bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive accounting
Authors: Brimson Jim , Antos John
Published: February 2004

Accounting is designed to meet fiduciary requirements rather than give transparency to operational
performance. This is a weakness that dooms the current accounting model to be largely irrelevant. If
Enron's off‐balance‐sheet investments had proved successful, we would never have heard of
Enron's accounting practices. Only during a performance crisis are accounting practices scrutinized. The
reason is simple: There is very little reason to bend accounting rules when performance is excellent, but there
are many reasons to take advantage of flexible accounting rules when performance degrades. © 2004
Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why there are no longer valid excuses to avoid ABC
Authors: Barrett Richard
Published: February 2004

A couple of years ago commissioning an activity‐based costing (ABC) project could have meant
armies of cost accountants locking themselves away in darkened rooms for months on end before any meaningful
results were generated, only to have them summarily dismissed by line managers as being out of date and
unreliable. Here we attempt to dispel this common misconception about ABC and reassess its value and exactly
what constitutes best practice today. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New training method boosts productivity
Authors: Goldberg Jennifer S. , Goldberg Stephen R.
Published: February 2004

A new training method—called a community‐of‐practice approach—can help you boost
productivity, save time, and improve performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Claiming the employer‐provided child care credit
Authors: Dykxhoorn Hans J. , Sinning Kathleen E.
Published: February 2004

Providing child care facilities for employees who need it is the smart thing to do. And you can also claim a
tax credit. Here's how. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Achieving management success
Authors: Goldberg Stephen R. , Godwin Joseph H.
Published: February 2004

Marash, Stanley A. (with Paul Berman and Michael Flynn). 2003, Fusion Management: Harnessing
the Power of Six Sigma, Lean, ISO 9001:2000, Malcolm Baldrige, TQM and Other Quality Breakthroughs of the
Past Century (Fairfax, VA: QSU Publishing).

Thull, Jeff. 2003, Mastering the Complex Sale: How to Compete and Win When the Stakes Are
High! (New York: John Wiley & Sons).
Dynamic process of prostate cancer metastasis to bone
Authors: Tantivejkul Kwanchanit , Kalikin Linda M. , Pienta Kenneth J.
Published: February 2004

Prostate cancer metastasis to the bone occurs at high frequency in patients with advanced disease, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Over a century ago, the “seed and soil” theory was proposed to explain organ‐specific patterns of metastases. Today, this theory continues to be relevant as we continue to discover factors involved in the attraction and subsequent growth of prostate cancer cells to the bone. These include the accumulation of genetic changes within cancer cells, the preferential binding of cancer cells to bone marrow endothelial cells, and the release of cancer cell chemoattractants from bone elements. A key mediator throughout this metastatic process is the integrin family of proteins. Alterations in integrin expression and function promote dissociation of cancer cells from the primary tumor mass and migration into the blood stream. Once in circulation, integrins facilitate cancer cell survival through interactions between other cancer cells, platelets, and endothelial cells of the target bone. Furthermore, dynamic changes in integrins and in integrin‐associated signal transduction aid in the extravasation of cancer cells into the bone and in expansion to a clinically relevant metastasis. Thus, we will review the critical roles of integrins in the process of prostate cancer bone metastasis, from the escape of cancer cells from the primary tumor, to their survival in the harsh “third microenvironment” of the circulation, and ultimately to their attachment and growth at distant bone sites. Copyright © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenylbutyrate decreases type I collagen production in human lung fibroblasts
Authors: Rishikof David C. , Ricupero Dennis A. , Liu Hanqiao , Goldstein Ronald H.
Published: February 2004

Fibrotic lung diseases are characterized by excess extracellular matrix production, in particular type I collagen. Phenylbutyrate (PB) is a non‐toxic pharmacological compound that functions as a weak histone deacetylase inhibitor. In hepatic stellate cells, the synthesis of type I collagen expression is decreased by inhibiting histone acetylation. Our studies examined the regulation of type I collagen by PB in human lung fibroblasts. We found that PB decreases basal and transforming growth factor‐β‐stimulated α1(I) collagen mRNA and protein levels. Northern blot analyses demonstrated that PB decreases steady‐state α1(I) collagen mRNA levels by 78% without significantly changing the stability of the mRNA transcript. PB stimulates cAMP production and increases the acetylation of histone H4, but does not affect the activity of two transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)‐responsive luciferase reporter constructs. These data suggest that PB regulates type I collagen expression in human lung fibroblasts by mechanisms that include cAMP production and histone acetylation. PB may have therapeutic use in fibrotic lung diseases. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
COX inhibitors modulate bFGF‐induced cell survival in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Teh Swee H. , Hill Arnold K. , Foley Deidre A. , McDermott Edna W. , O'Higgins Niall J. , Young Leonie S.
Published: February 2004

