bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Damage Claims from the 1991 Gulf War: State Responsibility and Community Interests
Authors: Sand Peter H
Published: May 2011

Most commentators on the work of the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) agree that the Commission and its law-making record were rather unique in international law, both in terms of institutional and procedural characteristics, and in terms of the substantive legal rules applied. Within the Commission's range of work in turn, there is a distinct segment that stands apart from the general context of the UNCC ‘regime’; namely the system of compensation for environmental claims, referred to as the ‘F4’ category. This chapter seeks to clarify the question as to why and how, or to what extent, the rules applied to environmental claims were indeed different, or sui generis, as compared with the rest of the UNCC. It is only after this kind of analytic clarification that the ulterior question can be asked as to whether the UNCC/F4 experience may hold any precedential lessons for other claims proceedings in the future.
Deviations from Ownership-Control Proportionality—Economic Protectionism Revisited
Authors: Ringe Wolf-Georg
Published: May 2011

This chapter revisits some of the aspects of the one share/one vote (OSOV) debate in the shadow of the protectionist fears that have lurked in the corners of discussions since the beginning of the financial crisis. It begins with an overview of the current OSOV debate, including the EU's policy agenda as well as the approach taken by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the academic debate. It then explores the presence of deviations from OSOV in the business world, both from a current and a historic perspective. This allows the evaluation of the landscape seen by some to be developing as a consequence of the recent 2008/09 financial crisis. Finally, implications from this new perspective are drawn.
‘Writing the Lives of Painters’
Authors: Junod Karen
Published: May 2011

This book explores the development of artists' biographies in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. The development of the art market and the burgeoning of an exhibition culture all contributed to redefining the rank of artists in society. This social redefinition of the status of artists in Britain was shaped by a thriving print culture. Contemporary artists were discussed in a wide range of literary forms, including exhibition reviews, art-critical pamphlets, and journalistic gossip-columns. Biographical accounts of modern artists emerged in a dialogue with these other types of writing. This book is an account of a new literary genre, tracing its emergence in the cultural context of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It considers artistic biography as a malleable generic framework for investigation. Indeed, while the lives of painters in Britain did not completely abandon traditional tropes, the genre significantly widened its scope and created new individual and social narratives that reflected and accommodated the needs and desires of new reading audiences. This book also maintains that the proliferation of a myriad biographical forms mirrored the privileging of artistic originality and difference within an art world that had yet to generate a coherent ‘British School’ of painting. Finally, by focusing on the emergence of individual biographies of British artists, this book examines how and why the art-historiographic model established by Georgio Vasari was gradually dismantled in the hands of British biographers during the Romantic period.
3 William Beckford's Biographical Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters (1780)
Authors: Junod Karen
Published: May 2011

Chapter 3 argues that Beckford's Biographical Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters (1780) should be regarded as an idiosyncratic response to the connoisseurial discourse elaborated in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Beckford's knowledge of art and art theory, combined with his talents as a satirical novelist, produced a work which was not only funny but also theoretically insightful. Beckford's work directly responded to, and was inspired by, other contemporary writing on art and artists. Indeed, the Memoirs was closely related to other artistic satires produced in England, by writers such as Henry Bate Dudley, Peter Pindar, and Anthony Pasquin. Beckford's text also contains certain tropes and topoi – already present in Walpole's Anecdotes – which participated in constructing specific artistic individualities, some of which would re-emerge later in the lives of historical British painters.
Responsibility as a Form of Accountability and the UN Legal Order
Authors: Tzanakopoulos Antonios
Published: May 2011

In introducing the book, this chapter discusses whether it is meaningful to study the question of ‘accountability’ of international organizations in general, and of the United Nations Security Council in particular. It argues that the term ‘accountability’ is too open-ended, and that too many different forms of accountability exist (political, legal, reputational, financial, etc.) for the term to be used without further clarification. The chapter then seeks to determine whether any of the forms of accountability presented can effectively be implemented with respect to Security Council action. It concludes that the focus needs to be on responsibility, i.e., on the legal form of accountability, and sets the scene for the discussion of the international responsibility of the United Nations for Security Council action that will follow.
Elegy and Its Traditional Possibilities
Authors: Garner R. Scott
Published: May 2011

After summarizing the evidence for the oral performance of early Greek poetry in general, Chapter 1 represents an initial investigation into the possibilities that existed for the employment of traditional and formulaic phraseology within archaic elegy. Within Homeric epic, oral‐formulaic phraseology existed in symbiosis with a flexible partitioning system in which each stichic hexameter was separable into four recognizable units (or cola) which could then be combined to produce composite verses consisting of regularized and traditional content. In the hexameter portion of early elegiac couplets, this same four‐part division can also be observed, while the so‐called pentameter line within each couplet also regularly divides into four integral units. In the end analysis, it is clear that archaic Greek elegy possessed a metrical partitioning scheme that would have allowed for the possibility of employing formulaic phraseology.
Formulas in Early Greek Elegy
Authors: Garner R. Scott
Published: May 2011

