bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lingüística de corpus y habla infantil: fundamentos para el diseño de una muestra de datos con valor
Authors: Figueiredo Palacios Pablo
Published: July 2019

El presente artículo detalla la construcción de una muestra de datos con significación sobre la cual investigar, de manera comparada, la emergencia del componente fónico en el período de 1;6 a 3;6 en dos entornos idiomáticos (español peninsular e inglés americano). Se abordan dos cuestiones sobre la lingüística de corpus, como son la representatividad de los datos y el tratamiento de los mismos (se confrontan las perspectivas corpus-based y corpus-driven) en los repertorios de datos de habla infantil. Se analizan, asimismo, los proyectos CHILDES y PhonBank, que constituyen las fuentes de las que provienen los datos. Y se explican detalladamente los criterios psicolingüísticos manejados y su relevancia para el diseño de la muestra de datos.

This paper deals with the elaboration of a significative sample which will be used to study, comparatively, the emergence of the phonological component in children aged 1;6 – 3;6 in American English and Peninsular Spanish. Two issues concerning corpus linguistics will be addressed, namely, the representativeness of data and its treatment (corpus-based and corpus-driven approaches shall be discussed) in child language corpora. The sources of our data, the projects CHILDES and PhonBank, will also be analyzed. Additionally, the psycholinguistic criteria which we shall employ will be closely scrutinized, as well as their relevance in the design of the data sample.
Projecte per a la conceptualització de cursos massius (MOOC) a la UOC
Authors: Conejero Arto Israel
Published: July 2019

En este trabajo se hace una aproximación exhaustiva a la fase de conceptualización en la producción de cursos masivos, tomando como base el conocimiento de experiencias en MOOC de la Universidad Abierta de Cataluña misma, pero también de todo el mundo. El resultado del trabajo se concibe como herramienta de acompañamiento que deberá ayudar a encontrar respuestas a las cuestiones sobre las implicaciones en el management de la creación de cursos masivos y los recursos que se necesitan. Se dirige especialmente al colectivo de profesionales UOC que participen en la producción de este tipo de cursos.
Conformational change within the extracellular domain of B cell receptor in B cell activation upon antigen binding
Authors: Shen Zhixun , Liu Sichen , Li Xinxin , Wan Zhengpeng , Mao Youxiang , Chen Chunlai , Liu Wanli
Published: July 2019

B lymphocytes use B cell receptors (BCRs) to recognize antigens. It is still not clear how BCR transduces antigen-specific physical signals upon binding across cell membrane for the conversion to chemical signals, triggering downstream signaling cascades. It is hypothesized that through a series of conformational changes within BCR, antigen engagement in the extracellular domain of BCR is transduced to its intracellular domain. By combining site-specific labeling methodology and FRET-based assay, we monitored conformational changes in the extracellular domains within BCR upon antigen engagement. Conformational changes within heavy chain of membrane-bound immunoglobulin (mIg), as well as conformational changes in the spatial relationship between mIg and Igβ were observed. These conformational changes were correlated with the strength of BCR activation and were distinct in IgM- and IgG-BCR. These findings provide molecular mechanisms to explain the fundamental aspects of BCR activation and a framework to investigate ligand-induced molecular events in immune receptors.
Structure and ion physiology of Brasenia schreberi glandular trichomes in vivo
Authors: Yang Chaodong , Zhang Xia , Zhang Fan , Wang Xiaoe , Wang Qingfeng
Published: July 2019

Brasenia schreberi is a critically endangered aquatic basal angiosperm. In this work, we characterized the structure of the glandular trichomes of B. schreberi morphologically and histochemically. We used a variety of structural, histochemical and permeability stains for the characterization, and we tested the effects of stress in vivo using NaCl and ethanol. We observed that the glandular trichome of B. schreberi are composed of two disk-like stalk cells, and a glandular cell which surround a cuticular storage space. The cuticle is discontinuous at the surface of the shoots. Nearly half of young trichomes senesced in 0.9% NaCl, and mature trichomes senesced at 1.8% NaCl. About half of young trichomes senesced under 3% ethanol and mature trichomes senesced in 2% ethanol after 20 min of treatment. The physiology of glandular trichomes affects the way they secrete mucilage via storage space at a young stage. The trichomes become permeable and absorb ions when mature. This transition depends on the osmiophilic material and the dynamic protoplast. It can accelerate senescence and disassembly by ion accumulation. Permeability tests and ion treatments of glandular trichomes provide new insights for fertilizer research. Our study highlights the structure and physiology of B. schreberi glandular trichomes.
An attention bias test to assess anxiety states in laying hens
Authors: Campbell Dana L.M. , Taylor Peta S. , Hernandez Carlos E. , Stewart Mairi , Belson Sue , Lee Caroline
Published: July 2019

