bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous thickening in an inclined thickener
Authors: Graham W. , Lama R.
Published: February 2011

A continuous thickener inclined at 50° to the horizontal was compared with a conventional vertical thickener. When used to thicken a pulp of precipitated calcium carbonate in water the capacity of the inclined thickener was at least twice that of a similar vertical unit.

A method for obtaining an approximate estimate of the capacity of the inclined thickener from batch settling data is suggested.
The electrification of fluids in turbulent flow
Authors: Luus R. , May Z. , Graydon W. F.
Published: February 2011

Solvents of low electrical conductivity which contain polar solutes produce static charges when caused to flow through tubes of various materials. The resulting electrification has been found to be essentially independent of the solvent provided it is of low conductivity in the pure state. The magnitude and the sign of the charge produced are highly dependent on the chemical nature of the polar solute and of the containing tube.

Currents resulting from the formation and relaxation of electrical charge were measured at various sites along the tubes. Local charge production was found to be greatest near such irregularities as constrictions in the tube. Tube constrictions resulted in sign reversal of local charge production. Large voltages of opposite sign could be produced on a single tube. Sparks could be drawn between two sections of the same tube a short distance apart.

The recent theories dealing with the phenomenon of electrification have been discussed in the light of these findings.
Algebraic representation of binary excess themodynamic properties
Authors: Basmadjian D. , Lu Benjamin C.‐Y.
Published: February 2011

A new method is proposed for analytical representation of binary excess thermodynamic properties, ΔGE, which is applicable in principle to all known types of curves except those exhibiting a minimum on a ΔGE/x1x2 vs.x1 plot. It is particularly useful for representing data for polar‐non‐polar systems such as alcohol‐aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures.

The proposed expression contains 5 constants and in a number of cases reduces to a simple 3‐constant equation. All constants can be evaluated by simple graphical methods.
Optimization of multistage separation processes by dynamic programming
Authors: Mitten L. G. , Nemhauser G. L.
Published: February 2011

This paper is concerned with the optimization of multistage separation processes using the method of dynamic programming. In particular, optimal (economic) design and operating conditions are determined for binary, multistage mass transfer processes and for solid separation equipment. In the solid separation model, multicomponent feeds are considered. Examples are given in each case to illustrate the computational aspects of dynamic programming.
Heat transfer across a scraped surface
Authors: Bott T. R. , Romero J. J. B.
Published: February 2011

Investigations using three experimental scraped surface falling film vertical heat exchanger tubes (6 in., 12 in. and 24 in. by 1 in. D.) have been made. Water and water‐glycerol mixtures have been heated in the tubes by passing them down the heated inside surface which was continuously scraped by rotating blades. Flowrates between 306 lb/hr.ft. and 1070 lb/hr.ft. were used, the rate of rotation was varied from 370 to 1600 rpm whilst the number of blades on the shaft was varied between 1 and 4.

As a result of these experiments the following equation accurate within ± 20% is proposed for correlating the heat transfer coefficient in the range of the variables studied:

Visual observations of the flow of the liquid down the tube indicate that the liquid is held as a continuous fillet in front of each blade. This fact is used in the Appendix* for the alternative suggestion for the characteristic dimension in the correlation.
Kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of benzene
Authors: Hayashi R. , Hudgins R. R. , Graydon W. F.
Published: February 2011

The kinetics of the vapor‐phase oxidation of benzene over a sulphate‐promoted vanadium oxide catalyst were studied in a differential flow‐reactor. Rates of oxidation of benzene were measured at temperatures in the range 324° to 400°C., for benzene concentrations from 1 × 10−3 to 6 × 10−3 moles/l., by analysing the products: p‐benzoquinone and maleic anhydride. Reaction‐rate data were summarized by the following equation based upon a mechanism suggested by Hinshelwood:

Catalyst deactivation was observed during the oxidation of benzene. Benzene, naphthalene, and toluene oxidations over a common vanadium oxide catalyst were compared. Deactivation was observed with benzene and toluene, but not with naphthalene.

The rate equation provides a useful empirical description of oxidation rates of individual compounds. However, the deactivation behavior of the systems and the rates observed indicate that the mechanism used in its derivation is not pertinent.
The thermal and hydraulic characteristics of power reactor fuel bundle designs
Authors: Lane A. D. , Leaist G. T. , Page R. D. , Klock R. J.
Published: February 2011

The type of fuel bundle evolved for the various Canadian heavy water moderated power reactors is described. The data necessary for estimating the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of this type of fuel bundle are indicated. The calculations and experimentation undertaken in the general fields of fluid flow, heat transfer and coolant mixing are then described in some detail. The future use of this type of fuel bundle with coolants proposed for more advanced reactor types is also discussed.
The separation of H2 and D2 by moving‐bed adsorption: Corroboration of adsorber design equations
Authors: Basmadjian D.
Published: February 2011

Experimental concentration profiles obtained in the separation of H2 ‐ D2 mixtures, by selective adsorption on charcoal in a moving‐bed adsorber, were used to test the validity of semi‐rigorous adsorber design equations based on considerations of gas film diffusion (utilizing the linear driving force concept), solid phase diffusion (utilizing Fick's law) and axial dispersion.

