bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CIRI-CIRI KEJURUTERAAN TANAH BAKI GRANIT DI SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA
Authors: Marto Aminaton , Kasim Fauziah , Yusof Mohd Fairus
Published: July 2024

Pengetahuan tentang kelakuan dan korelasi antara ciri-ciri tanah adalah penting dan berguna bagi rekabentuk dan ramalan pembinaan. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan sifat-sifat kejuruteraan tanah baki granit di Semenanjung Malaysia. Tanah baki granit di Semenanjung Malaysia boleh dikelaskan sebagai tanah liat hingga pasir berkelodak dengan keplastikan rendah sehingga tinggi. Kandungan lembapan semulajadi bertambah dengan kedalaman dan kandungan lempung dan ianya berjulat di antara 10% - 40 %. Nilai graviti tentu didapati berjulat di antara 2.50 dan 2.74. Indeks mampatan, pekali pengukuhan dan pekali kebolehtelapan masing-masing berjulat 0.11â€“ 0.42, 1.53 â€“ 49.64 m2 tahun-1 dan 1.1 x â€“ 9.86 x 10-9 ms-1. Nilai kejeleketan berkesan pula antara 0 â€“ 36.4 kNm-2 manakala sudut geseran berkesan di antara 16Âº â€“ 31Âº. Beberapa kolerasi di antara ciri-ciri kejuruteraan tanah baki dapat ditentukan dan boleh dijadikan panduan dalam rekabentuk awalan bagi pembinaan struktur
CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF MARINE STRUCTURES USING FUNCTIONAL CONDITION INDEX APPROACH
Authors: Ayop Sallehuddin Shah , Mohamad Zin Rosli , Ismail Mohammad
Published: July 2024

Marine structures are subjected to damage and deterioration during their service life because of continuous exposures to aggressive environment. As a result the performance and the intended functions of the structure are affected. This paper presents the development of a condition assessment system for assessing the status of concrete marine structures in Malaysia. The assessment system is based on the Condition Index (CI) method developed by the U.S Army Corps of Engineers. The assessment took into account the level of deterioration observed during inspection work. The Functional Condition Index (FCI) approach was used to calculate the CI of the structure. Field data through visual inspection on concrete wharf structure was collected. Three types of deterioration were considered in the assessment: (1) corrosion of reinforcement, (2) cracking, and (3) spalling of concrete surface. The results show that the calculated CI values based on the proposed method is relatively close to the expert opinion values. The condition assessment system based on the CI method is found to be reliable and efficient hence can be used to monitor the performance of marine structures in Malaysia.
ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOWS AND ELECTROMIGRATIONS DURING ELECTROKINETIC PROCESSING OF TROPICAL RESIDUAL SOIL
Authors: Kamarudin Ahmad Kamarudin Ahmad , Khairul Anuar Kassim Khairul Anuar Kassim , Mohd Raihan TahaÂ² Mohd Raihan TahaÂ²
Published: July 2024

Saturated soft soils can be strengthened by several methods such as dewatering or adding suitable chemicals. Introduction of chemicals through electrokinetic (EK) process to strengthen a residual soil was investigated. The results of chemical tests on an elecrokineticallytreated tropical residual soil are presented. The chemical substances used as electrolytes in the experiments were aluminum chloride (Al), calcium chloride (Ca) and phosphoric acid (PA) in addition to distilled water (DW). Four different opened-anode and opened-cathode electrokinetic systems were employed in this study, namely DW-DW, Al-DW, Ca-DW and DW-PA. A constant voltage of 30 V was applied for 168 hours to each of the opened-anode and opened-cathode configuration system. It was observed that the quantities and directions of electroosmotic flows were dependent upon the types of electrolyte. The chemical contents of the treated samples were position dependent and influenced by both the electrolyte types and electroosmotic flows.
ESTABLISHMENT OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR WATER SUPPLY SERVICES INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Boon Kun Ong , Abdul Talib Suhaimi , Redzwan Ghufran
Published: July 2024

Performance Indicators (PIs) are widely used as an assessment tool to evaluate the performance of water supply services. Although the Malaysian Water Association (MWA) had introduced a list of PIs, these indicators do not include aspects of water resources, and emphasize very little on personnel aspects. Many other international organizations, such as International Water Association (IWA), The World Bank Group (WBG), Office of Water Services, United Kingdom (OFWAT) and the Indonesian Water Supply Association (PERPAMSI), have introduced their very own list of indicators to assess the performance of their respective water supply services industry. However, these indicators as suggested by the various organizations are tailored for different objectives and priorities and thus may not be readily applicable to the Malaysian context. This paper describes and discusses on the establishment of a new set of performance indicators that covers all six major aspects of water supply services industry, namely, the management of water resources, personnel, physical assets, operation, quality of service and financial, for water supply services in Malaysia. The final list of PIs has further enhanced the existing PIs by covering all six key aspects in water supply services besides classifying the PIs into three levels of information grading, i.e., for public assessment, internal assessment and decision-making.
THE EFFECT OF EXTREME CORROSION DEFECT ON PIPELINE REMAINING LIFE-TIME
Authors: Md Noor Norhazilan , Yahaya Nordin , Othman Siti Rabeâ€™ah
Published: July 2024

