bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Porous graphite sheet spray ionization ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Zargar Tahereh , Jafari Mohammad T. , Khayamian Taghi
Published: September 2018

In this work, a porous graphite sheet is introduced as the substrate in a spray ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry (PGSI‐IMS) for the first time. This ionization source has some important advantages in comparison with the hollow needle, which is conventionally used in electrospray ionization. In order to prepare the hydrophilic surface needed to load samples on a graphite substrate, the graphite sheet was treated with hot sulfuric acid solution for 2 hours. Some parameters affecting the ionization efficiency were studied, and the optimized conditions were found to be 3.5‐kV graphite voltage, 24‐μL methanol flow rate, 500 mL min−1 the gas flow rate, and graphite sheet with a 60° tip angle and 3‐mm distance from the counter electrode. Finally, analyses of some test compounds (imipramine, diclofenac, codeine, morphine, and ethion) were conducted to evaluate the capability of the new ionization source in the positive and negative modes. The satisfactory results proved the capability of the graphite sheet spray ionization, to be conveniently used for routine analysis of chemical compounds by IMS.
A tool for assisting phase identification by micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ramos G. R. , Zorzi J. E. , Cruz R. C. D. , Perottoni C. A.
Published: September 2018

Although powder X‐ray diffraction is often the primary choice for the analysis of naturally occurring materials, the robust identification of individual components in a complex mixture is usually a challenging task, and other analytical tools are often needed to allow unequivocal phase identification. Among these techniques, the spatial resolution provided by micro‐Raman spectroscopy has proved to be invaluable as a complementary technique to X‐ray diffraction analysis. Accordingly, in this work we present a tool for assisting phase identification by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. This tool was implemented with a graphical user interface, thus facilitating all stages of analysis, including multiple spectra reading, interpolation, and baseline correction, as well as pure component spectra determination by multivariate curve resolution analysis and their identification against an open‐access database. To exemplify the proposed approach, the mineral phases present in an igneous rock from the Serra Geral Formation, Brazil, were identified and then used as the starting point for a full Rietveld refinement of the corresponding X‐ray diffraction pattern. Some phases not identified by micro‐Raman spectroscopy could then be identified by conventional search‐match on the difference X‐ray diffraction pattern. Further testing of the tool yielded the correct identification of the mineral phases used to create noise‐added computer‐generated multiphase Raman spectra. Although the tool developed in this work is currently designed to be used with a database of Raman spectra of minerals, it can be easily modified to be used in a more general context, provided a suitable database of Raman spectra is available.
Shifted‐excitation Raman difference spectroscopy for the detection of SERS‐encoded gold nanostar probes
Authors: Register Janna , Maiwald Martin , Fales Andrew , Strobbia Pietro , Sumpf Bernd , Vo‐Dinh Tuan
Published: September 2018

In vivo applications of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have limited sensitivity due to the intense background signal from real‐life complex samples such as plants and tissues. To overcome this issue, this work investigates the combination of shifted‐excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) with SERS nanoprobes to generate background‐free SE‐SERDS spectra. The SERDS technique was performed with a dual‐wavelength diode laser with two emission lines at 785.40 and 785.02 nm. The SERS nanoprobes used for these studies are SERS‐encoded nanostars. The use of the SERDS technique in the detection of SERS nanoprobes was demonstrated by recovering full Raman spectra from a 1 pM concentration of nanoprobes, which only show few peaks in the pure SERS spectra. Background‐free SE‐SERDS spectra were collected from SERS nanoprobes injected in pig skin ex vivo. Pig skin is considered a good model of human skin and was previously used in testing the performance of our SERS nanoprobes when implanted subcutaneously. In this study, we show the application of SERDS for background removal and signal recovery in spectra of SERS nanoprobes. In addition, the detection of SERS plasmonic nanoprobes implanted into animal skin further illustrates the usefulness of the SE‐SERDS technique and how the combination of SERS with SERDS provides a powerful tool for in vivo biosensing.
Responses of MAC‐T Cells to Inhibited Stearoyl‐CoA Desaturase 1 during cis‐9, trans‐11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Synthesis
Authors: Wang Tao , Lee Honggu , Zhen Yuguo
Published: September 2018

Cis‐9‐conjugated, trans‐11‐conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is known for its positive activities on human health. The synthesis of cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA in mammary glands is generally thought to be catalyzed by stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), but this has not been rigorously established. In this study, we hypothesized that the inhibition of SCD1 (by CAY10566) would block the synthesis of cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA in bovine mammary alveolar cells (MAC‐T) cells. Results showed that MAC‐T cells incubated with 10 nM CAY10566 for 12 h (CAY) produced less cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA (p < 0.01), lower 14:1/(14:1 + 14:0)% (p < 0.01), more trans‐11 18:1 (TVA) accumulation (p < 0.01), and reduced SCD1 mRNA levels (p < 0.01) compared with the control group (CON). Moreover, the mRNA abundances of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1 [SREBPF1], acyl‐CoA synthetase short‐chain family member 2 [ACSS2], and lipin 1 [LPIN1] were significantly elevated when SCD1 was inhibited in the CAY group (p < 0.05). Taken together, CAY10566 inhibition of SCD1 resulted in lower cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA synthesis ability, and SREBF1, ACSSS2, and LPIN1 were negatively associated with SCD1. These findings not only provide the direct evidence that cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA synthesis is catalyzed by SCD1, but also help us understand the responses of MAC‐T cells to SCD1 inhibition.
The problem of determining the one‐dimensional matrix kernel of the system of viscoelasticity equations
Authors: Durdiev Durdimurod Kalandarovich , Totieva Zhanna Dmitrievna
Published: September 2018

