bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SECURITY OF QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION WITH STRONG PHASE-REFERENCE PULSE
Authors: KOASHI MASATO
Published: November 2005

In the BB84 protocol with a perfect single photon source, the key rate decreases linearly with the transmission η of the channel. If we simply replace this source with a weak coherent-state pulse, the key rate drops more rapidly (as O(η2)) since the presence of multiple photons favors the eavesdropper. Here we discuss the unconditional security of a quantum key distribution protocol in which bit values are encoded in the phase of a weak coherent-state pulse relative to a strong reference pulse, which is essentially the one proposed by Bennett in 1992 (the B92 scheme). We show that in the limit of high loss in the transmission channel, we can construct a secret key with a rate proportional to the transmission η of the channel.
TOWARD A PRACTICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR QUANTUM PROGRAMMING
Authors: YAMASHITA S. , NAKANISHI M. , WATANABE K.
Published: November 2005

This paper proposes a practical framework for quantum programming. In our framework, the parts of a program to be performed on a quantum computer are almost automatically determined, and the other parts are performed on a classical computer. We only consider Grover Search to be performed on a quantum computer in the framework because the other quantum algorithms known so far cannot be applied to general cases. By considering only Grover Search, we have several advantages that show our framework is really practical.
DECOY STATE QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION
Authors: LO HOI-KWONG
Published: November 2005

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two parties to communicate in absolute security based on the fundamental laws of physics. Up till now, it is widely believed that unconditionally secure QKD based on standard Bennett-Brassard (BB84) protocol is limited in both key generation rate and distance because of imperfect devices. Here, we solve these two problems directly by presenting new protocols that are feasible with only current technology. Surprisingly, our new protocols can make fiber-based QKD unconditionally secure at distances over 100km (for some experiments, such as GYS) and increase the key generation rate from O(η2) in prior art to O(η) where η is the overall transmittance. Our method is to develop the decoy state idea (first proposed by W.-Y. Hwang in "Quantum Key Distribution with High Loss: Toward Global Secure Communication", Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 057901 (2003)) and consider simple extensions of the BB84 protocol. This part of work is published in "Decoy State Quantum Key Distribution", .

We present a general theory of the decoy state protocol and propose a decoy method based on only one signal state and two decoy states. We perform optimization on the choice of intensities of the signal state and the two decoy states. Our result shows that a decoy state protocol with only two types of decoy states—a vacuum and a weak decoy state—asymptotically approaches the theoretical limit of the most general type of decoy state protocols (with an infinite number of decoy states). We also present a one-decoy-state protocol as a special case of Vacuum+Weak decoy method. Moreover, we provide estimations on the effects of statistical fluctuations and suggest that, even for long distance (larger than 100km) QKD, our two-decoy-state protocol can be implemented with only a few hours of experimental data. In conclusion, decoy state quantum key distribution is highly practical. This part of work is published in "Practical Decoy State for Quantum Key Distribution", .

We also have done the first experimental demonstration of decoy state quantum key distribution, over 15km of Telecom fibers. This part of work is published in "Experimental Decoy State Quantum Key Distribution Over 15km", .
UTILIZATION OF POLARIZED ELECTRON SPIN OF ORGANIC MOLECULES IN QUANTUM COMPUTING
Authors: LIN TIEN-SUNG , SLOOP DAVID J. , MOU CHUNG-YUAN
Published: November 2005

The possibility of utilizing highly polarized electron spin of the photo-excited triplet state of organic semiconductors (pentacene molecules) embedded in organic crystals and mesoporous materials by zero-field (ZF) and near zero-field (NZF) pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques in a quantum computer will be explored. A simple logic gate, such as CNOT, utilizing such highly polarized electron spins communicating with the surrounding paramagnetic nuclei via hyperfine interaction will be discussed. Major advantages of these approaches are: (1) high electron spin polarization, (2) possible single-molecule detection, (3) orchestrated quantum perturbations can be imposed, and (4) pulsed ZF and NZF EPR techniques can be performed without high magnetic field.
Illustration of probability distribution concepts using a graphics software package
Authors: Summers Marguerite , King Ronald S.
Published: November 2005

Courses in probability and statistics are taken each year by thousands of students across the country in disciplines such as business, life sciences, humanities, education, agriculture, and the social sciences. Often the students in these courses have experienced lack of success in their provious encounters with mathematics and thus many students bring a negative attitude into the probability and statistics courses. This resistant atmosphere is especially noticeable to the teacher when he or she informs the students about the required mathematical exercises and/or tedious numerical computations in the new course content.
Developing interactive graphics courseware for computer literacy
Authors: Garson James W.
Published: November 2005

