bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viral retinitis: diagnosis and management in the era of biologic immunosuppression: A review
Authors: Wu Xia Ni , Lightman Sue , Tomkins‐Netzer Oren
Published: March 2019

Necrotising retinitis is a rare ocular infection that historically led to high rates of visual morbidity. While acute retinal necrosis occurs in immunocompetent patients, the majority of cases are associated with immunocompromise such as in cytomegalovirus retinitis and progressive outer retinal necrosis. This review summarises the clinical and diagnostic features, management, and outcomes of herpetic retinitis. Iatrogenic immunosuppression is increasingly being utilised for a wide range of indications, and biologic agents especially so due to their targeted nature. While the intended actions are well‐studied, the flow‐on effects and complex interaction with host immunity are not well understood. Furthermore, biologics are frequently used concomitantly with other immunosuppressive agents, potentiating the immunodepression. This article reviews the literature on biologic immunosuppression and viral retinitis, and presents an approach to the vulnerable or affected patient. Early identification, prompt and aggressive treatment, and a multidisciplinary approach to managing immunodeficiency are the cornerstones of management.
Evaluation of a novel oral mucosa in vitro implantation model for analysis of molecular interactions with dental abutment surfaces
Authors: Roffel Sanne , Wu Gang , Nedeljkovic Ivana , Meyer Michael , Razafiarison Tojo , Gibbs Susan
Published: March 2019

Background

Abutment surfaces are being designed to promote gingival soft tissue attachment and integration. This forms a seal around prosthetics and consequently ensures long‐term implant survival. New scalable and reproducible models are necessary to evaluate and quantify the performance of these surfaces.

Purpose

To evaluate a novel implantation model by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical characterization of the interactions between human oral gingival tissue and titanium abutments with either novel anodized or conventional machined surface.

Materials and Methods

Abutments were inserted into an organotypic reconstructed human gingiva (RHG) model consisting of differentiated gingival epithelium cells on a fibroblast populated lamina propria hydrogel following a tissue punch. Epithelial attachment, down‐growth along the abutment surface, and phenotype were assessed via histomorphology, scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry 10 days after implantation.

Results

The down‐growing epithelium transitioned from a gingival margin to a sulcular and junctional epithelium. The sulcus depth and junctional epithelial length were similar to previously reported pre‐clinical and clinical lengths. A collagen IV/laminin 5 basement membrane formed between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue. The RHG expanded in thickness approximately 2‐fold at the abutment surface. The model allowed the evaluation of protein expression of adhering soft tissue cells for both tested abutments.

Conclusions

The RHG model is the first in vitro 3D model to enable the assessment of not only human epithelial tissue attachment to dental abutments but also the expression of protein markers involved in soft tissue attachment and integration. The two abutments showed no noticeable difference in epithelial attachment.
Safety and efficacy of a novel, gradually anodized dental implant surface: A study in Yucatan mini pigs
Authors: Susin Cristiano , Finger Stadler Amanda , Musskopf Marta L. , de Sousa Rabelo Mariana , Ramos Umberto D. , Fiorini Tiago
Published: March 2019

Background

A newly developed dental implant system combining advancements in surface chemistry, topography, nanostructure, color, and surface energy aims to address biological challenges and expand clinical applications.

Purpose

To assess the short‐ and long‐term safety and efficacy of a novel, gradually anodized dental implant surface/anodized abutment.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four Yucatan mini pigs (20‐24 months old) received two dental implants in each jaw quadrant. Each site was randomized to receive either a commercially available anodized implant/machined abutment or a gradually anodized implant/anodized abutment with a protective layer. Animals were euthanized at 3, 6, and 13 weeks. Microcomputed tomography and histological analyses were performed.

Results

No significant histological differences in inflammation scores, epithelium length, bone‐to‐implant contact, or bone density were observed between groups for any healing time. Mucosal height was significantly higher at 3 weeks for controls (Δ = 0.2 mm); no differences were observed at 6 and 13 weeks. No significant differences in radiographic bone volume, bone‐to‐implant contact, trabecular thickness, and crestal bone levels were observed, irrespective of healing time. Trabecular spacing was borderline significant at 3 weeks in favor of the test implant sites; no differences were observed at 6 weeks. No significant differences were observed between experimental groups at 13 weeks.

Conclusions

The new implant system yielded results comparable to a commercially available predicate device.
Shared genes between Alzheimer’s disease and ischemic stroke
Authors: Wei Chang‐Juan , Cui Pan , Li He , Lang Wen‐Jing , Liu Gui‐You , Ma Xiao‐Feng
Published: March 2019

Aims

Although converging evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies indicates Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ischemic stroke (IS) are related, the genetic basis underlying their links is less well characterized. Traditional SNP‐based genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have failed to uncover shared susceptibility variants of AD and IS. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate whether pleiotropic genes existed between AD and IS to account for their phenotypic association, although this was not reported in previous studies.