Inspection data obtained from in-line inspection can be used to assess present integrity as well as to predict future integrity of corroding pipeline by using a combination of probabilistic analyses and simulation process. However, numerical errors arise when all the inspection data including non-extreme and extreme measured defects were used. In this study, a combination of an extreme value distribution and peaks-over-threshold method was adopted to analyse the effect of extreme data upon pipeline reliability. The paper focuses on the elimination of the â€œlow-riskâ€ data in the analysis in order for extreme values to be significantly emphasized. The study found that the high threshold value would lead to the high failure probability. The optimum threshold value is constrained by the number of remaining data. The selection of threshold and extreme distribution value must be cautiously carried out to minimise the possibilities of over predict the pipelineâ€™s time to failure.
BENDING CAPACITY OF PRECAST PRESTRESSED HOLLOW CORE SLABS WITH CONCRETE TOPPINGS
Authors: S. Ibrahim Izni , S. Elliott Kim , Copeland Simon
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the effect of surface roughness (smooth and rough) and surface condition (ponded and optimum wet) on the bending capacity of precast prestressed hollow core slabs with in-situ concrete toppings by a series of full-scale experimental tests. Interface slip was also measured throughout the test to observe the composite behaviour of the test specimens. The tests result show that the ultimate bending capacity for the ponded condition for the smooth and rough surfaces was 3 to 5% less than that of the optimum wet even though they were still higher than the calculated values. A slip of 0.08 mm was observed for the smooth-ponded specimen. It was later found that by roughening the top surface of the precast prestressed hollow core slab, full composite action can be achieved if the interface slip is reduced or eliminated. A theoretical method to predict the deflection with partial interaction is also presented in this paper based on the experimental strain gradient. From the theoretical approach, the findings suggest that an interface slip still may had occurred near the mid-span region although it was not detected by the slip gauge located at both ends of the specimen.
IMPLEMENTING INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS) IN MALAYSIA: ACCEPTANCE AND AWARENESS LEVEL, PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES
Authors: Mohamad Mohamad Ibrahim , Zawawi2 Mardhiah , M.A.Nekooie M.A.Nekooie
Published: July 2024

Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) has been actively promoting the use of Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Malaysian Construction Industry since 1998. Unfortunately, previous study was shown the use of IBS for building project in Malaysia only stands at 10% out of 50% as forecasted by CIDB in 2006. This research project explored the acceptance level of the current IBS implementation and existing problems faced by construction industry practitioners. It also identified suggestions to improve IBS implementation in Malaysia. The methods adopted for this study included interview and questionnaire survey. The study determined the level of IBS acceptance and awareness among Malaysian construction industry and analyzed root and frequent problems faced by the practitioners while implementing IBS. Based on the information gained, strategies to improve IBS implementation was suggested.
STRENGTH, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOUR OF POFA CONCRETE
Authors: A.S.M. Abdul Awal A.S.M. Abdul Awal , M. W. Hussin M. W. Hussin
Published: July 2024

An investigation was carried out to study strength, modulus of elasticity and shrinkage of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash (POFA). Following DoE mix design, OPC concrete was made to have a target mean strength of 50 MPa with 50 Â± 5 mm slump. Having the same workability, POFA concrete was prepared where OPC was replaced, mass for mass, by 30% POFA. Laboratory test results based on short-term investigation revealed that the modulus of elasticity of POFA concrete in association with its compressive strength was slightly lower than that of OPC concrete. The measured values of shrinkage, however, demonstrated that the shrinkage strain of POFA concrete was higher than that of OPC concrete. On the basis of shortterm investigation, the one-year shrinkage values of both OPC and POFA concrete were also predicted by extrapolating the data obtained during this period.
PERISI: A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OFRAINFALL-INDUCED SLOPE INSTABILITY
Authors: Gofar Nurly , Min Lee Lee
Published: July 2024

This paper introduces a computer program PERISI stands for Preliminary Evaluation of Rainfall-Induced Slope Instability. The program was developed by utilizing the concept of extreme rainfall and unique relationships between rainfall characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, suction, and water content of unsaturated soil to evaluate the minimum suction distribution in soil. The outcome of the program is the factor of safety of soil slope in the critical condition as compared to normal condition
ADAPTATION OF SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD ELEMENTS IN NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING AND DESIGN
Authors: M.Vikneswaran M.Vikneswaran , Mohd. Said Mohd. Ismid , Zakaria Rozana
Published: July 2024

The sustainable environment is being debated as an important measure due to degradation of global environment and consent for our future generation. The land use development for neighbourhood construction need to be protected from being overused and devastated. Malaysia should have very focused sustainable neighbourhood planning and design so that the future generation can be benefited from this type development. The main concern of this study is to address the adaptation of Sustainable Neighbourhood Elements (SNEs) in neighbourhood planning and design in Malaysia as it gives much impact to the living environment of a group of community. The issues pertaining sustainable neighbourhood design and planning in Malaysia were also discussed. Sustainable Neighbourhood Elements (SNEs) were developed to assist planners and stakeholders involved in the planning process and can be manipulated based on the current need. This is to make the planning process more transparent and explicit, aiding participation, reducing the apparent uncertainty of the system and potentially making planning and design process more efficient.
DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN DETENTION POND
Authors: Ismail Tarmizi , Othman Mazlina Alang , Fadzil Abu Bakar , Harun Sobri , Zainuddin Zaitul Marlizawati
Published: July 2024

