bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violence and Control in Civil Conflict: Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza
Authors: Bhavnani Ravi , Miodownik Dan , Choi Hyun Jin
Published: October 2013

What explains the use of selective and indiscriminate violence in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza from 1987 to 2005? Using micro-level data, an aggregated analysis indicates that areas of dominant but incomplete territorial control consistently experience more frequent and intense episodes
of selective violence, providing support for Stathis Kalyvas's theory on the logic of civil violence. Disaggregating the analysis by each zone of control and perpetrator, however, offers only mixed empirical support for Kalyvas's predictions. While Palestinian-perpetrated violence is still
consistent with theoretical expectations, Israel more frequently resorts to the use of selective violence where Palestinians exercise greater control. Such disconfirming evidence points to causal mechanisms previously unaccounted for and contributes to a more nuanced specification of the microfoundations
of violence in civil conflict.
Coalitions not Conflicts: Ethnicity, Political Institutions, and Expenditure in Africa
Authors: Gibson Clark C. , Hoffman Barak D.
Published: October 2013

Scholars blame high levels of ethnic heterogeneity for many social and political ills, including poor economic growth, corruption, and policy gridlock. But it can be argued that, in seeking reelection, politicians will join multiethnic coalitions to pass policies in this endeavor. Further,
government expenditure increases with coalition size, as each politician seeks policies that benefit his or her own constituents. Subnational data from Zambia, the use of which helps control for country-level factors hindering standard cross-national studies of fiscal politics, indicate that
government spending increases with ethnic heterogeneity. This evidence challenges studies which ignore the incentives generated by political institutions and claim that ethnicity leads directly to undesirable outcomes.
Fighting for the Right to Exist: Institutions, Identity, and Conflict in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Milligan Maren
Published: October 2013

