bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐flow nasal cannula during pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Oltra Gisela , Ricciardelli Mariela , Virgilio Sacha , Fernandez Parmo Delfina , Ruiz Angélica , Liquitay Camila Micaela Escobar , Garegnani Luis
Published: April 2024

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasingly concerning global public health issue due to its high burden of morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a comprehensive intervention to improve patients' physical and psychological conditions, commonly involving oxygen supplementation. The potential benefits of high‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) have recently sparked interest as oxygen therapy. In this context, this study aims to assess the effects of HFNC during the exercise training component of a PR program in people with COPD.

Methods

Systematic review (CRD42022330929). We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including crossover RCTs with adults with stable COPD. We included trials using oxygen therapy with HFNC during the exercise training component of a PR programme. Primary outcomes: disease‐specific health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), exercise capacity (EC) and adverse events. Secondary outcomes: treatment adherence, breathlessness and future exacerbations.

Results

We included five studies with 300 participants with moderate to severe COPD. The certainty of the evidence was primarily low or very low for all outcomes of interest due to risk of bias, inconsistency or imprecision. HFNC has little to no difference in HRQoL (4 studies, 129 participants, MD 0.17, 95% CI −1.20 to 1.54; I2 50%). HFNC may result in little to no difference in EC (3 studies, 212 participants, mean difference 18.73, 95% CI −20.49 to 28.94; I2 56%), and we are uncertain about the effect of HFNC on breathlessness (4 studies; 244 participants, MD of −0.07, 95% CI −0.4 to 0.26; I2 63%). Only one study with 44 participants reported a participant's withdrawal because of progressive dyspnoea during lower limb exercise.

Conclusions

We are uncertain about the effect of HFNC during the exercise component of a PR programme in HRQoL, EC or dyspnoea compared to usual care or conventional supplementary oxygen. Non‐domiciliary oxygen patients showed improvements in HRQoL, EC and dyspnoea.
Growth of Textured Chalcogenide Thin Films and Their Functionalization through Confinement
Authors: Kerres Peter , Mazzarello Riccardo , Cojocaru‐Mirédin Oana , Wuttig Matthias
Published: April 2024

A number of chalcogenides show a remarkable portfolio of properties, which enables a plethora of applications including thermoelectric power generation and phase change material (PCM)‐based information storage. PCMs exhibit fast and reversible switching between two (typically, amorphous and crystalline) states, characterized by different optical and electrical properties. In the last decade, textured chalcogenide thin films have been investigated to develop a better understanding of structure – property relationships, improve material performance and understand how these properties change upon reducing film thickness. In this review, the present knowledge concerning the textured growth is summarized, focusing on films of GeTe, Sb2Te3, and GeSbTe compounds. In particular, the impact of different deposition methods, substrate surface modifications, and methods to influence film formation is reviewed. In the second part of this review, confinement effects are discussed. Surprisingly pronounced changes in atomic arrangement, that affect film properties, and device performance are presented. These changes are attributed to the unconventional bonding mechanism in these chalcogenides coined metavalent bonding, which is trongly affected by the confinement. Bonding becomes covalent‐like in the two‐dimensional limit, whereas Metavalent Bonding emerges for thicker films, where electron delocalization is increased This explains the pronounced property changes with film thickness.
Comparing the impact of physical and virtual manipulatives in different science domains among preschoolers
Authors: Pavlou Yvoni , Zacharia Zacharias C. , Papaevripidou Marios
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to investigate whether the presence (when using physical manipulatives [PMs]) or absence (when using virtual manipulatives [VMs]) of haptic sensory feedback (i.e., open‐ended haptic manipulation of physical materials with the use of the hands) during experimentation can impact preschoolers’ conceptual understanding of concepts concerning three different subject domains (i.e., balance beam, sinking/floating, and springs). The participants were 132 preschoolers (5–6 years old), 44 per subject domain, who were equally divided into two conditions differing in the means of experimentation (PM or VM) they used. The data of this exploratory study were collected through clinical interviews and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings indicated that preschoolers’ mean score improved in both conditions for each subject domain, (probably) as a result of their participation in the experimentation phase of the interviews, across all domains and conditions. No statistically significant difference in preschoolers’ learning between the two conditions was found in the balance beam domain. In the sinking/floating domain, VM were found to be more conducive to preschoolers’ learning than PM, whereas in the springs domain PM were found to have enhanced preschoolers’ learning more than VM did. These findings have important implications for science teaching and learning in the early childhood years. First, we provide information on when PM or VM is conducive to kindergarteners’ science learning. Second, we report on how prior embodied knowledge, established through haptic sensory input and related to the task at hand, affects learning through PM or VM experimentation.
Synergistic Effects of Doping and Strain in Bismuth Catalysts for CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Wei Yang , Xu Xin , Shi Dehuan , Jiang Yaming , Zheng Chaoyang , Tan Li , Liu Zheyuan , Zhong Shenghong , Yu Yan
Published: April 2024

