bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cassette Referencing System: An Evaluation
Authors: Morris June E. , Phelps Bobby G. , Hill Deborah G.
Published: August 2021

An indexing cassette reference system was developed and subjected to a field trial in which 24 legally blind students from grades 7-12 were taught to use it and then tested on their skill at locating entries in a recorded sample from an encyclopedia. It was found that the students could use the cassette reference system with an acceptable degree of accuracy and within appropriate time restraints, but the indexing cassette player required further refinement to improve its reliability.
Index Codes for Tope Recorded Texts
Authors: Foulke Emerson , Hollyfield Rebecca , Nolan Carson Y.
Published: August 2021

Five 6-character tonal index codes were compared for ease of learning using sighted college students as subjects. Each character of all codes was composed of one or two elements. The elements used in the first code were long and short tones, those in the second code were low- and high-pitched tones, and those used in the third code were tones ascending and descending in pitch. The dimensions used in the first two codes were combined to form the characters in the fourth code while dimensions from all the first three codes were combined to form the fifth code. Five comparable groups of 20 subjects were used. Each group was taught the names of the characters of one code using the paired-associates learning method. Two consecutive errorless trials was the criterion for learning. The code composed of long and short tones far surpassed all others in ease of learning.
The Code of Ethics for Orientation and Mobility Specialists: A Progress Report
Authors: Welsh Richard L. , Wiener William R.
Published: August 2021

The history, development, and role of a Code of Ethics for the profession of orientation and mobility for the visually impaired is discussed. The value of such a code for the profession itself, for the client, for the community, for administrators, is pointed out. Dissemination of, and dialogue about, the Code is urged.
Timbre Analysis of the Sonicguide
Authors: Welch James
Published: August 2021

The Sonicguide, an ultra-sonic binaural device mounted in a spectacle frame, is used as a secondary mobility aid. Since categorizing signals by timbre may improve training methods and clarify the capabilities of this device, the timbre of various Sonicguide signals was measured and analyzed by a “Sona-Graph”—a sound spectral analyzer. Signals showed considerable variation, but could be categorized into three groups. The characteristics of each group are readily definable and signals of any one group can easily be distinguished from signals of another group. In addition, certain signals within a group may be distinguished from signals in the same group.
Rehabilitation: Educating the Consumer
Authors: Klebaner Ruth Perlman
Published: August 2021

Specialized community rehabilitation agencies for visually impaired persons can provide a setting where the rights, needs, and expectations of the Visually Handicapped Consumer can be satisfied. The VHC has a need to be welcomed, a right to courteous attention, and the expectation of receiving education, information, and a variety of experiences and services in a supportive and appropriate environment.
Use of the C-5 Laser Cone by School Age Children
Authors: Goldie Dorothy
Published: August 2021

The use of electronic travel devices with blind school age children is a fairly recent development. The use of the Laser Cane with four blind students attending public school is discussed with emphasis on modifications in technique needed to integrate the cane's use into each student's travel system.
Guidelines on Rehabilitation Teaching
Authors: Roberts Alvin H.
Published: August 2021

The guidelines suggested in this article were compiled in order to provide rehabilitation teachers, particularly those new to the field, with some basis for selecting materials and approaches which could facilitate the teaching of adaptive techniques to blind persons and help teachers to apply theoretical knowledge to daily practice.
Attitudes toward Blind People among Theological and Education Students
Authors: Kang Young Woo , Masoodi Bashir A.
Published: August 2021

Attitudes toward blindness among education and theological students are examined in this article, specifically the differences in attitudes toward blindness between education and seminary student groups; between conservative and liberal student groups; between first- and third-year seminary student groups; and between the sexes. Subjects were 213 graduate education students at the University of Pittsburgh and 175 graduate theological students enrolled in six selected seminaries. The Disability Factor Scales-Blindness (DFS-B) and selected items from the Polyphasic Value Inventory (PVI) were utilized.

The results obtained are: Graduate education students do not differ from graduate theological students in their overall attitudes toward blindness, but education students do react more unfavorably to Rejection of Intimacy dimension; conservative students react more unfavorably to blindness than do liberal students; and students in the two conservative seminaries have more unfavorable attitudes than those in the liberal seminary; third-year seminarians indicated more definite presence of Rejection of Intimacy and Distressed Identification dimensions than first-year seminarians; and female students show more favorable reactions to blindness than do male students.
Quality of Life Education Program
Authors: Gardner Robert
Published: August 2021