Suspended sediment is the pollutant of primary concern to the urban rivers that results in adverse environmental and economical effect. Detention pond may become the structure that can be indirectly used to remove a portion of suspended sediment. Although the ponds were initially designed to control the increased quantity of runoff associated with impervious areas in the urban landscape, the ponds have been increasingly used to reduce the concentration of contaminants in the runoff. Experiments on deposition of sediments in detention pond and other related aspects such as sediment concentration dispersion and efficiency of the pond were investigated in this study. The kaolin concentration (150 mg/L) has been used as a cohesive sediment material and the range of the discharge is from 0.006 m 3 /s to 0.016 m3 /s. For horizontal distribution, as the diameter of sediment particle is 0.013 mm and particle settling velocity, Ï‰s = 0.8 x 10-4 m/s, the shear flows and settling velocities give an effect of sediment concentration in the detention pond. As the time increases, the sediment concentration decays. The vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration is uniform according to the small Rouse number at each point. The deposition rates depend on inlet velocity of the pond, an increase from 4.725 x 10-3 g/sec m2 in inlet area to 5.715 x 10-3 g/sec m2 at outlet area. The sediment trap efficiencies of the model is 20 % which is less than the sediment trap efficiency of the prototype due to only cohesive sediment material was used in this experiment
THE USE OF PERFORATED PILE BEAKWATERS TO ATTENUATE WAVES
Authors: Mohd Anuar Norzana , Jaffar Sidek Faridah
Published: July 2024

A laboratory investigation was conducted to compare the transmission characteristics of one-row and two-row submerged perforated pile breakwater models. The laboratory tests were conducted in unidirectional waves with different wave conditions and pile porosity that varied from 0.0625 to 0.48. The influences of water depth, incident wave steepness and porosities were studied. From the experimental results obtained, it was found that when the number of rows tested was increased, more wave energy was dissipated. This resulted in the decrease in transmitted wave heights. When the pile porosity was increased, less wave energy was attenuated, resulting in higher wave transmission coefficient, Kt and the transmission coefficient, Kt decreases as the wave steepness increases for all porosity values. It was also found that lower water depth has a significant influence on the transmission coefficient at higher wave steepness with Kt being less than 0.45 at a water depth below 0.23 m for partially submerged condition compared to Kt being more than 0.50 at water depth above 0.35 m for the submerged condition, for both the one-row and two-row piles respectively.
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO REVERSIBLE VERTICAL CYCLIC LOADING
Authors: Abdul Hamid Nor Hayati
Published: July 2024

Three identical half-scale of exterior beam-column joints of RC buildings with different arrangement of connections detailing are designed, constructed and tested under reversible vertical cyclic loading. Each set consists of reinforced concrete beams, column and foundation beam which represents the exterior joints of the ground floor of RC buildings. The objectives of this study are to examine seismic performance, to observe visual damages and to classify different types of damages which occur in beam-column joints. The first set is designed beam-column joint in accordance to BS 8110 where no anchorages of bars are tied between beam and column. Second set comprises of three anchorage bars from column are placed and tied with top of reinforcement bars in the beam. Third set is designed with cross-bracing of reinforcement bars at the intersection of beam-column joint. Results showed that the beam-column connections which designed according to BS 8110 without anchorage bars suffer the most severe damages as compared to connections with anchorage bars and cross-bracing bars. Beam-column joint with cross-bracing bars experienced less damage as compared to two types of joints. Visual structural damages of beam-column joints include cracks prorogation, the spalling of concrete shell, buckling of longitudinal reinforcement bars and fractured of shear reinforcement bars. Therefore, it is an appropriate time to revise and replace the current code of practice to seismic code so that reinforced concrete buildings which are constructed in Malaysia are save under long-distant earthquake excitation and local earthquake.
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF 4-LEGGED SELF-SUPPORTING TELECOMMUNICATION TOWERS CONSIDERING EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Abdul Razak Zawiyah , Abdullah Arham , Adnan Azlan , Bayat Behzad , Vafaei Mohammad Reza , Khalil Zubair
Published: July 2024

