bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History of Library Computerization
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G.
Published: January 2014

The history of library computerization from its initiation in 1954 to 1970 is described. Approximately the first half of the period was devoted to computerization of user-oriented subject infotmation retrieval and the second half to library-oriented procedures. At the end of the period on-line systems were being designed and activated.
The Recon Pilot Project: A Progress Report, November 1969 - April 1970
Authors: Avram Henriette D. , Guiles Kay D. , Maruyama Lenore S.
Published: January 2014

A synthesis of the second progress report submitted by the Library of Congress to the Council on Library Resources under a grant for the RECON Pilot Project. An overview of the progress made from November 1969 to April 1970 in the following areas: production, Official Catalog comparison, format recognition, research titles, microfilming, investigation of inptut devices. In addition, the status of the tasks assigned to the RECON Working Task Force are briefly described.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wilkinson Billy R. , Evans Glyn , Goldwyn A. J. , Miniter John J. , Nugent William R.
Published: January 2014

Book Reviews
On-Line Acquisitions by LOLITA
Authors: Spigai Frances G. , Mahan Thomas
Published: January 2014

The on-line acquisition program (LOLITA) in use at the Oregon State University Library is described in terms of development costs, equipment requirements, and overall design philosophy. In particular, the record format and content of records in the on-order file, and the on-line processing of these records (input, search, correction, output) using a cathode ray tube display terminal are detailed.
Opérationnaliser le développement durable en contexte écotouristique : quels critères ?
Authors: Tranquard Manu , Gagnon Christiane
Published: January 2014

L’usage du concept de développement durable est actuellement particulièrement répandu dans le secteur touristique. Tout projet d’envergure tend désormais à intégrer dans sa planification ou dans son cahier des charges la recherche des normes et principes de développement durable. Une difficulté tient cependant à la distance qui subsiste entre ce concept et les moyens employés pour y parvenir et l’évaluer. Plusieurs études sectorielles récentes soulignent ainsi la complexité de la mise en application des principes du développement durable dans le domaine touristique. Cette situation tiendrait notamment au relatif défaut de connaissances des fondements théoriques de ce concept de la part des gestionnaires privés et publics et des parties prenantes. Ce constat est par ailleurs d’autant plus problématique dans le cas spécifique de l’écotourisme, car celui-ci repose sur une application rigoureuse des principes du développement durable, notamment pour la dimension environnementale.

L’objet de la présente analyse est d’identifier les critères de la durabilité écotouristique, soit les critères devant être opérationnalisés dans le cadre d’activités écotouristiques afin de favoriser le développement durable des territoires. Au-delà de leur recensement, il s’agit d’évaluer s’il existe une hiérarchisation de certains de ces critères, notamment s’agissant de la dimension environnementale du développement durable. Cette hiérarchisation peut permettre d’optimiser une démarche d’implantation lors de l’élaboration des projets écotouristiques.
L’apprentissage par concepts en première secondaire dans un cadre d’arrimage de
l’histoire et de l’éducation à la citoyenneté
Authors: Bouvier Félix , Chiasson Desjardins Sandra
Published: January 2014

Cet article s’intéresse aux perceptions que les élèves québécois de la première
année du secondaire ont de leur cours histoire et éducation à la citoyenneté, de ses
finalités quant à la formation des habiletés citoyennes, ainsi que de ses concepts.
L’analyse qualitative des entrevues menées avec quarante élèves démontre que ces derniers
font bien peu l’arrimage entre l’histoire et l’éducation à la citoyenneté et que
l’apprentissage des concepts est influencé par le contexte dans lequel il a été
étudié.
Classroom Behaviour Management: The effects of in-service training on elementary teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs
Authors: Gaudreau Nancy , Royer Égide , Frenette Éric , Beaumont Claire , Flanagan Tara
Published: January 2014

We examined a training program in classroom management in relation to the efficacy beliefs of elementary school teachers. The training program used a quasi-experimental design with a waitlist control group. Twenty-seven elementary school teachers in the greater Quebec City area participated. The repeated measures ANOVA results revealed positive effect of the program on teachers’ personal teaching efficacy beliefs, and in the teachers’ perceived self-efficacy in managing difficult behaviours in the classroom. A group by time interaction effect was also observed with regard to the teachers’ perceived self-efficacy in eliciting principals’ support where participating teachers were more confident in their interactions with principals at follow-up. Factors that influence the development of self-efficacy beliefs of teachers and implications for practice are discussed.
Discussing Virtual Tools That Simulate Probabilities: What are the middle school teachers’ concerns?
Authors: Savard Annie , Freiman Viktor , Theis Laurent , Larose François
Published: January 2014

Mathematics teachers, researchers and specialists in educational technology from Quebec, Canada developed virtual tools that make interactive simulations of games of chance. These tools were presented to a group of teachers from New Brunswick through workshops and they then got to test and validate them with their students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with groups of teachers following the experimentation with the tools. Results show an appreciation of the rich educational potential the virtual tools bring and the pedagogical scenarios that come with them. Participants suggest that working with simulators would increase students’ motivation and deepen their conceptual understanding of concepts that are otherwise hard to grasp. But they, however, lack professional development on how to teach probability and need techno-pedagogical and didactical follow-ups.
Valuing Children’s Expression: A first attempt at displaying preschool art in an early childhood centre
Authors: Itzkowitz Selina
Published: January 2014

