bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient recellularisation of decellularised whole-liver grafts using biliary tree and foetal hepatocytes
Authors: Ogiso Satoshi , Yasuchika Kentaro , Fukumitsu Ken , Ishii Takamichi , Kojima Hidenobu , Miyauchi Yuya , Yamaoka Ryoya , Komori Junji , Katayama Hokahiro , Kawai Takayuki , Yoshitoshi Elena Yukie , Kita Sadahiko , Yasuda Katsutaro , Uemoto Shinji
Published: October 2016

A whole-organ regeneration approach, using a decellularised xenogeneic liver as a scaffold for the construction of a transplantable liver was recently reported. Deriving suitable scaffolds was the first step towards clinical application; however, effective recellularisation remains to be achieved. This report presents a strategy for the improvement of the recellularisation process, using novel cell-seeding technique and cell source. We evaluated recellularised liver grafts repopulated through the portal vein or the biliary duct with mice adult hepatocytes or E14.5 foetal hepatocytes. More than 80% of the cells seeded through the biliary tree entered the parenchyma beyond the ductule-lining matrix barrier and distributed throughout the liver lobule. In contrast, about 20% of the cells seeded through the portal tree entered the parenchyma. The gene expression levels of foetal hepatocyte albumin, glucose 6-phosphatase, transferrin, cytokeratin 19, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were increased in three-dimensional cultures in the native liver-derived scaffolds, and the activation of liver detoxification enzymes and formation of biliary duct-like structures were supported. The metabolic functions of liver grafts recellularised with different cell types were similar. These results suggest that biliary tree cell-seeding approach is promising, and that liver progenitor cells represent a good cell source candidate.
Biological Fluid–Surface Interactions in Detection and Medical Devices
Authors: Thompson Michael , Blaszykowski Christophe , Sheikh Sonia , Rodriguez-Emmenegger Cesar , de los Santos Pereira Andres
Published: October 2016

With development of implants and in vivo detection devices comes the complication of the interaction between the materials used in the devices and biological fluids. This book examines these interactions causing fouling in biosensors and the serious issue of thrombus formation. The chemistry of surface-protein and surface-cell interactions is considered, the coatings and strategies re the avoidance of fouling are compared and the expert contributors provide a comprehensive look at the physical chemistry of the implant surface and the fouling problem. Finishing with a discussion of the future for surface modified biosensors in point-of-care devices and microfluidic technologies, this book provides an important addition to the literature suitable for professional researchers in academia and industry and postgraduate students.
Case Studies of Source Apportionment from North America
Authors: Hopke Philip K.
Published: October 2016

An important aspect of air quality planning is the identification of air pollution sources and their importance in contributing to the observed ambient conservations. Since the 1960s, there have been efforts to use the measured ambient concentrations and what is known about the nature of source emissions. The methods have been formalized into a set of techniques termed receptor models and they have been extensively applied to a variety of air quality problems. This chapter outlines the history of the application of source apportionment tools. A number of studies are highlighted that have been important in the development or adoption of source apportionment into air quality strategy development. For example, an early application of the chemical mass balance model in Portland, OR, led to improvements in their deterministic dispersion model and enabled it to more accurately reflect the source/receptor relationships in this city. Positive matrix factorization developed in the early 1990s has now become the most widely used receptor model and provides a flexible approach to apportion pollution sources using only the ambient data. Such applications include conventional composition data, volatile organic compounds, particle size distribution data, and high time resolved data from systems like aerosol mass spectrometers or rotating drum impactors. PMF can now also incorporate external information like known source profiles. It is possible to develop conceptual models that align with the nature of the data such as composition as a function of particle size and composition or composition as a function of location and time across a large-scale monitoring network. Illustrative examples of this variety of applications are presented.
Case Studies of Source Apportionment from the Indian Sub-continent
Authors: Khare Mukesh , Khanna Isha
Published: October 2016

The chapter reviews the studies on source apportionment conducted in the Indian sub-continent focussing mainly on respirable particulate matter including their sources and characteristics. The receptor models used in identification of major sources of respirable particulate matter and their fractions are also comprehensively described. Among the countries in the Indian sub-continent, India has carried out the greatest number of studies, including spatio-temporal variations, characterization and apportionment of the particulate matter sources. However, in Pakistan, the primary focus has been given towards apportionment of particulate matter, which has mainly been carried out in two mega cities, i.e. Lahore and Karachi. In Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal and the Maldives, a limited number of studies have been carried out specifically targeting the apportionment of particulate matter. However, the existence of climate observatories in Nepal and Maldives is an added advantage towards possibilities of planning and conducting comprehensive studies investigating the particulate matter characteristics and their sources.
Development of a functional point-of-need diagnostic for myeloperoxidase detection to identify neutrophilic bronchitis
Authors: Wolfe Michael G. , Zhang Qiang , Hui Christy , Radford Katherine , Nair Parameswaran , Brennan John D.
Published: October 2016

A paper-based analytical device was developed to rapidly detect myeloperoxidase in processed sputum for diagnosis of neutrophilic bronchitis.
Comparison between two enzymatic methods for glycated albumin
Authors: Freitas Priscila Aparecida Correa , Ehlert Lethicia Rozales , Camargo Joíza Lins
Published: October 2016