The integro‐differential system of viscoelasticity equations with a source of explosive type is considered. It is assumed that the coefficients of the equations depend only on one spatial variable. The problem of determining the matrix kernel included in the integral terms of the equations is studied. The solution of the problem is reduced to a series of inverse problems for scalar hyperbolic equations. For each case, the inverse problem is replaced by an equivalent system of integral equations for unknown functions. The principle of constricted mapping in the space of continuous functions with weighted norms to the latter is applied. The theorems of global unique solvability are proved, and the stability estimates of solution to the inverse problems are obtained.
Instantaneous blow‐up versus local solvability of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the equation of a semiconductor in a magnetic field
Authors: Korpusov Maxim O. , Ovchinnikov Alexey V. , Panin Alexander A.
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem for one nonclassical, third‐order, model partial differential equation with nonlinearity |u|q in
. We show that for q ∈ (1,3], there are no local‐in‐time weak solutions of the Cauchy problem with initial functions u0(x) from a sufficiently wide class, whereas for q > 3, such a solution exists.
Machine learning improves classification of preclinical models of pancreatic cancer with chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI
Authors: Goldenberg Joshua M. , Cárdenas‐Rodríguez Julio , Pagel Mark D.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

We sought to assess whether machine learning‐based classification approaches can improve the classification of pancreatic tumor models relative to more simplistic analysis methods, using T1 relaxation, CEST, and DCE MRI.

Methods

The T1 relaxation time constants, % CEST at five saturation frequencies, and vascular permeability constants from DCE MRI were measured from Hs 766 T, MIA PaCa‐2, and SU.86.86 pancreatic tumor models. We used each of these measurements as predictors for machine learning classifier algorithms. We also used principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality of entire CEST spectra and DCE signal evolutions, which were then analyzed using classification methods.

Results

The T1 relaxation time constants, % CEST amplitudes at specific saturation frequencies, and the relative Ktrans and kep values from DCE MRI could not classify all three tumor types. However, the area under the curve from DCE signal evolutions could classify each tumor type. Principal component analysis was used to analyze the entire CEST spectrum and DCE signal evolutions, which predicted the correct tumor model with 87.5% and 85.1% accuracy, respectively.

Conclusions

Machine learning applied to the entire CEST spectrum improved the classification of the three tumor models, relative to classifications that used % CEST values at single saturation frequencies. A similar improvement was not attained with machine learning applied to T1 relaxation times or DCE signal evolutions, relative to more simplistic analysis methods.
Optimal estimates on stabilized finite volume methods for the incompressible Navier–Stokes model in three dimensions
Authors: Li Jian , Lin Xiaolin , Zhao Xin
Published: September 2018

Optimal estimates on stabilized finite volume methods for the three dimensional Navier–Stokes model are investigated and developed in this paper. Based on the global existence theorem [23], we first prove the global bound for the velocity in the H1‐norm in time of a solution for suitably small data, and uniqueness of a suitably small solution by contradiction. Then, a full set of estimates is then obtained by some classical Galerkin techniques based on the relationship between finite element methods and finite volume methods approximated by the lower order finite elements for the three dimensional Navier–Stokes model.
A qualitative investigation into the U.S. Department of Agriculture 18‐item Household Food Security Survey Module: Variations in interpretation, understanding and report by gender
Authors: Foster Jaime S. , Schwartz Marlene B. , Grenier Robin S. , Burke Michael P. , Taylor Emily A. , Mobley Amy R.
Published: September 2018

Food insecurity, or limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways, affects more than 10% of Americans. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's 18‐item Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) is the most common measure used in the United States to assess food insecurity. This measure is to be completed by one adult who reports on the severity of disruptions in the quality and quantity of the household food supply. Recent work suggests that men and women might respond differently to some of the items in this measure. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to further explore how men and women interpret each of the items and specific concepts in this measure. Pairs (n = 25) of low‐income and food‐insecure mothers and fathers of children aged 2.5–10 years participated in one‐on‐one interviews to answer the HFSSM questions using the think‐aloud method. The data were analyzed using basic inductive qualitative methods, and the findings suggest that gender is related to interpretation of key concepts relevant to food insecurity including “household,” “balanced meal,” and “worry.” These findings have policy implications for the use of this measure as a national benchmark of food insecurity such as the potential need for an additional, complementary instrument to include several male reference questions with different terminology.
Covalent and electrostatic incorporation of amines into hypercrosslinked polymers for increased CO2 selectivity
Authors: Alahmed Ammar H. , Briggs Michael E. , Cooper Andrew I. , Adams Dave J.
Published: September 2018

