bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from sheep, goats and calves
Authors: Fodor L. , Varga J. , Hajtós I. , Szemerédi Gy.
Published: August 2010

Verbreitung von Pasteurella‐Serotypen bei Schaf, Ziege und Kalb

Bei 201, von Schafen, Ziegen und Kälbern isolierten P. haemolytica‐Stämmen wurden die biochemischen und serologischen Eigenschaften bestimmt. Zur serologischen Prüfung diente die indirekte Hämagglutination.

Ungefähr 92,5% der Isolate (186 Stämme) gehörten dem Biotyp A und ungefähr 7,5% (15 Stämme) dem Biotyp T an. Mit Ausnahme von 8 Stämmen, ließen sich alle Stämme einem der 15, bisher bekannten Serotypen zuordnen. Beim Kalb dominierte A 1 (65% der Stämme). Bei Schafen wurden fast alle Serotypen gefunden; am häufigsten kamen A1 (26%), A2 (12%), A7 (10%), A9 (9,5%) und A6 (9%) vor. Ungefähr 24% der A‐Serotypen verursachten septikämische Erkrankungen bei Schafen. Abgesehen von 1 Stamm, gehörten alle Isolate von Ziegen dem Serotyp A2 an.

Sérotypes de Pasteurella haemolytica isolés chez des moutons, des chèvres et des veaux

Les propriétés biochimiques et sérologiques ont été déterminées chez 201 souches de Pasteurella haemolytica isolées chez des moutons, des chèvres et des veaux. L'hémagglutination indirecte a été utilisée pour l'examen sérologique. 92,5% environ des isolements (186 souches) appartenaient au biotype A et environ 7,5% (15 souches) au biotype T. Toutes les souches à l'exception de huit d'entre elles ont pu être classées dans un des 15 sérotypes connus jusqu'à maintenant. A1 a dominé chez le veau (65% des souches). Presque tous les sérotypes ont été trouvés chez les moutons; les plus fréquents furent A1 (26%), A2 (12%), A7 (10%), A9 (9,5%) et A6 (9%). Le 24% environ des sérotypes A ont provoqué des lésions septicémiques chez les moutons. A l'exception d'une souche, tous les isolements des chèvres appartenaient au sérotype A2.

La incidencia de Pasteurella haemolytica aisladas de ovejas, cabras y terneras

En 201 estirpes P. haemolytica, aisladas a partir de ovejas, cabras y terneros, se determinaron las propiedades bioquímicas y serológicas. Para el análisis serológico se recurrió a la hemaglutinación indirecta.

El 92,5% aprox. de los aislamientos (186 cepas) pertenecían al biotipo A y el 7,5% aprox. (15 cepas) al biotipo T. Con la excepción de 8 estirpes, se pudieron encuadrar todas las cepas a alguno de los 15 serotipos que se conocen por ahora. En los terneros predominaba A1 (65% de las estirpes). En las ovejas se ubicaron casi todos los serotipos; con frecuencia máxima se hallaron A1 (26%), A2 (12%), A7 (10%), A9 (9,5%) y A6 (9%). Aproximadamente el 24% de los serotipos A ocasionaban enfermedades septicémicas en los ovinos. Prescindiendo de 1 cepa, todos los demás aislamientos de cabras correspondían al serotipo A2.
Arteritis Viral Equina: Detección de Anticuerpos en Equinos de la República Argentina
Authors: Nosetto E. O. , Etcheverrigaray M. E. , Oliva G. A. , González E. T. , Samus S. A.
Published: August 2010

Se detectaron anticuerpos específicos contra Arteritis Viral Equina (AVE) por medio de tres técnicas serológicas: Fijación del Complemento (FC), Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta (IFI) y Seroneutralización (SN). La experiencia se realizó sobre 250 muestras de sueros obtenidos de equinos con una sintomatología similar a la referida para esta enfermedad (65 muestras) y sin sintomatología aparente (185 muestras) provenientes de las siguientes razas y localidades: American Trotter (Provincias de Buenos Aires y Córdoba), Sangre Pura de Carrera (Provincia de Buenos Aires), Criollos (Provincias de Buenos Aires) y Mestizos (Provincias de Corrientes y Buenos Aires). El porcentaje de reactores positivos fue del 9,2%. Se discute la factibilidad de los métodos empleados y la posible importancia de la enfermedad en el país.

Infektiöse Arteritis des Pferdes: Nachweis von Antikörpern bei Pferden in Argentinien

Seren von 250 argentinischen Pferden wurden mit Hilfe der Komplementbindungsreaktion, des indirekten Immunofluoreszenztestes und des Neutralisationstestes auf Vorkommen von Antikörpern gegenüber dem Virus der infektiösen Arteritis des Pferdes untersucht. Die Pferde gehörten vier verschiedenen Rassen an, 65 Tiere waren krank, 185 Tiere waren klinisch gesund. Bei 23 Pferden (9,2%) wurden Antikörper gegenüber dem Virus der infektiösen Pferdearteritis nachgewiesen.

Equine viral arteritis: Demonstration of antibodies in horses in Argentina

Specific antibodies against Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) were detected by the following serological methods: Complement‐Fixation, Indirect Immunofluorescence and Seroneutralization. The study was performed on 250 serum samples; 65 of them were obtained from horses presenting clinical signs consistent with the disease and 185 samples belonged to horses without any clinical signs. These sera were from the following breeds and provinces: Standardbreed (Buenos Aires and Córdoba Provinces), Thoroughbreed (Buenos Aires Prov.), Quarterhorse (Buenos Aires and Corrientes Provinces) and “Criollos” (Buenos Aires Prov.). The number of positive serum samples was 23 (9.2%). The factibility of the methods employed is discussed as well as the importance of the disease in Argentina.

