bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation of Elderly People with Dementia
Authors: Okamura Hitoshi
Published: August 2012

Numerous rehabilitation approaches have been attempted to improve the cognitive functions and quality of life (QOL) of elderly people with dementia. This chapter provides an outline of three major approaches that have been previously reported (music therapy, physical activity, and reminiscence therapy) and reviews their effectiveness. These approaches are typically used in clinical settings. However, the results of this review show that there is limited evidence to support the use of these approaches to improve cognition in older people with dementia. In addition, effective rehabilitation approaches for dementia still need to be established, and further high-quality research is needed. Finally, the author introduces a new approach for improving the cognitive functions of elderly people with dementia.
Application of Prewhitening Beamformer with Linear Constraints for Correlated EEG Signal Source Estimation
Authors: Sasayama Teruyoshi , Hamada Shoji , Kobayashi Tetsuo
Published: August 2012

To investigate the effect of signal correlation, the authors compared the relative abilities to estimate the source of an ERD/ERS signal among minimum variance beamformer (MVBF), linearly constrained (LC)-MVBF, prewhitening beamformer (PWBF), and LC-PWBF during the measurement of correlated signals. In numerical simulations, equivalent current dipoles were placed in the primary motor cortex to detect the modulation of µ and ß rhythms. It was confirmed that the location bias of LC-PWBF was smaller than that of MVBF, LC-MVBF, and PWBF. These results suggest that LC-PWBF is useful for estimating the location of signal sources that are highly correlated and have low signal-to-noise ratio.
Multi-Channel Template Extraction for Automatic EEG Spike Detection
Authors: Ji Zhanfeng , Sugi Takenao , Goto Satoru , Wang Xingyu , Nakamura Masatoshi
Published: August 2012

Automatic electroencephalogram (EEG) spike detection plays an important role in epilepsy diagnoses, but there is no currently accepted method to detect spikes accurately. The template method is considered to be an effective method but is rarely studied. Template making is difficult because the morphology of spike waveforms can vary dramatically. Different patients have different EEG patterns, and for a single patient, different patterns may be observed at different sites on the scalp. The current study proposed a template extraction method. Without prior information, extracted templates could be adapted not only to individual patients but also to individual focus channels. The method was evaluated using the recordings from two epileptic patients. The results suggest that the proposed template extraction method is effective and that templates for spike detection should include multiple channels. In addition, this template method could be easily adapted for real-time applications.
Kanji Perception and Brain Function
Authors: Shimoyama Ichiro , Shimada Hitoshi , Ninchoji Toshiaki
Published: August 2012

The semantic processing involved in the visual perception of Chinese characters (Kanji) was studied using electroencephalograms. Thirty concrete Kanji, 30 absolute Kanji and a closed circle were used in a tachistoscopic presentation, wherein one character or a circle was displayed at random for 35 ms, and visual evoked potentials were recorded. The test subjects were11 native Japanese speakers. The concrete Kanji were familiar objects and highly imaginable characters such as a dog, a cat, a cow, etc. The absolute Kanji were familiar Kanji but represented concepts that are difficult to imagine, such as nothing, what, existing, et cetera. P100, N160, P230, and N320 were noted on the evoked potentials. The bilateral posterior temporal lobes and the bilateral occipital lobes were activated for the concrete Kanji at approximately 320ms after the onset of the visual stimuli (P<0.001 by multiple analysis of variance).
Effects of Selective and Divided Attention on Audiovisual Interaction
Authors: Yang Weiping , Gao Yulin , Wu Jinglong
Published: August 2012

In everyday life, visual and auditory are the most common forms of sensory information. Therefore, audiovisual interaction in the brain plays an important role in performance and perception. In addition, our attention system allows us to dynamically select and enhance the processing of objects and events that are the most relevant at each moment. Some studies suggest that attention can modulate audiovisual integration. However, different neural activity of multimodal audiovisual integration can be seen in different attention conditions. This review focuses on the question of what affects selective and divided attention in audiovisual interaction. Neural activities of audiovisual under selective and divided attention conditions are also discussed. This review aims to bring together and summarize previous studies on the interactions between attention and audiovisual integration.
Temporal Dependency of Multisensory Audiovisual Integration
Authors: Yang Jingjing , Li Qi , Gao Yulin , Wu Jinglong
Published: August 2012

In everyday life, our brains integrate various kinds of information from different modalities to perceive our complex environment. Spatial and temporal proximity of multisensory stimuli is required for multisensory integration. Many researches have shown that temporal asynchrony of visual-auditory stimuli can influence multisensory integration. However, the neural mechanisms of asynchrony inputs were not well understood. Some researchers believe that humans have a relatively broad time window, in which stimuli from different modalities and asynchronous inputs tends to be integrated into a single unified percept. Others believe that the human brain can actively coordinate the auditory and visual input so that we do not notice the asynchronous inputs of multisensory stimuli. This review focuses on the question of how the temporal factor affects the processing of audiovisual information.
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff Models of Target-Based and Trajectory-Based Movements
Authors: Zhou Xiaolei , Ren Xiangshi
Published: August 2012

