bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regularity of a Parabolic Differential Equation on Graphs
Authors: Žugec Bojan
Published: October 2023

In this paper, motivated by a biodegradable stent problem, we consider a parabolic differential equation on graphs. This kind of equation describes the stent material degradation in time. Since stents are mesh-like structures with thin struts, they can be modelled using a simple structure called the one-dimensional curved rod model. In this way, we obtain a graph-like domain for our parabolic equation. Here, we prove the regularity estimate for the unique solution of the equation, together with corresponding estimates.
Mathematical Model Predicting the Kinetics of Intracellular LCMV Replication
Authors: Sergeeva Julia , Grebennikov Dmitry , Casella Valentina , Cebollada Rica Paula , Meyerhans Andreas , Bocharov Gennady
Published: October 2023

The lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a non-cytopathic virus broadly used in fundamental immunology as a mouse model for acute and chronic virus infections. LCMV remains a cause of meningitis in humans, in particular the fatal LCMV infection in organ transplant recipients, which highlights the pathogenic potential and clinical significance of this neglected human pathogen. Paradoxically, the kinetics of the LCMV intracellular life cycle has not been investigated in detail. In this study, we formulate and calibrate a mathematical model predicting the kinetics of biochemical processes, including the transcription, translation, and degradation of molecular components of LCMV underlying its replication in infected cells. The model is used to study the sensitivity of the virus growth, providing a clear ranking of intracellular virus replication processes with respect to their contribution to net viral production. The stochastic formulation of the model enables the quantification of the variability characteristics in viral production, probability of productive infection and secretion of protein-deficient viral particles. As it is recognized that antiviral therapeutic options in human LCMV infection are currently limited, our results suggest potential targets for antiviral therapies. The model provides a currently missing building module for developing multi-scale mathematical models of LCMV infection in mice.
On the Fractional Derivative Duality in Some Transforms
Authors: Ortigueira Manuel Duarte , Bengochea Gabriel
Published: October 2023

Duality is one of the most interesting properties of the Laplace and Fourier transforms associated with the integer-order derivative. Here, we will generalize it for fractional derivatives and extend the results to the Mellin, Z and discrete-time Fourier transforms. The scale and nabla derivatives are used. Some consequences are described.
Chitosan-Based Sustained Expression of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1a Stimulates Hepatic Glucose Oxidation and Growth in Sparus aurata
Authors: Rashidpour Ania , Wu Yuanbing , Almajano María Pilar , Fàbregas Anna , Metón Isidoro
Published: October 2023

The administration of a single dose of chitosan nanoparticles driving the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1a (SREBP1a) was recently associated with the enhanced conversion of carbohydrates into lipids. To address the effects of the long-lasting expression of SREBP1a on the growth and liver intermediary metabolism of carnivorous fish, chitosan-tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles complexed with a plasmid expressing the N terminal active domain of hamster SREBP1a (pSG5-SREBP1a) were injected intraperitoneally every 4 weeks (three doses in total) to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed high-protein–low-carbohydrate and low-protein–high-carbohydrate diets. Following 70 days of treatment, chitosan-TPP-pSG5-SREBP1a nanoparticles led to the sustained upregulation of SREBP1a in the liver of S. aurata. Independently of the diet, SREBP1a overexpression significantly increased their weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio but decreased their feed conversion ratio. In agreement with an improved conversion of dietary carbohydrates into lipids, SREBP1a expression increased serum triglycerides and cholesterol as well as hepatic glucose oxidation via glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, while not affecting gluconeogenesis and transamination. Our findings support that the periodical administration of chitosan-TPP-DNA nanoparticles to overexpress SREBP1a in the liver enhanced the growth performance of S. aurata through a mechanism that enabled protein sparing by enhancing dietary carbohydrate metabolisation.
Enhancing Palladium Recovery Rates in Industrial Residual Solutions through Electrodialysis
Authors: Zimmermann Pauline , Tekinalp Önder , Wilhelmsen Øivind , Deng Liyuan , Burheim Odne Stokke
Published: October 2023

Palladium is a vital commodity in the industry. To guarantee a stable supply in the future, it is imperative to adopt more effective recycling practices. In this proof-of-concept study, we explore the potential of electrodialysis to enhance the palladium concentration in a residual solution of palladium recycling, thus promoting higher recovery rates. Experiments were conducted using an industrial hydrochloric acid solution containing around 1000 mg/L of palladium, with a pH below 1. Two sets of membranes, Selemion AMVN/CMVN and Fujifilm Type 12 AEM/CEM, were tested at two current levels. The Fujifilm membranes, which are designed for low permeability of water, show promising results, recovering around 40% of palladium within a two-hour timeframe. The Selemion membranes were inefficient due to excessive water transport. All membranes accumulated palladium in their structures. Anion-exchange membranes showed higher palladium accumulation at lower currents, while cation-exchange membranes exhibited increased palladium accumulation at higher currents. Owing to the low concentration of palladium and the presence of abundant competing ions, the current efficiency remained below 2%. Our findings indicate a strong potential for augmenting the palladium stage in industrial draw solutions through electrodialysis, emphasizing the importance of membrane properties and process parameters to ensure a viable process. Beyond the prominent criteria of high permselectivity and low resistance, minimizing the permeability of water within IEMs remains a key challenge to mitigating the efficiency loss associated with uncontrolled mixing of the electrolyte solution.
Obtaining Electrospun Membranes of Chitosan/PVA and TiO2 as a Solid Polymer Electrolyte with Potential Application in Ion Exchange Membranes
Authors: Gómez Elio Enrique Ruiz , Hernandez Jose Herminsul Mina
Published: October 2023

