bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Body Weight Estimation Among Palestinian Refugee Adolescents Living in Jordan: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Al‐Amer Rasmieh , Salamonson Yenna , Villarosa Amy R. , Subih Maha , Darwish Rima , Maneze Della
Published: October 2019

Purpose

We aimed to examine the prevalence of obesity among adolescents living in a refugee camp in Jordan and analyze the factors influencing their weight perceptions.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

We examined the body weight perception, and the influence of psychological, cultural, and social factors, among Palestinian refugee adolescents living in Jordan using a cross‐sectional survey. Univariate, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationships between body weight status, weight perception, satisfaction with weight, screen time, and depression status of these adolescents.

Results

A total of 620 adolescents participated in the study, of which 24% were either overweight or obese. Overweight or obese adolescents were more likely to underestimate their weight (p < .001), while those with depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents score > 14), were more likely to overestimate their body weight (p = .021). Having symptoms indicative of depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16–2.50) and having a body mass index in the overweight/obese range (AOR = 4.16; 95% CI = 2.73–6.35) were predictors of discordant weight perception.

Conclusions

This study showed that excess body weight is a significant issue among Palestinian refugee adolescents living in a refugee camp in Jordan. Underlying depression is an important factor in excess weight and distorted weight perceptions especially among this vulnerable group.

Clinical Relevance

The study highlights the importance of addressing discordant body weight perception and depression in weight management in nursing interventions for vulnerable adolescent groups.
Financial Literacy as More than Knowledge: The Development of a Formative Scale through the Lens of Bloom's Domains of Knowledge
Authors: Warmath Dee , Zimmerman David
Published: October 2019

For well over a decade, financial literacy has been a primary lens through which researchers approach financial education. Unfortunately, in most cases, this potentially rich construct is reduced to mere financial knowledge. This myopic conceptualization hampers the development of the concept and programs to build financial literacy. Despite research that reveals these limits, the field has either persisted with this narrow definition of financial literacy or abandoned the model altogether in favor of capability or similar constructs. Using Bloom's domains of knowledge, we redefine financial literacy as the combination of three different indicators reflecting three domains of knowledge: financial skill, self‐efficacy, and explicit knowledge. Using data from a national survey, we apply the methods of formative scale development to construct and validate a more robust conceptualization and measurement of financial literacy. We explore how this financial literacy index might inform development of innovative financial education programs.
Feasibility and Validity of Geographically Explicit Ecological Momentary Assessment With Recall‐Aided Space‐Time Budgets
Authors: Boettner Bethany , Browning Christopher R. , Calder Catherine A.
Published: October 2019

We employ data from the Adolescent Health and Development in Context Study—a representative sample of urban youth ages 11–17 in and around the Columbus, OH area—to investigate the feasibility and validity of smartphone‐based geographically explicit ecological momentary assessment (GEMA). Age, race, household income, familiarity with smartphones, and self‐control were associated with missing global positioning systems (GPS) coverage, whereas school day was associated with discordance between percent of time at home based on GPS‐only versus recall‐aided space‐time budget data. Fatigue from protocol compliance increases missing GPS across the week, which results in more discordance. Although some systematic differences were observed, these findings offer evidence that smartphone‐based GEMA is a viable method for the collection of activity space data on urban youth.
English in French Commercial Advertising: Simultaneity, bivalency, and language boundaries
Authors: Amos H. William
Published: October 2019

In recent decades, sociolinguists have begun to challenge the traditional view that multilingualism is fundamentally composed of discrete systems known as ‘languages’. Supporting the assessment that languages are not bounded entities but sociocultural and ideological constructions, this article explores commercial advertisements in France, which are subject to language policies assuming that ‘French’ is easily separable from ‘foreign languages’. Employing the Bakhtinian‐influenced notion ofbivalencydeveloped by Woolard (1998), the article argues for a special consideration of mixed‐language advertising in France, rooted not only in linguistic form, but also in the specific contextual tension produced by the socio‐political statuses of French and English. The resulting creativity challenges the monolectal assumptions within French language management, indicating a clash of segregational language ideology with integrational language practices. The article further argues that this language mixing is bidirectional, as advertisements may both erase and emphasise the assumed boundaries between codes.
Does covering routine dental care for the Medicare population produce cost savings in Medicare? A preliminary 2‐year analysis
Authors: Moeller John F. , Manski Richard J. , Chen Haiyan , Zuvekas Samuel H. , Meyerhoefer Chad D.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

We estimated the association between the use of preventive dental care and medical use and expense for older persons over a 2‐year period to determine if a Medicare dental benefit for routine care could result in potential cost savings in Medicare.

Methods

We relied on 2008‐2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data to estimate separate logistic and lognormal ordinary least squares regressions to analyze the influence of year 1 preventive dental care on either year 1 or year 2 use and expenses for total health care, office‐based care, outpatient care, inpatient stays, emergency department visits, and prescription drugs.

Results

Our findings provide evidence over a 2‐year period that a Medicare dental benefit for routine care could produce an increase in office‐based visits and expense. We also found that older persons currently using routine dental care have healthier lifestyles and greater access to care and use of preventive medical care than current nonusers.

