bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder: results from the ESEMeD-Spain study
Authors: Olaya B. , Alonso J. , Atwoli L. , Kessler R. C. , Vilagut G. , Haro J. M.
Published: February 2014

Background.

The relative importance of traumatic events (TEs) in accounting for the social burden of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could vary according to cross-cultural factors. In that sense, no such studies have yet been conducted in the Spanish general population. The present study aims to determine the epidemiology of trauma and PTSD in a Spanish community sample using the randomly selected TEs method.

Methods.

The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)-Spain is a cross-sectional household survey of a representative sample of adult population. Lifetime prevalence of self-reported TEs and lifetime and 12-month prevalence of PTSD were evaluated using the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Reports of PTSD associated with randomly selected TEs were weighted by the individual-level probabilities of TE selection to generate estimates of population-level PTSD risk associated with each TE.

Results.

Road accident was the most commonly self-reported TE (14.1%). Sexual assault had the highest conditional risk of PTSD (16.5%). The TEs that contributed most to societal PTSD burden were unexpected death of a loved one (36.4% of all cases) and sexual assault (17.2%). Being female and having a low educational level were associated with low risk of overall TE exposure and being previously married was related to higher risk. Being female was related to high risk of PTSD after experiencing a TE.

Conclusions.

Having an accident is commonly reported among Spanish adults, but two TE are responsible for the highest burden associated with PTSD: the unexpected death of someone close and sexual assault. These results can help designing public health interventions to reduce the societal PTSD burden.
Histamine H3 receptors aggravate cerebral ischaemic injury by histamine-independent mechanisms
Authors: Yan Haijing , Zhang Xiangnan , Hu Weiwei , Ma Jing , Hou Weiwei , Zhang Xingzhou , Wang Xiaofen , Gao Jieqiong , Shen Yao , Lv Jianxin , Ohtsu Hiroshi , Han Feng , Wang Guanghui , Chen Zhong
Published: February 2014

The role of the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unknown. Here we show that H3R expression is upregulated after I/R in two mouse models. H3R antagonists and H3R knockout attenuate I/R injury, which is reversed by an H3R-selective agonist. Interestingly, H1R and H2R antagonists, a histidine decarboxylase (HDC) inhibitor and HDC knockout all fail to compromise the protection by H3R blockade. H3R blockade inhibits mTOR phosphorylation and reinforces autophagy. The neuroprotection by H3R antagonism is reversed by 3-methyladenine and siRNA forAtg7, and is diminished inAtg5−/−mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Furthermore, the peptide Tat-H3RCT414-436, which blocks CLIC4 binding with H3Rs, or siRNA forCLIC4, further increases I/R-induced autophagy and protects against I/R injury. Therefore, H3R promotes I/R injury while its antagonism protects against ischaemic injury via histamine-independent mechanisms that involve suppressing H3R/CLIC4 binding-activated autophagy, suggesting that H3R inhibition is a therapeutic target for cerebral ischaemia.
Positron acceleration in a hollow plasma channel up to TeV regime
Authors: Yi Longqing , Shen Baifei , Ji Liangliang , Lotov Konstantin , Sosedkin Alexander , XiaomeiZhang  , Wang Wenpeng , Xu Jiancai , Shi Yin , Zhang Lingang , Xu Zhizhan
Published: February 2014

Nowadays, human's understanding of the fundamental physics is somehow limited by the energy that our high energy accelerators can afford. Up to 4 TeV protons are realized in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Leptons, such as electrons and positrons, however gained energies of about 100 GeV or less. Multi-TeV lepton accelerators are still lacking due to the relatively low acceleration gradient of conventional methods, which may induce unbearable cost. On the other hand, plasmas have shown extraordinary potential in accelerating electrons and ions, providing orders of magnitude higher acceleration fields of 10–100 GV/m. In such context, we propose a plasma-based high-energy lepton accelerator, in which a weakly focusing plasma structure is formed near the beam axis. The structure preserves the emittance of the accelerated beam and produces low radiation losses. Moreover, the structure allows for a considerable decrease of the witness energy spread at the driver depletion stage.
Enhanced photocatalytic performance of TiO2-ZnO hybrid nanostructures
Authors: Cheng Chun , Amini Abbas , Zhu Chao , Xu Zuli , Song Haisheng , Wang Ning
Published: February 2014

We studied the photocatalytic properties of rational designed TiO2-ZnO hybrid nanostructures, which were fabricated by the site-specific deposition of amorphous TiO2 on the tips of ZnO nanorods. Compared with the pure components of ZnO nanorods and amorphous TiO2 nanoparticles, these TiO2-ZnO hybrid nanostructures demonstrated a higher catalytic activity. The strong green emission quenching observed from photoluminescence of TiO2-ZnO hybrid nanostructures implied an enhanced charge transfer/separation process resulting from the novel type II heterostructures with fine interfaces. The catalytic performance of annealing products with different TiO2 phase varied with the annealing temperatures. This is attributed to the combinational changes in Eg of the TiO2 phase, the specific surface area and the quantity of surface hydroxyl groups.
Ionization characteristics of amino acids in direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry
Authors: Sekimoto Kanako , Sakakura Motoshi , Kawamukai Takatomo , Hike Hiroshi , Shiota Teruhisa , Usui Fumihiko , Bando Yasuhiko , Takayama Mitsuo
Published: February 2014

