bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of blood flow occlusion on neuromuscular fatigue following sustained maximal isometric contraction
Authors: Oranchuk Dustin J. , Koral Jérôme , da Mota Gustavo R. , Wrightson James G. , Soares Rogério , Twomey Rosie , Millet Guillaume Y.
Published: December 2019

Sustained isometric maximal voluntary contractions (IMVCs) have blood flow occlusive effects on the microvasculature. However, it is unknown if this effect would be magnified with additional blood flow restriction via a cuff and what the influence on fatigue development would be. Twelve healthy male participants performed a 1-min IMVC of the knee extensors with and without additional blood flow occlusion induced by pneumatic cuff in counterbalanced order on separate days. Vastus lateralis muscle deoxygenation was estimated via near-infrared spectroscopy–derived tissue oxygen saturation (SmO2) throughout the fatiguing contraction. Central and peripheral measures of neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) were assessed via surface electromyography (EMG) and force responses to voluntary contractions and peripheral nerve/transcranial magnetic stimulations before, immediately after, and throughout an 8-min recovery period. SmO2, force, and EMG amplitude decreased during the 1-min IMVC, but there were no between-condition differences. Similarly, no significant (p > 0.05) between-condition differences were detected for any dependent variable immediately after the fatiguing contraction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-derived voluntary activation was lower (p < 0.05) in the no-cuff condition during the recovery period. Sustained IMVC results in a similar degree of muscle deoxygenation and NMF as IMVCs with additional occlusion, providing further evidence that a sustained IMVC induces full ischemia.

Novelty NMF etiology, muscle oxygenation, and corticospinal factors during an IMVC are similar with or without an occlusion cuff. Contrary to all other measures, TMS-evaluated voluntary activation returned to baseline faster following the occluded condition.
Insular dwarfism in female Eastern Hog-nosed Snakes (Heterodon platirhinos; Dipsadidae) on a barrier island
Authors: Vanek John P. , Burke Russell L.
Published: December 2019

The island rule postulates that the special ecological conditions on islands, such as limited resource availability, can cause populations of large-bodied animals to evolve smaller sizes and small-bodied populations to evolve larger sizes. Although support for the island rule is well documented (with notable exceptions and debate) in mammals and birds, similar trends are poorly explored in ectothermic vertebrates. As part of a larger study investigating the ecology of Eastern Hog-nosed Snakes (Heterodon platirhinos Latreille, 1801), we compared the mean and maximum sizes of a population from a barrier island (∼4 000 ha) to snakes on an adjacent larger island (∼363 000 ha) and two mainland sites (450 total snakes across all study sites). We did not observe a difference between the small and the large islands, but we did find differences between the smallest island and the mainland. Female snakes on the barrier island were 8% smaller than those on the mainland, and the female from the largest barrier island was 35% smaller than the largest documented H. platirhinos. In addition, we found that males did not exhibit dwarfism. We hypothesize that the observed dwarfism is a result of limited availability of large prey items and recommend that future studies distinguish between sexes in their analyses.
THE PRICE OF COCAINE AND THE COLOMBIAN PESO: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: THOMPSON ALEXI , SISSOKO YAYA
Published: December 2019

While the underground economy is not explicitly included in the measure of (GDP), the cocaine trade has been a major source of revenue for Colombia. Using quarterly cocaine prices from 1982 to 2007 published by the Office of National Drug Control Policy, this paper uses vector error correction and forecast error variance decomposition methods to look at the relationship between cocaine prices and the peso/$ nominal exchange rate. Our results indicate cocaine prices affect the value of the Colombian peso, which leads to some interesting policy implications.
Chemical variation, modal composition and classification of granitoids
Authors: Bonin Bernard , Janoušek Vojtěch , Moyen Jean-François
Published: December 2019

Granites (
sensu lato
) come in many types and flavours, defining distinct magmatic series/suites/types. A good classification not only gives generally accepted and understandable names to similar rocks but also links the bulk chemical composition to the stoichiometry of the constituent minerals and, potentially, also to the likely source, magmatic evolution and tectonic setting.

The ‘ideal’ granitoid classification should be based on chemical criteria amenable to an objective treatment. Statistical analysis helps to identify the most discriminant variables. The key properties are (1) acidity/maficity, (2) alkalinity (balance of Na + K v. Ca), (3) aluminosity (balance of Al v. Ca, Na and K), (4) Fe/Mg balance and (5) Na/K balance and K contents at the given SiO
2
level. These are used by successful classifications, e.g. the I/S dichotomy is based mainly on aluminosity, while the Frost
et al.
(2001; ‘A geochemical classification for granitic rocks',
Journal of Petrology
,
42
, 2033–2048,
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033
) classification includes all but Na/K. Even though it is commonplace to use weight percentages of oxides, we suggest that a better strategy is to employ simple atomic parameters (e.g. millications-based) that can be directly linked to modal proportions and compositions/crystal structure of individual rock-forming minerals. This facilitates a petrological interpretation, which, in turn, can be related to petrogenesis and, ultimately, to likely tectonic setting(s).
Away and (Dis)connection
Authors: Helms Karey , Ferreira Pedro , Brown Barry , Lampinen Airi
Published: December 2019

