bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Karakteristik Penderita Demam Tifoid di RS. Ibnu Sina Kota Makassar Tahun 2016 - 2017
Authors: . Zaidan . , Hadi Santriani , Amaliyah B. Ilma Khaerina
Published: June 2020

Latar Belakang: Demam Tifoid merupakan penyakit infeksi akut usus halus yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella typhi dan merupakan masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia. Berdasarkan laporan World Health Organization (WHO) diperkirakan 11-20 juta orang di dunia terkena penyakit demam tifoid dan menyebabkan kematian sekitar 128.000 - 161.000 jiwa. Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat karakteristik penderita demam tifoid di rumah sakit Ibnu Sina kota makassar pada tahun 2016-2017.

Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan metode total sampling menggunakan data sekunder dari rekam medik. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan jumlah penderita demam tifoid tahun 2016–2017 sebanyak 233 orang.

Hasil: Kejadian demam tifoid tertinggi adalah tahun 2016 bulan April sebanyak 26 orang (14,8%) dengan kelompok usia terbanyak yaitu 21-30 sebanyak 80 orang (34,3%), jenis kelamin terbanyak perempuan sebanyak 124 orang (53,2%). Jenis pekerjaan penderita demam tifoid terbanyak yaitu kelompok mahasiswa sebanyak 62 orang (26,6%) dengan gejala subjektif demam sebanyak 233 orang (100%). Pada pemeriksaan lidah kotor positif sebanyak 80 orang (34,3%). Pemeriksaan penunjang diagnosis yaitu pemeriksaan darah rutin didapatkan yang mengalami anemia sebanyak 38 orang (12,5%).

Kesimpulan: Gejala subjektif tertinggi yaitu demam dengan pemeriksaan fisis yaitu lidah kotor. Pemeriksaan penunjang diagnosis terbanyak adalah pemeriksaaan darah rutin dan pemeriksaan laboratorium yang sering dilakukan adalah tes widal.
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Tinea Pedis pada Mahasiswa Tamtama di Resimen Induk KODAM VII Wirabuana Makassar
Authors: Hadi Santriani
Published: June 2020

Latar belakang: Tinea pedis merupakan penyakit urutan pertama dari 10 penyakit terbesar di Poliklinik Resimen Induk Kodam VII Wirabuana Makassar 2015, beban latihan siswa Tamtama yang cukup lama menggunakan sepatu setiap harinya dan juga sengatan matahari dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan termasuk infeksi kulit, serta kondisi lingkungan latihan siswa Tamtama Makassar  yang panas dan lembab dapat menimbulkan produksi keringat berlebih, termasuk di daerah sekitar kaki. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk, menganalisa faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian Tinea Pedis di Resimen Induk Kodam VII Wirabuana Makassar.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dan sampel adalah seluruh siswa Tamtama yang memenuhi karakteristik yang berjumlah 225 orang dan sampel digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 60 siswa tamtama. Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Komponen kuesioner meliputi kebersihan kulit dan kebersihan kaki.

Hasil: Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa setelah dilakukan uji statistik didapatkan bahwa kebersihan kulit (p=0.000) merupakan faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian Tinea Pedis, kebersihan handuk (p=0.002)merupakan faktor yang berhubungan terhadap kejadain Tinea Pedis.

Kesimpulan: Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan Tinea Pedis adalah  kebersihan kulit dan kebersihan handuk.
Inwestycja w zmienny portfel WIG20 a strategia „kup i trzymaj”
Authors: Fierla Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Pasywne inwestowanie w akcje współcześnie jest utożsamiane z inwestowaniem w portfel odwzorowujący zmienny portfel indeksu rynku akcji. Wcześniej rozumiano je inaczej, jako stosowanie strategii „kup i trzymaj” akcje. W artykule porównano wyniki zastosowania tych dwóch pasywnych strategii inwestycyjnych. Bazowym portfelem akcji był portfel WIG20, a hipotetyczne inwestycje trwały od końca 2010 do końca 2018 r. W tym okresie strategia „kup i trzymaj” akcje z portfela WIG20 była lepsza od strategii dostosowywania portfela do zmiennego portfela WIG20.
Due diligence – kluczowy etap w procesach fuzji i przejęć
Authors: Podczaski Artur
Published: June 2020

Celem artykułu jest krytycznadyskusja o istniejących definicjach procesu due diligence oraz wskazanie różnic pomiędzy nimi na tle aktualnych praktyk rynkowych. Na podstawie dostępnych publikacji oraz doświadczeniach autora z praktyki, przeprowadzono analizę metod używanych w realizacji tychże procesów. Wskazano, że dotychczasowy zakres stosowania procesów due dilligence należy poszerzyć o coraz bardziej popularne w działalności przedsiębiorstw procesy outsourcingowe, które również wymagają dokładnej analizy przejmowanego obszaru biznesowego (w przypadku tzw. BPO – Business Process Outsourcing). Niniejsza publikacja powstała na bazie wieloletnich doświadczeń zdobytych przez autora w pracy przy realizacji projektów fuzji i przejęć. W drugiej części zostały zaprezentowane sugestie autora związane z prowadzeniem projektów due diligence, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem struktury organizacyjnej, analizy ryzyka i raportu podsumowującego badanie. W opinii autora, ich wdrożenie ma szansę przełożyć się na poprawienie współczynnika udanych fuzji i przejęć.
Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG and Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis BB-12 combination on the duration of diarrhea and length of hospital stay in children with acute diarrhea in Turkey
Authors: DINLEYICI Ener Cagri , OZEN Metehan , DALGIÇ Nazan , YASA Olcay , ARICA Vefik , METİN Ozge , TANIR Gönül , KURUGOL Zafer , GÜVEN Şirin , YAZAR Ahmet Sami , KARBUZ Adem , NALBANTOGLU Burcin , SANCAR Mesut , EREN Makbule , KARA Ateş , VANDENPLAS Yvan
Published: June 2020