Doping is a recognized method for enhancing catalytic performance. The introduction of strains is a common consequence of doping, although it is often overlooked. Differentiating the impact of doping and strain on catalytic performance poses a significant challenge. In this study, Cu‐doped Bi catalysts with substantial tensile strain are synthesized. The synergistic effects of doping and strain in bismuth result in a remarkable CO2RR performance. Under optimized conditions, Cu1/6‐Bi demonstrates exceptional formate Faradaic efficiency (>95%) and maintains over 90% across a wide potential window of 900 mV. Furthermore, it delivers an industrial‐relevant partial current density of −317 mA cm−2 at −1.2 VRHE in a flow cell, while maintaining its selectivity. Additionally, it exhibits exceptional long‐term stability, surpassing 120 h at −200 mA cm−2. Through experimental and theoretical mechanistic investigations, it has been determined that the introduction of tensile strain facilitates the adsorption of *CO2, thereby enhancing the reaction kinetics. Moreover, the presence of Cu dopants and tensile strain further diminishes the energy barrier for the formation of *OCHO intermediate. This study not only offers valuable insights for the development of effective catalysts for CO2RR through doping, but also establishes correlations between doping, lattice strains, and catalytic properties of bismuth catalysts.
Engineering Highly Emissive Tetra(t‐Butyl)rubrene/off‐Stoichiometry Thiol‐Ene Hybrids Toward Flexible Luminescent Solar Concentrator‐Integrated Photovoltaics with Excellent Stability
Authors: Zhang Yi , Zheng Zida , Gan Zhixing , Huang Rui , Zhang Xiaowei
Published: April 2024

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are highly valued in transparent photovoltaics for their versatility and adaptability as effective large‐area sunlight collectors. However, constructing LSCs as efficient, long‐term stable, and easily malleable power‐generating units still remains a challenge. Herein, high photostability, high photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦPL), and Stokes‐shifted emission are achieved in tetra(t‐butyl)rubrene/off‐stoichiometry thiol‐ene (TBRb/OSTE) hybrids by incorporating TBRb molecules into OSTE polymers. To demonstrate their potentials in LSCs, a luminescent solar concentrator integrated photovoltaics (LSCIPV) is created using a one‐step synthesis that combines the preparation of TBRb/OSTE hybrids, coupling with the silicon solar cell, and the encapsulation of both components. The LSCIPV demonstrates remarkable flexibility and the integration of an ethylene tetrafluoroethylene film contributes to a hydrophobic surface and antireflection effect, resulting in an external photon efficiency (ηext) of 4.9% and a power conversion efficiency of 1.04% for the 100 cm2 device. The LSCIPV exhibits good photostability over 800 h of UV light exposure. Monte Carlo ray‐tracing simulations indicate that an optimized TBRb‐based LSCIPV can potentially achieve an ηext of 1.3%, even for a large device with an area of 1 m2.
Effect of Basicity and MgO/Al2O3 Ratio on Viscosity and Crystallization Behavior of HIsmelt Titanium‐Containing Slag
Authors: Zhang Shushi , Wang Zhenyang , Zhang Jianliang , Guo Peimin , Jiang Dewen , Zhang Song
Published: April 2024

Numerous challenges persist in the smelting of vanadium–titanium magnetite using the blast furnace process. These challenges can be overcome by adopting the HIsmelt process, without the need for additional ore or enhanced slag operations. In this study, the effects of basicity and the MgO/Al2O3 ratio on slag viscosity and crystallization behavior are investigated through thermodynamic calculations and experiments. In the results, a decrease in slag viscosity with an increase in basicity and MgO/Al2O3 ratio is demonstrated. Notably, MgO/Al2O3 ratios have a minor impact on the viscosity and break temperature of the slag. With a TiO2 content of 40 wt% in the slag, perovskite phases are identified as the main equilibrium solid precipitates during the crystallization process under various basicity and MgO/Al2O3 ratios. As the slag temperature decreases further, the liquid phase content in the slag progressively decreases, reaching complete crystallization at 1159.0 °C. For industrial production, it is advisable to maintain the binary basicity of the slag within the range of 1.0–1.1, with the MgO/Al2O3 ratio around 0.6. Herein, the research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the viscosity and crystallization behavior of HIsmelt titanium‐containing slag.
Study on stress–strain curve and damage evolution model of expanded perlite concrete under uniaxial compression
Authors: Jia Zhiwen , Li Dongwei , Chen Tao , Zhong Shiming , Chen Guanren , Wang Zecheng , Wang Hongqi , Wang Yinjia , Feng Zhangbiao
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the influence of expanded perlite (EP) replacement rate and curing methods on the compressive strength of concrete at different ages through the uniaxial compression test. The stress–strain full curve model of concrete considering EP replacement rate is established, and a damage evolution model considering curing conditions, EP replacement rate and load effects is developed based on the damage theory. The results show that: (1) The lack of water in concrete curing will have a huge negative impact on its mechanical properties, and the internal curing effect of pre‐wet EP can effectively alleviate the phenomenon of incomplete hydration. (2) Under dry curing, the addition of EP will reduce the early compressive strength of concrete, while its internal curing effect can improve the compressive strength of concrete in the later stages. (3) The C & C model and the Guozhenhai model are used to construct the segmented model in the rising and falling sections, and the model parameter formula is deduced by the replacement rate. The model can fully describe the stress–strain relationship of expanded perlite concrete (EPC). (4) The damage evolution model of EPC shows an “S” shape growth curve. Dry curing and EP replacement can both reduce the development rate of damage, while the former has a more significant impact.
Assessing potential barriers to migratory Walleye in the Sandusky River, Ohio
Authors: Myers Madison R. , Hunkins Taylor E. , Bossenbroek Jonathan M. , Mayer Christine M. , Weimer Eric J.
Published: April 2024

