bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La dimensión axiológica de la Cultura de Paz
Authors: Silva Erwin
Published: February 2014

Este artículo es un breve análisis de los principios y valores de la Cultura de Paz presentes en los textos normativos, declaraciones y programas de acción de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas y la posibilidad de enseñarlos a las futuras generaciones. En lo fundamental se trata de mostrar los valores universales de la cultura de la paz constituidos en estos documentos que nos permiten ver esta dimensión valórica necesaria para establecer un nuevo paradigma global y pacifico de la convivencia humana. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1292 Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; 6-12
Cultura y desarrollo Un nuevo paradigma
Authors: Parajón Francisco José Lacayo
Published: February 2014

Francisco Lacayo Parajón pasa revista a grandes paradigmas que han calado profundamente en el pensamiento y práctica social en nuestra historia, mostrando sus límites, necesidad de reinvención y de nuevos contratos con la sociedad. Rescata la cultura superando el status y papel que históricamente se le ha asignado para revalorarla y colocarla como soporte sustancial- en cuanto representa las nuevas riquezas del futuro – del desarrollo económico y social, lo cual no significa que estos sean su primera y única razón. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1294 Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; 18-32
Pintura Fresca Vol.19 No.61
Authors: Editor The
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1295 Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; 21-24
Eros Vita Lumen “A mano limpia” de Carlos Perezalonso
Authors: Silva Erwin
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1296 Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; 33-37
El Esencialismo y la esencialidad del arte pictórico
Authors: Rodríguez Gilberio
Published: February 2014

Desde la perspectiva de la fenomenología y la hermética, Gilberto Rodolfo Rodríguez, artista y pensador nicaragüense, miembro activo de la Policía Nacional de Nicaragua con grado de Capitán, incursiona en la reflexión sobre la esencia del arte y su relación con una escuela de pensamiento que él denomina el esencialismo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1297 Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; 38-41
Flexibility of Theory of Mind in a Matrix Game When the Opponent’s Level Changes
Authors: Li Jing , Liu Xi-Ping , Tang Wei-Hai
Published: February 2014

This study used a matrix game to explore adolescents’ and young adults’ flexibility of theory of mind (ToM) and to examine whether prediction could promote a person’s ToM reasoning when the opponent’s level of ToM changed during the course of the game. A total of 202 participants of different ages (13, 16, 19, and 24 years) were presented with the task. Results showed that the ToM flexibility in prediction and decision making was not significantly different across the age groups. A person’s flexibility of ToM was better when the opponent’s level was stable than when the level changed. It was even more difficult for a person to adapt when the opponent changed from a higher-order to lower-order level. The results showed prediction to be a kind of information clue that would prompt people to think further. It is both feasible and discriminative to explore even higher levels of ToM with matrix games.
Flexibility of Temporal Order in Musical and Linguistic Recognition
Authors: Rabinovitz Brian E. , Peynircioglu Zehra F.
Published: February 2014

In Experiments 1-3 participants heard pairs of audio clips, each corresponding to half of a phrase (linguistic or musical), in a forward direction or a backward direction, where the second half came first. They judged whether the second clip was from a familiar source or from the same source as the first clip. In both tasks participants were faster and more accurate when the clips were from the same source and faster with linguistic stimuli. Longer temporal distances impaired performance, although greater flexibility was shown with linguistic materials. In Experiment 4, single extended clips were played in temporal or scrambled order. Judgments of familiarity were slower with scrambled song melodies than with instrumental melodies, and processing of music was disrupted more than that of language when temporal order was violated. These results suggest that semantic meaning enhances processing of temporal order information and modulates access.
Polyurea Liner Rehabilitates Drinking Water Pipeline
Authors: Peloquin Michel , Weisenberg Kent
Published: February 2014

Facing rehabilitation of a large‐diameter transmission line, Tacoma Water opted to use a unique robotically installed, self‐supporting polymer pipe liner. The project and results met the utility's criteria for an inexpensive solution that minimized customer and environmental impact.
Biosensors Connect Nature and Technology
Authors: Schreppel Connie K. , Genung Shawn
Published: February 2014

Organisms living in water have a voice, and biosensors are interpreting what's being said.
The City, the Country, and Toronto’s Bloor Viaduct, 1897–1919
Authors: Murnaghan Ann Marie F.
Published: February 2014

There are certain structures in cities that exemplify the grandiose designs of the city builders at the turn of the twentieth century. The Prince Edward or Bloor Viaduct is one of these structures crossing Toronto’s key landform, the Don Valley, immortalized in Michael Ondaatje’s In the Skin of a Lion. Plans to build the bridge emerged as early as 1897, although the construction did not begin until 1913. The Bloor Viaduct can help us consider the progressive era by examining how discussions of nature/culture and country/city were incorporated into the discourses of its planning and construction. Technically, the bridge was an engineering feat spanning three valleys, making east-west travel in the growing city more efficient, improving the transportation of food and lumber. Symbolically, this monument highlighted the ability to overcome nature with a bridge and bring an aestheticized nature to the city. This contradiction between overcoming and improving access to nature is built into the bridge’s planning and construction history. By exploring the symbolic and material aspects of this bridge, the contradictions of nature in the process of nation building appear more striking.
Conjunctival dysplasia in pterygium – case report
Authors: Amidžić Ljilja
Published: February 2014

