bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of periprosthetic acetabular osteolysis: A cadaveric study
Authors: Weiland Daniel E. , Walde Tim A. , Leung Serena B. , Sychterz Christi J. , Ho Stephanie , Engh Charles A. , Potter Hollis G.
Published: April 2005

Periprosthetic osteolysis is a well recognized complication of total hip arthroplasty that leads to implant failure. The ability to accurately assess and visualize the position and volume of periacetabular bone defects is paramount for clinical observation and medical treatment, as well as pre‐operative planning of revision surgery. We have developed a modified magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol that is useful in detection and quantification of periacetabular bone loss. The purpose of this study is to compare MRI to plain film analysis in the assessment of periacetabular bone loss using a cadaver model. MRI was 95% sensitive in the detection of lesions. Specificity was 98%, and accuracy was 96%. Lesion detection was not statistically dependent on lesion location (p = 0.27). The mean absolute error in determining lesion size was 0.8 ± 2.2 cm3. There was a correlation between increasing lesion size and lesion detection (p = 0.02, logistic regression). The largest lesion that was missed by MRI analysis measured 2.8 cm3, and all lesions ≥ 3.0 cm3 were correctly identified, with a relative error volume measurement of 12.4 ± 25.3%. This correlated to an absolute error of 1.4 ± 2.4 cm3. Using conventional radiographic analysis, the overall sensitivity of lesion detection was 52%, and the specificity was 96%. Using plain film analysis, identification of true lesions depended on the location with 83% of ilial lesions, 64% of pubic lesions, 55% of ischial lesions, and 0% of posterior wall lesions correctly identified. The modified MRI technique utilized did allow for accurate visualization of simulated osteolytic lesions, and may provide a suitable noninvasive method to provide serial assessment of clinical periacetabular osteolysis without the use of ionizing radiation. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Aesthetic Woman: Re-forming Female Bodies and Minds in Early Twentieth-Century Keralam
Authors: DEVIKA J.
Published: April 2005

In late nineteenth century Malayalee society, the project of social reforming was caught up in the concern to evolve an alternative to established Jati-based mode of ordering human beings. The criticism by the missionaries of the CMS, LMS and the Basel Mission of the established order in Malayalee society as entirely unnatural and inimical to (universal) human values was heard right through the nineteenth century. At the turn of the century, the nascent modern educated of Tiruvitamkoor, Kochi and Malabar were beginning to echo such viewpoints actively. The terms on which these groups perceived their identities and assessed local society were more or less set by colonial sociology and the codification efforts by both imperial and local powers. Interpreting locally existing jati in terms of the construction of ‘caste’ (i.e., ‘Nair’, ‘Ezhava’, ‘Araya’ etc.) these groups sought to form organisations for the reform of caste, to transform these into full-fledged modern communities.
The Political Economy of Heavy Industrialization: The Heavy and Chemical Industry (HCI) Push in South Korea in the 1970s
Authors: HORIKANE YUMI
Published: April 2005

Korea under the Park regime (1961–1979) is known as a typical example of the East Asian developmental state. Many students of development, both economists and political scientists, have studied it, producing a substantial accumulation of knowledge. However, most writers have, in fact, focused on the policies and politics of the first half of the era. The second half was, politically, a notoriously authoritarian dictatorship, through which the regime strongly pushed its controversial heavy and chemical industrialization program. This program is frequently criticized for being based upon irrational industrial targeting that generated great inefficiency in the economy. The explanation for such irrational policy has been attributed to politics, or the authoritarian nature of the regime, which actually does not explain much.
The ivory trade and elephant conservation
Authors: STILES DANIEL
Published: April 2005

In response to significant elephant population declines in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching for ivory, the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) banned the international trade in Asian and African elephant species by listing them on Appendix I in 1973 and 1989, respectively. Many southern African countries disagreed with the African elephant trade ban and have continued to argue against it since the mid-1980s. They maintain that their governments practise sound wildlife management policies and actions and, as a consequence, their national elephant populations have reached unsustainable size. They argue that they should not be penalized because other countries cannot manage their wildlife. Further, they say they need the proceeds from ivory and other by-product sales to finance conservation efforts. In 1997, the CITES Conference of Parties voted to allow Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to auction off 50 tonnes of government ivory stockpiles to Japanese traders on a one-off experimental basis, which took place in 1999. Ivory trade opponents allege that this sale stimulated ivory demand, resulting in a surge of elephant poaching. Nevertheless, CITES voted again in 2002 to allow Botswana, Namibia and South Africa to auction off another 60 tonnes of ivory after May 2004. Trade opponents have launched an active campaign to prevent the sales, warning that they could provoke a renewed elephant holocaust. This paper reviews available quantitative evidence on ivory trade and elephant killing to evaluate the arguments of the ivory trade proponents and opponents. The evidence supports the view that the trade bans resulted generally in lower levels of ivory market scale and elephant poaching than prevailed prior to 1990. There is little evidence to support claims that the 1999 southern African ivory auctions stimulated ivory demand or elephant poaching. Levels of elephant poaching and illegal ivory trading in a country are more likely to be related to wildlife management practices, law enforcement and corruption than to choice of CITES appendix listings and consequent extent of trade restrictions. Elephant conservation and public welfare can be better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade ban, but until demand for ivory can be restrained and various monitoring and regulation measures are put into place it is premature for CITES to permit ivory sales.
Dose-response relationships of harlequin duck behaviour to noise from low-level military jet over-flights in central Labrador
Authors: GOUDIE R. IAN , JONES IAN L.
Published: April 2005

