bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Music
Authors: Ehle Robert C.
Published: December 2017

This chapter offers the author's theory of the origins of music in ancient primates a million years ago, and how would music have sounded like. Origins of nasal and tone languages and the anatomy of larynx is discussed, and then a hypothesis is presented that these creatures would fashioned a tone language, they had absolute pitch that allowed them to recognize each other voices and to read each other's emotions from the sounds they made with their voices, and to convey specific information about strategies, meeting places, etc. over these distances. Having an acute sense of pitch, they would have sung, essentially using tonal language for aesthetic and subjective purposes. Thus, they would have invented music. Then the physicality of the human (or hominid) voice is discussed and the way an absolute pitch can be acquired, as the musicality still lies in the vocalisms it expresses. The reason for this is that music is actually contained in the way the brain works, and the ear and the voice are parts of this system.
The Four-Color Theorem and the Geometry of Nature
Authors: Constant Jean
Published: December 2017

The four-color theorem stands at the intersection of Science and Art. The mathematical reasoning used to solve the theorem lead to many practical applications in mathematics, graph theory, and computer science. One aspect of the four-color theorem, which was seldom covered and relevant to the field of visual communication, is the actual effectiveness of the distinct 4 colors scheme chosen to define its mapping. This chapter briefly reviews the historical and scientific background of the theorem, puts in perspective contemporary scientific and technical data pertaining to the perception of color, and studies the theorem in a particular color scheme on a fluorite crystal, which was chosen because of its colorless appearance and the mathematically symmetrical nature of its structure.
Character Development for Visual Storytelling in Traditional and Digital Media
Authors: Ursyn Anna
Published: December 2017

This chapter is focused on text visualization and storytelling delivered in various literary styles. Discussion pertains storytelling by drawing, both with traditional techniques and digital storytelling for multimedia. Building characters for visual storytelling is discussed in theoretical and historical terms, followed by a description of the process of creating characters, their environment, writing a storyline, designing a storyboard and animatic. Projects offer practical examples of the visual storytelling production.
Compassion Fatigue and the Healthy Work Environment
Authors: Kelly Lesly , Todd Michael
Published: December 2017

Background:

Burnout is a concern for critical care nurses in high-intensity environments. Studies have highlighted the importance of a healthy work environment in promoting optimal nurse and patient outcomes, but research examining the relationship between a healthy work environment and burnout is limited.

Objective:

To examine how healthy work environment components relate to compassion fatigue (eg, burnout, secondary trauma) and compassion satisfaction.

Methods:

Nurses (n = 105) in 3 intensive care units at an academic medical center completed a survey including the Professional Quality of Life and the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses’ Healthy Work Environment standards.

Results:

Regression models using each Healthy Work Environment component to predict each outcome, adjusting for background variables, showed that the 5 Healthy Work Environment components predicted burnout and that meaningful recognition and authentic leadership predicted compassion satisfaction.

Conclusions:

Findings on associations between healthy work environment standards and burnout suggest the potential importance of implementing the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses’ Healthy Work Environment standards as a mechanism for decreasing burnout.
Role of the EHD Family of Endocytic Recycling Regulators for TCR Recycling and T Cell Function
Authors: Iseka Fany M. , Goetz Benjamin T. , Mushtaq Insha , An Wei , Cypher Luke R. , Bielecki Timothy A. , Tom Eric C. , Arya Priyanka , Bhattacharyya Sohinee , Storck Matthew D. , Semerad Craig L. , Talmadge James E. , Mosley R. Lee , Band Vimla , Band Hamid
Published: December 2017

T cells use the endocytic pathway for key cell biological functions, including receptor turnover and maintenance of the immunological synapse. Some of the established players include the Rab GTPases, the SNARE complex proteins, and others, which function together with EPS-15 homology domain–containing (EHD) proteins in non–T cell systems. To date, the role of the EHD protein family in T cell function remains unexplored. We generated conditional EHD1/3/4 knockout mice using CD4-Cre and crossed these with mice bearing a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–specific TCR transgene. We found that CD4+ T cells from these mice exhibited reduced Ag-driven proliferation and IL-2 secretion in vitro. In vivo, these mice exhibited reduced severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Further analyses showed that recycling of the TCR-CD3 complex was impaired, leading to increased lysosomal targeting and reduced surface levels on CD4+ T cells of EHD1/3/4 knockout mice. Our studies reveal a novel role of the EHD family of endocytic recycling regulatory proteins in TCR-mediated T cell functions.
Foxp1 Negatively Regulates T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and Germinal Center Responses by Controlling Cell Migration and CTLA-4
Authors: Shi Bi , Geng Jianlin , Wang Yin-Hu , Wei Hairong , Walters Beth , Li Wei , Luo Xuerui , Stevens Anna , Pittman Melanie , Li Bin , Thompson Sunnie R. , Hu Hui
Published: December 2017

