bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ReadItAndKeep: rapid decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing reads
Authors: Hunt Martin , Swann Jeremy , Constantinides Bede , Fowler Philip W , Iqbal Zamin
Published: January 2022

Viral sequence data from clinical samples frequently contain human contamination, which must be removed prior to sharing for legal and ethical reasons. To enable host read removal for SARS-CoV-2 sequencing data on low-specification laptops, we developed ReadItAndKeep, a fast lightweight tool for Illumina and nanopore data that only keeps reads matching the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Peak RAM usage is typically below 10MB, and runtime less than one minute. We show that by excluding the polyA tail from the viral reference, ReadItAndKeep prevents bleed-through of human reads, whereas mapping to the human genome lets some reads escape. We believe our test approach (including all possible reads from the human genome, human samples from each of the 26 populations in the 1000 genomes data, and a diverse set of SARS-CoV-2 genomes) will also be useful for others.

Availability and implementation

ReadItAndKeep is implemented in C++, released under the MIT license, and available from https://github.com/GenomePathogenAnalysisService/read-it-and-keep.
A proxy measure of striatal dopamine predicts individual differences in temporal precision
Authors: Sadibolova Renata , Monaldi Luna , Terhune Devin B.
Published: January 2022

The perception of time is characterized by pronounced variability across individuals, with implications for a diverse array of psychological functions. The neurocognitive sources of this variability are poorly understood but accumulating evidence suggests a role for inter-individual differences in striatal dopamine levels. Here we present a pre-registered study that tested the predictions that spontaneous eye blink rates, which provide a proxy measure of striatal dopamine availability, would be associated with aberrant interval timing (lower temporal precision or overestimation bias). Neurotypical adults (N=69) underwent resting state eye tracking and completed visual psychophysical interval timing and control tasks. Elevated spontaneous eye blink rates were associated with poorer temporal precision but not with inter-individual differences in perceived duration or performance on the control task. These results signify a role for striatal dopamine in variability in human time perception and can help explain deficient temporal precision in psychiatric populations characterized by elevated dopamine levels.
Mediating role of manufacturing strategy in the competitive strategy and firm performance: evidence from SMEs
Authors: Kharub Manjeet , Mor Rahul S. , Rana Sudhir
Published: January 2022

Purpose

This paper examines the mediating role of manufacturing strategies in the relationship between competitive strategies and firm performance.

Design/methodology/approach

This study gathered 250 responses from firms in a developing country's key manufacturing sectors, including mechanical, electronics, automotive, textile and food. First, descriptive statistics were applied to fix outliers like respondent biases, missing values and normality issues. Second, exploratory factors analysis (EFA) ensured data adequacy and homogeneity through Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett tests. Finally, confirmatory factors analysis (CFA) was used to identify the interactions (direct, indirect and total effects) between latent variables representing manufacturing strategies (quality, cost, delivery and flexibility), competitive strategies (cost-leadership and differentiation) and firms' performance (sales growth and profitability). In total, two structural equation modelling (SEM) models (SEM-I, SEM-II) were created to test the hypotheses.

Findings

Of the 40 items identified by the literature review, four were outliers, and three could not satisfy the EFA criteria (eigenvalue >1). Only 33 items could therefore reach CFA. SEM–I and SEM-II study results found no direct relationship between competitive strategies and firm performance (−0.03 = β = 0.08;p > 0.05). However, the findings revealed that cost-leadership could be an appropriate strategic choice and improved firms' performance if the quality and delivery are focussed (0.20 = β = 0.87;p < 0.001). While competitive strategies impact manufacturing strategies positively, the latter is only a mediator between the cost-leadership strategy and the firms' performance.

Originality/value

This research shows that the cost-leadership approach currently seems viable; however, flexibility and cost requirements were not satisfied due to infeasible product differentiation. These results will be beneficial to executives interested in investing in India's industries.
Effects of word-related factors on first and second language English readers’ incidental acquisition of vocabulary through reading an authentic novel
Authors: Reynolds Barry Lee , Ding Chen
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of word-related factors (i.e. frequency, range, dispersion and cognateness) on first-language English (L1E) readers' (n = 20) and second-language English (L2E) readers' (n = 20) incidental acquisition of vocabulary through the reading of an authentic novel.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants read A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess, a 58,686 token (word) English language novel containing Slovos, that is, words from Nadsat, a futuristic, foreignized teen talk invented by Burgess. Upon finishing the novel, the participants took two unexpected vocabulary tests, one for meaning recognition and the other for meaning recall.

Findings

The results of this study indicate that word-related factors significantly correlate with the word meaning recall test scores of both groups. However, the regression models of meaning recall for the two groups showed that dispersion was the most robust predictor, which implies that the participants recalled more word meanings when the novel had a more even distribution of the unknown target words. The meaning recognition test scores showed cognates were a significant predictor for the L1E readers but not for L2E readers.

