bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation and cultural adaptation of the Russian version of the Pedi-IKDC questionnaire
Authors: Ivanov Iaroslav A. , Eltsin Alexander G. , Mininkov Dmitry S.
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND: Questionnaires are standard tools used for examination of patients. Obtained data provide information about knee function disturbance and level of the quality of life. Young patients with various knee injuries also needed examination questionnaires. In worldwide practice, the Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee (Pedi-IKDC) is more often used by doctors. However, if the doctor wants to use foreign questionnaire in his/her practice, the questionnaire should be validated and culturally adaptable.
AIM: This study aimed to enable the validation and cultural adaptation of the Russian version of the Pedi-IKDC questionnaire based on the English version for children and adolescent.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This questionnaire was translated from English by professional medical translator and by orthopedic surgeon. The Lysholm questionnaire was also used to control the adequacy of Pedi-IKDC results. Statistical analysis was performed to process data.
RESULTS: Cronbachs alpha was 0.902, which means that questions have high level of consistency. The high correlation of results between the Lysholm and Pedi-IKDC questionnaire also proves the adequateness and objectiveness of the results.
CONCLUSIONS: The proposed Russian version of the Pedi-IKDС questionnaire gives effective, objective, and adequate results. It is a good tool for knee assessment in children.
Emzirme ve Sigara
Authors: UYAR HAZAR Hale , GÜLTEKİN Sinem
Published: July 2021

Ulusal ve uluslarası düzeyde emzirme oranları artırılmak istenmektedir. Ancak emzirme üzerine olumsuz etkileri olan laktasyon döneminde maternal sigara kullanımı hem ülkemizde hem de Avrupa da yaygındır. Annenin emzirme döneminde sigara kullanımı, süt inme refleksinin engellenmesi, süt üretiminin azalması ve sütten erken kesilme ile doğrudan bağlantılı olup, bebeklerin uyku/uyanıklık düzeninin değişmesine, anne sütünün pro-oksidan-antioksidan dengesinin bozulmasına, anne sütünün uzun zincirli çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinin miktarının azalmasına, düşük iyot kaynaklı anne sütü transferine neden olmaktadır. Bunların yanı sıra sigara içen annelerin bebeklerinde; anne sütünden kötü tat alma, huzursuzluk, ani bebek ölümü sendromu riski, pnömoni, astım, bronşit gibi solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarına yakalanma olasılığı, kolik olma ve obeziteye eğilim daha yüksektir. Sigara kullanmakta olan bazı anneler emzirmek yerine formül maması vermenin daha güvenli olduğuna inanmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra klinik uygulamalarda; sigara içiyorum bebeğimi emzirebilir miyim?, sigara içmek sütümün kalitesini ve tadını bozar mı?, sigaranın bebeğime daha az zarar vermesi için neler yapabilirim? şeklinde sorular yönelten annelere de rastlanmaktadır. Emzirme eğitimi ve danışmanlığı sırasında sağlık personeli; emziren ve sigara içen annelerin bebeklerinde nikotin maruziyetinin etkilerinin farkında olarak bu konuya yeterince önem vermelidir. Emzirmeye olan ilgiyi artırmak, sigara maruziyetinin yenidoğanda oluşturduğu zararlar konusunda farkındalık sağlamak ve sigara bırakmaya teşvik etmek için sağlık personeli her fırsatı değerlendirmelidir. Bu derlemenin amacı emzirme ve sigara konusundaki literatürü inceleyerek bilgilerimizi gözden geçirmektir.
Bağırsak-Beyin Eksenine Biyokimyasal Bakış
Authors: AYDIN Ümmühan Fulden , TULİ Abdullah
Published: July 2021

Bağırsak mikrobiyatası ve beyin birbiriyle çift yönlü iletişimde olan iki sistemdir. Çift yönlü bu iletişim bağırsak mikrobiyatasının beyinden etkilenmesini içerdiği kadar bağırsak mikrobiyatasının da beyni etkilemesi anlamına gelmektedir. Güncel veriler bu iletişimin biyokimyasal, immünolojik ve nörolojik yollarını gözler önüne serer. Bağırsak mikrobiyatasının gelişimi, bütünlüğü ve içeriği konağın metabolizması üzerinde oldukça etkindir. Bu derlemede bağırsak mikrobiyatasının konak metabolizmasına olan etkileri ve bağırsak mikrobiyatası-beyin ekseni biyokimyasal bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmiştir.
On two characteristic frequencies of acceleration spectra: Patch corner frequency andfmax
Authors: Papageorgiou Apostolos S.
Published: July 2021

We examine two issues related to the radiation of tectonic earthquake sources: (i) the complexity of the shape of observed source spectra, and (ii) the effect of recording site characteristics on the cut-off frequency fmax of acceleration spectra beyond which spectral amplitudes diminish sharply.

We compute the far-field spectra of the 1979 Imperial Valley and the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquakes from the slip functions that were inferred from detailed inversion studies of strong motion and teleseismic data of these two California strike-slip events. These spectra, along with data from the 1983 Central Japan Sea earthquake sequence (main shock and aftershocks), demonstrate the existence of the so-called patch corner frequency, which is related to the scale-length of heterogeneities of the fault plane. Such a frequency is a distinct feature of the source spectrum of the specific barrier model of Papageorgiou and Aki.

