bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colony-Stimulating Factor-1-Responsive Macrophage Precursors Reside in the Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Bone Marrow rather than the Hematopoietic Subcapsular Liver
Authors: Grayfer Leon , Robert Jacques
Published: March 2013

Macrophage precursors originate from and undergo lineage commitment within designated sites of hematopoiesis, such as the mammalian bone marrow. These cells subsequently differentiate in response to stimulation with macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). The amphibian bone marrow, unlike that of mammals, has been overlooked as a source of leukocyte precursors in favor of the liver subcapsular region, where hematopoiesis occurs in anurans. Here we report that the bone marrow rather than the liver periphery provides macrophage progenitors to the amphibian Xenopus laevis. We identified the amphibian CSF-1, examined its gene expression in developing and virally infected X. lae vis and produced it in recombinant form (rXlCSF-1). This rXlCSF-1 did not bind or elicit proliferation/differentiation of subcapsular liver cells. Surprisingly, a subpopulation of bone marrow cells engaged this growth factor and formed rXlCSF-1 concentration-dependent colonies in semisolid medium. Furthermore, rXlCSF-1-treated bone marrow (but not liver) cultures comprised of cells with characteristic macrophage morphology and high gene expression of the macrophage marker CSF-1 receptor. Together, our findings indicate that in contrast to all other vertebrates studied to date, committed Xenopus macrophage precursor populations are not present at the central site of hematopoiesis, but reside in the bone marrow.
Lactobacillus reuteri Influences Regrowth of Mutans Streptococci after Full-Mouth Disinfection: A Double-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Romani Vestman N. , Hasslöf P. , Keller M.K. , Granström E. , Roos S. , Twetman S. , Stecksén-Blicks C.
Published: March 2013

This study assessed whether the persistence of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289 in saliva could delay the regrowth of mutans streptococci (MS) after a full-mouth disinfection with chlorhexidine (CHX). A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a 6-week intervention period and 3- and 6-month follow-up was performed. 62 healthy subjects with moderate to high counts of MS were randomly assigned to a test group (n = 32) or a placebo group (n = 30). Before onset of the intervention, subjects received two sessions of professional cleaning, flossing, and application of CHX varnish and rinsed their mouth with a CHX solution between the sessions (2 days). Thereafter, the test group used probiotic lozenges (2/day) containing L. reuteri (DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289; 1 × 108 CFU of each strain), and the placebo group used identical lozenges lacking the lactobacilli. Saliva samples were collected and cultured onto selective media, and isolates of L. reuteri as well as DNA directly extracted from saliva were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers. Presence of salivary MS was analysed with a chair-side test. L. reuteri was frequently detected by culture during the intervention period but in only 3 test group subjects at follow-ups. Regrowth of MS statistically significantly differed depending on the presence or absence of L. reuteri DSM 17938 detected by PCR. We conclude that cultivable L. reuteri strains may only sporadically be confirmed after termination of the intervention, but subjects with PCR-detected L. reuteri demonstrated slower regrowth of MS.
Collateral Ventilation
Authors: Gompelmann D. , Eberhardt R. , Herth F.J.F.
Published: March 2013

Although known for more than 80 years, ‘collateral ventilation' (CV) became a focus of endoscopic research in the recent decade. Implantation of one-way valves presents an effective treatment option for patients with advanced heterogeneous emphysema optimizing symptoms and quality of life. However, this treatment modality is only successful in case of low interlobar CV. Based on this evidence, attempts to develop different approaches for the quantification of CV have been initiated. In this regard, it is crucial to illuminate the meaning and different aspects of CV.
Eruptive Nevi Mimicking Wart-Like Lesions under Selective BRAF Inhibition in a 37-Year-Old Female Melanoma Patient
Authors: Schmitt Laurenz , Schumann Tamara , Inhoff Oliver , Löser Christoph , Rebel Martin , Dippel Edgar
Published: March 2013

Background: The BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib is state of the art in therapy of patients with malignant melanoma in non-resectable stage III or stage IV and evidence of oncogenetic BRAF mutation. Multiple cutaneous side effects like rash and keratoacanthoma-like lesions have been described so far. Case Report: We report a patient who presented multiple wart-like lesions under therapy with vemurafenib. Histologically we have seen multiple melanocytic nevi with a wart-like appearance. One melanoma in situ developed on the left forearm. Conclusions: Eruptive nevi and induction of melanoma may be a further side effect in patients undergoing a therapy with BRAF inhibitors.
Human Rights Are the Rights of the Infinite: An Interview with Alain Badiou
Authors: Blechman Max , Chari Anita , Hasan Rafeeq
Published: March 2013

Abstract

In seeking to found a ‘new political logic’, Badiou argues that we can only retrieve the political sense of concrete negation through its subordination to a prior field of affirmation: i.e. the opening of a new possibility inside a given historical situation, or ‘the event’, that may be politically realised through the creation of a ‘new subjective body’ consisting in the social affirmation of those new possibilities. Revolutionary politics is therefore said to rest on a synthesis of, on the one hand, democracy in the sense of spontaneous mass-political irruption, and, on the other, a prescriptive elaboration of the ramifications of the event. The discussion then turns to the question of strategy – outside and against the politically moribund State-form – and his reconfiguration of political universality vis-à-vis the formulations of classical Marxism.

