bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weir
Authors: Burtsev Anton , Mishrikoti Nikhil , Eide Eric , Ricci Robert
Published: May 2014

For modern software systems, performance analysis can be a challenging task. The software stack can be a complex, multi-layer, multi-component, concurrent, and parallel environment with multiple contexts of execution and multiple sources of performance data. Although much performance data is available, because modern systems incorporate many mature data-collection mechanisms, analysis algorithms suffer from the lack of a unifying programming environment for processing the collected performance data, potentially from multiple sources, in a convenient and script-like manner.

This paper presents Weir, a streaming language for systems performance analysis. Weir is based on the insight that performanceanalysis algorithms can be naturally expressed as stream-processing pipelines. In Weir, an analysis algorithm is implemented as a graph composed of stages, where each stage operates on a stream of events that represent collected performance measurements. Weir is an imperative streaming language with a syntax designed for the convenient construction of stream pipelines that utilize composable and reusable analysis stages. To demonstrate practical application, this paper presents the authors' experience in using Weir to analyze performance in systems based on the Xen virtualization platform.
Bankshot
Authors: Bhaskaran Meenakshi Sundaram , Xu Jian , Swanson Steven
Published: May 2014

Emerging non-volatile storage (e.g., Phase Change Memory, STTRAM) allow access to persistent data at latencies an order of magnitude lower than SSDs. The density and price gap between NVMs and denser storage make NVM economically most suitable as a cache for larger, more conventional storage (i.e., NAND flashbased SSDs and disks). Existing storage caching architectures (even those that use fast flash-based SSDs) introduce significant software overhead that can obscure the performance benefits of faster memories. We propose Bankshot, a caching architecture that allows cache hits to bypass the OS (and the associated software overheads) entirely, while relying on the OS for heavy-weight operations like servicing misses and performing write backs. We evaluate several design decisions in Bankshot including different cache management policies and different levels of hardware, software support for tracking dirty data and maintaining meta-data. We find that with hardware support Bankshot can offer upto 5x speedup over conventional caching systems.
A Comparison of Performance of Endotracheal Intubation Using the Levitan FPS Optical Stylet or Lary-Flex Videolaryngoscope in Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Gaszynski Tomasz , Pietrzyk Monika , Szewczyk Tomasz , Gaszynska Ewelina
Published: May 2014

Introduction.The use of videolaryngoscopes is recommended for morbidly obese patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the Levitan FPS optical stylet (Levitan) vs Lafy-Flex videolaryngoscope (Lary-Flex) in a group of MO patients.Methods.Seventy-nine MO (BMI>40 kg m−2) patients scheduled for bariatric surgery were included in the study and randomly allocated to the Levitan FPS or Lary-Flex group. The primary endpoint was time to intubation and evaluation laryngoscopic of glottic view. Anesthesiologists were asked to evaluate the glottic view first under direct laryngoscopy using the videolaryngoscope as a standard laryngoscope (monitor display was excluded from use) and then using devices. The secondary endpoint was the cardiovascular response to intubation and the participant’s evaluation of such devices.Results.The time to intubation was8.572.66 sec. versus5.790.2 sec. for Levitan and Lary-Flex, respectively (P<0.05). In all cases of CL grade>1under direct laryngoscopy, the study devices improved CL grade to 1. The Levitan FPS produced a greater cardiovascular response than the Lary-Flex videolaryngoscope.Conclusion.The Lary-Flex videolaryngoscope and the Levitan FPS optical stylet improve the laryngeal visualization in morbidly obese patients, allowing for fast endotracheal intubation, but Lary-Flex produces less cardiovascular response to intubation attempt.
Vibration Control of a Semiactive Vehicle Suspension System Based on Extended State Observer Techniques
Authors: Zhang Ze , Karimi Hamid Reza , Huang Hai , Robbersmyr Kjell G.
Published: May 2014

A feedback control method based on an extended state observer (ESO) method is implemented to vibration reduction in a typical semiactive suspension (SAS) system using a magnetorheological (MR) damper as actuator. By considering the dynamic equations of the SAS system and the MR damper model, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is designed based on the ESO. Numerical simulation and real-time experiments are carried out with similar vibration disturbances. Both the simulation and experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in vibration suppression for a SAS system.
A Novel Potentiometric Sensor for Determination of Neurotoxinβ-N-Oxalyl-L-α,β-Diaminopropionic Acid
Authors: Isildak Omer , Saymaz Furkan , Karadag Ahmet , Korkmaz Nesrin Okumus , Attar Azade
Published: May 2014

A novel potentiometric sensor based on ionophore (Cd(NH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2NH2)Ag3(CN)5) for the determination ofβ-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP) is developed. The ODAP-selective membrane sensor demonstrates high sensitivity and short response time. The detection limit of the ODAP-selective membrane sensor is about2×10-6 mol L-1and the response time is shorter than 6 s. The linear dynamic range of the ODAP-selective membrane sensor is between ODAP concentrations of1.0×10-2and1×10-6 mol L-1. The ODAP-selective membrane sensor exhibits good operational stability for at least one week in dry conditions at 4–6°C. It has a reproducible and stable response during continuous work for at least 10 h with a relative standard deviation of 0.28% (n= 18).
Parallel Computing of Patch-Based Nonlocal Operator and Its Application in Compressed Sensing MRI
Authors: Li Qiyue , Qu Xiaobo , Liu Yunsong , Guo Di , Ye Jing , Zhan Zhifang , Chen Zhong
Published: May 2014

