bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis in children: Data from the French RespiRare® cohort
Authors: Fina Agnès , Dubus Jean‐Christophe , Tran Antoine , Derelle Jocelyne , Reix Philippe , Fayon Michael , Couderc Laure , Donnou Marie‐Dominique , Pagnier Anne , Blanchon Sylvain , Faure Nathalie , Mely Laurent , Albertini Marc , de Blic Jacques , Giovannini‐Chami Lisa
Published: June 2018

Objectives

To describe the characteristics of pediatric cases of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), a systemic necrotizing vasculitis rarely diagnosed in children, retrieved from the French Reference Center for rare pediatric lung diseases and compared with adult cases included in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort.

Methods

We collected information on pediatric EGPA disease presentation, management, and outcome. Cases met the Lanham criteria and/or American College of Rheumatology classification criteria.

Results

Fourteen cases of pediatric EGPA were included, from 1980 to 2012, with a median follow‐up of 58.5 months. Median age at diagnosis was 12.3 years. All cases had respiratory involvement. The organ systems most frequently involved were the upper airway (85%), skin (71%), digestive tract (64%), and heart (57%). Neurological and renal involvement were rare. Four of the fourteen children were positive for ANCA (30.7%). During follow‐up, three children required intensive care and one child died. The relapse rate was 64%. In comparison with an adult cohort, we found more ENT, heart, and digestive‐tract involvement, and fewer neurological manifestations. In children, the delay between asthma onset and diagnosis was shorter, and biopsies showed fewer features of vasculitis.

Conclusion

This French cohort is the biggest pediatric EGPA series described to date, with a long follow‐up period. The findings confirm that pediatric EGPA has specific clinical, radiological, and histological characteristics that differ from adult EGPA. Development of systemic symptoms, and consequently diagnosis, occur with a shorter delay in children, mainly during the eosinophilic phase and leading to a specific presentation.
The efficacy of vaginal suppository based on myrtle in patients with cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo trial
Authors: Nikakhtar Zahra , Hasanzadeh Malihe , Hamedi Shokouh Sadat , Najafi Mona Najaf , Tavassoli Amir Parviz , Feyzabadi Zohre , Meshkat Zahra , Saki Azadeh
Published: June 2018

Human papillomavirus (HPV) can be detected in most of cervical cancers. Due to antiviral, antimutagenic, and proapoptotic activities of myrtle, this study was designed to investigate the effect of a herbal suppository based on myrtle in cervicovaginal HPV infections. This study was performed as a double‐blind randomized trial at the Clinic of Traditional Medicine in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences between 2016 and 2017. Sixty women, 18 to 50 years old, with cervicovaginal HPV infection, were included and randomly allocated to two groups. Sixty placebo or herbal vaginal suppositories were prescribed for 3 months (20 suppositories at each menstrual cycle). Each herbal vaginal suppository contained 10% of myrtle aqueous extract and 0.5% of myrtle essential oil. The HPV test and colposcopic findings were evaluated after treatment. There was no difference between two groups as regards lesion site, diagnosis time of disease, and HPV type before intervention (p ≥ 0.05). At the end of the study, the HPV test was negative in 92.6% and 62.6% of the intervention and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.036). The change in cervical lesion size was 71.4% and 30.4% in the intervention and placebo groups, respectively, based on colposcopic findings (p = 0.015). It seems that herbal suppository can speed up virus clearance and can be effective in treating HPV infection.
Coupling between radiative flux divergence and turbulence near the surface
Authors: Gentine Pierre , Steeneveld Gert‐Jan , Heusinkveld Bert G. , Holtslag Albert A.M.
Published: June 2018

Near‐surface turbulent flux and radiation divergence field observations are analysed over a grass‐covered surface located at the Wageningen observatory, the Netherlands. Net radiative flux divergence appears to be a large component of the energy budget near the surface, accounting for a cooling rate of several tens of degrees per day. Long‐wave radiation divergence dominates this radiation divergence flux. We show here that long‐wave flux divergence near the surface is strongly coupled to sensible heat flux, except in high relative humidity (>90%) and foggy conditions. The net long‐wave radiative flux divergence exhibits a sharp gradient within the first 20 m above the surface. This flux divergence is itself strongly coupled to sensible heat flux through adjustments in surface‐layer profiles. Nonetheless, no systematic effect of radiation is witnessed on the turbulent temperature spectrum so that the main effect of near‐surface radiation is on the mean heat budget. As typical flux‐gradient relationships are derived based on observations taken in the near‐surface boundary‐layer region where sharp long‐wave divergence is present, we suspect that those relationships implicitly represent some of the long‐wave divergence term. A modification of Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory to include the effect of radiative divergence is proposed and discussed. This calls for independent measurements of turbulent fluxes and radiative flux divergence near the surface to re‐derive turbulent flux‐gradient relationships independently of radiative effects.
Continuous‐Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Gaussian Modulation—The Theory of Practical Implementations
Authors: Laudenbach Fabian , Pacher Christoph , Fung Chi‐Hang Fred , Poppe Andreas , Peev Momtchil , Schrenk Bernhard , Hentschel Michael , Walther Philip , Hübel Hannes
Published: June 2018