By analyzing accelerograms of the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, we found that fmax determined from records at soil stations is nearly the same as that determined from records at hard rock stations.
Trench investigations through the trace of the 1980 El Asnam thrust fault: Evidence for paleoseismicity
Authors: Meghraoui M. , Philip H. , Albarede F. , Cisternas A.
Published: July 2021

During the EI Asnam earthquake of 10 October 1980 (Ms = 7.3), a clear active thrust fault with left-lateral offset was observed. Three trenches have been excavated across this fault in order to determine slip rate and recurrence intervals between large earthquakes, and thus reconstruct its past activity.

Exposure I was excavated in the flood area created in 1980 by a pressure ridge across the Cheliff and Fodda Rivers. Six flood deposits (silty-sandy and muddy horizons) alternating with paleosoils appear in this exposure; they are affected by normal faults associated with the main thrust fault. Assuming that every flood deposit results from a tectonic event of magnitude greater than 7, we can correlate previous flood deposits with these events. Exposures II and III display thrust faults displacing different paleosoils. We propose a sequence of reconstructions based on the thickness of the various deposits and the dip-slip of each tectonic event.

The Late Holocene slip rate is 0.65 mm/yr for the dip-slip and 0.46 mm/yr for each of the horizontal and the vertical movements. Radiocarbon dates of coseismic movements indicate a rather irregular seismic activity during the past 7000 yr. Two sequences of large earthquakes around 4000 yr B.P. and around the modern age are separated with a period of quiescence. The average Late Holocene recurrence interval of large earthquakes is 1061 yr; however, during the active faulting episodes, the recurrence time varies from approximately 300 to 500 yr.
The argos seismic data message system
Authors: Derr John S. , Hunter Roger N.
Published: July 2021

A reliable, inexpensive method for sending limited daily seismic data messages from remote observatories to the National Earthquake Information Center has been developed for use with the Argos satellite system. Data messages are compressed on a microcomputer and passed automatically to a simple transmitter. About 4 hr later, the data are available at the National Earthquake Information Center, where they are decompressed and reformatted into standard telegrams for use in quick epicenter determinations. Epicenter data are available daily to the international scientific community.
Inversion for slip distribution using teleseismic P waveforms: North Palm Springs, Borah Peak, and Michoacan earthquakes
Authors: Mendoza Carlos , Hartzell Stephen H.
Published: July 2021

We have inverted the teleseismic P waveforms recorded by stations of the Global Digital Seismograph Network for the 8 July 1986 North Palm Springs, California, the 28 October 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho, and the 19 September 1985 Michoacan, Mexico, earthquakes to recover the distribution of slip on each of the faults using a point-by-point inversion method with smoothing and positivity constraints. In the inversion procedure, a fault plane with fixed strike and dip is placed in the region of the earthquake hypocenter and divided into a large number of subfaults. Rupture is assumed to propagate at a constant velocity away from the hypocenter, and synthetic ground motions for pure strike-slip and dip-slip dislocations are calculated at the teleseismic stations for each subfault. The observed seismograms are then inverted to obtain the distribution of strike-slip and dip-slip displacement for the earthquake.

Results of the inversion indicate that the Global Digital Seismograph Network data are useful for deriving fault dislocation models for moderate to large events. However, a wide range of frequencies, which includes periods shorter than those within the passband of the long-period Global Digital Seismograph Network instruments, is necessary to infer the distribution of slip on the earthquake fault. Although the long-period waveforms define the size (dimensions and seismic moment) of the earthquake, data at shorter periods provide additional constraints on the variation of slip on the fault. Dislocation models obtained for all three earthquakes are consistent with a heterogeneous rupture process where failure is controlled largely by the size and location of high-strength asperity regions.
Coda polarization properties of high-frequency microseismic events
Authors: Cichowicz A. , Green R. W. E. , van Zyl Brink A.
Published: July 2021

Earthquake prediction research would benefit if a technique was available to continuously monitoring the physical characteristics of a volume of rock which immediately surrounds a seismic source. This study employs the polarization properties of microseismic events in order to estimate the volume containing the near-source scatterers associated with the coda arrivals.

A three-component accelerometer installed for research purposes approximately 180 m ahead of an active stope in a gold mine was located at a depth of 3,200 m. Microseismic events that were analyzed occurred within 300 m of the accelerometers, and these events had an average seismic moment of 1012 dyne-cm, with an average P-wave corner frequency close to 1.5 kHz. In general, the seismograms showed a strong acceleration coda following the direct P and S arrivals. A polarization filter was utilized to investigate the linearity of these coda signals, and this in turn was used to estimate the location of the scattering sources for these P-coda waves. The small values for the deflection angles (deflection is defined relative to the backazimuth from the receiver to the source) that were recorded for the strong P-coda pulses suggested that the region of the scattering was close to the seismic source. The series of initial strong pulses associated with the P-coda waves (5 msec) resulted largely from forward scattering caused by velocity fluctuations; these variations occurred over a length greater than 1 m. After these initial pulses, a second partition of the P-coda wave consisted of backscattered energy, and these pulses were attributed to velocity and density fluctuations over a length much smaller than 1 m. Results of the analyses suggest that the volume containing the scatters can be approximated by a sphere of radius 35 m that encompasses the seismic source.

