bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Perspectives
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

One looks in vain for a unified theory or approach to provide the basis for understanding cooperative strategy. Useful, but partial, insights can be drawn from economics, game theory, strategic-management theory, and organization theory. As Parkhe (1993a: 229) has remarked, ‘An overarching theme is required to cohesively pull together the theoretical advances into a unified theory addressing the nature of the [cooperative] ... relationship.’ Although that unified theory is not yet available, it is possible to offer a systematic overview of the main perspectives which contribute to our understanding of the subject and to draw some comparisons between them.
Trust
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

Cooperation between organizations creates mutual dependence between them and requires trust to succeed. Although there are many definitions of trust, they tend to agree that it refers to the willingness of one party to relate with another in the belief that the other’s actions will be beneficial rather than detrimental to the first party, even though this cannot be guaranteed (cf. Gambetta 1988; McAllister 1995; Kramer and Tyler 1996; Lane and Bachmann 1998). In the world of business cooperation, this means having sufficient confidence in a partner to commit valuable know-how or other resources to transactions with it despite the fact that, in so doing, there is a risk the partner will take advantage of this commitment.
General Management
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

Despite the increasing popularity of strategic alliances as an inter-organizational form, developed in large measure to meet the needs of globalizing markets and technologies, the record of running successful alliances is somewhat mixed. The dissolution rate for joint ventures is reported to be about 50 per cent, which is almost as high as that for mergers and acquisitions in new industries (Park and Ungson 1997). Porter (1987) found that no more than half the alliances he identified were successful by any reasonable criteria. Management consultants Coopers & Lybrand, and McKinsey, in separate studies came to similar conclusions (Bleeke and Ernst 1993).
Information Systems Development
Authors: Avison David E , Fitzgerald Guy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine information systems development. We dis cuss information systems development in the period from the early 1970s when there was no formal methodology to develop information systems. We look at the motivation to develop a formal approach to system development, known as the system development life cycle, which is described below. This ‘waterfall model’ consists of phases, procedures, rules, techniques, documentation, and so on. This particular approach had a number of weaknesses and these were addressed in the many approaches and methodologies that were specified and practised in the 1980s.
The Management of Research and Development
Authors: Dodgson Mark
Published: November 2023

Business invests heavily in research and development (R & D). In 1997 the business sector spent over $350 billion on R & D in the OECD nations, accounting for over 69 per cent of all expenditure on R & D in these countries (OECD 1999). Some companies are huge spenders on R & D. General Motors (GM) invested over $7 billion annually in the late 1990s. Fewer than ten countries around the world spend more. Around 60 per cent of total corporate R & D in the United States now occurs in the information technology/electronics and drugs/medicine industries. Companies in these industries commonly spend over 10 per cent of their annual sales on R & D, which may constitute a significant proportion of a company’s activities. For example, one in four employees of Nokia works in R & D.
The Management of Operations and Production
Authors: Dodgson Mark
Published: November 2023

Operations can broadly be defined to include all activities related to transforming inputs into final outputs (Porter 1985). The process by which the transformation occurs has to be managed so as to add value by making something useful. Operations include issues such as inventory and workflow control, quality management processes, and supply chain management. Operations are, therefore, important to a wide range of companies, both ‘services’ and ‘manufacturing’ (bearing in mind the distinction between these two are increasingly indistinct).
The Commercialization Process
Authors: Dodgson Mark
Published: November 2023

The ultimate aim of MTI is to improve the competitiveness of firms. This involves the variety of ways that all investments in MTI —in R & D, new product development (NPD), operations and production, technology strategy, and technological collaborations —are commercialized by successfully producing income streams. When firms are successful at commercializing technology, as we saw in Chapter 1, not only does this lead to competitive advantages, but the technology can become the defining aspect of the firm and its future development. The key aspects of the commercialization process discussed here include marketing technology products, intellectual property rights and know-how, licensing, technical standards, and some issues of technology transfer.
Five Future Challenges for the Management of Technological Innovation
Authors: Dodgson Mark
Published: November 2023

We have seen that MTI is a complex and risky aspect of contemporary business, and how it is absolutely necessary for firms to master it if they are to compete successfully now and in the future. Various tools and techniques for the successful management of MTI have been suggested, but, as the management of MTI is an essentially idiosyncratic process, there are no simple recipes for success. The five composite case studies in Chapter 1 showed the wide variety in firms’ markets, technologies, and competencies, and that the way they manage their technological innovation is directed by the different challenges they face and the overall strategies they pursue.
Resources and Strategy: A Brief Overview of Themes and Contributions
Authors: Foss Nicolai J
Published: November 2023