The adsorption equilibrium data and solid phase diffusivities used in the design equations were also measured directly in separate experiments, whereas the gas film and axial diffusion values were evaluated from published data(3,0)

In general, good agreement was obtained between the experimental and theoretically predicted concentration profiles, except at the lowest flow rates investigated.
The absorption of oxygen by sodium sulphite on a sieve plate
Authors: Harris I. J. , Roper G. H.
Published: February 2011

The oxidation of sodium sulphite on a single sieve plate has been studied. Absorption rate data for the uncatalysed reaction suggest that the reaction rate constant, ko, is substantially greater than that reported in the literature. For the reaction catalysed by cobalt sulphate, the rate constant at 68°F. is given by:

Evidence is presented of the dependence of the ratio of the mass transfer coefficients with and without reaction, ϕ, on the ratio CS/CA; when reactant concentrations and the reaction rate are such that diffusional effects in the liquid control the mass transfer rate.
On the hydraulic efficiency of aluminum pipe over a large range of reynolds' numbers
Authors: Brebner Arthur
Published: February 2011

The growing use of aluminum pipelines and the ever‐increasing number of products being pumped through them has necessitated a knowledge of the hydraulic characteristics of aluminum pipe in both the new and used condition from the commencement of turbulent flow to high Reynolds' numbers in excess of 106.

The results of the investigation reported here show that new aluminum pipe is sensibly hydraulic‐ally “smooth” over the range mentioned and even pipe which has experienced considerable service does not differ too greatly from this “smooth” characteristic.
The characterization of the component distribution in the fractionation of multicomponent mixtures
Authors: Butler R. M. , Pasternak I. S.
Published: February 2011

A rapid graphical technique has been developed for characterizing the distribution of components in the distillation separation of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures. The characterization consists of specifying the minimum number of theoretical plates required to effect a given separation at a definite “cut‐point” temperature. These parameters may be ad directly from a plot of the measured distribution of components against their boiling points on a special form of graph paper.

The new graphical technique has been employed evaluate a wide range of actual refinery separations including those from crude towers with multi‐sidestreams. In all cases a single straight line could used to represent the separations obtained.

A number of calculations have also been carried but to show the distribution of components at minimum reflux. In these cases, sigmoid curves are obtained when the distributions are plotted on the special graph paper. The central portions of these curves, however, remain almost straight and represent the poorest separations between components. This fact has been used to develop a graphical correlation for quickly estimating the minimum reflux required to accomplish the specified separation.
Computation of chemical equilibrium compositions
Authors: Storey S. H. , Van ZEGGEREN F.
Published: February 2011

A general method has been developed for the calculation of equilibrium compositions of chemical systems containing gases and solids. The method is a steepest descent search for the minimum of the free energy of the system. It makes no assumptions regarding reactions taking place between the various species in the system, nor is there a limit to the number of solid species that can be included in the search. The only information necessary is the free energy as a function of temperature of all species that can be present under the given conditions.

The method is particularly useful for calculations on small sized computers, such as the Bendix G‐15‐D for which it has been programmed. It has been found to have several advantages over published methods(1, 3).

The searching method described can also be used for a variety of other problems, e.g. computation of changes in equilibrium composition with temperature.
Mass transfer coefficients across ion‐exchange membranes
Authors: Tombalakian A. S. , Yeh C. Y. , Graydon W. F.
Published: February 2011

A study of the interchange of hydrogen ion with various cations across polystyrene sulphonic acid ion‐exchange membranes has been made. The effects of membrane exchange capacity and crosslinking, solution concentration, temperature, counter ion valence and size on mass transfer rates were determined. The results indicated that ion and water transports across the membrane were dependent on the membrane water content, the ion concentration of the membrane, and the membrane ionic form. The mass transfer rates were relatively insensitive to change in external solution concentration.
Mass transfer from a flat surface to an impinging turbulent jet
Authors: Rao V. V. , Trass Olev
Published: February 2011

Mass transfer between an impinging turbulent jet of water and a flat surface has been studied. The surface was coated with trans‐cinnamic acid, and thickness decrease profiles were measured. Local Sherwood numbers in the wall‐jet region \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\frac{x}{d} > 4.5) $\end{document} were found to be independent of the nozzle to plate distance, and were correlated by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ Sh = 1.3{Re} ^{0.84} \left({\frac{x}{d}} \right)^{ - 1.27} $\end{document} for nozzle Reynolds numbers of 25,000 to 125,000. Agreement with published heat transfer data was reasonable. Average Sherwood numbers in the impingement region were found to decrease rapidly beyond a transition zone of 6 1/2 diameters from the nozzle.
Minimisation of axial dispersion by use of secondary flow in helical tubes
Authors: Koutsky J. A. , Adler R. J.
Published: February 2011

