bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GDF11 restricts aberrant lipogenesis and changes in mitochondrial structure and function in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Hernandez Sharik , Simoni‐Nieves Arturo , Gerardo‐Ramírez Monserrat , Torres Sandra , Fucho Raquel , Gonzalez Jonathan , Castellanos‐Tapia Lyssia , Hernández‐Pando Rogelio , Tejero‐Barrera Elizabeth , Bucio Leticia , Souza Verónica , Miranda‐Labra Roxana , Fernández‐Checa José C. , Marquardt Jens U. , Gomez‐Quiroz Luis E. , García‐Ruiz Carmen , Gutiérrez‐Ruiz María C.
Published: November 2020

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) has been characterized as a key regulator of differentiation in cells that retain stemness features. Recently, it has been reported that GDF11 exerts tumor‐suppressive properties in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, decreasing clonogenicity, proliferation, spheroid formation, and cellular function, all associated with a decrement in stemness features, resulting in mesenchymal to epithelial transition and loss of aggressiveness. The aim of the present work was to investigate the mechanism associated with the tumor‐suppressive properties displayed by GDF11 in liver cancer cells. Hepatocellular carcinoma‐derived cell lines were exposed to GDF11 (50 ng/ml), RNA‐seq analysis in Huh7 cell line revealed that GDF11 exerted profound transcriptomic impact, which involved regulation of cholesterol metabolic process, steroid metabolic process as well as key signaling pathways, resembling endoplasmic reticulum‐related functions. Cholesterol and triglycerides determination in Huh7 and Hep3B cells treated with GDF11 exhibited a significant decrement in the content of these lipids. The mTOR signaling pathway was downregulated, and this was associated with a reduction in key proteins involved in the mevalonate pathway. In addition, real‐time metabolism assessed by Seahorse technology showed abridged glycolysis as well as glycolytic capacity, closely related to an impaired oxygen consumption rate and decrement in adenosine triphosphate production. Finally, transmission electron microscopy revealed mitochondrial abnormalities, such as cristae disarrangement, consistent with metabolic changes. Results provide evidence that GDF11 impairs cancer cell metabolism targeting lipid homeostasis, glycolysis, and mitochondria function and morphology.
PD‐L1 versus tumor mutation burden: Which is the better immunotherapy biomarker in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer?
Authors: Dong Aoran , Zhao Yiming , Li Zhihua , Hu Hai
Published: November 2020

PD‐L1 and tumor mutation burden (TMB) are the most widely used immunotherapy biomarkers to identify populations who would attain clinical benefit, with the higher values predicting better therapeutic efficacy. This review addresses the predictive values and unresolved challenges of these two biomarkers. PD‐1 and PD‐L1 inhibitors have induced durable and effective responses in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer, confirmed by multiple clinical trials and real‐world studies. Different clinical trials, involving both PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors alone and combination regimens, adopted either PD‐L1 or TMB to stratify the patients, although the predictive capabilities of these two biomarkers are different. In the first‐line setting, PD‐L1 of 50% or more as a cut‐off value can help select candidates for pembrolizumab or atezolizumab monotherapy; however, these two biomarkers poorly predict the efficacy of immunotherapy combination regimens as first‐line treatments. In the second‐line setting, although patients can benefit from nivolumab regardless of PD‐L1 expression, both PD‐L1 and blood TMB can be used as biomarkers to find patients suitable for atezolizumab. Except for inaccurate predictiveness, there are many unresolved problems with regard to the two biomarkers, such as the lack of standard detection methods, and their susceptibilities to other dynamic changes. The predictive values of TMB and PD‐L1 were low in most circumstances; however, PD‐L1 expression greater than ≥ 50% can help select appropriate patients for pembrolizumab and atezolizumab, respectively, as first‐line monotherapies. Higher PD‐L1 or TMB was associated with greater efficacy for atezolizumab as a second‐line monotherapy.
Salvage living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after hepatectomy: Quantitative prediction using ADV score
Authors: Hwang Shin , Song Gi‐Won , Ahn Chul‐Soo , Kim Ki‐Hun , Moon Deok‐Bog , Ha Tae‐Yong , Jung Dong‐Hwan , Park Gil‐Chun , Yoon Young‐In , Lee Sung‐Gyu
Published: November 2020

Background

Salvage liver transplantation is a definite treatment for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy. ADV score is calculated by multiplying α‐fetoprotein and des‐γ‐carboxyprothrombin concentrations and tumor volume. Prognostic accuracy of ADV score was assessed in patients undergoing salvage living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and their outcomes were compared with patients undergoing primary LDLT.

Methods

This study was a retrospective, single‐center, case‐controlled study. Outcomes were compared in 125 patients undergoing salvage LDLT from 2007 to 2018 and in 500 propensity score‐matched patients undergoing primary LDLT.

