bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Behaviour of Microsomal Mono‐Electron Carriers in Adult and Fetal Liver and In Placenta Throughout Pregnancy
Authors: Paparella P. , Castaldo F. , Terranova T. , Romor R. , Bompiani A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract.The activities and contents of microsomal mono‐electron carriers (N ADPH‐cytochromecreductase, NADH‐cytochromeb5reductase, cytochrome P‐450 and cytochromeb5) in the liver of 160 pregnant rabbits and their response to phenobarbital (PB) administration were found to be different to that of non pregnant animals and to vary depending on the period of gestation. In fetal liver and in placenta the activities and contents of mixed function oxidase system enzymes are very low and increase from the mid‐gestation up to the term of pregnancy. PB has either no effect or decreases the enzyme levels. The variations of enzyme content and activity in maternal liver and the different response to PB are related to the hormonal modifications of pregnancy. The behaviour of mono‐electron carriers in fetal liver can be related to the process of maturation of this organ. The effect of PB can be due to the interference of the drug with steroid metabolism. The behaviour of mixed function oxidase system enzymes in placenta can be related to the processes of maturation and ageing of the organ.
Ovarian follicular apparatus and hormonal parameters in patients with primary and secondary amenorrhea
Authors: Nakano Ryosuke , Hashiba Nobuyuki , Washio Motoo , Tojo Shimpei
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Correlation between ovarian follicular apparatus and hormonal parameters such as serum gonadotropin and urinary estrogen levels was investigated in patients with primary and secondary amenorrhea. Serum gonadotropin levels were elevated in amenorrheic patients without ovarian follicles or with follicles of low developmental stage and pituitary responsiveness to LH‐RH in these patients were marked compared with patients with follicles of high developmental stage or normal ovulating women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The 24‐hour urinary excretion of total estrogens was low in patients without follicles or with follicles of low developmental stage and ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotropins was quite low in comparison with patients with highly developed follicles or normal control subjects. Thus, serum gonadotropin and urinary estrogen measurements and LH‐RH and gonadotropin loading tests are diagnostic of the presence or absence and the state of development of ovarian follicles in the diagnosis and treatment of primary and secondary amenorrhea
Cap, hcs and urinary oestriol assays in diabetic pregnancy
Authors: Rydén Gunnar , Berg Göran
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The value of serial estimations of plasma CAP, HCS and urinary oestriol assays in pregnancies complicated with diabetes has been studied. The material consists of 31 patients, 16 of whom delivered normal infants and 15 delivered newborns with diabetic foetopathy. It is concluded that the levels of CAP, HCS and urinary oesteriol excretion in diabetic pregnancies are comparable to those found in normal pregnancy. No significant differences in the biochemical parameters were detected between diabetic women who delivered infants with foetopathy compared to diabetic women who delivered normal infants. The maternal oestriol excretion was, however, somewhat higher in diabetic women who delivered infants with macrosomia
ACID‐ AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN AMNIOTIC FLUID IN NORMAL AND COMPLICATED PREGNANCY
Authors: Beckman Gunhild , Beckman Lars , Löfstrand Tord
Published: December 2009

Abstract. 171 samples of amniotic fluid were obtained by abdominal amniocentesis from 67 women with complicated pregnancies (isoimmunization, diabetes mellitus or toxaemia). The levels of heat‐labile alkaline phosphatase (HLAP), heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) and acid phosphatase (AcP) were determined and compared to the enzyme levels in 179 samples from women with normal pregnancies of corresponding gestational ages. HLAP showed two “peaks” of activity, one in the 15th–22nd week and the other at term. HSAP and AcP showed increased activity at term. HSAP was decreased (p<0.01) in isoimmunization between the 36th and 40th week. 11 cases of toxaemia with placental insufficiency showed no differences in the levels of HLAP and HSAP compared with normal pregnancy. AcP showed no differences between normal and complicated pregnancy. Samples contaminated by blood showed no significant increase in the acid‐ and alkaline phosphatase levels. Samples contaminated by meconium showed a complex pattern. Some samples had normal enzyme levels, some had high levels of HLAP only and some had high levels of HSAP and AcP. The origin of the enzymes is not known with certainty. HSAP in amniotic fluid is most likely not of placental but of intestinal origin. Determinations of acid‐ and alkaline phosphatase in amniotic fluid seem to be of little value in the clinical management of complicated pregnancy.
THERAPEUTIC ABORTION IN AN OUT‐PATIENT CLINIC: A Prospective Investigation of Complications and Patient Acceptability
Authors: Møller Birger R. , Hansen Jørgen Trier , Diederich Poul , Oram Viggo
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The incidence of complications associated with therapeutic termination of pregnancy was analysed in 1349 patients, whose average age was 26.3 years. Of the patients, 51.8% were 25 years or under; 56.3% were seen in or before the 8th week of pregnancy, and 17.4% had previously had one or more legal abortions. All the operations were performed under local anaesthesia and by the same doctor, who was an experienced gynaecologist. Complications associated with the operation occurred in 14 patients (1%), viz. infections in the uterus and tubes, 9 cases; incomplete abortion necessitating repeat curettage, 4 cases; and profuse bleeding requiring blood transfusion, 1 case. No uterine perforations or cervical ruptures were encountered.