Methods

Taking advantage of large‐scale GWAS summary statistics of AD (17,008 AD cases and 37,154 controls) and IS (10,307 IS cases and 19,326 controls), we performed gene‐based analysis implemented in VEGAS2 and Fisher's meta‐analysis of the set of overlapped genes of nominal significance in both diseases. Subsequently, gene expression analysis in AD‐ or IS‐associated expression datasets was conducted to explore the transcriptional alterations of pleiotropic genes identified.

Results

16 AD‐IS pleiotropic genes surpassed the cutoff for Bonferroni‐corrected significance. Notably, MS4A4A and TREM2, two established AD‐susceptibility genes showed remarkable alterations in the spleens and brains afflicted by IS, respectively. Among the prioritized genes identified by virtue of literature‐based knowledge, most are immune‐relevant genes (EPHA1, MS4A4A, UBE2L3 and TREM2), implicating crucial roles of the immune system in the pathogenesis of AD and IS.

Conclusions

The observation that AD and IS had shared disease‐associated genes offered mechanistic insights into their common pathogenesis, predominantly involving the immune system. More importantly, our findings have important implications for future research directions, which are encouraged to verify the involvement of these candidates in AD and IS and interpret the exact molecular mechanisms of action.
Local support for conservation is associated with perceptions of good governance, social impacts, and ecological effectiveness
Authors: Bennett Nathan J. , Di Franco Antonio , Calò Antonio , Nethery Elizabeth , Niccolini Federico , Milazzo Marco , Guidetti Paolo
Published: March 2019

Local support is important for the longevity of conservation initiatives. The literature suggests that perceptions of ecological effectiveness, social impacts, and good governance will influence levels of local support for conservation. This paper examines these relationships using data from a survey of small‐scale fishermen in 11 marine protected areas from six countries in the Mediterranean Sea. The survey queried small‐scale fishermen regarding perceptions and support for conservation. We constructed composite scores for three categories of perceptions—ecological effectiveness, social impacts, and good governance—and tested the relationship with levels of support using ordinal regression models. While all three factors were positively correlated with support for conservation, perceptions of good governance and social impacts were stronger predictors of increasing support. These findings suggest that employing good governance processes and managing social impacts may be more important than ecological effectiveness for maintaining local support for conservation.
Hospital admissions and emergency department visits among kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Weeda Erin R. , Su Zemin , Taber David J. , Bian John , Morinelli Thomas A. , Pilch Nicole A. , Mauldin Patrick D. , DuBay Derek A.
Published: March 2019

Reducing acute care utilization is a means of improving long‐term patient outcomes. We sought to assess high inpatient (IP) admission and standalone emergency department (ED) utilization within a 9‐month period post‐kidney transplantation and to identify mutable factors to reduce utilization. In this ten‐year retrospective study, 1599 adult kidney transplant recipients were identified. A previous transplant, graft loss, or death within 3 months post‐transplantation excluded 319 patients. Comprehensive resource utilization data were obtained from a statewide database. Those with ≥2 IP admissions or standalone ED visits 4‐12 months post‐transplantation were classified as high utilizers. Multivariable logistic regression models were used for examining associations of predictors with high IP or ED utilization. Of 1280 kidney recipients, 209 and 183 were categorized as IP and ED high utilizers, respectively. Factors significantly associated with high IP utilization included valvular disease, body mass index ≥35, and IP or ED use <3 months post‐transplantation; while factors associated with high ED utilization included IP or ED use <3 months post‐transplantation, younger age, female, smoker, congestive heart failure, depression, and IP or ED use 1 year pre‐transplantation. Inpatient and standalone ED utilization within a 9‐month period after kidney transplantation is high and associated with sociodemographic factors, mutable comorbidities, and healthcare utilization.
Travel medicine, transplant tourism, and the solid organ transplant recipient—Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Authors: Buchan C. Arianne , Kotton Camille Nelson ,   the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Published: March 2019

These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review recommendations for prevention and management of travel‐related infection in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients as well as risks associated with transplant tourism. Counseling regarding travel post‐transplant should be included during the pre‐transplant evaluation, and all SOT recipients should be seen by a travel medicine specialist prior to traveling to destinations with higher rates of infection. Patients should be advised on vaccine‐preventable illnesses as well as any need for prophylaxis (ie, malaria) based on their individual travel itineraries. Information with regards to specific recommendations for vaccines and prophylactic medications, along with drug‐drug interactions, is summarized. Counseling should be provided for modifiable risks and exposures (ie, food and water safety, and insect bite prevention) as well as non‐infectious travel topics. These guidelines also briefly address risks associated with transplant tourism and specific infections to consider if patients seek care for transplants done in foreign countries.
Alcohol and other drug prevention for older adolescents: It's a no brainer
Authors: Debenham Jennifer , Newton Nicola , Birrell Louise , Askovic Mina
Published: March 2019

