bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The cost and cost‐effectiveness of gender‐responsive interventions for HIV: a systematic review
Authors: Remme Michelle , Siapka Mariana , Vassall Anna , Heise Lori , Jacobi Jantine , Ahumada Claudia , Gay Jill , Watts Charlotte
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Harmful gender norms and inequalities, including gender‐based violence, are important structural barriers to effective HIV programming. We assess current evidence on what forms of gender‐responsive intervention may enhance the effectiveness of basic HIV programmes and be cost‐effective.

Methods

Effective intervention models were identified from an existing evidence review (“what works for women”). Based on this, we conducted a systematic review of published and grey literature on the costs and cost‐effectiveness of each intervention identified. Where possible, we compared incremental costs and effects.

Results

Our effectiveness search identified 36 publications, reporting on the effectiveness of 22 HIV interventions with a gender focus. Of these, 11 types of interventions had a corresponding/comparable costing or cost‐effectiveness study. The findings suggest that couple counselling for the prevention of vertical transmission; gender empowerment, community mobilization, and female condom promotion for female sex workers; expanded female condom distribution for the general population; and post‐exposure HIV prophylaxis for rape survivors are cost‐effective HIV interventions. Cash transfers for schoolgirls and school support for orphan girls may also be cost‐effective in generalized epidemic settings.

Conclusions

There has been limited research to assess the cost‐effectiveness of interventions that seek to address women's needs and transform harmful gender norms. Our review identified several promising, cost‐effective interventions that merit consideration as critical enablers in HIV investment approaches, as well as highlight that broader gender and development interventions can have positive HIV impacts. By no means an exhaustive package, these represent a first set of interventions to be included in the investment framework.
US Surgeon General Vivek Murthy: To Protect Adolescents, Social Media Needs Warning Labels
Authors: Abbasi Jennifer , Hswen Yulin
Published: August 2024

This Medical News article is an interview with US Surgeon General Vivek Murthy, MD, MBA, and JAMA Editor in Chief Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, PhD, MD, MAS, about his call for a warning label on social media platforms.
Transcription factor 4 is a key mediator of oncogenesis in neuroblastoma by promoting MYC activity
Authors: Aljouda Nour A. , Shrestha Dewan , DeVaux Chelsea , Olsen Rachelle R. , Alleboina Satyanarayana , Walker Megan , Cheng Yong , Freeman Kevin W.
Published: August 2024

Super‐enhancer‐associated transcription factor networks define cell identity in neuroblastoma (NB). Dysregulation of these transcription factors contributes to the initiation and maintenance of NB by enforcing early developmental identity states. We report that the class I basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor 4 (TCF4; also known as E2‐2) is a critical NB dependency gene that significantly contributes to these identity states through heterodimerization with cell‐identity‐specific bHLH transcription factors. Knockdown of TCF4 significantly induces apoptosis in vitro and inhibits tumorigenicity in vivo. We used genome‐wide expression profiling, TCF4 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP‐seq) and TCF4 immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry to determine the role of TCF4 in NB cells. Our results, along with recent findings in NB for the transcription factors T‐box transcription factor TBX2, heart‐ and neural crest derivatives‐expressed protein 2 (HAND2) and twist‐related protein 1 (TWIST1), propose a role for TCF4 in regulating forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1)/transcription factor E2F‐driven gene regulatory networks that control cell cycle progression in cooperation with N‐myc proto‐oncogene protein (MYCN), TBX2, and the TCF4 dimerization partners HAND2 and TWIST1. Collectively, we showed that TCF4 promotes cell proliferation through direct transcriptional regulation of the c‐MYC/MYCN oncogenic program that drives high‐risk NB. Mechanistically, our data suggest the novel finding that TCF4 acts to support MYC activity by recruiting multiple factors known to regulate MYC function to sites of colocalization between critical NB transcription factors, TCF4 and MYC oncoproteins. Many of the TCF4‐recruited factors are druggable, giving insight into potential therapies for high‐risk NB. This study identifies a new function for class I bHLH transcription factors (e.g., TCF3, TCF4, and TCF12) that are important in cancer and development.
Periplasmic binding proteins Bug69 and Bug27 from Bordetella pertussis are in vitro high‐affinity quinolinate binders with a potential role in NAD biosynthesis
Authors: Sorci Leonardo , Minazzato Gabriele , Amici Adolfo , Mazzola Francesca , Raffaelli Nadia
Published: August 2024

Bordetella's genome contains a large family of periplasmic binding proteins (PBPs) known as Bugs, whose functions are mainly unassigned. Two members, Bug27 and Bug69, have previously been considered potential candidates for the uptake of small pyridine precursors, possibly linked to NAD biosynthesis. Here, we show an in vitro affinity of Bug27 and Bug69 for quinolinate in the submicromolar range, with a marked preference over other NAD precursors. A combined sequence similarity network and genome context analysis identifies a cluster of Bug69/27 homologs that are genomically associated with the NAD transcriptional regulator NadQ and the enzyme quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QaPRT, gene nadC), suggesting a functional linkage to NAD metabolism. Integrating molecular docking and structure‐based multiple alignments confirms that quinolinate is the preferred ligand for Bug27 and Bug69.
Dimensionality Engineering toward Carbon Materials for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction: Progress and Prospect
Authors: Du Yadong , Meng Xiangtong , Ma Yangjun , Qi Jun , Xu Guangyao , Zou Hongqi , Qiu Jieshan
Published: August 2024