Concern for the lack of field studies on the effects of low-level military jet over-flights on wildlife resulted in directed research in the Military Training Area of Labrador, 1999–2002. At Fig River, a tributary of the Lower Churchill River, a before-after-control-impact (BACI) study design quantified effects of aircraft over-flights on behaviour of individual harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) in the 130 000 km2 Military Training Area of central Labrador. Noise generated from low-level passes (30–100 m above ground level) by military jets was sudden in onset and high in amplitude (>100 dBA), substantially above background sound levels both at Fig Lake outlet (40–50 dBA) and rapid sections of Fig River (60–70 dBA). Harlequin ducks reacted to noise from military jets with alert behaviour, showing a positive dose-response that especially intensified when noise exceeded 80 dBA. Residual effects, in other words, deviations from normal behaviour patterns after initial responses, were decreased courtship behaviour for up to 1.5 h after, and increased agonistic behaviour for up to 2 h after military jet over-flights. Direct behavioural responses to military jet over-flights were of short duration (generally <1 min), and were unlikely to affect critical behaviours such as feeding and resting in the overall time-activity budgets of breeding pairs. However, the presence of residual effects on behaviour implied whole-body stress responses that were potentially more serious; these require further study because they are potentially more detrimental than immediate responses, and may not be detected in studies that focus on readily observed overt responses. A dose-response curve relating particular behaviours of harlequin ducks to associated noise of over-flights could be a valuable conservation tool for the research and mitigation of environmental impacts of aircraft and other noise.
Dehydration‐induced weakening and fault slip in gypsum: Implications for the faulting process at intermediate depth in subduction zones
Authors: Milsch Harald H. , Scholz Christopher H.
Published: April 2005

High‐pressure fluids generated by metamorphic dehydration reactions can have profound effects on both rock strength and the stability of faults. A decrease in effective pressure so produced could induce earthquakes at intermediate depth in the subducting slab, either by embrittlement of an intact rock mass or by the reactivation of preexisting faults. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate both processes using gypsum as an analog material. Constant strain rate, relaxation, and friction tests were performed on both intact cylindrical samples and saw cut aggregates. Both room temperature and dehydration conditions were investigated for comparison. The maximum confining pressure and temperature were 50 MPa and 150°C, respectively and the strain rate was varied between 1.5 × 10−6 and 1.5 × 10−5 s−1. This investigation shows that dehydrating gypsum is an excellent analog material for studies on reaction‐induced weakening. However, the lack of important brittle features like shear fractures and stress drops implies that intact gypsum aggregates do not show dehydration embrittlement. In contrast, this study demonstrates that depending on both the level of fault normal stress and the strain history, dehydration‐induced unstable slip on preexisting faults is possible. Although some of the observations might be particular to gypsum, the results also indicate that strong mechanical locking of the fault may continue to promote ductile flow unless new, more favorably oriented faults are formed.
Statistical mechanical theory for steady state systems. II. Reciprocal relations and the second entropy
Authors: Attard Phil
Published: April 2005

The concept of second entropy is introduced for the dynamic transitions between macrostates. It is used to develop a theory for fluctuations in velocity, and is exemplified by deriving Onsager reciprocal relations for Brownian motion. The cases of free, driven, and pinned Brownian particles are treated in turn, and Stokes’ law is derived. The second entropy analysis is applied to the general case of thermodynamic fluctuations, and the Onsager reciprocal relations for these are derived using the method. The Green–Kubo formulas for the transport coefficients emerge from the analysis, as do Langevin dynamics.
Near-field optical imaging of plasmon modes in gold nanorods
Authors: Imura Kohei , Nagahara Tetsuhiko , Okamoto Hiromi
Published: April 2005

We have investigated optical properties of single gold nanorods by using an apertured-type scanning near-field optical microscope. Near-field transmission spectrum of single gold nanorod shows several longitudinal surface plasmon resonances. Transmission images observed at these resonance wavelengths show oscillating pattern along the long axis of the nanorod. The number of oscillation increases with decrement of observing wavelength. These spatial characteristics were well reproduced by calculated local density-of-states maps and were attributed to spatial characteristics of plasmon modes inside the nanorods. Dispersion relation for plasmons in gold nanorods was obtained by plotting the resonance frequencies of the plasmon modes versus the wave vectors obtained from the transmission images.
Approximate ab initio energies by systematic molecular fragmentation
Authors: Deev Vitali , Collins Michael A.
Published: April 2005

A scheme is introduced for generating a hierarchy of molecular fragmentations by which the total electronic energy can be approximated from the energies of the fragments. Higher levels in the hierarchy produce molecular fragments of larger size and approximate the total electronic energy more reliably. A correction to account for nonbonded interactions is also presented. The accuracy of the approach is tested for a number of examples, and shown to be essentially independent of the level of ab initio theory employed. The computational cost increases linearly with the size of the molecule.
A time-dependent polarizable continuum model: Theory and application
Authors: Caricato Marco , Ingrosso Francesca , Mennucci Benedetta , Tomasi Jacopo
Published: April 2005

