bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microcanonical path integrals and the holography of small black hole interiors
Authors: Marolf Donald
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We use a microcanonical path integral closely related to that introduced by Brown and York in 1992 to add new entries to the AdS/CFT dictionary concerning the interiors of small black holes. Stationary points of such path integrals are also stationary points of more standard canonical-type path integrals with fixed boundary metric, but the condition for dominance is now maximizing Hubeny-Rangamani-Takayanagi entropy at fixed energy. As a result, such path integrals can bring to the fore saddles that fail to dominate in more familiar contexts. We use this feature to argue that the standard Kruskal-like two-sided extension of small AdS black holes with energy E
0 is dual to a microcanonical version of the thermofield double state for AdS black holes that maximize the microcanonical bulk entropy at this energy. We also comment on entanglement in such states and on quantum effects that become large when the energy-width of the microcanonical ensemble is sufficiently small.
The political logics of clean energy transitions
Authors: Breetz Hanna , Mildenberger Matto , Stokes Leah
Published: September 2018

Technology costs and deployment rates, represented in experience curves, are typically seen as the main factors in the global clean energy transition from fossil fuels towards low-carbon energy sources. We argue that politics is the hidden dimension of technology experience curves, as it affects both costs and deployment. We draw from empirical analyses of diverse North American and European cases to describe patterns of political conflict surrounding clean energy adoption across a variety of technologies. Our analysis highlights that different political logics shape costs and deployment at different stages along the experience curve. The political institutions and conditions that nurture new technologies into economic winners are not always the same conditions that let incumbent technologies become economic losers. Thus, as the scale of technology adoption moves from niches towards systems, new political coalitions are necessary to push complementary system-wide technology. Since the cost curve is integrated globally, different countries can contribute to different steps in the transition as a function of their individual comparative political advantages.
Pore-scale modelling of multiphase reactive flow: application to mineral dissolution with production of
Authors: Soulaine Cyprien , Roman Sophie , Kovscek Anthony , Tchelepi Hamdi A.
Published: September 2018

A micro-continuum approach is proposed to simulate the dissolution of solid minerals at the pore scale in the presence of multiple fluid phases. The approach employs an extended Darcy–Brinkman–Stokes formulation that accounts for the interfacial tension between the two immiscible fluid phases and the moving contact line at the mineral surface. The simulation framework is validated using an experimental microfluidic device that provides time-lapse images of the dissolution dynamics. The set-up involves a single-calcite crystal and the subsequent generation of

$\text{CO}_{2}$

bubbles in the domain. The dissolution of the calcite crystal and the production of gas during the acidizing process are analysed. We then show that the production of

$\text{CO}_{2}$

bubbles during the injection of acid in a carbonate formation may limit the overall dissolution rate and prevent the emergence of wormholes.
Very small insects use novel wing flapping and drag principle to generate the weight-supporting vertical force
Authors: Cheng Xin , Sun Mao
Published: September 2018

The effect of air viscosity on the flow around an insect wing increases as insect size decreases. For the smallest insects (wing length$R$below 1 mm), the viscous effect is so large that lift-generation mechanisms used by their larger counterparts become ineffective. How the weight-supporting vertical force is generated is unknown. To elucidate the aerodynamic mechanisms responsible, we measure the wing kinematics of the tiny waspEncarsia formosa(0.6 mm $R$) in hovering or very slow ascending flight and compute and analyse the aerodynamic forces. We find that the insects perform two unusual wing motions. One is ‘rowing’: the wings move fast downward and backward, like stroking oars. The other is the previously discovered Weis-Fogh ‘fling’. The rowing produces 70 % of the required vertical force and the Weis-Fogh ‘fling’ the other 30 %. The oaring wing mainly produces an approximately up-pointing drag, resulting in the vertical force. Because each oaring produces a starting flow, the drag is unsteady in nature and much greater than that in steady motion at the same velocities and angles of attack. Furthermore, our computation shows that if the tiny wasps employed the usual wing kinematics of the larger insects (flapping back and forth in a horizontal plane), the vertical force produced would be only$1/3$of that by the real wing kinematics; i.e. they must use the special wing movements to overcome the problem of large viscous effects encountered by the commonly used flapping kinematics. We have observed for the first time very small insects using drag to support their weight and we explain how a net vertical force is generated when the drag principle is applied.
Out With the Old, In With the New? How Changes in Close Relationships Change the Self
Authors: Gore Jonathan S. , Tichenor Damon
Published: September 2018

Two studies investigated how the development and maintenance of old and new relationships predict spontaneous and reactive self-concept change. For Study 1 (n = 143), freshmen in their first 8 weeks of college completed a Twenty Statements Test (TST), and indicated how close they felt in their established and new relationships. Eight weeks later, they indicated which aspects on the TST had changed. The results showed that closeness to old relationships at Time 1 predicted fewer deletions to their Time 2 TST, whereas closeness to new relationships at Time 1 predicted more additions to their Time 2 TST. For Study 2 (n = 195), participants completed a Big Five personality measure and closeness measure at two time points. The results showed that decreased closeness in old relationships at Time 2 predicted overall change to personality profiles. Implications for the link between relationships and self-concept change are discussed.
Temporal Variation of Atmospheric Fossil and Modern CO2Excess at a Central European Rural Tower Station between 2008 and 2014
Authors: Major István , Haszpra László , Rinyu László , Futó István , Bihari Árpád , Hammer Samuel , Jull A J Timothy , Molnár Mihály
Published: September 2018

