bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bakewell becomes a celebrity
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav
Published: November 2023

Revolutionary breeding programmes, carried out behind stable doors and high hedges, excited passionate curiosity, not only among fellow countrymen in Britain but also soon across the Channel. Experienced farmers, skilled breeders and distinguished landowners in their own countries travelled vast distances, from as far away as Russia and outlying territories of the Hapsburg monarchy, to defer to the wisdom of this most unusual farmer and, if possible, discover his secrets.
Merinos in German-speaking countries and Australia
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav
Published: November 2023

The release of Merino breeding stock beyond the borders of Spain created no greater impact than upon the countries of central Europe. Within little more than half a century, Saxony, Prussia and Austria-Hungary had become major European producers. Then, on the other side of the world, Australian colonists woke up to the breed’s potential.
Ferdinand Geisslern, the Moravian Bakewell
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav
Published: November 2023

It took unusual and even conflicting qualities of personality to be successful at breeding Merinos outside Spain. Open-mindedness was required to adapt and combine the best ideas in sheep management into a suitable breeding programme, single-mindedness to carry the programme through to a successful conclusion.
Conduction in electrolytes and gases
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: November 2023

Around 1890, Hertz’s waves occupied the forefront of electrodynamics. In this limited context, the deeper nature of the electric current, or the precise relation between ether and matter, did not need to be known. Maxwell’s British and German followers could confine themselves to the macroscopic field phenomenology favored by Maxwell. Yet they expected the atomic structure of matter to play a role in electric conduction, in the magnetic properties of matter, and in a number of optical phenomena. On the continent, Weber had championed this belief much earlier. No one could ignore his microscopic explanations of magnetism, no matter how unpopular the electric fluids had become after Hertz’s discovery. Even Clausius and Helmholtz, who favored a phenomenological approach to physics, could not dispense with atomistic considerations.1
The electron theories
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: November 2023

For many of Maxwell’s readers, his most impressive success was the unification of optics and electromagnetism. Yet Maxwell had left this topic in a very incomplete state. For optical refraction, dispersion, magneto-optical effects, and the optical behavior of moving bodies he had no fully electromagnetic explanation. He judged that these phenomena required a more detailed consideration of the molecular structure of matter, but performed little work of that kind. As we saw in the previous chapter, some of Maxwell’s heirs, especially Lodge and J. J. Thomson, did introduce atomistics in Maxwell’s theory. But they were mostly concerned with the mechanism of electric conduction. In optics and magneto-optics, the Maxwellians favored the macroscopic approach that was dominant in the Treatise. The physicists who first developed atomistic considerations in this domain either lived on the continent (Lorentz, Helmholtz, and Wiechert), or disagreed with important aspects of Maxwell’s theory (Larmor). Toward the end of the century, their efforts converged toward a new, microphysical approach of electromagnetism which Larmor called ‘the theory of electrons.’ This chapter recounts the multiple formation of this theory.
The calculus of antisymmetric tensors
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

It is easily seen that the value of this integral is independent of the choice of parameter along the line. But it does usually depend on the line, and on the coordinates used. We wish to arrange things so that it may depend on the former, but not on the latter.
The aether relations and the theory of relativity
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

We shall now introduce a third principle of electromagnetism. Its aim is to connect the hitherto independent first and second principles, and to create a link between electromagnetism and mechanics.
Radiation
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

The second pair of Maxwell’s equations can always be satisfied by introducing the potentials A and V: In an aether frame, the first pair of Maxwell’s equations is (cf. (13.1)) where q and j are the total charge and current densities, including those of polarization and magnetization.
The fusion of electromagnetism with mechanics and thermodynamics
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

In Sections 51-52 we formulated fi ve principles of continuum mechanics: conservation of mass, Euler’s two laws, the law of energy balance and the entropy inequality. A theory capable of describing the dynamic and thermal effects of electromagnetic fields requires a certain generalization of these principles. Finally, of course, the principles of electromagnetism must be added.
Is Blindsight Motion Blind?
Authors: Cowey Alan
Published: November 2023

