bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the antimicrobial property of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula: isolation of a lactone as the active antibacterial agent from the ethanol extract of the stem
Authors: Faizi Shaheen , Mughal Najma Rasool , Khan Rashid Ali , Khan Shakeel Ahmed , Ahmad Aqeel , Bibi Nazia , Ahmed Shaheena Anwar
Published: December 2003

Bioassay guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula stem, which showed promising antibacterial activity against thirteen Gram‐positive and nine Gram‐negative organisms, furnished (3S,4R)‐3,4,5‐trihydroxypentanoic acid‐1,4‐lactone (1) as the active principle. The structure of (1) was established by UV, IR, mass, 1H and 13C NMR as well as 2D NMR spectral studies and the formation of its acetate (1a). On acetylation activity of (1) was markedly reduced. It is synthetically well known and only recently isolated from two plants, however, its antimicrobial activity was not reported earlier. The extract, fractions and pure compounds did not show any remarkable activity against fungi and Mycobacterium fortuitum, and M. smegmatis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and mangiferin modulate mouse humoral immune responses
Authors: García D. , Leiro J. , Delgado R. , Sanmartín M. L. , Ubeira F. M.
Published: December 2003

The present study investigated the effects of orally administered Vimang (an aqueous extract of Mangifera indica) and mangiferin (the major polyphenol present in Vimang) on mouse antibody responses induced by inoculation with spores of microsporidian parasites. Inoculation induced speciﬁc antibody production with an exponential timecourse, peaking after about one month. Vimang signiﬁcantly inhibited this antibody production from about three weeks post‐inoculation, and most markedly by four weeks post‐inoculation; by contrast, mangiferin had no signiﬁcant effect. Determination of Ig isotypes showed that the IgM to IgG switch began about four weeks post‐inoculation, with IgG2a predominating. Vimang signiﬁcantly inhibited IgG production, but had no effect on IgM. Mangiferin did no affect either IgM or IgG2a, but signiﬁcantly enhanced production of IgG1 and IgG2b. Neither Vimang nor mangiferin enhanced speciﬁc antibody secretion by splenic plasma cells from mice inoculated with microsporidian spores, whether administered in vivo before serum extraction or in vitro to the culture medium. Inoculation with spores induced splenomegaly, which was signiﬁcantly reduced by Vimang and signiﬁcantly enhanced by mangiferin. These results suggest that components of Mangifera indica extracts may be of potential value for modulating the humoral response in different immunopathological disorders. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiomodulatory inﬂuence of Rajgira (Amaranthus paniculatus) leaf extract in Swiss albino mice
Authors: Maharwal J. , Samarth R. M. , Saini M. R.
Published: December 2003

Radiomodulatory effect of Rajgira leaf extract against 6, 8 and 10 Gy gamma radiation has been evaluated by 30 day survival of Swiss albino mice. Animals of control groups (untreated irradiated) showed diarrhoea, rufﬂed hairs, epilation, facial edema and consistent decrease in body weight. These signs were less severe/absent in experimental groups (Rajgira treated irradiated), and recovery in body weight was also early and faster. Thirty day survivability was 66 per cent in control group, exposed to 6 Gy, whereas no animal survived beyond 14 and 10 days after irradiation with 8 and 10 Gy gamma rays respectively. However, 100, 60 and 25 per cent survivability was observed in experimental groups at 6, 8 and 10 Gy respectively. Regression analysis of survival data showed that the LD50/30 values were 6.33 and 8.62 Gy for control and experimental animals respectively. The dose reduction factor (DRF) was computed as 1.36. A signiﬁcant decrease in GSH content and increase in LPO level was observed in control animals, whereas in Rajgira pretreated irradiated animals the level of GSH was recorded signiﬁcantly higher but LPO level decreased signiﬁcantly. The results from the present study suggest that Rajgira pretreatment provide protection against gamma irradiation in mice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro snake venom detoxifying action of some marine algae of Gulf of Mannar, south‐east coast of India
Authors: Vasanthi Hannah R. , Jaswanth A. , Krishnaraj V. , Rajamanickam G. V. , Saraswathy A.
Published: December 2003

The extract of the brown seaweed Padina boergesenii and the red seaweed Hypnea valentiae was found to detoxify (in vitro) the venom of Naja nigricollis. There was a remarkable reduction in the mortality of albino mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of reconstituted venom with the extract compared to those challenged with the venom only. The survival of the animals exposed to the venom incubated with the different concentrations of the extract was used as the in vitro detoxiﬁcation parameter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthelminthic and antiallergic activities of Mangifera indica L. stem bark components Vimang and mangiferin
Authors: García D. , Escalante M. , Delgado R. , Ubeira F. M. , Leiro J.
Published: December 2003

