bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ENHANCEMENT OF MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITY OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH QUANTUM LEARNING
Authors: Julita Julita
Published: January 2017

This study is aimed to examine the quality of quantum learning imfluence toward the enhancement of mathematical problem solving ability of Senior High School students, both viewed entirely and based on mathematical initial ability (MIA) category.  In particular, this study is aimed to examine enhancement difference of students’ mathematical problem solving ability in a whole and in each level of mathematical initial ability (high, medium and low) between students who receive quantum learning and students who receive conventional learning. This study use experimental quasi with pretests-posttest control group design.  Population of this study are Senior High School students in Bogor City. Data is obtained through problem solving ability test and mathematical initial ability data. The result of study showed that students who receive quantum learning have enhancement of mathematical problem solving ability which is higher than students who receive conventional learning. There is no difference enhancement of mathematical problem solving ability both entirely and in each level of mathematical initial ability, except for students with high level of initial mathematical ability
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS’ MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONING ABILITY AND METAPHORICAL THINKING LEARNING
Authors: Hendriana Heris
Published: January 2017

This study is designed in the form of experiment with the design of control group and posttest only aimed at investigating the role of learning that teaches metaphorical thinking in improving senior high school teachers’ mathematical questioning ability. The population of this study was senior high school teachers of mathematics in West Java province and the samples were 124 senior high school teachers of mathematics set purposively and randomly to be included into the experimental class and control class. Based on the results and discussion, it is concluded that: (1) mathematical questioning ability of the teachers who received metaphorical thinking learning is better than those who received conventional learning; (2) learning factors and KAM (Kemampuan Awal Matematis = Prior Mathematical Ability) affect the achievement of teachers’ mathematical questioning ability. In addition, there is an interaction effect between the learning and KAM in developing teachers’ mathematical questioning ability; (3) teachers’ mathematical questioning ability has not been achieved optimally on the indicators submitting problems in the form of non-routine questions and open-ended questions.
Fed-batch fermentation of nipa sap to acetic acid by Moorella thermoacetica (f. Clostridium thermoaceticum)
Authors: Nguyen Dung , Rabemanolontsoa Harifara , Saka Shiro
Published: January 2017

An efficient process for conversion of nipa sap to acetic acid was developed. Nipa sap was hydrolyzed with invertase and provided glucose as well as fructose as main sugars. Batch fermentation of glucose and fructose was inadequate with increased substrate concentration. By contrast, fed-batch technique on hydrolyzed nipa sap with high feeding rate drastically increased acetic acid concentration and productivity to be 42.6 g/L and 0.18 g/(L/h), respectively. All the sugars in hydrolyzed nipa sap were consumed, with acetic acid yield of 0.87 g/g sugar. Overall, nipa sap as hydrolyzed with invertase was efficiently fermented to acetic acid, which is a valuable chemical and a potential biorefinery intermediate.
OFICINAS PEDAGÓGICAS: VALORIZANDO E ESTIMULANDO OS SUJEITOS DA EJA CAMPO
Authors: Santos Cleibiane Lopes da Silva , Sousa Célia Ferreira de
Published: January 2017

O presente texto consta-se de um relato de experiência sobre práticas pedagógicas diferenciadas, realizada com a Educação de Jovens e Adultos do campo, na escola Estadual Antônio Alves Dias, localizada no assentamento Jacaré Valente, município de Confresa, Mato Grosso, e teve como objetivo verificar formas de valorizar os saberes, experiências e história de vida dos sujeitos dessa modalidade, por meio da promoção de situações de aprendizagens que pudessem significar para além dos espaços escolares; também refletir sobre formação docente para atuação na EJA, visto que o professor precisa assumir uma postura autônoma na construção/reconstrução dos saberes necessários para o trabalho com a EJA. Dentre os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa se destacam, a necessidade de haver constantemente ação-reflexão-ação, no exercício da docência, principalmente sobre o planejamento pedagógico, pois este, subsidia cotidianamente a prática docente e valoriza as especificidades presentes nessa modalidade.
REFLEXÕES TEÓRICAS SOBRE AS METODOLOGIAS DE ENSINO VOLTADAS AO ATENDIMENTO DAS ESPECIFICIDADES DA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS
Authors: Leão Marcelo Franco , Del Pino José Claudio , Oliveira Eniz Conceição
Published: January 2017

Metodologias diversificadas de ensino oportunizam novas formas de obtenção, construção e reconstrução do conhecimento aos estudantes da Educação de Jovens e Adultos.  Essa pesquisa básica, de cunho exploratório e de abordagem qualitativa, buscou identificar maneiras de tornar mais envolvente e eficaz o processo educativo nesta modalidade de ensino para proporcionar um aprendizado mais prazeroso e significativo. Foram identificadas algumas necessidades ao docente: partir do contexto dos estudantes, valorizar seus conhecimentos prévios, flexibilizar o currículo, promover trabalhos coletivos, desenvolver projetos de forma interdisciplinar, utilizar pedagogias diferenciadas, além de buscar a autonomia dos estudantes.
EDUCACIÓN MÉDICA CONTINUA EN PROFESIONALES DE LA SALUD DE UNA ZONA RURAL DEL ECUADOR
Authors: Obregón Miguel
Published: January 2017

En el Ecuador no se ha establecido un proceso de certificación de competencias profesionales, lo que ha conllevado a que la educación medica continua este limitada a cursos de postgrado de especialidades, concentrados en pocas ciudades del Ecuador. En este contexto, se entrega una experiencia local de un curso rápido y poco costoso para mejorar destrezas y habilidades clínicas en un grupo de profesionales de la salud, en una zona rural del Ecuador.