Two methods of incorporating functional groups rich in nitrogen into low cost microporous hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) have been evaluated and the effects on the carbon dioxide CO2/N2 IAST selectivity were measured. Electrostatic incorporation of an ammonium salt into a sulfonic acid‐containing HCP polymer afforded a static CO2 uptake of 2.5 mmol g−1 with a CO2/N2 IAST selectivity of 42:1 at 1 bar and 298 K. Using column breakthrough measurements with a 15:85 CO2/N2 mixture at 298 K and 1 bar, a selectivity of 17:1 was obtained. However, varying the counterion resulted in polymers with lower CO2/N2 selectivity values. Decoration of the parent polymer with CO2‐philic imidazole followed by electrostatic ammonium salt incorporation blocked some of the micropores reducing the selectivity which re‐emphasizes the role and importance of pore width for CO2/N2 selectivity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2513–2521
ZNF185‐derived peptide induces fertility suppression in mice
Authors: Fan Shutong , Zhao Yuhan , Pan Zhiwei , Gao Zhiqin , Liang Zumu , Pan Zhifang , Feng Weiguo
Published: September 2018

Zinc finger protein 185 (ZNF185) belongs to the ZNF family and is involved in male reproduction. However, it is unclear whether ZNF185 may be a target candidate for contraceptive vaccines. In this study, antigenic peptides derived from ZNF185 were prepared, and their immune contraceptive effects were investigated using mice. Results from enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) showed that peptide immunization induced an antibody titre increase that reached a peak in week 12. Peptide‐3 and peptide‐4 were then chosen for subsequent experiments. The results of the fertility assays showed that peptide immunization inhibited the mating and fertility rates of the mice, whereas there were no obvious changes in the number of pups per litter. Subsequently, epididymal sperm was analysed. The results demonstrated that the sperm count and sperm motility were significantly decreased in the peptide group, while the amount of abnormal sperm was significantly increased in the peptide‐3 group. The male reproductive organs were also evaluated. There were no obvious differences in testis or epididymal weights, in the diameters of the seminiferous tubules, or in the thicknesses of the seminiferous epithelium between the peptide group and the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) group. In addition, histological analysis indicated that there were no obvious pathologic changes in testis and epididymal histology in the peptide group; however, the number of spermatozoa present in the epididymal lumen of the peptide group was significantly decreased when compared with the PBS group. Our study demonstrates for the first time that peptides derived from ZNF185 may induce fertility suppression in mice without damaging reproductive organs. These peptides have the potential to be used as a male contraceptive vaccine.
Satellite‐Based Quantum Steering under the Influence of Spacetime Curvature of the Earth
Authors: Liu Tonghua , Jing Jiliang , Wang Jieci
Published: September 2018

Spacetime curvature of the Earth deforms wave packets of photons sent from the Earth to satellites, thus influencing the quantum state of light. We show that Gaussian steering of photon pairs, which are initially prepared in a two‐mode squeezed state, is affected by the curved spacetime background of the Earth. We demonstrate that quantum steerability of the state increases for a specific range of height h and then gradually approaches a finite value with further increasing height of the satellite's orbit. Comparing with the peak frequency parameter, the Gaussian steering changes more for different squeezing parameters, while the gravitational frequency effect leads to quantum steering asymmetry between the photon pairs. In addition, we find that the influence of spacetime curvature on the steering in the Kerr spacetime is very different from the non‐rotating case because special relativistic effects are involved.
Determination of silyl peroxides by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Krawczyk Tomasz , Zalewski Mariusz , Szołtysik Rafał , Korytkowska‐Wałach Anna
Published: September 2018

Rationale

Residual initiators in polymers are a concern in the case of products that come directly into contact with the human body or food. Due to low concentrations and difficulties in the sample preparation, highly sensitive and selective methods are required.

Methods

A series of bis‐silyl‐ and alkyl‐silyl peroxides were analysed by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) on an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight (UPLC/TOF) instrument. Li, Na, K, and NH4 acetates were used to promote the formation of [M + Me]+ ions. The sample preparation involved only dissolution of the polymer sample in 0.1 mL of acetonitrile, followed by precipitation with 1 mL of water. A portion of 0.1–1 μL of the solution was then analysed without further treatment by UPLC/ESI‐MS.

Results

Limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.06–9 pmol, depending on the peroxide structure. On average, the signal intensity increased with the number of phenyl groups in a peroxide and decreased in the order Na > Li > K > NH4. Peroxides that did not contain phenyl groups could not be detected. Collision‐induced dissociation experiments can be used for structural investigations of alkyl‐silyl peroxides. It was possible to detect 2 × 10−4% (LOD = 7 × 10−5%) of unreacted Ph3SiOOt‐Bu in the poly(methyl methacrylate) sample.

