bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire in Swedish tested in patients with parkinsonism
Authors: Olsson Andreas , Olsson Mia , Fedorowski Artur , Hagell Peter , Wictorin Klas
Published: July 2020

Background

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is common among older people and in particular in conditions like Parkinson’s disease (PD). The OH Questionnaire (OHQ) has been proposed as a useful patient‐reported assessment tool consisting of the OH Symptom Assessment (OHSA), OH Daily Activity Scale (OHDAS), and a composite score.

Aims of the Study

To translate the OHQ into Swedish and assess its psychometric properties.

Methods

Following forward–backward translation, the Swedish OHQ was field‐tested (n = 6) for relevance, comprehensibility, and respondent burden. It was then tested regarding scaling assumptions, targeting, reliability, and construct validity in persons with PD (n = 27) and multiple system atrophy (n = 2).

Results

The Swedish OHQ was considered relevant and easy to use, with a mean completion time of 5.3 min. Scaling assumptions were acceptable for OHSA and OHDAS (corrected item‐total correlations, .30–.67) but not for the total score (.12–.69). Floor/ceiling effects were ≤3.4% and reliability was >.64. Construct validity was supported by expected correlations with the SCOPA‐AUT, RAND‐36, and blood pressure measurements.

Conclusions

The Swedish OHQ was well received, and psychometric results suggest that the OHQ (particularly the OHDAS) is a useful tool for OH assessment in parkinsonian disorders. Further testing in larger samples is needed.
Efficacy and safety of two pegfilgrastim biosimilars: Tripegfilgrastim and pegteograstim
Authors: Kang Ka‐Won , Lee Byung‐Hyun , Jeon Min Ji , Yu Eun Sang , Kim Dae Sik , Lee Se Ryeon , Sung Hwa Jung , Choi Chul Won , Park Yong , Kim Byung Soo
Published: July 2020

Our aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of two recently developed biosimilars of pegfilgrastim, a pegylated form of the recombinant human granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) analog filgrastim with those of the reference pegfilgrastim. We retrospectively analyzed data from patients diagnosed with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who were treated with first‐line R‐CHOP chemotherapy and received pegylated G‐CSF for primary prophylaxis. The following pegylated G‐CSFs were analyzed in this study: reference pegfilgrastim (Neulasta®) and two of its biosimilars (tripegfilgrastim; Dulastin® and pegteograstim; Neulapeg®). In total, 296 patients were enrolled. The number of patients with at least one episode of neutropenia during R‐CHOP chemotherapy was the lowest in the reference cohort (pegfilgrastim: 127 of 193 patients, 65.8%; tripegfilgrastim: 64 of 69 patients, 92.8%; pegteograstim: 28 of 34 patients, 82.4%, P < .001). The number of patients with at least one episode of febrile neutropenia was also lowest in the reference cohort (pegfilgrastim: 67 of 193 patients, 34.7%; tripegfilgrastim: 38 of 69 patients, 55.1%; pegteograstim: 16 of 34 patients, 47.1%, P = .009). There were no differences in the duration of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia or treatment outcomes (rate of complete response or relapse and survival). There were no reports of grade 3 or higher adverse events requiring discontinuation of prophylactic pegylated G‐CSF in any group. The safety of the pegfilgrastim biosimilars for prophylactic purposes was comparable to that of the reference pegfilgrastim; however, in terms of their efficacy, the incidence of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia tended to be higher than that when using pegfilgrastim. The clinical relevance of these results in the biosimilar cohorts should be explored.
Effect of extruded finger millet on dough rheology and functional quality of pearl millet‐based unleavened flatbread
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Kaur Charanjit , Sethi Swati , Kaur Jambh Harpreet
Published: July 2020

Background and objectives

It has been hypothesized that extrusion can improve the viscoelasticity of dough. The present study aimed to verify the potential of extruded finger millet (EF) flour in improving the rheological, technological, nutritional, and sensory characteristics of pearl millet‐based composite dough and flatbread.

Findings

Incremental addition of EF in pearl millet (PM) composite dough caused a significant (p < .05) decrease in pasting properties of composite dough, whereas there was a significant increase in dough extensibility. The dough prepared by substituting 20% EF exhibited a higher value of the elastic share of compliance. EF significantly (p < .05) improved the puffing, textural, and nutritional quality of PM composite flatbread.

Conclusion

Addition of EF in PM improved the rheological and nutritional profile of flatbread.

Significance and novelty

Substitution of EF flour can significantly improve the technological properties, nutrition of PM‐based flatbread.
Chemoselective Hydrogenation of 6‐Alkynyl‐3‐fluoro‐2‐pyridinaldoximes: Access to First‐in‐Class 6‐Alkyl‐3‐Fluoro‐2‐pyridinaldoxime Scaffolds as New Reactivators of Sarin‐Inhibited Human Acetylcholinesterase with Increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability
Authors: Yerri Jagadeesh , Dias José , Nimmakayala Mallikajurna Reddy , Razafindrainibe Franck , Courageux Charlotte , Gastellier Anne‐Julie , Jegoux Johanne , Coisne Caroline , Landry Christophe , Gosselet Fabien , Hachani Johan , Goossens Jean‐François , Dehouck Marie‐Pierre , Nachon Florian , Baati Rachid
Published: July 2020

