bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhizobia and plant-pathogenic bacteria: common infection weapons
Authors: Soto María J. , Sanjuán Juan , Olivares José
Published: October 2006

Plant-interacting micro-organisms can establish either mutualistic or pathogenic associations. Although the outcome is completely different, common molecular mechanisms that mediate communication between the interacting partners seem to be involved. Specifically, nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbionts of legume plants, collectively termed rhizobia, and phytopathogenic bacteria have adopted similar strategies and genetic traits to colonize, invade and establish a chronic infection in the plant host. Quorum-sensing signals and identical two-component regulatory systems are used by these bacteria to coordinate, in a cell density-dependent manner or in response to changing environmental conditions, the expression of important factors for host colonization and infection. The success of invasion and survival within the host also requires that rhizobia and pathogens suppress and/or overcome plant defence responses triggered after microbial recognition, a process in which surface polysaccharides, antioxidant systems, ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors and virulence genes are involved.
A siderophore biosynthesis gene cluster from the fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida is structurally and functionally related to the Yersinia high-pathogenicity island
Authors: Osorio Carlos R. , Juiz-Río Sandra , Lemos Manuel L.
Published: October 2006

Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, the causative agent of fish pasteurellosis, produces a siderophore which is distinct from that produced by P. damselae subsp. damselae. Using suppression subtractive hybridization, a subsp. piscicida-specific DNA region of 35 kb was identified in strain DI21, and 11 genes were defined: dahP, araC1, araC2, frpA, irp8, irp2, irp1, irp3, irp4, irp9 and irp5. The sequence of the predicted proteins encoded by these genes showed significant similarity with the proteins responsible for the synthesis and transport of the siderophore yersiniabactin, encoded within the Yersinia high-pathogenicity island (HPI). Southern hybridization demonstrated that this gene cluster is exclusive to some European subsp. piscicida isolates. Database searches revealed that a similar gene cluster is present in Photobacterium profundum SS9 and Vibrio cholerae RC385. An irp1 gene (encoding a putative non-ribosomal peptide synthetase) insertional mutant (CS31) was impaired for growth under iron-limiting conditions and unable to produce siderophores, and showed an approximately 100-fold decrease in degree of virulence for fish. The subsp. piscicida DI21 strain, but not CS31, promoted the growth of a Yersinia enterocolitica irp1 mutant. Furthermore, a yersiniabactin-producing Y. enterocolitica strain as well as purified yersiniabactin were able to cross-feed strains DI21 and CS31, suggesting that the subsp. piscicida siderophore might be functionally and structurally related to yersiniabactin. The differential occurrence among P. damselae strains, and the low sequence similarity to siderophore synthesis genes described in other members of the Vibrionaceae, suggest that this genetic system might have been acquired by horizontal transfer in P. damselae subsp. piscicida, and might have a common evolutionary origin with the Yersinia HPI.
The Phn system of Mycobacterium smegmatis: a second high-affinity ABC-transporter for phosphate
Authors: Gebhard Susanne , Tran Sieu L. , Cook Gregory M.
Published: October 2006

Uptake of inorganic phosphate, an essential but often limiting nutrient, in bacteria is usually accomplished by the high-affinity ABC-transport system Pst. Pathogenic species of mycobacteria contain several copies of the genes encoding the Pst system (pstSCAB), and two of the encoded proteins, PstS1 and PstS2, have been shown to be virulence factors inMycobacterium tuberculosis. The fast-growingMycobacterium smegmatiscontains only a single copy of thepstoperon. This study reports the biochemical and molecular characterization of a second high-affinity phosphate transport system, designated Phn. The Phn system is encoded by a three-gene operon that constitutes the components of a putative ABC-type phosphonate/phosphate transport system. Expression studies usingphnD–andpstS–lacZtranscriptional fusions showed that both operons were induced when the culture entered phosphate limitation, indicating a role for both systems in phosphate uptake at low extracellular concentrations. Deletion mutants in eitherphnDorpstSfailed to grow in minimal medium with a 10 mM phosphate concentration, while the isogenic wild-type strain mc2155 grew at micromolar phosphate concentrations. Analysis of the kinetics of phosphate transport in the wild-type and mutant strains led to the proposal that the Phn and Pst systems are both high-affinity phosphate transporters with similar affinities for phosphate (i.e. apparentKmvalues between 40 and 90 μM Pi). The Phn system ofM. smegmatisappears to be unique in that, unlike previously identified Phn systems, it does not recognize phosphonates or phosphite as substrates.
Polymorphism of the ITS‐2 region of the ribosomal DNA of the Triatominae Rhodnius domesticus, R. pictipes, R. prolixus and R. stali
Authors: NAEGELE M. P. , DA COSTA P. I. , DA ROSA J. A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract The polymerase chain reaction−restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (PCR−RFLP) was used to compare Rhodnius domesticus (Neiva & Pinto), R. pictipes (Stal), R. prolixus (Stal) and R. stali (Lent, Jurberg & Galvão) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). The enzyme BstUI differentiated R. domesticus, R. pictipes and R. prolixus, and HhaI differentiated R. domesticus, R. pictipes and R. stali. With the fingerprinting analysis generated by these two enzymes, it was possible to clearly identify all four species in the study.
Developmental profiles in tick water balance with a focus on the new Rocky Mountain spotted fever vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Authors: YODER J. A. , BENOIT J. B. , RELLINGER E. J. , TANK J. L.
Published: October 2006

