bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blueberry, Full Season Control of Broad Spectrum Insect Pests, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Kriegel Robert D. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature blueberry bushes near Douglas, MI at a rate of 50 gpa with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 44 foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. Funginex was applied separately to all treatments. Applications of materials were made on 16 Jun (Petal Fall), 22 Jun (PF), 21 Jul (BBM threshold) and 2 Aug (BBM threshold + 14 days). Maggot threshold was defined as the capture of 2 adult R. mendax flies in yellow sticky card traps sprayed with a saturated ammonium acetate solution. The first maggot spray was applied within 7 days of reaching the threshold. Damage from early season fruitworms was evaluated on 13 Jun. Damage was assessed by sampling 50 fruit clusters from each replicate. Each cluster was rated for the presence or absence of fruitworm injury. BBM injury was evaluated on 16 Aug. Maggot injury was assessed by picking 2 onepint subsamples of fruit from each replicate. Subsamples were processed by macerating one pint of berries and 2 cups of water in a blender. The solution was then poured through a series of sieves. Maggots were retained on the finest sieve. Results were expressed as maggots per pint of berries.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1994
Authors: Victor French J. , Jackson Michael B.
Published: December 2017

Foliar spray treatments of Kelthane and Agri-Mek, along or tank-mixed with either NR 440 oil, Blue Lightning surfactant or Trisert foliar fertilizer (26% nitrogen and 0.5% Boron) were compared to a Temik soil treatment. All treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times on plots of 4 trees each in a 9 yr old grapefruit block on 15 × 28 ft spacing. Spray treatments were applied using an FMC 1229 single volute commercial air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply 250 gpa. Temik was incorporated into the soil in a 4 ft wide band at the canopy drip line on both sides of the tree row and activated by flood irrigation. All treatments were applied on 11 May with CRM counts made at 7 to 14 day intervals. At each sample date, 12 fruit were randomly selected in each tree (48 fruit per replicated plot) and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Commercial Spray Trial with Bas 300 111 on Texas Citrus, 1994
Authors: Victor French J. , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Experimental BAS 300 1II was compared to the standard acaricides, Agri-Mek + NR 440 oil and Vendex, for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times on plots of 4 trees each in an 8 yr old grapefruit orchard on a spacing of 15 × 24 ft. Treatment sprays were applied on 9 May using an FMC 1229 single volute commercial air blast sprayer operating at 1 mph, with nozzling and pressure calibrated to apply 250 gpa. At each count date, 50 fruit per replicate were randomly selected at arms length inside the tree canopy and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation. At harvest, 50 randomly sampled fruit from each replicate were evaluated for CRM damage. If & one third of the fruit surface area had CRM damage it was downgraded to process or juice fruit. The percent of downgraded fruit for each treatment was determined and expressed as percent russet.
Apple, Control of the Obliquebanded Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis and Cryolite in Summer, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Different B. thuringiensis products and Kryocide (cryolite) were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Milton-Freewater, OR. The trees were 3-yr-old ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to four-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied on 23, 30 Jun and 11 Jul with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 27 Jul. The number of live OBLR larvae on all four trees of a treatment replication was counted.
Aphid Control Trials in Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Hall Michael J.
Published: December 2017

Two rates of Admire 2F, with and without a nonionic wetting agent, were evaluated for control of aphids on pecan. The test was conducted at a pecan orchard located south of Benton, LA (Bossier Parish). The plots were arranged in a RCBD. Six limbs, one limb per treatment, were tagged on each of 3 trees of the ‘Schley’ cultivar. Pretreatment counts were made on 16 Sep by selecting 5 compound leaves per limb and counting the number of aphids (nymphs and adults) present. Treatments were applied immediately following the pretreatment counts.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Fall Broccoli, 1993
Authors: Palumbo L. C. , Mullis C. , Reyes F.
Published: December 2017

