bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of delayed-image bone scintigraphy to assess bone formation after distraction osteogenesis in dogs
Authors: Theyse Lars F. , Hazewinkel Herman A. , Terlou Maarten , Pollak Yvonne W. , Voorhout George
Published: May 2006

Objective—To quantitatively assess distractioninduced bone formation in a crural lengthening model in dogs by use of delayed-image bone scintigraphy.

Animals—12 mature Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. A circular external skeletal fixation system was mounted on the right crus of each dog. Osteotomy of the distal portion of the tibia and fibula was performed in groups 1 and 2 and was followed by a lengthening procedure of 10 mm in the first group only. The third group served as sham-operated controls. Delayed-image bone scintigraphy with technetium-99m hydroxy methylene diphosphonate was performed 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery. Delayedimage–to–region-of-interest, delayed-image–to–crural, and delayed-image–to–femoral scintigraphic activity ratios were calculated. New bone formation was quantified by use of densitometric image analysis, and values for the scintigraphic ratios were compared.

Results—In the distraction and osteotomy groups, delayed-image–to–region-of-interest and delayedimage-to-crural ratios increased significantly. Although densitometric image analysis revealed increased bone formation after distraction, the region-of-interest ratios and crural ratios were similar in both groups. All dogs had increased delayedimage–to–femoral ratios.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Delayed-image bone scintigraphy ratios were not effective at differentiating between the amounts of distraction-induced bone and osteotomy-induced bone. Metabolic bone activity in the adjacent femur was increased as a consequence of circular external skeletal fixator placement. Delayed-image bone scintigraphy was not adequately sensitive to quantitatively monitor bone formation but may be useful as an early predictor of bone healing.
Assessment of bone mineral density of the femoral head in dogs with early osteoarthritis
Authors: Chalmers Heather J. , Dykes Nathan L. , Lust George , Farese James P. , Burton-Wurster Nancy I. , Williams Alma J. , Todhunter Rory J.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal portion of the femur in dogs with and without early osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia.

Animals—24 dogs (3 Greyhounds, 6 Labrador-Greyhound crossbreeds, and 15 Labrador Retrievers).

Procedure—Computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis, including a bone-density phantom, was performed for each dog. Centrally located transverse CT slices and a computer workstation were used to identify 16 regions of interest (ROIs) in the proximal portion of the femur. For each ROI, the mean Hounsfield unit value was recorded; by use of the bone-density phantom and linear regression analysis, those values were converted to equivalent BMD (eBMD). Mean eBMD values for the subchondral and nonsubchondral ROIs in dogs with and without osteoarthritis (determined at necropsy) were compared. A mixed-model ANOVA and post hoc linear contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of osteoarthritis, breed, and sex on the BMD value.

Results—At necropsy, osteoarthritis was detected in 14 hip joints in 9 dogs; all lesions included early cartilage fibrillation. After adjusting for breed and sex, eBMD in subchondral ROIs 8 and 12 (adjacent to the fovea) were 8% and 6% higher, respectively, in osteoarthritis-affected dogs, compared with unaffected dogs; in the nonsubchondral ROIs, eBMD was 10% higher in osteoarthritis-affected dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with findings in unaffected dogs, increased eBMD in hip joints of dogs with early osteoarthritis supports a strong relationship between the subchondral and epiphyseal regions and articular cartilage in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis.
Detection of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase in serum samples of hypothyroid dogs
Authors: Skopek Evelyn , Patzl Martina , Nachreiner Raymond F.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To establish a sensitive test for the detection of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in canine serum samples.

Sample Population—365 serum samples from dogs with hypothyroidism as determined on the basis of serum concentrations of total and free triiodothyronine (T3), total and free thyroxine (T4), and thyroidstimulating hormone, of which 195 (53%) had positive results for at least 1 of 3 thyroid autoantibodies (against thyroglobulin [Tg], T4, or T3) and serum samples from 28 healthy dogs (control samples).

Procedure—TPO was purified from canine thyroid glands by extraction with detergents, ultracentrifugation, and precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Screening for anti-TPO autoantibodies in canine sera was performed by use of an immunoblot assay. Thyroid extract containing TPO was separated electrophoretically, blotted, and probed with canine sera. Alkaline phosphatase–conjugated rabbit anti-dog IgG was used for detection of bound antibodies.

Results—TPO bands were observed at 110, 100, and 40 kd. Anti-TPO autoantibodies against the 40-kd fragment were detected in 33 (17%) sera of dogs with positive results for anti-Tg, anti-T4, or anti-T3 autoantibodies but not in sera of hypothyroid dogs without these autoantibodies or in sera of healthy dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The immunoblot assay was a sensitive and specific method for the detection of autoantibodies because it also provided information about the antigen. Anti-TPO autoantibodies were clearly detected in a fraction of hypothyroid dogs. The value of anti-TPO autoantibodies for use in early diagnosis of animals with thyroid gland diseases should be evaluated in additional studies.
Effect of intraluminal distension or ischemic strangulation obstruction of the equine jejunum on jejunal motilin receptors and binding of erythromycin lactobionate
Authors: Koenig Judith B. , Sawhney Sukhminder , Cote Nathalie , LaMarre Jonathan
Published: May 2006

Objective—To determine whether inflammation of the jejunum of horses decreases the number of motilin receptors and amounts of motilin receptor mRNA and alters erythromycin lactobionate binding affinity to the motilin receptor in jejunal tissues.

