bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O encontro com a barata
Authors: Lopes de Moura Marcilene
Published: October 2024

Este artigo propõe um estudo do espetáculo A Paixão segundo G.H., uma adaptação do romance de Clarice Lispector feita por Fauzi Arap, com atuação de Mariana Lima e direção de Enrique Diaz. Propomos um ponto de vista sistêmico para analisar os aspectos performativos engendrados pelo encontro da personagem G.H. com uma barata.
Imagem e animalidade
Authors: Motta Melo Thálita
Published: October 2024

No presente artigo, percorro um caminho espiralar para tecer uma análise sobre a representação histórica dos povos, os sem rosto da história, diante da secular animalização como rebaixamento. Abordo duas obras de autoras mulheres — Nastassja Martin e Ludmilla Ramalho — que tratam do encontro animal como um meio de dar contorno às existências, seja pela literatura ou pela performance, em uma alteridade radical.
Desaprender o antropocentrismo
Authors: Maoilearca Laura Cull Ó , Da Costa Dias Luciana
Published: October 2024

Como pensar a partir do emaranhamento humano na vida não-humana, em vez de a partir de uma suposição de separação e exceção? Como colocar em prática uma ética do conhecimento não universalizante e desumanista? Como praticar uma política do conhecimento em relação aos animais não-humanos, construída sobre o princípio de uma continuidade diferencial ou do parentesco na diferença, em vez da lógica da analogia que é a lógica partilhada do antropocentrismo e de outros modos opressivos de pensamento? Este artigo aborda a política performativa do conhecimento operante em relação aos conceitos de política, performance e animalidade, e a emergência da performance interespécies como uma prática ético-política referenciada no trabalho de Julietta Singh, Eva Meijer, Una Chaudhuri e Black Vegan Scholarship.
El partidismo de los ministros en la conformación de los gabinetes en Colombia
Authors: Mejía Guinand Luis Bernardo , Rodríguez-Raga Juan Carlos , Giraldo Daza Santiago
Published: October 2024

Objective/context: By developing an empirical study on the Colombian case, this article tests a flexible typology to identify the variants of partisanship of 196 ministers, grouped in 91 different cabinets, during six governments between 1998 and 2022. The paper also explores the factors associated with the strategic decision made by a president regarding the degree of partisanship of their cabinet. Methodology: For the former, we classified different variants of partisanship based on a biographical log, which grades the partisan experience of the ministers at the time of appointment. For the latter, we estimated a linear regression model, taking the aggregate index of cabinet partisanship as the dependent variable. Conclusions: A better identification of the ministers who are considered partisan allows for finding a statistically significant correlation between the president’s image and the cabinet’s degree of partisanship. Originality: We used an original database containing information on 196 ministers.
El perfil partidista de los secretarios de Estado en México
Authors: Cuevas Hernández José Ángel , Martínez-Gallardo Cecilia
Published: October 2024

Objective/context: This article analyzes the affiliation of cabinet members in four post-transition governments in Mexico. The main goal is to contribute to the study of the role of parties in the dynamics of government formation. Methodology: The article is based on the description of an original database regarding the trajectory and partisan links of 148 secretaries of state in Mexico between 2000 and 2024. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that although alternation and divided government increased the incentives to appoint ministers with a political-partisan background, each president shaped their cabinet according to political circumstances and professional and political networks. Originality: A new proposal for categorizing the partisan profiles of ministers and their relationship with the type of cabinet appointment is tested by applying a partisanship index in ministries.
Más allá del partido: empresarios, tecnócratas y agentes políticos en los gabinetes ministeriales dominicanos
Authors: Benito Sánchez Ana Belén
Published: October 2024

Objective/context: This study analyzes the partisan connections of individuals who attain ministerial positions in the Dominican Republic, identifying the influence of political parties, economic elites, and technical profiles in the formation of presidential cabinets. Methodology: Following the typology proposed by Camerlo and Castaldo, we categorize the partisan profiles of the governments of the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) from 2016 to 2020, and the Modern Revolutionary Party (PRM) from 2020 to 2024. This aims to characterize their internal variation in scenarios of low formal institutionalization that are not captured by traditional dichotomous classifications. Conclusions: The heterogeneity in the influence of party leadership illustrates how Dominican parties diverge from the party government model. The predominance of non-partisan profiles in the core planning ministries, along with the presence of politician- businessmen in the rest of the portfolios, highlights the risk of political capture in this country. Originality: These results call into question the influence of the party as the center of power in dominant presidentialism.
Multiple AVM with separate nidi, a case report and review the literatures
Authors: Taheri Morteza , Rahmatian Aryoobarzan , Javadnia Parisa
Published: October 2024

