bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitive spectrophotometric assay of simvastatin in pharmaceuticals using permanganate
Authors: Tharpa Kalsang , Basavaiah Kanakapura , Rajedraprasad Nagaraju , Vinay Kanakapura Basavaiah , Hiriyanna Salmara Ganeshbhat
Published: May 2010

Two simple, sensitive, selective and inexpensive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of simvastatin (SMT) in bulk drug and in tablets using permanganate as the oxidimetric reagent. In method A, SMT is treated with a measured excess of permanganate in acetic acid medium and the unreacted oxidant is measured at 550 nm, whereas in method B the reaction is carried out in alkaline medium and the resulting manganate is measured at 610 nm. In method A, the amount of permanganate reacted corresponds to the SMT content and the absorbance is found to decrease linearly with the concentration; and in method B, the absorbance increases with concentration. The working conditions of assays were optimized, and the methods were validated according to the current ICH guidelines. Under optimum conditions, SMT could be assayed in the concentration ranges, 1.47 - 17.67x10-5 and 2.27 - 27.18 x10-6 mol/L by method A and method B, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivities are 3.2 x 10³ and 2.5 x 10(4) L/mol/cm for method A and method B, respectively with corresponding Sandell sensitivity values of 0.0387 and 0.0178 μg/cm². The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) have also been reported. Accuracy and precision for the assay were determined by calculating the intra-day and inter-day at three concentrations; the intra-day RSD was < 2% and the accuracy was better than 2.15 % (RE). The methods were applied successfully for the determination of SMT in tablet dosage form with a high percentage of recovery, good accuracy and precision, and without measurable interference by the excipients. The accuracy was further ascertained from placebo and synthetic mixture analysis and also from the spike-recovery method.
Estrogen receptor β2 and β5 are associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer, and promote cancer cell migration and invasion
Authors: Leung Yuet-Kin , Lam Hung-Ming , Wu Shulin , Song Dan , Levin Linda , Cheng Liang , Wu Chin-Lee , Ho Shuk-Mei
Published: May 2010

Estrogens play a pivotal role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Their actions are mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs), particularly ERβ in the prostate epithelium. With the discovery of ERβ isoforms, data from previous studies that focused principally on the wild-type ERβ (ERβ1) may not be adequate in explaining the still controversial role of ERβ(s) in prostate carcinogenesis. In this study, using newly generated isoform-specific antibodies, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on a tumor microarray comprised of 144 specimens. IHC results were correlated with pathological and clinical follow-up data to delineate the distinct roles of ERβ1, ERβ2, and ERβ5 in PCa. ERβ2 was commonly found in the cytoplasm and was the most abundant isoform followed by ERβ1 localized predominantly in the nucleus, and ERβ5 was primarily located in the cytoplasm. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that nuclear ERβ2 (nERβ2) is an independent prognostic marker for prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure and postoperative metastasis (POM). In a Kaplan–Meier analysis, the combined expression of both nERβ2 and cytoplasmic ERβ5 identified a group of patients with the shortest POM-free survival. Cox proportional hazard models revealed that nERβ2 predicted shorter time to POM. In concordance with IHC data, stable, ectopic expression of ERβ2 or ERβ5 enhanced PCa cell invasiveness but only PCa cells expressing ERβ5 exhibited augmented cell migration. This is the first study to uncover a metastasis-promoting role of ERβ2 and ERβ5 in PCa, and show that the two isoforms, singularly and conjointly, have prognostic values for PCa progression. These findings may aid future clinical management of PCa.
New targets of urocortin-mediated cardioprotection
Authors: Barry Seán P , Lawrence Kevin M , McCormick James , Soond Surinder M , Hubank Mike , Eaton Simon , Sivarajah Ahila , Scarabelli Tiziano M , Knight Richard A , Thiemermann Christoph , Latchman David S , Townsend Paul A , Stephanou Anastasis
Published: May 2010

The urocortin (UCN) hormones UCN1 and UCN2 have been shown previously to confer significant protection against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying their action are poorly understood. To further define the transcriptional effect of UCNs that underpins their cardioprotective activity, a microarray analysis was carried out using an in vivo rat coronary occlusion model of I/R injury. Infusion of UCN1 or UCN2 before the onset of reperfusion resulted in the differential regulation of 66 and 141 genes respectively, the majority of which have not been described previously. Functional analysis demonstrated that UCN-regulated genes are involved in a wide range of biological responses, including cell death (e.g. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein), oxidative stress (e.g. nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-related factor 1/nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-like 1) and metabolism (e.g. Prkaa2/AMPK). In addition, both UCN1 and UCN2 were found to modulate the expression of a host of genes involved in G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling including Rac2, Gnb1, Dab2ip (AIP1), Ralgds, Rnd3, Rap1a and PKA, thereby revealing previously unrecognised signalling intermediates downstream of CRH receptors. Moreover, several of these GPCR-related genes have been shown previously to be involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, suggesting a link between CRH receptors and induction of MAPKs. In addition, we have shown that both UCN1 and UCN2 significantly reduce free radical damage following myocardial infarction, and comparison of the UCN gene signatures with that of the anti-oxidant tempol revealed a significant overlap. These data uncover novel gene expression changes induced by UCNs, which will serve as a platform to further understand their mechanism of action in normal physiology and cardioprotection.
Recycling of phosphorus in urban Sweden: a historical overview to guide a strategy for the future
Authors: Neset Tina-Simone Schmid , Drangert Jan-Olof , Bader Hans-Peter , Scheidegger Ruth
Published: May 2010