Objetivo: Mejorar las destrezas de manejo clínico en un grupo de trabajadores de la salud según el “Perfil profesional del médico general para el sistema nacional de salud” del Ministerio de Salud del Ecuador.

Método: Se desarrolló un curso de 40 horas de duración para dos grupos compuestos de obstetrices en el primero y médicos, enfermeras y paramédicos en el segundo grupo, enfocado en las actividades más comunes de su ámbito de acción sobre todo en el área de emergencia, mediante un método diseñado de talleres y simulaciones. Los participantes fueron escogidos al azar y los talleres diseñados de acuerdo a su ámbito profesional. La evaluación consistió en un test al inicio del curso, otro al final y un nuevo test luego de un mes del curso.

Resultados: Un total de 42 personas asistieron y completaron el curso, 15(35.7%) fueron obstetrices; 20 (47.6%) fueron médicos, 4 (9.5%) enfermeras y 3 (7.1%) paramédicos; la mayoría (66.6%) fueron mujeres. El promedio del test previo al curso fue de 4.88/10, al final del curso, el promedio fue de 7.56/10 y luego de un mes, el promedio del test fue de 7.4/10. Una retroalimentación de los cursantes fue que el curso llenó sus expectativas y los contenidos fueron relevantes para su carrera.

Conclusiones: Los cursos de educación médica continua rápidos y poco costosos pueden tener gran impacto en el mejoramiento de la atención de salud.

Al parecer, los talleres y las simulaciones pueden tener mayor influencia sobre el aprendizaje significativo del personal de salud
Aedes albopictus en América del Sur y su relación con la distribución, y mantenimiento de enfermedades
Authors: Sippy Rachel , Moreira Fernando
Published: January 2017

Centro y Sur América están experimentando la expansión simultánea y sin precedentes de tres enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos: dengue, chikungunya y Zika. Enfermedades causadas por estos tres virus usualmente se presentan con síntomas leves, o muchas veces son completamente sin síntomas (asintomáticos). Últimamente, los síntomas presentados por estos virus han escalado a ser muy graves, incluyendo complicaciones muy severas que pueden llegar a la muerte. El virus del dengue es endémico o epidémica en casi todos los países de América del Sur.
Existe espacio, para el Medico Rural en la era de la globalización
Authors: Cox Neil
Published: January 2017

La mayoría de nuestros programas de postgrado (incluido el mío) se desarrollan en las grandes ciudades. Madison, Wisconsin tiene cerca de 240.000 personas en su área metropolitana que incluye también varios hospitales y un montón de posgrados de especialistas. Para mi segundo y tercer año de posgrado, mi entrenamiento en Baraboo, en el estado de Wisconsin. Esta ciudad, tiene cerca de 12.000 habitantes y un pequeño hospital. Aunque sólo una hora de distancia de una gran ciudad, las diferencias son marcadas. Algunos de mis colegas de posgrado tienen la facilidad de pedir interconsulta de un subespecialista en salud mental para sus pacientes inmediatamente después de la consulta externa. He tenido que manejar dolencias psiquiátricas con mayor independencia. Incluso cuando mis pacientes, logran un turno con un psiquiatra deben  esperan meses para conseguir el siguiente turno.
LA PRÁCTICA DE LA SALUD EN EL MUNDO RURAL
Authors: Herrera Diego
Published: January 2017

Las zonas rurales en todo el mundo enfrentan  dificultades de tipo epidemiológico, estructural y socio cultural, que influye en la patología que enfrentan los médicos rurales.

La revista Practica Familiar Rural pretende  aportar al debate sobre las dificultades de la  práctica médica rural en el Ecuador y Latinoamérica. Los temas que promueve esta publicación guardan relación con los cinco obstáculos más frecuentes que la práctica de la Medicina Rural enfrenta.
EL EMBARAZO EN ADOLESCENTES EN ZONAS RURALES
Authors: Aigaje Blanca , Suarez Chamba Gabriela
Published: January 2017

Desde una perspectiva moderna y urbana, el embarazo en la adolescencia representa una crisis que puede tener un impacto arrasador  para la vida familiar. En las zonas rurales la familia y la maternidad adolescente  no se ajustan al paradigma clásico de la vida social urbana y tampoco con las expectativas de la medicina, siendo necesario particularizar y caracterizar las vivencias de las familias en este sector
CAMBIOS EN EL PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE CÁLCULOS RENALES EN UN HOSPITAL RURAL EN ECUADOR
Authors: Obregón Miguel , Troya Carlos , Toctaguano Sandro , Herrera Diego , Gaus David
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Analizar los factores relacionados con el cambio epidemiológico de la urolitiasis en una población perteneciente al subtrópico del noroccidente de la provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador  a través de una revisión de los registros de un hospital rural y una revisión de la literatura.