Artérite infectieuse du cheval: mise en évidence d'anticorps chez des chevaux en Argentine

On a recherché des anticorps contre le virus de l'artérite infectieuse du cheval dans les sérums de 250 chevaux argentins avec la réaction de fixation du complément, le test d'immunofluorescence indirecte et le test de neutralisation. Les chevaux appartenaient à quatre races différentes, 65 animaux étaient malades et 185 animaux étaient cliniquement sains. Des anticorps contre l'artérite infectieuse du cheval ont été mis en évidence chez 23 chevaux (9,2%).
Nachweis vonCampylobacter jejuniundCampylobacter coliin Kotproben gesunder Schlachtschweine in Abhängigkeit von der Jahreszeit
Authors: Weber A. , Lembke C. , Schäfer R.
Published: August 2010

Aus 400 (54,3 %) von 736 Kotproben, die von klinisch gesunden Schlachtschweinen während eines Zeitraumes von 14 Monaten (August 1982 bis September 1983) entnommen worden waren, gelang die Isolierung von 153C. jejuni‐und 247C. coli‐Stammen.

C. jejuniwurde vornehmlich in den Spätherbst‐, Winter‐ und Frühjahrsmonaten rnit der höchsten Inzidenz im Mai (45 %) nachgewiesen.C. colikonnte dagegen während des gesamten Untersuchungszeitraumes mit der höchsten Nachweisquote im September (74 %) isoliert werden.

Isolation ofCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter colifrom faeces samples of healthy slaughter pigs in relation to season of year

153 strains ofC. jejuniand 247 strains ofC. coliwere isolated from 400 (54.3 %) of 736 faeces samples collected during 14 months (August 1982 to September 1983) from clinically healthy slaughter pigs.

C. jejuniwas especially isolated during the months of late autumn, winter and spring, with the highest incidence (45 %) in May.C. coliwas found during the whole period of 14 months, most frequently in the months of September (74 %).

Mise en évidence deCampylobacter jejunietCampylobacter colidans des matières fécales de porcs sains aux abattoirs en fonction de la saison

153 souches de C.jejuniet 245 souches deC. coliont pu être isolées à partir de 400 (54,3 %) sur 736 matières fécales prèlevèes chez des porcs cliniquement sains à l'abattoir durant une période de 14 mois (août 1982 h septembre 1983).

C. jejunifut mis en évidence particulièrement dans l'arrière‐automne, en hiver et durant les mois du printemps, avec la plus forte incidence en mai (45 %).C. colia par contre été isolé durant toute la période d'examen avec le plus fort pourcentage (74 %) en septembre.

La puesta en evidencia deCampylobacter jejuniyCampylobacter colien muestras de estiércol de cerdos en dependencia de la época de año

A partir de 400 (54,3 %) entre 736 muestras de estiércol, las cuales habían sido recogidas de cerdos de matadero, sanos clínicamente, durante un espacio de tiempo de 14 meses (Agosto 1982 hasta Septiembre 1983), se lograron aislar 153 estirpesC. jejuniy 247C. coli.

C. jejunise puso en evidencia principalmente a lo largo de los meses de finales de otoño, invierno y de principio de primavera con una incidencia máxima en Mayo (45 %). Por su parte,C. colise logró aislar durante todo el espacio de tiempo que duró la experiencia analitica con una cuota máxima de verificación en el mes de Septiembre (74 %).
Ökonomische Bewertung der Schutzimpfung gegen die Mareksche Krankheit der Hühner mittels Nutzen‐Kosten‐Analyse
Authors: Ring Ch. , Heinze E.‐M. , Mayr A.
Published: August 2010

Die Nutzen‐Kosten‐Analyse einer Schutzimpfung gegen die Mareksche Krankheit der Hühner mit Lebendimpfstoffen und deren Probleme werden erörtert. Die Bilanz ergibt einen Nutzen, der die Kosten um mindestens das 10 fache überschreitet. Die Schutzimpfung gegen die Mareksche Krankheit der Hühner erweist sich damit für die Geflügelwirtschaft der Bundesrepublik als eine im hohen Maße wirtschaftliche Prophylaxe.

Economic evaluation of vaccination against Marek's Disease in poultry by cost‐analysis

A cost‐analysis of vaccination against Marek's disease in poultry with live vaccine was carried out and the problems discussed. The balance account showed a saving which exceeded the cost of vaccination at least tenfold. Vaccination of poultry against Marek's disease in West Germany is thus a very cost‐effective procedure for the poultry industry.

Evaluation économique de la vaccination contre la maladie de Marek des volailles au moyen de l'analyse besoins‐coûts

On discute l'analyse besoins‐coûts d'une vaccination contre la maladie de Marek des volailles avec des vaccins vivants et leurs problèmes. Le bilan révèle un besoin qui dépasse au‐moins de 10 fois les coûts. La vaccination contre la maladie de Marek des volailles se révèle ainsi en grande partie comme une prophylaxie économique pour la production aviaire en République fédérale d'Allemagne.

La evaluación económica de la vacunación contra la enfermedad de Marek en las gallinas mediante el análisis de beneficios y gastos

Se delibera sobre el análisis de beneficios y gastos de una vacunación profiláctica contra la enfermedad de Marek de las gallinas con vacunas vivas y sobre su problemática. El balance arroja un beneficio que sobrepasa 10 veces, al menos, los gastos. La vacunación protectora contra la enfermedad de Marek de las gallinas se muestra, con ello, como una profilaxis sobre modo económica para la industria avícola en la República Federal de Alemania.
Über die jahreszeitliche Häufigkeit des Nachweises vonCampylobacter jejuniundCampylobacter coliin Kotproben gesunder Schlachtrinder
Authors: Weber A. , Lembke C. , Schäfer R.
Published: August 2010

Aus 21 (3,3%) von 638 Kotproben, die von klinisch gesunden Schlachtrindern, während eines Zeitraumes von 16 Monaten (September 1982 bis Dezember 1983) entnommen worden waren, gelang die Isolierung von 19Campylobacter (C.) jejuni‐und 2C. coli‐Stammen.

