bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blue and Green Working Together
Authors: Hoffa James P.
Published: July 2009

There's tremendous excitement across the land about good jobs and a clean environment. We teamsters have found that working together makes things happen. We have found a partnership with the Sierra Club and Public Citizen. We no longer support drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. We'll pass the Employee Free Choice Act, too. Working together as partners, labor and environmentalists, and under this President, we can accomplish great things for working people and for the environment.
We Want a Made-in-the-U.S.A. Economy
Authors: Angelides Phil
Published: July 2009

We're going to have to organize relentlessly day and night if we really want that clean-energy, good-jobs, made-in-the-USA economy. That means pushing for sweeping investments in energy efficiency, public transportation, renewable energy. It means retooling America's manufacturing base. It means new investments in research and development. It means training and educating our workers and our young people. It means pushing for climate-change legislation this year that will cap and reduce emissions. We can do it.
Wind Energy Can Power a Strong Recovery
Authors: Bode Denise
Published: July 2009

The U.S. wind industry is a dynamic one that pumps billions of dollars into our economy each year. Wind has gone mainstream and today is the most affordable near-term carbon-free energy source. The U.S. industry experienced a nearly 70 percent increase in total jobs last year—well-paying, family-supporting jobs. But new wind farms now find it hard to secure financing. Thus, the economic stimulus package moving through Congress is critical.
Unlikely (but Perfect) Partners in the Fight for the Green Energy and Fair Trade Economy
Authors: Redmond Fred
Published: July 2009

A priority for the United Steelworkers the last several years has been its work with the Sierra Club as part of the Blue Green Alliance. By working with our unconventional allies, we impacted the most important general election in any of our lifetimes. Now, smart investments in renewable energy and fuel-efficient cars are cornerstones of the Obama administration's economic recovery plan. The other priority issue when we began the Blue Green Alliance was fair trade. It still is a priority.
How Barack Obama's Votes Beat Hillary Clinton's Votes in the 2008 Democratic Presidential Contest: Not Malapportionment, But Turnout Variation and the Florida Effect
Authors: Siaroff Alan
Published: July 2009

The long-lasting race between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton for the Democratic Presidential nomination finished with Obama winning a clear majority of the pledged delegates. Yet he did not win a majority of all votes cast, and indeed the popular vote total was extremely close. This article assesses how a close vote total translated into a delegate victory for Obama. Three factors are assessed: malapportionment in terms of delegates per state, a strong abstention (low turnout) effect in the caucuses, and the disqualification of the Florida results. Numerically the abstention effect not just in the caucuses as a whole but across the various caucuses was the most significant factor.
Campaign Microtargeting and the Relevance of the Televised Political Ad
Authors: Ridout Travis N
Published: July 2009

Several trends, both societal and technological, suggest that televised political advertising should be losing its position at the center of today's political campaign, but is this the case? Analyzing ad-tracking data from the 2000, 2004, and 2008 presidential nominating campaigns, I show that the use of televised political advertising has, if anything, increased over time. Although campaigns may be focusing more nowadays on micro-targeting and "ground war" tactics, they have far from abandoned the traditional 30-second political spot.
The Effect of Moisture Content on Colour Characteristics of Walnuts
Authors: Altuntas Ebubekir , Erkol Mehmet
Published: July 2009

The size, colour, level of internal damage and external damage of walnuts are four important quality factors. Colour properties (L', a', b', hue angle and chroma values) of Bilecik, Yalova-1 and Yalova-3 shelled walnut varieties as a function of moisture content were determined. The average L' values of shelled walnuts decreased with increase in moisture content for Bilecik, Yalova-1 and Yalova-3 walnut varieties. All colour characteristics were affected by the moisture content studied.
Fiscal and Externality Rationales for Alcohol Policies
Authors: Parry Ian W. H. , West Sarah E , Laxminarayan Ramanan
Published: July 2009

Alcohol taxes are typically justified as a means to address externalities from alcohol abuse and to raise government revenue. Prior literature has focused on measuring the Pigouvian tax but has paid little attention to the fiscal rationale. This paper presents an analytical and simulation framework for assessing the optimal levels, and welfare effects, of alcohol taxes and drunk driver penalties, accounting for both externalities and how policies interact with the broader fiscal system.Under plausible parameter values and recycling possibilities, the fiscal component of the optimal alcohol tax may be as large, or larger, than the externality-correcting component. Therefore, fiscal considerations can significantly strengthen the case for higher alcohol taxes. They also raise the welfare gains from alcohol taxes relative to those from drunk driver penalties, and they warrant differential taxation of individual beverages on an alcohol equivalent basis.
American Idol: Evidence on Same-Race Preferences
Authors: Lee Jungmin
Published: July 2009

This paper examines whether viewers of the popular television show, American Idol, exhibit racial preferences. We find evidence on same-race preferences among black viewers only: when there are more black contestants in the show, more black viewers are tuned in to watch it. The result is robust after we account for the endogeneity problem regarding the contestants' racial composition, which arises due to the voting mechanism. Our point estimates tell that a 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of black contestants increases viewership ratings for black households by about 1.3 percentage points.
Job Strain in Physical Therapists
Authors: Campo Marc A. , Weiser Sherri , Koenig Karen L.
Published: July 2009

Background

Job stress has been associated with poor outcomes. In focus groups and small-sample surveys, physical therapists have reported high levels of job stress. Studies of job stress in physical therapy with larger samples are needed.

