bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of bryophyte biomass and organic matter quantity on the abundance and richness of oligochaetes in forest streams with different phytophysiognomies in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Rodrigues Luciana Falci Theza , Leite Felipe Silveira , Alves Roberto Da Gama
Published: February 2016

Aquatic oligochaetes can be found associated with different types of substrates; including bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) adhered to stones in lotic ecosystems. However, little information is available on the association between oligochaetes and bryophytes in tropical region. Therefore, the aims of this study were: to investigate whether the assemblages of oligochaetes respond to variation in the biomass of bryophytes and quantity of particulate organic matter (POM) present on these plants; verify differences in the composition of oligochaetes in streams flowing through areas with two phytophysiognomies (rocky field and seasonal semideciduous forest). The samples were collected from five first-order streams in the southeast of the state of Minas Gerais. Six samples of bryophytes adhered to stones were obtained from each stream. A total of 1586 oligochaetes were collected and 11 taxa were identified, belonging to the families Naididae and Enchytraeidae. The most abundant taxa were Bothrioneurum (37.95%) and Enchytraeidae (33.01%). A positive relation was observed between oligochaete abundance and POM in two streams (Ibitipoca I and Ibitipoca III) and a positive relation was found between oligochaete abundance and bryophyte biomass in one stream (Ibitipoca I). The composition of the fauna varied within and between the phytophysiognomies studied. The results show that the oligochaetes find favorable conditions to establish themselves in bryophytes, evidencing the ecological importance of these plants as habitat for invertebrates.
Expansion of the marbled crayfish in Slovakia: beginning of an invasion in the Danube catchment?
Authors: Lipták Boris , Mrugała Agata , Pekárik Ladislav , Mutkovič Anton , Gruľa Daniel , Petrusek Adam , Kouba Antonín
Published: February 2016

The marbled crayfish, Procambarus fallax f. virginalis, is a taxon widely available in the aquarium pet trade, which has been introduced to open waters in several European countries and in Madagascar. Recent studies confirmed this parthenogenetically reproducing crayfish as a high-risk invasive species, and vector of the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci. It has been first discovered in Slovakia in 2010, but the status of the local population was not studied since then. Due to enlarged sampling area around the first report and one locality, where we presupposed the crayfish occurrence, we identified new marbled crayfish populations. Here, we report presence of three newly established marbled crayfish populations in Slovakia. Two populations are located critically close to the Váh River, a major tributary of the Danube River; one of them being directly connected to the Váh River via a side channel during occasional floods. The third established marbled crayfish population was found at the mouth of a thermal stream flowing into the Nitra River, a tributary of the Váh River. In this stream, crayfish coexist with other exotic fish and gastropod species of aquarium origin. We presume that the reported localities may serve as a source for further expansion of the marbled crayfish in the mid-part of the Danube catchment. Floods, active dispersal (including overland), passive dispersal by zoochory or anthropogenic translocations are among the major drivers facilitating the marbled crayfish colonization. We have not detected the crayfish plague pathogen in any of the studied populations. However, if spreading further, the marbled crayfish will encounter established populations of crayfish plague carriers in the Danube River, in which case they may acquire the pathogen by horizontal transmission and contribute to spread of this disease to indigenous European crayfish species.
Effect of hyperlipidemia on response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy: Statin users versus nonusers
Authors: Sangwan Aditi , Tewari Shikha , Singh Harpreet , Sharma Rajinder Kumar , Narula Satish Chander
Published: February 2016

Objective: To evaluate the response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy among hyperlipidemic subjects and whether statin use by hyperlipidemic subjects influences the response. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 107 chronic periodontitis subjects (35 normolipidemic [NL] controls, 36 hyperlipidemics on nonpharmacological therapy and 36 hyperlipidemics on statins). Periodontal (plaque index, gingival index [GI], probing depth [PD], and clinical attachment level [CAL]) and biochemical (plasma triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and high-DL-C [HDL-C] levels) examination was done at baseline and 3 months after nonsurgical periodontal treatment. Results: Both the NL and statin groups exhibited significantly greater improvement in GI as compared to the hyperlipidemic group on nonpharmacological therapy (P = 0.004 and 0.006, respectively). Mean change in PD correlated negatively with baseline TC (r = −0.306) and LDL-C (r = −0.360) while mean change in GI positively correlated with baseline HDL-C (r = 0.219). Regression analyses revealed that mean change in PD was negatively associated with LDL-C (β = −0.358, P < 0.001) while mean change in GI was positively associated with HDL-C (β = 0.219, P = 0.023). Conclusions: While higher baseline lipid levels were somewhat detrimental to the resolution of inflammation postperiodontal treatment, the inclusion of statin therapy among hyperlipidemic subjects seemed to improve clinical response as compared to those devoid of the drug. The findings of the study are suggestive of a possible adjunctive role of statins in periodontal treatment that warrants future studies.
A review of ethanol wet-bonding: Principles and techniques
Authors: Ayar Muhammet Kerim
Published: February 2016