C. jejuniwurde durchwegs nur in den Monaten September bis Dezemnber nachgewiesen, nicht dagegen in den Monaten April bis August. Die Isolierung vonC. colierfolgte dagegen jeweils nur einmal im Monat Oktober bzw. Juni.

Die bakteriologischen Befunde und ihre Bedeutung für den Menschen werden diskutiert.

Season‐related incidence ofCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliin faeces samples of healthy slaughter cattle

19 strains ofCampylobacter (C.) jejuniand 2 strains ofC. coliwere isolated from 21 (3,3 %) of 638 faeces samples collected during 16 months (September 1982 to December 1983) from clinically healthy slaughter cattle.

C. jejuniwas especially isolated during the months September to December, but no isolations during the months April to August.C. coliwas found only once in October and once in June.

The bacteriological findings and their relevance for man are discussed.

Fréquence saisonnière de la mise en évidence deCampylobacter jejunietCampylobacter colidans des matières fécales de bovins abattus

Sur 21 (3,3 %) des 638 échantillons de matières fécales prélevées sur des bovins abattus cliniquement sains durant 16 mois (septembre 1982 à décembre 1983), on a isolé 19 souches deCampylobacter (C.) jejuniet 2 de C.coli.

C. jejunia été isolé seulement dans les mois de septembre à décembre et non dans les mois d'avril à août.C. colia été isolé seulement une fois au mois d'octobre et juin.

Les résultats bactériologiques et leur signification pour l'être humain sont discutés.

Sobre la frecuencia estacional de la puesta en evidencia deCampylobacter jejuniyCampylobacter colien muestras de estiércol de vacunos sanos de matadero

En 21 (3,3%) muestras de estiércol entre 638 que habían sido recogidas de reses vacunas sanas en el matadero durante un espacio de tiempo de 16 meses (Septiembre de 1982 hasta Diciembre de 1983), se logró el aislamiento de 19 estirpes deCampylobacter (C.) jejuniy de 2 de C.coli.

SiempreC. jejunisolo se puso en evidencia en los meses que van desde Septiembre hasta Diciembre, mas no en los meses desde Abril hasta Agosto. A su vez, el aislamiento deC. colise logró solo una vez en el mes de Octubre y Junio, resp.

Se discuten los hallazgos bacteriológicos y su significación para los seres humanos.
Electron Microscopic Characterization of a Viral Agent isolated from Arthritis in Chicken
Authors: Kataria J. M. , Mukherjee S. C. , Rehbinder C. , Verma K. C. , Mohanty G. C.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of an avian arthritis virus isolated from joint tissues of arthritic chicken is described. The virus was grown in chick embryo fibroblast cultures. Virus infected cells were harvested and processed for electron microscopic study. Ultrastructurally, crystalline aggregates of virus particles measuring about 75 nm in diameter, round to hexagonal in shape and nucleocapsidic in structure were seen in the cytoplasm of the cells. Morphologically, the virus resembled a typical avian reovirus.

Elektronenmikroskopische Charakterisierung eines Virus isoliert von Küken mit Arthritis

Es wird die Ultrastruktur eines aviären Arthritisvirus beschrieben, das aus Bindege‐webe arthritischer Küken isoliert worden war. Das Virus wurde in Hühnerembryofibro‐blasten‐Kulturen vermehrt. Die virusinfizierten Zellen wurden geerntet und für die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung präpariert. Im Zytoplasma der Zellen ließen sich ultrahistologisch kristalline Aggregate von Viruspartikeln mit 75 nrn Durchmesser, runder bis hexagonaler Form und mit Nukleokapsidstruktur darstellen. Morphologisch laßt sich das Virus den aviären Reoviren zuordnen.

Caractérisation au microscope électronique d'un virus isolé chez des poussiris atteints d'arthrite

L'ultrastructure d'un virus aviaire d'arthrite est décrit; il a été isolé à partir du tissu conjonctif de poussins souffrant d'arthrite. Le virus a été multiplié dans des cultures de fibroblastes d'embryons de poulet. Les cellules infectées par le virus ont été récoltées et préparées pour l'examen au microscope électronique. On a pu observer ultrahistologiquement dans le cytoplasme des cellules des agrégats cristallins de particules virales d'un diamètre de 75 nm, de forme ronde à hexagonale et avec une structure de nucléocapside. Le virus peut se classer morphologiquernent dans les Reovirus aviaires.

La caracterización de un agente virósico aislado de pollitos con arthritis

Se describe la ultraestructura de un virus de la artritis aviar que había sido aislado del tejido conjuntivo de pollitos artríticos. El virus fue multiplicado en cultivos de fibroblastos de embrión de pollo. Se cosecharon las células infectadas por los virus, preparándose para el examen con el microscopio electrónico. En el citoplasma de las células se pudieron revelar aglomerados cristalinos ultrahistólbgicos de partículas virósicas con un diámetro de 75 nm, de forma redondeada hasta hexagonal y estructura de nucleocápside. El virus se puede encuadrar morfológicamente dentro de los reovirus aviares.
Respiratory Deficient Staphylococcus aureus as the Aetiological Agent of “Abscess Disease”
Authors: De La Fuente R. , Suarez G.
Published: August 2010

“Abscess disease” was diagnosed in Spain in slaughtered animals and flocks. The disease affects young sheep, up to four months of age, and is characterized by the development of abscesses in the superficial lymph nodes. The aetiological agent is a catalase‐negative, benzidine test negative Staphylococcus aureus, which does not grow aerobically and requires the addition of blood, serum or egg yolk to the isolation media. The microorganism proved virulent for sheep, but not for mice, guinea‐pigs or rabbits.

