bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VOCABULARY IN LANGUAGE TEACHING. Norbert Schmitt.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xv + 224. $59.95 cloth, $21.95 paper.
Authors: Williams Jessica
Published: July 2002

It has been more than a decade since the publication of Paul Nation's Teaching
and learning vocabulary (1990), which brought together the findings in lexical acquisition
and teaching at the time and has been an invaluable reference and guide to many in the field.
However, after years of neglect, vocabulary acquisition has finally come into its own with an
explosion of attention and new research, creating a need for an update. Just in time comes
Norbert Schmitt's Vocabulary in language teaching (VLT) in the
Cambridge Language Education Series.
INTONATION AS COHESION IN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann
Published: July 2002

This paper reports the results of a study of the intonation of 18 Mandarin Chinese speakers
lecturing in English. As a basis for the study, it is proposed that intonation be considered a
grammar of cohesion in English discourse: Drawing from the intonational model of
Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg (1990), it is argued that discrete morphemes of intonation
correspond to the categories of cohesion in Halliday and Hasan's (1976) typology. The
study investigated the hypothesis that the nonnative speakers who were able to use the intonation
system of English most effectively would score higher on a global language test. Using a
Computerized Speech Lab to measure pitch, four aspects of intonation were averaged for each
speaker: (a) the pitch difference between newly introduced content words and function words, (b)
the use of high pitch at phrase boundaries to link related constituents, (c) the use of pitch to
distinguish contrasting items from given items, and (d) the paratone or increase in
pitch range at rhetorical junctures to signal topic shift. These four measures were chosen for their
contribution to the cohesion of the lectures. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the fourth
intonation variable, the paratone, was a significant predictor of these subjects' English test
scores. Examples are given of the other variables in context from both low- and high-scoring
speakers. It is emphasized that intonation is not only a stylistic component of accent but also a
meaning-bearing grammatical system.
CHILD LANGUAGE.Michelle Aldridge (Ed.).
Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 1996. Pp. vii + 223. £29.00 cloth.
Authors: Dalalakis Jenny
Published: July 2002

The edited volume of the Proceedings of the 1994 Child Language Seminar has a scope
both broad and ambitious. Not all participants have contributed to the volume and only one
featured guest speaker's paper, A. Radford's “The nature of
children's initial clauses” (co-presented with H. Clahsen) is included, so we only
get a tantalizing glimpse of the conference.
CLASSROOM-BASED EVALUATION IN SECOND LANGUAGE
EDUCATION.Fred Genesee and John A. Upshur. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv + 268. $44.95 cloth.
Authors: Davies Alan
Published: July 2002

How transparent a title is Genesee and Upshur's (G & U) Classroom-Based
Evaluation in Second Language Education? First, the word “evaluation.”
These days “evaluation” is so commonly attached collocationally to programs and
projects that when it stands alone it is usually taken to mean evaluation of programs or projects.
G & U seem to use evaluation in the more micro sense of the assessment of individual
achievement within the classroom context, taking into account the teacher's purposes,
plans, and practices.
A sunny view of polarization
Authors: MARATSOS MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

There are a number of ways to react to the whole problem of polarization
that
Rispoli's review brings up. As a first reaction, like Rispoli, personally,
I
deplore the polarization. I find neither side likely to be right enough
about
everything to be entitled to require the kind of all-or-nothing allegiance
each
side seems to demand. My complaints about the two sides are more basic

than Rispoli's rather specific criticisms of Elman et al.
Unfortunately, going
on to outline what seems generally useful and less useful in each approach
in
a short space like this basically consists of saying ‘I like this’

or claiming ‘this is obviously wrong’ with a little
elaboration. This does not seem useful for
such complicated problems, so I will leave my general complaint about the

all-or-none polarization simply stated outright.
Differentiating the use of gaze in bilingual-bimodal
language acquisition: a comparison of two sets of
twins with deaf parents
Authors: RICHMOND-WELTY E. DAYLENE , SIPLE PATRICIA
Published: July 2002

Signed languages make unique demands on gaze during communication.
Bilingual children acquiring both a spoken and a signed language must
learn to differentiate gaze use for their two languages. Gaze during
utterances was examined for a set of bilingual-bimodal twins acquiring
spoken English and American Sign Language (ASL) and a set of
monolingual twins acquiring ASL when the twins were aged 2;0, 3;0
and 4;0. The bilingual-bimodal twins differentiated their languages by
age 3;0. Like the monolingual ASL twins, the bilingual-bimodal twins
established mutual gaze at the beginning of their ASL utterances and
either maintained gaze to the end or alternated gaze to include a terminal
look. In contrast, like children acquiring spoken English monolingually,
the bilingual-bimodal twins established mutual gaze infrequently for
their spoken English utterances. When they did establish mutual gaze,
it occurred later in their spoken utterances and they tended to look away
before the end.
Hadamard's finite part concept in dimension n[ges ]2;
definition and
change of variables, associated Fubini's theorem, derivation
Authors: SELLIER A.
Published: July 2002

