bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between the Auger parameter and the ground state valence charge of the core‐ionized atom: The case of Cu(I) and Cu (II) compounds
Authors: Moretti Giuliano , Beck Horst P.
Published: October 2019

We develop a simple semiempirical model that correlates the Auger parameter to the ground state valence charge of the core‐ionized atom with closed shell electron configuration. Until now, the Auger parameter was employed to separate initial and final state effects that influence the core electron binding energy. The model is applied to Cu(I) and Cu (II) compounds with the Auger parameter defined as α' =EbFL(2p3/2) +EkFL(L3M45M45;1G). The Auger parameter shift for Cu(I) ion in CuI, CuBr, CuFeS2, Cu2S, and Cu2O compounds—with respect to the copper free atom—increases with the electronic polarizability of the nearest‐neighbour ligands suggesting anonlocalscreening mechanism. This relaxation process is interpreted as due to an electron transfer from the nearest‐neighbour ligands toward the spatially extended 4sp valence orbitals of the core‐ionized Cu(I) ion. In agreement with our model, a linear relationship is found between the Auger parameter shift and the ground state Bader valence charge obtained by density functional theory calculations.

The Auger parameter shift for the Cu (II) ion in CuF2, CuCl2, CuBr2, CuSO4, Cu (NO3)2•3H2O, Cu3(PO4)2, Cu (OH)2, and CuO compounds is very close to the Auger parameter of metallic copper, and therefore, it is not related to the calculated ground state Bader valence charge. The relaxation process in the final state is dominated by thelocalscreening mechanism, which involves an electron transfer from the nearest‐neighbour ligands toward the spatially contracted 3d orbitals of the core‐ionized Cu (II) ion.
Charged Layered Boron Nitride‐Nanoflake Membranes for Efficient Ion Separation and Water Purification
Authors: Pendse Aaditya , Cetindag Semih , Lin Meng‐Hsuan , Rackovic Angelina , Debbarma Rousan , Almassi Soroush , Chaplin Brian P. , Berry Vikas , Shan Jerry W. , Kim Sangil
Published: October 2019

2D layered nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention for their potential for highly efficient separations, among other applications. Here, a 2D lamellar membrane synthesized using hexagonal boron nitride nanoflakes (h‐BNF) for highly efficient ion separation is reported. The ion‐rejection performance and the water permeance of the membrane as a function of the ionic radius, ion valance, and solution pH are investigated. The nonfunctionalized h‐BNF membranes show excellent ion rejection for small sized salt ions as well as for anionic dyes (>97%) while maintaining a high water permeability, ≈1.0 × 10−3 L m m−2 h−1 bar−1). Experiments show that the ion‐rejection performance of the membrane can be tuned by changing the solution pH. The results also suggest that the rejection is influenced by the ionic size and the electrostatic repulsion between fixed negative charges on the BN surface and the mobile ions, and is consistent with the Donnan equilibrium model. These simple‐to‐fabricate h‐BNF membranes show a unique combination of excellent ion selectivity and high permeability compared to other 2D membranes.
Chiral Inorganic mesoporous materials used as the stationary phase in GC
Authors: He Yu‐Yu , Pu Qing , Zhang Jun‐Hui , Xie Sheng‐Ming , Chen Xue‐Xian , Yuan Li‐Ming
Published: October 2019

Mesoporous materials are promising functional materials due to their properties, such as a large surface area, tunable pore size, structure and morphology. Chiral mesoporous silica is an indispensable part of mesoporous materials. Considering that chirality is rare in inorganic mesoporous materials, there are very few reports on chiral inorganic mesoporous silica for chromatographic separations. In this work, we report the use of chiral inorganic mesoporous silica based on the template of myristyl chloride‐l‐valine sodium as the stationary phase for enantioselective separation in gas chromatography. Thirteen chiral compounds were resolved on a fabricated column using dynamic coating, including chiral alcohols, epoxides and amino acid derivatives. In addition, n‐alkanes, n‐alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons have also been separated.
Schubsteifigkeit von Ständerrahmen im Hochregallagerbau
Authors: Ungermann Dieter , Schneider Stephan
Published: October 2019

Für die Queraussteifung von Hochregallagern ist die Schubsteifigkeit der zumeist aus dünnwandigen, kaltgeformten Querschnitten gefertigten Ständerrahmen von essenzieller Bedeutung. Im Vergleich zu einem idealen Fachwerk liegt die Schubsteifigkeit der Ständerrahmen nur bei etwa 5–15 %. Geschlossene theoretische Ansätze zur realitätsnahen Bestimmung der Schubsteifigkeit existieren derzeit nicht, sodass es im Regalbau gängige Praxis ist, die Schubsteifigkeit experimentell in sogenannten Rahmenschubversuchen zu bestimmen. Dieses Vorgehen ist zeit‐ und kostenintensiv und verhindert eine gezielte Weiterentwicklung der Bauweise der Ständerrahmen, die aufgrund der stetig gestiegenen Bauhöhe von Hochregallagern zunehmend an ihre statisch‐konstruktiven Grenzen stoßen. Aus diesem Anlass ist das Forschungsvorhaben FOSTA P1078 „Schubsteifigkeit von Ständerrahmen im Hochregallagerbaű initiiert worden. Mithilfe von umfassenden experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen ist das Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten der Ständerrahmen analysiert und ein Bemessungsmodell in Anlehnung an die Komponentenmethode entwickelt worden, das es erlaubt, die Schubsteifigkeit realitätsnah analytisch zu bestimmen.
The toxicological paradigms of aluminum and the etiology of Alzheimer's disease in the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: de Oliveira Vanessa Ecléa , Vanin Ana Paula , Concato Ani Carla , Tamagno Wagner A. , Treichel Helen , Kaizer Rosilene R.
Published: October 2019