We present a study of long-term outdoor activities, based on altogether 34 interviews with 19 participants. Our goal was not only to explore these enjoyable experiences, but more broadly to examine how technology use was recontextualized 'away' from the everyday. Outdoor activities are commonly presented as an escape from our technology-infused world. In contrast, our interviews reveal experiences that are heavily dependent on technology, both digital and not. However, digital technology - and in particular the mobile phone - is reconfigured when taken out of its ordinary, often urban and indoor, context. We first present a diversity of 'aways' during outdoor activities by depicting cherished freedoms and interpersonal preferences. We then describe how participants managed connection and disconnection while away and upon coming back. To conclude, we discuss how constructions of away can support more purposeful engagements with digital technology, and how pointed (dis)connection can be useful for technology design also in non-outdoor settings.
When Delayed in a Hurry
Authors: Hwang Sun Young , Khojasteh Negar , Fussell Susan R.
Published: December 2019

When Instant Messaging (IM) users experience delays in receiving responses from a partner, they may interpret these delays in a variety of ways (e.g., a technological problem vs. the partner is avoiding interaction), and these interpretations can have social consequences. In a laboratory study, we explored whether the presence of a typing indicator shaped people's interpretation of delays. Participants collaborated with a confederate on a time-sensitive task and retrospectively reviewed their interaction. We manipulated delay condition (none, delay, delay with typing indicator) and time pressure (low, high). Participants rated their partners as significantly lower in conversational involvement, were more frustrated, and liked their partners less during a delay whether or not they saw a typing indicator. We discuss implications for the design of new features for IM clients that help people interpret delays appropriately.
Do I Stay or Do I Go?
Authors: Grandhi Sukeshini A. , Plotnick Linda , Hiltz Starr Roxanne
Published: December 2019

This paper explores the ways in which users give up as well as revert back to using social media based on the analysis of qualitative data from 680 respondents to a survey (N=1072). By focusing on the motivations rather than any particular social media platform, we were able to uncover reasons for voluntary non-use and reversion when users have a choice of several social media platforms. Our findings provide an ecological view of social media non-use and reversion highlighting that 1) previous findings of social media non-use and reversion reported on a single social media platform (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) are seen across several other platforms too; 2) access to multiple social media platforms in itself readily leads to non-use of one platform in favor of the use of another for reasons such as lack of differentiation and/or richness of features, device constraints of storage/ memory space or operating system support, perceptions of fading popularity, and availability of "a new kid on the block;" 3) findings of non-use and reversion practices and motivations that were seemingly incongruent between previous studies of different or same social media platforms tend to coalesce when we take a wider look at the social media landscape. By adopting the theoretical lens of cognitive biases in decision-making we were able to explain why users quit but decide to revert to using again in the environment of various positive and negative experiences on a particular platform, and to reconcile the seemingly paradoxical reasons for social media non-use and reversion.
Jam Today, Jam Tomorrow
Authors: Faas Travis , Liu I-ching , Dombrowski Lynn , Miller Andrew D.
Published: December 2019

Game jams, which are game creation events in which developers design and build a game over a short period of time, have been shown to support participatory, active STEM learning. Game jams have expanded from their origins as physically co-located experiences and many are now conducted exclusively online. Though the co-located game jam has been noted as educational, little is known about how learning happens within online game jams. To better understand the ways online game jams support self-development, we interviewed fifteen online jam participants about their learning experiences during their jams. Additionally, we observed and analyzed several jams using activity theory. We found that online game jams support participants' learning through extensive feedback from others during and after the jam. Such feedback sessions were a key social and participatory learning elements for online jams, providing much-need social support. In contrast to the group-focused development in offline jams many participants in our study chose to develop games alone. Many individuals participated in online game jams regularly, treating them as a broader experience than singular events. We use these findings to discuss how we might better design for self-directed learning online and offer suggestions on how to better attune online game jams to the needs of participants.
Understanding Decision-Making in Recruitment
Authors: Koivunen Sami , Olsson Thomas , Olshannikova Ekaterina , Lindberg Aki
Published: December 2019

Although the composition of individuals can strongly affect the success of professional collaboration, organizations often struggle with their so-called social matching decisions. For example, when recruiting new people to an organization, the decision-making is often reduced to intuitively matching individuals based on vague descriptions of projects or positions. The role of technology in recruiting is typically confined to gathering and presenting simple candidate profiles. We argue that many issues in recruitment boil down to lack of understanding the process of decision-making from social matching perspective, covering aspects like identification of relevant selection criteria and choice of the most suitable candidate. To better understand the appropriate roles of information technology (IT) in this domain, we interviewed 21 expert matchmakers, such as HR specialists and headhunters. Based on qualitative analysis of their experiences, we provide a bottom-up framework of the decision-making stages in recruitment, focusing on the pertinent challenges from the perspective of social matching. The findings indicate that, particularly, the epistemic asymmetry between the recruiter and candidates regarding the expected qualities calls for deliberation throughout the decision-making process. Matchmakers also struggle between contradictory ideals of agility and holistic decision-making. Based on the findings and relevant literature, we propose six roles that IT could play in social matching decisions in recruitment.
Description of Wheat Rusts and Their Virulence Variations Determined through Annual Pathotype Surveys and Controlled Multi-Pathotype Tests
Authors: Gessese Mesfin Kebede
Published: December 2019

