bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous wave ultrasound enhances vancomycin release and antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotic‐loaded acrylic bone cement in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Yan Shigui , Cai Xunzi , Yan Weiqi , Dai Xuesong , Wu Haobo
Published: October 2006

Although antibiotic‐loaded bone cement (ALBC) is used as a drug delivery vehicle to decrease infection rates, the varied clinical effect of the antibiotic release remains controversial. The objective of this study is to investigate the enhancement of continuous wave ultrasound (CWU) on vancomycin release and antimicrobial efficacy of ALBC in vitro and in vivo. We measured vancomycin concentrations after a 0.5‐h exposure of CWU. The results showed that CWU increased the drug elution by 2.57–27.44% when compared with the controls in vitro. Ultrasonic intensity and vancomycin load both had a significant effect on the cumulative drug elution at 10.5 h, with a significant interaction between each other. We also implanted ALBC specimens into hip joints of sixteen New Zealand White female rabbits after inoculations of Staphylococcus aureus around primary implants for 30 days. Vancomycin concentrations in the hip cavity and urinary elimination of vancomycin were both measured after intermittent exposures of CWU. The results showed that CWU increased local Tmax by 47.6 μg/mL and urinary elimination of vancomycin by 109.56 μg, but failed to prolong local T>MIC. On day 30 after the implantation, assessment in clinical performance, radiology, bacteriology, and histology all showed a tendency of decreased bacterial vitality and relieved inflammation in the infected hip treated by CWU. This study suggested that CWU could effectively enhance vancomycin release and antimicrobial efficacy of ALBC, which may be of clinical significance for treating prosthesis‐related infections. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Mapping activation levels of skeletal muscle in healthy volunteers: An MRI study
Authors: Kinugasa Ryuta , Kawakami Yasuo , Fukunaga Tetsuo
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To use muscle functional MRI (mfMRI) to compare activation levels within and among triceps surae (TS) muscles.

Materials and Methods

Seven healthy males performed five sets of 10 repetitions of a unilateral heel‐raise exercise. T2‐weighted images were obtained before and immediately after the exercise. Pixels that showed T2 greater than the mean +1 SD of the region of interest (ROI) in pre‐exercise images and lower than the mean +1 SD of the ROI in post‐exercise images were identified. The remaining T2 values in the post‐exercise images were assigned to five categories indicated by color: red (highest level of activation), yellow, green, sky blue, and blue (lowest level of activation). The images were then used to construct three‐dimensional (3D) images from which the volumes at each level of activation were determined.

Results

Within each of the TS muscles the % activated volumes with low and moderate levels of activation were larger than those with a high level of activation (P < 0.05). The % activated volumes with a high level of activation were larger in the medial gastrocnemius than the soleus (Sol; P < 0.05). The Sol had a larger % activated volume with a low level of activation than the lateral gastrocnemius (P < 0.05). Each activation level was nonuniformly distributed along the length within each TS muscle.

Conclusion

There is substantial variation in the level of activation within and among the TS muscles; however, the activation level is mainly in the moderate to low range in all three muscles. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Murine spinal cord explants: A model for evaluating axonal growth and myelination in vitro
Authors: Thomson Christine E. , Hunter Anne M. , Griffiths Ian R. , Edgar Julia M. , McCulloch Mailis C.
Published: October 2006

In vitro models of myelinating central nervous system axons have mainly been of two types, organotypic or dissociated. In organotypic cultures, the tissue fragment is thick and usually requires sectioning (physically or optically) before visual examination. In dissociated cultures, tissue is dispersed across the culture surface, making it difficult to measure the extent of myelinated fiber growth. We aimed to develop a method of culturing myelinated CNS fibers in defined medium that could be 1) studied by standard immunofluorescence microscopy (i.e., monolayer type culture), 2) used to measure axonal growth, and 3) used to evaluate the effect of substrate and media components on axonal growth and myelination. We used 120‐μm slices of embryonic murine spinal cord as a focal source of CNS tissue from which myelinated axons could extend in a virtual monolayer. Explants were cultured on both poly‐L‐lysine and astrocytes. The latter were used because they are the scaffold on which axonal growth and myelination occurs during normal development. Outgrowth from the explant and myelination of axons was poor on poly‐L‐lysine but was promoted by an astrocyte bed layer. The best myelin formation occurred in defined media based on DMEM using N2 mix; it was not promoted by Sato mix or Neurobasal medium with B27 supplement. Neuronal survival was poor in serum‐containing medium. This tissue culture model should facilitate the study of factors involved in promoting outgrowth of CNS axons and their myelination. As such it is relevant to studies on myelination and spinal cord repair. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The identification and significance of 2‐phenylethylamine in foods
Authors: Chaytor John P. , Crathorne Brian , Saxby Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Techniques are described for the extraction and analysis of amines from foods, employing gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The presence of 2‐phenylethylamine is demonstrated in samples of chocolate, cheese and certain red wines. Subsequent clinical trials have shown that this amine precipitates migraine attack in dietary migraine sufferers.
Metabolites in golden delicious apples as possible parameters of acceptability
Authors: Gorin Natalio , Rudolphij Jan W. , Heidema Frouwke T. , Van Der Vuurst De Vries Rid G.
Published: October 2006

