bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound‐Guided Hydrodilatation of the Shoulder Capsule at the Rotator Interval: Technical Tips and Tricks
Authors: Ricci Vincenzo , Chang Ke‐Vin , Özçakar Levent
Published: May 2020

Adhesive capsulitis and disorders of the intra‐articular portion of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon are common causes of shoulder pain. Sonographic findings, coupled with clinical evaluation and medical history, are paramount for prompt diagnosis. Herewith, either to precisely confirm the pain generator(s) or to appropriately treat relevant cases, ultrasound‐guided interventions are often required in daily clinical practice. Targeting the anatomical structures involved in the aforementioned pathological conditions, we briefly describe some technical tips and tricks as regards ultrasound‐guided hydrodilatation of the shoulder capsule at the rotator interval.
Cell wall remodeling under salt stress: Insights into changes in polysaccharides, feruloylation, lignification, and phenolic metabolism in maize
Authors: Oliveira Dyoni M. , Mota Thatiane R. , Salatta Fábio V. , Sinzker Renata C. , Končitíková Radka , Kopečný David , Simister Rachael , Silva Mariana , Goeminne Geert , Morreel Kris , Rencoret Jorge , Gutiérrez Ana , Tryfona Theodora , Marchiosi Rogério , Dupree Paul , del Río José C. , Boerjan Wout , McQueen‐Mason Simon J. , Gomez Leonardo D. , Ferrarese‐Filho Osvaldo , dos Santos Wanderley D.
Published: May 2020

Although cell wall polymers play important roles in the tolerance of plants to abiotic stress, the effects of salinity on cell wall composition and metabolism in grasses remain largely unexplored. Here, we conducted an in‐depth study of changes in cell wall composition and phenolic metabolism induced upon salinity in maize seedlings and plants. Cell wall characterization revealed that salt stress modulated the deposition of cellulose, matrix polysaccharides and lignin in seedling roots, plant roots and stems. The extraction and analysis of arabinoxylans by size‐exclusion chromatography, 2D‐NMR spectroscopy and carbohydrate gel electrophoresis showed a reduction of arabinoxylan content in salt‐stressed roots. Saponification and mild acid hydrolysis revealed that salinity also reduced the feruloylation of arabinoxylans in roots of seedlings and plants. Determination of lignin content and composition by nitrobenzene oxidation and 2D‐NMR confirmed the increased incorporation of syringyl units in lignin of maize roots. Salt stress also induced the expression of genes and the activity of enzymes enrolled in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The UHPLC–MS‐based metabolite profiling confirmed the modulation of phenolic profiling by salinity and the accumulation of ferulate and its derivatives 3‐ and 4‐O‐feruloyl quinate. In conclusion, we present a model for explaining cell wall remodeling in response to salinity.
You get me: Examining the implications of couples’ depersonalization agreement for employee recovery
Authors: Wilson Kelly Schwind , Kleshinski Catherine E. , Matta Fadel K.
Published: May 2020

Previous research demonstrates that depersonalization is harmful for employee outcomes. In addition, research is beginning to examine employees’ family context along with their experiences both at work and at home. We advance these literatures using shared reality theory as a foundation for investigating couples’ dyadic agreement surrounding employee depersonalization and its implications. Using polynomial regression and response surface methodology of data from employee‐significant other dyads, in Study 1, we find that agreement between partners on employee depersonalization is associated with lower work‐to‐family conflict (following general shared reality theory arguments) and increased subsequent recovery for the employee. In Study 2, we examine more specific shared reality theory arguments using the same analytic approach. We show that agreement between partners on employee depersonalization is associated with less distress and an increased perception that one's depersonalization is understood, and ultimately increased recovery for the employee via reductions in distress. Taken together, these results suggest the harmful effects of depersonalization are largely minimized if an employee's partner accurately recognizes their depersonalization. Interestingly, our collective results show it is better for employees to have agreement with their partners surrounding a high level of employee depersonalization than have low levels of depersonalization accompanied by disagreement.
Seed use in the field: delivering seeds for restoration success
Authors: Shaw Nancy , Barak Rebecca S. , Campbell Ryan E. , Kirmer Anita , Pedrini Simone , Dixon Kingsley , Frischie Stephanie
Published: May 2020