Conventional water wet-bonding technique has been advocated by many scientists, but the excess water will induce suboptimal polymerization of dental adhesives, phase separation, and nanoleakage, which will influence the longevity of resin-dentin interfaces. Recent studies have put forward a new concept, ethanol wet-bonding. This technique can increase in dentin bond durability. This review focuses on the principles of ethanol wet-bonding, its surface treatment methods.
Correlation of patient's mental attitude with age, sex, and educational level: A survey
Authors: Choudhary Shweta , Kumar Ajit , Arora Himanshu
Published: February 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine any relationship, if exists, between the patient's mental attitude with age, sex, or educational qualification. Methods: A total of 200 patients who attended the outpatient department during a span of 1 year, for the fabrication of new complete dentures, were chosen for the study. After completing a routine case history and examination, a questionnaire was filled by the clinician as answered by the patient. Participants were evaluated and categorized based on the questionnaire and clinical experience during treatment according to a predefined classification of determining mental attitudes. Outcomes from the survey were correlated with participant gender, age, and educational status. Results: The male to female ratio was 83:117, out of the 200 enrolled participants. The results from the questionnaire showed that females were found to be more exacting (P = 0.007) in nature, while males, on the other hand, revealed more indifferent attitude (P = 0.02); both differences being statistically significant. Of the three age group categories: Participants in the age group of 45–54 years revealed a significant inclination toward an exacting attitude when compared with other age groups (P < 0.001). In regards to educational status, an illiterate or minimally educated group significantly outnumbered the college graduates in the indifferent attitude group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it could be said that the mental attitudes of patients could vary according to gender, age, and educational status, which could affect patient cooperation and satisfaction with oral rehabilitation, eventually manipulating the overall success of the treatment rendered.
Determination of vertical characteristics with different cephalometric measurements
Authors: Benedicto Eduardo de Novaes , Kairalla Silvana Allegrini , Oliveira Gustavo Mussi Stefan , Junior Laerte Ribeiro Menezes , Rosário Henrique Damian , Paranhos Luiz Renato
Published: February 2016

Objective: To analyze a possible correlation between different measures in the definition of vertical facial types. Materials and Methods: This is an analytical observational study about 95 lateral teleradiographs of Caucasian individuals with normal occlusion, of which 54 were male (56.84%) and 41 female (43.16%), aged between 15 years and 2 months old and 21 years and 4 months old. Facial types were divided into dolichofacial, mesofacial, and brachyfacial, according to the standards established by different authors. A relationship between these measurements was verified using total agreement analysis and the Kappa method, with the interpretation suggested by Landis and Koch. Results: Kappa was considered fair for Jarabak X VERT (0.22 and 60%) and slight for Jarabak X SN.GoGn (0.06 and 36.8%). Conclusions: Cephalometric studies often present different interpretations on the description of vertical facial types. In this study, the lowest agreement was between Jarabak and SN.GoGn. Such difference in interpretation may lead to distinct therapeutic approaches and thus different results.
Shear bond strength of bulk-fill and nano-restorative materials to dentin
Authors: Colak Hakan , Ercan Ertugrul , Hamidi Mehmet Mustafa
Published: February 2016

Objectives: Bulk-fill composite materials are being developed for preparation depths of up to 4 mm in an effort to simplify and improve the placement of direct composite posterior restorations. The aim of our study was to compare shear-bond strength of bulk-fill and conventional posterior composite resins. Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 caries free extracted human molars were used and sectioned parallel to occlusal surface to expose midcoronal dentin. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups. Total-etch dentine bonding system (Adper Scotchbond 1XT, 3M ESPE) was applied to dentin surface in all the groups to reduce variability in results. Then, dentine surfaces covered by following materials. Group I: SonicFill Bulk-Fill, Group II: Tetric EvoCeram (TBF), Group III: Herculite XRV Ultra, and Group IV: TBF Bulk-Fill, 2 mm × 3 mm cylindrical restorations were prepared by using application apparatus. Shear bond testing was measured by using a universal testing machine. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests were performed to evaluate the data. Results: The highest value was observed in Group III (14.42 ± 4.34) and the lowest value was observed in Group IV (11.16 ± 2.76) and there is a statistically significant difference between these groups (P = 0.046). However, there is no statistically significant difference between the values of other groups. In this study, Group III was showed higher strength values. Conclusion: There is a need for future studies about long-term bond strength and clinical success of these adhesive and bulk-fill systems.
Prevalence and management of natal/neonatal teeth in cleft lip and palate patients
Authors: Yilmaz R. Burcu Nur , Cakan Derya Germec , Mesgarzadeh Nasim
Published: February 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of natal/neonatal teeth in infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP) according to gender, involving jaw and side and to show the management of some cases. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on medical history and photographic records of 69 infants with CLP, who were treated at the CLP clinic of Yeditepe University between years 2014–2015. The presence of neonatal teeth was determined, and if present the gender, type of cleft, and position were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: Neonatal teeth were observed in 7% of the study group. No significant differences were found between cleft types and gender (P > 0.05). The prevalence of neonatal teeth in bilateral, unilateral and isolated cleft type was 16.5%, 6.5%, and none, respectively. All neonatal teeth were located in the maxilla and on the cleft-side (100%). Conclusion: The presence of natal/neonatal teeth in infants with CLP was not rare. In all of these cases the teeth were located adjacent to the cleft region. In isolated palatal cleft, where the alveolar region including the teeth buds are away from the cleft, no neonatal teeth were observed. It may be concluded that neonatal teeth in infants with CLP are frequently present and located inside the borders of the presurgical orthopedic treatment (POT) plate. Therefore, if possible, immediate extraction of the neonatal teeth is advised or if not possible because of systemic health reasons, modifications of the plate are required.
nsARQUITECTES: mirando al norte...y al sur
Authors: Arnuncio Juan Carlos
Published: February 2016