Given the structuring properties discovered for archaic Greek elegy in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 proceeds to demonstrate that such structuring tendencies were used to great benefit by elegists for the employment of regularly recurring phrases that could be adapted to fit varying metrical contexts. Through the investigation of a subset of poetic phraseology labeled “lexical formulas,” that is, “groups of two or more lexemes that appear together regularly in order to fill out completely a traditionally defined colon or cola either by themselves or in conjunction with prepositive or postpositive words,” this chapter demonstrates that recurring phrases within archaic elegy were localized and transformed within the couplet according to standardized rules that share great affinity with the techniques that lay at the heart of early Greek epic. There did indeed exist, then, a traditional system of meter and poetic language that would have enabled elegiac poets to employ formulaic phraseology within their verses, and this system seems to work in symbiosis with epic verse‐making techniques rather than as a parallel but generically separate practice.
Epic Correption or “Traditional” Correption?
Authors: Garner R. Scott
Published: May 2011

This chapter demonstrates that the formulaic possibilities discovered in previous chapters for early Greek elegy were actively at work during the archaic period rather than existing as an already moribund tradition playing a much less dynamic role in shaping the elegiac verse that has survived from that time. The evidence for this claim comes in the form of the metrical anomaly of epic correption, in which a long vowel or diphthong at the end of a word is shortened before an initial vowel or diphthong in the following word. This phenomenon — which exists in both epic and elegiac verse — is clearly tied to the modification of traditional phraseology as it is adapted to fit within less regular poetic environments, whether these occur in epic or elegiac contexts, and therefore shows active manipulation of such phraseology within traditionally prescribed limits.
The Medieval Pilgrimage Business
Authors: Bell Adrian R. , Dale Richard S.
Published: May 2011

Although medieval pilgrimage has been the subject of extensive historical research, the economic and financial dimension has been somewhat neglected. This paper is an attempt to provide a synthesis of published and unpublished work on pilgrimage, focusing on the business management and promotional aspects of pilgrimage shrines. From the literature reviewed, it is clear that many ‘modern’ business practices were being widely used by pilgrimage centers throughout Europe in the middle ages. Examples can be found of active brand management and promotional techniques adopted by shrines operating within a highly competitive market for pilgrimage services.
A Capital-Based Approach to the Firm
Authors: Lewin Peter
Published: May 2011

This article investigates the nature of human capital (HC) through its relationship to the concept of capital more broadly. It shows that a ‘proper’ understanding of capital suggests that HC is a logical component of the capital structure of the economy and the organizations that comprise it. In contrast to the classical, the neoclassical, and (by implication) the Marxist view of capital, the Austrian view naturally embraces HC and other forms of ‘intangible’ capital such as intellectual and social capital. The relationship of HC to other forms of capital is subtle and is investigated here in some detail. Finally, the article examines how an all-embracing, fundamentally sound understanding of capital provides one with a flexible framework for the examination of a wide-ranging set of issues, including the relationship between production structures and organizational structures, the phenomenon of modularity (in production and organization), and the connection between planning and entrepreneurship.
Human Capital and Agency Theory
Authors: Spender J.‐C.
Published: May 2011

This article considers the ‘obvious’ relationship between human capital (HC) and agency theory (AT) with two goals in mind. First, to show how principal–agent theory (PAT) – the AT variant most understood by agency theory – clarifies HC as a way of describing individuals in the organizational context. Second, to explore how PAT's own shortcomings illuminate possibilities implicit but underexplored in the HC literature; for while a workplace relationship between PAT and HC seems obvious, it is conceptually complicated. The article begins with a review of the two concepts' history and the research programs from which they emerged. After considering the PAT–HC interaction, it shows how HC might contribute to the theory of the firm. Many see the firm as a socioeconomic context in which HC and agency issues collide under management's direction as other forms of capital enter the mix.
Human Capital, Entrepreneurship, and the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Loasby Brian J.
Published: May 2011

This article focuses on the entrepreneurship literature – which implies rather than offers an articulate theory of the firm. It suggests that entrepreneurship, the firm, and human capital form a natural grouping because they have a common foundation. The article lays down several radical points. Neoclassical theory has neither a place nor a need for an entrepreneurial theory of the firm – or a theory of the entrepreneurial firm. It defines the firm as determined by external (market) forces – so is often labelled a theory of markets rather than of firms. Economic theory is not overly interested in firms, their internal arrangements, or even why they exist. Insofar as individuals are present in the analysis, standard explanations ‘all rely on a reallocation of decision rights to resolve some conflict of incentives, and when this has been achieved everyone acts independently’.
Human Capital, HR Strategy, and Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Boxall Peter
Published: May 2011