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) serves as a modulator of survival in breast cancer cells. The mechanisms by which bFGF transduces the anti‐apoptotic signal and interacts with COX inhibitors were investigated. bFGF reduced apoptosis in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and up‐regulated the expression of mitocondrial Bcl‐2, whereas COX inhibitors meloxicam (selective COX‐2) and aspirin (non‐selective), induced apoptosis. bFGF up‐regulated survivin protein expression and induced cdc‐2 phosphorylation moderately at early (2–6 h), and substantially at late (24 h), time‐points. Survivin mRNA expression was up‐regulated only at the later time‐point. COX inhibitors prevented up‐regulation of survivin protein expression at both 2 and 24 h and prevented early modest increases in cdc‐2 phosphorylation. Up‐regulation of survivin mRNA was not found to be modulated by the COX‐2 inhibitor meloxicam. bFGF regulation of survivin expression was found to be ERK1/2 kinase dependent and bFGF‐induced phosphorylation of c‐raf was prevented by the COX‐2 inhibitor. bFGF was, however, unable to induce COX‐2 protein expression or modulate COX‐2 activity in MCF‐7 cells as evidenced by unaltered PGE2 production. These results indicate that bFGF regulates survivin expression in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells by signaling through an ERK1/2 dependent pathway. COX‐2 inhibitors can modulate bFGF‐induced survivin expression in a COX‐2 independent manner. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steroid hormones, polypeptide growth factors, hormone refractory prostate cancer, and the neuroendocrine phenotype
Authors: Evangelou Andreas I. , Winter Scott F. , Huss Wendy J. , Bok Robert A. , Greenberg Norman M.
Published: February 2004

The growth, development, and differentiation of the prostate gland is largely dependent on the action of androgens and peptide growth factors that act differentially at the level of the mesenchymal and epithelial compartments. It is our premise that to understand the emergence of metastatic and hormone refractory prostate cancer we need to investigate: (1) how androgen action at the level of the mesenchyme induces the production of peptide growth factors that in turn can facilitate the growth and development of the epithelial compartment; (2) how androgen action at the level of the epithelium induces and maintains cellular differentiation, function, and replicative senescence; and (3) how transformation of the prostate gland can corrupt androgen and growth factor signaling homeostasis. To this end, we focus our discussion on how deregulation of the growth factor signaling axis can cooperate with deregulation of the androgen signaling axis to facilitate transformation, metastasis, and the emergence of the hormone refractory and neuroendocrine phenotypes associated with progressive androgen‐independent prostate cancer. Finally, we suggest a working hypothesis to explain why hormone ablation therapy works to control early disease but fails to control, and may even facilitate, advanced prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence that annexin II Is not a putative membrane receptor for 1α,25(OH)2‐vitamin D3
Authors: Mizwicki Mathew T. , Bishop June E. , Olivera Christopher J. , Huhtakangas Johanna , Norman Anthony W.
Published: February 2004

The seco‐steroid hormone 1α,25(OH)2‐vitamin D3 (1,25‐D3) is known to generate biological responses via both genomic and non‐genomic rapid signal transduction pathways. The calcium regulated annexin II/p11 heterotetramer (AII2/p112] was proposed by Baran and co‐authors to be the membrane receptor responsible for mediating non‐genomic, rapid actions of 1,25‐D3, based on ligand affinity labeling, competition, and saturation analysis experiments. Given the cytosolic presence of both the monomeric and heterotetrameric form of AII and their functional regulation by intracellular calcium concentrations, which are known to be affected by 1,25‐D3 rapid, non‐genomic activities, we investigated in vitro the affinity of [3H]1,25‐D3 for the AII monomer and AII2/p112 in the absence and presence of calcium using saturation analysis and gel‐filtration chromatography. Using two different techniques for separating bound from free ligand (perchlorate and hydroxylapatite (HAP)) over a series of 30 experiments, no evidence for specific binding of [3H]1,25‐D3 was obtained with or without the presence of 700 nM exogenous calcium, using either the AII monomer or AII2/p112. However saturable binding of [3H]1,25‐D3 to the lipid raft/caveolae enriched rat intestinal fraction was consistently observed (Kd = 3.0 nM; Bmax = 45 fmols/mg total protein). AII was detected in lipid raft/caveolae enriched fractions from rat and mouse intestine and ROS 17/2.8 and NB4 cells by Western blot, but incubation in the presence of exogenous calcium did not ablate 1,25‐D3 binding as reported by Baran et al. Our results suggest that AII does not bind 1,25‐D3 in a physiologically relevant manner; however, recent studies linking AII2/p112 phosphorylation to vesicle fusion and its calcium regulated localization may make AII a possible down‐stream substrate for 1,25‐D3 induced rapid cellular effects. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emergence of metastatic hormone‐refractory disease in prostate cancer after anti‐androgen therapy
Authors: Lee Edmund Chun Yu , Tenniswood Martin P.R.
Published: February 2004