Two parameters, F~2 and DP, were investigated, and these enabled a comparison to be made of the degree of polarization between different records. The degree of polarization F2(t) changes from having a value one, for linear polarization, to a value zero for the unpolarized signal. The second parameter DP was defined as the ratio of the integral of the square of the ground velocity multiplied by the polarization filter [sin2(2 arctan F2(t))] to the integral of the square of the ground velocity. This parameter facilitated the removal of the unpolarized signal from DP. The analyses of 25 events yielded an average value for F~2 of 0.57 ± 0.06 for the P coda and 0.47 ± 0.05 for the S coda. The corresponding values for DP were 0.66 ± 0.08 for the P coda and 0.42 ± 0.11 for the S coda. The P-coda was found to have a high degree of polarization over a significant portion of the coda; this was not the case for the S coda.
A proposed source model for the great Kau, Hawaii, earthquake of 1868
Authors: Wyss Max
Published: July 2021

On 2 April 1868, an earthquake occurred which destroyed all stone buildings in southern Hawaii. It was felt on Kauai Island at 600 km, and ground shaking of intensity VII was reported up to 130 km distance. Based on the magnitude versus felt-area relationship for Hawaii, it is estimated that the magnitude of the earthquake was about 8. The foreshock sequence lasted 5 days, and the aftershocks lasted for years to perhaps a decade. It appears that this earthquake was one of the very few largest events in historic time in the United States, excluding Alaska, but its return period is unknown.

It is proposed that the source of this earthquake was slip of the upper crust towards the southeast along a near-horizontal plane at approximately 9 km depth. The rupture plane may have had dimensions of at least 50 km × 80 km. It is proposed that its eastern edge extended from near Mauna Loa's summit to the south along the volcano's southwest rift. In this model, magma intrusions into Mauna Loa and its southwest rift provide the stresses which act perpendicular to the rift and which push the volcano's southwest flank away from the edifice of the island of Hawaii. The oceanic sediment layer upon which this edifice is deposited acts as a layer of weakness containing the fault plane. This model explains the eruptive pattern of Mauna Loa and its southwest rift, as well as the growing separation between the southwest rift zones of the two volcanoes: Kilauea and Mauna Loa.

Geodetic monitoring of southern Hawaii, particularly of the area between the two active volcano's southwest rifts, could test this hypothesis and lead to an estimate of the recurrence time.
Teleseismic spectral and temporalM0 and Ψ∞ estimates for four French explosions in southern Sahara
Authors: McLaughlin K. L. , Lees A. C. , Der Z. A. , Marshall M. E.
Published: July 2021

Estimates for explosion moment M0, and reduced displacement potential, Ψ∞, are made for four French explosions at Taourirt Tan Afella Massif in southern French Sahara using data from the long-range seismic measurement network and the EKA and YKA arrays. Preparatory to determining moments, attenuation, t⋆, estimates are made for each station, and the source region t⋆ values of 0.30 to 0.35 sec are found for the southern Sahara test site. This source region attenuation level is consistent with the “hot spot” hypothesis for the Ahaggar plateau in northern Africa. Consequently, the attenuation bias between Ahaggar and the Nevada Test Site should be small.

Both spectral estimation and broadband temporal deconvolution methods are used for estimation of the explosion moments. The deconvolution estimates of static moment are found to be consistent with the spectral estimation methods. Deconvolved seismograms for the explosions EMERAUDE, RUBIS, SAPHIR, and GRENAT show evidence of strong anisotropic free surface interaction that may be due to scattering or spall from the steep topography of the Taourirt Tan Affela Massif test site.
Second-order moment tensors of microearthquakes at The Geysers geothermal field, California
Authors: O'Connell Daniel R. H. , Johnson Lane R.
Published: July 2021

The Geysers geothermal field is the site of intense microseismicity which appears to be associated with steam production. It seems that focal mechanisms of earthquakes at The Geysers vary systematically with depth, but P-wave first-motion focal mechanism studies have been hampered by inadequate resolution. In this study an unconstrained frequency domain moment tensor inversion method is used to over come P-wave first-motion focal sphere distribution problems and to investigate microearthquake source properties. A goal was to investigate the feasibility of using waveforms to invert for the second-order moment tensor of microearthquakes in the complex setting of The Geysers. Derived frequency-domain moment tensors for two earthquakes were verified by mechanisms estimated from P-wave first motions and required far fewer stations. For one event, 19 P-wave first motions were insufficient to distinguish between normal-slip and strike-slip focal mechanisms, but a well-constrained strike-slip solution was obtained from the waveform principal moment inversion using data from six stations. Improved waveform focal mechanism resolution was a direct consequence of using P- and S-wave data together in a progressive velocity-hypocenter inversion to minimize Green function errors. The effects of hypocenter mislocation and velocity model Green function errors on moment tensor estimates were investigated. Synthetic tests indicate that these errors can introduce spurious isotropic and compensated linear vector dipole components as large as 26 per cent for these events, whereas principal moment orientations errors were <8°. In spite of unfavorable recording geometries and large (0.6 km) station elevation differences, the results indicate that waveform moment tensor estimates for microearthquake sources can be robust and constrain source mechanisms using data from a relatively small number of stations.
Comparing strain events: A case study for the Homestead Valley earthquakes
Authors: King N. E. , Agnew D. C. , Wyatt F.
Published: July 2021

