bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the effect of calcination on adsorption capability of Mg/Al layer double hydroxides (LDHs)
Authors: Wiyantoko Bayu , Kurniawati Puji , Purbaningtias Tri Esti , Jauhari Muhammad Husnu , Yahya Amri , Tamyiz Muchammad , Fatimah Is , Doong Ruey-an
Published: March 2022

The present study was carried out to prepare and characterize calcined Mg/Al layer double hydroxides (LDHs) used in the adsorption of methyl orange in an aqueous solution as an anionic dye in a batch system. Synthesis of LDHs using coprecipitation method with Mg/Al ratio of 3:1 and obtained material was treated by hydrothermal treatment for 4 h in 400 °C. The result showed that hydrothermal treatment on the synthesis of Mg/Al LDHs yielded the formation of mixed metal oxide from magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide on calcined LDHs were shown on a wide diffraction pattern, while infrared spectrum showed that NO3
− and CO3
2− as balancing anions disappeared after calcination process. The optimum condition for calcined layer double hydroxides (CLDH) and LDHs were in pH 4 (40.61 mg g−1) and pH 3 (36.29 mg g−1) for methyl orange adsorption. The equilibrium time for CLDH and LDHs respectively were 3 h and 5 h where the initial time started rapidly. The kinetic study described pseudo-second-order fitted for methyl orange adsorption with R2 = 0.9998 and 0.9996 for CLDH and LDH. The best isotherm was shown by Freundlich model with R2 = 0.9957 and 0.9721 for CLDH and LDH and. The results suggested that calcined LDHs were efficient adsorbents for methyl orange remediation of relatively high concentrations.
Development of a combined interferometer using millimeter wave solid state source and a far infrared laser on ENN’s XuanLong-50 (EXL-50)
Authors: XIE Jiaxing , WEI Xuechao , LIU Haiqing , LI Songjian , ZHANG Jibo , YAO Yuan , WANG Yunfei , JIE Yinxian
Published: March 2022

A millimeter wave solid state source—far infrared laser combined interferometer system (MFCI) consisting of a three-channel 890 GHz hydrogen cyanide (HCN) laser interferometer and a three-channel 340 GHz solid state source interferometer (SSI) is developed for real-time line-integrated electron density feedback and electron density profile of the EXL-50 spherical tokamak device. The interferometer system is a Mach–Zehnder type, with all probe-channels measured vertically, covering the plasma magnetic axis to the outermost closed magnetic plane. The HCN laser interferometer uses an HCN laser with a frequency of 890 GHz as a light source and modulates a 100 kHz beat signal by a rotating grating, giving a temporal resolution of 10 μs. The SSI uses two independent 340 GHz solid-state diode sources as the light source, the frequency of the two sources is adjustable, and the temporal resolution of SSI can reach 1 μs by setting the frequency difference of the two lasers at 1 MHz. The main optical path of the two interferometers is compactly installed on a set of double-layer optical platform directly below EXL-50. Dual optical path design using corner cube reflectors avoids the large support structures. Collinear the probe-beams of two wavelengths, then the phase error caused by vibration can be compensated. At present, the phase noise of the HCN Interferometer is 0.08 rad, corresponding to a line-integrated electron density of 0.88 × 1017 m−2, one channel of measuring result was obtained by the MFCI system, and the highest density measured is about 0.7 × 1019 m−2.
New horizons in Type 2 myocardial infarction: pathogenesis, assessment and management of an emerging geriatric disease
Authors: Putot Alain , Putot Sophie , Chagué Frédéric , Cottin Yves , Zeller Marianne , Manckoundia Patrick
Published: March 2022

Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is characterised by a functional imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand in the absence of a thrombotic process, leading to myocardial necrosis. This type of MI was relatively unknown among clinicians until the third universal definition of MI was published in 2017, differentiating Type 2 from Type 1 MI, which follows an acute atherothrombotic event. The pathogenesis, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Type 2 MI are described in the present review. Type 2 MI is a condition that is strongly linked to age because of vascular ageing concerning both epicardic vessels and microcirculation, age-related atherosclerosis and stress maladaptation. This condition predominantly affects multimorbid individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease. However, the conditions that lead to the functional imbalance between oxygen supply and demand are frequently extra-cardiac (e.g. pneumonia or anaemia). The great heterogeneity of the underlying etiological factors requires a comprehensive approach that is tailored to each case. In the absence of evidence for the benefit of invasive reperfusion strategies, the treatment of Type 2 MI remains to date essentially based on the restoration of the balance between oxygen supply and demand. For older co-morbid patients with Type 2 MI, geriatricians and cardiologists need to work together to optimise etiological investigations, treatment and prevention of predisposing conditions and precipitating factors.
Impact of Asleep and 24-Hour Blood Pressure Data on the Prevalence of Masked Hypertension by Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Yano Yuichiro , Poudel Bharat , Chen Ligong , Sakhuja Swati , Jaeger Byron C , Viera Anthony J , Shimbo Daichi , Clark Donald , Anstey David Edmund , Lin Feng-Chang , Lewis Cora E , Shikany James M , Rana Jamal S , Correa Adolfo , Lloyd-Jones Donald M , Schwartz Joseph E , Muntner Paul
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

We pooled ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data from 5 US studies, including the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, the Masked Hypertension Study, the Improving the Detection of Hypertension Study, and the North Carolina Masked Hypertension Study. Using a cross-sectional study design, we estimated differences in the prevalence of masked hypertension by race/ethnicity when out-of-office blood pressure (BP) included awake, asleep, and 24-hour BP vs. awake BP alone.