The study concerns a 65-year-old female patient with pterygium of right eye and histologically verified conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. The lesion was diagnosed as pterygium and treated surgically. Histological examination of the excised material found the presence of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. The significance of this case report is in pointing out the presence of morphological changes in pterygium that may precede the development of squamocellular carcinoma of the conjunctiva and the
necessity of histological examination of all excised pterygia.
A lipid bound actin meshwork organizes liquid phase separation in model membranes
Authors: Honigmann Alf , Sadeghi Sina , Keller Jan , Hell Stefan W , Eggeling Christian , Vink Richard
Published: February 2014

The eukaryotic cell membrane is connected to a dense actin rich cortex. We present FCS and STED experiments showing that dense membrane bound actin networks have severe influence on lipid phase separation. A minimal actin cortex was bound to a supported lipid bilayer via biotinylated lipid streptavidin complexes (pinning sites). In general, actin binding to ternary membranes prevented macroscopic liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered domain formation, even at low temperature. Instead, depending on the type of pinning lipid, an actin correlated multi-domain pattern was observed. FCS measurements revealed hindered diffusion of lipids in the presence of an actin network. To explain our experimental findings, a new simulation model is proposed, in which the membrane composition, the membrane curvature, and the actin pinning sites are all coupled. Our results reveal a mechanism how cells may prevent macroscopic demixing of their membrane components, while at the same time regulate the local membrane composition.
Evaluations of pure zinc sulfide crystal scintillator
Authors: Yanagida Takayuki , Fujimoto Yutaka
Published: February 2014

Optical and scintillation properties of pure ZnS single crystal were examined. ZnS showed ∼70% optical transmittance in wavelength longer than 350 nm. In X- and α-ray induced radioluminescence spectra, intense emission peaks at 440 and 520 nm were observed. The origin of the former and the latter emission peaks were ascribed to zinc vacancy and sulfur vacancy, respectively. The temperature dependence of X-ray radioluminescence was investigated and intensities of both emission peaks monotonically decreased in higher temperatures. Finally, the absolute scintillation light yield of pure ZnS turned out to be 500 photons/5.5 MeV-α.
Metal organic chemical vapor deposition growth of high density InAs/Sb:GaAs quantum dots on Ge/Si substrate and its electroluminescence at room temperature
Authors: Rajesh Mohan , Tanabe Katsuaki , Kako Satoshi , Kawaguchi Kenichi , Nishioka Masao , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: February 2014

We report on the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of high density InAs/Sb:GaAs quantum dots (QDs) on Ge/Si substrate and its electroluminescence (EL) characteristics at room temperature (RT). High density (above 4 × 1010 cm−2 per layer) QDs with low coalescence emitting in the 1.3 µm band at RT with a full width and half maximum of ∼42 meV were obtained. RT EL at 1.24 µm was observed from a double heterostructure, containing eight-layer stacked InAs/Sb:GaAs QD active region. These results are promising for the realization of monolithically integrated QD laser for silicon photonics application.
High-temperature characteristics and stability of Cu/diamond Schottky diodes
Authors: Ueda Kenji , Kawamoto Keita , Asano Hidefumi
Published: February 2014

The high-temperature electrical characteristics and stability of Cu/diamond Schottky diodes were examined and compared with those of Schottky diodes using Ag and Ni electrodes. The Cu/diamond Schottky diodes exhibited clear rectification up to 700 °C, indicating that high-temperature operation is possible using these diodes. This is thought to be due to their large Schottky barrier height of ∼1.6 eV. The high-temperature stability of the Cu/diamond Schottky diodes was better than that for diodes using Ag or Ni, probably because of less interfacial reaction or interdiffusion between the Cu and diamond.
Mechanical stabilities of ultrasonic Al ribbon bonding on electroless nickel immersion gold finished Cu substrates
Authors: Park Semin , Nagao Shijo , Sugahara Tohru , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: February 2014

Metal ribbon wiring attracts much attention for next-generation power-electronics interconnection technology, which requires wider capacity of electrical current in smaller package. The bonding methods of metal ribbons are to be optimized suitable for the larger bonding area than conventional thin string wires. We here use ultrasonic bonding for Al ribbon (1500 × 200 µm2) on to electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) finished copper substrate, and optimize the bonding process parameters to minimize the heat damage with sufficient bonding strength. The effect of the process parameters of ultrasonic power, bonding time and normal bonding force on bond formation at ambient temperatures have been investigated with field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Au–Al interfaces were characterized by FE-SEM following pull- and shear-test to effect separation of the bond joints. Bond stabilities were evaluated by lift-off phenomenon and fracture morphology after pull- and shear-test. The highest bonding strength indicated at 20 W (ultrasonic power), 1.8 s (bonding time), and 800 mN (normal bonding force). In this bonding condition, relative motion was occurred from center of gross sliding area over 60%. Based on those result, we confirmed the excellent ribbon bonding conditions and investigated bonding mechanism involved in relative motion.
Developments in Transnational Research Linkages: Evidence from U.S. Higher-education Activity
Authors: Koehn Peter H.
Published: February 2014

