bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Celiac Disease and Double-Balloon Enteroscopy
Authors: Tomba Carolina , Sidhu Reena , Sanders David S. , Mooney Peter D. , Branchi Federica , Locatelli Martina , Roncoroni Leda , Conte Dario , Bardella Maria T. , Elli Luca
Published: October 2015

Background:

Indications to double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) are not standardized in celiac disease (CD).

Goals:

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of DBE in complicated CD.

Study:

DBE findings in celiac patients with suspected small bowel (SB) complications were retrospectively evaluated in 2 tertiary referral centers (Milan and Sheffield). Demographic data of the studied cohort were compared with a database of 1000 noncomplicated CD patients.

Results:

Twenty-four CD cases (12 males, P=0.01 vs. controls) were reviewed. Mean age at CD diagnosis (y±SD) was 37±20 versus 27±18 and at SB evaluation 47±15 versus 38±13 (P<0.01 compared with controls). Indications for DBE were refractory CD (#9), gastrointestinal symptoms (#6), severe iron-deficiency anemia (#6), and long standing poor dietary adherence (#3). Two jejunal adenocarcinomas and an ileal neuroendocrine tumor were detected in presence of iron-deficiency anemia. Three type I and 3 type II refractory CD patients showed jejunal ulcerations; 2 of type II presented small white raised patches. Patchy atrophy was observed in nonadherent patients and in 2 on a gluten-free diet for a short time. Therapy was planned in 33% of patients after DBE. No adverse events were detected at follow-up [21 mo (range, 0 to 60 mo)].

Conclusions:

This is the largest international study on the outcomes of DBE in CD demonstrating its usefulness to exclude/confirm malignant or premalignant conditions, associated with even minor lesions. Studies are needed to understand the clinical relevance of the SB endoscopic features and to optimize DBE indications.
Putting the Law Into Practice: A Comparison of Isolation and Quarantine As Tools to Control Tuberculosis and Ebola
Authors: Hershey Tina Batra , Pryde Julie A. , Mwaungulu Geoffrey S. , Phifer Victoria I. , Roszak Andrew R.
Published: October 2015

The recent Ebola epidemic has put the words “isolation and quarantine” in the spotlight. Isolation and quarantine are tools that are often utilized by public health officials around the United States to address various types of infectious disease, including tuberculosis. While voluntary compliance is preferred, it can be difficult to achieve. In cases where an individual chooses not to voluntarily comply with an isolation or quarantine request, public health officials require assistance from the judiciary and law enforcement to effectuate the order. This article compares 2 recent court cases with different outcomes where public health officials sought assistance from the courts to enforce an isolation or quarantine order.
Inverse Association Between Cancer and Dementia
Authors: Lin Hsiu-Li , Lin Hsiu-Chen , Tseng Yuan-Fu , Chen Shih-Chang , Hsu Chien-Yeh
Published: October 2015

Dementia and cancer are 2 common diseases in the elderly. This retrospective cohort study used a population-based insurance claim dataset, merged with a cancer registry, to test whether risk reduction of cancers occurs at various primary sites after diagnosis of dementia. The study included a cohort of 3282 patients who were first diagnosed with dementia between 2001 and 2002. A control cohort consisted of 13,128 subjects matched for age, sex, and year of enrollment. The site of cancer and duration between the diagnosis of dementia and cancer were analyzed. Among the dementia cases, 169 patients (5.2%) were diagnosed with cancer during a median observation period of 40 months. In the control group, 976 subjects (7.4%) were diagnosed with cancer, during a median observation period of 46 months. During a 7-year follow-up period, the adjusted hazard ratio for cancer among dementia patients was 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.91), and significantly lower for colon (0.54, 0.29-0.99) and prostate cancers (0.44, 0.20-0.98). This study showed an inverse association between cancer and dementia. Further studies focusing on colon and prostate cancers may help elucidate the underlying mechanism and expand the therapeutic strategies.
Human Microbiota of the Argentine Population- A pilot study
Authors: Carbonetto Belén , Fabbro Mónica Carolina , Sciara Mariela , Seravalle Analía , Méjico Guadalupe , Revale Santiago , Romero María Soledad , Brun Bianca , Fay Marcelo , Fay Fabián , Vazquez Martin
Published: October 2015

Here we present the first dataset based on human microbiota samples of an urban middle-income population in South America. We characterized the microbiota of six different body habitats: palatine tonsils, saliva, buccal mucosa, throat, anterior nares and gut from samples of healthy individual living in a metropolitan area in Argentina. Our initial findings revealed differences in the structure and composition of the microbial communities compared to the US urban population. By sharing our data, we want to actively encourage its reuse for comparison purposes. This will hopefully result in novel biological insights on the variability of the microbiota of healthy individuals across populations worldwide. Moreover, the understanding of the human microbiota ecosystem in a health-associated state will help to answer questions related to the role of the microbiota in disease.
Crop diversity increases disease suppressive capacity of soil microbiomes
Authors: Peralta Ariane L. , Sun Yanmei , McDaniel Marshall D. , Lennon Jay T.
Published: November 2015