In 2008, the atmospheric CO2measurements at the Hegyhátsál rural tower station were extended further by14CO2air sampling from two elevations (115 and 10 m a.g.l.), in cooperation with HEKAL (ICER). Since then, a complete six-year-long (2008–2014) dataset of atmospheric CO2, Δ14C, fossil, and modern CO2excess (relative to Jungfraujoch) has been assembled and evaluated. Based on our results, the annual mean CO2mole fraction rose at both elevations in this period. The annual mean Δ14CO2values decreased with a similar average annual decline. Based on our comparison, planetary boundary layer height obtained by modeling has a larger influence on the variation of mole fraction of CO2(relative to Jungfraujoch), than on its carbon isotopic composition, i.e. the boundary layer rather represents a physical constraint. Fossil fuel CO2excess at both elevations can rather be observed in wintertime and mainly due to the increased anthropogenic emission of nearby cities in the region. The mean modern CO2excess at both elevations was even larger in winter, but it drastically decreased at 115 m by summer, while it remained at the winter level at 10 m.
Obamacares: Candidate Traits, Descriptive Representation, and Black Political Participation
Authors: Stout Christopher T.
Published: September 2018

While a number of studies demonstrate that black candidates have the ability to increase black political participation, a growing literature is investigatingwhydescriptive representation matters. This paper contributes to this discussion by exploring whether perceptions of candidate traits play a mediating role between the presence of an African American candidate on the ballot and increases in black political activity. I test this trait hypothesis using data from the 1992–2012 American National Election Study, a survey experiment, and statistical mediation analysis. The results indicate that perceptions of black candidates as being better leaders, more empathetic, knowledgeable, intelligent, honest, and moral explain a substantial amount of why descriptive representation increases black political participation across a range of different political activities. In the conclusion, I discuss the importance of the psychological link between blacks and their co-racial representatives in inspiring higher levels of political participation.
When Philosophy Met Social Psychology
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Michal
Published: September 2018

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America is one of the foundational works of American and world sociology, famous for its innovative qualitative methodology. Its authors proposed new theoretical ideas, including a concept of social causality and a new theory of personality combining a biologistic concept of temperament with a culturalist concept of character. Interpreters of the book still disagree about the extent of each author’s actual contribution to the work and about its scientific status in light of modern sociological theories. This article claims that to understand the book one has to take into account the previous intellectual trajectories of both authors. As a theoretical dialogue between representatives of two contrary approaches, the work may serve as an alternative to the supposed theoretical “convergence” offered two decades later by Talcott Parsons.
Divorcing Marriage from Marital Assets: Why Equity and Women Fail in Property Readjustment Actions in Nigeria
Authors: Attah Michael
Published: September 2018

Applicable statutes give Nigerian courts discretion to achieve fairness in marital property readjustment. Ironically, the courts’ approach has often been to adjudicate on the basis of formal title, resulting in a general failure to make any readjustments. This article offers two alternative explanations for this judicial behaviour: absence of a specific statutory marriage-centred definition of matrimonial property; and the courts’ failure to appreciate the implicit matrimonial property regime revealed by a perspicacious interpretation of the statutes. These factors lead the courts to exercise a title-finding jurisdiction instead of an adjustive one. This conservative approach results in the courts exercising an exclusionary prescription of property. These flaws ignore the socio-cultural underpinnings and environment of marriage that support patriarchy in Africa and generally “disable” women in relation to property rights. Sample court cases support this thesis and underscore the need for a statutory definition of matrimonial property, with marriage as its denominator.
The effects of dietary soybean isoflavone on immunity in Chinese yellow-feathered broilers challenged with infectious bursal disease virus
Authors: Jiang S. Q. , Jiang Z. Y. , Chen J. L. , Zhu C. , Hong P. , Chen F.
Published: September 2018

To investigate the effects of soybean isoflavone (SI) on immunity in infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)-infected broilers, chicks were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 0 (non-infected control), 0 (infected control), 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg SI for 44 days. At 21 days old, chickens were inoculated with bursal infectious dose causing 50% morbidity of the IBDV BC 6/85 strain by the eye-drop and nasal route (except for non-infected controls). Results showed that, over 1–23 days post-infection (dpi), there was a significant interaction between SI supplementation level and time: high-level SI supplementation increased peripheral T lymphocyte proliferation, percentages of CD3+, CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes, CD4+to CD8+ratio, serum concentrations of IgA, IgM and IgG, and IBDV antibody titres. Except for serum IgA and IgM, these variables increased over time with far higher values at 23 dpi than earlier. Compared with non-infected controls, IBDV inoculation decreased peripheral T lymphocyte proliferation at 3 dpi, percentages of CD3+, CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes, and serum IgG, IgM concentration at 23 dpi, and increased IBDV antibody titres at 7, 15 and 23 dpi. Supplemental SI quadratically increased peripheral T lymphocyte proliferation, CD4+to CD8+ratio and serum IgA concentration at 3 dpi, percentages of CD3+, CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes at 3 and 23 dpi, and serum IgM concentration and IBDV antibody titres at 23 dpi. These results indicate that dietary SI improved cellular and humoral immunity of IBDV-infected birds and may enhance resistance of Yellow-feathered broilers to infectious diseases.
The Information Content of Sudden Insider Silence
Authors: Hong Claire Yurong , Li Frank Weikai
Published: September 2018

