bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic mechanical properties and morphology of polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer blends
Authors: Khonakdar H. A. , Wagenknecht U. , Jafari S. H. , Hässler R. , Eslami H.
Published: October 2004

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to study the miscibility and various transitions (α, β, and γ) in binary blends of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). Addition of a rubbery phase, such as EVA, reduced all the transition temperatures. A peak broadening of tan δ was observed with increasing EVA content in the blends. This can be explained by the observed reduction of the crystallinity of the systems. The presence of a single transition peak in the region of glass transition temperature (Tg) has indicated that the blends were miscible. However, morphological investigation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the features of a two phase system in which the EVA domains would be dispersed in the polyethylene (PE) phase. The results have demonstrated that DMA is not sensitive enough to study the miscibility of polymeric blends with a similar backbone structures (such as PE and EVA) in view of the small difference in their Tg. For such blends, therefore, the use of direct observations, such as microscopic examinations is necessary. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 23: 307–315, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20019
On‐line measurement of the PVT properties of polymer melts using a gear pump
Authors: Park Chul B. , Park Simon S. , Ladin Dmitry , Naguib Hani E.
Published: October 2004

This paper presents a newly developed experimental apparatus, based on an extrusion system, which can economically and accurately measure the pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) properties of polymeric fluids. The density or specific volume of a polymer melt is determined by measuring the mass and volume flow rates of the melt. A positive displacement gear pump mounted on an extruder is used to measure the volume flow rate of the melt. In order to reduce the leakage across the gear pump, the difference between the upstream and downstream pressures is minimized by using a variable resistance die attached to the downstream outlet of the gear pump. The positive displacement volume of a gear pump was determined in calibration experiments with water and oil with the aid of a syringe pump. Two critical sets of experiments were carried out to measure the specific volumes of polystyrene and polypropylene as case examples. The measured results were compatible with the known PVT data, confirming the validity of the system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 23: 316–327, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20020
Poly(O‐anisidine) coatings electrodeposited onto AL‐2024: Synthesis, characterization, and corrosion protection evaluation
Authors: Shah Kunal , Iroh Jude
Published: October 2004

Poly(O‐anisidine) coating was successfully electrodeposited onto Al‐2024. Cyclic voltammetry and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIR) analysis were carried out in order to fully understand the formation and structure of the resulting polymer coating. RAIR spectrum showed the characteristics peaks of poly(O‐anisidine). As the reaction time was varied, the CV peak shifted from 0.75 to 0.81 V vs. SCE suggesting that a change in structure of the polymer from a reduced state to a partially oxidized form has occurred. UV spectrum showed two peaks at 320 and 620 nm suggesting the presence of conjugation on the polymer backbone. The deposition of the poly(O‐anisidine) onto the substrate was controlled by nucleation and growth mechanism. DC polarization technique was used to evaluate the corrosion protection offered by poly(O‐anisidine) coatings. Preliminarily data shows that these coatings help to ennoble the surface of the substrate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 23: 291–297, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20024
The impact of cooperative structure and firm culture on market orientation and performance
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Kyriakos , Meulenberg Matthew , Nilsson Jerker
Published: October 2004

Building on recent advances in cooperative literature and practice, we conceive two key organizational features of cooperatives: cooperative structure (in terms of control, ownership, and cost/pricing policies resulting in traditional and re‐engineered co‐ops) as well as entrepreneurial cooperative firm culture. Then we conceptualize and test the effect of these organizational features on the market orientation and performance of the cooperative firm relying on a sample of Dutch co‐ops. We cannot establish a systematic influence of the cooperative structure; however, a significant influence of individualized member ownership on performance and of cost/pricing policies on market orientation has been found. Entrepreneurial firm culture has a significant effect on both market orientation and performance. [EconLit citations: L200, M310, Q130.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 379–396, 2004.
Competitiveness and consumer preferences of U.S. fruits in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Jane Lu , Wann Joyce Jong‐Wen
Published: October 2004

This study utilizes the source–position–performance framework to examine the competitiveness and consumer preferences of U.S. fruits versus Taiwanese fruits in the local markets based on the views of retailers and consumers. Retailers who sell relatively more U.S. fresh fruits over total values of fruit sales favor the characteristics of U.S. fresh fruits. Consumers do not value the relative importance of characteristics of U.S. fresh fruits as much as retailers do. Strategic marketing plans need to be designed for both retailers and consumers to strengthen the acceptance of U.S. fresh fruits. A well‐balanced promotion strategy emphasizing the overall superiority of profit‐driven characteristics of U.S. fruits may encourage retailers to sell more U.S. fresh fruits. Highlighting information related to price and freshness of U.S. fruits may stimulate consumers to purchase more U.S. fresh fruits. [EconLit citations: M310, Q130.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 433–448, 2004.
New market groupings based on food consumption patterns
Authors: Larson Ronald B.
Published: October 2004