Microbiomes can aid in the protection of hosts from infection and disease, but the mechanisms underpinning these functions in complex environmental systems remain unresolved. Soils contain microbiomes that influence plant performance, including their susceptibility to disease. For example, some soil microorganisms produce antimicrobial compounds that suppress the growth of plant pathogens, which can provide benefits for sustainable agricultural management. Evidence shows that crop rotations increase soil fertility and tend to promote microbial diversity, and it has been hypothesized that crop rotations can enhance disease suppressive capacity, either through the influence of plant diversity impacting soil bacterial composition or through the increased abundance of disease suppressive microorganisms. In this study, we used a long-term field experiment to test the effects of crop diversity through time (i.e., rotations) on soil microbial diversity and disease suppressive capacity. We sampled soil from seven treatments along a crop diversity gradient (from monoculture to five crop species rotation) and a spring fallow (non-crop) treatment to examine crop diversity influence on soil microbiomes including bacteria that are capable of producing antifungal compounds. Crop diversity significantly influenced bacterial community composition, where the most diverse cropping systems with cover crops and fallow differed from bacterial communities in the 1-3 crop species diversity treatments. While soil bacterial diversity was about 4% lower in the most diverse crop rotation (corn-soy-wheat + 2 cover crops) compared to monoculture corn, crop diversity increased disease suppressive functional groupprnDgene abundance in the more diverse rotation by about 9% compared to monocultures. Identifying patterns in microbial diversity and ecosystem function relationships can provide insight into microbiome management, which will require manipulating soil nutrients and resources mediated through plant diversity.
MicroRNA evolution, expression, and function during short germband development in Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Ninova Maria , Ronshaugen Matthew , Griffiths-Jones Sam
Published: October 2015

MicroRNAs are well-established players in the development of multicellular animals. Most of our understanding of microRNA function in arthropod development comes from studies in Drosophila. Despite their advantages as model systems, the long germband embryogenesis of fruit flies is an evolutionary derived state restricted to several holometabolous insect lineages. MicroRNA evolution and expression across development in animals exhibiting the ancestral and more widespread short germband mode of embryogenesis has not been characterized. We sequenced small RNA libraries of oocytes and successive intervals covering the embryonic development of the short germband model organism, Tribolium castaneum. We analyzed the evolution and temporal expression of the microRNA complement and sequenced libraries of total RNA to investigate the relationships with microRNA target expression. We show microRNA maternal loading and sequence-specific 3′ end nontemplate oligoadenylation of maternally deposited microRNAs that is conserved between Tribolium and Drosophila. We further uncover large clusters encoding multiple paralogs from several Tribolium-specific microRNA families expressed during a narrow interval of time immediately after the activation of zygotic transcription. These novel microRNAs, together with several early expressed conserved microRNAs, target a significant number of maternally deposited transcripts. Comparison with Drosophila shows that microRNA-mediated maternal transcript targeting is a conserved process in insects, but the number and sequences of microRNAs involved have diverged. The expression of fast-evolving and species-specific microRNAs in the early blastoderm of T. castaneum is consistent with previous findings in Drosophila and shows that the unique permissiveness for microRNA innovation at this stage is a conserved phenomenon.
The crystal structures of tetrakis(μ-n-butyrato-κ2O:O′)bis[bromidorhenium(III)] and tetrakis(μ-n-butyrato-κ2O:O′)bis[chloridorhenium(III)] acetonitrile disolvate
Authors: Reed Carly R. , Brennessel William W.
Published: November 2015

The title complexes, [Re2Br2(O2CC3H7)4], (1), and [Re2(O2CC3H7)4Cl2]·2CH3CN, (2), both exhibit paddlewheel structures with four carboxylate ligands bridging two ReIIIatoms. The Re—Re distances are 2.2325 (2) and 2.2299 (3) Å, indicating quadruple bonds between the ReIIIatoms in each complex. Both complexes contain an inversion center at the mid-point of the Re—Re bond. The Re—Br bond [2.6712 (3) Å] in (1) is 0.1656 (6) Å longer than the Re—Cl distance [2.5056 (5) Å] of (2). In (2), the N atom of each co-crystallized acetonitrile solvent molecule is nearly equidistant between and in close contact with two carboxylate C atoms.
Crystal structure of 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-ium trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Godemann Christian , Spannenberg Anke , Beweries Torsten
Published: November 2015

In the cation of the title salt, C9H20NO+·CF3O3S−, the six-membered heterocyclic ring displays a chair conformation. In the crystal, centrosymmetric pairs of cations and anions are linked by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds to form rings with aR44(14) graph-set motif.
The role of arXiv, RePEc, SSRN and PMC in formal scholarly communication
Authors: Li Xuemei , Thelwall Mike , Kousha Kayvan
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The four major Subject Repositories (SRs), arXiv, Research Papers in Economics (RePEc), Social Science Research Network (SSRN) and PubMed Central (PMC), are all important within their disciplines but no previous study has systematically compared how often they are cited in academic publications. In response, the purpose of this paper is to report an analysis of citations to SRs from Scopus publications, 2000-2013.

Design/methodology/approach

– Scopus searches were used to count the number of documents citing the four SRs in each year. A random sample of 384 documents citing the four SRs was then visited to investigate the nature of the citations.