The development of microcomputers that can produce color graphics has opened up important new opportunities for educators. It is now possible to develop courseware that relies more on interactive visual experiences as new channels for presenting educational materials.
Computer assisted learning
Authors: Avitabile G. , Chioccariello A. , Mosca P. , Russo E. , Sassi E. , Spadaccini G.
Published: November 2005

SCHROE, a graphic interactive program, studies the one-dimensional time-independent Schroedinger's equation for three symmetrical potentials: infinite depth square well, harmonic oscillator, anharmonic oscillator.The student enters an energy value and obtains the plot of the unnormalized solution of the equation, computed by the "middle point" numerical integration method. By visual analysis of the plot of the solution displayed on the terminal screen, the student determines whether the input energy value is or is not an eigenvalue. He or she can build a succession of solutions converging towards the eigenfunction, exploiting the property that the solution diverges to plus or minus infinity for energy values greater than or less than the eigenvalue.The choice of integrating the equation by a numerical method allows one to obtain a solution when no analytical solution exists, and to compare the result with the analytical solution when it is available.When the energy is an eigenvalue, the program displays in addition the plot of the probability density of finding the particle.The program is being tested on groups of volunteer students.
Microcomputers in education
Authors: Malone Thomas W. , Levin James
Published: November 2005

The successful use of microcomputers in education depends critically on the cognitive and motivational processes in learning and the social structure of the educational setting. A number of different groups concerned with these issues have recently tried to specify explicit design principles for using computers successfully in different educational environments. This report summarizes a workshop that brought together people from some of these groups to describe the current state of their groups' efforts and to work toward integrating these efforts into a larger scale statement.
Computerized grading of ID-individualized homework problems
Authors: Maron M. J.
Published: November 2005

This paper describes an efficient scheme in which a computer is used to grade ID-individualized homework problems on demand while keeping records for these homeworks. The scheme was developed and used for an undergraduate numerical methods course at the University of Louisville. Results so far indicate that it is an effective pedagogical tool for courses in which homeworks have numerical answers.
Planning strategies and considerations for the effective use of the emerging technology
Authors: Blaschke Charles L.
Published: November 2005

For a society so adept in developing technology, we have been inept in developing the sociopolitical, managerial, and organizational innovations for applying that technology in such a way that society realizes its potential benefits. This challenge is particularly relevant to education today. Creating an environment which harnesses and encourages the systematic use of rapid technology advances is not only a challenge but an awesome responsibility confronting state-level policy makers.
Education and computing
Authors: Duncan Karen A.
Published: November 2005

From a perspective of eighteen years of involvement with computer-based education (CBE), it seems there's very little new. The grand experiments of the 1960's, especially with Plato and Ticcit, brought us emphatically into the era of CBE, but we have come relatively little distance since then. Tools such as color, graphics, and authoring languages have been around since the beginnings of CBE, along with concepts of shared software, networking, drill and practice, intelligent tutors, and simulation, but they have had little impact of the quality of American education at any level. The latest tools, microcomputers and videodisks, have simply provided fresh territory in which to continue marking educational time.
The costs of personal computing in an educatinal institution
Authors: Nayle Sonia , Scacchi Walt
Published: November 2005

The widespread adoption of personal computers (PCs) may be attributable to their low purchase and operational costs. However, significant procedural costs arise in fitting a PC application into a work setting. Our investigation of the adoption and use of PCs in several departments of a complex organization reveals a large number of unanticipated costs. These indirect, deferred, and governance costs are chiefly borne by users not responsible for acquiring PCs. The costs represent demands for users' time, skill, expertise, and attention as well as money. We find that the distribution of deferred costs determines the viability of PC systems. We also find that the integration of PCs can alter the way people do their jobs. These changes in turn give rise to additional social and political costs within the organization. Subsequently, we find that the true costs of personal computing are typically underestimated and unaccounted for.
How will computing change education?
Authors: Taylor Robert P.
Published: November 2005

Computing will certainly make changes in American education, beyond requiring it to budget millions of dollars for the purchase and maintenance of hardware and software. This essay attempts to illuminate what some of those changes will be, by examining a series of dichotomies.
Computers in the schools
Authors: Tucker Marc S.
Published: November 2005