Glycated albumin (GA) has attracted considerable interest as an alternative laboratory marker for A1C.
Unprecedented hexagonal bipyramidal single-ion magnets based on metallacrowns
Authors: Li Quan-Wen , Wan Rui-Chen , Chen Yan-Cong , Liu Jun-Liang , Wang Long-Fei , Jia Jian-Hua , Chilton Nicholas F. , Tong Ming-Liang
Published: October 2016

Two novel Ln(iii) (Ln = Ce or Nd) complexes based on [15-MC-6] (MC = metallacrown) and phosphine oxide are reported. Both of them feature a hexagonal bipyramidal LnO8 geometry (D6h) and behave as single-ion magnets.
Hetero-bimetallic paddlewheel clusters in coordination polymers formed by a water-induced single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation
Authors: Albalad Jorge , Aríñez-Soriano Javier , Vidal-Gancedo José , Lloveras Vega , Juanhuix Jordi , Imaz Inhar , Aliaga-Alcalde Núria , Maspoch Daniel
Published: October 2016

Hetero-bimetallic paddlewheel clusters in coordination polymers are formed through a water-induced single-crystal to single-crystal transformation.
Complex chromene derivatives through a silver-catalysed cascade reaction of simple o-alkynylsalicylaldehydes and alkenes
Authors: Arto Tamara , Fernández Patricia , Fañanás Francisco J. , Rodríguez Félix
Published: October 2016

Silver triflate catalyses a complex transformation of simpleortho-alkynylsalicylaldehydes and alkenes to give benzo[de]chromenyl ketones in a process that involves two formal [4+2]-cyclization reactions.
Synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indenones by cobalt-catalyzed [3+2] annulation of o-methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid with alkynes
Authors: Ueda Mitsuhiro , Ueno Tamami , Suyama Yuki , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: October 2016

Treatment of alkynes with o-methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid in the presence of a cobalt catalyst resulted in the corresponding 2,3-disubstituted indenones.
Mechanically induced cis-to-trans isomerization of carbon–carbon double bonds using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Radiom Milad , Kong Phally , Maroni Plinio , Schäfer Mark , Kilbinger Andreas F. M. , Borkovec Michal
Published: October 2016

Single molecule force spectroscopy can be used to induce cis-to-trans isomerization in carbon–carbon double bonds.
Energetics and transition-state dynamics of the F + HOCH3 → HF + OCH3 reaction
Authors: Ray Amelia W. , Agarwal Jay , Shen Ben B. , Schaefer H. F. , Continetti Robert E.
Published: October 2016

Probing the transition state of the F + HOCH3 → HF + OCH3 reaction using photoelectron–photofragment coincidence spectroscopy accesses reactants, products, stable van der Waals complexes and long-lived metastable complexes.
Al-free Fe-beta as a robust catalyst for selective reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia
Authors: Song Song , Wu Guangjun , Dai Weili , Guan Naijia , Li Landong
Published: October 2016

Al-free Fe-beta prepared via a post-synthesis solid-state metallation route is established as an active and durable catalyst for NH3-SCR.
Introductory lecture: recent research progress on aggregation-induced emission
Authors: Wang Yuancheng , Zhang Guanxin , Gao Meng , Cai Yuanjing , Zhan Chi , Zhao Zujin , Zhang Deqing , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: October 2016

Since the discovery of the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon in 2001, research on AIE molecules has drawn much attention, and this area has been expanding tremendously. This brief review will focus on recent advances in the science and application of AIE molecules, including new mechanistic understanding, new AIE molecules for sensing and imaging, stimuli-responsive AIE molecules and applications of AIE molecules for OLEDs. Moreover, this review will give a perspective on the possible opportunities and challenges that exist in the future for this area.
Reformatsky and Blaise reactions in flow as a tool for drug discovery. One pot diversity oriented synthesis of valuable intermediates and heterocycles
Authors: Huck L. , Berton M. , de la Hoz A. , Díaz-Ortiz A. , Alcázar J.
Published: October 2016

The application of Reformatsky and Blaise reactions for the preparation of a diverse set of valuable intermediates and heterocycles in a one-pot protocol is described.
Adaptive mechanisms of resistance to anti-neoplastic agents
Authors: Ferreira Bibiana I. , Lie Maria K. , Engelsen Agnete S. T. , Machado Susana , Link Wolfgang , Lorens James B.
Published: October 2016

Intrinsic and acquired resistance to conventional and targeted therapeutics is a fundamental reason for treatment failure in many cancer patients.
Regioselective β-silylation of porphyrins via iridium-catalyzed C–H bond activation
Authors: Sugita Noriaki , Hayashi Satoshi , Shibata Masashi , Endo Taiga , Noji Masahiro , Takatori Kazuhiko , Takanami Toshikatsu
Published: October 2016

An efficient approach to meso-unsubstituted β-silylporphyrins was developed through highly regioselective Ir-catalyzed C–H activation, in the presence of HSiMe(OSiMe3)2 as the Si source, from meso-unsubstituted porphyrins.
Dual thermo- and light-responsive dendron-jacketed homopolymers containing photoswitchable azobenzene groups via a macromonomer route
Authors: Yang ChangAn , Chen Ling , Lu Ying , Huang He
Published: October 2016