We present evidence of investors underreacting to the absence of events in financial markets. Routine-based insiders strategically choose to be silent when they possess private information not yet reflected in stock prices. Consistent with our hypothesis, insider silence following a routine sell (buy) predicts positive (negative) future returns, as well as fundamentals. The return predictability of insider silence is stronger among firms with a poor information environment and facing higher arbitrage costs, and a large fraction of abnormal returns concentrates on future earnings announcements. A long–short strategy that exploits insiders’ strategic silence behavior generates abnormal returns of 6% to 10% annually.
Do Unlisted Targets Sell at Discounts?
Authors: Jaffe Jeffrey F. , Jindra Jan , Pedersen David J. , Voetmann Torben
Published: September 2018

Academic literature, practitioners, courts, and regulators routinely assert that both private and subsidiary targets sell at discounts relative to public targets. However, the empirical evidence to support this conclusion is thin. Our work alters the methodology from prior research to avoid biases due to both one-sided sample truncation and Jensen’s inequality. Following these changes, we find no evidence that unlisted targets sell at discounts. Our results hold under a number of different approaches and after controlling for known determinants of acquisition pricing.
Review Essay: Recent Work on Toleration
Authors: Bejan Teresa M.
Published: September 2018

Not so long ago, a unified chorus of scholars, politicians, and activists declared that the time had come to move “beyond” toleration. Such an offensive orientation of de haut en bas indulgence towards difference may have been appropriate to warring Christian sects after the Reformation. But in this brave, new, and emphatically global world of unprecedented cultural, racial, and gender diversity, “mere” and musty toleration must give way to something more—to respect, recognition, even acceptance, or perhaps a positive conception of tolerance comprising the better features of all three.
Political Rationalism and the Theological Alternative in Alfarabi'sBook of Religion
Authors: Siddiqi Ahmed Ali
Published: September 2018

This essay offers an interpretation of Alfarabi'sBook of Religion, in which the tenth-century philosopher addresses more directly than in any of his other works the relationship between human and divine wisdom. I argue that, despite his apparent silence about the orthodox view of divine law, Alfarabi's primary purpose in the work is to challenge precisely that view, along with the theological opinions on which it depends. To this end, theBook of Religionencourages the examination, by political science, of religion's claim to lead men to happiness. Previous scholarly work has not explored the extent to which theBook of Religioncontains a confrontation with orthodoxy and is therefore unable to explain how Alfarabi justifies his thoroughly rational account of religion. Based on the interpretation presented here, Alfarabi comes to light as a philosopher open to the most fundamental alternatives, rather than a dogmatic rationalist.
Operational performance analysis of spiral capsule robot in multiphase fluid
Authors: Liang Liang , Chen Bai , Tang Yong , Xu Yan , Liu Yu
Published: September 2018

Minimally invasive surgery is a developing direction of modern medicine. With the successful development of controllable capsule endoscopies, capsule robots are very popular in the field of gastrointestinal medicine. At present, the study of intestinal robots is aimed at the pipeline environment of a single-phase liquid flow. But there exist food residues (i.e. solid particles) or liquid foods in the actual intestine, so intestinal fluid should be liquid–solid or liquid–liquid two-phase mixed fluid. For inner spiral capsule robots with different internal diameters and outer spiral capsule robots, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the operational performance indicators (i.e. axial thrust force, circumferential resisting moment and maximum pressure to pipeline wall) of spiral capsule robots are numerically calculated in the liquid–solid or liquid–liquid two-phase mixed fluid. By the orthogonal experimental optimization method, the optimum design of spiral capsule robots is obtained in the liquid–solid mixed fluid. The experimental verification has been also carried out. The results show that in the liquid–solid two-phase fluid, the axial thrust force and circumferential resisting moment of the spiral capsule robots decrease with the increase of the size or concentration of solid particles. In the same liquid–solid or liquid–liquid mixed fluid, the operational performance indicators of outer spiral robots are much higher than those of inner spiral robots, and the operational performance indicators of inner spiral robots with bigger internal diameters are higher than those with smaller internal diameters. Adding solid particles of high concentration in the pipeline containing liquid will reduce the drive performance of spiral capsule robots, but adding another liquid of high viscosity will improve the drive performance of spiral capsule robots.
Crystal structure of the ternary semiconductor Cu2In14/3□4/3Se8determined by X-ray powder diffraction data
Authors: Delgado Gerzon E. , Manfredy Luigi , López-Rivera S. A.
Published: September 2018