Seed delivery to site is a critical step in seed‐based restoration programs. Months or years of seed collection, conditioning, storage, and cultivation can be wasted if seeding operations are not carefully planned, well executed, and draw upon best available knowledge and experience. Although diverse restoration scenarios present different challenges and require different approaches, there are common elements that apply to most ecosystems and regions. A seeding plan sets the timeline and details all operations from site treatments through seed delivery and subsequent monitoring. The plan draws on site evaluation data (e.g. topography, hydrology, climate, soil types, weed pressure, reference site characteristics), the ecology and biology of the seed mix components (e.g. germination requirements, seed morphology) and seed quality information (e.g. seed purity, viability, and dormancy). Plan elements include: (1) Site treatments and seedbed preparation to remove undesirable vegetation, including sources in the soil seed bank; change hydrology and soil properties (e.g. stability, water holding capacity, nutrient status); and create favorable conditions for seed germination and establishment. (2) Seeding requirements to prepare seeds for sowing and determine appropriate seeding dates and rates. (3) Seed delivery techniques and equipment for precision seed delivery, including placement of seeds in germination‐promotive microsites at the optimal season for germination and establishment. (4) A monitoring program and adaptive management to document initial emergence, seedling establishment, and plant community development and conduct additional sowing or adaptive management interventions, if warranted. (5) Communication of results to inform future seeding decisions and share knowledge for seed‐based ecological restoration.
The Use of Sampling Weights inM-Quantile Random-Effects Regression: An Application to Programme for International Student Assessment Mathematics Scores
Authors: Spagnolo Francesco Schirripa , Salvati Nicola , D’Agostino Antonella , Nicaise Ides
Published: May 2020

M-quantile random-effects regression represents an interesting approach for modelling multilevel data when the researcher is focused on conditional quantiles. When data are obtained from complex survey designs, sampling weights must be incorporated in the analysis. A robust pseudolikelihood approach for accommodating sampling weights in M-quantile random-effects regression is presented. In particular, the method is based on a robustification of the estimating equations. The methodology proposed is applied to the Italian sample of the Programme for International Student Assessment 2015 survey to study the gender gap in mathematics at various quantiles of the conditional distribution. The findings offer a possible explanation of the low proportion of women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics sectors.
Potential methods for improving the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Wang Shaojun , Ding Xueli , Guo Jing , Tian Zibin
Published: May 2020

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic recurrent gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD) and IBD unclassified. The pathogenesis may be related to the mucosal immune dysfunction in genetically susceptible hosts affected by environmental factors. Current therapeutic agents mainly include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs and novel biological agents. The purpose of treatment is to suppress inflammation and prevent irreversible structural damage. However, long‐term application of these drugs may lead to multiple adverse effects and is not always effective. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors with low immunogenicity, which can be obtained and expanded easily. They play an important role in regulating immune responses and repairing damaged tissues in vivo. Therefore, MSCs are considered to be a promising option for the treatment of IBD. Nonetheless, there are many factors that can reduce the efficacy of MSCs, such as gradual deterioration of functional stem cells with age, low recruitment and persistence in vivo and different routes of administration. In recent years, researchers have been able to improve the efficacy of MSCs by pretreatment, genetic modification or co‐application with other substances, as well as using different tissue‐derived cells, administration methods or doses. This article reviews these methods to provide references for more effective application of MSCs in the treatment of IBD in the future.
Bonus incentives and team effort levels: Evidence from the “Field”*
Authors: Butler Robert , Lenten Liam J. A. , Massey Patrick
Published: May 2020

This study explores the effect of bonus incentive mechanisms with a focus on how such a scheme influences aggregate production levels of teams of workers, specifically. We identify this using data from a highly competitive setting in professional sport, which involves a unique tournament design rule in an elite European rugby competition. The modelling results demonstrate qualified evidence that introducing bonuses to encourage teams to score via the most‐difficult, highest‐reward mode, incentivizes teams to increase effort to earn the bonus, and without reducing production after the bonus is achieved.
The Effect of Partisan Cues on Support for Solar and Wind Energy in the United States
Authors: Crowe Jessica A.
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Overall support for renewable energy is quite strong in the United States. With such high support, the gap between Republicans and Democrats is quite small. Despite such a narrow gap between Republicans and Democrats, the rhetoric spoken about renewable energy by high‐profile Republicans and Democrats is contradictory. This study tests how high‐profile partisan leaders impact an individual's support for renewable energy policy.

Methods

I examine support for solar and wind policy for 1,317 adults throughout the United States. Ordinal regression models are used to examine the influence of high‐profile partisan figures net of political affiliation, social background, and value orientations.

Results

Those who had favorable impressions of Representative Ocasio‐Cortez and rated high for egoistic and biospheric values had higher levels of support for renewable energy. Those who had favorable impressions of President Trump, were older, and white had lower levels of support for renewable energy.

Conclusions

The traditional divide between Democrats and Republicans that exists with respect to environmental concern is not as large for renewable energy support. Instead, cues from highly engaged partisan elites can have an impact on people's, particularly their supporters, perceptions and support of renewable energy.
English as the lingua franca of academic publishing in Tunisia
Authors: Abdeljaoued Marii , Labassi Tahar
Published: May 2020

This study discusses the debate on the use of English as the lingua franca of science in Tunisia. It examines the values ascribed to English for Research Publication Purposes (ERPP) and how publishing in English compares to publishing in French, the default vehicle for research in Tunisia. It explores the factors that motivate Tunisian scholars to publish in English journals, the linguistic challenges they meet, and the alternate strategies they employ to mitigate the situation. It also questions the neutrality and ideological detachment of English as the vehicular language for academic publishing. The findings indicate that Tunisian academics have a fairly positive attitude towards the use of English for research publication. What is evident is that the formative years of education did not prepare Tunisian academics to publish in English. One salient implication from this research is the need for ERPP courses to meet the burgeoning needs for English.
Protease activity as a prognostic factor for wound healing in complex wounds
Authors: Westby Maggie J. , Norman Gill , Watson Rachel E. B. , Cullum Nicky A. , Dumville Jo C.
Published: May 2020