Objective

The Sandusky River, Ohio, is one of the major Lake Erie tributaries that supports migratory Walleye Sander vitreus reproduction. Following the construction of the Ballville Dam in 1913, Walleye spawning was limited to an area downstream near Fremont, Ohio. After the removal of the dam in 2018, several natural and human-made features were identified that may impede Walleye passage by collecting woody debris and altering flow conditions. In this study, we use hydrologic modeling and migratory sampling to understand the spatial and temporal dynamic nature of the blockages caused by the remaining anthropogenic and natural barriers.

Methods

We created a fine-scale Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model to examine these potential natural and human-made barriers to Walleye passage during spawning. Using our model, we compared swim speeds (10 min maintained and burst) of small, medium, and large Walleye under three flow scenarios with five levels of blockage to assess whether the area was passable. Further, we conducted electrofishing surveys during annual spawning runs from 2020 to 2021 to assess Walleye presence upstream and downstream after dam removal.

Result

Our model predicted that Walleye were able to pass the barriers under most of the scenarios by maintaining burst swim speed. Additionally, we captured Walleye above the former dam site in 2021, suggesting that Walleye can access newly available spawning habitat during certain river conditions.

Conclusion

Removing the Ballville Dam restored fish passage, increased access to spawning habitat, and could improve Walleye production in the Sandusky River.
PTPN7 mediates macrophage‐polarization and determines immunotherapy in gliomas: A single‐cell sequencing analysis
Authors: Ji Xiang , Cheng Jingsong , Su Jing , Wen Rong , Zhang Qi , Liu Guodong , Peng Yun , Mao Jinning
Published: April 2024

Background

Protein tyrosine phosphatase non‐receptor type 7 (PTPN7) is a signaling molecule that regulates a multitude of cellular processes, spanning cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, the mitotic cycle, and oncogenic metamorphosis. However, the characteristic of PTPN7 in the glioma microenvironment has yet to be elucidated.

Methods

The prognostic value, genomic features, immune characteristics, chemotherapy prediction, and immunotherapy prediction of PTPN7 were systematically explored at the bulk sequencing level. The cell evolution trajectory, cell communication pattern, and cell metabolic activity related to PTPN7 were systematically explored at the single‐cell sequencing level. HMC3 and M0 cells were cocultured with U251 and T98G cells, and flow cytometry was carried out to investigate the polarization of HMC3 and M0. Transwell assay and CCK‐8 assay were performed to explore the migration and proliferation activity of U251 and T98G.

Results

The expression level of PTPN7 is significantly elevated in glioma and indicates malignant features. PTPN7 expression predicts worse prognosis of glioma patients. PTPN7 is associated with genome alteration and immune infiltration. Besides, PTPN7 plays a crucial role in modulating metabolic and immunogenic processes, particularly by influencing the activity of microglia and macrophages through multiple signaling pathways involved in cellular communication. Specifically, PTPN7 actively mediates inflammation‐resolving‐polarization of macrophages and microglia and protects glioma from immune attack. PTPN7 could also predict the response of immunotherapy.

Conclusions

PTPN7 is critically involved in inflammation‐resolving‐polarization mediated by macrophage and microglia and promotes the immune escape of glioma cells.
Integrative analysis of the bladder cancer from a cell cycle NCAM1 perspective at both single cell and bulk resolution
Authors: Zeng Xiangju , Su Hao , Liu Ziqi , Wang Yinhuai , Lu Zhijie , Cheng Shunhua
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is a prevalent and deadly form of urinary cancer, and there is a need for effective therapies, particularly for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Cell cycle inhibitors show promise in restoring control of the cell cycle in BLCA cells, but their clinical prognosis evaluation is limited.

Methods

Transcriptome and scRNA‐seq data were collected from the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA)‐BLCA and GSE190888 cohort, respectively. R software and the Seurat package were used for data analysis, including cell quality control, dimensionality reduction, and identification of differentially expressed genes. Genes related to the cell cycle were obtained from the genecards website, and a protein–protein interaction network analysis was performed using cytoscape software. Functional enrichment analysis, immune infiltration analysis, drug sensitivity analysis, and molecular docking were conducted using various tools and packages. BLCA cell lines were cultured and transfected for in vitro experimental assays, including RT‐qPCR analysis, and CCK‐8 cell viability assays.