Hay trayectorias profesionales que podríamos identificar con cierto eclecticismo de corte pragmático. Generan obras que, como campos de experimentación, parecen abordar los problemas de modos diversos como en un intento de ser fiel a una disciplina en la que se reconocería la raíz de múltiples tradiciones, de tal modo que cada obra parecería mirar hacia una de ellas.....
Resistencia y empatía. Poética del hormigón en La Roiba
Authors: Cornellana Díaz Joan Ramon
Published: February 2016

En 1968 Ramón Vázquez Molezún construyó La Roiba, su refugio en el mar, enteramente en hormigón. En el hormigón de La Roiba convive el carácter defensivo de un búnker con la empatía con el lugar y la posibilidad de vivir sin restricciones una vida que celebra el encuentro diario con el mar. En este artículo se investiga en esa síntesis que se produce en el hormigón de La Roiba, sin apenas precedentes en España, y que inauguraba nuevas posibilidades para el espacio doméstico. La Roiba es un caso representativo de la capacidad del hormigón para conciliar exigencias aparentemente contradictorias.
Comparison of the Pain Perception of Conventional and Computer-controlled Anesthesia Techniques for Extraction of Maxillary First Premolar
Authors: Manekar Varsha Sunil
Published: February 2016

Introduction

Anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) block is a nerve block technique in conjunction with computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery (CCLAD) system. Anterior middle superior alveolar produces local anesthesia (LA) to the maxillary teeth from second premolar to the central incisor including the hard palate and corresponding soft-tissue of both buccal and palatal side, with single palatal injection.

Aim

To evaluate efficacy of AMSA block for extraction of maxillary first premolar.

Study design

In randomized single blind, split mouth clinical trial, the 14 patients received the conventional buccal-palatal (B-P) anesthesia on one side and CCLAD anesthesia AMSA for other side. The treatment consisted of bilateral extraction of maxillary first premolars for orthodontics. Pain perception ratings were obtained by using 10 point visual analog scale (VAS).

Results

A total of 100% cases had painless injection with CCLAD, whereas 28.57% patients had painless injection experience with conventional LA. In all cases, there was no pain during extraction on both sides. With CCLAD, buccal retraction was painful in four cases whereas palatal retraction was painful in one case.

Conclusion

Anterior middle superior alveolar block injected with CCLAD is better as LA technique for extraction of maxillary first premolar as compared to B-P approach.

How to cite this article

Manekar VS. Comparison of the Pain Perception of Conventional and Computer-controlled Anesthesia Techniques for Extraction of Maxillary First Premolar. World J Dent 2015;6(3):150-153.
Assessment of Parent's Preference to General or Local Anesthesia for Children undergoing Dental Treatment
Authors: Vellingiri Sutharshana
Published: February 2016

Background

Investigators have begun to address the relationship of parental satisfaction with dental care for children since the dentist/physician and the patient are all aware of the services being provided. These determining characters are essential for compliance of the patient, as patient satisfaction is directly related to health-related issues, needs, and practice. Patient satisfaction has an important role in determining the utilization of the healthcare services and the compliance behavior of the patients. Factors which can influence the patients’ decision to seek care and follow through to the completion of the treatment process can affect the physiologic and functional outcomes of the treatment. Hence, this survey was done to evaluate parent's preference to general or local anesthesia in their children's dental treatments.

Materials and methods

In this survey, a modified and adapted questionnaire from a previously tested survey that was used to assess parental satisfaction with dental treatments under general anesthesia in pediatric dentistry, was used to assess parents’ preference to general or local anesthesia. Parents whose children were going to undergo treatments in Department of Pedodontics, Saveetha Dental College, was issued with this questionnaire and clinical examination of teeth present and treatment to be done was examined.

Results

Ninety-seven percent of the parents preferred local anesthesia to general anesthesia. Parents preferred general anesthesia most only in case child below the age of 3 and when multiple settings are required of and their knowledge about anesthesia and its side effects was found to low and preferred local anesthesia in most cases.