Healing mechanisms are disrupted in complex wounds. Proteases may persist longer in nonhealing wounds. We sought to investigate whether protease activity, protease inhibitor activity, or their combinations are independent prognostic factors for healing of complex wounds. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library to March 2019. Study selection comprised longitudinal studies assessing the independent effect of proteases, their inhibitors or ratios of the two, on healing of complex wounds, while controlling for confounding factors. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We conducted meta‐analyses separately for proteases, inhibitors, and ratios. We graded the evidence certainty (quality). We identified eight eligible studies in 10 cohorts involving 343 participants. Risk of bias was moderate or high. Elevated protease activity may be associated with less wound healing (standardized mean difference [SMD]: −0.41, 95% CI −0.72 to −0.11; nine cohorts); and elevated protease inhibitor activity with more healing (SMD: 0.37, 95% CI 0.06‐0.68; five cohorts), this is low certainty evidence. Increased protease: inhibitor ratios may be associated with less healing (SMD −0.47, 95% CI −0.94 to −0.01; four cohorts), but this evidence is of very low certainty. Heterogeneity in protease activity was unexplained by prespecified subgroup analyses for wound type or protease activity status, but partially explained by protease class. Posthoc analysis suggested elevated levels of a particular protease, MMP‐1, may be associated with more healing and other proteases with less healing. This is low/very low certainty evidence. Limitations were small included studies at moderate or high risk of bias, and the use of posthoc analyses. Elevated protease activity and protease: inhibitor ratios may be associated with less healing, and elevated inhibitor levels with more healing. There may be important differences between MMP‐1 and other proteases. High quality research is needed to explore these new findings further.
Sweden, the Middle Way?
Authors: Breen Richard , Jonsson Jan O.
Published: May 2020

Sweden was renowned for attempting a “middle way” between capitalism and socialism, with a market economy combined with ambitious policies for equalizing both opportunities and living conditions. Did this facilitate social mobility, and was equalization of educational attainment the mechanism behind it? We document increasing social mobility during a period of strong growth of higher class occupations, both for men and women, an increase that, however, tends to level off for cohorts born in the mid-1960s. We also verify that most of this development into a more socially open society was due to the equalization of educational outcomes. However, the very substantial growth of upper secondary and tertiary education also contributed, because this expansion meant that more people in younger cohorts received higher education where, in Sweden, the importance of social origin for class destinations is considerably weaker than at lower levels of education.
Education as an Equalizing Force
Authors: Pollak Reinhard , Müller Walter
Published: May 2020

The chapter examines the role of education in social mobility among men and women in Germany during the twentieth century. It analyses two pathways of how a person’s social class origin affects her or his own class position: First, an education-mediated path, where a person’s social origin influences her or his educational attainment, which in turn influences the social class position she or he attains in adult life. Second, a path that comprises all the mechanisms not related to formal education by which social origins influence an adult’s social class position. Using data from various large-scale survey programs (ALLBUS, SOEP, NEPS), and based on log-linear modelling and decomposition methods, the chapter shows that in the long run social fluidity increased and that this is mainly associated with a decline in educational inequality and with an strong educational expansion for both men and women over the twentieth century.
The Swiss El Dorado?
Authors: Falcon Julie
Published: May 2020

Until fairly recently little was known about trends in intergenerational social mobility in Switzerland and the mediating role of education in this process. With lasting high standards of living, big shares of vocational education and training (VET), and wide development of tertiary sector, Switzerland constitutes an interesting case to test modernization theory. Yet this analysis, drawn from a tailor-made dataset constructed from nineteen surveys representative of the Swiss population and collected between 1975 and 2013, leads us to reject expectations from this theory. While educational reforms have contributed to increase access to postcompulsory education, the influence of social background on educational attainment and on occupational destiny has not substantially declined throughout the twentieth century in Switzerland. In light of all this, and despite its economic prosperity and its high standards of living, Switzerland remains far from being a social mobility El Dorado.
The Role of Education in the Social Mobility of Dutch Cohorts, 1908–74
Authors: Breen Richard , Luijkx Ruud , Berkers Eline
Published: May 2020