Abstract Recent reports indicate that the common brown dog tick, or kennel tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae) is a competent vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the U.S.A. This tick is of concern to public health because of its high frequency of contact, as it has a unique ability to thrive within human homes. To assess the moisture requirements necessary for survival, water balance characteristics were determined for each developmental stage, from egg to adult. This is the first time that water relations in ticks have been assessed throughout the complete lifecycle. Notably, R. sanguineus is differentially adapted for life in a dry environment, as characterized by a suppressed water loss rate distinctive for each stage that distinguishes it from other ticks. Analysis of its dehydration tolerance limit and percentage body water content provides no evidence to suggest that the various stages of this tick can function more effectively containing less water, indicating that this species is modified for water conservation, not desiccation hardiness. All stages, eggs excepted, absorb water vapour from the air and can drink free water to replenish water stores. Developmentally, a shift in water balance strategies occurs in the transition from the larva, where the emphasis is on water gain (water vapour absorption from drier air), to the adult, where the emphasis is on water retention (low water loss rate). These results on the xerophilic‐nature of R. sanguineus identify overhydration as the primary water stress, indicating that this tick is less dependent upon a moisture‐rich habitat for survival, which matches its preference for a dry environment. We suggest that the controlled, host‐confined conditions of homes and kennels have played a key role in promoting the ubiquitous distribution of R. sanguineus by creating isolated arid environments that enable this tick to establish within regions that are unfavourable for maintaining water balance.
Selective use of odour‐baited, insecticide‐treated targets to control tsetse flies Glossina austeni and G. brevipalpis in South Africa
Authors: ESTERHUIZEN J. , KAPPMEIER GREEN K. , NEVILL E. M. , VAN DEN BOSSCHE P.
Published: October 2006

Abstract The effectiveness of odour‐baited targets treated with 0.8% deltamethrin in controlling Glossina austeni Newstead and G. brevipalpis Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae) was evaluated in Zululand, South Africa. Targets were initially deployed in the three habitat types (grassland, woodland and forest) of two adjacent areas at a density of four targets per km2. One area functioned as the treatment block (c. 35 km2) and included the focus of the target deployment, and the second area functioned as a barrier block (c. 40 km2) against tsetse fly re‐invasion from the untreated area to the south. After 8 months, targets were removed from open grassland in both areas and target density in wooded habitats and sand forest was increased to eight per km2. Twelve months later, all targets were removed from the barrier block and used to increase target density in the wooded and sand forest habitats of the treatment block to 12 per km2. This target density was maintained for 14 months. In the treatment area, a 99% reduction in G. austeni females occurred after 13 months at a target density of eight per km2 in wooded habitat; this was maintained for 22 months. Reduction in G. brevipalpis was less marked. The relatively poor reduction in G. brevipalpis is attributed to the high mobility of this species and its distribution throughout less wooded and more open habitats.
Joining up the episodes of lifelong learning: A regional transition project
Authors: Hartnell‐Young Elizabeth , Smallwood Angela , Kingston Sandra , Harley Philip
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we explore the rationale, process and outcomes of the Regional Interoperability Project on Progression for Lifelong Learning, a project that established a model of cross‐sector collaboration in personal development planning technology in the UK. With specific reference to the widening participation agenda, and grounded in the perspective of lifelong learners, the project tested an approach in which discrete nodes of an individual’s learning journey are joined up through technology services. The paper describes the development of conceptual and practical tools to assist transitions between various communities of learning. A set of scenarios was developed, involving study to study and study to employment, while practical tools included development of UK LeaP draft interoperability standard (BS8788)‐compliant links between ePortfolio software, and the actual test transfer of data. The results indicate that recognising the smallest individual elements in the process is important, both in a technical sense and as a means of personalising learning and assisting transition between sectors. Through developing connections between these elements, the project partners engaged in lifelong learning.
The Impact of Exporting and Export Destination on Manufacturing Wages: Evidence for Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Milner Chris , Tandrayen Verena
Published: October 2006

This paper investigates wage effects of trade status of African firms. Using data for manufacturing firms, we find a positive overall association between individual earnings and export status. Moreover, the skill wage premium in exporting firms is significantly higher. These results are consistent with either trade inducing higher wages in the exporting country, or with more productive (higher wage) firms self‐selecting into exporting. The results are not robust, however, to disaggregation by export destination. Exporting to outside Africa generates a negative wage premium whereas exporting to African markets yields a positive premium in export firms of the exporting country. This suggests that there is a disciplining effect on the wages of exporting firms only when exporting is to more competitive markets.
The Role of Child Emotional Responsiveness and Maternal Negative Emotion Expression in Children's Coping Strategy Use
Authors: Goodvin Rebecca , Carlo Gustavo , Torquati Julia
Published: October 2006