The ripening process of “Golden Delicious” apples, harvest 1972, during storage at 4 °C under controlled atmosphere, was assessed sensorially with a palatability test based on the attributes flavour, sweetness or sourness, and texture. After 130 days of storage 50% of the apples had flavour pertaining to ripe (pleasant to eat) stage and 50% pertaining to overripe (unpleasant to eat). The same proportions for sweet‐sour relation (ripe and overripe) and texture (ripe and overripe) were reached after 180 days of storage, when fruits became clearly inedible. This showed that flavour was the first attribute to deteriorate and therefore it constituted the limiting factor of the internal quality of apples. Consequently the following criterion was adopted: the internal quality of a batch of apples remained satisfactory until the proportion of apples assessed as of ripe flavour (40–50 %) was similar to the proportion of apples with overripe flavour (40–50%). This moment coincided with the inflexion point in the graph of sucrose content per initial fresh weight of apples against time and with the fall of L‐malate below about 0.40%. The inflexion point of the graph for citrate was earlier than the inflexion for sucrose.
A method for separating the hydrolysis products of monocalcium phosphate to test their effects on soils and crops
Authors: Le Mare Peter H.
Published: October 2006

A method was developed to test separately on crops the compounds formed when a granule of concentrated superphosphate hydrolyses in soil. An amount of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) equal to that in a granule of superphosphate was placed in a small glass tube with glass fibre filter paper on its base; a moist plug was put in the top of the tube which was placed on moist soil in a pot; the whole was covered and left for six days. MCP hydrolysed and triple‐point solution moved into the soil. The residue in the glass tube was transferred to another pot. In laboratory experiments the composition of the residue was that of dicalcium phosphate showing that the products of hydrolysis were like those from MCP hydrolysed in concentrated solution. Movement of the triple‐point solution in soil was similar to that in experiments made by Tennessee Valley Authority.
A rapid method for estimating nitrate‐nitrogen concentration in field soils
Authors: Hunt John , Ng Wai Y. , Barnes Anthony , Greenwood Duncan J.
Published: October 2006

A rapid method is described to enable farmers to measure the NO3‐N levels in a field simply and cheaply. It involves taking soil cores from the field, kneading them with water in polythene bags, adding the resulting suspensions to test strips of reagent impregnated paper and estimating the intensity of colour that develops. A formula to relate the errors incurred at each step to the overall error of the method was derived. These components of error were estimated and their substitution into the formula enabled the overall errors in using the method to assess nitrate concentrations in different fields to be calculated. The largest component of error was the variation in NO3‐N from core to core within a field. The median value over a range of sites was 57%. For a soil with this value the overall standard error in estimating NO3‐N concentration was 22% which is similar to that found with the methods of soil analysis currently used for advisory purposes. The increased number of determinations in the rapid method compensated for larger errors in each individual measurement so that the overall error in estimation by rapid and standard methods were both dominated by core to core variability. Measurements of NO3‐N concentration in each of 18 different fields by the rapid method were in reasonably good agreement with those made entirely independently by a laboratory procedure.
Effects of SO2 on sulphur and nitrogen fractions and on free amino acids in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Cowling Derek W. , Bristow Andrew W.
Published: October 2006

An investigation was made of the S and N fractions and of the free amino acids in the shoots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv S23 grown in soil with and without added sulphate and in filtered air containing 0 and 400 μg SO2 m−3. Exposure to SO2 of potentially S‐deficient plants alleviated the signs of deficiency; compared to deficient plants, the content of total and sulphate S was increased and the ratio N:S, as well as content of free amino acids, including asparagine and glutamine, was decreased. Similar exposure of plants grown with an adequate supply of S through the soil increased the content of sulphate but resulted in no significant alteration of the content of free amino acids.
Nutritive value of potato crude protein as influenced by manuring and amino acid composition
Authors: Eppendorfer Wilfried H. , Eggum Bjørn O. , Bille Søren W.
Published: October 2006

Potatoes were grown in pots and fertilised with varying amounts of nitrogen (as nitrate or ammonium sulphate or urea), phosphorus, potassium and cow manure. The largest yield, 451 g DM per pot, was obtained with nitrogen in the form of urea. N‐applications and P‐ and K‐deficiency in the soil increased the total‐N content, which varied from 1.14–3.07%. Concentrations of nitrate‐N (0.001–0.016%) were negligible. Increasing N‐concentrations were associated with decreases in the crude protein of most amino acids including lysine (6.26–4.17%), threonine (4.08–2.90%), methionine (1.98–1.46%) and tryptophan (1.74–0.86%). The concentrations of aspartic and glutamic acids (probably mainly present as their amides) increased. Differences in amino acid composition between boiled and unboiled potatoes were negligible. From 70 to 90% of the decrease in concentration of most essential amino acids could be accounted for by changes in N‐content of dry matter. Phosphorus and potassium affected the amino acid composition indirectly through their effects on N‐content. In rat feeding experiments increasing N‐concentrations in potatoes increased the true digestibility of the crude protein from 79 to 91 but decreased the biological value from 82 to 59. The net protein utilisation did also decrease (from 67 to 54). These relationships were linear below 2.2% N in dry matter. Changes were mainly dependent on variations in N‐content. Decreases in essential amino acid indices or chemical scores were closely reflected in the results of the feeding experiments. The true amino acid digestibilities were different for individual amino acids and increased with increasing N‐concentration in dry matter.
The bulk shipment of apples: Inhibition of superficial scald by oil‐impregnated paper
Authors: Goldenberg Nathan , Hammond Stanley , Firth Lance
Published: October 2006

