bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La sociedad y el estado en el pensamiento político de Jean-Paul Sartre
Authors: González Aliaga Camila
Published: January 2019

El pensamiento de Jean-Paul Sartre ha sido abordado ampliamente desde su perspectiva más reconocida, a saber, una filosofía de la libertad y la responsabilidad. Múltiples son los estudios sobre su existencialismo, su rol como intelectual o su relación con la filósofa Simone de Beauvoir.

Sin embargo, su pensamiento político en torno a la teoría de la Sociedad y el Estado es aún una cuestión por indagar. En su obra Crítica de la Razón Dialéctica (1960) plantea cuestionamientos que se enmarcan en la posibilidad del surgimiento de una sociedad libre, la existencia de una soberanía popular y una concepción del Estado. Esta investigación busca abrir paso a la reflexión y discusión sobre las posibilidades de un pensamiento existencialista en el marco de lo político.
Rawls y el republicanismo: sobre la cuestión del carácter liberal del proyecto político rawlsiano
Authors: Santibáñez Guerrero Daniel
Published: January 2019

La interpretación que cuestiona el carácter efectivamente “liberal” del pensamiento de Rawls se sostendrá en la tesis que considera que, en el presumible “giro político” de Political Liberalism, al abordar la cuestión de la estabilidad, el filósofo recurriría a algunos elementos centrales del Neorepublicanismo. Esta lectura, no obstante, contrastará con la identificación de algunos de estos conceptos ya en los primeros bosquejos de su teoría de la justicia, presencia que, desde una lectura genérica, aparecerá como una constante del rawlsismo, originada básicamente por la relación que el autor establece con las diversas fuentes filosóficas presentes en el desarrollo de su propuesta.
La fábula de chile. La transitología como raison d`etat
Authors: Karmy Bolton Rodrigo
Published: January 2019

La hipótesis del presente ensayo plantea que la transición no fue simplemente un período en la historia, sino ante todo una raison d`etat construida a partir de la estructura narrativa de la fábula. Como tal, plantea un relato que lleva como presupuesto el “había una vez” sobre el cual se desprende una moraleja que guía el modo de ejercer el gobierno vía las formas del goverment by consent. Si la fábula es un discurso moral construido en base a la escena de dos animales que cometen un error y dejan una moraleja, el discurso transicional fue una fábula que apeló al “había una vez” (Allende y la experiencia de la Unidad Popular) desde cuyo error se concluye una moraleja: gobernar “en la medida de lo posible”.
M. Merleau-Ponty y los alcances del silencio en la palabra literaria. Una reflexión en torno a la relación entre filosofía y el lenguaje artístico
Authors: Molina Ortiz Gabriela
Published: January 2019

Este escrito reflexionará en la visión merleau-pontiana referente a la relación entre filosofía y literatura expresada en lo que el filósofo francés concibe como el lenguaje artístico. El filósofo propondrá una alternativa al analizar la cualidad del silencio que se manifiesta en el lenguaje artístico. Por ende, indagaremos, principalmente, en las cuestiones de arte (pintura) y literatura que se observan desde su obra póstuma La prose du monde, en la cual se hace presente el desarrollo de reflexiones que consideran la importancia del lenguaje literario tanto como para la existencia como para lo que el filósofo concibe respecto al lenguaje. Desde la comprensión de las voces del silencio como lenguaje vivo, se fundamentará el nexo entre literatura y filosofía, que abrirá nuestro estudio a una reflexión en torno a la posibilidad.
La solidaridad obrera de Pierre Leroux: una exploración de la fraternidad y la amistad entre la filosofía socialista de Pierre Leroux y los textos de La parole ouvrière
Authors: Yañez Godoy Juan Pablo
Published: January 2019

Este artículo explora la conceptualización de la experiencia de la solidaridad que se da en dos escenas de escritura, si bien contiguas, diferenciadas. Una de ellas es la que nos ofrece Alain Faure y Jacques Rancière en la antología de textos obreros que lleva por nombre La parole ouvrière. Contexto donde rastrearemos los elementos que articulan determinada noción de solidaridad y que se muestra en la base de una de las propuestas más significativas del movimiento obrero francés de la primera mitad del siglo XIX: la configuración de la Asociación como una “práctica de resistencia”. Analizaremos los obstáculos que enfrenta esta empresa colectiva, concentrándonos en la crítica a la caridad burguesa y la denuncia del egoísmo como elementos destructivos del movimiento obrero. A partir de ese estadio, nos aproximaremos a nuestra segunda escena, representada por la Doctrina de la Humanidad que nos propone el “filósofo obrero” Pierre Leroux, donde examinaremos determinados antecedentes y proyecciones de la solidaridad en tanto fundamento de un sistema filosófico socialista.
Investigation of the effectiveness of algan hemostatic agent in bleeding control using an experimental partial splenectomy model in rats
Authors: MIDI Ahmet , EKICI Husamettin , KUMANDAS Ali , DURMUS Omercan , BODIC Buse , TIRYAKI Mehmet , BALİK Mehmet Sabri , YESILADA Erdem
Published: January 2019

