bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wie viel Kraft ist nötig, um ein Atom zu bewegen?
Authors: Ternes Markus , Heinrich Andreas J. , Giessibl Franz J.
Published: April 2008

Bei mechanischen Konstruktionen benötigt man umfassendes Wissen über die Kräfte, die zwischen den Bauteilen wirken. Zum Beispiel ist es wichtig zu wissen, wie viel Kraft man aufwenden muss, um zwei Einzelteile gegeneinander zu verschieben. Dies trifft auch auf der atomaren Ebene zu. Einer Forschergruppe bei IBM in Kalifornien ist es jetzt zum ersten Mal gelungen, die Kräfte zu messen, die nötig sind, um Atome oder Moleküle auf einer Kristalloberfläche zu bewegen.
Membrane and membrane‐associated proteins in Triton X‐114 extracts of Mycobacterium bovis BCG identified using a combination of gel‐based and gel‐free fractionation strategies
Authors: Målen Hiwa , Berven Frode S. , Søfteland Tina , Arntzen Magnus Øverlie , D'Santos Clive S. , De Souza Gustavo Antonio , Wiker Harald G.
Published: April 2008

Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that remains a significant global health problem. Because many membrane and membrane‐associated proteins of this pathogen represent potential targets for drugs, diagnostic probes or vaccine components, we have analysed Mycobacterium bovis, bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) substrain Moreau, using Triton X‐114 for extraction of lipophilic proteins, followed by identification with LC coupled MS/MS. We identified 351 different proteins in total, and 103 (29%) were predicted as integral membrane proteins with at least one predicted transmembrane region and another 84 (23.9%) proteins had a positive grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) value, indicating increased probability for membrane association. Altogether 43 predicted lipoproteins (Lpps) were identified which is close to 50% of the total number of Lpps in the genome. Fifty‐four proteins, including twenty‐four predicted integral membrane proteins and seven predicted Lpps are described for the first time. The proportion of hydrophobic membrane and membrane‐associated proteins shows that Triton X‐114 is a highly efficient method for extraction of membrane proteins from bacteria, without the need for preisolation of membranes. ATP synthase, NAD(P) transhydrogenase, ubiquinone oxidoreductase and ubiquinol–cytochrome C reductase appear to represent major enzyme complexes in the membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms.
The up‐regulation of 14‐3‐3 proteins in Smad4 deficient epidermis and hair follicles at catagen
Authors: Yuan Cunzhong , Jiao Liyan , Yang Leilei , Ying Wantao , Hu Zhishang , Liu Jinfeng , Cui Fang , Li Lei , Qian Linyi , Teng Yan , Hang Haiying , Qian Xiaohong , Yang Xiao
Published: April 2008

Each postnatal hair follicle (HF) perpetually goes through three phases: anagen, catagen, and telogen. The molecular signals that orchestrate the follicular transition between phases are still largely unknown. Our previous study shows that the keratinocyte specific Smad4 knockout mice exhibit progressive alopecia due to the mutant HFs failure to undergo programmed regression. To investigate the detailed molecular events controlling this process, the protein profiles of Smad4 mutant and control epidermal and HF keratinocytes were compared using 2‐D difference gel electrophoresis (2‐D DIGE) proteomic analysis. Eighty‐six differentially expressed protein spots were identified by MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS or ESI‐MS/MS as 72 proteins, of which 29 proteins were found to be changed during the anagen‐catagen transition of HFs in Smad4 mutants compared with the controls. The differentially expressed proteins represent a wide spectrum of functional classes such as keratin, the cytoskeleton, cellular growth and differentiation, ion combination and transfer, protein enzymes. Notably, we found that the 14‐3‐3σ protein together with the 14‐3‐3ζ and 14‐3‐3β proteins were significantly down‐regulated only in wild‐type keratinocytes but not in Smad4 mutant keratinocytes during the catagen phase, suggesting that increased expression of 14‐3‐3 proteins might contribute to the blockade of catagen initiation in Smad4 deficient HFs.
Quantum dot‐based protein micro‐ and nanoarrays for detection of prostate cancer biomarkers
Authors: Gokarna Anisha , Jin Li‐Hua , Hwang Jun Seok , Cho Yong‐Hoon , Lim Yong Taik , Chung Bong Hyun , Youn Seong Hun , Choi Dong Sik , Lim Jung Hyurk
Published: April 2008

In this article, we demonstrate the fabrication and detection of cancer protein biochips consisting of micro‐ and nanoarrays whereby pegylated quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to antibodies (Abs) of prostate specific antigens (PSA) were used for the detection of clinical biomarkers such as PSA. BSA which acts as an efficient blocking layer in microarrays, tends to show an interaction with QDs. In view of this fact, we investigated two series of samples which were fabricated in the presence and absence of BSA blocking layer. Variation in the incubation time required for the antigen–antibody interaction to take place, different proteins as controls and the effect of bare QDs on these microarrays, were the three main parameters which were studied in these two series. Samples fabricated in the absence of BSA blocking layer exhibited an extremely high specificity in the detection of cancer proteins and were also marked by negligible nonspecific binding effects of QDs, in stark contrast to the samples fabricated using BSA as a blocking layer. Fabrication of nanoarrays of QD‐conjugated PSA Abs having a spot size of nearly 900 nm has also been demonstrated. Thus, we show the potential offered by QDs in in vitro analysis of cancer biomarker imaging.
Proteomics FASTA Archive and Reference Resource
Authors: Falkner Jayson A. , Hill James A. , Andrews Philip C.
Published: April 2008