Conclusion

Our results affirm the need for a longer‐term study to provide any conclusive evidence as to the ultimate impact of a Medicare dental benefit on other health care use and expenses.
β‐carotene attenuates weaning‐induced apoptosis via inhibition of PERK‐CHOP and IRE1‐JNK/p38 MAPK signalling pathways in piglet jejunum
Authors: Li Ruonan , Yang Yu , Hong Pan , Zhang Ziqi , Li Lingqian , Hui Junnan , Zheng Xin
Published: October 2019

Weaning may cause oxidative injury, immune response impairment, apoptosis and other injuries in piglets. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) can elicit inflammatory responses, and persistent oxidative and ERS also may lead to apoptotic cascades, which is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. β‐carotene, a natural carotenoid, has potential anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant functions. However, the effect of β‐carotene on apoptosis in weaned piglets and the detailed molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we found that β‐carotene decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in piglet serum. β‐carotene could inhibit the mRNA levels of caspase‐3 significantly, but had no significant inhibitory effect of the mRNA levels of caspase‐9 and caspase‐12 in the piglet jejunum. In addition, β‐carotene decreased the activation of GRP78, CHOP, and JNK/p38 MAPK and the ratio of Bax/Bcl‐2. Furthermore, β‐carotene had a significant influence on the activation of ERS and apoptosis‐related signals in TG‐induced IPEC‐J2. In the present study, β‐carotene pre‐treatment attenuated the ratio of Bax/Bcl‐2 and prevented TG‐induced increases in the level of PERK‐CHOP and IRE1‐JNK/p38 MAPK pathway activation in a dose‐dependent manner. Overall, these findings indicate that β‐carotene may protect weaning‐induced apoptosis through inhibiting ERS.
Improving access to care for people who inject drugs: Qualitative evaluation of project ITTREAT—An integrated community hepatitis C service
Authors: Phillips Clare , Schulkind Jasmine , O’Sullivan Margaret , Edelman Natalie , Smith Helen E. , Verma Sumita , Jones Christina J.
Published: October 2019

Achieving hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination by 2030 requires an increased linkage to care for people who inject drugs (PWID). Project ITTREAT was established to mitigate barriers to HCV care by providing an integrated service within a local drug and alcohol treatment centre. This study aimed to explore the experiences of clients and staff involved in Project ITTREAT and assess the facilitators and barriers to a community‐based HCV service. Between October 2014 and April 2016, drug and alcohol treatment attendees were interviewed using one‐to‐one semi‐structured interviews. Drug and alcohol treatment staff took part in focus groups. All data were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic content analysis. Fifteen drug and alcohol treatment attendees with current/previous HCV infection were interviewed, and 15 staff members contributed across two focus groups. Drug and alcohol treatment staff and attendees reported that Project ITTREAT facilitated access to HCV care by mitigating previous negative hospital‐based experiences. Other key facilitators were positive narratives around HCV care, and drug and alcohol treatment attendees being well engaged in their drug/alcohol recovery. Barriers included a lack of stability in drug and alcohol treatment attendees, negative discourse around testing/treatment and stigma associated with attending the drug and alcohol treatment to access HCV treatment in some who had successfully achieved drug rehabilitation. Our findings indicate the positive impact of an integrated and personalized community‐based service delivered by a dedicated hepatitis nurse. This played a crucial role in reducing barriers to HCV care for PWID. Our work also highlights areas for future investment including non–DAT‐based community services and increasing awareness of new treatments amongst this cohort.
Heterotopic vascularization and functionalization of implantable bio engineered hepatic tissue alleviates liver injury in rats
Authors: Li Yi , Wu Qiong , Yang Zhen , He Yuting , Weng Chengxin , Gao Mengyu , Zhang Bingqi , Wang Yujia , Li Li , Chen Fei , Bu Hong , Bao Ji
Published: October 2019

Background

The challenge of using bioengineered liver lies in sustaining the quantity of high‐quality hepatocytes and the vasculature for blood perfusion. We characterized the heparinization of a porcine decellularized liver scaffold (DLS) as a carrier to support hepatocyte angiogenesis, thereby developing functional and vascularized hepatic tissue useful to treat liver injury.

Method

The porcine DLS was obtained by the removal of cellular components and then subjected to heparinization by the end‐point attachment technique. The heparinized DLSs were recellularized with rat hepatocyte spheroids to construct engineered hepatic tissue. The hepatic tissue was heterotopically implanted in the omentum majus of a rat model with liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).

Results

Hepatocyte spheroids in the heparinized DLS remained viable for at least 10 weeks in vivo. The entire scaffold was populated with hepatocytes and arranged well. The volume of the heparinized DLS group was expanded over 400‐fold. Liver‐specific functions such as albumin synthesis, glycogen storage and cytochrome P 3A4 activity were highly expressed in the hepatic tissue. In addition, endothelial cells were recruited, as shown by CD31 staining, and new blood vessels formed, as visualized by fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labelled dextran intravital confocal microscopy. The heparinized bioengineered hepatic tissue alleviated CCl4‐induced liver injury by regulating the deposition and degradation of the extracellular matrix.