Broccoli was direct seeded on 22 Sep into double row beds on 40 inches centers at the University of Arizona Yuma Agricultural Center. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 50 feet long with a two bed buffer between the plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Foliar sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted sprayer which delivered 60 gpa at 300 psi. The spray boom covered four beds with two nozzles (TX08 hollow cone) per bed suspended from the boom. A spreader/sticker (Dynamic) was applied at 0.5% v/v in all treatments. Foliar applications were initiated when immature whitefly densities reached measurable levels and were made on 13, 20, 28 Oct and 9 Nov. Admire and CGA215944 were applied to the seed bed at planting (22 Sep) with a 2 inch band application delivering 15 GPA directly over the seed line and immediately followed by sprinkler irrigation. The CGA 215944 treatment also received foliar sprays of CGA 215944 on 13, 20, 28 Oct and 9 Nov. Insect data were collected only from the inner two beds of each plot. Immature SPWF densities were estimated weekly by counting total immatures on four-2.5 cm2 leaf disks from each of 10 leaves per plot. Adults were assessed by collecting adults from plants with a modified Vacuum collector. Data were log transformed (log10 + 1) before analysis of variance, and treatment differences were estimated with Ryan’s Q-test.
Insecticidal and Microbial Control of Lepidopteran Pests in Minnesota Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Bartels D. W. , Bolin P. C. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted on the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Cabbage was transplanted 23 Jun into plots consisting of two 25 ft (7.62 m) rows on 40 inch (1.02 m) centers. Plants were spaced 13 inches (0.33 m) apart. Ten ft (3.05 m) borders and 7 ft (2.13 m) alleys separated the plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 28 Jul, 5, 12, and 19 Aug using a moderate-clearance Spirit sprayer with 6 TX-10 hollowcone nozzles (1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles per row). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 27 gpa (252.5 liters/ha) at 47 psi (3.3 kg/cm2) and 3 mph (4.8 km/hr). Bond sticker/extender was added to all treatments at a rate of 0.10 fl oz/gal (0.79 ml/liter). Insect counts were taken 4 and 22 Aug. Plots were harvested and evaluated for feeding damage on 25 Aug using Green’s rating scale (J. Econ. Entomol. 1969 62(4): 798-800): 1 = no feeding damage; 2 = minor feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (≤ 1% eaten); 3 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (2-5% eaten) with no head damage; 4 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (6-10% eaten) and minor feeding scars on the head; 5 = moderate to heavy feeding on the wrapper leaves (11-30% eaten) and moderate feeding scars on the head; 6 = >30% of the wrapper leaves eaten and numerous feeding scars on the head.
Testing for Possible Antagonism Between Dimethoate and Bacillus Thuringiensis for Control of Diamondback Moth on Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 1 Jul at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips and delivering 30 gpa at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply applications of each treatment. Nufilm 17 sticker was applied at a rate of .03% v/v with all treatments.
Comparison of Various Classes of Foliar Insecticides for Worm Control in Fall Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted in two fields on 10 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. In both fields, each plot consisted of a single 25 ft × 3 ft row, replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. Plots were separated by untreated guard rows. Sprays were applied on the dates indicated in the tables using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all worm species present and final market ratings on 5 randomly chosen plants/plot. Sampling dates for each field are indicated in the tables. Market ratings were estimated according to Greene et al. in J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800. A rating greater than 3 is considered unmarketable.
Use of Pymetrozine (CGA-215 944) to Control Cabbage Aphids in Collards, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a commercial collards field planted on 17 Aug near the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft × 3 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. Treatments were applied 15 Sep with a single hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi and the total number of cabbage aphids was counted 20 and 28 Sep on 10 randomly picked leaves/plot.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with RH-5992, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

An experimental insecticide, RH-5992, was evaluated for its ability to control PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Wenatchee. Trees were 10-yr-old spur-type (‘Oregon Spur II’) on seedling roots. Treatments were applied to three-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Two rates of RH-5992 plus Lorsban and methyl-parathion were applied at the half-inch green tip (HIG) stage of apple bud development (19 Apr). Two rates of RH-5992 were also applied at the pink stage of apple bud development (5 May). Pre-treatment evaluations were made on 19 Apr by examining 20 fruiting buds per tree and recording the number infested. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 20 May when surviving larvae could be easily located in flower clusters and growing shoots. Each tree was sampled and the number of live PLR larvae recorded. On the first day following the 19 Apr application, five spurs were collected from the middle tree within each replicate of each RH-5992 treatment and the untreated plot (25 total per treatment). Spurs were returned to the laboratory and one was placed in a 2-oz plastic portion cup. One 10-d-old PLR larva reared on artificial diet, usually a third instar, was placed in the cup and the lid put in place. After the 5 May applications, 10 spurs were collected from each RH-5992 treatment and the untreated plot (50 total per treatment). At the same time, PLR larvae were collected from the same orchard where the test was conducted. Spurs were returned to the laboratory, and one was placed in a 2-oz plastic portion cup. One 10-d-old PLR larva reared on artificial diet, usually a third instar, was placed in the cup and the lid put in place. In addition, field-collected leafroller larvae were placed on spurs in plastic cups and handled the same as the laboratory-reared larvae. All larvae were kept at 70°F for 7 d, after which they were examined and the number of live or dead (dead included larvae which were alive but with slipped head capsules) larvae was recorded.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetle on Eggplant, 1993
Authors: Marutani Mari , Flis Cody
Published: December 2017