Analytes used in DART mass spectrometry can be oxidized by hydrogen radicals HO˙ via oxygen attachment and hydrogen loss.
Polymorphism of metal–organic frameworks: direct comparison of structures and theoretical N2-uptake of topological pto- and tbo-isomers
Authors: Zhu Nianyong , Lennox Matthew J. , Düren Tina , Schmitt Wolfgang
Published: February 2014

The syntheses, calculated surface areas and N2uptakes of two highly augmented {Cu}2‘paddlewheel’-based MOFs provide a direct comparison oftboandptoframework polymorphs.
Quantitative measurement of the nanoparticle size and number concentration from liquid suspensions by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Baalousha M. , Prasad A. , Lead J. R.
Published: February 2014

A validated fully quantitative approach to measure the nanoparticle number concentration and number size distribution.
Mechanochemical preparation of copper iodide clusters of interest for luminescent devices
Authors: Maini Lucia , Mazzeo Paolo P. , Farinella Francesco , Fattori Valeria , Braga Dario
Published: February 2014

The copper iodide complexes are known for their large variety of coordination geometries. Such diversity, while making it difficult to predict the final structure, permits the preparation of a great number of copper iodide complexes based on the same ligand. The target of the research was that of thoroughly exploring the chemistry of CuI and the ligand diphenyl-2-pyridyl phosphine (PN) by varying the stoichiometric ratio and/or the aggregation state. Six different compounds have been identified: [Cu4I4(PN)2], [Cu4I4(PN)2·(CH2Cl2)0.5], [CuI(PN)0.5]∞, [CuI(PN)3] whose structures have been determined during this study, CuI(PN)2which was characterized by powder diffraction and [Cu2I2(PN)3] which has been already reported. The preparation routes are also different: synthesis in solution yielded [Cu4I4(PN)2·(CH2Cl2)0.5] and [CuI(PN)3] while [CuI(PN)0.5]∞and CuI(PN)2were obtained onlyviasolid state reactions. These two latter examples confirmed that mechanochemistry is a valid route to explore the landscape of the possible structures of CuI derivatives. Crystallization by traditional solution procedures failed to give the desired crystal, so structure determination of the new compounds was tackled in two ways: by attempting crystal growthviasolvothermal synthesis and by resolving the structure from X-ray powder diffraction data with “direct space” methods. What is more the photophysical properties of the complexes that could be obtained as sufficiently pure powders have also been investigated and are reported herein.
Metal–organic framework derived Fe2O3@NiCo2O4 porous nanocages as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Huang Gang , Zhang Leilei , Zhang Feifei , Wang Limin
Published: February 2014

Porous Fe2O3@NiCo2O4 nanocages have been successfully synthesised by annealing a MOF precursor, and exhibit enhanced electrochemical properties as anode materials for Li-ion batteries.
Increasing the activity and enantioselectivity of lipases by sol–gel immobilization: further advancements of practical interest
Authors: Tielmann Patrick , Kierkels Hans , Zonta Albin , Ilie Adriana , Reetz Manfred T.
Published: February 2014

The previously developed sol–gel procedure for immobilizing lipases has been extended by optimizing such parameters as the silicate precursor, the additive and the conditions of silicate formation, resulting in an improved protocol for efficient kinetic resolution of chiral alcohols.
Surface chemistry, morphological analysis and properties of cellulose nanocrystals with gradiented sulfation degrees
Authors: Lin Ning , Dufresne Alain
Published: February 2014

Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals with gradiented sulfation degrees, and surface chemistry affected by different cross-section models.
Self-assembled calixarene aligned patterning of noble metal nanoparticles on graphene
Authors: Chen Xianjue , Vimalanathan Kasturi , Zang Wenzhe , Slattery Ashley D. , Boulos Ramiz A. , Gibson Christopher T. , Raston Colin L.
Published: February 2014

Patterns of noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) of ruthenium and platinum are formed on p-phosphonic acid calix[8]arene stabilized graphene in water with hydrogen gas induced reduction of the metal ions.
Zwitterionic borane adducts of N-heterocyclic carbenes from mesomeric betaines of uracil
Authors: Zhang Jiaxi , Pidlypnyi Nazar , Nieger Martin , Namyslo Jan C. , Schmidt Andreas
Published: February 2014

Imidazolium-substituted uracil-anions are in equilibrium with their N-heterocyclic carbenes which can be trapped as cyclic borane adducts.
Silver decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a heterogeneous catalyst in the sonication of 2-aryl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones
Authors: Safari Javad , Gandomi-Ravandi Soheila
Published: February 2014

The silver nanoparticles supported on CNTs have been introduced as a novel catalyst in the synthesis of quinazolinones under sonication. The experiments established reusability of the catalyst, excellent yields, short reaction time, and simple work-up procedures.
Enhancing the efficiency of opto-electronic devices by the cathode modification
Authors: Ha Ye Eun , Lim Gyeong Eun , Jo Mi Young , Park Juyun , Kang Yong-Cheol , Moon Sang-Jin , Kim Joo Hyun
Published: February 2014

A poly(vinyl alcohol) is applied to organic optoelectronic devices as a cathode buffer layer to improve the performances.
Silver nanoparticle detection and characterization in silver colloidal products using screen printed electrodes
Authors: Cepriá G. , Córdova W. R. , Jiménez-Lamana Javier , Laborda Francisco , Castillo J. R.
Published: February 2014

