bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composition of LDL particle discriminates between hypercholesterolaemic persons with and without symptoms of coronary heart disease
Authors: Van Jaarsveld Henretha , Pool Gertruida F , Bester Catharina J
Published: April 2004

Background: It is well known that high total and LDL cholesterol concentrations are not prerequisites for ischemic heart disease. This study aimed to differentiate between patients with coronary heart symptoms and healthy subjects with high cholesterol concentrations, using other potential risk factors such as oxidation state, body iron status and the oxidative state of the LDL particle.

Methods: Healthy persons were divided in low cholesterol (<6 mmol/L) (LC) and high cholesterol (≥6 mmol/L) (HC) groups. An additional group consisted of patients with symptoms of coronary heart disease (P). The lipid profile, body iron status, plasma antioxidants and LDL oxidation status were measured.

Results: No significant differences could be observed between the LC and HC groups or between the lipid profiles, plasma antioxidants and parameters of body iron status of the HC and patient groups. Some parameters measured on isolated LDL differed between the HC and patient groups, such as LDL oxidative potential (134.47 vs 93.70 min) and LDL μ-tocopherol (21.83 vs 11.73 μmol/mmol cholesterol).

Conclusion: The oxidative state of the LDL particle discriminated between patients with symptoms of coronary heart disease and hypercholesterolaemic persons without symptoms of coronary heart disease.
Longitudinal changes of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins throughout normal pregnancy
Authors: Monaghan John M , Godber Ian M , Lawson Nigel , Kaur Malveen , Wark Gwen , Teale Derrick , Hosking David J
Published: April 2004

Background: Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are anabolic proteins that are essential regulators of cell division, differentiation and growth. We describe the longitudinal changes in IGF-I, IGF-II and the binding proteins IGFBP-1, -2 and -3 before and during normal pregnancy.

Method: Serum samples were taken before conception and then at 12, 24 and 36 weeks of gestation in 41 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies. We measured IGF-I using an automated chemiluminescent method, IGF-II and IGFBP-2 using in-house radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RIA kits, respectively. Because of the potential haemodilution effects during pregnancy, albumin was also measured in all samples.

Results: There was a significant fall in IGF-I during the first (36%) and second trimesters (21%) followed by an increase of 25% at 36 weeks. During pregnancy, the mean IGF-II concentrations fell by 12% at 12 weeks, 8% at 24 and 8% at 36 weeks compared with pre-conception values. When IGF-II results were adjusted for the haemodilution of pregnancy, its concentrations increased. During pregnancy, there was a rapid increase in mean IGFBP-1 levels by 17-fold (12 weeks), 24-fold (24 weeks) and 25-fold (36 weeks). IGFBP-2 concentrations fell after conception but started to increase towards term. This increase was more significant when adjusted for haemodilution. In contrast, IGFBP-3 concentrations increased significantly throughout pregnancy.

Conclusion: Our data on the physiological changes of IGFs and their binding proteins add further evidence of the vital roles of these hormones throughout normal pregnancy.
Can the addition of interpretative comments to laboratory reports influence outcome? An example involving patients taking thyroxine
Authors: Kilpatrick ES
Published: April 2004

Introduction: There is little evidence that the addition of interpretative comments to biochemistry reports can influence outcome for patients. Interpretative comments on thyroid function test (TFT) requests were introduced in Hull in August 1999, providing the opportunity to determine whether feedback on hypothyroid patients taking thyroxine could lead to a reduction in the proportion whose thyroxine was inadequately replaced.

Patients and methods: The study comprised 15 584 TFT requests, made from 1 August 1999 to 30 August 2002 by general practitioners (GPs), for 8281 patients taking thyroxine. Under-replacement of thyroxine, defined as a TSH concentration above the upper reference limit (i.e. 4.7 mU/L), was usually commented on in the biochemical report.

Results: In the first, second and third years following introduction of interpretative comments, the proportions of samples with a TSH concentration of >4.7 mU/L were 21.3%, 17.6% and 16.6%, respectively (x2trend = 43.1, P <0.0001). The proportion with a TSH concentration of <0.1 mU/L showed a more modest change, from 12.5% in year 1 to 14.0% and 14.8% in years 2 and 3, respectively (x2trend = 22.3, P <0.0001).

Conclusion: This study shows that in the three years following the introduction of interpretative comments there was a 22% reduction in the number of GPs' samples indicating thyroxine under-replacement. It seems likely that these data provide evidence that comments can indeed influence the biochemical outcome of patients.
Dimercaptosuccinic acid loading test for assessing mercury burden in healthy individuals
Authors: Archbold GP , McGuckin Roisin M , Campbell NA
Published: April 2004

Background: Oral chelation tests have been used to try to define mercury toxicity in individuals with dental amalgams, who are suffering from a variety of non-specific symptoms.

Methods: Self-reported healthy individuals volunteered to undergo an oral chelation test using dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. Urinary mercury : creatinine ratios were measured pre-dose and 3 h post-dose.

Results: Urinary mercury : creatinine ratios were similar to levels previously reported in individuals with symptoms that could have been attributed to mercury toxicity. One volunteer suffered a serious reaction to DMSA.

Conclusion: The oral chelation test using DMSA may lead to misleading diagnostic advice regarding potential mercury toxicity and can be associated with serious side effects.
Pneumatic tube system induced haemolysis: assessing sample type susceptibility to haemolysis
Authors: Sodi Ravinder , Darn Simon M , Stott Anthony
Published: April 2004

Background: The pneumatic tube system (PTS) has been implicated in inducing haemolysis. It is not known whether certain sample types are more susceptible to haemolysis than others. We assessed the level of haemolysis in commonly used sample types in the clinical biochemistry department when transported through the PTS.

Method: Blood was collected in pairs for different sample types and sent to the laboratory via the pneumatic tube or delivered by a porter. Haemolysis indices were measured spectrophotometrically and compared for each pair of sample type.

Results: Our results suggest that plain serum samples are more susceptible to haemolysis than the other sample types when sent through our PTS ( P <0.0001). Compared with serum with gel samples, plain serum samples are more prone to haemolysis ( P <0.001). This suggests that gel may confer some protection against haemolysis.

