bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The exponential stability of a coupled hyperbolic/parabolicsystem arising in structural acoustics
Authors: Avalos George
Published: September 2002

We show here the uniform stabilization of a coupled system of hyperbolic and parabolic PDE′s which describes a particular fluid/structure interaction system. This system has the wave equation, which is satisfied on the
interior of a bounded domain Ω, coupled to a “parabolic–like”
beam equation holding on ∂Ω, and wherein the coupling is accomplished through velocity terms on the boundary. Our result is an analog of a recent result by Lasiecka and Triggiani which shows the exponential stability of the wave
equation via Neumann feedback control, and like that work, depends upon a
trace regularity estimate for solutions of hyperbolic equations.
A proximal point method for nonsmooth convex optimizationproblems in Banach spaces
Authors: Alber Y. I. , Burachik R. S. , Iusem A. N.
Published: September 2002

In this paper we show the weak convergence and stability of the proximal point method when applied to the constrained convex optimization problem in uniformly convex and uniformly smooth Banach spaces. In addition, we establish a nonasymptotic estimate of convergence rate of the sequence of functional values for the unconstrained case. This estimate depends on a geometric characteristic of the dual Banach space, namely its modulus of convexity. We apply a new technique which includes Banach space geometry, estimates of duality mappings, nonstandard Lyapunov functionals and generalized projection operators in Banach spaces.
Stable Approximations of a Minimal Surface Problem with Variational Inequalities
Authors: Nashed M. Zuhair , Scherzer Otmar
Published: September 2002

In this paper we develop a new approach for the stable approximation of a minimal surface problem associated with a relaxed Dirichlet problem in the space BV(Ω) of functions of bounded variation. The problem can be reformulated as an unconstrained minimization problem of a functional 𝒥 on BV(Ω) defined by 𝒥(u) = 𝒜(u) + ∫∂Ω|Tu − Φ|, where 𝒜(u) is the “area integral” of u with respect to Ω, T is the “trace operator” from BV(Ω) into L i(∂Ω), and ϕ is the prescribed data on the boundary of Ω. We establish convergence and stability of approximate regularized solutions which are solutions of a family of variational inequalities. We also prove convergence of an iterative method based on Uzawa′s algorithm for implementation of our regularization procedure.
Eigenvalues and ranges for perturbations of nonlinear accretiveand monotone operators in Banach spaces
Authors: Haiyun Zhou , Kartsatos Athanassios G.
Published: September 2002

Various eigenvalue and range results are given for perturbations of m‐accretive and maximal monotone operators. The eigenvalue results improve and extend some recent results by Guan and Kartsatos, while the range theorem gives an affirmative answer to a recent problem of Kartsatos.
Weakly hyperbolic equations with time degeneracy in Sobolev spaces
Authors: Reissig Michael
Published: September 2002

The theory of nonlinear weakly hyperbolic equations was developed during the last decade in an astonishing way. Today we have a good
overview about assumptions which guarantee local well posedness in
spaces of smooth functions (C∞, Gevrey). But the situation is completely unclear in the case of Sobolev spaces. Examples from the linear theory show that in opposite to the strictly hyperbolic case we have in general no solutions valued in Sobolev spaces. If so‐called Levi conditions are satisfied, then the situation will
be better. Using sharp Levi conditions of C∞‐type leads to an interesting effect. The linear weakly hyperbolic Cauchy problem has a Sobolev solution if the data are sufficiently smooth. The loss of derivatives will be determined in essential by special lower order terms. In the present paper we show that it is even possible to prove the existence of Sobolev solutions in the quasilinear case although one has the finite loss of derivatives for the linear case. Some of the tools are a reduction process to problems with special asymptotical behaviour, a Gronwall type lemma for differential inequalities with a singular coefficient, energy estimates and a fixed point argument.
Modelling of the Czochralski flow
Authors: Franc Jan
Published: September 2002

The Czochralski method of the industrial production of a silicon single crystal consists of pulling up the single crystal from the silicon melt. The flow of the melt during the production is called the Czochralski flow. The mathematical description of the flow consists of a coupled system of six P.D.E. in cylindrical coordinates containing Navier‐Stokes equations (with the stream function), heat convection‐conduction equations, convection‐diffusion equation for oxygen impurity and an equation describing magnetic field effect.

This paper deals with the analysis of the system in the form used
for numerical simulation. The weak formulation is derived and the existence of the weak solution to the stationary and the evolution problem is proved.
The τ‐fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings
Authors: Benavides Tomás Domínguez , Falset jesús García , Japón Pineda Maria A.
Published: September 2002

Let X be a Banach space and τ a topology on X. We say that X has the τ‐fixed point property (τ‐FPP) if every nonexpansive mapping T defined from a bounded convex τ‐sequentially compact subset C of X into C has a fixed point. When τ satisfies certain regularity
conditions, we show that normal structure assures the τ‐FPP and Goebel‐Karlovitz′s Lemma still holds. We use this results to study two geometrical properties which imply the τ‐FPP: the τ‐GGLD and M(τ) properties. We show several examples of spaces and topologies where these results can be applied, specially the topology of convergence locally in measure in Lebesgue spaces. In the second part we study the preservence of the τ‐FPP under isomorphisms. In order to do that we study some geometric constants for a Banach space X such that the τ‐FPP is shared by any isomorphic Banach space Y satisfying that the Banach‐Mazur distance between X and Y is less than some of these constants.
Multiplicity of positive solutions to semilinear elliptic boundary value problems
Authors: Umezu Kenichiro
Published: September 2002

