bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los retos del derecho del trabajo en el siglo XXI. Propuestas de cambio en una época de transición
Authors: Selma Penalva Alejandra
Published: February 2018

La situación laboral de un país, resulta un buen indicador práctico de su condición económica. Pero no solo eso. No se puede olvidar que las condiciones en las que se encuentre el mercado de trabajo condicionarán el nivel de recursos de los que disponga la Seguridad Social, y con ello, el futuro próximo de nuestro sistema de pensiones. De tal forma quizá sea el momento de emprender cierto tipo de reformas con el fin de incentivar la cotización y minimizar el fraude. En el presente trabajo se analizan con detenimiento los distintos problemas de los que actualmente adolece el mercado de trabajo español al tiempo que se plantean ciertas estrategias de reforma que podrían ayudar a mejorar la situación económica de la Seguridad Social.The employment situation of a country is an economic indicator, but not only that. We cannot forget that the current situation of the labour market will determine the level of resources available at Social Security, and with it, the future of our pension system. May be the time to undertake certain type of reforms to encourage the quote and minimize the fraud. This paper analyzes with detail different problems of which currently suffers Spanish laobur market to improve the economic situation of the Social Security.
Previsión antiterrorista para la reglamentación futura de los drones
Authors: Perruca Albadalejo Victoriano
Published: February 2018

Es el propósito de este estudio proponer un reglamento español sobre el régimen jurídico de los drones de pequeño tamaño con funciones de vigilancia y de seguridad en contextos tanto civiles como militares, previendo al respecto los lugares donde tales actividades puedan tener lugar, sus requisitos aeronáuticos y de responsabilidad civil derivada como consecuencia de tales vuelos no tripulados. Todo ello a la luz de una perspectiva propia de una eficaz lucha antiterrorista.In this study we are doing a spanish legal act about some little drones which they have security and vigilancy functions as in civil context as in military context. We can see the features of places when they could work and other requires as the civil responsability of these special flyes according to get a good antiterrorisim fight.
La autonomía universitaria en Ecuador tras una década de la Revolución Ciudadana
Authors: Eguiguren Eguiguren Carmen
Published: February 2018

En el presente artículo se expone el debate suscitado a propósito de la autonomía universitaria en Ecuador durante una década de administración gubernativa de la denominada Revolución Ciudadana (2006-2016). En el documento constan algunas nociones de autonomía universitaria y ciertos hechos históricos relevantes. Un breve análisis comparativo de legislaciones en países iberoamericanos, resulta en un notable colofón. Para poner en escena el debate generado a partir de lo que fuera el proyecto de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior emitida en el año 2010, se toman en cuenta los pronunciamientos oficiales y los del sector universitario, representando para el efecto, por rectores universitarios y académicos.This article discusses the debate around university autonomy during Ecuador during a decade of government administration of the so-called «Civic Revolution»1 (2006-2016). The document contains some notions of university autonomy and certain relevant historical facts. A brief comparative analysis of legislation of several Ibero-American countries results in a remarkable conclusion. To put on the stage the debate generated from what was the draft of «Organic Law of Higher Education»2 issued in 2010, official pronouncements and university members’ assertions, enacted by university principals and scholars are taken into account.
¿Ciudadanos, soplones y príncipes clementes en una sociedad democrática?
Authors: Ordóñez Solís David
Published: February 2018

La denuncia de ilegalidades o whistle-blowing está siendo utilizada por las sociedades democráticas para mejorar la eficacia de determinadas políticas públicas. No obstante, cultural y jurídicamente esta actuación supone serios problemas hasta el punto de que su traducción del inglés no es fácil a la mayoría de idiomas, como ocurre con el español. Desde no hace mucho tiempo el legislador y los jueces de los países más desarrollados de la OCDE están elaborando un estatuto jurídico del whistle-blower, que lo proteja frente a eventuales represalias, por ejemplo en su entorno laboral. Asimismo, la política de clemencia frente a los infractores que denuncian a otros ofrece una perspectiva en este ámbito y se está aplicando de manera significativa en el derecho de la competencia y en la regulación de los mercados financieros. En España, a pesar de los escándalos por la corrupción, la introducción de estos procedimientos se hace de manera muy tímida y solo ha logrado calar a través de la recepción del derecho de la Unión Europea y mediante alguna reforma del procedimiento administrativo.Whistle-blowing is a procedure used in democratic societies in order to improve the effectiveness of some specific public policies. However, culturally and legally this action raises problems, notably its translation in so far as there are no neutral equivalents of this English term into most of the languages, i.e. Spanish. Recently, law-makers and judges in the most OEDC developed countries are establishing new rules that protect whistle-blowers’ activity from reprisals, notably at work. Moreover, leniency policy regarding infringers has been developed properly in competition law and in financial services rules. In Spain, although the scandals due to the corruption, these legal remedies have been scarcely introduced through the implementation of the European Union’s law and by the recent legislative reform on administrative procedure.
Introducción al monográfico sobre estructura y políticas públicas en el mercado de transporte aéreo
Authors: Coto Millán Pablo , Sainz González Rubén
Published: February 2018

---
Salvador e Olinda nos emblemas urbanos do Thesaurus Philo-Politicus de Daniel Meisner e Eberhard Kieser
Authors: Amaral Jr. Rubem
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT: This article examines the emblems dedicated to Salvador (Bahia) and Olinda (Pernambuco) by Daniel Meisner and Eberhard Kieser in their singular book of urban emblems Thesaurus Philo-Politicus. Das ist: Politisches Schatzkästlein, first published in Frankfort on the Main between 1623 and 1631. Those Brazilian cities, together with Cuzco in Peru, were the only ones in America among the 830 plates included in the work. I describe the respective inserted emblematic picturae, with transcriptions and translations of the German and Latin inscriptiones, subscriptiones and explicit, and I attempt to interpret them and identify the sources of the views.