Seedlings of ‘Nitta’ eggplant were planted individually in pots of 15.24 cm diameter with soil-potting mix. The number of tobacco flea beetles on 25 plants with 2-3 expanded leaves averaged 4.1 per plant (SD = 2.60) before applying treatments on 10 Nov. After applying treatments with hand sprayers, plants from the 5 treatments and 5 replications were arranged in a Latin square design. All treatments included a drop of sticker (Latron B-1956) to ensure uniform chemical coverage on the plants. The number of adult tobacco flea beetles was recorded for each plant on 13, 15, 16, 17, and 18 Nov.
Control of Onion Thrips in Onions, Comparison of Registered Materials, 1992
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Al-Dosari Saleh
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in a production field of transplanted onions (cv. ‘Redman’) near Greeley, CO. Onions were planted in two row beds and individual plots consisted of two beds, 25-ft in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were applied 30 Jun using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre at 35 psi. Treatment evaluations were made by counting all thrips on six plants within the center rows of each plot. Since populations were declining rapidly during the course of this experiment, only a single evaluation was made.
Control of Onion Thrips in Onions, Greeley, Co, 1994
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Al-Dosari Saleh
Published: December 2017

Plots were established 13 Jul at a commercial production field of seeded onions northeast of Greeley, CO. Plots consisted of a single double-row bed (36-inch centers), 25-ft in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied 13 Jul and 26 Jul using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre at 45 psi. Evaluations were made 20 Jul and 5 Aug, using whole plant counts of ten plants in the center of each plot. Thrips populations were naturally declining greatly at the latter part of the experiment due to the effects of biological controls and crop maturation. Several of the plants had already started to fall over which may also have affected the second application results.
Onion Maggot Control, 1994
Authors: Davis M. , Anandwala Y. , Bommarito M. , Grafius E.
Published: December 2017

Onions were seeded at the Brink Farm near Grant, Michigan on 6 May and at the Krummery Farm near Stockbridge, Michigan on 11 May, in single rows using a vee-belt seeder with a 1 inch wide shoe, 12 seeds per foot of row. At each site, plots were replicated five times in a randomized complete block arrangement. Onion seeds coated with ProGro fungicide from four seed-coating companies, with or without Trigard in the coating (50 g per kg of seed), were used in the trials. Cultivars and coating techniques were unknown to us. Lorsban 15 G (3.7 oz/1000 row ft) and Exp6055A (fipronil) 1.5 G (0.025 lbs Al/acre, 0.3 g/1000 row ft) were applied in furrow at planting with seed treatment A seeds at Grant and seed treatment B seeds at Stockbridge. Healthy and damaged plants were counted weekly, 13 Jun to 7 Jul. Plots were harvested 9 Aug.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 10 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25ft row with 3ft spacing between rows. Plots were separated from each other by untreated guard rows. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre .at 40 psi. Application dates were 30 Aug; 12, 19, and 26 Sep; 9 and 18 Oct. An additional V71639 application was made on 5 Sep, as early applications of this material are necessary for maximum ovicidal activity. Latron B-1956 was added to each treatment at 8oz/100 gal water. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all worm species present on 5 random plants/plot. Dates with high populations for each species are recorded in the table. On 26 Oct, 5 plants/plot were rated for feeding damage according to Greene et al. in J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800. A rating greater than 3 is considered unmarketable.
Control of Fall Armyworm and Corn Earworm with Chemical and Biological Insecticides in Florida Sweet Corn, Fall 1994
Authors: Stansly P.A. , Conner J.M.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of azadirachtin formulations alone and in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai, two formulations of cyhalothrin, and Lannate were compared. Six polyethylene-mulched beds 32 inches wide configured in 2 sets of 3 on 6 ft centers separated by a 15 ft drive middle were planted on 29 Aug in double rows 12 inches between rows and plants. The center bed was used as an untreated source of inoculum and the remaining beds divided into 33 ft plots and assigned treatments in a RCBD with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Whorls of all plants were inoculated with 1-2 neonate fall armyworm larvae on 5 Oct using a bazooka gun and Grito-O-Cobs at 24-4O mesh. Treatments were applied weekly for 6 weeks beginning 7 Oct using a high clearance sprayer configured with 1 overhead nozzle per row equipped with a diaphragm pump operating at 200 psi and calibrated to delivery 21 gpa at 2.5 mph. APSA 80 was tank mixed with Karate and Lannate treatments at 5 oz/100 gallon. The dispersants Petro and Morwet were added to 25% of the spray water at a rate of 0.38 gram of 3% microencapsulated azadirachtin (WRC7305) and mixed for 3 minutes before adding remaining water containing the adjuvant B-1956 at 2 oz/gal. Feeding on inner 3 whorl leaves or tassel was rated weekly for 16 plants on a scale of 1 to 6 corresponding to 0, >1%, 2-5%, 6-10%, 11-30%, and >30% damage respectively. The same 16 plants per plot were harvested twice and number and ears evaluated for weight and marketability. Culls were evaluated as to cause of damage and larvae identified and counted. In addition, 10 stalks from each plot were opened to search for borers but none were found.
Use of Imidacloprid (Admire 2F and Provado 1.6 F) to Control Green Peach Aphid in Lettuce, 1995
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 11 Nov at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Each plot consisted of four, 70 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. The Admire 2F treatments were applied 2 in. sub-seed furrow by injecting the material into the beds with long, narrow shanks before seeding. The Admire sidedress treatment was applied 3-4 in. into the soil 60 days after planting. All Admire treatments were applied with water and delivered at 20 gal/acre total volume. Foliar applications of Provado and MSR + Capture were made on 24, 27 Jan and 4 Feb with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a two-bed boom, having two nozzles per bed (TX 12 hollow cone), and delivering 20.5 gal/acre at 40 psi. Aphid numbers per plant were estimated on 20 Dec, 3, 19 Jan, and 2, 16 Feb by collecting 15 plants per plot and counting the total number of aphids present on each plant. Aphid infestations at harvest (20 Feb) were estimated by recording the percentage of plants infested with >0 and >10 aphids on wrapper leaves and heads. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, insect data was transformed (log10 x + 1) prior to analysis. Treatment differences among means were estimated with the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple F test.
Efficacy of Pyrethroids and Lannate on Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce, 1995
Authors: Palumbo J. C.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 9 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made on 22 and 30 Sep and with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 60 psi, delivering 20 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.25% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (>2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae on 20 randomly selected lettuce plants per replicate. Insect counts were conducted the day of application, 22 and 30 Sep, and at 3 days after treatment, 30 Sep and 3 Oct. Treatment differences among means were estimated with the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple F test.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Onion Thrips on Onions, 1994
Authors: Sparks Alton N. , Riley David G.
Published: December 2017