Badiou counterposes capitalist ideology’s implicit anthropology of self-interested animals to his own of subjects embodied in a generic truth-procedure and its concomitant model of political rights, where what is ultimately at stake is ‘the complete transformation of the form of . . . difference, of the way the difference exists’ rather than a materialist dialectics of antagonistic contradiction. The interview concludes with Badiou clarifying his relationship to Lacanian psychoanalysis as an essential but by no means exhaustive conceptual armoury for understanding the relation between subject and event.
Islam in Gramsci’s Journalism and Prison Notebooks: The Shifting Patterns of Hegemony
Authors: Boothman Derek
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Gramsci recognised the inestimable historical contribution of Muslim and Arab civilisations, writing on these in his newspaper articles, his pre-prison letters and the Prison Notebooks. The Islamic world contemporary with him was largely rural, with the masses heavily influenced by religion, analogous in some ways to Italy whose economy was still largely oriented towards a peasantry among whom the Vatican played a leading (and highly reactionary) role. In addition to factors such as the politics-religion nexus, what Gramsci was also analysing, without saying as much explicitly, was the upheaval caused by the disintegration and dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, and the inter-imperialist rivalries over the spoils and the construction of new states from its ruins. Here he draws attention to the first hesitant and contradictory anticolonial stances being adopted among the traditional leaders, as well recognising the basis for more popularly-based movements. In both Catholic countries and, as Gramsci knew especially from the experience of his Comintern work, in parts of the Muslim world, these movements could at times assume a left and politically radical orientation. What emerges is a picture of conflicting hegemonies involving principally religion, class, the political ambivalence of many religious leaders, and a burgeoning nationalism contraposed to the supra-nationalist claims of religion. But the factor underlying everything is the potential of the masses who, if awakened from torpor and detached from European colonialism, were judged capable of rupturing previous imperially-determined equilibria.
Cosmopolitanism and the Geographies of Freedom, David Harvey, New York: Columbia University Press, 2009
Authors: Green Pete
Published: March 2013

Abstract

The work under review is, in contrast to recent more accessible work by Harvey, such as The Enigma of Capital, a highly condensed survey of a wide range of primarily philosophical investigations (including most notably Kant and Heidegger) relating to issues of cosmopolitanism and globalisation. Harvey emphasises the relevance of historical/geographical analysis neglected by most of the theorists he discusses. Politically he seeks to counterpose an ‘insurgent’ and ‘subaltern’ cosmopolitanism to the liberal version of Beck, Held et al. which dominates current debates. But Harvey’s reliance on an organicist ‘internal relations’ conception of dialectical theory itself requires critique.
A Critique of Localist Political Economy and Urban Agriculture
Authors: Sharzer Greg
Published: March 2013

Abstract

In the Global North, Urban Agriculture (UA) is being considered as a way to overcome malnutrition and promote local, ethical production. UA can be understood through two phenomena integral to the capitalist mode of production: capital centralisation and rent. Centralisation explains why capitalist agriculture industrialises, while rent provides a theoretical framework for understanding how social and spatial relations structure urban land uses. Urban farming can occupy niches of the capitalist marketplace; however, its prospects for replacing large-scale agriculture and providing similar use-values are limited. Its expansion is bounded by rising land values expressed in rent, as Detroit’s urban farm, Markham’s food belt, Los Angeles’s community garden, and initiatives in other cities demonstrate. The key tasks for political ecologists are two-fold: situating UA within capital’s drive to accumulate and proposing strategic perspectives that challenge these inherent tendencies.
Diversity and distribution of taxa in the genus Eunotia Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) in Macedonia
Authors: PAVLOV ALEKSANDAR , LEVKOV ZLATKO
Published: March 2013

Within the past few decades Eunotia (Bacillariophyceae) has been confirmed as one of the most species rich diatom genera. The remarkable diversity of this genus has been well documented for the tropical region of South America, and its wide distribution comprehensively demonstrated for North America and Canada, Europe, East and Southeast Asia, as well as the Subantarctic region. Till present day only twenty eight taxa of Eunotia have been reported for Macedonia, mainly from the various aquatic habitats of different mountains. The main focus of the present study is the diversity, taxonomy and general distribution of taxa belonging to Eunotia in Macedonian mountain regions. The area investigated covers most of the mountains in the western, south-western, southern, central and eastern part. In total 53 taxa have been observed, among which six are described as new species (Eunotia atomus, E. fabaeformis, E. mariovensis, E. pseudominor, E. scardica and E. stojanovskii). The morphological features, as observed by light microscopy (LM), are comprehensively described for each taxon. The ultrastructure of the valve, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), is additionally described for most of the taxa. The general distributional pattern, locality, altitude and substrate preference, for every taxon is also included. The distinctive characters between similar taxa are discussed and taxonomical notes are as well provided.
Study of sporoderm pattern under SEM in the genus Bryum
Authors: BANSAL POOJA , NATH VIRENDRA
Published: March 2013