Results

In patients undergoing salvage LDLT, median intervals between hepatectomy and tumor recurrence, between first HCC diagnosis and salvage LDLT, and between hepatectomy and salvage LDLT were 12.0, 37.2, and 29.3 months, respectively. Disease‐free survival (DFS, P = .98) and overall survival (OS, P = .44) rates did not differ significantly in patients undergoing salvage and primary LDLT. Pretransplant and explant ADV scores were significantly predictive of DFS and OS in patients undergoing salvage and primary LDLT (P < .001). DFS after prior hepatectomy (P = .52) and interval between hepatectomy and LDLT (P = .82) did not affect DFS after salvage LDLT. Milan criteria and ADV score were independently prognostic of DFS and OS following salvage LDLT, and prognosis of patients within and beyond Milan criteria could be further stratified by ADV score.

Conclusions

Risk factors and posttransplant outcomes were similar in patients undergoing salvage and primary LDLT. ADV score is surrogate biomarker for posttransplant prognosis in salvage and primary LDLT recipients. Prognostic model incorporating ADV scores can help determine whether to perform salvage LDLT.
Genetic implications in quality palliative care and preventing opioid crisis in cancer‐related pain management
Authors: Sumitani Masahiko , Nishizawa Daisuke , Hozumi Jun , Ikeda Kazutaka
Published: November 2020

The prevalence of cancer‐related pain is 64% among patients with metastatic, advanced, or terminal cancer, 59% among patients undergoing anticancer treatment, and 33% among patients who completed curative treatment. According to the World Health Organization cancer pain relief guidelines, opioid analgesics are the mainstay analgesic therapy in addition to conventional first‐step analgesics, such as non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen. The indications for strong opioids have recently been expanded to include mild‐to‐moderate pain in addition to moderate‐to‐severe pain. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines emphasize that realistic expectations should be weighed against potential serious harm from opioids, rather than relying on the unrealized long‐term benefits of these drugs. Therefore, treatment strategies for both cancer‐related chronic or acute pain have been unfortunately deviated from opioid analgesics. The barriers hindering adequate cancer‐related pain management with opioid analgesics are related to the inadequate knowledge of opioid analgesics (e.g., effective dose, adverse effects, and likelihood of addiction or tolerance). To achieve adequate opioid availability, these barriers should be overcome in a clinically suitable manner. Genetic assessments could play an important role in overcoming challenges in opioid management. To balance the improvement in opioid availability and the prevention of opioid misuse and addiction, the following two considerations concerning opioids and genetic polymorphisms warrant attention: (A) pain severity, opioid sensitivity, and opioid tolerance; and (B) vulnerability to opioid dependence and addiction.
Distinctively different predictors for long‐term outcomes between responders and nonresponders who underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Yufu Kunio , Abe Ichitaro , Kondo Hidekazu , Saito Shotaro , Fukui Akira , Okada Norihiro , Akioka Hidefumi , Shinohara Tetsuji , Teshima Yasushi , Nakagawa Mikiko , Takahashi Naohiko
Published: November 2020

Background

It is common to develop heart failure (HF) events even in respondents to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) during a long‐term observation period. We investigated the predictors for long‐term outcome in responders in comparison with nonresponders in patients diagnosed with HF along with implanted CRT.

Methods

We enrolled 133 consecutive patients (mean age, 70 ± 10 years; 72 males) implanted with CRT from April 2010 to July 2019. Accurate follow‐up information (mean follow‐up period, 983 ± 801 days) was obtained from 66 responders and 53 nonresponders.

Results

Kaplan‐Meier event‐free curves showed that major adverse cerebral and cardiovascular event (MACCE)‐free ratio was significantly lower as the stage of renal function progresses (log rank, 19.5; P < .0001). The baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (e‐GFR) before CRT was not significantly different between nonresponders and responders. The e‐GFR after judgment of CRT response was lower in patients with MACCEs than those without. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that low baseline e‐GFR before CRT and after judgment of CRT response was closely related with MACCEs in responders, but not in nonresponders. The survival rate in responders without MACCEs assessed using Kaplan‐Meier analysis was significantly larger in the preserved e‐GFR (baseline value before CRT, >44 mL/min/1.73 m2) group than in the depressed group (log rank, 20.29; P < .0001).

Conclusion

We demonstrate that the factors for MACCEs during long follow‐up periods were distinctively different between responders and nonresponders. Patients with depressed e‐GFRs are suggested to have poor prognosis even if they are responders to CRT.
When is the grass greener on the other side? A longitudinal study of the joint effect of occupational mobility and personality on the honeymoon‐hangover experience during job change
Authors: Zhou Ying , Wu Chia‐Huei , Zou Min , Williams Mark
Published: November 2020