Quantum key distribution (QKD) using weak coherent states and homodyne detection is a promising candidate for practical quantum‐cryptographic implementations due to its compatibility with existing telecom equipment and high detection efficiencies. However, despite the actual simplicity of the protocol, the security analysis of this method is rather involved compared to discrete‐variable QKD. This article reviews the theoretical foundations of continuous‐variable quantum key distribution (CV‐QKD) with Gaussian modulation and rederives the essential relations from scratch in a pedagogical way. The aim of this paper is to be as comprehensive and self‐contained as possible in order to be well intelligible even for readers with little pre‐knowledge on the subject. Although the present article is a theoretical discussion of CV‐QKD, its focus lies on practical implementations, taking into account various kinds of hardware imperfections and suggesting practical methods to perform the security analysis subsequent to the key exchange. Apart from a review of well‐known results, this manuscript presents a set of new original noise models which are helpful to get an estimate of how well a given set of hardware will perform in practice.
Semi‐quantitative non‐target analysis of water with liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry: How far are we?
Authors: Kruve Anneli
Published: June 2018

Combining high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with liquid chromatography (LC) has considerably increased the capability of analytical chemistry. Among others, it has stimulated the growth of the non‐target analysis, which aims at identifying compounds without their preceding selection. This approach is already widely applied in various fields, such as metabolomics, proteomics, etc. The applicability of LC/HRMS‐based non‐target analysis in environmental analyses, such as water studies, would be beneficial for understanding the environmental fate of polar pollutants and evaluating the health risks exposed by the new emerging contaminants. During the last five to seven years the use of LC/HRMS‐based non‐target analysis has grown rapidly. However, routine non‐target analysis is still uncommon for most environmental monitoring agencies and environmental scientists. The main reasons are the complicated data processing and the inability to provide quantitative information about identified compounds. The latter shortcoming follows from the lack of standard substances, considered so far as the soul of each quantitative analysis for the newly discovered pollutants. To overcome this, non‐target analyses could be combined with semi‐quantitation. This Perspective aims at describing the current methods for non‐target analysis, the possibilities and challenges of standard substance‐free semi‐quantitative analysis, and proposes tools to join these two fields together.
Gas‐phase stability of sandwich complexes of crown ethers with metal cations – as studied by collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Frański Rafał
Published: June 2018

Rationale

The gas‐phase stabilities of the sandwich complexes formed by 12‐crown‐4 or 15‐crown‐5 with metal cations (Na+, K+, Rb+, Tl+, Ag+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+) are compared with the stability of the sandwich complexes formed by benzo‐12‐crown‐4 or benzo‐15‐crown‐5 with the cations. It is interesting to check if the possible cation–π interactions increase the gas‐phase stabilities of the sandwich complexes of benzo‐crown ethers with metal cations.

Methods

The sandwich complexes were generated in the gas phase by electrospray ionization (ESI) and then they were subjected to collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID‐MS/MS) experiments. On the basis of the obtained product ion spectra, the respective breakdown plots of the ion abundances ratios against collision energy expressed in the terms of center‐of‐mass were made.

Results

The gas‐phase stabilities of [(B12C4)2 + Tl]+, [(B15C5)2 + SrNO3]+, [(B15C5)2 + PbNO3]+ and [(B15C5)2 + SrCl]+ were higher than those of [(12C4)2 + Tl]+, [(15C5)2 + SrNO3]+, [(15C5)2 + PbNO3]+ and [(15C5)2 + SrCl]+, respectively. For the other sandwich complexes the stabilities of the complexes with benzo‐crown ethers were not higher than those of the complexes with simple crown ethers.

Conclusions

It is reasonable to assume that the cation–π interaction increases the stability of the sandwich complex of B12C4 with Tl+ and the stabilities of sandwich complexes of B15C5 with Sr2+ and Pb2+.
BK virus pneumonia following stem cell transplantation against diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Yoshimura Akihiro , Tsuji Taisuke , Kawaji Yuka , Hirakawa Yoshiko , Uchiyama Hitoji , Hiraoka Noriya
Published: June 2018

The patient, a 70‐year‐old woman with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), developed haemorrhagic cystitis associated with the BK virus (BKV) and adenovirus type 11. Moreover, chest computed tomography showed ground‐glass opacity (GGO) in the bilateral upper lobe, and we performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The BKV DNA load was elevated not only in blood but also in BAL fluid (BALF), leading to the diagnosis of BKV pneumonia. After administering cidofovir, the respiratory symptoms and GGO abated. Therefore, detection of BKV DNA in BALF is useful for diagnosing BKV pneumonia. The patient with DLBCL developed BKV pneumonia. We performed BAL, and BKV DNA load was elevated on BALF. The detection of BKV DNA in BALF is useful for diagnosing BKV pneumonia.
Context and Implications Document for: The contribution of intersectionality to quantitative research into educational inequalities
Authors: Codiroli McMaster Natasha , Cook Rose
Published: June 2018

This guide accompanies the following article: Codiroli McMaster, N. & Cook, R. (2018) The contribution of intersectionality to quantitative research into educational inequality, Review of Education, https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3116.
Strategies for imputing missing covariates in accelerated failure time models
Authors: Qi Lihong , Wang Ying‐Fang , Chen Rongqi , Siddique Juned , Robbins John , He Yulei
Published: June 2018