Older adolescence represents a critical period of brain development whereby the prefrontal cortex, responsible for higher level thinking and emotional regulation, is under construction. During this period, the brain is wired to underestimate risk and overestimate pleasure, which primes young people towards risky, pleasure‐oriented experiences. Substance use during this time can hinder brain maturation and lead to development related disorders. However, young people are the most likely to drink at risky quantities, use cannabis, MDMA and cocaine in the previous 12 months than any other age group. Despite this, there are no validated, age‐appropriate prevention programs targeting school leavers, which leaves a group of young people to navigate a landscape where drug use is the most common, without formal support. Drug and alcohol prevention programs should be developed for this age group that combine features of universal prevention programs and targeted intervention programs to support the wider range of drug use behaviours relevant to this older audience. This article outlines potential evidence‐based strategies that programs could focus on in the future.
Predictors and reasons for starting and sustaining quit attempts in a national cohort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers
Authors: Thomas David P. , Lyons Louise , Borland Ron
Published: March 2019

Introduction and Aims

The national prevalence of daily smoking among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population is 39% but falling. We explore factors associated with starting and sustaining quit attempts, and reasons given for quitting.

Design and Methods

We analysed data from the nationally representative quota sample of 759 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults who reported smoking at least weekly in the Talking About The Smokes baseline survey (April 2012–October 2013) who completed a follow‐up survey a year later (August 2013–August 2014).

Results

Having made more quit attempts, more recent quit attempts in the past, motivational attitudes, having been encouraged to quit by a health professional and having noticed tobacco advertising were associated with making a quit attempt between surveys. Having made longer quit attempts in the past, non‐daily smoking and quit self‐efficacy were associated with sustaining abstinence. But neither having made more quit attempts in the past nor dependence was associated with sustaining abstinence. Health concerns, price and setting an example to children were the most common reasons given by smokers and ex‐smokers for quitting.

Discussion and Conclusions

Different factors predict making and sustaining quit attempts among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers. We need to rethink current messages that just encourage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers to keep making quit attempts by increasing motivation to quit, as motivation and making more quit attempts does not predict eventual success. We could focus more on increasing smokers’ confidence that they can successfully quit.
Skill Sorting and Production Linkages: Evidence from India
Authors: Asuyama Yoko
Published: March 2019

Contrary to the theoretical predictions of most studies, this paper empirically shows that high‐skilled workers in India are sorted into industries with weaker production linkages. I hypothesize that such a reverse sorting pattern (negative sorting) occurs because the returns to skill become lower in industries with stronger production linkages as a result of substantial quality deterioration. Such substantial quality deterioration as the size of production linkages grows is likely to occur in developing countries such as India, which is characterized by a large pool of low‐skilled labor, poor infrastructure, and less‐advanced technology. Using both individual‐ and industry‐level data from the National Sample Surveys and input–output tables for India in 1999 and 2009, I find consistent evidence in favor of this hypothesized mechanism. The results are robust when accounting for possible endogeneity and selection biases and controlling for alternative reasons.
Opposite responses to aversive stimuli in lateral habenula neurons
Authors: Congiu Mauro , Trusel Massimo , Pistis Marco , Mameli Manuel , Lecca Salvatore
Published: March 2019

Appropriate behavioural strategies to cope with unexpected salient stimuli require synergistic neuronal responses in diverse brain regions. Among them, the epithalamic lateral habenula (LHb) plays a pivotal role in processing salient stimuli of aversive valence. Integrated in the complex motivational circuit, LHb neurons are indeed excited by aversive stimuli, including footshock (Fs). However, whether such excitation is a common feature represented throughout the LHb remains unclear. Here, we combined single‐unit extracellular recordings in anaesthetized mice with juxtacellular labelling to describe the nature, location and pharmacological properties of Fs‐driven responses within the LHb. We find that, along with Fs‐excited cells, about 10% of LHb neurons display Fs‐mediated inhibitory responses. Such inhibited neuronal population, in contrast to Fs‐excited neurons, display regular and high frequency activity at baseline and is clustered in the medial portion of the LHb. Juxtacellular labelling of Fs‐excited and inhibited neurons unravels that both populations are of glutamatergic type, as they co‐localized with the EAAC1 glutamatergic transporter but not with the GAD67 GABAergic marker. Moreover, while the excitatory responses to Fs require both AMPA and NMDA receptors, the inhibitory responses rely instead on GABAA channels. Taken together, our results indicate that two functionally and partly segregated LHb neuronal ensembles encode Fs in an opposite fashion. This highlights the neuronal complexity in the LHb for processing aversive external stimuli.
Sustainable effects of gypsum from desulphurization of flue gas on the reclamation of sodic soil after 17 years
Authors: Zhao Yonggan , Wang Shujuan , Li Yan , Zhuo Yuqun , Liu Jia
Published: March 2019