Novel 6‐alkyl‐ and 6‐alkenyl‐3‐fluoro‐2‐pyridinaldoximes have been synthesised by using a mild and efficient chemoselective hydrogenation of 6‐alkynyl‐3‐fluoro‐2‐pyridinaldoxime scaffolds, without altering the reducible, unprotected, sensitive oxime functionality and the C−F bond. These novel 6‐alkyl‐3‐fluoro‐2‐pyridinaldoximes may find medicinal application as antidotes to organophosphate poisoning. Indeed, one low‐molecular‐weight compound exhibited increased affinity for sarin‐inhibited acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and greater reactivation efficiency or resurrection for sarin‐inhibited hAChE, compared with those of 2‐pyridinaldoxime (2‐PAM) and 1‐({[4‐(aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxy}methyl)‐2‐[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium chloride (HI‐6), two pyridinium salts currently used as antidote by several countries. In addition, the uncharged 3‐fluorinated bifunctional hybrid showed increased in vitro blood–brain barrier permeability compared with those of 2‐PAM, HI‐6 and obidoxime. These promising features of novel low‐molecular‐weight alkylfluoropyridinaldoxime open up a new era for the design, synthesis and discovery of central non‐quaternary broad spectrum reactivators for organophosphate‐inhibited cholinesterases.
Theoretical Study on Photoisomerization Mechanisms of Diphenyl‐Substituted N,C‐Chelate Organoboron Compounds
Authors: Du Xin‐Yi , Li Quan‐Song
Published: July 2020

N,C‐chelate organoboron compounds are widely employed as photoresponsive and optoelectronic materials due to their efficient photochromic reactivity. It was found in experiments that two diphenyl‐substituted organoboron compounds, namely B(ppy)Ph2 (ppy=2‐phenylpyridyl) and B(iba)Ph2 (iba=N‐isopropylbenzylideneamine), show distinct photochemical reactivity. B(ppy)Ph2 is inert on irradiation, whereas B(iba)Ph2 undergoes photoinduced transformations, yielding BN‐cyclohepta‐1,3,5‐triene via a borirane intermediate. In this work, the complete active space self‐consistent field and its second‐order perturbation (CASPT2//CASSCF) methods were used to investigate the photoinduced reaction mechanisms of B(ppy)Ph2 and B(iba)Ph2. The calculations showed that the two compounds isomerize to borirane in the same way by passing a transition state in the S1 state and a conical intersection between the S1 and S0 states. The energy barriers in the S1 state of 0.54 and 0.26 eV for B(ppy)Ph2 and B(iba)Ph2, respectively, were explained by analyzing the charge distributions of minima in S0 and S1 states. The results provide helpful insights into the excited‐state dynamics of organoboron compounds, which could assist in rational design of boron‐based photoresponsive materials.
Shifting Towards αVβ6 Integrin Ligands Using Novel Aminoproline‐Based Cyclic Peptidomimetics
Authors: Bugatti Kelly , Bruno Agostino , Arosio Daniela , Sartori Andrea , Curti Claudio , Augustijn Lisa , Zanardi Franca , Battistini Lucia
Published: July 2020

In recognition of the key role played by integrins in several life‐threatening dysfunctions, the search for novel small‐molecule probes that selectively recognize these surface receptors is still open and widely pursued. Inspired by previously established aminoproline (Amp)‐RGD based cyclopeptidomimetics with attracting αVβ3 integrin affinity and selectivity, the design and straightforward synthesis of 18 new AmpRGD chemotypes bearing additional structural variants were herein implemented, to shift toward peptide‐like αVβ6 integrin targeted binders. The ligand competence of the synthesized products toward αVβ6 was evaluated in competitive binding assays on isolated receptors, and αVβ6/αVβ3 selectivity was determined for a subgroup of compounds, resulting in the identification of four very promising candidates. SAR considerations and docking simulations allowed us to appreciate the key structural features responsible for the observed activity.
Nucleotide‐Bearing Benzylidene‐Tetrahydroxanthylium Near‐IR Fluorophore for Sensing DNA Replication, Secondary Structures and Interactions
Authors: Kuba Miroslav , Kraus Tomáš , Pohl Radek , Hocek Michal
Published: July 2020

Thymidine triphosphate bearing benzylidene‐tetrahydroxanthylium near‐IR fluorophore linked to the 5‐methyl group via triazole was synthesized through the CuAAC reaction and was used for polymerase synthesis of labelled DNA probes. The fluorophore lights up upon incorporation to DNA (up to 348‐times) presumably due to interactions in major groove and the fluorescence further increases in the single‐stranded oligonucleotide. The labelled dsDNA senses binding of small molecules and proteins by a strong decrease of fluorescence. The nucleotide was used as a light‐up building block in real‐time PCR for detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus.
Chiral amorphous metal–organic polyhedra used as the stationary phase for high‐resolution gas chromatography separations
Authors: Tang Bo , Sun Chenyu , Wang Wei , Geng Lina , Sun Liquan , Luo Aiqin
Published: July 2020

