bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretic studies on sound transmission loss of laminated mica‐filled poly(vinyl chloride) composites
Authors: Wang Xing , You Feng , Zhang Feng Shun , Li Jiang , Guo Shaoyun
Published: May 2011

The effects of dioctyl phthalate and inorganic filler, mica, on the sound insulation property of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were investigated in this work. The stiffness and mass laws, which are the common theoretic tools to predict the soundproof properties of materials, were used to analyze the sound transmission loss (STL). The experimental results revealed that the stiffness and mass laws can describe well the sound insulation property of PVC/mica composites. The stiffness and surface density are important factors influencing the improvement of STL. With the increase of content of mica, STL and resonance frequency, fmn, of PVC/mica composites increase. Moreover, the change of STL in the stiffness‐ controlled region is more obvious than that in the mass‐controlled region, because the addition of mica in PVC leads to a greater increase in the stiffness. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Phonons and heat capacity of polyoxymethylene
Authors: Srivastava Shweta , Srivastava Seema , Srivastava Shinoo , La'Verne Sanjeev John , Khan Irfan Ali , Ali Parvez , Gupta V. D.
Published: May 2011

Using Wilson's GF matrix method as modified by Higgs for an infinite system, we report normal modes and their dispersion for polyoxymethylene using the Urey‐Bradley force field. Heat capacity has been evaluated as a function of temperature from dispersion curves via density‐of‐states. The results obtained agree well with the experimental data reported in the literature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers containing poly(N‐hexylisocyanate): Monolayer behavior at the air–water interface
Authors: Gargallo L. , Becerra N. , Sandoval C. , Pitsikalis M. , Hadjichristidis N. , Leiva A. , Radic' D.
Published: May 2011

The behavior of amphiphilic diblock copolymers containing 80–89% of poly(N‐hexylisocyanate) (PHIC) with different hydrophobic segments spread at the air–water interface has been studied. Surface pressure‐area isotherms (π‐A) at the air–water interface were determined. It was found that these diblock copolymers form stable monolayers and the isotherms present a pseudoplateau region at low surface pressure, irrespective of the nature of the partner block: poly(styrene) (PS) or poly(isoprene). Surface pressure variation at the semidilute region of the monolayer was expressed in terms of the scaling laws as power function of the surface concentration. The critical exponents of the excluded volume ν obtained for copolymers with PHIC and PS blocks are 0.58 for the copolymer with 85% of PHIC and 15% of PS, and 0.63 for the copolymer with 89% of PHIC and 11% of PS. The hydrophobicity degree of the diblock copolymers was estimated from the determination of the surface energy values by wettability measurements. The morphology of the monolayers was determined by means of Brewster angle microscopy. Molecular dynamic simulation was performed to explain the experimental behavior of diblock copolymers at the air–water interface. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Simultaneous antimicrobial and dyeing of wool: A facial method
Authors: Sepahi Rad Panthea , Montazer Majid , Karim Rahimi Mohammad
Published: May 2011

This study is carried out to examine the effects of simultaneous dyeing and antimicrobial finishing of wool yarns. Wool yarns were dyed with acid dye along with colloidal silver nanoparticles through the exhaustion method in a one‐bath. Different concentrations of nanosilver were examined to evaluate its influences on the color and the antibacterial properties of the yarns. The antibacterial property of the sample has been tested by a Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli and a Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Also, the tenacity of wool yarns, color, and rubbing fastness of the dyed yarns has been measured. The color fastness against washing and antibacterial property of the dyed yarns after 10 laundering cycles was also considered. The fiber morphology was studied by SEM pattern, EDX, and X‐ray diffractometer. The results showed that the wool yarns dyed with acid dye along with 25 ppm of silver nanoparticles exhibited a very good antimicrobial effect even after 10 laundering cycles on S. aureus while the rubbing fastness remained unchanged, and the color fastness and tenacity were even improved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Reviewing the Morphology of the Jaw‐Closing Musculature in Squirrels, Rats, and Guinea Pigs with Contrast‐Enhanced MicroCt
Authors: Cox Philip G. , Jeffery Nathan
Published: May 2011

Transverse microCT through the head of three rodent species, highlighting musculature that close the jaw. See Figure 12 in Cox and Jeffery, on page 926, in this issue.
Analyzing the wikisphere: Methodology and data to support quantitative wiki research
Authors: Stuckman Jeffrey , Purtilo James
Published: May 2011

Owing to the inherent difficulty in obtaining experimental data from wikis, past quantitative wiki research has largely focused on Wikipedia, limiting the ability to generalize such research. To facilitate the analysis of wikis other than Wikipedia, we developed WikiCrawler, a tool that automatically gathers research data from public wikis without supervision. We then built a corpus of 151 wikis, which we have made publicly available. Our analysis indicated that these wikis display signs of collaborative authorship, validating them as objects of study. We then performed an initial analysis of the corpus and discovered some similarities with Wikipedia, such as users contributing at unequal rates. We also analyzed distributions of edits across pages and users, resulting in data which can motivate or verify mathematical models of behavior on wikis. By providing data collection tools and a corpus of already‐collected data, we have completed an important first step for investigations that analyze user behavior, establish measurement baselines for wiki evaluation, and generalize Wikipedia research by testing hypotheses across many wikis.
Oxidative Dissolution of Silver Nanoparticles by Dioxygen: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study
Authors: Ho Chi‐Ming , Wong Chi‐Kit , Yau Sammi King‐Woon , Lok Chun‐Nam , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: May 2011