Objective: Algan hemostatic agent (AHA) is a plant-basedhemostatic agent produced in Turkey. Although, there is a greatimprovement in the hemostatic technologies, more effectivehemostatic products are required to be produced. The aim ofthis study was to demonstrate the efficacy of AHA in a partialsplenectomy model in rats. In addition, in this model, postoperativeabdominal adhesion was evaluated.Materials and Methods: In this study 5-7 weeks old 64rats were used. Rats were randomly divided into 8 groups, eachconsisting of eight rats (4 groups heparinized and 4 groups nonheparinized).Experimental splenectomy was performed and thegauze impregnated with saline was applied to the control group forthe hemorrhage control, the gauze impregnated with liquid AHA,gel and powder form of AHA, was applied to the experimentalgroups.Results: The time to reach complete homeostasis wassignificantly shorter in all AHA groups compared to the controlgroup. The powder and the gel forms of AHA stopped the bleedingin heparinized and non-heparinized groups in 1 second. The AHAfluid (sponge) form stopped the bleeding in the first applicationin the control group less than 10 seconds and the second timeapplication was not necessary. The bleeding was able to becontrolled in the heparinized control group (saline impregnatedsponge) by 55 seconds and in the non-heparinized control groupby 38 seconds.Conclusion: This study showed that AHA is a highly effectivehemostatic agent, which would be beneficial in controllinghemorrhage.
Mathematical Doctoral School of the Mathematical Seminar of the University of Debrecen at the beginning of the 20th century (Debrecen, 1927-1940)
Authors: Kántor Tünde
Published: January 2019

In this article, we present the life and carrier of Professor Lajos Dávid, and those 16 mathematical dissertations, along with their authors, which were written under the supervision of Professor Dávid between 1927 and 1940. At the time mentioned, Lajos Dávid was the leader of the Mathematical Seminar of the University of Debrecen. The themes of the dissertations were connected with his scientific work, such as the history of mathematics (the two Bolyais), or his research work in mathematical analysis (arithmetic-geometric mean).
How to teach testing?
Authors: Gregorics Tibor , Mózsi Krisztián , Szendrei Rudolf
Published: January 2019

Testing methodology is an important part of IT education. It is desired to show the beginner programmer students the advantage of testing by having them do only a small amount of work. In this paper, we will show how to make testing as a part of programming in simple exercises. These exercises are solved with the analogous programming technique, which is based on programming theorems over enumerators. We have elaborated grey-box test cases for the programs which have been developed based on programming theorems. These test cases can be taught together with the programming theorems, and they can serve as a standard testing procedure for programmers. We also suggest a test tool to automatize test runs, and we will discuss its usage in a short case study.
Goodwill - valuation dilemmas
Authors: Rak-Młynarska Elżbieta , Skobelska Aleksandra
Published: January 2019

Valuation of a company is a very complex and challenging task. On one hand it requires the orientation in the existing analytical tools and relies on selection of appropriate valuation methods, and on the other it is quite intuitive with respect to the choice of unquantifiable factors. Re-occurring crisis situations which are triggered by decisions taken upon partial or manipulated information call for a critical review of popular valuation methods and development of new more optimal solutions for company valuation.
Isothermal treatment of nitrided layers formed on steels
Authors: Nawrocki Piotr , Szawłowski Jerzy
Published: January 2019

This work was aimed at investigating the formation of nitrided layers during the isothermal transformation (austempering) and at describing the formed nitrided layer properties. The tested steels were characterized by a different content of carbon and alloying elements. In the case of the isothermal transformation, 4 variants of heat treatment parameters of nitrided layers were applied. The heat treatment differed in the austenitizing temperature (750°C–860°C) and the isothermal transformation temperature (390°C- 420°C). The microstructure and the mechanical properties (hardness) of the nitrided layers formed after the heat treatment processes were determined. After the nitriding process, during 30 hours in the nitriding atmosphere consisting only of ammonia, the high nitrogen saturation in the surface zone of the layers was obtained. The nitrided layers, after the heat treatment processes, were char-acterized by the diversified thickness, as evidenced by the hardness distributions at their cross-sections.
Ocena wpływu zróżnicowania próbek nawęglonych wykonanych w procesach o ściśle zdefiniowanych parametrach na oznaczenia twardości powierzchniowej
Authors: Jończyk Sylwester , Włodarczyk Sylwia
Published: January 2019

Celem pracy była ocena zróżnicowania twardości próbek nawęglanych w tym samym procesie – teoretycznie w tych samych warunkach. Zakładano uzyskanie stałej grubości warstwy 1,2 mm i trzech nominalnych twardości 700 HV0,5, 740 HV0,5, 780 HV0,5. Wykonano pomiary twardości od HV0,1 do HV10 i badania metodą prądów wirowych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono pomiarom mikrotwardości powierzchniowej HV0,1. Na stosunkowo małej powierzchni kontrolnej stwierdzono duże zróżnicowanie wyników pomiarów twardości czterech „jednakowych” powierzchni. Po zwiększeniu liczby oznaczeń z 5 do 13 uległy zmianie wartości średnich oraz wzrost odchylenia standardowego. Wykonane pomiary wskazują na celowość stosowania więcej, niż 5 punktów pomiarowych dla danej próbki wymaganych przez normy i procedury badań. Pomiarami HV0,1 wykryto skokową zmianę twardości o 10 jednostek i powtarzanie tych wartości w różnych próbkach, co sygnalizuje przydatność oznaczenia przy charakteryzowaniu struktury warstwy. Stwierdzono korelację między pomiarami twardości a oznaczeniami wiroprądowymi. Zastosowanie uśredniających oznaczeń wiroprądowych mogłoby zwiększyć prawdopodobieństwo eliminowania wadliwych elementów i podnieść poziom jakości wyrobów.
Only Greeks at the Olympics? Reconsidering the Rule against Non-Greeks at 'Panhellenic' Games
Authors: Remijsen Sofie
Published: January 2019

This paper argues that the so-called “Panhellenic” games never knew a rule excluding non-Greeks from participation. The idea that such a rule existed has been accepted since the nineteenth century, when the idea of nationality played a much stronger role in the understanding of Greekness. Recent scholarship on Greek identity and ethnicity has shown that these were flexible and consta ntly renegotiated concepts and that the shared culture performed and the networks formed at sanctuaries and games played an important role in this negotiation process. Not only can the role of Olympia and other sanctuaries in the formation of Greek identit y now be understood without having recourse to a rule of exclusion, the flexible nature of identity also would have made it virtually impossible to the implement such a rule.

