bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stable wide‐angle Fourier finite‐difference downward extrapolation of 3‐D wavefields
Authors: Biondi Biondo
Published: July 2002

I present an unconditionally stable, implicit finite‐difference operator that corrects the constant‐velocity phase‐shift operator for lateral velocity variations. The method is based on the Fourier finite‐difference (FFD) method. Contrary to previous results, my correction operator is stable even when the medium velocity has sharp discontinuities, and the reference velocity is higher than the medium velocity. The stability of the new correction enables the definition of a new downward‐continuation method based on the interpolation of two wavefields: the first wavefield is obtained by applying the FFD correction starting from a reference velocity lower than the medium velocity; the second wavefield is obtained by applying the FFD correction starting from a reference velocity higher than the medium velocity. The proposed Fourier finite‐difference plus interpolation (FFDPI) method combines the advantages of the FFD technique with the advantages of interpolation.

A simple and economical procedure for defining frequency‐dependent interpolation weight is presented. When the interpolation step is performed using these frequency‐dependent interpolation weights, it significantly reduces the residual phase error after interpolation, the frequency dispersion caused by the discretization of the Laplacian operator, and the azimuthal anisotropy caused by splitting.

Tests on zero‐offset data from the SEG‐EAGE salt data set show that the FFDPI method improves the imaging of a fault reflection with respect to a similar interpolation scheme that uses a split‐step correction for adapting to lateral velocity variations.
Reflection technique in time‐frequency domain using multicomponent acoustic emission signals and application to geothermal reservoirs
Authors: Soma Nobukazu , Niitsuma Hiroaki , Baria Roy
Published: July 2002

We have developed a reflection technique for estimating deep geothermal reservoir structures using acoustic emission signals as a source, which is useful when there is no proper estimating technique because of high temperature, high pressure, and great depth. Because its resolution is not high enough for comparison with methods such as well logging, we have enhanced the technique by developing a time–frequency‐domain analysis of multicomponent acoustic emission signals using a wavelet transform. The reflected wave is separated from an incoherent coda by analyzing the shape of a 3‐D hodogram: a linear shape indicates the arrival of a coherent signal such as a reflected wave, and an incoherent signal such as a coda makes a spherical shape. We construct a spectral matrix of 3‐D particle motion using a wavelet transform, as is done in a time–frequency domain. We evaluate the linearity of the 3‐D hodogram for each time and frequency by using the eigenvalues of the spectral matrix. Three‐dimensional inversion of the distribution of hodogram linearity in the time–frequency domain lets us image the deep subsurface structure. The inversion is based on the diffraction stack. We reduce the uncertainties by investigating S‐wave polarization direction, and we compensate for inhomogeneous source distribution to get reliable estimates with high resolution. We then evaluate our methods with synthetic signals. We discriminate a coherent wave from incoherent random noise in the presence of an S/N ratio of −3.7 dB and detect reflectors at correct depths with a small number of detectors. We apply the method to data from the European hot, dry rock site in Soultz‐sous‐Forêts, France, and compare our estimates with those from a number of borehole observations. The detected reflectors agree with the location of fracture zones. We demonstrate the feasibility of the method for detecting reflectors at great depths.
Current practice of prophylactic anticoagulation in Guillain–Barré syndrome
Authors: Gaber T A-Z K , Kirker S GB , Jenner J R
Published: July 2002

Objective: To document the incidence of venous thromboembolism in Guillain–Barré syndrome and current practice of anticoagulating these patients.

Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: Acute neurology and rehabilitation wards in a teaching hospital.

Subjects: Seventy-three patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome admitted to Addenbrooke's Hospital from 1995 to 1999.

Results: Out of 73 patients, 50 were anticoagulated (68%) for 5–490 days with mean of 72 days. Anticoagulation was discontinued in 28 patients when they could walk independently and in six who were still wheelchair dependent. Five patients developed clinical deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (7%), three of them had pulmonary emboli. Venous thrombosis occurred in the ”rst two months after onset in four patients. Two patients were not anticoagulated when they developed their DVT and the other three were on enoxaparin; one of these three had a pulmonary embolism and died. Conclusion: Despite prophylactic anticoagulants being used in the majority of patients admitted with major problems of mobility, 6% (3 out of 50) still developed clinically detected DVT and two developed pulmonary embolism. While this incidence is considerably lower than data reported before routine anticoagulation became a standard practice, these data reinforce the need for anticoagulation and suggest that full anticoagulation might be needed to reduce the incidence of thromboembolic complications further.
Rapid early-Holocene environmental changes in northern Sweden based on studies of two varved lake-sediment sequences
Authors: Snowball Ian , Zillén Lovisa , Gaillard Marie-José
Published: July 2002