Results

We identified 32 genes as independent risk or protective factors for BLCA prediction. Functional enrichment analysis revealed their involvement in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and various signaling pathways. Using these genes, we developed a nomogram for predicting BLCA survival, which displayed high prognosis stratification efficacy in BLCA patients. Four cell cycle associated key genes identified, including NCAM1, HBB, CKD6, and CTLA4. We also identified the main cell types in BLCA patients and investigated the functional differences between epithelial cells based on their expression levels of key genes. Furthermore, we observed a high positive correlative relationship between the infiltration of cancer‐associated fibroblasts and the risk score value. Finally, we conducted in vitro experiments to demonstrate the suppressive role of NCAM1 in BLCA cell proliferation.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that cell cycle associated genes could serve as potential biomarkers for predicting BLCA prognosis and may represent therapeutic targets for the development of more effective therapies. Hopefully, these findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in BLCA from the perspective of cell cycle. Moreover, NCAM1 was a novel cell proliferation suppressor in the BLCA carcinogenesis.
Advancing predictive markers in lung adenocarcinoma: A machine learning‐based immunotherapy prognostic prediction signature
Authors: Li Zhongyan , Pei Shengbin , Wang Yanjuan , Zhang Ge , Lin Haoran , Dong Shiyang
Published: April 2024

The prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is generally poor. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic modality, demonstrating remarkable potential for substantially prolonging the overall survival of individuals afflicted with LUAD. However, there is currently a lack of reliable signatures for identifying patients who would benefit from immunotherapy. We conducted a comparative analysis of two immunotherapy cohorts (OAK and POPLAR) and utilized single‐factor COX regression to identify genes that significantly impact the prognosis of LUAD. Based on the TCGA‐LUAD dataset, we employed a combination of 101 machine learning algorithms to construct a model and selected the optimal model. The model was validated on five GEO datasets and compared with 144 previously published signatures to assess its performance. Subsequently, we explored the underlying biological mechanisms through tumor mutation burden analysis, enrichment analysis, and immune infiltration analysis. An immunotherapy prognostic prediction signature (IPPS) was constructed based on 13 genes, showing robust performance in the TCGA‐LUAD dataset. IPPS exhibited consistent predictive accuracy in the validation cohorts. Compared to 144 previously published signatures, IPPS consistently ranked among the top in terms of C‐index values. Further exploration revealed differences between high and low‐IPPS groups in terms of tumor mutation burden, pathway enrichment, and immune infiltration. IPPS demonstrates strong predictive capabilities for the prognosis of LUAD patients, offering the potential to identify suitable candidates for immunotherapy and contribute to precision treatment strategies for LUAD.
The effects of case/control ratio and sample size on genome‐wide association studies: A simulation study
Authors: Turgut Ali Osman , Koca Davut
Published: April 2024

Background

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) is a useful tool for the detection of disease or quantitative trait‐related genetic variations in the veterinary field. For a binary trait, a case/control experiment is designed in GWAS. However, there is limited information on the optimal case/control and sample size in GWAS.

Objectives

In this study, it was aimed to detect the effects of case/control ratio and sample size for GWAS using computer simulation under certain assumptions.

Method

Using the PLINK software, we simulated three different disease scenarios. In scenario 1, we simulated 10 different case/control ratios with increasing ratio of cases to controls. In scenario 2, we did versa of scenario 1 with the increasing ratio of controls to cases. In scenarios 1 and 2, sample size gradually was increased with the change case/control ratios. In scenario 3, the total sample size was fixed to 2000 to see real effects of case/control ratio on the number of disease‐related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Results

The results showed that the number of disease‐related SNPs were the highest when the case/control ratio is close to 1:1 in scenarios 1 and 2 and did not change with an increase in sample size. Similarly, the number of disease‐related SNPs was the highest in case/control ratios 1:1 in scenario 3. However, unbalanced case/control ratio caused the detection of lower number of disease‐related SNPs in scenario 3. The estimated average power of SNPs was highest when case/control ratio is 1:1 in all scenarios.

Conclusions

All findings led to the conclusion that an increase in sample size may enhance the statistical power of GWAS when the number of cases is small. In addition, case/control ratio 1:1 may be the optimal ratio for GWAS. These findings may be valuable not only for veterinary field but also for human clinical experiments.
Diffusion models in protein structure and docking
Authors: Yim Jason , Stärk Hannes , Corso Gabriele , Jing Bowen , Barzilay Regina , Jaakkola Tommi S.
Published: April 2024

Generative AI is rapidly transforming the frontier of research in computational structural biology. Indeed, recent successes have substantially advanced protein design and drug discovery. One of the key methodologies underlying these advances is diffusion models (DM). Diffusion models originated in computer vision, rapidly taking over image generation and offering superior quality and performance. These models were subsequently extended and modified for uses in other areas including computational structural biology. DMs are well equipped to model high dimensional, geometric data while exploiting key strengths of deep learning. In structural biology, for example, they have achieved state‐of‐the‐art results on protein 3D structure generation and small molecule docking. This review covers the basics of diffusion models, associated modeling choices regarding molecular representations, generation capabilities, prevailing heuristics, as well as key limitations and forthcoming refinements. We also provide best practices around evaluation procedures to help establish rigorous benchmarking and evaluation. The review is intended to provide a fresh view into the state‐of‐the‐art as well as highlight its potentials and current challenges of recent generative techniques in computational structural biology.