This work presents an extention of the polarizable continuum model to explicitly describe the time-dependent response of the solvent to a change in the solute charge distribution. Starting from an initial situation in which solute and solvent are in equilibrium, we are interested in modeling the time-dependent evolution of the solvent response, and consequently of the solute-solvent interaction, after a perturbation in this equilibrium situation has been switched on. The model introduces an explicit time-dependent treatment of the polarization by means of the linear-response theory. Two strategies are tested to account for this time dependence: the first one employs the Debye model for the dielectric relaxation, which assumes an exponential decay of the solvent polarization; the second one is based on a fitting of the experimental data of the solvent complex dielectric permittivity. The first approach is simpler and possibly less accurate but allows one to write an analytic expression of the equations. By contrast, the second approach is closer to the experimental evidence but it is limited to the availability of experimental data. The model is applied to the ionization process of N,N-dimethyl-aniline in both acetonitrile and water. The nonequilibrium free-energy profile is studied both as a function of the solvent relaxation coordinate and as a function of time. The solvent reorganization energy is evaluated as well.
Core excitation in O3 localized to one of two symmetry-equivalent chemical bonds: Molecular alignment through vibronic coupling
Authors: Wiesner K. , Naves de Brito A. , Sorensen S. L. , Kosugi N. , Björneholm O.
Published: April 2005

Core excitation from terminal oxygen OT in O3 is shown to be an excitation from a localized core orbital to a localized valence orbital. The valence orbital is localized to one of the two equivalent chemical bonds. We experimentally demonstrate this with the Auger–Doppler effect which is observable when O3 is core excited to the highly dissociative OT1s−17a11 state. Auger electrons emitted from the atomic oxygen fragment carry information about the molecular orientation relative to the electromagnetic-field vector at the moment of excitation. The data together with analytical functions for the electron-peak profiles give clear evidence that the preferred molecular orientation for excitation only depends on the orientation of one bond, not on the total molecular orientation. The localization of the valence orbital “7a1” is caused by mixing of the valence orbital “5b2” through vibronic coupling of antisymmetric stretching mode with b2 symmetry. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first discussion of the localization of a core excitation of O3. This result explains the success of the widely used assumption of localized core excitation in adsorbates and large molecules.
Lithium niobate ridge waveguides and modulators fabricated using smart guide
Authors: Rabiei Payam , Steier William H.
Published: April 2005

Ridge waveguides are fabricated using submicron thin films of lithium niobate prepared by crystal ion slicing and wafer bonding (“smart guide”). The waveguides are made by physical etching the lithium niobate thin film using ion beam milling. The waveguides are low loss. An electro-optic polarization modulator with VπL of 15Vcm at λ=1.55μm is demonstrated using the waveguides.
Relative salinity tolerance of freshwater macroinvertebrates from the south-east Eastern Cape, South Africa compared with the Barwon Catchment, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Kefford Ben J. , Palmer Carolyn G. , Nugegoda Dayanthi
Published: April 2005

Salinity is rising in many southern African and Australian rivers with unknown effects on aquatic organisms. The extent of spatial variation, at any scale, in salt tolerances of aquatic organisms is unknown, so whether data from one location is applicable elsewhere is also unknown. The acute tolerances (72-h median lethal concentration (LC50)) to sea salt of 49 macroinvertebrate taxa from the south-east Eastern Cape (SEEC), South Africa were compared with those of 57 species from the Barwon Catchment, Victoria, Australia. The mean LC50 values from both locations were similar (Barwon: 31 and SEEC: 32 mS cm−1) and less abundant (rare) taxa tended to be more tolerant than more abundant (common) taxa. There was, however, a greater range of LC50 values (5.5–76 mS cm−1) in the Barwon Catchment than in the SEEC (11–47 mS cm−1). The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for SEEC taxa was bimodal whereas the Barwon Catchment’s SSD had a single peak. With few exceptions, members of an order had similar tolerances in both locations. The differences in SSD between locations were related to crustacean, odonate and non-arthropod relative richness. Although it is not ideal to extrapolate SSDs from one location to another, it may be reasonable to assume similar salinity tolerances among related taxa.
Inter-generational transmission of microbial symbionts in the marine sponge Chondrilla australiensis (Demospongiae)
Authors: Usher Kayley M. , Sutton David C. , Toze Simon , Kuo John , Fromont Jane
Published: April 2005