Mineral magnetic, organic carbon and pollen studies of two varved Holocene lake-sediment sequences in the boreal forest of northern Sweden indicate that signi” cant environmental changes took place between c. 6000 and 5700 bc. This interval is characterized by an increase in mineral-matter accumulation, which is a proxy for winter-snow accumulation, and a statistically signi” cant decrease in total pollen in‘ ux (predominantly Pinus, Betula and Alnus), which may re‘ ect lower spring and summer temperatures and increased frost frequency. Notable increases in the in‘ ux of deciduous tree species (including Quercus and Corylus) suggest a rapid change to warmer conditions between 5700 and 5600 bc. Given dating errors associated with the varve chronologies and the Greenland ice-core timescales, the cold interval can be considered to re‘ ect a regional (possibly global) climatic cooling, which is often referred to as the ‘8.2 kyr BP cooling event’. However, the younger age of the cold event in northern Sweden does not support the hypothesis of forcing by the sudden drainage of Laurentide glacial lakes into the North Atlantic, unless a minimal 300-year delay in ocean-atmospheric coupling is accepted. The data contribute to a complex picture of early-Holocene environmental change, in response to deglaciation of the Northern Hemisphere.
Autonomy in Stroke Rehabilitation: the perceptions of care providers in nursing homes
Authors: Proot Ireen M , Abu-Saad Huda Huijer , Van Oorsouw Gijs GJ , Stevens Jos JAM
Published: July 2002

Twenty-seven health care providers from three nursing homes were interviewed about the autonomy of stroke patients in rehabilitation wards. Data were analysed using the grounded theory method for concept development recommended by Strauss and Corbin. The core category ‘changing autonomy’ was developed, which identifies the process of stroke patients regaining their autonomy (dimensions: self-determination, independence and self-care), and the factors affecting this process (conditions (i.e. circumstances) and strategies of patients; strategies of care providers and families; and the nursing home). Teamwork on increasing patient autonomy is recommended, which can be stimulated by multidisciplinary guidelines and education, and by co-ordination of the process of changing autonomy.
Ethical Issues in Paediatric Nontherapeutic Pain Research
Authors: Kankkunen Päivi , Vehviläinen-Julkunen Katri , Pietilä Anna-Maija
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this article is to describe the main ethical issues in paediatric nontherapeutic qualitative pain research. It is based on an analysis of the research literature related to ethical issues in research and on experiences from a family interview study focusing on pain assessment and management in children aged 1-6 years. In addition, different views concerning obtaining informed consent from children, as published in the research literature, are compared.

Ethical challenges occur during all stages of qualitative research. The risks of emotional distress and possible benefits of the results must be assessed prior to conducting a study. However, risks and harm are difficult to avoid in a study in which the research area, pain, raises emotional distress in both parents and children. The children’s assent and parental permission are both required. It is essential to obtain informed consent from all family members when family research is conducted. Participants’ privacy and confidentiality should be protected during data collection, analysis and publication. Protecting children from harm may be impossible during pain research in which they are required to recall a painful postoperative period. However, after data collection they can be assisted to focus on pleasant activities, for example, by engaging in playful activities with them. Finally, the role of the nurse and the researcher should be carefully assessed, especially in qualitative research, in order to be able to analyse the data and report the findings in an unbiased manner.
Both paracetamol and ibuprofen are equally effective in managing flu-like symptoms in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients during interferon beta-1a (AVONEX®) therapy
Authors: Reeß J , Haas J , Gabriel K , Fuhlrott A , Fiola M
Published: July 2002

Interferon beta-1a is an established therapy for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Adverse effects in the first weeks of treatment are common. This open-label, multicenter, randomized, prospective study compared treatment of flu-like symptoms (FLS) with paracetamol versus ibuprofen administered 48 h within interferon injection. The percentage of patients with FLS was comparable between both treatment groups and improved during the course of the study (baseline: paracetamol 92%, ibuprofen 90%; week 12: paracetamol 60%, ibuprofen 57%). More than 75% of patients receiving either paracetamol or ibuprofen reported no or only mild impairment of daily activities. There was no significant difference in general satisfaction or incidence of additional symptoms (weakness, nausea, headache; paracetamol 84.6% patients, ibuprofen 86.0% patients) between the two groups. A significant overall improvement from baseline to week 12 was observed for all parameters studied (paracetamol and ibuprofen groups were pooled). These results indicate that neither the paracetamol nor the ibuprofen treatment regimen is better.
Two-year follow-up study of primary and transitional progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ingle G T , Stevenson V L , Miller D H , Leary S M , Rovaris M , Barkhof F , Brochet B , Dousset V , Filippi M , Montalban X , Kalkers N F , Polman C H , Rovira A , Thompson A J
Published: July 2002

This study documents changes in clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics in a large cohort of patients with primary and transitional progressive multiple sclerosis (PP and TPMS) over 2 years. Patients with PPMS and TPMS were recruited from six European centres and underwent clinical and MRI examination at three time points: baseline, year one and year two. Of the 190 patients recruited clinical data were available on 125 patients (66%, five centres) and MRI data were available on 113 patients (59%, four centres) at 2 years. Significant increases were seen in T2 load and T1 hypointensity, while brain and cord volume decreased. In PPMS significantly higher lesion loads were found in those who presented with non-cord syndromes when compared to cord presentation and there was a trend to greater brain atrophy in those who deteriorated clinically over the course of the study compared to those who remained stable. Significant cord atrophy was only seen in those with a cord presentation. Measurable changes in MRI parameters can be detected in PPMS patients over a relatively short period of time. MRI quantification is likely to be useful in elucidating disease mechanisms in PPMS and in the execution of clinical trials.
Selective suppression of chemokine receptor CXCR3 expression by interferon-b1a in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sørensen T L , Sellebjerg F
Published: July 2002