Reclamation of saline–sodic soils with gypsum from the desulphurization of flue gas (FGD) is a recently developed technique. However, limited information is available on the long‐term effects of FGD gypsum in agricultural fields. This study evaluated the effects of FGD gypsum on soil physical and chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations after 17 years. Established in 2001, the study site on the Tumochuan Plain of Inner Mongolia, China, has a sandy loam soil. The experimental field was divided into three classes characterized by small, medium and large exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values before the experiment. Based on the initial soil ESP values (6.1–20, 20–30 and 30–78.4%, respectively), FGD gypsum was applied once at rates of 20.9, 30.6 and 59.3 t ha−1 to the small‐, medium‐ and large‐ESP classes, respectively. Compared with the control plots, the treated plots showed decreases in soil pH of 9.8 and 7.5% and decreases in ESP of 52.7 and 46.6% at the 20–40‐cm and 40–60‐cm depths, respectively. The treated plots showed remarkable decreases in electrical conductivity at the 20–60‐cm depth in the small‐ESP class, but moderate increases at the 0–20‐cm depth in the medium‐ and large‐ESP classes. The dissolved salt composition changed, with substantially larger Ca2+ and SO42− but smaller CO32− + HCO3− concentrations in the treated plots than in the control plots. The treated plots showed increases in the macroaggregate fractions (>250 μm) and decreases in the silt–clay fractions (<53 μm). There were no significant differences in the heavy metal (Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni) concentrations among the plots; thus, the use of FGD gypsum in agricultural fields is safe. The beneficial effects of FGD gypsum on the reclamation of sodic soils remained and were concentrated deeper in the soil after 17 years.

Highlights

Limited information is available on the lasting effects of FGD gypsum in agricultural fields.

The long‐term effects of FGD gypsum on soil physicochemical properties are reported for the first time.

The beneficial effects of FGD gypsum on soil reclamation extended to the 20–60‐cm soil layers.

The use of FGD gypsum in agricultural fields was safe, and the effects lasted many years.
Meta‐analysis of post‐release fishing mortality in apex predatory pelagic sharks and white marlin
Authors: Musyl Michael K. , Gilman Eric L.
Published: March 2019

Robust assessments of the effects of fishing require accounting for components of fishing mortality, including post‐release fishing mortality (Fr). Random‐effects meta‐analysis synthesizedFrin seven pelagic shark species captured, tagged and released with 401 pop‐up satellite archival tags compiled from 33 studies and three gears (longline, purse‐seine, rod & reel). The majority ofFroutcomes occurred within days of release, and the summary effect size forFrwas 0.27 [95%CI: 0.19–0.36], ranging from a low pooled effect size of 0.17 for blue shark (Prionace glauca,Carcharhinidae) to 0.38 (silky shark,Carcharhinus falciformis,Carcharhinidae).Frrates in blue shark were consistent over dissimilar spatial and temporal scales, and results from earlier meta‐analysis were replicated, which is the most powerful way to authenticate results. Condition at tagging was a strong predictor, and dichotomized survival outcomes in silky shark and no sex‐, size‐, location‐ or gear‐specificFrrates were demonstrated. Meta‐analyses and sensitivity analyses indicated exposure to risk factors and conditions whilst caught on the gear probably had the largest explanatory effect onFr, rather than stressors incurred during handling and release. Records from 549 tagged istiophorid billfishes (six species, three gears, 43 studies) demonstrated they are more robust to stressors sustained during capture, handling and release than pelagic sharks. Findings from previous meta‐analysis onFrrates in white marlin (Kajikia albida,Istiophoridae) were replicated. SynthesizedFrrates enable prioritizing approaches to mitigate by‐catch fishing mortality, to improve the quality of stock and ecological risk assessments and to expand our knowledge of factors influencing trophic structure.
Redundant and Nonredundant Information for Model Calibration or Hydraulic Tomography
Authors: Wen Jet‐Chau , Chen Jyun‐Lin , Yeh Tian‐Chyi Jim , Wang Yu‐Li , Huang Shao‐Yang , Tian Zhong , Yu Chia‐Yii
Published: March 2019

Drawdown data from independent pumping tests have widely been used to validate the estimated hydraulic parameters from inverse modeling or hydraulic tomography (HT). Yet, the independent pumping test has not been clearly defined. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to define this independent pumping test concept, based on the redundant or nonredundant information about aquifer heterogeneity embedded in the observed heads during cross‐hole pumping tests. The definition of complete, moderate redundancy and high nonredundancy of information are stipulated using cross‐correlation analysis of the relationship between the head and heterogeneity. Afterward, data from numerical experiments and field sequential pumping test campaigns reinforce the concept and the definition.
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis with hemobilia induced by pembrolizumab: Case report and review of published work
Authors: Koya Yudai , Shibata Michihiko , Shinohara Nobuhiko , Nebuya Satoru , Oe Shinji , Honma Yuichi , Senju Michio , Sato Naoko , Harada Masaru
Published: March 2019

A 66‐year‐old man was admitted to our department due to cholestatic liver injury. He had received five cycles of pembrolizumab for small‐cell lung cancer. Imaging showed the possibility of sclerosing cholangitis (SC) with hemobilia. Histologically, CD8+ T cells had infiltrated the biliary epithelium of the extrahepatic bile duct. We reached the diagnosis of secondary SC induced by pembrolizumab. Although we treated him with high‐dose corticosteroids, laboratory data showed only a moderate response. Clinicians should recognize that immune checkpoint inhibitors can sometimes cause severe and irreversible SC.
TOPOLOGIES OF HISTORY
Authors: MALPAS JEFF
Published: March 2019