The Netherlands is well known for a sustained and marked trend towards greater social fluidity during the twentieth century. This chapter investigates trends in mobility across birth cohorts of Dutch men and women born in the first three-quarters of the twentieth century. During this time there was also a rapid upgrading of the Dutch class structure and marked expansion of the educational. But education played only a limited role in driving the increase in social fluidity: rather it was due mostly to the growing shares of people from nonservice-class origins who lacked a tertiary qualification but nevertheless moved into service-class destinations. An oversupply of service-class positions, relative to the share of people with a tertiary qualification, allowed less-qualified men and women from less-advantaged class backgrounds to be upwardly mobile.
Intergenerational Social Mobility in Twentieth-Century Spain
Authors: Gil-Hernández Carlos J. , Bernardi Fabrizio , Luijkx Ruud
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies long-term trends in intergenerational class mobility in Spain across the twentieth century drawing from a large pooled dataset (n = 81,475). From the 1960s, Spain underwent a late but intense economic, cultural, and political modernization process. During this period of far-reaching institutional change, men and women experienced a significant increase in upward mobility rates and social fluidity: steady and substantial for women, more modest for men. We disentangle different pathways driving this change in social fluidity using counterfactual simulations. The main drivers of the observed equalization of opportunities were the educational expansion and the direct effect of social origins. We argue that women were particularly benefited from dramatic structural changes in labor force participation, occupational upgrading, and educational expansion in which more room at the top allowed disadvantaged social classes to depart from their origins.
Explaining Cold War Sport
Authors: Edelman Robert , Young Christopher
Published: May 2020

While sport history has experienced substantial growth over the last decade, it has been largely ignored in the scholarship on the political, diplomatic, and military aspects of the Cold War, as well as the flourishing subfield that studies the cultural Cold War. This essay outlines the contours of the cultural Cold War and lays out how sport both fits with its major findings and offers additional specificities. It presents the themes of the book’s individual essays and draws out six distinctive areas for future work in the field: fans, media, the false binary of state versus independence, the inadequacy of bipolarity, race, and gender.
About Territorial Intelligence and Geographic Knowledge Bases
Authors: Laurini Robert , Servigne Sylvie , Favetta Franck
Published: May 2020

As business intelligence is for companies, territorial intelligence is for local authorities. However, it is not the simple exportation of business intelligence concepts and tools, but overall a new discipline characterized by the amalgamation of collective human intelligence and computer intelligence. As a result, geographic knowledge bases, rules and inference engines are not only based on logic but also on topology, geometry and linguistics, and must take multiple actors’ points of view into account. The scope of this paper will be to present the concepts necessary to construct such systems, i.e. to pass from intelligence to geographic knowledge engineering.
3D Laser Forming of Metal Foam Sandwich Panels
Authors: Bucher Tizian , Finn Connor , Verma Ravi , Li Wayne , Lawrence Yao Y.
Published: May 2020

Metal foam sandwich panels have been the subject of many concept studies, due to their exceptional stiffness, light weight, and crash absorption capacity. Yet, the industrial production of the material has been hampered by the fact that it is challenging to bend the material into practical engineering shapes. Only recently, it has been shown that bending of metal foam sandwich panels is possible using lasers. It was also shown that the material can be bent into Euclidean (2D) geometries, and the governing laser-induced bending mechanisms were analyzed. This study was focused on laser forming of metal foam sandwich panels into non-Euclidean (3D) geometries. It was investigated whether the bending mechanisms and process parameters identified for 2D laser forming translate to 3D deformation. Additionally, the impact of the laser scan length was determined by comparing different scan patterns that achieve the same 3D geometries. It was shown that laser forming could induce 3D deformation necessary for both bowl and saddle shapes, the two fundamental non-Euclidean geometries. The amount of laser-induced bending and in-plane strains vary depending on process conditions and the governing bending mechanisms. Lastly, the laser scan length was shown to become more important for metal foam sandwich panels, where the panel thickness tends to be large.
A Study of Whole Joint Model Calibration Using Quasi-Static Modal Analysis
Authors: Najera-Flores David A. , Kuether Robert J.
Published: May 2020

Small length and time scales resulting from high-fidelity frictional contact elements make long duration, low frequency simulations intractable. Alternative reduced order modeling approaches for structural dynamics models have been developed over the last several decades to approximate joint physics based on empirical or mathematical models within a whole joint model representation. The challenge with nonlinear constitutive elements based on empirical models is that the parameters must be calibrated to either experimental or simulation data. This research proposes a model calibration technique that identifies the joint parameters of a four-parameter Iwan element based on the nonlinear natural frequencies and damping ratios computed with quasi-static modal analysis (QSMA). The QSMA algorithm is applied to the full-order finite element model (FEM) to obtain reference data, and a genetic algorithm optimizes the joint parameters within a reduced order model (ROM) by minimizing the difference between the nonlinear modal characteristics for the modes of interest. The calibration method is demonstrated on a C-Beam bolted assembly and the resulting reduced order model is validated by comparing simulations of broadband, forced transient response. The resulting calibrated model captures the nonlinear, multimodal response at a significantly reduced computational cost and can be utilized for producing efficient models that do not have supporting experimental data for calibration.
Introducing a Novel Air Handling Unit Based on Focusing on Turbulent Exhaust Air Energy-Exergy Recovery Potential
Authors: Zheng Yuanzhou , Kalbasi Rasool , Karimipour Arash , Liu Peng , Bach Quang-Vu
Published: May 2020

