bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Tactics by Wisconsin Farmers
Authors: Hammond Clarissa M. , Luschei Edward C. , Boerboom Chris M. , Nowak Pete J.
Published: September 2006

Agronomic research and extension personnel generally recognize the benefits of integrated pest management (IPM) but IPM practices have not been rapidly adopted by farmers. In order for applied research and extension programs to be as influential as possible, strategies and tactics must be evaluated in the context of the real-world constraints experienced by farmers. We investigated the linkage between farmers' pest management behaviors, attitudes, and constraints by analyzing an extensive corn pest management survey distributed throughout Wisconsin in 2002. Our objectives were to (1) create a benchmark against which future changes in pest management practices could be detected and (2) explore potential associations between practices and farm characteristics, e.g., farm size or commodity produced. A total of 213 farmers responded with descriptions of their operations; weed, insect, and disease pest management practices; crop consultant usage; interactions with their local agrichemical dealer; and attitudes regarding pest management decision-making. We compared the relative responses of cash-grain and dairy farmers as well as managers of large and small farms. Larger farm size and percentage of operation in cash-grain production were associated with an increased frequency of rotating crops, rotating herbicide families, and use of a broadcast herbicide application. Managers of large farms and/or cash-grain crops also more frequently indicated considering the level of pest control, price, carryover potential, weed resistance management, environmental safety, and risk to the applicator than did dairy or small-sized operations. Cash-grain farmers had significantly higher scores on a calculated IPM index than did dairy farmers (P < 0.0001). We also found a significant positive relationship between farm size and IPM score (P < 0.0001). Our results provide a benchmark for future comparisons of IPM adoption rates in Wisconsin and highlight the association between IPM research/extension and farmers' management behavior.
Enhancing Herbicide Selectivity with Water-Repellent Adjuvants
Authors: Nelson Eric A. , Penner Donald
Published: September 2006

The objectives of this research were to determine if adjuvants with water-repellent properties could reduce herbicide retention on foliage, and thereby absorption, of the spray solution and to determine if herbicide activity was maintained with a reduction in herbicide retention. Water-repellent adjuvants, DC 2-1322, DC 1-6184, and DC 772, were evaluated with three herbicides, isoxaflutole, pendimethalin, and flumioxazin, and on three crop species, cabbage, tomato, and wheat. The water repellents DC 2-1322 and DC 772 were ineffective with these herbicides and these crop species. DC 1-6184 effectively reduced spray retention for all three herbicides evaluated, regardless of formulation, on all three species. The efficacy of DC 1-6184 was more evident if the spray application was restricted to the plant foliage. The water-repellent DC 1-6184 has potential to decrease injury while maintaining weed control with certain herbicides.
Effect of Separate and Combined Treatments of Herbicides on Weed Control and Corn (Zea mays) Yield
Authors: Bijanzadeh Ehsan , Ghadiri Hossein
Published: September 2006

Field studies were conducted at Shiraz, Iran, during 2000 and 2001 to investigate the effect of separate and combined herbicide treatments on weed control and corn yield. Separate and combined herbicide treatments included 14 combinations applied at two rates. Herbicides reduced weed biomass compared with the weedy check. In both years, maximum reduction in weed biomass was observed with atrazine plus alachlor at 1 + 2.44 and 1.5 + 1.92 kg ai/ha and minimum reduction in weed biomass was observed with rimsulfuron at 0.02 and 0.04 kg/ha. In 2000 and 2001, 2,4-D plus MCPA at 0.36 + 0.31 and 0.54 + 0.46 kg/ha, and alachlor plus 2,4-D plus MCPA at 1.92 + 0.54 + 0.46 kg/ha, and 2.44 + 0.36 + 0.31 kg/ha, controlled 80 to 100% of field bindweed and rimsulfuron at 0.02 and 0.04 kg/ha controlled 17 to 70% of field bindweed. All herbicide treatments controlled redroot pigweed 60 to 100%. In 2000, at 6 and 17 WAP, minimum biomass reduction of Chinese-lantern-plant was observed with 2,4-D plus MCPA at 0.36 + 0.31 and 0.54 + 0.46 kg/ha, and primisulfuron plus prosulfuron at 0.02 + 0.02 and 0.03 + 0.03 kg/ha. Rimsulfuron plus primisulfuron plus prosulfuron at 0.02 + 0.03 + 0.03 and 0.04 + 0.02 + 0.02 kg/ha reduced johnsongrass biomass 96 to 100% and the efficacy of rimsulfuron increased when tank mixed with primisulfuron plus prosulfuron. Results of both years showed that all herbicide treatments increased corn grain yield as compared with the weedy check. Maximum corn grain yield was obtained with combinations of atrazine plus alachlor at 1 + 2.44 and 1.5 + 1.92 kg/ha.
Characterization of Fluazifop-P-butyl Activity on Bristly Starbur (Acanthospermum hispidum)
Authors: Teuton Travis C. , MacDonald Gregory E. , Main Christopher L. , Brecke Barry J.
Published: September 2006