Herein, we describe a new chiral amorphous metal–organic polyhedra used as the stationary phase for high‐resolution gas chromatography (GC). The chiral stationary phase was coated onto a capillary column via a dynamic coating process and investigated for a variety of compounds. The experimental results showed that the chiral stationary phase exhibits good selectivity for linear alkanes, linear alcohols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, isomers, and chiral compounds. In addition, the column has the advantages of high column efficiency and short analysis time. The present work indicated that amorphous metal–organic polyhedra have great potential for application as a new type of stationary phase for GC.
Pattern retrieval of yarn‐dyed plaid fabric based on modified interactive genetic algorithm
Authors: Zhang Ning , Pan Ruru , Wang Lei , Meng Shuo , Gao Weidong
Published: July 2020

With the development of perceptual consumption, consumers sometimes cannot explicitly describe the purchase demands or only based on impression, like the color perception and aesthetic experience. Based on the consumer's expression, it is difficult to design a new fabric by repeated proofing to meet the consumer's demands. To retrieve the existing patterns incorporating human intuition and emotion, this study proposed a novel pattern retrieval method of yarn‐dyed plaid fabric using modified interactive genetic algorithm. Each pattern was encoded based on the design elements and visual features were extracted to bridge the semantic gap between the designer and the consumer. Survival of the fittest and two special mutation operators, addition and deletion, were designed to increase the diversity of the generations. During the evolution, the generated patterns were replaced by the most similar patterns in the database based on visual features. Experimental results showed that the proposed scheme is feasible and effective to extract the consumer's preferences and retrieve satisfactory patterns, helping the factory obtain the process sheet to guide production and save labor and material resources.
Creating outbred and inbred populations in haplodiploids to measure adaptive responses in the laboratory
Authors: Godinho Diogo P. , Cruz Miguel A. , Charlery de la Masselière Maud , Teodoro‐Paulo Jéssica , Eira Cátia , Fragata Inês , Rodrigues Leonor R. , Zélé Flore , Magalhães Sara
Published: July 2020

Laboratory studies are often criticized for not being representative of processes occurring in natural populations. One reason for this is the fact that laboratory populations generally do not capture enough of the genetic variation of natural populations. This can be mitigated by mixing the genetic background of several field populations when creating laboratory populations. From these outbred populations, it is possible to generate inbred lines, thereby freezing and partitioning part of their variability, allowing each genotype to be characterized independently. Many studies addressing adaptation of organisms to their environment, such as those involving quantitative genetics or experimental evolution, rely on inbred or outbred populations, but the methodology underlying the generation of such biological resources is usually not explicitly documented. Here, we developed different procedures to circumvent common pitfalls of laboratory studies, and illustrate their application using two haplodiploid species, the spider mites Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus evansi. First, we present a method that increases the chance of capturing high amounts of variability when creating outbred populations, by performing controlled crosses between individuals from different field‐collected populations. Second, we depict the creation of inbred lines derived from such outbred populations, by performing several generations of sib‐mating. Third, we outline an experimental evolution protocol that allows the maintenance of a constant population size at the beginning of each generation, thereby preventing bottlenecks and diminishing extinction risks. Finally, we discuss the advantages of these procedures and emphasize that sharing such biological resources and combining them with available genetic tools will allow consistent and comparable studies that greatly contribute to our understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes.
Study of the independent gametophytes found on Jeju Island in South Korea and the first record of the obligate independent gametophyte of Antrophyum obovatum Baker
Authors: Park Sang Hee , Kim Jung Sung , Kim Hyoung Tae
Published: July 2020

Fern gametophytes have often been neglected in research; however, studies on gametophytes are crucial for a better understanding of the evolution of ferns. During their life cycle, some gametophytes produce large and long‐lived populations without producing sporophytes and reproduce independently through asexual means, such as through the formation of gemmae.

In this study, we investigated independent gametophytes on the Jeju Island of Korea, which was located on the land bridge between East China and Japan during the glacial periods. Fourteen gametophyte populations were collected from seven sites, of which 13 populations were clearly identified as belonging to four fern species known to occur in Jeju Island with BLAST searches using rbcL and trnL‐F sequences.

Surprisingly, the last remaining population constituted undescribed taxa in Korea. We presented the first report of the independent gametophytes of Antrophyum obovatum Baker which has not been previously recorded in Korea. It has been supposed that many ferns sought suitable habitat throughout the land bridge between China and Japan. However, Jeju Island might be unsuitable for vittarioid ferns that prefer a tropical or subtropical environment. Consequently, only two species of vittariod ferns (A. obovatum and Haplopteris flexuosa (Fée) E.H. Crane) in the form of a gametophyte and sporophyte, respectively, exist on Jeju Island. Therefore, this gametophyte population must be protected and managed from a conservation perspective.

In the case of the independent gametophyte of Hymenophyllum wrightii Bosch, haplotype analysis was conducted based on the rbcL sequences and the result supported that the North American populations were migrated from Japan through land bridge during the glacial periods and Jeju populations were recently established by long‐distance dispersal of the Japanese populations.
Growth and survival of the superorganism: Ant colony macronutrient intake and investment
Authors: Gutiérrez Yeisson , Phung Tung , Mumma Harald , Ambrose‐Winters Arden , Scherber Christoph , Smith Chris R.
Published: July 2020