Missing covariates often occur in biomedical studies with survival outcomes. Multiple imputation via chained equations (MICE) is a semi‐parametric and flexible approach that imputes multivariate data by a series of conditional models, one for each incomplete variable. When applying MICE, practitioners tend to specify the conditional models in a simple fashion largely dictated by the software, which could lead to suboptimal results. Practical guidelines for specifying appropriate conditional models in MICE are lacking. Motivated by a study of time to hip fractures in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study using accelerated failure time models, we propose and experiment with some rationales leading to appropriate MICE specifications. This strategy starts with specifying a joint model for the variables involved. We first derive the conditional distribution of each variable under the joint model, then approximate these conditional distributions to the extent which can be characterized by commonly used regression models. We propose to fit separate models to impute incomplete variables by the failure status, which is key to generating appropriate MICE specifications for survival outcomes. The proposed strategy can be conveniently implemented with all available imputation software that uses fully conditional specifications. Our simulation results show that some commonly used simple MICE specifications can produce suboptimal results, while those based on the proposed strategy appear to perform well and be robust toward model misspecifications. Hence, we warn against a mechanical use of MICE and suggest careful modeling of the conditional distributions of variables to ensure proper performance.
Anticancer Activity of Novel Gabexate Mesilate Mimetics in Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Khan Amber , Wani Mohmmad Younus , Al‐Bogami Abdullah Saad , Subramanian Kumar , Kandhavelu Jeyalakshmi , Ruff Paul , Penny Clement
Published: June 2018

Despite there being significant advances in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatments, recurrence and chemoresistance remain a challenge in the treatment of patients. During the process of autophagy, cancer cells acquire anoikis resistance and escape chemotherapy. High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a key mediator of autophagy and can be exploited to develop effective targeted anticancer therapies. Gabexate mesilate (GM) used in the treatment of pancreatitis is both a synthetic inhibitor of HMGB1 and of metastasis. Structural analogues of GM hold promise to suppress HMGB1 functionality to arrest cancer growth, recurrence and resistance mechanisms. We synthesized structural GM mimetics (GMMs) and evaluated their anticancer activity. Considering the critical role of HMGB1 in the cell cycle, we analyzed cell cycle response to active GMMs in CRC cells in a Muse flow cell analyzer. Docking studies were further performed to predict the binding modes and affinity of active GMM for HMGB1. A total of thirteen GMMs were synthesized and their anticancer activity was evaluated on each of the SW480, HT29 and DLD1 CRC cell lines. Of the 13‐novel synthetic GMMs assessed, A1, A2, A3 and A6 were found to be the most active, with anticancer inhibitory concentrations (IC80) of 250–500μg/mL. Treatment with active GMM′s resulted in CRC cells being arrested mainly in preparatory phases of the cell cycle. Docking studies established that the active GMMs possessed specific binding affinity with the target, compared to the inactive GMM.
Dibenzo[a, c]phenazine‐Based Donor‐Acceptor (D–A) Tetra Branched Molecules: Fine Tuning of Optical Properties
Authors: Boxi Shatabdi , Jana Debabrata , Parui Partha P. , Ghorai Binay K.
Published: June 2018

Four dibenzo[a, c]phenazine based donor–acceptor tetra branched molecules were synthesized. The optical (including absorption, steady state and time resolved fluorescence) and electrochemical properties of these compounds were investigated. The emitting behavior of these molecules depends on the donor strength of the side‐arms. Tuning of optical properties has been performed by varying side‐arms. Electron deficient 4‐(2‐benzothiazolyl)phenyl side‐arm compound emit light in the blue region. Weak donor (4‐methoxyphenyl substituted) compound shows red shifted emission in green region. With strong donor (thiophene and triphenylamine) substituted compounds exhibits red and orange‐red emission respectively.
Quantitative Determination of Contribution by Enhanced Local Electric Field, Antenna‐Amplified Light Scattering, and Surface Energy Transfer to the Performance of Plasmonic Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Shenghua , Hou Yidong , Xie Wei , Schlücker Sebastian , Yan Feng , Lei Dang Yuan
Published: June 2018

Plasmonic metal nanostructures are widely used as subwavelength light concentrators to enhance light harvesting of organic solar cells through two photophysical effects, including enhanced local electric field (ELEF) and antenna‐amplified light scattering (AALS), while their adverse quenching effect from surface energy transfer (SET) should be suppressed. In this work, a comprehensive study to unambiguously distinguish and quantitatively determine the specific influence and contribution of each effect on the overall performance of organic solar cells incorporated with Ag@SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) is presented. By investigating the photon conversion efficiency (PCE) as a function of the SiO2 shell thickness, a strong competition between the ELEF and SET effects in the performance of the devices with the NPs embedded in the active layers is found, leading to a maximum PCE enhancement of 12.4% at the shell thickness of 5 nm. The results give new insights into the fundamental understanding of the photophysical mechanisms responsible for the performance enhancement of plasmonic organic solar cells and provide important guidelines for designing more‐efficient plasmonic solar cells in general.
A Solid‐State Fibriform Supercapacitor Boosted by Host–Guest Hybridization between the Carbon Nanotube Scaffold and MXene Nanosheets
Authors: Yu Chenyang , Gong Yujiao , Chen Ruyi , Zhang Mingyi , Zhou Jinyuan , An Jianing , Lv Fan , Guo Shaojun , Sun Gengzhi
Published: June 2018