In our knowledge-driven era, multiple and mutual benefits accrue from transnational research linkages. The article identifies important directions in transnational research collaborations involving U.S. universities revealed by key dimensions of 369 projects profiled on a U.S. higher-education association’s database. Project initiators, principal research fields, regional and country distributions, and the sources and amounts of funding for different types of transnational research activity are selected for analysis. The balanced total portfolio of reported current research projects by region suggests that U.S. university principal investigators increasingly recognize the value of collaborative knowledge generation in the Global South as well as in other OECD countries. The data also show concentrations in the distribution of transnational research projects by principal field of activity that could exacerbate intra-regional asymmetries. The multi-institutional data draw attention to the often unnoticed, but vital, role that higher-education institutions play in supporting transnational research endeavors that address issues of current and future global concern. The conclusion considers wider implications for higher-education involvement in transnational knowledge generation and calls for increased symmetry in collaborative research ventures.
Understanding the role of organizational factors in shaping the research careers of women academics in higher education
Authors: Ion Georgeta
Published: February 2014

This paper represents an attempt to make a theoretical contribution to its knowledge base through an analysis of the group factors which contribute to the success of women academics engaged in research within the area of social sciences. The data were obtained through a series of in-depth interviews carried out at public universities in Catalonia, with women academics –all of whom were the heads of research groups recognized by the Generalitat [Regional Government] of Catalonia. The findings indicate that research groups provide a supportive and effective environment for female researchers enabling them to develop their academic careers, as measured by such key performance indicators as the number of publications and successful applications for research funding.
An interdisciplinary study in initial teacher training
Authors: Rada Virginia Larraz , de Aldecoa Cristina Yáñez , Cervera Mercè Gisbert , Vidal Cinta Espuny
Published: February 2014

This experiment of innovative university education shows the interdisciplinary work carried out in the studies of the Bachelor of Science in Education at the University of Andorra. The study was developed within two subjects: Communication Technology (TAC) and Cultural Heritage Education in Andorra.

The main objective of this experiment is to foster the use of technological resources and digital materials, with the aim of drawing cultural heritage closer to the classroom. Based on a previous study of documentation and an analysis of online educational materials, the students have to design an e-book, which is understood to be digital material in the curricular field of cultural heritage. This digital material is a didactic proposal that focuses on the construction of knowledge by primary school students. During the elaboration of the materials the instructors introduce follow-up activities. The results of the experiment show that, from an interdisciplinary approach, and a problem-solving, learning-centered methodology, specific and transferable abilities in initial teacher training can be studied and evaluated.
Predictability of the quasi‐biennial oscillation and its northern winter teleconnection on seasonal to decadal timescales
Authors: Scaife Adam A. , Athanassiadou Maria , Andrews Martin , Arribas Alberto , Baldwin Mark , Dunstone Nick , Knight Jeff , MacLachlan Craig , Manzini Elisa , Müller Wolfgang A. , Pohlmann Holger , Smith Doug , Stockdale Tim , Williams Andrew
Published: February 2014

The predictability of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) is examined in initialized climate forecasts extending out to lead times of years. We use initialized retrospective predictions made with coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate models that have an internally generated QBO. We demonstrate predictability of the QBO extending more than 3 years into the future, well beyond timescales normally associated with internal atmospheric processes. Correlation scores with observational analyses exceed 0.7 at a lead time of 12 months. We also examine the variation of predictability with season and QBO phase and find that skill is lowest in winter. An assessment of perfect predictability suggests that higher skill may be achievable through improved initialization and climate modeling of the QBO, although this may depend on the realism of gravity wave source parameterizations in the models. Finally, we show that skilful prediction of the QBO itself does not guarantee predictability of the extratropical winter teleconnection that is important for surface winter climate prediction.
Laccase and Laccase‐Mediated Systems in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds
Authors: Mogharabi Mehdi , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali
Published: February 2014

Laccase, a blue multicopper oxidase, has recently received considerable attention because of its usefulness in oxidizing phenolic and non‐phenolic compounds, as well as its suitability for organic synthesis, environmental pollutant treatment, and other biotechnological applications. This review covers recent studies on the structural properties, occurrence, reaction mechnisms, redox mediators of laccases and their application in organic synthesis procedures, such as dimerization, polymerization, oxidation, and amination. We also present a brief discussion on laccase activity in non‐aqueous media. Given that the development of green protocols for the synthesis of pure compounds is one of the main goals of sustainable chemistry, the exploitation of laccases is expected to remain one of the most popular directions in future biocatalysis research.

