bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Police Perceptions and Practices in the Development of “Public Disorder”1,2
Authors: Drury John , Stott Clifford , Farsides Tom
Published: August 2006

Recent studies suggest that crowd conflict needs to be understood as an interaction between the crowd and out‐groups such as the police. This paper describes a questionnaire survey in which 80 police officers from 2 United Kingdom forces were asked about their perceptions of crowds, appropriate “public order” policing methods, and attributions of responsibility for crowd conflict. As predicted, police officers saw the composition of crowds as mixed; yet they also constructed a dichotomy between a powerful minority, capable of exerting influence in the service of disorder, and a majority, who are unable to resist this influence. Police officers did not clearly endorse the view that crowds pose a homogeneous threat. They recommended control and quick intervention to prevent the escalation of crowd violence but denied that such methods might themselves contribute to conflict. Path analysis provides suggestive evidence that these perceptions of the crowd are related as part of a coherent ideology. Overall, these results offer support for the elaborated social identity model of crowd behavior as a dynamic intergroup process.
Immediate and Prolonged Effects of Videogame Violence
Authors: Deselms Jason L. , Altman Joanne D.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the relationship between playing violent videogames and sensitivity to aggressive acts. In 2 experiments, college students were randomly assigned to play violent or less violent videogames. They then read a series of criminal vignettes and assigned prison sentences to violent criminals. In the second experiment, participants returned 1 hr later and completed a second series of vignettes. A significant interaction between gender and videogame was found in both experiments. Men who played the violent game gave more lenient sentences to criminals than did those who played the less violent game. In the second experiment, women, unlike men, assigned harsher sentences after playing the violent game. The effects were found to persist for at least 1 hr.
Explaining Demographic Group Differences in Affirmative Action Attitudes1
Authors: Konrad Alison M. , Spitz Janet
Published: August 2006

This research identified mediators and a moderator of the relationship between demographic category and attitudes toward affirmative action (AA). Data were collected from national samples of sociologists and business academics. The results indicate that racism, traditional attitudes toward women, and belief in the existence of gender and race discrimination in academe were significant predictors of AA attitudes. Several findings provide support for the prediction that these factors mediate the relationship between demographic group membership and AA attitudes. Additionally, male sociologists who believed they personally experienced discrimination had more negative attitudes toward AA. Perceiving personal discrimination increased support of AA among female business academics. Implications for attitude and intergroup conflict theories are discussed.
Differentiating Diversities: Moral Diversity Is Not Like Other Kinds1
Authors: Haidt Jonathan , Rosenberg Evan , Hom Holly
Published: August 2006

Diversity is widely celebrated in American society. But from a social psychological point of view, diversity ought to cause a number of problems, such as divisiveness and conflict. A resolution of this paradox is proposed: There are several kinds of diversity, with different profiles of costs and benefits. In particular, moral diversity is identified as being problematic and even self‐contradictory. Three studies of attitudes and desires for interaction among college students confirmed that moral diversity reduces desires for interaction more than does demographic diversity, and that both kinds of diversity are valued more in a classroom than in other social settings. These findings have important implications for discussions of diversity, multiculturalism, affirmative action, identity politics, and immigration policy.
Teams Behaving Badly: Factors Associated With Anti‐Citizenship Behavior in Teams
Authors: Pearce Craig L. , Giacalone Robert A.
Published: August 2006

We examined anti‐citizenship behavior at the team level of analysis in a sample of 71 change management teams. Data were collected using a questionnaire methodology and through examination of company records. Results indicate that team leader solecism, team commitment, and perceived organizational support, but not team size, are highly correlated (p .05) with team anti‐citizenship behavior (TAB). Multiple regression results suggest that team leader solecism accounts for more unique variance in TAB than the other three variables.
Perceptions of Deservedness of Social Aid as a Function of Prenatal Diagnostic Testing1
Authors: Lawson Karen L.
Published: August 2006

This study examined whether judgments of deservedness of social aid subsequent to the birth of a disabled child vary as a function of prenatal diagnostic testing (PDT) use as predicted by the attribution‐affect‐action model (Weiner, 1980). A sample of family physicians/obstetricians (n= 341) and a university employee sample (n= 281) made attribution ratings in 3 scenarios in which an at‐risk pregnant woman gave birth to a disabled child. The findings indicate that women who chose not to use PDT or who chose to continue the pregnancy following a diagnosis were judged more responsible, more to blame, and less deserving of both sympathy and social aid subsequent to giving birth to a disabled child than were women to whom testing was not made available.
Harmonious and Obsessive Passion for the Internet: Their Associations With the Couple's Relationship1
Authors: Seguin‐Levesque Chantal , Lalibertea Marie Lyne N. , Pelletier Luc G. , Blanchard Cealine , Vallerand Robert J.
Published: August 2006