The crystal structure of the partially ordered vacancy compound Cu2In14/3□4/3Se8, belonging to the system I3-III7-□2-VI12, was analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction data. Several structural models were derived from the structure of the selenium-rich phaseβ-Cu0.39In1.2Se2by permuting the cations in the available Wyckoff positions. The refinement of the best model by the Rietveld method in the tetragonal space groupP$\overline 4 $2c(No 112), with unit-cell parametersa= 5.7487(3) Å,c= 11.5106(6) Å,V= 380.40(3) Å3, led toRp= 9.0%,Rwp= 9.9%,Rexp= 7.2%,S= 1.4 for 134 independent reflections. This model has the following Wyckoff site atomic distribution: Cu in 2e(0,0,0); In in 2b(½,0,¼), 2d(0,½,¼), and 2f(½,½,0);□ in 2f(½,½,0); Se in 8n(x,y,z).
About the crystalline structure of vanadates Ca1.5±0.1Mn0.5±0.1V2O7 and Ca1.5Cd0.5V2O7
Authors: Zhuravlev V.D. , Tyutyunnik A.P. , Chufarov A.Yu. , Lobachevskaja N.I. , Velikodnyi Yu. A. , Ermakova L.V.
Published: September 2018

The crystal structures of Ca1.5Mn0.5V2O7 (I) and Ca1.5Cd0.5V2O7 (II) synthesized by the citrate method and by a conventional solid-state reaction, respectively, were determined using X-ray powder diffraction data. It was found that the compound I has a monoclinic crystal structure a = 4.88563(9) Å, b = 11.21279(22) Å, c = 5.69643(11 Å), β = 96.376(7)°, V = 310.132(10) Å3 (space group P21/c), Z = 2). Compound I has a narrow homogeneity region Ca1.5±0.1Mn0.5±0.1V2O7. The vanadate Ca1.5Cd0.5V2O7 crystallizes in the triclinic system with the parameters a = 6.66139(6) Å, b = 6.93019(7) Å, c = 7.02211(6) Å, α = 85.4404(9)°, β = 63.7505(7)°, γ = 82.5515(10)° и V = 288.201(5) Å3 (space group P$\bar 1$, Z = 2). It is one of the formulations of the primary solid solution, formed as a result of the substitution of part of the calcium cations for cadmium cations in Ca2V2O7.
A New Influence of Legal Scholars? The Use of Academic Writings at International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
Authors: STAPPERT NORA
Published: September 2018

What role have international legal scholars played in the development of international criminal law? Building on recent studies of the citation practices of international courts, the article provides an empirical assessment of the use and functions of citations to scholarly writings in the judgments of international criminal courts and tribunals. Using a mixed-methods approach, the article combines: a) a quantitative analysis of judgments interpreting the law of war crimes across four international and hybrid courts; with b) qualitative interviews with judges and legal officers at the International Criminal Court (ICC), thead hocTribunals, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). The article argues that scholarly writings have been strikingly visible in the judgments of international criminal courts and tribunals, and especially at the ICC, which entails significant implications for the functions of academic writings and the role of international legal scholars.
The Bank of France's balance sheets database, 1840–1998: an introduction to 158 years of central banking
Authors: Baubeau Patrice
Published: September 2018

A project to build a comprehensive database of the Bank of France's published accounts covering its entire history was launched in 2001 with the support of the Bank'sMission Historique. This article introduces its main outcome: a dataset based on the weekly balance sheets – the so-calledsituations hebdomadaires– covering more than a century and a half of history from 1840 to 1998. After a brief outline of the historical evolution of the Bank's legal status and a description of the publication outlets for the data, the article pays special attention to the issues of transparency and accountability. For that purpose, it reconstructs on the basis of archival records the debate over the disclosure of the Bank's figures (what to publish, how frequently) that took place, both within the Bank and between the Bank and the government, at various turning points in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finally, the article explains how the presentation of thesituationschanged over time, paying special attention to the impact of World Wars I and II. The full database with metadata information is attached to the electronic version of this article and downloadable as an Excel file from theFHRwebsite, together with an extensive review of the literature on the history of the Bank of France.
Psychoedukation bei Lernstörungen: Relevanz und Umsetzung
Authors: Griepenburg Conny , Schuchardt Kirsten
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Umschriebene Lernstörungen sind eine der häufigsten Entwicklungsstörungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters. Sie gehen oft mit komorbiden Auffälligkeiten einher. Psychoedukation als didaktisch-therapeutische Intervention kann betroffenen Kindern und Eltern helfen, die mit der Störung einhergehenden Schwierigkeiten zu überwinden. Die Notwendigkeit von Psychoedukation bei Lernstörungen wird in unterschiedlichen Studien bereits deutlich gemacht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden unter Berücksichtigung bisheriger Forschungsergebnisse Praxishinweise zur Umsetzung von Psychoedukation bei Lernstörungen gegeben. Dabei wird sowohl auf die Rahmenbedingungen, als auch auf die Inhalte der Psychoedukation eingegangen. Bei Letzterem wird unterschieden zwischen der Vermittlung von Störungswissen und der Unterstützung im Umgang mit der Störung. Zusätzlich wird eine Auswahl an bestehendem Psychoedukationsmaterial vorgestellt.
Can Serious Games Assess Decision-Making Biases?
Authors: Seo Kyoungwon , Ryu Hokyoung , Kim Jieun
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The limitations of self-report questionnaires and interview methods for assessing individual differences in human cognitive biases have become increasingly apparent. These limitations have led to a renewed interest in alternative modes of assessment, including for implicit and explicit aspects of human behavior (i.e., dual-process theory). Acknowledging this, the present study was conducted to develop and validate a serious game, “Don Quixote,” for measuring specific cognitive biases: the bandwagon effect and optimism bias. We hypothesized that the implicit and explicit game data would mirror the results from an interview and questionnaire, respectively. To examine this hypothesis, participants ( n = 135) played the serious game and completed a questionnaire and interview in a random order for cross-validation. The results demonstrated that the implicit game data (e.g., response time) were highly correlated with the interview data. On the contrary, the explicit game data (e.g., game score) were comparable to the results from the questionnaire. These findings suggest that the serious game and the underlying intrinsic nature of its game mechanics (i.e., evoking instant responses under time pressure) are of importance for the further development of cognitive bias measures in both academia and practice.
Numerical Simulation of Flow and Suspended Sediment Deposition Within and Around a Circular Patch of Vegetation on a Rigid Bed
Authors: Kim H. S. , Kimura I. , Park M.
Published: September 2018