During routine use of fluazifop-P-butyl for grass control, county extension agents in Georgia observed control of bristly starbur in grower fields. Experiments to characterize the activity of fluazifop-P-butyl on bristly starbur were conducted under greenhouse conditions in Gainesville, FL, during 2001 and 2002. Fluazifop-P-butyl activity was characterized as a function of herbicide rate and time after application. Commercially available fluazifop-P-butyl was compared to technical fluazifop-P-butyl as a function of herbicide rate and bristly starbur height. Finally, injury to bristly starbur was evaluated when clethodim, diclofop, fluazifop-P-butyl, haloxyfop, quizalofop-p, and sethoxydim were applied at two growth stages. Fluazifop-P-butyl caused >90% injury to bristly starbur with all other post graminicides displaying <8% injury. Nonlinear regression revealed a sigmoidal response of bristly starbur injury to fluazifop-P-butyl. Estimates for 50 and 90% bristly starbur injury (I50and I90) were 0.07 and 0.14 kg ai/ha, respectively. There was no difference in activity of technical and commercial fluazifop-P-butyl formulations. There was a differential response of bristly starbur to fluazifop-P-butyl over time as a function of plant height at the time of treatment. However, 14 days after treatment (DAT) all treatments displayed >89% injury. Bristly starbur response to fluazifop-P-butyl was similar to injury associated with contact-type herbicides.
Cross-Resistance of a Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Biotype to Aryloxyphenoxypropionate and Cyclohexanedione Herbicides
Authors: Burke Ian C. , Wilcut John W. , Cranmer John
Published: September 2006

Dose-response experiments were conducted in a greenhouse on a biotype of johnsongrass from Washington County, Mississippi, to determine the level of resistance to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicide fluazifop-P-butyl and the cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides clethodim and sethoxydim. Both seedling and rhizomatous plants were evaluated. Resistant/susceptible (R/S) ratios were calculated based onGR50values (the rate required to reduce shoot dry biomass, expressed as a percent of the control, 50%). TheGR50values for the resistant and susceptible seedling plants were 110 and 10 g ai/ha for clethodim, 193 and 34 g ai/ha for fluazifop-P-butyl, and 265 and 48 g ai/ha for sethoxydim, resulting in R/S ratios of 11.0, 5.7, and 5.5, respectively. TheGR50values for the resistant and susceptible rhizomatous plants were 609 and 39 g/ha for clethodim, 657 and 29 g/ha for fluazifop-P-butyl, and 668 and 30 g/ha for sethoxydim, resulting in R/S ratios of 15.6, 22.7, and 22.3, respectively.
Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds and Resistance Management Strategies: An Indiana Grower Perspective
Authors: Johnson William G. , Gibson Kevin D.
Published: September 2006

Corn and soybean growers across Indiana were surveyed during winter 2003/2004 to assess their perceptions about the importance of glyphosate-resistant weeds and management tactics to prevent development of resistant populations. The survey showed two intriguing observations. First, 65% of survey respondents expressed moderate or low levels of concern about weeds developing resistance to glyphosate, whereas 36% expressed a high level of concern. Second, when asked an open-ended question regarding the factors that contribute to development of glyphosate-resistant weeds, 58% of the responses included repeated use of the same mode of action. Other factors such as poor application techniques or timing (33%), unique weed characteristics (8%) and changes in tillage practices (1%) were also mentioned. The survey showed that even though a relatively low percentage of respondents were highly concerned about resistance, they still expressed a willingness to use field scouting, tank-mix partners with glyphosate for burn-down and postemergence weed control, and soil-applied residual herbicides as resistance management strategies. This survey also showed that growers who farm 800 ha or more were more concerned about glyphosate resistance and more likely to adopt resistance management strategies than smaller growers.
Feral Rye (Secale cereale) in Agricultural Production Systems
Authors: White Anthony D. , Lyon Drew J. , Mallory-Smith Carol , Medlin Case R. , Yenish Joseph P.
Published: September 2006