A tradeoff between speed and accuracy is a very common phenomenon in many types of human motor tasks. In general, the accuracy of a movement tends to decrease when its speed increases and the speed of a movement tends to decrease with an increase in its accuracy. This phenomenon has been studied for more than a century, during which several alternative performance models that account for the tradeoff between speed and accuracy have been presented. In this chapter, the authors present a critical survey of the scientific literature that discusses speed-accuracy tradeoff models of target-based and trajectory-based movement; these two types of movement are the major popular task paradigms in studies of human-computer interactions. Some of the models emerged from basic research in experimental psychology and motor control theory, whereas others emerged from a specific need to model the interaction between users and physical devices, such as mice, keyboards, and styluses in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). This chapter summarizes these models from the perspectives of spatial constraints and temporal constraints for both target-based and trajectory-based movements.
The E-Learning Cycle and Continuous Improvement for E-Entrepreneurs
Authors: Creed Andrew , Zutshi Ambika
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this paper is to explore the integration of learning, continuous improvement and innovation theories as a basis for enhancing the education of e-entrepreneurs. Conceptual development of emerging interdisciplinary literature is combined with example analysis to develop the Circle of E-learning uniquely augmented by hermeneutics, action research and the creative destruction cycle of innovation using applied examples of e-entrepreneurship. Four R’s are discussed in the Circle of E-learning; Review, Revise, Reconstruct, and Reveal. Observations for each of the 4R’s are made regarding continuous improvement of the education of e-entrepreneurs. Findings are that the procedural pivot points indicated by the 4R’s can be helpful for administrators and educators to improve operations and outcomes in management and professional development situations.
Measuring E-Marketing Mix Elements for Online Business
Authors: Meng Sam Kin , Chatwin Chris
Published: August 2012

E-marketing strategy is normally based and built upon the traditional 4 P’s (Product, Price, Promotion, and Place) that forms the classic marketing mix; e-marketing’s uniqueness is created using a series of specific and relational functions that are combined with the 4P’s to form the e-marketing mix elements, each of which contain associated e-marketing mix tools that are provided on business web sites to facilitate sales transactions. This research analyses the importance of each e-marketing tool related to its supporting e-marketing mix element. Furthermore, the composite score of each e-marketing mix element is determined. This research concludes with a discussion of the relative weights of e-marketing tools.
IT Project Selection using Fuzzy Real Option Optimization Model
Authors: Pushkar Shashank , Kumari Prity , Mishra Akhileshwar
Published: August 2012

Optimal selection of interdependent IT and e-business projects for funding in multi-period has been challenging in the framework of Real Option analysis. This paper presents a mathematical model to optimize the fuzzy Option value for multi-stage portfolio of such projects. A fuzzy Option model is used to maximize the Option value of each project. The IT and e-service portfolio selection problem is formulated as a fuzzy zero–one integer programming model that can handle both uncertain and flexible parameters to determine the optimal project portfolio. The idea of optimizing the fuzzy real option value of the portfolio is to maximize the overall value and to minimize the downside risk of the selected portfolio for funding. A transformation method based on qualitative possibility theory is developed to convert the fuzzy portfolio selection model into a crisp mathematical model from the risk-averse perspective. The transformed model can be solved by an optimization technique. The optimization model and solution approach can help e-entrepreneurs and IT managers in optimal funding decision making for projects prioritization to implement e-business and other IT services.
Ras-Association Domain Family 1C Protein Enhances Breast Tumor Growth in Vivo
Authors: Reeves Mark E. , Aragon Robert J. , Alfakhouri Mariana , Chen Shin-Tai , Lowen Nancy , Mohan Subburaman , Amaar Yousef G.
Published: August 2012

The Ras association domain family 1 (RASSF1) gene is a Ras effector that plays an important role in carcinogenesis. We have previously shown that silencing of RASSF1C decreases and over-expression of RASSF1C increases cell proliferation, migration, and attenuates apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro. To further confirm our working hypothesis that RASSF1C may play a role as a growth promoter, we have tested the growth of human breast cancer cells stably over-expressing RASSF1A or RASSF1C in nude mice. Our studies show that breast cancer cells over-expressing HA-RASSF1A developed significantly smaller tumors and cells over-expressing HA-RASSF1C developed significantly larger tumors compared to control cells expressing the vector back bone. We have confirmed the expression of HA-RASSF1A and HA-RASSF1C in tumor tissue using RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses using HA-antibody. Together, our previous in vitro and current in vivo findings further support our hypothesis that RASSF1C, unlike RASSF1A, is not a tumor suppressor and rather it appears to function as tumor growth promoter in breast cancer cells.
Haploinsufficiency of Tumor Suppressor Genes is Driven by the Cumulative Effect of microRNAs, microRNA Binding Site Polymorphisms and microRNA Polymorphisms: An in silico Approach
Authors: Manikandan Mayakannan , Raksha Ganesh , Munirajan Arasambattu Kannan
Published: August 2012