Large-scale federal government spending on technology for the schools can be justified only if the technology will prove to be a better investment than others that might help overcome the severe problems schools face, and only if the investments will lead to development of a labor force capable of significantly improving this country's capacity to compete effectively in world markets. Current uses of computers in schools do not justify such investments.However, careful consideration of the possible sources of a competitive advantage for the United States in world markets not only indicates the magnitude and direction of the changes that must take place in American schools, but shows as well that a very large investment in information technology for the schools would return large dividends.The central challenge is to convert our schools from organizations designed at the turn of the century to provide a work force for the large-scale production of standardized products; they must be changed to organizations designed to turn out people who can add more value to the products and services they produce than do their competitors. The required adjustment will mean fundamental changes in the recruitment, education and compensation of teachers and an equally thorough redesign of the curriculum.If--and only if--these measures are carried out, then computer work stations embedded in large telecommunications networks should be provided to our schools in a ratio of one station to every two to four students. The work stations should be provided with tool, or application, software--not instructional software--that students would use in virtually every course at every grade level, and should be able to communicate with one another as well as terminals and computers at a distance. The effect would be both to enable students to acquire the substantive skills they will need and to equip them with the ability to use information technology as a tool to accomplish a virtually infinite range of tasks, permitting them to be much more productive than they could otherwise be.The proposed federal program would constitute a major investment by this country both in the future labor force and the current information technology industry, and, as such, would encompass both education policy and economic policy, joined in a single initiative.
Design Issues in Ethical Agent Computing
Authors: Pretorius L. , Barnard A. , Cloete E.
Published: November 2005

Agent computing, and in particular intelligent mobile agent
computing, is at present awarded increasing prominence in the
literature. This is partly due to the pervasive nature of available
Internet technologies such as search engines and booking agents. It
is within this context that the importance of investigating various
characteristics demonstrated by mobile agent computing is becoming
apparent. In order to perform specialized tasks on behalf of their
owners, a certain amount of intelligence in mobile agents is often
assumed or expected. The attribute intelligent brings with it a
concomitant human characteristic that is assigned to an inanimate
technological object. In mobile agent systems, communities of
agents (some with embedded intelligence, and some without) already
inhabit areas of cyberspace and interact with other agents, human
users and hosts. Depending on the expected interaction with other
entities, it is plausible to think that such a community can
exhibit a social life of its own. This raises issues concerning
information security as well as the ethical and social behaviour of
mobile agents. In this paper we discuss a framework for dealing
with the security and ethical design issues of this technology.
Postmodern critique of teaching and learning support systems at an internet distance
Authors: Barbour Robert H.
Published: November 2005

Projecting computing education trends forward into the near future in order to better understand the implications of present changes is a postmodern education research agenda. Such speculations are informed by present day events. Setting observed changes in computing education policy and practice against a constructivist theoretical framework based on semiotics points up the issues and contradictions in globalization trends. The emergent issues of expanding western hegemony and a flattening of cultural variety are addressed both from the point of view of technical issues and with respect to the pedagogy through which technologies could support diversity in learning and teaching contexts. The education sector has become more closely involved with Internet systems. This association has extended beyond national borders using the tools and techniques of software development to engage in an educational globalization process. The teaching and learning support systems (TLSS) that are currently emerging make possible learning at an Internet distance. Such trends have a number of consequences. These consequences are explored against a framework of post-modern critique. Undesirable consequences are identified and possible remedies suggested.
What you see is what I think you see
Authors: Smith Randall B.
Published: November 2005

"What you see is what I think you see" is a property that can help technology support realtime interaction between physically separated users. The WYSIWITYS property is a natural consequence of adhering to a physical world metaphor. However, WYSIWITYS can be applied to systems that are not perfect adherents to the virtual world model. SharedARK, a distributed, animated, multi-user application used primarily for testing collaborative microworlds, serves as an example of such a system. SharedARK is a networked computer-based system, but it has been supplemented with audio and video links, and the objects in the world have been given the ability to make sounds. All of these elements are used in such a way as to provide WYSIWITYS properties for SharedARK users.
Systems development philosophy
Authors: Dahlbom Bo , Mathiassen Lars
Published: November 2005