We study semilinear elliptic boundary value problems of one parameter dependence where the number of positive solutions is discussed. Our main purpose is to characterize the critical value given by the infimum of such parameters for which positive solutions exist. Our approach is based on super‐ and sub‐solutions, and relies on the topological degree theory on the positive cones of ordered Banach spaces. A concrete example is also presented.
Perceived Mental Stress and Mortality From Cardiovascular Disease Among Japanese Men and Women
Authors: Iso Hiroyasu , Date Chigusa , Yamamoto Akio , Toyoshima Hideaki , Tanabe Naohito , Kikuchi Shogo , Kondo Takaaki , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Wada Yasuhiko , Ishibashi Teruo , Suzuki Hiroshi , Koizumi Akio , Inaba Yutaka , Tamakoshi Akiko , Ohno Yoshiyuki ,   JACC Study Group
Published: September 2002

Background—

Perceived mental stress has been associated with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in white men, but no prospective data are available for other ethnic groups.

Methods and Results—

From 1988 to 1990, a total of 73 424 Japanese (30 180 men and 43 244 women), aged 40 to 79 years, without a history of stroke, CHD, or cancer completed a lifestyle questionnaire including perception of mental stress under the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk Sponsored by Monbusho (JACC Study). Systematic surveillance was completed until the end of 1997, with a 580 378 person-year follow-up, and the underlying causes of death were determined according to the
International Classification of Diseases
, 10th revision. For women, there were 316 with total stroke, 113 with CHD, and 643 with total cardiovascular disease (CVD); for men, there were 341, 168, and 778, respectively. Women who reported high stress had a 2-fold higher age-adjusted risk of mortality from total stroke and CHD and 1.5-fold higher risk of total CVD compared with those who reported low stress. Further adjustment for known cardiovascular risk factors and selected psychological variables did not alter the associations materially. The multivariate relative risk for women who perceived high stress versus low stress was 2.24 (95% CI 1.52 to 3.31,
P
<0.001) for total stroke, 2.28 (95% CI 1.17 to 4.43,
P
=0.02) for CHD, and 1.64 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.16,
P
<0.001) for total CVD. For men, these relations were generally weaker but suggestive of myocardial infarction.

Conclusions—

Perceived mental stress was associated with increased mortality from stroke for women and with CHD for men and women.
The Essence of Theatre
Authors: Barba Eugenio
Published: September 2002

What is theatre? How does theatre connect the past to the present to the future? What are its essential characteristics? Barba answers these questions in terms of his own life's journey and his nearly 40 years of work with Odin Teatret, a group of “theatrical Bedouins” always on the move literally and conceptually.
Toward a Topography of Cross-Cultural Theatre Praxis
Authors: Lo Jacqueline , Gilbert Helen
Published: September 2002

Theatrical practices variously called multicultural, postcolonial, syncretic, intercultural, transcultural, and imperialistic comprise a contested cluster of related operations in need of theorizing. After analyzing a number of approaches, the authors propose a new two-way flow model for intercultural theatre.
Toni Braxton, Disney, and Thermodynamics
Authors: King Jason
Published: September 2002

Toni Braxton brought an unexpected and improvisational variable to the controlled, closed system of Disney's Broadway hit, Beauty and the Beast. The magical Braxton sultriness threatened to radically deconstruct the production, exposing the Disney project as a whole.
Shattered and Fucked Up and Full of Wreckage: The Words and Works of Charles L. Mee
Authors: Mee Erin B.
Published: September 2002

Charles L. Mee is a major American writer whose plays—collages/montages for the theatre—are widely produced and very influential. This is the first overview of Mee's work, edited and with writings by Erin B. Mee. Included in this section are an analytic introduction, an interview, a manifesto, a chronology, and a play.
The Imperialists at the Club Cave Canem
Authors: Mee Charles L.
Published: September 2002

Charles L. Mee is a major American writer whose plays—collages/montages for the theatre—are widely produced and very influential. This is the first overview of Mee's work, edited and with writings by Erin B. Mee. Included in this section are an analytic introduction, an interview, a manifesto, a chronology, and a play.
Wilderness Theatre: Environmental Tourism and Cajun Swamp Tours
Authors: Wiley Eric
Published: September 2002

Watch out for that alligator! Louisiana swamp tours led by Cajun raconteurs are both cooked up and authentic; they are trips through the “natural” environment but also something devised to snare tourist dollars. What show are the tourists seeing? Has the natural environment taken to performing daily, twice on weekends? How “pristine,” “primitive,” and “untamed” are the swamps?
The common green/common ground Performance Project: The Personal, the Political, the Gardens, and NYU
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy
Published: September 2002