Some usual and important operations: change of variables, application
of Fubini's
theorem and derivation with respect to the isolated singularity (in the
present work
with respect to the origin of the spherical coordinates
(r, θ)) are studied for the following singular integral

formula here

where α∈C, Re(α)[les ]−n,
j∈ℕ,
α∈L1([sum ]n, C)
and the symbol fp∫Ω, U means an
integration on the set Ω in the finite part sense of Hadamard
with respect to the
domain configuration U. Moreover, applications to integral operators
are outlined.
Interference to GPS
Authors: Blanchard Walter
Published: July 2002

I read Captain Gyldeń's account of failure of his GPS
set
(Vol. 50, 328, May 1997) with
some interest. A few days earlier we had had a few thunderstorms while
I had my
personal hand-held GPS running, using its own built-in antenna
and
a 12 volt battery. It
was lying on a bench inside a wooden hut where I keep some of my amateur
radio
equipment. After one particularly close flash and bang, which produced
a one-inch spark
from my transceiver antenna, the transceiver locked up and stopped responding
to
keyboard commands. Then I noticed the GPS set had also stopped
working, showing only
random symbols on its readout. I feared the worst but, after switching
them both off,
leaving them for a few minutes, and then back on again, they worked perfectly.

Microprocessors locking up in strong local electrostatic fields, perhaps?
Maybe if I
had simply left them alone they would have started working again after
the charge had
leaked away. Next time I nearly get hit by lightning I'll try it.
Loran-C in a European Navigation Perspective
Authors: Forssell Börje
Published: July 2002

After a brief overview of Loran-C system operation and
performance, the present situation of
the system in Europe is described. Loran-C is now in operation under the
NELS agreement
in north-western Europe in newly established chain configurations with
old and new
transmitter positions. Parallel to Loran-C the Russian equivalent, Chayka,
is also operating,
with three chains in Europe. There is an agreement between Norway and Russia
concerning
cooperation and possibly joint chain operations between the two system
providers in the
north; similar agreements in the Baltic and Mediterranean/Black Sea
areas are being worked
on. The situation around the Iberian peninsula has not yet been clarified.
Being the only
long/medium-range terrestrial system in Europe in the 2000+ time frame,
Loran-C could be
seen as a supplement to satellite systems. Due to the good penetration
properties of its
low-frequency signals, it can be used in many circumstances where satellite
systems fail because
of limited satellite visibility. Integration of Loran-C and
(differential) satellite receivers, where
Loran-C is calibrated by the satellite system as long as there
are enough visible satellites, could
in fact give the best of both worlds. For this reason, Loran-C is being
considered in the
perspective of a future international, civil satellite navigation system,
initiated in Europe.
Reducing nutrient enrichment of waterways through public education: a tale of two cities
Authors: Howard Jonathon , McGregor Daryl
Published: July 2002

Eutrophication of waterways, expressed as excess growth of cyanobacteria, is frequently caused by excessive inputs of phosphorus. Human activities are often the origin of such nutrient enrichment and so many governments have addressed the issue by implementing a range of technological, legislative and biological measures. By contrast, Australia has taken a different approach and also relied heavily on public education. This paper compares the success of two of these ‘Phoswatch’ public education programmes. One campaign occurred within the Murray-Darling Basin in a country town called Albury-Wodonga. The other occurred within the Hawkesbury-Nepean Basin in the western suburbs of Sydney. The campaigns were evaluated using a series of community surveys and by monitoring phosphorus loads at a sewage treatment plant. The Albury-Wodonga campaign was the most effective of the two campaigns with increases in the number of people reporting a range of behaviours and these resulted in a decrease in phosphorus loads entering the local treatment plant. The comparison suggests that clear simple messages, a diversity of media exposure, and some form of feedback are critical to programme success. It is concluded that campaigns such as Phoswatch can provide a long term, cost effective way of addressing eutrophication by focusing on the problem at source and creating community support for an integrated strategy.
An ecological shift in a remote coral atoll of Belize over 25 years
Authors: McCLANAHAN TIMOTHY R. , MUTHIGA NYAWIRA A.
Published: July 2002

Many coral reefs in the Caribbean, and elsewhere, have undergone changes from hard coral to fleshy algal dominance over the past two decades which has often been interpreted as a localized response to eutrophication and fishing. Here, data on the abundance of hard corals and algae from lagoonal patch reefs distributed throughout a large (260 km2) remote reef atoll located approximately 30 km offshore from the sparsely-populated coast of Belize, Central America, are compared with a study of these patch reefs conducted 25 years previously. Data and observations indicate that these patch reefs have undergone a major change in their ecology associated with a 75% reduction in total hard coral, a 99% loss in the cover of Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata, and a 315% increase in algae, which are mostly erect brown algae species in the genera Lobophora, Dictyota, Turbinaria and Sargassum. Such changes have been reported from other Caribbean reefs during the 1980s, but not on such a remote reef and the present changes may be attributed primarily to both a disease that began killing Acropora in this region in the mid 1980s and a reduction in herbivory. The low level of herbivory may be attributable to the disease-induced loss of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983, or fishing of herbivorous fishes, but both explanations are speculative. The present density of fisherfolk is low, and their efforts are not targetted at herbivorous fishes, and population densities of D. antillarum 14 years after the mortality are <1 individual per 1000 m2, but there is no comparative data from before the die off. There is, however, no indication that these major changes occurred on the fore reef, because A. palmata is abundant and erect algal abundance is low. We suggest that reported changes in other Caribbean reefs are not necessarily or exclusively influenced by local human factors such as localized intense eutrophication or fishing.
Small wetlands lost: a biological conservation hazard in Mediterranean landscapes
Authors: GALLEGO-FERNÁNDEZ JUAN B. , GARCÍA-MORA M. ROSARIO , GARCÍA-NOVO FRANCISCO
Published: July 2002