Haploinsufficiency of tumor suppressor genes, wherein the reduced production and activity of proteins results in the inability of the cell to maintain normal cellular function, is one among the various causes of cancer. However the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this condition remain unclear. Here we hypothesize that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3′untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs and microRNA seed sequence (miR-SNPs) may cause haploinsufficiency at the level of proteins through altered binding specificity of microRNAs (miRNAs). Bioinformatics analysis of haploinsufficient genes for variations in their 3′UTR showed that the occurrence of SNPs result in the creation of new binding sites for miRNAs, thereby bringing the respective mRNA variant under the control of more miRNAs. In addition, 19 miR-SNPs were found to result in non-specific binding of microRNAs to tumor suppressors. Networking analysis suggests that the haploinsufficient tumor suppressor genes strongly interact with one another, and any subtle alterations in this network will contribute to tumorigenesis.
Clinical Utility of Glatiramer Acetate in the Management of Relapse Frequency in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Fernández Oscar
Published: August 2012

Glatiramer acetate (GA) represents one of the most common disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. GA is currently approved for patients at high risk of developing clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) after having experienced a well-defined first clinical episode (clinically isolated syndrome or CIS) and for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). GA's efficacy and effectiveness to reduce relapse frequency have been proved in placebo-controlled and observational studies. Comparative trials have also confirmed the lack of significant differences over other choices of treatment in the management of relapse frequency, and long-term studies have supported its effect at extended periods of time. Additionally, RRMS patients with suboptimal response to interferon β may benefit from reduced relapse rate after switching to GA, and those with clinically isolated syndrome may benefit from delayed conversion to CDMS. All these results, together with its proven long-term safety and positive effect on patients’ daily living, support the favorable risk-benefit of GA for multiple sclerosis treatment.
A spectral gap theorem in SU$(d)$
Authors: Bourgain Jean , Gamburd Alex
Published: August 2012

We establish the spectral gap property for dense subgroups of SU

(d)

(

d\geq 2

), generated by finitely many elements with algebraic entries; this result was announced in [BG3]. The method of proof differs, in several crucial aspects, from that used in [BG] in the case of SU

(2)

.
The density of representation degrees
Authors: Liebeck Martin W. , Segal Dan , Shalev Aner
Published: August 2012

For a group

G

and a positive real number

x

, define

d_G(x)

to be the number of integers less than

x

which are dimensions of irreducible complex representations of

G

. We study the asymptotics of

d_G(x)

for algebraic groups, arithmetic groups and finitely generated linear groups. In particular we prove an "alternative" for finitely generated linear groups

G

in characteristic zero, showing that either there exists

\alpha > 0

such that

d_G(x)>x^\alpha

for all large

x

, or

G

is virtually abelian (in which case

d_G(x)

is bounded).
Unique Bernoulli $g$-measures
Authors: Johansson Anders , Öberg Anders , Pollicott Mark
Published: August 2012

We improve and subsume the conditions of Johansson and Öberg and Berbee for uniqueness of a

g

-measure, i.e., a stationary distribution for chains with complete connections. In addition, we prove that these unique

g

-measures have Bernoulli natural extensions. We also conclude that we have convergence in the Wasserstein metric of the iterates of the adjoint transfer operator to the

g

-measure.
Proposal for a Measurement Model for Software Tests with a Focus on the Management of Outsourced Services
Authors: Calazans Angelica Toffano Seidel , Kosloski Ricardo Ajax Dias , Ribeiro Junior Luiz Carlos Miyadaira
Published: August 2012

The need for outsourcing IT services has shown a significant growth over the past few years. This article presents a proposal for a measurement model for Software Tests with a focus on the management of these outsourced services by governmental organizations. The following specific goals were defined: to identify and analyze the test process; to identify and analyze the existing standards that govern the hiring of IT services and to propose a Measurement Model for outsourced services of this type. As to the analysis of the data collected (documentary research and semi-structured interviews), content analysis was adopted, and in order to prepare the metrics, the GQM – Goal, Questions, Metrics – approach was used. The result was confirmed by semi-structured interviews. Here is what the research identifies as possible: to establish objective and measurable criteria for a measurement size as the input to evaluate the efforts and deadlines involved; to follow up the test sub-processes and to evaluate the service quality. Therefore, the management of this type of service hiring can be done more efficiently.
Telecommuting and HRM: A Case Study of an Information Technology Service Provider
Authors: Bernardino André Fernandes , Roglio Karina De Dea , Del Corso Jansen Maia
Published: August 2012

With the development in information technology resources, a way of working has been standing out: telecommuting. This manner of working from a distance may offer a competitive advantage in attracting and retaining highly skilled professionals. The purpose of the research presented in this article is to identify guidelines for the implementation and management of telecommuting, as an alternative to overcome the shortage of qualified professionals in Information Technology (IT). The results, based on a case study of a Brazilian subsidiary of a multinational organization that provides IT services, shown that telecommuting (1) contributes to attracting and retaining qualified professionals in IT, (2) should be based on trustworthy relationships, (3) has to be supported by a strategy of decentralization of both structure and organizational assets.
Scientific Production of Entropy and Information Theory in Brazilian Journals
Authors: Rocha Irani , Rausch Rita Buzzi , Hein Nelson
Published: August 2012