Questioned about subjective discomforts of the operation, 7.4% of the women answered that the discomfort had been considerable, whereas 62.6% described it as only slight; 4.8% would have preferred general anaesthesia.

We conclude that therapeutic abortion can be performed safely and with an acceptably low incidence of complications in out‐patients, provided the operations are performed by an experienced gynaecologist.
SOME METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS ON THE MEASUREMENT OF INTRALUMINAL PRESSURES IN THE FEMALE UROGENITAL TRACT IN VIVO
Authors: Lindström Kjell , Ulmsten Ulf
Published: December 2009

Abstract. This short survey presents some methodological aspects on intraluminal pressure recordings in vivo from the female urogenital tract. The importance of adequate calibration is stressed and a calibration unit for different types of recording equipments is described. Calculations of measuring errors are outlined. The selection of recording catheters is discussed from both the theoretical and the practical point of view. Finally some practical aspects are considered on pressure recordings in vivo from the ureter, the bladder, the urethra and the uterus. This discussion is illustrated by pressure diagrams obtained with different recording techniques from the actual organs.
Haemodynamic Effects of Oxytocin (Syntocinon®) and Methyl Ergometrine (Methergin®) on the Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations of Pregnant Anaesthetized Women
Authors: Secher N. J. , Arnsbo P. , Wallin L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract.The haemodynamic effects of oxytocin (Syntocinon®) and methyl ergometrin (Methergin®) were studied in 9 healthy females in the first trimester of pregnancy. The patients were anaesthetized with sodium thiomebumal, pethidine and pancuronium bromide and ventilated on a Manley respirator. 10 i.u. oxytocin given as an i.v. bolus brought about a fall in femoral arterial pressure of 40%, systemic resistance 59% and pulmonary resistance 44% 30 sec after injection. However, the heart rate increased 31% and stroke volume 17%, so that the cardiac output increased by 54%. The pulmonary arterial pressure and wedge pressure were increased by 33% and 35%, respectively 150 sec after injection. No changes were seen in the haemodynamic parameters during infusion of 80 mU oxytocin for 10 min. 0.2 mg Methergin brought about an increase in the femoral arterial pressure of 11 %, pulmonary arterial pressure 27% and wedge pressure 31%, with no changes in the other measured parameters. The use of oxytocic drugs in patients with compromised circulation is discussed.
Maternal Mortality in Sweden 1955–1974
Authors: Fianu Stefan
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A survey of the causes of maternal death in Sweden during the years 1955–74 is presented. 296 cases, where autopsy has been performed in 94%, have been reviewed. 219 have been classified as obstetrical deaths and 77 as non‐obstetrical. During the period an almost uniform lowering of the maternal death rate occurred. The explanation is a probable improvement in the quality of the medical care given in the hospitals and the antenatal clinics.
Effect of General and Local Anaesthesia on Blood Loss During and after Therapeutic Abortion
Authors: Møller Birger R. , Hansen Jørgen Trier , Mommsen Søren
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The blood loss occurring during therapeutic abortion performed under local and general anaesthesia and the postoperative bleeding was measured in 60 healthy women in the first trimester of pregnancy. The patients were 20‐30 years old (mean age 24.3 years), all being nulliparae. They were divided into three equal groups according to the duration of pregnancy. In each group, 10 patients underwent abortion under general anaesthesia, and the remaining 10 under local anaesthesia. In all cases, cervical dilatation by the Hegar method and vacuum aspiration were used, and all operations were performed by the same surgeon. General anaesthesia was induced with atropine and thiopental and maintained with inhalation of a 2:1 mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen and small doses of thiopental and pethidine. Local anaesthesia consisted in paracervical blockade produced by injection of 1 % lidocaine‐adrenaline. The blood loss (Table I) was smallest in the 7th and 8th weeks of pregnancy under both local and general anaesthesia and increased with the gestational age. In all three groups, the blood loss during operation under general anaesthesia was nearly twice as large as under local anaesthesia. There was no difference in the postoperative bleeding under local and general anaesthesia. It is concluded that local anaesthesia has several advantages. Paracervical blockade provides a rapid and reliable anaesthesia which is adequate for most patients. The costs, delays and complications of general anaesthesia are avoided. Local anaesthesia is well suited for out‐patients, and the blood loss is reduced to a minimum.
Bipolar Cautery for Laparoscopic Sterilization
Authors: Gregersen Erik , Kjer Jens Jørgen
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Laparoscopic sterilization with a bipolar electrode was performed in 62 patients. The sterilization failed in one patient and was questionable in another. The effectiveness was assessed by hysterosalpingography (HSG) in 51 patients. No complications due to laparoscopy occurred. The method is considered to be advantageous because of the low risk of complications. The effectiveness of the method seems to be acceptable.
Preoperative Cervical Microbial Flora and Post‐Abortion Infection
Authors: Moberg P. J. , Eneroth P. , Harlin J. , Ljung Åsa , Nord C. E.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. With the aim to find criteria for the prediction of the patients who are at risk of developing a post‐abortion infection the pretreatment cervical microbial flora was compared between one series of patients who developed and another series of patients who did not develop such an infection. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as mycoplasma and fungi, were studied in 104 patients. The distribution of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was similar in the 14 patients who later developed post‐abortal infection and in uncomplicated cases. It is concluded that the cultivation of the cervical microbial flora cannot serve as a basis for the prediction of which patients will develop subsequent genital infections.
Intrauterine Growth of Twins Judged by Bpd Measurements
Authors: Grennert Lars , Persson Per‐Håkan , Gennser Gerhard , Kullander Stig
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Both earlier growth charts of twins composed of birth weight at different gestational ages and recent reports on twin biparietal diameter (BPD) growth, indicate that twins' growth is less than that of singletons during the later period of gestation. In the present study, growth curves are constructed separately for the first and the second twin from 489 paired ultrasonic BPD measurements of 119 twin pregnancies. The distribution of BPD values in twins was found to be slightly wider than our normal range curve for singletons. The mean BPD values of twins were close to those of singletons in the second trimester. From the 32nd week on, the twins' mean weekly BPD increment decreased, this lesser growth rate being more marked than that of singletons. The second twin's BPD growth curve ran consistently below that of the first. Our results agree with the earlier findings that the growth of twins is retarded during the later part of pregnancy. They point to different BPD growth patterns between the first and the second twin.
Effects of betamethasone on plasma levels of estriol, cortisol and hcs in late pregnancy
Authors: Maltau Jan Martin , Stokke Kjell Torgeir , Moe Narve
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The effect of a single dose of betamethasone on the maternal plasma concentration of estriol and Cortisol was studied. The concentration of estriol decreased rapidly. A maximal suppression of about 70 per cent was seen after 6‐24 hours. A similar influence on the maternal plasma concentration of Cortisol was observed. HCS (human chorionic somatomammotropin) was not influenced by betamethasone. These facts have to be taken into consideration after treatment with synthetic corticosteroids in high risk pregnancies.
Effect of induction of general anesthesia for cesarean section on intervillous blood flow
Authors: Jouppila Pentti , Kuikka Jyrki , Jouppila Riitta , Hollmen Arno
Published: December 2009