In this study, we used two common ant species (Lasius niger and Lasius neoniger) to assay how they translate variation in the diet (both in composition and frequency) into growth. We measured colony development for over 8 months and measured several phenotypic traits of the worker caste, and examined whether forager preference corresponded with diet quality. Optimal colony growth was a balance between survival and growth, and each of these was maximized with different nutrient regimes. Interestingly, forager preference was not totally aligned with the diet that maximized colony growth. Our results highlight that: (a) organism and superorganism size are controlled by the same nutrients, and this may reflect a common molecular basis for size across life's organizational levels, (b) there are nutrient trade‐offs that are associated with life‐history trade‐offs, likely leading to selection for a balanced diet, and (c) the connection between the preference of foragers for different nutrients and how nutrient combinations affect colony success and demographics are complex and only beginning to be understood.
Climate and vegetation structure shape ant communities along elevational gradients on the Colorado Plateau
Authors: Uhey Derek A. , Hofstetter Richard W. , Remke Michael , Vissa Sneha , Haubensak Karen A.
Published: July 2020

Terrestrial animal communities are largely shaped by vegetation and climate. With climate also shaping vegetation, can we attribute animal patterns solely to climate? Our study observes ant community changes along climatic gradients (i.e., elevational gradients) within different habitat types (i.e., open and forest) on the Colorado Plateau in the southwestern United States. We sampled ants and vegetation along two elevational gradients spanning 1,132 m with average annual temperature and precipitation differences of 5.7°C and 645mm, respectively. We used regression analyses and structural equation modeling to compare the explanatory powers and effect sizes of climate and vegetation variables on ants. Climate variables had the strongest correlations and the largest effect sizes on ant communities, while vegetation composition, richness, and primary productivity had relatively small effects. Precipitation was the strongest predictor for most ant community metrics. Ant richness and abundance had a negative relationship with precipitation in forested habitats, and positive in open habitats. Our results show strong direct climate effects on ants with little or no effects of vegetation composition or primary productivity, but contrasting patterns between vegetation type (i.e., forested vs. open) with precipitation. This indicates vegetation structure can modulate climate responses of ant communities. Our study demonstrates climate‐animal relationships may vary among vegetation types which can impact both findings from elevational studies and how communities will react to changes in climate.
Synthesis, Isomerization and Electrocatalytic Properties of Thiolate‐Bridged Dicobalt Hydride Complexes with Different Substituents
Authors: Wang Chunlong , Li Jianzhe , Yang Dawei , Tong Peng , Sun Puhua , Wang Baomin , Qu Jingping
Published: July 2020

Through different pathways, two unsaturated thiolate‐bridged CoIICoII complexes [Cp*Co(µ‐SR)2CoCp*] (1, R = Ph; 3, R = iPr, Cp* = η5‐C5Me5) were successfully synthesized. Interaction of complexes 1 or 3 with HBF4 resulted in oxidative addition to give the corresponding thiolate‐bridged CoIIICoIII hydride bridged complexes 4[BF4] and 5[BF4]. 1H NMR spectroscopic results indicate there exist two conformational isomers after protonation, in which the substituents on the thiolate ligands arranged in a symmetric or unsymmetric geometry. Interestingly, major sym‐4[BF4] can irreversibly convert into minor unsym‐4[BF4] at 30 °C evidenced by time‐dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy. Surprisingly, two isomers of 5[BF4] remain a dynamic equilibrium from –80 to 30 °C corroborated by variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectra. Furthermore, these thiolate‐bridged dicobalt hydride complexes are proved to be catalysts for electrocatalytic proton reduction by cyclic voltammetry. Notably, complex 5[BF4] exhibits better catalytic activity, which highlights the importance of the flexibility of the auxiliary ligand.
Chromium(VI) Bisimido Dichloro, Bisimido Alkylidene, and Chromium(V) Bisimido Iodo N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes
Authors: Panyam Pradeep K. R. , Stöhr Laura , Wang Dongren , Frey Wolfgang , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: July 2020

Reaction of CrCl2(N‐tBu)2 with 1,3‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (IMe), 1,3‐dimethyl‐4,5‐dichloroimidazol‐2‐ylidene (IMeCl2), 1,3‐di(2‐propyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IPr), 1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (IMes) and 1,3‐bis(2,6‐(2‐Pr)2C6H3)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IDipp) yields the corresponding N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) adducts CrCl2(IMe)(N‐tBu)2 (1), CrCl2(IMeCl2)(N‐tBu)2 (2), CrCl2(IPr)(N‐tBu)2 (3), CrCl2(IMes)(N‐tBu)2 (4) and CrCl2(IDipp)(N‐tBu)2 (5). Likewise, reaction of CrCl2(N‐2,6‐(2‐Pr)2C6H3)2 and CrCl2(N‐adamantyl)2 with IMes yields CrCl2(N‐2,6‐(2‐Pr)2C6H3)2(IMes) (6) and CrCl2(N‐adamantyl)2(IMes) (7), respectively. Reaction of CrCl2(N‐tBu)2 with the bidentate NHCs 1‐R‐3‐(1‐(2‐LiO‐C6H4))imidazol‐2‐ylidene yields the corresponding pentacoordinated Cr(VI) complexes CrCl2(1‐R‐3‐(1‐(2‐O‐C6H4))imidazol‐2‐ylidene)2C6H3)2(IMes) (R = 2,4,6‐(CH3)3C6H2, 8), (R = tBu, 9), (R = 2‐phenyl‐C6H4, 10). Reaction of the chromium(VI) complex Cr(N‐2,6‐(2‐Pr)2‐C6H3)2(CH2C(CH3)3)2 with 1,3‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene·AgI yields the bimetallic silver adduct of the chromium alkylidene complex (11) along with the tetrahedral chromium(V) complex CrI(N‐2,6‐(2‐Pr)2‐C6H3)2(1,3‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) (12). Compounds 1–4, 7, 9–12 were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Finally, the chromium(VI) bisimido‐amido complexes 13–14 bearing the N‐6‐(2‐(diethylboryl)phenyl)pyridyl‐2‐yl‐motif are reported.
Silver‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Pyrrolidine‐Lactones by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: García‐Mingüens Eduardo , Caletková Oľga , Berkeš Dušan , Nájera Carmen , Sansano José M.
Published: July 2020

