bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The spiritual vocabulary of ps.- macarius
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

The author of the texts preserved under the names ‘Macarius’ and ‘Symeon’ writes anonymously. The various attributions are attempts of later admirers of these writings to attribute them to monastic figures of universal renown and respect. The significance of these particular names has been discussed in other works, and will not be recapitulated here.1 In the absence of a solution to the problem of authorship, the best course is to use the name ‘Ps.-Macarius’, which conveniently indicates both anonymity and the most familiar alias. The writings can be placed in the second half of the fourth century, probably in the 380s; Gregory of Nyssa had access to at least one text, the so-called Epistola magna, and used it as the basis for his own De instituto christiano.
Metaphors Of Spiritual Experience In Greek And Syriac
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

The reader of the Ps.-Macarian texts soon realizes that large portions of these writings consist of repeated and often extended plays on various metaphors for the Christian’s experience of sin, grace, and spiritual fulfilment. The artistry of Ps.-Macarius is twofold: first, his choice of vivid imagery, and second, his way of applying these images in unexpected ways. The language which creates this impressive and dynamic vision of Christian life has consistently attracted readers, but it has also worried ecclesiastical and theological authorities who found the language at best some-what crude, and at worst doctrinally unsound. The selection of some of the basic Ps.-Macarian images for inclusion in the anti-Messalian lists is one testimony to the distinctiveness of his language. One is led to wonder if Ps.-Macarius was theologically ingenuous in using these words and metaphors, or if he was perhaps deliberately undercutting conventions of theological discourse. A closer look at some of his key metaphors will suggest a third possibility.
Introduction
Authors: Béjoint Henri
Published: November 2023

TIME was, not so long ago, when it was usual to start a book on lexicography or on lexis by lamenting the dearth of lexical studies and the disregard of most modern linguists for semantics in general and for words in particular. The complaints were never totally justified, at least as far as lexicography is concerned: Britain, France, and the United States have always been prolific in the production of dictionaries. It is true that lexicology has been the poor relation of linguistics, in the sense that linguists who were interested in lexis were often looked down upon by their colleagues. But the interest for lexis has always been alive, even when and where structuralist linguists were of the opinion that semantics was not part of linguistics. Whatever the situation was, it is clear that things have been improving consistently everywhere, and that the improvement is accelerating. The decade between 1975 and 1985 has been called ‘a decade of the lexicon’ (Nowakowski 1990: 3).
The -ing Participle and Perception Complements
Authors: Gary Miller D
Published: November 2023

In many languages that have a so-called present participle (PrP) and gerundials, the PrP is used as perception verb complement (PVC) with control properties, viz. I saw you  i [PROi  eating apples]. Areas of overlap with object control structures include: (1) pronominalizability of the controlee or the event; (2) ungrammaticality of expletive itin the passive; (3) ungrammaticality of whoin pseudoclefts; (4) reflexivization of non-matrix object under coreference with PRO subject controlled by matrix object; (5) quantifier float in embedded clause; (6) adverbials such as by themselvesas non-matrix adjuncts; and (7) obligatory presence of controlling object D/NP.The to-less infinitive (TLI) as PVC differs not only aspectually from -ing, but also in many formal properties. The standard bare VP shell analysis of the TLI is rejected because (1) quantifier float and adverb placement suggest that the subject has moved from its VP-internal position to a higher position, and (2) passivizability of the lower verb requires at least one Functional Phrase.
Case Checking and Accord
Authors: Gary Miller D
Published: November 2023

This chapter attempts to formulate some working hypotheses about the nature of case and agreement, particularly in nonfinite structures, within the Minimalist Program of the Principles and Parameters framework.1The theory of case developed by Sch ü tze (1997) is reviewed and substantially adopted as a working hypothesis. The Case Filter requires only that a Determiner Phrase(DP) receive case, but movement in Icelandic shows that quirky subjects have the same licensing requirements as DPs with structural case. Therefore, (i) as a parameter, movement is to check licensing, not(also) case features; and(ii) syntactic Case (structural licensing) and morphological case (m-case) are independent.
West Greenlandic
Authors: Gary Miller D
Published: November 2023

West Greenlandic (WGr), of the Eskimo-Aleut family, has several non-matrix mood formations. The Contemporative and Participial encompass functions of infinitives, participles, and subjunctives in the IE languages. With infinitives, they share the property of a null subject controlled by another DP. As participles (DP modifiers), they exhibit the case and number features of that DP. As complements to verbs they are inflected for number and (in part) person agreement. Both formations can license PRO subjects with agreement features which can be mirrored in the Agr complex.
Infinitive, Gerundive, Participle
Authors: Gary Miller D
Published: November 2023