Conclusion

Parents play a unique role in dental care and over all well being of the child. Some parents and dental practitioners prefer the presence of a parent with their child during the delivery of in-office dental care. Parents are aware of their child's previous dental experiences and are also aware of the child's interest and fear. Most of the parent's preference was to local anesthesia (97%) and preferred general anesthesia under given circumstances.

How to cite this article

Vellingiri S, Gurunathan D. Assessment of Parent's Preference to General or Local Anesthesia for Children undergoing Dental Treatment. World J Dent 2015;6(3):154-160.
Efficacy of an Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Ayurvedic Medicine to Control Postoperative Pain
Authors: Padhye Mukul , Pawar Suraj , Mandlik Geetanjali , Nayan Swapana , Gite Maina , Vinit P , Aishwarya N , Shruti K
Published: February 2016

Years ago, narcotics have been used as strong analgesics in relieving severe acute or chronic pain. However high dose of narcotics leads to many side-effects like respiratory depression, apnea, nausea, vomiting, physical and mental dependence, etc. Thus, narcotics along with other medicines known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being increasingly used. The biggest risk with NSAIDs is severe and sometimes fatal gastrointestinal bleeding, increase in stomach acid, reduce the stomach's normal protective mucus layer, cause damage to the kidneys in people over 60; those with high blood pressure, heart disease, or pre-existing kidney disease. Ayurvedic medicines strengthen and enhance the body's own healing process. As all the ingredients are herbal, there is no fear of any adverse effects and hence effective results can be seen in relieving pain. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the study drug in providing efficient and adequate pain relief after minor oral surgical procedures.

How to cite this article

Mandlik G, Nayan S, Gite M, Padhye M, Pawar S, Vinit P, Aishwarya N, Shruti K. Efficacy of an Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Ayurvedic Medicine to Control Postoperative Pain. World J Dent 2015;6(3):164-168.
Restoring Mandibular Anterior Teeth with Porcelain Laminate Veneers and other Restorations
Authors: Greenberg Joseph R
Published: February 2016

Patients are keeping their natural teeth longer, and the normal sequelae of human facial aging cause an increase in display of the mandibular anterior teeth. The design protocol for mandibular anterior restorations is quite different from maxillary anterior teeth.

This article defines and emphasizes these important differences and presents rules and rationale for successful fabrication of natural appearing, functional restorations for mandibular anterior teeth. A review of the key anatomical, functional and esthetic factors is included.

How to cite this article

Greenberg JR. Restoring Mandibular Anterior Teeth with Porcelain Laminate Veneers and other Restorations. World J Dent 2015;6(3):193-198.
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor for Treatment of Thin Endometrium in Assisted Reproduction Technology Cycles
Authors: Lele Prasad
Published: February 2016

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a glycoprotein, belongs to colony stimulating factor family and mainly regulates the growth and differentiation of granulocytes. However, it also plays an important role in endometrial stromal cell decidualization, ovulation, implantation, placental metabolism, trophoblast development and endometrial regeneration. It is due to these effects, it has been used in difficult clinical scenarios, such as unresponsive thin endometrium during assisted reproductive technology treatment, repeated implantation failure and recurrent miscarriages. Most of the studies have investigated its use in thin endometrium. In this review, we have summarized the current updated evidence with regards to use of G-CSF in women with thin endometrium