A small plot efficacy study was conducted at the Texas A & M Research and Extension Center in Weslaco, Texas, to evaluate selected insecticides and the effect of spray volume on control of onion thrips on onions. Experimental plots measured 3 beds (40 inch beds) by 25 feet, with two rows of onions per bed. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied on March 4, 11 and 18, with a CO2 pressurized sprayer (40 psi) with 3 10X hollow cone nozzles per bed (1 over-top, 2 on drops). Spray volume was adjusted by boom speed. Thrips were sampled by whole plant inspection of five randomly selected plants per plot. All thrips (adults and nymphs) were counted.
Control of Pepper Weevil in Field Condition, Spring 1995
Authors: Seal D. R.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in a research field of rockdale soil located in Homestead, FL. ‘Jalapeno’ pepper transplants were set in the field onto raised black polyethylene mulch covered beds following recommended cultural practices on 14 Feb. 1995. Beds were 3 ft. wide and spaced 6 ft. apart from center to center. Plots were 3 rows each 100 ft. long. Three treatments were arranged in RCB with 4 replications. Treatments evaluated were: oxamyl (0.50 lb. (AI)/acre), fipronil (0.10 lb. [AI]/acre) and a nontreated check treated with water. Chemical were applied on 16, 20, 25 and 30 April, and 4 May 1995 with a backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 50 gpa at 40 psi. Treatments were evaluated by collecting all fallen fruits from randomly selected three plants in each treatment plot 24 h after each application. Total numbers of larvae inside these fallen fruits were recorded. Adults were counted on randomly selected three plants per treatment plot after each application.
Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Big Lake, Mn, 1995
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Miller Jennifer
Published: December 2017