When the landlords and the city began bulldozing community gardens, a group of NYU students and local community activists got together to protest and perform. The piece they made tracked the transformation of garbage-strewn lots into lush, vital, community havens—and cried out against the bulldozers lying in wait.
German Brecht, European Readings
Authors: Winnacker Susanne
Published: September 2002

This issue of TDR gives some recent German readings of Brecht's texts (not his life)—an object of study that almost seems in danger of disappearing. “Texts” are understood both as writings and as theatre.
Brecht's Modernity, Notes on a Remote Author
Authors: Dieckmann Friedrich
Published: September 2002

Throughout his life, Brecht reworked his heroes and anti-heroes as self-portraits. His success lies in the degree to which he makes something objective out of the most subjective sources.
Newness and Pleasure: Mahagonny Songs
Authors: Lehmann Hans-Thies
Published: September 2002

By undertaking a close reading of the Mahagonny Songs, we can discern the troubled and complex relationship between capitalism, pleasure, desire, and violence.
“… just an invented word”
Authors: Müller-Schöll Nikolaus
Published: September 2002

What does “invention” or “originality” mean in Brecht's work? Even in Brecht's Mahagonny, there is no such thing as “just invented” words or a language “purified of all magic”.
Editorial Principles in the Berlin and Frankfurt Edition of Bertolt Brecht's Works
Authors: Wizisla Erdmut
Published: September 2002

East is East and West is West-Germany, and now the twain are trying to meet.
Brecht ± Mller: German-German Brecht Images before and after 1989
Authors: Mahlke Stefan
Published: September 2002

How is Brecht regarded in Germany? His reputation in the two Germaniesrose and fell and rose again during the period from 1945 to the Fall of the Wall in 1989. Then, in the s a new, less ideological, less moralistic understanding Brecht was introduced. Haunting this and all other recent German opinions about Brecht is Heiner Mller.
BRECHTBLOCK
Authors: Lehmann Hans-Thies
Published: September 2002

The poet-playwright speaks for himself, in German.
The Performance of Translation: Benjamin and Brecht on the Loss of Small Details
Authors: Primavesi Patrick
Published: September 2002

The question of translating, as considered by Brecht and Benjamin, provides a framework for discussing the relationship between text, performance, and gesture.
Brecht's Gestus: Brecht and C.P. Cavafy. And Heiner Müller
Authors: Varopoulou Helene
Published: September 2002

In his poetry as much as in his theatre, Brecht used Gestus, the demonstration of the intertextuality of artistic and historical circumstances.
Brecht in Hollywood: Hangmen Also Die and the Anti-Nazi Film
Authors: Gemünden Gerd
Published: September 2002

Working as a freelancer, Brecht thought he could work Hollywood so that itwould provide him with both a living and a platform for his ideas. But only oneof his more than screenplays made it into production—the ill-fated collaborationwith Fritz Lang, Hangmen Also Die.

Die beste Schule für Dialektik ist die Emigration. Die schrfsten Dialektiker sind die Flchtlinge. —Bertolt Brecht, Flüchtlingsgespräche (1967, 14:1462)
Brecht, Feminism, and Chinese Theatre
Authors: Martin Carol
Published: September 2002

American feminist theatre theorists have taken to Brecht's “Alienation Effects in Chinese Acting”. But what did Brecht know about Chinese acting? Could feminists benefit by looking past Brecht to the Chinese theatre itself?
Einar wie Eva: Towards an Economy of the Feminine in Schleef's Puntila
Authors: Heeg Gnther
Published: September 2002

In his Berliner Ensemble production, Schleef focuses on the return ofthe excluded-domesticated feminine as the fear or death center of the piece.To accomplish this, Schleef brings the rehearsal process on stage and allieshimself with the text itself, and in so doing finds himself in disagreementwith both Brecht the author and Brecht the director.
Aleksandar Lukac: Theatre Offensives from Belgrade to Toronto
Authors: Rudakoff Judith
Published: September 2002

A discussion with Aleksandar Lukac, one of the former artistic directors of the National Theatre in Belgrade-now living in exile in Canada.
The Lehrstück As Performance
Authors: Wirth Andrzej
Published: September 2002

These short pieces can be interpreted only in relation to their vocal, musical, and choreographic performances. As such, the Lehrstücke are works of aesthetic and ideological dissidence-still avantgarde and relevant.
The Making of a Document: An Approach to Brecht's Fatzer Fragment
Authors: Wilke Judith
Published: September 2002

In the unfinished Fatzer fragment, Brecht explored what it means to consider what is “true”, “false”, “real”, “fictional”, and so on. Even, or maybe especially, a fake or invented document could provoke “authentic” meanings or interpretations.
Skin, Body, and Presence in Contemporary European Choreography
Authors: Lepecki André
Published: September 2002

Co-winner, 1998 TDR student essay contest. Today's European choreographyis a “reduction” of expansiveness, the spectacular, the unessential. Along withthis minimalism has come much nakedness onstage. This showing of the bodyreveals the power of the surface, the “skin of our time: open, marked, rented”.
Representing “Awarishness”: Burlesque, Feminist Transgression, and the 19th-Century Pin-up
Authors: Buszek Maria-Elena
Published: September 2002