The anti‐androgens used in prostate cancer therapy have been designed to interfere with the normal androgen receptor (AR)‐mediated processes that ensure prostate cell survival, triggering tumor cells to undergo programmed cell death. While anti‐androgens were originally designed to treat advanced disease, they have recently been used to debulk organ‐confined prostate tumors, to improve positive margins prior to surgery, and for chemoprevention in patients at high risk for prostate cancer. However, tumors treated with anti‐androgens frequently become hormone refractory and acquire a more aggressive phenotype. Progression toward metastatic hormone‐refractory disease has often been regarded as the outgrowth of a small number of hormone‐independent cells that emerge from a hormone‐dependent tumor during anti‐androgen treatment by natural selection. While a number of selective advantages have recently been identified, there is also considerable evidence suggesting that the progression toward metastatic hormone‐refractory disease is an dynamic process which involves abrogation of programmed cell death as a result of the attenuation of DNA fragmentation and maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential in tumor cells; the upregulation of stromal‐mediated growth factor signaling pathways; and the upregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protease expression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of sonographic measurement of ovarian volume to diagnosing ovarian tumors in postmenopausal women
Authors: Bruchim Ilan , Aviram Rami , Halevy Rivka Sukenik , Beyth Yoram , Tepper Ronnie
Published: February 2004

The purpose of this review article is to evaluate the current method of sonographic measurement of ovarian volume as a means of diagnosing ovarian tumors in postmenopausal women, in whom an ovarian volume greater than 10 ml is generally considered abnormal. After reviewing the general medical literature, we propose a nomogram of ovarian volume that may be used to determine whether an ovary is abnormal. Furthermore, on the basis of our previous results, we recommend that a cutoff point for ovarian volume that is adjusted to patient age be used to determine whether an ovary is abnormal. We recommend the use of such nomograms in routine clinical practice to assist physicians in identifying abnormality of the ovaries during sonographic examination. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:107–114, 2004
Parovarian cystadenoma: Sonographic features associated with magnetic resonance and histopathologic findings
Authors: Fujii Tomoyuki , Kozuma Shiro , Kikuchi Akihiko , Hanada Nobutsugu , Sakamaki Ken , Yasugi Toshiharu , Yamada Manabu , Taketani Yuji
Published: February 2004

Differentiation between malignant and benign parovarian tumors is necessary before any surgery is planned, because the postoperative spread of ovarian cancers is well documented. Both malignant and benign parovarian tumors may contain intracystic projections, so their presence is not a differentiating factor. We describe the cases of 2 patients with parovarian cystadenomas that were evaluated using sonography, MRI, and histopathology in an attempt to begin to identify the sonographic characteristics of such lesions and correlate them with MRI and histopathologic findings. In both cases, sonography revealed a cystic mass that contained multiple small intracystic mural nodules, most of which were associated with the “Chinese hat” artifact. MRI findings confirmed the presence of the cystic masses and the nodules. Histopathologic findings confirmed the diagnosis of serous cystadenoma arising in a parovarian cyst; the intracystic nodules consisted of fibrotic tissue covered with a single layer of epithelium. Thus, the results of all 3 evaluations correlated well. This characteristic sonographic appearance may be useful in making an accurate preoperative diagnosis of parovarian cystadenomas. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:149–153, 2004
Determining the orientations of ice crystals using electron backscatter patterns
Authors: Iliescu Daniel , Baker Ian , Chang Hui
Published: February 2004

Knowing the orientations of the ice crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate is essential for understanding and modeling the flow of naturally occurring ice. Here we show, for the first time, that the orientation of crystals in polycrystalline ice can be determined with a higher angular and spatial resolution and more rapidly than any currently used method by using electron backscatter patterns (EBSPs) in a cold‐stage equipped scanning electron microscope. We also present an orientation image map constructed from EBSPs, and discuss possible applications of the technique for ice. The results indicate that obtaining EBSPs and orientation images from other frozen water‐containing materials, such as clathrate hydrates, may also be possible. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:183–187, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of nerve fibers and their distribution in histologic sections of the human brain
Authors: Schmitt O. , Pakura M. , Aach T. , Hömke L. , Böhme M. , Bock S. , Preuße S.
Published: February 2004

The field of quantitative analysis and subsequent mapping of the cerebral cortex has developed rapidly. New powerful tools have been applied to investigate large regions of complex folded gyrencephalic cortices in order to detect structural transition regions that might partition different cortical fields of disjunct neuronal functions. We have developed a new mapping approach based on axoarchitectonics, a method of cortical visualization that previously has been used only indirectly with regard to myeloarchitectonics. Myeloarchitectonic visualization has the disadvantage of producing strong agglomerative effects of closely neighbored nerve fibers. Therefore, single and neurofunctional‐relevant parameters such as axonal branchings, axon areas, and axon numbers have not been determinable with satisfying precision. As a result, different staining techniques had to be explored in order to achieve a suitable histologic staining for axon visualization. The best results were obtained after modifying the Naoumenko‐Feigin staining for axons. From these contrast‐rich stained histologic sections, videomicroscopic digital image tiles were generated and analyzed using a new fiber analysis framework. Finally, the analysis of histologic images provided topologic ordered parameters of axons that were transferred into parameter maps. The axon parameter maps were analyzed further via a recently developed traverse generating algorithm that calculated test lines oriented perpendicular to the cortical surface and white matter border. The gray value coded parameters of the parameter maps were then transferred into profile arrays. These profile arrays were statistically analyzed by a reliable excess mass approach we recently developed. We found that specific axonal parameters are preferentially distributed throughout granular and agranular types of cortex. Furthermore, our new procedure detected transition regions originally defined by changes of cytoarchitectonic layering. Statistically significant inhomogeneities of the distribution of certain axon quantities were shown to indicate a subparcellation of areas 4 and 6. The quantification techniques established here for the analysis of spatial axon distributions within larger regions of the cerebral cortex are suitable to detect inhomogeneities of laminar axon patterns. Hence, these techniques can be recommended for systematic and observer‐supported cortical area mapping and parcellation studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:220–243, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calbindin D28k, parvalbumin, and calretinin immunoreactivity in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs of the gray short‐tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Jia Changping , Halpern Mimi
Published: February 2004