A trial was established in an irrigated commercial potato field adjacent to a commercial planting of a NatureMark NewLeafⓇ field. Plots were 4-36 inch rows by 25’ in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied on 8 & 26 June and 8 July using a CO2 hand held sprayer. Total material per acre was approximately 20 gal applied using 40 psi. CPB populations were very high at this site and late readings are confused by non-random feeding. Yields were not taken.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control With Foliar Sprays 11, 1995
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted on 25 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Seven treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a RCB design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Treatment sprays were broadcast applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer (30 psi) and delivering 20 gal finished spray per acre (four, 10X hollow cone nozzles). On a weekly basis, beginning 5 Jul, egg masses, small larvae (1-2 instar), large larvae (3-4 instar) and adult beetles were counted, and percent defoliation estimates were made from whole plant inspections of the center 5 hills of the middle 2 plot rows. On 5 Jul a pre-count of all Colorado potato beetle (CPB) life stages was taken and all treatment applications were made. A second application of Kryocide and M-Trak were made on 12 Jul. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple means comparison.
Adios and Conventional Insecticides for Striped Cucumber Beetle Control in Cucurbits, 1995
Authors: Burkness E. C. , Hutchison W. D. , O’Rourke P. K.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a commercially grown field of pumpkin managed by Owatonna Canning Co., Steele County, Minnesota. The cultivar ‘Buckskin’ was planted 17 May. Plots consisted of three 25 ft (7.62 m) rows on 5 ft (1.52 m) centers. Plant spacing was 18 inches (0.46 m). Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. All three rows were treated and counts were taken from the middle row. Treatments were applied once (12 Jun) with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a XR- or DG-Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzle. For each nozzle, the sprayer was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (233.8 1/ha) at 35 psi (242 kPa). Adios, a cucurbitacin bait treatment, contained 13% carbaryl. Two formulations of Adios, micro-encapsulated (B) and ribbon extruded (P), were applied with both nozzle types, XR and DG. Percent infestation and insect counts were taken 13 Jun (1 DAT), 16 Jun (4 DAT), and 19 Jun (7 DAT). SCB was the dominant insect pest present in the plots on all sample dates. Count and percentage data were transformed by x+0.5 and arcsin (x), respectively.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1994
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 8 Aug, 18 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 19, 27 Sept, 3, 10, 18, 26 Oct, 2, and 7 Nov. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gpa for the first application, 90 gpa the next two applications, and 120 gpa for the remaining applications using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Tributyrin was applied at 150 gm/gal on the first application, was not applied on the next two applications, and was applied at 15 gm/gal on the last five applications. On 31 Oct, the numbers of ‘Liriomyza’ spp. leafmines and the number of southern armyworm larvae were counted by two persons in whole plant searchs of 1 min and 30 sec, respectively, and counts of both persons were totalled. Fruit were harvested on 18, 31 Oct and 14 Nov. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae were determined.
Alfalfa Weevil Control In Alfalfa, 1995
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots measuring 25 ft X 25 ft were established in a 2-yrold field of alfalfa ‘Pioneer 5333’ alfalfa in the vegetative state located in Ithaca, N.Y. Soils were silt loam. Five treatments and one untreated check were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied on 1 Jun with a CO2 pressurized ATV-mounted, eight nozzle spray boom which spanned 12 ft. The sprayer delivered 32 gal/acre at 60 psi and an ATV speed of 3.5 mi/hr. AW density was evaluated 1 d pretreatment and 7 and 14 DAT by collecting 10 stems per plot and counting the total number of larvae collected per plot. Damage incidence for each 10 stem sample was recorded. On 4 DAT, AW density was evaluated only in the check plots. Data for all plot samplings were expressed as mean AW/stem.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, Roseau, Mn, 1995
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Oelke Ervin
Published: December 2017

Hybrid Canola seed was obtained from Zeneca Seeds, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Gustafson, Inc. Piano, TX, treated two portions of the seed each with a different rate of Gaucho 480F. Granular Furadan 10CR and Counter 5G were mixed with the seed prior to planting. Plots were 5 ft X 20 ft, were arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times. Plots were planted on 24 May.
Corn Wireworm Control in No-Tillage Corn, 1995
Authors: All J. N. , Buntin G. D. , Gardner W. A. , Harrison R.
Published: December 2017

Soil insecticides were tested in no-tillage corn planted with a Cole® no-till planter on 16 May at the University of Georgia, Mountain Branch Station near Blairsville GA. A RCBD with 5 replicates was used with plots 25 ft X 4 rows wide at 36 inch row width. Granular insecticides were either applied in a 7-inch wide band over the row or in the seed furrow on the day of planting. Soil type was Hayesville sandy clay loam, at pH 6.0 and 18% O.D. moisture content at planting time. All plants in the middle two rows of each plot were examined for injury at 23, 44, and 64 DAT. On 23 DAT 33 plants were excavated and 14 wireworm larvae were collected for identification in the laboratory.
Eetle Emergence From Plots Treated with Insecticides to Control Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota, 1995
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W.
Published: December 2017