Power sharing, or the predetermined allocation of state resources to putative groups, is an increasingly popular conflict resolution mechanism throughout the globe. However, critics argue it rests on ill-founded assumptions of group fixity, deepening divides it seeks to overcome. Proponents
respond that liberal consociationalism reduces conflict by allowing for self-determined groups. In order to evaluate these claims, a model of power sharing explains the incidence of conflict in Jos, Nigeria. The findings refute the claims of liberal consociationalism regarding the conflict-mitigating
potential of self-determination of groups. National conflagration of localized conflict resulting from power sharing suggests that ethno-federal power sharing does not quarantine conflict.
Uncertainties in the modelled CO2 threshold for Antarctic glaciation
Authors: Gasson E. , Lunt D. J. , DeConto R. , Goldner A. , Heinemann M. , Huber M. , LeGrande A. N. , Pollard D. , Sagoo N. , Siddall M. , Winguth A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. A frequently cited atmospheric CO2 threshold for the onset of Antarctic glaciation of ~ 780 ppmv is based on a study using an ice sheet model and the GENESIS climate model. Proxy records suggest that atmospheric CO2 concentrations passed through this threshold across the Eocene–Oligocene transition ~ 34 Ma. However, atmospheric CO2 concentrations may have been close to this threshold earlier than this transition, which is used by some to suggest the possibility of Antarctic ice sheets during the Eocene. Here we investigate the climate model dependency of the threshold for Antarctic glaciation by performing offline ice sheet model simulations using the climate from a number of different climate models (HadCM3L, CCSM3, CESM1.0, GENESIS, FAMOUS, ECHAM5 and GISS_ER). These climate simulations are sourced from a number of independent studies, as such the boundary conditions, which are poorly constrained during the Eocene, are not identical between simulations. The results of this study suggest that the atmospheric CO2 threshold for Antarctic glaciation is highly dependent on the climate model used and the climate model configuration. A large discrepancy between the climate model and ice sheet model grids for some simulations leads to a strong sensitivity to the lapse rate parameter. However, with the exception of HadCM3L and its reduced complexity version FAMOUS, the simulations suggest the growth of an intermediate sized ice sheet (> 25 m sea level equivalent) for atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the range of 560–920 ppmv, which is consistent with previous studies.
Evaluating scale and roughness effects in urban flood modelling using terrestrial LIDAR data
Authors: Ozdemir H. , Sampson C. C. , de Almeida G. A. M. , Bates P. D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This paper evaluates the results of benchmark testing a new inertial formulation of the St. Venant equations, implemented within the LISFLOOD-FP hydraulic model, using different high resolution terrestrial LiDAR data (10 cm, 50 cm and 1 m) and roughness conditions (distributed and composite) in an urban area. To examine these effects, the model is applied to a hypothetical flooding scenario in Alcester, UK, which experienced surface water flooding during summer 2007. The sensitivities of simulated water depth, extent, arrival time and velocity to grid resolutions and different roughness conditions are analysed. The results indicate that increasing the terrain resolution from 1 m to 10 cm significantly affects modelled water depth, extent, arrival time and velocity. This is because hydraulically relevant small scale topography that is accurately captured by the terrestrial LIDAR system, such as road cambers and street kerbs, is better represented on the higher resolution DEM. It is shown that altering surface friction values within a wide range has only a limited effect and is not sufficient to recover the results of the 10 cm simulation at 1 m resolution. Alternating between a uniform composite surface friction value (n = 0.013) or a variable distributed value based on land use has a greater effect on flow velocities and arrival times than on water depths and inundation extent. We conclude that the use of extra detail inherent in terrestrial laser scanning data compared to airborne sensors will be advantageous for urban flood modelling related to surface water, risk analysis and planning for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) to attenuate flow.
Does consideration of water routing affect simulated water and carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems?
Authors: Tang G. , Schneiderman E. M. , Band L. E. , Hwang T. , Pierson D. C. , Pradhanang S. M. , Zion M. S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The cycling of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems is closely coupled with the cycling of water. An important mechanism connecting ecological and hydrological processes in terrestrial ecosystems is lateral flow of water along landscapes. Few studies, however, have examined explicitly how consideration of water routing affects simulated water and carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. The objective of this study is to explore how consideration of water routing in a process-based hydroecological model affects simulated water and carbon dynamics. To achieve that end, we rasterized the regional hydroecological simulation systems (RHESSys) and employed the rasterized RHESSys (R-RHESSys) in a forested watershed. We performed and compared two contrasting simulations, one with and another without water routing. We found that R-RHESSys is able to correctly simulate major hydrological and ecological variables regardless of whether water routing is considered. When water routing was neglected, however, soil water table depth and saturation deficit were simulated to be smaller and spatially more homogeneous. As a result, evaporation, forest productivity and soil heterotrophic respiration also were simulated to be spatially more homogeneous compared to simulation with water routing. When averaged for the entire watershed, however, differences in simulated water and carbon fluxes are not significant between the two simulations. Overall, the study demonstrated that consideration of water routing enabled R-RHESSys to better capture our preconception of the spatial patterns of water table depth and saturation deficit across the watershed. Because the spatial pattern of soil moisture is fundamental to water efflux from land to the atmosphere, forest productivity and soil microbial activity, ecosystem and carbon cycle models, therefore, need to explicitly represent water routing in order to accurately quantify the magnitudes and patterns of water and carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.
LiDAR in extreme environment: surveying in Antarctica
Authors: Abate D. , Pierattini S. , Bianchi Fasani G.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This study was performed under the patronage of the Italian National Research Programme in Antarctica (PNRA) with the aim to realize a high resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the moraine named "Boulder Clay" which insists approximately 7 km far from the Italian Research Base "Mario Zucchelli Station" in the Terra Nova Bay area. The DEM will be included in the project for the construction of two runways to be used as support facilities for the scientific research campaigns which take place on regular basis each year. Although the research efforts to realize a detailed cartography of the area is on-going, for the specific aim and urgency of this project it was decided to perform a laser scanning survey in this extreme environment in order to obtain contour lines describing the terrain elevation each 50 cm and volume analysis. The final result will be super imposed on a photogrammetric DEM with contour lines each 2.5 m and satellite images. This paper focus both on the final scientific data and on all the challenges have to be faced in such extreme and particular environment during the laser scanning survey.
A line-based spectral clustering method for efficient planar structure extraction from LiDAR data
Authors: He Y. , Zhang C. , Fraser C. S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Planar structures are essential components of the urban landscape and automated extraction planar structure from LiDAR data is a fundamental step in solving complex mapping tasks such as building recognition and urban modelling. This paper presents a new and effective method for planar structure extraction from airborne LiDAR data based on spectral clustering of straight line segments. The straight line segments are derived from LiDAR scan lines using an Iterative-End-Point-Fit simplification algorithm. Adjacency matrix is then formed based on pair-wise similarity of the extracted line segments, and a symmetric affine matrix is derived which is then decomposed into eigenspace. The planar structures are then detected by mean-shift clustering algorithm in eigenspace. The use of straight line segments facilitates the processing and significantly reduces the computational load. Spectral analysis of straight line segments in eigenspace makes the planar structures more prominent, resulting in a robust extraction of planar surfaces. Experiments are performed on the ISPRS benchmark LiDAR data over three test sites containing a variety of buildings with complex roof structures and varying sizes. The experimental results, which are quantitatively evaluated independently by the ISPRS benchmark test group, are presented. The results show that the proposed method achieves on average 80% of completeness with over 98% of correctness. Better performance is observed over larger size of buildings (>10m2) with over 92% of completeness and nearly 100% of correctness in all test areas, indicating the robustness and high reliability of the proposed algorithm.
