bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change in Residual Stress of TiN Coating Material during Heat Treatment in an Air Atmosphere
Authors: Matsue Tatsuya , Nishida Masayuki , Hanabusa Takao
Published: June 2015

TiN films are widely used as strengthening coatings for cutting tools. In a previous study, the crystal structure of TiN films deposited by arc ion plating was found to be strongly influenced by the bias voltage during deposition. The TiN films deposited under a high bias voltage were found to have a high compressive residual stress of-9.5 GPa. The residual stresses of the TiN films relaxed to thermal stress levels upon annealing. In the present study, the authors investigate the relaxation of the residual stress during heat treatment in atmosphere for TiN films with different initial residual stress values. The surface layer of the TiN films is oxidized by heat treatment in an air atmosphere. However, the crystalline state of the TiN films is hardly affected. So far, the residual stress of the TiN film hardly changes in a temperature state lower than the heating temperature when it is relaxed by heat treatment.
Effect of Specimen Thickness on Fatigue Limit in Carbon Composites
Authors: Makabe Chobin , Nakayama Takuya , Fujikawa Masaki , Arakawa Kazuo , Chen Ding Ding
Published: June 2015

The fracture behavior and fatigue limit in notched specimens of C/C composites were investigated. Also, the effect of specimen thickness on fatigue limit was discussed. Two plates of different thicknesses of plates of C/C composites using fine-woven carbon fiber laminates with α=0°/90° direction were used for testing. α is the angle between the carbon fiber direction and specimen axis. The crack growth behavior and failure mechanism of specimens are derived from the shear damage in the fiber bundle and matrix. Slits of several sizes were cut on both sides of a test section and different geometries of the specimens were prepared. Specimens with slits and blunt-notches were used to compare the fatigue strength. The fatigue limit is related to the method of making the plate of carbon composites. Large sizes of voids are observed in the case of specimens of thinner thickness. The fatigue limit was related to the void fraction, and thinner specimens showed a lower fatigue limit.
Development of Forming Method for Aluminum Alloy Channel with Curvature and Modified Cross-Section Shape in Rotary Draw Bending
Authors: Ito Kosuke , Utsumi Noah , Yoshida Masashi
Published: June 2015

In the manufacturing industry, metal cross-sections and profiles are manufactured by using extrusion as the primary process. Subsequently, the products are generally subjected to bending in a secondary process. However, long products with the same cross-sections are typically mass-produced by one extrusion. In industries that manufacture such products, there have been increasing demands for flexible manufacturing systems that can be used for low-volume diverse products. However, it is difficult to adapt traditional manufacturing systems to this requirement. In this study, we aimed to develop a new bending method that can be used to deform the cross-sections of existing versatile extruded sections, such as channel materials and rectangular tubes, to several types of cross-sectional shapes and to simultaneously impose a desired curvature on them. The rotary draw bending process for an aluminum alloy channel material without tensile flanges was investigated by using the finite element method and experiments. The effects of the bend angle and thickness ratio on the cross-sectional deformation were examined. Furthermore, the influence of additional axial tension on the channel materials was studied. Additional axial tension can be used to control the outward and inward deformations of the webs. In addition, it was confirmed that the axial tension is very effective in preventing wrinkling and folding.
High Cycle Fatigue Characteristics of Aluminum Alloy by Shot Peening
Authors: Oh Kwang Keun , Kim Yeon Wook , Kim Jae Hoon
Published: June 2015

An aluminum alloy is used in airplanes and aerospace to reduce the weight of structures. Recently, researchers have studied how to intensify the strength of aluminum alloys. Shot peening is one of method to reinforce strength by hitting the surface of materials to make residual stress. In this study, high cycle fatigue characteristics of aluminum alloy Al 7075-T6 and Al 2024-T4 were analyzed. Fatigue characteristics of before and after the shot peened materials were tested by cantilever-rotary bending fatigue test machine (YRB 200, Yamamoto). Also, fractographic analysis was performed by a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the fatigue life of both shot peened materials increased more than others.
Dominant Variables for Hardening of Axle Shaft through High Frequency Induction Heating
Authors: Park Min Hyeok , Choi Jin Kyu , Nam Kwang Sik , Lee Dong Uk , Lee Seok Soon
Published: June 2015

Induction heating is being actively studied, and High frequency induction heating (HFIH) is widely used for various industrial applications. The reason for highlighting induction heating is that it has many advantages compared with previously used heating methods. The performance of HFIH is governed by a number of variables, including the applied frequency and power, shape of the coil, and duration of the process. We assumed that two of these variables are dominant. The first variable is the shape of the coil. The second variable is the frequency related to the skin effect. We found the optimal hardening conditions by changing these variables. The HFIH process was simulated using FEM and compared with results from experiments. We believe that the results of this study will be helpful for users of HFIH in the near future.
A Review of Simple Methods for Arresting Crack Growth
Authors: Ferdous Md. Shafiul , Naka Kaito , Makabe Chobin , Miyazaki Tatsujiro
Published: June 2015

Most of the failure accidents of machine equipment are related to the fatigue crack initiation and growth. Therefore, some research was performed to inspect crack initiation and to repair the cracked materials. Those studies are important for the safe operation of machines and to extend the machine life. We have shown some simple methods for arresting crack growth. Those methods are introduced in the present paper. First, a method of drilling stop holes near the crack tip is shown. In this method, additional holes were drilled in the vicinity of the main stop hole. Second, the method for inserting pins into stop holes is shown. Third, a method of applying a crack arrester for stopping the growth of long cracks is shown.
Experimental Investigation on Image-Based Crack Recognition Characteristics
Authors: Cho Hyun Woo , Yoon Hyuk Jin , Park Jung Jun
Published: June 2015

