bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the enantiomeric ratio of the pharmaceutical substances alkannin and shikonin
Authors: Assimopoulou A. N. , Papageorgiou V. P.
Published: August 2004

The chiral pair alkannin and shikonin (A/S) are potent pharmaceutical substances with a wide spectrum of biological activity; their enantiomeric ratio does not inﬂuence the major biological activity studied hitherto. Nevertheless, in pharmaceutical development and approval of chiral drugs from the Health and Regulatory Authorities, full documentation of methods of analysis of enantiomeric drugs, is required in order to evaluate the enantiomeric purity of starting materials and ﬁnal products and to control the stability of enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations under several experimental conditions. In the present study, the enantiomeric ratio of A/S was determined in several commercial samples of alkannin and shikonin and also the proportion of A/S derivatives in several Alkanna root samples, which are all used as active ingredients in pharmaceuticals. Light and air proved not to inﬂuence the enantiomeric ratio of A/S on a shikonin commercial sample, and temperature also did not alter the A/S ratio on shikonin and alkannin commercial samples. Microencapsulation of alkannin and shikonin commercial samples in ethylcellulose microspheres and also molecular inclusion of a shikonin commercial sample in β‐hydroxypropyl‐cyclodextrin, which are used as drug delivery systems, did not alter the A/S enantiomeric ratio. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphometric evaluation of the cardiac ventricular capacity of anencephalic fetuses
Authors: Kurtoglu Z. , Uluutku M.H. , Yeginoglu G. , Aktekin M. , Camdeviren H.
Published: August 2004

Anencephaly occurs in 1:1,000 to 1:20,000 infants who are potential donors in pediatric heart transplantation, so it is important to define any morphologic differences between the anencephalic and normal heart in newborns. The dimensions of the heart in anencephalics, however, may differ. For example, the absence of cerebral tissue in anencephalic fetuses may decrease the heart load resulting in a smaller heart. The position of the heart in the thoracic cavity of an anencephalic fetus may affect the size and shape of the heart. This study compares the ventricular volumes and the inlet and outlet lengths of right and left ventricles in 11 normal and 11 anencephalic fetuses of gestational ages between 27 and 35 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference between the right ventricular volumes of normal and anencephalic fetuses, however, the difference between the left ventricular volumes was found to be almost statistically significant (P = 0.07). No statistically significant difference was found between the right and left ventricular volumes of normal fetuses; in anencephalic fetuses left ventricular volumes were found to be significantly smaller than right ventricular volumes (P = 0.05). The outlet length of the right ventricle and the inlet and outlet lengths of left ventricle in anencephalic fetuses were found to be short in comparison with those of normal fetuses (P = 0.01, P = 0.008, P = 0.01). It is proposed that anencephalics, because of these morphologic differences, should be reconsidered as possible donors for heart transplantation. Clin. Anat. 17:487–491, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segmental degeneration in the cervical spine and associated changes in dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Boyd‐Clark L.C. , Briggs C.A. , Galea M.P.
Published: August 2004

Degenerative change in cervical segments C5–C7 was documented to determine whether osteo‐ligamentous adaptations were age‐related. In addition, companion morphological studies were carried out to determine whether parallel changes occurred in related soft tissues, including DRG. Independent of the provoking stimulus, aberrant soft tissue change may be expected with segmental degeneration. Two associations were identified: between the incidence of segmental degeneration and severity of DRG distortion, and between segmental degeneration and DRG inflammatory mast cell density. Peripheral type C cells seemed more susceptible to compression in circumstances of DRG distortion. In light of neuropeptide expression in these cell types, predominant type C cell compression may be clinically relevant in the noxious cascade contributing to the sensation of pain. Clin. Anat. 17:468–477, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the splenic artery and its clinical implications
Authors: Pandey S.K. , Bhattacharya S. , Mishra R.N. , Shukla V.K.
Published: August 2004

The variations in orgin, course, and terminal branching pattern of the splenic artery were studied in 320 cadavers. The artery originated from the coeliac trunk in the majority of cadavers (90.6%), followed by abdominal aorta (8.1%), and other sights (1.3%). A suprapancreatic course of the artery was commonly observed (74.1%) followed by enteropancreatic (18.5%), intrapancreatic (4.6%), and retropancreatic (2.8%) courses. In two cases (0.63%) the proximal part of the splenic artery made a loop that was embedded in the substance of the pancreas, which is an interesting and rare finding. In five cases (1.5%) the proximal part of the artery divided into two or more branches that had suprapancreatic and enteropancreatic courses. The splenic artery divided into terminal branches in 311 (97%) cadavers. In nine (2.8%) cadavers it passed through the hilum of spleen without dividing. Two terminal branches were the most common (63.1%) followed by four (18.8%), six (9.7%), and more than six (5.6%) branches. The present study clearly indicates that there is variation in origin, course, and terminal distribution pattern of the splenic artery. The knowledge of these variations are of significant importance during surgical and radiological procedure of upper abdominal region to avoid any catastrophic complications. Clin. Anat. 17:497–502, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cricothyroidotomy: A clinical anatomy review
Authors: Boon J.M. , Abrahams P.H. , Meiring J.H. , Welch T.
Published: August 2004

