bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disorder in organic charge-transfer single crystals: Dipolar disorder in ClMePD-DMeDCNQI
Authors: Bewick S. A. , Pascal R. A. , Ho D. M. , Soos Z. G. , Masino M. , Girlando A.
Published: December 2004

The unusual electronic, vibrational, and structural properties of the title compound are associated with the polar donor D=2-chloro-5-methyl-p-phenylenediamine, which is twofold disordered in single crystals. Its 3 D dipole generates random site energies with standard deviation σ=0.35 eV that significantly alter the standard description of charge-transfer (CT) salts with nonpolar donors and acceptors. The average structure at 298 and 150 K is centrosymmetric, space group P1̄, and consistent with increasing degree of CT (or ionicity ρ) on cooling. Vibrational spectra indicate that ρ increases from ∼0.3 at 400 K to ∼0.6 at 80 K, with coincident Raman and infrared (IR) molecular modes in contrast with the centrosymmetric structure. Dipolar disorder is modeled by adding random site energies to Peierls-Hubbard models of CT salts, and σ=0.35 eV is shown to suppress the Peierls instability for typical bandwidth and lattice stiffness, in agreement with the structural data. Disorder also breaks inversion symmetry and rationalizes coincident Raman and IR modes. The combination of site energies xp and the dipole operator P for systems with periodic boundary conditions leads at molecule p to (∂P/∂xp)2 for the IR intensity polarized along the DA stack. The ensemble average of (∂P/∂xp)2 for σ=0.35 eV as a function of the ground-state ionicity ρ accounts for the intensity variations of totally symmetric molecular modes of D and A, either on cooling at ambient pressure or on squeezing at ambient temperature.
Hydration of Y3+ ion: A Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics study
Authors: Ikeda Takashi , Hirata Masaru , Kimura Takaumi
Published: December 2004

The solvation shell structure of Y3+ and the dynamics of the hydrated ion in an aqueous solution of 0.8M YCl3 are studied in two conditions with and without an excess proton by using first principles molecular dynamics method. We find that the first solvation shell around Y3+ contains eight water molecules forming a square antiprism as expected from x-ray absorption near edge structure in both the conditions we examined. A detailed analysis relying upon localized orbitals reveals that the complexation of water molecules with yttrium cation leads to a substantial amount of charge redistribution particularly on the oxygen atoms, giving rise to the chemical shifts of ∼−20 ppm in O17 nuclear magnetic resonance relative to the computed nuclear shieldings of the bulk water.
Monte Carlo simulations of polyalanine using a reduced model and statistics-based interaction potentials
Authors: van Giessen Alan E. , Straub John E.
Published: December 2004

A coarse-grained residue-residue interaction potential derived from a statistical analysis of the Protein Data Bank is used to investigate the coil-to-helix transition for polyalanine. The interaction potentials depend on the radial distance between interaction sites, as well as the relative orientation of the sites. Two types of interaction sites are present in the model: a site representing the amino acid side chain, and a site representing a “virtual backbone,” i.e., a site located in the peptide bond which accounts for backbone hydrogen bonding. Two chain lengths are studied and the results for the thermodynamics of the coil-to-helix transition are analyzed in terms of the Zimm–Bragg model. Results agree qualitatively and quantitatively with all-atom Monte Carlo simulations and other reduced-model Monte Carlo simulations.
Learning from the acquired optimized pulse shapes about the isotope selective ionization of potassium dimers
Authors: Lindinger Albrecht , Lupulescu Cosmin , Vetter Franziska , Plewicki Mateusz , Weber Stefan M. , Merli Andrea , Wöste Ludger
Published: December 2004

Selective optimization of the K239,39 and K239,41 isotopomers in a three-photon ionization process is presented by applying evolution strategies on shaped fs pulses in a feedback loop. The optimizations at different center wavelengths show considerably large enhancements of one isotope compared to the other and reversed. We compare the acquired optimized pulse shapes for combined phase and amplitude with pure amplitude modulation. Particularly from their spectra we are able to extract information about the optimally chosen differing ionization paths via the involved vibrational states. Furthermore, a comparison of the temporal shape of the optimized pulse forms for combined phase and amplitude with pure phase optimization is given. The presented pulse form analysis demonstrates the potential of restricted optimization to gain insight into the underlying dynamical processes. Our approach reveals how the optimization algorithm precisely addresses the vibrational wave functions both spectrally and temporally.
Promotion of deep tunneling through molecular barriers by electronic-nuclear coupling
Authors: Abu-Hilu Musa , Peskin Uri
Published: December 2004

