bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of voiding diary for stratification of bladder pain syndrome according to the presence/absence of cystoscopic abnormalities: a two‐centre prospective study
Authors: Boudry Genevieve , Labat Jean‐Jacques , Riant Thibault , Normand Loïc Le , Manunta Andrea , Bensalah Karim , Rigaud Jerome
Published: June 2013

Objective

To assess the value of the voiding diary in the management of patients with bladder pain syndrome for predicting the presence or absence of cystoscopic abnormalities.

Patients and Methods

From November 2009 to March 2011, 54 consecutive patients (39 women and 15 men) with bladder pain syndrome, as defined by the European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (ESSIC) criteria, were prospectively enrolled in this two‐centre study.

All patients completed a home voiding diary on 3 consecutive days, which included analysis of voiding frequency, voided volume and severity of pre‐ and post‐voiding pain. The variables were evaluated on a numeric pain scale (NPS).

All patients then underwent standardized cystoscopy under anaesthesia. Patients were stratified into two groups: a group with or a group without cystoscopic abnormalities.

Voiding diary variables were compared using Student's t‐test.

Results

Cystoscopic abnormalities were found in 33 patients.

The group of patients with cystoscopic abnormalities had significantly more severe frequency (P = 0.034), especially nocturnal frequency (P = 0.009), a significantly lower mean voiding volume and lower sd from the mean (P = 0.011 and P = 0.014), and a significantly lower mean post‐voiding NPS score (P = 0.039).

Conclusion

On analysis of the voiding diaries, we found that different patient profiles were associated with the cystoscopic appearance of the bladder.

A clinical voiding score was proposed to predict the cystoscopic appearance of the bladder on the basis of the voiding diary in bladder pain syndrome but needs to be validated on an independent population.
New Challenges for the Realisation of Migrants' Rights Following the Haiti 2010 Earthquake: Haitian Women on the Borderlands
Authors: WOODING BRIDGET , PETROZZIELLO ALLISON J.
Published: June 2013

Crossing the Dominican–Haitian border in greater numbers than previously, Haitian women and girls, many of whom have been forcibly displaced by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, make multiple decisions about where to go and whom to trust. Thus they are in contact with informal scouts and other agents, while seeking employment as vendors in the frontier market, domestic workers in private homes, and sex workers in brothels in the Dominican Republic. This article argues that trafficking is but one problem along a spectrum of violence and human rights violations facing these women, requiring coordinated social interventions beyond law enforcement.
Association of serum vitamin D levels in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Niino Masaaki , Fukazawa Toshiyuki , Miyazaki Yusei , Minami Naoya , Tashiro Jun , Amino Itaru , Nonaka Takayuki , Fujiki Naoto , Doi Shizuki , Kikuchi Seiji
Published: June 2013

Objective

Vitamin D levels are one of the most likely environmental factors related to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). As vitamin D levels differ between ethnicities, the associated risk of MS also differs. We aimed to determine the associations of serum vitamin D levels in Japanese patients with MS.

Methods

Serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D), and vitamin D‐binding protein (DBP) were measured in 29 patients with relapsing‐remitting (RR) and secondary‐progressive (SP) MS, and in 34 healthy controls.

Results

The serum levels of 25(OH)D in SPMS patients were significantly decreased compared with those of controls and RRMS patients at remitting phase (7.9 ± 7.2 nM vs 24.2 ± 14.2 nM vs 22.5 ± 13.2 nM, respectively; P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). DBP levels in RRMS and SPMS patients were also decreased compared with controls (419.4 ± 76.2 μg/mL vs 416.7 ± 65.9 μg/mL vs 527.6 ± 149.4 μg/mL, respectively; P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D was found to correlate negatively with disease severity in patients with RRMS in the remitting phase and SPMS using the Expanded Disability Status Scale and the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that low 25(OH)D levels are associated with an increased risk of developing SPMS, and a likelihood of developing more severe MS with a worse prognosis in Japanese patients.

[Correction added on 2 August 2013, after first online publication: ‘serum 25 (OH)D was found to correlate negatively with 1,25(OH)2D levels in patients’ has been corrected to ‘serum 25(OH)D was found to correlate negatively with disease severity in patients’ in the Results section of the abstract.]
Improving detection and genetic counseling in carriers of spinal muscular atrophy with two copies of the SMN1 gene
Authors: Alías L. , Barceló M.J. , Bernal S. , Martínez‐Hernández R. , Also‐Rallo E. , Vázquez C. , Santana A. , Millán J.M. , Baiget M. , Tizzano E.F.
Published: June 2013

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron1 gene (SMN1). Global carrier frequency is around 1 in 50 and carrier detection is crucial to define couples at risk to have SMA offspring. Most SMA carriers have one SMN1 copy and are currently detected using quantitative methods. A few, however, have two SMN1 genes in cis (2/0 carriers), complicating carrier diagnosis in SMA. We analyzed our experience in detecting 2/0 carriers from a cohort of 1562 individuals, including SMA parents, SMA relatives, and unrelated individuals of the general population. Interestingly, in three couples who had an SMA child, both the parents had two SMN1 copies. Families of this type have not been previously reported. Our results emphasize the importance of performing a detailed carrier study in SMA parents with two SMN1 copies. Expanding the analysis to other key family members might confirm potential 2/0 carriers. Finally, when a partner of a known carrier presents two SMN1 copies, the study of both parents will provide a more accurate diagnosis, thus optimizing genetic counseling.
Collaboration among countries in marine conservation can achieve substantial efficiencies
Authors: Mazor Tessa , Possingham Hugh P. , Kark Salit
Published: June 2013