The cynic who declared that ‘As soon as something is widely believed it is almost certain to be wrong’ had a point. We tend not to question beliefs that make sense and that the community of colleagues accept, even when loose ends remain. In the context of this book, one such belief is that the detection of motion and the discrimination of its direction is spared in blindsight, or is less impaired than other aspects of visual processing such as the detection and discrimination of pattern, luminance contrast, wavelength, orientation, size, and so on. Lest anyone quibbles that the distinction we have drawn applies only to pure blindsight (i.e. good discrimination in the absence of any acknowledged awareness) or to residual vision (i.e. involving a visual percept, however faint) let us say that our analysis embraces both. It was Riddoch (1917) who threw down the gauntlet by declaring that some patients with dense scotomatous field defects as a result of gunshot wounds to the occipital lobes could detect movement but not other qualities of a visual stimulus. He concluded that there was therefore something special about motion perception; although he was not sure what it was. His pioneering observations remain unchallenged but his interpretations were questioned by several investigators, notably his contemporary Holmes (1918), and by Teuber et al. (1960). The latter in particular pointed out that the selective sparing may merely reflect the fact that motion stands out in normal visual perception and that when striate cortex is extensively but incompletely damaged, any residual sensitivity is most easily revealed by the stimulus we normally detect most easily, i.e. motion. Unfortunately there was no means at that time of establishing whether the damage to striate cortex was incomplete; structural brain imaging was still decades away. Throughout a debate that spluttered on for three-quarters of a century, no-one attempted to evaluate the possibility that the apparent selectivity of sparing was caused by ‘ceiling effects’, that is, that the motion tasks were perceptually easier and had not been equated with non-motion tasks for difficulty of discrimination, although in the investigation by Azzopardi and Cowey (1998) the range of d’s (indicating sensitivity) obtained with moving stimuli was similar to that previously obtained with static stimuli. Unfortunately, they did not measure the relative threshold elevations required to achieve this. This crucial question therefore remains open. Nor has the perception of the direction of motion been disentangled from the perception of a change in position that can be used to infer motion. It is the latter that is investigated in this chapter.
Principles of protein-DNA recognition
Authors: Neidle Stephen
Published: November 2023

The sequence information within DNA exists to be replicated, read and translated into gene products, depending on the nature of the cell type, its progression through the cell cycle, and its response to external stimuli and factors. The processes of packaging DNA in the cell, regulating the expression of individual genes, and then reading/translating the encoded sequences, requires the interplay of large numbers of non-specific and specific proteins. It is thus unsurprising that the study of DNA-protein interactions has developed into a major area in its own right, of which structural studies are one important part. This chapter concentrates on the underlying principles of recognition as found by structural methods (principally X-ray crystallography), and how DNA structure itself copes with a wide range of protein and functional requirements. The reader is directed to the extensive primary literature for detailed descriptions of individual structures.
The tight-binding model
Authors: Singleton John
Published: November 2023

In the tight-binding model we assume the opposite limit to that used for the nearly-free-electron approach, i.e. the potential is so large that the electrons spend most of their lives bound to ionic cores, only occasionally summoning the quantum-mechanical wherewithal to jump from atom to atom.
Some general points about bandstructure
Authors: Singleton John
Published: November 2023

Let us compare the lowest band of the nearly-free-electron model in Fig. 3.3 with a one-dimensional tight-binding band (cf. Equation 4.9) where Eo is a constant. Note that, both bands look qualitatively similar, i.e., both bands have minima and maxima (i.e. points where dE /dk = 0) at the Brillouin-zone centres and boundaries respectively;, both bands have the same k-space periodicity;, the tops and bottoms of both bands are approximately parabolic (i.e. E is proportional to (k - ko)2 plus a constant, where ko is the point in k-space at which the band extremum occurs).
The shaping of a pioneer
Authors: Gray Jeremy J
Published: November 2023

Much of the force of the Hilbert Problems, and their power to attract other mathematicians, derived from the reputation of their proposer, which was already considerable in 1900 and grew considerably thereafter. At 38, Hilbert was at the height of his abilities, and with a number of remarkable successes to his credit. To understand his bid to lead the mathematical profession, it is first necessary to know much more about him.
Glutathione reductase
Authors: Aki Kenji
Published: November 2023

Glutathione reductase (ECI .6.4.2) catalyses the reduction of GSSG by NADPH, producing 2 mol GSH from 1 mol GSSG. The enzyme contains FAD and redox-active disulfide at the active centre (1). The optimum pH is broad and centred at pH 7.6. The reaction is irreversible reduction of GSSG and its metabolic function is, therefore, to supply GSH. GSH is utilized in two types of reaction—it is the substrate for enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and it is a non-enzymatic reducing equivalent in the cell. The enzyme is distributed widely in aerobic life forms and is located in the cytoplasm of cells.
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase
Authors: Ikeda Yoshitaka
Published: November 2023

2. Add double-distilled water (DDW; 350 mL). 3. Add glycylglycine (1.32 g) and dissolve. 4. Add Tris HCI (pH 9.0-9.5, 0.5 m, 100 mL). 5. Adjust pH to 8.0 with HCI. 6. Dilute volume to 500 mL with DDW
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity assay: RI method to detect L-citrulline
Authors: Fujii Junichi
Published: November 2023

There are several methods of assaying nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. They differ in sensitivity and the product to be measured.
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity assay: determination of produced NADP+
Authors: Fujii Junichi
Published: November 2023

Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) consume L-arginine, NADPH, and O2 and produce NO, L-citrulline, and NADP+. This chapter describes a method of measuring NOS activity by quantitating the NADP+ produced. The enzymatic reaction is terminated by addition of HC1, and the enzymes and NADPH are inactivated by heating. The NADP+ produced is converted to a strongly fluorescent compound, and the fluorescence is measured.
Caeruloplasmin
Authors: Sugiyama Toshihiro , Kawarada Yoshihiko , Hirasawa Fujiko
Published: November 2023

The procedures most commonly used are based on the oxidase activity of the protein towards p-phenylenediamine (1, 2) or o-dianisidine dihydrochloride (3). These methods are more sensitive than measurement of the intrinsic blue colour (4) or measurement of the caeruloplasmin content by an immunological method, and are more precise than measuring ferroxidase activity (5).
Xanthine oxidase
Authors: Akaike Takaaki , Miyamoto Yoichi , Sawa Tomohiro
Published: November 2023

Xanthine oxidoreductase is widely distributed among mammalian species and is expressed mainly in vascular endothelial cells, hepatocytes, epithelial cells of the intestine, and the secretory cells of the mammary gland. Expression of the enzymatic activity of XO/XD depends on the animal species. XO/XD activity is, for example, high in the blood of mice and rats, whereas very low levels of XO/XD activity are detected in human blood. This enzyme, however, is also distributed in human tissues, particularly in endothelial cells. We must, therefore, employ a highly sensitive and selective method for detection of the activity of this enzyme in human specimens.
L-Gulono-γ-lactone oxidase
Authors: Nlsiiikimi Morjmitsli
Published: November 2023

L-Gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (GLO), terminal enzyme in the pathway of l-ascorbic acid synthesis, is expressed in the liver of most mammals, some exceptions being man, monkey, and guinea pig. Most mammalian cell lines have no such enzymic activity, but they are normally cultured in media without supplementation with this vitamin. Because of the importance of L-ascorbic acid as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, we attempted to express GLO in mammalian cells. Procedures for transfection of the guinea pig cell line 104C1 with a GLO-expressing plasmid and for micro-determination of GLO activity are given below.
Hydroxyl radical damage to DNA bases detected by GC-MS
Authors: Quinlan G J , Gutteridge J M C
Published: November 2023

DNA bases are readily damaged by -OH radicals, producing patterns that are recognized as highly characteristic of the -OH radical. GC-MS techniques, with selective ion monitoring, have been pioneered by Mirai Dizdaroglu and his colleagues (1, 2).
ROS damage to protein
Authors: Cchjda Koh
Published: November 2023

Several lines of evidence indicate that protein oxidation by free radicals and the subsequent accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins, which could be an early indication of oxygen radical-mediated tissue damage, have been found in cells during ageing, after oxidative stress, and in various pathological states including premature ageing diseases, muscular dystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis (1). Furthermore, free radical-mediated oxidative inactivation of enzymes, especially by metal-catalysed oxidation systems, have been postulated as marking steps in enzyme turnover.
Model for ageing: longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ishii Naoaki
Published: November 2023

The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a small, rapidly growing organism that can easily be raised in the laboratory on the bacterium Escherichia coli. C. elegans has received much attention as a model for dissecting the genetics and, hence, the mechanisms that underlie ageing. Here we describe a method for measuring the life-span of wild and oxygen-sensitive mutants under different oxygen concentrations.
How conductors shape an electric field
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

Materials which contain charged particles that are free to move are called electrical conductors. Such material has a profound effect upon the shape and strength of electric fields both within the material and immediately around it. In this chapter the modification of a static electric field in a vacuum, which is caused by the presence of conductors, is discussed. Also discussed is an electric capacitor as an example of a charge storage device, and different geometries of capacitor are described. The plasma membrane of an animal cell is shown to act as a capacitor.
Ionic conductors
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

When a voltage is applied across the ends of a conductor an electrical current is caused to flow. In this chapter Ohm’s law, which governs the current flow, is discussed and the concepts of conductivity and resistivity of a conducting material are introduced. In biology the most important conductors consist of liquids which contain ions which are mobile particles bearing charges. The laws which determine the thermally activated passive diffusion of such particles are discussed, as is the driven motion when an electric field is applied.
Induced electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

In this chapter it is shown that a time-varying magnetic field will give rise to a time-varying electric field and a time-varying electric field will give rise to a time-varying magnetic field. Thus when the fields vary with time it is no longer possible to separate electricity and magnetism as was possible for static fields. Faraday’s law, which governs the generation of an electric field by a time-varying magnetic field, will give rise to electric fields in the form of closed loops which can penetrate conductors, unlike the static electric fields dealt with in Chapter 2. Thus the generation of an electrical current within a living biological cell is often accomplished by applying an external time-varying magnetic field. The realization that a time-varying electric field will generate a magnetic field enabled James Clerk Maxwell to formulate a set of equations called the Maxwell equations that govern electric and magnetic fields under any circumstances.
An electrostatic model of a proton/ion or an ion/ion coport or counterport
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

