bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE OF CLAYEY AND SANDY SUBGRADE SOIL STABILISED WITH RBI GRADE 81
Authors: Banerji Arijit Kumar , Hamjala Ala Md. , Das Chanchal , Bhattacharjee Koyndrik , Saha Satabdi
Published: June 2024

The performance and longevity of roads are greatly influenced by the characteristics of the underlying subgrade soil. Unstable subgrades often pose challenges due to their inherently weak mechanical properties, leading to suboptimal pavement performance. To address these challenges, soil stabilization techniques have been widely implemented to enhance the engineering parameters of the subgrade. Among various stabilizers, RBI Grade 81 has gained significant attention as a promising solution to enhance the performance of weak subgrade soils. The present study investigates the efficacy of RBI Grade 81 in stabilizing both clayey and sandy subgrade soils. A comprehensive series of laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze the engineering properties, including Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the stabilized subgrade soils. The findings of this study reveal that the incorporation of RBI Grade 81 at 2, 4 and 6% to both clayey and sandy subgrade soils resulted in significant improvements in compaction characteristics and CBR values. Furthermore, the paper discusses the effect of different curing periods on the subgrade soils' behaviour. It identifies the optimal RBI Grade 81 dosage required to achieve maximum benefits in terms of soil stabilization and presents a correlation between the stabilizer content and the corresponding mechanical properties. In conclusion, RBI Grade 81, has been proven to be a promising stabilizer for improving subgrade strength and durability.
CULTIVATING SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION: TRANSFORMING AGRO-WASTE INTO VALUE-ADDED SOLUTIONS
Authors: Kumar Rakesh
Published: June 2024

Rapid growth of construction industry and its impact on the environment have necessitated the exploration of sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional building materials. By-product of agricultural practises referred to as agro-waste has gained popularity as a resource for making building materials. This paper presents an overview of the use of agricultural waste in the production of building materials, highlighting the advantages, difficulties, and prospective effects on the construction industry. The development and implementation of such materials could revolutionize the construction industry, making it more environmentally friendly, resource-efficient, and economically viable in the pursuit of a greener and more sustainable future.
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE SOIL STABILIZATION: A REVIEW OF INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES
Authors: Jaiswal Vineet , Avesh Md , Gautam Ashish , Sharma Manish , Yadav Baljeet
Published: June 2024

The innovative soil stabilization techniques, such as Portland cement, fly ash, and recycled tire rubber, are examined in this review research. Soil stabilization is an essential part of civil engineering, and this technique offers a lot of promise for enhancing soil quality for a variety of uses. While Portland cement is well known for improving load-bearing capacity and compressive strength, fly ash serves as a sustainable cementitious material that minimizes environmental impact. Additionally, adding scrap rubber from old tires makes soil more resilient and less brittle, especially under conditions of dynamic stress. The study addresses how various materials could cooperate to improve technical properties and promote environmentally friendly behavior. However, a number of challenges must be resolved, including figuring out the best dosage ratios and doing long-term performance assessments. Overall, this integrated approach offers a practical and long-term solution for effective soil stabilization, assisting in the development of stronger, more robust infrastructure.
ANCIENT INDIAN ARCHITECTURE: A GLORIOUS TAPESTRY OF SPIRITUAL AND ARTISTIC MASTERY
Authors: Mishra Siddhant
Published: June 2024

Ancient Indian architecture is evidence of the Indian subcontinent's rich cultural heritage and artistic prowess. This chapter delves into the fascinating realm of Indian architectural traditions, exploring the key characteristics, spiritual underpinnings, lasting influence of this extraordinary architectural legacy, and the significance they hold in contemporary times. Through a comprehensive analysis of ancient architectural features, including monumental structures, intricate ornamentation, and advanced construction techniques, this chapter shed light on the engineering prowess exhibited by ancient civilizations. It also underscores the harmonious fusion of art, science, and spirituality in the creation of awe-inspiring structures that have withstood the test of time.
INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OFRIVER SAND AND CRUSHED SANDON THE STRENGTH GAIN FOR M30 GRADE OF CONCRETE
Authors: Jadhav Anandrao , Galatage Abhijeet , Upalkar Kshitij , Patil Sujata
Published: June 2024