Fear is a response to a known threat, anxiety is a response to a perceived threat. Both of these affective states can be detrimental to animal welfare in modern housing environments. In comparison to the well-validated tests for assessing fear in laying hens, tests for measuring anxiety are less developed. Perception of a threat can result in an attention bias that may indicate anxious affective states in individual hens following playback of an alarm call. In Experiment 1, an attention bias test was applied to hens that differed in their range access to show that hens that never ranged were more vigilant (stretching of the neck and looking around:P< 0.001) and slower to feed following the second alarm call playback (P= 0.01) compared with hens that ranged daily. All hens showed a reduction in comb temperature following the first alarm call (P< 0.001). In Experiment 2, an open field test was used to determine an effective dose of 2 mg/kg for the anxiogenic drugmeta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) in adult laying hens. Hens dosed with 2 mg/kg showed reduced locomotion compared with a saline solution (P< 0.05). In Experiment 3, 2 mg/kgm-CPP or saline was administered to adult hens previously habituated to the open field arena to pharmacologically validate an attention bias test as a measure of anxiety. Hens dosed withm-CPP were slower to feed (P= 0.02) and faster to vocalize following a second alarm call playback (P= 0.03) but these hens did not exhibit the same vigilance behavior as documented in Experiment 1. Them-CPP hens also spent more time stepping and vocalizing (bothP< 0.001) than the saline hens. An attention bias test could be used to assess anxiety. However, behavioral responses of hens may vary depending on their age or test environment familiarity, thus further refinement of the test is required. In these tests, 2 mg/kg ofm-CPP resulted in motionless behavior when the environment was novel, but more movement and vocalizing when the environment was familiar. The extreme behavioral phenotypes exhibited by individually-tested birds may both be indicators of negative states.
Bioinformatics analysis of microarray data to identify the candidate biomarkers of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Guo Tingting , Ma Hongtao , Zhou Yubai
Published: July 2019

Background

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the major subtype of lung cancer and the most lethal malignant disease worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LUAD are not fully understood.

Methods

Four datasets (GSE118370,GSE85841,GSE43458andGSE32863) were obtained from the gene expression omnibus (GEO). Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment analysis were performed using the limma and clusterProfiler packages, respectively. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database, and the module analysis was performed by Cytoscape. Then, overall survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier curve, and prognostic candidate biomarkers were further analyzed using the Oncomine database.

Results

Totally, 349 DEGs were identified, including 275 downregulated and 74 upregulated genes which were significantly enriched in the biological process of extracellular structure organization, leukocyte migration and response to peptide. The mainly enriched pathways were complement and coagulation cascades, malaria and prion diseases. By extracting key modules from the PPI network, 11 hub genes were screened out. Survival analysis showed that except VSIG4, other hub genes may be involved in the development of LUAD, in which MYH10, METTL7A, FCER1G and TMOD1 have not been reported previously to correlated with LUAD. Briefly, novel hub genes identified in this study will help to deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of LUAD carcinogenesis and progression, and to discover candidate targets for early detection and treatment of LUAD.
Priming Methods: Alternative Strategy to Improve Seed and Seedling Performance of Soursop (Annona muricata)
Authors: Najorda D. J. A. , Rosales R. J. G.
Published: July 2019

The evaluation of seed priming methods on the seed and seedling performance of soursop was conducted January 9 to April 3, 2019 in San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte, Philippines.  The study was conducted to investigate the effect of seed priming methods  capable of breaking dormancy; improve germination rate; determine the seed vigor of soursop; and identify the best seed priming method that provide better seedling performance. The experimental  treatments (unprimed and three priming methods, hydropriming, halopriming and hormonal priming) were laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. A     total of 20 polyethylene bags were used per treatment per replication with one seed sown in every bag.

Alternative way to improve seed and seedling performance is the use of these seed priming methods. The seed and seedling performance of soursop were significantly affected by priming methods. Primed seeds had higher percentage germination rate (PGR) than unprimed seeds. But numerically, the highest PGR was hydropriming. Hormonal priming produced significantly taller seedlings at 10 and 40 days after emergence (DAE) than unprimed seeds and more leaves per seedling at 30 to 50 DAE. Hormonal, hydropriming and halopriming produced significantly higher fresh weight of seedlings than unprimed seeds.
Long Term Effects of Integrated Plant Nutrition System on Rice Yield, Nitrogen Dynamics and Biochemical Properties in Soil of Rice-rice Cropping System
Authors: Sarkar Md. Imran Ullah , Jahan Afsana , Haque Md. Mozammel , Islam S. M. Mofijul , Ahmed Md. Nayeem , Islam Md. Rafiqul
Published: July 2019

Long term fertilization from manure and fertilizer influences crop yield as well as soil nutrient cycling. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted from 2010 to 2014 in order to observe the long term effects of integrated application of manure and fertilizers on rice yield, soil nitrogen dynamics and soil biochemical properties. The field experiment was carried out in a rice-fallow-rice cropping pattern under wetland condition with four fertilizer management practices: NPKS fertilizer as soil test based (STB), Cow dung (CD) @ 3 t ha-1 + NPKS as integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS) [CD+IPNS], Poultry manure (PM) @ 2 t ha-1 + NPKS as IPNS [PM+IPNS] and N control. The rice grain yield, soil N dynamics and the biochemical properties assessed in our study significantly varied with the organic sources used in IPNS system. The annual grain yield of double cropped rice with PM+IPNS was similar to the STB treatment over the five cropping years while CD+IPNS responded from the third year. After five years of rice cropping PM+IPNS showed better impact on soil nitrogen dynamics and biochemical properties compared to STB fertilizer management. Considering the soil health, our study suggests that PM+IPNS could be a good practice for sustainable rice production in long run reducing the use of chemical fertilizer.
Exploratory Studies on Occurrence and Potential Benefits of High Fruit Yielding Reproductive Phenophasic Variants of Pithecellobium dulce in Augmenting Fruit Based Semi-arid Agro Forestry Systems
Authors: Narayan Jai Prakash
Published: July 2019

Background: Pithecellobium dulce is a multipurpose legume tree species of high ecological significance. Several reports indicate existence of huge genetic diversity within the natural population of the species. Various morphological parameters have been used to assess intra species genetic diversity, however, there is no report available so far on diversities in reproductive phenology of P. dulce of semi-arid or arid climate.