METHODS

We restricted the analyses to participants with office systolic BP (SBP) <130 mm Hg and diastolic BP (DBP) <80 mm Hg. High awake BP was defined as mean SBP/DBP ≥130/80 mm Hg, high asleep BP as mean SBP/DBP ≥110/65 mm Hg, and high 24-hour BP as mean SBP/DBP ≥125/75 mm Hg.

RESULTS

Among participants not taking antihypertensive medication (n = 1,292), the prevalence of masked hypertension with out-of-office BP defined by awake BP alone or by awake, asleep, or 24-hour BP was 34.5% and 48.7%, respectively, among non-Hispanic White, 39.7% and 67.6% among non-Hispanic Black, and 19.4% and 35.1% among Hispanic participants. After multivariable adjustment, non-Hispanic Black were more likely than non-Hispanic White participants to have masked hypertension by asleep or 24-hour BP but not awake BP (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.14 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45–3.15) and by asleep or 24-hour BP and awake BP (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.12–2.32) vs. not having masked hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS

Assessing asleep and 24-hour BP measures increases the prevalence of masked hypertension more among non-Hispanic Black vs. non-Hispanic White individuals.
Race, Region, and the Black Midwest in the Dunbar Decades
Authors: Leslie Alex Zweber
Published: March 2022

In this essay, I show how Paul Laurence Dunbar, today most associated with plantation poetry, successfully utilized Midwestern identity as an alternative site for Black expression and cultural affiliation. Writing in Midwestern dialects and tropes, Dunbar was able to become widely recognized as a Midwestern writer and in doing so compel white readers to place regional belonging over racial alterity as a framework for interpreting cultural difference even at the height of Jim Crow. Moreover, I argue that Dunbar intermixed regional conventions with racial ones, leveraging their commonalities to depict a Black Midwest. For a new wave of Black writers and reading communities in the region, Dunbar became a pivotal model of the possibilities of Black Midwestern cultural life. Reading Dunbar regionally illuminates a more dynamic relationship between popular conceptions of race and of region, rich with possible alternative aesthetic affinities and circulatory potential.

[T]he wide-reaching success of Dunbar’s [Midwestern writing] shows that. . . . [u]nder the right print conditions, regional belonging could take precedence over racial alterity.
Occurrence of triploids in oil palm and their origin
Authors: Pomiès V , Turnbull N , Le Squin S , Syahputra I , Suryana E , Durand-Gasselin T , Cochard B , Bakry F
Published: March 2022

Background and Aims

Oil palms showing exceptional vigour and dubbed as ‘giant palms’ were identified in some progeny during breeding. A panel of phenotypical traits were studied to characterize these trees. The hypothesis that gigantism and other anomalies might be linked to polyploidy was investigated.

Methods

Twenty sib pairs of palms from different crosses, each comprising a giant and a normal oil palm, were studied by flow cytometry with rice ‘Nipponbare’ as standard reference. In parallel, palms were assessed in the field using 11 phenotypic traits. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to define relationships between these phenotypical traits, and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to predict ploidy level and giant classification. Finally, a co-dominant molecular marker study was implemented to highlight the sexual process leading to the formation of 2n gametes.

Key Results

The first group of oil palms presented an oil palm/rice peak ratio of around 4.8 corresponding to diploid oil palms, whereas the second group presented a ratio of around 7, classifying these plants as triploid. The PCA enabled the classification of the plants in three classes: 21 were normal diploid palms; ten were giant diploid palms; while 11 were giant triploid palms. The LDA revealed three predictors for ploidy classification: phyllotaxy, petiole size and circumference of the plant, but surprisingly not height. The molecular study revealed that triploid palms arose from 2n gametes resulting from the second division restitution of meiosis in parents.