Background Acute diarrhea continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main therapy for all individuals with dehydration caused by diarrhea is oral rehydration. Probiotics have been proposed as a complementary therapy in the treatment of acute diarrhea. We aim to evaluate the effect of a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) with Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis BB-12 (BB-12) on the duration of diarrhea and length of hospital stay in children with acute diarrhea.Methods A multicenter, randomized (240 children, 2:1 randomized for probiotic vs. control), single blind, hospital based clinical trial was performed in children (6 to 60 months) with acute watery diarrhea lasting more than 24 but less than 72 hours, requiring hospitalization. We enrolled children with clinical signs of mild to moderate dehydration. The children received conventional therapy with or without the combination of LGG and BB-12 (1 × 109 colony forming units for each) for 5 days. The primary endpoint was the duration of diarrhea (in hours), defined as the first normal stool according to the Bristol stool score (score < 5). Secondary outcome measures were duration of hospitalization (days) and percentage of children without diarrhea at 72 hours of intervention.Results In total, data from 218 of 240 children could be evaluated (150 in the probiotic group and 68 in the control group). The duration of diarrhea was significantly reduced in the LGG and BB-12 group compared to the control group (74.5 ± 40.8 hours vs. 98.4 ± 22.9 hours, P<0.001). The percentage of diarrhea-free children was significantly larger in the LGG and BB-12 group at 72 hours compared to the control (60% vs. 33.8%, P<0.001). Mean length of hospital stay was similar for both groups (5.03 ± 2.3 days vs. 5.25 ± 1.3 days, P>0.05).Conclusion This is the first clinical trial to test the combination of LGG and BB-12, and show its effects on diarrhea duration in children with acute infectious diarrhea. The duration of diarrhea was reduced by approximately 24 hours in the hospitalized children. Further randomized controlled clinical trials including outpatient cases with acute infectious diarrhea in addition to hospitalized cases should be conducted to assess the potential effects of the combination in more detail.
Relationship between soil chemical characteristics and soil-borne fungi in tomato tunnels of Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Javaid Arshad , Anjum Freeha , Mahmood Rashid , Akhtar Naureen
Published: June 2020

Soil pH, ECe, N, K, P and organic matter in 12 soil samples collected from different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) tunnels were in the range of 7.7 - 8.3, 0.40 - 2.45 dS/cm, 0.02 - 0.10%, 40 - 282 ppm, 12 - 123 ppm and 0.42 - 2.02%, respectively. A total of 20 fungal species belonging to ten genera, namely Aspergilus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Drechslera, Emericella, Fusarium, Mortierella, Mucor, Penicillium and Sclerotium were isolated from the soil samples using direct and dilution plate techniques. Total number of fungal colonies ranged from 450 - 2700/g soil in different soil samples. Among these, number of colonies of saprophytic and pathogenic fungi were 432 - 2070 and 10 - 954/g soil sample, respectively. Number of pathogenic colonies was significantly and positively correlated with soil organic matter and N. The soil organic matter and nitrogen favoured population of pathogenic fungi in tomato tunnels.
Effects of light stress and light recovery on two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars
Authors: Zhang Hongyu , Tian Ping , Mel Nan , Sui Pengxiang , Zhang Wenke , Qi Hua
Published: June 2020

The responses of a density-tolerant (ZD909) and a density-intolerant (DY405) maize cultivar to weak light stress and light recovery were compared. Photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were analyzed under three light treatments: natural light (control), 44% shading and 66% shading. The light-saturation point and light-compensation point of both the maize cultivars decreased, whereas the apparent quantum efficiency increased during the shade period and the decreasing degree of light-saturation point and light-compensation point and the increasing degree of apparent quantum efficiency of the ZD909 were both higher than those of DY405. The weak light stress in the spike stage had a greater influence on the photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of DY405, which indicated DY405 was less able to adapt to a weak light environment compared with ZD909.
Photosynthetic adaptability in mature and young leaves of Medicago sativa L. seedlings under transplanted condition from greenhouse to sunlight
Authors: Li Mengsha , Sui Xin , Zhang Huihui , Xu Nan , Zhang Tong , Zhou Liping , Wang Hua , Mu Liqiang , Zhang Yue
Published: June 2020