Consumption of different food categories varies across the US. A cluster analysis of 52 markets based on food sales in 62 categories found 11 market groupings with similar consumption patterns. These new market groupings were compared with a cluster analysis based on data from 10 years earlier. Many patterns were similar but a few shifts in consumption patterns were also noted. Evidence suggested that some regional food preferences may have fragmented during the last 10 years. Researchers, managers, and policy makers should use market groupings based on fairly current data when they examine food demand trends across geographics, test marketing programs, identify opportunities in selected markets, forecast results for regional expansions, or evaluate regional initiative performance. [EconLit citations: L660, R220, Q130.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 417–432, 2004.
The coir fiber industry in Sri Lanka: Reasons for its decline and possible turnaround strategies
Authors: Rosairo H.S. Rohitha , Kawamura Tamotsu , Peiris T.L.G. Sanjeewani
Published: October 2004

The decline of the coir fiber industry in Sri Lanka, which brings valuable foreign exchange, has been a subject of concern as Sri Lanka is a main supplier of coir fiber to the world market. The repercussions of this decline on the country are enormous. In this article we analyze this crisis situation to find the causative factors and to propose recommendations for the development and sustainability of the industry. The main factors contributing to the crisis are unfavorable trade policies, trade barriers, human resource problems, poor trade behavior, export barriers, poor product marketing strategy, the high cost of production, poor industry regulation, and threats from the global marketing environment. Recommendations for the development of the industry include policy changes, improved working conditions, trade strategies, product diversification, mechanization, quality assurance, market development, strengthening of market position, and regional cooperation. We present a comprehensive long‐term strategy for the future development of the coir fiber industry of Sri Lanka. [EconLit citations: O530, Q130, Q170.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 495–516, 2004.
Gap junction diseases of the skin
Authors: van Steensel M.A.M.
Published: October 2004

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow the passage of water, ions, and small molecules. They are involved in quick, short‐range messaging between cells and are found in skin, nervous tissue, heart, and muscle. An increasing number of hereditary skin disorders appear to be caused by mutations in one of the genes coding for the constituent proteins of gap junctions, known as connexins. In this review, the currently known connexin disorders that feature skin abnormalities are described: keratitis–ichthyosis deafness syndrome, erythrokeratoderma variabilis, Vohwinkel's syndrome, and a novel disorder called hypotrichosis–deafness syndrome. What is known about the pathogenesis of these disorders is discussed and related to gap junction physiology. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectodermal dysplasias
Authors: Itin Peter H. , Fistarol Susanna K.
Published: October 2004

Ectodermal dysplasias are a large group of heritable conditions characterized by congenital defects of one or more ectodermal structures and their appendages: hair (hypotrichosis, partial, or total alopecia), nails (dystrophic, hypertrophic, abnormally keratinized), teeth (enamel defect or absent), and sweat glands (hypoplastic or aplastic). The ectodermal dysplasias, as a rule, are not pure “one‐layer diseases.” Mesodermal and, rarely, endodermal dysplasias coexist. Embryogenesis exhibits distinct tissue organizational fields and specific interactions among the germ layers that may lead to a wide range of ectodermal dysplasias when genes important for development are mutated or otherwise altered in expression. Of the approximately 200 different ectodermal dysplasias, about 30 have been studied at the molecular level with identification of the causative gene. Freire‐Maia and Pinheiro used the clinical aspects for their classification, and Priolo integrated molecular genetic and clinical aspects for her scheme. Those two more historical classification schemes have the difficulty that, when applied strictly, several additional groups of diseases should be integrated within the term “ectodermal dysplasias,” e.g. keratodermas with skin or hair alterations or the ichthyoses with associated features. Such consequent classification would lead to an endless list of diseases and would be useless for the practical work. Recent evidence implicates a genetic defect in different pathways orchestrating ectodermal organogenesis. Modern molecular genetics will increasingly elucidate the basic defects of the different syndromes and yield more insight into the regulatory mechanisms of embryology. In this way, a reclassification of ectodermal dysplasias will be possible according to the function of their involved mutated genes. Lamartine recently proposed a helpful classification according to the functions of the genes discovered in different types of ectodermal dysplasias. Accordingly, the present overview categorizes the various ectodermal dysplasias into four major functional subgroups: cell–cell communication and signaling, adhesion, transcription regulation, and development. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ermittlung günstiger Betriebsbedingungen schrägfördernder HDIB‐Rührer für Denitrifikationsbecken
Authors: Roßmann T. , Platzer B. , Bergmann M. , Bulle H. , Triller W. , Schulz R.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen der Mischvorgänge in T‐förmigen Mikroreaktoren – Teil 1: Numerische Simulation und Beurteilung des Strömungsmischens
Authors: Bothe D. , Stemich C. , Warnecke H.‐J.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Mechanische Effekte bei der Sattdampfentkeimung
Authors: Lilie M. , Wilhelm P. , Müller U.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Simulationsbasiertes System zur Integration logistischer und verfahrenstechnischer Entscheidungsprozesse
Authors: Körner H.‐J. , Schwarze‐Benning K. , Deerberg G.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Kinetische Untersuchungen zur Pt‐katalysierten Oxidation von NO: Modellierung und Simulation
Authors: Crocoll M. , Weisweiler W.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Das instationäre Temperaturfeld bei der reaktiven Infiltration zur Herstellung von Metall‐Keramik‐Verbundkörpern
Authors: Hußmann B. , Voges S. , Eggers R. , May M. , Janßen R.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Phänomenologisch‐mechanistisches Modell der Kristallisation und Membranverblockung in der Umkehrosmose
Authors: Bothe D. , Warnecke H.‐J.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Aerosolneutralisation auf Basis von Corona‐Entladung
Authors: Stommel Y. G. , Riebel U.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Optimierung der Düsenpositionen in REA‐Wäschern
Authors: Feldkamp M. , Fahlenkamp H.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Prozessalternativen durch den Einsatz organisch‐anorganischer Kompositmembranen für die Dampfpermeation
Authors: Brinkmann T. , Ebert K. , Pingel H. , Wenzlaff A. , Ohlrogge K.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Kombinierte Partikelabscheidung und Entfernung von Teeren mittels katalytischer Filterelemente
Authors: Heidenreich S. , Nacken M.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Charakterisierung der Oberflächenbehandlung und des Verstopfungsverhaltens von abreinigbaren Staubfiltermedien mittels Bildanalyse
Authors: Mauschitz G. , Höflinger W. , Koschutning W.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Online‐Analytik zur Prozessführung
Authors: Dünnebier G. , Bamberg A.
Published: October 2004