Carbon materials are of great significance in state‐of‐the‐art electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) as key components such as electrocatalysts, gas diffusion electrodes, and current collectors. Notably, dimensionalities of carbons and related manipulations play vital roles in boosting ECR performance, e.g., mass/charge transfer dynamics, exposure of active sites, reaction space, product's Faradaic efficiency/selectivity, and durability. Here, recent endeavors in dimensionality engineering toward advanced carbon‐based materials for ECR is first summarized, including pure carbons (e.g., carbon nanotube and graphene) and carbon composites, and highlight the dimensionality‐dependent properties toward ECR performance. Various engineering strategies referring to dimensionality modulation and integration have been summarized, e.g., top‐down, bottom‐up, and soft chemical approaches. Design principles of dimensionality‐varied carbons are elaborated, the impacts of dimensionalities of carbons and related surface chemistry (e.g., functional group, wettability, and electronic structure) on ECR kinetics and product‐targeted mechanisms are also scrutinized. Some insights into how the dimensionality manipulation of carbons elevates performance of carbon‐based materials in mass/charge transfer acceleration, ECR kinetics, and product selectivity are provided. At last, a perspective for challenges and future development of dimensionality‐varied carbon materials is discussed. This review aims at providing guidance for customizable construction of carbon materials with dimensionality dependence toward green and energy‐saving electrosynthesis systems.
High‐Entropy Tungsten Bronze Ceramics for Large Capacitive Energy Storage with Near‐Zero Losses
Authors: Duan Jianhong , Wei Kun , Du Qianbiao , Ma Linzhao , Qi He , Li Hao
Published: August 2024

In the field of dielectric energy storage, achieving the combination of high recoverable energy density (Wrec) and high storage efficiency (η) remains a major challenge. Here, a high‐entropy design in tungsten bronze ceramics is proposed with disordered polarization functional cells, which disrupts the long‐range ferroelectric order into diverse polar nanoregions (PNRs) characterized by composition fluctuation and cation displacement. These PNRs lower the domain‐switching barriers and weaken domain intercoupling, thereby playing a key role in delaying polarization saturation, reducing energy loss, and enhancing the breakdown electric field (Eb). Benefiting from the synergistic effects, at a large Eb of 760 kV cm−1, breakthrough energy storage performance is realized in tungsten bronze ceramics, including a record‐high Wrec of ≈10.6 J cm−3, an ultrahigh η of ≈96.2%, and a record‐high figure of merit of ≈279. These developments, along with superior mechanical properties, stability, and charge–discharge performance, fully demonstrate the feasibility of this strategy for realizing structural‐functional integration in tungsten bronze ceramics.
Circadian Rhythm‐Regulated ADSC‐Derived sEVs and a Triphasic Microneedle Delivery System to Enhance Tendon‐to‐Bone Healing
Authors: Song Wei , Guo Ying , Liu Wencai , Yao Yijing , Zhang Xuancheng , Cai Zhuochang , Yuan Chenrui , Wang Xin , Wang Yifei , Jiang Xiping , Wang Haoyuan , Yu Weilin , Li Haiyan , Zhu Yanlun , Kong Lingzhi , He Yaohua
Published: August 2024

Modulating the inflammatory microenvironment to reconstruct the fibrocartilaginous layer while promoting tendon repair is crucial for enhancing tendon‐to‐bone healing in rotator cuff repair (RCR), a persistent challenge in orthopedics. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) hold significant potential to modulate inflammation, yet the efficient production of highly bioactive sEVs remains a substantial barrier to their clinical application. Moreover, achieving minimally invasive local delivery of sEVs to the tendon‐to‐bone interface presents significant technical difficulties. Herein, the circadian rhythm of adipose‐derived stem cells is modulated to increase the yield and enhance the inflammatory regulatory capacity of sEVs. Circadian rhythm‐regulated sEVs (CR‐sEVs) enhance the cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway in macrophage (Mφ) via platelet factor 4 delivery, thereby inhibiting Mφ M1 polarization. Subsequently, a triphasic microneedle (MN) scaffold with a tip, stem, and base is designed for the local delivery of CR‐sEVs (CR‐sEVs/MN) at the tendon‐to‐bone junction, incorporating tendon‐derived decellularized extracellular matrix in the base to facilitate tendon repair. CR‐sEVs/MN mitigates inflammation, promotes fibrocartilage regeneration, and enhances tendon healing, thereby improving biomechanical strength and shoulder joint function in a rat RCR model. Combining CR‐sEVs with this triphasic microneedle delivery system presents a promising strategy for enhancing tendon‐to‐bone healing in clinical settings.
Dynamically Precise Constructing Dual‐Atom Pd2 Catalyst:A Monodisperse Catalyst With High Stability for Semi‐Hydrogenation of Alkyne
Authors: Yun Yapei , Shen Honglei , Shi Yanan , Zhu Yanan , Wang Sicong , Li Kaikai , Zhang Bei , Yao Tao , Sheng Hongting , Yu Haizhu , Zhu Manzhou
Published: August 2024

Dual‐atom catalysts (DACs) originate unprecedented reactivity and maximize resource efficiency. The fundamental difficulty lies in the high complexity and instability of DACs, making the rational design and targeted performance optimization a grand challenge. Here, an atomically dispersed Pd2 DAC with an in situ generated Pd─Pd bond is constructed by a dynamic strategy, which achieves high activity and selectivity for semi‐hydrogenation of alkynes and functional internal acetylene, twice higher than commercial Lindlar catalyst. Density functional theory calculations and systematic experiments confirms the ultrahigh properties of Pd2 DAC originates from the synergistic effect of the dynamically generated Pd─Pd bonds. This discovery highlights the potential for dynamic strategies and opens unprecedented possibilities for the preparation of robust DACs on an industrial scale.
Polarization‐Sensitive Self‐Powered Photodetector Based on Anisotropic/Isotropic ReS2/SnSe2 Van der Waals Heterojunction
Authors: Fu Ziyi , Han Jiayue , Wei Laijiang , Wei Yuchao , Huo Xianghu , Li Chunyu , Xie Jinling , Zhou Hongxi , Yu He , Gou Jun , Wu Zhiming , Wang Jun
Published: August 2024