Conclusions

The method is suitable for the analysis of trace peroxide initiators in polymers and for other purposes where LODs in the pmol range are required.
Pyrrolo[1, 2‐a]quinoxaline‐Based Bipolar Host Materials for Efficient Red Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Patil Bhausaheb N. , Lade Jatin J. , Vadagaonkar Kamlesh S. , Chetti Prabhakar , Chaskar Atul C.
Published: September 2018

Novel bipolar host materials 4CBZ‐PQ, 3CBZ‐PQ and TPA‐PQ based on carbazole, triphenylamine as electron donors and pyrrolo[1, 2‐a]quinoxaline as an electron acceptor unit has been synthesized and characterized. Their photophysical, thermal and electrochemical properties have also been investigated. These structures show suitable frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy levels and ensure good thermal and morphological stability. Amongst these bipolar host materials, 4CBZ‐PQ showed high Tg (155.7 oC) and Td (160.7 oC) as well as good triplet energy (ET) of 2.59 eV. Hence, phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) were fabricated containing 4CBZ‐PQ, 3CBZ‐PQ and TPA‐PQ as host materials. 4CBZ‐PQ showed best EL performance with a turn‐on voltage of 2.6 V, a maximum brightness of 100388 cd/m2, a maximum current efficiency of 18.1 cd/A1, a maximum power efficiency of 12.9 lm/W and an external quantum efficiency of 15.1%. The RBY (red, brown and yellow) three‐color PhOLED with 4CBZ‐PQ as the host material showed maximum external quantum efficiency of 15.1% for the red device, indicating its potential utility as a host material for highly efficient PhOLEDs.
Mechanism of Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Mineralization of Indigo Carmine Using ZnBi2O4‐Bi2S3 Composites
Authors: Thi Mai Tho Nguyen , The Huy Bui , Nha Khanh Dang Nguyen , Quoc Thang Nguyen , Thi Phuong Dieu Nguyen , Dai Duong Bui , Thi Kim Phuong Nguyen
Published: September 2018

Novel highly visible‐light active ZnBi2O4‐Bi2S3 photocatalysts with various weight percentages of Bi2S3 have been synthesized by a simple two‐step co‐precipitation and hydrothermal method. The efficacy of the as‐prepared ZnBi2O4‐Bi2S3 composites was evaluated for the degradation of Indigo carmine in aqueous solutions under visible light irradiation. It was found that the as‐prepared ZnBi2O4‐Bi2S3 composites showed was greatly enhanced photocatalytic activities as compared to that of pristine ZnBi2O4 under visible light, which could be attributed to synergetic effects, charge transfer between ZnBi2O4 and Bi2S3, as well as the separation efficiency of the photogenerated electrons and holes. The superoxide anion radical was the major active species responsible for the photodegradation process, whereas the contributions of the photoinduced h+ and hydroxyl radicals were moderate and minor, respectively. These results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing ZnBi2O4‐Bi2S3 as potential heterogeneous photocatalysts for environmental remediation.
In Vivo Synthesis of Nanocomposites Using the Recombinant Escherichia coli
Authors: Jung Jae Hwan , Lee Sang Yup , Seo Tae Seok
Published: September 2018

Biogenic gold nanorod (AuNR)‐Ag core–shell nanocomposites (NCs) are synthesized by using recombinant Escherichia coli to demonstrate in vivo synthesis of biogenic NCs for the first time. The chemically synthesized AuNRs are internalized into the E. coli, and Ag ions are reduced and grown on the surface of the AuNRs with the assistance of metal‐binding proteins, producing biogenic core–shell AuNR‐Ag NCs. The core–shell structure of the biogenic AuNR‐Ag NC is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. The biogenic AuNR‐Ag NCs exhibit good plasmonic effects. While the core–shell morphology of the AuNR and Ag NCs is due to the similar lattice of Au and Ag, the shape of the biogenic NCs composed of gold nanoparticles and Fe is aciniform, and that of Fe3O4 NPs and Au/Ag is a network structure, demonstrating the controllability of biogenic nanosynthesis using diverse metal combinations with different NC morphologies.
Self‐Templated Formation of Pt@ZIF‐8/SiO2 Composite with 3D‐Ordered Macropores and Size‐Selective Catalytic Properties
Authors: Tian Panliang , Shen Kui , Chen Junying , Fan Ting , Fang Ruiqi , Li Yingwei
Published: September 2018