In Spain, it is estimated that 60% of wetlands have disappeared in the last 50 years. The present study aimed to describe the relationships between loss of wetlands and land-use change in Azuaga County, Central-western Iberian Peninsula where during the period 1896-1996, 94% of the original wetlands disappeared. Forest, scrub, holm oak dehesas and olive groves have become fragmented or disappeared completely, having been substituted by eucalyptus plantations in areas of low productivity and by dry cultivation of herbaceous crops, mainly cereals, in more productive areas. These substitutions have resulted in a homogeneous, coarse-grained landscape with low diversity and high dominance. The type of land-use has depended on the evolution of demographic processes, with high human immigration rates toward the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century, and high emigration rates during the 1960s and 1970s. The mechanization of agriculture and transition from closed to market economy in the second half of the twentieth century also played an essential role in the landscape changes described.
A case study on multisensor data fusion for imbalance diagnosis
of rotating machinery
Authors: LIU QING (CHARLIE) , WANG HSU-PIN (BEN)
Published: July 2002

Techniques for machine condition monitoring and diagnostics
are gaining acceptance in various industrial sectors. They have
proved to be effective in predictive or proactive maintenance
and quality control. Along with the fast development of computer
and sensing technologies, sensors are being increasingly used
to monitor machine status. In recent years, the fusion of
multisensor data has been applied to diagnose machine faults.
In this study, multisensors are used to collect signals of rotating
imbalance vibration of a test rig. The characteristic features
of each vibration signal are extracted with an auto-regressive
(AR) model. Data fusion is then implemented with a
Cascade-Correlation (CC) neural network. The results clearly
show that multisensor data-fusion-based diagnostics outperforms
the single sensor diagnostics with statistical significance.
Validation of the saliva-based H. pylori test, HeliSAL™, and its use in prevalence surveys
Authors: COCKBURN M. , COLLETT J. , COX B.
Published: July 2002

The saliva-based H. pylori test, HeliSAL™, is insufficiently accurate for use in the clinical setting. However, its ease of use and non-invasiveness make it attractive for population-based studies of the epidemiology of H. pylori. We validated HeliSAL™, and comment here on its usefulness in prevalence surveys. One hundred and ninety-six patients receiving endoscopy at a clinic in New Zealand provided saliva samples for H. pylori assessment, which were compared to CLOtest (Delta West Pty Ltd, Western Australia) as a gold standard measure. Nineteen percent were truly H. pylori positive, 41 % were positive according to HeliSAL™. Test sensitivity was 74 % and specificity was 67 %. While HeliSAL™ is not well suited for the clinical diagnosis of H. pylori infection, it may be useful for large-scale prevalence surveys because, provided it is validated locally, mathematical adjustment can be made for misclassification. Being inexpensive, non-invasive, and easily stored and handled, HeliSAL™ may be a valuable tool for studies of the epidemiology of H. pylori.
Acute hepatitis B in Edinburgh 1975–92: a retrospective

study in a population where human immunodeficiency virus is highly prevalent
Authors: BATH G. E. , SCOTT T. G. , SIBBALD C. J. , UPTON P. A. , RAMSAY C. N. , WILLOCKS L. J.
Published: July 2002

A retrospective study of notified hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection

in Edinburgh during

1975–92 identified 525 acute cases. For 343 where a probable

transmission route could be

determined, 215 were due to shared equipment by injection drug users (IDUs),
29 to

homosexual intercourse, 25 to heterosexual or household contact with IDUs,
21 to

heterosexual contact with infected non-IDU partners and 53 to various other

or multiple routes. Cases were unevenly distributed geographically, particularly

those among IDUs. The

highest incidence within a post code district was approximately 2·5

times that for all Edinburgh. Annual cases peaked in 1984 then declined
to low

levels in the early 1990s. This

reduction was most marked among IDUs, and may be ascribed both to changed
injecting

behaviour and decreased susceptibility within this group. The latter

factor implies that HBV

infections may be an unreliable guide to human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV) infection in populations where HBV is highly prevalent.
A model-based evaluation of the national immunization
programme against rubella infection and congenital rubella
syndrome in The Netherlands
Authors: van der HEIJDEN O. G. , CONYN-van SPAENDONCK M. A. E. , PLANTINGA A. D. , KRETZSCHMAR M. E. E.
Published: July 2002

