bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substantive and Procedural Representation: Civil Law and Family Law Aspects
Authors:   Perm State University, Korotkov D. B. , Shershen T. V. ,   Perm State University
Published: May 2021

Introduction: representation as a civil law relationship has long been an area of particular research interest, which can be explained by its special significance as one of the guarantors of the subject's right to free participation in civil circulation. At the same time, there have developed certain stereotypes in scientific research concerning the legal relationship of representation, the doctrine lacks a holistic approach to the study of representation as a relationship under civil law, which indicates the necessity of developing such an approach. Taking into consideration the dynamic development of procedural legislation, the legal relationship of representation is also undergoing changes, especially in relation to civil and family law relations. Purpose: to develop a holistic view on the current civil and family law regulation of substantive and procedural representation taking into account new changes in Russian procedural legislation. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; specific scientific methods: legal-dogmatic, comparative legal, method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: the study showed that representation should be considered as an organizational and informational relationship regulated by civil law within the framework of which the representative exercises the authority received from the represented person to perform on behalf of this person in relation to third parties legal actions and closely related to them factual actions entailing the emergence, change or termination of the rights and obligations of the person represented. Accordingly, a stable closed set of legal rules regulating this social relationship is called the institution of representation. Conclusions: representation as a legal relationship can be classified by types and forms: types are distinguished according to the branch affiliation (substantive or procedural law), while forms are distinguished according to the grounds for the emergence of the representative authority (representation by virtue of law, including based on an administrative act; contractual representation; representation from the situation). The legal relationship of representation is different from similar legal relationships (commission legal relationship, agency service, legal participation, activities of a signer’s assistant, activities of a mediator).
Modern Concept of Indemnity Insurance and Prospects for Its Implementation in Russian Law
Authors:   Pskov State University, Kratenko M. V. , Luik O.-J. ,   University of Tartu
Published: May 2021

Introduction: the division of insurance into indemnity insurance and insurance of fixed sums is as common in European legal doctrine as the differentiation between property and personal insurance in Russian law. The article investigates the functions and main features of indemnity insurance and modern trends in legal regulation of this type of insurance. Purpose: to demonstrate the evolution of the compensation insurance model, caused, among other things, by the penetration of the pro-consumer approach in insurance law; to assess the current state of Russian legislation on insurance contract and the proposals for its reform (formulated in Draft revision of Chapter 48 of the Civil Code) from the perspective of the indemnity insurance model. Methods: the authors apply a comparative legal research method to the legislation and doctrine of Russia, Estonia and other EU member states, model acts of insurance law (Principles of European Insurance Contract Law[1]), and also use methods of retrospective analysis. Results:the authors conclude that the indemnity insurance model is still based on long-established principles (necessity of insurance interest, good faith, etc.), although their interpretation may change over time. In addition, the strengthening of pro-consumer ideas has a significant impact on contractual relationship in indemnity insurance: the standard of requirements to the policyholder (insured person) and his liability for breach of contractual duties have been softened, while the level of requirements to the insurer as a professional subject is increasing. This is reflected in formalization of the information duty of the policyholder at the pre-contractual stage, replacement of the all-or-nothing principle by the principle of proportionality when imposing sanctions on the policyholder, including mandatory testing for the causal link between the breach of contract and materialization of risk or increase in damage. It is concluded that the Russian legislation on insurance contract requires a conceptual reform, including through the consistent introduction of the proportionality principle in all cases when sanctions are applied to the policyholder.
Limits of Criminal Law Intervention in Human Genome Research
Authors:   Saratov State Law Academy, Blinov A. G. , Lapunin М. М. ,   Saratov State Law Academy
Published: May 2021

Introduction: the unprecedented successes of genetics have created a clear need to specify the limits of intervention of criminal law in relations associated with research into the human genome. When addressing this issue, it is essential to take into account not only the advantages that genetic engineering offers to mankind but also the threats posed by the technologies in question. Purpose: to determine the potential limits of criminal law interference in relations associated with the study of the genome. Objectives: to classify the limits of criminal law intervention, to identify the forms of socially dangerous behavior to be criminalized; to differentiate between the protective functions of criminal and administrative legislation in relation to the category of offenses under consideration; to designate areas that are off-limits to criminal law interference. Methods: both general and specific scientific methods were used, including dialectic, deduction and induction, content analysis, comparative legal method, statistical method, questioning, interviewing. Results: the limits of intervention within the protective function of criminal law have been analyzed based on five grounds, and none of the listed limits has been found to be properly defined for the field of genetic research. Based on five aspects of the manifestation of the genome in legal relations, the paper outlines the possibilities for improving the Russian criminal law taking into account the protection of each of the aspects. The accent on criminal law in the corresponding area of legal policy appears to be unacceptable. However, it is important to designate several socially dangerous acts affecting relations in the field of genetics as those that should be criminalized. On the other hand, in the interest of progress in genetic research, there is a need to actively develop the institute of circumstances excluding criminality of an act. Conclusions: the formation of temporal, spatial, subjective, substantive and interbranch limits of criminal law intervention in the human DNA research will allow geneticists to more accurately determine the reference points of scientific research, to channel their efforts exclusively into creative and constructive work, and will make it possible for all the interested parties to be more active in providing organizational, financial and scientific assistance for such researchers.
Insights from training a blind student in biological sciences
Authors: Tekane Rethabile , Potgieter Marietjie
Published: May 2021