A philosophy book for systems developers is outlined, and it is argued that philosophy can play an important role in the education of professional practitioners. All systems developers acquire a philosophy in their education and practice. This philosophy is expressed in their views on the problems of their profession. But to what extent is this philosophy confornted with their personal practice? To what extent is it open to discussion and subject to change? Only some systems developers actively reflect on their practice. They do not accept problems at face value and they challenge traditions, concepts and methods. They philosophize as part of their practice and in doing so they develop a personal view on their profession.Our intention is to use philosophy to support inexperienced practitioners and students in becoming more professional. We do not want to make philosophers out of systems developers, but rather to encourage them to philosophize. Practitioners and students are invited to engage in a rational conversation about matters which they in their daily activities take for granted. The goal is to take a few steps in the direction of a richer, deeper, clearer, different, more truthful understanding of the activity of systems development.The paper discusses various ways to design a philosophy book for systems developers and concludes by proposing a book consisting of four parts, each dealing with a vital aspect of systems development: systems, development, quality, and perspectives.
The rational, the pragmatic and the inquiry process: The social study of information- communication systems
Authors: Turoff Murray
Published: November 2005

When dealing with human communications and the use of technology to support this process, it is impossible to divorce the human elements from the technological ones. There is no fine boundary of measurable variables that can be established to draw the line along which we can look at clear cut cause and effect relationships in either direction across that boundary. Any attempt to make either the social system or the technological system the independent or dependent variable is only a short term artifice that might very well give the wrong indicators of what is happening. Once this premise is accepted, one is led to the necessity of viewing the introduction of any new communication technology as a series of incremental and evolutionary experiments on a total system. Whether consciously or unconsciously done, the people involved, the social relationships, and the technology are all design elements for the experiment. One cannot apply reductionist methods to the social studies of this area."Society is like a lawn, where every roughness is smoothed, every bramble eradicated, and where the eye is delighted by the smiling verdure of a velvet surface. He, however, who would study nature in its wildness and variety, must plunge into the forest, must explore the glen, must stem the torrent, and dare the precipice."--Washington irving
Peer-to-peer relationships on the Internet
Authors: Burgstahler Sheryl , Cronheim Deb , Baker Linda
Published: November 2005

This study examines the role computer-meditated communication (CMC) can play in helping students with disabilities minimize social isolation and other barriers they face in achieving academic goals. Subjects are high school students with disabilities. Data was collected from electronic mail exchanges, questionnaires, and focus groups. Results suggest CMC can ease social isolation and advance the academic goals of students with disabilities by connecting them to a community of their peers.
An Internet research model
Authors: Barron Ann , Ivers Karen
Published: November 2005

This paper focuses on basic, advanced, and original research activities of the Internet. Basic research refers to retrieving information from a single, often preselected, online source; advanced research includes a wider variety of sources and involves high-order thinking skills; original research focuses on using the Internet to conduct investigations through surveys and collaborative experiments. Alternatives to online research are also examined and a model is proposed for conducting relevant and meaningful Internet activities.
Using information technology to integrate social and ethical issues into the computer science and information systems curriculum
Authors: Granger Mary J. , Adams Elizabeth S. , Björkman Christina , Gotterbarn Don , Juettner Diana D. , Martin C. Dianne , Young Frank H. , Little Joyce Currie
Published: November 2005

This report presents the results of a collaborative working group activity focusing on the use of information technology (IT) to integrate social and ethical issues within computer science or information systems courses. The report provides an organizational approach for classifying exercises, based on the issue each one addresses and the course or courses in which it may fit. The exercises in this report are classified by the information technology to be used and the course or courses addressed by the exercise. Ten sample exercises are provided, each given in a recommended standardized format.
Computer-mediated communication in collaborative educational settings
Authors: Wolz Ursula , Palme Jacob , Anderson Penny , Chen Zhi , Dunne James , Karlsson Göran , Laribi Atika , Männikkö Sirkku , Spielvogel Robert , Walker Henry
Published: November 2005

In educational environments that stress collaboration, the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) tools can be a source of support as well as a challenge. This paper begins by considering general educational and economic goals and how CMC can be helpful in attaining these goals. A taxonomy of tools for communication and collaboration in education is described. Many sides of the issue are considered, including the roles of teachers and students, problems that can arise and potential solutions, goals and issues of assessment, and software design issues.
Beyond the code of ethics
Authors: Rosenberg Richard S.
Published: November 2005

Drafting a code of ethics for a professional society is a daunting and exhausting task. Whereas the basic components of a professional code of ethics or professional standards are reasonably well understood, the specific details require careful tailoring to meet the needs of a given profession. The difficulty of this process probably explains why such codes are rarely updated. Furthermore, once having produced an updated ethics code, many professional organizations, or perhaps better the associated executive, feel that their work has been completed and that they can now present themselves to their countries and the international community as responsible and even concerned societies. But is their work really over? The answer proposed in this paper is a resounding no. I argue that a professional society must provide active and comprehensive support to its members as they seek to do the right thing. In this regard, the Web pages of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) and the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) are compared as evidence of each society's commitment to its members. I also argue that professional societies must make this commitment and as importantly, be seen to be making it.
The campaign for an ethical Internet
Authors: Shearer Jenny
Published: November 2005

