bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome Image Programs
Authors: Zimmer Daniel P , Paliy Oleg , Thomas Brian , Gyaneshwar Prasad , Kustu Sydney
Published: September 2004

We have developed programs to facilitate analysis of microarray data in Escherichia coli. They fall into two categories: manipulation of microarray images and identification of known biological relationships among lists of genes. A program in the first category arranges spots from glass-slide DNA microarrays according to their position in the E. coli genome and displays them compactly in genome order. The resulting genome image is presented in a web browser with an image map that allows the user to identify genes in the reordered image. Another program in the first category aligns genome images from two or more experiments. These images assist in visualizing regions of the genome with common transcriptional control. Such regions include multigene operons and clusters of operons, which are easily identified as strings of adjacent, similarly colored spots. The images are also useful for assessing the overall quality of experiments. The second category of programs includes a database and a number of tools for displaying biological information about many E. coli genes simultaneously rather than one gene at a time, which facilitates identifying relationships among them. These programs have accelerated and enhanced our interpretation of results from E. coli DNA microarray experiments. Examples are given.
Stochastic and Epigenetic Changes of Gene Expression in Arabidopsis Polyploids
Authors: Wang Jianlin , Tian Lu , Madlung Andreas , Lee Hyeon-Se , Chen Meng , Lee Jinsuk J , Watson Brian , Kagochi Trevor , Comai Luca , Chen Z Jeffrey
Published: September 2004

Polyploidization is an abrupt speciation mechanism for eukaryotes and is especially common in plants. However, little is known about patterns and mechanisms of gene regulation during early stages of polyploid formation. Here we analyzed differential expression patterns of the progenitors' genes among successive selfing generations and independent lineages. The synthetic Arabidopsis allotetraploid lines were produced by a genetic cross between A. thaliana and A. arenosa autotetraploids. We found that some progenitors' genes are differentially expressed in early generations, whereas other genes are silenced in late generations or among different siblings within a selfing generation, suggesting that the silencing of progenitors' genes is rapidly and/or stochastically established. Moreover, a subset of genes is affected in autotetraploid and multiple independent allotetraploid lines and in A. suecica, a natural allotetraploid derived from A. thaliana and A. arenosa, indicating locus-specific susceptibility to ploidy-dependent gene regulation. The role of DNA methylation in silencing progenitors' genes is tested in DNA-hypomethylation transgenic lines of A. suecica using RNA interference (RNAi). Two silenced genes are reactivated in both ddm1- and met1-RNAi lines, consistent with the demethylation of centromeric repeats and gene-specific regions in the genome. A rapid and stochastic process of differential gene expression is reinforced by epigenetic regulation during polyploid formation and evolution.
Expansion and Contraction of the DUP240 Multigene Family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae PopulationsSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AJ585103, AJ585104, AJ585105, AJ585106, AJ585107, AJ585108, AJ585190, AJ585524, AJ585525, AJ586490, AJ586491, AJ586492, AJ586493, AJ586494, AJ586495, AJ586496, AJ586497, AJ586498, AJ586499, AJ586500, AJ586501, AJ586502, AJ586503, AJ586504, AJ586505, AJ586506, AJ586507, AJ586508, and AJ586612.
Authors: Leh-Louis Véronique , Wirth Bénédicte , Potier Serge , Souciet Jean-Luc , Despons Laurence
Published: September 2004

The influence of duplicated sequences on chromosomal stability is poorly understood. To characterize chromosomal rearrangements involving duplicated sequences, we compared the organization of tandem repeats of the DUP240 gene family in 15 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains of various origins. The DUP240 gene family consists of 10 members of unknown function in the reference strain S288C. Five DUP240 paralogs on chromosome I and two on chromosome VII are arranged as tandem repeats that are highly polymorphic in copy number and sequence. We characterized DNA sequences that are likely involved in homologous or nonhomologous recombination events and are responsible for intra- and interchromosomal rearrangements that cause the creation and disappearance of DUP240 paralogs. The tandemly repeated DUP240 genes seem to be privileged sites of gene birth and death.
Conditional Expression in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi With Tet-On and Tet-Off Systems
Authors: Lycett Gareth J , Kafatos Fotis C , Loukeris Thanasis G
Published: September 2004

We report successful conditional gene expression in the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, on the basis of binary systems consisting of gene driver and responder transgenic lines generated by Minos-mediated germline transformation. An A. gambiae tissue-specific enhancer derived from a serpin (SRPN10) gene was utilized to control the temporal and spatial expression of doxycycline (dox)-sensitive transcriptional regulators in the driver lines. The “Tet-Off” driver utilized the tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activator (tTA) that is unable to bind and activate transcription from tetracycline operators (TetO) in the presence of dox; the “Tet-on” driver utilized the reverse tTA (rtTA) that, conversely, binds and activates TetO operators in the presence of dox. The responder lines carried insertions encompassing a LacZ reporter gene, cis-regulated by a TetO-P-element hybrid promoter. The progeny of crosses between driver and responder lines expressed β-galactosidase under dual, tissue-specific and dox-mediated regulation. In adult rtTA/TetOPlacZ progeny, dox treatment rapidly induced β-galactosidase activity throughout the midgut epithelium and especially in malaria parasite-invaded epithelial cells. Transactivator-dependent, dox-mediated regulation was observed in hemocytes and pericardial cells using both systems. Conditional tissue-specific regulation is a powerful tool for analyzing gene function in mosquitoes and potentially for development of strategies to control disease transmission.
A Genetic Mechanism Implicates Chromosome 11 in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Diseases
Authors: Klar Amar J S
Published: September 2004