Multiple arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are uncommon, accounting for only 0.3–3.2% of all AVM cases. These AVMs are often found in syndromic pediatrics of HHT and WMS. Consideration of the patient’s condition, the angioarchitecture of each AVM, and the hemodynamic connection of AVMs is crucial in determining the optimal therapeutic approach. However, the optimal therapeutic decision-making for these complex vascular lesions can be challenging due to the scarcity of their reports and their long-term follow-up. In this report, we present the case of a young man who presented with a headache, and DSA shows three left parietal AVMs, each with a separate nidus, feeder artery, and draining vein.
Preparation of Bose-Einstein condensate of dysprosium atoms based on demagnetization cooling
Authors: Xie Ke , Luo Ji-Hong , Yao Xing-Can ,   Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China,   Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
Published: October 2024

In magnetic atomic gases, the dipolar relaxation process couples the system spin and kinetic degrees of freedom. When the average kinetic energy is significantly lower than the Zeeman splitting, the atoms predominantly occupy the lowest Zeeman state. As the Zeeman splitting approaches the average kinetic energy, some atoms transfer to adjacent Zeeman states through dipolar relaxation, converting kinetic energy into Zeeman energy. By utilizing optical pumping, atoms transferred to higher spin states can be repumped to the ground state, thereby achieving a continuous cooling cycle and effectively lowering the system’s temperature. As the energy removed in a single cooling cycle is much larger than the energy of scattered photons, this demagnetization cooling scheme significantly enhances cooling effciency and reduces atomic loss. In this work, we establish state-coupled equations that incorporate dipolar relaxation and optical pumping to analyze the demagnetization cooling process, modeling the evolution of atom number and temperature during the cooling of \begin{document}$^{164}{\text{Dy}}$\end{document} atoms. We develop a strategy to generate an optimal magnetic field waveform by maximizing the demagnetization rate. Based on this strategy, we investigate the influence of crucial experimental parameters on demagnetization cooling and determine their specific ranges for producing large atom number of BEC, including the optical dipole trap frequency, as well as the intensity and polarization purity of the optical pumping light. The results indicate that demagnetization cooling enables the direct preparation of a large number of dysprosium BEC with sub-second timescales, reducing the cooling time by an order of magnitude compared to conventional methods for dysprosium atoms. Furthermore, it could achieve a cooling effciency of \begin{document}$\chi \approx 44.92$\end{document}, an order of magnitude higher than that of traditional evaporative cooling.
Resting natural killer cells promote the progress of colon cancer liver metastasis by elevating tumor-derived stem cell factor
Authors: Mao Chenchen , Chen Yanyu , Xing Dong , Zhang Teming , Lin Yangxuan , Long Cong , Yu Jiaye , Luo Yunhui , Ming Tao , Xie Wangkai , Han Zheng , Mei Dianfeng , Xiang Dan , Lu Mingdong , Shen Xian , Xue Xiangyang
Published: October 2024

The abundance and biological contribution of natural killer (NK) cells in cancer are controversial. Here, we aim to uncover clinical relevance and cellular roles of NK cells in colon cancer liver metastasis (CCLM). Here, we integrated single-cell RNA-sequencing, spatial transcriptomics (ST), and bulk RNA-sequencing datasets to investigate NK cells’ biological properties and functions in the microenvironment of primary and liver metastatic tumors. Results were validated through an in vitro co-culture experiment based on bioinformatics analysis. Useing single-cell RNA-sequencing and ST, we mapped the immune cellular landscape of colon cancer and well-matched liver metastatic cancer. We discovered that GZMK+ resting NK cells increased significantly in tumor tissues and were enriched in the tumor regions of both diseases. After combining bulk RNA and clinical data, we observed that these NK cell subsets contributed to a worse prognosis. Meanwhile, KIR2DL4+ activated NK cells exhibited the opposite position and relevance. Pseudotime cell trajectory analysis revealed the evolution of activated to resting NK cells. In vitro experiments further confirmed that tumor-cell-co-cultured NK cells exhibited a decidual-like status, as evidenced by remarkable increasing CD9 expression. Functional experiments finally revealed that NK cells exhibited tumor-activating characteristics by promoting the dissociation of SCF (stem cell factor) on the tumor cells membrane depending on cell-to-cell interaction, as the supernatant of the co-culture system enhanced tumor progression. In summary, our findings revealed resting NK cells exhibited a clinical relevance with CCLM, which may be exploited for novel strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes for patients with CCLM.
Benchmarking reveals superiority of deep learning variant callers on bacterial nanopore sequence data
Authors: Hall Michael B , Wick Ryan R , Judd Louise M , Nguyen An N , Steinig Eike J , Xie Ouli , Davies Mark , Seemann Torsten , Stinear Timothy P , Coin Lachlan
Published: October 2024