The preparation of two enantiomerically enriched amino lactones as chiral starting substrates for asymmetric 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions is described. They act as precursors of the chiral imino lactones, which form in situ the corresponding azomethine ylides. They react with electrophilic alkenes under silver catalysis to afford spirolactone‐pyrrolidines products. The sequential method consisting in one‐pot imine formation → cycloaddition is optimized and compared with the multicomponent process. The scope of the reaction is studied as well as the stereochemical outcomes and the mechanistic details using DFT calculations and X‐ray diffraction analysis.
The heterogeneous effect of retirement on informal care behavior
Authors: Bergeot Julien , Fontaine Roméo
Published: July 2020

It is often argued that the increased labor market participation of seniors threatens family support provided to dependent elderly people. The purpose of this paper is to assess the causal effect of retirement on the frequency of care provided by individuals aged 55–69 years to their elderly parent. Using data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we estimate an endogenous switching model that allows the retirement effect to be heterogeneous with respect to observed and unobserved characteristics. To tackle the possible endogeneity of selection into retirement, we use the heterogeneity of retirement rules between and within European countries. On average, being retired does not significantly impact the probability of providing care but significantly increases the frequency of care conditional on being caregiver. The same pattern is observed regardless of the individual observed characteristics, even if the provision of informal care appears to be less sensitive to the retirement status when the child cannot rely on the other parent to provide care or when both parents are in poor health. These results suggest that pension system reforms should not affect the number of caregivers. Some adverse effects on the intensity of involvement among caregivers are nevertheless expected.
Projection of extreme flood inundation in the Mekong River basin under 4K increasing scenario using large ensemble climate data
Authors: Try Sophal , Tanaka Shigenobu , Tanaka Kenji , Sayama Takahiro , Hu Maochuan , Sok Ty , Oeurng Chantha
Published: July 2020

Projecting changes in the frequency and intensity of future precipitation and flooding is critical for the development of social infrastructure under climate change. The Mekong River is among the world's large‐scale rivers severely affected by climate change. This study aims to define the duration of precipitation contributing to peak floods based on its correlation with peak discharge and inundation volume in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB). We assessed the changes in precipitation and flood frequency using a large ensemble Database for Policy Decision‐Making for Future Climate Change (d4PDF). River discharge in the Mekong River Basin (MRB) and flood inundation in the LMB were simulated by a coupled rainfall‐runoff and inundation (RRI) model. Results indicated that 90‐day precipitation counting backward from the day of peak flooding had the highest correlation with peak discharge (R2 = .81) and inundation volume (R2 = .81). The ensemble mean of present simulation of d4PDF (1951–2010) showed good agreement with observed extreme flood events in the LMB. The probability density of 90‐day precipitation shifted from the present to future climate experiments with a large variation of mean (from 777 to 900 mm) and SD (from 57 to 96 mm). Different patterns of sea surface temperature significantly influence the variation of precipitation and flood inundation in the LMB in the future (2051–2110). Extreme flood events (50‐year, 100‐year, and 1,000‐year return periods) showed increases in discharge, inundation area, and inundation volume by 25%–40%, 19%–36%, and 23%–37%, respectively.
Chloride source delineation in an urban‐agricultural watershed: Deicing agents versus agricultural contributions
Authors: Oberhelman Andrew , Peterson Eric W.
Published: July 2020

Analyses (n = 525) of chloride (Cl−), bromide (Br−), nitrate as nitrogen (NO3‐N), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) in stream water, tile‐drain water and groundwater were conducted in an urban‐agricultural watershed (10% urban/impervious, 87% agriculture) to explore potential differences in the signature of Cl− originating from an urban source as compared with an agricultural source. Only during winter recharge events did measured Cl− concentrations exceed the 230 mg/L chronic threshold. At base flow, nearly all surface water and tile water samples had Cl− concentrations above the calculated background threshold of 18 mg/L. Mann–Whitney U tests revealed ratios of Cl− to Br− (p = .045), to NO3‐N (p < .0001), to Ca2+ (p < .0001), and to Na+ (p < .0001) to be significantly different between urban and agricultural waters. While Cl− ratios indicate that road salt was the dominant source of Cl− in the watershed, potassium chloride fertilizer contributed as an important secondary source. Deicing in watersheds where urban land use is minimal had a profound impact on Cl− dynamics; however, agricultural practices contributed Cl− year‐round, elevating stream base flow Cl− concentrations above the background level.
Outcomes of subsequent pregnancies following Zika virus infection: A comparative case series
Authors: Melo Adriana , Oliveira‐Szejnfeld Patrícia S. , Malinger Gustavo , Tavares Jousilene S. , Melo Fabiana O. , Coutinho Larissa Cristina Q. M. , Gama Gabriela L. , Moll Fernanda T. , Aguiar Renato S. , Tanuri Amílcar , Amorim Melania M.
Published: July 2020

