bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Relative Efficacy of β-Tricalcium Phosphate with and without Type I Resorbable Collagen Membrane in Periodontal Infrabony Defects: A Clinical and Radiographic Study
Authors: Padma R , Kishore D Trinath , Bandiwadekar Tushar , Debunath Surangama , LNU Profulla , Reddy Ajay
Published: June 2013

Background and objectives

To compare clinically and radiographically, the regenerative potential of a β-tricalcium phosphate bone graft, Cerasorb® with and without a bioresorbable type I collagen membrane, BioMend ExtendTM, in treating periodontal infrabony osseous defects.

Materials and methods

A total of 20 sites from 10 patients showing bilateral infrabony defects were selected and selected sites were randomly divided into experimental site A (Cerasorb®) and experimental site B (Cerasorb® and BioMend ExtendTM) by using split mouth design. The clinical parameters like plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level and gingival recession were recorded at baseline, 6 weeks, 3, 6 and 9 months. Radiographic evaluation (Linear CADIA) at 6 and 9 months; and intrasurgical measurements at baseline and 9 months were carried out to evaluate the defect fill, change in alveolar crest height and defect resolution.

Results

Significant reduction in all clinical parameters was observed in both the groups. On comparison no statistical significance was observed between the two groups. Radiographically, in site A there was significant defect fill of 78.4 and 97.2% at 6 and 9 months respectively. Whereas in site B reduction was 78.4 and 97.2% at 6 and 9 months respectively. After surgical re-entry, there was significant defect fill of 89.2 and 74% in both groups.

Interpretation and conclusion

Individually both the graft and membrane have shown promising results in the management of periodontal intrabony defects. But the added benefit by combining Cerasorb® with BioMend ExtendTM was not observed statistically in both clinical radiographic findings.

How to cite this article

Kishore DT, Bandiwadekar T, Padma R, Debunath S, Profulla, Reddy A. Evaluation of Relative Efficacy of β-Tricalcium Phosphate with and without Type I Resorbable Collagen Membrane in Periodontal Infrabony Defects: A Clinical and Radiographic Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2): 193-201.
Cephalometric Assessment of Effect of Head Rotation toward Focal Spot on Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs
Authors: Naresh V , Shamnur Naveen , Lokesh NK , Pratapvarma KVV , Srikrishna C , Chakravarthy V Goutham
Published: June 2013

Introduction

The patient's head can be slightly rotated sagittally vertically or transversely with the head holding device. Because of such improper positions due to head rotation, an error can occur in cephalometric measurements. The purpose of this study was to identify the projection errors of lateral cephalometric radiograph due to head rotation in the vertical Z-axis toward the focal spot.

Materials and methods

Ten human dry skulls with permanent dentition were collected. Each dry skull was rotated from 0° to +20° at 5° intervals. A vertical axis, the Z-axis, was used as a rotational axis to have 50 lateral cephalometric radiographs exposed. Four linear (S-N, Go-Me, N-Me, S-Go) and six angular measurements (SNA, SNB, N-S-Ar, S-Ar-Go, Ar-Go-Me, ABmandibular plane angle) were calculated manually.

Results

The findings were that: (1) Angular measurements have fewer projection errors than linear measurements. (2) The greater the number of landmarks on the midsagittal plane that are included in angular measurements, the fewer the projection errors occurring. (3) Horizontal linear measurements have more projection errors than vertical linear measurements.

Conclusion

The angular measurements of lateral cephalometric radiographs are more useful than linear measurements in minimizing the projection errors associated with head rotation on a vertical axis toward the focal spot.

How to cite this article

Naresh V, Lokesh NK, Pratapvarma KVV, Srikrishna C, Chakravarthy VG, Shamnur N. Cephalometric Assessment of Effect of Head Rotation toward Focal Spot on Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):202-207.
Use of Clinical Bleaching with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide in Esthetic Improvement of Fluorotic Human Incisors in vivo
Authors: Shanbhag Raghavendra , Veena R , Nanjannawar Girish , Patil Jaykumar , Hugar Santosh , Vagrali Hemanth
Published: June 2013

Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate esthetic improvement with the use of 35% hydrogen peroxide clinical bleaching as related to the different grades of enamel fluorosis in vivo and to study adverse effect of clinical bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide on teeth and gingiva.

Materials and methods

A total of 60 children of different grades of fluorosis were included in the study. With 35% hydrogen peroxide-based dual activated bleaching system, in-office vital teeth bleaching was carried out for each subject. Clinical evaluation for improvement in esthetics, effect on teeth and gingiva were performed for each child during preoperative, immediate postoperative and later 6 months postoperative period. For evaluation and comparison, all the collected data were subjected to statistical analysis.

Results

Although in all the subjects, partial shade relapse was seen over a period of time, good homogeneous and esthetic results were seen in very mild and mild cases. A total of 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleaching has no adverse effect on teeth and gingiva.

Conclusion

Comparing all the three groups who participated in the study, 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleaching seems to be very effective in very mild and mild forms of fluorosis.

Clinical significance

In very mild and mild forms of fluorosis, in-office vital tooth bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide is the most conservative and effective approach in esthetic improvement.