During the last five years, strategy-both as an aspect of business practice and as a field of inquiry-seems to have been regaining some of the reputation and influence that was lost by the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. There are many reasons for this situation. One is that the strategy field has become academically more respectable: there is a growing feeling that practical strategic advice can be based on sound deduction and systematic observation. At the same time, research in, and the teaching of, strategy has become increasingly professionalized. Taken as a whole, the field has become, if not coherent and homogeneous, then certainly less fragmented than it was, for example, fifteen years ago.
The Theory of the Growth of the Firm
Authors: Penrose Edith T
Published: November 2023

So far as I know, no economist has as yet attempted a general theory of the growth of firms. This seems to me so very strange that I am sure anyone attempting it should indeed watch his (or her) step, for naturally there is always a good reason for what economists do or do not do. Perhaps such a theory is impossible to construct, unnecessary, trivial, or outside the pale of economics proper. I do not know, but I offer this study in the hope that all four possibilities will be rejected.
Strategy and Structure
Authors: Chandler Alfred D
Published: November 2023

This investigation into the changing strategy and structure of the large industrial enterprise in the United States began as an experiment in the writing of comparative business history. The initial thought was that an examination of the way different enterprises carried out the same activity-whether that activity was manufacturing, marketing, procurement of supplies, finance, or administration-would have as much value as a study of how a single firm carried on all these activities. Such a comparative analysis could permit deeper probes into the nature of the function studied, and so provide more accurate interpretations and more meaningful evaluations of the performance of several different enterprises in that activity than could a whole series of histories of individual firms. It could thus indicate more clearly the ways in which American businessmen have handled that activity over the years.
The Organisation of Industry
Authors: Richardson George B
Published: November 2023

I was once in the habit of telling pupils that firms might be envisaged as islands of planned co-ordination in a sea of market relations. This now seems to me a highly misleading account of the way in which industry is in fact organised. The underlying idea, of course, was of the existence of two ways in which economic activity could be co-ordinated, the one, conscious planning, holding sway within firms, the other, the price mechanism, operating spontaneously on the relations between firms and between firms and their customers. The theory of the firm, I argued, had as its central core an elaboration of the logic of this conscious planning; the theory of markets analysed the working of the price mechanism under a variety of alternative structural arrangements.
The Resource-Based View Within the Conversation of Strategic Management
Authors: Mahoney Joseph T , Pandian J Rajendran
Published: November 2023

McCloskey (1985) persuasively argues that ‘good science is good conversation.’ The resource-based view is good management science, properly speaking, because it stimulates good conversation within the strategic management field. The resource-based approach (Penrose, 1959; Wemetfelt, 1984) is attracting the attention of a growing number of researchers precisely because the framework encourages a dialogue between scholars from a variety of perspectives. The purpose of this paper is to coalesce and sustain this conversation.
Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management
Authors: Teece David J , Pisano Gary , Shuen Amy
Published: November 2023

Different approaches to strategy view sources of wealth creation and the essence of the strategic problem faced by firms differently. The competitive forces framework sees the strategic problem in terms of market entry, entry deterrence, and positioning; game-theoretic models view the strategic problem as one of interaction between rivals with certain expectations about how each other will behave; resource-based perspectives have focused on the exploitation of firm-specific assets. Each approach asks different, often complementary questions. A key step in building a conceptual framework related to dynamic capabilities is to identify the foundations upon which distinctive and difficult to replicate advantages can be built.
Shatter the Glass Ceiling: Women May Make Better Managers
Authors: Bass Bernard M , Avolio Bruce J
Published: November 2023