We studied the expression of chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR3 on CD4 and CD8 positive T cells, and on CD14 positive monocytes in blood from 10 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) at initiation of interferon (IFN)- βtreatment, after 1 month and after 3 months of treatment. It was found that the expression of CXCR3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was significantly reduced after 3 months of treatment. The expression of other receptors was unaltered. Since CXCR3 cells are enriched in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and are detected in lesion material in MS this may represent an important mode of action of interferon- βin MS.
Treatment of multiple sclerosis with cyclophosphamide: critical review of clinical and immunologic effects
Authors: Weiner H L , Cohen J A
Published: July 2002

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used to treat malignancies and immune-mediated inflammatory non-malignant processes such as lupus nephritis and immune-mediated neuropathies. It has been studied as a treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) for the past 30 years and is used by physicians in selected cases of progressive or worsening MS. Review of published reports suggests that it is efficacious in cases of worsening MS that have an inflammatory component as evidenced by relapses and/or gadolinium (Gd)-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or in patients in earlier stages of disease where inflammation predominates over degenerative processes in the central nervous system (CNS). There is no evidence of efficacy in primary progressive MS or later stages of secondary progressive MS. Although a general immunosuppressant that affects both T- and B-cell function, cyclophosphamide has selective immune effects in MS by suppressing IL-12 and Th1-type responses and enhancing Th2/Th3 responses (IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta; eosinophils in peripheral blood). Side effects include nausea, alopecia, infertility, bladder toxicity and risk of malignancy. The most commonly used regimens involve every 4- to 8-week outpatient IV pulse therapy given with or without corticosteroids and are usually well-tolerated by patients. Cyclophosphamide is currently used in patients whose disease is not controlled by beta-interferon or glatiramer acetate and those with rapidly worsening MS.
Metaphorical conceptualizations of ESL teaching and learning
Authors: de Guerrero María C. M. , Villamil Olga S.
Published: July 2002

The use of metaphor is widespread among language teachers and in language learning theory. Metaphors also play a significant role as vehicles for reflection and awareness raising among educators. This study, framed within a socio-cultural theory approach, explored the basic conceptualizations of ESL teaching and learning reflected in metaphorical representations of an ESL teacher. Nine distinct conceptual metaphors for an ESL teacher (co-operative leader, provider of knowledge, challenger/agent of change, nurturer, innovator, provider of tools, artist, repairer, gym instructor) with entailed views of the ESL learner and the teaching/learning processes emerged. Appropriation of various theoretical models of language learning was observed in the participants' metaphors.
Long-Term Results of Combined-Modality Therapy in Resectable Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Martin Jocelyne , Ginsberg Robert J. , Venkatraman Ennapadam S. , Bains Manjit S. , Downey Robert J. , Korst Robert J. , Kris Mark G. , Rusch Valerie W.
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: Assessment of long-term results of combined-modality therapy for resectable non–small-cell lung cancer is hampered by insufficient follow-up and small patient numbers. To evaluate this, we reviewed our collective experience.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review recording demographics, tumor stage, treatment, and outcome of consecutive patients undergoing surgery. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier, and prognostic factors were analyzed by log-rank and Cox regression.

RESULTS: From January 1993 to December 1999, 470 patients were treated, with follow-up in 446: 27 stage I, 55 stage II, 316 stage III, 43 stage IV (solitary M1), and five uncertain. Chemotherapy was mitomycin/vinblastine/cisplatin (174 patients [39.0%]), carboplatin/paclitaxel (148 [33.2%]), and other combination (124 [27.8%]); 75 patients (16.8%) received induction radiation. Resection was complete in 77.4%, incomplete in 8.3%, attempted but with gross residual disease afterward in 1.8%, and not performed in 12.6%. Pathologic complete response occurred in 20 patients (4.5%). With median follow-up of 31.0 months for patients still alive, median and 3-year survival for pathologic stages 0, I, II, III, and IV were more than 90 months, 73%; 42 months, 52%; 23 months, 35%; 16 months, 28%; and 16 months, 23% (P < .001). In a multivariate analysis, age, complete resection, pathologic stage, and pneumonectomy, but not induction regimen, significantly influenced survival.

CONCLUSION: Although pathologic complete response outside the protocol setting is low, survival of this large patient cohort is comparable to that of patients in published combined-modality trials. Survival is significantly influenced by patient age, complete resection, pathologic stage, and pneumonectomy. These results can help guide standard clinical practice and emphasize the need for novel induction regimens.
Multiprogrammable Anisotropic Soft Material via Magneto‐Orientation of Ferromagnetic Nanoplates
Authors: Chen Mingfeng , Chen Junliang , Liu Sanhu , He Dongqing , Wang Yong , Chen Hongtao , Jin Dongdong , Ma Xing
Published: October 2024