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in the formation of germinal centers (GC) and generation of high-affinity Abs. The homing of activated CD4+ T cells into B cell follicles and the involvement of key costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules are critical in controlling both the initiation and the magnitude of GC responses. Meanwhile, studies have shown that a high number of single clone B cells leads to intraclonal competition, which inhibits the generation of high-affinity Abs. Our previous work has shown that transcription factor Foxp1 is a critical negative regulator of Tfh cell differentiation. In this study, we report that the deletion of Foxp1 leads to a high proportion of activated CD4+ T cells homing into B cell follicles with faster kinetics, resulting in earlier GC formation. In addition, we show that Foxp1-deficient Tfh cells restore the generation of high-affinity Abs when cotransferred with high numbers of single clone B cells. We find that Foxp1 regulates the expression levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated Ag-4 (CTLA-4) in activated CD4+ T cells and that Ctla4 is a direct Foxp1 target. Finally, we demonstrate that CTLA-4 expression on conventional CD4+ T cells plays a cell-intrinsic role in Tfh cell differentiation in vivo, and CTLA-4 blockade helps abolish the intraclonal competition of B cells in generating high-affinity Abs.
On the ductility of bolted steel joints at ambient and elevated temperatures
Authors: Gomes Fernando C.T. , Rodrigues João Paulo C.
Published: December 2017

Beam-to-column joints must be ductile enough to sustain plastic deformation without premature failure when the moment resistance of the joint is less than the moment resistance of the connected beam. In order to prevent premature failure, the Eurocode 3 imposes that the rotation capacity of a joint must be checked if the design moment resistance of the joint is less than 1.2 times the design plastic moment resistance of the connected beam. The Eurocode 3 gives a simple rule for the rotation capacity of bolted joints, based on the assumption that joints designed with that rule are ductile enough to prevent premature failure of the bolts. This paper analyses the Eurocode 3 ductility rule and shows that this rule is in certain cases unsafe and can lead to brittle failure of joints. An alternative rule is proposed for beam-to-column bolted joints at ambient and elevated temperatures.
Non ambiguous structures on 3-manifolds and quantum symmetry defects
Authors: Baseilhac Stéphane , Benedetti Riccardo
Published: December 2017

The state sums defining the quantum hyperbolic invariants (QHI) of hyperbolic oriented cusped 3-manifolds can be split in a “symmetrization” factor and a “reduced” state sum. We show that these factors are invariants on their own, that we call “symmetry defects” and “reduced QHI,” provided the manifolds are endowed with an additional “non ambiguous structure,” a new type of combinatorial structure that we introduce in this paper. A suitably normalized version of the symmetry defects applies to compact 3-manifolds endowed with PSL

_2 (\mathbb C

-characters, beyond the case of cuspedmanifolds. Given a manifold

M

with non empty boundary, we provide a partial “holographic” description of the nonambiguous structures in terms of the intrinsic geometric topology of

\partial M

. Special instances of non ambiguous structures can be defined by means of taut triangulations, and the symmetry defects have a particularly nice behaviour on such “taut structures.” Natural examples of taut structures are carried by any mapping torus with punctured fibre of negative Euler characteristic, or by sutured manifold hierarchies. For a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold

M

which bres over

S^1

, we address the question of determining whether the fibrations over a same fibered face of the Thurston ball define the same taut structure. We describe a few examples in detail. In particular, they show that the symmetry defects or the reduced QHI can distinguish taut structures associated to different fibrations of

M

. To support the guess that all this is an instance of a general behaviour of state sum invariants of 3-manifolds based on some theory of 6

j

-symbols, finally we describe similar results about reduced Turaev–Viro invariants.
The $\mathsf {Lie}$ Lie algebra
Authors: Conant James
Published: December 2017

We study the abelianization of Kontsevich's Lie algebra associated with the Lie operad and some related problems. Calculating the abelianization is a long-standing unsolved problem, which is important in at least two different contexts: constructing cohomology classes in

H^k

(Out(

F_r);\mathbb Q)

and related groups as well as studying the higher order Johnson homomorphism of surfaces with boundary. The abelianization carries a grading by „rank," with previous work of Morita and Conant–Kassabov–Vogtmann computing it up to rank 2. This paper presents a partial computation of the rank 3 part of the abelianization, finding lots of irreducible Sp-representations with multiplicities given by spaces of modular forms. Existing conjectures in the literature on the twisted homology of SL

_3(\mathbb Z)

imply that this gives a full account of the rank 3 part of the abelianization in even degrees.
e-Médecine, e-santé et informatique - entre espoirs technologiques et désillusion humaniste
Authors: Béorchia Sylvain
Published: December 2017

