bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation mechanism of Al2O3‐YAG amorphous ceramic coating deposited via atmospheric plasma spraying
Authors: Zhang Zheyi , Ai Yizhaotong , Zhong Xinghua , Zhuang Yin , Sheng Jing , Ni Jinxing , Tao Shunyan , Yang Kai
Published: November 2021

Al2O3‐YAG (Al5Y3O12) amorphous ceramic coatings exhibit excellent crack propagation resistance under harsh wear services due to the amorphous phase contributing to the plastic deformation performance of the coating. However, the formation mechanism of the amorphous phase is ambiguous. This study mainly investigated the formation mechanism of Al2O3‐YAG amorphous coating prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying from the perspective of crystallization chemistry. Nano and microsized powders with low eutectic point ratio were selected as feedstock for comparison. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and electron backscattered diffraction were used to analyze the phase composition, morphologies, phase distribution, and structure of the coating. It is concluded that the significant thermodynamically stable structure of polycompound with high coordination numbers of cations prioritized crystallizing in the Al2O3‐YAG melt, but it needed more time to crystallize and hardly crystallized in the limited time during plasma spraying. Therefore, the selection of as‐sprayable powder should also be considered the critical factor for preparing amorphous coatings. The nanoscale or submicro scale powder distributed uniformly with low eutectic point ratio was chosen as the feedstock to ensure the powder droplets diffuse sufficiently during deposition.
Proton‐pump inhibitor use and the risk of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis
Authors: Walia Nirbaanjot , Rao Nisha , Garrett Michael , Yates Karen , Malone Sarah , Holmes Christian
Published: November 2021

Background

The use of proton‐pump inhibitors (PPI) has been associated with an increased risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis. Whether PPI use confers a similar risk in developing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients remains unclear.

Aim

To assess whether PPI use is associated with an increased risk of PD peritonitis.

Methods

Patients on PD were retrospectively identified. Data such as PPI use during PD, underlying diagnoses, comorbidities, and baseline serum tests were collected. Univariable and multivariable analysis was conducted using logistic regression to assess whether PPI use and other factors were associated with PD peritonitis.

Results

Fifty‐seven patients were identified with a median (interquartile range (IQR)) age of 65.0 (51.5–74.0) years. The median (IQR) time on PD was 29.0 (17.5–45.0) months. Twenty‐eight patients were on a PPI during PD. Fifty‐seven percent of the PPI group went on to develop peritonitis, compared with 31% of patients without PPI exposure (odds ratio (OR) = 2.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 8.78; P = 0.050). Months on PD (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.06; P = 0.026), serum urea (OR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.97; P = 0.017), congestive cardiac failure (OR = 5.44; 95% CI: 1.29, 23.00; P = 0.021) and renovascular disease (OR = 14.59; 95% CI: 1.68, 126.67; P = 0.015) were identified as possible risk factors for peritonitis on univariable analysis. Following adjustment for covariates, serum urea, but not PPI use, was associated with PD peritonitis (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.98; P = 0.020).

Conclusion

PPI use during PD was not associated with peritonitis. Due to the small number of patients and the limited number of studies investigating the effect of PPI use on PD peritonitis, further research is needed.
Family‐based treatments for disruptive behavior problems in children and adolescents: An updated review of rigorous studies (2014–April 2020)
Authors: Sheidow Ashli J. , McCart Michael R. , Drazdowski Tess K.
Published: November 2021

Disruptive behavior problems in youth are common and costly, lead to adverse outcomes, and are often left untreated. This article builds on previous work by providing an updated evaluation of family‐based treatments based on results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for three populations: (1) children with disruptive behavior, (2) adolescents with disruptive behavior, and (3) adolescents with juvenile justice involvement. Using a comprehensive process, 28 new reports on 27 RCTs were identified for the 2014–April 2020 period, which when combined with the prior evidence base of all rigorous RCTs, resulted in 3 well‐established, 11 probably efficacious, and 7 possibly efficacious family‐based treatment categories. Many of the RCTs lent further support to existing treatment categories, more countries were represented, and several RCTs incorporated technology. Notable issues that remain include a limited number of family‐based treatments for adolescents and for youth with juvenile justice involvement, as well as methodological concerns.
Paediatric nurses' burnout, quality of life and perceived patient adverse events during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Testing an integrated model using structural equation modelling
Authors: Khatatbeh Haitham , Al‐Dwaikat Tariq , Rababah Jehad , Oláh András , Pakai Annamária
Published: November 2021

Purpose

A model was hypothesised by integrating two theoretical models: the compassion satisfaction‐compassion fatigue and empowerment models. This study aimed to assess the extent to which this integrated model can explain the relationships between paediatric nurses' burnout quality of life, perceived patient safety and work‐related variables during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

Nurses' burnout is negatively associated with quality of life (QOL) and positively with patient safety. Several theoretical models were introduced to explain burnout determinants and outcomes such as Golembiewski, Munzenrider and Stevenson model, Leiter and Maslach's process model, and Lee and Ashforth's model. However, few models described burnout in relation to QOL or patient safety.