Methods: The present paper is based on assessment of diversity in flowering phenophases through construction of phenological calendar incorporating temporally observable morpho-phenotypic descriptors for reproductive behaviour of individual trees comprising natural population of the species at designated study sites during a period of three years. The study was carried out during September, 2015 and March, 2019 at Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. Data were periodically obtained and statistically analyzed.

Results: Majority of trees of flowering stage (89.94%) exhibited normal or winter blooms in which flowering was initiated in almost synchronized manner during December; 10.05% of normal blooming trees inconsistently showed additional early or autumn blooms during either September or October or November; 2.58% of trees exhibited early blooms in which flowering was consistently initiated in the month of September in addition to normal blooms. The overall production and availability of fresh fruits in early-cum-normal episodic blooming trees were greater as compared to only normal blooming trees. Though, the numerical fruit productivity in winter blooms was superior to autumn, the pomometric characteristics were inferior in former in early-cum-normal episodic blooming trees.

Conclusion: The methodology is a novel experimental approach to assess diversities in reproductive phenology of seed raised population of high value fruit bearing economically important tree species. The present work explores agronomically valuable variants of P. dulce and also reports causes of appearance of persistent fruits and sporadic in-situ germination of seeds. Based on above findings, the paper also makes evolutionary predictions that how a shift in flowering phenology of P. dulce as exhibited by the elite variants could have long-term implications for reshaping of future landscapes of semi-arid or arid climate. Conclusively, Winter to autumn phenophasic shift in flowering in P. dulce is economically productive, evolutionarily progressive, and environmentally well cued partial retrieval under semi-arid conditions. Moreover, the phenophasic variants could serve as candidate plus trees that deserve out of the season floral management and clonal propagation, thereby the species may get a fillip to status up gradation from minor fruits to major fruit category.
Reproductive Health Attitudes among the Youths: A Cross Sectional Comparison between Students from Different Health Science Departments in Turkey
Authors: Guneri Sezer Er , Sen Selma , Ozmen Dilek
Published: July 2019

This study aimed to determine attitudes towards reproductive health among young university students who will be playing important role as future healthcare professionals. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The research population consisted of 1126 individuals and the research sample was 1096. The study data were collected by using two forms “Information Form” and Reproductive Health Scale (RHS). The students’ mean age was 21.11±1.91. Nearly of the students (78.6%) were females, 75.5% of the students had information about reproductive health, 59.4% of them had obtained information through the mass media, and the female students were much better informed than the male students. The RHS mean score was 139.66±23.58 and 60.5% of the students obtained a score above the mean. Being female increased the scores for the sub-dimensions of Partner Selection and Values in Developing Preventive Behaviors. The results of this study show that the attitudes of the young people studying at the College of Health towards reproductive health were generally positive, but that they were not adequately reflected in their behaviors. Conclusion and recommendation: Further research is needed to reveal why the knowledge and attitudes of the students did not lead to appropriate behaviors.
Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Nigella sativa and Ocimum gratissimum on Electrolyte, Urea, Creatinine of Wistar Rat
Authors: Franca Okoye Ngozi , Prince Benjamin
Published: July 2019

Aim: Effects of aqueous extracts of Nigella sativa (black seed) and Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) on electrolytes, urea and creatinine of Wistar rats were investigated.

Materials and Method: Twenty-five Wistar rats were used for the study, the rats were arranged into five groups with five rats in each of the groups. The rats had access to their normal feed but sucrose and margarine were used to induce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia respectively on the rats with the exception of the rats in the positive control group. The rats in the negative control were induced using the sucrose and margarine but were not treated using the aqueous extracts. The rats in the scent leaf group were treated with 2 ml of scent leaf aqueous extract, while the rats in the black seed group were treated with 2 ml of black seed aqueous extract. The rats in the black seed and scent leaf group were treated with 2 ml of the combined aqueous extract.

Results: The result showed that the extracts decreased the levels of the electrolytes in the rats in a time-dependent manner with the highest decrease obtained on the third week of treatment with the extracts. The sodium levels (mmol/ml) on the third week of treatment showed for the negative control (193.83 ± 2.96), scent leaf (125.80 ± 8.27), black seed (119.60 ± 6.24), black seed and scent leaf (110.93 ± 10.14) (p<0.05).  The decrease for potassium levels (mEql/l) on the third week of treatment, showed for the negative control (0.11 ± 0.05), scent leaf (0.09 ± 0.14), black seed (0.08 ± 0.10), black seed and scent leaf (0.06 ± 0.11). Furthermore, the extracts also had a decreasing effect on the urea and creatinine in a time-dependent manner with the highest decrease obtained on the third week of treatment (p>0.05).  The urea levels (mmol/ml)) showed for the negative control (26.64 ± 0.33), scent leaf (16.73 ± 0.88), black seed (15.86 ± 2.31) and black seed and scent leaf (12.88 ± 1.98). The decrease for creatinine levels (mmol/l) showed for negative control (662.68 ± 18.00), scent leaf (287.10 ± 12.30), black seed (192.44 ± 10.44) and black seed and scent leaf (188.66 ± 10.88.