KEYWORDS: Daniel Meisner; Eberhard Kieser; Urban Emblems; Thesaurus Philo-Politicus; Politisches Schatzkästlein; Salvador; Olinda.

RESUMEN: Este artículo pone en evidencia los emblemas dedicados a Salvador (Bahia) y Olinda (Pernambuco) por Daniel Meisner y Eberhard Kieser en su singular libro de emblemas urbanos Thesaurus Philo-Politicus. Das ist: Politisches Schatzkästlein, publicado por primera vez en Francfort del Meno entre 1623 y 1631. Esas ciudades brasileñas, juntamente con el Cuzco, en Perú, fueron las únicas de América entre las 830 estampas incluídas en la obra. Se hace una descripción de las respectivas picturae emblemáticas inseridas, con las transcripciones y traducciones de las inscriptiones, subscriptiones y explicit en alemán y latín, juntamente con intentos de su interpretación y la indicación de las fuentes de las vistas.

PALABRAS CLAVES: Daniel Meisner; Eberhard Kieser; emblemas urbanos; Thesaurus Philo-Politicus; Politisches Schatzkästlein; Salvador; Olinda.
Predicting New Zealand riverine fish reference assemblages
Authors: Canning Adam D
Published: February 2018

Biomonitoring is a common method to monitor environmental change in river ecosystems, a key advantage of biomonitoring over snap-shot physicochemical monitoring is that it provides a more stable, long-term. insight into change that is also effects-based. In New Zealand, the main biomonitoring method is a macroinvertebrate sensitivity scoring index, with little established methods available for biomonitoring of fish. This study models the contemporary distribution of common freshwater fish and then uses those models to predict freshwater fish assemblages for each river reach under reference conditions. Comparison of current fish assemblages with those predicted in reference conditions (as observed/expected ratios) may provide a suitable option for freshwater fish biomonitoring. Most of the fish communities throughout the central North Island and lower reaches show substantial deviation from the modelled reference community. Most of this deviation is explained by nutrient enrichment, followed by downstream barriers (i.e., dams) and loss of riparian vegetation. The presence of modelled introduced species had relatively little on the presence of the modelled native fish. The maps of observed/expected fish assemblage may provide a rapid way to identify potential restoration sites.
Fundamental differences
Authors: Gunning Peter W , Hardeman Edna C
Published: February 2018

The differences between β- and γ-actin are deeper than those between the amino acid sequences of these two proteins.
Assessing the difference of tolerance and phytoremediation potential in mercury contaminated soil of a non-food energy crop, Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke)
Authors: Lv Shiqi , Yang Bin , Kou Yixuan , Zeng Jun , Wang Ruixiong , Xiao Yumeng , Li Fencan , Lu Ying , Mu Yuwen , Zhao Changming
Published: February 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mercury stress on growth, photosynthesis and mercury accumulation in different cultivars of a non-food energy crop, Jerusalem artichoke, and to screen appropriate cultivars for their efficacy in the phytoremediation of mercury (Hg2+) contaminated soil. Cultivars LZJ033 (high above-ground biomass and nutrient content, and strongly sexual reproduction) and LZJ119 (a long period of vegetative growth) exhibited more tolerance to mercury stress than LZJ047 (the highest tuber yield and total sugar content). The lines LZJ119 and LZJ047 showed delays in emergence time of about four weeks, and LZJ047 exhibited the highest mortality rate, 85.19%, under treatment with 10 mg kg-1 mercury. The MDA (malondialdehyde) content increased whereas and the Pn (net photosynthetic rate), Fv∕Fm (the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry) and chlorophyll content decreased in response to mercury stress. The stem diameter, stem biomass and photosynthetic rate of Jerusalem artichoke showed some modest increases in response to mercury stress and exhibited hormesis at least 1 mg kg-1 mercury treatment. Overall, LZJ119 produced more biomass under mercury stress, whereas LZJ033 exhibited a greater capacity for mercury bioaccumulation. Accordingly, LZJ119 may be a good candidate cultivar for use in cases of moderate—low mercury contamination, whereas LZJ033 may be a better candidate under conditions of high mercury contamination. When Jerusalem artichoke was cultivated in mercury contaminated soil, it not only removed the mercury from soil but also produced large amounts of tubers and shoots which could be used as feedstock for the production of bioethanol.
Chemical Sample Processing for Combined Selenium Isotope and Selenium‐Tellurium Elemental Investigation of the Earth's Igneous Reservoirs
Authors: Yierpan Aierken , König Stephan , Labidi Jabrane , Kurzawa Timon , Babechuk Michael G. , Schoenberg Ronny
Published: February 2018