A description of a new educational and social recreation program designed to make blind people aware of the great variety of services and resources at hand which can improve quality of life and make more time available for recreation. There are classes on health and medical awareness, nutrition, safety, self-defense, first aid, legal information, communication, self-awareness, benefits, and leisure counseling.
Binaural Sensory Aid: Case Studies of Its Use by Two Children
Authors: Strelow E.R. , Kay N. , Kay L.
Published: August 2021

The adaptation of the binaural sensory aid for use by blind children is discussed in the context of a pilot study carried out with two blind children; one an intellectually competent 6-year-old girl and the other a developmentally delayed 2-112-year-old boy. Both children showed an ability to make rudimentary spatial and object discriminations with the aid and both showed enhanced mobility skills after involvement in a training program. Several key research variables in this type of work are highlighted, primarily the type of training activities to be used, the regularity of aid use, the age at which training begins, and the sensing and display characteristics of the aid to be used.
Nonverbal Communication for the Congenitally Blind: A Review
Authors: Buchanan Don R.
Published: August 2021

Although no discipline has yet addressed itself to the task of creating effective procedures for teaching blind people nonverbal skills, the scant data available recommend exploration of this neglected area. Research from related disciplines shines a faint light on the origins of our silent language. The few teaching strategies attempted thus far have had encouraging results, but more extensive research must be done to develop reasonable objectives, effective teaching methods, and a valid assessment instrument for evaluating nonverbal skills.
Blind Students: Transition from High School to College
Authors: Monahan Lynn H. , Giddan Norman S. , Emener William C.
Published: August 2021

An evaluation of selected visually impaired high school students, conducted by The Florida State University Counseling Center over a 10-year period, indicated that 75 percent had good potential for successful college work. A follow-up study of available students revealed that only 25 percent had been successful in completing their degrees, and that there was a 32-percent dropout rate. In an attempt to reduce the dropout rate, a “College Orientation Program for the Visually-Handicapped” was established to help students to make the difficult transition from high school to college. Peer counseling, integration into the sighted college community, and better mobility training are recommended, as well as suggestions for investigation of other variables involved in successful pursuit of college work.
Electronic Sensory Aids in a Concept Development Program for Congenitally Blind Young Adults
Authors: Scione M. W.
Published: August 2021

The use of the Sonicguide™ and the Laser Cane in concept development programs is examined. Techniques for using the devices in specific training exercises in a concept development program for congenitally blind young adults are described in detail.
Application of Behavior Modification to Blind Children
Authors: Hayes Charles S. , Weinhouse Ellen
Published: August 2021

Research and application of principles of behavior modification with visually impaired and blind children are reviewed with particular attention to lower functioning multiply impaired children. Coverage focuses on assessment of residual visual and auditory functioning, management of stereotyped and disruptive behavior, and self-help and motor-skill training. Descriptions of applications and suggestions for further research are outlined.
Assessing Public School Programs for Visually Handicapped Students
Authors: Stager John D.
Published: August 2021

Stresses that programs developed for the education of visually handicapped children in public schools must be evaluated in order to better serve the children and to justify continued support for the programs. Describes the Program Assessment of Special Education Services to Children with Special Needs with Regard to Vision that has been field tested in several Massachusetts school districts.
Data concerning the Partially Sighted and the Functionally Blind
Authors: Genensky Samuel M.
Published: August 2021

Examines the relative sizes of the nation's partially sighted, legally blind but not functionally blind, and functionally blind populations as a function of age. It also examines the frequency with which partially sighted people occur in the nation's population for various age ranges. In addition, under a set of stated assumptions applied to the 1969-70 Model Reporting Area data, it has been found that most people who are partially sighted and legally blind will never become functionally blind.
Competency Based Teacher Training Programs for Teachers of the Visually Handicapped
Authors: Swallow Rose-Marie
Published: August 2021

Examines ways of defining competency based teacher training and notes some practical difficulties of establishing competency based programs. Among the difficulties are fitting self-pacing into the traditional university semester system, writing explicit behavioral objectives and setting criteria levels, designing curricula that provide individual learning programs and logical learning sequences, and grading competent behavior. Describes the concept of Generic Preparation as practiced at the California State University, Los Angeles.
Student Reaction to a Competency Based Teacher Training Program
Authors: Strauss Felice
Published: August 2021

Presents findings of a survey of former and current students enrolled in visually handicapped and orientation and mobility programs at California State University, Los Angeles. Most students understood the competency based system, most agreed with the basic philosophy behind the system and found the concept of recycling particularly beneficial. The most serious criticism was that time devoted to the system left less time for actual contact with visually handicapped students.
Competency Based Program: Its Effects on Residential School Students
Authors: Bryant Nancy J.
Published: August 2021