Screen printed electrodes are used to characterize silver nanoparticles in real samples through an inexpensive and time saving procedure.
A facile approach to prepare a dual functionalized DNA based material in a bio-deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Mondal Dibyendu , Bhatt Jitkumar , Sharma Mukesh , Chatterjee Shruti , Prasad Kamalesh
Published: February 2014

DNA was functionalized by Fe3O4 nanoparticles and protonated layered dititanate sheets in a deep eutectic solvent.
Heavy metal boryl chemistry: complexes of cadmium, mercury and lead
Authors: Protchenko Andrey V. , Dange Deepak , Schwarz Andrew D. , Tang Christina Y. , Phillips Nicholas , Mountford Philip , Jones Cameron , Aldridge Simon
Published: February 2014

Heavy metal boryl complexes: the first boryl complexes of cadmium and mercury are reportedviatransmetallation from boryllithium; the syntheses of related tin and lead systems highlight the additional factors associated with extension to more redox-active post-transition elements.
One-pot hydrazide-based native chemical ligation for efficient chemical synthesis and structure determination of toxin Mambalgin-1
Authors: Pan Man , He Yao , Wen Ming , Wu Fangming , Sun Demeng , Li Sijian , Zhang Longhua , Li Yiming , Tian Changlin
Published: February 2014

An efficient one-pot chemical synthesis of snake venom toxin Mambalgin-1 was achieved using an azide-switch strategy combined with hydrazide-based native chemical ligation.
The roles of surface structure, oxygen defects, and hydration in the adsorption of CO2on low-index ZnGa2O4surfaces: a first-principles investigation
Authors: Jia Chuanyi , Fan Weiliu , Cheng Xiufeng , Zhao Xian , Sun Honggang , Li Pan , Lin Na
Published: February 2014

CO2adsorption and decomposition on low-index perfect, oxygen vacancy defective, and hydrated ZnGa2O4(100), (110) and (111) surfaces were investigated.
Two-dimensional molybdenum carbides: potential thermoelectric materials of the MXene family
Authors: Khazaei Mohammad , Arai Masao , Sasaki Taizo , Estili Mehdi , Sakka Yoshio
Published: February 2014

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides or nitrides, so-called MXenes, have already found applications to store massive amounts of energy. Here, by considering the thermoelectric properties of various MXenes, it is revealed that some of the MXenes may also find applications in energy conversion devices.
Structural determination of protein-based polymer blends with a promising tool: combination of FTIR and STXM spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Ling Shengjie , Qi Zeming , Watts Benjamin , Shao Zhengzhong , Chen Xin
Published: February 2014

The combination of FTIR and STXM imaging provides complimentary information that enables a greater understanding of protein-based polymer blends. They can monitor the phase separation behavior of the blends, and show the composition and protein conformation difference in two phases.
Double exchange in a mixed-valent octanuclear iron cluster, [Fe8(μ4-O)4(μ-4-Cl-pz)12Cl4]−
Authors: Zueva Ekaterina M. , Herchel Radovan , Borshch Serguei A. , Govor Evgen V. , Sameera W. M. C. , McDonald Ross , Singleton John , Krzystek Jurek , Trávníček Zdeněk , Sanakis Yiannis , McGrady John E. , Raptis Raphael G.
Published: February 2014

The influence of double exchange on the magnetic properties of a mixed-valent Fe4O8 cluster is highly dependent on temperature.
Sensitisation of Eu(iii)- and Tb(iii)-based luminescence by Ir(iii) units in Ir/lanthanide dyads: evidence for parallel energy-transfer and electron-transfer based mechanisms
Authors: Sykes Daniel , Cankut Ahmet J. , Ali Noorshida Mohd , Stephenson Andrew , Spall Steven J. P. , Parker Simon C. , Weinstein Julia A. , Ward Michael D.
Published: February 2014

In Ir(iii)/Eu(iii) and Ir(iii)/Tb(iii) dyads, sensitization of lanthanide luminescence occurs via both energy-transfer and electron-transfer pathways on similar timescales.
Germanium nanoparticles encapsulated in flexible carbon nanofibers as self-supported electrodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Li Weihan , Yang Zhenzhong , Cheng Jianxiu , Zhong Xiongwu , Gu Lin , Yu Yan
Published: February 2014

Flexible and self-supported electrodes consisting of Ge nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanofibers showed great performance as potential anodes for Li-ion batteries.
Emerging double helical nanostructures
Authors: Zhao Meng-Qiang , Zhang Qiang , Tian Gui-Li , Wei Fei
Published: February 2014

The ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ fabrication strategies for double helical nanostructures are reviewed and their promising properties are presented.
‘Immortal’ ring-opening polymerization of ω-pentadecalactone by Mg(BHT)2(THF)2
Authors: Wilson James A. , Hopkins Sally A. , Wright Peter M. , Dove Andrew P.
Published: February 2014

The ‘immortal’ ring-opening polymerization (iROP) of pentadecalactone (PDL), catalysed by magnesium 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide (Mg(BHT)2(THF)2) under non-inert conditions is reported for the first time.
Controlled synthesis and characterization of electron rich iron(iii) oxide doped nanoporous activated carbon for the catalytic oxidation of aqueous ortho phenylene diamine
Authors: Karthikeyan S. , Magthalin C. Judia , Mandal A. B. , Sekaran G.
Published: February 2014

A Fe-NPAC400 catalyst was prepared, characterized and used as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst to degrade and mineralize aqueous O-phenylene diamine.
N-Phenylaminomethyl hybrid silica, a better alternative to achieve reinforced PU nanocomposites
Authors: Zhang Qiuhong , Huang Xin , Meng Zhen , Jia Xudong , Xi Kai
Published: February 2014