Higher education institutions have a constitutional obligation to provide reasonable accommodation to students with disabilities. Although the teaching and learning of students with blindness and low vision in STEM disciplines are well documented abroad, to date, there are no published studies in South Africa on successful teaching and learning strategies for students with blindness and low vision in STEM fields, specifically in science disciplines. Therefore, in this paper, we report on how teaching, learning, and assessment were adapted to make science disciplines accessible to John, a blind student enrolled in a biological sciences degree at a research-intensive university in South Africa. Several factors contributed towards the successful completion of John’s bachelor’s degree. These factors include the availability of tutors who committed a large amount of time to help John understand content presented in lectures, tutorials, and practical sessions; a well-resourced and effective Disability Unit; lecturers who ensured that John was well accommodated in lectures, tutorials, and practical sessions; and, finally, John’s commitment and dedication towards learning.Significance:

This is the first study to report on successful teaching and learning strategies for a blind student in the natural sciences in the South African context.
The study provides a guide that scholars, educators, university managers and policymakers can use to ensure that mathematics and science subjects are accessible to blind students and that teaching strategies allow them to perform to their potential.
The urban water metabolism of Cape Town: Towards becoming a water sensitive city
Authors: Atkins Ffion , Flügel Tyrel , Hugman Rui
Published: May 2021

To improve its resilience to increasing climatic uncertainty, the City of Cape Town (the City) aims to become a water sensitive city by 2040. To undertake this challenge, a means to measure progress is needed that quantifies the urban water systems at a scale that enables a whole-of-system approach to water management. Using an urban water metabolism framework, we (1) provide a first city-scale quantification of the urban water cycle integrating its natural and anthropogenic flows, and (2) assess alternative water sources (indicated in the New Water Programme) and whether they support the City towards becoming water sensitive. We employ a spatially explicit method with particular consideration to apply this analysis to other African or Global South cities. At the time of study, centralised potable water demand by the City amounted to 325 gigalitres per annum, 99% of which was supplied externally from surface storage, and the remaining ~1% internally from groundwater storage (Atlantis aquifer). Within the City’s boundary, runoff, wastewater effluent and groundwater represent significant internal resources which could, in theory, improve supply efficiency and internalisation as well as hydrological performance. For the practical use of alternative resources throughout the urban landscape, spatially explicit insight is required regarding the seasonality of runoff, local groundwater storage capacity and the quality of water as it is conveyed through the complex urban landscape. We suggest further research to develop metrics of urban water resilience and equity, both of which are important in a Global South context.
Significance:

This research provides the initial groundwork of quantifying the magnitude of the urban water cycle of the City of Cape Town at an annual timescale, in relation to becoming a water sensitive city. The urban water metabolism framework used in this study provides important insight to assess whole-of-system urban water dynamics and to benchmark progress towards becoming water sensitive. By quantifying the magnitude of flows into and out of the urban system, this research sheds light on the opportunities to improve circularity in the urban water cycle. The spatial approach adopted here provides a platform to interrogate the urban landscape and its role in the urban water cycle. By using data products that are available via national data sets or remote sensing, this approach can be applied to other African or Global South where data is characteristically scarce. Further work is required to establish metrics that can adequately describe urban water resilience and equity.
Non-communicable diseases – a catastrophe for South Africa
Authors: Samodien Ebrahim , Abrahams Yoonus , Muller Christo , Louw Johan , Chellan Nireshni
Published: May 2021