Sustainable sanitation and food security have been issues in all human history although named differently. This study describes the evolution of sanitation arrangements in the Swedish town Linköping for the period 1870–2000. The flow of phosphorus from food consumption is estimated for the period and its output is divided into gainful reuse in agriculture and energy production and (harmful) losses to the hydrosphere and landfills. The rate of gainful reuse varies dramatically, from very high, up until the 1920s, followed by a drop to almost zero around 1950. Reuse was picking up since the introduction of a phosphorus removal unit at wastewater treatment plants and application of sludge in agriculture from the 1970s, but was followed by a sharp decline at the end of the 20th century. The results from Linköping are applied to scenarios for Sweden as a whole and extended to some anticipated implications for the world in the years to come.
India's groundwater irrigation boom: can it be sustained?
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: May 2010

Development of groundwater irrigation (GWI) has been very impressive in India, especially after the introduction of the green revolution. The area under GWI accounts for 62% of the net irrigated area today. Though GWI provides added benefits to farmers, compared to other sources of irrigation, the continuous exploitation of groundwater of late has resulted in a drastic drop in the water table, and led to salinization and quality deterioration in different parts of the country. Since groundwater contributes overwhelmingly to agricultural growth, the unrestrained exploitation of groundwater could hamper the future growth of agriculture. GWI is controlled by many factors, which are dynamic and bound to change along with the agricultural development. Therefore, one needs to understand the factors determining groundwater development in different regions over time to understand the dynamics of groundwater use. Though many studies are available on different aspects of GWI in India, not many studies have looked at the sustainable aspects of GWI, considering the major States of India together. An attempt is made in this paper to study the development as well as the factors determining GWI over time, using state-wide data to suggest appropriate interventions to sustain the use of groundwater.
Investigation of the ionized gas flow adjacent to porous wall in the case when electroconductivity is a function of the longitudinal velocity gradient
Authors: Savic Slobodan , Obrovic Branko , Gordic Dusan , Jovanovic Sasa
Published: May 2010

This paper studies the laminar boundary layer on a body of an arbitrary shape when the ionized gas flow is planar and steady and the wall of the body within the fluid porous. The outer magnetic field is perpendicular to the fluid flow. The inner magnetic and outer electric fields are neglected. The ionized gas electroconductivity is assumed to be a function of the longitudinal velocity gradient. Using transformations, the governing boundary layer equations are brought to a general mathematical model. Based on the obtained numerical solutions in the tabular forms, the behavior of important non-dimensional quantities and characteristics of the boundary layer is graphically presented. General conclusions about the influence of certain parameters on distribution of the physical quantities in the boundary layer are drawn.
Mathematical modeling of a multi-stream brazed aluminum plate fin heat exchanger
Authors: Kohil Ahmed , Farag Hassan , Ossman Mona
Published: May 2010

The need for small size and lightweight heat exchangers in many applications has resulted in the development of many heat transfer surfaces. This type of heat exchanger is much more compact than can be practically realized with circular tubes. In this work a steady-state mathematical model that representing one of the plate fin heat exchangers enclosed in cold box of an ethylene plant has been developed. This model could evaluate the performance of the heat exchanger by predicting the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold streams when the inlet conditions are known. The model has been validated by comparing the results with actual operating values and the results showed good agreement with the actual data. Sensitivity analysis was applied on the model to illustrate the main parameters that have the greatest influence on the model calculated results. The sensitivity analysis showed that the hot stream outlet temperature is more sensitive to cold streams inlet temperatures and less sensitive to hot stream inlet temperature and thermal resistance (fouling), while the cold stream outlet temperature is more sensitive to cold streams inlet flow rate and less sensitive to fouling.
Thermal management of mobile devices
Authors: Shen Weijan , Tan Fock-Lai
Published: May 2010

This paper presents the experimental study of using phase change material in the cooling of the mobile devices. It investigates the thermal performance of transient charging and discharging of mobile devices in three different situations; making phone calls frequently, making long duration calls, and making occasional calls. The results show that mobile devices are heated up fastest during the long duration usage. Experiments are also conducted to determine the effect of fins and effect of orientation of the mobile device on its thermal performance.
Convective cooling of tandem heated triangular cylinders placed in a channel
Authors: Mohsenzadeh Afshin , Farhadi Mousa , Sedighi Kurosh
Published: May 2010

Numerical simulations of forced convective incompressible flow in a horizontal plane channel with adiabatic walls over two isothermal tandem triangular cylinders of equal size are presented to investigate the effect of wall proximity of obstacles, gap space (i.e. gap between two squares), and Reynolds number. Computations have been carried out for Reynolds numbers of (based on triangle width) 100, 250, and 350. Results show that, wall proximity has different effect on first and second triangle in fluid characteristics especially in lower gap spaced, while for heat transfer a fairly same behavior was seen.
Computational analysis of transient turbulent flow and conjugate heat transfer characteristics in a solar collector panel with internal, rectangular fins and baffles
Authors: Saim Rachid , Abboudi Said , Benyoucef Boumédiene
Published: May 2010