Methods

A sample of 225 paediatric nurses responded to questionnaires about burnout, QOL, adverse events and work‐related variables. Compassion satisfaction ‐ compassion fatigue and empowerment models were integrated into a single model and tested using structural equation modelling analysis. This study was prepared and is reported according to the STROBE checklist.

Results

The final model explained 65% of the variance of burnout and 37% of the variance of QOL. The work‐related variables (co‐workers' support, job satisfaction, satisfaction with the monthly salary, participation in continuous education and exposure to violence) are predicting paediatric nurses' burnout and quality of life.

Conclusion

The Compassion satisfaction ‐ compassion fatigue ‐Empowerment integrated model allows for assessing the different paths in the relationship between work‐related variables and burnout.

Relevance to clinical practice

These results might be essential for nursing managers to develop strategies that improve nurses' work environment and minimise their burnout during COVID‐19 pandemic. These strategies should focus on enhancing co‐workers' support, job satisfaction and participation in continuous education. Furthermore, paediatric nurses should be protected from any violence.
Research progress on diarrhoea and its mechanism in weaned piglets fed a high‐protein diet
Authors: Xia Jiangying , Fan Haoyue , Yang Ju , Song Tianhao , Pang Lianfeng , Deng Huidan , Ren Zhihua , Deng Junliang
Published: November 2021

In order to pursue faster growth and development of weaned piglets, increased dietary protein (CP) levels were favoured by the pig industry and the feed industry. The digestive organs of piglets were not fully developed at weaning, and the digestive absorption capacity of protein was limited. High‐protein diets can cause allergic reactions in piglets, destroy intestinal structural integrity, reduce immunity, and cause intestinal flora imbalance. Undigested proteins were prone to produce toxic substances, such as ammonia and biogenic amines, after fermentation in the hindgut, which negatively affects the health of the intestine and eventually causes reduced growth performance and diarrhoea in piglets. This review revealed the mechanism of diarrhoea caused by high‐protein diets in weaned piglets and provided ideas for preventing diarrhoea in weaned piglets.
Addressing urban disorder without police: How Seattle'sLEADprogram responds tobehavioral‐health‐relateddisruptions, resolves business complaints, and reconfigures the field of public safety
Authors: Stuart Forrest , Beckett Katherine
Published: November 2021

Since the late twentieth century, as part of a broad effort to maximize the profitability of commercial spaces and address the complaints of business interests, cities have increasingly criminalized the presence and behavior of populations perceived as disorderly. The resulting police interactions produce a range of deleterious outcomes, particularly for individuals contending with mental health and substance use disorders, homelessness, and other behavioral health concerns. Against this backdrop, we provide a case study of Let Everyone Advance with Dignity (LEAD), a novel public safety intervention developed in Seattle, Washington. LEAD diverts businesses' disorder complaints from police and 911 toward program personnel who provide long‐term harm reduction services and resources. LEAD's non‐punitive approach has demonstrated success in reducing the harms of criminalization, improving individual outcomes, satisfying business grievances, and, more broadly, disrupting the defining logic and practices of neoliberal urbanism. LEAD's successes carry theoretical implications, demonstrating the need for nonpolice alternatives to reconfigure the organizational field of public safety by intervening into the longstanding coalition between businesses and police. The LEAD model also offers insights about the concrete steps necessary to ensure public safety and community vitality without police involvement.
Global epidemiological burden of fungal infections in cirrhosis patients: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Verma Nipun , Singh Shreya , Singh Manvi , Chauhan Anil , Pradhan Pranita , Jaiswal Nishant , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Singh Meenu
Published: November 2021

Background and Aims

Fungal infections (FIs) have serious implications, yet understated in cirrhosis. Therefore, we reviewed the epidemiology and trends of FIs among cirrhotics.

Methods

Four electronic databases were searched for full‐text articles describing prevalence of FIs in cirrhosis. Studies from post‐transplant, malignancy and classical‐immuno‐deficiency patients were excluded. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was done to pool estimates of FIs (overall, and by type and infection‐site), and their variation(I2) was explored on moderator‐analysis and meta‐regression. Risk of bias and asymmetry in estimates was assessed by a checklist and Egger's regression, respectively.(CRD42019142782).

Results

Thirty‐four low‐risk and four moderate‐risk studies (31 984 cirrhotics) were included. Pooled estimates of overall FIs (17 studies), invasive fungal infections (IFIs; 17 studies), invasive candidiasis (23 studies) and invasive aspergillosis (16 studies) in cirrhosis were 10.2%(6.0‐16.9), 9.5%(5.4‐16.2), 4.0%(2.0‐8.0) and 2.8%(1.5‐5.3), respectively (I2 > 90%;each). Site of FIs in decreasing order of pooled prevalence was pulmonary, urinary tract, bloodstream, peritoneal, oesophageal and cerebral. Geographic differences in these estimates were remarkable, with highest burden of overall FIs from Belgium, the United States and India. Non‐albicans‐Candida and Aspergillus infections have increased over the last decade in cirrhosis. Intensive‐care‐unit (ICU)‐admitted and acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients had the highest prevalence of IFIs. MELD score(cases), bias score and sample size across studies were the predictors of variance in overall FI estimates. Diabetes, steroid and broad‐spectrum antibiotic‐exposure, and multiple organ failures were the common predispositions reported in patients with FIs.