The effect of transplanting alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seedlings from artificial, low-intensity light into bright sunlight was investigated. The variance of photosynthetic function in young and mature leaves was investigated in plants grown in a low-light greenhouse environment (controls) and then the plants were subjected to high-intensity light for 12 hrs (treatment). The results showed that the photosynthetic capacity of young leaf blades was significantly lower than that of mature blades, and, the ability to capture and use light was low for young leaves. In control plants, the parameters of chlorophyll-dependent photochemical efficiency (ФPSII), electron transfer rate (ETR), photochemical quenching coefficiency (qP) and non-photochemical quenching coefficiency (qN) were all significantly lower in younger than mature leaves. There was no significant difference in the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) or light energy distribution parameters between young and mature leaves of control plants. After light treatment, the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity and photochemical activity of the PS II reaction center decreased significantly, and both net photosynthetic ratio and chlorophyll b fluorescence parameters changed significantly more than in young leaves than in mature leaves under different PFD. This was particularly evident for Fv/Fm of the young leaves, whose decrease proved that the adaptability of young leaves to convert light was significantly lower than that of mature leaves. Obvious differences in the degree and mechanism of protection against light damage exist between young and mature leaves. Mature leaves dissipated excess excitation energy. In contrast, young leaves dissipated excess excitation by inactivation of the photosynthetic reaction center.
Disruption of Lipid Bilayers of Stratum Corneum by Transdermal Delivery of Glipizide in Microemulsion and Binary Co-solvent Systems
Authors: Nnadi Charles O , Okorie Ndidiamaka H , Mbah Chika J
Published: June 2020

The study was designed to develop and characterize structured vehicles for effective delivery of glipizide (GPZ) through excised stratum corneum (SC). Several mixed binary systems of ethanol or propylene glycol (PG) were prepared by homogeneous mixing with double distilled water. Different microemulsions were prepared by titration method and their physicochemical properties determined. Transdermal permeation of GPZ was studied in-vitro using modified Franz diffusion cells. Apart from the slight difference in their pH values, there was no significant difference in the physicochemical properties of the drug-loaded coconut oil-based microemulsions and their blank counterparts. Transdermal flux was highest in binary mixtures of 9:1 (v/v) aqueous ethanol (Jss 30.25 ± 5.75 μg/cm2h) and PG (Jss 6.34 ± 1.29 μg/cm2h) compared to their lower strengths. Transdermal GPZ flux, Jss, μg/cm2h was higher in o/w (121.2 ± 9.98) compared to w/o (3.89 ± 0.19) microemulsions with enhanced permeation of ≥ 23 fold using patch size of 10.45 cm2. Biophysical analysis of untreated and treated SC showed that GPZ permeation could depend on the extent of disruption of lipid and protein bilayers of SC by the vehicles. Cremophor RH 40/ethanol/coconut oil-based o/w microemulsion and 9:1 v/v mixed binary systems of ethanol or PG are promising vehicles for delivery of GPZ transdermally.

Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(1): 29-35, 2020 (June)
Anti-Cancer Constituents from Plants: Mini Review
Authors: Islam Mohammad Kaisarul , Barman Animesh Chandra , Qais Nazmul
Published: June 2020

Now-a-days, cancer is a major concern globally, for which a large number of deaths occur annually, instead of the accessibility to various treatment options. Nevertheless, the latest treatment options are principally conglomerate with many side effects. Consequently, the development of an effective and competent anticancer therapy with the lower or minimum adverse or unwanted minor effect is the prime direction of research in the fields of natural product chemistry, drug design, and drug discovery. Phytochemicals available in plants have already been proven as prospective candidates in this regard. In general, phytochemicals are non-selective in their functions and restricted due to their differential activity on cancer cells along with the normal cells. As a consequence, researchers show their interest in isolating bioactive phytochemicals from nature with potent anticancer properties and generate lead compounds based on the natural skeleton of a molecule as a synthetic approach. Several phytomolecules have already been in existence for their in-vitro and in-vivo anticancer activities. This article deals with these lead phytomolecules from fifty-two species belong to thirty-five families with their reported mechanisms of action on nuclear and cellular factors involved in the treatment of carcinogenesis.

Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(1): 83-96, 2020 (June)
Mascherine (in tempo di Covid-19 e comunicazione).
Authors: Mari Leonardo
Published: June 2020

(narrative nephrology)
INFLUENCE OF VIRTUAL REALITY TOOLS ON HUMAN ANATOMY LEARNING
Authors: Корнієнко Інокентій Олексійович , Барчі Беата Василівна
Published: June 2020

The paper considers virtual reality (VR) as an effective way of teaching and learning. It discusses the possibilities of modern educational information technologies implementation, the educational advantages and drawbacks of 3D technologies and highlights VR features which enable dynamic forms of learning by creating artifacts in virtual environment with activities triggered by learners’ interaction. The effective role of the means of VR in education is determined and theoretically substantiated. Approaches aimed at increasing the theoretical and practical readiness of learners for educational activity using VR tools are considered.

The research participants were exposed to two learning modes: traditional (textbook style) and VR. The experiment was based on Human Anatomy VR Complete Edition by Virtual Medicine software which provided interaction with virtual models of human anatomy. Anatomy knowledge test and Students' Engagement in School Four-dimensional Scale were used to compare learning outcomes and the levels of student cognitive engagement between the two groups on the basis of ANOVA test.