The safe and successful performance of a cricothyroidotomy demands a working and yet specific knowledge of anatomy. An ignorance or misunderstanding of anatomy may result in failure or complications. The Educational Affairs Committee of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists has highlighted the importance of clinical anatomy for several invasive procedures. This review is building on their work and contribute further to the understanding of the anatomical framework, particularly the pitfalls and complications related to performing a cricothyroidotomy. Clin. Anat. 17:478–486, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rare case of the inferior mesenteric artery and the common hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Osawa Tokuji , Feng Xin‐Yan , Sasaki Nobuhide , Nagato Satomi , Matsumoto Yoko , Onodera Masao , Nara Eisuke , Fujimura Akira , Nozaka Yohichiro
Published: August 2004

We found a case in which inferior mesenteric artery and the common hepatic artery arose from the superior mesenteric artery, forming the common hepatomesenteric trunk, during a routine dissection carried out at Iwate Medical University in 2002. This variation is rare, but can be embryonically explained. A change in the positions of the disappearance of the ventral splanchnic arteries and the longitudinal anastomotic channel results in variations in the system of arteries distributed to the digestive organs. In the present case, the longitudinal anastomotic channel between the superior and the inferior mesenteric arteries survived to form the common mesenteric artery, which was joined by the common hepatic artery, forming the common hepatomesenteric trunk. Clin. Anat. 17:518–521, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phlebectasia of the external jugular vein associated with duplication of the internal jugular vein
Authors: Turan‐Ozdemir S. , Coskun H. , Balban M.
Published: August 2004

The most common cause of a neck mass that increases in size on the Valsalva maneuver is laryngocele. Jugular phlebectasia is a congenital dilation of the jugular vein, which is extremely rare in adults, may present similarly. Duplication of the internal jugular vein (IJV), which is usually encountered coincidentally, is another rare anatomic variation. Isolated cases or cases associated with IJV ectasia have been reported. We report on an adult patient with coexisting external jugular phlebectasia and internal jugular duplication on the same side. Clin. Anat. 17:522–525, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic survey of the common fibular nerve and its branching pattern with regard to the intermuscular septa of the leg
Authors: Aigner F. , Longato S. , Gardetto A. , Deibl M. , Fritsch H. , Piza‐Katzer H.
Published: August 2004

Compression syndromes of the common fibular nerve and its branches frequently occur primarily as well as secondarily to trauma and surgery. A keen knowledge of the course and the relationship of the deep fibular nerve to adjacent anatomical structures in the proximal leg is mandatory. Previous literature often lacks detailed information on the course of the deep fibular nerve and is based on a limited number of observations. The aim of this study was to investigate the common fibular nerve and its branching pattern with special regard to the relationship between the deep fibular nerve and the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg. Variations in the course of the fibular nerve were demonstrated. The fibular compartments of the leg (n = 111) were dissected in 57 embalmed cadavers and included: 1) investigation of the number of muscular branches; 2) entering passages to the respective compartments of the leg; and 3) the relationship between the fibularis longus muscle and the deep fibular nerve. The most proximal muscular branch of the deep fibular nerve directly “pierced” the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg. Narrow passages within the fibular compartment and, in consequence, areas of possible higher incidence of nerve compression were suggested at the level of the intermuscular septa of the leg, between the two distinct portions of the fibularis longus muscle and the crossing of the supplying vessels. There were hardly ever statistically significant differences between the two sides or male and female gender. According to our results, the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg may be regarded as an important landmark for the surgeon when dissecting the muscular branches of the deep fibular nerve. The variable branching pattern of the deep fibular nerve within the fibular compartment of the leg should be taken into account. Clin. Anat. 17:503–512, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vein of Galen aneurysm: Anatomical study of an adult autopsy case
Authors: Porzionato Andrea , Macchi Veronica , Parenti Anna , De Caro Raffaele
Published: August 2004

We present a case of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation in an adult, the rupture of which caused a fatal hemorrhage. Macroscopic examination, together with plastination of specimen with S10, and microscopic examination showed connection of the aneurysm with the right thalamoperforating artery and, bilaterally, with the posterior choroidal and mesencephalic arteries. Histology also showed thinning of the aneurysmal wall, due to marked reduction of the muscular media at the point of rupture, and its connection with an arteriovenous malformation of the left thalamus. A review of the anatomy of the Galenic system shows that the medullary veins curve at an acute angle to form the paired internal cerebral veins, with a sudden change in flow and that, from late fetal life, the vein of Galen curves around the splenium to enter the straight sinus at an angle opposing its flow. Based on anatomical study and a review of the literature, we suggest that aneurysmatic dilatation of the vein of Galen may result from a combination of pathological and predisposing anatomical factors. The anatomical characteristics of the origin of the internal cerebral veins and of the entry of the vein of Galen into the straight sinus make particularly susceptible to the hemodynamic effects of arteriovenous shunts the vein of Galen itself, which is situated in the cisterna ambiens, an anatomical space that does not impede its enlargement. Clin. Anat. 17:458–462, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical anatomy of the parotid duct with emphasis on the major tributaries forming the duct and the relationship of the facial nerve to the duct
Authors: Richards Alan T. , Digges Nicholas , Norton Neil S. , Quinn Thomas H. , Say Phillip , Galer Chad , Lydiatt Kathryn
Published: August 2004