Pacientes y métodos: Revisión de los registros hospitalarios con los diagnósticos por primera vez para la condición de cálculos renales (CIE-10 N20-N23) de un Hospital Rural ubicado en el cantón Pedro Vicente Maldonado durante el período 2010-2015.

Resultados: La incidencia de cálculos renales en la población atendida muestra un incremento progresivo durante un período de 5 años (2010-2015). El sexo masculino tuvo la mayor prevalencia con 62.1%. El 20% del total de los pacientes con cálculos, tuvo un IMC de más de 24.99. La edad más frecuente de presentación del primer cálculo fue entre 45 y 50 años; más de un tercio de los pacientes (36,8%) tenían antecedentes familiares (padres o hermanos) de urolitiasis. Las comorbilidades previas más frecuentes fueron la infección de vías urinarias (ITU) en el 40% de los casos y la hipertensión arterial en el 11.8%.

Conclusiones: La experiencia en el Hospital rural Pedro Vicente Maldonado del Noroccidente de la Provincia de Pichincha en Ecuador sugiere que la prevalencia de urolitiasis se ha incrementado en los últimos años y es  más alta que la referida en otras regiones del país.
Prevalence of respiratory pathogens detected in dogs with kennel cough in Poland
Authors: Kaczorek Edyta , Schulz Patrycja , Małaczewska Joanna , Wójcik Roman , Siwicki Andrzej Krzysztof , Stopyra Artur , Lew-Kojrys Sylwia , Pomianowski Andrzej , Hryniewicka Karolina , Mikulska-Skupień Elżbieta
Published: January 2017

Kennel cough is a multifactorial disease occurring all over the world; however, its epidemiology is still not fully understood. To the authors’ knowledge, no studies monitoring the occurrence of infectious agents responsible for kennel cough have been carried out in Poland. Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine which of the four pathogens most frequently isolated in other countries are predominant in north-eastern Poland. Swabs from the upper respiratory tract and tracheal lavage fluids from dogs (n = 40) exhibiting symptoms of this disease were analysed. Canine herpesvirus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus type 2 andBordetella bronchisepticawere identified by polymerase chain reaction. At least one of the above-listed infectious agents was found in all dogs. The predominant pathogen within the area under our study, both in mono- and co-infections, was canine herpesvirus (32/40), whereas canine adenovirus type 2 occurred least frequently (4/40). The effectiveness of detection of selected pathogens from both types of study material was also compared. Tracheal lavage fluid was more suitable for the isolation of canine herpes virus, canine parainfluenza virus, andBordetella bronchiseptica. Swabs from the upper respiratory tract were more suitable for the isolation of canine adenovirus type 2.
The influence of feeding purple wheat with higher content of anthocyanins on antioxidant status and selected enzyme activity of animals
Authors: Mrkvicová Eva , Pavlata Leoš , Karásek Filip , Šťastník Ondřej , Doležalová Eva , Trojan Václav , Vyhnánek Tomáš , Hřivna Luděk , Holeksová Veronika , Mareš Jan , Brabec Tomáš , Horký Pavel , Ruttkay-Nedecký Branislav , Adam Vojtěch , Kizek René
Published: January 2017

The influence of anthocyanins on antioxidant activity and liver function was measured in three different animal species (rats, chickens and fish). Purple Konini wheat with the total anthocyanin content (TAC) of 41.70 mg/kg was fed to the experimental groups of animals (rats n = 32; chickens n = 32; fish n = 20). The same numbers of animals (control groups) were fed common wheat with TAC of 24.95 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed and blood and liver tissues were taken for biochemical analyses. The liver enzyme activities were measured in blood. Antioxidant activity in the liver tissue was measured using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test), FR (Free Radicals method), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power method), and ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) test. Significantly higher values (P< 0.05) measured by the DPPH and FR methods were determined in the liver from rats fed Konini wheat. The chickens fed Konini wheat showed significantly different values using DPPH, FR and ABTS methods. No significant differences were found in hepatopancreases of fish. Animals fed Konini wheat showed a tendency to lower liver enzyme activities in general, but a significant difference was found only in gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in the chicken’s blood. Our results suggest that feeding a higher content of anthocyanins can improve the antioxidant activity and function of the liver tissue.
Investigation on variations in hardness and microstructure of in-process cooled 7075 aluminum alloy friction stir welds
Authors: Rao Tadivaka Srinivasa , Reddy Gankidi Madhusudhan , Rao Sajja Rama Koteswara
Published: January 2017

AA7075-T651 plates were friction stir welded using in-process cooling with the intention of investigating variations in microstructure and hardness across the joint in through thickness direction. The variations were studied using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hardness tests. Water cooled welds exhibit better performance in terms of hardness compared to air cooled welds. However, both welds were found to display considerable reduction in the hardness in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Furthermore, hardness across the joint enhances as the survey proceeds away from the surface of the specimen to the root of the weld. The weld nuggets in both welds reveal fine recrystallized grains and the grain size was found to dwindle from surface to root of the joint along the thickness of the weld. TEM studies disclose that the weld nugget suffers from dissolution of precipitates and the HAZ consists of precipitate-free zones, which are considered accountable for lower hardness in the HAZ. It is concluded that defect-free welds can be made with thick plates of AA7075-T651 using in-process cooling and furthermore, water cooled welds exhibit better hardness values.
Tribomechanical behavior of B4Cp reinforced Al 359 composites
Authors: Ramasamy Deivasigamani , Subramanian Mohan Kumar , Kaliyannan Gobinath Velu , Durairaj Jayanth , Rathanasamy Rajasekar , Palaniappan Sathish Kumar
Published: January 2017