The paper starts by reconsidering the well - known episode about Alexander I at Olympia – the central source text for the supposed rule – and addresses some common assumptions about the role of the hellanodikai . It is argued that this source, while offering insights in to the ethnic discourse of the fifth century BC, does not actually pro ve the existence of a general rule against the participation of non-Greeks. Section two surveys the evidence for admission procedures at major agones , including the admission of boys and the exclusion of slaves. The registration of polis citizenship, often assumed to be connected to the requirement of being Greek, will be addressed in more detail in section three, which will argue that such a registration was an innovation of the Roman period, and did not aim at the limitation of admission for ideological r easons. Section four illustrates, by means of a passage from Polybius, how tensions about ethnicity could still be projected on the Olympics despite their inclusive nature.
The Re-Imagination of a Letter-Writer and the De-Construction of an Ovidian Rape Narrative at Ars Amatoria 1.527-64
Authors: Keramida Despina
Published: January 2019

Ovid’s writing is infused with the retelling of known myths and the portrayal of heroes and heroines, whose figurae held a central role in Greek and Roman literature. This article argues in favour of reading Ariadne’s story at Ars am. 1.527-64 as a rape narrative. The exploration of the passage in question and its comparative reading with other poems (such as Prop. 1.3 and the Ovidian version of the rape of the Sabine women), illustrates and explains why Ovid reimagines Ariadne as a victim of erotic violence.
Detemir vs Glargine: Comparison of Inpatient Glycemic Control
Authors: Capson Joshua , Cade Kristina , Avanesyan Armine
Published: January 2019

Context

Hyperglycemia in the hospital setting is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In an attempt to cut costs, some hospitals implement policies to substitute all glargine orders with detemir.

Objective

To examine how the substitution of glargine with detemir affects inpatient blood glucose control.

Methods

Medical records were retrospectively analyzed to investigate the effect of a hospital formulary change at a semi-urban underserved hospital that substituted detemir for glargine on a 1:1 dosing basis. The study evaluated blood glucose control from September 6, 2015, to September 5, 2016, before substitution and from September 6, 2016, to September 5, 2017, after the substitution began. Patients were included in the study if they were older than 18 years, received glargine before admission, and had type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients were excluded if they were pregnant, did not receive long-acting insulin, or lacked regular blood glucose testing. The medical records were analyzed for mean glucose levels, hypoglycemic events, and short-acting insulin administration amounts.

Results

A total of 318 patients met criteria and were included in the retrospective analysis—134 patients received detemir and 184 patients received glargine. The mean glucose levels in the morning were 133.8 mg/dL for patients receiving detemir and 145.8 mg/dL for patients receiving glargine (95% CI, 126.972-140.753; P=.013). The mean blood glucose levels in the afternoon were 171.6 mg/dL for patients receiving detemir and 172.1 mg/dL for patients receiving glargine (95% CI, 162.955-180.344; P=.938). The mean blood glucose levels in the evening were 162.5 mg/dL for patients receiving detemir and 163.3 mg/dL for patients receiving glargine (95% CI, 153.654-171.315; P=.897). The mean blood glucose levels at night were 176.1 mg/dL for patients receiving detemir and 174.7 mg/dL for patients receiving glargine (95% CI, 167.797-184.474; P=.788). No significant difference in sliding scale insulin was required between the patient groups (0.16 U/kg insulin aspart in detemir group vs 0.18 U/kg aspart in glargine; 95% CI, 0.154-0.189; P=.297). There was no significant difference between the patient groups in regard to hypoglycemic events (45% glargine vs 49% detemir; P=.59).

Conclusion

Substituting detemir for glargine did not adversely affect inpatients’ blood glucose control.
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Neuropsychiatric Symptoms, and Neuropsychological Impairment in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Ginsberg Terrie B. , Powell Leonard , Emrani Sheina , Wasserman Victor , Higgins Stephanie , Chopra Anita , Cavalieri Thomas A. , Libon David J.
Published: January 2019

Background

Neuropsychological deficits, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and problems with instrumental activities of daily living are common in participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Objectives

To assess how subtle to mildly impaired instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) might be related to neuropsychological abilities (including executive control and episodic memory) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (including apathy and depression) among participants with a diagnosis of MCI.

Methods

Participants were evaluated for MCI and possible dementia at an outpatient memory clinic on the basis of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, a geriatric psychiatry evaluation, a magnetic resonance image of the brain, and serum studies to evaluate for a possible reversible cause of cognitive decline. A series of stepwise regression analyses were conducted whereby IADL ability was the dependent variable and neuropsychological abilities, such as executive control and episodic memory, or neuropsychiatric symptoms, including apathy and depression, were the independent or predictor variables. The presence and severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms was assessed using a modified version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (mNPI). Participants were grouped by MCI diagnosis status (amnestic MCI, combined dysexecutive/mixed MCI, and no MCI).