The vertebrate main and accessory olfactory bulbs (MOB and AOB) are the first synaptic sites in the olfactory pathways. The MOB is a cortical structure phylogenetically well conserved in its laminar structure and overall synaptic organization, while the AOB has significant species variation in size. In order to better understand signal processing in the two olfactory systems and the species differences, immunocytochemical staining and analysis were done of the neuronal expression patterns of the calcium‐binding proteins calbindin D28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and calretinin (CR) in the MOB and AOB in a marsupial species, the gray short‐tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica. In the MOB, antibody to CB labeled periglomerular cells, superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells; antibody to PV labeled Van Gehuchten cells; and antibody to CR immunostained periglomerular cells, superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells, and granule cells. In the AOB, CB immunoreactivity was detected in periglomerular cells and a subpopulation of granule cells; antibody to PV labeled the superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells and granule cells; and antibody to CR labeled a small number of periglomerular cells, superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells, and granule cells. These results showed that the patterns of CB, PV, and CR expression differ in the opossum main and accessory olfactory bulbs and differ from that in other animal species. These varying patterns of neuronal immunostaining may be related to the different functions of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs and to the differing signal processing features. J. Morphol. 259:271–280, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships of loading history and structural and material characteristics of bone: Development of the mule deer calcaneus
Authors: Skedros John G. , Hunt Kenneth J. , Bloebaum Roy D.
Published: February 2004

If a bone's morphologic organization exhibits the accumulated effects of its strain history, then the relative contributions of a given strain stimulus to a bone's development may be inferred from a bone's hierarchical organization. The artiodactyl calcaneus is a short cantilever, loaded habitually in bending, with prevalent compression in the cranial (Cr) cortex, tension in the caudal (Cd) cortex, and shear in the medial and lateral cortices (i.e., neutral axis). Artiodactyl calcanei demonstrate unusually heterogeneous structural and material organization between these cortices. This study examines potential relationships between developmental morphologic variations and the functional strain distribution of the deer calcaneus. One calcaneus was obtained from each of 36 (fetus to adult) wild deer. Predominant collagen fiber orientation (CFO), microstructural characteristics, mineral content (% ash), and geometric parameters were determined from transversely cut segments. Radiographs were examined for arched trabeculae, which may reflect tension/compression stress trajectories. Results showed that cross‐sectional shape changes with age from quasi‐circular to quasi‐elliptical, with the long axis in the cranial–caudal direction of habitual bending. Cranial (“compression”) cortical thickness increased at a greater rate than the Cd (“tension”) cortex. Fetal bones exhibited arched trabeculae. Percent ash wasnotuniform (Cr > Cd), and this disparity increased with age (absolute differences: 2.5% fetuses, 4.3% adults). Subadult bones showed progressively more secondary osteons and osteocyte lacunae in the Cr cortex, but the Cd cortex tended to have more active remodeling in the subadult and adult bones. Nonuniform Cr:Cd CFO patterns first consistently appear in the subadults, and are correlated with secondary bone formation and habitual strain mode. Medial and lateral cortices in these groups exhibited elongated secondary osteons. These variations may represent “strain‐mode‐specific” (i.e., tension, compression, shear) adaptations. The heterogeneous organization may also be influenced by variations in longitudinal strain magnitude (highest in the Cr cortex) and principal strain direction—oblique in medial‐lateral cortices (where shear strains also predominate). Other factors such as local reductions in longitudinal strain may influence the increased remodeling activity of the Cd cortex. Some structural variations, such as arched trabeculae, that are established early in ontogeny may be strongly influenced by genetic‐ or epigenetic‐derived processes. Material variations, such as secondary osteon population densities and CFO, which appear later, may be products of extragenetic factors, including microdamage. J. Morphol. 259:281–307, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Taste bud form and distribution on lips and in the oropharyngeal cavity of cardinal fish species (Apogonidae, Teleostei), with remarks on their dentition
Authors: Fishelson Lev , Delarea Yakob , Zverdling Adi
Published: February 2004