Although there is a great amount in the literature to describe the anatomy of the parotid gland as a whole, little attention is given to the parotid duct. The purpose of this study is to examine the surgical anatomy of the parotid duct with special emphasis placed on the major tributaries forming the parotid duct and the relationship of the facial nerve to the duct. Twenty‐nine fresh cadaver halves were dissected and the branching pattern of the ducts, position within the parotid, and their relationship to the facial nerve were studied. Of the complete heads studied, the parotid duct had the same pattern in 78.6% on the right and left sides. The parotid ducts in 31.0% of the half heads presented as a single discernible duct from parotid papilla to within the gland. In 62.1% of the half heads, the ducts were formed by a branching pattern within the gland. In the ducts with a branching pattern, 48.3% displayed a bifurcated pattern, 6.9% were trifurcated, and 6.9% had multiple branches. In 6.9% of the half heads studied, the parotid ducts bifurcated distal to the parotid gland. In all cases, the deep lobe of the parotid enveloped the parotid duct; only small ductules connected the superficial lobe with the duct. The facial nerve and its branches were always observed lateral to the parotid duct. Because one dissects lateral to the facial nerve during a superficial parotidectomy, generally the parotid duct remains intact and potential complications such as facial paralysis, sialoceles, and fistulizations are thereby minimized. Clin. Anat. 17:463–467, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Galen and his anatomic eponym: Vein of Galen
Authors: Ustun Cagatay
Published: August 2004

Galen or Galenus was born at Pergamum (now Bergama in Turkey) in 129 A.D., and died in the year 200 A.D. He was a 2nd century Greek philosopher‐physician who switched to the medical profession after his father dreamt of this calling for his son. Galen's training and experiences brought him to Alexandria and Rome and he rose quickly to fame with public demonstrations of anatomical and surgical skills. He became physician to emperor Marcus Aurelius and the emperor's ambitious son, Commodus. He wrote prodigiously and was able to preserve his medical research in 22 volumes of printed text, representing half of all Greek medical literature that is available to us today. The structures, the great cerebral vein and the communicating branch of the internal laryngeal nerve, bear his eponym. Clin. Anat. 17:454–457, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ventricular myocardial thicknesses in anencephalic fetuses
Authors: Kurtoglu Z. , Uluutku M.H. , Yeginoglu G. , Ozturk H. , Camdeviren H.
Published: August 2004

The heart of an anencephalic baby can be used as a donor after death. There exists insufficient information in literature, however, for the possible morphological differences in anencephalic hearts. This study compares ventricular myocardial thicknesses of anencephalic fetuses with normal fetuses in the same gestational age group. The comparison was made histologically on the slices taken from three levels of anterior and posterior walls of the left and right ventricles and from two levels of the interventricular septum. When each level was taken into account separately, the middle part of the left ventricular anterior wall was detected thinner in anencephalics (P = 0.010). When the mean value for each wall (anterior and posterior) was taken into account, left ventricular anterior wall was found thinner in anencephalics (P = 0.005). When the mean value for each ventricle was compared, the left ventricular wall was detected thinner in anencephalics (P = 0.025). These results support the idea that absence of the cerebral cortex results in modifications of the fetal heart. Because differences were limited to the left ventricular anterior wall non‐homogenously, factors other than the decrease in the heart load (e.g., changes in intrathoracic anatomy) might also affect the myocardial features. When the mean value of right ventricle was compared to the left within the normal and anencephalic groups separately, the left ventricle was thicker than the right in normal fetuses (P = 0.016). In anencephalics the difference between two ventricular walls was insignificant (P = 0.084). This supports the left ventricular dominance in normal fetuses but not in anencephalics for the 27–34 weeks of age group. We suggest that when an anencephalic heart is intended to use as a donor, possible alterations presented in this article should be taken into account. Clin. Anat. 17:492–496, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the ankle syndesmosis: A plastination slices study
Authors: Sora Mircea‐Constantin , Strobl Birgit , Staykov Dimitre , Förster‐Streffleur Sophie
Published: August 2004

Plastination is an excellent tool for studying different anatomical and clinical questions. This technique is unique because it offers the possibility to produce transparent slices series that can be easily processed morphometrically. It is very difficult to recognize the subtle widening of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in less severe injuries of this articulation. Proper anatomic knowledge of the syndesmosis might be helpful. The ankle syndesmosis was investigated on 20 cadaver feet by using the E12 plastination technique. Each foot was cut into 1.6‐mm transverse slices and then plastinated. The following parameters (reflecting the position of the fibula in the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis) were measured: the length (LFI) and the depth of the fibular incisure (DFI); the width of the clear space (TCS) and the tibiofibular overlap (TFO); the position of the fibula regarding the anterior aspect of the tibia (A); and the width of the fibula (W). Due to the unique approach of this method, values for the position of the fibular incisure with respect to the frontal (F) and sagittal (S) plane were described for the entire syndesmosis. The prevalence of syndesmotic injury in association with sprains of the ankle is up to 11%. The data presented in the study are useful for the appreciation of the correct position of the fibula in the fibular incisure and can be correlated with standard anterior–posterior radiographies and CT examinations of the ankle joint. Clin. Anat. 17:513–517, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective Estrogen‐Receptor Modulators (SERMs) in the Cyclopentadienylrhenium Tricarbonyl Series: Synthesis and Biological Behaviour
Authors: Top Siden , Vessières Anne , Pigeon Pascal , Rager Marie‐Noëlle , Huché Michel , Salomon Emmanuel , Cabestaing Claude , Vaissermann Jacqueline , Jaouen Gérard
Published: August 2004