How to cite this article

Shanbhag R, Veena R, Nanjannawar G, Patil J, Hugar S, Vagrali H. Use of Clinical Bleaching with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide in Esthetic Improvement of Fluorotic Human Incisors in vivo. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2): 208-216.
Evaluation of Efficacy of Different Gingival Displacement Materials on Gingival Sulcus Width
Authors: Prasanna GS Renuka , Reddy Kesava , Kumar RK Naveen , Shivaprakash S
Published: June 2013

Aim

The purpose of the present in vivo study was to measure the efficacy of different gingival displacement materials in achieving gingival tissue displacement and to compare the efficacy of Expasyl displacement paste (Pierre Rolland, France) and gingival displacement cord for gingival displacement.

Materials and methods

Sixteen subjects were included in the study. Premolars were prepared to receive full veneer crown, gingival displacement was carried using gingival retraction cord and gingival displacement paste. Impression of the gingival sulcus was made. Sulcus width after displacement was measured under magnification.

Results

The mean displacement value of sulcus width was 0.21 ± 0.01 mm for the gingival retraction cord and 0.26 ± 0.02 mm for the gingival displacement paste. ‘F’ test was used for statistical analysis. Difference among the two test agents was statistically significant (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Gingival displacement paste showed better response in achieving horizontal displacement of the gingival sulcus than gingival retraction cord.

Clinical significance

Gingival displacement helps in recording the unprepared tooth surface adjacent to the finish line in the impression being made, thereby helping a better marginal adaptation and emergence profile in the extracoronal restoration.

How to cite this article

Prasanna GSR, Reddy K, Kumar RKN, Shivaprakash S. Evaluation of Efficacy of Different Gingival Displacement Materials on Gingival Sulcus Width. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):217-221.
Efficacy of Locking Plates/Screw System in Mandibular Fracture Surgery
Authors: Nayak Sunil S , Pushpalatha C , Tammanavar Praveen S , Naduwinmani Sanjay L , Mohan Muralee
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of locking plates and screw system in the treatment of mandibular fracture surgery, by comparing them with the conventional system.

Patients and methods

A protocol for selection of patients with mandibular fractures was developed. One hundred patients were treated by locking plates and screw system and another 100 patients were treated with the conventional system. The patients were prospectively evaluated for the duration of surgery, difficulties encountered during surgery, neurologic changes, postsurgical occlusal relationship, adequacy of reduction and postsurgical complications. Data were compared for statistical significance with Chi-square test and Z-test.

Results

There was statistically significant difference in postoperative infection, postoperative occlusal discrepancy, postoperative plate fracture and postoperative screw loosening and mobility of the fractured fragments and also the working time between the two systems.

Conclusion

The results of the present study are comparable with other published data and support the notion that the locking miniplate system is a valid alternative to conventional miniplates with several advantages, the only drawback being the additional working time required during adaptation of this hardware.

How to cite this article

Nayak SS, Pushpalatha C, Tammanavar PS, Naduwinmani SL, Mohan M. Efficacy of Locking Plates/ Screw System in Mandibular Fracture Surgery. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):222-226.
Observer Strategy and Radiographic Classification of Healing after Grafting of Cystic Defects in Maxilla: A Radiological Appraisal
Authors: Bajantai Nivedita V , Sriram Sanjay Krishna , Sriram Roopa Rani , Rao VK Prabhakar , Desai Priti D
Published: June 2013

Aim

The aim is to radiographically quantify the bone density and relate the same with observer strategy in the bone healing.

Objectives

To assess pattern of bone regeneration following grafting of defects with hydroxyapatite after apicoectomy/cystic enucleation.

Materials and methods

An observer strategy involving trained and experienced examiners used in large series of cases, evaluated radiographically over a period of 1 year with intervals. The cases were grouped into different categories depending on (1) surgical site outline merging with material margin, (2) internal portion of surgical site (i.e. bone formation characteristics) and (3) density of surgical site. The radiographs examined by blind process and the findings were tabulated. Operating surgeon (oral surgeon) has done the interpretation of data to create observer strategy of grafting cases.

Observations and results

The outline of the defect was changed, partly reduced and completely absent along with remodeling, which showed ground glass, specular or trabecular pattern of bone over a time with increasing density correlating bone regeneration within a short duration. The applied strategy and classification are recommended for follow-up studies. In this study the characteristics of the new bone formation were also delineated. This strategy is helpful for follow-up studies; implant procedures and so; to know quality and condition of bone after treatment.

How to cite this article

Kattimani VS, Bajantai NV, Sriram SK, Sriram RR, Rao VKP, Desai PD. Observer Strategy and Radiographic Classification of Healing after Grafting of Cystic Defects in Maxilla: A Radiological Appraisal. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):227-232.
Effect of Periodontal Therapy on Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Gingivitis and Chronic Periodontitis: A Clinicobiochemical Study
Authors: Patil Veena A , Desai Manthan H
Published: June 2013

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal therapy on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis.

Materials and methods

A total of 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) were included in the study with 20 subjects in each of the groups classified based on community periodontal index (CPI) scores: I: Healthy, II: Gingivitis, III: Mild periodontitis. Periodontal therapy was performed on groups II and III patients. Venous blood was collected from each subject at baseline and 3 months after periodontal therapy. The collected sample was subjected to biochemical analysis to detect CRP levels by using immunoturbidimetric method.