Magnetic resonance imaging has been benefited from compressed sensing in improving imaging speed. But the computation time of compressed sensing magnetic resonance imaging (CS-MRI) is relatively long due to its iterative reconstruction process. Recently, a patch-based nonlocal operator (PANO) has been applied in CS-MRI to significantly reduce the reconstruction error by making use of self-similarity in images. But the two major steps in PANO, learning similarities and performing 3D wavelet transform, require extensive computations. In this paper, a parallel architecture based on multicore processors is proposed to accelerate computations of PANO. Simulation results demonstrate that the acceleration factor approaches the number of CPU cores and overall PANO-based CS-MRI reconstruction can be accomplished in several seconds.
The Small Time Asymptotics of SPDEs with Reflection
Authors: Yang Juan , Zhai Jianliang , Zhou Qing
Published: May 2014

We study stochastic partial differential equations with singular drifts and with reflection, driven by space-time white noise with nonconstant diffusion coefficients under periodic boundary conditions. The existence and uniqueness of invariant measures is established under appropriate conditions. As a byproduct, the Hölder continuity of the solution is obtained. The strong Feller property is also obtained. Moreover, we show large deviation principle.
Eliminating Impulse for Descriptor System by Derivative Output Feedback
Authors: Li Jian , Teng Yufa , Zhang Qingling , Li Jinghao , Qiao Liang
Published: May 2014

The problem of impulse elimination for descriptor system by derivative output feedback is investigated in this paper. Based on a novelly restricted system equivalence between matrix pencils, the range of dynamical order of the resultant closed loop descriptor system is given. Then, for the different dynamical order, sufficient conditions for the existence of derivative output feedback to ensure the resultant closed loop system to be impulse free are derived, and the corresponding derivative output feedback controllers are provided. Finally, simulation examples are given to show the consistence with the theoretical results obtained in this paper.
On Two-Ridge Structure in Two-Particle Azimuthal Correlations in Proton-Lead Collisions at Large Hadron Collider Energy
Authors: Liu Fu-Hu , Tian Tian , Gao Ya-Qin
Published: May 2014

Two-particle azimuthal correlations are studied in the framework of a multisource thermal model. Each source is assumed to produce many particles. Each particle pair measured in final state is considered to be produced at two emission points (subsources) in a single or two sources. The first emission point corresponds to the production of “trigger” particle and the second one corresponds to that of “associated” particle. There are oscillations and other interactions between the two emission points. In the rest frame of the “associated” particle's emission point, the oscillations and other interactions cause the momentum of the “trigger” particle to depart from the original value. The modelling results are in agreement with the experimental data of proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions atsNN= 5.02 TeV, one of the Large Hadron Collider energies, measured by the ALICE and ATLAS Collaborations.
Cultivar Evaluation and Essential Test Locations Identification for Sugarcane Breeding in China
Authors: Luo Jun , Pan Yong-Bao , Xu Liping , Zhang Hua , Yuan Zhaonian , Deng Zuhu , Chen Rukai , Que Youxiong
Published: May 2014

The discrepancies across test sites and years, along with the interaction between cultivar and environment, make it difficult to accurately evaluate the differences of the sugarcane cultivars. Using a genotype main effect plus genotype-environment interaction (GGE) Biplot software, the yield performance data of seven sugarcane cultivars in the 8th Chinese National Sugarcane Regional Tests were analyzed to identify cultivars recommended for commercial release. Fn38 produced a high and stable sugar yield. Gn02-70 had the lowest cane yield with high stability. Yz06-407 was a high cane yield cultivar with poor stability in sugar yield. Yz05-51 and Lc03-1137 had an unstable cane yield but relatively high sugar yield. Fn39 produced stable high sugar yield with low and unstable cane production. Significantly different sugar and cane yields were observed across seasons due to strong cultivar-environment interactions. Three areas, Guangxi Chongzuo, Guangxi Baise, and Guangxi Hechi, showed better representativeness of cane yield and sugar content than the other four areas. On the other hand, the areas Guangxi Chongzuo, Yunnan Lincang, and Yunnan Baoshan showed strong discrimination ability, while the areas Guangxi Hechi and Guangxi Liuzhou showed poor discrimination ability. This study provides a reference for cultivar evaluation and essential test locations identification for sugarcane breeding in China.
Finite-Time Control for Markovian Jump Systems with Polytopic Uncertain Transition Description and Actuator Saturation
Authors: Tang Zhongyi
Published: May 2014