Malgré les avancées technologiques, la e-médecine française reste mal placée dans le peloton des pays industrialisés et ne s’adapte pas rapidement à l’évolution mondiale de l’informatique (Cloud sécurisé difficilement accessible, dossiers informatisés très disparates, Internet des objets peu labellisés, réglementation trop rigide avec un principe de précaution omniprésent, robotique innovante, mais rachetée par des sociétés japonaises). Les NBIC, les enjeux économiques et philosophiques des grandes entreprises du Net et les souhaits des patients mal informés se conjuguent aux potentielles dérives éthiques informatiques américaines pour engendrer une inquiétante révolution transhumaniste. L’inertie des textes législatifs européens, va enfin faire évoluer les lignes en mai 2018 pour permettre la création plus facile de plateformes médicales sécurisées régionales ou nationales. Les souhaits ministériels, abondamment médiatisés, doivent devenir des réalités pour que le corps médical travaille de concert avec des sociétés informatiques dynamiques, libérées des carcans administratifs et législatifs. Les médecins, dont le métier va considérablement évoluer pourront ainsi créer et s’approprier de nouveaux outils sécurisés pour traiter et prendre en charge leurs patients dans une France vieillissante, où la santé est en pleine mutation sociologique et territoriale.
Gezond werk? - Het effect van arbeidsomstandigheden op de gezondheid van Nederlandse werknemers
Authors: Schalk Jelmer , Drasch Katrin , Maas Ineke
Published: December 2017

In this paper, the relation between job characteristics and health is examined. The main aim is to investigate what role different dimensions of jobs play in explaining employees‘ health, deriving hypotheses from medical sociology and the organizational psychological literature.
The dataset used to test the hypotheses is the Time Competition Survey (2003, N = 894), a large scale survey conducted among employees and managers in 30 Dutch organizations. Ordinal logistic regression methods are used to analyze these data. The results indicate that job demands have a stronger
effect on employees‘ health than income, job control and job challenge.
De invloed van Europese verzorgingsstaten op financiële overdrachten binnen families - Een benadering op microniveau
Authors: Schenk Niels , Dykstra Pearl , Maas Ineke
Published: December 2017

The role of European welfare states in intergenerational monetary transfers: A micro-level perspective .This article integrates sociological and economical theory to provide a comprehensive explanation for why parents send money to particular children, and tests more explicit hypotheses
on how differences in welfare state provisions can explain divergent patterns between countries. The spending on various welfare domains as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product is used to determine whether intergenerational solidarity is shaped by welfare state provisions. We use data from
the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to analyse the influence of welfare state provisions on the likelihood of intergenerational transfers in ten European countries. The results indicate that parental resources and reciprocity expectations as well as children’s needs
are important determinants of monetary transfers. Although differences between countries are found, they do not seem to justify the distinct division between “the three worlds of welfare” often used in sociological work.
Arbeidsmobiliteit van allochtonen - Een analyse van de evolutie in het beroepsprestige en het loon van allochtone en autochtone mannen en vrouwen in de eerste jaren van hun beroepsloopbaan
Authors: Glorieux Ignace , Laurijssen Ilse , Van Dorsselaer Yolis
Published: December 2017

Labour market mobility of non-natives . An analysis of the change in occupational prestige and wages of non-native and native men and women in the first years of their labour market career . In this contribution we focus on the transition between the first job and the ensuing
labour market position of people from a migrant descent in Flanders (Belgium). Previous research showed that second generation migrants perform more poorly than natives when entering the labour market. We compare how native and non-native youngsters make the transition from their first to
later jobs at the start of their career. Both native and migrant young adults experience social mobility. On average, both groups acquire higher occupational prestige and higher wages as their career develops. While native and non-native men perform equally well in terms of the wage mobility,
non-native women do worse. With regard to occupational prestige, the gap between native and migrant youth narrows over the course of their careers. In general however, the future career is largely determined by the characteristics of the first job. This first job offers less prestige and smaller
wages for non-natives compared to that of natives.
Verklaringen van intergenerationele solidariteit - Een overzicht van concurrerende theorieën en hun onderzoeksbevindingen
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs
Published: December 2017

Why do adult children support their parents and how can we explain differences among children in this respect? Similarly, why do people support their adult children and why are some parents more supportive than others? In this paper, an overview is given of three explanations of intergenerational
support: a theory about exchange, a theory about altruism, and a theory about social norms. Because these theories have different underlying models of behavior, they have been competing with each other in past research. I discuss the mechanisms and problems behind these general theories and
how they have been applied to the theme of intergenerational support. Next, I give an overview of different fields of research in which these theories (or parts of them) have been tested. The focus is on three different research traditions which have had different ways of testing the theories:
demographic and sociological research which has emphasized the life course concept, economic research which has emphasized financial transfers, and psychological research which has focused on wellbeing. Assorted findings from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, a large-scale panel study of
family relations in the Netherlands, serve as empirical illustrations.
Waar ontmoeten partners elkaar? - Sociale differentiatie in ontmoetingsplaatsen
Authors: Haandrikman Karen
Published: December 2017

Where do partners meet? Social differentiation in meeting places .Meeting places form a vital link in the process of partner choice, in which preferences, norms and opportunities to meet partners play a role. Using the ‘Onderzoek Gezinsvorming’ 2003, we find that the
partner market is segmented by relationship career, education, age, religion and geography. Public places are popular among youngsters, the lower educated, Catholics and the rural population. Socalled ‘closed’ places are meeting places for the higher educated, partners in the repartnering
market, young adults, the re-reformed and city dwellers. Those meeting in private settings tend to have a lower level of education, to be Muslim and to have grown up abroad.
Levensfilosofie en zorggebruik in Nederland
Authors: Marangos Anna Maria , Groenewegen Peter P. , de Graaf Nan Dirk
Published: December 2017