Results

The present study demonstrated that the periodontitis group had a higher mean CRP levels (2.49 ± 0.47 ng/ml) as compared to the gingivitis group (1.40 ± 0.32 ng/ml) and healthy group (0.56 ± 0.20 ng/ml). The mean CRP values after periodontal therapy were found to be reduced to 0.44 ± 0.23 ng/ml in group II and 1.30 ± 0.36 ng/ml in group III patients.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that CRP level progressively increases from periodontal health to disease. A decrease in CRP levels with periodontal treatment was also observed.

Clinical significance

Due to its opsonizing abilities CRP plays an important role in the innate host defence. It can be hypothesized that CRP is a potential biomarker of periodontal disease. A number of studies have reported elevated serum CRP levels in periodontitis subjects. Long standing periodontal disease and raised CRP levels enhance the risk of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular accidents and preterm low birth weight infants. There is also evidence that effective periodontal therapy can lower serum CRP levels. However, the data of interventional studies on CRP in gingivitis and periodontitis is scarce.

How to cite this article

Patil VA, Desai MH. Effect of Periodontal Therapy on Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Gingivitis and Chronic Periodontitis: A Clinicobiochemical Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):233-237.
A Cephalometric Evaluation of Pretreatment and Post-treatment Outcome using Tetragon Analysis: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Nayak Sunil S , Pushpalatha C , Bhasin Vinny S , Tammannavar Praveen , Viswanathan Vinod
Published: June 2013

Statement of problem

Few cephalometric analyses have been put forward to assess the treatment outcome after orthodontic treatment. However, these analyses are somewhat complicated and time consuming. The Tetragon analysis is introduced with measurement of treatment outcome as one of its objectives.

Purpose of study

The study was undertaken to evaluate the treatment outcome by checking the skeletal and dental changes using pretreatment and post-treatment radiographs and to evaluate the efficiency of treatment in the Department of Orthodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, using the Tetragon analysis.

Materials and methods

Records of 35 finished patients with fixed orthodontic therapy using preadjusted edgewise appliance were selected. The samples were analyzed separately for the skeletal parameters consisting of skeletal class I, II and III using Tetragon analysis.

Results

The post-treatment reduction of upper incisor palatal plane angle was found to be statistically significant in skeletal class I (p < 0.01) and skeletal class II patients (p < 0.05). The post-treatment increase in interincisal angle was found to be statistically significant in skeletal class I (p < 0.01) class II patients (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Fixed appliance therapy reduced the proclination of upper incisors and increased the interincisal angle in skeletal class I and II cases but not in skeletal class III cases. The lower incisal angulation and the maxilla-mandibular plane angle did change significantly and so were the angles of the Trigon. The Tetragon analysis proved easy to measure the treatment outcome.

How to cite this article

Bhasin VS, Tammannavar P, Pushpalatha C, Nayak SS, Viswanathan V. A Cephalometric Evaluation of Pretreatment and Post-treatment Outcome using Tetragon Analysis: A Retrospective Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):238-243.
Degree of Conversion and Hardness of Two Different Systems of the VitrebondTM Glass Ionomer Cement Light Cured with Blue LED
Authors: Tonetto Mateus Rodrigues , de Andrade Marcelo Ferrarezi , Pinto Shelon Cristina Souza , Borges Alvaro Henrique , Bandéca Matheus Coelho , Calixto Luiz Rafael , Barros Erico Damasceno , Lima Fabrício Viana Pereira
Published: June 2013

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of the new formulation of the glass ionomer cements through hardness test and degree of conversion by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Forty specimens (n = 40) were made in a metallic mold (4 mm diameter x 2 mm thickness) with two resin-modified glass ionomer cements, VitrebondTM and VitrebondTM Plus (3M/ ESPE). Each specimen was light cured with blue LED with power density of 500 mW/cm2 during 30 s. Immediately after light curing, 24h, 48h and 7 days the hardness and degree of conversion was determined. The Vickers hardness was performed by the MMT-3 microhardness tester using load of 50 gm force for 30 seconds. For degree of conversion, the specimens were pulverized, pressed with KBr and analyzed with FT-IR (Nexus 470). The statistical analysis of the data by ANOVA showed that the VitrebondTM and VitrebondTM Plus were no difference significant between the same storage times (p > 0.05). For degree of conversion, the VitrebondTM and VitrebondTM Plus were statistically different in all storage times after light curing. The VitrebondTM showed higher values than VitrebondTM Plus (p < 0.05). The performance of VitrebondTM had greater results for degree of conversion than VitrebondTM Plus. The correlation between hardness and degree of conversion was no evidence in this study.