A critical study of sporoderm pattern under SEM in nine taxa of genus Bryum, growing in various bryogeographical regions of India, has been carried out. Of these nine taxa, microdetails of sporoderm pattern of six taxa: B. billardieri, B. caespiticium, B. capillare, B. dichotomum, B. pseudotriquetrum var. subrotundum and B. uliginosum are provided for the first time.
The type specimens of Tenthredo Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum
Authors: TAEGER ANDREAS
Published: March 2013

The type specimens of Tenthredo sensu lato deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest) are reviewed. The following synonyms are recognized and discussed: Rhogogastera aenescens Mocsáry, 1909, syn. nov. of Tenthredo (Temuledo) finschi finschi W.F. Kirby, 1882; Macrophya prasinipes Konow, 1891, syn. nov. of Macrophya caucasica (Mocsáry, 1880); Tenthredo concinnoides Malaise, 1945, syn. nov. of Tenthredo concinna Mocsáry, 1883; Tenthredo fulviventris Mocsáry, 1909, syn. nov. of Tenthredo (Tenthredella) crenata (Enslin, 1912); Tenthredo vespa inaffectata Muche, 1965, syn. nov. of Tenthredo (Tenthredo) vespa Retzius, 1783; Rhogogaster kaszabi Zombori, 1973, syn. nov. of Tenthredo (Eurogaster) aaliensis (Strand, 1898); Tenthredo kaszabi Muche, 1965, syn. nov. of Tenthredo (Eurogaster) mesomela Linné, 1758; Rhogogastera opacella Mocsáry, 1909, syn. nov. of Tenthredo (Eurogaster) stulta Jakowlew, 1891; Tenthredo tschinggischanensis Muche, 1965 syn. nov. of Tenthredo (Tenthredella) balteata Klug, 1817; Tenthredo unifasciata Mocsáry, 1909, syn. nov. of Tenthredo (Tenthredella) colon Klug, 1817; Tenthredella cucullata Enslin, 1912, syn. nov. of Tenthredo (Tenthredella) colon Klug, 1817. Macrophya caucasica (Mocsáry, 1880) is a new combination (comb. nov.) for Allantus caucasicus Mocsáry, 1880. Tenthredo semicolon Mol, is a replacement name (nom. nov.) for Tenthredo punctulata Konow, 1887, nom. praeocc., nec Klug, 1817. Tenthredo chanae Taeger & Shinohara spec. nov., a species close to Tenthredo concinna, is described from Taiwan.
Considerations on the taxonomy of the Phylum Tardigrada
Authors: VICENTE FILIPE , BERTOLANI ROBERTO
Published: March 2013

An analysis of the taxonomy of the Tardigrada is offered, based on the latest checklist version. A total of 1167 species from 113 genera were counted, but marine species are misrepresented on account of being understudied. Moreover, many poor descriptions and synonyms remain in this constantly growing list. We advocate more accurate future taxonomic work, aiming for an official list of species that better represents true values of biodiversity.
Review of the New World species of the genus Argopistes Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini)
Authors: BLANCO JAVIER , KONSTANTINOV ALEXANDER
Published: March 2013

The New Worldspecies of the genus Argopistes Motschulsky, 1860 are reviewed, illustrated and a key for their identification is provided. Two new species are described: A. turnbowi (Bahamas Islands) and A. woodleyi (Dominican Republic). The lectotype of A. scyrtoides LeConte is designated.
Visualizing Informal Professional Development Networks
Authors: de Laat Maarten , Schreurs Bieke
Published: March 2013

Informal learning has become an important driver for professional development and workplace learning. Yet, however powerful informal learning may be, there is a problem when it comes to making it a real asset within organizations: Informal learning activities are spontaneous and mostly invisible to others. The aim of this study is to develop a method that helps raise awareness about these activities using a learning analytics approach. This method concentrates on detecting and visualizing informal professional social networks and finding ways in which their presence and accessibility can be improved. This study shows that the presented methodology is a promising research-driven intervention. With this methodology we can detect multiple (isolated) networks in organizations, connect ideas, and facilitate value creation. Using this approach, organizations can link with existing informal networks of practice and unlock their potential for organizational learning by giving them a voice and making their results more explicit within the organization.
Who killed in Rwanda’s genocide? Micro-space, social influence and individual participation in intergroup violence
Authors: McDoom Omar Shahabudin
Published: March 2013