Philosophies of life and Health Care Utilization in the Netherlands .This study investigates to what extent people’s religious denomination relates to health care utilization. Religious denomination is seen as an indicator of a philosophy of life. We distinguish between Christian
and Islamic religious and post-modern philosophies of life. Given that modern medical science and ensuing health care interventions are widely accepted, we do not expect a relationship between philosophies of life and the utilization of regular sources of modern health care. However, we do
expect differences in areas where more controversy is possible, especially complementary and alternative medicine, but also preventive medicine. As expected, our results show philosophy of life differences in utilization for complementary and alternative medicine.
De mannen achter succesvolle vrouwen: ‘kanjers’ of ‘maatjes’?
Authors: Komter Aafke E. , Keizer Renske , Dykstra Pearl A.
Published: December 2017

The men behind successful women: ‘Big shots’ or ‘sharing companions’? .Using data from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, this paper compares the partners of successful women with those of women who have fared less well on the labor market. Success is measured
as belonging to the top ten percent income bracket of the female sample. The male breadwinner model where husbands contribute most to the household income characterizes the majority of couples, particularly in the older age groups. Successful women tend to have ‘sharing companions’
who make less money than they do rather than ‘big shots’ who have high incomes. Whether their partners espouse gender egalitarian attitudes makes no differences for women’s success. Rather, having a partner who performs a fair share of domestic tasks relates to women’s
socio-economic achievement. Mothers with resident children are more successful when their partners have short work weeks, but the success of childless women and empty nest mothers shows no association with their partners’ work hours. With women’s increasing socio-economic independence,
partner relations will likely become premised on different logics compared with the past. For economically autonomous women, men’s disposition towards companionship will be an important consideration, whereas men faced with economically autonomous women will be required to substantively
contribute to domestic work.
De relatie tussen etniciteit en tevredenheid met de woonomgeving - Een onderzoek onder autochtonen, Surinamers, Turken en Marokkanen in Nederland
Authors: Roet Wence J. , Mulder Clara H.
Published: December 2017

The relationship between ethnicity and residential satisfaction. A study among Dutch, Surinamese, Turks and Moroccans in the Netherlands .Using data from the Netherlands Housing Survey 2006 (WoON) and neighborhood data from Statistics Netherlands, we investigate the relationship
between individual ethnicity and ethnic neighborhood composition on the one hand, and satisfaction with the residential environment on the other, among the four largest ethnic categories in the Netherlands. We set three theoretical approaches next to each other and derive hypotheses from each.
The class approach states that ethnic differences in residential satisfaction are caused by differences in socio-economic status. The race approach states that these differences are caused by discrimination. The culture approach states that there are cultural differences in residential preferences,
leading to differences between ethnic groups in the way in which ethnic neighborhood composition affects residential satisfaction. We find that those of Dutch origin are the most satisfied with the neighborhood, and Turks and Moroccans the least. These differences in satisfaction largely disappear
after controlling for socio-economic status. This result is in line with the class approach, and in contrast with the race approach. In line with the culture approach, the ethnic composition of the neighborhood plays a role in residential satisfaction. Native Dutch in particular seem to prefer
living in residential environments with few non-western immigrants.
Mediaoverdracht in het ouderlijk gezin - De gevolgen van ouderlijke mediasocialisatie voor huidige lees- en televisievoorkeuren
Authors: Notten Natascha , Kraaykamp Gerbert , Konig Ruben
Published: December 2017

Media in the family home . Long-term effects of parental media socialization on a person’s current media preferences .This study analyses the intergenerational transmission of book reading and television viewing preferences. Central are the long-term effects of the parental
media example and parental media guidance activities during one’s childhood on adult highbrow and lowbrow media preferences. We used information from the Family Survey of the Dutch Population (FSDP 2003, 2009) on 2,539 men and women born between 1955 and 1984. Estimating structural equation
models provided insights into the lasting effects of parental reading and television socialization. Disentangling direct and indirect effects of parental media socialization showed that both imitation and guidance are important in the intergenerational transmission of media preferences. Our
results suggest that imitation is the main mechanism underlying the media socialization process. Yet, parental media guidance and a child’s school success partly mediate the imitation process. Foremost, this study demonstrates that parental media socialization activities during childhood
have lasting effects on a person’s current media preferences.
Het incapacitatie-effect van de eerste gevangenisstraf: een gematchte vergelijking
Authors: Wermink Hilde , Apel Robert , Nieuwbeerta Paul , Blokland Arjan A.
Published: December 2017