Findings

– Each SR was most cited within its own subject area but attracted substantial citations from other subject areas, suggesting that they are open to interdisciplinary uses. The proportion of documents citing each SR is continuing to increase rapidly, and the SRs all seem to attract substantial numbers of citations from more than one discipline.

Research limitations/implications

– Scopus does not cover all publications, and most citations to documents found in the four SRs presumably cite the published version, when one exists, rather than the repository version.

Practical implications

– SRs are continuing to grow and do not seem to be threatened by institutional repositories and so research managers should encourage their continued use within their core disciplines, including for research that aims at an audience in other disciplines.

Originality/value

– This is the first simultaneous analysis of Scopus citations to the four most popular SRs.
The effect of magnetic field on generalized thermoelastic medium with two temperature under three phase lag model
Authors: Othman Mohamed I. , Hasona W. M. , Mansour Nehal T.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Lord-Shulman (L-S), Green-Naghdi of type III (G-N III) and three phase lag (3PHL) theories to study the effect of a magnetic field on generalized thermoelastic medium with two temperature.

Design/methodology/approach

– The problem has been solved numerically by using the normal mode analysis.

Findings

– The problem is used to obtain the analytical expressions of the displacement components, force stress, thermodynamic temperature and conductive temperature. The numerical results are given and presented graphically thermal force is applied. Comparisons are made with the results predicted by 3PHL, G-N III and L-S in the presence and absence of magnetic field as well as two temperature.

Originality/value

– Generalized thermoelastic medium.
Safety at a girls secure juvenile justice facility
Authors: Elwyn Laura J. , Esaki Nina , Smith Carolyn A.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– Serious juvenile delinquency is a significant and costly problem in the society. However, custodial environments often exacerbate current problems and promote recidivism. Girls’ delinquency, in particular, may call for trauma-informed approaches within organizations that serve the most serious offenders. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether implementation of a trauma-informed intervention that aims to change the therapeutic stand of the organization, the Sanctuary Model®, corresponded with improved indicators of physical and psychological safety of staff and youth at a female secure juvenile justice facility.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study utilizes quantitative administrative and performance-based standards (PbS) data routinely collected at the facility.

Findings

– Findings suggest that the facility was a safer place for both residents and staff after implementation of the model. Its safety indicators also compare favorably to those of the juvenile justice correctional field in general.

Research limitations/implications

– This study was constrained by a number of limitations, including lack of some desirable detail on the PbS measures and on a comparable field group of girls’ facilities. It is also hard to assess the impact of other concurrent changes in the facility. Future research that addresses these issues would be useful in further determining the utility of the model.

Originality/value

– This study is the first to examine the impact of a structured trauma-informed organizational change intervention based on therapeutic communities principles, namely the Sanctuary Model, on staff and youth in a secure juvenile justice facility. Findings may be of value to practitioners, administrators, policy makers, and researchers in the corrections field.
FORUM: Indirect leakage leads to a failure of avoided loss biodiversity offsetting
Authors: Moilanen Atte , Laitila Jussi
Published: November 2015

Biodiversity offsetting has quickly gained political support all around the world. Avoided loss (averted risk) offsetting means compensation for ecological damage via averted loss of anticipated impacts through the removal of threatening processes in compensation areas.

Leakage means the phenomenon of environmentally damaging activity relocating elsewhere after being stopped locally by avoided loss offsetting. Indirect leakage means that locally avoided losses displace to other administrative areas or spread around diffusely via market effects.

Synthesis and applications. Indirect leakage can lead to high net biodiversity loss. It is difficult to measure or prevent, raising doubts about the value of avoided loss offsetting. Market demand for commodities is on the rise, following increasing human population size and per capita consumption, implying that indirect leakage will be a rule rather than an exception. Leakage should be accounted for when determining offset multipliers (ratios) even if multipliers become extremely high.
Biological introduction risks from shipping in a warming Arctic
Authors: Ware Chris , Berge Jørgen , Jelmert Anders , Olsen Steffen M. , Pellissier Loïc , Wisz Mary , Kriticos Darren , Semenov Georgy , Kwaśniewski Sławomir , Alsos Inger G.
Published: November 2015

Several decades of research on invasive marine species have yielded a broad understanding of the nature of species invasion mechanisms and associated threats globally. However, this is not true of the Arctic, a region where ongoing climatic changes may promote species invasion. Here, we evaluated risks associated with non‐indigenous propagule loads discharged with ships' ballast water to the high‐Arctic archipelago, Svalbard, as a case study for the wider Arctic.

We sampled and identified transferred propagules using traditional and DNA barcoding techniques. We then assessed the suitability of the Svalbard coast for non‐indigenous species under contemporary and future climate scenarios using ecophysiological models based on critical temperature and salinity reproductive thresholds.

Ships discharging ballast water in Svalbard carried high densities of zooplankton (mean 1522 ± 335 SE individuals m−3), predominately comprised of indigenous species. Ballast water exchange did not prevent non‐indigenous species introduction. Non‐indigenous coastal species were present in all except one of 16 ballast water samples (mean 144 ± 67 SE individuals m−3), despite five of the eight ships exchanging ballast water en route.