Conclusion: Different hospitals will have varying system configurations and use different sample types. We recommend that each hospital investigate their own system to assess whether haemolysis is a recurring problem in any of the sample types transported.
Hyperhomocysteinaemia in a young woman presenting with stroke, associated with methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T homozygosity
Authors: Saldana Chaparro R , Barron JL
Published: April 2004

We present a case of ischaemic stroke in a 23-year-old woman, associated with homozygous methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)-C677T and hyperhomocysteinaemia. Her other risk factors for stroke were ostium secundum atrial septal defect and use of oral contraceptives. This case illustrates the need to include plasma homocysteine (Hcy) measurement in investigations following stroke. In the presence of hyperhomocysteinaemia, the MTHFR genotype should be determined. If the index case has the polymorphism, then all first-degree relatives should also be investigated by measurement of plasma Hcy and determination of MTHFR genotype.
Abrasives
Authors: Menard Jean‐Claude , Thibault Newman W.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Natural Abrasives2.1.Quartz2.2.Garnet2.3.Corundum and Emery2.4.Diamond3.Manufactured Abrasives3.1.Fused Aluminum Oxides3.1.1.Raw Materials3.1.2.Furnace Designs3.1.3.Fused Alumina Types3.2.Fused Zirconia ‐ Aluminas3.3.Sintered Aluminas3.4.Silicon Carbide3.5.Boron Carbide3.6.Diamond3.7.Cubic Boron Nitride4.Manufacture and Testing of Sized Grains5.Physical and Chemical Properties5.1.Hardness5.2.Grain Strength or Fracture Toughness5.3.Resistance to Attrition or Plastic Flow6.Loose‐Grain Applications7.Bonded Abrasive Products7.1.Vitrified Bonds7.2.Organic Bonds7.3.Metal Bonds8.Coated Abrasive Products8.1.Components8.2.Production8.3.Applications9.International Quality Specifications10.Safety
Acridine
Authors: Collin Gerd , Höke Hartmut
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Physical Properties

2.

Chemical Properties

3.

Production

4.

Uses

5.