Ein unter Sauerstoffabschluß wachsender Staphylococcus aureus als Erreger der „Abszeßkrankheit”

In Spanien wurde die „Abszeßkrankheit” bei geschlachteten Tieren und in Herden diagnostiziert. Die Krankheit befällt junge Schafe bis zu einem Alter von 4 Monaten, charakteristisch dafür ist die Bildung von Abszessen in den oberflächlichen Lymphknoten. Hervorgerufen wird die Erkrankung durch den Erreger Staphylococcus aureus, der Katalase negativ und Benzidin‐Test negativ ist, anaerob wachst und im Isolationsmedium zur Entwicklung Blut, Serum oder Eigelb benötigt. Bei einer experimentellen Infektion erwies sich der Erreger für Schafe, jedoch nicht für Mäuse, Meerschweinchen und Kaninchen virulent.

Staphylococcus aureus à croissance anaérobie comme agent de la «maladie de abcès»

La «maladie des abcès» est diagnostiquée en Espagne chez des animaux aux abattoirs et dans des troupeaux. La maladie atteint des agneaux jusqu‘à l’âge de 4 mois. La formation d'abcès dans les ganglions superficiels est caractéristique. La maladie est provoquée par un Staphylococcus aureus, catalase négative, test à la benzidine négatif, à croissance anaéobie, dont le milieu de croissance nécessite du sang, du sérum ou du jaune d‘œuf. Une infection expérimentale a montrè que le germe est virulent pour des moutons, mais pas pour des souris, des cobayes et des lapins.

Staphylococcus aureus de crecimiento anaerobio como agente etiológico de la «enfermedad de los abscesos»

Se ha diagnosticado la enfermedad de los abscesos en España, tanto «post mortem», en animales sacrificados, como «in vivo» en rebaños. La enfermedad ataca a corderos de hasta 4 meses de edad y se caracteriza por el desarrollo de abscesos en los nódulos lináticos superficiales. El agente etiológico es un Staphylococcus aureus catalasa negativo, bencidina negativo, que no crece en aerobiosis pero que requiere la adición de sangre, suero o yema de huevo al medio de aislamiento. Al contrario que las ovejas, los ratones, cobayas y conejos se mostraron refractarios a la infección experimental.
Desarrollo experimental de Bertiella mucronata (Cestoda‐Anoplocephalidae) de humano en su huésped intermediario
Authors: Denegri Guillermo María
Published: August 2010

Se comprueba experimentalmente el desarrollo del estadio cisticercoide de Bertiella mucronata (Cestoda‐Anoplocephalidae) de un caso humano, en dos especies de oribátidos: Dometorina suramericana y Scheloribates atahualpensis (Acarina‐Oribatulidae), aislados del domicilio de la paciente. La mayor infectión correspondió a la primera especie con 18.1 % y 0.6 % para la segunda.

Se determinó la cadena epidemiológica de ésta parasitosis y se formuló el concepto de biotopo potencial.

Die Entwicklung von Bertiella mucronata (Cestoden‐Anoplocephaliden) des Menschen in seinem Zwischenwirt unter experimentellen Bedingungen

Experimentell wurde die Entwicklung von Zystizerkoiden von Bertiella mucronata (Cestoden‐Anoplocephaliden) aus einem Menschen in den Oribatiden Dometorina suramericana und Scheloribates atahualpensis (Acarina‐Oribatulidae), die im Wohnbereich der Patientin gefangen worden waren, bewiesen. In der erstgenannten Spezies wurde mit 18.1 % ein stärkerer Befall erzeugt gegenüber nur 0.6 % in der zweiten.

Damit wurde die Infektionskette für diese Parasitose geklärt und der Begriff des „potentiellen Biotops” geprägt.

Development of Bertiella macronata of man in its intermediate host under experimental conditions

Under experimental conditions the development of cysticercoids of Bertiella macronata (cestodes‐anoplocephalids) from a person was studied in the oribatid species Dometorina suramerica and Scheloribates atahualpensis (acarina‐oribatulidae) which were caught in the living premises of the patient. In the former species there was a marked infection rate (18.1 %), whereas in the latter species the infection rate was only 0.6 %.

Thus the source of infection of this parasitosis is explained and the concept of the »potential biotipe« confirmed.

Le développement de Bertiella mucronata (cestodes‐anoplocéphalidés) de l'homme dans son hôte intermédiaire dans des conditions expérimentales

On a mis en évidence experimentalement le développement de cysticercoides de Bertiella mucronata (cestodes‐anoplocéphalidés) d'un être humain dans les oribatidés Dometorina suramericana et Scheloribates atahualpensis (Acarina‐Oribatulide) qui avaient été capturés dans l'environnement domestique de la patiente. Une atteinte plus prononcée avec 18,l % a été induite pour la première espèce alors qu'elle ne fut que de 0,6 % pour la deuxième.

La chaîne infectieuse a donc été expliquée pour cette parasitose et le concept »biotope potential« a été cerné.
Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über die Beeinflussung der nichterregerspezifischen Abwehr durch Stoffwechselprodukte von Escherichia coli
Authors: Müller E. , Sonnenschein B. , Petzoldt K.
Published: August 2010

Durch Behandlung mit Colibiogen® wurde in Infektionsversuchen an Mäusen mit E. coli eine deutliche Schutzwirkung erzielt. Als Kontrolle dienten Gruppen von Tieren, die mit NaCl oder Placebo behandelt worden waren.

Die Schutzwirkung konnte durch Variation von Behandlungsdosis und Behandlungs‐zeitpunkt optimiert werden und kam sowohl in der mittleren Überlebenszeit als auch in der Uberlebensrate zum Ausdruck.

Animal experiments on the influence of non‐causal agentspecific defence by metabolic products of Escherichia coli

Treatment with Colibiogen® in infection studies with mice resulted in clear protection against E. coli. Groups of mice given NaCl or placebo served as controls.