The problem of finite-timeL2-L∞control for Markovian jump systems (MJS) is investigated. The systems considered time-varying delays, actuator saturation, and polytopic uncertain transition description. The purpose of this paper is to design a state feedback controller such that the system is finite-time bounded (FTB) and a prescribedL2-L∞disturbance attenuation level during a specified time interval is guaranteed. Based on the Lyapunov method, a linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problem is formulated to design the delayed feedback controller which satisfies the given attenuation level. Finally, illustrative examples show that the proposed conditions are effective for the design of robust state feedback controller.
Nonasymptotic Densities for Shape Reconstruction
Authors: Ibrahim Sharif , Sonnanburg Kevin , Asaki Thomas J. , Vixie Kevin R.
Published: May 2014

In this work, we study the problem of reconstructing shapes from simple nonasymptotic densities measured only along shape boundaries. The particular density we study is also known as the integral area invariant and corresponds to the area of a disk centered on the boundary that is also inside the shape. It is easy to show uniqueness when these densities are known for all radii in a neighborhood ofr=0, but much less straightforward when we assume that we only know the area invariant and its derivatives for only oner>0. We present variations of uniqueness results for reconstruction (modulo translation and rotation) of polygons and (a dense set of) smooth curves under certain regularity conditions.
Robust Adaptive Reactive Power Control for Doubly Fed Induction Generator
Authors: Wen Huabin , Zeng Yu , Wang Lei , Yang Feng , Song Y. D.
Published: May 2014

The problem of reactive power control for mains-side inverter (MSI) in doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is studied in this paper. To accommodate the modelling nonlinearities and inherent uncertainties, a novel robust adaptive control algorithm for MSI is proposed by utilizing Lyapunov theory that ensures asymptotic stability of the system under unpredictable external disturbances and significant parametric uncertainties. The distinguishing benefit of the aforementioned scheme consists in its capabilities to maintain satisfactory performance under varying operation conditions without the need for manually redesigning or reprogramming the control gains in contrast to the commonly used PI/PID control. Simulations are also built to confirm the correctness and benefits of the control scheme.
Laser Cleaning Using Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser of Low Carbon Steel Alloys
Authors: Ali S. N. , Taha Z. A. , Mansour T. S.
Published: May 2014

This paper represents the efforts to achieve the laser cleaning process of low carbon steel alloys AISI1005 and AISI1012 with 0.65 mm and 1 mm thickness, respectively. The cleaning experiments were performed with a Q-switched Nd:YAG nanosecond laser at wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm. The parameters that have been selected for the present work are peak power which varies as 5, 15, 30, 40, and 50 MW and pulse repetition rate which varies from 1 to 6 Hz by 1 Hz increment. Effects of these parameters on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the two alloys have been realized. Also predicted results of analytical model regarding the depth were compared with the experimental results which show a good agreement between both.
FuzzyΓ-Hyperideals inΓ-Hypersemirings by Using Triangular Norms
Authors: Ersoy B. A. , Davvaz B. , Onar S. , Leoreanu-Fotea V.
Published: May 2014

The concept ofΓ-semihyperrings was introduced by Dehkordi and Davvaz as a generalization of semirings, semihyperrings, andΓ-semiring. In this paper, by using the notion of triangular norms, we define the concept of triangular fuzzy sub-Γ-semihyperrings as well as triangular fuzzyΓ-hyperideals of aΓ-semihyperring, and we study a few results in this respect.
Effect of Nd Addition on the Microstructure and Martensitic Transformation of Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Dovchinvanchig M. , Zhao C. W. , Zhao S. L. , Meng X. K. , Jin Y. J. , Xing Y. M.
Published: May 2014

The effect of rare earth element Nd addition on the microstructure and martensitic transformation behavior of Ni50Ti50−xNdx(x=0, 1, 3, 7, 20) shape memory alloy was investigated experimentally. The results showed that the microstructure of Ni-Ti-Nd ternary alloy consists of the NiNd phase and the NiTi matrix. One-step martensitic transformation was observed in all alloys. The martensitic transformation start temperatureMsincreased gradually with increasing Nd content for Ni-Ti-Nd alloys.
Some Existence Results of Positive Solution to Second-Order Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Li Shuhong , Zhang Xiaoping , Sun Yongping
Published: May 2014

We study the existence of positive and monotone solution to the boundary value problemu′′(t)+f(t,u(t))=0,0⩽t⩽1,u(0)=ξu(1),u'(1)=ηu'(0), whereξ,η∈(0,1)∪(1,∞). The main tool is the fixed point theorem of cone expansion and compression of functional type by Avery, Henderson, and O’Regan. Finally, four examples are provided to demonstrate the availability of our main results.
Studying Term Structure of SHIBOR with the Two-Factor Vasicek Model
Authors: Ma Chaoqun , Liu Jian , Lan Qiujun
Published: May 2014

With the development of the Chinese interest rate market, SHIBOR is playing an increasingly important role. Based on principal component analysing SHIBOR, a two-factor Vasicek model is established to portray the change in SHIBOR with different terms. And parameters are estimated by using the Kalman filter. The model is also used to fit and forecast SHIBOR with different terms. The results show that two-factor Vasicek model fits SHIBOR well, especially for SHIBOR in terms of three months or more.
Role of Orphan Nuclear Receptor DAX-1/NR0B1 in Development, Physiology, and Disease
Authors: Lalli Enzo
Published: May 2014