Conclusions

FIs impose a substantial burden in cirrhosis. ACLF and ICU admission should be considered as a host factor for defining IFIs. Epidemiology of FIs can guide interpretation of biomarkers and antifungal treatment in cirrhosis.
For Better or For Worse: Impacts of IoT Technology in e‐Commerce Channel
Authors: Sun Can , Ji Yonghua
Published: November 2021

Internet of Things (IoT) technology utilizes sensors and other internet‐enabled devices to collect and share data. It is widely regarded as a disruptive technology that brings tremendous opportunities to supply chain members. This study uses a game‐theoretical model to study an e‐commerce setting in which an online platform provides IoT infrastructure and a manufacturer sells its products on the platform. Our work examines the interaction among the manufacturer's IoT investment decision, the platform's choice of pricing models, and the platform's transfer payment strategy. We solve the model analytically and obtain several interesting findings. Our study shows that the manufacturer in a wholesale pricing model is more likely to invest, and invests more, in IoT technology than in an agency one. One surprising finding is that both the manufacturer and the channel performance could be hurt by an increase in IoT technology value in certain situations. Also surprisingly, even having the option of investing in IoT technology by the manufacturer can make both the manufacturer and the channel performance worse off. Therefore, the advancement of IoT technology might not benefit either manufacturers or the whole industry, although e‐commerce platform giants and the news media have been advocating the benefits of IoT technology enthusiastically in recent years. Our results should concern both device manufacturers who contemplate adopting or have adopted IoT technology and policymakers who are interested in overall channel performance.
Post‐castration prostatic involution: A morphometric and endocrine study of healthy canines and those with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Cazzuli Guillermo , Damián Juan Pablo , Molina Estela , Pessina Paula
Published: November 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of castration on dimensions of the prostate by B‐mode ultrasound for 90 days, as well as to evaluate changes in serum concentrations of testosterone and oestradiol in clinically healthy canines and those with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Three groups of animals were used: healthy canines castrated on day 0 (HCC, n = 8), canines with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPHC, n = 9) castrated on day 0 and healthy uncastrated canines (IHCC, n = 10). Prostate size was obtained by B‐mode ultrasound, while blood samples were collected (days 0, 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 post‐castration) to determine the serum testosterone and oestradiol concentration. Castration did not affect serum oestradiol concentrations. Castration led to a decrease in serum testosterone (reaching values <20 ng/dl in the first week, p < .05), causing a gradual decrease in dimensions of prostate parameters relative to body weight (p < .05). Canines with BPHC had similar prostate dimensions as the IHCC group 2 weeks post‐castration. In relation to the prostate's relative parameters, the decrease with time was greater in canines with BPHC than those in the HCC group. When evaluating parameters as a percentage of relative change, the decrease with time was similar in both castrated groups, except for relative length percentage, which presented a more pronounced decline in BPHC canines than HCC canines. In conclusion, castration is an effective, fast and long‐lasting treatment for canine patients with BPH, as it causes a rapid decrease in blood testosterone concentrations and a decrease in glandular volume, but does not affect serum oestradiol concentrations. This study did not determine the mechanisms of action, but allowed us to observe (based on morphometric variables) that characteristics of prostate involution after castration differed between canines with BPH and healthy canines.
New species of Oribatella (Acari, Oribatida, Oribatellidae) from Peru
Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Subías Luis S. , Shtanchaeva Umukusum Ya.
Published: November 2021

Two new species of oribatid mites of the genus Oribatella (Oribatida, Oribatellidae)—O. friedrichi sp. nov. and O. cornuta sp. nov.—are described from soil and leaf litter of the primary evergreen lowland rainforest in Amazonian Peru. An identification key to known species/subspecies of Oribatella from the Neotropical region is presented.
Response to Comments on “Designing river flows to improve food security futures in the Lower Mekong Basin”
Authors: Holtgrieve G. W. , Arias M. E. , Ruhi A. , Elliott V. , Nam So , Ngor Peng Bun , Räsänen T. A. , Sabo J. L.
Published: November 2021

Sabo
et al
. presented an empirically derived algorithm defining the socioecological response of the Tonle Sap Dai fishery in the Cambodian Mekong to basin-scale variation in hydrologic flow regime. Williams suggests that the analysis leading to the algorithm is flawed because of the large distance between the gauge used to measure water levels (hydrology) and the site of harvest for the fishery. Halls and Moyle argue that Sabo
et al
.’s findings are well known and contend that the algorithm is not a comprehensive assessment of sustainability. We argue that Williams’ critique stems from a misunderstanding about our analysis; further clarification of the analysis is provided. We regret not citing more of the work indicated by Halls and Moyle, yet we note that our empirical analysis provides additional new insights into Mekong flow-fishery relationships.
Many roads to convergence
Authors: Nagy László G.
Published: November 2021