Neither microcephaly nor neurological damage was found in children born from pregnancies subsequent to one resulting in an infant with congenital Zika syndrome.
Performing gynecologic cancer surgery during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkey: A multicenter retrospective observational study
Authors: Dursun Polat , Dervisoglu Haluk , Daggez Mine , Turan Taner , Kiliç Fatih , Tekin Özlem M. , Üreyen Işin , Toptaş Tayfun , Demirayak Gökhan , Önder Ayşe B. , Çelik Çetin , Bayramoğlu Denizhan , Guzel Ahmet B. , Arioz Dagistan T. , Bilir Filiz , Ozdemir Isa A. , Tasci Tolga , Karalok Alper , Karateke Ateş
Published: July 2020

Objective

To report the perioperative outcomes of 200 patients with gynecologic cancer who underwent surgery during the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID‐19) pandemic and the safety of surgical approach.

Methods

Data of patients operated between March 10 and May 20, 2020, were collected retrospectively. Data were statistically analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows v. SP21.0.

Results

Data of 200 patients were included. Their mean age was 56 years. Of the patients, 54% (n=108), 27.5% (n=55), 12.5% (n=25), and 2% (n=4) were diagnosed as having endometrial, ovarian, cervical, and vulvar cancer, respectively. Of them, 98% underwent non‐emergent surgery. A minimally invasive surgical approach was used in 18%. Stage 1 cancer was found in 68% of patients. Surgeons reported COVID‐related changes in 10% of the cases. The rate of postoperative complications was 12%. Only two patients had cough and suspected pneumonic lesions on thoracic computed tomography postoperatively, but neither was positive for COVID‐19 on polymerase chain reaction testing.

Conclusion

Based on the present findings, it is thought that gynecologic cancer surgery should continue during the COVID‐19 pandemic while adhering to the measures. Postponement or non‐surgical management should only be considered in patients with documented infection.

Gynecologic cancer surgery should continue during the COVID‐19 pandemic while adhering to measures. Only 1% of patients developed COVID‐19‐related symptoms during the postoperative follow‐up period.
Research and development of smart irrigation in China*
Authors: Yu Yingduo , Li Zhao , Gao Zhanyi
Published: July 2020

Smart irrigation systems are the focus of modern agriculture and have many engineering applications in China, in a still growing trend. According to the communication mode between the irrigation controller and the on‐farm execute devices, such as solenoids and sensors, irrigation controllers currently used in agriculture fields can be classified into three categories: (a) multi‐wire controller, (b) wireless controller, and (c) two‐wire decoder controller. The characteristics and application scopes of these three irrigation controllers are summarized and analysed; the result shows that the wireless controller and two‐wire decoder controller are more suitable for the large‐scale intensive irrigated agriculture in China. In addition, control of irrigation systems is gradually progressing from the conventional open‐loop mode to the closed‐loop mode, which can achieve precise irrigation decisions based on sensor feedback and crop water requirement model. Furthermore, non‐destructive testing technologies, such as crop canopy infrared temperature sensors and meteorological sensors, which can safely reflect crop drought or soil moisture over a large area are preferred as feedback sensors of irrigation controllers. More importantly, with the development of the internet, local operation of irrigation controllers is gradually being replaced by remote control, and then by comprehensive control and management, based on cloud computation. The application of internet technology can efficiently manage multiple irrigation controllers located in different places, make big data collections, share irrigation experiences, and make reasonable irrigation decisions much easier. This paper introduces the development of smart irrigation in China. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaling up clinical pharmacy practice in Africa: Current challenges and the future
Authors: Njuguna Benson , Berhane Haftay , Ndemo Francis Abuga , Opanga Sylvia
Published: July 2020

The potential of clinical pharmacy to improve patient health outcomes is yet to be fully realized in Africa as the practice remains scarce. In this paper, we highlight the current status, gaps, and opportunities for clinical pharmacy scale‐up in the region. Persistent gaps in clinical pharmacy practice include undergraduate and postgraduate curricula that are inadequate in producing practice‐ready clinical pharmacists. Experiential training is insufficient, and its effectiveness is limited by an inadequate number of trained clinical pharmacy preceptors at practice sites. At the institutional level, a lack of formalized job descriptions, low numbers of practicing clinical pharmacists, and lack of tools to facilitate documentation of clinical pharmacy activities and interventions pose practice challenges. Finally, there is inadequate policy and legislation to guide the increase of clinical pharmacy practice. Curriculum reform of the traditional Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) program at the undergraduate level is needed to prepare pharmacy students for direct patient care roles. In addition, there is a need to increase Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) programs and adopt innovative postgraduate programs for clinical pharmacist specialization, such as residencies and fellowships. Experiential training can be strengthened by making it longitudinal, and conducting it in practice sites with trained clinical pharmacy preceptors. At the level of hospital institutions, clear job descriptions need to be crafted for clinical pharmacists, and systems to facilitate documentation of their activities and interventions created. Finally, national policy and legislation on clinical pharmacy practice is needed to facilitate required training and practice reforms, and guide hospital implementation of clinical pharmacy practice.
The role of protein kinase C alpha in tri‐ortho‐cresyl phosphate‐induced autophagy in human neuroblastoma SK‐N‐SH cells
Authors: Deng Qiang , Jiang Lan , Mao Liang , Song Xiao‐Hua , He Chu‐Qi , Li Xiao‐Ling , Zhang Zhao‐Hui , Zeng Huai‐Cai , Chen Jia‐xiang , Long Ding‐Xin
Published: July 2020