Participants in the VR mode improved learning performance (i.e. recollecting and reconstituting) and engagement scores (cognitive and agency subscales) compared to those in the traditional learning mode. Emotional self-ratings before and after the learning phase in the VR mode showed an increase in positive emotions and a decrease in negative emotions. Overall, participants in the VR mode displayed an improved learning experience when compared to traditional learning methods. The combination of visualization and interactivity makes VR learning mode advantageous for effective education. The directions of further research such as organizational and psycho-pedagogical conditions of VR implementation in education and teacher training are defined.
Методичний підхід до вибору раціонального варіанту підтримання працездатності зенітної ракетної системи в умовах морального старіння третього роду
Authors: Lukyanchuk Vadym , Nikolaev Ivan , Tkachev Volodymyr , Openʹko Pavlo , Drannyk Pavlo
Published: June 2020

Результати досліджень, що опубліковано в статті, будуть корисні для фахівців логістичного забезпечення, які займаються  питаннями організації експлуатації та відновлення озброєння та військової техніки. У статті розглядається методичний підхід щодо вирішення питання забезпечення вибору раціонального варіанту підтримання працездатності зенітної ракетної системи з урахуванням впливу морального старіння третього роду. Проаналізовані існуючі у науково-технічній літературі публікації, присвячені питанням прогнозування показників довговічності озброєння та військової техніки на основі логіко-ймовірнісних моделей, які враховують як зміну властивостей складових частин зенітних ракетних систем, так і можливості системи логістичного забезпечення щодо її відновлення, встановлено, що питання завдання вибору раціонального варіанту підтримання технічного стану зенітних ракетних систем з урахуванням наведених факторів в них не розглядалося, що дозволило визначити невирішене наукове завдання, що полягає в подальшому розвитку науково-методичного апарату вибору раціонального варіанту підтримання технічного стану зенітних ракетних систем з урахуванням зміни властивостей елементів обладнання і можливостей системи логістичного забезпечення з відновлення її технічного ресурсу.

Описана математична модель вибору раціонального варіанту підтримання технічного стану зенітної ракетної системи з урахуванням зміни властивостей елементів обладнання і можливостей системи відновлення її технічного ресурсу. Показано, що вибір того або іншого варіанту повинний здійснюватися на основі оцінювання техніко-економічної ефективності компенсації деградації ресурсної відмовостійкості. Наведено, що для компенсації деградації ресурсної відмовостійкості зенітної ракетної системи можуть застосовуватися методи модернізації радіоелектронного обладнання і методи підвищення забезпеченості експлуатаційних процесів. На основі математичного апарату дерев граничного стану отримані аналітичні вирази для розрахунку оцінок показників техніко-економічної ефективності застосування різних методів компенсації ресурсної відмовостійкості зенітної ракетної системи. Запропонований підхід до обґрунтування вибору найбільш раціонального варіанта підтримання працездатності зенітної ракетної системи з точки зору максимуму техніко-економічної ефективності на основі використання результатів ранжирування оцінок показників техніко-економічної ефективності.
Порівняльний аналіз засобів ліквідації наслідків надзвичайних ситуацій природного характеру
Authors: Romanyuk Valentin
Published: June 2020

У статті наведено результати порівняльного аналізу тактико-технічних характеристик вітчизняних зразків дорожньої та землерийної техніки та існуючих зразків провідних країн світу, які використовуються для ліквідації наслідків природного характеру. На основі отриманих результатів обґрунтовані перспективні напрямки розвитку засобів даного типу.
Predisposing factors associated with online gaming addiction : a systematic review
Authors: Nurmagandi Boby , Hamid Achir Yani S.
Published: June 2020

Excessive online gaming can lead to physical health problems, including poor sleep quality, insomnia, cardiovascular diseases, as well as vision and wrist problems, while such psychosocial issues as stress, anxiety, depression, and decreasing levels of life satisfaction can also occur. This systematic review aims to determine the predisposing factors responsible for online gaming addiction to become reference in the prevention efforts. An article search was systematically conducted through ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SAGE Publication, and EBSCOhost databases of 2015 – 2020 based on established inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 14 articles identified using PRISMA guidelines fulfilled the requirements. The review of these articles found that the biological predisposing factors in online gaming addiction consist of dysfunctional impulsivity, male gender, and appetite. The psychological aspects include history of physical and verbal abuse and bullying, lack of attention, stress, anxiety, depression, low level of self-resilience, self-esteem issues, low self-control, low self-efficacy, low life expectancy, motivation, emotional intelligence, and attention from the environment. Meanwhile, the sociocultural aspects are social support and control, length of time and devices used to play online games, types of online games, vulnerable social relations, hyperactivity, dissociation, sensation seeking, adequate daily activities, and active participation in online gaming communities. Predisposing factors can become a protective factor as well as risk factor of individuals in online gaming addiction based on the applied coping mechanisms.
P-limitation drives changes in DOM production by aquatic bacteria
Authors: Thompson SK , Cotner JB
Published: June 2020