This article is categorized under:

Data Science > Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures

Software > Molecular Modeling
Enhanced sampling strategies for molecular simulation of DNA
Authors: Mohr Bernadette , van Heesch Thor , Pérez de Alba Ortíz Alberto , Vreede Jocelyne
Published: April 2024

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can provide detailed insights into complex molecular systems, such as DNA, at high resolution in space and time. Using current computer architectures, time scales of tens of microseconds are feasible with contemporary all‐atom force fields. However, these timescales are insufficient to accurately characterize large conformational transitions in DNA and compare calculations to experimental data. This review discusses the advantages and drawbacks of two simulation approaches to overcome the timescale challenge. The first approach is based on adding biasing potentials to the system to drive transitions. Umbrella sampling, steered MD, and metadynamics are examples of these methods. A key challenge of such methods is the necessity of selecting one or a few efficient coordinates, commonly referred to as collective variables (CVs), along which to apply the biasing potential. The path‐metadynamics methodology addresses this issue by finding the optimal route(s) between states in a multi‐dimensional CV space. The second strategy is path sampling, which focuses MD simulations on the transitions. The assumption is that even though transitions between states are rare, they are generally fast. Stopping the simulations as soon as they reach a stable state can significantly increase simulation efficiency. We introduce these methods on the two‐dimensional Müller–Brown potential. DNA applications are featured for two different processes: the Watson–Crick–Franklin to Hoogsteen transition in adenine–thymine base pairs and the binding of a DNA‐binding protein domain to DNA.

This article is categorized under:

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics Molecular Dynamics and Monte‐Carlo Methods

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics Free Energy Methods

Software Simulation Methods
Sex differences in CD8+ T cell responses during adaptive immunity
Authors: Layug Paul Jerard , Vats Harman , Kannan Kamali , Arsenio Janilyn
Published: April 2024

Biological sex is an important variable that influences the immune system's susceptibility to infectious and non‐infectious diseases and their outcomes. Sex dimorphic features in innate and adaptive immune cells and their activities may help to explain sex differences in immune responses. T lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system are essential to providing protection against infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, T cell responses are discussed with focus on the current knowledge of biological sex differences in CD8+ T cell mediated adaptive immune responses in infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases. Future directions aimed at investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex differences in diverse T cell responses will continue to underscore the significance of understanding sex differences in protective immunity at the cellular level, to induce appropriate T cell‐based immune responses in infection, autoimmunity, and cancer.

This article is categorized under:

Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology

Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
Theatrical Distribution or Online Streaming? Release Strategies in Europe in Times of Disruption and Change
Authors: Smits Roderik
Published: April 2024

This chapter provides insight into the development of streaming-related release strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic, with particular reference to the European market. I am particularly interested in the relationship between streaming platforms and theatrical cinema exhibitors, a relationship that is often described in terms of conflict and tension. For some in the industry, streaming platforms are perceived as a threat to the theatrical cinema sector. For others in the industry, streaming platforms are symptomatic of the way that the modern era of film exhibition is taking shape, with different distribution systems co-existing to enable different routes to market for different films. This chapter draws on trade press and news coverage to analyse how the relationship between streaming platforms and cinema exhibitors developed during the pandemic. What sort of release strategies for films became common when lockdowns and other policy restrictions were imposed on cinema exhibitors? How did changing circumstances impact release windows for films, and in particular the theatrical cinema window? And has the pandemic brought about structural changes to the film distribution and exhibition businesses in Europe and beyond?
Stunt Scooter and Educational Commons: A German Case Study
Authors: Jäde Sylvia , Eßer Florian , von der Heyde Judith
Published: April 2024

The chapter focuses on the results of the German case studies dealing with the appropriation of public space through youth cultural practices. The focus of the German sub-project is on how children and young people move in public space with stunt scooters and utilize it for their own purposes. As in the SMOOTH project in general the approach of the educational commons serves as a theoretical frame of reference. In this chapter we will describe commoning practices that have emerged during the realized case studies. Besides the aspects of sharing and caring, there were also practices of cooperation and engaged citizenship. All these aspects have a political dimension, which became apparent in different ways in the case studies and in the researched field. Overall, the case studies have shown that the children and young people involved in joint political processes as commoners require a high degree of transparency on the part of the adults involved as to what scope the children and young people involved have for shaping these processes.
Kapitel 9. Synopsis – Synergien, Zielkonflikte und Umsetzungsbarrieren von Klimaanpassungs- und Klimaschutzmaßnahmen
Authors: Erb Karl-Heinz , Jandl Robert , Tappeiner Ulrike , Baumgarten Andreas , Bertsch-Hörmann Bastian , Bethge Paula , Bruckman Viktor J. , Gingrich Simone , Glatzel Stephan , Kottusch Charlotte , Kraxner Florian , Lapin Katharina , Mehdi-Schulz Bano , Raich Joachim , Schüler Silvio , Tasser Erich , Tötzer Tanja , Zollitsch Werner
Published: April 2024

Es existiert eine Fülle von potenziellen Maßnahmen der Klimawandelanpassung und Emissionsminderung im Bereich der Landnutzung. Allerdings stehen Klimawandelanpassung und Emissionsminderung nicht notwendigerweise in einem synergistischen Zusammenhang. Neben der Klimarelevanz sind auch andere Kriterien von Bedeutung, wenn die integrative Leistungsfähigkeit von Maßnahmen bewertet werden soll. Dazu gehören vor allem mögliche und erwartete Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität und denWasserhaushalt. Dieses Kapitel fasst die Klimawandelanpassungs- und Emissionsminderungsmaßnahmen und ihre Auswirkungen tabellarisch zusammen. Dabei soll eine integrative, übersichtliche Bewertung der im Special Report behandelten Maßnahmen ermöglicht werden.
Kapitel 1. Ziele, Herangehensweise und Kontext
Authors: Formayer Herbert , Jandl Robert , Bohner Andreas , Eitzinger Josef , Erb Karl-Heinz , Haas Willi , Matthews Bradley , Meyer Ina , Spiegel Heide , Tappeiner Ulrike , Tasser Erich , Voigt Andreas
Published: April 2024

