bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time of Weed Removal with Glyphosate Affects Corn Growth and Yield Components
Authors: Cox William J. , Hahn Russell R. , Stachowski Paul J.
Published: March 2006

Growers need to be aware that corn (Zea mays L.) develops leaf area slowly and competes poorly with early emerging weeds in the northeastern USA when planning a total postemergence program in glyphosate‐resistant corn. We applied glyphosate at early postemergence (EPOST), third to fourth leaf stage (V3–V4) of corn growth; mid‐postemergence (MPOST), V5 to V6 stage; and late postemergence (LPOST), V7 to V8 stage, in New York in 2003 and 2004 to determine how initial glyphosate timing affects growth, development, yield, and yield components of corn. The EPOST treatment, which received glyphosate when weeds were 10 cm or less in height, and a weed‐free treatment silked on the same date, had similar dry matter (DM) accumulation (738 g m−2) and leaf area index (LAI) at silking (∼3.50), kernels per plant (528–549), and grain yield (11.1 Mg ha−1). The MPOST treatment, which received glyphosate when some weeds were 18 to 35 cm tall, silked 2 d later, had 35% less LAI and 39% less DM accumulation at silking, 21% less kernels per plant, and 25% less grain yield. Although the LPOST and untreated control, which had 1363 and 653 weeds m−2 at the V5–V6 stage in 2003 and 2004, respectively, had the same LAI at silking (1.75–1.87), the LPOST treatment yielded higher (6.4 vs. 3.2 Mg ha−1). Results from this study indicate that growers in the northeastern USA should apply glyphosate by the V3–V4 stage to avoid yield losses from early season weed competition.
Starter Phosphorus and Broadcast Nutrients on Corn with Contrasting Colonization by Mycorrhizae
Authors: Bittman Shabtai , Kowalenko C. Grant , Hunt Derek E. , Forge Thomas A. , Wu Xiao
Published: March 2006

Early P nutrition in corn (Zea mays L.) is important for early growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may help juvenile corn plants access soil P. The role of AMF colonization in manured soils and the impact of AMF on the need for starter P is not well known. This study was designed to assess the response of corn with contrasting levels of AMF colonization to low rates of starter P under inputs of broadcast liquid dairy manure or N and P fertilizer. The study was conducted on a high‐P‐testing soil in south‐coastal British Columbia. Contrasting AMF colonization was achieved by growing corn either after corn or after fallow. Both AMF colonization and starter P improve early growth and, to a lesser extent, final harvest even on a relatively high P soil receiving a heavy application of P as broadcast liquid dairy manure or fertilizer. The effects of AMF colonization and starter P were additive, so both contribute to maximum yield. Our study suggests that practices favoring AMF colonization will help juvenile corn plants take up P. While strategically placed low rates of starter P were beneficial for juvenile plants, these treatments were less effective than conventional sidebanding at 30 kg P ha−1 because the effect did not carry forward to final harvest, even in corn that was well colonized by AMF. Therefore, better nutrient strategies and AMF colonization are needed to ensure that corn crops will gain sufficient P with minimum starter mineral fertilizer on manured soils.
Remote Sensing‐Informed Variable‐Rate Nitrogen Management of Wheat and Corn: Agronomic and Groundwater Outcomes
Authors: Hong Nan , White Jeffrey G. , Weisz Randy , Crozier Carl R. , Gumpertz Marcia L. , Cassel D. Keith
Published: March 2006

In‐season, site‐specific, variable‐rate (SS) N management based on remote sensing (RS) may reduce N losses to groundwater while maintaining or increasing yield and N fertilizer‐use efficiency. We compared in‐season, RS‐informed N management applied on a uniform, field‐average (FA) or SS basis with the current uniform best management practice (BMP) based on “Realistic Yield Expectations” (RYE) in a typical 2‐yr southeastern U.S. coastal plain rotation: winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–double‐crop soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–corn (Zea mays L.). Compared with the RYE‐based BMP, RS‐informed SS management achieved: (i) a maximum of 2.3 mg L−1 less groundwater NO3–N after 2001 wheat due to 39 kg ha−1 less fertilizer N and a 25% greater harvest N ratio (N in grain or forage/total N applied); (ii) 370 kg ha−1 more 2002 corn grain with 32 kg ha−1 greater N applied, similar harvest N ratio, and 37 kg ha−1 greater surplus N; (iii) 670 kg ha−1 more 2003 wheat grain associated with 14 kg ha−1 greater fertilizer N, 27% greater harvest N ratio, and 9 kg ha−1 less surplus N. Excepting one corn FA treatment that received excessive N, RS‐informed management produced equal or greater economic returns to N than RYE, and less surplus N for wheat. Treatments produced enduring effects on groundwater [NO3–N] consistent with agronomic results, but small relative to temporal [NO3–N] fluctuations that were positively correlated with water table elevation. To assess N management in leaching‐prone soils, frequent, periodic groundwater monitoring during and after the cropping season appears essential.
Dietary Cation Anion Difference of Five Cool‐Season Grasses
Authors: Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Brassard Hélène , Bélanger Gilles , Seguin Philippe , Drapeau Raynald , Brégard Annie , Michaud Réal , Allard Guy
Published: March 2006

