bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the idea of a biology of agency that includes philosophical analysis and which is the outlook of the book’s investigation. It summarizes the book’s main ideas. Chapter 1 discusses the structure of action. Chapter 2 presents the theory of attention and attending as action. Chapter 3 explicates intention as a type of practical memory. Chapter 4 discusses intending as an action that involves continued practical reasoning while intentional action unfolds. Chapter 5 examines biases on attention that yield actions of ethical and epistemic concern. Chapter 6 examines deduction as a form of cognitive attention. Chapter 7 discusses two forms of introspection of perceptual consciousness and investigates their reliability in core cases.
Roots
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We define the classical syllogistic, together with its extensions by either noun-level negation or transitive verbs, showing that the satisfiability problem for all three fragments is NLogSpace-complete. We show, however, that the satisfiability problem for the extension with both these features is ExpTime-complete. We go on to establish that the Aristotelian syllogisms---together with some auxiliary rules---constitute a sound and complete proof system for the classical syllogistic and its extension by noun-level negation. We exhibit a set of syllogism-like rules that is sound and refutation-complete for the extension by transitive verbs, and show that there is no such system which is sound and complete for this fragment. Finally, we show that, for the extension by both noun-level negation and transitive verbs, there is no system of syllogism-like rules that is even sound and refutation-complete.
Guards
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider the guarded fragment of first-order logic together with its k-variable subfragments. Using the technique of resolution theorem proving, we show that the satisfiability problem for the guarded fragment is in 2-ExpTime, falling to ExpTime if the number of variables is bounded. We obtain matching lower bounds by reduction to the bounded halting problem for alternating Turing machines. We also show that the guarded fragment has the finite model property, and obtain a semantic characterization of its expressive power. An appendix to the chapter provides a proof of the refutation-completeness of resolution-theorem proving with atom orderings and selection functions.
Fluting
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider the so-called fluted fragment, a fragment of first-order logic originating in the work of W.V.O. Quine in which, roughly speaking, the order of quantification of variables is constrained to match the order of occurrence of those variables in atomic formulas. We show that this fragment has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is decidable, but with non-elementary complexity. We also determine, within certain bounds, the complexity of satisfiability for the k-variable subfragment, for all k.
Modalities
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We explain how propositional modal logics can be understood as subfragments of the two-variable fragment of first-order logic, in which the interpretation of a distinguished binary relation is subject to various semantic constraints, in particular, the properties of reflexivity, seriality, symmetry and transitivity. We introduce graded modal logic, which extends propositional modal logics (thus understood) with counting quantifiers. We determine the complexity of the satisfiability problems for modal logics and graded modal logics defined by all possible conjunctions of the semantic constraints just mentioned. We also characterize the expressive power of propositional modal logic and briefly consider some extensions contained within the two-variable fragment of first-order logic.
Transitivity
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, but where k distinguished binary predicates are constrained to be interpreted as equivalence relations. We show that, if k=1, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic remain NExpTime-complete. Our treatment here employs the full power of the results on integer linear programming obtained in Chapter 7. In addition, we show that, if k=2, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic become undecidable.
Trees
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic interpreted over finite, ordered trees. The tree structure is accessed by means of a collection of distinguished, navigational predicates. These include the relations mother-daughter, descendant, next-sister and younger-sister. We determine the complexity of satisfiability for each combination of these navigational predicates. In the presence of counting quantifiers, most such logics are undecidable or have enormous complexity. However, if only the mother-daughter relation is available, then complexity is reduced. We show that the finite satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers remains in NExpTime, even in the presence of up to two distinguished relations interpreted as the mother-daughter relation in (independent) trees.
The reasons for research on data subjects
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter explains the research question at the heart of the book: ‘what is the notion of the data subject in the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, considering different levels of data subjects’ vulnerabilities, and how can we improve the protection of vulnerable data subjects?’ While in EU data protection law there are clear definitions of ‘data controllers’ and ‘data processors’, which are even classified according to size, responsibility, data protection risks, territoriality, etc, there is no precise definition or classification of data subjects. Privacy and data protection law aim to right the unfair imbalance between the processing party and the data subject and thus to mitigate an individual’s vulnerability. However, increased awareness in the social sciences about the personal conditions of individuals (in terms of understanding, awareness, exposure to manipulation and discrimination, resilience to attacks, etc) suggest that different layers of data subjects’ vulnerability ought to be considered. In the GDPR (and in the Data Protection Directive that preceded it), it is clear that some rules are conceived for ‘average’ data subjects. However, an increasing number of provisions seem to refer to a broad notion of the data subject, which also includes vulnerable subjects.
Data protection rights and duties and vulnerable data subjects
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyses data protection rights and duties under the perspective of data subjects’ personal conditions, in particular considering data subjects’ vulnerabilities. As regards data protection rights in the GDPR, this chapter focuses mainly on transparency rights (the right to receive information about data processing cited in Articles 13 and 14, and the right to access to information about the data processing and the personal data processed in Article 15), the right to erasure (Article 17), the right to object (Article 21), and the right not to be subject to automated decision-making (Article 22). As regards the data controller’s duties in the GDPR, this chapter dedicates particular attention to the references of ‘categories of data subjects’ in the records of data processing activities and the security measures for data processing (including measures in case of a data breach), to the risk-based approach, to the principle of data protection by design, and the Data Protection Impact Assessment. The chapter argues that, at least in these cases, data subjects’ personal situations or conditions are relevant. In particular, for some of those accountability duties (record of data processing, data breach notifications), the data controller needs to identify ‘categories of data subjects’, in other cases (risk-based approach, data protection by design, DPIA), the data controller needs to perform an analysis of risks for data subjects. This analysis should include the level of vulnerability of the data subject in a given situation.
The Domestic Abuse Commissioner (Sections 4–21)
Authors: Edwards Susan , Mullane Frank
Published: May 2023