It has been known for some time that many continuous chemical reactors give the greatest conversion when axial dispersion is minimized, i.e., when plug flow occurs. This paper considers the problem of attaining plug flow in continuous flow systems. The geometrical configuration of a tube wound into a helix is suggested us a convenient and efficient means of producing secondary currents which promote plug flow. On the basis of tracer distribution tests and pressure drop data it is conclusively shown that helical coils are far superior to straight tubes or packed beds in minimizing axial dispersion and approaching plug flow.
Isobaric vapor‐liquid equilibria. System: Benzene(1) — cyclohexane(2) — toluene(3)
Authors: Subbarao B. V. , Venkatarao C.
Published: February 2011

Vapor‐liquid equilibrium data for the system Benzene (1)‐Cyclohexane(2)‐Toluene(3), were obtained at 760 mm. Hg. total pressure using a modified Colburn equilibrium still.

The experimental activity coefficient data were correlated satisfactorily using three suffix Margules equations of Wohl with a ternary constant of C = + 0.6.
Chromium Removal through Biosorption and Bioaccumulation by Bacteria from Tannery Effluents Contaminated Soil
Authors: Alam Mohammad Zubair , Ahmad Shamim
Published: February 2011

Four bacterial isolates (two resistant and two sensitive to chromium) were isolated from soil contaminated with tannery effluents at Jajmau (Kanpur), India, and were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Exiguobacterium sp., Pantoea sp., and Aeromonas sp. Biosorption of chromium by dried and living biomasses was determined in the resistant and sensitive isolates. The effect of pH, initial metal concentration, and contact time on biosorption was studied. At pH 2.5 the living biomass of chromium resistant isolate Exiguobacterium sp. ZM‐2 biosorbed maximum amount of Cr6+ (29.8 mg/g) whereas the dried biomass of this isolate biosorbed 20.1 mg/g at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L. In case of chromate sensitive isolates, much difference was not observed in biosorption capacities between their dried and living biomasses. The maximum biosorption of Cr3+ was observed at pH 4.5. However, biosorption was identical in resistant and sensitive isolates. The data on chromium biosorption were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. The biosorption data of Cr6+ and Cr3+ from aqueous solution were better fitted in Langmuir isotherm model compared to Freundlich isotherm model. Metal recovery through desorption was observed better with dried biomasses compared to the living biomasses for both types of chromium ions. Bioaccumulation of chromate was found higher in chromate resistant isolates compared to the chromate sensitive isolates. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the accumulation of chromium in cytoplasm in the resistant isolates.
OFFgel‐based multidimensional LC‐MS/MS approach to the cataloguing of the human platelet proteome for an interactomic profile
Authors: Krishnan Shibu , Gaspari Marco , Corte Anna Della , Bianchi Patrizia , Crescente Marilena , Cerletti Chiara , Torella Daniele , Indolfi Ciro , de Gaetano Giovanni , Donati Maria Benedetta , Rotilio Domenico , Cuda Giovanni
Published: February 2011

The proteome of quiescent human platelets was analyzed by a shotgun proteomics approach consisting of enzymatic digestion, peptide separation based on isoelectric point by the use of OFFgel fractionation and, finally, RP nanoscale chromatography coupled to MS/MS detection (nano‐LC‐MS/MS). OFFgel fractionation in the first dimension was effective in providing an additional dimension of separation, orthogonal to RP nano‐LC, thus generating an off‐line multidimensional separation platform that proved to be robust and easy to set up. The analysis identified 1373 proteins with high confidence (false discovery rate<0.25%). The core set of 1373 human platelet proteins was investigated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software from which ten canonical pathways and eight networks have been validated, to suggest that platelets behave either as inflammatory or immune cells, and plasma membrane and cytoskeleton proteins play a fundamental role in their function. Moreover, toxicity pathway in agreement with network analysis, supports the concept that platelet life span is governed by an apoptotic mechanism.
Hydrological and hydrochemical processes observed during a large‐scale infiltration experiment at the Super‐Sauze mudslide (France)
Authors: Debieche T.‐H. , Bogaard T. A. , Marc V. , Emblanch C. , Krzeminska D. M. , Malet J.‐P.
Published: February 2011