Wheat production started in Australia around 1788 using early maturing varieties adapted to Australian conditions that were able to escape diseases as well as moisture stress conditions. Wheat production is concentrated on mainland Australia in a narrow crescent land considered as the wheat belt occupying an area of about 13.9 million hectares. Rusts are the most important production constraints to wheat production in the world and Australia causing significant yield losses and decreased the qualities of grains. Wheat is affected by three different types of rust diseases: leaf rust, stripe rust or yellow rust, and stem rust. Each species of the rust pathogen has many races or pathotypes that parasitize only on certain varieties of host species, which can only be traced and identified by differential cultivars. Pathotype surveillance is the basis for information on the virulence or pathogenic variations existing in a particular country or wheat growing region of the world. Studies in pathotype variation are conducted in controlled environments using multi-pathotype tests. The currently cultivated commercial wheat varieties of Australia possess leaf rust resistant genes: Lr1, Lr3a, Lr13, Lr13+, Lr14a, Lr17a, Lr17b, Lr20, Lr23, Lr24, Lr26, Lr27, Lr31, Lr34, Lr37, and Lr46; stem rust resistance genes: Sr2, Sr5, Sr8a, Sr8b, Sr9b, Sr9g, Sr11, Sr12, Sr13, Sr15, Sr17, Sr22, Sr24, Sr26, Sr30, Sr36, Sr38, and Sr57; and stripe rust resistance genes: Yr4, Yr9, Yr17, Yr18, Yr27, and Yr33. This paper discusses the historical and current significance of rusts to wheat production in the world with particular reference to Australia viz-a-viz detail description of each of the three rusts and their respective virulence variations through the resistance genes deployed in the commercial cultivars.
Evaluation of Urine Reagent Strip as a Tool for Routine Diagnosis of Maternal Urogenital Schistosomiasis at Antenatal Clinic Visit in Munyenge, South West Region, Cameroon
Authors: Wepnje Godlove Bunda , Anchang-Kimbi Judith Kuoh , Lehman Leopold Gustave , Kimbi Helen Kuokuo
Published: December 2019

Urine reagent strip used in detecting microhaematuria has been recommended in pregnancy for diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) during routine antenatal care (ANC). This study evaluated its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in the diagnosis of maternal UGS using filtration method as a reference test. We also assessed the variation in its performance in the diagnosis of UGS using multiple-sample collection. A total of 93 pregnant women reporting for first ANC clinic visit at any of the three functional health care centres (Munyenge Integrated Health Centre, Banga Annex Health Centre, and Trans African Health Centre) were enrolled and followed up for three consecutive monthly visits. Urine samples were observed microscopically for S. haematobium egg using urine filtration and screened for microhaematuria and proteinuria using urine reagent strips. Twenty-two (23.7%) out of the 93 women were diagnosed for UGS, all of whom showed S. haematobium egg excretion during all three visits. There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the prevalence of S. haematobium infection and the prevalence of microhaematuria. The intensity of infection was significantly higher in microhaematuria-positive women compared with microhaematuria-negative cases. Sensitivity of reagent strip ranged from 54.5 to 59.1%, while specificity was above 98.0% (range: 98.6–100%). The measure of agreement between urine filtration and reagent strip method was substantial (0.61–0.8) irrespective of different sampling periods. Urine reagent strip is a moderately sensitive method in the detection of UGS and will most likely identify women with high egg load burden. Proper diagnosis of schistosomiasis during pregnancy is recommended.
Presentations Related to Acute Paracetamol Intoxication in an Urban Emergency Department in Switzerland
Authors: Piotrowska Natalia , Klukowska-Rötzler Jolanta , Lehmann Beat , Krummrey Gert , Haschke Manuel , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K. , Liakoni Evangelia
Published: December 2019

Aim. To investigate the characteristics of Emergency Department (ED) presentations due to acute paracetamol intoxication.Methods. Retrospective observational study of patients presenting to the ED of Bern University Hospital between May 1, 2012, and October 31, 2018, due to a paracetamol overdose (defined as intake of >4 g/24 h). Cases were identified using the full-text search of the electronic patient database and were grouped into intentional (suicidal/parasuicidal) and unintentional intoxications (e.g., patient unaware of maximal daily dose).Results. During the study period, 181 cases were included and 143 (79%) of those were intentional. Compared to the patients in the unintentional group, patients in the intentional group were more often female (85% vs 45%,p<0.001) and younger (median age 23.0 vs 43.5 years,p<0.001), more frequently suffered from psychiatric comorbidities (93%, (including 49% with borderline personality disorder) vs 24%,p<0.001), and paracetamol was more often taken as a single dose (80% vs 13%,p<0.001). Although the median daily ingested dose was lower in the unintentional than in the intentional group (8.2 g vs 12.9 g,p<0.001), patients in the unintentional group presented later (29% vs 84% within 24 h of ingestion,p<0.001), included more cases of acute liver failure (nine (24%) vs six (4%),p<0.001), and were more often hospitalised (24% vs 52% treated as outpatients,p=0.002). There were no significant differences between the groups regarding drug-induced liver injury (seven cases (5%) in the intentional and one (3%) in the unintentional group) or fatalities (one in each group).Conclusions. The majority of presentations due to paracetamol poisoning were intentional, most commonly in female patients with borderline personality disorder. Patients with unintentional paracetamol intoxication had worse outcomes with respect to acute liver failure and hospitalisation. Future preventive measures should raise awareness of paracetamol toxicity in the general population and encourage particular attention and frequent follow-ups when prescribing paracetamol for vulnerable groups.
Cascade Failure Model in Multimodal Transport Network Risk Propagation
Authors: He Zhenggang , Guo Jing-Ni , Xu Jun-Xiang
Published: December 2019