In order to improve the prevention of cases of congenital rubella
syndrome in The
Netherlands, in 1987 the selective vaccination strategy against rubella
infection in girls was
replaced by mass vaccination. This decision was supported by mathematical
model analyses
carried out by Van Druten and De Boo. In order to compare the predicted
impact of the
rubella vaccination programme with the current available data in more detail,
a similar model
was built. Although the model predicts elimination of the rubella virus,
data show that virus
circulation is still present at a higher level than expected by the model.
Simulation studies
indicate that import of infection and a lower vaccine effectiveness, related
to possible
asymptomatic reinfection of vaccinated people, could be sources contributing
to the present
virus circulation. Even though the number of infections is much higher
than the number of
reported cases of disease, limited serosurveillance data and case notification
data show that
females of childbearing age are well protected by immunization.
Epidemiological typing of bovine streptococci by pulsed-field
gel electrophoresis
Authors: WANG S. M. , DEIGHTON M. A. , CAPSTICK J. A. , GERRATY N.
Published: July 2002

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to investigate the epidemiology of
streptococcal mastitis in dairy cattle. The most prevalent streptococcal species, Streptococcus
uberis (60–80% of streptococcal isolates), was highly heterogeneous, with different cows only
rarely sharing the same pulsotype. S. agalactiae was rarely encountered, however all eight
isolates from one farm generated identical PFGE profiles, which differed from those of all
other isolates examined, confirming cow-to-cow transmission. Fifty-two isolates of S.
dysgalactiae from 27 cows on 5 farms generated 6 different profiles. However, on individual
farms, only one or two pulsotypes usually predominated. This species is generally regarded as
an environmental pathogen but our data suggest that cow-to-cow transmission of S.
dysgalactiae may occur. In spite of the variation in PFGE profiles of isolates from different
cows, persistent infections in individual cows were usually caused by the same pulsotype of S.
uberis or S. dysgalactiae.
D. Robert Ladd (1996). Intonational phonology. (Cambridge
Studies in
Linguistics 79.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xv+334.
Authors: Leben William R.
Published: July 2002

Ladd's Intonational phonology is a substantial addition to
an area that has only
recently ‘arrived’. Fortunately for the field of intonational
phonology, the past
two decades have seen a number of seminal contributions from phonologists,
including Mark Liberman, Gösta Bruce, Janet Pierrehumbert and Ladd
himself. Work on intonation, which has advanced in sync with modern
linguistic theory, can also look back on quite a number of rather specific
studies
by phoneticians and rather general descriptive accounts by linguists and
English
teachers on this continent and in Europe.

The book's basic goal is to present the subject matter of intonational
phonology to the non-specialist linguist. The material is not only summarised
but also accompanied by critical comments. Ladd's goal of keeping
the book
accessible to the non-specialist may limit the depth of the presentation
of the
basic material and the definitiveness of the critical comments, but for
many this
will be a reasonable price to pay for breadth of coverage.
Emotion knowledge in economically disadvantaged children: Self-regulatory antecedents and
relations to social difficulties and withdrawal
Authors: SCHULTZ DAVID , IZARD CARROLL E. , ACKERMAN BRIAN P. , YOUNGSTROM ERIC A.
Published: July 2002

We examined the relations of verbal ability and self-regulation in preschool to emotion
knowledge in first grade, and concurrent relations between emotion knowledge and indexes of
social functioning in 143 children from low-income families. After controlling for children's
verbal ability in preschool, teacher reports of attentional control and caregiver reports of
behavioral control in preschool predicted children's emotion expression knowledge and
emotion situation knowledge 2 years later. After controlling for verbal ability and attentional and
behavioral control, children's emotion knowledge predicted concurrent teacher-reported
social problems and social withdrawal. Results suggest that low levels of emotion knowledge
co-occur with many important aspects of children's early social adaptation.
Olrog's Gull Larus atlanticus: specialist or generalist?
Authors: Martinez Mariano M. , Isacch Juan P. , Rojas Martin
Published: July 2002

A study was made of the feeding behaviour of Olrog's gull Larus atlanticus in winter. Although feeding mainly on crabs they also, contrary to previous observations, made use of discarded offal, much as other species of gull. Such generalist feeding habits are likely to be beneficial to the conservation of the species.
The Political Culture of Fascist Italy
Authors: LUZZATTO SERGIO
Published: July 2002

Mabel Berezin, Making the Fascist Self. The Political Culture of Interwar Italy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), 264 pp., ISBN 0-801-43202-2.

Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle. The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 303 pp., ISBN 0-520-20623-1.

Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy, trans. Keith Botsford (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), 208 pp., ISBN 0-674-78475-8; originally published as Il culto del littorio. La sacralizzazione della politica nell'Italia fascista (Rome-Bari: Laterza, 1993), 326 pp., ISBN 8-842-04384-2.

Giorgio Israel and Pietro Nastasi, Scienza e razza nell'Italia fascista (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1998), 408 pp., ISBN 8-815-06736-1.