We have recently reported a kinetic and mechanistic study on oxidative dissolution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by H2O2. In the present study, the parameters that govern the dissolution of AgNPs by O2 were revealed by using UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Under the same reaction conditions (Tris‐HOAc, pH 8.5, I=0.1 M at 25 °C) the apparent dissolution rate (kapp) of AgNPs (10±2.8 nm) by O2 is about 100‐fold slower than that of H2O2. The reaction rate is first‐order with respect to [Ag0], [O2], and [Tris]T, and inverse first‐order with respect to [Ag+] (where [Ag0]=total concentration of Ag metal and [Tris]T=total concentration of Tris). The rate constant is dependent on the size of AgNPs. No free superoxide (O2−) and hydroxyl radical (⋅OH) were detected by trapping experiments. On the basis of kinetic and trapping experiments, an amine‐activated pathway for the oxidation of AgNPs by O2 is proposed.
Perceptual grouping abilities in individuals with autism spectrum disorder; exploring patterns of ability in relation to grouping type and levels of development
Authors: Farran Emily K. , Brosnan Mark J.
Published: May 2011

This study further investigates findings of impairment in Gestalt, but not global processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) [Brosnan, Scott, Fox, & Pye, 2004]. Nineteen males with ASD and nineteen typically developing (TD) males matched by nonverbal ability, took part in five Gestalt perceptual grouping tasks. Results showed that performance differed according to grouping type. The ASD group showed typical performance for grouping by proximity and by alignment, impairment on low difficulty trials for orientation and luminance similarity, and general impairment for grouping by shape similarity. Group differences were also observed developmentally; for the ASD group, with the exception of grouping by shape similarity, perceptual grouping performance was poorer at lower than higher levels of nonverbal ability. In contrast, no developmental progression was observed in the TD controls. Autism Res 2011,4:283–292. © 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic Safeguard against Mycotoxin Cyclopiazonic Acid Production in Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Kato Naoki , Tokuoka Masafumi , Shinohara Yasutomo , Kawatani Makoto , Uramoto Masakazu , Seshime Yasuyo , Fujii Isao , Kitamoto Katsuhiko , Takahashi Tadashi , Takahashi Shunji , Koyama Yasuji , Osada Hiroyuki
Published: May 2011

Aspergillus oryzae is a fungus widely used in traditional Japanese fermentation industries. Its inability to produce mycotoxins, due to mutation or transcriptional repression of the genes responsible for their biosynthesis, is consistent with the hypothesis that A. oryzae is a domesticated species derived from A. flavus, a wild species that is a well‐known producer of aflatoxin. In contrast, the cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) biosynthetic gene (cpa) cluster in A. oryzae contains genes that have been lost in A. flavus. Through targeted gene inactivation, isolation of the corresponding metabolite, and evaluation of biological activity of the metabolite, we demonstrated that an A. oryzae‐specific gene—cpaH—mediates the conversion of CPA into the less toxic 2‐oxocyclopiazonic acid, a new analogue of CPA. The detoxifying properties of cpaH, which have been lost in the A. flavus pathway, reflect the relationship of the two species.
Modeling the Gas‐Phase Thermochemistry of Organosulfur Compounds
Authors: Vandeputte Aäron G. , Sabbe Maarten K. , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Marin Guy B.
Published: May 2011

Key to understanding the involvement of organosulfur compounds in a variety of radical chemistries, such as atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, pyrolysis, and so forth, is knowledge of their thermochemical properties. For organosulfur compounds and radicals, thermochemical data are, however, much less well documented than for hydrocarbons. The traditional recourse to the Benson group additivity method offers no solace since only a very limited number of group additivity values (GAVs) is available. In this work, CBS‐QB3 calculations augmented with 1D hindered rotor corrections for 122 organosulfur compounds and 45 organosulfur radicals were used to derive 93 Benson group additivity values, 18 ring‐strain corrections, 2 non‐nearest‐neighbor interactions, and 3 resonance corrections for standard enthalpies of formation, standard molar entropies, and heat capacities for organosulfur compounds and organosulfur radicals. The reported GAVs are consistent with previously reported GAVs for hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon radicals and include 77 contributions, among which 26 radical contributions, which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been reported before. The GAVs allow one to estimate the standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K, the standard entropies at 298 K, and standard heat capacities in the temperature range 300–1500 K for a large set of organosulfur compounds, that is, thiols, thioketons, polysulfides, alkylsulfides, thials, dithioates, and cyclic sulfur compounds. For a validation set of 26 organosulfur compounds, the mean absolute deviation between experimental and group additively modeled enthalpies of formation amounts to 1.9 kJ mol−1. For an additional set of 14 organosulfur compounds, it was shown that the mean absolute deviations between calculated and group additively modeled standard entropies and heat capacities are restricted to 4 and 2 J mol−1 K−1, respectively. As an alternative to Benson GAVs, 26 new hydrogen‐bond increments are reported, which can also be useful for the prediction of radical thermochemistry.
Full access to medical records does not modify anxiety in cancer patients
Authors: Gravis Gwenaelle , Protière Cristel , Eisinger François , Boher Jean M. , Tarpin Carole , Coso Diane , Cappiello Maria‐Antonietta , Camerlo Jacques , Genre Dominique , Viens Patrice
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND:

Information is crucial for increasing the patients' empowerment and autonomy in relevant decision‐making processes, especially in malignant diseases. However, the extent to which information should be delivered is debated. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of providing systematic full access (SFA) to the medical record on anxiety, quality of life, and satisfaction.