Flow and sediment transport around the patch of vegetation are closely linked to landform evolution, and the understanding of such processes allows effective river restoration and management. Numerical investigation of flow and suspended sediment (with size, ds, ranging between 10 and 40 μm) deposition within and around a circular patch of emergent vegetation was conducted using a two‐dimensional model, in which the vegetation was assumed as a porous zone. A von Kármán vortex street formed due to the interaction of the separated shear layers at solid volume fraction ≥ 0.1. As the flow blockage increased, the distance from the back of the patch (where the recirculation and large‐scale vortices developed) decreased. The suspended sediment deposition was observed within and downstream of the patch, where the velocity and turbulence were diminished. When the flow blockage was low, deposition in the wake region occurred over a long distance. When the flow blockage was large enough to develop the vortex street, the enhanced deposition occurred in two regions immediately downstream of the patch and within the recirculation zone. For sufficiently high flow blockages, however, the recirculation zone was the only location of enhanced deposition in the wake region. The region of enhanced deposition was observed both in the patch and the wake region as 0.84 ≤ u*/u*c (ratio of the friction velocity to the critical friction velocity) ≤ 1.35, whereas reduced deposition occurred in the wake region as u*/u*c (associated with sediment size) decreased. The deposited region in the wake region corresponded to the length scale of vortex formation regardless of sediment size.
Decision‐Making and Flood Risk Uncertainty: Statistical Data Set Analysis for Flood Risk Assessment
Authors: Collet L. , Beevers L. , Stewart M. D.
Published: September 2018

Floods are a significant issue worldwide with over 1 billion people living in areas of potential flood risk. With climate change these risks are anticipated to increase, but there is great uncertainty associated with future projections, which poses challenges to those making decisions on flood management. Climate change projections which explicitly capture climate model parameters uncertainty are available in the United Kingdom; however, their use by practitioners, rather than researchers, has so far been limited. This paper takes an inclusive approach, working with end users, to answer practitioner relevant questions regarding future climate change influence for flood hazards. The method developed demonstrates the findings across Scotland, United Kingdom and investigates (i) the regional impacts to extreme flows and the associated uncertainty, (ii) the changes in extreme peak flows in terms of frequency, and (iii) the physical and hydroclimatic factors controlling these results. The method used industry standard statistical methods, driven by practitioner requirements, and explicitly includes the statistical uncertainty in the climate and extreme value distribution models in extreme flow estimates. Results are analyzed using hierarchical clustering and decision tree analysis, and the subsequent trends are shown to be constrained by different hydrological, climatic, and physical catchment characteristics. Results suggest that there is a high probability that low return period peak flow events would exceed the baseline extreme high return period event by the 2080s, which has significant implications for future‐proofing infrastructure design. This study provides a practical example and outputs resulting from collaboration between research and industry practices.
A Continental‐Scale Hydroeconomic Model for Integrating Water‐Energy‐Land Nexus Solutions
Authors: Kahil Taher , Parkinson Simon , Satoh Yusuke , Greve Peter , Burek Peter , Veldkamp Ted I. E. , Burtscher Robert , Byers Edward , Djilali Ned , Fischer Guenther , Krey Volker , Langan Simon , Riahi Keywan , Tramberend Sylvia , Wada Yoshihide
Published: September 2018

This study presents the development of a new bottom‐up large‐scale hydroeconomic model, Extended Continental‐scale Hydroeconomic Optimization (ECHO), that works at a subbasin scale over a continent. The strength of ECHO stems from the integration of a detailed representation of local hydrological and technological constraints with regional and global policies, while accounting for the feedbacks between water, energy, and agricultural sectors. In this study, ECHO has been applied over Africa as a case study with the aim of demonstrating the benefits of this integrated hydroeconomic modeling framework. Results of this framework are overall consistent with previous findings evaluating the cost of water supply and adaptation to global changes in Africa. Moreover, results provide critical assessments of future investment needs in both supply‐ and demand‐side water management options, economic implications of contrasting future socioeconomic and climate change scenarios, and the potential trade‐offs among economic and environmental objectives. Overall, this study demonstrates the capacity of ECHO to address challenging research questions examining the sustainability of water supply and the impacts of water management on energy and food sectors and vice versa. As such, we propose ECHO as useful tool for water‐related scenario analysis and management options evaluation.
Bright Prospects for Arctic Sea Ice Prediction on Subseasonal Time Scales
Authors: Zampieri Lorenzo , Goessling Helge F. , Jung Thomas
Published: September 2018