Of a total of 73 taxa, 36 species including 23 non‐indigenous species were identified. Of those 23, sufficient data permitted evaluation of the current and future colonization potential for eight widely known invaders. With the exception of one of these species, modelled suitability indicated that the coast of Svalbard is unsuitable presently; under the 2100 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8·5 climate scenario, however, modelled suitability will favour colonization for six species.

Synthesis and applications. We show that current ballast water management practices do not prevent non‐indigenous species from being transferred to the Arctic. Consequences of these shortcomings will be shipping‐route dependent, but will likely magnify over time: our models indicate future conditions will favour the colonization of non‐indigenous species Arctic‐wide. Invasion threats will be greatest where shipping transfers organisms across biogeographic realms, and for these shipping routes ballast water treatment technologies may be required to prevent impacts. Our results also highlight critical gaps in our understanding of ballast water management efficacy and prioritization. Thereby, our study provides an agenda for research and policy development.
A systematic review and network meta‐analysis comparing the use of Foley catheters, misoprostol, and dinoprostone for cervical ripening in the induction of labour
Authors: Chen W , Xue J , Peprah MK , Wen SW , Walker M , Gao Y , Tang Y
Published: November 2015

Background

Various methods are used for cervical ripening during the induction of labour. It is still debatable which of these methods of treatment is optimal.

Objective

To compare treatment techniques for cervical ripening in the induction of labour.

Search strategy

Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Collaboration databases were searched using the keywords ‘cervical ripening’, ‘labour induced’, ‘misoprostol’, ‘dinoprostone’, and ‘Foley catheter’.

Selection criteria

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of cervical ripening during the induction of labour, evaluating rates of failure to achieve vaginal delivery within 24 hours, incidence of uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate (FHR) changes, and rates of caesarean section. Studies including women with prelabour rupture of membranes were excluded.

Data collection and analysis

Outcome data were collected and analysed through pairwise meta‐analysis and network meta‐analysis within a Bayesian framework.

Main results

A total of 96 RCTs (17 387 women) were included in the meta‐analysis. Vaginal misoprostol was the most effective cervical ripening method to achieve vaginal delivery within 24 hours, but had the highest incidence of uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes. The use of a Foley catheter to induce labour was associated with the lowest rate of uterine hyperstimulation accompanied by FHR changes. The caesarean section rate was lowest using oral misoprostol for the induction of labour.

Author's conclusions

No method of labour induction demonstrated overall superiority when considering all three clinical outcomes. Decisions regarding the choice of induction method will depend upon the relative preference for effecting vaginal delivery within 24 hours, minimising the incidence of uterine hyperstimulation with adverse FHR changes and avoiding caesarean section.

Tweetable abstract

Oral misoprostol for the induction of labour is safer than vaginal misoprostol and has the lowest rate of caesarean section.
Behaviour change techniques to change the postnatal eating and physical activity behaviours of women who are obese: a qualitative study
Authors: Smith DM , Taylor W , Lavender T
Published: November 2015

Objective

To explore the experiences of postnatal women who are obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2] in relation to making behaviour changes and use of behaviour change techniques (BCTs).

Design

Qualitative interview study.

Setting

Greater Manchester, UK.

Population or Sample

Women who were 1 year postnatal aged ≥18 years, who had an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and an antenatal booking BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.

Methods

Eighteen semi‐structured, audio‐recorded interviews were conducted by a research midwife with women who volunteered to be interviewed 1 year after taking part in a pilot randomised controlled trial. The six stages of thematic analysis were followed to understand the qualitative data. The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (version 1) was used to label the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) reported by women.

Main outcome measures

Themes derived from 1‐year postnatal interview transcripts.

Results

Two themes were evident: 1. A focused approach to postnatal weight management: women reported making specific changes to their eating and physical activity behaviours, and 2. Need for support: six BCTs were reported as helping women make changes to their eating and physical activity behaviours; three were reported more frequently than others: Self‐monitoring of behaviour (2.3), Prompts/cues (7.1) and Social support (unspecified; 3.1). All of the BCTs required support from others for their delivery; food diaries were the most popular delivery method.

Conclusion

Behaviour change techniques are useful to postnatal women who are obese, and have the potential to improve their physical and mental wellbeing. Midwives and obstetricians should be aware of such techniques, to encourage positive changes.

Tweetable abstract

BCTs are useful to postnatal women who are obese, and have the potential to improve their wellbeing.
Does IPM Have Staying Power? Revisiting a Potato‐producing Area Years After Formal Training Ended
Authors: Carrión Yaguana Vanessa , Alwang Jeffrey , Norton George , Barrera Victor
Published: November 2015

Integrated pest management (IPM) potentially reduces pesticide use and costs of agricultural production. However, IPM is knowledge intensive and its spread may dissipate over time due to knowledge required for its effective implementation and to competing messages about pest control. We examine IPM spread and adoption several years after formal intensive IPM outreach efforts ceased in a potato‐producing region in Ecuador. We describe adoption patterns and sources of IPM knowledge in 2012 and compare them with patterns that existed when outreach ceased in 2003. Results show that IPM adoption continues in the area but with a lower proportion of farmers fully adopting all practices and a higher proportion adopting low to moderate levels as compared to 2003. Almost all potato farmers in the area use some IPM practices, reflecting a major increase in IPM use. Farmer‐to‐farmer spread has supplanted formal training and outreach mechanisms. IPM adoption significantly lowers pesticide use and saves production costs for adopters.
Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Cooked Potato and Potato Salad—A One‐Step Kinetic Analysis*
Authors: Huang Lihan
Published: November 2015

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram‐positive spherically‐shaped bacterium capable of producing heat‐stable enterotoxins that cause acute gastrointestinal diseases. The growth of this pathogen in food is a major threat to public health worldwide. Potato salad is a frequent vehicle for infection and food poisoning caused by S. aureus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the growth kinetics of S. aureus in cooked potato and potato salad.