The desire to ensure safety of the infrastructure such as bridge, dam, and tunnel while reducing maintenance time and costs in the civil engineering applications emerged. Image processing techniques may well represent a next step in the development of smart monitoring of crack. In this paper, a method to inspect the surface crack in a concrete structure using 2D image has been proposed. The standardized crack specimen which has different crack widths was manufactured and the crack images were taken at the object distance from 5 to 60 m with 5 m step. The characteristics of the several edge operators such as Sobel, Prewitt, Robert, Canny and LoG to recognize the crack were analyzed according to the object distance.
Eco-Friendly Glass Color Coating Process Using RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Kim Jeong Wan , Park Yeong Min , Kim Dae Wook , Tulugan Kelimu , Kim Tae Gyu
Published: June 2015

Color glasses are fabricated with Titanium target by RF magnetron sputtering. The physical properties of the Ti thin films are investigated according to preparation conditions, such as argon and oxygen gas flow ratio, RF power and Working pressure. The results indicate that it is possible to deposits various Ti thin film’s of different colors on glass substrate, such as yellow, orange, brown, purple. The thickness according to the color was analyzed using Veeco's Stylus profiler (model: dektak 6M).
Morphological, Electrical and Optical Properties of Al-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanorods
Authors: Kothawale R.R. , Mohite R.M.
Published: June 2015

We have studied the structural, electrical and optical properties of Al-doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanostructures deposited on glass substrate by chemical bath deposition method. Scanning electrom microscope images clearly reveal that AZO nanorods were successfully grown. The XRD analysis indicates that polycrystalline nature of ZnO nanorods. The calculated grain size is about 84 nm. Electrical resistivity measurement study showes the minimum d.c. resistivity of 3.216×10-4 Ω.cm was obtained for the AZO films sintered at 300°C. It gives AZO can be adopted as a transparant conductive oxide (TCO) material. Optical transmission spectra showes that more than 80% transmission and 3.47 eV optical band gap of harvested AZO films. It is a potential candidate for ligth emitting diodes (LEDs), photonic crystals, TCO and photovoltaic application.
Surface Plasmon Properties of Silver Nanostructures Fabricated Using Extremely Non-Equilibrium, Hot and Dense Plasma
Authors: Srivastava Mahesh Prasad , Naorem Bilasini Devi
Published: June 2015

We present fabrication of silver nanostructures on glass substrates using highly energetic and high fluence material ions generated by one shot of hot, dense and extremely non-equilibrium plasma such as found in modified dense plasma focus (DPF) device. The substrates were first placed at 4.0 cm and 6.0 cm from the top of anode. Nanodots and nanocapsules are observed in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of silver ions deposited with DPF shot on glass. The interparticle distance is found to decrease whereas mean size of nanodots is found to increase slightly when the distance of glass substrate is increased from 4.0 cm to 6.0 cm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the fabricated nanostructures has peaks at 2θ equals 37.90o, 44.24o and 64.20o which correspond to (111), (200) and (220) planes of silver having face-centered cubic structure. The nanostructures obtained on glass placed at 4.0 cm show surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 420 nm whereas nanostructures obtained on glass placed at 6.0 cm has a SPR peak at 428 nm. Redshift of the SPR peak is attributed to increased interaction as a result of decrease in interparticle distance of the nanostructures as well as increase in mean size of nanodots.
Effect of Water Absorption and Resin Particle on Interfacial Shear Strength of CF/MAPP
Authors: Hara Tomoaki , Katogi Hideaki , Takemura Kenichi
Published: June 2015

In this study, effects of water absorption and adding resin particles around fiber on interfacial shear strength of carbon fiber (CF)/maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) were investigated. In water absorption test, CF/MAPP specimen was immersed in distilled water at room temperature for four weeks. Micro debonding test of water absorbed CF/MAPP was conducted. Micro debonding test of Resin particle added Carbon Fiber (RCF)/MAPP was also conducted. The resin particle size was less than 5μm. Fracture surface of RCF/MAPP was observed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). As a result, following conclusions are obtained. In case of water absorbed CF/MAPP, the interfacial shear strength decreased 34% compared with that of virgin. The reason is thought that the interface between fiber/matrix was weakened by absorbing water. In case of resin particle, interfacial shear strength of RCF/MAPP increased 34% compared with that of CF/MAPP. From fracture morphology of RCF/MAPP, resin particles on CF surface were found. Therefore, interfacial shear strength of CF/MAPP was increased by the friction on the surface of carbon fibers.
Ethanol Vapour Sensing Property of Nitrogen Doped ZnO Fabricated by Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Patil Arun V. , Handge S.B. , Dighavkar C.G. , Shelar R.N. , Patil D.R.
Published: June 2015