Based on a motivational perspective of passion, we investigated the associations between passion for the Internet and level of self‐determined motivation toward the couple's relationship. Our results show that an obsessive passion toward the Internet was associated with lower self‐determination in the couple, greater conflict in the relationship, and low levels of dyadic adjustment. In contrast, harmonious passion toward the Internet was associated with greater self‐determination in the couple, less conflict, and greater dyadic adjustment. Results suggest that use of the Internet is not necessarily associated with negative interpersonal outcomes. Rather, it appears that the way the activity has been internalized is associated with how individuals internalize their reasons for behaving in other domains.
HIV‐Related Behaviors Among Prison Inmates: A Theory of Planned Behavior Analysis1
Authors: Bryan Angela , Ruiz Monica S. , O'Neill Dennis
Published: August 2006

Prison inmates have high prevalence rates for both HIV and AIDS, creating a great need for HIV prevention efforts. We tested the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in 3 domains: intention to engage in condom use when released, intention to not share tattoo equipment in prison, and intention to not share needles or tattoo equipment when released. A total of 478 inmates (87% male) completed TPB and sexual and needle‐use risk behavior measures. TPB constructs accounted for a significant variance in intention to use condoms among African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian inmates, though the strength of the relationships differed by ethnicity. The TPB was less successful for intention to share tattooing equipment and not to share needles or tattoo equipment after release.
Beliefs About the Disconfirmability of Stereotypes: The Stereotype Disconfirmability Effect1
Authors: Ybarra Oscar , Stephan Walter G. , Schaberg Linda , Lawrence Jason S.
Published: August 2006

Two studies examined people's beliefs about the relative disconfirmability of out‐group and in‐group stereotypes. In Study 1 (n= 56), Hispanics and White non‐Hispanics judged the in‐group and out‐group stereotypes in terms of the ease with which they could be dis‐confirmed. The results indicated that strongly, ethnically identified participants believed the out‐group stereotype to be more difficult to disconfirm than the in‐group stereotype. The second study with 73 White participants examined their beliefs about the disconfirmability of the White and African American stereotypes. The results indicated that participants higher in prejudice believed the African American stereotype is more difficult to disconfirm than the White stereotype to a greater degree than participants lower in prejudice. The results suggest that disconfirmability beliefs comprise a distinct construct thai may contribute to the difficulty of changing out‐group stereotypes.
Prospective Prediction of Alternative High School Graduation Status at Emerging Adulthood1
Authors: Sussman Steve , Rohrbach Louise A. , Skara Silvana , Dent Clyde W.
Published: August 2006

Most studies that examine the prediction of graduation status among teens have examined those who attend regular high schools. The present study reports the prediction of high school graduation status 5 years later among 646 youth who attended alternative (continuation) high schools at baseline. Those youth at baseline who: (a) reported less intention to use soft drugs (cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana) during the next year; (b) suffered relatively few drug‐related consequences during the last year; (c) were relatively less likely to have carried a weapon (knife or gun) in the last year; (d) reported feeling relatively hopeful about the future; and (e) were older were more likely to self‐report having graduated continuation high school 5 years later. These results suggest that the consequences of drug use, not drug use per se, other illegal behavior, and a sense of well‐being are important predictors of graduation among groups of high‐risk teens. Problem behavior and resiliency theories are offered as potential explanations of these findings.
Women in a Man's World: Gender Differences in Leadership at the Military Academy
Authors: Morgan Matthew J.
Published: August 2006

This study responds to a deficiency of research on military leadership gender differences in spite of widespread interest in women in the military in policymaking and academic circles of various fields. Although scholarship in the field of women's leadership in recent years has asserted that there are stylistic differences between male and female leaders, there were few major differences in this study of 12 specific areas of leadership rated by 3 types of raters. Of the 36 possible occurrences of a statistically significant gender difference, only 6 manifested themselves in the cadet leader ratings. As a whole, evidence supports minimal gender differences in leadership performance or style in the West Point Class of 1998.
An Examination of the Individual‐Difference Approach to the Role of Norms in the Theory of Reasoned Action1
Authors: Johnston Kim L. , White Katherine M. , Norman Paul
Published: August 2006

The relationship between subjective norm and behavioral intentions is the weakest link of the theory of reasoned action. Numerous approaches have addressed this issue, including the assertion that the weak contribution is a result of a small number of individuals who are under normative control. The present research examines this individual‐difference approach in the domain of health behaviors. Respondents were 287 students who rated their intentions, attitudes, and subjective norms in relation to 32 health behaviors and 5 substance‐use behaviors. Regression analyses, between subjects and within subjects, demonstrated that both behaviors and people can be under attitudinal or normative control. Support for an individual‐difference approach was less conclusive when findings were examined separately for specific health behaviors.
The Effect of African American Skin Color on Hiring Preferences1
Authors: Wade T. Joel , Romano Melanie Judkins , Blue Leslie
Published: August 2006