Sichere, leistungsfähige und damit auch wirtschaftlich optimale Prozessführung in der chemischen Industrie ist mehr denn je auf Messdaten aus den betreffenden Prozessen angewiesen. Zunehmend werden zur Regelung stoffspezifische Informationen, z. B. Sätze von Einzelstoffkonzentrationen, eingesetzt. Die Online‐Analytik birgt in Kombination mit Prozessführung ein enormes wirtschaftliches Potenzial. Es ist jedoch ein steiniger Weg, der zur Ausschöpfung dieses wirtschaftlichen Potenzials führt, weshalb die Zahl der realisierten Anwendungen erst in den letzten Jahren stetig wächst. Der zentrale Teil dieses Beitrags veranschaulicht an Beispielen die Möglichkeiten, Online‐Analytik und Prozessführung zu kombinieren, u. a. anhand einer Batch‐Destillationskolonne, einer kontinuierlichen destillativen Isomerentrennung sowie der Automatisierung einer kompletten Feinchemieanlage. Aus den Erfahrungen und Problemen der bisherigen Projekte lassen sich Wünsche und Regeln sowohl für die Definition und Abwicklung solcher Projekte in einem interdisziplinären Team als auch für die systemtechnische Anbindung der Online‐Analytik an das Leitsystem ableiten.
Gasaufbereitung für Brennstoffzellen
Authors: Peters R. , Meißner J.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Anaerobe Kultivierung von Lactococcus lactis im Festbettreaktor
Authors: Pörtner R. , Seemuk M. , Schlothauer R.‐C. , Elsser D.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Explosionsgrenzen der ternären Gassysteme H2S/CO2/Luft und H2S/N2/Luft
Authors: Pahl R. , Holtappels K.
Published: October 2004

No abstracts.
Disruption of genes encoding predicted inner arm dynein heavy chains causes motility phenotypes in Tetrahymena
Authors: Liu Siming , Hard Robert , Rankin Scott , Hennessey Todd , Pennock David G.
Published: October 2004

The multi‐dynein hypothesis [Asai, 1995: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 32:129–132] states: (1) there are many different dynein HC isoforms; (2) each isoform is encoded by a different gene; (3) different isoforms have different functions. Many studies provide evidence in support of the first two statements [Piperno et al., 1990: J Cell Biol 110:379–389; Kagami and Kamiya, 1992: J Cell Sci 103:653–664; Gibbons, 1995: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 32:136–144; Porter et al., 1996: Genetics 144:569–585; Xu et al., 1999: J Eukaryot Microbiol 46:606–611] and there is evidence that outer arms and inner arms play different roles in flagellar beating [Brokaw and Kamiya, 1987: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 8:68–75]. However, there are few studies rigorously testing in vivo whether inner arm dyneins, especially the 1‐headed inner arm dyneins, play unique roles. This study tested the third tenet of the multi‐dynein hypothesis by introducing mutations into three inner arm dynein HC genes (DYH8, 9 and 12) that are thought to encode HCs associated with 1‐headed inner arm dyneins. Southern blots, Northern blots, and RT‐PCR analyses indicate that all three mutants (KO‐8, 9, and 12) are complete knockouts. Each mutant swims slower than the wild‐type cells. The beat frequency of KO‐8 cells is lower than that of the wild‐type cells while the beat frequencies of KO‐9 and KO‐12 are not different from that of wild‐type cells. Our results suggest that each inner arm dynein HC is essential for normal cell motility and cannot be replaced functionally by other dynein HCs and that not all of the 1‐headed inner arm dyneins play the same role in ciliary motility. Thus, the results of our study support the multi‐dynein hypothesis [Asai, 1995: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 32:129–132]. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 59:201–214, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability of leukemia‐associated aberrant immunophenotypes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia between diagnosis and relapse: Comparison with cytomorphologic, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic findings
Authors: Voskova Daniela , Schoch Claudia , Schnittger Susanne , Hiddemann Wolfgang , Haferlach Torsten , Kern Wolfgang
Published: October 2004