Forage‐based rations with a low dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) should be fed to dairy cows 2 to 4 wk prepartum to prevent hypocalcaemia or milk fever. We evaluated the DCAD of two to four cultivars of five grass species at three locations in Québec, Canada. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.), meadow bromegrass (Bromus ripariusRehmann), tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermisLeyss.), and timothy (Phleum pratenseL.) were harvested twice a year during two production years. Forage mineral concentrations were measured and the DCAD was calculated with a short equation [DCADS= (Na++ K+) − (Cl−+ S2−)], and a long equation [DCADL= (Na++ K++ 0.15Ca2++ 0.15Mg2+) − (Cl−+ 0.6S2−+ 0.5P3−). The five species had, respectively, DCADSof 656, 540, 510, 490, and 384 mmolckg−1DM (dry matter) in spring growth, and 633, 569, 496, 447, and 332 mmolckg−1DM in summer regrowth. Orchardgrass had the highest DCAD and timothy the lowest while the three other species were intermediate in both spring growth and summer regrowth. Species differences in DCAD were primarily related to differences in K concentration. Timothy was the only species that decreased significantly in DCADS(by 52 mmolckg−1DM) and DCADL(by 35 mmolckg−1DM) from spring growth to summer regrowth. Cultivars did not differ in DCADSand DCADLexcept for tall fescue. Locations did not differ in DCAD. Among the grass species in this study, and because of its low DCAD, timothy is the best suited for producing forages fed to dairy cows in the weeks preceding calving.
Diffraction Methods in Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Howard Judith A. K. , Batsanov Andrei S.
Published: March 2006

X‐ray diffraction is by far the largest source of information on crystal and molecular structures and (at high precision) can reveal fine details of the electron density distribution. Neutron diffraction is indispensable for special tasks, for example, locating hydrogen atoms and studying crystal dynamics and magnetic properties. After a brief introduction on crystal symmetry and diffraction physics, the article surveys the currently available instrumentation and practical techniques of diffraction experiments, of interpreting the structural data and assessing their quality, with an emphasis on recent progress in technology (synchrotron radiation, area detectors, low‐ and high‐temperature, and high‐pressure experiments), software (direct phasing, dealing with twinning and incommensurate phases), and data storage (crystallographic databases).
Dioxygen & Related LigandsBased in part on the article Dioxygen & Related Ligands by Rebecca R. Conry & Kenneth D. Karlin which appeared in theEncyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition.
Authors: Conry Rebecca R.
Published: March 2006

Metal–dioxygen interactions are important in the activation of dioxygen by aerobic organisms and in other processes that utilize dioxygen, for instance, in catalytic oxygenation reactions. Most d‐block metals have been found to interact with dioxygen and many dioxygen‐containing complexes have been isolated. A number of binding modes have been found in these complexes, including the simple binding of one O2molecule to one metal center and systems where the O2moiety bridges two or more metal ions. Some reduction of dioxygen occurs upon binding; thus, these complexes are generally regarded as containing superoxide (one‐electron reduced) or peroxide (two‐electron reduced) ligands, which are typically spectroscopically distinguished. In general, superoxo complexes exhibit υ(OO) in their infrared or Raman spectra between about 960 and 1200 cm−1and usually contain planar metal2–O2units for dinuclear complexes, whereas peroxide complexes result in υ(OO) between about 650 and 950 cm−1and the dinuclear complexes typically have nonplanar metal2–O2units. Examples of superoxo and peroxo complexes for the different binding modes are discussed, including the discovery that some dinuclear metal–dioxygen complexes [M(O2)M; M = metal] are in equilibrium with bis‐μ‐oxo complexes [M(O)2M; i.e. the OO bond is no longer present].
Nitrogen: Inorganic ChemistryBased in part on the article Nitrogen: Inorganic Chemistry by Harry H. Sisler which appeared in theEncyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition.
Authors: Hammerl Anton , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: March 2006

The chemistry of nitrogen and its compounds with hydrogen, oxygen, and halogens is discussed in this article. The high stability of the nitrogen–nitrogen triple bond in dinitrogen in comparison with nitrogen–nitrogen single or double bonds makes polynitrogen compounds promising, highly energetic materials. Recently, several new polynitrogen species have been detected experimentally and salts of the polynitrogen cation N5+have been isolated in bulk. Salts of the azide anion N3−are already used as highly energetic materials.

Binary compounds of nitrogen and hydrogen include ammonia, hydrazine, and several metastable species with nitrogen–nitrogen bonds. Ammonia, which is the starting material for all industrially produced nitrogen compounds, is probably the most important industrial chemical. Most of the ammonia produced is used as fertilizer, whereas hydrazine is used as an energetic material.