The redox‐sensitive, chalcophile, and volatile Se stable isotope system offers new perspectives to investigate the origin and evolution of terrestrial volatiles and the roles of magmatic and recycling processes in the development of the redox contrast between Earth's reservoirs. Selenium isotope systematics become more robust in a well‐constrained petrogenetic context as can be inferred from Se‐Te elemental signatures of sulfides and igneous rocks. In this study, we present a high‐yield chemical sample processing method that allows the determination of Se‐Te concentrations and Se isotope composition from the same sample digest of silicate rocks by hydride generation isotope dilution (ID) quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and double spike (DS) multicollector (MC)‐ICP‐MS, respectively. Our procedure yields ∼80% Se‐Te recoveries with quantitative separation of relevant interfering elements such as Ge and HG‐buffering metals. Replicate analyses of selected international reference materials yield uncertainties better than 0.11‰ (2 s.d.) on δ82/76Se and 3% (r.s.d.) on Se concentration for DS MC‐ICP‐MS determinations for as low as ∼10 ng sample Se. The precision of Se‐Te concentration measurements by ID ICP‐MS is better than 3% and 5% (r.s.d.) for total amounts of ∼0.5–1 ng Se and ∼0.2–0.5 ng Te, respectively. The basaltic reference materials have variable Se‐Te contents, but their δ82/76Se values are rather uniform (on average 0.23 ± 0.14‰; 2 s.d.) and different from the chondritic value. This altogether provides the methodology and potential to extend the limited data set of coupled Se isotope and Se‐Te elemental systematics of samples relevant to study the terrestrial igneous inventory.
Generation Mechanism for Interlinked Flux Tubes on the Magnetopause
Authors: Farinas Perez G. , Cardoso F. R. , Sibeck D. , Gonzalez W. D. , Facskó G. , Coxon J. C. , Pembroke A. D.
Published: February 2018

We use a global magnetohydrodynamics simulation to analyze transient magnetic reconnection processes at the magnetopause. The solar wind conditions have been kept constant, and an interplanetary magnetic field with large duskward BY and southward BZ components has been imposed. Five flux transfer events (FTEs) with clear bipolar magnetic field signatures have been observed. We observed a peculiar structure defined as interlinked flux tubes (IFTs) in the first and fourth FTE, which had very different generation mechanisms. The first FTE originates as an IFTs and remains with this configuration until its final moment. However, the fourth FTE develops as a classical flux rope but changes its 3‐D magnetic configuration to that of IFTs. This work studies the mechanism for generating IFTs. The growth of the resistive tearing instability has been identified as the cause for the first IFTs formation. We believe that the instability has been triggered by the accumulation of interplanetary magnetic field at the subsolar point where the grid resolution is very high. The evidence shows that two new reconnection lines form northward and southward of the subsolar region. The IFTs have been generated with all the classical signatures of a single flux rope. The other IFTs detected in the fourth FTE developed as a result of magnetic reconnection inside its complex and twisted magnetic fields, which leads to a change in the magnetic configuration from a flux rope of twisted magnetic field lines to IFTs.
A Model‐Based Evaluation of the Inverse Gaussian Transit‐Time Distribution Method for Inferring Anthropogenic Carbon Storage in the Ocean
Authors: He Yan‐Chun , Tjiputra Jerry , Langehaug Helene R. , Jeansson Emil , Gao Yongqi , Schwinger Jörg , Olsen Are
Published: February 2018

The Inverse Gaussian approximation of transit time distribution method (IG‐TTD) is widely used to infer the anthropogenic carbon (Cant) concentration in the ocean from measurements of transient tracers such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Its accuracy relies on the validity of several assumptions, notably (i) a steady state ocean circulation, (ii) a prescribed age tracer saturation history, e.g., a constant 100% saturation, (iii) a prescribed constant degree of mixing in the ocean, (iv) a constant surface ocean air‐sea CO2 disequilibrium with time, and (v) that preformed alkalinity can be sufficiently estimated by salinity or salinity and temperature. Here, these assumptions are evaluated using simulated “model‐truth” of Cant. The results give the IG‐TTD method a range of uncertainty from 7.8% to 13.6% (11.4 Pg C to 19.8 Pg C) due to above assumptions, which is about half of the uncertainty derived in previous model studies. Assumptions (ii), (iv) and (iii) are the three largest sources of uncertainties, accounting for 5.5%, 3.8% and 3.0%, respectively, while assumptions (i) and (v) only contribute about 0.6% and 0.7%. Regionally, the Southern Ocean contributes the largest uncertainty, of 7.8%, while the North Atlantic contributes about 1.3%. Our findings demonstrate that spatial‐dependency of
, and temporal changes in tracer saturation and air‐sea CO2 disequilibrium have strong compensating effect on the estimated Cant. The values of these parameters should be quantified to reduce the uncertainty of IG‐TTD; this is increasingly important under a changing ocean climate.
A Study of Baroclinic Instability Induced Convergence Near the Bottom Using Water Age Simulations
Authors: Zhang Wenxia , Hetland Robert D.
Published: February 2018