A novel air handling unit (AHU) aimed at reducing energy consumption was introduced in this study. In the proposed novel AHU, the heating coil is completely removed, and therefore, no heating coil energy demand is needed. The novel AHU used primary energy recovery as well as secondary one to utilize the return air energy and exergy. Through the first energy recovery unit, the return air exergy was recovered, while in the secondary heat exchanger, return air energy was recycled. Results showed that using the novel AHU leads to a reduction in energy consumption as well as the exergy losses. Three climate zones of A, B, and C were selected to assess the novel AHU performance. From the first law viewpoint, at zone B, using novel AHU has priority over other zones, while in the second law analysis, utilizing the novel AHU at zones B and C is more beneficial. Based on the first law analysis, owing to using novel AHU, energy consumption reduced up to 55.2% at Penang climate zone. Second law analysis revealed that utilizing the novel AHU decreased the irreversibility up to 51.4% in the Vancouver climate region.
Forecasting and Optimization of the Viscosity of Nano-oil Containing Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using the Response Surface Method and Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Zheng Yuanzhou , Wang Shuaiqi , D’Orazio Annunziata , Karimipour Arash , Afrand Masoud
Published: May 2020

In the current paper, the behavior of zinc oxide/SAE50 nano lubricant as a part of the new generation of coolants and lubricants is examined using response surface method (RSM). The data used in this study were viscosity at dissimilar volume concentrations (0–1.5%) and temperatures (5–50 °C) for dissimilar shear rate values. Therefore, sensitivity analysis based on variation of nanoparticle (NP) concentration and temperature was also implemented. The findings revealed that enhancing the volume fraction (φ) exacerbates the viscosity sensitivity to temperature. Given the noteworthy deviance between the experimental viscosity and the data forecasted by existing classical viscosity correlations, a novel regression model is gained. R2 and adj-R2 for this model were calculated as 0.9966 and 0.9965, respectively, which represent a very good prediction with a standard deviation of 3%.
Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation Analysis of Slit Pillar Array in Microchannels
Authors: Cheng Xiao , Wu Huiying
Published: May 2020

The slit pillar allows a small fraction of the mainstream flow through pillar to disturb the pillar wake zone fluid and eventually enhance the local and global heat transfer performances in microchannels. In this study, three-dimensional full-domain numerical simulations on the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of slit pillar array in microchannels are performed. Effects of slit angle and height over diameter (H/D) ratio on the fluid flow and heat transfer are studied. Comparisons with the nonslit pillar array are conducted on pressure drop, surface temperature, Nusselt number, and thermal performance index (TPI). Furthermore, the results are analyzed by using the entropy generation. As a result of secondary flows and enhanced convective heat transfer area, all cases at H/D ratio of 0.3 demonstrate enhanced heat transfer performance at an increase of 18.0–34.7% on Nusselt number, while a reduction of 3.4–12.9% on pressure drop in comparison to the criterion case at the same conditions. Among them, slit 15–15 deg shows the best comprehensive heat transfer performance. Due to the improved uniformities of velocity and temperature distributions, all slit pillar array microchannels show decreased entropy generation. The maximum entropy generation reduction can reach up to 15.8%, as compared with the criterion case at the same conditions. The above results fully demonstrate that the novel slit pillar array microchannel heat sink can be used as an effective approach for heat transfer enhancement.
Improving the Uncertainty of Exhaust Gas Temperature Measurements in Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Papaioannou Nick , Leach Felix , Davy Martin
Published: May 2020

Accurate measurement of exhaust gas temperature (EGT) in internal combustion engines (ICEs) is a challenging task. The most common, and also the most practical, method of measurement is to insert a physical probe, for example, a thermocouple or platinum resistance thermometer, directly into the exhaust flow. Historically, consideration of the measurement errors induced by this arrangement has focused on the effects of radiation and the loss of temporal resolution naturally associated with a probe of finite thermal inertia operating within a pulsating flow with a time-varying heat input. However, a recent numerical and experimental study has shown that conduction errors may also have a significant effect on the measured EGT, with errors approaching ∼80 K depending on engine operating conditions. In this work, the authors introduce a new temperature compensation method that can correct for the combined radiation, conduction, and dynamic response errors introduced during the measurement and thereby reconstruct the “true” crank-angle resolved EGT to an estimated accuracy of ±1.5%. The significance of this result is demonstrated by consideration of a first law energy balance on an engine. It is shown that the exhaust gas enthalpy term is underestimated by 15–18% when calculated using conventional time-averaged data as opposed to using the mass-average exhaust enthalpy that is obtained by combining the reconstructed temperature data with crank angle-resolved exhaust flow rates predicted by a well-validated one-dimensional (1D) simulation.
Characterization of acoustic material at oblique incidence using a spherical microphone array
Authors: Dupont Samuel , Melon Manuel , Berry Alain
Published: May 2020