The poor thermal exchange between the absorber and the fluid in the solar air flat plate collector, gives the bad performance and the mediocre thermal efficiency. The introduction of obstacles in the dynamic air vein of the solar collector in order to obtain a turbulent flow is a technique that improves the thermal exchange by convection between the air and the absorber. This article present a computational analysis on the turbulent flow and heat transfer in solar air collector with rectangular plate fins absorber and baffles which are arranged on the bottom and top channel walls in a periodically staggered way. To this end we solved numerically, by the finite volumes method, the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy. The low Reynolds number k-? model was adopted for the taking into account of turbulence. The velocity and pressure terms of momentum equations are solved by the SIMPLE algorithm. The parameters studied include the entrance mass flow rate of air. The influence of the mass flow rate of air on the axial velocity and the efficiency of upward type baffled solar air heaters have been investigated numerically. The results show that the flow and the heat transfer characteristics are strongly dependent on mass-flow rate of air and the presence and/or the absence of the baffles and fins in the solar collector. It was observed that increasing the Reynolds number will increase the efficiency of the solar panel, as expected.
Total heat flux on the wall: Bench scale wood crib fires tests
Authors: Xu Qiang , Que Xinggui , Cao Liying , Jiang Yong , Jin Cong
Published: May 2010

A serials test of crib fire conducted in a bench scale compartment. Total heat flux to the wall is measured by Schmidt-bolter gages in upper zone and lower zone of the compartment. The heat flux intensity and distribution of these quasi-steady crib fires is evaluated through these tests. The peak value and integral of the measured total heat flux is scaled with exposed surface area of wood cribs. Linear relations of these scaled value with the mass and exposure surface area of wood cribs are obtained. The ratio of scale value in upper and lower zone is also presented which could be used as model in estimating thermal load to side wall for bench scale tests.
Effects of a fungicide on pollen morphology and fertility of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Çali Ilkay Öztürk
Published: May 2010

Effects of Equation Pro (22.5% Famoxadone + 30% Cymoxanil), a fungicide widely used on tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in greenhouses in Turkey against Phytopthora infestans and Alternaria solani, were studied on the morphology and fertility of tomato pollens. The fungicide was applied to tomatoes grown in pots in a greenhouse at recommended dosage (0.4 g/l water) and double the recommended dosage (0.8 g/l water). At the recommended dosage of Equation Pro, pollens were affected but at double the recommended dose, fertility is decreased to 41% with morphological deformity and thinner wall layers. Key words: Fungicide; Lycopersicon esculentum; Pollen; Morphology; Fertility DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5112 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 7-11, 2009 (June)
Effects of a fungicide on the morphology and viability of pollens of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Çali Ilkay Öztürk , Candan Feyza
Published: May 2010

Effects of Agri Fos 400 (Mono and di-potassium phosphanate), a fungicide widely used on tomatoes grown in greenhouses in Turkey against Phytophthora infestans were studied on the morphology and viability of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pollens. The fungicide was applied on tomato plants at recommended dosage (4 ml/l water) and double the recommended dosage (8 ml/l water). The fungicide caused changes in the morphological structures of pollens. Some pollen morphological structures that are not observed in the control group were encountered in the pollens due to application of Agri Fos 400 in equatorial view at 8 ml/l and in polar view at 4 ml/l. Level of pollen viability decreased as the dosage increased.   Key words: Fungicide; Phytophthora infestans; Tomato; Pollen morphology; Viability DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5134 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 115-118, 2009 (December)
Diversity and pathogenicity of the rice brown spot pathogen, Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoem. in Bangladesh assessed by genetic fingerprint analysis
Authors: Kamal MM , Mia MAT
Published: May 2010

A survey on the occurrence of rice brown spot pathogen, Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoem. was carried out across Bangladesh. A representative set of 152 isolates were characterized based on DNA fingerprinting, using variable number tandem repeat analysis and assessed their phylogenetic identity, diversity and pathogenicity. The analysis showed considerable diversity among the isolates, being separated into 12 fingerprint types at 75% similarity level. Majority of the samples possessed one fingerprint type. Pathogenicity test with nine fingerprint types on rice variety BR24, showed 20.5-84.5% germination failure, 2.50-12.50, 5.84-11.67 and 7.50-14.17% post-emergence seedling death at 15, 30 and 45 days after transplanting and 18.75-22.50% yield loss. Significant differences in aggressiveness were observed among the isolates of the same fingerprint types.   Key words: Bipolaris oryzae; Rice brown spot; Pathogenicity; Agarose-synergel; Fingerprints DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5135 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 119-125, 2009 (December)
Effects of some limnological factors on the growth of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner
Authors: Alfasane Md Almujaddade , Khondker Moniruzzaman , Begum ZN Tahmida
Published: May 2010

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner was grown in a mesoscale culture by sowing seeds in cow dung compost and loamy soil (1 : 1). Rhizomes and young plantlets under ex-situ condition did not survive but germination was possible via seeds where the rate of germination was 50% and seedlings less than four months old also grew. Leaf area positively correlated with air temperature, water temperature, PAR, day length, rainfall, relative humidity, NO3-N, Chl a and phaeopigment. Petiole length showed positive correlation with rainfall, relative humidity and pH. Highest growth and flowering were found to be associated with a water depth of 100 cm under full sunshine and high nutrient conditions. Under shaded condition, plants did not produce flowers. Water flow rate of 50 ml/sec in the culture pit hampered flowering. Flowering was observed only in the stagnant condition.   Key words: Nelumbo nucifera; Growth; Limnological factors DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5137 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 133-138, 2009 (December)
Constituents of essential oils from leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. cultivated in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Jasim Uddin , Mobarok Md Hosnay , Bhuiyan Md Nazrul Islam , Nandi Nemai Chandra
Published: May 2010