The role of African American skin color in hiring decisions was investigated in a 2 × 2 × 2 (Participant Sex × Applicant Sex × Applicant Skin Color) design. College‐age participants (N= 107) were presented with stimuli and asked to make 8 employment‐related decisions. An interaction of applicant skin color and participant sex and a skin‐color main effect were predicted. Fair‐skinned applicants were expected to receive better ratings from men, while dark‐skinned applicants were expected to receive better ratings from women or ratings from women would not differ. Additionally, in general, fair‐skinned individuals were expected to receive better ratings than dark‐skinned individuals. The results were consistent with the hypotheses. Results are discussed in terms of the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype and prior research.
Acute Exercise Thoughts, Coping, and Exercise Intention in Older Adults
Authors: Gyurcsik Nancy C. , Estabrooks Paul A.
Published: August 2006

Two purposes of this study were to identify the types of acute thoughts older adults experienced when making exercise decisions and the strategies used to cope with negative thoughts. The third purpose was to examine the relationships between acute thoughts, coping self‐efficacy, and the outcomes of decisional struggle and exercise intention. Participants were 117 exercising older adults (Mage= 72 years). Acute thoughts, coping strategies and self‐efficacy, decisional struggle, and intention measures were taken concurrently. Results indicate that older adults experienced both acute positive and negative thoughts. To cope with negative thoughts, participants used cognitive and behavioral strategies. Further, coping self‐efficacy significantly predicted decisional struggle and intention.
Major Psychological Factors Determining Public Acceptance of the Siting of Nuclear Facilities
Authors: Tanaka Yutaka
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that factors that determine public acceptance of nuclear facilities in a general situation are different from factors that determine public acceptance of nuclear facilities in a siting situation by using a causal model. A survey was conducted in Japan with 1,000 randomly selected adult participants. The results were that in a general situation, both perceived risk and perceived benefit are important for public acceptance of nuclear facilities. In addition, in a siting situation, perceived risk is very important for public acceptance of nuclear facilities, whereas perceived benefit has little importance for public acceptance. Thus, for discussions concerning public acceptance of a facility associated with risk, it is important to clarify whether the viewpoint of a general situation or the viewpoint of a siting situation should be adopted.
Inaction Inertia in the Stock Market1
Authors: Tykocinski Orit , Israel Roni , Pittman Thane S.
Published: August 2006

Based on the inaction inertia effect, it was hypothesized that investors who missed an opportunity to leave a “bear market” will be less likely to sell the stock at a later opportunity when facing a grave loss. Participants in a stock‐market computer game were given an opportunity to sell their stock for a moderate gain. Having missed this initial opportunity and now facing a grave loss, these participants were less likely to sell their stock compared to participants whose potential loss was not as grave, or compared to participants facing the same magnitude of loss who had no previous opportunity to leave the market. Analysis of the time spent by participants on reading relevant information concerning the stock market suggests that this tendency toward continued inaction was not the result of careful deliberation over market trends. The results are discussed in terms of counterfac‐tual thinking and anticipated regret.
The Role of Distal Variables in Behavior Change: Effects of Adolescents’ Risk for Marijuana Use on Intention to Use Marijuana1
Authors: Yzer Marco C. , Cappella Joseph N. , Fishbein Martin , Hornik Robert , Sayeed Sarah , Ahern R. Kirkland
Published: August 2006

This study uses an integrative model of behavioral prediction as an account of adolescents’ intention to use marijuana regularly. Adolescents’ risk for using marijuana regularly is examined to test the theoretical assumption that distal variables affect intention indirectly. Risk affects intention indirectly if low‐risk and high‐risk adolescents differ on the strength with which beliefs about marijuana are held, or if they differ on the relative importance of predictors of intention. A model test confirmed that the effect of risk on intention is primarily indirect. Adolescents at low and high risk particularly differed in beliefs concerning social costs and costs to self‐esteem. Not surprisingly, at‐risk adolescents took a far more positive stand toward using marijuana regularly than did low‐risk adolescents. On a practical level, the integrative model proved to be an effective tool for predicting intention to use marijuana, identifying key variables for interventions, and discriminating between target populations in terms of determinants of marijuana use.
Personality and Perceived Justice as Predictors of Survivors’ Reactions Following Downsizing1
Authors: Brennan Aoife , Skarlicki Daniel P.
Published: August 2006