Mechanisms for the biparental transmission of microbial symbionts to offspring in the marine sponge Chondrilla australiensis are reported. The observation of microbial mutualists in the sperm of C. australiensis is the first report of this kind in any organism, as far as we are aware. The developing eggs were shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to incorporate intercellular cyanobacterial and bacterial symbionts. Nurse cells appeared to transport cyanobacterial symbionts from the surface layers of the sponge to eggs deeper in the matrix, where they were incorporated into the egg cytoplasm prior to spawning. This suggests that a host mechanism exists to actively recognise and incorporate symbionts, ensuring that larvae contain these mutualists before settlement. In addition, an average of 1.64% of mature sperm of C. australiensis contained cyanobacterial symbionts in their cytoplasm. The successful transmission of cyanobacterial symbionts to larvae was demonstrated by autofluorescent microscopy and TEM. The occurrence of organisms with functional mechanisms for transmission of symbionts from both parents to offspring provides the potential for new insights into the nature of host–symbiont interactions.
Effect of hexoses and gonadotrophin supplementation on bovine oocyte nuclear maturation during in vitro maturation in a synthetic follicle fluid medium
Authors: Sutton-McDowall Melanie L. , Gilchrist Robert B. , Thompson Jeremy G.
Published: April 2005

In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) culture conditions have been relatively unchanged over the past few decades and remain suboptimal. In contrast, studies of the in vivo environment have led to significant improvements to in vitro embryo culture technologies. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of maturing bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) in medium based on the composition of bovine follicular fluid (Bovine VitroMat; Cook Australia, Eight Mile Plain, Qld, Australia). In particular, the effect of different glucose concentrations and glucosamine supplementation on meiotic maturation was determined. Culturing COCs in the presence of gonadotrophins in Bovine VitroMat, containing either physiological glucose concentrations (2.3 mm) or 5.6 mm (equivalent to levels in Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM199)) supplemented with glucosamine resulted in comparable cumulus expansion to COCs cultured in TCM199 plus gonadotrophins. However, nuclear maturation was 1.3-fold lower in Bovine VitroMat cultures containing 2.3 mm glucose compared with 5.6 mm glucose and this effect was independent of glucosamine supplementation. Investigations into the effects of different glucose concentrations and gonadotrophin supplementation during the initial 6 h of maturation demonstrated that COCs cultured in Bovine VitroMat with 5.6 mm glucose without gonadotrophins had a twofold acceleration of the rate of meiotic resumption, yet the rate of polar body formation was decreased by approximately 20% compared with cultures in 2.3 mm glucose and TCM199. However, this effect was not seen when COCs were cultured for the initial 16 h in Bovine VitroMat + 5.6 mm minus gonadotrophins or in Bovine VitroMat + 2.3 mm glucose ± gonadotrophins. These data demonstrate that glucose concentrations and the timing of the introduction of gonadotrophin during IVM have variable effects on nuclear maturation. Manipulation of glucose concentrations may be a mechanism to influence oocyte meiotic progression and may lead to the development of improved IVM systems, allowing for an increased developmental capacity of bovine oocytes.
Pseudocercospora correicola sp. nov., another leaf pathogen of Correa species from Australia
Authors: Sutton BC , Pascoe IG
Published: April 2005

Pseudocercospora correicola sp. nov. is introduced for a hyphomycete causing non-necrotic blotches on leaves of Correa refexa and C. lawrenceana. It is compared with P. correae and P. adinicola, for which a revised description is given, and the status of the three species is discussed in relation to the broad generic concept currently accepted for Pseudocercospora.
Verrucaria cribbii (Verrucariaceae Lichenised Ascomycetes), a new marine lichen from a coral cay
Authors: Rogers RW
Published: April 2005

Verrucaria cribbii R.W. Rogers was collected from crevices and under boulders of the beach rock on Heron Island, a tropical coral cay. It is characterised by small ascospores, a continuous thallus and emergent hemispherical ascocarps with a thin black involucre around the ostiole.
Morphological and taxonomy of Bostrychia and Stictosiphonia (Rhodomelaceae/Rhodophyta)
Authors: King RJ , Puttock CF
Published: April 2005

The genus Bostrychia Montagne s.l. is reassessed. Two genera are recognised. Bostrychia and Stictosiphonia J.D. Hooker et Harvey, differing from eachother by the number of tiers of pericentral cells per axial cell, the mode of cortication and the number of indeterminate axes. These genera are described and keys are provided to all species. Bostrychia consists of 11 species. One of which, B. tenussima R.J. King et Puttock, sp. nov., is newly described from New Zealand and temperate Australia. Detailed descriptions are given for the other six species, B. harveyi, B. moritziana, B. pinnata, B. radicans, B. simpliciuscula and B. tenella, that occur in the Australasian region. Taxonomic notes are provided for the type of species. B. scorpiodes, which is restricted to western Europe, and three lesser known species, B. callipters, B. montahnei and B. pilulifers, from the Central and South American regions. Stictosiphonia is resurrected and emended. This genus consists of six species, two of which have tropical distributions, S. kelanensis (Grunow ex Post) R.J. King et Puttock, comb. nov. (southern and eastern Asia and northern Australia) and S. tangatensis (Post) R.J. King et Puttock, comb. nov. (eastern Africa and northern Australia). The remaining four species, S. hookeri, S. vaga, S. arbuscula (J. D. Hooker et Harvey) R.J. King et Puttock, comb. nov. and S. gracilis R.J. King et Puttock, sp. nov., have a southern Australian, New Zealand or subAntarctic distribution.
The taxonomy of bracken (Pteridium: Dennstaedtiaceae) in Australia
Authors: Brownsey PJ
Published: April 2005