Plant genomes highlight complex mechanisms behind evolutionary convergence
Characterization of Pathogenic CD8
+
T cells in Chlamydia-Infected OT1 Mice
Authors: Zhou Zengzi , Tian Qi , Wang Luying , Sun Xin , Zhang Nu , Xue Min , Xu Dabao , Zhong Guangming
Published: November 2021

Chlamydia trachomatis
is a leading infectious cause of infertility in women due to its induction of lasting pathology such as hydrosalpinx.
Chlamydia muridarum
induces mouse hydrosalpinx because
C. muridarum
can both invade tubal epithelia directly (as a first hit) and induce lymphocytes to promote hydrosalpinx indirectly (as a second hit). In the current study, a critical role of CD8
+
T cells in chlamydial induction of hydrosalpinx was validated in both wild type C57BL/6J mice and OT1 transgenic mice.
Union Is Strength: Target-Based and Whole-Cell High-Throughput Screens in Antibacterial Discovery
Authors: Landeta Cristina , Mejia-Santana Adrian
Published: November 2021

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest global health challenges today. For over 3 decades, antibacterial discovery research and development have been focused on cell-based and target-based high-throughput assays.
Bringing sedimentology and stratigraphy into the StraboSpot data management system
Authors: Duncan Casey J. , Chan Marjorie A. , Hajek Elizabeth , Kamola Diane , Roberts Nicolas M. , Tikoff Basil , Walker J. Douglas
Published: November 2021

The StraboSpot data system provides field-based geologists the ability to digitally collect, archive, query, and share data. Recent efforts have expanded this data system with the vocabulary, standards, and workflow utilized by the sedimentary geology community. A standardized vocabulary that honors typical workflows for collecting sedimentologic and stratigraphic field and laboratory data was developed through a series of focused workshops and vetted/refined through subsequent workshops and field trips. This new vocabulary was designed to fit within the underlying structure of StraboSpot and resulted in the expansion of the existing data structure. Although the map-based approach of StraboSpot did not fully conform to the workflow for sedimentary geologists, new functions were developed for the sedimentary community to facilitate descriptions, interpretations, and the plotting of measured sections to document stratigraphic position and relationships between data types. Consequently, a new modality was added to StraboSpot—Strat Mode—which now accommodates sedimentary workflows that enable users to document stratigraphic positions and relationships and automates construction of measured stratigraphic sections. Strat Mode facilitates data collection and co-location of multiple data types (e.g., descriptive observations, images, samples, and measurements) in geographic and stratigraphic coordinates across multiple scales, thus preserving spatial and stratigraphic relationships in the data structure. Incorporating these digital technologies will lead to better research communication in sedimentology through a common vocabulary, shared standards, and open data archiving and sharing.
Surgical management of an isolated symptomatic talonavicular coalition: a paediatric perspective
Authors: Patel Keval , Khawaja Abdullah , Patel Aman , Kokkinakis Michail
Published: November 2021

Talonavicular (TN) coalition is a rare pathological union of the talus and navicular bones. We report the case of a 7-year-old girl with a symptomatic TN coalition, who underwent operative management with a lateral column lengthening procedure using autologous iliac crest bone grafting. There are no complications to report and the graft was incorporated at an early stage. At 3 year follow-up the patient has remained pain-free since the operation and maintained alignment. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of TN coalition treated with reconstructive surgery in a paediatric patient.
Streptococcus intermedius: unusual presentation and complication of lung abscess
Authors: Manasrah Nouraldeen , Nanja Reddy Sushmita , Al Sbihi Ali , Hafeez Wasif
Published: November 2021

We report a case of a 54-year-old immunocompetent male who had lung abscess secondary toStreptococcus intermediusthat led to discitis by contiguous spread of infection. He initially presented with constant chest pain for 6 weeks that radiated to lower back, with no fever, chills or weight loss. He denied smoking cigarettes, alcohol use or any illicit drug. On investigation, a mass was identified on the posterior medial aspect of the right lower lobe with direct infiltration into right side of the T5–T6 vertebral bodies. Histopathology identified organising pneumonia with abscess. Tissue cultures showedS. intermedius, and were negative for other microorganisms. This case highlights a rare presentation ofS.intermediusdiscitis by contiguous spread of infection from posterior right lower lobe lung abscess.S.intermediususually occurs in older patients with pulmonary infections complicated with pleural effusion or lung abscess, but can present in young patients with no clear symptoms of lung infection, like our patient.
Fixation in the Transport of Lower Limb Casualties
Authors: Martin P. G. C.
Published: November 2021

(1) The principles of treatment of battle wounds are reiterated.

(2) A summary of methods of fixation of the injured lower limb is made.

(3) Plaster spica fixation as soon as possible is urged, and a method of application of such a plaster where no special apparatus is at hand is described.
Abnormal Reactions to Punishment
Authors: Prewer R. R.
Published: November 2021

Naval offenders sometimes react abnormally to confinement, but these reactions are familiar in civil prisons ; the great majority are impulsive or hysterical in nature, but a conscious element of deception is usually present also. Certain methods of treating such cases are described. The undesirability of discharging men to hospital for needle-swallowing and other forms of self-injury has been stressed.
Low level of complement factor H increases the risk of cancer-related death in patients with small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Xiang Mengqi , Zhang Huachuan , Kou Lingna , Chen Jing , Xu Zhihua , He Jintao
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Pulmonary cancer is a kind of deeply invasive tumour which is difficult to treat, and its mortality rate is high. Previous research has shown that activation of complement could contribute to the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, little research has been done on SCLC.