A local childcare centre embarks on a first-time project to exhibit preschool children’s artworks, acknowledging the importance of art-based activities in the development of young children. In the planning and implementation of a successful afternoon event, the centre’s children, along with parents, other family members, friends, and educators, were able to appreciate the variety of techniques and materials used to create the skillfully-planned exhibit. The author provides insights into the challenges of undertaking such an endeavor and makes recommendations to promote its success.
Treatment Discontinuation and Disease Progression with Injectable Disease-Modifying Therapies
Authors: Fox Robert J. , Salter Amber R. , Tyry Tuula , Sun Jennifer , You Xiaojun , Laforet Genevieve , Campagnolo Denise
Published: January 2014

Injectable first-line disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) are generally prescribed for continuous use. Accordingly, the various factors that influence patient persistence with treatment and that can lead some patients to switch medications or discontinue treatment may affect clinical outcomes. Using data from the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) database, this study evaluated participants' reasons for discontinuation of injectable DMTs as well as the relationship between staying on therapy and sustained patient-reported disease progression and annualized relapse rates. Participants selected their reason(s) for discontinuation from among 16 possible options covering the categories of efficacy, safety, tolerability, and burden, with multiple responses permitted. Both unadjusted data and data adjusted for baseline age, disease duration, disability, and sex were evaluated. Discontinuation profiles varied among DMTs. Participants on intramuscular interferon beta-1a (IM IFNβ-1a) and glatiramer acetate (GA) reported the fewest discontinuations based on safety concerns, although GA was associated with reports of higher burden and lower efficacy than other therapies. Difficulties with tolerability were more often reported as a reason for discontinuing subcutaneous (SC) IFNβ-1a than as a reason for discontinuing IM IFNβ-1a, GA, or SC IFNβ-1b. In the persistent therapy cohort, less patient-reported disability progression was reported with IM IFNβ-1a treatment than with SC IFNβ-1a, IFNβ-1b, or GA. These findings have relevance to clinical decision making and medication compliance in MS patient care.
Thermo-optically driven silicon microring-resonator-loaded Mach–Zehnder modulator for low-power consumption and multiple-wavelength modulation
Authors: Gautam Rajdeep , Kaneshige Hiroki , Yamada Hitoshi , Katouf Redouane , Arakawa Taro , Kokubun Yasuo
Published: January 2014

Low-power-consumption thermo-optically controlled silicon-microring-resonator loaded Mach–Zehnder modulators (MRR-loaded MZMs) are demonstrated. We experimentally characterized a single microring and cascaded-multiple-microring resonators coupled to one arm of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The driving power consumption of the proposed MZM is significantly reduced owing to the enhanced phase shift in the MRR. The device was fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide structure, and each microring is equipped with TiN microheater for thermo-optic tuning. The coupling efficiency between the microring and a busline waveguide was regulated by varying the gap between two waveguides at a directional coupler. The power consumption of single microring and cascaded MRR-loaded MZMs was approximately 0.4 and 1 mW, respectively. The phase-shift enhancement factor of up to 19 with a maximum extinction ratio of 18 dB was obtained experimentally. Multiple-wavelength operation was also demonstrated in the cascaded MRR-loaded MZM.
Control gate length, spacing, channel hole diameter, and stacked layer number design for bit-cost scalable-type three-dimensional stackable NAND flash memory
Authors: Miyaji Kousuke , Yanagihara Yuki , Hirasawa Reo , Ning Sheyang , Takeuchi Ken
Published: January 2014

A cell design for three-dimensional (3D) stackable NAND (3D NAND) flash memory are investigated with emphases on control gate length (L
g), spacing (L
space) and channel hole diameter (Φ). The requirements for the L
g and L
space are derived from the 3D device simulation and the effective cell size that competes with the planar NAND. The simulations reveal that L
g = L
space = 20 nm (40 nm layer pitch) is achievable for bit-cost scalable (BiCS)-type 3D NAND with the 90 nm diameter hole. If the number of stacked layers is 22 with the layer pitch of 40 nm, the effective cell size of the 3D NAND corresponds to that of 15 nm planar NAND technology. Furthermore, cell characteristics of the macaroni body channel with various Φ are investigated. Although macaroni body channel improves cell characteristics at Φ = 90 nm, a cell with Φ = 60 nm without macaroni body structure shows better characteristics.
Atmospheric negative corona discharge using Taylor cone as a liquid cathode
Authors: Shirai Naoki , Sekine Ryuto , Uchida Satoshi , Tochikubo Fumiyoshi
Published: January 2014