Downsizing, when deemed unfair, can result in negative outcomes in terras of survivors’ job attitudes and behaviors. Little research to date has examined whether a survivor's personality moderates these reactions. The present study examines the roles of personality and organizational justice in survivors’ reactions to downsizing. Results show that angry hostility moderates the relationships between survivors’ perceived interactional justice and (a) their organizational commitment, and (b) their intention to quit following downsizing. Specifically, the relationship between interactional justice and both criterion variables was significant only when angry hostility was low. Self‐discipline was found to moderate the relationship between survivors’ interactional justice and their organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) such that there was a significant positive correlation between interactional justice and OCB only for those employees who were low on self‐discipline. These findings are discussed in light of how supervisors could best manage downsizing.
Group Artistic Creativity: Creative Clusters and Cinematic Success in Feature Films1
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: August 2006

Filmmaking represents a distinctive form of group creativity in which many individuals contribute to a single creative product. This exploratory investigation examines these contributions in 1,327 English‐language, narrative feature films. Besides control variables, the measures included 2 criteria of impact (Best Picture honors, movie guide ratings) and 16 assessments of outstanding cinematic contributions (direction, male and female lead, male and female supporting, screenplay, art direction, costume design, makeup, cinematography, film editing, score, song, visual effects, sound effects editing, sound). A factor analysis showed that the contributions formed 4 creative clusters: dramatic, visual, technical, and musical. Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that a film's impact was a positive additive function of the dramatic and visual clusters, with the dramatic having the primary role.
Criterion‐Related Validity of Statistical Operationalizations of Group General Cognitive Ability as a Function of Task Type: Comparing the Mean, Maximum, and Minimum1
Authors: Day Eric Anthony , Arthur Winfred , Miyashiro Bruce , Edwards Bryan D. , Tubrè Travis C. , Tubrè Amber Hanson
Published: August 2006

The objective of the present study was to investigate the comparative criterion‐related validity of different statistical operationalizations of group general cognitive ability (i.e., mean, maximum, and minimum) as a function of task type based on Steiner's (1966, 1972) task typology. In contrast to recent investigations, we hypothesized that, regardless of task type, the mean of group members’ general cognitive ability would predict group performance as well as or better than other statistical operationalizations of group general cognitive ability. We conducted a laboratory study where 157 four‐person groups worked on 4 tasks that conformed to Steiner's typology (additive, compensatory, conjunctive, and disjunctive). The results indicate that the mean was the strongest predictor of group performance across all 4 task types and, in particular, was significantly stronger than the maximum and minimum on both the disjunctive and conjunctive tasks.
Effects of Victim and Defendant Race on Jurors' Decisions in Child Sexual Abuse Cases1
Authors: Bottoms Bette L. , Davis Suzanne L. , Epstein Michelle A.
Published: August 2006

We examined the influence of victim and defendant race, victim age, juror gender, and juror prejudice on jurors' decisions in child sexual abuse cases. In Experiments 1 and 2, mock jurors judged Black and Hispanic child victims to be more responsible for their sexual abuse than White victims. In Experiment 2, jurors assigned more guilt to defendants in cases involving victims and perpetrators of the same race compared to different races. Experiment 3 illustrated that laypeople believe same‐race cases to be more plausible generally. Experiment 2 revealed that high‐prejudiced White mock jurors made no more racially biased judgments than low‐prejudiced mock jurors. Finally, women were generally more pro‐victim in their case judgments than were men, and older victims were disadvantaged compared to younger victims in terms of perceived credibility and responsibility, and their cases were less likely to draw convictions.
Hate Welfare But Help the Poor: How the Attributional Content of Stereotypes Explains the Paradox of Reactions to the Destitute in America1
Authors: Henry P. J. , Reyna Christine , Weiner Bernard
Published: August 2006

Social scientists have documented more negative reactions to the concept of welfare versus the concept of poor, despite the fact that both labels can be used almost interchangeably in current political discussions. We believe that the most proximal explanation rests in the different attributional information contained within the stereotypes of welfare recipients versus poor people. Three studies were conducted to test this idea. The results suggest that the attributional content within stereotypes of welfare recipients, particularly their greater responsibility for their impoverished state compared with poor people, most influences the public's more negative reaction to welfare. The results are discussed in terms of how the rhetoric of stereotypes may be exploited in the political domain.
Theory‐Based Determinants of Youth Smoking: A Multiple Influence Approach1
Authors: Carvajal Scott C. , Hanson Carrie , Downing Roberta A. , Coyle Karin K. , Pederson Linda L.
Published: August 2006