The inhibition of superficial scald in certain varieties of apple, now achieved by the use of the anti‐oxidants, ethoxyquin and diphenylamine, can also be achieved by the use of oil‐impregnated paper. Previously, this had been done by wrapping each apple individually in an oil‐impregnated piece of paper. It has now been demonstrated that this is not necessary. Good results can be obtained by using oil‐impregnated strips of paper spread uniformly throughout the carton or bin in which the apples are packed.
Purine and pyrimidine utilisation by chicks fed nitrogen‐limiting diets
Authors: Felix D'Mello J. P.
Published: October 2006

The responses of chicks to purine and pyrimidine supplementation of diets severely limiting in the dispensable amino acids have been measured in three experiments. In experiment 1, combined additions of adenine and uracil to a diet with a nitrogen (N) content of 19.84 g kg−1 DM enhanced growth and dry matter intakes to levels similar to those attained by chicks receiving an equinitrogenous supplement of glutamic acid. Chicks in the latter group, however, had the best efficiencies of carcass N deposition. In experiment 2, growth, dry matter intakes and efficiency of food conversion of chicks fed a diet with 23.36 g N kg−1 DM were improved markedly by combined supplements of adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. Equinitrogenous inclusions of guanine; guanine with thymine; uracil with thymine; or uracil with adenine were ineffective. Efficiency of carcass N deposition declined appreciably on supplementing the basal diet with purines and pyrimidines in different combinations, appreciable reductions occurring with additions of thymine; uracil with thymine and uracil with adenine. The low N efficiencies observed in the last two groups were improved by combined additions of adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. The highest efficiencies of N utilisation occurred in chicks fed a glutamic acid supplement. In experiment 3, the simultaneous addition of uracil, adenine and guanine was as effective in stimulating the growth performance of chicks fed a diet with 18.89 g N kg−1 DM as a more complex mixture including cytosine. The best growth and efficiency of food conversion values were recorded in the group receiving supplementary glutamic acid.
The evaluation of pesticide residues in food: Procedures and problems in setting maximum residues limits
Authors: Raymond Bates J. A.
Published: October 2006

Reliable data on residues of pesticides in treated crops/foodstuffs are required for the pre‐market registration of pesticides and for setting maximum residues limits. These limits are normally based on the maximum residues found following good agricultural practice provided that these levels are toxicologically acceptable. The evaluation of residues data and the estimation of an acceptable daily intake for a pesticide in assessing the possible health hazards to the consumer present certain problems. These may arise from, for example, the design and sampling of field trials and adequate analytical procedures, as well as from information, or lack of it, on metabolism, degradation and manufacturing impurities. Although many regulatory bodies have introduced national or regional residues limits, pesticide residues in food is a subject of international concern and the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues has made considerable progress in producing recommended world‐wide standards. Studies on pesticide residues in foodstuffs and in total diets are carried out in many countries and are generally reassuring.
The determination of total glucosinolates in rapeseed meal by titration of enzyme‐liberated acid and the identification of individual glucosinolates
Authors: Croft Anthony G.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of rapeseed meal were reacted with an enzyme active extract of white mustard seed and the liberated acid titrated to give a measure of total glucosinolates. The original rapeseed extracts were examined by thin layer chromatography to identify the glucosinolates and estimate the amounts of 2‐hydroxybut‐3‐enylglucosinolate, but‐3‐enylglucosinolate and pent‐4‐enylglucosinolate, by comparison with an allylglucosinolate standard.
A collaborative study on the determination of cyst(e)ine in feedingstuffs
Authors: Williams Alwyn P. , Hewitt David , Cockburn John E.
Published: October 2006

Work was carried out at eight laboratories to assess the Moore1 and Spencer and Wold2 procedures for the determination of cyst(e)ine in casein, fishmeal, extracted leaf protein concentrate, groundnut, soya bean and wheat. Variation between duplicate hydrolyses within laboratories was similar by both methods (mean coefficients of variation 4.3 and 5.0 %) and smaller than the variation between laboratories (mean coefficients of variation 14.8 and 14.3%). Both methods appear to provide a satisfactory means of estimating cyst(e)ine in feedingstuffs with the exception of casein, but the Moore1 method is preferred because methionine is estimated at the same time.
Blossom‐end rot in tomatoes
Authors: Dekock Pierre C. , Hall Alexander , Inkson Robert H. E. , Alan Robertson R.
Published: October 2006