We present a procedure for comparing strain events at different sites, and apply it to observations for the Homestead Valley earthquake sequence of 15 March 1979. Coseismic strain steps occurred on two laser strainmeters at Piñon Flat Observatory (PFO) and on a creepmeter spanning the San Andreas fault at Wiebe Ranch (XWR); the creepmeter records were studied by Leary and Malin (1984). The PFO coseismic strains are consistent with a source model derived from near-field geodetic measurements, while the XWR coseismic extension is 1200 times too large and of the wrong sign. The XWR instrument showed an anomalous extension about 20 hours before the earthquake (Leary and Malin, 1984), but no such signals were detected on the PFO strainmeters at this time. To compare these preseismic observations we must make some assumption about the preseismic source, and we choose to assume that any precursory slip occurred on the fault plane that eventually ruptured. Under this assumption, the preseismic XWR and PFO records cannot be reconciled unless the preseismic dislocation is left-lateral or mostly thrust, and the fault zone at XWR magnifies strain by a factor of 2900 or more. This strain magnification implies that the fault-zone shear modulus at XWR is 107 Pa, three orders of magnitude smaller than the shear modulus of typical crustal rocks. However, earth-tide observations at XWR constrain the strain magnification at this site to be less than about 55. Thus the preseismic extension at XWR is probably not a precursor to the Homestead Valley earthquake.
Spectral evidence for source multiplicity in explosions: Application to regional discrimination of earthquakes and explosions
Authors: Baumgardt Douglas R. , Ziegler Kathleen A.
Published: July 2021

Spectral and cepstral analysis were performed on regional-array NORESS recordings of mining explosions in Scandinavia and Russia in order to detect the effects of delayed explosions or “ripple firing” commonly used in mine-blasting practice. NORESS array-stacked spectra, corrected for instrument and noise, were computed in windows on Pn, Pg, Sn, and Lg waves from the mine blasts by averaging individual channel spectra, frequency by frequency, across the array. For comparison, spectra were also computed for six western Norway earthquakes located near the Blasjo and Titania Norwegian mines. Also, stack spectra of P coda, Sn, and Lg were computed using NORSAR seismograms for presumed peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) located at near-regional distances (Δ > 10°) in western Russia. The NORSAR spectra were determined in the same manner as the NORESS spectra, except that an individual source correction was applied to the spectra. Comparison of western Norway mine-blast spectra and nearby earthquakes shows that the earthquake Pn spectra are peaked in the 8- to 16-Hz band, with little energy below 6 Hz, whereas the explosion spectra have flatter spectra from 3 to 16 Hz. This difference in the Pn spectra may be caused by the earthquakes occurring at greater depths than the explosions, differences in the near-source media, or source mechanism effects in the earthquake spectra. The main difference between earthquake and explosion spectra is that the explosion spectra exhibit marked scalloping or modulation patterns not observed in the earthquake spectra. The modulation patterns are identical in spectra of all phases, indicating that they are caused by multiple-shot sequences or ripple firing. Simulated multiple-source spectra, determined using the NORESS seismograms for one of the western Norway earthquakes, resulted in spectra that resembled many of the explosion modulation patterns. Based on the simulation studies and cepstral analysis of the spectra, the mine explosions appear to be composed of two to three separate explosions delayed by between 80 to 150 msec. Moreover, the NORSAR spectra of PNEs indicate that these signals are also produced by multiple explosions, although they have larger delay times of between 0.9 to 1.5 sec. These results show that spectral modulations in seismogram spectra of economic explosions, including mine explosions and nuclear explosions fired for peaceful, economic purposes, can be used to distinguish them from earthquakes and nuclear-explosion weapons tests.
Source spectral characteristics of Miramichi earthquakes: Results from 115P-wave observations
Authors: Chun Kin-Yip , Kokoski Richard J. , West Gordon F.
Published: July 2021

Source scaling relation is studied over the magnitude (mN) range 2.6 to 5.4 using P waves generated by 31 tightly clustered earthquakes in New Brunswick, Canada. The recording stations, six in total, have a 60-points/sec sampling rate and a dynamic range of about 100 dB. They are located at regional distance (188 to 448 km), with a wide azimuthal coverage. The data interpreted consist of 115 spectral ratio curves (2-20 Hz), each obtained in a manner that allows effective cancellation of the effects caused by source radiation pattern, path attenuation, geometrical spreading, instrument error, and variability in site function. The data selected in this study differ from the single-station records used in a previous source-scaling study of Miramichi earthquakes (Chael, 1987) in having: 1) broader distance coverage; 2) greater recording dynamic range; 3) higher Nyquist frequency; and 4) larger data size. We conclude from the observed spectral ratios that source models having an ω−2 high-frequency fall-off (ω-square model) are strongly favored by the data over those having an ω−3 high-frequency fall-off (ω-cube model) and that stress drop increases with moment at a rate proposed earlier by Nuttli (1983a, b).
Source parameters of Montana earthquakes (1925-1964) and tectonic deformation in the northern Intermountain Seismic Belt
Authors: Doser Diane I.
Published: July 2021