An ionic coport is a trans-membrane protein or group of proteins that uses the drop across the cell membrane of the electrochemical potential of one type of ion to power the transfer of a second type of ion across that membrane in the same direction but against its trans-membrane electrochemical potential gradient. Any such simultaneous transfer can only occur spontaneously if the Gibbs free energy of the combined process falls, as described in Appendix 3. For definiteness we consider a coport that uses the transfer of the cation X  + across the membrane, resulting in a change − ΔµX in its electrochemical potential, to power the transfer of another type of cation Y  + across the membrane in the same direction when the change in its electrochemical potential is Δ+ µY .
Atom interferometry
Authors: Foot C J
Published: November 2023

The possibility of interferometry with atoms follows directly from wave particle duality. The wave-like propagation of particles, such as atoms, means that they undergo interference and diffraction in an analogous way to light. This chapter explains how such matter waves have been used in interferometers that measure rotation and gravitational acceler ation to a precision comparable with the best optical instruments. As in many important developments in physics, atom interferometry relies on simple principles-the first part of this chapter uses only elementary optics and the de Broglie relation.
Wavelets on irregular point sets
Authors: Daubechies Ingrid , Guskov Igor , Schröder Peter , Sweldens Wim
Published: November 2023

Wavelets are a versatile tool for representing general functions and datasets, and they enjoy widespread use in areas as diverse as signal processing, image compression, finite-element methods and statistical analysis (among many others). In essence we may think of wavelets as building blocks with which to represent data and functions. The particular appeal of wavelets derives from their representational and computa­tional efficiency: most datasets exhibit correlation both in time (space) and frequency, as well as other types of structure. These can be modelled with high accuracy through sparse combinations of wavelets. Wavelet representations can also be computed fast, because they can be built using multiresolution analysis and subdivision.
Wavelets for the study of intermittency and its topology
Authors: Nicolleau F , Vassilicos J C
Published: November 2023

We make a distinction between two topologically different types of intermittency: isolated, as in spirals, and non-isolated, as in fractals.
Wavelets and the theory of non-parametric function estimation
Authors: Johnstone Iain M
Published: November 2023

Within statistics, the first applications of wavelets were to theory. While the potential for statistical application to a variety of problems was also apparent, and is now being realized (as surveyed in other articles in this issue), it was in the theory of non-parametric function estimation that progress was initially fastest. The goal of this article is to survey some of this work retrospectively.
Wavelets in time-series analysis
Authors: Nason Guy P , Sachs Rainer von
Published: November 2023

Reviewing the role of wavelets in statistical time-series analysis (TSA) appears to be quite an impossible task. For one thing, wavelets have become so popular that such a review could never be exhaustive. Another, more pertinent, reason is that there is no such thing as one statistical time-series analysis, as the very many different fields encompassed by TSA are, in fact, so different that the choice of a particular methodology must naturally vary from area to area. Examples for this are numerous: think about the fundamentally different goals of treating comparatively short correlated biomedical time-series to explain, for example, the impact of a set of explanatory variables on a response variable, or of analysing huge inhomogeneous datasets in sound, speech or electrical engineering, or, finally, building models for a better understanding and possibly prediction of financial time-series data.
Wavelets, vision and the statistics of natural scenes
Authors: Field D J
Published: November 2023

Over the last decade, the wavelet transform in its various incarnations has grown to be a highly popular means of analysis, with a wide range of applications in processing natural signals. Although there is some debate regarding who developed the first wavelet transform, most of the claims of priority apply to only this century. In this paper, we consider wavelet-like transforms that pre-date these recent studies by possibly as much as several hundred million years. These wavelet-like transforms are found within the sensory systems of most vertebrates and probably a number of invertebrates. The most widely studied of these is the mammalian visual system. This paper focuses on recent work exploring the visual system’s response to spatial patterns and on recent theories of ‘why’ the visual system would use this strategy for coding its visual environment.
Application of wavelets to filtering of noisy data
Authors: Pen Ue-Li
Published: November 2023

In astronomy, the collection of data is often limited by the presence of background noise. Various methods are used to filter the noise while retaining as much ‘useful’ information as possible. In recent years, wavelets have played an increasing role in astrophysical data analysis. It provides for a general parameter-free procedure to look for objects of varying size scales. In the case of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), one is interested in the non-Gaussian component in the presence of Gaussian noise and signal. An application of wavelets is presented by Tenorio et al.(1999). This paper generalizes their analysis beyond the thresholding approximation. X-ray images are also frequently noise dominated, caused by instrumental and cosmic background. Successful wavelet reconstructions were achieved by Damiani et al.(1997a, b).
Approximation and compression of piecewise smooth functions
Authors: Prandoni Paolo , Vetterli Martin
Published: November 2023