This study examined the additive and interactive effects of children's trait vicarious emotional responsiveness and maternal negative emotion expression on children's use of coping strategies. Ninety‐five children (mean age = 5.87 years) and their mothers and teachers participated in the study. The mothers reported on their own negative emotion expression and the children's empathic concern and personal distress tendencies. The mothers and teachers reported on the children's use of avoidant, support‐seeking, and aggressive‐venting coping strategies. Empathic concern was positively associated with the children's use of support seeking and negatively associated with the children's use of aggressive venting, whereas personal distress showed the opposite pattern of associations. Maternal negative emotion expression moderated some associations between the children's emotional responsiveness and coping. These findings support the hypothesis that children's tendencies to experience empathic concern or personal distress indicate functionally distinct styles of emotional arousal that may have broader consequences for socially competent behavior in response to normative stressors.
Enhancing the productivity of irrigated Vertisols: a comparative study between a traditional method and surge/intermittent management
Authors: Mintesinot B. , Verplancke H. , Van Ranst E. , Mitiku H.
Published: October 2006

Vertisols cover 12% of Ethiopia and produce on average only two million tonnes of maize grain of an estimated potential of 12 million tonnes per annum. Traditional irrigation practices are inefficient and in this paper we have examined the potential for improvement by adopting surge irrigation together with scheduling to determine irrigation frequency. Traditional irrigation management (without scheduling) and surge/intermittent irrigation (with scheduling) using maize as an indicator crop were compared over two irrigation seasons. Yield, water productivity and economic productivity were determined. Surge irrigation with scheduling resulted in a yield of 2.3 times that of traditional irrigation. Water productivity and income using surge management were, respectively, 2.7 and 2.8 times that of traditional management.
Functional Symptoms and Somatoform Disorders in Children and Adolescents: The Role of Standardised Measures in Assessment
Authors: Gledhill Julia , Elena Garralda M.
Published: October 2006

Functional or unexplained medical symptoms (physical symptoms that are not adequately explained by organic factors and where a major role for psychological factors is assumed) are common amongst children in the general population but can also be an expression of somatisation and somatoform disorders. Co‐morbid psychopathology is common. We describe measures mostly used in research into problems related to somatisation in children and adolescents that may be helpful to clinical researchers. Some address the nature and severity of physical symptoms, others document illness attitudes, beliefs and functional impairment, and a third group assesses emotional symptoms. Questionnaires can be helpful for clinicians in quantifying (i) the nature and severity of somatic symptoms and associated functional impairment, (ii) contributory health attitudes and illness beliefs and (iii) co‐morbid or primary anxiety and depressive disorders. Together with pain and activity diaries and careful documentation of school attendance, these measures may also be helpful in monitoring treatment response.
Experimenting with Welfare Reform: Emulating Success, Cutting Costs, or Racing to the Bottom?*
Authors: Volden Craig
Published: October 2006

This article calls upon the social scientific research community to systematically assess policy devolution within American federalism through the lens of welfare reform. It asks specifically whether the benefits of policy devolution in this area—the opportunity to learn from policy experiments in similar states and the ability to tailor policies to individual state circumstances—outweigh the costs of devolution—possible racial biases across the states, incentives for cutting costs, and fears of a race to the bottom in benefits and eligibility criteria. A scientific research agenda for addressing these issues is developed. The contribution of De Jong et al. (2006) is assessed in terms of its advancement of this agenda. A path toward future contributions to this agenda is suggested.
Interoperator Test for Anatomical Annotation of Earprints
Authors: Alberink Ivo B. , Ruifrok Arnout C. C. , Kieckhoefer Hartmut
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT: As part of the Forensic Ear Identification (FearID) research project, which aims to obtain estimators for the strength of evidence of earmarks found on crime scenes, a large database of earprints (over 1200 donors) has been collected. Starting from a knowledge‐based approach where experts add anatomical annotations of minutiae and landmarks present in prints, comparison of pairs of prints is done using the method of Vector Template Matching (VTM). As the annotation process is subjective, a validation experiment was performed to study its stability. Comparing prints on the basis of VTM, it appears that there are interoperator effects, individual operators yielding significantly more consistent results when annotating prints than different operators. The operators being well trained and educated, the observed variation on both clicking frequency and choice of annotation points suggests that implementation of the above is not the best way to go about objectifying earprint comparison. Processes like the above are relevant for any forensic science dealing with identification (e.g., of glass, tool marks, fibers, faces, fingers, handwriting, speakers) where manual (nonautomated) processes play a role. In these cases, results may be operator dependent and the dependencies need to be studied.
Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of the 5‐mm Diameter Regular‐Platform Brånemark Fixture:2‐ to 5‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Tawil Georges , Mawla Muhieddine , Gottlow Jan
Published: October 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the clinical results obtained with 5‐mm diameter regular‐platform Brånemark implants after 2 to 5 years of follow‐up. A secondary aim was to compare the clinical outcome to that of adjacently placed standard 3.75‐mm fixtures in the same patients under the same operative condition and in the same prosthetic construction.