The novel dendron-jacketed homopolymer containing photoswitchable azobenzene groups and short oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) units was synthesized via a macromonomer route, which can exhibit interesting dual thermo- and light-responsive behaviours.
Efficient batch and column removal of Cr(vi) by carbon beads with developed nano-network
Authors: Zheng Wei , An Qingda , Lei Zhimin , Xiao Zuoyi , Zhai Shangru , Liu Qiumei
Published: October 2016

Alginate-derived carbon beads with a developed nano-network were successfully synthesizedviaa facile carbothermal reduction and acid-washing treatment. The product was used for Cr(vi) removal with easy recovery features.
Physicochemical properties of hydrogel template-synthesized copper(ii) oxide-modified clay influencing its catalytic activity in toluene combustion
Authors: Natkański Piotr , Rokicińska Anna , Wach Anna , Drozdek Marek , Dudek Barbara , Lityńska-Dobrzyńska Lidia , Kuśtrowski Piotr
Published: October 2016

CuO-modified montmorillonite was synthesized by the template-assisted route.
Multifunctional nano-engineered and bio-mimicking smart superhydrophobic reticulated ABS/fumed silica composite thin films with heat-sinking applications
Authors: Gore Prakash M. , Zachariah Susan , Gupta Prashant , K. Balasubramanian
Published: October 2016

There are increasing requirements for engineered surfaces with distinct properties such as superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, high thermal stability, and anti-corrosion.
A first principles investigation of the NO oxidation mechanism on Pt/γ-Al2O3
Authors: Gao Hongwei
Published: October 2016

We report first principle calculations about the NO oxidation mechanism on Ptn/γ-Al2O3(110) with an aim to improve the understanding of the catalytic activity and the catalytic process.
Effect of Ni, Bi and Se on the tetrahedrite formation
Authors: Gonçalves António Pereira , Lopes Elsa Branco , Villeroy Benjamin , Monnier Judith , Godart Claude , Lenoir Bertrand
Published: October 2016

Tetrahedrite formation is influenced positively by selenium and negatively by bismuth and nickel. However, selenium decreases the skinnerite formation temperature.
X-ray structural studies on solubility of Fe substituted CuO
Authors: Nasir Mohd , Patra N. , Shukla D. K. , Bhattacharya D. , Kumar Sunil , Phase D. M. , Jha S. N. , Biring S. , Shirage Parasharam M. , Sen Somaditya
Published: October 2016

SXAS/XANES/EXAFS studies indicate absence of Fe-clusters/FeO/Fe2O3 impurity phases, confirm substitution of Cu2+ by Fe3+ in CuO lattice, and reveal similarity between Fe & Cu environments with reduction in O-vacancies for increasing Fe content.
Fabrication of zinc–histidine-functionalized graphene quantum dot framework amphiphilic nanoparticles and application in the synthesis of polystyrene microspheres for adsorption of Cu2+ by Pickering emulsion polymerization
Authors: Li Ruiyi , Chen Jun , Zhou Xiaoyan , Li Zaijun , Liu Junkang
Published: October 2016

We reported fabrication of zinc–histidine-functionalized graphene quantum dot framework amphiphilic nanoparticles and application in the synthesis of polystyrene microspheres for adsorption of Cu2+ by Pickering emulsion polymerization.
Development of a novel smartphone-based application for accurate and sensitive on-field hemoglobin measurement
Authors: Ghatpande Niraj S. , Apte Priti P. , Joshi Bimba N. , Naik Sadanand S. , Bodas Dhananjay , Sande Vishwajit , Uttarwar Pravin , Kulkarni Prasad P.
Published: October 2016

A smartphone-based app for the accurate and sensitive measurement of hemoglobin was developed.
CeO2 decorated CuO hierarchical composites as inverse catalyst for enhanced CO oxidation
Authors: Song Caixia , Zhao Zeyu , Li Honghao , Wang Debao , Yang Yanzhao
Published: October 2016

CeO2 decorated CuO hierarchical composites were prepared and was used as inverse catalyst for enhanced CO oxidation.
Well-defined PtNiCo core–shell nanodendrites with enhanced catalytic performance for methanol oxidation
Authors: Sriphathoorat Rinrada , Wang Kai , Luo Shuiping , Tang Min , Du Hongyu , Du Xuewei , Shen Pei Kang
Published: October 2016

Uniform trimetallic PtNiCo core–shell nanodendrites, composed of a PtNiCo core and dendritic PtCo shell, were synthesized and their enhanced catalytic activities for methanol oxidation can be attributed to the interaction of Pt, Ni, and Co, and their highly ordered dendritic structure.
Genomic analyses of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA1 resequenced by single-molecule real-time sequencing
Authors: Li Gang , Shen Mengyu , Le Shuai , Tan Yinling , Li Ming , Zhao Xia , Shen Wei , Yang Yuhui , Wang Jing , Zhu Hongbin , Li Shu , Rao Xiancai , Hu Fuquan , Lu Shuguang
Published: October 2016