In this paper, gas sensing property of a nitrogen doped ZnO was studied. nanofilms of pure and nitrogen-doped ZnO (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 normality) were prepared on glass substrate by spray pyrolysis technique. These films were fired at 450°C for two hours in air atmosphere. nanobehavior of the films was confirmed by XRD and SEM analysis. Gas sensing behavior of the films was tested in static gas sensing system. Films were exposed to different gases as LPG.NH3, NO2, Ethanol vapour and CO2 at different ppm concentrations and different operating temperatures. Pure ZnO films showed poor sensing behavior. At 150°C, films of N-doped ZnO (0.3 normality) showed good sensing for Ethanol vapours. The gas sensitivity was determined as 86.8% for 200 ppm of Ethanol vapours. When compared with pure ZnO, the nitrogen doped ZnO films possessed more oxygen deficient species. Due to this crystal defects arising from nitrogen doping, the improvement in gas sensing property of ZnO may be argued. Keywords: Spray pyrolysis; ZnO; N; XRD; SEM; LPG
Effect of Environment on Sn Whisker Growth during Welding of Electronic Wires
Authors: Sakakida Tomomi , Kubouchi Tatsuo , Miyano Yasuyuki , Takahashi Mamoru , Kamiya Osamu
Published: June 2015

In Pb-free Al-Sn welding of electrolytic parts, single-crystal Sn whiskers easily form and can cause problems such as short circuits. Here we report that the growth of Sn whiskers in the weld zone of Al electrolytic condenser leads was suppressed in a vacuum environment. We examined the effect of the environment and weld metal microstructure in order to understand how to control and prevent whisker growth. In vacuum, the weld zone did not form whiskers after more than 100 h, whereas in air, whiskers grew within several hours. This suggests that whiskers require oxygen to form. The growth can be explained by the energy balance between the potential energy of the weld metal and the surface energy of the whisker. Our results will contribute to developing techniques for suppressing the formation of Sn whiskers during the percussion welding of Al electrolytic capacitor leads.
Effects of Heat Annealing on the Gas Sensing Properties of Spin Coated Unsubstituted Copper Phthalocyanine Films
Authors: Datir Ashok , Koinkar Pankaj , Chakane Sanjay
Published: June 2015

Unsubstituted copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin films on glass substrate were prepared using spin coating technique. The effects of heat annealing of CuPc films on the NO2 gas sensing properties were studied. The results showed that the films annealed at 150°C have highest sensitivity, highest response rate and lower response time. Sensitivity and response rate were decreased and response time was increased after annealing with temperature 200°C and above. The duration over which the films were annealed changes the gas sensing properties. Highest sensitivity, highest response rate, lower response time and highest recovery rate were observed for 2 hour (150°C) annealed films. Longer annealing time causes the decrease of sensitivity, response rate and recovery rate and increase of response time however improves recovery ratio. The heat treatment limited to the temperature of 150°C for 2 hours duration improves the sensing properties of the films. Hence heat annealed unsubstituted CuPc spin coated films can be used as nitrogen dioxide gas sensor.
Effect of Nitrogen Addition on Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Diamond Films on Tungsten Carbide Substrate by Flame Combustion Method Using High-Purity Acetylene
Authors: Takahashi Mamoru , Kamiya O.
Published: June 2015

A flame combustion method enables the synthesis of diamond using acetylene-oxygen in ambient atmosphere. It has various advantages over other methods, such as in terms of speed, safety and cost. Tungsten carbide (WC) is used as cutting tools in the machining industry. In this study, to obtain nanocrystalline diamond films and to achieve good adhesion on the WC substrate, diamond films were synthesized by flame combustion using a mixture of high-purity acetylene and oxygen gas with the addition of nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas added as the nanocrystalline diamond promotion agent; nitrogen flow rate was varied. The results indicated that, at the mixture of high-purity acetylene and oxygen gas, the diamond nanocrystallites was not synthesized on the diamond microcrystallites at nitrogen flow rate 0.000 cm3/s. As nitrogen flow rate was increased, the diamond nanocrystallites was synthesized on the microcrystallites. The diamond nanocrystallites was synthesized with high density all over the diamond microcrystallites.
Effect of Aging Method on Adsorption and Elution of Phosphate in Mg/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide
Authors: Ogawa Yuki , Kurashina Masashi , Kanezaki Eiji , Yamamoto Takashi
Published: June 2015

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is a compound and has exchangeable anion intercalated in its interlayer. LDH has been investigated to apply its interlayer anion as a useful material. We have been focused on interlayer phosphate. Phosphorus is an essential element for crop plants and an exhaustive resource. In this study, we investigated the phosphate elution from Mg/Fe LDHs and controlled its amount from two points of view. Firstly, we synthesized precursor of Cl– intercalated Mg/Fe LDH by coprecipitation using NaOH solution. Next, the yielded precipitate was aged by two methods: reflux and hydrothermal treatments. Finally, HPO42– adsorbed Mg/Fe LDH was synthesized by means of anion exchange of Cl– with HPO42– in Mg/Fe LDH. In XRD and EXAFS measurements, α-Fe2O3 was detected in the hydrothermal samples. The elution of phosphate was observed in Na2CO3 aqueous solution. After 24 hours, the eluted ratio of phosphate was 67% for the reflux sample and 23% for the hydrothermal sample. The decomposition was suppressed in the latter.
Influence of Alkali Concentration on Morphology and Tensile Properties of Abaca Fibers
Authors: Cai Ming , Takagi Hitoshi , Nakagaito Antonio Norio , Kusaka Kazuya , Katoh Masahiro , Li Yan
Published: June 2015