Blossom‐end rot (BER) of tomatoes has been studied in a glasshouse using varieties both prone and resistant to the disorder. The plants were grown in modules of peat with different amendments of lime and fertiliser and in a commercial peat mix containing magnesium ammonium phosphate as a slow release fertiliser (‘Enmag’). Nutrient solutions containing nitrogen as the ammonium ion, the nitrate ion, urea or ammonium nitrate were added daily. The incidence of BER was high with the ammonium nitrogen and was aggravated by ‘Enmag ’With nitrate nitrogen, incidence of BER was much reduced or negligible, whereas with urea or ammonium nitrate, the incidence was intermediate. Higher levels of calcium reduced the disorder. Chemical analyses of the blossom‐end of affected and healthy tomatoes showed that in BER tissues both calcium and iron were reduced whereas the potassium and phosphorus contents and the potassium‐malate ratios were increased.
Use of leaf enriching harvesting methods to increase the yield of leaf protein concentrate from lucerne
Authors: Edwards Richard H. , Knuckles Benny E. , Miller Raymond E. , Currence David H. , De Fremery Donald , Kohler George O.
Published: October 2006

A prototype leaf stripping machine and a conventional forage harvester with a raised header were used to obtain high protein lucerne (alfalfa) fractions. The stripped lucerne leaves and lucerne tops contained 26.2 and 27.2% protein, respectively. Pilot‐scale extraction of the ground leaves and the ground tops resulted in leaf protein concentrate (LPC) yields of 18.8 and 20.0%, respectively, compared with 12.8 and 15.7% for the appropriate whole lucerne control. LPC yields as high as 27.4% were obtained by the addition of lucerne solubles to the lucerne tops prior to grinding. Low LPC yields (4.0–8.0%) were obtained from the lucerne stem fraction. After processing, the press cake fraction from the leaf‐enriched feed materials still contained over 17% protein.
The in vitro lipolysis and biohydrogenation of monogalactosyldiglyceride by whole rumen contents and its fractions
Authors: Singh Sudarshan , Clement Hawke J.
Published: October 2006

The contribution of bacterial, protozoal, participate and cell‐free fractions of rumen fluid to the lipolysis of monogalactolipid and the hydrogenation of its acyl constituents has been examined. Each of these fractions hydrolysed monogalactolipid and free fatty acids were the major acyl products. Almost all the radioactivity added as monogalactolipid to rumen fluid was distributed between the particulate and bacterial fractions and half to two‐thirds of the radioactivity in each of the four fractions was recovered as free fatty acids. Both 16:3 and 18:3, after release from monogalactolipids, were hydrogenated to 16:2 and 18:2 at short incubation times. As incubation was continued there was a rapid decline in dienoic fatty acids and an increase in saturated and monoenoic fatty acids. There was a greater accumulation of trans‐18: 1 than cis‐18:1. Only the particulate fraction of rumen fluid gave patterns of hydrogenation similar to that obtained with rumen fluid. Bacteria in free suspension had little ability to hydrogenate trienoic fatty acids beyond the dienoic stage and neither protozoa nor the cell‐free supernatant gave significant biohydrogenation of trienoic fatty acids. On the other hand, the presence of monoenoic and dienoic fatty acids in the bacterial, protozoal and cell‐free fractions isolated from total rumen fluid after incubation with monogalactolipid indicated their transfer to these fractions after biohydrogenation in the particulate fraction.
A micromethod for the screening of individual seeds and cotyledons of Brassica napus and brassica campestris (rapeseed) for low sinapine content
Authors: Fenwick G. Roger
Published: October 2006

The association of sinapine with the fishy or crabby odour present in eggs laid by certain brown egg laying hens when fed diets containing rapeseed meal indicates the desirability of removing sinapine from the original rapeseed. A method is presented whereby seeds and cotyledons of Brassica napus and B. campestris may be selected for low levels of sinapine. The method, based on microextraction, rapid chromatographic separation of sinapine and visual estimation of its fluorescence allows detection of 0.025 μg sinapine and enables 300‐400 seed samples to be screened daily.
Ruminal nitrogen metabolism and the passage of amino acids to the duodenum in sheep receiving diets containing hay and concentrates in various proportions
Authors: Chamberlain David G. , Thomas Phillip C.
Published: October 2006

Three sheep fitted with rumen cannulas and three sheep fitted with duodenal re‐entrant cannulas in addition to rumen cannulas were given, in successive periods, 700 g d−1 of five diets consisting of chopped hay and a concentrate mixture of rolled barley and flaked maize (50:50) in the ratios of 1:0, 5:2, 3:4, 1:6, and 0:1. For bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep fitted with rumen cannulas only, there were no significant differences in either the content of nitrogen in their dry matter or in the amino acid composition, but the content of α‐ϵ‐diaminopimelic acid varied significantly (P < 0.05) between diets, mean values ranging from 39 to 50 kg−1 nitrogen. As the proportion of concentrate in the diet increased, the intake of nitrogen was progressively reduced from 11.9 to 9.8 g d−1 and this was accompanied by an increase in the amount of organic matter apparently digested in the rumen, from 296 to 402 g d−1. But there were no significant differences between diets in either the ruminal concentration of ammonia‐nitrogen (mean values varied from 78 to 96 mg litre−1) or in the duodenal passage of total nitrogen, which ranged from 12.1 to 14.7 g d−1 with a peak value for the 5:2 diet. Rates of synthesis of bacterial protein in the rumen were 186, 228, 124 and 94 g crude protein per kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen for the 1:0, 5:2, 3:4, 1:6 and 0:1 diets respectively, the rates for the 1:6 and 0:1 diets being significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those for the other diets. The 0:1 diet was associated with a low proportion, 0.5, of bacterial protein in the duodenal crude protein and it is suggested that with this diet, protozoal protein made an appreciable contribution to the crude protein passing from the rumen.
The involvement of fungi in the breakdown of sulphited strawberries
Authors: Dennis Colin , Harris Jane E.
Published: October 2006