Investigation of Australian bracken ferns in the genus Pteridium (Dennstaedtiaceae) shows that there is one common and widespread species, P. esculentum, found in all States, and a second species, P. revolutum, confined to north-eastern Queensland and the Northern Territory. Plants first described as P. aquilinum var. yarrabense and more recently referred to P. semihastatum are intermediate in morphology between the other two species and have aborted spores. They are now believed to be sterile hybrids between P. esculentum and P. revolutum. This is the first record of wild hybrids in Pteridium and provides strong evidence that the concept of a monotypic genus is incorrect. Other evidence for speciation within the genus is reviewed.
A revision of Lauraceae in Australia (excluding Cassytha)
Authors: Hyland BPM
Published: April 2005

This study deals with seven of the eight genera represented in Australia. Beilschmiedia: 11 species including 6 new species, B. brunnea, B. castrisinensis, B. collina, B. peninsularis, B. recurva, B. volckii and one new combination B. tooram (Endiandra tooram). Cinnamomum: 5 species. Cryptocarya: 46 species including 21 new species, C. bamagana, C. bellendenkerana, C. clarksoniana, C. claudiana, C. cocosoides, C. dorrigoensis, C. glaucocarpa, C. grandis, C. leucophylla, C. lividula, C. macdonaldii, C. melanocarpa, C. nova-anglica, C. onoprienkoana, C. putida, C. rhodosperma, C. saccharata, C. sclerophylla, C. smaragdina, C. vulgaris, C. williwilliana and two new varieties C. triplinenis var. pubens and C. triplinervis var. riparia. Endiandra: 38 species including 14 new species, E. bellendenkerana, E, bessaphila, E. collinsii, E. cooperana, E. floydii, E. grayi, E. jonesii, E. leptodendron, E. limnophila, E. monothyra, E. phaeocarpa, E. sideroxylon, E. wolfei, E. xanthocarpa and two new subspecies E. muelleri ssp. bracteata and E. monothyra ssp. trichophylla. Lindera: one new species, L. queenslandica. Litsea: 11 species including 4 new species, L. australis, L. bennettii, L. connorsii, L. granitica. Neolitsea: 3 species.
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis as a method for examining phylogenetic relationships between organisms; Its application to the genus Phytophthora
Authors: Howlett BJ
Published: April 2005

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis separates chromosomal-sized pieces of DNA in agarose gels and enables karyotype, genome size and genetic maps to be established for organisms where conventional sexual genetics are difficult. This technique has been applied to two isolates of Phytophthora megasperma. In both isolates (numbers 53 and 63), nine chromosomal DNA bands ranging in size from about 1.4 to 4 million base pairs, were separated; the largest band probably consists of several larger DNAs which were unresolved under all conditions tested. Cytological studies by others have shown that isolate 53 has twice the chromosome complement of isolate 63. Since pulsed field gel electrophoresis indicates that chromosomal DNA in both isolates are identical in size distribution, it is likely the ploidy of this isolate is double that of 63. These two isolates can be distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat unit. In both isolates the length of this repeat unit is 11 kilobase pairs.
A primaeval origin for plant and animal haemoglobins?
Authors: Appleby CA , Dennis ES , Peacock WJ
Published: April 2005

The discovery and study of haemoglobin and its genes in nitrogen-fixing nonleguminous plant root nodules and in the roots of non-nodulated and non-nodulating plants has shown that these haemoglobins, the leghaemoglobins of legume nodules, and animal haemoglobins, all have a common evolutionary origin. It would be simple to assume that they are related by vertical descent from a haemoglobin-containing proto-organism that evolved in the early biosphere some 1500 million years ago, but this might not be so. Recently, haemoglobin has been recognised in Vitreoscilla, a bacterium, and homology between this protein and its gene and animal and plant haemoglobins and their genes is demonstrated. This could mean that bacterial, plant and animal haemoglobins are related by vertical descent from haemoglobin present in a common proto-organism, possibly a primitive archaebacterium, that developed in the early Archean era more than 3500 million years ago. The known properties of contemporary plant and animal haemoglobins and their genes suggest that plant haemoglobin, with its ability to function at nanomolar concentration of free oxygen and its three-intron gene structure, could most resemble this putative primaeval haemoglobin.
Old versus new characters for systematics: Cautionary tales from virology
Authors: Gibbs A , Ding A , Howe J , Keese P , MacKenzie A , Skotnicki M , Srifah P , Torronen M
Published: April 2005

Molecular sequence information about viruses has mostly confirmed the groupings devised by traditional taxonomic methods, but shown in addition that the genes of related species may differ in number, arrangement, orientation and in sequence homology. It has also revealed that true genetic recombination between viruses has been common, even among those with RNA genomes, indeed most virus groups seem to have arisen y recombination. Thus, there is an unexpected wealth of genetic chaos hidden behind the fatade of the phenotype, and it is possible that the difficulties that plant taxonomists have had in identifying the relationships of the major groupings of plants could have similar causes. Nonetheless, molecular taxonomy does give sensible results and this is illustrated by a classification of the large subunit Rubisco proteins of 21 plant species based on their amino acid sequences.
Contributions to a revision of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae): 7–10
Authors: Cowley KJ , Quinn FC , Barlow BA , Craven LA
Published: April 2005

