bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loneliness and Emotional Support Predict Physical and Psychological Distress in Latinas with Breast Cancer and Their Supportive Partners
Authors: Segrin Chris , Badger Terry , Pasvogel Alice
Published: June 2015

Following predictions from the stress process model, associations between loneliness, emotional support, physical health, and psychological distress were tested in 115 Latinas with breast cancer and their supportive partners. Results showed that loneliness and emotional support were predictive of psychological distress and physical symptoms. Additionally, emotional support minimized the association between physical symptoms and psychological distress. There were strong individual-level effects for loneliness and emotional support on physical health and psychological distress, and evidence that a partner’s loneliness also worsened psychological distress in the participants.
The Impact of Audit Completeness and Quality on Earnings Announcement GAAP Disclosures
Authors: Schroeder Joseph H.
Published: June 2015

This study examines the role of the external audit in management's decision about the amount of GAAP financial statement information to disclose in the annual earnings announcement. The earnings announcement is a key disclosure provided by public companies. Yet, there is no requirement that earnings announcements contain audited GAAP numbers; in fact, recent trends indicate that a majority of companies release earnings before the completion of year-end audit fieldwork. I predict and find that companies that wait until the audit is more complete at the earnings announcement date and receive higher quality audits provide more detailed balance sheet, cash flow statement, and overall GAAP disclosures. I also provide evidence that complete audits and higher quality audits impact the information content of the earnings announcement. The combined results indicate that audit completeness and quality help facilitate more detailed earnings announcement disclosures and have implications for the equity market.

Data Availability: Data are publicly available from sources identified in the text.
The Joint Effect of Unfavorable Supervisory Feedback Environments and External Mentoring on Job Attitudes and Job Outcomes in the Public Accounting Profession
Authors: Dalton Derek W. , Davis Ann Boyd , Viator Ralph E.
Published: June 2015

Unfavorable supervisory feedback environments (SFEs) occur when supervisors provide unhelpful, inconsistent, and inconsiderate feedback. This study investigates whether external mentoring (i.e., mentoring support that is provided by a superior who is external to the supervisor-subordinate relationship) can moderate (i.e., attenuate) the adverse effects of unfavorable SFEs that occur in the accounting profession. Based on a survey of 421 public accounting professionals, the results indicate that unfavorable SFEs are associated with lower job satisfaction and role clarity, which, in turn, lead to lower organizational commitment and higher turnover intentions. More importantly, the results also show that external mentoring moderates (i.e., attenuates) the negative effects of unfavorable SFEs on both role clarity and job satisfaction. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Michael V. Pisani. Music for the Melodramatic Theatre in Nineteenth-Century London and New York
Authors: Miller Derek
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT:

Review of Michael Pisani’s monograph on music for popular drama in the nineteenth-century Anglo-American theatre. A compendious, if repetitive, discussion of an overlooked aspect of theatre history. Essential reading for theatre historians, musicologists, and scholars working at the intersection of theatre and sound.
Richard Rankin Russell. Modernity, Community, and Place in Brian Friel’s Drama
Authors: Richards Shaun
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT:

A text-focused analysis of Brian Friel’s concern with the impact of modernity on traditional communities. Valuable for students of the playwright, but limited in terms of its engagement with wider debates on space and place in Irish drama and culture.
Molecular Composition of Plant Vacuoles: Important but Less Understood Regulations and Roles of Tonoplast Lipids
Authors: Zhang Chunhua , Hicks Glenn , Raikhel Natasha
Published: June 2015

The vacuole is an essential organelle for plant growth and development. It is the location for the storage of nutrients; such as sugars and proteins; and other metabolic products. Understanding the mechanisms of vacuolar trafficking and molecule transport across the vacuolar membrane is of great importance in understanding basic plant development and cell biology and for crop quality improvement. Proteins play important roles in vacuolar trafficking; such proteins include Rab GTPase signaling proteins; cargo recognition receptors; and SNAREs (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptors) that are involved in membrane fusion. Some vacuole membrane proteins also serve as the transporters or channels for transport across the tonoplast. Less understood but critical are the roles of lipids in vacuolar trafficking. In this review, we will first summarize molecular composition of plant vacuoles and we will then discuss our latest understanding on the role of lipids in plant vacuolar trafficking and a surprising connection to ribosome function through the study of ribosomal mutants.
Backscatter Analysis Using Multi-Temporal and Multi-Frequency SAR Data in the Context of Flood Mapping at River Saale, Germany
Authors: Martinis Sandro , Rieke Christoph
Published: June 2015