How to cite this article

Kamath MS, Lele P. Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor for Treatment of Thin Endometrium in Assisted Reproduction Technology Cycles. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2015;6(3):97-102.
Biogenic, anthropogenic, and sea salt sulfate size-segregated aerosols in the Arctic summer
Authors: Ghahreman Roya , Norman Ann-Lise , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Levasseur Maurice , Thomas Jennie L.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Size-segregated aerosol sulfate concentrations were measured on board the Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) Amundsen in the Arctic during July 2014. The objective of this study was to utilize the isotopic composition of sulfate to address the contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sources of aerosols to the growth of the different aerosol size fractions in the Arctic atmosphere. Non-sea salt sulfate is divided into biogenic and anthropogenic sulfate using stable isotope apportionment techniques. A considerable amount of the average sulfate concentration in the fine aerosols with diameter < 0.49 μm was from biogenic sources (> 70 %) which is higher than previous Arctic studies measuring above the ocean during fall (< 15 %) (Rempillo et al., 2011) and total aerosol sulfate at higher latitudes at Alert in summer (> 30 %) (Norman et al., 1999). The anthropogenic sulfate concentration was less than biogenic sulfate, with potential sources being long range transport and, more locally, the Amundsen’s emissions. Despite attempts to minimize the influence of ship stack emissions, evidence from larger-sized particles demonstrates a contribution from local pollution. A comparison of δ34S values for SO2 and fine aerosols was used to show that gas-to-particle conversion likely occurred during most sampling periods. δ34S values for SO2 and fine aerosols were similar suggesting the same source for SO2 and aerosol sulfate, except for two samples with a relatively high anthropogenic fraction in particles < 0.49 μm in diameter (July 15–17 and 17–19). The high biogenic fraction of sulfate fine aerosol and similar isotope ratio values of these particles and SO2 emphasize the role of marine organisims (e.g. phytoplankton, algea, bacteria) in the formation of fine particles above the Arctic Ocean during the productive summer months.
Characteristics of Vertical Air Motion in Convective Clouds
Authors: Yang Jing , Wang Zhien , Heymsfield Andrew  J. , French Jeffrey  R.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The vertical velocity and air mass flux in convective clouds are statistically analyzed using aircraft in-situ data collected from three field campaigns: High-Plains Cumulus (HiCu) conducted over the mid-latitude High Plains, COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE) conducted in a mid-latitude coastal area, and Ice in Clouds Experiment-Tropical (ICE-T), conducted over a tropical ocean. This study yields the following results. (1) Small-scale updrafts and downdrafts (< 500 m in diameter) are frequently observed in the three field campaigns, and they make important contributions to the total air mass flux. (2) The probability density functions (PDFs) of the vertical velocity are exponentially distributed. For updrafts, the PDFs of the vertical velocity are broader in ICE-T and COPE than in HiCu; for downdrafts, the PDFs of the vertical velocity are broader in HiCu and COPE than in ICE-T. (3) Vertical velocity profiles show that updrafts are stronger in ICE-T and COPE than in HiCu, and downdrafts are stronger in HiCu and COPE than in ICE-T. (4) The PDFs of the air mass flux are exponentially distributed as well. The maximum air mass flux in updrafts is of the order 104 kg m−1 s−1. The air mass flux in the downdrafts is typically a few times smaller in magnitude than that in the updrafts.
Fungal spores overwhelm biogenic organic aerosols in a mid-latitudinal forest
Authors: Zhu Chunmao , Kawamura Kimitaka , Fukuda Yasuro , Mochida Michihiro , Iwamoto Yoko
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Both primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) and oxidation products of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) contribute significantly to organic aerosols (OA) in forested regions. However, little is known on their relative importance in diurnal time scales. Here, we report biomarkers of PBAP and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) for their diurnal variability in a temperate coniferous forest in Wakayama, Japan. Tracers of fungal spores, trehalose, arabitol and mannitol, showed significantly higher levels in nighttime than daytime (p < 0.05), resulting from the nocturnal sporulation under near saturated relative humidity. On the contrary, BVOC oxidation products showed higher levels in daytime than nighttime, indicating substantial photochemical SOA formation. Using tracer-based methods, we estimated that fungal spores account for 45 % of organic carbon (OC) in nighttime and 22 % in daytime, whereas BVOC oxidation products account for 15 % and 19 %, respectively. To our knowledge, we present for the first time highly time-resolved results that fungal spores overwhelmed BVOC oxidation products in contributing to OA especially in nighttime. This study emphasizes the importance of both PBAPs and SOAs in forming forest organic aerosols.
High-resolution simulation of link-level vehicle emissions and concentrations for air pollutants in a traffic-populated East Asian city
Authors: Zhang Shaojun , Wu Ye , Huang Ruikun , Yan Han , Zheng Yali , Hao Jiming