As a third-generation sequencing (TGS) method, single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology provides long read length, and it is well suited for resequencing projects and de novo assembly. In the present study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA1 was characterized and resequenced using SMRT technology. PA1 was also subjected to genomic, comparative and pan-genomic analyses. The multidrug resistant strain PA1 possesses a 6,498,072 bp genome and a sequence type of ST-782. The genome of PA1 was also visualized, and the results revealed the details of general genome annotations, virulence factors, regulatory proteins (RPs), secretion system proteins, type II toxin–antitoxin (T–A) pairs and genomic islands. Whole genome comparison analysis suggested that PA1 exhibits similarity to other P. aeruginosa strains but differs in terms of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) regions, such as prophages and genomic islands. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences demonstrated that PA1 is closely related to PAO1, and P. aeruginosa strains can be divided into two main groups. The pan-genome of P. aeruginosa consists of a core genome of approximately 4,000 genes and an accessory genome of at least 6,600 genes. The present study presented a detailed, visualized and comparative analysis of the PA1 genome, to enhance our understanding of this notorious pathogen.
Cell death mechanisms in human chronic liver diseases: a far cry from clinical applicability
Authors: Mazzolini Guillermo , Sowa Jan-Peter , Canbay Ali
Published: October 2016

The liver is constantly exposed to a host of injurious stimuli. This results in hepatocellular death mainly by apoptosis and necrosis, but also due to autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis and in some cases by an intricately balanced combination thereof. Overwhelming and continuous cell death in the liver leads to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Although data from various disease models may suggest a specific (predominant) cell death mode for different aetiologies, the clinical reality is not as clear cut. Reliable and non-invasive cell death markers are not available in general practice and assessment of cell death mode to absolute certainty from liver biopsies does not seem feasible, yet. Various aetiologies probably induce different predominant cell death modes within the liver, although the death modes involved may change during disease progression. Moreover, current methods applicable in patients are limited to surrogate markers for apoptosis (M30), and possibly for pyroptosis (IL-1 family) and necro(pto)sis (HMGB1). Although markers for some death modes are not available at all (autophagy), others may not be specific for a cell death mode or might not always definitely indicate dying cells. Physicians need to take care in asserting the presence of cell death. Still the serum-derived markers are valuable tools to assess severity of chronic liver diseases. This review gives a short overview of known hepatocellular cell death modes in various aetiologies of chronic liver disease. Also the limitations of current knowledge in human settings and utilization of surrogate markers for disease assessment are summarized.
Mobile application of finger tapping task assessment for early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lee U. , Kang S.J. , Choi J.H. , Kim Y.J. , Ma H.‐I.
Published: October 2016

A mobile application named HLTapper was designed for Android mobile phones to collect and assess real‐time alternating finger tapping movement data such as mean tapping speeds, temporal variations of tapping intervals, horizontal tapping variances, and vertical tapping variances, from built‐in sensors while a subject performs the finger tapping movement task according to directions given through the application interface. The results of a controlled experiment (40 subjects including nine subjects with Parkinson disease, 11 healthy age‐matched subjects, and 20 healthy young subjects) and a discriminant analysis revealed sensitivity of 85.71% and specificity of 91.42%, on an average, which suggests that HLTapper would be useful for early diagnosis and personalised treatment plan adjustments of patients with Parkinson disease.
Denoising techniques in adaptive multi‐resolution domains with applications to biomedical images
Authors: Lahmiri Salim
Published: October 2016

Variational mode decomposition (VMD) is a new adaptive multi‐resolution technique suitable for signal denoising purpose. The main focus of this work has been to study the feasibility of several image denoising techniques in empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and VMD domains. A comparative study is made using 11 techniques widely used in the literature, including Wiener filter, first‐order local statistics, fourth partial differential equation, nonlinear complex diffusion process, linear complex diffusion process (LCDP), probabilistic non‐local means, non‐local Euclidean medians, non‐local means, non‐local patch regression, discrete wavelet transform and wavelet packet transform. On the basis of comparison of 396 denoising based on peak signal‐to‐noise ratio, it is found that the best performances are obtained in VMD domain when appropriate denoising techniques are applied. Particularly, it is found that LCDP in combination with VMD performs the best and that VMD is faster than EMD.
Concurrent regenerating codes
Authors: Zhang Huayu , Li Hui , Shum Kenneth W. , Hou Hanxu , Robert Li ShuoYen
Published: October 2016

To reduce multiple‐failure repair traffic in erasure coded storage systems, Patrick Lee et al. introduce concurrent framework‐based minimal‐storage regenerating codes (RGCs). The approach is simpler and more practical than the cooperative mechanism in non‐fully distributed environment. This study unifies such class of codes as concurrent RGC and further studies the characteristics by analysing the cut‐based information flow graph. The authors present a general storage–bandwidth tradeoff and give closed‐form expressions for the points on the curve including the minimal‐bandwidth point. They show that the concurrent RGC can be constructed by reforming the existing single‐node RGC or multiple‐node cooperative RGC. Moreover, a connection to strong‐maximum distance separable is also analysed.
Robust resource allocation for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing‐based cooperative cognitive radio networks with imperfect channel state information
Authors: Yang Weiwei , Zhao Xiaohui
Published: October 2016