Concrete is a widely used construction material and the quality of its constituents significantly affects its overall strength and durability. Traditional concrete production involves the use of natural crushed sand as a fine aggregate. However, the availability of crushed sand has been diminishing due to environmental concerns and excessive mining. This has led to an increasing interest in using alternative materials, such as river sand in concrete production. This research provides a concise overview of a study focused on the compressive strength of concrete when crushed sand is replaced with river sand. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of replacing crushed sand with river sand on the compressive strength of concrete, with the aim of addressing a current research gap in the field. The research gap identified in this study is the limited understanding of how replacing crushed sand with river sand affects the compressive strength of concrete. This knowledge gap necessitates the investigation of this relationship, as it has significant implications for the construction industry and the development of sustainable concrete production practices. The main aim of this project is to analyze the compressive strength characteristics of concrete by replacing crushed sand with river sand. A comprehensive experimental program was designed and executed, involving the preparation and testing of concrete specimens with varying proportions of river sand as a replacement for crushed sand. The compressive strength of these specimens was then evaluated using standardized testing methods. The results of the study revealed valuable insights into the effects of replacing crushed sand with river sand on the compressive strength of concrete. The findings provide a basis for optimizing concrete mix designs and improving the utilization of alternative materials in concrete production. In conclusion, this research project contributes to the existing knowledge by filling the research gap regarding the influence of replacing crushed sand with river sand on the compressive strength of concrete. The rate of gain of strength of river sand concrete is constant throughout between 7 days to the 21 days of curing. The findings offer valuable guidance for engineers, researchers and industry professionals involved in concrete production, enabling them to make informed decisions and promote sustainable practices in construction.
MICROSIMULATION MODELLING IN VISSIM ON EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION DUE TO CONSTRUCTION OF FLYOVER ON SINHAGAD ROAD IN PUNE, INDIA
Authors: Rajshekhar Gopal Rathod Dr. , Desai Aishwarya , Sonawane Sagar
Published: June 2024

One of the most important aspects of a developing country is transportation, which is essential to ensure the development of metropolitan areas. In India, the number of vehicles has drastically increased due to the country's rapid population growth, urbanization, and improving living conditions. In India, There is a lot of congestion surrounding large urban areas. At intersections, traffic congestion has become a severe issue. In order to look into possible mitigation strategies for these intersections and work zone areas, a traffic simulation model is created that computes traffic flow characteristics and illustrates how congestions behave when certain traffic demands are placed on the system. A 2.75 km stretch of Pune's Funtime cinema to Rajaram Bridge was chosen for the investigation. By providing alternate routes, work zones can lessen the adverse effects of traffic congestion, which frequently result in increased congestion and delays for road users. The condition for traffic volume before and after the construction of the flyover is analysed using VISSIM, a traffic simulation programme. The expected outcomes would demonstrate that the suggested plan can significantly reduce delay time, Queue length, and traffic congestion, greatly enhancing the entire transportation capacity of Sinhagad road.
EFFECT OF RICE HUSK ASH AS SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL FOR RIGID PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Ghosh Aditya Shankar , Tapash Kumar Roy Dr.
Published: June 2024

The calorific value of the agricultural waste in the form of Rice Husk is very close to the calorific value of coal. Therefore it finds its use as fuel for boilers in cement production. This saves 5% of the country’s coal which is the non-renewable resource of fuel. The resultant Rice Husk Ash (RHA) produced is mostly used in land filing which is an environmentally hazardous way to deposit this agro-industrial by product. Researchers have observed the RHA produced has high silica content which makes it a suitable Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM). This not only reduces the use of coal but also reduces the cement manufacturing cost. The manuscript here is keen to achieve sustainability in industry as well as innovation and infrastructure by not only reducing the usage of non-renewable energy resources but also effectively addressing the environmental and economic concerns. In this study the properties of hydrated cements are investigated when mixed with the RHA. This not only improved the properties of the concrete but also made them sustainable for high grade concrete construction, conventionally used for the construction of rigid pavements. The activity of the RHA made variation in the mortar properties which was analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Experimental results confirmed increased compressive strength of high grade RHA mixed cement concrete by replacement up to 15% and 5% of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) respectively by weight compared to high grade virgin cement concrete. The incorporation of RHA also reduced the pH value and consequently the Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR).
A REVIEW OF DEVELOPED MODELS OF POWER SUPPLIES FOR CARDIAC BIOSENSORS
Authors: Sharma Bharat Bhushan , Sharma Deependra , Gupta Rahul Kumar , Mathur Manoj , Sharma Raj Kumar
Published: June 2024

Cardiac biosensors, which provide non-invasive, continuous, and real-time physiological data, have become essential instruments for monitoring and diagnosing a variety of heart-related disorders. The design and execution of effective and dependable power supply systems is one of the main obstacles encountered in the development of cardiac biosensors. This review study seeks to offer a thorough examination of the many developed power supply models made especially for cardiac biosensors. The evaluation includes a full analysis of the most advanced power supply models available today, covering both conventional battery-based methods and cutting-edge alternatives. It explores the benefits and drawbacks of each model and emphasises the impact of various power sources on the general effectiveness of cardiac biosensors.
POWER GENERATION THROUGH PIEZOELECTRIC BRAKERS
Authors: Yadav Hritik , Barahar Kavita , Khushwaha Anil
Published: June 2024