Heterotrophic bacteria are key biogeochemical regulators in freshwater systems. Through both decomposition and production of organic matter, bacteria link multiple biogeochemical cycles together. While there has been a significant amount of work done on understanding the role of microbes in the aquatic carbon cycle, important linkages with other biogeochemical cycles will require more information about how organic matter transformations impact other nutrients, such as phosphorus. In this study, we conducted a culture-based laboratory experiment to examine the production of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by heterotrophic bacteria under varied nutrient conditions. In addition to quantifying the production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), we also measured the production of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and characterized the microbially produced organic matter using optical properties. Results demonstrated that measurable amounts of DOC and DOP were produced by heterotrophic bacteria under nutrient regimes ranging from carbon-limitation to strong phosphorus-limitation. Additionally, optical characterization of DOM revealed that the organic matter produced by bacteria grown under high phosphorus conditions was highly aromatic with similar optical properties to terrestrially derived organic matter. Overall, these findings suggest that heterotrophic bacteria can be important producers of organic matter in freshwaters and that continued trends of increased nutrient concentrations (eutrophication) may fundamentally change the composition of microbially produced organic matter in freshwater systems.
Multiple stressors result in reduced reproductive effort by Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay, USA
Authors: Peñalver MM , Durako MJ , Furman BT , Hall MO
Published: June 2020

Sexual reproduction remains an understudied aspect of seagrass ecology. We examined spatiotemporal variability in the percentage of short shoots with sexual reproductive structures and the proportion of sites that had flowered as an indicator of Thalassia testudinum sexual reproductive effort (RE) across Florida Bay, USA. Short shoots were collected annually during spring within 13 basins across the bay from 2006-2019. The sample period followed 2 very active hurricane seasons and included 2 subsequent major disturbance events, a large-scale die-off of seagrasses in 2015, and the passage of Hurricane Irma in 2017. On average, 4.7% of the collected short shoots had flowered between 2006 and 2019, ranging from 1.3-8.5% at the bay scale and 0-30% at the basin level. Regression analyses indicated that RE varied significantly among basins and years, with high multiyear variability in several basins. RE was negatively correlated with annual heat accumulation, and positively correlated with the number of days below 28°C. Annual heat accumulation rose steadily from 2006-2019; accordingly, bay-wide RE declined. RE was higher in western basins, which were the most affected by recent disturbance events, indicating a potentially important role for sexual reproduction in recovery from disturbance. However, significant reductions in RE following the 2015 die-off and Hurricane Irma show limits to the plasticity and resilience of T. testudinum, both in terms of reduced compensatory RE following successive disturbances and reductions in basal RE correlated with rising annual temperatures.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS THE FUTURE OF NEW ZEALAND FARMING
Authors: Hurst Russell
Published: June 2020

My first contact with the NZ Grassland Association was in 1996 when I was asked to convene the organizing committee for the Oamaru Conference. I soon found that the Grassland Association was a great mix of farmers, researchers, industry advisors and scientists. To me AgResearch Grasslands at Palmerston North is the home of pastoral research in NZ and with the conference here in Palmerston North it will be a great opportunity to see where it all happens.
Researchers working with Maori - our experiences
Authors: Sheath G.W. , Webby R.W. , Wedderburn M.E.
Published: June 2020

First and foremost Maori land is taonga to the tangata whenua; and secondly a potential source of produce and income. W.H. Christy (1984) emphasised these values when the New Zealand Grassland Association focussed on Maori and the land. This order of importance is common to all Maori entities whether they are small family land holdings or big Maori Incorporations. However, what may differ is the way in which these entities are able to work with science. How well positioned are Maori to use the products and services of agricultural research and development? Since the release of land control from Maori Affairs and various lease arrangements (in the 1970's and 80's) the prior ities have been to reduce debt and establish effective governance. However, many small family and trust holdings still lack the capital and size to be financially viable within a commodity, pastoral farming context. They are not immune to the current pressures of greater efficiency and resource aggregation. In addition, those people who have a governance responsibility often lack the knowledge of modern farm practices and businesses. Many are urban people. For many Maori who set the direction and expectations of Maori land use, the knowledge and skills residing in R&D institutions is unfamiliar territory. At the moment, it seems that research is best received by Maori land based enterprises that have an informed governance body which oversees the operation of sound, farm business practice, i.e. "doing the business right". These commercially orientated Incorporations and Trusts are seeking new innovations to sustain their future business. In the recent Maori Farmer of the Year contest, structured arrangements between governance and farm management levels (e.g., performance criteria and communication channels) and high skill levels of farm managers were significant features of the farm enterprises that succeeded. Financial performance and productivity levels would place these farms in the 75-80% performance zone. These enterprises also sought to achieve high return on asset value and were therefore willing to invest in technological advancement (e.g., genetics, market channels). This attitude toward realising the full earning potential of land assets is not common for Maori farm businesses. Often a positive bottom line is sufficient and the need for new innovations and changes is deemed to be unnecessary.
Balancing phosphorus requirements for milk production and water quality
Authors: Monaghan J.D.Morton R.W.Mcdowell R.M. , Roberts A.H.C.
Published: June 2020

