bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does European Community Regional Policy Empower the Regions?
Authors: Smyrl Marc E.
Published: March 2003

A central goal of the 1980s reforms of the European Community's regional development policy was to contribute to an increase in the discretionary authority of sub–national decision–makers in the Community's member states. This article assesses the degree to which this goal was attained through comparative studies of selected French and Italian regions. It concludes that only in those regions in which timely policy entrepreneurship on the part of regional–level elected leaders coincided with the pre–existence of a territorial policy Community for economic development did the transfer of resources from the Community contribute to regional empowerment.
Back to the Future? Senior Federal Executives in the United States
Authors: Aberbach Joel D. , Rockman Bert A.
Published: March 2003

Based on findings from the 1970s, research literature on senior government executives emphasized a growing integration of politics and administration. This integration was reflected in what we called the “Image IV” bureaucrat wherein political role traits combined with those of traditional bureaucratic ones. Although this was by no means a dominant trend, we were led to speculate that traditional divisions between political and bureaucratic roles were eroding. Data gathered from the 1980s and 1990s, however, lead us to infer that divisions between political and bureaucratic roles have reasserted themselves and that integration between them is being diminished rather than strengthened. We conclude that this may be because in an era of governmental austerity the demand for executive policy entrepreneurs has slackened while the political needs have shifted to those of managerial control over an inertial or even contracting state.
Motivation and Performance Following Failure: The Effortful Pursuit of Self‐defining Goals
Authors: Brunstein Joachim
Published: March 2003

In this paper, I summarise theory and research, highlighting the role of self‐defining goals in how individuals react to and try to cope with failure outcomes. I propose that three factors are fundamental to the understanding of whether failure stimulates or impairs motivated behaviour: the relevance of failure to a self‐definition, the substitutability of tasks in the service of striving for a self‐definition, and a person’s commitment to pursuing the respective self‐definition. Focusing on students’ occupationally directed self‐definitions, I first review research showing how the interplay among these factors is reflected in varied measures of achievement behaviour and then discuss practical implications of the theory.
Measuring Russian Culture using Hofstede’s Dimensions
Authors: Naumov Alexander , Puffer Sheila
Published: March 2003

This article reports results of Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions for 250 Russian respondents. Scores are reported for subgroups according to age, work experience, occupation, number of subordinates, and geographical region. On average, responses showed that Russian culture in the mid‐1990s appeared to be moderate in individualism, masculinity, and power distance, and fairly high in paternalism and uncertainty avoidance. The younger generation that came of age during the perestroika of the late 1980s and early 1990s had the highest scores in masculinity and the lowest scores in paternalism. Individuals employed in business had higher uncertainty avoidance than people in the university sector.
Sparkling Fountains or Stagnant Ponds: An Integrative Model of Creativity and Innovation Implementation in Work Groups
Authors: West Michael A.
Published: March 2003

Cet article présente une synthèse des recherches et théories qui éclairent notre compréhension de la créativité et de la mise en œuvre de l’innovation dans les groupes de travail. Il semble que la créativité apparaisse essentiellement au cours des premières étapes du processus, avant la mise en œuvre. On étudie l’influence des caractéristiques de la tâche, des capacités et de l’éventail des connaissances du groupe, des demandes externes, des mécanismes d’intégration et de cohérence de groupe. La perception d’une menace, l’incertitude ou de fortes exigences entravent la créativité, mais favorisent l’innovation. La diversité des connaissances et des capacités est un bon prédicteur de l’innovation, mais l’intégration du groupe et les compétences sont indispensables pour récolter les fruits de la diversité. On examine aussi les implications théoriques et pratiques de ces considérations.

In this article I synthesise research and theory that advance our understanding of creativity and innovation implementation in groups at work. It is suggested that creativity occurs primarily at the early stages of innovation processes with innovation implementation later. The influences of task characteristics, group knowledge diversity and skill, external demands, integrating group processes and intragroup safety are explored. Creativity, it is proposed, is hindered whereas perceived threat, uncertainty or other high levels of demands aid the implementation of innovation. Diversity of knowledge and skills is a powerful predictor of innovation, but integrating group processes and competencies are needed to enable the fruits of this diversity to be harvested. The implications for theory and practice are also explored.
Circassian Encounters: The Self as Other and the Production of the Homeland in the North Caucasus
Authors: Shami Seteney
Published: March 2003