A FASTA file archive and reference resource has been added to ProteomeCommons.org. Motivation for this new functionality derives from two primary sources. The first is the recent FASTA standardization work done by the Human Proteome Organization's Proteomics Standards Initiative (HUPO‐PSI). Second is the general lack of a uniform mechanism to properly cite FASTA files used in a study, and to publicly access such FASTA files post‐publication. An extension to the Tranche data sharing network has been developed that includes web‐pages, documentation, and tools for facilitating the use of FASTA files. These include conversion to the new HUPO‐PSI format, and provisions for both citing and publicly archiving FASTA files. This new resource is available immediately, free of charge, and can be accessed at http://www.proteomecommons.org/data/fasta/. Source‐code for related tools is also freely available under the BSD license.
Standard molar enthalpies of formation of dimethylbenzophenones
Authors: Gomes José R. B. , Amaral Luísa M. P. F. , Ribeiro da Silva Manuel A. V.
Published: April 2008

The standard (p0 = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpy of formation of 3,4‐dimethylbenzophenone was derived from the standard molar energy of combustion, in oxygen, at T = 298.15 K, measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry. The Calvet high temperature vacuum sublimation technique was used to measure the enthalpy of sublimation of the compound. From these experimental parameters, the standard molar enthalpy of formation of 3,4‐dimethylbenzophenone, in the gaseous phase and at T = 298.15 K, was derived as −(17.1 ± 2.9) kJ mol−1. Density functional theory was used to investigate the gas‐phase molecular energetics of the 12 dimethylbenzophenones. Molecular geometries and vibrational frequencies were computed at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theory. The larger 6‐311+G(2d,2p) basis set was used to compute the energy of all dimethylbenzophenones and of the other compounds that were considered for the estimation of the standard molar enthalpies of formation at T = 298.15 K. The calculations show that the 2,2′‐ and 4,4′‐dimethylbenzophenones are the least and most stable isomers, respectively. Finally, the calculated enthalpy of formation of the benzophenone that was also studied experimentally, 3,4‐dimethylbenzophenone, is −16.7 kJ mol−1, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental result. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photodegradation of butyl acrylate in the troposphere by OH radicals: kinetics and fate of 1,2‐hydroxyalcoxy radicals
Authors: Blanco María B. , Teruel Mariano A.
Published: April 2008

The rate constant of the reaction of OH radicals with butyl acrylate was studied for the first time using an atmospheric simulation chamber at 298 K and ∼750 Torr of air or nitrogen. The decay of the organics was followed using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC‐FID), and the rate constant was determined using a relative rate method with different references. The obtained average value of (1.80 ± 0.26) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1is in agreement with previous determinations of the rate constants of OH radicals with acrylates and methacrylates in the literature. Additionally, product identification under atmospheric conditions was performed for the first time by the GC‐MS technique. Butyl glyoxalate was observed as the degradation product in accordance with the addition of OH to the less substituted carbon atom of the double bond, followed by decomposition of the 1,2‐hydroxyalkoxy radicals formed. Room temperature rate coefficient was used to estimate the atmospheric lifetime of the ester studied. Reactivity trends are discussed in terms of the substituent effects and the length of the hydrogenated chain of the ester. The atmospheric persistence of BUAC was calculated taking into account the experimental rate constant obtained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MP2 study of the gas phase elimination mechanism of some neutral amino acids and their ethyl esters
Authors: Pérez Johan R. , Loroño Marcos , Domínguez Rosa M. , Córdova Tania , Chuchani Gabriel
Published: April 2008

The mechanisms of the gas phase elimination of N,N‐dimethylglycine, picolinic acid, and N‐phenylglycine and their ethyl esters have been examined at Möller–Plesset MP2/6‐31G (d, p) level of theory. The ethyl esters of these 2‐amino carboxylic acids produce the corresponding amino carboxylic acid and ethylene in a rate‐determining step. However, the unstable intermediate amino carboxylic acid rapidly decarboxylate to give the corresponding amino compound. These calculations imply a concerted, semi‐polar six‐membered cyclic transition state type of mechanism for the ethyl esters, and a non‐synchronous five‐membered cyclic transition state for the amino acids decarboxylation. The present results support previous mechanistic consideration of the elimination of the above‐mentioned compounds in the gas phase. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disorder and instability processes in amorphous conducting oxides
Authors: Robertson John
Published: April 2008

The behaviour of ionic amorphous oxide semiconductors (transparent conducting oxides) such as In2O3, SnO2, and ZnO is contrasted with that of covalent amorphous semiconductors such as amorphous Si. These oxides have an s‐like conduction band minima, which leads to high electron mobilities, smaller effects of disorder, and the ability to move the Fermi level well into the conduction band. This results in an absence of the bias stress instability due to the bond breaking mechanism in oxide thin film transistors, which limited the stability of a‐Si:H transistors. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multipole characteristics of the open‐shell electron eigenstates
Authors: Mulak J. , Mulak M.
Published: April 2008