Baroclinic instability of lateral density gradients gives way to lateral buoyancy transport, which often results in convergence of buoyancy transport. Along a sloping bottom, the induced convergence can force upward extension of bottom water. Eddy transport induced convergence at the bottom and the consequent suspended layers of bottom properties are investigated using a three‐dimensional idealized model. Motivated by the distinct characteristics of intrusions over the Texas‐Louisiana shelf, a series of configurations are performed with the purpose of identifying parameter impacts on the intensity of eddy transport. This study uses the “horizontal slope Burger number” as the predominant parameter; the parameter is functioned with
to identify formation of baroclinic instability, where S is the slope Burger number, δ is the slope parameter, and Ri is the Richardson number, previously shown to be the parameter that predicts the intensity of baroclinic instability on the shelf. Intrusion spreads into the interior abutting a layer that is characterized by degraded vertical stratification; a thickening in the bottom boundary layer colocates with the intrusion, which usually thins at either edge of the intrusion because of a density barrier in association with concentrated isopycnals. The intensity of convergence degrades and bottom tracer fluxes reduce linearly with increased SH on logarithmic scales, and the characteristics of bottom boundary layer behavior and the reversal in alongshore current tend to vanish.
Cramér‐Rao Lower Bounds for Joint Target Parameter Estimation in FM‐Based Distributed Passive Radar Network with Antenna Arrays
Authors: Shi C. G. , Wang F. , Salous S. , Zhou J. J.
Published: February 2018

To avoid the disadvantages of the active radar which utilizes its own transmitter to emit electromagnetic radiations, passive radars use the signals readily available in the environment and can provide superior capabilities of stealth target detection, low probability of intercept, low cost, and robustness. This paper investigates the joint target parameter (delay and Doppler) estimation performance for a frequency modulation (FM)‐based distributed passive radar network (DPRN) system with antenna arrays. The DPRN system consists of multiple FM‐based illuminators of opportunity and multiple radar receivers, which are placed on moving platforms. First, we consider the scenario where the target state parameters are unknown, the maximum likelihood estimator is developed, and the log‐likelihood ratio of the received signal for a complex Gaussian extended target is derived. Then, the Cramér‐Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) on the Cartesian coordinates of target position and velocity are computed for a DPRN system with MT FM‐based transmitters of Q antenna elements and MR multichannel receivers of P antenna elements. Finally, numerical examples demonstrate that grouping the receiving antenna elements into properly sized arrays can reduce estimation errors. It is also shown that the joint CRLB is a function of signal‐to‐noise ratio, the number of receiving antenna elements, the properties of the transmitted FM waveform, and the relative geometry between the target and the DPRN architecture. The analytically closed‐form expressions for CRLB are an important performance metric in that they enable the optimal placement of radar receivers to improve the target parameter estimation performance.
Does intensity modulation increase target dose calculation errors of conventional algorithms for lung SBRT?
Authors: Zheng Dandan , Verma Vivek , Wang Shuo , Liang Xiaoying , Zhou Sumin
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Conventional dose algorithms (Type A and Type B) for lung SBRT can display considerable target dose errors compared to Type‐C algorithms. Intensity‐modulated techniques (IMRT/VMAT) are increasingly being utilized for lung SBRT. Therefore, our study aimed to assess whether intensity modulation increased target dose calculation errors by conventional algorithms over conformal techniques.

Methods

Twenty lung SBRT patients were parallely planned with both IMRT and dynamic conformal arc (DCA) techniques using a Type‐A algorithm, and another 20 patients were parallely planned with IMRT, VMAT, and DCA using a Type‐B algorithm. All 100 plans were recalculated with Type‐C algorithms using identical beam and monitor unit settings, with the Type‐A/Type‐B algorithm dose errors defined using Type‐C recalculation as the ground truth. Target dose errors for PTV and GTV were calculated for a variety of dosimetric end points. Using Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests (p < 0.05 for statistical significance), target dose errors were compared between corresponding IMRT/VMAT and DCA plans for the two conventional algorithms. The levels of intensity modulation were also evaluated using the ratios of MUs in the IMRT/VMAT plans to those in the corresponding DCA plans. Linear regression was used to study the correlation between intensity modulation and relative dose error magnitudes.

Results

Overall, larger errors were found for the Type‐A algorithm than for the Type‐B algorithm. However, the IMRT/VMAT plans were not found to have statistically larger dose errors from their corresponding DCA plans. Linear regression did not identify a significant correlation between the intensity modulation level and the relative dose error.

Conclusion

Intensity modulation did not appear to increase target dose calculation errors for lung SBRT plans calculated with conventional algorithms.
RETRACTED: Bioreactors Based on Enzymes Encapsulated in Photoresponsive Transformable Nanotubes and Nanocoils End‐Capped with Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Kameta Naohiro , Manaka Yuichi , Akiyama Haruhisa , Shimizu Toshimi
Published: February 2018

Self‐assembly of asymmetric amphiphiles containing an azobenzene unit selectively produces molecular monolayer nanotubes, which can act as solid supports for enzymes without the use of chemical cross‐linkers. Encapsulation of enzymes in nanotube channels and continuous capping of both open ends with magnetic nanoparticles allow us to construct bioreactors. Transformation of the nanotubes to nanocoils induced by the trans‐to‐cis isomerization of the azobenzene unit upon UV‐light irradiation initiates catalysis due to the appearance of multiple narrow slits functioning as size‐exclusion pathways for penetration of substrates from bulk solution. Kinetic performance of encapsulated enzymes is similar to that of free enzymes. Magnetic nanoparticles are very useful for inhibiting the release of encapsulated enzymes and conferring magnetic properties to organic nanotubes and nanocoils. Simple recovery and separation with a magnet allow high reusability and recyclability of the bioreactors; in addition, nanotubes and nanocoils stabilize the encapsulated enzymes. The bioreactors work well even in the presence of proteases, which are able to eliminate the catalytic activity of enzymes in bulk solution.
Fe–Cu Nanocomposites by High Pressure Consolidation of Powders prepared by Electric Explosion of Wires
Authors: Lerner Marat I. , Psakhie Sergey G. , Lozhkomoev Aleksandr S. , Sharipova Aliya F. , Pervikov Alexander V. , Gotman Irena , Gutmanas Elazar Y.
Published: February 2018