This article aims at giving an overview of the scientific production about Entropy and Information Theory in national periodical publications in Qualis/CAPES. This article is a descriptive research and a bibliometric study with a quantitative approach. Its sample is composed of 31 articles from periodic publications from different areas, such as: Accounting, Economy, Computer Sciences, Electrical and Hydraulic Engineering, Sciences, Mathematics, Physics and, also, articles that were published in an electronic library called Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) from 2002 to 2009. Among the results, one was able to notice that the “B5” (Qualis Capes) classification has shown a higher number of articles, as well as that 2008 was the year with a higher number of publications
Uses of ERP Systems and Their Influence on Controllership Functions in Brazilian Companies
Authors: Lira Arnaldo Morozini de , Parisi Cláudio , Peleias Ivam Ricardo , Peters Marcos Reinaldo Severino
Published: August 2012

Controllership and Information Technology provide ways for companies to adapt to the competitive context of business environments. As such, the aim of this research is to identify and analyze the impacts of ERP systems on Controllership functions, verifying the relationships between the use of solutions and possible improvements in such functions. The need for management control and operations control were observed. This research is descriptive and exploratory of the survey kind. The subjects mentioned in this research are managers involved in Controllership activities in large companies from the Auto Parts sector in the State of São Paulo. The data obtained through a questionnaire by non-probabilistic samples were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics. According to the subjects, ERP systems modify Controllership functions and better serve the control needs of the operations. The results showed problems to be overcome in management control.
Os Sistemas de Recomendação na Web Como Determinantes Prescritivos na Tomada de Decisão
Authors: Ferreira Fernando Colmenero , Oliveira Adicinéia Aparecida
Published: August 2012

Confinado com o volume explosivo de informações na Internet, é difícil a um utilizador, manter-se informado sem um esforço enorme. A abundância de informações na Internet não veio simplificar o processo de escolhas. Paralelamente, as empresas, no sentido de reterem os seus consumidores, empregam cada vez mais amiúde sistemas de recomendação nos seus sites, e os utilizadores parecem encontrar nesta alternativa, uma estratégia prescritiva para resolver os seus problemas de procura de informação e consequente tomada de decisão. Como é que a recomendação pode influenciar a tomada de decisão? Isolando esta pergunta, aspirou-se a encontrar atributos que lançassem a pesquisa e que definissem caminhos e objetivos. Na materialização da pesquisa, refuta-se a recolha de elementos em ambientes laboratoriais, ao invés disso, a atenção da pesquisa centra-se nas pessoas reais que executam tarefas reais em condições reais, com a pesquisa centrada no processo pelo qual as decisões são tomadas no ambiente de cada pessoa. A pesquisa segue uma abordagem qualitativa do processo natural de procura de informação produzida num quadro quasi-experimental. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que, para resolver os seus problemas de tomada de decisão, na fase de procura de informação, as pessoas avaliam as recomendações que os sítios lhe fornecem progressivamente, com recurso a uma procura interna dentro dos sítios das empresas, deixando praticamente de recorrer aos tradicionais motores de procura.
INFOINCLUSÃO EM PIRAÍ DIGITAL: EVIDÊNCIAS EMPÍRICAS A PARTIR DA TEORIA ATOR-REDE
Authors: Teles Adonai , Joia Luiz Antonio
Published: August 2012