The incapacitation effect of first-time imprisonment: A matched samples comparison .One sure way that imprisonment prevents crime in the community is by incapacitating offenders. We used official criminal records data of all individuals convicted in the Netherlands in 1997 to provide
estimates of the incapacitation effect of first-time imprisonment. Two different analytical strategies were applied for the estimation of the incapacitation effect. First, the incapacitation effect was estimated based on the offending rate individuals imprisoned in 1997 showed prior to their
confinement. Second, imprisoned offenders were paired with comparable non-imprisoned offenders using the method of propensity score matching. Our best estimate is that between 0.17 and 0.21 registered offenses are prevented per year of incarceration.
Stabiliteit en verandering in intergenerationele familierelaties - Verschuivingen in relatietypen over een periode van drie jaar
Authors: Dykstra Pearl A. , Schenk Niels
Published: December 2017

Continuity and change in intergenerational family relationships: An examination of shifts in relationship type over a three-year period.This paper focuses on shifts in adult child-parent relationship type using the first two waves of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study (NKPS). The
analyses are informed by both a life transitions perspective, and the negotiation of relationships perspective. The intergenerational relationships typology represents different combinations of solidaristic acts and conflict. We employed Latent Transition Analysis to determine the prevalence
and predictors of shifts. Less than 5% of the dyads shifted to a different type. Insofar shifts took place, they were most likely from the ambivalent type, and particularly so for relationships with mothers and daughters. Offspring (re)partnering, offspring divorce, parental widowhood, parental
health decline, offspring unemployment, birth of a grandchild, and moving nearer, did not predict typology shifts, whereas the number of parental divorces was too small for analyses of change. Parental repartnering prompted a shift towards the discordant type with its low probabilities of
contact and support exchange, and the relatively high likelihood of conflict over personal issues. Moving away prompted a shift from the ambivalent type with its high probabilities of supportive exchanges and conflict over material and personal issues. Over a period of three years, there is
considerably more continuity in adult child-parent relationships than change.
De Tweede Wereldoorlog en statusverwerving
Authors: van Houten Jasper M.A. , Visser Mark , Ultee Wout C.
Published: December 2017

World War II and occupational status attainment.In this study we include personal war experiences in Duncan’s path model of status attainment to answer the following research question: To what extent can personal war experiences explain the occupational status of Dutch people
who experienced World War II? We expect that personal war experiences have a detrimental effect on the human capital formation, which in turn leads to a lower educational level and a lower occupational status. To test our hypotheses, we use unique individual-level data from the ‘Onderzoek
naar Doorsnee Nederlanders in de oorlog’, which was conducted from 2005 to 2010 (N = 346). The results of our path analysis show that people who were forced to work in Germany or the Netherlands during the war obtained a lower educational level and subsequently a lower occupational status.
Physical destruction of one’s house also has a negative effect on occupational status through education. In addition, we found some direct effects of personal war experiences on the occupational status.
De ontwarring van de sociologie: over het werk en denken van Wout Ultee1
Authors: Ganzeboom Harry B.G.
Published: December 2017

Ultees belangrijkste betekenis voor de sociologie – kort gezegd hoe hij deze discipline heeft ontward – ligt in de uitleg ervan via centrale probleemstellingen, de zogenoemde hoofdvragen van de sociologie. Aan Ultees bijdrage ligt een werkwijze ten grondslag die consequent
is ontleend aan een popperiaanse wetenschapstheorie en methodologie, die hij met bewonderenswaardige vasthoudendheid in praktijk heeft gebracht. Daarnaast is hij in zijn gehele loopbaan een inspirerende en vruchtbare initiator geweest van onderzoeksgroepen en onderzoeksprojecten, waarin met
name de consequente verbinding van theorie en onderzoek op opmerkelijke hoogte staat.
Sociale integratie en het kijken naar nieuwsprogramma’s als determinanten voor het wisselen van politieke partijkeuze in de periode 1994-2006
Authors: Smits Fransje , Spierings Niels
Published: December 2017

This study examines determinants of vote switching behaviour in the Netherlands in the period 1994-2006. Hypotheses about the influence of social integration and television watching behaviour are tested. By using the Dutch Parliamentary Electoral Studies, we examine whether these factors
have an influence on the chance to switch party between two consecutive national parliamentary elections. We find support for some of the hypotheses derived from social integration theory. People living in more urbanized areas and people who have another religious affiliation than their parents
switch more often, while it does not matter whether a person differs from his/her parents with respect to occupational class. Our hypothesis about the influence of television watching behaviour is supported: people who watch newscasts more often have a higher chance of switching.
Het arbeidsverleden van gedetineerden voorafgaand aan detentie - Een vergelijking tussen gedetineerden en de algemene bevolking
Authors: Ramakers Anke , van Wilsem Johan , Nieuwbeerta Paul , Dirkzwager Anja
Published: December 2017

Knowledge about the employment history of prisoners prior to incarceration is lacking. Such knowledge is essential in order to establish if and to what extent incarceration worsens employment. In addition, such insights can direct policy on the (re)integration of ex-prisoners into the
labour market. In this study we describe the employment history of prisoners prior to incarceration (n = 1909) and compare it to the employment history of the general population (n = 2078). The results indicate that prisoners occupy a marginal position. Starting with a low educational level,
their subsequent employment career is characterized by long periods of unemployment, ‘off the books’ employment, dismissals and job shifts. Eventually, this results in a weak labour market position while entering prison. These findings stress the necessity of including pre-detention
employment information in effect studies. Also, they point at the potential role of penitentiaries in gathering information about employment history and handing job assistance to prisoners.
Laakbare wetenschap - Over alledaagse verleidingen en normoverschrijding in de wetenschap
Authors: Komter Aafke
Published: December 2017