Objective

The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine the levels of psychological job demands and job control reported by physical therapists in a national sample, (2) to compare those levels with national norms, and (3) to determine whether high demands, low control, or a combination of both (job strain) increases the risk for turnover or work-related pain.

Design

This was a prospective cohort study with a 1-year follow-up period.

Methods

Participants were randomly selected members of the American Physical Therapy Association (n=882). Exposure assessments included the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), a commonly used instrument for evaluation of the psychosocial work environment. Outcomes included job turnover and work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

Results

Compared with national averages, the physical therapists reported moderate job demands and high levels of job control. About 16% of the therapists reported changing jobs during follow-up. Risk factors for turnover included high job demands, low job control, job strain, female sex, and younger age. More than one half of the therapists reported work-related pain. Risk factors for work-related pain included low job control and job strain.

Limitations

The JCQ measures only limited dimensions of the psychosocial work environment. All data were self-reported and subject to associated bias.

Conclusions

Physical therapists’ views of their work environments were positive, including moderate levels of demands and high levels of control. Those therapists with high levels of demands and low levels of control, however, were at increased risk for both turnover and work-related pain. Physical therapists should consider the psychosocial work environment, along with other factors, when choosing a job.
Comparison of plane mirror vs retroreflector performance for laser-self-mixing displacement sensors
Authors: Ottonelli S. , De Lucia F. , di Vietro M. , Dabbicco M. , Scamarcio G.
Published: July 2009

The behavior of a displacement optical sensor based on the Laser-Self-Mixing effect employing a plane mirror (PT) and a solid corner-cube (CC) as moving target is analyzed. The performance of the sensor is compared in terms of simplification of the optical setup, measurement accuracy and tolerance to angular misalignment of the target. On the basis of the innovative assumption that only the fraction of the laser beam orthogonal to the target plane gives rise to the Self – Mixing modulation, it is demonstrated that the interferometer tolerates small tilt of the plane target (up to approximately 0.7°) only when illuminated by a divergent beam, in which case the displacement measurement becomes affected by a cosine – type error. Instead the corner cube preserves the self-mixing signal over a larger angular range (up to approximately 2°) at the same time preserving high measurement accuracy.
Visiting Strawberry Hill: Horace Walpole's Gothic Historiography
Authors: Silver Sean R.
Published: July 2009

The “antiquarian” attitude is not an imperfect approximation to something else—which would be the maturity of scientific, professionalised historiography. It is a specific, lived relationship to the past, and deserves to be treated on its own terms. 1
The Body of Her Work, the Work of Her Body: Accounting for the Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft
Authors: Richards Cynthia
Published: July 2009

On Monday, Dr. Fordyce forbad the child's having the breast, and we therefore procured puppies to draw off the milk.—William Godwin, Memoirs of the Author of “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” 1
The Function of Decorum at the Present Time: Manners, Moral Language, and Modernity in “an Oscar Wilde Play”
Authors: Mackie Gregory
Published: July 2009

In the distinctive, epigrammatic idiom of his society comedies, where dialogue is shaped by the formulae of conventional instructional maxims about what one should and shouldn't do, Oscar Wilde inverts and aestheticizes the assumed ethical basis of a code of conduct that relies on the language of decorum. His drama suggestively articulates a considerable degree of slippage between manners, on the one hand, and morals, on the other. This essay argues, in fact, that Wildean aphoristic speech playfully rewrites late-Victorian etiquette literature, exploiting the ironic distance between moral assumptions and a more formulaic reality.
Everything is Corrected: Corruption, Terror, Intelligentsia, and the State in Edvard Radzinsky's Conversations with Socrates
Authors: Gharavi Lance
Published: July 2009

In this essay, I will examine two absences within the text of Edvard Radzinsky's Conversations with Socrates: the absence of a proper name for the First Disciple and the lack of any references to male same-sex desire. I argue that these absences are meaningful and interconnected features in the text that, in the context of Russian history, complicate Radzinsky's own cherished position as a gadfly of the state and deface his portrait of Socrates as an analogue for the heroic intelligentsia. Ultimately, I suggest that the absence of same-sex desire functions as a pathology, as a hidden metonym for the historic guilt of the Russian intelligentsia and its role in the excesses of the Soviet regime. Finally, I argue that such erasures are implicated in the geopolitical oppositions and gendered/sexualized national identities that inflected and constituted the Cold War.
The Feast of Nemesis Media: Jean Cocteau's The Eiffel Tower Wedding Party
Authors: Pero Allan
Published: July 2009