Fiber‐shaped supercapacitors with improved specific capacitance and high rate capability are a promising candidate as power supply for smart textiles. However, the synergistic interaction between conductive filaments and active nanomaterials remains a crucial challenge, especially when hydrothermal or electrochemical deposition is used to produce a core (fiber)–shell (active materials) fibrous structure. On the other hand, although 2D pseudocapacitive materials, e.g., Ti3C2T
x
(MXene), have demonstrated high volumetric capacitance, high electrical conductivity, and hydrophilic characteristics, MXene‐based electrodes normally suffer from poor rate capability owing to the sheet restacking especially when the loading level is high and solid‐state gel is used as electrolyte. Herein, by hosting MXene nanosheets (Ti3C2T
x
) in the corridor of a scrolled carbon nanotube (CNT) scaffold, a MXene/CNT fiber with helical structure is successfully fabricated. These features offer open spaces for rapid ion diffusion and guarantee fast electron transport. The solid‐state supercapacitor based on such hybrid fibers with gel electrolyte coating exhibits a volumetric capacitance of 22.7 F cm−3 at 0.1 A cm−3 with capacitance retention of 84% at current density of 1.0 A cm−3 (19.1 F cm−3), improved volumetric energy density of 2.55 mWh cm−3 at the power density of 45.9 mW cm−3, and excellent mechanical robustness.
Correct‐by‐construction specification to verified code
Authors: Ge Ning , Dieumegard Arnaud , Jenn Eric , Voisin Laurent
Published: June 2018

Event‐B is a formal notation and method for the systems development. The key feature of this method is to produce correct‐by‐construction system designs. Once the correct design is established, the remaining work is to generate or implement correct code from the design. Two main problems remain in the process from the correct‐by‐construction design to the correct software. First, the Event‐B design is “quasi‐correct” due to some technical limitations. For instance, it is still difficult to prove the liveness properties by the Rodin platform; it is not possible to construct the Event‐B design with floating‐point arithmetic, and sometimes, the Event‐B model is incomplete and must rely on the third‐party libraries. Therefore, a method is needed to complement these modeling and proof gaps. Secondly, proving the correctness of an automatic code generator is very difficult; therefore, a method is needed to guarantee the correctness of the produced code without proving the code generator. In this article, we address the above 2 problems by introducing an intermediate formal language called High‐Level Language (HLL) between the Event‐B models and the C code. The Event‐B model is translated to HLL with an additional schedule configuration, where Event‐B invariants and system invariants (here, deadlock‐freeness and liveness properties) are proved using a SAT‐based model checker called S3. This proof guarantees the correctness of the HLL model with respect to the Event‐B model. The C code is then automatically generated from the HLL model for most functions and is manually implemented for the third‐party ones according to the function contracts defined in Event‐B. The correctness of the generated C code is guaranteed using the equivalence proof, and the correctness of the implemented C code is guaranteed using the conformance proof. Through the article, we use a traffic light controller to illustrate the proposed method; then, we apply the method to an automatic protection function of a 3‐wheeled robot to evaluate its feasibility.
Tick‐borne relapsing fever as a potential veterinary medical problem
Authors: Elelu Nusirat
Published: June 2018

Tick‐borne relapsing fever (TBRF) caused by the bacteria Borrelia, is poorly documented in veterinary medicine. Given the widespread presence of the soft tick vectors – Ornithodoros and the recently discovered hard tick vectors, as well as their close association with animal hosts, it is highly likely that infection occurs, but is rarely reported to be of veterinary importance. Sporadic reports of canine infection, some being fatal through to probable cause of abortion in horses have been published. Some of these pathogens exist in regions where there are limited diagnostic facilities, hence, they are likely to be missed and their impact on productivity may be unquantified. Here we review available literatures on cases of TBRF in domestic and wild animals in order to show their potential veterinary medical impact. Future efforts using field and laboratory surveys are needed to determine pathogenesis, vector competence and distribution in animals, their impact on animal health and productivity as well as to prevent further spill to the human population, where it is already a public health problem in some parts of the world.
Vortex‐induced vibration of spar platforms for floating offshore wind turbines
Authors: Carlson Daniel W. , Modarres‐Sadeghi Yahya
Published: June 2018