History, it is routinely assumed, belongs primarily to time and the temporal. Yet although routine, the assumption is nevertheless mistaken. It is place or topos, which encompasses both time and space (and that is intimately tied to the notion of bound or limit), that is primary here, and so history has to be understood as determined topologically, and not merely temporally. The exploration and elaboration of this claim involves rethinking the ideas of time, space, and place as well as of language and narrative. History appears in its adventual character, but its adventuality is itself seen as a happening of place.
RESEARCH, NARRATIVE, AND REPRESENTATION: A POSTNARRATIVE APPROACH
Authors: JANSEN HARRY
Published: March 2019

Narrativism or representationalism is founded on the idea that historical narratives and representations are 1) true and indivisible wholes, whereof 2) the truth needs to be maintained, although a narrativist or representationalist whole cannot be confirmed or disconfirmed, and wherein 3) the past is represented in a figurative sense. These fundamental aspects of narrativism have had a positive impact on historiography, but they are also the three reasons why narrativism has neglected historical research and argumentation. To remedy these problems postnarrativism has been evoked. It opts for presentation instead of representation, cutting through all the links between the past and the historiographical product. The product is not a narrative or a representation but a thesis, a proposal to see the past in a special way. The only element postnarrativism wants to retain of narrativism is colligation because it has an argumentative structure based on epistemic values. Postnarrativism leads to knowledge, built on the practice of warranted assertions instead of truth.

My postnarrativism chooses a middle course between a strong narrativism and what I would like to call a “weak,” presentational postnarrativism. I agree with postnarrativists that more attention must be paid to argumentation and research. Moreover, I consider time a neglected issue in narrativism. Nevertheless, I don't want to give up the three above‐mentioned fundamental aspects of it. In my view the assumption of truth with regard to (figurative) representation needs to be maintained, but in a pragmatic, provisional form: a historical narrative or representation can be considered as true as long as it has not been replaced by a better one. Retaining truth and holism, but wanting more room for investigation and argumentation, requires that narrativism's role in historical research and history‐writing be revised. This implies the replacement of the usual research phase by a preparation phase, wherein, next to research, space must be reserved for so‐called writing activities. Preparation means the conversion of a germinal narrative or representation into an accomplished whole. Holism occurs in two representational forms: a narrative and a representation. In both forms, research concepts and the associated temporalities become visible under the surface of the narrativist or representational superstructure.
The Presence and involvement of interleukin‐17 in apical periodontitis
Authors: Xiong H. , Wei L. , Peng B.
Published: March 2019

Apical periodontitis (AP) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by periapical tissue inflammation and destruction of the associated alveolar bone. It is caused by microbial infections within the root canal and the resultant host immune responses in the periapical tissues. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐17 has been shown to play an important role in many inflammatory diseases. There is increasing evidence of the presence of IL‐17 in AP, which might be associated with disease pathogenesis. Moreover, several animal studies indicate the potential role of IL‐17 in periapical inflammation and the resultant bone resorption in AP. This article reviews recent studies regarding the collective in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence of the presence and involvement of IL‐17 in AP. A search related to IL‐17 in apical periodontitis was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases using keywords and controlled vocabulary. Two independent reviewers first screened titles and abstracts and then the full texts that were included. A total of 25 papers were identified, of the 25 included articles, 7 involved laboratory studies on cell cultures, 11 involved animal experimentations, and 7 were observational studies using human clinical samples. In conclusion, evidence for the presence of IL‐17 in AP from human and animal models is clear. However, there is relatively little information currently available that would highlight the specific role of IL‐17 in AP.
Effects of in situ synthesis of CNTs/SiCw on microstructure and properties of Al2O3–SiC–C composites
Authors: Gong Wei , Li Xiangcheng , Chen Pingan , Wen Zeyu , Fang Binxiang , Zhu Boquan
Published: March 2019

Al2O3–SiC–C composites were prepared using tabular corundum, ball pitch and silicon carbide as the main raw materials. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and SiC whiskers (SiCw) were in situ synthesized and their effects on the thermo–mechanical properties of Al2O3–SiC–C composites have been studied. The experimental results indicated that the high yield of SiCw and CNTs with large aspect ratio could be obtained due to addition of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O as catalyst in the composites. The cold modulus of rupture values were increased by 24% to 7.2 MPa, and the flexural modulus was increased from 19 GPa to 24 GPa. Additionally, the hot modulus of rupture reached a maximum value of 3.6 MPa, which presented a 71% increase over that of composites without catalyst. After three thermal shock cycles, the residual cold crush strength was improved from 57.1% to 76.9%. It is believed that the enhancement in the thermo‐mechanical properties of Al2O3–SiC–C composites could be attributed to the reinforcement effect of SiCw and CNTs.
History of the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry: A 50‐year perspective
Authors: Gelbier Stanley , Kupietzky Ari , Tsai Anthony Tzong‐Ping
Published: March 2019