On ‘60 Minutes ‘ (21 October 1991) former Italian Foreign Minister Giovanni Michalis, who preferred to employ women on his staff, argued that women might dominate the positions of power in the near future as men do today. Far-fetched for a culture comprised of organizations currently dominated by males? So far, despite decades of affirmative action in the USA, and the full emergence of women in the workplace, top management remains mainly a men ‘s club, and management in general is still seen as a man ‘s job, despite the many women who have attained supervisory and management positions (Van Velsor 1987).
Borderline personality disorder
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric condition that affects nearly 2% of the general population, predominantly women. Symptoms of BPD include impulsivity, mood swings, unstable intense relationships and feelings of chronic emptiness. Research on BPD has lagged behind that on other mental health conditions, such as depression and psychosis, primarily due to the lack of evidence of effective treatment but also due to the stigma historically associated with the condition. Fortunately this situation is changing, with improved treatments now available and improved clinician/organizational willingness to engage with those with a diagnosis of BPD. This candid book collaboratively co-authored by a person recovered from BPD and a BPD specialist therapist is written specifically for people with BPD (with support teams, including family, friends and clinicians also likely to benefit from reading the book). This authoritative and easily readable guide provides a compassionate understanding of the condition, plenty of in-depth practical recovery strategies and credible and realistic hope for recovery. The authors draw from the latest research and share years of personal and professional experience that brings the book alive. Review comments from Vice-President, National Education Alliance for BPD and Director, Middle Path (BPD advocacy organizations) include ,most down-to-earth, accessible book for people with BPD- and ,tremendous and potentially life-changing gift-.
Understanding European Systems of Competence Building
Authors: Lorenz Edward , Lundvall Bengt-Å
Published: November 2023

Over the last decade there has been a growing consensus among policymÅrs all over the world that knowledge has become of great importance for wealth creation and that innovation is an important driver of economic growth. International competitiveness is no longer seen primarily as a question of low wages and currency rates. In OECD countries, it has been generally realized that a national strategy focusing on relative cost advantage is doomed to fail in a context of an increasingly global competition where major economies, such as China and India, enter markets both for manufacturing and for services on a big scale. The gap in wage costs is too big to be closed by wage policies.
Learning Organizations and Industrial Relations: How the Danish Economy Learns
Authors: Nielsen Peter , Lundvall Bengt-Å
Published: November 2023

This chapter combines a knowledge management with an industrial relations perspective in an analysis of organizational learning in Denmark. In the Worst part it analyses the impact of functional flexibility on innovation. In the second part it studies what role worker participation—direct and indirect— plays in constituting learning organizations. These issues are analysed on the basis of a fresh survey that forms part of the comprehensive Danish database: ‘The Innovation, Organization and Competence Panel ‘. In the management literature there is growing emphasis on organizational forms that facilitate the creation, communication, and use of knowledge; sometimes brought together under the heading: ‘the learning organization’.
Organizational Structure and the Diffusion of New Forms of Corporate Governance in Europe
Authors: Tylecote Andrew
Published: November 2023

Corporate governance—broadly understood as the relationships and mechanisms of control over firms—is in flux, throughout Europe. There is strong dissatisfaction both with traditional insider-dominated corporate governance modes as practised on the Continent, and their opposite, the arm’s-length variety typical in the UK (and somewhat less typical in the US).1 It seems appropriate in such a situation to be as much prescriptive as descriptive or predictive: to ask what changes in corporate governance and associated changes in modes of learning will work, together. That is what I seek to do in this chapter.
Learning Industry Against Knowledge Economy? Lessons from the French Case
Authors: Verdier Eric
Published: November 2023

France frequently resists classification in international comparisons aimed at bringing out the features of developed economies. To paraphrase Stanley Hoffmann, it is the ‘agony’ of the researcher embarking on international comparisons. Thus, in terms of social welfare analysis, it long escaped Esping-Andersen’s famous system—which led that author to prepare a special preface for the French edition of his book (1999). Similarly, in terms of institutionalist economics, it was so out of place in the New Political Economy’s distinction between ‘LMEs’ and ‘CMEs’ (Hall and Soskice 2001) that it gave rise to a specific thesis intended to meet this analytical challenge (Hancke´ 2002).
Welfare and Learning in Europe—How to Revitalize the Lisbon Process and Break the Stalemate
Authors: Lundvall Bengt-Å , Lorenz Edward
Published: November 2023

In this book we have demonstrated that firms and people in Europe’s economies learn in different ways. We have seen the contours of groupings of countries in this respect where some countries depend more on hierarchical organizations and flexible markets while others rely more on regulated markets with less distance between management and workers. We have also demonstrated that such differences are systemic and rooted in the history of the nation states. In this concluding chapter we pursue further specificities for groups of national economies with a focus on the link between economic welfare and learning. In this light we discuss how Europe can exit from the current stalemate.
Ethical employment practices and the law
Authors: Creighton Breen
Published: November 2023