Polarization‐sensitive photodetectors have garnered significant interest due to their promising applications in navigation, remote sensing, and optical communication. However, conventional polarized light detectors relying on optical filters face challenges due to intricate fabrication and calibration procedures. While structures based on in‐plane anisotropic 2D materials have the potential to offer viable solutions for polarization detection, achieving both low power consumption and high performance remains challenging. Herein, a self‐powered anisotropic/isotropic ReS2/SnSe2 van der Waals (vdWs) heterojunction detector with high‐performance features is constructed. This device exhibits outstanding photovoltaic (PV) performance across a wide spectral range from 405 to 850 nm without bias, featuring excellent responsivity (0.966 A W−1) and specific detectivity (1.47 × 1010 Jones) under 650 nm laser illumination. Moreover, benefiting from the built‐in electric field that promotes carrier separation and extremely low dark current, the device shows fast response time (230/240 µs) with an on/off ratio of up to 104. Furthermore, the ReS2/SnSe2 photodetector demonstrates exceptional polarization encoding performance, with a polarization ratio of 1.56 under 650 nm illumination, opening up new possibilities in optical communication technology development. This research provides a novel and viable option for developing energy‐efficient and high‐performance polarization‐sensitive detectors.
Ultrabroadband Near‐Infrared Zn3Ga2GeO8:Cr3+, Ni2+ Phosphor for PiG pc‐LED
Authors: Zheng Liwen , Wu Huajun , Zhao Kunpeng , Liu Yuqi , Wen Sibo , Pan Guo‐Hui , Wu Hao , Hao Zhendong , Zhang Liangliang , Zhang Jiahua
Published: August 2024

Cr3+‐activated broadband near‐infrared (NIR) phosphors are studied extensively for application in phosphor converted light‐emitting diode (pc‐LED), a new light source for substance testing based on NIR spectroscopy. However, the emission of Cr3+ is mainly located in the NIR I region (700–1000 nm) and many substances show the characteristic spectroscopy in the NIR II region (1000–1700 nm). In this paper, dual‐wavelength emission of NIR I and NIR II is realized in Cr3+ and Ni2+ codoped Zn3Ga2GeO8 (ZGGO) via energy transfer from NIR I emitting Cr3+ to NIR II emitting Ni2+. The photoluminescent properties of the doped ZGGO are studied as a function of doping concentration and the optimal concentrations of Cr3+ and Ni2+ are determined to be 0.04 and 0.003, respectively, with internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 37.5%. The ZGGO:Cr3+, Ni2+ phosphor‐in‐glass (PiG), is prepared for fabricating PiG‐converted ultrabroadband NIR LEDs to avoid serious reabsorption of the NIR II emission as in the pc‐LED packaged using phosphor dispersed epoxy resin or silicone. The PiG pc‐LED offers photoelectric efficiency of 4.3%@20 mA and NIR output power of 17 mW@200 mA and shows stable spectral distribution against drive current compared to pc‐LED.
Nano‐Enhanced Graphite/Phase Change Material/Graphene Composite for Sustainable and Efficient Passive Thermal Management
Authors: Wang Ji‐Xiang , Mao Yufeng , Miljkovic Nenad
Published: August 2024

Passive battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are critical for mitigation of battery thermal runaway (TR). Phase change materials (PCMs) have shown promise for mitigating transient thermal challenges. Fluid leakage and low effective thermal conductivity limit PCM adoption. Furthermore, the thermal capacitance of PCMs diminishes as their latent load is exhausted, creating an unsustainable cooling effect that is transitory. Here, an expanded graphite/PCM/graphene composite that solves these challenges is proposed. The expanded graphite/PCM phase change composite eliminates leakage and increases effective thermal conductivity while the graphene coating enables radiative cooling for PCM regeneration. The composite demonstrates excellent thermal performance in a real BTMS and shows a 26% decrease in temperature when compared to conventional BTMS materials. The composite exhibits thermal control performance comparable with active cooling, resulting in reduced cost and increased simplicity. In addition to BTMSs, this material is anticipated to have application in a plethora of engineered systems requiring stringent thermal management.
Surface Structure Reformulation from CuO to Cu/Cu(OH)2 for Highly Efficient Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia
Authors: Li Jin , Jiang Qiuling , Xing Xiujing , Sun Cuilian , Wang Ying , Wu Zhijian , Xiong Wei , Li Hao
Published: August 2024