This paper demonstrates how the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry (IAPD) arose from small beginnings in 1967. What started as an International Forum on Child Dental Health in London grew to become first the International Association of Dentistry for Children and then the outstanding IAPD with biennial Congresses, regional meetings, cooperation with other children's organizations, Teach the Teachers programmes, a wonderful website, and this International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. There are now 70 national member societies worldwide representing over 16 000 members with a single interest: to further the oral health care of children. It is a truly remarkable achievement.
Strong and tough ZrB2 materials using a heterogeneous ceramic–metal layered architecture
Authors: Bai Yuhang , Ma Yiyuan , Sun Mengyong , Fan Shangwu , Cheng Laifei
Published: March 2019

ZrB2‐SiCw ceramic sheets produced by tape casting and tailored ductile Ti foil were alternatively stacked and sintered by spark plasma to synthesize a multi‐layered ceramic. Following mechanical processing, a high flexural strength (621 MPa) and fracture toughness (15.3 MPa·m1/2) in uniaxial tension were achieved in comparison to laminated ceramics with a weak BN interlayer. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed a characteristic macroscopic heterogeneous lamella as well as a three‐tier microstructured interface, termed the L‐T structure. This novel structure provides a new path for the development of ceramic/metal layered composites with superior mechanical properties in the near future.
The Evolution of Resilience in Supply Chain Management: A Retrospective on Ensuring Supply Chain Resilience
Authors: Pettit Timothy J. , Croxton Keely L. , Fiksel Joseph
Published: March 2019

We opened our 2010 paper in the Journal of Business Logistics with a 6th century quote by Heraclitus – “The only constant is change.” This immutable law certainly holds in today's volatile business world, especially for supply chain management, and has been the driving factor behind the interest in resilience. Since the seminal works of the mid‐to‐late 1990s and early 2000s, the supply chain discipline has progressed toward a common understanding of resilience. But we're not there yet. This paper reflects on the impact of our 2010 paper, and envisions future opportunities for advances in resilience that will improve both day‐to‐day business continuity and long‐term sustainability. We are honored to be selected for this 40th Anniversary Issue of the Journal of Business Logistics, and proud that our paper has been recognized as the most cited of the decade.
Social effects of territorial neighbours on the timing of spring breeding in North American red squirrels
Authors: Fisher David N. , Wilson Alastair J. , Boutin Stan , Dantzer Ben , Lane Jeffrey E. , Coltman David W. , Gorrell Jamie C. , McAdam Andrew G.
Published: March 2019

Organisms can affect one another's phenotypes when they socially interact. Indirect genetic effects occur when an individual's phenotype is affected by genes expressed in another individual. These heritable effects can enhance or reduce adaptive potential, thereby accelerating or reversing evolutionary change. Quantifying these social effects is therefore crucial for our understanding of evolution, yet estimates of indirect genetic effects in wild animals are limited to dyadic interactions. We estimated indirect phenotypic and genetic effects, and their covariance with direct effects, for the date of spring breeding in North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) living in an array of territories of varying spatial proximity. Additionally, we estimated indirect effects and the strength of selection at low and high population densities. Social effects of neighbours on the date of spring breeding were different from zero at high population densities but not at low population densities. Indirect phenotypic effects accounted for a larger amount of variation in the date of breeding than differences attributable to the among‐individual variance, suggesting social interactions are important for determining breeding dates. The genetic component to these indirect effects was however not statistically significant. We therefore showcase a powerful and flexible method that will allow researchers working in organisms with a range of social systems to estimate indirect phenotypic and genetic effects, and demonstrate the degree to which social interactions can influence phenotypes, even in a solitary species.
Use of extracted anterior teeth as provisional restorations and surgical guide for immediate multiple implant placement: A clinical case report
Authors: Ladino Luis G. , Rosselli Diego
Published: March 2019

Objective

The aim of this article is to describe the use of natural anterior teeth as a surgical guide to implant placement and provisional restoration for a young patient with root resorption of upper central incisors and left‐lateral incisor.

Clinical considerations

Achieving soft tissue esthetics is quite a challenge in implant dentistry. Here, a case of immediate implant placement using the natural teeth of the patient as an immediate provisional restoration, which achieves satisfactory results in terms of soft tissue architecture.

Conclusions

Post‐extraction implant placement in combination with immediate loading of dental implants has been evolving into an appropriate procedure for the treatment of partially edentulous anterior maxilla. Different techniques that include use of the own teeth as provisional implant supported restoration helps to maintain architecture of gingival contour, specially papilla.