A binary polymeric blend was prepared using chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at a ratio of 80:20, respectively, to obtain a solid polymeric electrolyte with possible application for the generation of an electric current in proton or anion exchange electrochemical cells. With a 6% m/m solution, a membrane was formed using the electrospinning technique, and the influence of the incorporation of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, at a concentration between 1000 and 50,000 ppm, on the physicochemical properties of the material was evaluated. The micrographs obtained by SEM revealed that the diameter of the nanofibers was close to 100 nm. Likewise, it was found that the incorporation of the nanoparticles affected the moisture absorption of the material, reaching a predominantly hydrophobic behavior in the composite with the highest concentrations of these (2% absorption), while for the lowest content of the filler, the absorption reached values close to 13%. On the other hand, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) showed lower dehydration in the fibrous composite with a 1000 ppm TiO2 content, while Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that these nanoparticles did not significantly affect the thermal transition (Tm) of the composite. Additionally, with the incorporation of nanoparticles, a shift in the Tg from 44 to 37 °C was found concerning the unfilled binary membrane, which increased the possibility of achieving higher ionic conductivities with the nanocomposites at room temperature. Complex Impedance Spectroscopy determined the material’s activation energy, decreasing this by adding the TiO2 filler at a concentration of 1000 ppm. On the other hand, when the membranes were doped with a 1 M KOH solution, the fibrous structure of the membrane changed to a porous cork-like configuration. In future research, the electrospun membrane could be used in the development of a composite to validate the energy efficiency of the new solid polymer electrolyte.
Effects of Current Density and Bath Temperature on the Morphological and Anticorrosive Properties of Zn-Ni Alloys
Authors: Costa Josiane D. , Almeida Arthur F. , Santana Renato A. C. , Campos Ana R. N. , Oliveira José A. M. , Alves José J. N. , Santos Tiago F. A. , Silva Antônio A. , Prasad Shiva , Silva Paulo C. S. , Souza Evelyn L. S. , Delgado João M. P. Q. , Lima Antonio G. B.
Published: October 2023

The effect of current density and bath temperature in the electroplating process on resistance to corrosion of Zn-Ni alloys was evaluated in this work. The electrolytic bath consisted of nickel sulfate, zinc sulfate, sodium sulfate, boric acid, and sodium citrate at pH 7.0. The current density was varied in the range 20–80 mA/cm2 and the bath temperature in the range 30–60 °C. Increasing, independently, the current density or the bath temperature increased the nickel content in the obtained alloy, which affected the alloy microstructure, with a predominant γ phase and cauliflower-like morphology. The nickel content in the alloys was in the range 20–42%wt. A synergistic effect between the current density and bath temperature was observed from a design of experiments and response surface models. The maximum resistance to corrosion occurred for the alloy containing 42%wt. nickel. This alloy was obtained at upper levels of current density and bath temperature, presenting a corrosion potential of −0.789 V and polarization resistance of 4136 Ω.cm2.
Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of a TiB-Reinforced Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V Matrix Composite
Authors: Ozerov Maxim , Stepanov Nikita , Sokolovsky Vitaly , Astakhov Ilya , Klimova Margarita , Galtsev Alexander , Huang Lujun , Zherebtsov Sergey
Published: October 2023

A Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V/TiB metal-matrix composite with 10.0 vol.% of TiB reinforcing fibers was produced using vacuum arc melting and compared with an unreinforced arc-melted Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy. The initial microstructure of the composite consisted of two-phase α + β matrix with randomly distributed boride fibers. The addition of TiB fibers resulted in a 40% increase in strength. At room temperature, the composite attained a yield strength of 1100 MPa and a ductility of 10% in compression. At elevated temperatures (400–950 °C), the values of yield strength of the composite remained ~1.5–2 times greater in comparison with the unreinforced alloy. A faster development of globularization in the composite in comparison with the unreinforced alloy was established. The interphase TiB particle/matrix boundary did not contain either a transition layer or any defects like pores or microcracks. Using the obtained results, the apparent activation energy of the plastic deformation was calculated, and processing maps were analyzed both for the unreinforced alloy and for the composite.
Influence of Process Parameters in Three-Stage Purification of Aluminate Solution and Aluminum Hydroxide
Authors: Damjanovic Vladimir , Filipovic Radislav , Obrenovic Zoran , Perusic Mitar , Kostic Dusko , Smiljanic Slavko , Stopic Srecko
Published: October 2023