In episodes of intergroup violence, which group members participate and which do not? Although such violence is frequently framed as occurring between distinct ethnic, racial or sectarian groups, it is easily overlooked that it is usually only a subset of the group’s members who in fact participate in the violence. In predicting participation, extant research has privileged an atomistic approach and identified individual attributes indicative of a predisposition to violence. I suggest instead that a situational approach should complement the atomistic paradigm and present evidence that an individual’s micro-spatial environment is an important predictor of differential participation in intergroup violence. Using GIS data on 3,426 residents from one community, I map the household locations of participants, non-participants, and victims of Rwanda’s 1994 genocide. I find that participants are likely to live either in the same neighbourhood or in the same household as other participants. Specifically, as the number of violent to nonviolent individuals in an individual’s neighbourhood or household increases, the likelihood of this individual’s participation also increases. In explaining these neighbourhood and household effects, I suggest social influence is the mechanism at work. As micro-spatial distance decreases, micro-social interaction increases. Neighbours and household members exert influence for and against participation. Participation then may be as much the product of social interaction as of individual agency. What neighbours and family members think, say and do may influence participation in collective action such as intergroup violence. The conceptualization of neighbourhoods and households as micro-spheres of influences suggests the importance of social structure as a determinant of participation.
“Office Is a Thing Borrowed”
Authors: Lee Daniel
Published: March 2013

Jean Bodin’s analysis in Six Livres de la République is often understood as evidence of his alleged political absolutism. This article examines Bodin’s theory of offices to argue that this is a misguided view of Bodin’s political thought. I begin by revisiting Bodin’s distinction between the “sovereignty” and the “government” of the state. It is in the analysis of the latter that Bodin constructs a normative doctrine warning of the dangers of “ seigneurial” rule. As I show, Bodin’s purpose was to reject seigneurial rule by contrasting it with lawful rule, the mode of government in which public power was discharged according to law and custom, not by seigneurial will. Essential to Bodin’s analysis was a concept of public office that envisioned the officer as an independent intermediary “borrowing” public powers, not from higher magistrates or from the prince (as medieval lawyers traditionally argued), but only from the impersonal state.
Risk and Resistance
Authors: Luxon Nancy
Published: March 2013

Agonistic theories of democratic practice lack an explicit model for ethical cultivation. Even as these theorists advocate sensibilities of “ethical open-ness and receptivity,” so as to engage in the political work of “maintenance, repair, and amendment,” they lack an account of how individuals ought be motivated to this task or how it should unfold. Toward theorizing such a model, I turn to Freud and clinical psychoanalytic practice. I argue that Freud’s “second-education” ( Nacherziehung) offers an ethical cultivation framed around a “combative collaboration” between analyst and patient that teaches tolerance of discomfort; endurance of uncertainty; and narrative capacity. This second-education suggests two lessons for politics. First, that we might do well to reproduce its relational form more broadly across politics. And second, that we cultivate those “sacral spaces” capable of challenging the conditions for symbolic meaning as it stretches between personal and collective practices.
The Long-Term Stability of Self-Esteem
Authors: Kuster Farah , Orth Ulrich
Published: March 2013

How stable are individual differences in self-esteem? We examined the time-dependent decay of rank-order stability of self-esteem and tested whether stability asymptotically approaches zero or a nonzero value across long test–retest intervals. Analyses were based on 6 assessments across a 29-year period of a sample of 3,180 individuals aged 14 to 102 years. The results indicated that, as test–retest intervals increased, stability exponentially decayed and asymptotically approached a nonzero value (estimated as .43). The exponential decay function explained a large proportion of variance in observed stability coefficients, provided a better fit than alternative functions, and held across gender and for all age groups from adolescence to old age. Moreover, structural equation modeling of the individual-level data suggested that a perfectly stable trait component underlies stability of self-esteem. The findings suggest that the stability of self-esteem is relatively large, even across very long periods, and that self-esteem is a trait-like characteristic.
Mastering One’s Destiny
Authors: Stout Jane G. , Dasgupta Nilanjana
Published: March 2013

We used an achievement goal framework to enhance identity-threatened individuals’ motivation and performance by way of an understudied mechanism, namely, challenge appraisals. In three experiments, women were given a mastery goal (focus on building skills) or a performance goal (perform well, avoid errors) before a mock job interview. Women who focused on mastery rather than performance felt more challenged and less threatened when anticipating an identity-threatening interview; goals did not affect appraisals of a nonthreatening interview (Experiment 1). Mastery relative to performance goals enhanced women’s intention to be assertive (Experiment 2) and their actual face-to-face performance during the job interview (Experiment 3); challenge appraisals (but not threat appraisals) served as a mediator for these effects. Whereas a great deal of prior work has alleviated identity threat by altering construals of one’s identity, the current research uses an alternative strategy—modifying appraisals of the situation, leaving one’s self-concept intact.
Small-Sample DIF Estimation Using SIBTEST, Cochran’s Z, and Log-Linear Smoothing
Authors: Lei Pui-Wa , Li Hongli
Published: March 2013