Sites near Aurora and Lake Andes, SD were chosen to evaluate Furadan 4F applied post-emergence to corn in comparison of at-plant applications and standard granular insecticide compounds. Insecticide treatments included at-planting applications (Counter 15G, Furadan 15G, and Lorsban 15G) using a 7 to 9 inch band, and Furadan 4F broadcast applied post-emergence at cultivation. All treatments were made at 1.0 lb(AI)/acre. Experimental design was a RCB replicated 4 times. Individual treatment plots consisted of single 50 ft long rows spaced 38 inches apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. At-plant granular treatments were banded in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Collection of these beetles were made weekly throughout the July and August peak emergence period. Data were analyzed using SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure with total emergence (per cage) means compared with DMRT.
Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1995
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Pruisner R. D. , Rose R. I. , Tollefson J. J. , Wang X.
Published: December 2017

Seed treatments and planting-time insecticides were tested in a loam soil at Ames, IA. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to 20-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. To attract ovipositing flies, a meat-and-bone meal bait was applied to shallow, hand-made furrows. A twenty-foot section of 1.5-inch angle iron was filled with meat-and-bone meal and then leveled, leaving a small amount of bait (ca. 0.33 oz per row-ft) evenly distributed in the bottom of the angle iron. The angle iron was positioned directly above the open seed furrow and inverted. Bait was placed in furrows 24 Apr and corn seeds were hand planted (8-inch seed spacing) directly into the bait on 28 Apr. Granular insecticide treatments were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a small-plot bicycle applicator. Seeds were covered with soil and the soil firmed by hand. On 24 May, stand counts were taken from 14.6 ft of row and the seeds/seedlings from two, 1-m sections of row were inspected for seedcorn maggot feeding and rated on the following 1-4 damage scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/ seedling damaged, but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress, (4) seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. On 26 May, 1 adult emergence trap was placed over each row that had received a granular insecticide treatment. Seed-treatment rows were excluded from the adult emergence analysis. The galvanized steel trap, a rectangular bottomless box, had the following dimensions: length 1.0 m, width 0.2 m, and height 0.1 m. Fastened to the top of each trap were two 0.25-liter Mason jars with Tack Trap® applied to the inside bottom. On 6 Jun, the number of seedcorn maggot adults were counted in the collections jars.
Evaluation of Biological Alternatives for Early Season Tobacco Budworm Control in Southern North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 4 May in a Norfolk loamy sand on 38-inch rows near Laurel Hill in southeastern NC. Recommended practices for fertility and weed management were followed, and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G used at planting for thrips control. Plots were 40 ft X 6 rows, with 10-ft alleys and 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. The entire test was oversprayed with 1.0 lb (AI)/acre Orthene 75S on 7 Jun to encourage TBW establishment via destruction of beneficial arthropods. All applications were applied with a CO2-pressurized back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single Spraying Systems TX-8 hollow cone nozzle per row. The Ovasyn plots were sprayed on 7, 14 and 21 Jun and the Design plus Ovasyn and the Larvin treatment was sprayed on 14 and 21 Jun. On 26 Jun, all squares and terminals from one of the treatments were removed by hand. A second removal treatment consisted of the 3 earliest squares being removed from each plant on 7 Jul. On 26 Jun, 25 terminals from each plot were examined for TBW eggs, terminal damage from TBW and live larvae. No squares were present at this relatively late date and thus were not sampled. On 31 Jul, the number of white blooms and bolls was counted for 15 ft for each plot per replicate (60 ft total per treatment). As an index of maturity, on 25 Oct the number of green and opened boll from 15 row ft were counted for each plot. The test was harvested with a 2-row John Deere mechanical harvester on 18 Oct.
Control of Foliage Feeding Pests in Cotton, 1995
Authors: Burris Gene , Cook Don , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Pankey J.
Published: December 2017