Wavelets have had an important impact on signal processing theory and practice and, in particular, wavelets play a key role in compression, image compression being a prime example (Vetterli & Kovačević 1995). This success is linked to the ability of wavelets to capture efficiently both stationary and transient behaviours. In signal processing parlance, wavelets avoid the problem of the window size (as in the short-time Fourier transform, for example), since they work with many windows due to the scaling property.
The contribution of wavelets to the analysis of economic and financial data
Authors: Ramsey James B
Published: November 2023

Imagine a dynamical system that is characterized by the decentralized interactions of a large number of participants. Participants make decisions about their future behaviour facing enormous degrees of freedom using only local information over both time and space. Imagine further that this system is constantly evolving, open and non-isolated so that its performance over time reflects its reactions to external stimuli and even the manipulation of the fundamental relationships of the system. Imagine yet again that attempts to control the system generate anticipatory reactions by the participants, each of whom is trying to optimize their position within the system. Imagine also that each agent is operating on several time-scales at once, so that not only current events affect behaviour, but the distant past as well as the agent’s anticipation of the distant future.
Harmonic wavelets in vibrations and acoustics
Authors: Newland David E
Published: November 2023

The author is interested in measuring and characterizing the dynamical behaviour of materials and structures. New techniques for the interpretation of transient and intermittent data, using wavelets, allow system and excitation properties to be deduced from measured data with more precision and greater speed than before.
Mappings And Graphs
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we introduce basic machinery for comparison and interaction between oriented graphs and their visibilities, through mappings between graphs. Some of the basic definitions and lemmas will follow standard ideas about covering spaces from topology, and they will enable us to provide effective witnesses for the visibility recognition and isomorphism problems, as discussed in Sections 9.2, 9.3, and 9.4. In Chapter 11 we shall look at the way that mappings between graphs can be used to compare calculations and constructions lying below feasibility graphs (Section 7.1).
Marine agronomy
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J
Published: November 2023

Genetic engineering will undoubtedly play a key role in the genetic improvement of commercially impor tant seaweeds for the production of cell wall polysaccharides, improved nutritional quality, the production of pharmaceuticals and pigments, and for their potential use in phytoremediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants. In addition, the development of genetic engineering techniques for macroalgae will rep resent a crucial step in the efforts to make this diverse group of organisms amenable to functional genom ic analysis. This type of analysis will lead to an understanding of the genes and metabolic pathways involved in the production of valuable macroalgal natural products. Success of genetic engineering of any plant depends upon the availability of: (1) commercially useful genes, (2) regulatory sequences (promoters, enhancers, etc.) for controlled expression of the transgenes, (3) reliable means of gene delivery to the cells, and (4) reliable means of selection and regeneration of transformed cells into whole plants. Of the several techniques used to transfer foreign genes into plant cells (direct uptake, micro-injection, electroporation, biolistic bombardment, and Agrobacterium vectors), direct uptake and electroporation of protoplasts and spores seem to be the most effective approaches to gene transfer in macroalgae. Data from transformation attempts indicate that, while the currently available higher plant or viral promoters may be effective in tran sient expression assays, they are not suitable for stable expression of the transgenes in macroalgae.
Human nutrition
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J
Published: November 2023

Most of the specimens of Porphyra previously collected in central Chile have traditionally been ascribed to Porphyra columbina Montagne. Because this species lacks internationally accepted frond properties required for human consumption (organoleptic properties), its commercialization is only internal. However, a recent taxonomic study at five sites in central Chile recorded nine species, significantly increasing the number of known taxa for the area. This motivated a new evaluation of the potential for marketing and farming Porphyra in central Chile. The nine species found differ in organoleptic properties, external morphology, reproductive tissues, size and shape of cells and temporal patterns of abundance in intertidal habitats. Porphyra linearis, P. pseudolinearis and P. woolhousiae exhibit organoleptic characteristics accepted by inter national markets, have frond morphology adequate for seaweed farming and P. linearis is the most abun dant species in central Chile. Thus, this species appears as potentially important for future commercial developments.
Floristics, systematics, phylogenies, biogeography
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J
Published: November 2023