Conclusions

This study confirms and details the process of sexual polyploidization in oil palm. It also identifies three phenotypical traits to assess the ploidy level of the giant oil palms in the field. In practical terms, our results provide a cheap scientific method to identify polyploid palms in the field.
Research Engagement and Research Culture in Spanish Language Teaching (SLT): Empowering the Profession
Authors: Gironzetti Elisa , Muñoz-Basols Javier
Published: March 2022

Teacher training programs and models recognize research engagement as a key competency of qualified professionals. However, despite current calls from scholars to bridge the divide between research and practice in second language teaching, little is known about how teaching professionals engage with existing research or carry out their own research. This study is the first to address this issue with regards to Spanish Language Teaching (SLT) professionals, aiming to understand if and how they engage with and in research, and identify what they would need to increase their engagement. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of online survey responses from 1,675 SLT professionals from 84 countries show that research engagement is dependent on the job description. Coding of free-text responses into eight themes (motivation, prestige, support, training, professionalization, resources, community, and research areas) reveals that the main barrier to greater research engagement is lack of support. Our results contribute to the understanding of the concepts of research engagement and research culture within the context of SLT and inform future initiatives to strengthen the research-practice nexus.
Genome evolution related to γ-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic function in the soil microbial population
Authors: Kato Hiromi , Su Lijun , Tanaka Ayami , Katsu Honami , Ohtsubo Yoshiyuki , Otsuka Shigeto , Senoo Keishi , Nagata Yuji
Published: March 2022

γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH)-degrading strain, Sphingobium sp. TA15, was newly isolated from an experimental field soil from which the archetypal γ-HCH-degrading strain, S. japonicum UT26, was isolated previously. Comparison of the complete genome sequences of these 2 strains revealed that TA15 shares the same basic genome backbone with UT26, but also has the variable regions that are presumed to have changed either from UT26 or from a putative common ancestor. Organization and localization of lin genes of TA15 were different from those of UT26. It was inferred that transposition of IS6100 had played a crucial role in these genome rearrangements. The accumulation of toxic dead-end products in TA15 was lower than in UT26, suggesting that TA15 utilizes γ-HCH more effectively than UT26. These results suggested that genome evolution related to the γ-HCH metabolic function in the soil microbial population is ongoing.
Context-aware learning for cancer cell nucleus recognition in pathology images
Authors: Bai Tian , Xu Jiayu , Zhang Zhenting , Guo Shuyu , Luo Xiao
Published: March 2022

Motivation

Nucleus identification supports many quantitative analysis studies that rely on nuclei positions or categories. Contextual information in pathology images refers to information near the to-be-recognized cell, which can be very helpful for nucleus subtyping. Current CNN-based methods do not explicitly encode contextual information within the input images and point annotations.

Results

In this article, we propose a novel framework with context to locate and classify nuclei in microscopy image data. Specifically, first we use state-of-the-art network architectures to extract multi-scale feature representations from multi-field-of-view, multi-resolution input images and then conduct feature aggregation on-the-fly with stacked convolutional operations. Then, two auxiliary tasks are added to the model to effectively utilize the contextual information. One for predicting the frequencies of nuclei, and the other for extracting the regional distribution information of the same kind of nuclei. The entire framework is trained in an end-to-end, pixel-to-pixel fashion. We evaluate our method on two histopathological image datasets with different tissue and stain preparations, and experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms other recent state-of-the-art models in nucleus identification.

Availability and implementation

The source code of our method is freely available at https://github.com/qjxjy123/DonRabbit.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Somatic symptom severity association with healthcare utilization and costs in surgical inpatients with an episode of abdominal pain
Authors: Stieler Melissa , Pockney Peter , Campbell Cassidy , Thirugnanasundralingam Vaisnavi , Gan Lachlan , Spittal Matthew J , Carter Gregory
Published: March 2022

Background

Somatic syndromes are present in 30 per cent of primary healthcare populations and are associated with increased health service use and health costs. Less is known about secondary care surgical inpatient populations.

Methods

This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study (n = 465) of consecutive adult admissions with an episode of non-traumatic abdominal pain, to the Acute General Surgical Unit at a tertiary hospital in New South Wales, Australia. Somatic symptom severity (SSS) was dichotomized using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-15 with a cut-off point of 10 or higher (medium–high SSS) and compared pre-admission and during admission. Total healthcare utilization and direct costs were stratified by a PHQ-15 score of 10 or higher. Linear regression was used to examine differences in costs, and a multivariable linear regression was used to examine the relationship of PHQ-15 scores of 10 or higher to total costs, reported as mean total costs of care and percentage difference (95 per cent confidence intervals).

Results

Fifty-two per cent (n = 242) of participants had a medium–high SSS with greater pre-admission and admission interval health service costs. Mean total direct costs of care were 25 per cent (95 per cent c.i. 8 to 44 per cent) higher in the PHQ-15 score of 10 or higher group: mean difference €1401.93 (95 per cent c.i. €512.19 to €2273.67). The multivariable model showed a significant association of PHQ-15 scores of 10 or higher (2.1 per cent; 0.2–4.1 per cent greater for each one-point increase in score) with total hospital costs, although the strongest contributions to cost were older age, operative management, and lower socioeconomic level. There was a linear relationship between PHQ scores and total healthcare costs.