Jean Cocteau's The Eiffel Tower Wedding Party is marked by a fascination with the fractious relationship both between technology and theatricality and between human desire and mechanization. In its anti-theatricality, the play shifts away from reproduction with a greater fidelity to “life,” or the theatrical representation of life, toward the assumptions that inform the desire for photographic reproduction. Eschewing banal hypotheses like “machines are dehumanizing,” Cocteau suggests a more complex desire: we want machines to exert control over the moment of the live event. His use of machines uncannily shows us that we exalt the representation of the event over its emotional content. What Cocteau is asking us to witness, then, in his exploration of our relationship to media, is a creative process inherent in the destruction of theatricality. In Walter Benjamin's terms, one could argue that the play is a significant moment in the ongoing decay and transformation of theatricality's aura.
Sacrifice, Inhibition, and Oedipal Fantasy in Krapp's Last Tape
Authors: Kintzele Paul
Published: July 2009

This article challenges an assumption that, implicitly and explicitly, has long structured the interpretive history of Krapp's Last Tape—namely, that Beckett's play presents the bitter consequences of a failed sacrifice. In order to make that assumption plausible, critics have had to posit a certain causal relationship between the scenes recounted on the tape made by Krapp at age thirty-nine. However, careful analysis suggests that this voluntaristic narrative of artistic ambition leading to sexual renunciation needs to be questioned. By attending to the pervasive Oedipal thematics of the play, this article contends that the apparent sacrifice (or “farewell to love”) by Krapp is actually better understood as the result of a more fundamental inhibition. Even though in Anti-Oedipus Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari use Beckett's work (particularly the prose) to illustrate the purposeless productivity of the schizoid, much of the dramatic power of Krapp's Last Tape seems to result from the staging of precisely the sort of Oedipal scenario that is undone or exploded elsewhere in Beckett.
Physiotherapy Practice and Delegation Policies in Oxygen Administration: A Survey of Ontario Hospitals
Authors: Espiritu Olivia , Schaeffer Erin , Bhesania Natasha , Perera Sarah , Dickinson Emma , Nussbaum Ethne , Lai Denise
Published: July 2009

Purpose: As of 2008, the Regulated Health Professions Act in Ontario stipulates that administration of oxygen is a controlled act, which physiotherapists are not authorized to perform but which may be delegated to physiotherapists by another health professional authorized to perform this act. The aims of this study were (1) to survey physiotherapy practice of oxygen administration in Ontario hospitals and (2) to determine the proportion and characteristics of hospitals with delegation policies for physiotherapists to administer oxygen.

Method: Postal surveys were sent to 208 hospitals. Data were collected on hospital characteristics; the presence of delegation policies; and the practice and training of physiotherapists, physiotherapy assistants, and students in oxygen administration. Data were described by summative statistics. Fisher's exact test and Cramer's V statistic were used to examine associations. Potential prognostic factors were analyzed using logistic regression.

Results: Response rate was 82.7%. Physiotherapists administered oxygen in 39% of hospitals, and 28% of hospitals had delegation policies. Larger, urban, or teaching hospitals and those with a matrix structure were most likely to have delegation policies and physiotherapists who administered oxygen. Rehabilitation hospitals were also likely to have such policies.

Conclusion: Physiotherapists administer oxygen in less than half of Ontario hospitals, very few of which have delegation policies.
From Social Security to Public Safety: Security Discourses and Canadian Citizenship
Authors: Brodie Janine
Published: July 2009

This article explores the development of security discourses and, in particular, what I term the citizen–state security bargain in Canada since Confederation. The analysis focuses on how various security discourses have lent legitimacy to the state and helped to fashion a sense of national community and citizen identity. A historical tracking of Speeches from the Throne illustrates the ways in which the mid-twentieth-century enunciation of the citizen–state bargain as social security has been progressively surpassed and circumscribed by individualized pronouncements of public safety.
Responsibility, Nostalgia, and the Mythology of Canada as a Peacekeeper
Authors: Jefferess David
Published: July 2009

This article critically examines three examples of the way in which peacekeeping functions as a mythological sign within the Canadian national imaginary, connoting a distinctly Canadian political ethos and ethics: the 1994 documentary Peacekeeper at War; the image “Remembrance and Peacekeeping” on the ten-dollar bill; and Lloyd Axworthy's 2003 political memoir Navigating a New World. The author argues that these representations of Canada's peacekeeper mythology reflect a nostalgic hunger for national distinction. As such, historical policies and initiatives such as Canada's contribution to the 1991 Persian Gulf War, its military intervention and abuses in Somalia in 1993, and the Canadian mission in Afghanistan's Kandahar province are produced within the narrative of peacekeeping as either acts of responsible action (i.e., bringing peace to the Other) or aberrations in an otherwise continuous narrative of Canada's benevolent action in the world.
Helpless Maidens and Chivalrous Knights: Afghan Women in the Canadian Press
Authors: Jiwani Yasmin
Published: July 2009