Materials and Methods: Sixty patients, with a mean age of 54 years, received a total of 97 5‐mm diameter regular‐platform fixtures. The majority of the implants were placed at molar sites. In 41 of the patients, 53 5‐mm diameter implants were placed adjacent to 62 standard 3.75‐mm diameter fixtures in the same prosthetic reconstruction. All implants were submerged for an average period of 4 to 6 months. Abutment connection was done according to standard protocol. The prosthetic treatment consisted of freestanding fixed bridges.

Results: The cumulative survival rate of the 5‐mm diameter implants loaded for a period of 2 to 5 years was 96.9%. Only three implants failed. They were placed in type 4 bone in the posterior maxilla. Bone loss over the first year was 0.70 mm and over a 3‐year period 0.81 mm. Implants placed in type 4 bone showed significantly higher bone loss. No difference in the resorption rate could be found between the maxillary and the mandibular implants or between the various implant lengths. There was no significant difference between the bone loss around the 5‐mm diameter fixtures and the adjacent 3.75‐mm diameter standard fixtures.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a high predictability of 5‐mm diameter regular‐platform implants when placed in the posterior maxilla and mandible.
Teeth in a Day® for the Maxilla and Mandible: Case Report
Authors: Balshi Thomas J. , Wolfmger Glenn J.
Published: October 2006

Background: A growing body of evidence indicates that successful osseointegration of dental implants can take place in the wake of immediate loading, providing that bone quality and quantity are adequate, and patients follow postsurgical instructions carefully.

Purpose: The goal of this report is to demonstrate the efficient treatment protocol based on immediate loading for both the maxilla and mandible, including extraction site locations.

Materials and Methods: Following extraction of the remaining anterior mandibular teeth, 18 Brånemark implants (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden), including two zygoma and two pterygoid implants, were installed in both arches in accordance with the Teeth in a Day protocol developed by the authors 9 years ago. This protocol uses an acrylic screw‐retained prosthesis, with steel prosthetic copings embedded, supported by full‐size Brånemark implants to prevent micromotion at the bone‐to‐implant interface.

Results: Only 1 of the 18 immediately loaded implants failed to osseointegrate. Three years after completion of treatment, the patient reported functioning well with no complications.

Conclusions: When appropriate subjects are selected, the Teeth in a Day protocol offers patients a number of significant advantages, including condensed treatment time, reduced postsurgical discomfort, and almost instantaneous improvement in speech and masticatory function, esthetics, and patient self‐image.
Simplified Methods of Implant Treatment in the Edentulous Lower Jaw. Part II: Early Loading
Authors: Engquist Bo Bo , Åstrand Per , Anzén Bengt , Dahlgren Simon , Engquist Eva , Feldmann Hartmut , Karlsson Ulf , Nord Per Guńnar , Sahlholm Sten , Svärdström Pia
Published: October 2006

Background:

Most implant treatment is performed with a two‐stage surgical procedure. A disadvantage of these implant treatments is that they are time‐consuming.

Purpose:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results of early loading in the edentulous mandible and to compare those results with treatment results of one‐stage surgery followed by a healing period and with two‐stage surgery.

Material and Methods:

The material comprises four treatment groups with a total of 108 patients with edentulous lower jaws and 432 implants. All patients were treated with Brånemark implants (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) with a turned surface and fixed prostheses in the lower jaw, supported by four implants. The patients in group A were treated with a one‐stage procedure, a two‐piece implant, and a 3‐month healing period before loading. Group B (control group) had a two‐stage procedure, a two‐piece implant, and a 3‐month healing period. Group C had a one‐stage procedure, a one‐piece implant, and a 3‐month healing period. Group D was treated with a one‐stage surgical procedure, a two‐piece implant, and early loading (within 3 weeks). All patients were provided with a Procera® Implant Bridge (Nobel Biocare) with a framework made by computer‐assisted milling of one piece of pure titanium. All patients have been followed up for 1 year.

Results:

The survival rates were 93.2 to 93.3% in the experimental groups and 97.5% in the control group. The difference was not statistically significant. The measurements of the marginal bone level demonstrated a mean bone loss of 0.8 mm between fixture insertion and the 1‐year examination in patients with early loading (group D) whereas the bone loss in patients who underwent a healing period before loading was 1.3 to 1.6 mm. The difference between the control group and the group with early loading was significant.