An experimental study of flow‐induced oscillations of a floating model spar‐type wind turbine platform was conducted. The model spar consisted of a floating uniform cylinder moored in a water tunnel test section and free to oscillate about its mooring attachment point near the center of mass. For the bare cylinder, periodic oscillations with figure‐eight trajectories were observed over a range of reduced velocities, resembling a lock‐in region. This was shown to be a vortex‐induced vibration response since the oscillation frequencies and the shedding frequencies stayed equal to each other during the lock‐in region. While the lower part of the cylinder was moving upstream at the 2 crossflow extremes of the trajectory, referred to as a counterclockwise (CCW) motion, its upper part experienced clockwise motion. It was hypothesized that the portion of the spar undergoing CCW figure eights is the portion where the flow excites the structure. This hypothesis was then validated by showing that adding helical strakes to the portion of the cylinder with CCW orbital motion suppresses vortex‐induced vibration almost entirely, while adding strakes to the portion with clockwise orbital motion had a minimal influence on the amplitude of response.
From climate to caribou: How manufactured uncertainty is affecting wildlife management
Authors: Boan Julee J. , Malcolm Jay R. , Vanier Mallory D. , Euler Dave L. , Moola Faisal M.
Published: June 2018

Over the past decade, declines of Canadian populations of boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) have received considerable attention from scientists, government agencies, environmental nongovernmental organizations, Indigenous communities, and the forest industry. Boreal caribou (also known as boreal woodland caribou) was listed as a threatened species in Canada when the Species at Risk Act came into force in June 2003. Many boreal caribou populations have been shown to be decreasing, in some cases precipitously, and empirical evidence from adult survival and calf recruitment surveys indicates that the cumulative effect of habitat disturbance, including that which results from industrial development, is a key driver in the decline. Yet, as scientific understanding of the decline has become clearer, and agreement among scientists and governments about habitat management requirements has increased, campaigns of denial have intensified in the public sphere. In this paper, we examine parallels with climate change rhetoric prolific in the 2000s and show that willful ignorance disguised as skepticism has resulted in public uncertainty despite robust scientific evidence. We show how these strategies of manufactured uncertainty used in climate change denial campaigns have seeped into wildlife management debates, with pernicious results. In this case, it has successfully delayed efforts to effectively address the decline of boreal caribou, which is protected under federal, provincial, and territorial legislation, and inhibited meaningful dialogue about socially acceptable conservation solutions. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Three‐Dimensional Versus Two‐Dimensional Video‐Assisted Endoscopic Surgery: A Meta‐analysis of Clinical Data
Authors: Liang Hengrui , Liang Wenhua , Lei Zhao , Liu Zhichao , Wang Wei , He Jiaxi , Zeng Yuan , Huang Weizhe , Wang Manting , Chen Yuehan , He Jianxing ,   AME Lung Cancer Cooperative Group
Published: June 2018

Background

There have been no studies to systematically evaluate the two display (3D vs. 2D) systems regarding both laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgeries in clinical settings; thus, we conducted one to evaluate the safety and efficacy of different visualization systems (two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional) during endoscopic surgery (laparoscopy or thoracoscopy) in clinical settings.

Methods

A comprehensive search of online databases was performed. Perioperative outcomes were synthesized. Cumulative meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the temporal trend of pooled outcomes. Specific subgroups (laparoscopy vs. thoracoscopy, prospective vs. retrospective study, malignant vs. benign diseases) were examined. Meta‐regression was conducted to explore the source of heterogeneity.

Results

Twenty‐three articles were considered in this analysis, of which 7 were thoracoscopic and 16 were laparoscopic surgeries. A total of 2930 patients were recorded, of which 1367 underwent 3D video‐assisted surgery and 1563 underwent 2D display. Overall, significantly shorter operating time (SMD −0.69; p = <0.001), less blood loss (SMD −0.26; p = 0.028) and shorter hospital stays (SMD −0.16; p = 0.016) were found in the 3D display group. Meanwhile, the perioperative morbidity (OR 0.92; p = 0.487), retrieved lymph nodes (SMD 0.09; p = 0.081), drainage duration (SMD −0.15; p = 0.105) and drainage volume (SMD 0.00; p = 0.994) were similar between the two groups. Comparison of the overall outcomes in each subset showed consistency in all groups.

Conclusions

This up‐to‐date meta‐analysis reveals that the 3D display system is superior to the 2D system in clinical settings with significantly shorter operating time, less blood loss and shorter hospital stay. These findings suggest that, in laparoscopic or thoracoscopic surgeries, 3D endoscopic system is preferable when condition permits. Future efforts should be made on decreasing the side effects of 3D display and increasing its cost‐effectiveness.
The ground of ground, essence, and explanation
Authors: Wallner Michael
Published: June 2018