On the international stage, Canada is renowned for its multicultural ethos, its peacekeeping reputation, and its moderate politics vis-à-vis the United States. Nonetheless, post-9/11, the Canadian press followed the US media in casting Afghan women as abject victims who could be rescued only by what Iris Marion Young has aptly called the ‘knights of civilization.’ Yet the discursive manner in which support for the US-led war was invoked bore traces of a counter-hegemonic frame. This essay interrogates representations of Afghan women in the Globe and Mail, Canada's major English-language daily and newspaper of record. Examining the coverage over a seven-year period, the author traces the changes and continuities marking these representations in response to Canada's initial peacekeeping and subsequent military involvement in Afghanistan. The Orientalist construction of Islam as a homogeneous and monolithic faith and its representation as an essentialized patriarchal force are underscored. The framing of Afghan women living in Canada in contrast to their counterparts in Afghanistan is explored with respect to issues of agency, victimhood, and Canadian benevolence. The essay concludes with observations on how this coverage reinforces and legitimates an imagined community that is reflective of Canada as a white, settler colony.
Mark of Cain(ada): Racialized Security Discourse in Canada's National Newspapers
Authors: Smolash Wendy Naava
Published: July 2009

This essay compares coverage in two of Canada's national newspapers, the Globe and Mail and the National Post, of two high-profile anti-terrorism cases: Project Thread (2003) and the Toronto 18 (2006). I read these media stories as narratives, open to literary analysis, that allow us to pry open and critique Canada's dominant national security discourse. These national newspaper narratives, I argue, mobilize racialized signs of otherness that legitimate and naturalize national security discourses, even when accusations are withdrawn by officials. This raises urgent questions about the ways in which media may naturalize state violence against Muslim, Arab, and South Asian citizens and non-citizens within Canada's borders.
‘Come on back to the war’: Germany as the Other National Other in Canadian Popular Culture
Authors: McCutcheon Mark A.
Published: July 2009

This essay argues for bringing the methodology of post-colonial studies to bear on mainstream Canadian popular culture, towards a rethinking of Canada's ideological affinities with nations traditionally considered as Canada's ‘Others,’ the United Kingdom and the United States, through the mobilizations of popular culture for militarized nation-building. This argument identifies Germany's role in popular Canadian literature as a recurring national ‘Other’ against which Canadian nationalism develops, sensitized to the discourse of national security. Representations of Germany as a chronotope of distant war and natural evil recur among some of the most internationally famous works of Canadian literature. Those read here include Anne of Green Gables, ‘In Flanders Fields,’ Never Cry Wolf, The Handmaid's Tale, the oeuvre of Leonard Cohen, and Neuromancer. The essay concludes with thoughts on the ironies and implications of transnational stereotype and state policy in the popular uses of literature.
The Individual Is International: Discourses of the Personal in Catherine Bush's The Rules of Engagement and Canada's International Policy Statement
Authors: Authers Benjamin
Published: July 2009

This article considers how ideas of the personal give meaning to global political engagements in Catherine Bush's 2000 novel The Rules of Engagement and in the 2005 Canadian foreign-policy statement, Canada's International Policy Statement: A Role of Pride and Influence in the World. Linking her experiences of violence with incidents of civil warfare, Bush's protagonist argues that such analogies humanize global politics, thereby rendering them personally meaningful. Similarly, the International Policy Statement symbolically places individual Canadians at the heart of policy, justifying government action as a manifestation of the national desire to ‘make a difference globally.’ In both texts, however, these analogies of the personal and the political risk becoming acts of consumption, a means of saying something about ‘our’ sympathy and benevolence; they thus tend towards a solipsism that fails to understand dialogue as an essential part of engagement with another.
Apocalyptic Narrative Recalls and the Human: Rawi Hage'sDe Niro's Game
Authors: Rahman Najat
Published: July 2009

Discourses of ‘security,’ which have been closely linked to power, have often taken the form of an apocalyptic vision. Recuperated as inevitable ending and destruction, rather than as revelation, disaster is then inflicted on humans. Significantly, the immeasurable violence concerns the other, not the self. Ultimately, this apocalyptic spectre is self-perpetuating and self-fulfilling, the source of its violence internal. War becomes its privileged mode to attest to its own existence. Its violent repression displaces the political onto religious narratives, negating the other as ‘diabolic’ and constituting a form of dehumanization. Alternative imaginings of apocalypse recuperate disorder into creative possibilities of inclusion and restructuring. The opening of the political lies in the potentiality of apocalyptic visions that remember the other and insist on the human. Rawi Hage's De Niro's Game allows for a vision of history in which the human quest for freedom and relation opens to a beginning and a future.
Microsurgical anatomy of the temporal stem: clinical relevance and correlations with diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking
Authors: Peltier Johann , Verclytte Sébastien , Delmaire Christine , Pruvo Jean-Pierre , Godefroy Olivier , Le Gars Daniel
Published: July 2009

Object

The authors used a fiber dissection technique to describe the temporal stem and explain the tendency of malignant tumors to spread within both the frontal and temporal lobes. The authors focused on the morphological characteristics and course of various fasciculi of the temporal stem, including the uncinate fascicle, occipitofrontal fascicle, anterior commissure, loop of the optic radiations (Meyer loop), and the ansa peduncularis.

Methods

Eight previously frozen, formalin-fixed human brains were dissected under an operating microscope using the fiber dissection technique described by Klingler. Lateral, inferior, and medial approaches were made. Cross-sectional 3D MR images obtained in 10 patients without brain lesions demonstrated that fibers of the temporal stem, which were intermingled together in various ways, curved laterally within the basal forebrain. Various pathological entities affecting the temporal stem are described and discussed.