In this study, an analysis of multi-temporal and multi-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar data is performed to investigate the backscatter behavior of various semantic classes in the context of flood mapping in central Europe. The focus is mainly on partially submerged vegetation such as forests and agricultural fields. The test area is located at River Saale, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, which is covered by a time series of 39 TerraSAR-X data acquired within the time interval December 2009 to June 2013. The data set is supplemented by ALOS PALSAR L-band and RADARSAT-2 C-band data. The time series covers two inundations in January 2011 and June 2013 which allows evaluating backscatter variations between flood periods and normal water level conditions using different radar wavelengths. According to the results, there is potential in detecting flooding beneath vegetation in all microwave wavelengths, even in X-band for sparse vegetation or leaf-off forests.
Dynamiques forestières et gestion de la forêt (Forest dynamics and forest management)
Authors: Simon Laurent
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - The study of forest dynamics is of a major interest concerning forest managment (wood productivity, biodiversity, sustainable development). It implies the idea of a possible forest stability. Such an approach is not relevant in different kinds of forest, especially recent forest characterized by important evolutions. The southern Alps case study illustrates those difficulties and the stakes related.
L'arc alpin et le rôle des grandes villes de la périphérie dans le fonctionnement des réseaux (The alpin bow and the place of the great cities of the periphery in the networks operating)
Authors: Rougier Henri
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung. - Dank ihrer geographischen Lage in Europa sind die Alpen ein Raum, der tief verbunden mit dem Vorland scheint. Seit langem wurden im Gebirge Städte gegrundet, die entlang der wichtigsten Transitstrassen lagen. Heutzutage stehen die Städte des Alpenraumes in innigen Beziehungen zu denjenigen des Vorlandes sowie mehr entfernten Gebieten. Dies führt zu einem grosseren Einfluss der Ballungsgebiete uber das Gebirge und die Tatsache ist : ein Hinterland werden oder die Spezifizität aufrechterhalten. Die Wahl ist unangenehm ; man muss aber gestatten, dass der Alpenraum nun völlig im europäischen Netz liegt, der von einer Menge Grossstädten und Hauptverkehrsachsen gebildet ist. Trotzdem scheinen die einzigartigen Naturverhältnisse der Alpen das beste Mittel, damit das Gebirge seine geographische Identität retten kann.
Dallas-Fort Worth et Toronto : des très grandes villes aux centres-villes malmenés (Dallas-For Worth and Toronto : two larges cities with threaten dowtowns)
Authors: Smits Florence
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - L'équipement commercial en Amérique du Nord est marqué par des surfaces moyennes de magasin plus grandes qu'en Europe, des prix plus faibles mais des distances à parcourir par le consommateur qui sont plus grandes. Au sein de l'appareil commercial, les chaînes et les nouvelles formes de commerces - magasins d'usine... - sont de plus en plus nombreuses, notamment dans les banlieues. Ceci désavantage le centre-ville car le foncier y est cher et relativement rare tandis que la circulation automobile y est malaisée. Néanmoins, l'examen de Toronto et de Dallas - Fort Worth révèle qu'au-delà de ces points communs, l'évolution n'est pas partout aussi radicale.
Lille à l'avènement de la période bourguignonne, le témoignage des comptes urbains
Authors: Clauzel Denis
Published: June 2015

Denis Clauzel, Lille at the beginning of the Burgundian Era : the testimony of the urban Accounts, 1383-1388.

In 1384, Lille became the "Capital" of one of the most powerful States in the whole Occident. Traditionally this decision has been explained by the geographical position of the city in the heart of the "States beyond", as a halting place between Flanders and France, by the strength of its walls, by the social peace which reigned there. These arguments, though often put forward, do not resist a close analysis. The urban Accounts enable us to reconsider the question : Philippe le Hardi submits his "good city" to a thorough ransack : Money, tools, men,... all these elements which played an essential part in the constitution of the rising Burgundian power given by Lille to the Duke in a plentiful and regular way, without any real sign of ill-will since all these contributions brought riches and profit to many Lillois. The taxes paid by the city betray a wealth and an economical strength anterior to the Burgundian Era and by which the Duke largely benefited.
PREDICTION OF GOVERNMENT-OWNED BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION BASED ON AN RRELIEFF AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE MODEL
Authors: Son Hyojoo , Kim Changmin , Kim Changwan , Kang Youngcheol
Published: June 2015

Accurate prediction of the energy consumption of government-owned buildings in the design phase is vital for government agencies, as it enables formulation of the early phases of development of such buildings with a view to reducing their environmental impact. The aim of this study was to identify the variables that are associated with energy consumption in government-owned buildings and to propose a predictive model based on those variables. The proposed approach selects relevant variables using the RReliefF variable selection algorithm. The support vector machine (SVM) method is used to develop a model of energy consumption based on the identified variables. The proposed approach was analyzed and validated on data for 175 government-owned buildings derived from the 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) database. The experimental results revealed that the proposed model is able to predict the energy consumption of government-owned buildings in the design phase with a reasonable level of accuracy. The proposed model could be beneficial in guiding government agencies in developing early strategies and proactively reducing the environmental impact of a building, thereby achieving a high degree of sustainability of buildings constructed for government agencies.
Facebook and the Societal Aspects of Formal Learning
Authors: Woodley Carolyn , Dorrington Petrina
Published: June 2015

