bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staring Down the State: Police Power, Visual Economies, and the “War on Cameras”
Authors: Wall Tyler , Linnemann Travis
Published: April 2014

This paper considers how the politics of security and order are also a politics of aesthetics encompassing practical struggles over the authority and regulation of ways of looking and knowing. To do this, the paper considers the visual economies of police power in the United States by engaging what has been called the “war on cameras”, or the police crackdown on citizen photographers who “shoot back” or “stare down” police. Despite US law generally endorsing the right for citizens to film or photograph on-duty public police officers, in recent years hundreds of cases have been documented where police have confiscated or smashed cameras, deleted film, or intimidated and threatened those wielding an unauthorized camera. For us, this crackdown on the unauthorized stare is a theoretically and politically insightful case study—a diagnostic moment—for engaging more openly and starkly the assumptions underpinning police power more generally, particularly the ways police power aims to actively fabricate social order by eradicating anything it deems a threat in the name of security. Ultimately, we argue that the violence holstered, literally and figuratively, on the hip of modern policing is inseparable from an attendant politics of staring and visuality that further extends and perpetuates state power’s aim of pacification.
Leaderless Organization, World Historical Events and Their Contradictions: The ‘Burning Man City’ Case
Authors: Rojek Chris
Published: April 2014

‘Leaderless organizations’ are a seductive category in the field of Cultural Studies and critical organization studies. In the 1960s, arguably, Situationism made a fetish of the idea. Various authors made the case for direct, spontaneous action without the hierarchies and directive lead of conventional management structures. The Occupy protest movement revived this thinking. Following the Arab Spring (2011), it gained high media publicity for a series of occupations of prominent sites adjacent to international centres of finance capital. Global events provide a relevant parallel to this. Ever since Live Aid (1985) they have presented themselves as stateless solutions to international issues and emergencies. But are leaderless events possible in cultural management? This paper examines a neglected area in the sociology of culture: global event management and the type of social consciousness that it exploits and perpetuates. The Burning Man City annual event in Nevada is explored as a case of flat horizon strategy in cultural management.
Lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma: overview and perspective
Authors: Desai Madhav , Newberry Kate , Ou Zhishuo , Wang Michael , Zhang Liang
Published: April 2014

Lenalidomide, a novel immunomodulatory agent, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome and relapsed multiple myeloma. Data from preclinical studies paved the way for clinical trials of lenalidomide in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Initial phase I and II clinical trials of lenalidomide alone and as part of combination regimens in patients with relapsed/refractory MCL have shown promising results. Its immunomodulatory, T cell costimulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic actions working together in the tumor cell microenvironment seem to be responsible for its enhanced antitumor efficacy. Lenalidomide’s nature of action and safety profile favor it over other agents studied in relapsed/refractory MCL. This review summarizes the data from preclinical and clinical studies of lenalidomide in relapsed/refractory MCL and compares the results with those of other novel agents being used for relapsed/refractory MCL.
Studying medicine – a cross-sectional questionnaire-based analysis of the motivational factors which influence graduate and undergraduate entrants in Ireland
Authors: Sulong Saadah , McGrath Deirdre , Finucane Paul , Horgan Mary , O’Flynn Siún , O’Tuathaigh Colm
Published: April 2014

Summary

Objectives

The number of places available in Ireland for graduate entry to medical school has steadily increased since 2006. Few studies have, however, characterized the motivational factors underlying decision to study medicine via this route. We compared the factors motivating graduate entrants versus undergraduate entry (UGE) students to choose medicine as a course of study.

Design

The present study was a quantitative cross-sectional questionnaire-based investigation.

Setting

The study was conducted in University College Cork and University of Limerick, Ireland.

Participants

It involved 185 graduate entry (GE) and 120 UGE students.

Outcome measures

Questionnaires were distributed to students addressing the following areas: demographic/academic characteristics; factors influencing the selection of academic institution and motivation to study medicine; and the role of career guidance in choice of study.

Results

When asked to list reasons for selecting medicine, both groups listed a wish to help and work with people, and a desire to prevent and cure disease. UGE students were significantly more motivated by intellectual satisfaction, encouragement by family/friends, financial reasons, and professional independence. Approximately half of GE students selected their first degree with a view to potentially studying medicine in the future. GE and UGE students differed significantly with respect to sources consulted for career guidance and source of study information.

Conclusions

This study is the first systematic examination of study and career motivation in GE medical students since the programme was offered by Irish universities and provides insight into the reasons why graduate entrants in Ireland choose to study medicine via this route.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the cardiac manifestations of Churg-Strauss
Authors: Eyler Anne E , Ahmad Farhaan A , Jahangir Eiman
Published: April 2014

Through the detection of acute inflammation, edema, and fibrosis, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides a complete and safe evaluation of the myocardium in Churg-Strauss disease and is a useful tool for following the disease course.
The United Nations Global Compact Progress Reports as Management Control Instruments for Social Responsibility at Spanish Universities
Authors: Wigmore-Álvarez Amber , Ruiz-Lozano Mercedes
Published: April 2014

