bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Astonishment
Authors: Harbert Benjamin J.
Published: June 2023

From 1699 to 1940, the land that the prison now occupies shifted from a French colonial territory to small farms to a lucrative slave plantation to convict-leasing camps to the state prison. This chapter identifies the three main strands of Angola’s mission during this long period of change: outlawry, plantation, and penitentiary. In the prison’s early years, music was a part of daily life and the prison’s image-making. To understand these effects, chapter 1 follows the astonishment that music often adds to social encounters. Resurrecting an older definition of “astonishment” to mean a shock to the senses, the chapter shows how music can refine experiences, redefine performers, shock people out of prejudices, or distinguish a moment from ordinary life. Angola’s music developed into a symbol of oppression and folk tradition. A consideration of folklorist John Lomax and musician Huddie Ledbetter “Lead Belly” places them in Angola’s history and the 1930s American fascination with prison.
Association
Authors: Harbert Benjamin J.
Published: June 2023

The 1950s was a unique period of reform that gave jazz musicians new opportunities to build an active jazz scene, though not without serious challenges. Chapter 2 develops the idea of association, a collaborative music-making that relies on the institution’s support and therefore is tied to the multiple missions of incarceration. Association, the act of coming together for a common purpose, is inherent to music anywhere. But the folkloric notions of prison music as an individual endeavor obscured the prolific jazz practices that dominated Angola’s musical activity in the 1950s. This chapter reveals how jazz depended on and supported prisoner associations that flourished during a decade of progressive reform. The focus on jazz, prisoner-run media and the shift to a modern prison building show how collective activity can secure small individual freedoms. The chapter follows the rise and fall of the Cavaliers, the Rhythm Makers, the All-Stars, and the Nic Nacs.
Surfaces
Authors: Harbert Benjamin J.
Published: June 2023

In the late 1960s and 1970s, Angola’s engagement with the public grew. On the one hand, the prison used outside performances as a public relations tool. On the other hand, prisoners took advantage of Louisiana’s economic turn to tourism to raise money. Chapter 4 examines how prisoners engage surfaces of the prison—boundaries where they interact with outsiders. These meeting places develop out of negotiations with an administration under fire for mismanagement and underfunded. The alliances that form help fund music programs and offer slim chances for release as the concept of prisoners’ rights develop. The chapter is split between following the Westernaires, a country band that played the new rodeo and toured Louisiana on a bus, and the rise of club banquets, where Black musicians provided music for newly empowered prisoner clubs and their outside partner organizations.
Cidade de Deus
Authors: Fahlberg Anjuli
Published: June 2023

Chapter 1 argues that conflict activism is one of many forms of resistance in Cidade de Deus which have helped to construct the neighborhood as a contested territory. The chapter provides a historical overview of the uneven development, racism, and state violence that have consistently retrenched urban inequality and CDD’s exclusion from the city. However, it also reveals the individual and collective, violent, and non-violent mechanisms by which favela residents fight to survive and assert their agency in a context of urban exclusion. These include strategies of everyday resistance, systems of mutual support, and engagement in the illicit drug trade. Organized, non-violent activism emerges within this broader framework of variegated forms of resistance, receiving valuable support, and legitimacy from the wider community.
Ties that Strengthen, Ties that Bind
Authors: Fahlberg Anjuli
Published: June 2023

Chapter 5 examines how favela activists establish ties to urban and transnational actors, including private non-profit and for-profit organizations, the social service branch of the state, and urban social movements in order to bring resources and rights into the favela and insert the favela into urban politics. It shows that through partnerships with state and private actors, favela activists strengthen local forms of participatory democracy, even while struggling with little access to formal democratic rights. Activists are also embedded in social movements across and beyond the city, including throughout Brazil and the world. However, these relationships also reproduce inequities between favela activists and their allies in external movements. By exploring the power imbalances between local and transnational organizations, the chapter documents some of the costs that favela activists incur when forming alliances beyond their neighborhood.
Cognitive Remediation of Executive and Adaptive Deficits in Youth (C-READY)
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O'Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