An online subject used social media to provide “collaborative spaces” that were “additional and complementary” to discussion in the university's Learning Management System (LMS). Facebook and Twitter provided optional “informal spaces” in which students “talk about general issues to do with media and connect with other students in the unit.” This chapter's analysis of Facebook posts shows a cooperative group of peers providing advice on assessment and recommending useful resources. Analysis, however, reveals that, as well as supportive posts, a proportion of posts could be considered inappropriate, distracting, or even, infrequently, inflammatory. Guidelines about acceptable behaviour must be imposed by teaching staff. More importantly, optional participation in social media sites requires critical consideration. If Facebook is used as a student support space for an online subject, it should be integrated into the curriculum and have an explicit purpose; making social media sites optional alongside mandatory university-supported platforms can prove problematic.
Teaching Students about Online Professionalism
Authors: Lancaster Thomas
Published: June 2015

Many students appear to be continually connected to social media sites such as Facebook. Such social media sites can be pervasive in nature. The use of these sites through mobile devices often extends into the classroom, sometimes to the detriment of scheduled teaching activities. Further, many students do not seem to be aware of the negative effect that ill-considered information placed on social media sites can have towards their future employment. This chapter reviews the positives and negatives of social media as it relates to the future employability of students. Due to the changing nature of this field, the chapter is largely presented from practical experience, rather than a traditional academic research-led approach. Much of the focus is on the ways that students can present themselves online in a manner which should encourage employers to offer students jobs and placement opportunities. The chapter reviews a number of the major Websites where students should establish professional profiles. It also looks at the overall need for students to establish a professional presence online and show that they are a desirable employee. The chapter concludes by looking at the challenges involved with integrating the teaching of employability through social media into existing teaching. A number of research areas for further consideration are also presented.
Students' Privacy Concerns on the Use of Social Media in Higher Education
Authors: Aymerich-Franch Laura , Fedele Maddalena
Published: June 2015

Social media is principally used by students in the private sphere. However, its implementation for educational purposes in higher education is rapidly expanding. This chapter looks into undergraduate students' perceptions of using social media in the university context. In particular, it examines students' privacy concerns regarding faculty use of social networks to support classroom work and video calling or online chats to meet for work discussion. Two-hundred-forty-four undergraduate students completed a survey and four focus groups were carried out. The results reveal that although students generally accept using social media in the instructional arena, privacy concerns can easily emerge. Educational institutions are encouraged to take these concerns seriously. Using applications specifically created for learning purposes and developing some guidelines for a correct implementation of these resources for the faculty to follow might contribute to alleviate these concerns.
A Traditional Organization Towards a New Dimension of Labour
Authors: Ferreira Maria João , Moreira Fernando , Seruca Isabel
Published: June 2015

Organizations have suffered a large (r)evolution at the social, economic and technological levels. A change of paradigm in the information systems and technologies (IST) used in the day-to-day life of every citizen cannot sustain such a transformation by itself; a change of culture and behaviour is therefore necessary. The use of IST in an appropriate and integrated way with the organization's processes will depend on an individual and collective effort. The younger generation, accustomed to sharing personal information on Facebook, Twitter, and other platforms,often through mobile devices, enters the job market looking for similar tools. These new “social tools” allow the production, sharing and management of information and knowledge within the organization between peers and other stakeholders, eliminating the barriers of communication and sharing. Taking advantage of these technologies for organizations within the context of Social Business, in particular nomadic workers, requires a comprehension exercise in how to demonstrate its usefulness with regard to the creation, access and sharing of contents in a safe way. To this end, this chapter provides a comprehensive view of a new context of labour faced by traditional organizations (i.e. social business supported by mobile IST – m_CSDT) in order to improve the well-being of these organizations through the collective intelligence and agility dimensions.
The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION): Methods of the Surveillance Program, 2011–2012 Through 2013–2014
Authors: Dompier Thomas P. , Marshall Stephen W. , Kerr Zachary Y. , Hayden Ross
Published: June 2015

Context

 Previous epidemiologic researchers have examined time-loss (TL) injuries in high school student-athletes, but little is known about the frequency of non–time-loss (NTL) injuries in these athletes.

Objective

 To describe the methods of the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) Surveillance Program and provide descriptive epidemiology of TL and NTL injuries across athletes in 27 high school sports.

Design

 Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

 Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from 147 high schools in 26 states.

Patients or Other Participants

 High school student-athletes participating in 13 boys' sports and 14 girls' sports during the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

 Athletic trainers documented injuries and exposures using commercially available injury-tracking software packages. Standard injury-tracking software was modified by the software vendors to conform to the surveillance needs of this project. The modified software exported a set of common data elements, stripped of personally identifiable information, to a centralized automated verification and validation system before they were included in the centralized research database. Dependent measures were injury and exposure frequencies and injury rates with 95% confidence intervals stratified by sport, sex, and injury type (TL or NTL).