Conclusions:

Survival rates for patients treated with a one‐stage procedure were lower than survival rates for patients treated according to a “classical concept,” but the differences were not statistically significant. There was no difference between treatment results with one‐piece and two‐piece implants. The implant loss in patients with early loading was probably caused by overloading, and careful supervision of occlusal loading is recommended. Early loading gave significantly less marginal bone loss when compared with two‐stage surgery.
Critical Appraisal
Authors: Leonard Daniel L. , Swift Edward J.
Published: October 2006

Several manufacturers have introduced new light‐emitting diode (LED) curing lights for the polymerization of light‐activated dental materials. Typically, the advantages claimed for these lights are more efficient curing, decreased heat from the light tip, consistent output over time without degradation, and significantly longer useful life of the diodes compared with quartz‐tungsten‐halogen (QTH) bulbs. Manufacturers also mention portability and ease of use because the units can be powered by rechargeable batteries. This review evaluates the published research on LED‐based curing lights.
Colorimetric Evaluation of the Influence of Five Different Restorative Materials on the Color of Veneered Densely Sintered Alumina
Authors: KOUTAYAS SPIRIDON‐OUMVERTOS , KAKABOURA APHRODITE , HUSSEIN AMR , STRUB JORG‐RUDOLF
Published: October 2006

Purpose: Since the introduction of densely sintered alumina ceramic material in prosthetic dentistry for the fabrication of all‐ceramic crowns, no scientific data have been presented on the color of these restorations in combination with different restorative materials. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of five different restorative materials used for implant abutments or posts and cores on the color of veneered densely sintered alumina.

Materials and Methods: Sixty discs, 0.6 mm in thickness and 10 mm in diameter, were made out of densely sintered alumina ceramic material (Procera®, Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden) and veneered using feldspathic porcelain (AllCeram®, Ducera, Rosbach, Germany) for a total thickness of 2 mm. Ten of the discs were evaluated colorimetrically using the CIE, L*, a*, b* system (control group). In addition, 50 discs, 3 mm in thickness and identical diameter, were fabricated using the following restorative materials (five different materials used on 10 specimens each): (1) high‐precious gold alloy, (2) aluminum‐oxide ceramic material, (3) titanium metal alloy, (4) yttrium‐stabilized zirconium dioxide ceramic material, and (5) glass‐ceramic material. The 50 veneered densely sintered alumina specimens were bonded to the 50 restorative specimens using an autopolymerizing luting composite. L*, a*, b* color coordinates were measured 10 times for each veneered densely sintered alumina specimen. Color differences were calculated using the equation ΔE = [(Δ*)2+ (Δa*)2+ (Δb*)2]®. ΔE values correspond to differences between the control group and each of the five materials groups.

Results: Mean color differences (ΔE) and SDs for each group were as follows: ΔE (1) = 1.42 ± 0.5, ΔE (2) = 1.53 ± 0.5, ΔE (3) = 1.55 ± 0.4, ΔE (4) = 1.95 ± 0.5, ΔE (5) = 1.23 ± 0.3. All restorative materials induced changes to the densely sintered alumina color relative to the original color. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests showed statistically significant differences in ΔE between the groups; however, the Student‐Newman‐Keuls test revealed that the only statistically significant difference was between groups 4 and 5. Color differences between the groups were not visually perceivable (ΔE < 2).

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Within the limits of this in vitro study, veneered densely sintered alumina adhesively fixed with dentine‐like cement, successfully masks the shade of different metal or ceramic restorative materials.
Prosthetic Design Considerations for Anterior Single‐Implant Restorations
Authors: SADAN AVISHAI , BLATZ MARKUS B. , BELLERINO MIKE , BLOCK MICHAEL
Published: October 2006

The anterior single‐implant restoration provides a predictable solution for the partially edentulous patient. The two main approaches in prosthesis design for the single‐implant restoration are the screw‐retained and cement‐retained restorations. Although both approaches have been proven to work from a standpoint of long‐term implant stability, other considerations arise when esthetic outcome and ease of fabrication and delivery are discussed. To guarantee a predictable outcome, the dentist should choose a design that offers maximum prosthetic versatility. Combining prosthetic versatility with ease of delivery is often a clinical and laboratory challenge. Prostheses designs that provide the freedom to select a wide variety of restorative materials may be cumbersome to deliver and maintain and vice versa. This article reviews the advantages and shortcomings of each design and provides an alternative prosthesis design that combines the favorable aspects of these two restorations.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF PRECOOKED EGG PRODUCTS AFTER HIGH‐PRESSURE PROCESSING COMBINED WITH LOW AND HIGH TEMPERATURES
Authors: JULIANO PABLO , LI BIANSHENG , CLARK STEPHANIE , MATHEWS JASON W. , DUNNE PATRICK C. , BARBOSA‐CÁNOVAS GUSTAVO V.
Published: October 2006

The quality descriptors of precooked scrambled egg patties were evaluated after high‐pressure treatment at low and high temperatures. A commercial egg patty was thermally pressurized at 90C/0.1–675 MPa and 30–90C/675 MPa. A trained descriptive panel evaluated untreated and treated products. Additional tests included texture profile analysis, color, pH and water loss. After treatment at 30C/675 Mpa, the egg patty maintained its sensory profile. Treatments at gelation temperatures≥70C and 675 MPa increased firmness and density scores, and water loss, compared to lower temperatures. Formulation modification with xanthan gum, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and flavors reduced the instrumental hardness by 25–41%, while syneresis decreased 50–55%, in agreement with findings of smaller particle size, smoother mouthfeel and lower dryness scores. The flavor profile of modified formulation after 70C/675 MPa or 90C/675 MPa treatments was similar to controls. Reformulation with xanthan gum, EDTA and flavors allowed maintenance of initial characteristics after thermal pressurization. High‐pressure processing at low temperatures is promising for preserving precooked scrambled egg patties while retaining sensory profile at selected conditions.
EFFECT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA) MEAL ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF COWPEA PASTE AND QUALITY OF AKARA (FRIED COWPEA PASTE)
Authors: VANCHINA M.A. , CHINNAN M.S. , MCWATTERS K.H.
Published: October 2006