Minimum sample sizes of about 200 to 250 per group are often recommended for differential item functioning (DIF) analyses. However, there are times when sample sizes for one or both groups of interest are smaller than 200 due to practical constraints. This study attempts to examine the performance of Simultaneous Item Bias Test (SIBTEST), Cochran’s Z test, and log-linear smoothing with these methods in DIF detection accuracy at a number of small-sample and ability distribution combinations. Effects of item parameters and DIF magnitudes are also investigated. Results show that when ability distributions between groups are identical, Type I error for these DIF methods can be adequately controlled at all sample sizes, and their power to detect a large amount of unidirectional DIF can be tolerably high (power > .6) when sample size is not too small (at least 100 per group). When ability distributions are different, Type I inflation is higher for easier items and larger sample sizes, and power depends on DIF direction. Log-linear smoothing with SIBTEST tends to lower both Type I error rate and power. The effect of smoothing with Cochran’s Z test is not as consistent. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Dimensions of Economic Development and Growth Management Policy Choices
Authors: York Abigail M. , Feiock Richard C. , Steinacker Annette
Published: March 2013

This article integrates the urban politics, growth management, and economic development literatures to examine how voter characteristics, community context, local government structure and capacity, and state policy and regional contexts influence the adoption of development incentives and growth management policy instruments. Using a 2004 national survey of city economic development directors, U.S. Census, U.S. Department of Agriculture Atlas of Rural and Small-town America, U.S. Census of Governments, and U.S. Election Atlas voting data, we develop two scaled Poisson policy count models. Only wealth and growth rates play large, significant roles in explaining both location incentives and growth management, while local government structure and bureaucratic capacity does not significantly affect adoption for either policy type. We conclude that location incentive and growth management policy adoption decisions are driven by a community’s political economic context: its voter characteristics, community context, and the regional context.
How Employee Selection Decisions are Made in Practice
Authors: Bolander Pernilla , Sandberg Jörgen
Published: March 2013

Existing literature on employee selection contains an abundance of knowledge of how selection should take place but almost nothing about how it occurs in practice. This paper presents an ethnomethodological-discourse analytical real-time study of how selection decisions are made in situ. The main findings suggest that selection decision making is characterized by ongoing practical deliberation involving four interrelated discursive processes: assembling versions of the candidates; establishing the versions of the candidates as factual; reaching selection decisions; and using selection tools as sensemaking devices. In addition, this paper identifies two basic forms of selection decision making: one characterized by initial agreement and one characterized by initial disagreement. In each basic form of decision making, selectors reason through the four discursive processes in a methodical, situated and practical manner in order to construct local versions of the candidates and make ‘reasonable’ selection decisions.
How Companies Learn to Collaborate: Emergence of Improved Inter-Organizational Processes in R&D Alliances
Authors: Feller Jan , Parhankangas Annaleena , Smeds Riitta , Jaatinen Miia
Published: March 2013

Previous research has maintained that the capacity to manage alliances is a distinct capability, defined as the ability to identify, negotiate, manage, monitor and terminate collaborations. This paper focuses on an important but hitherto neglected aspect of alliance capability by investigating how partnering firms may learn how to better manage their dyadic R&D collaborations. In particular, we seek to test the Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) model of dynamic knowledge creation by establishing a link between the facilitation of four knowledge conversion processes – socialization, externalization, combination and internalization – and an improved capability to manage inter-organizational R&D processes. We specify and extend the model by identifying and testing several critical interactions between these knowledge conversion processes. Relying on data from 105 R&D partnerships in the global telecommunications industry, we suggest that the failure to support one of these knowledge conversion processes has the potential to hamper the proper functioning of the other knowledge conversion processes and thus the emergence of capability to manage dyadic R&D collaborations.
A Process Model of Internal and External Legitimacy
Authors: Drori Israel , Honig Benson
Published: March 2013

We report the results of a longitudinal case study depicting the relationship between internal and external legitimacy at Orion, an emergent creative professional firm. We address the following questions: How do different types of legitimacy emerge, and how do they interact to shape organizational evolution? Introducing a staged process model, we demonstrate that organizational legitimacy is a product of action, which is continually reproduced and reconstructed by members of an organization in concert with external legitimation activities. Internal and external legitimacy evolve through a process of emergence, validation, diffusion and consensus, sometimes recursively repeating the cycle when imbalances result in conflict and friction.
Fatalities in High School and College Football Players
Authors: Boden Barry P. , Breit Ilan , Beachler Jason A. , Williams Aaron , Mueller Frederick O.
Published: March 2013

Background:

Fatalities in football are rare but tragic events.

Purpose:

The purpose was to describe the causes of fatalities in high school and college football players and potentially provide preventive strategies.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

We reviewed the 243 football fatalities reported to the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research from July 1990 through June 2010.