Originality/value

This study marks the first attempt in the field to investigate the relative contribution of frequency, range and dispersion – a closely bound set of word-related factors – to both L1E and L2E readers' incidental acquisition of vocabulary through reading an authentic novel. Considering the important role of dispersion, the current study suggests that developers of graded readers and children's literature should more evenly distribute unknown target words in their books. Doing so will better facilitate both L1E and L2E readers' acquisition of those words. The study also addresses a fallacy of methodology regarding incidental vocabulary acquisition by examining the effect of the cognateness of the foreignized words embedded in A Clockwork Orange. The L1E readers' sensitivity to cognates implies that cognate-word awareness-raising activities are necessary to learning a foreign language, especially if that language has many cognates in common with English, such as Spanish.
Classification of disordered patient’s voice by using pervasive computational algorithms
Authors: Maddali Anil Kumar , Khan Habibulla
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Currently, the design, technological features of voices, and their analysis of various applications are being simulated with the requirement to communicate at a greater distance or more discreetly. The purpose of this study is to explore how voices and their analyses are used in modern literature to generate a variety of solutions, of which only a few successful models exist.

Design/methodology

The mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC), average magnitude difference function, cepstrum analysis and other voice characteristics are effectively modeled and implemented using mathematical modeling with variable weights parametric for each algorithm, which can be used with or without noises. Improvising the design characteristics and their weights with different supervised algorithms that regulate the design model simulation.

Findings

Different data models have been influenced by the parametric range and solution analysis in different space parameters, such as frequency or time model, with features such as without, with and after noise reduction. The frequency response of the current design can be analyzed through the Windowing techniques.

Original value

A new model and its implementation scenario with pervasive computational algorithms’ (PCA) (such as the hybrid PCA with AdaBoost (HPCA), PCA with bag of features and improved PCA with bag of features) relating the different features such as MFCC, power spectrum, pitch, Window techniques, etc. are calculated using the HPCA. The features are accumulated on the matrix formulations and govern the design feature comparison and its feature classification for improved performance parameters, as mentioned in the results.
Countering corruption in the context of digitalisation: criminal and criminological aspects
Authors: Serebrennikova Anna , Minyazeva Tatiana , Dobryakov Denis , Shiyаn Valentina , Afanasieva Olga
Published: January 2022

Purpose

In today’s world, the prevention and detection of corruption offences are becoming increasingly important. The most important tasks are to create an intolerant public attitude towards this phenomenon, to monitor it in dynamics and to develop new ways of combating it, responding to the development and improvement of criminal techniques. The purpose of this paper is to study the practice of introducing e-customs, the possible prospects related to the creation of an intellectual customs office.

Design/methodology/approach

An analytical method was used, including the study of scientific literature and publications, current legislation, statistics, customs plans and practices and foreign experience.

Findings

It is indicated that the variability of the nature and methods of committing crimes in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution makes it appropriate to formulate corruption as a formal offence.

Practical implications

This study may be of use to students and academics, as well as practitioners in customs, law enforcement agencies and legislative bodies.

Originality/value

Suggestions have been made to improve approaches to planning work towards digitalisation in the customs sector, in terms of analysing and considering the potential for corruption-proneness and anti-corruption potential of innovations, exploring the use of blockchain for conducting procedures, maintaining registers and other record-keeping systems.
Cultivating organizational attraction: a resource view on psychological contracts of career development among interns
Authors: Cao Yinyin , Lee Junghyun , Waung Marie
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between psychological contracts and subsequent internship outcomes, with a specific focus on employer obligations with regard to career development. The study also examines the potential moderating role of person–organization (P–O) fit.

Design/methodology/approach

Online surveys were administered to 196 college students both prior to and upon completing their summer internships. Moderated mediation analyses were performed following Hayes (2018).

Findings

The results show that employer fulfillment of career development is positively associated with organizational attractiveness, as mediated by intern skill acquisition. In addition, high levels of P-O fit ameliorated low developmental situations, with high P-O fit resulting in stronger attraction to the organization than low P-O fit.

Practical implications

The study underlines the importance of career development and the associated attainment of instrumental resources in the psychological contract process between organizations and interns. For the former, the provision of career development may increase interns' attraction to the organization. For interns, such opportunities can enhance skill acquisition, with differential effects for those with high and low P-O fit.