Non-communicable diseases contribute significantly to the disease burden within South Africa. In the most unequal of societies in the world, poverty and socio-economic disparity are amongst the greatest obstacles facing South Africans, impacting heavily on health care. Adverse socio-environmental factors, especially those experienced during early life, can, through neurobiological and epigenetic mechanisms, developmentally programme the outcome of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders in adulthood. In this narrative review, we describe the social environment experienced by South Africans and discuss the potential contribution of epigenetics to the current and future prevalence of non-communicable diseases. A large part of the population (including 60% of young children) lives in poverty and endures challenging socio-economic environments, due to high unemployment, alcohol and substance abuse, and inter-partner violence. It is imperative that socio-economic factors be considered as risk factors for strategies aimed at reducing or preventing these disorders. If the current situation is left unchecked, the disease incidences could be exacerbated, and be potentially catastrophic for future generations. The consequences can be widespread and can have a direct effect on the future health and economic development of the country. Thus, child and adolescent health requires urgent attention and should be placed at the centre of the healthcare system. Early interventions providing optimum nutrition, a secure environment, together with physical activity and education should be the cornerstones for creating a healthier population for the future.Significance:

South Africa already has a high non-communicable diseases burden. Non-communicable diseases – like cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, respiratory illnesses and mental disorders – are known to be caused by the interaction of socio-environmental factors, physiology, behaviour and genetics. About 60% of South Africa’s children currently live in poverty, with adverse socio-environmental factors known to have a negative effect on development, leading to a plethora of health problems in adulthood.
The implications for the current situation are widespread: a future population with deteriorated physical and mental health, presenting with co-morbidities that render these individuals more susceptible to infectious diseases. It is important to recognise the potential repercussions on the health prognosis of future generations.
Endeavours should focus on early interventions that can provide optimum nutrition, education, and physical activity within a safe environment. These interventions can have favourable effects on children’s brain development and genetics, thereby promoting their well-being and increasing their life prospects.
Application of Taguchi method and artificial neural network model for the prediction of reductive leaching of cobalt(III) from oxidised low-grade ores
Authors: Kasongo K. Brest , Mwanat Henock-Michel
Published: May 2021

The leaching process of cobalt using a wide range of experimental variables is described. The treated cobalt samples were from the Kalumbwe Mine in the south of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In this study, a predictive model of cobalt recovery using both the Taguchi statistical method and an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm was proposed. The Taguchi method utilising a L25 (55) orthogonal array and an ANN multi-layer, feed-forward, back-propagation learning algorithm were adopted to optimise the process parameters (acid concentration, leaching time, temperature, percentage solid, and sodium metabisulfite concentration) responsible for the high recovery of cobalt by reducing sulfuric acid leaching. The ANN was built with a neuron in the output layer corresponding to the cobalt leaching recovery, 10 hidden layers, and 5 input variables. The validation of the ANN model was performed with the results of the Taguchi method. The optimised trained neural network depicts the testing data and validation data with R2 equal to 1 and 0.5676, respectively.Significance:

We statistically investigated the main factors (acid concentration, leaching time, temperature, percentage solid, and sodium metabisulfite concentration) that affect the cobalt(III) leaching performance using both the Taguchi method and artificial neural network model. This allowed us to ascertain that it is indeed possible to leach cobalt(III) from oxide ores and to identify the optimum leaching conditions.
The role that nature conservation can play to mitigate the spread of future infectious diseases
Authors: Tonelli Mattia , Lobo Jorge , Benedetti Yanina , Morelli Federico , Verdú José
Published: May 2021

The emergence of infectious diseases is reviewed highlighting the potential role played by main environmental anthropogenic disturbances as, deforestation, land-use change, human-induced climate change, biodiversity loss and the illegal wildlife trade. Ultimately, it is plausible that the human impact on the biosphere could be the root cause of these emerging diseases, and that economic globalization, population growth and landscape anthropization might increase the likelihood of the emergence of novel zoonoses. This pattern bears similarities to phenomena that occurred during the Neolithic period with the emergence of agriculture and cattle domestication. Still today such phenomena could be accelerated by the vastly increased traffic of people and goods. Finally, we argue in favour of strong policies and actions aiming to mitigate the human impact on natural ecosystems as a key strategy to prevent future zoonoses.
On the Lexicographic Description of the Preposition Putyom in Modern Discourse
Authors:   Tyumen State University (Tyumen, Russian Federation), Aksarina Natalja A. , Basova Larisa V. ,   Tyumen State University (Tyumen, Russian Federation)
Published: May 2021