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Vehicle emissions of air pollutants created substantial environmental impacts on air quality for many traffic-populated cities in East Asia. A high-resolution emission inventory is an irreplaceable tool compared with traditional tools (e.g., registration data based approach) to accurately evaluate real-world traffic dynamics and their environmental burden. In this study, Macao, one of the most populated cities in the world, is selected to demonstrate a high-resolution simulation of vehicular emissions and their contribution to air pollutant concentrations by coupling multi-models. First, traffic volumes by vehicle category on 47 typical roads were investigated during weekdays of 2010 and further applied in a networking demand simulation with the TransCAD model to establish hourly profiles of link-level vehicle counts. Local vehicle driving speed and vehicle age distribution data were also collected in Macao. Second, based on a localized vehicle emission model (e.g., the EMBEV-Macao), this study established a link-based vehicle emission inventory in Macao with high resolution meshed in a temporal and spatial framework. Furthermore, we employed the AERMOD model to map concentrations of CO, NO2 and primary PM2.5 contributed by local vehicle emissions during the weekdays of November 2010. This study has discerned the strong impact of traffic flow dynamics on the temporal and spatial patterns of vehicle emissions, such as a geographic discrepancy of spatial allocation up to 25 % between THC and PM2.5 emissions owing to spatially heterogeneous vehicle-use intensity between motorcycles and diesel fleets. We also identified that local vehicles are a dominant source of ambient NO2 in traffic-populated areas as evidenced by good agreement between AERMOD-simulated data and observed results. Therefore, this paper provides a case study and a solid framework for developing high-resolution environment assessment tools for other vehicle-populated cities in East Asia.
Aerosol measurements during COPE: composition, size and sources of CCN and IN at the interface between marine and terrestrial influences
Authors: Taylor J. W. , Choularton T. W. , Blyth A. M. , Flynn M. J. , Williams P. I. , Young G. , Bower K. N. , Crosier J. , Gallagher M. W. , Dorsey J. R. , Liu Z. , Rosenberg P. D.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We present measurements of boundary layer aerosol concentration, size and composition from a series of research flights performed over the southwest peninsula of the UK during the COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE) of summer 2013. We place emphasis on periods of southwesterly winds, which locally are most conducive to convective cloud formation, when marine air from the Atlantic reached the peninsula. Accumulation mode mass loadings were typically 2–3 μg m−3, the majority of which was sulphuric acid over the sea, or ammonium sulphate inland, as terrestrial ammonia sources neutralised the aerosol. The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations in these conditions were ~150–280 cm−3 at 0.1 % and 400–500 cm−3 at 0.9 % supersaturation (SST), which are in good agreement with previous Atlantic measurements, and the cloud drop concentrations at cloud base ranged from 100–500 cm−3. The concentration of CCN at 0.1 % SST was well correlated with non-sea-salt sulphate, meaning marine sulphate formation was likely the main source of CCN. Marine organic aerosol (OA) had a similar mass spectrum to sea spray, and was poorly correlated with CCN. In one case study that was significantly different to the rest, polluted anthropogenic emissions from the southern and central UK advected to the peninsula, with significant enhancements of OA, ammonium nitrate and sulphate, and black carbon. The CCN concentrations here were around six times higher than in the clean cases, and the cloud drop number concentrations were 3–4 times higher. Sources of ice nuclei (IN) were assessed by comparing different parameterisations of the nucleation of ice, using measured aerosol concentrations as input. The parameterisations based on total aerosol produced IN concentrations that agreed within an order of magnitude with measured first ice concentrations at cloud temperatures as low as −12 °C. Composition-specific parameterisations for mineral dust, fluorescent particles and sea spray OA were 3–4 orders of magnitude lower, meaning either a source of IN was present that was not characterised by our measurements, and/or one or more of the compositionspecific parameterisations greatly underestimated IN in this environment.
How have past fire disturbances contributed to the current carbon balance of boreal ecosystems?
Authors: Yue C. , Ciais P. , Zhu D. , Wang T. , Peng S. S. , Piao S. L.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Boreal fires have immediate effects on regional carbon budgets by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere at the time of burning, but they also have legacy effects by initiating a long-term carbon sink during post-fire vegetation recovery. Quantifying these different effects on the current-day pan-boreal (44–84° N) carbon balance and quantifying relative contributions of legacy sinks by past fires is important for understanding and predicting the carbon dynamics in this region. Here we used the global dynamic vegetation model ORCHIDEE–SPITFIRE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – SPread and InTensity of FIRE) to attribute the contributions by fires in different decades between 1850 and 2009 to the carbon balance of 2000–2009, taking into account the atmospheric CO2 change and climate change since 1850. The fire module of ORCHIDEE–SPITFIRE was turned off for each decade in turn and was also turned off before and after the decade in question in order to model the legacy carbon trajectory by fires in each past decade. We found that, unsurprisingly, fires that occurred in 2000–2009 are a carbon source (−0.17 Pg C yr−1) for the carbon balance of 2000–2009, whereas fires in all decades before 2000 contribute carbon sinks with a collective contribution of 0.23 Pg C yr−1. This leaves a net fire sink effect of 0.06 Pg C yr−1, or 6.3 % of the simulated regional carbon sink (0.95 Pg C yr−1). Further, fires with an age of 10–40 years (i.e., those that occurred during 1960–1999) contribute more than half of the total sink effect of fires. The small net sink effect of fires indicates that current-day fire emissions are roughly balanced out by legacy sinks. The future role of fires in the regional carbon balance remains uncertain and will depend on whether changes in fires and associated carbon emissions will exceed the enhanced sink effects of previous fires, both being strongly affected by global change.
The growth of shrubs on high Arctic tundra at Bylot Island: impact on snow physical properties and permafrost thermal regime
Authors: Domine Florent , Barrere Mathieu , Morin Samuel
Published: February 2016