Methods

Complement factor H (CFH), complements C3 as well as C4 were measured in patients, and the prognostic impact of different parameters was assessed by log-rank function analysis and Cox multifactor models. Besides, we constructed a predictive model based on complement fractions and validated the accuracy of the model.

Results

Among these 242 patients, 200 (82.6%) died. The median survival time was 18.3 months. We found by multifactorial analysis that high levels of CFH decreased the risk of death (HR 0.23, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.57, p<0.001), while elevated complement C4 displayed poor prognosis (HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.66 to 3.13, p<0.001). We screened variables by Cox models and constructed CFH-based prediction models to plot a nomogram by internal validation. The nomogram showed excellent accuracy in assessing the probability of death, yielding an adjusted C-statistics of 0.905.

Conclusions

CFH can be recognised as a biomarker to predict the risk of death in SCLC. The prediction model established based on CFH, C3 and C4 levels has good accuracy in patients’ prognostic assessment.
Dynamics of new optical solitons for the Triki–Biswas model using beta-time derivative
Authors: Zafar Asim , Bekir Ahmet , Raheel M. , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Mustafa Salman
Published: November 2021

This paper comprises the different types of optical soliton solutions of an important Triki–Biswas model equation with beta-time derivative. The beta derivative is considered as a generalized version of the classical derivative. The aforesaid model equation is the generalization of the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation that describes the ultrashort pulse propagation with non-Kerr dispersion. The study is carried out by means of a novel beta derivative operator and three efficient integration schemes. During this work, a sequence of new optical solitons is produced that may have an importance in optical fiber systems. These solutions are verified and numerically simulated through soft computation.
Latent Representation Prediction Networks
Authors: David Hlynsson Hlynur , Schüler Merlin , Schiewer Robin , Glasmachers Tobias , Wiskott Laurenz
Published: November 2021

Modern model-based reinforcement learning methods for high-dimensional inputs often incorporate an unsupervised learning step for dimensionality reduction. The training objective of these unsupervised learning methods often leverages only static inputs such as reconstructing observations. These representations are combined with predictor functions for simulating rollouts to navigate the environment. We advance this idea by taking advantage of the fact that we navigate dynamic environments with visual stimulus and create a representation that is specifically designed with control and actions in mind. We propose to learn a feature map that is maximally predictable for a predictor function. This results in representations that are well suited for the task of planning, where the predictor is used as a forward model. To this end, we introduce a new way of learning this representation along with the prediction function, a system we dub Latent Representation Prediction Network (LARP). The prediction function is used as a forward model for a search on a graph in a viewpoint-matching task, and the representation learned to maximize predictability is found to outperform other representations. The sample efficiency and overall performance of our approach are shown to rival standard reinforcement learning methods, and our learned representation transfers successfully to unseen environments.
A robust VEM-based approach for flow simulations in poro-fractured media
Authors: Berrone Stefano , Borio Andrea , D’Auria Alessandro , Scialò Stefano , Vicini Fabio
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a Virtual Element Method (VEM)-based approach is proposed for the simulation of flow in fractured porous media. The method is based on a robust meshing strategy, capable of producing conforming polyhedral meshes of intricate geometries and relies on the robustness of the VEM in handling distorted and elongated elements. Numerical tests in challenging configurations are presented and discussed, also in a time-dependent setting to show the viability and the effectiveness of the method.
Deep Convolutional Neural Network-based Speech Signal Enhancement Using Extensive Speech Features
Authors: Garg Anil , Sahu O. P.
Published: November 2021

Speech signal often gets corrupted by different noises like airport noise, station noise, and street noise. These noises tend to degrade the quality of the speech signal, particularly in voice communication, automatic speech recognition, and speaker identification. Therefore, it is necessary for automatic speech enhancement. In this research work, a novel speech signal enhancement model is introduced with the assistance of deep learning. The proposed model includes three major phases: (a) pre-processing, (b) feature extraction, and (c) speech enhancement. In the pre-processing phase, the framing will be carried out using the Hanning window, where the input speech signals will be decomposed into a series of overlapping frames. Then, from these individual frames, the multi-features like the improved Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (IMFCCs), fractional delta AMS, and modified STFT (M-STFT) will be extracted. Subsequently, in the speech enhancement phase, the available noise is estimated initially, and it is removed. The noise removed signals from the frames are used to determine the optimal mask of all the frames of the noisy speech signal, and the mask is employed for training the Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN). The reconstructed outcomes from DCNN are the enhanced speech signal. Finally, the proposed work (multi-features+ DCNN-based Speech Enhancement) is validated over existing models in terms of certain measures, which exhibits the supremacy of the proposed work.
A Staggered Asynchronous Step Integration Algorithm for Hybrid Finite-Element and Discrete-Element Modeling
Authors: Li Tong , Wang Qian , Jin Xianlong
Published: November 2021