METHODS:

Patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer, colon cancer, or lymphoma who had received adjuvant chemotherapy in an outpatient setting were included in a randomized controlled trial comparing those who requested access (RA) and those who provided SFA to the medical record. Anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory before, during, and at the end of treatment. Quality of life was evaluated using the European Organization for Research and Cancer quality‐of‐life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ‐C30) before and at the end of treatment. Patients' satisfaction and perception of the organized medical record (OMR) were evaluated using a specifically designed questionnaire at the end of treatment.

RESULTS:

Most patients (98%) who had the opportunity to obtain the OMR chose to do so. Anxiety levels did not increase in the SFA arm, although they did not differ significantly compared with anxiety levels in the RA arm. The patients who had full access to their medical record were more satisfied with information (odds ratio, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.98‐2.9) and felt sufficiently informed more often (odds ratio, 1.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.08‐3.19), but the differences were not statistically significant at the 5% level.

CONCLUSIONS:

Allowing full access to personal medical records increased satisfaction without increasing anxiety in patients with newly diagnosed cancer. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society
Intermolecular Clamping by Hydrogen Bonds: 2‐Pyridone⋅NH3
Authors: Blaser Susan , Ottiger Philipp , Lobsiger Simon , Frey Hans‐Martin , Leutwyler Samuel
Published: May 2011

A combined spectroscopic and ab initio theoretical study of the doubly hydrogen‐bonded complex of 2‐pyridone (2PY) with NH3has been performed. The S1←S0spectrum extends up to ≈1200 cm−1above the 000band, close to twice the range observed for 2PY. The S1state nonradiative decay for vibrations above ≈300 cm−1in the NH3complex is dramatically slowed down relative to bare 2PY. Also, the Δv=2, 4,… overtone bands of the ν1′ and ν2′ out‐of‐plane vibrations that dominate the low‐energy spectral region of 2PY are much weaker or missing for 2PY⋅NH3, which implies that the bridging (2PY)NH⋅⋅⋅NH3and H2NH⋅⋅⋅OC H‐bonds clamp the 2PY at a planar geometry in the S1state. The mass‐resolved UV vibronic spectra of jet‐cooled 2PY⋅NH3and its H/D mixed isotopomers are measured using two‐color resonant two‐photon ionization spectroscopy. The S0and S1equilibrium structures and normal‐mode frequencies are calculated by density functional (B3LYP) and correlated ab initio methods (MP2 and approximate second‐order coupled‐cluster, CC2). The S1←S0vibronic assignments are based on configuration interaction singles (CIS) and CC2 calculations. A doubly H‐bonded bridged structure ofCSsymmetry is predicted, in agreement with that of Held and Pratt [J. Am. Chem. Soc.1993,115, 9718]. While the B3LYP and MP2 calculated rotational constants are in very good agreement with experiment, the calculated H2NH⋅⋅⋅OC H‐bond distance is ≈0.7 Å shorter than that derived by Held and Pratt. On the other hand, this underlines their observation that ammonia can act as a strong H‐bond donor when built into an H‐bonded bridge. The CC2 calculations predict the H2NH⋅⋅⋅O distance to increase by 0.2 Å upon S1←S0electronic excitation, while the (2PY)NH⋅⋅⋅NH3H‐bond remains nearly unchanged. Thus, the expansion of the doubly H‐bonded bridge in the excited state is asymmetric and almost wholly due to the weakening of the interaction of ammonia with the keto acceptor group.
TPD‐MS and IR Studies of Cr(acac)3 Binding Upon CVD at Silica and Alumina Surfaces
Authors: Davydenko Lyudmyla , Mischanchuk Boris , Pokrovskiy Valery , Babich Igor , Plyuto Yuri
Published: May 2011

The mechanism of CVD of Cr(acac)3 molecules at active sites on the surface of silica and alumina supports is studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD‐MS). TPD‐MS patterns of the molecular acetylacetone [H3CCOCH2COCH3]+• (m/z 100), as well as the fragment ions [H3CCOCH2CO]+ (m/z 85) and [H3CCO]+ (m/z 43), are monitored to study the interaction of acetylacetonate ligands with the support surface upon thermal treatment.