Results

Twenty-six participants were in the amnestic MCI group, 19 in the combined dysexecutive/mixed MCI group, and 36 participants did not meet criteria for MCI (non-MCI group). Groups did not differ in age, education, Mini-Mental State Examination performance, IADL abilities, estimated premorbid general intellectual abilities, or mNPI ratings for apathy and depression. Stepwise regression analyses found a robust relationship between mild IADL impairment and greater apathy (R=0.497, r
2
1,69=0.247, P<.001; β=−0.497, P<.001). Depression did not enter the final model. A weaker—but statistically significant—relationship was found between mild IADL impairment and worse executive control test performance (R=0.271, r
2
1,68=0.073, P<.023; β=0.271, P<.23). Episodic memory did not enter the final model. When both apathy and executive control were assessed as related to IADL impairment, only apathy entered the final model (R=0.497, R
2
1,69=0.247, P<.001; β=−0.497, P<.001).

Conclusion

Mildly impaired IADL functioning can negatively affect quality of life. Moreover, apathy may be amenable to treatment. In a primary geriatric care setting, neuropsychiatric symptoms and neuropsychological abilities should be routinely assessed.
Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Adenotonsillectomy in 9-Year-Old Twins With Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Effort
Authors: Alexander Nathan , Boota Ahmad , Hooks Kenderic , White John R.
Published: January 2019

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is known to cause neurocognitive problems, yet it often goes undetected or mistreated. The authors describe 9-year-old twins with snoring, enlarged tonsils, and excessive daytime sleepiness whose symptoms had been previously disregarded by health care professionals. At presentation, a dentist found the patients to be midface deficient and symptomatic. A home sleep test, prescribed by the dentist, revealed apnea-hypopnea index readings of 74/h and 16/h, respectively. The children were referred to an otolaryngologist, and a continuous positive airway pressure therapy trial resulted in improved cognition and temperament. Rapid maxillary expansion was then performed at the dentist office, followed by adenotonsillectomy by an ear, nose, and throat specialist and myofunctional rehabilitation with a speech pathologist for both patients. After treatment, results mimicked those reported during the continuous positive airway pressure trial, with substantially reduced apnea-hypopnea index of 0.9/h and 1.6/h. This case highlights the interdisciplinary nature of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea management and the need for all health care professionals to receive comprehensive sleep medicine training for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Er hygiene-protokollene i radiologiske avdelinger optimale for å hindre MRSA-smitte?
Authors: Boqvist Kajsa Pauline , Rudi Nina Helen
Published: January 2019

Innledning: MRSA er en bakterie som er motstandsdyktig mot både penicillin og methicillin. Den er fryktet i norske helseinstitusjoner da den er vanskelig å behandle. Det er viktig å ha gode protokoller for generell hygiene, og spesielt for håndtering av smittepasienter, for å forebygge spredning av bakterier, og å unngå at bakterien blir en naturlig del av bakteriefloraen. Hvordan standarden er på hygiene-protokoller ved radiologiske avdelinger, er per vår viten ikke kartlagt. Hensikten med studien var å samle og evaluere kvaliteten på smitteprotokollene for behandling av pasienter med MRSA-smitte, ved radiologiske avdelinger.

Metode: Kriteriene for utstyr og adferd tilpasset projeksjons-radiografi, ble utviklet i samarbeid med en fagradiograf. Dette forarbeidet ga en gullstandard-beskrivelse sammenholdt med faglige kriterier i MRSA-veilederen fra Folkehelseinstituttet (FHI). Totalt ble 19 protokoller fra norske offentlige og private helseinstitusjoner, analysert. GRADE-metoden ble brukt for å bestemme kvantitative mål på helseinstitusjonenes protokoll-kvalitet, målt opp mot gullstandarden.

Resultater: Studien omfattet 19 protokoller av 33 mulige, dvs en svarprosent på 73%. Faglige enkelt-beskrivelser i protokollene omfattet totalt 627 skår (33 svar per protokoll), hvorav faglig korrekte beskrivelser i hht gullstandarden var oppgitt i 23% (144 korrekte svar). 

Det var faglige mangler hos samtlige av de mottatte protokollene. GRADE-metoden ble tilpasset kriterier for generell smitte. Elleve av studiens protokoller omhandlet generell smitte på helseinstitusjonen, mens åtte protokoller omhandlet pasienter med MRSA på radiologisk avdeling. Det førte til at mange protokoller fikk en lav poengskår. Også på fakta-krav i hht utstyr og metoder, dokumenteres kvalitetssvikt. 

Konklusjon: Protokollene for MRSA-smitte ved radiologiske avdelinger, er ikke optimale for å forebygge smitte. Alle avdelinger blir utsatt for smitteutbrudd. Det vil gi alvorlige konsekvenser for pasienter, personell og samfunn.
Breast cancer detection using deep convolutional neural networks and support vector machines
Authors: Ragab Dina A. , Sharkas Maha , Marshall Stephen , Ren Jinchang
Published: January 2019