Co-winner, 1998 TDR student essay contest. Nineteenth-century actresses--especially as represented photographically--show many parallels to today's feminist identities. These women rejected the binary “wife-whore” as they sought to define in and for popular culture more varied and nuanced sexualroles for women in society.
The Planning Coordination Group: Bureaucratic Casualty in the Cold War Campaign to Exploit Soviet-Bloc Vulnerabilities
Authors: Marchio James
Published: September 2002

The Planning Coordination Group (PCG) was a nondepartmental government organization created in March 1955 by the Eisenhower administration to generate new ideas and coordinate U.S. political warfare activities aimed at exploiting S viet and East European vulnerabilities. The PCG's demise six months later reflected the continuing problems encountered by the new national security bureaucracy in waging political warfare. The PCG's agenda showcased the Eisenhower administration's efforts to attack Communism and secure freedom in a world in which the number and destructiveness of nuclear weapons were gr wing rapidly. At the same time, the PCG's history illustrates that “aggressive” Cold War policies had not been completely dismissed by the Eisenhower administration, a situation that contributed to the “conflicting approaches” strategy it pursued in 1955 and 1956 and the contradictions that adversely affected its policies in Eastern Europe. Finally, this article highlights Dwight Eisenhower's unwillingness to back his rhetorical support for psychological warfare with consistent action.
Arms Control and the First Reagan Administration: Belief-Systems and Policy Choices
Authors: McDermott Rose
Published: September 2002

More than a thousand radio addresses drafted by Ronald Reagan in the 1970s, between his terms as governor of California and president of the United States, were recently published. These addresses, along with related writings from 1951 to 1985, reveal longstanding, consistent beliefs about a wide variety of topics in international relations and foreign policy. In particular, the writings presage specific arms control policies that were implemented in Reagan's first term as president. This article reassesses some of these policies in light of the newly released addresses. The article draws on experimental psychology to discuss a specific judgmental bias, availability, which makes particular beliefs more accessible, and then examines the five specific beliefs that influenced Reagan in his approach to arms control negotiations. In each case the article shows how these beliefs affected policy outcomes and choices.
Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?
Authors: Suri Jeremi
Published: September 2002

Despite the many books and articles written about the end of the Cold War, scholars have not produced a truly international history f this seminal event. This article shows how some of the most important monographs on the end of the Cold War can be synthesized to yield a preliminary account. In particular, the article outlines an interpretation that connects the immediate crisis of the early 1980s, long-term ideological and institutional trends, and transformational choices made from 1985 to 1991. N single decision or variable brought the Cold War t an end. Personalities, trends, and institutions interacted to create an outcome that few predicted.
Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography
Authors: Roberts Geoffrey
Published: September 2002

Recently released files from the collection (fond) of Josif Stalin's papers in the former Central Party Archive in Moscow have shed new light on the development of postwar S viet diplomatic historiography, particularly in relation to Stalin's personal role in framing the official rationale and justification for the Nazis viet pact of 1939–1941. This episode gave rise to a policy of archivebased publications in the mid 1950s and pr vided the foundation for later Soviet (and posts viet) treatments of the diplomatic history of the Second World War and other topics.
Liberal Environmentalism and Global Environmental Governance
Authors: Bernstein Steven
Published: September 2002

Global environmental governance rests on a set of norms best characterized by the label “liberal environmentalism.” The 1992 Earth Summit catalyzed the process of institutionalizing these norms, which predicate environmental pro tection on the promotion and maintenance of a liberal economic order. To support this claim, this article identifies the specific norms institutionalized since Rio that undergird international environmental treaties, policies and programs. It also explains why a shift toward liberal environmentalism occurred from earlier, very different, bases of environmental governance. The implications of this shift are then outlined, with examples drawn from responses to climate change, forest protection and use, and biosafety. The article is not an endorsement of liberal environmentalism. Rather, it shows that institutions that have developed in response to global environmental problems support particular kinds of values and goals, with important implications for the constraints and opportunities to combat the world's most serious environmental problems.
Green Political Theory and the State: Context is Everything
Authors: Hunold Christian , Dryzek John S.
Published: September 2002

Green political theory generally emphasizes universal values and associated projects at the expense of particular contexts. However, these contexts affect the plausibility and attractiveness of theoretical projects. In light of the current spectrum of green political thinking from anarchist to statist poles, this paper shows that sometimes statist strategies make sense, sometimes more confrontational action is required, and sometimes a mix is appropriate. The kind of context highlighted is state structure as it faces civil society. Comparative historical analysis of four countries (the United States, Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom) is brought to bear.
Environmental Scarcity and Conflict: A Contrary Case from Lake Victoria
Authors: Canter Marielle J. , Ndegwa Stephen N.
Published: September 2002