Rainfall is one of the major triggering factors of landslides, and its pattern controls their temporal behaviour. Characterization of the groundwater processes and possible preferential infiltration of rainfall is necessary, challenging and very relevant for landslide hazard analysis. The objective of this paper is to identify the groundwater dynamics (matrix flow and preferential flow) within highly heterogeneous and fissured reworked black marl material, using a large‐scale infiltration test. The artificial rainfall experiment over a 100 m2 infiltration plot monitored with several hydrological, hydrochemical and geophysical equipments was carried out on the Super‐Sauze mudslide (South French Alps). High resolution groundwater and water quality measurements were collected. Artificial rainfall was applied over a period of 14 days. Conservative tracers (Br− and Cl−) were used successively during the infiltration period. The mean rainfall intensity was 8·5 mm h−1 with a mean tracer concentration of 100 mg l−1. The hydrodynamic and hydrochemical responses of the tracing experiments allowed us to get a new insight into: (1) the horizontal and vertical variability of the rain infiltration in unstable black marl hillslopes; (2) the effect of shallow fissuration on the groundwater recharge; (3) the role of piston flow on the rate of water level changes and the increase of pore water pressures and (4) the effect of material heterogeneity in the development of preferential water flows and local perched water tables. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of pregnant women with breast cancer
Authors: Guidroz Julie A. , Scott‐Conner Carol E.H. , Weigel Ronald J.
Published: February 2011

Pregnancy complicates the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Surgical treatment options of mastectomy or breast‐conservation can be used as for non‐pregnant patients. Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be safely used with lymphoscintigraphy. Chemotherapy is appropriate in the second and third trimesters, however, radiation therapy should be delayed until after delivery. Multidisciplinary care, including High‐Risk Obstetrics, remains the best approach to managing this complex patient population. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:337–340. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimizing conservative breast surgery
Authors: Margenthaler Julie A.
Published: February 2011

The potential advantages of conservative breast surgery include the minor outpatient nature of the procedures, lower incidence of postoperative pain and complications, preservation of the breast and nipple areolar complex, and shorter delay to adjuvant therapy. In order to optimize the number of patients eligible for conservative breast surgery, one must utilize a multidisciplinary team approach. Imaging implications, use of neoadjuvant therapy for downsizing tumors, oncoplastic techniques, adjuvant radiation options, and pathological assessment are discussed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:306–312. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The positive sentinel node
Authors: Winchester David J.
Published: February 2011

The management of the axilla has become a topic of debate with the introduction of sentinel node excision. Comparisons between sentinel node biopsy and axillary dissection have shifted from histologic staging to regional recurrence rates. Advances in adjuvant therapy have occurred during this time period and likely represent a contributing factor to explain equivalent or improved regional recurrence rates following excision of positive sentinel nodes alone as compared to axillary dissection in selected patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:326–329. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation
Authors: Beitsch Peter D. , Shaitelman Simona F. , Vicini Frank A.
Published: February 2011

Whole breast irradiation (WBI) is the standard after breast conservation surgery. However, WBI in selected patients has been questioned. Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) focuses treatment on the lumpectomy bed. Many modalities of delivering APBI have been developed: multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy, MammoSite balloon catheter, single insertion multicatheter devices, three‐dimensional conformal external‐beam radiation therapy and intraoperative techniques. Numerous studies of APBI have demonstrated excellent local control and cosmetic outcomes in early‐stage breast cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:362–368. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paradise for who? Segmenting visitors' satisfaction with cognitive image and predicting behavioural loyalty
Authors: Prayag Girish
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of socio‐demographic characteristics on destination image and loyalty, thereby offering a segmentation perspective of visitors to the island of Mauritius. A self‐administered survey of hotel guests was undertaken and resulted in a sample of 705 respondents. Using a k‐means clustering algorithm and discriminant analysis, three clusters of visitors were identified. Different image attributes predict visitors' revisit and recommendation intentions. These findings allow destination marketers to adapt the marketing mix elements to different segments while enabling a destination to emphasize the relevant attributes in promotion and positioning efforts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Dinuclear Half‐Titanocene‐Producing Styrene/Ethylene Copolymers Containing Syndiotactic Styrene/Styrene Sequences
Authors: Yoon Seung Woong , Kim Youngjo , Kim Seong Kyun , Kim Sang Youl , Do Youngkyu , Park Sungjin
Published: February 2011

The synthesis and characterization of a novel titanium complex, {[C5(CH3)5]ClTi}2O2C2(CH3)4(µ‐O) (2), which has two titanium metal centers linked by heteroleptic bridges, oxo and pinacolato, is described. The compound shows good stability under air. The 2/modified methylalumoxane (MMAO) catalytic system produces ethylene/styrene interpolymers (ESIs) containing syndiotactic styrene/styrene sequences (syndiotactic polystyrene blocks) with a high styrene content. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a group‐4‐based catalytic system producing an ESI with syndiotactic polystyrene blocks.