The causes of schizophrenia and bipolar human psychiatric disorders are unknown. A novel somatic cell genetic model postulated nonrandom segregation of “Watson” vs. “Crick” DNA chains of both copies of a chromosome to specific daughter cells. Such an oriented asymmetric cell division causes development of healthy, functionally nonequivalent brain hemispheres. Genetic translocations of the chromosome may cause disease by disrupting the biased strand-segregation process. Only one-half of chromosome 1 and 11 translocation carriers developing disease were recently explained as a result consistent with the model (Klar 2002). Is chromosome 1 or 11 involved? Does the translocation breakpoint cause disease? Remarkably, two other unrelated chromosome 11 translocations discovered from the literature likewise caused disease in ∼50% of carriers. Together, their breakpoints lie at three distinct regions spanning ∼40% of chromosome 11. Thus, chromosome 11 is implicated but the breakpoints themselves are unlikely to cause the disease. The results suggest that the genetically caused disease develops without a Mendelian gene mutation.
Detecting the Footprint of Positive Selection in a European Population of Drosophila melanogasterSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AJ781836, AJ783306.
Authors: Orengo Dorcas J , Aguadé Montserrat
Published: September 2004

The effects on nucleotide variation of adaptations to temperate habitats and of the possible bottleneck associated with the origin of European populations of Drosophila melanogaster should be detectable in DNA sequences given the short time elapsed relative to the species population size. We surveyed nucleotide variation in 109 fragments distributed across the X chromosome in a European population of D. melanogaster to detect the footprint of positive selection. Fragments were located primarily in large noncoding regions. Multilocus tests based on Tajima's D statistic revealed a significant departure from neutral expectations in a stationary panmictic population, with an important contribution from both positive and negative D values. A positive relationship between Tajima's D values and distance to coding region was detected, with a comparative excess of significantly negative D values in the subset of fragments closer to coding regions. Also, there was a significant heterogeneity in the polymorphism to divergence ratio, with 12 fragments contributing 42% to the test statistic. Moreover, these fragments were comparatively closer to coding regions. These findings would imply positive selection events, and thus selective sweeps, during the species expansion to Europe.
Identification of Residues of the Caenorhabditis elegans LIN-1 ETS Domain That Are Necessary for DNA Binding and Regulation of Vulval Cell Fates
Authors: Miley Ginger R , Fantz Douglas , Glossip Danielle , Lu Xiaowei , Saito R Mako , Palmer Robert E , Inoue Takao , van den Heuvel Sander , Sternberg Paul W , Kornfeld Kerry
Published: September 2004

LIN-1 is an ETS domain protein. A receptor tyrosine kinase/Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway regulates LIN-1 in the P6.p cell to induce the primary vulval cell fate during Caenorhabditis elegans development. We identified 23 lin-1 loss-of-function mutations by conducting several genetic screens. We characterized the molecular lesions in these lin-1 alleles and in several previously identified lin-1 alleles. Nine missense mutations and 10 nonsense mutations were identified. All of these lin-1 missense mutations affect highly conserved residues in the ETS domain. These missense mutations can be arranged in an allelic series; the strongest mutations eliminate most or all lin-1 functions, and the weakest mutation partially reduces lin-1 function. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to demonstrate that purified LIN-1 protein has sequence-specific DNA-binding activity that required the core sequence GGAA. LIN-1 mutant proteins containing the missense substitutions had dramatically reduced DNA binding. These experiments identify eight highly conserved residues of the ETS domain that are necessary for DNA binding. The identification of multiple mutations that reduce the function of lin-1 as an inhibitor of the primary vulval cell fate and also reduce DNA binding suggest that DNA binding is essential for LIN-1 function in an animal.
Allelic and Haplotypic Diversity at the Rp1 Rust Resistance Locus of MaizeSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY309779, AY309780, AY309781, AY309782, AY309783sc and scAY581258sc.
Authors: Smith Shavannor M , Pryor Anthony J , Hulbert Scot H
Published: September 2004

The maize Rp1 rust resistance locus is a complex consisting of a family of closely related resistance genes. The number of Rp1 paralogs in different maize lines (haplotypes) varied from a single gene in some stocks of the inbred A188 to >50 genes in haplotypes carrying the Rp1-A and Rp1-H specificities. The sequences of paralogs in unrelated haplotypes differ, indicating that the genetic diversity of Rp1-related genes is extremely broad in maize. Two unrelated haplotypes with five or nine paralogs had identical resistance phenotypes (Rp1-D) encoded in genes that differed by three nucleotides resulting in a single amino acid substitution. Genes in some haplotypes are more similar to each other than to any of the genes in other haplotypes indicating that they are evolving in a concerted fashion.
High-Density Genetic Linkage Maps of Phytophthora infestans Reveal Trisomic Progeny and Chromosomal Rearrangements
Authors: van der Lee Theo , Testa Antonino , Robold Andrea , van ‘t Klooster John , Govers Francine
Published: September 2004