In this study, the authors study the robust resource allocation problem for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing‐based cooperative cognitive radio networks (CRNs) with decode and forward protocol and consideration of imperfect channel state information. The objective is to maximise the capacity of the cooperative CRN, while the interference to primary user receiver is below a predefined interference threshold and the transmit power of cognitive source and each relay is kept within their power budgets. Considering all possible channel uncertainties, they propose a heuristic robust relay selection scheme and formulate robust power allocation as a semi‐infinite programming (SIP). By the worst‐case approach, the SIP problem is converted into a convex optimisation problem and solved by the Lagrange dual decomposition method. They also analyse feasible regions of the constraints, convergence behaviour and computational complexity of their proposed robust algorithm. Simulation results show the impact of channel uncertainties and the outperformance of the proposed algorithm by comparing with non‐robust algorithms.
Radial forces and vibration analysis in an external‐rotor switched reluctance machine
Authors: Castano Sandra M. , Bilgin Berker , Lin Jianing , Emadi Ali
Published: October 2016

In external‐rotor electric machine configurations, the rotor can be the major source of noise. This study analyses the distribution and the effects of radial forces and vibration in a 6/10 external‐rotor switched reluctance motor designed for an E‐bike application. The distribution of the electromagnetic force vector depends on the switching sequence, the geometry of the motor and the direction of rotation. Therefore, the effect of the switching strategy on the rotor radial force waveform has been analysed. It is shown that adjusting the turn‐on angle can reduce the high rate of change of radial force waveform at the pole corners. The effect of switching angles on the reduction of rotor vibration has also been examined.
MOPF solution methodology
Authors: Shaheen Abdullah M. , Farrag Sobhy M. , El‐Sehiemy Ragab A.
Published: October 2016

This study investigates a novel multi‐objective differential evolution (MDE) solution methodology for multi‐objective optimal power flow (MOPF) problem. The MOPF problem is modelled with various technical and economical objective functions. These objectives are handled as mono, bi, tri, and quad‐objective MOPF problems. For solving these MOPF formulations, a novel MDE algorithm is proposed. The novel MDE algorithm modifies the DE variant (DE/best/1) with Pareto ranking in the selection operator and develops a fuzzy‐based best compromise solution for each generation to feed the mutation operator. This modification guarantees high convergence speed and enhances the search capability via exploring the neighbourhood of the best compromise solution in successive generations. The standard IEEE 57‐bus power system is emulated to prove the effectiveness and competence solutions of the mono, bi, tri, and quad‐objective MOPF at acceptable techno‐economic benefits compared with other evolutionary methods. Similarly, the standard IEEE 118‐bus test system is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for solving the OPF problem in a large‐scale power system.
Superoleophobic surfaces on stainless steel substrates obtained by chemical bath deposition
Authors: Huang Liu , Song Jinlong , Lu Yao , Chen Faze , Liu Xin , Jin Zhuji , Zhao Danyang , Carmalt Claire J. , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: October 2016

Superhydrophobic surfaces have shown great potential in domestic and industrial applications. However, these surfaces lose their superhydrophobic functions once being contaminated by oily liquids. In this work a simple chemical bath deposition method is reported to fabricate superoleophobic surfaces on steel substrates that repel both water and oil. The synthesis of superoleophobic surfaces involves the fabrication of the micro/nanometre‐scale origami‐ball‐like structures on steel substrates, followed by the modification of low surface energy material. The fabricated surfaces have glycerol, peanut oil and hexadecane contact angles larger than 150° and roll‐off angles smaller than 10°. This method is highly efficient because it takes only 5 min to create the surface re‐entrant structures that are required by superoleophobicity. The prepared surfaces showed remarkable durability and retained superoleophobicity even after exposure to high and low temperatures (−30 and 100°C), and UV irradiation. This work will enrich the processing methods of the superoleophobic surfaces on stainless steel substrates.
Longitudinal bunch shaping of picosecond high-charge MeV electron beams
Authors: Beaudoin B. L. , Thangaraj J. C. T. , Edstrom D. , Ruan J. , Lumpkin A. H. , Broemmelsiek D. , Carlson K. A. , Crawford D. J. , Romanov A. , Santucci J. K. , Stancari G. , Thurman-Keup R. , Warner A.
Published: October 2016

With ever increasing demands for intensities in modern accelerators, the understanding of space-charge effects becomes crucial. Herein are presented measurements of optically shaped picosecond-long electron beams in a superconducting L-band linac over a wide range of charges, from 0.2 nC to 3.4 nC. At low charges, the shape of the electron beam is preserved, while at higher charge densities, modulations on the beam convert to energy modulations. Energy profile measurements using a spectrometer and time profile measurements using a streak camera reveal the dynamics of longitudinal space-charge on MeV-scale electron beams.
Stable droplet generator for a high brightness laser produced plasma extreme ultraviolet source
Authors: Vinokhodov A. , Krivokorytov M. , Sidelnikov Yu. , Krivtsun V. , Medvedev V. , Bushuev V. , Koshelev K. , Glushkov D. , Ellwi S.
Published: October 2016