Background

Multiparameter flow cytometry is increasingly used to monitor minimal residual disease in patients with acute myeloid leukemia to identify leukemic cells by leukemia‐associated aberrant immunophenotypes (LAIPs). Changes in LAIPs during the course of the disease may be a limitation for this approach.

Methods

We analyzed 49 patients at diagnosis and relapse by flow cytometry, cytomorphology, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics.

Results

In 37 patients (76%), at least one LAIP detectable at diagnosis was present at relapse; in 12 patients (24%), none of the original LAIPs were present in at least 1% of bone marrow cells. Three groups were identified: no change in LAIPs, partial changes in LAIPs, and complete change in LAIPs. There were significant differences across these groups with regard to changes in cytomorphology (11%, 40%, and 58% of all cases, respectively; P = 0.007), cytogenetics (15%, 20%, and 25%; not significant), and molecular genetics (18%, 0, and 86%; P = 0.002).

Conclusions

These data indicate that, in a subset of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, the disease is biologically different at relapse; therefore, monitoring of minimal residual disease is difficult to accomplish. In most patients with acute myeloid leukemia, multiparameter flow cytometry may be used to monitor minimal residual disease. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metastatic extraocular sebaceous carcinoma with an occult primary
Authors: Malhotra Purnima , Arora Vinod K. , Singh Navjeevan , Bhatia Arati
Published: October 2004

The cytological diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma is based on the aspiration of tumor lobules with extensive sebaceous differentiation. However, these tumors may show a spectrum of cells ranging from basaloid to well‐differentiated sebaceous. Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma is an uncommon tumor. An occult primary at initial presentation has not been described previously. A 60‐yr old woman was referred to the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) clinic with a submandibular mass. The cytological diagnosis was mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Histopathologically, it was a sebaceous carcinoma metastatic to the submandibular lymph node. No primary tumor was identified. Six months later, she presented with a nodule at the angle of her mouth and a recurrence of the submandibular swelling. FNA cytology (FNAC) and histopathologic examination revealed a primary cutaneous sebaceous carcinoma with submandibular lymph node metastasis. A metastatic sebaceous carcinoma in the submandibular region with limited sebaceous differentiation and occult primary is another pitfall in the cytomorphological diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:326–329. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collagenous bodies in endometriotic cysts
Authors: Hemachandran Manikkapurath , Nijhawan Raje , Srinivasan Radhika , Rajwanshi Arvind
Published: October 2004

A 4‐yr retrospective analysis of cases diagnosed as pelvic endometriotic cysts based on clinical, radiological, and cytomorphological features was collected and analysed. Out of 15 cases, only 3 cases showed the presence of endometrial glands/stroma in the aspiration smears. However, 12 of them showed the presence of oval/petal‐shaped structures throughout the smear ranging in size from 40 to 70 μ in maximum dimension. These structures stained positive with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain. Immunostaining for type IV collagen showed strong positivity, indicating their origin from the basement membrane of the glands. The presence of these “collagenous bodies” in endometriotic cysts appears to be characteristic. However, this needs to be confirmed by prospective studies with a larger number of patients. The mechanism of formation of these collagenous bodies is uncertain. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:330–332. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The significance of the diagnosis of atypia in breast fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Lim Jennifer C. , Al‐Masri Hytham , Salhadar Alia , Xie H. Bill , Gabram Sheryl , Wojcik Eva M.
Published: October 2004

The diagnosis of atypia in breast fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) continues to be an area of debate in cytology practice. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of this term and to evaluate potential morphological criteria, which would determine the patient's outcome. A computer‐based search was carried out to retrieve breast FNAs performed between 1990 and 2000 that were diagnosed as atypical. Cases followed by surgical resection were reexamined for the presence of morphological features potentially differentiating benign and malignant lesions. Out of 1,568 breast FNAs, there were 64 cases (4%) with a diagnosis of atypia. Thirty‐eight cases had surgical follow‐up material that revealed malignancy in 14 cases (37%) and benign lesions in 24 cases (63%). The benign diagnostic categories included fibrocystic change (12/24), fibroadenoma (3/24), tubular adenoma (2/24), and nonspecific findings (7/24). The malignant diagnoses included ductal carcinoma (9/14), lobular carcinoma (3/14), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; 1/14), and tubular carcinoma (1/14). The evaluation of cytological criteria used to differentiate benign from malignant lesions (i.e., cellularity, loss of cohesion, myoepithelial cells, nuclear enlargement, nuclear overlap, prominent nucleoli) revealed significant overlap between benign and malignant cases, particularly in cases of fibroadenoma, tubular adenoma, and proliferative breast disease. The surgical follow‐up of four hypocellular cases revealed lobular carcinoma in two cases and ductal carcinoma in the remaining two cases. Our study confirmed that the diagnosis of atypia is clinically significant because it is associated with a high probability of malignancy. No morphological criterion is able to reliably differentiate benign and malignant lesions in cases diagnosed with atypia. Diagnosis of atypia is particularly significant in hypocellular cases. We recommended that breast FNAs with a diagnosis of atypia be evaluated further histologically. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:285–288. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Manosca Frances , Ariga Reshma , Bengana Chafik , Reddy Vijaya B. , Loew Jerome , Gattuso Paolo
Published: October 2004