Feral rye, commonly referred to as cereal, winter, common, or volunteer rye, is an important weed in winter wheat production in many parts of the United States and the world. Feral rye reduces net profits in the United States by more than $27 million due to lower grain yields, increased dockage, and reduced land values. To date, limited research has been conducted on components that make feral rye a problem in various cropping systems. Herbicide-tolerant wheat technology can be used to manage feral rye, but current efficacy levels are not adequate for high feral rye densities. In addition, the long-term effects that individual management strategies may have on feral rye populations are unknown. This review addresses the physical, environmental, and genetic characteristics ofSecale cereale. Current economic impact, management, and research data gaps are also discussed.
Nitrogen Fertility and Weed Management Critical for Continuous No-Till Wheat in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Young Frank L. , Thorne Mark E. , Young Douglas L.
Published: September 2006

No-till cropping is an option for growers needing to reduce soil erosion in the Palouse annual-cropped region of the Pacific Northwest, which is well suited for wheat production. A 6-yr field study was conducted to determine optimum levels of fertilizer and herbicide inputs in a no-till continuous wheat crop production system. Three levels of nitrogen (N) and two weed management levels (WML) were compared in a spring wheat (SW)–winter wheat (WW)–WW rotation through two rotation cycles. The high WML reduced weed densities about 50% compared with the low WML. In general, herbicide treatments were more effective on broadleaf weeds and may have facilitated a shift toward grass weeds. The high WML reduced grass weed biomass only at the reduced N levels, whereas the high WML reduced broadleaf weed density at all N levels. Variable environmental conditions affected wheat yield; however, yield tended to be highest where winter wheat immediately followed spring wheat. Nitrogen had little effect on weed density but increased crop yield about 13% with each increased N level. Crop yield was greater at the high versus low WML at each N level, even though weed density and biomass were reduced least between WMLs at the highest N level. The highest crop yield and net returns were obtained with the highest N and WML; however, none of the N and WML combinations were profitable.
Rice (Oryza sativa) Response and Annual Grass Control with Graminicides
Authors: Buehring Nathan W. , Talbert Ronald E. , Baldwin Ford L.
Published: September 2006

Field studies were conducted to evaluate rice injury and control of propanil-resistant and -susceptible (natural infestation) barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, and Amazon sprangletop with BAS 625, cyhalofop, and fenoxaprop plus the safener isoxadifen in rice. BAS 625 at 100 g ai/ha applied to two- to three-leaf rice resulted in 19 to 72% injury in three of four experiments. Fenoxaprop plus isoxadifen at 90 + 98 g ai/ha injured rice 11 to 31%, and cyhalofop at 280 g ai/ha consistently resulted in minimal rice injury. The most effective control (84 to 99%) of propanil-resistant and propanil-susceptible barnyardgrass across all experiments was achieved with sequential applications of the BAS 625 at 75 and 100 g ai/ha, cyhalofop at 210 and 280 g ai/ha, and fenoxaprop plus isoxadifen at 68 + 74 and 90 + 98 g ai/ha. When the graminicides were applied to four- to six-leaf rice (one tiller), propanil-resistant and propanil-susceptible barnyardgrass control was generally very poor. Fenoxaprop plus isoxadifen controlled broadleaf signalgrass 91 to 100%, even when applied once to four- to six-leaf rice. BAS 625 at 75 and 100 g ai/ha and cyhalofop at 210 and 280 g ai/ha applied sequentially provided consistent broadleaf signalgrass control (≥98%). Amazon sprangletop control was good (85 to 99%) with fenoxaprop plus isoxadifen at 45 + 49, 68 + 74, and 90 + 98 g ai/ha (applied in a single application or sequentially), BAS 625 at 100 g ai/ha applied to two- to three-leaf and four- to six-leaf rice or 50, 75, and 100 g ai/ha applied sequentially, and cyhalofop at 140, 210, and 280 g ai/ha applied to two- to three-leaf rice or sequentially.
Weed Management in a Legume-Cereal Cover Crop with the Rotary Hoe
Authors: Boyd Nathan S. , Brennan Eric B.
Published: September 2006

Substantial weed growth often occurs in legume-cereal cover-crop mixes commonly grown on organic vegetable farms. A 2-yr study at the USDA-ARS in Salinas, CA, was conducted to test the effect of zero, one, and two passes with a rotary hoe on weed control in a mixed cover crop of 10% rye, 15% common vetch, 15% purple vetch, 25% peas, and 35% bell bean. Rotary hoeing occurred 14–15 days after planting (DAP) in the one-pass treatment, and 14 and 28 DAP in the two-pass treatment. Rotary hoeing did not affect total cover-crop density or biomass in either year, but reduced rye density and biomass in year 2. One pass reduced total weed density by 69% in year 1 and 49% in year 2. A second pass did not affect weed density in year 1 but reduced weed density an additional 33% in year 2. One pass decreased weed biomass in year 1, whereas two passes were required to reduce weed biomass in year 2. Rotary hoeing reduced seed shed by chickweed and shepherd's-purse seeds, the two predominant weed species, by 80 to 95% in both years. Rotary hoe efficacy depended on weather conditions directly before and after cultivation. The decision to repeat rotary hoeing should be based upon field scouting and weather conditions following the initial pass with the rotary hoe.
Prognostic value of initial magnetic resonance imaging growth rates for World Health Organization grade II gliomas
Authors: Pallud Johan , Mandonnet Emmanuel , Duffau Hugues , Kujas Michèle , Guillevin Rémy , Galanaud Damien , Taillandier Luc , Capelle Laurent
Published: September 2006