This study examined behavioral and enzymatic changes ofC. elegansfrom its exposure to aluminum, and the resulting relationship with Alzheimer's disease. After chronic and acute exposure to aluminum, the results indicated that it alters the cholinergic status and behavior parameters of the nematode, suggesting a relationship between exposure to aluminum and the etiology of AD.
Jute bioblanket as a soil rehabilitation strategy in Sorocaba, Brazil: Soil chemistry and SWOT approaches
Authors: da Silva Alexandre Marco , Tsuchiya Lucas Hubacek , Mendes Pablo Bettio , de Camargo e Timo Thiago Philipe , Cerdà Artemio
Published: October 2019

Soil erosion and the invasion of exotic plant species are major constraints to achieve sustainable development around the world. Currently, we find few products devoted concomitantly to combatting soil erosion as well as the establishment of unwanted exotic plants. In this paper, we introduce a new product, called herein a bioblanket, that protects the soil and impedes the establishment of exotic plant species. This product is of simple design, and to manufacture it, we use two biodegradable materials: jute tissue and grass wastes. We designed this product to combat soil erosion and the germination and establishment of new, unwanted, invasive plant species. In this paper, we describe our evaluation of how successful this product was in terms of improving the chemical attributes of soil. We also identified the product's potentialities and weaknesses by means of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. The bioblanket ameliorated the chemical attributes of the soil, as evidenced especially by the neutralization of acidity (8.5%) and aluminum toxicity (33%), and by an increment in nutrients concentration. We argue that after adequate treatment and management, the residues of plants that are normally considered unwanted materials can be transformed into a raw material to control the propagation of unwanted plant species, and concomitantly control soil erosion while improving the chemical conditions of the soil. The improvement of the soil chemical attributes was one of the main positive effects reported through the SWOT analysis. In addition, the SWOT analysis revealed some features that need improvement in future generations of the product, but we argue that these features do not impede the benefits for the use of the product in its present form.
Mating quadratic maps with the modular group II
Authors: Bullett Shaun , Lomonaco Luna
Published: October 2019

In 1994 S. Bullett and C. Penrose introduced the one complex parameter family of (2 : 2) holomorphic correspondences $$\mathcal {F}_a$$Fa: $$\begin{aligned} \left( \frac{aw-1}{w-1}\right) ^2+\left( \frac{aw-1}{w-1}\right) \left( \frac{az+1}{z+1}\right) +\left( \frac{az+1}{z+1}\right) ^2=3 \end{aligned}$$aw-1w-12+aw-1w-1az+1z+1+az+1z+12=3and proved that for every value of $$a \in [4,7] \subset \mathbb {R}$$a∈[4,7]⊂R the correspondence $$\mathcal {F}_a$$Fa is a mating between a quadratic polynomial $$Q_c(z)=z^2+c,\,\,c \in \mathbb {R}$$Qc(z)=z2+c,c∈R, and the modular group $$\varGamma =PSL(2,\mathbb {Z})$$Γ=PSL(2,Z). They conjectured that this is the case for every member of the family $$\mathcal {F}_a$$Fa which has a in the connectedness locus. We show here that matings between the modular group and rational maps in the parabolic quadratic family $$Per_1(1)$$Per1(1) provide a better model: we prove that every member of the family $$\mathcal {F}_a$$Fa which has a in the connectedness locus is such a mating.
Risk Factors for Parental Burnout among Finnish Parents: The Role of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism
Authors: Sorkkila Matilda , Aunola Kaisa
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Although parental burnout can have detrimental consequences to families, the investigation of the syndrome is still in its infancy. The present study investigated what are the key family background variables that contribute to parental burnout among Finnish parents. Moreover, we investigated how self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism uniquely and interactively relate to parental burnout over and above the impacts of background variables.

Methods

Questionnaire-based data was collected from 1725 parents (91% mothers) and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM).

Results

The results showed that when several family- and child-related background variables were taken into account, parent’s age, unemployment, perceived poor financial situation of the family, and having a child with special needs, showed unique associations with burning out as a parent. Even more crucial risk factor for burning out was, however, socially prescribed perfectionism: the higher the level of socially prescribed perfectionism the parents reported, the higher the level of their parental burnout. The relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and parental burnout was further strengthened when parents reported also a high level of self-oriented perfectionism. Finally, the relationship between gender and parental burnout was mediated via perfectionism: mothers reported more socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism than fathers and, consequently, were also more burned out as parents.