This chapter expounds on the sections established by the Domestic Abuse Commissioner. The interrelationship of duties and obligations mandates the promotion of good practice regarding domestic abuse protection, which subsequently facilitates the development of plans and strategies for better understanding and prevention. The statutory appointment by the Secretary of State of the office of Commissioner aims to promote and steer change and raise awareness in particular areas of public concern and importance. The chapter details the provisions surrounding the duties and powers of the Secretary of State. It also considers the sections concerned with the disclosure of information, miscellaneous, and supplementary.
Domestic Abuse Protection Notices and Orders, Definitions, Breaches, and the Police Role (Sections 22–27)
Authors: O’Neill Martin
Published: May 2023

This chapter elaborates on the correlation between domestic abuse protection notices and orders, definitions, breaches, and police roles. It explains the design of notices provides short-term breathing space for domestic violence victims to allow them to consider their next move following an incident. The Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021 creates new notices and orders that replace the existing domestic violence protection notice (DVPN) and domestic violence protection order (DVPO). Meanwhile, unlike the DAPN, the Domestic Abuse Protection Order (DAPO) can include both prohibitions and requirements. The chapter elaborates on the guidance to police officers which suggests prohibitions that involve prohibiting access to premises or setting clear geographical restrictions such as how close to the premises the perpetrator is allowed.
Domestic Abuse Protection Orders, the Court Procedure (Sections 28–38)
Authors: Malone David
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the provisions addressing the court procedure that concerns Domestic Abuse Protection Orders (DAPO). It starts with Section 28 which enables applications for DAPOs to be made by either the victim, police, relevant third party, or any other period with the leave of the court. The DAPO provisions are designed to make DAPOs more accessible by enabling applications to be made to a wide spectrum of courts. The chapter also looks into provisions for electronic monitoring and requirements that may be imposed by others. It considers the provisions that allow the court to be flexible when establishing the effective period by explicitly prescribing a specified period or by using the occurrence of a specified event to terminate the effective period.
Local Authority Support and Local Partnership Boards (Sections 57–61)
Authors: Hague Gill , Jarrett Sophie , Hemingway Tina
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the support provided by the local authority and local partnership boards (LPB). It highlights the significance of accessing safe and secure housing for victims and survivors of domestic violence if they are forced to leave their homes. The Women’s Aid federations played an important role in the drafting and re-drafting of the Homeless Persons Act (HPA) 1977 to include domestic abuse as the accepted cause and criteria of homelessness. The chapter notes the attempts of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) to improve the waiting situation. It also mentions that the LPB and its required functions play a critical role in guiding local areas in implementing the duty of domestic abuse safe accommodation.
Immigration, Contact Centres, Powers of Secretary of State (Sections 81–91)
Authors: Patel Pragna , Walker Janaya , Ishmael Fazeela , George Rob , Edwards Susan
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the notions of immigration, contact centres, and powers of the Secretary of State under the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. It discusses the struggle to institute a firewall or safe reporting mechanisms between public services and the Home Office. Moreover, the lack of statutory regulations and inconsistent levels of training and resourcing for contact centres are significant safety concerns. The chapter also entails the powers and guidance of the Secretary of State in accordance with the DAA 2021. Under Section 84, the Secretary of State may issue guidance when concerned with the effect of any provisions made by or under other sections of the act.
The Open-Question Argument in Ethics
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents the challenge posed by a version of the open-question argument to the project of identifying the referents of ethical terms. On the construal developed here, the crucial thought is that someone can mean by an ethical predicate what we mean by it even though their ascriptions of the predicate are not in line with their views on the instantiation of any property we might want to treat as the referent of the predicate. It argues that the standard version of the argument can be blocked by a naturalist conception of the reference of ethical terms, but that the argument can be modified to overcome this obstacle. The chapter includes a discussion of the parallels and differences between the version of the argument presented here and the Moral Twin Earth argument developed by Terence Horgan and Mark Timmons. It outlines the challenges faced by the attempt to solve these difficulties by embracing moral intuitionism.
Some Reactions
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