Conclusion

Primary hepatocyte spheroids survived for an extended time on the heparinized DLS and expanded to generate vascularized and functional bioengineered hepatic tissue that can alleviate liver injury in rats.
A matched‐pair analysis of patients with medium‐sized prostates (50 cc) treated for male LUTS with HoLEP or TURP
Authors: Magistro Giuseppe , Westhofen Thilo , Stief Christian G. , Weinhold Philipp
Published: October 2019

Objectives

To evaluate perioperative parameters, early functional outcomes, and the safety profile in a matched‐pair analysis of lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) patients treated with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, matched‐pair analysis of 2011 men treated for LUTS in our institution from 2013 to 2017. In the final analysis, 197 patients (HoLEP n = 97; TURP n = 98) were matched for prostate size (50 cc), age, and body mass index, and both cohorts were compared for demographic parameters, clinical outcomes, and adverse events according to the Clavien‐Dindo classification.

Results

The perioperative assessment revealed a significantly higher tissue retrieval percentage of 75.4% (interquartile range [IQR] 64‐81.2) after HoLEP in comparison to 47.3% (IQR 40‐54.7) after TURP (P <.001). A shorter surgery time was reported for TURP with a median time of 55.5 minutes (IQR 48‐70.5), whereas the median time for HoLEP was 62 minutes (IQR 51‐85) (P =.006). The median improvements in International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) were 11 points (IQR 5.5‐17) and 7 points (IQR 3‐14) for HoLEP and TURP, respectively (P =.007). Peak urinary flow rate (Qmax) increased more after HoLEP (12.0 mL/s; IQR 7‐23) than after TURP (8.5 mL/s; IQR 5‐18.25) (P =.028). With an overall incidence of adverse events of 6% (n = 6) compared to 16% (n = 16%), significantly fewer complications occurred after HoLEP than after treatment with TURP (P <.05).

Conclusions

HoLEP is not only an attractive alternative for the enucleation of larger prostates, but it must be considered a size‐independent technique with the potential to outdo the current reference method TURP.
The Corruption Game: Health Systems, International Agencies, and the State in South Asia
Authors: Closser Svea
Published: October 2019

Drawing on ethnographic material collected in Pakistan, India, and Nepal, this article analyzes patterns of corruption in vaccination programs in South Asia. Corrupt practices—which required substantial work—were deeply shaped by both the money and systems of accountability of the global health system. Bilateral and multilateral donors provided substantial funding for immunization programs across South Asia. International agencies and governments instituted systems of accountability, including documentation requirements and a parallel UN bureaucracy in problematic districts, to try to ensure that health workers did what they wanted. Some immunization program staff skillfully bent these systems of accountability to their own ends, diverting vaccination funding into their own pockets. Corruption operates not in opposition to the official rules, but in spaces opened up by them. These practices sometimes transform Weber's rational bureaucracy into a sophisticated game with many players, whose aims are more complex than the stated goals of the bureaucracy.
“Am I doing this wrong?” Breastfeeding mothers' use of an online forum
Authors: Lebron Cynthia N. , St. George Sara M. , Eckembrecher Daphne G. , Alvarez Lucia M.
Published: October 2019

As mothers seek out information around breastfeeding, many are turning to online message boards, listservs, or social media for advice. Babycenter.com, a parenting website with widespread use, hosts a Breastfeeding Support and Help community forum with over 140,000 users and more than one million conversation threads. The purpose of this study is to examine this online support forum to understand the information seeking and sharing practices of its users. We extracted a total of 258 original posts and 1,445 corresponding comments from Babycenter.com's breastfeeding forum posted over a 10‐day period. Using content analysis, we coded the posts into 15 categories reflective of the types of information users were seeking. We then randomly selected 45 conversation threads across the most popular categories to further understand how users were sharing information. The most popular breastfeeding topics for which users sought out information included feeding challenges, supply issues, feeding schedule and duration, pumping, physical health, excretion issues, storing milk, nipple issues, and general breastfeeding questions. Participants elicited information from others using interviewing questions and built consensus around issues by agreeing with previous posts. They shared their knowledge and personal breastfeeding experiences and also provided encouragement to continue breastfeeding and overcome challenges. Online support forums are actively being used by breastfeeding mothers seeking information from others with similar experiences. This presents an important resource for breastfeeding mothers and may, therefore, be an important component of future breastfeeding interventions.
Massive introgression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in newt hybrid zones
Authors: Dudek Katarzyna , Gaczorek Tomasz S. , Zieliński Piotr , Babik Wiesław
Published: October 2019