Variant calling is fundamental in bacterial genomics, underpinning the identification of disease transmission clusters, the construction of phylogenetic trees, and antimicrobial resistance detection. This study presents a comprehensive benchmarking of variant calling accuracy in bacterial genomes using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing data. We evaluated three ONT basecalling models and both simplex (single-strand) and duplex (dual-strand) read types across 14 diverse bacterial species. Our findings reveal that deep learning-based variant callers, particularly Clair3 and DeepVariant, significantly outperform traditional methods and even exceed the accuracy of Illumina sequencing, especially when applied to ONT’s super-high accuracy model. ONT’s superior performance is attributed to its ability to overcome Illumina’s errors, which often arise from difficulties in aligning reads in repetitive and variant-dense genomic regions. Moreover, the use of high-performing variant callers with ONT’s super-high accuracy data mitigates ONT’s traditional errors in homopolymers. We also investigated the impact of read depth on variant calling, demonstrating that 10× depth of ONT super-accuracy data can achieve precision and recall comparable to, or better than, full-depth Illumina sequencing. These results underscore the potential of ONT sequencing, combined with advanced variant calling algorithms, to replace traditional short-read sequencing methods in bacterial genomics, particularly in resource-limited settings.
A VgrG2b fragment cleaved by caspase-11/4 promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection through suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Qian Yan , Liu Qiannv , Cheng Xiangyun , Wang Chunlei , Kong Chun , Li Mengqian , Ren Chao , Jiang Dong , Wang Shuo , Xia Pengyan
Published: October 2024

The T6SS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays an essential role in the establishment of chronic infections. Inflammasome-mediated inflammatory cytokines are crucial for host defense against bacterial infections. We found that P. aeruginosa infection activates the non-canonical inflammasome in macrophages, yet it inhibits the downstream activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The VgrG2b of P. aeruginosa is recognized and cleaved by caspase-11, generating a free C-terminal fragment. The VgrG2b C-terminus can bind to NLRP3, inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by rejecting NEK7 binding to NLRP3. Administration of a specific peptide that inhibits caspase-11 cleavage of VgrG2b significantly improves mouse survival during infection. Our discovery elucidates a mechanism by which P. aeruginosa inhibits host immune response, providing a new approach for the future clinical treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.
A VgrG2b fragment cleaved by caspase-11/4 promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection through suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Qian Yan , Liu Qiannv , Li Weitao , Wang Chunlei , Kong Chun , Li Mengqian , Wang Shuo , Xia Pengyan
Published: October 2024

The T6SS of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
plays an essential role in the establishment of chronic infections. Inflammatory cytokines mediated by inflammasomes are crucial for the body to resist bacterial infections. Here we found that during the infection of
P. aeruginosa
, non-canonical inflammasome was activated in macrophages, but the activation of downstream NLRP3 inflammasome was inhibited. The VgrG2b of
P. aeruginosa
is recognized and cleaved by caspase-11, generating a free C-terminal fragment. The VgrG2b C-terminus can bind to NLRP3, inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by rejecting NEK7 binding to NLRP3. Administrating a specific peptide that inhibits the cleavage of VgrG2b by caspase-11 to mice can significantly improve their survival rate during infection. Our discovery elucidates a mechanism by which
P. aeruginosa
inhibits host immune response, providing a new approach for the future clinical treatment of
P. aeruginosa
infections.
Study on mid-term outcomes of atherectomy for patients with femoral popliteal artery lesions with different Global Limb Anatomic Staging System grades
Authors: Yue Yanyu , Zhang Youjia , Zhang Liang , Gao Zheng , Du Xiaolong , Ran Feng
Published: October 2024

Objective

To investigate the mid-term efficacy and patency rate of TurboHawk peripheral plaque excision system in the treatment of femoral popliteal artery lesions with different Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) grades.

Methods

The clinical data of 141 patients with femoral popliteal arteriosclerosis obliterans who were treated with TurboHawk from January 2018 to July 2022 in our institution were retrospectively analyzed. There were 109 male patients and 32 female patients. Recordings were made of the patient’s symptoms of limb ischemia, technical success rate, primary patency rate of target vessels, ankle brachial index (ABI), GLASS grades, postoperative complications, and a statistical analysis with the patient’s preoperative treatment was conducted.

Results

All patients had improved limb ischemia symptoms to varying degrees after surgery, with a technical success rate of 100% (femoral artery puncture and superficial femoral artery recanalization) without bleeding, hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula or other complications. The follow-up period was 1-24 months, during which the severity of claudication, resting pain, and toe ulcers significantly improved. The primary patency rate of the target vessel was 98.58% (139/141), and the ABI significantly increased on the second day, three months, and six months after surgery compared to before surgery. No major adverse events were found during follow-up. The patency rates at 1, 6, 12 and 24 months after intervention were 100%, 80%, 75% and 60% respectively.