This paper proposes two distinct methods for estimating the surface impedance Zs of acoustic materials using a spherical microphone array. The first method is based on the spherical ambisonic representation of sound fields to estimate the normal particle velocity and the sound pressure at the surface of the material. The second method uses an optimization process, where the measured sound pressure field is constrained to match a theoretical model. These two methods are compared to two existing methods: the equivalent source approach and the two-microphone measurement technique. The results show a clear advantage of the microphone array methods compared to the classical two-microphone method. The measurements show an accurate reconstruction of surface impedance and absorption coefficient between 120 and 5000 Hz for various sound incidences but also show edge effect perturbations due to the limited size of the tested samples. In addition, two criteria are proposed, one estimating the noise floor level allowing the optimization of the measurement results, the other evaluating the area of accurate impedance reconstruction on the surface of the material.
Modeling the acoustic repertoire of Cuvier's beaked whale clicks
Authors: Guilment Thomas , Sidorovskaia Natalia , Li Kun
Published: May 2020

This paper investigates the evolution of spectral properties observed in Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) click trains recorded by fixed hydrophones in the Gulf of Mexico. In the context of deep water and high-frequency sounds and observed inter-click intervals, the authors assumed that the main effect responsible for the modification of the spectral content between adjacent clicks in the same click train is the source beam pattern. The spectral structure is studied by using the Wigner-Ville time-frequency distribution and is compared with the conventional Fourier spectrogram. The results show that the observed Cuvier's beaked whale clicks are a superposition of upsweep and downsweep chirps, unlike the currently accepted upsweep only structure of beaked whale clicks in bioacoustics literature. The spectral structure variations simulated by using a flat circular piston model as a beam pattern transmission model are consistent with the evolution of spectral click properties observed in experimental data. A better understanding of the properties of observed echolocation clicks of Cuvier's beaked whales will provide useful information for click annotations and, therefore, will contribute to improving accuracy of detecting, classifying, tracking, and estimating the density of Cuvier's beaked whales.
Lysyl-tRNA synthetase produces diadenosine tetraphosphate to curb STING-dependent inflammation
Authors: Guerra J. , Valadao A.-L. , Vlachakis D. , Polak K. , Vila I. K. , Taffoni C. , Prabakaran T. , Marriott A. S. , Kaczmarek R. , Houel A. , Auzemery B. , Déjardin S. , Boudinot P. , Nawrot B. , Jones N. J. , Paludan S. R. , Kossida S. , Langevin C. , Laguette N.
Published: May 2020

The LysRS-Ap
4
A axis impairs cGAS-STING pathway activation, delaying nucleic acid-driven innate immune responses.
Supercooled liquid sulfur maintained in three-dimensional current collector for high-performance Li-S batteries
Authors: Zhou Guangmin , Yang Ankun , Gao Guoping , Yu Xiaoyun , Xu Jinwei , Liu Chenwei , Ye Yusheng , Pei Allen , Wu Yecun , Peng Yucan , Li Yanxi , Liang Zheng , Liu Kai , Wang Lin-Wang , Cui Yi
Published: May 2020

Supercooled liquid sulfur provides higher capacity, faster kinetics, and better cycling life compared to solid sulfur.
Self-healing microcapsules synergetically modulate immunization microenvironments for potent cancer vaccination
Authors: Xi Xiaobo , Ye Tong , Wang Shuang , Na Xiangming , Wang Jianghua , Qing Shuang , Gao Xiaoyong , Wang Changlong , Li Feng , Wei Wei , Ma Guanghui
Published: May 2020

A microcapsule platform was constructed for modulating immunization microenvironments and potentiating vaccination against cancer.
Characterization of imine reductases in reductive amination for the exploration of structure-activity relationships
Authors: Montgomery Sarah L. , Pushpanath Ahir , Heath Rachel S. , Marshall James R. , Klemstein Ulrike , Galman James L. , Woodlock David , Bisagni Serena , Taylor Christopher J. , Mangas-Sanchez J. , Ramsden J. I. , Dominguez Beatriz , Turner Nicholas J.
Published: May 2020

Sequence function relationships help to understand how imine reductase enzymes perform reductive amination in water.
Retinoic acid synthesis by ALDH1A proteins is dispensable for meiosis initiation in the mouse fetal ovary
Authors: Chassot Anne-Amandine , Le Rolle Morgane , Jolivet Geneviève , Stevant Isabelle , Guigonis Jean-Marie , Da Silva Fabio , Nef Serge , Pailhoux Eric , Schedl Andreas , Ghyselinck Norbert B. , Chaboissier Marie-Christine
Published: May 2020

Retinoic acid synthesis is not essential for meiosis in fetal ovaries, challenging the dogma about the meiosis-inducing factors.
Direct observation of a coil-to-helix contraction triggered by vinculin binding to talin
Authors: Tapia-Rojo Rafael , Alonso-Caballero Alvaro , Fernandez Julio M.
Published: May 2020