This study investigated the antiallergic and anthelmintic properties of Vimang (an aqueous extract of Mangifera indica family stem bark) and mangiferin (the major polyphenol present in Vimang) administered orally to mice experimentally infected with the nematode, Trichinella spiralis. Treatment with Vimang or mangiferin (500 or 50 mg per kg body weight per day, respectively) throughout the parasite life cycle led to a signiﬁcant decline in the number of parasite larvae encysted in the musculature; however, neither treatment was effective against adults in the gut. Treatment with Vimang or mangiferin likewise led to a signiﬁcant decline in serum levels of speciﬁc anti‐Trichinella IgE, throughout the parasite life cycle. Finally, oral treatment of rats with Vimang or mangiferin, daily for 50 days, inhibited mast cell degranulation as evaluated by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (sensitization with infected mouse serum with a high IgE titre, then stimulation with the cytosolic fraction of T. spiralis muscle larvae). Since IgE plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, these results suggest that Vimang and mangiferin may be useful in the treatment of diseases of this type. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimalarial activity screening of some alkaloids and the plant extracts from Amaryllidaceae
Authors: Şener Bilge , Orhan Ilkay , Satayavivad Jutamad
Published: December 2003

Four groups of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, namely lycorine‐, crinine‐, tazettine‐, and galanthamine‐type, as well as plant extracts of the Amaryllidaceae plants (Pancratium maritimum, Leucojum aestivum, and Narcissus tazetta ssp. tazetta) growing in Turkey were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum growth by a high‐throughput screening method with a 96‐well microtiter plate. All four groups of alkaloids exhibited antimalarial activity at different potencies. 6‐Hydroxyhaemanthamine, haemanthamine and lycorine were found to be the most potent alkaloids against P. falciparum (T9.96) and galanthamine and tazettine had the least potent activity against P. falciparum (K1). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on subjective feeling in patients with allergic diseases
Authors: Kalus Ulrich , Pruss Axel , Bystron Jaromir , Jurecka Moric , Smekalova Alice , Lichius Johannes Josef , Kiesewetter Holger
Published: December 2003

Nigella sativa (black seed) is an important medicinal herb. In many Arabian, Asian and African countries, black seed oil is used as a natural remedy for a wide range of diseases, including various allergies. The plant's mechanism of action is still largely unknown. Due to the lack of study data on its efﬁcacy in allergies, four studies on the clinical efﬁcacy of Nigella sativa in allergic diseases are presented. In these studies, a total of 152 patients with allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, atopic eczema) were treated with Nigella sativa oil, given in capsules at a dose of 40 to 80 mg/kg/day. The patients scored the subjective severity of target symptoms using a predeﬁned scale. The following laboratory parameters were investigated: IgE, eosinophil count, endogenous cortisol in plasma and urine, ACTH, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol and lymphocyte subpopulations.

The score of subjective feeling decreased over the course of treatment with black seed oil in all four studies. A slight decrease in plasma triglycerides and a discrete increase in HDL cholesterol occurred while the lymphocyte subpopulations, endogenous cortisol levels and ACTH release remained unchanged. Black seed oil therefore proved to be an effective adjuvant for the treatment of allergic diseases. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supplementation of fenugreek leaves to diabetic rats. Effect on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in diabetic liver and kidney
Authors: Devi B. Anitha , Kamalakkannan N. , Prince P. Stanely Mainzen
Published: December 2003

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of fenugreek leaves, an indigenous plant widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Supplementation of the diet with fenugreek leaves showed a signiﬁcant effect on hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia and glycosylated haemoglobin in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Fenugreek leaves improved the body weight and liver glycogen. Fenugreek leaves also showed a signiﬁcant effect on key carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in diabetic rats. The effect of fenugreek leaves was found to be similar to that of glibenclamide. Thus, fenugreek leaves exhibited antidiabetic action in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Insulin restored all the parameters to near normal levels in diabetic rats. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination effects of chloroquine with the febrifugine and isofebrifugine mixture against a blood‐induced infection with chloroquine‐resistant Plasmodium berghei NK65 in ICR mice
Authors: Ishih Akira , Suzuki Tohru , Watanabe Machiko , Miyase Toshio , Terada Mamoru
Published: December 2003

The combination effects of chloroquine with a mixture of febrifugine and isofebrifugine were evaluated against a blood‐induced infection with chloroquine‐resistant P. berghei NK65 in ICR mice. Mice in the untreated control showed a progressively increasing parasitemia leading to mouse death. A two‐day dosage of 20 mg base/kg of chloroquine alone showed little effect against P. berghei NK65 infection, and all mice died from day 13 to 14 with an increasing parasitemia. A four‐day dosage of 1 mg/kg of the febrifugine and isofebrifugine mixture alone showed a little antimalarial activity, but all mice died from day 19 to 27 with an increasing parasitemia. On the other hand, mice treated with chloroquine plus alkaloids survived during the experiment. All mice treated with chloroquine alone or the alkaloid mixture alone showed low parasitemia levels during a drug administration and following a few days, but then malaria parasites increased in the bloodstream of the treated mice until death. On the other hand, malaria parasites in the mice given chloroquine plus alkaloids decreased on day 6 and then were not detected by a microscopic examination during observation period. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory effects of several flavonoids on E‐selectin expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor‐α
Authors: Takano‐Ishikawa Yuko , Goto Masao , Yamaki Kohji
Published: December 2003