Diasporas are an increasingly important phenomenon in the ‘era of globalization’. Transnational networks structure and restructure economic exchanges, familial bonds, cultural identities and political mobilization. This article examines one such diaspora, which traces its origin to the North Caucasus, the Circassians. The break‐up of the Soviet Union has enabled some people to journey back to their ‘homeland’ and even take up residence there once again. Through such journeys and the encounters that accompany them, notions of identity, history, culture and tradition are challenged. This has the dual effect of fragmenting ethnic identity while simultaneously transforming the ‘homeland’ from an abstract concept to an everyday reality. The ensuing interplay between nation and diaspora is translated by different individuals in different ways. Three narratives of journeys to the homeland are presented here, showing the complex motivations and consequences of such journeys. Ethnographies of globalization thus reveal that concepts of ‘ethnicity’, ‘nationalism’ and ‘ethnonationalism’ have to be rethought in the context of shifting borders, transnational encounters and the production of diasporas.
Transnationalism in the Era of Nation‐States: China, 1900–1945
Authors: Duara Prasenjit
Published: March 2003

Transnationalism tends to be seen as a late twentieth century development associated with advanced capitalism, flexible production and post‐modernism. However, if, as many claim, nationalism emerged in the era of capitalism, then it surely had to deal with the boundary‐crossing and globalizing impetus of capitalism from its inception. This article explores how nationalist regimes and spokesmen dealt with the transnational flows, demands, and ideals generated not only by capitalism, but by historical forces such as universalizing religions and the distribution and movement of populations across territorial nations. Focusing on East Asia in the first half of the twentieth century, three cases are studied: the convergence of Chinese and Japanese ideals of pan‐Asianism; the Chinese republican regime's effort to incorporate the non‐Chinese peoples of the vast peripheries into the territorial nation‐state; and this regime's efforts to cultivate the loyalty of overseas Chinese to the nation‐state. Mobilizing and deploying these transterritorial phenomena was crucial to the nation‐state's internal power, yet such a mobilization tended to transgress the conception of territorial sovereignty upon which the nation‐state was equally dependent both domestically and internationally. The recent signs of a tendency for the territorially sovereign nation to develop into a deterritorialized nation has consequences that can only be understood in the context of the nation's relationship to transnational forces in this earlier period.
Crisis of Ageing in Less Developed Countries: Too Much Consumption or Too Little Production?
Authors: Messkoub Mahmood
Published: March 2003

The age structure in many developing countries is changing—the population is ageing. There is increasing concern over the social and economic costs of caring for this ageing population, and the capacity of the state to finance the expected rising social expenditure has come to dominate the debate on the economics of population ageing. In this context the elderly are considered primarily as consumers and ‘dependent’ on the working population. Following the Keynesian and post‐Keynesian literature, this article argues that such a view of the elderly is incorrect, for several reasons. Firstly, empirical evidence shows that the aged do not consume (relative to their income) more than the rest of the population. Secondly, the issue of ‘dependency’ of the aged should be put in the broader context of the dependency of the unemployed and under‐employed in a market economy. Thirdly, the focus of the debate should move away from consumption and towards production; and finally, since the old make claims on the national output on the basis of their accumulated assets, savings and pensions, the distributional issues (with regard to assets as well as incomes) have to be an integral part of any pension system in order to alleviate poverty among the elderly.
Politics, Society and Financial Liberalization: Turkey in the 1990s
Authors: Cizre‐Sakallioglu U¨mit , Yeldan Erinç
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on the political economy of Turkey in the 1990s to illustrate the importance of analysing economic variables that intersect with the quality of political democracy. In 1989, the debt‐ridden state moved to systematically and completely deregulate Turkey’s financial markets. Together with the ongoing processes of liberalizing commodity markets and integrating with global capital markets, financial liberalization was expected to achieve fiscal and monetary stability, stimulate business confidence to invest in productive sectors, produce stable growth, encourage privatization and control inflation. However, the new hegemony of the capital markets has gone hand‐in‐hand with deteriorating macroeconomic performance, a worsening income distribution, the discrediting of politics and its isolation from society. The authors examine several key dynamics which are helping to legitimate the neoliberal agenda of the 1990s. These include the distribution of state largesse to manipulate electoral capitalism; the rise of an informal sector in the ‘Anatolian Tigers’; promotion of the seductive attractions of the market; and an antipolitical reform populism adopted by political actors to exploit popular disillusionment with the political system.
Thailand: The Making of a Miracle?
Authors: Jansen Karel
Published: March 2003

Over the last half century, Thailand has been one of the fastest growing developing countries. This article reviews the causes of that growth. It deals both with the immediate factors, in a growth accounting framework, and with the underlying social and political factors. The author reaches the conclusion that a dynamic entrepreneurial class together with a supportive state were the key elements in Thailand’s rapid and efficient accumulation of production factors. Although in this respect Thailand is similar to a small number of other East Asian countries, the Thai case also has a number of unique characteristics.
Tackling the Down Side: Social Capital, Women’s Empowerment and Micro‐Finance in Cameroon
Authors: Mayoux Linda
Published: March 2003