Analysis of essential oils obtained from the seeds and leaves of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. cultivated in Bangladesh revealed that anethole was the major constituent (58.5% in seed oil and 51.1% in leaf oil), followed by limonene (19.6% in seed oil and 22.9% in leaf oil). Other components present in leaf oil included anisaldehyde, fenchyl acetate and fenchone, while seed oil contained fenchone, α-pinene, fenchyl acetate, γ-terpinene and anisaldehyde. Besides, minor constituents like camphene, camphor, myrcene, pahllandrene, ocimene, β-bisabolene and apiol were obtained from seeds and leaves. Key words: Foeniculum vulgare Mill; Essential oil; Anethole; Limonene; BangladeshDOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5144 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 181-183, 2009 (December)
Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb. f. (Orchidaceae)  a new angiospermic record for Bangladesh
Authors: Huda MK , Hoque MM
Published: May 2010

Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb. f. of family Orchidaceae is illustrated and reported here as a new angiospermic record from Bangladesh. Key words: Goodyera schlechtendaliana; Orchid; New record; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5147 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 193-195, 2009 (December)
Induction of mutation in Neurospora crassa with ultraviolet radiation and evaluation of cellulase and xylanase activities
Authors: Rahim Tahsina , Ray Apurba Lal , Beauty Salina Parvin , Gomes Donald James
Published: May 2010

Wild Neurospora crassa (Ema) showed highest cellulase activity (0.063 IU) followed by mutants trp 101 (0.055) and leu 299 (0.024). In case of xylanase activity, mutant leu 299 showed highest (0.323) followed by wild (0.310) and mutant trp 101 (0.259). Key words: Neurospora crassa; Mutants; Cellulase activity; Xylanase activity DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5149 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 201-203, 2009 (December)
Gynandrosporous species of Oedogonium borisianum (LE CL.) Wittr. ex Hirn (Chlorophyceae) from Bangladesh
Authors: Naz Sabrina , Nahar Umma , Ali Md Solaiman , Azam Shah Md Golam Gousul
Published: May 2010

Gynandrosporus species of Oedogonium borisianum (Le Cl.) Wiltr. ex Hirn not reported earlier from Bangladesh has been described and illustrated. Key words:  DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5151 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 209-210, 2009 (December)
Systemic Therapy of Non-Resectable Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Orouji Azadeh , Goerdt Sergij , Utikal Jochen
Published: May 2010

In advanced metastatic melanoma (non-resectable stage III/IV), the prognosis still remains poor, with median survival times between six and twelve months. Systemic therapeutic approaches for metastatic melanoma include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, immunochemotherapy, small molecules and targeted therapy. In this review, we will focus on the various treatment modalities as well as new agents used for targeted therapy.
Serum Concentrations of TNF α and Its Soluble Receptors in Patients with Adrenal Tumors Treated by Surgery
Authors: Komorowski Jan , Jurczynska Jolanta , Stepien Tomasz , Kolomecki Krzysztof , Kuzdak Krzysztof , Stepien Henryk
Published: May 2010

The peripheral blood levels of TNF α and its soluble receptors were studied in 39 patients with malignant and benign adrenal tumors treated by adrenalectomy. The concentrations of TNF α were significantly elevated in patients with malignant tumors of the adrenal cortex and in patients with Conn's syndrome compared to control. In patients with non-functioning adenomas and pheochromocytomas, TNF α levels were similar to those detected in the control. In subjects with myelolipomas, the serum concentration of TNF α was lower compared to the control. After adrenalectomy, the levels of TNF α were decreased in patients with malignant tumors and in patients with Conn's syndrome, non-functioniong adenomas and pheochromocytomas compared to the concentration before surgery. The serum concentrations of soluble receptors of TNF α did not differ among different patient groups and compared to the control. After adrenalectomy, the blood concentrations of TNF α R1 and TNF α R2 were decreased in patients with Conn's syndrome. However, to confirm practicality of the evaluation of TNF α and its soluble receptors in differential diagnosis in patients with adrenal tumors, a larger study group is needed.
In Situ Aquaculture Methods for Dysidea avara (Demospongiae, Porifera) in the Northwestern Mediterranean
Authors: De Caralt Sonia , Sánchez-Fontenla Javier , Uriz María J. , Wijffels Rene H.
Published: May 2010

Marine sponges produce secondary metabolites that can be used as a natural source for the design of new drugs and cosmetics. There is, however, a supply problem with these natural substances for research and eventual commercialisation of the products. In situ sponge aquaculture is nowadays one of the most reliable methods to supply pharmaceutical companies with sufficient quantities of the target compound. In this study, we focus on the aquaculture of the sponge Dysidea avara (Schmidt, 1862), which produces avarol, a sterol with interesting pharmaceutical attributes. The soft consistency of this species makes the traditional culture method based on holding explants on ropes unsuitable. We have tested alternative culture methods for D. avara and optimized the underwater structures to hold the sponges to be used in aquaculture. Explants of this sponge were mounted on horizontal ropes, inside small cages or glued to substrates. Culture efficiency was evaluated by determination of sponge survival, growth rates, and bioactivity (as an indication of production of the target metabolite). While the cage method was the best method for explant survival, the glue method was the best one for explant growth and the rope method for bioactivity.
Thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazoles: Synthetic Strategies, Chemical Transformations and Biological Activities
Authors: Al-Rashood Khalid A. , Abdel-Aziz Hatem A.
Published: May 2010