Previous chapters have developed an argument for the view that ethical discourse and some central semantic discourses cannot have representationalist meaning grounds, since no properties can play the role of referents for the central predicates of these discourses. This chapter considers two ways in which one might react to this outcome. The first consists in defining the referents of the target predicates in terms of the procedures that we employ for deciding when to count a speaker as meaning by one of their predicates what we mean by one of the target predicates. Ethical subjectivism and interpretivism concerning ascriptions of propositional attitudes and meanings are instances of this approach. The chapter argues that these proposals face formidable obstacles. The second is the idea that the sentences of the target discourses have a function other than representing the world—one that can be performed by sentences without representationalist meaning grounds. Ethical noncognitivism, deflationism about truth, instrumentalism about the attitudes, and Kripke’s sceptical solution are instances of this approach. Quasi-realism offers a strategy for making these views compatible with our intuition that the target sentences represent the world. The chapter argues that the strategy is unsuccessful, since once we include a non-representational function in the meaning grounds of these sentences, their representational credentials are unavoidably inferior to those of sentences with representationalist meaning grounds.
Transcendental Subjectivity in Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

Chapter 6 set to the side some problems that arise for the transcendental interpretation of Phenomenology. This chapter considers those problems insofar as they are related to consciousness and subjectivity. Merleau-Ponty’s emphasis on the connection between body and world suggests the possibility that our experience is shaped by elements outside the scope of subjectivity. Specifically, his notion of an “anonymous” element of our experience poses difficulties for the transcendental idealist conception of the mind. Despite these problems, this chapter argues that Merleau-Ponty’s view is ultimately compatible with the transcendental interpretation. This leads to a consideration of the “tacit cogito” and temporality, and deepens the book’s consideration of Merleau-Ponty’s conception of the embodied mind.
Conclusion
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

The conclusion has three aims. First, it briefly summarizes the general results of the book. As a part of this, it emphasizes the way in which Merleau-Ponty’s view is genuinely an idealism. Second, it considers how the transcendental idealist interpretation of Merleau-Ponty’s early thought might be affected by the views expressed in his later works. Those later works appear to pose a stronger and more overt challenge to transcendental idealism. The conclusion briefly considers this possibility and gives some reasons for thinking that this should not change the results of the current book. Finally, the conclusion considers some possible avenues for further research based on the results of this book.
Embarking
Authors: McAleer John
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the physical confines of the ship, the daily rhythm and routine of shipboard life, and the material culture of its interior, all of which played crucial roles in defining voyagers’ experiences. One seventeenth-century sailor, Richard Simson, encapsulated the feelings of many passengers by suggesting that ‘a ship is not improperly called a wooden world’. They were isolated ‘worlds’. On her way to India in the middle of the nineteenth century, Minnie Wood wrote of being ‘alone in this wild waste of waters, nothing in sight, and the heat unbearable’. But these ‘wooden worlds’ were also self-contained social spaces in which voyagers shared food, drink, and living quarters; where pastimes often became collective pursuits; and where experiences of boredom and exhilaration, fear and danger, were shared by all. In attempting to understand the feelings and experiences of passengers, as well as the strategies they adopted for marking the passage and passing the time, we need to appreciate the immediate spatial and social contexts in which they travelled.
Brazil’s Exposed Corpses
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: May 2023

Chapter 3 studies two plays by Brazilian Jorge Andrade, Pedreira das almas (1957) and As Confrarias (1969), which dramatize two historical revolts, during the mining and coffee economic cycles, respectively, in the state of Minas Gerais in colonial and imperial Brazil. The first play is based on the 1842 Liberal Revolt against the local monarchy’s concentration of power and the second on the 1789 Minas Gerais Conspiracy for independence from the Portuguese Crown. The chapter argues that Andrade’s heroines not only follow the tradition of republican motherhood initiated regionally in 1824 but also innovate political strategy in the corpus by staging their disobedience in following orders to the letter, leaving the body exposed and favoring letting others live over performing burials. These Antígonas invent a new politics as they cannibalize the ancient funeral rites, submitting the authorities to the sight of the unburied with which they tried to threaten others. Burial recedes in importance for the first time in the corpus.
The Angel of Peace Should Extend His Wings
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