It is important to detect breast cancer as early as possible. In this manuscript, a new methodology for classifying breast cancer using deep learning and some segmentation techniques are introduced. A new computer aided detection (CAD) system is proposed for classifying benign and malignant mass tumors in breast mammography images. In this CAD system, two segmentation approaches are used. The first approach involves determining the region of interest (ROI) manually, while the second approach uses the technique of threshold and region based. The deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is used for feature extraction. A well-known DCNN architecture named AlexNet is used and is fine-tuned to classify two classes instead of 1,000 classes. The last fully connected (fc) layer is connected to the support vector machine (SVM) classifier to obtain better accuracy. The results are obtained using the following publicly available datasets (1) the digital database for screening mammography (DDSM); and (2) the Curated Breast Imaging Subset of DDSM (CBIS-DDSM). Training on a large number of data gives high accuracy rate. Nevertheless, the biomedical datasets contain a relatively small number of samples due to limited patient volume. Accordingly, data augmentation is a method for increasing the size of the input data by generating new data from the original input data. There are many forms for the data augmentation; the one used here is the rotation. The accuracy of the new-trained DCNN architecture is 71.01% when cropping the ROI manually from the mammogram. The highest area under the curve (AUC) achieved was 0.88 (88%) for the samples obtained from both segmentation techniques. Moreover, when using the samples obtained from the CBIS-DDSM, the accuracy of the DCNN is increased to 73.6%. Consequently, the SVM accuracy becomes 87.2% with an AUC equaling to 0.94 (94%). This is the highest AUC value compared to previous work using the same conditions.
Genome-wide identification of long non-coding RNAs in tomato plants irradiated by neutrons followed by infection withTomato yellow leaf curl virus
Authors: Zhou Yujie , Cho Won Kyong , Byun Hee-Seong , Chavan Vivek , Kil Eui-Joon , Lee Sukchan , Hong Seung-Woo
Published: January 2019

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating many biological processes. In this study, tomato seeds were first irradiated by neutrons. Eight tomato mutants were then selected and infected byTomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV). RNA sequencing followed by bioinformatics analyses identified 1,563 tomato lncRNAs. About half of the lncRNAs were derived from intergenic regions, whereas antisense lncRNAs accounted for 35%. There were fewer lncRNAs identified in our study than in other studies identifying tomato lncRNAs. Functional classification of 794 lncRNAs associated with tomato genes showed that many lncRNAs were associated with binding functions required for interactions with other molecules and localized in the cytosol and membrane. In addition, we identified 19 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated tomato lncRNAs by comparing TYLCV infected plants to non-infected plants using previously published data. Based on these results, the lncRNAs identified in this study provide important resources for characterization of tomato lncRNAs in response to TYLCV infection.
I2‐Mediated Iodization/ [3+2] Cycloaddition/Nucleophilic Addition Tandem Reaction: Synthesis of Polyheterocycles Bearing Furoquinoline and Maleimide
Authors: Du Sidong , Pi Chao , Wan Ting , Wu Yangjie , Cui Xiuling
Published: January 2019

An unprecedented metal‐free approach to polyheterocycles bearing furoquinoline and C2‐maleimide‐substituted quinoline has been developed with easily available quinoline N‐oxides and maleimides via tandem reactions mediated by I2, including iodization, [3+2] cycloaddition and nucleophilic addition reactions. I2 acts as a halogenating agent to promote the subsequent [1,5]‐sigma rearrangement. Two C−O bonds, three C−C bonds and a quaternary carbon center were formed in “one pot” manner.

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Iodine‐Promoted Tunable Synthesis of 2‐Naphthyl Thioethers and 1‐Naphthyl Thioethers
Authors: Bao Yishu , Yang Xiuqin , Dai Zonghao , Ji Suyu , Zhou Qingfa , Yang Fulai
Published: January 2019

An iodine‐promoted regioselective sulfenylation/deoxygenation/aromatization reaction of 1‐tetralones with disulfides has been developed. This process could be modified to synthesize 2‐naphthyl thioethers and 1‐naphthyl thioethers in moderate to excellent yields, respectively. Furthermore, when the reaction was extended to 2‐tetralones, 2‐naphthyl thioethers were obtained as the sole products. The current study bridges the deoxygenation and sulfenylation/aromatization of ketones, thus providing a new tool in organic synthesis.

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Cs2CO3‐Mediated Vicinal Thiosulfonylation of 1,1‐Dibromo‐1‐Alkenes with Thiosulfonates: An Expedient Synthesis of (E)‐1,2‐Thiosulfonylethenes
Authors: Reddy Raju Jannapu , Kumari Arram Haritha , Kumar Jangam Jagadesh , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu
Published: January 2019

A new and highly efficient vicinal thiosulfonylation of 1,1‐dibromo‐1‐alkenes with thiosulfonates in the presence of cesium carbonate has been developed. The metal‐free diheterofunctionalization is an operationally simple to access a wide range of (E)‐1,2‐thiosulfonylethenes (α‐aryl‐β‐thioarylvinyl sulfones) in moderate to high yields with high levels of stereoselectivities. Further, scalable reactions have been demonstrated for this transformation, thus illustrating its efficiency and practicality.

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Divergent Synthesis of Dihydropyranone Stereoisomers via N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis
Authors: Zhao Changgui , Wang Jian
Published: January 2019

We recently developed a novel chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed dynamic kinetic enantioselective acylation (DKEA) and dynamic kinetic diastereoselective acylation (DKDA) of Achmatowicz rearrangement products to generate useful intermediates for the further synthesis of carbohydrates. In this update, we describe a divergent NHC catalytic strategy for the stereoselective preparation of all four isomers starting from a common racemic precursor. The present report provides easy access to diverse optically pure dihydropyranones.