The present review covers the recent synthetic strategies and chemical transformations of thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazoles and it also presents the highlights of the biological activities of these compounds.
Photochemical Synthesis of Nucleoside Analogues from Cyclobutanones: Bicyclic and Isonucleosides
Authors: Jaffer Mileina , Ebead Abdelaziz , Lee-Ruff Edward
Published: May 2010

The preparation of two nucleoside analogues are reported. Both syntheses involve a key photochemical ring-expansion of cyclobutanones to an oxacarbene and its subsequent scavenging by 6-chloropurine. The synthesis of a bicyclic (locked) purine starts from a oxabicycloheptanone with a hydroxymethyl pendant. The preparation of an isonucleoside uses a cyclobutanone with an α-substituted 6-chloropurine. Irradiation of the latter produces an isonucleoside and acyclic nucleoside analogues.
Design and Use of Nanostructured Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Selective Transformation of Fine Chemicals
Authors: Dal Santo Vladimiro , Liguori Francesca , Pirovano Claudio , Guidotti Matteo
Published: May 2010

Nanostructured single-site heterogeneous catalysts possess the advantages of classical solid catalysts, in terms of easy recovery and recycling, together with a defined tailored chemical and steric environment around the catalytically active metal site. The use of inorganic oxide supports with selected shape and porosity at a nanometric level may have a relevant impact on the regio- and stereochemistry of the catalytic reaction. Analogously, by choosing the optimal preparation techniques to obtain spatially isolated and well-characterised active sites, it is possible to achieve performances that are comparable to (or, in the most favourable cases, better than) those obtained with homogeneous systems. Such catalysts are therefore particularly suitable for the transformation of highly-functionalised fine chemicals and some relevant examples where high chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity are crucial will be described.
Long-Chain Omega-3 Oils–An Update on Sustainable Sources
Authors: Nichols Peter D. , Petrie James , Singh Surinder
Published: May 2010

Seafood is currently the best and generally a safe source of long-chain (LC, (≥C20) omega-3 oils amongst the common food groups. LC omega-3 oils are also obtained in lower amounts per serve from red meat, egg and selected other foods. As global population increases the opportunities to increase seafood harvest are limited, therefore new alternate sources are required. Emerging sources include microalgae and under-utilized resources such as Southern Ocean krill. Prospects for new land plant sources of these unique and health-benefiting oils are also particularly promising, offering hope for alternate and sustainable supplies of these key oils, with resulting health, social, economic and environmental benefits.
The Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in the Management of the Post-Embolization Symptoms after Uterine Artery Embolization
Authors: Bilhim Tiago , Pisco João Martins
Published: May 2010

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is usually a very painful procedure. Although pain after the procedure can occur as a single symptom, it usually is associated with other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, pelvic pain, general malaise, fever and leukocytosis that characterize the post-embolization syndrome. Management of the post-embolization symptoms and of pain in particular, is paramount if UAE is to be performed as an outpatient procedure. Different protocols have used analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory agents to control these symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used in association with analgesic drugs to control post-embolization symptoms. In our institution the patients start oral medication with NSAIDs the day before the procedure and continue it during and after UAE. We also mix NSAIDs with the embolizing particles. This enables a reduction in the inflammation present in the uterine fibroids and helps controlling the pain. The purpose of this paper is to review the importance of NSAIDs in the management of the post-embolization symptoms. We describe the protocol that we use in our institution that enables us to perform the procedure on an outpatient basis with same day discharge and good control of the post-embolization symptoms with oral NSAIDs and analgesics.
Towards Adaptive Governance of Common-Pool Mountainous Agropastoral Systems
Authors: Baumgärtner Johann , Tikubet Getachew , Gilioli Gianni
Published: May 2010

The paper deals with analyses and propositions for adaptive governance of an alpine (A) and an Ethiopian (B) agropastoral system with common-pool pastures. Sustainability can be enhanced by augmenting (i) the ecological and social capitals in relation to costs and (ii) the resilience or adaptive capacity. In (A), a multifunctional agriculture appears to maintain the ecological capital providing many ecosystem services. In (B), the ecological capital can be increased by reversing the trend towards land degradation. In (A), there are several opportunities for reducing the high costs of the social capital. In (B), the institutions should be revised and rules should restrain competitive behavior. (A) and (B) exhibit a high degree of transformability. Many drivers appear to be responsible for the cycling of the agropastoral and higher level systems vulnerable to multiple stressors. Measures are proposed to escape from possible rigidity (A) and poverty (B) traps.
Malaise et occultation : perceptions et pratiques du contrôle social de la délinquance d'affaires
Authors: Armand M.F. , Lascoumes Pierre
Published: May 2010