In this paper we have proposed a method of power generation which is different from the previous methods, which are being used for power generation. In this method we use Piezoelectric sensor which is also commonly known as stress strain sensor which generate power when exposed to stress or strain. Through sensor we are generating power from the mechanical stress that are been produce on the road while the vehicle pass through the speed breakers which are there for lowering the speed of the vehicle. The major advantage of using Piezoelectric sensor is that this part device does not contain anymore part it generate power only through passing vehicle on it and it is a rough and tuff material so it may be long lasting you can produce free power which will help in lowering the use of natural resources.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AC+DC MULTI-OUTPUT PROGRAMMABLE SWITCHED MODE POWER SOURCE
Authors: Nandyala Siva Nagendra Mr. , Mammula Venkatesh Mr. , Anand Gondesi Dr.
Published: June 2024

This study describes a unique AC+DC SMPS architecture that uses a hybrid of topologies to regulate the output type and voltage level through PWM logic. The suggested topology is widely used in current AC+DC programmable power supply on the market. The AC+DC programmable power supply architecture is designed and analyzed thoroughly using MATLAB Simulink, allowing for a thorough assessment of its performance and usefulness.
MODELLING, DESIGN, AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN LCL FILTER FOR THREE-PHASE POWER CONVERTERS CONNECTED TO THE GRID
Authors: Dash Dipak Kumar , Shrivastav Alok Kumar , Pal Moumita , Sarkar Partha
Published: June 2024

The utilization of Power Converters for the purpose of integrating renewable power sources with the alternating current (AC) grid has experienced a notable rise over the past twenty years. An LCL filter is commonly employed for the purpose of connecting Power Converters to the utility grid, with the intention of mitigating the presence of high order harmonics generated by the Converter. In order to attain the desired level of filtering performance that adheres to the strict grid code requirement while also considering cost and effectiveness, it is necessary to implement an optimized design for the LCL filter. This document introduces a study on the modelling and design methodology of an LCL filter for grid-interconnected converters, employing an analytical approach. The simulation results demonstrate that by employing this design methodology, there is a reduction of 98.51% in the current harmonics observed at the output of the converter. The LCL filter is a component used in power converters to reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the output waveform. It achieves this by providing passive damping.
AN ADVANCED AI & ML BASED NEUROCOMPUTATIONAL APPROACH FOR SMART CITIES UTILIZING STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Pal Moumita , Sarkar Partha , Neogi Biswarup , Palai Gopinath
Published: June 2024

The ability of smart outcomes and digital extraordinary platforms to turn metropolises into more inhabited units in the middle of perpetual civic flux has been stifled by urbanisation, failing to provide megacities' inhabitants with a livable standard of living. Approximately 5 billion people (68%) will live in cities by the year 2050. Cities need to be wise and intelligent in order to improve the comfort and economy of city living. It is mostly achieved by employing computational intelligence-based technologies in an intelligent decision-making process. This chapter examined the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to the idea of the smart city. The goal is to transform smart cities into smart communities that can improve the quality of life for individuals by providing long-term opportunities for social, economic, and creative processes in a safe, stimulating, and healthy setting. In order to minimise reliance on natural resources through a long-term investment process, there are also civic and indigenous project and planning strategies that make use of technology to optimise civil society transportation, building, and the evolution of civic dynamism, water, and carrying dynamism from civic waste procedures in such a motorway. Furthermore, we found that the adoption of AI in smart cities is more significantly influenced by the healthcare (27% impact), mobility (14% impact), privacy and security (14% impact), and energy (13% impact) sectors. AI-based advancements in the healthcare sector have increased by 60% since the epidemic struck cities in 2019. Based on the analysis, artificial intelligence algorithms like ANN, RNN/LSTM, CNN/R-CNN, DNN, and SVM/LS-SVM have greater influence on different domains of smart cities. It is well known that sophisticated machine learning and artificial learning can manage massive amounts of unstructured, erroneous data. In smart cities, they leverage algorithms that take advantage of the availability of both labelled and unlabeled data to offer individualised services and effective resource management. It can be instantly applied to numerous significant daily applications, including healthcare, preventing pollution, improving energy management, efficient transportation, and security measures. This chapter also presents the ideas and evaluations of several machine learning algorithms for their corresponding applications. All things considered, applying machine learning to IoT-based methods has only shown to be more precise, perceptive, economical, and time-efficient.
ANASLYSIS OF NANOELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM BASED MICROMACHINED SENSOR
Authors: Niladri Pratap Maity Prof. , Maity Reshmi
Published: June 2024

In this paper the investigation of membrane of CMUT device has been analyze systematically. Here the resonance frequency has been detected/evaluated which can be appropriate to make the device. The mechanical impedance of the circular membrane is found nearly equal to acoustic impedance of air which makes the CMUT more preferable in a device. The resonance frequency is found here with and without intrinsic stress which are being used to determine the stress area. Here also for diverse gaseous, liquid and solid substances the acoustic impedance value is different with which we will get different equivalent impedance. It has been found that the equivalent resistance increases from gaseous particles to liquid and to the solid.
EMPOWERING THE FUTURE WITH IOT
Authors: Kumar Harsh , Suthar Ganshyam , N Natansh , Vinay M
Published: June 2024