Conclusions

Medium to high levels of somatic symptoms are common in surgical inpatients with abdominal pain and are independently associated with greater healthcare utilization.
Grey and white matter atrophy 1 year after stroke aphasia
Authors: Egorova-Brumley Natalia , Khlif Mohamed Salah , Werden Emilio , Bird Laura J. , Brodtmann Amy
Published: March 2022

Dynamic whole-brain changes occur following stroke, and not just in association with recovery. We tested the hypothesis that the presence of a specific behavioural deficit after stroke would be associated with structural decline (atrophy) in the brain regions supporting the affected function, by examining language deficits post-stroke. We quantified whole-brain structural volume changes longitudinally (3–12 months) in stroke participants with (N = 32) and without aphasia (N = 59) as assessed by the Token Test at 3 months post-stroke, compared with a healthy control group (N = 29). While no significant difference in language decline rates (change in Token Test scores from 3 to 12 months) was observed between groups and some participants in the aphasic group improved their scores, stroke participants with aphasia symptoms at 3 months showed significant atrophy (>2%, P = 0.0001) of the left inferior frontal gyrus not observed in either healthy control or non-aphasic groups over the 3–12 months period. We found significant group differences in the inferior frontal gyrus volume, accounting for age, sex, stroke severity at baseline, education and total intracranial volume (Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.0003). In a subset of participants (aphasic N = 14, non-aphasic N = 36, and healthy control N = 25) with available diffusion-weighted imaging data, we found significant atrophy in the corpus callosum and the left superior longitudinal fasciculus in the aphasic compared with the healthy control group. Language deficits at 3 months post-stroke are associated with accelerated structural decline specific to the left inferior frontal gyrus, highlighting that known functional brain reorganization underlying behavioural improvement may occur in parallel with atrophy of brain regions supporting the language function.
Altered excitatory and decreased inhibitory transmission in the prefrontal cortex of male mice with early developmental disruption to the ventral hippocampus
Authors: Nath Moushumi , Bhardwaj Sanjeev K , Srivastava Lalit K , Wong Tak Pan
Published: March 2022

Ventral hippocampal (vHPC)-prefrontal cortical (PFC) pathway dysfunction is a core neuroimaging feature of schizophrenia. However, mechanisms underlying impaired connectivity within this pathway remain poorly understood. The vHPC has direct projections to the PFC that help shape its maturation. Here, we wanted to investigate the effects of early developmental vHPC perturbations on long-term functional PFC organization. Using whole-cell recordings to assess PFC cellular activity in transgenic male mouse lines, we show early developmental disconnection of vHPC inputs, by excitotoxic lesion or cell-specific ablations, impairs pyramidal cell firing output and produces a persistent increase in excitatory and decrease in inhibitory synaptic inputs onto pyramidal cells. We show this effect is specific to excitatory vHPC projection cell ablation. We further identify PV-interneurons as a source of deficit in inhibitory transmission. We find PV-interneurons are reduced in density, show a reduced ability to sustain high-frequency firing, and show deficits in excitatory inputs that emerge over time. We additionally show differences in vulnerabilities to early developmental vHPC disconnection, wherein PFC PV-interneurons but not pyramidal cells show deficits in NMDA receptor–mediated current. Our results highlight mechanisms by which the PFC adapts to early developmental vHPC perturbations, providing insights into schizophrenia circuit pathology.
Zero Measure Sraffian Economies: New Insights from Actual Input–Output Tables
Authors: Mariolis Theodore , Veltsistas Panagiotis
Published: March 2022

New theoretical and empirical evidence reveals that the actual input–output table economies of single production, which are usually studied in the value–capital theory literature, are almost similar to non-diagonalizable, triangular and both uncontrollable and unobservable (in the sense of Kalman) economies producing only one basic commodity and non-self-reproducing non-basics (in the sense of Sraffa), the immense majority of which are pure consumption commodities. Since (i) these basic commodities are the corresponding Sraffian Standard commodities of the original economies; (ii) the resulting empirical probabilities of non-monotonic price–profit rate curves and re-switching of techniques are by no means negligible; and (iii) systems and matrices are almost always completely controllable/observable and diagonalizable, respectively, it follows that the said actual input–output table economies are not only Sraffian but also of almost zero measure.
A Specific Calprotectin Neo-epitope [CPa9-HNE] in Serum from Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Is Associated with Neutrophil Activity and Endoscopic Severity
Authors: Mortensen Joachim Høg , Sinkeviciute Dovile , Manon-Jensen Tina , Domislović Viktor , McCall Kathryn , Thudium Christian S , Brinar Marko , Önnerfjord Patrik , Goodyear Carl S , Krznarić Željko , Karsdal Morten Asser , Bay-Jensen Anne-Christine
Published: March 2022

Background and Aims

Endoscopy and the use of faecal calprotectin [faecal CP] are among the least-favoured methods for assessing disease activity by inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients; the handling/processing of faecal samples is also impractical. Therefore, we sought to develop a novel neo-epitope serum calprotectin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], CPa9-HNE, with the aim of quantifying neutrophil activity and neutrophil extracellular trap [NET]-osis and proposing a non-invasive method for monitoring disease activity in IBD patients.