Automatic extraction of insulators from 3D LiDAR data of an electrical substation
Authors: Arastounia M. , Lichti D. D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. A considerable percentage of power outages are caused by animals that come into contact with conductive elements of electrical substations. These can be prevented by insulating conductive electrical objects, for which a 3D as-built plan of the substation is crucial. This research aims to create such a 3D as-built plan using terrestrial LiDAR data while in this paper the aim is to extract insulators, which are key objects in electrical substations. This paper proposes a segmentation method based on a new approach of finding the principle direction of points’ distribution. This is done by forming and analysing the distribution matrix whose elements are the range of points in 9 different directions in 3D space. Comparison of the computational performance of our method with PCA (principal component analysis) shows that our approach is 25% faster since it utilizes zero-order moments while PCA computes the first- and second-order moments, which is more time-consuming. A knowledge-based approach has been developed to automatically recognize points on insulators. The method utilizes known insulator properties such as diameter and the number and the spacing of their rings. The results achieved indicate that 24 out of 27 insulators could be recognized while the 3 un-recognized ones were highly occluded. Check point analysis was performed by manually cropping all points on insulators. The results of check point analysis show that the accuracy, precision and recall of insulator recognition are 98%, 86% and 81%, respectively. It is concluded that automatic object extraction from electrical substations using only LiDAR data is not only possible but also promising. Moreover, our developed approach to determine the directional distribution of points is computationally more efficient for segmentation of objects in electrical substations compared to PCA. Finally our knowledge-based method is promising to recognize points on electrical objects as it was successfully applied for insulators.
Rail Track Detection and Modelling in Mobile Laser Scanner Data
Authors: Oude Elberink S. , Khoshelham K. , Arastounia M. , Diaz Benito D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We present a method for detecting and modelling rails in mobile laser scanner data. The detection is based on the properties of the rail tracks and contact wires such as relative height, linearity and relative position with respect to other objects. Points classified as rail track are used in a 3D modelling algorithm. The modelling is done by first fitting a parametric model of a rail piece to the points along each track, and estimating the position and orientation parameters of each piece model. For each position and orientation parameter a smooth low-order Fourier curve is interpolated. Using all interpolated parameters a mesh model of the rail is reconstructed. The method is explained using two areas from a dataset acquired by a LYNX mobile mapping system in a mountainous area. Residuals between railway laser points and 3D models are in the range of 2 cm. It is concluded that a curve fitting algorithm is essential to reliably and accurately model the rail tracks by using the knowledge that railways are following a continuous and smooth path.
Analysing the suitability of radiometrically calibrated full-waveform lidar data for delineating Alpine rock glaciers
Authors: Roncat A. , Wieser M. , Briese C. , Bollmann E. , Sailer R. , Klug C. , Pfeifer N.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. With full-waveform (FWF) lidar systems becoming increasingly available from different commercial manufacturers, the possibility for extracting physical parameters of the scanned surfaces in an area-wide sense, as addendum to their geometric representation, has risen as well. The mentioned FWF systems digitize the temporal profiles of the transmitted laser pulse and of its backscattered echoes, allowing for a reliable determination of the target distance to the instrument and of physical target quantities by means of radiometric calibration, one of such quantities being the diffuse Lambertian reflectance. The delineation of glaciers is a time-consuming task, commonly performed manually by experts and involving field trips as well as image interpretation of orthophotos, digital terrain models and shaded reliefs. In this study, the diffuse Lambertian reflectance was compared to the glacier outlines mapped by experts. We start the presentation with the workflow for analysis of FWF data, their direct georeferencing and the calculation of the diffuse Lambertian reflectance by radiometric calibration; this workflow is illustrated for a large FWF lidar campaign in the Ötztal Alps (Tyrol, Austria), operated with an Optech ALTM 3100 system. The geometric performance of the presented procedure was evaluated by means of a relative and an absolute accuracy assessment using strip differences and orthophotos, resp. The diffuse Lambertian reflectance was evaluated at two rock glaciers within the mentioned lidar campaign. This feature showed good performance for the delineation of the rock glacier boundaries, especially at their lower parts.
Laser Ranging For Monitoring Water Waves In The New Deltares Delta Flume
Authors: Streicher M. , Hofland B. , Lindenbergh R. C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Currently a new wave flume for hydraulic experiments near to prototype scale is under construction at Deltares. In the flume, modern measurement equipment will be installed. One of the potential sensor techniques is Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) based range measurements of water waves. TLS range measurements are a very fast and accurate method for solid surfaces, providing temporal and spatial high resolution profile measurements. The conditions under which measurements of water surfaces with TLS are possible are however less well understood. The main objective of this work is to explore possibilities to apply TLS based range measurements of water waves in the new Delta Flume facility. Hence, influencing parameters on TLS based range measurements from water waves in the laboratory are identified from literature. The influencing parameters are further investigated in a test featuring the SICK LMS 511 and measuring the water surface in the 50 m TU Delft wave flume. Analysis of the results provides an insight into the possibilities and potential problems of the new measurement method. The obtained profile measurements from a originally straight still water surface showed a tendency to bend upwards at the side of the profile. For that reason a surface correction method based on the refraction of the laser beam when entering the water is elaborated. This method is part of the derived wave field reconstruction method. Finally, an optimized water wave measurement set-up for the new Delta Flume proposed.
Markerless point cloud registration with keypoint-based 4-points congruent sets
Authors: Theiler P. W. , Wegner J. D. , Schindler K.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This paper addresses the registration of LiDAR point clouds. More specifically, we present an automatic method for markerless registration of two such point clouds given in arbitrary local scan coordinates – i.e. without simplifying assumptions such as a common up-vector. Clearly, the critical step of the registration is to find a coarse initial alignment, to be refined with established local methods for fine registration, such as ICP or least-squares surface matching. The proposed approach builds on the 4-Points Congruent Sets (4PCS) algorithm (Aiger et al., 2008), a popular registration tool in computer graphics, and extends it to better deal with the specific challenges of LiDAR data. The main limitations of the original 4PCS method in that context are (i) that it does not cope well with strongly varying point densities, such as they routinely occur in laser scans due to the constant angular sampling from different viewpoints; and (ii) that to remain efficient, huge LiDAR point clouds must be down-sampled so heavily that approximate point-to-point correspondence can no longer be guaranteed. To overcome these drawbacks we propose not to apply 4PCS to the original point cloud (respectively, a randomly or regularly subsampled version of it), but rather to represent the point clouds with sets of distinctive 3D keypoints, and run (a slightly modified) 4PCS on the keypoint sets. The resulting combination, termed Keypoint-based 4-Points Congruent Sets (K-4PCS), proves to be very reliable: with suitable parameter settings, tests in indoor as well as outdoor environments yield 100% success rates.
Terrestrial radar and laser scanning for deformation monitoring: first steps towards assisted radar scanning