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Comparing velocities and pressures in redox flow batteries with interdigitated and serpentine channels
Authors: Macdonald Malcolm , Darling Robert M.
Published: January 2019

Serpentine channels adjacent to a thin, porous medium are a potentially attractive alternative to a conventional thick flow‐through electrode for redox flow batteries. The hydrodynamics of serpentine flow fields were investigated with computational fluid dynamics, a two‐dimensional model of the porous electrode based on Darcy's law, and a resistance network model at the scale of the active area. Predictions from the three models were used to map the available design space. The optimal electrode thickness, in terms of minimizing nonuniformity, was identified and compared to the result for an interdigitated flow field. Serpentine favors thicker electrodes and higher flows than interdigitated, in qualitative agreement with experimental findings. Furthermore, interdigitated designs deliver more uniform intraelectrode velocities and lower overall pressure drops than serpentine flow fields.
11,16‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐9,18‐diphenylbenzo[kl]benzo[8,9]triphenyleno [2,3‐b]xanthene: Synthesis, Photophysics, Self‐Assembly and Electroluminescent Properties
Authors: Tian Feng , Song Tingting , Wang Tao , Xiao Jinchong , Zhao Xiaohui
Published: January 2019

A highly thermally stable twistarene, namely 11,16‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9,18‐diphenylbenzo[kl]benzo[8,9]triphenyleno[2,3‐b]xanthene (BTX), has been synthesized via a simple reaction, and its structure was unambiguously determined by single crystal X‐ray analysis with a twisted angle of 37.9° between plane C1‐C2‐C4 and plane C16‐C17‐C24. More interestingly, molecule BTX could self‐assembly into nanowires and nanospheres via simple reprecipitation, which were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV‐vis absorption and emission spectra. The fabricated electroluminescent devices based on BTX as active ingredient presented a maximum brightness of 4355 cd m−2 (bias voltage at 9.0 V) with CIE coordinate of (0.14, 0.53).
Process monitoring of virus‐like particle reassembly by diafiltration with UV/Vis spectroscopy and light scattering
Authors: Rüdt Matthias , Vormittag Philipp , Hillebrandt Nils , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: January 2019

Virus‐like particles (VLPs) have shown great potential as biopharmaceuticals in the market and in clinics. Nonenveloped, in vivo assembled VLPs are typically disassembled and reassembled in vitro to improve particle stability, homogeneity, and immunogenicity. At the industrial scale, cross‐flow filtration (CFF) is the method of choice for performing reassembly by diafiltration. Here, we developed an experimental CFF setup with an on‐line measurement loop for the implementation of process analytical technology (PAT). The measurement loop included an ultraviolet and visible (UV/Vis) spectrometer as well as a light scattering photometer. These sensors allowed for monitoring protein concentration, protein tertiary structure, and protein quaternary structure. The experimental setup was tested with three Hepatitis B core Antigen (HBcAg) variants. With each variant, three reassembly processes were performed at different transmembrane pressures (TMPs). While light scattering provided information on the assembly progress, UV/Vis allowed for monitoring the protein concentration and the rate of VLP assembly based on the microenvironment of Tyrosine‐132. VLP formation was verified by off‐line dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the experimental results provided evidence of aggregate‐related assembly inhibition and showed that off‐line size‐exclusion chromatography does not provide a complete picture of the particle content. Finally, a Partial‐Least Squares (PLS) model was calibrated to predict VLP concentrations in the process solution. values of 0.947–0.984 were reached for the three HBcAg variants. In summary, the proposed experimental setup provides a powerful platform for developing and monitoring VLP reassembly steps by CFF.
Application of a TLR overexpression cell model in pyrogen detection
Authors: Han Qing , Hu Ruobi , Li Hui , Lei Zhen , Zhang Xuehui , Yu Xiuyan , Zhang Qun , Mao Yiqing , Wang Xi , Irwin David M. , Niu Gang , Tan Huanran
Published: January 2019

Pyrogens are components derived from microorganisms that induce complex inflammatory responses. Current approaches to detect pyrogens are complex and difficult to replicate, thus there is a need for new methods to detect pyrogens. We successfully constructed a pyrogen‐sensitive cell model by overexpressing Toll‐like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, MD2, and CD14 in HEK293 cells. Since the cytokine IL‐6 is specifically released upon stimulation of the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways in response to pyrogen stimulation, we used it as a read out for our assay. Our results show that IL‐6 is released in response to trace amounts of pyrogens in our cell model. Pyrogen incubation times and concentrations were explored to determine the sensitivity of our cell model, and was found to be sensitive to 0.05 EU/ml of LPS and 0.05 ug/ml of LTA after stimulation for 5 hr. Our TLR overexpressing cell model, with IL‐6 as readout, could be a new method for in vitro testing of pyrogens and applicable for evaluating the safety of drugs.
Nitrous oxide production in autotrophic nitrogen removal granular sludge: A modeling study
Authors: Chen Xueming , Ni Bing‐Jie , Sin Gürkan
Published: January 2019