Samples of potato cubes and potato salad inoculated with S. aureus were incubated at temperatures between 8 and 43 °C to observe its growth for developing growth models. No growth was observed at 8 °C. The experimental results showed that the growth curves did not exhibit lag phases, and can be described by a 3‐parameter logistic model.

A one‐step kinetic analysis approach was used to simultaneously analyze all growth curves by direct construction of both the primary and secondary (Ratkowsky square root) models using nonlinear regression to minimize the global residual error. The estimated nominal minimum growth temperature of S. aureus was 6.12 °C in potato cubes and 8.80 °C in potato salad. The estimated maximum growth temperatures of S. aureus in potato cubes and potato salad were very close to each other (46.3 and 46.8 °C, respectively). On the average, the specific growth rates of S. aureus in potato cubes were approximately 70% higher than those in potato salad.

This study suggests that cooked potato and potato salad should be stored below 6 °C or above 47 °C to prevent the growth of S. aureus. The mathematical models and kinetic parameters can be used to accurately evaluate the effect of temperature abuse on the growth of S. aureus and conduct risk assessments of S. aureus in cooked potato and potato salad.
Determination of Lutein from Fruit and Vegetables Through an Alkaline Hydrolysis Extraction Method and HPLC Analysis
Authors: Fratianni Alessandra , Mignogna Rossella , Niro Serena , Panfili Gianfranco
Published: November 2015

A simple and rapid analytical method for the determination of lutein content, successfully used for cereal matrices, was evaluated in fruit and vegetables. The method involved the determination of lutein after an alkaline hydrolysis of the sample matrix, followed by extraction with solvents and analysis by normal phase HPLC. The optimized method was simple, precise, and accurate and it was characterized by few steps that could prevent loss of lutein and its degradation. The optimized method was used to evaluate the lutein amounts in several fruit and vegetables. Rich sources of lutein were confirmed to be green vegetables such as parsley, spinach, chicory, chard, broccoli, courgette, and peas, even if in a range of variability. Taking into account the suggested reference values these vegetables can be stated as good sources of lutein.
Foodborne Pathogens Prevention and Sensory Attributes Enhancement in Processed Cheese via Flavoring with Plant Extracts
Authors: Tayel Ahmed A. , Hussein Heba , Sorour Noha M. , El‐Tras Wael F.
Published: November 2015

Cheese contaminations with foodborne bacterial pathogens, and their health outbreaks, are serious worldwide problems that could happen from diverse sources during cheese production or storage. Plants, and their derivatives, were always regarded as the potential natural and safe antimicrobial alternatives for food preservation and improvement. The extracts from many plants, which are commonly used as spices and flavoring agents, were evaluated as antibacterial agents against serious foodborne pathogens, for example Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli O157:H7, using qualitative and quantitative assaying methods. Dairy‐based media were also used for evaluating the practical application of plant extracts as antimicrobial agents. Most of the examined plant extracts exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity; the extracts of cinnamon, cloves, garden cress, and lemon grass were the most powerful, either in synthetic or in dairy‐based media. Flavoring processed cheese with plant extracts resulted in the enhancement of cheese sensory attributes, for example odor, taste, color, and overall quality, especially in flavored samples with cinnamon, lemon grass, and oregano. It can be concluded that plant extracts are strongly recommended, as powerful and safe antibacterial and flavoring agents, for the preservation and sensory enhancement of processed cheese.
Gambling and gambling policy in Norway—an exceptional case
Authors: Rossow Ingeborg , Hansen Marianne Bang
Published: November 2015

Aims

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the development and current status of gambling and gambling policy in Norway.

Methods

An overview of the research literature and official documents and websites.

Results

Gambling on electronic gaming machines (EGMs) increased dramatically in the 1990s in response to technological development and liberalization of gambling policy. Restrictions on availability of EGM gambling occurred from 2006 to 2009 and included a ban on note acceptors, a temporary ban on EGMs and re‐introduction of fewer and less aggressive machines under a state monopoly. The restrictions led to significant decreases in total gambling turnover, and several studies suggest that they led to fewer gambling and gambling problems. Various factors may explain why the restrictions were politically feasible. These include media coverage of gambling concerns and economic compensation for revenue losses under the monopoly.