A novel NPAM-silica was synthesized by an economic and environmentally friendly method. It was chemically cooperated into polyurethane with enhanced mechanical properties. Compared with N-phenylaminomethyl POSS/PU composites, the crosslinking junction states and the mechanical properties are different. NPAM-silica provided a better alternative for polymer/nanocomposites.
Shape control of novel platinum nanobelts
Authors: Liu Y. , Poyraz S. , Xin J. H. , Zhang X.
Published: February 2014

Novel platinum nanobelts were synthesized using a reverse micelle method for the first time. Morphology control over the shape and size of the nanobelts can be achieved simply by changing the precursor concentration or reaction time.
Star-shaped Pd@Pt core–shell catalysts supported on reduced graphene oxide with superior electrocatalytic performance
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Noh Yuseong , Lim Eun Ja , Lee Seonhwa , Choi Sung Mook , Kim Won Bae
Published: February 2014

A surfactantless, one-pot reduction approach for Pd@Pt core–shell nano-stars on reduced graphene oxide with enhanced catalytic activity and stability for methanol oxidation in alkaline media.
Synthesis of corundum-type In2O3 porous spheres and their photocatalytic properties
Authors: Tao Binglin , Zhang Ying , Han Dezhi , Li Yanpeng , Yan Zifeng
Published: February 2014

A mixed solvothermal method for the preparation of h-In2O3 porous spheres and their application in degradation of RhB have been discussed.
Polydopamine particles for next-generation multifunctional biocomposites
Authors: Xiong Shuqiang , Wang Yan , Yu Junrong , Chen Lei , Zhu Jing , Hu Zuming
Published: February 2014

Polydopamine particles were used as fillers for constructing multifunctional composites for the first time.
A high performance electrochemical sensor for acetaminophen based on a rGO–PEDOT nanotube composite modified electrode
Authors: Huang Tzu-Yen , Kung Chung-Wei , Wei Hung-Yu , Boopathi Karunakara Moorthy , Chu Chih-Wei , Ho Kuo-Chuan
Published: February 2014

A novel composite thin film consisting of 2D reduced graphene oxide and 1D poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanotubes is applied for acetaminophen detection.
Amphiphilic superabsorbent cellulose nanofibril aerogels
Authors: Jiang Feng , Hsieh You-Lo
Published: February 2014

Ultra-light (1.7 to 8.1 mg cm−3) and ultra-porous (99.5 to 99.9%) aerogels have been assembled from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) that were defibrillated from rice straw cellulose at 96.8% yield.
Controlling whole blood activation and resultant clot properties by carboxyl and alkyl functional groups on material surfaces: a possible therapeutic approach for enhancing bone healing
Authors: Shiu Hoi Ting , Goss Ben , Lutton Cameron , Crawford Ross , Xiao Yin
Published: February 2014

Most research virtually ignores the important role of a blood clot in supporting bone healing.
Facile synthesis of Au23(SC(CH3)3)16 clusters
Authors: Hesari Mahdi , Workentin Mark S.
Published: February 2014

Au23(SC(CH3)3)16−·TOA+ clusters decorated with tert-butyl thiolate ligands have been prepared using a one-pot/one-step reaction protocol. The resulting clusters were differentiated only by their differing solubility in acetonitrile.
Coherent THz communication at 200 GHz using a frequency comb, UTC‐PD and electronic detection
Authors: Ducournau G. , Yoshimizu Y. , Hisatake S. , Pavanello F. , Peytavit E. , Zaknoune M. , Nagatsuma T. , Lampin J.‐F.
Published: February 2014

A coherent terahertz (THz) link at 200 GHz, with a variable data rate up to 11 Gbit/s, featuring a very high sensitivity at the receiver, is investigated. The system uses a quasi‐optic unitravelling carrier photodiode (UTC‐PD) emitter and an electronic receiver. The coherent link relies on an optical frequency comb generator at the emission to produce an optical beat note with 200 GHz separation, phase‐locked with the receiver. Bit error ratio testing has been carried out using an indoor link configuration, and error‐free operation is obtained up to 10 Gbit/s with a received power <2 µW.
Time–time‐transform application to fault diagnosis of power transformers
Authors: Ashrafian A. , Vahidi Behrooz , Mirsalim Mojtaba
Published: February 2014

Application of time–time (TT)‐transform for differential protection of power transformers has been suggested. At first, external and internal disturbances are discriminated. If the disturbance is external, relay scheme restrains more analysis and tripping. Otherwise, the differential current signal is analysed by TT‐transform and TT‐matrix is computed. Next, a suggested index is computed, accordingly. Discrimination between inrush current and internal fault is performed by the proposed index. To investigate the effectiveness of the method, a typical power system has been modelled in EMTP software. Also, the relay scheme has been developed in MATLAB environment. Then, differential currents extracted from the system modelled in EMTP have been fed to MATLAB for analysis. Also, the performance of the method in noisy environments has been assessed. To make an analogy between the TT‐transform‐based method and wavelet transform‐based methods, a wavelet transform‐based scheme has been developed in MATLAB environment and results have been compared to the results of the TT‐transform‐based method. In addition, an S‐transform‐based method has been implemented in MATLAB and has been compared with the suggested method. The results show that the method is superior to both wavelet transform and S‐transform‐based methods.
Index compression for vector quantisation using modified coding tree assignment scheme
Authors: Liu Yung‐Chih , Lee Gwo‐Her , Taur Jinshiuh , Tao Chin‐Wang
Published: February 2014