Results

 Over the 3-year period, a total of 2337 team seasons across 27 sports resulted in 47 014 injuries and 5 146 355 athlete-exposures. The NTL injuries accounted for 38 765 (82.45%) and TL injuries for 8249 (17.55%) of the total.

Conclusions

 The NTL injuries accounted for a substantial amount of the total number of injuries sustained by high school student-athletes. This project demonstrates the feasibility of creating large-scale injury surveillance systems using commercially available injury-tracking software.
Observations and analysis of organic aerosol evolution in some prescribed fire smoke plumes
Authors: May A. A. , Lee T. , McMeeking G. R. , Akagi S. , Sullivan A. P. , Urbanski S. , Yokelson R. J. , Kreidenweis S. M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Open biomass burning is a significant source of primary air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and non-methane organic gases (NMOG). However, the physical and chemical atmospheric processing of these emissions during transport is poorly understood. Atmospheric transformations of biomass burning emissions have been investigated in environmental chambers, but there have been limited opportunities to investigate these transformations in the atmosphere. In this study, we deployed a suite of real-time instrumentation on a Twin Otter aircraft to sample smoke from prescribed fires in South Carolina, conducting measurements at both the source and downwind to characterize smoke evolution with atmospheric aging. Organic aerosol (OA) within the smoke plumes was quantified using an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS); refractory black carbon (rBC) was quantified using a single-particle soot photometer, and carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured using a cavity ring-down spectrometer. During the two fires for which we were able to obtain aerosol aging data, normalized excess mixing ratios and "export factors" of conserved species (rBC, CO, CO2) suggested that changes in emissions at the source did not account for most of the differences observed in samples of increasing age. An investigation of AMS mass fragments indicated that the in-plume fractional contribution (fm/z) to OA of the primary fragment (m/z 60) decreased downwind, while the fractional contribution of the secondary fragment (m/z 44) increased. Increases in f44 are typically interpreted as indicating chemical aging of OA. Likewise, we observed an increase in the O : C elemental ratio downwind, which is usually associated with aerosol aging. However, the rapid mixing of these plumes into the background air suggests that these chemical transformations may be attributable to the different volatilities of the compounds that fragment to these m/z in the AMS. The gas–particle partitioning behavior of the bulk OA observed during the study was consistent with the predictions from a parameterization developed for open biomass burning emissions in the laboratory. Furthermore, we observed no statistically significant increase in total organic mass with atmospheric transport. Hence, our results suggest that dilution-driven evaporation likely dominated over the chemical production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) within our smoke plumes, presumably due to the fast dilution and limited aging times (< ~ 5 h) that we could sample.
Eastern Mediterranean Sea circulation inferred from the conditions of S1 sapropel deposition
Authors: Tachikawa K. , Vidal L. , Cornuault M. , Garcia M. , Pothin A. , Sonzogni C. , Bard E. , Menot G. , Revel M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Holocene eastern Mediterranean Sea sediments contain an organic-rich sapropel S1 layer that was formed in oxygen-depleted waters. The spatial distribution of this layer revealed that during S1 deposition, deep waters were anoxic below a depth of 1800 m. However, whether this boundary permanently existed from the early to the mid-Holocene has not been examined yet. To answer this question, a multi-proxy approach was applied to a core retrieved close to the 1800 m boundary (at 1780 m). We measured the bulk sediment elemental composition, the stable isotopic composition of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber and the abundance of benthic foraminifera since the last deglaciation. The result indicates that authigenic U and Mo accumulation began around 13–12 cal ka BP, in concert with surface water freshening estimated from the G. ruber δ18O record. The onset of bottom and pore water oxygen depletion occurred prior to S1 deposition inferred from barium enrichment. In the middle of the S1 deposition period, reduced authigenic V, Fe and As contents and the Br/Cl ratio indicated short-term bottom-water re-oxygenation. A sharp Mn peak and maximal abundance for benthic foraminifera marked a total recovery for circulation at approximately 7 cal ka BP. Based on our results and existing data, we suggest that S1 formation within the upper 1780 m of the eastern Mediterranean Sea was preconditioned by reduced ventilation, resulting from excess freshwater inputs due to insolation changes under deglacial conditions that initiated between 15 and 12 cal ka BP within the upper 1780 m. Short-term re-oxygenation in the Levantine Basin is estimated to have affected bottom water at least as deep as 1780 m in response to cooling and/or the reduction of freshwater inputs. We tentatively propose that complete ventilation recovery at the S1 termination was depth-dependent, with earlier oxygenation within the upper 1780 m. Our results provide new constraints on vertical water column structure in the eastern Mediterranean Sea since the last deglaciation.
Autopsie des événements hydrométéorologiques extrêmes de 1969 en Tunisie
Authors: Boudhraâ H. , Cudennec C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Retrospective forensics of the 1969 extreme hydrometeorological events in Tunisia – Tunisia experienced extreme rainfall-flood events in September and October~1969 across most of the country. These events have been gauged and reconstituted in such a detailed manner that they are now the best known extreme events in Maghreb, both because they represent the most important events ever quantified and because many land uses and hydraulic facilities have changed and been set up since then, thus changing regimes. The retrospective forensics of these events are much valuable not only in terms of hydrological and geomorphological knowledge, but also in terms of actual and future water and infrastructure management as many dams, overexploited groundwater, human settlement and security stakes are now depending and vulnerable to such possible events in the future.
Evaluating Interventions Uptake in Indigenous Chicken Production in a Participatory Research with Smallholder Farmers in Kenya
Authors: Ndegwa Joseph Mutitu , Mead Roger , Norrish Patricia , Shepherd Derek , Kimani Catherine , Wachira Anne , Siamba Donald
Published: June 2015