In the present investigation, the influence of B4Cp particles on the mechanical and tribological behavior of Al 359 composites has been studied. B4Cp particle reinforced Al 359 composite samples were prepared by stir casting process. Hardness, tensile strength and wear behavior of the composites were studied and compared with a control specimen. Hardness of B4Cp particles reinforced Al 359 matrix increases compared to base matrix due to the presence of the ceramic phase. Coefficient of friction considerably increases with up to 20 wt.-% addition of B4Cp in base matrix. Specimens were subjected to wear tests under different load conditions and the following five different wear mechanisms such as wear groove, abrasion, delamination, oxidation and plastic deformation were evaluated. The abrasion results prove the increase in wear resistance of B4Cp reinforced composites compared to a control specimen.
From the Desk of Editor-in-Chief 7(1)
Authors: Khan Md Aminul Haque
Published: January 2017

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(1): 03
Management of a Complicated Crown Fracture in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Sheikh Md Abdul Hannan , Karim Fahd AA , Parveen Sultana
Published: January 2017

Restoration of a fractured tooth is routinely performed in clinical practice. Many factors are considered in an effort to provide optimal mechanical properties, aesthetics, longevity as well as patient acceptance. In this type of challenging endeavour, main effort should be made to save as much of the coronal tooth structure to increase survival rate of endodontically-treated teeth. This case report presents a 35-year-old male with an oblique complicated crown fracture of maxillary left central incisor tooth. The procedure used to repair the fracture was gingivectomy followed by endodontic treatment. The root canal was filled with a root canal sealer and gutta-percha points. After root canal obturation, the tooth was restored with a glass fiber post and composite resin without additional crown coverage. The restoration made it possible to maintain the remaining tooth structure in a good occlusion and resulted in a high level of patient satisfaction.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(1): 35-38
Postharvest Quality Monitoring and Variance Analysis of Peach and Nectarine Cold Chain with Multi-Sensors Technology
Authors: Wang Xiang , Matetić Maja , Zhou Huijuan , Zhang Xiaoshuan , Jemrić Tomislav
Published: January 2017

Fresh peaches and nectarines are very popular for their high nutritional and therapeutic value. Unfortunately, they are prone to rapid deterioration after harvest, especially if the cold chain is not well maintained. The objective of this work is to study the environmental fluctuation and the quality change of fresh peaches and nectarines in cold chain. The temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 level were real-time monitored by sensor nodes with a wireless sensor network (WSN). The cold chain lasted for 16.8 h and consisted of six segments. The dynamic change of temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 level were real-time monitored and analyzed in detail in each of the six stages. The fruit quality index (fruit weight, fruit firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC)) were detected and analyzed immediately before the first stage (S1) and at the beginning of the last stage (S6). The results show that without good temperature control fruit softening is the most significant problem, even in a short chain; the WSN node can provide complete and accurate temperature, humidity, and gas monitoring information for cold chains, and can be used to further improve quality and safety assurance for peach fruit cold chains.
Composition Distribution, Damping and Thermal Properties of the Thickness-Continuous Gradient Epoxy/Polyurethane Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
Authors: Lv Xuesong , Huang Zhixiong , Shi Minxian , Fan Yun , Gao Guanbin
Published: January 2017

A thickness gradient interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) was easily created that takes advantage of the relatively poor compatibility and curing rates discrepancy between epoxy (EP) and polyurethane (PU). Ultraviolet absorption spectrum (UV-Vis), thermogravimetric (TG), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), Atomic force microscope (AFM) and water contact angle were adopted to characterize this IPN structure. We found that the absorption in visible light region, glass-transition temperatures (Tg), thermal decomposition temperatures (Td) and Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) modulus were increasing along with the gradient direction from bottom side to top side of the IPN. While the absorption in ultraviolet region and adhesion force were decreasing along with the gradient direction from bottom side to top side of the IPN. DMA analysis demonstrates that this continuous gradient IPN has a good balance between the damping temperature range and the loss factor which is suitable for using as a self-supporting damping structure.
Cardiac Channelopathies and Sudden Death: Recent Clinical and Genetic Advances
Authors: Fernández-Falgueras Anna , Sarquella-Brugada Georgia , Brugada Josep , Brugada Ramon , Campuzano Oscar
Published: January 2017