Authors: Wujanz D. , Neitzel F. , Hebel H. P. , Linke J. , Busch W.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Deformation analysis based on multi-temporal Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) surveys has been applied for many years in commercial and academic problem domains. Downsides of this technique are the sequential data acquisition as well as its limited accuracy compared to terrestrial InSAR or InRAR based technologies that are currently gaining attention of the geodetic community. A drawback of these instruments is its relative operation method while beneficially measurements within the entire field of view can be carried out simultaneously at high frequencies. At first comparative studies between TLS and InRAR scanning are presented which have been carried out at a quarry. Over the course of roughly two hours six epochs have been measured where geometric changes of different degrees have been purposely made. In order to ensure comparability concerning the outcome, both instrument coordinate systems have been transformed into a common coordinate system by applying corner cube reflectors. At last an assisted ground based RADAR approach is presented where advantages of both applied techniques are incorporated.
The Blake-Zisserman model for digital surface models segmentation
Authors: Zanetti M. , Vitti A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The Blake-Zisserman functional is a second-order variational model for data segmentation. The model is build up of several terms, the nature and the interaction of them allow to obtain a smooth approximation of the data that preserves the constant-gradient areas morphology, which are explicitly detected by partitioning the data with the graph of two special functions: the edge-detector function, which detects discontinuities of the datum, and the edge/crease-detector function, which also detects discontinuities of the gradient. First, the main features of the model are presented to justify the sense of the application of the model to DSMs. It is stressed the fact that the model can yield an almost piecewise-linear approximation of the data. This result is certainly of some interest for the specific application of the model to urban DSMs. Then, an example of its application is presented and the results are discussed to highlight how the features of the model affect the model outputs. The smooth approximation of the data produced by the model is thought to be a better candidate for further processing. In this sense, the application of the Blake-Zisserman model can be seen as a useful preprocessing step in the chain of DSMs processing. Eventually, some perspectives are presented to show some promising applications and developments of the Blake-Zisserman model.
Sparsity based regularization approaches in reconstructing the range and cross section in full-waveform LiDAR
Authors: Azadbakht M. , Fraser C. S. , Zhang C. , Leach J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Accurate range determination and retrieval of the cross section are two important issues in the processing of full-waveform LiDAR data, especially between closely located targets. The dependency of the received waveform on the emitted pulse can be removed through deconvolution and consequently comparisons between waveforms recorded by different sensors become feasible and meaningful, since the cross-section is independent of system specifications. Common methods, such as the Wiener filter, are reported for producing oscillation of the results around main peaks, along with negative values of the amplitude. Regularization is necessary to approximate a stable solution of deconvolution resistant to noise or error. A sparse solution of these linear inverse problems can be attained by minimizing the one-norm of the solution. Satisfactory deconvolution results can then be achieved by utilizing sparsity constraints. The results of regularization methods with sparse solutions have been evaluated using two synthetic datasets and distinctions are highlighted for comparison with those from two widely used deconvolution methods, in terms of the level of surface response retrieval. The results presented indicate that the one-norm regularization approach can outperform the other methods considered.
Eigenvalue and graph-based object extraction from mobile laser scanning point clouds
Authors: Bremer M. , Wichmann V. , Rutzinger M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The mapping of road environments is an important task, providing important input data for a broad range of scientific disciplines. Pole-like objects, their visibility and their influence onto local light and traffic noise conditions are of particular interest for traffic safety, public health and ecological issues. Detailed knowledge can support the improvement of traffic management, noise reducing infrastructure or the planning of photovoltaic panels. Mobile Mapping Systems coupled with computer aided mapping work-flows allow an effective data acquisition and provision. We present a classification work flow focussing on pole-like objects. It uses rotation and scale invariant point and object features for classification, avoiding planar segmentation and height slicing steps. Single objects are separated by connected component and Dijkstra-path analysis. Trees and artificial objects are separated using a graph based approach considering the branching levels of the given geometries. For the focussed semantic groups, classification accuracies higher than 0.9 are achieved. This includes both the quality of object aggregation and separation, where the combination of Dijkstrapath aggregation and graph-based classification shows good results. For planar objects the classification accuracies are lowered, recommending the usage of planar segmentation for classification and subdivision issues as presented by other authors. The presented work-flow provides sufficient input data for further 3D reconstructions and tree modelling.
Calibration of a multi-beam Laser System by using a TLS-generated Reference
Authors: Gordon M. , Meidow J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Rotating multi-beam LIDARs mounted on moving platforms have become very successful for many applications such as autonomous navigation, obstacle avoidance or mobile mapping. To obtain accurate point coordinates, a precise calibration of such a LIDAR system is required. For the determination of the corresponding parameters we propose a calibration scheme which exploits the information of 3D reference point clouds captured by a terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) device. It is assumed that the accuracy of this point clouds is considerably higher than that from the multi-beam LIDAR and that the data represent faces of man-made objects at different distances. After extracting planes in the reference data sets, the point-plane-incidences of the measured points and the reference planes are used to formulate the implicit constraints. We inspect the Velodyne HDL-64E S2 system as the best-known representative for this kind of sensor system. The usability and feasibility of the calibration procedure is demonstrated with real data sets representing building faces (walls, roof planes and ground). Beside the improvement of the point accuracy by considering the calibration results, we test the significance of the parameters related to the sensor model and consider the uncertainty of measurements w.r.t. the measured distances. The Velodyne returns two kinds of measurements – distances and encoder angles. To account for this, we perform a variance component estimation to obtain realistic standard deviations for the observations.
Assessment methodology for the prediction of landslide dam hazard
Authors: Dal Sasso S. F. , Sole A. , Pascale S. , Sdao F. , Bateman Pinzòn A. , Medina V.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This paper represents a contribution to the study of hazard caused by the interaction between landslides and river courses. The effects of such interferences are often catastrophic and could include the formation of backwater lakes, potential dam failure, river bed dynamics and morphological alterations. These scenarios could be substantially reduced if it was possible to predict the eventuality that a moving landslide could block the river. This is a complex topic because it involves composite geomorphic phenomena concerning both hillslope and river systems and their interpretation, through model approaches, is still under development and testing. In this study, a methodology developed in the framework of the European Research Project IMPRINTS (FP7), was adopted and integrated in order to identify the areas of triggering and propagation of landslides and to characterize the possible scenarios of the interaction with river networks. Different deterministic and probabilistic approaches, calibrated using a case test in the middle valley of Noce River in Basilicata region (Italy), were applied and compared at basin scale. In this area, a landslide mobilized in July 2007 on the right side slope of the river invaded a gravel-bed reach, characterized by a narrow and confined section, causing its progressive morpho-hydrodynamic change.
Using Video Acquired from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to Measure Fracture Orientation in an Open-Pit Mine
Authors: McLeod T. , Samson C. , Labrie M. , Shehata K. , Mah J. , Lai P. , Wang L. , Elder J.H.
Published: October 2013

