bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De Nijmeegse Criminele Ordonnantie Van 1614
Authors: Van Kappen O. Moorman
Published: July 2008

Bekanntlich ist die 1570 vom Herzog von Alba als Generalgouverneur der Niederlande angeordnete Einführung der Kriminalordonnanzen Philipps II. in vielen Provinzen auf Widerstand gestossen. Dies war im besonderen in den erst 1528 beziehungsweise 1543 in die Habsburgischen Niederlande einverleibten Provinzen Overijssel und Geldern-Zutphen der Fall, denn diese besassen noch grossenteils ihre althergekommenen Institutionen, Privilegien, Gewohnheiten, Land- und Stadtrechte, welche zu wahren Philipp II. mehrmals eidlich versprochen hatte. Der Ansicht der Landstände nach waren die Kriminalordonnanzen unrechtmässig, weil ohne ihre Mitwirkung zustandegebracht, und folglich unverbindlich. Dies um so mehr als diese Ordonnanzen, die keine salvatorische Klausel kannten und die als subsidiäre Rechtsquelle nur das 'gemeine geschriebene Recht' anerkannten, in vielen Hinsichten gegen die Privilegien, Freiheiten, Her-kommen, Land- und Stadtrechte verstiessen. Die ehemalige Reichsstadt Nimwegen spielte in dieser Widerstandsbewegung eine führende Rolle, weil sie ihre von vielen Römischen Königen und Kaisern bis ins 16. Jahrhundert hinein bestätigten Privilegien wahren wollte. Auch sie wurde jedoch letztendlich zur Publikation der Ordonnanzen gezwungen, obwohl diese unter Protest und Verwahrung des althergekommenen Stadtrechtes stattfand. In der Praxis der städtischen Strafrechtspflege wurden sie übrigens überhaupt nicht angewendet. Als 1614 die Gefahr einer 'spanischen' Wiedereroberung der Stadt endgültig gewichen schien, erliess der städtische Magistrat seine eigene Kriminalordonnanz. Diese war allerdings bei weitem nich so umfassend wie die Kriminalordonnanzen Philipps II. Bemerkenswert ist jedoch, dass die Nimwegener Stadtväter mittels dieser Ordonnanz vor allem diejenigen städtischen Kompetenzen und Rechtsregeln sicherstellten, die von den Kriminalordonnanzen Philipps gefährdet worden waren, wie auch solche, die von den Landrechten der umliegenden Ämter und von der Peinlichen Gerichtsordnung Karls V. - die in etlichen Herrschaften unter Klevischer Lehnshoheit in der Nähe der Stadt in der dortigen Strafrechtspflege angewandt wurde - abwichen. Dieser Nimwegener Kriminalordonnanz lag also nicht - wie den Kriminalordonnanzen Philipps II. - ein beflügelndes Gesamtkonzept einer 'idealen' Strafrechtspflege zugrunde, sondern nur städtisches Eigeninteresse.
Winter-to-Spring Transition in East Asia: A Planetary-Scale Perspective of the South China Spring Rain Onset
Authors: LinHo L. H. , Huang Xianglei , Lau Ngar-Cheung
Published: July 2008

Analysis of observations from 1979 to 2002 shows that the seasonal transition from winter to spring in East Asia is marked with a distinctive event—the onset of the south China spring rain (SCSR). In late February, the reduced thermal contrast between ocean and land leads to weakening of the Asian winter monsoon as well as the Siberian high and the Aleutian low. Meanwhile, convection over Australia and the western Pacific Maritime Continent is suppressed on the passage of the dry phase of a Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). In conjunction with the seasonal march of monsoon circulation in the Indonesian–Australian sector, this MJO passage weakens the local thermally direct cell in the East Asia–Australia sector. This development is further accompanied by a series of adjustments in both the tropics and midlatitudes. These changes include attenuation of the planetary stationary wave, considerable weakening of the westerly jet stream over much of the central Pacific adjacent to Japan, and reduction of baroclinicity near the East Asian trough. The influence of concurrent local processes in midlatitudes on the SCSR onset is also important. The weakened jet stream is associated with confinement of frontal activities to the coastal regions of East Asia as well as with rapid expansion of the subtropical Pacific high from the eastern Pacific to the western Pacific. A parallel analysis using output from an experiment with a GFDL-coupled GCM shows that the above sequence of circulation changes is well simulated in that model.
Simulating AOGCM Soil Moisture Using an Off-Line Thornthwaite Potential Evapotranspiration–Based Land Surface Scheme. Part I: Control Runs
Authors: Cornwell Adam R. , Harvey L. D. Danny
Published: July 2008

Atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) employ very different land surface schemes (LSSs) and, as a result, their predictions of land surface quantities are often difficult to compare. Some of the disagreement in quantities such as soil moisture is likely due to differences in the atmospheric component; however, previous intercomparison studies have determined that different LSSs can produce very different results even when supplied with identical atmospheric forcing.