Micro‐finance programmes are currently dominated by the ‘financial self‐sustainability paradigm’ where women’s participation in groups is promoted as a key means of increasing financial sustainability while at the same time assumed to automatically empower them. This article examines the experience of seven micro‐finance programmes in Cameroon. The evidence indicates that micro‐finance programmes which build social capital can indeed make a significant contribution to women’s empowerment. However, serious questions need to be asked about what sorts of norms, networks and associations are to be promoted, in whose interests, and how they can best contribute to empowerment, particularly for the poorest women. Where the complexities of power relations and inequality are ignored, reliance on social capital as a mechanism for reducing programme costs may undermine programme aims not only of empowerment but also of financial sustainability and poverty targeting.
‘We Help our Husbands!’ Negotiating the Household Budget in Rural Burkina Faso
Authors: Thorsen Dorte
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the intra‐household division of responsibilities among the Bisa and Mossi in south‐eastern Burkina Faso. Based on a detailed village study of the land use which revealed that women cultivated 31 per cent of all the land in 1997, gendered practices in household budgeting are investigated. Although the proportion of women’s own‐account agriculture suggests that they contribute substantially to household consumption, the majority of women maintain that they only help their husbands when contributing in areas that, ideologically, are his responsibility, for example by providing food and by paying school fees and materials. In this way, women keep within the norms of showing respect for the husband but, at the same time, they may press him to fulfil his obligations.
Strengthening Financial Markets for the Poor
Authors: Duncan Alex
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Martin Brownbridge and Charles Harvey, Banking in Africa: the Impact of Financial Sector Reform since Independence

Machiko Nissanke and Ernest Aryeetey, Financial Integration and Development: Liberalisation and Reform in sub‐Saharan Africa

Geoffrey D. Wood and Iffath A. Sharif (eds.), Who Needs Credit? Poverty and Finance in Bangladesh
Agricultural Technology Policies for Rural Development
Authors: Tripp Robert
Published: March 2003

The contribution of farming to rural development is highly dependent on the generation and delivery of new agricultural technology. The conventional narrative about agricultural technology calls for a new Green Revolution, aimed at small farmers, and driven by publicly funded research. However, agricultural technology policy for the future will need to differentiate clearly between the needs of emerging commercial farmers, many of them engaged with global commodity chains and requiring support in managing information‐ and skill‐intensive innovations, and the needs of a semi‐subsistence and often part‐time sector, requiring simple, often labour‐saving, technology. The public sector has a role to play in both sectors, in research on its own account, but also in managing intellectual property rights, public‐private research partnerships, and information delivery to farming.
Social Protection: Defining the Field of Action and Policy
Authors: Norton Andy , Conway Tim , Foster Mick
Published: March 2003

This article reviews recent developments in the concept of social protection, beginning with an attempt to establish a working definition of the term. This is set in the context of globalisation and new thinking on connections between the management of vulnerability, risk and poverty on the one hand and long–term economic and social development on the other. The article identifies aspects of the debate which require further development, by exploring the relationship between social protection, equality, social cohesion and rights. It also reviews contemporary definitions of social protection in the policies of donors and international organisations, and summarises lessons to be learnt from experience to date with civil society practices and state policies in the developing world.
The Economics of HIV/AIDS: A Survey
Authors: Gaffeo Edoardo
Published: March 2003

This article surveys the main economic issues associated with the HIV/AIDS epidemic, paying special attention to sub–Saharan Africa. It explores the economic and behavioural determinants of HIV transmission, the microeconomics of market failures associated with high HIV prevalence, the prospects for regional development from a macroeconomic perspective and the efficient design of policies for coping with the epidemic. In line with the recent appeal by the UN Secretary General, the article argues that, without a decisive effort to halt HIV/AIDS, people living in the region are bound to experience a further fall in their standard of living in both relative and absolute terms. However, to be effective, anti–AIDS programmes must be rooted in sound economic principles.
Imitation across changes in object affordances and social context in 9‐month‐old infants
Authors: Devouche Emmanuel
Published: March 2003

In this study, we tested whether a variation in an acoustic property of the target object or in the familiarity of the partner through a variation in the duration of social contact before demonstration elicits a variation in 9‐month‐old infants’ imitation. Results showed that infants’ imitation was facilitated by the presence of a sound but was not enhanced by an increase in the familiarity of the model.
Gravity biases in a non‐human primate?
Authors: Hood Bruce M. , Hauser Marc D. , Anderson Linda , Santos Laurie
Published: March 2003