DAX-1/NR0B1 is an unusual orphan receptor that has a pivotal role in the development and function of steroidogenic tissues and of the reproductive axis. Recent studies have also indicated that this transcription factor has an important function in stem cell biology and in several types of cancer. Here I critically review the most important findings on the role of DAX-1 in development, physiology, and disease of endocrine tissues since the cloning of its gene twenty years ago.
Increase in Equilibrium Price by Fast Oscillations
Authors: Ahmad Babar , Mahr Khalid Iqbal
Published: May 2014

The dynamics of a market can be described by a differential
equation. Using the concept of fast oscillation, the system (typical market) can also oscillate around a new equilibrium price, with an increase. Previously that increase was established by applying harmonic force. In present work, harmonic force is replaced by an arbitrary periodic force with zero mean. Hence the increase in equilibrium price can be controlled by varying the external arbitrary periodic force.
An Improved Fast Mode Decision Method for H.264/AVC Intracoding
Authors: Elyousfi Abderrahmane
Published: May 2014

An improved fast and efficient mode decision method for H.264/AVC intracoding is proposed, which is based on the analysis of the gravity center method and more efficient mode selection. In contrast to the fast mode decision method where the intramodes are determined by the gravity center of the block, the mass center vector is computed for the block and the subblocks formed by the proposed subsampling techniques. This method is able to determine all correlation directions of the block that correspond to the intraprediction mode directions of the H.264/AVC. On this basis, only a small number of intraprediction modes are chosen as the best modes for rate-distortion optimization (RDO) calculation. Different video sequences are used to test the performance of the proposed method. Experimental results reveal the significant computational savings achieved with slight peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) degradation and bit-rate increase.
Damage Detection in CFRP Plates Using Spectral Entropy
Authors: Castro E. , Moreno-García P. , Gallego A.
Published: May 2014

Damage detection techniques using vibrations are based on measuring the changes in the vibration parameters of a structure. This paper studies the viability of the spectral entropy as a new damage detection parameter to detect the presence of damage in a composite fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) plate. To carry out this study, the vibrations in a CFRP plate with and without damage were measured and the correlation between damage and spectral entropy has been researched.
The Extended Hamiltonian Algorithm for the Solution of the Algebraic Riccati Equation
Authors: Luo Zhikun , Sun Huafei , Duan Xiaomin
Published: May 2014

We use a second-order learning algorithm for numerically solving a class of the algebraic Riccati equations. Specifically, the extended Hamiltonian algorithm based on manifold of positive definite symmetric matrices is provided. Furthermore, this algorithm is compared with the Euclidean gradient algorithm, the Riemannian gradient algorithm, and the new subspace iteration method. Simulation examples show that the convergence speed of the extended Hamiltonian algorithm is the fastest one among these algorithms.
A New Method to Make 24-Hour Urine Collection More Convenient: A Validity Study
Authors: Nabavizadeh Pooneh , Ghadermarzi Shadi , Fakhri Mohammad
Published: May 2014

Background and Objectives. This study proposes a novel urine collection device that can divide each urine collection into 20 parts and store and cool just one part. The aim of the current study is to compare measured biomarkers from the proposed urine collection device to those of conventional 24-hour sampling method. We also hypothesized that the new method would significantly increase patients’ adherence to the timed urine collection.Methods. Two 24-hour urine samples with the conventional method and with the new automated urine collection device that uses just one-twentieth of each void were obtained from 40 healthy volunteers. Urine parameters including volume, creatinine, and protein levels were compared between the two methods and the agreement of two measurements for each subject was reported through Bland-Altman plots.Results. Our results confirmed that for all three variables, there is a positive correlationP<0.001between the two measurements and high degree of agreement could be seen in Bland-Altman plots. Moreover, more subjects reported the new method as “more convenient” for 24-hour urine collection.Conclusions. Our results clearly indicate that a fixed proportion of each void may significantly reduce the urine volume in timed collections and this, in turn, may increase subjects’ adherence to this difficult sampling.
Effect of Different Pretreatment of Sugar Cane Bagasse on Cellulase and Xylanases Production by the MutantPenicillium echinulatum9A02S1 Grown in Submerged Culture
Authors: Camassola Marli , Dillon Aldo J. P.
Published: May 2014

The main limitation to the industrial scale hydrolysis of cellulose is the cost of cellulase production. This study evaluated cellulase and xylanase enzyme production by the cellulolytic mutantPenicillium echinulatum9A02S1 using pretreated sugar cane bagasse as a carbon source. Most cultures grown with pretreated bagasse showed similar enzymatic activities to or higher enzymatic activities than cultures grown with cellulose or untreated sugar cane bagasse. Higher filter paper activity (1.253 ± 0.147 U·mL−1) was detected in the medium on the sixth day of cultivation when bagasse samples were pretreated with sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and anthraquinone. Endoglucanase enzyme production was also enhanced by pretreatment of the bagasse. Nine cultures grown with bagasse possessed higherβ-glucosidase activities on the sixth day than the culture grown with cellulose. The highest xylanase activity was observed in cultures with cellulose and with untreated sugar cane bagasse. These results indicate that pretreated sugar cane bagasse may be able to serve as a partial or total replacement for cellulose in submerged fermentation for cellulase production usingP. echinulatum,which could potentially reduce future production costs of enzymatic complexes capable of hydrolyzing lignocellulosic residues to form fermented syrups.
Distributionally Robust Return-Risk Optimization Models and Their Applications
Authors: Yang Li , Li Yanxi , Zhou Zhengyong , Chen Kejing
Published: May 2014