The monomeric nitrogen oxides are among the most simple odd‐electron molecules and play an important role in the chemistry of the atmosphere. In combustion engines, huge amounts of nitric oxide are formed, which influence the ozone cycle both in the troposphere and in the stratosphere. Nitric oxide is a chemical messenger in biological systems and it helps to regulate a diverse array of physiological processes, such as neurotransmission, blood pressure and blood clot prevention.

Oxoacids of nitrogen include hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, and nitric acid. Nitric acid is a major industrial chemical, which is primarily used for nitrate fertilizer production. Hydroxylamine is a starting material for the production of polyamide synthetics.

Chlorine, bromine, and iodine halogen nitrogen compounds include halogensubstituted derivatives of ammonia, hydrazine, and diimine. They are unstable species that decompose to molecules in excited states. Nitrogen fluorides are thermodynamically more stable than the other nitrogen halides.

Ternary compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, and halogens include nitrosyl‐ and nitrylhalides as well as the halogen nitrates. The stability of these compounds decreases from fluorine to iodine.
Scandium, Yttrium & the Lanthanides: Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Cotton Simon A.
Published: March 2006

The lanthanides are a block of elements with atomic numbers 57–71, which exhibit subtle gradations in their chemical properties, since the ionic radii gradually decrease across the series (the ‘lanthanide contraction’). In reactivity, they resemble the group 2 elements, but are much more diverse; although the aqueous chemistry is essentially that of the +3 oxidation state, the +2 and +4 states are significant for certain metals. The 4f orbitals are well shielded and play little part in lanthanide chemistry, so lanthanides have virtually no chemistry in the zerovalent state and do not form multiple bonds to atoms like N and O. As with the transition metals, lanthanide ions usually have a partly filled subshell (4f), but, in contrast, crystal‐field splittings are weak compared with spin‐orbit coupling, and thus spectroscopic properties of lanthanide complexes strongly resemble those of the free ions; sharp f‐f‐transitions in both excitation and emission spectra confer valuable properties upon certain ions. Lanthanides form a full range of binary compounds with nonmetals, especially the group 16 and 17 elements. The halides LnX3, in particular, demonstrate both the high coordination numbers and the lanthanide contraction. The complex chemistry in aqueous solution is dominated by ‘hard’ donors, especially oxygen‐based ligands (lanthanide ions have very high hydration energies), but ligands with other donor atoms, such as nitrogen, form stable complexes in nonaqueous solvents. The lanthanide aqua ion has a coordination number of 9, decreasing to 8 for the later metals; higher coordination numbers of up to 12 are possible with ligands with a small ‘bite’, such as nitrate. Many complexes exist of oxygen‐donor ligands such as THF and phosphine oxides, with formulae of the type [La(THF)nCl3] (n, e.g. 3, 4) and [Ln(R3PO)n(NO3)3] (n, e.g. 2, 3). Diketonate complexes are important; stable adducts with molecules like polyethers are often volatile enough to be MOCVD precursors. Bi‐ and tridentate N‐donor ligands like bipy and terpy form high coordination number complexes that often exhibit subtle variations in structure with choice of lanthanide and solvent. Low‐coordination numbers are achieved using very bulky amide, alkoxide, and alkyl ligands, when values as low as 2 and 3 are possible. Polyaminepolycarboxylic acids such as EDTA and DTPA form very stable complexes that are highly important in separating mixtures of the lanthanides and also, in the case of [Gd(DTPA)(H2O)]3−, as a contrast enhancing agent in MRI, one of an increasing number of applications that rely upon their electronic and magnetic properties. Yttrium has very similar properties to the later lanthanides, but scandium is significantly smaller. Although the first 3d metal, scandium is not a transition metal, but has significantly different properties, partly on account of its slightly greater size, forming complexes with higher coordination numbers (e.g. the aqua ion [Sc(H2O)7]3+). Its developing chemistry is that of a slightly smaller version of lutetium.
Periodic Table: Historical Aspects
Authors: Rouvray Dennis H.
Published: March 2006

The periodic table effectively embodies a summary of the entire realm of chemistry. Because of this, the table is one of the most important classifications of the natural world. However, the table could not be constructed before the concept of the chemical element had been clarified in the mid‐seventeenth century. Additionally, an ordering of the elements was not possible until a method had been devised of associating a number with each element, that is, the atomic weight or, nowadays, the atomic number. The periodic table evolved gradually over half a century, starting with the ordered triads of elements of Döbereiner in 1817 and culminating in the publication of the 63‐element table of Mendeleev in 1869. After its appearance, the table was confronted with several problems, including the accommodation of the noble gases, allowance for the existence of elemental isotopes, and the placement of the lanthanide and actinide elements. In spite of many such challenges, the periodic table has stood the test of time and is now widely viewed as one of the greatest achievements of the human intellect.
Nonimmune idiopathic hydrops fetalis and congenital lymphatic dysplasia
Authors: Bellini Carlo , Hennekam Raoul C.M. , Boccardo Francesco , Campisi Corradino , Serra Giovanni , Bonioli Eugenio
Published: February 2006