The protective effect could be optimized by varying the dose and the time of administration and can be expressed in the form of both increase in mean survival time and in survival rate.

Estudios experimentales en animales sobre la influenciación de la defensa inespecífica de los agentes específicos por los productos metabólicos de Escherichia coli

Por medio de un tratamiento a base de Colibiógeno® se logró una acción protectora marcada en ensayos de infección en ratones con E. cob. Como testigos sirvieron grupos de animales que habian sido tratados con ClNa o placebos.

Pudo optimarse el efecto protector mediante la variación de las dosis y del momento de tratamiento, expresindose tanto en el tiempo medio de supervivencia como también en la tasa de supervivientes.
Features of compulsive checking behavior mediated by nucleus accumbens and orbital frontal cortex
Authors: Dvorkin Anna , Silva Charmaine , McMurran Thomas , Bisnaire Liane , Foster Jane , Szechtman Henry
Published: August 2010

The quinpirole sensitization model of obsessive‐compulsive disorder was used to investigate the functional role that brain regions implicated in a neuroanatomical circuit of obsessive‐compulsive disorder may play in compulsive checking behavior. Following repeated injections of saline or quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg, twice per week, ×8 injections) to induce compulsive checking, rats received N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate lesions of the nucleus accumbens core (NAc), orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and basolateral amygdala, or sham lesions. When retested at 17 days post‐surgery, the results showed effects of NAc and OFC but not basolateral amygdala lesion. NAc lesions affected measures indicative of the amount of checking behavior, whereas OFC lesions affected indices of staying away from checking. The pattern of results suggested that the functional roles of the NAc and OFC in checking behavior are to control the vigor of motor performance and focus on goal‐directed activity, respectively. Furthermore, similarities in behavior between quinpirole sham rats and saline NAc lesion rats suggested that quinpirole may drive the vigor of checking by inhibition of NAc neurons, and that the NAc may be a site for the negative feedback control of checking.
Banded and tapered estimates for autocovariance matrices and the linear process bootstrap
Authors: McMurry Timothy L. , Politis Dimitris N.
Published: August 2010

We address the problem of estimating the autocovariance matrix of a stationary process. Under short range dependence assumptions, convergence rates are established for a gradually tapered version of the sample autocovariance matrix and for its inverse. The proposed estimator is formed by leaving the main diagonals of the sample autocovariance matrix intact while gradually down‐weighting off‐diagonal entries towards zero. In addition, we show the same convergence rates hold for a positive definite version of the estimator, and we introduce a new approach for selecting the banding parameter. The new matrix estimator is shown to perform well theoretically and in simulation studies. As an application, we introduce a new resampling scheme for stationary processes termed the linear process bootstrap (LPB). The LPB is shown to be asymptotically valid for the sample mean and related statistics. The effectiveness of the proposed methods are demonstrated in a simulation study.
Anabolic–androgenic steroids and liver injury
Authors: Sánchez‐Osorio Magdalena , Duarte‐Rojo Andrés , Martínez‐Benítez Braulio , Torre Aldo , Uribe Misael
Published: August 2010

Athletes and nonathletes have been using anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) for a long time, in an inadequate and unsurveilled manner, with the aim of improving sports performance or for cosmetic purposes. AAS consumption is becoming more widespread and involving younger people, and there is a trend for self‐administration of higher doses and for combining AAS with other potentially harmful drugs. Almost any subject abusing AAS will experience adverse effects. Therefore, adverse effects from these exposures, including liver toxicity, are expected to increase in the years to come. The present manuscript describes a representative case of intrahepatic cholestasis with the intention to discuss AAS‐related liver toxicity (including the potential therapeutic role of ursodeoxycholic acid) and to comment on several aspects of the clinical scenario the gastroenterologist should be aware of.
Basal core promoter T1762/A1764 and precore A1896 gene mutations in hepatitis B surface antigen‐positive hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison with chronic carriers
Authors: Tong Myron J. , Blatt Lawrence M. , Kao Jia‐Horng , Cheng Jason Tzuying , Corey William G.
Published: August 2010

Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and specific viral factors have been identified that may increase the risk for HCC development. However, the differences in these viral factors in chronic carriers who seldom develop HCC compared with HCC patients have not been adequately evaluated.

Methods: From 1989 to 2005, 101 hepatitis B surface antigen‐positive patients presented to our clinic with HCC. Baseline basal core promoter (BCP) T1762/A1764 mutants, precore (PC) A1896 mutants, HBV genotypes and HBV DNA in HCC patients were compared with 67 chronic carriers who had been followed for a mean of 112.1±77.7 standard deviation months.

Results: At baseline, HCC patients had lower levels of serum albumin, but higher values of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin and α‐foetoprotein than those of chronic carriers (P<0.001 for all comparisons). The presence of genotype C, higher frequencies of PC A1896 mutants, BCP T1762/A1764 mutants and higher circulating levels of HBV DNA were more frequently detected in HCC patients than that in chronic carriers (P<0.001 for all observations). Logistic regression analysis revealed that BCP T1762/A1764 mutants [odds ratio (OR) 11.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.05–40.72; P<0.001] and PC A1896 mutants (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.14–12.34; P<0.05) were significantly associated with HCC development.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that the presence of BCP and PC mutations significantly increases the risk for HCC in chronic hepatitis B patients. These mutations were less often detected in chronic carriers who seldom develop HCC.
Hepatocellular carcinoma appearance in patients with hepatitis C virus‐related chronic liver disease 90 and 70 months after sustained virological response to interferon and ribavirin
Authors: Vukotic Ranka , Gramenzi Annagiulia , Vitale Giovanni , Cursaro Carmela , Serra Carla , Biselli Maurizio , Scuteri Alessandra , Andreone Pietro , Bernardi Mauro
Published: August 2010