Aim

Multinational collaboration is important for successfully protecting marine environments. However, few studies have assessed the costs and benefits incurred by taking collaborative action. One of the most complex marine regions in the world is theMediterraneanSea biodiversity hotspot. The sea is shared by over 20 countries across three continents with a vast array of socio‐economic and political backgrounds. We aimed to examine how collaboration between countries of theMediterraneanSea affects conservation plans when costs and threats are considered.

Location

TheMediterraneanSea.

Methods

We compared three collaboration scenarios to test the efficiencies of coordinated marine conservation efforts: full coordination betweenMediterranean countries, partial coordination within continents and no coordination where countries act in isolation. To do so, we developed four basin‐wide surrogates for commercial and recreational fishing effort in the Mediterranean Sea. Using a systematic decision support tool (Marxan), we minimized the opportunity costs while meeting a suite of biodiversity targets.

Results

We discovered that to reach the same conservation targets, a plan where all the countries of theMediterraneanSea collaborate can save over two‐thirds of the cost of a plan where each country acts independently. The benefits of multinational collaboration are surprisingly unequal between countries.

Main conclusions

This approach, which incorporates biodiversity, costs and collaboration into a systematic conservation plan, can help deliver efficient conservation outcomes when planning spatially explicit actions within marine environments shared by many countries.
Women‐Centred but not Women‐Friendly: Understanding Student Attrition in the Ontario Midwifery Education Programme
Authors: Neiterman Elena , Lobb Derek K.
Published: June 2013

In analysing the reasons for high attrition among midwifery students enrolled in the Ontario Midwifery Education Programme, we examined how the challenges of maintaining work‐life balance among practising midwives impacts students' decisions to stay or withdraw from the programme. The content analysis of the written responses from a self‐administered online delivered survey revealed that many students drawn to the profession become disillusioned during their studies. Observing the difficulties that practising midwives face in trying to combine care for their clients with care for their families, students perceive midwifery as a profession that is women‐friendly only in relation to clients and not in relation to the practising midwives themselves. We suggest that the caring dilemma of midwifery impacts the neophytes to the profession. We contend that a change in structural organization of work would likely improve retention among student midwives.
Changing Internal Governance: Are Leadership Roles and Management Structures in United Kingdom Universities Fit for the Future?
Authors: Middlehurst Robin
Published: June 2013

This paper examines changes and developments in institutions' internal governance during the last decade, identifying points of continuity in the policy and political environment in the United Kingdom as well as points of difference. External drivers are discussed as part of the increasingly dynamic and volatile operating conditions for higher education. Institutions' internal governance arrangements are presented within a framework drawn from Clarke's studies of entrepreneurial universities. The final section of the article argues for a re‐interpretation and strengthening of collegial forms of governance, using models and examples drawn from innovative private sector companies that can indicate useful directions for higher education institutions so that they are better fitted to meet 21st century challenges. While the analysis is focused on the UK, the lessons are more widely applicable.
Relationship of Fluorescent Lights to Malignant Melanoma: Another View
Authors: RIGEL DARRELL S. , FRIEDMAN ROBERT J. , LEVENSTEIN MARCIA J. , GREENWALD DAWN I.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. In an attempt to determine whether exposure to fluorescent lights may cause an increased risk for developing melanoma, 114 patients with melanoma were compared to 228 age‐matched controls. Fluorescent‐light exposure, along with 10 other risk factors, was analyzed for its possible relationship to malignant melanoma. No association was found between fluorescent‐light exposure and increased risk for acquiring malignant melanoma.
Dermabrasion for Telangiectasia
Authors: LAPINS NIKOLAJS A.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. A case of profuse yet distinct telangiectasia of the nose was successfully treated by light dermabrasion. Dermabrasion may be useful for treating superficial telangiectasia that are numerous and occupy a considerable area. A small test patch is recommended.
Embedded Foreign Bodies Presenting as Earlobe Keloids
Authors: SALEEBY ELI R. , RUBIN MARK G. , YOUSHOCK EVA , KLEINSMITH D'ANNE M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract
We present a case report of a young woman who developed earlobe nodules subsequent to the piercing of her ears. Clinically the nodules appeared to be keloids. Surgical intervention demonstrated the nodules to consist of the embedded backings of her pierced earrings.
Surgical and Aesthetic Considerations of Cancer of the Skin in the Black American
Authors: MORA RICARDO G.
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Until recently, cancer of the skin in blacks has been thought to be quite rare. This paper reviews some of the recent findings from several large series of black patients with skin cancer at our institution. Surgical management of representative cases is illustrated.
Blepharoplasty and Browlift with Surgical Variations in Non‐White Patients
Authors: CHRISMAN BRUCE B.
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The aesthetic importance of the periocular area often prompts requests for surgical alteration or improvement. The complex array of anatomical differences in this area, coupled with a wide range of patient ages, taxes the examination and consultation skills, as well as the operative ingenuity, of the surgeon. Blepharoplasty and browlift in the non‐white patient have not received their fair share in the English literature. Nevertheless, these procedures are applicable, perhaps even in the keloid‐prone patient.
Hair Transplantation, Scalp Reduction, and Flap Rotation in Black Men
Authors: EARLES R. MARTIN
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Male pattern hair loss in blacks appears to occur later, less frequently, and with less severity, than in whites. Treatment with the usual surgical modalities is successful; however, particular attention must be paid to the properties of black skin and hair which require alteration of technique. Treatment, procedures, and techniques and their differences, as contrasted to those in whites and Orientals, are presented.
Facial Dermabrasion: Advantages of the Diamond Fraise Technique
Authors: ALT THOMAS H.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The first effective method of performing facial dermabrasion employed the use of a wire brush. The introduction of diamond fraises has, in the author's opinion, provided greater safety and more versatility than the wire brush. The diamond fraise is a more exacting instrument and with the recent introduction of the extra‐coarse grit diamond fraise, the instrument is as abrasive as the standard wire brush. The diamond fraise is more easily controlled by the less experienced surgeon and because of its availability in many different shapes, widths, and grits, it provides greater versatility to the surgeon than the wire brush.
Treatment of Multiple Facial Neurofibromas with Dermabrasion
Authors: HANKE C. WILLIAM , CONNER A. CASSANDRA , REED JAMES C.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Three patients with multiple facial neurofibromas were treated by dermabrasion with good cosmetic results. Wound healing was entirely normal and no complications were observed. There was no evidence of accelerated regrowth of tumors during follow‐up.
Host‐specific parasitism in the Central American striped cuckoo,Tapera naevia
Authors: Mark Melissa M.
Published: June 2013