The importance of particle size distribution in conjunction with milling method (dry‐milled hammer‐milled meal [HM] or wet‐milled freeze‐dried meal [FD]) on the functionality of cowpea paste and textural characteristics of akara produced from dry meal was investigated. All meal samples contained a minimum of 65% by weight medium‐sized particles and different combinations of large and fine particles to compose the balance. With the exception of the pastes made from meal consisting of 35% fine particles, all pastes had good foaming ability and handling characteristics. However, akara made from the HM and FD blends with 35% large particles had hardness values not significantly different from the traditionally prepared (wet‐milled) akara (5.317, 4.048 and 5.341 N, respectively), indicating that the meal blends had the potential to produce akara acceptable to consumers.
Moral Status, Human Identity, and Early Embryos: A Critique of the President's Approach
Authors: DeGrazia David
Published: October 2006

On August 9, 2001, President George W. Bush delivered a statement that would have a great effect on bioethics policy in the United States. The President stated his belief that human life is a sacred gift from the Creator, expressed his strong opposition to any type of human cloning, and announced a policy of restricting federal funds for embryonic stem cell research to studies on stem cell lines already in existence at the time of his statement. He also announced his intention to create the President's Council on Bioethics (PCB), headed by Leon Kass, “to monitor stem cell research, to recommend appropriate guidelines and regulations, and to consider all of the medical and ethical ramifications of biomedical innovation.” On November 28, 2001, President Bush formally created the PCB, which began its deliberations the following January.
The routinisation of genomics and genetics: implications for ethical practices
Authors: Foster M W , Royal C D M , Sharp R R
Published: October 2006

Among bioethicists and members of the public, genetics is often regarded as unique in its ethical challenges. As medical researchers and clinicians increasingly combine genetic information with a range of non-genetic information in the study and clinical management of patients with common diseases, the unique ethical challenges attributed to genetics must be re-examined. A process of genetic routinisation that will have implications for research and clinical ethics, as well as for public conceptions of genetic information, is constituted by the emergence of new forms of genetic medicine, in which genetic information is interpreted in a multifactorial frame of reference. Although the integration of genetics in medical research and treatment may be a helpful corrective to the mistaken assumptions of genetic essentialism or determinism, the routinisation of genetics may have unintended consequences for the protection of genetic information, perceptions of non-genetic information and the loss of genetic research as a laboratory for exploring issues in research and clinical ethics. Consequently, new ethical challenges are presented by the increasing routinisation of genetic information in both biomedical and public spheres.
Consistency in decision making by research ethics committees: a controlled comparison: Table 1
Authors: Angell E , Sutton A J , Windridge K , Dixon-Woods M
Published: October 2006

There has been longstanding interest in the consistency of decisions made by research ethics committees (RECs) in the UK, but most of the evidence has come from single studies submitted to multiple committees. A systematic comparison was carried out of the decisions made on 18 purposively selected applications, each of which was reviewed independently by three different RECs in a single strategic health authority. Decisions on 11 applications were consistent, but disparities were found among RECs on decisions on seven applications. An analysis of the agreement between decisions of RECs yielded an overall measure of agreement of κ = 0.286 (95% confidence interval −0.06 to 0.73), indicating a level of agreement that, although probably better than chance, may be described as “slight”. The small sample size limits the robustness of these findings. Further research on reasons for inconsistencies in decision making between RECs, and on the importance of such inconsistencies for a range of arguments, is needed.
Are Stem Cells Drugs?
Authors: Rosen Michael R.
Published: October 2006

Stem cell research and its clinical application have become political, social, and medical lightning rods, polarizing opinion among members of the lay community and among medical/scientific professionals. A potpourri of opinion, near-anecdotal observation, and scientifically sound data has sown confusion in ways rarely seen in the medical arts and sciences. A major issue is regulation, with different aspects of stem cell research falling within the purview of different government agencies and local offices. An overarching clearinghouse to review the field and recommend policy is lacking. In the following pages, I touch on the societal framework for regulation, the known and potential risks and benefits of cardiovascular stem cell therapies, whether stem cells should be regulated as drugs or in analogy to drugs, and if there is to be regulation, then by whom. In so doing, I refer to the stem cell literature only as it relates to the discussion of regulation because this is not a review of stem cell research; it is an opinion regarding regulation.
Observational Constraints on the Cloud Thermodynamic Phase in Midlatitude Storms
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Del Genio Anthony D. , Bauer Mike
Published: October 2006