Plots were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were 4 rows wide (40-in spacing) X 65ft. ‘Stoneville LA 887’ cotton seed was planted 19 May on a Commerce silt loam soil which was sidedressed with 90 lb N/acre. Cotton seed was planted with a John Deere model 7300 series planter equipped with standard seed hoppers. All plots received 0.5 lb (AI) Temik 15G and 1.0 lb (AI) Terraclor 2E + 0.05 lb (AI)/acre Ridomil 2E at planting. Foliar treatments were applied with a JD600 Hi-cycle equipped with a CO2 charged spray system through two TX-12 hollow cone tips per row and calibrated to deliver 10 gpa finished spray. Foliar treatments were applied on 2, 8, 12, and 25 Aug. Twenty-five squares and 25 plant terminals from the 2 center rows were examined for eggs, BW/TBW larvae and damage, BAW, and boll weevil damage on 3, 11, 16, and 29 Aug. Plots were harvested on 12 Oct. The center 2 rows of the plots were mechanically harvested using a John Deere spindle type picker. Yields are converted to lb seed cotton/acre.
Insecticide Efficacy Against Tarnished Plant Bugs on Seedling Cotton, 1995
Authors: Pankey J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Fife J. H. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 11 May into plots consisting of 2 rows (40 inch centers) X 25 ft at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through TeeJet TVS 8001 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 38 psi. The cotton plants were in the pre-square development stage and averaged 5-6 nodes at the time of treatment. Cotton seedlings were infested with tarnished plant bug adults at 2 h after treatment and again at 3 DAT by placing the insects in nylon mesh cages, and then securing the cage over the plant terminal. Two cages (1 per plant) were placed in each plot with each cage containing 5 tarnished plant bugs. Mortality of tarnished plant bugs was recorded 2 d after the plants were infested. No rainfall was recorded during this test. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Control of Tarnished Plant Bugs in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Pankey J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Six insecticide treatments were evaluated against tarnished plant bugs in cotton at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station. Cottonseed was planted 1 May in 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 7 Jul with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through TeeJet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Treatments were evaluated 3, 5, and 7 DAT by sampling the plots with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Also, to estimate actual mortality values for the treatments, field-collected tarnished plant bug adults were caged on 5 plants within each plot at 4 DAT. Five adults were introduced into a small nylon mesh cage which was placed over the plant terminal. Mortality of caged tarnished plant bugs was recorded 2 d after infestation (6 DAT). No rainfall was recorded during the test. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Thrips Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

At-plant, in-furrow applied insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston-Woodville, NC. NC-7 variety peanuts were planted on 36 inch rows on 8 May at approximately 100 lb of seed/acre. Soil temperature was 74°F and the soil was moist. The humic matter was 1.1% and soil pH was 5.4. Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early season weed control. Plots were 2 rows wide by 50 ft long and each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Plot ends were separated by 5 ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using Cole® planter and in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with seed using electric Gandy® boxes. The in-furrow application of Orthene 75S was applied by mounting spray nozzles directly behind the seed tube and connecting these to a CO2 sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa. Foliar treatments of Orthene were applied on 30 May by using a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa and using 8003 flat fan nozzles. Peanuts were managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets per plot on 30 May and 20 Jun. Twenty-five, newly opened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. In addition, thrips control was evaluated by collecting ten unopened leaflets per plot on 9 Jun. Samples were placed in vials of alcohol and returned to the laboratory where the number of adults and larvae were counted. Larvae counts were used as the basis for control since they provide a better indicator of efficacy than do the more mobile adults. All data were transformed (square root of X + 0.50) prior to ANOVA and DNMRT. Actual means are presented in tables.
Effect of Leafspot Fungicides on Twospotted Spider Mite in Virginia Peanut, 1995
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Selected fungicides were evaluated for effect on TSSM in cv. ‘NC-V 11’ Virginia-type peanut in Isle of Wight, VA. Comite 6, known to be efficacious against mites, was included for comparison. Peanuts were planted on 6 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied on 28 Jul and again on 11 Aug using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gpa at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 20 ft. Treatments were evaluated on 28, 31 Jul and on 3, 7, 11, 16 and 22 Aug by comparing the number of live mites in a 1.5 cm diam area on 2 randomly selected leaflets per plot. Mite counts were made in the field using lOx magnification lenses. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures. Cumulative mite-days (CMD) were calculated for each treatment over the entire test period using Σ(Xi+1 - Xi)[(Yi + Yi+1)/2], where Xi and Xi+1 are adjacent sample dates and Yi and Yi+1 are corresponding points of mean mite number per leaflet.
Evaluation of the Fungus Beauveria Bassiana with Selected Insecticide Stressors for Control of Unconfined Rangeland Grasshoppers, 1995
Authors: Foster R. N. , Reuter K. C. , Black L. , Britton J.
Published: December 2017