Detailed analysis of the inheritance of molecular markers was performed in the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Linkage analysis in the sexual progeny of two Dutch field isolates (cross 71) resulted in a high-density map containing 508 markers on 13 major and 10 minor linkage groups. The map showed strong clustering of markers, particularly of markers originating from one parent, and dissimilarity between the parental isolates on linkage group III in the vicinity of the mating-type locus, indicating a chromosomal translocation. A second genetic map, constructed by linkage analysis in sexual progeny of two Mexican isolates (cross 68), contained 363 markers and is thus less dense than the cross 71 map. For some linkage groups the two independent linkage maps could be aligned, but sometimes markers appeared to be in a different order, or not linked at all, indicating chromosomal rearrangements between genotypes. Graphical genotyping showed that some progeny contained three copies of a homologous linkage group. This trisomy was found for several linkage groups in both crosses. Together, these analyses suggest a genome with a high degree of flexibility, which may have implications for evolution of new races and resistance development to crop protection agents.
Analysis of Transposon Insertion Mutants Highlights the Diversity of Mechanisms Underlying Male Progamic Development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lalanne Eric , Michaelidis Christos , Moore James M , Gagliano Wendy , Johnson Andrew , Patel Ramesh , Howden Ross , Vielle-Calzada Jean-Phillippe , Grossniklaus Ueli , Twell David
Published: September 2004

To identify genes with essential roles in male gametophytic development, including postpollination (progamic) events, we have undertaken a genetic screen based on segregation ratio distortion of a transposon-borne kanamycin-resistance marker. In a population of 3359 Arabidopsis Ds transposon insertion lines, we identified 20 mutants with stably reduced segregation ratios arising from reduced gametophytic transmission. All 20 mutants showed strict cosegregation of Ds and the reduced gametophytic transmission phenotype. Among these, 10 mutants affected both male and female transmission and 10 mutants showed male-specific transmission defects. Four male and female (ungud) mutants and 1 male-specific mutant showed cellular defects in microspores and/or in developing pollen. The 6 remaining ungud mutants and 9 male-specific (seth) mutants affected pollen functions during progamic development. In vitro and in vivo analyses are reported for 5 seth mutants. seth6 completely blocked pollen germination, while seth7 strongly reduced pollen germination efficiency and tube growth. In contrast, seth8, seth9, or seth10 pollen showed reduced competitive ability that was linked to slower rates of pollen tube growth. Gene sequences disrupted in seth insertions suggest essential functions for putative SETH proteins in diverse processes including protein anchoring, cell wall biosynthesis, signaling, and metabolism.
HEAVY METALS, SODIUM AND SULPHUR IN ROADSIDE TOPSOILS AND IN THE INDICATOR PLANT CHICORY (CICHORIUM INTYBUS L.)
Authors: Simon L.
Published: September 2004

The heavy metal (cadmium, Cd; chromium, Cr; copper, Cu; nickel, Ni; lead, Pb and zinc, Zn), sodium (Na) and sulphur (S) contamination of roadside topsoils and the accumulation of these elements in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) as indicator plant was studied at different sites in Nyíregyháza (Hungary) between 1994 and 1996. In roadside urban topsoils (collected from a depth of 0–10 cm at a distance of 0.1 or 0.2–4.0 m from..
EFFECT OF DATES AND RATES OF SOWING ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF NARBON VETCH UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS
Authors: Tawaha A. M. , Turk M. A.
Published: September 2004

Field experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 at Houfa in northern Jordan, to study the effect of the date and rate of sowing on the yield and yield components of narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.). Progressive delays in sowing beyond 1 st January led to yield reductions of 11.1 and 17.9 at successive 15-day intervals. Plant height, pods stem –1, stems m –2 and 1000-grain weight followed the same trend as the yield. Grain yield was not significantly affected by the sowing rate.
NO3 – AFFECTS CARBOHYDRATE LOSSES FROM WHEAT ROOTS
Authors: Amraoui BenDriss M.
Published: September 2004

The influence of NO3 – on carbohydrate (C) losses from the roots of 21-day-old wheat seedlings was studied under light and N supplies ranging from deficient to excessive (0–8 mM NO3 –). C loss is not influenced by the quantity of internal soluble carbohydrates (SC), but is affected by the nitrate status of the seedlings. In low illuminance, the NO3 – loss is significantly higher than that in high illuminance, whereas C loss is significantly higher in high illuminance than in low illuminance, in spite of there being little difference between the seedlings of both light treatments in the SC concentration in the roots at 0 h, suggesting the existence of a negative correlation between NO3 – and C efflux and a close relationship between the C efflux system and NO3 – assimilation. Low NO3 – and light reduced the C loss, which was decreased to a greater extent by low NO3 – than by low light, indicating that C loss was more dependent on NO3 – than on C export. The high decline in C loss, irrespective of whether there is an increase in NO3 – loss (i.e. in low light) or a decrease in NO3 – loss (i.e. at low nitrate), may indicate that the two types of losses involve different mechanisms.
ROLE OF DIFFERENT GENOME COMBINATIONS ON STABILITY PARAMETERS IN WHEAT AND TRITICALE
Authors: Arumugam S. , Reddy V. R. K.
Published: September 2004