7. The Melaleuca fulgens species group is revised and found to comprise 11 species, of which M. adenostyla and M. apostiba are described as new. Subspecies recognised include M. fulgens subspp. corrugata, based on M. corrugata J. Black ex Eardley, and steedmanii, based on M. steedmanii C. Gardner; and M. macronychia subsp. trygonoides and M. coccinea subspp. eximia and penicula, which are described as new. 8. The Melaleuca laxiflora species group is revised and found to comprise 10 species, of which M. camptoclada and M. ctenoides are described as new. The only subspecies recognised are in M. armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertner) Smith, in which subsp. akineta is described as new. 9. The taxonomy of Melaleuca diosmifolia Andrews, a systematically isolated species, is discussed. 10. A brief summary is presented for the Melaleuca symphyocarpa group which is misplaced in Melaleuca and correctly belongs in Asteromyrtus Schauer.
Araucaria (Araucariaceae) species from Australian tertiary sediments — a micromorphological study
Authors: Hill RS
Published: April 2005

The cuticular micromorphology of four existing and four new species of Araucaria from Australian Tertiary sediments is examined using scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy is very useful for distinguishing species, but less successful for determining the affinities of the fossil species within the genus. Two fossil species, A. balcombensis Selling and A. hastiensis Bigwood & Hill, are closely related to the extant South American species A. araucana (Molina) K. Koch (section Columbea). Five fossil species, A. lignitici Cookson & Duigan, A. planus R. Hill, sp. nov., A. prominens R. Hill, sp. nov., A. readiae R. Hill & Bigwood and A. uncinatus R. Hill, sp. nov., are assigned to section Eutacta, but their affinities within that section are uncertain. One fossil species, A. fimbriatus R. Hill, sp. nov., cannot be placed into a section with confidence. The presence of A. balcombensis and A. hastiensis in south-eastern Australia in the early Tertiary, along with species of Nothofagus in a subgenus now restricted to South America, suggests that there may have been early Tertiary forests in Australia similar to the Araucaria araucana–Nothofagus associations found today near the tree line in the Andes. The presence of at least three Araucaria species at the late Oligocene-early Miocene Monpeelyata deposit suggests that complex araucarian forests similar to those found today in New Caledonia may have been more widespread in the region in the past.
Marine red algae of the Coffs Harbour region, northern New South Wales
Authors: Millar AJK
Published: April 2005

The marine benthic red algae of the Coffs Harbour region are described and illustrated in detail. The survey constitutes the first ever detailed descriptive and illustrative mainland regional monograph of any area along the entire eastern Australian seaboard. Collections made intertidally and to depths of 20 m have included 119 species in 74 genera, 26 families, and 8 orders of Rhodophyta, of which 54 (45%) were previously unrecorded from eastern Australia, 22 (18%) are new records for the whole of Australia (16 being new Southern Hemisphere records), 1 (Dictyothumnion) constitutes a new genus, and 16 (13%) are new species in the genera Gracilaria, Curdiea, Botryocladia, Dictyothamnion, Antithamnion, Ceramium, Callithumnion, Anotrichium, Nitophyllum, Phycodrys, Apoglossum, Dasya, Fernandosiphonia, and Herposiphonia. Also included are major Australian revisions of the genera Martensia and Nitophyllum, and six new combinations are proposed (Chondria infestans, Curdiea angustata, Dasya pilosa, Haraldiophyllum sinuosum, Myriogramme pulchellum, and Stenograrnme phyllophoroides). The Coffs Harbour flora, although related to the north-eastern and, to a lesser degree, southern Australian floras, has a number of species previously known only from much more remote localities, such as Japan (6 species), California (4 species), New Zealand (3 species), India (2 species), South America (2 species), the Galapagos Islands (1 species), China (1 species), South Africa (1 species), and the Mediterranean (1 species). Twelve of the 22 species newly recorded for Australia show a definite western Pacific distribution, a region with which the overall Coffs Harbour flora has strong affinities.
Australasian truffle-like fungi. I. Nomenclatural bibliography of type descriptions of Basidiomycotina
Authors: Castellano MA , Trappe JM
Published: April 2005

This bibliography includes all gastroid (truffle-like) Basidiomycetes originally reported with Australasian mycorrhizal host plants regardless of hemisphere. This work is a bibliographic not a taxonomic treatment, so we present 322 references to type descriptions (basionyms) and an additional 154 references to recombinations and purposely avoid validation of species placement.
Cladistic biogeography of afromontane spiders
Authors: Griswold CE
Published: April 2005

The application of cladistic data is seen as crucial to answering questions regarding the definition, mode of origin and age of historical biogeographic patterns. From the cladograms and distributional data for four groups of afromontane spiders [Microstigmata (Microstigmatidae), the Moggridgea quercina group (Migidae), and the subfamilies Vidoleini and Phyxelidini (Amaurobiidae)] a set of nine disjunct areas of endemism is defined for African and Malagasy forests. Taxonlarea cladograms are combined through a parsimony method to produce a general area cladogram. General conclusions are: (1) Madagascar is related to eastern Africa and/or eastern South Africa rather than being the sister area to all of Africa; (2) eastern South Africa shows affinities with tropical Africa rather than with the nearby Cape region; (3) the Cape region of South Africa is highly distinctive; and (4) the area cladogram is hard to reconcile with historical scenarios involving primarily dispersal or Pleistocene vicariance events, and a Mesozoic origin for parts of the biogeographic pattern for afromontane spiders is possible.
Ocean basins and the biogeography of freshwater fishes
Authors: Parenti LR
Published: April 2005