Points out that the mainstreaming trend has drastically changed the residential school population from one that was fairly homogeneous to one containing all levels of student abilities. While the residential setting makes it possible for teachers of various different specialties to work in one location, the competencies required have to change along with changes in the student population, and this can undermine teacher morale and leave gaps in the programs provided for the students. Teachers entering a residential program must be willing to be flexible, until parameters of the student population are better established.
Cross Country Running for Visually Impaired Young Adults
Authors: Sonka John J. , Bina Michael J.
Published: August 2021

Describes a cross country running program for boys and girls at the Wisconsin School for the Visually Handicapped. Totally blind children were assigned sighted guides, while partially sighted children ran alone, though guidance was available from colored flags positioned along the course to indicate turns. Advantages of the program were improved physical condition, “feeling better,” practice of O & M skills, and opportunities to interact with faculty and with sighted children on other school teams.
The Blind and Visually Handicapped Mentally Retarded: Suggestions for Intervention in Infancy
Authors: Mori Allen A. , Olive Jane E.
Published: August 2021

Presents a rationale for implementing early transdisciplinary intervention in behalf of blind and visually handicapped, mentally retarded infants. A program that stresses normal developmental goals, a holistic approach to the child and family, and techniques for enhancing the development of the child's reflexes and gross motor skills; sensory, cognitive and fine motor skills; language; and affective personality and independence. The roles of professionals and parents receive special emphasis.
Low Vision Training in Sweden
Authors: Inde Krister
Published: August 2021

Describes the team work approach used in Sweden to provide services to the four main categories of visual impairment that produce low vision: central scotoma, nystagmus, loss of peripheral vision while retaining central vision, and amblyopia.
The Condition Known as Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Basso Lawrence V.
Published: August 2021

A history and description of diabetes mellitus, its complications, and its treatments.
The Diabetic's Guide to the Health Care System
Authors: Muldoon John F.
Published: August 2021

The author believes that in order to obtain the care he needs, the diabetic must assume responsibility for the treatment of his condition, in that he must understand the physical and psychological aspects of diabetes, know how the health system works, including some of the needs and problems of his own physician, and use this knowledge in the personal management of his diabetes. The diabetic is viewed as a person with a chronic condition in a health system designed to care for acute illnesses.
Rehabilitation of the Blind Diabetic: The Blind Diabetic in the Rehabilitation Center: Administrative Framework
Authors: Reid L. Leon
Published: August 2021

With the philosophy that blind diabetics deserve all the training they can benefit from, the author contends that the administrative framework for working with the blind diabetic in the rehabilitation center is not very different from that required for other client populations, advocating a flexible administrative structure and a team approach toward services. The administrator's function is seen to be that of deriving maximum benefit from the talents of his professional staff.
Practical Techniques for Instructing the Visually Impaired Diabetic
Authors: Kolterman Sandra
Published: August 2021

Discusses some medical complications the visually impaired diabetic may experience. Suggests how to be prepared for them and describes some aids and techniques that have proved useful.
Individualized Planning and the Team Approach in the Rehabilitation of the Blind Diabetic
Authors: Pais Amy
Published: August 2021

The author discusses rehabilitation of the blind diabetic in a residential rehabilitation center, with emphasis upon a team approach, by which staff members from all departments come together to plan individual training programs for each blind diabetic client.
What the Health Professional Must know about the Blind Diabetic
Authors: Schulz Joyce
Published: August 2021

The author believes that anyone in the medical or rehabilitation fields who wishes to work with the blind diabetic must understand the impact of blindness on diabetic control, the practical skills that enable the blind diabetic to maintain good control, the emotional concomitants of blindness, and the areas in which it may be necessary to de-emphasize control because of the person's emotional needs. Self-administration of insulin, urine testing, diet, exercise, as well as factors that influence the individual's attitude toward control of his diabetes are also discussed.
Guidelines for Future Service to Blind Diabetics: Special Program Features
Authors: Williams Marie
Published: August 2021

Focusing on the blind diabetic in rehabilitation center programs and on diabetes education for staff and clients, the author discusses program adaptations and modifications for blind diabetics. Staff attitudes toward working with diabetic clients are also discussed.
An Outcome Study of on Intensive Rehabilitation Training Program for Young Adults
Authors: Gillman Arthur E. , Simon Ellen Perlman , Shinn Eugene B.
Published: August 2021

Describes an evaluation of an Intensive Training Program for multiply handicapped adults who could not use other rehabilitation programs. Among findings from data collected at entry, exit, and follow-up, are that almost all clients expressed satisfaction with the Program and most retained independent living, mobility, and employment skills for years after exit.
You and Your Body: A Self-Help Health Class for Blind Women
Authors: Inana Marjorie
Published: August 2021