Karen Pinkus, Bodily Regimes. Italian Advertising under Fascism (Minneapolis-London: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 268 pp., ISBN 0-816-62562-X

Adolfo Scotto di Luzio, L'appropriazione imperfetta. Editori, biblioteche e libri per ragazzi durante il fascismo (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1996), 301 pp., ISBN 8-815-05559-2.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Following Possible Sexual
Transmission: An Ethical Evaluation
Authors: GISONDI MICHAEL A.
Published: July 2002

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in the form of combination
drug therapy is now recommended for healthcare workers following
occupational HIV exposure. The expansion of this form of preventive
medicine to include other types of HIV transmission, notably
through sexual activity, raises a number of ethical concerns.
Commentary
Authors: Goldberg Allen I.
Published: July 2002

No political, economic, or cultural segment of society
has escaped the universal impact of recent cataclysmic
change. Physicians were no exception. During the 20th
century, all members of society, including physicians,
have experienced change of enormous speed and magnitude.
Futurist Alvin Toffler noted that global societal transformation
has created a “future shock” of personal malaise
that poses difficulty for both individual and group adaptation.
Toffler further described current change as a fundamental
shift and conflict in all aspects of civilization
(how we live, work, and relate to each other). Toffler also
noted major alterations in the basis for distribution of
societal power (who controls what, why, and how). One
manifestation of recent change directly affecting all
members of society, including physicians, has
been the social transformation of medicine that has been
a power shift from the individual physicians to control
by organizations and management.
Commentary
Authors: Thurman Andrew
Published: July 2002

In this case, when the ethics committee is asked
“What is our duty to this patient?” the questions
that should be addressed are “What is whose
duty to the patient, and whose duty has primacy?”
Shenyang: the Manchurian ideal capital city and imperial palace, 1625–43
Authors: Guo Qinghua
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses connections between culture and architecture, and between political ideology and capital planning in a region of China. It poses two crucial questions: first, what were the contrasting architectural expressions between imperial palaces in Shenyang? Second, what were the underlying planning concepts of Shenyang, and what urban design models were used to realize that concept? This study shows that the development of Manchurian architecture and planning had been a result of cultural confluence and political governance.
Industrial regulation, urban space and the boundaries of the workplace: mid-Victorian Nottingham
Authors: Gray Robert , Loftus Donna
Published: July 2002

This article takes up recent concerns with languages of mid-Victorian reform and relates urban space to the workplace, with reference to Nottingham hosiery and lace. The article considers, first, official enquiries into lace manufacture, and second, the hosiery conciliation system. Attempts to map and to fix the boundaries of employment are characteristic of both these developments. Gender dimensions are emphasized, as is the contribution of these debates to liberal narratives of industrial progress. This is related to the formation of a wider culture of liberal reform.
The fetal circulatory response to chronic placental insufficiency and relation to pregnancy outcome
Authors: Hornbuckle Janet , Thornton James G
Published: July 2002

Chronic fetal growth restriction is associated with both increased perinatal mortality and impaired neurodevelopment. Although it is a much more important cause of fetal neurological damage than intrapartum birth asphyxia, it is more difficult to treat, since the main intervention, timed delivery, carries its own risks. Since it is associated with a range of circulatory changes, which may also cause fetal damage, understanding these may improve management. In this article we review these fetal circulatory changes and assess their significance for predicting perinatal and long term neurodevelopmental outcome. We describe the Doppler assessment techniques, their clinical role in prediction of adverse outcome and the pathogenesis of brain injury in the preterm growth restricted fetus.
The effects of embryo stage and cell number on the composition of mouse aggregation chimaeras
Authors: Tang Pin-chi , West John D.
Published: July 2002

Studies with intact preimplantation mouse embryos and some types of chimaeric aggregates have shown that the most advanced cells are preferentially allocated to the inner cell mass (ICM) rather than the trophectoderm. Thus, differences between 4-cell and 8-cell stage embryos could contribute to the tendency for tetraploid cells to colonise the trophectoderm more readily than the ICM in 4-cell tetraploid[harr ]8 cell diploid chimaeras. The aim of the present study was to test whether 4-cell stage embryos in 4-cell diploid[harr ]8-cell diploid aggregates contributed equally to all lineages present in the E12.5 conceptus. These chimaeras were compared with those produced from standard aggregates of two whole 8-cell embryos and aggregates of half an 8-cell embryo with a whole 8-cell embryo. As expected, the overall contribution of 4-cell embryos was lower than that of 8-cell embryos and similar to that of half 8-cell stage embryos. In the 4-cell[harr ]8-cell chimaeras the 4-cell stage embryos did not contribute more to the trophectoderm than the ICM derivatives. Thus, differences between 4-cell and 8-cell embryos cannot explain the restricted tissue distribution of tetraploid cells previously reported for 4-cell tetraploid[harr ]8-cell diploid chimaeras. It is suggested that cells from the more advanced embryo are more likely to contribute to the ICM but, for technical reasons, are prevented from doing so in simple aggregates of equal numbers of whole 4-cell and whole 8-cell stage embryos.
Evaluating two methods for Treebank grammar compaction
Authors: KROTOV ALEXANDER , HEPPLE MARK , GAIZAUSKAS ROBERT , WILKS YORICK
Published: July 2002

Treebanks, such as the Penn Treebank, provide a basis for the automatic creation of broad
coverage grammars. In the simplest case, rules can simply be ‘read off’ the parse-annotations of
the corpus, producing either a simple or probabilistic context-free grammar. Such grammars,
however, can be very large, presenting problems for the subsequent computational costs of
parsing under the grammar. In this paper, we explore ways by which a treebank grammar
can be reduced in size or ‘compacted’, which involve the use of two kinds of technique: (i)
thresholding of rules by their number of occurrences; and (ii) a method of rule-parsing, which
has both probabilistic and non-probabilistic variants. Our results show that by a combined
use of these two techniques, a probabilistic context-free grammar can be reduced in size by
62% without any loss in parsing performance, and by 71% to give a gain in recall, but some
loss in precision.
EXPRESSIVE MEANING, RACE, AND THE LAW:
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: July 2002