Abstract.Intervillous blood flow was measured by a new intravenous133Xe method before and during induction of general anesthesia for cesarean section in 10 healthy mothers. The flow values showed a highly significant decrease (p< 0.001) (35 per cent on an average) at the time of anesthesia compared with the control values. The impairment was observed in all the cases. The role of the maternal changes in hemodynamic parameters and acid‐base balance as a background of this decrease is discussed.
Plasma estriol, progesterone, cortisol, placental lactogen and alpha‐fetoprotein in a pregnancy with an anencephalic fetus followed from the seventh week till term
Authors: Sagen N. , Ulstein M. , Romslo I. , Støa K. F.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Concentrations of total estriol, progesterone, Cortisol, human placental lactogen and alpha‐fetoprotein were measured in maternal venous plasma at regular intervals from the seventh week of pregnancy until term in a woman with an anencephalic fetus. Except for the first trimester, during which the values were in the lower normal range, the concentration of estriol was constantly subnormal. The “physiological” rise in Cortisol levels was absent. Progesterone and HPL were both within the low normal range. The levels of alpha‐fetoprotein were transiently raised during the 13th‐25th weeks of pregnancy.
Maternal sepsis, uterine rupture and coagulopathy complicating cervical cerclage
Authors: Lindberg Bo S.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A previously healthy woman with a Shirodkar cerclage for cervical incompetence had a spontaneous rupture of the membranes at the 37th week of pregnancy. Three days later after a short period of weak labor pains, she developed a severe sepsis, uterine rupture and coagulopathy leading to renal failure. β‐hemolytic streptococcus group B and peptostreptococcous could be cultured from the amniotic fluid immediately after rupture of the membranes and from the uterus and placenta.
THE IMMUNODEPRESSIVE EFFECT OF HUMAN GLUCOPROTEINS AND THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE NONREJECTION PROCESS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Hammarström L. , Fuchs T. , Smith C. I. E.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and human chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS) were shown to suppress the proliferative T and B cell response induced by different mitogens in human and mouse lymphocytes. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), sharing the alphachain subunit with HCG was devoid of effect suggesting that the immunosuppressive entity is localized within the beta‐chain subunit. Human growth hormone (HGH) which is partly biologically cross‐reactive with HCS did not impair mitogen responsiveness.

HCG was also able to inhibit the differentiation of cells since the induction of antibody‐formation was depressed. Expression of plaque forming cells was also reduced by addition of HCG directly in the PFC assay possibly reflecting the anti‐complementary effect of this hormone, since cell mediated lysis of target cells by Con A activated lymphocytes, which is not complement‐dependent, was unaffected by adding HCG in the assay system.
AMNIOTIC FLUID PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL AND PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL
Authors: Skjaeraasen Julie , Stray‐Pedersen S.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. 139 samples of amniotic fluid from diabetic women collected during 34‐39 weeks of pregnancy showed higher levels of lecithin, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) indicating an accelerated surfactant synthesis as compared to that observed in normal pregnancies (13). In ten infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) delivered from diabetic mothers the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S), PI/S and PG/S ratios were generally low. Only four samples showed definitely immature L/S ratios, whereas the amniotic fluid content of PG in all samples was unmeasurable or low.