Strategic human-resource management (HRM) is a management discipline concerned with analysing strategic problems, choices, and outcomes in the management of work and people in organizations. Organizations of all sizes – small, medium, and large – can be analysed from a strategic HRM perspective because all depend on some kind of ‘human resourcing’ process. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of human capital (HC) from a strategic HRM perspective. It starts by outlining basic premises about the nature of HC. The article then examines three questions that are important for the analysis of HC and its relationship with firms' HR strategies and performance. The first is concerned with strategic HR problems. The second examines strategic choices in HC. The third question enters the debate around the prized outcome of sustained competitive advantage.
Understanding Interdependencies between Human Capital and Structural Capital
Authors: O'Donnell David
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this article is to address and begin to explore interdependencies between human capital and structural capital. It provides a brief, if somewhat critical, recent history of the emergence of the intellectual capital (IC) concept and how a largely taxonomic approach, and forms of neopositivist research, became institutionalized. The broad outlines of four approaches to addressing the agency–structure debate in social theory – namely, reductionist, determinist, conflationist, and relationist/realist – are very briefly discussed to set the scene for providing a skeletal outline of a Kantian pragmatist approach, which is relationist/realist, in this article. This is the kernel of the future-oriented approach to IC research advocated here to overcome the limits of both extant taxonomies and neopositivist worldviews. The conclusion reached is that future research from a Kantian pragmatist perspective has the potential to substantively enhance the understanding in this complex field.
The Distributed and Dynamic Dimensions of Human Capital
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Toyama Ryoko , Peltokorpi Vesa
Published: May 2011

This article describes how the distributed dynamic dimensions of human capital (HC) are developed and utilized in knowledge-creating companies. It perceives HC as the most important resource for a firm, and argues that a firm's sustainable competitive advantage comes from its ability to create knowledge in a changing environment. Because knowledge is created by people in their interactions with each other and the environment, it is important to understand the nature of human beings in order to keep creating knowledge and make knowledge a sustainable competitive advantage of the firm. Compared to other resources, HC is different because humans are subjective, interrelated beings who make value judgments. The article builds on the philosophical concept of phronesis to describe the development and utilization of distributed, dynamic HC. It provides a review of HC literature and discusses the characteristics of human agents drawing from interpretative philosophy.
Interdependencies between People and Information Systems in Organizations
Authors: Burton‐Jones Andrew , Burton‐Jones Alan
Published: May 2011

This article argues that while people and information systems (ISs) represent the two single largest areas of investment for many organizations and are increasingly interconnected resources, there has been very little research on the nature of their interdependencies and how these interdependencies affect their functioning and complementarity. It discusses how a better understanding of the dynamics of interdependencies between people and ISs can help researchers study organizations and help organizations improve the interoperation of their human and technological assets, and thus returns on investments in them. The article begins by reviewing the concept of capital and its application to people – human capital – and information systems: ISs capital. Next, it surveys past literature on interdependencies and recent literature relating to interdependencies between people and information systems. Based on the analysis, the article proposes an agenda for future research aiming to conceptualize interdependencies between people and ISs in a richer fashion.
Looking to the Future
Authors: Sherer Peter D.
Published: May 2011

This article examines how human capital is transferred across organizations in a population, by looking at the case of US corporate-law firms. Remarking on the lack of linkage between Becker's notion of general and firm-specific human capital (HC) and the organizational literature on inter-firm movement of talent, it discusses how these literatures may be reconciled and how synthesizing HC and organizational perspectives can bring HC deeper into organizational theory. The article looks to the future with the idea of bringing organizations deeper into HC theory. From an organizational-process perspective, it suggests that two alternative processes may occur when HC is transferred from one firm to another: Relocation, when general HC is transferred; and Replication, when firm-specific human capital is transferred. The article helps to appreciate both the value and the limitations of Becker's distinction between general and firm-specific human capital.
Multiple Loci Condition Seed Transmission of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and SMV-Induced Seed Coat Mottling in Soybean
Authors: Domier Leslie L. , Hobbs Houston A. , McCoppin Nancy K. , Bowen Charles R. , Steinlage Todd A. , Chang Sungyul , Wang Yi , Hartman Glen L.
Published: May 2011