Cette recherche à caractère exploratoire a permis de préciser le réseau constitué par les agences centrées sur le contrôle de la délinquance d'affaires, ainsi que le malaise et les multiples blocages qui caractérisent les pratiques de la réaction sociale institutionnalisée en ce domaine. Une étude des représentations sociales relatives à la délinquance d'affaires et à son contrôle a été réalisée par une analyse d'entretiens effectués tant auprès de membres des agences de contrôle social spécialisées en la matière que de représentants des principales instances de la vie économique régionale. Cette approche a été complétée par une analyse de récits de presse relatifs à ces problèmes. Cette étude a fourni d'importants éléments permettant de mieux situer au niveau idéologique les processus d'occulation dont bénéficie la délinquance des classes dominantes.
Si la violence existe, discours du violent
Authors: Martin Dric , Fichelet Raymond , Fichelet Monique
Published: May 2010

S'il est un trait caractéristique de notre époque, c'est qu'on dénonce toujours la violence sans réellement la définir et qu'on met sous ce terme des phénomènes pour le moins hétérogènes. Il en ressort que la violence est le mal social, qu'elle est transgression non seulement de lois écrites mais encore de normes profondes d'une socialite considérée comme valeur positive, du consensus social, tabou dans nos sociétés démocratiques. Faute d'une définition préalable, qui se devrait d'être exhaustive, du bien et du mal, la définition de la violence, son étude scientifique restent impossibles. Ce qui, en revanche, est objectivable et étudiable, c'est la prolifération de la violence, le volume croissant du discours sur elle, de sa dénonciation. Les auteurs, à propos d'une situation de violence collective, mettent en évidence l'utilisation par l'Etat de l'étiquette violence comme arme idéologique et, dans le public, des attitudes qui vont de l'incompréhension radicale à une certaine compréhension en passant par la victimisation du violent et la fascination par la violence. Toutes ces attitudes sont ambivalentes. La valorisation de la violence existe mais, refoulée, elle n'apparaît qu'indirectement.
Le concept de dangerosité et un de ses éléments constitutifs : la personnalité (criminelle)
Authors: Debuyst Christian
Published: May 2010

Het concept "persoonlijkheid" en, a posteriori, dat van de crimi-nele persoonlijkheid, is een gedachte Konstruktie, of een bewerking, om grip te krijgen op de werkelijkheid. Het ééndimensionale kenwerk van de trekken, waarop deze berust (de trekken van de persoonlijkheid) leidt tot het versluieren van de werking van een aantal variabelen, die toch essentieel zijn voor het begrijpen van de zin van een gedrag, en geeft bijgevolg een misvormd beeld van dit gedrag.
Prison-modèle et prison symbole : l'exemple de Genève au XIXème siècle
Authors: Roth Robert
Published: May 2010

Au XIXème siècle, la prison pénitentiaire de Genève était considérée par ses contemporains comme un modèle en la matière. Il faut voir dans les données spécifiques de l'expérience genevoise — tradition calviniste et libérale, présence d'une élite "éclairée", bien représentée dans l'organe législatif — les raisons de ce rayonnement. Les grands débats de l'histoire de la prison, autour de la rééducation, du travail pénal, du régime général d'emprisonnement, se retrouvent ici. Les solutions imaginées ne sont pas à proprement parler originales, mais elles réalisent une synthèse remarquable d'expériences passées ou contemporaines.
Modèles pour analyser le phénomène du "terrorisme" (Illustration : L'affaire "Baader Meinhof")
Authors: Ponsaers Paul
Published: May 2010

Resume Cet article veut contribuer à la démystification des différentes idéologies concernant le phénomène du "Terrorisme". Trois modèles sont exposés au lecteur comme des manières différentes pour parler du terrorisme, c'est-à-dire deux modèles substantialisants (le modèle d'action ou l'idéologie de l'accélération de la restauration et le modèle de réaction ou l'idéologie du Offentliche Ordnung) et un modèle dialectique. En utilisant une illustration (l'affaire Baader-Meinhof), l'écrivain exprime sa préférence pour l'approche dialectique en critiquant les modèles substantialisants.
Pour une nouvelle analyse du développement de la police en Europe occidentale
Authors: Funk A. , Werkentin F.
Published: May 2010

De auteurs brengen vooreerst een gesystematiseerde fenomeno- logie van de voornaamste tendenze in de ontwikkeling van de politie in de B.R.D. : de uitbreiding en de professionalisering van het politie- systeem, centralisering en differentiate van de functies, verstreking van de interventiebevoegdheden, terugkeer naar een repressieve opvatting van het beroep van politieman. Nadien onderzoeken zij hoe men tot op heden het verschijnsel van de politie heeft bestudeerd : als instrument van de Staatsmacht, als wetenschappelijke politie, als acteur in een internationaal gebeuren. Tenslotte geven de auteurs onderscheidingen over de wijze waarop men de positie van de politie moet bestuderen ten aanzien van het machts-monopolie in de samenlevingen die gevestigd zijn op de eerbied voor de wetten : de politie als deel van het strafrecht- systeem, als deel van de uitvoerende macht, politie en publiek, de strekkingen van internationale eenmaking van de politie-systemen. Tenslotte moet men een internationale samenwerking bekomen inzake onderzoek over de politie.
L'expertise psychiatrique en matière pénale à Genève
Authors: Montandon C.
Published: May 2010