Methods

In vitro cleavage was performed by mixing calprotectin [S100A9/S100A8] with human neutrophil elastase [HNE], and a novel HNE-derived calprotectin neo-epitope [CPa9-HNE] was identified by mass spectrometry for ELISA development. The CPa9-HNE ELISA was quantified in supernatants from ex vivo activated neutrophils and serum samples from patients with ulcerative colitis [UC, n = 43], Crohn’s disease [CD, n = 93], and healthy subjects [HS, n = 23]. For comparison, faecal CP and MRP8/14 biomarkers were also measured.

Results

CPa9-HNE was specific for activated neutrophils ex vivo. Serum CPa9-HNE levels were 4-fold higher in CD [p <0.0001] and UC [p <0.0001] patients than in HS. CPa9-HNE correlated well with the Simple Endoscopic Score [SES]-CD score [r = 0.61, p <0.0001], MES [r = 0.46, p = 0.0141], and the full Mayo score [r = 0.52, p = 0.0013]. CPa9-HNE was able to differentiate between CD and UC patients in endoscopic remission and moderate/severe disease activity (CD: area under the curve [AUC] = 0.82 [p = 0.0003], UC: AUC = 0.87 [p = 0.0004]). The performance of CPa9-HNE was equipotent or slightly better than that of faecal CP.

Conclusions

Serum CPa9-HNE levels were highly associated with CD and UC patients. CPa9-HNE correlated with the SES-CD score and the full Mayo score, indicating a strong association with disease activity.
A prospective multi-centre study assessing the safety and effectiveness following the implementation of an accelerated chest pain pathway using point-of-care troponin for use in New Zealand rural hospital and primary care settings
Authors: Miller Rory , Nixon Garry , Pickering John W , Stokes Tim , Turner Robin M , Young Joanna , Gutenstein Marc , Smith Michelle , Norman Tim , Watson Antony , George Peter , Devlin Gerald , Du Toit Stephen , Than Martin
Published: March 2022

Aims

Most rural hospitals and general practices in New Zealand (NZ) are reliant on point-of-care troponin. A rural accelerated chest pain pathway (RACPP), combining an electrocardiogram (ECG), a structured risk score (Emergency Department Assessment of Chest Pain Score), and serial point-of-care troponin, was designed for use in rural hospital and primary care settings across NZ. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the RACPP.

Methods and results

A prospective multi-centre evaluation following implementation of the RACPP was undertaken from 1 July 2018 to 31 December 2020 in rural hospitals, rural and urban general practices, and urgent care clinics. The primary outcome measure was the presence of 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in low-risk patients. The secondary outcome was the percentage of patients classified as low-risk that avoided transfer or were eligible for early discharge. There were 1205 patients enrolled in the study. 132 patients were excluded. Of the 1073 patients included in the primary analysis, 474 (44.0%) patients were identified as low-risk. There were no [95% confidence interval (CI): 0–0.3%] MACE within 30 days of the presentation among low-risk patients. Most of these patients (91.8%) were discharged without admission to hospital. Almost all patients who presented to general practice (99%) and urgent care clinics (97.6%) were discharged to home directly.

Conclusion

The RACPP is safe and effective at excluding MACEs in NZ rural hospital and primary care settings, where it can identify a group of low-risk patients who can be safely discharged home without transfer to hospital.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm (ICW), Diamondback Moth (DBM), and Cabbage Looper (CL) On Cabbage, 1985
Authors: Tuttle A. F. , Systrom M. R. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted to the field on 5 Jul. The soil was a fine, sandy loam of pH 7.0. Fertilizer (10N:10P2O5:10K2O) was applied at 800 lb/acre at planting. Each plot, 2 25 ft rows, was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications, based on 3 ft row spacing, were made with a C02 pressurized sprayer delivering 60 gal/acre at 40 psi. The insecticides were applied on 21 Aug, and control was assessed by counting the number of larvae on 10 plants per plot on 26 Aug.
Pre-Emergence Cutworm Control in No-Till Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: Graustein Mark R.
Published: March 2022

Silver Queen variety sweet corn was planted 14 May on the University of Delaware farm in Newark, DE. The corn was planted in a fallow field containing various annual grasses and leguminous weeds using a Buffalo1'’ no-till planter. Standard no-till weed control and fertilization practices were followed. Plots consisted of 4 rows, 25 ft long on 30 inch centers. Six insecticide treatments, replicated 4 times, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Both the Lorsban 15G and Counter 15G treatments were applied as a “T” band at planting. The Aastar* 15G treatment was banded over the row by hand using a shaker can just after planting. The spray treatments were applied 24 h after planting using a C02 propelled backpack sprayer. Three R and D Sprayer, Inc. HC4 hollow cone nozzles were mounted on a 30 inch hand held boom and delivered a total of 26.4 gal per acre at 40 psi in a uniform spray swath. Steel barriers 6 ft x 6 ft x 6 inches high were placed in the approximate center of each plot at the 2-3 leaf stage. Each barrier enclosed two rows and was sunk into the ground 1 inch to prevent subsurface escape of cutworms. Each barrier also had a 1 inch horizontal lip attached along the inside top to deter escape of the cutworms. On 5 Jun 40 cutworms were released in each barrier. Twenty worms were placed along the outside of the two rows. A furrow Vt inch wide and Vi inch deep was dug between the 2 rows and 20 cutworms were placed in it and covered lightly with soil. Cut plant counts were taken on 5 (prerelease), 6, 10, and 13 Jun. During each observation, cut plants were marked with smaller mixer straws. For consistency, a marked plant was still considered cut even though it recovered in later observations.
Systemic Insecticide Trial, 1986
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul , Yocum John O.
Published: March 2022