Pre‐school children expect falling objects to travel in a straight line even when there are clear physical mechanisms that deviate the object's path (Hood, 1995). The current study set out to determine whether this expectancy is limited to humans. Cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus), a New World monkey species, were tested on Hood's (1995) experimental task where objects are dropped down a chimney connected by an opaque tube to one of three containers. Like human children, there was a significant tendency to search in the container underneath the chimney where the food was dropped on the first trial, even though aligned chimneys and containers were never connected. These search errors suggest that there may be a gravity bias that operates when both primate species fail to understand the constraints operating on object trajectories. Unlike human children however, tamarins were generally more likely to perseverate in making errors even though repeated testing and cost incentives were used.
Cognitive development as an executive process – in part: a homeopathic dose of Piaget
Authors: Russell James
Published: March 2003

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development retains its importance through showing us how the exercise of agency is necessary to the development of self–world dualism and to the developing ability to frame explicit judgements about the physical and mental world. I begin by describing the Piagetian position in my own terms (Agency: Its role in mental development, 1996, for a fuller account) and then set it in the context of research on the executive functions. I also argue, however, that the theory lacks the resources to explain second‐order mental representation. The theory was insufficiently nativist in general and insufficiently nativist about symbolic capacities in particular. But adopting a nativist view does not preclude one from taking a Piagetian line on the essential contribution of the first‐person experience of agency to cognitive development.
Young Children’s Recognition and Description of Their Own and Others’ Drawings
Authors: Gross Julien , Hayne Harlene
Published: March 2003

In the present study, we examined the symbolic content of 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children’s drawings. In Experiment 1A, children were asked to draw and their ability to recognize and describe their drawings was assessed following a delay. Three‐ to 4‐year‐olds and 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds recognized and provided consistent descriptions of their drawings after delays as long as 3 months and 6 months, respectively. In Experiment 1B, 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds recognized their drawings after a 1 year delay; the accuracy of their descriptions, however, decreased over the same delay. In Experiment 2, children accurately recognized and described not only their own drawings but also drawings that had been produced by another child. We conclude that young children can glean symbolic information from their own drawings and the drawings of others even when the actual graphic products are extremely lean or abstract.
Searching for food in the wild: a nonhuman rimate’s expectations about invisible displacement
Authors: Hauser Marc D.
Published: March 2003

Five experiments involving invisible displacements were run on a population of semi‐free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The goal of these experiments was to assess, without training, the kinds of expectations individuals spontaneously set up when an object has moved out of sight. The first experiment, modeled after studies of human infants and children, involved a table with one box on the top surface and a second box lined up below on the ground. An occluder was placed in front of the table, blocking the subject’s view. A piece of food was then dropped behind the occluder, above the top box. The presenter then removed the occluder, walked away, and allowed the subject to approach. Consistently, subjects searched in the incorrect bottom box. This error can be interpreted as a failure to understand solidity, containment, or some other factor. It can also be interpreted as an error guided by a gravity bias, i.e. an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or to the lowest point. Experiments 2–5 tested these alternative hypotheses. Results show that rhesus monkeys do not have an inherent bottom box bias, are not avoiding the top box, and do recognize that in some contexts boxes can contain or hold food. Thus, for example, when the two boxes are placed on the ground, one in front of the other, and occluded, subjects search in the near box after a piece of food has been rolled behind the occluder (horizontal trajectory). This shows that rhesus can solve an invisible displacement problem that involves solid containers, where one container blocks travel to the other container. We conclude that the rhesus monkey’s error in Experiment 1 is guided by an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or, at least, to the lowest point. This expectation represents a limitation of their knowledge of physical objects and events.
The development of face and location processing: an fMRI study
Authors: Passarotti Alessandra M. , Paul Brianna M. , Bussiere Joseph R. , Buxton Richard B. , Wong Eric C. , Stiles Joan
Published: March 2003

Although a few developmental fMRI studies have shed some light on the neurological development of either object or spatial processing we still know very little about the development of the ‘what’ and ‘where’ processing systems. The present study is the first to address this issue by comparing, concurrently and within the same behavioral paradigm, patterns of functional activation for face processing and location processing in 12 children (10–12 years old) and 16 adults. For both tasks this study found a developmental shift from a more distributed pattern of activation in children to a more focused pattern of activation in adults. Furthermore, the type of developmental redistribution of activation in children varied depending on the task. The present findings have important implications for theories of visuospatial development. They suggest that the neural systems involved in face and location processing may undergo development and fine‐tuning well into late childhood.
An assessment of Disaster Risk and its Management in Thailand
Authors: Shook Gary
Published: March 2003

Historically, Thailand has been a disaster‐free country, suffering only minor losses from natural hazards through the years. Emerging as a newly industrialised nation, the kingdom now faces an increased risk of economic and public damage from man‐made disasters associated with rapid development. A risk assessment was carried out on the level of disaster management. That assessment was preceded by an analysis of the traditional definitions of disaster risk, resulting in a redefinition to fit the needs of this study. This holds that the risk of disaster is the product of hazards, vulnerability and the level of management exercised over both the hazard and the vulnerable elements.