Abaca, also known as Manila hemp, is native to the Philippines, where it is grown as a commercial crop. It belongs to the Musasea family and is cultivated for ropes and fibers. The abaca fiber is a natural fiber with highest cellulose content. In this study, the effects of alkali treatments on mechanical properties and microstructure of abaca fibers are discussed. Abaca fibers were soaked in the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at the concentration from 3 to 15wt% for 5 minutes, and subsequently subjected to tensile tests and observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess morphological changes caused by the alkali treatment. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the treatment led to the gradual removal of lignin and hemicelluloses from the abaca fibers. The cellulose crystallinity of abaca fibers was analyzed by an X-ray diffraction method. SEM images revealed that the lumen size decreased and shrunk with increasing alkali concentration. The tensile strength of the alkali-treated abaca fibers was higher than that of the untreated ones. The Young’s modulus increased with increasing alkali concentration up to 7wt% and then decreased. However, the strain at break decreased below 7wt% and then increased. The lumen size started to decrease from 7wt% alkali concentration.
Synthesis and Biological Study of 2-( 5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1-substituted-pyrazol-3-yl )-Substituted-Naphthalene-1-Ol
Authors: Bhandarkar Subodh , Khobragade Bhavana
Published: June 2015

The literature survey reveals that pyrazoline derivatives have been studied extensively because of their ready accessibility, diverse chemical reactivity, broad spectrum of biological activity and variety of Industrial applications. Pyrazolines with sulphonamidoaryl substituent at 3-position show cerebroprotective, antidepressant activity , anti-implantation activity, hypoglycemic activity. Due to this vital biological roll of pyrazoline derivatives it was thought to synthesized titled pyrazolines. 2-Acetyl-1-naphthol is prepared by Modified Nenchi’s method which on treatment with furfuraldehyde and KOH gives 1-(1-hydroxy naphthalen-2-yl)-3-(furan-2-yl) prop-2-ene-1-ones in excellent yield. The chalcone when subjected to hydrazine / phenyl hydrazine/ semicarbazide / 2,4 dinitro phenyl hydrazine / isonicotinic acid hydrazide in DMF solvent to gives 3-(1-hydroxy naphthalene-2-yl)-5-(furan-2-yl)-1-substituted pyrazolines in 35-45% yield. All the melting points were taken in silicon oil bath with open capillary tubes and are uncorrected. 1 H NMR spectra were recorded on a Brucker AC300 FNMR spectrometer (300MHz), using TMS as an internal standard. IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet-Impact 400 FT-IR spectrometer. Thin Layer Chromatography on silica gel-G, was used to check the purity of the compounds. Microanalysis of nitrogen was obtained on Colman 29-N analyzer. The synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, IR Spectroscopy. All Newly synthesized compound were scanned for their antimicrobial and antifungal activity and all newly synthesized compounds shows an excellent antimicrobial and antifungal activities.
Estimation of Mechanical Behavior for Particulate Reinforced Composites at Different Temperatures
Authors: Seo Bo Hwi , Kim Jae Hoon
Published: June 2015

Particulate reinforced composites show viscoelastic behavior under various loading conditions. It is important to estimate mechanical behavior when this material is used for solid fuel on rocket motor. Cracks can be generated and propagated due to high combustion pressure in the service time. These cracks expand the burning area and lead to excessive combustion. Consequently, the rocket motor can cause malfunction or the performance deteriorated. In this study, edge cracked sheet specimen was used to perform the crack propagation tests. These tests were conducted in the range of temperature from -60°C to 60°C under 2.54 and 12.7 mm/min of strain rates. Based on the results, the stress intensity factors and the crack propagation rests were calculated. The crack resistance curves show the transition that stress intensity factors increases as temperature decrease. Also, fracture surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscope to determine the fracture behavior under various temperatures.
Experimental Investigation on the Behavior of Hollow GFRP Pipes Subjected to Transverse Impact
Authors: Xiong De Xin , Wang Tong Yun , Liew Jat Yuen Richard
Published: June 2015

As oil & gas exploration and production is moving increasingly towards offshore and deeper water, and then the demand for lighter and stronger material for deep water structures is growing. Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) is a potential alternate. However, such application has low tolerance for accidental impact loads. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behaviour of hollow glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) pipes subjected to transverse impact. Drop weight impact tests were adopted. The GFRP pipe specimens were simply supported at two ends. The variations of strain, deflection and impact force were recorded. Different failure modes were observed and the critical factors affecting the damage of GFRP pipes were discussed. Their structural performance under transverse impact was assessed.
Flow Characteristics of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Composite Processed by Liquid Resin Infusion on Temperature
Authors: Kim Yun Hae , Lee Jin Woo , Park Chang Wook , Ju Min Ji , Kim Moo Jun , Yoon Hee Soo
Published: June 2015

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process is an appropriate process for a composite component with bulky and complicated configuration. Liquid Resin Infusion (LRI) is the improved process which has been replaced a part of mold with a vacuum bag to get huge items to manufacture easily. Viscosity of LRI is one of the important factors affecting fluid velocity, the impregnating velocity of resin in dry mat is in inverse proportion to the viscosity. In this paper, viscosity characteristics of resin on temperature has been studied from various angles to optimize filling process of resin by quantatifying numerical value and improve molding process of fiber composite for experiented workers.
Influence of Alkali Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Poly Lactic Acid Bamboo Fiber Green Composites
Authors: Maruyama Shoma , Takagi Hitoshi , Nakamura Yoshitoshi , Nakagaito Antonio Norio , Sasaki Chizuru
Published: June 2015