Based on the risk control of conditional value-at-risk, distributionally robust return-risk optimization models with box constraints of random vector are proposed. They describe uncertainty in both the distribution form and moments (mean and covariance matrix of random vector). It is difficult to solve them directly. Using the conic duality theory and the minimax theorem, the models are reformulated as semidefinite programming problems, which can be solved by interior point algorithms in polynomial time. An important theoretical basis is therefore provided for applications of the models. Moreover, an application of the models to a practical example of portfolio selection is considered, and the example is evaluated using a historical data set of four stocks. Numerical results show that proposed methods are robust and the investment strategy is safe.
Prehypertension and Hypertension among Schoolchildren in Brazzaville, Congo
Authors: Ellenga Mbolla Bertrand Fikahem , Okoko Annie Rachel , Mabiala Babela Jean Robert , Ekouya Bowassa Gaston , Gombet Thierry Raoul , Kimbally-Kaky Suzy-Gisèle , Longo-Mbenza Benjamin
Published: May 2014

Background.To determine the prevalence and associated factors of prehypertension (pre-HT) and hypertension (HT) in schoolchildren at Brazzaville (Congo).Methods.This cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2011 in five representative urban schools in Brazzaville. American Pediatric Society’s definition of pre-HT and HT was used. The measurement of blood pressure was obtained using auscultator method. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to establish associations between blood pressure levels and sociobiographical factors.Results.603 children were included. The mean age was11.8±3.6years (range 5–18 years). The prevalence of pre-HT was 20.7% (n=125). Factors associated with pre-HT were secondary school (P=0.02), private schools (P<0.004), migrants (P=0.03), the obese (P=0.004), high socioeconomic level (P<0.01), and overweight (P=0.02). In logistic regression, the independent determinants of pre-HT were secondary school (P=0.0001), migration (P=0.04), obesity (P=0.004), and overweight (P=0.01). The prevalence of HT was 10.1% (n=61) during the first screening and 3.3% (n=20) in second screening. The independent determinants of HT were obesity (P=0.0001) and overweight (P=0.0001).Conclusion.Pre-HT and HT are emerging as a mass problem in Congolese schoolchildren with urban migration and overweight/obesity to be controlled and prevented.
Comparison of Three Supervised Learning Methods for Digital Soil Mapping: Application to a Complex Terrain in the Ecuadorian Andes
Authors: Hitziger Martin , Ließ Mareike
Published: May 2014

A digital soil mapping approach is applied to a complex, mountainous terrain in the Ecuadorian Andes. Relief features are derived from a digital elevation model and used as predictors for topsoil texture classes sand, silt, and clay. The performance of three statistical learning methods is compared: linear regression, random forest, and stochastic gradient boosting of regression trees. In linear regression, a stepwise backward variable selection procedure is applied and overfitting is controlled by minimizing Mallow’s Cp. For random forest and boosting, the effect of predictor selection and tuning procedures is assessed. 100-fold repetitions of a 5-fold cross-validation of the selected modelling procedures are employed for validation, uncertainty assessment, and method comparison. Absolute assessment of model performance is achieved by comparing the prediction error of the selected method and the mean. Boosting performs best, providing predictions that are reliably better than the mean. The median reduction of the root mean square error is around 5%. Elevation is the most important predictor. All models clearly distinguish ridges and slopes. The predicted texture patterns are interpreted as result of catena sequences (eluviation of fine particles on slope shoulders) and landslides (mixing up mineral soil horizons on slopes).
Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Induce Calcium Mineral Formation and Deposition
Authors: Sun Yubo , Mauerhan David R. , Franklin Atiya M. , Zinchenko Natalia , Norton Harry James , Hanley Edward N. , Gruber Helen E.
Published: May 2014

Calcium crystals are present in the synovial fluid of 65%–100% patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 20%–39% patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study sought to investigate the role of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in calcium mineral formation. We found that numerous genes classified in the biomineral formation process, including bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein/osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, ankylosis progressive homolog, and parathyroid hormone-like hormone, were differentially expressed in the OA and RA FLSs. Calcium deposits were detected in FLSs cultured in regular medium in the presence of ATP and FLSs cultured in chondrogenesis medium in the absence of ATP. More calcium minerals were deposited in the cultures of OA FLSs than in the cultures of RA FLSs. Examination of the micromass stained with nonaqueous alcoholic eosin indicated the presence of birefringent crystals. Phosphocitrate inhibited the OA FLSs-mediated calcium mineral deposition. These findings together suggest that OA FLSs are not passive bystanders but are active players in the pathological calcification process occurring in OA and that potential calcification stimuli for OA FLSs-mediated calcium deposition include ATP and certain unidentified differentiation-inducing factor(s). The OA FLSs-mediated pathological calcification process is a valid target for the development of disease-modifying drug for OA therapy.
Short-Term Efficacy of Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide in Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Cocito Dario , Peci Erdita , Ciaramitaro Palma , Merola Aristide , Lopiano Leonardo
Published: May 2014