Certified Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted 29 Apr in a Hagerstown silt loam soil at Landisville, Lancaster County, PA. Plant spacing was 9 inches with 34 inches between rows. Plots were 6 rows x 20 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of in-furrow applications of Temik 15G, Furadan 15G, Thimet 20G, or Oxamyl 15G, each applied at 3.0 lb (AI)/acre. Additional treatments consisted of: Temik at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre applied in-furrow (IF) plus 1.0 lb (AI)/acre applied as a side-dress at plant emergence (EM); and Temik at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre applied as a side-dress only (EM). Colorado potato beetle (CPB) was sampled weekly on 10 randomly selected plants in each plot. Damage index was assigned on a scale of: (1) 0-5% leaf loss to (5) > 75% leaf loss. On 29 Jul the entire field was sprayed with Pydrin 2.4EC (0.2 lb (AI)/acre) to reduce CPB pressure. Two rows per plot were harvested on 16 Sep and graded by size.
Potato Insect Control, 1985
Authors: Hollingsworth Craig S. , Voss Robert Hurley , Ferro David N.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 9 May in So. Deerfield, MA. Fertilizer (700 lb. 10N:10P2O3:10K2O/acre) was broadcast and incorporated prior to planting. An additional 700 lb/acre was side dressed on 26 Jun. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of ca. 5.3. The land was rotated from corn and no other potato crops were planted within 0.5 miles. Hence, Colorado potato beetle (CPB) pressure was moderate. Treatment blocks were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30-ft rows with a 3-ft fallow area between each plot. Treatments were applied with C02 pressurized sprayers at 40 psi with a delivery rate of ca. 65 gal/acre. Applications were made on 3, 11 and 17 Jul. In one treatment, Alsystin 4F at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 3 and 11 Jul, and on 17 Jul, Alsystin 4F at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre plus Monitor 4 at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied. CPB densities were assessed on 3 Jul and 4-5 days after treatment by counting adults and larvae on 10 primary stalks in each plot. Green peach aphids (GPA) were sampled on 29 Jul by counting those found on 10 terminal leaflets from lower leaves. Predators were assessed on 29 Jul by counting individual larvae, pupae and adults per 10 stalks. Coleomegilla maculata was the dominant predator species. Because densities of individual species were not high, predator numbers were pooled. Each plot was rated for defoliation on a scale from 1 (0-20%) to 5 (80-100%). Potato leafhopper (PLH) damage was assessed by ranking damage from 1 (no damage) to 3 (severe). Due to their clumped distribution, CPB and GPA counts were transformed by log(x = 1); means reported here are back transformed. No effects from blocking were observed for CPB.
Irrigation Applied Insecticide for Control of Green Peach Aphid and Colorado Potato Beetles on Potatoes, 1986
Authors: Sandvol Larry E. , Johnston Richard
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 1 May in Purdam silt loam at the University of Idaho, Research & Extension Center, Caldwell, ID. The plots were 2 contiguous 80-ft diameter circles (0.2 acre). Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Three inch hook-and-latch pipe with 1/8 inch nozzles were solid-set in a 4-line design. Injection time was 20 min. Water was applied at the rate of 0.2 inch/h with a PTO-driven pump. Insect populations were sampled pre-treatment and 1, 3 and 7 days post-treatment by counting the number of aphids per 25 leaves and beetles per 10 ft of row.
Aerial Applications of Insecticides for Control of Stink Bugs on Processing Tomatoes, 1986
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Zalom Frank G. , Wilson L. Ted
Published: March 2022