Originality/value

This study is the first to provide an empirical assessment of the instrumental outcomes of psychological contract fulfillment with regard to career development prior to formal organizational entry. It further sheds light on the interactive effect of skill acquisition and P-O fit in predicting individual perceptions of the organization.
Investigation of suitable material and adhesion promoter combinations for fused filament fabrication on flexible silicone build plates
Authors: Herzog Thomas , Schnell Georg , Tille Carsten , Seitz Hermann
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The extension of the vacuum-assisted multipoint moulding (VAMM) technology to a broader field of geometries makes it necessary to extend it with attachments to the enhanced vacuum-assisted multipoint moulding with additive attachments (EMMA) technology. Therefore, it is necessary to build additive manufactured attachments on a curved silicone surface by fused filament fabrication (FFF). The main challenge of FFF on a silicone-made build plate is the adhesion of the part on the build plate. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to find suitable and reliably manufacturable material and adhesion promoter combinations for the use of the FFF on silicone build plates.

Design/methodology/approach

The combinations of seven different filaments and four adhesion promoters were investigated with an experimental study. Therefore, four different specimen geometries were built with the different combinations and tested in a tensile test, and some of the specimens were analysed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM).

Findings

This study proves that the FFF on unheated silicone building plates is possible for several material combinations. As a filament material, polylactide can reliably be manufactured with all of the investigated adhesion promoters on the silicone build plate. Thereby, the highest adhesion strengths were achieved with an adhesive foil as an adhesion promoter, whereas the glue stick is the most appropriate solution. The investigations with the CLSM showed that there are large differences in the manifestation of the first layer depending on the adhesion promoter used.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the manufacturing of FFF-made attachments on silicone build plates for the EMMA process. This paper provides measurement data on the build plate adhesion of the attachments on silicone-made build plates.
Foliar herbivory on plants creates soil legacy effects that impact future insect herbivore growth via changes in plant community biomass allocation
Authors: Heinen Robin , Thakur Madhav P. , Hiddes De Fries Jetske R. , Steinauer Katja , Vandenbrande Simon , Jongen Renske , Bezemer T. Martijn
Published: January 2022

Plants leave legacy effects in the soil they grow in, which can drive important vegetation processes, including productivity, community dynamics and species turnover. Plants at the same time also face continuous pressure posed by insect herbivores. Given the intimate interactions between plants and herbivores in ecosystems, plant identity and herbivory are likely to interactively shape soil legacies. However, the mechanisms that drive such legacy effects on future generations of plants and associated herbivores are little known.

In a greenhouse study, we exposed 10 common grasses and non‐leguminous forbs individually to insect herbivory by two closely related noctuid caterpillars, Mamestra brassicae and Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) or kept them free of herbivores. We then used the soil legacies created by these plant individuals to grow a plant community composed of all 10 plant species in each soil and exposed these plant communities to M. brassicae. We measured conditioning plant biomass, soil respiration and chemistry of the conditioned soils, as well as individual plant, plant community and herbivore biomass responses.

At the end of the conditioning phase, soils with herbivore legacies had higher soil respiration, but only significantly so for M. brassicae. Herbivore legacies had minimal impacts on community productivity. However, path models reveal that herbivore‐induced soil legacies affected responding herbivores through changes in plant community shoot: root ratios. Soil legacy effect patterns differed between functional groups. We found strong plant species and functional group‐specific effects on soil respiration parameters, which in turn led to plant community shifts in grass: forb biomass ratios. Soil legacies were negative for the growth of plants of the same functional group.

Synthesis. We show that insect herbivory, plant species and their functional groups, all incur soil microbial responses that lead to subtle (herbivory) or strong (plants and their functional group) effects in response plant communities and associated polyphagous herbivores. Hence, even though typically ignored, our study emphasizes that legacies of previous insect herbivory in the soil can influence current soil–plant–insect community interactions.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Sucrose selectively regulates Streptococcus mutans polysaccharide by GcrR
Authors: Zhang Hongyu , Xia Mengying , Zhang Bin , Zhang Yue , Chen Hong , Deng Yalan , Yang Yingming , Lei Lei , Hu Tao
Published: January 2022

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the principal etiological agent in cariogenesis because of its ability to metabolize sucrose into extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). The response regulators GcrR and VicR could regulate EPS metabolism, but with opposing regulatory functions. However, the cooperative interactions between gcrR and vicR regulating sucrose‐selective EPS metabolism have not been fully elucidated. First, we constructed several dual‐mutant strains (vicR + gcrR+, vicR and gcrR overexpression; vicR + gcrR‐, vicR overexpression and gcrR deficient; ASvicRgcrR+, vicR low‐expression and gcrR overexpression; ASvicRgcrR−, vicR low‐expression and gcrR deficient) to clarify gtfB/gtfC expression levels were modulated by gcrR regardless of the vicR gene expression levels. Next, we found gcrR deletion mutant (SmugcrR) displayed obvious auto‐aggregation and bacterial cells were densely packed in enriched EPS induced by sucrose. In the contrast, SmugcrR biofilm showed very little carbohydrate‐dependent aggregation in the absence of sucrose. The presence of sucrose amplifies the negative regulation of gcrR acting as a ‘switch‐off’. After sucrose induction, dexA gene expression was significantly enhanced in gcrR overexpression mutant (SmugcrR+). Furthermore, GcrR was shown to directly bind to the promoter region of the dexA gene. Taken together, our results reveal that GcrR interacts with VicR to block EPS biosynthesis via polysaccharide digestion by DexA, and that this process is induced in a sucrose‐selective manner. Hence, targeting GcrR is a potential strategy for the management of dental caries.
Continuing Anglicanism? The History, Theology, and Contexts of “The Affirmation of St Louis” (1977)*
Authors: Andrews Robert M.
Published: January 2022