It is found that surface hydroxyl groups are responsible for the binding of Cr(acac)3 molecules, only in the case of the silica support, due to hydrogen bonding (H‐bonding) with the acetylacetonate ligand. The TPD‐MS of Cr(acac)3/SiO2 exhibits the pattern of the molecular ion (m/z 100) in the range 400 − 600 K, which means the release of Hacac molecules, originating from Cr(acac)3 molecules, H‐bonded to surface hydroxyl groups. In contrast, the binding of Cr(acac)3 molecules at the alumina surface is due to electron donor‐acceptor interaction of acetylacetonate ligands with Al3+ sites. The TPD‐MS of Cr(acac)3/Al2O3 exhibits mainly the fragment ion [H3CCO]+ (m/z 43) within the range 400 − 750 K, and only negligible intensity of the molecular ion (m/z 100) in the range 400 − 600 K.
Data fusion‐based interference matrix generation for cellular system frequency planning
Authors: Wu Zhouyun , Huang Aiping , Zhou Haojie , Hua Cunqing , Qian Jun
Published: May 2011

Interference matrix (IM) has been widely used in frequency planning/optimization of cellular systems because it describes the interaction between any two cells. IM is generated from the source data gathered from the cellular system, either mobile measurement reports (MMRs) or drive test (DT) records. IM accuracy is not satisfactory since neither MMRs nor DT records contain complete information on interference and traffic distribution. In this paper, two IM generation algorithms based on source data fusion are proposed. Data fusion in one algorithm is to reinforce MMRs data, using the frequency‐domain information of DT data from the same region. Data fusion in the other algorithm is to reshape DT data, using the traffic distribution information extracted from MMRs from the same region. The fused data contain more complete information so that more accurate IM can be obtained. Simulation results have validated this conclusion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GPM: A generic and scalable P2P model that optimizes tree depth for multicast communications
Authors: Amad Mourad , Meddahi Ahmed , Aïssani Djamil , Vanwormhoudt Gilles
Published: May 2011

Group communications (real‐time and non‐real‐time) refer to one‐to‐many or many‐to‐many communications. On the one hand, multicast is considered as an appropriate solution for supporting group communication‐oriented applications (we distinguish IP network multicast from application layer multicast). On the other hand, peer‐to‐peer model tends to be a good candidate for supporting today Internet applications (e.g. P2P IPTV, P2P VoIP, etc.). In this context, P2P has attracted significant interest in the recent years. This is mainly due to its properties that also make P2P well adapted to today social networks. In this paper, we propose GPM (Generic P2P Multicast): a novel generic and scalable approach, that optimizes multicast tree depth in P2P networks (structured and unstructured), and contributes to control the network overlay latency. For multicast tree construction, the approach we propose is based on a distributed algorithm using a specific data structures (adjacency and forwarding matrixes). GPM model inherits from P2P attributes such as scalability, flexibility and fault tolerance, while taking into consideration the respective characteristics of one‐to‐many and many‐to‐many type of applications. We also give a performance evaluation for validation and comparison purposes while considering some main existing application layer multicast protocols. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA fusion gene vaccines induce cytotoxic T‐cell attack on naturally processed peptides of human prostate‐specific membrane antigen
Authors: Vittes Gisella E. , Harden Elena L. , Ottensmeier Christian H. , Rice Jason , Stevenson Freda K.
Published: May 2011

For long‐term attack on tumor cells in patients with prostate cancer, induction of cytolytic T cells is desirable. Several lineage‐specific target proteins are known and algorithms have identified candidate MHC class I‐binding peptides, particularly for HLA‐A*0201. We have designed tolerance‐breaking DNA fusion vaccines incorporating a domain of tetanus toxin fused to candidate tumor‐derived peptide sequences. Using three separate peptide sequences from prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (peptides PSMA27, PSMA663, and PSMA711), this vaccine design induced high levels of CD8+ T cells against each peptide in a HLA‐A*0201 preclinical model. In contrast, the full‐length PSMA sequence containing all three epitopes was poorly immunogenic. Induced T cells were cytotoxic against peptide‐loaded tumor cells, but only those against PSMA27 or PSMA663 peptides, and not PSMA711, were able to kill tumor cells expressing endogenous PSMA. Cytotoxicity was also evident in vivo. The preclinical model provides a powerful tool for generating CD8+ T cells able to predict whether target cells can process and present peptides, essential for planning peptide vaccine‐based clinical trials.
Susceptibility loci for the defective foreign protein‐induced tolerance in New Zealand Black mice: Implication of epistatic effects of Fcgr2b and Slam family genes
Authors: Fujii Takuma , Hou Rong , Sato‐Hayashizaki Aya , Obata Masaomi , Ohtsuji Mareki , Ikeda Kenichi , Mitsui Kenichi , Kodera Yo , Shirai Toshikazu , Hirose Sachiko , Nishimura Hiroyuki
Published: May 2011

In contrast to normal mice, autoimmune‐prone New Zealand Black (NZB) mice are defective in susceptibility to tolerance induced by deaggregated bovine γ globulin (DBGG). To examine whether this defect is related to the loss of self‐tolerance in autoimmunity, susceptibility loci for this defect were examined by genome‐wide analysis using the F2 intercross of nonautoimmune C57BL/6 (B6) and NZB mice. One NZB locus on the telomeric chromosome 1, designated Dit (Defective immune tolerance)‐1, showed a highly significant linkage. This locus overlapped with a locus containing susceptibility genes for autoimmune disease, namely Fcgr2b and Slam family genes. To investigate the involvement of these genes in the defective tolerance to DBGG, we took advantage of two lines of Fcgr2b‐deficient B6 congenic mice: one carries autoimmune‐type, and the other carries B6‐type, Slam family genes. Defective tolerance was observed only in Fcgr2b‐deficient mice with autoimmune‐type Slam family genes, indicating that epistatic effects of both genes are involved. Thus, common genetic mechanisms may underlie the defect in foreign protein antigen‐induced tolerance and the loss of self‐tolerance in NZB mouse‐related autoimmune diseases.
Electrochemical Properties of a Conducting Film Derived from Iron(II) Tris(diaminopolypyridyl) Complex in the S(IV) Oxoanions Reduction
Authors: García Camilo , Domínguez Cristian , Aliaga Alvaro , Matsuhiro Betty , Mendoza Leonora , Aguirre María J. , Isaacs Mauricio
Published: May 2011