The present study investigates the suppressive effect of ﬂavonoids on TNF‐α‐stimulated E‐selectin expression on HUVECs by carrying out a comparative examination of the 37 ﬂavonoids. Several ﬂavonoids: ﬁsetin, luteolin and apigenin (subclass of ﬂavone), kaempferol and quercetin (ﬂavonols), eriodictyol (ﬂavanones), genistein (isoﬂavones) and butein (chalcone) exhibit the inhibitory effects. Considerations to the structure of ﬂavonoids, the C2–C3 double bond of C‐ring and 4‐oxo functional group are essential for their inhibition activities. These results help to explain the pharmacological efﬁcacy of ﬂavonoids as anti‐inﬂammatory compounds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidiabetic herbal drugs ofﬁcially approved in China
Authors: Jia Wei , Gao Wenyuan , Tang Lida
Published: December 2003

Over the centuries, Chinese herbal drugs have served as a major source of medicines for the prevention and treatment of diseases including diabetes mellitus (known as ‘Xiao‐ke’). It is estimated that more than 200 species of plants exhibit hypoglycaemic properties, including many common plants, such as pumpkin, wheat, celery, wax guard, lotus root and bitter melon. To date, hundreds of herbs and traditional Chinese medicine formulas have been reported to have been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This paper provides a brief review of the antidiabetic drugs of plant origin that have been approved by the Chinese health regulatory agency for commercial use in China. It was believed, through pharmacological studies, that medicinal herbs were meticulously organized in these antidiabetic drug formulas such that polysaccharide containing herbs restore the functions of pancreatic tissues and cause an increase in insulin output by the functional beta cells, while other ingredients enhance the microcirculation, increase the availability of insulin and facilitate the metabolism in insulin‐dependent processes. Pharmacological and clinical evaluations indicated that these drugs had a mild, but signiﬁcant, blood glucose lowering effect and that the long‐term use of these agents may be advantageous over chemical drugs in alleviating some of the chronic diseases and complications caused by diabetes. Additionally, the use of these natural agents in conjunction with conventional drug treatments, such as a chemical agent or insulin, permits the use of lower doses of the drug and/or decreased frequency of administration which decreases the side effects most commonly observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protonophoric and uncoupling activity of royleanones from Salvia ofﬁcinalis and euvimals from Eucalyptus viminalis
Authors: Spiridonov Nikolay A. , Arkhipov Vladimir V. , Foigel Alexander G. , Shipulina Liudmila D. , Fomkina Maria G.
Published: December 2003

The mechanism of action of quinones from the roots of Salvia ofﬁcinalis L. (royleanones) and terpenoid phenolaldehydes from the leaves of Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. (euvimals) was studied. Royleanones and euvimals displayed marked protonophoric activity on artiﬁcial bilayer lipid membranes in vitro, and exerted an uncoupling action on oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver mitochondria. The results suggest that biological membranes are the primary targets of royleanones and euvimals, and the protonophoric activity may contribute to the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties of these compounds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐obesity action of Salix matsudana leaves (Part 1). Anti‐obesity action by polyphenols of Salix matsudana in high fat‐diet treated rodent animals
Authors: Han Li‐Kun , Sumiyoshi Maho , Zhang Jing , Liu Mo‐Xiang , Zhang Xin‐Feng , Zheng Yi‐Nan , Okuda Hiromichi , Kimura Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2003

In preliminary experiments, polyphenol fractions prepared from the leaves of Salix matsudana reduced the elevation of the rat plasma triacylglycerol level at 3 and 4 h after oral administration of a lipid emulsion containing corn oil, at a dose of 570 mg/kg. The present study examined the anti‐obesity action of polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves by testing whether the polyphenol fractions prevented the obesity induced by feeding a high‐fat diet to female mice for 9 weeks. Body weights at 2–9 weeks and the ﬁnal parametrial adipose tissue weights were signiﬁcantly lower in mice fed the high‐fat diet with 5% polyphenols of S. matsudana leaves than in those fed the high‐fat diet alone. The polyphenols of S. matsudana leaves also signiﬁcantly reduced the hepatic total cholesterol content, which was elevated in mice fed the high‐fat diet alone. In addition, the polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves inhibited palmitic acid uptake into brush border membrane vesicles prepared from rat jejunum and α‐amylase activity, and their fractions enhanced norepinephrine‐induced lipolysis in fat cells. In conclusion, it is suggested that the inhibitory effects of the ﬂavonoid glycoside fraction of S. matsudana leaves on high‐fat diet‐induced obesity might be due to the inhibition of carbohydrate and lipid absorption from small intestine through the inhibition of α‐amylase and palmitic acid uptake into small intestinal brush border membrane or by accelerating fat mobilization through enhancing norepinephrine‐induced lipolysis in fat cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐obesity action of Salix matsudana leaves (Part 2). Isolation of anti‐obesity effectors from polyphenol fractions of Salix matsudana
Authors: Han Li‐Kun , Sumiyoshi Maho , Zheng Yi‐Nan , Okuda Hiromichi , Kimura Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2003