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and related derivatives have attracted significant research attention due to their potential applications in a variety of fields. However, it remains challenging to fabricate MOF‐based composites into multidimensional structures, especially to endow them with ordered structures. Here, a facile strategy is developed for the preparation of Pt@ zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF)‐8/SiO2 composite with 3D‐ordered macroporous (3DOM) structure (denoted as 3DOM‐Pt@ZIF‐8/SiO2) by the in situ self‐templated transformation of Pt/ZnO/SiO2 composite with 3DOM structure (denoted as 3DOM‐Pt/ZnO/SiO2), which is prepared by a nanocasting method with face‐centered cubic (fcc) polystyrene spheres as the template. The sampling analysis at various crystallization times confirms the detailed dissolution–precipitation process from 3DOM‐Pt/ZnO/SiO2 to 3DOM‐Pt@ZIF‐8/SiO2, in which Pt nanoparticles (NPs) are fully encapsulated into the 3DOM framework of ZIF‐8/SiO2 by a continuous ZIF‐8 shell in the surface. Besides, it is found that choosing suitable volume ratio of N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF):H2O and SiO2 content is crucial to induce the in situ nucleation and growth of continuous ZIF‐8 shell on the 3DOM structure and also to prevent the 3DOM structure from collapsing. Crucially, the obtained 3DOM‐Pt@ZIF‐8/SiO2 shows high size‐selective catalytic properties for the hydrogenation of n‐hexene and cis‐cyclooctene due to the molecular sieve effect of ZIF‐8 shell on the framework.
Ultrathin Nanobelts as an Excellent Bifunctional Oxygen Catalyst: Insight into the Subtle Changes in Structure and Synergistic Effects of Bimetallic Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Li Qing , Yuan Xinya , Xu Yuxia , Zheng Mingbo , Pang Huan
Published: September 2018

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to metal–organic frameworks by scientists working in the field of electrocatalytic material chemistry. Herein, using the hydrothermal method, ultrathin Ni/Co bimetallic metal–organic framework nanobelts that can be directly adopted as highly efficient electrocatalysts are prepared. The optimized Ni/Co ultrathin nanobelts can reach an onset potential of 0.939 V [these values are very close to those of Pt/C (0.940 V)] and show superior stability relative to that of Pt/C toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Additionally, under the current density of 10 mA cm−2, the Ni/Co ultrathin nanobelts show the potential of 1.478 V for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is much better than that of IrO2, indicating the large potential of the metal–organic frameworks as a bifunctional oxygen catalyst in metal–air batteries. In addition, after OER and ORR, the color of the Ni/Co ultrathin nanobelts sample is slightly lighter, and it can be seen that the channel becomes blurred but still exists. The X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectrometry, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results for Ni/Co ultrathin nanobelts before and after catalysis are basically identical. The findings suggest that the ultrathin belt‐like structure and the synergy effect between Ni and Co are crucial for tuning the electrocatalytic activity.
Optical Lithography Patterning of SiO2 Layers for Interface Passivation of Thin Film Solar Cells
Authors: Bose Sourav , Cunha José M. V. , Suresh Sunil , De Wild Jessica , Lopes Tomás S. , Barbosa João R. S. , Silva Ricardo , Borme Jérôme , Fernandes Paulo A. , Vermang Bart , Salomé Pedro M. P.
Published: September 2018

Ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells are a promising way to reduce costs and to increase the electrical performance of thin film solar cells. An optical lithography process that can produce sub‐micrometer contacts in a SiO2 passivation layer at the CIGS rear contact is developed in this work. Furthermore, an optimization of the patterning dimensions reveals constrains over the features sizes. High passivation areas of the rear contact are needed to passivate the CIGS interface so that high performing solar cells can be obtained. However, these dimensions should not be achieved by using long distances between the contacts as they lead to poor electrical performance due to poor carrier extraction. This study expands the choice of passivation materials already known for ultrathin solar cells and its fabrication techniques.
A redescription of Orovenator mayorum (Sauropsida, Diapsida) using high‐resolution μCT, and the consequences for early amniote phylogeny
Authors: Ford David P. , Benson Roger B. J.
Published: September 2018

The earliest known neodiapsid Orovenator mayorum from the lower Permian of Oklahoma is redescribed using high‐resolution μCT, revealing remarkable details of the skull anatomy. Our findings are relevant to both palaeoecology (suggesting burrowing and nocturnality) and phylogeny. Orovenator and other sauropsids share at least 16 character states with varanopids, many of which were not recognized by previous studies. These include a rounded subnarial shelf of the premaxilla, a posterodorsal extension of the external naris, the asymmetrical bifurcation of the anterior vomer, and a prominent dorsomedial shelf of the surangular. This exceptional degree of similarity between Orovenator and varanopids (a nominally synapsid clade) questions our current understanding of relationships among early amniotes. We test this by including Orovenator in a phylogenetic data matrix used in an earlier study to differentiate between early diapsids and synapsids, and find a monophyletic clade of Orovenator + varanopids within Diapsida. Recent phylogenetic research on early amniote evolution has focused on resolving intra‐clade affiliations rather than the interrelationships of major taxonomic groups. Nevertheless, the relative incompleteness of existing phylogenetic character lists for early amniotes can only be remedied by detailed cross‐clade assessment. We therefore suggest that early amniote relationships require further scrutiny before we can confidently accept or reject our new phylogenetic hypothesis.
Approaches for computing test‐case‐aware covering arrays
Authors: Koc Ugur , Yilmaz Cemal
Published: September 2018