Six newborns that presented at birth with nonimmune hydrops fetalis and for whom no cause could be found were investigated for the presence of lymphatic dysplasia. Careful analysis led to findings of some degree of lymphatic dysplasia in all patients. This suggests that lymphatic dysplasia may represent at least part of the causes that are responsible for the “idiopathic” form of nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Carefully searching for lymphatic dysplasia in these patients, and if indicated in their relatives, as well as establishing the exact nature of the lymphatic dysplasia must be carried out so as to provide proper genetic counseling to families with nonimmune hydrops. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) germline mutation V84L manifests as early‐onset bilateral pheochromocytoma
Authors: Abbott Mary‐Alice , Nathanson Katherine L. , Nightingale Simon , Maher Eamonn R. , Greenstein Robert M.
Published: February 2006

Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is a heritable tumor susceptibility syndrome caused by germline mutations in the VHL gene. The types of tumor that can occur in affected individuals include retinal and central nervous system hemangioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and others. The pattern of tumor types that develops in a VHL‐affected family defines the clinical subtype (1, 2A, 2B, 2C). Generally, it is difficult to accurately predict an individual's clinical phenotype based on their VHL mutation. However, in a few specific VHL mutations, a strong genotype–phenotype correlation has been established. We report here on the clinical findings in individuals from three unrelated families with a V84L VHL germline mutation, and present follow‐up information regarding the only other reported family with this missense mutation. In each of these four families, the major clinical manifestation of VHL disease is multiple early‐onset pheochromocytomas (VHL type 2C). This series of eight patients strengthens the correlation between the V84L mutation and the VHL type 2C phenotype, and improves our ability to provide prognostic and management recommendations for similarly affected individuals. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NTNG1 mutations are a rare cause of Rett syndrome
Authors: Archer Hayley L. , Evans Julie C. , Millar David S. , Thompson Peter W. , Kerr Alison M. , Leonard Helen , Christodoulou John , Ravine David , Lazarou Lazarus , Grove Lucy , Verity Christopher , Whatley Sharon D. , Pilz Daniela T. , Sampson Julian R. , Clarke Angus J.
Published: February 2006

A translocation that disrupted the netrin G1 gene (NTNG1) was recently reported in a patient with the early seizure variant of Rett syndrome (RTT). The netrin G1 protein (NTNG1) has an important role in the developing central nervous system, particularly in axonal guidance, signalling and NMDA receptor function and was a good candidate gene for RTT. We recruited 115 patients with RTT (females: 25 classic and 84 atypical; 6 males) but no mutation in the MECP2 gene. For those 52 patients with epileptic seizure onset in the first 6 months of life, CDKL5 mutations were also excluded. We aimed to determine whether mutations in NTNG1 accounted for a significant subset of patients with RTT, particularly those with the early onset seizure variant and other atypical presentations. We sequenced the nine coding exons of NTNG1 and identified four sequence variants, none of which were likely to be pathogenic. Mutations in the NTNG1 gene appear to be a rare cause of RTT but NTNG1 function demands further investigation in relation to the central nervous system pathophysiology of the disorder. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The natural history of trisomy 12p
Authors: Segel Reeval , Peter Inga , Demmer Laurie A. , Cowan Janet M. , Hoffman Jodi D. , Bianchi Diana W.
Published: February 2006

Trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 12 is a rare chromosomal anomaly, with an estimated incidence of 1/50,000 births. It may present as a pure trisomy (complete or incomplete), as mosaic trisomy, or with other chromosomal abnormalities. Little is known from prior reports about the natural history and life expectancy of these individuals. In this study we describe the long‐term outcome and the differences between patients with mosaic trisomy 12p compared to patients with complete trisomy. We present a series of 16 patients with trisomy 12p; 6 of them are older than 10 years. Most patients were born at term with normal or above normal birth weight. Seven were born with congenital anomalies, but no single anomaly was present in more than one individual. A clear and consistent dysmorphic facial pattern was apparent in all of the subjects. Most patients over 7 years old had a seizure disorder. All individuals exhibited developmental delay with speech affected more severely than motor skills. Six patients were described as “being social.” Six had severe behavioral problems, and seven had significant sleep disturbances. Facial features of the three adult patients were different than the younger individuals. We show here that the outcome for patients with mosaic trisomy 12p is better than the outcome in complete trisomy 12p or in trisomy 12p with other chromosomal anomalies. We also provide recommendations for the long‐term follow‐up of patients with trisomy 12p. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orofaciodigital syndrome with cerebral dysgenesis
Authors: Lesca Gaetan , Fallet‐Bianco Catherine , Plauchu Henri , Vitrey Danielle , Verloes Alain , Attia‐Sobol Jocelyne
Published: February 2006