Recently, a lossless vector quantisation (VQ) index compression algorithm, called the coding tree assignment scheme with improved search‐order coding (CTAS‐ISOC) algorithm, has been proposed to enhance the coding efficiency of the original SOC by exploiting the correlations of the neighbouring blocks using the left‐pair and upper‐pair patterns in the index domain. This study proposes a modified coding tree assignment scheme (MCTAS) to further improve the coding performance of CTAS‐ISOC by the dynamic index table coding (DITC). The DITC technique exploits the correlation of neighbouring index pairs not in the original vector‐quantised index map, but in the temporarily constructed index table that has been classified and updated for each current index. The searching matched index in a previously qualified index table results in low‐time complexity. In addition, the identical index table can be regenerated in the reconstruction process of the index map at the decoder end. Experimental results show the time complexity of MCTAS is more efficient than that of CTAS‐ISOC. Moreover, the proposed MCTAS apparently reduces the bit rate in comparison with conventional VQ and some popular lossless index coding schemes, such as index searching algorithm with index associated list, adaptive index coding scheme, SOC and so on.
Utility of Computed Tomography Scans in Predicting Need for Surgery in Nasal Injuries
Authors: Peterson Benjamin E. , Doerr Timothy D.
Published: February 2014

In many centers, computed tomography (CT) scan is preferred over plain film radiographs in the setting of acute nasal injury because CT scan is thought to be more sensitive in predicting nasal bone fracture. However, the usefulness of CT scans in predicting the need for surgery in acute nasal injury has not been well-studied. We conducted a retrospective review of 232 patients with known nasal bone fracture and found very similar rates of surgery in patients with a diagnosis of nasal fracture by CT scan as by nasal radiographs (41 and 37%, respectively). This suggests that experienced clinical examination remains the gold standard for determining the need for surgery in isolated nasal trauma, regardless of CT findings.
Pseudoaneurysm of the Internal Maxillary Artery: A Rare Complication of Condylar Fracture
Authors: Mohanty Sujata , Gulati Ujjwal , Kathuria Sanjeev
Published: February 2014

Pseudoaneurysms are among very rare complications of maxillofacial trauma. When encountered, they have the potential to cause life-threatening hemorrhage. A wise surgeon should consider the possibility of underlying aneurysm even if the classic sign of pulsatile mass is not present. The role of interventional radiology is immaculate in the management of these aneurysms.
Analysis of Pediatric Facial Dog Bites
Authors: Chen Henry H. , Neumeier Anna T. , Davies Brett W. , Durairaj Vikram D.
Published: February 2014

The aim of this study was to characterize and report the epidemiological data regarding pediatric facial dog bites. For this study, a retrospective chart review was used. This study was performed at a large tertiary pediatric hospital. All children younger than 18 years who sought medical attention after a facial dog bite between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2008, were included. Demographic and epidemiologic data were collected and analyzed. A total of 537 children were identified. The average age was 4.59±3.36 years, with a slight male preponderance (52.0%). The majority of dog bites occurred in children 5 years of age or younger (68.0%). Almost all (89.8%) of the dogs were known to the children. When circumstances surrounding the bite were documented, over half (53.2%) of the cases were provoked. The most common breeds were mixed breed (23.0%), Labrador retriever (13.7%), Rottweiler (4.9%), and German shepherd (4.4%). Inpatient treatment was required in 121 (22.5%) patients with an average length of stay of 2.96±2.77 days. Children 5 years or younger were more likely to be hospitalized than older children. Children 5 years old and younger are at high risk for being bitten in the face by a familiar dog and are more likely to require hospitalization than older children. Certain dog breeds are more likely to bite, and there is often a history of provocation. There is a tremendous financial and psychosocial burden associated with dog bites, and prevention strategies should focus on education with the aid of public policies and better documentation and reporting systems.
Open Surgical Management of an Asymptomatic Giant Frontal Sinus Osteoma
Authors: Boffano Paolo , Zavattero Emanuele , Roccia Fabio , Ramieri Guglielmo
Published: February 2014

Osteomas are benign, slow-growing tumors that arise most frequently in the craniomaxillofacial region, and in particular in correspondence of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Osteomas may be asymptomatic for a long time until they cause deformation of the bone or compress adjacent structures. The treatment of osteomas of the frontal sinus may involve endoscopic approach or open approach. Although endoscopic treatment is the most common approach for frontal sinus osteomas, a coronal approach combined with the use of titanium mesh may still constitute a valuable option for the reconstruction of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus. This intervention is extremely important and delicate because the restoration of the integrity of the frontal sinus is crucial for its function. The purpose of this article is to present a case of frontal sinus osteoma that was treated by a coronal approach and a titanium mesh to restore frontal sinus contour.
The Incidence of Adjacent Segment Breakdown in Polysegmental Thoracolumbar Fusions of Three or More Levels with Minimum 5-Year Follow-up
Authors: Abraham Edward P. , Manson Neil A. , McKeon Melissa D.
Published: February 2014

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Objective

To identify the incidence of adjacent segment pathology (ASP) after thoracolumbar fusion of three or more levels, the risk factors for the development of ASP, and the need for further surgical intervention in this particular patient population.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of a prospective surgical database identified 217 patients receiving polysegmental (≥ 3 levels) spinal fusion with minimum 5-year follow-up. Risk factors were evaluated, and the following data were obtained from the review of radiographs and charts: radiographic measures—levels fused, fusion status, presence of ASP; clinical measures—patient assessment, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the need for further surgery.