On September 11, 1857, as Priscilla Leavitt and Jacob Hamblin were sealed in marriage by Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints president and Utah’s governor Brigham Young in Salt Lake City, Mormon militiamen near their home at the Mountain Meadows hundreds of miles south assembled to massacre a group of California-bound emigrants camped there. At the end of that day in Salt Lake City, a representative of U.S. Army troops approaching Utah met with Young and other church leaders as leaders of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, including John D. Lee and others, brought the only survivors of their atrocity—seventeen children aged six and under—to the shanty of Hamblin’s polygamous first wife, Rachel, to care for them through the night.
Sermons Like Pitch Forks
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the early history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, from its founding in upstate New York to its persecutions in Missouri and Illinois to its westward migration to the Salt Lake Valley and its establishment in what becomes the Utah Territory. This history summarizes early Mormon beliefs and practices, including the temple endowment ritual, avenging the blood of the prophets, blood atonement, polygamy, the gathering of the House of Israel to a new Zion, Book of Mormon teachings about Indigenous peoples, and the Mormon Reformation of 1856–57. These beliefs and practices play a role in the events leading to the Mountain Meadows Massacre.
An Inquisition
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Passing through Parowan again on his way back north to Salt Lake City, apostle George A. Smith receives multiple complaints against Parowan’s stake president, William Dame. The complaints compel Smith and fellow apostle Amasa Lyman to hold an ecclesiastical court to hear the charges. During the course of the grueling three-day hearing, massacre participants John M. Higbee, Isaac Haight, Nephi Johnson, and others speak. In the end, George A. Smith and Amasa Lyman decide to uphold Dame, and require other local people to sign a document saying that they do the same. Though details about what was said about the massacre in the hearing do not appear in the meeting’s minutes, after the hearing, Smith made significant changes to his earlier report of the massacre, including acknowledgment that John D. Lee and a few other white men were at the Mountain Meadows when the atrocity took place.
Catching Is Before Hanging
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

As U.S. Army captain Reuben Campbell and soldiers travel to southern Utah with Judge John Cradlebaugh. John D. Lee and Philip Klingensmith flee into what is today Zion National Park. Lee avoids detection, but Klingensmith goes to Cedar City, where Judge Cradlebaugh is investigating the massacre, and privately confesses. Jacob Hamblin and Deputy William Rogers recover the seventeenth child survivor of the massacre. Major James Henry Carleton interviews witnesses and buries the remaining bones of the massacre victims in a mass grave. Above the grave’s rock cairn, troops erect a cedar cross on which they inscribe the New Testament scripture, “Vengeance is mine, and I will repay.” Carleton writes his superior in California, calling for the extermination of Mormons.
Unwilling to Rest Under the Stigma
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Washington attempts to resolve conflict between federal officials in Utah by directing that U.S. Army general Albert Sidney Johnston not call out troops to assist civil authorities without Governor Alfred Cumming’s direction. While looking for deserters and stolen horses, Army soldiers detain key massacre perpetrators overnight but, not recognizing them, release them the next morning. Brigham Young encourages federal officials to investigate the massacre and try suspects, offering his help in bringing them to trial. At Young’s direction, George A. Smith and Amasa Lyman reorganize the church in Cedar City, dropping from leadership positions those suspected of playing a role in massacre.
Vengeance Is Mine
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

The Civil War begins, disrupting efforts to investigate the Mountain Meadows Massacre. U.S. Army troops in Utah withdraw, the various soldiers electing to fight for the North or the South. Governor Alfred Cumming returns to Georgia. Brigham Young goes on a springtime excursion to southern Utah. His tour takes him through the Mountain Meadows. He sees the monument and its inscription, “Vengeance Is Mine and I will repay saith the Lord,” and comments about it at the time and later to John D. Lee. Orion and Samuel Clemens visit Utah and Brigham Young, a trip that undergirds part of Samuel’s 1872 book Roughing It, written under his pen name Mark Twain. Sir Richard Francis Burton visits before the Clemens brothers. A forty-day flood in 1862 transformed the landscape and hurt some of the key participants in the massacre.
A Means of Escape
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