Abstract. With climate warming, shrubs have been observed to grow on Arctic tundra. Their presence is known to increase snow height and expected to increase the thermal insulating effect of the snowpack. An important consequence would be the warming of the ground, which will accelerate permafrost thaw, providing an important positive feedback to warming. At Bylot Island (73° N, 80° W) in the Canadian high Arctic where bushes of willows (Salix richardsonii) are growing, we have observed the snow stratigraphy and measured the vertical profiles of snow density, thermal conductivity and specific surface area (SSA) in over 20 sites of herb tundra and in willow bushes 20 to 40 cm high. We find that shrubs increase snow height, but only up to their own height. In shrubs, snow density, thermal conductivity and SSA are all significantly lower than on herb tundra. In shrubs, depth hoar was observed to grow up to shrub height, while on herb, depth hoar developed only to 5 to 10 cm high. The thermal resistance of the snowpack was in general higher in shrubs than on herb tundra. More signs of melting were observed in shrubs, presumably because stems absorb radiation and provide hotspots that initiate melting. When melting was extensive, this increased thermal conductivity and reduced thermal resistance, countering the effect of shrubs in the absence of melting. Preliminary simulations of the effect of shrubs on snow properties and on the ground thermal regime were made with the Crocus snow physics model and the ISBA land surface scheme driven by in-situ and reanalysis meteorological data. These predicted that the ground at 5 cm depth at Bylot Island during the 2014–2015 winter would be up to 13 °C warmer in the presence of shrubs.
A new subgrid-scale representation of hydrometeor fields using a multivariate PDF
Authors: Griffin Brian M. , Larson Vincent E.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The subgrid-scale representation of hydrometeor fields is important for calculating microphysical process rates. In order to represent subgrid-scale variability, the Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) parameterization uses a multivariate Probability Density Function (PDF). In addition to vertical velocity, temperature, and moisture fields, the PDF includes hydrometeor fields. Previously, each hydrometeor field was assumed to follow a multivariate single lognormal distribution. Now, in order to better represent the distribution of hydrometeors, two new multivariate PDFs are formulated and introduced. The new PDFs represent hydrometeors using either a delta-lognormal or a delta-double-lognormal shape. The two new PDF distributions, plus the previous single lognormal shape, are compared to histograms of data taken from Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of a precipitating cumulus case, a drizzling stratocumulus case, and a deep convective case. Finally, the warm microphysical process rates produced by the different hydrometeor PDFs are compared to the same process rates produced by the LES.
Projected impacts of climate change on hydropower potential in China
Authors: Liu Xingcai , Tang Qiuhong , Voisin Nathalie , Cui Huijuan
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Hydropower is an important renewable energy source in China, but it is sensitive to climate change, because the changing climate may alter hydrological conditions (e.g., river flow and reservoir storage). Future changes and associated uncertainties in China's gross hydropower potential (GHP) and developed hydropower potential (DHP) are projected using simulations from eight global hydrological models (GHMs) forced by five general circulation models (GCMs) with climate data under two representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). Results show that the estimation of the present GHP of China is comparable to other studies; overall, the annual GHP is projected to change by −1.7 to 2% in the near future (2020–2050) and increase by 3 to 6 % in the late 21st century (2070–2099). The annual DHP is projected to change by −2.2 to −5.4 % (0.7–1.7 % of the total installed hydropower capacity [IHC]) and −1.3 to −4% (0.4–1.3 % of total IHC) for 2020–2050 and 2070–2099, respectively. Regional variations emerge: GHP will increase in northern China, but decrease in southern China – mostly in South-Central China and Eastern China – where numerous reservoirs and large IHCs currently are located. The area with the highest GHP in Southwest China will have more GHP, while DHP will reduce in the regions with high IHC (e.g., Sichuan and Hubei) in the future. The largest decrease in DHP (in %) will occur in autumn or winter, when streamflow is relatively low and water use is competitive. Large ranges in hydropower estimates across GHMs and GCMs highlight the necessity of using multi-model assessments under climate change conditions. This study prompts the consideration of climate change in planning for hydropower development and operations in China.
The 9 September 2010 torrential rain and flash flood in the Dragone catchment, Atrani, Amalfi Coast (southern Italy)
Authors: Violante C. , Braca G. , Esposito E. , Tranfaglia G.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. In this paper we use a multi-hazard approach to analyse the 9 September 2010 flash flood in the Dragone basin, a 9 km2 catchment located along the Amalfi rocky coastal range, southern Italy. In this area, alluvial fan flooding has been the most frequent and destructive geologic hazard since Roman times. Sudden torrents of water (flash floods) are caused by high-intensity and very localized cloudbursts of short duration, inducing slope erosion and sediment delivery from slope to stream. The elevated bed load transport produces fast-moving hyperconcentrated flows with significant catastrophic implications for communities living at the stream mouth. The 9 September 2010 rainstorm event lasted 1 h with an intensity rainfall peak of nearly 120 mm h−1. High topographic relief of the Amalfi coastal range and positive anomalies of the coastal waters conditioned the character of the convective system. Based on geological data and post-event field evidence and surveys, as well as homemade videos and eyewitness accounts, it is reported that the flash flood mobilized some 25 000 m3 of materials with a total (water and sediment) peak flow of 80 m3 s−1. The estimated peak discharge of only clear water was about 65 m3 s−1. This leads to a sediment bulking factor of 1.2 that corresponds to a flow with velocities similar to those of water during a flood.
Fractal behavior of soil water storage at multiple depths
Authors: Ji Wenjun , Lin Mi , Biswas Asim , Si Bing C. , Chau Henry W. , Cresswell Hamish P.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Spatio-temporal behavior of soil water is essential to understand the science of hydrodynamics. Data intensive measurement of surface soil water using remote sensing has established that the spatial variability of soil water can be described using the principle of self-similarity (scaling properties) or fractal theory. This information can be used in determining land management practices provided the surface scaling properties hold at deep layer. Current study examined the scaling properties of sub-surface soil water and its relationship to surface soil water, thereby serving as the supporting information for the plant root and vadose zone models. Soil water storage (SWS) down to 1.4 m depth at seven equal intervals was measured along a transect of 576 m for 5 years. The surface SWS showed multifractal nature only during the wet period (from snowmelt until mid to late June with large SWS) indicating the need of multiple scaling indices in transferring soil water variability information over multiple scales. However, with increasing depth, the SWS became monofractal in nature indicating the need of single scaling index to upscale/downscale soil water variability information. The dynamic nature made the surface layer soil water in the wet period highly variable compared to the deep layers. In contrast, all soil layers during the dry period (from late June to the end of the growing season with low SWS) were monofractal in nature, probably resulting from the high evapotranspirative demand of the growing vegetation that surpassed other effects. This strong similarity between the scaling properties at the surface layer and deep layers provides the possibility of inferring about the whole profile soil water dynamics using the scaling properties of the easy-to-measure surface SWS data.
Meat sharing between male and female Guinea baboons (Papio papio)
Authors: Goffe A. S. , Fischer J.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Meat sharing in non-human primates has been linked to a variety of functions, including harassment reduction, mate provisioning and status enhancement. We present observational data regarding male prey capture and male–female meat sharing in wild Guinea baboons. Guinea baboons live in a multilevel society that comprises units of males with associated females and, sometimes, secondary males. Several males of different units maintain strong bonds, resulting in the formation of parties within gangs. Female–male relationships persist irrespective of female reproductive states, yet females may also switch between males at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Our data show that males capture and kill a variety of prey, including hares and antelope. Males shared meat passively only with females in their social and reproductive units. The occurrence of oestrus females in the gang did not influence whether or not sharing would occur in that males did not share with oestrus females unless an affiliative relationship already persisted, indicating that short-term currency exchanges of meat for sex are unlikely. We hypothesise that males may benefit from feeding tolerance by retaining females, while females may increase access to potentially nutritious and rare food sources. Alternatively, females may prefer males that are generally less aggressive and thus also more likely to share meat. Long-term data will be needed to ultimately distinguish between the two accounts. Although there is no evidence that males intentionally provide necessary resources to particular females during times of high energetic demands and decreased foraging efficiency, as has been found in humans, and meat sharing is generally rare, it may have subtle, yet important effects on the maintenance of bonds in Guinea baboons.
The Playwright's Perplexity Constitution, Contagion, and Consumption in The Doctor's Dilemma
Authors: Soloski Alexis
Published: February 2016