Infection of soybean plants with Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), which is transmitted by aphids and through seed, can cause significant reductions in seed production and quality. Because seedborne infections are the primary sources of inoculum for SMV infections in North America, host-plant resistance to seed transmission can limit the pool of plants that can serve as sources of inoculum. To examine the inheritance of SMV seed transmission in soybean, crosses were made between plant introductions (PIs) with high (PI88799), moderate (PI60279), and low (PI548391) rates of transmission of SMV through seed. In four F2 populations, SMV seed transmission segregated as if conditioned by two or more genes. Consequently, a recombinant inbred line population was derived from a cross between PIs 88799 and 548391 and evaluated for segregation of SMV seed transmission, seed coat mottling, and simple sequence repeat markers. Chromosomal regions on linkage groups C1 and C2 were significantly associated with both transmission of isolate SMV 413 through seed and SMV-induced seed coat mottling, and explained ≈42.8 and 46.4% of the variability in these two traits, respectively. Chromosomal regions associated with seed transmission and seed coat mottling contained homologues of Arabidopsis genes DCL3 and RDR6, which encode enzymes involved in RNA-mediated transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene silencing.
The ghost of social environments past: dominance relationships include current interactions and experience carried over from previous groups
Authors: Tanner Colby J. , Salali Gul Deniz , Jackson Andrew L.
Published: May 2011

Dominance hierarchies pervade animal societies. Within a static social environment, in which group size and composition are unchanged, an individual's hierarchy rank results from intrinsic (e.g. body size) and extrinsic (e.g. previous experiences) factors. Little is known, however, about how dominance relationships are formed and maintained when group size and composition are dynamic. Using a fusion–fission protocol, we fused groups of previously isolated shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) into larger groups, and then restored groups to their original size and composition. Pre-fusion hierarchies formed independently of individuals' sizes, and were maintained within a static group via winner/loser effects. Post-fusion hierarchies differed from pre-fusion ones; losing fights during fusion led to a decline in an individual's rank between pre- and post-fusion conditions, while spending time being aggressive during fusion led to an improvement in rank. In post-fusion tanks, larger individuals achieved better ranks than smaller individuals. In conclusion, dominance hierarchies in crabs represent a complex combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, in which experiences from previous groups can carry over to affect current competitive interactions.
Can insect egg deposition ‘warn’ a plant of future feeding damage by herbivorous larvae?
Authors: Beyaert Ivo , Köpke Diana , Stiller Josefin , Hammerbacher Almuth , Yoneya Kinuyo , Schmidt Axel , Gershenzon Jonathan , Hilker Monika
Published: May 2011

Plant anti-herbivore defence is inducible by both insect feeding and egg deposition. However, little is known about the ability of insect eggs to induce defences directed not against the eggs themselves, but against larvae that subsequently hatch from the eggs. We studied how oviposition (OP) by the sawflyDiprion pinionPinus sylvestrisfoliage affects the plant's defensive potential against sawfly larvae. Larvae that initiated their development onP. sylvestristwigs on which they hatched from eggs gained less weight and suffered higher mortality than those fed on egg-free twigs. The poor performance of these larvae also affected the next herbivore generation since fecundity of resulting females was lower than that of females which spent their larval development on egg-free pine. Transcript levels ofP. sylvestrissesquiterpene synthases (PsTPS1,PsTPS2) were increased byD. piniOP, reached their highest levels just before larval hatching, and decreased when larvae started to feed. However, concentrations of terpenoid and phenolic metabolites presumed to act as feeding deterrents or toxins for herbivores did not change significantly after OP and feeding. Nevertheless, our performance data suggest that insect egg deposition may act to ‘warn’ a plant of upcoming feeding damage by larvae.
Within-host parasite cooperation and the evolution of virulence
Authors: Alizon Samuel , Lion Sébastien
Published: May 2011

Infections by multiple genotypes are common in nature and are known to select for higher levels of virulence for some parasites. When parasites produce public goods (PGs) within the host, such co-infections have been predicted to select for lower levels of virulence. However, this prediction is based on simplifying assumptions regarding epidemiological feedbacks on the multiplicity of infections (MOI). Here, we analyse the case of parasites producing a PG (for example, siderophore-producing bacteria) using a nested model that ties together within-host and epidemiological processes. We find that the prediction that co-infection should select for less virulent strains for PG-producing parasites is only valid if both parasite transmission and virulence are linear functions of parasite density. If there is a trade-off relationship such that virulence increases more rapidly than transmission, or if virulence also depends on the total amount of PGs produced, then more complex relationships between virulence and the MOI are predicted. Our results reveal that explicitly taking into account the distribution of parasite strains among hosts could help better understand the selective pressures faced by parasites at the population level.
Twinning in humans: maternal heterogeneity in reproduction and survival
Authors: Robson Shannen L. , Smith Ken R.
Published: May 2011