A simple off-line LSS is presented that can reproduce the soil moisture simulations of various AOGCMs, based on their modeled temperature and precipitation. The scheme makes use of the well-established Thornthwaite method for estimating potential evapotranspiration combined with a variation of the Manabe “bucket” model. The model can be tuned to reproduce the control climate soil moisture of an AOGCM by adjusting the ease with which runoff and evapotranspiration continue as the moisture level in the bucket goes down. This produces a set of parameter values that provides a good fit to each of several AOGCM control climates. In addition, the parameter values can be set to imitate the LSS from one AOGCM while the model is forced with atmospheric data from another, thus providing an estimate of the magnitude of variation caused by the differences in land surface parameterization and by differences in atmospheric forcing. In general, the authors find that differences in LSSs account for about half of the difference in soil moisture as simulated by different AOGCMs, and the differences in atmospheric forcing account for the other half of the difference. However, the LSS can be more important than differences in atmospheric forcing in some regions (such as the United States) and less important in others (such as East Africa).
A Weather-Type Approach to Analyzing Winter Precipitation in France: Twentieth-Century Trends and the Role of Anthropogenic Forcing
Authors: Boé J. , Terray L.
Published: July 2008

The relationship between large-scale atmospheric circulation and November–March precipitation over France during the twentieth century is investigated. A long daily MSLP dataset is used to derive daily weather types that are discriminant for precipitation. A linear regression model is then used to relate the November–March-accumulated precipitation amount and the occurrence frequency of the weather types. This simple model shows that an important part of the interannual variability of precipitation is directly linked to large-scale circulation changes. Trends in observed precipitation and precipitation series reconstructed by regression are computed and compared. Spatially coherent trends in November–March precipitation during the second half of the twentieth century are observed, with an increase in the north and a decrease in the south. The spatial pattern of the trends in reconstructed precipitation is very similar to that observed, even if an underestimation of the positive trends in the north is seen, indicating that other mechanisms play a role. A detection study then leads to a better understanding of the respective roles of anthropogenic forcing (greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosol) and sea surface temperature in the evolution of the weather-type occurrence. Finally, it is shown that intratype dynamical variability has also played a role in precipitation changes in northern France, whereas no impact of temperature changes is seen.
Volcanoes and ENSO over the Past Millennium
Authors: Emile-Geay Julien , Seager Richard , Cane Mark A. , Cook Edward R. , Haug Gerald H.
Published: July 2008

The controversial claim that El Niño events might be partially caused by radiative forcing due to volcanic aerosols is reassessed. Building on the work of Mann et al., estimates of volcanic forcing over the past millennium and a climate model of intermediate complexity are used to draw a diagram of El Niño likelihood as a function of the intensity of volcanic forcing. It is shown that in the context of this model, only eruptions larger than that of Mt. Pinatubo (1991, peak dimming of about 3.7 W m−2) can shift the likelihood and amplitude of an El Niño event above the level of the model’s internal variability. Explosive volcanism cannot be said to trigger El Niño events per se, but it is found to raise their likelihood by 50% on average, also favoring higher amplitudes. This reconciles, on one hand, the demonstration by Adams et al. of a statistical relationship between explosive volcanism and El Niño and, on the other hand, the ability to predict El Niño events of the last 148 yr without knowledge of volcanic forcing.

The authors then focus on the strongest eruption of the millennium (A.D. 1258), and show that it is likely to have favored the occurrence of a moderate-to-strong El Niño event in the midst of prevailing La Niña–like conditions induced by increased solar activity during the well-documented Medieval Climate Anomaly. Compiling paleoclimate data from a wide array of sources, a number of important hydroclimatic consequences for neighboring areas is documented. The authors propose, in particular, that the event briefly interrupted a solar-induced megadrought in the southwestern United States. Most of the time, however, volcanic eruptions are found to be too small to significantly affect ENSO statistics.
Weakening Trend in the Atmospheric Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau during Recent Decades. Part I: Observations
Authors: Duan Anmin , Wu Guoxiong
Published: July 2008

The trend in the atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the last four decades is evaluated using historical observations at 74 meteorological stations in the period of 1961–2003 and satellite radiation data from 1983 to 2004. It is shown that in contrast to the strong surface and troposphere warming, the sensible heat (SH) flux over the TP exhibits a significant decreasing trend since the mid-1980s. The largest trend occurs in spring, a season of the highest SH over the TP. The subdued surface wind speed contributes most to the decreasing trend. At the same time, the radiative cooling effect in the air column enhances persistently. Despite the fact that the in situ latent heating presents a weak increasing trend, the springtime atmospheric heat source over the TP loses its strength during two recent decades. Further investigation suggests that the weakened SH over the TP may be part of the global circulation shift.
Annular versus Nonannular Variability of the Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation
Authors: Castanheira J. M. , Liberato M. L. R. , de la Torre L. , Graf H-F. , Rocha A.
Published: July 2008