In September 1977, following a gathering of just under two thousand conservative North American Anglicans at St Louis, Missouri, emerged “The Affirmation of St Louis” (1977), an articulation of an Anglican vision born out of a conservative Anglo‐Catholic ecclesiology. Claiming to represent the “continuation” of orthodox Anglicanism, contrary to an alleged apostasy by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America, “Continuing Anglicanism” emerged as an ecclesiology of a number of Anglican jurisdictions who exist to this day outside the Anglican Communion. This paper discusses the ecclesiology and history of this movement — notably, its foundational doctrinal articulation: “The Affirmation of St Louis.” Viewed within the context of the history of Anglican theology, Continuing Anglicanism's conservative articulation is broadly but distinctly from the Anglo‐Catholic tradition. Continuing Anglicanism's claim to continuity is, therefore, accompanied with the problems of discontinuity. Viewed within the context of other Anglican bodies who have left the comprehensive boundaries of the modern Anglican Communion, the challenges of identity and unity have been persistent elements of the Continuing Anglican story since its formal inception in 1977.
Understanding the association between frequent emergency department use and jail incarceration: A cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Eswaran Vidya , Raven Maria C. , Wang Ralph C. , Cawley Caroline , Izenberg Jacob M. , Kanzaria Hemal K.
Published: January 2022

Background

Frequent emergency department (ED) use and incarceration can be driven by underlying structural factors and social needs. If frequent ED users are at increased risk for incarceration, ED‐based interventions could be developed to mitigate this risk. The objective of this study was to determine whether frequent ED use is associated with incarceration.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional study of 46,752 individuals in San Francisco Department of Public Health's interagency, integrated Coordinated Care Management System (CCMS) during fiscal year 2018–2019. The primary exposure was frequency of ED visits, and the primary outcome was presence of any county jail incarceration during the study period. We performed descriptive and multivariable analysis to determine the association between the frequency of ED use and jail encounters.

Results

The percentage of those with at least one episode of incarceration during the study period increased with increasing ED visit frequency. Unadjusted odds of incarceration increased with ED use frequency: odds ratio (OR) = 2.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.94–2.35) for infrequent use, OR = 4.98 (95% CI = 4.43–5.60) for those with frequent ED use, and OR = 12.33 (95% CI = 9.59–15.86) for those with super‐frequent ED use. After adjustment for observable confounders, the odds of incarceration for those with super‐frequent ED use remained elevated at 2.57 (95% CI = 1.94–3.41). Of those with super‐frequent ED use and at least one jail encounter, 18% were seen in an ED within 30 days after release from jail and 25% were seen in an ED within 30 days prior to arrest.

Conclusions

Frequent ED use is independently associated with incarceration. The ED may be a site for intervention to prevent incarceration among frequent ED users by addressing unmet social needs.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after respiratory and cardiovascular emergencies predict risk of hospital readmission: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Kovalsky Danielle , Roberts Michael B. , Freeze Brian , Moss Jeena , Jones Christopher W. , Kilgannon Hope , Edmondson Donald E. , Trzeciak Stephen , Fuller Brian M. , Roberts Brian W.
Published: January 2022

Background

Twenty‐five percent of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) for a respiratory or cardiovascular medical emergency develop clinically significant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. It is possible that development of PTSD symptoms in this cohort is associated with subsequent adverse physical health events. Our objective was to test whether clinically significant PTSD symptoms 30 days postdischarge are associated with increased risk for hospital readmission within 24 months after discharge among patients presenting to the ED for a respiratory or cardiovascular emergency.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study conducted between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020, at a U.S. academic medical center, including adult patients presenting with acute respiratory failure or cardiovascular instability requiring a potentially life‐sustaining intervention in the ED. PTSD symptoms 30 days postdischarge were measured using the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐5. The primary outcome was all‐cause hospital readmission over the subsequent 24 months after hospital discharge from the index ED visit.