With retreating sea ice and increasing human activities in the Arctic come a growing need for reliable sea ice forecasts up to months ahead. We exploit the subseasonal‐to‐seasonal prediction database and provide the first thorough assessment of the skill of operational forecast systems in predicting the location of the Arctic sea ice edge on these time scales. We find large differences in skill between the systems, with some showing a lack of predictive skill even at short weather time scales and the best producing skillful forecasts more than 1.5 months ahead. This highlights that the area of subseasonal prediction in the Arctic is in an early stage but also that the prospects are bright, especially for late summer forecasts. To fully exploit this potential, it is argued that it will be imperative to reduce systematic model errors and develop advanced data assimilation capacity.
Spermidine restores dysregulated autophagy and polyamine synthesis in aged and osteoarthritic chondrocytes via EP300
Authors: Sacitharan Pradeep K. , Lwin Seint , Gharios George Bou , Edwards James R.
Published: September 2018

Ageing is the primary risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). A decline in the ageing-associated process of autophagy is suggested as a potential contributor to OA development. Polyamines such as spermidine decrease during ageing, contributing to impaired autophagy and reduced cellular function. However, the role of polyamines and their effect on the regulatory mechanism governing autophagy in aged and arthritic cartilage tissue has not been established. Elucidating if polyamine regulation of autophagy is impaired during ageing and OA in chondrocytes may lead to improved treatment approaches to protect against cartilage degradation. Our results indicate that polyamine synthesis was decreased in aged and OA cartilage, along with reduced autophagy activity, evidenced by decreased autophagy-related gene and protein expression and autophagosome formation. Importantly, spermidine treatment increased the expression of the acetyltransferase EP300, which binds to crucial autophagy proteins, Beclin1 and LC3, and elevates chondrocyte autophagy. Our data indicate spermidine prevents the ageing- and OA-related decrease in autophagy and may protect against OA development.
Fine mapping of MHC region in lung cancer highlights independent susceptibility loci by ethnicity
Authors: Ferreiro-Iglesias Aida , Lesseur Corina , McKay James , Hung Rayjean J. , Han Younghun , Zong Xuchen , Christiani David , Johansson Mattias , Xiao Xiangjun , Li Yafang , Qian David C. , Ji Xuemei , Liu Geoffrey , Caporaso Neil , Scelo Ghislaine , Zaridze David , Mukeriya Anush , Kontic Milica , Ognjanovic Simona , Lissowska Jolanta , Szołkowska Małgorzata , Swiatkowska Beata , Janout Vladimir , Holcatova Ivana , Bolca Ciprian , Savic Milan , Ognjanovic Miodrag , Bojesen Stig Egil , Wu Xifeng , Albanes Demetrios , Aldrich Melinda C. , Tardon Adonina , Fernandez-Somoano Ana , Fernandez-Tardon Guillermo , Le Marchand Loic , Rennert Gadi , Chen Chu , Doherty Jennifer , Goodman Gary , Bickeböller Heike , Wichmann H-Erich , Risch Angela , Rosenberger Albert , Shen Hongbing , Dai Juncheng , Field John K. , Davies Michael , Woll Penella , Teare M. Dawn , Kiemeney Lambertus A. , van der Heijden Erik H. F. M. , Yuan Jian-Min , Hong Yun-Chul , Haugen Aage , Zienolddiny Shanbeh , Lam Stephen , Tsao Ming-Sound , Johansson Mikael , Grankvist Kjell , Schabath Matthew B. , Andrew Angeline , Duell Eric , Melander Olle , Brunnström Hans , Lazarus Philip , Arnold Susanne , Slone Stacey , Byun Jinyoung , Kamal Ahsan , Zhu Dakai , Landi Maria Teresa , Amos Christopher I. , Brennan Paul
Published: September 2018

Lung cancer has several genetic associations identified within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); although the basis for these associations remains elusive. Here, we analyze MHC genetic variation among 26,044 lung cancer patients and 20,836 controls densely genotyped across the MHC, using the Illumina Illumina OncoArray or Illumina 660W SNP microarray. We impute sequence variation in classical HLA genes, fine-map MHC associations for lung cancer risk with major histologies and compare results between ethnicities. Independent and novel associations within HLA genes are identified in Europeans including amino acids in the HLA-B*0801 peptide binding groove and an independent HLA-DQB1*06 loci group. In Asians, associations are driven by two independent HLA allele sets that both increase risk in HLA-DQB1*0401 and HLA-DRB1*0701; the latter better represented by the amino acid Ala-104. These results implicate several HLA–tumor peptide interactions as the major MHC factor modulating lung cancer susceptibility.
Human hippocampal replay during rest prioritizes weakly learned information and predicts memory performance
Authors: Schapiro Anna C. , McDevitt Elizabeth A. , Rogers Timothy T. , Mednick Sara C. , Norman Kenneth A.
Published: September 2018