Conclusions

The results suggest that in Finland specific attention should be given to families with poor financial resources and unemployment. Moreover, high social expectations experienced by the mothers could be balanced, for example, by teaching them skills of self-acceptance and compassion.
Frege and the origins of model theory in nineteenth century geometry
Authors: Eder Günther
Published: October 2019

The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of Frege’s views on semantics and metatheory by looking at his take on several themes in nineteenth century geometry that were significant for the development of modern model-theoretic semantics. I will focus on three issues in which a central semantic idea, the idea of reinterpreting non-logical terms, gradually came to play a substantial role: the introduction of elements at infinity in projective geometry; the study of transfer principles, especially the principle of duality; and the use of counterexamples in independence arguments. Based on a discussion of these issues and how nineteenth century geometers reflected about them, I will then look into Frege’s take on these matters. I conclude with a discussion of Frege’s views and what they entail for the debate about his stance towards semantics and metatheory more generally.
Sophisticated collective foraging with minimalist agents: a swarm robotics test
Authors: Talamali Mohamed S. , Bose Thomas , Haire Matthew , Xu Xu , Marshall James A. R. , Reina Andreagiovanni
Published: October 2019

How groups of cooperative foragers can achieve efficient and robust collective foraging is of interest both to biologists studying social insects and engineers designing swarm robotics systems. Of particular interest are distance-quality trade-offs and swarm-size-dependent foraging strategies. Here, we present a collective foraging system based on virtual pheromones, tested in simulation and in swarms of up to 200 physical robots. Our individual agent controllers are highly simplified, as they are based on binary pheromone sensors. Despite being simple, our individual controllers are able to reproduce classical foraging experiments conducted with more capable real ants that sense pheromone concentration and follow its gradient. One key feature of our controllers is a control parameter which balances the trade-off between distance selectivity and quality selectivity of individual foragers. We construct an optimal foraging theory model that accounts for distance and quality of resources, as well as overcrowding, and predicts a swarm-size-dependent strategy. We test swarms implementing our controllers against our optimality model and find that, for moderate swarm sizes, they can be parameterised to approximate the optimal foraging strategy. This study demonstrates the sufficiency of simple individual agent rules to generate sophisticated collective foraging behaviour.
Swelling-induced twisting and shearing in fiber composites: the effect of the base matrix mechanical response
Authors: Demirkoparan Hasan , Pence Thomas J.
Published: October 2019

If a helical network of fibers is embedded in a swellable matrix, and if the fibers themselves resist swelling, then a change in the amount of swelling agent will cause a corresponding twisting motion in the material. This effect has recently been analyzed in highly deformable soft material tubes using the theory of hyperelasticity, suitably modified to incorporate the swelling effect. Those studies examined the effect of spiral angle and fiber-to-matrix inherent stiffness in the context of a ground state matrix material that exhibited classical neo-Hookean behavior in the absence of swelling. While such a ground state material is nonlinear in general, its shear response is linear. As we describe here, it is this shear response that governs the matrix contribution to the twist-swelling interaction. Because gels, elastomers, and even biological tissue can exhibit complex ground state behavior in shear—behavior that may depart significantly from a linear response—we then examine the effect of alternative ground state behaviors on the twist-swelling interaction. The range of behaviors considered includes materials that harden in shear, materials that soften in shear, materials that have an ultimate shear stress bound, and materials that collapse in shear. Matrix materials that either soften or collapse in shear are found to amplify the twisting effect.
Brain Morphological Changes With Functional Deficit Associated With Sexual Arousal in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Baek Han-Su , Kim Gwang-Won , Sundaram Thirunavukkarasu , Park Kwangsung , Jeong Gwang-Woo
Published: October 2019

Introduction

We have not known how menopause synchronously influences brain morphology and function associated with visually stimulated sexual arousal in postmenopausal women.

Aim

This study used a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry to evaluate menopause-related brain morphological and functional changes in postmenopausal women.

Methods

Nineteen premenopausal women and 19 postmenopausal women underwent functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Brain function activity was measured while the subjects viewed an erotic video clip.

Main Outcome Measures

A 2-sample t-test was used for cross-analysis of the 2 groups for comparison of gray matter volumes (corrected P < .05) and brain activation (uncorrected P < .01).

Results

Our study revealed a relationship between sexual function and morphological changes in postmenopausal women. Compared with premenopausal women, the postmenopausal group showed significantly lower brain activations in the major parts of the limbic system and basal ganglia, including the parahippocampal gyrus, head of caudate nucleus, insula, putamen, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and globus pallidus, which are involved in sexual behavior and emotional responses. In morphometric analyses, postmenopausal women showed significantly decreased gray matter volumes of the insula, putamen, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate gyrus, most of which were associated with decreased functional activity during visual sexual arousal in postmenopausal women. In addition, the premenopausal group alone showed a positive correlation between the activity of the insula and the level of estradiol (Pearson correlation r = 0.588; P = .008).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates an association between menopause-related brain function and morphological changes in postmenopausal women. This finding provides insight into the neural mechanisms associated with the sexual functional deficit in postmenopausal women. Baek H-S, Kim G-W, Sundaram T, et al. Brain Morphological Changes with Functional Deficit Associated with Sexual Arousal in Postmenopausal Women. Sex Med 2019;7:480–488.
Editorial
Authors: Barrett Steve
Published: October 2019