Conclusion: The extracts significantly decreased the elevated electrolytes, urea and creatinine levels and therefore scent leaf and black seed can be used to restore kidney function.
Evaluation of Agronomic Performance of Amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus cv. BRS Alegria) in Times and Seed Densities
Authors: Pittelkow Fábio Kempim , Bianchini Aloisio , Pereira Pedro Silvério Xavier , Belufi Luana Maria de Rossi , Bianchini Maria das Graças , Rosa Rodrigo Pengo
Published: July 2019

The genus Amaranthus comprises several species of the Amaranthaceae family whose leaves and seeds are regularly consumed as food by populations in several countries, among which Brazil is not yet included. The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive potential of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus cv. BRS Alegria) as a function of different seasons and sowing densities in succession to the soybean crop in the region of Lucas do Rio Verde, MT. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with four replications, in a 5x4 factorial scheme. The first factor refers to the five sowing seasons (16/02/2013; 26/02/2013; 05/03/2013; 20/03/2013 and 05/04/2013) and the second factor the four sowing densities (11.4, 20.0, 28.5 and 37.1 ppt m-2). The evaluated characteristics were: plant height (AP, in meters); stem diameter (DC, in millimeters); panicle length (CP, in millimeters); dry panicle mass (MSP, in g); dry mass of stalk (MSC, in g); sheet dry mass (MSF, in g); total dry mass (MST, in g); final population of plants (POP, in plants ha-1); productivity (PROD, in kg ha-1). The experimental data were submitted to analysis of variance and when means were significant the Tukey test to was utilized to compare the means. There was significant difference (p>0.05) in sowing density between the seasons, thus validating the variation of the desired sowing density between the seasons. The obtained real population and the different seasons of sowing were adopted as sources of variation of the other evaluated attributes. The later sows determined a longer time interval between sowing and panicle emission, as well as harvesting. The cumulative precipitation until the panicle and harvesting emission showed a great reduction as a function of the planting times. It is concluded that the productivity of the Amaranth crop is influenced directly by the number of plants per square meter and by the sowing season in succession the soybean crop.
Population Fluctuation of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Domestic Orchards in the Paraíba Swamp Region, Brazil
Authors: Silva Joálisson G. Da , Brito Carlos Henrique De , Oliveira Robério De , Corsato Clarice D. A. , Gonzaga Kennedy S. , Pinto José Ricardo L. , Silva Jocélia G. Da
Published: July 2019

Knowledge about the population fluctuation of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important tool for control methods adoption as recommended by Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The objective of the research was to evaluate the fruit flies population fluctuation in eight domestic orchards from Paraíba swamp region and to correlate this information with the plant phenology as well as the meteorological elements. This research was developed in two rural properties of each municipality, georeferenced, identified according to fruit species diversity criterion. Adult fruit flies capture were realized by plastic traps containing 300 ml of 5.0% hydrolyzed protein aqueous solution (Bio Anastrepha®) as food attractant. Climatic data were obtained daily by thermo hygrometers and through the Executive Agency of Water Management of the State of Paraíba - AESA. During the study period, a total of 3.159 fruit flies were collected, with 10 species belonging to the genus Anastrepha and one of the genus Ceratitis. Fruit flies infestation was observed monthly for both genera, Anastrepha and Ceratitis, however, this first stood out in the whole year. The MAD (captured flies number/traps installed number/collection days number) index in a few municipalities was superior to 0.5 being recommended to do fruit flies control in these areas. The seasonal occurrences, as well as the Tephritidae infestation rates in the domestic orchards are related to the availability of fruits.
Structural insights into repression of the Pneumococcal fatty acid synthesis pathway by repressor FabT and co‐repressor acyl‐ACP
Authors: Zuo Gang , Chen Zhi‐Peng , Jiang Yong‐Liang , Zhu Zhongliang , Ding Chengtao , Zhang Zhiyong , Chen Yuxing , Zhou Cong‐Zhao , Li Qiong
Published: July 2019

The Streptococcus pneumoniae fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway is globally controlled at the transcriptional level by the repressor FabT and its co‐repressor acyl carrier protein (acyl‐ACP), the intermediate of phospholipid synthesis. Here, we report the crystal structure of FabT complexed with a 23‐bp dsDNA, which indicates that FabT is a weak repressor with low DNA‐binding affinity in the absence of acyl‐ACP. Modification of ACP with a long‐chain fatty acid is necessary for the formation of a stable complex with FabT, mimicked in vitro by cross‐linking, which significantly elevates the DNA‐binding affinity of FabT. Altogether, we propose a putative working model of gene repression under the double control of FabT and acyl‐ACP, elucidating a distinct repression network for Pneumococcus to precisely coordinate FAS.
Hut AO/architecture space under sloping site
Authors: Kuno Yasuhiro , Odaki Takeshi , Sakamoto Kazunari
Published: July 2019