A new conducting film derived from the complex [Fe (diaphen)3]2+, (diaphen=5,6‐diamino‐1,10‐phenanthroline) was electropolymerized by cyclic voltammetry onto a glassy carbon electrode. Poly‐[FeII (diaphen)3] was studied by cyclic voltammetry, SEM, UV‐vis and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. Poly‐[FeII (diaphen)3] shows electrocatalytic activity in HSO3− reduction in an ethanol/water solution. Electrocatalysis is centered at the π ring of phenanthroline. Rotating disk electrode studies showed a 0.117 V/dec Tafel slope, suggesting an EC process where the electrochemical process is the determining step. The chemical step was studied by UV‐vis spectroelectrochemistry. Amperometric behavior showed a linear range between 47.5 µM to 417 µM and the LOD was 19.5 µM.
Oxidation of Sanguinarine and Its Dihydro‐Derivative at a Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode Using Ex Situ Voltammetry. Study of the Interactions of the Alkaloids with DNA
Authors: Vacek Jan , Vrublová Eva , Kubala Martin , Janovská Marika , Fojta Miroslav , Šimková Eva , Stýskala Jakub , Skopalová Jana , Hrbáč Jan , Ulrichová Jitka
Published: May 2011

This study describes the oxidation of sanguinarine (SG) and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSG) on the surface of a basal‐plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE). Since both alkaloids strongly adsorb onto the surface of pyrolytic graphite, measurements were performed using ex situ voltammetric methods, adsorptive transfer (AdT) cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square‐wave voltammetry (SWV). Oxidation peaks of SG (peak A) and DHSG (peak A*) were observed around the potential of +0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl), depending on the experimental conditions. The voltammetric peaks A and A* are probably related to the oxidation of N‐methylphenanthridine nitrogenous heterocycle of SG and oxidation of DHSG back to SG, respectively. The electrochemical results and optimized AdT SWV were subsequently applied to the study of the interactions of SG and DHSG with DNA in vitro. Analysis of the alkaloid/DNA interactions was based on observing heights of oxidation peaks A and A* after incubation of SG and/or DHSG with supercoiled (sc) DNA [pBSK(−)]. Electrochemical study of the interactions was supported and complemented with measurements using gel electrophoresis (Topoisomerase I scDNA relaxation assay) and steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The results suggest that SG intercalates into the double‐stranded structure of scDNA (the SG/base pair ratio is max. 1/4) while increased binding affinity was observed for quaternary cation (SG+). DHSG which, unlike SG+, does not possess a strictly planar molecular structure, did not show intercalative DNA binding in any of the three methods applied.
Confirmation analysis of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in human serum and urine by CZE‐ESI‐MSn after intake of alcoholic beverages
Authors: Caslavska Jitka , Jung Balthasar , Thormann Wolfgang
Published: May 2011

CZE coupled to sheath liquid‐based electrospray ionization (ESI) and multiple‐stage ion trap mass spectrometry (MSn) was used for the confirmation analysis of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) in human serum and urine collected after intake of alcoholic beverages. Electrophoretic separations were performed in uncoated fused‐silica capillaries using a pH 9.5 ammonium acetate background electrolyte and normal polarity. MS detection of EtG and EtS occurred after negative ionization using a spray liquid containing 0.5% v/v ammonia in isopropanol/water (60:40%, v/v). CZE‐MS and CZE‐MS2 results obtained after injection of solid‐phase extracts for EtG and EtS and of diluted urine confirmed the presence of EtG and EtS in samples whose levels were previously determined by CZE with indirect UV detection. Detection limits of each compound were estimated to be around 2.0 (injection of diluted urine) and 0.2 μg/mL (extracts).
Impact of light quality and quantity on growth rate kinetics of Selenastrum capricornutum
Authors: Gutierrez‐Wing Maria T. , Benson Barbara C. , Rusch Kelly A.
Published: May 2011

Microalgal biomass produced in indoor photobioreactors can be used as inoculum for large‐scale outdoor cultures or directly for the production of high‐value bioproducts due to the higher control of these cultures compared with outdoor systems. One of the main costs of indoor microalgal cultures is the illumination. This work can be used as a basis for the optimization of the light source for indoor microalgal biomass production, based on the light source type, irradiance, productivity, growth rate, attenuation coefficients, and contaminant growth on the reactor's side‐walls. Four commercially available near 400‐W artificial light sources for microalgal cultures (metal halide (MH), high‐pressure sodium (HPS), Son Agro®, and fluorescent) were compared. The light elevation and the surface scalar irradiance were shown to have a linear relationship. The attenuation coefficient in air (ka) was highest with Son Agro®. A linear partition of the attenuation coefficient between the water and biomass and an exponential relationship between average scalar irradiance and depth were found. An empirical overall scalar attenuation coefficient for each light source was obtained. The lowest maximum observed growth rate was obtained with fluorescent light (0.98 d−1) and the highest with Son Agro® (2.39 d−1). The highest growth on the reactor's wall was obtained with Son Agro®. Further studies resulted in a higher maximum specific growth rate and optimum irradiance for HPS (2.37 d−1 and 460 μmol s−1 m−2) compared with those observed with MH (1.73 d−1 and 391 μmol s−1 m−2).
Shaking table testing and numerical simulation of the seismic response of a typical Mexican colonial temple
Authors: Chávez Marcos , Meli Roberto
Published: May 2011