Marine applications of fuel cells continue to make progress, for both established technologies and new projects getting under way for inland and seagoing vessels of all sizes.
Les deux corps des juifs: Droits et pratiques de citoyenneté des habitants du ghetto de Rome,xvie-xviiiesiècle
Authors: Groppi Angela
Published: October 2019

Résumés

Après les interdictions et les limitations introduites au moment de l’institution du ghetto en 1555, les juifs de Rome engagèrent une bataille séculaire pour sauvegarder leur capacité d’agir professionnelle et commerciale. De cette bataille dépendirent non seulement les modes de leur appartenance à la sphère économique, mais aussi la négociation et la défense de leur statut de citoyens. S’il fut plus difficile pour les habitants du ghetto de résister à la pression conversionniste de l’Église ainsi qu’aux confiscations et aux destructions répétées de leurs livres, ils parvinrent plus aisément à obtenir gain de cause sur le plan des revendications économiques, notamment en s’appuyant sur leius commune. Les archives des tribunaux, y compris ceux du Saint-Office et de la Rote, conservent les traces des nombreux contentieux les opposant aux marchands et aux artisans chrétiens. Celles-ci montrent que les juifs romains réussirent à exercer, au cours de la longue histoire du ghetto, leurs multiples activités, non seulement grâce à des pratiques transgressives, ou à une tolérance pragmatique dictée par l’utilité de leurs métiers et de leurs trafics, mais aussi et surtout à travers l’infatigable défense des normes juridiques autorisant leur agir économique. En faisant preuve d’une extraordinaire résilience, ils réussirent à vivre pendant des siècles en tant que juifs dans une société à majorité chrétienne et à tenir tête, souvent avec succès, à des concurrents économiques qui, brandissant l’étendard de leur « chrétienté », prétendaient qu’il ne fallait pas considérer cette minorité comme « des hommes d’un même peuple et comme des citoyens ».
Les coureurs de bois et le destin de l’empire français (note critique)
Authors: Hämäläinen Pekka
Published: October 2019

Résumés

Cette note critique de l’Histoire des coureurs de bois : Amérique du Nord, 1600-1840 de Gilles Havard analyse l’ouvrage comme l’exemple d’un type de recherche nouveau embrassant un sujet extrêmement vaste pour en éplucher patiemment les différentes couches, le soumettre à une analyse microhistorique minutieuse et en offrir une vue d’ensemble complète qui le replace dans un contexte historique le plus large possible. Ce faisant, l’auteur parvient à fournir une vue de grande envergure sur les coureurs de bois en tant qu’acteurs historiques importants ayant parfois travaillé pour les ambitions impériales de la France en Amérique du Nord, parfois contre, parfois uniquement pour leur avantage propre. En s’écartant du cadre théorique qui domine l’historiographie nord-américaine aujourd’hui, Havard développe plusieurs thèmes importants qui traversent habilement l’histoire impériale, coloniale, économique, sociale, culturelle, environnementale et du genre, sans négliger les récits sur l’État, sur la technique et sur la mémoire. Histoire des coureurs de bois montre comment concilier, en pratique, la créativité conceptuelle avec une analyse détaillée et complète, sans compromettre aucune des deux.
Howling Winds: Sound, Sense, and the Politics of Noise Regulation
Authors: Mopas Michael
Published: October 2019

This paper explores attempts made in North America to govern noise and uses the current debates over the impact of wind turbines on human health as a site for examining the politics of noise regulation. I address a number of key questions: First, how has noise been defined and how have these definitions changed over time? Second, how have we tried to control noise and on what grounds have we done this? Lastly, how have our responses to noise been shaped by who is making the noise and who is being disturbed? I argue that our understandings of noise and how we regulate it cannot be disentangled from the broader social, political, cultural, and technological contexts in which these discussions take place. Ultimately, the debates about noise regulation have as much to do with who is making the noise and who is being disturbed as the noise, itself.
Slickwater hydraulic fracture propagation: near-tip and radial geometry solutions
Authors: Lecampion Brice , Zia Haseeb
Published: October 2019