Results

Of the 99 patients included, 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 63% to 81%) had a hospital readmission within 24 months. In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for potential confounders (e.g., age, severity of illness during index ED visit, preexisting comorbid conditions) presence of clinically significant PTSD symptoms at 30 days was independently associated with increased risk for all‐cause hospital readmission at 24 months (hazards ratio = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.30 to 3.69). These results remained statistically significant across multiple sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Hospital readmission is common among survivors of acute respiratory failure and cardiovascular instability, and PTSD symptoms 30 days postdischarge are an independent predictor of hospital readmission. Survivors of medical emergencies may warrant follow‐up evaluation for PTSD symptoms, and future research is warranted to better understand the relationship between psychological trauma and hospital readmission.
How well do analysts really understand asymmetric cost behaviour?
Authors: Wu Minzhi , Wilson Mark
Published: January 2022

Prior literature suggests analysts have a very poor understanding of asymmetric cost behaviour (‘ACB’) and ‘converge to the average’ when incorporating this behaviour in forecasts. However, we show that the extent of bias arising from sticky costs is greater for firms (‘Defenders’) employing strategic approaches for which ACB is less commonly observed, and that ACB typically has no association with forecast errors for firms who typically demonstrate high degrees of cost stickiness (‘Prospectors’). Our findings are consistent with analysts having a meaningful understanding of ACB and cross‐sectional differences in the likelihood of its incidence.
Police governance in Canada: Variations and disparities among police services boards
Authors: Laming Erick , Valentine Grant
Published: January 2022

Police governance is a contentious issue and one that is both complex and varied throughout Canada. Police services boards (PSBs) are municipal bodies that are responsible for the adequacy and effectiveness of local police agencies. These boards are widespread throughout Canada, but little academic research has covered PSBs. We examined police legislation in each province/territory in Canada and conducted a policy review of each jurisdiction’s PSBs to understand more about these entities and to identify issues, disparities, and variations concerning civilian governance of police in the country. We identified three components associated with PSBs found in the police legislation to illustrate similarities and differences of local police governing authorities throughout the country. Our research found that civilian governance of police within and throughout the provinces/territories varies considerably. We discuss the implications of this research and offer suggestions for future inquiry on the topic.
Recent progress of research on anti‐tumor agents using benzimidazole as the structure unit
Authors: Wu Kaiyue , Peng Xiaoyu , Chen Miaojia , Li Yang , Tang Guotao , Peng Junmei , Peng Yuanyuan , Cao Xuan
Published: January 2022

With the development of exploration for disease‐related proteins or receptors, more and more novel structural lead compounds are required to designed and synthesized. The benzimidazole is an effective structural unit in which the benzene ring is fused at the 4 and 5 positions of the imidazole ring and wildly used in drug design. Here, we introduce some recent progress of research for anti‐tumor agents which was target to various target proteins such as DNA topoisomerase, angiogenesis, serine/threonine protein kinase, and tyrosine protein kinase. These anti‐tumor agents are all introduced benzimidazole as the structure unit. Further docking study showed that the benzimidazole group was not only act as a skeleton to expand the structure of molecule but also as an excellent ligand unit to form hydrogen bond or π–π conjugation and hydrophobic interaction with target proteins or receptors. We expect that introducing benzimidazole in the chemical structure could be a reasonable and priority strategy in novel anti‐tumor agents' design.
Feature‐Adaptive and Hierarchical Subdivision Gradient Meshes
Authors: Zhou J. , Hettinga G.J. , Houwink S. , Kosinka J.
Published: January 2022

Gradient meshes, an advanced vector graphics primitive, are widely used by designers for creating scalable vector graphics. Traditional variants require a regular rectangular topology, which is a severe design restriction. The more advanced subdivision gradient mesh allows for an arbitrary manifold topology and is based on subdivision techniques to define the resulting colour surface. This also allows the artists to manipulate the geometry and colours at various levels of subdivision. Recent advances allow for the interpolation of both geometry and colour, local detail following edits at coarser subdivision levels and sharp colour transitions. A shortcoming of all existing methods is their dependence on global refinement, which makes them unsuitable for real‐time (commercial) design applications. We present a novel method that incorporates the idea of feature‐adaptive subdivision and uses approximating patches suitable for hardware tessellation with real‐time performance. Further novel features include multiple interaction mechanisms and self‐intersection prevention during interactive design/editing.
Ageing well with diabetes: A workshop to co‐design research recommendations for improving the diabetes care of older people
Authors: Wylie Thomas A. F. , Morris Anna , Robertson Elizabeth , Middleton Ann , Newbert Carolyn , Andersen Birthe , Maltese Giuseppe , Stocker Rachel , Weightman Andrew , Sinclair Alan , Bain Stephen C.
Published: January 2022

Aims

To identify key research questions where answers could improve care for older people living with diabetes (PLWD), and provide detailed recommendations for researchers and research funders on how best to address them.

Methods

A series of online research workshops were conducted, bringing together a range of PLWD and an acknowledged group of academic and clinical experts in their diabetes care to identify areas for future research. Throughout the pre‐workshop phase, during each workshop, and in manuscript preparation and editing, PLWD played an active and dynamic role in discussions as part of both an iterative and narrative process.