The thesis that environmental scarcity leads to violent conflict in many parts of the developing world has become ascendant in the literature and has gained much publicity in policy circles in the last decade. According to students of environmental scarcity and conflict, the most conflict-prone renewable resource is fresh water. Indeed, Lake Victoria (the world's second largest fresh water lake, shared by three African countries and affecting or affected by nine others in the basin) exhibits the conditions one would expect, based on the literature, to pro duce conflict, and sooner rather than later. However, based on research includ ing fieldwork conducted in June-July 2000, our findings indicate that while en vironmental degradation is evident in the magnitude expected to trigger conflict, violent conflict has not occurred. This paper seeks to explain why this is so, which may suggest how developing nations can avert the supposed trajec tory into violent conflict.
Making the Law of the Jungle: The Reform of Forest Legislation in Bolivia, Cameroon, Costa Rica, and Indonesia.
Authors: Silva Eduardo , Kaimowitz David , Bojanic Alan , Ekoko Francois , Manurung Togu , Pavez Iciar
Published: September 2002

In the debate over the forest, policy research organizations have concentrated on uncovering the causes of deforestation and recommending measures to develop them sustainably. This article examines the conditions under which those prescriptions find their way into public policy, specifically, into reforming forest laws. We argue that this is a political rather than technocratic process that requires knowing the principal actors, their interests, and their power resources. The combination of these factors and, therefore forest policy outcomes, varies across our cases. However, similar combinations in other cases should have comparable results. We found that actors who dominated the policy process in the early stages, such as the World Bank, lost significant ground in the later stages, in part because legislatures were an important policy-making arena and legislators had significant impact on outcomes. The latter was surprising because one tends to assume the executive branch is the principal locus of policy-making in developing countries.
The Time Dimension in International Regime Interplay
Authors: Andersen Regine
Published: September 2002

Interplay between different international agreements is a novel field of study in regime theory. The importance of understanding this interplay is increasing, due to the rising number of international agreements with overlapping functional scopes. By including the time dimension in the study of regime interplay, per spectives are opened up, which may provide a better grasp of the dynamics of regime development. Three propositions are suggested in this article on how different development stages of overlapping international regimes affect their interplay. The propositions are illustrated with the case of overlapping regimes pertaining to the management of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. The regimes are the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The case study shows that an analytic grasp of the time dimension might uncover barriers to regime formation, as well as strategic opportunities.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND TO SOLDIERS IN LATE OLD BABYLONIAN SIPPAR-AMNĀNUM
Authors: De Graef Katrien
Published: September 2002

MHET II 6 894 is a large administrative document dating from the Late Old Babylonian period. The text lists fields situated in the territory of Sippar-Amnānum, which were assigned to the soldiers of Sippar. At first sight, the text only enumerates surfaces, irrigation districts and persons. However, a thorough analysis of this list reveals a well organised mechanism, which sheds more light on the redistribution of land to soldiers in Late Old Babylonian Sippar-Amnānum. MHET II 6 894 est un long document administratif datant de la période paléobabylonienne tardive. Il fournit une liste des terrains situés dans le territoire de Sippar-Amnānum, qui ont été attribués aux militaires sippariotes. Au premier examen, le texte n'est qu'une énumération de surfaces, de secteurs d'irrigation et de noms de personnes. Cependant, une analyse approfondie de cette liste révèle l'existence d'un mécanisme bien organisé qui éclaire le système de la redistribution des terres aux militaires dans la période paléobabylonienne tardive à Sippar-Amnānum.
IN SEARCH FOR THE IDEAL SPOUSE
Authors: El Cheikh Nadia Maria
Published: September 2002

This paper discusses the material related to marriage in two adab anthologies, namely the 'Uyūn al-akhbār of Ibn Qutayba and al- 'Iqd al-farīd of Ibn Abd Rabbih. The first part discusses the particular caveats and concerns when dealing with such compilations. The second part details the findings relating to marriage and the attributes of the "ideal spouse." Cet article examine les données relatives au mariage contenues dans deux anthologies d'adab du monde musulman médiéval: le 'Uyūn al-akhbār d'Ibn Qutayba et le al- 'Iqd al-farīd d'Ibn 'Abd Rabbih. La première partie traite des normes qui régissent ce type de sources mais également des limites de leur exploitation. La seconde partie présente en détail les descriptions de mariages et les attributs du conjoint idéal.
THE ROLE OF THE OTTOMANS AND DUTCH IN THE COMMERCIAL INTEGRATION BETWEEN THE LEVANT AND ATLANTIC IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Bulut Mehmet
Published: September 2002

The present paper focuses on the role of the Ottomans and Dutch in the early commercial integration between the Levant and Atlantic in the seventeenth century. As an expanding trading nation in the world economy, the Dutch Republic played an important role in the commercial integration between the provinces of the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe. The growth of Ottoman-Dutch economic relations in the seventeenth century followed the growth of economic relations between the provinces of the Empire and Western Europe.Therefore, the two world economic systems, the Ottoman and Western European economy increasingly opened to each other. Le présent article examine les rôles respectifs des Ottomans et des Néerlandais dans le début de l'intégration commerciale entre le Levant et l'Océan Atlantique au XVIIème siècle. Nation commerciale en expansion dans l'économie mondiale, la République hollandaise a joué un rôle important dans l'intégration commerciale des provinces de l'Empire Ottoman à l'Europe Occidentale dans la même période. La croissance des relations économiques entre le monde ottoman et la Hollande au XVIIème siècle a suivi la progression des échanges entre l'Empire et l'Europe occidentale. En conséquence, les deux systèmes économiques du monde se sont de plus en plus ouverts l'un à l'autre.
MADANNA, AKKANNA AND THE BRAHMIN REVOLUTION: A STUDY OF MENTALITY, GROUP BEHAVIOUR AND PERSONALITY IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY INDIA
Authors: Kruijtzer Gijs
Published: September 2002