The Gulf of Mexico has an extensive continental shelf that may be divided into the following major types: 1) an alluvial sector from Tamaulipas to Veracruz with several estuarine systems; 2) the sub merged limestone plateau off the coast of Yucatan, known as the Campeche Banks, of biogenic origin composed mainly of coral and calcareous algal remains; and 3) the Caribbean sector where the narrow and karstic continental shelf is character ized by coral reefs. The dispersal of marine algae by currents in the area tends to be from the Caribbean Sea to the Campeche Banks and westward and northward as permitted by other environmental factors. Warm water (of about 36.4 PSU) flows from the Caribbean Sea up the Yucatan channel into the Gulf of Mexico. A branch of this current curves westward and flows over Campeche Banks and spreads out into the Gulf of Mexico. This branchconsistsofdeepwater(225-250 m, 16-20 °C), and, during spring and summer, this is a barrier to the continuous dispersal of marine algae from the Bahamas Banks and West Indies into the Gulf of Mexico.
Growth, physiology, stressors, pathology
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J
Published: November 2023

A Philippine strain of Kappaphycus alvarezii was introduced for experimental cultivation in Ubatuba Bay, Ubatuba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil (23°26.9’ S, 45°0.3’ W). The species was cultivated on horizontal ropes 20-40 cm below the sea surface, and on vertical ropes descending to 2.0 m. Knowledge of the physical and biological factors affecting growth rates of K alvarezii is of primary importance for the analysis of mariculture enterprise viability and potential spread and control in the region. Experiments conducted from 1996 to 1999 showed growth rates varying from 3.6 to 8.9% d-1, primarily correlated with seawater temperature with monthly mean values from 19.9 to 29.00C, and extremes values from 17.0 to 33.0°C. Other factors affecting growth rates were: i) low salinity in periods of exceptional heavy rainfall; ii) light attenuation with increasing depth, and iii) effects of grazers, increasing with depth.
The Belief Gene
Authors: Park Robert L
Published: November 2023

In 1995 the Natural Law Party succeeded in getting its presidential candidate, John Hagelin, on the ballot in all fifty states-a goal that had eluded other thirdparty hopefuls, even Ross Perot four years earlier. The platform of the Natural Law Party offered an “action plan to revitalize America,” based on “scientifically proven solutions.” The centerpiece of the scientific proof was an experiment conducted in Washington, D.C., in the summer of 1993.
Motion In A Central Field
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano
Published: November 2023

Consider a point particle of mass m and denote by r the position vector in the space R3. Recall that a central field F(r) of the form where f : (0, + ∞) ---+ R is a regular function, is conservative (Example 2.2) with potential energy V(r) = - J f(r) dr. The moment of the field (5.1) with respect to the centre is zero, yielding conservation of the angular momentum L. The motion takes place in the plane passing through the origin and orthogonal to L, namely the plane identified by the initial position vector r0 and the initial velocity vector v0 (note that in the case L = 0, the vectors r0 and v0 are necessarily parallel and the motion takes place along a line). We now introduce in the orbit plane (which we assume to be the (x,y) plane, as shown in Fig. 5.1) the polar coordinates
The Mechanics Of Rigid Bodies: Dynamics
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano
Published: November 2023

In contrast with kinematics, the dynamics of rigid bodies depends on the specific distribution of masses. Hence it is necessary to review some results on the geometry and kinematics of masses; we shall limit ourselves to the essential facts.1 Rigid bodies can be treated equally well by a discrete or by a continuum model. The latter consists of defining a mass density function in the region occupied by the system. This is due to the fact that for rigid continua it makes sense to consider forces applied to single points, or rather, to substitute a force field (such as weight) with equivalent systems of forces applied to various points of the system, or rigidly connected to it. This should be contrasted with the case of deformable continua, and for which one must define force densities.
Analytic Mechanics: Hamilton-Jacobi Theory And Integrability
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano
Published: November 2023

We have discussed (see Theorem 10.13) how the Hamiltonian flow corresponding to a Hamiltonian H is a canonical transformation which associates with H a new Hamiltonian K that is identically zero. We now consider essentially the question of finding the corresponding generating function. The problem of the integration of the equations of motion in a Hamiltonian system described by the Hamiltonian H(p, q, t) can be reduced to the following: find a canonical transformation from the variables (p, q) to new variables (P, Q), generated by a function F( q, P, t) in such a way that the new Hamiltonian K(P, Q, t) is identically zero:
Loss of ‘Awareness’ in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Morris Robin G , Hannesdottir Kristin
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, lack of ‘awareness’ or loss of ‘insight’ is explored in relation to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), with an emphasis on the factors related to this phenomenon. Here, for the most part awareness is understood as being due to intrinsic organically based disorder. The term ‘anosognosia’ is adopted following Babinksi’s (1914) introduction at the turn of the century, applying it to lack of knowledge or the existence of neurological disease. Although anosognosia can refer to loss of awareness of having a neurological disorder or illness, it has also been applied to the extent of loss of neurological or neuropsychological function.
The real prime
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