O artigo apresenta o status quo do programa Piraí Digital, com base na Teoria Ator-Rede (ANT) e no modelo heurístico de inclusão digital (2iD). Numa primeira etapa desta pesquisa, o modelo heurístico original foi expandido com base nos pressupostos da ANT, gerando uma versão mais adequada (e2iD) para a observação do fenômeno da infoinclusão em Piraí. Em seguida, a ANT foi adotada como suporte metodológico para que os autores, por meio de entrevistas e observação direta, compreendessem, sob a ótica dos atores ouvidos, como a infoinclusão tem ocorrido no município de Piraí. A partir daí, os resultados são apresentados com base na taxonomia da ANT e dos elementos do modelo e2ID. O presente trabalho de pesquisa sobre a infoinclusão em Piraí começou em 2007 e se estendeu até os últimos meses de 2009. Concluiu-se que a inclusão digital em Piraí tem sido uma realidade na administração pública local, na educação e na saúde. Porém, percebeu-se que o setor produtivo e a sociedade civil local, pouco ou nada tem se beneficiado do programa em questão. Finalmente, foi possível compreender o papel dos vários atores públicos nas redes de atores da ANT e explicar porque os resultados de Piraí Digital não têm, até agora, impactado homogeneamente a sociedade local.
Belowground in situ redox dynamics and methanogenesis recovery in a degraded fen during dry-wet cycles and flooding
Authors: Estop-Aragonés C. , Knorr K.-H. , Blodau C.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Climate change induced drying and flooding may alter the redox conditions of organic matter decomposition in peat soils. The seasonal and intermittent changes in pore water solutes (NO3−, Fe2+, SO42−, H2S, acetate) and dissolved soil gases (CO2, O2, CH4, H2) under natural water table fluctuations were compared to the response under a reinforced drying and flooding in fen peats. Oxygen penetration during dryings led to CO2 and CH4 degassing and to a regeneration of dissolved electron acceptors (NO3−, Fe3+ and SO42−). Drying intensity controlled the extent of the electron acceptor regeneration. Iron was rapidly reduced and sulfate pools ~ 1 mmol L−1 depleted upon rewetting and CH4 did not substantially accumulate until sulfate levels declined to ~ 100 μmoll−1. The post-rewetting recovery of soil methane concentrations to levels ~ 80 μmoll−1 needed 40–50 days after natural drought. This recovery was prolonged after experimentally reinforced drought. A greater regeneration of electron acceptors during drying was not related to prolonged methanogenesis suppression after rewetting. Peat compaction, solid phase content of reactive iron and total reduced inorganic sulfur and organic matter content controlled oxygen penetration, the regeneration of electron acceptors and the recovery of CH4 production, respectively. Methane production was maintained despite moderate water table decline of 20 cm in denser peats. Flooding led to accumulation of acetate and H2, promoted CH4 production and strengthened the co-occurrence of iron and sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. Mass balances during drying and flooding indicated that an important fraction of the electron flow must have been used for the generation and consumption of electron acceptors in the solid phase or other mechanisms. In contrast to flooding, dry-wet cycles negatively affect methane production on a seasonal scale but this impact might strongly depend on drying intensity and on the peat matrix, whose structure and physical properties influence moisture content.
Multi-criteria parameter estimation for the Unified Land Model
Authors: Livneh B. , Lettenmaier D. P.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We describe a parameter estimation framework for the Unified Land Model (ULM) that utilizes multiple independent data sets over the continental United States. These include a satellite-based evapotranspiration (ET) product based on MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) imagery, an atmospheric-water balance based ET estimate that utilizes North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) atmospheric fields, terrestrial water storage content (TWSC) data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and streamflow (Q) primarily from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauges. The study domain includes 10 large-scale (≥105 km2) river basins and 250 smaller-scale (<104 km2) tributary basins. ULM, which is essentially a merger of the Noah Land Surface Model and Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model, is the basis for these experiments. Calibrations were made using each of the data sets individually, in addition to combinations of multiple criteria, with multi-criteria skill scores computed for all cases. At large scales, calibration to Q resulted in the best overall performance, whereas certain combinations of ET and TWSC calibrations lead to large errors in other criteria. At small scales, about one-third of the basins had their highest Q performance from multi-criteria calibrations (to Q and ET) suggesting that traditional calibration to Q may benefit by supplementing observed Q with remote sensing estimates of ET. Model streamflow errors using optimized parameters were mostly due to over (under) estimation of low (high) flows. Overall, uncertainties in remote-sensing data proved to be a limiting factor in the utility of multi-criteria parameter estimation.
Ideal point error for model assessment in data-driven river flow forecasting
Authors: Dawson C. W. , Mount N. J. , Abrahart R. J. , Shamseldin A. Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. When analysing the performance of hydrological models in river forecasting, researchers use a number of diverse statistics. Although some statistics appear to be used more regularly in such analyses than others, there is a distinct lack of consistency in evaluation, making studies undertaken by different authors or performed at different locations difficult to compare in a meaningful manner. Moreover, even within individual reported case studies, substantial contradictions are found to occur between one measure of performance and another. In this paper we examine the ideal point error (IPE) metric – a recently introduced measure of model performance that integrates a number of recognised metrics in a logical way. Having a single, integrated measure of performance is appealing as it should permit more straightforward model inter-comparisons. However, this is reliant on a transferrable standardisation of the individual metrics that are combined to form the IPE. This paper examines one potential option for standardisation: the use of naive model benchmarking.
IELTS as a Literacy-Based Proficiency Test
Authors: Purwanto Sugeng
Published: August 2012