The fostering of an Internet societal infrastucture which is consciously ethical, is needed to curtail the new era of global irresponsibility that is at hand. The positive view advanced is contrasted with a scenario of the silencing of a moral Internet community using regulatory constraints, an extension of broadcast techniques, "brain-free" hardware, and control by multi-national corporations. This positive scenario is dependent on the evolution of a moral and responsible Internet global citizenry. The global citizen will recognise that in creating an era of peace and negotiation, the traditional boundaries of nation or of cultural difference may be radically redefined, but not destroyed. Two central problems, that of establishing an acceptable moral basis for global citizenship, and that of enabling the integrity of cultural and ethnic groups to be maintained in a global electronic environment, are discussed. A primary task for the Internet community is to establish a Code of Ethics. This could be based on the following principles: a strong and coherent Internet infrastructure; maintenance of interconnectivity; open Internet commerce; privacy of communications; freedom of speech within the Internet (with the proviso that the best interests of children are protected in information delivery); universal Internet access; freely accessible "public good" information; mediation between national and global organizations in the interests of the Internet; authentication of information (or establishment of levels of verification of information sources); and maintenance of adequate bandwidth. These principles encompass some of the fiercest debates of the Internet regulatory environment, including those on issues of cryptography, copyright, software patents, first-level domain names, and pornography.
A survey of components for intelligent tutoring pedagogical aspects of GET-BITS model
Authors: Jerinic Ljubomir , Devedzic Vladan
Published: November 2005

The concept of software components has received relatively little attention so far by the researchers in the field of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED). This paper is an attempt to bring more light on this important concept and to describe the benefits that component-based Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) can bring to the field. Surprisingly enough, there is still no consensus on the notion of component among AIED researchers. There are many open questions and unclear issues. By carefully structuring the description of software components in general, as well as by showing some examples of components for ITSs design, the paper presents several important related issues, like functionality of components, their granularity, generality, interoperability, and reusability. Special attention is given to the architectural and communication considerations, as well as to the relation between components and ontology's for ITSs design. The paper describes pedagogical aspects and the control knowledge of the component based model of intelligent tutoring systems, called
GET-BITS
. The focus is on class hierarchies and design of classes for representing the pedagogical and the control knowledge in the
GET-BITS
model. Distinction has been made between different modes of operation of the pedagogical module in an intelligent tutoring system (teaching, examination, and consulting), resulting in the necessity for the class hierarchies to reflect specific pedagogical knowledge structure.
Ethical issues related to internet development and research
Authors: Medley M. Dee , Rutherfoord Rebecca H. , Anderson G. Ernest , Roth R. Waldo , Varden Stuart A.
Published: November 2005

This paper discusses ethical issues concerning Internet development, presentation and research. A brief overview of the major ethical issues related to computing is followed by a discussion of ethical issues specific to the use of the Internet. We will look at the implications of these issues for particular population groups such as children, women, disabled persons, and the low socio-economic class. Finally, we offer suggestions for how these issues can be brought into the computer or information science classroom in a way that stimulates critical thinking skills.
ECONOF
Authors: Boulet Marie-Michéle , Dupuis Clermont , Belkhiter Nadir
Published: November 2005

Results obtained from our past research programs were used to provide managers with models and tools that concern the process of organizational knowledge management. The models and tools are based on actual data. They aim at allowing the alignment of the continuous training to the business strategic plan. The analysis of empirical data allowed the finding of factors, criteria and weights to be incorporated in a model named ECONOF. This paper first presents this multicriterion model with the software tool related. An example of criteria and subcriteria is presented. The process of finding criteria with their associate weights is explained. Results produced by ECONOF are then presented. The model helps managers to find continuous training activities that fit the priorities and resources set in the strategic plan. Then, we explain why we decided to move towards a mathematical model. The basic mathematical model that was developed from a subset of criteria and subcriteria used and validated with the existing ECONOF multicriterion model is then presented. Future enhancements of the mathematical model are finally mentioned.
Resistance to computer innovation
Authors: Weaver Robert R.
Published: November 2005