The influence of process parameters in the three-stage purification of aluminate solution from the Bayer process and aluminum hydroxide was considered in this paper. One of the ways of purification is treating the aluminate solution in order to reduce the concentrations in the starting raw material (solution) and then treating the aluminum hydroxide at a certain temperature and time in order to obtain an alumina precursor of adequate quality. The purification process itself is divided into three phases. The first phase involves the treatment of sodium aluminate with lime in order to primarily remove Ca2+ and (SiO3)2− impurities. Phase II aims to remove impurities of Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+ by treatment with controlled precipitation using specially prepared crystallization centers. In Phase III, Na+ is removed by the process of hydrothermal washing of Al2O3 ∙ 3H2O. In this work, parameters such as temperature (T), reaction time (t), and concentration of lime (c) were studied in order to remove the mentioned impurities and obtain the purest possible product that would be an adequate precursor for special types of alumina.
A Novel Method of Wireless Micro Energy Transmission Based on MEMS Micro Coil
Authors: Wang Yongdong , Yi Cheng , Meng Fanxiang , Sun Xuecheng
Published: October 2023

Based on current implantable devices, a battery’s rigidity and large size makes it prone to immune rejection and wound incisions. Additionally, it is limited by its finite lifespan, which hinders long-term usage. These limitations greatly restrict the development of implantable medical device systems towards miniaturization and minimally invasive approaches. Consequently, obtaining high-fidelity and stable biological signals from the target tissue area of the organism remains challenging. Therefore, there is a need to develop wireless power transmission technology. In this paper, we propose a wireless micro energy transfer method based on MEMS micro coils for charging implantable devices. Through simulation calculations, we first investigate the influence of coaxial distance, horizontal displacement, and rotation angle between the MEMS micro coil and the transmitting coil on power transmission. Subsequently, we utilize micro nanofabrication technology to create a MEMS micro spiral copper coil with a line width, thickness, and spacing of 50 µm and a total of five turns. Finally, we conduct wireless power transmission tests on the coil. The results show that, when the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are 10 mm apart and the operating frequency is 100 kHz, the power of the wireless power transmission system reaches 45 µW. This power level is sufficient to meet the power supply requirements of implantable pacemakers. Therefore, this technology holds great potential for applications in the field of wireless power transmission for implantable medical devices, including pacemakers and brain neurostimulators.
Antibiotic Use for Sepsis in Hospitalized Neonates in Botswana: Factors Associated with Guideline-Divergent Prescribing
Authors: Dowling Jameson , Arscott-Mills Tonya , Bayani One , Boustany Mickael , Moorad Banno , Richard-Greenblatt Melissa , Tlhako Nametso , Zalot Morgan , Steenhoff Andrew P. , Gezmu Alemayehu M. , Nakstad Britt , Strysko Jonathan , Coffin Susan E. , McGann Carolyn
Published: October 2023

In low- and middle-income countries, where antimicrobial access may be erratic and neonatal sepsis pathogens are frequently multidrug-resistant, empiric antibiotic prescribing practices may diverge from the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. This study examined antibiotic prescribing for neonatal sepsis at a tertiary referral hospital neonatal unit in Gaborone, Botswana, using data from a prospective cohort of 467 neonates. We reviewed antibiotic prescriptions for the first episode of suspected sepsis, categorized as early-onset (EOS, days 0–3) or late-onset (LOS, >3 days). The WHO prescribing guidelines were used to determine whether antibiotics were “guideline-synchronous” or “guideline-divergent”. Logistic regression models examined independent associations between the time of neonatal sepsis onset and estimated gestational age (EGA) with guideline-divergent antibiotic use. The majority (325/470, 69%) were prescribed one or more antibiotics, and 31 (10%) received guideline-divergent antibiotics. Risk factors for guideline-divergent prescribing included neonates with LOS, compared to EOS (aOR [95% CI]: 4.89 (1.81, 12.57)). Prematurity was a risk factor for guideline-divergent prescribing. Every 1-week decrease in EGA resulted in 11% increased odds of guideline-divergent antibiotics (OR [95% CI]: 0.89 (0.81, 0.97)). Premature infants with LOS had higher odds of guideline-divergent prescribing. Studies are needed to define the causes of this differential rate of guideline-divergent prescribing to guide future interventions.
Rickettsial Infection in the COVID-19 Era: The Correlation between the Detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Ticks and Storytelling Photography of a Presumable Human Rickettsiosis Case
Authors: Raele Donato Antonio , Cafiero Maria Assunta
Published: October 2023

Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection is an emerging human tick-borne disease with only a few recorded cases. We reported a presumable autochthonous case of rickettsiosis in an Italian cattle breeder associated with a Hyalomma marginatum bite. Rickettsia aeschlimannii DNA was detected in both the tick specimen from the patient and the grazing cattle close to his farm.
Age and Tectonic Setting of Layered Lead–Zinc Ore Bodies in the Xiaohongshilazi Deposit: Constraints from Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Volcanic Rocks in Central Jilin Province, NE China
Authors: Yang Qun , Shang Qingqing , Ren Yunsheng , Yang Zhongjie
Published: October 2023