Sustainability and social responsibility (SR) have emerged as a new way of managing all types of organizations. It is necessary that the resulting policy be integrated transversely in the control processes. The environment is especially demanding of higher education institutions (HEIs) and universities when it comes to behaving in a socially responsible manner due to their great influence in society. Many universities have adhered to the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) principles to prove their commitment and gain legitimacy. The Communication on Progress (COP) is a management tool that helps to understand the level of implementation of the principles. Furthermore, COP analysis aids in establishing a process of continuous improvement in the management of the impacts that institutions have on their stakeholders. The aim of this study was to analyze the Spanish universities that have joined the Global Compact. Through a descriptive methodology, we identified the aspects that reflect this commitment and how this is integrated into their operational and educational processes. The results have shown that it is necessary to promote the integration of different international initiatives to guide the SR of universities. There are deficiencies in their SR management systems that prevent them from being more transparent, and it was found that in some cases, they are not aware of the implications the commitment can have in developed countries.
Inventory Control Methods in a Long-Term Care Pharmacy
Authors: Watson John W. , Moliver Nina , Gossett Kenneth
Published: April 2014

Background: Current inventory theory is based on simulated data and unrealistic formulae. Inventory replenishment processes are therefore commonly disrupted, and out-of-stock (OOS) events are unnecessarily frequent. Objective: OOS events at a large-volume, long-term care pharmacy in North Carolina were compared among 4 sequentially applied methods of inventory control: ( a) a manual system without Six Sigma protocol, ( b) a manual system with Six Sigma protocol, ( c) a computer-assisted system with Six Sigma protocol, and ( d) an automated system with Six Sigma protocol. Methods: Daily OOS rates were recorded for 11 weeks during the implementation of each method. Between-group comparisons were performed, and time-series analyses were conducted during each implementation to determine the significance of the change in OOS rates over the evaluation period. Results: In terms of the 2 manual systems, OOS rates were lower for the system to which a Six Sigma protocol was applied. In terms of the 3 Six Sigma systems, ranked differences were significant. The computer-assisted system had a lower OOS rate than did the automated system, and the automated system had a lower OOS rate than did the manual Six Sigma system. OOS rates were significantly reduced over an 11-week period for the computer-assisted and the automated systems. Conclusions: Six Sigma was found to be an effective process improvement strategy in the selected pharmacy setting. The study was the first inventory analysis performed with OOS events used as an empirical measure, in contrast to the simulated data used in prior studies.
Comparative study of hot-processing maps for 6061 aluminium alloy constructed from power constitutive equation and hyperbolic sine constitutive equation
Authors: Hu H. E. , Wang X. Y. , Deng L.
Published: April 2014

Two hot-processing maps were constructed from different constitutive equations using high temperature compression data to optimise hot-processing parameters for 6061 aluminium alloy. The results show that the flow behaviour of the alloy may be represented by a hyperbolic sine-type equation with deformation activation energy of 343·7 kJ mol−1. Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallisation concurrently proceeded during high temperature deformation of the alloy. The hot-processing map constructed from the hyperbolic sine constitutive equation is more suitable for optimising hot-processing parameters and for controlling the microstructure of the alloy. High deformation temperature and low strain rate favour the hot workability of the alloy. The optimum deformation condition for the alloy is 753 K/0·001 s−1. The instability domain occurs at lower deformation temperature than 653 K.
TBLR1 fuses to retinoid acid receptor α in a variant t(3;17)(q26;q21) translocation of acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Chen Yirui , Li Shouyun , Zhou Chunlin , Li Chengwen , Ru Kun , Rao Qing , Xing Haiyan , Tian Zheng , Tang Kejing , Mi Yingchang , Wang Baohong , Wang Min , Wang Jianxiang
Published: April 2014

Key Points

A novel RARα fusion gene, TBLR1-RARα, was found in rare cases of APL with t(3;17) chromosomal translocation. TBLR1-RARα exhibited diminished transcriptional activity by recruiting more corepressors compared with RARα.
CD28-mediated pro-survival signaling induces chemotherapeutic resistance in multiple myeloma
Authors: Murray Megan E. , Gavile Catherine M. , Nair Jayakumar R. , Koorella Chandana , Carlson Louise M. , Buac Daniela , Utley Adam , Chesi Marta , Bergsagel P. Leif , Boise Lawrence H. , Lee Kelvin P.
Published: April 2014

Key Points

CD28 delivers a pro-survival signal to MM cells via regulation of PI3K/Akt, FoxO3a, and Bim. Blockade of CD28:CD80/CD86 in vivo resensitizes MM cells to chemotherapy and significantly reduces tumor burden.
Closely related T-memory stem cells correlate with in vivo expansion of CAR.CD19-T cells and are preserved by IL-7 and IL-15
Authors: Xu Yang , Zhang Ming , Ramos Carlos A. , Durett April , Liu Enli , Dakhova Olga , Liu Hao , Creighton Chad J. , Gee Adrian P. , Heslop Helen E. , Rooney Cliona M. , Savoldo Barbara , Dotti Gianpietro
Published: April 2014

Key Points

The frequency of CD8+CD45RA+CCR7+ cells, a subset closest to T-memory stem cells, correlates with CAR–T-cell expansion in lymphoma patients. IL-7 and IL-15 increase the frequency of CD8+CD45RA+CCR7+ cells during the ex vivo expansion of CAR+ T cells.
Fabrication of porous silicon nanowires by MACE method in HF/H2O2/AgNO3 system at room temperature
Authors: Li Shaoyuan , Ma Wenhui , Zhou Yang , Chen Xiuhua , Xiao Yongyin , Ma Mingyu , Zhu Wenjie , Wei Feng
Published: April 2014