This paper is about the so-called meta-grounding question, i.e. the question of what grounds grounding facts of the sort ‘ϕis grounded inΓ’. An answer to this question is pressing since some plausible assumptions about grounding and fundamentality entail that grounding facts must be grounded. There are three different accounts on the market which each answer the meta-grounding question differently: Bennett’s and deRosset’s “Straight Forward Account” (SFA), Litland’s “Zero-Grounding Account” (ZGA), and “Grounding Essentialism” (GE). I argue that if grounding is to be regarded as metaphysical explanation (i.e. ifunionismis true), (GE) is to be preferred over (ZGA) and (SFA) as only (GE) is compatible with a crucial consequence of the thought that groundingismetaphysical explanation. In this manner the paper contributes not only to discussions about the ground of ground but also to the ongoing debate concerning the relationship between ground, essence, and explanation.
8 million phenological and sky images from 29 ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics: the Phenological Eyes Network
Authors: Nagai Shin , Akitsu Tomoko , Saitoh Taku M. , Busey Robert C. , Fukuzawa Karibu , Honda Yoshiaki , Ichie Tomoaki , Ide Reiko , Ikawa Hiroki , Iwasaki Akira , Iwao Koki , Kajiwara Koji , Kang Sinkyu , Kim Yongwon , Khoon Kho Lip , Kononov Alexander V. , Kosugi Yoshiko , Maeda Takahisa , Mamiya Wataru , Matsuoka Masayuki , Maximov Trofim C. , Menzel Annette , Miura Tomoaki , Mizunuma Toshie , Morozumi Tomoki , Motohka Takeshi , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Nagano Hirohiko , Nakai Taro , Nakaji Tatsuro , Oguma Hiroyuki , Ohta Takeshi , Ono Keisuke , Pungga Runi Anak Sylvester , Petrov Roman E. , Sakai Rei , Schunk Christian , Sekikawa Seikoh , Shakhmatov Ruslan , Son Yowhan , Sugimoto Atsuko , Suzuki Rikie , Takagi Kentaro , Takanashi Satoru , Tei Shunsuke , Tsuchida Satoshi , Yamamoto Hirokazu , Yamasaki Eri , Yamashita Megumi , Yoon Tae Kyung , Yoshida Toshiya , Yoshimura Mitsunori , Yoshitake Shinpei , Wilkinson Matthew , Wingate Lisa , Nasahara Kenlo Nishida
Published: June 2018

We report long‐term continuous phenological and sky images taken by time‐lapse cameras through the Phenological Eyes Network (http://www.pheno‐eye.org. Accessed 29 May 2018) in various ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics. Phenological images are useful in recording the year‐to‐year variability in the timing of flowering, leaf‐flush, leaf‐coloring, and leaf‐fall and detecting the characteristics of phenological patterns and timing sensitivity among species and ecosystems. They can also help interpret variations in carbon, water, and heat cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, and be used to obtain ground‐truth data for the validation of satellite‐observed products. Sky images are useful in continuously recording atmospheric conditions and obtaining ground‐truth data for the validation of cloud contamination and atmospheric noise present in satellite remote‐sensing data. We have taken sky, forest canopy, forest floor, and shoot images of a range of tree species and landscapes, using time‐lapse cameras installed on forest floors, towers, and rooftops. In total, 84 time‐lapse cameras at 29 sites have taken 8 million images since 1999. Our images provide (1) long‐term, continuous detailed records of plant phenology that are more quantitative than in situ visual phenological observations of index trees; (2) basic information to explain the responsiveness, vulnerability, and resilience of ecosystem canopies and their functions and services to changes in climate; and (3) ground‐truthing for the validation of satellite remote‐sensing observations.
Aboveground, belowground biomass and nutrients pool in Salicornia brachiata at coastal area of India: interactive effects of soil characteristics
Authors: Chaudhary Doongar Ram , Rathore Aditya Prakash , Jha Bhavanath
Published: June 2018

The present study determined the plant biomass (aboveground and belowground) of Salicornia brachiata from six different salt marshes distributed in Indian coastal area over one growing season (September 2014–May 2015). The nutrients concentration and their pools were estimated in plant as well as soil. Belowground biomass in S. brachiata was usually lower than the aboveground biomass. Averaged over different locations, highest biomass was observed in the month of March (2.1 t ha−1) followed by May (1.64 t ha−1), February (1.60 t ha−1), November (0.82 t ha−1) and September (0.05 t ha−1). The averaged aboveground to belowground ratio was 12.0. Aboveground and belowground biomass were negatively correlated with pH of soil, while positively with soil electrical conductivity. Further, there were positive relationships between organic carbon and belowground biomass; and available sodium and aboveground biomass. The nutrient pools in aboveground were always higher than to belowground biomass. Aboveground pools of carbon (543 kg ha−1), nitrogen (48 kg ha−1), phosphorus (4 kg ha−1), sodium (334 kg ha−1) and potassium (37 kg ha−1) were maximum in the month of March 2015. Bioaccumulation and translocation factors for sodium of S. brachiata were more than one showing tolerance to salinity and capability of phytoremediation for the saline soil.
CLOSED-MINDEDNESS AND DOGMATISM
Authors: Battaly Heather
Published: June 2018

The primary goal of this paper is to propose a working analysis of the disposition of closed-mindedness. I argue that closed-mindedness (CM) is an unwillingness or inability to engage (seriously) with relevant intellectual options. Dogmatism (DG) is one kind of closed-mindedness: it is an unwillingness to engage seriously with relevant alternatives to the beliefs one already holds. I do not assume that the disposition of closed-mindedness is always an intellectual vice; rather I treat the analysis of the disposition, and its status as an intellectual vice, as separate questions. The concluding section develops a framework for determining the conditions under which closed-mindedness will be an intellectual vice.
The interaction between rotationally oscillating spheres and solid boundaries in a Stokes flow
Authors: Box F. , Singh K. , Mullin T.
Published: June 2018