Anisotropic materials featured with ordered arrangement of sub‐structures are ubiquitous in living organisms, and possess rapidly increasing relevance to emerging technologies in smart materials, soft robotics, flexible displays, and biomedicines. However, the integration and programming of multiple properties into anisotropic materials, which endow themselves with extended intrinsic capabilities and utilities, still remain a challenge. Herein, we report a multi‐programmable anisotropic material by embedding ferromagnetic two‐dimensional nanoplates into hydrogel matrix. The nanoplate exhibits not only a disc‐like non‐isotropic shape, but also an intrinsic easy magnetization axis perpendicular to its basal plane. Using a directional external magnetic field, we can precisely control the orientation of nanoplates inside hydrogel precursor solution and then fix them via photolithographic polymerization, leading to the fabrication of anisotropic hydrogel with on‐demand ordered alignment of nanoplates. Such deliberate arrangement of nanoplates brings in extraordinary optical properties due to birefringence, enabling us to encrypt pattern information into hydrogel materials that is only visible under polarized light. Soft actuators with programmable optical, mechanical and magnetic properties are engineered, which allow to encode diverse deformation and locomotion modes, determine the actuation sites, and monitor the sub‐structural anisotropy all simultaneously, opening new avenues for the design of anisotropic soft materials.
Nitrogen and Oxygen Co‐Doped Graphene Quantum Dots as a Trace Amphipathic Additive for Dendrite‐Free Zn Anodes
Authors: Wu Kuan , Wang Yuqing , Wan Yuhang , Gu Wen , Zhang Lei , Yang Xianzhong , Chou Shulei , Liu Hua‐Kun , Dou Shi‐Xue , Wu Chao
Published: October 2024

The practical implementation of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) has encountered obstacles stemming from the limited reversibility of the zinc anode, primarily due to dendrite proliferation and water‐induced reactions occurring. In this investigation, a novel bifunctional interphase is proposed by integrating nitrogen and oxygen group graphene quantum dot (N‐O‐GQD) additives into the electrolyte. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the amphipathic N‐O‐GQD additive enhances the stability of the electrode by forming a protection layer on Zn surface. The zincophilic and hydrophobic nitrogen function groups stick to the surface of Zn electrodes to form a hydrophobic layer that shields water molecules from the electrode and promotes the uniform deposition of Zn. The hydrophilic hydroxyl function groups are exposed to the electrolyte to improve the compatibility at the electrode/electrolyte interface. As a result, the amphipathic N‐O‐GQD additive enables a robust cycling performance at high depth of discharge (DOD). Significantly, cells incorporating N‐O‐GQDs demonstrate a remarkable Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% over 900 cycles and sustain dendrite‐free cycling for 564 h (DOD = 51%). Particularly noteworthy is the performance of the modified Zn||ZnVO full cell with robust cycling behavior, enduring 4 000 cycles at 10 A g−1.
Characteristics, Encapsulation Strategies, and Applications of Al and Its Alloy Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Shi Chenwu , Xu Mingjian , Guo Xiaojie , Zhu Shuyan , Zou Deqiu
Published: October 2024

Among metal‐based phase change materials (PCMs), Al and its alloys have garnered significant attention due to their high latent heat and high thermal conductivity. However, challenges such as leakage, corrosion, and oxidation have limited their widespread application. Numerous researches have demonstrated that encapsulating Al and its alloy PCMs is one effective way to address these problems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics, encapsulation strategies, and applications of Al and its alloy PCMs. First, the advantages and thermal properties of Al and its alloy PCMs are introduced, and their problems are then discussed. Subsequently, various encapsulation strategies that are expected to solve the above problems are summarized and compared. Additionally, the applications of Al and its alloy PCMs in solar thermal energy storage, catalysis, and electric vehicles are reviewed. Finally, current challenges, potential solutions, and the key direct of future study are presented.
Triboelectric Programmed Droplet Manipulation for Plug‐and‐Play Assembly
Authors: Li Roujuan , Li Xiang , Zhang Zhiwei , Willatzen Morten , Wang Zhong Lin , Wei Di
Published: October 2024

Programmed droplet transport which is typically directed by surface energy gradients or external fields, is crucial in domains ranging from chemical reaction modulation to self‐powered intelligent sensing. However, droplet motion control remains constrained by path reconfiguration, requirements on chemical surface modification, and platform complexity. Here, a more universal plug‐and‐play droplet manipulation paradigm based on liquid‐solid contact electrification and triboelectricwetting on common dielectric surfaces is reported. By regulating the electrical double layer via asymmetric ion dynamics, the triboelectric charge polarity of droplets can be adjusted, enabling in situ manipulation without path reconfiguration dictated by the conventional droplet motion output. Droplets achieved an ultrahigh velocity of 450 mm s−1 on general surfaces, significantly exceeding the speeds observed in droplets subjected to constant electrostatic fields with chemical modifications. This flexible and modular functionally decoupled manipulation strategy offers an environmentally friendly, cost‐effective, and versatile paradigm, facilitating applications in chemical analysis and smart sensing.
Removal‐Free and Multicellular Suspension Bath‐Based 3D Bioprinting
Authors: Li Shuai , Li Jianping , Xu Jian , Shen Yifan , Shang Xiushuai , Li Hangyu , Wang Jingwen , Liu Yihao , Qiang Lei , Qiao Zhiguang , Wang Jinwu , He Yong , Hu Yihe
Published: October 2024