Test‐case‐aware covering arrays have been recently introduced to overcome the shortcomings of standard covering arrays, which prevent some combinations of option settings from being exercised in the presence of test‐case‐specific constraints. A number of proof‐of‐concept approaches for computing test‐case‐aware covering arrays have also been presented in the aforementioned work. The main concern in the development of these approaches was neither their efficiency nor their effectiveness, but their correctness. On the other hand, efficient and effective ways of computing test‐case‐aware covering arrays are of great practical importance. To improve the applicability of test‐case‐aware covering arrays in practice, this work presents a number of efficient and effective approaches for computing them. Furthermore, the proposed approaches are evaluated by conducting a set of experiments on widely‐used highly‐configurable software systems and comparing their efficiency and effectiveness to those of the existing approaches in various practical testing scenarios.
Selecting Texts for Disciplinary Literacy Instruction
Authors: Colwell Jamie
Published: September 2018

The author focuses on selecting texts for disciplinary literacy instruction in elementary grades. Disciplinary literacy instruction is a promising approach to engage students in socially and culturally relevant learning, and the selection of a variety of informational texts is important to planning this type of instruction. Currently, most resources on selecting socially and culturally relevant texts pertain to fiction texts in the discipline of English. Yet, informational texts are critical to learning in all disciplines and must be considered when planning for relevant literacy instruction. The Disciplinary Text Selection Table and examples of its use are presented as a resource for teachers to use in planning for disciplinary literacy in elementary grades.
Laboratory evolution and physiological analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains dependent on sucrose uptake via the Phaseolus vulgarisSuf1 transporter
Authors: Marques Wesley Leoricy , van der Woude Lara Ninon , Luttik Marijke A.H. , van den Broek Marcel , Nijenhuis Janine Margriet , Pronk Jack T. , van Maris Antonius J.A. , Mans Robert , Gombert Andreas K.
Published: September 2018

Knowledge on the genetic factors important for the efficient expression of plant transporters in yeast is still very limited. Phaseolus vulgaris sucrose facilitator 1 (PvSuf1), a presumable uniporter, was an essential component in a previously published strategy aimed at increasing ATP yield in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, attempts to construct yeast strains in which sucrose metabolism was dependent on PvSUF1 led to slow sucrose uptake. Here, PvSUF1‐dependent S. cerevisiae strains were evolved for faster growth. Of five independently evolved strains, two showed an approximately twofold higher anaerobic growth rate on sucrose than the parental strain (μ = 0.19 h−1 and μ = 0.08 h−1, respectively). All five mutants displayed sucrose‐induced proton uptake (13–50 μmol H+ (g biomass)−1 min−1). Their ATP yield from sucrose dissimilation, as estimated from biomass yields in anaerobic chemostat cultures, was the same as that of a congenic strain expressing the native sucrose symporter Mal11p. Four out of six observed amino acid substitutions encoded by evolved PvSUF1 alleles removed or introduced a cysteine residue and may be involved in transporter folding and/or oligomerization. Expression of one of the evolved PvSUF1 alleles (PvSUF1I209F C265F G326C) in an unevolved strain enabled it to grow on sucrose at the same rate (0.19 h−1) as the corresponding evolved strain. This study shows how laboratory evolution may improve sucrose uptake in yeast via heterologous plant transporters, highlights the importance of cysteine residues for their efficient expression, and warrants reinvestigation of PvSuf1's transport mechanism.
A New Narrative for the Future: Learning, Social Cohesion and Redefining “Us”
Authors: Kyllönen Marjo
Published: September 2018

Education has played an important role promoting well-being and the sustainable development of our society. But what will be the role and responsibility of education in a changing world? Is there a need for formal education or even a physical place called school in the future? Today, information is everywhere, accessible to everyone and anyone can modify it—you can learn new skills through the web and the need for formal education as it has been traditionally practiced has diminished. Schools are not isolated institutions; their future growth and prospect are strongly connected to societal development trends and to education policy. And at the same time, the school itself can bring about change and influence future development trends. Our actions for tomorrow are never objective and are affecting how the future society will be. This chapter analyses the forces affecting change in schools to understand how they are changing. Diversification of populations in schools is reviewed through the lens of Helsinki’s public schools to better understand issues of identity at the individual and communal level.
Climate Change Education: A New Approach for a World of Wicked Problems
Authors: Lehtonen Anna , Salonen Arto O. , Cantell Hannele
Published: September 2018