This article describes the rationale, goals, and methods used in developing a self-help health group for adult blind women. The self-help group was initiated to: reinforce the development of a positive self concept; develop skills to become a good health consumer; present accurate information about women's bodies; encourage clients to appreciate the importance of preventive health care; and encourage clients to explore their own bodies and feelings about their bodies.
Effects of Training on Nonverbal and Verbal Behaviors of Congenitally Blind Adults
Authors: Bonfanti Barbara H.
Published: August 2021

Indicates that blind individuals can be trained to modify their nonverbal, as well as verbal behaviors, and suggests that such modifications facilitate social interaction with sighted individuals. A capsulization of the training program is offered; and both statistical and non-statistical results are discussed. The evaluative instrument designed for the assessment of nonverbal, vocal, and content-related traits and tendencies is also presented.
Spatial Memory for Configurations by Congenitally Blind, Late Blind, and Sighted Adults
Authors: Cleaves Wallace T. , Royal Russell Wm
Published: August 2021

Congenitally and late blinded and blindfolded sighted adults were compared on their ability to point to locations on simple finger T-mazes without following the previously learned maze path. Localization responses were obtained for maze images that were veridical and for imagined rotation transformations of the mazes. The error in absolute spatial displacement to the correct maze locations was consistently greater for the congenitally blind subjects than for the other groups. The earlier the late blinded subjects had lost sight and the longer they had been blind the higher was their spatial displacement error. A calibration model of the effects of early visual reafferance experience and later nonvisual experience is explored.
Preventing Institutionalization of Elderly Blind Persons
Authors: Gross Arnold M.
Published: August 2021

Describes the Virginia Commission's Project on Aging approach to serving elderly blind persons on the verge of entering a nursing home. Using empirical observations of the Project's participants, provides insight into the characteristics and needs of this population, examines the impact of a service delivery model that imphasized linkages to existing community services, and discusses the development of a structured volunteer program that enabled elderly blind persons to remain in a community setting. A longitudinal cost analysis of 42 olients whose imminent institutionalization was prepented by the Project's intervention, suggests that the dollar cost of maintaining elderly blind persons in the community is considerably less than the cost of nursing home care.
The Parent-Teacher Relationship in Pre-School Programs
Authors: Hull Wilma , Ross Marion
Published: August 2021

Parental involvement is essential to a preschool program. Home intervention is one approach for the provision of services to both parent and child. For the effective delivery of this type of intervention, teachers should consider some of the parent-teacher issues which may arise from this service delivery mode.
Do Sighted People Respond to Different Levels of Visual Loss?
Authors: Feinman Saul
Published: August 2021

Although an extensive literature has developed from the investigation of the attitudes of the sighted toward the blind, and of the nondisabled toward the disabled, little emphasis has been placed on differences in attitudes towards subtypes of blind people. Partially sighted and totally blind people vary significantly in life experiences and abilities. In this study, eight random samples of respondents from a small Western city were presented with questionnaires which requested that they evaluate the characteristics of a stimulus person who varied by sightedness (blind, totally sightless, partially sighted, sighted), and age (35 or 65 years). Respondents gave higher expectations to sighted than partially sighted persons, and higher to partially sighted than to totally sightless persons. The older stimulus person was given lower expectations. Age of respondent affected expectations for persons of all sightedness categories. Respondents did not distinguish between the term “blind” and the specified blindness conditions of partially sighted and totally sightless. These results were discussed within the context of other research on disability attitudes and attitudes toward racial and ethnic minorities.
Voice Indexing of Tape Recordings
Authors: Chandler James G.
Published: August 2021

Describes an indexing system for tape recordings, called voice indexing. This system relies on key words recorded at Fast Forward speed on an adjacent track.
Hatha Yoga for Visually Impaired Students
Authors: Krebs Cathryn Stanley
Published: August 2021

Describes a Hatha Yoga physical fitness program designed to meet developmental needs of visually impaired students. Program emphasizes body image and spatial/movement concepts, proper posture and relaxation techniques. Includes teaching suggestions, instructions and photographs for 12 beginning exercises.
Texture in Tactual Maps and Graphics for the Visually Handicapped
Authors: Lederman Susan J. , Kinch Denise H.
Published: August 2021

Discusses the state of the art in using texture in tactual maps and graphics for visually handicapped persons. Previous studies that have attempted to determine a set of highly discriminable textures are examined in detail. The discrimination of textures occurring within the context of other map symbols is also considered, along with the interference effects of texture on the identification of other classes of map symbols. Finally, suggestions for further research are offered.
The Blind Child's Construction of the Projective Straight Line
Authors: Simpkins Katherine E. , Siegel Anthony J.
Published: August 2021