Waveform modeling and first motion analysis are used to determine the source parameters of six 5.8 ≦ M ≦ 6.8 earthquakes that occurred between 1925 and 1964 within the northern Intermountain Seismic Belt of Montana. Results of this study suggest that the 1925 Clarkston earthquake occurred along an oblique normal fault with a trend similar to the southern end of the Clarkston Valley fault. The two largest earthquakes of the 1935 Helena sequence occurred along right-lateral strike-slip faults with trends similar to the Bald Butte and Helena Valley faults. The 1947 Virginia City earthquake occurred along a northwest-southeast trending segment of the Madison fault. Movement at depth was along a fault with strike similar to that of the 1959 Hebgen Lake main shock. A reanalysis of a M = 6.0 aftershock of the 1959 Hebgen Lake sequence suggests the earthquake occurred at a depth of 8 km along a fault that is not seen at the surface. An M = 5.8 earthquake in 1964, located about 10 km from the 1959 aftershock, may have occurred along steeply dipping fault planes (48° to 80°) at depths of 8 to 14 km. Most events could be modeled as simple ruptures.
Network-averaged teleseismicP-wave spectra for underground explosions. Part II. Source characteristics of Pahute Mesa explosions
Authors: Murphy John R.
Published: July 2021

A source scaling analysis is presented based on network-averaged, teleseismic P-wave spectra determined from short-period data recorded from a sample of 20 Pahute Mesa explosions. These explosions, which were all detonated below the water table in saturated tuff/rhyolite emplacement media, cover a range of announced yields from 155 to 1300 kt. The spectra were analyzed using a simple set of source and propagation models consisting of a Mueller/Murphy source coupling model, a conventional, frequency-independent t* model of anelastic attenuation and a “quasi-linear” description of the surface-reflected pP phase. It is demonstrated that these models can account for virtually all the observed spectral variability over the frequency band extending from 0.5 to 2.0 Hz, down to a level which is close to that associated with measurement uncertainty. In particular, the use of network averaged model parameters of t* = 0.75 sec, an average pP/P-amplitude ratio of about 0.4 and an average source medium velocity of 3.5 km/sec reduces the spectral amplitude data from these explosions to an essentially frequency-independent constant value with an associated standard error of estimate which averages to only about 20 per cent over this frequency band.
Slip on the Superstition Hills fault and on nearby faults associated with the 24 November 1987 Elmore Ranch and Superstition Hills earthquakes, southern California
Authors: McGill Sally F. , Allen Clarence R. , Hudnut Kenneth W. , Johnson David C. , Miller Wayne F. , Sieh Kerry E.
Published: July 2021

Alignment arrays and creepmeters spanning several faults in southern California recorded slip associated with the 24 November 1987 Elmore Ranch and Superstition Hills earthquakes. No precursory slip had occurred on the Superstition Hills fault up to 27 October 1987, when the last measurement before the earthquakes was made. About 23 days before the earthquake, dextral creep events of about 13 mm and 0.5 mm may have occurred simultaneously on the Imperial and southern San Andreas faults, respectively, but the tectonic origin of the smaller event is questionable.

Within 12 hr after the Superstition Hills earthquake, 20.9 cm of dextral slip occurred on the main fault trace at the Superstition Hills alignment array, and 39.8 cm of dextral slip was recorded over the entire 110-m width of the array. Despite this initial wide distribution of slip, nearly all of the postseismic slip is occurring on the main fault trace. As of 3 August 1988, the alignment array had recorded a total of 80.2 cm of dextral slip. As of 5 days after the earthquakes, 65 to 80 per cent of the total slip measured by the alignment array had occurred on discrete, mappable fractures.

In addition, the two earthquakes triggered slip on the Coyote Creek fault, the southern San Andreas fault, and on the Imperial fault. Telemetered data from creepmeters on the southern San Andreas and Imperial faults indicate that triggered slip began there within 3 min or less of each of the two earthquakes. Additional triggered slip occurred on the Imperial fault beginning 3.5 hr after the second earthquake.
The 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake sequence: Strains and tilts at Piñon Flat Observatory
Authors: Agnew Duncan Carr , Wyatt Frank K.
Published: July 2021

We describe observations at Piñon Flat Observatory of preseismic, co-seismic, and postseismic strain and tilt changes associated with the Superstition Hills earthquake sequence of 24 November 1987. The data come from two long-base strainmeters, one long-base tiltmeter, and a borehole dilatometer. Co-seismic offsets were seen for the two largest earthquakes; these offsets roughly agree with those from a dislocation in a half-space, though with disagreements at the 30 per cent level, suggesting some error in one or more of the co-seismic observations. For the main shock, the moment deduced from the offsets is 5 to 6 × 1025 dyne-cm, less than that found from the seismic data. No precursive strain changes were seen. For the 8 hr before the main shock, any strain changes were less than the instrument noise level (1 per cent of the co-seismic strain); during the last 1000 sec before this earthquake, any precursory strains must be less than 0.5 per cent of the co-seismic amount. Postseismic strain during the 2 hr after the main shock was about 10 per cent of the co-seismic strain.
Rupture process of theMs6.6 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake determined from strong-motion recordings: Application of tomographic source inversion
Authors: Frankel Arthur , Wennerberg Leif
Published: July 2021