Results

The incidence of radiographic ASP (RASP) was 29%; clinical or symptomatic ASP (CASP), 18%; and those requiring surgery, 9%. Correlation was observed between ODI and ASP, symptomatic ASP, and need for revision surgery. Age, preoperative degenerative diagnosis, and absence of fusion demonstrated significant association to ASP.

Conclusions

ASP was observed in a significant number of patients receiving polysegmental fusion of three or more levels. ODI scores correlated to RASP, CASP, and the need for revision surgery.
Informed Consent in Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Boffano Paolo , Gallesio Cesare , Garzaro Massimiliano , Pecorari Giancarlo
Published: February 2014

Historically, the patient–doctor relationship has been based on trust. Adequately informing a patient confirms this relationship and fulfills the legal obligation of the physician to inform the patient to the best of his knowledge. Informed consent is the process of providing patients with the realistic and necessary information in a manner which they can understand and recall and allows them voluntarily to make an informed choice on the treatment. In this article, the current knowledge about informed consent in orthognathic surgery is reviewed and discussed.
The random phase approximation applied to ice
Authors: Macher M. , Klimeš J. , Franchini C. , Kresse G.
Published: February 2014

Standard density functionals without van der Waals interactions yield an unsatisfactory description of ice phases, specifically, high density phases occurring under pressure are too unstable compared to the common low density phase Ih observed at ambient conditions. Although the description is improved by using functionals that include van der Waals interactions, the errors in relative volumes remain sizable. Here we assess the random phase approximation (RPA) for the correlation energy and compare our results to experimental data as well as diffusion Monte Carlo data for ice. The RPA yields a very balanced description for all considered phases, approaching the accuracy of diffusion Monte Carlo in relative energies and volumes. This opens a route towards a concise description of molecular water phases on surfaces and in cavities.
Spin-symmetry conversion in methyl rotors induced by tunnel resonance at low temperature
Authors: Zhang B. , Sun C. , Alsanoosi A. M. , Aibout A. , Horsewill A. J.
Published: February 2014

Field-cycling NMR in the solid state at low temperature (4.2 K) has been employed to measure the tunneling spectra of methyl (CH3) rotors in phenylacetone and toluene. The phenomenon of tunnel resonance reveals anomalies in 1H magnetization from which the following tunnel frequencies have been determined: phenylacetone, νt = 6.58 ± 0.08 MHz; toluene, νt(1) = 6.45 ± 0.06 GHz and νt(2) = 7.07 ± 0.06 GHz. The tunnel frequencies in the two samples differ by three orders of magnitude, meaning different experimental approaches are required. In phenylacetone the magnetization anomalies are observed when the tunnel frequency matches one or two times the 1H Larmor frequency. In toluene, doping with free radicals enables magnetization anomalies to be observed when the tunnel frequency is equal to the electron spin Larmor frequency. Cross-polarization processes between the tunneling and Zeeman systems are proposed and form the basis of a thermodynamic model to simulate the tunnel resonance spectra. These invoke space-spin interactions to drive the changes in nuclear spin-symmetry. The tunnel resonance lineshapes are explained, showing good quantitative agreement between experiment and simulations.
Optimal perturbations of non-parallel wakes and their stabilizing effect on the global instability
Authors: Del Guercio Gerardo , Cossu Carlo , Pujals Gregory
Published: February 2014

We compute the spatial optimal energy amplification of steady inflow perturbations in a non-parallel wake and analyse their stabilizing action on the global mode instability. The optimal inflow perturbations, which are assumed spanwise periodic and varicose, consist in streamwise vortices that induce the downstream spatial transient growth of streamwise streaks. The maximum energy amplification of the streaks increases with the spanwise wavelength of the perturbations, in accordance with previous results obtained for the temporal energy growth supported by parallel wakes. A family of increasingly streaky wakes is obtained by forcing optimal inflow perturbations of increasing amplitude and then solving the nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations. We show that the linear global instability of the wake can be completely suppressed by forcing optimal perturbations of sufficiently large amplitude. The attenuation and suppression of self-sustained oscillations in the wake by optimal 3D perturbations is confirmed by fully nonlinear numerical simulations. We also show that the amplitude of optimal spanwise periodic (3D) perturbations of the basic flow required to stabilize the global instability is much smaller than the one required by spanwise uniform (2D) perturbations despite the fact that the first order sensitivity of the global eigenvalue to basic flow modifications is zero for 3D spanwise periodic modifications and non-zero for 2D modifications. We therefore conclude that first-order sensitivity analyses can be misleading if used far from the instability threshold, where higher order terms are the most relevant.
Methotrexate conjugated magnetic nanoparticle for targeted drug delivery and thermal therapy
Authors: Gupta Jagriti , Bhargava Parag , Bahadur D.
Published: February 2014