In 56 samples of amniotic fluid collected during the third trimester from preeclamptic pregnancies PI/S and PG/S ratios after 36‐37 weeks were comparable with those of normal pregnancies. In 11 neonates with subsequent RDS the L/S ratios were immature, and PG was critically low or lacking in the majority of the samples.

No convincing association between the PI content and development of RDS could be observed in any of the groups.
ACUTE DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) AFTER CESAREAN SECTION
Authors: Bergqvist A. , Bergqvist D. , Hallböök T.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In 169 consecutive women undergoing cesarean section, of which 90 were performed as an emergency and 79 electively, the frequency of deep vein thrombosis was evaluated with a non‐invasive diagnostic technique ‐ strain gauge plethysmography. Three patients developed thrombosis (1.8 per cent), all after acute surgery. No specific background factors were associated with the development of thrombosis. In 26 of the 79 patients (33 per cent), who were plethysmographed before operation, a biphasic venous emptying indicated venous outflow obstruction by the pregnant uterus.
EFFECT OF ALTHESIN ANESTHESIA ON BLOOD LOSS DURING THERAPEUTIC ABORTION
Authors: Møller Birger R. , Mommsen Søren , Böggild‐Madsen Niels Bo , Vestersgaard‐Andersen Torben Bo , Olcott Andrew , Hansen Jørgen Trier
Published: December 2009

Abstract. During recent years, the use of steroid anesthesia has rapidly increased. In our hospital, a number of surgical procedures have been performed under AlthesinR anesthesia, and in some cases the peroperative bleeding seemed to be rather profuse. Blood loss was studied in 90 healthy women in the first trimester of pregnancy undergoing therapeutic abortion using different types of anesthesia.

The patients were divided into three equal groups according to the duration of pregnancy. In each group, 10 patients underwent operation under local anesthesia, 10 under thiopental anesthesia and 10 under Althesin.

In all three groups, blood loss was the smallest when local anesthesia was used (Fig 1). Amounting to only one third to one half of that occurring under thiopental anesthesia. Under thiopental anesthesia the blood loss gradually increased with increasing gestational age with moderate variations. Alternatively, in this investigation, Althesin anesthesia was characterized by pronounced blood loss, particularly in the ninth and tenth weeks of pregnancy, and in some cases by rather profuse bleeding.

We find that Althesin anesthesia should be used for gynecological surgery oonly in departments which are equipped to control profuse bleeding and possible cardiovascular complications.
Segmental Epidural Analgesia in Labour: Related to the Progress of Labour, Fetal Malposition and Instrumental Delivery
Authors: Jouppila R. , Jouppila P. , Karinen J. M. , Hollmén A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The effect of low‐dose continuous segmental epidural analgesia given during the first stage of labour on the progress of labour, the frequency of fetal malpositions and the rate of vacuum extractions was studied prospectively in 100 parturients (epidural group). The results were compared with 100 parturients given none or conventional analgesia (control group). The results showed that in the primiparous epidural group the progress of labour before analgesia was induced was significantly slower than in the control group. After the block, however, the subsequent course of the labour was of equal duration in both groups. The durations of the second stages of labour did not differ significantly between the groups. The differences in fetal malpositions at delivery were statistically insignificant. Nor did the rate of vacuum extractions, 8% in the primiparous and 0% in the multiparous epidural group, differ statistically from the corresponding rate in the control groups. The results signify a normal progress and outcome of labour after low‐dose segmental epidural analgesia.
Pregnancy Complications Following Legally Induced Abortion with Special Reference to Abortion Technique
Authors: Obel E.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A study of 576 pregnant women, whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by legally induced abortion, has shown that the rate of pregnancy and delivery complications could not be correlated with the interval between the abortion and the subsequent pregnancy, nor with the gestational age at the time of abortion, nor the number of previous induced abortions. Neither was the abortion technique found to correlate with the frequency of complications in a subsequent pregnancy. It was found, however, that more infants with a birth weight below 2501 grams were born to women whose cervical canal during abortion had been dilated more than 12 mm, and by women who had been submitted to recurettage. The latter group also demonstrated a higher frequency of retained placenta or placental tissue.
A COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR INDUCING LABOR
Authors: Lykkesfeldt Gert , Osier Mogens
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A study of labor induction in 325 patients is reported. Group I (77 patients with Bishop's scores 0‐6) and 2 (69 patients with Bishop's scores 7‐12) were given 0.5 mg prostaglandin E2 every half hour (maximum 5 mg per day). Group 3 (87 patients with Bishop's scores 0‐6) was given 50 International units of buccal desaminooxytocin every half hour (maximum 500 International units per day). In Group 4 (92 patients with Bishop's scores 7‐12), labor was induced by primary amniotomy and automatic oxytocin infusion by the Cardiff method.