How to cite this article

Calixto LR, Tonetto MR, Pinto SCS, Barros ED, Borges AH, Lima FVP, de Andrade MF, Bandéca MC. Degree of Conversion and Hardness of Two Different Systems of the VitrebondTM Glass Ionomer Cement Light Cured with Blue LED. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2): 244-249.
Biogenic and biomass burning organic aerosol in a boreal forest at Hyytiälä, Finland, during HUMPPA-COPEC 2010
Authors: Corrigan A. L. , Russell L. M. , Takahama S. , Äijälä M. , Ehn M. , Junninen H. , Rinne J. , Petäjä T. , Kulmala M. , Vogel A. L. , Hoffmann T. , Ebben C. J. , Geiger F. M. , Chhabra P. , Seinfeld J. H. , Worsnop D. R. , Song W. , Auld J. , Williams J.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Submicron aerosol particles were collected during July and August 2010 in Hyytiälä, Finland, to determine the composition and sources of aerosol at that Boreal forest site. Submicron particles were collected on Teflon filters and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for organic functional groups (OFG). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements and FTIR spectra to identify summertime sources of submicron aerosol mass at the sampling site. The two largest sources of organic mass (OM) in particles identified at Hyytiälä were (1) biogenic aerosol from surrounding local forest and (2) biomass burning aerosol, transported 4–5 days from large wildfires burning near Moscow, Russia, and northern Ukraine. The robustness of this apportionment is supported by the agreement of two independent analytical methods for organic measurements with three statistical techniques. FTIR factor analysis was more sensitive to the chemical differences between biogenic and biomass burning organic components, while AMS factor analysis had a higher time resolution that more clearly linked the temporal behavior of separate OM factors to that of different source tracers even though their fragment mass spectrum were similar. The greater chemical sensitivity of the FTIR is attributed to the nondestructive preparation and the functional group specificity of spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra show strong similarities among biogenic and biomass burning factors from different regions as well as with reference OM (namely olive tree burning BBOA and α-pinene chamber secondary organic aerosol (SOA)). The biogenic factor correlated strongly with temperature and oxidation products of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), included more than half oxygenated OFGs (carbonyl groups at 29% and carboxylic acid groups at 22%), and represented 35% of the submicron OM. Compared to previous studies at Hyytiälä, the summertime biogenic OM is 1.5 to 3 times larger than springtime biogenic OM (0.64 μg m−3 and 0.4 μg m−3, measured in 2005 and 2007, respectively), even though it contributed only 35% of OM. The biomass burning factor contributed 25% OM on average and up to 62% OM during three periods of transported biomass burning emissions: 26–28 July, 29–30 July, and 8–9 August, with OFG consisting mostly of carbonyl (41%) and alcohol (25%) groups. The high summertime terrestrial biogenic OM (1.7 μg m−3) and the high biomass burning contributions (1.2 μg m−3) were likely due to the abnormally high temperatures that resulted in both stressed boreal forest conditions with high regional BVOC emissions and numerous wildfires in upwind regions.
New spectral functions of the near-ground albedo derived from aircraft diffraction spectrometer observations
Authors: Varotsos C. A. , Melnikova I. N. , Cracknell A. P. , Tzanis C. , Vasilyev A. V.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The airborne spectral observations of the upward and downward irradiances are revisited to investigate the dependence of the near-ground albedo as a function of wavelength in the entire solar spectrum for different surfaces (sand, water, snow) and in different conditions (clear or cloudy sky). The radiative upward and downward fluxes were determined by a diffraction spectrometer flown on a research aircraft that was performing multiple flight paths near ground. The results obtained show that the near-ground albedo does not generally increase with increasing wavelengths for all kinds of surfaces as is widely believed today. Particularly, in the case of water surfaces we found that the albedo in the ultraviolet region is more or less independent of the wavelength on a long-term basis. Interestingly, in the visible and near-infrared spectra the water albedo obeys an almost constant power-law relationship with wavelength. In the case of sand surfaces we found that the sand albedo is a quadratic function of wavelength, which becomes more accurate, if the ultraviolet wavelengths are neglected. Finally, we found that the spectral dependence of snow albedo behaves similarly to that of water, i.e. both decrease from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared wavelengths by 20–50%, despite of the fact that their values differ by one order of magnitude (water albedo being lower). In addition, the snow albedo versus ultraviolet wavelength is almost constant, while in the visible-near infrared spectrum the best simulation is achieved by a second-order polynomial, as in the case of sand, but with opposite slopes.
Measurements of the dissolved inorganic carbon system and associated biogeochemical parameters in the Canadian Arctic, 1974–2009
Authors: Giesbrecht K. E. , Miller L. A. , Zimmermann S. , Carmack E. , Johnson W. K. , Macdonald R. W. , McLaughlin F. , Mucci A. , Williams W. J. , Wong C. S. , Yamamoto-Kawai M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. We have assembled and conducted primary quality control on previously publically-unavailable water column measurements of the dissolved inorganic carbon system and associated biogeochemical parameters (oxygen, nutrients, etc.) made on 25 cruises in the subarctic and Arctic regions dating from as far back as 1974. The measurements are primarily from the western side of the Canadian Arctic, but also include data ranging from the North Pacific to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The data were subjected to primary quality control (QC) to identify outliers and obvious errors. This dataset incorporates over four thousand individual measurements of total inorganic carbon (TIC), alkalinity, and pH from the Canadian Arctic over a period of more than 30 yr and provides an opportunity to increase our understanding of temporal changes in the inorganic carbon system in northern waters and the Arctic Ocean. The dataset is available for download on the CDIAC website: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/oceans/IOS_Arctic_Database/ (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.IOS_ARCT_CARBN).
Economic Consumption and Domestic Economy in Cholula's Rural Hinterland, Mexico
Authors: Hirth Kenneth
Published: June 2013