Two categories of scientific misconduct should be distinguished: on the one hand blatant scientific fraud such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism (FFP), and on the other hand questionable research practices (QRPs) such as data cooking, omitting contradictory evidence, rephrasing
hypotheses till a positive result appears. Research results show that 2 percent of all scientists commit FFP, whereas up to 34 percent of scientists engage in questionable research practices. In addition to the prevalence of misconduct, the article discusses personality, motives and demographic
characteristics of scientific fraudsters, the role of the social context, possible theoretical and methodological approaches, and issues of ethics and prevention.
Van uitstel komt afstel? - Grenzen aan de huwelijkstiming voor Nederlandse vrouwen in een langdurige periode van crisis
Authors: Thomése Fleur
Published: December 2017

Too late for marriage? Normative constraints on marriage timing in a disruptive period in The Netherlands . Using marriage timing and marriage market theories, three hypotheses have been formulated linking cultural norms to the timing of first marriage of Dutch men and women during
and after the economic Depression and the Second World War. Event history analyses on retrospective survey data among 4,494 Dutch men and women born between 1903 and 1937 confirm that both men and women experienced age-related delays from the Depression and the war. Women were more likely
than men to stay single, probably because the male gender role allowed for compensating advanced age by good economic prospects.
Limited production of sulfate and nitrate on front-associated dust storm particles moving from desert to distant populated areas in northwestern China
Authors: Wu Feng , Zhang Daizhou , Cao Junji , Guo Xiao , Xia Yao , Zhang Ting , Lu Hui , Cheng Yan
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Sulfate and nitrate compounds can greatly increase the hygroscopicity of mineral particles in the atmosphere and consequently alter the particles' physical and chemical properties. Their uptake on long-distance-transported Asian dust particles within mainland China has been reported to be substantial in previous studies, but the production was very inefficient in other studies. We compared these two salts in particles collected from a synoptic-scale, mid-latitude, cyclone-induced dust storm plume at the Tengger Desert (38.79° N, 105.38° E) and in particles collected in a postfrontal dust plume at an urban site in Xi'an (34.22° N, 108.87° E) when a front-associated dust storm from the Tengger Desert arrived there approximately 700 km downwind. The results showed that the sulfate concentration was not considerably different at the two sites, while the nitrate concentration was slightly larger at the urban site than that at the desert site. The estimated nitrate production rate was 4–5 ng µg−1 of mineral dust per day, which was much less than that in polluted urban air. The adiabatic process of the dust-loading air was suggested to be the reason for the absence of sulfate formation, and the uptake of background HNO3 was suggested to be the reason for the small nitrate production. According to our investigation of the published literature, the significant sulfate and nitrate in dust-storm-associated samples within the continental atmosphere reported in previous studies cannot be confirmed as actually produced on desert dust particles; the contribution from locally emitted and urban mineral particles or from soil-derived sulfate was likely substantial because the weather conditions in those studies indicated that the collection of the samples was started before dust arrival, or the air from which the samples were collected was a mixture of desert dust and locally emitted mineral particles. These results suggest that the production of nitrate and sulfate on dust particles following cold fronts is likely limited when the particles move from the desert to populated areas within the continent. For an accurate quantification of sulfate and nitrate formed on long-distance-transported desert dust particles at downwind populated areas in eastern China, dust collection efforts are indispensable to minimize any possible influence by locally emitted particles or at least to ensure that the samples are collected after dust arrival.
The SPARC water vapor assessment II: intercomparison of satellite and ground-based microwave measurements
Authors: Nedoluha Gerald E. , Kiefer Michael , Lossow Stefan , Gomez R. Michael , Kämpfer Niklaus , Lainer Martin , Forkman Peter , Christensen Ole Martin , Oh Jung Jin , Hartogh Paul , Anderson John , Bramstedt Klaus , Dinelli Bianca M. , Garcia-Comas Maya , Hervig Mark , Murtagh Donal , Raspollini Piera , Read William G. , Rosenlof Karen , Stiller Gabriele P. , Walker Kaley A.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. As part of the second SPARC (Stratosphere–troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) water vapor assessment (WAVAS-II), we present measurements taken from or coincident with seven sites from which ground-based microwave instruments measure water vapor in the middle atmosphere. Six of the ground-based instruments are part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and provide datasets that can be used for drift and trend assessment. We compare measurements from these ground-based instruments with satellite datasets that have provided retrievals of water vapor in the lower mesosphere over extended periods since 1996. We first compare biases between the satellite and ground-based instruments from the upper stratosphere to the upper mesosphere. We then show a number of time series comparisons at 0.46 hPa, a level that is sensitive to changes in H2O and CH4 entering the stratosphere but, because almost all CH4 has been oxidized, is relatively insensitive to dynamical variations. Interannual variations and drifts are investigated with respect to both the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS; from 2004 onwards) and each instrument's climatological mean. We find that the variation in the interannual difference in the mean H2O measured by any two instruments is typically  ∼  1%. Most of the datasets start in or after 2004 and show annual increases in H2O of 0–1 % yr−1. In particular, MLS shows a trend of between 0.5 % yr−1 and 0.7 % yr−1 at the comparison sites. However, the two longest measurement datasets used here, with measurements back to 1996, show much smaller trends of +0.1 % yr−1 (at Mauna Loa, Hawaii) and −0.1 % yr−1 (at Lauder, New Zealand).
Results from the 4th WMO Filter Radiometer Comparison for aerosol optical depth measurements
Authors: Kazadzis Stelios , Kouremeti Natalia , Diémoz Henri , Gröbner Julian , Forgan Bruce W. , Campanelli Monica , Estellés Victor , Lantz Kathleen , Michalsky Joseph , Carlund Thomas , Cuevas Emilio , Toledano Carlos , Becker Ralf , Nyeki Stephan , Kosmopoulos Panagiotis G. , Tatsiankou Viktar , Vuilleumier Laurent , Denn Frederick M. , Ohkawara Nozomu , Ijima Osamu , Goloub Philippe , Raptis Panagiotis I. , Milner Michael , Behrens Klaus , Barreto Africa , Martucci Giovanni , Hall Emiel , Wendell James , Fabbri Bryan E. , Wehrli Christoph
Published: December 2017