A shaking table testing program was undertaken with the main objective of providing basic information for the calibration of analytical models, and procedures for determining seismic response of typical stone masonry temples of the 16–18th centuries stone masonry construction in Mexico. A typical colonial temple was chosen as a prototype. A model at a 1:8 geometric scale was built with the same materials and techniques as the prototype, and was subjected to horizontal and vertical motions of increasing intensities. The maximum applied intensity corresponded to a base shear force of about 58 of the total building weight. Vertical component of the base motion significantly affected the response and increased the damage of the model. Damage patterns were similar to those observed in actual temples. Damping coefficients of the response ranged from 7 for undamaged state, reached about 14 for severe damage.

The main features of the measured response were compared with those computed using a nonlinear, finite element model; for the latter, a constitutive law developed for plain concrete was adopted for reproducing cracking and crushing of the irregular stone masonry. Observed damage patterns as well as measured response could be reproduced with reasonable accuracy by the analytical simulation, except for some local vibrations, as those at the top of the bell towers. It can be concluded that the simple constitutive law adopted for the simulation was able to reproduce the experimental response with reasonable level of accuracy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tiny Helpers Fight the Spill
Authors: Boetius Antje
Published: May 2011

The well in the Gulf of Mexico has been sealed, but the consequences of the ecological catastrophe remain unknown. Contributing to the degradation of the massive contamination are microorganisms that literally devour the oil in the water and on the ocean floor. Marine researchers have been investigating the hungry bacteria for many years

Microbiological background information (author: Prof. Friedrich Widdel) and additional links:

http://www.mpi‐bremen.de/Abbau_von_Erdl_durch_Bakterien_‐_Grundlegende_Gesichtspunkte_aus_mikrobiologischer_Sicht.html
New Tools for Ancient Ruins
Authors: Drewello Rainer , Freitag Burkhard , Schlieder Christoph
Published: May 2011

Architectural monuments are perpetual construction sites, and historical plans, drafts and photographs are essential for their restoration. Yet the archives of many churches, castles and palaces are either in poor condition or difficult to access. Cultural researchers and engineering scientists are now adding these sources to a database system in order to increase their usability

http://www.monarch‐project.eu

http://www.uni‐bamberg.de/buchara‐projekt
Studies on hypervalent compounds and synthetic work using heteroaromatic cations
Authors: Akiba Kin‐ya
Published: May 2011

The major studies of my research group in the University of Tokyo (1965–1980) and Hiroshima University (1980–2000) and some related research (2000–2010) are outlined briefly. The following themes are included mostly in chronological order: (1) phosphoranes and nitrosoimines, (2) synthetic work based on heteroaromatic cations and activation of imines, (3) bond switching at hypervalent sulfurane (10‐S‐3): energy of a hypervalent bond, (4) formation of the hypervalent bond, (5) edge inversion of antimony(III) and bismuth(III) compounds, (6) apicophilicity, pseudorotation, and ligand coupling, (7) freezing pseudorotation of phosphoranes and its effect, (8) hypervalent ate complexes of antimony and bismuth and their transition metal complexes, (9) hypervalent organotellurium compounds, (10) porphyrins of group 15 elements (phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony), and (11) synthesis and structure of hypervalent carbon species (10‐C‐5 and 12‐C‐6). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:207–274, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20726
Prevalence and incidence of acute and chronic comorbidity in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Landis Sarah H. , El‐Hariry Iman A. , van Herk‐Sukel Myrthe P. P. , van den Haak Pieter , Janssen‐Heijnen Maryska L. G. , Penning‐van Beest Fernie J. A. , Herings Ron M. C.
Published: May 2011

Background

Limited data exist on the burden of comorbidity among patients with squamous cell head and neck cancer (SCCHN) before and during cancer treatment.

Methods

The precancer prevalence and incidence rates of 8 comorbid conditions were estimated among a population‐based cohort of 1499 patients with SCCHN in the Netherlands. Patients with cancer, treatments, and comorbidities were identified in the PHARMO Record Linkage System (RLS) using hospital admissions and/or dispensing codes. Prevalence proportions and incidence rates were also compared against a matched cancer‐free population.

Results

Cardiovascular (41%) and respiratory diseases (12%) were the most prevalent comorbidities. Incidence rates of most comorbidities were highest the first 6 months after cancer diagnosis and decreased over time. Patients receiving chemotherapy‐based treatment had significantly higher incidence rates of anemia and other malignant diseases.