The article joins in the early modernity debate by investigating identity formation and the sense of public and private domains at the court of Golkonda. The rise of a class of Brahmin 'men of the pen' through the dynamics of the revenue farming system led to tensions among the Golkonda elite, resulting in a heightened sense of identity and the use and reuse of stereotypes of 'the other.' The article also shows how the Europeans, and especially the Dutch, were integral to Golkonda society and its group processes and that 'othering' by Dutch sources was context dependent to the same extent as othering by early modern South Asians. Cet article contribue au débat sur les early modernities en examinant la formation des identités et la prise de conscience de l'existence de domaines public et privé à la cour de Golconde. L'ascension d'une classe de scribes brahmanes, engendrée par le système des fermes foncières, entraîna des tensions au sein de l'élite de Golconde, résultant en un accroissement de la conscience identitaire et de l'utilisation et réutilisation de stéréotypes qualifiant l'Autre. Cet article montre également comment les Européens, et plus particulièrement les Hollandais, étaient partie prenante de la société golcondienne et de ses processus de groupe, et comment la création de l'image de l'Autre, tant dans les sources hollandaises que chez les Indiens, a été dépendante du contexte.
AN INTERWOVEN WORLD: GARY SNYER'S CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Barnhill David Landis
Published: September 2002

In his poetry and essays, Gary Snyder has developed a syncretic blending of two cultures: Buddhist and Native American. He has written about their similarities and historical links, and has noted how their differences complement one other. Such an intercultural project has been criticized by those who have claimed that one cannot simply take ideas and values from foreign cultures: they are culturally embedded and we are bound to the character and limits of our culture. In addition, some Native Americans have called his cultural borrowing from their culture an inauthentic "white shamanism." Snyder, however, would argue that shamanism and animism are world-wide human phenomena and have been kept alive in what he calls the Great Subculture. Modern people can have access to them through serious and humble spiritual learning. Two concepts can help us understand Snyder's intercultural project. The first is Bahktin's notion of "anotherness," in which difference is affirmed but dialogue and exchange are possible. The second is an ecological theory of culture, which argues against cultural essentialism by recognizing that cultures are both distinct and interwoven and ever changing. Thus authentic intercultural borrowing is a possibility. For Snyder, it is also a necessity if we are to develop a healthy relationship to each other and the natural world.
HOLISM AND SUSTAINABILITY: LESSONS FROM JAPAN
Authors: Kalland Arne
Published: September 2002

It is often claimed that environmental problems facing the world today can be attributed to dualism and anthropocentrism rooted in Christianity. Hence, it is argued that a solution to these problems can be sought in holism and ecocentrism inherent in non-western thought. Native American and Asian religions have in particular been heralded as potential sources of inspiration. Using Japan as a case, this paper challenges this view, arguing that religions are not coherent constructions and that their claimed benevolence to nature are based on selective reading of these non-western religions. As to Japan, both Buddhism (not least Zen) and Shinto have been regarded as ecocentric religions with a holistic approach to the world. This has not prevented serious degradation of the environment taking place, however. On the contrary, it will be argued that there are features in these holistic religions that might facilitate such degradation. It is therefore far too simplistic to attribute environmental problems to modernization and westernization.
TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURE AND CONTEMPLATIVE ECOLOGY IN THOMAS MERTON'S CONJECTURES OF A GUILTY BYSTANDER
Authors: St John Donald
Published: September 2002

Having introduced the writing of Thomas Merton, this paper pulls together strains of thought scattered throughout Thomas Merton's Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (1965) that shed light on Merton's increasing concern with the destructive effects of modern technology on humans and the earth. The paper explores Merton's understanding of relationships between a myth of progress, technological advance, the idea of 'worldliness' and the 'technological mind'. It moves on to examine the importance of experiences of nature in inspiring Merton's writing, and in underpinning his meditations on alternatives to current understandings of technological progress, before concluding by considering Merton's ideas about hope for humanity.
POLICY, POSSIBILITY AND PURPOSE
Authors: Daly Herman
Published: September 2002

What are the presuppositions for policy-making to be a sensible endeavor? At a minimum the policy-maker must believe that there is more than one alternative future (non-determinism), and that some possible futures are truly better than others (non-nihilism). The combinations of acceptance and denial of these two pre-suppositions are considered, along with a deeper look at what ultimately limits possible alternatives. The focus then shifts to the difficulty many thinkers have in accommodating the fact of purpose implicit in the assumption that some alternative futures really are better than others. Neodarwinists seem to have the most difficulty accepting these two presuppositions of policy, and yet feel called upon to engage in public policy dialogue. They are invited to reflect deeply on the fact that their premises rule out policy as a meaningful activity.
Gems and Baubles in Empire
Authors: Panitch Leo , Gindin Sam
Published: September 2002