In the present paper, preparation of nanocomposite powders of mutually immiscible Fe and Cu metals with different Fe‐to‐Cu ratios by electric explosion of wires and their processing into bulk materials are reported. Near‐fully dense nanocrystalline Fe–Cu specimens with high compressive and bending strengths are obtained by high pressure consolidation/cold sintering of the electrically exploded powders at 3 GPa. Reduction treatment in an H2‐flow prior to consolidation results in an intimate contact between the oxide free powder surfaces and in an excellent inter‐particle bonding integrity. The Cu‐rich composition exhibits an attractive combination of high strength and relatively low electrical resistivity.
Actuating Single Nano‐Oscillators with Light
Authors: Cormier Sean , Ding Tao , Turek Vladimir , Baumberg Jeremy J.
Published: February 2018

Thermoresponsive polymers can be used to rapidly actuate individual nanoparticles forming nanomechanical oscillators. Such systems are realized here with poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)‐coated gold nanoparticles deposited on gold films, which have a strong optical response that can be dynamically tracked. Changes in temperature surrounding the nanoparticles result in the contraction or expansion of the PNIPAM coating, thereby displacing the gold nanoparticles up and down on the gold mirror. Particle oscillation is optically monitored via the spectral position of the coupled plasmon modes, achieving sub‐millisecond translocation speeds when actuated by light via plasmonic heating. These fast nano‐oscillators can also generate forces exceeding 1 nN with efficiencies already exceeding 1%, which makes them ideal prototypes for nanomachines.
Analysis of Performance Instabilities of Hafnia‐Based Ferroelectrics Using Modulus Spectroscopy and Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Currents
Authors: Fengler Franz P. G. , Nigon Robin , Muralt Paul , Grimley Everett D. , Sang Xiahan , Sessi Violetta , Hentschel Rico , LeBeau James M. , Mikolajick Thomas , Schroeder Uwe
Published: February 2018

The discovery of the ferroelectric orthorhombic phase in doped hafnia films has sparked immense research efforts. Presently, a major obstacle for hafnia's use in high‐endurance memory applications like nonvolatile random‐access memories is its unstable ferroelectric response during field cycling. Different mechanisms are proposed to explain this instability including field‐induced phase change, electron trapping, and oxygen vacancy diffusion. However, none of these is able to fully explain the complete behavior and interdependencies of these phenomena. Up to now, no complete root cause for fatigue, wake‐up, and imprint effects is presented. In this study, the first evidence for the presence of singly and doubly positively charged oxygen vacancies in hafnia–zirconia films using thermally stimulated currents and impedance spectroscopy is presented. Moreover, it is shown that interaction of these defects with electrons at the interfaces to the electrodes may cause the observed instability of the ferroelectric performance.
2D Doping Layer for Flexible Transparent Conducting Graphene Electrodes with Low Sheet Resistance and High Stability
Authors: Seo Young‐Min , Cho Hye‐Jin , Jang Hyeon‐Sik , Jang Wonseok , Lim Jae‐Young , Jang Yamujin , Gu Taejun , Choi Jae‐Young , Whang Dongmok
Published: February 2018

Graphene, an ultrathin flexible material with high carrier mobility and transparency, is a promising candidate for flexible transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs). However, its resistance is too high for use as a TCE material by itself. Therefore, fabricating graphene with low sheet resistance and high stability is a significant challenge for practical applications of graphene TCEs. In this study, a 2D doping layer (DL) is proposed, which can stably dope graphene to develop a highly transparent graphene TCE with low sheet resistance. For this purpose, the 2D DL is prepared by immobilizing dopant molecules on transparent graphene oxide and simply stacking it with graphene enables efficient and stable charge transfer doping of the graphene. A TCE fabricated by alternately stacking the DL and graphene has a high optical transmittance of over 90% at a wavelength of 550 nm and a low sheet resistance of 50 Ω sq−1. Furthermore, the sheet resistance shows an excellent thermal and mechanical stability with a change of only about 2% in a bending test of 20 000 cycles or at a high temperature of 220 °C. This result shows that stacking graphene with stable 2D DL is a promising approach for graphene‐based next generation TCE.
Reactivity of the Sultam and Strained Alkyne Groups in 2‐Aminobenzenesulfonamide‐Containing Cyclononyne (ABSACN)
Authors: Kaneda Kyosuke , Naruse Risa , Yamamoto Syota , Satoh Teppei
Published: February 2018