We examined the characteristics of atmospheric negative corona discharge using a liquid needle cathode. As a liquid needle cathode, a Taylor cone with conical shape was adopted. A micronozzle was filled with liquid, and a plate electrode was placed above the nozzle. By applying a dc voltage between electrodes, a Taylor cone is formed. To change the liquid property, we added sodium dodecyl sulfate to reduce the surface tension, sodium sulfate to increase the conductivity, and polyvinyl alcohol to increase the viscosity, in distilled water. Liquids with a high surface tension such as pure water could not form a Taylor cone. When we reduced the surface tension, a Taylor cone was formed and a stable corona discharge was observed at the tip of the cone. When we increased viscosity, a liquid filament protruding from the solution surface was formed and corona discharge was observed along the filament at a position 0.7–1.0 mm above the tip of the cone. Increasing the conductivity resulted in the higher light intensity of the corona and the lower corona onset voltage. Using a Taylor cone, different types of corona discharge were observed by changing the property of the liquid.
Random‐Primed, Phi29 DNA Polymerase‐Based Whole Genome Amplification
Authors: Nelson John R.
Published: January 2014

Whole‐genome amplification by multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is a patented method to generate potentially unlimited genomic material when researchers are challenged with trace samples, or the amount of genomic DNA required for analysis exceeds the amount on hand. It is an isothermal reaction, using Phi29 DNA polymerase and random hexamer primers for unbiased amplification of linear DNA molecules, such as genomic DNA. The random‐primed MDA reaction provides extensive amplification coverage of the genome, generates extremely long DNA products, and provides high DNA yields. This unit explains the reaction, and describes use of the commercial kits available. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 105:15.13.1‐15.13.16. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Tanner Nathan A. , Evans Thomas C.
Published: January 2014

Sequence‐specific isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques are ideally suited for use in molecular diagnostic applications because they do not require thermal cycling equipment and the reactions are typically fast. One of the most widely cited isothermal techniques is termed loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). This protocol allows amplification times as fast as 5 to 10 min. Furthermore, various methodologies to detect amplification have been applied to LAMP to increase its utility for the point‐of‐care market. Basic LAMP protocols are provided herein for detection of specific DNA and RNA targets, along with a method to perform multiplex LAMP reactions, permitting even greater flexibility from this powerful technique. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 105:15.14.1‐15.14.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A decade of West Antarctic subglacial lake interactions from combined ICESat and CryoSat‐2 altimetry
Authors: Siegfried Matthew R. , Fricker Helen A. , Roberts Mackenzie , Scambos Ted A. , Tulaczyk Slawek
Published: January 2014

We use CryoSat‐2 interferometric satellite radar altimetry over the Mercer and Whillans ice streams, West Antarctica, to derive surface elevation changes due to subglacial lake activity at monthly resolution for the period 2010 to 2013. We validate CryoSat‐2 elevation measurements, trends, and spatial patterns of change using satellite image differencing and in situ vertical movement from Global Positioning System (GPS) data. Two subglacial lake discharge events occur in the same subglacial‐hydrological catchment within a 9 month period. Using GPS measurements that are spanning the gap between the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite and Cryosat‐2 missions, we cross‐calibrate the two missions to establish the efficacy of CryoSat‐2 altimetry to measure dynamic changes on the ice sheets.
Forest ecosystem changes from annual methane source to sink depending on late summer water balance
Authors: Shoemaker Julie K. , Keenan Trevor F. , Hollinger David Y. , Richardson Andrew D.
Published: January 2014

Forests dominate the global carbon cycle, but their role in methane (CH4) biogeochemistry remains uncertain. We analyzed whole‐ecosystem CH4fluxes from 2 years, obtained over a lowland evergreen forest in Maine, USA. Gross primary productivity provided the strongest correlation with the CH4flux in both years, with an additional significant effect of soil moisture in the second, drier year. This forest was a neutral to net source of CH4in 2011 and a small net sink in 2012. Interannual variability in the summer hydrologic cycle apparently shifts the ecosystem from being a net source to a sink for CH4. The small magnitude of the CH4fluxes and observed control or CH4fluxes by forest productivity and summer precipitation provide novel insight into the CH4cycle in this globally important forest ecosystem.
Rheology of fine‐grained forsterite aggregate at deep upper mantle conditions
Authors: Nishihara Yu , Ohuchi Tomohiro , Kawazoe Takaaki , Spengler Dirk , Tasaka Miki , Kikegawa Takumi , Suzuki Akio , Ohtani Eiji
Published: January 2014

High‐pressure and high‐temperature deformation experiments on fine‐grained synthetic dunite (forsterite aggregate) were conducted to determine the dominant deformation mechanism in the deep upper mantle. The sintered starting material has 90% forsterite, 10% enstatite, and an average grain size of ~1 µm. Deformation experiments were performed using a deformation‐DIA apparatus at pressures of 3.03–5.36 GPa, temperatures of 1473–1573 K, and uniaxial strain rates of 0.91 × 10−5 to 18.6 × 10−5 s−1 at dry circumstances <50 H/106Si. The steady state flow stress was determined at each deformation condition. Derived stress‐strain rate data is analyzed together with that reported from similar but low‐pressure deformation experiments using flow law equations for diffusion creep (stress exponent of n = 1, grain‐size exponent of p = 2) and for dislocation‐accommodated grain‐boundary sliding (GBS‐disl, n = 3, p = 1). The activation volume for diffusion creep (V*dif) and for GBS‐disl (V*GBS) of dunite is determined to be 8.2 ± 0.9 and 7.5 ± 1.0 cm3/mol, respectively. Calculations based on these results suggest that both diffusion creep and dislocation creep play an important role for material flow at typical deformation conditions in the Earth's asthenospheric upper mantle whereas the contribution of GBS‐disl is very limited, and dislocation creep is the dominant deformation mechanism during the deformation of olivine in sheared peridotite xenolith. Though these conclusions are not definitive, these are the first results on potential deformation mechanisms of forsterite aggregate based on extrapolation in the pressure, temperature, stress, and grain‐size space.
Calculations of relative optical air masses for various aerosol types and minor gases in Arctic and Antarctic atmospheres
Authors: Tomasi Claudio , Petkov Boyan H.
Published: January 2014