The role of the different genome combinations in a polyploid on phenotypic stability was analysed in wheat and triticale. Twelve genotypes with four genome combinations (AABB, AABBDD, AABBRR and AABBDDRR) were raised in eight artificially created environments. The data on grains per spike, 100-grain weight and grain yield per plant were recorded and analysed following the models of Perkins and Jinks (1968) and Eberhart and Russell (1966). The results revealed that in polyploid species the genes for stability were not uniformly distributed in different genomes. It was therefore inferred that stability may largely depend on the gene combination rather than on the genome combination.
PRODUCTION OF NEW TETRAPLOID TRITICALE FORMS
Authors: Arumugam S. , Reddy V. R. K.
Published: September 2004

Attempts were made to produce tetraploid triticales by crossing 6x triticales with diploid rye. In F2, the chromosome number was reduced to between 15 and 23 except in three plants, where the chromosome number was 28, 32 and 38, respectively. An increased frequency of ring bivalents was observed in many F4 plants. In the progeny of the plant with 28 chromosomes, desired plants (four) with 2n = 28 chromosomes were obtained. Data on various agronomic characters were recorded on the progeny of these plants in F5. Reasonably good fertility was noticed in these tetraploid triticale forms.
EFFECTS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SOWING DATE ON PERFORMANCE AND ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION OF ANISE (PIMPINELLA ANISUM L.)
Authors: Zehtab-salmasi S. , Javanshir A. , Omidbaigi R. , Alyari H. , Ghassemi-golezani K.
Published: September 2004

Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out in order to determine the effects of water supply and sowing date on the performance and essential oil production of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). The results indicated that mean leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate (RGR), relative water content (RWC), grain yield and essential oil decreased, while the root/shoot ratio and the oil percentage of the seeds increased when the available soil water decreased to below 80% in the greenhouse. It was concluded that for higher grain and essential oil production, anise must be sown early in the spring (April 4 to 16) in Tabriz. Water deficit during stem elongation and umbel appearance reduced anise growth, grain yield and oil production. Seeds harvested at the waxy stage had higher oil content than those harvested at earlier or later stages.
STUDIES ON INTERCROPPING POTATO WITH FENUGREEK
Authors: Singh R. , Prasad R. , Pal M.
Published: September 2004

A field study conducted for two years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi showed that intercropping potato with fenugreek is highly profitable and provides some in-season income to the potato growers. It also serves as an insurance against complete loss of income when the potato prices crash in the market.
EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF NITROGEN TO MAIN CROP ON THE PERFORMANCE OF INTERCROPPED LEGUMES GROWN WITH AND WITHOUT FERTILIZERS
Authors: Sharma O. P. , Gupta A. K.
Published: September 2004

The results of a field study revealed that the application of fertilizers to the companion crop in a millet/legume intercropping system is essential to optimize the yield of the legume component. Supplying nutrients to the main crop alone tended to decrease the productivity of the companion crop, probably because of shading as a result of overgrowth of the main crop. The highest contents of N and P in the grain and straw of the intercrop were recorded with 100% of the recommended dose to both the component crops (M100I100). However, the uptake of nutrients was highest from the plots receiving 50 and 100% of the recommended dose to the main and companion crop, respectively (M50I100). Higher uptake was due to the fact that the yields increased to a greater extent than the nutrient concentrations.
GROWTH AND ENERGY CONTENT OF THREE FORAGE GRASSES FROM THE MIDDLE EAST RANGELANDS
Authors: El-Khatib A. A. , Hegazy A. K.
Published: September 2004

This study was conducted on three naturally growing populations of the perennial grasses Panicum turgidum Forssk, Lasiurus scindicus Henrard and Pennisetum divisum Henrard in Egypt, south west Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Vegetative reproduction occurs by rhizome growth and sexual reproduction by tillering, where each tiller may end with a spike. The failure of sexual reproduction is mainly related to the extremely arid conditions and the overgrazing of flowering branches or seeds before dispersal. Phenological behaviour varied among species and differed within the same species in the three study areas. The earliness/lateness and narrow/wide spectrum of the active phenological phases (vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting) were species-dependent rather than locality-dependent. The phenophases of the three species in Saudi Arabia and Qatar proceeded at a faster rate than in Egypt. The plants collected from Saudi Arabia and Egypt attained higher energy content than those collected from Qatar. The overall energy content of P. turgidum (over 6 kcal. g -1 dry weight) is higher than that of L. scindicus and P. divisum (less than 6 kcal. g -1 dry weight). During the peak flowering/fruiting time, the fruits and rhizomes of the three species showed higher energy content than the roots and shoots. When the growth characteristics and energy content were taken as a measure of the grazing value, P. turgidum had better value as a forage plant than the other two species.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING STRAINS OF AZOTOBACTER CHROOCOCCUM ON YIELD TRAITS AND THEIR SURVIVAL IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF WHEAT GENOTYPES UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Narula N. , Kumar V. , Behl R. K.
Published: September 2004