2‐Aminobenzenesulfonamide‐containing cyclononyne (ABSACN), which is a heterocycle that contains a sultam and strained alkyne group within the same ring, exhibits remarkable chemical reactivity in processes such as pyrrole transformations, Pauson–Khand cyclizations, click reactions, and Mitsunobu condensations. Herein, we introduce the synthesis and reactions of ABSACN, which focus on the sultam and alkyne functional groups, and study the unique characterization of prepared ABSACN derivatives by NMR and X‐ray crystallographic analyses. This work could lead to the efficient production of pharmaceutically relevant multiheterocyclic systems by using sequential cycloaddition reactions. ABSACN can also serve as a potential template for multifunctional clickable alkyne reagents.
Isolation of an Eleven‐Atom Polydentate Carbon‐Chain Chelate Obtained by Cycloaddition of a Cyclic Osmium Carbyne with an Alkyne
Authors: Zhu Congqing , Zhu Jun , Zhou Xiaoxi , Zhu Qin , Yang Yuhui , Wen Ting Bin , Xia Haiping
Published: February 2018

Carbon ligands have long played an important role in organometallic chemistry. However, previous examples of all‐carbon chelating ligands are limited. Herein, we present a novel complex with an eleven‐atom carbon chain as a polydentate chelating ligand. This species was formed by the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction of two equivalents of an alkyne with an osmapentalyne that contains the smallest carbyne bond angle (127.9°) ever observed. Density functional calculations revealed that electron‐donating groups play a key role in the stabilization of this polydentate carbon‐chain chelate. This process is also the first [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction of an alkyne with a late‐transition‐metal carbyne complex. This study not only enriches the chemistry of polydentate carbon‐chain chelates, but also deepens our understanding of the chelating ability of carbon ligands.
Tuning a Protein‐Labeling Reaction to Achieve Highly Site Selective Lysine Conjugation
Authors: Pham Grace H. , Ou Weijia , Bursulaya Badry , DiDonato Michael , Herath Ananda , Jin Yunho , Hao Xueshi , Loren Jon , Spraggon Glen , Brock Ansgar , Uno Tetsuo , Geierstanger Bernhard H. , Cellitti Susan E.
Published: February 2018

Activated esters are widely used to label proteins at lysine side chains and N termini. These reagents are useful for labeling virtually any protein, but robust reactivity toward primary amines generally precludes site‐selective modification. In a unique case, fluorophenyl esters are shown to preferentially label human kappa antibodies at a single lysine (Lys188) within the light‐chain constant domain. Neighboring residues His189 and Asp151 contribute to the accelerated rate of labeling at Lys188 relative to the ≈40 other lysine sites. Enriched Lys188 labeling can be enhanced from 50–70 % to >95 % by any of these approaches: lowering reaction temperature, applying flow chemistry, or mutagenesis of specific residues in the surrounding protein environment. Our results demonstrated that activated esters with fluoro‐substituted aromatic leaving groups, including a fluoronaphthyl ester, can be generally useful reagents for site‐selective lysine labeling of antibodies and other immunoglobulin‐type proteins.
Stability of CoPx Electrocatalysts in Continuous and Interrupted Acidic Electrolysis of Water
Authors: Goryachev Andrey , Gao Lu , Zhang Yue , Rohling Roderigh Y. , Vervuurt René H. J. , Bol Ageeth A. , Hofmann Jan P. , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: February 2018

Cobalt phosphides are an emerging earth‐abundant alternative to platinum‐group‐metal‐based electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Yet, their stability is inferior to platinum and compromises the large‐scale applicability of CoPx in water electrolyzers. In the present study, we employed flat, thin CoPx electrodes prepared through the thermal phosphidation (PH3) of Co3O4 films made by plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition to evaluate their stability in acidic water electrolysis by using a multi‐technique approach. The films were found to be composed of two phases: CoP in the bulk and a P‐rich surface CoPx (P/Co>1). Their performance was evaluated in the HER and the exchange current density was determined to be j0=−8.9 ⋅ 10−5 A/cm2. The apparent activation energy of HER on CoPx (Ea=81±15 kJ/mol) was determined for the first time. Dissolution of the material in 0.5 M H2SO4 was observed, regardless of the constantly applied cathodic potential, pointing towards a chemical instead of an electrochemical origin of the observed cathodic instability. The current density and HER faradaic efficiency (FE) were found to be stable during chronoamperometric treatment, as the chemical composition of the HER‐active phase remained unchanged. On the contrary, a dynamic potential change performed in a repeated way facilitated dissolution of the film, yielding its complete degradation within 5 h. There, the FE was also found to be changing. An oxidative route of CoPx dissolution has also been proposed.
Mit Hologrammen den Molekülen auf der Spur
Authors: Jaumann Eva
Published: February 2018

Die neue Analysemethode „fokale Molografie“ für Biomoleküle in komplexen Proben hat das Potential, die medizinische Diagnostik einfacher und schneller zu machen. In der Erforschung biomolekularer Interaktionen verspricht sie neue Einblicke.
Effects of vulture exclusion on carrion consumption by facultative scavengers
Authors: Hill Jacob E. , DeVault Travis L. , Beasley James C. , Rhodes Olin E. , Belant Jerrold L.
Published: February 2018