Notions of what constitutes ethical behaviour must inevitably reflect the moral values to which any given society aspires at any given point in time. Considerations of time and space preclude detailed consideration of what constitutes, or ought to constitute, ethical employment practice in Australia in the early twenty-first century. However, for purposes of exposition, ethical behaviour in employment will be taken to encompass four key elements: respect for the dignity and personal integrity of individual employees and potential employees; respect for, and protection of, the physical and mental integrity of employees; access to ‘decent work’ in the sense of access to an appropriate range of diﬀerent forms of work, proper conditions of work, security of employment, and ‘feelings of value and satisfaction’ (ILO 1999: 7; 2001); and moderating the practical eﬀects of the imbalance in economic power between individuals who sell their labour in the marketplace and those who purchase it.
Type-Shifting with Semantic Features: A Unified Perspective
Authors: Winter Yoad
Published: November 2023

Since their introduction by Partee and Rooth (1983) into linguistic theory, type-shifting principles have been extensively employed in various linguistic domains, including nominal predicates (Partee 1987), kind-denoting NPs (Chierchia 1998), interrogatives (Groenendijk and Stokhof 1989), scrambled definites (van der Does and De Hoop 1998), and plurals (Winter 2001, 2002). Most of the accounts that use type-shifting principles employ them as “last resort” mechanisms that apply only when other compositional mechanisms fail. This failure is often sloppily referred to as type mismatch. The motivation for introducing type mismatch into the compositional mechanism is twofold: on the one hand, it allows lexical items to be assigned the minimal types that are needed for describing their denotation; on the other hand, it has been argued that the “last resort” strategy of type-shifting prevents derivation of undesired meanings.
Degree Quantifiers, Position of Merger Effects with their Restrictors, and Conservativity
Authors: Bhatt Rajesh , Pancheva Roumyana
Published: November 2023

Degree clauses are arguments of the degree quantifiers -er and as, yet the dependency is discontinuous. The surface position of the degree clause is not arbitrary, however, but marks the scope of the comparison. In earlier work (Bhatt and Pancheva 2004), we accounted for these facts by proposing that degree quantifiers are composed with their first argument—the degree clause (marked as A in (1))—in a post-quantifier raising (QR) scope position.
Online Update: Temporal, Modal, and de se Anaphora in Polysynthetic Discourse
Authors: Bittner Maria
Published: November 2023

Temporality, modality,de se reports as well as incorporation all present difficult challenges for semantic composition. In LF-based theories (e.g. Bittner 1994; Muskens 1995; Stone and Hardt 1999; Schlenker 2003, among others) the input to semantic composition are not the surface forms that present these challenges. Instead, a more tractable logical form (LF) is first derived by means of operations that may involve movement, rebracketing, insertion of covert elements, or deletion of overt material. It might therefore seem that any problem that compounds all four of the above-mentioned challenges would be out of reach of any surface compositional theory, committed to interpreting the surface form directly, as is. In this paper I argue for the contrary: even very challenging surface forms can be interpreted directly by online update. Moreover, surface-based online update correctly predicts anaphoric dependencies of various types, both within and across sentence boundaries. It thus offers a simpler and more general account of such dependencies than indirect LFbased theories.
Jurisdiction of the English Courts: The Regimes
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

There are often limits of a financial or subject-matter nature on a court’s jurisdiction. For example, the equity (eg trusts, wills, mortgages, partnership) jurisdiction of county courts only covers property worth up to £30,000.This chapter, and chapters 4–7, are concerned with the restrictions on the English courts’ jurisdiction that arise from a foreign aspect in the case. They deal, for example, with when the English courts have jurisdiction over a foreign defendant. It should be noted that the term ‘the jurisdiction’ is often used to refer to the territory over which the English courts exercise ‘jurisdiction’ (in its primary meaning), that is England and Wales and their territorial waters.2 This is the sense in which Civil Procedure Rules (hereinafter CPR) Pt 6 refers to ‘service out of the jurisdiction’.
Governing Law
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

The fact that the English courts have jurisdiction over a particular matter does not necessarily mean that they will apply English law when determining the parties’ obligations. If it is a contractual dispute, the parties may have expressly agreed that the contract will be governed by, for example, Italian law. If it is a claim in tort, the damage may have occurred in a foreign country, for example, Spain. In the former case the English courts will generally apply Italian law and in the latter case generally Spanish law. This reflects the general rule under the Rome II Regulation: see para 8.152. See para 8.144 for its entry into force.
Foreign Judgments
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

It is often, but not always, possible to enforce a foreign judgment in England. In some cases, enforcement can be resisted on the basis that the foreign court lacked jurisdiction in English eyes, or on grounds such as public policy, or fraud or lack of natural justice in the original proceedings. The extent to which such arguments are available, and the enforcement procedure, depend largely on the country where the judgment comes from.
Arbitration
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

