruded from the protoplast by a bundle of MTs. We conclude that the geometry of the wall could provide spatial information to which the MT‐cytoskeleton/filopodia respond. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 60:71–82, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The genes and gene organization of the Ly49 region of the rat natural killer cell gene complex
Authors: Nylenna Øyvind , Naper Christian , Vaage John T. , Woon Peng Y. , Gauguier Dominique , Dissen Erik , Ryan James C. , Fossum Sigbjørn
Published: December 2004

We here report the cDNA sequences of 11 new rat Ly49 genes with full and three with incomplete open reading frames. Although obtained from different inbred rat strains, these as well as six previously published cDNA represent non‐allelic genes matching different loci in the Brown Norway (BN) rat genome, which is predicted to contain 34 Ly49 loci distributed over the distal part of the NK cell gene complex. Some of the cloned genes appear to be mutated to non‐function in the BN genome, which harbors additional genes with full open reading frames, suggesting at least 26 non‐allelic functional Ly49 genes in the rat. Of the encoded receptors, 13 are predicted to be inhibitory, eight to be activating, whereas five may be both (‘bifunctional’). Phylogenetic analysis bears evidence of a highly dynamic genetic region, in which only the most distally localized Ly49 gene has a clear‐cut mouse ortholog. In phylograms, the majority of the genes cluster into three subgroups with the genes mapping together, defining three chromosomal regions that seem to have undergone recent expansions. When comparing the lectin‐like domains, the receptors form smaller subgroups, most containing at least one inhibitory and one activating or ‘bifunctional’ receptor, where close sequence similarities suggest recent homogenization events.
Bayesian models for population‐based case‐control studies when the population is in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium
Authors: Cheng K.F. , Chen J.H.
Published: December 2004

Association analysis of genetic polymorphisms has been mostly performed in a case‐control setting with unrelated affected subjects compared with unrelated unaffected subjects. In this paper, we present a Bayesian method for analyzing such case‐control data when the population is in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. Our Bayesian method depends on the informative prior which is the retrospective likelihood based on historical data, raised to a powera. By modeling the retrospective likelihood properly, different prior information about the studied population can be incorporated into the specification of the prior. The scalarais a precision parameter quantifying the heterogeneity between current and historical data. A guide value forais discussed in this paper. The informative prior and posterior distributions are proper under very general conditions. Therefore, our method can be applied in most case‐control studies. Further, for assessing gene‐environment interactions, our approach will naturally lead to a Bayesian model depending only on the case data, when genotype and environmental factors are independent in the population. Thus our approach can be applied to case‐only studies. A real example is used to show the applications of our method.Genet. Epidemiol.28:183–192, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accreditation as a catalyst for institutional effectiveness
Authors: Dodd Ann H.
Published: December 2004

Accreditation bodies increasingly force institutions to merge their accountability reporting, institutional research, outcomes assessment, and decision‐making activities, thus serving as catalysts for enhancing institutional effectiveness.
Ex‐vivo magnetic resonance image texture analysis can discriminate genotypic origin in bovine meat
Authors: Mahmoud‐Ghoneim Doaa , Bonny Jean‐Marie , Renou Jean‐Pierre , de Certaines Jacques D
Published: December 2004

Texture analysis (TA) combined with dedicated gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at high field provides specific parametric $T_{2}^{*}$ maps of connective tissue and allows statistical analysis of the resulting texture. The present study clearly demonstrates that MRI‐TA of bovine meat can discriminate between muscle types Gluteo biceps and Pectoralis profundus, and between genotype origins corresponding to the mutation on the myostatin gene: normal +/+, heterozygous mh/+ or homozygous double‐muscled mh/mh Belgian White Blue bulls. Values of interclass separations reflect the significantly different collagen and fat contents in these genotypes. To our knowledge, no previous study has demonstrated such a correlation between MRI texture and genetics‐related modifications. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification and in vitro biological activities of flavonols in garlic leaf and shoot: inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase activities and scavenging of free radicals
Authors: Kim Mi‐Yeon , Kim Young‐Chan , Chung Shin‐Kyo
Published: December 2004