Indigenous chicken production system has long been characterised by low productivity due to among other factors, poor management, inadequate and poor feeding regime, poor (or lack) of disease control measures, poor hygiene, inappropriate housing, negative attitudes, lack of technical knowledge and lack of institutional support in terms of policy and infrastructure. This research was carried out to evaluate effects of improved management practices on performance of indigenous chickens at farm level and consequences for farmer participation in the implementation of research activities. The research involved 200 farmers in five regions in three counties. Four villages were selected per region and10 farms in each village. Interventions housing, feed supplementation, vaccination and deworming were implemented by farmers and monitoring and evaluation carried out. Farmers used own local inputs in implementing the project interventions and recorded various project activities and outputs. The project was monitored over a span of five, 3-months long periods. 25% of farmers in the entire five regions did not have housing as a treatment in any of 5 periods. Feed supplementation had high level of use by all farmers in each period. More farmers applied deworming in later periods, 25% had vaccination in period 1, and 40% in period 5. Periods 3 – 5 generally seem to be the time most applications were done. Flock sizes rose from 10 – 20 birds per farm to 20 – 30. Farmer participatory research is a tool for technology testing and transfer and a quick and effective means of generating and disseminating information.
Extra-gonadal Sperm Reserve and Daily Sperm Production of Male Rabbits Fed Diets Supplemented with Cerium Oxide
Authors: Adu Olufemi Adesanya , Ladipo M Kudi , David Oyefeso Sesan , Akinmuyisitan Iyabo Wuraola
Published: June 2015

In an 8-week feeding experiment, 32 growing buck rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of an average weight of 1366.56±37.54g, were used to assess the effects of inclusion of different dietary concentrations of Cerium oxide (CeO), a Rare Earth Element, at 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm on fertility. The animals were randomly allotted to the four dietary groups, each consisting of eight animals per treatment. The Extra-gonadal Sperm Reserve (the sperm stored in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymis), the testes weights and the daily sperm production (DSP) were estimated. The results revealed that the extra-gonadal Sperm Reserves (ESR) were significantly (P<0.05) increased by dietary cerium oxide at 100 ppm inclusion. Sperm reserves were higher in bucks fed dietary cerium oxide compared with those fed control diet and the highest value recorded at 100 ppm level of inclusion. The results also showed that the testes weights and the daily sperm production (DSP) per testes of the buck rabbits were significantly (P<0.05) increased. The testes of the animals fed diets containing 50-150 ppm dietary cerium oxide had good and normal testicular generation and proper process of spermatogenesis. Therefore, feeding diets supplemented with cerium oxide to buck rabbits to be used for breeding would positively influence sperm production.
Leder
Authors: Myskja Bjørn , Nydal Rune , Solberg Berge
Published: June 2015

Velkommen til Etikk i praksis – Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics. Gjennom dette tidsskriftet ønsker vi å bidra til bedre kontakt mellom forskere innenfor anvendt etikk i Norden. Det finnes et økende antall forskere som arbeider med anvendte etiske problemstillinger, og anvendt etikk har blitt et tverrfaglig forskningsfelt i alle nordiske land. Etikk i praksis har som mål å gjøre den anvendte etikken i Norden sterkere og synligere.
Er seleksjon av døve eller hørende barn to sider av samme sak? En bioetisk argumentasjon basert på autentisitetsbetraktninger
Authors: Kermit Patrick
Published: June 2015