To reduce the computational time in the fields of dynamics, we introduce herein an efficient asynchronous step integration algorithm for a coupled finite-element–discrete-element method (FEM–DEM). Domain decomposition divides the whole model into an FEM subdomain and a DEM subdomain, where each subdomain selects the appropriate time step based on the element characteristics. The method of overlapping nodes and particles at the boundaries is adopted to handle the interface coupling problem, and the subcycling method is adopted to tackle the problem of transmission and matching of boundary data. Two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the precision of the analysis and the overall efficiency. The algorithm provides the requisite calculation accuracy and significantly shortens the computer simulation. This approach further improves the efficiency of hybrid FEM–DEM modeling.
Human Body Exergy Analysis Model in Building Thermal Comfort Evaluation
Authors: Norouzi Nima
Published: November 2021

To explore the application of the human body exergy analysis method in assessing the indoor thermal environment, strictly according to the definition of metabolic exergy, based on the two existing exergy analysis models, a more reasonable calculation method of metabolic exergy was first proposed and established, which is a new two-node exergy analysis model. Then, the experimental data in the ASHRAE database were used to verify the reliability of the established model. Finally, the human body exergy exchange rate and exergy loss rate with indoor and outdoor environmental parameters were revealed. The research results show that the new metabolic calculation method can more accurately analyze the human body’s exergy; the exergy loss rate is larger than the exergy exchange rate in the metabolic exergy rate; when the operating temperature is 25∘C, the exergy exchange rate mainly includes the radiation exergy rate and the convective exergy rate; operation at a temperature of 32∘C, the evaporation rate and respiration rate are the main components of the exergy exchange rate; the human body’s exergy loss rate has extreme values at low or high operating temperatures, and it is used separately for the evaluation of human thermal comfort. Combining the exergy loss rate and the exergy exchange rate can better evaluate the indoor thermal environment, the minimum exergy loss rate and the minimum exergy exchange rate under the given indoor conditions, both occur under outdoor high-temperature and low humidity conditions; outdoor temperature affects the human body exergy loss rate and human body exergy exchange rate more strongly than outdoor relative humidity.
Do Rehabilitated Canals Influence Irrigation Technology Choices? Evidence From Smallholders in Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Sinha Ranu , Borgomeo Edoardo , Fischer Christian , Hope Robert
Published: November 2021

Investments to rehabilitate and modernize irrigation systems as well as price subsidies to incentivize adoption of drip and sprinkler irrigation technologies are promoted to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability of on-farm water use across India. We examine the effect of these two policies on farmer irrigation choices in surface irrigated farms in Madhya Pradesh. A logistic regression based on novel survey data from 918 farmers estimates a 3% reduction in the probability that farmers will adopt drip or sprinkler technologies if they are located on farms serviced by irrigation schemes where 30% or more of the irrigated area was rehabilitated. Results also reveal that, on average, farmers are 12% more likely to continue using irrigation technologies if they had adopted them prior to the start of rehabilitation works. Quantitative results are complemented with semi-structured interviews of farmers to better understand drivers of adoption, which suggest that: (1) open, gravity canals do not always restrict drip or sprinkler adoption, (2) water scarcity appears to be a strong driver for farmers to adopt, despite financial constraints, (3) socio-economic factors such as caste, education, and house ownership does not seem to influence a farmers’ choice of adoption, and (4) social networks provide a stronger incentive for adoption as smallholders struggle to access government subsidies. Understanding the role of social networks in influencing the irrigation practices of farmers can complement supply-side infrastructure investments and financial incentive policies to enhance the water security of smallholders facing climatic risks to food production.
The Revsegg and Kvitenut allochthons, Scandinavian Caledonides: origins and evolution in the Caledonian Wilson cycle
Authors: Warvik Kenneth , Ringstad Håkon Blaker , Augland Lars E. , Corfu Fernando , Gabrielsen Roy H.
Published: November 2021

The Caledonian Orogen preserves the record of a complete Wilson cycle from rifting to continent–continent collision and orogenic collapse. The Revsegg Allochthon, the uppermost tectonostratigraphic unit of the Hardangervidda–Ryfylke Nappe Complex of the southern Scandinavian Caledonides, is an understudied example illustrating the key temporal and tectonic stages in a Wilson cycle. It overlies 1600–1500 Ma gneisses of the Kvitenut Allochthon, which were deformed, metamorphosed and juxtaposed onto the Dyrskard Allochthon at 1000 Ma. The Revsegg Allochthon consists of leucosome-bearing mica schists with metasandstone, and amphibolite and granitoid lenses. The timing of sedimentation of the metasedimentary rocks is constrained to the period 780–495 Ma, but its association with a 495 Ma bimodal mafic and felsic intrusive suite suggests concurrent sedimentation in a Cambrian extensional setting. The Revsegg Allochthon underwent peak metamorphism at 480–470 Ma, followed by several metamorphic stages from 460 to 440 Ma, probably at an active margin outboard of Baltica, as postulated for the eclogite-bearing Jæren Nappe to the SE. The Revsegg Allochthon was thrust onto the Kvitenut–Dyrskard duplex from 437 to 434 Ma during an early Scandian phase, which is also recognized in the Seve Nappe. Syn-deformational pegmatites, emplaced at 428 Ma, represent the final stage in the development of the nappe stack.