A consecutive series of 143 unselected adult patients with histologically proved World Health Organization grade II gliomas was reviewed to assess the prognostic value of growth rates of mean tumor diameters on successive magnetic resonance images before treatment. There is an inverse correlation between growth rates and survival (p < 0.001; median survival at 5.16 years for a growth rate of 8mm/year or more; median survival >15.0 years for a growth rate <8mm/year). Thus, individual magnetic resonance imaging tumor growth rates should be incorporated in the planning of the initial therapeutic strategy of grade II gliomas. Ann Neurol 2006;60:380–383
Characteristics of frontotemporal dementia patients with a Progranulin mutation
Authors: Huey Edward D. , Grafman Jordan , Wassermann Eric M. , Pietrini Pietro , Tierney Michael C. , Ghetti Bernardino , Spina Salvatore , Baker Matt , Hutton Mike , Elder Joshua W. , Berger Stephen L. , Heflin Kyle A. , Hardy John , Momeni Parastoo
Published: September 2006

Objective

Mutations in the Progranulin gene (PGRN) recently have been discovered to be associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) linked to 17q21 without identified MAPT mutations. The range of mutations of PGRN that can result in the FTD phenotype and the clinical presentation of patients with PGRN mutations have yet to be determined.

Methods

In this study, we examined 84 FTD patients from families not known previously to have illness linked to chromosome 17 for identified PGRN and MAPT mutations and sequenced the coding exons and the flanking intronic regions of PGRN. We compared the prevalence, clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging and 18‐fluoro‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography results, and neuropsychological testing of patients with the PGRN R493X mutation with those patients without identified PGRN mutations.

Results

We discovered a new PGRN mutation (R493X) resulting in a stop codon in two patients. This was the only PGRN mutation identified in our sample. The patients with the PGRN R493X mutation had a rapid illness course and had predominant right‐sided atrophy and hypometabolism on magnetic resonance imaging and 18‐fluoro‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. The affected father of one of the patients with the PGRN R493X mutation showed frontal and temporal atrophy without neurofibrillary tangles on neuropathological examination.

Interpretation

Known PGRN and MAPT mutations were rare and of similar prevalence in our sample (2 compared with 1/84). The patients with the PGRN R493X mutation had a clinical presentation comparable with other behavior‐predominant FTD patients. The neuropathology of an affected family member of a patient with the PGRN R493X mutation appears not to be Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 2006;60:374–380

This article includes supplementary materials available via the Internet at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0364‐5134/suppmat
Excision and transposition of piggyBac transposable element in tobacco budworm embryos
Authors: Ren Xiaoxia , Han Zhaojun , Miller Thomas A.
Published: September 2006

The TTAA‐specific lepidopteran transposon piggyBac has already proved useful as a gene‐transfer vector for efficient transformation of a wide variety of insects. Transposable element excision and transposition assays are useful indicators of an element's ability to be mobilized in vivo and, thus, potentially serve as a transforming vector. Here, we report that this transposon is capable of excision and transposition in tobacco budworm embryos with relatively low frequency. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 63:49–56, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anthropogenic warming of central England temperature
Authors: Karoly David J. , Stott Peter A.
Published: September 2006

The variability of central England temperature (CET) at inter annual, decadal and 50‐year time scales, as simulated by the HadCM3 model, agrees well with its observed variability over the period 1700–1900. The observed warming in annual‐mean CET of about 1.0 °C since 1950 is very unlikely to be due to natural climate variations and is consistent with the response to anthropogenic (ANT) forcing, demonstrating a significant human influence on this warming. © Crown Copyright 2006. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No association between occupational exposure to ELF magnetic field and urinary 6‐sulfatoximelatonin in workers
Authors: Gobba Fabriziomaria , Bravo Giulia , Scaringi Meri , Roccatto Luigi
Published: September 2006