Deep electronic tunneling through molecular barriers in donor-bridge-acceptor complexes is studied using an analytically solvable model. The effective tunneling matrix element is formulated as a sum over vibronic tunneling pathways. For a symmetric system the frequency of tunneling oscillations is shown to increase with the strength of electronic-nuclear coupling at the bridge, the number of electronic-nuclear coupling sites, or the frequency of a bridge vibration. Acceleration by several orders of magnitude is demonstrated within the range of realistic molecular parameters.
Molecular engineering of myosin
Authors: Holmes K. C. , Trentham D. R. , Simmons R. , Manstein Dietmar J.
Published: December 2004

Protein engineering and design provide excellent tools to investigate the principles by which particular structural features relate to the mechanisms that underlie the biological function of a protein. In addition to studies aimed at dissecting the communication pathways within enzymes, recent advances in protein engineering approaches make it possible to generate enzymes with increased catalytic efficiency and specifically altered or newly introduced functions. Here, two approaches using state–of–the–art protein design and engineering are described in detail to demonstrate how key features of the myosin motor can be changed in a specific and predictable manner. First, it is shown how replacement of an actin–binding surface loop with synthetic sequences, whose flexibility and charge density is varied, can be employed to manipulate the actin affinity, the catalytic activity and the efficiency of coupling between actin– and nucleotide–binding sites of myosin motor constructs. Then the use of pre–existing molecular building blocks, which are derived from unrelated proteins, is described for manipulating the velocity and even the direction of movement of recombinant myosins.
ESTIMATING THE ARCH PARAMETERS BY SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS
Authors: Bose Arup , Mukherjee Kanchan
Published: December 2004

Abstract. This paper discusses the asymptotics of two‐stage least squares estimator of the parameters of ARCH models. The estimator is easy to obtain since it involves solving two sets of linear equations. At the same time, the estimator has the same asymptotic efficiency as that of the widely used quasi‐maximum likelihood estimator. Simulation results show that, even for small sample size, the performance of our estimator compared to the quasi‐maximum likelihood estimator is better.
DYNAMIC STATE‐SPACE MODELS
Authors: Guo Wensheng
Published: December 2004

Abstract.In many cases, multiple time series can be viewed as realizations of the same underlying process and such data usually accumulate in time. The historic time‐series data provide important information for our current prediction. In this paper, we extend the traditional state‐space model to a general dynamic scheme, in which estimation and prediction across time series and within a time series are handled by a unifiedO(N) sequential procedure. Under this framework, the information from historic data serves as the prior for the current time series and the estimation and prediction of a time series can incorporate the information from other time series as well as its own history. The solution is to construct sequentially a new state‐space model for the next time series conditional on the past time series. Because we achieve the general dynamic estimation and prediction through constructing new conditional state‐space models, existing estimation procedures for state‐space models can be adapted into this framework with minimal modifications. An application to infant growth curves is used as illustration.
A NOTE ON BUSETTI–HARVEY TESTS FOR STATIONARITY IN SERIES WITH STRUCTURAL BREAKS
Authors: HARVEY DAVID I. , MILLS TERENCE C.
Published: December 2004

Abstract. In this note, we highlight a minor error in the asymptotic distribution of one of the Busetti and Harvey (2001) tests for stationarity in the presence of structural breaks, and provide corrected asymptotic critical values where relevant. In addition, we examine the extent to which finite sample critical values for the Busetti–Harvey tests are approximated by their asymptotic counterparts when the location of the break is determined endogenously.
LEAVE‐K‐OUT DIAGNOSTICS IN STATE‐SPACE MODELS
Authors: Proietti Tommaso
Published: December 2004

Abstract.The paper derives an algorithm for computing leave‐k‐out diagnostics for the detection of patches of outliers for stationary and nonstationary state‐space models with regression effects. The algorithm is based on a reverse run of the Kalman filter on the smoothing errors and is both efficient and easy to implement. The US index of industrial production for textiles is used to illustrate the application of the algorithm.
A Small Open Economy with Staggered Wage Setting and Intertemporal Optimization: The Basic Analytics
Authors: Fender John , Rankin Neil
Published: December 2004

We develop a model of a small open economy with optimizing, infinitely lived agents. They have monopoly power over the price of their labour, and wage setting is staggered. We consider the effects of an unanticipated increase in the money supply. In all cases, the exchange rate depreciates immediately to its long‐run value with no overshooting. With unitary elasticity of substitution in preferences between home and foreign goods, output rises instantaneously but gradually returns to its initial value in the long run. Trade remains balanced at all times. With an elasticity of substitution above unity, there is a trade surplus in the short run and a deficit in the long run, as permanently higher net foreign assets are accumulated. Convergence to the steady state is faster, and thus output persistence is smaller. With unitary elasticity the dynamics are the same as in an equivalent closed economy, so, to the extent that an elasticity greater than one is plausible for an open economy, we conclude that openness reduces output persistence.
The Distributional Heterogeneity of Growth Effects: Some Evidence
Authors: Cunningham Brendan M.
Published: December 2004