In this paper, the moderately and lightly doped porous silicon nanowires (PSiNWs) were fabricated by the ‘one-pot procedure’ metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) method in the HF/H2O2/AgNO3 system at room temperature. The effects of H2O2 concentration on the nanostructure of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were investigated. The experimental results indicate that porous structure can be introduced by the addition of H2O2 and the pore structure could be controlled by adjusting the concentration of H2O2. The H2O2 species replaces Ag+ as the oxidant and the Ag nanoparticles work as catalyst during the etching. And the concentration of H2O2 influences the nucleation and motility of Ag particles, which leads to formation of different porous structure within the nanowires. A mechanism based on the lateral etching which is catalyzed by Ag particles under the motivation by H2O2 reduction is proposed to explain the PSiNWs formation.
Synovial phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis correlate with response to biologic therapeutics
Authors: Dennis Glynn , Holweg Cécile TJ , Kummerfeld Sarah K , Choy David F , Setiadi A Francesca , Hackney Jason A , Haverty Peter M , Gilbert Houston , Lin Wei Yu , Diehl Lauri , Fischer S , Song An , Musselman David , Klearman Micki , Gabay Cem , Kavanaugh Arthur , Endres Judith , Fox David A , Martin Flavius , Townsend Michael J
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex and clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease. Currently, the relationship between pathogenic molecular drivers of disease in RA and therapeutic response is poorly understood.

Methods

We analyzed synovial tissue samples from two RA cohorts of 49 and 20 patients using a combination of global gene expression, histologic and cellular analyses, and analysis of gene expression data from two further publicly available RA cohorts. To identify candidate serum biomarkers that correspond to differential synovial biology and clinical response to targeted therapies, we performed pre-treatment biomarker analysis compared with therapeutic outcome at week 24 in serum samples from 198 patients from the ADACTA (ADalimumab ACTemrA) phase 4 trial of tocilizumab (anti-IL-6R) monotherapy versus adalimumab (anti-TNFα) monotherapy.

Results

We documented evidence for four major phenotypes of RA synovium – lymphoid, myeloid, low inflammatory, and fibroid - each with distinct underlying gene expression signatures. We observed that baseline synovial myeloid, but not lymphoid, gene signature expression was higher in patients with good compared with poor European league against rheumatism (EULAR) clinical response to anti-TNFα therapy at week 16 (P =0.011). We observed that high baseline serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM1), associated with the myeloid phenotype, and high serum C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13), associated with the lymphoid phenotype, had differential relationships with clinical response to anti-TNFα compared with anti-IL6R treatment. sICAM1-high/CXCL13-low patients showed the highest week 24 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 50 response rate to anti-TNFα treatment as compared with sICAM1-low/CXCL13-high patients (42% versus 13%, respectively, P =0.05) while anti-IL-6R patients showed the opposite relationship with these biomarker subgroups (ACR50 20% versus 69%, P =0.004).

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that underlying molecular and cellular heterogeneity in RA impacts clinical outcome to therapies targeting different biological pathways, with patients with the myeloid phenotype exhibiting the most robust response to anti-TNFα. These data suggest a path to identify and validate serum biomarkers that predict response to targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis and possibly other autoimmune diseases.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01119859
Predicting targeted drug combinations based on Pareto optimal patterns of coexpression network connectivity
Authors: Penrod Nadia M , Greene Casey S , Moore Jason H
Published: April 2014

Background

Molecularly targeted drugs promise a safer and more effective treatment modality than conventional chemotherapy for cancer patients. However, tumors are dynamic systems that readily adapt to these agents activating alternative survival pathways as they evolve resistant phenotypes. Combination therapies can overcome resistance but finding the optimal combinations efficiently presents a formidable challenge. Here we introduce a new paradigm for the design of combination therapy treatment strategies that exploits the tumor adaptive process to identify context-dependent essential genes as druggable targets.

Methods

We have developed a framework to mine high-throughput transcriptomic data, based on differential coexpression and Pareto optimization, to investigate drug-induced tumor adaptation. We use this approach to identify tumor-essential genes as druggable candidates. We apply our method to a set of ER+ breast tumor samples, collected before (n = 58) and after (n = 60) neoadjuvant treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole, to prioritize genes as targets for combination therapy with letrozole treatment. We validate letrozole-induced tumor adaptation through coexpression and pathway analyses in an independent data set (n = 18).

Results

We find pervasive differential coexpression between the untreated and letrozole-treated tumor samples as evidence of letrozole-induced tumor adaptation. Based on patterns of coexpression, we identify ten genes as potential candidates for combination therapy with letrozole including EPCAM, a letrozole-induced essential gene and a target to which drugs have already been developed as cancer therapeutics. Through replication, we validate six letrozole-induced coexpression relationships and confirm the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as a process that is upregulated in the residual tumor samples following letrozole treatment.

Conclusions

To derive the greatest benefit from molecularly targeted drugs it is critical to design combination treatment strategies rationally. Incorporating knowledge of the tumor adaptation process into the design provides an opportunity to match targeted drugs to the evolving tumor phenotype and surmount resistance.
Early aberrant DNA methylation events in a mouse model of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sonnet Miriam , Claus Rainer , Becker Natalia , Zucknick Manuela , Petersen Jana , Lipka Daniel B , Oakes Christopher C , Andrulis Mindaugas , Lier Amelie , Milsom Michael D , Witte Tania , Gu Lei , Kim-Wanner Soo-Zin , Schirmacher Peter , Wulfert Michael , Gattermann Norbert , Lübbert Michael , Rosenbauer Frank , Rehli Michael , Bullinger Lars , Weichenhan Dieter , Plass Christoph
Published: April 2014

Background

Aberrant DNA methylation is frequently found in human malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). While most studies focus on later disease stages, the onset of aberrant DNA methylation events and their dynamics during leukemic progression are largely unknown.