Malaysiaâ€™s strategic location has spared it from major seismic activities. Nevertheless, plethora of far field tremors resulting from earthquakes in neighboring countries can be felt locally despite the fact that the epicenters of these earthquakes are mostly hundreds of kilometers away. With increasing frequency and intensity of late, this scenario has raised a major concern pertaining to the ability of the existing buildings and sensitive structures in the country to withstand earthquakes events in the future. Considering that no specific study has been contemplated with particular regards to the effect of earthquakes to telecommunications facilities in Malaysia, it is requisitely of prime significance to commence this study. The main objective of the study is to determine the seismic behavior and then evaluate the structural integrity of the existing telecommunication tower structures considering earthquake effects in Malaysia. The study covers the analysis of the four (4) legged self supporting steel telecommunication towers based on different types of seismic zones, peak ground accelerations (PGAs), and soils, using the SAP2000 finite element software, model development with reference to the International Building Code (IBC2000) and Euro Standards (EC8). Among the main components of the study are; data analysis, site visits, model development, analysis and structural evaluation. Linear static analysis involving joints displacement and base shear reactions with axial forces analysis are being carried out. In the end, the study has able to determine the seismic behavior experienced by the modeled towers on the differing typeâ€™s conditions exposed on them. With the results it will enable the researcher to further proceed with the study including developing a complete maintenance assessment system which also includes the justification/determination of the types of damages inflicted to the towers as well as the severity of the damages.
SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA USING PROBABILISTIC METHOD
Authors: Delfebriyadi Delfebriyadi
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the seismic hazard assessment which involved spectral hazard for 2% and 10% probabilities of exceedence in 50 years ground motions for bedrock of Peninsular Malaysia. The analysis was performed using the total probability theorem with 2D seismic source model. The final result are the peak ground acceleration contour maps and the spectral acceleration contour maps for those two hazard levels. These spectral acceleration contour maps represent short period (0.2 sec) and long-period (1.0 sec) spectra values at the bedrock.
THE VALIDITY OF EXISTING INTERNATIONAL DESIGN CODES IN PREDICTION OF MOMENT CAPACITIES OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE MEMBERS
Authors: Ibrahim M. Metwally Ibrahim M. Metwally
Published: July 2024

The availability and advancement of material technology and the acceptance has led to the production of higher grades of concrete. High strength concrete (HSC) offers superior engineering properties i.e. compressive strength, tensile strength, durability, modulus of elasticity and overall better performance when compared to the conventional concrete. Due to its enhanced strength and improved structural properties, high strength concrete has been increasingly used for the past two decades. In this research, many published studies on the behavior of HSC beams have been discussed and analyzed. High strength concrete used in this study is defined as concrete with compressive strength exceeding 50MPa. Although there are many publications proposing stress block models for HSC beams, a universally accepted stress block model is yet to be developed. In most design standards, the conventional rectangular stress block developed for normal strength concrete (NSC) is still being used for design of HSC beams. In this paper, published work has been analyzed to establish some understanding of flexural behavior of HSC beams. Models proposed in various design codes and standards have been analyzed to compare the experimental and theoretical moment capacities. A number of spread sheets in Excel were developed using available data and various graphs were plotted to determine the accuracy of the code provisions for calculating the ultimate moment capacity of beams. Based on this, conclusions are drawn for the design of high strength concrete beams in flexure utilizing different code provisions.
THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) VALUE OF ROAD SUB-BASE AGGREGATE MIXED WITH BOTTOM ASH
Authors: Khalid Norazlan , Sidek Norbaya , Arshad Mohd Fadzil
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the laboratories results for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value of road sub-base aggregate mixed with coal bottom ash. The Class-F coal bottom ash used in this study are from Jimah Power Plant, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, meanwhile the road sub-base aggregate used in this study from Hanson Malaysia based on gradation limits from Public Works Department Malaysia (JKR) Standard Specification for Road Works Section 4: Flexible Pavement. The first objective of this study is to determine the CBR value for road subbase mixed with 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of coal bottom ash. The second objective is to determine the optimum concentration percentage of coal bottom ash based on the CBR value for soaked and unsoaked condition. This study involved the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test for soaked condition and unsoaked condition test to determine the strength of CBR value for road sub-base aggregate. The stabilized of road sub-base aggregate mixed with coal bottom ash results were compared to the control sample of road sub-base aggregate accordingly to Malaysia Public Work Department (JKR) from Standard Specification for Road Works Section 4: Flexible Pavement for road work specification. The laboratory result shows, the optimum concentration of coal bottom ash as additives in road sub-base aggregate is about 9%. The addition of 9% bottom ash to the road sub-base aggregate were improve the CBR value for unsoaked condition and slightly decrease of CBR value for soaked condition. However the result of CBR value for both condition were fulfil the requirement for road sub-base aggregate from Public Works Department Malaysia (JKR) for Standard Specification for Road Works whereas the CBR value for road subbase more than 30 percent. These study shows, bottom ash more effective used as additives to the road sub-base aggregate to enhance the CBR value.
DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE: OVERVIEW IN MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION ORGANISATION
Authors: Sahamir S.R Sahamir S.R , Zakaria R Zakaria R , Ibrahim O Ibrahim O , Nawawi A.H. Nawawi A.H. , Mazlan A.N. Mazlan A.N.
Published: July 2024