A simple soft chemical approach is used for the preparation of citrate functionalized iron oxide (Fe3O4) aqueous colloidal magnetic nanoparticles (CA-MNPs) of average size ∼10 nm. The CA-MNPs exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature with strong field dependent magnetic responsivity. The CA-MNPs can be conjugated with Methotrexate (MTX) drug through amide bonds between the carboxylic group on the surface of MNPs and amine group of MTX. The surface functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with citric acid and conjugation of MTX drug is evident from FTIR spectroscopy, zeta-potential measurement, and elemental and thermal analyses. From the drug release study, it has been observed that this bonding of MTX conjugated MNPs (MTX-MNPs) is cleaved by the intracellular enzymes in lysosome, and MTX is delivered largely inside target cancerous cells at lower pH, thereby reducing toxicity to normal cells. Also, it has been observed that the intercellular uptake of MTX-MNPs is higher compared to CA-MNPs. In addition, the aqueous colloidal stability, optimal magnetization, and good specific absorption rate (under external AC magnetic field) of CA-MNPs act as effective heating source for thermal therapy. Cytotoxicity study of MTX-MNPs shows the reduction of cellular viability for human cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Further, a synergistic effect of MTX-MNPs shows a more effective tumor cell death due to the combined effect of thermo-chemotherapy.
Microresonators with Q-factors over a million from highly stressed epitaxial silicon carbide on silicon
Authors: Kermany Atieh R. , Brawley George , Mishra Neeraj , Sheridan Eoin , Bowen Warwick P. , Iacopi Francesca
Published: February 2014

We utilize the excellent mechanical properties of epitaxial silicon carbide (SiC) on silicon plus the capability of tuning its residual stress within a large tensile range to fabricate microstrings with fundamental resonant frequencies (f0) of several hundred kHz and mechanical quality factors (Q) of over a million. The fabrication of the perfect-clamped string structures proceeds through simple silicon surface micromachining processes. The resulting f × Q product in vacuum is equal or higher as compared to state-of-the-art amorphous silicon nitride microresonators. We demonstrate that as the residual epitaxial SiC stress is doubled, the f × Q product for the fundamental mode of the strings shows a four-fold increase.
Tip-geometry enhanced cooling of field emission from the n-type semiconductor
Authors: Chung M. S. , Choi J. Y. , Mayer A. , Miskovsky N. M. , Cutler P. H.
Published: February 2014

The cooling effect of field emission from an n-type semiconductor was theoretically investigated in quest for a solid state cooler. The vacuum potential was exactly expressed in terms of the semiconductor cathode geometry. This leaded to the more accurate configuration-dependent calculations of the energy exchange and the cooling power. It has been shown that a sharper tip of semiconductor can yield either a larger field emission current density or a larger energy exchange, according to the applied bias. For an atomic size tip, the n-Si cathode yielded the cooling power density Γ = 2.0, 75, and 713 W/cm2 at temperature T = 300, 600, and 900 K, respectively. This implies that an optimized configuration of an n-Si cathode produces a significant electron emission cooling, especially at high temperatures.
Holographic imaging of surface acoustic waves
Authors: Bruno François , Laurent Jérôme , Royer Daniel , Atlan Michael
Published: February 2014

We report on an experimental demonstration of surface acoustic waves monitoring on a thin metal plate with heterodyne optical holography. Narrowband imaging of local optical pathlength modulation is achieved with a frequency-tunable time-averaged laser Doppler holographic imaging scheme on a sensor array, at video-rate. This method enables robust and quantitative mapping of out-of-plane vibrations of nanometric amplitudes at radiofrequencies.
Phase transformation in multiferroic Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics by temperature-dependent ellipsometric and Raman spectra: An interband electronic transition evidence
Authors: Jiang P. P. , Duan Z. H. , Xu L. P. , Zhang X. L. , Li Y. W. , Hu Z. G. , Chu J. H.
Published: February 2014

Thermal evolution and an intermediate phase between ferroelectric orthorhombic and paraelectric tetragonal phase of multiferroic Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramic have been investigated by temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry and Raman scattering. Dielectric functions and interband transitions extracted from the standard critical-point model show two dramatic anomalies in the temperature range of 200–873 K. It was found that the anomalous temperature dependence of electronic transition energies and Raman mode frequencies around 800 K can be ascribed to intermediate phase transformation. Moreover, the disappearance of electronic transition around 3 eV at 590 K is associated with the conductive property.
The evidence of cathodic micro-discharges during plasma electrolytic oxidation process
Authors: Nominé A. , Martin J. , Noël C. , Henrion G. , Belmonte T. , Bardin I. V. , Kovalev V. L. , Rakoch A. G.
Published: February 2014

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) processing of EV31 magnesium alloy has been carried out in fluoride containing electrolyte under bipolar pulse current regime. Unusual PEO cathodic micro-discharges have been observed and investigated. It is shown that the cathodic micro-discharges exhibit a collective intermittent behavior, which is discussed in terms of charge accumulations at the layer/electrolyte and layer/metal interfaces. Optical emission spectroscopy is used to determine the electron density (typ. 1015 cm−3) and the electron temperature (typ. 7500 K) while the role of F− anions on the appearance of cathodic micro-discharges is pointed out.
Lateral vibration effects in atomic-scale friction
Authors: Roth R. , Fajardo O. Y. , Mazo J. J. , Meyer E. , Gnecco E.
Published: February 2014

The influence of lateral vibrations on the stick-slip motion of a nanotip elastically pulled on a flat crystal surface is studied by atomic force microscopy measurements on a NaCl(001) surface in ultra-high vacuum. The slippage of the nanotip across the crystal lattice is anticipated at increasing driving amplitude, similarly to what is observed in presence of normal vibrations. This lowers the average friction force, as explained by the Prandtl-Tomlinson model with lateral vibrations superimposed at finite temperature. Nevertheless, the peak values of the lateral force, and the total energy losses, are expected to increase with the excitation amplitude, which may limit the practical relevance of this effect.
Electric-field induced strain modulation of magnetization in Fe-Ga/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-PbTiO3 magnetoelectric heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Yue , Wang Zhiguang , Wang Yaojin , Luo Chengtao , Li Jiefang , Viehland Dwight
Published: February 2014