Aerial applications were made to a commerical planting of processing tomatoes located near Woodland, CA. Each treatment was applied with a Grumman Ag-Cat (Model G164B) at 10 gal/acre and 25 psi on 15 Sep. Unreplicated treatments were 42 ft wide (8 beds wide) by approximately 800 ft long and separated by a 38 ft unsprayed buffer. On each of 12 6.5 ft long areas of tomato bed per treatment all plants were cut off at ground level and shaken onto a drop cloth. The number of bugs on the drop cloth and the number found within the top 1-2 inches of soil were recorded from bed number 4 and bed number 5 on 12 Sep (pretreatment) and 19 Sep (post-treatment), respectively. Sample areas in rows were separated by approximately 45 ft. Unreplicated data are presented as proportional changes from pre- to post-treatments.
Turnip Leaf and Flea Beetle Control in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Story R. N. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at the St. Gabriel Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University, St. Gabriel, LA and the Burden Research Plantation, Baton Rouge, LA. Turnip seed was planted on 38-inch rows on 10 Jan (St. Gabriel) and 23 Jan (Burden) and thinned to a 6-inch spacing between plants. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of single row plots 10 ft in length. Pesticides were applied with a hand-held C02 pressurized sprayer delivering 40 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single hollow cone spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. One pesticide (Tomato Vegetable Dust) was in a dust formulation and was applied from the original container which was designed to be used as a duster. Plants were lightly dusted with the pesticide. Treatments were applied on 10, 17, and 25 Apr at St. Gabriel and on 15 Apr and 5 May at Burden. Insect population counts were made on 11, 21, and 29 Apr at St. Gabriel and 23 Apr and 9 May at Burden. Beetle counts were made with a white 6 x 6 in square plexiglass pan (2 inches deep). The pan was placed under the turnip leaves and the leaves beaten against the pan to knock flea beetles and leaf beetles off the leaves and into the pan. Five samples were taken in each replication on each date.
Alfalfa Insect Control in Montana, 1986
Authors: Morrill Wendell L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated in a 5-yr-old stand of alfalfa in Gallatin Co., MT. Treatments were applied on 19 Jun in 20 by 8-ft plots with 3 replications in a completely randomized design. A C02 pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre was used. Alfalfa was 24 inches high and at 1/10 bloom at treatment.
Phid Control on Alfalfa Hay, 1986
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Alfalfa hay near Kimberly, Idaho was treated 23 Sep to test selected rates of Lorsban for aphid control. Each rate and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plot were 25 ft × 25 ft and the hay had ca. 4 inches of new growth after the third cutting. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using hollow cone nozzles at 30 psi and 50 gal finished spray per acre. Aphids were sampled by taking 10 90° sweeps per plot with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Black Cutworm Control, 1986
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Filson David
Published: March 2022

Two studies were conducted on Hagerstown silt loam soils during 1186 to evaluate the efficacy of 4 insecticides as rescue treatments for BCW. One study was initiated near Belleville, PA, on 4 Jun. The other study was established near Bellefonte, PA, on 7 Jun. At both locations, a randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment was used. Applications were directed over the row in a 7-inch band using a backpack spray system adjusted to 30 psi and delivering 26 gal/acre through flat fan nozzles (LFH 80°). Each plot was 25 ft long and 4 rows wide (36 inch row spacing). Corn plants were in the 4-5 leaf stage (6 to 8 inch) at the time insecticide applications were made. No measurable rainfall was recorded within 5 days of the treatment applications. At the Bellefonte location a light rain fell within 24 h after the insecticide treatments were applied. Pretreatment infestation counts were taken immediately before the insecticides were applied. Posttreatment counts were taken at Bellefonte, PA, 3 and 5 days after the insecticide applications were made. At Belleville, PA, posttreatment assessments were made 3 and 6 days after the insecticides were applied. On each date, the number of total corn plants and number of cut plants per 50 ft of row (two center rows of plot) were recorded.
Field Corn, Pre-Emergence Treatments for Northern and Western Corn Rootworm Control, 1986
Authors: Fletcher Michael G. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Six granular insecticides were evaluated in Washington Co, VA, for control of the northern and western corn rootworm in conventional-till field corn when applied as a preemergence treatment at planting. Pioneer 3147 field corn was planted conventional-till in 32 inch rows on 28 Apr. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design 4 rows × 50 ft × 4 replicates per treatment. The insecticides were applied with a hand held granular applicator over the tops of the rows. The insecticides were applied 28 Apr, at planting. One application was made over each row to assure uniform coverage. The corn rootworm damage per plot was estimated by digging and washing the roots and rating the amount of damage (from 1 to 6) for 10 plants taken from the 2 center rows of each plot on 29 Jul. Yield data was collected for ensilage by whole stalk harvest, of 40 row ft from the 2 center rows on 14 Sep. Damage and yield data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Western Bean Cutworm in Field Corn In Southwest Nebraska, 1985
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Corn test plots were each ca. 30 acres grown under center pivot irrigation. Treatments were applied by a Cessna 188 Husky with a 44 ft wingspan. The spray boom was equipped with D-1245 nozzles calibrated to deliver 2 gal water per acre at 28 psi at 120 mph. Test 1 treatments were applied 24 Jul. Test 2 treatments were applied 1 Aug. Efficacy was determined by comparing the no. of plants infested with WBC larvae before treatment to the no. of infested plants after treatment (larvae in the ear tips).
Western Corn Rootworm Planting-Time Treatments, Akron, Colorado, 1986
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Granule treatments were applied 1 May with tractor-mounted modified Noble electric granule meters through 7-inch spreaders. In-furrow treatments were accomplished by removing the spreader and directing the drop tube into the furrow. Liquids were applied in a 7-inch band over the row with a CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 17.5 gpa at 30 psi through a single 8003 flat fan nozzle. Plots were single 50-ft rows arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Damage was evaluated on 15 Jul by rating 5 consecutive root systems per plot on the Iowa 1-6 scale. Soil type was a Platner Silt Loam with 1.8% organic matter and 8.5 pH. The field was planted to corn in 1984 and 1985 and treated with Counter 15C in 1985.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1986
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was planted on 15 Apr near Georgetown, DE. Four-row plots 17.5 ft long on 30-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shake in a 7 inch band over the whorl. Foliar treatments were applied with a bicycle design, CO2 pressurized sprayer using 1 nozzle per row delivering 50 gal per acre at 40 psi on 11 Jun. Ten plant whorls were removed from each plot, unrolled, and the number of infested plants were counted.
Evaluation of Bacillus Thurengiensis and Some Organophosphorus Compounds for Heliothis SPP. Control in Mississippi, 1986
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Eight treatments were tested for relative efficacy against Heliothis spp. larvae in nonirrigated cotton planted 19 May and thinned to ca. 20,500 plants/acre. Plots 8 rows (38 inch centers) by 50 ft long, separated by 15 ft plowed alleys and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, were located at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Insecticides were applied to 8 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air spray system and 3 TX-3 nozzles/row with 15 inch drops between rows. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 4 mph and 38 psi. Plots within a replication were sprayed consecutively with the boom being rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Treatment dates were 24 and 31 Jul, and 14-15 Aug. All plots received additional applications of insecticide for control of early season thrips, boll weevil and aphids. Heliothis spp. larvae were counted by whole plant search of 10 plants in each plot.
Control of Threecornered Alfalfa Hoppers and Green Cloverworms on Soybeans in Alabama, 1986
Authors: Mack T. P. , Spurgeon D. W. , Backman C. B.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans grown in a Vaiden soil at the Marion Junction Substation of Auburn University. Eight treatments and a control were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.014-acre plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Treatments were applied on 12 Aug with a backpack sprayer equipped with 3 TX3 nozzles per row operating at 40 psi and delivering 4.6 gal/acre, Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3 ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. Two samples from each plot were taken prior to treatment application (20 Aug) and 3 samples from each plot were taken at 2 and 9 days postspray (22 and 29 Aug).
Aphid Control on Spring Wheat with Foliar Applied Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Bishop Guy W.
Published: March 2022