An account of litigation with a foreign aspect would be incomplete without a mention of arbitration. Arbitration is a popular method for resolving international disputes, in part because it is perceived as more international, and less rooted in a particular country, than litigation in State courts. Furthermore, there is a long tradition of arbitration in international commerce, particularly in shipping, the commodity trades, and construction. The law relating to arbitration is extensive and complex and is best consulted in the excellent specialist works on the subject.
Employment
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

Employment litigation with an international aspect merits a chapter of its own. There is a special jurisdiction regime for employment cases, and they have their own choice of law rules. These special features are largely designed to protect the employee, as the weaker party in the relationship. They assist an employee who works abroad to bring proceedings in a convenient forum and to retain the protection of mandatory employment rights. Such protection has become increasingly important as the number of employees working outside their home country has increased. The jurisdiction of employment tribunals, as well as the courts, is covered in this chapter. In addition to jurisdiction and choice of law, it deals with the territorial reach of employment and discrimination legislation.
Insolvency
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

Cross-border insolvency is a major topic, and this chapter is only intended to give a general outline. The major issues are jurisdiction, enforcement, and applicable law in insolvency proceedings, and the extent to which the courts can assist a foreign insolvency. Two recent instruments have had a dramatic impact. As far as EU debtors are concerned, the law is now largely contained in the Insolvency Regulation; and the law on assistance to foreign insolvencies has been significantly altered by the Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations. Council Regulation (EC) 1346/2000 on Insolvency Proceedings.
The Imperial Alliance and the Entry of the Emperor Charles V into London June 1522
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

‘DIEU par sa grace permette la paix estre durable, Amen.’ Such was the popular hope expressed on the occasion of the Field of Cloth of Gold in June 1520, when the scintillating interview between Henry VIII and Francis I had seemed to the naive a prelude to Universal Peace within Christendom.1 For some time the air had been full of talk concerning Christian concord, inspired largely by the threat of the Turks grown strong again with the accession of Selim I in 1 5 12; and the Moslem ideal of a holy war against Christendom was paralleled in the West by the resuscitation of the hoary hope for a crusade against Islam. But the hope, revealed as futile by the Anglo-Imperial agreement of July 1520, was finally shattered when, on the outbreak of a rebellion in Charles V’s Spanish dominions, Francis I seized the opportunity to prepare for an attack on Italy. The project threw Europe into confusion and the rivalry between France and the Empire resulted in the courting, by both sides, of England’s favours-rich nourishment for the egregious vanity of Cardinal Wolsey and his royal master.
The Reformation and the Decline of Court Festivals
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

IN 1527 Cardinal Wolsey had seemed at the very pinnacle of his career. But already, amidst his triumphal interview with the King of France, the pageants and plays lauding his power, and his fantastic schemes for assuming Papal authority, there were signs that his position was not unassailable. There had long been opposition to him on political, religious, and personal grounds- and the most constant theme for the attacks levelled against him was just that magnificence with which he emphasized and buttressed his supremacy. Much earlier in Wolsey’s career, Skelton had viciously attacked the ‘bochers dogg’ and his pretensions, and had written his magnificence in allusion to the Cardinal’s extravagance and luxury. About the year 1521/2., another writer had pointed out to Henry VIII how this ‘Bochers Curre’, through his pride, had wasted much of the royal treasure. Wolsey became very sensitive to such attacks, especially as they must have multiplied during the financial difficulties engendered by the French war of 1521-3, in the same way that political opposition to the Cardinal developed from the same period.
Globalization?
Authors: Guy Frederick
Published: November 2023

Everything I’ve discussed in the previous chapter – is that what’s called globalization? Too often, it is – and not only what’s in the previous chapter, but much more, besides. Anthony Giddens (2000, p. 1) says that “The global spread of the term [globalization] is evidence of the very changes it describes,” and that those changes “[are not] just a single set of changes. A number of overlapping trends are involved.” He goes on to list “the worldwide communications revolution”; “the knowledge economy,” giving financial markets as the leading example; the fall of the Soviet Union; growing equality between men and women; and certain “changes affecting the family and emotional life more generally.”
Changing Technology, Changing Industry
Authors: Guy Frederick
Published: November 2023

Liberal trade regimes come, and they go. So do empires. Technology, on the other hand, keeps accumulating. Yet the application of new technologies does not happen at a steady pace. New technological applications are always changing the economy and society, but in some periods they do it more than others.