A suppression in melatonin secretion is one of the mechanisms proposed to explain the possible adverse effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF‐MF), but the results of research are inconclusive. This study investigated the effect of occupational ELF‐MF exposure on 6‐sulfatoximelatonin (6‐OHMS). Exposure was monitored for three complete work shifts in 59 workers using personal exposure meters. Environmental exposure was also evaluated. Urinary 6‐OHMS in morning samples, an indicator of night‐time melatonin production, was measured. Urine was collected twice on Friday and the following Monday. Workers were classified according to ELF exposure as low exposed (≤0.2 µT) or higher exposed (>0.2 µT): 6‐OHMS did not differ between groups (P > .05) in either Friday or Monday urine samples. In addition, 6‐OHMS was not related to exposure under multivariate analysis. The ratio between 6‐OHMS in Monday versus Friday samples was also calculated to test the hypothesis of a possible variation in pineal function after 2 days, interruption of occupational ELF‐MF exposure: again no exposure‐related difference was observed. Our results do not support the hypothesis that occupational exposure to ELF‐MF significantly influences melatonin secretion. Bioelectromagnetics 27:667–673, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of information and 50 Hz magnetic fields on cognitive performance and reported symptoms
Authors: Nevelsteen Sophie , Legros Jean‐Jacques , Crasson Marion
Published: September 2006

The aim of this study was to explore the role of expectancies and beliefs about the potential effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) (what the subject thought the effect was going to be) and the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields (400 µTrms) acute exposure on cognitive performance, the reporting of physical symptoms and some psychological and physiological parameters. Seventy‐four healthy male volunteers aged between 40 and 60 years of age were randomly assigned to one of five groups, which differed in (1) the type of information they were given concerning the expected magnetic field effect on performance in cognitive tests (positive = enhancement of the performance; negative = impairment of the performance; neutral) and (2) the type of exposure (real or sham). Three groups were sham exposed with positive (group+), negative (group−) and neutral information (group+/−); one group was really exposed with neutral information (group expo) and one group was not exposed, though they wore the helmet, and did not receive any field‐related information (control group). All the volunteers, except the control group, were led to believe that they would be exposed to a magnetic field of 400 µTrms. The experimental design respected a double blind procedure and the experimental session involved three steps (pre‐testing, exposure, and post‐testing). Various measurements were taken, including cognitive performance, psychological parameters such as mood, vigilance, and reporting of symptoms. Physiological parameters such as blood pressure and pulse rate were also recorded. The information given did not significantly modify beliefs. No significant difference was found among the five groups depending on the type of information and the type of exposure in cognitive performance, psychological and physiological parameters. In the context of the study, with our population, the type of information given failed to induce expected changes in parameters measured. Our results do not support the hypothesis that an acute exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (50 Hz, 400 µTrms) affects the parameters measured. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A pilot investigation of the effect of extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on humans' heart rate variability
Authors: Baldi Emilio , Baldi Claudio , Lithgow Brian J.
Published: September 2006

The question whether pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) can affect the heart rhythm is still controversial. This study investigates the effects on the cardiocirculatory system of ELF‐PEMFs. It is a follow‐up to an investigation made of the possible therapeutic effect ELF‐PEMFs, using a commercially available magneto therapeutic unit, had on soft tissue injury repair in humans. Modulation of heart rate (HR) or heart rate variability (HRV) can be detected from changes in periodicity of the R‐R interval and/or from changes in the numbers of heart‐beat/min (bpm), however, R‐R interval analysis gives only a quantitative insight into HRV. A qualitative understanding of HRV can be obtained considering the power spectral density (PSD) of the R‐R intervals Fourier transform. In this study PSD is the investigative tool used, more specifically the low frequency (LF) PSD and high frequency (HF) PSD ratio (LF/HF) which is an indicator of sympatho‐vagal balance. To obtain the PSD value, variations of the R‐R time intervals were evaluated from a continuously recorded ECG. The results show a HR variation in all the subjects when they are exposed to the same ELF‐PEMF. This variation can be detected by observing the change in the sympatho‐vagal equilibrium, which is an indicator of modulation of heart activity. Variation of the LF/HF PSD ratio mainly occurs at transition times from exposure to nonexposure, or vice versa. Also of interest are the results obtained during the exposure of one subject to a range of different ELF‐PEMFs. This pilot study suggests that a full investigation into the effect of ELF‐PEMFs on the cardiovascular system is justified. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cartilaginous tissue formation from bone marrow cells using rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor
Authors: Ohyabu Yoshimi , Kida Naoko , Kojima Hiroko , Taguchi Tetsushi , Tanaka Junzo , Uemura Toshimasa
Published: September 2006