The arithmetic of number fields, which are finite extensions of the field of rational numbers ℚ1 resembles the geometric theory of function fields, the fields of meromorphic functions on the one-dimensional objects of geometry-the curves. Over the complex numbers ℂ1 a curve Σ is a compact Riemann surface, and its fiel dof meromorphic functions ℂ (Σ) is a finite extension of the field of rational functions ℂ (ℙ1) = ℂ (z). The geometry of Σ can be retrieved from the arithmetic of the field ℂ (Σ).
The real beta chains
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

The real beta chain is obtained as the real limit (α : α/2, β : β/2, q : q  2/N , N, ∞) of both the symmetric and the non-symmetric q-beta chains. The state space is given by
Global ‘chains’ and higher dimensions
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

Let P be a set, and for each p ϵP let Xp be a timed chain with state space. Note that we do not have a natural chain structure on X: for this we will need a way of choosing a finite subset of P at each step of our particle walk (or a probability measure on the collection of all finite subsets of P). Thus we do not have a single operator Px acting on functions on X.
The Riemann zeta function
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

The theory we presented in Chapter 10 works globally over the adeles by simply taking the product of the local theories for p  ≥  η . We have the Hilbert space
More Topics And Conclusions
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan
Published: November 2023

The evaluation of medical tests has many and varied aspects. We have tried to cover the basic concepts and statistical approaches available in the previous chapters. Some additional topics will be discussed, albeit briefly, in this chapter. We then conclude the chapter, and the book, with thoughts about broader applications for the statistical methodology described.
C
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

calibration A procedure for converting the results from a measuring instrument into those that would have been obtained by some standardized ‘ideal’ instrument. More specifically a regression-like relation between the ‘ideal’ measurement x as explanatory variable and the first device y as response is used to convert a measurement of y into an estimate of the corresponding x.

call-back The inability of an investigator to make contact with a particular designated sample unit at the first attempt raises certain problems of bias due to non-response. One method of dealing with this is for the investigator to ‘call back’ on one or more occasions in order to establish contact.
D
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

D-optimal design An experimental design chosen to minimize the generalized variance of the estimated parameters. In a Ds-optimal design the generalized variance of a subset of the parameters is considered (Kiefer and Wolfowitz, 1960). [See design optimality.]
K
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

k-means clustering A technique for cluster analysis in which, after k clusters have been formed, each point is examined and reassigned, if necessary, to the cluster whose mean is at the smallest distance from it (Hartigan, 1975). The procedure continues until no further reassignment takes place. As points are moved, the cluster means must be updated, and the distance measure changes if generalized distance is used.
N
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

Nearest-neighbour clustering See single-linkage clustering. nearest-neighbour methods Techniques for analysing point processes that depend on distances between nearest neighbours (or kth nearest neighbours), as opposed to techniques based on point counts in subsets.
P
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

paired comparison The comparison of a set of objects in pairs, each pair AB being placed in a preference relationship: A preferred to B or B preferred to A or, in more general conditions, neither preferred to the other. The method is used where order relations are more easily determined than measurements, e.g., in investigating taste preferences. More generally, the expression is used to denote the comparison of two samples of equal size where members of one can be paired off against members of the other with possibly a randomized allocation of two treatments, one to each member of the pair.
V
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

validation A procedure which provides, by reference to independent sources, evidence that an enquiry is free from bias or otherwise conforms to its declared purpose. It may be applied to a sample investigation with the object of showing that the sample is reasonably representative of the population and that the information collected is accurate. Validity is to be contrasted with consistency, which is concerned with the internal agreement of data or procedures among themselves. Validation of a measuring instrument involves establishing near-equivalence to a gold-standard method, should one exist. Otherwise one relies on face-validity and construct validity. For an instrument formed from an item-based questionnaire, face-validity checks that the items cover the aspects required on subject-matter grounds, whereas construct validity requires that differences between distinct groups of individuals are in the expected direction.
Space- and time-dependent distribution functions
Authors: Egelstaff P A
Published: November 2023

At this stage, a further set of concepts will be introduced in order to lay the foundation for a discussion of the transport and non-equilibrium properties of a liquid. These ideas involve the motion of the atoms in the liquid, the details of which have not been relevant to the earlier discussion. In this and the following chapters, the properties of distribution and correlation functions that involve time as well as position are discussed. Of greatest importance is the van Hove time-dependent pair distribution function, G(r, r ), which is defined in the following section and is a generalization of the pair distribution function g(r). Then the methods by which it may be studied experimentally arc outlined and compared.
Collective modes of motion at low frequencies
Authors: Egelstaff P A
Published: November 2023