This study tested a broad array of determinants of smoking grounded in general social psychological theories, as well as personality and social development theories. Using data from 2,004 middle school students, all proximal and distal determinants significantly predicted smoking in the hypothesized direction. Further, hierarchical logistic regressions showed that intention to smoke, positive and negative attitudes toward smoking, impediments to smoking, self‐efficacy to resist smoking, parent norms, and academic success most strongly predicted current smoking. Hierarchical linear regressions suggested that parental relatedness, maladaptive coping strategies, depression, and low academic aspirations most strongly predicted susceptibility to smoking for those who had not yet smoked a cigarette. Global expectancies were the strongest predictor of susceptibility in low socioeconomic status students. These findings may guide the development of future theory‐based interventions that produce the greatest reductions in youth smoking.
Beliefs About Older Workers' Learning and Development Behavior in Relation to Beliefs About Malleability of Skills, Age‐Related Decline, and Control1
Authors: Wrenn Kimberly A. , Maurer Todd J.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated beliefs about older workers' ability and inclination to develop career‐relevant skills, concepts that have not been empirically examined previously in any depth. Two sets of distinct but conceptually related variables were examined in relation to these beliefs. First, participants' implicit theory of abilities (whether they are fixed or changeable) was investigated, and was not found to predict beliefs about older workers' ability or inclination to develop. Second, their beliefs about the age‐related decline of learning‐relevant abilities and the controllability of such decline were examined. Beliefs about the decline of such abilities significantly predicted beliefs about older workers' ability to develop and beliefs about their inclination to develop. A significant relationship was also found between beliefs about controllability of decline and beliefs about older workers' learning goal orientation. Implicit theories significantly predicted beliefs about controllability of decline. These results empirically link research on beliefs about age‐related decline of abilities with the older worker stereotype literature. The results also link literature on beliefs about controllability of decline with literature on implicit theories of skill malleability.
“I've Got Some Bad News…”:Veterinarians' Recollections of Communicating Bad News to Clients1
Authors: Ptacek J. T. , Leonard Karen , McKee Tara L.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this investigation was to gain a better understanding of the transactional processes associated with communicating bad news. The authors asked 62 veterinarians to recall a time when they gave bad news and to respond to a series of statements designed to assess what they did in the transaction and how the transaction impacted the receiver of the news, as well as themselves. The majority of participants followed recommendations published in the medical and veterinary literatures, but rated some of these recommended strategies as making the news harder to give. Although these transactions were not rated as being overly stressful, for some veterinarians stress transcended the bounds of the interaction. Consistent with a transactional stress and coping perspective, preparation efforts were correlated with delivery efforts. However, preparation stress was unrelated to preparation or delivery efforts, and neither preparation efforts nor delivery efforts related to effectiveness appraisals or perceptions of client satisfaction.
Effects of Testimonial Inconsistencies and Witness Group Identity on Mock‐Juror Judgments1
Authors: Brewer Neil , Hupfeld R. M.
Published: August 2006

We examined the interaction of testimonial consistency and witness group identity on mock jurors' judgments of witness effectiveness, probability that the defendant committed the crime, and verdict. In a 3 × 2 (Witness Group Identity × Testimonial Consistency) between‐groups design, 180 mock jurors heard a trial of a person charged with assault. Although both variables affected judgments, group‐identity effects were weak when testimony was characterized by inconsistencies, and they were stronger when testimony was internally consistent but ambiguous. The judgment patterns were consistent with predictions from Chaiken, Liberman, and Eagly's (1989) heuristic‐systematic processing theory, suggesting that heuristic processing would bias systematic processing when the evidence was not decisive.
Changing Kinematics as a Means of Reducing Vulnerability to Physical Attack1
Authors: Johnston Lucy , Hudson Stephen M. , Richardson Michael J. , Gunns Rebekah E. , Garner Megan
Published: August 2006

Three experiments investigated whether women can change their walking style and hence reduce their vulnerability to physical attack. In Experiment 1, women were videotaped walking normally and when imagining themselves in a situation of low personal safety. Women were rated as harder to attack in the low safety condition. Differences in walking style accounted for differences in ease‐of‐attack ratings. Experiment 2 compared walking styles and vulnerability of women before and after completing a self‐defense course. No differences were seen across sessions. Experiment 3 investigated walking styles and vulnerability of women before and after completing individualized walking training programs. Differences in vulnerability between sessions were revealed and could be accounted for by changes in walking‐style features.
Gender Differences in Biobehavioral Aftereffects of Stress on Eating, Frustration, and Cardiovascular Responses1
Authors: Klein Laura Cousino , Faraday Martha M. , Quigley Karen S. , Grunberg Neil E.
Published: August 2006

Eating, persistence, and cardiovascular responses were evaluated after exposure to a 25‐min noise stressor with or without perceived control. Participants were healthy men (n = 29) and women (n = 34), aged 21 to 45 years. There were no group differences in cognitive task performance or blood pressure during the stressor. However, perceived control resulted in lower mean blood pressure and heart rate after cessation of the stressor for men and women. Women without perceived control displayed greater frustration levels following the stressor, and frustrated women ate more bland food than did nonfrustrated women. Perceived control and frustration did not affect food consumption among men following the stressor. These findings indicate that there are health‐relevant gender differences in biobehavioral responses that occur in the aftermath of stressor exposure. In addition, perceived control was especially important for women to attenuate the behavioral and biological effects of stressor exposure.
How the Defendant's Emotion Level Affects Mock Jurors' Decisions When Presentation Mode and Evidence Strength Are Varied1
Authors: Heath Wendy P. , Grannemann Bruce D. , Peacock Michelle A.
Published: August 2006