In this project, we attempted to create a contemporary residential space under sloping site conditions. Within the house, the main space is arranged along the inclination, and small spaces that continue in a vertical direction from the main space are included in a small box‐type form with large eaves. The interior space is composed of articulated floors into a skip floor style which are connected by gentle stairs on the slope site. The interior space is felt like expanded and connected to the exterior space under the big eaves. As a result, a neutral and gentle space appeared with ambiguous form and its ordinary scale.
Experimental study and modeling of weeping rate in rectangular large‐scale valve trays
Authors: Wang Jun , Zhou Xin , Gao Ben , Huang Chunxiang , Sun Jiarui , Sun Xueni , Shao Hui , Ma Jiangquan , Leng Yixin
Published: July 2019

Weeping is an important hydraulic parameter that needs to be considered for valve trays and for calculations in the distillation field. Therefore, the accurate prediction of weep rate is crucial for the optimal design of valve trays. First, the effects of gas and liquid loads and weir height on weep rate, tray pressure drop, and actual bubbling area were studied in a 1.5 m × 0.61 m cold simulator. Second, the weep modes on the valve tray were analyzed in detail. A theoretical model was then derived to calculate weeping. The model showed a clear relationship between the weep rate and the fractional bubbling area. The experimental data showed that the weir height substantially affected the orifice coefficient of the liquid passing through the valve. Finally, the relation between weir height and orifice coefficient was obtained by fitting the experimental data. The agreements were good, and the maximum deviations were approximately 25%.
Partnering with Native Communities to Develop a Culturally Grounded Intervention for Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Skewes Monica C. , Hallum‐Montes Rachel , Gardner Scott A. , Blume Arthur W. , Ricker Adriann , FireMoon Paula
Published: July 2019

Studies have documented serious disparities in drug and alcohol‐related morbidity and mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) compared to other ethnic groups in the U.S. despite high rates of abstinence in these groups. Further complicating these health disparities are barriers to accessing evidence‐based treatments that are culturally appropriate and acceptable. As part of a research program to promote health equity in rural communities, we developed an academic‐community partnership to create a culturally grounded intervention for adults with substance use disorder (SUD) residing on a rural AI reservation. We describe the early phases of our long‐term Community Based Participatory Research project and report findings from the first study we conducted. This key informant interview study consisted of in‐depth qualitative interviews with 25 tribal members knowledgeable about substance use and recovery on the reservation. The goal was to understand social norms and cultural conceptualizations of substance use to inform the development of a sustainable, community‐driven intervention. Participants reported that a holistic approach to recovery that emphasizes spiritual, cultural, and interpersonal harmony and connectedness was important to the community and would be necessary for the intervention to succeed. They also emphasized the need for a multi‐level intervention targeting individuals, families, and the community as a whole. Through this initial study, we not only gained valuable information that will be used to guide future research and treatment efforts, but we also strengthened our partnership and built trust with the community. In this manuscript we tell the story of the development of our project and describe our shared vision for future directions.
Morphological integration affects the evolution of midline cranial base, lateral basicranium, and face across primates
Authors: Neaux Dimitri , Wroe Stephen , Ledogar Justin A. , Heins Ledogar Sarah , Sansalone Gabriele
Published: July 2019

Objectives

The basicranium and face are two integrated bony structures displaying great morphological diversity across primates. Previous studies in hominids determined that the basicranium is composed of two independent modules: the midline basicranium, mostly influenced by brain size, and the lateral basicranium, predominantly associated with facial shape. To better assess how morphological integration impacts the evolution of primate cranial shape diversity, we test to determine whether the relationships found in hominids are retained across the order.

Materials and methods

Three‐dimensional landmarks (29) were placed on 143 computed tomography scans of six major clades of extant primate crania. We assessed the covariation between midline basicranium, lateral basicranium, face, and endocranial volume using phylogenetically informed partial least squares analyses and phylogenetic generalized least squares models.

Results

We found significant integration between lateral basicranium and face and between midline basicranium and face. We also described a significant correlation between midline basicranium and endocranial volume but not between lateral basicranium and endocranial volume.

Discussion

Our findings demonstrate a significant and pervasive integration in the craniofacial structures across primates, differing from previous results in hominids. The uniqueness of module organization in hominids may explain this distinction. We found that endocranial volume is significantly integrated to the midline basicranium but not to the lateral basicranium. This finding underlines the significant effect of brain size on the shape of the midline structures of the cranial base in primates. With the covariations linking the studied features defined here, we suggest that future studies should focus on determining the causal links between them.
An Intracerebral Hemorrhage Care Bundle Is Associated with Lower Case Fatality
Authors: Parry‐Jones Adrian R. , Sammut‐Powell Camilla , Paroutoglou Kyriaki , Birleson Emily , Rowland Joshua , Lee Stephanie , Cecchini Luca , Massyn Mark , Emsley Richard , Bray Benjamin , Patel Hiren
Published: July 2019

Objective

Anticoagulation reversal, intensive blood pressure lowering, neurosurgery, and access to critical care might all be beneficial in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We combined and implemented these as the “ABC” hyperacute care bundle and sought to determine whether the implementation was associated with lower case fatality.

Methods

The ABC bundle was implemented from June 1, 2015 to May 31, 2016. Key process targets were set, and a registry captured consecutive patients. We compared 30‐day case fatality before, during, and after bundle implementation with multivariate logistic regression and used mediation analysis to determine which care process measures mediated any association. Difference‐in‐difference analysis compared 30‐day case fatality with 32,295 patients with ICH from 214 other hospitals in England and Wales using Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme data.