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Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Benzofuranones
Authors: Li Yao , Li Xin , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: February 2014

The chiral benzofuranone structural motif is a prominent feature in many natural products, which exhibit a broad range of biological and pharmaceutical activities. In the past few years, a survey of chiral benzofuranone derivatives based on asymmetric catalysis reveals an increasing number of papers, which reflects the latest achievements to facilitate the synthesis of sufficient quantities of related compounds as potential medicinal agents and biological probes. Recent advances in this area are summarized and classified according to the structure of the starting substrate.

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2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐para‐benzoquinone (DDQ)/Methanesulfonic Acid (MsOH)‐Mediated Intramolecular Arene‐Alkene Oxidative Coupling
Authors: Kim Ko Hoon , Lim Cheol Hee , Lim Jin Woo , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: February 2014

An efficient intramolecular arene‐alkene oxidative coupling of 1,4‐diaryl‐1,3‐butadienes has been developed involving the use of a 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐para‐benzoquinone (DDQ)/acid catalyst. The reaction involves the generation of a radical cation by abstraction of an electron from the substrate with DDQ, an intramolecular Friedel–Crafts‐type reaction, and the loss of hydrogen radical.

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Aerobic expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin efficiently reduces overflow metabolism in Escherichia coli
Authors: Pablos Tania E. , Sigala Juan Carlos , Le Borgne Sylvie , Lara Alvaro R.
Published: February 2014

Overflow metabolism is a prevalent problem for aerobic cultivations of Escherichia coli. Although several process and molecular approaches have been applied to prevent overflow metabolism, these approaches often result in reductions in growth rate, biomass yield or accumulation of other byproducts. In this report, we present an alternative approach based on increasing the efficiency of aerobic metabolism by the expression of the Vitreoscilla stercoraria hemoglobin (VHb) to avoid overflow metabolism. VHb is expected to increase the consumption of NADH in the respiratory chain, leading to increased activity of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This would result in a faster consumption of acetyl Co‐A and a decrease in acetate production. When this strategy was tested in E. coli strains, acetate production decreased by 50% in MG1655 and more than 90% in W3110, without affecting growth rates or biomass yields. VHb expression in mutant strains with higher TCA activity and reduced acetate formation resulted in a significant increase in growth and glucose consumption rates, whereas acetate production did not increase. The results presented here show that enhancing the efficiency of aerobic metabolism is a valuable approach to avoid overflow metabolism in E. coli and to attain high cell densities in batch mode.
Antibody and inflammatory response‐mediated severity of pandemic 2009 (pH1N1) influenza virus
Authors: Tiwari Nivedita , Kapoor Prerna , Dhole Tapan N.
Published: February 2014

Influenza A virus causes significant morbidity and mortality each year worldwide due to antigenic drift, punctuated by infrequent pandemics following antigenic shift. H1N1 subtype of pandemic 2009 (pH1N1) influenza virus lineages has continued to circulate in humans and raised severe concerns about its pandemic developments. The pathogenesis of the disease and its progression as post‐infectious sequelae is not well understood. Moderate inflammatory response protects against the ill effects and hyper‐inflammatory response promotes the pathogenesis in disease progression. Samples were screened by RT‐PCR and classified in pandemic 2009 (pH1N1), Influenza A virus infected patient. Further antibody titer was analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition assay and cytokine/chemokine response by Cytometric bead array assy. Screening of 216 patients shows 63 were belongs to pH1N1 influenza virus infection and 47 were Influenza A virus infected and 106 samples were negative for these viruses, were used as a disease control. Apart from that 100 samples were taken for healthy control. Lower antibody titer was found in patient infected with pH1N1/Influenza A virus and expression of cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐10) and chemokine MCP‐1 was higher in patient infected with pH1N1 compare to healthy/disease control however there was no significant difference observed in the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and antiviral cytokine IFN‐γ in pH1N1 influenza virus infected patients. J. Med. Virol. 86:1034–1040, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anisotropic shearlet transforms for L2
Authors: Czaja Wojciech , King Emily J.
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we present a new anisotropic generalization of the continuous shearlet transformation. This is achieved by means of an explicit construction of a family of reproducing Lie subgroups of the symplectic group. We study the properties of this new family of anisotropic shearlet transformations. In particular, we provide an analog of the Calderón admissibility condition for anisotropic shearlet reproducing functions.
Random attractors for stochastic reaction‐diffusion equations with multiplicative noise in
Authors: Wang Gang , Tang Yanbin
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we study the random dynamical system generated by a stochastic reaction‐diffusion equation with multiplicative noise and prove the existence of an ‐random attractor for such a random dynamical system. The nonlinearity f is supposed to satisfy some growth of arbitrary order .
Incident severe thrombocytopenia in veterans treated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Hermos John A. , Quach Lien , Gagnon David R. , Weber H. Christian , Altincatal Arman , Cho Kelly , Lawler Elizabeth V. , Grotzinger Kelly M.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

We sought to determine the incidence and risks for severe thrombocytopenia (platelets < 50 000/μL) in United States Veteran patients treated with pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) plus ribavirin for hepatitis C virus‐positive (HCV) chronic liver disease (CLD).