The conditions under which supercooled liquid water gradually gives way to ice in the mixed-phase regions of clouds are still poorly understood and may be an important source of cloud feedback uncertainty in general circulation model projections of long-term climate change. Two winters of cloud phase discrimination, cloud-top temperature, sea surface temperature, and precipitation from several satellite datasets (the NASA Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) for the North Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins are analyzed to better understand these processes. Reanalysis surface pressures and vertical velocities are used in combination with a synoptic storm-tracking algorithm to define storm tracks, create composite storm dynamical and cloud patterns, and examine changes in storm characteristics over their life cycles. Characteristically different storm cloud patterns exist in the Atlantic and Pacific and on the west and east sides of each ocean basin. This appears to be related to the different spatial patterns of sea surface temperature in the two ocean basins. Glaciation occurs at very warm temperatures in the high, thick, heavily precipitating clouds typical of frontal ascent regions, except where vertical velocities are strongest, similar to previous field experiments. Outside frontal regions, however, where clouds are shallower, supercooled water exists at lower cloud-top temperatures. This analysis is the first large-scale assessment of cloud phase and its relation to dynamics on climatologically representative time scales. It provides a potentially powerful benchmark for the design and evaluation of mixed-phase process parameterizations in general circulation models and suggests that assumptions made in some existing models may negatively bias their cloud feedback estimates.
Facile Template-free Alcohothermal Route to Synthesize Hollow TiO2 Microspheres with Nanocrystal Grain Structure
Authors: Li Yanting , Song Cuihong , Hu Yuzhu , Wei Yongju , Wei Yu
Published: October 2006

A convenient template-free approach was founded for the synthesis of almost uncracked hollow titania (TiO2) microspheres with nanocrystal grain structure, which size and shell thickness of microspheres can be altered in a controllable way.
Cephalometric airway analysis in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Strelzow Victor V. , Blanks Robert H. I. , Basile Anna , Strelzow Anthony E.
Published: October 2006

In obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, polysomnograms characterize the nature and severity of the disorder but, rarely, its specific site. Therefore, 90 patients with documented obstructive sleep apnea were evaluated by cephalometric technique, with special attention paid to the size and position of the soft palate and uvula, volume and position of the tongue, mandibulo‐maxillary relationship, hyoid position, and size of the pharyngeal airway space. Results showed major differences between control patients and patients with obstructive sleep apnea in over 50% (30/52) of the objectively measured indices of the cephalometric airway. Further, many changes in the cephalograms of these patients can be correlated with disease severity.
3‐D CT for cranial facial and laryngeal surgery
Authors: Zinreich S. James , Quinn Cynthia B. , Mattox Douglas E. , Kennedy David W. , Johns Michael E. , Price John C. , Holliday Michael J. , Kashima Haskins K.
Published: October 2006

Three‐dimensional imaging is a new digital technology which interpolates two‐dimensional computer tomography information to render a “life‐like” anatomic display of the diagnostic information. We have found that this new methodology significantly improves the assessment and therapy of patients undergoing surgical procedures of the head and neck. The technique has been used in cranial‐facial and laryngeal pathology, and in preoperative planning of tumor resection, particularly skull‐base neoplasms.

The use of three‐dimensional computer tomography improves the display of the location and volume of pathology and affords accurate therapeutic and surgical planning. The choice and extent of surgery is better defined, and precise bone removal can be performed. In reconstructive surgery, an accurate prefabricated model of the bony defect can be made to aid reconstruction. Representative cases demonstrating the use of three‐dimensional computer tomography in head and neck surgery, and its benefits in saving operative time and improving the postoperative result, will be discussed.
Carotid artery reconstruction using superficial femoral arterial grafts
Authors: Jacobs John R. , Arden Richard L. , Marks Steven C. , Kline Ronald , Berguer Ramon
Published: October 2006

The indications, consequences, and value of resection of the carotid artery as part of an extended neck dissection has been discussed for many years. Many of the earlier reports have focused on the sequelae of carotid artery ligation and tests to predict patient tolerance for the procedure. Efforts to reconstruct the carotid artery have been limited primarily to vein grafts. The authors report on 11 cases of reconstruction of the carotid artery using the patient's superficial femoral artery. The femoral artery itself is reconstructed using a Gore‐Tex® graft. Free autografts of the superficial femoral artery in the carotid location have been found to be an excellent size match, mechanically stronger than a vein graft, and tolerant of bacterial contamination. Arteriography in 1 case with 14 months' follow‐up demonstrates long‐term patency.
The new combined surgical approach for cancer involving the base of tongue‐supraglottic complex
Authors: Sanghvi Vikram
Published: October 2006

The base of the tongue, valleculae, preepiglottic space, and supraglottic area of the larynx develop from an unpaired central area, i.e., “hypobranchial eminence,” unlike oral tongue and vocal cords, which are independently unilateral and paired in character. These areas should be known as “base of tongue‐supraglottic complex.” Lymphatic criss‐cross is common in this area