Cognitive Remediation of Executive and Adaptive Deficits in Youth (C-READY) is a comprehensive and contextual guide to implementation of a family-systems-focused, culturally competent cognitive remediation program for youth with neurological and medical disorders. The primary goal of the C-READY program is to guide successful transitioning to adult health care providers and medical management, and even more so, successful transition to adult independence. The book is divided into three main parts: Part 1 provides the empirical evidence and theoretical framework for the development of the C-READY program, providing a brain injury and recovery model on which the program is based, with specific attention to transition-of-care needs. Part 2 is the “nuts and bolts” of the program, providing the framework and content of the C-READY program so that it can be implemented in practice. Included throughout the chapters are vignettes providing patient examples, reflecting the importance of considering diverse sociocultural contexts. Lastly, Part 3 highlights additional considerations important to implementation of the C-READY program, including adaptations of special populations and decreasing barriers to care for health disparity populations. Overall, this book is a useful reference for neuropsychologists, psychologists, and other professionals interested in implementing the C-READY program within their professional setting.
Role of Executive and Adaptive Functioning in Transition of Care
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

The roles of executive functioning and adaptive functioning skills in successful transition of care are discussed in this chapter. Literature of how executive function skills may become more differentiated into subdomains of executive function skills as youth develop into emerging adults is presented. Emphasis is placed on how core cognitive skills correspond to multifaceted developmentally important adaptive skills in the real world. Considerations for everyday life skills as they relate to medical self-care and management are emphasized.
A Cognitive Remediation and Rehabilitation Model
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

Distinctions between cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation are presented. The multidimensional Pediatric Neurocognitive Remediation Model that was developed and based upon a robust scientific literature is reviewed. Discussion of how components of this model inform the individualized C-READY program is provided. This chapter provides the information on the components of cognitive rehabilitation that are incorporated into C-READY.
Insurance Considerations
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

Part of dissemination and equality of care also requires knowledge of the health care system and knowledge of insurance billing codes. This chapter provides a broad overview of insurance considerations, potential billing codes, and appropriate documentation for preventing billing problems.
Future Directions
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

The final chapter highlights exciting future directions in technology and further extensions of the C-READY program that the authors believe will be the next steps in supporting youth as they transition to adult independence.
Conclusion
Authors: Stepan-Norris Judith
Published: June 2023

This chapter summarizes the major trends of each period, with a focus on how they relate to the main mechanisms described in the book: state and macro context, replacement costs, organizing strategies of unions and employers, and race and gender dynamics. In each period, strategies by unions and employers, along with the macro state and economic conditions, set the stage for subsequent labor relations. The biggest booms for unions came when the conditions were favorable and they were inclined and able to act on their leverage through strikes, elections, and other forms of action. Based on these findings, it offers ideas on the future of work and the labor movement.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Erik R.
Published: June 2023

Restraints on human mobility were an integral part of globalization and were imposed by both superpowers in the Cold War. Even as they sought to flee, defectors were the catalysts for the delimiting of previously open spaces across the world. Their journeys were tracked by state intelligence agencies and marked by media coverage in the socialist and capitalist camps. Defection occurred in the spaces that lay between two global mobility regimes. One, supported by the United States and upheld by its allies, was devoted to managing entry and selectively attracting certain classes of migrants. The other, maintained by the Soviet Union and most other socialist states, was intent on retaining and returning wayward citizens. Defection was jointly produced by the criminalization of emigration by socialist states, the strategic encouragement of departure by capitalist states, and the tactics of migrants who sought to navigate the era’s turbulent politics.
Cold War Airspaces
Authors: Scott Erik R.
Published: June 2023

The first successful hijacking of a Soviet civilian airplane by two citizens seeking to defect tested the limits of Cold War claims about the freedom of movement. The episode was debated in a series of court cases in Turkey, the Soviet Union, and the United States that, along with agreements limiting diplomatic asylum and projecting governance onto the seas, helped the superpowers prop up their global mobility regimes in a rapidly changing world. The hijacking and its aftermath reveal a more uneven history of globalization, in which expanded global flows of information and advocacy coincided with the extension of state jurisdiction in the skies. Despite ideological divisions and heated disagreement over the fate of the hijackers, both the Soviet Union and the United States worked together to advance an international legal framework that redefined hijacking as an act of terrorism and turned the hijacker into a global pariah figure.
The World of Antonina
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: June 2023