The cascade failure theory is introduced into the risk propagation problem of the multimodal transport network in order to study the inherent law of risk propagation and provide theoretical support for the safety management of multimodal transport networks. Firstly, this paper analyses the characteristics of the multimodal transport network and concludes that the risk of the multimodal transport network belongs to failure risk. Secondly, the applicability of cascade failure theory is expounded. Based on cascade failure theory, a risk propagation model of the multimodal transport network is established. Through simulation experiments, the risk propagation of the multimodal transport network is analyzed from the differences of node distribution and node type. The process is analyzed, and the results show that different node distributions and different types of risk source nodes will have an impact on the risk propagation process. The influence of four types of node distributions on the risk propagation effect is in the following order: increasing type > concave‐convex type ≈ balanced type > decreasing type. The influence of four types of source nodes on the risk propagation effect is in the following order: transportation type > transporting type > storage type > assistant type.
A Simplified Inverse Dynamics Modelling Method for a Novel Rehabilitation Exoskeleton with Parallel Joints and Its Application to Trajectory Tracking
Authors: Fang Qianqian , Li Ge , Xu Tian , Zhao Jie , Cai Hegao , Zhu Yanhe
Published: December 2019

In this paper, a new modular upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton, which is actuated by a parallel mechanical structure, is designed to help stroke patients. For analysing the relationship between motor torque and joint torque of the novel exoskeleton, a conversion algorithm mapping motor motion to joint motion is developed here. Then, to simplify the dynamics model of exoskeleton with parallel actuated joints, the serial equivalence configuration dynamics of the exoskeleton is established to be equivalent to the parallel joints dynamics. Afterwards, a torque controller used for our exoskeleton is designed based on the proposed conversion algorithm and the inverse dynamics of exoskeleton. It should be noted that the controller mentioned above combines both conversion algorithm and joint position decoupling. At last, for verifying the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms, a trajectory tracking simulation is given, and the simulated results show the proposed algorithms are valid.
Application of Improved Naive Bayesian-CNN Classification Algorithm in Sandstorm Prediction in Inner Mongolia
Authors: Tiancheng Li , Qing-dao-er-ji Ren , Ying Qiu
Published: December 2019

Hazards of sandstorm are increasingly recognized and valued by the general public, scientific researchers, and even government decision-making bodies. This paper proposed an efficient sandstorm prediction method that considered both the effect of atmospheric movement and ground factors on sandstorm occurrence, called improved naive Bayesian-CNN classification algorithm (INB-CNN classification algorithm). Firstly, we established a sandstorm prediction model based on the convolutional neural network algorithm, which considered atmospheric movement factors. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a deep neural network with convolution structure, which can automatically learn features from massive data. Then, we established a sandstorm prediction model based on the Naive Bayesian algorithm, which considered ground factors. Finally, we established a sandstorm prediction model based on the improved naive Bayesian-CNN classification algorithm. Experimental results showed that the prediction accuracy of the sandstorm prediction model based on INB-CNN classification algorithm is higher than that of others and the model can better reflect the law of sandstorm occurrence. This paper used two algorithms, naive Bayesian algorithm and CNN algorithm, to identify and diagnose the strength of sandstorm in Inner Mongolia and found that combining the two algorithms, INB-CNN classification algorithm had the greatest success in predicting the occurrence of sandstorms.
Performance Analysis of Grouped Multilevel Space-Time Trellis Coding Technique Using Cognitive Radio in Different Deployment Models
Authors: Chopra Shakti Raj , Gupta Akhil , Jha Rakesh Kumar
Published: December 2019