Methods

We screened genome-wide for aberrant CpG island methylation in three disease stages of a murine AML model that is driven by hypomorphic expression of the hematopoietic transcription factor PU.1. DNA methylation levels of selected genes were correlated with methylation levels of CD34+ cells and lineage negative, CD127-, c-Kit+, Sca-1+ cells; common myeloid progenitors; granulocyte-macrophage progenitors; and megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors.

Results

We identified 1,184 hypermethylated array probes covering 762 associated genes in the preleukemic stage. During disease progression, the number of hypermethylated genes increased to 5,465 in the late leukemic disease stage. Using publicly available data, we found a significant enrichment of PU.1 binding sites in the preleukemic hypermethylated genes, suggesting that shortage of PU.1 makes PU.1 binding sites in the DNA accessible for aberrant methylation. Many known AML associated genes such as RUNX1 and HIC1 were found among the preleukemic hypermethylated genes. Nine novel hypermethylated genes, FZD5, FZD8, PRDM16, ROBO3, CXCL14, BCOR, ITPKA, HES6 and TAL1, the latter four being potential PU.1 targets, were confirmed to be hypermethylated in human normal karyotype AML patients, underscoring the relevance of the mouse model for human AML.

Conclusions

Our study identified early aberrantly methylated genes as potential contributors to onset and progression of AML.
SMCHD1 accumulates at DNA damage sites and facilitates the repair of DNA double-strand breaks
Authors: Coker Heather , Brockdorff Neil
Published: April 2014

SMCHD1 is a structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family protein involved in epigenetic gene silencing and chromosome organisation on the female inactive X chromosome and at a limited number of autosomal loci. Here, we demonstrate that SMCHD1 also has a role in DNA repair of double-strand breaks; SMCHD1 is recruited to sites of laser micro-irradiated damage along with other DNA repair factors, including Ku80 (also known as XRCC5 in mammals) and RAD51. Cells deficient in SMCHD1 show evidence of decreased efficiency of repair and cell viability after DNA damage. We suggest that SMCHD1 responds to DNA double-strand breaks in a manner that is likely to involve its ability to alter chromatin states to facilitate DNA repair.
Distinct c-Met activation mechanisms induce cell rounding or invasion through pathways involving integrins, RhoA and HIP1
Authors: Mai Anja , Muharram Ghaffar , Barrow-McGee Rachel , Baghirov Habib , Rantala Juha , Kermorgant Stéphanie , Ivaska Johanna
Published: April 2014

Many carcinomas have acquired oncogenic mechanisms for activating c-Met, including c-Met overexpression and excessive autocrine or paracrine stimulation with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). However, the biological outcome of c-Met activation through these distinct modes remains ambiguous. Here, we report that HGF-mediated c-Met stimulation triggers a mesenchymal-type collective cell invasion. By contrast, the overexpression of c-Met promotes cell rounding. Moreover, in a high-throughput siRNA screen that was performed using a library of siRNAs against putative regulators of integrin activity, we identified RhoA and the clathrin-adapter protein HIP1 as crucial c-Met effectors in these morphological changes. Transient RhoA activation was necessary for the HGF-induced invasion, whereas sustained RhoA activity regulated c-Met-induced cell rounding. In addition, c-Met-induced cell rounding correlated with the phosphorylation of filamin A and the downregulation of active cell-surface integrins. By contrast, a HIP1-mediated increase in β1-integrin turnover was required for the invasion triggered by HGF. Taken together, our results indicate that c-Met induces distinct cell morphology alterations depending on the stimulus that activates c-Met.
The effects of age and lifetime flight behavior on flight capacity inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Lane Steven J. , Frankino W. Anthony , Elekonich Michelle M. , Roberts Stephen P.
Published: April 2014

The effects of flight behavior on physiology and senescence may be profound in insects because of the extremely high metabolic costs of flight. Flight capacity in insects decreases with age; in contrast, limiting flight behavior extends lifespan and slows the age-related loss of antioxidant capacity and accumulation of oxidative damage in flight muscles. In this study, we tested the effects of age and lifetime flight behavior on flight capacity by measuring wingbeat frequency, the ability to fly in a hypo-dense gas mixture, and metabolic rate in Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, 5-day-old adult flies were separated into three life-long treatments: (1) those not allowed to fly (no flight), (2) those allowed – but not forced – to fly (voluntary flight) and (3) those mechanically stimulated to fly (induced flight). Flight capacity senesced earliest in flies from the no-flight treatment, followed by the induced-flight group and then the voluntary flight group. Wingbeat frequency senesced with age in all treatment groups, but was most apparent in the voluntary- and induced-flight groups. Metabolic rate during agitated flight senesced earliest and most rapidly in the induced flight group, and was low and uniform throughout age in the no-flight group. Early senescence in the induced-flight group was likely due to the acceleration of deleterious aging phenomena such as the rapid accumulation of damage at the cellular level, while the early loss of flight capacity and low metabolic rates in the no-flight group demonstrate that disuse effects can also significantly alter senescence patterns of whole-insect performance.
Seasonal accumulation of acetylated triacylglycerols by a freeze-tolerant insect
Authors: Marshall Katie E. , Thomas Raymond H. , Roxin Áron , Chen Eric K. Y. , Brown Jason C. L. , Gillies Elizabeth R. , Sinclair Brent J.
Published: April 2014