Methods

Using a retrospective, observational cohort study design to analyze databases from the New England Veterans Healthcare System, we identified 979 patients diagnosed with HCV‐positive CLD treated solely with PEG‐IFN plus ribavirin. The cohort was stratified by pre‐treatment platelet counts of 50 000–100 000/μL (N = 90), >100 000–150 000/μL (N = 162), and >150000μL (N = 727). The cumulative incidence of severe thrombocytopenia and major bleeding events were determined for each baseline platelet group for 48 weeks following treatment initiation. Multivariable Cox regression was used to identify risk factors for incident severe thrombocytopenia.

Results

Overall, severe thrombocytopenia occurred in 6.1% (N = 60), but in 41.1% of patients with pre‐treatment platelet counts 50 000–100 000/μL compared with 11.7% (p < 0.001) and 0.55% (p < 0.001) in the two higher pre‐treatment platelet groups. Most episodes occurred within the first 12 weeks of treatment. Median nadir count for these 60 patients was 35 000/μL (inter‐quartile range 28 000, 44 000). Baseline platelet counts of 50 000–100 000/μL [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 3.81; 95%CI = 2.07–7.00] and hemoglobin <10 g/dL (adjusted HR = 3.39; 95%CI = 1.45–7.960) associated with severe thrombocytopenia. Major bleeding events during the 48‐week observation period were rare (N = 5, 0.51%).

Conclusions

The incidence of severe thrombocytopenia in a large, observational cohort of veteran patients with HCV CLD treated with PEG‐IFN plus ribavirin was 6.1%. Low pre‐treatment platelet counts and hemoglobin levels associated with early, incident severe thrombocytopenia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degradation of transient OFF‐state leakage current in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs induced by ON‐state gate overdrive
Authors: Li Baikui , Jiang Qimeng , Liu Shenghou , Liu Cheng , Chen Kevin J.
Published: February 2014

The degradation of transient OFF‐state leakage current in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs induced by ON‐state gate overdrive was observed and studied. The OFF‐state leakage current increases significantly with a pre‐ ON‐state gate overdrive. It takes more than 30 s for the leakage current decay to its equilibrium level in dark. The decay processes follow a stretched‐exponential law. We propose that this degradation corresponds to the persistent photoconductivity of GaN buffer induced by the electroluminescence during the Schottky gate overdrive. Both the ON‐state gate overdrive bias and duration dependences of the OFF‐states leakage degradation were studied. This work indicates that gate‐protection is necessary to preserve low OFF‐state leakage current and improve device reliability. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of freestanding {20$ \bar 2 $1} GaN substrates by HVPE using SiO2 masked GaN templates
Authors: Yamane Keisuke , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Furuya Hiroshi , Inagaki Takashi , Okada Narihito , Tadatomo Kazuyuki
Published: February 2014

We fabricated freestanding {20‐21}GaN substrates by a combination of selective area growth on patterned sapphire substrates by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and epitaxial lateral overgrowth by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The surface roughening and crack generation during the HVPE growth were successfully suppressed by the formation of SiO2 striped mask perpendicular to the a‐axis on the MOVPE‐grown {20‐21} GaN template. The HVPE‐grown {20‐21} GaN thick layer was polished by the chemical mechanical polishing and epi‐ready GaN substrates were obtained. Finally, a standard LED structure with InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells was fabricated on our {20‐21} GaN substrate by MOVPE. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Robust decentralized output regulation with single or multiple reference signals for uncertain heterogeneous systems
Authors: Liu Hui , De Persis Claudio , Cao Ming
Published: February 2014

We consider the problem in which N coupled heterogeneous uncertain linear systems aim at tracking one or more reference signals generated by given exosystems under the restriction that not all the systems are directly connected to the exosystems. To tackle this problem, the reference signals are reconstructed via local interaction of the systems among themselves and the exosystems in accordance with the given communication graph. Then, decentralized robust controllers using the reconstructed reference signals are designed and shown to result in a closed‐loop system whose outputs track the prescribed reference signals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A game theoretic truthful reputation mechanism in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Zhou Wei , Wei Zhiqiang , Ren Xiangjun , Kang Mijun
Published: February 2014

Reputation models in mobile ad hoc networks are confronted with the problem of strategically reporting dishonest recommendations given by a selfish group whose purpose is to maximize its benefit. To solve this problem, a truthful and group strategyproof reputation mechanism based on cooperative game theory is proposed in this paper. We first study two supermodular total compensatory payment functions. On the basis of the selection game, we construct a corresponding indirect revelation mechanism and a direct revelation mechanism called claiming compensation mechanism, which is proved to be group strategyproof. Then we choose the extended Shapley value as the concrete compensatory payment scheme and propose an algorithm to generate possible outcome groups for the claiming compensation mechanism. Simulation results show that when we use the total compensatory payments function, which does not relate to cost values, the proposed mechanism is group strategyproof. Finally, all possible situations for a liar are demonstrated and discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reputation‐based cross‐layer intrusion detection system for wormhole attacks in wireless mesh networks
Authors: Karri Ganesh Reddy , Santhi Thilagam P.
Published: February 2014