This chapter concludes the discussion of the spread of -ingfrom nominal to clausal categories. In Old English, infinitive (-an/-enne), PrP (-ende), noun (-ing,etc.), and (late) gerund (-ung) were distinct; there was no -ingger- undive. As discussed in previous chapters, the first change was generalization of -ingunder Scandinavian influence to replace the incipient gerund in -ung. This was a simple morphological generalization/restriction. Subsequent changes were driven syntactically. The question was whether there would be one morphological supercategory encompassing the PrP, infinitive, gerund, and gerundive, which overlapped in several functional domains and required checking in M °, or whether the feature differences would be manifested as morphologically distinct categories. Although -ingwas generalized from nominals to clauses, the gerundive was normally blocked by infinitives. If (any of) the competing infinitives and gerundials were to survive as separate entities, each had to have a syntactic domain. The Early Middle English split between toINF+ object and P+ gerund (no object) was syntactically arbitrary.
Competing Morphological Changes in Taiwanese Southern Min
Authors: Lien Chinfa
Published: November 2023

William S.-Y. Wang (1969) put forward the theory of lexical diffusion in which competing changes of intersecting phonological rules are held to be a cause of residues.1 In Wang and Lien (1993) this theory is further developed and a thesis of bidirectional diffusion in sound change is advanced to provide an explanation for the interaction between a native (and colloquial) stratum and an alien (and literary) stratum. This may develop into a competition between these two strata which can be resolved in favour of either stratum. In this analysis I argue on evidence adduced from Taiwanese Southern Min in support of the thesis of bidirectional diffusion extending beyond phonological change to morphological change. First, I provide a typology of stratificational distinction in terms of the distinctive syllabic features of initial, final, and tone.
What are Phonological Syllables Made ofã The Voice/Length Symmetry
Authors: De Carvalho Joaquim Brandão
Published: November 2023

There are, in the phonetic and phonological literature since the beginning of this century, two traditions according to whether syllables are viewed as primitive or emerging objects (cf. Klein 1993). Constituency-based views of the syllable have prevailed in most phonological frameworks, from Pike and Pike’s (1947) and Kurylowicz’s (1948) classical arborescences to Levin’s (1985) metrical model. According to such models, segmental features or elements are licensed (cf. Goldsmith 1990: § 3.4) by hierarchically ordered symbolic primes such as onsets, rhymes, nuclei, and codas (or their X-bar counterparts).
Phonological Primes: Cues and Acoustic Signatures
Authors: Ingleby Michael , Brockhaus Wiebke
Published: November 2023

Phonological primitives have several functions, the most important of which, most phonologists would probably agree, are the following:a) to represent the phonological segment inventories of the world’s languages;b) to group these segments into natural classes;c) to capture both static distributional restrictions and dynamic phonological events.
Towards Imaging the Neural Correlates of Language Functions
Authors: Démonet Jean-François , Thierry Guillaume , Nespoulous jean-Luc
Published: November 2023

Over the last twenty years, the study of the brain correlates of language functions has been marked by a profound mutation. Although the study of aphasia (the ‘lesion-based model’) prevailed until the 19 Sos, the evolution of functional neuroimaging techniques has led to new insights into implementation of language functions in the brain, yielding a new way of tackling and testing cognitive models. This new approach (the ‘function-based model’) is independent of and yet complementary to the previous one. It is based on recording subtle changes in brain activities (assessed via sophisticated imaging methods) that occur upon engagement of one’s mind in any experimental cognitive task, such as processing language stimuli.
Are SRNs Sufficient for Modelling Language Acquisition?
Authors: Sharkey Noel , Sharkey Amanda , Jackson Stuart
Published: November 2023

Connectionist models of natural language processing have attracted considerable interest because of their simple learning mechanisms and their representational capabilities. Not surprisingly, much of the focus of recent research has been concerned with modelling aspects of language acquisition (e.g. Rumelhart and McClelland 1986; Elman 1990, 1991; Plunkett and Marchman 1991), and the findings have challenged old conceptions about the need for the learning of rules and the types of representations that are required for language development. It is early days yet, just over a decade (see Sharkey and Reilly 1992), and there appears to be reason for optimism about the prognosis for connectionist accounts of learning and representation. In this chapter, we assess whether this optimism is appropriate for some of the broader issues of language learning.
A Distributed, yet Symbolic, Model for Text-to-speech Processing
Authors: Den Bosch Antal Van , Daelemans Walter
Published: November 2023

Within psycholinguistics, various models have been proposed in which reading aloud in skilled readers is modelled. These models vary considerably in their restrictions imposed on the representation and processing of knowledge. All of these models face the problem of how to explain that experienced human readers are able to pronounce words with regular or irregular pronunciations, and also to pronounce words they have not encountered before (such as nonwords). The ability to pronounce nonwords and regular words can be explained in terms of a model which has knowledge of typical spelling-to-phonology rules; the pronunciation of words with irregular pronunciations, however, implies that the model needs some word-specific lexical knowledge. Furthermore, three general desiderata for a psychological model of skilled reading aloud are: (i) the model is able to account for human performance on the level of word naming reaction times and pronunciation errors, (ii) the model is able to build up its body of knowledge by learning from examples, and (iii) the model’s performance ‘gracefully degrades’ when it is damaged, or presented with noise.
Formal Models for Learning in the Principles and Parameters Framework
Authors: Nyogi Partha , Berwick Robert c. Berwick
Published: November 2023