Construction projects require proper knowledge sharing implementation in order to satisfy the demand of todayâ€™s knowledgeable and aggressive clients. The effective knowledge sharing process in construction projects is certainly one of the key components to success. It is crucial for the construction industry to develop a new strategy in order to align with the other industries especially in the knowledge sharing aspect. The primary aim for this paper is to determine factors that contribute to barriers for knowledge sharing implementation in Malaysian construction organisation. This study also identify solutions that construction organisation should adapt strategies towards achieving proper knowledge sharing implementation. The factors identification process was collected through intensive literature study and supported by 2 numbers of interview sessions conducted in contractor organisation. 90 sets of questionnaire were distributed in determining the barriers and solutions. As the results, the factor of intangible benefit contributed to the barriers. Furthermore, role model in organisation is among solutions for Malaysian contractor organisation in order to promote knowledge sharing initiative in the industry. The output of this study is recommended for a milestone of knowledge sharing studies in Malaysia particularly to construction industry to transform in knowledge era in the new globalised world.
A GENETIC ALGORITHM OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR DIRECT PUMPING WATER SUPPLY INTAKES OPERATION
Authors: H. Al-Suhaili Rafa , M. Khalaf Rasul , A.T. Al-Osmy Sanaa
Published: July 2024

An optimization model for direct water supply intakes operation was created to maximize the rate of recovery of river bed, i.e. minimizing the effects pumping on river bed morphology. The model adopted constraints such as the water volume that should be pumped daily, minimum and maximum pumping intake capacity, and maximum time of pumping per day, while the objective function maximized is the rate of recovery of the river bed . The decision variables are selected as the pumping rate to river flow ratio, and the intake operation time to time of non-operation ratio. The model combines the Genetic Algorthim and the Artificial Neural Networks techniques to find the optimum solution. The application indicated that the required number of the randomly generated solutions and the number of cross over process for a stable optimum genetic algorithm solution are (100) and (1) respectively. Sensitivity analysis of the effect of number of cycles of operation and non-operation periods of the intake per day and the river flow indicates that these variables have no effect on the objective function.
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING AND MEASURING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TRADE FACILITATION THROUGH THE PORTS AND LANDS OF ARAB COUNTRIES
Authors: Al-Tony Fathey El-Sayed , Serag Mohamed Sadek
Published: July 2024

This research paper aims to develop a methodological approach that can be employed to identify and measure the economic benefits of trade facilitation procedures among the ports and lands of Arab countries. The research developed the methodology framework, the benefit algorithm, and the analyses. The developed approach is then applied to the case of Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan to derive the obtained benefits for each country as a result of improving trade facilitation conditions of the three countries under several proposed scenarios. The results obtained show that easing trade through the proposed scenarios of improvement would yield significant economic benefits in various sectors of the economy. The methodological approach can be considered as a generic tool kit that can be utilized for many trade corridors, routes, and countries as required.
LEVEL 1 CALIBRATION OF HDM-4 ANALYSIS WITH A CASE STUDY
Authors: Bagui Swapan Kumar , Ghosh Ambarish
Published: July 2024

Adequate budget allocation would require the HDM-4 model to generate good prediction of the actual pavement deterioration behavior. The need for a calibration of the HDM model to local condition is therefore an essential component of the pavement management process. Reliable calibration factors are useful for budgeting purpose and it avoids under estimate or over estimates the budget. This paper presents a case study where a level 1 calibration has been carried out for a State Highway in Uttar Pradesh, India. The climatic condition of the site is under humid, hot and high monthly precipitation throughout the year. Two methods have been proposed to find out the calibration factors. The calibration factors namely roughness age environment, crack initiation and crack propagation are found to be 0.650, 0.970 and 1.030 respectively for the case study using method 1 calibration method and 0.650, 0.864 and 1.157 respectively using method 2 calibration. Economic analysis has been carried out taking default calibration factors and level 1 calibration factors and NPV (net present value) and IRR (internal rate of return) were found Rs. (million) 368.1 (26.5 %) and 422.4 (27.9 %) respectively. Level 1 Calibration involved desk study and many default values have been adopted but the major factors like roughness age environment, crack initiation and crack propagation are important to simulate local condition. A well calibrated model for this local condition would reduce the possibility of future funding shortages. Level 1 calibration may be carried out easily based on few secondary data within few weeks and useful for economic analysis, prioritization and budgeting for maintenance of the road network.
PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL BOILER ASH AS SAND REPLACEMENT AND THERMAL IMPROVEMENT IN AERATED CONCRETE
Authors: Aminudin Eeydzah , Md. Din Mohd Fadhil , Hussin Mohd Warid , Iwao Kenzo , Mohanadoss Ponraj , Ichikawa Yo
Published: July 2024

This paper review the utilization of Industrial Boiler Ash (IBA) replacing sand has been introduced in aerated concrete for common use in building construction. The Industrial Boiler Ash from Tanjung Bin Power Plant, Malaysia was used in this study. It is believed beneficial as by adding this precious material, it may improve properties of aerated concrete mechanically and thermally especially in the effect on improving the thermal conductivity. This paper presents the effects of using different character of mixing constituent such as various amount of foaming agent and range of superplasticizer content on the compressive strength. Besides that determination on the final product properties in microstructure were also investigates. The results show that using the IBA have a lower density compared to normal sand with a dry density of 1.408kg/m3 which a compressive strength of 5.258 MPa but also observed beneficial as it might improve the thermal conductivity behavior with 0.52 W/mK compared to normal mortar concrete having 2.52 W/mK. This indicate that the use of Industrial Boiler Ash aerated concrete give a less impact of heat due to low thermal conductivity created.
EVALUATION OF THE WATER AGE IN THE WESTERN PART OF JOHOR STRAIT, MALAYSIA
Authors: Kazemi Ziba , Hashim Noor Baharim , Aslani Hossein , Mohamad Khairul Anuar
Published: July 2024