A series of organometallic antiestrogens based on the OH‐tamoxifen (OH‐Tam) skeleton and bearing the (η5‐C5H4)ReI(CO)3 unit has been prepared by using McMurry coupling for the purpose of studying their biological behaviour. The cyclopentadienylrhenium tricarbonyl moiety is indeed stable in biological media, compact, lipophilic and easy to handle. Furthermore, this study allowed us to select the best candidates for subsequent use as radiopharmaceuticals either for imaging or therapy by using appropriate radionucleides, namely 99mTc and 188Re. In these molecules the β‐phenyl group of OH‐Tam has been replaced by the (η5‐C5H4)Re(CO)3 moiety, and the length of the dimethylamino side chain O(CH2)nN(CH3)2 was varied (n=2, 3, 4, 5 and 8). The compounds 7 a–7 e were obtained as mixtures of their Z and E isomers, which could be separated by semipreparative HPLC. Unlike their ferrocene homologues, the compounds do not isomerise in solution. Structural identification was carried out with NMR spectroscopy by using the HMBC and NOE techniques and was confirmed by the X‐ray structural determination of (E)‐7 a (n=2). These molecules were more lipophilic than OH‐Tam (log Po/w=4.5–6.3) and they were all reasonably well recognized by the two forms of the estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ). For example, (Z)‐7 b (n=3) has high relative binding affinity (RBA) values of 31 % for ERα and 16.8 % for ERβ. The antiproliferative effects of two pairs of isomers, (Z)‐ and (E)‐7 b (n=3) and (Z)‐ and (E)‐7 d (n=5), were studied at a molarity of 1 μM on two breast‐cancer cell lines, MCF7 (ERα positive) and MDA‐MB231 (ERα negative). These molecules had an antiproliferative effect on MCF7 cells slightly higher than that of OH‐Tam and no effect on MDA‐MB231 cells. Thus, the antiproliferative effect observed on the MCF7 cells seemed essentially to be linked to an antiestrogenic effect. Molecular modelling studies have allowed us to rationalise these effects and select the best compounds for future development of a radioactive series.
Fluid Dynamics of Spouted Bed Apparatus with Two Fluid Inlets: An Experimental Study
Authors: Piskova E. , Mörl L. , Mitev D. , Krüger G.
Published: August 2004

Spouted bed apparatuses are already used in some technical areas for a variety of chemical and metallurgical operations. One of the advantages of spouted beds compared to the fluidized beds is the possibility of achieving better conditions for an intense heat and mass transfer. Spouted beds are characterized by a relatively simple construction and an easy design, which allows the scale‐up of the spouted bed apparatuses and the creation of industrial equipments.
Engineering an Anti‐Graffiti System: A Study in Industrial Product Design
Authors: Hutchinson A.J. , Gomes V.G. , Hyde L.J.
Published: August 2004

The objective of this work was to develop products for the anti‐graffiti market using a product design framework that takes into account the company core practices and meets customer expectations. Product development comprised several concurrent steps including market research and analysis to determine the market potential using a Quality Functional Deployment tool. From market research it was estimated that anti‐graffiti products had significant potential within Australia. A range of technical and quality parameters were tested. The Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters, viscosity and diffusivity estimates were mainly used for technical evaluation of products. An iterative process was used throughout in conjunction with parameter restraints to meet environmental sustainability, waste reduction and minimize resource consumption. The result was a cost effective product, tailored to customer expectations.
Methods for Characterizing the Dustiness Estimation of Powders
Authors: Hamelmann F. , Schmidt E.
Published: August 2004

The handling of powders, such as storing, conveying, filling, mixing etc. leads to airborne dust in the ambient air. These procedures almost represent a fault or a hazard, hence the capability of a powder to liberate dust is also a feature of quality. The amount of released dust of disperse particle systems depends on primary particle properties, such as particle size distribution, and also on the method and intensity of stressing. Also, quantitative description of dustiness always depends on the measuring method.
Hollow Microsperes
Authors: Bertling J. , Blömer J. , Kümmel R.
Published: August 2004

Hollow microspheres are spherically symmetrical particles consisting of at least two phases. Their sales are continuously increasing because of a large number of well‐known and new applications. While most of the current needs for hollow microspheres are met by inorganic byproducts of combustion processes (cenospheres), the fabrication of tailor‐made hollow sphere structures by processes like spray‐drying as well as dripping, emulsion and suspension techniques is gaining more and more interest. Surface phenomena play an important role as far as formation, properties and stability of hollow microspheres are concerned. Template techniques can be used to yield structures that have not been available so far. Modeling and simulation of the formation processes are useful tools to understand the formation mechanisms and to simplify the scaleup.
Enantioselective Self‐Assembly of Bimetallic [MnII (Δ)‐CrIII(C2O4)3]− and [MnII (Λ)‐CrIII(C2O4)3]− Layered Anionic Networks Templated by the Optically Active (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐[1‐CH2N(n‐C3H7)3‐2‐CH3C5H3FeC5H5]+ Ions
Authors: Gruselle Michel , Thouvenot René , Malézieux Bernard , Train Cyrille , Gredin Patrick , Demeschik Tatiana V. , Troitskaya Ludmila L. , Sokolov Viatcheslav I.
Published: August 2004