Mechanical force regulates talin-vinculin association and defines an optimal binding range.
All major cholesterol-dependent cytolysins use glycans as cellular receptors
Authors: Shewell Lucy K. , Day Christopher J. , Jen Freda E.-C. , Haselhorst Thomas , Atack John M. , Reijneveld Josephine F. , Everest-Dass Arun , James David B. A. , Boguslawski Kristina M. , Brouwer Stephan , Gillen Christine M. , Luo Zhenyao , Kobe Bostjan , Nizet Victor , von Itzstein Mark , Walker Mark J. , Paton Adrienne W. , Paton James C. , Torres Victor J. , Jennings Michael P.
Published: May 2020

Eight major CDCs use glycans as cellular receptors to potentiate cytotoxicity and bind glycans and cholesterol independently.
Combinatorial screening of biochemical and physical signals for phenotypic regulation of stem cell–based cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Lee Junmin , Jeon Oju , Kong Ming , Abdeen Amr A. , Shin Jung-Youn , Lee Ha Neul , Lee Yu Bin , Sun Wujin , Bandaru Praveen , Alt Daniel S. , Lee KangJu , Kim Han-Jun , Lee Sang Jin , Chaterji Somali , Shin Su Ryon , Alsberg Eben , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: May 2020

Multicomponent biomaterials using a high-throughput system regulate hyaline or hypertrophic chondrogenesis of hMSCs.
Vibration-induced boundary-layer destabilization achieves massive heat-transport enhancement
Authors: Wang Bo-Fu , Zhou Quan , Sun Chao
Published: May 2020

We conceptualize an elegant mechanism of thermal vibrational turbulence that achieves massive heat-transport enhancement.
Efficient blockade of locally reciprocated tumor-macrophage signaling using a TAM-avid nanotherapy
Authors: Wang Stephanie J. , Li Ran , Ng Thomas S. C. , Luthria Gaurav , Oudin Madeleine J. , Prytyskach Mark , Kohler Rainer H. , Weissleder Ralph , Lauffenburger Douglas A. , Miller Miles A.
Published: May 2020

Combining multicellular signaling profiles with in vivo imaging reveals how nanotherapy can block local resistance pathways.
Significantly enhancing production of
trans
-4-hydroxy-
l
-proline by integrated system engineering in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Long Mengfei , Xu Meijuan , Ma Zhenfeng , Pan Xuewei , You Jiajia , Hu Mengkai , Shao Yu , Yang Taowei , Zhang Xian , Rao Zhiming
Published: May 2020

A thorough “from A to Z” strategy significantly improves
trans
-4-hydroxy-
l
-proline production in
Escherichia coli
.
AI systems aim to sniff out coronavirus outbreaks
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: May 2020

Alerts would not substitute for on-the-ground sleuthing, experts warn.
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of encapsulated stable perovskite solar cells
Authors: Shi Lei , Bucknall Martin P. , Young Trevor L. , Zhang Meng , Hu Long , Bing Jueming , Lee Da Seul , Kim Jincheol , Wu Tom , Takamure Noboru , McKenzie David R. , Huang Shujuan , Green Martin A. , Ho-Baillie Anita W. Y.
Published: May 2020

Perovskite decomposition in detail

Solar cells are subject to heating when operating in sunlight, and the organic components of hybrid perovskite solar cells, especially the commonly used methylammonium cation, can undergo thermal decomposition. Encapsulation can limit decomposition by bringing such reactions to equilibrium and can prevent exposure to damaging ambient moisture. Shi
et al.
examined several encapsulation schemes for perovskite films and devices by probing volatile products with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (see the Perspective by Juarez-Perez and Haro). Pressure-tight polymer/glass stack encapsulation was effective in suppressing gas transfer and allowed solar cells containing methylammonium to pass harsh moisture and thermal cycling tests.

Science
, this issue p.
eaba2412
; see also p.
1309
Supplemental Material: Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?
Authors: Knott Thomas , al. et
Published: May 2020

Unit summaries, previous nomenclature, methodologies, and all raw data.
Supplemental Material: Muted cooling and drying of NW Mediterranean in response to the strongest last glacial North American ice surges
Authors: Goñi Maria Fernanda Sanchez , al. et
Published: May 2020

Estimated errors (SPE) associated with the climatic reconstructions from core MD95-2042 and MD95-2043, respectively.
Early evaluation of the ‘STOP SEPSIS!’ WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Awareness Campaign implemented for healthcare providers in 46 low, middle and high-income countries
Authors: Brizuela Vanessa , Bonet Mercedes , Trigo Romero Carla Lionela , Abalos Edgardo , Baguiya Adama , Fawole Bukola , Knight Marian , Lumbiganon Pisake , Minkauskienė Meilė , Nabhan Ashraf , Bique Osman Nafissa , Qureshi Zahida P , Souza João Paulo
Published: May 2020

Objective

To evaluate changes in awareness of maternal sepsis among healthcare providers resulting from the WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Study (GLOSS) awareness campaign.

Design

Independent sample precampaign/postcampaign through online and paper-based surveys available for over 30 days before campaign roll-out (pre) and after study data collection (post). Descriptive statistics were used for campaign recognition and exposure, and odds ratio (OR) and percentage change were calculated for differences in awareness, adjusting for confounders using multivariate logistic regression.