The second moment of the sublevels within the initial state |αSLJ 〉 which constitutes a natural and adequate measure of the crystal‐field (CF) effect can be redefined as where is the so‐called 2k ‐pole CF strength, whereas Ak = 〈αSLJ ‖ C(k) ‖αSLJ 〉 the reduced matrix element of the k ‐rank spherical tensor operator. Therefore, the CF effect depends on the sum of products of the two factors representing the identical multipole components of two different charge distributions. The term Ak expresses the asphericity of the central ion open‐shell, whereas the term Sk the asphericity of its surroundings. When these two distributions do not fit each other the observed CF splitting can be unexpectedly weak even for considerable values of the total and . The tabulated quantities of the Ak (|αSLJ 〉), as the 2k ‐pole type asphericities, are the intrinsic characteristics of the electron states revealing their multipolar structure and hence their potential susceptibility to CF splitting separately for each effective multipole. For any chosen pair of a central‐ion and CF potential the relevant Ak and Sk magnitudes, respectively, allow us to predict the scale of the related splitting. We can also compare the CF splitting of various states in the same CF potentials or the splitting of the same state in various CF potentials. Having the model σ2 and their experimentally available counterparts we can evaluate the degree of admixing of the free‐ion states. Since the independent quantities Sk and Ak occur as the scalar product in the formula for σ2 the use of the total S and A notions should be critically considered. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative columnar porous etching studies on n‐type 6H SiC crystalline faces
Authors: Ke Y. , Devaty R. P. , Choyke W. J.
Published: April 2008

Comparative photo‐electrochemical etchings have been performed on the Si‐face, C‐face and a‐face of n‐type 6H SiC. Two kinds of columnar pores are developed: nano‐columnar (∼20 nm diameter) and macro‐columnar (∼one µm diameter). The time dependences of the current densities during the etchings are discussed. Our results show that the nano‐columnar pore formation is associated with the anisotropic electrochemical oxidation reaction rate on the different crystal faces. Our experiments show that, in the case of 6H SiC, the C‐face should be used for nano‐columnar pore formation. The electrochemical oxidation rate increases with the surface C atom density of SiC. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of the Ga concentration on the microstructure of CuIn1–xGaxSe2
Authors: Abou‐Ras D. , Caballero R. , Kaufmann C. A. , Nichterwitz M. , Sakurai K. , Schorr S. , Unold T. , Schock H. W.
Published: April 2008

Cross‐sectional samples of CuIn1–x Gax Se2 layers grown by a three‐stage process were studied by means of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in completed thin‐film solar cells. The microstructural analysis reveals a dependence of the average grain size on the gallium content x = [Ga]/([Ga] + [In]), with a maximum at x = 0.23. This result is correlated with structural measurements on CuIn1–x Gax Se2 powder samples showing that the ratio of the lattice constants c /a is equal to 2 for about the same x value. The pseudocubic crystal structure at about x = 0.23 may lead to reduced strain in the growing CuIn1–x Gax Se2 layer and therefore larger average grain sizes. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of a polyphenol‐rich extract from Geranium sanguineum L. in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Murzakhmetova Maira , Moldakarimov Sadat , Tancheva Ljubka , Abarova Sylvia , Serkedjieva Julia
Published: April 2008

A polyphenol‐rich extract from Geranium sanguineum L. (PC) protected biological membranes due to its antioxidant capacity. PC caused a dose‐dependent decrease of the osmotic hemolysis of human erythrocytes and increased their resistance against the toxic effect of H2O2; no effect on catalase activity was observed. While PC reduced the accumulation of TBA‐reactive products in rat liver microsomes in inducible lipid peroxidation (LPO), the non‐induced LPO was not affected.

Further the effect of PC on the products of LPO was investigated in the lungs, livers and sera of intact and influenza virus‐infected mice (VIM). The infection enhanced LPO in the lungs and livers. In the group of PC‐treated VIM, malondialdehyde (MDA) in the lungs and livers was brought to control levels. PC‐treatment caused a significant increase of MDA in the lungs of intact mice, a slight one in the livers and did not affect MDA in the sera. Thus the extract exhibited prooxidant characteristics in intact animals as well as antioxidant properties in VIM. The reducing ability of PC on LPO could be an alternative mechanism of its protective effect in experimental influenza infection. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study on the hemostatic activity of the Tibetan medicinal herb Lamiophlomis rotata
Authors: Li Maoxing , Jia Zhengping , Hu Zhide , Zhang Ruxue , Shen Tao
Published: April 2008

The blood hemostatic activity of the Tibetan medicinal herb Lamiophlomis rotata was evaluated in BALB/c mice and Wistar rats. L. rotata aqueous extract (LRAE) was given to mice at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg body weight and 0.75, 1.5, 3.0 g/kg to rats. The hemostatic activity of LRAE was estimated by changes in bleeding time (BT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (FIB). At the same time hepatic function and blood fat indexes including AST, ALT, Alb, Chol and LDL‐C were measured also. The results showed that an appropriate level of LRAE could shorten the BT and TT values and increase the Alb level paralleling that of FIB. However, the shortening of the PT was only possible by a high and long administration of LRAE, and no change in APTT was observed. On the other hand, LRAE showed some effects in improving the liver function and reducing blood lipids by decreasing the levels of AST, ALT, Chol and LDL‐C. All these changes had a significant dose‐effect and time‐effect relationship. These results confirm the hemostatic and thromboplastic effects of L. rotata and these effects might be implemented by improving the synthetic function of the liver. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. subsp. apollinis (Boiss. & Heldr.) Robson & Strid methanol extract
Authors: Galati E. M. , Contartese G. , Miceli N. , Taviano M. F. , Sdrafkakis V. , Couladis M. , Tzakou O. , Lanuzza F.
Published: April 2008