I denne teksten blir følgende spørsmål tatt opp til drøfting: Er det å ta medisinsk teknologi i bruk for å selektere et døvt barn mer etisk problematisk enn det motsatte; å bruke teknologien for å sikre seg et hørende barn? På bakgrunn av fire premisser konkluderer jeg med at både seleksjon for døvhet og for hørsel er tilnærmet like etisk problematisk. De fire premissene er 1) at seleksjonskriteriet sykdom eller skade bør erstattes av autentisitetsbetraktninger, 2) at døve og hørende har samme potensial for autentisk livsutfoldelse, selv om det ikke kan avvises at døvhet kjennetegnes ved manglende hørsel, 3) at seleksjon innebærer fravalg av liv som har autentisk potensialitet enten som døv eller hørende, og 4) at dette fravalget involverer en etisk kostnad. Konklusjonen har enkelte andre implikasjoner og en restproblematikk som belyses avslutningsvis.
Den svenska modellen för nanoteknik – mer effektiv än reflexiv?
Authors: Fogelberg Hans
Published: June 2015

Syftet med artikeln är att diskutera organiseringen av svensk nanoteknik och varför denna skiljer sig från de länder inom vilka det sker en mer sammanhållen aktörsmobilisering kring nanoteknik, och där tillväxtfokus i högre grad än i Sverige integreras med fokus på miljö och samhällsmässiga aspekter. Utvecklingen av svensk nanoteknik visar att vetenskaplig effektivitet inte nödvändigtvis betyder att frågor om innovation eller effekter av denna innovation också hanteras effektivt. Stora vetenskapsprogram drivs utan samordnande hantering av nanoteknik som innovationsobjekt. Forskning om miljö och samhälleliga aspekter sker i liten skala och utan tydlig koppling till nanoteknikens innovationssystem. Förklaringar söks i den svenska modellens implikation för FoU i allmänhet och nanoteknik i synnerhet. Modellen är centrerad kring storindustrins behov och har sitt fokus på expertis. Sammantaget har Sverige haft svårt både att hantera nanoteknik som utvecklingsprojekt och att bredda diskussionen kring nanoteknik som samhällsprojekt.
Not your problem? Exploring the relationship between problem formulation and social responsibility
Authors: Jørgensen Sveinung , Tynes Lars Jacob
Published: June 2015

This article explores the relationship between organizationalproblem formulation and social responsibility. Thepurpose of the article is to illuminate how organizationalproblem formulations (1) determine the manner in whichthe organization attempts to solve the problem and (2)involve the ascription of significance to a group of stakeholdersseen as relevant for the organization. This has implicationsfor the degree to which they assume responsibilityfor those stakeholders. We discuss three dimensions ofresponsible decision making – rationality in goal attainment,reverence for ethical norms, and respect for stakeholders.Thereby, we arrive at an understanding of how differentorganizations in the same sector conceive of, andattempt to solve fundamental problems in the sector, aswell as how their assumed responsibility is reflected therein.We present and discuss a case that discusses keysimilarities and differences between two organizations inthe drug sector – a pharmaceutical company that producesmedicine for the treatment of drug addiction and a foundationworking with drug rehabilitation. We illuminatehow the two organizations base their activities on divergentformulations of the drug problem and how this ismanifested in their approach to the problem. We argue that this ultimately translates into differences in the inclusion of various stakeholdersin their problem space, and thereby the degree to which they assumeresponsibility for key stakeholders. This contributes to the corporate socialresponsibility literature by providing an in depth account of how problem formulationsshape organizational activities and determine the practical inclusionof stakeholders’ interests in the decisions and activities of organizations.
Norske kommuner i elektronisk utakt? Fra sosiale til geografiske digitale ulikheter
Authors: Sørensen Knut H. , Muñoz Lucía Liste
Published: June 2015

Utviklingen innenfor informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi (IKT) har gitt opphav til en type etisk-politisk utfordring som gjerne kalles digital ulikhet. Tradisjonelt har det dreid seg om sosiale ulikheter i tilgangen til IKT på individnivå. Nyere forskning på området er mer opptatt av bruk og dermed av tilbudet av aktiviteter og tjenester gjennom Internett. I denne artikkelen ser vi på hvordan det kan oppstå geografisk digital ulikhet som følge av at norske kommuner tilbyr digitale tjenester – herunder informasjon og ressurser for lokalpolitisk deltakelse – i svært forskjellig omfang. Det betyr at kommunene står overfor etisk-politiske utfordringer knyttet til digital ulikhet som følge av deres strategier for bruk av hjemmesider, og for digital utvikling av kommunen mer generelt. Selv om det er få kommuner som tilbyr særlig mye når det gjelder lokalpolitisk deltakelse, er ulikhetene i tilbudet av informasjon og digitale tjenester betydelige. I tillegg bidrar velutviklede hjemmesider til å gjøre kommunen mer gjennomsiktig og lettere tilgjengelig, noe vi antar er en fordel for innbyggerne. Analysen er basert på en kvantitativt orientert innholdsanalyse av hjemmesidene til alle norske kommuner og en kvalitativ innholdsanalyse av hjemmesidene til ti norske kommuner.Nøkkelord: digital ulikhet, etisk-politiske utfordringer, kommuner, hjemmesider, digitale tjenesterEnglish summary: Norwegian local governments electronically out of step? From social to geographical digital dividesThe development of information and communication technologies (ICT) has raised a kind of ethical–political challenge usually referred to as a digital divide. Traditionally, this has fomented concerns about social inequalities with respect to individual access to ICT. More recent scholarship argues the need to be more focused on use rather than access; accordingly, also on the supply of activities and services through internet. In this article, we study how geographical digital divides may appear as a consequence of the fact that Norwegian local governments supply digital services – including information and resources for local political participation – to quite a different extent. This means that local governments face ethical–political challenges related to digital divides as a consequence of their strategies for the development of home pages and for digital development of local government services more generally. Even though only a few local governments offer much with regard to local political participation, the inequalities with respect to the supply of information and digital services are considerable. In addition, apparently, well–developed home pages make the local government more transparent and more accessible. We believe this to be of advantage to local citizens. The analysis is based on a quantitative content analysis of all Norwegian local governments and a qualitative content analysis of the home pages of 10 local governments.
Ethical Navigation in Leadership Training
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind , Øverenget Einar
Published: June 2015