Previous research shows that job satisfaction often increases sharply upon initial entry into the new job and gradually falls back to the baseline level over time. In this study, we propose that this ‘honeymoon‐hangover’ pattern is affected by both the direction of occupational mobility and the individual's personality in terms of extraversion and neuroticism. Drawing on the British Household Panel Survey that followed 10,000 individuals annually for 18 years, this study shows that only those who move up the occupational class ladder experience significant ‘honeymoon’ effects, while those who move downwards experience dissatisfaction that lasts for several years after the transition. While the positive effect of upward mobility is not amplified by extraversion, the negative effect of downward mobility is exacerbated by neuroticism. This study highlights the importance of taking into account both situational and dispositional factors for understanding the long‐term impact of career change on subjective well‐being.
Facing multidrug‐resistant pathogens in periprosthetic joint infections with self‐administered outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy—A prospective cohort study
Authors: Frieler Sven , Hanusrichter Yannik , Bellova Petri , Geßmann Jan , Schildhauer Thomas A. , Baecker Hinnerk
Published: November 2020

A key factor in the successful management of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) besides the surgical regime is a consistent antimicrobial therapy. Recently, oral versus intravenous (IV) antibiotics for bone and joint infection trial demonstrated the noninferiority of oral antimicrobial therapy compared to IV, implying that an early transition to oral administration is reasonable. It is likely that the international consensus meeting of musculoskeletal Infections and the European Bone and Joint Infection Society will consider these findings. However, rising levels of antimicrobial resistance are challenging and recommendations for dealing with multidrug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens resistant to oral antibiotics are lacking. This study focuses on establishing guidance towards their management in PJI. From December 2015 to June 2019, patients with MDR pathogens were included in a single‐center prospective cohort study and treated with self‐administered outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (S‐OPAT) based on a two‐stage revision strategy. Demographics, pathogens, antimicrobial agents, and outcomes were recorded. A total of 1738 outpatient days in 26 patients were analyzed. The incidence of pathogens resistant to oral antibiotics in PJI was 4%, most frequently encountered were staphylococcus epidermidis. The Kaplan–Meier‐estimated infection‐free survival after 3 years was 90% (95% confidence interval, 84.6%–95.5%). We recorded adverse events in 6 of 54 (11%) S‐OPAT episodes (3.45/1000 S‐OPAT days). (i) S‐OPAT in two‐stage revision arthroplasty to counter increasing numbers of MDR pathogens resistant to oral agents can achieve a high infection eradication rate and (ii) should therefore be taken into account at the next society's consensus treatment updates.
Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Evaluations of Zone II Partial Flexor Tendon Lacerations
Authors: Stephens Andrew R. , Buterbaugh Kristin L. , Gordon Joshua A. , Steinberg David R. , Bozentka David J. , Khoury Viviane , Kazmers Nikolas H.
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Surgical intervention for zone II high‐grade partial flexor tendon lacerations is often required when more than half of the tendon width is torn. Reliable noninvasive tests are critical for optimizing clinical decision making. Our team previously investigated the use of ultrasound (US) for identification of high‐grade zone II flexor digitorum profundus lacerations. In this study, we compared magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to US for the evaluation of high‐grade partial flexor tendon lacerations in cadaveric specimens.

Methods

Dissection of 32 digits in 8 fresh‐frozen upper extremity cadaveric specimens was performed. The flexor digitorum profundus tendons were randomized into 3 groups: intact, low‐grade laceration, and high‐grade laceration. A dynamic US examination was performed by a blinded musculoskeletal radiologist. The same specimens underwent hand coil MRI, which was read by the same blinded radiologist. Magnetic resonance imaging test performance metrics were calculated and compared to those computed for the US evaluation.

Results

For US evaluation of high‐grade lacerations, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.5 and 1.0, with positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and negative likelihood ratio (LR–) values of ∞ and 0.50, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for MRI evaluation were 0.2 and 1.0, with LR+ and LR– values of ∞ and 0.80.

Conclusions

Both US and MRI are adequate at determining the presence of a high‐grade laceration. Magnetic resonance imaging was more specific than US in identification of high‐grade partial flexor tendon lacerations. Although less specific, US is a reasonable and less‐expensive alternative to MRI when evaluating for clinically significant high‐grade partial flexor tendon lacerations.
Selective hydrogenation of α‐pinene on a nickel supported aluminophosphate catalyst: Process optimization and reaction kinetics
Authors: Yang Chen , Xiang Benfu , Jiang Lihong , Zhang Fengmei , Liu Chunbo , Wang Yaming , Zheng Yane , Liu Zhihua , He Pei
Published: November 2020

cis‐Pinane, the hydrogenation product of pinene, is a key chemical intermediate and its production is an important forest chemical process. In this study, α‐pinene was hydrogenated using a nickel‐supported aluminophosphate catalyst (Ni/APO‐PT) in the batch mode of operation. The pore structure of the catalyst was characterized, the process parameters were studied, the hydrogenation process was optimized, and the kinetic study was conducted. The results showed that the conversion of pinene was positively correlated with temperature, duration, and catalyst dosage. In contrast, the selectivity of cis‐pinane was negatively correlated with temperature and catalyst dosage. An optimization was performed using the response surface methodology (RSM). A selectivity of 96.2% was obtained with α‐pinene conversion of 98.5% under optimal conditions, that is, a temperature of 405 K, reaction time of 60 min, hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa, and catalyst loading of 3.32 wt%. The reusability of the catalyst was studied, and the catalyst was found to maintain efficient activity for seven cycles. The kinetics of hydrogenation were investigated using both linear and nonlinear methods in the absence of diffusional limitation. In the temperature range from 403 to 433 K, the hydrogenation of α‐pinene to pinane was compatible with the pseudo‐first‐order process, and the activation energies for the formation of cis‐pinane and trans‐pinane were 41.8 and 56.1 kJ/mol, respectively. This study shows that the performance of the Ni/APO‐PT catalyst is similar to that of noble metals and the catalyst has the potential for industrial applications.
Spontaneous Involution of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibromas: Report of a Case
Authors: Chua Janice T. , Choy Joseph A. , Sahyouni Ronald , Birkenbeuel Jack L. , Cheung Dillon C. , Kuan Edward C. , Bhandarkar Naveen D.
Published: November 2020