The thermal motion in a liquid may be divided conveniently into singleparticle and collective modes of motion, and the next two chapters will be devoted to a discussion of the latter modes. This subject is a complex one, and there is an extensive literature (e.g. Boon and Yip 1980). The treatment given here is subdivided into the macroscopic modes, which may be described by hydrodynamic theory, and the microscopic modes, for which the theory is less exact. A part of this discussion concerns the processes—viscosity and thermal conduction—by which these modes are damped. The viscosity coefficient will be discussed at length, but because the theory of the thermal conductivity is more complex, it will be treated superficially. For the hydrodynamic theory these coefficients are taken as given constants from which the magnitude of the mode damping coefficients may be calculated. In this chapter microscopic definitions of these transport coefficients will be given and later generalized for discussion of the microscopic modes of motion.
Liquid dynamics on the microscopic scale
Authors: Egelstaff P A
Published: November 2023

This chapter is devoted to a general discussion of the properties described in Chapters 11 15 and illustrated with various examples. It begins with a discussion of the characteristics of the scattering function S(Q, ω). Then we discuss the theory for the damping of sound waves or collective modes, which is called mode-coupling theory. This theory makes predictions for the second-order memory function (eqn 16.5), and so, in addition, we shall discuss the ways in which this function may be measured. It is found that the present versions of these theories arc in reasonable agreement with experiment. The second half of the chapter presents examples of S(Q, ω) in three different areas, beginning with a discussion of the approach to the hydrodynamic regime. Then the dynamics of molten salts is considered. The coherent function for molten salts may be separated into number- and charge-fluctuation terms. These terms behave differently, both with respect to the modes being observed and their range in frequency. Thus new concepts are introduced for this topic. In contrast, the dynamic structure factor for a simple
Learning the art of scientific communication 1655–61
Authors: Hall Marie Boas
Published: November 2023

With his diplomatic mission finally concluded, Oldenburg was clearly at a loose end. He temporarily retired to the country, probably directly to the Honywoods’ house in Kent where he had certainly arrived by May 1655. From there he wrote, or at least drafted, a letter that month addressed ‘To the Right Honble ye Lady’ [sic] plausibly but not necessarily to Lady Ranelagh.1
Scientific Diplomacy 1669–77 (2) Huygens: Mathematics, Mechanics and Horology
Authors: Hall Marie Boas
Published: November 2023

Correspondence with Newton had employed Oldenburg on two fronts, the mathematical and the optical, but it was by no means his only fruitful correspondence nor the only one which generated controversy. A very important part of Oldenburg’s correspondence in the 1670s centred around Christiaan Huygens. His appraisal of Newton’s optical work has already been discussed in the previous chapter, but he also involved Oldenburg in several other controversial subjects which equally had real and important implications for the expansion of natural philosophy. Huygens was one of those often reluctant to publish and yet, again like so many others, was inclined to be outraged when others claimed priority for what he himself had discovered even though he had not made it public. Once again Oldenburg was required to use all his diplomatic skill in soothing wounded pride and in eliciting information in the face of reluctance to communicate, this time with mixed success.
From friends to enemies: Hooke and Oldenburg 1662–77
Authors: Hall Marie Boas
Published: November 2023

Hooke and Oldenburg had been friendly associates since Hooke’s appointment by the Royal Society as its Curator of Experiments in 1662, some six months after Oldenburg’s appointment as Secretary.
On ancestral graph Markov models
Authors: Koster Jan T A
Published: November 2023

Let me first congratulate the authors on their interesting article on ancestral graph Markov models. Readers of the article are strongly advised to go through the details of the longer ‘parent’ paper as well (Richardson and Spirtes 2002) to appreciate even further the elegant way in which the properties of this class of Markov models is developed.
Proposal densities and product-space methods
Authors: Godsill Simon J
Published: November 2023

In this article, Peter Green has provided the most informative and complete survey currently available of the issues surrounding Bayesian model uncertainty using MCMC methods.
Some further aspects of spatio-temporal modelling
Authors: Schmidt Alexandra Mello
Published: November 2023

Spatiotemporal modelling has experienced substantial development in the last decade. Here I will concentrate on two aspects. The simplest kind of spatiotemporal model combines a standard homogeneous spatial covariance function with some standard time-series correlation structure, using the assumption of separability.
Probabilistic image modelling
Authors: Lieshout M N M van
Published: November 2023

Since the pioneering work of Besag, Cross, and Jain, the Gemans, Ripley, and others (cf. the seminal papers reprinted in the monograph edited by Mardia and Kanji (1993)), Markov random fields have played a prominent role in statistical image analysis.
Graphical models for mapping continuous traits
Authors: Sheehan Nuala A , Sorensen Daniel A
Published: November 2023

As discussed in Heath’s article, probability and likelihood calculations routinely required for linkage analyses can pose enormous computational problems when general pedigrees and many marker loci are involved. They are completely intractable, even for a single locus model, on the large complex pedigrees that frequently arise in animal populations.