The results of the risk assessment, conducted through analysis of those three components, are discussed along with impediments which may hinder good disaster or accident management. Floods, in both natural and man‐made manifestations, were identified as the highest risk factor, followed by major accidents and explosions, both man‐made hazards. Major recommendations arising from the study included the consolidation of disaster management responsibilities currently held by several agencies into a central co‐ordinating committee, the review and restructure of related law and regulations, the conduct of provincial and country‐wide hazard assessments and the creation of a ‘culture of safety’ in Thailand
The European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO): 1992–1999 and beyond
Authors: Mowjee Tasneem
Published: March 2003

The European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) was established in 1992 to co‐ordinate and administer European Union (EU) humanitarian aid and by 1994 had grown to be the world’s largest humanitarian aid donor. Since it was set up for an initial period of seven years, ECHO’s performance and the question of its continuing existence will be reviewed next year; it seems unlikely to be abolished. In light of this, this paper starts with a description of how ECHO functions: its mandate, sources of finance and funding mechanisms. It looks then at some of the ongoing challenges that ECHO faces – its relations with Member States, its links to other Commission services and its attempts to establish a distinctive role within the humanitarian aid field. In terms of this last issue, the paper concludes that ECHO should focus instead on establishing itself as a credible donor agency.
Landslides, Risk and Decision‐making in Kinnaur District: Bridging the Gap between Science and Public Opinion
Authors: Pilgrim Nicholas Kumoi
Published: March 2003

In November 1989 a major landslide destroyed the link road to the village of Sapni in Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh in the Indian Himalaya. Although aware of the risk of further landslide activity, the community has campaigned successfully for reconstruction of the road. Decisions of this kind take place at the local level, through village institutions and open debate, with good feedback between villages and district government authorities. In this way a balance is established between meeting more immediate needs (such as domestic water supply, irrigation, road access) and taking acceptable risks. Using the Sapni landslide as a case study, this paper explores the issue of ‘acceptable risk’, and looks at the existing strategy for risk and disaster reduction in the district.
Depolarising the ‘Broadened’ and ‘Back‐to‐basics’ Relief Models
Authors: Jackson Stephen , Walker Peter
Published: March 2003

Prompted by the calls in recent years to link relief practice to peace‐building, development, or both, several conferences and papers have recently mounted a strong critique, seeing these ‘broadenings’ of relief as ‘eroding’ or ‘corrupting’ core humanitarian principles and playing into neo‐isolationist agendas to slash humanitarianism. This paper argues that whereas these critiques have important goals in mind when they encourage a concentration on the basics of relief, there has been a loss of subtlety in the ensuing debate. Considering each element of the debate in turn, the paper argues that there is more common ground between ‘new’ and ‘old’, ‘broadened’ and ‘basics’ relief than at first appears. In concluding, it is argued that further research on key questions, and an openness to hear all perspectives will get us further than entrenched positions and rallying cries.
Let Them Eat Risk? Wealth, Rights and Disaster Vulnerability
Authors: Boyce James K.
Published: March 2003

Disaster‐vulnerability reduction is an impure public good: when provided to one it is provided to others, but not equally provided to all. This means that in addition to the question of how much disaster‐vulnerability reduction to provide, policymakers face the question of to whom it should be provided. This essay distinguishes between two broad classes of approaches to the latter question, one based on wealth, the other on rights.
Emergency Seed Aid in Kenya: Some Case Study Insights on Lessons Learned During the 1990s
Authors: Sperling Louise
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the effectiveness of seed–aid distributions in Kenya during the 1990s. It analyses the internal process and effects, i.e. the performance of the aid itself as well as the external process and effects, i.e. how seed–aid intervention affected farmers’ broader agricultural management strategies. During the drought emergency of 1997, Kenyan farmers favourably judged many of the immediate seed–aid features such as crop and variety appropriateness and seed quality — even through the overarching goals of the seed assistance were muddled, ranging from assistance to the poor, to generalised gift–giving to stimulating progressive farming practice. However, the longer term analyses, drawn from recollections of a decade of relief activity, showed no concrete evidence that seed aid, per se, had strengthened their farming systems, nor that those who have received it once were less likely to receive it again. Thus, while seed aid has been promoted to lessen the effects of an ‘acute’ stress, drought, Kenyan farmers, in practice, have been experiencing much wider, ‘chronic’ seed system problems. This article ends by exploring this distinction between acute and chronic seed system stress and suggests a range of interventions appropriate to each.
The prospects for the social economy in a changing world
Authors: Tomás Carpi Juan A.
Published: March 2003