Sample Population—Jejunal segments in 6 adult horses.

Procedure—Each horse was anesthetized, and a ventral median celiotomy was performed; 2 segments of jejunum underwent a sham operation, 2 segments underwent ischemic strangulation obstruction (ISO), and 2 segments underwent intraluminal distension (ILD). Treatments were maintained for 120 minutes. From each segment, full-thickness biopsy samples were collected and smooth-muscle homogenates were prepared. Affinity and distribution of motilin binding to these preparations were determined by use of iodine 125 (125I)-labeled synthetic porcine motilin. Via displacement experiments, competition between 125I-labeled motilin and erythromycin lactobionate for binding to motilin receptors in the different segments was investigated. A quantitative real-time PCR technique was used to assess motilin receptor mRNA content in the muscle preparations.

Results—Compared with the ISO or ILD segments, the number of motilin receptors was significantly higher in the sham-operated segments; ILD segments contained the lowest number of motilin receptors. The expression of motilin receptor mRNA was significantly decreased in ILD segments but not in ISO segments. Erythromycin lactobionate displacement of 125I-labeled motilin from motilin receptors did not differ significantly among the jejunal segments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that downregulation and decreased production of motilin receptors in inflamed jejunal tissue contribute to the altered prokinetic response to erythromycin in horses with gastrointestinal disease.
Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of targeted sampling methods for detection of Mycobacterium aviumsubsp paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds
Authors: Tavornpanich Saraya , Gardner Ian A. , Carpenter Tim E. , Johnson Wesley O. , Anderson Randall J.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To investigate the epidemiologic and financial impacts of targeted sampling of subpopulations of cows, compared with random sampling of all cows, for classification of dairy herd infection status for paratuberculosis.

Animals—All cows from 4 infected herds with a low-to-moderate prevalence of paratuberculosis and from 1 noninfected herd in California.

Procedure—The infection status of each cow was classified on the basis of results of an ELISA or combined ELISA and fecal culture results. Thirteen sampling schemes designed to randomly sample cows on the basis of lactation number, stage of lactation, and milk production were evaluated. Sampling without replacement was used to obtain a probability of herd detection of paratuberculosis for each evaluated sampling method and for simulated sample sizes between 30 and 150 cows. Marginal cost-effectiveness analysis was used to determine the cost increase relative to the increase in detection probability.

Results—Sampling cows in the third or higher lactation and ≥200 days into lactation yielded the highest detection probability in most instances, resulting in a detection probability that was 1.4 to 2.5 times that obtained by sampling 30 cows in the second or higher lactation. Costs of testing via the alternative method with a 95% detection probability were approximately $300 lower in a high-prevalence herd (31%) and $800 lower in a low-prevalence herd (9%), compared with use of the reference method.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Detection of herds with paratuberculosis could be improved, and costs of testing substantially reduced by sampling targeted groups of cows.
Prevalence of exposure to Salmonella spp in finishing swine marketed in Iowa
Authors: O'Connor Annette M. , McKean James D. , Beary John H. , Brockus Susan L.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To describe the prevalence of antibodies against Salmonella spp in swine marketed in Iowa.

Animals—Swine marketed by 1,044 low-volume producers and 45 high-volume producers.

Procedure—Samples of diaphragm muscle collected from swine carcasses were tested by an indirect ELISA based on lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella spp, in particular Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. Prevalence of positive results for antibodies against Salmonella spp for carcasses, lots, and swine for each producer was determined. Producer-level seroprevalence was used to classify swine from producers as having negligible, low, moderate, or widespread evidence of previous or historical exposure to Salmonella spp.

Results—From low-volume producers, 23,609 of 25,478 (92.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 92.4% to 92.9%) samples had negative results, and 1,863 (7.3%; 95% CI, 7.05% to 7.56%) had antibodies against Salmonella spp. Of the 6,299 lots of swine tested, 1,191 (18.9%) contained at least 1 sample with positive results. From high-volume producers, 203 of 2,486 (8.1%; 95% CI, 6.8% to 9.3%) samples had antibodies against Salmonella spp, and 124 of 629 lots had at least 1 sample with positive results for antibodies against Salmonella spp.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Less than 10% of pigs marketed in Iowa are apparently exposed to Salmonella spp. Most swine marketed by low-volume producers had negligible or little evidence of exposure to Salmonella spp, whereas a higher percentage of swine marketed by high-volume producers had positive results when tested to detect antibodies against Salmonella spp.
Effect of exercise on activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase, and heat shock protein 27 in equine skeletal muscle
Authors: van Ginneken Mireille M. E. , de Graaf-Roelfsema Ellen , Keizer Hans A. , van Dam Klien G. , Wijnberg Inge D. , van der Kolk Johannes H. , van Breda Eric
Published: May 2006

Objective—To investigate the effects of exercise on activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling proteins in horses.