The Internet of Things (IoT) has seamlessly woven its presence into our lives, envisioning a world where intelligent inputs and outputs converge through advanced data communication technologies. This chapter embarks on a journey through the expansive realm of IoT, illustrating its applications in healthcare, traffic control, vehicle safety, energy, agriculture, and manufacturing. This interconnected landscape sets the stage for Industry 4.0, exploring its profound impact on automation within various industrial sectors. The exploration extends to the synergy between product lifecycles and production processes, uncovering how IoT acts as a catalyst for seamless integration. Delving into the intricacies of IoT protocols and communication technologies, the chapter lays the groundwork for efficient data exchange, a cornerstone for IoT functionality. It further investigates the transformative power of IoT data analytics and machine learning, driving optimization and efficiency through insightful analysis of vast datasets. Security and privacy concerns take center stage, prompting a detailed discussion on strategies for safeguarding IoT devices, networks, and data systems. By addressing these critical aspects, the chapter provides a roadmap for mitigating risks and ensuring the integrity of sensitive information in the interconnected IoT landscape. This chapter serves as a concise yet comprehensive guide, offering readers a panoramic view of the symbiotic relationship between IoT, Industry 4.0, and the imperative focus on security and privacy in our technologically evolving world.
SOLAR-POWERED AGRIBOT: REVOLUTIONIZING INDIAN AGRICULTURE THROUGH AUTOMATED FARMING PROCESSES
Authors: Florance Mary M. , Hemakumar B.
Published: June 2024

Agriculture is a crucial sector in India, serving as the backbone of the country's economy. However, the industry faces several challenges, such as high investment costs, a shortage of skilled labor, inadequate water resources, and insufficient crop monitoring. To address these issues, the use of robots in agriculture has emerged as a potential solution. While significant investments have been made in the agricultural sector over the past decade, automation has not progressed much due to the complexity of the systems and their lack of user-friendliness. This is where a proposed robot comes in, which can perform all farming processes, including planting, irrigation, and harvesting, using solar energy. The robot can be controlled manually through a mobile phone connected via Bluetooth, and it also has an auto-mode feature that enables it to perform all tasks independently. This robot can perform tasks such as digging, seeding, and watering crops with ease. By utilizing this technology, farmers can increase their productivity and reduce their labor costs while also ensuring the efficient use of resources.
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM COMPUTING
Authors: N Natansh
Published: June 2024

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics And Quantum Computing" is a comprehensive book chapter that provides an in-depth exploration of the groundbreaking field of quantum computing. Beginning with an introduction to the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, the chapter navigates through the evolution of quantum computing, from its conceptual origins to the challenges faced in its development. The core concepts of quantum bits (qubits) and their unique properties, such as entanglement and superposition, are explained, laying the foundation for understanding quantum information processing. The chapter further delves into the building blocks of quantum computing—qubits—detailing their diverse physical implementations. Quantum gates and circuits, analogous to classical computing, are explored, shedding light on the mechanisms enabling quantum algorithms to perform complex tasks efficiently. Highlighting renowned algorithms like Shor's and Grover's, the chapter emphasizes the potential computational supremacy of quantum computers over classical counterparts. Recognizing the sensitivity of quantum systems to noise and decoherence, the chapter introduces quantum error correction as a crucial aspect of ensuring reliable quantum computation. The exploration concludes with an examination of the current state of quantum computing, outlining progress in industry and academia while addressing the challenges in building large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers. The potential applications of quantum computing in cryptography, drug discovery, optimization problems, and beyond are discussed, offering a glimpse into the transformative impact this emerging technology may have on various industries. "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics And Quantum Computing" serves as a comprehensive guide for readers seeking a nuanced understanding of the theoretical foundations and practical applications of quantum computing.
ADVANCEMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: M V Ananya , Vinoth Donna Liz , N L Prakruthi , G V Ruchitha
Published: June 2024

The advances in nanotechnology have brought new tools to the field of electronics and sensors. New designed materials offer new and unique properties enabling the development and cost efficient production of state-of-the-art components that operate faster, has higher sensitivity, consume less power, and can be packed at much higher densities. Numerous products based on nanotechnology have been reaching the market for some years, all the way to end users and consumers. For instance, at the nano-scale, the resistance dependence of a material on an external magnetic field is significantly amplified, which has led to the fabrication of hard disks with a data storage density in the gigabyte and terabyte ranges. Nanotechnology has also enabled the development of sensors suitable for measurements at the molecular level with an unprecedented sensitivity and response time, mainly due to their high surface to volume ratio.
THE CREATION & EXECUTION OF AN INTELLIGENT GRID “SMART GRID”
Authors: Singavarapu Lidia Shanti , Ahmad Shadab
Published: June 2024