We present the results of the low-melting liquid metal droplets generation based on excited Rayleigh jet breakup. We discuss on the operation of the industrial and in-house designed and manufactured dispensing devices for the droplets generation. Droplet diameter can be varied in the range of 30-90 μm. The working frequency of the droplets, velocity, and the operating temperature were in the ranges of 20-150 kHz, 4-15 m/s, and up to 250 °C, respectively. The standard deviations for the droplet center of mass position both their diameter σ < 1 μm at the distance of 45 mm from the nozzle. Stable operation in the long-term (over 1.5 h) was demonstrated for a wide range of the droplet parameters: diameters, frequencies, and velocities. Physical factors affecting the stability of the generator operation have been identified. The technique for droplet synchronization, allowing using the droplet as a target for laser produced plasma, has been created; in particular, the generator has been successfully used in a high brightness extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source. The operation with frequency up to 8 kHz was demonstrated as a result of the experimental simulation, which can provide an average brightness of the EUV source up to ∼1.2 kW/mm2 sr.
Symmetry transformations of an ideal steady fluid flow determined by a potential function
Authors: Grebenev V. N. , Oberlack M. , Megrabov A. G. , Grishkov A. N.
Published: October 2016

First, we consider a transformation Ξ of 3D trajectories (fluid particle paths) of inviscid steady flows using the dual stream function approach for the (local) representation of velocity fields u→(x,y,z)=∇ λ×∇ μ. This enables to derive the equation governing the deformation of trajectories by the gradient field ξ→=∇ μ along the surface λ(x, y, z) = λ0. In fact, Ξ is a symmetry transformation and it looks formally like the filament motion which preserves the curvature. Then, we investigate in detail a fine structure of a Lie algebra associated with an extension of the transformation Ξ which creates a visual appearance of sliding stream surfaces λ(x, y, z) = λ0 along itself. The minimal set of generating differential invariants is found. This set consists of a single invariant which coincides with a Hamiltonian function.
Singular reduction modules of differential equations
Authors: Boyko Vaycheslav M. , Kunzinger Michael , Popovych Roman O.
Published: October 2016

The notion of singular reduction modules, i.e., of singular modules of nonclassical (conditional) symmetry, of differential equations is introduced. It is shown that the derivation of nonclassical symmetries for differential equations can be improved by an in-depth prior study of the associated singular modules of vector fields. The form of differential functions and differential equations possessing parameterized families of singular modules is described up to point transformations. Singular cases of finding reduction modules are related to lowering the order of the corresponding reduced equations. As examples, singular reduction modules of evolution equations and second-order quasi-linear equations are studied. Reductions of differential equations to algebraic equations and to first-order ordinary differential equations are considered in detail within the framework proposed and are related to previous no-go results on nonclassical symmetries.
Radiation from mid-atomic-number X-pinches at 1.5–1.7 MA
Authors: Stafford A. , Safronova A. S. , Kantsyrev V. L. , Keim S. F. , Weller M. E. , Shrestha I. , Shlyaptseva V. V.
Published: October 2016

Recently, the first X-pinch experiments were performed at enhanced current on the Zebra generator using the Load Current Multiplier (LCM). Previously, X-pinches were found to achieve the highest K-shell electron temperatures at 1 MA on Zebra and these new experiments were performed to determine how the increased current will affect the radiative properties of the X-pinches. A comparison of the linear radiation yields suggests an increase of around 50% for the LCM experiments (∼10 kJ/cm at 1 MA, ∼16 kJ/cm with LCM). These experiments used Cu or Ti alloy (6% Al, 4% V) wires for a first look at X-pinches at 1.5–1.7 MA at the University of Nevada, Reno. For Cu X-pinches, intense L-shell Cu radiation with electron temperatures >300 eV was recorded by both time gated and time integrated spectrometers. The time gated spectra show an evolution of line intensities from the high Rydberg states. For Ti alloy X-pinches, many interesting results from time gated spectra recorded during the Ti experiments were found such as: (i) the appearance of characteristic emission of Ti (wire material) and Fe (hardware material) in different orders of reflection beginning shortly before the first x-ray burst that was recorded for the next 15 ns, (ii) prominent K-shell Al radiation from the Ti alloy experiments despite the low percentage of Al in the alloy, and (iii) K-shell Al radiation that corresponds to 400–550 eV plasmas starting near the first x-ray burst. Time integrated spectra recorded intense K-shell Al radiation and K-shell Ti radiation from higher order reflections.
Nonlinear standing wave and acoustic streaming in an exponential-shape resonator by gas-kinetic scheme simulation
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Feng Heying , Qu Chengwu
Published: October 2016