Introduction. This study evaluates the efficacy of palmitoylethanolamide ultramicronized (PEA-um) as an add-on treatment in patients with diabetic or traumatic neuropathic pain (NP). Methods. 30 patients with chronic NP were assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), NP Symptom Inventory (NPSI), and Health Questionnaire Five Dimensions (EQ-5D), both at baseline and after 10 and 40 days of treatment with 1200 mg/die of PEA-um. All other therapies were maintained stable during the follow-up period. Results. VAS mean score significantly improved within the first 10 days, ranging from 8.20 ± 1.53 to 6.40 ± 1.83 (P<0.002), with a further decrease to 5.80 ± 2.04 (P<0.001) after 40 days of PEA-um administration. Moreover, NPSI total score improved from 5.2 ± 1.5 to 3.8 ± 2.1 (P: 0.025) and EQ-5D ranged from −0.30 ± 0.65 to 0.5 ± 0.34 (P<0.001) between T0 and T2. Conclusions. This study reports the prospective short-term efficacy data of oral PEA-um in patients with diabetic or traumatic NP. A significant improvement was observed both in VAS and NPSI scores and in quality of life scales after 40 days of treatment, although some limitations should be considered, including the short followup and the open-label study design.
Starvation Ketoacidosis: A Cause of Severe Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis in Pregnancy
Authors: Sinha Nupur , Venkatram Sindhaghatta , Diaz-Fuentes Gilda
Published: May 2014

Pregnancy is a diabetogenic state characterized by relative insulin resistance, enhanced lipolysis, elevated free fatty acids and increased ketogenesis. In this setting, short period of starvation can precipitate ketoacidosis. This sequence of events is recognized as “accelerated starvation.” Metabolic acidosis during pregnancy may have adverse impact on fetal neural development including impaired intelligence and fetal demise. Short periods of starvation during pregnancy may present as severe anion gap metabolic acidosis (AGMA). We present a 41-year-old female in her 32nd week of pregnancy, admitted with severe AGMA with pH 7.16, anion gap 31, and bicarbonate of 5 mg/dL with normal lactate levels. She was intubated and accepted to medical intensive care unit. Urine and serum acetone were positive. Evaluation for all causes of AGMA was negative. The diagnosis of starvation ketoacidosis was established in absence of other causes of AGMA. Intravenous fluids, dextrose, thiamine, and folic acid were administered with resolution of acidosis, early extubation, and subsequent normal delivery of a healthy baby at full term. Rapid reversal of acidosis and favorable outcome are achieved with early administration of dextrose containing fluids.
Metabolic Effects in the BivalvePerna pernaandMytilus galloprovincialis: Impact on the Environment due to Contamination by Copper
Authors: Brahim Errahmani Mohamed , Zouaoui Fayza , Bendjoudi Djamel
Published: May 2014

This work presents the study of the effects of acute exposure to various concentrations of copper from 0.03 to 0.59 μmol·L−1on the metabolic activities (nitrogen and phosphorus), protein levels, catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, and the biological response malondialdehyde (MDA) in the mollusksPerna pernaandMytilus galloprovincialis. The concentrations above 0.88 μmol·L−1have proven to be lethal toP. perna. The results show slight disturbances of metabolism as a result of pollutant and a significant correlation between metal contamination and ammonia nitrogen levels, resulting in an increase in the latter after 48 h ofM. galloprovincialisexposure to 0.59 μmol·L−1of copper concentrations. CAT was rapidly induced even by low concentrations of copper; MDA was increased only with low concentrations of copper inP. perna.
Advanced Load Balancing Based on Network Flow Approach in LTE-A Heterogeneous Network
Authors: Jia Shucong , Li Wenyu , Zhang Xiang , Liu Yu , Gu Xinyu
Published: May 2014

Long-term evolution advanced (LTE-A) systems will offer better service to users by applying advanced physical layer transmission techniques and utilizing wider bandwidth. To further improve service quality, low power nodes are overlaid within a macro network, creating what is referred to as a heterogeneous network. However, load imbalance among cells often decreases the network resource utilization ratio and consequently reduces the user experience level. Load balancing (LB) is an indispensable function in LTE-A self-organized network (SON) to efficiently accommodate the imbalance in traffic. In this paper, we firstly evaluate the negative impact of unbalanced load among cells through Markovian model. Secondly, we formulate LB as an optimization problem which is solved using network flow approach. Furthermore, a novel algorithm named optimal solution-based LB (OSLB) is proposed. The proposed OSLB algorithm is shown to be effective in providing up to 20% gain in load distribution index (LDI) by a system-level simulation.
Klein-Gordon Equations on Modulation Spaces
Authors: Zhao Guoping , Chen Jiecheng , Guo Weichao
Published: May 2014