The oral dentition and type and number of taste buds (TB) on the lips and in the oropharyngeal cavity were compared by means of SEM in 11 species of cardinal fishes (Apogonidae) belonging to five genera. The occurrence of a dense cover of skin papillae on the lips of some species (e.g., Apogon frenatus), as well as differences in structure of vomer, tongue, and palatinum, expose additional morphological characters important for clarification of the taxonomy of this group of fishes. Differences are also revealed in the type of dentition, such as on the vomer and epi‐hypopharyngeal bones. Strong and dense dentition of the anterior part of the oral cavity and a high number of TB on this site in species feeding on larger prey (e.g., Cheilodipterus spp) is compared to the relatively feeble jaw armor and richness of TB on the more pharyngeal site in species feeding on smaller prey (e.g., Apogon angustatus, A. frenatus). In addition to the three types of TB (Types I–III) previously described from various teleost fish, a fourth type (Type IV), comprising very small buds, was found in some cardinal fish (Apogon angustatus, A. frenatus). The various TB are distributed from the lips to the pharyngeal bones, on the breathing valves, tongue, palatinum, and pharyngeal bones; their number and type on the various sites differ in the different species. In all species studied the Types I and II TB, elevated above the surrounding epithelium, dominated the lips and anterior part of mouth, while Types III and IV, which end apically at the level with the epithelium, dominated the more posterior pharyngeal region. The highest number of TB, around 24,600, were found in Fowleria variegata, a typical nocturnal species, and the lowest in the diurnal and crepuscular Apogon cyanosoma (1,660) and Cheilodipterus quinquestriatus (2,400). Differences are also revealed in the type of dentition, such as on the vomer and epi‐hypopharyngeal bones. The number of TB increased with growth of the fishes. The differences in the total number of TB and their distribution in the oropharyngeal cavity in the various species indicates possible different mechanisms of foraging and food‐recognition. J. Morphol. 259:316–327, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stages of embryonic development in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua
Authors: Hall Thomas E. , Smith Peter , Johnston Ian A.
Published: February 2004

The early development of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua was studied from fertilization until first‐feeding. Multiple families were reared at 7°C and a developmental staging series was prepared using morphological landmarks visible with the light microscope. Stages were named rather than numbered to allow for future additions and broadly grouped into larger time intervals called periods. The most useful staging features were found to be initially cell number, and later in development, somite number. The mean cell cycle time for the first six cleavages was 135 min and the linear regression equation for development of somites(s) over time (t) was s = 0.29t – 18.14. The segmentation period began at 220 h postfertilization (hpf), and unlike some other teleosts, the addition of new somites continued throughout the majority of embryonic development, until just prior to hatching. Hatching occurred at 256 hpf, after which individuals remained motionless at the water's surface, undergoing negative phototaxis only after the first day posthatch. The first‐feeding stage was reached at the end of the third day posthatch, subsequent to development of a functional jaw and hindgut. This staging series provides an essential baseline reference for future experiments involving developing cod embryos and for the aquaculture industry. J. Morphol. 259:255–270, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of T2 relaxation changes in articular cartilage with in situ mechanical loading of the knee
Authors: Nag David , Liney Gary P. , Gillespie Paul , Sherman Kevin P.
Published: February 2004

Purpose

To devise a method for producing in vivo MRI images of the knee under physiologically significant loading, and to compare and evaluate the changes in cartilage characteristics before and during in situ compression of the knee.

Material and Methods

A total of 26 asymptomatic subjects were imaged on a 1.5 Tesla Philips Intera scanner using a commercially available knee coil. Routine anatomical images were followed by T2 map acquisition. These scans were repeated following in situ compression of the knee using a MR compatible loading jig.

Results

Following loading to body weight, several regions of femoral cartilage show early alteration of T2 relaxation time, most significantly in the medial and lateral peripheral zones. There were no significant changes in the tibial cartilage.

Conclusions

The results establish the feasibility of measuring changes on MRI with in situ axial loading. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:317–322. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nikola Tesla: The man behind the magnetic field unit
Authors: Roguin Ariel
Published: February 2004

The magnetic field strength of both the magnet and gradient coils used in MR imaging equipment is measured in Tesla units, which are named for Nikola Tesla. This article presents the life and achievements of this Serbian‐American inventor and researcher who discovered the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating‐current machinery. Nikola Tesla had 700 patents in the United States and Europe that covered every aspect of science and technology. Tesla's discoveries include the Tesla coil, AC electrical conduction, improved lighting, newer forms of turbine engines, robotics, fluorescent light, wireless transmission of electrical energy, radio, remote control, discovery of cosmic radio waves, and the use of the ionosphere for scientific purposes. He was a genius whose discoveries had a pivotal role in advancing us into the modern era. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:369–374. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated image registration of gated cardiac single‐photon emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Aladl Usaf E. , Hurwitz Gilbert A. , Dey Damini , Levin David , Drangova Maria , Slomka Piotr J.
Published: February 2004

Purpose

To develop an automatic registration method for electrocardiogram‐gated myocardial perfusion single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and cardiac cine‐magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods

Paired myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) and MRI from 20 patients were considered. MR images were presegmented by heart localization based on detection of cardiac motion and optimal thresholding. A registration algorithm based on mutual information was subsequently applied to all time frames or a selected subset from both modalities.

