bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding, Recognizing, and Managing Functional Speech Disorders: Current Thinking Illustrated With a Case Series
Authors: Utianski Rene L. , Duffy Joseph R.
Published: March 2022

Purpose:

Functional speech disorders (FSDs), a subtype of functional neurological disorders, are distinguishable from neurogenic motor speech disorders based on their clinical features, clinical course, and response to treatment. However, their differential diagnosis and management can be challenging. FSDs are not well understood, but growing evidence suggests a biopsychosocial basis distinct from structural lesions that cause neurogenic motor speech disorders.

Method and Results:

Following an overview of FSDs, four patients are described to illustrate the range of clinical manifestations, biopsychosocial contexts, and responses to treatment of FSDs. The path to differential diagnosis is discussed, with particular attention to positive features that led to the FSD diagnosis. Approaches to education, counseling, and management are discussed.

Conclusions:

This case series demonstrates that FSDs can present with a variety of manifestations including dysfluencies, articulation errors, dysphonia, rate and prosodic abnormalities, and combinations of disruptions in speech subsystems. FSDs may present in the context of known recent or remote physical or psychosocial trauma or, as in many cases, in the absence of an identifiable triggering event. FSDs are recognizable by positive clinical features and should not be considered a diagnosis of exclusion. With appropriate identification, counseling, and treatment, FSDs may resolve, sometimes rapidly; in some cases, treatment may be prolonged or ineffective.
Dependability‐aware routing and scheduling for Time‐Sensitive Networking
Authors: Reusch Niklas , Craciunas Silviu S. , Pop Paul
Published: March 2022

Time‐Sensitive Networking (TSN) extends IEEE 802.1 Ethernet for safety‐critical and real‐time applications in several areas, for example, automotive, aerospace or industrial automation. However, many of these systems also have stringent security requirements, and security attacks may impair safety. Given a TSN‐based distributed architecture, a set of applications with tasks and messages as well as a set of security and redundancy requirements, the authors are interested to synthesise a system configuration such that the real‐time, safety and security requirements are upheld. The Timed Efficient Stream Loss‐Tolerant Authentication (TESLA) low‐resource multicast authentication protocol is used to guarantee the security requirements and redundant disjunct message routes to tolerate link failures. The authors consider that tasks are dispatched using a static cyclic schedule table and that the messages use the time‐sensitive traffic class in TSN, which relies on schedule tables (called Gate Control Lists, GCLs) in the network switches. A configuration consists of the schedule tables for tasks as well as the disjoint routes and GCLs for messages. A Constraint Programing‐based formulation, which can be used to find an optimal solution with respect to the cost function, is proposed. Additionally, a Simulated Annealing‐based metaheuristic, which can find good solution for large test cases, is proposed. The authors evaluate both approaches on several test cases.
Lyapunov‐based iterative learning feedback control design for parabolic MIMO PDEs with time‐varying delays
Authors: Liu Yaqiang , Wu Zongze , Lai Jialun , Li Jianzhong , Xie Shengli
Published: March 2022

This paper presents an iterative learning control approach to achieve precise tracking control for a class of repeatable parabolic multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) partial differential equations (PDEs) with time‐varying delays over a finite time interval. Feedback control is utilised in the iterative learning control system to improve the convergence speed of the repeatable system. A Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is constructed to deal with the time‐varying delay problem caused by the model uncertainty of MIMO PDEs. Collocated piecewise control and piecewise measurement is considered based on the distributions of actuators and sensors to generate multiple inputs and multiple outputs. By using the mean value theorem for integrals, variants of the Poincaré–Wirtinger inequality in the 1D space, Cauchy–Schwartz inequality and Gronwall–Bellman lemma, sufficient conditions that guarantee the convergence of the iterative learning feedback control system are presented. Numerical simulation experiments and comparisons verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.
Design and analysis of energy‐efficient approximate Booth‐folding squarers with precision recovery
Authors: Xu Chenyu , Cui Ziying , Chen Ke , Liu Weiqiang
Published: March 2022

Squarers are widely used in communication and DSP applications. In this letter, two approximate squarers (ABFS1 and ABFS2) are proposed. Specifically, a novel approximate Booth‐folding encoding is designed to generate approximate partial product arrays. Several approximate compressors with precision recovery circuits are proposed. In the ABFS1, a novel approximate 4‐2 compressor with an accurate compensation circuit is utilized. Moreover, the proposed approximate 4‐2 compressor with constant compensation is used in the ABFS2 to improve the performance of squarer. In addition, this letter presents the logic synthesizing result of the two approximate squarers with the 45 nm technology. The comparison with state‐of‐the‐art approximate squarers demonstrates the proposed designs reduce the 58.1% PDP while maintaining a similar or even better accuracy. Finally, the proposed approximate squarers are verified by the K‐means clustering application.
Petri‐net‐based deadlock detection and recovery for control of interacting equipment in automated container terminals
Authors: Wu Weimin , Xing Zichao , Yue Hao , Su Hongye , Pang Shanchen
Published: March 2022