Variation in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is crucial for fighting pathogen assault. Because new alleles confer a selective advantage, MHC should readily introgress between species, even under limited hybridization. Using replicated transects through two hybrid zones between strongly reproductively isolated European newts, Lissotriton montandoni and L. vulgaris, we demonstrated recent and ongoing MHC class I and II introgression in the Carpathian region. The extent of introgression correlated with the age of contact. In the older zone, MHC similarity between species within transects exceeded similarity between transects within species, implying pervasive introgression ‐ a massive exchange of MHC genes, not limited to specific variants. In simulations, the observed pattern emerged under the combined action of balancing selection and hybridization, but not when these processes acted separately. Thus, massive introgression at advanced stages of divergence can introduce novel and restore previously lost MHC variation, boosting the adaptive potential of hybridizing taxa. In consequence, MHC genes may be the last to stop introgressing between incipient species.
The Social Lives of Adolescent Study Abroad Learners and Their L2 Development
Authors: SAUER LUZIA , ELLIS ROD
Published: October 2019

This article reports a longitudinal case study of two German high‐school exchange students’ 5.5‐month study abroad (SA) in New Zealand, examining their social lives and oral second language (L2) development. Six informal interviews, weekly diary entries, and monthly summaries were used to elicit data about their overseas experiences and reflections associated with them. The qualitative analysis investigated the nature of the students’ social lives at school, in their homestay, in their hobbies, and during their free time. The results demonstrated that opportunities for L2 engagement varied considerably with context—some affording and others restricting interaction. Especially the presence of co‐nationals impeded L2 interaction and required the students to seek out opportunities themselves—an effort that the students were not always willing to make. For the quantitative analysis, the interview data were coded using multiple measures of complexity, accuracy, lexis, and fluency (CALF). Compared to previous studies, the results showed that all CALF dimensions improved during SA, but just for one student and not in a linear fashion. The two learners’ L2 profiles varied considerably, demonstrating that development is dynamic and unique and that interpretations of it need to take account of the learners’ social contexts and what they make of these.
Fragmented and failed swallows on esophageal high‐resolution manometry associate with abnormal reflux burden better than weak swallows
Authors: Rogers Benjamin D. , Rengarajan Arvind , Mauro Aurelio , Ghisa Matteo , De Bortoli Nicola , Cicala Michele , Ribolsi Mentore , Penagini Roberto , Savarino Edoardo , Gyawali C. Prakash
Published: October 2019

Background

Association between proportions of hypomotile swallows on esophageal high‐resolution manometry (HRM) and esophageal reflux burden remains incompletely understood. We investigated relationships between hypomotility, acid exposure time (AET), and mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) on ambulatory reflux monitoring.

Methods

Clinical data, HRM, and ambulatory pH‐impedance studies (performed off acid suppression) from patients with persisting reflux symptoms were reviewed from five international centers. AET (abnormal > 6%) and MNBI (abnormal < 2292 ohms) were extracted from pH‐impedance studies. Distal contractile integral (DCI) designated esophageal peristalsis into normal (DCI > 450 mmHg.cm.s), fragmented (DCI > 450 mmHg.cm.s with breaks > 5 cm), weak (DCI 100‐450 mmHg.cm.s), and failed (DCI < 100 mm mmHg.cm.s) sequences. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify motor associations of abnormal reflux burden.

Key Results

Of 351 patients (52.1 ± 0.8 years, 67%F), 29.3% had AET > 6% and 61.8% had MNBI < 2292 ohms. On univariate analysis, both fragmented peristalsis and IEM associated with abnormal AET (P ≤ .01) and MNBI (P ≤ .03); reflux burden was more profound with >70% fragmented as well as ineffective sequences compared to ≤70% for each (P < .05 for each comparison). When weak and failed sequences within IEM were separately analyzed, ≥50% failed sequences predicted abnormal AET (P ≤ .009), and ≥50% weak sequences did not (P = .14). On multivariate regression, ≥50% failed sequences predicted abnormal AET (P = .02), and >70% ineffective sequences trended strongly (P = .069); >70% ineffective sequences predicted abnormal MNBI (P = .046), and >70% fragmented sequences trended strongly (P = .076).

Conclusions and Inferences

Breaks in esophageal peristaltic integrity seen with fragmented and failed sequences are more relevant to abnormal esophageal acid burden than weak sequences.
Plant root exudation under drought: implications for ecosystem functioning
Authors: Williams Alex , de Vries Franciska T.
Published: October 2019

Root exudates are a pathway for plant–microbial communication and play a key role in ecosystem response to environmental change. Here, we collate recent evidence that shows that plants of different growth strategies differ in their root exudation, that root exudates can select for beneficial soil microbial communities, and that drought affects the quantity and quality of root exudation. We use this evidence to argue for a central involvement of root exudates in plant and microbial response to drought and propose a framework for understanding how root exudates influence ecosystem form and function during and after drought. Specifically, we propose that fast‐growing plants modify their root exudates to recruit beneficial microbes that facilitate their regrowth after drought, with cascading impacts on their abundance and ecosystem functioning. We identify outstanding questions and methodological challenges that need to be addressed to advance and solidify our comprehension of the importance of root exudates in ecosystem response to drought.
Genome‐wide analysis of coding and non‐coding RNA reveals a conserved miR164‐NAC regulatory pathway for fruit ripening
Authors: Wang Wen‐qiu , Wang Jian , Wu Ying‐ying , Li Da‐wei , Allan Andrew C. , Yin Xue‐ren
Published: October 2019

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is a climacteric fruit with high sensitivity to ethylene, influenced by multiple ethylene‐responsive structural genes and transcription factors. However, the roles of other post‐transcriptional regulators (e.g. miRNAs) necessary for ripening remain elusive.