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a locally aggressive tumor that predominantly affects adolescent males. Surgical resection is generally considered the standard treatment for both primary and recurrent tumors, regardless of staging. The natural history of these tumors, particularly when untreated or in the setting of residual tumor, is not well characterized. In this article, we report a case of true spontaneous JNA involution. Although the involution of residual tumor after surgical resection has previously been reported, to our knowledge, this is the first documented case of spontaneous JNA involution following a period of tumor growth post‐treatment. Laryngoscope, 131:1455–1457, 2021
Continental margin sediments underlying the NE Pacific oxygen minimum zone are a source of nitrous oxide to the water column
Authors: Jameson Brett D. , Berg Peter , Grundle Damian S. , Stevens Catherine J. , Juniper S. Kim
Published: November 2020

Continental margin sediments are important sites of marine nitrogen cycling and potential contributors to atmospheric N2O emissions. We employed trace‐level N2O microsensors to measure vertical N2O profiles at submillimeter resolutions in intact cores from outer continental margin sediments underlying the NE Pacific oxygen minimum zone. We used mathematical modeling to estimate depth‐dependent rates of N2O production and fluxes to the overlying water along a transect of diminishing bottom water oxygen concentrations. Net sediment efflux was observed at all sites on the outer continental margin, with a mean value of 524 nmol m−2 d−1. N2O efflux increased with decreased oxygen penetration depth in sediments. Enhanced N2O production and efflux were obtained when outer continental shelf sediments were experimentally exposed to lower bottom‐water O2 concentrations, to simulate upwelling conditions. Our results underline the need for further investigation of the drivers of N2O production in continental margin sediments, and the relative importance of these environments to the global N2O budget.
Preparation of Tung Oil‐Loaded PU/PANI Microcapsules and Synergetic Anti‐Corrosion Properties of Self‐Healing Epoxy Coatings
Authors: Feng Yingying , Cui Yexiang , Zhang Mingjun , Li Meiling , Li Haiyan
Published: November 2020

Tung oil is used as a catalyst‐free repair agent. Tung oil‐loaded polyurethane (PU) microcapsules are prepared by interfacial polymerization in a SiO2‐stabilized Pickering emulsion system, polyaniline (PANI) is deposited in situ on the PU microcapsule surface, and tung oil‐loaded PU/PANI double‐layer shell microcapsules are obtained. Synthesized PU/PANI microcapsules showed the characteristic dark‐green color of conductive PANI. The average particle size is 31.1 ± 8.1 µm and the core content is 45.1 ± 4.3 wt%. The microcapsules have a good thermal stability, and the chemical structure of the PU/PANI wall and tung oil core is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared analysis. Self‐healing anti‐corrosion coatings are prepared by adding 10 wt% microcapsules into epoxy resin. The corrosion resistance properties of the self‐healing coating are evaluated by immersing scratched coatings in 10 wt% NaCl solution for 15 days. The self‐healing coating with 10 wt% tung oil‐loaded PU/PANI microcapsules have the best anti‐corrosion property, and slight corrosion do not occur until 15 days after immersion in salt solution. The self‐healing and anti‐corrosion mechanism are revealed. The tung oil core and the PANI wall of microcapsules contributed synergistically to the excellent self‐healing and anti‐corrosion properties of the coating through the formation of self‐healing films and passivation layers.
Analogies and differences between cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and hepatopulmonary syndrome
Authors: Zardi Enrico Maria , Giorgi Chiara , Dobrina Aldo , Vecile Elena , Zardi Domenico Maria
Published: November 2020

Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and hepatopulmonary syndrome are two quite frequent clinical entities that may complicate the course of liver cirrhosis. The common pathophysiological origin and the same clinical presentation make them difficult to compare. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and hepatopulmonary syndrome may start with dyspnea and breathlessness but the former is characterized by a chronic cardiac dysfunction and the latter by a defect of oxygenation due to pulmonary shunts formation. The focus is to differentiate them as soon as possible since the treatment is different until the patient undergoes liver transplant that is the real unique cure for them.
Propolis: A useful agent on psychiatric and neurological disorders? A focus on CAPE and pinocembrin components
Authors: Menezes da Silveira Cinthia C. S. , Luz Diandra A. , da Silva Carla C. S. , Prediger Rui D. S. , Martins Manoela D. , Martins Marco A. T. , Fontes‐Júnior Enéas A. , Maia Cristiane S. F.
Published: November 2020