Animals—6 young trained Standardbred geldings.

Procedure—Horses performed a 20-minute bout of exercise on a treadmill at 80% of maximal heart rate. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from the vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscles before and after exercise. Amount of expression and intracellular location of phosphospecific MAPK pathway intermediates were determined by use of western blotting and immunofluorescence staining.

Results—Exercise resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of p38 pathway intermediates, c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in the vastus lateralis muscle, whereas no significant changes were found in phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase. In the pectoralis descendens muscle, phosphorylation of p38 and HSP27 was significantly increased after exercise. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed fiber-type– specific locations of phosphorylated JNK in type 2a/b intermediate and 2b fibers and phosphorylated p38 in type 1 fibers. Phosphorylated HSP27 was strongly increased after exercise in type 1 and 2a fibers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The p38 pathway and JNK are activated in the vastus lateralis muscle after a single 20-minute bout of submaximal exercise in trained horses. Phosphorylation of HSP27 as detected in the study reported here is most likely induced through the p38 signaling pathway.
Influence of electrode placement on effective field strength in the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses
Authors: Lin Yi-lo , Moolenaar Hugo , van Weeren P. René , van de Lest Chris H. A.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To determine the relationship between the output of an electrical treatment device and the effective field strength in the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses.

Sample Population—Cadaver horse forelimbs without visible defects (n = 8) and 1 live pony.

Procedure—Microcurrents were generated by a microcurrent electrical therapy device and applied in proximodistal, dorsopalmar, and mediolateral directions in the entire forelimbs, dissected tendons, and the pony with various output settings. Corresponding field strengths in the tendons were measured.

Results—A linear relationship was detected between current and field strength in all conditions and in all 3 directions. In dissected tendons, significant differences were detected among all 3 directions, with highest field strength in the proximodistal direction and lowest in the dorsopalmar direction. In the entire forelimbs, field strength in the proximodistal direction was significantly lower than in the mediolateral direction. Results in the pony were similar to those in the entire forelimbs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Electrode placement significantly affected field strength in the target tissue. Many surrounding structures caused considerable reduction of field strength in the target tissue. These factors should be taken into account when establishing protocols for electrical current–based therapeutic devices if these devices are proven clinically effective.
Use of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal joint in healthy horses
Authors: Shoemaker Ryan W. , Allen Andrew L. , Richardson Cerah E. , Wilson David G.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arthrodesis of tarsometatarsal joints in horses.

Animals—8 healthy female horses without lameness or radiographic evidence of tarsal joint osteoarthritis.

Procedure—In each horse, 1 tarsometatarsal joint was treated with 4 mL of 70% ethyl alcohol and the opposite joint was treated with 4 mL of 95% ethyl alcohol. Lameness examinations were performed daily for 2 weeks, followed by monthly evaluations for the duration of the 12-month study. Radiographic evaluations of both tarsi were performed 1 month after injection and every 3 months thereafter. Gross and histologic examinations of the tarsi were undertaken at completion of the study.

Results—Horses had minimal to no lameness associated with the treatments. Radiography revealed that 8 of 16 joints were fused by 4 months after treatment, with significantly more joints fused in the 70% ethyl alcohol group. Fifteen of 16 joints were considered fused at postmortem examination at 12 months. Gross and histologic examinations revealed foci of dense mature osteonal bone spanning the joint spaces. Bony fusion appeared to be concentrated on the dorsolateral, centrolateral, and plantarolateral aspects of the joints. Significant differences were not detected between treatment groups for lameness or pathologic findings.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of ethyl alcohol into the tarsometatarsal joint of healthy horses appeared to facilitate arthrodesis of the joint in a pain-free manner. Results warrant further investigation into the potential use of ethyl alcohol in horses clinically affected with osteoarthritis of the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints.
Association between findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images and detection of a fracture in the proximal sesamoid bones of forelimbs obtained from cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds
Authors: Anthenill Lucy A. , Stover Susan M. , Gardner Ian A. , Hill Ashley E. , Lee Christina M. , Anderson Mark L. , Barr Bradd C. , Read Deryck H. , Johnson Bill J. , Woods Leslie W. , Daft Barbara M. , Kinde Hailu , Moore Janet D. , Farman Cynthia A. , Odani Jenee S. , Pesavento Patricia A. , Uzal Francisco A. , Case James T. , Ardans Alex A.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To determine the distribution for limbs and bones in horses with fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones and relationships with findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images.

Sample Population—Proximal sesamoid bones obtained from both forelimbs of cadavers of 328 racing Thoroughbreds.

Procedure—Osteophytes; large vascular channels; and fracture location, orientation, configuration, and margin distinctness were categorized by use of high-detail contact palmarodorsal radiographs. Distributions of findings were determined. Relationships between radiographic findings and fracture characteristics were examined by use of χ2 and logistic regression techniques.