This article analyzes the system of meanings of the preposition putyom in modern discourse, describes the features of the semantic composition in each meaning, traces semantic links of the selected meanings with the productive name and provides their lexicographic description. The analyzed material included 609 documents of the main corpus of the Russian National Corpus for 2009–2019. The search was performed on a user subcorpus of 6,555 documents which amounted to 13,596,479 words. The complex study of 330 usage samples of the preposition putyom by means of contextual and component analyses has revealed that 167 of them were substantive, 13 adverbial and 150 prepositional ones. The lexicographic identifiers used were as follows: 1) recurrent links with the context, determining the lexico-semantic valence of the preposition putyom; 2) grammatical valence, implemented in specific syntactic links; 3) the possibility of lexical and grammatical replacement of constructions with the preposition putyom by an adverbial participle and a noun in the instrumental case; 4) possible partial synonymy relations; 5) data from lexicographic sources. The range of partial synonyms was established in accordance with the definitions in explanatory dictionaries. The analysis has shown seven meanings of the preposition putyom,grammarticalized in varying degrees, with differentiable semantic and compatibility features. Characteristic valences as well as semantic functions have been determined for each meaning and a dictionary entry proposed. It has been established that the “left” component of the preposition putyom in any implementation is a verb form or a verbal noun with procedural or productive semantics, while the “right” one is a verbal noun with procedural or effective semantics. The polysemy of the preposition putyom is predetermined by a change in hierarchy when contextual conditions change. All the meanings of the preposition putyom have a common motivating base, i.e. the 6th meaning of the noun put’ (way). The polysemy of the preposition putyom is caused by the initial semantic potential of the motivating meaning. The preposition putyom is motivated by both explicit and implicit semes of the meaning-generating noun put’ and in implication inherits the semes of its primary meaning. In all the meanings it retains this “mode of action” inherited from the motivating meaning of the noun put’. In six of seven meanings, it enters into a partial synonymy only with derivative prepositions of the genitive and dative cases and is semantically identified in these relations. The partial nature of synonymy indicates the insufficiency of a synonymous definition and requires a descriptive component inclusion.
Children’s World in the First Person. Book Review: Agapova, N.A. et al. (2018) Slovar’ Detstva: Govory Srednego Priob’ya (S Lingvokul’turologicheskim Kommentariem) [Dictionary of Childhood: Dialects of the Middle Ob Region (With a Linguoculturological Commentary)]
Authors:   Pskov State University (Pskov, Russian Federation), Nikitina Tatiana G.
Published: May 2021

The dictionary is the first experience in presenting lexical and phraseological units related to the “children’s” sphere of traditional culture. The purpose of the dictionary is to describe the childhood of a specific local tradition reflected in the language of its speakers and the characteristics of the peasant worldview. The sources of the dictionary are recordings of live oral speech made during dialectological expeditions of the staff and students of the Faculty of Philology, Tomsk State University. The dictionary is intended for dialectologists, culturologists, ethnographers, historians, ethnographers, and those interested in folk speech culture.
Efficacy of iliopsoas muscle release on respiratory parameters in patients with chronic low back pain: a single blinded, two- groups, pre-test/post-test randomized controlled trial protocol
Authors: Vats Sakshi , Goyal Manu , Kothiyal Saumya
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Iliopsoas and diaphragm muscle shares common attachment at L2 vertebrae, iliopsoas tightness may lead to reduce diaphragm excursion leading to breathing difficulty. Therefore, the present controlled trial will provide evidence on effect of the iliopsoas muscle release in upgrading respiratory efficiency in patients with chronic low back pain. METHOD/DESIGN: -   A total of thirty-four participants with mechanical chronic low back pain due to hip flexor tightness and having breathing difficulty will be recruited on the basis of selection criteria and will be randomly allocated into two groups, Group A (conservative treatment + iliopsoas myofascial release), Group B (conservative treatment + sham treatment).  Both the group will receive the intervention  thrice a week for 3 weeks. The outcome measures will be Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Diffusing Capacity of Lung for Carbon monoxide will be used as outcome measures.   DISCUSSION: This trial will help to identify the effectiveness of iliopsoas release in low back pain and its effect on respiratory parameters. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been prospectively registered at cliniclatrials.gov (CTRI/2020/04/024661) on 16 April 2020.
Efeito do pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto no consumo máximo de oxigênio e potência máxima em corredores e ciclistas: revisão sistemática e metanálise
Authors: De Oliveira Francisco Tiago Oliveira , Freitas Marcos Eduardo , Almeida Celso Nascimento , Santana Robson Santos , Queiroz Ciro Oliveira , Costa Dias Cristiane Maria Carvalho
Published: May 2021