One of the goals of linguistic theory is to develop a formal scheme to represent ‘linguistic knowledge’: in other words, what it is that we know when we know a language. One approach to this is the ‘principles and parameters’ framework (Chomsky 1981) whose central thesis is that knowledge of language can be reduced to knowledge of a (finite) number of principles. These universal principles take specific forms in the different natural languages of the world, and correspondingly associated with them are a number of parameters which capture the parametric variation across the world’s languages. Roughly speaking then, there are a number of parameters: setting them to one set of values might represent knowledge of German (and correspondingly define the grammar of German), setting them to another might define knowledge of Japanese, etc. This is a scheme to represent knowledge and a natural question to ask is how can this knowledge be acquired? The problem of language acquisition is reduced to learning to set the parameter values for the target language on the basis of sentences from that target. Thus a child is born in some linguistic environment; it receives evidence about the parental (target) parameter settings in the form of parental (societal) linguistic input, and on the basis of this evidence, is able eventually to set the parameters to the appropriate values and thus acquire the language of its parents. From a computational perspective, we are interested in algorithms whereby the child might set parameter values on the basis of data; whether these algorithms converge to target values in the limit and further the rate at which they do so Figure 11.1 provides a schematic view of the processes involved in language acquisition.
The Effect of Uphill Slopes on Mixing in Turbulent Gravity Currents
Authors: Brown Matthew A
Published: November 2023

Experiments are performed to study the impact of two-dimensional turbulent gravity currents on uphill slopes, with particular reference to mixing between the current and the ambient caused by the reflection. An optical techique is used to measure cross-stream averaged densities in the current, in an attempt to quantify this mixing. Quantities constructed from the vertical density profiles indicate that for finite-volume currents more mixing occurs during reflection from small slopes than from steep ones, although results for continuous-flux currents are less conclusive. The mechanisms of the reflection process are discussed in order to explain the observations.
The Temporal Evolution of the Boundary Layer in a Rotating Stratified Fluid
Authors: Hewitt* R E , Duck* P W , Foster** M R
Published: November 2023

The transient response of a contained fluid undergoing a spin-up from a state of rigid body rotation has been discussed for both homogeneous and stratified fluids (for example, Greenspan and Howard [2], Pedlosky [3], Walin [4], and Spence, Foster and Davies [5]). When a stratified fluid is considered, the time scale for the readjustment to the new conditions has been shown to be much longer than that appropriate in the homogeneous case. However, conclusions drawn from investigations into the stratified spin-up problem have been based on containers that do not have sloping walls.
The Use of Particle Image Velocimetry for the Measurement of the Effect of Post Breaking Turbulence on Stratified Fluids
Authors: Hann* D B , Greated* C A , Davies** P A
Published: November 2023

There are many indications in current research that the effect of surface breaking waves on a stratified fluid is more important than previously thought [1, 2]. The effect of breaking processes has been shown to extend to depths of the order of the wavelength, rather than the amplitude of the waves as previously expected [3, 4]. This means that the environmental effect of breaking waves in the deep ocean needs to be re-addressed, since this will increase the transfer of heat, gas and energy between the upper and lower layers in the ocean [5]. In order to investigate this more thoroughly, this research has been concerned with modelling the effect of surface breaking waves on an interface between two fluids of different density using a 2D wave tank.
Vortex Solitons in Stably Stratified Differentially Rotating Fluid
Authors: Stegner A , Zeitlin V
Published: November 2023

In the present paper we address a question of large-scale long-living vortices in a differentially rotating continuously stratified fluid layer. Our basic motivation is provided by numerous astro- and geophysical observations indicating the presence of such structures in planetary atmospheres and in the ocean [1], [2]. We adopt an idea, first formulated in [3] (see also [4] in the oceanic context), that the structures of this kind may be, in principle, explained as solitons arising due to the mutual compensation of (weak) dispersion and (weak) nonlinearity of the long Rossby waves. Although a number of papers developing this approach exist in the literature (for a full list of references cf. [6)), most of the work was limited up to now by the barotropic shallow water. Recent generalizations to a two-layer model [5], [6] indicate that stratification introduces some important new features in the analysis and below we confirm this in the physically and technically much more interesting case of continuous stratification.
A Heated Vertical Buoyant Jet in a Cross flow
Authors: Papanicolaou P N , Papaspyros J N E , Kastrinakis E G , Nychas S G
Published: November 2023