Business leaders frequently face dilemmas, circumstances where whatever course of action they choose, something of important value will be offended. How can an organisation prepare its decision makers for such situations? This article presents a pedagogical approach to dilemma training for business leaders and managers. It has evolved through ten years of experience with human resource development, where ethics has been an integral part of programs designed to help individuals to become excellent in their professional roles. The core element in our approach is The Navigation Wheel, a figure used to keep track of relevant decision factors. Feedback from participants indicates that dilemma training has helped them to recognise the ethical dimension of leadership. They respond that the tools and concepts are highly relevant in relation to the challenges that occur in the working environment they return to after leadership training.
SELECTED ASPECTS OF SIMULATION MODELLING OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT PROCESSES PERFORMED AT LOGISTICS FACILITIES
Authors: Karkula Marek
Published: June 2015

The transport is an important part of logistic systems. Improper management of transport operations may contribute to the low level of the usage of vehicles and to high transport costs, as well as to the formation of unnecessary high inventory at each location of storage, as well as prolonged time of order realization and not full use of company capacity. It is therefore important the appropriate dimensioning, planning of the transport system and performed transport operations so as to allow the supply of certain goods at the right time and the amount to the appropriate points of the system. The article presents the methods of transport operations modelling, taking into account different criteria based on discrete event simulation. In the article the case study of modelling transport operations in the small cross-docking centre is also presented
MODELS OF TRAFFIC FLOW DISTRIBUTION FOR VARIOUS SCENARIOS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROECOLOGICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Authors: Jacyna-Gołda Ilona , Żak Jolanta , Gołębiowski Piotr
Published: June 2015

The paper is a result of a research work concerning the development of an environmentally friendly transport system - Project EMITRANSYS. The publication contains the issues of shaping the transport system, where important factor due to the aspect of sustainable development is including the external costs in transport activity. This paper presents a mathematical model of the distribution of the traffic flow in the transport network. The paper presents selected aspects of the problem of multi-variant distribution of the traffic stream on the network transport for defined scenarios for the transport system development. Traffic distribution on the network has been made due to the criterion function – external cost connected with air pollution. The paper presents modal split of traffic ecological flow for chosen scenarios of the development domestic transport system. Key words: distribution of traffic on the network,
The Honour of the Crown in Aboriginal Land Issues: Manitoba Métis Federation Inc. v. R., 2013
Authors: Barry Michael
Published: June 2015

Promises of land allotments that the Crown made to Métis children in 1870 were fulfilled for some eligible children and partially fulfilled for others. This led to the Manitoba Métis Federation and seventeen individuals initiating action against the federal Crown, claiming that the Crown had breached a fiduciary obligation to the Métis and had failed to uphold the honour of the Crown by not executing its obligation diligently, which, in turn, had caused injury to a number of the children. At trial, upheld on appeal, the case was dismissed. The fiduciary obligation was deemed not to exist, the honour of the Crown had not been breached, and the action was barred by both statutes of limitations and the doctrine of laches. Overturning the decision, the Supreme Court of Canada, however, held that the honour of the Crown had been breached and statutes of limitations and the doctrine of laches did not apply. The case contributes to Canadian jurisprudence regarding the honour of the Crown in Aboriginal land matters. It is also of interest in international land administration and land restitution, given the current high incidence of grabbing of customary/Aboriginal land in many countries.
Children’s critical evaluation of parental mediation
Authors: Haddon Leslie
Published: June 2015