This project explored the feasibility of using video images acquired with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to obtain three-dimensional (3D) point clouds using structure from motion (SfM) software. Missions were flown using an Aeryon Scout: a lightweight, vertical take-off and landing quadrotor micro UAV with a miniature video camera. The initial mission captured urban scene images that were used to assess system performance while the main mission focused on rock walls where 3D images were used to successfully measure fracture orientations. Point clouds generated from this combination of technologies were sparse, but in the future, improvements in the resolution of original video images would cascade through the processing and improve the overall results. Such a system could have a multitude of applications in the mining industry, contributing to both safety and financial considerations.
Centre for Blind and Visually Impaired People at the National Library of Serbia
Authors: Milunovic Dragana
Published: October 2013

The paper considers library services for print disabled patrons at the National Library of Serbia (NLS) and in Serbian public libraries. It describes the establishment of the NLS Centre for Blind and Visually Impaired People and gives details of space, equipment, software, Braille collections and professional activities and projects at the Centre. The NLS and the Centre support and educate librarians about library services to people who are blind or visually impaired. The paper presents new legislation concerning equal rights to read, and reports on the introduction of electronic legal deposit in Serbia. It also describes a handbook on print disability published by the NLS and outlines plans to develop a digital library for blind people.
Library Development in Uzbekistan: Progress and Problems since the Dissolution of the USSR
Authors: Johnson Ian M.
Published: October 2013