The dependence functions of relative optical air mass on apparent solar zenith angle θ have been calculated over the θ < 87° range for the vertical profiles of wet‐air molecular number density in the Arctic and Antarctic atmospheres, extinction coefficients of different aerosol types, and molecular number density of water vapor, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen dimer. The calculations were made using as weight functions the seasonal average vertical profiles of (i) pressure and temperature derived from multiyear sets of radiosounding measurements performed at Ny‐Ålesund, Alert, Mario Zucchelli, and Neumayer stations; (ii) volume extinction coefficients of background summer aerosol, Arctic haze, and Kasatochi and Pinatubo volcanic aerosol measured with lidars or balloon‐borne samplings; and (iii) molecular number concentrations of the above minor gases, derived from radiosonde, ozonesonde, and satellite‐based observations. The air mass values were determined using a formula based on a realistic atmospheric air‐refraction model. They were systematically checked by comparing their mutual differences with the uncertainties arising from the seasonal and daily variations in pressure and temperature conditions within the various ranges, where aerosol and gases attenuate the solar radiation most efficiently. The results provide evidence that secant‐approximated and midlatitude air mass values are inappropriate for analyzing the Sun photometer measurements performed at polar sites. They indicate that the present evaluations can be reliably used to estimate the aerosol optical depth from the Arctic and Antarctic measurements of total optical depth, after appropriate corrections for the Rayleigh scattering and gaseous absorption optical depths.
Characteristics of atmospheric circulation over East Asia associated with summer blocking
Authors: Park Yong‐Jun , Ahn Joong‐Bae
Published: January 2014

The boreal summer‐blocking regions were defined using the reanalysis data over the three decades of 1981–2010, and the influence of the blocking on atmospheric circulation in East Asia was examined. The summer blocking occurred mostly in North Europe, Ural region, Sea of Okhotsk (OK), and northeastern Pacific. The summer blocking was the major mode in these four regions according to principal component analysis using 500 hPa geopotential heights. Among the four blocking regions, OK blocking frequencies (OK BFs) showed negative and positive correlations with summer temperature and precipitation of Northeast Asia centered around the East Sea/Sea of Japan, respectively. In particular, the OK BF had a statistically significant correlation coefficient of −0.54 with summer temperatures in the Korean Peninsula. This indicates that the summer temperature and precipitation in this region were closely related to the OK blocking. According to the composite analysis for the years of higher‐than‐average BF (positive BF years), the OK High became stronger and expanded, while the North Pacific High was weakened over the Korean Peninsula and Japan and an anomalously deep trough was developed in the upper layer (200 hPa). As the cool OK High expanded, the temperature decreased over Northeast Asia centered around the East Sea/Sea of Japan and the lower level (850 hPa) air converged cyclonically, resulting in the increased precipitation, which induced the divergence in the upper layer and thereby strengthened the jet stream. Thus, the boreal summer OK blocking systematically influencing the area as the most dominant mode.
Remembering the Historical Roots of Remembering the Personal Past
Authors: Bluck Susan , Alea Nicole , Ali Sideeka
Published: January 2014

As scholars, remembering the historical past in one's area of study provides a foundation for purposefully pursuing knowledge. As individuals, remembering our personal past provides direction and purpose in everyday life. Taken together, these percepts provide the impetus for the current paper, which traces the contributions of six early pioneers who wrote about how humans remember their personal past. Analysis demonstrates how their historical ideas support current literatures focused on the personal past: reminiscence‐based mental health interventions, the adaptive psychosocial functions of autobiographical remembering, and the construction of identity as a life story. Three future research directions are also briefly presented: the human ability for mental ‘time travel’, a lifespan approach to remembering the personal past, and reflection on one's past as a route to wisdom. Understanding the human phenomenon of remembering the personal past has long‐standing historical roots that continue to stimulate basic and applied research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early detection of antiangiogenic treatment responses in a mouse xenograft tumor model using quantitative perfusion MRI
Authors: Rajendran Reshmi , Huang Wei , Tang Annie Mei Yee , Liang Jie Ming , Choo Stephanie , Reese Torsten , Hentze Hannes , van Boxtel Susan , Cliffe Adam , Rogers Keith , Henry Brian , Chuang Kai Hsiang
Published: January 2014