High‐throughput sequencing sRNAome, degradome and transcriptome methods were used to identify further contributors to ripening control in the kiwifruit (A. deliciosa cv ‘Hayward’).

Two NAM/ATAF/CUC domain transcription factors (AdNAC6 and AdNAC7), both predicted targets for miR164, showed significant upregulation by exogenous ethylene. Gene expression analysis and luciferase reporter assays indicated that Ade‐miR164 and one of its precursor miRNAs (Ade‐MIR164b) were repressed by ethylene treatment and negatively correlated with AdNAC6/7 expression. Subsequent analysis indicated that both AdNAC6 and AdNAC7 proteins are transcriptional activators and physically bind the promoters of AdACS1 (1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate synthase), AdACO1 (1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid oxidase), AdMAN1 (endo‐β‐mannanase) and AaTPS1 (terpene synthase). Moreover, subcellular analysis indicated that the location of the AdNAC6/7 proteins was influenced by Ade‐miR164.

Multiple omics‐based approaches revealed a novel regulatory link for fruit ripening that involved ethylene‐miR164‐NAC. The regulatory pathway for miR164‐NAC is present in various fruit (e.g. Rosaceae fruit, citrus, grape), with implications for fruit ripening regulation.
Effect of facial profile convexity on the perception of mandibular asymmetry using three‐dimensional stereophotogrammetric images
Authors: Duran Gökhan Serhat , Taşdelen Fahir Özer , Dindaroğlu Furkan
Published: October 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that sagittal anomalies have an effect on the perception of mandibular asymmetry. Secondly, it aimed to determine the asymmetry perception threshold of orthodontist and laypeople.

Setting and Sample Population

A total of 90 individuals were included in the study from different professions (Orthodontist: n:45, layperson: n:45).

Materials & Methods

The reference image was obtained with 3dMD device and selected from among the individuals with class I soft tissue relationship. In the sagittal direction, the chin area has been moved as to produce 5 and 10 degrees of change in facial convexity angle. Similarly, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mm changes were made and recorded in video format. Manipulated images were scored by participants with VAS method.

Results

When differences between the groups were evaluated, the reference image was scored similarly by orthodontists and layperson (P: .017). No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in other parameters (P > .05). Asymmetry in 0‐2 mm range was evaluated by orthodontist and layperson and statistically insignificant (P > .05). Similarly, the change between 8 mm and 10 mm was different in both groups and statistically insignificant (P > .05). Also, when there was no asymmetry, the sagittal direction was differently scored by the participants in both groups and statistically insignificant (P > .05).

Conclusions

It was observed that the effect of sagittal direction changes on asymmetry perception was not statistically significant.
Risk of childhood wheeze and asthma after respiratory syncytial virus infection in full‐term infants
Authors: Mejias Asuncion , Wu Bingcao , Tandon Neeta , Chow Wing , Varma Ram , Franco Eduardo , Ramilo Octavio
Published: October 2019

Background

Most studies addressing the association between RSV and recurrent wheezing (RW) and asthma have been conducted in patients at risk for lung morbidity. Data in full‐term infants are limited.

Methods

The risk of RW/asthma during the first 5 years of life in full‐term infants hospitalized with RSV during the first year (Y) of life was estimated using 2010‐16 data from three claims databases in USA (Truven MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database [CCAE], Truven Health MarketScan Multi‐State Medicaid [MDCD], and Optum Clinformatics Extended Data Mart‐Socio‐Economic Status [SES]). Full‐term infants with and without RSV infection and ≥ 2 years of continuous health plan enrollment from birth were included. Incidence rates of RW/asthma, cumulative incidence, adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR), and odds ratios (aOR) were calculated.

Results

During the 16‐year study, 38,494 (CCAE), 62 846 (MDCD), and 23 099 (SES) matched infant pairs were included in each cohort. In the CCAE database, RW/asthma incidence/1000 patient‐years (69.7 vs 28.7, aIRR: 2.4 [2.3‐2.5]); cumulative incidence (17.6%‐25.2% vs 5.0%‐11.4%); and aOR (Y2: 4.1 [3.9‐4.4]; Y3: 3.2 [3.0‐3.3]; Y4: 2.9 [2.7‐3.1]; Y5: 2.6 [2.5‐2.9]) were higher in the RSV vs. non‐RSV cohort. Results in the SES insured population were comparable, while cumulative incidence and aIRR were higher in the Medicaid population (MDCD).