We report the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology findings of Subcutaneous Panniculitis‐like T‐cell Lymphoma (SCPTCL) in a 66‐year‐old woman who presented with a four month history of asymptomatic subcutaneous nodules on her right chest wall and back. An excisional biopsy of the right chest nodules was performed, and the diagnosis of SCPTCL was rendered. On a follow‐up visit, several skin lesions were noted throughout her body. A fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of the right inguinal region was performed. The FNA yielded cellular smears, composed mainly of sheets of epithelioid histiocytes and scattered multinucleated cells. However, no distinct granulomas were noted. The background of the cytological smears showed scattered atypical lymphoid cells, some of which displayed nuclear membrane irregularities. To the best of our knowledge, the cytological features on FNA material of SCPTCL have not been described. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:338–339. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The study of cytopathological aspects induced by human cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Takeuchi Takako , Fujii Akiko , Okumiya Toshika , Watabe Shoji , Ishikawa Toshizo , Umeda Akiko , Masuda Michiyoshi , Takeuchi Hiroaki
Published: October 2004

In cytological examination, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can not be implied unless typical HCMV‐infected cells like owl's‐eye cells are present. However, such cells are not always observed in HCMV‐infection cases. The aim of our study is to establish the cytopathological features induced by HCMV. In vitro transfection and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed on human embryo lung (HEL) cells.

Marked cellular aggregation was observed at 6‐hr postinfection (hpi). Multinucleated cells, giant cells, and, particularly, small vacuoles were present in the nuclei or cytoplasm before the appearance of inclusion bodies. However, molding and ground glass in nuclei were absent. Cell clusters displayed round cytoplasm, dispersed later, and showed anisocytosis. All features occurred before 48 hpi when the owl's‐eye cell appeared. In FISH, the positive signal highlighted viral particles that became predominant and localized in nuclei. These cytological aspects are dependent on viral replication and contribute to the cytological detection of HCMV infection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:289–293. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic value of GLUT‐1 immunoreactivity to distinguish benign from malignant cystic squamous lesions of the head and neck in fine‐needle aspiration biopsy material
Authors: Weiner Michael F. , Miranda Roberto N. , Bardales Ricardo H. , Mukunyadzi Perkins , Baker Sandra J. , Korourian Soheila , De Las Casas Luis E.
Published: October 2004

The distinction of cystic squamous‐cell carcinoma (SCC) from benign cystic squamous lesions (BCSLs) of the head and neck can be problematic on fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) material, particularly when BCSLs display epithelial reactive atypia or when SCC is well differentiated. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT‐1), a facilitative cell surface glucose transport protein, is aberrantly expressed in many cancers including oral and hypopharyngeal SCC. We evaluated the expression of GLUT‐1 by immunochemistry on FNAB material to determine its value in distinguishing cystic SCC from BCSL of the head and neck.

A 5‐yr retrospective review of all head and neck cystic squamous lesions having FNAB specimens with cell block material, radiological studies, and histological confirmation was performed at our institution. Cell block material from 24 cystic squamous lesions, including 8 (33%) BCSL (7 branchial cleft cysts and 1 thyroglossal duct cyst[TDC]) and 16 (67%) metastatic SCCs with cystic/liquefactive degeneration, was retrieved and immunostained with anti‐GLUT‐1. GLUT‐1 expression was considered positive when at least 10% of squamous cells exhibited distinct cell membrane reactivity.

Positive GLUT‐1 immunostaining was detected in all 16 SCCs and in none of the 8 BCSLs. In the carcinoma cases, the majority of malignant cells exhibited GLUT‐1 reactivity; only a minor population of well‐differentiated SCC cells displaying keratinization and arranged as squamous pearls did not express GLUT‐1.