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the establishment of phosphate-dissolving strains of Azotobacter chroococcum, including soil isolates (wild type) and their mutants, in the rhizosphere and their effect on the growth attributes and root biomass of three genetically divergent wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Four fertilizer doses were applied: 90 kg N ha—1, 90 kg N + 60 kg P2O5ha—1, 120 kg N ha—1and 120 kg N + 60 kg P2O5ha—1, besides a control plot without fertilizers or bioinoculants. Phosphate-solubilizing and phytohormone-producing parent soil isolates and mutant strains of A. chroococcum were isolated and selected following the enrichment method. On an overall basis the mutant strains performed better than the soil isolates for in vitro phosphate solubilization (11–14%) and growth hormone production (11.35%). Seed inoculation of wheat varieties with phosphate-solubilizing and phytohormone-producing A. chroococcum showed a better response over the control. Mutant strains of A. chroococcum showed a higher increase in grain (15.30%) and straw (15.10%) yield over the control and better survival (12–14%) in the rhizosphere as compared to their parent soil isolate (P4). Mutant strain M15 performed better in all three varieties in terms of increase in grain yield (20.8%) and root biomass (20.6%) over the control.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOWING METHODS ON YIELD AND BULB CHARACTERISTICS IN ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.)
Authors: Motallebi A. , Masshia S. , Shekari F.
Published: September 2004

Direct sowing (DS), row direct sowing (RDS), and the transplanting method (TM) were investigated for two onion cultivars, Azar-Shahr (red skin onion) and Horand (yellow-brown skin onion) during 1999, at Khalat-Pooshan Research Station, Tabriz University. Analysis of variance for the measured traits indicated that except for the percentage of class II onions, other traits were significantly influenced by the sowing methods. TM had higher values of total yield, marketable yield, percentage of class I and III, bulb weight, homogeneity (HOM) of bulb weight, bulb diameter, HOM of bulb diameter, bulb length, HOM of bulb length, bulb diameter at the neck and base, number of centres, and percentage of bulbs containing multiple centres than the other methods. The cultivars differed significantly only for bulb weight, HOM of bulb weight, and postharvest longevity characteristics. The data suggest that TM could be an effective method in onion production areas without causing a change in soil texture. RDS was also a better method than DS in terms of marketable yield, and homogeneity of bulb weight.
ASSOCIATION OF CHARACTERS AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.)
Authors: Aklilu S. , Dessalegne L. , Currah L.
Published: September 2004

Fifteen onion genotypes (one standard check and 14 exotic cultivars) were evaluated in RCBD with 3 replications at Melkassa Research Center during the 1999/2000 growing season (Aug.–Feb.). The objective of the study was to understand the association of characters with seed yield. The genotypic correlation coefficients were greater in magnitude than the phenotypic ones. Seed yield/plant had a high, significant correlation with number of flower stalks/plant, number of seeds and flowers/umbel and umbel size. Bolting and flowering period had a significant negative correlation with seed yield/plant. From the path analysis results, the number of flower stalks/plant, bolting period, thousand seed weight, flower stalk diameter and umbel size had a high direct positive effect on seed yield/plant. Since the direct and indirect effects through these components on seed yield are high and positive, selection should concentrate on these traits for high seed yield in onion cultivars. Since these components were found to affect seed yield they could be used for developing varieties for the growing onion industry in the country.
DYNAMICS OF DRY MATTER PRODUCTION, TRANSPIRATION AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE OF MAIZE
Authors: Szlovák S. , Almási Z.
Published: September 2004

A two-year pot experiment was carried out in a green-house to investigate the dry matter (DM) accumulation, distribution and redistribution in maize, the transpiration intensity/leaf area and the dry leaf weight. The uptake, distribution and redistribution of phosphorus was also studied. The total dry matter weight (DMW) of aerial plant parts increased up to 108 days after emergence (DAE) and then, with the exception of the grain, decreased to the final harvest. Averaged over two years, the most DM was transported to the grain from the stalk (69.41%) and the least from the leaf-sheath (1.69%). The lowest transpiration intensity calculated per dm 2 hour -1 was 0.41 g and the highest 1.35 g. The transpiration intensity calculated per unit weight of dry leaf blades was 0.62 and 2.80 g. In both years the total phosphorus uptake increased in all aboveground plant parts up to the 80 th day after emergence and then, with the exception of the grain, decreased to the final harvest. At the end of the growing season the grain stored most (84.85%) of the absorbed phosphorus, averaged over two years.
PERFORMANCE OF VEGETABLE COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) AS INFLUENCED BY P FERTILIZER IN S.E. NIGERIA
Authors: Oko B. F. D. , Eneji A. E. , Nwoko C. , Shiyam J. O. , Eremi E.
Published: September 2004

Four cultivars of cowpea (IT 86F-2089-5, IT 81D-1228-14, IT 92KD-267-2 and IT 92KD-266-2-1) were subjected to four levels of phosphorus fertilizer in Calabar, southeastern Nigeria during the 1995 cropping season. Morphological differences were minimal between the erect and prostrate, bushy types. Significant cultivar differences for green pod yields were obtained, with IT 86F-2089-5 giving the highest and IT 92KD-266- 2-1 the lowest yields. For all cultivars except IT 81D-1228-14, the phosphorus fertilizer effect increased with increasing rate of application. The green pod yields of IT 86F-2089-5 and IT 81D-1228-14 were superior to those of other cultivars, whereas the grain yield was highest in the latter cultivar. In addition, IT 81D-1228-14 gave high yields even without P fertilizer, hence it could be a useful variety for low-input farmers in the area.
SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI ON TOMATO PHYLLOPLANE: EFFECT OF FUNGICIDES AND LEAF POSITION ON ABUNDANCE, COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY
Authors: Mónaco C. I. , Alippi H. , Mittidieri I. , Nico A. I.
Published: September 2004