For an often indecipherable book with openly revolutionary aspirations, Hardt and Negri's Empire has received an astonishing degree of mainstream, as well as radical, attention. This in itself suggests the need for a serious investigation of Empire's content, but our interest does not lie in identifying this book as a curious cultural artefact. Empire is ultimately an important book because serious engagement with the contradictory richness of its ideas on the nature of empire, capitalism and resistance in our time, can help advance the 'liberatory' project that we share with Hardt and Negri. Only the most ungenerous of reviewers could fail to admire the ambitious scope of their attempt to integrate history, philosophy, sociology, culture, and economics with a politics from below. And, yet, the end result is a most frustrating book: full of promise but also of inconsistencies, self-contradictions, flights of exaggeration, and gaps in logic.
« DU VENTRE DE LA ROYAUTÉ AUX JARDINS DE LA PAPAUTÉ » : ENTRE ISLAM ET CHRÉTIENTÉ, LE LEXIQUE ET LA MÉTAPHORE DU CORPS
Authors: Gubert Serge
Published: September 2002

À partir d'un exemple historique, celui de la dynastie mérinide (13ème-15ème siècle), cet article envisage la convergence entre lexique religieux et métaphores du corps tirées de la médecine humorale, au profit d'une énonciation discursive et visuelle de la souveraineté. Après l'examen de la métaphore du « ventre de pestilence » (Ibn Haldūn, Muqaddima), la deuxième partie opère une relecture du corps de la royauté mérinide (lexique emblématique, récit de fondation, cérémonial). Cette étude est enrichie grâce aux travaux réalisés sur le corps des rois, de l'empereur et du pape dans la sphère chrétienne. Il existerait une trajectoire historique commune aux deux rives, une matrice de la culture politique du corps étayée auprès des sciences arabes. Paradoxe, cette trajectoire est aujourd'hui mieux connue pour l'Occident chrétien, et appelle de nouvelles recherches dans le domaine arabo-islamique pour mieux cerner, dans le temps, une convergence du théologique et du corporel qui pourrait être celle du spirituel (imāma) et du temporel (mulk).
L'ONAGRE DANS LE DIWĀN D'AL-AHTAL
Authors: Bakhouch Mohammed
Published: September 2002

L'un des procédes par lesquels le poète caractérise sa chamelle consiste à la comparer à l'onagre (himār al-wahš). Dans leur grande majorité, les critiques considèrent la présence de cet animal dans la séquence rahīl comme une pause descriptive ou une digression. L'objet de cet article, dans lequel nous étudions l'ensemble des évocations de l'onagre dans le dīwān d'al-Ahtal, est de montrer que son histoire est porteuse de sens et a une fonction dans l'économie de la qasīda.
MODERN GENDERED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LIFE OF THE PROPHET OF ALLAH—ÉTIENNE DINET AND SLIMAN BEN IBRAHIM (1918)
Authors: Roded Ruth
Published: September 2002

The gendered messages in the paintings and text of Dinet and Sliman's Life of Mohammad are the products of a fascinating social and cultural interchange that developed over three decades between the Frenchman and Algerian life. In this social and cultural context, Dinet produced his Orientalist paintings and collaborated with Ben Ibrahim on a series of illustrated books. At the same time, Dinet undertook a spiritual journey from Orientalist painter to Islamophile, formally converting in 1913. La Vie de Mohammed was composed and published in French during World War I and immediately after appeared in English. Dinet's visual gendered perception of the life of the Prophet projects an image of dignified women believers participating in communal religious life, separated to varying degrees from men. The text of the book sends a more diffuse, stock message about Muslim women. Originally produced in a limited edition, Dinet and Sliman's work was to bring the life story of the Prophet to far-reaching parts of the world.
THE ROMAN CHARACTER OF FUNERALS IN THE WRITINGS OF JOSEPHUS
Authors: Levison John
Published: September 2002

Because Josephus consistently casts Jewish funerary customs in Roman hues, his contribution to our knowledge of Roman funerary practices is extensive. Three dimensions of his writings in particular evince taut alliances between Roman and Jewish funerals. The first is a précis of Jewish burial custom in Contra Apionem 2.205, in which Josephus portrays the Jewish constitution as one that eschews funerary excess—a characterization that mirrors Cicero's depiction of modest Roman burial custom in De legibus 2.59-64. The second is Josephus's transformation of the biblical portrait of David's mourning through the addition of numerous elements that are familiar principally from literary sources which depict Roman funerary custom. The third dimension is comprised of Josephus's descriptions of funerary opulence, which reach their pinnacle in Herodian funerals, whose customs and cortèges mirror the lavish obsequies of the Roman aristocracy.
THE STORY OF R. ELAZAR B. ARACH: THE "OVERFLOWING SPRING", THE EMMAUS HOT SPRING, AND INTERTEXTUAL IRONY
Authors: Levine Nachman
Published: September 2002