In recent years, in order to reduce the environmental burden of composite materials, research has been conducted to develop composites made from plant-derived polymers and natural fibers, the so called green composites. In this study, green composites were made from polylactic acid (PLA), a bioplastic derived from corn starch, reinforced with bamboo fibers. The composites were manufactured by mixing short bamboo fibers and dispersion-type PLA resin. Subsequently, PLA/bamboo fiber sheets were molded by a hot pressing method. In order to improve the adhesion at the matrix/fiber interface and to obtain uniformly dispersed bamboo fibers in PLA matrix, the bamboo fibers were treated by alkali solution. It was found that the composites reinforced by alkali-treated bamboo fibers have higher strength than those based on untreated ones. Bamboo fibers were uniformly dispersed in PLA matrix with improved interfacial adhesion as lignin in bamboo fibers were removed by the alkali treatment. It was concluded that alkali treatment was an effective method for improvement of interfacial matrix/fiber adhesion in PLA/bamboo fiber-reinforced green composites.
Solvent Exchange to Exfoliate Graphene Oxides into Epoxy with Improved Mechanical and Thermal Properties
Authors: Wang Fu Ke , He Chao Bin
Published: June 2015

The dispersion and exfoliation of graphene oxides in polymer matrix remains a challenge for graphene oxides based epoxy nanocomposites fabrication. In the present paper, we reported a simple and facile solvent exchange technique to successfully transfer graphene oxides (GOs) from aqueous solution to ethanol. In addition, we found that GO dispersion in epoxy resins was affected by the curing agents. Good dispersion of GOs in epoxy resin together with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties were observed when epoxy was cured with aliphatic curing agents. For aromatic curing agent, high loading of GOs leaded to GOs aggregation, but well dispersed GOs was observed at low loading of GOs. Especially, a 12 °C increase of glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin was observed with only 0.1 wt% GOs was added to the epoxy resin.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethane/Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Sin Sau Leng , Yan Hong , Xu Jian Wei
Published: June 2015

This paper describes synthesis of a series of polyurethane (PU)/clay nanocomposites by using two different chain extenders ethylenediamine (ED) and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol (DAP). By using DAP as a chain extender, PU/clay nanocomposites show not only the stronger inter-and intrachain interactions through hydrogen bonding, but also exhibit enhanced clay exfoliation as evidenced by the disappearance of clay diffraction at 2θ = 2.5-10°.
The Characterization of Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Mat Reinforced Epoxy Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Eun Soo , Buecher Daniel , Jang Si Hoon , Lim Dae Young , Kim Ki Young
Published: June 2015

The carbon fiber mat preforms are prepared by an air laid method with different fiber lengths of 10mm, 30mm and 50mm to characterize the resultant discontinuous composites. The composites are manufactured by a vacuum assisted resin infusion (VaRI) molding technique with the use of epoxy resins to investigate the effects of carbon fiber length on their physical and mechanical properties. The void content and thickness of the composites decrease with the increase in the fiber length at the same VaRI processing conditions. The tensile, flexural, impact properties of the composites are improved by increasing the fiber length in the textile preforms. By comparing with those of carbon fiber fabric reinforced composites, the discontinuous composites demonstrate the excellent performance in strength and modulus in spite of lower fiber volume fraction.
Ultrasonic Cure Monitoring of GFRP Laminates
Authors: Wada Akihiro , Pak Chang Hae , Kitagawa Eiji , Ito Hiroshi , Sasaki Yuki
Published: June 2015

Ultrasonic testing is applied to monitor the curing process of GFRP laminates used for rehabilitation of aged sewerage pipes. Instead of conventional method in which through-thickness ultrasonic wave is used, wheel type probes are adopted to transmit and receive in-plane Lamb wave. It is well known that wave velocity depends on the stiffness of the propagating medium, so that it could be used as cure index of resin. However, because of the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio of detected signals, determination of wave arrival time with zero-crossing detecting method leads to nonnegligible error. In order to improve the precision of measurement, AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) is introduced and the arrival time of Lamb wave is monitored in curing process. Two types of waveform, pulse and burst waves are examined to confirm the effect of waveform on the accuracy of measurement. It is found that the arrival time of Lamb wave decreases with the increase of cure degree, and approach asymptotically to constant value during post cure process. Also, AIC analysis with pulse wave is found to be more reliable to monitor the early stage of resin cure.
Wear Resistance Properties of Nylon-SiC Hybrids Composites
Authors: Sharma Mohit , Wang Sheng Qin , Leong Yew Wei
Published: June 2015

For marine and offshore applications, the materials specific strength is vital parameter in improvisation of flexible riser parts for deep sea exploration. Nylon is prospective materials for riser application due to its good degree of flexibility and excellent barrier properties, but with the disadvantage of limited working temperature and low wear resistance. The incorporation of fibrous and/or particulate reinforcement is significant to investigate polymers utility for extreme environment condition, such as; elevated temperature and high applied load. Previously it has been reported on the utilization of fibrous(carbon/glass/Aramid) and particulate fillers to improve thermoplastics properties but at the cost of detrimental flexibility. Ceramics in the form of whiskers (high modulus and rigid unbreakable rods) are the potential fillers/reinforcements for polymer due to their excellent properties, such as; high toughness, wear resistance, remarkable thermal and dimensional stability. Present work is aimed to utilize the silicon carbide (SiC) whiskers as reinforcement for Polyamide 11 (PA11) to improve its mechanical, thermal and wear resistance properties. The SiC whisker filled polymer has shown significant improvement in properties of PA11 to employ it as potential materials for flexible riser applications.
A Novel Glycolipid Antigen for NKT Cells That Preferentially Induces IFN-γ Production
Authors: Birkholz Alysia M. , Girardi Enrico , Wingender Gerhard , Khurana Archana , Wang Jing , Zhao Meng , Zahner Sonja , Illarionov Petr A. , Wen Xiangshu , Li Michelle , Yuan Weiming , Porcelli Steven A. , Besra Gurdyal S. , Zajonc Dirk M. , Kronenberg Mitchell
Published: June 2015