The ferrocenic ammonium (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐[1‐CH2NR3‐‐2‐CH3C5H3FeC5H5] iodide salts with R=CH3, C2H5, n‐C3H7, n‐C4H9, were synthesized starting from the (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐[1‐CH2N(CH3)2‐2‐CH3C5H3FeC5H5] amines obtained in their optically active forms through asymmetric cyclopalladation of [C5H5FeC5H4CH2N(CH3)2]. 1H NMR studies of these planar chiral 1,2‐disubstituted ferrocenic ammonium iodide salts in the presence of the (Δ)‐(tris(tetrachlorobenzenediolato)phosphate(V) anion), [(Δ)‐Trisphat] support the formation of specific diastereomeric ion pairs. Such intermolecular interactions can be related to the self‐assembly of the two‐dimensional optically active compounds {[(Sp)‐1‐CH2N(n‐C3H7)3‐2‐CH3C5H3FeC5H5][Mn (Δ)‐Cr(C2O4)3]} and {[(Rp)‐1‐CH2N(n‐C3H7)3‐2‐CH3C5H3FeC5H5][Mn (Λ)‐Cr(C2O4)3]} starting from the resolved (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐[1‐CH2N(n‐C3H7)3‐2‐CH3C5H3FeC5H5]+ ion associated to the racemic anionic building block rac‐[Cr(C2O4)3]3− and Mn2+. Both enantiomeric forms of the networks behave as ferromagnets with a Curie temperature of 5.7 K.
Structure–Composition Relations for the Partly Disordered Hume‐Rothery Phase Ir7+7δZn97−11δ (0.31≤δ≤0.58)
Authors: Hornfeck Wolfgang , Thimmaiah Srinivasa , Lee Stephen , Harbrecht Bernd
Published: August 2004

The crystal structure, its variation within the homogeneity range and some physical properties of the new zinc‐rich, partly disordered phase Ir7+7δZn97−11δ (0.31≤δ≤0.58) are reported. The structures of three phases with distinct composition were determined by means of single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Ir7+7δZn97−11δ exhibits a significant homogeneity range, adopts a complex γ‐brass related cubic structure (cF403–406), is stable up to 1201(2) K, and transforms sluggishly below 1048(4) K into a phase with 394 atoms in the monoclinic primitive unit cell. It is a diamagnetic, moderate metallic conductor. Six distinguishable clusters consisting of 22–29 atoms comprise the structure. The clusters are situated about the 16 high symmetry points of the cubic F lattice. The structure can be subdivided into two partial structures, one with constant composition IrZn5 and 192 atoms per unit cell and a second being significantly richer in zinc with variable composition and 211–214 atoms per unit cell. The meandering triply periodic minimal surface of two interpenetrating diamond‐like nets separates the compositionally variable from its complementary invariant part. The phase width is coupled with substitutional and positional disorder. A comprehensive analysis of composition‐dependent site occupancy factors reveals a linear correlation between the various types of disorder which can be conclusively interpreted in terms of an incoherent intergrowth of distinctive partial structures in variable proportions on a length scale comparable to the size of the approximately 2 nm large unit cell. On the basis of the structural findings we derive the structure chemically meaningful formula Ir7+7δZn97−11δ which quantitatively accounts for the interrelation between substitutional and positional disorder and provides a measure for the homogeneity range in structural terms.
Preparation and Crystal Structure Analyses of Compounds in the Systems HgO/MXO4/H2O (M: Co, Zn, Cd; X: S, Se).
Authors: Weil Matthias
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular Wheel B2‐8 as a New Inorganic Ligand. Photoelectron Spectroscopy and ab initio Characterization of LiB‐8.
Authors: Alexandrova Anastassia N. , Zhai Hua‐Jin , Wang Lai‐Sheng , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
P4N4F7O‐ — The Isoelectronic Counterpart of P4N4F8.
Authors: Kingston Melanie , Lork Enno , Mews Ruediger
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Binary Group 4 Azides [Ti(N3)4], [P(C6H5)4][Ti(N3)5], and [P(C6H5)4]2 [Ti(N3)6] and on Linear Ti—N—NN Coordination.
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Boatz Jerry A. , Schneider Stefan , Schroer Thorsten , Yousufuddin Muhammed , Christe Karl O.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Enantioselective (2Z)‐Alk‐2‐enylation of Aldehydes via an Allyl‐Transfer Reaction from Chiral Allyl Donors Prepared from (+)‐Isomenthone.
Authors: Nokami Junzo , Nomiyama Kenta , Shafi Siddiqi M. , Kataoka Kazuhide
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Unusual Approach to the Synthesis of Enantiomerically cis Linear Homoallylic Alcohols Based on the Steric Interaction Mechanism of Camphor Scaffold.
Authors: Lee Chi‐Lik Ken , Lee Cheng‐Hsia Angeline , Tan Kui‐Thong , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kinetic Resolution and Unusual Regioselectivity in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations with a Chiral P,S Ligand.
Authors: Faller J. W. , Wilt Jeremy C. , Parr Jonathan
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Functionalized Carbo‐ and Heterocycles via Pt‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkoxycyclization of 1,6‐Enynes.
Authors: Charruault Lise , Michelet Veronique , Taras Rossana , Gladiali Serafino , Genet Jean‐Pierre
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Titanium(IV) Bromide Promoted Diastereoselective Reactions of Arylaldehydes with Optically Active Propiolates.
Authors: Shi Min , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Termination of Mn(III)‐Based Oxidative Cyclizations by Trapping with Azide.
Authors: Snider Barry B. , Duvall Jeremy R.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Study on the Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclizations of Alkenes and Alkynes Bearing Bromoaryl and Nucleophilic Groups.
Authors: Bruyere Didier , Bouyssi Didier , Balme Genevieve
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
[Nd(OTf)3] Mediated Facile Conversion of Ketoximes to Amides.
Authors: De Surya Kanta
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polyaniline‐Supported Vanadium Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones.
Authors: Reddy Sabbasani Rajasekhara , Das Subhabrata , Punniyamurthy T.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydroxylation of Alkyl Halides with Water in Ionic Liquid: Significantly Enhanced Nucleophilicity of Water.
Authors: Kim Dong Wook , Hong Dong Jin , Seo Jai Woong , Kim Hoon Sik , Kim Hong Kon , Song Choong Eui , Chi Dae Yoon
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct and Convenient Conversion of Alcohols to Fluorides.
Authors: Yin Jingjun , Zarkowsky Devin S. , Thomas David W. , Zhao Matthew M. , Huffman Mark A.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Assembled Catalyst of Palladium and Non‐cross‐linked Amphiphilic Polymer Ligand for the Efficient Heterogeneous Heck Reaction.
Authors: Yamada Yoichi M. A. , Takeda Koji , Takahashi Hideyo , Ikegami Shiro
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Method for the Preparation of β‐Nitroalkanols in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Qian Weixing , Ju Fengyang , Bao Weiliang , Zhang Yongmin
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tetrasubstituted Allene Ethers; Synthesis and Use in Nazarov Reactions.
Authors: Tokeshi Bradley K. , Tius Marcus A.
Published: August 2004