The newly discovered Xiaohongshilazi deposit located in Panshi City, central Jilin Province, NE China, is a medium-scale Pb–Zn–(Ag) deposit. The Pb–Zn–(Ag) orebodies are divided into layered and vein-type orebodies, which have different ore geneses. The layered Pb–Zn orebodies are mainly hosted within and spatially controlled by the volcanic rocks. To constrain the age and tectonic setting of the layered Pb–Zn mineralization, we completed laser-ablation–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating and whole-rock major and trace element analyses of the ore-bearing volcanic rocks. The dacite samples were confirmed as belonging to the Daheshen Formation and were the main ore-bearing volcanic rocks for the layered orebodies. They yielded concordia U–Pb ages of 278.1 ± 1.8 Ma and 278.3 ± 1.8 Ma, respectively, indicating that the volcanic rocks from the Daheshen Formation and related layered Pb–Zn mineralization were formed in the early Permian. The andesite and rhyolite located above the layered orebodies yielded concordia U–Pb ages of 225.0 ± 1.1 Ma, 225.3 ± 1.5 Ma, and 224.7 ± 1.2 Ma, respectively; these substances are considered to be of the Sihetun Formation and were first reported in the area. The dacite samples associated with layered Pb–Zn mineralization were high in SiO2 (62.54–65.02 wt.%), enriched in LREEs and LILEs (e.g., Rb, Ba, and K), and showed depletion in HFSEs (e.g., P and Ti). It showed slightly negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.60–0.65) and negative Nb anomalies, with Th/Nb (1.12–1.21) and La/Nb (2.8–4.7) ratios, presenting subduction-related arc magma affinity formed in an active continental margin setting. In agreement with previous studies on zircon Hf isotopes (εHf (t) = +0.23~ +10.60) of the volcanic rocks from the Daheshen Formation, we infer that they were derived from the partial melting of the depleted lower crust. In conclusion, mineralization characteristics, geochronological data, geochemical features, and regional tectonic evolution suggest that two Pb–Zn–(Ag) mineralization stages from the Xiaohongshilazi deposit occurred: the layered VMS-type Pb–Zn mineralization associated with the marine volcanic rocks from the early Permian Daheshen Formation, which was induced by the subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic plate beneath the northern margin of the North China Craton, and the vein-type Pb–Zn–(Ag) mineralization caused by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate in the early Jurassic. Considering this, along with the mineralization characteristics of the same-type polymetallic deposits in this region, we propose that the early Permian marine volcanic rocks have great prospecting potential for the VMS-type Pb–Zn polymetallic deposits.
Correction: Klauser et al. Line Tension and Drop Size Dependence of Contact Angle at the Nanoscale. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 369
Authors: Klauser Waldemar , von Kleist-Retzow Fabian T. , Fatikow Sergej
Published: October 2023

There was an unclear passage in the original publication [...]
Phase Change-Induced Magnetic Switching through Metal–Insulator Transition in VO2/TbFeCo Films
Authors: Ma Chung T. , Kittiwatanakul Salinporn , Sittipongpittaya Apiprach , Wang Yuhan , Morshed Md Golam , Ghosh Avik W. , Poon S. Joseph
Published: October 2023

The ability to manipulate spins in magnetic materials is essential in designing spintronics devices. One method for magnetic switching is through strain. In VO2 on TiO2 thin films, while VO2 remains rutile across the metal–insulator transition, the in-plane lattice area expands going from a low-temperature insulating phase to a high-temperature conducting phase. In a VO2/TbFeCo bilayer, the expansion of the VO2 lattice area exerts tension on the amorphous TbFeCo layer. Through the strain effect, magnetic properties, including the magnetic anisotropy and magnetization, of TbFeCo can be changed. In this work, the changes in magnetic properties of TbFeCo on VO2/TiO2(011) are demonstrated using anomalous Hall effect measurements. Across the metal–insulator transition, TbFeCo loses perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, and the magnetization in TbFeCo turns from out-of-plane to in-plane. Using atomistic simulations, we confirm these tunable magnetic properties originating from the metal–insulator transition of VO2. This study provides the groundwork for controlling magnetic properties through a phase transition.
Ultra-Low Loading of Gold on Nickel Foam for Nitrogen Electrochemistry
Authors: Tranchida Giuseppe , Milazzo Rachela G. , Leonardi Marco , Scalese Silvia , Farina Roberta A. , Lombardo Salvatore , Privitera Stefania M. S.
Published: October 2023

Ammonia (NH3) is widely used in various fields, and it is also considered a promising carbon free energy carrier, due to its high hydrogen content. The nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), which converts nitrogen into ammonia by using protons from water as the hydrogen source, is receiving a lot of attention, since effective process optimization would make it possible to overcome the Haber–Bosch method. In this study, we used a solution-based approach to obtain functionalized porous Ni foam substrates with a small amount of gold (<0.1 mg cm−1). We investigated several deposition conditions and obtained different morphologies. The electrochemical performance of various catalysts on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and NRR has been characterized. The ammonia production yield was determined by chronoamperometry experiments at several potentials, and the results showed a maximum ammonia yield rate of 20 µg h−1 mgcat−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 5.22%. This study demonstrates the potential of gold-based catalysts for sustainable ammonia production and highlights the importance of optimizing deposition conditions to improve the selectivity toward HER.
Effect of Composition and Surface Microstructure in Self-Polarized Ferroelectric Polymer Films on the Magnitude of the Surface Potential
Authors: Kochervinskii Valentin , Buryanskaya Evgeniya , Makeev Mstislav , Mikhalev Pavel , Kiselev Dmitry , Ilina Tatiana , Lokshin Boris , Zvyagina Aleksandra , Kirakosyan Gayane
Published: October 2023