Results

The following key questions in this field were identified, and research recommendations for each were developed:

How can we improve our understanding of the characteristics of older people living with diabetes (PLWD) and their outcomes, and can this deliver better person‐centred care?

How are services to care for older PLWD currently delivered, both for their diabetes and other conditions? How can we optimise and streamline the process and ensure everyone gets the best care, tailored to their individual needs?

What tools might be used to evaluate the level of understanding of diabetes in the older population amongst non‐specialist Healthcare Professionals (HCPs)?

How can virtual experts or centres most effectively provide access to specialist multi‐disciplinary team (MDT) expertise for older PLWD and the HCPs caring for them?

Is a combination of exercise and a nutrition‐dense, high protein diet effective in the prevention of the adverse effects of type 2 diabetes and deterioration in frailty, and how might this be delivered in a way which is acceptable to people with type 2 diabetes?

How might we best use continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in older people and, for those who require support, how should the data be shared?

How can older PLWD be better empowered to manage their diabetes in their own home, particularly when living with additional long‐term conditions?

What are the benefits of models of peer support for older PLWD, both when living independently and when in care?

Conclusions

This paper outlines recommendations supported by PLWD through which new research could improve their diabetes care and calls on the research community and funders to address them in future research programmes and strategies.
Identification of Melia azedarach and Eucalyptus camaldulensis as natural hosts and reservoirs of phytoplasmas in India
Authors: Mitra Surabhi , Ravi Manish , Rao Govind Pratap
Published: January 2022

Witches' broom, leaf yellowing and little leaf symptoms were recorded on Melia azedarach in Pune district of Maharashtra and Dhanha, West Champaran district of Bihar. Little leaf and leaf yellowing symptoms also were recorded on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Bhiwani district of Haryana. Symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples were collected from roadside trees for DNA extraction and PCR assay with phytoplasma‐specific primer pairs of 16S rRNA and secA genes. Amplicons of ~1.25 kb and ~840 bp were consistently obtained from all symptomatic samples of both the tree species using the phytoplasma‐specific primer pairs. Pairwise sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and secA gene sequences and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the phytoplasma strains associated with M. azedarach belonged to 16SrI‐B and 16SrVI‐D subgroups and those associated with E. camaldulensis were from the 16SrII‐D subgroup. This is the first report of an association of a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’‐related strain (16SrVI‐D subgroup) with M. azedarach globally and a ‘Ca. P. australasia’‐related strain with E. camaldulensis in India.
Person identity‐specific adaptation effects in the ventral occipito‐temporal cortex
Authors: Rostalski Sophie‐Marie , Robinson Jonathan Edward , Ambrus Géza Gergely , Johnston Patrick , Kovács Gyula
Published: January 2022

Identifying the faces of familiar persons requires the ability to assign several different images of a face to a common identity. Previous research showed that the occipito‐temporal cortex, including the fusiform and the occipital face areas, is sensitive to personal identity. Still, the viewpoint, facial expression and image‐independence of this information are currently under heavy debate. Here we adapted a rapid serial visual stimulation paradigm Johnston et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.002) and presented highly variable ambient‐face images of famous persons to measure functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation. fMRI adaptation is considered as the neuroimaging manifestation of repetition suppression, a neural phenomenon currently explained as a correlate of reduced predictive error responses for expected stimuli. We revisited the question of image‐invariant identity‐specific encoding mechanisms of the occipito‐temporal cortex, using fMRI adaptation with a particular interest in predictive mechanisms. Participants were presented with trials containing eight different images of a famous person, images of eight different famous persons or seven different images of a particular famous person followed by an identity change to violate potential expectation effects about person identity. We found an image‐independent adaptation effect of identity for famous faces in the fusiform face area. However, in contrast to previous electrophysiological studies, using similar paradigms, no release of the adaptation effect was observed when identity‐specific expectations were violated. Our results support recent multivariate pattern analysis studies, showing image‐independent identity encoding in the core face‐processing areas of the occipito‐temporal cortex. These results are discussed in the frame of recent identity‐processing models and predictive mechanisms.
Sex‐specific inbreeding depression: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Vega‐Trejo Regina , de Boer Raïssa A. , Fitzpatrick John L. , Kotrschal Alexander
Published: January 2022