Geological evolution of the Indian and Pacific Ocean basins, including the Tethys Sea, is relevant to the evolution and distribution of Indo-Pacific freshwater fishes. Area cladograms derived from phylogenetic analyses of atherinomorph fishes are compared, in part, with those for plant bugs, cicadas and bats. Geologically and biologically composite islands in the Indo-Australian archipelago such as New Guinea, Borneo and Sulawesi, are confirmed. If any lines (such as Wallace's, Weber's and so on) are to be drawn, they should pass through these complex islands, not between them, to mark the closing of the ancient Tethys Sea. Sicydiines are a group of circumtropical, insular and coastal, amphidromous gobies: adults live and breed in freshwater, whereas larvae are transported to the sea where they undergo transformation. Sicydiine genera are restricted to ocean basins. Hypotheses of relationships among ocean basins, as indicated by phylogenetic relationships among sicydiine genera and by other, distantly related, aquatic vertebrates and plants, share components. Implications of oceanic biogeographic regions for continental biotas are outlined using South America as an example. A continent is part of the biogeographic regions of all the oceans it contacts.
The eucnemidae of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific — a biogeographical study
Authors: Muona J
Published: April 2005

Eighty-nine eucnemid genera occur in the region from South-east Asia to the south-west Pacific. The phylogenies of 84 of these were used together with the present-day distributions of the species to analyse the biogeographical history of the area. Fifty-seven genera shared a pattern coinciding with the traditional model of Laurasia–Gondwana break-up. Six genera showed a pattern contradicting the model. The remaining 21 genera neither supported nor refuted the model. Twenty-five genera were observed to include an Indomalesian clade younger than the South America–Australia connection. This biogeographical unit consisted of present-day South-east Asia and the Sunda islands, but did not include the Philippine Islands and Sulawesi. In addition to this Indomalesian clade, three separate clades involving northern Australia or New Guinea were observed, New Guinea–Australia, New Guinea–Philippines–Sulawesi and New Guinea–Fiji. The possible presence of four separate areas in the general region of New Guinea–north Australia as the result of the Cretaceous geological events is suggested. Three of these, in the area of present-day New Guinea, originally sharing sister-groups with the north-eastern Australian isolate, are regarded as the sources of the New Guinea–Indomalesia, New Guinea–Philippines and New Guinea–Fiji faunas after northward drifting of the Australian continent. During the Oligocene–Miocene these source areas were flooded and their original fauna lost. When the present-day New Guinea emerged, it was invaded from the north-eastern Australian region. This invasion created new New Guinea–Australia connections and brought in the sister-groups of the old New Guinea source areas as well. The eucnemids of Vanuatu, Samoa and Tonga are regarded as having originated in connection with dispersal from Fiji. The New Zealand fauna has strong, old connections with that of south-eastern Australia, but other complex connections are indicated. The Eocene Baltic Amber fauna agrees well with the results obtained from extant species. The species belonging to five fossil genera belong to Gondwanan groups that seem to have invaded the Holarctic via Central America. Four other fossil genera showing discordant patterns belong to the group of six genera exhibiting these aberrant patterns even today. The eucnemid fauna of the region is of Gondwanic origin. Only six Laurasian genera have invaded the area, all of them apparently quite recently.
Contributions towards a revision of Daviesia Smith (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). II.* The D. Latifolia group
Authors: Crisp MD
Published: April 2005

The Daviesia latifolia group, consisting of 16 species from eastern and southern Australia with horizontally flattened, non-pungent phyllodes, more or less united upper calyx-lobes and confluent anther-cells, is revised. Multivariate analysis (ordination and classification) of morphometric data is used to resolve the D. mimosoides/buxifolia species complex. As a result. one new species, D. elliptica, is segregated from D. buxifolia, and a new montane subspecies (acris) is recognised within D. mimosoides. Relationships of all taxa in the D. latifolia group are studied using cladistic analysis. A cline linking D. leptophylla with D. mimosoides through a hybrid zone is described from the Tinderry Mountains near Canberra. Daviesia elliptica, D. laevis, D. mimosoides subsp. acris, D. newbeyi, D. pauciflora and D. suaveolens are described as new, and D. mimosoides var. laifiora is raised to species rank. Twelve natural hybrids are briefly described.* Part I, Aust . Syst . Bot., 1990, 3, 241–51.
Floral development and systematic position of Eucalyptus curtisii (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Drinnan AN , Ladiges PY
Published: April 2005