Although the new sociology of childhood draws attention to societal influences on children’s experiences, it also sees them as active agents. This article investigates children’s perspectives on parental interventions in regards their use of the internet, an aspect not covered in the parental mediation literature. Although children are generally positive about this mediation, here we explore cases where children consider it to be problematic through analysing the EU Kids Online qualitative research conducted in nine countries. The material shows how parental advice can sometimes be less articulated, justified, and expressed in a sensitive manner, and why it sometimes lacks credibility in children’s eyes. The article illustrates how maturing children can develop a sense of social expectations about independence, trust and personal social space. This can have a bearing on how they evaluate parental monitoring. Lastly, the article examines factors inhibiting children’s willingness to confide in parents about sensitive issues, because of potential parental responses, parenting styles, and a fear of losing parental trust that children have gained as they have grown older.
Efficient Gene Editing in Pluripotent Stem Cells by Bacterial Injection of Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease Proteins
Authors: Jia Jingyue , Bai Fang , Jin Yongxin , Santostefano Katherine E. , Ha Un-Hwan , Wu Donghai , Wu Weihui , Terada Naohiro , Jin Shouguang
Published: June 2015

The type III secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a powerful tool for direct protein delivery into mammalian cells and has successfully been used to deliver various exogenous proteins into mammalian cells. In the present study, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) proteins have been efficiently delivered using the P. aeruginosa T3SS into mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), human ESCs (hESCs), and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for genome editing. This bacterial delivery system offers an alternative method of TALEN delivery that is highly efficient in cleavage of the chromosomal target and presumably safer by avoiding plasmid DNA introduction. We combined the method of bacterial T3SS-mediated TALEN protein injection and transfection of an oligonucleotide template to effectively generate precise genetic modifications in the stem cells. Initially, we efficiently edited a single-base in the gfp gene of a mESC line to silence green fluorescent protein (GFP) production. The resulting GFP-negative mESC was cloned from a single cell and subsequently mutated back to a GFP-positive mESC line. Using the same approach, the gfp gene was also effectively knocked out in hESCs. In addition, a defined single-base edition was effectively introduced into the X-chromosome-linked HPRT1 gene in hiPSCs, generating an in vitro model of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. T3SS-mediated TALEN protein delivery provides a highly efficient alternative for introducing precise gene editing within pluripotent stem cells for the purpose of disease genotype-phenotype relationship studies and cellular replacement therapies.

Significance

The present study describes a novel and powerful tool for the delivery of the genome editing enzyme transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) directly into pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), achieving desired base changes on the genomes of PSCs with high efficiency. This novel approach uses bacteria as a protein delivery tool. It is easy to manipulate and adaptable to scaling up. This is a safe delivery system, because the delivery strains can be easily eliminated using simple antibiotic treatment. Type III secretion system (T3SS)-mediated TALEN protein delivery provides a highly efficient alternative for introducing precise gene alterations within PSCs for the purpose of disease genotype-phenotype relationship studies and cellular replacement therapies. The results of the present study also pave the way to applying the bacterial T3SS to deliver transcriptional factors into PSCs for cellular reprogramming, raising the hope of a safe technology that can be used in cell or tissue replacement therapy for human genetic diseases.
Convergent weaponry in a biological arms race
Authors: Baker Edward N , Young Paul G
Published: June 2015

Bacterial surface proteins covalently attach to host cells via a mechanism that is also used by immune system proteins that help eliminate invading pathogens.
Three‐Dimensional Bimetal‐Graphene‐Semiconductor Coaxial Nanowire Arrays to Harness Charge Flow for the Photochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Hou Jungang , Cheng Huijie , Takeda Osamu , Zhu Hongmin
Published: June 2015

The photochemical conversion of carbon dioxide provides a straightforward and effective strategy for the highly efficient production of solar fuels with high solar‐light utilization efficiency. However, the high recombination rate of photoexcited electron–hole (e‐h) pairs and the poor photostability have greatly limited their practical applications. Herein, a practical strategy is proposed to facilitate the separation of e‐h pairs and enhance the photostability in a semiconductor by the use of a Schottky junction in a bimetal‐graphene‐semiconductor stack array. Importantly, Au‐Cu nanoalloys (ca. 3 nm) supported on a 3D ultrathin graphene shell encapsulating a p‐type Cu2O coaxial nanowire array promotes the stable photochemical reduction of CO2 to methanol by the synergetic catalytic effect of interfacial modulation and charge‐transfer channel design. This work provides a promising lead for the development of practical catalysts for sustainable fuel synthesis.
A Four‐Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Dioxadiazaborocines
Authors: Flagstad Thomas , Petersen Mette T. , Nielsen Thomas E.
Published: June 2015

A four‐component reaction for the synthesis of heterocyclic boronates is reported. Readily available hydrazides, α‐hydroxy aldehydes, and two orthogonally reactive boronic acids are combined in a single step to give structurally distinct bicyclic boronates, termed dioxadiazaborocines (DODA borocines). In this remarkable process, one boronic acid reacts as a carbon nucleophile and the other as a boron electrophile to provide enantio‐ and diastereomerically pure heterocyclic boronates with multiple stereocenters in high yields.