News that John D. Lee planned to turn state’s evidence spreads like wildfire. Public sentiment runs high in William Dame’s favor. Lee, as part of a plea arrangement, agrees to write a confession. Prosecutors hope he indicts Brigham Young, George A. Smith, and Daniel H. Wells. Lee recounts the massacre and confesses he had a part in it. He indicts Isaac Haight and John Higbee but does not provide enough evidence to convict William Dame. Lee describes reporting the massacre to Brigham Young with some distortion. Young wept like a child, wrung his hands, and regretted the atrocity. Prosecutors promptly declare Lee’s confession unsatisfactory and decide to try Lee.
Hope for a Hung Jury
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

The Lee trial finally opens on July 20, 1875. The prosecution blindsides the defense with a new indictment. The first count charges the nine defendants jointly for murder committed by any of them. The second count charges that defendants conspired with Indians to commit murder. The prosecution decides to try Lee on just the first count, saving the second for another trial. Jury selection makes it clear both sides hope for a hung jury, the prosecution in order to stir public sentiment for legislation stronger than the Poland Act, and the defense because it means their client will not be convicted in that round. The proceeding then becomes a show trial whose purpose is to convict Brigham Young and George A. Smith by innuendo since evidence is lacking. John D. Lee’s wife Emma ends up in jail after assaulting a guard.
The Curtain Has Fallen
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

After the prosecution puts on blistering testimony against defendant John D. Lee, Lee’s defense works to absolve their client. Wells Spicer starts with a confusing narrative. Robert Baskin follows with skillful examination of witnesses. Well beyond the courtroom, a journalist seeks the testimony of a Paiute called Beaver, who testifies that Lee led the attack but was a coward and blamed Indians. Judge Jacob Boreman delivers jury instructions. The prosecution and defense offer their closing arguments. The jury convenes but cannot reach a verdict. The prosecution achieves its goal of pillorying Latter-day Saint leaders in the press. The London Times concludes Brigham Young had no role in the massacre.
More Than a “Chemical Reaction”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2023

Ninotchka (MGM 1939), directed by the German immigrant Ernst Lubitsch, was a much-praised romantic comedy featuring the popular Swedish-born actress Greta Garbo. It gained additional distinction when in 1955 it was adapted into one of the first stage musicals to be based on a non-musical film, Cole Porter’s final Broadway musical Silk Stockings. Two years later, MGM adapted Silk Stockings into a film musical, the last film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and the last film to star Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse as featured dancers. This chapter will argue that despite not entering the repertoire, the stage version remains important because it paved the way for the future that musical theater audiences currently inhabit, in which non-musical films serve as perhaps the major source of musical stage material. Despite this legitimate claim to fame, it is Mamoulian’s film version with its new emphasis on dance that disproves Ralph Waldo Emerson’s adage: “Imitation cannot go above its model.”
Something to Dance About
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2023

The stage version of the musical West Side Story (1957) was adapted from Shakespeare’s classic Romeo and Juliet by a talented foursome: Jerome Robbins (direction and choreography); Arthur Laurent (libretto); Leonard Bernstein (music); and lyrics (Stephen Sondheim). For more than sixty years this socially and artistically adventurous show has demonstrated its classic stature. According to Laurents, the work broke “new musical ground in that “serious subjects—bigotry, race, rape, murder, death—were dealt with for the first time in a musical as seriously as they would be in a play.” The Academy Awarding–winning film in 1961 followed the stage original closely and for the most part preserved what Laurents considered the original show’s greatest strengths. In comparing the stage and film versions, this chapter will focus on one central difference, the revised reordering of its acclaimed stage score (which was otherwise left mostly untouched) and will discuss the effect of these and other changes and the extent they succeed in their new film context.
Stretching Boundaries in the Wake of the Studio System Era
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2023

The chapter begins with the fall of the studio system empire and its replacement with independent production companies exemplified by the company that produced the film adaptation of Cabaret in 1972, The discussion of the 1966 stage version explores Cabaret’s innovation as a forerunner of the “concept” musical and director Hal Prince’s bold expansion of subject matter to include the rise of Nazism and abortion. The screen adaptation produced by Cy Feuer and director Bob Fosse went still further by addressing homosexuality and bisexuality. The chapter also discusses the many versions of Christopher Isherwood short stories, including a play and a film that preceded Prince’s stage and Feuer-Fosse’s film versions of Cabaret, The chapter (and book) concludes with a summary of film adaptations of stage musicals from Cabaret (1972) to the present.
After the ISIS Caliphate
Authors: Dagher Munqith , Kaltenthaler Karl , Gelfand Michele J. , Kruglanski Arie W. , McCulloh Ian
Published: May 2023