Conclusions

In an international context of deregulation of gambling markets, the Norwegian policy restrictions on gambling availability have represented an exceptional case and provide a rare opportunity to explore the outcomes of such regulations. Overall, studies suggest that the policy restrictions have led to reductions in gambling expenditures and problem gambling.
Central calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour in the posterior maxilla: a case report
Authors: Zhang A , Chaw SY , Talacko AA , Besly WJ , Savage NW , Monsour PA
Published: October 2015

The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour (CEOT), or Pindborg tumour, is a rare, benign odontogenic tumour. CEOT is usually asymptomatic and an incidental radiological finding, often presenting as a mandibular radiolucency with flecks of calcific material. We report an unusual case of CEOT in the left posterior maxilla of a 46‐year‐old male that was associated with an unerupted tooth. The tumour in this case caused non‐specific sinus symptoms and appeared radiographically similar to an odontoma or ossifying fibroma due to its dense calcific contents. Diagnosis was confirmed histologically following surgical removal of the lesion, which showed classic CEOT histomorphology. We report this case to highlight the unusual clinico‐radiologic presentation and illustrate the diagnostic difficulties that can occur with radiolucent and/or radiopaque lesions in the jaws.
PEG3 domain gene expression in maternal and foetal placenta in intrauterine growth restricted bovine foetuses
Authors: Li Shun , Pausch Hubert , Venhoranta Heli , Adamowicz Krzysztof , Andersson Magnus , Zwierzchowski Lech , Kind Alexander , Schnieke Angelika , Flisikowski Krzysztof
Published: November 2015

We used a genetic (MIMT1Del) model of intrauterine growth restriction to investigate dysregulation of PEG3 domain gene expression in bovine foetal and maternal placenta. ZIM2, APEG3 and PEG3 expressions were similarly reduced in MIMT1Del/WT foetal placenta, suggesting coordinated regulation. Methylation of DNA CpG sites associated with these genes showed no differences, but differences in the levels of MIMT1 RNA methylation at three CpG sites were found in foetal placenta. Our data are consistent with the presence of a bidirectional promoter 5′ of MIMT1 and suggest a regulatory role for the MIMT1 non‐coding transcript. PEG3 domain expression on the maternal placenta side was not affected by the foetal mutation.
Factors influencing long‐term efficacy and tolerability of bosutinib in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia resistant or intolerant to imatinib
Authors: Brümmendorf Tim H. , Cortes Jorge E. , Khoury Hanna J. , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Kim Dong‐Wook , Schafhausen Philippe , Conlan Maureen G. , Shapiro Mark , Turnbull Kathleen , Leip Eric , Gambacorti‐Passerini Carlo , Lipton Jeff H.
Published: November 2015

The dual SRC/ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor bosutinib is indicated for adults with Ph+ chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) resistant/intolerant to prior therapy. This analysis of an ongoing phase 1/2 study (NCT00261846) assessed effects of baseline patient characteristics on long‐term efficacy and safety of bosutinib 500 mg/day in adults with imatinib (IM)‐resistant (IM‐R; n = 196)/IM‐intolerant (IM‐I; n = 90) chronic phase (CP) CML. Median treatment duration was 24·8 months (median follow‐up, 43·6 months). Cumulative major cytogenetic response (MCyR) rate [95% confidence interval (CI)], was 59% (53–65%); Kaplan‐Meier (KM) probability of maintaining MCyR at 4 years was 75% (66–81%). Cumulative incidence of on‐treatment progression/death at 4 years was 19% (95% CI, 15–24%); KM 2‐year overall survival was 91% (87–94%). Significant baseline predictors of both MCyR and complete cytogenetic response (newly attained/maintained from baseline) at 3 and 6 months included prior IM cytogenetic response, baseline MCyR, prior interferon therapy and <6 months duration from diagnosis to IM treatment initiation and no interferon treatment before IM. The most common adverse event (AE) was diarrhoea (86%). Baseline bosutinib‐sensitive BCR‐ABL1 mutation was the only significant predictor of grade 3/4 diarrhoea; no significant predictors were identified for liver‐related AEs. Bosutinib demonstrates durable efficacy and manageable toxicity in IM‐R/IM‐I CP‐CML patients.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 2‐Alkylthio‐4‐(N‐substituted sulfonamide)pyrimidine Hydroxamic Acids as Anti‐myeloma Agents
Authors: Xiang Jinbao , Leung Crystal , Zhang Zhuoqi , Hu Cassie , Geng Chao , Liu Lili , Yi Lang , Li Zhiwei , Berenson James , Bai Xu
Published: October 2015

A series of pyrimidine hydroxamic acids with a sulfide substituent at the second position and a sulfonamide substituent at the fourth position have been synthesized and evaluated for their activity against human myeloma cell line RPMI 8226. Several compounds exhibited significant anti‐cancer potency. It was found that representative compound 6a selectively killed cancerous but not normal cells. Moreover, compound 6a was effective in causing apoptosis in RPMI 8226 cells and exhibited promising HDAC‐inhibitory activities.
Clinical efficacy of a new CD28-targeting antagonist of T cell co-stimulation in a non-human primate model of collagen-induced arthritis
Authors: Vierboom M P M , Breedveld E , Kap Y S , Mary C , Poirier N , 't Hart B A , Vanhove B
Published: November 2015