The hippocampus replays experiences during quiet rest periods, and this replay benefits subsequent memory. A critical open question is how memories are prioritized for this replay. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) pattern analysis to track item-level replay in the hippocampus during an awake rest period after participants studied 15 objects and completed a memory test. Objects that were remembered less well were replayed more during the subsequent rest period, suggesting a prioritization process in which weaker memories—memories most vulnerable to forgetting—are selected for replay. In a second session 12 hours later, more replay of an object during a rest period predicted better subsequent memory for that object. Replay predicted memory improvement across sessions only for participants who slept during that interval. Our results provide evidence that replay in the human hippocampus prioritizes weakly learned information, predicts subsequent memory performance, and relates to memory improvement across a delay with sleep.
Plasmodium co-infection protects against chikungunya virus-induced pathologies
Authors: Teo Teck-Hui , Lum Fok-Moon , Ghaffar Khairunnisa , Chan Yi-Hao , Amrun Siti Naqiah , Tan Jeslin J. L. , Lee Cheryl Y. P. , Chua Tze-Kwang , Carissimo Guillaume , Lee Wendy W. L. , Claser Carla , Rajarethinam Ravisankar , Rénia Laurent , Ng Lisa F. P.
Published: September 2018

Co-infection withPlasmodiumand chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been reported in humans, but the impact of co-infection on pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we show that prior exposure toPlasmodiumsuppresses CHIKV-associated pathologies in mice. Mechanistically,Plasmodiuminfection induces IFNγ, which reduces viraemia of a subsequent CHIKV infection and suppresses tissue viral load and joint inflammation. Conversely, concomitant infection with both pathogens limits the peak of joint inflammation with no effect on CHIKV viraemia. Reduced peak joint inflammation is regulated by elevated apoptosis of CD4+T-cells in the lymph nodes and disrupted CXCR3-mediated CD4+T-cell migration that abolishes their infiltration into the joints. Virus clearance from tissues is delayed in both infection scenarios, and is associated with a disruption of B cell affinity-maturation in the spleen that reduces CHIKV-neutralizing antibody production.
Chirality amplification by desymmetrization of chiral ligand-capped nanoparticles to nanorods quantified in soft condensed matter
Authors: Nemati Ahlam , Shadpour Sasan , Querciagrossa Lara , Li Lin , Mori Taizo , Gao Min , Zannoni Claudio , Hegmann Torsten
Published: September 2018

Induction, transmission, and manipulation of chirality in molecular systems are well known, widely applied concepts. However, our understanding of how chirality of nanoscale entities can be controlled, measured, and transmitted to the environment is considerably lacking behind. Future discoveries of dynamic assemblies engineered from chiral nanomaterials, with a specific focus on shape and size effects, require exact methods to assess transmission and amplification of nanoscale chirality through space. Here we present a remarkably powerful chirality amplification approach by desymmetrization of plasmonic nanoparticles to nanorods. When bound to gold nanorods, a one order of magnitude lower number of chiral molecules induces a tighter helical distortion in the surrounding liquid crystal–a remarkable amplification of chirality through space. The change in helical distortion is consistent with a quantification of the change in overall chirality of the chiral ligand decorated nanomaterials differing in shape and size as calculated from a suitable pseudoscalar chirality indicator.
Neonatally imprinted stromal cell subsets induce tolerogenic dendritic cells in mesenteric lymph nodes
Authors: Pezoldt Joern , Pasztoi Maria , Zou Mangge , Wiechers Carolin , Beckstette Michael , Thierry Guilhem R. , Vafadarnejad Ehsan , Floess Stefan , Arampatzi Panagiota , Buettner Manuela , Schweer Janina , Fleissner Diana , Vital Marius , Pieper Dietmar H. , Basic Marijana , Dersch Petra , Strowig Till , Hornef Mathias , Bleich André , Bode Ulrike , Pabst Oliver , Bajénoff Marc , Saliba Antoine-Emmanuel , Huehn Jochen
Published: September 2018

Gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) are important for inducing peripheral tolerance towards food and commensal antigens by providing an optimal microenvironment for de novo generation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). We previously identified microbiota-imprinted mLN stromal cells as a critical component in tolerance induction. Here we show that this imprinting process already takes place in the neonatal phase, and renders the mLN stromal cell compartment resistant to inflammatory perturbations later in life. LN transplantation and single-cell RNA-seq uncover stably imprinted expression signatures in mLN fibroblastic stromal cells. Subsetting common stromal cells across gut-draining mLNs and skin-draining LNs further refine their location-specific immunomodulatory functions, such as subset-specific expression of Aldh1a2/3. Finally, we demonstrate that mLN stromal cells shape resident dendritic cells to attain high Treg-inducing capacity in a Bmp2-dependent manner. Thus, crosstalk between mLN stromal and resident dendritic cells provides a robust regulatory mechanism for the maintenance of intestinal tolerance.
Author Correction: Commensal microflora-induced T cell responses mediate progressive neurodegeneration in glaucoma
Authors: Chen Huihui , Cho Kin-Sang , Vu T. H. Khanh , Shen Ching-Hung , Kaur Mandeep , Chen Guochun , Mathew Rose , McHam M. Lisa , Fazelat Ahad , Lashkari Kameran , Au Ngan Pan Bennett , Tse Joyce Ka Yu , Li Yingqian , Yu Honghua , Yang Lanbo , Stein-Streilein Joan , Ma Chi Him Eddie , Woolf Clifford J. , Whary Mark T. , Jager Martine J. , Fox James G. , Chen Jianzhu , Chen Dong F.
Published: September 2018