Electrochemical conversion of nitrate (NO3−) to ammonia (NH3) is a potential way to produce green NH3 and remediate the nitrogen cycle. In this paper, an efficient catalyst of spherical CuO made by stacking small particles with oxygen‐rich vacancies is reported. The NH3 yield and Faraday efficiency are 15.53 mg h−1 mgcat−1 and 90.69%, respectively, in a neutral electrolyte at a voltage of ‐0.80 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode). The high activity of the electrodes results from changes in the phase and structure during electrochemical reduction. Structurally, there is a shift from a spherical structure with dense accumulation of small particles to a layered network structure with uniform distribution of small particles stacked on top of each other, thus exposing more active sites. Furthermore, in terms of phase, the electrode transitions from CuO to Cu/Cu(OH)2. Density functional theory calculations showed that Cu(OH)2 formation enhances NO3‐ adsorption. Meanwhile, the Cu(OH)2 can inhibit the competing hydrogen evolution reaction, while the formation of Cu (111) crystal surfaces facilitates the hydrogenation reaction. The synergistic effect between the two promotes the NO3‐ to NH3. Therefore, this study provides a new idea and direction for Cu‐based oxides in electrocatalytic NH3 production.
Sensing of Liver‐Derived Nicotinamide by Intestinal Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Links Liver Cirrhosis and Ulcerative Colitis Susceptibility
Authors: Shen Jing , Li Zhen , Liu Xiaoyu , Zheng Mengqi , Zhang Peng , Chen Yatai , Tian Qiuheng , Tian Wenyu , Kou Guanjun , Cui Yanyan , Xu Bowen , Zhai Yunjiao , Li Weijia , Guo Xiaohuan , Qiu Ju , Li Chunyang , He Ran , Li Lixiang , Ma Chunhong , Li Yanqing , Zuo Xiuli , Yuan Detian , Li Shiyang
Published: August 2024

The correlation between liver disease and the progression of ulcerative colitis (UC) has remained elusive. In this study, it demonstrates that liver injury is intricately linked to the heightened severity of UC in patients, and causes more profound intestinal damage during DSS‐induced colitis in mice. Metabolomics analysis of plasma from liver cirrhosis patients shows liver injury compromising nicotinamide supply for NAD+ biosynthesis in the intestine. Subsequent investigation identifies intestinal group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are responsible for liver injury‐exacerbated colitis. Reconstitution of ILC2s or the restoration of NAD+ metabolism proves effective in relieving liver injury‐aggravated experimental colitis. Mechanistically, the NAD+ salvage pathway regulates gut ILC2s in a cell‐intrinsic manner by supporting the generation of succinate, which fuels the electron transport chain to sustaining ILC2s function. This research deepens the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms in liver disease‐UC interplay, identifying a metabolic target for innovative treatments in liver injury‐complicated colitis.
Methuosis Inducer SGI‐1027 Cooperates with Everolimus to Promote Apoptosis and Pyroptosis by Triggering Lysosomal Membrane Permeability in Renal Cancer
Authors: Luo Yu , Guan Bing , Deng Xiaoqi , Bai Peide , Huang Haichao , Miao Chaohao , Sun Anran , Li Zhipeng , Yang Dianqiang , Wang Xuegang , Shao Zhiqiang , Wu Yulong , Xing Jinchun , Chen Bin , Wang Tao
Published: August 2024

The mTOR inhibitor everolimus has been approved as a sequential or second‐line therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the development of drug resistance limits its clinical applications. This study aims to address the challenge of everolimus resistance and provide new insights into the treatment of advanced RCC. Here, the cytotoxicity of the DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) inhibitor SGI‐1027 in inducing cell vacuolation and methuosis is discovered and demonstrated for the first time. Additionally, SGI‐1027 exerts synergistic effects with everolimus, as their combination suppresses the growth, migration, and invasion of renal cancer cells. Mechanistically, apoptosis and GSDME‐dependent pyroptosis triggered by lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) are observed. The upregulation of GSDME expression and increased lysosomal activity in renal cancer cells provide a therapeutic window for the combination of these two drugs to treat renal cancer. The combination treatment exhibits effective anti‐tumor activity and is well tolerated in a subcutaneous tumor model. Overall, this study validates and reveals the specific cytotoxicity property of SGI‐1027 and its potent synergistic effect with everolimus, offering new insights into advanced RCC therapy and everolimus‐resistance overcoming.
The Synthesis of Functionalized Carbonized Polymer Dots via Reversible Assembly of Oligomers for Anti‐Counterfeiting, Catalysis, and Gas storage
Authors: Wang Yu , Qin Yingxi , Wang Fengya , Zhang Hongyu , Huangfu Changxin , Shi Yushu , Chen Xize , Wang Zhenming , Tian Wenming , Feng Liang
Published: August 2024

Carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) have shown exceptional potential across a wide range of applications. However, their practical utilization is significantly greatly impeded by the lack of precise control over their structures and functionalities. Consequently, the development of controlled synthesis strategies for CPDs with well‐defined structures and tailored functionalities remains a critical challenge in the field. Here, the controlled synthesis of functional CPDs with reversible assembly properties via airflow‐assisted melt polymerization, followed by a one‐step post‐synthetic doping strategy, is reported. This synthetic approach achieves high product yield, uniform and tunable structures, as well as customized functionalities including solid‐state emission, enhanced catalytic performance (3.5–45 times higher than conventional methods), and selective gas storage in the resulting CPDs. The ability to tailor the properties of CPDs through controlled synthesis opens up new opportunities for their practical application in photocatalysis and gas storage.
Efficient Fabrication of Disordered Graphene with Improved Ion Accessibility, Ion Conductivity, and Density for High‐Performance Compact Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Liu Gangqiang , Li Xiangming , Li Congming , Zheng Qinwen , Wang Yingche , Xiao Ronglin , Huang Fei , Tian Hongmiao , Wang Chunhui , Chen Xiaoliang , Shao Jinyou
Published: August 2024