The sustainability of autotrophic granular system performing partial nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) for complete nitrogen removal is impaired by the production of nitrous oxide (N2O). A systematic analysis of the pathways and affecting parameters is, therefore, required for developing N
2O mitigation strategies. To this end, a mathematical model capable of describing different N
2O production pathways was defined in this study by synthesizing relevant mechanisms of ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria (HB), and anammox bacteria. With the model validity reliably tested and verified using two independent sets of experimental data from two different autotrophic nitrogen removal biofilm/granular systems, the defined model was applied to reveal the underlying mechanisms of N
2O production in the granular structure as well as the impacts of operating conditions on N
2O production. The results show that: (a) in the aerobic zone close to the granule surface where AOB contribute to N
2O production through both the AOB denitrification pathway and the NH
2OH pathway, the co‐occurring HB consume N
2O produced by AOB but indirectly enhance the N
2O production by providing NO from NO
2
− reduction for the NH
2OH pathway, (b) the inner anoxic zone of granules with the dominance of anammox bacteria acts as a sink for NO
2
− diffusing from the outer aerobic zone and, therefore, reduces N
2O production from the AOB denitrification pathway, (c) operating parameters including bulk DO, influent NH
4
+, and granule size affect the N
2O production in the granules mainly by regulating the NH
2OH pathway of AOB, accounting for 34–58% of N
2O turnover, and (d) the competition between the NH
2OH pathway and heterotrophic denitrification for nitric oxide leads to the positive role of HB in reducing N
2O production in the autotrophic nitrogen removal granules, which could be further enhanced in the presence of a proper level of influent organics.
Modulation of the central carbon metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum improves malonyl‐CoA availability and increases plant polyphenol synthesis
Authors: Milke Lars , Ferreira Patrícia , Kallscheuer Nicolai , Braga Adelaide , Vogt Michael , Kappelmann Jannick , Oliveira Joana , Silva Ana Rita , Rocha Isabel , Bott Michael , Noack Stephan , Faria Nuno , Marienhagen Jan
Published: January 2019

In recent years microorganisms have been engineered towards synthesizing interesting plant polyphenols such as flavonoids and stilbenes from glucose. Currently, the low endogenous supply of malonyl‐CoA, indispensable for plant polyphenol synthesis, impedes high product titers. Usually, limited malonyl‐CoA availability during plant polyphenol production is avoided by supplementing fatty acid synthesis‐inhibiting antibiotics such as cerulenin, which are known to increase the intracellular malonyl‐CoA pool as a side effect. Motivated by the goal of microbial polyphenol synthesis being independent of such expensive additives, we used rational metabolic engineering approaches to modulate regulation of fatty acid synthesis and flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in Corynebacterium glutamicum strains capable of flavonoid and stilbene synthesis. Initial experiments showed that sole overexpression of genes coding for the native malonyl‐CoA‐forming acetyl‐CoA carboxylase is not sufficient for increasing polyphenol production in
C. glutamicum. Hence, the intracellular acetyl‐CoA availability was also increased by reducing the flux into the TCA cycle through reduction of citrate synthase activity. In defined cultivation medium, the constructed
C. glutamicum strains accumulated 24 mg·L
−1 (0.088 mM) naringenin or 112 mg·L
−1 (0.49 mM) resveratrol from glucose without supplementation of phenylpropanoid precursor molecules or any inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis.
Stable recombinant production of codon‐scrambled lubricin and mucin in human cells
Authors: Shurer Carolyn R. , Wang Yuyan , Feeney Elizabeth , Head Shelby E. , Zhang Victoria X. , Su Jin , Cheng Zhu , Stark Morgan A. , Bonassar Lawrence J. , Reesink Heidi L. , Paszek Matthew J.
Published: January 2019

Widespread therapeutic and commercial interest in recombinant mucin technology has emerged due to the unique ability of mucin glycoproteins to hydrate, protect, and lubricate biological surfaces. However, recombinant production of the large, highly repetitive domains that are characteristic of mucins remains a challenge in biomanufacturing likely due, at least in part, to the inherent instability of DNA repeats in the cellular genome. To overcome this challenge, we exploit codon redundancy to encode desired mucin polypeptides with minimal nucleotide repetition. The codon‐scrambling strategy was applied to generate synonymous genes, or “synDNAs,” for two mucins of commercial interest: lubricin and mucin 1. Stable, long‐term recombinant production in suspension‐adapted human 293‐F cells was demonstrated for the synonymous lubricin complementary DNA (cDNA), which we refer to as SynLubricin. Under optimal conditions, a 293‐F subpopulation produced recombinant SynLubricin at more than 200 mg/L of media and was stable throughout 2 months of continuous culture. Functionality tests confirmed that the recombinant lubricin could effectively inhibit cell adhesion and lubricate cartilage explants. Together, our work provides a viable workflow for cDNA design and stable mucin production in mammalian host production systems.
Fine‐tuning the (2S)‐naringenin synthetic pathway using an iterative high‐throughput balancing strategy
Authors: Zhou Shenghu , Lyu Yunbin , Li Huazhong , Koffas Mattheos A.G. , Zhou Jingwen
Published: January 2019

Metabolic engineering consistently demands to produce the maximum carbon and energy flux to target chemicals. To balance metabolic flux, gene expression levels of artificially synthesized pathways usually fine‐tuned using multimodular optimization strategy. However, forward construction is an engineering conundrum because a vast number of possible pathway combinations need to be constructed and analyzed. Here, an iterative high‐throughput balancing (IHTB) strategy was established to thoroughly fine‐tune the (2S)‐naringenin biosynthetic pathway. A series of gradient constitutive promoters from Escherichia coli were randomly cloned upstream of pathway genes, and the resulting library was screened using an ultraviolet spectrophotometry–fluorescence spectrophotometry high‐throughput method, which was established based on the interactions between AlCl3 and (2S)‐naringenin. The metabolic flux of the screened high‐titer strains was analyzed and iterative rounds of screening were performed based on the analysis results. After several rounds, the metabolic flux of the (2S)‐naringenin synthetic pathway was balanced, reaching a final titer of 191.9 mg/L with 29.2 mg/L p‐coumaric acid accumulation. Chalcone synthase was speculated to be the rate‐limiting enzyme because its expression level was closely related to the production of both (2S)‐naringenin and p‐coumaric acid. The established IHTB strategy can be used to efficiently balance multigene pathways, which will accelerate the development of efficient recombinant strains.
Glucose Isomerization and Epimerization over Metal‐Organic Frameworks with Single‐Site Active Centers
Authors: Luo Qun‐Xing , Zhang Yuan‐Bao , Qi Long , Scott Susannah L.
Published: January 2019