Results

A total of 973 ICH patients were admitted in the study period. Compared to before implementation, the adjusted odds of death by 30 days were lower in the implementation period (odds ratio [OR] = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.38–0.97, p = 0.03), and this was sustained after implementation (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24–0.61, p < 0.0001). Implementation of the bundle was associated with a 10.8 percentage point (95% CI = −17.9 to −3.7, p = 0.003) reduction in 30‐day case fatality in difference‐in‐difference analysis. The total effect of the care bundle was mediated by a reduction in do‐not‐resuscitate orders within 24 hours (52.8%) and increased admission to critical care (11.1%).

Interpretation

Implementation of the ABC care bundle was significantly associated with lower 30‐day case fatality after ICH. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:495–503
A Facile Molecular Machine: Optically Triggered Counterion Migration by Charge Transfer of Linear Donor‐π‐Acceptor Phosphonium Fluorophores
Authors: Belyaev Andrey , Cheng Yu‐Hsuan , Liu Zong‐Ying , Karttunen Antti J. , Chou Pi‐Tai , Koshevoy Igor O.
Published: July 2019

The D‐π‐A type phosphonium salts in which electron acceptor (A=‐+PR3) and donor (D=‐NPh2) groups are linked by polarizable π‐conjugated spacers show intense fluorescence that is classically ascribed to excited‐state intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Unexpectedly, salts with π=‐(C6H4)n‐ and ‐(C10H6C6H4)‐ exhibit an unusual dual emission (F1 and F2 bands) in weakly polar or nonpolar solvents. Time‐resolved fluorescence studies show a successive temporal evolution from the F1 to F2 emission, which can be rationalized by an ICT‐driven counterion migration. Upon optically induced ICT, the counterions move from ‐+PR3 to ‐NPh2 and back in the ground state, thus achieving an ion‐transfer cycle. Increasing the solvent polarity makes the solvent stabilization dominant, and virtually stops the ion migration. Providing that either D or A has ionic character (by static ion‐pair stabilization), the ICT‐induced counterion migration should not be uncommon in weakly polar to nonpolar media, thereby providing a facile avenue for mimicking a photoinduced molecular machine‐like motion.
Gezielte Singulett‐Sauerstofferzeugung durch bioorthogonale DNA‐basierte Tetrazin‐Ligation
Authors: Linden Greta , Zhang Lei , Pieck Fabian , Linne Uwe , Kosenkov Dmitri , Tonner Ralf , Vázquez Olalla
Published: July 2019

Wir berichten über die Verwendung von bioorthogonalen Reaktionen als innovative Strategie in der photodynamischen Therapie, um gleichzeitig eine gezielte Phototoxizität und eine spezifische subzelluläre Lokalisation zu erreichen. Unsere neuartigen halogenierten BODIPY‐Tetrazin‐Sonden werden in Gegenwart eines geeigneten Dienophils über eine intrazelluläre Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion mit inversem Elektronenbedarf zu effizienten Photosensibilisatoren (ΦΔ≈0.50). Ab‐initio‐Berechnungen zeigen eine aktivierungsabhängige Änderung der Zerfallskanäle, die die 1O2‐Erzeugung steuern. Unser bioorthogonaler Ansatz ermöglicht weiterhin eine räumliche Kontrolle. Als Proof‐of‐Concept demonstrieren wir hier die Möglichkeit einer selektiven Aktivierung unseres ruhenden Photosensibilisators im Zellkern, der dann bei Bestrahlung zum Absterben von Krebszellen führt. So eröffnen unsere dualen bioorthogonal aktivierbaren Photosensibilisatoren neue Möglichkeiten, um die gegenwärtigen Begrenzungen der photodynamischen Therapie zu überwinden.
Reactions of 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐Dithianes and [1.1.1]Propellane
Authors: Trongsiriwat Nisalak , Pu Youge , Nieves‐Quinones Yexenia , Shelp Russell A. , Kozlowski Marisa C. , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: July 2019

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) have sparked the interest of medicinal chemists due to their recent discovery as bioisosteres of aromatic rings. To study the biological activity of this relatively new class of bioisosteres, reliable methods to incorporate BCPs into target molecules are in high demand, as reflected by a flurry of methods for BCP synthesis in recent years. In this work, we disclose a general method for the synthesis of BCP‐containing dithianes which, upon deprotection, provide access to BCP analogues of medicinally abundant diarylketones. A broad scope of 2‐aryl‐1,3‐dithianes, including several heterocyclic derivatives, react with [1.1.1]propellane to afford 26 new derivatives in good to excellent yields. Further transformation of the dithiane portion into a variety of functional groups demonstrates the robustness of the products. A computational study indicates that the reaction of 2‐aryl‐1,3‐dithianes and [1.1.1]propellane proceeds via a two‐electron pathway.
A Potent Halogen‐Bonding Donor Motif for Anion Recognition and Anion Template Mechanical Bond Synthesis
Authors: Bunchuay Thanthapatra , Docker Andrew , Martinez‐Martinez Antonio J. , Beer Paul D.
Published: July 2019