The annular variability of the northern winter extratropical circulation is reassessed based on reanalysis data that are dynamically filtered by normal modes. One-half of the variability of the monthly averaged barotropic zonally symmetric circulation of the Northern Hemisphere is statistically distinct from the remaining variability and is represented by its leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) alone. The daily time series of the circulation anomalies projected onto the leading EOF is highly correlated (r ≥ 0.7) with the lower-stratospheric northern annular mode (NAM) indices showing that annular variability extends from the stratosphere deep into the troposphere. However, the geopotential and wind anomalies associated with the leading principal component (PC1) of the barotropic zonally symmetric circulation are displaced northward relative to the zonal mean anomalies associated with the PC1 of the geopotential height variability at single-isobaric tropospheric levels. The regression pattern of the 500-hPa geopotential height (Z500) onto the lower-stratospheric NAM also shows zonally symmetric components displaced northward with respect to those of the leading EOF of the Z500 field.

A principal component analysis (PCA) of the residual variability of the Z500 field remaining after the substraction of the Z500 regressed onto the lower-stratospheric NAM index also reveals a pattern with a zonally symmetric component at midlatitudes. However, this zonally symmetric component appears as the second EOF of the residual variability and is the imprint of two independent dipoles over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

Results show that a zonally symmetric component of the middle- and lower-tropospheric circulation variability exists at high latitudes. At the middle latitudes, the zonally symmetric component, if any exists, is artificially overemphasized by the PCA on single-isobaric tropospheric levels.
Atlantic Basin Seasonal Hurricane Simulations
Authors: LaRow T. E. , Lim Y-K. , Shin D. W. , Chassignet E. P. , Cocke S.
Published: July 2008

An ensemble of seasonal Atlantic hurricane simulations is conducted using The Florida State University/Center for Ocean–Atmospheric Prediction Studies (FSU–COAPS) global spectral model (Cocke and LaRow) at a resolution of T126L27 (a Gaussian grid spacing of 0.94°). Four integrations comprising the ensembles were generated using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) time-lagged initial atmospheric conditions centered on 1 June for the 20 yr from 1986 to 2005. The sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were updated weekly using the Reynolds et al. observed data. An objective-tracking algorithm obtained from the ECMWF and modified for this model’s resolution was used to detect and track the storms. It was found that the model’s composite storm structure and track lengths are realistic. In addition, the 20-yr interannual variability was well simulated by the ensembles with a 0.78 ensemble mean rank correlation. The ensembles tend to overestimate (underestimate) the numbers of storms during July (September) and produced only one CAT4–level storm on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Similar problems are noted in other global model simulations. All ensembles did well in simulating the large number of storms forming in the Atlantic basin during 1995 and showed an increase in the number of storms during La Niña and a decrease during El Niño events. The results are found to be sensitive to the choices of convection schemes and diffusion coefficients. The overall conclusion is that models such as the one used here are needed to better hindcast the interannual variability; however, going to an even higher resolution does not guarantee better interannual variability, tracks, or intensity. Improved physical parameterizations, such as using an explicit convection scheme and better representation of surface roughness at high wind speeds, are likely to more accurately represent hurricane intensity.
Direct and Indirect Shortwave Radiative Effects of Sea Salt Aerosols
Authors: Ayash Tarek , Gong Sunling , Jia Charles Q.
Published: July 2008

Sea salt aerosols play a dual role in affecting the atmospheric radiative balance. Directly, sea salt particles scatter the incoming solar radiation and absorb the outgoing terrestrial radiation. By acting as cloud condensation nuclei, sea salt aerosols indirectly modulate the atmospheric radiative budget through their effective contribution to cloud formation. Using the Canadian Aerosol Module (CAM)–Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) GCM, version 3 (GCM3) framework, the direct as well as the indirect shortwave (SW) radiative effects of sea salt aerosols are simulated. The model results herein suggest that sea salt aerosols exert a significant direct radiative effect over oceanic regions, with seasonal means in the range from −2 to −3 W m−2 over the Southern Ocean. Globally, sea salt’s SW indirect effect (annual mean −0.38 W m−2) is found to be less than its direct effect (annual mean −0.65 W m−2). However, sea salt’s indirect effect is found to be far stronger over the Southern Hemisphere than over the Northern Hemisphere, especially over the Southern Ocean with seasonal means around −4 W m−2, which exceed its direct effect. The model results herein suggest that sea salt aerosols significantly modulate the atmospheric radiation budget over oceanic regions and need to be accounted for in global climate models.
Observed and Simulated Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor Feedback
Authors: Gettelman A. , Fu Q.
Published: July 2008