Wireless mesh networks provide long‐distance wireless network connectivity over heterogeneous devices for greater scalability and availability. However, protecting legitimate long‐distance wireless links from wormhole attacks is an important yet challenging security issue in wireless mesh networks. In this paper, we propose a reputation‐based cross‐layer intrusion detection system to effectively detect various wormhole attacks. The proposed system analyses the behaviours of the routing paths in wireless mesh networks to correctly isolate the malicious wormhole paths from legitimate long‐distance wireless links. It uses reputation and cross‐layer parameters for comprehensive ability to isolate the wormhole attacks in routing paths. This isolation ensures full utilisation of legitimate long‐distance wireless links in wireless mesh networks, which is not possible with the existing wormhole attack detection approaches. Experimental results show that the proposed system increases the detection rate, decreases the false alarm rate, and secures legitimate long‐distance wireless links in wireless mesh networks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of Simplified Analogs of the NaturalPKCLigands, Bryostatin‐1 and Aplysiatoxin
Authors: Irie Kazuhiro , Yanagita Ryo C.
Published: February 2014

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play central roles in signal transduction on the cell surface and could serve as promising therapeutic targets of intractable diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although naturalPKCligands like phorbol esters, ingenol esters, and teleocidins have the potential to become therapeutic leads, most of them are potent tumor promoters in mouse skin. By contrast, bryostatin‐1 (bryo‐1) isolated from marine bryozoan is a potentPKCactivator with little tumor‐promoting activity. Numerous investigations have suggested bryo‐1 to be a promising therapeutic candidate for the above intractable diseases. However, there is a supply problem of bryo‐1 both from natural sources and by organic synthesis. Recent approaches on the synthesis of bryo‐1 have focused on its simplification, without decreasing the ability to activatePKCisozymes, to develop new medicinal leads. Another approach is to use the skeleton of naturalPKCligands to develop bryo‐1 surrogates. We have recently identified 10‐methyl‐aplog‐1 (26), a simplified analog of tumor‐promoting aplysiatoxin (ATX), as a possible therapeutic lead for cancer. This review summarizes recent investigations on the simplification of naturalPKCligands, bryo‐1 andATX, to develop potential medicinal leads.
Gold‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions for Synthesis of Carbo‐ and Heterocycles: Selectivity and Diversity
Authors: Qian Deyun , Zhang Junliang
Published: February 2014

This account describes our recent efforts devoted to gold chemistry since 2009. Based on furyl–Au 1,3‐dipole analogues and related gold carbene intermediates, a rich variety of gold‐catalyzed cascade reactions have been developed, which provide facile access to a diverse range of novel carbo‐ and heterocycles. In these reactions, the selectivity can be well controlled by the catalyst (ligand and metal), substrate or reagent. In addition, we have also developed the corresponding enantioselective variants, which are guided by bis(phosphinegold) complexes derived from axially chiral scaffolds and asymmetric gold/chiral Brønsted acid relay catalysis.
Anti‐cancer drug KP1019 modulates epigenetics and induces DNA damage response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Singh Vikash , Azad Gajendra Kumar , Mandal Papita , Amarendar Reddy M. , Tomar Raghuvir S.
Published: February 2014

KP1019 comprises a class of ruthenium compounds having promising anticancer activity. Here, we investigated the molecular targets of KP1019 using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. Our results revealed that in the absence of the N‐terminal tail of histone H3, the growth inhibitory effect of KP1019 was markedly enhanced. Furthermore, H3K56A or rtt109Δ mutants exhibit hypersensitivity for KP1019. Moreover, KP1019 evicts histones from the mononucleosome and interacts specifically with histone H3. We have also shown that KP1019 treatment causes induction of Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) genes and degradation of Sml1p. Our results also suggest that DNA damage induced by KP1019 is primarily repaired through double‐strand break repair (DSBR). In summary, KP1019 targets histone proteins, with important consequences for DNA damage responses and epigenetics.
Water Plants
Authors: Arber Agnes
Published: February 2014

Agnes Arber (1879–1960) was a prominent British botanist specialising in plant morphology and comparative anatomy. In 1946, she became the first female botanist to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. First published in 1920, this volume provides a detailed anatomical study of aquatic flowering plants, with a discussion of their evolutionary history. Arber describes the general anatomical and reproductive organs, life histories and physiological adaptations of aquatic plants in detail, with interpretations informed from her previous experimental work. The final section of this volume discusses the evolutionary history of aquatic plants in the light of affinities to terrestrial flowering plants. Arber's account of aquatic plants was the first general description of these plants published, and provides a classic example of the comparative anatomy studies which were central to botanical investigation during the early twentieth century. An extensive bibliography and over 170 illustrations are included in this volume.
Fungi
Authors: Gwynne-Vaughan Helen
Published: February 2014

Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan (1879–1967) was a prominent British mycologist, specialising in the sexual process of fungi. In 1909 she was appointed Head of the Department of Botany at Birkbeck College, becoming Professor of Botany when Birkbeck College joined the University of London in 1920. This volume was first published in 1922 as part of the Cambridge Botanical Handbooks series. The introduction provides a detailed description of the structure, sexual reproduction, parasitism and symbiosis of all fungi, with subsequent chapters describing fully the morphology and reproduction of genera within the phylum ascomycetes and the orders ustilaginales and uredinales on which Gwynne-Vaughan based her research. Illustrations and a bibliography accompany each chapter. This volume provides an insight into the study of mycology in the early twentieth century, before technological advances in the field of cytology revolutionized the discipline.
A Shepherd's Life
Authors: Hudson William Henry
Published: February 2014

William Henry Hudson (1841–1922) was an Argentinian-born American naturalist and author, who moved to England in 1874, and became known for his writings on natural history, both Argentine and English, and for his work with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. He travelled the country, observing wildlife and rural life in general, and won high praise both for his work as a naturalist and for his literary style. A Shepherd's Life, published in 1910, contains his impressions of the Wiltshire Downs - the people, places, wildlife and history - which are enhanced by numerous line-drawings. The central character of the book, Caleb Bawcombe, an elderly shepherd, is fictitious, but clearly based on real people Hudson had talked to in Wiltshire, and the overall picture is of continuing closeness to nature, despite enormous changes in agricultural practice, in rural societies at the end of the nineteenth century.
Mental Evolution in Animals
Authors: Romanes George John , Darwin Charles
Published: February 2014

George John Romanes (1848–94), considered by The Times to be 'the biological investigator upon whom in England the mantle of Mr. Darwin has most conspicuously descended', wrote this influential work on the evolution of the mental faculties of animals in 1883. The two scientists were close friends, and Darwin gave Romanes his notes on psychology to use in his studies. Much of the book is devoted to instinct, and contained in the appendix is a posthumous essay by Darwin on the subject, originally intended for a later edition of On the Origin of Species. Romanes' method of using anecdotal evidence over empirical research has been criticised, but this book stands as an influential work in the history of evolutionary biology; it was followed in 1888 by his Mental Evolution in Man (also reissued in this series), which discussed some of the most important issues of nineteenth-century evolutionary psychology.
Mental Evolution in Man
Authors: Romanes George John
Published: February 2014

George John Romanes (1848–94) was considered by The Times to be 'the biological investigator upon whom in England the mantle of Mr. Darwin has most conspicuously descended'. Incorporating some of Darwin's unpublished notes, this book explores the question of whether human intelligence evolved. In a stance still often considered controversial at the time of its first printing in 1888, the first half establishes a link between humans and animals, and introduces some of the most important issues of nineteenth-century evolutionary psychology: the impact of relative brain sizes of humans and primates, the origin of self-consciousness and the possible reasons behind the apparent mental stasis of what Romanes terms 'savage man'. Following the argument that one of the main factors to be considered is language, the second half focuses on philology. Romanes' earlier work, Mental Evolution in Animals (1883), is also reissued in this series.
Icones Plantarum
Authors: Hooker William Jackson
Published: February 2014

This world-famous work was begun by Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865) in 1837, and the ten volumes reissued here were produced under his authorship until 1854, at which point his son, Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911) continued the work of publication. Hooker's own herbarium, or collection of preserved plant specimens, was so extensive that at one point he stored it in one house and lived in another; it was left to the nation on his death. Each volume contains 100 line drawings of plants, and each is accompanied by a full Latin description, with notes in English on habitat and significant features. The order of the plants in each volume is not systematic, but two 'indexes' at the beginning provide plant lists, in alphabetical order and 'arranged according to the natural orders'.
A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive
Authors: Mill John Stuart
Published: February 2014

This two-volume work, first published in 1843, was John Stuart Mill's first major book. It reinvented the modern study of logic and laid the foundations for his later work in the areas of political economy, women's rights and representative government. In clear, systematic prose, Mill (1806–73) disentangles syllogistic logic from its origins in Aristotle and scholasticism and grounds it instead in processes of inductive reasoning. An important attempt at integrating empiricism within a more general theory of human knowledge, the work constitutes essential reading for anyone seeking a full understanding of Mill's thought. Volume 1 contains Mill's introduction, which elaborates upon his definition of logic as 'not the science of Belief, but the science of Proof, or Evidence'. It also features discussions of the central components of logical reasoning - propositions and syllogisms - in relation to Mill's theories of inductive reasoning and experimental method.
Large aperture N31 neodymium phosphate laser glass for use in a high
power laser facility
Authors: Hu Lili , Chen Shubin , Tang Jingping , Wang Biao , Meng Tao , Chen Wei , Wen Lei , Hu Junjiang , Li Shunguang , Xu Yongchun , Jiang Yasi , Zhang Junzhou , Jiang Zhonghong
Published: February 2014