Conclusion

The mid-term efficacy and patency rate of TurboHawk in the treatment of femoral popliteal artery lesions with GLASS I patients have the best mid-term prognosis, the highest mid-term survival rate, and the highest vascular patency. The plaque removal system has proven to be an effective treatment for individual localized chronic total occlusion lesions. Additionally, the TurboHawk system provides a safe and minimally invasive treatment alternative for superficial femoral artery conditions, achieving significant therapeutic results within a brief period.
Parental thermal conditions affect the brain activity response to alarm cue in larval zebrafish
Authors: Sourisse Jade M. , Semmelhack Julie L. , Schunter Celia
Published: October 2024

Temperature is a crucial factor affecting the physiology of ectothermic animals, but exposure to elevated temperature during specific life stages and across generations may confer fish resilience through phenotypic plasticity. In this study, we investigate the effects of developmental and parental temperature on brain activity response to an olfactory cue in the larval zebrafish, Danio rerio. We exposed parents during reproduction and their offspring during development to control (28 °C) or elevated temperature (30 °C) and observed the response of the larval telencephalon to an alarm cue using live calcium imaging. Parental exposure to elevated temperature decreased the time till maximum brain activity response regardless of the offspring’s developmental temperature, revealing that parental thermal conditions can affect the excitability of the offspring’s neural circuitry. Furthermore, brain activity duration was affected by the interaction between parental and offspring thermal conditions, where longer brain activity duration was seen when either parents or offspring were exposed to elevated temperature. Conversely, we found shorter brain activity duration when the offspring were exposed to the same temperature as their parents, in both control and elevated temperature. This could represent an anticipatory parental effect influencing the offspring’s brain response to match the parental environment, or an early developmental effect occurring within a susceptible short time window post-fertilization. Overall, our results suggest that warming can alter processes involved in brain transmission and show that parental conditions could aid in the preparation of their offspring to respond to olfactory stimuli in a warming environment.
Electronic Regulation in Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Types, Functionality and Design Aspects
Authors: Agrawal Niti
Published: October 2024

This paper discusses the electronic regulation in solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems and highlights the importance of charge regulation between the SPV array & battery bank to reduce mismatch losses. The merits of charge regulators such as self-regulators, series regulators, shunt regulators and monolithic regulators for their suitability in field conditions is reviewed. The paper brings into sharp focus the requirement of a charge regulator which is capable of tolerating the changes in battery temperature. The design aspects of such a regulator are presented thereafter. The explicit feature of the proposed design for the charge controller will be float voltage adjustment and automatic cut off of the battery from rest of the circuitry in case of the abnormal increase in temperature of the battery. The application of the proposed charge regulator in solar lighting system is also discussed
A Review on Smart Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Mukherjee Soumyadipta , Roy Swapneel , Maity Subham , De Swastik , Chaklader Swastik Dev
Published: October 2024

Electric vehicles (EVs) are transforming the way we think about transportation. With the rise of climate change and increasing concerns about air pollution, EVs offer a sustainable alternative to traditional gas-powered cars around the world. Rechargeable batteries power these vehicles and produce zero emissions, making them an environmentally friendly choice for drivers. While the electric vehicle (EV) market is now fully developed, users still have concerns about key areas of the electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The transition from conventional vehicles to electric ones dictates the design and development of user-centric charging solutions aiming to facilitate the accessibility to as well as the usability of the charging network and improve the user’s charging experience. This paper aims to highlight the critical issues of the electric mobility sector and analyze smart charging approaches supporting the large-scale implementation of electric vehicles
Artificial Intelligence and Iot Based Traction Motor Drive Condition Motoring In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: S. Talatkar Mr. Tushar , Prabhu Mr. P.A. , Patil Mr. G.S. , Kotimire Mrs. N.J.
Published: October 2024

The traction motor drive system holds a crucial role within electric vehicles (EVs), necessitating an efficient and dependable design to deliver optimal speed and torque across a wide operational spectrum. Ensuring safe and precise control of the motor drive is of paramount importance. This project focuses on establishing an AI-driven approach for monitoring the condition of the traction motor drive in hybrid electric vehicles.The proposed initiative revolves around creating a sensor-based configuration capable of efficiently gathering data related to motor vibrations and temperature fluctuations under varying vehicle driving conditions. Leveraging a trained machine learning model, anomalies in the traction motor's behavior during vehicle motion are identified. The dataset, obtained through sensor nodes, is partitioned into training and testing subsets. By training the machine learning model on this dataset, it becomes equipped to perform real-time monitoring of the traction motor drive, promptly detecting any irregularities that arise. Upon the identification of abnormalities or insufficient power, immediate notifications are dispatched to the operator, prompting potential intervention. Furthermore, the vehicle's drive train can be automatically adjusted in response. An IoT-based system is established to facilitate data collection and transmission to a cloudbased backend for the purpose of real-time visualization, anomaly monitoring, and generating alerts
Development of Servo Actuator for Intrusion Simulator
Authors: Han S.G. , Kim H.W.
Published: October 2024