Most animals store energy as long-chain triacylglycerols (lcTAGs). Trace amounts of acetylated triacylglycerols (acTAGs) have been reported in animals, but are not accumulated, likely because they have lower energy density than lcTAGs. Here we report that acTAGs comprise 36% of the neutral lipid pool of overwintering prepupae of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis, while only 17% of the neutral lipid pool is made up of typical lcTAGs. These high concentrations of acTAGs, present only during winter, appear to be synthesized by E. solidaginis and are not found in other freeze-tolerant insects, nor in the plant host. The mixture of acTAGs found in E. solidaginis has a significantly lower melting point than equivalent lcTAGs, and thus remains liquid at temperatures at which E. solidaginis is frozen in the field, and depresses the melting point of aqueous solutions in a manner unusual for neutral lipids. We note that accumulation of acTAGs coincides with preparation for overwintering and the seasonal acquisition of freeze tolerance. This is the first observation of accumulation of acTAGs by an animal, and the first evidence of dynamic interconversion between acTAGs and lcTAGs during development and in response to stress.
Entrepreneurial Taxation with Endogenous Entry
Authors: Scheuer Florian
Published: April 2014

I analyze the optimal taxation of profits and labor income under endogenous firm formation. Individuals differ in their skill and cost of setting up a firm, and can become workers or entrepreneurs. A tax system in which profits and labor income are subject to the same schedule uses general equilibrium effects through wages to indirectly redistribute across occupations. Optimal policies can involve low tax rates at the top and distortions of firms' input choices. However, these properties disappear under a differential treatment of profits and labor income. Then, redistribution is achieved directly through taxes and production efficiency is always optimal. (JEL H21, H24, H25, J24, L25, L26)
Life and Death in the Fast Lane: Police Enforcement and Traffic Fatalities
Authors: DeAngelo Gregory , Hansen Benjamin
Published: April 2014

Simultaneity complicates the estimation of the causal effect of police on crime. We overcome this obstacle by focusing on a mass layoff of Oregon State Police in February of 2003. Due solely to budget cuts, 35 percent of the roadway troopers were laid off, which dramatically reduced citations. The subsequent decrease in enforcement is associated with a significant increase in injuries and fatalities. The effects are similar using control groups chosen either geographically or through data-driven methods. Our estimates suggest that a highway fatality can be prevented with $309,000 of expenditures on state police. (JEL H76, K42, R41)
Giving Mom a Break: The Impact of Higher EITC Payments on Maternal Health
Authors: Evans William N. , Garthwaite Craig L.
Published: April 2014

The 1993 expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit created the first meaningful separation in benefits between families containing two or more children and those with only one child. If income is protective of health, we should see improvements over time in the health for mothers eligible for these higher EITC benefits. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey, we find improvements in self-reported health for affected mothers. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we find reductions in the probability of having risky levels of biomarkers for these same women. (JEL H24, I12, I14, J16)
International Taxation and Cross-Border Banking
Authors: Huizinga Harry , Voget Johannes , Wagner Wolf
Published: April 2014

This paper examines empirically how international taxation affects the volume and pricing of cross-border banking activities for a sample of banks in 38 countries over the 1998–2008 period. International double taxation of foreign-source bank income is found to reduce banking-sector FDI. Furthermore, such taxation is almost fully passed on into higher interest margins charged abroad. These results imply that international double taxation distorts the activities of international banks, and that the incidence of international double taxation of banks is on bank customers in the foreign subsidiary country. (JEL F23, G21, H25, H87)
The person-oriented approach: A short theoretical and practical guide
Authors: Bergman Lars R. , Wångby Margit
Published: April 2014

A short overview of the person-oriented approach is given as a guide to the researcher interested in carrying out person-oriented research. Theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations of the approach are discussed. First, some historical roots are traced, followed by a description of the holisticinteractionistic research paradigm, which provided the general framework for the development of the modern person-oriented approach. The approach has both a theoretical and a methodological facet and after presenting its key theoretical tenets, an overview is given of some common person-oriented methods. Central to the person-oriented approach is a system view with its components together forming a pattern regarded as indivisible. This pattern should be understood and studied as a whole, not broken up into pieces (variables) that are studied as separate entities. Hence, usually methodological tools are used by which whole patterns are analysed (e.g. cluster analysis). An empirical example is given where the pattern development of school grades is studied.
Teaching practices and text comprehension in students during the transition from the first to second stage of school
Authors: Uibu Krista , Männamaa Mairi
Published: April 2014