Large aperture Nd:phosphate laser glass is a key optical element for an inertial
confinement fusion (ICF) facility. N31, one type of neodymium doped phosphate
glasses, was developed for high peak power laser facility applications in China. The
composition and main properties of N31 glass are given, together with those of LHG-8,
LG-770, and KGSS-0180 Nd:phosphate laser glasses, from Hoya and Schott, and from
Russia. The technologies of pot melting, continuous melting, and edge cladding of
large size N31 phosphate laser glass are briefly described. The small signal gain
profiles of N31 glass slabs from both pot melting and continuous melting at various
values of the pumping energy of the xenon lamp are presented. N31 glass is
characterized by a stimulated emission cross section of $3.8 \times 10^{{-20}}\ \text {cm}^{{2}}$ at 1053 nm, an absorption coefficient of 0.10–0.15% $\text {cm}^{{-1}}$ at laser wavelength, small residual stress around the interface
between the cladding glass and the laser glass, optical homogeneity of $\sim $2 $\times $ $10^{{-6}}$ in a 400 mm aperture, and laser damage threshold larger
than $42\ \text {J/cm}^{{2}}$ for a 3 ns pulse width at 1064 nm wavelength.
Iron supplementation promotes gut microbiota metabolic activity but not colitis markers in human gut microbiota-associated rats
Authors: Dostal Alexandra , Lacroix Christophe , Pham Van T. , Zimmermann Michael B. , Del'homme Christophe , Bernalier-Donadille Annick , Chassard Christophe
Published: February 2014

The global prevalence of Fe deficiency is high and a common corrective strategy is oral Fe supplementation, which may affect the commensal gut microbiota and gastrointestinal health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of different dietary Fe concentrations on the gut microbiota and gut health of rats inoculated with human faecal microbiota. Rats (8 weeks old,n40) were divided into five (n8 each) groups and fed diets differing only in Fe concentration during an Fe-depletion period (12 weeks) and an Fe-repletion period (4 weeks) as follows: (1) Fe-sufficient diet throughout the study period; (2) Fe-sufficient diet followed by 70 mg Fe/kg diet; (3) Fe-depleted diet throughout the study period; (4) Fe-depleted diet followed by 35 mg Fe/kg diet; (5) Fe-depleted diet followed by 70 mg Fe/kg diet. Faecal and caecal samples were analysed for gut microbiota composition (quantitative PCR and pyrosequencing) and bacterial metabolites (HPLC), and intestinal tissue samples were investigated histologically. Fe depletion did not significantly alter dominant populations of the gut microbiota and did not induce Fe-deficiency anaemia in the studied rats. Provision of the 35 mg Fe/kg diet after feeding an Fe-deficient diet significantly increased the abundance of dominant bacterial groups such asBacteroidesspp. andClostridiumcluster IV members compared with that of an Fe-deficient diet. Fe supplementation increased gut microbial butyrate concentration 6-fold compared with Fe depletion and did not affect histological colitis scores. The present results suggest that Fe supplementation enhances the concentration of beneficial gut microbiota metabolites and thus may contribute to gut health.
Diversity, distribution and status of bats on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: Aul Bandana , Bates P.J.J. , Harrison D.L. , Marimuthu G.
Published: February 2014

Information on the bat fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was limited previously to the results of sporadic surveys, with no specific focus on the habitats or distribution of the species. We carried out the first extensive survey of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands during 2003–2006, covering 40 islands. Our objective was to map the bat species, their habitats and distribution. This resulted in identification of 25 bat species representing 13 genera, location of > 300 roosts and validation of previously recorded species. Notable findings included the rediscovery of the endemic Nicobar flying foxPteropus faunulusafter a century and its extinction from the type locality on Car Nicobar Island, the sighting of an albinoHipposideros diadema nicobarensisfrom Katchal Island, and the first records ofRhinolophus yunanensis, Murina cyclotisandHipposideros larvatusfrom the Andaman Islands, andTaphozous melanopogon, Murina cyclotis, Pipistrellusspp.,Myotis horsfieldii dryasandCynopterus brachyotisfrom the Nicobar Islands. Threats to the bat fauna appear to be primarily roost disturbance and hunting for sport. Anthropogenic pressure on species ofPteropusis high as hunting occurs throughout the year. Secondary sources and our field observations confirmed the decline ofPteropusin several islands as a result of hunting and alteration to habitats. We introduced a community initiative to monitor and protect roosts and foraging sites close to settlements in the Nicobar Islands. Priorities identified for conservation of the bat fauna of the archipelagos are mitigation of threats to flying foxes and cave dwelling bats, initiation of research on endemic bat species such asP. faunulus, and a voluntary ban by local communities on hunting in specific areas and seasons.