Dr. Lawrence Weed's "knowledge coupling" (KC) computer innovation (Weed, 1991; 1997; 2000) is designed to overcome the widely documented limitations of the human mind. By linking (or "coupling") patient-specific findings with relevant medical knowledge, KC tools exploit the power of the computer to reliably recall, process, and organize vast quantities of medical knowledge and information that would otherwise be missed during the clinical encounter. Further, KC tools offer an alternative strategy for managing clinical uncertainty, which also entails relinquishing personal responsibility for patients and decision making. Previously-learned orientations toward uncertainty and responsibility predispose physicians to resist this alternative strategy. Existing orientations are sustained by the broader institutional framework medicine. Nonetheless, changes in the institutional framework --- namely, greater patient participation in decision making and growing interest among third-parties to regulate medical care costs and quality --- will likely make it more difficult to sustain current orientations to clinical practice and will instead produce conditions that are more favorable to the widespread use of KC tools.
Implications of a logical paradox for computer-dispensed justice
Authors: Fulda Joseph S.
Published: November 2005

We argue that the paradox of the preface suggests a reason why computers, no matter how expert, should not be permitted to judge criminal cases. This column normally comments on the work of others; we make an exception just this once.
Barriers to computer-based message systems in developing countries
Authors: Matta Khalil F. , Boutros Naji E.
Published: November 2005

Proponents of compute-based message systems claim that it increases the productivity and efficiency of operations. Its use has mush roomed in the last five years in industrialized nations. The use of such systems in less-developed countries is however practically nonexistent. This paper examines the barriers in those countries to its use. These barriers are divided into four categories; technical, economic, political and social. Some strategies for dealing with those barriers is also presented.
The computing skills workshop at Carnegie-Mellon University
Authors: Stuckey John
Published: November 2005

Carnegie-Mellon University is now in the early stage of deploying an intensive and diverse computing environment for which it has been actively preparing since 1982. In that year it began a joint venture with IBM to develop a style of academic computing appropriate to recent advances in, and anticipating future directions of, hardware, networking, user interfaces, and electronic pedagogy. Two other activities were clearly necessary if the new environment was to be a pervasive and integral part of the educational process: preparation of the faculty and orientation of the students. Faculty preparation began over a year ago, with the distribution of prototype advanced-function workstations to faculty members with innovative proposals for educational software. This article describes the effort to provide the student body with a sufficient set of skills to be ready to make use of the new environment for both course-related and independent work.
Training secondary school computer science educators
Authors: Statz Joyce
Published: November 2005

With the increasing use of computers in many areas of society, there is a growing need for competent computer science educators at all levels of education. The need at the secondary school level is a most pressing one at the moment, one which might be met by the preparation of computer science majors in university colleges of education. A program at Bowling Green State University is described in this paper, a program which combines a broad computer science background with teaching experiences and education courses.
Computer augmented teacher training
Authors: Elliott Portia C. , Peelle Howard A.
Published: November 2005

A new teacher education program has been inaugurated at the University of Massachusetts' School of Education under the title "Computer Augmented Teacher Training". The CATT program places the computer in a central role--particularly the activity of programming--in order to augment the cognitive, affective, and social competencies of prospective mathematics teachers. In the cognitive domain, teachers learn what mathematics to teach as well as how to teach it effectively. In the affective domain, teachers enhance their self-concepts and build self-confidence by encountering both successes and failures in working with manipulative materials, self-instructional texts, and computer-related activities. Finally, in the social area, teachers raise their consciousness about the advantages and limitations of technology as they develop computer literacy.
A summer master's degree program in computer education
Authors: Moulton Peter , Moursund David
Published: November 2005

The Computer Science Department has developed a summer master's degree program in Computer Science Education directed toward teachers in grades 7-14. In a first section this report describes the goals, design criteria and constraints which influenced the development of the program. A second section describes the resultant program and summarizes some of the experiences gained from the program over the past two years.
Project LOCAL
Authors: Haven Robert N.
Published: November 2005

Project LOCAL, a not-for-profit regional consortium, offers a broad spectrum of in-service training courses tailored to meet the needs of educators in various disciplines and levels of experience. The purpose of these offerings is to bridge the communication gap between innovative centers in computer-oriented education and staff members in Boston area schools.The number of schools trying to use the computer in instruction is increasing but the computer's potential is not being fully realized. This is largely the result of a scarcity of adequate information and training to prepare school staff members who want to use computers in instruction.In LOCAL's curriculum, teachers and administrators can obtain an introduction to computer-oriented techniques in a variety of areas.
A ldquo;non-programming” introduction to programming concepts
Authors: Ecklund E. F.
Published: November 2005

This paper discusses introducing students to programming concepts before they study a high-level language. Algorithm specification using flowcharts, and implementation of certain algorithms on a demonstration computer programmed in decimal machine code provide a functional basis which extends by way of analogy to sound programming concepts for both high-level languages and assembler languages.
Does a computer have sexual preferences?
Authors: Mazlack Lawrence J.
Published: November 2005

At the University of Guelph there has been a single significant introductory computer science course. Approximately 50% of the University's full time undergraduate students have taken this course during their academic career. Sectioning and enrollment has generally been done without regard to academic program or semester in school.