The servo actuator system can be used as a kind of tracking control system. The layout of our system consists of two main parts, pneumatic and hydraulic. Our current main goal is to simulate the piston velocity and acceleration generated by the impact force in the chamber. Our final goal in the future is to develop a simulator for vehicle crash testing through this study. The piston acceleration can be controlled by a hydraulic-operated friction brake system. The servo actuator system is initially transformed into a linear system description, and then a tracking controller is developed. Our system using FPGA-based PID controllers allows about 0.32 seconds of execution time to match our assumptions about the system requirements. The simulation results demonstrated the velocity, and acceleration reactions of the cylinders with nonlinear feedback control system. The simulation results have been shown to be consistent and in good agreement with the test data. The crash test is an important step in verifying a new car design. However, the high cost of the experimental test limits the number of crash tests and as a result, adequate data may not be obtained. In addition to safety assessment tests,vehicle crash simulators will therefore be a very important tool to reduce the time and cost of car development
How Training and Performance of Employee Can Increase Productivity in It Companies
Authors: A SUPRAJA , SAMBAIAH D/O A
Published: October 2024

In the age of International competition in Today’s economy companies must train their employees and prepare them for jobs in the future. The Success or failure of modern business organizations depends on the quality of their human resources. Well trained and highly developed employees are considered as corner stone for such success. Hence the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between training and development and employees performance. Training is any planned activity to transfer or modify knowledge, skills and attitudes through learning experiences. Personal may require training for a variety of reasons, including the need to maintain levels of competence and respond to the demands of changing circumstances and new approaches and technologies. Training by itself cannot solve structural, organizations, or policy problems within an organization, although supportive supervision and the use of motivational strategies can help sustain performance improvement derived from training. The purpose of this research paper was to evaluate the effects of training on employee performance. In order to understand the study aim, goals were developed and these focused particularly on the objective of the training offered, the methods employed and finally the effects of training and development on employee performance. The findings can prove useful to human resource managers, Human resource policy decision makers, as well as government and academic institutions
Enhancing Employee Training and Development Skills to Increase Performance Growth in Organisation
Authors: A SUPRAJA , SAMBAIAH D/O A
Published: October 2024

Because workers are a company's most precious resource, investing in their education is a surefire way to boost productivity. In order to thrive in today's fast-paced business world, companies are realising the importance of investing in their employees' professional growth through training and development programs. The purpose of this research was to examine how IT based company., Employee training and development programs affected worker productivity. Use of descriptive analysis was central to the study. One hundred employees were randomly selected to receive questionnaires that served as the primary data source. Research shows that investing in staff via training and development has a noticeable effect on productivity. Organisations benefit from lower staff turnover, more employee productivity, and increased financial returns as a result. According to the research,training needs should be identified in an impromptu manner, and the compensation structure should be reviewed periodically
Tree ring reconstructed rainfall over the southern Amazon Basin
Authors: Lopez Lidio , Stahle David , Villalba Ricardo , Torbenson Max , Feng Song , Cook Edward
Published: July 2017

Moisture sensitive tree ring chronologies of Centrolobium microchaete have been developed from seasonally dry forests in the southern Amazon Basin and used to reconstruct wet season rainfall totals from 1799 to 2012, adding over 150 years of rainfall estimates to the short instrumental record for the region. The reconstruction is correlated with the same atmospheric variables that influence the instrumental measurements of wet season rainfall. Anticyclonic circulation over midlatitude South America promotes equatorward surges of cold and relatively dry extratropical air that converge with warm moist air to form deep convection and heavy rainfall over this sector of the southern Amazon Basin. Interesting droughts and pluvials are reconstructed during the preinstrumental nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but the tree ring reconstruction suggests that the strong multidecadal variability in instrumental and reconstructed wet season rainfall after 1950 may have been unmatched since 1799.
P
eople's Mediation in
C
hina
Authors: Wu Yuning
Published: July 2017

This entry introduces the concept of people's mediation in the People's Republic of China. It describes several major dimensions of people's mediation, such as its nature, goals, organization, personnel, function, procedure, and characteristics. It also situates people's mediation in a larger cultural, social, and political context, and discusses future directions in research.
P
rejean,
S
ister
H
elen
Authors: Sharp Susan F.
Published: July 2017

Sister Helen Prejean is a Catholic nun known best for her book
Dead Man Walking
that recounted her experiences as the spiritual advisor to Patrick Sonnier, a death row prisoner in Louisiana. She has spent her adult life working as a nun in Louisiana. Since 1982, her work has primarily focused on working with death row prisoners, abolition of the death penalty, and the families of murder victims.
Prison Subculture
Authors: Murray Kimberly
Published: July 2017