INTRODUÇÃO: O pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto (PCIR) é uma intervenção cardioprotetora não invasiva, que atenua a lesão celular sofrida por uma isquemia prolongada. Seus efeitos de proteção sobre o coração, quando aplicado ao esporte, pode melhorar o desempenho do exercício. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto no consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) e potência máxima (Wmáx) em corredores e ciclistas. METODOLOGIA: Revisão sistemática e metanálise, com ensaios clínicos randomizados. Baseado no PRISMA e avaliado pelo repositório de projetos de revisões sistemática PROSPERO, entretanto, não obteve o registro por se tratar de um  desfecho de performance esportiva.  As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, SciELO, Periódicos CAPES. A seleção dos estudos foi realizada em duas etapas: leitura do título e resumo e, leitura completa dos artigos. A extração dos dados foi realizada pela transcrição das informações. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada pela escala risco de viés através da ferramenta Cochrane. Excluíram-se estudos que investigaram variáveis diferentes dos desfechos selecionados para esta revisão. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos oito ensaios clínicos. Verificou-se que nos itens geração de sequência aleatória, ocultação de alocação e cegamento de avaliadores de desfecho em quase todos os estudos tiveram alto risco de viés. Os resultados da metanálise revelou VO2máx (p < 0,01), o PCIR mostrou ser eficaz; Wmáx não houve diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO: O pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto pode ser capaz de aumentar o VO2máx em corredores e ciclistas. A Wmáx demonstra não ser influenciada pelo PCIR.
The Archaeological Context of an Anchorite Cell at Ruyton, Shropshire
Authors: Yuskaitis Victoria
Published: May 2021

Current research analysing anchoritic archaeology focuses on the squint that allowed the anchorite to view the Eucharist. However, assessing archaeological evidence for anchorite cells using archaeological context, which involves interpreting the archaeology in relationship to other features or artifacts, is key to developing a more nuanced understanding. The anchoritic archaeology at St. John the Baptist in Ruyton, Shropshire, is an important case study, as this site has not been mentioned in the medieval textual record, and the anchoritic archaeology has only been briefly discussed in other scholarship. This short article demonstrates the value of using archaeological context to provide key information missing from textual sources and to better understand the lived experience of anchorites.
Gabriele D´Annunzio legislatore?
Authors: Sciumè Alberto
Published: May 2021

LawArt sollecita ad Alberto Sciumè alcune riflessioni su Gabriele D’Annunzio (1863-1938) come ‘legislatore’. Il profilo del grande poeta, romanziere e drammaturgo italiano è proiettato entro l’esperienza della Reggenza italiana e della Carta del Carnaro, carta costituzionale che declina in modo originale il rapporto tra politica e diritto. D’Annunzio, coautore con Alceste de Ambris della Carta, si cala a tutto tondo nell’innovativo progetto. Contribuisce a farne un modello per la creazione di una rete di relazioni tra gli esponenti della cultura italiana determinati a promuovere una rigenerazione delle istituzioni politiche italiane. Una rigenerazione che prende le forme del diritto, muovendo dalla politica e attingendo alla letteratura e alla poesia.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT WATER STRESS LEVELS ON BIOMASS YIELD AND AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF SWITCHGRASS (Panicum virgatum L.) CULTIVARS UNDER ARID AND SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS
Authors: GÖNÜLAL Erdal , SOYLU Süleyman , ŞAHİN Mehmet
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different water stress levels on biomass yield, plant height, number of stalks per unit area, single stalk weight, yield reduction ratios and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars under Central Anatolia conditions. Experiments were conducted for two years (2016 – 2017) in randomized blocks – split plots experimental design with three replications under Konya ecological conditions. Six switchgrass cultivars (Shelter, Alamo, Cave in rock, Shawnee, Kanlow and Trailblazer) and five different irrigation treatments (water stress levels: S1: Full irrigation; S2: 75% of full irrigation; S3: 50% of full irrigation; S4: 25% of full irrigation and S5: Rain-fed without irrigation) were used in present experiments.
Kanlow, Alamo and Trailblazer cultivars had greater biomass yields than the other cultivars in all water stress treatments. Under different water stress treatments, dry biomass yields varied between 48300 kg ha-1 (S5- Cave in rock) and 25120 kg ha-1 (S1- Kanlow); plant heights varied between 70 cm (S5) and 180 cm (S1); number of stalks per unit area (meter) varied between 221 (S5) and 356 (S1); stalk weights varied between 0.56 g (S5) and 2.25 g (S1). IWUE was calculated as 5.7 kg m-3 for the first harvest and as 2.1 kg m-3 for the second harvest. Considering the biomass yields from single harvest of rain-fed treatments (S5) and two harvests of the other irrigation treatments (S1-S4), IWUE values and water deficits of the region, it was concluded that single harvest was more suitable for switchgrass plants grown under ecological conditions
Ensuring the Defendant's Right to Defense in the Case Dealt with in Defendant's Absence as a Universal Standard of Justice
Authors: Klyuchnikov A. Yu.
Published: May 2021