Previously, it was reported that polyphenol fractions prepared from the leaves of Salix matsudana reduced the elevation of the rat plasma triacylglycerol level at 3 and 4 h after oral administration of a lipid emulsion containing corn oil, at a dose of 570 mg/kg. Moreover, body weights at 2–9 weeks and the ﬁnal parametrial adipose tissue weights were signiﬁcantly lower in mice fed the high‐fat diet with 5% polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves than in those fed the high‐fat diet alone. The polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves also signiﬁcantly reduced the hepatic total cholesterol content, which was elevated in mice fed the high‐fat diet alone. In addition, the polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves inhibited palmitic acid uptake into brush border membrane vesicles prepared from rat jejunum and α‐amylase activity, and their fractions enhanced norepinephrine‐induced lipolysis in fat cells. To clarify the active substances inhibiting the palmitic acid uptake into small intestinal brush border membrane, the α‐amylase activity or enhancing the norepinephrine‐induced lipolyis in fat cells, the isolation of the active substances from polyphenol fraction was attempted using the above three assay systems. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were isolated from the polyphenol fractions and identiﬁed as apigenin‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside, luteolin‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside and chrysoeriol‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside, respectively. Among three ﬂavonoids, apigenin‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside inhibited α‐amylase activity, and luteolin‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside and chrysoeriol‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside inhibited palmitic acid uptake into small intestinal brush border membrane. Furthermore, three ﬂavonoid glucosides enhanced norepinephrine‐induced lipolysis in fat cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the regulated River Alta: effects of altered water temperature on parr growth
Authors: Jensen Arne J.
Published: December 2003

The chief objective of this study was to analyse the effects of altered water temperature, due to the hydropower regulation of the River Alta, on growth of Atlantic salmon parr. The river was developed for hydroelectric purposes in 1987. A 110 m high concrete dam was built in the main river 49 km upstream from the outlet to the sea. The outlet of the power station is located 2.5 km downstream from the dam. The annual regime of water temperature has been altered downstream from the power station because of the regulation. It has decreased 1–2° C during June, July and the first half of August, while it has increased up to 3° C during late summer. During winter, water temperature has increased from 0° C to about 0.3–0.4° C. Atlantic salmon is the predominant fish species in the river. They can penetrate 46 km from the sea, up to the outlet of the power station.

In this paper I have studied the relationship between growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon and water temperature in the upper part of the river. At similar temperatures, the growth rate of salmon parr in the River Alta is higher in early summer than later in the growing season. In early summer the salmon grew faster than the maximum rate predicted by a recently published model. Therefore, I adjusted the model to describe growth rates of salmon in early summer (ice break to mid‐August), using data derived prior to the hydropower development (1981–1986).

The new model proved effective at describing growth rates of fish in early summer following the hydropower development (1987–1996). After development, growth rates decreased during early summer, but increased correspondingly later in the season. There was close agreement between these growth changes and the altered annual regime of river temperature. Overall, only minor changes in annual growth rates have been observed after the hydropower development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of elevated water temperature on fish and macroinvertebrate communities below small dams
Authors: Lessard JoAnna L. , Hayes Daniel B.
Published: December 2003

Many studies have investigated the ecological changes that occur below dams that release cold, hypolimnetic water, but very few studies have looked at the effects of the release of warm, surface waters. The effect of small, surface release dams on downstream thermal regimes is a major habitat concern for many cold‐water systems, however. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of summer temperature increases due to impoundment on downstream fish and macroinvertebrate communities in cold‐water streams. We sampled fish, macroinvertebrates and habitat upstream and downstream of dams on ten rivers during the summers of 1998 and 1999. Changes in mean summer temperature downstream varied from a cooling of 1 °C to an increase of more than 5 °C. Increasing temperatures downstream coincided with lower densities of several cold‐water fish species, specifically brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) while overall fish species richness increased downstream. Density of mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi), another cold‐water species, was not related to temperature changes below the dams. Macroinvertebrates showed shifts in community composition below dams that increased temperature. This study provides information useful for determining the extent of impact of these small, surface release dams, which are abundant across the country. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age, growth and non‐flood recruitment of two potamodromous fishes in a large semi‐arid/temperate river system
Authors: Mallen‐Cooper M. , Stuart I. G.
Published: December 2003

Golden perch Macquaria ambigua (Percichthyidae) and silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Terapontidae) are two potamodromous fish species of the Murray‐Darling river system in southeastern Australia. Ageing of these species using thin sections of the sagittal otoliths and validation with known‐age fish revealed: they live for over 26 years; male and female silver perch reach maturity at 3 and 5 years respectively; male and female golden perch reach maturity at 2 and 4 years respectively; both species exhibit sexual dimorphism with larger females; and growth varies (L∞ silver perch 331–397 mm, golden perch 354–502 mm) among interconnected river systems. Longevity and opportunistic growth are characteristics that are well suited to the semi‐arid and temperate hydrology of this river system. A flood‐recruitment model for these two species, consistent with the ‘flood‐pulse concept’, has previously been assumed to be the main mechanism of recruitment. The model appeared appropriate for this large, low‐gradient river system with productive floodplains. However, in the middle reaches of the Murray River we found that golden perch recruitment was strong in non‐flood years and poor in flood years, and silver perch recruited in all years. These data do not preclude golden perch recruiting during floods as well, because downstream larval drift may have resulted in strong year‐classes being swept downstream of the sampling area during high flows. However, the recruitment models for these species need to be re‐evaluated to include within‐channel flows. Importantly, these flows can be manipulated by river regulation, unlike large floods, and therefore there is potential to enhance recruitment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotopes in zebra mussels as bioindicators of river–watershed linkages
Authors: Fry Brian , Allen Yvonne C.
Published: December 2003