We isolated four flavonols from garlic (Allium sativum L) leaf and shoot and measured the in vitro antioxidant activity of the isolated flavonols and their aglycones. The chemical structures of the compounds were shown to be quercetin 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin), quercetin 3‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranoside (reynoutrin), kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (astragalin) and isorhamnetin 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside based on FAB‐MS and NMR analyses. Assays of DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐β‐picryl hydrazyl) and hydroxyl radical scavenging, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, and soybean lipoxygenase (LO) and hyaluronidase (HYA) inhibition were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Quercetin and its glycosides showed the highest antioxidant activity among the compounds. In the LO assay, the IC50 values of quercetin, isoquercitrin and reynoutrin were 16.9, 40.1 and 32.9 µM respectively. Quercetin was the most effective among the flavonols. In the HYA assay the IC50 values of quercetin, isoquercitrin and reynoutrin were 23.0, 20.9 and 22.1 mM respectively. Isoquercitrin had the most potent inhibitory activity on HYA. The inhibition patterns of the flavonols on LO and HYA were elucidated as mixed types of competitive and non‐competitive inhibition according to Lineweaver–Burk plot results. Although most garlic shoots and leaves are discarded and not used at present, our results suggest that ancillary garlic parts could be utilised as functional foods or ingredients. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of extra virgin olive oils from stoned olives
Authors: Mulinacci Nadia , Giaccherini Catia , Innocenti Marzia , Romani Annalisa , Vincieri Franco F , Marotta Federico , Mattei Alissa
Published: December 2004

This paper focuses on comparing the main chemical characteristics of 16 fresh commercial samples of extra virgin olive oil obtained from four harvest years (1999–2002) and derived from both stoned and whole fruits. The qualitative and quantitative contents of minor polar compounds (MPCs) together with other reference analytical parameters (acidity, peroxides, UV absorption values and Rancimat test) were evaluated. An investigation of the MPCs and oil composition obtained from only stoned olives was also carried out. The acidity values of the oils from stoned fruits were always similar to or lower than those of the corresponding oils from whole fruits. For almost all the samples from stoned olives a better resistance to oxidation was revealed in comparison with the corresponding traditional oils. Five pairs obtained from the 2000 and 2001 harvests showed higher concentrations of both MPCs and hydroxytyrosol derivatives in the oils from stoned fruits, in agreement with their higher Rancimat values. Overall, our findings with regard to acidity values, % hydrolysis, the Rancimat test and the qualitative and quantitative distribution of MPCs suggest a higher antioxidant capacity of the oils from stoned olives. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Shelf‐life extension of vacuum‐packaged sea bream (Sparus aurata) fillets by combined γ‐irradiation and refrigeration: microbiological, chemical and sensory changes
Authors: Chouliara Irene , Savvaidis Ioannis N , Riganakos Kyriakos , Kontominas Michael G
Published: December 2004

The combined effect of γ‐irradiation and refrigeration on the shelf‐life of vacuum‐packaged sea bream (Sparus aurata) fillets was studied by monitoring the microbiological, chemical and sensory changes of non‐irradiated and irradiated fish samples using low‐dose irradiation doses of 1 and 3 kGy. Fish species such as sea bream and sea bass are very popular in the Mediterranean countries due to their high quality characteristics, and their preservation is a constant challenge given their extreme perishability. Irradiation (3 kGy) dramatically reduced populations of bacteria, namely, total viable counts (3 vs 7 log cfu g−1) for the non‐irradiated samples, Pseudomonas spp (<2 vs 7.6 log cfu g−1), H2S‐producing bacteria typical of Shewanella putrefaciens (<2 vs 5.9 log cfu g−1), Enterobacteriaceae (<2 vs 6.0 log cfu g−1) and lactic acid bacteria (<2 vs 3.5 log cfu g−1) after 10 days of storage. The effect was more pronounced at the higher dose (3 kGy). Lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and H2S‐producing bacteria typical of Shewanella putrefaciens showed higher sensitivity to γ‐radiation than did the rest of the microbial species. Of the chemical indicators of spoilage, Trimethylamine (TMA) values of non‐irradiated sea bream increased very slowly, whereas for irradiated samples significantly lower values were obtained reaching a final value of 7.9 and 6.3 mg N per 100 g muscle at 1 and 3 kGy respectively (day 42). Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) values increased slowly attaining a value of 67.3 mg N per 100 g for non‐irradiated sea bream during refrigerated storage, whereas for irradiated fish, lower values of 52.8 and 43.1 mg N per 100 g muscle were recorded (day 42). Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values for irradiated sea bream samples were higher than respective non‐irradiated fish and increased slowly until day 21 of storage, reaching final values of 1.1 (non‐irradiated), 2.0 (1 kGy) and 2.2 mg malonaldehyde kg−1 muscle (3 kGy), respectively (day 42). Sensory evaluation showed a good correlation with bacterial populations. On the basis of overall acceptability scores (sensory evaluation) a shelf‐life of 28 days (3 kGy) was obtained for vacuum‐packaged sea bream, compared with a shelf‐life of 9–10 days for the non‐irradiated sample. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Multiple forms of β‐galactosidase from mango (Mangifera indica L Alphonso) fruit pulp
Authors: Prasanna V , Prabha TN , Tharanathan RN
Published: December 2004