Satellite measurements from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) in the upper troposphere over 4.5 yr are used to assess the covariation of upper-tropospheric humidity and temperature with surface temperatures, which can be used to constrain the upper-tropospheric moistening due to the water vapor feedback. Results are compared to simulations from a general circulation model, the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), to see if the model can reproduce the variations. Results indicate that the upper troposphere maintains nearly constant relative humidity for observed perturbations to ocean surface temperatures over the observed period, with increases in temperature ∼1.5 times the changes at the surface, and corresponding increases in water vapor (specific humidity) of 10%–25% °C−1. Increases in water vapor are largest at pressures below 400 hPa, but they have a double peak structure. Simulations reproduce these changes quantitatively and qualitatively. Agreement is best when the model is sorted for satellite sampling thresholds. This indicates that the model reproduces the moistening associated with the observed upper-tropospheric water vapor feedback. The results are not qualitatively sensitive to model resolution or model physics.
Impacts of Assimilation of Satellite and Rawinsonde Observations on Southern Hemisphere Baroclinic Wave Activity in the NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis
Authors: Guo Yanjuan , Chang Edmund K. M.
Published: July 2008

In this study, the impacts of the assimilation of satellite and rawinsonde observations on Southern Hemisphere (SH) baroclinic wave activity in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis are examined by comparing analyses made with and without the assimilation of satellite data (SAT and NOSAT, respectively) for the year 1979, as well as by comparing analyses to the corresponding first guesses from 1958 to 1999.

Comparing the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) computed based on the SAT and NOSAT analyses, it is found that the assimilation of satellite data generally decreases the EKE in the SH, which is the opposite of the findings for the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) in previous studies. The decrease of EKE by satellite data in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis can be traced back to a low bias in retrieved satellite temperature (SATEMP) variance. The eddy available potential energy (EPE) is decreased even more than the EKE with the assimilation of SATEMP, making the waves more barotropic in the SAT analysis.

The EKE analysis increment, that is, the difference between the EKE based on analysis and first guess, is a good quantity to indicate the impacts of all observations assimilated. In the NOSAT analysis, positive EKE analysis increments are found around the SH rawinsonde stations, indicating that the assimilation of rawinsonde data increases EKE significantly from the first guess. This also suggests that the NCEP–NCAR first guess is probably biased low. Positive analysis increments around the rawinsonde stations become even larger in the SAT analysis compared with the NOSAT, suggesting that with the assimilation of low-biased SATEMP data, the EKE in the analysis (the initial condition for next time) and hence the first guess is reduced, therefore the rawinsonde observations have to further increase the EKE from the first guess. The patterns of EKE increment from the presatellite (1958–77) and satellite (1979–99) eras show high degrees of similarities to the NOSAT and SAT reanalysis patterns, respectively, lending further support to these findings.

The impact of the assimilation of satellite data on the trend of SH baroclinic wave activity is discussed. Positive trends in the SH EKE are found in both the NCEP–NCAR and ERA-40 reanalyses during 1958–99. After taking the impacts of satellite data into account, the EKE trend in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis gets stronger, while that in the ERA-40 is largely weakened, which adds complications to assessing the real trend in SH baroclinic wave activity.

Comparisons among the variances based on the two reanalyses, NCEP–NCAR first guess, SATEMP, and rawinsonde observations are presented to substantiate some of the findings discussed above, such as the low bias in energy in NCEP–NCAR first guess and SATEMP variance.
Stability of Antarctic Bottom Water Formation to Freshwater Fluxes and Implications for Global Climate
Authors: Trevena Jessica , Sijp Willem P. , England Matthew H.
Published: July 2008

The stability of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) to freshwater (FW) perturbations is investigated in a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity. It is found that AABW is stable to surface freshwater fluxes greater in volume and rate to those that permanently “shut down” North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Although AABW weakens during FW forcing, it fully recovers within 50 yr of termination of FW input. This is due in part to a concurrent deep warming during AABW suppression that acts to eventually destabilize the water column. In addition, the prevailing upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Water and northward Ekman transport across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, regulated by the subpolar westerly winds, limits the accumulation of FW at high latitudes and provides a mechanism for resalinizing the surface after the FW forcing has ceased. Enhanced sea ice production in the cooler AABW suppressed state also aids in the resalinization of the surface after FW forcing is stopped. Convection then restarts with AABW properties only slightly colder and fresher compared to the unperturbed control climate state. Further experiments with larger FW perturbations and very slow application rates (0.2 Sv/1000 yr) (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) confirm the lack of multiple steady states of AABW in the model. This contrasts with the North Atlantic, wherein classical hysteresis behavior is obtained with similar forcing. The climate response to reduced AABW production is also investigated. During peak FW forcing, Antarctic surface sea and air temperatures decrease by a maximum of 2.5° and 2.2°C, respectively. This is of a similar magnitude to the corresponding response in the North Atlantic. Although in the final steady state, the AABW experiment returns to the original control climate, whereas the North Atlantic case transitions to a different steady state characterized by substantial regional cooling (up to 6.0°C surface air temperature).
Evolution of the Deep and Bottom Waters of the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean, during 1995–2005*
Authors: Meredith Michael P. , Garabato Alberto C. Naveira , Gordon Arnold L. , Johnson Gregory C.
Published: July 2008