We present the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation into the influence of proximate boundaries on the motion of an rotationally oscillating sphere in a viscous fluid. The angular oscillations of the sphere are controlled using the magnetic torque generated by a spatially uniform, oscillatory magnetic field which interacts with a small magnet embedded within the sphere. We study the motion of the sphere in the vicinity of stationary walls that are parallel and perpendicular to the rotational axis of the sphere, and near a second passive sphere that is non-magnetic and free to move. We find that rigid boundaries introduce viscous resistance to motion that acts to suppress the oscillations of the driven sphere. The amount of viscous resistance depends on the orientation of the wall with respect to the axis of rotation of the oscillating sphere. A passive sphere also introduces viscous resistance to motion, but for this case the rotational oscillations of the active sphere establish a standing wave that imparts vorticity to the fluid and induces oscillations of the passive sphere. The standing wave is analogous to the case of an oscillating plate in a viscous fluid; the amplitude of the wave decays exponentially with radial distance from the surface of the oscillating sphere. The standing wave introduces a phase lag between the motion of the active sphere and the response of the passive sphere which increases linearly with separation distance.
Bifurcations and convective instabilities of steady flows in a constricted channel
Authors: Isler João A. , Gioria Rafael S. , Carmo Bruno S.
Published: June 2018

Stability and nonlinear analyses were employed to study symmetric and asymmetric steady flows through a straight channel with a smooth constriction with 50 % occlusion. Linear stability analysis was carried out to determine the unstable regions and the critical Reynolds numbers for the primary and secondary global instabilities. The primary bifurcation demonstrated an intricate aspect: the three-dimensional modes transfer their energy to the two-dimensional mode, which causes a symmetry breaking of the flow. This behaviour could be observed for Reynolds number lower than the critical, showing that this primary bifurcation is hysteretical. The secondary bifurcation also presented subcritical behaviour, exhibiting a pitchfork diagram with a large hysteretic curve. Given the subcritical character of both bifurcations, the relevance of non-normal growth in these flows were assessed, so that their convective mechanisms were exhaustively investigated. In addition, we could show that, for the secondary instability, optimal initial disturbances with large enough initial energy were able to promote a subcritical nonlinear saturation for a Reynolds number lower than the critical. The physical mechanism behind the transition process occurred by nonlinear interaction between the two- and three-dimensional modes, which established oscillatory behaviour, moreover, this energy exchange between the modes led the flow to the nonlinear saturated state. Therefore, the two-dimensional modes play a key role in the primary and secondary bifurcations of this system.
Characteristics of the leading Lyapunov vector in a turbulent channel flow
Authors: Nikitin Nikolay
Published: June 2018

The values of the highest Lyapunov exponent (HLE)$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}$for turbulent flow in a plane channel at Reynolds numbers up to$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=586$are determined. The instantaneous and statistical properties of the corresponding leading Lyapunov vector (LLV) are investigated. The LLV is calculated by numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations linearized about the non-stationary base solution corresponding to the developed turbulent flow. The base turbulent flow is calculated in parallel with the calculation of the evolution of the perturbations. For arbitrary initial conditions, the regime of exponential growth${\sim}\exp (\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}t)$which corresponds to the approaching of the perturbation to the LLV is achieved already at$t^{+}<50$. It is found that the HLE increases with increasing Reynolds number from$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}^{+}\approx 0.021$at$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$to$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}^{+}\approx 0.026$at$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=586$. The LLV structures are concentrated mainly in a region of the buffer layer and are manifested in the form of spots of increased fluctuation intensity localized both in time and space. The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) profiles of the velocity and vorticity intensities in the LLV are qualitatively close to the corresponding profiles in the base flow with artificially removed near-wall streaks. The difference is the larger concentration of LLV perturbations in the vicinity of the buffer layer and a relatively larger (by approximately 80 %) amplitude of the vorticity pulsations. Based on the energy spectra of velocity and vorticity pulsations, the integral spatial scales of the LLV structures are determined. It is found that LLV structures are on average twice narrower and twice shorter than the corresponding structures of the base flow. The contribution of each of the terms entering into the expression for the production of the perturbation kinetic energy is determined. It is shown that the process of perturbation development is essentially dictated by the inhomogeneity of the base flow, as well as by the presence of transversal motion in it. Neglecting of these factors leads to a significant underestimation of the perturbation growth rate. The presence of near-wall streaks in the base flow, on the contrary, does not play a significant role in the development of the LLV perturbations. Artificial removal of streaks from the base flow does not change the character of the perturbation growth.
Experimental investigation of the shock-induced flow over a wall-mounted cylinder
Authors: Ozawa H. , Laurence S. J.
Published: June 2018