Results—Fractures were detected in 136 (41.5%) horses. Biaxial fractures were evident in 109 (80%) horses with a fracture. Osteophytes and large vascular channels were evident in 266 (81%) and 325 (99%) horses, respectively. Medial bones typically had complete transverse or split transverse simple fractures, indistinct fracture margins, > 1 vascular channel that was > 1 mm in width, and osteophytes in abaxial wing and basilar middle or basilar abaxial locations. Lateral bones typically had an oblique fracture and distinct fracture margins. Odds of proximal sesamoid bone fracture were approximately 2 to 5 times higher in bones without radiographic evidence of osteophytes or large vascular channels, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Biaxial fractures of proximal sesamoid bones were common in cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds. Differences between medial and lateral bones for characteristics associated with fracture may relate to differences in fracture pathogeneses for these bones. Osteophytes and vascular channels were common findings; however, fractures were less likely to occur in bones with these features.
Evaluation of a comparative pathogenesis between cancer-associated retinopathy in humans and sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome in dogs via diagnostic imaging and western blot analysis
Authors: Gilmour Margi A. , Cardenas Margarita R. , Blaik Margaret A. , Bahr Robert J. , McGinnis James F.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To evaluate dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) for evidence of pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and pulmonary neoplasia and antiretinal antibodies and to evaluate dogs with neoplasia for antiretinal antibodies.

Animals—57 clinically normal dogs, 17 with SARDS, and 53 with neoplasia.

Procedure—Thoracic radiography, ultrasonography of adrenal glands, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography of pituitary glands were performed in 15 dogs with SARDS. Western blot analysis was performed on sera of all dogs; recoverin (23 kd) and arrestin (48 kd) retinal antibodies were used as positive controls.

Results—Neoplasia was not detected via diagnostic imaging in dogs with SARDS. Western blot analysis revealed bands in all dogs ranging from > 48 to < 23 kd. Prominent bands with equivalent or greater density than 1 or both positive controls at the 1:1,000 dilution, and present at the 1:3,000 dilution, were detected in 28% of clinically normal dogs, 40% of dogs with neoplasia, and 41% of dogs with SARDS. No bands in dogs with SARDS had a consistent location of immune activity, and none were detected at the 23-kd site. The area around the 48-kd site had increased immune activity in all 3 groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The etiology of SARDS in dogs does not appear to be similar to cancer-associated retinopathy in humans on the basis of absence of differential antibody activity against retinal proteins. Although dogs with SARDS often have clinical signs compatible with hyperadrenocorticism, neoplasia of the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, or lungs was not detected.
Quantitative assessment of nociceptive processes in conscious dogs by use of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex
Authors: Bergadano Alessandra , Andersen Ole K. , Arendt-Nielsen Lars , Schatzmann Urs , Spadavecchia Claudia
Published: May 2006

Objective—To investigate the feasibility of evoking the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) from foreand hind limbs in conscious dogs, score stimulusassociated behavioral responses, and assess the canine NWR response to suprathreshold stimulations.

Animals—8 adult Beagles.

Procedure—Surface electromyograms evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of ulnaris and digital plantar nerves were recorded from the deltoideus, cleidobrachialis, biceps femoris, and tibialis cranialis muscles. Train-of-five pulses (stimulustrain) were used; reflex threshold (It train) was determined, and recruitment curves were obtained at 1.2, 1.5, and 2 × It train. Additionally, a single pulse (stimulussingle) was given at 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, and 3 × It train. Latency and amplitude of NWRs were analyzed. Severity of behavioral reactions was subjectively scored.

Results—Fore- and hind limb It train values (median; 25% to 75% interquartile range) were 2.5 mA (2.0 to 3.6 mA) and 2.1 mA (1.7 to 2.9 mA), respectively. At It train, NWR latencies in the deltoideus, cleidobrachialis, biceps femoris, and cranial tibialis muscles were not significantly different (19.6 milliseconds [17.1 to 20.5 milliseconds], 19.5 milliseconds [18.1 to 20.7 milliseconds], 20.5 milliseconds [14.7 to 26.4 milliseconds], and 24.4 milliseconds [17.1 to 40.5 milliseconds], respectively). Latencies obtained with stimulustrain and stimulussingle were similar. With increasing stimulation intensities, NWR amplitude increased and correlated positively with behavioral scores.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, the NWR can be evoked from limbs and correlates with behavioral reactions. Results suggest that NWR evaluation may enable quantification of nociceptive system excitability and efficacy of analgesics in individual dogs.
Evaluation of the prevalence and onset of lung lesions and their impact on growth of lambs
Authors: Daniel Joseph A. , Held Jeff E. , Brake Denise G. , Wulf Duane M. , Epperson William B.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To determine the prevalence and temporal onset of lung lesions in lambs and the impact of lung lesions on growth of affected lambs.

Animals—259 crossbred wether lambs from a single flock in the upper Midwestern United States.

Procedure—An observational study was conducted. Lambs born in the spring and fall were slaughtered at finished weight or at a predetermined time point. Lungs of each lamb were examined and classified as normal, moderate lesions (consolidation > 5% but ≤ 50% of any lobe), or severe lesions (consolidation > 50% of any lobe). Data were examined to detect effects of prevalence or severity of lung lesions on growth and carcass traits.