Written at a time when earlier etiologies of tuberculosis had given way to germ theory, Bernard Shaw's 1906 play The Doctor's Dilemma: A Tragedy both challenges and confirms scientific and literary conventions regarding consumption and those who suffer it. While the play's preface stands staunchly against germ theory, the play itself offers a rather more perplexed and perplexing treatment of the disease.
Birdsong and a Song about a Bird: Popular Music and the Mediation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Silvers Michael B.
Published: February 2016

The mid-twentieth century songs of popular singer Luiz Gonzaga include lyrics about northeastern Brazil’s traditional ecological knowledge. For individuals who predict rain and drought based on natural patterns in the region’s semi-arid backlands, Gonzaga’s music continues to lend credibility, clarity, and local significance to the practice known as rain prophecy. Through cultural history, lyrical and musical analysis, and ethnography, this article examines the process through which Gonzaga’s voice became a vehicle for the transmission of knowledge about the weather, suggesting that music produced through a profit-driven industry has played a role in the maintenance of local ecological knowledge.
A Response to Peter Cooke’s Response
Authors: Nannyonga-Tamusuza Sylvia , Weintraub Andrew N.
Published: February 2016

In the spirit of scholarly dialogue about issues of common concern, we would like to respond to Peter Cooke’s critique of our article “The Audible Future: Reimagining the Role of Sound Archives and Sound Repatriation in Uganda” (Ethnomusicology 56:2). His comments appear to be based on misunderstandings of our statements and on personal interpretations with which we take issue. We did not state in the article that Wachsmann mistreated or infringed on the rights of the people of Uganda. We highly respect and continue to honor the contributions of Klaus Wachsmann as a scholar, collector, and curator of Ugandan music. Indeed, it is because of the great respect for Wachsmann, and the hard work he did to preserve the great wealth of Uganda’s musical culture, that the Makerere University Klaus Wachsmann Music Archive (MAKWMA) was named after him. Our goal was for readers to reflect on the theoretical premises, ethnographic practices, and ethical standards that informed Wachsmann’s field recordings. How can Wachsmann’s “motivations, preferences, and limitations” help us to understand those premises, practices, and standards (p. 208)? Wachsmann’s work in Uganda raises issues about a particular time and place in the history of ethnomusicology, and it is in the spirit of historical and cultural critique that we wrote the article.