T cells have a central pathogenic role in the aetiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and are therefore a favoured target of immunotherapy aiming at physical or functional elimination. Here we report an efficacy test of FR104, a new co-stimulation inhibitor directly targeting CD28 on T cells, in a translationally relevant model, the rhesus monkey model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). As a relevant comparator we used abatacept [cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen immunoglobulin (CTLA Ig)], an antagonist of CTLA-4 binding to CD80/86 clinically approved for treatment of RA. Treatment with either compound was started at the day of CIA induction. Although FR104 previously demonstrated a higher control of T cell responses in vitro than abatacept, both compounds were equally potent in the suppression of CIA symptoms and biomarkers, such as the production of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 and anti-collagen type II (CII) serum antibody (IgM/IgG). However, in contrast to abatacept, FR104 showed effective suppression of CII-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation. The current study demonstrates a strong potential of the new selective CD28 antagonist FR104 for treatment of RA.
A new analgesia regimen after (adeno) tonsillectomy in children: a pilot study
Authors: Syed M.I. , Magos T.A. , Singh J. , Montague M.L.
Published: October 2015

Objective

The objective was to ascertain the efficacy of a new analgesic regimen introduced in children undergoing (adeno)tonsillectomy in view of the ban on codeine use in children <12 years by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).

Design

Prospective pilot study at a paediatric tertiary referral centre.

Materials and methods

A total of 176 children undergoing (adeno) tonsillectomy over a 5‐month period (Sept 2013‐Jan 2014) were included in the study. Data were prospectively collected on analgesia used peri‐operatively and patients were discharged on regular paracetamol and ibuprofen for 7 days and three doses of oral morphine sulphate solution to be used on days 3, 4 and 5. Pain scores were recorded on days 1–10 post‐operatively using the Wong Baker Faces Pain Rating scale.

Results

The pain scores were significantly better (P‐value < 0.0001) in children who were compliant with morphine (n = 93) than those who were not (n = 32). We also found that children who were compliant with morphine were less likely to seek help out of hours (P‐value < 0.001).

Conclusions

Oral morphine sulphate solution provides a reasonable alternative to codeine, albeit one should bear in mind that parental concerns and adverse effects of the drug were seen in a minority of patients (n = 11) and anaesthetists were reluctant to prescribe the drug in cases of severe OSA or associated central apnoeas (n = 7).
Anticipation in Real‐World Scenes: The Role of Visual Context and Visual Memory
Authors: Coco Moreno I. , Keller Frank , Malcolm George L.
Published: October 2015

The human sentence processor is able to make rapid predictions about upcoming linguistic input. For example, upon hearing the verb eat, anticipatory eye‐movements are launched toward edible objects in a visual scene (Altmann & Kamide, 1999). However, the cognitive mechanisms that underlie anticipation remain to be elucidated in ecologically valid contexts. Previous research has, in fact, mainly used clip‐art scenes and object arrays, raising the possibility that anticipatory eye‐movements are limited to displays containing a small number of objects in a visually impoverished context. In Experiment 1, we confirm that anticipation effects occur in real‐world scenes and investigate the mechanisms that underlie such anticipation. In particular, we demonstrate that real‐world scenes provide contextual information that anticipation can draw on: When the target object is not present in the scene, participants infer and fixate regions that are contextually appropriate (e.g., a table upon hearing eat). Experiment 2 investigates whether such contextual inference requires the co‐presence of the scene, or whether memory representations can be utilized instead. The same real‐world scenes as in Experiment 1 are presented to participants, but the scene disappears before the sentence is heard. We find that anticipation occurs even when the screen is blank, including when contextual inference is required. We conclude that anticipatory language processing is able to draw upon global scene representations (such as scene type) to make contextual inferences. These findings are compatible with theories assuming contextual guidance, but posit a challenge for theories assuming object‐based visual indices.
Postoperative volume balance: does stroke volume increase in Trendelenburg's position?
Authors: Frost H. , Mortensen C. R. , Secher N. H. , Nielsen H. B.
Published: October 2015

In healthy humans, stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) do not increase with expansion of the central blood volume by head‐down tilt or administration of fluid. Here, we exposed 85 patients to Trendelenburg's position about one hour after surgery while cardiovascular variables were determined non‐invasively by Modelflow. In Trendelenburg's position, SV (83 ± 19 versus 89 ± 20 ml) and CO (6·2 ± 1·8 versus 6·8 ± 1·8 l/min; both P<0·05) increased, while heart rate (75 ± 15 versus 76 ± 14 b min−1) and mean arterial pressure were unaffected (84 ± 15 versus 84 ± 16 mmHg). For the 33 patients (39%) with a > 10% increase in SV (from 78 ± 16 to 90 ± 17 ml) corresponding to an increase in CO from 5·9 ± 1·5 to 6·9 ± 1·6 l min−1 (P<0·05) when tilted head‐down, administration of 250 ml Ringer's lactate solution increased SV (to 88 ± 18 ml) and CO (to 6·8 ± 1·7 l min−1). In conclusion, determination of SV and/or CO in Trendelenburg's position can be used to evaluate whether a patient is in need of IV fluid as here exemplified after surgery.
The duration of cough in patients with H1N1 influenza
Authors: Lin Ling , Yang Zi‐Feng , Zhan Yang‐Qing , Luo Wei , Liu Bao‐Juan , Pan Jia‐Yu , Yi Fang , Chen Ru‐Chong , Lai Ke‐Fang
Published: October 2015

Background

Cough is one of common symptoms of influenza, the cough duration and prevalence of postinfectious cough (PIC) after viral upper respiratory tract infection has not been well described.