Coevolutionary theories of brood parasite strategy and host defense have been informed by research on egg mimicry and host recognition. However, there is no information on the strategies of New World parasitic cuckoos and their hosts. The striped cuckooTapera naeviais a New World cuckoo that uses multiple host species and maintains an egg color polymorphism. To investigate if color‐matching influenced rejection behavior in hosts, I conducted an egg rejection experiment on a host that lays blue‐green eggs, the rufous‐and‐white wrenThryophilus rufalbusand a host that lays white eggs, the plain wrenCantorchilus modestus.I used spectrophotometric analysis of egg color to determine the degree of egg color‐matching. I found that at the field site the striped cuckoo lays highly mimetic eggs for the rufous‐and‐white wren, in both color and brightness. The rufous‐and‐white wren was more likely to accept mimetic artificial eggs than non‐mimetic eggs. The plain wren exhibited low rejection rates for both mimetic and non‐mimetic artificial eggs. The evidence from this study indicates that the striped cuckoo lays eggs that are closely color‐matched to those of its preferred host, the rufous‐and‐white wren, and that this mimicry improves acceptance.
Ex‐offender Restrictions
Authors: Hoskins Zachary
Published: June 2013

Individuals convicted of crimes are often subject to numerous restrictions — on housing, employment, the vote, public assistance, and other goods — well after they have completed their sentences, and in some cases permanently. The question of whether — and if so, when — ex‐offender restrictions are morally permissible has received surprisingly little philosophical scrutiny. This article first examines the significance of completing punishment, of paying one's debt to society, and contends that when offenders' debts are paid, they should be restored to full standing as citizens. Thus all ex‐offender restrictions are presumptively unjustified. Nonconsequentialist defences of these restrictions are ultimately unsuccessful in defeating the presumption against them. In a limited range of cases, consequentialist considerations — namely, of risk reduction — may be sufficient to override the presumptive case against these restrictions. The article concludes by suggesting a number of criteria for assessing whether particular restrictive measures are permissible on grounds of risk reduction.
Preliminary Validation of the Hypertension Self‐Care Activity Level Effects (H‐SCALE) and Clinical Blood Pressure Among Patients With Hypertension
Authors: Warren‐Findlow Jan , Basalik Debra W. , Dulin Michael , Tapp Hazel , Kuhn Lindsay
Published: June 2013

This study establishes preliminary validation of a measure that assesses hypertension self‐care activities with clinical blood pressure (BP). The Hypertension Self‐Care Activity Level Effects (H‐SCALE) was administered to patients with hypertension to assess levels of self‐care. Patients (n=154) were predominantly female (68.6%) and black (79.2%). Greater adherence to self‐care was associated with lower systolic and diastolic BP for 5 of the 6 self‐care behaviors. Medication adherence was correlated with systolic BP (r=−0.19, P<.05) and weight management adherence was correlated with diastolic BP (r=−0.22, P<.05) after controlling for other covariates. Increased adherence to recommended dietary practices was strongly correlated with higher systolic (r=0.29, P<.05) and diastolic BP (r=0.32, P<.05). The H‐SCALE was acceptable for use in clinical settings, and adherence to self‐care was generally aligned with lower BP. Assessment of hypertension self‐care is important when working with individuals to control their BP.
Resource and Climate Implications of Landfill Mining
Authors: Frändegård Per , Krook Joakim , Svensson Niclas , Eklund Mats
Published: June 2013