High‐performance compact capacitive energy storage is vital for many modern application fields, including grid power buffers, electric vehicles, and portable electronics. However, achieving exceptional volumetric performance in supercapacitors is still challenging and requires effective fabrication of electrode films with high ion‐accessible surface area and fast ion diffusion capability while simultaneously maintaining high density. Herein, a facile, efficient, and scalable method is developed for the fabrication of dense, porous, and disordered graphene through spark‐induced disorderly opening of graphene stacks combined with mechanical compression. The obtained disordered graphene achieves a high density of 1.18 g cm−3, sixfold enhanced ion conductivity compared to common laminar graphene, and an ultrahigh volumetric capacitance of 297 F cm−3 in ionic liquid electrolyte. The fabricated stack cells deliver a volumetric energy density of 94.2 Wh L−1 and a power density of 13.7 kW L−1, representing a critical breakthrough in capacitive energy storage. Moreover, the proposed disordered graphene electrodes are assembled into ionogel‐based all‐solid‐state pouch cells with high mechanical stability and multiple optional outputs, demonstrating great potential for flexible energy storage in practical applications.
Regulating Astrocytes via Short Fibers for Spinal Cord Repair
Authors: Li Qianyi , Gao Shuaiyun , Qi Yang , Shi Nuo , Wang Zhenzhen , Saiding Qimanguli , Chen Liang , Du Yawei , Wang Bo , Yao Wenfei , Sarmento Bruno , Yu Jie , Lu Yiming , Wang Juan , Cui Wenguo
Published: August 2024

Reactive astrogliosis is the main cause of secondary injury to the central nerves. Biomaterials can effectively suppress astrocyte activation, but the mechanism remains unclear. Herein, Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) are identified through whole transcriptome sequencing in a mouse model of spinal cord injury, revealing the VIM gene as a pivotal regulator in the reactive astrocytes. Moreover, DEGs are predominantly concentrated in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Based on these, 3D injectable electrospun short fibers are constructed to inhibit reactive astrogliosis. Histological staining and functional analysis indicated that fibers with unique 3D network spatial structures can effectively constrain the reactive astrocytes. RNA sequencing and single‐cell sequencing results reveal that short fibers downregulate the expression of the VIM gene in astrocytes by modulating the “ECM receptor interaction” pathway, inhibiting the transcription of downstream Vimentin protein, and thereby effectively suppressing reactive astrogliosis. Additionally, fibers block the binding of Vimentin protein with inflammation‐related proteins, downregulate the NF‐κB signaling pathway, inhibit neuron apoptosis, and consequently promote the recovery of spinal cord neural function. Through mechanism elucidation‐material design‐feedback regulation, this study provides a detailed analysis of the mechanism chain by which short fibers constrain the abnormal spatial expansion of astrocytes and promote spinal cord neural function.
A method to assess bullying and harassment as an upstream determinant of construction worker mental health
Authors: Roelofs Cora , Rodman Chris , Trueblood Amber , Cain Chris T.
Published: August 2024

Background

Bullying and harassment in the workplace are increasingly recognized as hazardous exposures associated with poor mental health and suicidality. The construction sector has one of the highest rates of suicide among all occupations and is actively engaged in efforts to destigmatize mental health support. However, there has been less focus on reducing factors that may be contributing to poor well‐being among construction workers.

Methods

As a step toward addressing work‐related determinants of mental health in construction, we collaborated with a large construction union to survey members about their experiences of abusive conduct. We adapted standardized questionnaires to better suit the sector, such as by assessing “hazing that went too far” and apprenticeship status. Additionally, we included questions on reporting of abuse, concern about the impacts of abuse, and an open‐response to allow participants to share their perspectives.

Results

We developed and tested a carefully‐tailored survey of abusive conduct. The responses to the survey (over 3300, including 500 narrative responses) will facilitate data‐driven interventions with the potential to prevent and address abuse. This paper describes the survey development process in collaboration with the union, domains of abuse that are relevant to the construction context, and the survey protocol.

Conclusion

Through a collaborative effort, we developed an instrument to understand abusive conduct in construction and benchmark success in reducing adverse experiences of bullying and harassment. We recommend its use throughout the sector to reduce exposure to this well‐being hazard.
Novel Lewis Acid‐Base Interactions in Polymer‐Derived Sodium‐Doped Amorphous Si−B−N Ceramic: Towards Main‐Group‐Mediated Hydrogen Activation
Authors: Tada Shotaro , Terashima Motoharu , Shimizu Daisuke , Asakuma Norifumi , Honda Sawao , Kumar Ravi , Bernard Samuel , Iwamoto Yuji
Published: August 2024

Interest is growing in transition metal‐free compounds for small molecule activation and catalysis. We discuss the opportunities arising from synthesizing sodium‐doped amorphous silicon‐boron‐nitride (Na‐doped a‐SiBN). Na+ cations and 3‐fold coordinated BIII moieties were incorporated into an amorphous silicon nitride network via chemical modification of a polysilazane followed by pyrolysis in ammonia (NH3) at 1000 °C. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of hydrogen (H2) activation within Na‐doped a‐SiBN structure. This material design approach allows the homogeneous distribution of Na+ and BIII moieties surrounded by SiN4 units contributing to the transformation of the BIII moieties into 4‐fold coordinated geometry upon encountering H2, potentially serving as frustrated Lewis acid (FLA) sites. Exposure to H2 induced formation of frustrated Lewis base (FLB) N−= sites with Na+ as a charge‐compensating cation, resulting in the in situ formation of a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) motif (≡BFLA⋅⋅⋅Hδ−⋅⋅⋅Hδ+⋅⋅⋅:N−(Na+)=). Reversible H2 adsorption‐desorption behavior with high activation energy for H2 desorption (124 kJ mol−1) suggested the H2 chemisorption on Na‐doped a‐SiBN. These findings highlight a future landscape full of possibilities within our reach, where we anticipate main‐group‐mediated small molecule activation will have an important impact on the design of more efficient catalytic processes and the discovery of new catalytic transformations.
Dual‐Site Bridging Mechanism for Bimetallic Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Cao Hongshuai , Wen Xue , Luo Xianzhu , Ma Linlin , Xu Zhiai , Zhang Zhonghai , Zhang Wen
Published: August 2024