We quantify the importance of turbulent flow on the propagation of hydraulic fractures (HF) accounting for the addition of friction reducing agents to the fracturing fluid (slickwater fluid). The addition in small quantities of a high molecular weight polymer to water is sufficient to drastically reduce friction of turbulent flow. The maximum drag reduction (MDR) asymptote is always reached during industrial-like injections. The energy required for pumping is thus drastically reduced, allowing for high volume high rate hydraulic fracturing operations at a reasonable cost. We investigate the propagation of a hydraulic fracture propagating in an elastic impermeable homogeneous solid under a constant (and possibly very high) injection rate accounting for laminar and turbulent flow conditions with or without the addition of friction reducers. We solve the near-tip HF problem and estimate the extent of the laminar boundary layer near the fracture tip as a function of a tip Reynolds number for slickwater. We obtain different propagation scalings and transition time scales. This allows us to easily quantify the growth of a radial HF from the early-time turbulent regime(s) to the late-time laminar regimes. Depending on the material and injection parameters, some propagation regimes may actually be bypassed. We derive both accurate and approximate solutions for the growth of radial HF in the different limiting flow regimes (turbulent smooth, rough, MDR) for the zero fracture toughness limit (corresponding to the early stage of propagation of a radial HF). We also investigate numerically the transition(s) between the early-time MDR regime to the late-time laminar regimes (viscosity and toughness) for slickwater fluid. Our results indicate that the effect of turbulent flow on high rate slickwater HF propagation is limited and matters only at early times (at most during the first minutes for industrial hydraulic fracturing operations).
The putative Ordovician annelid wormHaileyia adhaerensRuedemann, 1934 is not a recognizable fossil
Authors: Muir Lucy A. , Botting Joseph P.
Published: October 2019

A number of putative annelid worms have been described from Ordovician strata, and these records are included in large-scale compilations of paleontological data. If these fossils are worms, they may yield important phylogenetic information; conversely, if they are not worms, they should not be included in large-scale databases. In either case, restudy of the type material of these supposed annelids is useful. The type material (holotype and one paratype) of one of these putative annelids,Haileyia adhaerensRuedemann, 1934, from the Middle Ordovician Normanskill Shale of Idaho, USA, is re-described and re-illustrated. The original description stated that the species is segmented, with parapodia, papillae, and setae, and lived attached to graptolites. Upon re-examination, the setae could not be detected, and the segmentation, parapodia, and papillae are herein re-interpreted as taphonomic, rather than biological, features. The supposed attachment ofHaileyiato graptolites is likely to represent fortuitous bedding-surface associations. There is no evidence thatHaileyia adhaerensis an annelid, or even a recognizable fossil.
IN DEFENCE OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT
Authors: Burrows Andrew
Published: October 2019

This article seeks to defend the law of unjust enrichment against the recent influential attacks of Robert Stevens (“The Unjust Enrichment Disaster” (2018) 134 LQR 574) and Lionel Smith (“Restitution: A New Start?” in Devonshire and Havelock, The Impact of Equity and Restitution in Commerce (2018), ch. 5). A central argument here put forward is that there is a law of unjust enrichment, embodying a cause of action in unjust enrichment, which unites what Stevens and Smith see as disparate categories. A linked but separate argument is that, within the central area of unjust enrichment, Stevens is incorrect to regard the defendant's acceptance of performance as being necessary to trigger restitution albeit that acceptance may be relevant in establishing that the defendant has been enriched. A further, and more specific, argument is that, with great respect, the overruling, as a matter of principle, of Sempra Metals Ltd. v IRC [2007] UKHL 34, [2008] 1 A.C. 561, by the Supreme Court in Prudential Assurance Ltd. v HMRC [2018] UKSC 39, [2018] 3 WLR 652, seems unfortunate and appears to have been influenced by Stevens's excessively narrow approach to the meaning of “at the expense of”.
TEENAGE GIRLS, FEMALE FRIENDSHIP AND THE MAKING OF THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND, 1950–1980
Authors: CHARNOCK HANNAH
Published: October 2019

How can we explain rising levels of pre-marital sex in post-war Britain? Focusing on the experiences of young women growing up in Britain between 1950 and 1980, this article argues that changes in sexual practice were brought about by shifts in the social value of sexual knowledge and experience. While the figure of the ‘nice girl’ was still central to understandings of respectable femininity, across this period social status and reputation became linked to demonstrations of attractiveness and sexual knowing. For girls of the post-war generation, discussions of sex were central to how they related to those around them, and the decisions that teenagers made about their own sexual practice were informed by their perceptions of what their friends and peers would think of them. The article argues that, by considering the history of sexuality at a ‘local’ scale between the macro-level of culture and the micro-level of individual sexual selfhood, we not only gain an important new perspective on the everyday sexual experience but also uncover new processes of socio-sexual change.
The Obama presidency,the Macintosh keyboardandthe Norway fiasco: English proper noun modifiers and their German and Swedish correspondences
Authors: STRÖM HEROLD JENNY , LEVIN MAGNUS
Published: October 2019

This article concerns English proper noun modifiers denoting organizations, people and places and their German and Swedish correspondences. It supplements previous studies touching upon contrastive comparisons by providing large-scale systematic findings on the translation correspondences of the three aforementioned semantic types. The data are drawn from theLinnaeus University English–German–Swedish Corpus(LEGS), which contains popular non-fiction, a genre previously not studied in connection with proper noun modifiers. The results show that organization-based modifiers are the most common and person-based ones the rarest in English originals. Compounds are the most frequent correspondences in German and Swedish translations and originals with genitives and prepositional phrases as other common options. The preference for compounds is stronger in German, while it is stronger for prepositional phrases in Swedish translations, reflecting earlier findings on language-specific tendencies. Organization-based modifiers tend to be translated into compounds, and place-based modifiers into prepositional phrases. German and Swedish translators relatively often opt for similar target-language structures. Two important target-language differences emerge: (i) compounds with complex heads are dispreferred in Swedish (US news show> *USA-nyhetsprogram) but unproblematic in German (US-Nachrichtensendung), and (ii) compounds with acronyms (WTO ruling>WTO-Entscheidung) are more frequent in German.
Triple-band operation achievement via multi-input multi-output antenna for wireless communication system applications
Authors: Azari-Nasab T. , Ghobadi CH. , Azarm B. , Majidzadeh M.
Published: October 2019

A multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna is designed and discussed for multi-band applications. The constituent antennas are composed of four L-shaped elements and a ground plane. When placed beside each other to form a MIMO antenna, a T-bar shaped parasitic structure is also embedded between the antennas on the backside of the substrate to increase the inter-element isolation. The triple-band performance of the antenna is observed at 2.15–2.73 GHz, 3.1–3.9 GHz, and 5.04–6 GHz. The isolation level of more than 20 is seen over the operating frequency range. The fabricated prototype of the MIMO antenna size is very compact (20 × 40 mm), printed on the FR4 substrate. Based on simulation and experimental results, the proposed design is useful for WiMAX and WLAN applications.
Morphological Computation of Dune Evolution with Equilibrium and Non‐Equilibrium Sediment‐Transport Models
Authors: Yamaguchi Satomi , Giri Sanjay , Shimizu Yasuyuki , Nelson Jonathan M.
Published: October 2019

This paper presents an exploratory study that comprises the implementation and comparison of different approaches and parameterization of sediment transport mechanisms in a process‐based morphological model for simulating river dunes. The purpose of this study was to assess the underlying physical processes associated with sediment transport and dune evolution simulated by the model using two different bedload transport models: a non‐equilibrium approach considering saltation distance and an equilibrium approach with the incorporation of the effect of the local bed slope. The study comprised detailed analysis of the bed shear stress and sediment transport over a dune during time varying flows, comparing both transport models and revealing distinctive transient features of bedload transport and dune evolution. We also improved a non‐equilibrium transport model by incorporating a formulation for sediment saltation distance as a length‐scale. Using both sediment transport approaches, the morphological model was applied to replicate a large‐scale field experiment. Notably, the model yielded the quasi‐equilibrium dune feature reasonably well using either sediment‐transport formulation. However, detailed analysis of simulated spatial and temporal features of sediment transport and the dune evolution process were found to be noticeably different. Even though both sediment transport mechanisms appear to work adequately at a basic level, the major difference between the two approaches is the underlying transport process over the dunes and time‐scale of the dune evolution process.
Spatial Patterns of Storm‐Induced Landslides and Their Relation to Rainfall Anomaly Maps
Authors: Marc Odin , Gosset Marielle , Saito Hitoshi , Uchida Taro , Malet Jean‐Philippe
Published: October 2019

Storm‐induced landslides are a common hazard, but the link between their spatial pattern and rainfall properties is poorly understood, mostly because hillslope stability is modulated by under‐constrained, spatially variable topographic, hydrological, and mechanical properties. Here, we use a long‐term rainfall data set from the Japanese radar network to discuss why the landslide pattern caused by a major typhoon poorly correlates with the event rainfall but agrees with the event rainfall normalized by the 10‐year return period rainfall amount, that is, a rainfall anomaly. This may be explained if the variability in hillslope properties has coevolved with the recent climate and can be accounted for with such normalization. Further, rock types seem to respond to rainfall anomalies at various timescales, favoring specific landslide geometries, and suggesting various hydrological properties in these zones. The computation of rainfall anomalies for multiple timescales may pave the way toward operational landslide forecasts in case of large storms.
Characteristics of GNSS Total Electron Content Enhancements Over the Midlatitudes During a Geomagnetic Storm on 7 and 8 November 2004
Authors: Sori T. , Shinbori A. , Otsuka Y. , Tsugawa T. , Nishioka M.
Published: October 2019

The characteristics of global electron density variations in the ionosphere during a geomagnetic storm on 7 and 8 November 2004 were investigated using total electron content (TEC) obtained from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). The regions of enhanced TEC over North America, Europe, and Japan first appeared in the middle‐latitude regions. The TEC enhancements over North America showed a rapid longitudinal expansion and reached a wide longitudinal extent during the initial and main phases of the geomagnetic storm. TEC enhancements were simultaneously observed in both North America and Japan at 05:00 UT on 8 November. Observation data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program showed a slight enhancement of electron density at 850 km below the equatorward boundary of the middle‐latitude trough (45–48°N in geomagnetic latitude) over the Pacific Ocean. This electron density variation may correspond to the TEC enhancements observed in both Japan and North America. These results imply that an enhanced TEC region existed between North America and Japan. The TEC enhancement in Japan appeared with a magnetic conjugacy in the Southern Hemisphere, indicating one of the characteristics of storm‐enhanced density (SED). Moreover, TEC enhancements simultaneously appeared from Japan to central Asia at 11:00 UT on 8 November, corresponding to the early recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm. From the above results, it is suggested that SED phenomena can be simultaneously generated over a wide longitudinal width (~100°). The longitudinal extent of this SED event is 2.5–5.0 times longer than those reported by previous studies.
Magnetic Field Observations on Cassini's Proximal Periapsis Passes: Planetary Period Oscillations and Mean Residual Fields
Authors: Provan G. , Cowley S. W. H. , Bradley T. J. , Bunce E. J. , Hunt G. J. , Cao H. , Dougherty M. K.
Published: October 2019