Conclusion

Although there are limitations in this study, including possible coding errors and missing covariates, we showed that full‐term infants with severe RSV infection during the first year of life, spanning several respiratory seasons and a geographically diverse population, are at significant risk of RW/asthma during childhood.
Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of DVDMS‐2 in Tumor‐bearing Mice
Authors: Li Tingting , Lv Haiyan , Yang Liu , Xie Jun , Liu Cong , Xu Peilan , Li Wanyun , Wang Shengyu , Yang Dong , Wu Ting , Yan Jianghua , Luo Fanghong
Published: October 2019

DVDMS‐2 is a novel candidate for photodynamic therapy of tumors. The purpose of the present study was to assess the distribution and elimination of DVDMS‐2 in mice bearing hepatoma 22 tumors. DVDMS‐2 (1, 2 and 4 mg kg−1) was injected intravenously into the mice, extracted from biological tissues and quantified using a fluorescence assay. The data obtained were processed with WinNonlin pharmacokinetic software. The fluorescence assay established for DVDMS‐2 quantification was a rapid, reproducible, sensitive and specific method with good linearity. The pharmacokinetics of DVDMS‐2 in tumor‐bearing mice conformed to a two‐compartment model. DVDMS‐2 accumulated in tumor tissue to a greater extent than adjacent tissues (skin, muscle) and sustained a relatively high‐level concentration 12 to 24 h following administration, which may be the optimal treatment time point. In conclusion, DVDMS‐2 selectively accumulated in tumor tissue and was eliminated at a rapid rate in tumor‐bearing mice, suggesting that DVDMS‐2 may have few side effects, including skin phototoxicity. The present study established the pharmacokinetic characteristics of DVDMS‐2, which may be beneficial in future clinical study.
RETRACTED: The relationship between Internet addiction, psychological distress, and coping strategies in a sample of Saudi undergraduate students
Authors: Hasan Abd Al‐Hadi , Abu Jaber Ala
Published: October 2019

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Internet addiction (IA), psychological distress, and coping strategies.

Methods

Data were collected using a convenience sample of 163 student nurses.

Findings

The results showed that there was high prevalence rate of IA among students. In addition, the use of avoidance and problem‐solving coping mechanism was statistically significant among the IA group compared with the non‐IA group (P < .05). This was associated with a more negative impact on psychological distress and self‐efficacy (P < .05).

Conclusions

IA is an increasing problem in the general population and among university students. It can affect many aspects of a student life.

Practical Implications

The results will raise awareness of the deleterious effects of IA on a wide range of student life.
The effects of perceived corporate brand personality on individuals' exploration and exploitation orientations: the moderating role of self‐brand connection
Authors: Tuncdogan Aybars , Volberda Henk W.
Published: October 2019

Our knowledge is limited regarding the psychological antecedents of individuals' exploration and exploitation in general and regarding the identity‐related antecedents in particular. The corporate brand of the organisation we work for is an important element of our collective identity, and the way we perceive the corporate brand personality of our organisation affects how we define ourselves. In this paper, using data from 417 individuals working in sales‐related jobs and taking the behavioural strategy perspective, we examine the effects of perceived corporate brand personality on the individuals' identities and, therefore, strategic tendencies. More specifically, we find that the responsibility and activity dimensions of the corporate brand make the corresponding aspects of employees' identities more salient and affect their orientations towards exploration and exploitation. We also investigate the moderator role of the self‐brand connection. This paper has contributions and implications, especially for the literature on exploration–exploitation at the individual level.
Open innovation change agents in large firms: how open innovation is enacted in paradoxical settings
Authors: Remneland Wikhamn Björn
Published: October 2019

This paper theorizes how change agents in large firms enact open innovation with small firms. The open innovation change agent is highlighted as a key internal actor for the transformational work needed to put open innovation into practice. The paper presents an empirically grounded theoretical model of how these actors work, emphasizing the two activities of ‘anchoring’ and ‘navigating’, with the purpose of bridging the inside and outside of the corporation. In applying a paradox perspective on open innovation enactment, it is explained how these change agents act as both catalysts and guards for collaboration, continuously balancing different paradoxical demands. Theoretical and managerial implications in relation to these findings are discussed.
Identifying restoration hotspots that deliver multiple ecological benefits
Authors: Gilby Ben L. , Olds Andrew D. , Duncan Cassandra K. , Ortodossi Nicholas L. , Henderson Christopher J. , Schlacher Thomas A.
Published: October 2019

Ecological restoration principally seeks to restore lost or degraded ecosystems. Restoration can, however, also deliver a suite of wider ecological, social, and economic benefits. To optimize performance it is, therefore, important to plan the design and placement of restoration initiatives with a view to maximizing joint effects on ecosystems, animal populations, ecological functions, and ecosystem services. We measured the effects of multiple (13) restored oyster reefs on a suite of restoration benefits (oyster settlement and growth, fish diversity and abundance, the ecological functions of scavenging and predation) in the Noosa River estuary, Australia, and used distribution models to identify potential restoration sites with the greatest overall benefits. Oysters recruited to reefs, and reefs enhanced the diversity and abundance of fishes and had higher rates of ecological functions than control sites. However, the growth of oyster reefs was most correlated with the proximity of restoration sites to urbanized shorelines and the estuary mouth, and the area of mangroves around the site. By contrast, fish diversity and abundance, and the rates of ecological functions, were typically negatively correlated with the proximity of reefs to both mangroves and seagrasses. This complex spatial mosaic resulted in distinct areas predicted to achieve all restoration benefits that were significantly smaller than the total area that could be restored. Applying a systematic and defensible method to identify potential restoration sites that maximize multiple benefits while lowering costs is a sensible social, economic, and ecological strategy.
A Game Theory Approach for Assessment of Risk and Deployment of Police Patrols in Response to Criminal Activity in San Francisco
Authors: Wu Cheng‐Kuang , Chen Yi‐Ming , Wu Dachrahn , Chi Ching‐Lin
Published: October 2019