Even if the ‘social economy’ has traditionally been marginalized and a subordinated form of production within capitalist societies, the economic, social, territorial and environmental problems of the present times have tended to make it a strategic instrument. This is not only because of its qualities as an economic and management instrument, but also because it is an expression of a dynamic and creative civil society. The aim of this paper is to show the potential of the social economy, the way it has been encapsulated during the postwar period and the conditions that now favour its full development. In the face of new challenges, the efficiency criterion, hitherto used to assess alternative forms of production, is shown to be insufficient. Some complementary criteria are proposed that fit in better with the new path society must follow if fundamental values have to be satisfied. Starting from these criteria and relating them to management in fields of growing social importance, a new insight into the advantages of the social economy over the market and public sectors can be obtained. Stimulated by such challenges, and connected to the new social movements, a new social economy is emerging with significant potential and a strategic role in managing society. But this development is not without serious problems, and objective and subjective conditions need first to be fulfilled.
Nonprofit organizations, privatization and the mixed economy: A managerial economics perspective
Authors: Cafferata Roberto
Published: March 2003

This paper is divided into two parts. The first illustrates the present characteristics and future prospects for the development of the third sector in Italy. It then examines the social context in which the third sector develops not only in Italy but also in the rest of Europe. The theoretical perspective that seems to be the most appropriate to the dimensions the third sector has taken on in most Western countries is that of dynamic complementarity between state agencies, for‐profit organizations and nonprofit organizations. In order to foster economic and social innovation, there is a need for collaboration and complementarity of roles among organizations of different types. An economic policy implemented on a rational basis should select its own intervention instruments after building a set of strategic and organizational alternatives, avoiding the exclusive adoption of only one of these, as happened at the time of the almost unlimited provision of state aid to enterprises and with the unproductive rescues of ailing public enterprises.
Testing the Association Between Production and Financial Performance: Evidence from a Not‐for‐Profit, Cooperative Setting
Authors: Worthington Andrew C.
Published: March 2003

A sample of sixty‐three Australian credit unions is used to compare the financial performance measures provided by accounting‐based financial ratios, and production performance as measured by efficiency indices. Whilst the evidence found supports the posited association between financial ratios and efficiency indices, the usefulness of such information is contingent upon which set of a priori behavioural assumptions have been used. More particularly, the results question the applicability of a traditional profit‐based, physical production approach to a not‐for‐profit, cooperative setting.
Growth of Investor Owned and Cooperative Firms in Greek Dairy Industry
Authors: Oustapassidis K. , Vlachvei A. , Karantininis K.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the factors that affect the annual growth of cooperatives and investor owned firms (IOF) in Greek diary industry over the period 1990–94. A comparison based on both cooperative principals and property rights theory is made between IOFs and cooperatives to study their characteristics. However an empirical work is required to explain differences, if any, in the growth of the two types of firms within the same market. The work examines the determinants of the annual growth and it tests whether significant differences between IOFs and cooperatives exist. Ordinary least squares results show that both diversification and advertising strategies are important determinants for IOF growth, while the cooperative growth depends on capital structure and intensity and these organizations do not effectively apply competitive strategies.
Falling Water: The Origins of Direct Federal Participation in the US Electric Utility Industry, 1902–1933
Authors: Hausman William J. , Neufeld John L.
Published: March 2003

The federal government's role as a direct producer in a non‐defense, non‐distressed American industry is unique to electric power. This participation arose during the first three decades of the twentieth century; it was politically controversial then and remains so today. We seek to explain how and why the federal government got into the electric utility business. The convergence of technological, economic, and political forces paved the way for federal participation. The growth of long‐distance transmission networks and the success of the Progressive movement were important factors. Because so many dam sites with hydroelectric potential were on public lands in western states, and because hydroelectricity could help pay for those dams, even conservative Republicans like Herbert Hoover came to accept the involvement of the federal government. After the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, the federal government accepted the task with enthusiasm as part of a plan for the economic development of entire river basins.
Network Interaction with Material and Relational Goods: An Exploratory Simulation
Authors: Sacco Pier Luigi , Vanin Paolo
Published: March 2003