The unsteady aerodynamic and aerothermal phenomena resulting from the interaction between a shock-induced supersonic boundary-layer flow and a wall-mounted cylinder are investigated. Experiments were conducted in a shock tube at three different post-shock unit Reynolds numbers and a single Mach number to investigate the effects of differing ratios of inviscid and viscous temporal scales on the flow development. Two cylinder heights were studied: ‘large’ and ‘small’ protuberances based on calculated boundary-layer thicknesses. Heat-flux measurements on the shock-tube wall were performed using an ultra-fast-response temperature sensitive paint and verified by independent thermocouple measurements. High-speed schlieren provided visualizations of the inviscid flow phenomena. The unsteady shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction ahead of the cylinder resulted in high transient heat loading on the wall and caused transition to turbulence of the incoming laminar boundary layer. Once this incoming boundary layer had naturally transitioned, the region of enhanced heat flux collapsed back towards the cylinder; during this process, heat transfer in the immediate wake increased significantly. The overall heat flux upstream of the cylinder was higher for the large protuberance, whereas the downstream heat flux was generally higher for the small protuberance. In the case of the large protuberance, the viscous scaling appeared to best collapse the upstream heat-flux development for the three different unit Reynolds numbers, though the agreement downstream was less satisfactory. Neither the viscous nor the inviscid scaling appeared to adequately collapse the development for the small protuberance.
On regime C flow around an oscillating circular cylinder
Authors: Xiong Chengwang , Cheng Liang , Tong Feifei , An Hongwei
Published: June 2018

This paper focuses on the characteristics of the regime C flow (Tatsuno & Bearman, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 211, 1990, pp. 157–182) around an oscillating circular cylinder in still water. The regime C flow is characterised by the formation of large-scale vortex cores arranged as opposed von Kármán vortex streets, resulting from a regular switching of vortex shedding directions with respect to the axis of oscillation. Both Floquet analysis and direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the two- (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) instabilities. The present study reveals that the low-wavenumber 3-D instability can emerge slightly before the 2-D instability in regime C. In total, five spanwise vortex modes were identified: (i) standing-wave pattern, S-mode; (ii) travelling-wave pattern, T-mode; (iii) mixed ST-mode; (iv) X-type vortex pattern, X-mode; and (v) U-type vortex pattern, U-mode. The modal analysis conducted in this study demonstrates that the vortex patterns and the corresponding spatial and temporal modulations of the dynamic loads of the S-, T- and mixed ST-modes are mainly induced by the 3-D instability of a single wavenumber. The characteristics of the X-mode are due to the superposition of the 3-D instabilities of multiple wavenumbers. The U-mode is dominated by a 2-D instability and its interaction with 3-D instabilities. The domain size dependence study demonstrates that the regime C flow is very sensitive to the spanwise length of the computational domain. The subcritical nature of the regime C flow is responsible for the discrepancy in the marginal stability curves obtained by independent Floquet stability analysis, DNS and physical experiments.
Wall modes in magnetoconvection at high Hartmann numbers
Authors: Liu Wenjun , Krasnov Dmitry , Schumacher Jörg
Published: June 2018

Three-dimensional turbulent magnetoconvection at a Rayleigh number of $Ra=10^{7}$ in liquid gallium at a Prandtl number $Pr=0.025$ is studied in a closed square cell for very strong external vertical magnetic fields $B_{0}$ in direct numerical simulations which apply the quasistatic approximation. As $B_{0}$, or equivalently the Hartmann number $Ha$, are increased, the convection flow, which is highly turbulent in the absence of magnetic fields, crosses the Chandrasekhar linear stability limit for which thermal convection ceases in an infinitely extended layer and which can be assigned a critical Hartmann number $Ha_{c}$. Similar to rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection, our simulations reveal subcritical sidewall modes that maintain a small but finite convective heat transfer for $Ha>Ha_{c}$. We report a detailed analysis of the complex two-layer structure of these wall modes, their extension into the cell interior, and a resulting sidewall boundary layer composition that is found to scale with the Shercliff layer thickness.
The strophomenide brachiopodAhtiellaÖpik in the Ordovician of Gondwana and the early history of the plectambonitoids
Authors: Benedetto Juan L.
Published: June 2018

The Precordilleran speciesAhtiella argentinaBenedetto and Herrera, 1986 is redescribed and illustrated andMonorthis coloradoensisBenedetto, 1998b from northwestern Argentina is reassigned to the genusAhtiellaÖpik, 1932.Ahtiella famatiniananew species from volcaniclastic rocks of the Famatina range (western Argentina) andAhtiella tunaensisnew species from the Precordillera basin (Cuyania terrane) are proposed. Paleogeographic and stratigraphic evidence strongly suggests thatAhtiellaoriginated in the Andean region of Gondwana to further migrate to Avalonia, Baltica, and Cuyania. Contrary to previous assumptions, the fossil record from the Famatina volcaniclastic succession suggests that the plectambonitoidAhtiella famatinianan. sp. evolved from the hesperonomiid orthoidMonorthis transversaBenedetto, 2003 that always occurs in the underlying strata. Phylogenetic analysis ofAhtiellaspecies shows thatA. famatinianan. sp. and the PeruvianA. zarelaeVillas in Gutiérrez-Marco and Villas, 2007 are not only the earliest species of the genus but also are morphologically intermediate betweenMonorthisBates, 1968 and the later and more derived species ofAhtiellafrom Baltica and Cuyania. If, as empirical evidence presented here shows,Ahtiellaoriginated fromMonorthisthrough a series of minor transformations, then the impressive morphological gap between orthides and strophomenides was bridged through short-time cladogenesis events, suggesting that it might not have a definite discontinuity between the species level evolution and the origin of higher taxa (macroevolution).

UUID:http://zoobank.org/4b8c5442-ea2c-41b2-97f7-4c0a8b0384a2