Orofaciodigital syndromes (OFD) are a group of diseases classified according to the phenotype and the mode of inheritance. We report on a fetus presenting with some features of the OFDs but with additional global cerebral dysgenesis. Ultrasonography at 19 weeks of pregnancy disclosed hypoplasia of the cerebral hemispheres with a large intrahemispheric cyst, as well as dysmorphic facial features and brachy‐syndactyly IV–V. Fetal brain MRI confirmed these features and disclosed additional morphological anomalies: Agenesis of the vermis, complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, pachygyria of the left hemisphere. Pathological examination showed a disproportionate fetus with large head and short limbs. Dysmorphic features included hypertelorism, broad nasal root, long philtrum, severe micrognathia, microstomia, cleft palate, and lobulated tongue. Radiographs showed distal malformations of the four limbs. Neuropathological examination showed a severe disturbance of the architecture of both hemispheres, more severe on the right side, with four cystic structures located between the hemispheres. Olfactory stalks, mammillary bodies, and midline structures were absent. Cerebellum and brainstem were hypoplastic. On the right hemisphere as on most part of the left one, microscopic findings displayed a complete disruption of the developing mantle with disturbance of the neuronal migration. The present fetus fulfilled the diagnosis of OFD syndrome: Dysmorphic features, cleft palate and lobulate tongue and polysyndactylies of the feet and hands. The cerebral involvement would make it closer to OFD type VI, but brain malformations were far more severe in the present case, with complex and generalized cortical dysgenesis, evoking a disturbance occurring at a very early stage of the embryogenesis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of an 11q interstitial deletion in a patient with the clinical features of Jacobsen syndrome
Authors: Wenger Sharon L. , Grossfeld Paul D. , Siu Benjamin L. , Coad James E. , Keller Frank G. , Hummel Marybeth
Published: February 2006

The 11q terminal deletion disorder or Jacobsen syndrome is a contiguous gene disorder. It is characterized by psychomotor retardation, cardiac defects, blood dyscrasias (Paris‐Trousseau syndrome) and craniofacial anomalies. We report on a female patient with an approximately 10 Mb interstitial deletion with many of the features of Jacobsen syndrome: A congenital heart defect, dysmorphic features, developmental delay, and Paris‐Trousseau syndrome. The karyotype of the patient is 46,XX,del(11)(q24.1q24.3). The interstitial deletion was confirmed using FISH probes for distal 11q, and the breakpoints were characterized by microarray analysis. This is the first molecularly characterized interstitial deletion in a patient with the clinical features of Jacobsen syndrome. The deletion includes FLI‐1, but not JAM‐3, which will help to determine the critical genes involved in this syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new syndrome of microtia with mixed type hearing loss, renal agenesis, and multiple skeletal anomalies
Authors: Demir Yavuz , Samli Hale , Yucel Aylin , Yilmaz M. Deniz , Haktanir Nurten Turhan , Maralcan Gokhan , Solak Mustafa
Published: February 2006

We report on a 17‐year‐old man who presented with unreported combination of right sided microtia and preauricular skin tag with conductive hearing loss, unilateral renal agenesis, partial syndactyly of forth and fifth metacarpals, multiple tarsal coalitions, absent toe, and hypoplastic tibia and fibula. Radiological and clinical findings did not match with the previously described syndromes with the type of anomalies seen in the case. We propose that this represents a new syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental and numerical study of heterogeneous pressure‐temperature‐induced lethal and sublethal injury of Lactococcus Lactis in a medium scale high‐pressure autoclave
Authors: Kilimann K.V. , Kitsubun P. , Delgado A. , Gänzle M.G. , Chapleau N. , Le Bail A. , Hartmann C.
Published: March 2006

The present contribution is dedicated to experimental and theoretical assessment of microbiological process heterogeneities of the high‐pressure (HP) inactivation of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris MG 1363. The inactivation kinetics are determined in dependence of pressure, process time, temperature and absence or presence of co‐solutes in the buffer system namely 4 M sodium chloride and 1.5 M sucrose. The kinetic analysis is carried out in a 0.1‐L autoclave in order to minimise thermal and convective effects. Upon these data, a deterministic inactivation model is formulated with the logistic equation. Its independent variables represent the counts of viable cells (viable but injured) and of the stress‐resistant cells (viable and not injured). This model is then coupled to a thermo‐fluiddynamical simulation method, high‐pressure computer fluid dynamics technique (HP‐CFD), which yields spatiotemporal temperature and flow fields occurring during the HP application inside any considered autoclave. Besides the thermo‐fluiddynamic quantities, the coupled model predicts also the spatiotemporal distribution of both viable (VC) and stress‐resistant cell counts (SRC). In order to assess the process non‐uniformity of the microbial inactivation in a 3.3‐L autoclave experimentally, microbial samples are placed at two distinct locations and are exposed to various process conditions. It can be shown with both, experimental and theoretical models that thermal heterogeneities induce process non‐uniformities of more than one decimal power in the counts of the viable cells at the end of the treatment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cover Picture: Phospholipases and Galactolipases Trigger Oxylipin‐Mediated Wound‐Activated Defence in the Red Alga Gracilaria chilensis against Epiphytes / Chloroplastic Glycolipids Fuel Aldehyde Biosynthesis in the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira rotula (ChemBioChem 3/2006)
Authors: Lion Ulrich , Wiesemeier Theresa , Weinberger Florian , Beltrán Jessica , Flores Verónica , Faugeron Sylvain , Correa Juan , Pohnert Georg , Cutignano Adele , d'Ippolito Giuliana , Romano Giovanna , Lamari Nadia , Cimino Guido , Febbraio Ferdinando , Nucci Roberto , Fontana Angelo
Published: March 2006