Results

The uncinate fascicle has 3 portions: a ventral extension, an intermediary segment called the isthmus, and a dorsal segment. The inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus is a layer of more superficial white matter that appeared to be superior to the uncinate fasciculus. A short ventral portion of the radiations of the corpus callosum was sometimes noted to run ventrally to enter the temporal stem and to reach both temporal lobes.

Conclusions

To the authors' knowledge, a detailed anatomy of the temporal stem has not been previously described in the literature. The unique anatomy of the temporal stem provides a route for tumor spread between the frontal and temporal lobes.
Gamma Knife radiosurgery for hemangiomas of the cavernous sinus: a seven-institute study in Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Masaaki , Kida Yoshihisa , Fukuoka Seiji , Iwai Yoshiyasu , Jokura Hidefumi , Akabane Atsuya , Serizawa Toru
Published: July 2009

Object

Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS) is currently used for primary or postoperative management of cavernous sinus (CS) hemangiomas. The authors describe their experience with 30 cases of CS hemangioma successfully managed with GKS.

Methods

Thirty patients with CS hemangiomas, including 19 female and 11 male patients with a mean age of 53 years (range 19–78 years) underwent GKS at 7 facilities in Japan. Pathological entity was confirmed using surgical specimens in 17 patients, and neuroimaging diagnosis only in 13. Eight patients were asymptomatic before GKS, while 22 had ocular movement disturbances and/or optic nerve impairments. The mean tumor volume was 11.5 cm3 (range 1.5–51.4 cm3). The mean dose to the tumor periphery was 13.8 Gy (range 10.0–17.0 Gy).

Results

The mean follow-up period was 53 months (range 12–138 months). Among the 22 patients with symptoms prior to GKS, complete remission was achieved in 2, improvement in 13, and no change in 7. Hemifacial sensory disturbance developed following GKS in 1 patient. The most recent MR images showed remarkable shrinkage in 18, shrinkage in 11, and no change in 1 patient.

Conclusions

Gamma Knife radiosurgery proved to be an effective treatment strategy for managing CS hemangiomas. Given the diagnostic accuracy of recently developed neuroimaging techniques and the potentially serious bleeding associated with biopsy sampling or attempted surgical removal, the authors recommend that GKS be the primary treatment in most patients who have a clear neuroimaging diagnosis of this condition.
PepT2 transporter protein expression in human neoplastic glial cells and mediation of fluorescently tagged dipeptide derivative β-Ala-Lys-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid accumulation
Authors: Zimmermann Mathias , Stan Alexandru Constantin
Published: July 2009

Object

The present study was aimed at analyzing the accumulation of the fluorescently tagged dipeptide derivative, β-Ala-Lys-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA), in primary cultures of human neoplastic glial cells. This molecule is a highly specific reporter used to investigate the dipeptide transport system hPepT2.

Methods

In this study the authors used immunocytochemical methods to determine the cell-specific accumulation of a small and fluorescently tagged reporter molecule named β-Ala-Lys-Nε-AMCA to detect dipeptide transport capacity of neoplastic glial cells. Furthermore, specific mRNA levels were quantified using Northern blot analysis and the tissue distribution of hPepT2 mRNA transcripts was demonstrated with in-situ hybridization histochemical analysis.

Results

Recent fluorescent immunocytochemical analyses have revealed that β-Ala-Lys-Nε-AMCA specifically accumulates within anaplastic cells of astrocytic lineage but not in anaplastic oligodendrocytes or neurons. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that human hPepT2 mRNA is specifically detected in primary cell cultures of human glioblastoma but not in oligodendroglioma. Moreover, in situ hybridization analyses revealed an astrocytic localization of hPepT2 transcripts in human glioblastoma and astrocytoma cells. The hPepT2 transcription levels were clearly dependent on the grade of glial cell differentiation: within low-grade gliomas (WHO Grade II), more hPepT2 mRNA was detected compared with tumors of a higher grade of dedifferentiation (WHO Grade IV). Analysis of expression levels of hPepT2 mRNA in human neoplastic glial cells xenografted into the brains of athymic rats (han rnu+/+) showed a markedly increased expression of hPepT2 after 2 weeks of growth in vivo compared with the primary counterparts grown in vitro.

Conclusions

The authors concluded that expression of the hPepT2 transporter protein is a characteristic of glial cells of astrocytic lineage, and is dependent on the grade of astroglial cell differentiation and the extracellular matrix (here brain neuropil). The authors found that β-Ala-Lys-Nε-AMCA is as an excellent reporter molecule for assessing neoplastic glial cell function and physiological characteristics.
Whipple disease of the central nervous system: an unusual occurrence in association with acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Authors: Guthikonda Bharat , Rouah Emilie , Krishnan Bhuvanaswari , Powell Suzanne Z. , Goodman J. Clay , Gopinath Shankar P. , Simpson Richard K.
Published: July 2009

Whipple disease is a multisystem infectious disease caused by Tropheryma whippleii. It commonly affects the CNS and produces neurological symptoms in 10–20% of cases. Central nervous system Whipple disease occurring in patients with AIDS is extremely rare. The authors present a case of a newly diagnosed AIDS patient in whom intracranial Whipple disease was diagnosed by stereotactic brain biopsy.
Patients' perceptions of awake and outpatient craniotomy for brain tumor: a qualitative study
Authors: Khu Kathleen Joy , Doglietto Francesco , Radovanovic Ivan , Taleb Faisal , Mendelsohn Daniel , Zadeh Gelareh , Bernstein Mark
Published: July 2009

Object

Routine and nonselective use of awake and outpatient craniotomy for supratentorial tumors has been shown to be safe and effective from a medical standpoint. In this study the authors aim was to explore patients' perceptions about awake and outpatient craniotomy.