We report here two cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 90 and 70 months, respectively, after successful treatment with interferon (IFN) and ribavirin for hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐related cirrhosis. A 50‐year‐old Caucasian man and a 66‐year‐old Caucasian woman with HCV‐related cirrhosis were treated with IFN and ribavirin and in both cases a sustained virological response (SVR) was obtained with persistent normalization of serum aminotransferases and continuous disappearance of serum HCV‐RNA. Both patients were subsequently followed up within an HCC surveillance programme based on biochemical and ultrasound (US) evaluation every 6 months and the appearance of HCC was detected 90 and 70 months, respectively, after discontinuation of therapy. We introduce these two cases to call attention to the importance of not underestimating the risk of HCC development even many years after complete HCV eradication, especially in the presence of established cirrhosis and concomitance of other risk factors for HCC.
Evolution of hepatitis C virus infection under host factor influence in an ethnically complex population
Authors: Cursino‐Santos Jeny R. , Donadi Eduardo A. , Martinelli Ana L. C. , Louzada Paulo , Martinez‐Rossi Nilce M.
Published: August 2010

Background: The ethnic influence makes it difficult to reach a consensual definition of host‐dependent genetic factors controlling the hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease course.

Aims: To investigate, in an ethnically complex Brazilian population, whether human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are associated with susceptibility to HCV infection, self‐limiting viral clearance and predisposition to chronic disease.

Methods: One hundred and four HCV‐antibody‐positive patients (stratified into groups with spontaneous viral clearance and chronic HCV infection) and 166 healthy controls were submitted to HLA genotyping.

Results: Two strong associations were observed between the susceptibility to HCV infection and DRB3 [odds ratio (OR), 4.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.40–6.77; Pc=0.0000041] and DQB1*02 (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.05–2.84; P=0.041), and between the spontaneous viral clearance and DRB1*01 (OR, 4.59; 95% CI, 1.70–12.41; P=0.003) and DQB1*03 (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.14–7.02; P=0.029). No evidence was observed regarding the epidemiology or viral genotype influence on the disease course.

Conclusion: We could confirm with a highly admixed population the association of viral clearance with two allele groups (DRB1*01 and DQB1*03) previously reported in homogeneous populations. The identification of DRB1*01 and DQB1*03 involved with self‐limiting hepatitis in different ethnic groups is a very important finding that will contribute to the current knowledge about HCV–host interaction and the development of therapeutic vaccines.
Liver transplantation and quality of life: relevance of a specific liver disease questionnaire
Authors: Gotardo Daniela R. M. , Strauss Edna , Teixeira Maria‐Cristina D. , Machado Marcel C. C.
Published: August 2010

Aim:A positive effect of liver transplantation on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) has been well documented in previous studies using generic instruments. Our aim was to re‐evaluate different aspects of HRQOL before and after liver transplantation with a relatively new questionnaire the ‘liver disease quality of life’ (LDQOL).

Methods:The LDQOL and the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaires were applied to ambulatory patients, either in the transplant list (n=65) or after 6 months to 5 years of liver transplant (n=61). The aetiology of cirrhosis, comorbidities, model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) Child–Pugh scores and recurrence of liver disease after liver transplantation were analysed using the Mann–Whitney and Kruskall–Wallis tests.

Results:In patients awaiting liver transplantation, MELD scores ≥15 and Child–Pugh class C showed statistically significant worse HRQOL, using both the SF‐36 and the LDQOL questionnaires. HRQOL in pretransplant patients was found to be significantly worse in those with cirrhosis owing to hepatitis C (n=30) when compared with other aetiologies (n=35) in 2/7 domains of the SF‐36 and in 7/12 domains of the LDQOL. Significant deterioration of HRQOL after recurrence of hepatitis C post‐transplant was detected with the LDQOL questionnaire although not demonstrated with the SF‐36. The statistically significant differences were in the LDQOL domains: symptoms of liver disease, concentration, memory and health distress.

Conclusions:The LDQOL, a specific instrument for measuring HRQOL, has shown a greater accuracy in relation to liver symptoms and could demonstrate, with better reliability, impairments before and after liver transplantation.
High incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus during or shortly after treatment with pegylated interferon α for chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Schreuder Tim C. M. A. , Gelderblom Huub C. , Weegink Christine J. , Hamann Dörte , Reesink Henk W. , DeVries J. Hans , Hoekstra Joost B. L. , Jansen Peter L. M.
Published: August 2010

Background: Development of diabetes mellitus (DM) during or shortly after treatment with interferon α (IFN‐α) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been reported sporadically. We prospectively screened for DM during and after IFN‐α therapy for chronic HCV infection.

Methods: Blood glucose levels of patients with chronic HCV infection were routinely assessed at all outpatient visits during and after treatment with pegylated‐IFN‐α (Peg‐IFN‐α) and ribavirin (Riba).

Results: Between December 2002 and October 2005, 189 non‐diabetic patients were treated with Peg‐IFN‐α/Riba, of whom five developed type 1 DM (2.6%), three type 2 DM (1.6%) and one an indeterminate type of DM. Classical symptoms of DM were present in three patients who developed DM shortly after cessation of Peg‐IFN‐α/Riba. In the other patients, symptoms of DM were either indistinguishable from side effects caused by Peg‐IFN‐α/Riba or absent.