We analyze periapsis pass magnetic field data from the final 23 orbits of the Cassini spacecraft at Saturn, uniquely encompassing auroral, subauroral, ring region, and intra‐ring field lines, to determine the planetary period oscillations (PPOs) and mean residual fields in these regions. Dual modulation by northern and southern PPO systems is found almost continuously, demonstrating for the first time the presence of PPOs on and inside ring region field lines. The azimuthal component displays the largest ~10–15nT PPO amplitudes on auroral field lines, falling across the subauroral region to ~3–5 nT on main ring field lines in the northern hemisphere, less in the southern hemisphere, while increasing to ~5–8 nT on D ring and intra‐D ring field lines. Auroral and subauroral amplitudes mapped along field lines are in good agreement with previous analyses in regions of overlap. Colatitudinal and radial field oscillations generally have a half and a quarter the amplitude of the azimuthal component, respectively. Inner region oscillation phases are typically several tens of degrees “earlier” than those of outer subauroral and auroral regions. Mean residual poloidal fields (internal and ring current fields subtracted) show quasi‐sinusoidal latitude variations of ~2.5nT amplitude, with radial and colatitudinal fields approximately in quadrature. Mean azimuthal fields peaking at ~15 nT are approximately symmetrical about the equator on and inside D ring field lines as previously reported, but are unexpectedly superposed on ~3–5nT “lagging” fields which extend continuously through the ring region onto subauroral field lines north and south.
Tall Tower Ammonia Observations and Emission Estimates in the U.S. Midwest
Authors: Griffis Timothy J. , Hu Cheng , Baker John M. , Wood Jeffrey D. , Millet Dylan B. , Erickson Mathew , Yu Zhongjie , Deventer M. Julian , Winker Cody , Chen Zichong
Published: October 2019

Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) has increased dramatically as a consequence of the production of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer and proliferation of intensive livestock systems. It is a chemical of environmental concern as it readily reacts with atmospheric acids to produce fine particulate matter and indirectly contributes to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Here, we present the first tall tower observations of NH3 within the U.S. Corn Belt for the period April 2017 through December 2018. Hourly average NH3 mixing ratios were measured at 100 and 56 m above the ground surface and fluxes were estimated using a modified gradient approach. The highest NH3 mixing ratios (>30 nmol mol−1) occurred during early spring and late fall, coinciding with the timing of fertilizer application within the region and the occurrence of warm air temperatures. Net ecosystem NH3 exchange was greatest in spring and fall with peak emissions of about +50 nmol m−2 s−l. Annual NH3 emissions estimated using state‐of‐the‐art inventories ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 × the mean annual gross tall tower fluxes (+2.1 nmol m−2 s−1). If the tall tower observations are representative of the Upper Midwest and broader U.S. Corn Belt regions, the annual gross emissions were +720 Gg NH3‐N y−1 and +1,340 Gg NH3‐N y−1, respectively. Finally, considering the N2O budget over the same region, we estimated total reactive N emissions (i.e., N2O + NH3) of approximately 1,790 Gg N y−1 from the U.S. Corn Belt, representing ~23% of the current annual new N input.
A Wideband Absorber of Load Dipoles on a Dielectric Substrate with Inductive Ground Plane
Authors: Chang Y. M. , Chow Y. L. , Che W. Q.
Published: October 2019

A planar array of dipoles with matched loads in air backed by a ground plane at a quarter wavelength would become an absorber with a −10‐dB bandwidth of about 10%. Obviously, if the air substrate behind the dipoles is replaced by a dielectric substrate, the physical thickness of the absorber, saying a quarter wavelength, can be reduced. Meanwhile, as the incident waves illuminate on the absorber, the reflections are mainly from three ways, which are the air‐dielectric interface, the back scattering of the loaded dipole as a receiving antenna, and the ground plane. This paper shows that with the combination of the three reflections and a suitable dielectric constant together with its dipole separations, the −10‐dB bandwidth of the absorber increases to 20% and beyond. To further decrease the thickness of the dipole‐based absorber, inductive ground plane is introduced to replace the normal ground; phase analyses of the dipole‐based absorber with inductive ground is also given to explain the feasibility of the proposed technique. Both simulations and measurement results show that, with the proposed technique above, not only the thickness of the dipole‐based absorber can be decreased from a quarter wavelength to less than fifth wavelength, but also the −10‐dB bandwidth of the reflection can be enhanced from 20% to 48% or so.
A Compact Flower‐Shaped Printed Monopole MIMO Antenna for Wideband Applications
Authors: Nath V. , Kumar M.
Published: October 2019