In groups 1, 2 and 3, 45 per cent, 74 per cent and 41 per cent delivered within 48 hours, while 100 per cent in group 4 delivered within 24 hours.

No differences were found in either the frequency of cesarean section or the incidence of low Apgar scores.

A higher, but not statistically significant frequency of vacuum extraction was found in the Cardiff group (25 per cent) than in the tablet‐induced groups (15 per cent). There was, however, a significantly higher occurrence of alterations in fetal heart rate which led to instrumental intervention to hasten delivery in the Cardiff group compared to the tablet‐induced patients.
BROMOCRIPTINE TREATMENT OF THE PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
Authors: Kullander Stig , Svanberg Lars
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Bromocriptine, 2.5 mg twice a day was tested for its effect on premenstrual tension in a random double‐blind cross‐over trial.

1. The compound tended to lessen the symptoms, especially mastodynia.

2. Serum prolactin levels around the upper limit of the normal range were significantly lowered. Patients with the highest starting prolactin levels had the most severe symptoms and in these patients the fall in the levels was greatest.

3. Serum FSH and LH levels were significantly reciprocally influenced compared with serum prolactin. Serum estradiol‐17‐beta and progesterone did not change during treatment.

4. The bromocriptine‐treated cycles were all ovulatory according to basal temperature levels. The luteal phase was prolonged when serum FSH was raised.
SERUM TESTOSTERONE, FSH/LH AND URINARY EXCRETION OF ESTROGENS AND CORTICOIDS DURING TREATMENT WITH AN INJECTABLE, LONGACTING ESTROGEN‐DHEA PREPARATION
Authors: Nyholm Henrik , Plesner Rolf
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Ten weeks after total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy, nine women were treated with injections of GynodianR, composed of 4 mg estradiol valerate and 200 mg dehydroepiandrosterone enanthate, followed by injections of PrimodianR, composed of 4 mg estradiol valerate and 90.27 mg testosterone enanthate. Before commencement of treatment estimation of serum FSH, LH and testosterone, and analyses for total estrogen, 17‐ketogenic steroids and fractionated 17‐ketosteroids in 24‐hour urine samples were carried out in all patients. The same serum and urine analyses were made 2 weeks after the first GynodianR injection and the first PrimodianR injectiespectively. Serum testosterone concentrations did not change during treatment with GynodianR, whereas they rose markedly after administration of PrimodianR. Two weeks after the first injection of GynodianR and also of PrimodianR, the total estrogen excretion was only slightly increased in comparison with the value measured befre start of treatment, and the serum FSH/LH ratio was only slightly depressed. The daily urinary excretion of 17‐ketogenic steroids and of fractionated 17‐ketosteroids were unchanged during treatment.
MIXED WIFE‐HUSBAND LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION INHIBITION TEST AFTER NORMAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Halbrecht I. , Komlos L. , Ben‐Efraim S.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The leukocyte migration inhibition test was performed in mixed wife‐husband leukocyte suspensions in 11 cases of normal pregnancy. Migration of leukocytes was significantly inhibited in the presence of paternal, as compared to maternal serum.
SPONTANEOUS LABOR AND ELECTIVE INDUCTION—A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED STUDY
Authors: Tylleskär John , Finnström Orvar , Leijon Ingemar , Hedenskog Staffan , Rydén Gunnar
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In a prospective randomized study spontaneous and oxytocin induced labor “for convenience” have been compared with respect to uterine activity, duration of labor, the condition of the fetus and the newborn infant. The study consists of 84 normal patients, of whom 43 were induced at full term by amniotomy and oxytocin infusion using the Cardiff Infusion System Mark II; 41 patients served as controls. No difference in maternal age, number of previous pregnancies and pelvic score one week before the day of delivery were found between the groups. The following parameters were calculated: duration of labor, uterine activity, amount of bleeding in the third stage of labor, number of early and late decelerations as well as number of episodes of bradycardia in the CTG‐recordings, birth weight, Apgar score one and five minutes post‐delivery and blood gases in mother and child 60 seconds after delivery. No significant differences between the two groups were found. It is concluded that there are no increased risks to mother or fetus compared to normal labor provided that there is cephalic presentation and normal pregnancy, careful selection with respect to the length of pregnancy and the condition of the cervix and that the Cardiff infusion system is used with intrauterine pressure recording and continuous fetal heart monitoring.
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN CHANGES IN NORMAL AND PRE‐ECLAMPTIC PLACENTAE
Authors: Sammour Mohamed B. , Ibrahim Fawzia K. , Fattah Mohamed M. A. , Ramadan Mohyi A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. DNA and RNA assayed in the placentae of three groups of pregnant women: normal second trimester (16–28), normal third trimester (28 weeks up to term) and in preeclampsia. The protein level in the placentae of the three groups was also assayed.

The proteins, DNA and RNA all decreased after 28 weeks and up to term in normal pregnancy.

In pre‐eclampsia DNA and RNA showed a significant increase compared with cases of normal third trimester pregnancy. Whereas the proteins also showed an increased level, this was still less than its concentration during the second trimester of pregnancy.

Protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios were calculated for the three groups. These ratios showed a gradual decrease during normal pregnancy from 16 weeks up to term, but with a sharper decrease in pre‐eclampsia.
The aetiology and outcome of abruptio placentae
Authors: Paterson M. E. L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A series of 193 cases of abruptio placentae in a hospital population of 35 217 is described. This is an incidence of 0.55%. In the series both age and parity, but not pre‐eclarapsia or anaemia, are significant associated factors. The recurrence rate of abruptio placentae was 5.6%. There were no maternal deaths and the perinatal mortality was 35%. Epidural analgesia does not abolish the pain of the abruptio placentae in spite of abolishing the pain of labour.
Improvement of defective lactation by using oral metoclopramide
Authors: Guzmán V. , Toscano G. , Canales E. S. , Zárate A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. An attempt has been made to pharmacologically enhance PRL secretion to improve lactation. Twenty‐one puerperal women with past history of defective lactation and PRL levels under the normal range were studied for 4 weeks postpartum. Eleven patients who received orally 20 mg a day of metoclopramide showed persistently elevated basal levels of serum PRL during the four weeks' observation period. These women also had a good milk production and their infants did not need supplements. Ten women receiving placebo, however, showed an abrupt decrease in basal PRL levels, and this decrease persisted despite the continuation of lactation. Simultaneously a decline in the milk yield was observed and by the 14th postdelivery day milk production was minimal. The administration of metoclopramide at this moment to this group of poor lactating mothers produced an increase in serum PRL levels which persisted for the rest of the study. Metoclopramide also augmented the milk production so that these women were able to continue breast feeding their infants. Our preliminary results seem to prove that defective lactation associated with low prolactin levels (prolactipenia) can be treated by the manipulation of endogenous PRL secretion through the administration of metoclopramide or drugs which enhance PRL release.
Diagnostic evaluation of progesterone: challenge test in amenorrheic patients
Authors: Nakano Ryosuke , Hashiba Nobuyuki , Washio Motoo , Tojo Shimpei
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Forty‐one amenorrheic patients were grouped on the basis of presence or absence of withdrawal uterine bleeding following the intramuscular administration of progesterone. Ovarian volume, ovarian morphology with particular reference to presence or absence of follicles and state of follicular development, and steroidogenic function were investigated in each group. Most of amenorrheic patients with progesterone‐induced uterine bleeding had relatively large ovaries with follicles of high developmental stage (tertiary—Graafian follicle) and responded to ex‐ogenously administered HMG and HCG with a rise in the 24‐hour urinary excretion of total estrogens. In contrast, most of amenorrheic patients without progesterone‐induced uterine bleeding had relatively small ovaries without follicles or with follicles of low developmental stage (primordial—secondary follicle) and did not respond to exogenous HMG and HCG. The results of the present study suggest that presence or absence of progesterone‐induced uterine bleeding is closely correlated with the volume, morpholog and steroidogenic function of the ovary in amenonic patients. Thus, pathologic amenorrhea could be divided into two groups by utilizing the progesterone challenge test and this clinical categorization might be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of amenorrheic patients.
Plasma and urine levels produced by an oral dose of ampicillin 0.5 g administered to women taking oral contraceptives
Authors: Philipson Agneta
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Earlier studies have shown that ampicillin produces 50% lower—and therefore very likely less adequate—plasma levels in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. The present investigation compares levels of ampicillin in plasma and urine produced by a single oral dose administered to 10 healthy women taking oral contraceptives on the 21st and on the 28th day of the menstruation cycle. Plasma levels of ampicillin were lower on the 21st day than on the 28th, i.e. a difference in the same direction as between pregnant and nonpregnant women although the difference was not significant. Contrary to what was found for pregnant women the dose of ampicillin to women taking oral contraceptives does not have to be doubled in order to compensate for lower plasma levels.
A card sort method for pain assessment in gynaecology: A multidimensional approach
Authors: Reading A. E. , Reed Christine , Newton J. R.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. This paper considers the problem of measuring the subjective report of pain. In view of the limitations of existing approaches an alternative method of pain assessment is proposed. This approach derives from a multidimensional concept of pain. The test is in the form of pair comparisons and is designed to measure different pain dimensions. Sufficient consensus was found over the meaning and relevance of words describing intrauterine device related pain and primary dysmenorrhoea to allow a standard test to be developed. The reliability of the test was found to be high and its clinical advantages promising. It was not possible to provide an adequate evaluation of the tesťs validity. In view of these findings a longer‐term treatment evaluation study is currently being undertaken in order to establish this.
LIPID METABOLIC STUDIES IN OOPHORECTOMIZED WOMEN. EFFECTS OF THREE DIFFERENT PROGESTOGENS
Authors: Silfverstolpe Gunnar , Gustafson Anders , Samsioe Göran , Svanborg Alvar
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Ten oophorectomized women (ranging in age from 27 to 45 years, having a mean age of 34.5 years with a standard deviation of 5.3) were given three different progestogens (norgestrel, norethisterone and medroxyprogesterone) in treatment periods of 3 weeks' duration immediately preceded by 3 weeks “wash out” periods. Venous blood samples were drawn before and after each treatment period. Free and total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were determined in the three lipoprotein fractions: Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Individual phosphatides were determined after thin layer chromatography. in addition, the relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin and cholesterol esters were assessed by gas‐liquid‐chromatography. Both norethisterone and norgestrel caused a decrease in α‐lipoprotein cholesterol. the relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin revealed an increase of biochemical pathway I for liver lecithin synthesis on norgestrel and norethisterone but no major changes on medroxyprogesterone. with norgestrel an increase in serum‐lysolecithin concomitant with a decrease in lecithin was observed, while the two other progestogens did not induce any significant changes. From the present data it is suggested that the 19‐norethisterone derivatives, norethisterone and especially norgestrel, have androgen‐like influences on lipid metabolism. Medroxyprogesterone, being a 17‐α‐hydroxyprogesterone, caused less changes and consequently less disturbance of lipid metabolism.
DETERMINATION OF PROSTAGLANDINS IN BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES
Authors: Green Krister
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins is a very rapid reaction. Since blood platelets, when disturbed, readily convert e. g. arachidonic acid into prostaglandin E2 and F2α, those compounds cannot be quantitated in body fluids or tissues which contain platelets.