We analyze strong-motion recordings of the Ms 6.6 Superstition Hills earthquake to determine the timing, location, spatial extent, and rupture velocity of the subevents that produced the bulk of the high-frequency (0.5 to 4 Hz) seismic energy radiated by this shock. The earthquake can be characterized by three principal subevents, the largest ones occurring about 3 and 10 sec after initiation of rupture. Timing relationships between pulses on the seismograms indicate that the three subevents are located within 8 km of each other along the northern portion of the Superstition Hills fault. The two largest subevents display different directivity effects. We apply a tomographic source inversion to the integrated accelerograms to determine the slip acceleration on the fault as a function of time and distance, based on a one-dimensional fault model. The azimuthal distribution of amplitudes for the second subevent can be largely explained by a rupture that propagated about 2 km to the southeast along the Superstition Hills fault at a velocity about equal to the P-wave velocity. An alternative model with rupture propagating to the northeast along a conjugate fault plane can also account for the observed directivity of this subevent, but it is not supported by the aftershock distribution. The third subevent ruptured to the southeast along an 8-km long portion of the Superstition Hills fault at about the shear-wave velocity. This rupture propagation caused the relatively large accelerations and velocities observed in strong-motion records for stations southeast of the hypocenter. The long time intervals between the subevents and their relative proximity to each other indicate a very slow component to the rupture development. The southern half of the Superstition Hills fault did not generate significant high-frequency strong ground motion, although it showed substantial co-seismic surface displacement. The subevents are situated along the same northern portion of the fault where most of the aftershocks are located. The locations of the subevents appear to be controlled by bends in the fault mapped at the surface and by changes in basement structure at depth.
Fault parameters and slip distribution of the 1915 Avezzano, Italy, earthquake derived from geodetic observations
Authors: Ward Steven N. , Valensise Gianluca R.
Published: July 2021

This paper analyzes static surface displacements associated with the Avezzano, Italy, earthquake (Ms = 6.9) of 13 January 1915. The Avezzano event locates on a shallow normal fault centered in the Apennine mountains near a Quaternary tectonic depression named “Conca del Fucino.” The 1915 earthquake is the only sizable event to have occurred in the area for at least a millennium, although many Holocene and Quaternary faults can be recognized in the field. Awareness of the seismic potential of the Fucino region has heightened in recent years with the outward expansion of metropolitan Rome (80 km southwest). Because of a fortuitous pre-earthquake leveling survey near the fault in the mid 19th century, good quality geodetic data exist that illuminate details of the 1915 rupture. We modeled the faulting using both uniform (USP) and variable (VSP) slip planar dislocations. The best fitting focal mechanism includes pure dip slip on a plane striking 135° and plunging 63° to the southwest. This fault geometry is consistent with surface scarps and the broad scale tectonics of the region and is common to several large earthquakes of the south-central Apennines. The USP analysis estimates fault length, width, slip and moment to be 24 km, 15 km, 83 cm, and 9.7 × 1018 N-m, respectively. Numerical simulations indicate that residuals left in the uniform slip model are not entirely random and represent systematically unmodeled features of fault slip. VSP models of the earthquake significantly reduce the USP variance and reveal a broad two-lobed slip pattern, separating a central region of low moment release. New formulations detailing the relationships between VSP and minimum model norm solutions to underdetermined inverse problems are presented as well as concise statements dealing with the intrinsic and combined resolving power of a geodetic network.
Deriving source-time functions using principal component analysis
Authors: Vasco D. W.
Published: July 2021

Factors such as source complexity, microseismic noise, and lateral heterogeneity all introduce nonuniqueness into the source-time function. The technique of principal component analysis is used to factor the moment tensor into a set of orthogonal source-time functions. This is accomplished through the singular value decomposition of the time-varying moment tensor. The adequacy of assuming a single source-time function may then be examined through the singular values of the decomposition. The F test can also be used to assess the significance of the various principal component basis functions. The set of significant basis functions can be used to test models of the source-time functions, including multiple sources. Application of this technique to the Harzer nuclear explosion indicated that a single source-time function was found to adequately explain the moment tensor. It consists of a single pulse appearing on the diagonal elements of the moment-rate tensor. The decomposition of the moment tensor for a deep teleseism in the Bonin Islands revealed three basis functions associated with relatively large singular values. The F test indicated that only two of the principal components were significant. The principal component associated with the largest singular value consists of a large pulse followed 16-sec later by a diminished pulse. The second principal component, a long-period oscillation, appears to be a manifestation of the poor resolution of the moment-rate tensor at low frequencies.
2-D tomographic imaging of velocities in the Wichita uplift-Anadarko basin region of southwestern Oklahoma
Authors: Zhu Xianhuai , McMechan George A.
Published: July 2021

In January of 1985, a densely-recorded, wide-aperture seismic experiment was performed by the University of Texas at El Paso and at Dallas, across the southwestern Oklahoma aulacogen. A two-dimensional P-wave velocity distribution is estimated for the Wichita uplift, the Anadarko basin, and the interface between them, by iterative tomographic imaging of travel-time picks from seven shots located near the 100-km-long recording line. The region that is imaged is roughly triangular in shape, with depth = 0 km at the ends of line and ≈ 15 km near its center. The main features that are revealed are a high-velocity (>6.8 km/sec) central core in the Wichita uplift and an asymmetrical Anadarko basin with decreasing velocities toward the basin axis. There are indications, within the uplift, of local high-velocity sills and a local low-velocity region that may be a remnant of normal crustal material.
The Darrington seismic zone in northwestern Washington
Authors: Zollweg J. E. , Johnson Peggy A.
Published: July 2021