The paper is a report on the development and current state of libraries and information services in Uzbekistan. It was initially prepared as background for a project supported by the European Commission's TEMPUS programme that provided technical assistance for developments in Armenia, Georgia and Uzbekistan. The paper is based on a review of the published literature and data gathered during the implementation of the project, and addresses a wide range of issues that were encountered. It provides some background information on the country, the state of publishing and bookselling, and the dissemination of research results; briefly describes the development of libraries and information services, and professional education; outlines the international development assistance that they have received during the last twenty years; describes their current situation; and indicates some of their future needs. It notes that, while the activities of international governmental and nongovernmental agencies to offset the catastrophic effects of the disintegration of the centralized Soviet system may have lacked coordination, the national government of Uzbekistan appears to be taking a more strategic approach to the development of its library and information services.
Sea level rise, spatially uneven and temporally unsteady: Why the U.S. East Coast, the global tide gauge record, and the global altimeter data show different trends
Authors: Ezer Tal
Published: October 2013

Key Points

The spatial pattern of sea level rise acceleration is explained

Multidecadal climate variations unevenly affect sea level rise

Discrepancies in global sea level rise from different observations are explained
Seasonal cycle of N:P:TA stoichiometry as a modulator of CO2 buffering in eastern boundary upwelling systems
Authors: Gregor L. , Monteiro P. M. S.
Published: October 2013

In this study we use the southern Benguela upwelling system to investigate the role of nutrient and carbon stoichiometry on carbonate dynamics in eastern boundary upwelling systems. Six months in 2010 were sampled along a cross‐shelf transect. Data were classified into summer, autumn, and winter. Nitrate, phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, and total alkalinity ratios were used in a stoichiometric reconstruction model to determine the contribution of biogeochemical processes on a parcel of water as it upwelled. Deviations from the Redfield ratio were dominated by denitrification and sulfate reduction in the subsurface waters. The N:P ratio was lowest (7.2) during autumn once anoxic waters had formed. Total alkalinity (TA) generation by anaerobic remineralization decreased pCO2 by 227 μatm. Ventilation during summer and winter resulted in elevated N:P ratios (12.3). We propose that anaerobic production of TA has an important regional effect in mitigating naturally high CO2 and making upwelled waters less corrosive.
Ultrarelativistic electrons in the near cosmos and X‐ray aurora in the middle polar atmosphere
Authors: Remenets G. F. , Beloglazov M. I.
Published: October 2013

The rare phenomenon of ultrarelativistic electron precipitation into the middle polar atmosphere, prevalent under calm geophysical conditions, was established from ground‐based radio wave measurements during the period of 1982–1992. Precipitating electrons with energy ∼ 100 MeV and sufficient density to generate X‐ and gamma‐ray bremsstrahlung create a sporadic layer of ionization in the atmosphere under the regular D layer of the ionosphere. Very low frequency radio waves reflect from this sporadic layer with abnormal weakening and with an unusually low height of reflection. The layer has a horizontal linear scale of about several thousand kilometers, with a thickness in altitude of about 20–30 km, and persists for several hours. Due to this layer of electric conductivity, the effective height of this “ground‐ionized atmosphere” waveguide diminishes in exceptional cases by 2–2.5 times. The auroras of X‐ray bremsstrahlung have been detected by the reflection of radio waves with wavelengths of 30–20 km. This phenomenon may be termed “a polar cap absorption effect of the second kind” as an electron analog of proton precipitation.
M‐component currents of first return strokes in natural negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning
Authors: Visacro Silverio , Araujo Listz , Guimarães Miguel , Vale Maria Helena Murta
Published: October 2013