The cover picture shows an epifuorescence‐microscopic view (excitation: 360 nm, emission: 460 nm) of a microalgal epiphytic community growing on a field‐collected branch of the red seaweed Gracilaria chilensis. Host cells and membranes are often damaged by penetrating epiphytes such as Acrochaetium sp. (shown as up to 2.5 mm‐long filaments in the picture). In their article on p. 457 ff, G. Pohnert et al. provide evidence that the hydroxylated eicosanoids shown in yellow are generated through two distinct biosynthetic pathways after wounding of G. chilensis. These compounds activate resistance against spore settlement of A. operculata. A related article on aldehyde biosynthesis in the marine diatom Thalassiosira rotula by A. Fontana et al. can be found on p. 450 f.
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Conifer‐Shaped Dendritic Architectures
Authors: Newkome George R. , Kotta Kishore K. , Moorefield Charles N.
Published: March 2006

An elongated structural design leading to more conical‐shaped dendritic architectures by using a combination of 1→3, 1→(2+1), and 1→(2+1 Me) C‐branched monomers is presented. Synthesis of the conifer‐shaped macromolecule was achieved by reaction between isocyanate 20 and amine 26 in dry CH2Cl2. A resultant extended focal adamantane‐modified dendron was deprotected to generate the water‐soluble product, which was subsequently complexed with β‐cyclodextrin in D2O to create the desired tree‐like product. Host–guest interactions of the adamantane moiety with the β‐cyclodextrin cavity were monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. All monomers, key intermediates, and final products were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, ESI or MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Vibrational and Optical Spectroscopy of the First Quaternary Alkaline‐Earth Rare Earth Thiophosphates Ba3Ln2[P4S16] (Ln: Gd—Er).
Authors: Klawitter Yvonne , Bensch Wolfgang , Wickleder Claudia
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrochemically Assisted Heck Reactions.
Authors: Tian Jun , Moeller Kevin D.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bismuth Triflate Catalyzed Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction in an Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Ollevier Thierry , Desyroy Valerie , Debailleul Blandine , Vaur Sophie
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aminolysis of p‐tert‐Butyl‐tetrakis‐[(ethoxycarbonyl)methoxy]thiacalix[4]arene.
Authors: Jin Yan , Zhang Chunlei , Gong Shuling , Chen Yuanyin
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Tricyanovinyl‐Substituted Thienylpyrroles and Characterization of the Solvatochromic, Electrochemical and Non‐Linear Optical Properties.
Authors: Raposo M. Manuela M. , Sousa Ana M. R. C. , Kirsch G. , Ferreira F. , Belsley M. , de Matos Gomes E. , Fonseca A. Mauricio C.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Intramolecular Halo‐Arylation of Tethered Alkenes Using N‐Halosuccinimide (NXS) as the Halogen Source: A General Method for the Synthesis of Chromanones, Chromans, Quinolones, Tetrahydroquinolines and Tetralins.
Authors: Hajra Saumen , Maji Biswajit , Karmakar Ananta
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Ionic Liquid Ethylammonium Nitrate‐Promoted Knoevenagel Condensation of Meldrum′s Acid with Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Hu Yi , Wei Ping , Huang He , Le Zhang‐Gao , Chen Zhen‐Chu
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐n‐Butyl‐3‐methylimmidazolium Tetrafluoroborate—Promoted Green Synthesis of 5‐Arylidene Barbituric Acids and Thiobarbituric Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Chun , Ma Jing‐jun , Zhou Xin , Zang Xiao‐huan , Wang Zhi , Gao Yong‐jun , Cui Peng‐lei
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on Pyrazine Derivatives. Part 44. Synthesis and Tuberculostatic Activity of 4‐Substituted 3,4,5,6‐Tetrahydro‐2H‐[1,2′]‐bis‐pyrazine Derivatives.
Authors: Foks Henryk , Pancechowska‐Ksepko Danuta , Janowiec Mieczyslaw , Zwolska Zofia , Augustynowicz‐Kopec Ewa
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Route to the Synthesis of α‐Arylselenosubstituted Carbonyl Compounds and Nitriles.
Authors: Beletskaya Irina , Sigeev Alexander , Peregudov Alexander , Petrovskii Pavel
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Structure of 2‐Hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐bis‐(methyl 3′,4′,6′‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosid‐2‐yl) ‐imidazolidine‐4,5‐dione (IV).
Authors: Temeriusz Andrzej , Rowinska Magdalena , Piekarska‐Bartoszewicz Boguslawa , Anulewicz‐Ostrowska Romana , Cyranski Michal K.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐4′‐Ethynyl and 4′‐Cyano Carbocyclic Analogues of Stavudine (d4T).
Authors: Kumamoto Hiroki , Haraguchi Kazuhiro , Tanaka Hiromichi , Nitanda Takao , Baba Masanori , Dutschman Ginger E. , Cheng Yung‐Chi , Kato Keisuke
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemical Design of Materials: A Case Study of Inorganic Open‐Framework Materials
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Dan Meenakshi , Behera J. N.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Large Aqueous Aluminum Hydroxide Molecules
Authors: Casey William H.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Binuclear Complexes as Tectons in Designing Supramolecular Solid‐State Architectures
Authors: Andruh Marius
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Reactions of Allenylmetal Compounds
Authors: Marshall James A. , Gung Benjamin W. , Grachan Melissa L.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry of N‐Fluoropyridinium Salts
Authors: Kiselyov Alexander S.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Cherry‐Picked Combinatorial Libraries by String Synthesis
Authors: Furka Arpad , Dibo Gabor , Gombosuren Naran
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ion‐Selective Electrodes
Authors: Tani Yukinori , Umezawa Yoshio
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Die Bedeutung des zweiten osmotischen Virialkoeffizienten für die Proteinkristallisation
Authors: Wanka J. , Peukert W.
Published: March 2006