Angiogenesis plays a major role in tumor growth and metastasis, with tumor perfusion regarded as a marker for angiogenesis. To evaluate antiangiogenic treatment response in vivo, we investigated arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure tumor perfusion quantitatively. Chronic and 24‐h acute treatment responses to bevacizumab were assessed by ASL and dynamic‐contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI in the A498 xenograft mouse model. After the MRI, tumor vasculature was assessed by CD34 staining. After 39 days of chronic treatment, tumor perfusion decreased to 44.8 ± 16.1 mL/100 g/min (P < 0.05), compared to 92.6 ± 42.9 mL/100 g/min in the control group. In the acute treatment study, tumor perfusion in the treated group decreased from 107.2 ± 32.7 to 73.7 ± 27.8 mL/100 g/min (P < 0.01; two‐way analysis of variance), as well as compared with control group post dosing. A significant reduction in vessel density and vessel size was observed after the chronic treatment, while only vessel size was reduced 24 h after acute treatment. The tumor perfusion correlated with vessel size (r = 0.66; P < 0.005) after chronic, but not after acute treatment. The results from DCE‐MRI also detected a significant change between treated and control groups in both chronic and acute treatment studies, but not between 0 and 24 h in the acute treatment group. These results indicate that tumor perfusion measured by MRI can detect early vascular responses to antiangiogenic treatment. With its noninvasive and quantitative nature, ASL MRI would be valuable for longitudinal assessment of tumor perfusion and in translation from animal models to human.
Solvothermal synthesis and structural characterization of unfilled and Yb‐filled cobalt antimony skutterudite
Authors: Kadel Kamal , Li Wenzhi
Published: January 2014

Unfilled and ytterbium (Yb)‐filled cobalt antimony (CoSb3) nanoparticles were synthesized via solvothermal route using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. The effect of various amounts of sodium borohydride on the formation of as‐synthesized CoSb3 nanoparticles with pure phase was investigated. It is found that a sufficient amount of NaBH4 was required in order to form pure phase CoSb3. In addition, the effect of annealing time and temperature on the phase transformation of the as‐prepared non‐pure phase CoSb3 sample was also investigated. It is found that annealing at 500 °C for 5 h would eliminate those non‐CoSb3 phases and result in pure cubic skutterudite phase CoSb3. Structural characterization of the as‐prepared unfilled and Yb‐filled nanoparticles was carried out with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which revealed the formation of highly crystalline cubic phase of skutterudite Yb‐filled CoSb3. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) confirmed the presence of ytterbium in the Yb‐filled CoSb3 samples.
Stochastic learning automata‐based channel selection in cognitive radio/dynamic spectrum access for WiMAX networks
Authors: Misra Sudip , Chatterjee Shankha Subhra , Guizani Mohsen
Published: January 2014

This paper proposes a cognitive radio‐based dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme for secondary users in a cluster‐based WiMAX network. It uses a learning automata‐based algorithm to find the optimal transmission channel, while ensuring minimum channel loss and a considerably high signal‐to‐noise ratio, and concurrently minimizing costly channel switching activities when primary users request licensed channels. The objective is to coordinate efficient frequency utilization and frequency reusability in each of the clusters in the network and to make data transmission possible without depleting the spectrum. The proposed scheme subsumes unforeseen channel faults into the channel feedback and decides the optimal channel. The system converges asymptotically to an ϵ‐optimal solution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the role of articulatory organs and perceptual assimilation in infants' discrimination of native and non‐native fricative place contrasts
Authors: Tyler Michael D. , Best Catherine T. , Goldstein Louis M. , Antoniou Mark
Published: January 2014

The perceptual assimilation model (PAM; Best, C. T. [1995]. A direct realist view of cross‐language speech perception. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross‐language research (pp. 171–204). Baltimore, MD: York Press.) accounts for developmental patterns of speech contrast discrimination by proposing that infants shift from untuned phonetic perception at 6 months to natively tuned perceptual assimilation at 11–12 months, but the model does not predict initial discrimination differences among contrasts. To address that issue, we evaluated the Articulatory Organ Hypothesis, which posits that consonants produced using different articulatory organs are initially easier to discriminate than those produced with the same articulatory organ. We tested English‐learning 6‐ and 11‐month‐olds' discrimination of voiceless fricative place contrasts from Nuu‐Chah‐Nulth (non‐native) and English (native), with one within‐organ and one between‐organ contrast from each language. Both native and non‐native contrasts were discriminated across age, suggesting that articulatory‐organ differences do not influence perception of speech contrasts by young infants. The results highlight the fact that a decline in discrimination for non‐native contrasts does not always occur over age. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 210–227, 2014.
Integrative Analysis of High‐throughput Cancer Studies With Contrasted Penalization
Authors: Shi Xingjie , Liu Jin , Huang Jian , Zhou Yong , Shia BenChang , Ma Shuangge
Published: January 2014