This paper applies quantile regression and non‐parametric density estimation techniques to international data on long‐run economic growth. The approach reveals that previously identified drivers of growth vary in their impact across the conditional distribution of international growth. Specifically, these factors display disparate effects in conditional low‐growth and high‐growth contexts. The results suggest that there is a general bias underlying prior research. The incumbent drivers of growth exhibit relatively larger coefficients, in absolute value, on the upper tail of the conditional growth distribution. This set of stylized facts identifies factors that might alter the international distribution of growth.
Stochastic Pollution and Environmental Care in an Endogenous Growth Model
Authors: Soretz Susanne
Published: December 2004

The impact of pollution and abatement policy within a stochastic endogenous growth model is analyzed. Environmental care is provided by the government and financed through income taxation and government bonds. Due to environmental preferences and partial perception of the individual's impact on pollution, government debt influences equilibrium growth. Hence, there is an additional growth effect of income taxation due to portfolio adjustment. It is shown that the optimal income tax rate decreases with the perception of the influence of individuals on aggregate capital. In contrast, the impact of environmental preferences and uncertainty on optimal environmental policy is ambiguous.
Book Review
Authors: Elliott Rob
Published: December 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Robert Z. Aliber (ed.), International Finance
Portfolio Value‐at‐Risk with Heavy‐Tailed Risk Factors
Authors: Glasserman Paul , Heidelberger Philip , Shahabuddin Perwez
Published: December 2004

This paper develops efficient methods for computing portfolio value‐at‐risk (VAR) when the underlying risk factors have a heavy‐tailed distribution. In modeling heavy tails, we focus on multivariate t distributions and some extensions thereof. We develop two methods for VAR calculation that exploit a quadratic approximation to the portfolio loss, such as the delta‐gamma approximation. In the first method, we derive the characteristic function of the quadratic approximation and then use numerical transform inversion to approximate the portfolio loss distribution. Because the quadratic approximation may not always yield accurate VAR estimates, we also develop a low variance Monte Carlo method. This method uses the quadratic approximation to guide the selection of an effective importance sampling distribution that samples risk factors so that large losses occur more often. Variance is further reduced by combining the importance sampling with stratified sampling. Numerical results on a variety of test portfolios indicate that large variance reductions are typically obtained. Both methods developed in this paper overcome difficulties associated with VAR calculation with heavy‐tailed risk factors. The Monte Carlo method also extends to the problem of estimating the conditional excess, sometimes known as the conditional VAR.
Monte Carlo valuation of American options
Authors: Rogers L. C. G.
Published: December 2004

This paper introduces a dual way to price American options, based on simulating the paths of the option payoff, and of a judiciously chosen Lagrangian martingale. Taking the pathwise maximum of the payoff less the martingale provides an upper bound for the price of the option, and this bound is sharp for the optimal choice of Lagrangian martingale. As a first exploration of this method, four examples are investigated numerically; the accuracy achieved with even very simple choices of Lagrangian martingale is surprising. The method also leads naturally to candidate hedging policies for the option, and estimates of the risk involved in using them.
Folk Psychology Under Stress: Comments on Susan Hurley's ‘Animal Action in the Space of Reasons’
Authors: Godfrey‐Smith Peter
Published: December 2004

Abstract: My commentary on Hurley is concerned with foundational issues. Hurley's investigation of animal cognition is cast within a particular framework—basically, a philosophically refined version of folk psychology. Her discussion has a complicated relationship to unresolved debates about the nature and status of folk psychology, especially debates about the extent to which folk psychological categories are aimed at picking out features of the causal organization of the mind.
A Thirst for God or Consumer Spirituality? Cultivating Disciplined Practices of Being Engaged by God
Authors: Jones L.
Published: December 2004

This essay offers a critique of contemporary popular spirituality, specifically by focusing on Thomas Moore’s best‐selling book Care of the Soul. Moore’s perspective is juxtaposed with Bernard of Clairvaux’s Sermons on the Song of Songs, displaying the widely divergent views of God, the self, and the practices of spiritual living. The essay also sketches several reasons which help to explain the popularity of generic spirituality such as Moore’s, and it concludes by responding to some potential objections to the account offered in the essay. Overall, the essay displays the marked contrasts between disciplined practices of Christian spirituality and the simulacra of consumer spirituality.
The Church in the State We’re In
Authors: Lash Nicholas
Published: December 2004