Heterogeneous dual‐site electrocatalysts are emerging cutting‐edge materials for efficient electrochemical water splitting. However, the corresponding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) mechanism on these materials is still unclear. Herein, based on a series of in situ spectroscopy experiments and density function theory (DFT) calculations, a new heterogeneous dual‐site O−O bridging mechanism (DSBM) is proposed. This mechanism is to elucidate the sequential appearance of dual active sites through in situ construction (hybrid ions undergo reconstruction initially), determine the crucial role of hybrid dual sites in this mechanism (with Ni sites preferentially adsorbing hydroxyls for catalysis followed by proton removal at Fe sites), assess the impact of O−O bond formation on the activation state of water (inducing orderliness of activated water), and investigate the universality (with Co doping in Ni(P4O11)). Under the guidance of this mechanism, with Fe−Ni(P4O11) as pre‐catalyst, the in situ formed Fe−Ni(OH)2 electrocatalyst has reached a record‐low overpotential of 156.4 mV at current density of 18.0 mA cm−2. Successfully constructed Fe−Ni(P4O11)/Ti uplifting the overall efficacy of the phosphate from moderate to superior, positioning it as an innovative and highly proficient electrocatalyst for OER.
Regulierung von Nukleinsäurekatalyse mit aktiven Koazervaten
Authors: Holtmannspötter Anna‐Lena , Machatzke Corbin , Begemann Christian , Salibi Elia , Donau Carsten , Späth Fabian , Boekhoven Job , Mutschler Hannes
Published: August 2024

Zellen benutzen transiente, membranlose Organellen um biologische Reaktionsnetzwerke zu regulieren. Stressgranula zum Beispiel sind in der Lage, selektiv mRNA einzulagern, um die Proteinexpression im Fall von Hitze oder oxidativem Stress zu regulieren. Modelle welches diese aktive Verhalten nachstellen sind nützlich um die in vivo Regulierung durch Kompartimentierung besser zu verstehen. Hier benutzen wir aktive komplexe Koazervat‐Tröpfchen als Modell für membranlose Organellen, welche die Aktivität einer katalytischen DNA (DNAzym) räumlich und zeitlich kontrollieren können. Beim Eintritt in die Peptid‐RNA‐Tröpfchen entfaltet sich das DNAzym und verliert seine Fähigkeit, einen Nukleinsäurestrang zu spalten. Wir können die DNAzym Aktivität vorübergehend pausieren, indem wir die Tröpfchenbildung mit einem Treibstoff induzieren. Nach dem Verbrauch des Treibstoffs beginnt die Aktivität des DNAzym wieder von selbst. Wir können uns vorstellen, dass dieses System zur Hoch‐ und Herunterregulierung mehrere Reaktionen in einem Netzwerk benutzt werden könnte, was zu einem besseren Verständnis der Komplexität von zellulären Reaktionswegen führen würde. Mit einem Netzwerk, in welchem das DNAzym reziprok die Eigenschaften des Tröpfchens regulieren kann, hätten wir ein vielversprechendes Instrument für die Konstruktion von synthetischen Zellen.
Spinel‐Type Structured Phosphor Near‐Infrared‐II Emission: Intervalence Charge Transfer and Hetero‐Valent Chromium Pairs
Authors: Huang Ming‐Hsuan , Chen Kuan‐Chun , Majewska Natalia , Kamiński Mikołaj , Leniec Grzegorz , Mijowska Ewa , Kong Pang Wei , Peterson Vanessa K. , Cherng Ding‐Hua , Lu Kuang‐Mao , Mahlik Sebastian , Liu Ru‐Shi
Published: August 2024

Near‐infrared (NIR) emitting phosphors draw much attention because they show great applicability and development prospects in many fields. Herein, a series of inverse spinel‐type structured LiGa5O8 phosphors with a high concentration of Cr3+ activators is reported with a dual emission band covering NIR‐I and II regions. Except for strong ionic exchange interactions such as Cr3+−Cr3+ and Cr3+ clusters, an intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) process between aggregated Cr ion pairs is proposed as the mechanism for the ~1210 nm NIR‐II emission. Comprehensive structural and luminescence characterization points to IVCT between two Cr3+ being induced by structural distortion and further enhanced by irradiation. Construction of the configurational energy level diagram enabled elucidation of this transition within the IVCT process. Therefore, this work provides insight into the emission mechanism within the high Cr3+ concentration system, revealing a new design strategy for NIR‐II emitting phosphors to promote its response.
Insight into C4 Selectivity in the Light‐Driven C−H Fluoroalkylation of Pyridines and Quinolines
Authors: Kim Leejae , Lee Wooseok , Hong Sungwoo
Published: August 2024