The trajectory and temperature distribution in round vertical heated air jets that discharge into a uniform moving ambient cold air stream, have been studied in the laboratory using hot wire anemometry and a flow visualization technique. The model proposed [1] has been modified by use of two length scales, one to normalize the horizontal and one the vertical distance from the source. The dimensionless trajectory and centerline concentration of round buoyant jets issuing normally into a uniform current are expressed by analytical, non-parametric equations, that fit earlier and the present experimental data very well. The equation of temperature decay at the plume axis and the normalized self-similar profiles of the mean temperature and turbulence properties of plumes in cross flows presented here, can be used in modeling for the calibration and testing of numerical algorithms.
Tracer Dispersion by Internal Solitary Waves in Stable Stratifications
Authors: Zimmerman William B , Haarlemmer Geert W
Published: November 2023

Computational fluid dynamics simulations of solitary internal waves propagating in an atmospheric inversion layer are presented. The simulations are initiated by prescribed gusts of cold air at the domain inlet. Properties of the resultant solitary wave evolution are examined. The history of the fluid motion is recorded by either the diffusion of tracer components or the transport of Lagrangian fluid elements. In the case studies presented here, solitary waves of all amplitudes prove to be good at short range mixing and surprisingly poorer than expected at long range transport. When contaminants are introduced after a nocturnal industrial accident they may become trapped in solitary waves triggered by the same event. The upshot is that pollutants are convected away from the source faster then can be expected on the basis of the background wind. When only a few waves are created, mixing is slowed down due to the trapping of fluids by waves which prevents dispersion. When disturbances break up into trains of solitary waves, however, mixing is accelerated. These simulations show that the presence of shear has only little effect on the dynamics of the waves. Both recirculation and pollutant convection still occur.
Surface and Planetary Boundary-Layer Modelling of Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers
Authors: Xu Dapeng , Weng Wensong , Chan Lucilla , Taylor Peter
Published: November 2023

For surface layer (0-lOOm height) studies of stable stratified flow over topography, the conventional constant flux layer flows with log-linear profiles for velocity and potential temperature or density are unsuitable as they stand, since velocity linearly increases with height. If they are applied throughout too deep a layer, internal gravity waves excited by the flow are trapped by the Froude number increasing above 1 at some height. Artificial sources/sinks of heat and momentum can be introduced as a device to replace slowly evolving background boundary-layer profiles by steady ones for studies of short time scale perturbations.
A Case Study of Plume Dispersion During the Evolution of a Stable Nocturnal Boundary Layer
Authors: Bennett* M , rgensen** H E J , Lyck† E , Løfstrømt P , Mikkelsen** T , Ott** S
Published: November 2023

In July 1995, a series of measurements (BOREX ‘95) were made of the dispersion of a tracer plume from a 21 m instrumented tower in Borris Heath in Jutland. Facilities available included two scanning Lidars, SF6 tracer samplers and full micrometeorological instrumentation. Between 2250 and 0030 DST on the night of 11-12/7/95, the tracer plume was monitored over 3 series each of 30 min duration. Repeated Lidar scans were taken at travel distances of 600, 2000 and 2400 m; SF6 tracer was monitored with a single bag sampler at 600 m and an arc of samplers and a fast-response instrument at ˜2600 m; and wind, temperature and turbulence profiles were measured up to a height of 21 m at the source. There was a moderate E airflow over the period, with very dry air allowing an intense stable stratification to develop over the dry heathland.
Mixing in Stratified Flow Over Three-Dimensional Obstacles
Authors: Paisley* M F , Castro** I P
Published: November 2023

Numerical computations of viscous stratified flows over three dimensional obstacles are presented. Attention is concentrated on the localised regions where density gradients are reversed and vertical mixing occurs, namely the upstream flow reversal zone, downstream separated flow under a lee wave crest and the region surrounding a breaking lee wave. A particular case is examined in detail, and data relating to the evolution in time of mixed flow in each of these regions is considered. Modelling such phenomena requires the use of a turbulence model, and the question of the adequacy of either a mixing length or a one-equation turbulence model is addressed. Flow gradients are high in mixing regions and the issue of sufficient grid resolution is discussed.
The Effect of the Tidal Barrage on the Flows and Mixing in the Tees Estuary
Authors: Riddle A M , Lewis R E
Published: November 2023

The Tees estuary has recently been transformed by the construction of a barrage which has reduced the tidal length from 44 km to 18 km. The barrage now restricts the upstream movement of the salt resulting in the formation of a new freshwater region to landward. Surveys undertaken before and after construction of the barrage, in 1990 and 1995 respectively, have demonstrated changes to the hydrographic conditions in the estuarial waters.
Entrainment and Mixing in Long Sea Outfalls
Authors: Ali* K H M , Burrows* R , Spence** K , Davies† P A
Published: November 2023

The paper presents an experimental investigation into the characteristics of salt wedges in long sea outfalls. Several high-level instrumentation systems were employed to study the various aspects of the problem. Salt wedge lengths and profiles were obtained for various densimetric Froude numbers. Velocity distributions of the freshwater layer of the primary salt wedges were obtained and used to calculate wall and interfacial shear stresses.
Cancer
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P
Published: November 2023