While humans usually give birth to singletons, dizygotic twinning occurs at low rates in all populations worldwide. We evaluate two hypotheses that have differing expectations about the effects of bearing twins on maternal lifetime reproduction and survival. The maternal depletion hypothesis argues that mothers of twins will suffer negative outcomes owing to the higher physiological costs associated with bearing multiples. Alternatively, twinning, while costly, may indicate mothers with a greater capacity to bear that cost. Drawing from the vast natural fertility data in the Utah Population Database, we compared the reproductive and survival events of 4603 mothers who bore twins and 54 183 who had not. These mothers were born between 1807 and 1899, lived at least to the age of 50 years and married once to men who were alive when their wives were 50. Results from proportional hazards and regression analyses are consistent with the second hypothesis. Mothers of twins exhibit lower postmenopausal mortality, shorter average inter-birth intervals, later ages at last birth and higher lifetime fertility than their singleton-only bearing counterparts. From the largest historical sample of twinning mothers yet published, we conclude that bearing twins is more likely for those with a robust phenotype and is a useful index of maternal heterogeneity.
Calculation of anisotropic properties of dental enamel from synchrotron data
Authors: Raue Lars , Klein Helmut
Published: May 2011

Obtaining information about the intrinsic structure of polycrystalline materials is of prime importance owing to the anisotropic behaviour of individual crystallites. Grain orientation and its statistical distribution,i.e.the texture, have an important influence on the material properties. Crystallographic orientations play an important role in all kinds of polycrystalline materials such as metallic, geological and biological. Using synchrotron diffraction techniques the texture can be measured with high local and angular resolving power. Here methods are presented which allow the spatial orientation of the crystallites to be determined and information about the anisotropy of mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus or thermal expansion, to obtained. The methods are adapted to all crystal and several sample symmetries as well as to different phases, for example with overlapping diffraction peaks. To demonstrate the abilities of the methods, human dental enamel has been chosen, showing even overlapping diffraction peaks. Likewise it is of special interest to learn more about the orientation and anisotropic properties of dental enamel, since only basic information is available up to now. The texture of enamel has been found to be a tilted fibre texture of high strength (up to 12.5×). The calculated elastic modulus is up to 155 GPa and the thermal expansion up to 22.3 × 10−6 °C−1.
Substance use and exercise participation among young adults: parallel trajectories in a national cohort‐sequential study
Authors: Terry‐McElrath Yvonne M. , O'Malley Patrick M.
Published: May 2011

Aims  This study examined the extent to which the trajectory of participation in sports, athletics or exercising (PSAE) covaried with substance use in early adulthood controlling for team sports participation using parallel process latent growth curve modeling.

Design, setting and participants  Analysis of data collected from a series of panel studies using a cohort‐sequential design. Specifically, the analyses used longitudinal data from 11 741 individuals from the graduating classes of 1986–2001, first surveyed as seniors in American high schools. Up to four additional follow‐up surveys were administered to age 26 years. Data were collected using in‐school and mailed self‐administered questionnaires.

Measurements  Level of PSAE, past‐30‐day alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use frequency and any past‐30‐day use of illicit drugs other than marijuana (IOTM) were the main processes of interest. Self‐reported race/ethnicity, college status at age 19/20 years, parental education, gender and team sports participation during high school were included as covariates.

Findings  Results indicate that higher initial levels of PSAE related to lower initial substance use prevalence rates other than alcohol, and lower initial prevalence rates of substance use then corresponded with lower substance use rates throughout early adulthood. Further, as individuals increased PSAE levels throughout early adulthood, the frequency of their use of cigarettes, marijuana and IOTM correspondingly decreased.

Conclusions  Increased participation in sports, athletics or exercising (PSAE) is related to significantly lower substance use frequency at modal age 18 and through significantly and negatively correlated growth trajectories through early adulthood. Encouraging PSAE among adolescents and early adults may relate to lower substance use levels throughout early adulthood.
Australian smokers' and recent quitters' responses to the increasing price of cigarettes in the context of a tobacco tax increase
Authors: Dunlop Sally M. , Perez Donna , Cotter Trish
Published: May 2011

Aims  To track smokers' responses to the increasing price of cigarettes after a tax increase, and assess socio‐demographic differences in responses.

Design  The Cancer Institute NSW's Tobacco Tracking Survey (CITTS) is a continuous tracking telephone survey. Weekly data were collected between May and September 2010.

Settings  New South Wales, Australia.

Participants  A total of 834 smokers and 163 recent quitters (quit in last 12 months).

Measurements  Responses to the price increase included smoking‐related changes (tried to quit, cut down) and product‐related changes (changed to lower priced brands, started using loose tobacco, bought in bulk). Recent quitters were asked how much the increasing price of cigarettes influenced them to quit.

Findings  Overall, 47.5% of smokers made smoking‐related changes and 11.4% made product‐related changes without making smoking‐related changes. Multinomial logistic regressions showed that younger smokers (versus older) were more likely to make product‐related changes and smoking‐related changes in comparison to no changes. Low‐ or moderate‐income smokers (versus high‐income) were more likely to make smoking‐related changes compared to no changes. Highly addicted smokers (versus low addicted) were more likely to make product‐related changes and less likely to make smoking‐related changes. The proportion of smokers making only product‐related changes decreased with time, while smoking‐related changes increased. Recent quitters who quit after the tax increase (versus before) were more likely to report that price influenced them.