Plants of the genus Hypericum are widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastric ailments (including pectic ulcers), burns, swelling, inflammation, anxiety, as well as for bacterial and viral infections. The aerial parts of Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. subsp. apollinis (Boiss. & Heldr.) Robson & Strid (Guttiferae), a perennial herb growing wild in Greece, were subjected to biological and phytochemical studies. The H. rumeliacum methanol extract showed, on the DPPH test, antioxidant activity (IC50 = 23.61 µg/mL).

The antiinflammatory activity of the extract (70 mg/kg, i.p.), in the carrageenan‐induced paw oedema in rat, was studied. In this experimental model an inhibition of paw oedema, significant from the first to third hour, was observed. The histological examination confirmed resolution of the inflammatory process observed in vivo.

Through HPLC analysis of the H. rumeliacum methanol extract, the naphthodianthrones hypericin, pseudohypericin and some polyphenol compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, rutin and isoquercitrin, were identified and quantified.

The antioxidant activity of H. rumeliacum could be chiefly related to polyphenol compounds that are well known as the main contributors to the free radical‐scavenging effects. The antiinflammatory effect of the methanol extract of the aerial parts could be due to the synergic action both of hypericin and polyphenol compounds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of Pharmacological Effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Asl Marjan Nassiri , Hosseinzadeh Hossein
Published: April 2008

The roots and rhizomes of licorice (Glycyrrhiza) species have long been used worldwide as a herbal medicine and natural sweetener. Licorice root is a traditional medicine used mainly for the treatment of peptic ulcer, hepatitis C, and pulmonary and skin diseases, although clinical and experimental studies suggest that it has several other useful pharmacological properties such as antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidative, anticancer activities, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects. A large number of components have been isolated from licorice, including triterpene saponins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and chalcones, with glycyrrhizic acid normally being considered to be the main biologically active component. This review summarizes the phytochemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetics data, together with the clinical and adverse effects of licorice and its bioactive components. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of nutrient mixture and black grapes on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered (‐)epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate from green tea extract: a human study
Authors: Gawande Sonia , Kale Anup , Kotwal Swati
Published: April 2008

(‐)Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a green tea component, has been attributed with anticarcinogenic and antioxidant activities. The extent and rate of absorption of EGCG by the small intestine depends on various factors such as molecular size, lipophilicity, solubility, pKa, gastric and intestinal transit time, lumen pH, membrane permeability and first pass metabolism.

The bioavailability of EGCG can be increased by decreasing the presystemic elimination by stabilizing EGCG in the lumen, helping its transfer across the intestinal apical membrane and its accumulation and thus its availability by inhibiting phase I and II enzymes and phase III transporters. In a crossover study, five human volunteers were given a single oral dose of GTE (A), nutrient mixture (NM) containing GTE (B) and formulation B along with black grapes 250 g (C). Blood samples were drawn at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed by WinNonLin (Vs 5.0.1.) using a non‐compartmental approach. Supplementation with nutrient mixture normally prescribed to cancer patients containing ascorbic acid, selenium, N‐acetyl cysteine and other nutrients (formulation B) resulted in an increase of the systemic availability of EGCG by 14% and formulation C further increased it by 13%, thus leading to a total increase of 27%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacological studies on Indian black tea (leaf variety) in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions
Authors: Roy Dilip K. , Kumar K. T. Mani Senthil , Zothanpuia  , Karmakar Sanmoy , Pal Siddhartha , Samanta Samir K. , Adhikari Dipan , Sen Tuhinadri
Published: April 2008

Infusions of Indian black tea (BTI), when administered orally, produced significant inhibition of rat paw oedema, induced with carrageenin (pre and post treatment) and arachidonic acid. BTI was also found to inhibit peritoneal capillary permeability and caused a marked reduction of lipopolysaccharide induced PGE2 generation. In these models, the observed antioedema effect was similar to that of BW755C (a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5‐lipoxygenase enzymes). BTI was found to scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, and also protected rat erythrocytes from the damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide. In chronic studies, BTI inhibited granuloma formation along with the reduction of both lipid peroxidation and hydroxyproline content (in the granuloma tissue). Significant antiarthritic activity was observed with regular administration of BTI in the Freund's adjuvant induced model of arthritis. Chronic treatment with BTI (in arthritic rats) resulted in a decrease of paw diameter and tissue lipid peroxidation, along with a restoration of GSH, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Off‐line pyrolysis and compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analysis of lignin moieties: a new method for determining the fate of lignin residues in soil
Authors: Dungait Jennifer A. J. , Stear Natalie A. , van Dongen Bart E. , Bol Roland , Evershed Richard P.
Published: April 2008