When the case is brought before the international criminal court (a tribunal), a court of universal international jurisdiction, the defendant is granted the right to defense. One of its components includes safeguarding of the right to participate in the criminal proceedings initiated against him. In practice, it may be difficult to ensure this safeguard. Thus, even if the accused is properly informed of the case initiated against him, he may ignore the proceedings or refuse to participate in the trial. There may be difficulties in enforcing a restraining measure related to isolation from the society, including cases when the accused is located in a State different from the State of the forum. Even during the proceedings, the accused can be removed from the courtroom for the violation of order, contempt of the court or insulting a participant in the proceedings. Judicial proceedings in the absence of an accused person in international and national law are not treated separately as a special and separate form of proceedings, but rather as a routine procedure with a number of exceptions. The refusal to allocate as an independent proceeding the trial in the absence of the defendant is based on the narrowness of foundations for its use and practice that does not accept the absence of the defendant in criminal proceedings. In these cases, the problem of a fair trial arises in the absence of the person being prosecuted but with respect to his or her rights.
Matters related to Court Session Scheduling and Choice of Court Procedure in Criminal Proceedings: Problems, Errors, and Solutions
Authors: Safronov A. Yu.
Published: May 2021

The paper considers one of the key stages of court work in criminal proceedings, namely the initial preparation stage for a court session in a criminal trial and scheduling of the said session while choosing the procedure rules (general or special, provided for in Chapter 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). The paper analyzes the latest changes in legislation regulating these issues, ambiguities and uncertainties that give rise to judicial errors made at this stage, including those related to the choice (determination) of the procedure for judicial proceedings, their impact on the future fate of the criminal case and the final court decision (sentence).

Studying the cases of specific judicial precedents (including the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation), the author emphasizes the reasons these errors can be caused by. Examples of the actions of the parties (both the prosecution and the defense) that significantly affect this stage and even determine it, as well as the final court document, including in terms of criminal punishment, are given. The author shows that, at the will of only the prosecution (the state prosecutor and (or) the victim), the defendant (convicted), who conscientiously contributes to justice and fully admits his guilt at all stages of the investigation and judicial consideration of the criminal case, is deprived of the benefits provided to him by law (privileges in the appointment of criminal punishment), which even the judge (court) considering the criminal case cannot influence. The difficulties of the court (judge) in deciding on the choice of the procedure for trial in a criminal case and the legislative uncertainty in the issues under consideration are revealed. Specific ways of solving the problems under consideration of scheduling a court session in a criminal trial are proposed.
The reliability of North American seismological stations
Authors: Herrin Eugene
Published: May 2021

Estimates are given for the reliabilities of fifty-eight North American seismic stations, based on I.S.S. P-time residuals of Mexican earthquakes for 1941, 1942, 1943, and 1944. The ten most reliable stations were found to be Tinemaha, Riverside, Pasadena, Mount Wilson, Tucson, Lick, Weston, Palomar, Haiwee, and Seven Falls. The standard deviation of a single P arrival for the more reliable stations is ± 2.0 seconds or greater.

A systematic difference in travel times between the California stations and eastern stations, and particularly between Ottawa and the Pasadena group, is strongly suggested. P arrivals at Ottawa are about one second faster than for the Pasadena group.
The geometrical representation of fault-plane solutions of earthquakes
Authors: Scheidegger Adrian E.
Published: May 2021

Investigations into the mechanism at the focus of an earthquake have been in progress for a long time. In the course of these investigations it has been demonstrated that the mathematical model of a simple fault is a plausible assumption, at least so far as the explanation of the direction of first motion at distant seismic observatories is concerned.

Various methods have been devised for representing and determining the elements of the focal fault of an earthquake, by investigators in Japan, Holland, North America, Italy, and Russia. It is often very difficult to see the connection between the various representations, and the present paper has been undertaken to demonstrate the relationships between them and to devise corresponding “translation schemes.”

It is shown that there exists an infinite number of representations of fault-plane solutions all of which satisfy certain basic requirements. However, only four thereof have reached any popularity. It is shown that three of these four representations are entirely equivalent. In each, one uses a sphere; in each, one uses some stereographic projection of this sphere; and in each, one substitutes the tangent to the seismic ray at the focus for the ray itself. Whether one tabulates the angle i which that tangent makes with the vertical and plots tan i/2, as Ritsema and most Russians do, or whether one tabulates and plots tan i, as some of the Russians do, or tabulates and plots cot i, as Hodgson and his various co-workers do, one obtains identical results with equivalent amounts of work. What particular representation anyone will choose for studying an earthquake will therefore depend largely on his taste and previous custom.
Higher modes of continental Rayleigh waves
Authors: Oliver Jack , Ewing Maurice
Published: May 2021

A long dispersive train of waves corresponding to higher modes of the Rayleigh-wave equation (including Sezawa's M2 wave) for the continental crust-mantle system is positively identified, apparently for the first time. Observed particle motion is elliptical and retrograde, in agreement with theory. Although several theoretical studies have been published in which progressive elliptical particle motion was found, all of these involved values of the elastic constants unsuitable for the present problem.