Conclusions  The effect of increasing cigarette prices on smoking does not appear to be mitigated by using cheaper cigarette products or sources. These results support the use of higher cigarette prices to encourage smoking cessation.
The impact of the introduction of smoke‐free legislation on prescribing of stop‐smoking medications in England
Authors: Szatkowski Lisa , Coleman Tim , McNeill Ann , Lewis Sarah
Published: May 2011

Aims  To investigate whether there were changes in the rate of prescribing of smoking cessation medications in the months leading up to, and after, the introduction of smoke‐free legislation in England.

Design  Interrupted time–series analysis of prescribing rates using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models.

Setting  A total of 350 general practices in England who contribute data to The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database.

Participants  Patients in THIN aged 16+ identified from their medical records as smokers.

Measurements  Monthly rates of prescribing of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion and varenicline were calculated from THIN from 2000 to 2009 for all smokers and for subgroups defined by patient sex, age group, history of chronic disease and quintile of the Townsend Index of Deprivation. ARIMA models were built to assess whether there were changes in prescribing before or after the introduction of smoke‐free legislation over and above any long‐term and seasonal trends.

Findings  There was a 6.4% (0.7–12.1) increase in prescribing of all smoking cessation medications in the 9 months before the introduction of smoke‐free legislation and a 6.4% (1.1–11.7) reduction in the 9‐month period afterwards. A 6.2% (1.4–11.0) increase in NRT prescribing and a 13.2% (4.3–22.2) increase in bupropion prescribing occurred in the 6‐ and 3‐month periods, respectively, before smoke‐free legislation was introduced, and a 5.5% (2.3–8.7) decline in NRT prescribing and a 13.7% (4.6–22.8) decline in bupropion prescribing in the 9 months post‐legislation. The patterns of change in prescribing did not vary with patient demographics.

Conclusions  Numbers of primary care prescriptions for smoking cessation medications increased prior to the introduction of smoke‐free legislation but decreased afterwards, suggesting a temporal displacement in prescribing activity rather than a change in the overall volume of prescribing. Effects observed were consistent across all population subgroups, suggesting that the changes in prescribing will neither widen nor reduce smoking‐related health inequalities.
The Epistemological Challenge of Higher Education Student Volunteering: “Reproductive” or “Deconstructive” Volunteering?
Authors: Holdsworth Clare , Quinn Jocey
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  This paper addresses student volunteering as an important socio‐cultural trend which is generally taken for granted and un‐interrogated. We explore tensions inherent in the practice and articulation of higher education student volunteering, via biographical narratives of contrasting student volunteers and employ Rose's (1993, Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge, University of Minnesota Press) theory of “paradoxical space” to unpick and understand these narratives, as this has proven a generative approach to re‐conceptualising students’ engagement with universities and communities. Building on this theoretical approach, we propose a new conceptual framework to analyse students’ learning and understanding of social justice through volunteering. This framework contrasts reproductive altruism, or volunteering which reproduces social inequalities, with a deconstructive form that provides students with resources to recognise and challenge power relations and inequality in society.
Using Parliamentary Questions to Measure Constituency Focus: An Application to the Irish Case
Authors: Martin Shane
Published: May 2011

Individual legislators differ in the degree to which they work to cultivate personal votes. While conventional wisdom declares that the electoral system typically motivates the choice of legislative role, researchers have found difficulty assessing empirically the role behaviour of legislators. This study suggests using the content analysis of parliamentary questions as a mechanism to measure variations in personal vote-earning strategies. To demonstrate the usefulness of this approach, and the constituency focus of Irish parliamentarians, 123,762 questions tabled by Dáil Deputies between 1997 and 2002 are analysed. While evidence of some orientation toward localism is apparent, the data suggest significant variations in role orientation among legislators. Competing electoral system and non-electoral system explanations of intra-system variation in personal vote-earning effort are hypothesised and tested. Characteristics such as district magnitude, intra-party competition, electoral vulnerability, geography, education, gender and career incentives only partially explain the variation. The results highlight the need to move beyond using electoral rules as a general proxy for role orientation and behaviour.
How Civic is the Civic Culture? Explaining Community Participation Using the 2005 English Citizenship Survey
Authors: John Peter , Fieldhouse Edward , Liu Hanhua
Published: May 2011

Governments increasingly seek to involve citizens in public policy and management, often appealing to their civic virtue. But why do people participate in civic and community-based actions? Drawing on theories of interpersonal behaviour, the article sets out four categories of citizen orientation that might influence participation: trust in government institutions, moral motivations, neighbourhood social norms and neighbourhood affect. Using the core sample component of the Home Office Citizenship Survey 2005, the analysis applies structural equation models (SEMs) to identify and explain four types of citizen act: influencing institutions individually, collective civic, citizen governance and community voluntarism. The results show that neighbourhood affect – having positive feelings about the neighbourhood – has a positive effect on civic behaviour. Citizens with low levels of political trust are more likely than others to engage in civic behaviour. Taking into account a range of socio-economic and other factors, there is no significant effect of neighbourhood social norms and moral motivations on civic behaviour.
Does the Single Currency Affect Foreign Direct Investment?*
Authors: de Sousa José , Lochard Julie
Published: May 2011