The presence of strawberries infected with Mucor piriformis, Rhizopus sexualis, or R. stolonifer in a sample of sulphited whole berries caused complete breakdown of the whole sample of fruit. As little as 1‐2% of infected tissue for each of the three species consistently caused breakdown while with R. sexualis even 0.1 % resulted in some softening and breakdown of the fruit. Similar results were obtained when culture filtrates possessing pectolytic activity, of each of the above fungi, were added to sulphited fruit. In addition culture filtrates of other pectolytic fungi associated with strawberries, Aureobasidium pullulans, Trichosporon pullulans and Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus were also shown to cause breakdown. It is suggested that the disintegration of the fruit is due to fungal pectolytic enzymes, most probably polygalacturonases. The addition of berries infected with Botrytis cinerea or culture filtrates of this fungus, possessing pectolytic activity, to sulphited healthy fruit did not cause any softening or breakdown.
Pectolytic enzymes and degradation of pectin associated with breakdown of sulphited strawberries
Authors: Archer Simon A.
Published: October 2006

Both pectate‐based culture filtrates and ripe strawberries, artificially inoculated with Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus sexualis, Mucor piriformis or Aureobasidium pullulans, contained endo‐polygalacturonase and pectin esterase. Uninfected strawberries contained traces of exo‐polygalacturonase together with pectin esterase. No other pectin‐degrading enzymes were detected in either sound or infected fruit. Naturally infected strawberries from commercial sources contained pectin esterase and variable amounts of polygalacturonase, the greatest amounts being associated with fruit carrying the heaviest microbial contamination. Disintegration of strawberries in sulphite liquor was associated with pectin degradation as judged by loss of liquor viscosity, reduction in pectic substance degree of polymerisation and the appearance in liquors of galacturonic acid. Polygalacturonase was detected in liquors during the early stages of disintegration but activity subsequently disappeared due to instability of the enzyme at low pH. Addition of culture filtrates to sound sulphited fruit to give polygalacturonase levels similar to those detected in some commercial liquors reproduced the fruit breakdown symptoms. Disintegration could be substantially reduced if polygalacturonase was inhibited either by lowering the pH, or by addition of anionic surfactant. It is concluded that polygalacturonase secreted by various decay fungi and present in fruit at the time of sulphiting is primarily responsible for breakdown. The possible involvement of non‐enzymic synergists is discussed.
Extraction of nitrogenous constituents from leguminosae: Solubility of nitrogen from vicia sativa
Authors: Kazazis Ioannis , Kalaissakis Pericles
Published: October 2006

A study was made of the extraction of nitrogen from vetch seeds (Vicia sativa) with solutions of neutral and alkaline salts. Sodium hydroxide extracted most nitrogen and, using a fixed meal: solvent ratio, solubility could be increased by reducing the particle size (dry milling) or increasing the time of extraction and solvent molarity. Stirring was slightly more efficient than shaking. When a fixed concentration of NaOH was used with increasing meal: solvent ratio, the solubility of the nitrogen decreased steadily. Optimum conditions for maximum extraction of nitrogen were established. With sodium chloride minimum solubility of N was found using a concentration of less than 0.01M and maximum with concentrations greater than 0.25M. Extraction with calcium hydroxide solubilised increasing amounts of N up to concentrations of 0.01M, but above this solubility of N decreased.
Ultracentrifugation of salt‐soluble proteins in ten legume species
Authors: Chakraborty Pratap , Sosulski Frank , Bose Arovinda
Published: October 2006

The ultracentrifugation patterns of the total salt‐soluble proteins in pea and northern bean showed four globulin fractions in flour proteins but only the 2S, 7S and 9S globulins were found in the isolates. Mung bean, lentil and lupin exhibited 2S, 7S and 11S globulins in flour and isolate proteins while chick‐pea, field‐pea, faba‐bean and soya‐bean proteins also contained the 15S fraction. Salt‐soluble proteins from lima bean were unique in their composition of 5S, 7S and 15S fractions. Only pea bean and lentil failed to show high proportions of the 1‐5S fraction in the flour proteins.
The gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of the lysine content of feedstuffs
Authors: Soar John B. , Buttery Peter J.
Published: October 2006

A method for the analysis of the lysine content of feedstuffs employing acid hydrolysis followed by enzymic decarboxylation of lysine and subsequent gas‐liquid chromatographic (g.l.c.) analysis of the cadaverine produced, is described. The method is relatively rapid and a comparison of the results from a wide range of feedstuffs analysed by g.l.c. and by conventional ion‐exchange chromatography gave confidence in the method.
Functional and nutritional properties of isolated bovine blood proteins
Authors: Penteado Marilene De Vuono C. , Lajolo Franco M. , Santos Nilton Pereira Dos
Published: October 2006