Results:

Football fatalities averaged 12.2 per year, or 1 per 100,000 participants. There were 164 indirect (systemic) fatalities (average, 8.2 annually [or 0.7 per 100,000 participants]) and 79 direct (traumatic) fatalities (average, 4.0 annually [or 0.3 per 100,000 participants]). Indirect fatalities were 2.1 times more common than direct fatalities. The risk of a fatality in college compared with high school football players was 2.8 (95% CI, 0.7-8.2) times higher for all fatalities, 3.6 (95% CI, 2.5-5.3) times higher for indirect events, 1.4 (95% CI, 0.6-3.0) times higher for direct injuries, 3.8 (95% CI, 1.8-8.3) times higher for heat illness, and 66 (95% CI, 14.4-308) times higher for sickle cell trait (SCT) fatalities. Most indirect events occurred in practice sessions; preseason practices and intense conditioning sessions were vulnerable periods for athletes to develop heat illness or SCT fatalities, respectively. In contrast, most brain fatalities occurred during games. The odds of a fatality during the second decade, compared with the first decade of the study, were 9.7 (95% CI, 1.2-75.9) for SCT, 1.5 (95% CI, 0.8-2.9) for heat illness, 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8-1.7) for cardiac fatalities, and 0.7 (95% CI, 0.4-1.2) for brain fatalities. The most common causes of fatalities were cardiac failure (n = 100, 41.2%), brain injury (n = 62, 25.5%), heat illness (n = 38, 15.6%), SCT (n = 11, 4.5%), asthma and commotio cordis (n = 7 each, 2.9% each), embolism/blood clot (n = 5, 2.1%), cervical fracture (n = 4, 1.7%), and intra-abdominal injury, infection, and lightning (n = 3, 1.2% each).

Conclusion:

High school and college football have approximately 12 fatalities annually with indirect systemic causes being twice as common as direct blunt trauma. The most common causes are cardiac failure, brain injury, and heat illness. The incidence of fatalities is much higher at the college level for most injuries other than brain injuries, which were only slightly more common at the college level. The risk of SCT, heat-related, and cardiac deaths increased during the second decade of the study, indicating these conditions require a greater emphasis on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
A Four- and Five-Factor Structural Model for Wechsler Tests
Authors: Schwartz David M.
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this commentary is to focus on the clinical utility of the four- and five-factor structural models for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). It provides a discussion of important considerations when evaluating the clinical utility of the four-factor and five-factor models of the WISC-IV and the WAIS-IV. Topics covered include psychometric issues, alignment with Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities (CHC theory), the importance of conative factors, developmental considerations, effort, environmental factors, and variability between individuals. The discussion concludes with a specific review of the purposes of the current studies and the implications for clinical utility.
Physical and biological effects of gellan gum on decreasing postoperative adhesion in a rat model
Authors: Chang Shwu-Jen , Kuo Shyh-Ming , You Jhen-Lin , Wu Ya-Rong , Chen Shu-Ying , Lee Ming-Wei
Published: March 2013

An antiadhesion membrane made from gellan gum was fabricated and characterized. A 12-µm-thick membrane of gellan gum was prepared and reacted with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide to obtain a cross-linked membrane (G/A70) with 87% gel content and a tensile strength of 46.5 MPa. In vivo, the G/A70 membrane had 90% less tissue adhesion. Inflammation-related and extracellular matrix protein gene expression in a rat model of abdominal surgery was found by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. On day 3, after surgery, the gene expression of ceruloplasmin and type V collagen in the G/A70-treated group was 1.9 and 0.3 times that of the control group, respectively. The G/A70 membrane elicited mild inflammation but suppressed type V collagen synthesis and reduced the occurrence of tissue adhesion. These findings provide insights into the properties of gellan gum antiadhesion membranes and help to overcome problems involving tissue adhesions in surgical procedures.
Intensive Care Management Following Defibrillation of an Adolescent Girl After Recreational Inhalant Use
Authors: Woods Damith T. , Perry Andrew W. , Solomou Stacey
Published: March 2013

We report the successful out-of-hospital defibrillation and intensive care management of a 14-year-old girl who developed ventricular fibrillation following the inhalation of two 150-mL butane cigarette lighter refill canisters. Following ambulance transport to the nearest tertiary pediatric health care facility, her acute clinical course consisted of sinus tachycardia, fluctuating consciousness, and severe cerebral agitation and combativeness. Over a period of 2 weeks, her neurological function significantly improved to the point she was able to be discharged back into the community, however, not without a number of formally identified neurological deficits. Inhalant gasses, through as yet unclear mechanisms, can cause the myocardium cell membrane to become unusually sensitive to catecholamines which in turn can sometimes lead to fatal arrhythmias. This case is reported for its rarity in terms of the patient being able to be discharged back into the community and to create awareness of the sudden and potentially devastating consequences of butane inhalant use for critical care physicians and prehospital health-care personnel.
The generation principle and mathematical model of a new involute-helix gear drive
Authors: Liang Dong , Chen Bingkui , Gao Yane
Published: March 2013