Records of M‐component currents of first return strokes in natural negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning measured in a short instrumented tower are shown along with correlated video records, electric field changes, and relative luminosity. The synchronized fast‐camera records clearly match the increase of luminosity of the faint lightning channel. The parameters of these M components are all consistent with those of triggered lightning. According to records of electric field change of lightning events near Morro do Cachimbo Station and of currents measured at the instrumented tower, the frequency of first return strokes exhibiting M components is within the range of tens of percent and not of a few percent, as usually accepted. This expectation of a few percent is based on a very low number of first return strokes expected to be followed by continuing currents. It was found that most of the analyzed first‐return‐stroke M components of natural lightning occur at the final phase of the return‐stroke process and not during the flow of continuing currents. Apparently, this also holds true for most of the first M components of subsequent return strokes.
Acquiescence Response Style
Authors: Beins Bernard C.
Published: October 2013

Acquiescence response style (ARS) is a response bias that reflects the tendency by a person to answer Yes/No questions affirmatively or to agree with attitude statements, regardless of the content of the question. There is evidence that this bias is a consistent aspect of an individual's response style across items and scales.
Adler, Leonore Loeb
Authors: Hogan John D. , Brucato Gary
Published: October 2013

Leonore Loeb Adler is professor emerita of psychology, and the founder and director of the Institute for Cross‐Cultural and Cross‐Ethnic Studies at Molloy College in Rockville Centre, New York. An active researcher, writer, and editor, she has been the author or editor of 18 books, and has written more than 70 chapters and articles, mostly in the area of cross‐cultural psychology, but in several other areas, as well.
Allik, Juri
Authors: Draguns Juris G.
Published: October 2013

Juri Allik was born on March 3, 1949 in Tallinn, Estonia. He began his study of psychology at the University of Tartu in Estonia and received Ph.D. degrees from the University of Moscow in 1976 and the University of Tampere in Finland in 1991. He has taught at the University of Tartu throughout his career, and is now professor of psychology and chair of the Department of Psychology. He is a foreign member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences and Letters and a member of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. He served as president of the Estonian Psychological Association and is a recipient of the Estonian National Science Award in the Social Science category.
Androgyny
Authors: Koenig Anne M.
Published: October 2013

Androgyny is a term coined by Sandra Bem in the early 1970s to describe an individual who does not rely on gender as a cognitive organizing principle and whose personality combines both agentic masculine elements and communal feminine elements.
Antipoff, Helena Wladimira
Authors: Cirino Sergio Dias , Miranda Rodrigo Lopes
Published: October 2013

Helena Wladimirna Antipoff was born in Russia in 1892. She attended school in Petrograd, where she graduated as a teacher. In 1909, she went to Paris and worked with Théodore Simon at Binet and Simon's psychology laboratory. In 1912, she moved to Geneva and earned a degree in psychology from
Institut Jean‐Jacques Rousseau
, where Edouard Claparède was one of her professors. Between 1919 and 1924, Antipoff worked in Russia as a psychologist, promoting psychological diagnosis and re‐education of children who lost their families in military conflicts. In 1929, she moved to Brazil to serve first as a teacher of psychology and then as chairperson of the Experimental Psychology Laboratory at
Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Professores
(Teachers Training School) in Belo Horizonte City.
Appraisal
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien , Harris Elizabeth
Published: October 2013

Appraisal refers to a series of psychological processes and behaviors that involve evaluating the nature of a given situation. An individual determines whether the situation is controllable and assesses his or her ability to respond effectively. According to theory of emotions, appraisal includes the cognitive and behavioral factors associated with emotion and involves a continuous sequence of reactions. Thus, appraisal encompasses a series of information processes having both cognitive and behavioral factors necessary to evaluate events in a step‐by‐step manner.
Assimilation (cultural)
Authors: No Sun
Published: October 2013

Assimilation refers to the psychological and behavioral melding of immigrant groups into the dominant mainstream group such that the immigrant groups cannot be identified as separate from the mainstream group. The “melting‐pot” metaphor has been used to elaborate on the concept of assimilation, as it requires that immigrants relinquish their heritage identity and shift identification and loyalty to that of the mainstream group and nation. It is thought that with sufficient passage of time, particularly across generations lived in the host country, all immigrants will become interchangeable with the host population.
Assimilation (developmental)
Authors: Inoue Noriyuki
Published: October 2013

In developmental psychology, assimilation refers to the process in which schemas (mental representations) already available to a child are used to achieve a new purpose. For example, a child could use a schema for riding a tricycle (i.e., using pedals to move forward, controlling the movement) to ride a bicycle. In this case, we could say the child assimilated the task of riding a bicycle to the task of riding a tricycle that the child had previously acquired. Similarly, a child could assimilate multiplying two numbers (e.g., 4 × 3) to the schema of repeated addition that is available to the child (e.g., 4 + 4 + 4).
Attachment
Authors: Pena‐Shaff Judith B.
Published: October 2013