The state (more specifically, the British state) is in a crisis it seemingly cannot recognize. But the issue is not one of “Church and State” or even modern “religion”. The issue is the Church’s fidelity to its vocation to narrate, announce, and dramatize the identity of humankind as communion in God. Newman’s refraction of Christ’s threefold office provides a framework for the Church’s identity and vocation. The Church is a school of priestly forgiveness, offering resistance to nationalism, and prophetic thought against the anti‐intellectualism of the merely devout as well as the patronizing ignorance of the irreligious.
Wrestling with a Wounding Word: Reading the Disjointed Lines of African American Spirituality
Authors: Jennings Willie James
Published: December 2004

This essay examines African American spirituality as a complex web of arguments constituted by and shaped around a struggle with Christianity. With these arguments, this essay examines the dominant way in which Afro‐American spirituality is defined, along the lines of an essential African reality. This definition is shown to be a part of the struggle against Christianity. The positing of this essentialist definition is also a form of spiritual practice which points to a deep longing for freedom from the continuing power of the colonialist’s theologically derogatory vision of the African. However the effect of this definition is to render all Christian articulation and expression of the African transparent, pointing always and only to their blackness. Thus Afro‐spirituality as it is commonly articulated re‐establishes the colonialist vision of the African as always presenting a theological alterity, an inauthentic Christian.
‘Between the Brutely Given, and the Brutally, Banally Free’: Von Balthasar’s Theology of Drama in Dialogue with Hegel
Authors: Quash J.B.
Published: December 2004

Von Balthasar’s theological dramatic theory is deeply indebted to Hegel, especially to Hegel’s distinction between epic, lyric and dramatic genres. He criticizes the Hegelian identification of divine with human freedom and argues that analogy alone can express the fact that God’s freedom is ‘ever greater’. But his Hegelian tendencies corrupt his use of analogy and incline him to generalize and impose resolution on patterns of divine‐human relation (especially in his Marian theology of the Church). His readings of Shakespeare and Scripture reflect the same tendencies. Thus von Balthasar fails adequately to respect what is existential and open‐ended. This is confirmed in his treatment of the Eucharist. It indicates a deficiency in his theodramatics, and the need to develop his project using a different and less Hegelian dramatic theory.
Kierkegaard’s Socrates: a Venture in Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Rubenstein Mary‐Jane
Published: December 2004

This essay explores the shifts in Kierkegaard’s conceptions of Socrates, looking to produce a more nuanced reading of Kierkegaardian indirect communication, faith, and subjectivity. Entirely bound up with his increasingly troubled view of Hegel and Hegelianism, Kierkegaard’s relationship to Socrates can be traced through three of his major texts: The Concept of Irony, Philosophical Fragments, and The Concluding Unscientific Postscript. By examining these three works, this essay charts a path from a critique of the Socratic as un‐speculative, through a deep resentment of the Socratic as proto‐speculative, to admiration and imitation of the Socratic as anti‐speculative. Ultimately, it is argued, Kierkegaard and the pseudonyms rely upon Socrates to rehabilitate subjectivity out of the undifferentiated totality of nineteenth century idealism.
The Soul of Reciprocity Part Two: Reciprocity Granted
Authors: Milbank John
Published: December 2004

In “The Soul of Reciprocity Part One: Reciprocity Refused”, the case for reciprocity was established in a negative manner. It was shown that its refusal is a crucial aspect of modernity: the result of the interacting influences of modern capitalist economics and an ontotheological outlook that is explicitly modern, not ancient. A disdain for reciprocity thus lies at modernity’s very heart. The soul, which, I argued, it allied to reciprocity, was rejected in modernity and the subject was rhetorically advocated in its place. This is true for three crucial instances: Deleuzian transhumanism, Levinasian intersubjectivity and neo‐Kantian neo‐humanism. All three only re‐work the Cartesian and Kantian turn to the subject, which was also a turn away from the soul. “The Soul of Reciprocity Part Two: Reciprocity Restored”, establishes a positive case for a postmodern retrieval of the premodern soul of reciprocity.
Conflict and Compatibility: Some Thoughts on the Relationship between Science and Religion
Authors: McFarland Ian A.
Published: December 2004

Scholarly studies of the science and religion question tend to take their cue from the subjective attitudes of individual writers. A potentially more useful approach focuses instead on the logical relationship between scientific and religious statements. Such a strategy generates two main types: a compatibilist model concerned only to show that religious and scientific claims are mutually consistent and an integrationist model that posits a strong correlation between theological and scientific language. Investigation of the two models' strengths and weaknesses suggests that a compatibilist approach is more consistent with the way in which Christian language is deployed on the ground.
OPEC and Natural Gas
Authors: Bakhtiari A.M. Samsam , Shahbudaghlou F.
Published: December 2004

This paper reviews the involvement of OPEC Member Countries in the natural gas industry in the past, present and future. It notes a tenfold increase in marketed production and a fourfold rise in re‐injection since 1970. Collectively, Members now hold 41 per cent of the world’s proven gas reserves and account for 20 per cent of exports. Individually, four of these countries hold positions 2–5 in the world gas reserve rankings.