Phosphorus (P) is both an essential element for pasture and animal production and a limiting nutrient for nuisance weed and algal growth in many New Zealand water bodies. Research results, mainly measured under mowing, have shown that pasture production increased with fertiliser P application up to a target range of soil Olsen P values (20-30 mg/L for sedimentary and Allophanic soils; 35-45 mg/L for Pumice and Organic soils). A dairy farmlet trial in Taranaki on an Egmont Allophanic soil measured small increases in pasture production and larger economic responses in milksolids (MS) production as Olsen P levels increased from 30-50 in a management system with high stocking rates and a long lactation. The relative response in pasture production to Olsen P was similar under mowing and grazing, indicating that the MS response to high Olsen P measured on Allophanic soils would also apply to other soils. Only small amounts of dissolved P (< 1 kg/ha) are required to promote nuisance weed and algal growth in water bodies. P can be sourced from soil, fertiliser and dung and transported in dissolved and particulate forms from soil to water through overland and subsurface runoff flow. Data from a P runoff study on different soils is presented which shows that the potential for P to be lost to water bodies increases with Olsen P level. On a high anion storage capacity (ASC) Egmont Allophanic soil (83%), the concentration of dissolved reactive P (DRP) in overland flow was lower than the critical level of 0.03 mg/L at Olsen P levels of 20-110 mg/L. In contrast, on the more weakly weathered Waikoikoi Pallic soil with low ASC (15%), the critical DRP level was exceeded at an Olsen P of about 30 mg/L, and on the moderately weathered Waikiwi Brown soil (ASC 49%), at an Olsen P of about 50 mg/L. These results indicate that there is a greater risk of P enrichment of surface water bodies in areas with low ASC than in areas with high ASC soils. Keywords: allophanic soils, milksolids production, pasture, phosphorus loss, sedimentary soils, water bodies
High fertility sheep
Authors: Wallace W.J.
Published: June 2020

Introduction My wife Pauline and I have two teenage children. We farm a property at Makuri, approximately 60 km east of Palmerston North. The property comprises 311 effective ha and runs approximately 3000 stock units (SU). Ninety hectares of adjoining land has recently been added to the unit through a six-year lease. The land at Makuri is medium hill on a belt of limestone that runs from Wairarapa through to Central Hawkes Bay. The belt of limestone has been tilted over to form a westerly facing dip slope running from 300 metres to 750 m above sea level (average approximately 550 m above sea level). Because of this, the farm is very exposed to the prevailing westerly wind. Because the farm is situated east of the low area between the Tararua and Ruahine ranges, it is not in a rain shadow and therefore gets rain from the west as well as in easterly conditions. The environment is summer moist, with average rainfall between 1500 and 1800 mm per annum. Because of the altitude we experience long cold winters but tend to have good growthy summers and autumns. Pauline and I also have a small block of 26 ha at Mangamutu on the outskirts of Pahiatua. This farm comprises flat to rolling country, with the majority mowable. The property carries approximately 390 SU.
Altering lamb supply: a case study of late lambing in Southern New Zealand to meet market specifications
Authors: Stevens D.R. , Baxter G.S. , Turner J.D.
Published: June 2020

Coopworth ewes in a farm system study mated from 21 June had a lambing percentage (lambs weaned/ ewe mated) of 126% in Southland New Zealand (lat 46o 12'S), 13% lower than the farm September lambing average of 139%. Total farm production records showed that 221 kg/ha of lamb meat and 127 kg/ha of wool were produced. Pasture production was 15800 kg DM/ha, while 58% of the farm area was used for silage making in late October. Extra inputs required included fertiliser where silage was made, labour for silage feeding in winter, the costs of silage making and feeding out, concentrate feeds during winter, and extra shearing costs. Savings were made in crutching costs and labour costs at lambing due to lambing ease. November lambing systems provide the opportunity to produce heavyweight lambs for slaughter at 9 to 11 months of age but price structures need to account for the increased production costs. Keywords: Coopworth, farm systems, November lambing, pasture production
The Pasture Quality Poster - a learning tool for farmers
Authors: Prewer W.E. , Bysterveldt A.V.
Published: June 2020

The Dexcel "Feed4Profit" extension programme was established in 2001 to help dairy farmers increase their profitability through improved feeding systems. Managing for high pasture quality can result in increased milksolids production and profit. Dairy farmers learning needs around management of pasture quality were assessed at eight discussion groups throughout New Zealand. The farmers defined pasture quality more in visual than nutritional terms. They believed that it was dependent on soil fertility, quality and pasture cover and pasture composition. They grouped management into three main headings: day-today, periodic (spring and autumn - winter) and longterm. Day-to-day management included stocking rate, adequate pre- and post- grazing covers, round length, and use of inputs. Management during the spring included monitoring, harvesting supplements and topping. Autumn - winter management included regressing, weed control and minimizing pugging damage. Long-term management techniques included adequate soil fertility, drainage, selection of the appropriate breed of cow, and managing for persistence. Farmers identified that they needed to improve in their analysis and use of pasture quality information, management of different pasture species, management of surplus, low quality and low quantity pasture, and estimation of pasture quantity. The outcomes that the farmers wanted from their use of an extension package were increased pasture and land utilization, increased productivity and profitability. This research was used to develop an extension package around maintaining high pasture quality. A reference team of farmers and rural professionals guided the process. Their feedback resulted in a poster, rather than a booklet, being produced by the Feed4Profit team. Keywords: dairy farmers, dairy management, extension, learning needs, milksolids, pasture quality, profit
Caucasian clover rhizobia are not a threat to nitrogen fixation by white clover
Authors: Pryor Heather N. , Lowther W.L.
Published: June 2020