We consider the Cauchy problem for a family of Klein-Gordon equations with initial data in modulation spacesMp,1a. We develop the well-posedness, blowup criterion, stability of regularity, scattering theory, and stability theory.
Projecting Cancer Incidence and Deaths to 2030: The Unexpected Burden of Thyroid, Liver, and Pancreas Cancers in the United States
Authors: Rahib Lola , Smith Benjamin D. , Aizenberg Rhonda , Rosenzweig Allison B. , Fleshman Julie M. , Matrisian Lynn M.
Published: May 2014

Cancer incidence and deaths in the United States were projected for the most common cancer types for the years 2020 and 2030 based on changing demographics and the average annual percentage changes in incidence and death rates. Breast, prostate, and lung cancers will remain the top cancer diagnoses throughout this time, but thyroid cancer will replace colorectal cancer as the fourth leading cancer diagnosis by 2030, and melanoma and uterine cancer will become the fifth and sixth most common cancers, respectively. Lung cancer is projected to remain the top cancer killer throughout this time period. However, pancreas and liver cancers are projected to surpass breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers to become the second and third leading causes of cancer-related death by 2030, respectively. Advances in screening, prevention, and treatment can change cancer incidence and/or death rates, but it will require a concerted effort by the research and healthcare communities now to effect a substantial change for the future. Cancer Res; 74(11); 2913–21. ©2014 AACR.
BaxΔ2 Promotes Apoptosis through Caspase-8 Activation in Microsatellite-Unstable Colon Cancer
Authors: Zhang Honghong , Lin Yuting , Mañas Adriana , Zhao Yu , Denning Mitchell F. , Ma Li , Xiang Jialing
Published: May 2014

Loss of apoptotic Bax due to microsatellite mutation contributes to tumor development and chemoresistance. Recently, a Bax microsatellite mutation was uncovered in combination with a specific alternative splicing event that could generate a unique Bax isoform (BaxΔ2) in otherwise Bax-negative cells. Like the prototype Baxα, BaxΔ2 is a potent proapoptotic molecule. However, the proapoptotic mechanism and therapeutic implication of BaxΔ2 remain elusive. Here, the isolation and analysis of isogenic subcell lines are described that represent different Bax microsatellite statuses from colorectal cancer. Colon cancer cells harboring Bax microsatellite G7/G7 alleles are capable of producing low levels of endogenous BaxΔ2 transcripts and proteins. Interestingly, BaxΔ2-positive cells are selectively sensitive to a subgroup of chemotherapeutics compared with BaxΔ2-negative cells. Unlike other Bax isoforms, BaxΔ2 recruits caspase-8 into the proximity for activation, and the latter, in turn, activates caspase-3 and apoptosis independent of the mitochondrial pathway. These data suggest that the expression of BaxΔ2 may provide alternative apoptotic and chemotherapeutic advantages for Bax-negative tumors.

Implications: “Bax-negative” colorectal tumors expressing a Bax isoform are sensitive to selective chemotherapeutics. Mol Cancer Res; 12(9); 1225–32. ©2014 AACR.
Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Neuropsychological Tests in Differentiating Alzheimer's Disease from Mild Cognitive Impairment: Can the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Be Better than the Cambridge Cognitive Examination
Authors: Martinelli José Eduardo , Cecato Juliana Francisca , Bartholomeu Daniel , Montiel José Maria
Published: May 2014

Objective: Considering the lack of studies on measures that increase the diagnostic distinction between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and on the role of the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) in this, our study aims to compare the utility of the CAMCOG, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in helping to differentiate AD from MCI in elderly people with >4 years of schooling. Method: A total of 136 elderly subjects - 39 normal controls as well as 52 AD patients and 45 MCI patients treated at the Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Porto Alegre, Brazil - were assessed using the MMSE, CAMCOG, clock drawing test (CDT), verbal fluency test (VF), Geriatric Depression Scale and Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire. Results: The results obtained by means of a receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the MoCA is a better screening test for differentiating elderly subjects with AD from those with MCI than the CAMCOG and MMSE as well as other tests such as the CDT and VF. Conclusion: The MoCA, more than the CAMCOG and the other tests, was shown to be able to differentiate AD from MCI, although, as Roalf et al. [Alzheimers Dement 2013;9:529-537] pointed out, further studies might lead to measures that will improve this differentiation.
Survey on the Current Trends in Managing Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Authors: Savchev Stefan , Figueras Francesc , Gratacos Eduard
Published: May 2014

Objective: To provide a snapshot of the current trends in managing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and to assess the agreement on the gestational age and the way of delivery in different clinical scenarios. Methods: A PubMed search was performed to identify all original articles on IUGR in the last 6 years. The most active 20 authors were selected as experts and were invited to respond to a survey on their preferred gestational age for elective delivery in several IUGR cases depending on Doppler measurements (including umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery, cerebroplacental ratio, uterine artery and ductus venosus), biophysical profile and cardiotocography. Results: 15 of the 20 selected experts agreed to participate in the survey, of which 3 failed to meet the deadline to complete the survey. Management of IUGR was relatively uniform for abnormal UA, uterine artery or cerebroplacental ratio. Although average gestational age at delivery reflected a clear progression with accepted markers of severity, discrepancies of up to 4 weeks were found for abnormal middle cerebral artery Doppler and absent end-diastolic velocity in the UA, and of up to 8 weeks for reverse end-diastolic velocity in the UA and abnormalities in the ductus venosus Doppler. Conclusions: Management of IUGR is still far from being uniform among centers, with most controversy surrounding the management of early-onset IUGR. There is a need of prospective studies to address this issue.
National Trends in the Prevalence and Medical History of Angina: 1988 to 2012
Authors: Will Julie C. , Yuan Keming , Ford Earl
Published: May 2014

Background—

The prevalence of angina from 1971 to 1994 was relatively flat for whites and blacks. We ask whether the prevalence and medical history of angina have changed during 1988 to 2012.