Suspension bath‐based 3D bioprinting (SUB3BP) is effective in creating engineered vascular structures. The transfer of oxygen and nutrients via engineered vascular networks is necessary for tissue or organ survival and integration following transplantation. Existing SUB3BP techniques face challenges in fabricating hierarchical structures with multicellular organization, including issues related to suspension bath removal, restricted material choices, and low accuracy. A next‐generation SUB3BP technique that is removal‐free and multicellular is presented. A simple, storable, stable, and scalable starch hydrogel design leverages the diverse spectrum of hydrogels available for use in SUB3BP. Starch granules (8.1 µm) create vascular structures with minimal surface roughness (2.5 µm) that simulate more natural vessel walls compared to prior research. The development of cells and organoids, as well as the bioprinting of multicellular skin models with vasculature, demonstrates that starch suspension baths eliminate the removal process and have the potential for fabricating artificial tissue with a hierarchical structure and multicellular distribution.
Enhanced Electric Field Minimizing Quasi‐Fermi Level Splitting Deficit for High‐Performance Tin‐Lead Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Cheng Jiahui , Cao Huijie , Zhang Shuming , Shao Jie , Yan Wenjian , Peng Cheng , Yue Fang , Zhou Zhongmin
Published: October 2024

The quasi‐Fermi level splitting (QFLS) deficit caused by the non‐radiative recombination at the interface of perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) can lead to severe open‐circuit voltage (VOC) loss and thus decreases the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), however, has received limited attention in inverted tin‐lead PSCs. Herein, the strategy of constructing an extra‐electric field is presented by introducing ferroelectric polymer dipoles (FPD)‐β‐poly(1,1‐difluoroethylene)‐to suppress the QFLS deficit. The directional polarization of FPD can enhance the built‐in electric field (BEF) and thus promote the charge transfer at the perovskite/ETL interface, which effectively suppresses non‐radiative recombination. Furthermore, the incorporation of FPD facilitates high‐quality crystallization of perovskite and reduces the surface energetic disorder. Therefore, the QFLS deficit in the perovskite/ETL half‐stacked device is reduced from 62 to 27 meV after incorporating FPD, and the optimized device achieves an efficiency of 23.44% with a high VOC of 0.88 V. Additionally, the addition of FPD increases the activation energy for ion migration, which can reduce the effect of ion migration on the long‐term stability of the device. Consequently, the FPD‐incorporated device retains 88% of the initial efficiency after 1100 h of continuous illumination at the maximum power point (MPP).
Insulator‐to‐Metal Transition and Isotropic Gigantic Magnetoresistance in Layered Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Acharya Gokul , Neupane Bimal , Hsu Chia‐Hsiu , Yang Xian P. , Graf David , Choi Eun Sang , Pandey Krishna , Nabi Md Rafique Un , Chhetri Santosh Karki , Basnet Rabindra , Rahman Sumaya , Wang Jian , Hu Zhengxin , Da Bo , Churchill Hugh O. H , Chang Guoqing , Hasan M. Zahid , Wang Yuanxi , Hu Jin
Published: October 2024

Magnetotransport, the response of electrical conduction to external magnetic field, acts as an important tool to reveal fundamental concepts behind exotic phenomena and plays a key role in enabling spintronic applications. Magnetotransport is generally sensitive to magnetic field orientations. In contrast, efficient and isotropic modulation of electronic transport, which is useful in technology applications such as omnidirectional sensing, is rarely seen, especially for pristine crystals. Here a strategy is proposed to realize extremely strong modulation of electron conduction by magnetic field which is independent of field direction. GdPS, a layered antiferromagnetic semiconductor with resistivity anisotropies, supports a field‐driven insulator‐to‐metal transition with a paradoxically isotropic gigantic negative magnetoresistance insensitive to magnetic field orientations. This isotropic magnetoresistance originates from the combined effects of a near‐zero spin–orbit coupling of Gd3+‐based half‐filling f‐electron system and the strong on‐site f–d exchange coupling in Gd atoms. These results not only provide a novel material system with extraordinary magnetotransport that offers a missing block for antiferromagnet‐based ultrafast and efficient spintronic devices, but also demonstrate the key ingredients for designing magnetic materials with desired transport properties for advanced functionalities.
Constructing Electron‐Rich Ru Clusters on Non‐Stoichiometric Copper Hydroxide for Superior Biocatalytic ROS Scavenging to Treat Inflammatory Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Liu Jinglun , Wang Ting , Liao Chengcheng , Geng Wei , Yang Jian , Ma Shixing , Tian Weidong , Liao Li , Cheng Chong
Published: October 2024

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a complex neuropathological challenge that significantly impacts the well‐being of affected individuals. The quest for efficacious antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory therapies is both a compelling necessity and a formidable challenge. Here, in this work, the innovative synthesis of electron‐rich Ru clusters on non‐stoichiometric copper hydroxide that contain oxygen vacancy defects (Ru/def‐Cu(OH)2), which can function as a biocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger for efficiently suppressing the inflammatory cascade reactions and modulating the endogenous microenvironments in SCI, is introduced. The studies reveal that the unique oxygen vacancies promote electron redistribution and amplify electron accumulation at Ru clusters, thus enhancing the catalytic activity of Ru/def‐Cu(OH)2 in multielectron reactions involving oxygen‐containing intermediates. These advancements endow the Ru/def‐Cu(OH)2 with the capacity to mitigate ROS‐mediated neuronal death and to foster a reparative microenvironment by dampening inflammatory macrophage responses, meanwhile concurrently stimulating the activity of neural stem cells, anti‐inflammatory macrophages, and oligodendrocytes. Consequently, this results in a robust reparative effect on traumatic SCI. It is posited that the synthesized Ru/def‐Cu(OH)2 exhibits unprecedented biocatalytic properties, offering a promising strategy to develop ROS‐scavenging and anti‐inflammatory materials for the management of traumatic SCI and a spectrum of other diseases associated with oxidative stress.
A Kelp Inspired High‐Power Density Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Stacking Structure for Multiple Directional Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting
Authors: Sun Chao , Liu Xue , Zhong Wei , Pan Qinying , Chen Longyi , Zhang Gengchen , Wang Jia , Dong Xiaohong , Shao Jiang
Published: October 2024