This study analyzes the amount of material deposited in Swedish municipal solid waste landfills, how much is extractable and recyclable, and what the resource and climate implications are if landfill mining coupled with resource recovery were to be implemented in Sweden. The analysis is based on two scenarios with different conventional separation technologies, one scenario using a mobile separation plant and the other using a more advanced stationary separation plant. Further, the approach uses Monte Carlo simulation to address the uncertainties attached to each of the different processes in the scenarios. Results show that Sweden's several thousand municipal landfills contain more than 350 million tonnes (t) of material. If landfill mining combined with resource recovery is implemented using a contemporary stationary separation plant, it would be possible to extract about 7 million t of ferrous metals and 2 million t of nonferrous metals, enough to meet the demand of Swedish industry for ferrous and nonferrous metals for three and eight years, respectively. This study further shows that landfill mining could potentially lead to the equivalent of a one‐time reduction of about 50 million t of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon‐dioxide equivalents), corresponding to 75% of Sweden's annual emissions.
A quantitative assessment of educational integration of students with Down syndrome in the Netherlands
Authors: De Graaf G. , Van Hove G. , Haveman M.
Published: June 2013

Background

In the Netherlands, as in many other countries, there are indications of an inclusive school policy for children with Down syndrome. However, there is a lack of studies that evaluate to what extent this policy has actually succeeded in supporting the mainstreaming of these students.

Method

For the period 1984–2011, the number of children with Down syndrome entering regular education and the percentage of children still in regular education after 1–7 years were estimated on basis of samples from the database of the Dutch Down Syndrome Foundation. These estimations were combined with historical demographic data on the total number of children with Down syndrome in primary school age. Validity of the model was examined by comparison of the model‐based estimations of numbers and percentages in regular education with relevant available empirical data from the Dutch Ministry of Education and from Dutch special schools.

Results

The percentage of all children with Down syndrome in the age range 4–13 in regular primary education has risen from 1% or 2% (at the very most about 20 children) in 1986–1987, to 10% (about 140 children) in 1991–1992, to 25% (about 400) in 1996–1997, to 35% (about 650) in 2001–2002 and to 37% (about 800) since 2005–2006. The proportional increase stopped in recent years.

Conclusion

During the 1980s and 1990s, clearly more and more children with Down syndrome were in regular education, being supported by the then existing ad hoc regulations aimed at providing extra support in regular education. In the Netherlands, in 2003, these temporary regulations were transformed into structural legislation for children with disabilities. With regard to the mainstreaming of students with Down syndrome, the 2003 legislation has consolidated the situation. However, as percentages in regular education stayed fairly constant after 2000, it has failed to boost the mainstreaming of children with Down syndrome. The results of this study are discussed in the context of national and international legislation and educational policy.
Test of an intervention to improve knowledge of women with intellectual disabilities about cervical and breast cancer screening
Authors: Swaine J. G. , Parish S. L. , Luken K. , Son E. , Dickens P.
Published: June 2013

Background

There is a critical need for evidence‐based health education interventions for women with intellectual disabilities (IDs) to promote receipt of preventive health screenings. Previous research has established Women Be Healthy, an 8‐week classroom‐style intervention designed to teach women with IDs about breast and cervical cancer screenings, as a promising practice. However, additional research is needed to determine how to further improve screening‐related knowledge gains. This study aimed to test a modified version of Women Be Healthy, Women Be Healthy 2, and compare its effectiveness in increasing knowledge gains to the original intervention.

Method

Women living in the community across one state in the United States were randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 98), delayed treatment, (n = 35), or no intervention group (n = 65). Women in the treatment group received Women Be Healthy, and women in the delayed treatment group received the modified Women Be Healthy 2. Baseline and post‐intervention interviews were conducted to measure knowledge of cervical and breast cancer screening. Knowledge scores were compared across groups.

Results

Among the nine knowledge items measured, one breast knowledge measure and one cervical knowledge measure showed statistically significant group differences; marginally significant differences were observed for two other knowledge measures. After adjusting for covariates, women who received Women Be Healthy 2 had increased knowledge overall compared with the women receiving no intervention.