Methods and Results—

We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 1988 to 2004 and the data from the six 2-year surveys from 2001 to 2012. We calculated trends in both crude and standardized prevalence rates for the Rose questionnaire on angina (symptomatology) and a question asking whether the respondent had ever been told by a medical professional that they had angina (medical history). In 2009 to 2012, there were on average 3.4 million (95% confidence interval, 2.8–4.0 million) people aged ≥40 years in the United States each year with angina (Rose questionnaire) and 4.5 million (95% confidence interval, 3.5–5.1 million) people with a medical history of angina. The burden of angina varied across age, race, and sex categories, and the pattern of variation differed by whether symptomatology or medical history was assessed. Statistically significant declines in the rates for both outcomes were noted, for the most part, in people aged ≥65 years. Age and sex standardized rates declined significantly for whites but not for blacks.

Conclusions—

Rates of angina symptoms and medical history of angina have declined among non-Hispanic whites and among adults aged ≥65 years. Blacks have not experienced these same declines. Clearly, additional study is required to understand these declines and to track the future cost and burden of angina in the US population.
Adaptor Protein p66
Shc
Mediates Hypertension-Associated, Cyclic Stretch–Dependent, Endothelial Damage
Authors: Spescha Remo D. , Glanzmann Martina , Simic Branko , Witassek Fabienne , Keller Stephan , Akhmedov Alexander , Tanner Felix C. , Lüscher Thomas F. , Camici Giovanni G.
Published: May 2014

Increased cyclic stretch to the vessel wall, as observed in hypertension, leads to endothelial dysfunction through increased free radical production and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Genetic deletion of the adaptor protein p66
Shc
protects mice against age-related and hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, as well as atherosclerosis and stroke. Furthermore, p66
Shc
mediates vascular dysfunction in hypertensive mice. However, the direct role of p66
Shc
in mediating mechanical force–induced free radical production is unknown; thus, we studied the effect of cyclic stretch on p66
Shc
activation in primary human aortic endothelial cells and aortic endothelial cells isolated from normotensive and hypertensive rats. Exposure of human aortic endothelial cells to cyclic stretch led to a stretch- and time-dependent p66
Shc
phosphorylation at Ser36 downstream of integrin α5β1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In parallel, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation, as well as production of reactive oxygen species, increased, whereas nitric oxide bioavailability decreased. Silencing of p66
Shc
blunted stretch-increased superoxide anion production and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation and restored nitric oxide bioavailability. In line with the above, activation of p66
Shc
increased in isolated aortic endothelial cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with normotensive ones. Pathological stretch by activating integrin α5β1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylates p66
Shc
at Ser36, augments reactive oxygen species production via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, and in turn reduces nitric oxide bioavailability. This novel molecular pathway may be relevant for endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease in hypertension.
Role of Body Mass Index History in Predicting Risk of the Development of Hypertension in Japanese Individuals
Authors: Heianza Yoriko , Kodama Satoru , Arase Yasuji , Hsieh Shiun Dong , Yoshizawa Sakiko , Tsuji Hiroshi , Saito Kazumi , Tanaka Shiro , Hara Shigeko , Sone Hirohito
Published: May 2014

It has not been clarified whether overall adiposity in early adulthood or at the lifetime maximum weight would confer a residual risk of hypertension after considering the risk associated with current adiposity. Studied were 6121 Japanese without hypertension. The risk of developing hypertension 4 years after a baseline examination was investigated using the body mass index in the early 20s, at the lifetime maximum, or at the baseline examination. An elevated body mass index at baseline or at the maximum rather than in the early 20s was strongly associated with future hypertension. Compared with individuals with low body mass index both at baseline and in the early 20s, those with an elevated body mass index at the baseline alone had an odds ratio of 1.89 (95% confidence interval, 1.58–2.27) and those with an elevated body mass index both at baseline and in the early 20s had the highest odds ratio of 2.26 (1.76–2.89). Individuals with an elevated body mass index both at baseline and at the maximum had a 2.26-fold (1.87–2.72) increased risk of hypertension compared with those without the 2 factors. An elevated body mass index at the baseline examination weakened the favorable influence of a low body mass index in early adulthood on developing hypertension. Adding information on body mass index in early adulthood or at the maximum in addition to that at the baseline examination contributed to differentiating the risk of hypertension among Japanese, particularly among those with an elevated overall adiposity at present.