Results—57 of 89 (64%) spring-born lambs had lung lesions characterized by consolidation of lung tissue. A small number of lambs had pulmonary adhesions or active abscesses. In contrast, only 31 of 108 (29%) fall-born lambs had lung lesions. Severe lung lesions were associated with a significant reduction in average daily gain. Severe lung lesions were not detected until the middle of the finishing period and were associated with culture of Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of results indicates that the prevalence of severe lung lesions can be quite high in lambs. Severe lung lesions can lead to greatly decreased growth performance of lambs.
Effect of diameter of the drill hole on torque of screw insertion and pushout strength for headless tapered compression screws in simulated fractures of the lateral condyle of the equine third metacarpal bone
Authors: Carpenter Ryan S. , Galuppo Larry D. , Stover Susan M.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To compare variables for screw insertion, pushout strength, and failure modes for a headless tapered compression screw inserted in standard and oversize holes in a simulated lateral condylar fracture model.

Sample Population—6 pairs of third metacarpal bones from horse cadavers.

Procedure—Simulated lateral condylar fractures were created, reduced, and stabilized with a headless tapered compression screw by use of a standard or oversize hole. Torque, work, and time for drilling, tapping, and screw insertion were measured during site preparation and screw implantation. Axial load and displacement were measured during screw pushout. Effects of drill hole size on variables for screw insertion and screw pushout were assessed by use of Wilcoxon tests.

Results—Drill time was 59% greater for oversize holes than for standard holes. Variables for tapping (mean maximum torque, total work, positive work, and time) were 42%, 70%, 73%, and 58% less, respectively, for oversize holes, compared with standard holes. Variables for screw pushout testing (mean yield load, failure load, failure displacement, and failure energy) were 40%, 40%, 47%, and 71% less, respectively, for oversize holes, compared with standard holes. Screws could not be completely inserted in 1 standard and 2 oversize holes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enlarging the diameter of the drill hole facilitated tapping but decreased overall holding strength of screws. Therefore, holes with a standard diameter are recommended for implantation of variable pitch screws whenever possible. During implantation, care should be taken to ensure that screw threads follow tapped bone threads.
Effects of electrostimulated acupuncture on ground reaction forces and pain scores in dogs with chronic elbow joint arthritis
Authors: Kapatkin Amy S. , Tomasic Michael , Beech Jill , Meadows Cheyney , Boston Raymond C. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Powers Michelle Y. , Smith Gail K.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To determine whether use of electrostimuluated acupuncture (ESA) would result in significant improvements in ground reaction forces and lameness scores in dogs with chronic elbow joint osteoarthritis secondary to elbow joint dysplasia.

Design—Randomized, controlled, crossover clinical trial.

Animals—9 dogs with chronic forelimb lameness and radiographic evidence of elbow joint osteoarthritis.

Procedures—All dogs had a 3-week control acclimation period during which gait analysis was performed weekly. Dogs then received ESA once weekly for 3 weeks followed by a sham treatment once weekly for 3 weeks or received the sham treatment followed by ESA. Gait analysis was repeated prior to each treatment, and owners were asked to provide pain scores by use of a visual analog scale method.

Results—Treatment (control, acupuncture, or sham) did not have a significant effect on ground reaction forces for any limb. Owners of 8 of the 9 dogs were able to correctly guess the time period when ESA was delivered.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that ESA did not have any significant effects on severity of lameness, as determined by measurement of ground reaction forces, or severity of pain, as determined by visual analog scale pain scores, in dogs with chronic elbow joint osteoarthritis secondary to elbow joint dysplasia.
Evaluation of cellophane banding with and without intraoperative attenuation for treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs
Authors: Frankel Daniel , Seim Howard , MacPhail Catriona , Monnet Eric
Published: May 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effect of intraoperative attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (CEPSSs) during cellophane banding procedures in dogs.

Study Design—Retrospective case series and prospective study.

Animals—18 cases evaluated retrospectively and 14 dogs evaluated prospectively.

Procedures—Gradual occlusion of CEPSSs was performed via cellophane banding. Shunts were occluded to a diameter < 3.0 mm during surgery in dogs prospectively enrolled in the partial attenuation group, whereas the shunt was not attenuated during surgery in dogs prospectively enrolled in the no-attenuation group or in dogs that had previously undergone surgery and were retrospectively evaluated. Postprandial serum bile acids (PPSBA) concentrations were measured before surgery and at various time points after surgery.

Results—Mean ± SD PPSBA concentrations were 26.8 ± 24.5 μmol/L at < 2.25 months after surgery (n = 16 dogs), 22.1 ± 14.0 μmol/L from 2.25 to 6 months after surgery (12 dogs), and 34.9 ± 32.5 μmol/L at > 6 months after surgery (22 dogs). In the prospectively enrolled dogs, mean PPSBA concentrations increased over time in dogs in the partial attenuation group, but not in dogs in the no-attenuation group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cellophane banding may be used to occlude larger CEPSSs and may decrease the need for intraoperative monitoring of portal vein blood pressure. The technique may facilitate minimally invasive treatment of CEPSSs in dogs. Intraoperative attenuation of CEPSSs to a diameter < 3.0 mm is not necessary and may result in a less favorable outcome.
Ultrasonographic and color-flow Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of direct cutaneous arteries used for axial pattern skin flaps in dogs
Authors: Reetz Jennifer A. , Seiler Gabriela , Mayhew Philipp D. , Holt David E.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To describe a method for ultrasonographic and color-flow Doppler ultrasonographic imaging of the 4 direct cutaneous arteries commonly used for axial pattern skin flaps in dogs.