Various properties of freeze‐dried fractions of bovine blood have been compared. Dried whole plasma, albumin, globulin and globin showed high solubility from pH 3 to 8, but this fell sharply with plasma on storage at 40°C and Aw 0.32 or higher. Albumin showed the best foaming properties followed by plasma, globulin and globin. These proteins in 1 % solution were able to emulsify 60, 115, 70 and 45% of their volume of oil, respectively. Net protein ratios were 3.57 for globulin, 1.96 for albumin and negative for globin. Chemical scores indicated that methionine was the most limiting amino acid for globulin and albumin. Isoleucine was limiting for globin.
The relationship between 0.39‐0.45% L‐malate content of stored golden delicious apples and their flavour acceptability for consumers
Authors: Frijters Jan E. R.
Published: October 2006

Different batches of Golden Delicious apples, from various origins were stored in air or in a controlled atmosphere until the L‐malate content of the apples decreased to 0.39‐0.45 % of their initial fresh weight. They were rated on a four‐category, descriptive scale with respect to their flavour acceptability by two panels, each consisting of 50 judges. The ratings were used to calculate an acceptability value for each batch and its corresponding proportion ‘unacceptable’. The results showed that there was no relationship between the range of 0.39‐0.45% L‐malate content and 40‐50% unacceptability flavour judgments. Linear regression equations predicting flavour acceptability were obtained through additional analysis of the data. By regression of storage period together with storage condition on flavour acceptability value nearly 75% of the variance in the latter could be explained. Using this equation, it followed that 40‐50% unacceptability corresponded to storage in air over 161‐173 days and in a controlled atmosphere over 257‐269 days.
Isolation of L‐mannitol from ‘Gari’—a processed food from cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) tubers
Authors: Ahonkhai Samuel I. , Koleoso Olajide A.
Published: October 2006

‘Gari’, a processed food from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers was extracted with ethanol:water (75:25 v/v). A crystalline compound (m.p. 163°C, yield: 3.1%, 1.1 % w/w of gari) was isolated from the extract of the gari processed by mechanical method and by the traditional method, respectively. A combination of i.r., t.l.c, n.m.r., m.s. and polarimetric analyses was used to identify the crystalline compound as Lmannitol. This compound is believed by the authors to be the same as the one previously detected in cassava tubers as ‘mannit’.
The carbohydrate and protein composition of the endosperm, embryo and testa of the seed of Gleditsia triacanthos
Authors: Mazzini María N. , Cerezo Alberto S.
Published: October 2006

The internal morphology of the seed of Gleditsia triacanthos (Leg.) was microscopically observed and the presence of secondary, lignified cell walls was determined in the testa; the embryo and the endosperm only contained primary cell walls. The analysis of the carbohydrates showed that the endosperm is composed only of galactomannans, with different mannose: galactose ratios. The carbohydrates of the embryo and testa are of two classes: polysaccharides, not extractable by boiling water and oligosaccharides, soluble in 75 % ethanol which, possibly, contain amino acids in their molecule. The amino acid composition of the seed is similar to the composition of the reserve proteins of Leguminosae seed. This happens also with the composition of the water‐insoluble residue of the embryo and with some proteins isolated from the embryo. The amino acid composition of the water‐insoluble residue of the testa showed characteristics of cell wall proteins. The composition of the water‐insoluble residue of the endosperm is intermediate between those mentioned.
Palatability of venison from farmed and feral red deer
Authors: Forss David A. , Manley Timothy R. , Platt Martin P. , Moore Vivian J.
Published: October 2006

Venison from feral red deer has been exported from New Zealand for many years but the farming of red deer as a commercial enterprise is a recent development. Two independent evaluations, one at the Invermay Agricultural Research Centre and the other at the Meat Industry Research Institute of New Zealand, were carried out to compare the eating qualities of venison from the two sources. Venison from young male red deer raised in three environments (feral, grassfed and feedlot) was analysed for palatability differences. A significant variation (P <0.05) between venison from animals on the same feed was noted. Nevertheless, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between venison from feral and grassfed (farmed) deer in the oldest group of animals (27 months) when triangle tests were used. No striking differences between the three venisons in tenderness, juiciness, flavour fullness, flavour acceptability and general acceptability were detected with rating tests although highly significant differences between panelists were found.
Estimation of cyanide with alkaline picrate
Authors: Williams Hugh J. , Edwards Thomas G.
Published: October 2006

The standard agronomic test for cyanide by reaction with alkaline picrate to give a red complex, both on picrate impregnated paper strips suspended above the cyanide source in a closed system and in free solution, has been examined in detail. Studies on the nature of the standard curves and the effects of temperature, time and pH on absorbance by the red complex at 510 nm suggest that reaction of cyanide with picrate proceeds irreversibly to give the red complex which then undergoes further, reversible reaction to give a compound which absorbs little or not at all at 510 nm. Both reactions are favoured by increased pH and temperature. In the light of these results the validity of procedures described in the literature for quantitative estimation of cyanide with picrate has been critically discussed.
Protein and gossypol extractability from cottonseed flour
Authors: Tinay A. El , Chandrasekhar H. , Ramanatham G.
Published: October 2006