Magnetostrictive Fe-Ga thin layers were deposited on ⟨110⟩-oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-30%PbTiO3 (PMN-30%PT) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The as-prepared heterostructures showed columnar arrays aligned in the out-of-plane direction. Transmission electron microscopy revealed nanocrystalline regions within the columnar arrays of the Fe-Ga film. The heterostructure exhibited a strong converse magnetoelectric coupling effect of up to 4.55 × 10−7 s m−1, as well as an electric field tunability of the in-plane magnetic anisotropy. Furthermore, the remanent magnetization states of the Fe-Ga films can be reversibly and irreversibly changed by external electric fields, suggesting a promising and robust application in magnetic random access memories and spintronics.
One-way phonon isolation in acoustic waveguides
Authors: Zanjani Mehdi B. , Davoyan Arthur R. , Mahmoud Ahmed M. , Engheta Nader , Lukes Jennifer R.
Published: February 2014

We present a method to achieve one-way phonon isolation in acoustic waveguides by considering spatio-temporal modulation of material properties. One-way conversion between symmetric and antisymmetric shear horizontal modes of an unbounded plate acoustic waveguide is numerically demonstrated using this method. Analytical and numerical evidence for the possibility of mode conversion is presented. Possible experimental implementation and applications for on-chip signal isolation in MEMS devices are also suggested.
Morphology and structure evolution of Cu(In,Ga)S2 films deposited by reactive magnetron co-sputtering with electron cyclotron resonance plasma assistance
Authors: Nie Man , Ellmer Klaus
Published: February 2014

Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS) films were deposited on Mo coated soda lime glass substrates using an electron cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced one-step reactive magnetron co-sputtering process (ECR-RMS). The crystalline quality and the morphology of the Cu(In,Ga)S2 films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence. We also compared these CIGS films with films previously prepared without ECR assistance and find that the crystallinity of the CIGS films is correlated with the roughness evolution during deposition. Atomic force microscopy was used to measure the surface topography and to derive one-dimensional power spectral densities (1DPSD). All 1DPSD spectra of CIGS films exhibit no characteristic peak which is typical for the scaling of a self-affine surface. The growth exponent β, characterizing the roughness Rq evolution during the film growth as Rq ∼ dβ, changes with film thickness. The root-mean-square roughness at low temperatures increases only slightly with a growth exponent β = 0.013 in the initial growth stage, while Rq increases with a much higher exponent β = 0.584 when the film thickness is larger than about 270 nm. Additionally, we found that the H2S content of the sputtering atmosphere and the Cu- to-(In + Ga) ratio has a strong influence of the morphology of the CIGS films in this one-step ECR-RMS process.
Genetic divergence in residual feed intake affects growth, feed efficiency, carcass and meat quality characteristics of Angus steers in a large commercial feedlot
Authors: Herd R. M. , Arthur P. F. , Bottema C. D. K. , Egarr A. R. , Geesink G. H. , Lines D. S. , Piper S. , Siddell J. P. , Thompson J. M. , Pitchford W. S.
Published: February 2014

Growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, and carcass and meat quality characteristics of 136 Angus steers differing in genetic merit for post-weaning residual feed intake (RFIp) were measured over 251 days in a large commercial feedlot. The steers were evaluated in two groups, low (Low-RFI) and high (High-RFI) genetic RFIp, measured by estimated breeding values for RFIp (RFIp-EBV). The difference in RFIp-EBV between the Low- and High-RFI groups was 1.05 kg/day (–0.44 vs 0.61 kg/day; P < 0.05). The Low- and High-RFI steers were similar (P > 0.05) in age (445 vs 444 days) and weight (435 vs 429 kg) at induction, and at the end of the feeding period (705 vs 691 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) over 251 days had a small negative association with variation in RFIp-EBV (P < 0.05), reflecting a 3.6% greater ADG accompanying a difference of 1 kg/day in RFIp-EBV. Pen feed intake and feed conversion by the Low-RFI group were 10.4 kg/day and 9.3 kg/kg, and for the High-RFI group were 11.1 kg/day and 10.4 kg/kg, but without availability of individual animal feed-intake data it was not possible to test for significant differences. Carcass weight and dressing-percentage was similar for the Low- and High-RFI steers. High-RFI steers had a significantly (P < 0.05) greater depth of subcutaneous rib fat at induction and finished with 5 mm more (P < 0.05) fat at the 10/11th ribs on the carcass than the Low-RFI steers. Cross-sectional area of the eye-muscle and three measures of intramuscular or marbling fat did not differ (P > 0.05) between the Low- and High-RFI steers. Shear force was higher (P < 0.05) in meat samples aged for 1 day from the Low-RFI steers, but there was no difference (P > 0.05) from the High-RFI steers after 7 days of ageing. Compression values for meat samples aged for 1 day did not differ between the RFI groups but were higher in meat samples aged for 7 days from the Low-RFI steers. For these Angus steers, genetic superiority in RFI was associated phenotypically with superior weight gain, decreased rib fat depth, slightly less tender meat, and no compromise in marbling fat or other carcass and meat quality traits.