Attachment is an enduring emotional bond that develops between two people and is characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness, particularly during times of stress such as when the person is frightened, tired, or sick. Although attachment is often used to describe the relationship between infants or young children and their caregivers, attachment, as Bowlby emphasized, is an essential, lifelong need. Infants, through countless interactions, develop an internal working model of attachment, a framework of thoughts, feelings, plans, and goals that help organize their interactions in relationships with others across the lifespan. This working model of attachment that develops during the early years of life has often been associated with a wide range of children's and adults' adaptive and maladaptive socioemotional functioning and patterns of future relationships with others. Thus, attachment theory is a theory of relationships.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Norvilitis Jill M.
Published: October 2013

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by difficulties in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD and the related ICD‐10 diagnosis, Hyperkinetic Disorder, are predictive of increased rates of numerous negative outcomes, including social and academic problems and antisocial activities.
Attractiveness
Authors: Miller Richard L. , Anderson Stephanie L.
Published: October 2013

Physical attractiveness is a desirable quality in most cultures. What qualities are considered attractive, and why is attractiveness so important? Cultural psychology provides insight into each of these questions.
Autostereotypes
Authors: Miller Richard L. , Madani Yaser
Published: October 2013

Stereotypes are simplified and sometimes over‐generalized conceptions of people or groups based on prior assumptions that may or may not be grounded in reality
Barry, Herbert
III
Authors: Draguns Juris G.
Published: October 2013

Herbert Barry III, born on June 2, 1930 in New York City, graduated with a B.A. degree in social relations from Harvard University in 1952 and earned his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Yale University in 1957. He has been on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh since 1963. In 1970 he became Professor in the School of Pharmacy and Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, and in 2001 he became Professor Emeritus. Over more than half a century, Barry simultaneously pursued two parallel research careers as a psychopharmacological researcher and a cross‐cultural investigator. His cross‐cultural research began earlier, when John Whiting was the advisor of his undergraduate honors thesis, 1951–1952, on the relation between child training and the pictorial arts.
Between‐Groups Design
Authors: Beins Bernard C.
Published: October 2013

When psychologists compare groups with different people in each condition, they are making use of a between‐groups design.
Biesheuvel, Simon
Authors: Taylor Nicola
Published: October 2013

Simon Biesheuvel is credited as being one of South Africa's most prominent applied psychologists. His main concern was finding solutions to real‐world problems through the application of a deep understanding of psychology. He authored over 100 publications during his career. His paper on African attitudes toward European ethical concepts, customs, and laws earned him the Durban Medal from the South African Association for Advancement of Science (SAAAS) in 1956, and he received their South Africa Medal in 1962, which was awarded annually to recognize exceptional contributions to the advancement of science by a South African.
Big Five (The Five‐Factor Model and The Five‐Factor Theory)
Authors: Novikova Irina A.
Published: October 2013

TheBig Fivefactors (the Five Factor Model, FFM; or the global factors of personality) is one of the contemporary versions of factor models of personality developed in the framework of trait theory. The Big Five personality traits are the most basic dimensions in the structure of human personality that determine the features of human thinking, feeling, and behavior. This model of personality suggests that all people, regardless of gender, age, or culture, share the same basic traits, but differ in the degree of their manifestation.
Bilingualism–Multilingualism
Authors: Mohanty Ajit
Published: October 2013

Language is simultaneously an integral aspect of and a major influence on cultural processes. At an individual level it is evident that languages affect peoples' worldview, which in turn also influences the use of languages. Linguistic and cultural diversity often go together. There are 6,000 to 7,600 languages in the world today, according to various estimates, and the number of languages coexisting in various societies varies widely. For example, Papua New Guinea has 830 languages, whereas Cuba has four and North Korea only one. Asian and African countries together have more than 64% of the languages in the world. Thus, some societies are linguistically much more diverse than others. With globalization, large scale international migration, and information technology, modern societies have become increasingly multilingual; it is much more common now for people to use multiple languages for various purposes and for societies to have multiple languages in contact with one another. More than 50% of the people in the world are bilingual or multilingual. The dynamics of languages in a society and in the repertoire of language users have become significant for understanding cultures as well as cross‐cultural similarities and differences.
Biomedical Model
Authors: Suzuki Hanako
Published: October 2013

The biomedical model of health and illness is a framework for conceptualizing illnesses in which cause, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis are viewed solely as based on biological and physical factors, and it pays little attention to the psychological, spiritual, social, and environmental attributes of diseases.
Blind Spot
Authors: Phillips William L.
Published: October 2013

The blind spot (also known as the
optic disk
) was discovered by the French physiologist Edme Mariotte in 1868.