Toxicology
Acylation and Alkylation
Authors: Röper Michael , Gehrer Eugen , Narbeshuber Thomas , Siegel Wolfgang
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.Catalysts1.1.1.Acidic Catalysts1.1.2.Basic Catalysts1.1.3.Organometallic Catalysts1.2.Alkylating and Acylating Agents1.3.Mechanism1.3.1.Alkylation1.3.2.Acylation2.Alkylation and Acylation of Aromatic Compounds2.1.Alkylation2.1.1.Alkylation of Benzene2.1.2.Cycloalkylation2.1.3.Alkylation of Substituted Benzenes2.1.4.Alkylation of Phenols2.1.5.Alkylation of Aromatic Amines2.1.6.Alkylation of Heteroaromatic Compounds and Related Substrates2.1.7.Miscellaneous Alkylation Reactions2.2.Acylation2.2.1.Acylation of Benzene and Benzene Derivatives2.2.2.Acylation of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds2.2.3.Acylation of Heteroaromatic Compounds2.2.4.Acylation of Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds2.2.5.Miscellaneous Acylation Reactions3.Acylation and Alkylation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons4.N‐Alkylation andN‐Acylation4.1.N‐Alkylation4.1.1.N‐Alkylation by Alcohols or Ethers4.1.2.N‐Alkylation by Alkyl Halides4.1.3.N‐Alkylation by Olefins4.1.4.N‐Alkylation by Carbonyl Compounds (Reductive Alkylation)4.2.N‐Acylation5.O‐Alkylation andO‐Acylation5.1.Synthesis of Esters5.2.Synthesis of Anhydrides5.3.Synthesis of Ethers6.CH‐Alkylation andCH‐Acylation of Nonaromatic Compounds7.Synthesis of Metal Alkyls
Allyl Compounds
Authors: Krähling Ludger , Krey Jürgen , Jakobson Gerald , Grolig Johann , Miksche Leopold
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Allyl Chloride1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production1.3.1.Chlorination of Propene1.3.2.Other Production Processes1.4.Handling, Environmental Protection, Storage, and Transportation1.5.Quality and Analysis1.6.Uses1.7.Economic Aspects2.Allyl Alcohol2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.3.1.Hydrolysis of Allyl Chloride2.3.2.Isomerization of Propene Oxide2.3.3.Hydrolysis of Allyl Acetate2.3.4.Hydrogenation of Acrolein2.4.Quality and Analysis2.5.Uses2.6.Methallyl Alcohol3.Allyl Esters3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.2.1.Oxidation of Olefins3.2.2.Esterification3.2.3.Transesterification3.2.4.Other Production Methods3.3.Uses3.3.1.Polymer Production3.3.2.Other Uses4.Allyl Ethers4.1.Properties and Uses4.2.Production5.Allylamines5.1.Properties and Uses5.2.Production6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Diazo Compounds and Diazo Reactions
Authors: Forstinger Klaus , Metz Hans Joachim
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Aliphatic Diazo Compounds3.Aromatic Diazo Compounds3.1.Diazonium Salts3.1.1.Properties3.1.2.Diazotization3.1.3.Other Methods of Preparation3.1.4.Uses3.2.Diazotates3.3.Diazosulfonates3.4.Triazenes3.5.Other Aromatic Diazo Compounds3.6.Analysis4.Diazo Reactions4.1.Chemical Transformation with Retention of the Diazo Group4.2.Reactions at the Diazo Group4.3.Dediazotization (Replacement of the Diazo Group)5.Environmental Protection6.Safety7.Toxicology
Disperse Systems and Dispersants
Authors: Heusch Rudolf , Reizlein Karl
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Terminology2.Production of Disperse Systems3.Stabilization of Disperse Systems3.1.Attraction Forces3.2.Repulsion Forces3.2.1.Electrostatic Interaction3.2.2.Steric Stabilization3.3.DLVO Theory4.Destruction of Disperse Systems4.1.Forces and Mechanisms4.2.Practical Methods5.Dispersants5.1.Dispersant Classes5.1.1.Ligninsulfonic Acids5.1.2.Formaldehyde Condensation Products5.1.3.Protein Condensation Products5.1.4.Polymers5.1.5.Surfactants5.1.6.Polyphosphates and Derivatives5.1.7.Other Dispersants5.2.Properties and Mode of Action5.3.Applications5.3.1.Conditioning of Dyes or Pigments5.3.2.Disperse Dyes and Dispersants for the Textile Industry5.3.3.Production of Polymer Dispersions5.3.4.Application of Polymer Dispersions5.3.5.Adhesive Dispersions5.3.6.Detergents5.3.7.Photographic Industry5.3.8.Agriculture5.3.9.Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industry5.3.10.Cleaning and Polishing Agents5.4.Testing
Dithiocarbamic Acid and Derivatives
Authors: Schubart Rüdiger
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Manufacture of Dithiocarbamate Salts4.Transformation Products4.1.Thiuram Sulfides4.1.1.Thiuram Disulfides4.1.2.Thiuram Monosulfides4.1.3.Thiuram Trisulfides and Tetrasulfides4.2.Thiocarbamoylsulfenamides4.3.Thiocarbamoyl Chlorides4.4.Dithiocarbamic Acid Esters4.5.Heterocyclic Compounds4.6.Other Derivatives4.6.1.Dithiolanylium Salts4.6.2.Alkylthioformimidic Chlorides4.6.3.Isothiocyanates, Isocyanates, and Thioureas4.7.Photolysis of Dithiocarbamates5.Uses5.1.Vulcanization Accelerators5.2.Pesticides5.3.Medical Applications5.4.Radioprotective Agents5.5.Imaging Technology5.6.Other Uses6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Electroluminescent Materials and Devices
Authors: Winstel Günter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physics of Light Emission in Semiconductors3.Manufacture of Crystal Layers for Luminescent Devices4.Practical Luminescent Diodes4.1.Diodes Producing Red, Yellow, and Green4.2.Blue Light Diodes4.3.Infrared Diodes4.4.Optoelectronic Couplers5.The Laser Diode as a Source of Coherent Light
Fats and Fatty Oils
Authors: Thomas Alfred