Results

A preprocessing step significantly improved the accuracy of the registration when compared to automatic registration performed without preprocessing. Errors in translation parameters (Tx, Ty, Tz) averaged (1.0 ± 1.5, 1.1 ± 1.3, 0.9 ± 0.9) pixels with MRI segmentation and (4.6 ± 3.2, 3.4 ± 2.6, 3.0 ± 3.4) pixels without MRI segmentation. Errors in rotation parameters (Rx, Ry, Rz) averaged (5.4 ± 2.9, 3.4 ± 2.7, 4.5 ± 3.6) degrees with MRI segmentation and (9.3 ± 6.1, 4.8 ± 4.3, 14.6 ± 12.6) degrees without MRI segmentation. Error was calculated as the absolute difference between the expert manual and the automatic registration transformation.

Conclusion

Automatic registration of gated MPS and cine MRI is possible with the use of a mutual information‐based technique when MR images are presegmented. Cardiac motion can be used to isolate the left ventricle (LV) on the MR images automatically, and subsequently the segmented MR images can be coregistered with gated MPS. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:283–290. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silicone‐specific imaging using an inversion‐recovery‐prepared fast three‐point Dixon technique
Authors: Ma Jingfei , Choi Haesun , Stafford R. Jason , Miller Michael J.
Published: February 2004

Purpose

To demonstrate a new hybrid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique capable of simultaneously generating water‐specific and silicone‐specific images in a single acquisition.

Materials and Methods

This technique combines short TI inversion‐recovery (STIR) technique for robust fat suppression with an efficient fast spin‐echo‐based three‐point Dixon technique for robust separation of remaining water and silicone in the presence of field inhomogeneities. Images demonstrating the feasibility of the technique were acquired with a 1.5‐Tesla scanner in a phantom and in a volunteer with both saline and silicone implants in vivo.

Results

The new technique provided water‐specific and silicone‐specific images of diagnostic quality. Separation of the water and silicone chemical species was complete and satisfactory. Compared with a chemical shift‐selective technique, the new technique does not rely heavily on field homogeneity and requires the same or even less scan time to acquire images with similar scan parameters, resolution, and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR).

Conclusion

The feasibility and potential application of the new technique were demonstrated via imaging a phantom and a silicone breast prosthesis in vivo, and it may be used for more consistent imaging of the silicone implants without compromising the image quality or overall scan time. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:298–302. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of gender on in vivo cartilage magnetic resonance imaging T2 mapping
Authors: Mosher Timothy J. , Collins Christopher M. , Smith Harvey E. , Moser Lauren E. , Sivarajah Rebecca T. , Dardzinski Bernard J. , Smith Michael B.
Published: February 2004

Purpose

To determine if gender is a significant variable for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2‐mapping of knee articular cartilage in young asymptomatic volunteers.

Materials and Methods

Cartilage MRI T2 mapping was performed in a young healthy population consisting of seven male and 10 female volunteers, 22 to 29 years of age. High‐resolution in vivo T2 maps were obtained of patellar, tibial, and weight‐bearing femoral articular cartilage. Spatial dependency of cartilage T2 between groups was evaluated through a comparison of cartilage T2 as a function of normalized distance from bone.

Results

Bulk cartilage T2 values were similar at all three anatomic sites, and between male and female volunteers. All volunteers demonstrated similar spatial variation in cartilage MRI T2 values, with a minimum located in the radial zone and increasing T2 values toward the articular surface. There was no difference in spatial dependency of cartilage T2 between males and females.

Conclusion

In young, healthy volunteers, the magnitude and spatial dependency of cartilage T2 does not differ with gender. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:323–328. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural characterization of glycoporphyrins by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Domingues M. R. M. , Domingues P. , Reis A. , Ferrer Correia A. J. , Tomé J. P. C. , Tomé A. C. , Neves M. G. P. M. S. , Cavaleiro J. A. S.
Published: February 2004