Off‐line pyrolysis was used to liberate lignin moieties from dung and soil and, after trimethylsilylation, the δ13C values of these derivatives were determined by gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Initial δ13C values determined for 4‐vinylphenol, syringol, 4‐vinylguaiacol, 4‐acetylsyringol, 4‐vinylsyringol, 4‐(2‐Z‐propenyl)syringol, 4‐(2‐E‐propenyl)syringol and 4‐(2‐propenone)syringol pyrolysis products of the lignin polyphenol structure from C4 (δ13Cbulk = −12.6%) and C3 (δ13Cbulk = −30.1‰) dung confirmed the robust and reproducible nature of the off‐line preparation technique. C4 dung was used as a treatment in a randomised field experiment to assess the short‐term sequestration of dung carbon in managed grasslands. Since lignin was on average 3.5‰ depleted in 13C compared with bulk dung δ13C values, this may have resulted in an under‐estimation of dung C incorporation based on bulk δ13C values. Therefore, an investigation of the compound‐specific δ13C values of dung‐derived lignin moieties extracted from soils sampled up to 372 days was undertaken. Δ13C values between lignin moieties extracted from treated and untreated soils showed that dung‐derived lignin was not especially resistant to degradation and suggested that individual moieties of the lignin macromolecule must: (i) move into soil, (ii) be degraded, or (iii) be transformed diagenetically at different rates. This adds to a gathering body of evidence that lignin is not particularly stable in soils, which has considerable significance for the perceived role of different biochemical components in the cycling of C in soils. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing the understanding of earthworm feeding behaviour via the use of fatty acidδ13C values determined by gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Dungait Jennifer A. J. , Briones Maria J. I. , Bol Roland , Evershed Richard P.
Published: April 2008

Litter‐dwelling (epigeic)Lumbricus rubellusand soil‐dwelling (endogeic)Allolobophora chloroticaearthworms were observed aggregating under C3(δ13C = −31.3‰;δ15N = 10.7‰) and C4(δ13C = −12.6‰;δ15N = 7.5‰) synthetic dung pats applied to a temperate grassland (δ13C = −30.3‰;δ15N = 5.7‰) in an experiment carried out for 372 days. Bulkδ13C values of earthworms collected from beneath either C3or C4dung after 28, 56, 112 and 372 days demonstrated that (i)L. rubellusbeneath C4dung were significantly13C‐enriched after 56 days (δ13C = −23.8‰) and 112 days (δ13C = −22.4‰) compared with those from C3dung treatments (56 days,δ13C = −26.5‰; 112 days,δ13C = −27.0‰), and (ii)A. chloroticawere 2.1‰13C‐enriched (δ13C = −24.2‰) relative to those from C3dung (δ13C = −26.3‰) treatments after 372 days. Bulkδ15N values did not suggest significant uptake of dung N by either species beneath C3or C4dung, but showed that the endogeic species (total meanδ15N = 3.3‰) had higherδ15N values than the epigeic species (total meanδ15N = 5.4‰). Although the two species exhibited similar fatty acid profiles, individual fatty acidδ13C values revealed extensive routing of dietary C into body tissue ofL. rubellus, but minor incorporation intoA. chlorotica. In particular, the direct incorporation of microbial biomarker fatty acids (iC17:0,aC17:0) from13C‐labelled dungin situ, the routing of dung C intode novosynthesised compounds (${\rm C}_{20:4_\omega 6}$,${\rm C}_{20:5_\omega 3}$), and the assimilation of essential fatty acids (${\rm C}_{18:1_\omega 9}$,${\rm C}_{18:1_\omega 7}$,${\rm C}_{18:2_\omega 6}$,${\rm C}_{18:3_\omega 3}$) derived from dung, were determined. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of recent vegetation on labile and recalcitrant carbon soil pools in central Queensland, Australia: evidence from thermal analysis‐quadrupole mass spectrometry‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Lopez‐Capel Elisa , Krull Evelyn S. , Bol Roland , Manning David A. C.
Published: April 2008

The effect of a recent vegetation change (<100 years) from C4 grassland to C3 woodland in central Queensland, Australia, on soil organic matter (SOM) composition and SOM dynamics has been investigated using a novel coupled thermogravimetry‐differential scanning calorimetry‐quadrupole.mass spectrometry‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TG‐DSC‐QMS‐IRMS) system. TG‐DSC‐QMS‐IRMS distinguishes the C isotope composition of discrete SOM pools, showing changes in labile, recalcitrant and refractory carbon in the bulk soil and particle size fractions which track the vegetation changes. Analysis of evolved gases (by QMS) from thermal decomposition, rather than observed weight loss, proved essential in determining the temperature at which SOM decomposes, because smectite and kaolinite clays contribute to observed weight losses. The δ13C analyses of the CO2 evolved at different temperatures for bulk soil and particle size‐separates showed that most of the labile SOM under the more recent woody vegetation was C3‐derived carbon whereas the δ13C values in the recalcitrant SOM showed greater C4 contributions. This indicated a shift from grass (C4)‐ to tree (C3)‐derived carbon in the woodland, which was also supported by the two‐phase 13C enrichment with depth, i.e. C3 vegetation dominated the top soil (0–10 cm), but the C4 contribution increased with depth (more gradual). This is perturbed by the inclusion of charcoal from forest fires (14C age incursions) and by the deep incorporation of C3 carbon due to root penetration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using macroinvertebrate biological traits for assessing biotic integrity of neotropical streams
Authors: Tomanova Sylvie , Moya Nabor , Oberdorff Thierry
Published: April 2008