The extractability of protein and free‐gossypol from fully gossypolised cottonseed flour was investigated. The various parameters studied include (i) effect of pH (ii) effect of salts and (iii) the combined effect of pH and salts. The results indicated that it is possible to obtain a protein isolate free from free‐gossypol by alkaline extraction at pH values of 9 and 10. Highest protein extraction (57%), highest protein recovery (96%) and highest protein content of the precipitate (75%) occurred at pH 10. In general, dilute aqueous electrolytes did not accomplish significantly higher extracta‐bilities although they resulted in comparatively lower free‐gossypol contents in the protein precipitate. However, with 1.0m CaCl2 protein extraction was 75% but both protein recovery (61%) and the protein content of the precipitate (61%) was comparatively low. Extraction in the presence of salts and alkali did not improve protein extractability and gave a protein isolate high in free‐gossypol content.
Large scale isolation of gliadin fractions
Authors: Charbonnier Louis , Mossé Jacques
Published: October 2006

The ω,‐ γ‐, and α‐gliadin groups were isolated by chromatography of 10 g of crude gliadin on Sulfopropyl Sephadex C50, followed by chromatographies of the SPS‐C50 fractions on Sephadex G100. The alcohol‐soluble glutenins separated from the SPS‐C50 fractions containing the γ‐ and β‐gliadins had lower contents of Asx, Ala and Tyr but higher contents of Thr, Ser and Met than the gliadins. On the basis of weights of the isolated fractions, the proportions of ω‐, γ‐, β‐ and α‐gladin groups in Cappelle wheat were estimated to be about 15, 30, 30 and 25% of the total gliadin, respectively. This method of isolation of the four gliadin groups is suitable for all wheat varieties, especially for the isolation of α‐gliadin.
Isolation of a hordein of low electrophoretic mobility
Authors: Ewart J. A. D.
Published: October 2006

A protein isolated from the flour of Maris Otter barley is closely analogous to the ω‐gliadins of wheat flour. It has a single polypeptide chain with no carbohydrate, and is rich in glutamine and proline. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 66 000. Although the molecule contains no cyst(e)ine, two methionine residues appear to be present.
Development and origin of the volatile fatty acids in budu
Authors: Beddows Clifford G. , Ardeshir Arshes G. , Daud Wan Johari Bin
Published: October 2006

The origin and mechanism of formation of the volatile fatty acids (VFA) present in budu were investigated. The acids did not appear to derive from the breakdown of the fish lipid. When the fish was allowed to spoil, a single bacterial species predominated, and as the fermentation progressed, the appropriate VFA were formed. Using (U−14C)‐protein hydrolysate it was shown that amino acids are the precursors of the n‐butanoic and n‐pentanoic acid and also contributed to the formation of other acids. The bacterium did not use glucose as a carbon source nor did any particular combination of unlabelled amino acids produce the fatty acids. The metabolic route by which the fatty acids are produced from the amino acids is not known. An experiment that allowed spoilage to occur, prior to salting, in the normal environment involved in the preparation of budu, showed that the VFA were produced.
Estimation of benzyl alcohol, an adulterant of lemon oil, by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Bradley Monica M. , Gramshaw J. W.
Published: October 2006

A method for the estimation of benzyl alcohol in adulterated lemon oil which is both accurate and reproducible is described. It employs gas‐liquid chromatography on a packed column containing Carbowax 20M as the stationary phase; methyltetra‐decanoate is used as the internal standard.
Effects of waterlogging at different stages of development on the growth and yield of winter wheat
Authors: Cannell Robert Q. , Belford Robert K. , Gales Kenneth , Dennis Colin W. , Prew Robert D.
Published: October 2006

The response of winter wheat to waterlogging at different stages of growth outdoors was studied for 3 years using lysimeters containing undisturbed monoliths of sandy loam and clay soils. The treatments were selected as the most extreme likely to occur in field conditions in Britain, i.e. waterlogging to the soil surface for up to 16 days in October, 42 days in January and February and 6 days in May. Waterlogging in midwinter was common to all experiments. Yield losses from mid‐winter waterlogging ranged from 15% when yields were heavy (10 t ha−1), to nil when yields were light (3‐4 t ha−1) after the plants had been affected by frost damage in late winter and by take‐all. Winter wheat was most sensitive to waterlogging after germination but before emergence. At this stage, 16 days waterlogging killed all seedlings and 6 days waterlogging depressed plant populations to 12% (clay) and 38% (sandy loam) of the control. However, there was vigorous compensatory growth in the remainder of the growing season and yield was only depressed to about 82% of the control. When the crop was waterlogged at any stage after emergence plant populations were not affected; however, winter waterlogging treatments usually depressed shoot numbers and, to a lesser extent, ear numbers at harvest. Shoot survival under waterlogged conditions seemed related to nitrogen availability in the soil. The amount of ‘take‐all’ (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) was increased by waterlogging.
Some observations on aerobic deterioration in untreated silages and in silages made with formaldehyde‐containing additives
Authors: Barry Thomas N. , Di Menna Margaret E. , Webb Paul R. , Parle John N.
Published: October 2006