The paper examines the several sources of the enigmaticly tragic story of the Mishnaic sage R. Elazar b. Arach, the "overflowing spring," who forgets his Torah when he leaves the company of his colleages, the sages, for the hot springs of Emmaus, as the story emerges from a synoptic reading of the various Mishnaic, Talmudic, and Midrashic sources. The interest here is in a literary reading of the story's motifs, structures, patterns, wordplay, intertextuality, etc. It is perhaps more understood in reading all its parts as we discern more clarifying details of the story. But there is an effect of ironic result when the sources about R. Elazar's praises and potential are read together with the narrative sources.
GENDER IN YORUBA RELIGIOUS CHANGE
Authors:   Peel
Published: September 2002

This paper explores the relevance of gender to the reception of Christianity and to early church life in nineteenth-century Yorubaland. These were profoundly shaped by the gender conceptions prevalent in indigenous society and religion. Though the indigenous gods (orisa) lacked gender as a fixed or intrinsic attribute, gender conceptions were projected on to them. Witchcraft was mostly attributed to women both as its victims and as its perpetrators, and with men and ancestral cults chiefly responsible for its control. There was an overlap between the social placement of witches and Christian converts, both being relatively marginal. Religious practice was also strongly gendered, with women preponderant in the cult of most orisa, but men in the main oracular cult, Ifa. Women found something of an equivalent in the cult of Ori, or personal destiny. The missions initially met their readiest response among young men, who were less tied to the orisa cults than women were. By the second generation the balance shifted, as male prestige values were incompatible with full church membership and women came more to the fore in congregational life. As an aspect of this, the church took on many of the concerns that the orisa cults had offered women—a token of this being the honorific use of the term 'mother'. In the end it is less gender per se than the gender/age conjunction that is critical.
CHRISTIANITY AND THE EWE NATION: GERMAN PIETIST MISSIONARIES, EWE CONVERTS AND THE POLITICS OF CULTURE
Authors: Meyer Birgit
Published: September 2002

Focusing on the mid-nineteenth-century encounters between missionaries from the Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft (NMG) and the Ewe, this essay shows that the NMG employed a romanticist, Herderian notion of culture and nationhood to establish order and impose power, and sought to prevent Ewe converts from adopting Western influences in their own way. Through an analysis of the NMG's attitude to language and the nation, its linguistic and ethnographic studies, which were devoted to turning 'scattered Ewe tribes' into one 'people', and the education of Ewe mission workers in Westheim (Germany), it is argued that, rather than denying African converts their 'own culture', attempts were made to lock them up in it. Missionary cultural politics, the essay argues, thrived on a paradoxical coexistence of appeals made to both the new notion of the nation as a marker of 'civilisation' and an 'authentic' state of being. Thus, the NMG used the notion of the nation as a means to exert power, to assert the superiority of the West and to control converts' exposure to foreign ideas.
'A MIGHTY OBSTACLE TO THE GOSPEL': BASEL MISSIONARIES, KROBO WOMEN, AND CONFLICTING IDEAS OF GENDER AND SEXUALITY
Authors: Steegstra Marijke
Published: September 2002

To this day, the Krobo people in highly Christianised Southern Ghana celebrate their annual girls' initiation rites (dipo). However, the rites have been a much contested matter ever since the arrival of the Basel missionaries, who strongly objected to dipo. In this paper, I investigate the 19th-century encounter between the Basel missionaries and the Krobo by focusing on dipo. An ethno-historical analysis of dipo provides a valuable entry point into investigating the interaction of the mission with Krobo people, and issues of mission, gender, and identity. The striking intersection between 'traditional' Krobo and the Basel missionaries' concerns was women's sexuality and morality. Their conflicting ideas about gender and sexuality are the key to answering the question why one of the most lingering conflicts originating from missionary attempts to redefine the life-patterns of the Krobo revolves around the dipo rites.
'POGMINGA'—THE 'PROPER DAGARA WOMAN': AN ENCOUNTER BETWEEN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT AND DAGARA CONCEPTS
Authors: Behrends Andrea
Published: September 2002

To retain respect among members of their own society, urban professional women originating from northern Ghana maintain a rural concept of proper women. This article explores how, historically, both Catholic missionaries and the Dagara people changed this concept. To the women, the ability to speak their minds and be self-confident, attributes accorded to the concept mainly by the Catholic women's orders, help them in their professional careers. In meetings with their own people, they still know how to revert to the quiet, reserved and humble person that a woman from their home area is supposed to be, at least in public.
DEVELOPING FAITH: THEOLOGIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: Bornstein Erica
Published: September 2002

This paper analyzes the role of religious faith in the work of two Christian NGOs involved in economic development in Zimbabwe, World Vision and Christian Care. While economic development is rarely analyzed in terms of religious ideas, this essay explores the religious aspects of development for employees of Christian NGOs and recipients of their development assistance. Uniting development and evangelism, employees of Christian NGOs articulate faith through concepts of 'holism', 'lifestyle evangelism', and prayer. These ideas and practices permeate institutional directives, the experiences of NGO workers, and the communities they serve. The essay compares what faith means to communities being 'developed' at project sites in rural Zimbabwe with faith as it is exercised alongside administrative power in NGO offices. It demonstrates how faith structures the initiatives and interpretation of economic development, and traces what is religious about development for NGO employees and for the rural communities they assist.