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Synthesis, Characterization and Photophysical Properties of DCM‐Based Light‐Harvesting Dendrimers
Authors: Vanjinathan Mahalingam , Lin Hong‐Cheu , Nasar A. Sultan
Published: February 2011

A series of highly soluble light‐harvesting dendrimers up to third generation were synthesized using a DCM‐based core and Frechet‐type benzyl ether dendrons containing pyrene end groups. All dendrimers and intermediates were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, MALDI‐TOF MS, UV‐Vis, and PL spectra and EA, GPC, and TGA techniques. The dendrimers emit strong red PL around 570 nm. The excitation of the terminal chromophores results in core emission alone, as the donor emission is seriously quenched due to FRET to the core. The dendrimers showed enhanced luminescence properties of the core, and its efficiency was dependent on the generation number of the dendrimers. The above results reveal that these dendrimers are suitable candidates for red emissive materials in OLEDs.

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New advances in MR‐compatible bioartificial liver
Authors: Jeffries Rex E. , Macdonald Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2011

MR‐compatible bioartificial liver (BAL) studies have been performed for 30 years and are reviewed. There are two types of study: (i) metabolism and drug studies using multinuclear MRS; primarily short‐term (< 8 h) studies; (ii) the use of multinuclear MRS and MRI to noninvasively define the features and functions of BAL systems for long‐term liver tissue engineering. In the latter, these systems often undergo not only modification of the perfusion system, but also the construction of MR radiofrequency probes around the bioreactor. We present novel MR‐compatible BALs and the use of multinuclear MRS (13C, 19F, 31P) for the noninvasive monitoring of their growth, metabolism and viability, as well as 1H MRI methods for the determination of flow profiles, diffusion, cell distribution, quality assurance and bioreactor integrity. Finally, a simple flexible coil design and circuit, and life support system, are described that can make almost any BAL MR‐compatible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization in simulations of human movement planning
Authors: Eriksson Anders , Svanberg Krister
Published: February 2011

This paper discusses optimization algorithms in movement simulations for models of humans, humanoid robots or other mechanisms. Targeted movements between two configurations define a dynamically redundant system, for which there is freedom in the choice of control force time variations. A previously developed formulation for the treatment of targeted dynamics for mechanisms was used as a basis. The paper describes the development of an algorithm related to the method of moving asymptotes for the necessary optimization. The algorithm is specifically adapted to problems which are large and non‐linear but sparse, and which include very high numbers of design variables as well as constraints. In particular, non‐linear equality constraints from dynamic equilibrium equations are important. The optimization algorithm was developed to include these, but also in order to allow successively increasing penalty factors for constraint violations. The resulting setting was shown to be able to handle the systems established, robustly giving convergence to at least a local minimum also for very distant start iterates. The existence of very closely situated local optima, representing very similar movements, was discovered for the problem formulation, calling for an ad hoc method for finding the best of these local optima. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matching structure and strategy: Towards a market orientation in health care
Authors: Laing Angus , Galbraith Archie
Published: February 2011

The introduction of an ‘internal’ or ‘managed’ market mechanism into the National Health Service required fundamental structural reorganisation, involving the separation of purchaser and provider functions. While a degree of structural change has occurred among the emergent purchasing organisations subsequent to the initial reforms, there is a lack of corresponding evidence of ongoing structural change in acute provider units. Despite the existence of a direct relationship between organisational structure and strategy, the extent of change in the organisational structure of hospitals is questionable. Indeed at the macro level current acute hospital structures, that is NHS Trusts, are remarkably similar to ‘pre‐reform’ structures, despite the unsuitability of these structures for the market orientation required by the internal market. Such prevalence arguably reflects the marginal effect that current managerial structures have had on those delivering services and the predominance of the medical hierarchies. Specifically, those responsible for the marketing of hospital services in current structures are not directly linked to those who deliver the service, in spite of the introduction of clinical directorate structures. Part of a broader study of the market behaviour of acute NHS Trusts in Scotland, this paper explores the organisational avenues open to health care providers to overcome this separation in the pursuit of market‐led service delivery and concomitant market orientation.
Service quality: New horizons beyond SERVQUAL: An investigation of the portability of SERVQUAL into the voluntary and local government sectors
Authors: Shiu Edward , Vaughan Liz , Donnelly Mike
Published: February 2011

This paper reports on the outcomes of an action research programme investigating the measurement of service quality in the voluntary and local government service environments. The paper begins with a brief background of the contexts within which the local government and voluntary sectors deliver their services and a description of the SERVQUAL method. It reports on the outcomes of three studies in different service environments in the local government sector and then focuses on a recent study within the Scottish voluntary sector. The voluntary sector study serves as a platform from which to examine the portability of SERVQUAL into this sector and to assess its limitations as an instrument for measuring the quality of voluntary sector service provision. The study concludes that the SERVQUAL approach, in terms of its methodology, is appropriate for the public and voluntary sectors, but that primary qualitative research is necessary to develop appropriate survey instruments that reflect the different customer perceptions of the underlying service quality dimensions in these nonprofit sectors.
On the Use of SIFT‐MS and PTR‐MS Experiments to Explore Reaction Mechanisms in Plasmas of Volatile Organics: Siloxanes
Authors: Steele David A. , Short Robert D. , Brown Philip , Mayhew Chris A.
Published: February 2011

Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR‐MS) are used to explore ion‐molecule reactions in low temperature and pressure plasmas of hexamethyldisiloxane. These techniques shed new light on possible reactions taking place within such plasma environments and validate many of the reaction pathways previously advocated based upon plasma‐phase MS. However, SIFT‐MS and PTR‐MS results draw attention to the possible importance of the H3O+ ion in initiating the formation of oligomeric ions, a point previously missed in plasma‐MS studies.