Abstract. This study presents the results of the 4th Filter Radiometer Comparison that was held in Davos, Switzerland, between September 28 and October 16, 2015. Thirty filter radiometers and spectroradiometers from 12 countries participated including reference instruments from global aerosol networks. The absolute differences of all instruments compared to the reference have been based on the WMO criterion defined as 95 % of the measured data has to be within 0.005 ± 0.001/m (where m is the air mass). At least 24 out of 29 instruments achieved this goal at both 500 and 865 nm, while 12 out of 17 and 13 out of 21 achieved this at 368 and 412 nm, respectively. While searching for sources of differences among different instruments, it was found that all individual differences linked to Rayleigh, NO2, ozone, water vapor calculations and related optical depths and air mass calculations were smaller than 0.01 in AOD at 500 and 865 nm. Different cloud detecting algorithms used have been compared. Ångström exponent calculations showed relatively large differences among different instruments partly because of the sensitivity of this parameter at low AOD conditions. The overall low deviations of these AOD results and the high accuracy of reference aerosol network instruments demonstrated a promising framework to achieve homogeneity, compatibility and harmonization among the different spectral AOD networks in the near-future.
Cloud droplet size distribution broadening during diffusional growth: ripening amplified by deactivation and reactivation
Authors: Yang Fan , Kollias Pavlos , Shaw Raymond A. , Vogelmann Andrew M.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Cloud droplet size distributions (CDSDs), which are related to cloud albedo and lifetime, are usually broader in warm clouds than predicted from adiabatic parcel calculations. We investigate a mechanism for the CDSD broadening using a Lagrangian bin-microphysics cloud parcel model that considers the condensational growth of cloud droplets formed on polydisperse, sub-micrometer aerosols in an adiabatic cloud parcel that undergoes vertical oscillations, such as those due to cloud circulations or turbulence. Results show that the CDSD can be broadened during condensational growth as a result of Ostwald ripening amplified by droplet deactivation and reactivation, which is consistent with Korolev (1995). The relative roles of the solute effect, curvature effect, deactivation and reactivation on CDSD broadening are investigated. Deactivation of smaller cloud droplets, which is due to the combination of curvature and solute effects in the downdraft region, enhances the growth of larger cloud droplets and thus contributes particles to the larger size end of the CDSD. Droplet reactivation, which occurs in the updraft region, contributes particles to the smaller size end of the CDSD. In addition, we find that growth of the largest cloud droplets strongly depends on the residence time of cloud droplet in the cloud rather than the magnitude of local variability in the supersaturation fluctuation. This is because the environmental saturation ratio is strongly buffered by smaller cloud droplets. Two necessary conditions for this CDSD broadening, which generally occur in the atmosphere, are: (1) droplets form on polydisperse aerosols of varying hygroscopicity and (2) the cloud parcel experiences upwards and downwards motions. Therefore we expect that this mechanism for CDSD broadening is possible in real clouds. Our results also suggest it is important to consider both curvature and solute effects before and after cloud droplet activation in a cloud model. The importance of this mechanism compared with other mechanisms on cloud properties should be investigated through in-situ measurements and 3-D dynamic models.
On the social dynamics of moisture recycling
Authors: Keys Patrick W. , Wang-Erlandsson Lan
Published: December 2017