Caucasian clover has specific rhizobial requirements, and inoculation with a recommended strain is essential for nodulation and symbiotic N2 fixation. However, these rhizobia form nodules on white clover which do not fix nitrogen i.e. are ineffective. At the Nelson NZGA conference, Elliot and co-workers cautioned that caucasian clover rhizobia may over time reduce N2 fixation by white clover in New Zealand pastures. We have shown that high populations of caucasian clover rhizobia build up in the soil under swards of caucasian clover with numbers ranging from 103 to 106/g soil. A field trial was established on a site containing a naturalised population of rhizobia nodulating white clover (105 rhizobia/g soil). Treatments were imposed by mixing caucasian clover rhizobia into the soil, so that they made up 0, 50% or 99% of the clover rhizobia population. The trial was then sown with uninoculated white clover seed. The planned levels of caucasian clover rhizobia were present after 1 month and there was only a small decline in numbers up to 22 months after sowing. White clover rhizobia increased over the first 14 months at least 10-fold, to 106/g soil, even in the presence of caucasian clover rhizobia. There were no significant effects on white clover forage yield or on the calculated amount of N2 fixed, even when soil populations of caucasian clover rhizobia made up 99% of the population of clover rhizobia at sowing. This lack of effect could be explained by the small percentage (up to 5%) of nodules on white clover formed by caucasian clover rhizobia. There is no doubt that high populations of caucasian clover rhizobia will develop in New Zealand soils with the increased use of caucasian clover and its associated rhizobia, but the presence of these rhizobia did not reduce symbiotic N2 fixation of white clover in this field experiment. Keywords: caucasian clover, competition, nitrogen fixation, nodulation, rhizobia, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium repens, white clover
Introduction to farming in the Central Canterbury area
Authors: Evans Roy N.
Published: June 2020

On the east side of the Southern Alps of the South Island lies the province of Canterbury. Within this province there are five district regions, North, Central, Mid, and South Canterbury (all running from the mountains to the sea and separated by major rivers), and Banks Peninsula. Central and Mid Canterbury are home to the Selwyn and Ashburton District Councils (respectively) and sit side by side in the centre of Canterbury. Selwyn District has a northern boundary with the Waimakariri River, Christchurch City, and Banks Peninsula. Ashburton District has a southern boundary with the Rangitata River. The mighty braided Rakaia River is the dividing boundary between the two districts. Canterbury Regional Council (ECAN), based in Christchurch, has control over environmental issues in the area.
Productivity of Lotus corniculatus and L. pedunculatus cultivars with and without tall fescue under sheep grazing
Authors: Widdup K.H. , Rumball W. , Rolston M.P. , Archie B.J.
Published: June 2020

The nutritional benefits of condensed tannin (CT) in forages such as Lotus are known but difficulties with establishment, herbage production and persistence in a pasture have hindered farmer uptake of this valuable legume. A sheep grazing experiment was established to investigate the effects of growing three Lotus corniculatus (Grasslands Goldie, G46 and Creeping) and two L. pedunculatus (Grasslands Maku and Grasslands Trojan) cultivars with or without Grasslands Advance tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix syn. Festuca arundinacea) and with or without white clover (Trifolium repens) under infrequent (8-weekly) grazing. Without grass, the content of L. corniculatus and L. pedunculatus in the swards was 85% and 60% respectively by year 3. Adding white clover reduced the Lotus content in the swards by 20%. With tall fescue, the L. corniculatus cultivars increased from 6 to 34% between the summer of year 2 and year 3. In contrast, the L. pedunculatus cultivars remained at very low 1- 2% levels in the summer of both years. Inclusion of white clover did not further reduce Lotus content in the tall fescue swards. While there was no significant difference in content and yield between L. corniculatus cultivars, there was a consistent trend for Goldie to produce more herbage. Goldie had the potential to produce 2 t dry matter (DM)/ ha/year in a mixed pasture with tall fescue under infrequent grazing. Creeping L. corniculatus contained higher CT levels than Goldie (3.5 cf.1.1% of herbage DM respectively) and is thus potentially able to provide greater amounts of CT in a pasture. Trojan and Maku L. pedunculatus had similar plant density and herbage productivity. The experiment will be monitored further to determine the long-term persistence of these Lotus cultivars in a mixed pasture. Keywords: condensed tannins, infrequent grazing, legume composition, Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, tall fescue, white clover
Proposed Canterbury Natural Resources Plan for river and groundwater allocation policies and the implications for irrigation dependent farming in Canterbury
Authors: Miller M.G. , Veltman A.
Published: June 2020

Over 60% of the water that is used for irrigation throughout New Zealand is allocated within the Canterbury Region. In 1985 around 150000 hectares of land was irrigated, in 1999 this had more than doubled and the Canterbury Strategic Water Study1 has estimated there is potential in Canterbury to irrigate up to 1000000 hectares. As the demand for water increases the conflicts are likely to increase. These conflicts may be between users, between those who have access to water and those who don't but would like some, or between existing and potential users and environmental interests. Environment Canterbury has recently notified a major variation to its Natural Resources Regional Plan that includes policies for the management of water, intended to help address the conflicts between the use, development and protection of the regions water resources. This paper and presentation outlines and backgrounds the allocation strategies included in Chapter 5 - Water Quantity and discusses some of the implications for irrigation dependent farming.
Effect of calcium supplementation on milk production and hypocalcaemia
Authors: Ledgard S.F. , Pitman G.D. , Morton J.D.
Published: June 2020