The limited excavation of rural houses in the Mexican highlands has made it difficult to understand the structure of urban-rural economic relationships during the Classic period (A.D. 150 to 650), when many of the large cities at Teotihuacan, Cholula, and Monte Albán first developed. This paper examines economic consumption at Operation 7, a Late Classic rural residence located 11 km outside of the large center of Cholula, Puebla. The results show that Cholula was not the only, or even the primary, distribution center for goods consumed at Operation 7. Multiple procurement networks were operating during the Late Classic period to provision rural households with the goods they used. The recovery of a large number of imported ceramics and other goods with strong Teotihuacan affinities suggests integrated market networks, rather than solar market systems, operated to circulate goods throughout rural areas in Central Mexico. Comparative analysis of domestic assemblages is employed to identify differences in economic consumption that can be used to reconstruct the participation of rural households in regional distribution networks centered on their urban neighbors.
Quest for the Origins and Implications for Social Rights of the Mapuche in the Southern Cone of South America
Authors: Dillehay Tom D. , Rothhammer Francisco
Published: June 2013

Debates over the cultural and biological origins of some indigenous groups in the Americas have fueled discussions about cultural identity, political justice, and resource rights. A historically high-profile case of rights and origins has involved the Araucanians or Mapuche of the southern cone of South America. This article examines, for the first time, the recent interdisciplinary archaeological and other anthropological evidence for the Mapuche of Chile and Argentina. It suggests that the ethnic and territorial origin of the Mapuche is in central and south-central Chile, although biological and cultural influences from north Chile and western Argentina also are present. It briefly discusses the implication of this study in relation to the indigenous status of the Mapuche in present-day Chile and Argentina.
Water, Ritual, and Power in the Inca Empire
Authors: Bray Tamara L.
Published: June 2013

Archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic evidence provides ample indication that water was a key symbol in Andean thought. During the late precolumbian era, the attention lavished on waterworks and features by the Inca emphasizes a clear concern with control over water and its movement. This paper examines the way in which specific relations of power and identity were constructed through Inca management of water. To this end, I offer a comparative analysis of water-related features from different sectors of the Empire, representing different moments in its historical development. The intent is to further our understanding of how the manipulation of water figured in the imperializing process and how its use and meaning may have evolved over time. The architectural evidence from the sites included in the study suggests that conspicuous exercise of control over the movement and flow of water may have been more critical to the establishment of Inca hegemony than to its subsequent maintenance.
Modo De Vida Y Expectativas De Salud En Poblaciones Del Periodo Formativo De La Costa Norte Del Peru: Evidencias Bioantropologicas Del Sitio Puemape
Authors: Pezo-Lanfranco Luis , Eggers Sabine
Published: June 2013

The present paper aims to reconstruct lifestyle and health parameters of three populations from Puémape site on the Peruvian north coast, Central Andes, active during the Formative Period (2500-1 B.C.). Since the factors that led to social complexity and its relation to crop-based subsistence are still being discussed, this analysis of 85 well-preserved individuals using 12 osteological markers for nutritional and functional stress, infectious diseases, and interpersonal violence offers the opportunity to understand the biological dimension of this process. Although we observe auditory exostosis in all samples, indicating the continuing importance of marine resources, other paleopathological findings, in accordance with archaeological data, support the idea of profound changes in lifestyle related to the rise of social complexity in the region. These include a 10 cm height decrease, changes in nutritional stress markers, and an increase in degenerative joint diseases in vertebra but not in the appendicular skeleton, whereas infectious diseases and violent trauma became more frequent. Thus, in Puémape we witness considerable changes in the way of life across the Formative period, associated with changes in diet, division of labor, and social stratification.
Feasting with Zea Mays in the Middle and Late Formative North Coast of Peru
Authors: Ikehara Hugo C. , Paipay J. Fiorella , Shibata Koichiro
Published: June 2013

This work reports the presence of Zea mays microremains in three feasting episodes performed during the Middle and Late Formative Period in the North Coast of Peru. The remains of the Cerro Blanco de Nepeña feasts may represent a step toward the intensification of Zea mays consumption in ritual contexts, related to changes in the ceramic assemblages, and parallel to the transformation of ritual spaces during the second half of the Formative Period.
Replication of Genome‐Wide association studies (GWAS) loci for sleep in the British G1219 cohort
Authors: Parsons Michael J. , Lester Kathryn J. , Barclay Nicola L. , Nolan Patrick M. , Eley Thalia C. , Gregory Alice M.
Published: June 2013