The blind child's concept of space is explored by the construction of the projective straight line. Designed by Jean Piaget, the task illustrates the shift from topological to projective and Euclidean representations. Approximately half of the blind subjects were able to successfully complete the task, but median age for success was later than for sighted subjects. No differences were found between construction of the horizontal and oblique lines.
A Vocational Aids Resource File for the Visually Impaired
Authors: Needham William L.
Published: August 2021

Describes an informational resource bank for vocation-related assistive devices for blind and visually impaired persons. The data file is to help vocational rehabilitation counselors of the Florida Division of Blind Services to identify and evaluate assistive devices for client use. The file is designed for continuous update, and counselors may request copies of information on specific devices. Unique features of the information include evaluative comments on devices and index access by job function.
Investigative Approaches to the Study of Braille Reading
Authors: Foulke Emerson
Published: August 2021

Three approaches to the study of braille reading can be identified. They are (a) the observation of braille reading behavior, for the purpose of drawing inferences concerning the perceptual and cognitive processes upon which braille reading depends, or to discover the behavioral patterns that characterize fast and slow readers; (b) the determination of the legibility of braille characters; and (c) the demonstration of braille reading performance as a function of variables relating to the manner in which braille is displayed. Experiments exemplifying these approaches are described, and some suggestions for future research are made.
Suggestions for Working with the Remedial Braille Reader
Authors: Olson Myrna R.
Published: August 2021

Suggests guidelines for remediating problems braille readers may be having in the skill areas of attitude and motivation, mechanical skills, decoding, and comprehension.
An Exhibit for Touching
Authors: Hunt Susan
Published: August 2021

An Exhibit for Touching, designed for visually handicapped persons, was presented by the Kalamazoo Institute of Art in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and was sponsored by the Kalamazoo chapter of the Lions Club. Bronze sculptures and oil paintings from the Institute's permanent collection made up the exhibit.
High Resolution Vision Prosthesis Systems: Research after 15 Years
Authors: Ferguson Stewart , Ferguson Sherry Devereaux
Published: August 2021

Using an article by R. Fish, published a decade ago, as a point of departure, the authors propose that no significant advances in high resolution devices in vision substitution systems have been made since then. They claim that this lack of progress is a consequence of researchers failing to exploit the implications in certain of the theoretical insights on perception. They suggest alternative theoretical approaches which may help to move the work forward, as well as presenting new design criteria. Tactile substitution systems are proposed in preference to cortical implant work, and electrocutaneous transfer is offered in preference to vibrotactile techniques, which are seen as the major reason for the very limited resolution achieved by existing approaches.
Visual Impairment among Children from Birth to Age Five
Authors: Gardner Laurence , Morse Alan R. , Tulloch Deborah , Trief Ellen
Published: August 2021

The prevalence was assessed of multiply impaired neonates and multiply impaired children of preschool age with concomitant visual impairments in the New York City metropolitan area. Twenty-two hospitals were surveyed. Approximately .33 percent of the children born at these hospitals were diagnosed and classified as multiply impaired. Of these, 44 percent had visual impairments. Forty-nine preschool programs for the multihandicapped were also surveyed. Many of the children in these programs had not been registered as visually impaired, but instead had been classified according to their other disabilities. Of the preschool population, 9.3 percent were multiply impaired, with one of the impairments being a visual disability, and an additional .8 percent were identified as being visually impaired alone.
Causes of Blindness at Jordan University Hospital
Authors: Sayegh Fouad N. , Arafat Nour Iddin T. , Ashoury Ibrahim M.
Published: August 2021

During the academic year 1982/83 a programmed study was conducted on 5,000 consecutive cases examined at the outpatient department. A complete eye examination was performed, and statistical analysis was done Although this study cannot be considered as representative of Jordan, it does give us some insight into the problem of ocular diseases and causes of blindness in Jordan.
Two Library-Based Readathon Programs
Authors: Lee Laura Schafstall
Published: August 2021

A comprehensive reading program for planned activities fosters positive attitudes and motivation toward leisure reading among schoolchildren, including those who are blind or visually impaired. This article presents the author's experiences with two library-based readathons implemented at the Tennessee School for the Blind: an MS readathon and an in-house readathon especially developed by the author for her visually impaired students.
Why Blind Children Should Learn Braille
Authors: Ferrante Olivia
Published: August 2021

A. special forum for individuals to respond In detail to material published in the Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350–1000 words in length.
Assessment and Treatment of Families with Visually Handicapped Children: A Project Description
Authors: Van Hasselt Vincent B. , Hersen Michel , Moor Louise E. , Simon Janet
Published: August 2021