In automated container terminals (ACTs), quay cranes (QCs), automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and automated yard cranes (AYCs) interact intensively to handle containers at seaside and yard side. This work investigates interacting equipment in ACTs that employ AGVs with the capability of lifting a container temporarily buffered at the transfer area in front of a storage block. By establishing and using the Petri net model of equipment interaction system (EIS) for container transportation, deadlock control problem is studied for handling operations in ACTs, where all QCs, AYCs, and transport vehicles are considered as system resources. Deadlock is characterized as maximal special circuits (MSCs) that are saturated at a system state. After a deadlock detection method through MSC enumeration in the system Petri net model is developed, a procedure is proposed to resolve deadlock situations where an AYC is involved in the corresponding circular waiting relations. By modifying the operation sequence of AYCs, the procedure can resolve the conflicts among concurrent processes so as to eliminate deadlocks. Examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the deadlock handling method, which is also tested in a simulation study. Results show that the EIS can recover from detected deadlocks involving AYCs to ensure smooth transport operations of container jobs.
Effects of the steepness on the evolution of turbine wakes above continuous hilly terrain
Authors: Yang Haoze , Lang Baizhuo , Du Bowen , Jin Zhihui , Li Baoliang , Ge Mingwei
Published: March 2022

Hilly terrain can significantly change the flow characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer. However, the effects of hilly terrain with different steepness on turbine wakes remain understudied. To this end, a wind turbine is placed on the hilltop of a hilly terrain with different steepness, and the spread of the turbine wake is investigated via large‐eddy simulation. Results show that, above gentle hills, the turbine wake deflects upward above the crest and downward above the valley, while for steep hills, the wake deflects in a different way. Through the analysis of the transport of mean kinetic energy, it can be found that the pressure term works with different mechanisms for hills with different steepnesses. The alternate variation of the pressure term along the crest and valley results in a periodic variation of the wake recovery, while the asymmetry of the pressure contribution above the hill topography determines the overall recovery rate of the wake. For gentle hills, the overall wake recovery rate is close to that on flat terrain due to the symmetrical distribution of the pressure term above the crest and valley, while for steep hills, the asymmetrical pressure term leads to a significant acceleration of the wake recovery.
NuSTARspectral analysis of three Seyfert galaxies: NGC 3227, NGC 5548, and MR 2251−178
Authors: Pal I. , Stalin C. S. , Mallick L. , Rani P.
Published: March 2022

Context.The observed nuclear X-ray emission in the radio-quiet category of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is believed to be from a compact region, the corona, which is situated in the vicinity of central supermassive black holes. The shape of the X-ray continuum depends on, among other factors, the temperature of the corona (kTe). The launch of the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) has led to the determination of the high energy cutoff (Ecut), and therebykTe, in many AGN. In a handful of sources, multiple observations withNuSTARhave also revealed changes inEcut.

Aims.In this work we aimed to investigate the variation inkTein three AGN, namely NGC 3227, NGC 5548, and MR 2251−178, using more than one epoch of data on a source fromNuSTAR.

Methods.We carried out a spectral analysis of multiple epochs of data acquired usingNuSTARon the three sources, including a few new observations that had not yet been published. By fitting a Comptonization model to the data, we determined the temperature of the corona and investigated changes inkTe, if there were any, in these sources.

Results.In NGC 3227, we found evidence for variation inkTe. We found no correlation ofkTe, photon index (Γ), reflection fraction (R), or optical depth (τ) with flux, whileτis found to anti-correlate withkTe. This could be due to more than one physical process at work in the source causing the change inkTe. Conclusive evidence for the variation inkTeis not found in MR 2251−178 or NGC 5548.
Magrathea-Pathfinder: a 3D adaptive-mesh code for geodesic ray tracing in N-body simulations
Authors: Breton Michel-Andrès , Reverdy Vincent
Published: March 2022

We introduce MAGRATHEA-PATHFINDER, a relativistic ray-tracing framework that can reconstruct the past light cone of observers in cosmological simulations. The code directly computes the 3D trajectory of light rays through the null geodesic equations, with the weak-field limit as its only approximation. This approach offers high levels of versatility while removing the need for many of the standard ray-tracing approximations such as plane-parallel, Born, or multiple-lens. Moreover, the use of adaptive integration steps and interpolation strategies based on adaptive-mesh refinement grids allows MAGRATHEA-PATHFINDER to accurately account for the nonlinear regime of structure formation and fully take advantage of the small-scale gravitational clustering. To handle very large N-body simulations, the framework has been designed as a high-performance computing post-processing tool relying on a hybrid paralleliza-tion that combines MPI tasks with C++11 std::threads. In this paper, we describe how realistic cosmological observables can be computed from numerical simulation using ray-tracing techniques. We discuss in particular the production of simulated catalogues and sky maps that account for all the observational effects considering first-order metric perturbations (such as peculiar velocities, gravitational potential, integrated Sachs-Wolfe, time-delay, and gravitational lensing). We perform convergence tests of our gravitational lensing algorithms and conduct performance benchmarks of the null geodesic integration procedures. MAGRATHEA-PATHFINDER introduces sophisticated ray-tracing tools to make the link between the space of N-body simulations and light-cone observables. This should provide new ways of exploring existing cosmological probes and building new ones beyond standard assumptions in order to prepare for the next generation of large-scale structure surveys.
Exploring the region encompassing γ Cygni SNR and MAGIC J2019+408 with the GMRT at 325 and 610 MHz
Authors: Paredes J. M. , Benaglia P. , Ishwara-Chandra C. H. , Bosch-Ramon V. , Strzys M.
Published: March 2022

Context. γ Cygni is a young supernova remnant located in the Cygnus region. MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov) telescopes detected TeV emission (MAGIC J2019+408) to the north-west of this remnant, ~5’ from its border.

Aims. We want to identify the radio sources within the region encompassing γ Cygni and MAGIC J2019+408 to shed light on their nature and investigate if these radio sources could be potential contributors to gamma-ray emission.

Methods. We carried out a detailed study of the data we obtained with a survey of the Cygnus region at 325 and 610 MHz with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope.