Vultures provide an essential ecosystem service through removal of carrion, but globally, many populations are collapsing and several species are threatened with extinction. Widespread declines in vulture populations could increase the availability of carrion to other organisms, but the ways facultative scavengers might respond to this increase have not been thoroughly explored. We aimed to determine whether facultative scavengers increase carrion consumption in the absence of vulture competition and whether they are capable of functionally replacing vultures in the removal of carrion biomass from the landscape. We experimentally excluded 65 rabbit carcasses from vultures during daylight hours and placed an additional 65 carcasses that were accessible to vultures in forested habitat in South Carolina, USA during summer (June–August). We used motion‐activated cameras to compare carrion use by facultative scavenging species between the experimental and control carcasses. Scavenging by facultative scavengers did not increase in the absence of competition with vultures. We found no difference in scavenger presence between control carcasses and those from which vultures were excluded. Eighty percent of carcasses from which vultures were excluded were not scavenged by vertebrates, compared to 5% of carcasses that were accessible to vultures. At the end of the 7‐day trials, there was a 10.1‐fold increase in the number of experimental carcasses that were not fully scavenged compared to controls. Facultative scavengers did not functionally replace vultures during summer in our study. This finding may have been influenced by the time of the year in which the study took place, the duration of the trials, and the spacing of carcass sites. Our results suggest that under the warm and humid conditions of our study, facultative scavengers would not compensate for loss of vultures. Carcasses would persist longer in the environment and consumption of carrion would likely shift from vertebrates to decomposers. Such changes could have substantial implications for disease transmission, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem functioning.
High Fidelity Model for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Power Module Considering Internal Power Losses
Authors: Moore A. , Huang X. , Pai R. , Jiang J.
Published: February 2018

A high‐fidelity model has been developed in this paper to characterize a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power module. The uniqueness of this model is that it takes into account of the internal temperature of the stack and internal power consumptions by the auxiliary systems. To simplify the model representation, an equivalent circuit model is developed by using operating condition dependent fictitious circuit components. The parameters of these components are nonlinear functions of fuel cell operating conditions, most notably, the output power level and the stack temperature. The specific values of these parameters are determined through a series of experiments on a physical fuel cell power module. The data are then used to construct a nonlinear model to cover a wide fuel cell operating range. To validate the developed model, five characteristic features are used in the experiments. Comparing against the experimental results, it is shown that the developed model produces the minimal amount of errors in comparison with the theoretical model, and a previously developed model. When used to represent a physical fuel cell power source in practice, this model improves the quality of control system design and analysis.
Mobile device use when caring for children 0‐5 years: A naturalistic playground study
Authors: Mangan Elsa , Leavy Justine E. , Jancey Jonine
Published: February 2018

Issue addressed

Over the past decade, mobile device use has increased significantly. Adults are now using their mobile device whilst undertaking a range of work and social activities. This naturalistic study aimed to understand parents/carers’ use of mobile devices and their associated beliefs about mobile device use whilst caring for children aged five and younger in playgrounds.

Methods

A mixed methods approach was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from parents/carers. Data were collected by observations (n = 50) and interviews (n = 25) in playgrounds on the North Coast of New South Wales, Australia.

Results

Of the 50 observed parents/carers, 76% (n = 38) used their mobile device, with usage time extending to 17.2 minutes of the 20 minute observation period. Text‐/type‐related mobile device use was most often used (69.6%), followed by voice‐related (23.7%) and camera‐related mobile device use (6.7%). The 25 interviewed parents/carers beliefs on mobile device use were centred on three themes: diversity of mobile device use, child relationships and mobile device use and the physical environment and mobile device use.

Conclusion

This study adds to the limited research into parent/carer mobile device use, which has become an integral part of peoples’ lifestyle. However, research is required to better understand how parent/carer mobile device use may impact on child supervision and interaction.

So what?

Mobile device use is increasing. We need to better understand its public health impact.
Use of the purple line to diagnose cervical dilatation and fetal head station during labor
Authors: Nunes Rodrigo D. , Locatelli Paula , Traebert Jefferson
Published: February 2018

Purple line had high incidence but was not suitable for diagnosing cervical dilatation and fetal head station owing to low accuracy.
Circuit covers of cubic signed graphs
Authors: Wu Yezhou , Ye Dong
Published: February 2018

A signed graph, denoted by , is a graph G associated with a mapping . A cycle of is a connected 2‐regular subgraph. A cycle C is positive if it has an even number of negative edges, and negative otherwise. A signed‐circuit of a signed graph is a positive cycle or a barbell consisting of two edge‐disjoint negative cycles joined by a path. The definition of a signed‐circuit of signed graph comes from the signed‐graphic matroid. A signed‐circuit cover of is a family of signed‐circuits covering all edges of . A signed‐circuit cover with the smallest total length is called a shortest signed‐circuit cover of and its length is denoted by . Bouchet proved that a signed graph has a signed‐circuit cover if and only if it is flow‐admissible (i.e., has a nowhere‐zero integer flow). In this article, we show that a 3‐connected flow‐admissible signed graph does not necessarily have a signed‐circuit double cover. For shortest signed‐circuit cover of 2‐edge‐connected cubic signed graphs , we show that if it is flow‐admissible.
Synthesis of Indolo[3,2‐b]carbazoles via an Anomeric‐Based Oxidation Process: A Combined Experimental and Computational Strategy
Authors: Zolfigol M. A. , Khazaei A. , Karimitabar F. , Hamidi M. , Maleki F. , Aghabarari B. , Sefat F. , Mozafari M.
Published: February 2018