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Regression models, scan statistics and reappearance probabilities to detect regions of association between gene expression and copy number
Authors: Asimit Jennifer L. , Andrulis Irene L. , Bull Shelley B.
Published: February 2011

Early studies of breast cancer microarray data used linear models to quantify the relationship between measures of gene expression (GE) and copy number (CN) obtained from tumour samples. Motivated by a study of women with axillary node‐negative breast cancer, we propose a regression‐based scan statistic to identify within‐chromosome clusters of genetic probes that exhibit association between GE and CN, while accounting for tumour characteristics known to be prognostic for clinical outcome. As a measure of the association between GE and CN, for each genetic probe available from a microarray we regress GE on CN, and include subject‐specific covariates. In the development of the scan statistic, the within‐chromosome spatial distribution of the subset of probes with a statistically significant association is approximated by a Poisson process. By incorporating the distance between the probe positions, the scan statistic accounts for the spatial nature of CN alterations. Regions identified as clusters of significant associations are hypothesized to harbour genes involved in breast cancer progression. Using simulations, we examine the sensitivity of the method to certain factors, and to address issues of repeatability, we consider reappearance probabilities for each probe within detected regions and assess the utility of a quantity estimated by bootstrap sample frequencies. Applications of the proposed method to joint analysis of GE and CN in breast tumours, with and without an informative covariate, and comparisons with alternative methods suggest that inclusion of covariates and the use of a regional test statistic can serve to refine regions for further investigation including the analysis of their association with outcome. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equivalence of improvement in area under ROC curve and linear discriminant analysis coefficient under assumption of normality
Authors: Demler Olga V. , Pencina Michael J. , D'Agostino Ralph B.
Published: February 2011

In this paper we investigate the addition of new variables to an existing risk prediction model and the subsequent impact on discrimination quantified by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC of ROC). Based on practical experience, concerns have emerged that the significance of association of the variable under study with the outcome in the risk model does not correspond to the significance of the change in AUC: that is, often the variable is significant, but the change in AUC is not. This paper demonstrates that under the assumption of multivariate normality and employing linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to construct the risk prediction tool, statistical significance of the new predictor(s) is equivalent to the statistical significance of the increase in AUC. Under these assumptions the result extends asymptotically to logistic regression. We further show that equality of variance–covariance matrices of predictors within cases and non‐cases is not necessary when LDA is used. However, our practical example from the Framingham Heart Study data suggests that the finding might be sensitive to the assumption of normality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous and Deformation‐Induced Martensite in Austenitic Stainless Steels with Different Stability
Authors: Naraghi Reza , Hedström Peter , Borgenstam Annika
Published: February 2011

The fraction and microstructure of spontaneous and deformation‐induced martensite in three austenitic stainless steels with different austenite stability have been investigated. Samples were quenched in brine followed by cooling in liquid nitrogen or plastically deformed by uniaxial tensile testing at different initial temperatures. In‐situ ferritescope measurements of the martensite fraction was conducted during tensile testing and complemented with ex‐situ X‐ray diffractometry. The microstructures of quenched and deformed samples were examined using light optical microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. It was found that annealing twins in austenite are effective nucleation sites for spontaneous α'‐martensite, while deformation‐induced α'‐martensite mainly formed within parallel shear‐bands. The α'‐martensite formed has an orientation relationship near the Kurdjumov‐Sachs (K‐S) relation with the parent austenite phase even at high plastic strains, and adjacent α'‐martensite variants were mainly twin related (<111> 60° or Σ3).
Influence of Carbon on Mechanical Properties of Cu bearing Extra Low Carbon Steel Sheets
Authors: Kim Sungil , Hong Moon‐Hi , Chin Kwang‐Geun , Kwak Jai‐Hyun
Published: February 2011

This paper examines the effect of carbon (C) on solid solution strengthening, bake hardening and anti‐strain aging property for copper (Cu) bearing extra low carbon (ELC) steel sheets. For this purpose, five ELC steels that contain different content of C were selected. We have investigated the effect of C on mechanical properties and microstructures for the continuous annealed ELC steel sheets. Mechanical properties and microstructures were analyzed as well using uni‐axial tensile test and electron back‐scattered diffraction (EBSD) technique following pilot rolling and continuous annealing. It has been found that the addition of C increases the solid solution strengthening as well as 19.9MPa per 0.0010wt%C in yield strength. What is more, the addition of C increases the bake hardenability (BH) as well as 18.7MPa per 0.0010wt%C. In addition, the addition of C delays the recrystallization during continuous annealing process. From an industrial standpoint, it is possible to control both a stable anti‐strain aging property and high bake hardenability for the ELC steel sheets without Ti and Nb addition.
Sedation with local versus general anesthesia for the tension‐free vaginal tape Secur hammock procedure
Authors: Araco Francesco , Gravante Gianpiero , Sorge Roberto , Overton John , Castrì Francesca , Primicerio Mario , Piccione Emilio
Published: February 2011

Objective

To compare the intraoperative and immediate postoperative results achieved with the tension‐free vaginal tape Secur (TVT‐S) hammock procedure performed under local anesthesia (LA) versus general anesthesia (GA).