This is an exploratory case study aimed at investigating whether or not International English Language Testing Systems (IELTS) scores correspond with literacy levels. During the 2011-2012 academic year, 20 first semester students in the English Literature Program in the Faculty of Language and Cultural Studies (Fakultas Bahasa dan Ilmu Budaya) at Universitas Stikubank (UNISBANK) were randomly selected to take the IELTS. Results were matched against predetermined criteria for literacy levels (Hammond, et al. 1992) in order to classify them into the appropriate levels of literacy. Findings indicate that all students (100 percent) were at the performative level of literacy with respect to their overall IELTS scores. Only 25 percent of the students on the speaking subtest and 20 percent of the students on the reading subtest managed to test at the functional level. It is therefore recommended that action research be conducted in Central Java level to upgrade the level of literacy from the performative level up to the informative level. As well, similar research may be conducted with a multi-disciplinary approach employing a correlational study between IELTS band scores with literacy levels.
Acculturative Experiences Among Indonesian Graduate Students in US Higher Education: Academic Shock, Adjustment, Crisis, and Resolution
Authors: Mukminin Amirul
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this qualitative inquiry was to describe and understand the lived experiences of the acculturative process of Indonesian graduate students at an American public research university. The theoretical frameworks of Oberg’s (1960) Culture Shock Model and Berry and his colleagues’ (1987) and Berry’s (2006) Acculturation Stress Model were used to guide this study. Data for this study were collected through a demographic background survey, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with Indonesian graduate students. The demographic data were analyzed descriptively. The interviews and focus groups data were analyzed using within-case and cross-case displays and analyses (Miles and Huberman 1994). Five salient themes and sub-themes that emerged were: academic shock, adjustment, crisis, resolution, and what helps/does not help? Implications and strategies for professionals and scholars who work with international students in practice, education, and policy are discussed. In addition, strategies to promote Indonesian graduate students’ academic and social success in graduate programs are included. Suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Book Review: Weaving Success: Voices of Change in African Higher Education
Authors: Munro Nicholas
Published: August 2012

None
Book Review: Paths to a World-Class University: Lessons from Practices and Experiences
Authors: McFarland David
Published: August 2012

None
Book Review: The Emergent Knowledge Society and the Future of Higher Education: Asian Perspectives
Authors: Gregorutti Gustavo
Published: August 2012

None
Front Matter
Authors: EHE EHE
Published: August 2012

This is the first issue of Volume 3, with articles that examine higher education and/or action research projects in Albania, Indonesia, Kosovo, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other contexts.
Progressive Extracellular Matrix Disorganization in Chemically Induced Murine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Fuentes B. , Duaso J. , Droguett D. , Castillo C. , Donoso W. , Rivera C. , Venegas B. , Kemmerling U.
Published: August 2012

Introduction. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the ten most common cancers affecting the human population. Tumor pathogenesis implies a multistep process in which cells acquire features that enable them to become tumorigenic and ultimately malignant. The process of OSCC carcinogenesis can be reproduced in animal models, the OSCC induction with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) in mice is a widely used tool for studying tumor pathogenesis. Objective. The aim of the present study was to determine the progressive changes in basal lamina and connective tissue remodeling during 4NQO-induced OSCC carcinogenesis. Material and Methods. Samples were classified according to “International Histological Classification of tumors” in mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. Five samples of each pathologic entity and control healthy tongues were used. Immunohistochemical analysis of collagen IV as well as histochemical analysis of glycosylated molecules (PAS) and collagen I (Picro Sirius red) were performed. Results. During experimental-induced carcinogenesis by 4NQO a progressive basal lamina destruction and collagen I disorganization in adjacent connective tissue can be observed. Conclusion. Our results confirm previous studies that show alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) in malignant lesions, validating the experimental carcinogenesis induced by 4NQO.
Obesity, Overweight, and Perceptions about Body Weight among Middle-Aged Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Muhihi Alfa J. , Njelekela Marina A. , Mpembeni Rose , Mwiru Ramadhani S. , Mligiliche Nuru , Mtabaji Jacob
Published: August 2012

Background. Prevalence of obesity is increasing throughout the world at an alarming rate. Appropriate perception of one’s own body weight is important for improved weight control behavior. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and assess perception of body weight among middle aged adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods. Structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic and lifestyle information including perception about body weight. Anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained person following standard procedures. Results. Prevalence of obesity was 13% and 36% among men and women, respectively. There was significant gender difference in perception of body weight (12% and 25% of men and women perceived their body weight as overweight). Only 2% of women perceived themselves as obese whereas none of the men did so. Among overweight men, only 22% perceived themselves as overweight/obese compared to 38% of overweight women who perceived themselves as overweight/obese. Overall, majority of the participants (87%) were willing to lose weight. Conclusions. There is a great difference between perceived and actual body weight with men underestimating their body weight more than women. Educational programs regarding overweight and obesity and the associated health consequences are highly recommended in Tanzania.
Inverse Dispersion for an Unknown Number of Sources: Model Selection and Uncertainty Analysis
Authors: Yee Eugene
Published: August 2012

A simple recursive method is presented for performing the inverse dispersion modeling of an unknown number of (localized) sources, given a finite number of noisy concentration data acquired by an array of detectors. Bayesian probability theory is used to address the problem of selecting the source model which is most plausible in view of the given concentration dataset and all the available prior information. The recursive algorithm involves subtracting a predicted concentration signal arising from a source model consisting of N localized sources from the measured concentration data for increasing values of N and examining the resulting residual data to determine if the residuals are consistent with the estimated noise level in the concentration data. The method is illustrated by application to a real concentration dataset obtained from an atmospheric dispersion experiment involving the simultaneous release of a tracer from four sources.
A Simple Quantum Mechanics Way to Simulate Nanoparticles and Nanosystems without Calculation of Wave Functions
Authors: Zavodinsky Victor G. , Gorkusha Olga A.
Published: August 2012