Ocean wave energy is one of the most promising green energies in the wild. However, it is still challenging to effectively collect wave energy due to its randomness and irregularity. In this work, a kelp inspired high‐power density triboelectric nanogenerator (K‐TENG) is presented for harvesting wave energy with characteristics in multiple directions. The proposed K‐TENG consists of a series of stacked leaf‐like units. The influence of configuration parameters, including pellet diameters, pellet numbers, unit sizes, oscillation frequency, swing amplitude, and wave directions on output performances of leaf‐like units, are extensively investigated. Experimental data indicates that a single leaf‐like unit can achieve a maximum output voltage of 623.14 V as well as a maximum current of 1.48 µA and realize energy harvesting from different wave directions. A K‐TENG composed of 15 leaf‐like units demonstrates a high‐power density of 18.77 W m−3 at a wave frequency of 2.5 Hz, which successfully powers a digital watch and 414 light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). This work is hoped to provide a simple and reliable route to effectively harvest ocean wave energy.
Phosphorus‐Enhanced Bimetallic Single‐Atom Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Tao Xiafang , Liu Yan , Lu Ruihu , Liu Jianfeng , Wang Hai I. , Yang Juan , Bonn Mischa , Müllen Klaus , Zhou Yazhou
Published: October 2024

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs), where individual metal atoms are anchored on support, hold great promise for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs). The inherent simplicity of the single‐atom center restricts opportunities for further enhancement. Binuclear SACs, incorporating two different metal sites, can further improve HER kinetics. However, the underlying mechanisms of the HER at the binuclear sites are complex and not fully understood, hampering the design of new efficient catalyst structures. Here, a comprehensive investigation is presented into phosphorus‐doped iron and cobalt bimetallic SACs supported on nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon (P/FeCo‐NC), focusing on the potential mechanisms underpinning their enhanced HER activity. P/FeCo‐NC exhibits overpotentials of 38 and 95 mV at 10 mA cm2 in 0.5 m H2SO4 and 1 m KOH, respectively, nearing the acidic performance of commercial Pt/C (33 mV). Theoretical studies reveal that the phosphorus bridge significantly alters the electronic properties of the Fe active sites, while the adjacent Co atoms modulate the electronic environment, further optimizing the hydrogen adsorption‐free energy toward more favorable kinetics. This work highlights the structure‐activity relationships of bimetallic SACs and opens perspectives for future applications.
Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: Bridging Performance Gaps for Enhanced Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Li Jingjing , Cheng Junhan , Zhang Yubing , Chen Zhonghao , Nasr Mahmoud , Farghali Mohamed , Rooney David W. , Yap Pow‐Seng , Osman Ahmed I.
Published: October 2024

In light of the anticipated 50% increase in global energy demand by 2050, the demand for innovative, environmentally conscious, efficient, and dependable energy technologies is paramount. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer a promising solution for sustainable energy production. This comprehensive review provides a detailed analysis of SOFCs, covering their fundamentals, materials, performance, and diverse applications, while also addressing technological challenges and future prospects. The review emphasizes the key advantages of SOFCs, including their high efficiency of up to 60% and minimal environmental impact. It explores the significance of impurity resistance and durability in materials and manufacturing processes for SOFC components. Comparative evaluations demonstrate the superior energy efficiency and ecological effects of SOFCs compared to other fuel cell technologies. SOFCs’ versatility and potential are showcased through their applications in transportation, power generation and storage, portable devices, and residential usage. However, challenges such as cost, longevity, reliability, and integration with other energy systems are identified, emphasizing the need for supportive policies and regulations.
Predicting Room‐Temperature Conductivity of Na‐Ion Super Ionic Conductors with the Minimal Number of Easily‐Accessible Descriptors
Authors: Jang Seong‐Hoon , Jalem Randy , Tateyama Yoshitaka
Published: October 2024

Given the vast compositional possibilities , Na‐ion superionic conductors are attractive but complicated for designing materials with enhanced room‐temperature Na‐ion conductivity . An explicit regression model for with easily‐accessible descriptors is proposed by exploiting density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT‐MD). Initially, it is demonstrated that two primary descriptors, the bottleneck width along Na‐ion diffusion paths and the average Na–Na distance , modulate room‐temperature Na‐ion self‐diffusion coefficient . Then, two secondary easily‐accessible descriptors are introduced: Na‐ion content n, which influences , , and Na‐ion density ; and the average ionic radius of metal ions, which impacts and . These secondary descriptors enable the development of a regression model for with n and only. Subsequently, this model identifies a promising yet unexplored stable composition, , which, upon DFT‐MD calculations, indeed exhibits  S cm−1. Furthermore, the adjusted version effectively fits experimental values with .
Blend ratios and mixtures of brown patch susceptible and resistant tall fescue cultivars
Authors: Powlen Jada S. , McCall David S. , Hensler Kevin L. , Kerns James P. , Fidanza Michael A. , Bigelow Cale A.
Published: October 2024