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Composition2.1.Glycerides2.2.Fatty Acids2.3.Phospholipids2.4.Waxes2.5.Sterols and Sterol Esters2.6.Terpenoids2.7.Other Minor Constituents3.Physical Properties3.1.Melting and Freezing Points3.2.Thermal Properties3.3.Density3.4.Viscosity3.5.Solubility and Miscibility3.6.Surface and Interfacial Tension3.7.Electrical Properties3.8.Optical Properties4.Chemical Properties4.1.Hydrolysis4.2.Interesterification4.3.Hydrogenation4.4.Isomerization4.5.Polymerization4.6.Autoxidation5.Manufacture and Processing5.1.Vegetable Oils and Fats5.1.1.Storage and Handling of Raw Materials5.1.2.Cleaning and Dehulling5.1.3.Expelling5.1.4.Extraction5.2.Land‐Animal Fats5.3.Marine Oils5.4.Synthetic Fats6.Refining6.1.Degumming6.2.Deacidification (Neutralization)6.3.Bleaching6.4.Deodorization7.Fractionation8.Hydrogenation9.Interesterification10.Environmental Aspects11.Standards and Quality Control11.1.Sampling11.2.Raw Materials11.3.Oils and Fats11.3.1.Physical Methods11.3.2.Chemical Methods12.Storage and Transportation13.Individual Vegetable Oils and Fats13.1.Fruit Pulp Fats13.1.1.Palm Oil13.1.2.Olive Oil13.1.3.Avocado Oil13.2.Seed‐Kernel Fats13.2.1.Lauric Acid Oils13.2.1.1.Coconut Oil13.2.1.2.Palm Kernel Oil13.2.1.3.Babassu Oil and Other Palm Seed Oils13.2.1.4.Other Sources of Lauric Acid Oils13.2.2.Palmitic ‐ Stearic Acid Oils13.2.2.1.Cocoa Butter13.2.2.2.Shea Butter, Borneo Tallow, and Related Fats (Vegetable Butters)13.2.3.Palmitic Acid Oils13.2.3.1.Cottonseed Oil13.2.3.2.Kapok and Related Oils13.2.3.3.Pumpkin Seed Oil13.2.3.4.Corn (Maize) Oil13.2.3.5.Cereal Oils13.2.4.Oleic ‐ Linoleic Acid Oils13.2.4.1.Sunflower Oil13.2.4.2.Sesame Oil13.2.4.3.Linseed Oil13.2.4.4.Perilla Oil13.2.4.5.Hempseed Oil13.2.4.6.Teaseed Oil13.2.4.7.Safflower and Niger Seed Oils13.2.4.8.Grape‐Seed Oil13.2.4.9.Poppyseed Oil13.2.5.Leguminous Oils13.2.5.1.Soybean Oil13.2.5.2.Peanut Oil13.2.5.3.Lupine Oil13.2.6.Cruciferous Oils13.2.6.1.Rapeseed Oil13.2.6.2.Mustard Seed Oil13.2.7.Conjugated Acid Oils13.2.7.1.Tung Oil and Related Oils13.2.7.2.Oiticica Oil and Related Oils13.2.8.Substituted Fatty Acid Oils13.2.8.1.Castor Oil13.2.8.2.Chaulmoogra, Hydnocarpus, and Gorli Oils13.2.8.3.Vernonia Oil14.Individual Animal Fats14.1.Land‐Animal Fats14.1.1.Lard14.1.2.Beef Tallow14.1.3.Mutton Tallow14.1.4.Horse, Goose, and Chicken Fat14.2.Marine Oils14.2.1.Whale Oil14.2.2.Fish Oil15.Economic Aspects16.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Ferroelectrics
Authors: Unruh Hans‐Günther
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Fundamental Concepts and History1.1.Fundamental Concepts1.2.Early Development1.3.Development of Lattice‐Dynamic Aspects2.Properties of Specific Families2.1.KH2PO4(KDP) Family2.2.Triglycine Sulfate (TGS) Family2.3.(NH4)2SO4(AS) Family2.4.Oxidic Ferroelectrics2.4.1.Barium Titanate2.4.2.Other Oxides of the Perovskite Type2.4.3.LiNbO3Family2.5.Ferroelectric Ceramics2.6.Ferroelectric Polymers and Liquid Crystals
Flame Retardants
Authors: Sutker Burton J.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Mechanism2.1.Dilution2.2.Generation of Noncombustible Gas2.3.Gas‐Phase, Free‐Radical Inhibition2.4.Solid‐Phase Char Formation3.Test Methods4.System Development4.1.Selection Criteria of Flame Retardants4.2.Formulation with Reactive Flame Retardants4.3.Formulation with Additive Flame Retardants4.4.Interactions between Flame Retardants and Other Formulation Ingredients4.5.Formulation to Reduce Smoke5.Flame Retardant Markets6.Toxicology7.Future Directions in FlameRetardants
Foams and Foam Control
Authors: Höfer Rainer , Jost Franz , Schwuger Milan J. , Scharf Rolf , Geke Jürgen , Kresse Josef , Lingmann Herbert , Veitenhansl Rudolf , Erwied Werner
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Theory of Foam and Foam Control2.1.Characteristic Properties of Foam2.2.Foam Formation2.2.1.Surface Activity of Adsorbed Surfactants2.2.2.Methods of Foam Generation2.3.Foam Stability2.3.1.Gibbs Film Elasticity and Marangoni Effect2.3.2.Rheological Aspects of Foam Stability2.3.3.Electrostatic Foam Stabilization2.3.4.Mechanism of Lamellar Rupture2.4.Foam Inhibition and Destruction2.4.1.Chemical Foam Inhibition and Destruction2.4.2.Mechanical Defoaming3.Antifoaming Agent Composition3.1.Carrier Oils3.2.Silicone Oils and Silicone Foam Inhibitors3.3.Hydrophobic Silica3.4.Hydrophobic Fat Derivatives and Waxes3.5.Water‐Insoluble Polymers3.6.Amphiphilic Components3.7.Emulsifiers3.8.Coupling Agents4.Mechanical Means of Combating Foam5.Foam Problems in Specific Applications5.1.Detergents5.2.Food and Beverage Industries5.2.1.Cleansing and Disinfecting5.2.1.1.Tank Cleansing Based on the Cleaning‐in‐Place (CIP) Method5.2.1.2.Cleansing of Returnable Bottles5.2.2.Food Processing5.2.2.1.Sugar5.2.2.2.Yeast5.2.2.3.Potatoes5.3.Metal Treatment5.3.1.Foam Problems Associated with Cooling Lubricants5.3.2.Foam in Alkaline Cleansing Solutions5.3.3.Foam Control in Neutral Cleansers5.4.Polymer Industry5.5.Paint and Coating Industry5.6.Construction Industry5.7.Adhesives Industry5.8.Textile Industry5.8.1.Pretreatment5.8.2.Dyeing5.8.3.Foam Application of Textile Auxiliaries5.9.Leather Industry5.10.Pulp and Paper Industry5.10.1.Pulping5.10.2.Pulping Liquor Disposal5.10.3.Air Content of Pulp Suspensions5.10.4.Conversion to Paper5.10.5.Paper Coating5.10.6.Waste Paper Deinking5.11.Phosphoric Acid Manufacture5.12.Wastewater Treatment6.Testing Methods7.Legal Aspects8.Economic Aspects
Foods, 2. Food Technology
Authors: Jelen Pavel