Earthquakes occurring between 1971 and 1988 are evidence for a small zone of crustal seismicity under the western North Cascades near Darrington, Washington. Better-quality hypocenters imply the activity occurs on a fault or fault zone striking N80°W ± 20°, dipping nearly south at 40° ± 15°, with a length along strike of at least 10 km and possibly 20 km or more. We term this feature the Darrington Seismic Zone (DSZ). Focal depths range between 3 and 15 km. A single-event and a composite focal mechanism show nearly pure thrust faulting with one nodal plane in agreement with the hypocenter pattern. P axes strike N20°W to N25°W, in accord with a regional stress direction due to relative motion of the Pacific and North American Plates. No mapped fault can be identified as the surface expression of the zone. The area of the DSZ is adequate to generate a magnitude 5+ earthquake should it rupture in a single event, and an ML 5.6±earthquake on 29 April 1945 in the Cascades ESE of Seattle demonstrates that crustal earthquakes having such magnitudes are possible beneath the western North Cascades. The DSZ is the first crustal seismogenic structure to be identified beneath the North Cascades.
Yozgat İli Beyaz Baş Lahana Üretim Alanlarında Bakteriyel Yumuşak Çürüklük Hastalığına Neden Olan Pectobacterium İzolatlarının Tanılanması
Authors: OZTURK Murat , SOYLU Soner
Published: July 2021

Yozgat ili lahana üretim alanlarında 2018-2019 vejetasyon döneminde yumuşak çürüklük hastalık etmenlerinin tanılanmasına yönelik survey çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Yaprak, gövde ve kök kısımlarında sulu-ıslak lezyonlar ve çürüme belirtisi sergileyen dokulardan bakteriyel etmeninin izolasyonu için Crystal Violet Pectate (CVP) besi yeri kullanılmıştır. Farklı tarlalardan toplanan 24 şüpheli bitki örneğinden CVP besi yerinde çukur oluşturan 16 adet pektolitik izolat elde edilmiştir. Şeffaf, konveks ve kenarları krater formda olduğu tespit edilen bakteriyel izolatların gram negatif, fakültative anaerob, oksidaz negatif, katalaz pozitif, UV-ışık altında King B besi yerindeki kolonilerinin floresans parlama göstermediği belirlenmiştir. Patates dilimlerinde ve lahana bitkilerinde yumuşak çürüklük belirtilerine neden olan izolatların 37 ºC’de gelişebildiği, %5’lik NaCl içeren sıvı besi yerinde türbidite oluşturduğu ve tütün yapraklarında aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonuna neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen 16 izolat ile yapılan PCR analizlerde, izolatların tamamı Pectobacterium spp. için spesifik Y1/Y2 primerleri ile 434 bç, P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum için spesifik EXPCCF/EXCPCCR primerleri ile ise 550 bç büyüklüğünde PCR ürünü oluşturmuştur. Yapılan biyokimyasal, fizyolojik, patojenite ve moleküler analizler sonucu test edilen 16 izolatın P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum olduğunu göstermiştir. Yapay inokulasyon yapılan lahana bitkilerinde patojenik izolatların sulu-ıslak lezyonlar şeklinde yumuşak çürüklük belirtilerine neden olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum’un Yozgat ili beyaz baş lahana üretim alanlarında yumuşak çürüklük hastalığının enfeksiyon kaynağı olduğu ilk kez bu çalışma ile tespit edilmiştir.
Study on Mechanical Properties of Carburized Layer Based on Nano-Indentation
Authors: Sun Zhenduo , Wang Shifeng , Hou Dongbo
Published: July 2021

The work aims to obtain the local mechanical parameters of carburized layer of CiNi steel. Tensile test and nano-indentation test were carried out for CrNi steel, stress-strain curve and load-displacement curve were then obtained. The finite element model of nano-indentation was built, and a model for obtaining the local mechanical parameters of carburized layer from load-displacement curve was established combined with dimension analysis. The mechanical parameters of pure iron and carburized layer of CrNi steel were calculated. The results show that, the dimension analysis model is accurate for predicting the mechanical properties of pure iron, the model accuracy is verified. The local mechanical parameters of carburized layer are predicted by the model, the simulated load-replacement curve based on the predicted mechanical parameters is in good agreement with the experimental result, it shows that the prediction result of the model is reasonable.
Performance Assessment of the Developed Flux Powder on the Tensile and Hardness Properties of Steels Joints Using TIG-Welding
Authors: Afolalu Sunday A. , Ikumapayi Omolayo M. , Ogedengbe Temitayo S. , Emetere Moses E.
Published: July 2021

The conversion of waste to wealth has recently grossed high attention as it possesses the ability to boost the economy of any nation; hence, this research. In this study, the characterization and investigation of mechanical properties of nano- flux (CaO) welding powder developed from bio-agrowaste (eggshell) was carried out. Mild, galvanized and stainless steel of plates and rods were used as parent metals for the experiment. Results obtained from hardness test in the base metal, weld joint and heat affected zone for the galvanized and mild steel plates with nano-flux powder gave the best hardness of 111.95, 120.30, 182.99 and 206.21, 164.85, 110.56 BHN respectively. The tensile stress obtained both for mild and stainless steel was 88.14 MPa while the tensile strain obtained for both plates were 0.0155 mm/mm. Microstructural analysis results shows an improvement in the structure, surface and patterns of the weld with the use of developed flux compared with imported flux. Hence eggshells can be recycled and used for developing flux powder for welding processes.
Novelty Au Nanoparticles with Different Nano Sizes as an Acidity Sensor
Authors: Abdul-Ameer Zehraa Najim
Published: July 2021