This is the first successful report of the rapid regeneration of three‐dimensional large and homogeneous cartilaginous tissue from rabbit bone marrow cells without a scaffold using a rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor, which simulates a microgravity environment for cells. Bone marrow cells cultured for 3 weeks in DMEM were resuspended and cultured for 4 weeks in the chondrogenic medium within the vessel. Large cylindrical cartilaginous tissue with dimensions of (1.25 ± 0.06) × (0.60 ± 0.08) cm (height × diameter) formed. Their cartilage marker expression was confirmed by mRNA expressions of aggrecan, collagen type I and II, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA ratio. Their cartilaginous properties were demonstrated by toluidine blue, safranin‐O staining, and polarization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of pH, temperature, and urea molar flowrate on Arthrospira platensis fed‐batch cultivation: A kinetic and thermodynamic approach
Authors: Sánchez‐Luna Luis Dante , Bezerra Raquel Pedrosa , Matsudo Marcelo Chuei , Sato Sunao , Converti Attilio , de Carvalho João Carlos Monteiro
Published: September 2006

Arthrospira platensis was cultivated photoautotrophically at 6.0 klux light intensity in 5.0‐L open tanks, using a mineral medium containing urea as nitrogen source. Fed‐batch experiments were performed at constant flowrate. A central composite factorial design combined to response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to determine the relationship between the selected response variables (cell concentration after 10 days, Xm, cell productivity, PX, and nitrogen‐to‐cell conversion factor, YX/N) and codified values of the independent variables (pH, temperature, T, and urea flowrate, K). By applying the quadratic regression analysis, the equations describing the behaviors of these responses as simultaneous functions of the selected independent variables were determined, and the conditions for Xm and PX optimization were estimated (pH 9.5, T = 29°C, and K = 0.551 mM/day). The experimental data obtained under these conditions (Xm = 749 mg/L; PX = 69.9 mg/L·day) were very close to the estimated ones (Xm = 721 mg/L; PX = 67.1 mg/L·day). Additional cultivations were carried out under the above best conditions of pH control and urea flowrate at variable temperature. Consistently with the results of RSM, the best growth temperature was 29°C. The maximum specific growth rates at different temperatures were used to estimate the thermodynamic parameters of growth (ΔH* = 59.3 kJ/mol; ΔS* = −0.147 kJ/mol·K; ΔG* = 103 kJ/mol) and its thermal inactivation (ΔH = 72.0 kJ/mol; ΔS = 0.144 kJ/mol·K; ΔG = 29.1 kJ/mol). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:702–711. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protective effect of α‐tocopherol on oxidative stress in experimental pulmonary fibrosis in rats
Authors: Deger Yeter , Yur Fatmagul , Ertekin Ali , Mert Nihat , Dede Semiha , Mert Handan
Published: September 2006

The study was undertaken to investigate the influence of α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) on malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) activity in lung of rats with bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Fourteen Wistar–albino rats were randomly divided into two groups of seven animals each. The first group was treated intra‐tracheally with bleomycin hydrochloride (BM group); the second group was also instilled with BM but received injections of α‐tocopherol twice a week (BM + E group). The third group was treated in the same manner with saline solution only, acting as controls (C). There were decreases in GSH level and CAT activity while an increase in MDA level in BM group was found compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Vitamin E had a regulator effect on these parameters. After administration of α‐tocopherol, the increase in GSH level and CAT activity and the decrease in MDA level were seen in BM + E group compared to BM group (p < 0.05). Distinct histopathological changes were found in the BM group compared to the untreated rats. Less severe fibrotic lesions were also observed in the BM + E group. The results show that vitamin E is effective on the prevention of BM‐induced PF, as indicated by differences in the lung levels of oxidants and antioxidants. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of cerebrocrast, a new long‐acting compound on blood glucose and insulin levels in rats when administered before and after STZ‐induced diabetes mellitus
Authors: Briede J. , Stivrina M. , Stoldere Dz. , Vigante B. , Duburs G.
Published: September 2006

Insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by selective destruction of insulin secreting pancreatic islets β‐cells. The formation of cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, etc.) leads to extensive morphological damage of β‐cells, DNA fragmentation, decrease of glucose oxidation, impaired glucose‐insulin secretion and decreased insulin action and proinsulin biosynthesis. We examined the protective effect of a 1,4‐dihydropyridine (DHP) derivative cerebrocrast (synthesized in the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis) on pancreatic β‐cells in rats possessing diabetes induced with the autoimmunogenic compound streptozotocin (STZ). Cerebrocrast administration at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) 1 h or 3 days prior to STZ as well as at 24 and 48 h after STZ administration partially prevented pancreatic β‐cells from the toxic effects of STZ, and delayed the development of hyperglycaemia. Administration of cerebrocrast starting 48 h after STZ‐induced diabetes in rats for 3 consecutive days at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) significantly decreased blood glucose level, and the effect remained 10 days after the last administration. Moreover, in these rats, cerebrocrast evoked an increase of serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level during 7 diabetic days as compared to both the control normal rats and the STZ‐induced diabetic control rats. The STZ‐induced diabetic rats that received cerebrocrast had a significantly high serum IRI level from the 14th to 21st diabetic days in comparison with the STZ‐induced diabetic control.The IRI level in serum as well as the glucose disposal rate were significantly increased after stimulation of pancreatic β‐cells with glucose in normal rats that received cerebrocrast, administered 60 min before glucose. Glucose disposal rate in STZ‐induced diabetic rats as a result of cerebrocrast administration was also increased in comparison with STZ‐diabetic control rats. Administration of cerebrocrast in combination with insulin intensified the effect of insulin. The hypoglycaemic effect of cerebrocrast primarily can be explained by its immunomodulative properties. Moreover, cerebrocrast can act through extrapancreatic mechanisms that favour the expression of glucose transporters, de novo insulin receptors formation in several cell membranes as well as glucose uptake. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐Principles Structures and Stabilities of Al+N (N = 46—62) Clusters.
Authors: Aguado Andres , Lopez Jose M.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Destruction of Noncentrosymmetry Through Chalcogenide Salt Inclusion.
Authors: Choudhury Amitava , Dorhout Peter K.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Compounds Ln(Zn,Al)8 and Yb4Zn20.3Al12.7 and Their Crystal Structures.
Authors: Stel'makhovych Ol'ga , Kuz'ma Yurij
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transmission‐Optimized Single‐Crystal Structure Determination and Electronic Structure of Bi3Ni.
Authors: Ruck Michael , Soehnel Tilo
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hexafluoroiodium(VII) Hexafluoroarsenate.
Authors: Goreshnik Evgeny , Mazej Zoran
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structurally Complex Cobalt Intermetallics Grown from Liquid Aluminum: Co19Al45Si10‐x (x = 0.13) and Co5Al14Si2.
Authors: Wu Xiuni , Latturner Susan , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lewis Acids Activated with Molecular Oxygen: Dinuclear Molybdenum Complexes for Aza‐Diels—Alder Reactions of Acyl Hydrazones.
Authors: Yamashita Yasuhiro , Salter Matthew M. , Aoyama Kayoko , Kobayashi Shu
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Coupling of Two Alkynes and One Alkene for Formation of Cyclohexene Derivatives via Zirconacyclopentadienes.
Authors: Zhou Lishan , Xi Chanjuan , Wang Hui , Kong Fanzhi , Takahashi Tamotsu
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Benzochromene, Benzoquinoline, Benzochromenopyrimidine and Pyrimidobenzoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Jachak M. N. , Kendre D. B. , Avhale A. B. , Toche R. B. , Medhane V. J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile β‐Alkyl and β‐Hydride Elimination in the Nickel‐Catalyzed Annulation of o‐Iodophenyl Ketones and Aldehydes with Bicyclic Alkenes.
Authors: Shukla Paritosh , Cheng Chien Hong
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hosomi—Sakurai Reactions of Silacyclic Allyl Silanes.
Authors: Sellars Jonathan D. , Steel Patrick G. , Turner Michael J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical, Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Lactones via a Sequential Ketene Dimerization/Hydrogenation Process: Inhibitors of the Thioesterase Domain of Fatty Acid Synthase.
Authors: Purohit Vikram C. , Richardson Robyn D. , Smith Jeffrey W. , Romo Daniel
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclocondensation Reactions of Heterocyclic Carbonyl Compounds. Part 12. The Double Course of Cyclization of 3‐(2‐Aminobenzyl)‐1,2‐dihydro‐quinoxaline‐2‐one.
Authors: Frysova Iveta , Lycka Antonin , Slouka Jan , Hlavac Jan
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses Based on 8‐Substituted 3‐Bromoacetyl‐3,8‐dimethyl‐2,7‐dioxaspiro[4,4]nonane‐1,6‐diones.
Authors: Kochikyan T. V. , Harutyunyan E. V. , Harutyunyan V. S. , Avetisyan A. A.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of New Derivatives of 1,2,4‐Triazol‐3‐one.