An examination of the past two years' results was performed utilizing the records of 1,350 students. Negligible correlations were found between a student's sex, academic program or semester in school when posed against the students' grades (both final and by grade component). All three results are contrary to the normal implicit assumptions regarding competitiveness between sexes, academic programs and student experience in a computer science course.
Automatic question generation from text - an aid to independent study
Authors: Wolfe John H.
Published: November 2005

This report describes an experimental computer-based educational system called automatic question generation (AUTOQUEST) for assisting independent study of written text. Studies of reading comprehension have shown that retention of material is enhanced if the student is periodically required to answer questions about what he has read (Anderson & Biddle, 1975; Anderson et al., 1974; Alessi et al., 1974; Anderson et al., 1975a, 1975b). This principle has been employed in computer-managed instruction, but it requires considerable human effort to prepare the questions.
The variety of TICCIT systems—an overview
Authors: Morton Richard P.
Published: November 2005

MITRE's TICCIT program began in 1968 with the hypothesis that coupling television displays to a time-sharing computer system would result in a computer-based instruction system low enough in cost to permit schools to provide a significant quantity of individualized instruction to a large number of students. The subsequent TICCIT effort has demonstrated this hypothesis to be correct, and has led to the development of a model for this technology (See Figure I ) that has been shown by the ten TICCIT systems in operation and under construction to have a wide range of options which match a wide range of instructional and general purpose environments.
Learning theory and political socialization
Authors: Swigger Kathleen M.
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this C.A.I. module is to introduce students enrolled in undergraduate courses in political science, sociology, and education to aspects of learning theory that have direct application to a study of political socialization. The interactive module demonstrates how various models representing learning theories can be used to describe the process by which individuals acquire their political behavior. The purpose of this C.A.I. module is to describe learning theory in such a way as to guide students in critically constructing and evaluating their own assumptions concerning the nature of the process of political socialization. Thus, it is felt that these lessons can contribute to a better understanding of the prominent literature that deals with questions considered relevant to a discussion of political socialization.

The lessons in the module were written in the Instructional Dialogue Facility (IDF) on a Hewlett-Packard 2000 at the University of Iowa. These lessons call over a dozen BASIC programs specifically written for the module. The lessons allow for self-pacing and freedom of choice concerning the number and type of learning subtasks that the student undertakes at any particular time. The module not only enhances the courses for which they were designed but also adds to the inventory of interactive lessons available to all users of computer assisted instruction.
What is a first-year computer science graduate student?
Authors: Smoliar Stephen W.
Published: November 2005

This is an informal discussion of several problems we have begun to notice in our graduate degree program. As the birthplace of the ENIAC, the University of Pennsylvania has long been a source of computer related courses in its graduate curriculum. With the growth of the
undergraduate
computer science curriculum, however, several significant problems have developed. In the first place, many of the courses in our graduate program are being overtaken by courses which are now recognized as part of the undergraduate curriculum. As a consequence, we are now faced with a “mixed bag” of backgrounds in our graduate student body, ranging from those with no background in computers at all, much like our earliest graduate students, to those who have had a full undergraduate computer science program and seek further education.
An evaluation of the data processing program at eastern kentucky univ.
Authors: Hager Oberita
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this study was to explore job potential for data processing majors and to ascertain what industries in the metropolitan areas of Kentucky want, need, or expect in the way of skills and knowledges by these majors.
An interactive program advising system
Authors: Gillett Will
Published: November 2005

This paper describes components of an Interactive Program Advising System (IPAS) for beginning programming students. The system, being unaware of the algorithm being implemented by the student, is unable to direct the student toward writing a correct program. It instead comments on the programming constructs the student has used in the specific implementing language—in this case FORTRAN.