Das Thema Landnutzung und Klima berührt Akteur_innen mit unterschiedlichen Zielsetzungen, die sowohl Synergien erzeugen, als auch miteinander in Konkurrenz stehen. Die Land- und Forstwirtschaft, das produzierende Gewerbe, die Freizeitwirtschaft, der Verkehr, Siedlungen, Infrastrukturausbau und der Naturschutz sind aktive Gestalter. Die Stadt- und Raumplanung, Naturschutz-, Forst- und Landwirtschaftsgesetzgebung stellen den Handlungs- und Lenkungsrahmen her. Klima- und Umweltkrisen, deren Dynamik teilweise von Antriebskräften außerhalb der Landnutzung herrührt, können existierende Zielkonflikte verschärfen oder neue herbeiführen (Plieninger et al., 2016). Viele wissenschaftliche Disziplinen sind mit dem Thema befasst, von den Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften über die Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften bis hin zu den technischen Wissenschaften.
Kapitel 3. Sozioökonomische und klimatische Treiber der Änderung der Landnutzung in Österreich
Authors: Gaube Veronika , Schneider Stefan , Thaler Thomas , Borsky Stefan , Kirchner Mathias , Loibl Wolfgang , Mehdi-Schulz Bano , Schirpke Uta , Zuvela-Aloise Maja
Published: April 2024

Dieses Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit den klimatischen, ökologischen und sozioökonomischen treibenden Kräften, welche die Landnutzung in Österreich in der Vergangenheit und der Gegenwart maßgeblich bestimmt haben und die zukünftigen Entwicklungen beeinflussen werden. Es behandelt die in der Vergangenheit beobachteten und in der Zukunft erwarteten treibenden Kräfte von Landnutzungsänderungen in der Landwirtschaft (Abschn. 3.2), der Forstwirtschaft (Abschn. 3.3) und der Siedlungs- und Infrastrukturentwicklung (Abschn. 3.4). Abschließend werden die möglichen und erwarteten Auswirkungen dieser treibenden Kräfte auf die Bereitstellung der Ökosystemleistungen (ÖSL) beschrieben (Abschn. 3.5). Der Abbau von Mineralien wie Schotter oder Metalle wird aus Platzgründen nicht in diesem Kapitel behandelt, wenngleich es unumstritten ist, dass es sich auch dabei um landnutzungsrelevante Aktivitäten handelt. Kap. 3 unterscheidet zwischen natürlichen und anthropogenen Faktoren und wie sich diese auf die Landnutzung ausgewirkt haben und auswirken. Die sozioökonomischen Auswirkungen berücksichtigen dabei allerdings nicht die möglichen Anpassungs- oder Minderungsstrategien der einzelnen Sektoren, da diese in den Kap. 4 und 5 gesondert dargestellt werden.
Correlation functions in the $${\text{TsT}}/T\overline{T }$$ correspondence
Authors: Cui Wei , Shu Hongfei , Song Wei , Wang Juntao
Published: April 2024

Abstract

We investigate the proposed holographic duality between the TsT transformation of IIB string theory on AdS3 × $$\mathcal{N}$$ with NS-NS flux and a single-trace $$T\overline{T }$$ deformation of the symmetric orbifold CFT. We present a non-perturbative calculation of two-point correlation functions using string theory and demonstrate their consistency with those of the $$T\overline{T }$$ deformation. The two-point correlation function of the deformed theory on the plane, written in momentum space, is obtained from that of the undeformed theory by replacing h with $$h+2\frac{\widetilde{\lambda }}{w}p\overline{p }$$, where h is the spacetime conformal weight, $$\widetilde{\lambda }$$ is a deformation parameter, p and $$\overline{p }$$ are the momenta, and w labels the twisted sectors in the deformed symmetric product. At w = 1, the non-perturbative result satisfies the Callan-Symanzik equation for double-trace $$T\overline{T }$$ deformed CFT derived in [1]. We also perform conformal perturbations on both the worldsheet CFT and the symmetric orbifold CFT as a sanity check. The perturbative and non-perturbative matching between results on the two sides provides further evidence of the conjectured $${\text{TsT}}/T\overline{T }$$ correspondence.
Holographic transport beyond the supergravity approximation
Authors: Buchel Alex , Cremonini Sera , Early Laura
Published: April 2024

Abstract

We set up a unified framework to efficiently compute the shear and bulk viscosities of strongly coupled gauge theories with gravitational holographic duals involving higher derivative corrections. We consider both Weyl4 corrections, encoding the finite ’t Hooft coupling corrections of the boundary theory, and Riemann2 corrections, responsible for non-equal central charges c ≠ a of the theory at the ultraviolet fixed point. Our expressions for the viscosities in higher derivative holographic models are extracted from a radially conserved current and depend only on the horizon data.
Study of boson stars with wormhole
Authors: Ding Peng-Bo , Ma Tian-Xiang , Fang Tie-Feng , Wang Yong-Qiang
Published: April 2024