Porphyrin derivatives having a galactose or a bis(isopropylidene)galactose structural unit, linked by ester or ether bonds, were characterized by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES‐MS/MS). The electrospray mass spectra of these glycoporphyrins show the corresponding [M + H]+ ions. For the glycoporphyrins with pyridyl substituents and those having a tetrafluorophenyl spacer, the doubly charged ions [M + 2H]2+ were also observed in ES‐MS with high relative abundance. The fragmentation of both [M + H]+ and [M + 2H]2+ ions exhibited common fragmentation pathways for porphyrins with the same sugar residue, independently of the porphyrin structural unit and type of linkage. ES‐MS/MS of the [M + H]+ ions of the galactose‐substituted porphyrins gave the fragment ions [M + H − C2H4O2]+, [M + H − C3H6O3]+, [M + H − C4H8O4]+ and [M + H − galactose residue]+. The fragmentation of the [M + 2H]2+ ions of the porphyrins with galactose shows the common doubly charged fragment ions [porphyrin + H]2+, [M + 2H − C2H4O2]2+, [M + 2H − C4H8O4]2+, [M + 2H − galactose residue]2+ and the singly charged fragment ions [M + H − C3H6O3]+ and [M + H − galactose residue]+. The fragmentation of the [M + H]+ ions of glycoporphyrins with a protected galactosyl residue leads mainly to the ions [M + H − CO(CH3)2]+, [M + H − 2CO(CH3)2]+, [M + H − 2CO(CH3)2 − CO]+, [M + H − C10H16O4]+ and [M + H − protected galactose]+. The doubly charged ions [M + 2H]2+ fragment to give the doubly charged ions [porphyrin + H]2+ and the singly charged ions [M + H − protected galactose residue]+ and [M + H − CO(CH3)2]+. For the porphyrins where the sugar structural unit is linked by an ester bond, [M + 2H]2+, ES‐MS/MS showed a major and typical fragmentation corresponding to combined loss of a sugar structural unit and further loss of water, leading to the ion [M + 2H − sugar residue − H2O]2+, independently of the structure of the sugar structural unit. These results show that ES‐MS/MS can be a powerful tool for the characterization of the sugar structural unit of glycoporphyrins, without the need for chemical hydrolysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De novo sequencing of antimicrobial peptides isolated from the venom glands of the wolf spider Lycosa singoriensis
Authors: Budnik B. A. , Olsen J. V. , Egorov T. A. , Anisimova V. E. , Galkina T. G. , Musolyamov A. K. , Grishin E. V. , Zubarev R. A.
Published: February 2004

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), named lycocitin 1, 2 and 3, and a peptide with a monoisotopic molecular mass of 3038.70 Da were detected in the venom glands of the wolf spider Lycosa singoriensis. Two of the peptides, lycocitin 1 and 2, are new AMPs whereas lycocitin 3 is highly homologous to lycotoxin II isolated from the venom of spider Lycosa carolinensis. In addition, two other peptides with monoisotopic masses of 2034.20 and 2340.28 Da showing the motif typical for antimicrobial peptides were also identified. These peptides and lycocitin 1, 2 and 3 were de novo sequenced using electron capture dissociation and low‐energy collisional tandem mass spectrometry. The amino acid sequence of lycocitin 1 was determined as GKLQAFLAKMKEIAAQTL‐NH2. Lycocitin 2 differs from lycocitin 1 by a replacement of a lysine residue for an arginine residue at the second position. Lycocitin 3 differs from the known lycotoxin II consisting of 27 amino acid residues by a deletion of Gly‐26. Both lycocitin 1 and 2 inhibit growth of Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungi (Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) at micromolar concentrations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid‐labile surfactant improves in‐sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel protein digestion for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric peptide mapping
Authors: Nomura Eiko , Katsuta Kazuhiro , Ueda Tomoko , Toriyama Michinori , Mori Tatsuya , Inagaki Naoyuki
Published: February 2004

Mass spectrometry (MS) together with genome database searches serves as a powerful tool for the identification of proteins. In proteome analysis, mixtures of cellular proteins are usually separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel‐based two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) or one‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (1‐DE), and in‐gel digested by a specific protease. In‐gel protein digestion is one of the critical steps for sensitive protein identification by these procedures. Efficient protein digestion is required for obtaining peptide peaks necessary for protein identification by MS. This paper reports a remarkable improvement of protein digestion in SDS polyacrylamide gels using an acid‐labile surfactant, sodium 3‐[(2‐methyl‐2‐undecyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl)methoxy]‐1‐propanesulfonate (ALS). Pretreatment of gel pieces containing protein spots separated by 2‐DE with a small amount of ALS prior to trypsin digestion led to increases in the digested peptides eluted from the gels. Consistently, treatment of gel pieces containing silver‐stained standard proteins and those separated from tissue extracts resulted in the detection of increased numbers of peptide peaks in spectra obtained by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS). Hence the present protocol with ALS provides a useful strategy for sensitive protein identification by MS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interference of the electrospray voltage on chromatographic separations using porous graphitic carbon columns
Authors: Törnkvist Anna , Nilsson Stefan , Amirkhani Ardeshir , Nyholm Lena M. , Nyholm Leif
Published: February 2004

The electrospray ionization (ESI) voltage is shown to interfere with liquid chromatographic separations performed with packed porous graphitic carbon (PGC) capillary columns. This interference is ascribed to the presence of an electric field over the conductive column in the absence of an earth point between the column and the ESI emitter. The current evolved alters the chromatographic behavior of the catecholamine metabolite 3‐O‐methyl‐DOPA significantly, as both peak splitting and a dramatic decrease in the retention time were observed. Furthermore, the response from the mass spectrometer was decreased by 33% at the same time. A related compound, tyrosine, exhibited decreased retention times but no peak splitting, whereas no shifts in the retention times (or peak splitting) were seen for the less retained dopamine and noradrenaline. When the current through the PGC column was eliminated by the use of an earth point between the column and the ESI emitter, the chromatographic behavior of the column was found to return slowly to normal after hours of equilibration with 60 : 40 (v/v) methanol–ammonium formate buffer of pH 2.9. The behavior of the PGC column with and without the earth point was found to be highly reproducible during a period of 1 month. We propose that the effect of the ESI voltage on the chromatographic behavior of the PGC column is due to associated redox reactions affecting both the PGC particles and the analytes. It is concluded that (for analytical reasons), care should be taken to ensure that no current is flowing through the chromatographic system when interfacing PGC columns, and conducting parts in general, to ESI mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge inversion mass spectrometry: dissociation of resonantly neutralized molecules
Authors: Hayakawa Shigeo
Published: February 2004