A subculture is a group that exists within a larger, more mainstream culture. There are aspects of subcultures that make them unique from the more dominant, broader cultural norms, including material and nonmaterial culture. Subcultures are important to the study of sociology and criminology because they offer a critique of the mainstream culture and help researchers better understand the ways in which people develop groups and communities based upon shared characteristics, histories, experiences, and interests. Prison subcultures arise from prisoners' participation in total institutions and provide unique examples of subcultures and countercultures. Prison subcultures also reflect gender and racial divisions.
I
taly, Corrections in
Authors: Palermo Mark T.
Published: July 2017

Italy's complex history has influenced its penitentiary system. During the course of just over 50 years it has changed from primarily custodial to a complex system in which prevention and rehabilitation are key elements in the treatment of offenders. Psychosocial approaches provide the backbone for current Italian penology. This is evidenced by the treatment of juvenile offenders as well that of offending mothers of newborns or of very small children. Notwithstanding, the social dynamics of the country are complex. In light of massive illegal immigration, as well as chronic problems with organized crime, a penal law that can act as a deterrent as well as ensure public safety is in place alongside the preventive and rehabilitative approach.
Germany, Corrections in
Authors: Yundina Elena , Schlotthauer Simone , Bauch Elisabeth
Published: July 2017

The German correctional system is based on a dualistic arrangement of penalties and rehabilitative measures. In 2012, a total of 56,562 convicts were serving a prison sentence in a correctional institution, and 10,721 were being treated in a court‐ordered intervention. By the end of the 1990s, forensic psychiatric treatment based entirely on a medical model was replaced by a multimodal approach, aimed at reducing dangerousness in offenders. The current focus of public discussion in Germany is the role of preventive detention, which requires a shift from merely “locking away” the offender toward active treatment in various forensic settings.
Incapacitation
Authors: Auerhahn Kathleen
Published: July 2017

The practice of penal confinement is usually justified by one of four rationales: rehabilitation, retribution, deterrence, or incapacitation. The idea of incapacitation rests on the premise that crime can be prevented by incapacitating (through incarceration) dangerous offenders. Selective incapacitation is the idea that crime control can be achieved most efficiently by selecting those offenders predicted to be the most dangerous for lengthy incarceration. However, there are numerous operational, ethical, and jurisprudential obstacles to implementing the theory of selective incapacitation in practice.
Overcrowding in Prisons
Authors: Lugo Melissa A. , Wooldredge John
Published: July 2017

Prison crowding in the United States poses problems for effective management of offender populations, the safety of both staff and inmates, availability of re‐entry programs, and the costs of incarceration in general. This entry describes the evolution of crowded prisons in the US, the more specific problems posed by crowded facilities from both policy and academic perspectives, and possible solutions to the problem.
Manson,Charles
Authors: Williams Fay V.
Published: July 2017

Charles Manson is one of the America's most notorious offenders. He has been described as a mass murderer and a serial killer, based on his involvement with several murders. Manson lived a life of criminality, which began in his youth and continued during his adult life. Manson founded a hippie cult type group that was called “the Family.” It is believed that he manipulated cult members to kill on his behalf. Manson has been convicted jointly of several murders. He was found guilty of first‐degree murder, and sentenced to death, which was commuted to life without parole. Manson has continued to offend, even while behind bars, and has been in frequent conflicts with prison officials and other inmates. Manson has made several applications for parole, but this has been denied more than 10 times. He will next be eligible for parole in 2027.
H
ong
K
ong, Corrections in
Authors: Hui Cora Y. T. , Wing Lo T.
Published: July 2017

This entry discusses the historical and latest trends in the development of correctional services and penal population in Hong Kong. It first describes the five main custodial regimes for young and adult offenders: detention centers, rehabilitation centers, training centers, drug addiction treatment centers, and prison. Emphasis is placed on the use of supervision schemes and rehabilitation as approaches to help offenders become law‐abiding citizens. The effectiveness of the correctional services will also be discussed.
N
ew
Y
ork (
A
uburn) Prison System
Authors: Rubin Ashley
Published: July 2017

The New York, or Auburn, system was a distinctive plan for prison organization developed early in the nineteenth century. Under this plan, prisoners worked in factory‐like settings during the day and retreated to solitary cells at night. The collection of prisoners in large rooms led some commentators to call it the “congregate system,” in contrast to its main competitor, the Pennsylvania System, which kept prisoners in solitary or “separate” confinement for the duration of their sentence. Other commentators called the Auburn System the “silent system” because prisoners were forbidden from talking with, or even looking at, one another during the work day. Emerging in the early 1820s in response to a rash of prison riots and chaos, the Auburn system came to dominate American prisons by the time of the Civil War. Although the postwar period experienced some fracturing of penal facilities, some version of the Auburn System continued to dominate and even formed the basis for the Big House prisons of the 1920s and 1930s, forever shaping America's imagination of what prisons look like until, perhaps, recently.
Developing and Refining New Candidate Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Classification: An International Collaboration
Authors: Tedeschi Sara K. , Johnson Sindhu R. , Boumpas Dimitrios , Daikh David , Dörner Thomas , Jayne David , Kamen Diane , Lerstrøm Kirsten , Mosca Marta , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Sinnette Corine , Wofsy David , Smolen Josef S. , Naden Raymond P. , Aringer Martin , Costenbader Karen H.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To define candidate criteria within multiphase development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) classification criteria, jointly supported by the American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism. Prior steps included item generation and reduction by Delphi exercise, further narrowed to 21 items in a nominal group technique exercise. Our objectives were to apply an evidence‐based approach to the 21 candidate criteria, and to develop hierarchical organization of criteria within domains.