It is shown that the variation principle can be used as a practical way to find the electron density and the total energy in the frame of the density functional theory (DFT) without solving of the Kohn-Sham equation. On examples of diatomic systems Si2, Al2, and N2, the equilibrium interatomic distances and binding energies have been calculated in good comparison with published data. The method can be improved to simulate nanoparticles containing thousands and millions atoms.
Implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum in Medical Education: Perspective of Different Roles
Authors: Aquilante Aline Guerra , da Silva Roseli Ferreira , de Souza Mariza Borges Brito , Kishi Renata Gianecchini Bongiovanni
Published: August 2012

This cross-sectional case study investigates the curriculum implementation at the School of Medicine at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), comparing the perspectives of the different participant types involved in this training (i.e., students, lecturers, and preceptors) and the programme goals. The sample included 22 lecturers, 55 students, and 16 preceptors. The researchers created a structured questionnaire based on study indicators extracted from the following aspects of the educational programme: teaching and learning process, integration of competency areas, teaching and learning scenarios, integration of theory and practice, and assessment. A Likert scale with four response options was used to score the respondents' choices. The participants answered the questionnaire online, and the responses were entered into a MySQL database. Using this database, an analysis was conducted based on the subjects' responses and the indicators. Comparative analysis was performed using the bootstrap method for responses and analysis feasibility with a 5% empirical significance level. The teaching and learning process, integration of theory and practice, and assessment indicators were in agreement with the educational programme, while integration of competency areas and teaching and learning scenarios require greater attention to establish consistency with the educational programme and training qualifications.
Cyclin A2 Protein Overexpression Is Not Caused by Gene Amplification in Colon Cancer
Authors: Sørby Lise Aagaard , Jonsdottir Kristin , Beiske Klaus , Blom Peter , Bukholm Ida Rashida Khan , Jacobsen Morten Bj.
Published: August 2012

Increased expression of cyclin A2 protein has been detected in different types of cancers. However, its prognostic importance appears to differ between tumours. The significance and precise mechanisms behind cyclin A2 overexpression remain to be elucidated. We used real-time PCR to examine CCNA2 amplification in tumour cells isolated by laser microdissection and in total tumour tissue in colon cancer patients in which overexpression of cyclin A2 protein had been revealed by immunohistochemistry (n=22 patients). The results were verified by FISH. CCNA2 amplification was not detected in either the isolated tumour cells or the total tumour tissue. We verified our methods by demonstrating amplification of CCNA2 by real-time PCR in three out of eight breast tumours that overexpressed cyclin A2 protein (this frequency is consistent with the findings of others). However, FISH did not reveal any CCNA2 amplification in the breast tumours, but it did reveal polysomy of chromosome 4 or segments of chromosome 4 in three tumour tissue samples, indicating the importance of verifying the real-time PCR results with another method. To conclude, the increased cyclin A2 protein expression in these patients could not be explained by CCNA2 amplification in isolated colonic tumour cells.
Comparing Numerical Methods for Solving Time-Fractional Reaction-Diffusion Equations
Authors: Turut Veyis , Güzel Nuran
Published: August 2012

Multivariate Padé approximation (MPA) is applied to numerically approximate the solutions of time-fractional reaction-diffusion equations, and the numerical results are compared with solutions obtained by the generalized differential transform method (GDTM). The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. Two illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the multivariate Padé approximation (MPA). The results reveal that the multivariate Padé approximation (MPA) is very effective and convenient for solving time-fractional reaction-diffusion equations.
Solanum surrattence as Potential Corrosion Inhibitor
Authors: Sharma Manish Kumar , Sharma Anil Kumar , Mathur S. P.
Published: August 2012

Developping chip and ecofriendlly corrosion inhibitors can replace toxic chemicals which are currently used in industries. Plant extract of Solanum surrattence in acetone, petroleum ether, and methanol has been tasted using mass loss and thermometric measurements for corrosion of aluminium in acid solutions. The plant extract of Solanum surrattence is a good corrosion inhibitor for aluminium. The inhibition efficiency depends upon the concentration of inhibitors, it inhibits the metal of 97.60% at its maximum value. This inhibitor shows efficiency at 25°C. At higher temperature the inhibition efficiency decreases. These types of inhibitors can be used to replace the toxic chemicals which are currently used in industries. We find out cheap and ecofriendlly corrosion inhibitors which can be used by acid, petrochemical, and chemical industries.
Primary Gastric Lymphoma: Conservative Treatment Modality Is Not Inferior to Surgery for Early-Stage Disease
Authors: Selçukbiricik Fatih , Tural Deniz , Elicin Olgun , Berk Selin , Özgüroğlu Mustafa , Bese Nuran , Ferhanoglu Burhan
Published: August 2012