Methods

Prospective randomized trial involving patients with symptomatic stress urinary incontinence grades 1 or 2 who underwent TVT‐S under either LA or GA. Postoperative pain intensity, duration of hospitalization, rate of complications, duration of operating and recovery times, and number of additional procedures required were recorded.

Results

Each group included 40 patients. The operative times were identical in the 2 groups, but the time spent in the recovery room was significantly longer in the GA group. Patients undergoing LA experienced less pain than did those undergoing GA. Most patients in the LA group had day surgery, whereas most patients in the GA group went home 1 day after the surgery. No significant differences were observed for the rates of complications.

Conclusion

Performing the TVT‐S hammock technique under LA rather than GA reduces postoperative pain and shortens the duration of hospitalization.
THE ELICITED PRODUCTION OF KOREAN RELATIVE CLAUSES BY HERITAGE SPEAKERS
Authors: Lee-Ellis Sunyoung
Published: February 2011

In response to new theoretical claims and inconclusive empirical findings regarding relative clauses in East Asian languages, this study examined the factors relevant to relative clause production by Korean heritage speakers. Gap position (subject vs. object), animacy (± animate), and the topicality of head nouns (± topicalization) were manipulated as experimental variables, and factors that appear to have been confounded in previous studies (e.g., context, proficiency) were controlled for or measured. Data were collected from Korean native and heritage speakers using an elicited production task. Group results failed to show a subject advantage, but individual analysis revealed that the effect of gap position varied for speakers at different levels of Korean proficiency. Results from the topicalized lead-in condition as well as error analysis revealed two different sources related to these patterns: Traditional asymmetry (i.e., subject advantage) appears to reflect the noun phrase accessibility hierarchy effect, whereas backward asymmetry (i.e., object advantage) seems to stem from word order strategy. Proficiency scores exhibited a modest correlation with the different individual response patterns. However, an animacy effect was not observed. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of a general learning strategy, language universals based on informational prominence, the role of proficiency, and the effect of task demands.
ACROSS LANGUAGES, SPACE, AND TIME
Authors: Tolentino Leida C. , Tokowicz Natasha
Published: February 2011

This review examines whether similarity between the first language (L1) and second language (L2) influences the (morpho)syntactic processing of the L2, using both neural location and temporal processing information. Results from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potential (ERP) studies show that nonnative speakers can exhibit nativelike online L2 (morpho)syntactic processing behavior and neural patterns. These findings are contrary to predictions of the shallow structure hypothesis for syntactic processing (Clahsen & Felser, 2006a, 2006b). The data are in line with predictions of the (morpho)syntactic domain of the unified competition model of L2 acquisition (MacWhinney, 2005): Differences in L2 processing as compared to the L1 (or to native speakers of the L2) were generally associated with constructions that were crosslinguistically dissimilar or unique to the L2. The processing of crosslinguistically similar constructions generally produced no differences in brain activity between the L1 and L2. Overall, the available data suggest that cross-language similarity is an important factor that influences L2 (morpho)syntactic processing.
Heritage in Conflict and Consensus: New Approaches to the Social, Political, and Religious Impact of Public Heritage in the 21st Century
Authors: Labrador Angela M.
Published: February 2011

The inaugural event for the newly established University of Massachusetts (UMass) Amherst Center for Heritage & Society, entitled “Heritage in Conflict and Consensus: New Approaches to the Social, Political, and Religious Impact of Public Heritage in the 21st Century,” was held in November 2009 at three locations in the northeastern United States. Workshop attendees participated in several organized sessions, day trips, informal discussions, and five plenary sessions with accompanying working sessions focused on four themes in international heritage practice: community; faith; diaspora; and burial, ancestors, and human Remains. The event was co-organized by two members of the UMass Amherst Center for Heritage & Society, Director Elizabeth Chilton and Coordinator of Projects and Policy Initiatives Neil Silberman, whose main goal was to establish a permanent working group of international representatives engaging with issues of heritage in conflict charged with setting research and policy agendas for the field.
On continuous branches of very singular similarity solutions of a stable thin film equation. I – The Cauchy problem
Authors: EVANS J. D. , GALAKTIONOV V. A.
Published: February 2011