Fungal isolations were made from leaves of tomato plants cultivated in greenhouses in an area close to La Plata, Argentina. Three different schemes of fungicide application were evaluated: high frequency preventive sprayings (Commercial Greenhouse I), low frequency preventive applications (Commercial Greenhouse II) and no fungicide spraying (Control Greenhouse). Leaves were sampled immediately after second fruit formation from three levels of the foliage: low, medium and high. Plating dilution was used to isolate fungal species. Total c.f.u. number and species composition and diversity were assessed by the plating dilution technique. Fungal populations were most abundant on leaves from lower parts of the foliage in the Control Greenhouse. Diversity varied according to fungicide application frequency and leaf position in the canopy. Higher values were recorded for lower leaves in the Control Greenhouse compared with upper leaves from Commercial Greenhouse II. Likewise position in the canopy influenced the frequency of some species. The implications for natural biological control are discussed. Key words: biodiversity, biological control, phylloplane, tomato
RESPONSE OF A LOCAL AND SOME EXOTIC MUNGBEAN VARIETIES TO BIO- AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION
Authors: El-Kramany M. F. , Bahr A. A. , Gomaa A. M.
Published: September 2004

A pot trial was carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre during the summer season of 1999 to investigate the combined impact of Bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) and Azotobacter vinelandii in the presence of various doses of chemical fertilizers, i.e. 25%, 50% and 100% of the recommended dose of NPK, on nodulation, growth parameters, seed yield and its components, and seed contents of protein, phosphorus and potassium of a local (Kawmy-1) and three exotic (VC-4, VC-9 and King) varieties of mungbean. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the different varieties for nodule number per plant, while significant variations were obtained between both varieties and biofertilization treatments. The plants of the Kawmy-1 variety gave the shortest period of growth, the highest number of pods per plant and the highest values of harvest index and seed protein content. The King variety had the longest period of growth and the highest values for number of branches, seed yield, biological yield, seed index and seed phosphorus content. The inclusion of Azotobacter vinelandii significantly augmented various tested parameters, with the exception of seed yield, biological yield and potassium content, in comparison with Bradyrhizobium. Insignificant differences were found owing to the interaction between varieties, various levels of mineral fertilizers and types of biofertilizers with the exception of harvest index and seed phosphorus content.
VARIATION OF SUNFLOWER GROWTH, SOIL MOISTURE AND SOIL TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO PLANTING PATTERNS AT A HIGH LATITUDE SITE
Authors: Long M. , Eiszner H.
Published: September 2004

HALLE-WITTENBERG, HALLE(SAALE), GERMANY Received: 13 June, 2001; accepted: 6 August, 2001 Field experiments were conducted at a high latitude site for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in central Germany (51 o 24' N, 11 o 53' E) in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The responses of sunflower development to various planting patterns differed in the duration from emergence to the middle of the linear growth period as calculated via a tangent hyperbolic model F(t)=(. +ß)×tanh[. ×(t–.)]. Final dry matter accumulation showed few differences among the planting patterns: 12 plants m –2 at 50 cm row spacing at 75 cm row spacing (RS2PD2) and 4 plants m –2 at 100 cm row spacing (RS3PD1). The actual and simulated values for final dry matter were close to 1200 g m –2 . The responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns changed from the upper to the deep soil layers. In a normal year, e.g. 1997, the soil water to 150 cm depth was sufficient for sunflower growth. In a drought year, e.g. 1998, soil water deeper than 150 cm was used by sunflower crops. The soil temperature was mostly lower in RS1PD3 and RS2PD2 than in RS3PD1, particularly in the upper soil, at depths of 5 and 20 cm. The most important factor defining the responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns seems to be the amount of radiation penetrating the ground, which may depend on latitude, wind and row orientation.
INTEGRATING CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH IN TRANSLATION OR HOW TO PRODUCE EFFECTIVE TEXTS: THE HIV/AIDS CASE
Authors: Valero-garcés CARMEN
Published: September 2004

The paper joins forces with the increasing amount of literature on translation and cultural studies and places translation in the context of cross-cultural communication. Accepting that cultural differences affect communication, we can anticipate that the incorporation of cross-cultural research is vital for the production of effective materials when creating target-oriented texts. In the following pages this hypothesis will be tested through the analysis of a specific kind of text produced for a specific audience, that is, translated HIV/AIDS-prevention materials for the Hispanic community in the USA. Therefore, I will first review past empirical research investigating some factors associated with HIV prevention such as source, message, channel, and receiver; secondly, I will address the implications of these findings on the analysis of translated written materials produced as part of AIDS-prevention programs for the Hispanic population. The study will lead us to some conclusions about the importance of incorporating cross-cultural research in translation.
PERFORMING MUSICAL TEXTS IN A TARGET LANGUAGE: THE CASE OF SPAIN
Authors: Mateo MARTA
Published: September 2004