The age of water is useful for understanding the fundamental mechanisms controlling the flux of substances through an estuary. Furthermore, this variable is useful indicators of the susceptibility of estuaries to eutrophication. In this paper, an application of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model used to evaluate water age distributions for a range of inflow conditions in the Western Part of Strait of Johor, Malaysia. As a first step, the three dimensional hydrodynamic model EFDC was calibrated and then used to evaluate the spatial distribution of water age. Numerical simulations were completed under different inflow conditions. The analysis suggested considerable spatial variation in the water age under both low and high-flow conditions. The average water age in entire system is maximum 14 days under minimum inflow, 194.4 m 3 /s and minimum 4 days under maximum inflow, 541.3 m3 /s. This analysis helped in recognition of areas of the estuary most vulnerable to oxygen depletion and eutrophication.
A BASELINE STUDY OF TROPICAL PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES IN THE TERENGGANU RIVER ESTUARY, MALAYSIA
Authors: Lee Lee Hin , Tangang Fredolin , Md Yusoff Fatimah , Z. Ibrahim Zelina , Kasim Mohd Fadhil , Afzaihelmi Mohd
Published: July 2024

Phytoplankton is a vital and important organism as a producer of the primary food supply of the marine and freshwater food webs. This study is conducted to investigate the variability of phytoplankton abundance related to environmental variables in the Terengganu River Estuary, by using statistical analysis. Total of ten water samples were collected, of which three stations were in the estuary and seven stations were in the coastal water. A total of 124 taxa of 55 genera, belonging to six taxonomic classes were observed at the study area. The order of phytoplankton abundance was diatoms > blue-green algae > golden-brown algae > dinofalgellates > green algae > euglenoids. The phytoplankton abundance was higher in the coastal area compared to the estuary, with the maximum density 764.10 cells mL-1 and 157.40 cells mL-1 respectively. It was recorded that 10.96% of the total abundance from the data collection was registered in the estuary, while the remaining 89.04% were logged in the coastal region. The freshwater phytoplankton was dominated by golden-brown algae (Chrysophyceae), while marine phytoplankton was governed by diatoms and blue-green algae. It was observed that the water temperature and salinity were positively correlated with marine phytoplankton but negatively related to freshwater phytoplankton. High levels of water temperature and hypersalinity at the coastal region was observed to enhance the production rate in the coastal region. In contrast, the nutrients were positively related to freshwater phytoplankton, but negatively correlated to the marine phytoplankton, which results in low concentrations of nutrients in the coastal region that could be caused by intensive uptake by the abundance of marine phytoplankton. This study revealed that environmental variables are an important element in determining the phytoplankton community compositions in the tropical region.
THE EFFECT OF SEA SIDE QUAY WALL ROUGHNESS AND INCLINATION ON BED SCOUR INDUCED BY SHIP BOW-THRUSTERS
Authors: M. Galal Elsayed , S. Halabia Nezar , R. Tolba Ehab
Published: July 2024

In order to increase their transport efficiency, modern ships are built with increasingly larger propellers and bow-thrusters. The combination of larger propellers with greater power and a reduction in bed clearance has created higher levels of bed scour action affecting berthing structures. Therefore, propeller-induced scours need to be considered in the design of quay wall structures. In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to examine the effect of sea side wall roughness and wall inclination angle on the scouring action induced by bowthruster in front of the quay wall. Two different kinds of sea side quay wall surfaces (glass and concrete) as an indicator of wall roughness and four different sea side wall inclination angles (ï¡ = 90ï‚°, 75ï‚°, 60ï‚°, and 45ï‚°) were considered in this study. The results showed that the eroded area has been decreased with the increase of the sea side wall roughness and inclination
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF LAKES WATER QUALITY STATUS AT CAMPUS AREA IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA
Authors: Nik Daud Nik Norsyahariati , Abdulrahman Adeleke , Idrus Syazwani
Published: July 2024

A study was conducted to assess the water quality status of Engineering and Serumpun Lakes located in campus area. Selected water quality parameters (Biochemical Oxygen Demand - BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand-COD, Dissolved Oxygen-DO, turbidity, Suspended Solids-SS, pH and Ammonia Nitrogen-NH3-N) were determined for about two months observation in the wet season and the average results were compared to Malaysian standards. The status of lakes were determined by using Water Quality Index (WQI) and classified according to the Interim National Water Quality Standards (INWQS), Malaysia. The observed values for seven parameters of Engineering Lake were classified as IIA/B and V classes as well as Serumpun Lake. From the results, the lakes can be used for recreational purposes. However, based on WQI calculated value, the status of the lakes during the study period was indicated as polluted; 31.6 and 32.5 for Engineering and Serumpun lakes, respectively. Both lakes were classified as Class IV and the water suitable for irrigation uses only.
EFFECT OF PUTTY PROPERTIES IN REPAIRING CORRODED PIPELINE: A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Abdul Jalil Muhammad Haziq , Valipour Alireza , Kar Sing Lim , Azraai Siti Nur Afifah , Zardasti Libriati , Yahaya Nordin , N.M. Noor N.M. Noor
Published: July 2024