The Southern Ocean hosts the formation of the densest layers of the oceanic overturning circulation and provides a climatically sensitive element of deep ocean ventilation. An oceanographic section across the eastern Scotia Sea occupied in 1995, 1999, and 2005 reveals significant variability in the deep and bottom waters of Southern Ocean origin. Warming (∼0.1°C) of the warm midlayer waters in the Scotia Sea between 1995 and 1999 reversed through to 2005, reflecting changes seen earlier upstream in the Weddell Sea. The volume of deep waters with potential temperature less than 0°C decreased during 1995–2005, though such a reduction was only clear between 1995 and 1999 at the southern end of the section. The abyssal waters of the eastern Scotia Sea changed circulation between 1995 and 1999, with the dominant point of their entry to the basin shifting from the south to the northeast; by 2005, the former route had regained dominance. These changes are best explained by interannual variations in the deep waters exiting the Weddell Sea, superimposed on a longer-term (decadal) warming trend. The interannual variations are related to changes in the strength of the Weddell Gyre, reflecting large-scale atmospheric variability that may include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon. The Scotia Sea is the most direct pathway for dense waters of the overturning circulation emanating from the Weddell Sea to fill much of the World Ocean abyss. The regional changes reported here have the potential to affect the climatically significant ventilation of the global ocean abyss.
Temporal Variability of Fair-Weather Cumulus Statistics at the ACRF SGP Site
Authors: Berg Larry K. , Kassianov Evgueni I.
Published: July 2008

Continental fair-weather cumuli exhibit significant diurnal, day-to-day, and year-to-year variability. This study describes the climatology of cloud macroscale properties, over the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The diurnal cycle of cloud fraction, cloud-base height, cloud-top height, and cloud thickness were well defined. The cloud fraction reached its maximum value near 1400 central standard time. The average cloud-base height increased throughout the day, while the average cloud thickness decreased with time. In contrast to the other cloud properties, the average cloud-chord length remained nearly constant throughout the day. The sensitivity of the cloud properties to the year-to-year variability of precipitation and day-to-day changes in the height of the lifting condensation level (zLCL) and surface fluxes were compared. The cloud-base height was found to be sensitive to both the year, zLCL, and the surface fluxes of heat and moisture; the cloud thickness was found to be more sensitive to the year than to zLCL; the cloud fraction was sensitive to both the low-level moisture and the surface sensible heat flux; and cloud-chord length was sensitive to zLCL. Distributions of the cloud-chord length over the ACRF SGP site were computed and were well fit by an exponential distribution. The contribution to the total cloud fraction by clouds of each cloud-chord length was computed, and it was found that the clouds with a chord length of about 1 km contributed most to the observed cloud fraction. This result is similar to observations made with other remote sensing instruments or in modeling studies, but it is different from aircraft observations of the contribution to the total cloud fraction by clouds of different sizes.
Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Fenelon James V. , Murguía Salvador J.
Published: July 2008

Indigenous peoples represent the most complex and longitudinally historical social issues and societies on earth, posing analytical problems across many social science disciplines. This issue of American Behavioral Scientist addresses the issues and central importance of indigenous peoples of the world, within three critically necessary frames for analysis: globalization, resistance to domination, and revitalization related to cultural survival. Many of the contributing authors utilize world systems analysis in their descriptions with temporal and spatial understandings of the indigenous people they illustrate, as well as making every effort to keep an “indigenous perspective” whenever possible.
From First Nations to Self-Government
Authors: Champagne Duane
Published: July 2008

The indigenous movement in the United States moves from aboriginal autonomy to quasi-conquest and domination, internal colonies, and tribal reservations and back to limited self-government and claims to sovereignty. This article traces the roots and efforts of the U.S. indigenous movement to maintain political autonomy, land, and cultural autonomy within the legal, political, and cultural institutions of the United States. The American Indian experience is quite different from the experiences of most indigenous peoples, but the U.S. indigenous movement illustrates some fundamental points of the indigenous perspective and provides a model for defining indigenous relations with nation-states.
The Quality of Social Existence in an Indian Community in Mexico due to Globalization
Authors: Berruecos Luis
Published: July 2008