Two experiments (N= 443) were conducted to investigate the effects of a defendant's emotion level during testimony on mock jurors' decisions. In Experiment 1, the defendant's level of emotion (low, moderate, high) and mode of presentation (audio, video) were varied. The defendant displaying a low level, as opposed to a higher level of emotion was perceived as more guilty and less credible. In Experiment 2, using only the video mode, emotion level and evidence strength (strong, weak) were varied. Defendant emotion level tended to affect jurors' decisions only when the evidence against the defendant was weak (i.e., a stronger display of emotion was associated with a lower proportion of guilty verdicts, shorter sentence assignments, and perceptions of a more honest defendant). Path analyses for both experiments indicate that the effects of emotion on perceived guilt level are mediated by perceptions of the defendant (e.g., the defendant's level of honesty). Implications of using defendant emotion level for determining guilt are discussed.
The Theory of Planned Behavior and Breast Self‐Examination: Distinguishing Between Perceived Control and Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Norman Paul , Hoyle Sarah
Published: August 2006

This paper reports an application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to the prediction of breast self‐examination (BSE) intentions and behavior. The study also considered the distinction between perceived control and self‐efficacy within the TPB and the additional predictive utility of past behavior. A sample of 95 women completed questionnaires based on the TPB and were followed up at 1 month. Support for the distinction between perceived control and self‐efficacy was provided by principal components analysis. The TPB was found to be highly predictive of intention to perform BSE and subsequent BSE behavior. Regression analyses revealed self‐efficacy and attitude to be predictive of intention to perform BSE. Intention, in turn, was the sole predictor of BSE at 1‐month follow‐up. Past behavior was found to explain additional variance in intention, but not BSE behavior at 1‐month follow‐up. The results are discussed in relation to the conceptual status of the perceived behavioral control construct, and the practical implications of the results are highlighted.
Intercultural Study of Personal Space: A Case Study
Authors: Beaulieu Catherine
Published: August 2006

The study of intercultural differences in personal space attempts to identify factors that could be helpful in guiding people from different cultures to live and work together in international ventures. The objective of this research was to measure interpersonal distance in a cross‐cultural environment. Twenty‐three participants classified in 4 cultural groups answered an 11‐questions interview where the personal distance and orientation between seated interactants were measured. Results showed that Anglo Saxons used the largest zone of personal space, followed by Asians, then Caucasians, and, as expected, Mediterraneans and Latinos used the shortest distance. Where Latinos adopt a face‐to‐face position, Caucasians tend to orient themselves to the side of the interviewer, which has an impact on interpersonal communication.
Experiencing Job Burnout: The Roles of Positive and Negative Traits and States
Authors: Zellars Kelly L. , Hochwarter Wayne A. , Perrewé Pamela L. , Hoffman Nicole , Ford Eric W.
Published: August 2006

Extending recent research efforts on the effects of personality and moods at work, this study examined the impact of personality traits and mood states in job burnout. Specifically, the field study examined the role of 2 personality traits and positive and negative moods (states) in burnout among nurses working at 2 hospitals. Results indicate that extra‐version significantly predicted the diminished accomplishment component of burnout, and neuroticism significantly predicted the exhaustion and depersonalization components. Thus, the findings indicate that personality dimensions predict burnout components differentially. Further, positive moods mediated the relationship between extraversion and accomplishment, while negative moods partially mediated between neuroticism and exhaustion. Thus, moods exhibited both direct and mediating effects. Implications for management and suggestions for future research are offered.
HIV/STD Risk Among Incarcerated Adolescents: Optimism About the Future and Self‐Esteem as Predictors of Condom Use Self‐Efficacy1
Authors: Bryan Angela , Aiken Leona S. , West Stephen G.
Published: August 2006

We tested a psychosocial model of condom‐use intentions among incarcerated adolescents, who are at exceptionally high risk for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. Incarcerated adolescents (n = 150: 139 male, 11 female; age = 13 to 17 years; 44% Hispanic, 39% Caucasian) provided face‐to‐face interviews. The model included past condom use and 2 classes of constructs: (a) general health‐behavior‐related constructs; and (b) sub‐population‐relevant developmental predictors. Affective attitudes, descriptive norms, and self‐efficacy for condom use predicted intentions directly. Mediational linkages from optimism about the future and self‐esteem through self‐efficacy to intentions were confirmed. Two characterizations of the relationship of attitudes to intentions were explored, yielding 2 models that accounted for between 45% and 51% of variance in intentions.
Social Status and Aggressiveness as Moderators of the Relationship Between Interactional Justice and Workplace Deviance
Authors: Aquino Karl , Galperin Bella L. , Bennett Rebecca J.
Published: August 2006