The amazing wide range, applications of gold nanoparticles corresponding to excellent optical and electronic properties enhance utilization of Au NP as PH sensor. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized in simple and rapid Turkevich method to accomplish optical sensing technologies covalent or non-covalent, bonds formation causes, aggregation of the nanoparticles in the target substance. Au nanoparticles characterization was studied using XRD, UV-spectroscopy and SEM. XRD indicate polycrystalline. Nanoparticles with two different sizes according to reducing agent amount to obtain 20 30 nm. Optical energy gap was calculated for both particle size to find it (2.13) eV for 30nm particle size and (2.33) eV for 20nm.Scanning Electron Microscope showed spherical shape particles. PH test were performed to investigate efficiency of Au Np’s for PH sensor and that is found to be excellent results for both sizes with more efficiency for 30 nm due to its rough surface. Which is a fantastic tool and measurement device to test the pH of soil, food, and other puncture-worthy applications.
Effect of the Varying Percentage Diss Fiber on Mechanical Behaviour of the Based Polyester Bio-Composite
Authors: Touam Lakhemissi , Derfouf Semcheddine
Published: July 2021

Improving the mechanical and physical properties of bio-composite materials involves the incorporation of plant fibers such as Jute, Hemp, Kenaf, Ramie, Sisal, Linen, etc. The existence of Diss grass (Ampelodesmos mauritanicus) in abundance in the east of Algeria especially in Khenchela region and taking into account their mechanical resistance and their low density, which justifies their choice of use in composite materials. Tensile and hardness tests for different volume fractions (from 05% to 20%) of short fibers of Diss are performed. The increase in fiber content and their treatment improves the mechanical characteristics of the composite materials. These concentration levels are added to a Polyester resin matrix. Our work relates to the study of a composite material reinforced by a vegetable fiber of which different volume ratio of short Diss fiber are considered. The results collected are purely experimental.
Biodecolorization of Azo Dye Acid Blue 113 by Soil Bacterium Klebsiella variicola RMLP1
Authors: Singh Pradeep Kumar , Singh Pankaj , Singh Rajat Pratap , Singh Ram Lakhan
Published: July 2021

The present study was aimed to isolate a new bacterial strain for the degradation/decolorization of azo dye Acid Blue 113 (AB 113). The physico-chemical method is inadequate for degradation of azo dyes; therefore, an environmental friendly and competent method such as use of the biological organism was studied for decolorization of AB 113. Bushnell and Hass (BHM) medium containing AB 113 dye were used to perform the decolorization study. 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach was used for identification of bacterial isolate as a Klebsiella variicola. The optimum process parameters for the decolorization of AB 113 were found at pH 8, 35°C temperature and 100 mg/L dye concentration during 72 h incubation. Glucose and ammonium sulphate was the carbon and nitrogen source suited well for the decolorization of dye. The results proved that the Klebsiella variicola, offer huge ability in treating textile wastewater containing the color AB 113.
Effects of Short Term Inspiratory Muscle Training in Hospitalised Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients - An Experimental Study
Authors: Naik Varun , Nair Vishagh , S. Gautam
Published: July 2021

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) is a progressive irreversible lung disorder characterised by air way limitation which worsens on expiration and may additionally lead to compression of small airway ensuring air trapping in the lungs and subsequent hyperinflation. Objective: to evaluate the effects of short term muscle training in hospitalised chronic obstuctive pulmanory disease patients in terms of blood pressure heart rate PFT values functional cappacity. Methods: This study was a randomized control trial. A total number of participants participated in this study was 17 (n=17) the purpose of the study was explained to the participants in their vernacular language and a written informed consent was obtained from all the subjects. Result: value<0.05 was considered as significant. This shows that majority of the subjects in the sample are of the age group “51-60 years” followed by “61-70 years” 12(70.59%) subjects in the sample are males, mean BMI of subjects in the sample is 26.29 ± 5.23(kg/m2 ). 8(47.06%) of 17 subjects in the sample had normal BMI followed by 5(29.41%) had obesity and 4(23.53%) had overweight. mean respiratory rate of subjects in the sample is 24.06 ± 3.58.

 
Antioxidant Activity of Water Soaked in Saligrama Stone – A Preliminary Report
Authors: Suchitra M. R. , Parthasarathy S.
Published: July 2021

Saligrama otherwise called Shaligram or Salagrama is a fossilized shell stone usually recovered from the banks of the Gandaki river in Nepal. It is supposed to be a sacred symbol of Hindus. Soaking the stone in water for twenty to thirty minutes and partaking the water was considered to give good health. Hence, we mobilized two stones which were authorized as original by experts. The first one was worshipped for more than 5 years and the other one for two years. The water soaked was around 25 ml which was analysed for antioxidant activity by DPPH assay with plain water without soakage as control. The antioxidant property was significantly found in both the stones with more activity in the stone worshipped for more than 5 years. We did not standardize the volume and the duration of soakage to exact values while it was approximated to around 20 – 30 minutes. We suggest more refined studies with estimation of rare elements needs to be performed to establish the beneficial effects of this sacred saligrama stone.