Mango (Mangifera indica L cv Alphonso) was found to contain three isoforms (I, II and III) of β‐galactosidase which, upon purification on Sephadex G‐200, had relative abundances of 44, 38 and 18%, respectively. The total specific activity increased from 20 to 727 µmol l−1 upon purification, representing a ∼36‐fold increase with a recovery of 0.28 U U−1. The optimal pH for activity and stability were in the ranges 3.6–4.3 and 4–6.2, respectively. The optimal temperature for β‐galactosidase activity was between 42 and 47 °C with Tm in the range 45–51 °C. The Km for pNP‐β‐galactopyranoside was 0.98, 1.11 and 0.95 mM, and Vmax was 0.56, 0.53 and 0.35 µmol pNP min−1, respectively for isoforms I, II and III. Hg2+ caused strong inhibition, whereas galacturonic acid, galactose, xylose, fucose and mannose slightly inhibited the activity of β‐galactosidase isoforms. The apparent molecular weights by GPC were 78, 58 and 91 kDa for isoforms I, II and III, respectively. The ability of these isoforms to degrade the endogenous substrate (arabinogalactan) possibly suggests a role in pectin dissolution during tissue softening/fruit ripening. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparison of the peel oil components of Australian native lime (Microcitrus australe) and Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
Authors: Craske John D , Suryadi Norman , Wootton Michael
Published: December 2004

The essential oil components extracted from the pericarp layer of two varieties of lime fruit, viz. Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) and an Australian native lime (Microcitrus australe) have been analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Thirty‐three components were identified in M australe and 34 in C aurantifolia. The compound types comprised monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and coumarins. For the more volatile monoterpenoid compounds, the major component was limonene, with significant amounts of γ‐terpinene, β‐pinene, geranial, neral, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate. From an examination of the nature and contents of individual components, there was no indication that any one compound might be responsible for the predominant aroma impact. The possible contribution to aroma differences due to quantitative differences in the amounts of these components is discussed. However, sensory evaluation indicated that there was little or no difference between the aromas of the two oils. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Tourism distribution channels in Wellington, New Zealand
Authors: Pearce Douglas , Tan Raewyn , Schott Christian
Published: December 2004

This paper outlines a multiple method approach used in Wellington as a way of researching issues of distribution channels for tourism in urban areas. The study combines information obtained from interviews with providers and intermediaries, visitor surveys and the analysis of catalogues to present a systematic examination of distribution channels for a range of accommodation and attractions. The results highlight the complexity of distribution channels in Wellington, with variations occurring by market segment and by type of accommodation and attractions. Chain hotels have the most complex channels. Smaller properties and attractions tend to pursue simpler ‘at destination’ distribution strategies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responding to crisis: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and hotels in Singapore
Authors: Henderson Joan C. , Ng Alex
Published: December 2004

The sudden outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore in 2003 was a grave crisis for the tourism industry as a whole and highlights the importance of effectively managing and planning for such occurrences. This study looks at the particular consequences of the infectious virus for the hotel sector and reactions to the challenges posed. Further health‐related crises seem inevitable in the modern world and some guidelines for dealing with these are proposed, based on the Singapore experience and an existing framework for tourism crisis management. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and Differentiation of Osteoblast‐Like Cells from Calvaria of Connexin43 Deficient Mice
Authors: Wiemann M. , Gramsch B. , Winterhager E. , Schirrmacher K.
Published: December 2004

Extensive cell‐cell‐coupling via gap junctions has been suspected to play an essential role for osteoblast development. Here, osteoblast‐like cells (OBL) from connexin(Cx)43 knock out mice were used to explore the role of Cx43 for osteoblast differentiation. Primary cultures of OBL were derived from calvaria of homozygous (Cx43‐/‐) and heterozygous (Cx43+/–) knock out mice and also from wild type controls (Cx43+/+). In Cx43‐/‐ OBL Lucifer Yellow dye coupling was largely abolished demonstrating that small molecules could no longer be transferred among neighboring cells. Cx43‐/‐ OBL grew out very slowly from calvarial fragments. Nevertheless their cell density around explants was increased 3‐fold vs. controls after 3 weeks. Histochemistry showed that in many Cx43‐/‐ OBL there was an increased alkaline phosphatase activity within the cytoplasm and close to the cell membrane. Mineralization was diminished in Cx43‐/‐ cultures. In heterozygous Cx43+/– OBL all aforementioned effects were less pronounced, pointing to a gene‐dosage effect. Data suggest that the loss of Cx43 indirectly impairs the osteoblastic phenotype, e.g. by disturbing cellular functions such as motility and/or secretion. If this holds true, all parameters in the interphase of enosseous implants which lower gap junction expression will also affect bone regeneration.
Space Flight and Bone Formation
Authors: Doty St. B.
Published: December 2004