Results. We detected several radio sources in the region where the radio and the TeV emission overlap, as well as several areas of enhanced radio emission. In particular, two of these areas of diffuse enhanced emission may correspond to the supernova remnant interacting with a high density region, which seems to be the best candidate for the MAGIC source. Another two radio sources, which may or may not contribute to the gamma rays, are also spatially coincident with the emission peak of the MAGIC TeV source. One of them displays a rather peculiar extended morphology whose nature is completely unknown.

Conclusions. We have identified the radio sources overlapping γ Cygni and MAGIC J2019+408 and have shown that their potential gamma-ray contribution is likely not dominant. In addition, some of the studied sources show peculiar physical characteristics that deserve deeper multi-wavelength observations.
High D/H ratios in water and alkanes in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured with Rosetta/ROSINA DFMS
Authors: Müller D. R. , Altwegg K. , Berthelier J. J. , Combi M. , De Keyser J. , Fuselier S. A. , Hänni N. , Pestoni B. , Rubin M. , Schroeder I. R. H. G. , Wampfler S. F.
Published: March 2022

Context. Isotopic abundances in comets are key to understanding and reconstructing the history and origin of material in the Solar System. Data for deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratios in water are available for several comets. However, no long-term studies of the D/H ratio in water of a comet during its passage around the Sun have been reported thus far. Linear alkanes are important organic molecules that have been found on several Solar System bodies, including comets. To date, the processes of their deuteration are still poorly understood, only the upper limits of isotopic ratios for D/H and 13C/12C in linear alkanes are currently available.

Aims. The aim of this work is to carry out a detailed analysis of the D/H ratio in water as a function of cometary activity and spacecraft location above the nucleus. In addition, a first determination of the D/H and 13C/12C ratios in the first four linear alkanes, namely, methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10) in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is provided.

Methods. We analysed in situ measurements from the Rosetta/ROSINA Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS).

Results. The D/H ratio from HDO/H2O and the 16O/17O ratio from H216O/H217O did not change during 67P’s passage around the Sun between 2014 and 2016. All D/H ratio measurements were compatible within 1σ, with the mean value of 5.01 × 10−4 and its relative variation of 2.0%. This suggests that the D/H ratio in 67P’s coma is independent of heliocentric distance, level of cometary activity, or spacecraft location with respect to the nucleus. Additionally, the 16O/17O ratio could be determined with a higher accuracy than previously possible, yielding a value of 2347 with a relative variation of 2.3%. For the alkanes, the D/H ratio is between 4.1 and 4.8 times higher than in H2O, while the 13C/12C ratio is compatible, within the uncertainties, with the available data for other Solar System objects. The relatively high D/H ratio in alkanes is in line with results for other cometary organic molecules and it suggests that these organics may be inherited from the presolar molecular cloud from which the Solar System formed.
Periodic orbits in the 1:2:3 resonant chain and their impact on the orbital dynamics of the Kepler-51 planetary system
Authors: Antoniadou Kyriaki I. , Voyatzis George
Published: March 2022

Aims. Space missions have discovered a large number of exoplanets evolving in (or close to) mean-motion resonances (MMRs) and resonant chains. Often, the published data exhibit very high uncertainties due to the observational limitations that introduce chaos into the evolution of the system on especially shorter or longer timescales. We propose a study of the dynamics of such systems by exploring particular regions in phase space.

Methods. We exemplify our method by studying the long-term orbital stability of the three-planet system Kepler-51 and either favor or constrain its data. It is a dual process which breaks down in two steps: the computation of the families of periodic orbits in the 1:2:3 resonant chain and the visualization of the phase space through maps of dynamical stability.

Results. We present novel results for the general four-body problem. Stable periodic orbits were found only in the low-eccentricity regime. We demonstrate three possible scenarios safeguarding Kepler-51, each followed by constraints. Firstly, there are the 2/1 and 3/2 two-body MMRs, in which eb < 0.02, such that these two-body MMRs last for extended time spans. Secondly, there is the 1:2:3 three-body Laplace-like resonance, in which ec < 0.016 and ed < 0.006 are necessary for such a chain to be viable. Thirdly, there is the combination comprising the 1/1 secondary resonance inside the 2/1 MMR for the inner pair of planets and an apsidal difference oscillation for the outer pair of planets in which the observational eccentricities, eb and ec, are favored as long as ed ≈ 0.

Conclusions. With the aim to obtain an optimum deduction of the orbital elements, this study showcases the need for dynamical analyses based on periodic orbits performed in parallel to the fitting processes.
Dosismanagementsysteme in der Praxis: von der Systemauswahl bis zum
Betrieb
Authors: Haferkamp Jennifer
Published: March 2022

In dem Artikel von J. Singer „Dosismanagement – Neue Aufgaben
für MTRA“ in der Radiopraxis 02/2021 1 wurden die Grundlagen, der Aufbau und Nutzen
eines Dosismanagementsystems (DMS) ausführlich dargestellt. In diesem
Artikel soll es nun um die wichtigsten Schritte bei der Implementierung sowie um
die praktischen Aspekte der Nutzung eines DMS gehen.
Dipsacus fullonum L. – die Wilde Karde
Authors: Mundt Sabine
Published: March 2022