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Highly Stereoselective Intermolecular Oxy‐Michael Addition Reaction to α,β‐Unsaturated Malonate Esters.
Authors: Buchanan David J. , Dixon Darren J. , Hernandez‐Juan Felix A.
Published: August 2004

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Lewis Acid Mediated [2,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allylic α‐Amino Amides.
Authors: Blid Jan , Brandt Peter , Somfai Peter
Published: August 2004

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1‐(Alkyl/Arylthiocarbamoyl)benzotriazoles as Stable Isothiocyanate Equivalents: Synthesis of Di‐ and Trisubstituted Thioureas.
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Ledoux Stephane , Witek Rachel M. , Nair Satheesh K.
Published: August 2004

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Triphenylphosphine Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of O‐Vinylcyclopentenones.
Authors: Baharfar Robabeh , Ostadzadeh Azita , Abbasi Atieh
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Highly Substituted Aniline and o‐Phenylenediamine Derivatives Containing Various Substitution Patterns.
Authors: Kranjc Kristof , Stefane Bogdan , Polanc Slovenko , Kocevar Marijan
Published: August 2004

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Rapid and Convenient Synthesis of Acylhydrazines from Acyldiazenes.
Authors: Li Jian‐Ping , Yu Shu‐Qiang , Qu Gui‐Rong , Wang Yu‐Lu
Published: August 2004

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Ammonium Chloride Mediated Reduction of Azo Compounds to Hydrazo Compounds.
Authors: Sridhara M. B. , Srinivasa G. R. , Gowda D. Channe
Published: August 2004

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Structure—Activity Relationships of Analogues of NF449 Confirm NF449 as the Most Potent and Selective Known P2X1 Receptor Antagonist.
Authors: Kassack Matthias U. , Braun Kirsten , Ganso Matthias , Ullmann Heiko , Nickel Peter , Boeing Barbara , Mueller Gregor , Lambrecht Guenter
Published: August 2004

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New Synthesis of (S)‐Dimethyl‐4,4′‐dimethoxy‐5,6,5′,6′‐dimethenedioxy‐biphenyl‐2,2′‐dicar boxylate by Configuration Transform.
Authors: Cheng Sen‐Xiang , Chang Jun‐Biao , Qu Ling‐Bo , Chen Rong‐Feng
Published: August 2004

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Convenient and Efficient Reduction of 1,1′‐Binaphthyls to H8‐1,1′‐Binaphthyl Derivatives with Pd and Ru Catalysts on Solid Support.
Authors: Korostylev Andrei , Tararov Vitali I. , Fischer Christine , Monsees Axel , Boerner Armin
Published: August 2004

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[2 + 2]‐Photocycloaddition of 2‐Morpholinopropenenitrile to Monosubstituted Benzils.
Authors: Memarian Hamid Reza , Dehghani Mohammad , Henkel Gerald , Doepp Dietrich
Published: August 2004

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A Rapid and Direct Access to Symmetrical/Unsymmetrical 3,4‐Diarylmaleimides and Pyrrolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Pal Manojit , Swamy Nalivela Kumara , Hameed P. Shahul , Padakanti Srinivas , Yeleswarapu Koteswar Rao
Published: August 2004

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Mono‐meso‐tert‐butylporphyrin
Authors: Kus Piotr , Stefaniak Marta
Published: August 2004

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Montmorillonite Clay Catalyzed Alkylation of Pyrroles and Indoles with Cyclic Hemi‐Acetals.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. Subba , Satheesh G.
Published: August 2004

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In vitro—in vivo Antifungal Evaluation and Structure—Activity Relationships of 3H‐1,2‐Dithiole‐3‐thione Derivatives.
Authors: Giannini Fernando A. , Aimar Mario L. , Sortino Maximiliano , Gomez Roxana , Sturniollo Alejandro , Juarez Americo , Zacchino Susana , de Rossi Rita H. , Enriz Ricardo D.
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Triazenoindazoles and Triazenopyrazoles: A Comparative Study.
Authors: Daidone Giuseppe , Raffa Demetrio , Maggio Benedetta , Raimondi Maria Valeria , Plescia Fabiana , Schillaci Domenico
Published: August 2004

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An Easy Route to 4‐Substituted 2‐Oxazolidinones from Prochiral‐1,3‐diols.
Authors: Allali Hocine , Tabti Boufeldja , Alexandre Christian , Huet Francois
Published: August 2004

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An Unusual Base‐Dependent α‐Alkylation and β‐Elimination of tert‐Butyl 2‐Phenyl‐2‐oxazoline‐4‐carboxylate: Practical Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐α‐Alkylserines and tert‐Butyl Benzamidoacrylate.
Authors: Park Hyeung‐geun , Lee Jihye , Kang Myoung Joo , Lee Yeon‐Ju , Jeong Byeong‐Seon , Lee Jeong‐Hee , Yoo Mi‐Sook , Kim Mi‐Jeong , Choi Sea‐hoon , Jew Sang‐sup
Published: August 2004