Tumor immunology has long been an area of descriptive phenomenology, wild speculation, and unfullfilled expectations. Attempts at activating host resistance to tumors go back to early in this century with Coley’s toxin, a bacterial preparation with some antitumor activity. The only remnant of the ‘bacterial era’ of tumor immunotherapy in widespread clinical use, is probably intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in early bladder carcinoma. The latest tools, including molecularly defined tumor antigens, gene transfer techniques, and cytokines, have renewed interest in the possibility of exploiting host- immune responses in the treatment of neoplasia and are the basis for a renaissance of tumor immunology as a clinically important discipline.
Skin
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P
Published: November 2023

Together with the mucosal surfaces, the human integument is a major interface between host and environment, and an active micro-environment for the generation and expression of immunological reactions (Kupper, 1989; Bos and Kapsenberg, 1993). Moreover, inflammatory and allergic responses often involve the skin as a major site. The skin consists of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat. Its resident and blood-derived cellular constituents are differentially distributed among these compartments. In the epidermal compartment, the keratinocyte is the predominant cell type, but there are also melanocytes, Langerhans cells, macrophages, and T cells.
Alkyl and aryl glycosides and glycosamines
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

Furanoses and pyranoses are hemiacetals. Glycosides are acetals. On paper, they are derived from furanoses and pyranoses by replacing the hydrogen of the hemiacetal hydroxyl group by an R group. These are thus mixed acetals, internal and external, whereby one of the acetal oxygens is derived from one of the alcohol functions of the sugar, and the other from the external hydroxylated compound, R-OH. It follows that there are four types of glycosides, corresponding to either a pentose or a hexose. Below are examples of four glycosides derived from galactose by substituting the hemiacetal hydrogen by a methyl group: methyl α-D-galactofuranoside 3.1, methyl β-D-galactopyranoside 3.2, methyl α-D-galactofuranoside 3.3, and methyl β-D-galactofuranoside 3.4.
Oligosaccharides: configuration and analysis
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

The molecules we have seen so far have been derived, in general, from a single simple sugar such as a pentose or a hexose. Although we have referred to them as sugars, which is a correct term, we will henceforth need to differentiate them from other sugars built from two, three, four, or a great number of simple sugars. Now is the moment to introduce terms whose meanings are obvious such as mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, ... poly-saccharide.
Glycoconjugates
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

A glycolipid is an association of an oligosaccharide with a lipid (Morrison 1988; Li and Li 1982; Stults et al. 1989). Our description will be limited to two families which are easily definable. In the sphingosine type, the oligosaccharide is linked glycosidically to the primary alcohol function of a long-chain amino alcohol. The most common one is sphingosine 13.1. In glycolipids, the amino function is involved in an amide bond with an acyl residue of a long-chain fatty acid. There is a great variety of derivatives of this type, which have been given the collective name ceramide (Cer). The other important family of glycolipids belongs to the glycerol type. The oligosaccharide is linked by a glycosidic bond to the primary alcohol function of a glycerol molecule esterified by two fatty acid molecules 13.2.
ABH and related blood group antigens
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

Antigenic determinants are trisaccharide A, 16.1, trisaccharide B, 16.2, and disaccharide H, 16.3. The reader will recognize that trisaccharides A and B are glycosidation products of disaccharide H at position 3 of galactose by an N-acetylgalactosamine unit and a galactose unit, respectively, and in the two cases by an a-anomeric linkage. Thus the A and B determinants differ only by their substitution at position 2 on their D-galacto non-reducing terminal end, N-acetyl in the A substance, and hydroxyl in the B substance. Note as well the participation of the deoxygenated sugar fucose and finally the α-1,2-cis bonds, not as common as the β-1,2-trans bonds in glycoconjugates. These disaccharides and trisaccharides are located at the non-reducing terminal ends of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids and possibly their branches. Blood group A individuals have the A determinant and a certain quantity of H, but not B, whereas those of blood group B have B and H but not A, in a symmetrical fashion. Blood group O individuals only have the H determinant. This immediately implies an incomplete biosynthesis due to the absence or the non-expression of genes which code for the A or B glycosyltransferases. Carrier molecules are found in the membrane of erythrocytes and determinants are exposed towards the outside. In blood group A individuals, the B molecule is recognized as a foreign substance and gives rise to the appearance of anti-B antibodies. For the same reason, anti-A antibodies are found in people with blood group B and and anti-A and anti-B antibodies in those with blood group 0. Problems observed during blood transfusions were due to the presence of these antibodies. Thus the donor of blood group A who has anti-B antibodies causes the agglutination of erythrocytes in a receiver of blood group B. ABH antigens are also present on cell surfaces in the majority of organs and in secretions. Their presence is one of the major causes of the failure of organ transplants between a donor and receiver of different blood groups. For this reason, they should also be named histo-blood group antigens.
Oligosaccharides as ligands to DNA
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