Abstract. The biophysical phenomenon of terrestrial moisture recycling connects distant regions via the atmospheric branch of the water cycle. This process, whereby the land surface mediates evaporation to the atmosphere and the precipitation that falls downwind, is increasingly well-understood. However, recent studies highlight a need to consider an important and oft missing dimension – the social. Here, we explore the social dimensions of three case study countries with strong terrestrial moisture recycling: Mongolia, Niger, and Bolivia. Based on our case studies we present a set of three system archetypes that capture the core features of the Moisture Recycling Social Ecological Systems (MRSES): isolated, regional, and tele-coupled. We further explore the heterogeneity of human well-being within MRSES, by examining the characteristics of sources and sinks of moisture. We find that the sources and sinks of moisture can experience very different levels of human well-being, suggesting that power discontinuities must be included in the description of MRSES dynamics. We argue that geophysical tele-connections are complemented by social tele-couplings forming feedback loops, and consequently, complex adaptive systems. This exploration of the social dimensions of moisture recycling is part of an extension of the emerging discipline of socio-hydrology, and a suggestion for further exploration of new disciplines such as socio-meteorology or socio-climatology, within which the Earth system is considered as a co-evolutionary social-ecological system.
Evidence of, and a Proposed Explanation for, Bimodal Transport States in Alluvial Rivers
Authors: Dunne Kieran B. J. , Jerolmack Douglas J.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Gravel-bedded rivers organize their bankfull channel geometry and grain size such that shear stress is close to the threshold of motion. Sand-bedded rivers on the other hand typically maintain bankfull fluid stresses far in excess of threshold, a condition for which there is no satisfactory understanding. A fundamental question arises: Are bed-load (gravel-bedded) and suspension (sand-bedded) rivers two distinct equilibrium states, or do alluvial rivers exhibit a continuum of transport regimes as some have recently suggested? We address this question in two ways: (1) re-analysis of global channel geometry datasets, with consideration of the dependence of critical shear stress upon site-specific characteristics (e.g. slope and grain size); and (2) examination of a longitudinal river profile as it transits from gravel to sand-bedded. Data reveal that the transport state of alluvial river-bed sediments is bimodal, showing either near-threshold or suspension conditions, and that these regimes correspond to the respective bimodal peaks of gravel and sand that comprise natural river-bed sediments. Sand readily forms near-threshold channels in the laboratory and some field settings, however, indicating that another factor, such as bank cohesion, must be responsible for maintaining suspension channels. We hypothesize that alluvial rivers adjust their geometry to the threshold-limiting bed and bank material – which for gravel-bedded rivers is gravel, but for sand-bedded rivers is mud (if present) – and present tentative evidence for this idea.
Landscape evolution models using the stream power incision model show unrealistic behavior when m ∕ n equals 0.5
Authors: Kwang Jeffrey S. , Parker Gary
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Landscape evolution models often utilize the stream power incision model to simulate river incision: E = KAmSn, where E is the vertical incision rate, K is the erodibility constant, A is the upstream drainage area, S is the channel gradient, and m and n are exponents. This simple but useful law has been employed with an imposed rock uplift rate to gain insight into steady-state landscapes. The most common choice of exponents satisfies m ∕ n = 0.5. Yet all models have limitations. Here, we show that when hillslope diffusion (which operates only on small scales) is neglected, the choice m ∕ n = 0.5 yields a curiously unrealistic result: the predicted landscape is invariant to horizontal stretching. That is, the steady-state landscape for a 10 km2 horizontal domain can be stretched so that it is identical to the corresponding landscape for a 1000 km2 domain.
Aspectos da cibereligiosidade: A dinâmica informacional do portal “jovens conectados” da CNBB
Authors: Garcia Junior Emilson Ferreira , Araújo Nascimento Robéria Nádia , Carvalho Alves Edvaldo
Published: December 2017

Nossa proposta de discussão busca propor um diálogo interdisciplinar entre os campos da informação, religiosidade e comunicação. Nosso objetivo principal foi compreender as estratégias de disseminação de conteúdo religioso do portal ‘jovens conectados’ da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB). O trabalho delimitou para fins de análise, a dinâmica de formação que é oferecida aos usuários, bem como as estratégias de compartilhamento das mensagens vinculadas. Observamos que o referido site tem como meta a ressonância da identidade religiosa nas redes sociais e a adoção de um perfil editorial que busca uma convergência enunciativa pautada em temas de interesse da instituição. O principal órgão da Igreja Católica do Brasil busca a partir do ambiente digital, fomentar uma evangelização que adéqüe uma linguagem moderna e os preceitos doutrinais com o intuito de arregimentar os jovens a uma experiência de fé.
Education for future health care: A radical shift in perception, learning and action
Authors: Vliet Katja van , Roodbol Petrie F. , Chorus Astrid M.J. , Ossebaard Hans C.
Published: December 2017

What should we do now to prepare health professionals for future health care demand challenges in order to ensure accessible, affordable, high-quality health care and social support? This question of worldwide interest is thoroughly addressed in two recent research-based advisory reports for the Dutch Health Ministry. The process and outcomes of these studies are briefly described in the present article. Demography, digital technologies and a new concept of health urge a radical shift in perception, learning and action in health care education, a call well-received throughout the country.