Clinical significance

Natural architecture of anterior soft tissue is a big challenge in implant dentistry. Use of natural teeth as a surgical guide and provisional restorations might be helpful to obtain an optimal outcome.
Selection and characterization of ssDNA aptamers specifically recognizing pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus
Authors: Yu Qing , Liu Mingzhu , Su Hongfei , Xiao Hehe , Wu Siting , Qin Xianling , Li Siqiao , Mi Huizhi , Lu Zijun , Shi Deqiang , Li Pengfei
Published: March 2019

Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) is a major opportunistic pathogen to both marine animals and humans, which has also caused heavy economic losses to mariculture. The aim of this study was to develop highly specific aptamers for V. alginolyticus. Single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers with high binding affinity to viable V. alginolyticus were generated by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) and identified by flow cytometric analysis in this study. The selected aptamers showed high specificity for V. alginolyticus and low apparent binding for other bacteria. The aptamers formed distinct stem‐loop structures, which could form the basis of aptamers’ specific binding to the target V. alginolyticus. Aptamer VA2 and VA8 showed particularly high binding affinity constant (Kd) of 14.31 ± 4.26 and 90.00 ± 13.51 nM, respectively. The aptamers produced no cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo. ssDNA aptamers were successfully selected against the viable bacteria pathogen V. alginolyticus by SELEX. The aptamers selected in this study could be not only applied as specific chemical molecular probes for studying V. alginolyticus pathogenesis to Trachinotus ovatus, but also developing rapid convenient diagnosis assay for V. alginolyticus infection, even when applied to the complex sample matrix, such as food and environment samples.
Application of pomegranate peel extract and essential oil as a safe botanical preservative for the control of postharvest decay caused by Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum on “Satsuma” mandarin
Authors: Givi Fatemeh , Gholami Mahdiyeh , Massah Amir
Published: March 2019

There is a growing interest in using natural antifungal compounds for the preservation of foods. The first experiment of this study was investigated an effect of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and the essential oil (PPEO) in different concentrations mixed with potato dextrose agar (PDA) on spore germination of Penicillum italicum and Penicillum digitatum. in vivo experiments were focused on the treatments offering potential antifungal and antioxidant benefits. Preventive treatments were performed by dipping wounded fruit into the specific concentrations of extract and thereafter, each wound site was infected by inoculating 20 μL of the inoculum of P. italicum or P. digitatum. For curative treatments, fruit were wounded as above, and then inoculated with P. italicum or P. digitatum. Even though data showed no significant differences between PPEO treatments, PPE at 100 and 125 ppm elicited significantly lower spore germination under in vitro conditions compared to the other treatments. The results showed that 75% or/and 100% PPE reduced infected wound percentage and lesion diameter and increased total phenolic, flavonoid compounds content, and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity in “Satsuma” mandarin rind. The tested PPE can be effectively utilized for controlling and curing infections caused by P. italicum and P. digitatum.

Practical applications

The results obtained in this research could be advantageously used by industry as a request of consumer demand for pesticide‐free food. The results indicate that it is possible to substitute the synthetic compounds with preservatives safer for man and environment.
Urinary abnormalities in children and adolescents with Wilson disease before and during treatment with d‐penicillamine
Authors: Helmy Heba , Fahmy Mona , Abdel Aziz Hanan , Ghobrial Carolyne , Abdel Hameed Nehal , El‐Karaksy Hanaa
Published: March 2019

Background and Aim

Renal abnormalities can occur at any time point during the course of Wilson disease (WD). We aimed to fill a literature gap in this respect by studying urinary abnormalities in children and adolescents with WD.

Methods

This study included 60 children with WD presenting to the Pediatric Hepatology Unit, Cairo University. The following data were retrieved from the patients' files including age, sex, liver function tests, serum ceruloplasmin, 24‐h urinary copper, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urinalysis, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, urinary calcium/creatinine ratio, urinary β2‐microglobulin, liver and renal biopsy results when available.

Results

All studied cases had no symptoms related to renal involvement. Microscopic hematuria was detected in 11% and 12% at baseline and within 5 years of therapy, respectively. Moderate microalbuminuria was detected in 34%, 50%, and 33% at baseline, within 5 years and > 5 years after therapy, respectively. Hypercalciuria was detected in 23% at baseline, 34% in those patients treated for up to 5 years and 37.5% > 5 years of therapy. Age and international normalized ratio were significantly higher in patients with high calcium/creatinine ratio compared with those with normal values at initial evaluation. Frequency of elevated urinary β2‐microglobulin was 36%, 36%, and 37% in patients at baseline, up to 5 years and > 5 years of therapy, respectively.

Conclusion

Asymptomatic urinary abnormalities are present in patients with WD at any time point of the disease and during treatment with d‐penicillamine. They have to be searched for, as early intervention may prevent progression to renal insufficiency.
The safety of newly developed automatic temperature‐controlled endobiliary radiofrequency ablation system for malignant biliary strictures: A prospective multicenter study
Authors: Lee Yun Nah , Jeong Seok , Choi Hyun Jong , Cho Jae Hee , Cheon Young Koog , Park Se Woo , Kim Yeon Suk , Lee Don Haeng , Moon Jong Ho
Published: March 2019

Background and Aims

Catheter‐based endobiliary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an endoscopic local treatment for patients with malignant biliary stricture (MBS). However, excessive heating of the bile duct by the current RFA system can induce serious complications. Recently, a new RFA system with automatic temperature control was developed. In the present study, we examined the safety of the new RFA system in patients undergoing endobiliary RFA for extrahepatic MBS.