It is conventional to speak of two industrial revolutions, the first and the second. The first occurred primarily in Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries – an approximate starting date is 1760. Its distinguishing features were the emergence of the factory system and the development of labor saving production equipment that used inanimate power sources (water at first, coal-generated steam later on).
The Origins of the Modern Corporation in the Age of Steel
Authors: Guy Frederick
Published: November 2023

Before the mid-nineteenth century, there were few companies run by managers who worked for salaries. Almost all business enterprises everywhere were small, and managed by members of the families that owned them. Organizationally, we would hardly recognize them. They did not have departments or divisions, and seldom operated at more than one location. The thousands of manufacturing companies that emerged from the first industrial revolution, in England and then elsewhere, were mostly self-financed from retained profits; few had anything to do with stock markets.
When God Took Sides
Authors: Elliott Marianne
Published: November 2023

The struggle between Catholic and Protestant has shaped Irish history since the Reformation, with tragic consequences up to the present day. But how do Catholics and Protestants in Ireland see each other? And how do they view their own communities and what these communities stand for? Tracing the history of religious identities in Ireland over the last three centuries, Marianne Elliott argues that these two questions are inextricably linked and that the identity of both Catholics and Protestants is shaped by the way that each community views the other. Cutting through the layers of myths, lies, and half-truths that make up the vision that Catholics and Protestants have of each other, she looks at how mutual religious stereotypes were developed over the centuries, how they were perpetuated and entrenched, and how they have defined modern identities and shaped Ireland’s historical destiny, from the independence struggle and partition to the Troubles of the last four decades.
The Church of Ireland as Establishment
Authors: Elliott Marianne
Published: November 2023

One of the reasons for Protestantism’s fears of Catholicism as a threatening monolith was its own divisions, divisions reflected in social and economic status as well as theology. Irish-language sources periodically made the distinction between Church and Dissenting Protestants. However, whatever the social class or denomination of Protestants, there is a common thread in Irish-language, Catholic, and later nationalist sources: Protestants were foreign and excessively privileged. This, of course, has been part of Catholic thinking for centuries. Yet it has also been part of internal Protestant tradition, sometimes defensively so, sometimes as part of a belief in the inherent superiority of Protestantism over popery.
The Poor are Always with us; the Poor are Always Catholic
Authors: Elliott Marianne
Published: November 2023

Independent Ireland’s predominantly Catholic culture was frequently blamed for its economic underdevelopment before the ‘Celtic Tiger’ of the 1990s. Certainly there is some justice in the argument that a national narrative based on victimhood and persecution scarcely encourages renewal or self-criticism. Protestant identity had its own narrative of victimhood, but with one major difference: it did not see poverty as a key element. Quite the contrary, those who were poor were still led to believe that they were better-of than Catholics. The Queen’s University academic Edith Devlin, recalling her poor Protestant upbringing in 1930s Dublin, tells of her Ulster father’s contempt for Catholics.
The Quechua Impact in Amuesha, an Arawak Language of the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Adelaar Willem F H
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the issue of language contact between Quechua and Amuesha, an Arawak language spoken in the Andean foothills of central Peru. The presence of lexical borrowings from Quechua in Amuesha has been discussed in a pioneering article by Mary Ruth Wise (1976). Wise considers it possible that Quechua loans may have contributed to the phonological characteristics of the Amuesha language, which are highly divergent and unusual from the viewpoint of the remainder of the Arawak language family. Here we will try and supply a further specification, both geographical and temporal, of the sources of borrowing from a Quechua perspective. It will be argued that the diffusion of Quechua lexicon in Amuesha is very different in nature from the incidental borrowings that affected other Andean and Amazonian languages. In accordance with the theme of the present volume, we will then focus our attention on the possibility of a Quechua impact on Amuesha grammar. It will be shown that, although such influence probably did occur, it was very limited when compared with the rather spectacular lexical influx. The discussion of the linguistic facts will permit us to reXect on the social and historical context of the contact situation in this particular case. Our discussion will begin with a characterization of the geographical setting of the Amuesha people and language in relation to Quechua-speaking areas.1
Feeling the Need The Borrowing of Cariban Functional Categories into Mawayana (Arawak)
Authors: Carlin Eithne B
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with a situation of language contact over a period of some 150 years in the southern Guianas that has resulted inter alia in the borrowing, across language families, of a pronoun to express first person plural exclusive, and some functional categories pertaining to nominal past tense marking, affective and frustrative marking, and the marking of a noun to express change of state. All of these borrowed categories into Mawayana are obligatory in the Cariban languages. Lexical borrowing in either direction between Mawayana and the Cariban languages is minimal.
What is the Management of Technological Innovation and Why is it Important?
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon
Published: November 2023