Nonlinear standing waves and acoustic streaming in an axial-symmetrical resonator with exponentially varying cross-sectional area were studied. A two-dimensional gas-kinetic Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook scheme based on the non-structure triangular grid was established to simulate nonlinear acoustic oscillations in the resonator. Details of the transient and steady flow fields and streaming were developed. The effects of winding index of the exponential-shape resonator, the displacement amplitude of the acoustic piston on the streaming, and the vortex pattern were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the acoustic streaming pattern in such resonators is different from the typical Rayleigh flow in a constant cross-sectional area resonator. No obvious shock wave appeared inside the exponential-shape resonator. The comparison reveals that with increasing the displacement amplitude of the acoustic piston energy dissipation is accompanied by vortex break-up from a first-level to a second-level transition, and even into turbulent flow. This research demonstrates that the exponential-shape resonator, especially that with a winding index of 2.2 exhibits better acoustic features and suppression effects on shock-wave, acoustic streaming, and the vortex.
Laminin targeting of a peripheral nerve-highlighting peptide enables degenerated nerve visualization
Authors: Glasgow Heather L. , Whitney Michael A. , Gross Larry A. , Friedman Beth , Adams Stephen R. , Crisp Jessica L. , Hussain Timon , Frei Andreas P. , Novy Karel , Wollscheid Bernd , Nguyen Quyen T. , Tsien Roger Y.
Published: October 2016

Significance

A fluorescently labeled nerve-binding peptide, NP41, holds promise to reduce surgical nerve damage and facilitate nerve repair. Clinical translation hinges on identification of binding targets to assess potential toxicity and understand the mechanism. For target identification, we developed a receptor capture method, enabling covalent tagging and identification of proteins within close proximity to a bound ligand. Extracellular matrix proteins laminin-421 and -211 were identified as NP41 binding targets, and TRICEPS-based glycoprotein capture supported laminin-421 as the primary binding target. This result explains the ability of NP41 to highlight degenerated nerve “ghosts” months after transection that were invisible to the unaided eye but contain laminins. Targeting extracellular matrix is advantageous for clinical imaging agents, likely reducing undesirable neurological effects.
Commensurate 4
a
0
-period charge density modulations throughout the Bi
2
Sr
2
CaCu
2
O
8+x
pseudogap regime
Authors: Mesaros Andrej , Fujita Kazuhiro , Edkins Stephen D. , Hamidian Mohammad H. , Eisaki Hiroshi , Uchida Shin-ichi , Davis J. C. Séamus , Lawler Michael J. , Kim Eun-Ah
Published: October 2016

Significance

Strong Coulomb interactions between electrons on adjacent Cu atoms result in charge localization in the cuprate Mott-insulator state. When a few percent of electrons are removed, both high-temperature superconductivity and exotic charge density modulations appear. Identifying the correct fundamental theory for superconductivity requires confidence on whether a particle-like or a wave-like concept of electrons describes this physics. To address this issue, here we take the approach of using the phase of charge modulations, available only from atomic-scale imaging. It reveals a universal periodicity of the charge modulations of four crystal unit cells. These results indicate that the particle-like concept of strong interactions in real-space provides the intrinsic organizational principle for cuprate charge modulations, implying the equivalent for the superconductivity.
Investigating the interpreter’s role(s)
Authors: Krystallidou Demi
Published: October 2016

Although the interpreter’s function in interaction has attracted significant interest in the literature, the focus is often restricted to verbal interaction alone. This paper introduces an analytical framework, based on Goffman’s construct of role, to examine how participants’ actions: (i) carry communicative meaning that complements their use of language; ii) are interdependent with those of other participants. The analysis also takes into account the normative frameworks which, to a certain extent, shape the interpreter’s and the doctor’s actions. Transcribed excerpts of two authentic medical consultations are examined, along with video stills. The recordings, with interpreting between Dutch and Russian, were made at a Belgian hospital; informed consent and ethical approval were obtained. It is shown that interpreters’ use of non-verbal resources can favour the patient’s inclusion in interaction when s/he is bypassed by the doctor, possibly interested in involving only the interpreter and in leaving little, if any, opportunity for the patient’s voice to be heard.
The positioning and bimodal mediation of the interpreter in a Video Relay Interpreting (VRI) service setting
Authors: Warnicke Camilla , Plejert Charlotta
Published: October 2016

This study explores the interpreter’s positioning in a Video Relay Interpreting (VRI) service that offers bimodal mediation between people using Swedish Sign Language (SSL) and people using spoken Swedish. Positioning subsumes the ways in which interpreters orient themselves to the contingencies of the setting on a moment-by-moment basis, in relation to the impact of technology, participants’ knowledge asymmetries (e.g., prior experience of VRI), their physical separation, and the need for two arenas (visual and auditive). The interpreting is bimodal, each of the two users being in direct contact with the interpreter through a different medium (telephone for one, videophone for the other). Nine excerpts from two calls within the VRI service serve as examples to show how the interpreter’s positioning emerges dynamically in relation to contingent variables of the setting, such as the initial importance of briefing users on the service, temporary loss of sound and image, the perceived need to inform either user of extralinguistic items, or situational awareness that it is time to conclude the interaction. This new research perspective on VRI can afford a better understanding of its moment-by-moment complexity and specificities, thus helping improve it and train interpreters better for it.
Continuous extrusion of a commercially pure titanium powder via the Conform process
Authors: Thomas B. M. , Derguti F. , Jackson M.
Published: October 2016