Après avoir situé l'expertise psychiatrique dans le contexte genevois, cet article confronte les données concrètes d'un échantillon de rapports écrits d'expertise rédigés entre 1968 et 1976, avec les représentations qu'ont de l'expertise un groupe de psychiatres genevois. Certaines contradictions sont relevées tant dans les rapports que dans les discours, au niveau du diagnostic, de l'évaluation de la responsabilité, des mesures proposées ainsi que des modèles explicatifs auxquels les psychiatres se réfèrent. Le rôle du psychiatre et de l'expertise dans le système de justice pénale est évoqué.
Réalité du sous-prolétariat
Authors: Glardon M.-J. , Glardon M.
Published: May 2010

En tant que pauvres, laissés pour compte du progrès, les sous- prolétaires restent une couche sociale gênante dans les sociétés industrielles avancées. On préfère souvent, plutôt que de reconnaître leur existence sociale, parler d'eux en tant qu'individus, déviants, aberrants, anormaux. C'est-à-dire expliquer leur inadaptation comme s'il s'agissait d'une pathologie.

Les auteurs, engagés dans une recherche portant sur l'expression sociale de cette population en Suisse, établissent les bases théoriques qui permettent de mieux la situer dans la structure de classe.
Consultations juridiques et boutiques de droit, une critique en acte du droit et de la justice
Authors: Lascoumes Pierre
Published: May 2010

L'auteur propose deux modèles "types". Ils définissent deux stratégies d'intervention, pôles par rapport auxquels peuvent être situés la plupart des expériences existantes.
Le Ministère Public et la poursuite du vol à l'étalage. Une étude empirique
Authors: Van Kerckvoorde J.
Published: May 2010

Resumé

Après une description du contexte structurel de l'action des magistrats du parquet, les résultats d'une analyse de dossiers sont présentés.

Dans cette analyse les facteurs qui influencent la décision de poursuite ou de classement sans suite des cas du vol à l'étalage sont déterminés.

Les antécédents judiciaires du suspect se révèlent particulièrement importants. Par contre, sa nationalité, son sexe et sa position sociale ne constituent pas (ou à peine) des critères de décision.

Très important est le magistrat qui traite l'affaire : bien que chaque magistrat suive une ligne de décisions plutôt consistante, l'on observe entre ces magistrats des différences très marquées.
L'évolution du concept de crime. L'étude d'un tournant : l'Angleterre de la fin du dix-huitième siècle
Authors: Ramsay Malcolm
Published: May 2010

Le crime, tel que ce terme est entendu de nos jours, revêtit son entière signification à une époque donnée dans une société donnée. L'idée de crime comme phénomène social général fit son apparition en Angleterre vers la fin du dix-huitième siècle. Cet article étudie la genèse du crime en tant que concept, mettant en contraste la notion changeante de crime au dix-huitième siècle avec celle du vingtième.
Analyse critique de la Convention européenne pour la répression du terrorisme
Authors: Tulkens F.
Published: May 2010

Le but de la convention européenne pour la répression du terrorisme (1977), qui est soumise à la ratification des parlements nationaux, est de réprimer le terrorisme politique individuel en généralisant, pour un grand nombre d'infractions, la procédure d'extradition (avec son corollaire : l'entraide judiciaire). Cependant, cette voie est incompatible avec le principe moderne de la non-extradition des délinquants politiques. C'est pourquoi la convention choisit la "fausse méthode" de dépolitiser l'infraction politique. Il est dès lors à craindre que l'instrument ainsi mis en place permette désormais d'atteindre, au titre de délit de droit commun, toute forme d'opposition politique.
Limites et chances d'une réflexion psychanalytique en criminologie
Authors: Labadie J.M.
Published: May 2010

On peut distinguer dans les écrits des psychanalystes à propos de la criminalité et de la délinquance, trois sortes d'approches. Les psychanalystes ont d'abord essayé de situer l'origine de l'asocialité dans une absence morale ou phantasmatique et dans un archaïsme dont la violence dirait l'impossibilité de verbalisation. Ceux qui ont ensuite préféré stigmatiser le conflit intérieur du délinquant en sont venus, à partir notamment des thèmes de la culpabilité, de l'aveu ou du symptôme, à faire de la criminalité la figuration scénique de la première tragédie du sang et de la différence (c.a.d. l'oedipe). D'autres enfin se sont penchés sur l'économie de l'asocial, sujet qui s'ajusterait par son comportement à un vide ou à une carence qui lui seraient propres.

Ces trois essais révèlent certes une grande intuition de la notion de transgression, mais ils reposent sur une pratique et des modèles explicatifs totalement étrangers à une délinquance qui, elle, se tait. La question qui se pose est alors de savoir à quoi peut donc prétendre la psychanalyse en criminologie. Et si le psychanalyste, plutôt que de nommer ce qu'il ne fait qu'imaginer, acceptait d'errer entre l'arme et le symptôme, la complicité ou la rupture, ne pourrait-il approcher les mécanismes de mise en scène et de différence qui opèrent sur les tréteaux de la criminalité, et retrouver du "jeu" là où justement le système ne produit que de la faute, de l'aveu ?
L'ordre délinquant
Authors: Brodeur Jean-Paul
Published: May 2010