In Mexico, the establishment of the maquila industry has provoked adverse effects and consequences in terms of social and cultural life—that is, the case in the rise of alcohol consumption. There are around 300 maquila industries in and surrounding the city of Teziutlán, Puebla, that produce clothing of different kinds for exportation at low-cost wages. Consequently, it is no longer easy to find agricultural workers because people prefer to work in the maquilas. The author analyzes the effects of globalization via the installation of maquila industries on the sociocultural aspects of the members of an Indian community in Mexico and pays special attention to the transformation of alcohol consumption patterns of the inhabitants of this particular Indian village.
Spatial Transformation and Indigenous Resistance
Authors: Abu-Saad Ismael
Published: July 2008

Indigenous peoples share a history of exclusion from the dominant society decision-making processes that directly affect them, including their displacement and relocation, development initiatives, and the process of urbanization. This article begins with a review of indigenous experiences of and responses to urbanization in a number of nation-states throughout the world. It then examines the experience of the indigenous Palestinian Bedouin community in southern Israel, whose traditional lifestyle of land-based seminomadic pastoralism is being replaced by landless, labor force, government-planned urbanization. Issues of key importance to that process are explored, including the historical political context and state-indigenous relations, the conflict over land, and the settler-colonial vision inherent in the conceptualization and implementation of the urban models. Finally, Bedouin responses and resistance to the government's urbanization program are discussed.
Forest Rights Struggle
Authors: Bijoy C.R.
Published: July 2008

The Adivasis of India have raised the issue of forest rights to the forefront of the nation's politics. As the state dithers, a process of legislative enactment to address the “historic injustice” has emerged. This article is a narrative that examines the context that precipitated this crisis, the issues, the ground reality, the emergent proposal, and the historic background of the continuing struggles of Adivasis against colonization and internal colonization.
Refounding the Nation
Authors: Bomberry Victoria
Published: July 2008

This article examines indigenous discourse in the Americas during a 15-year period and its particular application in indigenous movements in Bolivia through the political crises and the installation of the Constitutional Assembly. It argues for a view of multiple temporal and spatial patterns in indigenous thought that opens the possibility for understanding the complexities of radically reforming the nation.
Pedagogical Decolonization
Authors: Kēpa Mere , Manu'atu Linitā
Published: July 2008

This article is an invitation to engage critically in the discussion of indigenous languages and cultures and the implications for pedagogical decolonization. Among the issues raised are questions of the impacts of the beliefs, values, and attitudes of the prevailing Anglo Saxon and Christian culture or New Zealand European/Pākehā society on the aspirations and education of Tongan students in the secondary sector of the education system. Therefore, the article draws attention to the social and cultural contestations in affirming the place of Tongan people in secondary schooling in Aotearoa, New Zealand.
Comparing State and International Protections of Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights
Authors: Smith Keri E. Iyall
Published: July 2008

Globalization has created the space for indigenous peoples to seek rights in new and creative ways. This article introduces the relational concept between indigenous peoples and others. Then it defines human rights and identifies three generations of human rights as expressed in doctrine and the protections they provide. After discussing the application of human rights to indigenous peoples, the author examines human rights in two cases: the Native Hawaiian sovereignty movement and the Zapatistas (Maya) movement. In each case she seeks to discover which structure—either the state or international system—offers greater openings for the rights that the indigenous groups seek. To discover the range of rights apportioned to indigenous peoples, the author also looks at several state constitutions in the Americas. The findings suggest that the rights of indigenous peoples are better protected by international doctrine.
Indigenous Peoples in the Face of Globalization
Authors: Lauderdale Pat
Published: July 2008

Indigenous peoples throughout the world are experiencing the full presence of injustice in the form of duplicitous development schemes, poverty, landlessness, dispossession, political and religious oppression, and genocide. They resist the injustices, yet resistance is only part of the struggle. Protests, social movements, and organizations such as the Indigenous Environmental Network engage in similar struggles against injustice and for nature. A crucial feature of indigenous peoples is their substantive reliance on the interrelatedness of nature. Today's call for, and acceptance of, global diversity is limited when it is built within the constraints of modern nation—states, which often view diversity as deviance if it does not conform to modern norms and definitions. Traditional indigenous knowledge can provide some inclusive approaches to current environment problems and critical ideas on how to improve our questions to create more equitable, less oppressive structures from which to approach the numerous crises.
Integrating Native Science Into a Tribal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Authors: Trafzer Clifford E. , Sakiestewa Gilbert Willard , Madrigal Anthony
Published: July 2008