Several recent studies have demonstrated that a functional approach (i.e. analysis of traits indicating species ecological functions) can be successfully used for river biomonitoring. To date this approach has only been applied in temperate rivers, even though it could notably contribute toward the development of an environmental assessment system in developing countries in other climatic zones. Using a multivariate approach (Fuzzy Correspondence Analysis—FCA), we analysed functional invertebrate community characteristics (described by 40 categories of seven biological traits mostly at the family level) at 66 stream sites from neotropical Bolivia with different level of anthropogenic disturbance. We were able to separate the sites on the first FCA axis (F1) (ANOVA test) following the predefined environmental quality classes based on the observed impact. Moreover, the F1 axis scores were significantly related to scores obtained using an independent macroinvertebrate multi‐metric index previously developed to assess streams biotic condition in the same biogeographical region. The F1 axis, which thus represents a gradient of anthropogenic impacts, was significantly correlated to 30 of the 40 studied trait categories. Our results (i) clearly confirm the possible use of functional traits for water quality assessment in neotropical streams, and (ii) provides support to the River Habitat Templet hypothesis since habitat disturbances produced predictable functional changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages. Finally, this study supports the potential worldwide applicability of the species‐trait approach as a biomonitoring tool for stream integrity assessment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic alteration of the lower Rio Grande terminus: a quantitative assessment
Authors: Small Michael F. , Bonner Timothy H. , Baccus John T.
Published: April 2008

The lower Rio Grande is one of several imperilled river reaches in North America. Drought and water withdrawals for agriculture and municipal use are acknowledged as primary sources of riverine degradation. We agree that these are critical components adversely affecting the river but also suggest disruption in the normal flood‐pulse cycle of the lower Rio Grande, resulting from impoundment of Falcon Lake and poor management of releases from Falcon Lake Dam, have contributed substantially to decline in ecosystem integrity. We provide statistical evidence and real observations in support of the hypothesis that loss of the natural flood‐pulse cycle of the lower Rio Grande has detrimentally affected the riparian ecosystem. Although the presence of adverse effects from disruption of the flood‐pulse cycle is intuitive, this is the first report quantifying the degree of alteration in the lower Rio Grande. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Assembly of Single‐Stranded RNA on Carbon Nanotube: Polyadenylic Acid to Form a Duplex Structure
Authors: Zhao Chao , Peng Yinghua , Song Yujun , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: April 2008

All messenger‐RNA (mRNA) molecules in eukaryotic cells have a polyadenylic acid [poly(rA)] tail at the 3′‐end and human poly(rA) polymerase (PAP) has been considered as a tumor‐specific target. A ligand that is capable of recognizing and binding to the poly(rA) tail of mRNA might interfere with the full processing of mRNA by PAP and can be a potential therapeutic agent. We report here for the first time that single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can cause single‐stranded poly(rA) to self‐structure and form a duplex structure, which is studied by UV melting, atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and NMR spectrometry. SWNTs have shown potential applications that range from nanodevices, gene therapy, and drug delivery to membrane separations. Our studies may provide new insights into the application of SWNTs under physiological conditions, possibly being used as probes that target specific gene sequences.
The Effects of Extended Families and Marital Status on Housing Consumption by Black Female-Headed Households
Authors: Macpherson David , Stewart James B.
Published: April 2008

This study examines factors affecting the housing consumption of households headed by black women. The investigation focuses particular attention on the extent to which marital status and household composition, especially extended family configurations, influence the quality of housing consumed. The specific measure of housing quality used in the study is crowdedness, proxied by the number of persons per room.

Analysis of data taken from the 1980 U.S. Census Public Use Sample reveals that female-headed extended households experience crowding disproportionately in comparison to other female-headed households. Marital status, age and location also significantly affect housing consumption. Young black female household heads who are separated and live in the South are particularly likely to reside in crowded conditions.

Improved labor market outcomes for household heads are found to be more effective in generating improvements in housing quality than increased transfer payments.
Housing for Blacks: A Challenge for Kansas City
Authors: Robertson William E. (Gene)
Published: April 2008

City planners, neighborhood groups and financial institutions, and other business partners need to develop a comprehensive plan to increase affordable housing for minorities and to integrate neighborhoods. Kansas City, Missouri is a city with a high potential for good housing for all of its citizens, but adequate housing continues to elude many of its black residents. Compared to other U.S. cities of similar size, Kansas City has good housing stock, but a large number of black people are suffering from a shortage of low rent housing. In addition, among Kansas Citians, blacks have the lowest quality housing stock. Two reasons for the deficit in housing for black Americans in Kansas City are demolitions among the low-rent housing stock and discrimination in housing rentals.
Spectrophotometric determination of small amounts of 1‐monoglycerides in fats
Authors: Szonyi C. , Sparrow K.
Published: April 2008

A method is described for the determination of small amounts of 1‐monoglycerides in fats. The method consists of a periodic acid oxidation, the resulting glycol aldehyde fatty acid ester then being converted to the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative, which is determined spectrophotometrically. The colored solutions are stable and follow Beer舗s law in the range 0.0舑1.0% 1‐monoglycerides with a standard deviation of ŷ0.024%. Glycerol does not interfere.
Detergent effects of ultrasonics
Authors: Ford O. E.
Published: April 2008