Die Kristallisation der Proteine bietet eine gute und quantitative Möglichkeit zu ihrer Abtrennung und Aufreinigung. Wichtigster und zeitaufwändigster Schritt der Kristallisation ist das Auffinden geeigneter Kristallisationsbedingungen meist über ein groß angelegtes Screening. Als prädiktiver Parameter für die Proteinkristallisation zur Reduzierung der notwendigen Experimente wurde der zweite osmotische Virialkoeffizient B22 erkannt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen B22 und den Präzipitateigenschaften wurde bisher nur qualitativ hergestellt, es ist deshalb Thema dieser Untersuchungen, ihn zu quantifizieren.
Retroperitoneal sarcoma
Authors: Porter Geoffrey A. , Baxter Nancy N. , Pisters Peter W. T.
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

No population‐based studies of retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) have been conducted, and the use and timing of adjuvant radiotherapy for RPS is controversial. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence and treatment of RPS, specifically regarding the use of adjuvant radiotherapy.

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to evaluate the incidence of RPS over a 29‐year period (1973‐2001). The rate of surgery, the rate and timing of adjuvant radiotherapy, and the influence of demographic factors on treatment were evaluated.

RESULTS

A total of 2348 cases of RPS were identified. The mean annual incidence of RPS was 2.7 cases per 106 persons and did not change significantly over time (2.6 in 1973 vs. 2.8 in 2001; P = .92). Most patients (1654; 70.4%) underwent surgical resection. Radiotherapy was used in 428 patients (25.9%) who underwent surgery; radiation was given postoperatively in 366 (85.5%), preoperatively in 20 (4.7%), and intraoperatively or unknown in 42 (9.8%). Patients who received any adjuvant radiotherapy were on average 5 years younger than those who underwent surgery alone (P < .0001). Radiotherapy was more commonly used among whites than African Americans (25.8% vs. 16.7%; P = .02) and there was significant variation in the use of adjuvant radiotherapy by geographic location (P = .003). On multivariate analysis, race (P = 0.004), age (P < .0001), and geographic location (P = .006) were independently associated with the use of adjuvant radiotherapy.

CONCLUSION

The incidence of RPS, a rare disease, appears stable. Most patients who undergo surgery do not receive any adjuvant radiotherapy, and very few receive preoperative radiotherapy. Differences in adjuvant radiotherapy use related to demographic and geographic factors suggest that at least some treatment variations reflect differences in individual and institutional practice patterns. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Risk factors for adverse outcomes after transurethral resection of bladder tumors
Authors: Hollenbeck Brent K. , Miller David C. , Taub David , Dunn Rodney L. , Khuri Shukri F. , Henderson William G. , Montie James E. , Underwood Willie , Wei John T.
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

Risk factors for adverse outcomes after transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) have not been identified to date. Such information would facilitate preoperative risk stratification and case‐mix–adjusted outcome comparison, and lead to the development of processes of care directed at improving outcomes and ultimately the quality of care for bladder carcinoma patients.

METHODS

The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) is a prospective quality management initiative of 123 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers nationwide. Since 1991, a total of 21,515 TURBTs have been prospectively registered by the NSQIP; these cases compose the current study population. Using multivariable logistic regression, the authors determined the independent association between preoperative patient risk factors and perioperative elements of structure/process and morbidity, mortality, and prolonged length of stay (LOS) outcomes.