Propolis consists of a honeybee product, with a complex mix of substances that have been widely used in traditional medicine. Among several compounds present in propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), and pinocembrin emerge as two principal bioactive compounds, with benefits in a variety of body systems. In addition to its well‐explored pharmacological properties, neuropharmacological activities have been poorly discussed. In an unprecedented way, the present review addresses the current finding on the promising therapeutic purposes of propolis, focusing on CAPE and pinocembrin, highlighting its use on neurological disturbance, as cerebral ischemia, neuroinflammation, convulsion, and cognitive impairment, as well as psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In addition, we provide a critical analysis, discussion, and systematization of the molecular mechanisms which underlie these central nervous system effects. We hypothesize that the pleiotropic action of CAPE and pinocembrin, per se or associated with other substances present in propolis may result in the therapeutic activities reported. Inhibition of the pro‐inflammatory cascade, antioxidant activity, and positive neurotrophic modulatory effects consist of the main molecular targets attributed to CAPE and pinocembrin in health benefits.
Coupled fractional differential equations involving Caputo–Hadamard derivative with nonlocal boundary conditions
Authors: Nain Ankit , Vats Ramesh , Kumar Avadhesh
Published: November 2020

This paper aims to study the sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the multipoint coupled boundary value problem of nonlinear Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equations associating with nonlocal integral boundary conditions. The required conditions are obtained by using classical results of functional analysis and fixed point theory. Furthermore, the Hyers–Ulam stability of solutions is discussed, and sufficient conditions for the stability are developed. Obtained results are supported by examples and illustrated in the last section.
A preclinical study of diffusion‐weighted MRI contrast as an early indicator of thermal ablation
Authors: Allen Steven P. , Prada Francesco , Xu Zhiyuan , Gatesman Jeremy , Feng Xue , Sporkin Helen , Gilbo Yekaterina , DeCleene Sydney , Pauly Kim Butts , Meyer Craig H.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Intraoperative T2‐weighted (T2‐w) imaging unreliably captures image contrast specific to thermal ablation after transcranial MR‐guided focused ultrasound surgery, impeding dynamic imaging feedback. Using a porcine thalamotomy model, we test the unproven hypothesis that intraoperative DWI can improve dynamic feedback by detecting lesioning within 30 minutes of transcranial MR‐guided focused ultrasound surgery.

Methods

Twenty‐five thermal lesions were formed in six porcine models using a clinical transcranial MR‐guided focused ultrasound surgery system. A novel diffusion‐weighted pulse sequence monitored the formation of T2‐w and diffusion‐weighted lesion contrast after ablation. Using postoperative T2‐w contrast to indicate lesioning, apparent intraoperative image contrasts and diffusion coefficients at each lesion site were computed as a function of time after ablation, observed peak temperature, and observed thermal dose. Lesion sizes segmented from imaging and thermometry were compared. Image reviewers estimated the time to emergence of lesion contrast. Intraoperative image contrasts were analyzed using receiver operator curves.

Results

On average, the apparent diffusion coefficient at lesioned sites decreased within 5 minutes after ablation relative to control sites. In‐plane lesion areas on intraoperative DWI varied from postoperative T2‐w MRI and MR thermometry by mm2 and mm2, respectively. The 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 quantiles of the earliest times of observed T2‐w and diffusion‐weighted lesion contrast were 10.7, 21.0, and 27.8 minutes and 3.7, 8.6, and 11.8 minutes, respectively. The T2‐w and diffusion‐weighted contrasts and apparent diffusion coefficient values produced areas under the receiver operator curve of 0.66, 0.80, and 0.74, respectively.

Conclusion

Intraoperative DWI can detect MR‐guided focused ultrasound surgery lesion formation in the brain within several minutes after treatment.
Utilizing teaching technologies for higher education in a post‐COVID‐19 environment
Authors: de Koff Jason P.
Published: November 2020

Higher education can use technology in the classroom to meet students where they are and reduce the digital divide. Recent events with the COVID‐19 pandemic forced schools to rely on multiple forms of technology and underlined the priority for its adoption and effective use. Therefore, understanding the options and role that easily accessible applications can play in the on‐ground or online classroom is an important research need. This study assessed graduate students’ perceptions of five different types of technology that were incorporated in the classroom across six different semesters. These technologies included classroom response systems, a mobile communication app, and Twitter, blogging, and video production assignments. Overall, the majority of students identified positive characteristics of all of the technology used. With respect to learning, almost all students self‐identified increases in their learning from the classroom response systems (88%), Twitter discussion (81%), blogging (93%), and video production (90%). The methods used to incorporate this technology can be applied to multiple disciplines with few or no changes, thereby making these options for many instructors interested in engaging students in digital learning environments.
Four propositions about how valuation intervenes in local environmental politics
Authors: Tadaki Marc , Sinner Jim , Šunde Charlotte , Giorgetti Annabelle , Glavovic Bruce , Awatere Shaun , Lewis Nick , Stephenson Janet
Published: November 2020

Environmental valuation provides a way of soliciting and organising information about how people relate to their environments. By canvassing a broad spectrum of human–nature relationships, valuation practice seeks to make environmental decision‐making more inclusive of diverse human concerns and aspirations.