Recently, legal and social thinkers have turned to the idea that
actions possess a nonlinguistic meaning, called “expressive meaning.” In this article I examine the idea of expressive meaning and its role in legal reasoning. My focus is on a series of U.S. Supreme Court cases involving constitutional challenges to election districts drawn on the basis of race. The Supreme Court used the idea of expressive meaning in striking down the districts. After explicating the idea of expressive meaning, I explain and criticize the Court’s reasoning. I distinguish the approach of Justices Thomas and Scalia, who hold that all uses of race in districting do constitutional harm, from that of Justice O’Connor, who distinguishes uses of race that do constitutional harm from those that do not. I contend that Justice O’Connor is right to make the distinction but she draws the line using a questionable standard. A more defensible standard would be more accommodating to the districts that the Court invalidated.
CAN META-COGNITIVE OBSERVATION BE USED IN THE TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA? A PILOT STUDY OF A COGNITIVE-EMOTIONAL SELF-OBSERVATION TASK
Authors: Lundh Lars-Gunnar , Hindmarsh Henrik
Published: July 2002

Meta-cognitive observation is a kind of cognitive activity that may serve to interrupt worry, rumination, and other kinds of sleep-interfering cognitive processes. In a pilot study, 40 individuals recorded their sleep on a sleep diary during one week (the baseline week) and were then administered a meta-cognitive observation task to use at bed-time during a second week (“the treatment week”). Consistent with the hypothesis, the participants showed a decreased sleep latency during the treatment week compared to the baseline week, and also an increased total sleep time and an improved sleep efficiency. The lack of a control group (i.e., a group who kept a sleep diary for both weeks, without any meta-cognitive observation task), however, precludes any definite conclusion with regard to the effects of the meta-cognitive observation task. It is suggested that meta-cognitive observation tasks should be tested

in controlled studies.
Gate, Gate, Paragate … Where Have All the Flowers Gone?
Authors: Brown Jason W.
Published: July 2002

Readers! Throw away your Shallice, and run to the
bookstore for Austin! This magisterial work, an un-Zen-like
844 pages, divided into 158 chapters, a smorgasbord of
reminiscences, data, and observations on Buddhism and neuroscience,
interspersed with exercises in Zen meditation. Austin preserves
by inclusion rather than selection the skepticism and dialectic
that are the essence of Zen teaching, laying out what there
is in all its eclectic richness, from Perky to Pavlov,
from alpha rhythms to syzygy. In its scholarship and detachment
it is a welcome antidote to the assertive fatuity of so
much contemporary theory, offering the thesis, even if
tacitly, that a subjectivism inferred from symptoms, e.g.,
hallucination, imagery and altered states, is preferable
to an externalist model of cognition inferred from deficits.
Unusual Cases of Memory Loss
Authors: Glisky Elizabeth L.
Published: July 2002

In recent years, edited books presenting unusual case
studies of neuropsychological disorders have appeared
in the literature with increasing frequency. In general,
I have found these books to be fascinating, illustrating
the seemingly endless variety of ways in which damage to
the nervous system can affect the cognitive functioning
and the day-to-day lives of previously normal individuals.
These volumes, which focus on the uniqueness or specificity
of an individual neuropsychological deficit rather than
on the commonality of dysfunction across individuals, always
include at least some cases that are unlike any that I
have previously encountered and almost always present some
real surprises—cases that seem to defy easy explanation
in terms of existing theories. In these respects, Case
Studies in the Neuropsychology of Memory, edited by
Alan Parkin, is no exception. The descriptions of the cases
reported in the 10 chapters of this book are unique and
intriguing. They are presented as stand-alone case studies
without any cross-referencing to other cases in the book,
which highlights their uniqueness. There is little in the
way of editorial intrusion. A brief introduction tells
us what to expect, provides some rationale for the selection
of cases that appear in the book, and includes a sentence
or two of the accepted theory that may be challenged by
the reported case studies.
Category Fluency Test: Normative data for English- and Spanish-speaking
elderly
Authors: ACEVEDO AMARILIS , LOEWENSTEIN DAVID A. , BARKER WARREN W. , HARWOOD DYLAN G. , LUIS CHERYL , BRAVO MARINA , HURWITZ DEBORAH A. , AGUERO HILDA , GREENFIELD LYNDA , DUARA RANJAN
Published: July 2002