In this article, we characterize a novel Ag for invariant NKT (iNKT) cells capable of producing an especially robust Th1 response. This glycosphingolipid, DB06-1, is similar in chemical structure to the well-studied α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), with the only change being a single atom: the substitution of a carbonyl oxygen with a sulfur atom. Although DB06-1 is not a more effective Ag in vitro, the small chemical change has a marked impact on the ability of this lipid Ag to stimulate iNKT cells in vivo, with increased IFN-γ production at 24 h compared with αGalCer, increased IL-12, and increased activation of NK cells to produce IFN-γ. These changes are correlated with an enhanced ability of DB06-1 to load in the CD1d molecules expressed by dendritic cells in vivo. Moreover, structural studies suggest a tighter fit into the CD1d binding groove by DB06-1 compared with αGalCer. Surprisingly, when iNKT cells previously exposed to DB06-1 are restimulated weeks later, they have greatly increased IL-10 production. Therefore, our data are consistent with a model whereby augmented and or prolonged presentation of a glycolipid Ag leads to increased activation of NK cells and a Th1-skewed immune response, which may result, in part, from enhanced loading into CD1d. Furthermore, our data suggest that strong antigenic stimulation in vivo may lead to the expansion of IL-10–producing iNKT cells, which could counteract the benefits of increased early IFN-γ production.
Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Inhibits P2Y11 Receptor Expression and Its Immunosuppressive Activity in Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chadet Stéphanie , Ivanes Fabrice , Benoist Lauriane , Salmon-Gandonnière Charlotte , Guibon Roseline , Velge-Roussel Florence , Babuty Dominique , Baron Christophe , Roger Sébastien , Angoulvant Denis
Published: June 2015

High concentrations of extracellular ATP (eATP) resulting from cell damage may be found during an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) episode at the site of injury. eATP activates purinergic receptors in dendritic cells (DCs) and may inhibit inflammation. This immunosuppressive activity could be of interest in the field of I/R, which is an inflammatory condition involved in myocardial infarction, stroke, and solid organ transplantation. However, the specific purinergic receptor responsible for this effect remains to be identified. In this study, we report that eATP induced maturation of human monocyte-derived DCs. Additionally, eATP inhibited IL-12 production whereas IL-10 levels remained unchanged in activated DCs. These effects were prevented by the P2Y11R antagonist NF340. Interestingly, a 5-h hypoxia prevented the effects of eATP on cytokine production whereas a 1-h hypoxia did not affect the eATP-mediated decrease of IL-12 and IL-6. We showed a time-dependent downregulation of P2Y11R at both mRNA and protein levels that was prevented by knocking down hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. In this study, we showed an immunosuppressive role of P2Y11R in human DCs. Additionally, we demonstrated that the time-dependent downregulation of P2Y11R by hypoxia orientates DCs toward a proinflammatory phenotype that may be involved in post-I/R injuries as observed after organ transplantation.
NOTES ON TRICHOFERUS ARENBERGERI WITH DESCRIPTION OF MALE (COLEOPTERA, CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Biscaccianti Alessandro B. , Sechi Daniele
Published: June 2015

Trichoferus arenbergeri is a poorly known endemic species of Sardinia, described upon three females. Description of the male and the species’ biology is given in this paper, together with short notes on its habitat. The relationships between this species, T. fasciculatus and T. spartii are also briefly discussed.
ON THE TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF SOME MECININI (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Caldara Roberto
Published: June 2015

In accordance with the Code, ten actions are taken to preserve nomenclatural stability of names of taxa currently belonging to Mecinini. Following the provisions of ICZN Article 23.9.1, Cleopomiarus graminis (Gyllenhal, 1813) (formerly Rhynchaenus) is made a nomen protectum and Curculio ellipticus Herbst, 1795 is made a nomen oblitum; Rhinusa antirrhini (Paykull, 1800) (formerly Curculio) is made a nomen protectum and Curculio noctis herbst, 1795 is made a nomen oblitum; having met the conditions of ICZN article 75.3 the neotypes of the following taxa are designated: Curculio antirrhini Paykull, 1800, Curculio cinctus Rossi, 1790, Curculio curvirostris Rossi, 1790, Curculio linariae Panzer, 1792, Cionus thapsicola Germar, 1821, Mecinus collaris Germar, 1821. Lectotypes of Curculio ellipticus Herbst, 1795, Gymnetron eversmanni Rosenschöld, 1838, Mecinus barbarus Gyllenhal, 1838, and Mecinus longiusculus Boheman, 1845 are also designated. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1792) (formerly Curculio) remains the valid name of the taxon since Curculio curvirostris Rossi, 1790 (non Fabricius, 1781 nec Herbst, 1784) is unavailable; Mecinus collaris Germar, 1821 remains the valid name of the taxon since Curculio cinctus Rossi, 1790 (non Drury, 1782 nec Geoffroy, 1785) is unavailable. The following new synonymies are proposed: Mecinus barbarus Gyllenhal, 1838 = Mecinus longiusculus Boheman, 1845 n. syn., = Mecinus teretiusculus Boheman, 1845 n. syn., = Mecinus filiformis Aubé, 1850 n. syn.; Rhinusa florum (Rübsaamen, 1895) = Gymnetron smreczynskii Fremuth, 1972 n. syn.; Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) = Cionus thapsicola Germar, 1821 n. syn. Rhinusa eversmanni (Rosenschöld, 1838) is the name proposed for Rhinusa thapsicola sensu auctorum (non Germar, 1821).
NOTES ON SOME SATURNIIDS FROM THE PROVINCE OF MISIONES, ARGENTINA, INCLUDING SEVERAL NEW RECORDS FOR THIS COUNTRY (LEPIDOPTERA, SATURNIIDAE)
Authors: Racheli Luigi
Published: June 2015