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.Food Manufacture and Preservation1.2.Food Spoilage by Microorganisms1.3.Chemical Deterioration of Food1.4.Water Content and Water Activity2.Food Preservation by Dehydration2.1.Concentration and Drying2.2.Food Concentration Technology2.3.General Aspects of the Food Drying Processes2.4.Food Drying Technology2.4.1.Convection Drying2.4.2.Contact, Vacuum, and Freeze Drying2.4.3.Radiant‐Heat Drying2.5.Instantization2.6.Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Foods2.7.Intermediate‐Moisture Foods3.Food Preservation at Low Temperature3.1.Refrigeration and Freezing3.2.General Aspects of the Food Freezing Process3.3.Food‐Freezing Technology3.3.1.Convective Processes3.3.2.Cryogenic Freezing3.3.3.Contact Processes3.3.4.Freezing System Capacities3.4.Effects of Freezing on Foods3.5.Frozen Storage and Thawing3.6.Freeze Concentration and Freeze Texturization4.Food Preservation by Heating4.1.Pasteurization and Sterilization4.2.Theory of Microbial Deactivation by Heating4.2.1.Heat Resistance of Microorganisms4.2.2.Process Calculations for Canned Foods4.3.Food Canning Technology4.3.1.Sanitary Can Architecture4.3.2.Conventional Retorting Equipment4.3.3.Hydrostatic Sterilizers4.3.4.Flame Sterilization4.3.5.Retortable Pouches4.3.6.Aseptic Canning4.4.Ultra‐High‐Temperature Aseptic Processing4.4.1.Theoretical Basis of UHT Processing4.4.2.Ultra‐High‐Temperature Sterilization4.4.3.Aseptic Packaging4.4.4.Quality of UHT‐Processed Foods4.5.Spoilage in Heat‐Sterilized Foods5.Food Preservation by Ionizing Radiation5.1.Radurization, Radappertization, and Radicidation5.2.Theoretical Aspects of Food Irradiation5.3.Food Irradiation Technology6.Other Food Preservation Methods6.1.Chemical Preservatives6.2.Modified Atmosphere Packaging7.Nutrient Retention in Processed Foods
Foods, 4. Food Packaging
Authors: Buchner Norbert , Weisser Horst , Vogelpohl Heinrich , Baner Albert L. , Brandsch Rainer , Piringer Otto
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Historical Aspects2.Definitions3.Economic Significance3.1.Functions and Effects3.2.Characteristic Data4.Objectives4.1.Miscellaneous Objectives4.2.Protective Function of Packaging4.2.1.Protecting Contents4.2.2.Protecting Humans and the Environment5.Properties of Packaging Materials5.1.General Mechanical Data5.2.Barrier Properties5.3.Thermal Properties5.4.Biological Properties5.5.Electrical Properties5.6.Chemical Properties5.7.Processing Properties6.Types of Packaging Materials6.1.Paper6.2.Cardboard6.3.Corrugated Cardboard6.4.Coated Paper and Cardboard6.5.Plastics for Packaging6.5.1.Cellophane (Regenerated Cellulose)6.5.2.Polyethylene6.5.3.Ethylene Ionomers6.5.4.Polypropylene6.5.5.Poly(Vinyl Chloride)6.5.6.Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers6.5.7.Thermoplastic Polyesters6.5.8.Polyamides6.5.9.Polycarbonates6.5.10.Barrier Polymers6.5.11.Foamed Plastics6.5.12.Polymer Composites6.5.13.Aluminum‐Polymer Laminates6.5.14.Metallized Polymers6.5.15.Polyester Films with Vacuum‐Deposited Silicon Dioxide6.6.Metal Cans6.7.Glass Bottles and Wide‐Neck Containers7.Packaging Machines7.1.Unit Operations in Packaging Machines7.1.1.Overwrapping Articles7.1.2.Welding and Heat Sealing of Packaging Materials7.1.3.Cold‐Sealing Packaging Materials7.1.4.Cutting Packaging Materials7.1.5.Web Tension in Packaging Materials7.1.6.Thermoforming of Polymers7.1.7.Processing Folded Boxes7.1.8.Closing and Sealing Boxes7.2.Product Dosage in Packaging Machines7.2.1.Gravimetric Dosage7.2.2.Volumetric Dosage7.3.Robots in Packaging7.4.Aseptic Packaging8.Interaction between Packaging and Food8.1.Physical Interactions8.1.1.Permeation8.1.2.Migration8.1.3.Prediction of Diffusion Coefficients8.1.4.Multilayer Structures8.1.5.Non‐Fickian Processes8.2.Chemical Interactions8.2.1.Production of Off‐Odors8.2.2.Other Reactions8.3.Measurement Methods and Migration Limits8.3.1.Measurement Methods8.3.2.Migration Limits8.4.Legal Aspects8.4.1.General Requirements8.4.2.European Community8.4.3.United States8.4.4.Japan9.Packaging and the Environment
Furs
Authors: Nungesser Thilo
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.Definitions1.2.Fur‐Bearing Animals1.3.Technological Data2.Nature and Production of Fur Pelts2.1.Morphology2.2.Flaying2.3.Preservation3.Fur Dressing3.1.Soaking3.2.Scouring3.3.Mechanical Treatment3.4.Pickling3.5.Tanning3.6.Oiling and Fatliquoring3.7.Degreasing in Organic Solvents4.Fur Finishing4.1.Bleaching4.2.Dyeing4.3.Fur Dyes4.4.Special Dyeing Processes5.Mechanical Operations6.Economic Aspects
Gallbladder and Liver Therapy
Authors: Csomós Géza , Leuschner Ulrich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Choleretics1.1.Natural Products1.2.Synthetic Products1.2.1.Benzyl Alcohol Derivatives1.2.2.Cinnamic Acid Derivatives1.2.3.Miscellaneous Synthetic Choleretics2.Dissolution of Gallstones2.1.Gallstone Pathophysiology2.2.Oral Dissolution of Gallbladder Stones with Bile Acids2.3.Direct Percutaneous ‐ Transhepatic Lysis (PTL) of Gallbladder Stones2.4.Oral Litholysis after Extracorporeal Shock‐Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)2.5.Direct Dissolution of Bile Duct Stones2.6.Critical Assessment of Chemical Stone Dissolution3.Liver Therapeutics3.1.Introduction3.2.Therapeutic Agents3.2.1.Inhibitors of Viral Nucleic Acid Synthesis3.2.2.Bile Salts used for Primary Biliary Liver Disease3.2.3.Natural Substances3.2.4.Miscellaneous Substances3.2.5.Antifibrinogenic Drugs
Gallium and Gallium Compounds
Authors: Greber Jörg Friedrich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Occurrence and Raw Materials