We consider the fourth-order thin film equation,

with a stable second-order diffusion term. For the first critical exponent,

where N ≥ 1 is the space dimension, the Cauchy problem is shown to admit countable continuous branches of source-type self-similar very singular solutions of the form

These solutions are inherently oscillatory in nature and will be shown in Part II to be the limit of appropriate free-boundary problem solutions. For p ≠ p0, the set of very singular solutions is shown to be finite and to be consisting of a countable family of branches (in the parameter p) of similarity profiles that originate at a sequence of critical exponents {pl, l ≥ 0}. At p = pl, these branches appear via a non-linear bifurcation mechanism from a countable set of similarity solutions of the second kind of the pure thin film equation

Such solutions are detected by the ‘Hermitian spectral theory’, which allows an analytical n-branching approach. As such, a continuous path as n → 0+ can be constructed from the eigenfunctions of the linear rescaled operator for n = 0, i.e. for the bi-harmonic equation ut = −Δ2u. Numerics are used, wherever appropriate, to support the analysis.
Magical Thinking in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: West Bonnie , Willner Paul
Published: February 2011

Background: Magical thinking (MT), which has historically been associated with psychotic disorders, has more recently been found to be a central cognitive construct in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) that is associated with a poor prognosis (Einstein and Menzies, 2008). Although MT has been found to distinguish OCD from Panic Disorder (PD) (Einstein and Menzies, 2006), little is known about its role in other anxiety disorders. Aims: This study aimed to compare whether elevated levels of magical thinking could distinguish individuals with OCD from non-anxious controls and individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Method: The Magical Ideation Scale (MIS, Eckblad and Chapman, 1983) was used to compare levels of magical thinking in groups of individuals with OCD (n = 40), GAD (n = 15), and a normal control group (n = 19). Results: As expected, the mean MIS score of the OCD group was significantly higher than that of the non-clinical group. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between the mean MIS scores of the OCD and GAD group. However, the results of correlational analyses suggest that it may have differing roles in these disorders. Conclusions: Although elevated MT is evident in individuals with OCD, it may not be specific to OCD and may also be prominent in GAD. Further research is recommended to elucidate the exact role of this construct in these disorders.
Oxazole
phosphonic acids as fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors with potent glucose-lowering activity
Authors: Dang Qun , Kasibthatla Srinivas Rao , Jiang Tao , Taplin Frank , Gibson Tony , Potter Scott C. , van Poelje Paul D. , Erion Mark D.
Published: February 2011

Phosphonic acid-containing oxazoles were discovered as potent inhibitors of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. Several oxazoles demonstrated significant glucose-lowering activity in rats after intravenous dosing.
Global Englishes and the sociolinguistics of spelling
Authors: Hinrichs Lars , White-Sustaíta Jessica
Published: February 2011

This paper contributes to a small, but quickly growing body of literature that looks at orthographic variation as a semiotic resource with which social stances and relations are expressed and created. First, we analyze a corpus of blog and email writing from Jamaica and its diaspora — two settings in which both Jamaican Creole (JC) and a local standard of English are in use. Here, spelling is studied quantitatively as an expression of community-level attitudes toward JC in different settings. In a second step we draw on findings from a survey on attitudes toward language varieties and spelling variation among writers of Creole and English, contextualizing the quantitative analysis. Our findings indicate that diasporic writers make use of nonstandard spellings in a way that marks those lexical items as non-English (thus: as Creole) that are part of the historically shared lexicon of JC and English but whose meanings and functions have come to differ in the two varieties. By contrast, writers living in Jamaica prefer using spelling choices to mark codeswitches between English and Creole, and thus to construct symbolic distance between the codes. A comparison between genders shows women to make a more systematic use of nonstandard spellings according to linguistic constraints than men do.
Idealizations and Contextualism in Physics
Authors: Davey Kevin
Published: February 2011

Describing a physical system in idealized terms involves making claims about the system that we know to be literally false. Because of this, it is not clear how calculations involving idealizations can generate justified belief and explain facts about the world. I argue that this puzzling aspect of idealizations cannot be explained away by talking about approximations, as is often supposed. I develop a different account of how justified beliefs and explanations can be generated from idealized descriptions of physical systems. My account involves a type of contextualism about the truth of mathematical descriptions of physical systems.
An Awkward Symmetry: The Tension between Particle Ontologies and Permutation Invariance
Authors: Jantzen Benjamin
Published: February 2011

Physical theories continue to be interpreted in terms of particles. The idea of a particle has required modification for successive theories but remains central to scientific explanation. Particle ontologies also have the virtue of explaining basic epistemic features of the world and so remain appealing for the scientific realist. However, particle ontologies are untenable when coupled with the empirically necessary postulate of permutation invariance—the claim that permuting the roles of particles in a representation of a physical state results in a representation of the same state. I demonstrate that any permutation invariant theory is incompatible with a particle ontology.