When valuation is undertaken in real‐world decision‐making settings, choices must be made about how to adapt valuation into context. Generic guidance illuminates choices of theory and method, as well as practical issues such as cost and complexity; however, little guidance exists on how to understand and respond to the political implications of valuation in places.

To address this, we develop four propositions on how valuation intervenes into conflicted environmental decision‐making contexts, drawing on interviews with government officials and marine values‐holders from Aotearoa New Zealand's Marlborough Sounds.

Valuation intervenes in politics by (i) vesting certain scales and actors with authority, (ii) aligning with or contesting existing regulatory categories, (iii) reallocating expertise about the environment and (iv) reproducing or reworking the uneven playing field of decision‐making. Understanding these implications can support valuation practitioners to situate their work within locally relevant contexts and objectives.

These propositions provide a way of grasping the mechanisms through which valuation intervenes in local political struggles for environmental authority. Using these prompts, and developing others, can help valuation practitioners to ‘do good’ through seeking place‐based environmental justice and sustainability.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
First‐Dose Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics Versus Empiric Dosing on Area‐Under‐the‐Curve Target Attainment in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Flannery Alexander H. , Delozier Natalie L. , Effoe Samuel A. , Wallace Katie L. , Cook Aaron M. , Burgess David S.
Published: November 2020

Background

Early attainment of target area under the curve (AUC) to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratios have been associated with clinical success, as well as lower incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), in patients receiving vancomycin for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Critically ill patients are particularly vulnerable to poor outcomes from infection and face multiple risk factors for AKI, thus early precision dosing of vancomycin is vital in this population. We hypothesized that a personalized dosing approach, using vancomycin levels obtained after the first dose to guide further dosing, would be superior to empiric dosing in terms of AUC target attainment assessed at steady state (SS).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 66 critically ill adult patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit without AKI and receiving vancomycin with at least two SS concentrations obtained for AUC calculation was performed. Patients were separated into cohorts based on whether they had two concentrations assessed after the first dose of vancomycin and were subsequently dosed based on personalized pharmacokinetic calculations (first‐dose kinetics) or whether they were empirically dosed using population estimates. The primary outcome was AUC target attainment (400–600 mg hour/L) at SS.

Results

Compared with patients receiving empiric dosing by population estimates, using first‐dose kinetics to guide subsequent dosing resulted in significantly greater AUC target attainment at SS (58.6% first‐dose vs 32.4% empiric; p=0.033). Patients dosed empirically yielded more variable AUC values across a wide range compared with the first‐dose kinetics group (coefficient of variation 40.7% empiric vs 26.1% first‐dose). There was no difference in AKI up to 48 hours after SS concentrations between the two dosing schemes.

Conclusions

A dosing strategy using two vancomycin serum concentrations after the first dose and calculating personalized pharmacokinetic parameters to guide subsequent dosing is associated with greater AUC target attainment at SS compared with empiric dosing of vancomycin in critically ill adults with relatively stable renal function.
Application of Phosphorus‐Doped Polysilicon‐Based Full‐Area Passivating Contact on the Front Textured Surface of p‐Type Silicon
Authors: Ding Don , Zhuang Yufeng , Cui Yanfeng , Zhang Yueheng , Li Zhengping , Zhang Xiongwei , Ji Zhengxiang , Wang Dong , Wan Yimao , Shen Wenzhong
Published: November 2020

A p‐type crystalline silicon (c‐Si) passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) nowadays have become mainstream in the highly competitive photovoltaic market. Herein, the recently popular passivating contact concept on the front textured surface of p‐type c‐Si PERC solar cells is applied. The full‐area textured passivating contact consists of an ultrathin SiO2 film of ≈1.5 nm thickness grown with thermal oxidation and phosphorus‐doped polysilicon (poly‐Si) contact layer by low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition. A detailed investigation of poly‐Si with different crystalline structures, doping conditions, and thicknesses on the passivation effect and parasitic absorption loss is carried out. Preliminary achievement of 21.3% efficiency is realized in large‐area (244.3 cm2) p‐PERC c‐Si solar cells without the need for additional laser selective redoping. Theoretical calculation expects that the cell efficiency can be enhanced to 23.4% by decreasing the recombination current to a reasonable level. It is demonstrated that further improvement of low‐cost p‐PERC c‐Si solar cells is feasible using the full‐area textured passivating contact processes which are fully compatible with existing production lines.
Determination of perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in drinking water samples using automated solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Xin , Qiu Changling , Ullah Rahmat , Pohl Chris , Liu Yan
Published: November 2020