In this era, the number of users in a network is increasing tremendously at a faster rate; as a consequence, quality of service (QoS) is drastically deteriorating. To compensate such kinds of problems, we attempted to enhance the QoS of the network, which leads to an improvement in throughput, link quality, spectral efficiency, and many more. To meet the requirements mentioned above, many researchers intervene to advance and propose different techniques with an appropriate design methodology. In this work, we try to emphasize symbol error rate (SER) and frame error rate (FER) by implementing some of the existing space-time coding techniques like Space-Time Trellis Coding (STTC), multilevel space-time trellis coding (MLSTTC), and grouped multilevel space-time trellis coding (GMLSTTC). Though all these techniques are proved to be efficient enough, we explicitly included a powerful method of cooperative diversity-based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio scenario. From this analysis, we landed on to the conclusion that this technique is far better to deal with all these parameters, which can improve the QoS of the network. This paper has also analyzed the effect of the proposed model of GMLSTTC with cognitive radio on various deployment setups such as urban, suburban, and rural macrodeployment setup of the ITU-R M.2135 standard.
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Progression after Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy in Glaucoma Patients
Authors: Hirooka Kazuyuki , Ukegawa Kaori , Nitta Eri , Ueda Nobufumi , Hayashida Yushi , Hirama Hiromi , Taoka Rikiya , Sakura Yuma , Yamasaki Mari , Tsunemori Hiroyuki , Sugimoto Mikio , Kiuchi Yoshiaki
Published: December 2019

Purpose. To investigate the effect of the steep Trendelenburg position surgical procedure on the retinal structure and function during robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) in glaucoma patients. Methods. At 1 month and 1 day before and at 1 and 2 months after the RALP operation, 10 glaucoma patients underwent standard automated perimetry and optical coherence tomography. After placing patients in a supine position, intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured at 5 min after intubation under general anesthesia (T1), at 5 discrete time points (5, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min; T2-6) and at 5 min after returning to a horizontal supine position (T7). The Guided Progression Analysis software program was used to assess serial retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses and visual field progression. Results. Eight additional patients were newly diagnosed in addition to the two previous glaucoma patients. Average IOP (mmHg) at each time point was as follows: T1 = 11.2 ± 3.8, T2 = 19.0 ± 4.4, T3 = 23.3 ± 6.3, T4 = 25.1 ± 4.3, T5 = 25.5 ± 5.1, T6 = 28.3 ± 4.8, and T7 = 22.6 ± 5.4. IOP significantly increased during RALP. RNFL thickness progressed in two eyes of two patients after the surgery, even though there was no progression of the visual field. Conclusions. Two eyes of two patients exhibited significant RNFL thickness progression. Since an increased IOP during the surgery was the probable cause of the changes, ophthalmologic examinations should be performed before and after RALP, especially in glaucoma patients.
Evaluation of Undrained Bearing Capacities of Wide‐Shallow Bucket Foundation with Honeycomb Bulkheads in Clay
Authors: Wang Qingshan , Han Xun , Guan Yunfei , Cao Yongyong , Li Wenxuan
Published: December 2019

As a new type of offshore wind foundation, the wide‐shallow bucket foundation with honeycomb bulkheads mainly bears vertical, horizontal, and moment loads. As yet, no systematic study has been conducted regarding the effects of honeycomb bulkheads on the undrained bearing capacities of the wide‐shallow bucket foundation. In this study, a large number of three‐dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) analyses were performed to investigate the undrained bearing capacities of the wide‐shallow bucket foundations with and without honeycomb bulkheads, thereby evaluating the influence of honeycomb bulkheads on the bearing capacities under different conditions. The results show that under uniaxial loading, the uniaxial bearing capacities of the wide‐shallow bucket foundation are basically unaffected by the honeycomb bulkheads in homogeneous clay. For nonhomogeneous clay, the moment bearing capacity will be considerably enhanced with the increase in soil shear strength heterogeneity. Under combined loading, the honeycomb bulkheads will enhance the combined bearing capacities only in nonhomogeneous clay. The enhancement effects will increase with the increase in soil shear strength heterogeneity but decrease with the increase in vertical load. Besides, the simplified equations for calculating the uniaxial bearing capacities of the wide‐shallow bucket foundation with honeycomb bulkheads are also proposed considering the influence of embedment ratio and soil shear strength heterogeneity. At last, the parameters of an approximating expression are fitted to predict the failure envelopes of this foundation under combined loading.
TBK1 Is a Synthetic Lethal Target in Cancer with VHL Loss
Authors: Hu Lianxin , Xie Haibiao , Liu Xijuan , Potjewyd Frances , James Lindsey I. , Wilkerson Emily M. , Herring Laura E. , Xie Ling , Chen Xian , Cabrera Johnny Castillo , Hong Kai , Liao Chengheng , Tan Xianming , Baldwin Albert S. , Gong Kan , Zhang Qing
Published: December 2019

TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is an important kinase involved in the innate immune response. Here we discover that TBK1 is hyperactivated by von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) loss or hypoxia in cancer cells. Tumors from patients with kidney cancer with VHL loss display elevated TBK1 phosphorylation. Loss of TBK1 via genetic ablation, pharmacologic inhibition, or a new cereblon-based proteolysis targeting chimera specifically inhibits VHL-deficient kidney cancer cell growth, while leaving VHL wild-type cells intact. TBK1 depletion also significantly blunts kidney tumorigenesis in an orthotopic xenograft model in vivo. Mechanistically, TBK1 hydroxylation on Proline 48 triggers VHL as well as the phosphatase PPM1B binding that leads to decreased TBK1 phosphorylation. We identify that TBK1 phosphorylates p62/SQSTM1 on Ser366, which is essential for p62 stability and kidney cancer cell proliferation. Our results establish that TBK1, distinct from its role in innate immune signaling, is a synthetic lethal target in cancer with VHL loss.