Die Wilde Karde, Dipsacus fullonum L., ist eine bereits im Altertum zur
Behandlung von Hautirritationen, als Einreibung bei Schmerzen, zur
Verdauungsförderung und als schweiß- und harntreibendes Mittel
genutzte Heilpflanze. Neben ätherischem Öl, das vorwiegend aus
Fettsäuren und Phytol besteht, kommen in der Pflanze Iridoide,
Phenylacrylsäureester und Flavonoide vor. Aus In-vitro-Tests sind moderate
antimikrobielle Wirkungen gegen E. coli, St. aureus und Borrelia
burgdorferi sensu lato sowie einige pathogene Pilze bekannt.
Außerdem werden antioxidative, zytotoxische und enzymhemmende Wirkungen
beschrieben. Aufgrund der wenigen bisher publizierten wissenschaftlichen Daten ist
ohne weitere Untersuchungen zu Inhaltsstoffspektrum und Wirkungen eine
therapeutische Anwendung der Wilden Karde nicht zu empfehlen.
Innovative Anwendungen der industriellen Mikro-CT aus Sicht der
Radiologietechnologie
Authors: Ritschl Helmut , Nischelwitzer Alexander , Stefan Aschacher , Gratzer Thomas
Published: March 2022

Die industrielle Mikro-CT ist ein Messund
Analyseverfahren mit ionisierender
Strahlung für Objekte aus unterschiedlichen
Materialien und unterschiedlichen
Produktionsbereichen. Der vorliegende
Artikel stellt das interdisziplinäre
Projekt „Triple 4 Science“ in der Steiermark
vor.
Neue europäische Herzinsuffizienz-Leitlinie 2021 – Paradigmenwechsel in der Therapie
Authors: Herrmann Ester , Huisl Philipp , Aßmus Birgit
Published: March 2022

Was ist neu?

Neuer medikamentöser Therapie-Algorithmus für Herzinsuffizienz mit LVEF ≤ 40 % Für Herzinsuffizienz mit reduzierter Pumpfunktion ≤ 40 % (HFrEF) empfehlen die neuen Herzinsuffizienz-Leitlinien 2021 der ESC einen grundlegend neuen Behandlungsalgorithmus. Dieser sieht vor, dass alle 4 letalitätssenkenden Substanzen (ARNI oder ACE-Hemmer, Betablocker, MRA und SGLT-2-Inhibitoren) so früh wie möglich gegeben werden. Das konventionelle Stufenschema mit schrittweiser Erhöhung wird nicht mehr empfohlen.

Empfehlungen für HfpEF Vereinfacht wurde der Diagnose-Algorithmus für die HFpEF, der nun neben Symptomen und Zeichen einer Herzinsuffizienz, einer LVEF ≥ 50 % zusätzlich objektive Kriterien für eine strukturelle und/oder funktionelle Auffälligkeit mit diastolischer Dysfunktion und erhöhten Füllungsdrücken fordert sowie erhöhte natriuretische Peptide. Für die Behandlung der HFpEF gibt es keine Veränderungen im Vergleich zu 2016, jedoch ist hier eine kurzfristige Überarbeitung der Leitlinie zu erwarten.

Bedeutung ausgewählter Begleit-Erkrankungen Die primäre Empfehlung bei Vorhofflimmern ist die Antikoagulation mittels NOAK. Der Stellenwert der PVI ist aufgewertet worden. Die Entscheidung zur Transkatheter-Therapie einer sekundären Mitralklappen-Insuffizienz sollte bei Vorliegen entsprechender Kriterien im Heartteam getroffen werden.

Fortgeschrittene Herzinsuffizienz Für die Diagnose einer fortgeschrittenen Herzinsuffizienz wurden 4 Kriterien definiert. Diese umfassen schwere und persistierende Symptome NYHA III oder IV, den Nachweis einer schweren kardialen Dysfunktion, Episoden von Stauung, die mittels i. v. Diuretika und/oder Inotropika behandelt werden müssen, maligne Arrhythmien und eine schwere Einschränkung der Belastungskapazität. Für diese Patienten gibt es einen neuen Behandlungsalgorithmus, in welchem der Stellenwert der mechanischen Kreislaufunterstützung aufgewertet wurde.

Akute Herzinsuffizienz Für Patienten mit akuter Herzinsuffizienz wird nach der Entlassung aus der stationären Behandlung eine Einbindung in ein „Disease Management Program“ und in ein multimodales, multiprofessionelles Therapiekonzept empfohlen.
Editorial
Authors: Röhr Katja
Published: March 2022

Liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen,

zwei schwierige Jahre liegen hinter uns. Corona hat uns alle im Griff. Ich hoffe, Sie
sind gut und vor allem gesund durch diese Zeit gekommen!
Mehr Nachhaltigkeit in der
Radiologie wagen
Authors: Westphalen Kerstin
Published: March 2022

Der Gesundheitssektor gehört in Deutschland zu den Branchen mit dem
größten Ressourcenverbrauch. Nach aktuellen Daten des
Umweltbundesamts beträgt sein Anteil gut fünf Prozent. Berechnungen
des Zentrums Ressourceneffizienz zum Wasserverbrauch in Krankenhäusern
wiederum zeigen beispielsweise, dass auf ein Krankenhausbett täglich 300 bis
600 Liter Wasser entfallen. Diese und andere Daten machen deutlich, dass es einen
akuten Handlungsbedarf gibt. In den Fokus rückt dabei insbesondere auch die
Radiologie, da zum Beispiel die hier eingesetzten medizintechnischen
Großgeräte wie MRT und CT für einen sehr hohen
Energieeinsatz und die Produktion großer Mengen an klimaschädlichem
CO2 stehen.
Hantavirus-Erkrankungen: Ein Update
Authors: Hofmann Jörg , Loyen Martin , Faber Mirko , Krüger Detlev H.
Published: March 2022

Was ist neu?