Underground pipelines are the most preferable way to transport oil and gas over a long distance. These steel pipelines often suffered from several deteriorations including corrosion. Corrosion causes the outer lining of a pipeline to thin and subsequently reducing pipeline strength. In order to prevent this loss of strength, repair is required. Composite wrap repair is a technique that can be used to repair damage pipeline. Composite wrap repair consist of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite wrap and putty as infill material to restore the strength of a damaged steel pipe. Recently, there is tendency in reducing the usage of composite wrapping layer due to several reasons. Ultimately, it is hoped that one day the repair can be done without composite wrapping. Thus, the purpose of this research is to explore the potential of using putty alone as a repair material in repairing corroded pipeline without composite wrap via finite element analysis. Difference geometrical defects that simulating external corrosion were investigated to study the influence of defect sizes towards the burst pressure of corroded pipeline. Two infill materials which both have difference mechanical properties are used in this research to investigate their influence towards the performance of the repaired pipes. Finite element analysis has been conducted to determine the behaviour of the defected pipeline with a patch of the infill covered the defected area. The analysis was conducted for three defect sizes: 100mm x 100mm, 75mm x 150mm, and 25mm x 150mm for both putties. It was found that the narrow defect of the pipeline causing the pipe to burst at lower pressure as compared to defect that have the same dimension area for both of the infill material. This may due to high stress concentration at small area of the defect. Furthermore, it was also revealed that infill with higher ultimate tensile strength able to withstand higher pressure. The finding of the research shows that by using appropriate infill, there are potential to increase the burst pressure by about 5%. The findings of this research can serve as stepping stone to study the feasibility of repairing damaged pipeline using putty alone.
MODELING DISPUTE MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Authors: Saar Chai Chang , Chuing Loo Siaw , Hai Tey Kim , Yusof Aminah Md
Published: July 2024

Dispute is not uncommon in the complex and fragmented construction industry. Construction disputes, even though extensively investigated, still plagued the Malaysian construction industry. This paper aims to develop a dispute performance index to predict the dispute occurrence in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 374 respondents to generate the weightage of the indices. Dispute sources were classified into stages of pre-construction, construction, and post construction. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted on the data collected from the survey. PCA analysis results were then utilized to perform Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. SEM evaluated the causal relationship between dispute sources and dispute resolution methods to develop a dispute resolution performance index. The index is essential to benchmark the dispute resolution performance and hence provides a guideline to the construction players in handling and or avoiding disputes.
EFFECTS OF STEEL FIBRES ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES AND FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS
Authors: Mohd.Sam Abdul Rahman , Awang Abdullah Zawawi , Ibrahim Izni Syahrizal , Samadi Mostafa , Mon Tai Kah
Published: July 2024

Concrete is a material that is good in compression but weak in tension. Enhancing the tensile properties of concrete will lead to its greater application in construction. It was reported that improvement on the mechanical properties of reinforced concrete structure can be achieved by the inclusion of short fibres. The use of short steel fibres have been reported to increase the toughness, abrasion, impact resistances and allow for decrease in concrete slab thickness. This paper focuses on the study conducted in the laboratory on the effect of steel fibre on concrete properties and behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete slabs under flexure with different amount of tensile reinforcements. A number of concrete cubes and prisms with and without steel fibres, 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% together with four reinforced concrete slabs having different amount of tensile reinforcement were cast and tested to failure in flexure. The optimum dosage of steel fibre to be included in concrete slab was 1%. The reinforced concrete slabs manufactured consist of slab with tensile reinforcement bar of R-150 as control slab, slab with tensile reinforcement bar of R-300 and 1% dosage of steel fibres, slab with 1% dosage of steel fibres without tensile reinforcement, and one plain concrete slab without reinforcement. All the slabs cast having the overall dimensions of 100 x 500 x 1000 mm, and tested to failure under four point loading. Cube compressive strength, modified compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity test and rebound hammer test were conducted. The behaviour of the reinforced concrete slabs was studied through their ultimate load, load-deflection characteristic upon loading, cracking history, and mode of failure. The experimental results show that the inclusion of steel fibres was found to improve the compressive strength, slightly lowered the UPV value but no significant effect on the rebound hammer compared to the control sample. It was also found that based on slab SB-R300-1SF the inclusion of steel fibres increased the ultimate load of the slab by 25%, reduce the tensile reinforcement by about 50%, improve the flexural stiffness and ductility of the slab when compared to the control slab, SC-R150.
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND VOLUMETRIC SHRINKAGE PROPERTIES REVIEW ON GRADATION EFFECT OF COMPACTED LATERITE SOIL LINER
Authors: Yamusa Yamusa Bello , Ahmad Kamarudin , Abd Rahman Norhan
Published: July 2024