Conclusions

High rates of acute and chronic comorbidity were observed; knowledge of comorbidity burden aids in establishing a benefit–risk profile for investigational SCCHN therapies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Saffron: A potential candidate for a novel anticancer drug against hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Amin Amr , Hamza Alaaeldin A. , Bajbouj Khuloud , Ashraf Salman S. , Daoud Sayel
Published: May 2011

Saffron has been proposed as a promising candidate for cancer chemoprevention. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the chemopreventive action and the possible mechanisms of saffron against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer in rats. Administration of saffron at doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day was started 2 weeks prior to the DEN injection and was continued for 22 weeks. Saffron significantly reduced the DEN-induced increase in the number and the incidence of hepatic dyschromatic nodules. Saffron also decreased the number and the area of placental glutathione

S

-transferase–positive foci in livers of DEN-treated rats. Furthermore, saffron counteracted DEN-induced oxidative stress in rats as assessed by restoration of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase levels and diminishing of myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl formation in liver. The results of immunohistochemical staining of rat liver showed that saffron inhibited the DEN-mediated elevations in numbers of cells positive for Ki-67, cyclooxygenase 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor-kappa B p-65, and phosphorylated tumor necrosis factor receptor. Saffron also blocked the depletion in the number of cells positive for TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling) and M30 CytoDeath in liver tissues of DEN-treated rats.

In vitro

experiments carried out using HepG2 cells also confirmed these findings and showed inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B activation, increased cleavage of caspase-3, as well as DNA damage and cell cycle arrest upon saffron treatment.

Conclusion:

This study provides evidence that saffron exerts a significant chemopreventive effect against liver cancer through inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. This report also shows some evidence that saffron protects rat liver from cancer via modulating oxidative damage and suppressing inflammatory response. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
MicroRNAs-372/373 promote the expression of hepatitis B virus through the targeting of nuclear factor I/B
Authors: Guo Hongyan , Liu Haiying , Mitchelson Keith , Rao Huiying , Luo Mingyong , Xie Lan , Sun Yimin , Zhang Liang , Lu Ying , Liu Ruyu , Ren Aihui , Liu Shuai , Zhou Shaozhen , Zhu Jiye , Zhou Yuxiang , Huang Ailong , Wei Lai , Guo Yong , Cheng Jing
Published: May 2011

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Recent evidence has indicated the pathological relevance of miRNA dysregulation in hepatitis virus infection; however, the roles of microRNAs in the regulation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) expression are still largely unknown. In this study we identified that miR-373 was up-regulated in HBV-infected liver tissues and that the members of the miRs-371-372-373 (miRs-371-3) gene cluster were also significantly co-up-regulated in HBV-producing HepG2.2.15 cells. A positive

in vivo

association was identified between hepatic HBV DNA levels and the copy number variation of the miRs-371-3 gene cluster. The enhanced expression of miRs-372/373 stimulated the production of HBV proteins and HBV core-associated DNA in HepG2 cells transfected with 1.3×HBV. Further, nuclear factor I/B (NFIB) was identified to be a direct functional target of miRs-372/373 by

in silico

algorithms and this was subsequently confirmed by western blotting and luciferase reporter assays. Knockdown of NFIB by small interfering RNA (siRNA) promoted HBV expression, whereas rescue of NFIB attenuated the stimulation in the 1.3×HBV-transfected HepG2 cells.

Conclusion:

Our study revealed that miRNA (miRs-372/373) can promote HBV expression through a pathway involving the transcription factor (NFIB). This novel model provides new insights into the molecular basis in HBV and host interaction. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Investigating the spatial distribution of water levels in the Mackenzie Delta using airborne LiDAR
Authors: Hopkinson C. , Crasto N. , Marsh P. , Forbes D. , Lesack L.
Published: May 2011

Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data were used to map water level (WL) and hydraulic gradients (δH/δx) in the Mackenzie Delta. The LiDAR WL data were validated against eight independent hydrometric gauge measurements and demonstrated mean offsets from − 0·22 to + 0·04 m (σ< 0·11). LiDAR‐based WL gradients could be estimated with confidence over channel lengths exceeding 5–10 km where the WL change exceeded local noise levels in the LiDAR data. For the entire Delta, the LiDAR sample coverage indicated a rate of change in longitudinal gradient (δ2H/δx) of 5·5 × 10−10 m m−2; therefore offering a potential means to estimate average flood stage hydraulic gradient for areas of the Delta not sampled or monitored. In the Outer Delta, within‐channel and terrain gradient measurements all returned a consistent estimate of − 1 × 10−5 m m−1, suggesting that this is a typical hydraulic gradient for the downstream end of the Delta. For short reaches (<10 km) of the Peel and Middle Channels in the middle of the Delta, significant and consistent hydraulic gradient estimates of − 5 × 10−5 m m−1 were observed. Evidence that hydraulic gradients can vary over short distances, however, was observed in the Peel Channel immediately upstream of Aklavik. A positive elevation anomaly (bulge) of > 0·1 m was observed at a channel constriction entering a meander bend, suggesting a localized modification of the channel hydraulics. Furthermore, water levels in the anabranch channels of the Peel River were almost 1 m higher than in Middle Channel of the Mackenzie River. This suggests: (i) the channels are elevated and have shallower bank heights in this part of the delta, leading to increased cross‐delta and along‐channel hydraulic gradients; and/or (ii) a proportion of the Peel River flow is lost to Middle Channel due to drainage across the delta through anastamosing channels. This study has demonstrated that airborne LiDAR data contain valuable information describing Arctic river delta water surface and hydraulic attributes that would be challenging to acquire by other means. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An isotopic calibration study of precipitation, cave dripwater, and climate in west‐central Florida
Authors: Polk Jason S. , van Beynen Philip , Wynn Jonathan
Published: May 2011