The covalent attachment of electron deficient perfluoroaryl substituents to a bis‐iodotriazole pyridinium group produces a remarkably potent halogen bonding donor motif for anion recognition in aqueous media. Such a motif also establishes halogen bonding anion templation as a highly efficient method for constructing a mechanically interlocked molecule in unprecedented near quantitative yield. The resulting bis‐perfluoroaryl substituted iodotriazole pyridinium axle containing halogen bonding [2]rotaxane host exhibits exceptionally strong halide binding affinities in competitive 50 % water containing aqueous media, by a factor of at least three orders of magnitude greater in comparison to a hydrogen bonding rotaxane host analogue. These observations further champion and advance halogen bonding as a powerful tool for recognizing anions in aqueous media.
Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer Induced by Near‐Infrared Light
Authors: Enomoto Takafumi , Kondo Mio , Masaoka Shigeyuki
Published: July 2019

A proton‐coupled electron transfer reaction induced by near‐infrared light (>710 nm) has been achieved using a dye that shows intense NIR absorption property and electron/proton‐accepting abilities. The developed system generated long‐lived radical species and showed high reversibility and robustness. Mechanistic investigations suggested that the rate‐determining step of the reaction involves the proton transfer process.
Creating Faradaic Carbon Nanotube Electrodes with Mild Chemical Oxidation
Authors: Emmett Robert K. , Kowalske Michael J. , Mou Hansen , Grady Mikaela , Jiang Han , Roberts Mark E.
Published: July 2019

The development of new materials to improve interfacial charge transfer characteristics will drastically improve energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, and many other electrochemical applications. Here, we report a simple procedure that can harness the Faradaic nature of residual iron nanoparticle catalysts that endure within multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) post‐synthesis, thereby alleviating the challenges associated with forging hybrid nanocomposite electrodes. Non‐purified MWNTs, undergo a chemical oxidation process in acidic conditions with KMnO4 to partially “unzip” the MWNTs and expose the redox‐active iron nanoparticles to the electrolyte. A stable redox peak associated with the Fe2+/3+ transition is achieved during the MWNT oxidation process yielding a ∼350 % increase in capacitance (>300 F g−1) relative to purified MWNT electrodes (70 F g−1). While these materials solely may be pragmatic as energy storage electrodes, the integration of redox species within an inert carbon electrode will also provide new opportunities to accelerate heterogeneous charge transfer reactions.
NaCrO2/Coffee Waste–derived Nitrogen‐doped Carbon Composite as High‐Performance Cathode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Kang Seok Mun , Kim Min‐Seob , Jeoun Yunseo , Hudaya Chairul , Sung Yung‐Eun
Published: July 2019

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) are promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries for large‐scale energy applications such as energy storage systems, owing to the earth‐abundance and low cost of sodium resources. Among layered oxide cathode materials for NIBs, O3‐type NaCrO2 has attracted considerable attention owing to its electrochemically active Cr3+/4+, which is unlike that of LiCrO2, and potential for carbon coating with a high thermal stability. In this study, we propose a new facile and eco‐friendly method for applying nitrogen‐doped carbon to NaCrO2 using coffee waste as a carbon source. The synthesized O3‐type NaCrO2/coffee waste–derived N‐doped carbon composite exhibits an outstanding electrochemical performance as an NIB cathode material. The sodium/composite cell achieved a 73.7% capacity retention after 500 charge/discharge cycles and an approximate 50% discharge capacity during 43 s of charge. The results demonstrate the potential use of coffee waste for battery materials with improved electrochemical performances.
Switchable Ring‐Opening Polymerization by a Ferrocene Supported Aluminum Complex
Authors: Lai Amy , Hern Zachary C. , Diaconescu Paula L.
Published: July 2019

An aluminum(III) iso‐propoxide complex supported by salfen (1, salfen=1,1′‐di(2,4‐bis‐tert‐butyl‐salicylimino)ferrocene) was synthesized and characterized. Compound 1 can be reversibly oxidized and reduced, and both redox species were surveyed as ring‐opening polymerization catalysts for cyclic esters and cyclohexene oxide. Based on the observed reactivity behavior, 1 could be used as a redox‐switchable catalyst for the formation of AB and ABC type di‐ and triblock copolymers of lactide, cyclohexene oxide, and trimethylene carbonate.
Rational Synthesis, Structures and Properties of the Ionic Liquid Binary Iodine‐Bromine Octahalide Series [InBr8−n]2− (n=0, 2, 3, 4)
Authors: Abdelbassit Mohammed S. , Curnow Owen J. , Dixon Miriam K. , Waterland Mark R.
Published: July 2019

A series of octanuclear iodine‐bromine interhalides [InBr8−n]2− (n=0, 2, 3, 4) were prepared systematically in two steps. Firstly, addition of a dihalogen (Br2 or IBr) to the triaminocyclopropenium bromide salt [C3(NEt2)3]Br forms the corresponding trihalide salt with Br3− or IBr2− anions, respectively. Secondly, addition to Br3− of half an equivalent of Br2 gives the octabromine polyhalide [Br8]2−, whereas addition to IBr2− of half an equivalent of Br2, IBr or I2 gives the corresponding interhalides: [I2Br6]2−, [I3Br5]2−, and [I4Br4]2−, respectively. The four octahalides were characterized by X‐ray crystallography, computational studies, Raman and Far‐IR spectroscopies, as well as by TGA and melting point. All of the salts were found to be ionic liquids.
The Binary Iodine‐Chlorine Octahalide Series [InCl8−n]2− (n=3, 3.6, 4)
Authors: Abdelbassit Mohammed S. , Curnow Owen J. , Dixon Miriam K. , Waterland Mark R.
Published: July 2019