Conclusion

Women Be Healthy 2 is promising, but additional efforts appear necessary to increase the knowledge women with IDs have about cervical and breast cancer screening.
Formaldehyde in brain: an overlooked player in neurodegeneration?
Authors: Tulpule Ketki , Dringen Ralf
Published: June 2013

Formaldehyde is an environmental pollutant that is also generated in substantial amounts in the human body during normal metabolism. This aldehyde is a well‐established neurotoxin that affects memory, learning, and behavior. In addition, in several pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, an increase in the expression of formaldehyde‐generating enzymes and elevated levels of formaldehyde in brain have been reported. This article gives an overview on the current knowledge on the generation and metabolism of formaldehyde in brain cells as well as on formaldehyde‐induced alterations in metabolic processes. Brain cells have the potential to generate and to dispose formaldehyde. In culture, both astrocytes and neurons efficiently oxidize formaldehyde to formate which can be exported or further oxidized. Although moderate concentrations of formaldehyde are not acutely toxic for brain cells, exposure to formaldehyde severely affects their metabolism as demonstrated by the formaldehyde‐induced acceleration of glycolytic flux and by the rapid multidrug resistance protein 1‐mediated export of glutathione from both astrocytes and neurons. These formaldehyde‐induced alterations in the metabolism of brain cells may contribute to the impaired cognitive performance observed after formaldehyde exposure and to the neurodegeneration in diseases that are associated with increased formaldehyde levels in brain.

image

The neurotoxin formaldehyde is an environmental pollutant that is also generated during normal brain metabolism. The levels of formaldehyde in brain increase with age and in some neurodegenerative disorders. As excess formaldehyde accelerates glycolysis and glutathione export in neural cells, formaldehyde‐induced alterations in brain metabolism and oxidative stress may contribute to the pathological progression of neurodegenerative disorders.
Oestrogens as Modulators of Neuronal Signalosomes and Brain Lipid Homeostasis Related to Protection Against Neurodegeneration
Authors: Marin R. , Casañas V. , Pérez J. A. , Fabelo N. , Fernandez C. E. , Diaz M.
Published: June 2013

Oestrogens trigger several pathways at the plasma membrane that exert beneficial actions against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Part of these actions takes place in lipid rafts, which are membrane domains with a singular protein and lipid composition. These microdomains also represent a preferential site for signalling protein complexes, or signalosomes. A plausible hypothesis is that the dynamic interaction of signalosomes with different extracellular ligands may be at the basis of neuronal maintenance against different neuropathologies. Oestrogen receptors are localised in neuronal lipid rafts, taking part of macromolecular complexes together with a voltage‐dependent anion channel (VDAC), and other molecules. Oestradiol binding to its receptor at this level enhances neuroprotection against amyloid‐β degeneration through the activation of different signal transduction pathways, including VDAC gating modulation. Moreover, part of the stability and functionality of signalling platforms lays on the distribution of lipid hallmarks in these microstructures, which modulate membrane physicochemical properties, thus favouring molecular interactions. Interestingly, recent findings indicate a potential role of oestrogens in the preservation of neuronal membrane physiology related to lipid homeostasis. Thus, oestrogens and docosahexaenoic acid may act synergistically to stabilise brain lipid structure by regulating neuronal lipid biosynthetic pathways, suggesting that part of the neuroprotective effects elicited by oestrogens occur through mechanisms aimed at preserving lipid homeostasis. Overall, oestrogen mechanisms of neuroprotection may occur not only by its interaction with neuronal protein targets through nongenomic and genomic mechanisms, but also through its participation in membrane architecture stabilisation via ‘lipostatic’ mechanisms.
Building a business case for developing supportive supervisors
Authors: Paustian‐Underdahl Samantha C. , Shanock Linda R. , Rogelberg Steven G. , Scott Cliff W. , Justice Logan , Altman David G.
Published: June 2013

A key theme from the previous commentaries is that the business case for developing supportive supervisors needs to be stronger for organizations to make the investments necessary to develop supportive supervisors. There are time constraints and other practical considerations for those in the role of supervisor that may get in the way of supportive supervision unless supervisor support is recognized as a valuable business expense (Ellinger, 2013; Zeni, MacDougall, Chauhan, Brock, & Buckley, 2013). As such, in our response to the commentaries, we present the findings of an additional analysis based on the data from our original sample that examine the relationship between supportive supervision (as rated by subordinates) and supervisor performance and promotability (as rated by the supervisor's boss). We provide evidence that highly supportive supervisors are seen as more promotable and as better performers than are supervisors who are less supportive. Having empirical evidence that shows that upper‐level leaders believe that supportive management contributes to the performance of supervisors is important because upper‐level leaders are the ones making decisions in organizations about what is valued and promoted.
Common Heritable Effects Underpin Concerns Over Norm Maintenance and In‐Group Favoritism: Evidence From Genetic Analyses of Right‐Wing Authoritarianism and Traditionalism
Authors: Lewis Gary J. , Bates Timothy C.
Published: June 2013

Research has shown that in‐group favoritism is associated with concerns over the maintenance of social norms. Here we present two studies examining whether genetic factors underpin this association. A classical twin design was used to decompose phenotypic variance into genetic and environmental components in two studies. Study 1 used 812 pairs of adultU.S. twins from the nationally representativeMIDUS IIsample. Study 2 used 707 pairs of middle‐age twins from the Minnesota Twin Registry. In‐group favoritism was measured with scales tapping preferences for in‐group (vs. out‐group) individuals; norm concerns were measured with the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire–Traditionalism (Study 1) and Right‐Wing Authoritarianism (RWA; Study 2) scales. In Study 1, heritable effects underlying traditionalism were moderately (c. 35%) overlapping with the genetic variance underpinning in‐group favoritism. In Study 2, heritable influences onRWAwere entirely shared with the heritable effects on in‐group favoritism. Moreover, we observed that Big Five Openness shared common genetic links to bothRWAand in‐group favoritism. These results suggest that, at the genetic level, in‐group favoritism is linked with a system related to concern over normative social practices, which is, in turn, partially associated with trait Openness.
Trophic ecology of Pomatoschistus microps within an intertidal bay (Roscoff, France), investigated through gut content and stable isotope analyses
Authors: Leclerc Jean‐Charles , Riera Pascal , Noël Laure M.‐L. J. , Leroux Cédric , Andersen Ann C.
Published: June 2013