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, survival rates, and treatment modalities in patients with primary gastric lymphoma (PGL). Methods. We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed data from patients treated for PGL in our clinic from 1998 through 2010. Staging was performed using the Lugano Staging System. Overall and disease-free survival (OS and DFS) were calculated from the date of diagnosis. Results. We identified 79 patients. Thirty-seven patients (47%) were male. The median age at presentation was 57 (18–85) years. The median follow-up time was 41 (9–52) months. Thirty patients (38%) underwent surgery, 74 (92%) received chemotherapy, and 18 (23%) received radiotherapy. The five-year OS and DFS rates were 91.2% and 83.9%, respectively, in patients with stage I/II or IIE disease and 70.6% and 65.5%, respectively, in patients with stage IV disease ( for both rates). Treatment modality (surgical or conservative) had no impact on OS or DFS in early stages. In a multivariate analysis, poor performance status, advanced stage, and high LDH levels were significant bad prognostic factors for DFS, while advanced stage, poor performance status, and age > 60 years were significant bad prognostic factors for OS. Conclusion. Surgery provides no advantage for survival over conservative treatment; thus, conservative treatment modalities should be preferred initially at early stages of PGL.
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Infection
Authors: Sukhbir Shahid K.
Published: August 2012

Maternal genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection; asymptomatic in 70% of cases. Newborn babies usually catch the infection from maternal birth tract during delivery. Neonatal herpes simplex infection is a highly morbid and fatal dreadful infection. Though there have been great advances in diagnosis and management of this neonatal infection in last 3 decades, its morbidity continues to be high due to greater lag-time between symptoms and diagnosis. This delay is due to its non-specific presentation and lack of adequate awareness about the disease amongst the practising physicians. A high level of clinical suspicion is vital for early treatment initiation and better outcomes. Maternal education on safe sex practices, selective and elective caesarean surgery and prophylactic acyclovir for recurrent maternal herpes would diminish transmission and disease in newborn.
Eosinopenia as a Prognostic Marker in Patients with Peritonitis
Authors: Jagdeesh T. S. , Mishra Arpan , Saxena Arjun , Sharma Dhananjaya
Published: August 2012

Introduction. Eosinopenia has been, recently, found to have strong association with inflammatory-syndrome-associated bacterial infectious diseases. This prompted us to investigate its use as a prognostic marker in perforation peritonitis patients. Methods. A prospective study of perforation peritonitis patients admitted to the surgical wards at a teaching hospital in Central India was conducted. jabalpur prognostic score (JPS, a simplified prognostic score for developing countries), C-reactive protein (mg/dL) levels, and absolute eosinophil counts (cells/cmm) were measured on admission. Their correlation with inpatient mortality was evaluated. Results. 94 consecutive patients were studied, peptic () followed by ileal, colonic, and appendicular perforations were the commonest cause of peritonitis. 13/94 died; ileal perforations had the highest (/34, 17.6%) mortality. When correlated with mortality, univariate analysis showed JPS, CRP, and AEC to be accurate prognostic markers (), while multivariate analysis showed only AEC to be accurate (). At a cut-off value of 8, JPS showed sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 85.1%, positive predicted value (PPV) of 55%, negative predicted value (NPV) of 95%, and area under receiver operating curve (AUROC) was 0.86. CRP level, at a cut-off value of 7.4, yielded sensitivity of 92.3%, specificity of 79%, PPV of 41%, NPV of 98%, and AUROC was 0.93. At a cut-off value of 45, the sensitivity of the AEC was 92.3%, specificity of 92.5%, PPV 85%, NPV of 99%, and AUROC was 0.96. Discussion. Eosinopenia on admission is a prognostic marker of mortality in patients with peritonitis.
Surgical Morbidity of Simultaneous Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation: A Single-Centre Experience in the Tacrolimus Era
Authors: Thwaites Stephen E. , Lam Vincent W. T. , Yao Jinna , Kable Kathy , Jenkins Lillian , Chen Cheng , Robertson Paul , Hawthorne Wayne J. , Ryan Brendan J. , Pleass Henry C. , Allen Richard D. M.
Published: August 2012

Introduction. Simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplantation is performed to restore normoglycaemia and renal function in patients with Type I diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal failure. We aimed to evaluate the impact of major postoperative complications to patient and graft survival outcomes. Method. Using a prospectively collected database over a 10-year period, major postoperative complications requiring return to operating theatre as well as patient and graft survival outcomes were analysed retrospectively. Results. Between January 2001 and May 2010, 165 patients underwent first-time SPK transplantation. Median age of recipients was 39.8 years (range, 16.9–53.2). Enteric drainage was used in 149 patients, and bladder drainage was used in 16. Median follow-up time was 5.2 years (range 1.1–10.3). Fifty-six patients (34%) returned to operating theatre at least once. Pancreatic allograft loss secondary to vascular thrombosis occurred in 12 patients (7%), and 2 patients (1.2%) required transplant pancreatectomy due to debilitating pancreatic enzyme leaks. At 1 and 5 years, patient survival was 98% and 94%; pancreas graft survival, 86% and 77%; kidney graft survival 96% and 89%, respectively. Conclusion. SPK is a safe and effective treatment for Type I diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal failure although surgical reintervention is required in approximately one-third of patients. Preventing vascular thrombosis remains a major challenge.