The beginnings of the short-period branches of the higher modes can account for the high-frequency longitudinal and vertical components of the continental surface-wave phase Lg. The large amplitudes and the peculiar appearance of Rg appear to depend on the broad flat minimum of the group velocity curve of the lowest or Rayleigh mode.
Intensity distribution and strong-motion seismograph results, Nevada earthquakes of December 16, 1954
Authors: Cloud William K.
Published: May 2021

abstract

Data from strong-motion seismographs and from intensity studies of the December 16, 1954, Nevada, earthquakes are presented, together with limited comparison to earlier Nevada shocks and to the Kern County, California, earthquake of 1952. Intensity results show a felt area of 220,000 square miles, and a maximum Modified Mercalli Scale intensity of VII based on vibratory effects. Seismograph results, available only from distant stations, indicate maximum accelerations of 29 cm/sec.2 at 130 miles and 2 cm/sec.2 at 470 miles.
Geological effects of the Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak, Nevada, earthquakes of December 16, 1954
Authors: Slemmons David B.
Published: May 2021

abstract

The earthquakes of December 16, 1954, were accompanied by offsets along many faults in four main zones of a north-trending belt 60 miles long by 20 miles wide. Minor geologic effects included changed flow of springs and wells, formation of water fountains and craters, landslips, landslides, mudflows, and rockfalls, and secondary fracturing of unconsolidated sediments.

The fault displacements were mainly along normal faults of the Basin-Range type in the following zones: (1) west of Dixie Valley, (2) southeast of Dixie Valley, (3) east of Fairview Peak, and (4) east of Stingaree Valley. The maximum strike-slip component was 12 feet (right-lateral) at Fairview Peak, and the maximum vertical-slip component was about 12 feet at Bell Flat.

Most of the faults are at or near the alluvium-bedrock contact. A tectonic origin is proposed for these faults, however, since most of the faults have segments which cross bedrock or follow prehistoric scarps in alluvium. Dip-slip displacements were prevalent in the northern part of the area, and diagonal-slip or even strike-slip displacements characterized the southern part.

The four main types of fault structure are herein defined as simple, subsidence, gravity-graben, and longitudinal step-fault types. The origin and nature of each type is discussed. Measurement of dip-slip components of displacement is complicated by the nature of these structures and earthfalls. In general, the scarp height is greater than the dip-slip component or throw.

Comparison of geodetic data with field geologic data shows that the field geologist can, with care, measure fault displacements accurately, even across complex fault structures.
The efffct of torsional oscillations on earthquake stresses
Authors: Housner George W. , Outinen Hannu
Published: May 2021

A comparison is made between the maximum stresses induced by earthquake-excited vibrations of an unsymmetrical structure and those induced in a symmetrical structure. These stresses are compared with the commonly used equivalent static method of analysis, and it is shown that the static method underestimates significantly the magnitude of the maximum stresses. Although the maximum stresses are quite sensitive to changes in the relative rigidity of the walls, an energy analysis of the vibration problem shows that the relative rigidities are not crucially important in determining the ultimate strength of the building.
An analysis of strong-motion accelerometer data from the San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957
Authors: Hudson D. E. , Housner G. W.
Published: May 2021

The San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957, was recorded simultaneously by accelerometers at five United States Coast and Geodetic Survey stations in the San Francisco area. Response spectrum curves were computed from the acceleration-time records, and from these response spectrum curves the spectrum intensities have been determined. From these spectrum intensities certain conclusions are drawn as to: (1) the effects of local geology on the recorded ground motions; (2) the calculation of total energy released by the earthquake from strong-motion accelerometer records; (3) possible influence of structural dynamic behavior on the accelerations recorded in building basements, and the relationship between basement accelerations and ground accelerations; and (4) the applicability of a simplified type of strong-motion earthquake instrument for investigations of local distribution effects. A general comparison is made between the present earthquake and typical Pacific Coast earthquakes.
Seismic waves from the underground atomic explosion in Nevada
Authors: Grossling B. F.
Published: May 2021

>Abstract

Seismic waves from the underground atomic explosion of September 19, 1957, were recorded for 45 minutes on multichannel magnetic tape at a point 25 miles north of Holbrook, Arizona, about 370 miles from their source. Twelve vertical-component seismometers were laid out in the form of an L 5,280 ft. by 1,600 ft. to permit determinations of apparent velocity and of direction of arrival. The frequency range recorded, about 6 to 40 cps, was higher than usual in earthquake seismology. During tape playback, supplementary filtering, gain adjustments, and changes in time scale served to improve the quality and legibility of the records.