In cancer studies with high‐throughput genetic and genomic measurements, integrative analysis provides a way to effectively pool and analyze heterogeneous raw data from multiple independent studies and outperforms “classic” meta‐analysis and single‐dataset analysis. When marker selection is of interest, the genetic basis of multiple datasets can be described using the homogeneity model or the heterogeneity model. In this study, we consider marker selection under the heterogeneity model, which includes the homogeneity model as a special case and can be more flexible. Penalization methods have been developed in the literature for marker selection. This study advances from the published ones by introducing the contrast penalties, which can accommodate the within‐ and across‐dataset structures of covariates/regression coefficients and, by doing so, further improve marker selection performance. Specifically, we develop a penalization method that accommodates the across‐dataset structures by smoothing over regression coefficients. An effective iterative algorithm, which calls an inner coordinate descent iteration, is developed. Simulation shows that the proposed method outperforms the benchmark with more accurate marker identification. The analysis of breast cancer and lung cancer prognosis studies with gene expression measurements shows that the proposed method identifies genes different from those using the benchmark and has better prediction performance.
Test Your Memory—Spanish version (TYM‐S): a validation study of a self‐administered cognitive screening test
Authors: Muñoz‐Neira Carlos , Henríquez Chaparro Fernando , Delgado Carolina , Brown Jerry , Slachevsky Andrea
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To develop the Test Your Memory (TYM)—Spanish version (TYM‐S), a self‐administered cognitive screening test, in a Chilean older sample and to estimate its psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy.

Methods

The TYM was translated into Spanish and adapted for a Chilean population to develop the TYM‐S. Measures of global cognitive impairment and executive dysfunction were administered to 30 controls, 30 dementia patients, and 14 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). All participants' proxies were interviewed with assessments of dementia severity, functionality in daily living activities, and cognitive change. Convergent validity and internal consistency reliability of the TYM‐S were estimated. Cut‐off points, sensitivity, and specificity were determined to test its diagnostic capacity for dementia or MCI.

Results

Regarding convergent validity, the TYM‐S was significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with global cognitive impairment (Mini‐Mental State Examination: r = 0.902; Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination—Revised—Chilean version: r = 0.922; Montreal Cognitive Assessment: r = 0.923), executive dysfunction (Frontal Assessment Battery: r = 0.862), dementia severity (Clinical Dementia Rating: r = −0.757), functional capacity (Technology‐Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire: r = −0.864; Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire: r = −0.748; Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: r = 0.769), and cognitive change (Alzheimer's Disease 8—Chilean version: r = −0.700) measures. Regarding reliability, Cronbach's α was 0.776. Optimum cut‐off scores of 39 and 44 distinguished dementia cases from controls (93.1% sensitivity, 82.2% specificity) and MCI cases from controls (85.7% sensitivity, 69% specificity), respectively. The extent of assistance required in the TYM‐S and cognitive impairment was correlated.

Conclusions

The TYM‐S is a valid and reliable instrument to assess cognitive impairment, showing good psychometric properties and diagnostic capacity to identify cases of dementia in a Spanish‐speaking older cohort. Although its need for assistance may be limiting, its ability to quickly assess several cognitive domains supports widespread clinical use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of intensity‐dependent inhibition of spinal wide‐dynamic range neurons by dorsal column and peripheral nerve stimulation in a rat model of neuropathic pain
Authors: Yang F. , Xu Q. , Cheong Y‐K. , Shechter R. , Sdrulla A. , He S‐Q. , Tiwari V. , Dong X. , Wacnik P.W. , Meyer R. , Raja S.N. , Guan Y.
Published: January 2014

Background

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) are thought to reduce pain by activating a sufficient number of large myelinated (Aβ) fibres, which in turn initiate spinal segmental mechanisms of analgesia. However, the volume of neuronal activity and how this activity is associated with different treatment targets is unclear under neuropathic pain conditions.

Methods

We sought to delineate the intensity‐dependent mechanisms of SCS and PNS analgesia by in vivo extracellular recordings from spinal wide‐dynamic range neurons in nerve‐injured rats. To mimic therapeutic SCS and PNS, we used bipolar needle electrodes and platinum hook electrodes to stimulate the dorsal column and the tibial nerve, respectively. Compound action potentials were recorded to calibrate the amplitude of conditioning stimulation required to activate A‐fibres and thus titrate the volume of activation.

Results

Dorsal column stimulation (50 Hz, five intensities) inhibited the windup (a short form of neuronal sensitization) and the C‐component response of wide‐dynamic range neurons to graded intracutaneous electrical stimuli in an intensity‐dependent manner. Tibial nerve stimulation (50 Hz, three intensities) also suppressed the windup in an intensity‐dependent fashion but did not affect the acute C‐component response.

Conclusions

SCS and PNS may offer similar inhibition of short‐term neuronal sensitization. However, only SCS attenuates spinal transmission of acute noxious inputs under neuropathic pain conditions. Our findings begin to differentiate peripheral from spinal‐targeted neuromodulation therapies and may help to select the best stimulation target and optimum therapeutic intensity for pain treatment.
A 6-Year Exercise Program Improves Skeletal Traits Without Affecting Fracture Risk: A Prospective Controlled Study in 2621 Children
Authors: Detter Fredrik , Rosengren Björn E , Dencker Magnus , Lorentzon Mattias , Nilsson Jan-Åke , Karlsson Magnus K
Published: January 2014