Major physiological changes which occur during spaceflight include bone loss, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular and immune response alterations. When trying to determine the reason why bone loss occurs during spaceflight, one must remember that all these other changes in physiology and metabolism may also have impact on the skeletal system. For bone, however, the role of normal weight bearing is a major concern and we have found no adequate substitute for weight bearing which can prevent bone loss. During the study of this problem, we have learned a great deal about bone physiology and increased our knowledge about how normal bone is formed and maintained. Presently, we do not have adequate ground based models which can mimic the tissue loss that occurs in spaceflight but this condition closely resembles the bone loss seen with osteoporosis. Although a normal bone structure will respond to application of mechanical force and weight bearing by forming new bone, a weakened osteoporotic bone may have a tendency to fracture. The study of the skeletal system during weightless conditions will eventually produce preventative measures and form a basis for protecting the crew during long term space flight. The added benefit from these studies will be methods to treat bone loss conditions which occur here on earth.
Nanoscale mechanical characterization of polymeric fibers
Authors: Cayer‐Barrioz J. , Tonck A. , Mazuyer D. , Kapsa Ph. , Chateauminois A.
Published: December 2004

The mechanical and viscoelastic behaviors of polymeric fibers varying in molecular weight have been determined at the nanometer scale with a surface force apparatus. The existence of a skin–core structure resulting from the elaboration process is pointed out. The role of fiber anisotropy is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 264–275, 2005
Insect resistance to Nilaparvata lugens and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in transgenic indica rice and the inheritance of gna+sbti transgenes
Authors: Li Guiying , Xu Xinping , Xing Hengtai , Zhu Huachen , Fan Qin
Published: December 2004

Molecular genetic analysis and insect bioassay of transgenic indica rice ‘Zhuxian B’ plants carrying snowdrop lectin gene (gna) and soybean trypsin inhibitor gene (sbti) were investigated in detail. PCR, ‘dot’ blot and PCR‐Southern blot analysis showed that both transgenes had been incorporated into the rice genome and transmitted up to R3 progeny in most lines tested. Some transgenic lines exhibited Mendelian segregation, but the other showed either 1:1 (positive: negative for the transgenes) or other aberrant segregation patterns. The segregation patterns of gna gene crossed between R2 and R3 progeny. In half of transgenic R3 lines, gna and sbti transgenes co‐segregated. Two independent homozygous lines expressing double transgenes were identified in R3 progeny. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that the copy numbers of integrated gna and sbti transgenes varied from one to ten in different lines. Insect bioassay data showed that most transgenic plants had better resistance to both Nilaparvata lugens (Ståhl) and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) than wild‐type plants. The insect resistance of transgenic lines increased with the increase in transgene positive ratio in most of the transgenic lines. In all, we obtained nine lines of R3 transgenic plants, including one pure line, which had better resistance to both N lugens and C medinalis than wild‐type plants. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Conversion of unresectable to resectable liver cancer: An approach and follow‐up study
Authors: Sitzmann James V.
Published: December 2004

In the last decade, significant improvement has been achieved in the treatment of hepatocellular cancer by combining therapies from different disciplines, and using effective biologic response modifiers to improve response to existing therapy. While operative resection remains the only curative modality, a select group of patients with unresectable fibrolamellar or nodular variant, can be converted from unresectable status to resectable by combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We reviewed the recent experience with intra‐arterial chemotherapies and use of external beam radiotherapy and isotopic immunoglobulin‐directed radiotherapy in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular cancer. While significant tumor response can be achieved with these therapies they are short‐lived, and long‐term survival is poor. When combined with operative resection, however, a significant survival advantage is achieved. the expected survival of the unresectable patient is then altered from 18 to 24 months for chemotherapy or radiation alone, or when used in combination, to 44 months for patients converted to resectable status. We conclude that the need for more effective chemotherapy is imperative, and the major role for chemotherapy or radiotherapy in hepatocellular cancer is to convert an unresectable patient to resectable status.
Resection of stage III non‐small cell lung cancer following induction therapy
Authors: Rusch Valerie W.
Published: December 2004

Approximately 25%–30% of all patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) present with stage III tumors. Except for specific subsets, these tumors are not usually amenable to complete surgical resection and are associated with a 5‐year survival of 10% or less. Because patients with stage III NSCLC die of distant metastases, recent efforts to improve the prognosis of these tumors have focused on neoadjuvant therapy using chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy as induction treatment and subsequent surgical resection for local control. Many trials have now shown the feasibility of neoadjuvant therapy and suggest that overall survival is approximately double that seen after surgical resection or radiation alone. Future clinical trials will define whether surgical resection after induction therapy provides better local control and survival than chemotherapy and high‐dose radiation alone.