Category fluency tasks are an important component
of neuropsychological assessment, especially when evaluating
for dementia syndromes. The growth in the number of Spanish-speaking
elderly in the United States has increased the need for
appropriate neuropsychological measures and normative data
for this population. This study provides norms for English
and Spanish speakers, over the age of 50, on 3 frequently
used measures of category fluency: animals, vegetables,
and fruits. In addition, it examines the impact
of age, education, gender, language, and depressed mood
on total fluency scores and on scores on each of these
fluency measures. A sample of 702 cognitively intact elderly,
424 English speakers, and 278 Spanish speakers, participated
in the study. Normative data are provided stratified by
language, age, education, and gender. Results evidence
that regardless of the primary language of the examinee,
age, education, and gender are the strongest predictors
of total category fluency scores, with gender being the
best predictor of performance after adjusting for age and
education. English and Spanish speakers obtained similar
scores on animal and fruit fluency, but English speakers
generated more vegetable exemplars than Spanish speakers.
Results also indicate that different fluency measures are
affected by various factors to different degrees. (JINS,
2000, 6, 760–769.)
Neurobehaviors and psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: PAULSEN JANE S. , READY REBECCA E. , STOUT JULIE C. , SALMON DAVID P. , THAL LEON J. , GRANT IGOR , JESTE DILIP V.
Published: July 2002

Psychotic symptoms are common in Alzheimer's
disease (AD) and clinicoanatomical and neuropsychological
evidence indicate an association between these symptoms
and frontal lobe dysfunction. Neurobehaviors associated
with frontal dysfunction were assessed in Alzheimer's
disease (AD) patients with (n = 20) and without
psychotic symptoms (n = 21) matched for mean age,
education, gender, and dementia severity. The Frontal Lobe
Personality Scale (FLOPs) was completed by patient caregivers
to measure behaviors typically associated with frontal
dysfunction. Findings indicated that AD patients with psychotic
symptoms exhibited significantly greater neurobehavioral
dysfunction (FLOPs M = 130.69, SD = 24.70)
than AD patients without psychotic symptoms (FLOPs M =
111.10, SD = 25.83). Subscale analyses indicated that
psychotic AD patients were more disinhibited (M = 28.28,
SD = 7.54) than patients without psychotic symptoms
(M = 20.92, SD = 4.9). Findings are consistent
with and contribute to previous neuropsychological and
clinicoanatomical research suggesting increased frontal
dysfunction in AD with psychotic symptoms and lend additional
empirical support to subtyping AD based on the presence
of psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, findings provide preliminary
evidence indicating which specific type of neurobehavioral
abnormalities are related to the presence of distressing psychotic
symptoms. (JINS, 2000, 6, 815–820.)
Span of temporal continuity as a measure of personal and
present existence
Authors: ZAKZANIS KONSTANTINE K. , LEACH LARRY , MOSCOVITCH MORRIS
Published: July 2002

Severely impaired memory deprives amnesics of a
sense of personal continuity in their daily lives, yet
there are no tests that accurately measure this impairment
(see Lezak, 1995). Several neuropsychological tasks have
been developed to document the severity of memory loss
in terms of memory span, such as the Brown–Peterson
Technique (Peterson & Peterson, 1959), but the ecological
validity of such tasks as measures of personal or temporal
continuity is not obvious (see Heinrichs, 1990). Instead
they measure memory in terms of how much information could
be held in working or short-term memory, not memory span
in the sense of continuity. To develop a new measure of
amnesia with greater relation to everyday function, we
had to examine the integrity of memory function in terms
of temporal continuity in a way that would engage the patient
in everyday behavior, such as informal conversation, and
still allow memory function to be quantifiable. Thus, we
set out to create a bedside task that could measure the
span in which the patient with amnesia experiences temporal
continuity. We call this measure the “span of temporal
continuity,” or “personal and present span
of existence.”
Freedom, growth, and the environment
Authors: BARRETT SCOTT , GRADDY KATHRYN
Published: July 2002

A number of recent papers have found that certain measures of pollution worsen and later improve as income per head increases. It is widely believed that the downhill portion of this inverted-U curve reflects an induced policy response; that, as incomes rise, citizens demand improvements in environmental quality, and that these demands are delivered by the political system. In this paper we find that, for a number of pollution variables, an increase in civil and political freedoms significantly improves environmental quality. For other pollution variables, however, we find that freedoms have no effect. The former finding suggests that political reforms may be as important as economic reforms in improving environmental quality worldwide. The latter finding hints that the observation that pollution levels fall with income, once income becomes high enough, may not always reflect an induced policy response.
Resilience, instability, and disturbance in ecosystem dynamics
Authors: WALKER BRIAN
Published: July 2002

I am in agreement with the main thesis of the paper by Levin et al., namely that complex, non-linear systems, whether ecological or socioeconomic, do not lend themselves to management protocols based on assumptions of linear, globally stable, single equilibrium systems. As the authors point out, policy makers need a better understanding of the concept of resilience. Furthermore, it is especially important for them to understand the crucial elements for maintaining resilience in the integrated ecological-socioeconomic resource use systems (the forests, rangelands, and agro-ecosystems) on which most human welfare depends.
Spatiality of sound and stream segregation in twentieth century instrumental music
Authors: HARLEY MARIA ANNA
Published: July 2002