Concerns about biodiversity and sustainability extend to many ecological systems, including large river systems that are highly modified by human activities. The Mississippi River is one such system that is currently regulated for navigational and flood control purposes, bears a large agricultural nutrient load, and has experienced rapid spread of the exotic zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, since 1991. Human development of the extensive watershed system of the Mississippi River is ongoing and is expected to lead to further changes in river ecology. This study tested whether stable isotope compositions of the zebra mussel could help identify watershed and tributary loading of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulphur (S) to the mainstem river. Zebra mussels were collected seasonally in the lower Mississippi River at Baton Rouge in 1997, and along most of the length of the river in a north–south transect from Minnesota to Louisiana during August 1998. Results showed substantial seasonal variations in C, N and S isotopic compositions of 2‰ or greater, but also that seasonal changes appeared regular and linked to changing watershed inputs and chemistry of the river water. Nitrate was the dominant N nutrient in the Mississippi River, but isotope analyses showed that food webs based on ammonium rather than nitrate were likely important for the zebra mussel. Results from the north–south transect followed expectations based on mixing of mainstem river water with tributaries that had different chemistries, so that local zones of influence were detectable in the combined CNS zebra mussel isotopes downstream of major tributary confluences for the Illinois, Missouri and Ohio Rivers. Overall, the study supports use of stable isotopes to help monitor watershed development and downstream effects on aquatic food webs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial impact of the Gabčíkovo hydroelectric scheme on the species richness and composition of 0+ fish assemblages in the Slovak flood plain, River Danube
Authors: Černý J. , Copp G. H. , Kováč V. , Gozlan R. , Vilizzi L.
Published: December 2003

Relatively little information exists on the effects of hydroelectric schemes on 0+ fish composition in large European rivers because few or no pre‐impact data exist. We compared 0+ fish species richness and composition, relative density, fish size as well as available and used habitat using data from 12 floodplain sites sampled just prior to (1992) and four years after (1996) the start of operations of the Gabčíkovo hydropower station on the River Danube (Slovakia). We also used modelling techniques to assess the change in species richness and habitat use and to predict 1996 occurrences from the 1992 data set. The floodplain was greatly modified by the hydroscheme. Only 12 of 27 sites sampled in August 1992 were extant in August 1996. Therefore, all four channel types identified (flowing, abandoned, weir, wing‐dam) were more lentic in 1996 than in 1992, with increased width, smaller‐sized sediment (silt, clay) and greater amounts of macrophytes. After the operations of the hydroscheme, the overall relative density of fishes (individuals per surface area) of all ages decreased, with the exception of 0+ fishes, despite a slight reduction in 0+ fish density in all channel types except weirs. Species number increased from 25 to 28, although in all channel types there was a change in the composition of the 0+ fish assemblages, with rheophiles generally replaced by limnophiles and migrants from the lower Danube. The two most important microhabitat variables were the proportion of macrophytes and gravel, the latter being the factor distinguishing 0+ fish microhabitat use in 1992 (preferences) and 1996 (indifference or avoidance). Species richness and 0+ fish density in 1996 could be predicted from the 1992 data using simple log‐linear models (density, richness, sample number). Species‐specific occurrence in 1996 could not be predicted using environmental/fish data from 1992 with multiple regression or generalized additive models (GAM). However, the overall GAM from 1992 could predict overall fish occurrence in 1996. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The choice between joint ventures and acquisitions in foreign direct investments: The role of partial acquisitions and accrued experience
Authors: Duarte Cristina López , García‐Canal Esteban
Published: December 2003

In order to avoid the liability of foreignness, firms invest in foreign countries pooling their own resources with those of local firms. This
combination of assets may take place through joint ventures or acquisitions. When facing the need to choose between these two entry modes, managers
find that there are two critical factors that have received little attention in previous research: the existence of different types of
acquisitions—full acquisitions, pure partial acquisitions, and shared partial acquisitions—and the role of the experience accrued by the
investing firm in carrying out investments through a particular entry mode. Both factors, as well as their managerial implications, are analyzed in
this article. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of family conglomerates in emerging markets: What Western companies should know
Authors: Kim Daekwan , Kandemir Destan , Cavusgil S. Tamer
Published: December 2003

Large, diversified, family‐owned businesses are dominant players in the economies of most emerging markets and can be excellent business
partners for Western companies. This article highlights the evolutionary patterns of family conglomerates (FCs) and delineates principal
drivers of their growth, expansion, and internationalization. Those aspects of FCs examined in this study include early mover advantages, foreign
alliances, competitive market positioning, and diversification. Also discussed are entry‐mode considerations for Western companies contemplating
doing business in the fast‐growth markets of East Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learning about corruption: Reviews, roots, and Russia
Authors: Rodriguez Peter
Published: December 2003

R. Rose‐Ackerman. 1999. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
266 pages. ISBN 0‐521‐63293‐5.

R. Neild. 2002. Public Corruption: The Dark Side of Social Evolution. London: Anthem Press. 250 pages. ISBN
1‐84331‐065‐1.