Regulating reaction pathway of glucose isomerization and epimerization is essential for production of high‐fructose corn syrup and rare sugars. Herein, we show a molecular‐level observation on glucose transformation using metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with single‐site active centers (SSACs) as heterogeneous catalysts. It is found that Lewis acidic Cr (III) sites of MIL‐101 prefer to catalyze glucose‐to‐fructose isomerization in either water or methanol solvent. Elevating reaction temperature can promote glucose‐to‐mannose epimerization but without intramolecular carbon shift. The Lewis acidic Zr (IV) sites of UiO‐66 can catalyze glucose isomerization and epimerization in aqueous media simultaneously, where glucose‐to‐mannose epimerization proceeds by way of intramolecular carbon‐skeleton rearrangement (C‐1 and C‐2), following the cleavage of the bond between C‐2 and C‐3 and formation of new bond between C‐1 and C‐3. It is proposed that the difference in catalytic behavior might be related to the polarizability of SSACs and particularly to their local coordination environment.
Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols over Gold‐Palladium Alloy Catalysts Using Air at Atmospheric Pressure in Water
Authors: Zhang Wei , Xiao Ziqiang , Wang Jiajun , Fu Wenqin , Tan Rong , Yin Donghong
Published: January 2019

A series of bimetallic Au−Pd alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with varied Au/Pd molar ratios was supported on Gamma‐alumina (γ‐Al2O3) surface through the co‐impregnation‐reduction method using HAuCl4 and PdCl2 as metal precursors. Characterization results suggested the high dispersion of Au−Pd alloy NPs, as well as the interplay between the two compositions. Benefitting from the synergistic effects of Au−Pd alloying, the bimetallic Au‐Pdx@γ‐Al2O3 catalysts were highly efficient for selective aerobic oxidation of various alcohols either aromatic or aliphatic in water using air at atmospheric pressure as a sole oxidant without the need for any cocatalyst. Quantitative yields of corresponding aldehydes or ketones were achieved over Au‐Pd1.2@γ‐Al2O3 within 2 h, whereas pure Au@γ‐Al2O3 or Pd@γ‐Al2O3 was far less efficient. More importantly, the “alloying effect” appeared to stabilize the bimetallic NPs against aggregation and poisoning, which made the Au‐Pdx@γ‐Al2O3 more stable and reusable in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols.
Direct Electrolysis of CO2 in a Symmetrical Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell with Spinel MnCo2O4 as Electrode
Authors: Zhang Lingling , Tian Yunfeng , Liu Yanya , Jia Lichao , Yang Jun , Chi Bo , Pu Jian , Li Jian
Published: January 2019

A novel symmetrical solid oxide electrolysis cell (S‐SOEC) utilizing a spinel structured MnCo2O4 electrode is investigated for pure CO2 electrolysis. The electrode is prepared through an impregnation method and is confirmed to have excellent performance for CO2 electrolysis, with a current density of 0.75 A cm−2 at an applied voltage of 1.5 V at 800 °C. The MnCo2O4 electrodes also show good stability for long‐term pure CO2 electrolysis for more than 80 h. The study suggests that MnCo2O4 is a potential electrode for pure CO2 electrolysis in S‐SOECs.
9,9′‐Bicarbazole: New Molecular Skeleton for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Liu Xiang‐Yang , Zhang Yuan‐Lan , Fei Xiyu , Liao Liang‐Sheng , Fan Jian
Published: January 2019

Carbazole is a classic tricyclic aromatic compound that has been widely used in organic optoelectronics. Appropriate functionalization on its aromatic rings will significantly increase the possibilities for its application as an optoelectronic material. Position engineering of carbazole not only leads to its structural diversity, but also substantially enriches its functionality. Bicarbazoles have 15 isomers, most of which are well studied and have been applied in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, one isomer, 9,9′‐bicarbazole, is rarely investigated as an OLED material. Therefore, two 9,9′‐bicarbazole derivatives, 3,3′‐di(10H‐phenoxazin‐10‐yl)‐9,9′‐bicarbazole and 3,3′‐di(10H‐phenothiazin‐10‐yl)‐9,9′‐bicarbazole, have been designed and prepared for use as host materials for green and red OLEDs. These two compounds demonstrated good device performances, and it is believed that the 9,9′‐bicarbazole building block could be a novel platform for the design of efficient host materials for OLEDs.
Quantitative representation of floral colors
Authors: Athira K. , Sooraj N.P. , Jaishanker R. , Saroj Kumar V. , Sajeev C.R. , Pillai M.S. , Govind A. , Dadhwal V.K.
Published: January 2019

Human and insect pollinator perceived floral colors of 81 species of angiosperms (flowering plants) from Trivandrum (Kerala, India) was represented using the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space and color hexagon, respectively. The floral color difference among human perceived red, yellow, and blue‐hued flowers and that of each flower from its respective pure hue was calculated using the CIE ΔE 2000 formula. Human perceived floral color difference values were consistently higher than 3.5, indicating the uniqueness of floral colors. Flowers perceived red and yellow by humans were dominant and of comparable proportions. Insect pollinators perceive most of the flowers as blue‐green. Quantitative representation of human and pollinator perceived floral colors would be invaluable to understand the information broadcasted by flowers. It can form the basis of flower grading in the floriculture industry and underpin objectivity in evolving the framework for national pollinator strategies.