Distributional records for some Saturniid taxa from the province of Misiones, NE Argentina, are given. The following species are reported for the first time for Argentina: Arsenura orbignyana (Guérin-Méneville, [1844]), Dysdaemonia brasiliensis Rothschild, 1907, Adeloneivaia s. subangulata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855), Adeloneivaia cathari­na (Bouvier, 1927), Adeloneivaia fallax (Boisduval, 1872), Adelowalkeria tristygma (Boisduval, 1872), Scolesa viettei Travassos, 1959, Citioica anthonilis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854), Oiticella convergens (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855), Ptiloscola cinerea (Schaus, 1900), Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855, Leucanella memusae gardineri Lemaire, 1973 and Molippa sabina Walker, 1855. Some notes on Automeris illustris and Automeris amoena are given with particular reference to their distribution, variability and identification.
NOTEWORTHY RECORDS OF SATURNIIDS FROM NORTHERN MYANMAR WITH NOTES ON THE TRUE IDENTITY OF LOEPA DIVERSIOCELLATA (LEPIDOPTERA, SATURNIIDAE)
Authors: Racheli Luigi
Published: June 2015

Records for fifteen Saturniid taxa from northen Myanmar, Kachin state, are given. Those for Salassa katschinica Bryk, 1944, Cricula zubsiana Nässig, 1985, Actias winbrechlini Brechlin, 2007 and Loepa diversiocellata Bryk, 1944 are notheworthy records. Indeed, Cricula zubsiana is reported for the first time for this country. Salassa katschinica was apparently known only on the typical series. New records for the recent described Actias winbrechlini are reported. The true identity of Loepa diversiocellata is briefly discussed on the basis of comparisons of the holotype with recently collected specimens.
The changing nature of end of life care
Authors: Cauldwell Katrine , Stone Paddy
Published: June 2015

Good end of life care (EOLC) for patients with incurable cancer is becoming a greater priority for oncologists in recent years. Frameworks such as the Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) have often been helpful in guiding good care at the end of life. However, in the past year, the LCP has been phased out of use in the United Kingdom (UK), following concerns that it was poorly implemented. This review describes the LCP′s origins in the UK, its strengths and limitations, and the concerns that prompted a review of its use. It describes the recommendations for change made by an independent review, and the alternative strategies now being developed in the UK to guide good EOLC. Although the LCP is still being widely used worldwide, the lessons learned from the UK can be widely applied in other countries.
Hormone receptor status (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor), human epidermal growth factor-2 and p53 in South Indian breast cancer patients: A tertiary care center experience
Authors: Patnayak Rashmi , Jena Amitabh , Rukmangadha Nandyala , Chowhan Amit Kumar , Sambasivaiah K , Phaneendra Bobbit Venkatesh , Reddy Mandyam Kumaraswamy
Published: June 2015

Breast cancer, in India, is the second commonest cancer in females. Receptor status with ER/PR/Her 2 is now routinely done in patients with invasive carcinoma. The tumour suppressor gene, p53, is also present in most breast cancers. Proteins produced by a mutated p53 gene, accumulate in the nucleus of tumour cells and are detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We have undertaken this study with the aim to evaluate the ER, PR, HER-2 and p53 expressions in invasive breast carcinomas by IHC and to compare the HER-2 expression with various clinicopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective single institutional study from January 2001 to December 2010, 389 cases of histopathologically diagnosed infiltrating carcinoma of breast were evaluated taking into account various parameters like age, tumour size, grade, lymph node involvement, ER and PR. HER-2 and p53 was done in 352 cases. Results: The age range was 23-90 years with a mean of 50.7 years. Majority of tumours were T2 (79.6%) and Grade II (60.9%). Our data showed overall 47.6% ER, 48.8% PR, 29.6% HER-2 and 69.2% p53 positivity. There was no significant correlation between HER-2 and age, tumour size, lymph node status, ER, and PR. There was significant correlation between HER-2 and tumour grade (P = 0.031), p53 (P < 0.001). There was no inverse correlation between HER-2 and combined ER, PR status. Triple-negative breast cancers which constituted 22.7% of our cases did not reveal any correlation with various parameters. Conclusion: In our study, ER status was low, and incidence of p53 was high. These findings suggest that many of the tumours in Indian females may be of an aggressive type, and novel treatment approaches may be tried. We conclude that the assessment of all four markers is desirable.
Role of triple test score in the evaluation of palpable breast lump
Authors: Kachewar Smita Sushil , Dongre Suryakant Dattatraya
Published: June 2015