When present in the circulation, primary prostaglandins are rapidly inactivated to corresponding 15‐ke‐to‐13, 14‐dihydro metabolites which occur in plasma in about ten times higher concentrations than the primary prostaglandins. The basal plasma levels of these metabolites are lower than 100 picog/ml. Therefore highly sensitive and specific techniques are necessary for safe quantitation of prostaglandins.

The rapid inactivation of prostaglandins also makes it necessary to carefully determine which metabolite should be quantitated in a given experimental situation.

The complexity of prostaglandin biochemistry and its importance for accurate monitoring of prostaglandin synthesis in different experimental situations will be discussed in this article.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DYSMENORRHEA
Authors: Åkerlund Mats
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Mechanisms of possible pathophysiological importance in primary dysmenorrhea are discussed. Hyperactivity of the myometrium with accompanying uterine ischemia is considered to be of central importance in the causation of pain. Prostaglandins seem to be involved to a large extent in the development of the myometrial hyperactivity. Other mechanisms of possible importance such as ovarian hormones, cervical factors, vasopressin, nerves, and psychological factors can well act ultimately through prostaglandin release but an action directly on the myometrium and blood flow may also occur.
ENDOGENOUS PROSTAGLANDINS IN DYSMENORRHEA AND THE EFFECT OF PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHETASE INHIBITORS (PGSI) ON UTERINE CONTRACTILITY
Authors: Lundström Viveca , Gréen Krister , Svanborg Kerstin
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The plasma concentration of 13, 14‐dihydro‐PGF2α during menstruation were determined by gas chromatography in 6 non‐dysmenorrheic and 10 dysmenorrheic women. Nine out of 10 dysmenorrheic women were found to have increased levels (>50 pg/ml) of the metabolite compared with mean level 25 pg/ml for non‐dysmenorrheic women. All 9 women with elevated PGF2α‐metabolite levels responded favourably to treatment of dysmenorrhea with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Determinations of PGF2α in the endometrium carried out by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry showed 4 times higher concentrations in 5 dysmenorrheic women compared with 5 non‐dysmenorrheic subjects. Treatment of dysmenorrhea with placebo or naproxen 250 mg and 500 mg in 6 patients resulted in decrease in tonus and amplitude of the contractions with a more rapid effect following administration of naproxen 500 mg while no effect was seen in 5 out of 6 patients following administration of placebo.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE OF NAPROXEN IN THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA
Authors: Dandenell Lars‐Otto , Lalos Othon , Lisciak Jan , Sandström Bo , Barany Stina , Nilsson Berit
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The effect of naproxen, Naprosyn®, Syntex, in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea was studied in a double‐blind, randomized, placebo controlled multicenter study.
A one‐year study of routine fetal heart rate monitoring during the first stage of labor
Authors: Ingemarsson Eva , Ingemarsson Ingemar , Solum Thore , Westgren Magnus
Published: December 2009

At the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden 90 per cent of all deliveries are monitored with cardiotocography (CTG). The fetal heart rate recording (FHR) together with various pregnancy‐ and delivery data, are continuously analysed. The present paper is an account of FHR changes during the first stage of labor of all patients registered during 1977.

FHR‐changes occurred already during the 1st stage of labor in more than 90 per cent of all deliveries where the new‐borns' Apgar score was less than 7 at 1 minute.

Tachycardia, silent pattern, and late and combined decelerations, rarely occurred in the material, but were dominant at deliveries where the newborns' Apgar score was less than 7 at 1 and 5 minutes. This relationship was even more pronounced when these changes occurred together.
Urethral pressure profile in continent women from childhood to old age
Authors: Rud T.
Published: December 2009

One hundred and sixty‐nine urinary continent females were examined with simultaneous urethrocystometry, using a dual microtip‐catheter. It was shown that the maximum urethral pressure and the urethral length increased from infancy to the age of 20‐25 years. Thereafter, the values of these parameters decreased with increasing age. The bladder pressure remained constant in the different age groups.