A review of the literature on psychosocial functioning in families with a handicapped child reveals a striking paucity of empirical research. This paper describes one of the first comprehensive experimental efforts designed to evaluate and remediate disturbed interactions and effect social and emotional adjustment in such families. Direct observational and self-report methods are presented, and components of a behavioral family treatment strategy, specifically developed for use with this population delineated with a discussion of the potential utility of this project for enhancing the adjustment of the visually handicapped child and the overall quality of family life.
A Photographic Method for the Rapid Production of Tactile Illustrations
Authors: Seufert Wolf D. , Dietrich Hans F.
Published: August 2021

We describe and discuss a new method which records only information concerning an object's dimensions in black and white photographs. Since the differences in grey values that derive from the object's colors are eliminated, these photographs are then used to produce true relief illustrations for the blind with detail and precision, rapidly and inexpensively.
Caseload Size Survey of Agencies Serving Blind and Visually Impaired Persons
Authors: Pelton Leroy H.
Published: August 2021

A caseload size survey was conducted of both public and large private agencies serving blind and visually impaired people. Wide variations in caseload size were found between different types of professional caseworkers, between agencies, and between public and private agencies.
Cardiorespiratory Testing of Persons who are Visually Impaired
Authors: Titlow Larry W. , Ishee Jimmy H.
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of three tests of cardiorespiratory endurance for visually impaired persons. Thirty-seven males and twenty females, ranging in age from 12 to 18 years, participated in three tests of cardiorespiratory endurance. The three tests included a 600-yard run/walk, a bicycle ergometer test, and a step test. Minimum, maximum, and mean test scores were determined for various age categories. Test results demonstrated a wide range of cardiorespiratory endurance. Generally, the test scores improved with age and males performed better than females. The bicycle test and the 600-yard run/walk test provided comparable cardiorespiratory fitness assessment of the visually impaired. The step test results, when compared to the results obtained from the other two tests, tended to underestimate fitness levels.
The Influence of Visual Impairment on Physical Fitness Test Performance
Authors: Short Francis X. , Winnick Joseph P.
Published: August 2021

The Project UNIQUE Physical Fitness Test was administered to 686 normally sighted and 484 visually impaired subjects in the 10-17 age range. Significant differences favoring the normally sighted were found for each of the six test items. The severity of the visual impairment was a significant factor on the two running items. Partially sighted subjects made better scores than legally blind subjects on the 50-yard dash and long-distance run. No significant differences between partially sighted and blind subjects were found for the non-running items in the test battery (skinfolds, grip strength, sit-ups and sit and reach). Findings suggested that, depending upon the purpose of the assessment, physical fitness test scores of the visually impaired generally should be compared to specially designed norms and that, on the running items, separate norms should be utilized for the blind and partially sighted.
Diabetes and Exercise
Authors: Kevorkian Gregory A.
Published: August 2021

According to the National Commission on Diabetes, approximately ten million Americans have diabetes both known and unknown. Diabetes, being controllable but not curable, makes it mandatory for the diabetic to live with the condition on the best possible terms. In the past, the main emphasis has been placed on two of the three elements for diabetic control: diet and medication, with exercise coming in a distant third. Practical medical advice on exercise for diabetics is nearly nonexistent. Books on diabetes either casually refer to it and its relationship to hypoglycemia or fail to mention it at all. Very little in this regard exists to help the diabetic with his or her day-to-day control of blood sugar levels. Diabetes, known as “The Great Imitator” affects almost every organ of the body and complications are many and varied, as explained below.
Orienteering: Activities Leading to Skills Development
Authors: Bina Michael J.
Published: August 2021

Orienteering is presented with specific activities outlined stressing not so much the competitive nature but rather the essential orientation techniques leading to a broader and more relevant skill development. Five basic concepts: time; distance; direction; map reading; and physical concepts and skills are discussed with figures and detailed teaching methods.
The Application of Two-Point Touch Cane Technique to Theories of Motor Control and Learning Implications for Orientation and Mobility Training
Authors: Croce Ronald V. , Jacobson William H.
Published: August 2021

Basic behavioral processes involved in motor control based on theories of motor control and learning are outlined using the teaching of two-point touch cane technique as an application of the theories. The authors believe that the keys to successful mobility training are repetition and correctly performed practice of each skill and sufficient learning time to facilitate overlearning and subsequent skill retention.
A Programmed Text in Recorded form for Teaching Voice-Indexing to Visually Disabled Students
Authors: Jahoda Gerald , Jahoda Pat
Published: August 2021