Within OPEC, however, there remains an emphasis of oil over gas, not least because of oil’s favourable position with regard to revenue‐generation and profitability.

As global gas demand continues on its upward growth curve in a more environmentally aware world, OPEC’s gas horizons will widen. OPEC’s strong reserve base will give its Members an undeniable role to play on the future global gas stage. However, these countries will give priority to domestic usage, particularly re‐injection schemes.
Fuel Choice in West European Power Generation Since the 1960s
Authors: Söderholm Patrik
Published: December 2004

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the economic and political factors that have shaped West European fuel‐use in power generation since the 1960s. The historical analysis concludes that political and institutional constraints have had a huge impact on fuel choice, especially on the construction of new plants. The influence of politics has, however, changed over time — away from direct intervention towards regulation of decentralised markets. Further, the prospects for reactivating large‐scale projects have become limited, and, as a result, the refurbishing and increased utilisation of existing plants, as well as conversions of plants to new fuels, soared in the 1980s and the early 1990s. Uncertainty about future fuel prices, few technical improvements in new plants, siting problems and stringent environmental regulations for new plants explain this development. Finally, the short‐run flexibility of the Western European power sector has improved since the 1970s, something which has important implications for the electricity sectors and fuel markets.
OPEC oil production and market fundamentals: a causality relationship
Authors: Dahmani Atmane , Al‐Osaimy Mahmoud H.
Published: December 2004

This paper first establishes a statistical measurement for OPEC Member Countries' compliance levels with their respective quotas and then examines the correlations and the causual relationships between compliance levels and oil market fundamentals. The compliance level is measured by the deviation of the production level from the respective quota for OPEC Member Countries, and this is based on the Euclidean distance formula, while oil market fundamentals are represented by OECD oil demand and stock levels, and the OPEC Basket price and oil supply. Monthly data from January 1996 to June 2000 was used and two sub‐periods considered, where the first sub‐period was characterized by a low level of compliance and the second by a high level. The analytical results of correlations and causality showed different directions of relationships between compliance levels and oil market fundamentals.
Oil demand in North America: 1980‐2020
Authors: Ghouri Salman Saif
Published: December 2004

This paper first analyses price and income elasticity of oil demand in the United States, Canada and Mexico for the period 1980‐99. Economic activity is the main driving force that influences oil consumption in each country. Changes in oil consumption generally lagged by a few years before the full impact of changes in oil prices was realized. Consumers in the short run are constrained by technological and other barriers and, therefore, less sensitive to changes in oil prices; however, they are more responsive in the long run — though response is still inelastic. The use of advanced technology facilitated these countries to use less oil over time. The paper then looks at demand over the next 20 years. The best‐fitting model predicts that, by the end of 2020 (reference case), the USA, Canada and Mexico will respectively consume 24,900, 2,596 and 2,321 thousand barrels daily, compared with 19,519, 1,943 and 1,970 thousand b/d in 1999. The model forecasts economic slowdown during 2000/2002. The USA and Canada are expected to recover quickly, while Mexico will take longer.
Risk measurement for oil and gas exploration: the marriage of geological and financial techniques
Authors: Stauffer Thomas
Published: December 2004

A method is presented for fully risking projects, such as exploration ventures or the acquisition of undeveloped reserves. The expected value of an exploration project overstates the “value”, because it does not reflect the uncertainty in the project, as measured by its variance or standard deviation. If the expected value is calculable, then the risk–adjusted value (RAV) can also be calculated. The RAV depends additionally upon the size of the exploration budget, compared with the project, and also upon the “price of risk”. That price is incorporated from the finance literature. The technique permits answering three related questions:

1) the risk–adjusted rate of return for a given project;

2) the risk–adjusted value of that project; or

3) the risk premium appropriate for a particular project, given the size of the firm’s exploration budget.
A Persianizing Cup from Lydia
Authors: Paspalas Stavros A.
Published: December 2004

The kantharoid‐cup examined here may serve as an examplar of the various currents which are evident in the pottery producing traditions of archaic Lydia. Although our knowledge of Lydian pottery is still in great need of enrichment features derived from other regions are apparent in finds made in the Sardis area, and beyond. The kantharoid cup is clearly decorated in a manner firmly anchored in archaic Lydian practice, but ultimately derived from an East Greek source. Its shape, however, is borrowed from eastern traditions, specially – as realia and iconographic representations show – from the Achaemenid repertoire. It is in this context, as an item of emulation of élite practice, that the adoption of this particular shape in Lydia is best understood.
The Dead with Golden Faces. II Other Evidence and Connections
Authors: Theodossiev Nikola
Published: December 2004