This study delves into the creation and implementation of an intelligent grid, known as the "Smart Grid." As the nomenclature implies, the Smart Grid represents a revolutionary advancement in electricity distribution, surpassing the efficiency of traditional grids. The implementation of regular oversight further amplifies the dependability and safety of the Smart Grid, positioning it as a transformative solution in the realm of energy distribution.Central to the Smart Grid's significance is the conceptual framework of the Smart Energy System. This concept signifies a profound paradigm shift, moving away from singular-sector thinking and towards a holistic understanding of energy systems. The study emphasizes the integration of all sectors and infrastructures, paving the way for a coherent and interconnected energy landscape. This systematic and inclusive approach embodies a scientific shift, demonstrating how comprehensive integration can yield maximum benefits across diverse domains. The exploration of the Smart Grid and its underpinning Smart Energy System concept not only underscores their immediate impact on electricity distribution but also positions them as catalysts for broader advancements in energy infrastructure. This study advocates for the continued development and implementation of Smart Grid technologies, envisioning a future where interconnected energy systems intelligently adapt to meet evolving demands while optimizing safety and dependability.
IMMUNITY BOOSTER: ROLE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND HERBS
Authors: Lalsare Sulabha S. , More Rekha B. , Nikam Gitanjali B.
Published: June 2024

The whole world was facing COVID-19 epidemic, and everyone was showing lot of interest to invest and study ways to boost our vulnerable immune system, and make an attempt to help human beings for getting first line of defence against the deadly bug. Since ancient times, medicinal herbs, pulps and spices were well known for their medicinal parcels. thus, the medicinal herbs and pottages plays a critical part to boosting our impunity during the COVID- 19 epidemic. it's also veritably important to consume supplements in the form of vulnerable nutrients similar as vitamin A, C, E, D, Bcomplex, Zinc and Cu that will support your body to fight against the pathogens. This paper presents an analysis of popular vulnerable immune boosting medicinal herbs and sauces.
ROLE OF PARKIN GENE IN BREAST CANCER: A MOLECULAR APPROACH
Authors: Selvam R. , Anandhi Dr. D.
Published: June 2024

Parkin, initially linked to Parkinson's Disease (PD) through its association with autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, encompasses an E3 ubiquitin ligase and represents a member of the RBR (RING, in-between RING, RING) proteins. While predominantly studied in PD, Parkin's altered function has been implicated in various diseases like cerebral ischemia, leprosy, and human cancers, although the precise mechanisms linking Parkin to cancer susceptibility, particularly in breast cancer remain debated. Encoded by a substantial gene, Parkin yields a modest 465 amino acids, housing ubiquitin-like and RING box domains terminated by a PDZ binding motif. The RING box, pivotal for Parkin's ubiquitin activity, includes RING1, RING2, and an IBR domain. Its UBL domain shares resemblance with ubiquitin and interacts with the 26S proteasome subunit, aiding in substrate transfer. Intriguingly, Parkin resides in a common fragile site (CFS) on chromosome 6, FRA6E (6q26), frequently deleted in diverse tumors, akin to other tumor-suppressor genes in CFS regions. Moreover, Parkin's role extends to tumor suppression, associated with glycolysis regulation through p53-dependent pathways, thereby influencing the Warburg effect. It regulates glycolytic parameters, modulating metabolic enzyme expression, and positively affecting PDHA1 expression to limit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation while promoting glycolysis. Recent findings highlight Parkin's influence on PTEN gene inactivation in human cancers due to Parkin deficiency, emphasizing its multi-faceted role in cancer biology
PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM MODELING: UNDERSTANDING CARDIOAUTONOMIC FUNCTION
Authors: Maheswari K. Uma , Kumar A. V. Siva , Dilara Dr. K. , Padmavathi Dr. R.
Published: June 2024

This book chapter explores the realm of physiological system modeling with a specific emphasis on cardioautonomic function using dynamic pupillometry. The intricate interplay of physiological systems within the human body, especially the cardioautonomic system, plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular function through the delicate balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences. Computational and mathematical modeling, particularly in dynamic pupilometry, offers a powerful approach to understand the complex dynamics of autonomic control in the cardiovascular system. The chapter provides an overview of the principles and methodologies involved in creating computational models, bridging theoretical concepts with clinical applications. Dynamic pupillometry, a technique measuring changes in pupil diameter over time, serves as a valuable tool in assessing the autonomic nervous system's responses to different light conditions. By utilizing infrared illumination, this technique ensures accurate measurements even in complete darkness, allowing for the examination of maximum pupil size without interference from light-induced reflexes. The advantages of dynamic pupillometry include its robustness, accuracy, and applicability in clinical settings to assess neurological conditions, monitor brain injuries, detect autonomic neuropathy, and evaluate drug effects. This non-invasive method provides valuable insights into autonomic nervous system function, contributing to diverse fields such as psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and human-computer interaction. The chapter aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers, clinicians, and students interested in the intersection of cardiovascular physiology, computational modeling, and dynamic pupillometry.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN GREEN ECOLOGICAL-BASED TECHNOLOGY FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF FOSSIL FUELS
Authors: Kathade Suyash Arunrao , Nisar Akib
Published: June 2024