The cytotoxicity of calicheamicin and its congeners is due to the cleavage, apparently irreparable, of the double helix of DNA, the result of a remarkable transformation of the aglycon. It can be observed in the absence of DNA. Treatment of calicheamicin in CD2Cl2 solution by triphenylphosphine gives compound 18.2 (in which R represents the oligosaccharide residue), with a deuterium atom at each of the x and y positions. This can be interpreted as follows: the reagent attacks the central sulfur of the trisulfide group thus separating the sulfur atom from the side of the aglycon, which is now found in the form of thiolate. Michael addition of the thiolate to the cyclohexenone gives dihydrothiophen 18.3. In this intermediate, the enediyne system is destabilized and cyclizes to the benzene diradical 18.2, where x and y represent, this time, single electrons, mainly located at these two sites. This diradical abstracts two deuterium atoms from the solvent.
The morphology of grebes
Authors: Fjeldså Jon
Published: November 2023

This chapter will review some characteristic morphological traits of grebes and some functional systems where there is some interesting variation among species. However, it is outside the scope of books in this series to describe skeletomuscular and other anatomical systems in detail. As expected for specialized diving birds, grebes, have a streamlined body. However, there is a considerable, variation between forms with short/broad mand long/slender bodies (Fig. 4.1).The latter have a long and laterally compressed pelvis, especially Aechmophorus, which in this respect resembles divers and hesperornithids.
The ecological distribution of grebes
Authors: Fjeldså Jon
Published: November 2023

The global variation in species richness of grebes (Fig. 5.1) illustrates that grebes are best represented in the ‘parklands’ on the transition between the grass-land and the temperate forest biomes. The core areas are inland, but pale ecological data suggest that the characteristic bird communities of steppe lakes were periodically well developed also in regions, that now have a more oceanic climate, such as in Western Europe (Kalela 1946).
Topological preliminaries
Authors: Wilson John S
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we collect various definitions, elementary facts and results that will be useful in the rest of the book. Many of them will be familiar to the reader, and so some easy proofs will be omitted.
Profinite groups and completions
Authors: Wilson John S
Published: November 2023

A profinite group is by definition an inverse limit of finite groups. In this chapter we begin by discussing inverse limits in general, and then we show that profinite groups can be characterized in other ways too. Important and natural examples arise as profinite completions of abstract groups.
Modules, extensions and duality
Authors: Wilson John S
Published: November 2023

Groups and rings derive much of their importance from their actions on mathematical structures, and frequently these structures are (or are closely associated with) abelian groups. For example, we saw in Chapter 3 that every profinite group acts as the full group of automorphisms of some field extension. These abelian groups, together with a map describing the action of the group or ring, are called modules.
Modules for completed group algebras
Authors: Wilson John S
Published: November 2023

To gain real insight into the modules for a group G, it is usually necessary to regard them as modules for an appropriate ring associated with G. When G is a profinite group and the modules are profinite.
Hausdorff dimension of exceptional sets
Authors: Harman Glyn
Published: November 2023

Non-normal numbers. Exceptional sets in uniform distribution. The Besicovitch-Jarnik theorem. Generalizations with applications to the Duffin-Schaeffer problem and a two-variable problem. An exceptional set from Chapter 8. Until now we have concerned ourselves only with what is true for almost all numbers. We have not investigated the size of the exceptional sets, except to give one or two examples. The natural measure of size of an exceptional set is its Hausdorff dimension.
Future directions in the study of protein oxidation
Authors: Davies Michael J , Dean Roger T
Published: November 2023

It should be obvious from the preceding five chapters that though considerable advances have been made over the last 90 years, there are still many important gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of radical-induced protein oxidation. Some of the more important of these, at least in the view of the authors, are summarized briefly below, and are arranged in the same order as the chapters from which they arose. Thus, our initial discussion is at a molecular/mechanistic level, before progressing on to questions that still remain at the functional and physiological/pathological levels.
Lanthanide(III) Reagents
Authors: Nakai Takeshi , Tomooka Katsuhiko
Published: November 2023

The lanthanide group consists of the 15 elements from lanthanum to lutetium in the periodic table. In the past two decades the synthetic uses of a variety of lanthanide complexes, in terms of the kind of central lanthanides, the oxidation state ( +2-+4), and the kind of ligands, have been developed.1 This chapter focuses primarily on the four classes of the most popular trivalent lanthanides, namely, cerium(III) complexes (CeL3), europium(III) complexes (EuL3), ytterbium complexes (YbL3), and lanthanum(III) complexes (LaL3). Note that many synthetic applications have been found not only of divalent samarium reagents such as Sm1/-4 and tetravalent cerium reagents such as cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN)5 but also of lanthanide metals such as Ce, Sm, and Yb, which are, however, beyond the scope of this chapter.
Preparation and reactions of 1,n-bismetallic reagents
Authors: marek Ilane , Normant jean f.
Published: November 2023