Human activity is the most important factor determining our future. The rapid growths of population and materialistic ways of living have given rise to what many geologists now call the era of the Anthropocene. We argue that in order to solve the wicked problems of the Anthropocene—such as climate change—we need education to be organized around sensing and actualizing the full potential of a human being. It is necessary to clarify the goal of education and the ideals of society toward that pursuit. Climate change education supports building societies that are characterized by flexible, creative, adaptable, well-informed and inventive sustainable well-being communities. In this article, we define the special aspects of climate change education and ask: how could we educate people for transformation toward a sustainable future? What kind of holistic change in thinking and action is needed for the construction of hope and of a sustainable future? What kind of pedagogical approaches can promote full humanness?
Sustainable Wellbeing Society—A Challenge for a Public Sector Institution
Authors: Salminen Jari
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this article is to analyse some key value-loaded structural factors that influence the operational culture of basic education. These factors have to be recognised when aiming to develop school work and promote sustainable wellbeing society. The study of school history in the USA and Finland has long recognized certain permanent dilemmas affecting the development work of basic education. Visions of educational policy, new curriculum targets or technological applications relating to education cannot remove the tensions existing inside education, and people working on this kind of development are not always aware of the part it plays in the development work. This article deals with the tensions between different values that are produced by the educational institutions and the surrounding society, and that can be found in the educational rhetoric, in the curriculum and the instruction models and pedagogic practices of basic education.
Four-Dimensional Education for Sustainable Societies
Authors: Fadel Charles , Groff Jennifer S.
Published: September 2018

The rate of change in our lives today has pushed us to evolve and adapt our daily practices so quickly, that if one does not pause to reflect on them it is easy to overlook just how much our world has changed. The past 50, 20, and even just the past 10 years has produced deep and profound changes in our world. Just 20 years ago, many educational systems were under intense scrutiny for not being effective and/or equitable for all learners. Many educational systems were not up to par—and to think, that was before these global dramatic shifts. The call and demand for radically improved, but more poignantly, refocused educational systems have never been higher. What does it mean to prepare young learners for a life in today’s world? What do they need? What do we value? How can we deliver that? These are complex yet critically important questions to the future of education. Today, each of us faces a highly complex, rapidly changing world that affects our lives at a local level. The way we communicate, do business, even interface with our doctors and government officials is altering. Entire industries are deeply impacted by new technologies that continue to arrive at a rapidly increasing pace, with once long-held traditional job skills being phased out—leaving a growing generation of people to ask how they are to make a living.
Appropriateness of Subadventitial Resection for Invasion of the Carotid Artery by Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Moritani Sueyoshi
Published: September 2018

Background

Selection of surgical treatment for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) that includes great vessel invasion is challenging. We investigated the efficacy of tumor excision, with regard to safety of the surgical procedure and prognosis among patients with PTC invasion of the carotid or vertebral artery.

Methods

This study is a retrospective review of patients who underwent surgical excision for PTC at our institution, between 1981 and 2010, with 49 patients treated for carotid artery invasion and nine for vertebral artery invasion.

Results

Twenty patients with carotid artery invasion receiving initial treatment underwent subadventitial resection. Among 29 relapsing patients with carotid artery invasion, subadventitial resection was performed in 27 and en‐block resection and reconstruction in the other two. In patients with carotid artery invasion, locoregional recurrence was identified in 14 patients, with the recurrence specific to the carotid artery in one case and distant recurrence in 15. The 10‐year disease‐specific survival rate was shorter among relapsing patients (21.7%) than among those receiving an initial treatment (69.3%). At 8 years after surgery, however, the survival rates were comparable between the two groups. Of the nine patients with vertebral artery invasion, two received initial treatment, with either preservation or reconstruction of the vertebral artery. The other six cases were tumor recurrences, treated by tumor and vertebral artery resection. Vertebral artery invasion was associated with carotid artery invasion in five patients and subclavian artery invasion in four.

Conclusions

Carotid artery invasion by PTC did not extend beyond the adventitia of the artery in the majority of patients. Most patients with vertebral artery invasion required tumor excision with vertebral artery resection.
The effect of three exercise approaches on health-related quality of life, and factors associated with its improvement in chronic whiplash-associated disorders: analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Landén Ludvigsson Maria , Peterson Gunnel , Peolsson Anneli
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The aim was to evaluate whether neck-specific exercise, with (NSEB) or without (NSE) a behavioural approach, improves health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared to physical activity prescription (PPA) in chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) grades 2 and 3. A secondary aim was to identify factors associated with HRQoL and HRQoL improvement following exercise interventions.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Participants (n = 216) with chronic WAD grades 2 and 3 were randomized to 12 weeks of PPA or physiotherapist-led NSE or NSEB. The EQ-5D 3L/EQ-VAS and SF-36v2 physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summaries were collected together with several neck-related and psychosocial outcomes at baseline, after 3, 6 and 12 months, and were analysed with linear mixed models (all time points) and multivariate linear regressions (baseline, 6 months).

Results

NSE/NSEB resulted in better outcomes than PPA (EQ-VAS and SF-36 PCS, both groups, p < 0.01) but not in a higher EQ-5D score. Improvement over time was seen in EQ-5D/EQ-VAS for the NSEB group (p < 0.01), and for NSE/NSEB as measured with the PCS (p < 0.01). Factors associated with baseline HRQoL and change to 6 months in HRQoL (R2 = 0.38–0.59) were both neck-related and psychosocial (e.g. depression, work ability).