Klinik und Therapie Neben den gut bekannten klinischen Symptomen der Hantavirus-Erkrankung (Fieber, Flanken- und abdominelle Schmerzen sowie Arthralgien) geraten zunehmend auch ungewöhnliche neurologische Veränderungen im Rahmen der Infektion in den Fokus. Das Spektrum reicht von passageren Myopien bis zu schweren Paresen im Rahmen eines Guillain-Barré-Syndroms. In Endemiegebieten sind Schnellteste auf IgM-Antikörper zur Ersteinschätzung eine differenzialdiagnostische Hilfe. Therapeutisch stehen weiterhin nur supportive Maßnahmen bis zur passageren Dialyse zur Verfügung.

Ausbruchsregionen in Deutschland und regionale Unterscheidung der Virusstämme Durch molekulargenetische Analyse und Vergleich von Hantavirus-Stämmen aus Patienten und Mäusen desselben geografischen Gebietes konnten Viren verschiedener Ausbruchsregionen charakterisiert werden. Inzwischen sind die Puumalaviren der Haupt-Ausbruchsregionen in Deutschland molekular so gut charakterisiert, dass anhand der Nukleotidsequenz des im Patienten nachgewiesenen Virusstammes Rückschlüsse auf die Gegend möglich sind, in der die Infektion des Patienten stattgefunden hat.

Nachweis weiterer pathogener Hantaviren in Deutschland Die bislang nachgewiesenen humanpathogenen Hantaviren in Deutschland sind das Puumalavirus (Reservoir: Rötelmaus) und das Dobrava-Belgrad-Virus, Genotyp Kurkino (Reservoir: Brandmaus). Kürzlich gelang der molekulare Nachweis von weiteren Hantaviren in Patienten mit entsprechender klinischer Symptomatik. Man kann davon ausgehen, dass auch das Seoulvirus (Reservoir: Ratten) und das Tulavirus (Reservoir: Feldmaus und verwandte Arten) in Deutschland vereinzelt Hantavirus-Erkrankungen auslösen.

Viruseintritt auch über den Darm? Neue Ergebnisse lassen es möglich erscheinen, dass die Infektion des Menschen nicht nur auf dem üblichen Weg der Einatmung virushaltiger Aerosole erfolgen kann, sondern auch durch Ingestion virushaltigen Materials.

Zur Frage der Mensch-zu-Mensch-Übertragung von Hantaviren Bei Patienten mit Hantavirus-Infektion bzw. -Erkrankung kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass diese für ihre Umwelt nicht infektiös sind. Ein neues systematisches Review konnte auch die zuvor in Einzelfällen für südamerikanische Hantaviren postulierte Mensch-zu-Mensch-Übertragung nicht bestätigen.

Neue Hantaviren in neuen Wirten Während alle bekannten humanpathogenen Hantaviren von Nagetieren übertragen werden, wurden in den letzten Jahren weitere Hantaviren in Spitzmäusen, Maulwürfen und Fledermäusen nachgewiesen. Die klinische Bedeutung dieser neuen Viren ist noch weitgehend unbekannt.
„Gut gekaut ist halb verdaut“
Authors: Zielinski Johanna
Published: March 2022

Kauen spielt eine große, wenn auch kaum beachtete Rolle in unserem Alltag. Wir denken nicht darüber nach, es funktioniert nebenbei. Dass gründliches Kauen und langsames Essen zu einem gesunden Essverhalten gehört, ist eine längst bekannte und tradierte Weisheit. Inzwischen empfehlen mehr und mehr Experten, gründlich zu kauen und den Essvorgang zu entschleunigen – auch im Hinblick auf die Gewichtskontrolle.
Bildgebende Diagnostik des Innenohrs vor
Cochleaimplantation
Authors: Mack Martin G. , Suckfüll Markus M.
Published: March 2022

Wenn mit herkömmlichen Hörgeräten kein ausreichendes
Sprachverstehen mehr erzielt werden kann, ist sehr oft ein Cochleaimplantat
indiziert. Präoperativ spielt dabei die bildgebende Diagnostik eine
wesentliche Rolle, weil nur so entschieden werden kann, ob ein Cochleaimplantat
möglich ist oder nicht.
One-Pot Synthesis of 2-Arylindole Derivatives under Transition-Metal-Free Conditions
Authors: Ngernmeesri Paiboon , Kraikruan Panitan , Rakchaya Intouch , Sang-aroon Pattarapon , Chuanopparat Nutthawat
Published: March 2022

A new and simple method for preparing 2-arylindole derivatives under transition-metal-free conditions has been developed. When N-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide was treated with 2-fluorobenzaldehydes in the presence of Cs2CO3 in DMF at 60 °C, the desired indoles were typically obtained in moderate to good yields (up to 83%). When other aniline substrates were employed, only a Knoevenagel condensation occurred, giving the corresponding diarylethenes in moderate to excellent yields.
Sekundärglaukome im Rahmen retinaler Erkrankungen
Authors: Greslechner Roman , Helbig Horst
Published: March 2022

Eine Vielzahl retinaler Erkrankungen kann zur Entwicklung eines Glaukoms führen. Die häufigste Form dieser Sekundärglaukome sind die Neovaskularisationsglaukome, die den Hauptteil dieser
Übersicht bilden. Dabei handelt sich um ein schwerwiegendes Krankheitsbild, das in mehreren Stadien verläuft, wobei die Prognose mit zunehmendem Stadium ungünstiger und die Therapie
herausfordernder wird. Neben Pathogenese und Diagnostik wird daher ein Schwerpunkt auf die Früherkennung und eine an das jeweilige Krankheitsstadium angepasste Therapie gelegt. Auch
seltenere Sekundärglaukome im Rahmen intraokularer Tumoren sowie Glaukome assoziiert mit einer Netzhautablösung (Schwartz-Matsuo-Syndrom) und Glaukome, die im Spätverlauf nach
unkomplizierter Vitrektomie auftreten, werden in dieser Übersicht diskutiert.
One Year Prevalence of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in France: Patients' Characteristics, Time Trends, and Outcomes
Authors: Gabet Amélie , Grave Clémence , Tuppin Philippe , Olié Valérie , Emmerich Joseph
Published: March 2022

Background Patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are at high risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

Objectives The aims were to provide time trends in the 2020 nation-wide prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients hospitalized with a COVID-19 diagnosis in France, and to describe in-hospital and up to 30-day postdischarge death.