The corolla of E. curtisii Blakely & White clearly consists of free, imbricate parts that closely adhere by their cuticles. Ontogenetic investigation of the corolline parts did not reveal any suggestion of morphological duality that characteristically leads to the complex 'petals' in Angophora and other eucalypts. The stamen primordia are initiated on the inner flank of the invaginated floral apex, and at anthesis are inserted on the rim of the hypanthium. There is no evidence of a stemonophore distinctive of the informal subgenera Eudesmia, Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus. The possession of the plesiomorphic condition for both these characters is suggestive of a 'primitive' position for E. curtisii close to the root of the eucalypt phylogenetic tree. This is supported by the possession of several other characters that are apparently plesiomorphic for Eucalyptus sens. lat.
Taxonomy, cytology and ecology of indigenous Australian sorghums (Sorghum Moench: Andropogoneae: Poaceae)
Authors: Lazarides M , Hacker JB , Andrew MH
Published: April 2005

The indigenous component in Australian sorghums comprises 17 species and 1 variety of which 14 species and the variety are endemic, and 8 taxa are new. Sorghum brevicallosum is reduced to a synonym of S. timorense, which also includes S. australiense. Four previously established, subgenera are accepted with modified circumscriptions and floristic compositions. On morphological evidence, subgenus Stiposorghum represents the most advanced members and subgenus Para-Sorghum the most primitive. Some taxa are polymorphic; others exhibit unique features. Characters relating to pubescence, pruinosity, nervation, lodicules and caryopsis are considered to be unspecialised. First chromosome counts are recorded for eight species. Polyploidy characterises the indigenous species, which comprise diploids, tetraploids, hexaploids and octaploids. Ploidy levels are consistent within the majority of species, but vary in some. The chromosomes of S. macrospermum are markedly smaller than those of any other indigenous species. Cleistogamy occurs in S. laxiflorum. Some species are habitat-specific; many are widely adaptable. With few exceptions, the annual species have restricted distributions. Ecological aspects discussed include seed dormancy and germination, the effects of fire, and patterns of vegetative and floral development phases. Nutritionally, the herbage of both annual and perennial species is deficient in macronutrients, and lacks sufficient N and P to maintain beef cattle. Only the seedheads of S. macrospermum have similar N and P concentrations to those in the grain of the cereal S. bicolor, and in the past they were an important source of starchy food for Aborigines. All the indigenous taxa constitute a genetic resource for potential utilisation by plant breeders.
A taxonomic revision of Tylophora R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae) in Australia
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

The genus Tylophora R. Br. is revised for mainland Australia and is represented by 12 species with T. rupicola, T. williamsii and T. linearis newly described and T. cinerascens a new combination based on Marsdenia cinerascens R. Br. Lectotypes are selected for four names.
A taxonomic revision of Sarcostemma R.Br. subgenus Sarcostemma (Asclepiadaceae: Asclepiadeae) in Australia
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

A taxonomic revision is provided of the genus Sarcostemma R. Br. subgenus Sarcostemma in Australia. Two species are recognised, S. brevipedicellatum P. Forster, sp. nov. and S. viminale (L.) R. Br. S. viminale has two subspecies in Australia, S. viminale subsp. brunonianum (Wight & Arn.) P. Forster, comb, et stat. nov. and S. viminale subsp. australe (R. Br.), P. Forster, comb. et stat. nov.
Cratystylis, an isolated genus of the Asteraceae–Cichorioideae
Authors: Anderberg AA , Karis PO , El-Ghazaly G
Published: April 2005

Based on available data from morphology, palynology and phytochemistry, the systematic position of the genus Cratystylis (Asteraceae) is reevaluated. The character distribution is discussed and compared to that of other Asteraceae tribes. A cladistic parsimony analysis is undertaken to elucidate the results of the comparison. Cratystylis is removed from the vicinity of the Inuleae s.l., and a new tentative position among the tribes of the paraphyletic 'Cichorioideae' is proposed for this isolated genus. The pollen of Cratystylis is described and illustrated.
Tropical Australian freshwater fungi. I. Some ascomycetes
Authors: Hyde KD
Published: April 2005

Three fungi considered new to science were collected from submerged wood, at Millaa Millaa Falls in north Queensland, Australia. Ascagilis bipolaris, gen. et sp. nov., Aniptodera lignatilis, sp. nov. and Massarina australiensis, sp. nov. are described and illustrated.
Corrigenda — A revision of the genus Aristida (Poaceae) in Australia
Authors: Simon BK
Published: April 2005

In this paper 56 species, 15 infra-specific taxa (13 varieties and 2 subspecies) and one interspecific hybrid of Aristida from Australia are revised taxonomically. Three new sections, Calycinae, Perniciosae and Macrocladae, are recognised and described. A. borealis is placed in synonymy with A. sciuroides, and A. ramosa var. speciosa and A. ramosa var. scaberula are placed in synonymy with A. personata and A. echinata respectively. The classification of Aristida, both internally and relative to its allied genera, is discussed fully. The DELTA system has been used to generate descriptions of all taxa and a complete list of all characters used is given. The methods used in the compilation of data and characters found to be the most diagnostic are discussed and brief entries are given under the headings of ecology, anatomy and phylogeny. There is a key to all species and infra-specific taxa and these are all grouped in the key within sections. The descriptions are grouped into their constituent sections. Illustrations of the spikelets and distribution maps of all Australian entities are given as well as world distribution maps of Aristida sections previously recognised. An accompanying microfiche contains information on approximately 9000 exsiccatae examined.