Methods

A literature review identified the sensitivity and specificity of the 21 candidate criteria. Data on the performance of antinuclear antibody (ANA) as an entry criterion and operating characteristics of the candidate criteria in early SLE patients were evaluated. Candidate criteria were hierarchically organized into clinical and immunologic domains, and definitions were refined in an iterative process.

Results

Based on the data, consensus was reached to use a positive ANA of ≥1:80 titer (HEp‐2 cells immunofluorescence) as an entry criterion and to have 7 clinical and 3 immunologic domains, with hierarchical organization of criteria within domains. Definitions of the candidate criteria were specified.

Conclusion

Using a data‐driven process, consensus was reached on new, refined criteria definitions and organization based on operating characteristics. This work will be followed by a multicriteria decision analysis exercise to weight criteria and to identify a threshold score for classification on a continuous probability scale.
Biodegradable and Highly Deformable Temperature Sensors for the Internet of Things
Authors: Salvatore Giovanni A. , Sülzle Jenny , Dalla Valle Filippo , Cantarella Giuseppe , Robotti Francesco , Jokic Petar , Knobelspies Stefan , Daus Alwin , Büthe Lars , Petti Luisa , Kirchgessner Norbert , Hopf Raoul , Magno Michele , Tröster Gerhard
Published: July 2017

Recent advances in biomaterials, thin film processing, and nanofabrication offer the opportunity to design electronics with novel and unique capabilities, including high mechanical stability and biodegradation, which are relevant in medical implants, environmental sensors, and wearable and disposable devices. Combining reliable electrical performance with high mechanical deformation and chemical degradation remains still challenging. This work reports temperature sensors whose material composition enables full biodegradation while the layout and ultrathin format ensure a response time of 10 ms and stable operation demonstrated by a resistance variation of less than 0.7% when the devices are crumpled, folded, and stretched up to 10%. Magnesium microstructures are encapsulated by a compostable‐certified flexible polymer which exhibits small swelling rate and a Young's modulus of about 500 MPa which approximates that of muscles and cartilage. The extension of the design from a single sensor to an array and its integration onto a fluidic device, made of the same polymer, provides routes for a smart biodegradable system for flow mapping. Proper packaging of the sensors tunes the dissolution dynamics to a few days in water while the connection to a Bluetooth module demonstrates wireless operation with 200 mK resolution prospecting application in food tracking and in medical postsurgery monitoring.
Superdurable Coating Fabricated from a Double‐Sided Tape with Long Term “Zero” Bacterial Adhesion
Authors: Wang Wei , Lu Yang , Zhu Hui , Cao Zhiqiang
Published: July 2017

There is no coating technology currently available to prevent the notorious biofilm formation issue. Here, a potential solution to fully address this tough issue is reported by developing a super‐antifouling coating. The use of zwitterionic hydrogel (a double‐sided tape) and commercial superglue is combined and a durable and ultrarobust antifouling zwitterionic (DURA‐Z) coating is created that can be easily and universally applied on common substrates. Commercial superglue mostly for binding hydrophobic materials is used to strongly immobilize the superhydrophilic DURA‐Z coating through interpenetration. DURA‐Z coating effectively solves several key challenges preventing the current antifouling coatings from practical use, including difficult fabrication, low efficacy, poor toughness, and durability. The fabricated DURA‐Z coating retains antifouling property after 90 d of immersion in water, 50 d of buffer shearing, and 30 d of water flushing, and after repeated knife scratch and sandpaper abrasion under 570 kPa. The DURA‐Z coating achieves a rarely reported long‐term biofilm resistance to both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and fungi: it remains almost “zero” microbe adhesion after continuously challenged by more than 109 cells mL−1 culture medium for 30 d.
Directional Solution Coating by the Chinese Brush: A Facile Approach to Improving Molecular Alignment for High‐Performance Polymer TFTs
Authors: Lin Fang‐Ju , Guo Cheng , Chuang Wei‐Tsung , Wang Chien‐Lung , Wang Qianbin , Liu Huan , Hsu Chain‐Shu , Jiang Lei
Published: July 2017