Significance:

The mechanisms that lead to TBK1 activation in cancer and whether this activation is connected to its role in innate immunity remain unclear. Here, we discover that TBK1, distinct from its role in innate immunity, is activated by VHL loss or hypoxia in cancer.

See related commentary by Bakouny and Barbie, p. 348.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 327
Lack of Standardization in Commercial Thickeners Used in the Management of Dysphagia
Authors: Machado Alessandra Salles , Lenz Dominik , de Souza Rafael dos Santos , Eugênio Rebeca Muniz , de Andrade Tadeu Uggere , Pereira Tiago Costa , Endringer Denise Coutinho
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Oral feeding safety is necessary to provide nutrition, hydration, and eating pleasure for patients with dysphagia. Commercial thickeners are prescribed for these patients to change food viscosity and may alter the proper preparation of modified food. Objective: Analyze composition, employed terminology, preparation instructions, recommended amount and weight of provided measuring spoons, nutritional information, and viscosity of 7 commercial thickeners. Methods: The sample comprised all thickeners from different brands available in Brazil, named A to G. Products were submitted to viscosity analysis using viscometer and the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) test. Samples were prepared with mineral water (25°C) and with the amount of thickener recommended to obtain intermediate viscosity (level 2) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: Products B, C, and E presented similar composition. Manufacturer’s information about the amount and preparation procedure, time, temperature, and base liquid was incomplete. Viscosity tests revealed that thickener C was basically solid while D displayed results out of the desired viscosity level. Conclusions: The study showed differences in components and viscosity, beyond the lack of label details. There was no established correlation between viscosity classifications provided by National Dysphagia Diet and IDDSI.
A Comparison of Excessive Drinking, Binge Drinking and Alcohol Dependence in Ethnic Minority Groups in the Netherlands: The HELIUS Study
Authors: van Amsterdam Jan G.C. , Benschop Annemieke , van Binnendijk Simone , Snijder Marieke B. , Lok Anja , Schene Aart H. , Derks Eske M. , van den Brink Wim
Published: December 2019

Background: The Dutch multi-ethnic Healthy Life in an Urban Setting study recently showed that alcohol consumption was lower in ethnic minority groups than those of Dutch origin, but that binge drinking in drinkers of Turkish and Moroccan origin was relatively high. The aim of the current study is to examine factors that may contribute to the differences in drinking patterns and how they relate to the relationship between drinking patterns and alcohol dependence (AD) across ethnic groups. Methods: The rate of last year alcohol use, alcohol use patterns and AD was assessed in 4,635 Dutch, 4,317 Moroccan, 4,036 Turkish, 2,459 Ghanaian, 4,426 African Surinamese and 3,357 South-Asian Surinamese participants (both men and women) born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Results: Compared to the Dutch, the prevalence of (regular) drinking is substantially lower in all ethnic minority groups and regular drinkers among most ethnic minority groups have a lower adjusted risk to develop binge drinking and AD than the Dutch. For the prevalence of regular drinking, the ethnic differences are bigger than for the prevalence of current drinking. However, regular drinkers of Moroccan origin have a risk similar to the Dutch to develop binge drinking and AD; a finding that could not be explained by group differences in age, sex, religiosity, perceived discrimination, depression or guilt feelings about drinking. Discussion: The prevalence data show that current drinking is lower and that regular drinking is much lower in ethnic minorities and – with the exception of those of Moroccan origin – ethnic minority regular drinkers also have a significant lower risk to develop binge drinking or AD than regular drinkers of Dutch origin. This implies that the magnitude of problematic alcohol use is substantially smaller in ethnic minorities than in the ethnic Dutch population of Amsterdam. Unfortunately, no explanation was found for the special risk situation of regular drinkers of Moroccan origin.
Increased Mortality and Vascular Phenotype in a Knock-In Mouse Model of Retinal Vasculopathy With Cerebral Leukoencephalopathy and Systemic Manifestations
Authors: Mulder Inge A. , Rubio-Beltran Eloísa , Ibrahimi Khatera , Dzyubachyk Oleh , Khmelinskii Artem , Hoehn Mathias , Terwindt Gisela M. , Wermer Marieke J.H. , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette , van den Maagdenberg Arn M.J.M
Published: December 2019

Background and Purpose—

Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations (RVCL-S) is an autosomal dominant small vessel disease caused by C-terminal frameshift mutations in the
TREX1
gene that encodes the major mammalian 3′ to 5′ DNA exonuclease. RVCL-S is characterized by vasculopathy, especially in densely vascularized organs, progressive retinopathy, cerebral microvascular disease, white matter lesions, and migraine, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.

Methods—

Homozygous transgenic RVCL-S knock-in mice expressing a truncated Trex1 (three prime repair exonuclease 1) protein (similar to what is seen in patients) and wild-type littermates, of various age groups, were subjected to (1) a survival analysis, (2) in vivo postocclusive reactive hyperemia and ex vivo Mulvany myograph studies to characterize the microvascular and macrovascular reactivity, and (3) experimental stroke after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion with neurological deficit assessment.