Methods All patients hospitalized in France with a COVID-19 diagnosis in 2020 were selected. Crude and age-adjusted prevalence of VTE and PE was computed by 4-week intervals and for the overall study period using Poisson regression. Time trends in in-hospital and 30-day postdischarge case-fatality rates were evaluated by comparing each 4-week intervals to weeks 10 to 14 corresponding to the first part of the first lockdown using logistic regression models.

Results Among the 287,638 patients hospitalized with a COVID-19 diagnosis in 2020 in France, 14,985 (5.2%) had a concomitant VTE, with 10,453 (3.6%) having PE and 4,532 (1.6%) having DVT. In patients admitted to intensive care units, the crude prevalence of VTE and PE reached 16.1 and 11.0% respectively during the first lockdown. After adjustment, the prevalence of VTE and PE decreased during the year 2020 but a rebound was observed during the second lockdown. In-hospital case-fatality rates among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with PE globally decreased between the first and the second epidemic waves.

Conclusion Our study showed a decrease in the incidence of symptomatic VTE and PE in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and a decreased time trend of outcomes during the second wave compared with the first one.
A high-speed radiation imaging system based on liquid scintillator filled capillary arrays
Authors: Song Y. , Zhang M. , Duan B. J. , Yan W. P. , Sheng L. , Song G. Z. , Ma J. M. , Han C. C. , Yao Z. M.
Published: March 2022

A high-speed radiation imaging system based on an image converter of liquid scintillator filled capillary arrays has been developed, which is sensitive to x rays, gamma rays, and neutrons. This imaging system has advantages of both high spatial resolution and high sensitivity because increasing the thickness of the image converter only leads to little deterioration on imaging resolution. The capillary arrays have dimensions of 150 mm diameter and 50 mm thickness, with 100 µm diameter of each capillary. The fluorescence decay time of the filled liquid scintillator based on the mixture of p-xylene and 2,5-diphenyloxazole has been evaluated to be ∼3 ns with the single photon method under the gamma ray excitation. The spatial resolution has been experimentally evaluated to be about 1.15 and 0.6 mm, under excitation of x rays and neutrons, respectively. The imaging system has been applied for diagnosing the dynamic x-ray spot generated by the rod pinch. Two frames in single shot with 15 ns temporal resolution and 20 ns inter-frame separation time have been obtained, which show the spatiotemporal distribution of the electrons bombarding the tungsten rod, indicating the ability of this imaging system in diagnosing dynamic radiation objects. In addition, the technique of capillary arrays provides a promising path for applications of advanced liquid scintillators in the field of radiation imaging.
Numerical study of discharge characteristics of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet with a coaxial dual-channel inlet
Authors: Wang Bingchuan , Li Wanshun , Zhang Bide , Liu Kai , Peng Ping , Wang Disheng , Luo Rongqiu , Zhang Jin , Feng Jing , Yu Haining
Published: March 2022

A two-dimensional axisymmetric fluid model was applied to investigate the influence of N2 flow velocity on the discharge characteristics of a He plasma jet with a coaxial dual-channel inlet. Helium working gas flowed in the annular space of a coaxial tube and N2 flowed in a central stainless steel tube powered by a DC voltage. When N2 flow velocity increases from 0 m/s, the jet appears to be stratified, forming the outer side and inner side of the jet, and the electron density on the outside of the jet is much higher than that on the inside. For different N2 flow velocities, the peak densities of He+ and N2(c3π) appear in the jet head, while the peak densities of He* and N2+ both appear at the dielectric nozzle and the jet head. When N2 flow velocity is low, the Penning ionization rate is lower than the electron impact ionization rate, but when N2 flow velocity is high, it is just the opposite, which can increase the concentration of reactive species and contribute to the practical application of the jet. N2 flow velocity not only changes the length and structure of the jet but also controls the uniformity of the distribution of reactive species in the jet, which indicates that there is an optimal N2 flow velocity to make the jet longer and more uniform in space, which will greatly promote the practicality and flexibility of the plasma jet and also provide meaningful insights for optimizing and controlling the characteristics of the plasma jet.
Uphill phosphorus diffusion in carbon co-implanted silicon
Authors: Dumas P. , Duguay S. , Hilario F. , Gauthier A. , Blavette D.
Published: March 2022

An intriguing uphill diffusion phenomenon related to phosphorus has been observed in carbon co-implanted silicon. This phenomenon has been investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy, Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, and Atom Probe Tomography. Our results indicate that uphill diffusion occurs in crystalline silicon, once the recrystallization of the amorphous layer induced by ion implantation has ended. This phenomenon results in the formation of a steep, highly concentrated, and electrically active dopant peak. A one-dimensional model has been used to understand the underlying mechanism of peak formation. The heterogeneous concentration of self-interstitials across the implanted region has been shown to be responsible for the uphill diffusion phenomenon.
Direct measurement for nanoscale vertical carrier diffusion on semiconductor surface—An approach toward scanning diffusion microscopy
Authors: Wang Yakun , Liu Zhenghui , Song Wentao , Xu Gengzhao , Chen Kebei , Zhang Chunyu , Han Sha , Wang Jianfeng , Xu Ke
Published: March 2022