Inbreeding depression, the reduced fitness of the offspring of related individuals, can affect males and females differently. Although a comprehensive theoretical framework describing the causes of sex‐specific inbreeding depression is lacking, empirical evidence suggests that often one sex tends to be more vulnerable than the other. However, the generality, direction, and degree of sex‐specific difference in inbreeding depression remains enigmatic as studies on this topic have reported conflicting results. Here, we conduct a meta‐analysis to test for sex‐specific differences in the magnitude of inbreeding depression. We synthetised 321 effect sizes of experimental studies across 47 species and found a small difference in inbreeding depression between the sexes: females suffered slightly higher inbreeding depression than males. Furthermore, a higher inbreeding coefficient was correlated with higher inbreeding depression. However, there was a large amount of heterogeneity that remained unexplained, even when considering different factors that could affect inbreeding between the sexes, such as sexual size dimorphism, heterogamety, the type of trait measured and whether animals were tested in a stressful environment. As such, we highlight the need to further explore inbreeding depression across different species to determine the occurrence and causes of sex differences to increase our understanding of the evolutionary consequences of sex‐specific inbreeding depression.
Early mechanisms of abbatial succession: the case of Iona (563–704)
Authors: McAlary Patrick
Published: January 2022

Comments about succession to the Iona abbacy rarely go beyond the observation that most of the early abbots – but not all – belonged to the Cenél Conaill, the kindred of Iona’s founder, Saint Columba. This point privileges the role of eligibility criteria in the succession process at the expense of agency. This paper concerns itself with the specific mechanism that mediated the Iona abbacy: the central question is not ‘who’ could succeed, but rather ‘how’ they succeeded. It will be suggested that abbatial authority was passed from one abbot to the next via designations, whereby the reigning abbot appointed his own successor.
Leading the self‐development cycle in volunteer organizations
Authors: Vieira da Cunha Joao , Antunes Anabela
Published: January 2022

Leaders of volunteers face challenges that are unique to the bond between volunteers and their organization. One of the most difficult challenges is the trade‐off between performance and retention. We use a qualitative study of maestros of amateur choirs to explain how leaders can overcome this trade‐off and improve volunteer performance while ensuring retention. We show that leaders can do so by enacting a virtuous cycle of self‐development where they enforce performance to make their organization an effective context for the self‐development of volunteers, thereby ensuring retention.
Effects of an asynchronous, fully web‐based parenting‐after‐divorce program to reduce interparental conflict, increase quality of parenting and reduce children's post‐divorce behavior problems
Authors: Wolchik Sharlene A. , Sandler Irwin N. , Winslow Emily B. , Porter Michele M. , Tein Jenn‐Yun
Published: January 2022

This study is a randomized controlled trial of an asynchronous, fully web‐based program for divorced and separated parents, the electronic New Beginnings Program (eNBP). This program is an adaptation of a group, in‐person program for divorced parents, the New Beginnings Program (NBP), which has been shown in randomized trials to reduce a wide range of offspring problems and improve a wide range of competencies up to 15 years after participation. The 10‐module, 5‐h program uses evidence‐based, highly interactive strategies to teach skills designed to strengthen parenting after divorce and reduce interparental conflict. Participants were 131 parents (63% mothers) and 102 adolescent offspring. Parents were randomly assigned to the eNBP or a wait‐list control condition. Parents and their children completed pre‐ and post‐tests. Analyses showed that at post‐test, parents and children in the eNBP reported significantly higher parent–child relationship quality, more effective discipline, lower interparental conflict and lower child mental health problems than did those in the wait‐list control condition. These are the strongest findings in the literature on the effects of web‐based programs to reduce interparental conflict, strengthen positive parenting and reduce children's post‐divorce mental health problems. Given that parental divorce has significant individual and societal costs, widespread implementation of this program could have significant public health implications.
The purpose of a finance professor
Authors: Edmans Alex
Published: January 2022

The academic finance profession has the potential to be uniquely purposeful due to four characteristics – the freedom to take risks and work on what we're passionate about, the loyalty to our profession rather than just our institution, the collaborative nature of the creation and dissemination of knowledge, and the magnitude of our potential impact. However, what the profession currently values, and its current social norms, are significant barriers to the fulfilment of this potential. This article highlights the special features of our profession that we often take for granted and ignore, and proposes ideas to make it not only more impactful and relevant but also more collegial and fun.
Parallel evolution of two distinct lymphoid proliferations in clonal haematopoiesis
Authors: Attygalle Ayoma D , Dobson Rachel , Chak Pui Kwan , Vroobel Katherine M , Wren Dorte , Mugalaasi Hood , Morgan Yvonne , Kaur Manmit , Ahmad Raida , Chen Zi , Naresh Kikkeri N , Du Ming‐Qing
Published: January 2022

Aims

Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AITL) is genetically characterized by TET2 and DNMT3A mutations occurring in haematopoietic progenitor cells, and late events (e.g. the RHOA‐G17V mutation) associated with malignant transformation. As TET2/DNMT3A‐mutated progenitor cells can differentiate into multilineage progenies and give rise to both AITL and myeloid neoplasms, they may also have the potential to lead to other metachronous/synchronous neoplasms. We report two cases showing parallel evolution of two distinct potentially neoplastic lymphoid proliferations from a common mutated haematopoietic progenitor cell population.