The story of the 1,1-organogembismetallic synthesis by allylmetallation, has originally started by the discovery of Gaudemar,1 who reported that the addition of allylzinc bromide to vinyl or alkynyl Grignard reagents leads to the corresponding organogembismetallic species. Although these organometallic compounds were obtained in moderate chemical yields, this reaction now allows an easy approach to the synthesis of gembismetallic reagents2 in high yield via a carbometallation reaction (Equation 7.1 and Protocol l).
Asymmetric additions using diorganozincs
Authors: Soai Kenso , Shibata Takanori
Published: November 2023

Enantioselective additions of organometallic reagents to carbonyl compounds (1,2-addition to aldehydes and 1,4-addition to enones) and imines are important methods for the preparation of optically active sec-alcohols, 13-substituted ketones, and amines, respectively. The reactivities of diorganozincs toward the additions to carbonyl compounds and imines are usually much lower than those of the corresponding organolithium and organomagnesium reagents. Without any catalyst, diorganozincs do not usually add to aldehydes and imines in synthetically useful yields. However, owing to the low reactivities of diorganozincs, the catalytic enantioselective additions of diorganozincs to aldehydes, enones, and imines have become possible by using either chiral Lewis acids or Lewis bases as chiral catalysts.
Extraction
Authors: Clifford Tony
Published: November 2023

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is becoming an important process, as well as a tool in analytical science, and has seen rapid development in the last few years. A number of plants are now operating.
Reactions of selenium-stabilized carbocations
Authors: Hermans Bernard , Hevesi Laszlo
Published: November 2023

The broad subject of the stabilization of carbenium ions by heteroatomic substituents has been reviewed recently. It clearly appears from both experimental and theoretical studies that the stability of a carbenium ion cannot be accounted for solely in terms of ‘IT-donation or charge dispersal by the heteroatomic moieties. Because essentially all heteroatoms, from alkali metals to halogens (Fig. 8.1), are able to stabilize cationic centres, this stabilization cannot arise from a unique mechanism.
Sigmatropic rearrangements of organoselenium compounds
Authors: Ashi Yoshiaki Nishiba Y , Uemura Sakae
Published: November 2023

In the field of synthetic organoselenium chemistry, [2,3]sigmatropic rearrangements of allylic selenium compounds and selenoxide eliminations (see Chapter 2) are the most fundamental reactions. A typical [2,3]sigmatropic rearrangement involves a transfer of oxygen from the selenium atom to the carbon atom of an allylic selenoxide to produce the corresponding allylic selenenate and then an allylic alcohol after hydrolysis (Equation 11.1). In comparison with allylic sulfoxides, the advantage of allylic selenoxides is that the activation energy for the rearrangement is much lower and the reaction proceeds smoothly even at low temperature. Moreover, the equilibrium favours the selenenate in the Se series, but the sulfoxide in the S series. In this chapter, we focus on the preparative use of sigmatropic rearrangements of allylic selenium compounds for organic synthesis
Physical Oceanography and Meteorology
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim
Published: November 2023

Deep trenches, high mountain chains, rows of volcanoes, deep-sea basins and innumerable coral islands form a complexity of phenomena which are not found over such an extended area in any other part of the world.—Wyrtki 1961
Introducing Coral Reefs
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim
Published: November 2023

There have been many inspired literary works written in the past that touched upon the beaut)’ and the intricacies of coral reefs. The diversity of types, shapes and sizes of Indonesian coral reefs, as well as the outstanding richness of the various plant and animal species that live in, on and above these unique biogenic structures, has fascinated and bewildered many early as well as present-day naturalists. While the beauty of tropical coral seas and a quest for adventure may have been the initial lures, the early history’ of coral reef science was sustained by the enigma of flourishing productivity in the midst of mostly oligotrophic (i.e., nutrient-and planktonpoor) tropical oceans (Lewis 1981).
Coral Reef Origins The Theories
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim
Published: November 2023

Prior to 1911, very little was known about the nature or the general distribution of coral reefs within the Indonesian .Archipelago. The earliest synthesis of information on the distribution and the type of coral reefs in the archipelago appeared in Darwin’s 1842 monumental work on the structure and evolution of coral reefs, which also included the first world distribution map of these systems. Darwin (1842) in his classification of coral reefs distinguished three main types, fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls. However, the structural characteristics of reef forms (e.g., fringing and barrier reefs) on which Darwin based his broad and simple classification system were only loosely defined (Stoddart 1975). As coral reef research, especially coral reef geomorphology, gathered momentum to address the “coral reef problem” (Davis 1928), numerous new structural terms, considered as intermediate and end-members of Darwin’s original sequence, were added to the classification (Davis 1928; Stoddart 1975). From a worldwide perspective, recent additions of new coral reefs to Darwin’s original distribution map can lx considered as relatively minor when compared to the major transformation of reef distribution patterns in the Indonesian .Archipelago.
Foraminiferida
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim
Published: November 2023