A new involute-helix gear drive, which is point contact with convex and concave circular-arc tooth profiles, is proposed in this article. The basic principle characterized by the advantages of involute and circular-arc gears is put forward. Based on the theory of conjugates curves, generation and mathematical model of this new transmission are presented. The separability of center distance on involute-helix gear is discussed and meshing characteristic of point contact is also analyzed. Finally, the three-dimensional solid model of a gear pair is developed to demonstrate the properties of this new transmission.
Transient burning of non-charring materials in boundary layer diffusion flames
Authors: Tahsini AM
Published: March 2013

In this article, solid fuel transient burning behavior under oxidizer gas flow is numerically investigated. It is accomplished by the analysis of regression rate responses to the imposed sudden and oscillatory variations at inflow properties. The conjugate problem is considered by simultaneous solution of flow and solid-phase governing equations to compute the fuel regression rate. The advection upstream splitting method is used as the flow computational scheme in a finite volume method. The ignition phase is completely simulated to obtain the exact initial condition for response analysis. The results show that the transient burning effects that lead to the combustion instabilities and intermittent extinctions could be observed in solid fuels such as solid propellants.
Urbanization and gender-based violence: exploring the paradoxes in the global South
Authors: McIlwaine Cathy
Published: March 2013

This paper examines the nature and paradoxes of the relationship between urbanization and gender-based violence, especially violence against women. It highlights how such violence varies according to geographic scale as well as a range of other causal and contextual processes in cities of the global South. The discussion highlights that while the underlying causes of gender-based violence rooted in patriarchal relations are ubiquitous across place, certain “triggers” or “risks” can lead to variations between urban and rural areas. However, it also argues that the existing data on gender-based violence makes it extremely difficult to make any accurate comparison between cities and the countryside and therefore it is more helpful to focus on the relationships between urbanization and gender-based violence. On the one hand, cities provide women with greater opportunities to cope with violence more effectively in relation to tolerance, access to economic resources and institutional support. Yet on the other hand, social relations can be more fragmented, which can lead to greater incidence of violence as can the pressures of urban living, such as poverty, engagement in certain types of occupation, poor quality living conditions and the physical configuration of urban areas. Ultimately, cities themselves do not generate gender-based violence, and opportunities for reducing it can be enhanced in urban areas.
Contrasting adaptation responses by squatters and low-income tenants in Khulna, Bangladesh
Authors: Roy Manoj , Hulme David , Jahan Ferdous
Published: March 2013

This paper examines patterns of adaptive behaviour in low-income settlements(1) in Khulna, Bangladesh’s third largest city. It contrasts the adaptive behaviours of “squatter” households who “own” their land with those of tenants who rent dwellings from private landlords, and finds significant differences between the adaptive behaviours of owners and renters. This is important, as most knowledge about low-income settlements in Bangladesh originates from “owned” settlements – often called “public settlements”, as the land is officially public land. But the future growth of low-income settlements in the country is likely to be increasingly on private land, with rented dwellings. Policy lessons generated from settlements with “squatters” may be inappropriate for the next generation of “slums” that will house millions of rural migrants and people displaced by climate change. The conclusions argue that agencies seeking to assist low-income households in Bangladesh will need to craft different strategies for settlements according to different types of land tenure.
Cities through a “gender lens”: a golden “urban age” for women in the global South?
Authors: Chant Sylvia
Published: March 2013

Although urban women generally enjoy some advantages over their rural counterparts, a range of gender inequalities and injustices persist in urban areas that constrain their engagement in the labour market and in informal enterprises and inhibit the development of capabilities among younger women. These include unequal access to decent work, human capital acquisition, financial and physical assets, intra-urban mobility, personal safety and security, and representation in formal structures of urban governance. But the nature of these varies for different groups of women, not only on account of poverty status and where they live in the city, but also according to age, household characteristics, degree of engagement in income-generating activities and so on. This paper reviews what we have learnt from the literature on gender and urban development. It discusses disparities in access to education and vocational training and to land and housing ownership through a “gender lens”. It considers service deficiencies and associated time burdens, which limit income generation among women. Violence and gender, and gender divisions in access to different spaces within the city and in engagement in urban politics, are also covered. These factors cast doubt on whether women’s contributions to the prosperity often associated with urbanization are matched by commensurate returns and benefits.
What is Librarian 2.0 – New competencies or interactive relations? A library professional viewpoint
Authors: Huvila Isto , Holmberg Kim , Kronqvist-Berg Maria , Nivakoski Outi , Widén Gunilla
Published: March 2013

Library 2.0 is a change in the way libraries interact with their users. Technological developments on the Web have had a major influence on these changes. The change also places new requirements on librarians’ competencies and skills. This research investigates how librarians themselves see this change in terms of their work identity and working knowledge. The research shows what kinds of qualities and characteristics are expected from a ‘Librarian 2.0’, according to a group of professional librarians. The results associate ‘Librarian 2.0’ firmly with the Web, although some of the more traditional characteristics of librarianship have retained their relevance. This research also shows that the change towards a ‘Librarian 2.0’ can be seen as intimidating by some librarians, a fact that has to be taken into account when libraries develop their future strategies.
Evaluation of the Use of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Neonates
Authors: Chander Ankush , Nagel Kim , Wiernikowski John , Paes Bosco , Chan Anthony K. ,   the Thrombosis and Hemostasis in Newborns (THiN) Group
Published: March 2013