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A Facile Synthesis of 2,5‐Dihydroisoxazoles via an Organoselenium‐Induced Stereoselective Cyclization and Deselenylation Reaction.
Authors: Huang Xian , Tang E.
Published: August 2004

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Discovery and SAR of Trisubstituted Thiazolidinones as CCR4 Antagonists.
Authors: Allen Shelley , Newhouse Bradley , Anderson Aaron S. , Fauber Benjamin , Allen Andrew , Chantry David , Eberhardt Christine , Odingo Joshua , Burgess Laurence E.
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Some 2‐[(Benzazole‐2‐yl)thioacetylamino]thiazole Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity.
Authors: Turan‐Zitouni Guelhan , Demirayak Seref , Oezdemir Ahmet , Kaplancikli Zafer Asim , Yildiz Mehmet Taha
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Tricyclic Isoindoles and Thiazolo[3,2‐c][1,3]benzoxazines.
Authors: Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D. , Santos Catarina I. A. , Rocha Gonsalves Antonio M. d' A. , Paixao Jose A. , Beja Ana M.
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Antiproliferative Evaluation of Some New Substituted Benzothiazoles and Styrylbenzothiazoles.
Authors: Caleta I. , Grdisa M. , Mrvos‐Sermek D. , Cetina M. , Tralic‐Kulenovic V. , Pavelic K. , Karminski‐Zamola G.
Published: August 2004

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Direct Synthesis of 1,5‐Disubstituted‐4‐magnesio‐1,2,3‐triazoles, Revisited.
Authors: Krasinski Antoni , Fokin Valery V. , Sharpless K. Barry
Published: August 2004

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The Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of 3‐Amino‐4‐benzylquinolin‐2‐ones: Discovery of Novel KCNQ2 Channel Openers.
Authors: Hewawasam Piyasena , Chen Nathan , Ding Min , Natale Joanne T. , Boissard Christopher G. , Yeola Sarita , Gribkoff Valentin K. , Starrett John , Dworetzky Steven I.
Published: August 2004

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Facile Ionic Liquids‐Promoted One‐Pot Synthesis of Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Ji Shun‐Jun , Jiang Zhao‐Qin , Lu Jun , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: August 2004

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Recyclization of 5‐Ethoxycarbonylpyrimidines Occurring with Substitution of a Carbon Atom in the Heterocycle by an Exocyclic Carbon Atom.
Authors: Danagulyan G. G. , Mkrtchyan A. D.
Published: August 2004

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An Efficient Synthesis of 4‐Oxo‐2‐thioxohexahydropyrimidines
Authors: Li Ji‐Tai , Han Jun‐Fen , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: August 2004

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First Functionalization by Metalation of the Pyridine Moiety of Pyridopyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones. Diazines. Part 36.
Authors: Audoux Jerome , Ple Nelly , Turck Alain , Queguiner Guy
Published: August 2004

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One‐Pot Synthesis of Some New Spiro 6H‐Indolo[b‐1,2]quinazoline‐12‐one‐[1,2,4]triazolines.
Authors: Azizian Javad , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad R. , Javadi Maryam , Mohammadi Ali A. , Karimi Ali R.
Published: August 2004

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Novel Pyrazolopyrimidine Derivatives as GSK‐3 Inhibitors.
Authors: Thomson Stephen A. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

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Facile Synthesis of 2H‐1,2,4‐Benzothiadiazine 1,1‐Dioxides Promoted by SmI2.
Authors: Su Weike , Cai Hongfei , Yang Bibo
Published: August 2004

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Tricyclic Pyridones as Functionally Selective Human GABAAα2/3 Receptor‐Ion Channel Ligands.
Authors: Crawforth James , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

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Protonation and Alkylation of Cross‐Conjugated Ketones Containing a Terminal N‐Methylpyrrole Ring.
Authors: Krasnaya Zh. A. , Smirnova Yu. V.
Published: August 2004

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N‐Acyl Substituted 7‐Amino‐4‐chloroisocoumarin: A Peptide Degradation Model via an Imide Mechanism.
Authors: Garino Cedrik , Bihel Frederic , Souard Florence , Quelever Gilles , Kraus Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2004

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One‐Pot Synthesis of Homotryptamines from Indoles.
Authors: Denhart Derek J. , Mattson Ronald J. , Ditta Jonathan L. , Macor John E.
Published: August 2004

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Novel Non‐covalent Thrombin Inhibitors Incorporating P1 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydrobenzothiazole Arginine Side Chain Mimetics.
Authors: Marinko Petra , Krbavcic Ales , Mlinsek Gregor , Solmajer Tomaz , Bakija Alenka Trampus , Stegnar Mojca , Stojan Jure , Kikelj Danijel
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis and Evaluation of anti‐Apoptotic Activity of L‐Carnitine Cyclic Analogues and Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Fringuelli Renata , Utrilla Navarro M. Pilar , Milanese Lara , Bruscoli Stefano , Schiaffella Fausto , Riccardi Carlo , De Simone Claudio
Published: August 2004

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Glycosidation Reactions of Silyl Ethers with Conformationally Inverted Donors Derived from Glucuronic Acid: Stereoselective Synthesis of Glycosides and 2‐Deoxyglycosides.
Authors: Polakova Monika , Pitt Nigel , Tosin Manuela , Murphy Paul V.
Published: August 2004