Brown patch (Rhizoctonia spp.) is a major disease of turf‐type tall fescue (TF) [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.]. Many cool‐season turfgrass lawns consist of species mixtures or cultivar blends, but the exact proportion of resistant cultivars in blends and mixtures to effectively reduce disease has not been well documented. A field study was conducted in West Lafayette, IN, and Blacksburg, VA, during 2022 and 2023 to determine the brown patch severity of various blend ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight) using a brown patch susceptible and resistant TF cultivar. Additionally, mixtures (90% and 10% by weight, respectively) of TF and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with a susceptible and resistant TF cultivar were evaluated. Seasonal appearance/turf quality and brown patch severity were visually determined, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. Turf quality and brown patch severity were similar at both locations. Additionally, blends and mixtures containing ≥75% of the resistant cultivar maintained higher average visual quality across both locations compared to the susceptible cultivar alone. Between the two mixtures, the inclusion of a resistant TF cultivar maintained higher canopy density and increased the proportion of TF at both locations. Blends and mixtures containing ≥75% of a resistant cultivar reduced brown patch AUDPC by 71% and 83% in 2022 and 2023, respectively, when compared to the 100% susceptible cultivar. This field study reinforces the importance of selecting resistant TF cultivars to reduce seasonal brown patch symptoms in cool‐season turfgrass lawns.
Hepatitis C virus infection increases risk of peripheral arterial disease in end‐stage renal disease patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis therapy
Authors: Wang Chih‐Wen , Chen Szu‐Chia , Huang Chung‐Feng , Su Ho‐Ming , Huang Jiun‐Chi , Wu Pei‐Yu , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Lee Pei‐Lun , Dai Chia‐Yen , Huang Jee‐Fu , Yu Ming‐Lung , Chuang Wan‐Long
Published: October 2024

Both hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and end‐stage renal disease are associated with an increased risk of developing peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Our objective was to explore the relationship between HCV infection and PAD in hemodialysis patients, using brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) as the assessment method. Since 2016, we have actively been recruiting patients undergoing regular hemodialysis three times a week. All baPWV assessments for our patients were performed before the implementation of direct‐acting antiviral treatment. Furthermore, none of the uremic patients with HCV infection had received interferon‐based treatment in the past. An elevated baPWV measurement surpassing 2100 cm/s is indicative of an increased susceptibility to potential PAD. Our analysis utilized multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis. Individuals with HCV infection exhibited higher baPWV levels compared with those without HCV infection (2006.0 ± 687.4 vs. 1809.3 ± 466.1 cm/s, p = .039). The presence of HCV infection (β = 199.56, 95% CI: 10.56–388.56, p = .039) demonstrated a significantly positive correlation with baPWV levels. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, HCV infection (OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.07–6.68, p = .036) significantly associated with baPWV >2100 cm/s. Furthermore, individuals with a higher viral load (HCV RNA ≥60 × 103 IU/mL) (OR = 4.45, 95% CI: 1.12–17.68, p = .034) demonstrated a significant association with baPWV ≥2100 cm/s when compared with non‐HCV infection patients. Additionally, patients with genotype I exhibited a significant association with baPWV ≥2100 cm/s (OR = 8.13, 95% CI: 2.04–32.42, p = .003) in comparison to non‐HCV patients. The presence of HCV infection has been demonstrated to markedly increase baPWV levels. Particularly, HCV infection with higher viral load and genotype I is significantly linked to an elevated risk of PAD. It emphasizes the importance of HCV elimination in the specific population.
Synthesis of 3‐Acyl‐1‐Indenones by Oxidative Cyclization of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Aryldiynes Using Palladium Nanoparticles (Pd‐BNP) as Reusable Nano Catalyst
Authors: Narasimha Rao Gollapalli , Kathirvel Krishnamoorthy , Sekar Govindasamy
Published: October 2024

An efficient, stable and reusable binaphthyl stabilized palladium nanoparticles (Pd‐BNP) catalyzed synthesis of 3‐acyl‐1‐indenone derivatives from oxidative cyclization of symmetrical and unsymmetrical aryldiynes using DMSO as a solvent as well as an oxidant has been established. The scope of the reaction has been studied with various aryldiynes having electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups that afforded good yields. Pd‐BNP catalyst can be recovered and reused for up to four cycles without major changes in particle size and reactivity.
The Fischer‐Lactonization‐Driven Mechanism for Ultra‐Efficient Recycling of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Miaomiao , Shen Ji , Zuo Yinze , Liu Ruiping , Zhao Jianjun , Zhou Guangmin
Published: October 2024