Conclusion: Our study showed a high incidence of type 1 DM during Peg‐IFN‐α/Riba therapy for chronic HCV infection. Symptoms of DM may be absent or mistaken for Peg‐IFN‐α/Riba‐associated side effects. To diagnose DM without delay, we propose routine assessment of blood glucose at all outpatient visits during and after Peg‐IFN‐α/Riba treatment in chronic HCV patients.
Prophylaxsis against recurrance of hepatitis B virus after liver transplantation: a retrospective analysis spanning 20 years
Authors: Yilmaz Nevin , Shiffman Mitchell L. , Todd Stravitz R. , Sterling Richard K. , Luketic Velimir A. , Sanyal Arun J. , Maluf Daniel , Coterell Adrian , Posner Marc P. , Fisher Robert A.
Published: August 2010

Liver transplantation (LT) in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with a high rate of graft loss and poor survival, unless re‐infection can be prevented. Human hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) has long been utilized to prevent re‐infection. More recently, an anti‐viral agent has been utilized along with HBIG. However, the regimens utilized have varied considerably among LT programmes and the optimal regimen has never been defined. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 41 patients who underwent LT for HBV at our centre since 1985 and received either HBIG with or without an anti‐viral agent. The mean age of these patients was 46 years; 81% were male and 88% white. The mean and maximal follow‐up were 5.9 and 15 years respectively. Eight out of 15 E‐antigen‐positive patients who received HBIG alone developed recurrence after a mean of 17 months. In contrast, none of 10 E‐Ag‐negative patients who received HBIG alone and none of the 10 E‐antigen‐positive patients who received both HBIG and either lamivudine or adefovir developed recurrence. As long as the anti‐HB surface remained detectable, no absolute minimum serum level appeared to lead to recurrent HBV. We concluded that recurrence of HBV following LT can be prevented in E‐antigen‐positive patients with a combination of HBIG and an anti‐viral agent. In contrast, recurrence can be prevented in E‐antigen‐negative patients with HBIG alone. Maintaining a serum anti‐HB surface level above a minimum arbitrary titre of 200 pg/mL did not appear to be necessary for effective HBIG prophylaxis.
Effect of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors‐γ and co‐activator‐1α genetic polymorphisms on plasma adiponectin levels and susceptibility of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese people
Authors: Hui Yang , Yu‐Yuan Li , Yu‐Qiang Nie , Wei‐Hong Sha , Yan‐Lei Du , Xiao‐Bo Lai , Yong‐Jian Zhou
Published: August 2010

Background/Aims: Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors‐γ (PPAR‐γ) and its co‐activator‐1α (PGC‐1α) are involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolisms. This study aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphisms of PPAR‐γ and PGC‐1α in Chinese people and their influence on plasma adiponectin levels and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) susceptibility.

Methods: Ninety‐six patients with NAFLD and 96 healthy controls were included. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of C161T PPAR‐γand Gly482Ser PGC‐1α genes were analysed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Result: The CC, CT and TT genotypic distributions of the NAFLD group were significantly different from those of controls (55.2, 39.6, 5.2 vs. 74.0, 25.0, 1.0%; P=0.015). The allelic frequencies of C and T were also different between the two groups (P=0.004). As for the PGC‐1α gene, there was no difference of the genotypic and allelic frequencies between the two groups (P>0.05). In NAFLD patients, the plasma adiponectin concentrations were lower in the PPAR‐γ CT/TT genotypes compared with those in the CC genotype group (3.0±0.6 vs. 4.3±0.9, P=0.02). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CT/TT genotypes of PPAR‐γ, TG, waist hip ratio, hypoadiponectinaemia and homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA)‐IR were the risk factors for NAFLD.

Conclusion: SNPs in the PPAR‐γ, but not PGC‐1α, gene are associated with NAFLD susceptibility possibly through the adiponectin pathway.
Persistent hepatitis B viral replication affects recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection
Authors: Kim Beom Kyung , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Kim Ja Kyung , Kim Kyung Sik , Choi Jin Sub , Moon Byung Soo , Han Kwang Hyub , Chon Chae Yoon , Moon Young Myoung , Ahn Sang Hoon
Published: August 2010

Background: Elevated serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA increases the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Rather than instantaneous DNA level, the duration of persistent HBV replication is more important in carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, most investigators evaluated the DNA level at study entry. We assessed the effects of persistently detectable serum HBV DNA on HCC recurrence.

Patients and methods: We included 230 consecutive patients undergoing curative resection between 2000 and 2006. Patients who had antiviral therapy (at diagnosis or during follow‐up), fluctuating DNA (cut‐off value: 100 000 copies/ml) or recurrence within 12 months of resection were excluded. Ultimately, 157 were enrolled: 89 (non‐viraemia group) had consistently negative DNA (<100 000 copies/ml), while 68 (viraemia group) had consistently positive DNA (>100 000copies/ml). Serum DNA level, biochemical tests, α‐foetoprotein (AFP) and liver dynamic computed tomography were obtained every 3 months after surgery.

Results: There were no significant differences in age, gender, liver function, histology, AFP, tumour stages or follow‐up duration between the two groups. During follow‐up (median: 35 months), patients in the non‐viraemia group had a lower 5‐year cumulative recurrence rate (54.7%) than those in the viraemia group (72.9%; P=0.043). In multivariate analysis, sustained viraemia (P=0.041) increased recurrence independently.

Conclusions: Persistent viraemia increased recurrence independently after surgery. To prevent long‐term recurrences, antiviral therapy should be initiated in those with detectable serum HBV DNA.
High hepatitis C viral load is associated with insulin resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Hsu Ching‐Sheng , Liu Chun‐Jen , Liu Chen‐Hua , Wang Chia‐Chi , Chen Chi‐Ling , Lai Ming‐Yang , Chen Pei‐Jer , Kao Jia‐Horng , Chen Ding‐Shinn
Published: August 2010

Background and Aims:Although insulin resistance affects liver fibrosis progression and treatment response in chronic hepatitis C (CHC), the relationship between chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and insulin resistance (IR) remains to be firmly established. We thus studied the impact of host, metabolic and viral factors on IR in CHC patients.