ISIS in Iraq is not riding on the back of a wave of Sunni resentment as it did in 2014. Far from it, Sunni Arab Iraqis are now the most content of the major Iraqi communities. While Iraq faces multiple significant challenges, from very serious economic problems and poverty to the Covid-19 pandemic to the Iraqi state being directly challenged by Iran-aligned militias, it is Iraq’s Sunni Arabs who maintain greater confidence than Shia Arabs and Kurds in the Iraqi state and its policies. While ISIS in Iraq continues to survive, it is not thriving, and its immediate future does not foretell a comeback if there is not a major change in how Sunni Arabs view how they are treated by the Iraqi state. Most importantly, Sunni Arabs believe that the Iraqi state cares about them and their needs more now since any time since the fall of Saddam Hussein.
Assessment and Treatment of Trauma in Jails
Authors: Manguno-Mire Gina M. , Cabeldue Mollimichelle K.
Published: May 2023

The prevalence of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is higher among individuals in prisons and jails than in the general population. Jails differ from prisons in important ways and, as such, are particularly difficult environments for those with a history of trauma exposure and can cause or exacerbate posttraumatic symptoms among incarcerated persons. This chapter documents the prevalence of trauma and PTSD within the jail population and highlights how chronic and developmental trauma can be of particular concern. Empirically validated approaches to trauma assessment and treatment are described along with current practice standards. Practitioners working within jail settings can benefit from understanding and implementing a trauma-informed approach to the treatment of individuals with trauma, PTSD, and related disorders in order to minimize retraumatization and reduce PTSD symptoms. Cultural implications will also be discussed given the overrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in the criminal legal system. Implications for correctional policy and future research will be presented.
Legal and Ethical Issues in Mental Health Assessment and Treatment in Jails
Authors: DeMatteo David , Fishel Sarah , Wiltsie Kellie , Tansey Aislinn
Published: May 2023

Rates of mental illness among jailed individuals are considerably higher than rates of mental illness in the general community population, so the provision of mental health services in jails is receiving increasing attention from clinicians, researchers, correctional institutions, and policymakers. This chapter focuses on several important legal and ethical considerations that are implicated when providing mental health services—screening, assessment, and intervention—to those in jail. After describing the overrepresentation of mental illness among jailed individuals, this chapter discusses ethical considerations relating to mental health screening, confidentiality, solitary confinement, and research conducted in jail contexts. Next, this chapter discusses practical considerations relevant to the provision of mental health services in jails, including the legal standard for mental health care in jails and a variety of organizational standards and guidelines. This chapter concludes with a discussion of best practices for providing mental health services in jails.
Into the Bright Sunshine
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter presents the life story and work history of Hubert Humphrey. Humphrey built credentials that included twenty-three years in the U.S. Senate, four years as vice president to Lyndon Johnson, three candidacies for his party’s nomination for president, and one very narrow loss as its candidate. Some of Humphrey’s works include pressing the United States and the Soviet Union to negotiate disarmament amid the nuclear standoff of the Cold War. The chapter considers the decline of Humphrey’s health coinciding with the degradation of his public image. It looks into the time that Humphrey acknowledged the wave of civil rights legislation and triggered the partisan realignment that defines American politics right up to the present.
“Horse-High, Hog-Tight, Bull-Strong”
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into life in Black Minneapolis. It discusses the narratives of Hubert Humphrey, Arthur Lee, John Emerson, and Cecil Newman. Lee’s home has been mobbed by white people, which was raised to nationwide significance after the NAACP took the case. The chapter elaborates on the extent of racial violence that the Lee family faced. Meanwhile, Cecil Newman kept looking for a white ally who wielded both principles and power despite his lived experience of hatred and disappointment, and disinterest from across the color line. Even though Newman praised Lee Loevinger for protesting against the continuing exclusion of Black students from the dorms, Loevinger had not been a man of great influence.
A Path Out of the Dust
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the struggles of Hubert Humphrey and those of his family living in Huron. It starts with Humphrey’s pharmaceutical work in Huron, a town that predominantly depended on farming. In November 1933, Huron recorded the strongest dust storm it ever had. The chapter expounds on President Franklin Roosevelt’s visit to Huron, wherein Humphrey was part of the Democrat delegation. It expounds on Humphrey’s siblings leaving their home for work and family while Humphrey met Muriel Buck at Huron College and later married her. Eventually, Humphrey attended the University of Minnesota and then moved to Louisiana, which was known to be the land of Jim Crow.
Marginalized, Mobilized, Incorporated
Authors: Williams Rina Verma
Published: May 2023