American Indian science encompasses tribal processes of conceiving, considering, and experimenting that produce ways of knowing about the physical and natural worlds. The cultural science of Chemehuevis and their Southern Paiute relatives is deeply rooted in the Americas, where Indians have learned paradigms and scientific philosophies for successfully navigating diverse environments for thousands of years. Varied indigenous knowledge systems systematically build on the collective wisdom, practical experiences, and adaptations learned throughout time and among generations through the oral tradition. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, science is “[t]he state or fact of knowing; knowledge or cognizance or something specified or implied.” American Indians have enjoyed centuries of scientific knowledge based on observation, experimentation, and application and referred to as tribal traditional knowledge. Chemehuevis see the Tribal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a powerful instrument of change that can slow devastating processes putting tribes at physical, mental, spiritual, and cultural risk.
Revitalization and Indigenous Resistance to Globalization and Neoliberalism
Authors: Fenelon James V. , Hall Thomas D.
Published: July 2008

This article reviews discussions and case studies of indigenous peoples, especially American Indians (Lakota, Navajo, and Wampanoag), the Zapatista movement, Latin American examples (Mapuche, Guarani, and Miskito), the Adevasi in India, and the Maori, adding short sketches of Kurds in the Middle East, Pashtun in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and cases from Africa and southeast Asia to develop a general indigenous model, including social systems of decision making, economic distribution, land tenure system, and community relations. The authors present two such models, one on indigenous revitalization and another on the resistance to state domination and the forces of globalization, especially in respect to neoliberalism, and then the authors make an applied analysis toward indigenous peoples' struggles globally.
Endothelial Injury and Repair: A Novel Theory for Atherosclerosis
Authors: Mannarino Elmo , Pirro Matteo
Published: July 2008

The traditional view of atherosclerosis as a pathological lipid deposition within the artery wall has been redefined by a more complex theory in which the presence of a dysfunctional endothelium plays a pivotal role. The discovery of progenitor cells of myeloid origin, which are able to replace old or injured mature endothelial cells and are able to differentiate into healthy and functional endothelial cells, has offered the prospect of merging the traditional theories on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with the evolving concept of a role of these progenitor cells in the repair of the injured vessel wall and the neovascularization of ischemic tissues. This article summarizes current knowledge about the biology of atherosclerosis with emphasis on the balance between endothelial injury and repair and on the concept that the turnover and replacement of endothelial cells is a major determinant in the maintenance of vascular integrity.
Seven Models of Population Obesity
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J.
Published: July 2008

Obesity is new in human evolutionary history, having become possible at the population level with increased food security. As with any phenotype, obesity is at base an outcome of gene—environment interactions. However, different disciplines working in obesity research have identified different facets of the problem and developed different models of population obesity. These include those of thrifty genotypes, obesogenic behavior, obesogenic environments, nutrition transition, obesogenic culture, and biocultural interactions of genetics, environment, behavior, and culture. Although there is an overlap between various of these models, there remains a lack of consensus concerning obesity causation at the population level. This is a major problem in study of, and intervention in, obesity among populations.
Improvement in Circulation and in Cardiovascular Risk Factors With a Proprietary Isotonic Bioflavonoid Formula OPC-3®
Authors: Cesarone Maria R. , Di Renzo Andrea , Errichi Silvia , Schönlau Frank , Wilmer James L. , Blumenfeld Julian
Published: July 2008

This study investigated the efficacy of isotonic bioflavonoid supplementation, OPC-3 on 61 individuals presenting with risk factors meeting the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Subjects were supplemented with a proprietary isotonic bioflavonoid OPC-3 or placebo over 2 months. Plasma oxidative stress status was significantly lowered by 10.1% with OPC-3. All major cardiovascular risk factors were improved with blood pressure, total cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose lowered. OPC-3 significantly improved endothelial function as evaluated by increased vasorelaxation in reactive hyperemia and enhanced diastolic carotid artery flow. Cardiac ultrasound scanning revealed a significant increase of left ventricular ejection fraction. Skin microcirculation was enhanced, and better tissue perfusion led to significantly increased transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure and decreased pCO2. With OPC-3 a dramatic and significant plasma C-reactive protein decrease by 52.1% occurred. Individuals may improve key cardiovascular risk factors by daily supplementation with the bioflavonoid OPC-3 as an important part of a healthier lifestyle.
Making Sense of Distributed Leadership: Exploring the Multiple Usages of the Concept in the Field
Authors: Mayrowetz David
Published: July 2008

Background: The term distributed leadership is now widely used among scholars and practitioners in the field of educational leadership. Major actors in the nonprofit sector promote and financially support the development of distributed leadership. Unfortunately, there is confusion and ambiguity about what distributed leadership means, and there is no strong link between distributed leadership and two primary goals of the educational leadership field: school improvement and leadership development.