Most pediatric exercise intervention studies that evaluate the effect on skeletal traits include volunteers and follow bone mass for less than 3 years. We present a population-based 6-year controlled exercise intervention study in children with bone structure and incident fractures as endpoints. Fractures were registered in 417 girls and 500 boys in the intervention group (3969 person-years) and 835 girls and 869 boys in the control group (8245 person-years), all aged 6 to 9 years at study start, during the 6-year study period. Children in the intervention group had 40 minutes daily school physical education (PE) and the control group 60 minutes per week. In a subcohort with 78 girls and 111 boys in the intervention group and 52 girls and 54 boys in the control group, bone mineral density (BMD; g/cm2) and bone area (mm2) were measured repeatedly by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measured bone mass and bone structure at follow-up. There were 21.7 low and moderate energy-related fractures per 1000 person-years in the intervention group and 19.3 fractures in the control group, leading to a rate ratio (RR) of 1.12 (0.85, 1.46). Girls in the intervention group, compared with girls in the control group, had 0.009 g/cm2 (0.003, 0.015) larger gain annually in spine BMD, 0.07 g (0.014, 0.123) larger gain in femoral neck bone mineral content (BMC), and 4.1 mm2 (0.5, 7.8) larger gain in femoral neck area, and at follow-up 24.1 g (7.6, 40.6) higher tibial cortical BMC (g) and 23.9 mm2 (5.27, 42.6) larger tibial cross-sectional area. Boys with daily PE had 0.006 g/cm2 (0.002, 0.010) larger gain annually in spine BMD than control boys but at follow-up no higher pQCT values than boys in the control group. Daily PE for 6 years in at study start 6- to 9-year-olds improves bone mass and bone size in girls and bone mass in boys, without affecting the fracture risk. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Simultaneous assessment of vessel size index, relative blood volume, and vessel permeability in a mouse brain tumor model using a combined spin echo gradient echo echo‐planar imaging sequence and viable tumor analysis
Authors: Kording Fabian , Weidensteiner Claudia , Zwick Stefan , Osterberg Nadja , Weyerbrock Astrid , Staszewski Ori , von Elverfeldt Dominik , Reichardt Wilfried
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Combining multiple imaging biomarkers in one magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) session would be beneficial to gain more data pertaining to tumor vasculature under therapy. Therefore, simultaneous measurement of perfusion, permeability, and vessel size imaging (VSI) using a gradient echo spin echo (GE‐SE) sequence with injection of a clinically approved gadolinium (Gd)‐based contrast agent was assessed in an orthotopic glioma model.

Materials and Methods

A combined spin echo gradient echo echo‐planar imaging sequence was implemented using a single contrast agent Gd diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA). This sequence was tested in a mouse brain tumor model (U87_MG), also under treatment with an antiangiogenic agent (bevacizumab). T2 maps and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were used to differentiate regions of cell death and viable tumor tissue.

Results

In viable tumor tissue regional blood volume was 5.7 ± 0.6% in controls and 5.2 ± 0.3% in treated mice. Vessel size was 18.1 ± 2.4 μm in controls and 12.8 ± 2.0 μm in treated mice, which correlated with results from immunohistochemistry. Permeability (Ktrans) was close to zero in treated viable tumor tissue and 0.062 ± 0.024 min−1 in controls.

Conclusion

Our MRI method allows simultaneous assessment of several physiological and morphological parameters and extraction of MRI biomarkers for vasculature. These could be used for treatment monitoring of novel therapeutic agents such as antiangiogenic drugs.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1310–1318. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Religious Perceptions and Hegemony on Tourism Development: the Case of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Khaksari Ali , Lee Timothy Jeonglyeol , Lee Choong‐Ki
Published: January 2014

This paper highlights tourism development constraints with regard to religious perceptions in a religion‐dominated country, Iran. The ruling class does not want to discount any of the fundamental social and cultural values in the process of preparing strategies for national tourism development plans. Countries such as Iran, concerned about potential negative influences of tourism development, de‐emphasize potential positive economic impacts. In post‐revolutionary Iran, tourism development and promotion follow unique, religiously‐based strategies. The current five‐year development plan is a first step towards a transition to the recognition of the importance of tourism for economic development and improved international relations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lateral neck dissection for well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review
Authors: Madenci Arin L. , Caragacianu Diana , Boeckmann Jacob O. , Stack Brendan C. , Shin Jennifer J.
Published: January 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Management of the lateral neck in well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) remains a topic of ongoing debate. A systematic review was performed to determine if patients with WDTC who undergo lateral neck dissection (LND) have significantly different survival, recurrence, or procedure‐related complication rates, as compared to those who do not.

Data Sources

A computerized search of MEDLINE from 1966 to October 2012 was performed, supplemented with manual searches.

Review Methods

A priori criteria were used to evaluate 924 studies. Data extraction was performed by independent reviewers and focused on survival, recurrence, postoperative complications, study designs, and potential confounders.

Results

Forty‐seven criterion‐meeting studies included 24,153 participants. Stage‐specific data were limited. The small volume of data specific to the N0 neck (n = 3 studies, 6.3%) demonstrates no difference in disease‐free survival (DFS) or recurrence with versus without LND. The data regarding the N+ neck (n = 14 studies, 29.2%) were mixed with regard to the impact of LND on DFS and recurrence. The preponderance of data was reported in analyses of mixed or unreported nodal status (n =31 studies, 64.6%). Among these studies, the majority reported no difference in overall survival, DFS, disease‐specific survival, or recurrence, but overall data were mixed and subject to confounding by indication and limitations in power.