Population growth has raised energy consumption. Non-renewable fossil fuels including coal, petroleum, and natural gas provide the world's energy, releasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Thus, fossil fuel alternatives are essential. Livestock manure, crops, trees, home-wet organic waste, agro-industrial waste, animal waste, and sewage sludge may be digested to produce biogas. Biogas, which comprises 50-75% methane, 25-50% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen and nitrogen, might be a renewable energy source. We suggest Biocoal. Pyrolysis or optimised treatment may turn rice husk, sawdust, corn stalk, and other agricultural waste into Biocoal. Biocoal may cut daily CO2 emissions by 738 million tonnes. Large-scale Biocoal production and carbon neutralisation might address the world's fuel and environmental issues. Concentrating methane gas might alleviate biogas' poor caloric value. Biogas contains 40000KJ/kg, petrol 45000KJ/kg, and methane 50000KJ/kg. Optimising technology for optimal methane output takes time. Lack of appropriate separation procedures hinders renewable fuel development. According to a 2019 research, the world needs 1,36,761 terawatt/hour of fossil fuels like gas, oil, and coal and 7,931 of renewable energy including hydropower, wind, solar, and others. Thus, an eco-friendly, sustainable energy source has great potential. Thus, biogas and Biocoal may provide sustainable energy alternatives
DNA BARCODING
Authors: Maurya Jyotsana
Published: June 2024

DNA barcoding is a technique used to identify plant species by using specific sections of DNA. The conventional approach to species identification is gradually diminishing due to constraints such as potential misinterpretation, overlooking morphologically cryptic.The two key coding regions, rbcL and matK, serve as primary DNA barcode markers for terrestrial plants. Each plant subjected to DNA barcoding must have a herbarium voucher alongside the rbcL and matK DNA sequences to create high-quality databases. In plants, both plastid DNA regions (rbcL, matK, trnL, and trnH-psbA) and nuclear DNA regions (ITS and ITS2) are commonly used in DNA barcoding.This molecular-based technique helps in exploring, identifying, and documenting plant diversity within biodiversity hotspots. DNA barcoding has become increasingly prevalent in taxonomic research, providing an alternative and practical set of tools for swift and precise identification of various organisms. The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) and the multinational Barcode of Life (iBOL) have made commendable efforts in creating DNA barcodes specifically for plants. DNA barcoding has brought a significant revolution in taxonomy by integrating molecularization, computerization, and standardization into various approaches employed. Genetic fingerprinting is a widely accepted technique for ensuring the quality control of multicomponent herbal medicines and their final products. Sequencing enables the identification of genes that share the most recent common ancestor. DNA sequence data can be stored as simple text strings in electronic databases like GenBank and easily analyzed using text-based bioinformatics techniques. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the extraction of sequence data from individual molecules within complex sources, leading to a new level of species resolution known as next-generation sequencing (NGS). DNA microarray has gained widespread popularity as a technique for verifying the authenticity of herbal medicine due to its high sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and repeatability in transcriptomics applications. Successful DNA barcodes for herbal plant identification include matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, ITS, trnL-F, 5S-rRNA, and 18S-rRNA. Traditional approaches are being replaced by adulteration detection techniques based on DNA barcoding. Standards for herbal products including DNA barcoding require a robust scientific community. It is necessary for national pharmacopeia authorities and DNA barcoding experts to collaborate. Pharmacovigilance monitoring might be facilitated and herbal business quality could be enhanced by DNA barcoding verification. For cases of poisoning, genus-level identification is appropriate, using ITS2 or trnH-psbA as secondary markers and rbcL as the main marker.
APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS IN GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS
Authors: Uniyal Navendra , Verma Sakshi , Dhami Bhawana , Pant Aaushi , Punetha Parul
Published: June 2024