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the Caledonian Wilson cycle collection available at:
https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/caledonian-wilson-cycle
RustHorn: CHC-based Verification for Rust Programs
Authors: Matsushita Yusuke , Tsukada Takeshi , Kobayashi Naoki
Published: November 2021

Reduction to satisfiability of constrained Horn clauses (CHCs) is a widely studied approach to automated program verification. Current CHC-based methods, however, do not work very well for pointer-manipulating programs, especially those with dynamic memory allocation. This article presents a novel reduction of pointer-manipulating Rust programs into CHCs, which clears away pointers and memory states by leveraging Rust’s guarantees on permission. We formalize our reduction for a simplified core of Rust and prove its soundness and completeness. We have implemented a prototype verifier for a subset of Rust and confirmed the effectiveness of our method.
Combining Learning and Engagement Strategies in a Software Testing Learning Environment
Authors: Clarke Peter J. , Davis Debra L. , Buckley Ingrid A. , Potvin Geoff , Thirunarayanan Mandayam , Jones Edward L.
Published: November 2021

There continues to be an increase in enrollments in various computing programs at academic institutions due to many job opportunities available in the information, communication, and technology sectors. This enrollment surge has presented several challenges in many Computer Science (CS), Information Technology (IT), and Software Engineering (SE) programs at universities and colleges. One such challenge is that many instructors in CS/IT/SE programs continue to use learning approaches that are not learner centered and therefore are not adequately preparing students to be proficient in the ever-changing computing industry. To mitigate this challenge, instructors need to use evidence-based pedagogical approaches, e.g., active learning, to improve student learning and engagement in the classroom and equip students with the skills necessary to be lifelong learners.

This article presents an approach that combines learning and engagement strategies (LESs) in learning environments using different teaching modalities to improve student learning and engagement. We describe how LESs are integrated into face-to-face (F2F) and online class activities. The LESs currently used are
collaborative learning
,
gamification
,
problem-based learning
, and
social interaction
. We describe an approach used to quantify each LES used during class activities based on a set of characteristics for LESs and the traditional lecture-style pedagogical approaches. To demonstrate the impact of using LESs in F2F class activities, we report on a study conducted over seven semesters in a software testing class at a large urban minority serving institution. The study uses a posttest-only study design, the scores of two midterm exams, and approximate class times dedicated to each LES and traditional lecture style to quantify their usage in a face-to-face software testing class. The study results showed that increasing the time dedicated to collaborative learning, gamification, and social interaction and decreasing the traditional lecture-style approach resulted in a statistically significant improvement in student learning, as reflected in the exam scores.
Near-linear Time Approximation Schemes for Clustering in Doubling Metrics
Authors: Cohen-Addad Vincent , Feldmann Andreas Emil , Saulpic David
Published: November 2021

We consider the classic Facility Location,
k
-Median, and
k
-Means problems in metric spaces of doubling dimension
d
. We give nearly linear-time approximation schemes for each problem. The complexity of our algorithms is

Õ(2
(1/ε)
O(d2)
n)

, making a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art algorithms that run in time

n
(d/ε)
O(d)

.

Moreover, we show how to extend the techniques used to get the first efficient approximation schemes for the problems of prize-collecting
k
-Median and
k
-Means and efficient bicriteria approximation schemes for
k
-Median with outliers,
k
-Means with outliers and
k
-Center.
Protein Structure Prediction with Mass Spectrometry Data
Authors: Biehn Sarah E. , Lindert Steffen
Published: November 2021

Knowledge of protein structure is crucial to our understanding of biological function and is routinely used in drug discovery. High-resolution techniques to determine the three-dimensional atomic coordinates of proteins are available. However, such methods are frequently limited by experimental challenges such as sample quantity, target size, and efficiency. Structural mass spectrometry (MS) is a technique in which structural features of proteins are elucidated quickly and relatively easily. Computational techniques that convert sparse MS data into protein models that demonstrate agreement with the data are needed. This review features cutting-edge computational methods that predict protein structure from MS data such as chemical cross-linking, hydrogen–deuterium exchange, hydroxyl radical protein footprinting, limited proteolysis, ion mobility, and surface-induced dissociation. Additionally, we address future directions for protein structure prediction with sparse MS data.
Vaping and Lung Inflammation and Injury
Authors: Park Jin-Ah , Crotty Alexander Laura E. , Christiani David C.
Published: November 2021