Conclusions

Data regarding the impact of LND on survival, recurrence, and postoperative complications are mixed. Routine prophylactic LND for WDTC does not have a clearly advantageous risk‐to‐benefit ratio.

Level of Evidence

Laryngoscope, 124:1724–1734, 2014
Effect of pH and glycolic acid on corrosion of AA6061 alloy in ethylene glycol–water solution
Authors: Zhang D. Q. , Zhou L. X. , Rao C. Y. , Gao L. X.
Published: January 2014

The corrosion behaviors of AA6061 alloy in ethylene glycol (EG)–water solution were investigated by weight‐loss test and electrochemical measurement. The surface morphology observation and composition analysis were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. After weight‐loss test, the pH of EG–water solution increased. The presence of glycolic acid (GA) enhanced the corrosion susceptibility of AA6061 alloy. The higher pH value intensified the aggressive action of GA to AA6061 alloy. GA forms a complex with aluminum ions and its negative charge centers of oxygen atom plays a key role for the complex formation.
Correlation between prenatal ultrasound and fetal autopsy findings on urinary system anomalies terminated in the second trimester
Authors: Akgun Hulya , Basbug Mustafa , Ozgun Mahmut Tuncay , Ozturk Figen , Okten Turhan
Published: January 2014

Objective

This prospective study was designed to compare ultrasound and autopsy findings on fetal urinary system malformations in second trimester terminations of pregnancy to evaluate the degree of agreement of such findings.

Methods

From January 2003 to October 2012, a total of 308 second trimester terminations of pregnancy were performed because of fetal malformation diagnosed through second trimester ultrasound examination at a tertiary referral center.

Result

Among 308 second trimester fetuses with congenital anomalies, 62 (20.1%) had urinary anomalies. Ultrasound and fetal autopsy findings were in full agreement for urinary system malformations in 45 (72.6%) of 62 cases. In six (9.7%), autopsy confirmed the malformations detected by ultrasound but showed additional lesser urinary anomalies. In 10 (16.1%) cases, autopsy revealed major urinary anomalies not determined by ultrasound. In one case (1.6%), ultrasound reported bilateral renal agenesis; however, autopsy revealed a horseshoe kidney. The ultrasound screening sensitivity was 83.8%, and specificity was 99.5%.

Conclusion

The results showed that prenatal ultrasound achieved a high accuracy in diagnosing fetal urinary malformations. However, fetal autopsy occasionally adds valuable information to prenatal ultrasound findings. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond antibodies: New affinity reagents to unlock the proteome
Authors: Lollo Bridget , Steele Fintan , Gold Larry
Published: January 2014

Antibodies have been the workhorse reagents of protein capture and quantification since their 1959 debut in the RIAs developed by Yalow and Berson. However, there are technical challenges to the use of antibodies in highly multiplexed arrays aimed at measuring hundreds or even thousands of proteins at one time. We describe here a recently developed class of synthetic protein‐binding reagents (slow off‐rate modified aptamer). We discuss the chemical makeup and protein binding specifications of slow off‐rate modified aptamer reagents, compare them to traditional aptamers and antibodies, briefly describe the novel proteomic assay that takes advantage of their unique properties, and provide several examples of their multiple applications to biomarker discovery and validation across a range of biomedical science questions.
Analysing Operating Data to Measure the Maintenance Performance*
Authors: Zhou Yu , Kou Gang , Ergu Daji
Published: January 2014

Effective maintenance decision‐making depends on information obtained by analysing system operating data. In this paper, we present a method to measure the daily, weekly, monthly and long‐term performance of the corrective repair and preventive maintenance by analysing the operating data. Operating data from a bus fleet, served successively in two routes, were observed for over 6 years. The proportional intensity model is used to evaluate the environment effects, which include temperature, humidity and rainfall. Two composite models are proposed to analyse the interplay of events, which include repair/maintenance arrival/finished time, cost, repair/maintenance number and time between failures. A maintenance performance scorecard is developed to present a snapshot of the bus fleet maintenance performance, which can assist maintenance planning and management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inviting Argument by Analogy: Analogical‐Mapping‐Based Comparison Activities as a Scaffold for Small‐Group Argumentation
Authors: EMIG BRANDON R. , McDONALD SCOTT , ZEMBAL‐SAUL CARLA , STRAUSS SUSAN G.
Published: January 2014

This study invited small groups to make several arguments by analogy about simple machines. Groups were first provided training on analogical (structure) mapping and were then invited to use analogical mapping as a scaffold to make arguments. In making these arguments, groups were asked to consider three simple machines: two machines that they had built, used, and made measurements with and one that they had not yet studied. Finally, groups were to produce an argument in favor of the machine that worked most like another machine. Seven of these approximately 50‐minute analogical‐mapping‐based comparison activities were given to 55 preservice elementary teachers working in 15 small groups over 7 weeks. When used as a scaffold for argumentation in small groups, these activities were found to generate a need for discernment, which allowed for simple machines and their parts to be understood in and connected to the context.