In six women, aged between 20 and 25 years, the parameters were measured three times during a menstrual cycle. No correlation between the fluctuating estrogens, gestagens, catecholamines and the urethral pressure or the urethral lengths was found.
In vitro induction of murine suppressor t‐cells by human chorionic gonadotropin
Authors: Fuchs Tommy , Hammarström Lennart , Edvard Smith C. I. , Brundin Jan
Published: December 2009

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) has previously been considered to be immunosuppressive and, thus, by prohibiting maternal rejection of the fetal transplant, to be one of the factors responsible for the successful outcome of pregnancy. The mechanisms by which HCG exerts its pregnancy retaining effect is, however, as yet unknown. The present study shows that HCG has the capacity in mice of inducing lymphocytes which are subsequently competent to depress a polyclonal antibody response induced by different B cell mitogens. It is therefore suggested that HCG may exert its feto‐protective action by inducing suppressor T cells. These lymphocytes would thus prevent the activation of cells which are responsible for transplant rejection.
Ultrastructure of Cell Detachment from the Human Fetus in Early Pregnancy
Authors: Bergström Staffan
Published: December 2009

The recently confirmed value of amniotic fluid cytology as a tool in the determination of fetal maturity constitutes the background of the present study, in which the exfoliative capacity of human fetal skin was investigated with correlate ultrastructural methods. By transmission and scanning electron microscopy, detachment mechanisms are elucidated in the fetal periderm. It is concluded that the exfoliative capacity prevailing in early pregnancy fetal skin is different from the maturity‐related exfoliative capacity in the third trimester. Both kinds of exfoliated cell material constitute antenatally available fetal tissue, the utilisation of which in antenatal diagnosis may be extended.
A Comparison of the Analgesic Effects of Methoxyflurane‐Nitrous Oxide and Nitrous Oxide Alone During Labour Related to the Eysenck Personality Inventory Test
Authors: Arozenius Sixten , Dahlgren Bengt‐Einar , Lindwall Lars , Åkerlind Ingemar
Published: December 2009

One hundred and thirty‐three parturients who had received either methoxyflurane‐nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide analgesia with or without pudendal block, underwent the Eysenck Personality Inventory Test on the second postpartum day and evaluated their memory of the pain (Subjectively Evaluated Pain Suffering Scores) during labor. Parturients who had received methoxyflurane‐nitrous oxide analgesia reported significantly lower pain suffering than parturients who had had nitrous oxide analgesia.

Subdivision according to Personality Inventory factors showed that at the introvert end of the Extroversion‐Introversion scale, methoxyflurane‐nitrous oxide analgesia with or without additional pudendal block resulted in significantly lower pain suffering than did nitrous oxide analgesia. On the other hand, nitrous oxide analgesia without additional pudendal block gave significantly lower pain suffering at the extrovert end of the scale.

Among the extroverts there was a tendency, though not statistically significant, towards non‐approval of the pudendal block.
Local Application of Ketocaine for Treatment of Referred Pain in Primary Dysmenorrhea
Authors: Sandahl Björn , Ulmsten Ulf , Andersson Karl‐Erik
Published: December 2009

In a randomized, double‐blind cross‐over study the effect on referred pain of the local anesthetic, ketocaine, was evaluated in 23 women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. Ketocaine was administered in compresses containing 1 g ketocaine in a 10 per cent ethanol solution. The investigation comprised two consecutive menstrual periods. During one, the patient received ketocaine compresses, and during the other placebo compresses, i.e. compresses without ketocaine. The compresses were applied to the skin area where the patient experienced the most intense pain.

When receiving ketocaine compresses, 19 of the 23 patients reported good or moderate pain relief. The effect was recognized within 30 to 60 minutes and lasted for a mean of 3 hours (range 1.5–5 h).

Only four of the patients reported relief of pain when receiving placebo compresses. This effect ceased when the compresses were removed.

No general side effects were registered. However, erythema at the site of compress application was more often observed after ketocaine than after placebo compresses.
Oxytocinase Activity in the Course of Continuous Lumbar Epidural Analgesia
Authors: Wieczorek Eligiusz , Sobiech Krzysztof A.
Published: December 2009

The oxytocinase activity in the blood serum, umbilical blood and homogenates from the placenta and umbilical cord was determined in 34 women in labor subjected to continuous lumbar epidural analgesia with 0.125 per cent bupivacaine and 1:800 000 epinephrine. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis and compared with a group of 30 patients in spontaneous labor without any drugs. Significantly higher oxytocinase activity was found in the women subjected to epidural analgesia. The increased oxytocinase activity was found to correlate with the duration of the first stage of labor. It is assumed that the increase in the oxytocinase activity in the course of continuous epidural analgesia is associated with diminished uterine contractions and is related to the effect of the particular anesthetic agent.
Papillary Cystadenofibroma of the Endometrium
Authors: Baratz M. , Gitstein S. Z. , David M. P. , Avni A. , Griffel B.
Published: December 2009

Six cases of papillary cystadenofibroma of the endometrium were found in the medical literature. A seventh case of this kind of tumor is now described clinicopathologically and the literature pertinent to this particular type of tumor reviewed.