How has the participation of women in Hindu nationalist politics in India changed over time, and what has their changing participation meant for women, for Hindu nationalism, and for Indian democracy? In the wake of the Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) consolidation of power after the 2019 election, Marginalized, Mobilized, Incorporated places women’s participation in religious politics in India into historical and comparative perspective to understand the critical role of women and gender in the movement’s rise and how it has evolved over time. Marginalized, Mobilized, Incorporated draws on significant new data sources, gathered over a decade of fieldwork in India, including newly uncovered archival documents on a women’s wing of the Hindu Mahasabha; interviews with key BJP leaders; and ethnographic observation, voting data, and visual campaign materials. It compares three critical time periods to show how Hindu nationalism has increasingly involved women in its politics over time. In its formative years in the early 1900s, Hindu nationalism marginalized women; in the 1980s the BJP mobilized them; and today, the BJP has incorporated women in its structures and activities. Incorporating women in Hindu nationalist politics has significantly advanced the BJP’s electoral success compared to prior periods when women were marginalized or mobilized in more limited ways. For the BJP, women’s incorporation works to normalize religious nationalism in Indian democracy; however, incorporation has not been emancipatory for women, whose participation in BJP politics remains predicated on traditional gender ideologies that tether women to their social roles in the home and family.
Of Histories and Numbers
Authors: Williams Rina Verma
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces a genealogy of Hindu nationalist political parties and analyzes quantitative data on women’s political participation in Hindu nationalist politics and Indian democracy over time. The first part constructs a historical account of Hindu nationalist political parties, from the Hindu Mahasabha to the BJP. The second part of the chapter examines quantitative data on women as voters and as political candidates. The historical and numerical data tell complementary stories about the changing role and participation of women in Hindu nationalist politics. They show how Hindu nationalist politics lagged the growth and development of Hindu nationalism as a social movement: Hindu nationalism as a specifically political project did not fully take off until several decades after the social movement wing had established itself. And the data show how the participation of women provides an important lens into the evolution of Hindu nationalist politics in Indian democracy more broadly.
Evolution, Compassion, and Wellbeing
Authors: Gilbert Paul
Published: May 2023

To feel cared for by others, to be caring of others, and to be caring of oneself are the foundations of wellbeing across its diverse conceptualisations. Importantly, central to caring is compassion, with compassion entailing not only the identification and alleviation of suffering but also its prevention. This chapter explores the evolution of caring behaviour and how it became a human source of compassion. The chapter considers how care and compassion are linked to a variety of psychophysiological processes that underpin wellbeing. In essence, wellbeing is rooted in the creation of caring connections with self and others, and the cultivation of caring and compassion are basic life motives on the road to personal and social wellbeing.
Inequality and the Transition from GDP to Wellbeing
Authors: Wilkinson Richard , Pickett Kate
Published: May 2023

Redirecting government policy from economic growth to improving wellbeing may result in less real change than is often hoped. In the absence of very fundamental social change, the drivers of economic growth are likely to remain intact. Although the development of new measures of wellbeing may sharpen our focus on the quality of life, progress will depend on overcoming the powerful political forces which prevent reductions in things already known to reduce wellbeing, such as poverty, homelessness, unemployment, and food insecurity. The power of economic growth and the political weakness of the demand to increase wellbeing has resulted in the paradoxical coexistence of unprecedented levels of material comfort and gadgetry surrounded by extraordinarily high levels of stress, anxiety, mental illness, and social dysfunction. In this situation, the authors of this chapter argue that major reductions in inequality are essential both to improve psychosocial wellbeing and to facilitate the transition to sustainability.
Unrealistic Expectations
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 7 argues youth aging out should not be blamed for their poor outcomes; rather, the challenges they have faced have created a scenario wherein a smooth transition to adulthood is not likely. The chapter presents information about how youth aging out are disadvantaged as compared to their peers without foster care experience, who receive considerable financial and emotional support from their families. In the United States, the norm is parents support their children into their 30s. The chapter looks at trauma that youth aging out experienced prior to and during foster care, and how trauma influences their development. The chapter discusses brain development and the developmental period of emerging adulthood. The chapter offers a macro lens and describes structural barriers and prejudices and discrimination that contribute to the hardships of youth aging out.
Speaking of Elves, Dragons, and Werewolves
Authors: Baldwin Clive , Ripley Lauren , Arsenault Shania
Published: May 2023