This paper presents a 2 × 1 flower‐shaped (FS) multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) monopole antenna with enhanced bandwidth and compact dimensions for modern wireless wideband applications. The proposed FS‐MIMO antenna is formed by merging multiple ellipses, each of which has a different value of semimajor axis length and eccentricity. These ellipses are used to obtain resonances at different frequencies, which cumulatively give a wideband behavior. The antenna characteristics such as reflection coefficient (S11), peak gain, surface current distribution at different resonating frequencies, and 2‐D radiation patterns are investigated. The measured impedance bandwidth (for S11 below—10 dB) of the implemented antenna is around 126% (2.52–11.12 GHz). The measured peak gain varies from 2.16 to 6.57 dB in the entire impedance bandwidth. Furthermore, the measured values of diversity performance parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain, total active reflection coefficient, and mutual coupling (S21) are found within their acceptable limit. The more compact dimensions of 22 × 24 mm2 (or about 0.15λ0 × 0.16 λ0) as compared to the latest state‐of‐art along with the good diversity performance makes the proposed antenna a capable contender for antenna structures supporting wide impedance bandwidth wireless applications. The proposed antenna shows the good matching characteristics under various scenarios such as an extended ground plane, USB connector, and device housing (both vertical and horizontal).
Probabilistic Assessment of Flood Hazard due to Levee Breaches Using Fragility Functions
Authors: D'Oria M. , Maranzoni A. , Mazzoleni M.
Published: October 2019

Flood hazard maps are useful tools for land planning and flood risk management in order to increase the safety of flood‐prone areas that can be inundated in the event of levee failure. However, flood hazard assessment is affected by various uncertainties, both aleatory and epistemic. The flood hazard analysis should hence take into account the main sources of uncertainty and quantify the confidence of the results for a given design flood event. To this end, this paper presents a probabilistic method for flood hazard mapping, which considers uncertainty due to breach location and failure time. A reliability analysis of the discretized levee system, performed using the concept of fragility function, enables the preselection of a set of levee sections more susceptible to failure. The probabilities of the breach scenarios (characterized by different breach locations and times) are then calculated using the probability multiplication rule, neglecting multiple breaches. The method is applied to a 96‐km levee‐protected reach in the central portion of the Po River (Northern Italy) and to an adjacent 1,900‐km2 flood‐prone area on the right‐hand side of the river, with a focus on the piping breach mechanism. The numerical simulations are performed through a combined 1D‐2D hydrodynamic model using widespread free software. The results show that the method is effective for probabilistic inundation and flood hazard mapping. In addition, it has the advantage of requiring a smaller computational effort in comparison with the methods based on a classic Monte Carlo procedure.
Tracking Multidecadal Lake Water Dynamics with Landsat Imagery and Topography/Bathymetry
Authors: Weekley David , Li Xingong
Published: October 2019

Water resource management is of critical importance due to its close relationship with nearly every industry, field, and lifeform on this planet. The success of future water management will rely upon having detailed data of current and historic water dynamics. This research leverages Google Earth Engine and uses Landsat 5 imagery in conjunction with bathymetry and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model data to analyze long‐term lake dynamics (water surface elevation, surface area, volume, volume change, and frequency) for Lake McConaughy in Nebraska, USA. Water surface elevation was estimated by extracting elevation values from underlying bathymetry and digital elevations models using 5,994 different combinations of water indices, water boundaries, and statistics for 100 time periods spanning 1985–2009. Surface elevation calculations were as accurate as 0.768 m root mean square error (CI95% [0.657, 0.885]). Water volume change calculations found a maximum change of 1.568 km3 and a minimum total volume of only 23.97% of the maximum reservoir volume. Seasonal and long‐term trends were identified, which have major affects regarding regional agriculture, local recreation, and lake water quality. This research fills an existing gap in optical remote sensing‐based monitoring of lakes and reservoirs, is more robust and outperforms other commonly used monitoring techniques, increases the number of water bodies available for long‐term studies, introduces a scalable framework deployable within Google Earth Engine, and enables data collection of both gauged and ungauged water bodies, which will substantially increase our knowledge and understanding of these critical ecosystems.
Conditional crude probabilities of death for English cancer patients
Authors: Wong Kwok F. , Lambert Paul C. , Mozumder Sarwar I. , Broggio John , Rutherford Mark J.
Published: October 2019

Background

Cancer survival statistics are typically reported by using measures discounting the impact of other-cause mortality, such as net survival. This is a hypothetical measure and is interpreted as excluding the possibility of cancer patients dying from other causes. Crude probability of death partitions the all-cause probability of death into deaths from cancer and other causes.

Methods

The National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service is the single cancer registry for England. In 2006–2015, 1,590,477 malignant tumours were diagnosed for breast, colorectal, lung, melanoma and prostate cancer in adults. We used a relative survival framework, with a period approach, providing estimates for up to 10-year survival. Mortality was partitioned into deaths due to cancer or other causes. Unconditional and conditional (on surviving 1-years and 5-years) crude probability of death were estimated for the five cancers.

Results

Elderly patients who survived for a longer period before dying were more likely to die from other causes of death (except for lung cancer). For younger patients, deaths were almost entirely due to the cancer.

Conclusion

There are different measures of survival, each with their own strengths and limitations. Careful choices of survival measures are needed for specific scenarios to maximise the understanding of the data.