The values of the surface potentials of two sides of films of polyvinylidene fluoride, and its copolymers with tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, were measured by the Kelvin probe method. The microstructures of the chains in the surfaces on these sides were evaluated by ATR IR spectroscopy. It was found that the observed surface potentials differed in the studied films. Simultaneously, it was observed from the IR spectroscopy data that the microstructures of the chains on both sides of the films also differed. It is concluded that the formation of the surface potential in (self-polarized) ferroelectric polymers is controlled by the microstructure of the surface layer. The reasons for the formation of a different microstructure on both sides of the films are suggested on the basis of the general regularities of structure formation in flexible-chain crystallizing polymers.
Advances in the Fabrication of Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide and Its Applications to Sensors: A Review
Authors: Ku Chin-An , Yu Chung-Yu , Hung Chia-Wei , Chung Chen-Kuei
Published: October 2023

Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is an important template for 1D nanomaterial synthesis. It is used as an etching template for nanopattern transfer in a variety of contexts, including nanostructured material synthesis, electrical sensors, optical sensors, photonic and electronic devices, photocatalysis, and hardness and anticorrosion improvement. In this review, we focus on various fabrication methods, pore geometry modification, and recent advances of AAO, as well as sensor applications linked to our environment, daily life, and safety. Pore geometry is concerned with the material composition, applied voltage mold, electrolyte type, temperature, and anodizing time during the fabrication of AAOs and for adjusting their pore size and profile. The applied voltage can be divided into four types: direct current anodization (DCA), reverse pulse anodization, pulse anodization (PA), and hybrid pulse anodization (HPA). Conventional AAOs are fabricated using DCA and mild anodization (MA) at a relatively low temperature (−5~15 °C) to reduce the Joule heating effect. Moreover, the issues of costly high-purity aluminum and a long processing time can be improved using HPA to diminish the Joule heating effect at relatively high temperatures of 20–30 °C with cheap low-purity (≤99%) aluminum. The AAO-based sensors discussed here are primarily divided into electrical sensors and optical sensors; the performance of both sensors is affected by the sensing material and pore geometry. The electrical sensor is usually used for humidity or gas measurement applications and has a thin metal film on the surface as an electrode. On the contrary, the AAO optical sensor is a well-known sensor for detecting various substances with four kinds of mechanisms: interference, photoluminescence, surface plasma resonance, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Especially for SERS mechanisms, AAO can be used either as a solid support for coating metal nanoparticles or a template for depositing the metal content through the nanopores to form the nanodots or nanowires for detecting substances. High-performance sensors will play a crucial role in our living environments and promote our quality of life in the future.
Causality Investigation between Gut Microbiota, Derived Metabolites, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Yan Weiheng , Jiang Miaomiao , Hu Wen , Zhan Xiaojun , Liu Yifan , Zhou Jiayi , Ji Jie , Wang Shan , Tai Jun
Published: October 2023

Various studies have highlighted the important associations between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and gut microbiota and related metabolites. Nevertheless, the establishment of causal relationships between these associations remains to be determined. Multiple mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to genetically predict the causative impact of 196 gut microbiota and 83 metabolites on OSA. Two-sample MR was used to assess the potential association, and causality was evaluated using inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median (WM) methods. Multivariable MR (MVMR) was employed to ascertain the causal independence between gut microbiota and the metabolites linked to OSA. Additionally, Cochran’s Q test, the MR Egger intercept test and the MR Steiger test were used for the sensitivity analyses. The analysis of the 196 gut microbiota revealed that genus_Ruminococcaceae (UCG009) (PIVW = 0.010) and genus_Subdoligranulum (PIVW = 0.041) were associated with an increased risk of OSA onset. Conversely, Family_Ruminococcaceae (PIVW = 0.030), genus_Coprococcus2 (PWM = 0.025), genus_Eggerthella (PIVW = 0.011), and genus_Eubacterium (xylanophilum_group) (PIVW = 0.001) were negatively related to the risk of OSA. Among the 83 metabolites evaluated, 3-dehydrocarnitine, epiandrosterone sulfate, and leucine were determined to be potential independent risk factors associated with OSA. Moreover, the reverse MR analysis demonstrated a suggestive association between OSA exposure and six microbiota taxa. This study offers compelling evidence regarding the potential beneficial or detrimental causative impact of the gut microbiota and its associated metabolites on OSA risk, thereby providing new insights into the mechanisms of gut microbiome-mediated OSA development.
The Gestational Pathologies Effect on the Human Milk Redox Homeostasis: A First Step towards Its Definition
Authors: Peila Chiara , Riboldi Lorenzo , Spada Elena , Coscia Alessandra , Barbagallo Ignazio , Li Volti Giovanni , Galvano Fabio , Gazzolo Diego
Published: October 2023