A new analytical method was developed to extract and determine 25 perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl substances from aqueous samples using an automated solid phase extraction system and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Full method validation including assessment of background signal, lowest concentration minimum reporting level, calibration, limit of quantitation, precision, and accuracy was performed. The analysis of drinking water samples was performed for all target analytes. This method also incorporates the use of isotope dilution in which isotopically labeled analogs of the target analytes are added to the sample prior to extraction in a known amount to correct for sample matrix interference and improve data quality. We demonstrated that the automated solid‐phase extraction system provided reliable extraction of the target perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl substances analytes from large‐ of use, reduced human errors, avoidance of massive lab contaminations and saving up to 50% operational time to manual operation while ensuring high reproducibility and productivity for analytical testing laboratories.
Importance of the Daily Light Cycle in Population–Habitat Relations: A Simulation Study
Authors: Railsback Steven F. , Harvey Bret C. , Ayllón Daniel
Published: November 2020

Salmonids adaptively select when in the daily light cycle to feed, and they use different habitat at different times of day; however, the data and methods used to evaluate management actions like instream flows and restoration projects typically consider daytime only. Our new model, inSTREAM 7, lets us investigate how management decisions might change if we consider the full daily light cycle. The model explicitly represents the effects of light intensity on feeding efficiency, predation risk, and, therefore, foraging behavior. We simulated trout population response to a range of flows at restored and unrestored sites by using model versions that represented one (daytime only), two (day and night), and four (dawn, day, dusk, and night) light phases per day. Inclusion of night and crepuscular phases in the model produced important changes in results: it allowed model trout to convert improved growth conditions to increased survival by feeding less often during the day. This adaptive ability produced sharper population responses to habitat improvements. Crepuscular phases can be important because they let trout feed in the same higher‐velocity habitat used in daylight but with reduced predation risk. Analyses of parameter uncertainty and circadian cycles in food availability indicated that simulated population responses of management importance are not sensitive to details of how light affects feeding and predation risk. We suggest ways to consider night and crepuscular periods in management decision making and monitoring even without complex simulations.
Beyond good and bad
Authors: Barlassina Luca ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2020

Evaluativism by Carruthers and reflexive imperativism by Barlassina and Hayward agree that valence—the (un)pleasantness of experiences—is a natural kind shared across all affective states. But they disagree about what valence is. For evaluativism, an experience is pleasant/unpleasant in virtue of representing its worldly object as good/bad; for reflexive imperativism, an experience is pleasant/unpleasant in virtue of commanding its subject to get more/less of itself. I argue that reflexive imperativism is superior to evaluativism according to Carruthers's own standards. He maintains that a theory of valence should account for its phenomenology and role in imagination-based decision-making. I show that it is reflexive imperativism, rather than evaluativism, that fits this explanatory bill.
RuII and RuIII Chloronitrile Complexes: Synthesis, Reaction Chemistry, Solid State Structure, and (Spectro)Electrochemical Behavior
Authors: Scharf Sebastian , Kovalski Eduard , Rüffer Tobias , Hildebrandt Alexander , Lang Heinrich
Published: November 2020

The synthesis of [Ti6O4(OiPr)8(O2CPh)8] (3) and [RuCl(N≡CR)5][RuCl4(N≡CR)2] (4a, R = Me; 4b, R = Ph), [Ru(N≡CPh)6][RuCl4(N≡CPh)2] (5) and [H3O][RuCl4(N≡CMe)2] (7a) is discussed. Crystallization of 5 from CH2Cl2 gave trans‐[RuCl2(N≡CPh)4] (6). The solid‐state structures of 3, 4a,b, 5, 6 and 7a are reported. Complex 4b forms a 3D network, while 6 displays a 2D structure, due to π‐interactions between the benzonitrile ligands. The (spectro)electrochemical behavior of 4a,b and 6 was studied at 25 and –72 °C and the results thereof are compared with [NEt4][RuCl4(N≡CMe)2] (7b) and [RuCl(N≡CPh)5][PF6] (8). The electrochemical response of the cation and the anion in 4a,b are independent from each other. [RuCl(N≡CR)5]+ possesses one reversible RuII/RuIII process. However, [RuCl4(N≡CMe)2]– was shown to be prone to ligand exchange and disproportionation upon formation of either a RuIV and RuII species at 25 °C, while at –72 °C the rapid conversion of the electrochemically formed species is hindered. In situ IR and UV/Vis/NIR studies confirmed the respective disproportionation reaction products of the aforementioned oxidation and reduction, respectively.
Transport Properties of Ag‐doped ZnSb
Authors: Eklöf Daniel , Fischer Andreas , Grins Jekabs , Scherer Wolfgang , Häussermann Ulrich
Published: November 2020