This paper reviews the effects of gradation on hydraulic conductivity and volumetric shrinkage properties of compacted laterite soil liner. The distribution of different grain sizes affects the engineering properties of soil such as compressibility, swelling and shrinkage, shear strength, and hydraulic conductivity. It is observed that there are dissimilarities of values in laterite soils from various researches around tropical countries of the world in terms of hydraulic conductivity and volumetric shrinkage. Hydraulic conductivity varies from 4.36Ã—10-3 m/s to 4.7Ã—10-11 m/s and volumetric shrinkage of â‰¤ 4%relative to fine contents ranging from 1.3% to 69% and coarse contents ranging from 31% to 98.7%.Generally, there is no clear trend established for effects of gradation on hydraulic conductivity and volumetric shrinkage properties of compacted laterite soil liners. This is because laterite soils with less than 50% fines content might not be used as liner or hydraulic barriers because their hydraulic conductivities are less than the minimum requirement of 1 Ã— 10-9 m/s. At times researchers usually left out volumetric shrinkage in their study, but field studies have shown that desiccation can induce severe cracking of unprotected soil barriers. When fine grained soils lose moisture they tend to shrink, which result to cracking that can adversely affect the engineering properties and performance of the soils. The adversative influence includes reduced strength of the cracked soils and increased hydraulic conductivity. It is expected that with logical understanding of the effects of gradation on hydraulic conductivity and volumetric shrinkage properties of compacted laterite soil it will serve as a guide in the design of hydraulic barriers for engineered sanitary landfills in tropical countries around the world.
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF FIRE DAMAGED REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE AND STEEL TRUSS
Authors: Khiyon M Iqbal , Ab. Kadir Mariyana Aida , Mohamad Zukri Siti Nurul Nureda , Osman Mohd Hanim
Published: July 2024

The assessment of fire damaged structure is an area which considered new and have little practical experience in Malaysia. In this study the objective are to determine the concrete strength and the ultimate strength of steel truss and weight loss of the steel after exposure to fire. Non-destructive and destructive test has been tested in this study. Rebound hammer test had been done to determine the strength of the concrete beam while tensile test and corrosion test both have been done by taking samples from the steel purlin. The test conducted in this study follows the BS EN 10 002: Part 1: 1990, ISO 6892-1 and ASTM G1-90. The results from rebound hammer test, the compressive strength of the concrete beam is between 40 Â± 4 N/mmÂ² while the average ultimate strength of steel truss is between 412 N/mmÂ² to 434 N/mmÂ². Meanwhile, for the corrosion test, when steel 0.17%. This testing shows that steel has loss, its mechanical properties due to exposed to elevated temperature. By conducting a non-destructive test for concrete and destructive test for steel it shows to be practical and useful in evaluating the fire damaged reinforced concrete structure and steel truss.
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE EXPOSED UNDER ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Authors: Jameran Aminuddin , Ibrahim Izni Syahrizal
Published: July 2024

A research had been done to study the stress-strain relationship of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) exposed under elevated temperature. The FRC used were single fibre concrete and hybrid fibre concrete which is combination of two different properties of fibres i.e. steel (SF) and polypropylene (PPF) by applying fibres volume fraction at 1.5%. At the same time, the fibres proportion of steel-to-polypropylene ranged in the following percentages: (100-0), (75-25), (50-50), (25-75) and (0-100). Cylinder samples of 150 mm diameter ï‚´ 300 mm high were used and subjected to a compressive load to determine the relationship. All samples were casted and then water cured for 28 days before exposing them to the desired temperature i.e. 200ï‚°C, 400ï‚°C, 600ï‚°C and 800ï‚°C for 1 hour. For the control specimens, the cylinders were left at room temperature (27ï‚°C) until the test day. Before placing the cylinders into the compression testing machine, they were left to cool naturally. All test results were tabulated and the stress-strain relationships were compared between the variations of the elevated exposure temperature. The findings show that the addition of fibres only improve the Elastic Modulus of concrete at room temperatures (27ï‚°C), but when exposed under elevated temperatures, the Elastic Modulus decreased especially above 400ï‚°. High temperatures
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AFRICAN CITIES: A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Chidiebere Ogbonna Alban , Abubakar Mikailu , Shabako Jiya Gideon
Published: July 2024

Lagos State is one of the densely populated and highly industrialised States of Nigeria.Recognizing that the continued pollution of our environment will, if uncontrolled be difficult torectify in the future, the subject of municipal solid waste management is both timely andimportant. This research evaluated the solid waste management strategies in Lagos State,Nigeria. The activities involved with the management of solid wastes from the point of wastegeneration to waste disposal were evaluated. Structured questionnaire and interview wereemployed to collect data within the thirteen Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Lagos State,Nigeria. The results showed that the rate of municipal solid waste generation out weight thepresent management strategies and the number of recycling firms in Lagos State. The studytherefore recommends the need for Lagos State Government to review the municipal solid wastemanagement strategies for sustainable development and job creation.