The diet of Pomatoschistus microps has been studied using both gut content and stable isotope analyses. In the Roscoff Aber Bay (Brittany, France), this fish is commonly found on sandy muddy intertidal flats. Gut content analyses were also interpreted using trophic indices. Owing to the large diversity of prey consumed, these indices emphasised the opportunistic feeding behaviour of P. microps. Here, this species fed mainly on endofauna with meiofauna being of high relative importance. The main biotic components of its trophic habitat, characterized by δ13C and δ15N, provided evidence of a major trophic pathway based on drift Enteromorpha sp. Trophic positions estimated by both diet analyses and isotopic analyses led to similar results. In this bay, P. microps is a first‐order predator with a low degree of omnivory. Despite a preferential consumption of the amphipod Corophium arenarium, we assumed that this goby behaves as a generalist feeding on a uniform variety of endofauna taxa.
Testing the ureilite projectile hypothesis for the El'gygytgyn impact: Determination of siderophile element abundances and Os isotope ratios in ICDP drill core samples and melt rocks
Authors: Goderis S. , Wittmann A. , Zaiss J. , Elburg M. , Ravizza G. , Vanhaecke F. , Deutsch A. , Claeys P.
Published: June 2013

The geochemical nature of the impactites from International Continental Scientific Drilling Project—El'gygytgyn lake drill core 1C is compared with that of impact melt rock fragments collected near the western rim of the structure and literature data. Concentrations of major and trace elements, with special focus on siderophile metals Cr, Co, Ni, and the platinum group elements, and isotope ratios of osmium (Os), were determined to test the hypothesis of an ureilite impactor at El'gygytgyn. Least squares mixing calculations suggest that the upper volcanic succession of rhyolites, dacites, and andesites were the main contributors to the polymict impact breccias. Additions of 2–13.5 vol% of basaltic inclusions recovered from drill core intervals between 391.6 and 423.0 mblf can almost entirely account for the compositional differences observed for the bottom of a reworked fallout deposit at 318.9 mblf, a polymict impact breccia at 471.4 mblf, and three impact melt rock fragments. However, the measured Os isotope ratios and slightly elevated PGE content (up to 0.262 ng g−1 Ir) of certain impactite samples, for which the CI‐normalized logarithmic PGE signature displays a relatively flat (i.e., chondritic) pattern, can only be explained by the incorporation of a small meteoritic contribution. This component is also required to explain the exceptionally high siderophile element contents and corresponding Ni/Cr, Ni/Co, and Cr/Co ratios of impact glass spherules and spherule fragments that were recovered from the reworked fallout deposits and from terrace outcrops of the Enmyvaam River approximately 10 km southeast of the crater center. Mixing calculations support the presence of approximately 0.05 wt% and 0.50–18 wt% of ordinary chondrite (possibly type‐LL) in several impactites and in the glassy spherules, respectively. The heterogeneous distribution of the meteoritic component provides clues for emplacement mechanisms of the various impactite units.
Clast size distribution and quantitative petrography of shocked and unshocked rocks from the El'gygytgyn impact structure
Authors: Pittarello Lidia , Koeberl Christian
Published: June 2013

A variety of quantitative petrographic methods, such as the study of clast size distribution (CSD), have been used in the study of melt rocks and have, for example, led to validation of the melting origin of pseudotachylites in paleoseismic faults, the estimate of the energy involved in melting and crushing processes, the distinction between seismic and aseismic faults, and understanding the crystallization process in volcanic rocks. Recently, quantitative petrography was applied to distinguish impact melts from pristine mare basalts on the Moon. Here, we apply this approach to impact lithologies formed in a volcanic target. The El'gygytgyn structure, an 18 km‐diameter and 3.58 Ma old impact crater in north‐eastern Chukotka, Arctic Russia, represents the only known impact crater on Earth mainly excavated in siliceous volcanic rocks. The structure was recently drilled in the framework of an ICDP project, providing fresh samples of suevite and other impact breccias, which can be compared with samples from the unshocked target. As the target is mostly composed of rhyolitic‐dacitic ignimbrites and tuffs, impact melt clasts are almost indistinguishable from the unshocked volcanic clasts in the absence of shock evidence. We show here that geometric characterization provides a reproducible technique for quantitative description of impact lithologies. Although the studied suevite reveals a high local variability in the evaluated geometric parameters, an overall homogenization of these parameters occurs. Furthermore, quantitative petrography allows the classification of unshocked to slightly shocked volcanic clasts included in the suevite.
Lithostratigraphy of the impactite and bedrock section of ICDP drill core D1c from the El'gygytgyn impact crater, Russia
Authors: Raschke Ulli , Reimold Wolf Uwe , Zaag Patrice Tristan , Pittarello Lidia , Koeberl Christian
Published: June 2013