Background. Human Milk (HM) is a dynamic nourishment; its composition is influenced by several conditions such as gestational age, maternal diet and ethnicity. It appears important to evaluate the impact that gestational pathologies have on HM components and if their presence, as a source of oxidative stress in the mother, influence milk’s redox homeostasis. To assess the effect of Preeclampsia (PE) and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) on some aspects of human milk redox homeostasis, we chose to investigate both oxidative and antioxidant aspects, with, respectively, Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) and Glutathione (GSH). Methods. Women with PE, GDM and who were healthy were recruited for this study. Colostrum, transitional and mature milk samples were collected. GSH and LOOHs levels were measured using a spectrophotometric test. To investigate the effect of pathology on redox homeostasis, a mixed linear model with unistructural covariance structure was performed. Results. A total of 120 mothers were recruited. The GSH concentration results were significantly lower in GDM women than in healthy women only in colostrum (p < 0.01). No other differences emerged. LOOHs was not detectable in almost all the samples. Discussion. Our study is the first to extensively evaluate these components in the HM of women with these gestational pathologies. The main observation is that GDM can alter the GSH level of HM, mainly in colostrum.
Effectiveness of Chickpeas on Blood Sugar: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Nam Taegwang , Kim Anna , Oh Yongtaek
Published: October 2023

Diabetes affects one in eleven adults globally, with rising cases in the past 30 years. Type 1 and type 2 cause blood sugar problems, increasing cardiovascular risks. Dietary control, including chickpeas, is suggested but needs more research. Comprehensive searches were conducted across multiple databases for the randomized controlled trial efficacy of chickpea consumption to lower blood sugar levels to a healthy range, with data extraction and risk of bias assessment performed independently by two researchers. Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4, expressing continuous data as mean differences and risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and a summary of the findings is provided considering the variations in study characteristics. A total of 118 articles were initially identified from seven databases, primarily from Anglo–American countries, resulting in 12 selected studies after the identification and screening processes. These studies involved 182 participants, focusing on healthy or normoglycemic adults, and assessed the effects of chickpeas compared to various foods such as wheat, potatoes, pasta, sauce, cheese, rice, and corn. A meta-analysis involving a subset of studies demonstrated that chickpeas were more effective in reducing blood glucose iAUC compared to potatoes and wheat. Chickpeas offer the potential for blood sugar control through low starch digestibility, high fiber, protein, and hormonal effects. Although insulin benefits are seen, statistical significance varies, supporting their role in diabetic diets focusing on nutrient-rich foods over processed carbs.
The Hepatic Antioxidant System Damage Induced with the Cafeteria (CAF) Diet Is Largely Counteracted Using SCD Probiotics during Development of Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Aba Nurdan , Koçpınar Enver Fehim , Ceylani Taha
Published: October 2023

The cafeteria (CAF) diet, reflective of predominant Western dietary behaviors, is implicated in hastening weight gain, subsequently resulting in health complications such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. To this end, it is vital to notice the deleterious consequences of the CAF regimen prior to the onset of complications, which is fundamental for early intervention in the context of numerous diseases. Probiotic-derived postbiotic metabolites have gained attention for their antioxidative properties, offering a potential countermeasure against oxidative stress. This research sought to discern the protective efficacy of SCD Probiotics against liver glutathione system damage arising from the CAF diet during developmental phases. Male Wistar rats, from weaning on day 21 to day 56, were categorized into four groups: a control on a conventional diet; a group on a standard diet enriched with SCD Probiotics; a mixed-diet group comprising both CAF and standard feed; and a combination diet group supplemented with SCD Probiotics. Through the application of real-time PCR, enzyme activity assessments, and quantitative metabolite analyses, our findings highlight the CAF diet’s adverse influence on the liver’s antioxidant defenses via shifts in gene expression. Yet, the inclusion of SCD Probiotics mostly ameliorated these harmful effects. Remarkably, the positive regulatory influence of SCD Probiotics on the liver’s antioxidant system was consistently observed, independent of the CAF diet’s presence.
Factors Affecting Thai Fathers’ Self-Efficacy to Support Exclusive Breastfeeding
Authors: Krikitrat Preeyakamon , Sansiriphun Nantaporn , Deeluea Jirawan , Sonted Sirirat , Chaiwipassatorn Wongduean , Bressington Daniel
Published: October 2023

Background: Breastfeeding is the ideal approach for feeding infants and is an important public health consideration. Successful exclusive breastfeeding initiation and duration is influenced by fathers’ support. Paternal self-efficacy to support breastfeeding has also been shown to mediate infant feeding practices. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with Thai fathers’ self-efficacy to support maternal exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: We adopted a cross-sectional survey design for this study. In total, 215 Thai fathers who had a partner with a term (37–42 weeks) pregnancy participated in the study. Data were collected from antenatal care clinics at two hospitals in Northern Thailand between June and August 2022. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Fathers’ Attitude toward Exclusive Breastfeeding questionnaire, the Fathers’ Knowledge about Exclusive Breastfeeding questionnaire, and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (Short-Form). Multiple linear regression and hierarchical regression were used to analyze factors influencing Thai fathers’ self-efficacy to support maternal exclusive breastfeeding. Results: The mean breastfeeding self-efficacy score was 52.94 (SD = 8.58), indicating that fathers were confident they were able to support their partners’ breastfeeding. Regression analysis revealed family type, fathers’ attitude toward, and fathers’ knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding significantly explaining 14.90% of the variance in paternal breastfeeding support self-efficacy. However, fathers’ age, education, employment, income, and number of living children were not associated with their self-efficacy. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that family type and fathers’ attitudes/knowledge about breastfeeding influenced their self-efficacy to support exclusive breastfeeding. Nurses should consider implementing breastfeeding interventions specific to fathers to enhance their attitudes and knowledge about breastfeeding, including increasing fathers’ self-efficacy to support maternal exclusive breastfeeding efforts.
Emotional Management Strategies in Prehospital Nurses: A Scoping Review
Authors: Almeida Marisa , Lobão Catarina , Coelho Adriana , Parola Vítor
Published: October 2023