Tekstimõistmine on seotud verbaalse võimekusega, info kodeerimise ja integreerimisega ning sõnatähenduse tundmisega. Õpetajad kasutavad erinevaid õpetamistegevusi, et toetada õpilaste keelelist, sh tekstimõistmise arengut. Uurimuse eesmärk oli välja selgitada õpetajate õpetamistegevuste (mehaanilise õpetamise, arusaamise arendamise, teadmiste rakendamise) mõju õpilaste tekstimõistmisele üleminekul esimesest kooliastmest teise astmesse. Töös hinnati klassiõpetajate (N = 48) õpetamistegevusi ja nende muutust 3. ja 4. klassis ning õpetamistegevuste seoseid õpilaste (N = 609) tekstimõistmise ja verbaalse võimekuse muutusega 4. ja 5. klassis. Analüüsimisel kasutati nii rühma- kui ka indiviidikeskseid meetodeid. Õpetamistegevuste eelistuste alusel eristusid õpetajate profiilirühmad ning tekstimõistmise komponentide ja verbaalse võimekuse alusel õpilaste rühmad. Selgus, et tekstimõistmise testi tulemused olid stabiilselt halvemad õpilastel, kes olid verbaalselt vähem võimekad ja kelle õpetajad eelistasid kõiki õpetamistegevusi vähe. Samas esines sarnaseid õpetamistegevuste kombinatsioone erinevates õpilaste profiilirühmades. Arendamaks õpilaste tekstimõistmisoskust, on oluline, et õpetajad arvestaksid õpilaste verbaalse võimekusega ja kasutaksid õpetamistegevusi kooskõlas laste keelelise arenguga. 
Summary
Pupil well-being and the development of word meaning structure: Differences in school satisfaction resilience in the context of class teacher parenting style and school-related adverse experiences
Authors: Ots Aivar
Published: April 2014

Artiklis käsitletakse seoseid õpilaste kognitiivse arengu ja koolis kogetava heaolu vahel, tuginedes kolmanda kuni viienda klassi õpilastega (N = 495) tehtud pikiuuringule, millega selgitati koolilaste psühholoogilise resilientsuse seoseid mõistestruktuuri arenguga. Resilientsus tähendab psüühilist toimetulekut stressi ja üleelatud õnnetustega viisil, millega säilitatakse või taastatakse enda heaolu ja tegevusvõime (vt Rutter, 2006; Shiner & Masten, 2012). Resilientsuse avaldumisena käsitleti uurimuses kooliga rahulolu säilitamist kõrge ebameeldivate tundeelamuste taseme korral. Selliste tundeelamuste taseme määramisel lähtuti asjaomaste kogemuste subjektiivsetest kirjeldustest. Lisaks selgitati õpilaste heaolu ja resilientsuse seoseid klassiõpetaja kasvatusstiiliga. Oletati, et arenguliselt hilisema mõistestruktuuri kasutamine (Toomela, 2003a; Võgotski, 1934/1999) võiks soodustada õpilasel suurema resilientsuse esinemist. Tulemused on oletusega kooskõlas, näidates, et kolme aasta vältel arenguliselt hilisemat mõistestruktuuri kasutanud õpilased säilitasid kõrgema negatiivsete elamuste taseme puhul sagedamini kooliga rahulolu. Samuti leiti, et klassiõpetaja hoolivust väljendavad ja toetavad tegevused soodustavad õpilaste sagedasemat rahulolu kooliga ning psühholoogilist ja käitumuslikku kontrolli taotlevad tegevused sagedasemat rahulolematust. Statistilise andmetöötluse jaoks kasutati konfiguratsioonilisi sagedusanalüüse (von Eye, 1990). 
Summary
No deed goes unnoticed? Associations between teachers’ noticing academic procrastination and individual differences in students
Authors: Aus Kati , Arro Grete , Jõgi Anna-Liisa , Malleus Elina
Published: April 2014

Algkoolist põhikooli liikudes muutub õpitav keerulisemaks ja abstraktsemaks. Õpilaste eneseregulatsioonioskus ja selle arengu toetamine on seetõttu vaieldamatult olulised. Üks teadaolev eneseregulatsiooniprobleem on õpikohustuste täitmise edasilükkamine ehk akadeemiline prokrastineerimine. Prokrastineerimiskäitumine võib välja kujuneda juba põhikoolis, kuid jääda õpetajatele seejuures märkamata. Siinses uurimuses võrdlesime 8. klasside õpilaste (N = 551) hinnanguid oma prokrastineerimiskäitumisele kolme aineõpetaja (N = 118) hinnangutega. Leidsime, et õpilaste ja õpetajate hinnangud ei lange alati kokku ning õpetajad näevad prokrastineerijatena pigem vähem võimekaid õpilasi, olenemata sellest, kas õpilane ise peab end prokrastineerijaks või mitte. Samuti tõid õpetajad prokrastineerijatena esile pigem keskmisest ekstravertsemaid lapsi. Et uurida, kas õpetaja vaatevälja jäämiseks on olulisemad pigem õpilaste isiksuseomadused või vaimne võimekus, pöörasime eraldi tähelepanu neile õpilastele, kes on endi sõnul sagedased prokrastineerijad. Leidsime, et mida võimekam on õpilane olnud juba algklassides ning mida introvertsem 7. klassis, seda väiksem on tõenäosus, et õpetajad tema prokrastineerimiskalduvust 8. klassis märkavad. Tulemused lubavad järeldada, et õpetajatel on raske tuvastada võimekamate ja introvertsemate õpilaste eneseregulatsiooniprobleeme. Õpetajad peaksid peale ainealaste õpitulemuste hindamise pöörama kindlasti tähelepanu ka õpilaste õpioskuste süstemaatilisele hindamisele. 
Summary
A longitudinal study of the development of the professional identity of student teachers
Authors: Poom-Valickis Katrin , Löfström Erika
Published: April 2014