Methods

Qualitative research methodology was used. Two semistructured, open-ended interviews were conducted with 27 participants, who were ambulatory adult patients who underwent craniotomy for brain tumor excision between October 2008 and April 2009. The participants were each assigned to one of the following categories: 1) awake outpatient; 2) awake inpatient; 3) outpatient under general anesthesia; and 4) inpatient under general anesthesia. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed, and the data were subjected to thematic analysis.

Results

The following 6 overarching themes emerged from the data: 1) patients had a positive experience with awake craniotomy; 2) patient satisfaction with outpatient surgery was high; 3) patients understood the rationale behind awake surgery; 4) patients were surprised that brain surgery can be done on an outpatient basis; 5) trust in one's surgeon was important; and 6) patients were more concerned about the disease than the procedure.

Conclusions

The results reflected positively on the patients' awake and outpatient surgery experience, but there were some areas that require improvement, specifically perioperative pain control and postoperative care. These insights on patients' perspectives can lead to better delivery of care, and ultimately, improved health outcomes.
Experimental Investigation of a Three-Bed Adsorption Refrigeration Chiller Employing an Advanced Mass Recovery Cycle
Authors: Uyun Aep Saepul , Miyazaki Takahiko , Ueda Yuki , Akisawa Atsushi
Published: July 2009

The performance of an advanced three-bed adsorption chiller with a mass recovery cycle has been experimentally investigated in the present study. The temperature and pressure of various components of the chiller were monitored to observe the dynamic behaviour of the chiller. The performances in terms of the coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP) were compared with a conventional single stage. The results show that the proposed cycle produces COP and SCP values superior to those of the conventional single stage cycle for heat source temperature below 75 °C.
The Future Internet
Authors: Hudson-Smith Andrew
Published: July 2009

In 1995 technology analyst Gartner [1] developed a hype cycle model for the adoption of technology. The cycle comprises five stages from the initial technology trigger through to a final plateau of productivity along a with a peak of inflated expectations, a tough of disillusionment and the slope of enlightenment. The hype cycle is notable technique for plotting and identifying waves of innovation and hype in technology and digital communications. Yet, from where we stand, we can see the waves of innovation becoming increasingly shorter, the troughs less deep and the peaks of expectations higher. The read-write revolution, that is arguably known as Web 2.0, has transformed our experience of using the Internet from a source of information to a means of communication and participation. It has introduced mirror worlds, the cloud, wikitecture, social shaping, connected places, folksonomies and many other terms that I am sure many of us have used in recent grant applications and papers. This is the here and now, all of these technologies are past the technology trigger point and rising up the peak of inflated expectations with a few already heading towards the trough before becoming mainstream and approaching mass adoption. [...]
Prediction of Skin Sensitization with a Particle Swarm Optimized Support Vector Machine
Authors: Yuan Hua , Huang Jianping , Cao Chenzhong
Published: July 2009

Skin sensitization is the most commonly reported occupational illness, causing much suffering to a wide range of people. Identification and labeling of environmental allergens is urgently required to protect people from skin sensitization. The guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) are the two most important in vivo models for identification of skin sensitizers. In order to reduce the number of animal tests, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are strongly encouraged in the assessment of skin sensitization of chemicals. This paper has investigated the skin sensitization potential of 162 compounds with LLNA results and 92 compounds with GPMT results using a support vector machine. A particle swarm optimization algorithm was implemented for feature selection from a large number of molecular descriptors calculated by Dragon. For the LLNA data set, the classification accuracies are 95.37% and 88.89% for the training and the test sets, respectively. For the GPMT data set, the classification accuracies are 91.80% and 90.32% for the training and the test sets, respectively. The classification performances were greatly improved compared to those reported in the literature, indicating that the support vector machine optimized by particle swarm in this paper is competent for the identification of skin sensitizers.
A New Friedelane Type Triterpene from Euonymus hederaceus
Authors: Sun Cui-Rong , Hu He-Jiao , Xu Run-Sheng , Yang Jie-Hong , Wan Hai-Tong
Published: July 2009