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π‐Delocalized β‐Carbolinium Cations as Potential Antimalarials.
Authors: Takasu Kiyosei , Shimogama Tsubasa , Saiin Chalerm , Kim Hye‐Sook , Wataya Yusuke , Ihara Masataka
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Binding Affinities of 2‐ and 3‐Isoxazolyl‐8‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes.
Authors: Cheng Jie , Izenwasser Sari , Zhang Chunming , Zhang Suhong , Wade Dean , Trudell Mark L.
Published: August 2004

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A Total Synthesis of Subarine, a Marine Alkaloid Related to the Pyridoacridine Family.
Authors: Bijeire Laurent , Legentil Laurent , Bastide Jean , Darro Francis , Rochart Christelle , Delfourne Evelyne
Published: August 2004

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Reaction of Sugars with 2‐Hydrazinopyridine, Precursors for Seco C‐Nucleosides of 1,2,4‐Triazolo[4,3‐a]pyridine.
Authors: El Ashry E. S. H. , Abdul‐Ghani M. M.
Published: August 2004

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Lactams as EP4 Prostanoid Receptor Subtype Selective Agonists. Part 1. 2‐Pyrrolidinones — Stereochemical and Lower Side‐Chain Optimization.
Authors: Elworthy Todd R. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

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Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of 3,5‐Diketo Esters: A Formal Synthesis of Tetrahydrolipstatin.
Authors: Polkowska Jolanta , Lukaszewicz Ewa , Kiegiel Jaroslaw , Jurczak Janusz
Published: August 2004

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Betuligenol Derivative with Growth Inhibition and Antifeedant Activity.
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sunil K. , Srivastava Sachin , Sashidhara Koneni V. , Tripathi Arun K. , Bhattacharya Asish K. , Negi Arvind S.
Published: August 2004

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Cytotoxic and anti‐HIV Principles from the Rhizomes of Begonia nantoensis.
Authors: Wu Pei‐Lin , Lin Fu‐Wen , Wu Tian‐Shung , Kuoh Chang‐Sheng , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung , Lee Siow‐Ju
Published: August 2004

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Direct Synthesis and Spectroscopic Evidence of Framework Co(II) Ions in SBA‐15 Mesoporous Molecular Sieves.
Authors: Vinu Ajayan , Hartmann Martin
Published: August 2004

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ultraviolet‐Emitting Cerium Phosphate Single‐Crystal Nanowires.
Authors: Bu Wen‐Bo , Hua Zi‐Le , Chen Hang‐Rong , Zhang Ling‐Xia , Shi Jian‐Lin
Published: August 2004

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Low Temperature Induced Synthesis of TiN Nanocrystals.
Authors: Feng Xin , Bai Yu‐Jun , Lu Bo , Wang Cheng‐Guo , Qi Yong‐Xin , Liu Yu‐Xian , Geng Gui‐Li , Li Li
Published: August 2004

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Nanotechnology: The Third Way
Authors: Mathur Neil , Littlewood Peter
Published: August 2004

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New Trends in the Chemistry of 5‐Aminopyrazoles
Authors: Elmaati Tarek M. Abu , El‐Taweel Fathi M.
Published: August 2004

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Heteronuclear Heavy Alkenes E=E′ (E,E′ = Group 14 Elements): Germasilenes, Silastannenes, Germastannenes...Next Stop?
Authors: Lee Vladimir Ya. , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: August 2004

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Microwaves in Cycloadditions
Authors: De la Hoz Antonio , Diaz‐Ortiz Angel , Langa Fernando
Published: August 2004

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Microwave‐Assisted Organic Chemistry in Pressurized Reactors
Authors: Strauss Christopher R.
Published: August 2004

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Combinatorial Carbohydrate Synthesis
Authors: Baytas S. Nacak , Linhardt R. J.
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Bioactive Diterpenes
Authors: Banerjee Ajoy K. , Ng Po. S. Poon , Laya Manuel S.
Published: August 2004

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1,3‐Dihydro‐2H‐imidazol‐2‐one Derivatives: Synthesis and Use in Biotin Synthesis
Authors: Zav'yalov S. I. , Ezhova G. I. , Kravchenko N. E. , Kulikova L. B. , Dorofeeva O. V. , Rumyantseva E. E. , Zavozin A. G.
Published: August 2004

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Some Aspects of Combinatorial Catalysis and Materials Research
Authors: Maier Wilhelm F. , Frantzen Andreas , Frenzer Gerald , Kirsten Guido , Saalfrank Jens , Scheidtmann J. , Stutz Bemd , Thome Christian , Weiss Pierre‐A. W. , Wolter Tina
Published: August 2004

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Design and Synthesis of Galectin Inhibitors
Authors: Soerme Pernilla , Kahl‐Knutsson Barbro , Wellmar Ulf , Magnusson Bengt‐Goeran , Leffler Hakon , Nilsson Ulf J.
Published: August 2004

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DEAM‐PS: Solid‐Phase Chemistry for Boronic Acids
Authors: Gravel Michel , Hall Dennis G.
Published: August 2004

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Photocycloaddition of Halogenated Pyrimidines to Benzene and Its Related Compounds: Cycloaddition and the Electrocyclic Rearrangement of the Adducts
Authors: Seki Koh‐ichi , Ohkura Kazue
Published: August 2004

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Benzothiopyrylium Salts
Authors: Rudorf W.‐D.
Published: August 2004

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Determination of Rotamer Populations and Related Parameters from NMR Coupling Constants
Authors: Kraszni Marta , Szakacs Zoltan , Noszal Bela
Published: August 2004

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