Introduction: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) method is safe, reliable and time saving outdoor procedure with little discomfort to the patient for detecting Carcinoma breast. The efficacy can further be enhanced when physical breast examination, mammography and FNAC (the triple test [TT]) are jointly taken into consideration. Aims and Objectives : The aim was to evaluate the role of TT score (TTS) in palpable breast masses. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out from May 2010 to April 2012. In the subjects referred to the Department of Pathology for FNAC of the breast mass, the TTS was calculated, and histopathological findings were noted. Results: In the study period TTS score was calculated in 200 cases out of 225 FNAC′s of breast. Of 124 benign cases on cytology, only three showed discordant TTS. Out of 62 malignant cases, 61 showed concordant TTS and one case of mastitis on histopathology showed TTS of five. Out of all the benign lesions, two cases of fibrocystic disease and a single case of phylloides tumor gave a TTS ≥6. These cases were diagnosed as infiltrating ductal carcinoma and angiosarcoma respectively on histopathology. Histopathological correlation was possible in only 70 patients. Of these 70, 28 were from the benign category and 42 were from the malignant category. TTS of ≥6 has a sensitivity of 97.44%, specificity of 100%. FNAC has a sensitivity of 88.37%, specificity of 96.42%. Conclusions: TT reliably guides evaluation of palpable breast masses. Histological correlation indicated TTS to be better diagnostic tool than FNAC alone.
Трехмерные цепные дроби и суммы Клостермана
Authors: Ustinov Alexey Vladimirovich
Published: June 2015

Обзор посвящен результатам, связанным с метрическими свойствами классических цепных дробей и трехмерных цепных дробей Вороного-Минковского. Основное внимание уделяется применению аналитических методов, основанных на оценках сумм Клостермана. В статье развивается аппарат, предназначенный для решения задач на трехмерных решетках. В основе подхода лежит идея редукции к предыдущей размерности, применявшаяся ранее Линником и Скубенко при исследовании целочисленных решений детерминантного уравнения $\det X=P$, где $X$ - матрица размера $3\times 3$ с независимыми коэффициентами и $P$ - растущий параметр.
Предлагаемый метод применяется для изучения статистических свойств трехмерных цепных дробей Вороного-Минковского в решетках с фиксированным определителем. В частности, для среднего числа базисов Минковского доказывается асимптотическая формула со степенным понижением в остаточном члене. Этот результат можно считать трехмерным аналогом теоремы Портера о средней длине конечных цепных дробей.
Библиография: 127 названий.
Релаксационные автоколебания в сетях импульсных нейронов
Authors: Glyzin Sergey Dmitrievich , Kolesov Andrei Yurevich , Rozov Nikolai Khristovich
Published: June 2015

Статья посвящена проблеме математического моделирования нейронной активности. Предлагаются новые классы сингулярно возмущенных дифференциально-разностных уравнений с запаздыванием вольтерровского типа, с помощью которых описывается функционирование как отдельного нейрона, так и нейронных сетей с различным характером связи (электрическим и химическим). Развиваются специальные асимптотические методы, позволяющие изучить вопросы о существовании и устойчивости в указанных системах релаксационных периодических движений.
Библиография: 56 названий.
Комбинаторные решения интегрируемых иерархий
Authors: Kazarian Maxim Eduardovich , Lando Sergei Konstantinovich
Published: June 2015

В статье приводится обзор современных подходов к построению формальных решений интегрируемых иерархий математической физики, коэффициенты которых дают ответы в различных перечислительных задачах. Излагается связь этих подходов с комбинаторикой симметрических групп и их представлений. Описаны примеры применения полученных результатов к построению эффективных вычислений в задачах, связанных с моделями квантовых теорий поля.
Библиография: 34 названия.
Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peruvian Military Personnel Undertaking Training Activities in the Amazon Basin, 2010
Authors: Oré Marianela , Sáenz Eliana , Cabrera Rufino , Sanchez Juan F. , De Los Santos Maxy B. , Lucas Carmen M. , Núñez Jorge H. , Edgel Kimberly A. , Sopan Justino , Fernández Jorge , Carnero Andres M. , Baldeviano G. Christian , Arrasco Juan C. , Graf Paul C. F. , Lescano Andres G.
Published: June 2015

Military personnel deployed to the Amazon Basin are at high risk for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). We responded to an outbreak among Peruvian Army personnel returning from short-term training in the Amazon, conducting active case detection, lesion sample collection, and risk factor assessment. The attack rate was 25% (76/303); the incubation period was 2–36 weeks (median = 8). Most cases had one lesion (66%), primarily ulcerative (49%), and in the legs (57%). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (59/61 = 97%) and L. (V.) guyanensis (2/61 = 3%). Being male (risk ratio [RR] = 4.01; P = 0.034), not wearing long-sleeve clothes (RR = 1.71; P = 0.005), and sleeping in open rooms (RR = 1.80; P = 0.009) were associated with CL. Sodium stibogluconate therapy had a 41% cure rate, less than previously reported in Peru (∼70%; P < 0.001). After emphasizing pre-deployment education and other basic prevention measures, trainees in the following year had lower incidence (1/278 = 0.4%; P < 0.001). Basic prevention can reduce CL risk in deployed militaries.