Sudden cardiac death poses a unique challenge to clinicians because it may be the only symptom of an inherited heart condition. Indeed, inherited heart diseases can cause sudden cardiac death in older and younger individuals. Two groups of familial diseases are responsible for sudden cardiac death: cardiomyopathies (mainly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy) and channelopathies (mainly long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, short QT syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia). This review focuses on cardiac channelopathies, which are characterized by lethal arrhythmias in the structurally normal heart, incomplete penetrance, and variable expressivity. Arrhythmias in these diseases result from pathogenic variants in genes encoding cardiac ion channels or associated proteins. Due to a lack of gross structural changes in the heart, channelopathies are often considered as potential causes of death in otherwise unexplained forensic autopsies. The asymptomatic nature of channelopathies is cause for concern in family members who may be carrying genetic risk factors, making the identification of these genetic factors of significant clinical importance.
Poisoning Effects of Water and Dyes on the [Bmim][BF4] Catalysis of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) Depolymerization under Supercritical Ethanol
Authors: Nunes Cátia , Souza Paulo , Freitas Adonilson , Silva Michael , Rosa Fernanda , Muniz Edvani
Published: January 2017

Supercritical ethanolysis (scEtOH) is a method that allows the production of monomers, e.g., diethyl terephthalate (DET), from Polyethylene terephthalate PET chemical recycling. The use of the ionic liquids (ILs) such as 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) as a catalyst has advantages in such processes by enhancing the yield at reduced times, as shown in previous work from our lab. However, the effects of water and dyes (from the coloured PET-bottles) regarding those advantages have not been investigated. Here, a study of the effects of water and dyes on IL-catalysis is provided. Results showed that the yield related to DET formation was 98% when anhydrous ethanol was employed, but decreased to 30% (or less) when water was present in the reaction even in low amounts. Furthermore, the DET-formation yield also decreased to 66% or to 21% if 2-aminoanthraquinone or zinc phthalocyanine were present, respectively, even in anhydrous conditions. Poisoning effect on the IL-catalysis was observed in both cases. Thus, these data are relevant for expanding the study of ILs as catalysts in this and other reaction systems.
Aqueous and Surface Chemistries of Photocatalytic Fe-Doped CeO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Channei Duangdao , Phanichphant Sukon , Nakaruk Auppatham , Mofarah Sajjad , Koshy Pramod , Sorrell Charles
Published: January 2017

The present work describes the effects of water on Fe-doped nanoparticulate CeO2, produced by flame spray pyrolysis, which is a critical environmental issue because CeO2 is not stable in typical atmospheric conditions. It is hygroscopic and absorbs ~29 wt % water in the bulk when exposed to water vapor but, more importantly, it forms a hydrated and passivating surface layer when immersed in liquid water. In the latter case, CeO2 initially undergoes direct and/or reductive dissolution, followed by the establishment of a passivating layer calculated to consist of ~69 mol % solid CeO2·2H2O and ~30 mol % gelled Ce(OH)4. Under static flow conditions, a saturated boundary layer also forms but, under turbulent flow conditions, this is removed. While the passivating hydrated surface layer, which is coherent probably owing to the continuous Ce(OH)4 gel, would be expected to eliminate the photoactivity, this does not occur. This apparent anomaly is explained by the calculation of (a) the thermodynamic stability diagrams for Ce and Fe; (b) the speciation diagrams for the Ce4+-H2O, Ce3+-H2O, Fe3+-H2O, and Fe2+-H2O systems; and (c) the Pourbaix diagrams for the Ce-H2O and Fe-H2O systems. Furthermore, consideration of the probable effects of the localized chemical and redox equilibria owing to the establishment of a very low pH (<0) at the liquid-solid interface also is important to the interpretation of the phenomena. These factors highlight the critical importance of the establishment of the passivating surface layer and its role in photocatalysis. A model for the mechanism of photocatalysis by the CeO2 component of the hydrated phase CeO2·2H2O is proposed, explaining the observation of the retention of photocatalysis following the apparent alteration of the surface of CeO2 upon hydration. The model involves the generation of charge carriers at the outer surface of the hydrated surface layer, followed by the formation of radicals, which decompose organic species that have diffused through the boundary layer, if present.
Parent and Child Report of Pain and Fatigue in JIA: Does Disagreement between Parent and Child Predict Functional Outcomes?
Authors: Gaultney Amy , Bromberg Maggie , Connelly Mark , Spears Tracy , Schanberg Laura
Published: January 2017

While previous research in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has identified discrepancy between parent and child perception of disease-related symptoms such as pain, the significance and impact of this disagreement has not been characterized. We examined the extent to which parent-child discordance in JIA symptom ratings are associated with child functional outcomes. Linear regression and mixed effects models were used to test the effects of discrepancy in pain and fatigue ratings on functional outcomes in 65 dyads, consisting of youth with JIA and one parent. Results suggested that children reported increased activity limitations and negative mood when parent and child pain ratings were discrepant, with parent rated child pain much lower. Greater discrepancy in fatigue ratings was also associated with more negative mood, whereas children whose parent rated child fatigue as moderately lower than the child experienced decreased activity limitations relative to dyads who agreed closely on fatigue level. Implications of these results for the quality of life and treatment of children with JIA are discussed.
Simple Metal and Binary Alloy Phases Based on the fcc Structure: Electronic Origin of Distortions, Superlattices and Vacancies
Authors: Degtyareva Valentina , Afonikova Nataliya
Published: January 2017