Owens’ wheat was planted on 23 Apr at the University of Idaho Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, ID in a furrow-irrigated field. Plots were 12 ft by 6 ft in a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. A 4 ft untreated border was between plots and 6 ft of fallow ground separated blocks. All treatments were applied using a CO pressurized hand sprayer delivering 38 gal water/acre at 35 psi. Capture 2EC at 0.8 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 14 and 20 Jun and 8 Jul to keep a treatment relatively free of aphids. Capture was also applied to one plot on 20 Jun at approximately flowering and another plot at early milk stage, 17 Jul. The remaining treatments were applied 8 Jul. Aphid counts were taken 8, 10, 24, and 29 Jul. Plots were harvested 13 Aug with a small-plot combine which cut a 5 ft swath. No phytotoxicity was noted in any of the plots.
Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Oakland Mills, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Eleven insecticide treatments were applied on 28 Apr for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The rough consisted of annual bluegrass (60%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), ant! perennial ryegrass (10%). Treatment plots were 6 x 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using .i C02 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, and they were mixed with a fine grade of calcined clay top dressing (Terragreen) to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 78°F; soil temp, 82°F; % RH, 62; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; soil type, loam; 9r soil moisture, 17.4; soil pH, 6.3; % organic matter, 3.0; water pH, slightly acidic; amount of rainfall occurring over the posttreatment period, 5.7 inches Immediately after treatment, each replicate was individually watered-in with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 28 DAT (26 May). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded. An average of 18.7 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 28 Apr.
Margosan-O Contact and Residual Efficacy Against Beet Armyworm Larvae, 1986
Authors: Harris M. , Warkentin D. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Leaves were placed in 1 oz plastic creamer cups with moist filter paper. Colony reared larvae were placed on the leaves and sprayed with a hand-held mist bottle for contact/residual efficacy resting. For residual efficacy, leaves were sprayed and air-dried before placement in cups with larvae. Mortality assessments were made at 1 and 14 DAT. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 cups/replicate and 1 larva per cup.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Butler, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 78°F; soil temp, 77°F; % RH, 72; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; soil type, silt-loam; % soil moisture, 14.3; soil pH, 6.0; % organic matter, 3.5; water pH, silightly acidic; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 6 days after the initial 30 Jul treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
White Grub Control in Perennial Ryegrass, California, 1986
Authors: Ali A. D. , Garcia J. , Ali Harivandi M.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a golf course fairway in Moraga, California. Experimental design was a RCB with four replications. Plot size was 5 x 20 ft granular formulations were shaken from a glass jar manually over the plots. Liquids were applied with a Solo® knapsack sprayer using a hollow cone nozzle at 32 psi, and a 6 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Immediately after application, treatments were watered-in with 1 inch of water. Pretreatment grub density was determined on 23 Sep by cutting 51ftxlftx3in randomly selected sections in the sod in each plot and counting the number of grubs. Insecticide treatments were applied at the same date. Postreatment grub density was determined in the same manner on 6 Oct.