A programmed text with branching, recorded on an audio-cassette, was developed and tested on twelve visually disabled college students. Eight participants voice-indexed recorded lecture notes, textbooks and other assigned readings. A follow-up study conducted 22 months after the distribution of the programmed text indicated that six out of seven of the students from the initial study still voice-indexed some of their recorded material. Other uses of programmed texts in recorded form for visually disabled students are suggested.
Vision Rehabilitation and Aging
Authors: Morse Alan R. , Friedman Dagmar B.
Published: August 2021

Approximately two million Americans estimated to have severe visual impairment could be helped by services not readily available through the nation's vision care system. Ophthalmologists do not routinely suggest low vision services to their severely visually impaired patients that could help prevent deterioration in the quality of life. Many patients with limited vision go unidentified and untreated. This is particularly true for those over 65 whose numbers are rising and who are experiencing more low vision problems than any other age group. Significant visual impairment occurs in more than 25 percent of the aged population in general, and more than 12 percent of the population over age 65 are legally blind. Approximately 990,000 elderly had severe visual impairment in 1977, and by the year 2000, this number will rise to 1,760,000. As the aged population increases, so does the need for low vision services.
Comprehensive Low Vision Services for Visually Impaired Children: A Function of Special Education
Authors: Goldie D. , Gormezano S. , Raznik P.
Published: August 2021

The Visually Impaired Program, Division of Special Education of the Oakland County (Michigan) Intermediate School District, obtained Federal Act 94-142 funding in 1979. The purpose of this funding was to encourage establishment of programs that facilitated special education in the least restrictive educational environment. The Visually Impaired Program utilized these funds to establish the Educational Low Vision Aids Screening Clinic and to provide comprehensive low vision evaluations by certified low vision specialists. * This paper describes clinic rationales, procedural implementation of services from 1979 to 1982, and resultant findings. The study served as a model for the establishment of a statewide program funded in October, 1985, by the Michigan Legislature and administered by the Michigan Commission for the Blind in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Education.

* A Demonstration Project funded through 94-142 federal funds, 1979-1982.
Improving Mealtime Behaviors of a Multihandicapped Child Using Behavior Therapy Techniques
Authors: Sisson L. A. , Dixon M. J.
Published: August 2021

In the present study, inappropriate mealtime behaviors of a multihandicapped child were modified via behavior therapy techniques. The subject was a blind, mentally retarded, behaviorally disordered, 10-year-old girl who was hospitalized for severe self-injurious behavior. Mealtime target behaviors included appropriate head and hand positions (essentially, absence of eye-poking, face-hitting and other self-injurious behavior) as well as napkin and utensil use. Two treatments were implemented: 1) audiotapes of favorite stories were played during the mealtime sessions which were turned off during inappropriate or self-injurious behavior; 2) praise (plus access to food) for appropriate napkin and utensil use begun once desired sitting posture had been established. Assessment of trainer behavior showed good compliance with treatment procedures, suggesting the feasibility of implementing the treatment program in other settings.
A Theoretical Approach to Vision Stimulation
Authors: Fellows R. R. , Leguire L. E. , Rogers G. L. , Bremer D. L.
Published: August 2021

While many state, local and private organizations advocate the use of “vision stimulation” to help the visually impaired person, little if any scientific evidence is available that directly supports the implementation of such programs. The purpose of this paper is to advance the premise that appropriate vision stimulation can increase the sensori-neural foundation for vision, and to present background evidence from a number of diverse fields for such a premise.
Successful Use of Low Vision Aids: Visual and Psychological Factors
Authors: Greig D. E. , West M. L. , Overbury O.
Published: August 2021

Many practitioners who deal with visually impaired persons have speculated that unsatisfactory rehabilitation is related to psychological, behavioral, and visual factors. This hypothesis was examined in the study reported here using a semistructured interview and various objective measures of the above-mentioned factors. Fourteen partially sighted individuals participated in this study and were compared to 14 age-matched control subjects. The visually impaired participants tended to worry more about their vision, to be less independent when traveling, to have more physical ailments, and to experience more fluctuations in appetite. Major correlates of the successful use of low vision aids were emotional and practical support, delay in seeking low vision services, performance on the information subscale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the past use of near vision in employment or leisure activities.
Mary into Combat: Marian Devotions and Political Mobilizations during the European Culture Wars
Authors: Ramón Solans Francisco Javier
Published: August 2021