We model interaction within the members of a work group, who carry on different projects and can choose to cooperate with each other or to exploit the work of the others. We focus our attention on the dynamic interdependence between their material performance and the structure of the relations among them. In particular, we assume that their satisfaction depends both upon the material outcome of their projects and upon the quality of their reciprocal relations (so that these two aspects are seen, to a certain extent, as psychological substitutes). As dissatisfaction may generate the disruption of social links, the consequent failure of the projects is a possible outcome. In turn, satisfactory relations and stable cooperation may loop positively together. Our model merges game theory and network representation of the relations among actors, thus opening a route of research that, to our knowledge, has not yet been explored.
Une comparaison entre divers établissements de services de première ligne en santé au Québec (Canada)
Authors: Comeau Yvan , Girard Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an empirical and comparative investigation of four types of organizations providing primary health care services: private clinics, community centres, health coops and community associations. Case studies were done following a common design for data collecting and analysis, taking into account the organizations' context of creation, their institutional dimension (structure of power and political system), their organizational dimension (co‐ordination and production of health care), and their main paths of development. Results show that organizations present many differences when it comes to delivering universal, accessible, and complete health care services. Non‐profit organizations offer more promising perspectives for patients and health care workers by encouraging them to participate in their management. Health coops' openness depends on their nature: while consumer coops encourage patient participation, producer coops allow employees to make decisions. In this sense, patients and employees in collective health care organizations seem to have more political advantages than in private organizations.
Between Borinquen and the Barrio: Environmental Justice and New York City's Puerto Rican Community, 1969–1972
Authors: Gandy Matthew
Published: March 2003

The last decade has seen an upsurge of both scholarly and popular interest in the US environmental justice movement. What is largely missing from this contemporary discussion is any sense of the historical roots of this new wave of environmental activism. This paper explores the emergence of a radical Puerto Rican organization called the Young Lords that was active in a number of US cities in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In New York City, the Young Lords successfully mobilized their community through a series of direct actions devoted to improving public services, the creation of new community spaces and the assertion of cultural identity. I examine the internal tensions within the organization as it sought to extend its role beyond community‐based concerns such as sanitation and health care towards more abstract political goals, including demands for Puerto Rican independence. It is argued that the ultimate disarray of this radical phase of Latino political activism cannot be understood separately from a series of wider developments, including the gathering pace of urban decline, the marginalization of the US left and the dissolution of the New Deal era. Although the movement faded away in the 1970s, a legacy of diasporic environmentalism dedicated to the transformation of the urban environment has provided a powerful degree of political continuity with contemporary struggles for environmental and social justice.
Metropolitan expansion and the growth of female migration to Jakarta
Authors: Firman Tommy
Published: March 2003

This paper examines patterns of migration in Jakarta City based on the 1995 Intercensal Survey (SUPAS) Data. It shows the emergence of female in‐migration in response to the shift of economic activities in the city from manufacturing industries to services and finance sectors. The study also documents migration from Jakarta, the core of Jabotabek (Jakarta Metropolitan Area) to the fringe areas, which reflects the physical as well as socio‐economical restructuring of this Metropolitan Area.
‘Asian values’ as reverse Orientalism: Singapore
Authors: Hill Michael
Published: March 2003

It is possible to demonstrate, using Singapore as a key example, the way in which the attribution of a set of ‘Asian values’ represented a Western project which is best labelled ‘reverse Orientalism’. This process entailed the attribution of a set of cultural values to East and Southeast Asian societies by Western social scientists in order to contrast the recent dynamic progress of Asian development with the stagnation and social disorganisation of contemporary Western economies and societies. The contrast provided legitimation for some of the nation‐building policies of political leaders in such countries as Singapore and was incorporated in attempts to identify and institutionalise core values.
Chuukese travellers and the idea of horizon
Authors: Peter Joachim
Published: March 2003

Travelling, as movement, has always been a tradition of atoll islanders. Their travels continue to identify the ways in which atoll peoples understand, appropriate, and manipulate space and boundaries. This paper argues that travelling is as relevant to islanders today as in the past and examines meanings in Chuuk islanders' travel.