Carrier diffusion properties, including the diffusion length, diffusion coefficient, and carrier lifetime are important for photonic devices. In nitride semiconductors, there are many microscopic structures, which have a strong influence on carrier diffusion. In this paper, a method based on the photo-assisted Kelvin-probe force microscope and the confocal time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum at the same position is developed to map simultaneously the topography and the nanoscale vertical carrier diffusion on the semiconductor surface. On the surface without any dislocations, the hole diffusion length and diffusion coefficient are 161 ± 8 nm and 1.6 ± 0.2 cm2/s, respectively. Near the termination of the dislocation loops on the surface, it can be clearly seen that the diffusion length and diffusion coefficient gradually drop to about 13 ± 5 nm and 0.02 ± 0.01 cm2/s with a spatial resolution of about 100 nm.
On the origin of the turn-on voltage drop of GaN-based current aperture vertical electron transistors
Authors: Döring Philipp , Sinnwell Matthias , Reiner Richard , Driad Rachid , Waltereit Patrick , Leone Stefano , Müller Stefan , Mikulla Michael , Ambacher Oliver
Published: March 2022

Non-linear output characteristics and the related turn-on voltages of GaN-based current aperture vertical electron transistors (CAVETs) are investigated experimentally. The resistive components are systematically analyzed in dependence of the device layout to determine the dominant resistances in the devices. Current–voltage (IV) and capacitance–voltage-characteristics (CV) are compared to a proposed planar-doped barrier diode (PDBD) model, and the influence of the bound sheet charge density and drift layer carrier concentration is discussed. The observed CV characteristics are in contrast to the PDBD model as a clearly voltage-dependent capacitance was observed and dopant-diffusion forming a p-type aperture was ruled out. Thermionic emission was verified by temperature-dependent IV characteristics indicating interface states causing a potential barrier. Transient drain current measurements revealed a single dominating trap level with an activation energy of EA = 1.086 ± 0.015 eV. This activation energy was attributed to carbon-related acceptor states present at the regrowth interface and the drift layer. Additional test structures revealed that the interface potential barrier and the space charge in the drift layer limit the initial charge transport causing a turn-on voltage in the devices. The results point out the significance of a precise control of the regrowth interface properties and the effective carrier density in the drift layer to enable efficient, high-power devices based on the CAVET technology.
Origins of plastic shock waves in single-crystal Cu
Authors: Xu Y. F. , Hu S. C. , Cai Y. , Luo S. N.
Published: March 2022

We investigate shock wave propagation in single-crystal Cu with large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. Plastic shock waves propagate via dislocation nucleation or growth. With decreasing particle velocity, a remarkable drop in plastic shock wave velocity relative to the linear shock velocity–particle velocity relation is observed in the elastic–plastic two-wave regime for different loading directions. This reduction can be attributed to the changes in the mechanisms of plastic shock wave generation/propagation, from the dislocation nucleation-dominant mode, to the alternating nucleation and growth mode, and to the growth-dominant mode. For weak shocks, the plastic shock advances at the speed of the growth of existing dislocations (below the maximum elastic shock wave speed), considerably slower than the dislocation nucleation front for strong shocks (above the maximum elastic shock wave speed).
Carbonaceous sulfur hydride system: The strong-coupled room-temperature superconductor with a low value of Ginzburg–Landau parameter
Authors: Wrona I. A. , Kostrzewa M. , Krok K. A. , Durajski A. P. , Szczȩśniak R.
Published: March 2022

The superconducting state in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride (C–S–H) system is probably characterized by the record-high critical temperature of 288 K (p≈267 GPa). We determined the properties of the C–S–H superconducting phase within the scope of both classical Eliashberg equations and the Eliashberg equations with vertex corrections. We took into account the scenarios pertinent to either the intermediate or the high value of an electron–phonon coupling constant (λ≈0.75 or λ≈3.3, respectively). The scenario for the intermediate value, however, cannot be actually realized due to the anomalously high value of the logarithmic phonon frequency (ωln/kB=7150 K) it would require. On the other hand, we found it possible to reproduce correctly the value of TC and other thermodynamic quantities in the case of strong coupling, with all the reservations discussed in the presented paper. The vertex corrections lower the order parameter values within the range from ≈50 K to ≈275 K. For the upper critical field HC2≈27 T, the Ginzburg–Landau parameter κ is of the order of 1.7. The strong-coupling scenario for the C–S–H system is also suggested by the high values of λ estimated for H3S (λ≈2.1, κ≈1.5), LaH10 (λ≈2.8–3.9, κ≈1.6), and YH6 (λ≈1.7, κ≈1.3) compounds. In the case of the C–S–H system, we also anticipate the presence of the antiferromagnetic state above the superconducting state like in the dense CS2 superconductor. For p≈174 GPa and TC≈180 K, the magnetic ordering transition occurs at TN≈213 K.
Invariant embedding approach to secondary electron emission from metals
Authors: Bronold F. X. , Fehske H.
Published: March 2022

Based on an invariant embedding principle for the backscattering function, we calculate the electron emission yield for metal surfaces at very low electron impact energies. Solving the embedding equation within a quasi-isotropic approximation and using the effective mass model for the solid experimental data are fairly well reproduced provided (i) incoherent scattering on ion cores is allowed to contribute to the scattering cascades inside the solid and (ii) the transmission through the surface potential takes into account Bragg gaps due to coherent scattering on crystal planes parallel to the surface as well as randomization of the electron’s lateral momentum due to elastic scattering on surface defects. Our results suggest that in order to get secondary electrons out of metals, the large energy loss due to inelastic electron–electron scattering has to be compensated for by incoherent elastic electron–ion core scattering, irrespective of the crystallinity of the sample.
KP, MKP, and CKP dust ion acoustic solitons in a multispecies non-Maxwellian plasma
Authors: Kaur Manveet , Saini N. S.
Published: March 2022