In this second part of this paper I extend the study of the regions where gold funeral masks were widespread in the late 6th–early 5th centuries BC. The broader cultural and historical contexts give the opportunity to understand more clearly the ethnic situation in these northern Balkan lands and the political development of the local tribal communities. The cultural interrelations between ethnically different people in this territory are studied as well, while the iconography of the local metalwork allows some religious concepts to be considered.
Processing the dead in neolithic orkney
Authors: REILLY STUART
Published: December 2004

Summary Megalithic tombs are a characteristic feature of Neolithic Orkney and have formed the focus of numerous studies. This article examines the surviving human skeletal remains found within these cairns in the hope of determining how the dead were processed during this period of prehistory. It is shown that the fate of the body was a long and complicated affair, which involved elements of both direct interment and excarnation. It is argued that the archaeological evidence reveals that in most cases an articulated corpse was directly interred in a tomb and then subsequently dismembered until only the skull remained. This process seemingly occurred amongst several cairns during the earlier Neolithic, and during the later Neolithic the practice was restricted to the confines of a single exclusive passage grave.
Do Belief Reports Report Beliefs
Authors: Bach Kent
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The traditional puzzles about belief reports puzzles rest on a certain seemingly innocuous assumption, that ‘that’‐clauses specify belief contents. The main theories of belief reports also rest on this “Specification Assumption”, that for a belief report of the form ‘A believes that p’ to be true,’ the proposition that p must be among the things A believes. I use Kripke’s Paderewski case to call the Specification Assumption into question. Giving up that assumption offers prospects for an intuitively more plausible approach to the semantics of belief reports. But this approach must confront a puzzle of its own: it turns out that every case is a Paderewski case, at least potentially.
Problems with Principle P
Authors: Caplin Hugh
Published: December 2004

Abstract: In Psychosemantics Fodor presents three arguments for preferring the language of thought over mere intentional realism ‐ arguments for the conclusion that intentional causes of behavior have constituent structure. The first of these, relying on the methodological ‘Principle P’, is considered in detail here and is found wanting. This principle does not prefer the language of thought to those very connectionist systems which Fodor criticizes; and it rests on dubious theoretical and empirical assumptions.
Fancy Justice: Martha Nussbaum on the Political Value of the Novel
Authors: Pappas Nickolas
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Martha Nussbaum’s Poetic Justice undertakes a defense of the novel by showing it to develop the sympathetic imagination. Three parts of her argument come in for criticism, with implications for other such political defenses. Nussbaum sometimes interprets the imagination practically, sometimes theoretically; the two forms have different effects on deliberation. Nussbaum credits the novelistic tradition with fostering the imagination; her example of Hard Times interferes with establishing this general point. Nussbaum suggests an aesthetic element in literature that produces its effect, but does not succeed in identifying that element so as to preserve the consequences of art while avoiding reductionism.
A Not‐So‐Simple View of International Action
Authors: Chan David K.
Published: December 2004

The Simple View (SV) holds that for someone to intentionally A, he must intend to A. Critics of SV point to intentional actions which, due to belief‐conditions or consistency constraints, agents cannot intend. By recognizing species of intention which vary with the agent’s confidence in acting, I argue that the stringency of consistency constraints depends on the agent’s confidence. A sophisticated SV holds that the species of intending is related to the degree of intentionality of the action. Finally, I show that where agents do what they believe impossible, without intending to do so, the action is not intentional.
Kant’s Criteria of the A Priori
Authors: Divers John
Published: December 2004

Kant states that necessity and strict universality are criteria of a priori knowledge. Interpreting this dictum standardly and straightforwardly in respect of necessity, it is inconsistent with there being necessary a posteriori truths or contingent a priori truths (cf Kripke). This straightforward interpretation may convict Kant of understandable error (at worst) in the case of necessity, but it is so uncharitable in the case of strict universality that we ought to seek an alternative. I offer a charitable interpretation of the doctrine that necessity and strict universality are sufficient conditions of a priority, commenting briefly on comparable necessary conditions.
The Epistemic Sense of the Pedigree Thesis
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: December 2004

Jules Coleman has shown that positivism’s pedigree thesis has a semantic sense and an epistemic sense. The semantic sense states the conditions a proposition must satisfy in order to be law. The epistemic sense constitutes a standard that can be used to identify the community’s law. In this article, I argue the epistemic sense is considerably more modest than has often been supposed. At most, it provides a means for conclusively identifying those legislative utterances that give rise to statutory law. Accordingly, it is false that the pedigree thesis provides a test for deciding even questions of settled law.
Decision‐making and the Backward Induction Argument
Authors: Mintoff Joe
Published: December 2004