In 2008/2009, the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) obtained drill cores from the El'gygytgyn impact structure located on the Chukotka Peninsula (Russia). These cores provide the most complete geological section ever obtained from an impact structure in siliceous volcanic rock. The lithostratigraphy comprises a thick sequence of lacustrine sediments overlying impact breccias and deformed target rock. The interval from 316 m (below lake floor—blf) to the end of the core at 517 m depth can be subdivided into four lithological sequences. At 316 m depth, the first mesoscopic clasts of shocked target rock occur in lacustrine sediments. The growing abundance of target rock clasts with increasing depth and corresponding decrease of lacustrine sediment components indicate the extent of this transition zone to 328 m depth. It constitutes a zone of mixed reworked impact breccia and lacustrine sediments. Volcanic clasts in this reworked suevite section show all stages of shock metamorphism, up to melting. The underlying unit (328–390 m depth) represents a suevite package, a polymict impact breccia, with considerable evidence of shock deformation in a wide variety of volcanic clasts. This includes fragments with quartz that exhibit planar fractures and planar deformation features (PDF). In addition, at three depths, several centimeter‐sized clasts with shatter cones were detected. Due to microanalytical identification of relatively rare, microscopic impact melt particles in the matrix of this breccia, this material can be confidently labeled a suevite. Also in this sequence, three unshocked, <1 m thick intersections of volcanic blocks occur at 333.83, 351.52, and 383.00 m depths. The upper bedrock unit begins at 390.74 m depth, has a thickness of 30.15 m, and represents a sequence of different volcanic rocks—an upper part with basaltic composition from 390.74 to 391.79 m depth overlying a lower, rhyodacitic part from 391.79 to 420.27 m depth. This (parautochthonous) basement unit is only very weakly affected by the impact: only one shocked quartz grain with two sets of PDF was recorded at 391.33 m depth. The lower bedrock unit (420.89–517.09 m depth [end of core]) is a brittly deformed, rather homogeneous welded ignimbrite that in part can be considered a cataclasite. The top three meters of this section are sheared, which could represent pre‐impact tectonic deformation. A 54 cm thick injection of polymict impact breccia occurs at 471.42–471.96 m depth.
Methodological development of an exploratory randomised controlled trial of an early years' nutrition intervention: the CHERRY programme (Choosing Healthy Eating when Really Young)
Authors: Watt Richard Geddie , Draper Alizon K. , Ohly Heather R. , Rees Gail , Pikhart Hynek , Cooke Lucy , Moore Laurence , Crawley Helen , Pettinger Clare , McGlone Pauline , Hayter Arabella K.M.
Published: June 2013

Good nutrition in the early years of life is vitally important for a child's development, growth and health. Children's diets in the United Kingdom are known to be poor, particularly among socially disadvantaged groups, and there is a need for timely and appropriate interventions that support parents to improve the diets of young children. The Medical Research Council has highlighted the importance of conducting developmental and exploratory research prior to undertaking full‐scale trials to evaluate complex interventions, but have provided very limited detailed guidance on the conduct of these initial phases of research. This paper describes the initial developmental stage and the conduct of an exploratory randomised controlled trial undertaken to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a family‐centred early years' nutrition intervention. Choosing Healthy Eating when Really Young (CHERRY) is a programme for families with children aged 18 months to 5 years, delivered in children's centres in one urban (Islington) and one rural (Cornwall) location in the United Kingdom. In the development stage, a mixed‐methods approach was used to investigate the nature of the problem and options for support. A detailed review of the evidence informed the theoretical basis of the study and the creation of a logic model. In the feasibility and pilot testing stage of the exploratory trial, 16 children's centres, with a sample of 394 families were recruited onto the study. We hope that the methodology, which we present in this paper, will inform and assist other researchers in conducting community‐based, exploratory nutrition research in early years settings.
Sraffian Thoughts in Full Marginalist Dress
Authors: Steedman Ian
Published: June 2013

In the single‐products economy considered here, every industry has a constant‐elasticity‐of‐substitution unit cost function; moreover that constant‐elasticity‐of‐substitution is the same for each industry (0 < σ < 1). When this strongly ‘marginalist’ system is looked at from a Sraffian perspective, it is found that some significant properties of the system are not in line with normal marginalist expectations.
Structure–function analysis of the LytM domain of EnvC, an activator of cell wall remodelling at the Escherichia coli division site
Authors: Peters Nick T. , Morlot Cécile , Yang Desirée C. , Uehara Tsuyoshi , Vernet Thierry , Bernhardt Thomas G.
Published: June 2013