Sleep is a critical behavior shared by most higher animals. Sleep disturbances are comorbid with numerous psychiatric disorders, most notably symptoms of depression. Twin studies have suggested that genetic influences partially underlie the variation seen for numerous sleep‐related traits across individuals. Recently, two Genome‐Wide Association Studies (GWAS) conducted for sleep traits have revealed new candidate genes for sleep‐related measures. We attempted to replicate the two most significant associations from these two studies, CACNA1C (a l‐type calcium channel) with sleep latency and quality and ABCC9 (an ATP‐sensitive potassium channel) with sleep duration, using the G1219 British population sample. We genotyped single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for each of the two different sleep GWAS loci. Linear regression analyses were conducted to assess main effects of these SNPs on their corresponding sleep measures, as well as for depressive symptoms. We successfully replicated an association of a genetic variant in the CACNA1C gene (rs16929277) with sleep quality using an additive model of inheritance. A significant association of the ABCC9 gene (rs11046209) with sleep duration was seen only in a recessive models based upon a rare homozygous genotype (n = 2). There was also a significant association between a different ABCC9 gene variant (rs11046205) and depressive symptoms. These findings add further support for the involvement of calcium channels in the mechanisms regulating sleep function and suggest a possible role of the ABCC9 gene in depression. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The perceived importance of anatomy and neuroanatomy in the practice of speech—Language pathology
Authors: Martin Kate , Bessell Nicola J. , Scholten Ingrid
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the application of anatomy and neuroanatomy knowledge to current practice of speech‐language pathology (SLP), based on the perceptions of practicing SLPs, and to elicit information on participants' experiences of learning these subjects in their primary SLP degree with a view to inform potential curriculum development. A qualitative approach was taken to the collection of data. Eight practicing SLPs from four settings were interviewed. The critical incident technique, together with further probing, was used to elicit information. Interviews were transcribed and later thematically analyzed. This study found that knowledge of anatomy and neuroanatomy was perceived to be important by SLPs across all settings, to varying degrees, with a greater application in acute hospital settings. Negative experiences in studying this material were reported across all settings regardless of country of study. Participants discussed ways to increase students' motivation to learn this challenging material. Relevance of material demanded by students may be enhanced if active learning methods were used to teach anatomy/neuroanatomy, including case‐based learning and with vertical and horizontal integration of material to provide a cohesive, spiral curriculum. Anat Sci Educ. 7: 28–37. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Asymmetric Aldol Reactions between Acetone and Benzaldehydes Catalyzed by Chiral Zn2+ Complexes of Aminoacyl 1,4,7,10‐Tetraazacyclododecane: Fine‐Tuning of the Amino‐Acid Side Chains and a Revised Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Itoh Susumu , Tokunaga Takuya , Sonoike Shotaro , Kitamura Masanori , Yamano Akihito , Aoki Shin
Published: June 2013

We previously reported that chiral Zn2+ complexes that were designed to mimic the actions of class‐I and class‐II aldolases catalyzed the enantioselective aldol reactions of acetone and its analogues thereof with benzaldehyde derivatives. Herein, we report the synthesis of new chiral Zn2+ complexes that contain Zn2+tetraazacyclododecane (Zn2+[12]aneN4) moieties and amino acids that contain aliphatic, aromatic, anionic, cationic, and dipeptide side chains. The chemical and optical yields of the aldol reaction were improved (up to 96 % ee) by using ZnL complexes of L‐decanylglycyl‐pendant [12]aneN4 (L‐ZnL7), L‐naphthylalanyl‐pendant [12]aneN4 (L‐ZnL10), L‐biphenylalanyl‐pendant [12]aneN4 (L‐ZnL11), and L‐phenylethylglycyl‐pendant [12]aneN4 ligands (L‐ZnL12). UV/Vis and circular dichroism (CD) titrations of acetylacetone (acac) with ZnL complexes confirmed that a ZnL(acac)− complex was exclusively formed and not the enaminone of ZnL and acac, as we had previously proposed. Moreover, the results of stopped‐flow experiments indicated that the complexation of (acac)− with ZnL was complete within milliseconds, whereas the formation of an enaminone required several hours. X‐ray crystal‐structure analysis of L‐ZnL10 and the ZnL complex of L‐diphenylalanyl‐pendant [12]aneN4 (L‐ZnL13) shows that the NH2 groups of the amino‐acid side chains of these ligands are coordinated to the Zn2+ center as the fourth coordination site, in addition to three nitrogen atoms of the [12]aneN4 rings. The reaction mechanism of these aldol reactions is discussed and some corrections are made to our previous mechanistic hypothesis.
Disruption of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 2 Pathway in Nitrofen‐Induced Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Gosemann Jan‐Hendrik , Friedmacher Florian , Fujiwara Naho , Alvarez Luis A. J. , Corcionivoschi Nicolae , Puri Prem
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains a major therapeutic challenge despite advances in neonatal resuscitation and intensive care. The high mortality and morbidity in CDH has been attributed to pulmonary hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH). Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) plays a key role in pulmonary vasculogenesis during the late stages of fetal lung development. BMPR2 is essential for control of endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Dysfunction of BMPR2 and downstream signaling have been shown to disturb the crucial balance of proliferation of smooth muscle cells contributing to the pathogenesis of human and experimental PH. We designed this study to investigate the hypothesis that BMPR2 signaling is disrupted in nitrofen‐induced CDH.

METHODS

Pregnant rats were treated with nitrofen or vehicle on gestational day 9 (D9). Fetuses were sacrificed on D21 and divided into CDH and control. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and confocal‐immunofluorescence were performed to determine pulmonary gene expression levels and protein expression of BMPR2 and related proteins.

RESULTS

Pulmonary Bmpr2 gene expression levels were significantly decreased in nitrofen‐induced CDH compared to controls. Western blotting and confocal microscopy revealed decreased pulmonary BMPR2 protein expression and increased activation of p38MAPK in CDH compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

The observed disruption of the BMPR2 signaling pathway may lead to extensive vascular remodeling and contribute to PH in the nitrofen‐induced CDH model. BMPR2 may therefore represent a potential target for the treatment of PH in CDH.
Global optimization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Fermentation process
Authors: Sridhar Lakshmi N.
Published: June 2013