D. E. Hoffman. 2002. The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia. New York: Public Affairs. 567 pages. ISBN
1‐58648‐001‐4.
Interview: The future is bright, the future is hedge funds: An interview with James R. Hedges IV, founder, president, and chief investment officer of LJH Global Investments
Authors: Lhabitant François‐Serge
Published: December 2003

Founded in 1992, LJH Global Investments is one of the oldest global hedge fund advisory and fund of hedge funds management firms. Its disciplined
approach to evaluating hedge funds and their respective managers is recognized by many financial services firms such as banks, asset management firms,
and insurance companies. They rely on the firm as a sub‐advisor to build, manage, and service fund of hedge funds products. Its founder, James R.
Hedges IV, was the first fund of hedge funds expert ever invited to speak to the Bank of Japan executives on the burgeoning hedge fund industry. ©
2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth, markets, and competitive strategies: Successes and challenges in Latin America
Authors: Crummett María
Published: December 2003

M. Kotabe & R. Leal (Eds.). 2001. Market Revolution in Latin America: Beyond Mexico. New York: Pergamon. 379 pages.
ISBN 0‐08‐043897‐0.

F. Robles, F. Simon, & J. Haar (Eds.). 2002. Winning Strategies for the New Latin Markets. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Financial Times/Prentice Hall. 364 pages. ISBN 0‐13‐061716‐4.

J. Vial & P. K. Cornelius (Eds.). 2002. The Latin American Competitiveness Report 2001–2002. New York: Oxford
University Press. 213 pages. ISBN 0‐19‐515256‐5.
Intellectual property rights exhaustion—Opposite viewpoints: United States/Europe: Silhouette International v. Hartlauer & Quality King Distributors v. L'anza Research International
Authors: Tancer Robert S. , Mosseri‐Marlio Claude
Published: December 2003

This article considers two recent opinions, one of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the other of the Supreme Court of the United
States. Both deal with the exhaustion of intellectual property rights, but the results and underlying reasoning clearly conflict. In this brief
article, we attempt to discuss these cases and suggest some reasons for the different results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compact intergenic regions of the pufferfish genome facilitate isolation of gene promoters: characterization of Fugu 3′‐phosphoadenosine 5′‐phosphosulfate synthase 2 (fPapss2) gene promoter function in transgenic Xenopus
Authors: Stapleton Tara , Luchman Artee , Johnston Jillian , Browder Leon , Brenner Sydney , Venkatesh Byrappa , Jirik Frank R.
Published: December 2003

The highly compact nature of the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) genome renders it a useful tool not only for annotating coding regions within vertebrate genomes, but also for the identification of sequences important to gene regulation. Indeed, owing to this compaction it will be feasible in many instances to initiate analyses using entire intergenic regions when mapping gene promoters; a strategy that is very rarely feasible with the expanded genomes of other species. Stemming from our interest in studying promoters expressed in chondrocytes, we selected for study the intergenic region upstream of Fugu 3′‐phosphoadenosine 5′‐phosphosulfate synthase 2, fPapss2, a gene required for the normal development of cartilage extracellular matrix. Functional characterization of the entire fPapss2 5′ intergenic region was carried out by monitoring expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene reporter in the developing cartilage of transgenic Xenopus laevis. By evaluating a series of 5′ intergenic region deletions we defined a minimal fPapss2 sequence of ∼300 bp that was essential for EGFP expression in tadpole cartilage. This functional analysis of an entire Fugu intergenic region, combined with the efficiency of Xenopus transgenesis, serves as a model for the rapid characterization of evolutionarily‐conserved regulatory regions of other pufferfish genes.
Disruption of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase results in absolute glutathione auxotrophy and apoptosis in Candida albicans
Authors: Baek Yong-Un , Kim Yeon-Ran , Yim Hyung-Soon , Kang Sa-Ouk
Published: December 2003

Glutathione is the most abundant non‐protein thiol and a major source of reducing equivalents in eukaryotes. We examined the role of glutathione in Candida albicans by the disruption of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS1), an essential enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis. The gcs1/gcs1 null mutants exhibited glutathione auxotrophy, which could be rescued by supplementing with reduced and oxidized glutathione and γ‐glutamylcysteine. When the mutants were depleted of glutathione, they showed typical markers of apoptosis. These results suggest that glutathione itself is an essential metabolite and C. albicans lacking GCS1 undergoes apoptosis.
Identification of novel adrenomedullin in mammals: a potent cardiovascular and renal regulator
Authors: Takei Yoshio , Inoue Koji , Ogoshi Maho , Kawahara Tetsushi , Bannai Hideo , Miyano Satoru
Published: December 2003