Purpose: The author inventories usages of distributed leadership and exposes some of the key fault lines between these meanings and the implicit disagreements that underlie them. The author's objective in this exercise is to catalyze discussions about how to keep research around distributed leadership both theoretically anchored and connected to problems of practice central to the field.

Findings: There are four common usages of the term distributed leadership , which include the original descriptive theoretical lens and three prescriptions for how sharing leadership in schools can improve practice. Each usage has its strengths and weaknesses, though two of the prescriptive usages are actually contradicted by empirical research. Conclusions: While not dismissing any particular definition, the author encourages those who use the descriptive definition to focus more on making connections to school improvement and leadership development. The author also encourages those who use the prescriptive definitions to use theoretically and empirically grounded research frames and offers suggestions about how to link research on distributed leadership to the practical concerns of the field.
Managing Conflict in School Teams: The Impact of Task and Goal Interdependence on Conflict Management and Team Effectiveness
Authors: Somech Anit
Published: July 2008

Purpose: Although conflict has traditionally been considered destructive, recent studies have indicated that conflict management can contribute to effective teamwork. The present study explores conflict management as a team phenomenon in schools. The author examined how the contextual variables (task interdependence, goal interdependence) are related to team conflict management style (integrating vs. dominating) and school team effectiveness (team performance).

Research Design: Data were collected from 149 school teams (including team coordinators and team members) at 149 elementary schools.

Results: Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrate, as expected, a positive relation between conflict management of integrating and team performance and a negative relation between dominating and team performance. In addition, there are positive relations between the congruent low-low or high-high combinations of task and goal interdependence and integrating and positive relations between the incongruent low-high or high-low combinations of task and goal interdependence and team conflict management of dominating. Moreover, results indicate that the highest level of integrating is under the condition of high task interdependence and high goal interdependence, whereas the highest level of dominating is under the condition of high task interdependence and low goal interdependence. Finally, a team's conflict management was partially mediated by the combination of task and goal interdependence and team performance.

Conclusions: The present results provide additional empirical support for the notion that conflict management can be considered a team phenomenon. The study should serve to encourage educational administration researchers to focus more attention on characteristics of organizational and team context as related to team conflict management and team effectiveness.
Districts as Institutional Actors in Educational Reform
Authors: Rorrer Andrea K. , Skrla Linda , Scheurich James Joseph
Published: July 2008

Purpose: Intermittent attention to the district as the unit of study has left a void in our understanding of the complexities associated with the ability of district-level leaders to contribute to successful, systemic educational reform. In this article, the authors address this void by providing a narrative synthesis of previous findings, proposing a theory of districts as institutional actors in systemic reform with the goal being to increase achievement and advance equity, and suggesting areas of future research that extend our understanding of districts as institutional actors in educational reform and build our knowledge of reform that improves achievement and advances equity.

Proposed Conceptual Argument: The four roles of districts evident in research to date are (a) providing instructional leadership, (b) reorienting the organization, (c) establishing policy coherence, and (d) maintaining an equity focus. These four roles, which are interdependent, variably coupled, and coevolving through a nonlinear process, serve as a foundation for the authors' proposed framework of districts as institutional actors in improving achievement and advancing equity.

Implications for Research and Practice: The discontinuous and limited nature of previous research has contributed to the lack of theoretical advancement with regard to a research-based understanding of district reform and thus to a lack of research-based guidance for district leaders to follow to create systemically districts that improve achievement and advance educational equity for all children. The framework presented here contributes toward the resolution of these issues by developing an intentional, coherent, and integrated framework of districts as institutional actors in reform.
Every bite you take . . . food and the struggles of embodied subjectivity in organizations
Authors: Driver Michaela
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this article is to offer new insights on subjectivity in organizations by examining discourses of food and their implications for how the self is constructed and embodied at work. To this end, empirical material, consisting of 35 narratives about food in organizations, is explored from different vantage points including hermeneutic, critical, postmodern and psychoanalytic perspectives. Themes examined include discourses in which food practices are associated with social activities and organizational care but also with controlling the self and others and as embodied performances of conflicting ethics of production and consumption. The implications of the various perspectives are discussed highlighting the role of food discourse for more creative embodiments of subjectivity in organizations.
Eating with the Mafia: Belonging and violence
Authors: Parker Martin
Published: July 2008

This article presents a reading of the place of food in a variety of texts which concern the Mafia. In many organizations, food often seems to be symbolically deployed as a representation of community through commensality. However, in the Mafia, unlike many contemporary organizations, food preparation and consumption appears not to be relegated to liminal times and spaces, but to be a central part of being a Mafiosi. The article explores this idea in terms of the connections between metaphors of community and family in the Mafia and in legal business organizations, and then the tensions between community and violence in the Mafia and in legal business organizations. After a consideration of the partial dislocation of women and food in the Mafia, the article concludes with some reflections on organizations and belonging.