In this article, steady‐state optimization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation process problem is performed revealing the existence of multiple optimum solutions. The globally optimum solution was determined using the NEOS global optimization solver LINDO. A branch and bound strategy (bnb20.m) and the global search and multistart algorithms in the MATLAB global optimization toolbox were successful in determining locally optimum solutions and these results are validated by plotting the objective function against the decision variables. While in some cases all the strategies were successful in obtaining the globally optimum solutions, an example is presented where the most beneficial product value, which is not a stationary point and lies on the feasible boundary, is obtained by the LINDO global optimization solver (but not the other routines) as the globally optimum solution. The Jones–Kompala model was used to model the steady‐state of the fermentation process. While several articles have been published demonstrating the existence of nonlinearities and bifurcations in this model, the challenges posed by this model to optimization has never been investigated so far and this work attempts to do so. Both dilution rate and the oxygen mass transfer coefficient were used as the decision variables individually and together. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:917–923, 2013
Pierisformotoxins A – D, Polyesterified Grayanane Diterpenoids from Pieris formosa and Their cAMP‐Decreasing Activities
Authors: Wang Wei‐Guang , Wu Zhao‐Yuan , Chen Rui , Li Hai‐Zhou , Li Hong‐Mei , Li Yuan‐Dan , Li Rong‐Tao , Luo Huai‐Rong
Published: June 2013

Four highly acylated diterpenoids, designated as pierisformotoxins A–D (1–4, resp.), along with 26 known compounds, were isolated from the flowers of Pieris formosa. Among them, pierisformotoxins A and B (1 and 2, resp.) were new highly acylated grayanane diterpenoids, of which the five‐membered ring A has undergone an oxidative cleavage between C(3) and C(4), followed by lactonization, to give rise to a five‐membered lactone ring between C(3) and C(5), differing from the previously reported grayanane diterpenoids with a 5/7/6/5 ring system. Results of the cAMP‐regulation‐activity assay showed that pierisformotoxin C (3) at 10 μM (inhibitory ratio (IR): 10.1%) or 2 μM (9.8%), and pierisformotoxin B (2) at 50 μM (13.9%) significantly decreased the cAMP level in N1E‐115 neuroblastoma cells (p<0.05).
Campanula portenschlagianaRoem. et Schult.: Chemical and Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Politeo Olivera , Skocibusic Mirjana , Burcul Franko , Maravic Ana , Carev Ivana , Ruscic Mirko , Milos Mladen
Published: June 2013

The phytochemical profile and the antimicrobial effects of the volatile oil and the aqueous extract of Campanula portenschlagiana, a wild growing plant endemic to Croatia, were described. In the volatile oil, 53 compounds were identified by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. Diterpene alcohols constituted the major compound class with labda‐13(16),14‐dien‐8‐ol as the main compound. The aqueous extract was characterized by the total phenolic content. The antimicrobial potential of the volatile oil and the aqueous extract was evaluated against a diverse range of microorganisms comprising food‐spoilage and food‐borne pathogens. The volatile oil exhibited interesting and promising antimicrobial effects against the tested species, which were generally more pronounced against Gram‐negative bacteria. In addition, the inhibitory effect of this volatile oil was also evaluated against eleven extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing isolates. The results suggest that the C. portenschlagiana volatile oil might be used as antimicrobial agent against ESBL‐producing isolates and Gram‐negative bacteria.
Four Flavanocoumarins from the Leaves of Litsea coreanaLevl.
Authors: Tang Wen‐Jian , Zhang Yi‐Long , Xiao Qing‐Pin , Huang Cheng , Jin Yong , Li Jun
Published: June 2013

Two new flavanocoumarins, 1 and 2, together with phyllocoumarin (3) and epiphyllocoumarin (4), were isolated from the leaves of Litsea coreana Levl. in Anhui Province, China. The structures of 1–4 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Biological tests revealed that 1–4 exhibited moderate anti‐inflammatory activities through inhibition of TNF‐α and IL‐1 production in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
Luminescent Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as a Chemopalette: Tuning the Thermochromic Behavior of Dual‐Emissive Phosphorescence by Adjusting the Supramolecular Microenvironments
Authors: Zhan Shun‐Ze , Li Mian , Ng Seik Weng , Li Dan
Published: June 2013

Two classical copper(I)‐cluster‐based luminophores, namely, Cu4I4 and [Cu3Pz3]2 (Pz=pyrazolate), are immobilized in a supramolecular system through the formation of metal–organic framework (MOF) materials. This series of luminescent MOF materials, namely, [Cu4I4(NH3)Cu3(L1)3]n, [Cu4I4(NH2CH3)Cu3(L1)3]n, and [Cu4I4Cu3(L2)3]n (L1=3‐(4‐pyridyl)‐5‐(p‐tolyl)pyrazolate; L2=3‐(4‐pyridyl)‐5‐(2,4‐dimethylphenyl)pyrazolate), exhibit diverse thermochromism attributed to the relative functioning efficacy of the two coordination luminophores. Such an intriguing chemopalette effect is regulated by the different supramolecular microenvironments between the two‐dimensional layers of these MOFs, and in particular, by the fine‐tuned Cu–Cu distances in the excimeric [Cu3Pz3]2 luminophore. The structure–property elucidation of the thermochromic behavior allows one to understand these optical materials with unusual dual‐emissive properties.
Solid‐State Phosphorescence of trans‐Bis(salicylaldiminato)platinum(II) Complexes Bearing Long Alkyl Chains: Morphology Control towards Intense Emission
Authors: Komiya Naruyoshi , Itami Nao , Naota Takeshi
Published: June 2013