An efficient police patrol schedule must ensure the allocation of an appropriate number of officers sufficient to respond to the danger of criminal incidents, particularly in an urban environment, even when the available number of personnel is limited. This study proposes a framework that incorporates two game theory models designed for the allocation of police officers to patrol shifts. In the first step, the interactions of three factors between the criminal and the operation captain are modeled as a zero‐sum, noncooperative game, after which a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium method is used to derive the risk value for each district to be patrolled. In the second step, the risk values are used to compute the Shapley value for all 10 districts, for three different threat levels. A fair allocation of police personnel based on the Shapley value is made with a minimum set of personnel deployment costs. The efficacy of the proposed method is verified using openly available data from the San Francisco City Police detailing incidents from the year 2016. The experimental results show that police planners can use this framework to quantitatively evaluate the criminal threat in each district when deciding upon the deployment of patrol officers for three shifts per day.
The impact of trade agreements on world export prices
Authors: Flach Lisandra , Gräf Fabian
Published: October 2019

This paper uncovers new stylized facts on the relation between economic integration and world trade prices. Using free on board export price data for the universe of manufacturing products, we show that a country's membership in the WTO (World Trade Organization) or in a PTA (Preferential Trade Agreement) is associated with an increase in export prices of differentiated goods. For the WTO, this effect is captured by the countries that were subject to rigorous WTO accession procedures. We also exploit the importance of the depth of a PTA and of its different provisions. Whereas the effect of the depth per se is not significant, individual provisions evoke distinct effects on prices. In particular, we find that PTAs with provisions on investments are associated with higher export prices. The results are consistent with theoretical models that relate competition to the innovation behavior of firms.
Top Incomes in Chile: A Historical Perspective on Income Inequality, 1964–2017
Authors: Flores Ignacio , Sanhueza Claudia , Atria Jorge , Mayer Ricardo
Published: October 2019

We present a novel series of Chilean top‐income shares covering half a century, mainly based on income‐tax declarations and the National Accounts. Such a time frame of analysis is still rare in the literature of developing countries. We distinguish between a fiscal‐income series (1964–2017) and anadjustedseries (1990–2017). The former covers individual income, while the latter also includes corporate undistributed profits, which affects both levels and trends. The fiscal‐income estimates start with low levels and a decreasing trend over the 1960s. They then increase rapidly during the dictatorship years (1973–89). The series ends with a high, yet slowly decreasing, concentration for most of the recent democratic period (1990–2017). By contrast, the adjusted series has followed a U‐shape since the return of democracy, contradicting the established consensus on falling inequality over the period. Furthermore, Chile ranks among the most unequal countries in both the OECD and Latin American countries over the period.
Social Capital and Residential Decision Making Among Rural and Nonrural College Graduates
Authors: Nelson Ingrid A.
Published: October 2019

Due to the low demand for highly educated workers in rural areas, high‐achieving rural students have been portrayed as having to pick between staying close to home and facing limited economic opportunities or leaving to pursue higher education and socioeconomic advancement. But what of those who want both—college degree and return to rural living? Comparing the experiences of rural graduates who returned to rural locales with those who out‐migrated and nonrural graduates across one predominantly rural state, this study explores how social capital matters in the residential decision‐making process. Proximity to work and family were the primary factors determining adult residence. Sense of place—but not attachment to a specific community—also mattered, especially for rural graduates. Family, school, and community social capital were more likely to play a role in career development for rural students, as career aspirations during adolescence followed by career‐driven college choices created pathways for rural return. Findings underscore the importance of analyzing rural return from a regional lens, as respondents reframed lifestyle elements researchers tend to portray as mutually exclusive—rural lifestyle, proximity to family, and professional career—as compatible by employing broad and flexible definitions of proximity and place.
‘Perfect practice makes perfect’: the role of laparoscopic simulation training in modern gynaecological training
Authors: Bryant‐Smith Alison , Rymer Janice , Holland Tom , Brincat Maximilian
Published: October 2019

Key content

Unique psychomotor and perceptual challenges of laparoscopy – such as marred depth perception, the requirement for advanced hand–eye coordination and the use of long instruments – mean that laparoscopic trainees face a steep learning curve.

The difficulties that trainees encounter in meeting required laparoscopic competencies may, in part, be overcome through the use of laparoscopic simulation training (LST), with benefits for trainees, patients, consultant staff and hospital budgets.