The Mycotrol GH oil formulation of Beauveria bassiana and 4 insecticide stressors (Dimilin, Sevin 4-Oil, Orthene and Fyfanon) were each aerially applied to 10 acre plots of rangeland approximately 5 miles SSW of Bayard, NE, on 8-9 Jul. Stressors (sub-lethal doses of grasshopper-active insecticides used to weaken the target insect) were formulated at 0.1 to 0.01 of the usual recommended dose with spores of B. bassiana. All treatments were applied at a volume of one gpa (oil diluent) with a Cessna Ag-Truck aircraft equipped with 8006 flat fan nozzle tips operating at 40 psi and 120 mph and an assigned swath width of 100 ft. Plot boundaries were separated from one another by 100 yd. An untreated plot was included in the study for comparison. Grasshopper densities were estimated by counting grasshoppers in 0.1 m2 rings (4 rows of 10) located in the center of each quadrant of each plot. At each evaluation site, rings were separated from each other by 5 yd. Grasshopper counts were taken at 0, 5, 8, 11 and 14 DAT. Species and age composition of the grasshopper populations was determined at each plot by taking a sweep net sample comprised of 200 sweeps from the southwest quadrant. The above species were predominantly in the 3rd through 5th instar stages of development and comprised 44.1%, 21.4%, 9.3% and 6.9% of the grasshopper population, respectively, listed above. Data were recorded as surviving grasshoppers/site, 4 sites/treatment and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with tied ranks.
Evaluation of Insecticide Application Timing on Sorghum Midge Injury to Grain Sorghum, 1995
Authors: Castro B. A. , Riley T. J. , Rodriguez O. I. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The test was conducted at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station in Franklin Parish, LA. Plots (28 ft X 8 rows) were planted on a Gigger-Gilbert silt loam on 15 Jun in a RCB design with 5 replications. Karate 1EC at 0.02 lb (AI)/acre was applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 9.3 gpa at 46 psi and 3.3 mph through TX-8 hollow-cone nozzles (2/row). Application timing for each treatment was determined by selecting and tagging 20 plants from the 2 center rows before spraying. For the 50% and 90% panicle emergence treatments, 10 and 18 plants, respectively, had panicles completely emerged with no open flowers. For the 20, 50 and 90% flowering treatments, 4, 10 and 18 of 20 tagged plants per plot, respectively, had flowering panicles. A panicle was considered to be flowering when the upper 25% portion had open spikelets. Treatments were applied on 28 Jul for the 50 and 90% panicle emergence and on 31 Jul for the 20, 50 and 90% panicle flowering. Sorghum midge damage to seed heads was evaluated on 24 Aug by estimating percent blasted kernels on each tagged plant. Sorghum seed yields were obtained on 8 Sep by manually harvesting panicles from the 20 tagged plants and by mechanically harvesting the entire 2 center rows in each plot.
Evaluation of Selected Hopper Box and Insecticide Treatments for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in Grain Sorghum, 1995
Authors: Castro B. A. , Riley T. J. , Rodriguez O. I. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

Selected hopper box and insecticide treatments were evaluated for management of the RIFA in no-till sorghum at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station in Franklin Parish, LA. Grain sorghum was planted no-till with a John Deere 7300 planter into a bermuda grass sod containing a high density of RIFA mounds. The test was planted on 19 May in a RCB design with 4-row plots (13.33 ft X 15 ft) and 4 replications. Lorsban, Admire and Furadan were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP) with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gpa at 35 psi through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row). Lorsban was also applied as pre-emergence surface spray (PRE) immediately post-plant with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 35 psi through 8001 flat fan nozzles (1/row) in a band 20 inches wide over the row center. Other treatments were applied either as in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP), T-banded granules at planting (T-BAND) or seed treatments (SEEDT). RIFA densities were estimated on 29 May by placing an unruled index card (3X5 inches) baited with peanut butter in each plot and recording the number of ants attracted after 2 h. Plant population densities were recorded on 15 Jun by sampling the 2 center rows. Plant heights were estimated on 15 Jun by measuring 20 plants in each plot. Intra-row skips between plants were recorded on 15 Jun by counting the number of skips > 12 inches in the 2 center rows. Sorghum seed yields were obtained on 9 Aug from the 2 center rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Selected Experimental and Standard Insecticides Against Soybean Looper and Beet Armyworm in Northeast La, 1995
Authors: Mascarenhas R. N. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Boethel D. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

A field trial was conducted at the Macon Ridge Location, Northeast Research Station, located near Winnsboro (Franklin Parish). Plots were 50 ft long by 5 rows (40 inch row spacing) and arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied using a tractor mounted compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 35 psi through TX12 hollow cone nozzles (2 per row). Insecticide treatments were applied in R5 stage soybeans on 23 Aug. Posttreatment samples (25 sweeps per plot) were taken with a standard 15 inch diam net at 2, 5 and 7 DAT. No rainfall occurred during the experimental period. Plots were irrigated as needed, and moisture was not considered a limiting factor for insecticide efficacy.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms in Soybeans, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Soybeans were drill planted on 15 Jun in a commercial field near Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 50 ft long by 5 ft wide row, bordered on each side by 1 ft of bare ground. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer using 3 nozzles/row and delivering 18 gpa at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of GCW and CEW in a 15 inch diam sweep sample/plot on 23, 25 and 29 Aug. On 25 Aug, 10 CEW were collected from each replication of the 2 GemStar treatments and the check and maintained in the lab on artificial diet (Stonefly Industries) until 5 Sep. GemStar is a viral insecticide specific for CEW.