Methods and results

Both cases presented with generalized lymphadenopathy. In case 1 (a 67‐year‐old female), an initial lymph node (LN) biopsy was dismissed as reactive, but a repeat biopsy showed a nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL)‐like proliferation with an increase in the number of T‐follicular helper (TFH) cells. Immunohistochemistry, and clonality and mutational analyses by targeted sequencing of both whole tissue sections and microdissected NMZL‐like lesions, demonstrated a clonal B‐cell proliferation that harboured the BRAF‐G469R mutation and shared TET2 and DNMT3A mutations with an underlying RHOA‐G17V‐mutant TFH proliferation. Review of the original LN biopsy showed histological and immunophenotypic features of AITL. In case 2 (a 66‐year‐old male), cytotoxic T‐cell lymphoma with an increase in the number of Epstein–Barr virus‐positive large B cells was diagnosed on initial biopsy. On review together with the relapsed biopsy, we identified an additional occult neoplastic TFH proliferation/smouldering AITL. Both T‐cell proliferations shared TET2 and DNMT3A mutations while RHOA‐G17V was confined to the smouldering AITL.

Conclusions

In addition to demonstrating diagnostic challenges, these cases expand the potential of clonal haematopoiesis in the development of different lineage neoplastic proliferations.
Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Paediatric Cancer Coping Scale (PCCS)
Authors: Kisecik Sengul Zeynep , Kilicarslan Toruner Ebru , Ozbek Namık Yasar
Published: January 2022

Background

To determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Paediatric Cancer Coping Scale, a scaling tool that has three subscales (cognitive coping, problem‐oriented coping and defensive coping) and was developed to examine the coping strategies of children with a cancer diagnosis.

Design

This psychometric evaluation study focused on validity and reliability assessment of a scale between November 2018 and May 2019.

Methods

Study sample consisted of 165 children with cancer aged 7‐ to 18‐years followed up in the outpatient clinics of a children's hospital. The retest sample consisted of 85 children. Data were collected using a Descriptive Characteristics Form and the Turkish version of the Paediatric Cancer Coping Scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and total item correlation were calculated for internal consistency reliability. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to determine construct validity.

Results

The total Cronbach's alpha (α) of the Turkish version of the Paediatric Cancer Coping Scale was 0.77. According to exploratory factor analysis, the Paediatric Cancer Coping Scale has three subscales (cognitive coping, problem‐oriented coping and defensive coping). Our results showed a positive and statistically significant correlation between the scale total, cognitive coping and problem‐oriented coping scores (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The Turkish version of the Paediatric Cancer Coping Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to assess coping styles in paediatric cancer patients.

Summary statement

What is already known about this topic?

There is no measurement tool in Turkey to examine coping skills of children with a cancer diagnosis.

The number of children diagnosed with cancer is increasing day by day.

The children who use coping methods effectively during the disease may be better adapted to treatment.

What this paper adds?

This study is used to define coping skills of children diagnosed with cancer.

Defining the level of children's coping with cancer can enable the child to be guided to receive psychosocial support.

The implications of this paper

Once the coping skills/levels of children can be measured, those who need help/assistance can be helped.

This study will help nurses to identify coping levels of children with a cancer diagnosis.

Nurses will be able to evaluate the psychosocial status of children using an objective measurement tool and make a care plan.
The major component of cinnamon oil as a natural substitute against Fusarium solani on Astragalus membranaceus
Authors: Wang Jianglai , Zhang Jinfeng , Ma Jinxiu , Liu Lu , Li Jiajia , Shen Tong , Tian Yongqiang
Published: January 2022

Aims

Root rot caused by Fusarium solani is an important disease seriously affecting the yield and quality of Astragalus membranaceus. Therefore, this study was performed to elucidate the antifungal activities and mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde treatment against F. solani and its control effect for A. membranaceus root rot.

Methods and Results

Cinnamaldehyde significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of F. solani in dose-dependent, and the median effective concentration was 178.68 μl l−1. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy, propidium iodide staining, cell leakage experiments and ergosterol quantitation illuminated that cinnamaldehyde could alter the mycelial morphology, damage the plasma membrane and hinder the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Besides, cinnamaldehyde induced the generation of reactive oxygen species by synergistically upregulating the genes encoded subunits for NADPH oxidase. The disease suppression efficacy of 600 μl l−1 cinnamaldehyde against A. membranaceus root rot was 92.98 ± 6.08% (p < 0.05) under greenhouse conditions.

Conclusions

This study proved that cinnamaldehyde could markedly inhibit the growth of F. solani in vitro and effectively suppress the occurrence of A. membranaceus root rot, perhaps by inducing oxidative damage, which results in the distortion of F. solani, and the destruction of cell membrane integrity and permeability.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study first explores the antifungal mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde against F. solani in vivo and vitro, thereby providing a promising candidate for disease biocontrol.