The traditional form of the backward induction argument, which concludes that two initially rational agents would always defect, relies on the assumption that they believe they will be rational in later rounds. Philip Pettit and Robert Sugden have argued, however, that this assumption is unjustified. The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the argument without using this assumption. The formulation offered concludes that two initially rational agents would decide to always defect, and relies only on the weaker assumption that they do not believe they will not be rational in later rounds. The argument employs the idea that decisions justify revocable presumptions about behavior.
What Anit‐realist Intuitionism Could Not Be
Authors: Shieh Sandford
Published: December 2004

One of the two major parts of Dummett’s defense of intuitionism is the rejection of classical in favor of intuitionistic reasoning in mathematics, given that mathematical discourse is anti‐realist. While there have been illuminating discussions of what Dummett’s argument for this might be, no consensus seems to have emerged about its overall form. In this paper I give an account of this form, starting by investigating a fundamental, but little discussed question: to what view of the relation between deductive principles and meaning is anti‐realism committed? The result of this investigation is a constraint on meaning theoretic assessments of logical laws. Given this constraint, I show that, surprisingly, a consistent anti‐realist critique of classical logic could not rely on the rejection of bivalence. Moreover, a consistent anti‐realist defense of intuitionism must begin with a radical rejection of the very conception of logical consequence that underlies realist classical logic. It follows from these conclusions that anti‐realist intuitionism seems committed to proceeding by proof theoretic means.
Explaining, and explaining with, economic nationalism
Authors: Pickel Andreas
Published: December 2004

This article rejects the widely held view that economic nationalism is an anachronistic economic doctrine in the age of globalisation. Rather than being the opposite of economic liberalism, as the conventional view maintains, economic nationalism is better understood as a generic phenomenon that can accommodate almost any doctrinal content, including economic liberalism. Economic nationalism is not so much about the economy as it is about the nation, as illustrated by literature on economic nations and national economic cultures. Such a broader conception of economic nationalism is then placed in the context of a larger ‘nationalising mechanism’ that sheds new light on a variety of phenomena discussed in the globalisation debate, such as economic performance, state disintegration, or cultural conflict, and success or failure in post‐communist systemic change.
These Englands, or where does devolution leave the English?*
Authors: Bryant Christopher G. A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract. Devolution to Scotland and Wales has not yet led to popular demand for a new constitutional settlement for England, but it has led to renewed debate about who the English are. One reason why the English find this a difficult question is that there is more than one construction of England with which to engage. This paper distinguishes four constructions, each with its distinctive orientation to time and place: Anglo‐British England, Little England, English England and Cosmopolitan England. Each has its light and dark sides. Each also enjoys considerable currency, but none has an exclusive appeal. Cosmopolitan England may be thought to constitute the future, but the uneven cosmopolitanisation of the regions will continue to complicate the collective representation of England.
Catalan linguistic policy: liberal or illiberal?
Authors: Costa Josep
Published: December 2004

Abstract. This article analyses the discussion, enactment and characteristics of the Linguistic Policy Act adopted by the Catalan Parliament in 1998, from the point of view of current normative political theory. The main theoretical question is whether its provisions promoting the Catalan language are compatible with the liberal political tradition, considering its different streams. The discussion shows that the main arguments are not different from those used by scholars dealing with issues of national and cultural pluralism in Western democratic societies. Thus, the opponents of the Act tend to rely upon various individual rights‐based arguments taken from classical liberalism. Its advocates, on the other hand, accuse them of neglecting the value of cultural membership, asserted by influential authors within the liberal tradition. Ultimately, the article concludes that this law neither promotes nor allows illiberal practices.
Standards of self‐determination and standards of minority‐rights in the post‐communist era: a historical perspective
Authors: Kovács Mária M.
Published: December 2004

Abstract.In the recent Yugoslav crisis, the decisions of the international community sparked off a sharp debate on the recognition of self‐determination claims, reminiscent of the debates in the aftermath of the First World War. This article compares and contrasts the principles and practices of the international community in these two periods. It draws a parallel between the simultaneous strengthening of self‐determination norms and minority protection norms, first at Versailles and then in the midst of the recent Balkan crisis. Though the processes showed many similarities, there was one crucial difference: by the time of the Balkan crisis, the international community had come to regard minority autonomies as the most appropriate form of protection for compact minorities in new nation‐states born of ethnic separatism. While in the Versailles system minority protection norms were meant as compensations for the denial of self‐determination, in the Balkan crisis the autonomies were regarded as the highest form of minority protection, which in turn increased the perceived risk of minority separatism in new states. It is in this context that the article presents the debate over the traditional and more recent approaches to the ‘unit question’, which has haunted scholars and policy‐makers ever since the concept of self‐determination emerged as an international norm.
Subject‐Matter Content: How Does It Assist the Interactional and Linguistic Needs of Classroom Language Learners?
Authors: Pica Teresa
Published: December 2004