The use of electronic (e)-cigarettes was initially considered a beneficial solution to conventional cigarette smoking cessation. However, paradoxically, e-cigarette use is rapidly growing among nonsmokers, including youth and young adults. In 2019, this rapid growth resulted in an epidemic of hospitalizations and deaths of e-cigarette users (vapers) due to acute lung injury; this novel disease was termed e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Pathophysiologic mechanisms of EVALI likely involve cytotoxicity and neutrophilic inflammation caused by inhaled chemicals, but further details remain unknown. The undiscovered mechanisms of EVALI are a barrier to identifying biomarkers and developing therapeutics. Furthermore, adverse effects of e-cigarette use have been linked to chronic lung diseases and systemic effects on multiple organs. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the diverse spectrum of vaping exposures, epidemiological and clinical reports, and experimental findings to provide a better understanding of EVALI and the adverse health effects of chronic e-cigarette exposure.
Short-term physical inactivity induces diacylglycerol accumulation and insulin resistance in muscle via lipin1 activation
Authors: Kakehi Saori , Tamura Yoshifumi , Ikeda Shin-ichi , Kaga Naoko , Taka Hikari , Ueno Noriko , Shiuchi Tetsuya , Kubota Atsushi , Sakuraba Keishoku , Kawamori Ryuzo , Watada Hirotaka
Published: November 2021

Physical inactivity impairs muscle insulin sensitivity. However, its mechanism is unclear. To model physical inactivity, we applied 24-h hind-limb cast immobilization to mice with normal or high-fat diet and evaluated intramyocellular lipids and the insulin signaling pathway in the soleus muscle. We found that even short-term immobilization increases intramyocellular diacylglycerol and impairs insulin sensitivity in muscle via enhanced lipin1 activity.
The blood lactate/pyruvate equilibrium affair
Authors: Brooks George A. , Osmond Adam D. , Leija Robert G. , Curl Casey C. , Arevalo Jose A. , Duong Justin J. , Horning Michael A.
Published: November 2021

The Lactate Shuttle hypothesis is supported by a variety of techniques including mass spectrometry analytics following infusion of carbon-labeled isotopic tracers. However, there has been controversy over whether lactate tracers measure lactate (L) or pyruvate (P) turnover. Here, we review the analytical errors, use of inappropriate tissue and animal models, failure to consider L and P pool sizes in modeling results, inappropriate tracer and blood sampling sites, and failure to anticipate roles of heart and lung parenchyma on L⇔P interactions. With support from magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and immunocytochemistry, we conclude that carbon-labeled lactate tracers can be used to quantitate lactate fluxes.
Effects of a CCR2 antagonist on macrophages and Toll-like receptor 9 expression in a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Ito Seigo , Nakashima Hiroyuki , Ishikiriyama Takuya , Nakashima Masahiro , Yamagata Akira , Imakiire Toshihiko , Kinoshita Manabu , Seki Shuhji , Kumagai Hiroo , Oshima Naoki
Published: November 2021

We classified kidney macrophages (Mφs) into bone marrow-derived (BM-) macrophages expressing high CD11b and tissue-specific resident (Res-) macrophages expressing low CD11b. In diabetic nephropathy (DN) model mice, TLR9 expression and TNF-α production via TLR9 activation in BM-Mφs and ROS production in Res-Mφs were enhanced. Furthermore, CCR2 antagonist suppressed the kidney infiltration of BM-Mφs and their function and the ROS production by Res-Mφs, with concomitant TLR9 suppression. Our study presents a new therapeutic strategy for DN.
Fibroblast growth factor 23 leads to endolysosomal routing of the renal phosphate cotransporters NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc in vivo
Authors: Küng Catharina J. , Haykir Betül , Schnitzbauer Udo , Egli-Spichtig Daniela , Hernando Nati , Wagner Carsten A.
Published: November 2021

The hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) controls phosphate homeostasis by regulating renal phosphate excretion. FGF23 acts on several phosphate transporters in the kidney. Here, we define the time course of this action and demonstrate how phosphate transporters NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc are degraded.
Association of Body Compositions and Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Children and Adolescents: Compositional Data Analysis
Authors: Zhang Liu , Li Hongjuan , Zhang Yimin , Kong Zhenxing , Zhang Ting , Zhang Zhaohua
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body compositions and bone mineral density (BMD) and the effect of composition substitution among Chinese children and adolescents without the influence of multicollinearity. A dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scan was used to determine the amount of truncal fat (TF), nontruncal fat (NTF), fat‐free mass (FFM), and BMD. The compositional data analysis and the compositional proportional substitution analysis were conducted to determine the effect of each part of body compositions on BMD and its substitution effects. Four hundred sixty‐six (466) (boys: 51.9%) participants completed this cross‐sectional study. For girls, in the overweight group, the relationship between TF and the BMD was positive (β = 2.943e − 01, p = 0.006) while the NTF showed the opposite trend (β = −2.358e − 01, p = 0.009). When 4% NTF or FFM was substituted by TF, the BMD increased by about 0.1 and 0.05 units (p < 0.05), respectively. For boys, the association between FFM and BMD was statistically positive (β = 4.091e − 02, p = 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between TF and BMD (β = 7.963e − 02, p = 0.036). But with the increase of BMI, this correlation shifted in the opposite direction. In conclusion, compared to TF and NTF, FFM had a better protective effect on BMD, especially for boys. The risk of NTF accumulation on BMD was greater than that of TF accumulation. Compared with girls, boys were more sensitive to the amount of TF.