Background: Prehospital care is intricate and unpredictable. Nurses in this environment encounter psychologically challenging situations and traumatic experiences daily. Nurses respond variably when delivering care in this context. This study aims to map the emotional management strategies used by prehospital nurses. Methods: Research was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, and the Open Access Scientific Repository of Portugal (RCAAP). The inclusion criteria were studies with prehospital nurses in Portuguese, English, and Spanish languages, covering all study types. Results: From the initial 511 studies identified, four studies were deemed eligible after rigorous screening. The strategies used are individual (pre- and post-event) and collective, varying from formal to informal, with or without institutional support. Notable experiences included a lack of technical/scientific preparation, personal life association, treating acquaintances, pediatric-age patients, childbirth, cardiopulmonary arrests in young individuals, traffic accidents, and suicides. Conclusions: Nurses need training in basic emotional management tools. This research provides an initial understanding of their emotional well-being’s impact on personal and professional performance. This study was prospectively registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF) on 29 June 2023, with the registration number: z638t.
First Report of Plasmid-Mediated Macrolide-Clindamycin-Tetracycline Resistance in a High Virulent Isolate of Cutibacterium acnes ST115
Authors: Rana Md Shohel , Kim Jungmin , Kim Shukho
Published: October 2023

Cutibacterium acnes, a prevalent skin commensal, has emerged as a significant global challenge due to its widespread antibiotic resistance. To investigate the antibiotic resistance mechanisms and clinical characterization of C. acnes in Korea, we collected 22 clinical isolates from diverse patient specimens obtained from the National Culture Collection for Pathogens across Korea. Among the isolates, KB112 isolate was subjected to whole genome sequencing due to high resistance against clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline. The whole genome analysis of KB112 isolate revealed a circular chromosome of 2,534,481 base pair with an average G + C content of 60.2% with sequence type (ST) 115, harboring the potential virulent CAMP factor pore-forming toxin 2 (CAMP2), the multidrug resistance ABC transporter ATP-binding protein YknY, and the multidrug efflux protein YfmO. The genomic sequence also showed the existence of a plasmid (30,947 bp) containing the erm(50) and tet(W) gene, which confer resistance to macrolide–clindamycin and tetracycline, respectively. This study reports plasmid-mediated multi-drug resistance of C. acnes for the first time in Korea.
Interactions between West Nile Virus and the Microbiota of Culex pipiens Vectors: A Literature Review
Authors: Garrigós Marta , Garrido Mario , Panisse Guillermo , Veiga Jesús , Martínez-de la Puente Josué
Published: October 2023

The flavivirus West Nile virus (WNV) naturally circulates between mosquitoes and birds, potentially affecting humans and horses. Different species of mosquitoes play a role as vectors of WNV, with those of the Culex pipiens complex being particularly crucial for its circulation. Different biotic and abiotic factors determine the capacity of mosquitoes for pathogen transmission, with the mosquito gut microbiota being recognized as an important one. Here, we review the published studies on the interactions between the microbiota of the Culex pipiens complex and WNV infections in mosquitoes. Most articles published so far studied the interactions between bacteria of the genus Wolbachia and WNV infections, obtaining variable results regarding the directionality of this relationship. In contrast, only a few studies investigate the role of the whole microbiome or other bacterial taxa in WNV infections. These studies suggest that bacteria of the genera Serratia and Enterobacter may enhance WNV development. Thus, due to the relevance of WNV in human and animal health and the important role of mosquitoes of the Cx. pipiens complex in its transmission, more research is needed to unravel the role of mosquito microbiota and those factors affecting this microbiota on pathogen epidemiology. In this respect, we finally propose future lines of research lines on this topic.
Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine Succinate Is an Inhibitor but Not a Substrate of ABCB1 and SLCO1B1
Authors: Shchulkin Aleksey V. , Erokhina Pelageya D. , Goncharenko Anna V. , Mylnikov Pavel Yu. , Chernykh Ivan V. , Abalenikhina Yulia V. , Kotliarova Maria S. , Yakusheva Elena N.
Published: October 2023