This study focused on the role of subject‐matter content in second language (L2) learning. It sought to identify ways in which teachers modified classroom interaction about subject‐matter content in order to assist the input, feedback, and production needs of L2 learners, and to promote their attention to developmentally difficult relationships of L2 form and meaning that they had not fully acquired. Data were collected from 6 preacademic English L2 classes whose content consisted of thematic units on film and literature. Each class was composed of 10–15 high intermediate English L2 students and their teachers. Analysis of the data focused on teacher‐led discussions, because these were the predominant mode of interaction in each of the classes, and on form‐meaning relationships encoded in noun and verb forms for purposes such as reference, retelling, argument, and speculation regarding film and literary content. Results of the study revealed numerous contexts in which the discussion interaction might have been modified for the kinds of input, feedback, or production that could draw students’ attention to developmentally difficult form‐meaning relationships. However, there were relatively few instances in which this actually occurred. Instead, the teachers and students tended to exchange multiutterance texts, the comprehensibility of which provided little basis for modified interaction and attention to form and meaning.
Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language: The Japanese EFL Context
Authors: Yashima Tomoko
Published: December 2004

Willingness to communicate (WTC) is emerging as a concept to account for individuals’ first language (L1) and second language (L2) communication. This study examined relations among L2 learning and L2 communication variables in the Japanese English as a foreign language context using the WTC model and the socioeducational model as a framework. A L2 communication model was constructed and tested using AMOS version 4.0, with a sample of 297 Japanese university students. In the model, a latent variable, international posture, was hypothesized to capture the general attitude toward the international community and foreign language learning in Japan. From structural equation modeling, it appeared that international posture influences motivation, which, in turn, influences proficiency in English. Motivation affected self‐confidence in L2 communication which led to willingness to communicate in a L2. In addition to this indirect path, a direct path from international posture to WTC in a L2 was significant. The model’s fitness to the data was good, which indicates the potential for using the WTC and other constructs to account for L2 communication.
Promoting Openness toward Culture Learning: Ethnographic Interviews for Students of Spanish
Authors: Bateman Blair E.
Published: December 2004

Although learning to understand another culture is often mentioned as a benefit of foreign language learning, merely studying a foreign language does not automatically produce cross–cultural understanding. Many students study a language only to fulfill requirements and see culture learning as a nonessential element of the curriculum. This article explains how conducting ethnographic interviews can promote openness toward culture learning. Following a brief review of the culture learning process and of attitudinal theory, the article reports on a study that replicated Robinson–Stuart and Nocon's (1996) San Diego State study in a Midwestern setting. Thirty–five college students from 2 second–year Spanish classes were introduced to ethnographic interviewing skills and assigned to interview a native speaker of Spanish. As in the previous study, the results showed that the interviews positively affected students’ attitudes toward the target language and its speakers as well as their desire to learn Spanish.
Derivational Morphological Analysis as a Strategy for Vocabulary Acquisition in Spanish
Authors: Morin Regina
Published: December 2004

Although first language (L1) and second language (L2) research has indicated that the meanings of unknown words can be derived from the contexts in which they occur, research has also found limitations to the value of context. Using data gathered in a classroom experiment on L2 vocabulary acquisition (Frantzen, 1998), the present study sought to determine some of the reasons why the context in which a word appears does not always lead a language learner to an accurate interpretation of its meaning. It expands the existing research by using a natural, intact, unmanipulated text as the context (an aspect underrepresented in current L2 word inferencing literature). Analysis of the students’ answers, their self–reported guessing strategies, the contexts in which the words appeared, and the text's glossing revealed that the “blame” for the incorrect answers may be placed on: (a) the context itself, (b) the students’ behavior, and in a minor way (c) the story's glossing. Numerous patterns are presented and discussed in light of other L1 and L2 research and new patterns are reported.
The Effects of Deductive and Inductive Instruction on the Acquisition of Direct Object Pronouns in French as a Second Language
Authors: Erlam Rosemary
Published: December 2004

This article presents results from a recent study that isolated grammar instruction that is deductive (i.e., involving rule presentation and metalinguistic information) as a variable and contrasted it with an instructional treatment that is inductive (i.e., focusing on form with no explicit grammar instruction). The effectiveness of these two types of instruction was compared on measures of both comprehension and production. The study also investigated the interaction between type of instruction and the morphological and syntactical features involved in the acquisition of direct object pronouns in French as a second language. The results revealed a significant advantage for the deductive instruction group. The study highlighted the difficulty of designing language measures that access implicit language knowledge. It also underlined the strong relationship that exists between the observed effectiveness of a particular type of instruction and tests/measures used.