Characteristics of small amplitude dust ion acoustic (DIA) solitons under transverse perturbations in a multispecies plasma with dust impurity and Vasyliunas–Cairns distributed two temperature electrons are presented. Using a reductive perturbation technique, the Kadomtsev–Petviashivili (KP), modified KP, and coupled KP equations are derived. Furthermore, considering single variable transformation, solutions of different equations are derived to investigate the influence of various plasma parameters and higher order effects on the characteristics of DIA solitons. From the nonlinear coefficient of the KP equation, the parametric range for the existence of positive and negative potential solitons is also determined. Furthermore, the stability analysis of the soliton solution of the KP equation is discussed. It is remarked that all different physical parameters have much influence on the characteristics of different types of small amplitude DIA solitons.
An orbital-based representation for accurate quantum machine learning
Authors: Karandashev Konstantin , von Lilienfeld O. Anatole
Published: March 2022

We introduce an electronic structure based representation for quantum machine learning (QML) of electronic properties throughout chemical compound space. The representation is constructed using computationally inexpensive ab initio calculations and explicitly accounts for changes in the electronic structure. We demonstrate the accuracy and flexibility of resulting QML models when applied to property labels, such as total potential energy, HOMO and LUMO energies, ionization potential, and electron affinity, using as datasets for training and testing entries from the QM7b, QM7b-T, QM9, and LIBE libraries. For the latter, we also demonstrate the ability of this approach to account for molecular species of different charge and spin multiplicity, resulting in QML models that infer total potential energies based on geometry, charge, and spin as input.
How to obtain reaction free energies from free-energy profiles
Authors: Dietschreit Johannes C. B. , Diestler Dennis J. , Ochsenfeld Christian
Published: March 2022

For chemical reactions that occur via the rearrangement of atoms from a configuration about one minimum (reactant, R) of the potential energy surface (PES) to a configuration about another minimum (product, P), an exact relation between the Helmholtz reaction free energy (ΔFRP) and the free-energy profile (FEP) can be derived. Since the FEP assumes a form similar to that of the PES along the minimum energy path between R and P, there is an unfortunate tendency to regard the FEP as the “free-energy” analog of the minimum energy path and consequently to equate ΔFRP to the difference between the values of the FEP at the minima corresponding to R and P. Analytic treatments of one- and two-dimensional models are presented that show how this mistaken idea leads to errors. In effect, treating the FEP by analogy with the minimum energy path neglects the role of entropy. The FEP is a function of a collective variable (CV), which must be chosen to describe the course of the rearrangement consistently with the exact relation between ΔFRP and the FEP. For large systems of common interest, the PES is often so complex that a straightforward way of choosing a CV is lacking. Consequently, one is forced to make an educated guess. A criterion for judging the quality of the guess is proposed and applied to a two-dimensional model.
Influence of heat treatments in H2 and Ar on the E1 center in β-Ga2O3
Authors: Langørgen Amanda , Zimmermann Christian , Kalmann Frodason Ymir , Førdestrøm Verhoeven Espen , Michael Weiser Philip , Michael Karsthof Robert , Basile Varley Joel , Vines Lasse
Published: March 2022

The influence of heat treating n-type bulk β-Ga2O3 in hydrogen (H2) and argon (Ar) gases on the presence of the defect level commonly labeled as E1 was studied. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy confirms that hydrogen (H) is incorporated into β-Ga2O3 during H2 annealing at 900 °C. Deep-level transient spectroscopy measurements reveal that the concentration of the E1 level is promoted by the introduction of H, in contrast to what is observed in samples heat-treated in an Ar flow. We further find the E1 level to be stable against heat treatments at 650 K, both with and without an applied reverse-bias voltage. Potential candidates for the defect origin of E1 are investigated using hybrid-functional calculations, and three types of defect complexes involving H are found to exhibit charge-state transition levels compatible with E1, including substitutional H at one of the threefold coordinated O sites, Ga-substitutional shallow donor impurities passivated by H, and certain configurations of singly hydrogenated Ga–O divacancies. Among these types, only the latter exhibit H binding energies that are consistent with the observed thermal stability of E1.
Ultrafast microscopy of a twisted plasmonic spin skyrmion
Authors: Dai Yanan , Zhou Zhikang , Ghosh Atreyie , Kapoor Karan , Dąbrowski Maciej , Kubo Atsushi , Huang Chen-Bin , Petek Hrvoje
Published: March 2022

We report a transient plasmonic spin skyrmion topological quasiparticle within surface plasmon polariton vortices, which is described by analytical modeling and imaging of its formation by ultrafast interferometric time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy. Our model finds a twisted skyrmion spin texture on the vacuum side of a metal/vacuum interface and its integral opposite counterpart in the metal side. The skyrmion pair forming a hedgehog texture is associated with co-gyrating anti-parallel electric and magnetic fields, which form intense pseudoscalar E·B focus that breaks the local time-reversal symmetry and can drive magnetoelectric responses of interest to the axion physics. Through nonlinear two-photon photoemission, we record attosecond precision images of the plasmonic vectorial vortex field evolution with nanometer spatial and femtosecond temporal (nanofemto) resolution, from which we derive the twisted plasmonic spin skyrmion topological textures, their boundary, and topological charges; the modeling and experimental measurements establish a quantized integer photonic topological charge that is stable over the optical generation pulse envelope.