The effect of ultrasonic treatment using 300 and 650 kc fields, respectively, on the detergent power of five products has been investigated. Factorial experiments were devised varying the different parameters such as textile fibers or fabric, intensity of the field, nature and concn of the detergent and length of treatment. The ultrasonic treatment proved highly efficient compared to the laboratory washing machine.
Fixed-Angle Volar Plate Fixation for Distal Radius Fractures in Immunosuppressed Patients
Authors: Peterson Erik D. , Dennison David G. , Dennison D. G.
Published: April 2008

The aim of this study was to define the outcome and complications following open reduction and internal fixed-angle plating of distal radius fractures for patients on chronic immunosuppression medications. A retrospective study identified 11 patients with distal radius fractures that had been on chronic immunosuppressive medication. The mean patient age was 59.9 years (40–82 years). According to the Orthopedic Trauma Association classification, there was one 23A3, one 23B3, and nine 23C type fractures. There were two open fractures. All patients received preoperative antibiotics and underwent reduction and fixation with a volar, fixed-angle plate. Postoperative measurements included postoperative and final radiographic indices, wrist flexion and extension, forearm rotation, and grip strength. Clinical follow-up averaged 13 months, and radiographic follow-up averaged 14.9 months. Statistical analysis was performed comparing means of various parameters with a two-sided t test with an alpha value ≤0.05. All fractures healed, and there were no infections. The final mean ulnar variance, volar tilt, and radial inclination were –0.1 mm (ulnar negative; –2.0 to +2.5 mm), 13° (5–23°), and 21° (15–27°), respectively. The mean articular gap or step was 0.4 mm. There was a small but significant decrease between the final and postoperative mean ulnar variance ( p=0.03). Mean wrist flexion was 47°, extension 47°, pronation 77°, and supination was 76°. Grip strength averaged 16.3 kg versus 25.1 kg for the opposite extremity. The one major complication included a postoperative carpal tunnel syndrome. Fixed-angle volar plate fixation for distal radius fractures in patients with chronic immunosuppression was associated with union (with acceptable radiographic alignment), no wound-healing problems or infections, and with functional wrist and forearm motion and grip strength.
Biphosphonates for the therapy of complex regional pain syndrome I – Systematic review
Authors: Brunner Florian , Schmid Annina , Kissling Rudolf , Held Ulrike , Bachmann Lucas M.
Published: April 2008

Objectives: Several studies found that biphosphonates counteract locally increased bone resorption and associated pain in patients with complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I). We performed a systematic review of all randomised controlled trials to assess the benefit of biphosphonates in the treatment of CRPS I patients with bone loss.

Data sources: We searched Medline, Embase (April 2007) and the Cochrane Library and screened bliographies of included studies.

Review methods: We selected randomised trials comparing biphosphonates with placebo, with the goal of improving pain, function and quality of life in patients with CRPS I. Two reviewers independently assessed trial eligibility and quality, and extracted data. Where data were incomplete or unclear, conflicts were resolved with discussion and/or trial authors were contacted for further details. We calculated the study size weighted pooled mean reduction of pain intensity (measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS)).

Results: Four trials of moderate quality fulfilled our inclusion criteria. In respect to function and quality of life there was a trend in favour of biphosphonates but differences in outcome assessment impeded pooling of results. Two trials provided sufficient data to pool pain outcomes. Biphosphonates reduced pain intensity by 22.4 and 21.6mm on a VAS after 4 and 12 weeks of follow‐up. Data on adverse effects were scarce.

Conclusions: The very limited data reviewed showed that bisphosphonates have the potential to reduce pain associated with bone loss in patients with CRPS I. However, at present there is not sufficient evidence to recommend their use in practice.
Long-term safety, efficacy and palatability of oral meloxicam at 0.01–0.03 mg/kg for treatment of osteoarthritic pain in cats
Authors: Gunew Marcus N. , Menrath Victor H. , Marshall Rhett D.
Published: April 2008

Osteoarthritis is a chronic, painful condition that is now recognised as affecting a large proportion of cats. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have proven efficacy in dogs and humans but there are limited published data on the use of NSAIDs in the long-term management of this condition in cats. This prospective study aimed to assess the long-term safety and palatability of oral meloxicam and its efficacy in treating osteoarthritic pain in cats when given at a dose of 0.01–0.03 mg/kg once daily. Forty cats diagnosed with osteoarthritis completed the trial with a mean treatment duration of 5.8 months. Gastrointestinal upset in 2/46 (4%) cats was the only adverse effect noted. No deleterious effect on renal function was detected in cats studied. Owners subjectively assessed treatment efficacy as good or excellent in 34/40 (85%) of cases. The results of this study showed oral meloxicam to be safe and palatable long-term treatment for osteoarthritis in cats when given with food at a dose of 0.01–0.03 mg/kg.
Associations of serum carotenoid concentrations with the metabolic syndrome: interaction with smoking
Authors: Sugiura Minoru , Nakamura Mieko , Ogawa Kazunori , Ikoma Yoshinori , Matsumoto Hikaru , Ando Fujiko , Shimokata Hiroshi , Yano Masamichi
Published: April 2008