The playback seismograms reveal strikingly well not only to Pn and P* waves transmitted and refracted by the crust, but also many others as well. Some of these, as clearly indicated by their directions of arrival, did not originate from the explosion. We have attempted only an elementary interpretation, our main purpose being to make the data available to anyone who might be interested in them. The relatively short wave lengths of the recorded events may make them of unusual significance. In addition to arrival times, we made a few measurements of absolute amplitude and of frequency spectra.
Seismic regionalization
Authors: Richter C. F.
Published: May 2021

abstract

In the USSR earthquake risk is now officially mapped by division into areas numbered with the degrees of the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, to show maximum reasonably expectable intensity during future earthquakes on ground of the prevailing character. This paper presents and discusses maps on the same plan for the Los Angeles Basin and its vicinity, for California, and for the United States.

The effect of variation of ground from point to point can be shown only on a large scale. This is microregionalization; the map for the Los Angeles Basin is an example. Small-scale regionalization maps require generalization. Prevailing ground is selected, not strictly by percentage of area, but by considering the foundation likely to be used for construction, in mountainous areas mostly small alluvial patches less stable than the surrounding rock.

Regionalization and especially microregionalization can be used in construction and planning, as indicating maximum effects to be considered in designing permanent structures. In adjusting insurance rates, and in designing temporary structures, statistical frequency of occurrence is also involved.

Over small areas, regionalization depends largely on local variation of ground and geology; over large areas, distance from active faults must be considered. Attention should be given to the effect of structural trends and of wave path on the form of isoseismal curves.

Mapping for the Los Angeles Basin area is reasonably definite. That for California is fairly reliable, but less so in desert and mountain areas. That for the United States is in part highly speculative and subject to substantial change.
Statistical analysis of recent fault-plane solutions of earthquakes
Authors: Scheidegger A. E.
Published: May 2021

The large number of fault-plane solutions at present available in the literature permit one to calculate several statistical averages that have an important bearing upon geotectonics. The present paper represents a continuation of earlier work in this direction: 101 new fault-plane solutions are listed and the ratio of pressure to tension, strike slip to dip slip, and the average slip angle have been calculated for nine earthquake areas. Some of the older results are thereby corroborated, viz., that the “normal” character of earthquakes is to represent strike-slip faulting, and that the central Asian regions constitute an exception to this rule. In addition, it is now possible to make a breakdown with regard to depth. In this, a peculiar situation is found at 0.03 R depth, where the slip angle reaches a maximum. If the relationship between shallow and deep earthquakes be considered for any one area, however, it turns out that they are on the whole of the same character. Thus, whatever it is that causes earthquakes, acts in a similar fashion at all depths in any one area, but differs from one area to another.
Rayleigh-wave evidence for the low-velocity zone in the mantle
Authors: Takeuchi H. , Press F. , Kobayashi N.
Published: May 2021

Variational calculus methods are applied to the problem of dispersion of mantle Rayleigh waves. In the present paper we have worked two models. One is Gutenberg's model with a low-velocity layer around 150 km. depth. The other is a Jeffreys-Bullen model modified above 200 km. depth so as to join smoothly to the explosion-determined velocities just under the Mohorovičić discontinuity. No low-velocity layer is assumed in this model. Both models give almost identical theoretical dispersion curves which agree well with the Ewing-Press observations of mantle Rayleigh waves for periods longer than 250 sec. This result means that the minimum group velocity at about 250 sec. is mainly due to a sharp increase of shear velocity at about 400 km. depth, which is a common feature for the two models. For periods shorter than 250 sec. Gutenberg's model gives results concordant with the observations. The modified Jeffreys-Bullen model disagrees significantly with the observations. This demonstrates the existence of a low-velocity layer in the upper mantle.
Early Identification of Young Children with ASD and Other Developmental Disabilities: Areas for Improvement
Authors: Crais Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

There continues to be an ongoing effort in pediatric practice to improve screening and referral rates of children with potential developmental disabilities including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Successes have been seen in practices relative to broad developmental screening efforts and increasing improvement in screening for ASD. However, gaps continue to occur in screening, referral for further evaluation, and follow-up that allows the practice (and treating provider) to know the outcome of the referral. This type of “closing the loop” between providers and referral sources is necessary for the practice to function as a medical home for the child and family. In addition, caregivers have highlighted many challenges in the early identification process in working with their primary care provider. This manuscript discusses some of the barriers to early identification for children and their families, successful strategies for more consistent screening and closing the loop following referral, and highlights parental perceptions about identification and referral. Further, practical approaches that could be used by pediatric providers are highlighted.