Conclusion

Neck-specific exercise, particularly with a behavioural approach, may have a more positive impact on HRQoL than physical activity prescription in chronic WAD grades 2 and 3. HRQoL is however complex, and other factors also need to be considered. Factors associated with HRQL and improvements in HRQoL following exercise are multidimensional.

Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov, No. NCT01528579.
On ramped vanes to control normal shock boundary layer interactions
Authors: Lee S. , Loth E.
Published: September 2018

A novel vortex generator design positioned upstream of a normal shock followed by a subsequent diffuser was investigated using large eddy simulations. In particular, “ramped-vane” flow control devices with three different heights relative to the incoming boundary layer thickness (0.34δ, 0.52δ and 0·75δ) were placed in a supersonic boundary layer with a freestream Mach number of 1.3 and a Reynolds number of 2400 based on the momentum thickness. This is the first numerical study to investigate the size effect of the ramped-vane for flow control device in terms of shape factor, flow separation and flow unsteadiness. The results showed that these devices generated strong streamwise vortices that entrained high-momentum fluid to the near-wall region and increased turbulent mixing. The devices also decreased shock-induced flow separation, which resulted in a higher downstream skin friction in the diffuser. In general, the largest ramped-vane (0.75δ) produced the largest reductions in flow separation, shape factor and overall unsteadiness. These results and a careful review of the literature study also determined the quantitative correlation of optimum VG height with Mach number, wherebyh/δ~1 is often optimum for incompressible flows while higher Mach numbers lead to small optimum heights, tending towards h/δ~0.45 atM=2.5.
Enhancing Reporting of After Action Reviews of Public Health Emergencies to Strengthen Preparedness: A Literature Review and Methodology Appraisal
Authors: Davies Robert , Vaughan Elly , Fraser Graham , Cook Robert , Ciotti Massimo , Suk Jonathan E.
Published: September 2018

Objective

This literature review aimed to identify the range of methods used in after action reviews (AARs) of public health emergencies and to develop appraisal tools to compare methodological reporting and validity standards.

Methods

A review of biomedical and gray literature identified key approaches from AAR methodological research, real-world AARs, and AAR reporting templates. We developed a 50-item tool to systematically document AAR methodological reporting and a linked 11-item summary tool to document validity. Both tools were used sequentially to appraise the literature included in this study.

Results

This review included 24 highly diverse papers, reflecting the lack of a standardized approach. We observed significant divergence between the standards described in AAR and qualitative research literature, and real-world AAR practice. The lack of reporting of basic methods to ensure validity increases doubt about the methodological basis of an individual AAR and the validity of its conclusions.

Conclusions

The main limitations in current AAR methodology and reporting standards may be addressed through our 11 validity-enhancing recommendations. A minimum reporting standard for AARs could help ensure that findings are valid and clear for others to learn from. A registry of AARs, based on a common reporting structure, may further facilitate shared learning. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:618-625)
Are the Supporters of Populist Parties Loyal Voters? Dissatisfaction and Stable Voting for Populist Parties
Authors: Voogd Remko , Dassonneville Ruth
Published: September 2018

Scholars of electoral behaviour regularly link political dissatisfaction to two types of behaviour: voting for populist parties and unstable voting behaviour. It is therefore not surprising that the electorates of populist parties are generally assumed to be rather volatile. In this article, we argue that this is not necessarily the case – in particular in a context of increasingly strong and viable populist parties. We make use of data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems project to show that voters for populist parties are neither more nor less volatile than voters for mainstream parties. Political dissatisfaction among voters for populist parties even increases the likelihood of stable voting for populist parties. The supply of populist parties further conditions the stability of the populist vote, as voters in systems with established populist parties are more likely to vote stably for populist parties. Finally, we find that in a context of strong and stable populist parties, the effect of political satisfaction on vote switching is somewhat reduced.
Rethinking femininity in organisations: Experimental insights into team composition
Authors: Busse Ronald
Published: September 2018

Role incongruity, sex role stereotypes and candidate selection procedures which oversatisfy masculine role expectations evoke an underrepresentation of femininity in organisations. The author seeks to remedy this bad state of affairs. This study is designed based on an experiment with 288 young executives simulating self-organised work groups and manipulated the degree of gender-related (not sex-related) heterogeneity. Results generally show a curvilinear relationship with an upright U-shaped format between heterogeneity and performance, team identity and intrateam communication. The major contribution in specific is that highly homogeneous teams outperform other team types in the short run, whereas highly heterogeneous teams succeed in the long run. Consequently, this work recommends ‘femininity enrichment’ in firms and discusses manageable practical advice to do so. As for the laboratory character, findings and implications for practicing managers have to be treated with caution. Finally, the most promising avenues for further research are illuminated.