Recent epidemiological studies show the associations of serum antioxidant status with the metabolic syndrome. Oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and CVD. Actually, smoking is a potent oxidative stressor in man, but little is known about the interaction of serum carotenoids and the metabolic syndrome with smoking status. In this study, the associations of the serum carotenoids with the metabolic syndrome stratified by smoking habit were evaluated cross-sectionally. A total of 1073 subjects (357 male and 716 female) who had received health examinations in the town of Mikkabi, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, participated in the study. Among total subjects, the OR for the metabolic syndrome in the highest tertile of serum β-carotene was 0·41 (95 % CI 0·18, 0·92) after adjusting confounders. In current smokers, significantly lower OR were observed in the middle (OR 0·10; 95 % CI 0·01, 0·72) and highest (OR 0·06; 95 % CI 0·01, 0·73) tertiles of serum β-carotene. Furthermore, lower OR were observed in accordance with tertiles of serum α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin in current smokers (P for trend 0·042 and 0·036, respectively). In contrast, in non-smokers, a significantly lower OR was observed in the highest tertile of serum β-carotene (OR 0·30; 95 % CI 0·10, 0·89) after multiple adjustment. Inverse associations of serum carotenoids with the metabolic syndrome were more evident among current smokers than non-smokers. These results support that antioxidant carotenoids may have a protective effect against development of the metabolic syndrome, especially in current smokers who are exposed to a potent oxidative stress.
The Euphrates volcanic field, northeastern Syria: petrogenesis of Cenozoic basanites and alkali basalts
Authors: LEASE NANCY A. , ABDEL-RAHMAN ABDEL-FATTAH M.
Published: April 2008

The Plio-Quaternary Euphrates volcanic field of NE Syria includes large discontinuous exposures of basanitic and basaltic lava flows (1200 km2in area). It represents the northern segment of the Cenozoic volcanic province of the Middle East and is located near the Bitlis collision suture. The rocks consist of olivine (15–20%), clinopyroxene (30–35%), plagioclase (45–55%) and opaque phases. Chemically, the rocks are largely ultrabasic (SiO238.2–45.5 wt%, MgO 8.7–13.0 wt% and average Mg number of 0.65). They are enriched in incompatible trace elements such as Zr (133–276 ppm), Nb (25–71 ppm) and Y (17–28 ppm). The REE patterns are strongly fractionated ((La/Yb)N= 19.6), indicative of a garnet-bearing source. The143Nd/144Nd isotopic compositions range from 0.512868 to 0.512940 (εNd= 4.5 to 5.9), and87Sr/86Sr from 0.70309 to 0.70352. These chemical and isotopic compositions reflect strong affinities to OIB. Elemental ratios such as K/P (3.4), La/Ta (13) and La/Nb (0.77), and the low SiO2values, suggest that the Euphrates magma was subjected to minimal crustal contamination. Petrogenetic modelling has been carried out using a variety of mantle source materials, different degrees of partial melting (0.1 to 10%), and a number of scenarios including metasomatized sources. Modelling suggests that the magma could have been produced as a result of a small degree of partial melting of either (1) a garnet-bearing depleted source enriched with a small addition of metasomatizing fluids, or (2) a garnet-bearing fertile source. The overall chemical and petrological characteristics are more consistent with the generation of the Euphrates magma by a small degree of partial melting (F = 1%) of a primitive, garnet-lherzolite mantle source, possibly containing a minor spinel component. The Neogene collision of the Arabian plate with Eurasia along the Bitlis suture resulted in reactivation (beneath the Euphrates basin) of deep-seated fractures, along which lavas may have penetrated the crust.
Policy Networks and Business Participation in Free Trade Negotiations in Chile
Authors: BULL BENEDICTE
Published: April 2008

Within Latin America, Chile is distinguished by its stable trade policies and rapid negotiation of trade agreements with countries and regions all over the world. Explanations for these phenomena often point to the stable pro-free trade coalition established in the aftermath of the shock-therapy pursued in the 1970s, and Chile's professional government bureaucracy. Although both of these elements are important, this article shows how the rapid integration of Chile into the world economy has also depended on the existence of business associations with expertise on trade issues. Through the process of integration, a close policy network has evolved between key public officials and business representatives. This is premised on the mutual recognition of expertise in the public and private sectors, and is held together by close personal networks of loyalty and trust across the public-private divide. However, while the development of such a policy network has been highly favourable to the process of negotiating trade agreements, it has also contributed to the de-facto exclusion of societal actors that have less to contribute to trade negotiations than business sectors.
Italian Immigrants, Brazilian Football, and the Dilemma of National Identity
Authors: BOCKETTI GREGG P.
Published: April 2008

This article considers the cultural adjustment of immigrants to Brazil through an analysis of the role that association football (soccer) played in identity formation in twentieth-century São Paulo. It focuses on the city's large Italian population, in particular the experiences of a leading club, the Società Sportiva Palestra Itália, and of the first generation of Brazilian footballers who migrated abroad in order to play football professionally, many of whom were Paulistas of Italian descent. It demonstrates that through football Italians obtained agency in negotiating the process by which they became Brazilian and found a means by which to preserve a sense of discrete ethnicity within São Paulo's multiethnic community.