During the 1870s, thousands of Catholics headed for old and new European shrines in mass national pilgrimages. The rise of mass pilgrimages as political demonstrations was the result of new devotional cultures and the long-term politicization of Catholic devotions. Pilgrimages were seen by participants as acts of reparation for the secularizing legislation implemented during the European culture wars and also as a way to increase Catholicism's presence and visibility in the contested public sphere. Likewise, the capture of Rome and the Roman Question fostered displays of solidarity with the Pope, contributing to the emergence of this new mass devotional culture. Finally, the convergent aims of Legitimists/monarchists and intransigent Catholics rapidly expanded these new mass religious demonstrations. This article seeks to re-evaluate the multi-faceted European crisis of the 1870s and the meanings of mass Catholic mobilizations in Europe by analysing the rise of mass pilgrimages in Spain.
Muslim Converts to Orthodox Christianity during the Greek War of Independence, 1821–1832
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos , Dimitriadis Sakis
Published: August 2021

This article explores the conversion of Muslims to Orthodox Christianity during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) and the first post-independence years as a case study which shows that religious boundaries in the Balkans do not seem to have been as insurmountable as one might think. The bonds between people of different religious affiliations, including Christians and Muslims, were not so loose in the chaotic period of the nineteenth century. Even though religious differences have always existed in South-eastern Europe, the inhabitants of that region have not always seen fellow humans with different religious affiliations as estranged others. Muslim converts to Christianity were ready to compromise their Islamic faith in exchange for security, social status, and well-being in the changed political and social environment created by Greek nationalism, with a view to advancing their professional opportunities and material interests in the new state. The Greek case is not unique. Religious conversions from Islam to Christianity occurred elsewhere in the region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Yet, while Balkan historiographical literature has focused on the Islamization of Christians in the region during the Ottoman period, it has paid little attention to the inverse processes of Christianization of Muslims in the age of nationalism.
Making an Ethnic Group: Lemko-Rusyns and the Minority Question in the Second Polish Republic
Authors: Pasieka Agnieszka
Published: August 2021

Drawing on ethnographic and archival materials, this paper examines the ethnic politics of the Second Polish Republic by taking into account the experiences of the Lemko-Rusyn population, a minority East Slavic group inhabiting the peripheral mountainous area in southern Poland. It illustrates the changing policies towards Lemko-Rusyns and discusses the different responses of the local population to these policies, demonstrating the inadequacy of categories imposed from above as well as manifold motivations behind people's political views, choices of national identification, and religious conversions. In so doing, the article has three main objectives. First, in line with recent critical scholarship on nationalism in the Second Polish Republic, it attempts to problematize the – frequently exaggerated – difference between ‘federational’ and ‘assimilationist’ conceptions, exposing the discriminatory nature of interwar minority politics, as experienced locally. Second, moving beyond the interwar period, the article presents the long-term consequences of the interwar policies and the events of the Second World War, including a series of ethnic cleansings that took place in the aftermath of the war as well as present-day discourses on and policies towards ethnic and national minorities. And third, in discussing state actors' agency in the domain of minority policies, it calls for a more thorough recognition of the agency of the people who are the target of those policies. The article considers all these issues by presenting a history of a Lemko-Rusyn locality and its inhabitants, as recorded in school records, state reports, and oral histories.
A case report of congenital nephrotic syndrome caused by new mutations of NPHS1
Authors: Li Zhong , Zhuang Lanchun , Han Mei , Li Feng
Published: August 2021

Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that occurs in the first 0 to 3 months of life. The course of CNS is progressive, often leading to end-stage renal disease within 2 to 3 years. Most patients with CNS are resistant to glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs. We report a girl aged 1 month and 20 days who was admitted to hospital with a history of abdominal distension and palpebral edema. She was diagnosed with CNS and administered a glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone) for 2 years. Targeted high-throughput next-generation sequencing showed mutations in the NPHS1 gene. She had a favorable outcome after 2 years of treatment. She has remained in complete remission for the last 6 months. From a clinical point of view, the outcome of CNS may be associated with end-stage renal disease or even death. Appropriate pharmacotherapy is beneficial to maintain a normal function and integrity of the glomerular barrier. An aggressive treatment plan is required to save the life of patients with CNS, even if a heterozygous mutation is detected by genetic analysis.
Abusive supervision, occupational well-being and job performance: The critical role of attention–awareness mindfulness
Authors: De Clercq Dirk , Jahanzeb Sadia , Fatima Tasneem
Published: August 2021

Drawing from the job demands–resources (JD-R) model, this study sets out to investigate two complementary mechanisms that underpin the connection between employees’ exposure to abusive supervision and diminished job performance – one that is health-related (higher emotional exhaustion) and another that is motivation-related (lower work engagement). It also examines how this harmful process might be contained by employees’ mindfulness, particularly as manifest in its attention–awareness component. Data collected across three points in time among employees and supervisors in different organizations show that the motivation-based mechanism is more prominent than its health-impairment counterpart in connecting abusive supervision with lower job performance. The results also reveal a buffering effect of employees’ mindfulness on their responses to abusive supervision.

JEL Classification: M50