Setting and participants

Healthcare providers from 398 participating facilities in 46 low, middle and high-income countries.

Intervention

An awareness campaign to accompany GLOSS launched 3 weeks prior to data collection and lasting the entire study period (28 November 2017 to 15 January 2018) and beyond.

Main outcome measures

Campaign recognition and exposure, and changes in awareness.

Results

A total of 2188 surveys were analysed: 1155 at baseline and 1033 at postcampaign. Most survey respondents found the campaign materials helpful (94%), that they helped increase awareness (90%) and that they helped motivate to act differently (88%). There were significant changes with regard to: not having heard of maternal sepsis (−63.4% change, pre-OR/post-OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.68) and perception of confidence in making the right decisions with regard to maternal sepsis identification and management (7.3% change, pre-OR/post-OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.06).

Conclusions

Awareness raising campaigns can contribute to an increase in having heard of maternal sepsis and an increase in provider perception of confidence in making correct decisions. Offering the information to make accurate and timely decisions while promoting environments that enable self-confidence and support could improve maternal sepsis identification and management.
Metformin in Pregnancy Study (MiPS): protocol for a systematic review with individual patient data meta-analysis
Authors: Mousa Aya , Løvvik Tone , Hilkka Ijäs , Carlsen Sven M , Morin-Papunen Laure , Tertti Kristiina , Rönnemaa Tapani , Syngelaki Argyro , Nicolaides Kypros , Shehata Hassan , Burden Christy , Norman Jane E , Rowan Janet , Dodd Jodie M , Hague William , Vanky Eszter , Teede Helena J
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disorder of pregnancy and contributes to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Metformin is often used for the prevention and management of GDM; however, its use in pregnancy continues to be debated. The Metformin in Pregnancy Study aims to use individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis to clarify the efficacy and safety of metformin use in pregnancy and to identify relevant knowledge gaps.

Methods and analysis

MEDLINE, EMBASE and all Evidence-Based Medicine will be systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCT) testing the efficacy of metformin compared with placebo, usual care or other interventions in pregnant women. Two independent reviewers will assess eligibility using prespecified criteria and will conduct data extraction and quality appraisal of eligible studies. Authors of included trials will be contacted and asked to contribute IPD. Primary outcomes include maternal glycaemic parameters and GDM, as well as neonatal hypoglycaemia, anthropometry and gestational age at delivery. Other adverse maternal, birth and neonatal outcomes will be assessed as secondary outcomes. IPD from these RCTs will be harmonised and a two-step meta-analytic approach will be used to determine the efficacy and safety of metformin in pregnancy, with a priori adjustment for covariates and subgroups to examine effect moderators of treatment outcomes. Sensitivity analyses will assess heterogeneity, risk of bias and the impact of trials which have not provided IPD.

Ethics and dissemination

All IPD will be deidentified and studies contributing IPD will have ethical approval from their respective local ethics committees. This study will provide robust evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of metformin use in pregnancy, and may identify subgroups of patients who may benefit most from this treatment modality. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at scientific meetings, providing much needed evidence to inform clinical and public health actions in this area.
Comprehensive review of evaluation and management of cardiac paragangliomas
Authors: Tella Sri Harsha , Jha Abhishek , Taïeb David , Horvath Keith A , Pacak Karel
Published: May 2020

Cardiac paraganglioma (PGL) is a rare neuroendocrine tumour causing significant morbidity primarily due to norepinephrine secretion potentially causing severe hypertension, palpitations, lethal tachyarrhythmias, stroke and syncope. Cardiologists are faced with two clinical scenarios. The first is the elevated norepinephrine, whose actions must be properly counteracted by adrenoceptor blockade to avoid catastrophic consequences. The second is to evaluate the precise location of a cardiac PGL and its spread since compression of cardiovascular structures may result in ischaemia, angina, non-noradrenergic-induced arrhythmia, cardiac dysfunction or failure. Thus, appropriate assessment of elevated norepinephrine by its metabolite normetanephrine is a gold biochemical standard at present. Furthermore, dedicated cardiac CT, MRI and transthoracic echocardiogram are necessary for the precise anatomic information of cardiac PGL. Moreover, a cardiologist needs to be aware of advanced functional imaging using68Ga-DOTA(0)-Tyr(3)-octreotide positron emission tomography/CT, which offers the best cardiac PGL-specific diagnostic accuracy and helps to stage and rule out metastasis, determining the next therapeutic strategies. Patients should also undergo genetic testing, especially for mutations in genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase enzyme subunits that are most commonly present as a genetic cause of these tumours. Curative surgical resection after appropriate α-adrenoceptor and β-adrenoceptor blockade in norepinephrine-secreting tumours is the primary therapeutic strategy. Therefore, appropriate and up-to-date knowledge about early diagnosis and management of cardiac PGLs is paramount for optimal outcomes in patients where a cardiologist is an essential team member of a multidisciplinary team in its management.