Does the creation of the euro partly explain the sharp increase in European investments? To address this question, we derive a simple gravity‐like model for bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI). Using this model, we find that the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has increased intra‐EMU FDI stocks on average by around 30 percent. This effect varies over time and across EMU members. It is found to be larger for the outward investments of the less‐developed EMU members. Moreover, contrary to early expectations of FDI diversion effects, EMU countries have invested more in non‐EMU countries since the launch of the euro.
Long‐term effects of poor health on employment: the significance of life stage and educational level
Authors: van der Wel Kjetil A.
Published: May 2011

Previous research has found the employment consequences of poor health to be of increased magnitude in low qualified groups. The purpose of this study is to investigate if this relationship varies within different stages of the life course when focusing on long term associations with non‐employment. An expectation of the article is that stronger effects of poor health may be found in young adults compared to middle aged people. The article considers two possible explanations: normative change and life stage resources. Using three‐wave panel data from the Norwegian county of Nord‐Trøndelag, the HUNT study allows the study of respondents over two decades. Two narrow cohorts have been selected for comparison, and health was measured by self‐reported longstanding limiting illness. For the analyses, cross tabulations, logistic regression, and fixed effects logistic regression techniques are used. The article concludes in favour of the resource explanation; young adulthood is a critical period in relation to long term employment consequences of poor health, and especially so among people with fewer educational resources. Cohort differences in the employment consequences of poor health are not likely to be caused by poorer work ethics among younger cohorts.
The aesthetics of nations: anthropological and historical approaches
Authors: MOOKHERJEE NAYANIKA
Published: May 2011

The nation, it is increasingly recognized, needs to be performed and materialized. The representation of national conflicts and contested pasts by governments and communities through various aesthetic artefacts and practices seeks to evoke and regulate multiple senses and feelings. But is a straightforwardly productive affect –feeling– always manifested? In this introduction, I reflect critically on some of the anthropological scholarship on nation, aesthetics, and senses and seek to offer new terms of analysis and styles of interpretation. Overall, I seek to problematize the often too easily invoked relationship between performative material embodiment and the nation. It is at the (often fractured) intersection of these multiple levels and through an ethnographic engagement with the acts of production, consumption, and social participation in the aesthetic representation of these national pasts that I locate the analytical focus of the anthropology of nation, aesthetics, and feelings in this special issue of theJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.

Il est à présent généralement admis que la nation a besoin de se manifester et de se matérialiser. La représentation des conflits nationaux et des passés litigieux par les gouvernements et les populations, par le biais de différents artefacts et pratiques esthétiques, a pour but d’évoquer et de réguler des sens et des sentiments multiples. Mais y a‐t‐il toujours une manifestation d’un affect simplement productif, d’unsentiment ? Dans cette introduction, l’auteure examine d’un œil critique une partie de la littérature anthropologique sur la nation, l’esthétique et les sens et tente de proposer de nouveaux termes d’analyse et modes d’interprétation. Globalement, elle cherche à formuler le problème de la relation, souvent trop facilement invoquée, entre incarnation matérielle performative et nation. C’est à l’intersection (souvent disloquée) de ces multiples niveaux, par une approche ethnographique des actes de production, de consommation et de participation sociale à la représentation esthétique de ces passés nationaux, qu’elle place le point focal de l’analyse anthropologique de la nation, de l’esthétique et des sentiments, dans ce numéro spécial duJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.
Women, Work and Public Spaces: Conflict and Coexistence in Karachi's Poor Neighborhoods
Authors: ALI KAMRAN ASDAR
Published: May 2011

This article focuses on how working‐class women encounter and negotiate economic uncertainty, social vulnerability and sexually threatening public spaces in contemporary Karachi, showcasing women's everyday experiences of social and physical violence as a microcosm of the city's life in order to explore the possibilities of a future politics for cities like Karachi that are haunted by the possibility of violent eruptions. By concentrating on people's everyday practices, it proposes a different register by which to understand cities and their politics, a register constituted by an emergent politics that is not always dependent on an analysis of conflict and friction, but which instead focuses on living with disagreements. Hence the article uses the ethnographic depiction of women's lives to understand the mechanisms through which people continue to coexist, share resources and work together, despite the endemic personal, social and political violence in Karachi's working‐class neighborhoods.