Abstract

In this paper, we study the mixed system of boson stars (BSs) with wormholes at their center. The boson star is obtained by employing a complex scalar field without self-interaction or a complex scalar field with quartic self-interaction and the wormhole is obtained by employing a phantom field. Utilizing the numerical method, we successfully obtain both symmetric and asymmetric solutions within the two asymptotically flat regions. The key focus of our study involves the systematic exploration of variations in results by varying the throat parameter η0, and the parameter c, representing the quartic term in potential. In the ground state, we find the mass M and Noether charge Q versus the scalar field frequencies ω are multi-valued curves when the η0 is small or the self-interaction is strong, the multi-valued curves will turn into single-valued curves as η0 or c increases. Furthermore, we observe that asymmetric solutions can transition into symmetric solutions at specific scalar field frequencies ω for certain settings of η0 and c. In addition, when it comes to the excited state, the properties of symmetric solutions remain akin to those in the ground state, while asymmetrical results display different characteristics from the ground state. We also present the wormhole spacetime geometry to investigate the properties of this model.
Twisted elliptic genera
Authors: Lee Kimyeong , Sun Kaiwen , Wang Xin
Published: April 2024

Abstract

We study the twisted elliptic genera of 2d (0, 4) SCFTs associated with the BPS strings in the twisted circle compactification of 6d rank-one (1, 0) SCFTs. Such objects can arise when the 6d gauge algebra allows outer automorphism, thus are classified by twisted affine Lie algebras. We study several fascinating aspects of the twisted elliptic genera including 2d localization, twisted elliptic blowup equations, Higgsing and spectral flow symmetry. We derive a recursion formula with respect to the number of strings to exactly compute the twisted elliptic genera. We also investigate the modular bootstrap of twisted one-string elliptic genera and find the modularity of congruence subgroups Γ1(N) naturally appears with possible N = 2, 3, 4. Geometrically, our study solves the refined BPS partition functions of the underlying genus-one fibered Calabi-Yau threefolds with N-section.
Resonance contributions to nucleon spin structure in holographic QCD
Authors: Bigazzi Francesco , Castellani Federico
Published: April 2024

Abstract

We study polarized inelastic electron-nucleon scattering at low momentum transfer in the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model of holographic QCD, focusing on resonance production contributions to the nucleon spin structure functions. Our analysis includes both spin 3/2 and spin 1/2 low-lying nucleon resonances with positive and negative parity. We determine, in turn, the helicity amplitudes for nucleon-resonance transitions and the resonance contributions to the neutron and proton generalized spin polarizabilities. Extrapolating the model parameters to realistic QCD data, our analysis, triggered by recent experimental results from Jefferson Lab, agrees with the observation that the ∆(1232) resonance gives the dominant contribution to the forward spin polarizabilities at low momentum transfer. The contribution is negative and tends to zero as the momentum transfer increases. As expected, the contribution of the ∆(1232) to the longitudinal-transverse polarizabilities is instead negligible. The latter, for both nucleons, turn out to be negative functions with zero asymptote. The holographic results, at least for the proton where enough data are available, are in qualitative agreement with the resonance contributions to the spin polarizabilities extracted from experimental data on the helicity amplitudes.
Searching for axial neutral current non-standard interactions of neutrinos by DUNE-like experiments
Authors: Abbaslu S. , Dehpour M. , Farzan Y. , Safari S.
Published: April 2024

Abstract

The increasingly precise neutrino experiments raise the hope for searching for new physics through studying the impact of Neutral Current (NC) Non-Standard Interactions (NSI) of neutrinos with matter fields. Neutrino oscillation experiments along with the Elastic Coherent ν Nucleus Scattering (CEνNS) experiments already set strong bounds on all the flavor elements of the “vector” NC NSI. However, “axial” NC NSI can hide from these experiments. We show how a DUNE-like experiment can probe these couplings by studying NC Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) events. We find that strong bounds can be set on the axial NC NSI of neutrinos with the u, d, and s quarks. We show that using both the near and far detectors, a DUNE-like experiment can significantly improve the present bounds on all the flavor elements.
The operator rings of topological symmetric orbifolds and their large N limit
Authors: Ashok Sujay K. , Troost Jan
Published: April 2024