We have identified cDNA encoding a new member of the adrenomedullin (AM) family, AM2, for the first time in mammals (mouse, rat and human). The predicted precursor carried mature AM2 in the C‐terminus, which had an intramolecular ring formed by an S–S bond and a possibly amidated C‐terminus. Phylogenetic analyses clustered AM2 and AM into two distinct but closely related groups. Similarity of exon–intron structure and synteny of neighboring genes showed that mammalian AM2 is an ortholog of pufferfish AM2 and a paralog of mammalian AM. AM2 mRNA was expressed in submaxillary gland, kidney, stomach, ovary, lymphoid tissues and pancreas of mice, but not in adrenal and testis. Intravenous injection of synthetic mature AM2 decreased arterial pressure more potently than AM, and induced antidiuresis and antinatriuresis in mice. These results show that at least two peptides, AM and AM2, comprise an adrenomedullin family in mammals, and that AM2 may play pivotal roles in cardiovascular and body fluid regulation.
Effect of oxygen on activation state of complex I and lack of oxaloacetate inhibition of complex II in Langendorff perfused rat heart
Authors: Maklashina Elena , Kotlyar Alexander B , Karliner Joel S , Cecchini Gary
Published: December 2003

Two main entry points for electrons into the mitochondrial respiratory chain are NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) and succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II). Metabolic regulation of these two respiratory complexes is not understood in detail. It has been suggested that the Krebs cycle metabolic intermediate oxaloacetate (OAA) inhibits complex II in vivo, whereas complex I undergoes a reversible active/de‐active transition. In normoxic and anoxic hearts it has been shown that the proportion of complex I in the active and de‐active states is different suggesting a possible mode of regulation of the enzyme by oxygen concentration. In the current studies rapid isolation of mitochondrial membranes in a state that preserves the activity of both complex I and complex II has been achieved using Langendorff perfused rat hearts. The findings indicate that the state of activation of complex I is controlled by the oxygen saturation in the perfusate. In addition, these studies show that complex II is fully active in the mitochondrion and not inhibited by OAA regardless of the oxygen concentration.
Characterization of a novel B‐CLL candidate gene – DLEU7 – located in the 13q14 tumor suppressor locus
Authors: Hammarsund Marianne , Corcoran Martin M. , Wilson William , Zhu Chaoyong , Einhorn Stefan , Sangfelt Olle , Grandér Dan
Published: December 2003

Deletion of chromosome 13q14 is the most frequent genetic aberration in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), found in more than 50% of cases, indicating that this region contains a gene(s) involved in the development of CLL. However, the pathogenic gene in the critical 13q14 region has not yet been defined. Here, we have cloned and characterized a novel gene, DLEU7, located adjacent to the consensus deleted region, and overlapping the 3′ end of DLEU1 tail to tail. Human DLEU7 encodes a putative 221 amino acid protein, with significant conservation in rodents. Mutational and expression analysis in primary CLL samples failed to demonstrate any specific mutations in DLEU7, but no DLEU7 expression could be detected in CLL cells. Methylation of a CpG island in the promoter region of DLEU7 was further analyzed as a possible mechanism for the absence of DLEU7 expression, and the promoter was found to be methylated in the majority of the CLL samples investigated.
Geochemical constraints on petrogenic processes on Venus
Authors: Nikolaeva Olga V. , Ariskin Alexey A.
Published: December 2003

Abundances of three incompatible elements (K, U, Th) have been determined by robotic spacecraft in five surface materials on Venus. We present these data normalized to terrestrial normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt (NMORB) derived from the depleted mantle. Relative to NMORB, all of the Venus materials studied are enriched in all of these elements. The moderately enriched (Venera 9 and 10, Vega 1 and 2) basaltic rocks are similar to one another in the sense of their enrichment trends (UN>KN) but differ from the highly enriched Venera 8 material, where the trend is KN>UN. This difference implies that the enrichment pattern for the basaltic materials is not controlled by crystallization of an NMORB‐like magma or by contamination of such a magma by highly enriched Venera 8 material within the crust, and the Venera 8 material cannot have evolved from the magma of any of the basaltic rocks. Our calculations show the K‐U‐Th pattern for any of the Venus rocks analyzed was not controlled by batch partial melting of primitive mantle. The Venera 8 material could be produced as a partial melt from eclogitic tholeiite, but none of the basaltic materials could be because the sense of their UN>KN trends is opposite to the enrichment trends in calculated models (KN>UN). The Venus basalts differ from fresh terrestrial rocks (NMORBs and oceanic island‐arc volcanics) in having nearly constant K/U ratios, while terrestrial rocks have nearly constant Th/U ratios. This may suggest an unusual composition of mantle source(s) of the Venus basalts and/or unusual fractionation process(es) on that planet.
Internal crater modification on Venus: Recognizing crater‐centered volcanism by changes in floor morphometry and floor brightness
Authors: Wichman Robert W.
Published: December 2003

Bright‐floored and dark‐floored craters on Venus show systematic differences in their size, distribution and apparent modification. Bright‐floored craters exhibit the following characteristics: an interior radar brightness comparable to the youngest craters on Venus, a tendency toward smaller crater diameters, and a broad range of crater elevations. In contrast, the dark‐floored craters are darker than pristine craters on Venus, are typically much larger, and preferentially occur at lower elevations. They also have larger floors than pristine craters of the same size and are similar in many respects to floor‐fractured craters on Venus. Of the four proposed origins for dark crater floors, these observations are most consistent with crater‐centered volcanism. Surface weathering or eolian deposition may contribute to floor darkening in some cases, but neither of these mechanisms, nor impact melts, can independently explain the full range of observed modifications. Based on the measurements of this study, volcanism has affected at least 6–13% of the impact craters on Venus. The estimated lava fill thicknesses are of the order of 100–500 m. Thus, if these flows are representative of eruptions elsewhere in the Venusian lowlands, the implied average flux of plains‐forming volcanism on Venus for the last 300 m.y. is ∼0.01–0.02 km3/yr.
The isotopic composition of atmospheric methane
Authors: Quay Paul , Stutsman John , Wilbur David , Snover Amy , Dlugokencky Ed , Brown Tom
Published: December 2003