Many plant species were exterminated or had their geographic ranges severely restricted due to habitat changes brought on by climate change and human activity. In recent years, the distribution of certain plant species that once had a vast range has substantially decreased, leading to their position as endangered and threatened species. The ability of a population to adapt to a changing environment is influenced by genetic diversity, which is a crucial factor in species conservation. The amount of genetic variation among individuals in a variety, or population, of a species, is commonly known as genetic diversity. It results from the numerous genetic variations between individuals and may appear as differences in DNA, biochemical traits (such as protein structure), physiological traits (such as abiotic stress resistance or growth rate), or morphological traits (such as plant height). Genetic diversity is examined by using morphological markers and biochemical markers. The exact level of genetic diversity cannot be defined by morphological and biochemical markers because environmental factors influence morphological and biochemical parameters. Molecular markers have shown to be very effective tools in the study of genetic diversity because of their highly polymorphic character and inability to be influenced by the environment. Molecular markers also known as DNA markers or genetic markers analyzed the diversity on the level of the DNA. Molecular markers give a chance to characterize genotypes more exactly than other markers and to evaluate genetic relationships.
PERSPECTIVE IN PLANT TAXONOMY THROUGH CONVENTIONAL TO CONTEMPORARY BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH
Authors: Tamang Sapna , Moktan Saurav
Published: June 2024

Taxonomy, the foundation of conservation effort, has evolved over centuries, aiming to identify, name, and categorize species. However, the complexity of morphology in plant species has challenged taxonomists, leading to an increased reliance on modern technologies. Contemporary plant taxonomy benefits significantly from DNA barcoding, next-generation sequencing, and AI-based plant identification tools, enhancing biosystematics and ecological surveillance. Molecular techniques, such as DNA markers, barcodes, and sequencing, play a crucial role in studying phylogenetics, reconstructing evolutionary histories, and enriching plant taxonomy. Conventional markers like RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR and SNP, as well as modern markers, offer complementary insights, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of plant diversity and evolutionary relationships. The integration of data from conventional and contemporary biotechnological tools provides a powerful approach to address and enhance the challenges of plant taxonomy.
BIOMARKERS – AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Radha Dr. R. , Mallikarjuna Mr. G. , Chandrasekharan Mr. V. S. , NaveenTaj Ms. S.
Published: June 2024

A biomarker is a quantifiable indication of a biological state or condition, often known as a biological marker. Blood, urine, or soft tissues are widely used in the measurement and evaluation of biomarkers. By their clinical use, biomarkers are categorized as medical tools. All four categories of biomarkers—described as either predictive, prognostic, or diagnostic—serve a clinical purpose in limiting or directing treatment choices. In addition to study participants, ethical precautions should also defend non-participants, researchers, sponsors, regulators, and any other people or organizations involved in the study.
BIOSEPARATION: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS FOR PURIFICATION AND ANALYSIS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Prabhu Vandana D , Simlai Keren Shona , Rai Sanyukta , J N Sharada Devi
Published: June 2024

The method of purifying biological products on a massive scale utilizing basic scientific and engineering concepts is known as bio separation. The ultimate goal of this technique is to purify biological substances, cells and molecules. Based on their size, shape, polarity, density, solubility, diffusivity and electrostatic charge, biological products can be separated and purified. High selectivity and high productivity are extremely necessary for bioseparation. Despite having a foundation in conventional chemical separation techniques, bioseparation has certain key distinctions. This is due to the fact that, biological substances as opposed to synthetic chemicals utilized in conventional methods, are used to purify and separate the components in bio separation. Polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins are therefore not appropriate for the demanding conditions of conventional procedures like adsorption and evaporation. Often, the beginning material from which they are processed only contains extremely small amounts of the desired final result. As a result, massive amounts of diluted product streams must be processed in order to produce a tiny quantity of pure product. The beginning substance frequently contains undesirable contaminants whose genetic makeup is comparable to that of the desired result, making these separation techniques highly challenging.
FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: R Mahenthiran , K Arunavarsini , L Durgadevi
Published: June 2024

The chapter describes the importance, history, uses, stages, process and equipments used for fermentation. Fermentation which was previously an art has gained importance as a science and its horizons are expanding over the years. A substrate is inoculated with the desired microorganisms to start fermentation. Because there are so many different substrates, microbes, and possible products. Fermentation is inevitable since it has a vital role to play in the food industry, production of life saving vaccines and drugs, in the agricultural sector, de-composting of biomass aiding in compost making, sewage treatment, environmental management etc. The knowledge of the history, processes, types and stages of fermentation are important to expand and explore options where this technology can be used accordingly and precisely in future. The study about the fomenters, the concept of working, parts of the fermented
BIOCONCRETE: INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO CARBON DI OXIDE SEQUESTRATION
Authors: P M Dr. Megha
Published: June 2024

Concrete is widely utilized in the construction industry, yet its inherent limitations necessitate ongoing research for enhanced properties. Bioconcrete has emerged as a promising solution, offering self- healing capabilities and additional benefits such as improved durability, strength, and reduced water absorption. Despite significant research efforts in bioconcrete development, there remains a gap in the comprehensive evaluation of its pros and cons. This review aims to address this gap by systematically assessing the positive and negative impacts of bioconcrete application on various aspects including strength, durability, permeability, recycling, and human health. By synthesizing recent literature, this paper provides a comprehensive examination of the diverse advantages of bioconcrete, such as its ability to enhance durability, strength, permeability, and potential for recycling. Additionally, it discusses concerns regarding the potential health hazards associated with bioconcrete use. The findings of this study are relevant for stakeholders in the construction sector and engineers, offering valuable insights into the potential use of bioconcrete while considering both its benefits and drawbacks. Ultimately, this review emphasizes the importance of understanding the advantages and disadvantages of bioconcrete for making informed decisions regarding its commercial application in the construction industry
PATHOGENESIS AND CONVENTIONAL REMEDIATION FOR T2DM
Authors: Ramesh Dr. Vanitha G , Haridev Mr.
Published: June 2024