Euonymus hederaceus is distributed widely in the south of China; its stems and leaves have been used as folk medicines to treat many diseases such as renal deficiency and chronic diarrhea, traumatic injury, and abnormal menstruation. Chemical investigation of the leaves and stems of Euonymus hederaceus resulted in the isolation forthe first time and characterization of a new friedelane type triterpene with a molecular mass of 472 and molecular formula of C30H48O4 by high resolution mass spectrometry. The 1H-NMR 13C-NMR and DEPT1350 spectra matched the characteristic data of the proposed triterpene skeleton.The compound was finally identified as 28-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one-29-oic acid on the basis of spectroscopic evidence, including two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance as well as its IR spectrum.
High Temperature Long Period Grating Thermo-Mechanically Written
Authors: Lazaro Jose Miguel , Quintela Antonio , Lopez-Higuera Jose Miguel
Published: July 2009

An optical fiber transducer able to work in high temperature environments is experimentally demonstrated in the laboratory. It is based on a permanent long period grating (LPG) written using a new technique based on a thermo-mechanical approach. Device precision was experimentally checked by means of repetitive thermal cycles between 25 and 950 ºC. In addition device stability was assured by maintaining the temperature in steady state at 800 ºC during 23 hours.
Subtropical Low Cloud Response to a Warmer Climate in a Superparameterized Climate Model. Part I: Regime Sorting and Physical Mechanisms
Authors: Wyant Matthew C. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Blossey Peter N.
Published: July 2009

The subtropical low cloud response to a climate with SST uniformly warmed by 2 K is analyzed in the SP‐CAM superparameterized climate model, in which each grid column is replaced by a two‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model (CRM). Intriguingly, SP‐CAM shows substantial low cloud increases over the subtropical oceans in the warmer climate. The paper aims to understand the mechanism for these increases. The subtropical low cloud increase is analyzed by sorting grid‐column months of the climate model into composite cloud regimes using percentile ranges of lower tropospheric stability (LTS). LTS is observed to be well correlated to subtropical low cloud amount and boundary layer vertical structure. The low cloud increase in SP‐CAM is attributed to boundary‐layer destabilization due to increased clear‐sky radiative cooling in the warmer climate. This drives more shallow cumulus convection and a moister boundary layer, inducing cloud increases and further increasing the radiative cooling. The boundary layer depth does not change substantially, due to compensation between increased radiative cooling (which promotes more turbulent mixing and boundary‐layer deepening) and slight strengthening of the boundary‐layer top inversion (which inhibits turbulent entrainment and promotes a shallower boundary layer). The widespread changes in low clouds do not appear to be driven by changes in mean subsidence. In a companion paper we use column‐mode CRM simulations based on LTS‐composite profiles to further study the low cloud response mechanisms and to explore the sensitivity of low cloud response to grid resolution in SP‐CAM.
Subtropical Low Cloud Response to a Warmer Climate in a Superparameterized Climate Model. Part II: Column Modeling with a Cloud Resolving Model
Authors: Blossey Peter N. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Wyant Matthew C.
Published: July 2009

A cloud resolving model (CRM) is used to investigate the low‐cloud increase due to a 2 K SST increase in the SP‐CAM superparameterized climate model. Of particular interest is the sensitivity of cloud changes to the CRM resolution (4 km horizontal, 30 vertical levels) in SP‐CAM. The CRM is run in column‐modeling framework using SP‐CAM composite cloud regimes. The experiments are run to steady state using composite advective tendencies, winds, and sea‐surface temperature from the control and +2 K climates of SP‐CAM. A new weak temperature gradient algorithm based on an idealized form of gravity wave adjustment is used to adjust vertical motion in the column to keep the simulated virtual temperature profile consistent with the corresponding SP‐CAM composite profile. Humidity is also slowly relaxed toward the SP‐CAM composite above the boundary layer. With SP‐CAM grid resolution, the CRM shows +2 K low cloud increases similar to SP‐CAM. With fine grid resolution, the CRM‐simulated low cloud fraction and its increase in a warmer climate are much smaller. Hence, the negative low cloud feedbacks in SP‐CAM may be exaggerated by under‐resolution of trade cumulus boundary layers.
Risk Factors for the Development of Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fractures Among Older Men
Authors: THOMAS-JOHN MARIA , CODD MARY B. , MANNE SIALAJA , WATTS NELSON B. , MONGEY ANNE-BARBARA
Published: July 2009

Objective.

Osteoporotic fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality particularly among older men. However, there is little information regarding risk factors among this population. The aims of our study were to determine risk factors for osteoporosis and fragility fractures and the predictive value of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements for development of fragility fractures in a cohort of elderly Caucasian and African American men.

Methods.

We evaluated 257 men aged 70 years or older for risk factors for osteoporosis and fragility fractures using a detailed questionnaire and BMD assessment. Exclusion criteria included conditions known to cause osteoporosis such as hypogonadism and chronic steroid use, current treatment with bisphosphonates, bilateral hip arthroplasties, and inability to ambulate independently.

Results.

Age, weight, weight loss, androgen deprivation treatment, duration of use of dairy products, exercise, and fracture within 10 years prior to study entry were associated with osteoporosis (p ≤ 0.05). Fragility fractures were associated with duration of use of dairy products, androgen deprivation treatment, osteoporosis, and history of fracture within 10 years prior to BMD assessment (p ≤ 0.05). There were some differences in risk factors between the Caucasian and African American populations, suggesting that risk factors may vary between ethnic groups.

Conclusion.