Directional solution coating by the Chinese brush provides a facile approach to fabricate highly oriented polymer thin films by finely controlling the wetting and dewetting processes under directional stress. The biggest advantage of the Chinese brush over the normal western brush is the freshly emergent hairs used, whose unique tapered structure renders a dynamic balance of the liquid within the brush by multiple forces when interacting with the liquid. Consequently, the liquid is steadily held within the brush without any unexpected leakage, making the liquid transfer proceed in a well‐controllable manner. It is demonstrated that the Chinese brush coating enables the crystallization of the polymer and the self‐assembly of conjugated backbones to proceed in a quasi‐steady state via a certain direction, which is attributed to the controllable receding of the three‐phase contact line during the dewetting process by the multiple parallel freshly emergent hairs. The as‐prepared polymer thin films exhibit over six times higher charge‐carrier mobility compared to the spin‐coated films, which therefore provides a general approach for high‐performance organic thin‐film transistors.
Chemically Addressable Perovskite Nanocrystals for Light‐Emitting Applications
Authors: Sun Haizhu , Yang Zhenyu , Wei Mingyang , Sun Wei , Li Xiyan , Ye Shuyang , Zhao Yongbiao , Tan Hairen , Kynaston Emily L. , Schon Tyler B. , Yan Han , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Ozin Geoffrey A. , Sargent Edward H. , Seferos Dwight S.
Published: July 2017

Whereas organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have remarkable potential in the development of optoelectronic materials, their relatively poor chemical and colloidal stability undermines their performance in optoelectronic devices. Herein, this issue is addressed by passivating PNCs with a class of chemically addressable ligands. The robust ligands effectively protect the PNC surfaces, enhance PNC solution processability, and can be chemically addressed by thermally induced crosslinking or radical‐induced polymerization. This thin polymer shield further enhances the photoluminescence quantum yields by removing surface trap states. Crosslinked methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) PNCs are applied as active materials to build light‐emitting diodes that have low turn‐on voltages and achieve a record luminance of over 7000 cd m−2, around threefold better than previous reported MA‐based PNC devices. These results indicate the great potential of this ligand passivation approach for long lifespan, highly efficient PNC light emitters.
Selenium‐Doped Cathodes for Lithium–Organosulfur Batteries with Greatly Improved Volumetric Capacity and Coulombic Efficiency
Authors: Zhou Jinqiu , Qian Tao , Xu Na , Wang Mengfan , Ni Xuyan , Liu Xuejun , Shen Xiaowei , Yan Chenglin
Published: July 2017

For the first time a new strategy is reported to improve the volumetric capacity and Coulombic efficiency by selenium doping for lithium–organosulfur batteries. Selenium‐doped cathodes with four sulfur atoms and one selenium atom (as the doped heteroatom) in the confined structure are designed and synthesized; this structure exhibits greatly improved volumetric/areal capacities, and a Coulombic efficiency of almost 100% for highly stable lithium–organosulfur batteries. The doping of Se significantly enhances the electronic conductivity of battery electrodes by a factor of 6.2 compared to pure sulfur electrodes, and completely restricts the production of long‐chain lithium polysulfides. This allows achievement of a high gravimetric capacity of 700 mAh g−1 close to its theoretical mass capacity, an exceptional volumetric capacity of 2457 mAh cm−3, and excellent capacity retention of 92% after 400 cycles. Shuttle effect is efficiently weakened since no long‐chain polysulfides are detected from in situ UV/vis results throughout the entire cycling process arising from selenium doping, which is theoretically confirmed by density functional theory calculations.
Organic Ferroelectric‐Based 1T1T Random Access Memory Cell Employing a Common Dielectric Layer Overcoming the Half‐Selection Problem
Authors: Zhao Qiang , Wang Hanlin , Ni Zhenjie , Liu Jie , Zhen Yonggang , Zhang Xiaotao , Jiang Lang , Li Rongjin , Dong Huanli , Hu Wenping
Published: July 2017

Organic electronics based on poly(vinylidenefluoride/trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) dielectric is facing great challenges in flexible circuits. As one indispensable part of integrated circuits, there is an urgent demand for low‐cost and easy‐fabrication nonvolatile memory devices. A breakthrough is made on a novel ferroelectric random access memory cell (1T1T FeRAM cell) consisting of one selection transistor and one ferroelectric memory transistor in order to overcome the half‐selection problem. Unlike complicated manufacturing using multiple dielectrics, this system simplifies 1T1T FeRAM cell fabrication using one common dielectric. To achieve this goal, a strategy for semiconductor/insulator (S/I) interface modulation is put forward and applied to nonhysteretic selection transistors with high performances for driving or addressing purposes. As a result, high hole mobility of 3.81 cm2 V−1 s−1 (average) for 2,6‐diphenylanthracene (DPA) and electron mobility of 0.124 cm2 V−1 s−1 (average) for N,N′‐1H,1H‐perfluorobutyl dicyanoperylenecarboxydiimide (PDI‐FCN2) are obtained in selection transistors. In this work, we demonstrate this technology's potential for organic ferroelectric‐based pixelated memory module fabrication.