RESULTS

The postoperative complication, 30‐day, and 90‐day mortality rates were 4.3%, 1.3%, and 3.3%, respectively. The median, 75th percentile, and 90th percentile for LOS among patients undergoing TURBT was 2 days, 3 days, and 8 days, respectively. Robust preoperative patient risk factors that were found to be uniformly associated with all adverse outcomes included the presence of disseminated disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.9‐5.2) weight loss (OR, 1.8‐3.8), low serum albumin (OR, 2.3‐7.1), elevated serum creatinine (OR, 1.3‐2.9), a dependent functional status (OR, 1.5‐2.7), and emergent case status (OR, 1.8‐3.1). Compared with models using preoperative patient factors alone, models including perioperative structure and process measures explained further variation in surgical outcomes (each likelihood ratio test, P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of the current study highlight the fact that there are a wide array of patient risk factors that are associated with adverse outcomes after TURBT. Validation of those processes implemented to modify such elements can provide a basis for quality metrics in the context of TURBT. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Twist1 dimer selection regulates cranial suture patterning and fusion
Authors: Connerney Jeannette , Andreeva Viktoria , Leshem Yael , Muentener Christian , Mercado Miguel A. , Spicer Douglas B.
Published: February 2006

Saethre‐Chotzen syndrome is associated with haploinsufficiency of the basic‐helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor TWIST1 and is characterized by premature closure of the cranial sutures, termed craniosynostosis; however, the mechanisms underlying this defect are unclear. Twist1 has been shown to play both positive and negative roles in mesenchymal specification and differentiation, and here we show that the activity of Twist1 is dependent on its dimer partner. Twist1 forms both homodimers (T/T) and heterodimers with E2A E proteins (T/E) and the relative level of Twist1 to the HLH inhibitor Id proteins determines which dimer forms. On the basis of the expression patterns of Twist1 and Id1 within the cranial sutures, we hypothesized that Twist1 forms homodimers in the osteogenic fronts and T/E heterodimers in the mid‐sutures. In support of this hypothesis, we have found that genes regulated by T/T homodimers, such as FGFR2 and periostin, are expressed in the osteogenic fronts, whereas genes regulated by T/E heterodimers, such as thrombospondin‐1, are expressed in the mid‐sutures. The ratio between these dimers is altered in the sutures of Twist1+/− mice, favoring an increase in homodimers and an expansion of the osteogenic fronts. Of interest, the T/T to T/E ratio is greater in the coronal versus the sagittal suture, and this finding may contribute to making the coronal suture more susceptible to fusion due to TWIST haploinsufficiency. Importantly, we were able to inhibit suture fusion in Twist1+/− mice by modulating the balance between these dimers toward T/E formation, by either increasing the expression of E2A E12 or by decreasing Id expression. Therefore, we have identified dimer partner selection as an important mediator of Twist1 function and provide a mechanistic understanding of craniosynostosis due to TWIST haploinsufficiency. Developmental Dynamics 235:1345–1357, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hedgehog signalling controls zebrafish neural keel morphogenesis via its level‐dependent effects on neurogenesis
Authors: Takamiya Masanari , Campos‐Ortega Jose A.
Published: February 2006

We investigated the role of hedgehog (Hh) signalling on zebrafish neurulation, focusing on the intimate relationship between neurogenesis and morphogenesis during the neural keel stage. Through the analyses of Hh loss‐ and gain‐of‐function phenotypes, we found that Hh signalling controls the neural keel morphogenesis. To investigate underlying mechanisms, we examined cellular elongation polarity in the neural keel of Hh loss‐ and gain‐of‐function phenotypes and compared this with the deficient phenotype of a planar cell polarity (PCP) molecule, Trilobite/Strabismus. We found that Hh signalling controls cell elongation polarity of the neuroepithelium at least in part by means of PCP pathway; however, its effects are not strong enough per se to affect keel morphogenesis; instead Hh signalling mainly controls keel morphogenesis by means of affecting both medial and lateral neurogenesis. We devised a method for precise evaluation of neurogenesis in loss‐ and gain‐of‐Hh phenotypes that compensates for its delay caused by disturbed morphogenesis. We present a model that Hh signalling exerts level‐dependent and binary‐opposite effects on medial neurogenesis, whose modification to explain lateral neurogenesis reveals regional differences of underlying mechanisms between the two proneural domains. Such differences seem to be created in part by regional effector signalling; the effects of high Hh‐signalling on medial neurogenesis can be reversed in accordance to medial Tri/Stbm level, in a polarity independent manner. Developmental Dynamics 235:978–997, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for adolescents with binge eating syndromes: A case series
Authors: Schapman‐Williams Ann M. , Lock James , Couturier Jennifer
Published: March 2006

Objective

Published empirically based studies of psychotherapies for bulimia nervosa (BN) have been conducted solely with adult populations. The current study extends the extant literature by piloting a version of cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) for BN adapted for an adolescent population.

Method

The participants were referred for treatment for binge eating and purging behaviors at a university clinic. Patients received pretreatment and posttreatment interviews assessing the frequency of their binge eating and purge behaviors, and they also completed pretreatment and posttreatment assessments with the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE).

Results

Results indicated significant reductions in the frequency of binge eating from pretreatment to posttreatment. Furthermore, all subscale scores of the EDE showed significant declines from pretreatment to posttreatment.

Conclusion

The authors concluded that CBT adapted for adolescents with bulimic symptoms appears to be a promising intervention worthy of further study in adolescents. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord, 2006