Aerobic deterioration of untreated silage and of silage made with formaldehyde‐containing additives (FCA) was studied in seven trials in which large stacks were self‐fed by cattle. Heating and deterioration on prolonged exposure to air was a problem in some silages made with FCA. It was concluded that the main factors which predisposed these silages to heat were restriction of anaerobic fermentation by the additives, a high pH of 4.7‐5.4 and, in three trials, inadequate compaction. In the additive‐treated stacks, which showed aerobic deterioration, a zone of elevated temperature developed on the stack top surface. With time this moved to a layer 20‐40 cm from the surface, where it remained. The surface layer (0‐15 cm) then cooled, its pH rose to 8.5 and a mould flora developed. Both the onset of heating and the rise in pH were related to counts of aerobic bacteria; neither parameter was consistently related to yeast counts. A ten‐fold increase in mould counts was associated with each one unit increase in pH. It is suggested that acid‐tolerant aerobic bacteria (perhaps assisted by yeasts in some instances) caused the first stage of aerobic deterioration, namely the onset of heating and the rise in pH, and that invasion by moulds then followed as a second stage of the deterioration process. Diminished oxygen tensions in the well compacted lower parts of the stacks appeared responsible for restriction of the heating zone to a depth of 40 cm from the stack top surface.
Partial isolation and characterisation of Medicago sativa leaf proteases
Authors: Finley John W. , Pallavicini C. , Kohler George O.
Published: October 2006

Proteolysis of leaf proteins by endogenous leaf proteases between the time of harvest and the early stages of processing accounts for substantial losses (up to 40%) in recoverable protein from Medicago sativa [lucerne (alfalfa)] leaves. To study this problem, the proteolytic enzymes from M. sativa were partially purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation and gel filtration. Carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase and total protease activities were measured. Addition of the herbicide simazine to leaf extract inhibited the aminopeptidase and total protease activity, but had no effect on the carboxypeptidase activity. The extent of proteolysis in leaf extracts was found to be dependent on pH, temperature and time of handling and it was concluded that these factors were the most effective means of controlling proteolytic activity.
Micro‐determination of oxalate in crude extracts of plant tissues
Authors: Turner N. A.
Published: October 2006

A convenient method is described for the accurate determination of small amounts of oxalate (at least as low as 0.02 μmol g−1 dry weight) in a number of plant tissues. Crude, acidic extracts of plant tissues are analysed without purification. The carbon dioxide evolved from the quantitative decarboxylation of oxalate by the enzyme oxalate decarboxylase is measured by gas chromatography. The enzyme was prepared from Collybia velutipes.
Quantities and quality of protein extracted from pasture herbage using heat precipitation or ultrafiltration procedures
Authors: Ostrowski‐Meissner Henry T.
Published: October 2006

Permanent pasture stands in northern Victoria (Australia) were used for protein extraction in both laboratory‐scale and plant‐scale operations during the spring, summer and autumn seasons. Mixed herbage was in its third, fourth, fifth and sixth weeks of regrowth. Efficiency of the protein extraction process at different stages of herbage maturity was measured, as well as the proximate analysis, amino acid composition, availability of lysine, methionine, tryptophan and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the protein, recovered by both steam coagulation (85 d̀C) and ultrafiltration procedures. Recovery of protein nitrogen from pasture herbage determined by the steam precipitation (85 d̀C) procedure was on average, slightly higher in spring and autumn, as compared with summer. Significant interactions between the seasons and herbage regrowth stages were observed in both herbage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (N × 6.25) content, protein recovery and yield of protein from the unit of herbage DM. In general however, protein recovery declined with herbage maturity. Significantly less leaf protein concentrate (LPC) with lower nitrogen content was produced from yields of herbage in the summer season as compared with that harvested and processed in the spring and autumn seasons. LPC produced using an ultrafiltration procedure was superior to LPC obtained by the steam coagulation process in terms of LPC yield and protein nitrogen recovery, crude protein and total essential amino acids, lysine, threonine and tryptophan content and tryptophan availability. After synthetic DL‐methionine and L‐lysine supplementations, freeze‐dried ultrafiltered LPC gave (in tests with rats) a similar PER to casein which was used as a standard control protein. To achieve a PER value similar to casein, LPC produced by heat coagulation had to be supplemented with L‐tryptophan in addition to L‐lysine and DL‐methionine.
The carrageenan from Iridaea undulosa B.; Analysis, fractionation and alkaline treatment
Authors: Matulewicz María C. , Cerezo Alberto S.
Published: October 2006

The carrageenan extracted from the seaweed Iridaea undulosa is devoid of a k‐fraction and is composed of major amounts of ‘intermediate fractions’ (fractions which precipitate at potassium chloride concentrations higher than 0.125M) and lesser amounts of a ‘soluble fraction’ (soluble in 2.0M potassium chloride). It did not form gels in water or milk. The preparative fractionation of the carrageenan gave eight fractions which precipitated in narrow ranges of potassium chloride concentrations and on ultracentrifugation showed only one sharp peak. Analysis of these fractions, their infrared spectra, and the results of the periodate oxidation analysis permitted the identification of some structural units and suggested others. The alkaline treatment of the carrageenan gave a product comprising a k‐fraction and a soluble fraction. The k‐fraction, obtained with a high yield (53.6% of the modified polysaccharide), is capable of gelling.