Proteins with LytM (Peptidase_M23) domains are broadly distributed in bacteria and have been implicated in a variety of important processes, including cell division and cell‐shape determination. Most LytM‐like proteins that have been structurally and/or biochemically characterized are metallo‐endopeptidases that cleave cross‐links in the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall matrix. Notable exceptions are the Escherichia coli cell division proteins EnvC and NlpD. These LytM factors are not hydrolases themselves, but instead serve as activators that stimulate PG cleavage by target enzymes called amidases to promote cell separation. Here we report the structure of the LytM domain from EnvC, the first structure of a LytM factor implicated in the regulation of PG hydrolysis. As expected, the fold is highly similar to that of other LytM proteins. However, consistent with its role as a regulator, the active‐site region is degenerate and lacks a catalytic metal ion. Importantly, genetic analysis indicates that residues in and around this degenerate active site are critical for amidase activation in vivo and in vitro. Thus, in the regulatory LytM factors, the apparent substrate binding pocket conserved in active metallo‐endopeptidases has been adapted to control PG hydrolysis by another set of enzymes.
Proteomic profiling of developing cotton fibers from wild and domesticatedGossypium barbadense
Authors: Hu Guanjing , Koh Jin , Yoo Mi‐Jeong , Grupp Kara , Chen Sixue , Wendel Jonathan F.
Published: June 2013

Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense) is widely cultivated because of its long, strong seed trichomes (‘fibers’) used for premium textiles. These agronomically advanced fibers were derived following domestication and thousands of years of human‐mediated crop improvement. To gain an insight into fiber development and evolution, we conducted comparative proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of developing fiber from an elite cultivar and a wild accession.

Analyses using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)LC‐MS/MStechnology identified 1317 proteins in fiber. Of these, 205 were differentially expressed across developmental stages, and 190 showed differential expression between wild and cultivated forms, 14.4% of the proteome sampled. Human selection may have shifted the timing of developmental modules, such that some occur earlier in domesticated than in wild cotton.

A novel approach was used to detect possible biased expression of homoeologous copies of proteins. Results indicate a significant partitioning of duplicate gene expression at the protein level, but an approximately equal degree of bias for each of the two constituent genomes of allopolyploid cotton.

Our results demonstrate the power of complementary transcriptomic and proteomic approaches for the study of the domestication process. They also provide a rich database for mining for functional analyses of cotton improvement or evolution.
Mesotherapy for local fat reduction
Authors: Jayasinghe S. , Guillot T. , Bissoon L. , Greenway F.
Published: June 2013

Mesotherapy, which is the injection of substances locally into mesodermally derived subcutaneous tissue, developed from empirical observations of a French physician in the 1950s. Although popular in Europe for many medical purposes, it is used for local cosmetic fat reduction in the United States. This paper reviews manuscripts indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE under ‘mesotherapy’, which pertains to local fat reduction. The history of lipolytic mesotherapy, the physiology of body fat distribution, the mechanism of action of different lipolytic stimulators and their increased efficacy in combination are reviewed. Mesotherapy falls into two categories. Lipolytic mesotherapy using lipolytic stimulators requires more frequent treatments as the fat cells are not destroyed and can refill over time. Ablative mesotherapy destroys fat cells with a detergent, causes inflammation and scarring from the fat necrosis, but requires fewer treatments. The historic and empiric mixing of sodium channel blocking local anaesthetics in mesotherapy solutions inhibits the intended lipolysis. Major mesotherapy safety concerns include injection site infections from poor sterile technique. Cosmetic mesotherapy directs the area from which fat is lost to improve self‐image. Studies were of relatively small number, many with limited sample sizes. Future research should be directed towards achieving a Food and Drug Administration indication rather than continuing expansion of off‐label use.
Hypoxia induces osteogenesis in rabbit adipose‐derived stem cells overexpressing bone morphogenic protein‐2
Authors: Xu L , Sun X , Cao K , Wu Y , Zou D , Liu Y , Zhang X , Zhang X , Wang G , Huang Q , Jiang X
Published: June 2013

Objective

Hypoxic culture potentiates mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to survive and secrete various growth factors. Genetically modified stem cells overexpressing bone morphogenic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) demonstrate strong osteogenic ability. Hence, we investigated the coeffect of hypoxic culture conditions and BMP‐2 overexpression on the osteogenic ability of rabbit adipose‐derived stem cells (rASCs) in vitro.

Materials and Methods

Rabbit adipose‐derived stem cells with or without adenoviral‐BMP‐2 transduction were cultured in hypoxic (1%) and normoxic (21%) conditions. Cell viability, attachment, and proliferation were compared. Real‐time PCR amplification of osteogenic and angiogenic genes including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), HIF‐1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was performed. Moreover, ALP activity, immunofluorescent staining of OCN, and mineralization assay by alizarin red S quantification and von Kossa staining were conducted.

Results

Cells under hypoxic conditions attached better within 12 h and proliferated faster. While BMP‐2 overexpression and hypoxic condition separately elevated the transcription of key osteogenic and angiogenic genes, a cooperative effect was observed to enhance the upregulation of osteogenic as well as angiogenic genes. Identical changes were observed in ALP activity, immunofluorescent staining of OCN, and mineralization assay.

Conclusions

Hypoxic culture can enhance the osteogenic ability of BMP‐2 gene‐modified rASCs, which provides a strategy to improve the osteogenesis of rASCs for in vivo bone regeneration.