Of all the challenges faced by managers today, the management of technological innovation (MTI) is one of the most demanding. Get it right and firms create value and profit, develop sustainable competitiveness, and become vibrant, fun places to work, attracting and retaining the most productive and creative staff. Get it wrong and firms can face serious, and perhaps terminal, problems through losing money, workers, and reputation. In the vast majority of business sectors, if firms do not innovate, their competitors will, and they will be put out of business in any case.
Innovation Strategy
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon
Published: November 2023

Of all the aspects of MTI, innovation strategy is the most challenging. Firms can be very good at the various activities involved in MTI, such as R&D or operations, which are discussed later in the book, but this counts for little unless it is supported by a well-grounded innovation strategy that guides firms’ choices, prioritizations, and sequences. There is little value in being highly eﬃcient at developing or delivering new products and services if they are the wrong products and services for the firm and its markets. Well-chosen new products and services deliver value, build the technological base of the firm, develop its capabilities, improve its processes, and add to its reputation and brands.
Networks and Communities
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon
Published: November 2023

This chapter defines innovation-supporting networks and communities and examines how they can be used to help a firm improve its innovative efforts. We distinguish between networks and communities that broadly support innovation and formal technological collaborations between limited numbers of partners with specific objectives. The chapter pays particular attention to the importance of social capital, organizational learning, and trust in networks and to the role of lead users in innovation. In Chapter 2 we discussed national, regional, sectoral, and technological systems of innovation and the way they influence the broad context in which firms innovate. Here the focus is less on the structure and components of these systems and more on the way firms operate within the networks and communities to which they belong and the management challenges involved in using them to best effect.
Fame in London, prosperity in Stratford
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

In December 1594 the Chamberlain’s Men performed The Comedy of Errors at Gray’s Inn. The play’s design as a classical farce based on Plautus’s Menaechmi, a play Shakespeare might well have read at school, made it especially suitable for the Christmas revels of the young gentry at one of the inns of court. In the course of the next year or so the company also performed Love’s Labour’s Lost, probably its lost sequel ‘Love’s Labour’s Won’, Richard II, Romeo and Juliet, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, an extraordinary output that was perhaps the result of Shakespeare’s busy writing activity during the plague time.
Public figure, King’s Man
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

Having completed the second tetralogy in his history cycle, with the epilogue to Henry V gesturing to the earlier sequence (‘Which oft our stage hath shown’; epilogue, l. 13), Shakespeare might reasonably have thought he had dramatized enough English history and had made enough use of Holinshed’s Chronicles. He turned to Roman history, a field he had ignored since Titus Andronicus but a rich resource for political analysis of contemporary society.
Responses of the Victorian age
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

Some attitudes to Shakespeare elsewhere in nineteenth-century society came from quite other needs. Shakespeare’s plays required to be changed to make them accessible to children and acceptable for families. Charles and Mary Lamb produced their Tales from Shakespeare in 1807 (mostly written by Mary), turning the plays into placidly and even at times sentimentally moral stories that were also designed to free children’s (and especially young girls’) imaginations by their encounters with the worlds of the plays. Their versions have never been out of print since and have formed the first encounters with Shakespeare for many generations of children.
Worldwide Will
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s global presence had been altered irrevocably by the development of film. His plays started to be recorded almost as soon as sound recordings began; performances were no longer to be contained within the theatre. Edwin Booth had been recorded in 1890 with a speech from Othello and Ellen Terry, Henry Irving, and Beerbohm Tree were also caught on cylinder. Hamlet was sold ‘complete’ on ten 78 r.p.m. discs with John Gielgud, Macbeth in Orson Welles’s Mercury Theatre production.
Introduction
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