This paper delineates the usefulness of the combined surgical procedure. The extensive cancer in the base of tongue‐supraglottic complex has represented a challenge to the head and neck surgeon. A combined procedure, i.e., supraglottic laryngectomy with a deep and extensive sagittal surgical incision made directly through the lip‐mandible‐oral tongue, provides wider exposure without severing any major nerves or blood vessels, and the vulnerable bilateral lymph bearing area of the neck can be addressed adequately for elective or curative neck dissection. Preoperative dental assessment, visual and palpatory assessment of tumor extent under anesthesia (EUA) helps in careful patient selection. Rehabilitation is expected to take longer, but not hospitalization, which is understood in surgical resections of this magnitude. The Tata Memorial Hospital experience with this new surgical approach is described in detail.
Prevalence of microfissures in the human temporal bone: A report of 1000 temporal bones
Authors: Moreano Edwin H. , Paparella Michael M. , Zelterman Daniel , Goycoolea Marcos V.
Published: October 2006

A total of 1000 human temporal bones were studied to determine the prevalence of two microfissures: 1. the one between the facial canal and the vestibule, 2. the microfissure between the round window niche (RWN) and the posterior semicircular canal (PSC). Additionally, this study compares the prevalence according to temporal bone age and sex

The microfissure between the facial canal and the vestibule was observed in 470 (47%) temporal bones, with a bilateral presence of 77.2%. The prevalence of this microfissure increases linearly with age. It was not found in any bone within the 0 to 2 age group. It was present in 3 (7.3%) bones from the 2 to 9 age group, as opposed to 374 (54.8%) bones from the 40 and over group

The microfissure between the RWN and the PSC was detected in 915 (91.5%) temporal bones. This second microfissure was found to be an overwhelmingly bilateral entity. The prevalence of this other microfissure also increases with age. This microfissure was also not present in any temporal bone within the 0 to 2 age group. It was found in 28 (68.3%) bones from the 2 to 9 age group, in contrast to 678 (99.4%) temporal bones from the 40 + group

In addition to a review of the literature, the possible clinical significance of these microfissures is discussed.
The design features of cemented femoral hip implants
Authors: Scheerlinck T. , Casteleyn P.-P.
Published: October 2006

We undertook a review of the literature relating to the two basic stem designs in use in cemented hip replacement, namely loaded tapers or force-closed femoral stems, and the composite beam or shape-closed designs. The associated stem fixation theory as understood from in vitro studies and finite element modelling were examined with reference to the survivorship results for each of the concepts of fixation.

It is clear that both design principles are capable of producing successful long-term results, providing that their specific requirements of stem metallurgy, shape and surface finish, preparation of the bone and handling of the cement are observed.
The floating shoulder
Authors: Owens B. D. , Goss T. P.
Published: October 2006

The floating shoulder is defined as ipsilateral fractures of the midshaft of the clavicle and the neck of the glenoid. This rare injury can be difficult to manage without a thorough understanding of the complex anatomy of the shoulder girdle. Surgical intervention needs to be considered for all of these injuries. While acceptable results can be expected with non-operative management of minimally-displaced fractures, displacement at one or both sites is best managed with surgical reduction and fixation.
Das Reichsministerium des Innern unter Heinrich Himmler 1943–1945
Authors: Lehnstaedt Stephan
Published: October 2006

Vorspann

Der Name Himmler wird gemeinhin mit der SS in Verbindung gebracht wie überhaupt mit dem nationalsozialistischen Terrorapparat, mit dem Holocaust und dem ideologischen Kern der NS-Bewegung. Weniger bekannt ist dagegen, dass Himmler – neben vielem anderen – auch noch den Posten des Reichsinnenministers übernahm, wenn auch erst spät, im Jahr 1943. Welche Folgen ergaben sich aus dieser Zäsur und vor allem: welche Konsequenzen hatte das für dieses Ressort?
Fate and effects of olestra, a fat substitute, during conventional wastewater treatment
Authors: McAvoy Drew C. , Shimp Robert J. , Namkung Eun , Hand Vincent C.
Published: October 2006

This study assessed the tretability of olestra, an edible oil and shortening replacement, during conventional wastewater treatment using laboratory and bench‐scale testing. Results showed removal efficiencies for primary treatment to be similar to suspended solids removal (typically ranging from 45 to 65%) and removal during secondary activated sludge treatment to be ∼84%. Overall removal for primary and secondary treatment was estimated to range from 91% to 94%. The removal during treatment occurred primarily by sorption onto wastewater solids and settling during clarification, although some olestra was removed by biodegradation. Olestra exhibited no adverse effects on total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal during primary or secondary treatment. In addition, olestra caused no adverse effects on sludge dewatering as determined by filtration or gas production during the anaerobic digestion process. Under expected worst‐case conditions (that is, assuming that all conventional fat in savory snacks will be replaced with olestra) predicted U.S. average wastewater influent, effluent and 90th percentile receiving water concentrations under mean flow conditions were 4.9, 0.7, and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of olestra in anaerobically digested sludge under this worst‐case scenario was predicted to be 1 281 mg/L (32.0 g/kg), with a corresponding sludge‐amended soil concentration of olestra immediately after sludge application (37 mt/ha) estimated to be 656 mg/kg.