Hydrometallurgy remains a major challenge to simplify its complex separation and precipitation processes for spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we propose a Fischer‐lactonization‐driven mechanism for the cascade reaction of leaching and chelation of spent LIBs. Citric acid undergoes a two‐step dissociation of the carboxylic acid (−COOH) and complexes with the leached metal ion, while the residual −COOH is attacked by H protons to form a protonated carboxyl ion (−COO −). Subsequently, the lone pair of electrons in the hydroxyl of the same molecule attack the carbon atom in −COO − to facilitate ester bonding, leading to the formation of a lactonized gel. The leaching rates of Li, Ni, Co and Mn are 99.3, 99.1, 99.5 and 99.2 %, respectively. The regenerated monocrystalline LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) has a uniform particle size distribution and complete lamellar structure, with a capacity retention rate of 70.6 % after 250 cycles at 0.5 C. The mechanism achieves a one‐step chelation reaction, and the energy consumption and carbon emissions are only 26 % and 44 %, respectively, of that of the conventional hydrometallurgical. The strategy achieves a double breakthrough in simplifying the process and improving environmental friendliness, offering a sustainable approach to the re‐utilization of spent LIBs.
Integrating Prelithiation and Interface Protection to Achieve High‐Energy All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Xu Xiangqun , Chu Shiyong , Xu Sheng , Li Haoyu , Sheng Chuanchao , Dong Mingxia , Guo Shaohua , Zhou Haoshen
Published: October 2024

All‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs), particularly those with Li‐free anodes or even anode‐free configurations, have attracted extensive attention due to high safety and energy density. However, chemical‐mechanical degradation typically deteriorates the cycle life and energy of Li‐free anode ASSBs with the absence of Li inventory. Here, the prelithiation agent Li5FeO4 (LFO) coated Ni‐rich layered oxide is developed as the cathode for Li‐free anode ASSBs. The coated LFO acts as an interfacial protective layer to prevent the highly oxidizing Ni‐rich cathode from reacting with sulfide solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs), mitigating the structural degradation of Ni‐rich cathodes and the decomposition of SSE, resulting in excellent cycle life. Beneficial from the coated LFO in the cathode of the Li‐free anode ASSBs, the reversible capacity improves from 174.7 mAh g−1 to 199.7 mAh g−1, and the capacity retention is enhanced from 33.8 % to 84.8 % after 100 cycles. Additionally, an ultrahigh energy density of 440 Wh kg−1, based on the mass of the composite cathode, Li‐free anode, and SSE, is obtained in a Li‐free anode all‐solid‐state pouch cell equipped with the LFO‐coated cathode.
A Metal Chelation Therapy to Effectively Eliminate Breast Cancer and Intratumor Bacteria While Suppressing Tumor Metastasis by Copper Depletion and Zinc Ions Surge
Authors: Xie Yulin , Wang Junrong , Li Lei , Wang Man , Sun Jikai , Chang Jiaying , Lin Jun , Li Chunxia
Published: October 2024

The intratumor microbiota results in the immunosuppressive microenvironment and facilitates tumor growth and metastasis. However, developing a synergistic therapy with antitumor, antibacterial, and antimetastatic effects faces enormous challenges. Here, we propose an innovative metal chelation therapy to effectively eliminate tumor and intratumor bacteria and suppress tumor metastasis. Different from traditional chelation therapy that only consumes metal elements, this therapy not only eliminates the crucial metal elements for tumor metabolism but also releases new metal ions with antitumor and antibacterial properties. Based on the high demand for copper in breast cancer, we prepare a fibrous therapeutic nanoagent (Zn‐PEN) by chelating the copper chelator D‐Penicillamine (D‐PEN) with Zn2+. Firstly, Zn‐PEN achieves dual inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis metabolism in breast cancer through copper depletion and Zn2+ activated cGAS‐STING pathway, thus inducing tumor cell death. Secondly, Zn‐PEN has the capability to eradicate Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in breast cancer, thereby mitigating its immunosuppressive impact on the tumor microenvironment. Finally, Zn‐PEN effectively inhibits tumor metastasis through multiple routes, including the inhibition of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, activation of cGAS‐STING pathway, and elimination with F. nucleatum. Therefore, we verify the feasibility of Zn‐PEN mediated metal chelation therapy in a 4T1 model infected with F. nucleatum, providing a new therapeutic strategy for inhibiting tumor metastasis.
Hydrophobic association hydrogel with toughness, high stretch, and sensitivity for flexible sensing
Authors: Shu Qicong , Yuan Yizhong , Sun Jinyu , Zhang Yao , Yu Huimei , Tian Xiaohui , Cai Chunhua
Published: October 2024

Polypyrrole (PPy), as a highly conductive polymer, is limited in application due to the difficulty of uniform dispersion in hydrogels. To improve the compatibility of PPy with hydrogels, xanthan gum (XG) is employed as an emulsifier to homogeneously disperse pyrrole (Py) in water. XG is used as a template for in situ polymerization, and PPy is coated on XG to form nanoparticles (PX) with a core‐shell structure, enabling the nanoparticles to be dispersed uniformly in water for a long time. PX nanoparticles are combined with pure hydrophobic association hydrogel (HA) to form a HA/PX nanocomposite hydrogel. The HA/PX2% nanocomposite hydrogels exhibiting high toughness (equivalent to 5.1 MJ/m3) and high sensitivity (GF = 11.07 for 600%–1400% strain range) are prepared by combining dynamic hydrophobic cross‐linking sites, as well as hydrogen bonding between PX nanoparticles and the cross‐linked network. The test results show that the HA/PX nanocomposite hydrogel strain sensor has excellent strain sensing durability (800 cycles of 100% strain) and has the ability to accurately detect human joint movements for voice recognition and handwriting recognition. The nanocomposite hydrogel is a new method for the preparation of flexible electronic materials, which has great promise for application in the field of strain sensors.