Methods:A total of 162 CHC patients with complete clinical data were enrolled. Among them, 94 received histological examinations. Quantitative HCV RNA was assayed by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Genotyping was performed by reverse transcription PCR with type‐specific primers. The pretreatment IR index was determined using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and an index value of more than 2.4 was designated IR. Unadjusted and adjusted association of the HCV RNA level and IR was further analysed.

Results:In multivariate linear regression analysis, a dose–response relationship was observed between the log10 HCV RNA level and the presence of IR. IR was positively correlated with body mass index, triglyceride, HCV RNA and alanine aminotransferase levels, but negatively correlated with adiponectin level. Subgroup analysis stratified by HCV genotype showed that there was a trend towards a higher HOMR‐IR index value and lower adiponectin levels in genotype 1 patients. Histological analysis showed that IR was positively associated with the severity of hepatic steatosis.

Conclusions:Our data indicate that higher HCV RNA levels are associated with the presence of IR in CHC patients. Further studies are needed to clarify the interplays between HCV infection, IR and adiponectin in an attempt to develop new adjuvant therapy for CHC.
Transforming growth factor‐β induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition by down‐regulation of claudin‐1 expression and the fence function in adult rat hepatocytes
Authors: Kojima Takashi , Takano Ken‐ichi , Yamamoto Toshinobu , Murata Masaki , Son Seiichi , Imamura Masafumi , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Osanai Makoto , Chiba Hideki , Himi Tetsuo , Sawada Norimasa
Published: August 2010

Background/Aims: Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) initiates and maintains epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which causes disassembly of tight junctions and loss of epithelial cell polarity. In mature hepatocytes during EMT induced by TGF‐β, changes in the expression of tight junction proteins and the fence function indicated that epithelial cell polarity remains unclear.

Methods: In the present study, using primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes at day 10 after plating, in which epithelial cell polarity is well maintained by tight junctions, we examined the effects of 0.01–20 ng/ml TGF‐β on the expression of the integral tight junction proteins, claudin‐1, ‐2 and occludin, as well as the fence function.

Results: In adult rat hepatocytes, TGF‐β induced EMT, which was indicated as upregulation of Smad‐interacting protein‐1 (SIP1) and Snail and down‐regulation of E‐cadherin. Down‐regulation of claudin‐1 and upregulation of occludin were observed beginning from a low dose of TGF‐β, whereas upregulation of claudin‐2 was observed at a high dose of TGF‐β. Furthermore, treatment with TGF‐β caused disruption of the fence function, which was closely associated with the expression of claudin‐1 via p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide‐3 kinase and protein kinase C but not MAPK signalling pathways.

Conclusion: These results suggest that in mature hepatocytes in vitro, TGF‐β induces EMT by down‐regulation of claudin‐1 and the fence function via distinct signalling pathways.
Evaluation of hepatotropic targeting properties of allogenic and xenogenic erythrocyte ghosts in normal and liver‐injured rats
Authors: Gressner Olav A. , Lahme Birgit , Koch Martin , Gressner Axel M.
Published: August 2010

Background/Aims: Haemoglobin‐depleted erythrocyte ghosts have been recommended as vesicle carriers of drugs with hepatotropic properties. However, the influence of liver injury on ghost elimination and targeting has not been reported so far.

Methods: Human and rat ghosts were prepared and loaded with model substances, and the basic parameters were characterized. Ghosts were injected intravenously into rats with acute, subacute and chronic liver injuries. Elimination from circulation, organ distribution and cellular targeting was measured. The uptake of ghosts by liver macrophages/Kupffer cells was determined in cell culture.

Results: Ghosts are strong hepatotropic carriers with a recovery of 90% in normal liver. Kupffer cells are the almost exclusive target cell type. Hepatotropic properties remain in rats with chronic liver diseases, but are reduced by 60–70% in acute liver damage as a result of decline of phagocytosis of macrophages/Kupffer cells. Although the uptake of ghosts per gram liver tissue in chronic liver injury was also reduced by about 40%, the increase of liver mass and of macrophages/Kupffer cells compensated for the reduced phagocytotic activity. In subacute injury, the uptake per gram liver tissue was only moderately reduced.

Conclusion: Drug targeting with ghosts might be feasible in chronic and subacute liver injuries, e.g. fibrogenesis and tumours, because the content of ingested ghosts is released by Kupffer cells into the micro‐environment, providing the uptake by and pharmacological effects on adjacent cells.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Kim John J. , Dasika Narasimham L. , Yu Esther , Fontana Robert J.
Published: August 2010

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in liver transplant (LT) recipients with refractory ascites/variceal bleeding and to compare the observed outcomes with those obtained in cirrhotic controls.

Methods: Clinical features of 14 LT recipients referred for TIPS placement between August 1985 and September 2006 were reviewed and compared with published series and 28 cirrhotic control patients undergoing TIPS.

Results: The median age of the 14 LT recipients was 52 years, 57% had chronic hepatitis C virus and the median time from LT to TIPS placement was 46 months. Portal vein thromboses in two patients and a procedural complication in another patient precluded TIPS deployment. Among the 11 patients who completed TIPS, the mean hepatic venous pressure gradient was significantly reduced post‐TIPS (18.3 ± 6.1 to 9.0 ± 3.5 mmHg, P<0.01). However, only 50% of the patients with varices had no further bleeding and 57% of the refractory ascites patients required no further paracentesis. In addition to a single peri‐procedural death and renal failure in three others, four patients (29%) developed infection and nine (82%) developed new onset or worsening encephalopathy at a median of 11 days post‐TIPS. The 1‐year patient survival of 14% was substantially lower than that observed in other series of LT recipients (57–67%) as well as the matched cirrhotic control group undergoing TIPS (58%).

Conclusion: The frequent morbidity noted in LT recipients undergoing TIPS, coupled with the low 1‐year patient survival, demonstrates that portal decompression provides only marginal short‐term benefit in the absence of retransplantation.