2-Ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate (EMHPS, Mexidol) is an original antioxidant and an anti-ischemic drug with the possibility of wide applications in the complex therapy of diseases, accompanied by the development of oxidative stress and ischemia; for example, ischemic stroke, chronic cerebral ischemia, and chronic heart failure. The use of EMHPS in the complex therapy of the above diseases may cause the development of drug–drug interactions, particularly pharmacokinetic interactions at the level of transporter proteins. In the present study, we evaluated the interaction of EMHPS with ABCB1 and SLCO1B1. In Caco-2 cells, it was shown that EMHPS is not a substrate of ABCB1 and that it does not affect its expression, but at the same time, it inhibits the activity of this transporter. Its inhibitory activity was inferior to verapamil—a classic inhibitor of ABCB1. In HEK293 and HEK293-SLCO1B1 cells, it was shown that EMHPS is not a substrate of SLCO1B1 either, but that it inhibited the activity of the transporter. However, its inhibitory activity was inferior to the classic inhibitor of SLCO1B1-rifampicin. Furthermore, it was found out that EMHPS does not affect SLCO1B1 expression in HepG2 cells. The approach proposed by the FDA (2020) and the International Transporter Consortium (2010) was used to assess the clinical significance of the study results. The effect of EMHPS on SLCO1B1 and the systemic inhibition of ABCB1 by EMPHS are not clinically significant, but ABCB1 inhibition by EMHPS in the gastrointestinal tract should be tested in vivo through clinical trials.
PPAR Gamma Receptor: A Novel Target to Improve Morbidity in Preterm Babies
Authors: Victor Suresh , Forbes Ben , Greenough Anne , Edwards A. David
Published: October 2023

Worldwide, three-quarters of a million babies are born extremely preterm (<28 weeks gestation) with devastating outcomes: 20% die in the newborn period, a further 35% develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and 10% suffer from cerebral palsy. Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) agonist, may reduce the incidence of BPD and improve neurodevelopment in extreme preterm babies. Pioglitazone exerts an anti-inflammatory action mediated through Nuclear Factor-kappa B repression. PPARγ signalling is underactive in preterm babies as adiponectin remains low during the neonatal period. In newborn animal models, pioglitazone has been shown to be protective against BPD, necrotising enterocolitis, and lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of PPARγ are associated with inhibited preterm brain development and impaired neurodevelopment. Pioglitazone was well tolerated by the foetus in reproductive toxicology experiments. Bladder cancer, bone fractures, and macular oedema, seen rarely in adults, may be avoided with a short treatment course. The other effects of pioglitazone, including improved glycaemic control and lipid metabolism, may provide added benefit in the context of prematurity. Currently, there is no formulation of pioglitazone suitable for administration to preterm babies. A liquid formulation of pioglitazone needs to be developed before clinical trials. The potential benefits are likely to outweigh any anticipated safety concerns.
Application of W-Doped VO2 Phase Transition Mechanism and Improvement of Hydrophobic Self-Cleaning Properties to Smart Windows
Authors: Song Xiaoxian , Xu Ze , Wei Dongdong , Yue Xuejie , Zhang Tao , Zhang Haiting , Zhang Jingjing , Dai Zijie , Yao Jianquan
Published: October 2023

A passive responsive smart window is an emerging energy-saving building facility that does not require an active energy supply due to its passive excitation characteristics, which can fundamentally reduce energy consumption. Therefore, achieving passive excitation is the key to the application of such smart windows. In this paper, VO2 is used as a critical raw material for the preparation of smart windows, and we researched the feasibility of its phase transition function and hydrophobic self-cleaning function. VO2 has the characteristic of undergoing a reversible phase transition between metal and insulator under certain temperature conditions and can selectively absorb spectrum at different wavelengths while still maintaining a certain visible light transmission rate, making it a reliable material for smart window applications. The one-step hydrothermal method was used in this work, and different concentrations of tungsten (W) elements were utilized for doping to reduce the VO2 phase transition temperature to 35 °C and even below, thus adapting to the ambient outdoor temperature of the building and enabling the smart window to achieve a combined solar modulation capability of 14.5%. To ensure the environmental adaptability and anti-fouling self-cleaning function of the smart window, as well as to extend the usage period of the smart window, we have modified the smart window material to be hydrophobic, resulting in an environmental surface contact angle of 152.93°, which is a significant hydrophobic improvement over the hydrophilic properties of inorganic glass itself. The realization of the ideal phase transition function and the self-cleaning function echoes the social trend of environmental protection, enriches the use of scenarios and achieves energy saving and emission reduction.
Recent Progress in Photonic Crystal Devices and Their Applications: A Review
Authors: Gangwar Rahul Kumar , Pathak Akhilesh Kumar , Kumar Santosh
Published: October 2023

The research field of photonic crystals (PhCs) remains active on a global scale. PhCs, which are periodic optical nanostructures with the characteristics of excellent light field confinement and numerous varying degrees of freedom, provide a solid foundation for controlling the movement of light. Periodic variation of the index of refraction in two or three spatial dimensions with a substantial high-to-low ratio generates a number of intriguing phenomena and enables a variety of potential functionalities. Recently, intriguing devices based on PhCs, such as Y-branches, small-diameter bent waveguides, and miniature resonator cavities, have been proposed and extensively utilized. PhC waveguides are considered ideal candidates for a variety of applications, such as in power splitters, logic gates, sensing and communication fields, etc. These exceptional characteristics may facilitate the development of a dense integrated circuit. However, PhC technology is still relatively new and therefore requires additional effort to fully exploit it. This paper reviews the most popular and essential optical components based on PhCs, including power splitters, modulators, polarization maintaining devices, sensors, and lasers, to summarize the most recent developments relating this hot topic. These devices have superior performance and a smaller footprint compared to conventional photonic devices.