Beginning programming students often write poorly structured programs (especially in a non-block-structured language like FORTRAN) with constructs which, while legal, indicate that the student doesn't really understand the operation being performed. Data is currently being collected on “conceptual errors” commonly made by beginning students. This paper describes some of these “errors” and what comments can be presented to the student to help him understand and correct his own “errors.” A subsequent paper will present statistics on frequency of errors and plausible student logic which would produce the errors.
Privacy
Authors: Armer Paul
Published: November 2005

(This survey of the privacy issue is concerned only with the computer related aspects of privacy and does not touch upon non-computer related topics like wire-tapping, psychological testing, etc.)
Computers in popular literature no. 8
Authors: Ward Patrick
Published: November 2005

Computers in Popular literature will appear as a regular feature of the reviews section of computers & society if there is sufficient reader interest. Terry Kuch has volunteered to head up this function and solcits revies, brief notices, and bibliographies from all comers.
Public policy on privacy
Authors: Brandin David
Published: November 2005

The following article is excerpted from testimony presented by Dr. Brandin, Gene P. Altshuler, Peter D. Miller, and Donn B. Parker before the Privacy Protection Study Commission, September 8, 1975 on behalf of Stanford Research Institute. Since the testimony comments on privacy as an issue for public it is included in this issue of Computers & Society.
Abstracts from ERIC
Authors: anonymous
Published: November 2005

Federal Government assistance to colleges and universities is recommended in order to make up deficiencies in educational computing facilities and to support leadership and innovation at those institutions which presently have computer facilities. By 1971, an estimated annual outlay of $400 million will be necessary to give undergraduates adequate computer services. Universities should use accounting procedures which will enable them to determine and control computer costs. The Federal Government can provide flexible support for the purchase or rental of computer equipment and services, for research and education in computer science, for faculty training in computer use and, in cooperation with colleges, establish central computing facilities capable of serving several institutions simultaneously. A group, established jointly by the National Science Fourndation and the Office of Education, is recommended to investigate and publish data on computer use in secondary schools. Statistics and forecasts concerning computers and the jobs and personnel associated with them can be made available by the Federal Government. Appendices to the report include estimates of the cost and capacity of an adequate computer service as well as data on existing computer facilities and present government expenditures in the field. (JY)
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTING MACHINERY (ACM) CODE OF ETHICS
Authors: Wheeler S. L.
Published: November 2005

As the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Code of Ethics has
an important guiding role in embedding ethics into computing
practice, both in the United States and around the globe, its
content is important. This paper considers a way of analyzing the
Code into ethical categories, inspired by a soft systems 'rich
picture' Information Systems (IS) framework. A list of seven
stakeholder categories, together with the major components of
applied ethical theory, are used to map the elements of the ACM
Code. While such an analysis is imprecise due to human
interpretation, so also is the art of applied ethics. Yet, by
framing the ACM Code according to stakeholder roles and basic
ethical analysis tools, the ACM Code of Ethics becomes more useful
in various ways. Overlaps and gaps can be identified, various
interpretations of word meanings can be more easily identified and
debated, and, perhaps, most importantly in the global ethical
arena, a better comparison of the ACM with other codes of ethics is
facilitated.
A Study of Computer Science Students' Ethical Attitudes and Its Implications to
Authors: Vartiainen Tero
Published: November 2005

In this study I investigated 198 Finnish computer science students'
attitudes concerning computer usage and professional practic e in
computing to determine content for computer ethics education.
Students were to analyse acceptability of individuals' behavi our
in 23 cases. It is postulated that divergence of attitudes in cases
lead students to present opposing viewpoints during smal l group
discussions and thus to develop moral sensitivity and judgment in
students. The following issues emerged in this study: cracking to
computer systems, using a database of an employer for one's own
purposes, honesty in client relationships, acknowled ging someone's
contribution, keeping software without paying for it, using
computing resources of employer for commercial purpos es,
unauthorized copying of software, maintaining databases about
individuals, and relationships between managers and employers.
Additionally, I observed differences pertaining to gender: women
valued honesty slightly more than men. The results show that s
tudents are not unanimous about acceptability of individuals'
actions presented in cases. Thus, the issues of cases can be used
in computer ethics teaching when planning effective small group
discussions.
Weborexics: The Ethical Issues Surrounding Pro-Ana Websites
Authors: Shade Leslie Regan
Published: November 2005

Pro-Ana's are young women who proclaim themselves to be proudly
anorexic, and they have created a vibrant community online. This
article will examine the nature of the Pro-Ana sites, analyzing
their discursive community, and discuss the ethical issues
surrounding the sites, wherein many have been censured or shut down
by commercial website hosting sites, which has raised issues of
censorship versus freedom of speech.