The intermetallic compound ZnSb is a (II‐V) narrow gap semiconductor with interesting thermoelectric properties. Electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, thermopower and thermal conductivity were measured up to 400 K on Ag‐doped samples with concentrations 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 at.%, which were consolidated to densities in excess of 99.5 % by spark plasma sintering. The work confirms a huge improvement of the thermoelectric Figure‐of‐merit, ZT, upon Ag doping. The optimum doping level is near 0.5 at.% Ag and results in ZT values around 1.05 at 390 K. The improvement stems from a largely decreased resistivity, which in turn relates to an increase of the hole charge carrier concentration by two orders of magnitude. It is argued that Ag can replace minute concentrations of Zn (on the order of 0.2 at.%) in the crystal structure which enhances the intrinsic impurity band of ZnSb. Excess Ag was found to segregate in grain boundaries. So the best performing material may be considered as a composite Zn~0.998Ag~0.002Sb/Ag~0.003.
Women Participation in Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration for Climate Resilience: Laisamis, Marsabit County, Kenya
Authors: Ojuok Irene , Ndayizigiye Tharcisse
Published: November 2020

Despite the fact that land degradation is both natural and human-induced, it is proven that human activities pose greatest threat and these include unsustainable land management practices such as destruction of natural vegetation, overcultivation, overgrazing, poor land husbandry, and excessive forest conversion. Other than reduced productivity, land degradation also leads to socioeconomic problems such as food insecurity, insufficient water, and regular loss of livestock which exacerbate poverty, conflicts, and gender inequalities that negatively impact mostly women and children especially the rural population. Increased efforts by governments, donors, and partners toward reversing land degradation through community-led, innovative, and effective approaches therefore remain to be crucial today than never before!

Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) is a proven sustainable land management technology to restore degraded wasteland and improve depleted farmland. This approach has been tested across Africa with high success rates. In spite of the huge local, regional, and global efforts plus investments put on promoting FMNR across different landscapes among vulnerable communities for climate resilience, the implementation of such projects has not been as successful as intended due to slow women uptake and participation in the approach. In order of ensuring women who are mostly at highest risk to impacts of climate change enjoy the multiple benefits that come along with FMNR, the success rate for uptake of FMNR especially among women need to be enhanced.

This chapter seeks to explore drivers and barriers of women participation in uptake of FMNR for climate resilience. Findings will be shared from a 3-year project dubbed Integrated Management of Natural Resources for Resilience in ASALs and a Food and Nutrition project both in Laisamis, Marsabit County, Kenya. The program interventions on natural resource management for livelihoods seek to integrate gender and conflict prevention and prioritize sustainable, market-based solutions to address the persistent challenges. The chapter discusses findings, successes, and lessons learned from the actions and the requirement to position women as vulnerable groups at the center of initiatives designed to address the climate change crisis. The outcome of this chapter will enhance gender-responsive FMNR programing through awareness creation, effective organization/project designs, strategies, and plans together with advocacy and policy influence. Limitations of the study and main recommendations for future programing in similar contexts are also shared.
Comments on the stability of the KPV state
Authors: Nguyen Nam
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Using the blackfold approach, we study the classical stability of the KPV (Kachru-Pearson-Verlinde) state of anti-D3 branes at the tip of the Klebanov-Strassler throat. With regards to generic long-wavelength deformations considered, we found no instabilities. We comment on the relation of our results to existing results on the stability of the KPV state.
Global and segmental absolute stress myocardial blood flow in prediction of cardiac events: [15O] water positron emission tomography study
Authors: Harjulahti Esa , Maaniitty Teemu , Nammas Wail , Stenström Iida , Biancari Fausto , Bax Jeroen J. , Knuuti Juhani , Saraste Antti
Published: November 2020

Purpose

We evaluated the value of reduced global and segmental absolute stress myocardial blood flow (sMBF) quantified by [15O] water positron emission tomography (PET) for predicting cardiac events in patients with suspected obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

Global and segmental sMBF during adenosine stress were retrospectively quantified in 530 symptomatic patients who underwent [15O] water PET for evaluation of coronary stenosis detected by coronary computed tomography angiography.

Results

Cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or unstable angina occurred in 28 (5.3%) patients at a 4-year follow-up. Reduced global sMBF was associated with events (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.622, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.538–0.707, p = 0.006). Reduced global sMBF (< 2.2 ml/g/min) was found in 22.8%, preserved global sMBF despite segmentally reduced sMBF in 35.3%, and normal sMBF in 41.9% of patients. Compared with normal sMBF, reduced global sMBF was associated with the highest risk of events (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 6.970, 95% CI 2.271–21.396, p = 0.001), whereas segmentally reduced sMBF combined with preserved global MBF predicted an intermediate risk (adjusted HR 3.251, 95% CI 1.030–10.257, p = 0.044). The addition of global or segmental reduction of sMBF to clinical risk factors improved risk prediction (net reclassification index 0.498, 95% CI 0.118–0.879, p = 0.010, and 0.583, 95% CI 0.203–0.963, p = 0.002, respectively).

Conclusion

In symptomatic patients evaluated for suspected obstructive CAD, reduced global sMBF by [15O] water PET identifies those at the highest risk of adverse cardiac events, whereas segmental reduction of sMBF with preserved global sMBF is associated with an intermediate event risk.