Measurements of the 13C/12C, D/H and 14C composition of atmospheric methane (CH4) between 1988 and 1995 are presented. The 13C/12C measurements represent the first global data set with time series records presented for Point Barrow, Alaska (71°N), Olympic Peninsula, Washington (48°N), Mauna Loa, Hawaii (20°N), American Samoa (14°S), Cape Grim, Australia (41°S), and Baring Head, New Zealand (41°S). North‐south trends of the 13C/12C and D/H of atmospheric CH4 from air samples collected during oceanographic research cruises in the Pacific Ocean are also presented. The mean annual δ13C increased southward from about −47.7 ‰ at 71°N to −41.2 ‰ at 41°S. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle in δ13C ranged from about 0.4 ‰ at 71°N to 0.1 ‰ at 14°S. The seasonal δ13C cycle at sites in tropical latitudes could be explained by CH4 loss via reaction with OH radical, whereas at temperate and polar latitudes in the northern hemisphere seasonal changes in the δ13C of the CH4 source were needed to explain the seasonal cycle. The higher δ13C value in the southern (−47.2 ‰) versus northern (−47.4 ‰) hemisphere was a result of interhemispheric transport of CH4. A slight interannual δ13C increase of 0.02±0.005 ‰ yr−1 was measured at all sites between 1990 and 1995. The mean δD of atmospheric CH4 was −86±3 ‰ between 1989 and 1995 with a 10 ‰ depletion in the northern versus southern hemisphere. The 14C content of CH4 measured at 48°N increased from 122 to 128 percent modern between 1987 and 1995. The proportion of CH4 released from fossil sources was 18±9% in the early 1990s as derived from the 14C content of CH4.
Spatial distribution of air‐sea CO2 fluxes and the interhemispheric transport of carbon by the oceans
Authors: Murnane R. J. , Sarmiento J. L. , Le Quéré C.
Published: December 2003

The dominant processes controlling the magnitude and spatial distribution of the preindustrial air‐sea flux of CO2 are atmosphere‐ocean heat exchange and the biological pump, coupled with the direct influence of ocean circulation resulting from the slow time‐scale of air‐sea CO2 gas exchange equilibration. The influence of the biological pump is greatest in surface outcrops of deep water, where the excess deep ocean carbon resulting from net remineralization can escape to the atmosphere. In a steady state other regions compensate for this loss by taking up CO2 to give a global net air‐sea CO2 flux of zero. The predominant outcrop region is the Southern Ocean, where the loss to the atmosphere of biological pump CO2 is large enough to cancel the gain of CO2 due to cooling. The influence of the biological pump on uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is small: a model including biology takes up 4.9% less than a model without it. Our model does not predict the large southward interhemispheric transport of CO2 that has been suggested by atmospheric carbon transport constraints.
Atmospheric methyl halides and dimethyl sulfide from cattle
Authors: Williams Jody , Wang Nun‐Yii , Cicerone Ralph J. , Yagi Kazuyuki , Kurihara Mitsunori , Terada Fuminori
Published: December 2003

We have measured emissions of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and (CH3)2S (DMS) from Holstein cows. In one experiment, two cows were studied in separate metabolic research chambers for a 24‐hour period while on a normal diet and were studied for an additional 24‐hour period 1 week later after being placed on a diet enhanced in chloride and bromide. Methyl chloride emissions ranged between 0.4 × 10−3 and 1.5 × 10−3 g cow−1 d−1, while methyl bromide emissions were much smaller, 3 × 10−6−2 × 10−5 g cow−1 d−1. Daily emissions of methane from these cows were 134–180 g cow−1 d−1, quite similar to values found in many previous studies. A second 24‐hour study of two different cows on normal diets yielded daily emissions of 0.6 × 10−3 and 0.9 × 10−3 g CH3Cl, 0−1.0 × 10−6 g CH3Br, and 191 and 176 g CH4. If these emissions of CH3Cl and CH3Br are representative of the 1.3 billion head of cattle worldwide, then the global source of atmospheric CH3Cl and CH3Br from cattle would be 0.23–0.70 Gg yr−1 and (1–10) × 10−3 Gg yr−1, respectively. These emissions of CH3Cl and CH3Br represent <0.02% and <0.005%, respectively, of the total annual global atmospheric sources of these compounds; therefore, emissions of CH3Cl and CH3Br from cattle are insignificant contributors to their total sources. Discovered serendipitously, DMS emissions were between 0.17 and 0.24 g cow−1 d−1, and chloroform emissions were 2 × 10−4−3 × 10−3 g cow−1 d−1. DMS from cattle is not a major source over hemispheric or global scales but could be important in certain geographical regions. Chloroform (CHCl3) emissions were similarly detected and quantified, as were those of C2H5X (X = Cl or Br).