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting greater than 400million people across the world. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is caused by two important factors such as defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells of islets of Langerhans and the development of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance refers to when cells of the body including the muscle, liver and fat cells fail to respond to insulin eventhough adequate amount of insulin is secreted by β-cells. In fat cells, triglycerides are broken down to produce free fatty acids for energy; muscle cells are deprived of an energy source and liver cells fail to build up glycogen stores. To maintain glucose homeostasis, it is important to regulate the mechanism of insulin synthesis and release. Defects in the mechanisms results in metabolic imbalance which leads to the development of T2DM. It is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism with its characteristic symptoms like thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision, weight loss and polyphagia. Present day survey states that there are 77 million people in India have Diabetes mellitus. Researchers disclosed that this statistical data will increase to 134 million by end of 2045 due to heredity and life style of the people. Ayurveda is a Science of life. Presently there is an ever-increasing demand for robust research work on traditional medicine to enhance the core competency of Ayurveda without compromising its fundamental principles. Since thousands of year’s traditional Ayurvedic medicine has been used to treat various human diseases including diabetes. Many medicinal plants, natural products and food additives are potential treatments for diabetic control. Hence, this chapter is intended to observe the antidiabetic effects of food additives such as Cinnamomum cassia, Ocimum tenuiflorum. Syzygium cumini, Abroma augusta L, Emblica officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica.
HIDDEN SUPERHERO WITHIN US: UNVEILING THE INTRIGUING WORLD OF LONG NON-CODING RNAS AND THEIR MULTIFACETED APPLICATIONS
Authors: Jois Aditi S , N Varsha
Published: June 2024

The class of endogenous, non-protein coding RNAs known as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is strongly associated with a variety of cellular functions and pathological processes. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which were previously believed to be merely transcriptional junk and to have a passive or secondary function, are now known to play crucial roles in a variety of physiological as well as pathological processes, including cancer metastasis and drug resistance. They play a critical role in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and mental health disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The identification and characterization of lnRNAs that are deregulated or altered in brain function is essential to comprehending the complex transcriptional processes involved in brain functions. In the fight against cancer, long non-coded RNA has shown promise as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. In this chapter, we will focus on how lncRNAs play a role in cancer and neurological disorders and neural development. We will also emphasize the enormous potential of lncRNAs as therapeutic agents and diagnostic biomarkers. We may anticipate the emergence of novel and creative uses in a variety of biological fields as we learn more about long non-coding RNA.
EXPLORATION OF MODERN BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: Solanki Bhanu , Maurya Rupesh , Shukla Chandra Prakash
Published: June 2024

In the last few decades environmental pollution has emerged as one of the major challenges for humanity. Plants, bacteria, and fungi have the capacity to degrade and accumulate environmental pollution. Bioremediation is the process by which plants, bacteria, and fungi are employed to break the harmful chemical substances into smaller molecules, remove them from the soil or water, change, immobilize, and convert into a harmless form. The utilization, exploration and improvement in accumulation and degradation capacity of plants, bacteria and fungi can address the issues very efficiently for harvesting the harmful chemicals from the polluted site. We have discussed recent developments utilization of plants, bacteria, and fungi in their natural form for bioremediation which is a very cost-effective technique as well as other emerging tools such as use of engineered plants, engineered microbes, modern genetic engineering tools in bioremediation, and other in-situ and ex-situ techniques.
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WOOD COATING
Authors: Das Sumanta , Mahapatra Manaswini
Published: June 2024

Wood has been integral to human civilization due to its availability, natural regeneration, and diverse applications. Researchers are constantly studying short-rotation plantation species for viability as an alternative to long-rotation trees. However, the plantation species are comparatively weaker, dimensionally unstable, and primarily susceptible to decay and diseases, which results in their infrequent utilization in furniture, handicrafts, and other industries. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are advanced forms of technology which primarily modify the material structure and behaviour at atomic and molecular levels and are used in various industries, including health, information society, energy, transportation, and space exploration. Nanotechnology is rapidly advancing in the building industry, but little emphasis has been given to strengthening wooden buildings. Nanometal oxides are known as UV absorbers, which protect the wood from degradation. Additionally, nanoparticles can be used in film-forming, penetrating surface treatments and as fungicides, biocides, or water repellents.