Crystal structures of simple metals and binary alloy phases based on the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure are analyzed within the model of Fermi sphere–Brillouin zone interactions to understand the stability of the original cubic structure and derivative structures with distortions, superlattices and vacancies. Examination of the Brillouin–Jones configuration in relation to the nearly-free electron Fermi sphere for several representative phases reveals significance of the electron energy contribution to the phase stability. Representation of complex structures in the reciprocal space clarifies their relationship to the basic cubic cell.
The Impact of Terrorist Attacks on Foreign Exchange Rate: Case Study of Turkish Lira versus Pound Sterling
Authors: Maitah Mansoor , Mustofa Jehar , Ugur Gok
Published: January 2017

In this study, the impact of terrorist attacks on exchange rate is estimated. Particularly, the study focuses on terrorist attacks in Turkey and its implication on Turkish lira versus pound sterling exchange rate. In order to find the causal effect, the study employed Autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bound testing approach as an estimation technique. Accordingly, the analysis reveals that a terrorist attack has a negative impact on the exchange rate in both the short-run and long-run. However, the negative effect of terrorism tends to be small in both the short-run and long-run. More precisely, terrorist attacks depreciate the exchange rate between Turkish lira and pound sterling by approximately 0.024% in the next trading day. The long-term effect also shows that a terrorist attack depreciates the exchange rate on average by 0.0706%.
Effect of the Dendrimer Generation Used in the Synthesis of Pt-Ru Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanofibers on the Catalytic Activity towards Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Calderón Juan , Calvillo Laura , Lázaro María , Rodríguez José , Pastor Elena
Published: January 2017

Pt-Ru nanoparticles supported on carbon nanofibers (CNF) were synthesized by the sodium borohydride reduction method, using different generation dendrimers (zero, one, two and three generations). After the synthesis process, these materials were submitted to a heat treatment at 350 °C, in order to clean the nanoparticle surface of organic residues. TEM characterization showed that the Pt-Ru nanoparticles size ranged between 1.9 and 5.5 nm. The use of dendrimers did not totally avoid the formation of aggregates, although monodisperse sizes were observed. The heat treatment produces the desired surface cleaning, although promoted the formation of agglomerates and crystalline Ru oxides. The study of the electrochemical activity towards the methanol oxidation displayed some clues about the influence of both the dendrimer generation and the presence of Ru oxides. Moreover, the apparent activation energy Eap for this reaction was determined. The results showed a beneficial effect of the heat treatment on the methanol oxidation current densities for the materials synthesized with the biggest dendrimers, being the methanol deprotonation and COad diffusion the predominant rate determining steps (rds).
New Frontiers in Melanoma Epigenetics—The More We Know, the More We Don’t Know
Authors: Nguyen Marzena , Dobosz Paula
Published: January 2017

Skin cancer is one of the most common neoplasms worldwide, with a surprising tendency to increase its incidence. As with many cancer types nowadays, early diagnosis and proper management carries an excellent prognosis, up to 5-year survival rate of above 95% for most skin cancers, even though the long-term survival rate among metastatic melanoma patients remains only 5%. This review aims to summarize recent discoveries in epigenetic changes connected with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), comprising of DNA methylation, histone modifications, miRNA regulation, nucleosome positioning and chromatin remodelling. Undoubtedly, personalised medicine based on both genetic and epigenetic changes of cancer is the future, the question remains: how long will it take to transport this treatment from the bench to the bedside?
Current and Future Repellent Technologies: The Potential of Spatial Repellents and Their Place in Mosquito-Borne Disease Control
Authors: Norris Edmund , Coats Joel
Published: January 2017

Every year, approximately 700,000 people die from complications associated with etiologic disease agents transmitted by mosquitoes. While insecticide-based vector control strategies are important for the management of mosquito-borne diseases, insecticide-resistance and other logistical hurdles may lower the efficacy of this approach, especially in developing countries. Repellent technologies represent another fundamental aspect of preventing mosquito-borne disease transmission. Among these technologies, spatial repellents are promising alternatives to the currently utilized contact repellents and may significantly aid in the prevention of mosquito-borne disease if properly incorporated into integrated pest management approaches. As their deployment would not rely on prohibitively expensive or impractical novel accessory technologies and resources, they have potential utility in developing countries where the burden of mosquito-borne disease is most prevalent. This review aims to describe the history of various repellent technologies, highlight the potential of repellent technologies in preventing the spread of mosquito-borne disease, and discuss currently known mechanisms that confer resistance to current contact and spatial repellents, which may lead to the failures of these repellents. In the subsequent section, current and future research projects aimed at exploring long-lasting non-pyrethroid spatial repellent molecules along with new paradigms and rationale for their development will be discussed.
Recruitment of Refugees for Health Research: A Qualitative Study to Add Refugees’ Perspectives
Authors: Gabriel Patricia , Kaczorowski Janusz , Berry Nicole
Published: January 2017