Results—

The mutant mice show increased mortality starting at midlife (
P
=0.03 with hazard ratio, 3.14 [95% CI, 1.05–9.39]). The mutants also show a vascular phenotype as evidenced by attenuated postocclusive reactive hyperemia responses (across all age groups; F[1, 65]=5.7,
P
=0.02) and lower acetylcholine-induced relaxations in aortae (in 20- to 24-month-old mice; RVCL-S knock-in: E
max
: 37±8% versus WT: E
max
: 65±6%,
P
=0.01). A vascular phenotype is also suggested by the increased infarct volume seen in 12- to 14-month-old mutant mice at 24 hours after infarct onset (RVCL-S knock-in: 75.4±2.7 mm
3
versus WT: 52.9±5.6 mm
3
,
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—

Homozygous RVCL-S knock-in mice show increased mortality, signs of abnormal vascular function, and increased sensitivity to experimental stroke and can be instrumental to investigate the pathology seen in patients with RVCL-S.
An Audience for History? Review Essay of Kalle Pihlainen’s The Work of History
Authors: Roth Paul A.
Published: December 2019

Kalle Pihlainen’s book reworks seven essays published over the last dozen years. Pihlainen’s Preface and Hayden White’s Foreword articulate a cri de cœur. Both fear that something important has been missed. White’s Foreword somewhat cryptically characterizes Pihlainen’s book as “metacritical,” and locates Pihlainen in the role of being a “serious reader” for the community of theorists of history. What does it mean to be a “serious” reader? White never says. But following White’s hint, Pihlainen can be read as updating Marx’s conception of the task of unmasking sources of alienation by focusing on the reasons for the estrangement of histories from a wider audience. For him, “the core case is that the ‘historical’ (situated) nature of history itself needs to be acknowledged” (p. xiv). It remains unacknowledged so long as the source of meaning in history continues to be displaced. For even those who emphasize narrative form tend to talk as if meanings were imposed by some factor other than human intervention, as if form magically imbues content with significance. But this is one more symptom, if such is needed, of collective bad faith, a denial that only people make meaning. By taking disembodied literary forms as repositories of significance, responsibility for meaning is once again deflected or deferred. In this key regard, Pihlainen’s claim to place “decided emphasis on its [historical theory’s] ethical-political momentum” (p. xv) signals that the issues he intends to foreground are not epistemological or discursive. Pihlainen rightly suspects that all the talk of “narrativism” and “discourse” serves only to evade confronting the truly difficult moral and political challenges that writing represents. His various chapters identify these evasions and the challenges that remain.
Introductory Comments
Authors: Sujecka Jolanta
Published: December 2019

Introductory CommentsThe eighth issue of Colloquia Humanistica contains two thematic sections: the extensive Hierarchies and Boundaries. Structuring the Social in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean and a second, shorter section in the Discussions part of the volume, entitled Culture and Economy.This time in the Discussion. Presentations. Book Reviews segment, we offer readers as many as five reviews and also one presentation of an interesting series from the Faculty of Humanities at Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen (Bulgaria), Limes Slavicus. Uwagi wstępneÓsmy numer Colloquia Humanistica zawiera dwa bloki tematyczne, pierwszy obszerny, zatytułowany Hierarchies and Boundaries. Structuring the Social in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean i drugi krótszy umieszczony w dziale Discussions, noszący tytuł Culture and Economy.W dziale Discussion. Presentations. Book Reviews tym razem mamy do zaoferowania czytelnikowi aż pięć recenzji i jedną prezentację ciekawej serii wydawniczej the Faculty of Humanities at Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen (Bułgaria) Limes Slavicus.
Hierarchies and Boundaries. Structuring the Social in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean
Authors: Roman-Rawska Katarzyna , Rawski Tomasz
Published: December 2019

Hierarchies and Boundaries. Structuring the Social in Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanThe article is an introduction to the 8th issue of Colloquia Humanistica. It discusses the concepts of boundaries and hierarchies and their role in structuring the social reality of (semi)peripheral Eastern Europe. The text discusses, on the one hand, the relevance and validity of these concepts and, on the other, the possibility of a critical approach to them. Furthermore, the article reviews the most important ideas and concepts proposed by the authors who contributed to the issue. Hierarchie i granice. Strukturyzowanie tego, co społeczne w Europie Wschodniej i na Śródziemnomorzu Artykuł jest wprowadzeniem do 8 numeru czasopisma Colloquia Humanistica. Problematyzuje pojęcia hierarchii i granic oraz ich rolę w struktury zowaniu rzeczywistości społecznej (pół)peryferyjnej Europy Wschodniej. Tekst omawia, z jednej strony, kwestię aktualności i przydatności tychże pojęć, a z drugiej możliwość krytycznego podejścia do nich. Artykuł oferuje także przegląd najważniejszych myśli i koncepcji zaproponowanych przez autorów artykułów opublikowanych w numerze.
Soft Belarusization: (Re)building of Identity or “Border Reinforcement”
Authors: Posokhin Ivan
Published: December 2019