‘Horizon’, the space ‘out there’, is a metaphorical model of space for atoll peoples with many traditions of travel. ‘Horizon’ is also a dual concept. The horizon is the space within which the islander traveller is located that is ‘strange’ and ‘foreign’. It is also the horizon, as a defined space, that locates and brings those strange and foreign forces into the places of atoll residents and across familiar boundaries. The narrative traditions of Chuuk islanders will be used to explore these dual formulations of horizon and the different terms for travelling among an atoll people. Discussion will focus on how islanders define the boundaries of their horizon in their travels and the meanings that these boundaries give travelling or movements.
Intensification, Complexity and Evolution: Insights from the Strickland‐Bosavi Region
Authors: Minnegal Monica , Dwyer Peter D.
Published: March 2003

Agricultural systems must be understood as embedded within the total socio‐cultural system of which they are a part. Difference in the intensity of those systems is, therefore, but one aspect of difference in the complexity of the total systems. Processes of intensification and innovation that are implicated in change to agricultural systems are, similarly, instances of more general processes of adaptation and transformation which underwrite change in complex systems. These considerations inform understanding of differences between, and change within, non‐hierarchical and communally organised societies of the interior lowlands of Papua New Guinea. With a focus on two societies of the Strickland‐Bosavi region of Papua New Guinea this paper locates considerations of agricultural intensity and intensification within the broader contexts of socio‐cultural complexity and processes of adaptation and transformation.
The impact of drought and humanitarian aid on a Yali village in West Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Boissire Manuel
Published: March 2003

The 1997 El Nio event severely affected the western part of the island of New Guinea. A group of highlands villages at Holuwon experienced drought, forest fires and disruption to food production. This article describes the reaction of the villagers to these natural disasters and to the humanitarian aid that they received. The social order was the first to be affected. Severe competition developed for the allotments of humanitarian aid and yet sharing of land and other help were offered to neighbouring ethnic groups. Reactions were also observed at the level of religion and were manifested in the Yalis search for an explanation of the events. Lastly, there was preservation and reconstruction in the form of the fighting of forest fires and the recreation of gardens following the drought.
The Demand for Money in Brunei
Authors: Obben James
Published: March 2003

Based on data for the 1974–95 period this paper estimates demand for narrow money and broad money in Brunei using the error‐correction specification. Short‐run and long‐run elasticities are estimated with respect to real income, interest rate, expected price level and liquidity. Narrow money is quite responsive to changes in real income and interest rate in both the short and long terms. Broad money is income inelastic regardless of the time horizon, however, it is interest inelastic in the short run but interest elastic in the long run. Price elasticity of money demand is negligible in the short run but quite significant in the long run. Changes in the proportion of commercial bank assets placed in foreign money markets do not seem to affect demand for narrow money but their effect on the demand for broad money is both direct and significant.
Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective
Authors: Bandura Albert
Published: March 2003

This article presents the basic tenets of social cognitive theory. It is founded on a causal model of triadic reciprocal causation in which personal factors in the form of cognitive, affective and biological events, behavioral patterns, and environmental events all operate as interacting determinants that influence one another bidirectionally. Within this theory, human agency is embedded in a self theory encompassing self‐organizing, proactive, self‐reflective and self‐regulative mechanisms. Human agency can be exercised through direct personal agency; through proxy agency relying on the efforts of intermediaries; and by collective agency operating through shared beliefs of efficacy, pooled understandings, group aspirations and incentive systems, and collective action. Personal agency operates within a broad network of sociostructural influences. In these agentic transactions, people are producers as well as products of social systems. Growing transnational imbeddedness and interdependence of societies are creating new social realities in which global forces increasingly interact with national ones to shape the nature of cultural life.
The Eight Trigrams of the Chinese I Ching and the Eight Primary Emotions
Authors: TenHouten Warren D. , Wang Wen
Published: March 2003

Durkheim and Mauss, in Primitive Classification, concluded that the emotions play a causal role in the history of dual symbolic classification systems, but could not test this intuitive speculation because they saw a classification of the emotions as impossible. In this paper a portion of Plutchik's psychoevolutionary model of the primary emotions are assumed to be valid and are then investigated through analysis of one of their three case studies of primitive classification, that of classification in ancient China, where their emphasis was on the eight “trigrams” or “powers” that they saw arranged in a “divinatory compass.” The trigrams are three‐line components of the “hexagrams,” the six‐line figures that are interpreted as master signs in I Ching divination rituals. Using Plutchik's psychoevolutionary classification of the emotions as a basis of comparison, especially his model of the primary emotions as adaptive reactions to the positive and negative experiences of four existential problems – identity, temporality/reproduction, hierarchy, and territoriality – it is found that both trigrams and primary emotions exist as four pairs of opposites. The eight trigrams and eight primary emotions similarly can be seen as adaptive reactions to the four basic problems of life. Through structural analysis, correspondences between the trigrams and the primary emotions are developed, the result being that the primary emotions are structurally isomorphic and very close in first meanings to the primary attributes of the trigrams. Implications of this isomorphism of structure for the development of a social psychology of the emotions are discussed.