Given the prevalence of pyridine motifs in FDA‐approved drugs, selective fluoroalkylation of pyridines and quinolines is essential for preparing diverse bioisosteres. However, challenges are often faced with conventional Minisci reactions in achieving precise regioselectivity owing to competing reaction sites of pyridine and the limited availability of fluoroalkyl radical sources. Herein, we present a light‐driven, C4‐selective fluoroalkylation of azines utilizing N‐aminopyridinium salts and readily available sulfinates. Our approach employs electron donor‐acceptor complexes, achieving highly C4‐selective fluoroalkylation under mild conditions without an external photocatalyst. This practical method not only enables the installation of CF2H groups but also allows for the incorporation of CF2‐alkyl groups with diverse functional entities, surpassing the limitations of previous methods. The versatility of the radical pathway is further demonstrated through straightforward three‐component reactions involving alkenes and [1.1.1]propellane. Detailed experimental and computational studies have elucidated the origins of regioselectivity, providing profound insights into the mechanistic aspects.
SEPS functionalized PEG copolymer for improved toughness without obvious plasticization in epoxy resin
Authors: Sajjad Muhammad , Zhao Zhongfu , Wahid Umar , Zhu Xiuling , Zhang Chunqing
Published: August 2024

The effects of grafting level of polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafted styrene ethylene propylene styrene (SEPS) on the intrinsic brittleness of epoxy thermosets were studied. The SEPS‐g‐PEG block copolymer (BCP) was synthesized by grafting various grafting degree of PEG (i.e., 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) on polystyrene (PS) blocks of SEPS following Williamson ether synthesis method. A total of 10 wt% of the BCP modifiers were dispersed in epoxy thermosets. PEG side chains were miscible in the epoxy which formed a uniform BCP dispersion within the epoxy thermoset matrix. As the degree of PEG grafting was increased, the BCP phase was absorbed in the epoxy matrix. This absorption occurred because the increase in PEG grafting provided more miscible PEG chains to bind the BCP and epoxy nanostructures together. The differential scanning calorimeter and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis analyses indicated that BCP toughened epoxy exhibited an improved glass transition temperature (Tg). At a 40% PEG grafting degree in the BCP, the critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and critical strain energy release rate (GIC) increased up to 80% and 180%, respectively. This trend suggested that the energy associated with fractures could be absorbed through the deformation of the softer phases when a load was applied to them.
Enhancing the flame retardancy of polycarbonate through the synergistic effect of 1,3‐Benzenedisulfonate acid dipotassium salt and phenyl polysiloxanes
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhang Yulu , Qiao Liang , Qin Zhaolu , Zhou Hailian , Zhang Wenchao , He Jiyu , Yang Rongjie
Published: August 2024

As the application of polycarbonate (PC) in various fields continues to expand, the requirements for its flame retardancy are becoming increasingly stringent. To enhance the flame retardancy of PC, employing multi‐element synergistic effects and developing novel flame retardants are considered as vital strategies. This work introduces a blend of 1,3‐Benzenedisulfonic acid dipotassium salt (KSP) and three types of phenyl polysiloxanes, namely Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane (P4), Octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS), and ladder‐like Polyphenylsesquioxane (L‐PPSQ), into PC to create composites. The thermal stability and combustion properties of these composites were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 vertical burning, and cone calorimetry tests. Composites with phenyl polysiloxanes achieved a UL‐94 V‐0 flame retardant rating for 1.6 mm thickness sample and reduced the peak heat release rate by 30%–45%. PC composites with 3% OPS and 0.03% KSP achieved optimal performance, howing a LOI of 34.5%, a 45.4% reduction in peak heat release, and a 40.5% reduction in total smoke release. The flame‐retardant mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (Py‐GC‐MS).
Performance tuning of surface modified ceria based mixed matrix membrane for effective CO2 separation
Authors: Ishaq Manzar , Saeed Usman , Belousov Artem S. , Qamar Sabih , Shafique Sumeer , Afzal Zobila Muhammad , Arshad Ifra , Shafiq Iqrash
Published: August 2024

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with enhanced selectivity and permeability are investigated by incorporating deep eutectic solvents (DES) functionalized CeO2 as fillers. DES is well known owing to the intrinsic benefits of low cost, environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and CO2 philic nature. Characterization confirms the collaboration of polymer and functional CeO2 fillers. Experiments of gas separation show that the introduction of DES‐modified CeO2 fillers (2%–15%) significantly improves CO2 penetrability from 27 to 48 Barrer. The ideal separation factor of CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 also increases from 46 to 62 and 60 to 86, respectively, with increasing filler percentage. MMMs correspond to the superior gas separation performance compared with DES liquid membranes. The collaboration between DES‐treated CeO2 and CO2 contributes to the improved results. The fabricated MMM films are tested under operating parameters, confirming the potential of ceria modified fillers for CO2 capture applications. This research reveals the advancements achieved by incorporating DES‐functionalized CeO2 fillers in MMMs, enhancing selectivity and permeability for CO2 capture. These findings correspond to the development of effective and viable membrane technologies for various industrial applications.
Path Integral Spin Dynamics for Quantum Paramagnets
Authors: Nussle Thomas , Thibaudeau Pascal , Nicolis Stam
Published: August 2024

A path integral method, combined with atomistic spin dynamics simulations, is developed to calculate thermal quantum expectation values using a classical approach. In this study, it is shown how to treat Hamiltonians with non‐linear terms, that are relevant for describing uniaxial anisotropies and mechanical constraints. These interactions can be expressed solely through quadratic terms of the spin operator along one axis, that can be identified with the quantization axis.
Freshwater fish sanctuaries provide benefits for riparian wildlife
Authors: Dusevic Michael R. , Etherington Brooke S. , Twardek William M. , Lepine Tara , Zolderdo Aaron J. , Gallagher Austin J. , Peiman Kathryn , Cooke Steven J.
Published: August 2024