Workplace deviance is a prevalent and costly problem for organizations. This study examines the relationship between interactional justice, a specific type of organizational justice perception that reflects how a person is treated by an authority, and 2 categories of deviant behavior. Based on a person‐situation model, we expected the relation between interactional justice and deviance to be stronger when the employee is high rather than low in aggressiveness. Drawing from prior research suggesting that people with low status react defensively to self‐invalidating events, we hypothesized that the social status variables of hierarchical position, gender, and race would also moderate the relation between interactional justice and deviance. Finally, we propose a 3‐way interaction involving aggressiveness, status, and interactional justice. Data were collected from 192 employees of a public sector organization. The results provide support for several of the hypothesized interactions involving aggressiveness, social status variables, and interactional justice.
Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action as a Function of the Strength of Ethnic Identity Among Latino College Students1
Authors: Elizondo Evellyn , Crosby Faye
Published: August 2006

The present study examined support for affirmative action among Latino college students as a function of ethnic identity. We found that, overall, Latino students generally endorsed affirmative action and did not feel undermined by it. Of primary interest to us was variation in support for affirmative action as a function of ethnic identity. The more the Latino students identified with their ethnic group, the more they endorsed affirmative action.
The Impact of Age, Speech Style, and Question Form on Perceptions of Witness Credibility and Trial Outcome1
Authors: Ruva Christine L. , Bryant Judith Becker
Published: August 2006

The experiment examined the effects that witness age (6, 10, or 22 year old), witness speech style (powerful or powerless), and prosecuting attorney's questioning style (open‐or closed‐ended) have on perceived witness credibility and trial outcome. Potential jurors (N=276) read trial transcripts involving a murder. A significant age by speech style interaction revealed that speaking in a powerless manner was significantly more harmful to the adult witness' credibility than it was to the child witness' credibility. A Significant Age × Question Form interaction revealed that question form only had a significant effect on the 6‐year‐old's credibility. Finally, verdicts, guilt ratings, and the length of the sentence were significantly correlated with ratings of the witness' credibility.
Effects of Participation in a First Women's Studies Course on Collective Self‐Esteem, Gender‐Related Attitudes, and Emotional Well‐Being1
Authors: Katz Jennifer , Swindell Samantha , Farrow Sherry
Published: August 2006

We studied the psychological sequelae of participation in a first women's studies course. It was hypothesized that this course would impact women's social identities (collective self‐esteem, CSE) and attitudes about gender (sexist and feminist beliefs). Further, we hypothesized that more liberal attitudes about gender would enhance mood, whereas awareness of devaluation (public CSE) would reduce mood. Female students enrolled in Psychology of Women (n= 55) and Introductory Psychology (n= 41) provided data at the beginning and end of an academic semester. As predicted, Psychology of Women students endorsed significantly more liberal attitudes about gender and awareness of devaluation over the course of the semester. Further, acceptance of feminist attitudes buffered against anxiety, whereas awareness of devaluation increased anxiety. The net effect was a nonsignificant change in anxiety for Psychology of Women students over time.
Anger, Blame, and Dimensions of Perceived Norm Violations: Culture, Gender, and Relationships
Authors: Ohbuchi Ken‐Ichi , Tamura Toru , Quigley Brian M. , Tedeschi James T. , Madi Nawaf , Bond Michael H. , Mummendey Amelie
Published: August 2006

From a social cognitive perspective on anger, we attempted to examine the structure of perceived norm violations and their relationships with anger. We asked 884 university students from 4 countries (United States, Germany, Japan, and Hong Kong) to rate their experiences of being harmed in terms of norm violations, angry feelings, blame, and relationship with the harm doers. We found 2 culturally common dimensions in perceived norm violations (informal interpersonal norms and formal societal norms), and these dimensions substantially increased both angry feelings and blame in almost all cultural groups. The violation of interpersonal norms generally evoked anger more frequently than that of societal norms, but there were interactions between culture and relationship closeness and between gender and relationship closeness.
An Aiibi Witness' Influence on Mock Jurors' Verdicts1
Authors: Culhane Scott E. , Hosch Harmon M.
Published: August 2006

The impact of alibi testimony on juror decision making is not yet clear because it has been examined empirically infrequently. This study was designed to determine the impact of alibi witness' testimony, the impact of an alibi witness with a relationship in comparison to one without a relationship to the defendant, and the impact of an eyewitness' confidence on juror decision making. Results indicated that mock jurors acquit a defendant more often when an alibi witness with no relationship to the defendant testified on his behalf. Participants did not believe an alibi witness who had a relationship with the defendant even though the witness was not a family member. Implications for these results are discussed.
Acknowledging One's Physical Disability in the Interview: Does “When” Make a Difference?
Authors: Hebl Michelle R. , Skorinko Jeanine L.
Published: August 2006