As an organophosphorus ester, tri‐ortho‐cresyl phosphate (TOCP) has been widely used in agriculture and industry. It is reported that TOCP can induce organophosphate‐induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) in sensitive animal and human species. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying TOCP‐induced neurotoxicity are still unknown. In this study, we found that TOCP could induce autophagy by activating protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) signaling in neuroblastoma SK‐N‐SH cells. PKCα activators could positively regulate TOCP‐induced autophagy by increasing the expression levels of neighbor BRCA1 gene protein 1 (NBR1), LC3 and P62 autophagic receptor protein. Furthermore, PKCα activation impaired the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS), resulting in inhibition of proteasome activity and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. UPS dysfunction could stimulate autophagy to serve as a compensatory pathway, which contributed to the accumulation of the abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and degradation of impaired proteins of the MAP 2 and NF‐H families in neurodegenerative disorders.
Postnatal di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate exposure affects hippocampal dentate gyrus morphogenesis
Authors: Komada Munekazu , Nagao Tetsuji , Kagawa Nao
Published: July 2020

Di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used phthalate for the production of flexible polyvinyl chloride. Recent studies in humans reported a widespread DEHP exposure, raising concerns in infants whose metabolic and excretory systems are immature. DEHP is a potential endocrine‐disrupting chemical, but the effects of postnatal DEHP exposure on neuronal development are unclear. The dentate gyrus (DG) is critical in the consolidation of information from short‐ to long‐term memory, as well as spatial learning. We evaluated neurodevelopmental toxicity due to neonatal DEHP exposure by assessing neurogenesis in the DG. Newborn mice were orally administered DEHP from postnatal day (PND) 12 to 25. We performed immunostaining using neuronal markers at different stages to assess whether DEHP exposure affects neurons at specific differentiation stages at PND 26 and PND 110. We found that in mice, postnatal DEHP exposure led to a decrease in the number of Type‐1, ‐2a, ‐2b, and ‐3 neural progenitor cells, as well as granule cells in the hippocampal DG at PND 26. Further, the results showed that neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation were also reduced in the hippocampal DG of the DEHP‐exposed mice. However, no effect on memory and learning was observed. Overall, our results suggest that neurodevelopmental toxicity due to postnatal DEHP exposure might affect postnatal DG morphogenesis.
Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism: A Heterogeneous Disorder Often Misdiagnosed?
Authors: Zavatta Guido , Clarke Bart L
Published: July 2020

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NHPT) was first described over 10 years ago, but uncertainties still remain about its definition, prevalence, and rates of complications. As a result, consensus management guidelines for this condition have not yet been published. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the pathophysiology of NHPT, but it may be a heterogeneous disorder with multiple causes, rather than a single etiology that explains this biochemical phenotype. A common clinical concern is whether NHPT should be treated surgically when complications are already present at first recognition of the disorder, rather than following patients clinically over time. The literature on NHPT is based mostly on larger studies of population‐based cohorts and smaller studies from referral centers. Lack of rigorous diagnostic criteria and selection bias inherent in populations seen at tertiary referral centers may explain the heterogeneity of reported rates of bone and renal complications in relation to consistently mild laboratory alterations. Unresolved questions remain about the significance of NHPT when it is diagnosed biochemically without evident bone or kidney complications. Moreover, its natural history remains to be elucidated because a proportion of what is classified as NHPT may revert to normal spontaneously, thus revealing previously unrecognized secondary hyperparathyroidism. These issues indicate that caution should be used in recommending surgery for NHPT. This review will focus on recent issues regarding the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of NHPT. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Association of Methotrexate, Sulfasalazine, and Hydroxychloroquine Use With Fracture in Postmenopausal Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Findings From the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Carbone Laura , Vasan Sowmya , Elam Rachel , Gupta Sandeepkumar , Tolaymat Omar , Crandall Carolyn , Wactawski‐Wende Jean , Johnson Karen C
Published: July 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the extent to which disease‐modifying antirheumatic medications (DMARDs) used as part of a triple therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) including methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine are associated with fractures in postmenopausal women with RA. Incident fractures following use of methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and/or hydroxychloroquine in postmenopausal women with RA in the Women's Health Initiative were estimated by Cox proportional hazards using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs after consideration of potential confounders. There were 1201 women with RA enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative included in these analyses, of which 74% were white, 17% were black, and 9% were of other or unknown race/ethnicity. Of the women with RA, 421 (35%) had not used methotrexate, sulfasalazine, or hydroxychloroquine, whereas 519 (43%) women had used methotrexate, 83 (7%) sulfasalazine, and 363 (30%) hydroxychloroquine alone or in combination at some time during study follow‐up. Over a median length of 6.46 years of follow‐up, in multivariable adjusted models, no statistically significant association was found between methotrexate (HR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8–1.6), sulfasalazine (HR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.2–1.5), or hydroxychloroquine (HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.7–1.5) use and incident fractures or between combination therapy with methotrexate and sulfasalazine or methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine use (HR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.5–1.6) and incident fractures. In conclusion, postmenopausal women with RA receiving any component of triple therapy should not be expected to have any substantial reduction in fracture risk from use of these DMARDs. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Vitamin C inhibits glycidamide‐induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in Sertoli cells
Authors: Orta Yilmaz Banu , Yildizbayrak Nebahat , Aydin Yasemin
Published: July 2020