5.

Production

6.

Storage and Transportation

7.

Uses

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology and Industrial Medicine
Germanium and Germanium Compounds
Authors: Scoyer Jean , Guislain Hélian , Wolf H. Uwe
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Resources and Raw Materials5.Production5.1.Production of Germanium Concentrate5.1.1.Bleiberger Bergwerks Union5.1.2.Jersey Minière Zinc5.1.3.Musto Exploration5.1.4.Peñarroya5.1.5.Pertusola5.1.6.Other Primary Producers5.2.Production of Germanium from Germanium Concentrate5.3.Purification5.4.Transformation Processes6.Environmental Protection7.Quality Specifications8.Chemical Analysis9.Storage and Transportation10.Uses and Economic Aspects11.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds
Authors: Renner Hermann , Schlamp Günther , Hollmann Dieter , Lüschow Hans Martin , Tews Peter , Rothaut Josef , Dermann Klaus , Knödler Alfons , Hecht Christian , Schlott Martin , Drieselmann Ralf , Peter Catrin , Schiele Rainer
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.History1.1.Centers of Gold Production1.2.Production1.3.Development of Production Processes2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence3.1.Abundance3.2.Gold Deposits3.3.Gold Reserves and Resources4.Production4.1.Ore Treatment4.2.Cyanidation4.3.Recovery of Gold with Carbon4.3.1.Adsorption of Gold by Carbon4.3.2.Carbon‐in‐Pulp Process4.3.3.Carbon‐in‐Leach Process5.Gold Refining5.1.Chemical Refining5.2.Miller Process5.3.Wohlwill Electrolysis5.4.Solvent Extraction6.Recovery of Gold from Secondary Materials6.1.Recovery from Gold Alloys6.2.Recovery from Sweeps6.3.Recovery from Surface‐Coated Materials7.Gold Compounds7.1.Potassium Dicyanoaurate(I)7.2.Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid7.3.Sodium Disulfitoaurate(I)7.4.Miscellaneous Gold Compounds8.Gold Alloys8.1.Binary Alloys8.2.Ternary Alloys8.3.Higher Alloys8.4.Production and Processing9.Quality Specifications and Analysis9.1.Quality Specifications9.2.Sampling9.3.Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis9.4.Quantitative Analysis9.5.Purity Analysis9.5.1.Direct Analysis of Metallic Gold9.5.2.Purity of Gold Solution9.6.Trace Analysis10.Uses of Gold and Gold Alloys10.1.Coins, Medals, and Bars10.2.Jewelry10.3.Electronics and Electrical Engineering10.3.1.Electronics10.3.2.Electrical Engineering10.4.Solders10.5.Pen Nibs10.6.Chemical Technology10.7.Dental Materials10.8.Coatings10.8.1.Electroplating and Electroforming10.8.2.Bright Gold10.8.3.Other Gold Coatings10.9.Gold Leaf10.10.Catalysts11.Economic Aspects12.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Austin Severin , Glowacki Arndt
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.The HCl‐H2O System3.Production3.1.Methods of Preparation3.2.Industrial Production3.2.1.From Hydrogen and Chlorine3.2.2.Reaction of Metal Chlorides with Sulfuric Acid3.2.3.Recovery as a Chlorination Byproduct3.2.4.Recovery from Waste Incineration3.3.Purification4.Quality Specifications5.Storage and Transportation6.Uses and Economic Aspects7.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids, Aromatic
Authors: Ritzer Edwin , Sundermann Rudolf
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.General Properties3.Production4.Individual Aromatic Hydroxycarboxylic Acids4.1.Monohydroxycarboxylic Acids4.1.1.3‐Hydroxybenzoic Acid4.1.2.4‐Hydroxybenzoic Acid4.1.3.Cresotic Acids4.2.Dihydroxybenzoic Acids4.3.Trihydroxybenzoic Acids4.4.Mandelic Acid5.Toxicology
Immunotherapy and Vaccines
Authors: Cryz Stanley J. , Granstrom Marta , Gottstein Bruno , Perrin Luc , Cross Alan , Larrick James
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.Historical Aspects1.2.Principles and Definitions1.2.1.Antigens1.2.2.Antibodies1.2.3.Immune Response1.2.4.Active Immunization1.2.5.Passive Immunization1.2.6.Genetic Engineering2.Bacterial Vaccines2.1.Diphtheria Vaccine2.2.Tetanus Vaccine2.3.Pertussis Vaccine2.4.Typhoid Fever Vaccine2.5.Streptococcus pneumoniaeVaccine2.6.Shigella Vaccines2.7.CholeraVaccine2.8.Vaccines Against Nosocomial Pathogenes2.9.Meningococcal Meningitis Vaccine2.10.Tuberculosis Vaccine2.11.Escherichia coliVaccines2.12.Neisseria gonorrhoeaeVaccine2.13.Hemophilus influenzaeType b Vaccines3.Viral vaccines3.1.Measles Vaccine3.2.Mumps Vaccine3.3.Rubella Vaccine3.4.Combined Measles ‐ Mumps ‐ RubellaVaccine3.5.Polio vaccine3.6.Hepatitis b Vaccine3.7.Rabies Vaccine3.8.Influenza Vaccine3.9.Varicella Vaccine3.10.Yellow Fever Vaccine3.11.Tick‐Borne Encephalitis Vaccine3.12.Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine3.13.Smallpox Vaccine3.14.Rift Valley Fever Vaccine4.Vaccines against Parasites4.1.Vaccines against Helminths4.1.1.Vaccines against Schistosoma4.1.2.Vaccines against Nematodes4.1.2.1.Gastrointestinal Nematodes4.1.2.2.Tissue‐Invading Nematodes (Filariidae)4.1.3.Vaccines against Cestodes4.2.Malaria Vaccine4.2.1.Strategy for Malaria Vaccine Development4.2.2.Sporozoite Vaccines4.2.3.Asexual Blood Stage Vaccine4.2.3.1.Merozoite Surface Antigens4.2.3.2.Rhoptry antigens4.2.3.3.Antigens Associated with the Membrane of Infected Erythrocytes4.2.3.4.Other Proteins and Synthetic Peptides4.2.4.Sexual Stages‐Transmission Blocking Immunity5.Immunotherapy5.1.Gamma Globulin Preparations5.1.1.Standard Immune Serum Globulin5.1.2.Immunoglobulin for Intravenous Use5.1.3.Hyperimmune Globulins and Antitoxins5.1.4.Production Requirements5.2.Prophylaxis with Immune Serum Globulin5.3.Prophylaxis with Hyperimmune Globulins5.4.Therapy with Immune Serum Globulin5.5.Prophylaxis and Therapy with Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)5.5.1.Viral Infection5.5.2.Bacterial Infection5.5.3.Noninfectious Diseases5.5.3.1.Therapeutic Effect of IVIG5.5.3.2.Mechanism of Action5.6.Prophylaxis and Therapy with Plasma and Other Blood Products5.7.Adverse Effects of Gamma Globulin Preparations5.8.Future Prospects6.Immunotherapeutic Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies6.1.Introduction6.2.Bacterial Targets6.3.Viral and Chlamydial targets6.4.Parasite Targets
Iodine and Iodine Compounds
Authors: Lyday Phyllis A.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Occurrence5.Production6.Quality Specifications, Transportation, and Storage7.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Inorganic Iodine Compounds10.Organic Iodine Compounds11.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Iron Compounds
Authors: Wildermuth Egon , Stark Hans , Friedrich Gabriele , Ebenhöch Franz Ludwig , Kühborth Brigitte , Silver Jack , Rituper Rafael
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Iron Sulfates1.1.Iron(II) Sulfate1.2.Iron(III) Sulfate2.Iron Chlorides2.1.Iron(III) Chloride2.2.Iron(II) Chloride3.Iron Pentacarbonyl3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.4.Safety, Storage, and Transportation3.5.Uses3.6.Economic Aspects3.7.Toxicology and OccupationalHealth4.Iron Compounds, Miscellaneous5.Iron Compounds for the Treatment of Anemia6.Regeneration of Iron‐Containing PicklingBaths6.1.Sulfuric Acid Pickling Solutions6.1.1.Crystallization6.1.2.Electrolysis6.2.Hydrochloric Acid Pickling Solutions6.3.Nitric and Hydrofluoric Acid Pickling Solutions
Indirect aggression in the media: A content analysis of british television programs
Authors: Coyne Sarah M. , Archer John
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this study is to determine how much indirect aggression occurs in television programs popular among British adolescents. Previous research has mainly focused on violence in the media rather than examining this more manipulative and subtle type of aggression. A content analysis of 228 hours of television programming revealed that indirect aggression was portrayed in 92.04% of all episodes analyzed. It was portrayed more frequently than physical and verbal aggression. Females were more likely to be shown as indirect aggressors than were males, while males were more likely to be portrayed as physical aggressors. Attractive aggressors were more likely to use indirect than other types of aggression. Indirect aggression was often found to be justified, realistic, and rewarded. We conclude that programs that are not considered violent may still contain a large amount of other types of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 30:254–271, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Chain‐Structure Nanotube: Growth and Characterization of Single‐Crystal Sb2S3 Nanotubes via a Chemical Vapor Transport Reaction
Authors: Yang J. , Liu Y.‐C. , Lin H.‐M. , Chen C.‐C.
Published: April 2004