A dairy farmlet trial carried out in Central Taranaki in 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 examined the effects of calcium (Ca) supplementation (110-180 g/cow of fine limeflour drenched daily between calving in August and mid-mating in December) on serum Ca, incidence of milk fever and milksolids (MS) production at stocking rates of 2.5, 3.2, 3.7 and 4.2 Jersey cows/ha. Pasture Ca contents in spring were around 0.4% in both years and in the marginal to adequate range for dairy cow requirements. However, average blood serum Ca concentrations of 2.4 mmol/l were moderate and only 5% of non-Ca-treated cows occasionally had serum Ca less than 2 mmol/l, within the range for sub-clinical hypocalcaemia. Incidence of clinical milk fever was negligible (0-1%) in milking cows, with no treatment differences. There was no significant effect of Ca supplementation on MS production, although there was a consistent trend (all farmlets in both years) for a small response (3-4%) at the first herd testing. Keywords: calcium supplementation, dairy cow reproduction, dairy cows, hypocalcaemia, milksolids production
Optimising harvest timing by predicting dry matter content of whole-crop cereals for silage
Authors: De Ruiter J.M. , Maley S. , Robson M.
Published: June 2020

Abstract Timing of harvest is the single most important factor affecting the yield and quality of whole-crop cereals used for conserved feed. Changes in dry matter content (%DM) and relationships to herbage quality and maturation are presented for experiments conducted over three seasons beginning in 2001/ 2002. Changes in crop characteristics such as ear moisture, ear fresh weight, ear dry weight and leaf fraction were monitored to determine whether growers could use crop-based measurements in place of whole-crop % DM content to assist withdecision making close to harvest. A preliminary model defined the rate of crop maturation for a range of currently grown cultivars. Linear patterns of dry down occurred with only small variation in drying rate for the duration of grain filling. A model with specific inputs for cultivar, date of awn tip appearance (GS49), and developmental response to thermal time formed the basis of a decision support tool that enables growers and contractors to predict optimum harvest timing for whole-crop cereals. Keywords: silage maturity, supplements, forage, herbage quality
National and export trends in herbage seed production
Authors: Pyke N.B. , Rolston M.P. , Woodfield D.R.
Published: June 2020

The viability of the New Zealand herbage seed industry is influenced by national and international factors and changes in consumer requirements. Four main species perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), tall fesuce (Festuca arundinacea) and white clover (Trifolium repens), account for more than 98% of the herbage seed grown in New Zealand. Annual production averages 22000 t, of which 70 to 80% is grass seed with perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) being the largest component. There have also been significant production changes among species with Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorium) in particular increasing in importance, with production doubling between 1999 and 2003. There has been a marked reduction in total area for herbage seed production over the past decade, however, this has been offset, particularly in ryegrass, by higher seed yields per ha. These improvements in seed yield have primarily been achieved through implementation of better management techniques. The increased use of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl has been very beneficial in grass seed production. There has also been a major shift in New Zealand seed production towards the production of proprietary cultivars. In white clover, for example, proprietary cultivars represented less than 10% of production in 1991 but have increased to 57% in 2003. The rapid uptake of the novel AR1 endophyte technology in proprietary ryegrass cultivars, which has grown from 0% in 2000 to 21% of perennial and hybrid proprietary ryegrass seed produced in 2003, is an excellent example of what can be achieved with an addedvalue product. The future viability of the New Zealand herbage seed industry requires further development of identifiable added value traits associated with the seed. Keywords: AR1 endophyte, plant growth regulators, production statistics, ryegrass, seed production, tall fescue, white clover
Genetic tools for increased white clover seed production
Authors: Barrett B.A. , Baird I.J. , Woodfield D.R.
Published: June 2020

Genome maps and DNA markers allow plant breeders to decipher the genetic control of commercially vital quantitative traits. Discovery of the components of these genetic control networks will create opportunities to implement more efficient forage breeding systems. Gene mapping research strategies, using a combination of field trials and DNA-marker data, were used to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL) impacting seed production in white clover (Trifolium repens). Twelve QTL influencing seed yield (SY) or the two component factors inflorescence density (ID) and seed provisioning (SP) were detected using a full-sib gene mapping population in the 2002 trial at Lincoln, New Zealand. Three of these QTL also were detected in the 2003 trial, of which one for ID and one for SP harboured alleles that accounted for up to a 50% change in ID and SP trait value, respectively. Genetic tests for these two alleles were used in a marker-assisted selection (MAS) experiment to identify the plants in the gene mapping population with the highest commercial potential. This initial proof-ofconcept MAS design was successful in identifying the subpopulation with the highest SY value. Implementation of MAS designs will result in increased ability for plant improvement programmes to assure development of commercially successful forage cultivars. Keywords: marker-assisted selection, QTL, seed production, white clover