It is shown for the first time that cold commercially pure titanium powder can be extruded through a standard Conform machine into fully dense wire with a fine recrystallised microstructure. The grain size has been shown to decrease with increasing wheel speed with an associated increase in tensile strength. The macrostructure of the wire extrudate exhibits a characteristic flow pattern with several regions defined by differences in average grain size and distribution. Finite-element modelling of the process shows the formation of the characteristic macrostructure from powder fed Conform. The process is continuous, utilises standard equipment and does not require powder preheating or inert gas shrouding providing a footing for a true cost reduction in long-section titanium mill product.
Testing for Specification Bias with a Flexible Fourier Transform Model for Crop Yields
Authors: Cooper Joseph , Tran A. Nam , Wallander Steven
Published: October 2016

The literature on climate risk and crop yields is currently focused on the potential for highly non‐linear marginal effects, essentially modeling the threshold effects with a yield function that maps weather inputs into crop yields. Implicit in this line of research is the assertion that the traditional quadratic model of crop yield suffers from specification bias. This article examines this assumption by using the Flexible Fourier Transforms (FFT) to allow for global flexibility in the weather effects while also maintaining the traditional quadratic model as a nested model specification. In order to speak to the global flexibility of FFT, as well as to provide both robustness to outliers and information on the scale effects of weather variables, this article compares FFT with restricted cubic spline (RCS) and quadratic models in a quantile regression framework. Using U.S. county‐level data on corn, soybeans, and winter wheat from 1975 to 2013, we find that while the threshold effects are largely captured by the traditional quadratic model, we statistically reject the hypothesis that the quadratic model is sufficiently flexible. We find that, under the more flexible FFT functional forms, at lower temperatures there is a greater positive impact of marginal increases in temperature on yield than with the quadratic model, which suggests a different yield‐temperature relationship than found in much of the literature on threshold effects of temperature on crop yields, and is more consistent with the positive effects of minor temperature increases found in some of the Ricardian climate effect literature.
Listing and Delisting Thresholds under the Endangered Species Act
Authors: Sims Charles , Finnoff David , Hastings Alan , Hochard Jacob
Published: October 2016

We consider the case where a species provides a flow of economic benefits, is at risk of extinction, and is being considered for addition to the Endangered Species List. Listing a species as endangered is costly but increases the flow of social benefits and reduces the likelihood of extinction. If the species recovers sufficiently, additional costs can be incurred to subsequently delist the species. By treating listing and delisting as a pair of linked investment options, we provide an alternative to current practice for listing and delisting decisions that maximizes the return from public conservation investments. Under this alternative framework, we show that economic considerations may actually afford greater protection for at‐risk species if these decisions are initiated early. However, biological sources of uncertainty may cause those species most in need of protection to be passed over in favor of more stable species that represent a “sure bet” for species preservation.
The Number of Chandelier and Basket Cells Are Differentially Decreased in Prefrontal Cortex in Autism
Authors: Ariza Jeanelle , Rogers Haille , Hashemi Ezzat , Noctor Stephen C , Martínez-Cerdeño Verónica
Published: October 2016

An interneuron alteration has been proposed as a source for the modified balance of excitation / inhibition in the cerebral cortex in autism. We previously demonstrated a decreased number of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons in prefrontal cortex in autism. PV-expressing interneurons include chandelier (Ch) and basket (Bsk) cells. We asked whether the decreased PV+ interneurons affected both Ch cells and Bsk cells in autism. The lack of single markers to specifically label Ch cells or Bsk cells presented an obstacle for addressing this question. We devised a method to discern between PV-Ch and PV-Bsk cells based on the differential expression of Vicia villosa lectin (VVA). VVA binds to N-acetylgalactosamine, that is present in the perineuronal net surrounding some cell types where it plays a role in intercellular communication. N-acetylgalactosamine is present in the perineuronal net surrounding Bsk but not Ch cells. We found that the number of Ch cells is consistently decreased in the prefrontal cortex of autistic (n = 10) when compared with control (n = 10) cases, while the number of Bsk cells is not as severely affected. This finding expand our understanding of GABAergic system functioning in the human cerebral cortex in autism, which will impact translational research directed towards providing better treatment paradigms for individuals with autism.
Little evidence for entropy and energy excess beyond r500 - An end to ICM preheating?
Authors: Iqbal Asif , Majumdar Subhabrata , Nath Biman B. , Ettori Stefano , Eckert Dominique , Malik Manzoor A.
Published: October 2016

Non-gravitational feedback affects the nature of the intra-cluster medium (ICM). X-ray cooling of the ICM and in situ energy feedback from AGN’s and SNe as well as preheating of the gas at epochs preceding the formation of clusters are proposed mechanisms for such feedback. While cooling and AGN feedbacks are dominant in cluster cores, the signatures of a preheated ICM are expected to be present even at large radii. To estimate the degree of preheating, with minimum confusion from AGN feedback/cooling, we study the excess entropy and non-gravitational energy profiles upto r200 for a sample of 17 galaxy clusters using joint data sets of Planck SZ pressure and ROSAT/PSPC gas density profiles. The canonical value of preheating entropy floor of ≳ 300 keV cm2, needed in order to match cluster scalings, is ruled out at ≈3σ. We also show that the feedback energy of 1 keV/particle is ruled out at 5.2σ beyond r500. Our analysis takes both non-thermal pressure and clumping into account which can be important in outer regions. Our results based on the direct probe of the ICM in the outermost regions do not support any significant preheating.