Soft Belarusization: (Re)building of Identity or “Border Reinforcement”The paper focuses on shifts in official discourse in Belarus since 2014, after the Ukrainian events, that are labelled “soft Belarusization”. This new approach can be interpreted as an attempt to support nationally oriented identity practices and as an attempt to establish more visible political and cultural boundaries between Belarus and the “Russian world”. Firstly, this paper elaborates on the specifics of Belarusian identity and presents the historical and political background of the ongoing events. Secondly, several manifestations of soft Belarusization processes are analysed, such as changes in Belarusian authorities’ rhetoric, their changing attitude towards Belarusian and unofficial state symbols and previously officially disregarded historical events and personalities, steps towards the creation of new symbols, and new relationships between official and “alternative” discourses. Мягкая белорусизация: возрождение идентичности или «укрепление границ»?В статье рассматриваются сдвиги, происходящие в официальном дискурсе в Беларуси после украинских событий 2014 г., получившие условное название «мягкая белорусизация». Данный подход может рассматриваться как попытка поддержать национально- ориентированные идентичностные практики, а также как попытка провести более заметные политические и культурные границы между Беларусью и «Русским Миром». В первую очередь в статье говорится о некоторых спецификах белорусской идентичности и представляется исторический и политический фон происходящих событий. Затем анализируются некоторые проявления «мягкой белорусизации»: изменение риторики официальных представителей республики; изменения в их отношении к белорусскому языку и неофициальным государственным символам, а также к историческим личностям и событиям, которые в недалеком прошлом обходились стороной; шаги по созданию новых символов; новые отношения между официальным и «альтернативным» дискурсом. Miękka białorutenizacja: (od)budowa tożsamości czy „wzmacnianie granic”?Artykuł poświęcony jest zmianom w oficjalnym dyskursie publicznym na Białorusi, jakie obserwować można po 2014 roku, czyli po wydarzeniach na ukraińskim Majdanie, określanych mianem „miękkiej białorutenizacji”. To nowe zjawisko może być interpretowane jako próba wspierania narodowo zorientowanych praktyk tożsamościowych, a także jako próba ustalenia bardziej widocznych granic politycznych i kulturowych między Białorusią a „światem rosyjskim” (russkij mir). Przede wszystkim w artykule mowa jest o specyfice tożsamości białoruskiej oraz o tle historycznym i politycznym aktualnych wydarzeń. W następnej kolejności analizowane są niektóre przejawy „miękkiej białorutenizacji”: zmiany w retoryce władz białoruskich, ich zmieniający się stosunek do języka białoruskiego i nieoficjalnych symboli państwowych, a także wcześniej negowanych wydarzeń i postaci historycznych oraz kroki podejmowane w kierunku tworzenia nowych symboli, a także budowania relacji między dyskursem oficjalnym a „alternatywnym”.
The Post-sephardic Belgrade Narrative: The Case of David Albahari
Authors: Todorić Gordana
Published: December 2019

The Post-sephardic Belgrade Narrative: The Case of David AlbahariThe paper attempts to establish a literary and historical continuity between the literary works of David Albahari and the pre-WWII Sephardic cultural context of Belgrade. The war and the Holocaust interrupted the natural development of this culture. The interruption in development caused by the Holocaust did not result in an effort to build bridges to the past, but rather to redefine basic identity codes, as is evident in Albahari’s oeuvre. This indicates the appearance of a new and qualitatively different status of cultural patterns, into which events preceding the catastrophe were integrated after the fact. Postsefardski narativ Beograda – slučaj Davida Albaharija U radu ćemo nastojati da uspostavimo književni i istorijski kontinuitet između sefardskog kulturnog konteksta koji je u Beogradu postojao pre Drugog svetskog rata i književnog dela Davida Albaharija. Prirodni razvoj sefardske kulture prekinuli su rat i Holokaust. Taj prekid u posleratnom periodu, u slučaju teritorije bivše Jugoslavije, nije rezultirao naporom da se kontinuitet reuspostavi, nego je doveo do procesa redefinisanja temeljnih identitetskih postavki, što je očigledno upravo u Albaharijevom delu. Ovo ukazuje na pojavu novog i kvalitativno različitog statusa kulturnih obrazaca, u odnosu na koje su se one pojave koje su prethodile katastrofi, post festum, saobražavale. Postsefardyjska narracja Belgradu – przypadek Davida AlbahariW artykule postaramy się ustanowić literacką i historyczną ciągłość między sefardyjskim kontekstem kulturowym, który istniał w Belgradzie przed II wojną światową, a literacką twórczością Davida Albahari. Naturalny rozwój kultury sefardyjskiej został przerwany przez wojnę i Holokaust. Przerwa w okresie powojennym, w przypadku terytorium byłej Jugosławii, nie zaowocowała próbami przywrócenia ciągłości rozwoju tej kultury, lecz uruchomiła proces redefiniowania podstawowych założeń tożsamościowych, co odzwierciedla właśnie twórczość Davida Albahari. Wskazuje ona na pojawienie się nowego, jakościowo odmiennego statusu wzorców kulturowych, w odniesieniu do których post festum wyrażano zjawiska poprzedzające katastrofę.