Much has been written on how individuals construct and maintain their identities through the stories they tell about themselves and the stories others tell about them. Often, but not always, there is enough convergence between these inner and outer stories not to cause significant conflict. However, it is also the case that certain identities are deemed more acceptable than others, and, while such acceptability may wax and wane for some identities, others remain very much marginalized and excluded. Such is the case of Other-than-human (OtH) identities—Otherkin, therians, vampires, and the like: How is it possible, and what does it mean, for an individual who is human in appearance and acting in the human world to self-identify as Otherkin—that is as an other-worldly, mythical, or fantastical creature such as an elf, dragon, or werewolf—or as therian (i.e., a this-worldly animal such as a dog, wolf, bear)? The visible disjunction between individuals’ experienced identities and the perceived reality of others raises hermeneutical issues. Following general reflections on narrative hermeneutics this chapter explores the process of “awakening”—the realization or coming to understand oneself as Otherkin or therian—and origin stories. The authors discuss OtH identities as “believed-in imaginings,” the limits of narrative acceptability, and how features of unnatural narratives might help in interpreting OtH identity narratives.
Found in Translation
Authors: Ritivoi Andreea Deciu
Published: May 2023

The role of storytelling in shaping but also manipulating emotions in individuals and groups is widely acknowledged. Focusing on the positive affective use of storytelling and often extending this aspect to the domain of ethics, stories were seen as fostering emotions that can make readers better people. However, critics have pointed out that narrative practice offers no ethical guarantees and that the circulation of emotion through storytelling can be manipulative or abusive as much as liberating. Narrative empathy is a case in point: believed to increase social cohesion and promote a peaceful politics, it has also been attacked for its moral indiscriminateness (e.g., the potential to make us adopt the perspective of a villain rather than a hero), its sociopolitical anomie (feeling sorry for another might not result in action that alleviates their suffering), and even its self-destructive potential (feeling too much empathy can end up eroding our sense of self). In defense of an empathy that takes into account the possibility of misuse (even abuse) and prepares us to avoid it, the author employs solicitude, as articulated by Paul Ricoeur, as a way of positioning the self in an empathic relation to another but under conditions of respect and autonomy for all individuals. The author draws on Ricoeur’s notion of linguistic hospitality as the task of translation to show how narratives of the other—especially narratives of migration—can be a key resource in creating what Ricoeur calls “just institutions.”
Politics of Uncertainty
Authors: Bergmane Una
Published: May 2023

Thirty years after the Soviet collapse, this book aims to tackle the interplay between international and domestic dynamics in the Soviet disintegration process. Based on extensive archival research, it investigates the triangular relations between the US government, Baltic independence movements, and Moscow during the Perestroika years. Occupied and illegally annexed by the USSR in 1940, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were the first Soviet republics to push the limits of Perestroika and demand independence from the Soviet Union. The Baltic problem, minor at first glance, started to gain more and more international visibility and by 1990 risked derailing issues that mattered in the eyes of both Soviet and American leaders—the transformation of the Soviet state and transformation of the European order. Both Washington and Moscow wanted to diffuse the Baltic crisis, but neither was certain how to do it. The United States had never recognized the annexation of the Baltic states and thus tried to perform a highly challenging balancing act of supporting Baltic independence without jeopardizing relations with Kremlin. Meanwhile, Mikhail Gorbachev faced an increasingly pressing choice between democratization and preservation of the Soviet empire. This book studies the relations between those at the top of international and domestic power hierarchies with those situated at their margins. It shows how at the time of deep historical change, the disruption of existing power structures causes uncertainty that limits the agency of the powerful and opens widows of opportunity for those seen as marginal.
Introduction
Authors: Bergmane Una
Published: May 2023

The introduction lays out the main arguments of the book. It explains how the deep changes in Soviet domestic dynamics, brought by Gorbachev’s reforms, made both Moscow and Washington uncertain about how to deal with the Baltic claims for independence. The United States was unsure on how to support the Baltic cause without provoking a Soviet crackdown or a general destabilization of the USSR, while Moscow was unready to address the grievances emerging from the increasingly democratic and pluralistic periphery, that defied the previous patterns of imperial dominance. At the same time, Baltic independence movements, pro-independence governments, and diaspora activists deployed considerable efforts to internationalize the Baltic question and sought recognition both as legal act and ontological affirmation.
The Aftermath and Legacy
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: May 2023

Returning from Hollywood in 1960, Mulligan founds his Concert Jazz Band (CJB) and is reunited with Brookmeyer. The band debuts at Basin Street East, before playing at the Village Vanguard, where the band later recorded for Norman Granz at Verve. Mel Lewis replaced Bailey on drums. The chapter explores the relationship between the CJB and the Quartet, notably on “You Took Advantage of Me.” It also explores the CJB records from its extensive overseas touring. Financial and other pressures forced Mulligan to disband in July 1961, apart from occasional reunions, and his final group discussed here is the early 1960s quartet with Brookmeyer, Crow, and drummer Gus Johnson, which summarizes all the achievements of the 1950s pianoless quartet in one highly accomplished ensemble.