Artiklis antakse ülevaade viieaastase pikiuuringu tulemustest, keskendudes uuringus osalenud üliõpilastega õpetajakoolituse lõpus tehtud intervjuudele (N = 13). Artiklis otsitakse vastust küsimustele, kuidas õpetajakoolituse lõpetanud tudengid interpreteerivad enda õpetaja identiteedi kujunemist õpingute kaudu; milline on see õpetaja identiteet, mille poole soovitakse püüelda, lähtudes õpetaja ideaalist; ning millised on need põhitegurid, mis on mõjutanud tulevase õpetaja arusaamu õpingute käigus. Mittestruktureeritud intervjuus kasutati taustinfona ja intervjueeritavate mälutugedena nende poolt kolmel õpinguaastal kirja pandud metafoore õpetaja rolli kohta ning küsimustiku abil kogutud infot. Intervjuudest ja varasematest küsitlustest saadud info kõrvutamine ning analüüs võimaldavad paremini mõista aspekte, mis mõjutavad tulevaste õpetajate professionaalse identiteedi kujunemist. Tulemuste põhjal võib öelda, et õpetajakoolitust alustatakse naiivse ettekujutusega õpetaja tööst, lähtudes isiklikust varasemast koolikogemusest. Aine- ja klassiõpetajad väärtustavad õpetaja ideaali kirjeldamisel eri aspekte. Arusaamad õpetaja tööst ja rollist muutuvad õpingute jooksul komplekssemaks, õpetajakoolituse lõpus väärtustatakse enim pedagoogilist asjatundlikkust. Kõige tugevamalt mõjutab tulevase õpetaja arusaamu aga pedagoogiline praktika. Uurimuse tulemused võimaldavad paremini mõista algajate õpetajate arengut õpingute jooksul ning annavad viiteid õpetajate koolitajatele, kuidas tõhusamalt toetada professionaalse identiteedi kujunemist kui üht olulist aspekti õpetajahariduse omandamisel.
Summary
Sõnumeid rahvusvahelisest haridusvõrdlusest
Authors: Heidmets Mati
Published: April 2014

2013. aasta sügisel ilmusid kokkuvõtted kahest rahvusvahelisest haridusvõrdlusest: PISAst ja PIAACst. Kui PISA uuringu tulemused on Eestis saanud tavapäraselt laiaks aruteluaineks, siis eelmisel sügisel avaldatud nn täiskasvanute PISA ehk PIAAC pole sellist huvi veel äratanud, kuigi see pakub huvitavat andmestikku meie praeguse olukorra hindamiseks, aga ka edasiste sammude kavandamiseks. Nii näiteks ilmneb PIAAC põhjal, et Eesti inimeste funktsionaalne lugemisoskus ja matemaatiline kirjaoskus on maailma parimatega võrreldes igati konkurentsivõimelised, kuid meie inimeste probleemilahendusoskused tehnoloogiarikkas keskkonnas ja ka arvutikasutusoskused üldisemalt jäävad uuringus osalenud riikide võrdluses keskmisest allapoole. Seevastu PISA uuring on keskendunud 15-aastaste õpilaste teadmiste ja oskuste mõõtmisele. Uuringust selgus, et Eesti õpilased kuuluvad oma teadmiste poolest maailma absoluutsesse tippu. Lisaks võib PISA uuringu põhjal täheldada mitmeid positiivseid suundumusi: matemaatikas on poisid tüdrukutele järele jõudnud ning isegi veidi ette läinud, õpilase sotsiaalmajanduslik taust mõjutab Eesti koolilaste tulemusi jätkuvalt vähem kui enamikus teistes riikides, vene koolide tulemused on hüppeliselt paranenud.
Acetabular changes associated with avascular necrosis of the femoral head in a piglet model
Authors: Shapiro F. , Connolly S. , Zurakowski D. , Flynn E. , Jaramillo D.
Published: April 2014

Objectives

An experimental piglet model induces avascular necrosis (AVN) and deformation of the femoral head but its secondary effects on the developing acetabulum have not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess the development of secondary acetabular deformation following femoral head ischemia.

Methods

Intracapsular circumferential ligation at the base of the femoral neck and sectioning of the ligamentum teres were performed in three week old piglets. MRI was then used for qualitative and quantitative studies of the acetabula in operated and non-operated hips in eight piglets from 48 hours to eight weeks post-surgery. Specimen photographs and histological sections of the acetabula were done at the end of the study.

Results

The operated-side acetabula were wider, shallower and misshapen, with flattened labral edges. At eight weeks, increased acetabular cartilage thickness characterised the operated sides compared with non-operated sides (p < 0.001, ANOVA). The mean acetabular width on the operated side was increased (p = 0.015) while acetabular depth was decreased anteriorly (p = 0.007) and posteriorly (p = 0.44). The cartilage was thicker, with delayed acetabular bone formation, and showed increased vascularisation with fibrosis laterally and focal degenerative changes involving chondrocyte hypocellularity, chondrocyte cloning, peripheral pannus formation and surface fibrillation.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that femoral head AVN in the young growing piglet also induced, and was coupled with, secondary malformation in acetabular shape affecting both articular and adjacent pelvic cartilage structure, and acetabular bone. The femoral head model inducing AVN can also be applied to studies of acetabular maldevelopment, which is less well understood in terms of developing hip malformation. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:130–8.
Experience Salience Gates Endocannabinoid Signaling at Hypothalamic Synapses
Authors: Wamsteeker Cusulin Jaclyn I. , Senst Laura , Teskey G. Campbell , Bains Jaideep S.
Published: April 2014