Single‐crystal Sb2S3 nanotubes with chain‐like structures (see Figure) have been successfully synthesized by chemical vapor transport using sulfur as the transport agent. Detailed characterization of the nanotubes shows the growth direction of Sb2S3 nanotubes is determined by the crystallographic orientation of the chain‐like building blocks. A mechanism explaining the formation of the nanotubes is presented.
Anhydrous Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Method for the Controlled Silanization of Inorganic Nanoparticles
Authors: Loste E. , Fraile J. , Fanovich M. A. , Woerlee G. F. , Domingo C.
Published: April 2004

Self‐assembled monolayer coating of silane molecules on the surface of nanometric particles of hydroxyapatite and TiO2 has been performed using a supercritical (SC) fluid method. The performance of the SC method is compared to that of a conventional (CV) aqueous alcohol method (see Figure). SC anhydrous silanization can be used as an effective method of achieving a desired degree of surface coverage while avoiding particle agglomeration.
Enhancing Solid‐State Emission from Conjugated Polymers via Self‐Forming Host–Guest Systems
Authors: Vamvounis G. , Holdcroft S.
Published: April 2004

A novel host–guest system leading to enhanced luminescence (see Figure) is investigated using a self‐forming, solid‐state solution of a conjugated polymer. Poly(fluorene‐alt‐thiophene)s are synthesized with varying ratios of 2,5‐ and 3,4‐thiophene linkages. Small quantities of 2,5‐linkages give rise to systems in which a matrix of 3,4‐thiophene‐linked conjugated polymer transfers electronic excitation energy to isolated, emitting 2,5‐thiophene‐linked conjugated segments.
Synthesis of N‐Alkoxy Amines via Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
Authors: Kirner Hans‐J. , Schwarzenbach Franz , van der Schaaf Paul A. , Hafner Andreas , Rast Valérie , Frey Markus , Nesvadba Peter , Rist Guenther
Published: April 2004

Sterically hindered N‐alkoxy amines 3 are synthesized in good yields by coupling nitroxides 2 with hydrocarbyl radicals generated in situ by t‐BuOOH hydrogen abstraction from hydrocarbons. The reaction is catalyzed by copper halides as well as by onium iodides.
Vigabatrin, the GABA‐transaminase inhibitor, damages cone photoreceptors in rats
Authors: Duboc Agnès , Hanoteau Nöelle , Simonutti Manuel , Rudolf Gabrielle , Nehlig Astrid , Sahel Jose A. , Picaud Serge
Published: April 2004

Epileptic patients experienced an irreversible loss of their peripheral visual field upon treatment with vigabatrin (gamma‐vinyl GABA), an inhibitor of the GABA degrading enzyme, GABA transaminase. Subsequently, central visual function was reported to also be irreversibly altered. This visual loss is associated with a decrease in the electroretinogram measurement localizing the deficit to the retina. To investigate its cellular origin, we treated rats daily with vigabatrin for 45 days. Two days after arresting this treatment, rats exhibited an irreversible decrease in the photopic electroretinogram, the flicker response, and the oscillatory potentials. These functional alterations were associated with a peripheral disorganization of the outer retina. However, photoreceptor damage was not limited to these disorganized areas, but cone inner and outer segments were severely injured in more central areas and their numbers were irreversibly decreased by 17 to 20%. Ultrastructural examination of the retina confirmed the presence of major photoreceptor damages, which were further supported by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase‐3 activation both indicative of photoreceptor apoptosis. This study suggests that the visual field loss in vigabatrin‐treated epileptic patients may result from a sequence of events starting from cone cell injury to a more severe disorganization of the photoreceptor layer.
Elektrochemie/Massenspektrometrie (EC/MS) – eine Technik für Metabolismusstudien und die Untersuchung von Reaktionsmechanismen
Authors: Karst Uwe
Published: April 2004

Kombiniere: Die Kopplung von Elektrochemie und Massenspektrometrie (EC/MS) eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für die Analytik – nicht nur in der Biochemie bei der Untersuchung von Naturstoffen und Metabolismen, sondern auch beim Screening kombinatorischer Bibliotheken und bei der Charakterisierung von Übergangsmetallverbindungen. Funktionsweise, Anwendungsbreite und Perspektiven der wichtigsten aktuellen EC/MS‐Methoden sind das Thema dieses Highlights.
Synthesis and characterization of aspartate polymer complexes
Authors: El‐Mossalamy E. H.
Published: April 2004

Oligomeric polyester, namely poly(tetramethylene asparate) (PTMA), was synthesized From D,L‐aspartic acid and 1,4‐butanediol by a melt codensation technique. Polyester–metal complexes were synthesized by the reaction of PTMA with hydrated acetates of Fe(III), Pd(IV), and UO2(II) in DMSO. The polyester–metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, UV–Vis, IR spectral studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements and 1H‐NMR. Mossbauer spectra of mixed samples of Pd‐PTMA and Fe(II)‐PTMA with a ratio of 1 : 2 mol showed the iron(III) oxide formed in early stages of the decomposition at 250°C is mainly fine‐grained and as the temperature is increased, well‐crystalline hematic is formed. Above 250°C, the Mossbauer spectrum showed the typical six‐line pattern of magnetically oriented Fe(III) oxide, but at 800°C, the spectrum showed quadrupole interaction characteristic of PdFe2O4 spinel. The metal ions were found to be six—coordinated with two water molecules as additional ligands besides oxygen and nitrogen atoms of polyester repeating units. Thermogravimetric analysis (DTA‐TG) showed that co‐ordination polymers are thermally more stable than polyester; the activation parameters for both decomposition steps were calculated and discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 942–947, 2004
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of novel poly(ether urea)s
Authors: Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram , Sarrafi Yaghoub , Pirjel Mehdi Amiri
Published: April 2004