Authors: Struga M. , Dobosz M. , Kossakowski J. , Dybala I. , Stepniak K. , Koziol A. E.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Preparation and the Crystal Structure of N,N′‐Dialkyl‐2,6‐pyridinedimethanaminium Halide.
Authors: Kobayashi Tohru , Yaita Tsuyoshi , Sugo Yumi , Suda Hiroki , Suzuki Shinji , Fujii Yuki , Nakano Yoshiharu
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Halo‐oxybispyridines, New Building Blocks in Cholinergic Medicinal Chemistry.
Authors: Voisin Anne Sophie , Bouillon Alexandre , Lancelot Jean‐Charles , Lesnard Aurelien , Rault Sylvain
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unusual Structure Derived from N‐Acridin‐9‐yl Methyl N′‐Acridin‐9‐yl Thiourea Based on the Propensity of N‐10 to Retain H.
Authors: Klika Karel D. , Imrich Jan , Vilkova Maria , Bernat Juraj , Pihlaja Kalevi
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,3‐Dihydro‐2H‐imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridin‐2‐one.
Authors: Holt Jarle , Bakke Jan M. , Fiksdahl Anne
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterocyclic Analogues of Pleiadiene. Part 75. Formylation of Perimidines and 2,2‐Dimethyl‐2,3‐dihydroperimidine under Vilsmeier Conditions.
Authors: Filatova E. A. , Borovlev I. V. , Pozharskii A. F. , Goncharov V. I. , Demidov O. P.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Method for N‐1 Arylation of Uracil Derivatives.
Authors: Gondela Andrzej , Walczak Krzysztof
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure Analysis, and Antitumor Activity of 3,6‐Disubstituted‐1,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine Derivatives.
Authors: Rao Guo‐Wu , Hu Wei‐Xiao
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Array Synthesis of Progesterone Receptor Antagonists: 3‐Aryl‐1,2‐diazepines.
Authors: Wiethe Robert W. , Stewart Eugene L. , Drewry David H. , Gray David W. , Mehbob Abdul , Hoekstra William J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel 5‐Hydroxyalkenylphosphonates by Addition of Aromatic Aldehydes to Zirconacyclopentenylphosphonates.
Authors: Quntar Abed Al Aziz , Rosenthal David , Srebnik Morris
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Kadsutherins A—C: Three New Dibenzocyclooctane Lignans from the Stems of Kadsura Species
Authors: Lu Yan , Chen Daofeng
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rapid Stereocontrolled Assembly of the Fully Substituted C‐Aryl Glycoside of Kendomycin with a Prins Cyclization: A Formal Synthesis.
Authors: Bahnck Kevin B. , Rychnovsky Scott D.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Flexible Docking of Ligands into Synthetic Receptors Using a Two‐Sided Incremental Construction Algorithm.
Authors: Steffen Andreas , Kaemper Andreas , Lengauer Thomas
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ensemble Docking into Flexible Active Sites. Critical Evaluation of FlexE Against JNK‐3 and β‐Secretase.
Authors: Polgar Timea , Keserue Gyoergy M.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Charge Ordering in Transition Metal Oxides
Authors: Attfield J. Paul
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Adaptable Lyonsite Structure
Authors: Smit Jared P. , Stair Peter C. , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Dienyl Zirconocene Complexes
Authors: Chinkov Nicka , Marek Ilan
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Combinatorial Approach to Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Phosphoramidite Libraries, Ruthenacycles, and Artificial Enzymes
Authors: de Vries Johannes G. , Lefort Laurent
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Triaryl‐ and Triheteroarylmethanes
Authors: Nair Vijay , Thomas Siji , Mathew Smitha C. , Abhilash K. G.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Stereoselective [4 + 3] Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Huang Jian , Hsung Richard P.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Progress in Diaryl Ether Synthesis
Authors: Frlan Rok , Kikelj Danijel
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organolithium Reagents in Pharmaceutical Asymmetric Processes
Authors: Wu George , Huang Mingsheng
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Piezoelectric Immunosensors: Analytical Potentials and Outlooks
Authors: Ermolaeva T. N. , Kalmykova E. N.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetism of Metal‐Organic Framework Materials with Doubly Pillared Layers
Authors: Jia Hong‐Peng , Li Wei , Ju Zhan‐Feng , Zhang Jie
Published: September 2006

Two novel coordination polymers with a 3D pillared‐layer framework, [MII(Tdc)(4,4′‐Bpy)]n [M = Fe (1), Co (2); Tdc = thiophene‐2,5‐dicarboxylate; 4,4′‐Bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine), have been hydrothermally synthesised and structurally characterised. A simultaneous reduction of iron(III) to iron(II) occurs under hydrothermal conditions in the self‐assembly process of complex 1. The complexes are isostructural and, in each complex, the metal ions are linked by double μ2‐carboxylate bridges in a syn‐syn mode, giving rise to dinuclear units that are connected to each other by chelating carboxylate groups from the Tdc ligands in an approximately perpendicular orientation to form 2D rectangle‐grid layers. The adjacent layers are held together through 4,4′‐Bpy molecules in a double‐pillar support fashion to give a 3D network with three intersecting perpendicular channels. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed weak antiferromagnetic coupling interactions in both complexes and a field‐induced magnetic transition can be observed in 2.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)