A calibration study of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition from precipitation and cave dripwater was conducted in west‐central Florida at Legend Cave during 2007–2008. This study was performed to better understand how modern precipitation patterns can be discerned through examination of cave dripwater and speleothem calcite for paleoclimate reconstruction. The ‘amount effect’ was shown to be a dominant control on the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation for the study area. A meteoric water line with a slope of 6·7 suggests evaporative effects occur either during precipitation or subsequent hydrological processes. However, δ18O values of cave dripwater averaged near the mean annual amount‐weighted average of precipitation, suggesting that the isotopic composition of dripwater tracks the long‐term average of rainfall. An observed weak seasonal influence occurred in the d‐excess values, with summer precipitation being more enriched due to increased evaporative effects. Comparison of precipitation δ18O values to synoptic weather data shows the dominant amount effect influence occurs due to strong convective storms producing highly 18O‐depleted rainfall at greater amounts during the year. Constant δ18O values of the dripwater indicate that paleoclimate reconstructions using speleothems from this area would record changes in annual to interannual shifts in precipitation amount above the cave. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of SWAT model to assess snowpack development and streamflow in the Cannonsville watershed, New York, USA
Authors: Pradhanang Soni M. , Anandhi Aavudai , Mukundan Rajith , Zion Mark S. , Pierson Donald C. , Schneiderman Eliot M. , Matonse Adao , Frei Allan
Published: May 2011

Snow is an important component of the water resources of New York State and the watersheds and reservoirs of New York City (NYC) water supply. In many of the NYC water supply watersheds the hydrologic regimes of high‐elevation headwaters are linked to streamflow and channel processes in low‐elevation stream reaches that serve as inputs to water supply reservoirs. To better simulate this linkage there is a need to understand spatial variations in snowpack and snowmelt. Snowmelt hydrology is an important component of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in watersheds where spring runoff is strongly affected by melting snow. This study compares model simulated snowpack and snowmelt at different elevation bands with snow survey data available for the Cannonsville reservoir watershed. Simulations examine the effects of parameterising the SWAT snowmelt sub‐model using 1, 3, and 5 elevation bands by comparison with measured snow and streamflow. Comparison between measured and simulated snowpack produced correlation coefficients ranging from 0·35 to 0·85. Simulations of both daily and seasonal streamflow, improved when using 3 elevation bands with r2 of 0·73 and ENS of 0·72. Streamflow simulations showed slightly lower model performance when basin elevation was assumed to be equal to snow survey site elevation, due to the snow survey sites being somewhat biased toward lower elevations. The effect of climate change was also evaluated and showed that under higher air temperatures in future climate change scenarios, SWAT indicated more precipitation falling as rain, increased and earlier snowmelt, and a reduced snowpack leading to a change in the pattern of streamflow, particularly during winter and early spring. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental radiation: Risk benchmarks or benchmarking risk assessment
Authors: Bates Matthew E. , Valverde L. James , Vogel John T. , Linkov Igor
Published: May 2011

In the wake of the compound March 2011 nuclear disaster at the Fukushima I nuclear power plant in Japan, international public dialogue has repeatedly turned to questions of the accuracy of current risk assessment processes to assess nuclear risks and the adequacy of existing regulatory risk thresholds to protect us from nuclear harm. We confront these issues with an emphasis on learning from the incident in Japan for future US policy discussions. Without delving into a broader philosophical discussion of the general social acceptance of the risk, the relative adequacy of existing US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) risk thresholds is assessed in comparison with the risk thresholds of federal agencies not currently under heightened public scrutiny. Existing NRC thresholds are found to be among the most conservative in the comparison, suggesting that the agency's current regulatory framework is consistent with larger societal ideals. In turning to risk assessment methodologies, the disaster in Japan does indicate room for growth. Emerging lessons seem to indicate an opportunity to enhance resilience through systemic levels of risk aggregation. Specifically, we believe bringing systemic reasoning to the risk management process requires a framework that (i) is able to represent risk-based knowledge and information about a panoply of threats; (ii) provides a systemic understanding (and representation) of the natural and built environments of interest and their dependencies; and (iii) allows for the rational and coherent valuation of a range of outcome variables of interest, both tangible and intangible. Rather than revisiting the thresholds themselves, we see the goal of future nuclear risk management in adopting and implementing risk assessment techniques that systemically evaluate large-scale socio-technical systems with a view toward enhancing resilience and minimizing the potential for surprise. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:400–403. © 2011 SETAC
Impact of nuclear accidents on marine biota
Authors: Vives i Batlle Jordi
Published: May 2011

The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, precipitated by the earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck the northeastern coast of Japan in March 2011, has raised concerns about the potential impact to marine biota posed by the release of radioactive water and radionuclide particles into the environment. The Fukushima accident is the only major nuclear accident that has resulted in the direct discharge of radioactive materials into a coastal environment. This article briefly summarizes what is currently understood about the effects of radioactive wastewaters and radionuclides to marine life. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:365–367. © 2011 SETAC