Cet article s'intéresse à la façon dont les femmes de la classe ouvrière affrontent et gèrent l'incertitude économique, la vulnérabilité sociale, ainsi que les espaces publics et leurs risques sexuels, dans le cadre contemporain de Karachi. Il présente les expériences de violence sociale et physique que connaissent les femmes au quotidien comme un microcosme de la vie urbaine afin d'examiner les possibilités d'une politique future pour des villes comme Karachi, hantées par le risque de violentes explosions. En s'attachant aux pratiques quotidiennes de la population, il propose un registre différent qui permet de comprendre les villes et leurs politiques, ce registre étant constitué par une politique nouvelle qui ne se définit pas forcément en fonction d'une analyse du conflit et des frictions, mais qui se consacre à la façon de vivre dans le désaccord. Cette étude utilise donc la représentation ethnographique de la vie des femmes pour appréhender les mécanismes grâce auxquels la population continue à coexister, partager des ressources et travailler ensemble, malgré la violence, à la fois individuelle, sociale et politique, endémique dans les quartiers ouvriers de Karachi.
Prognostic role of sentinel node biopsy in patients with thick melanoma: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Rondelli F. , Vedovati M.C. , Becattini C. , Tomassini G.M. , Messina S. , Noya G. , Simonetti S. , Covarelli P.
Published: May 2011

Objectives  Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a prognostic tool for patients with intermediate‐thickness melanomas. However, controversies exist regarding its role in patients with thick melanomas (tumour thickness greater than 4.0 mm). We performed a meta‐analysis to assess the prognostic role of SLN in thick melanoma in terms of disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Methods  An electronic search in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases using the terms ‘melanoma’ and ‘sentinel lymph node’ was performed. Studies were considered if they reported data on thick melanoma and SLN biopsy results (positive and negative) and outcomes (DFS or OS). A proportion meta‐analysis was used to calculate weighted means and an incidence rate ratio meta‐analysis was used to compare outcomes according to SLN biopsy results.

Results  Nine studies were included. The weighted mean thickness of melanoma was 4.4 mm, 42% of patients had ulcerated melanoma. SLN was positive in 36% of the patients. Overall, DFS was 71% in patients with a negative SLN and 39% in patients with a positive SLN after a median follow‐up of 33 months (IRR 1.83, 95% CI = 1.56–2.14). OS was 71% in patients with a negative SLN and 49% in patients with a positive SLN (IRR 1.44, 95% CI = 1.25–1.65).

Conclusions  The results of this analysis showed that thick melanoma patients with a positive SLN had a significantly worse survival compared with SLN negative patients, thus supporting the routine adoption of SLN biopsy as a prognostic tool also for this subgroup of patients.
In the Green Room: An Experiment in Ethnographic Method at the WTO
Authors: Deeb Hadi Nicholas , Marcus George E.
Published: May 2011

Contemporary anthropological research needs innovations in its culture of ethnographic method, stimulated by encounters with subjects whose perspectives, curiosity, and intellectual ambitions parallel the ethnographer's own. They are often, but not always, subjects who are elites and experts. These encounters go beyond the data‐gathering or rapport‐promoting interview or conversation. In an anticipatory way, what is transacted shapes directly the evolving analytic frames and conceptual apparatus that figure in the results of research. We explore one such innovation: the staging of para‐sites as research events. An interaction with reflexive subjects orchestrated alongside ongoing fieldwork activities, the para‐site seeks a mutual shift in stance from researcher–subject to epistemic partnership. Its purpose is to risk interpretations together in a manner that disrupts both researcher's and subject's habitual analytic modes in order to access in situ the emergence of ideas. We report on the conduct of a para‐site experiment at the World Trade Organization.
In Between Nations: Ethiopian‐Born Eritreans, Liminality, and War
Authors: Riggan Jennifer
Published: May 2011

In 1998, seven years after Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia, renewed war between the two countries created rigid borders where fluid boundaries previously existed. This border making was not only an attempt to physically delineate the border between the two countries but was also a symbolic process that attempted to definitively differentiate Ethiopian from Eritrean. However, alternative nationalisms were formed in the spaces that lay in between the two nations by people who inhabited those spaces. The national identities of Eritreans born in Ethiopia, known as Amiches, ran counter to state‐produced forms of nationalism in both Ethiopia and Eritrea. Amiches defined their understanding of belonging by imagining attachments to two different national spaces. In this article, I use the concept of liminality to explore the dangers that Amiches experienced when confronted with this border‐making process and the sense of community that emerged from their liminal state.
Early Neurological Deterioration (END) after Stroke: The END Depends on the Definition
Authors: Siegler James E. , Martin-Schild Sheryl
Published: May 2011

Neurological worsening poststroke is a serious clinical condition that occurs in up to one-third of patients. This brief report summarizes several of the current issues faced by neurologists in recognizing and managing patients who experience a worsening neurological status following hospital admission.