Design—Descriptive report.

Animals—20 clinically normal dogs.

Procedures—Dogs were manually restrained and fundamental and harmonic ultrasonographic and colorflow Doppler ultrasonographic examinations of the superficial cervical, thoracodorsal, deep circumflex iliac (cranial and caudal branches), and caudal superficial epigastric arteries were performed by a resident in diagnostic imaging. The level of confidence in locating these vessels was subjectively graded as high, moderate, or low.

Results—High-frequency fundamental and harmonic ultrasonography was important for maximizing image resolution, and color-flow Doppler ultrasonography was important for vessel identification. The superficial cervical artery was the most difficult vessel to identify; confidence in correct vessel identification was low or moderate. The thoracodorsal and deep circumflex iliac arteries were identified with a moderate or high level of confidence. The caudal superficial epigastric artery was the easiest vessel to identify; confidence in correct vessel identification was high. Except for the superficial cervical artery, the level of confidence in correct vessel identification improved over time as operator experience increased.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the combination of fundamental ultrasonographic and color-flow Doppler ultrasonographic imaging is an easy and noninvasive method for identifying the 4 direct cutaneous arteries commonly used for axial pattern skin flaps in dogs. This method could be useful in planning axial pattern skin flaps, particularly in dogs with regional soft tissue trauma in which the integrity of the vessel is in question.
Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary Eikenella corrodens infection in a dog
Authors: Foster Wendy K. , Armstrong Julie A.
Published: May 2006

Case Description—A 4-year-old English Pointer was examined because of chronic, progressive signs of pulmonary disease and failure to respond to medical treatment.

Clinical Findings—At examination, radiography of the thorax revealed increased pulmonary opacity and air bronchograms in the right caudal lung lobe, and radiography of the forelimbs revealed periosteal bone production typical of hypertrophic osteopathy. Attempts to isolate a causative organism included bacterial culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and a lung tissue specimen obtained via fine-needle aspiration. Despite a cytologic diagnosis of septic suppurative inflammation in the lavage fluid, those specimens did not yield bacterial growth. However, a biopsy specimen obtained during a lung lobectomy procedure yielded growth of Eikenella corrodens.

Treatment and Outcome—Despite successful surgical removal of the consolidated lung lobe and initiation of antimicrobial treatment, the dog died 6 days after surgery.

Clinical Relevance—The authors are not aware of reports of pulmonary infection with E corrodens in animals. Infection with the organism is rare, but it is possible that infections are underreported given that the organism is difficult to culture and biopsy may be necessary to obtain enough tissue to yield a diagnosis.
Physical characteristics, blood hormone concentrations, and plasma lipid concentrations in obese horses with insulin resistance
Authors: Frank Nicholas , Elliott Sarah B. , Brandt Laura E. , Keisler Duane H.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To compare obese horses with insulin resistance (IR) with nonobese horses and determine whether blood resting glucose, insulin, leptin, and lipid concentrations differed between groups and were correlated with combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) results.

Animals—7 obese adult horses with IR (OB-IR group) and 5 nonobese mares.

Procedures—Physical measurements were taken, and blood samples were collected after horses had acclimated to the hospital for 3 days. Response to insulin was assessed by use of the CGIT, and maintenance of plasma glucose concentrations greater than the preinjection value for ≥ 45 minutes was used to define IR. Area under the curve values for glucose (AUCg) and insulin (AUCi) concentrations were calculated.

Results—Morgan, Paso Fino, Quarter Horse, and Tennessee Walking Horse breeds were represented in the OB-IR group. Mean neck circumference and BCS differed significantly between groups and were positively correlated with AUC values. Resting insulin and leptin concentrations were 6 and 14 times as high, respectively, in the OB-IR group, compared with the nonobese group, and were significantly correlated with AUCg and AUCi. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid, very low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were significantly higher (86%, 104%, and 29%, respectively) in OB-IR horses, and HDL-C concentrations were positively correlated with AUC values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Measurements of neck circumference and resting insulin and leptin concentrations can be used to screen obese horses for IR. Dyslipidemia is associated with IR in obese horses.
Effectiveness of using a mat filled with a peroxygen disinfectant to minimize shoe sole contamination in a veterinary hospital
Authors: Amass Sandra F. , Arighi Mimi , Kinyon Joann M. , Hoffman Lorraine J. , Schneider Jessica L. , Draper D. Kevin
Published: May 2006

Objective—To determine the effectiveness of using a disinfectant mat filled with a peroxygen compound to prevent mechanical transmission of bacteria via contaminated footwear between the food animal ward and common breezeway of a veterinary teaching hospital.

Design—Observational study.

Sample Population—Shoe soles of individuals entering and exiting from the ward.