This book consists of a series of lectures that I gave during my time as a judge. Its title, The Pursuit of Justice, was chosen because I believe judges should strive to achieve justice. They should not be content to be merely neutral arbitrators who, having listened to the arguments of both sides, give reasoned judgments. They should be proactive; even fiercely proactive in the pursuit of justice. This was not the attitude of judges when I started to practice law, but it had become the pattern by the time I retired on 1 October 2005. I was privileged to be able to assist with bringing the changes about. Some of the lectures in this book help to explain why and how the changes occurred.
The Needs of a 21st Century Judge
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper suggests the judiciary has coped extraordinary well with changes imposed upon them in recent times. It attributes this success in part to the role played by the Judicial Studies Board. It would have been very difficult to successfully introduce the civil justice reforms, or implement the Human Rights Act 1998, without the training which the JSB provided. There is a discussion on the qualities required of being a judge and the role judges have to play in modern society. New demands are being placed upon judges. Referring, by way of example, to the civil justice reforms which have significantly extended the discretion of the judiciary as to case management decisions, it emphasises that the judiciary require skills which they currently lack. More resources are required to meet the long-term needs of the judiciary if it is to meet the needs of society in the 21st century.
The Impact of Human Rights
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract If England is to be true to its heritage, a commitment to the rule of law, it has to be, and has to be seen to be, a champion of human rights. This paper discusses the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into English law via the Human Rights Act 1998. It suggests the Act has strengthened our democracy by giving each member of the public his or her human rights in a manner that was not previously available. It discusses the position in English law prior to the Human Rights Act, where a member of the public could not go before the English courts and secure a remedy based on a human right, but instead had to complain that a public body had failed to comply with some legal duty or otherwise acted unlawfully. There has been a considerable change of culture in the role of judges and additional tension has arisen between the courts and the executive.
Human Rights and Minorities
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract Our justice systems today have to be judged according to how they protect the rights of the individual. The role of the courts is not to legislate, not to determine policy, but to ensure access to the courts and to apply the law fearlessly. This paper discusses how the law in England has been used to protect the rights of minorities both prior to and after incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into English Law via the Human Rights Act 1998. If Parliament does not strike the right balance between the rights of society as a whole and the rights of the individual, the courts, with their power to declare legislation incompatible with the European Convention, will make the difficult decisions involved in upholding the rule of law to ensure individuals and minorities are not subject to discrimination.
Making Sense of Sentencing
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper discusses the need for the government to provide more resources for sentencing policy by identifying the resources that can be made available and then tailoring its policies to match those resources. It considers the purposes of sentencing and the role of the Sentencing Guidelines Council. Concluding while it is essential resources must be used in the manner which is most likely to provide the best protection for the public, it supports a more focussed role for sentencing that if used constructively could increase public confidence in community punishment and reduce reliance on imprisonment.
Access to Justice Final Report: Overview
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper provides an overview of the Access to Justice Final Report, which was designed to meet the needs of the public in the 21st century by creating a comprehensive and coherent package for the reform of civil court proceedings. It aimed to improve access to justice and reduce the costs of litigation, reduce the complexity of the rules and modernise terminology, and remove unnecessary distinctions of practice and procedure. It recommended the courts should have the final responsibility for determining what procedures are suitable for each case; setting realistic timetables; ensuring the procedures and timetables are complied with; and ensuring that defended cases are allocated to short, medium or fast track systems.
The Rule of Law and the Development of a Modern Economy in China
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper focuses on the importance and requirements of the rule of law in relation to China ‘s developing legal system and emerging modern economy. It explains that the Chinese economy requires effective and economic methods to resolve the disputes that are the inevitable consequence of commercial activities. It discusses the use of mediation and alternative dispute resolution throughout China ‘s history and promotes its continued use under the Uniform Contract Law, arguing that it can make more commercial sense to decide cases out of court, saving time, cost and being less stressful than adversarial proceedings. It concludes that a developed state which is properly administered should be able to comply with the rule of law to support an effective market
The struggle with France, 1689–1702
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A
Published: November 2023

Given the extraordinary nature of his accession, William had surprisingly little difficultiy making himself secure on the throne of England and Wales. Although not all the political nation welcomed his elevation, few thought there was any real alternative in February 1689, and most continued to accept the new king, either to keep out the papist James or because supporting the de facto regime brought more stability than working for a Stuart restoration. It is true that William had diﬃculties with the old king’s oﬃcer corps in the army.
Choosing Experiential Methods for Management Education The Fit of Action Learning and Problem-Based Learning
Authors: Herbert Anne , Stenfors Sari
Published: November 2023

The process of changing from traditional teaching methods to experiential methods is not easy. Institutional forces make change challenging, even when a university signals that it wants to change.
Liposuction
Authors: Waterhouse Norman
Published: November 2023

Liposuction is the most popular procedure in cosmetic surgery.

It is a procedure that improves body shape and contours, but is not a means of weight loss.

The best results are achieved in patients under the age of 40 with good skin and muscle tone.

Liposuction, lipoplasty, liposculpture, and body contouring are all terms used to describe a surgical procedure using a cannula attached to a vacuum suction device to remove fat from various areas of the body.