GLUT‐1 expression in cell block material can help to distinguish cystic SCCs from BCSLs of the head and neck. In conjunction with clinical and radiological correlation, GLUT‐1 immunoreactivity can be an important diagnostic aid when the cytological findings are ambiguous. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:294–299. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superficial malignant neoplasms in southwestern Ethiopia: A cytopathological approach
Authors: Bezabih Mesele
Published: October 2004

The aim of this study was to describe the distributions of superficial malignant neoplasms diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

A prospective cross‐sectional study was conducted within the Jimma Teaching Hospital, Pathology Department, Jimma University during the years between September 1998 and August 2002. Cases fulfilling cytopathological evidences of superficial malignancies were included whereas deep‐seated malignancies were excluded from the study. An air‐dried smear stained with the Wright staining procedure was utilized for the FNAC diagnostic technique.

A total of 3,200 cases were investigated during the study period where 267 (8.3%) cases were of primary superficial malignant neoplasms, with 98 cases in the peak age group of 40–59 yr (36.7%) and a median age of 38.0 yr (range, 0.2–88 yr). The most frequent superficial cytodiagnosis was breast carcinoma, 79 (29.6%) cases; followed by non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, 37 (13.9%) cases; and soft tissue sarcomas, 26 (9.7%) cases. The overall male‐to‐female ratio showed preponderance to female patients (1:1.3). Carcinomas were identified more frequently in those >40 yr of age whereas sarcomas were identified in those <40 yr of age (P > 0.05). The most common malignant neoplasm in women was breast carcinomas found in 74 (27.7%) cases, whereas in men non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas were found in 29 (10.9%) cases. Large proportions of carcinomas (88 cases, 33.0%), lymphomas (33 cases, 12.4%), and sarcomas (20 cases, 7.5%) were detected on the trunk, head, and neck, as well as on the lower limb regions, respectively.

This study uncovered different types of superficial malignant neoplasms that are prevalent in the southwestern part of Ethiopia. The most common types of cytodiagnoses such as breast carcinomas, etc. may suggest that attention be given to future high‐caliber prospective studies in trying to identify some of the associated strong risk factors for the disease under study. This study may be helpful to local health planners in prioritizing some of the commonest malignancies. Some of the diagnostic challenges of lymphomas and thyroid follicular lesions were shown also. This investigation is the first in Ethiopia and therefore may act as baseline data for similar studies in the future. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:347–351. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved detection of amyloid in fat pad aspiration: An evaluation of Congo red stain by fluorescent microscopy
Authors: Giorgadze Tamar A. , Shiina Natsuko , Baloch Zubair W. , Tomaszewski John E. , Gupta Prabodh K.
Published: October 2004

Amyloid fat pad aspiration specimens for cases with a clinical suspicion of amyloid typically are stained with Congo red and examined by brightfield microscopy. Congophilia with apple‐green birefringence by polarization microscopy (PM) is considered diagnostic for amyloid. Examination of Congo red‐stained slides by fluorescent microscopy (FM) is considered by some to be a more sensitive detection method. In this study, we assessed the utility of this technique in cytopathology archival slides from abdominal fat pad aspirations previously stained with Congo red dye.

Seventy‐eight cases of abdominal fat pad aspirations collected during the last 5 yr and stained with the Congo red procedure were obtained from archival files. Additionally, 20 adipose tissue material slides prepared from the surgical pathology specimens were examined as controls. One representative smear was examined in each case using FM equipped with rhodamine excitation/absorption (540/570 nm) filters. Relevant clinical information was obtained in all cases.

Twelve cases (15.4%) of the 78 fat pad aspiration cases were reported originally as positive by Congo red stain using polarization and apple‐green birefringence as diagnostic criteria. On review, four cases were deemed unsatisfactory. By FM examination 29 of the 74 (39.2%) cases were reclassified as positive for amyloid. The results were confirmed by immunohistochemical stain for amyloid P protein and electron microscopy. A number of similar distinct fluorescence and immunohistochemical patterns were recognized in the positive cases. Minimally weak fluorescence in the adipose tissue was observed in the control cases.

The use of FM in Congo red‐stained fat pad smears can improve the detection of amyloid in cytology preparations. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:300–306. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sclerosing lobular hyperplasia of the breast: Fine‐needle aspiration cytology findings—A case report
Authors: Panikar Nirupma , Agarwal Sarla
Published: October 2004

Sclerosing lobular hyperplasia (SLH) is an uncommon benign lesion seen in the juvenile breast. It presents as a palpable, firm, circumscribed nodular lump in the breast of a young woman. Histologically, it is characterised by prominent lobular hyperplasia and sclerosis of the intralobular connective tissue. We discuss the cytomorphology and differential diagnosis.

A 16‐yr‐old female patient presented with a painless, firm, nodular, mobile mass in the right breast measuring 4 × 4 cm. The clinical and radiological diagnosis was fibroadenoma. Fine‐needle aspiration smears showed round to oval ductal epithelial cells in flat sheets and round clusters with an acinar arrangement. A few bare nuclei were seen dispersed in a clean background but no stroma was visualised.