Alterations in synaptic endocannabinoid signaling are a widespread neurobiological consequence of manyin vivoexperiences, including stress. Here, we report that stressor salience is critical for bidirectionally modifying presynaptic CB-1 receptor (CB1R) function at hypothalamic GABA synapses controlling the neuroendocrine stress axis in male rats. While repetitive, predictable stressor exposure impairs presynaptic CB1R function, these changes are rapidly reversed upon exposure to a high salience experience such as novel stress or by manipulations that enhance neural activity levelsin vivoorin vitro.Together these data demonstrate that experience salience, through alterations in afferent synaptic activity, induces rapid changes in endocannabinoid signaling.
Activity Parameters of Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons Selectively Predict Motor Symptom Severity in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Sharott Andrew , Gulberti Alessandro , Zittel Simone , Tudor Jones Adam A. , Fickel Ulrich , Münchau Alexander , Köppen Johannes A. , Gerloff Christian , Westphal Manfred , Buhmann Carsten , Hamel Wolfgang , Engel Andreas K. , Moll Christian K.E.
Published: April 2014

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder that leads to variable expression of several different motor symptoms. While changes in firing rate, pattern, and oscillation of basal ganglia neurons have been observed in PD patients and experimental animals, there is limited evidence linking them to specific motor symptoms. Here we examined this relationship using extracellular recordings of subthalamic nucleus neurons from 19 PD patients undergoing surgery for deep brain stimulation. For each patient, ≥10 single units and/or multi-units were recorded in the OFF medication state. We correlated the proportion of neurons displaying different activities with preoperative Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale subscores (OFF medication). The mean spectral power at sub-beta frequencies and percentage of units oscillating at beta frequencies were positively correlated with the axial and limb rigidity scores, respectively. The percentage of units oscillating at gamma frequency was negatively correlated with the bradykinesia scores. The mean intraburst rate was positively correlated with both bradykinesia and axial scores, while the related ratio of interspike intervals below/above 10 ms was positively correlated with these symptoms and limb rigidity. None of the activity parameters correlated with tremor. The grand average of all the significantly correlated subthalamic nucleus activities accounted for >60% of the variance of the combined bradykinetic-rigid and axial scores. Our results demonstrate that the occurrence of alterations in the rate and pattern of basal ganglia neurons could partly underlie the variability in parkinsonian phenotype.
Inhibitory Interneuron Classes Express Complementary AMPA-Receptor Patterns in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex
Authors: Kooijmans Roxana N. , Self Matthew W. , Wouterlood Floris G. , Beliën Jeroen A.M. , Roelfsema Pieter R.
Published: April 2014

Glutamate receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission. A very prevalent type of glutamate receptor in the neocortex is the AMPA receptor (AMPAR). AMPARs mediate fast synaptic transmission and their functionality depends on the subunit composition. In primary visual cortex (area V1), the density and subunit composition of AMPARs differ among cortical layers and among cell types. The AMPARs expressed by the different types of inhibitory interneurons, which are crucial for network function, have not yet been characterized systematically. We investigated the distribution of AMPAR subunits in macaque V1 for three distinct subpopulations of inhibitory interneurons: parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV-IR) interneurons, calbindin-immunoreactive (CB-IR) interneurons, and calretinin-immunoreactive (CR-IR) interneurons. We found that PV-IR cells, which have previously been identified as fast spiking, show high expression of the GluA2 and GluA3 subunits. In contrast, CB-IR and CR-IR cells, which tend to be intermediate spiking, show high expression of the GluA1 and GluA4 subunits. Thus, our data demonstrate that the expression of AMPARs divides inhibitory interneurons in macaque V1 into two categories that are compatible with existing classification methods based on calcium-binding proteins and firing behavior. Moreover, our findings suggest new approaches to target the different inhibitory interneuron classes pharmacologicallyin vivo.
Hyaluronan Deficiency Due toHas3Knock-Out Causes Altered Neuronal Activity and Seizures via Reduction in Brain Extracellular Space
Authors: Arranz Amaia M. , Perkins Katherine L. , Irie Fumitoshi , Lewis David P. , Hrabe Jan , Xiao Fanrong , Itano Naoki , Kimata Koji , Hrabetova Sabina , Yamaguchi Yu
Published: April 2014

Hyaluronan (HA), a large anionic polysaccharide (glycosaminoglycan), is a major constituent of the extracellular matrix of the adult brain. To address its function, we examined the neurophysiology of knock-out mice deficient in hyaluronan synthase (Has) genes. Here we report that theseHasmutant mice are prone to epileptic seizures, and that inHas3−/−mice, this phenotype is likely derived from a reduction in the size of the brain extracellular space (ECS). Among the threeHasknock-out models, namelyHas3−/−,Has1−/−, andHas2CKO, the seizures were most prevalent inHas3−/−mice, which also showed the greatest HA reduction in the hippocampus. Electrophysiology inHas3−/−brain slices demonstrated spontaneous epileptiform activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons, while histological analysis revealed an increase in cell packing in the CA1 stratum pyramidale. Imaging of the diffusion of a fluorescent marker revealed that the transit of molecules through the ECS of this layer was reduced. Quantitative analysis of ECS by the real-time iontophoretic method demonstrated that ECS volume was selectively reduced in the stratum pyramidale by ∼40% inHas3−/−mice. Finally, osmotic manipulation experiments in brain slices fromHas3−/−and wild-type mice provided evidence for a causal link between ECS volume and epileptiform activity. Our results provide the first direct evidence for the physiological role of HA in the regulation of ECS volume, and suggest that HA-based preservation of ECS volume may offer a novel avenue for development of antiepileptogenic treatments.