Let us imagine a situation: a listener seated in a concert hall witnesses a performance by a trumpet player (standing on
the stage) of a sequence of four quarter-notes, with the pitches of
B[flat ]3–A3–C4–B3. The listener chooses to ignore the immediate
physical surroundings and hears one of the following: (i) four trumpet
sounds equally spaced in time, (ii) a sequence of intervals – minor second,
minor third, minor second, (iii) an instance of set 4-1, (iv) a motive
referring to the name of BACH. The `web of interpretants' (term from Nattiez
1987/1990) surrounding a simple musical fact is already quite dense, even
though we have only considered its aspects relating to pitch, pitch class
and pitch notation (representation by letters). What if the performer's
gestures, the facial expressions, the direction of the bell of the
instrument became important? Might one say, then, that the music has become
theatre?
The present perfect progressive: constraints on its use with numerical object NPs
Authors: DEPRAETERE ILSE , REED SUSAN
Published: July 2002

This paper tries to reveal the constraints on the use of the present perfect progressive (PPP) in combination with numerical object NPs. Existing accounts tend to take situation type classes as a basis for the description of the PPP. It is shown that such an approach does not yield adequate results. (Un)boundedness (Declerck, 1991; Depraetere, 1995) plays an equally important role as (a)telicity in determining whether the progressive can be used or not. (Un)boundedness, as opposed to (a)telicity, is concerned with actual terminal points (of situations referred to) rather than potential (inherent) endpoints. It will be shown in this paper that, in some cases, the conflict between the unboundedness inherent in the progressive form and the boundedness often brought about by numerical object NPs that are used in nonstative sentences results in unacceptability. Considerable attention is first paid to the constraints on the use of the past progressive with numerical object NPs. The second part of the paper focuses on the PPP: apart from (un)boundedness and (a)telicity, the type of perfect and our knowledge of the world also play their part in determining whether or not the PPP is acceptable in sentences with a numerical object NP.
Back to the future
Authors: Sternefeld Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

Andrew Radford, Syntactic theory and the structure of English: a minimalist approach. Cambridge textbooks in linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997. Pp. xii + 558. Hardback £50, US$69.95, ISBN 0 521 47125 7; paperback £16.95, US$24.95, ISBN 0 521 47707 7.

Until recently I was convinced that by far the best textbook ever written on Generative Grammar was Perlmutter and Soames' Syntactic argumentation and the structure of English (1979). Unfortunately, the theory advanced there died out. As concerns its successor, namely GB-theory, I still believe that Andrew Radford's pioneering Transformational syntax (1981) is one of the best introductions to Chomsky's Pisa lectures, despite the plethora of competing textbooks that have appeared over the years. Now that Radford has presented his most recent book, Syntactic theory and the structure of English, I am inclined to believe that it should be considered a competitor to Perlmutter and Soames' book. Not only the similarity to Perlmutter and Soames' title, but also the pedagogical and systematic orientation of the new book invites comparison. As both books meet the highest standards with regard to clarity of expression and exposition, I recommend Radford's book as the best textbook for up-to-date syntactic theory, and I am convinced that it will play the same influential role as an introduction to the Minimalist theory as did the 1981 book for GB theory.
Human breast cancer cells generated by oncogenic transformation of primary mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Elenbaas Brian , Spirio Lisa , Koerner Frederick , Fleming Mark D. , Zimonjic Drazen B. , Donaher Joana Liu , Popescu Nicholas C. , Hahn William C. , Weinberg Robert A.
Published: July 2002

A number of genetic mutations have been identified in human breast cancers, yet the specific combinations of mutations required in concert to form breast carcinoma cells remain unknown. One approach to identifying the genetic and biochemical alterations required for this process involves the transformation of primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) to carcinoma cells through the introduction of specific genes. Here we show that introduction of three genes encoding the SV40 large-T antigen, the telomerase catalytic subunit, and an H-Ras oncoprotein into primary HMECs results in cells that form tumors when transplanted subcutaneously or into the mammary glands of immunocompromised mice. The tumorigenicity of these transformed cells was dependent on the level of ras oncogene expression. Interestingly, transformation of HMECs but not two other human cell types was associated with amplifications of the c-myc oncogene, which occurred during the in vitro growth of the cells. Tumors derived from the transformed HMECs were poorly differentiated carcinomas that infiltrated through adjacent tissue. When these cells were injected subcutaneously, tumors formed in only half of the injections and with an average latency of 7.5 weeks. Mixing the epithelial tumor cells with Matrigel or primary human mammary fibroblasts substantially increased the efficiency of tumor formation and decreased the latency of tumor formation, demonstrating a significant influence of the stromal microenvironment on tumorigenicity. Thus, these observations establish an experimental system for elucidating both the genetic and cell biological requirements for the development of breast cancer.
RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs
Authors: Elbashir Sayda M. , Lendeckel Winfried , Tuschl Thomas
Published: July 2002

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces sequence-specific posttranscriptional gene silencing in many organisms by a process known as RNA interference (RNAi). Using a Drosophila in vitro system, we demonstrate that 21- and 22-nt RNA fragments are the sequence-specific mediators of RNAi. The short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are generated by an RNase III–like processing reaction from long dsRNA. Chemically synthesized siRNA duplexes with overhanging 3′ ends mediate efficient target RNA cleavage in the lysate, and the cleavage site is located near the center of the region spanned by the guiding siRNA. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the direction of dsRNA processing determines whether sense or antisense target RNA can be cleaved by the siRNA–protein complex.