There is growing evidence that LST improves patient outcomes, such as shorter operative duration, fewer intraoperative errors and cancellations, and reduced litigation.

In 2017, the British Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy formally adopted the European Academy of Gynaecological Surgery's Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgical Education and Assessment programme; this programme is likely to play an increasing role in trainees’ attainment and validation of laparoscopic skills.

Learning objectives

To understand the role of laparoscopic simulation training in modern gynaecological training.

To know about the European Academy of Gynaecological Surgery's Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgical Education and Assessment programme.

Ethical issues

How does laparoscopic simulation training benefit patient safety?

How can trainees’ access to laparoscopic simulation training be standardised?
Form, development and function of grass stomata
Authors: Nunes Tiago D. G. , Zhang Dan , Raissig Michael T.
Published: October 2019

Stomata are cellular breathing pores on leaves that open and close to absorb photosynthetic carbon dioxide and to restrict water loss through transpiration, respectively. Grasses (Poaceae) form morphologically innovative stomata, which consist of two dumbbell‐shaped guard cells flanked by two lateral subsidiary cells (SCs). This ‘graminoid’ morphology is associated with faster stomatal movements leading to more water‐efficient gas exchange in changing environments. Here, we offer a genetic and mechanistic perspective on the unique graminoid form of grass stomata and the developmental innovations during stomatal cell lineage initiation, recruitment of SCs and stomatal morphogenesis. Furthermore, the functional consequences of the four‐celled, graminoid stomatal morphology are summarized. We compile the identified players relevant for stomatal opening and closing in grasses, and discuss possible mechanisms leading to cell‐type‐specific regulation of osmotic potential and turgor. In conclusion, we propose that the investigation of functionally superior grass stomata might reveal routes to improve water‐stress resilience of agriculturally relevant plants in a changing climate.
The ERF transcription factor MdERF38 promotes drought stress‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple
Authors: An Jian‐Ping , Zhang Xiao‐Wei , Bi Si‐Qi , You Chun‐Xiang , Wang Xiao‐Fei , Hao Yu‐Jin
Published: October 2019

SUMMARY

Drought stress induces anthocyanin biosynthesis in many plant species, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) play key roles in plant growth and various stress responses, including affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis. Here, we characterized an ERF protein, MdERF38, which is involved in drought stress‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Biochemical and molecular analyses showed that MdERF38 interacted with MdMYB1, a positive modulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, and facilitated the binding of MdMYB1 to its target genes. Therefore, MdERF38 promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in response to drought stress. Furthermore, we found that MdBT2, a negative modulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, decreased MdERF38‐promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis by accelerating the degradation of the MdERF38 protein. In summary, our data provide a mechanism for drought stress‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis that involves dynamic modulation of MdERF38 at both transcriptional and post‐translational levels.
Uncovering the evolutionary origin of blue anthocyanins in cereal grains
Authors: Jia Yong , Selva Caterina , Zhang Yujuan , Li Bo , McFawn Lee A. , Broughton Sue , Zhang Xiaoqi , Westcott Sharon , Wang Penghao , Tan Cong , Angessa Tefera , Xu Yanhao , Whitford Ryan , Li Chengdao
Published: October 2019

Functional divergence after gene duplication plays a central role in plant evolution. Among cereals, onlyHordeum vulgare(barley),Triticum aestivum(wheat) andSecale cereale(rye) accumulate delphinidin‐derived (blue) anthocyanins in the aleurone layer of grains, whereasOryza sativa(rice),Zea mays(maize) andSorghum bicolor(sorghum) do not. The underlying genetic basis for this natural occurrence remains elusive. Here, we mapped the barleyBlx1locus involved in blue aleurone to an approximately 1.13 Mb genetic interval on chromosome 4HL, thus identifying a trigenic cluster named MbHF35 (containingHvMYB4H,HvMYC4HandHvF35H). Sequence and expression data supported the role of these genes in conferring blue‐coloured (blue aleurone) grains. Synteny analyses across monocot species showed that MbHF35 has only evolved within distinct Triticeae lineages, as a result of dispersed gene duplication. Phylogeny analyses revealed a shared evolution pattern for MbHF35 in Triticeae, suggesting that these genes have co‐evolved together. We also identified a Pooideae‐specific flavonoid 3′,5′‐hydroxylase (F3′5′H) lineage, termed here Mo_F35H2, which has a higher amino acid similarity with eudicot F3′5′Hs, demonstrating a scenario of convergent evolution. Indeed, selection tests identified 13 amino acid residues in Mo_F35H2 that underwent positive selection, possibly driven by protein thermostablility selection. Furthermore, through the interrogation of barley germplasm there is evidence that HvMYB4H and HvMYC4H have undergone human selection. Collectively, our study favours blue aleurone as a recently evolved trait resulting from environmental adaptation. Our findings provide an evolutionary explanation for the absence of blue anthocyanins in other cereals and highlight the importance of gene functional divergence for plant diversity and environmental adaptation.