This paper presents the situation of opera translation in Spain, a country where this translation activity has hardly been practised and where, as a consequence, it has hardly been paid attention to by translation scholars. Unlike plays, which are practically always conveyed in the target language in Spain, operas are normally performed in their source language, a fact which does not seem to be due simply to the close relationship between text and music, as (both American and English) musicals have been translated into Spanish for performance. As a translation activity normally initiated by the target context, the translation of musical texts is influenced by the socio-cultural, historical and economic factors prevailing in it, such as the attitude of singers, opera choruses and opera societies towards sung translations, the tradition regarding the language for performance, the need to pander to opera audiences in order to make it cost-effective and the position of the text in the target polysystem. The translation of musical drama once more points up the vital role of the target receptor in the preliminary norms of any translation activity, as the different perception Spanish audiences have of operas (as a foreign product intended for an elite audience) and musicals (a foreign product for a popular audience) seems to determine the language chosen for performance. The paper therefore studies which musical texts have been translated for performance into Spanish, when and where, and how translation may have affected our national production of these texts.
THE CHINESE AND WESTERN TRANSLATION TRADITIONS IN COMPARISON
Authors: Tan ZAIXI
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this paper is to provide a discussion of some of the basic differences and similarities between the Chinese and Western traditions of translation. After analysing some of the major findings about what is shared and what is unshared between the two traditions, as well as what lies beneath these differences and similarities, four basic conclusions are made; namely, (a) comparative translation studies is important and should be fully developed; (b) the differences between the Chinese and Western translation traditions are necessarily conditioned by differences in their broader socio-cultural framework; (c) quite similar ideas have been produced over the centuries between China and the West, which may be regarded as elements of ‘universality' as the most outstanding feature of theoretical discussions about translation across language-cultures; and most importantly, (d) an understanding of Chinese-Western differences and similarities should help create a meaningful environment in which translators and translation theorists from different traditions can draw upon one another's experiences. The rationale of the discussion is that by bringing culturally disparate translation traditions such as the Chinese and Western into comparison, important insights may be gained about the nature of translation and translation studies in general.
CULTURAL HYBRIDITY AND THE TRANSLATED TEXT: RE-READING D. H. LAWRENCE IN CHINESE
Authors: Tak–hung chan LEO
Published: September 2004

This article begins by considering various aspects of hybridity – linguistic, generic and cultural – and then singles out hybridity as a defining feature of translated texts, as it is of many postmodern texts. Unlike the case of original works, hybridisation in translations must, however, be viewed in connection with the strategies of naturalisation (or acculturation) and foreignisation (or exoticisation) as deployed by translators. In fact, the greater the attempt at naturalisation, the more hybrid the text becomes. Key concepts in D. H. Lawrence's „private religion”, as used in his major novels likeSons and Lovers, The RainbowandLady Chatterley's Lover, are then submitted to analysis, which is followed by a discussion of the problems they generate in translation. Among those terms used by Lawrence, many (like „soul”, „the Lord”, and „the Unseen”) have clearly been translated into Chinese with attendant Buddhist or folk religious connotations. The article ends by engaging itself with the reactions of readers to the „Babelic dissonance” in translations – that is, with the question of how they can make coherent sense of translated texts that are incurably hybrid.
TWO APPROACHES TO AUTOMATED TEXT ALIGNING OF PARALLEL FICTION TEXTS
Authors: Mikhailov MIKHAIL
Published: September 2004

Parallel text corpora supply researchers with data for multilingual lexicographic research, translation studies, and language typology. The objectives of the ParRus research project at the University of Tampere are to compile a Russian-Finnish parallel corpus and to develop the software for the maintenance of the corpus. Text aligning is the crucial problem in compiling parallel corpora. The study of parallel texts shows that, in most cases, the translator retains paragraphs of the original in the translation. The Source Language – Target Language quotient (ratio of number of words in originals to number of words in translations) is also a stable value. The aligning programme developed at the Department compares original with translation, paragraph by paragraph, adding new paragraphs to the extracts being aligned until the extracts match the SL-TL quotient. The system only produces good results if the translation is structurally close to the original. However, the study of parallel texts shows that frequency of words and their translation equivalents does not usually match. Therefore, paragraphs and larger text units are the only elements of formal text structure which can be used for comparing parallel texts, unless knowledge structures are exploited.
AGAINST PRAISE OF HYBRIDITY
Authors: Pym Anthony
Published: September 2004

Professional non-literary translation in contemporary Europe may be understood as a coherent alternative to interlocutors using languages in which they have deficient or non-natural competence. Such translation can thus be seen as inscribing an ideology of non-hybridity. This is because macrostructural translated texts mark out lines between at last two languages and cultures; they thus posit the separation and possible purity of both; this in turn supports the ideal of pure or natural language use. If such imagined purity is some kind of opposite of hybrids, then translations might help rather than hinder it. This general argument can be unsheathed from a picture in a twelfthcentury translation of the Qur'an, a close reading of Horace, a wink at Schleiermacher, and twinkling Euro-English from an EU meeting on business statistics regulations.
CULTURAL AND TEXTUAL HYBRIDITY
Authors: Simon Sherry
Published: September 2004