L'article présente les résultats d'une recherche menée sur les commissions d'enquête instituées sur quelques corps policiers canadiens. Dans une première partie, le cadre de la recherche est d'abord décrit et certains de ses postulats méthodologiques sont brièvement discutés. Trois thèses relatives aux commissions d'enquête sont ensuite, dans une seconde partie, énoncées : (i) les commissions d'enquête constituent un processus à la fois répétitif, (ii) rétrospectif et (ni) dont les retombées sur la situation motivant leur institution sont très faibles. La dernière partie de l'article formule des hypothèses sur les fonctions politiques et idéologiques des enquêtes, ainsi que sur leurs effets juridiques. Leur fonction politique est de produire pour les masses l'apparence du changement politique. Leur fonction idéologique est d'induire la croyance que le pouvoir de rendre visible une partie de la délinquance de ceux qui détiennent l'autorité publique est le signe de la volonté de la contrôler. L'effet juridique principal de ces commissions d'enquête est de consacrer la cassure du processus judiciaire en une composante dénonciatrice de la délinquance de ceux qui participent à l'exercice du pouvoir politique et une composante répressive de la criminalité de ceux qui n'ont aucune part à cet exercice.
La banalisation pénitentiaire ou le voeu d'une réforme impossible
Authors: Seyler Monique
Published: May 2010

Cette étude a pour objet de mettre à jour la rationalité qui gouverne les blocages et les refus auxquels se heurte, dans les prisons, l'application de la réforme pénitentiaire de 1975. Pour tenter d'y parvenir, nous avons, dans un premier temps, essayé de trouver un mode de fonctionnement qui s'apparente au type idéal weberien. Nous avons pensé le trouver dans la réforme de 1944, qui gouvernait précédemment l'institution. Nous avons, dans un second temps, confronté cet outil conceptuel avec la réforme de 1975 et analysé dans quelle mesure cette dernière s'écarte ou s'approche de ce que nous appellerons le "modèle pénitentiaire". On s'aperçoit que le monde "extérieur" et la prison sont régis par des valeurs antagonistes, nécessaires, chacune, à leur fonctionnement respectif.
Georg Rusche, marché du travail et régime des peines : introduction à la genèse de l'oeuvre de Georg Rusche
Authors: Zander H.
Published: May 2010

La grande étude de Georg Rusche, Punishment and Social Structure, dont la rédaction finale a été assurée par Otto Kirchheimer, compte parmi les oeuvres les plus citées et les plus discutées de la criminologie moderne. L'observateur est pourtant frappé par la disproportion qui existe entre la fréquence des citations et le peu de soucis de la plupart des criminologues de connaître mieux la genèse historique et épisté- mologique d'une oeuvre si influente. La publication française de "Arbeitsmarkt und Strafvollzug", écrit en 1933, donne lieu à une reconstruction des origines de la criminologie de Georg Rusche, en utilisant pour la première fois tous les écrits de l'auteur, y compris les écrits inédits. Il en ressort que la relation, établie par Rusche, entre les lois de développements d'une formation sociale et l'apparition du régime des peines est nettement plus médiatisée que certaines critiques, puisant abondamment dans "l'économisme", le laissent supposer.
Considérations sur l'orientation de la psychologie dans la criminologie actuelle
Authors: Walgrave Lode
Published: May 2010

Assumant les critiques formulées envers la psychologie criminelle étiologique, l'auteur cherche de nouveaux fondements pour la psychologie dans la criminologie. Il opère un choix explicite pour une psychologie interactioniste. Les critiques émises contre l'interactionisme par, par exemple, les néo-marxistes ne semblent justifiées que très partiellement. On a eu tort de vouloir mettre les deux théories en concurrence. Elles sont surtout des approches complémentaires. L'auteur définit la psychologie criminologique comme la psychologie de la relation essentiellement normale entre les personnes d'une part et la réaction sociale et sociétale envers les comportements dits délinquants, d'autre part. En élaborant quelques thèmes, on montre en quoi cette psychologie pourrait exister. Ces thèmes sont choisis sur deux niveaux : d'une part la relation non spécifique de chaque personne et, d'autre part, la relation spécifique de celui qui est pris dans le système de réaction sociale.
"Médicalisation" et "fiscalisation" du droit pénal : deux versions asymétriques de la dépénalisation
Authors: Van De Kerchove M.
Published: May 2010

Tout en rappelant la relativité du phénomène de la dépénalisation, la présente étude entend surtout souligner, à partir d'illustrations empruntées au droit belge, l'asymétrie radicale et significative qui existe entre deux des versions les plus importantes de ce phénomène, à savoir la "médicalisation " et la "fiscalisation " de certaines infractions pénales. Cette asymétrie se révèle en particulier dans le degré d'individualisation, de stigmatisation et de privation de liberté assigné à la réaction sociale dans les deux cas. Au-delà des justifications traditionnelles, l'explication socio-politique de cette disparité est recherchée dans le degré d'adaptation que ces infractions traduisent par rapport aux exigences de la rationalité économique dominante.
Commentaire d'une exposition
Authors: Requet André
Published: May 2010

A partir de la mort du peintre Fusco ayant vécu le bagne et l'asile, l'auteur pose le problème de l'incapacité que présente la société actuelle de reconnaître le rôle de la folie et de la mort. Elle les dépouille en quelque sorte de leur sens pour les rendre acceptables, en médicalisant la première et en occultant la seconde.

Une telle "opération" se rattache à une philosophie de la conscience, du "je" cartésien, historique et limité, face à laquelle l'auteur pose, par opposition, la structure de l'infinissable (l'inconscient posthume) à laquelle participent la folie et la mort.