Exposure to the food contaminant acrylamide and its reactive epoxide metabolite glycidamide (GA) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated oxidative stress and subsequent cellular death. Recent studies have revealed that the toxic effects of acrylamide may be due to GA, especially on male reproductive system cells. In this regard, it is important to determine the effects of GA on Sertoli cells, which are essential cells for the male reproductive system. Antioxidants should be consumed in sufficient quantities to minimise the effects of environmental pollutants. This study aimed to determine the direct toxic effects of GA and protective effects of vitamin C (VitC) against GA‐induced damage in Sertoli cells by measuring cell viability, cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, ROS, antioxidant enzyme levels, apoptosis and DNA damage. Sertoli cells were exposed to GA for 24 hours at four different concentrations (ranging between 1 and 1000 μM) and in addition to these GA concentrations to VitC (50 μM). The results of cytotoxicity markers, such as cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) showed that GA significantly reduced cell viability and increased LDH levels. We also found that GA induced overproduction of intracellular ROS, increased lipid peroxidation in cellular membrane and triggered cell apoptosis and genotoxicity. In addition, VitC supplementation ameliorated the adverse effects of GA on Sertoli cells. Consequently, these findings suggest that GA may damage the cell function in Sertoli cells, depending on the concentration. Additionally, it was evidenced that VitC has an ameliorative effect on toxicity caused by GA.
Three‐component reaction for synthesis of2‐amino‐6‐aryl‐5‐(phenylamino)‐3,7‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐one derivatives in water
Authors: Yang Xiaopeng , Li Chunmei , Qi Chenze , Zhang Furen
Published: July 2020

A new three‐component domino reaction for the synthesis of 2‐amino‐6‐aryl‐5‐(phenylamino)‐3,7‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐one derivatives4using acetic acid as catalyst has been established. The reaction was performed in aqueous media using readily available and inexpensive 2,6‐diaminopyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one1, 2,2‐dihydroxy‐1‐arylethan‐1‐one2and aniline3as substrates. The simple and efficient one‐pot three‐component approach, inexpensive catalyst, green reaction media, make the present methodology a good synthetic procedure.
The variability of the serological response to SARS‐corona virus‐2: Potential resolution of ambiguity through determination of avidity (functional affinity)
Authors: Bauer Georg
Published: July 2020

Data on the serological response toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in 16 recent reports were analyzed and a high degree of variability was shown. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) responses were either found earlier than IgG, or together with IgG, later than IgG, or were missing. Therefore, clear distinctions between early, intermediate, and past infections are obviously not possible merely on the basis of IgM and IgG determinations. A review of publications on the serology of other virus groups shows that variable IgM responses can be found as well and therefore are not unique for SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. A model to explain this variability is proposed. The inclusion of avidity determination into regular diagnostic procedures has allowed to resolve such “atypical” serological constellations. The potential use of avidity determination for the diagnosis of COVID‐19, for risk assessment, epidemiological studies, analysis of cross reactions, as well as for the control of vaccination programs is suggested and discussed.
Delta opioid receptor activation modulates affective pain and modality‐specific pain hypersensitivity associated with chronic neuropathic pain
Authors: Cahill Catherine M. , Holdridge Sarah V. , Liu Shiwei (Steve) , Xue Lihua , Magnussen Claire , Ong Edmund , Grenier Patrick , Sutherland Anne , Olmstead Mary C.
Published: July 2020

Delta opioid receptor (DOR) agonists alleviate nociceptive behaviors in various chronic pain models, including neuropathic pain, while having minimal effect on sensory thresholds in the absence of injury. The mechanisms underlying nerve injury‐induced enhancement of DOR function are unclear. We used a peripheral nerve injury (PNI) model of neuropathic pain to assess changes in the function and localization of DORs in mice and rats. Intrathecal administration of DOR agonists reversed mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The dose‐dependent thermal antinociceptive effects of DOR agonists were shifted to the left in PNI rats. Administration of DOR agonists produced a conditioned place preference in PNI, but not in sham, animals, whereas the DOR antagonist naltrindole produced a place aversion in PNI, but not in sham, mice, suggesting the engagement of endogenous DOR activity in suppressing pain associated with the injury. GTPγS autoradiography revealed an increase in DOR function in the dorsal spinal cord, ipsilateral to PNI. Immunogold electron microscopy and in vivo fluorescent agonist assays were used to assess changes in the ultrastructural localization of DORs in the spinal dorsal horn. In shams, DORs were primarily localized within intracellular compartments. PNI significantly increased the cell surface expression of DORs within lamina IV‐V dendritic profiles. Using neonatal capsaicin treatment, we identified that DOR agonist‐induced thermal antinociception was mediated via receptors expressed on primary afferent sensory neurons but did not alter mechanical thresholds. These data reveal that the regulation of DORs following PNI and suggest the importance of endogenous activation of DORs in regulating chronic pain states.