Benefits to wildlife communities stemming from the protection of a single species have been documented in terrestrial and marine systems but remain understudied within the context of freshwater‐protected areas (FPAs). We used five long‐standing (>80 years) FPAs in three lakes in eastern Ontario, Canada, which were initially established to protect native black bass (Micropterus spp.) from angling exploitation, to assess whether this protection affected wildlife communities found in the riparian areas of these FPAs. From May to July 2021, we used baited remote camera traps and visual surveys to assess species diversity within and outside of FPAs. We recorded 61 species spanning mammalian, avian and herpetofauna taxa, with the two assessment methods identifying unique sets of species (23% overlap). Camera traps showed that animals were more active in riparian areas during the day (62% of detections) than at night. FPAs had a variable but overall positive influence on riparian wildlife biodiversity, hosting more bird, mammal, amphibian and reptile species than non‐protected areas and having higher species richness. FPAs differed from other sites in the lakes by having higher habitat complexity, less human infrastructure and less human use, which potentially contributed to these differences. This study raises awareness that even small FPAs can have legacy, umbrella‐type benefits that extend beyond fishes to the wildlife that use the adjacent riparian areas.
Immunological function of Bombyx Toll9‐2 in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) larval midgut: Activation by Escherichia coli/lipopolysaccharide and regulation of growth
Authors: Liu Jisheng , Yang Weifeng , Liao Wenli , Huang Yanling , Chen Weijian , Bu Xiaoling , Huang Shiyi , Jiang Wanyi , Swevers Luc
Published: August 2024

Toll receptors are important regulators of insects' innate immune system which, upon binding of pathogen molecules, activate a conserved signal transduction cascade known as the Toll pathway. RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool to study the function of genes via reverse genetics. However, due to the reported refractory of RNAi efficiency in lepidopteran insects, successful reports of silencing of Toll receptors in the silkworm Bombyx mori have not been reported yet. In this study, a Toll receptor of the silkworm Bombyx Toll9‐2 (BmToll9‐2) was cloned and its expression and function were analyzed. The results showed that BmToll9‐2 contains an ectodomain (ECD) with a signal peptide and nine leucine‐rich repeats, a transmembrane helix, and a cytoplasmic region with a Toll/interleukin‐1 domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that BmToll9‐2 clusters with other insect Toll9 receptors and mammalian Toll‐like receptor 4. Oral infection of exogenous pathogens showed that the Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli and its main cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as the Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and its main cell wall component peptidoglycan, significantly induce BmToll9‐2 expression in vivo. LPS also induced the expression of BmToll9‐2 in BmN4 cells in vitro. These observations indicate its role as a sensor in the innate immunity to exogenous pathogens and as a pathogen‐associated receptor that is responsive to LPS. RNAi of BmToll9‐2 was effective in the midgut and epidermis. RNAi‐mediated knock‐down of BmToll9‐2 reduced the weight and growth of the silkworm. Bacterial challenge following RNAi upregulated the expression of BmToll9‐2 and rescued the weight differences of the silkworm, which may be related to its participation in the immune response and the regulation of the microbiota in the midgut lumen of the silkworm larvae.
Synthesis of 3‐Methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones via Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed C−H/N−H Activation and Annulation of N‐Methoxybenzamides with Potassium Vinyltrifluoroborate
Authors: Kumar Vikash , Gandeepan Parthasarathy
Published: August 2024

Isoindolinones are vital heterocyclic compounds in medicinal chemistry, notable for their diverse bioactivities. Significant attention has been devoted to their preparation; however, existing methods are unsuitable for constructing unsubstituted 3‐methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones. Herein, we present a rhodium(III)‐catalyzed method for synthesizing unsubstituted 3‐methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones via C−H/N−H activation and annulation of N‐methoxybenzamides with potassium (ethenyl)trifluoroborate. This approach offers mild reaction conditions, high regioselectivity, and efficient yields. Interestingly, sterically demanding or heterocyclic N‐methoxyaromaticamides resulted in the formation of 2‐vinyl(hetero)aromatic amides instead of 3‐methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones. Mechanistic insights suggest a rhodacycle intermediate pathway, highlighting the method's potential for developing new bioactive isoindolinone derivatives.
Higher or lower? Interpersonal behavioral and neural synchronization of movement imitation in autistic children
Authors: Du Bang , Zhang Wenjun , Chen Liu , Deng Xiaorui , Li Kaiyun , Lin Fengxun , Jia Fanlu , Su Shuhua , Tang Wanzhi
Published: August 2024

How well autistic children can imitate movements and how their brain activity synchronizes with the person they are imitating have been understudied. The current study adopted functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning and employed a task involving real interactions involving meaningful and meaningless movement imitation to explore the fundamental nature of imitation as a dynamic and interactive process. Experiment 1 explored meaningful and meaningless gesture imitation. The results revealed that autistic children exhibited lower imitation accuracy and behavioral synchrony than non‐autistic children when imitating both meaningful and meaningless gestures. Specifically, compared to non‐autistic children, autistic children displayed significantly higher interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) in the right inferior parietal lobule (r‐IPL) (channel 12) when imitating meaningful gestures but lower INS when imitating meaningless gestures. Experiment 2 further investigated the imitation of four types of meaningless movements (orofacial movements, transitive movements, limb movements, and gestures). The results revealed that across all four movement types, autistic children exhibited significantly lower imitation accuracy, behavioral synchrony, and INS in the r‐IPL (channel 12) than non‐autistic children. This study is the first to identify INS as a biomarker of movement imitation difficulties in autistic individuals. Furthermore, an intra‐ and interindividual imitation mechanism model was proposed to explain the underlying causes of movement imitation difficulties in autistic individuals.