The originally published version of this Article contained an error in Figure 4. The bar chart in panel f was inadvertently replaced with a duplicate of the bar chart in panel e. This error has now corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Sexual selection contributes to partial restoration of phenotypic robustness in a butterfly
Authors: Nieberding Caroline M. , San Martin Gilles , Saenko Suzanne , Allen Cerisse E. , Brakefield Paul M. , Visser Bertanne
Published: September 2018

Phenotypic variation is the raw material for selection that is ubiquitous for most traits in natural populations, yet the processes underlying phenotypic evolution or stasis often remain unclear. Here, we report phenotypic evolution in a mutant line of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana after outcrossing with the genetically polymorphic wild type population. The comet mutation modifies two phenotypic traits known to be under sexual selection in this butterfly: the dorsal forewing eyespots and the pheromone-producing structures. The original comet mutant line was inbred and remained phenotypically stable for at least seven years, but when outcrossed to the wild type population the outcrossed comet line surprisingly recovered the wild type phenotype within 8 generations at high (27 °C), but not at low (20 °C), developmental temperatures. Male mating success experiments then revealed that outcrossed comet males with the typical comet phenotype suffered from lower mating success, while mating success of outcrossed comet males resembling wild types was partially restored. We document a fortuitous case where the addition of genetic polymorphism around a spontaneous mutation could have allowed partial restoration of phenotypic robustness. We further argue that sexual selection through mate choice is likely the driving force leading to phenotypic robustness in our system.
Observations of Deep Current at the Western Boundary of the Northern Philippine Basin
Authors: Zhou Chun , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei , Yang Qingxuan , Huang Xiaodong , Zhang Zhiwei , Qu Tangdong
Published: September 2018

One-year time series of current velocities and hydrographic parameters based on four deep moorings deployed east of the Luzon Strait are employed to study the deep current at the western boundary (DCWB) of the northern Philippine Basin. While the mean current is relatively weak, the DCWB is highly variable on an intraseasonal time scale, with dominant periods ranging between 30 and 80 days. During the period of observation (October 2011–October 2012), the DCWB reversed its direction at early April, and pointed southward (−2.4 cm/s) in summer/autumn and northward (1.7 cm/s) in winter/spring. This annual reversal of the DCWB is consistent with the water property distribution in the deep Philippine Basin, with relatively cold and fresh water to the north and relatively warm and salty water to the south. The moored time series also allow for discussion on the stratification of the deep Luzon Strait, which indicates the lower interface of Pacific deep water capable of furnishing the deepwater overflow in the Luzon Strait.
Effect of pentagonal-coordinated surface on crystal nucleation of an undercooled melt
Authors: Pasturel A. , Jakse N.
Published: September 2018

Bringing a liquid into contact with a solid is known to generally promote crystal nucleation at the freezing temperature. In contrast, it is much more difficult to conceive that a solid surface may hinder nucleation and favor large undercooling effects. Here we report on ab initio and classical molecular dynamic simulations to capture the underlying structural mechanism responsible for this striking effect. We find that the substrate/liquid interactions exert an important influence on in-plane ordering of the adjacent liquid layers in the undercooling regime. In particular, we identify that the presence of atomic arrangements with five-fold symmetry (FFS) on the substrate surface in the form of pentagonal atomic motifs allows the liquid to be undercooled well below its freezing temperature. Our findings clearly demonstrate that this pentagonal-coordinated surface enhances the presence of local arrangements with FFS in the adjacent liquid layers that prevents the crystal nucleation. Finally we suggest new technological developments to attain large undercooling effects.
The Smallest Diplodocid Skull Reveals Cranial Ontogeny and Growth-Related Dietary Changes in the Largest Dinosaurs
Authors: Woodruff D. Cary , Carr Thomas D. , Storrs Glenn W. , Waskow Katja , Scannella John B. , Nordén Klara K. , Wilson John P.
Published: September 2018

Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial vertebrates; yet despite a robust global fossil record, the paucity of cranial remains complicates attempts to understand their paleobiology. An assemblage of small diplodocid sauropods from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA, has produced the smallest diplodocid skull yet discovered. The ~24 cm long skull is referred to cf. Diplodocus based on the presence of several cranial and vertebral characters. This specimen enhances known features of early diplodocid ontogeny including a short snout with narrow-crowned teeth limited to the anterior portion of the jaws and more spatulate teeth posteriorly. The combination of size plus basal and derived character expression seen here further emphasizes caution when naming new taxa displaying the same, as these may be indicative of immaturity. This young diplodocid reveals that cranial modifications occurred throughout growth, providing evidence for ontogenetic dietary partitioning and recapitulation of ancestral morphologies.