A combination of clinical findings, imaging, and cytological features of SLH can help to differentiate this condition from other palpable juvenile breast diseases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:340–341. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repair renal tubular cells: A potential false‐positive diagnosis in urine cytology
Authors: Nguyen Gia‐Khanh , Smith Roxanne
Published: October 2004

To study the cytopathology of repair renal tubular cells (RRTCs), the Papanicolaou‐stained urine sediments of 371 patients with mild and moderate renal tubular injuries were reviewed. In 46 cases, the urine sediments showed, in addition to a mild or moderate increase in number of RTCs, a few isolated and clustered RRTCs that displayed well‐ or ill‐defined, variably abundant, granular or vacuolated cytoplasm; slightly pleomorphic nuclei; and conspicuous or prominent nucleoli. A spectrum of nuclear changes ranging from mild to moderate atypias and/or severe atypia were present in many cases. These RRTCs stained strongly positively with vimentin antibody in 92.3% of the cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:342–346. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ASC‐US and HPV testing in women aged 40 years and over
Authors: Bruner Kathy S. , Davey Diane D.
Published: October 2004

High‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA triage is commonly performed for cervical cytology specimens interpreted as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US), but little is known about testing results in women ≥40 yr of age. The extent to which clinical follow‐up after HPV testing reflects the most recent management guidelines is unknown also. Data from 108 patients ≥40 yr of age with concurrent (93 patients) or recent (15 patients) ASC‐US interpretations and HPV testing were reviewed. Twenty‐five (23.1%) of these patients were positive for high‐risk HPV. The HPV+ rate was higher in women with a current interpretation of ASC‐US (26.9%) compared with those with a previous ASC‐US result (0%). Many patients were not managed exactly according to the “2001 Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Women with Cervical Cytologic Abnormalities.” The majority (52.6%) of women with HPV+ ASC‐US did not receive colposcopy in our institution, and 41.3% of women with HPV− ASC‐US received follow‐up testing within 8 mo. These results show the potential for inadequate evaluation of women with HPV+ ASC‐US, as well as unnecessary early repeat cytology in HPV− ASC‐US patients. Therefore, additional clinician education and reminders to correlate cytology and HPV test results may be warranted to optimize patient care. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:358–361. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonepithelial malignancies mimicking primary carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Ewing C. Alexander , Miller Mara Jo , Chhieng David , Lin Oscar
Published: October 2004

Although primary carcinomas account for the majority of breast malignancies, nonepithelial malignancies form a subset that must be differentiated accurately for treatment purposes. The purpose of this study was to identify cytological characteristics that differentiate between these two entities. Twenty‐six fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens with histological correlation were reviewed (five lymphomas, two myelomas, six sarcomas, seven melanomas, and six carcinomas). On review, nonepithelial tumors presented as single cells with scant or ill‐defined cytoplasm with rare cluster formations present. In contrast, carcinomas were arranged predominantly in clusters and contained more‐defined, abundant, and sometimes vacuolated cytoplasm. Moreover, a major aid to diagnosis was an accurate clinical history. We conclude that nonepithelial malignancies of the breast are best differentiated from epithelial malignancies by a combination of cytological features and clinical information. These findings emphasize the importance of the triple test, in which integration of cytological findings and clinical information play a key role. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:352–357. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphorylation of Artemis following irradiation‐induced DNA damage
Authors: Poinsignon Catherine , de Chasseval Regina , Soubeyrand Sebastien , Moshous Despina , Fischer Alain , Haché Robert J. G. , de Villartay Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2004

Artemis is a DNA repair factor required for V(D)J recombination, repair of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation (IR) or radiomimetic drugs, and the maintenance of genome integrity. During V(D)J recombination, Artemis participates in the resolution of hairpin‐sealed coding ends, a step crucial to the constitution of the gene encoding for the antigen receptor of lymphocytes. The precise role of Artemis in the repair of IR‐induced DNA damage remains to be elucidated. Here we show that Artemis is constitutively phosphorylated in cultured cells and undergoes additional phosphorylation events after irradiation. The IR‐induced phosphorylation is mainly, although not solely, dependent on Ataxia‐telangiectasia‐mutated kinase (ATM). The physiological role of these phosphorylation events remains unknown, as in vitro‐generated Artemis mutants, which present impaired IR‐induced phosphorylation, still display an activity sufficient to complement the V(D)J recombination defect and the increased radiosensibility of Artemis‐deficient cells. Thus, Artemis is an effector of DNA repair that can be phosphorylated by ATM, and possibly by DNA‐PKcs and ATR depending upon the type of DNA damage.
Neural connectivity in hand sensorimotor brain areas: An evaluation by evoked field morphology
Authors: Tecchio Franca , Zappasodi Filippo , Pasqualetti Patrizio , Rossini Paolo Maria
Published: October 2004