Indolo[3,2‐b]carbazole is a molecule of great biological significance, as it is formed in vivo after consumption of cruciferous vegetables. The reaction of 1H‐indole and various aldehydes in the presence of a catalytic amount of N,2‐dibromo‐6‐chloro‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine‐7‐sulfonamide 1,1‐dioxide as an efficient and homogeneous catalyst in acetonitrile at 50°C produces 6,12‐disubstituted 5,7‐dihydroindolo[2,3‐b]carbazole with an in good to excellent yield. The presented technique offers a fast and robust method, by the use of inexpensive commercially available starting materials toward 6,12‐disubstituted 5,7‐dihydroindolo[2,3‐b]carbazole. A new anomeric‐based oxidation was kept in mind for the final step of the indolo[2,3‐b]carbazoles synthesis. The suggested anomeric‐based oxidation mechanism was supported by experimental and theoretical evidences.
Synthesis of molecularly imprinted dye‐silica nanocomposites with high selectivity and sensitivity: Fluorescent imprinted sensor for rapid and efficient detection of τ‐fluvalinate in vodka
Authors: Wang Yunyun , Wang Jixiang , Cheng Rujia , Sun Lin , Dai Xiaohui , Yan Yongsheng
Published: February 2018

An imprinted fluorescent sensor was fabricated based on SiO2 nanoparticles encapsulated with a molecularly imprinted polymer containing allyl fluorescein. High fluorine cypermethirin as template molecules, methyl methacrylate as functional monomer, and allyl fluorescein as optical materials synthesized a core‐shell fluorescent molecular imprinted sensor, which showed a high and rapid sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of τ‐fluvalinate. The sensor presented appreciable sensitivity with a limit of 13.251 nM, rapid detection that reached to equilibrium within 3 min, great linear relationship in the relevant concentration range from 0 to 150 nM, and excellent selectivity over structural analogues. In addition, the fluorescent sensor demonstrated desirable regeneration ability (eight cycling operations). The molecularly imprinted polymers ensured specificity, while the fluorescent dyes provided the stabile sensitivity. Finally, an effective application of the sensor was implemented by the detection of τ‐fluvalinate in real samples from vodka. The molecularly imprinted fluorescent sensor showed a promising potential in environmental monitoring and food safety.
Interactions between sunlight and microorganisms influence dissolved organic matter degradation along the aquatic continuum
Authors: Cory Rose M. , Kling George W.
Published: February 2018

CO2 emissions from inland surface waters to the atmosphere are almost as large as the net carbon transfer from the atmosphere to Earth's land surface. This large flux is supported by dissolved organic matter (DOM) from land and its complete oxidation to CO2 in freshwaters. A critical nexus in the global carbon cycle is the fate of DOM, either complete or partial oxidation. Interactions between sunlight and microbes control DOM degradation, but the relative importance of photodegradation vs. degradation by microbes is poorly known. The knowledge gaps required to advance understanding of key interactions between photochemistry and biology influencing DOM degradation include: (1) the efficiencies and products of DOM photodegradation, (2) how do photo‐products control microbial metabolism of photo‐altered DOM and on what time scales, and (3) how do water and DOM residence times and light exposure interact to determine the fate of DOM moving across the landscape to oceans?
Vanille‐Mandel‐Aroma aus Bakterien
Authors: Sauer Susanne
Published: February 2018

Darüber, ob man das Vanille‐Mandel‐Aroma Piperonal auf natürliche Weise herstellen kann, entbrannte im Jahr 2013 ein Streit zwischen dem Schokoladenhersteller Ritter Sport und der Stiftung Warentest. Jetzt haben Forscher aus Österreich ein biotechnisches Verfahren vorgestellt, mit dem das möglich sein soll.
Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe als Kontaminanten in der Lebensmittelkette
Authors: Kaltner Florian , Gottschalk Christoph , Gareis Manfred
Published: February 2018

Pyrrolizidinalkaloide stehen im Verdacht, Krebs zu erzeugen, und sind immer wieder in Tees oder Honig nachweisbar. Die problematische Analytik der Substanzen und ihr zum Teil ungeklärtes Verhalten in Lebens‐ und Futtermitteln machen eine Risikoeinschätzung schwierig.
Multi‐compartmental diffusion characterization of the human cervical spinal cord in vivo using the spherical mean technique
Authors: By Samantha , Xu Junzhong , Box Bailey A. , Bagnato Francesca R. , Smith Seth A.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of the spherical mean technique (SMT), a multi‐compartmental diffusion model, in the spinal cord of healthy controls, and to assess its ability to improve spinal cord characterization in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients at 3 T. SMT was applied in the cervical spinal cord of eight controls and six relapsing‐remitting MS patients. SMT provides an elegant framework to model the apparent axonal volume fraction vax, intrinsic diffusivity Dax, and extra‐axonal transverse diffusivity Dex_perp (which is estimated as a function of vax and Dax) without confounds related to complex fiber orientation distribution that reside in diffusion MRI modeling. SMT's reproducibility was assessed with two different scans within a month, and SMT‐derived indices in healthy and MS cohorts were compared. The influence of acquisition scheme on SMT was also evaluated. SMT's vax, Dax, and Dex_perp measurements all showed high reproducibility. A decrease in vax was observed at the site of lesions and normal appearing white matter (p < 0.05), and trends towards a decreased Dax and increased Dex_perp were seen. Importantly, a twofold reduction in acquisition yielded similarly high accuracy with SMT. SMT provides a fast, reproducible, and accurate method to improve characterization of the cervical spinal cord, and may have clinical potential for MS patients.