The protozoa is a diverse assemblage of single-celled organisms found in most aquatic environments sustaining life. Foraminifera arc shell-bearing (i.e., test) rhizopods (Order Foraminiferida), that are one of the most abundant groups of small marine and estuarine protozoa (Phleger 1960; Lee 1974; Be 1977; Boersma 1978). In addition to the foraminifera, two other important groups of marine protozoa are the siliceous radiolarians (Superclass Actinopodea) and the ciliated tintinnids (Order Choreotrichida). While the foraminifera are not usually considered among the major ‘‘constructors” of Holocene reefs (Fagerstrom 1987), they are nonetheless one of the most abundant coral reef organisms, with a capacity to produce enormous quantities of biogenic skeletal material, which may eventually be consolidated into the reef framework (Muller 1974; Sakai and Nishihara 1981; Salvant and Venec-Peure 1981).
Coral Cays
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim
Published: November 2023

Coral cays are generally referred to as low islands constructed entirely from the biogenic materials of the reef itself (Hopley 1982), and are a common physiographic and ecologic zone of many reefs throughout the archipelago (figs 17.1 and 17.2).and The purely biogenic origin of coral cay sediments from the underlying reef, and the absence of continental rocks, clearly distin17.2guishes them from volcanic islands as well as the high islands of the Sunda Shelf and other regions of the archipelago. The composition of beach sand alone is, however, not an appropriate criterion to distinguish between the two types of islands (fig. 17.3).
Marine and Coastal Resources Management
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim
Published: November 2023

Indonesia, with a population of over 182 million people, is the world’s largest archipelagic state (KLH 1992). With over 17,500 islands (only 6000 inhabited) and one of the longest coastlines in the world, Indonesia has jurisdiction over 5.8 million km2 of tropical seas within its Exclusive Economic Zone (Polunin 1983; KLH 1992; Sloan and Sugandhy 1993). The marine environment that forms almost 80% of the archipelago exhibits high physical, chemical and biological diversity. Salm (1984) identified 48 different types of marine and coastal habitats using a simple generic classification system. Marine and coastal resources and activities account for about 25% of Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employ o\ Ilion people, about 7.5% of the total population (Riopelle 1995). Even though there is a serious lack of marine and coastal resource inventories, it is nevertheless clear that Indonesia’s marine and coastal assets are outstanding (Polunin 1983; Bailey et al. 1987;
Neomorphinae
Authors: Payne Robert B
Published: November 2023

ADULT: Sexes alike, upperparts brown streaked buff and black, head with a striped blackish and rufous shaggy crest; the alula large and black, wing brown to rufous, white stripe across base of primaries seen in flight; upper tail coverts light rufous becoming dark brown with the loss of the pale feather edges; tail long and graduated; in fresh plumage the brown central vane with light rufous edges gives a sandy appearance but in worn plumage the loose-webbed edges are gone and the tail is dark brown; face with a white eyebrow and black whisker line; underparts whitish with nar row black malar streak, throat and breast with distinct black streaks, belly white; bare skin around eye yellow, iris brown to greenish; bill brown to orange-brown or yellowish below; feet gray brown.
Analysis of chemistry and products
Authors: Terrett Nicholas K
Published: November 2023

Many aspects of combinatorial chemistry are merely a more specialized extension of existing chemical technology. We have seen in previous chapters that combinatorial chemistry emerged as a reaction to the needs of immunochemists to prepare more peptides for epitope studies, and that this technique has been widely adopted by scientists in other disciplines who have seen the obvious benefits of high synthetic productivity. Rapid synthesis has been used to accelerate the study of the solid phase synthesis of peptidomimetics and oligosaccharides, and more recently, as described in the previous chapter, the range of accessible solid phase chemistry of small molecules has been enlarged as a response to the possibilities of combinatorial chemistry.
Introduction to intelligent data analysis
Authors: Hibbert D Brynn
Published: November 2023

I am an Analytical Chemist, and it comes as a surprise to my new students that hardly anyone in the world wants to know the concentration of X (where Xis a compound of their choice) perse. People want to know the answers to questions such as ‘Can I drink the water?’, ‘Is it safe to live next door to a nuclear power station?’, or ‘Should I invest in the proposed new gold mine?’. The answer to each of these sample questions requires chemical analysis, allied with inputs from other science-based disciplines, but the ultimate answer is not in parts per million, but a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Intelligent data analysis, therefore, has as an ultimate goal to take inputs from scientific endeavor (signals from instruments), with other relevant information, and to turn these inputs into reasoned answers.
Knowledge transfer: human experts to expert systems
Authors: Lahiri Sharbari , Stillman Martin J
Published: November 2023

At a meeting in 1956 at Dartmouth College, Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon gave birth to the term ‘artificial intelligence’ and announced the first computer program, the Logic Theorist, in artificial intelligence (Al). This program was developed by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon of Carnegie Mellon and J.C. Shaw of the Rand Corp. The research of Newell, Shaw, and Simon on the Logic Theorist, a chess playing program, and the General Problem Solver (GPS) dominated the first decade of AI from the mid- l 950s to the mid-1960s. Their research in areas such as heuristic search, problem solving, planning, and knowledge representation remain important areas of AI and lead to the current generation of expert system programs.