Objectives

We aim to investigate the duration of cough and prevalence of PIC and its relation with acute symptoms, airway inflammation and cough sensitivity in patients with H1N1 influenza.

Methods

Patients with acute symptoms of H1N1 influenza were enrolled and followed up until cough relived. Spirometry, induced sputum test, capsaicin challenge test were conducted in patients with PIC. Cough sensitivity was presented as logarithm of provocative concentration inducing five or more coughs (logC5).

Results

A total of 141 cases with H1N1 influenza were enrolled. In patients with H1N1 influenza, 97.2% of them complained cough. The duration of cough was as following: <1 week (73.0%); 1–2 weeks (7.8%); 2–3 weeks (7.8%); ≥3 weeks (8.5%). Twelve (8.5%) patients had cough lasting more than 3 weeks (PIC), 4 (2.8%) patients developed chronic cough (>8 weeks). Acute symptoms, spirometry, bronchial responsiveness and sputum differential cell count were similar between patients with PIC and those without PIC, however, there was a higher prevalence of previous PIC (58.3% vs 14.7%, P < 0.05) and elevated cough sensitivity (lgC5: 1.18 ± 0.58 vs 2.73 ± 0.33, P < 0.01) in patients with PIC as compared with the patients without PIC.

Conclusions

Acute cough is common in patients with H1N1 PIC, only a few of patients develop chronic cough. Acute symptoms cannot predict PIC which is related with previous PIC and increased cough sensitivity.
Intermediate‐risk patients with three to four small adenomas should be considered low risk for colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Pérez‐Cuadrado‐Robles Enrique , Torrella‐Cortés Emilio , Bebia‐Conesa Paloma , Quesada‐Vázquez Noé , Rodrigo‐Agudo José Luis , Chacón‐Martínez Silvia , López‐Martín Aurelio , Esteban‐Delgado Pilar , Pérez‐Cuadrado‐Martínez Enrique , Pérez‐Riquelme Francisco
Published: November 2015

Background and Aim

Intermediate‐risk patients following a colorectal cancer screening program may have differential risk of advanced lesions depending on the findings of an index colonoscopy. The aim of the present study was to comparatively assess advanced colorectal neoplasia risk at the first follow‐up colonoscopy among the different intermediate‐risk subgroups with a focus on patients with three to four adenomas.

Methods

All patients recruited for a baseline screening colonoscopy between 2006 and 2011 were included. Number, size and histopathological characteristics of adenomas were collected. Main outcome was an advanced colorectal neoplasia detection rate (invasive carcinoma or advanced adenoma) at the first follow‐up colonoscopy. Low‐ and high‐risk patients were excluded.

Results

Five hundred and sixty‐one intermediate‐risk patients (63.3% men, mean age: 59.01 ± 6.16 years) underwent indexing and follow‐up colonoscopy. By multivariate analysis, three to four adenomas (OR: 3.613 [95% CI: 1.661–7.859], P = 0.001) and adenoma size ≥10 <20 mm (OR: 3.374 [95% CI: 1.618–7.034], P = 0.001) were independent factors associated with advanced colorectal neoplasia. Advanced lesions were detected in 7.66% of cases. Of patients with advanced colorectal neoplasia, 51.16% belonged to the three‐to‐four‐adenoma group and ≥1 of ≥10 <20‐mm subgroups (n = 132, 23.53%). These patients demonstrated a higher rate of advanced lesions [OR: 3.886 (95% CI: 2.061–7.325), P < 0.001] than patients with three to four small adenomas of <10 mm (16.67% vs 5.07%, P < 0.001). The association between patients with small adenomas (n = 217, 38.68%) and advanced lesions was not significant (OR: 0.521 [95% CI: 0257–1.056], P = 0.066).

Conclusion

Intermediate‐risk patients with three to four small adenomas achieved a very low advanced lesion rate at follow up. Surveillance interval should be lengthened because these patients should be considered low risk.
On the relationship between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and Chinese literacy skills: evidence from an 8‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Pan Jinger , Song Shuang , Su Mengmeng , McBride Catherine , Liu Hongyun , Zhang Yuping , Li Hong , Shu Hua
Published: November 2015

The present study reported data on phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and Chinese literacy skills of 294 children from an 8‐year longitudinal study. Results showed that mainland Chinese children's preliterate syllable awareness at ages 4 to 6 years uniquely predicted post‐literate morphological awareness at ages 7 to 10 years. Preliterate syllable awareness directly contributed to character reading and writing at age 11 years, while post‐literate phonemic awareness predicted only character reading at age 11 years. In addition, preliterate syllable and morphological awareness at ages 4 to 6 years had indirect effects on character reading and writing, reading fluency, and reading comprehension at age 11 years, through post‐literate morphological awareness at ages 7 to 10 years. Findings underscore the significant role of syllable awareness in Chinese character reading and writing, and the importance of morphological awareness in character‐level processing and high‐level literacy skills. More importantly, our results suggest the unique relation of syllable awareness and morphological awareness in Chinese as they focus on the same unit, which is also likely to map directly onto a character, the basic unit for high‐level Chinese reading skills.