Morphology control for intense solid‐state phosphorescence of non‐emissive, but potentially emissive crystals of platinum complexes and the mechanistic rationale are described. A series of trans‐bis(salicylaldiminato)platinum(II) complexes bearing linear alkyl chains (1 a: n=5; 1 b: n=8; 1 c: n=12; 1 d: n=14; 1 e: n=16; 1 f: n=18) was synthesized and the solid‐state emission properties were examined by using crystals/aggregates prepared under various precipitation conditions. Crystals of 1 e, prepared using “kinetic” conditions including rapid cooling, high concentrations, and poor solvents, emit intensive yellow phosphorescence (λmax=545 nm) under UV irradiation at 298 K with an absolute quantum efficiency of 0.36, whereas all the crystals of 1 a–1 f prepared using “thermodynamic” conditions including slow cooling, low concentrations, and good solvents were either non‐ or less emissive with Φ298K values of 0.12 (1 a), 0.11 (1 b), 0.10 (1 c), 0.07 (1 d), 0.02 (1 e), and 0.02 (1 f) under the same measurement conditions. The amorphous solid 1 e, prepared by rapid cooling and freeze‐drying, was also non‐emissive (Φ298K=0.02, 0.02). Temperature‐dependent emission spectra showed that the kinetic crystals of 1 e exhibit high heat‐resistance towards emission decay with increasing temperature, whereas the amorphous solid 1 e is entirely heat‐quenchable. This is a rare example of the change from a non‐emissive crystal into a highly emissive crystal by morphology control through crystal engineering. Emission spectra and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the emissive, kinetic crystals of 1 e are clearly distinct from those of the less emissive, thermodynamic crystals of 1 a–1 f. Single‐crystal XRD unequivocally establishes that the thermodynamic crystals of 1 d have a multilayered lamellar structure supported by highly regulated, consecutive π‐stacking interactions between imine moieties, whereas the kinetic crystals of 1 e have a face‐to‐edge lamellar structure with less stacking. These results lead to the conclusion that 1) morphology control of long‐chained complexes exclusively generates a metastable herringbone‐based lamellar packing motif that exhibits intense emission and high heat‐resistance, while 2) a thermodynamically stable, highly regulated, consecutive stacking motif is unfavorable for solid‐state emission.
Fibromuscular Dysplasia Affecting a Two‐Branched Renal Artery in a Patient With a Solitary Kidney: Case Presentation
Authors: An Xuanqi , Jiang Xiongjing , Dong Hui , Peng Meng , Zou Yubao , Song Lei , Guan Ting , Zhou Xianliang , Yang Yuejin
Published: June 2013

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory arterial disease, commonly involving the renal arteries. Here we report a case of a 16‐year‐old Chinese male who was found to have severe hypertension with proteinuria for 2 years. Computed tomography showed absence of the left kidney and enlargement of the right kidney. Subsequent angiography confirmed the above findings and revealed narrowing of both the upper and lower branches of the right renal artery caused by FMD. These combined lesions are very rare, and individuals affected are at increased risk of renal dysfunction if left untreated. Treatment with percutaneous balloon angioplasty is the first choice in such a patient and usually results in optimal outcomes.
E‐64c‐Hydrazide: A Lead Structure for the Development of Irreversible Cathepsin C Inhibitors
Authors: Radzey Hanna , Rethmeier Markus , Klimpel Dennis , Grundhuber Maresa , Sommerhoff Christian P. , Schaschke Norbert
Published: June 2013

Cathepsin C is a papain‐like cysteine protease with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity that is thought to activate various granule‐associated serine proteases. Its exopeptidase activity is structurally explained by the so‐called exclusion domain, which blocks the active‐site cleft beyond the S2 site and, with its Asp 1 residue, provides an anchoring point for the N terminus of peptide and protein substrates. Here, the hydrazide of (2S,3S)‐trans‐epoxysuccinyl‐L‐leucylamido‐3‐methylbutane (E‐64c) (k2/Ki=140±5 M−1 s−1) is demonstrated to be a lead structure for the development of irreversible cathepsin C inhibitors. The distal amino group of the hydrazide moiety addresses the acidic Asp 1 residue at the entrance of the S2 pocket by hydrogen bonding while also occupying the flat hydrophobic S1′–S2′ area with its leucine‐isoamylamide moiety. Furthermore, structure–activity relationship studies revealed that functionalization of this distal amino group with alkyl residues can be used to occupy the conserved hydrophobic S2 pocket. In particular, the n‐butyl derivative was identified as the most potent inhibitor of the series (k2/Ki=56 000±1700 M−1 s−1).
Ferric Phosphate Hydroxide Microcrystals for Highly Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalysts
Authors: Wang XiaoJin , Pang Huan , Zhao Shanshan , Shao Weifang , Yan Bo , Li Xinran , Li Sujuan , Chen Jing , Du Weimin
Published: June 2013

Fe4(OH)3(PO4)3 microcrystals are successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Due to a possible self‐etching mechanism, different morphologies of Fe4(OH)3(PO4)3 microcrystals are obtained. Several reactions with different temperatures and times are performed to confirm the supposed self‐etching mechanism. Moreover, as a result of their different micro/nanostructures, these microcrystals present different photocatalytic activities for visible‐light‐driven photodegragadation of methylene blue.