Charge inversion mass spectrometry is an MS/MS method in which the electric charge of the precursor ions is opposite to that of the secondary product ions. Charge inversion mass spectrometry is classified into four types depending on the electric charge and time scale of collisions. Charge inversion mass spectrometry using collisions with gaseous targets in the keV energy collision range has provided insights into the structures and reactions of ions and neutral molecules. The characteristics of charge inversion experiments are presented in terms of the reaction endothermicities and the cross sections and their dependence on the target species. In the case of rare‐gas or simple molecular targets, double‐electron transfer in one collision is effective to form positive ions from negative ions, while, in the case of alkali metal targets, successive single‐electron transfers in two collisions is effective to form negative ions from positive ions. On the basis of the observed target‐density dependence of the product ion intensity and thermochemical considerations for internal energy distribution using thermometer molecules, the charge inversion processes using alkali metal targets have been confirmed to occur by electron transfers in successive collisions and the dissociation processes are found to occur in energy‐selected neutral species formed from near‐resonant neutralization with alkali metal targets. While collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) is due to dissociation of activated ions with broad internal energy distributions, the charge inversion process using alkali metal targets is due to dissociation of energy‐selected neutral species with narrow internal energy distributions. The charge inversion/alkali metal spectra provide clear differentiation of the isomeric cations of C2H2, C3H4and dichlorobenzenes. The CAD spectra of these isomeric cations are similar. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of dissipation within an ILGA for computational electromagnetics
Authors: Treurniet J. , Simons N. R. S. , Bridges G. E. , Cuhaci M.
Published: February 2004

Integer lattice gas automata (ILGA) are a method capable of electromagnetic field simulation that are suited to implementation on massively parallel computing architectures. The algorithm exhibits dispersion and dissipation and the purpose of this paper is to quantify the dissipation. A proposed model for the algorithm is based on a linear combination of transmission line matrix scattering and streaming operations. The dispersion relation for this model is derived and a numerical search of the dispersion relation is performed to quantify the dissipation of the model. Both the derived mathematical model and the results of numerical simulation indicate the dissipation observed fits the general form of viscosity. The isotropy of both square and hexagonal lattices are investigated. Copyright © 2004 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive remeshing technique based on hierarchical error estimates for simulation of semiconductor devices
Authors: Yang Geng , Wang Ruchuan , Wang Shaodi
Published: February 2004

We discuss first hierarchical error estimates and a criterion for mesh refinement. Then we describe briefly the hydrodynamic model of semiconductor model. Based on artificial viscosity technique about electron velocity, we propose to solve a Poisson equation to obtain a correction about mesh optimization. Finally, we simulate a GaAs MESFET's device with a gate of 0.3 µm length and give some discussions about numerical results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for abrupt double heterojunction bipolar transistors
Authors: J. García‐Loureiro Antonio , M. López‐González Juan
Published: February 2004

In this paper, we present a model for double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) that takes into account Fermi–Dirac statistics as well as an arbitrary injection level. The most commonly used models in the literature for heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and PN junctions can be easily obtained as a particular case of the general model presented here. In order to illustrate its features, the model is applied to an InP/GaAsSb/InP DHBT and an InP/InGaAs HBT. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro studies of pigment epithelium‐derived factor in human Schwann cells after treatment with axolemma‐enriched fraction
Authors: Lertsburapa Terakeith , De Vries George H.
Published: February 2004

Pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with known anti‐angiogenic and trophic properties, capable of promoting the survival and growth of Schwann cells (SC). Normal rat SCs and ganglioneuroma‐derived human SCs secrete PEDF. The ability of normal SC to secrete a number of trophic factors is controlled by axonal contact. Normal human Schwann cells (HSC) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) cell lines synthesize and secrete PEDF as determined by reverse transcription PCR analysis for PEDF mRNA, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot analysis for PEDF protein. Two MPNST cell lines secreted higher levels of PEDF than did HSC. A 90.3% decrease in PEDF mRNA and a 29.3% decrease in secreted PEDF were observed after treatment of HSC with axolemma‐enriched fraction (AEF, 100 μg/ml), a neuronal membrane fraction of the axonal plasma membrane used with cultured SC to mimic axonal contact in vitro. PEDF levels remained unchanged, however, in MPNST‐derived SC conditioned media under the same treatment paradigm. These results suggest that MPNST SC lose the ability to downregulate PEDF upon axonal contact, which is characteristic of HSC. The elevated PEDF levels expressed by MPNST cell lines may serve to promote their proliferation and survival. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.