Controversies exist over the currently recommended guidelines for the use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in neonates. We retrospectively studied 30 neonates treated with LMWH and found a poor therapeutic response to recommended doses as measured by anti-Xa levels. Sixty percent of the study participants required their doses to be increased because of subtherapeutic anti-Xa levels during the initial course of their treatment. The mean starting enoxaparin dose was 1.53 ± 0.38 mg/kg. The mean enoxaparin dose, once therapeutic anti-Xa levels had been achieved, was 1.86 ± 0.50 mg/kg. Preterm and term infants required doses of 2.06 ± 0.61 mg/kg and 1.67 ± 0.26 mg/kg, respectively, to achieve therapeutic anti-Xa levels. In summary, our results suggest that higher initial doses are required to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation in neonates.
Grape Seed Extracts Inhibit Platelet Aggregation by Inhibiting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase
Authors: Jin Joseph Wuxun , Inoue Osamu , Suzuki-Inoue Katsue , Nishikawa Go , Kawakami Yoshinori , Hisamoto Masashi , Okuda Tohru , Ozaki Yukio
Published: March 2013

Platelets play an important role in various thrombotic diseases, including myocardial infarction. Because red wine consumption is inversely associated with death due to ischemic heart diseases, the effects of grape components on platelet function have been extensively investigated. Grape seed extracts (GSEs) reportedly inhibit platelet aggregation; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. We discovered that GSEs inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen and thrombin-receptor agonist peptide and increase basal levels of tyrosine phosphorylation, which was also observed in the presence of a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor. An in vitro phosphatase assay indicated that GSE dose dependently inhibited PTP-1B and Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 activity, which positively regulates platelet aggregation. We propose that GSEs inhibit platelet aggregation by inhibiting tyrosine phosphatase activity. Moreover, we showed that GSE ingestion inhibited platelet aggregation in mice without enhancing tail bleeding, implying that GSE supplementation might be beneficial to prevention of thrombotic diseases.
Docetaxel-associated palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Harris Christy S , Wang Dorothy , Carulli Alison
Published: March 2013

Docetaxel-associated palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia is rarely reported in literature, particularly when used in the treatment of sarcomas. Here, we report a case of docetaxel-related palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia in a 28-year-old male with recurrent Ewing sarcoma. Although palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia has been seen in the literature for 30 years, there has still been little progress in understanding and appropriately addressing this adverse effect. This case report and literature review illustrates an infrequently documented adverse skin reaction and discusses the etiology, presentation, and available treatment options for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia.
Experiences of obesity among Saudi Arabian women contemplating bariatric surgery: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Alqout Ohud , Reynolds Frances
Published: March 2013

This study explored experiences of obesity, its perceived causes and motives for surgery, as described by seven Saudi women contemplating bariatric surgery. The women experienced cultural restrictions on their physical and social activities. Obesity embodied these restrictions, attracting stigma and moral failure. Traditional clothing, foods, hospitality norms and limited outdoor female activities were regarded as barriers to weight loss. Bariatric surgery was chosen to protect health and to access normative female roles. Some were encouraged by relatives who had undergone surgery. Opting for surgery reflected both participants’ sense of powerlessness to self-manage weight and the social acceptability, within their family context, of this biomedical approach.
Health literacy: Exploring future directions and potential contributions from health psychology
Authors: Estacio Emee Vida , Comings John
Published: March 2013

Health psychology has the potential to contribute meaningfully to our understanding of the concept, processes, and outcomes of health literacy. Three areas for discussion are presented here: (1) health literacy as a multimodal concept; (2) the role of the health-care system, the professional, and tools of the trade; and (3) the relevance of social context, participation, and empowerment. The three levels of health literacy proposed by Nutbeam are mapped onto the four evolving approaches in health psychology proposed by Marks to explore the synergy between these research areas. It is hoped that this Special Section on Health Literacy will generate more discussion and activity among health psychologists into health literacy research and practice.
Sharing experiences and social support requests in an Internet forum for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Mazzoni Davide , Cicognani Elvira
Published: March 2013

Internet forums represent a useful but understudied resource to understand psychosocial aspects of living with systemic lupus erythematosus. This study was aimed to describe the demand/supply of social support through the Internet in relation with the description of personal illness experiences. All the posts (118) from an Italian forum for systemic lupus erythematosus patients were collected and analyzed combining qualitative content analysis with statistical textual analysis. The results showed different purposes for posts: starting new relationships, seeking information, receiving emotional support, and giving a contribution. Lexical analysis identified three ways of describing patients’ experiences. Discussion focuses on the relationship between the requested/offered support and systemic lupus erythematosus experiences.