Procedures—A mat filled with peroxygen disinfectant was placed at the entrance to the food animal ward, and participants wiped each shoe twice on the mat surface (n = 16) or walked on the mat surface but did not wipe their shoes (17) before entering and exiting from the ward. Swab specimens were collected from the shoe soles of participants before and after mat use and submitted for bacterial culture.

Results—For both study days, as participants entered the ward, median number of aerobic bacteria isolated from shoe swab specimens collected prior to use of the disinfectant mat was not significantly different from median number isolated after use of the disinfectant mat. However, as participants exited the ward, median number of aerobic bacteria isolated from shoe swab specimens collected prior to use of the disinfectant mat was significantly higher than median number isolated after use of the disinfectant mat.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that placing a mat filled with a peroxygen disinfectant at the exit from the food animal ward of a veterinary teaching hospital may help reduce mechanical transmission of bacteria on the footwear of individuals leaving the ward.
Results of a SNP genome screen in a large Costa Rican pedigree segregating for severe bipolar disorder
Authors: Service Susan , Molina Julio , DeYoung Joseph , Jawaheer Damini , Aldana Ileana , Vu Thuy , Bejarano Julio , Fournier Eduardo , Ramirez Magui , Mathews Carol A. , Davanzo Pablo , Macaya Gabriel , Sandkuijl Lodewijk , Sabatti Chiara , Reus Victor , Freimer Nelson
Published: May 2006

We have ascertained in the Central Valley of Costa Rica a new kindred (CR201) segregating for severe bipolar disorder (BP‐I). The family was identified by tracing genealogical connections among eight persons initially independently ascertained for a genome wide association study of BP‐I. For the genome screen in CR201, we trimmed the family down to 168 persons (82 of whom are genotyped), containing 25 individuals with a best‐estimate diagnosis of BP‐I. A total of 4,690 SNP markers were genotyped. Analysis of the data was hampered by the size and complexity of the pedigree, which prohibited using exact multipoint methods on the entire kindred. Two‐point parametric linkage analysis, using a conservative model of transmission, produced a maximum LOD score of 2.78 on chromosome 6, and a total of 39 loci with LOD scores >1.0. Multipoint parametric and non‐parametric linkage analysis was performed separately on four sections of CR201, and interesting (nominal P‐value from either analysis <0.01), although not statistically significant, regions were highlighted on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 12, 16, 19, and 22, in at least one section of the pedigree, or when considering all sections together. The difficulties of analyzing genome wide SNP data for complex disorders in large, potentially informative, kindreds are discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac events after low osmolar ionic or isosmolar nonionic contrast media utilization in the current era of coronary angioplasty
Authors: Le Feuvre Claude , Batisse Anne , Collet Jean P. , Batisse Jean P , Choussat Rémy , Beygui Farzin , Helft Gérard , Montalescot Gilles , Metzger Jean P
Published: May 2006

Objectives:

Our study aimed to compare the isosmolar nonionic dimer iodixanol and the low osmolar ionic agent ioxaglate in the current era of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), using clopidogrel, enoxaparine, direct stenting, and drug eluting stent.

Background:

Previous studies have suggested an association between thrombus‐related events and type of contrast media. 

Methods:

Our prospective single‐center study included 498 consecutive patients who were assigned to receive either iodixanol (n = 231) or ioxaglate (n = 267). The primary endpoint was the cumulative rate of in‐hospital major adverse clinical events (MACE). A secondary endpoint was the rate of angiographic or procedural complications. 

Results:

Clinical and angiographic baseline characteristics and procedural data were similar in the 2 groups. A peak anti‐Xa >0.5 IU/ml was obtained in 97% in both groups. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 42% of patients. Coronary stenting was performed in 91% of patients, with direct stenting in 70%, and drug‐eluting stent in 28% of patients. In‐hospital MACE was more frequent in patients receiving iodixanol compared with those receiving ioxaglate (4.8% vs. 0.3%, P < 0.005). This difference was mainly related to the appearance of a large thrombus during PCI (6% with iodixanol vs. 0.3% with ioxaglate, P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of in‐hospital MACE were use of iodixanol (P < 0.01), the higher number of stent used (P < 0.008), bifurcation/ostial lesion (P < 0.01), and balloon dilation before stenting (p < 0.001). 

Conclusions:

In our study reflecting the current era of PCI, thrombus‐related events are more frequent with the isosmolar nonionic dimer iodixanol than with the low osmolar ionic agent ioxaglate. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occlusion of a large coronary‐cameral fistula using the Amplatzer vascular plug in a 2‐year old
Authors: Balaguru Duraisamy , Joseph Annette , Kimmelstiel Carey
Published: May 2006

A 2‐year‐old girl underwent transcatheter occlusion of a fistula. The fistula originated from the right coronary artery and drained into the right atrium. Three interlocking Gianturco coils were initially placed in the distal portion of the fistula resulting in near‐total occlusion of blood flow. Placing a 12‐mm Amplatzer vascular plug obliterated the proximal, dilated portion of the fistula. Complete occlusion with accurate placement was achieved. Advantages and technical implications of the Amplatzer vascular plug in this clinical setting are discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss., Inc.
A dual wire approach to severe ostial bifurcating renal artery stenosis
Authors: Lorin Jeffrey D. , Hirsh David S. , Attubato Michael J. , Sedlis Steven P.
Published: May 2006