This paper argues that the hybrid text is a product of a voluntarily incomplete translation process. Hybrid texts are produced by writers who want to highlight their position between cultures, creating a new site of individual and collective expression. Hybrid texts are defined as those texts which use „translation effects” to question the borders of identity. These works, which arise out of hybrid sites of belonging, involve acts of interlingual creation. Three kinds of textual hybridisation which arise out of a number of contexts of cultural and linguistic contact are investigated on the basis of literary texts.
EU PROJECT PROPOSALS AS HYBRID TEXTS: OBSERVATIONS FROM A FINNISH RESEARCH PROJECT
Authors: Tirkkonen-Condit Sonja
Published: September 2004

Intercultural communication gives rise to the development of new text types and genres. Particular stages of this development can be described as hybridisa-tion. These are the stages at which the new text types and genres are not yet fully established themselves as forms of communication in a socio-cultural setting: they manifest linguistic and rhetorical features which are felt to be foreign. Hybridisation can be seen as a process comparable to pidginisation: while pidginisation in the course of time may result in the emergence of new languages, i.e., creoles, hybridisation may result in the emergence of new domestic text types and genres. Thus the hybrid condition is transitory by definition. The paper will illustrate this process with reference to EU grant applications.
Szondi Lipót élete és életműve
Authors: Huth Werner
Published: September 2004

A szerzőt a svájci Szondi-Institut kérte fel Szondi Lipót halála után egy évvel emlékbeszédének meg-írására. A visszaemlékezés célja, hogy egyaránt élénk benyomást keltsen Szondi Lipótról, az ember-ről, a tudósról és a terapeutáról.
Szondi Lipót sorsanalízise
Authors: Gyöngyösiné Kiss Enikő
Published: September 2004

A tanulmány Szondi Lipót sorsanalízisének szemléleti, elméleti alapjait mutatja be. Szondi sorsanalí-zisét az 1930-as években kezdte el kidolgozni, melyre elsődlegesen Freud pszichoanalízise és a kora-beli orvosi-, genetikai, természettudományos ismeretek voltak nagy hatással. Az első sorsanalitikus tanulmány 1937-ben jelent meg Hágában, melyben az elmélet megszületé-sének kiinduló koncepcióját követhetjük nyomon. Az alapkoncepció változása Szondi kényszerű emig-rációja - 1944 - után a svájci pályaszakasz publikációiban jelenik meg. A szerző a sorsanalízis olyan alapvető fogalmait mutatja be, mint például a sors, az ösztön, ösztönfaktorok és -tendenciák, az én, a Pontifex oppositorum, mely fogalmak a magyarországi és svájci munkásság összegzéseként jelentek meg Szondinál.
Sorsanalízis és genetika: családfa-kutatás, párválasztás, öröklődés
Authors: Bereczkei Tamás , Gyöngyösiné Kiss Enikő
Published: September 2004

A szerzők Szondi párválasztási elméletének genealógiai alapjait mutatják be, melyet Szondi első sorsanalitikus témájú tanulmányában 1937-ben hozott nyilvánosságra Analysis of Marriages címmel. A kötet Révész Géza segítségével Hágában látott napvilágot, melyben Szondi családfák és esetelem-zések segítségével ábrázolja az új tárgyválasztási elmélet különböző aleseteit. Szondi koncepciójával kapcsolatban azonban - mintegy hatvan évvel a teória megszületése után - természetszerűleg új nézőpontok és új kérdések merülnek fel, melyeket jelen sorokban elsősorban a modern genetika perspektívájából tekintünk át.
Kognitív és pszichofiziológiai zavarok szkizofréniában
Authors: Janka Zoltán , Kéri Szabolcs
Published: September 2004

Az elmúlt években a szkizofréniával kapcsolatos kognitív deficit számos jellegzetessége feltárásra került. A neuropszichológiai jellemzők meghatározásával lehetőség nyílik a heterogén betegcsoport diszkrét alpopulációkra történő felosztására, amely a biológiai mechanizmusok feltérképezésénél következetesebb eredményekhez vezethet. Másrészt olyan pszichofiziológiai jellegzetességek is is-mertté váltak, amelyek szkizofrén betegek tünetmentes rokonaiban is kimutathatók (például P50 diszhabituáció, a szemmozgások zavara, vizuális backward masking deficit). Ezek a "trait" markerek fontos segítséget nyújthatnak a molekuláris genetikai vizsgálatokban. A funkcionális képalkotó eljá-rások segítségével a kognitív zavarok idegrendszeri alapjaiba is betekintés nyerhető. Az ide vágó tanulmányok egy kiterjedt neuronális hálózat dezintegrált működését mutatták ki (diszkonnekciós szindróma). Az alábbi összefoglalás a munkamemória, a figyelem, a szenzoros kapuzás és a szeman-tikus memória területén feltárt eredményeket tekinti át.
"…mint brosstű a mélykék lilán…" (A relaxáció szerepe egy párkapcsolati probléma tükrében)
Authors: Veressné Gönczi Ibolya
Published: September 2004

Az esetelemzés az autogén tréning egy tanulási folyamatát írja le. Egyúttal bemutatja ennek a folyamatnak egy másik síkját, elágazását a segítő, terápiás beszélgetés irányába. Igazolódik, hogy a belső késztetésből, motivációból fakadó ismeretszerzés megkönnyíti, segíti az önmagunk felé fordulást, személyiségünk, énünk rejtett értékeinek feltárását. Ennek eredményeként nyílik lehetősége az egyénnek önmaga bátrabb és mélyebb megismerésére.