Although men with osteoporosis had a higher rate of fractures, the majority of fractures occurred in men with T-scores > −2.5 standard deviations below the mean, suggesting that factors other than BMD are also important in determining risk.
Los derechos de indios y esclavos realistas y la transformación política en Popayán, Nueva Granada (1808-1820)
Authors: Echeverri Marcela
Published: July 2009

Éste es un trabajo sobre el entendimiento y la defensa estratégica del discurso realista por parte de indios y esclavos en la provincia de Popayán, desde 1808 hasta 1820. Durante la crisis de la monarquía, tal como lo habían hecho antes, indios y esclavos buscaron beneficiarse del contexto político y dar nueva forma a sus derechos a través de su constitución como aliados de los realistas. A través del estudio de esas alianzas al comienzo de la guerra, este trabajo aporta una imagen dinámica del realismo popular que resalta la compleja articulación social y la participación política de indios y esclavos en el proceso de la transformación política en Popayán.
Violencia social en la primera mitad del siglo XIX mexicano: el caso de las Huastecas
Authors: Escobar Ohmstede Antonio
Published: July 2009

El presente artículo observa varias fases de la violencia rural que se dio en un espacio social del noreste de México denominado las Huastecas en la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Se abordan los movimientos sociales atendiendo tanto a sus causas, como a los actores y generadores de la violencia colectiva. Al respecto se analiza el papel de los indígenas, mulatos y mestizos que vivían en los pueblos y en las propiedades privadas y los mecanismos y alianzas que se dieron entre los diversos grupos de poder regional.
Muerte en El Loreto. Ciudadanía armada y violencia política en Bolivia (1861-1862)
Authors: Irurozqui Marta
Published: July 2009

Los casos de la Matanza del Loreto y del posterior ajusticiamiento popular de su responsable ilustran cómo la conversión del vecindario paceño en el pueblo en armas combatió tanto el abuso partidista del poder, como la ruptura de la legalidad constitucional ejercida por las revoluciones militaristas. El pueblo en la calle y el pueblo representado en una junta de gobierno contribuyeron a la institucionalización del Estado —expresada en la política de fusión— al actuar armada y asociativamente contra el militarismo golpista, tomándose también la acción política en un medio contra la devaluación laboral y de estatus de los artesanos.
«Resistir la imposición»: Revolución, ciudadanía y República en la Argentina de 1880
Authors: Sábato Hilda
Published: July 2009

La revolución que tuvo lugar en 1880 en Buenos Aires fue un acontecimiento decisivo en la historia de la Argentina. Este trabajo aborda una dimensión de ese conflicto, la que se refiere a la disputa por el sentido que los contemporáneos dieron al término «revolución» en el contexto de los lenguajes políticos vigentes. Para dar cuenta de ella, indaga en los argumentos que pautaron la retórica de los revolucionarios, así como en los que estuvieron en la base de la impugnación a sus acciones.
Boletos sencillos y pasajes redondos. Indígenas y mestizos americanos que visitaron España
Authors: De Rojas José Luis
Published: July 2009

Partiendo del estudio pionero de Esteban Mira (2001), se rastrean en diversos documentos y crónicas los viajes que indígenas americanos realizaron a España, desde poco tiempo después de la conquista, centrándose en los que lo hicieron voluntariamente o por lo que podríamos llamar «razones de estado». A partir de estas noticias se plantea la necesidad de analizar en profundidad estos viajes, sus motivos y avatares y rastrear la posible constitución de redes personales que abarcaran ambas orillas del océano.
El matrimonio, el Concilio de Trento e Hispanoamérica
Authors: Ghirardi Mónica , Irigoyen López Antonio
Published: July 2009

Este trabajo pretende indagar sobre la normativa tridentina acerca del matrimonio y la problemática en torno a la institución matrimonial en la América hispana. Se persigue sopesar el grado de observancia y cumplimiento de las disposiciones tridentinas y reflexionar sobre el éxito, o el fracaso, del programa conformador de la organización social en América emprendido por la Monarquía hispánica y la Iglesia católica, en el cual el matrimonio era una pieza de significativa importancia. Fuentes de archivo inéditas consistentes en Causas matrimoniales de separación, nulidad e incumplimiento de promesa matrimonial correspondientes al tribunal diocesano de Córdoba, en la actual Argentina, en el período 1688-1850, proporcionan elementos de reflexión y análisis.
La exposición histórico-americana de Madrid de 1892 y la ¿ausencia? de México
Authors: Ramírez Losada Dení
Published: July 2009

En 1892 se celebró en España el IV Centenario del Descubrimiento de América. En el marco de este festejo destacó, sin duda, la Exposición Histórico Americana de Madrid no sólo por su enorme relevancia política, cultural y científica que, hasta ahora, se ha estudiado poco, sino por todo aquello que significó para México en particular. El artículo centra su interés en destacar, por un lado, la singularidad de los festejos colombinos y, por el otro, mostrar que la participación de México en la Exposición Histórico-Americana constituyó todo un hito científico en la antropología mexicana. La investigación se llevó a cabo, fundamentalmente, sobre la copiosa documentación encontrada en el Archivo General de la Administración, Alcalá de Henares.