Percutaneous intervention with balloon expandable stents has proven to be an effective measure to enhance renal blood flow and control blood pressure in subjects with severe ostial renal artery lesions. A small cohort of these subjects have an ostial bifurcation, which complicates the approach to revascularization. In these cases there is a concern of creating a total side‐branch occlusion during balloon expansion. We report two cases of an ostial lesion at a renal artery bifurcation revascularized by employing a sequential dilatation double guidewire technique. Using a single 7F sheath in each case, both renal artery branches were wired, and each branch was predilated and stented in a sequential fashion. Excellent angiographic results were obtained in both cases. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss., Inc.
Transcatheter closure of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations with Amplatzer devices
Authors: Beck Avi , Dagan Tamir , Matitiau Avraham , Bruckheimer Elchanan
Published: May 2006

Objective:

To review the authors' experience with transcatheter closure of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) using amplatzer duct occluder (ADO) devices and vascular plugs (AGA Medical, Golden Valley, MN) and present a novel technique for delivery sheath placement and device delivery.

Background:

PAVMs can cause cyanosis, fatigue, polycythemia, and thromboembolic phenomena. Transcatheter closure using coils, detachable balloons, and various devices has replaced surgery as the preferred therapy.

Methods:

Between January 2001 and December 2004, five patients (2M, 3F) of median age 33 years (14–49) were referred for transcatheter closure of multiple PAVMs. All patients were diagnosed previously with hereditary hemorrhagic telangectasia. The procedures were performed with sedation using a percutaneous transcatheter technique via the femoral vein under fluoroscopic guidance.

Results:

A total of 14 PAVMs (11 ADO and 3 plugs) were closed in five patients. Three patients required two procedures after developing additional PAVMs. All attempts at PAVM closure were successful. Oxygen saturation increased from 88.4 ± 6.1 to 96.4 ± 0.5 (P < 0.05). No complications, including air or thromboembolism, hemoptysis, or chest pain, occurred. At median follow‐up of 3.4 years (1.4–3.6), all patients are alive and have suffered no embolic phenomena or infection.

Conclusion:

Amplatzer patent ductus arteriosus occluders and vascular plugs are safe and effective in the closure of PAVMs in the acute setting and at intermediate follow‐up. Placement of a long delivery sheath can be facilitated by the methods outlined. Though promising, further clinical evaluation of these devices is required. Their apparent advantages must be compared to other techniques and devices for transcatheter PAVM closure. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss., Inc.
Feasibility and safety of transbrachial approach for patients with severe carotid artery stenosis undergoing stenting
Authors: Wu Chiung‐Jen , Cheng Cheng‐I , Hung Wei‐Chin , Fang Chih‐Yuan , Yang Cheng‐Hsu , Chen Chien‐Jen , Chen Yen‐Hsun , Hang Chi‐Ling , Hsieh Yuan‐Kai , Chen Shyh‐Ming , Yip Hon‐Kan
Published: May 2006

Although sporadic successful cases using the transradial approach (TRA) for carotid stenting have been reported, the safety and feasibility of carotid stenting using either TRA or a transbrachial approach (TBA) have not been fully investigated. Recently, we have developed a safe and feasible method of TRA for cerebrovascular angiographic studies. This study investigated whether a TBA approach using a 7‐French (F) Kimny guiding catheter for carotid stenting is safe and feasible for patients with severe carotid stenosis. Thirteen patients were enrolled into this study (age range, 63–78 years). Seven of these 13 patients had severe peripheral vascular disease. A retrograde‐engagement technique, involving looping 6‐F Kimny guiding catheter, was utilized for carotid angiographic study. For carotid stenting, the 6‐F Kimny guiding catheter was replaced with a 7‐F Kimny guiding catheter, and the procedure was performed as the follows. First, an extra‐support wire was inserted into the middle portion of external carotid artery (ECA). Second, a 0.035‐inch Teflon wire was advanced into the common carotid artery. Then, the 6‐F guiding catheter was exchanged for a 7‐F Kimny guiding catheter. Third, if the first and second steps did not provide adequate support for exchanging the guiding catheter, a PercuSurge GuardWire™ was inserted into the ECA, followed by distal balloon inflation for an anchoring support. FilterWire EX™ was used in 9 patients and PercuSurge GuardWire in 4 patients to protect from distal embolization during the procedure. The procedure was successful in all patients. No neurological or vascular bleeding complications were observed and all patients were discharged uneventfully. The TBA for carotid stenting was safe and effective, providing a last resort for patients unsuited to femoral arterial access and surgical intervention. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss., Inc.
Novel double catheter technique in complex percutaneous coronary interventions
Authors: Alhaddad Imad A.
Published: May 2006

We present a novel double catheter technique for successful complex intervention of a very old proximal left circumflex chronic total occlusion (>10 years old). Prior attempts of guide wire passage using bare wire alone, over‐the wire balloon or microcatheter support techniques were unsuccessful. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.