Abstract

We compute the structure constants of topological symmetric orbifold theories up to third order in the large N expansion. The leading order structure constants are dominated by topological metric contractions. The first order interactions are single cycles joining while at second order we can have double joining as well as splitting. At third order, single cycle joining obtains genus one contributions. We also compute illustrative small N structure constants. Our analysis applies to all second quantized Frobenius algebras, a large class of algebras that includes the cohomology ring of the Hilbert scheme of points on K3 among many others. We point out interesting open questions that our results raise.
NFKBIZ regulates NFκB signaling pathway to mediate tumorigenesis and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by direct interaction with TRIM16
Authors: Guo Danfeng , Zhang Ming , Wei Tingju , Zhang Xiaodan , Shi Xiaoyi , Tang Hongwei , Ding Mingjie , Li Jie , Zhang Shuijun , Guo Wenzhi
Published: April 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality rates. NFKBIZ, a member of the nuclear factor kappa B inhibitory family, is closely related to tumor progression. However, the precise role of NFKBIZ in HCC remains unclear. To explore this, we conducted a series of experiments from clinic to cells. Western blot and qPCR revealed a significant downregulation of NFKBIZ in human HCC tissues. Clinical character analysis showed that the patients with lower NFKBIZ expression had poorer prognosis and higher clinical stage. By using CCK-8, wound healing, transwell invasion and migration assay, we discovered that NFKBIZ expression was reversely associated with the proliferation, invasion, and migration ability of HCC cells in vitro. Additionally, the results obtained from xenograft assay and lung metastasis models showed that NFKBIZ overexpression inhibited the growth and metastasis of HCC cells in vivo. Western blot and immunofluorescence assay further revealed that NFKBIZ mediated HCC cell growth and migration by regulating NFκB signaling transduction. Finally, flow cytometry, protein degradation assay and Co-immunoprecipitation indicated that TRIM16 can enhance NFKBIZ ubiquitination by direct interactions at its K48 site, which may thereby alleviate HCC cell apoptosis to induce the insensitivity to sorafenib. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that NFKBIZ regulated HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis by mediating NFκB signal transduction and TRIM16/NFKBIZ/NFκB axis may be the underlying mechanism of sorafenib insensitivity in HCC.
Navier–Stokes Equations in the Half Space with Non Compatible Data
Authors: Argenziano Andrea , Cannone Marco , Sammartino Marco
Published: April 2024

This paper considers the Navier–Stokes equations in the half plane with Euler-type initial conditions, i.e., initial conditions with a non-zero tangential component at the boundary. Under analyticity assumptions for the data, we prove that the solution exists for a short time independent of the viscosity. We construct the Navier–Stokes solution through a composite asymptotic expansion involving solutions of the Euler and Prandtl equations plus an error term. The norm of the error goes to zero with the square root of the viscosity. The Prandtl solution contains a singular term, which influences the regularity of the error. The error term is the sum of a first-order Euler correction, a first-order Prandtl correction, and a further error term. The use of an analytic setting is mainly due to the Prandtl equation.
Fully Complementary Higher Dimensional Partitions
Authors: Schreier-Aigner Florian
Published: April 2024

We introduce a symmetry class for higher dimensional partitions—fully complementary higher dimensional partitions (FCPs)—and prove a formula for their generating function. By studying symmetry classes of FCPs in dimension 2, we define variations of the classical symmetry classes for plane partitions. As a by-product, we obtain conjectures for three new symmetry classes of plane partitions and prove that another new symmetry class, namely quasi-transpose-complementary plane partitions, are equinumerous to symmetric plane partitions.
Non-destructive detection and analysis of weld defects in dissimilar pulsed GMAW and FSW joints of aluminium castings and plates through 3D X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Orlando Mattia , De Maddis Manuela , Razza Valentino , Lunetto Vincenzo
Published: April 2024

This work focuses on porosity formation during the welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys (cast and sheet) by pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with different travel speeds (12–14 mm/s) and by friction stir welding (FSW). The case study concerns the assembling of a battery-pack enclosure prototype. The welded specimens were scanned by 3D X-ray computed tomography. The cast base material (BM) shows a porosity percentage of 1.45%, and it is characterized by pores with a strong hyperbolic relationship between equivalent diameter and sphericity. Considering the GMAW beads, porosity rises with the travel speed (from 1.80 to 5.12%), due to the reduction of the opening window in which pores can escape. Pores with volume higher than 0.10 mm3 rise with the travel speed, representing from 9.75 to 32.98% of the total porosity. These pores are responsible for the weaker hyperbolic connection for sphericity found for the GMAW beads. On the other hand, FSW mixes and homogenizes the pores in the cast BM. The novelty of the paper lays in proving the strong potentialities of FSW for weld porosity reduction. A re-designing of the battery-pack enclosures is necessary to limit arc welding in marginal areas, which are not crucial for sealing but necessary to create a stable platform to be subsequently sealed with FSW.
Variance estimation for average treatment effects estimated by g-computation
Authors: Hansen Stefan Nygaard , Overgaard Morten
Published: April 2024

The average treatment effect is used to evaluate effects of interventions in a population. Under certain causal assumptions, such an effect may be estimated from observational data using the g-computation technique. The asymptotic properties of this estimator appears not to be well-known and hence bootstrapping has become the preferred method for estimating its variance. Bootstrapping is, however, not an optimal choice for multiple reasons; it is a slow procedure and, if based on too few bootstrap samples, results in a highly variable estimator of the variance. In this paper, we consider estimators of potential outcome means and average treatment effects using g-computation. We consider these parameters for the entire population but also in subgroups, for example, the average treatment effect among the treated. We derive their asymptotic distributions in a general framework. An estimator of the asymptotic variance is proposed and shown to be consistent when g-computation is used in conjunction with the M-estimation technique. The proposed estimator is shown to be superior to the bootstrap technique in a simulation study. Robustness against model misspecification is also demonstrated by means of simulations.