Two diamines, 2,6‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)pyridine and 2,6‐bis(5‐amino‐1‐naphenoxy)pyridine, were prepared through the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of 4‐aminophenol and 5‐amino‐1‐naphthol, respectively, with 2,6‐dichloropyridine. Poly(ether urea)s were synthesized through the polyaddition reactions of these diamines with aromatic, semiaromatic, and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates. All the monomers and polymers were fully characterized, and physical properties of the polymers, including the thermal behavior, thermal stability, solubility, and solution viscosity, were studied. The polyureas showed improved thermal stability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 961–965, 2004
Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) gelation in the brabender measuring mixer. I. Equilibrium state between sliding, breaking, and gelation of PVC
Authors: Tomaszewska Jolanta , Sterzyński Tomasz , Piszczek Kazimierz
Published: April 2004

This article discusses the first part of the Brabender typical torque process curves. Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC; Polanwil S‐61) was processed at various temperatures between 160 and 200°C with blade speeds in the range of 5–40 min−1. The morphological changes of the processed compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, and the degree of gelation was estimated on the basis of DSC thermograms. The values of torque minimum strongly depends on temperature. Shear rate affects mainly the time of reaching the minimum torque. The grains are disintegrated into the nonuniform particles and aggregates of the dimensions between 20 and 4 μm. The significant variation of the gelation degree was found for the sample produced in the same conditions and unloaded from Brabender chamber at minimum of torque. It was found that the value of the minimum of torque described momentary equilibrium state between sliding of breaking grains and increasing degree of PVC gelation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 966–971, 2004
Theoretical aspects of fiber spinning
Authors: Vrentas J. S. , Vrentas C. M.
Published: April 2004

A new coordinate expansion based on a Taylor series is used to derive the one‐dimensional approximation to unsteady isothermal jet flows. The expansion procedure is carried out for an isothermal, Newtonian jet with no surface tension and air drag, and it can be used to derive a higher order approximation to the flow field. Two new formulations have been derived for the eigenvalue problem for fiber spinning stability for negligible inertia and gravity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 986–993, 2004
Are standardized EMSs useful in local authorities? A study of how a tool from the private sector is used in the public sector
Authors: Norén Hanna , Malmborg Fredrik von
Published: April 2004

Following the trend in the private sector, standardized environmental management systems (EMSs) have been introduced in several local authorities around the world. When the tool is transferred from the private sector to the public, one can ask how useful the tool is in the new environment, since the private and the public sectors are two different types of social sphere, with different institutional logics. Taking a closer look at the situation in Sweden, this paper aims to investigate the applicability of standardized EMSs in local authorities and the public sector in general. Based on qualitative interviews with public officers in two municipalities in Sweden, it is argued that EMSs are useful in municipalities. However, the study also reveals that an EMS seems to be more suitable for technical service administrations and municipally owned companies than social service administrations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Multi‐Step Application of Immobilized Reagents and Scavengers: A Total Synthesis of Epothilone C
Authors: Storer R. Ian , Takemoto Toshiyasu , Jackson Philip S. , Brown Dearg S. , Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V.
Published: April 2004

The total synthesis of the cytotoxic antitumour natural product epothilone C has provided a stage for the exploitation and further development of immobilized reagent methods. A stereoselective convergent synthetic strategy was applied, incorporating polymer‐supported reagents, catalysts, scavengers and catch‐and‐release techniques to avoid frequent aqueous work‐up and chromatographic purification.
Transient scattering of plane waves from an inclusion with a unilateral frictional contact interface—a 2D time domain boundary element analysis
Authors: Feng Yang‐De , Wang Yue‐Sheng , Zhang Zi‐Mao
Published: April 2004

This paper is the continuity of our previous work (Commun Numer Meth Engng 2003; 19: 25–36) which applies the 2D time domain boundary element method (BEM) to solve the transient scattering of SH waves by an inclusion with a unilateral frictional contact interface. The case of the plane wave (P and/or SV wave) incidence is studied. Localized slip and separation at the interface caused by strong incident waves are considered. Therefore the interface involves three different kinds of unknown intervals: slip, separation and stick regions. In order to determine the unknown intervals, an iterative technique is developed. As an example, we compute the scattering of P waves by a cylinder of circular cross‐section embedded in an infinite solid. Numerical results for the near field solutions are presented. The distortion of the response waves and the variation of the interface states are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special wave basis finite elements for very short wave refraction and scattering problems
Authors: Bettess Peter
Published: April 2004

Finite elements for very short wave scattering problems have recently been developed by various authors. These have almost exclusively dealt with the Helmholtz equation. The elements have been very successful, in terms of drastic reductions of the number of degrees of freedom in the numerical model. However, most of these elements are not directly applicable to problems in which the wave speed is not constant, but varies with position. Many wave problems fall into this latter category. The present paper demonstrates how concepts used in ray tracing approaches, for problems with varying wave speed, such as wave refraction in coastal areas, can be borrowed and applied to the new types of elements. The paper gives no numerical results, but outlines how the method can be extended, in a relatively simple manner, to solve a much larger class of wave problems, of great interest. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the calculation of normals in free‐surface flow problems
Authors: Walkley M. A. , Gaskell P. H. , Jimack P. K. , Kelmanson M. A. , Summers J. L. , Wilson M. C. T.
Published: April 2004

The use of boundary‐conforming finite element methods is considered for the solution of surface‐tension‐dominated free‐surface flow problems in three dimensions. This class of method is based upon the use of a moving mesh whose velocity is driven by the motion of the free surface, which is in turn determined via a kinematic boundary condition for the normal velocity. The significance of the method used to compute the normal direction at the finite element node points for a C0 piecewise‐polynomial free surface is investigated. In particular, it is demonstrated that the concept of mass‐consistent normals on an isoparametric quadratic tetrahedral mesh is flawed. In this case an alternative, purely geometric, normal is shown to lead to a far more robust numerical algorithm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.