Methods

This prospective, multicenter study enrolled patients with unresectable or inoperable extrahepatic (> 2 cm from the hilum) MBS. Endobiliary RFA was performed using a newly developed RFA catheter (ELRA™, STARmed, Goyang, Korea) at a setting of 7 or 10 W for 120 s and with a target temperature of 80°C. A self‐expandable metallic stent was inserted after endobiliary RFA. The rate of procedure‐related adverse events was assessed.

Results

The 30 patients were enrolled in this study. Cholangiocarcinoma was diagnosed in 19 patients, pancreatic cancer was found in 9, and gallbladder cancers were recorded in 2. The mean stricture length was 22.1 ± 6.6 mm. Post‐procedural adverse events occurred in three patients (10.0%; 2 mild pancreatitis and 1 cholangitis) without hemobilia and bile duct perforation. The pancreatitis and cholangitis resolved with conservative treatment. The cumulative duration of stent patency and survival were 236 and 383 days, respectively.

Conclusions

Automatic temperature‐controlled endobiliary RFA using a newly developed catheter was safely applied in patents with extrahepatic MBS. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of endobiliary RFA for MBS.
Understanding the core principles of a ‘modified ketogenic diet’: aUKand Ireland perspective
Authors: Martin‐McGill K. J. , Lambert B. , Whiteley V. J. , Wood S. , Neal E. G. , Simpson Z. R. , Schoeler N. E. ,   on behalf of the Ketogenic Dietitians Research Network (KDRN)
Published: March 2019

Background

Many centres across theUKand Ireland anecdotally report using a ‘modified ketogenic diet’ (MKD) as a treatment for refractory epilepsy. Although aMKDis within the spectrum of ketogenic diets (KDs), there is little literature reporting upon its definition, use or clinical effectiveness. We aimed to understand the core principles ofMKDpractice and to assess whether and how theMKDdiffers from otherKDprotocols.

Methods

An online survey, designed by a consensus group of ketogenic dietitians, was circulated to 39KDcentres across theUKand Ireland. It consisted of 35 questions regarding dietetic practice when providingMKD.

Results

Eighteen centres completed the questionnaire: 13 paediatric, three adult and two combined centres. All dietitians basedMKD‘prescriptions’ on estimated total energy requirements. The average macronutrient profile was 75% fat and 5% carbohydrate, with proteinad libitum. Carbohydrate and fat targets were implemented via weighed portions (carbohydrate listsn = 18; fat listsn = 13) and ‘household measures’ (carbohydrate listsn = 2; fat listsn = 3). Of the centres, 94% (n = 17) adjusted macronutrients over time; these decisions were based on ketone levels and seizures in most cases (83%;n = 14). Ketogenic nutritional products available on prescription were used by 10 centres (56%) when initiating and by all centres when ‘fine‐tuning’ theMKD.

Conclusions

A modified ketogenic diet in theUKand Ireland is a hybridKD, adopting principles from other establishedKDprotocols and defining new elements unique to theMKD. Further research into the clinical and cost‐effectiveness ofMKDwould be of benefit.
Dietary intake and lifestyle behaviour in different phenotypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome: a case–control study
Authors: Amirjani S. , Asemi Z. , Bazarganipour F. , Aramesh S. , Allan H. , Sayadi M. , Tabatabaei M.‐S. , Mohamadian Z. , Zabti F. , Iranpak N. , Heydarzadeh A. , Taghavi S. A. , Badehnoosh B. , Khashavi Z.
Published: March 2019

Background

The present study aimed to compare dietary intake and lifestyle behaviour in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and healthy women.

Methods

One hundred and sixty healthy women (partner with male infertility) were recruited to a control group; 168 women with PCOS (diagnosed on ultrasound) were recruited to a case study group for this cross‐sectional comparative study. The case group was classified into three phenotypes based on the presence or absence of menstrual disorder (M), hyperandrogenism (HA) and polycystic ovary according to sonography (PCO): HA+PCO (n = 53), PCO+M (n = 57) and M+HA+PCO (n = 66). Dietary intake and lifestyle behaviour were measured using a food frequency questionnaire and a lifestyle questionnaire.

Results

The mean energy (P < 0.001) and fat (P < 0.001) intakes were greater in PCOS groups compared to the control group. The average energy and fat intakes were greater in HA+M+PCO group after age and body mass index (BMI) adjustment compared to the other phenotypes (P < 0.001). In comparison with the control group, lifestyle scores were lower in the PCOS group in the fields of physical activity, weight and nutrition control after age and BMI adjustment (P < 0.001). The average score of lifestyle in the fields of physical activity, weight and nutrition control, and psychological health was lower in the phenotype HA+M+PCO compared to the other phenotypes (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

A limited energy and fat intake is strongly recommended in Iranian women with PCOS, especially for phenotype HA+M+PCO. Consultation with respect to improvement of psychological health and the importance of weight and nutrition control, as well as appropriate physical activity, is advocated, especially in patients with phenotype HA+M+PCO.