The connectivity pattern of the neural network devoted to sensory processing depends on the timing of relay recruitment from receptors to cortical areas. The aim of the present work was to uncover and quantify the way the cortical relay recruitment is reflected in the shape of the brain‐evoked responses. We recorded the magnetic somatosensory evoked fields (SEF) generated in 36 volunteers by separate bilateral electrical stimulation of median nerve, thumb, and little fingers. After defining an index that quantifies the shape similarity of two SEF traces, we studied the morphologic characteristics of the recorded SEFs within the 20‐ms time window that followed the impulse arrival at the primary sensory cortex. Based on our similarity criterion, the shape of the SEFs obtained stimulating the median nerve was observed to be more similar to the one obtained from the thumb (same median nerve innervation) than to the one obtained from the little finger (ulnar nerve innervation). In addition, SEF shapes associated with different brain regions were more similar within an individual than between subjects. Because the SEF morphologic characteristics turned out to be quite diverse among subjects, we defined similarity levels that allowed us to identify three main classes of SEF shapes in normalcy. We show evidence that the morphology of the evoked response describes the anatomo‐functional connectivity pattern in the primary sensory areas. Our findings suggest the possible existence of a thalamo‐cortico‐thalamic responsiveness loop related to the different classes. Hum Brain Mapp 24:99–108, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sparse imaging and continuous event‐related fMRI in the visual domain: A systematic comparison
Authors: Nebel Katharina , Stude Philipp , Wiese Holger , Müller Bernhard , de Greiff Armin , Forsting Michael , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Keidel Matthias
Published: October 2004

Continuous image acquisition as used in most functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) designs may conflict with specific experimental settings due to attendant, noisy gradient switching. In sparse fMRI, single images are recorded with a delay that allows the registration of the predicted peak of an evoked hemodynamic response (HDR). The aim of this study was to assess validity and sensitivity of single‐trial sparse imaging within the visual domain. Thirteen subjects were scanned twice. Either continuous or sparse image acquisition was applied while participants viewed single trains of flashlights. Sparse fMRI results were compared to continuous event‐related fMRI results on single‐ and multisubject level regarding spatial extent, overlap, and intensity of activation. In continuously recorded data, the variability of the HDR peak latency was examined because this measure determined the timing of sparse image acquisition. In sparse fMRI, the sensitivity was analyzed considering different numbers of averaged trials. Sparse imaging detected the core activity revealed using continuous fMRI. The intensity of signal changes detected by continuous or sparse fMRI was comparable. The HDR peak latency was stable across sessions, but intersubject and regional variability might have affected the power of sparse fMRI. In sparse imaging, adding trials resulted in extension of activation and improvement in statistical power. The comparison with established continuous fMRI confirms the validity of sparse imaging. Conventional event‐related data acquisition and analysis provided more comprehensive results. However, only sparse fMRI offers the opportunity to apply stimuli and record further biosignals free of scanner‐related artifacts during intervals without image acquisition. Hum. Brain Mapping 24:130–143, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploiting dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy: genetic modification of dendritic cells
Authors: Breckpot Karine , Heirman Carlo , Neyns Bart , Thielemans Kris
Published: October 2004

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal regulators of immune reactivity and immune tolerance. The observation that DCs can recruit naive T cells has invigorated cancer immunology and led to the proposal of DCs as the basis for vaccines designed for the treatment of cancer. Designing effective strategies to load DCs with antigens is a challenging field of research. The successful realization of gene transfer to DCs will be highly dependent on the employed vector system. Here, we review various viral and non‐viral gene transfer systems, and discuss their distinct characteristics and possible advantages and disadvantages in respect to their use in DC‐based immunotherapy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth factor displayed on the surface of retroviral particles without manipulation of envelope proteins is biologically active and can enhance transduction
Authors: Chandrashekran Anil , Gordon Myrtle Y. , Darling David , Farzaneh Farzin , Casimir Colin
Published: October 2004

Background

The therapeutic potential of retroviruses can be significantly enhanced by display of specific molecules on the retroviral surface. This has been conventionally achieved by the manipulation of retroviral envelope proteins. In this report we have tested whether the natural budding mechanism of the retrovirus could be exploited to incorporate a specific molecule into the retroviral surface.

Methods

Retroviral packaging cells were engineered to express the membrane‐bound form of human stem cell factor (mbSCF). Surface expression of mbSCF on retroviral packaging cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Incorporation of mbSCF into retroviral particles was demonstrated by virus‐binding assay and immunomagnetic capture of virus using antibody to SCF. Retroviral supernatants were tested for activity of the incorporated cytokine by proliferation assays on factor‐dependent cells. Amphotropic retrovirus displaying surface mbSCF was used to transduce SCF receptor‐positive haematopoietic cells.

Results

Retroviruses incorporating surface SCF showed increased levels of binding to cells (MO7e) expressing the SCF receptor, c‐kit. mbSCF displayed on the viral surface retained levels of biological activity comparable with those of soluble recombinant growth factor. Transduction of c‐kit‐positive target cells with viruses displaying mbSCF showed enhanced levels of transduction in comparison with unmodified viruses.

Conclusions

Expression of the membrane‐bound form of human stem cell factor (mbSCF) on the surface of retroviral packaging cells allows its efficient incorporation into retrovirus particles in a biologically active form, opening up the possibility for the use of retroviral display in many therapeutic areas, such as in gene therapy, drug delivery and in the development of novel vaccines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.