Research is needed to understand refugees’ health challenges and barriers to accessing health services during settlement. However, there are practical and ethical challenges for engaging refugees as participants. Despite this, there have been no studies to date specifically investigating refugee perspectives on factors affecting engagement in health research. Language-concordant focus groups in British Columbia, Canada, with four government-assisted refugee language groups (Farsi/Dari, Somali, Karen, Arabic) inquired about willingness to participate in health research. Twenty-three variables associated with the willingness of refugees to participate in health research were elicited. Variables related to research design included recruitment strategies, characteristics of the research team members and the nature of the research. Variables related to individual participants included demographic features such as gender and education, attitudes towards research and previous experience with research. This research can be used to increase opportunities for refugees’ engagement in research and includes recommendations for subgroups of refugees that may have more difficulties engaging in research.
PM2.5-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage in the Nasal Mucosa of Rats
Authors: Guo Zhiqiang , Hong Zhicong , Dong Weiyang , Deng Congrui , Zhao Renwu , Xu Jian , Zhuang Guoshun , Zhang Ruxin
Published: January 2017

Exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm) increases the risk of nasal lesions, but the underlying mechanisms, especially the mechanisms leading to mitochondrial damage, are still unclear. Thus, we investigated the in vivo effects of PM2.5 exposure on the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, the enzyme activities of Na+K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase, and the morphology and function of mitochondria in the nasal mucosa of rats. Exposure to PM2.5 occurred through inhalation of a PM2.5 solution aerosol. The results show that the PM2.5 exposure induced increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and levels of proinflammatory mediators, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These changes were accompanied by decreases in the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase in rat nasal mucosa. PM2.5 significantly affected the expression of specific mitochondrial fission/fusion genes (OPA1, Mfn1, Fis1, and Drp1) in nasal mucosa. These changes were accompanied by abnormal alterations of mitochondrial structures, including mitochondrial swelling, cristae disorder, and even fission resulting from higher doses of PM2.5. Our data shows that oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial dysfunction may be the toxic mechanisms that cause nasal lesions after exposure to PM2.5.
Electrosurgical Smoke: Ultrafine Particle Measurements and Work Environment Quality in Different Operating Theatres
Authors: Romano Francesco , Gustén Jan , De Antonellis Stefano , Joppolo Cesare
Published: January 2017

Air cleanliness in operating theatres (OTs) is an important factor for preserving the health of both the patient and the medical staff. Particle contamination in OTs depends mainly on the surgery process, ventilation principle, personnel clothing systems and working routines. In many open surgical operations, electrosurgical tools (ESTs) are used for tissue cauterization. ESTs generate a significant airborne contamination, as surgical smoke. Surgical smoke is a work environment quality problem. Ordinary surgical masks and OT ventilation systems are inadequate to control this problem. This research work is based on numerous monitoring campaigns of ultrafine particle concentrations in OTs, equipped with upward displacement ventilation or with a downward unidirectional airflow system. Measurements performed during ten real surgeries highlight that the use of ESTs generates a quite sharp and relevant increase of particle concentration in the surgical area as well within the entire OT area. The measured contamination level in the OTs are linked to surgical operation, ventilation principle, and ESTs used. A better knowledge of airborne contamination is crucial for limiting the personnel’s exposure to surgical smoke. Research results highlight that downward unidirectional OTs can give better conditions for adequate ventilation and contaminant removal performances than OTs equipped with upward displacement ventilation systems.
Expansion of T Cells with Interleukin-21 for Adoptive Immunotherapy of Murine Mammary Carcinoma
Authors: Zoon Christine , Wan Wen , Graham Laura , Bear Harry
Published: January 2017

We previously demonstrated that culturing antigen-sensitized draining lymph node (DLN) lymphocytes from BALB/c mice in interleukin (IL)-7/15 after activation with bryostatin/ionomycin (B/I) is superior to culture in IL-2 for expansion, differentiation to cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ cells and anti-tumor activity. We sought to determine whether the substitution or addition of IL-21 to culture had a similar effect. DLN lymphocytes were antigen-sensitized with 4T1 mammary carcinoma 10 days prior to harvest, activated with B/I, and expanded in culture for 7 days with either IL-2, IL-21, IL-2/21, IL-7/15, or IL-7/15/21. Cellular expansion, phenotype, interferon (IFN)-γ responses, and in vivo anti-tumor activity were compared. We found that T cells grown in IL7/15/21 demonstrated significantly greater lymphocyte expansion than IL-2, IL-21, IL-2/21, and IL-7/15 (38.4-fold vs. 5.5, 6.6, 9.5, and 23.9-fold, respectively). Of these expanded cells, IL-7/15/21 significantly expanded the greatest percentage of CD8+ cells (67.1% vs. 22.2%, 47.2%, 47.4%, and 55.3%, respectively), and the greatest number of T central memory cells (TCM) compared to IL-2, IL-21 and IL-2/21 (45.8% vs. 11.1%, 7.7%, and 12.1%, respectively). IL-21 and IL-2/21-expanded T cells preferentially differentiated into T naïve cells (TN) vs. those expanded in IL-2, IL-7/15 and IL-7/15/21 (27.6% and 23.2% vs. 1.7%, 4.5%, and 10.4%, respectively), and demonstrated the highest IFN-γ levels in vitro. In vivo adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) experiments demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy was equally effective using IL-2, IL-21, IL-2/21, IL-7/15 and IL-7/15/21-cultured lymphocytes vs. control or cyclophosphamide alone, even at lower doses or with greater initial size of tumor prior to treatment.
Neurogenic Traditional Chinese Medicine as a Promising Strategy for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Sreenivasmurthy Sravan , Liu Jing-Yi , Song Ju-Xian , Yang Chuan-Bin , Malampati Sandeep , Wang Zi-Ying , Huang Ying-Yu , Li Min
Published: January 2017

Hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in the formation of new neurons during learning and memory development. Attenuation of neurogenesis in the brain is one of the primary causes of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and, conversely, modulating the process of hippocampal neurogenesis benefit patients with AD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), particularly herbal medicine, has been in use for thousands of years in Asia and many regions of the world for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of neurotrophic factors, signal transducing factors, epigenetic modulators and neurotransmitters in neurogenesis, and we also discuss the functions of several Chinese herbs and their active molecules in activating multiple pathways involved in neurogenesis. TCM herbs target pathways such as Notch, Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog and receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, leading to activation of a signaling cascade that ultimately enhances the transcription of several important genes necessary for neurogenesis. Given these pathway activating effects, the use of TCM herbs could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
Insulin Production and Resistance in Different Models of Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Alwahsh Salamah , Dwyer Benjamin , Forbes Shareen , Van Thiel David , Starkey Lewis Philip , Ramadori Giuliano
Published: January 2017

The role of the liver and the endocrine pancreas in development of hyperinsulinemia in different types of obesity remains unclear. Sedentary rats (160 g) were fed a low-fat-diet (LFD, chow 13% kcal fat), high-fat-diet (HFD, 35% fat), or HFD+ 30% ethanol+ 30% fructose (HF-EFr, 22% fat). Overnight-fasted rats were culled after one, four or eight weeks. Pancreatic and hepatic mRNAs were isolated for subsequent RT-PCR analysis. After eight weeks, body weights increased three-fold in the LFD group, 2.8-fold in the HFD group, and 2.4-fold in the HF-EFr (p < 0.01). HF-EFr-fed rats had the greatest liver weights and consumed less food during Weeks 4–8 (p < 0.05). Hepatic-triglyceride content increased progressively in all groups. At Week 8, HOMA-IR values, fasting serum glucose, C-peptide, and triglycerides levels were significantly increased in LFD-fed rats compared to that at earlier time points. The greatest plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides and leptin were observed in the HF-EFr at Week 8. Gene expression of pancreatic-insulin was significantly greater in the HFD and HF-EFr groups versus the LFD. Nevertheless, insulin: C-peptide ratios and HOMA-IR values were substantially higher in HF-EFr. Hepatic gene-expression of insulin-receptor-substrate-1/2 was downregulated in the HF-EFr. The expression of phospho-ERK-1/2 and inflammatory-mediators were greatest in the HF-EFr-fed rats. Chronic intake of both LFD and HFD induced obesity, MetS, and intrahepatic-fat accumulation. The hyperinsulinemia is the strongest in rats with the lowest body weights, but having the highest liver weights. This accompanies the strongest increase of pancreatic insulin production and the maximal decrease of hepatic insulin signaling, which is possibly secondary to hepatic fat deposition, inflammation and other factors.
The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison between Schwann Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Their Uses for Neural Regenerative Therapies
Authors: Barton Matthew , John James , Clarke Mary , Wright Alison , Ekberg Jenny
Published: January 2017

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a much larger capacity for regeneration than the central nervous system (CNS). One reason for this difference is the difference in glial cell types between the two systems. PNS glia respond rapidly to nerve injury by clearing debris from the injury site, supplying essential growth factors and providing structural support; all of which enhances neuronal regeneration. Thus, transplantation of glial cells from the PNS is a very promising therapy for injuries to both the PNS and the CNS. There are two key types of PNS glia: olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which populate the olfactory nerve, and Schwann cells (SCs), which are present in the rest of the PNS. These two glial types share many similar morphological and functional characteristics but also exhibit key differences. The olfactory nerve is constantly turning over throughout life, which means OECs are continuously stimulating neural regeneration, whilst SCs only promote regeneration after direct injury to the PNS. This review presents a comparison between these two PNS systems in respect to normal physiology, developmental anatomy, glial functions and their responses to injury. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms and differences between the two systems is crucial for the development of future therapies using transplantation of peripheral glia to treat neural injuries and/or disease.
LOX-1 and Its Splice Variants: A New Challenge for Atherosclerosis and Cancer-Targeted Therapies
Authors: Rizzacasa Barbara , Morini Elena , Pucci Sabina , Murdocca Michela , Novelli Giuseppe , Amati Francesca
Published: January 2017

Alternative splicing (AS) is a process in which precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing sites are differentially selected to diversify the protein isoform population. Changes in AS patterns have an essential role in normal development, differentiation and response to physiological stimuli. It is documented that AS can generate both “risk” and “protective” splice variants that can contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases including atherosclerosis. The main endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDLs) is LOX-1 receptor protein encoded by the OLR1 gene. When OLR1 undergoes AS events, it generates three variants: OLR1, OLR1D4 and LOXIN. The latter lacks exon 5 and two-thirds of the functional domain. Literature data demonstrate a protective role of LOXIN in pathologies correlated with LOX-1 overexpression such as atherosclerosis and tumors. In this review, we summarize recent developments in understanding of OLR1 AS while also highlighting data warranting further investigation of this process as a novel therapeutic target.