The octanuclear iodine‐chlorine interhalides [I4Cl4]2− and [I3Cl5]2− were prepared in two steps. Firstly, addition of ICl to the triaminocyclopropenium chloride salt [C3(NEt2)3]Cl forms the trihalide ICl2− salt, secondly, addition of half an equivalent of I2 or ICl, respectively, gave the desired products upon crystallization at low temperature. The non‐stoichiometric octahalide [I3.6Cl4.4]2− was obtained after heating a CH2Cl2 solution of the ICl2− salt to reflux for 2 hours followed crystallization. [I4Cl4]2− is best described as two ICl2− anions bridged by I2, whereas [I3Cl5]2− is best described as an [I2Cl3]− pentahalide with a weak halogen bond to an ICl2− trihalide. The octahalides were characterized by X‐ray crystallography, computational studies, Raman and Far‐IR spectroscopies, as well as by TGA and melting point.
N2O‐Vermeidung bei der Behandlung hoch stickstoffreicher Abwässer
Authors: Lindenblatt Claus , Drewes Jörg E.
Published: July 2019

Bezogen auf den Stickstoffabbau zeigen die N2O‐Emissionen große Unterschiede bei der zweistufigen Behandlung mit Nitritation als erster Stufe gegenüber der einstufigen Deammonifikation. Es sind Messergebnisse der Nitritation im Kontaktprozess mit kontinuierlicher Beschickung und Nachklärung sowie der Behandlung im Sequencing‐Batch‐Reaktor gegenübergestellt. Während der biologischen Zentratbehandlung wurden N2O‐Konzentrationen in Reaktoren und der Abluft gemessen. Bei ähnlicher NH4‐N‐Abbauleistung liegen die N2O‐Emissionen in der einstufigen Deammonifikation um eine Zehnerpotenz niedriger.
PROTOCOL: COURT‐MANDATED INTERVENTIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS CONVICTED OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A Campbell Collaboration Systematic Review
Authors: Feder Lynette , Wilson David B.
Published: July 2019

Background: Survey research and analysis of police records, hospital emergency rooms and women's shelters have clearly established the severity of the domestic violence problem and the need to find programs to address this issue. Today, court‐mandated batterer intervention programs (BIPs) are being implemented throughout the United States as one of the leading methods to address this problem. These programs emerged from the women's shelter movement and therefore contained a strong feminist orientation. They developed as group‐based programs, typically using psychoeductional methods. Their aim was to get men to take responsibility for their sexist beliefs and stop abusing their partners by teaching them alternative responses for handling their anger.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effects of post‐arrest court‐mandated interventions (including pre‐trial diversion programs) for domestic violence offenders that target, in part or exclusively, batterers with the aim of reducing their future likelihood of re‐assaulting above and beyond what would have been expected by routine legal procedures.

Search Strategies: We plan to search numerous computerized databases and websites, bibliographies of published reviews of related literature and scrutinize annotated bibliographies of related literature. Our goal is to identify all published and unpublished literature that met our selection criteria.

Selection Criteria: We plan to include experimental or rigorous quasi‐experimental evaluations of court‐mandated batter intervention programs that measured official or victim reports of future domestic violent behavior. Rigorous quasi‐experimental designs are defined as those that either use matching or statistical controls to improve the comparability of the groups. Given their importance in the literature, we will also include rigorous quasi‐experimental designs that used a treatment drop‐out comparison.

Data Collection and Analysis: We plan to code characteristics of the treatment, sample, outcomes, and research methods. Findings will be extracted in the form of an effect size and effect sizes will be analyzed using the inverse‐variance method of meta‐analysis. Official report and victim report outcomes will be analyzed separately as will be the different design types (i.e, random, quasi‐experimental with a no treatment comparison, and quasi‐experimental with a treatment dropout comparison).
PROTOCOL: On the Malleability of Self‐Control: Theoretical and Policy Implications Regarding a General Theory of Crime
Authors: Piquero Alex R. , Jennings Wesley G. , Farrington David P.
Published: July 2019

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime has generated significant controversy and research, such that there now exists a large knowledge base regarding the importance of self‐control in regulating antisocial behavior over the life course. Reviews of this literature indicate that self‐control is an important correlate of antisocial activity. There has been some research examining programmatic efforts designed to examine the extent to which self‐control is malleable, but little empirical research on this issue has been carried out within criminology, largely because the theorists have not paid much attention to policy proscriptions. This study evaluates the extant research on the effectiveness of programs designed to improve self‐control up to age 10 among children and adolescents, and assesses the effects of these programs on self‐control and delinquency/crime.
Synthesis of gold nanoparticles dispersion in toluene using immiscible fluid flow in microfluidic device
Authors: Hamamoto Mao , Liang Yiyang , Yagyu Hiromasa
Published: July 2019

A synthesis of gold nanoparticles dispersion in toluene by mixing immiscible solutions in a microchannel was proposed. The visualization test using red and blue ink aqueous solutions as a substitute for gold ion and reducing agent confirmed that the fluid showed the slug flow at below the flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The synthesis results found that gold nanoparticles with diameter from 3.0 to 4.1 nm was prepared at slug flow in the microchannel, and size control of gold nanoparticle enable by changing the flow rate.