The current research investigates acknowledgments that physically disabled individuals make in an interview setting, and examines whether the timing of an acknowledgment makes a difference to the impressions that evaluators form. A total of 137 participants watched an interview of a disabled applicant who (a) made no acknowledgment about the disability; or who acknowledged the disability at the (b) beginning, (c) middle, or (d) end of a job interview. Applicants who did not acknowledge or who acknowledged at the end of the interview were perceived less favorably than were those who disclosed earlier in the interview. Furthermore, participants’ perceptions of the applicant's psychological well‐being mediated the effect of acknowledgment timing on hiring‐related outcomes. Results are discussed in terms of self‐presentational strategies that physically disabled individuals might adopt and the importance of establishing one's psychological well‐being early in the impression‐formation process.
Bright light therapy for seasonal affective disorder in Israel (latitude 32.6°N): a single case placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Moscovici L.
Published: August 2006

Introduction:  We describe a patient diagnosed as having seasonal affective disorder (SAD, winter depression), an unlikely condition in Israel (latitude 32.6°N), a country with relatively minor daylight photoperiodic changes between seasons.

Method:  Case report.

Results:  A 46‐year‐old woman with a clinical picture of depression (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnostic criteria for ‘major depression with seasonal pattern’) reacted positively to 3 weeks of daily bright light therapy of 10 000 lux/wide spectrum. She was asked to wear dark sunglasses during placebo sessions to accommodate an A‐B‐C single‐case‐design. The intervention resulted in an improvement of 74–80% in the Hamilton anxiety and depression scales (clinician‐rated) and the Beck depression inventory, similar to results obtained in high latitude regions. The depression and anxiety levels returned close to baseline levels following 1 week of the placebo intervention.

Conclusion:  Seasonal affective disorder is apparently not limited to certain latitudes. The effect of light therapy was short‐lived after discontinuation of the treatment, with rapid relapse occurring in the placebo phase.
Induction of Melanogenesis Suppression: Cellular Pharmacology and Mode of Differential Action
Authors: MISHIMA YUTAKA , HATTA SUSUMU , OHYAMA YASUAKI , INAZU MIZUHO
Published: August 2006

Recent elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of eu‐ and pheomelanogenesis has led us towards an exciting new era of melanogenesis control. I will chiefly address our progress on inhibitory control of melanogenesis from the macromolecular level to human skin colour.

In the past, the exploration and search for skin depigmenting agents has been focussed on and initiated from substances which can suppress isolated tyrosinase in vitro. Now, as I have classified below, many new melanogenic inhibitors have been discovered which, in spite of their non‐suppressive effect on isolated naked tyrosinase, suppress melanin formation in the living pigment cell in vitro as well as in the natural world. I will also discuss a recently found unique disorder: unilateral suppression of mixed melanogenesis.

Isolated tyrosinase: Suppressive type

Chemical inhibitors, e.g., kojic acid, ascorbic acid

Naturally occurring inhibitors, e.g., indole blocking factor

Isolated tyrosinase: Nonsuppressive type

Inhibition of tyrosinase synthesis in ribosome

Inhibition of tyrosinase transfer to premelanosomes by glycosylation interruption, e.g., tunicamycin, glucosamine

Melanocyte cytotoxic inhibitors, e.g., hydroquinone, azelaic acid

Congenital unilateral suppression of human mixed melanogenesis

Congenital pheomelanic macular depigmentation
Expression of Cell Surface Sialic Acid and Galactose by Normal Adult Human Melanocytes in Culture
Authors: BERTHIER‐VERGNES ODILE , BERRUX VÉRONIQUE , RÉANO ALAIN , DORÉ JEAN‐FRANÇOIS
Published: August 2006

Normal adult human melanocytes grown either in the presence of phorbol ester or dialyzed hypothalamic extract were analyzed for their cell surface sialic acid and galactose content. In both cases, cells expressed large amounts of sialic acid, whereas they differed in their terminal nonreducing β‐D‐galactosyl residues linked to N‐acetyl galactosamine; such residues were accessible to peanut agglutinin and Bauhinia purpurea lectin on cells grown in phorbol ester and inaccessible on cells grown with dialyzed hypothalamic extract. In addition, striking differences in morphology and growth characteristics were observed between adult melanocytes grown with phorbol ester or with dialyzed hypothalamic extract. Thus, pure cultures of normal adult human melanocytes grown in the presence of dialyzed hypothalamic extract displayed cell surface properties different from those of melanocytes grown with phorbol ester. Cultures of melanocytes with dialyzed hypothalamic extract are likely to reflect known cell surface characteristics of human melanocytes in the skin. Such cultures could represent a useful model to study normal behavior and tumor progression of pigmented cells.