Little is known about the early life of Antonina, the wife of the General Belisarius. Her parents were a charioteer and an actress, and this allows the observer to understand the world from which she came, which was a world of public entertainment. The pantomime shows of actresses and the chariot races were the greatest spectacles of the sixth century, and were wildly popular across the Roman Empire. It is not clear if Antonina herself was an actress, though it seems unlikely. She had children with her first husband, and sometime after his death she met Belisarius, whom she married. The Empress Theodora might have helped to connect Belisarius and Antonina.
General of the East
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: June 2023

Belisarius started his career as a personal guardsman of the Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565), but in the late 520s enjoyed rapid advancement. Belisarius first became Duke of Mesopotamia and then General of the East. He had varying success in these roles, most famously winning the Battle of Dara (530) and losing the Battle of Callinicum (531). The loss at Callinicum resulted in Belisarius being sacked and recalled to Constantinople by Justinian. Here, in January 532, Belisarius helped Justinian to put down the Nika Riot. This only happened with significant violence and bloodshed, but the event does seem to have cemented a trusting relationship between emperor and general.
From Rome to Ravenna
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: June 2023

The Ostrogoths were unwilling to let Belisarius hold Rome uncontested, and so under the leadership of their king, Vittigis, they subjected the city to a long siege. For a year, 537–538, Belisarius and the Roman army endured a siege in Rome. Belisarius asked for and received reinforcements from Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565). Antonina, the wife of Belisarius, led a resupply convoy to Rome. The Romans broke the siege and then pursued the Ostrogoths from central into northern Italy. Belisarius and the Roman army captured Ravenna, former capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, in 540. To do so, Belisarius pretended that he would accept an imperial crown and rule over Italy himself. But this was only deceit, and by the end of the summer of 540 he was back in Constantinople, with the Ostrogothic King Vittigis his prisoner.
Twilight of a Power Couple
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: June 2023

Recalled by the Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) after a disappointing second campaign in Italy, Belisarius arrived in Constantinople in 549. The general was again appointed General of the East, although the duration of the appointment is unclear. War in the East between Romans and Persians was limited to the region of Lazica (modern Georgia), and so Belisarius did not end up fighting during this tenure as General of the East. He retired between 550 and 551. Belisarius and Antonina broke the engagement of their daughter, Ioannina, to a grandson of Empress Theodora. Belisarius remained an important adviser to Justinian in his retirement. Belisarius fought one last engagement against the Kutrigur Huns in 559. After a brief disgrace in 562, Belisarius died in March 565. The Emperor Justinian died in November 565.
Citizens Abroad: In or Out, of What?
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines a state’s obligations to its citizens who are abroad, sometimes for a short time and sometimes for long periods of time. It begins with an account of the two rights that most obviously require protection by states of citizenship: the right to consular assistance and the right to return. The chapter then illustrates the role that states of citizenship are asked to play, and ought to play, in cases where emergency evacuation is required, for example, in cases of environmental or humanitarian disaster, or unexpected military conflicts. It considers the appropriate way to respond to the challenges posed by the children of foreign fighters, which requires that states of citizenship repatriate citizen-children born abroad. The chapter also assesses whether states can permissibly intervene to protect the rights of their citizens in other, non-emergency, cases, and looks at the strategies that sending states have taken with respect to protecting their citizens, when they travel abroad to take up temporary foreign labor migration contracts. Finally, the chapter considers whether states of citizenship have the obligation to enable citizens abroad to vote and how states ought to divide rights protection for dual citizens.
Deserving Citizenship?
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: June 2023

This chapter investigates the question of whether some individuals can be rightfully treated as more deserving of citizenship than others based on their contributions. It begins with a consideration of temporary labor migration programs, arguing that, in general terms, those who participate in them must be permitted to access citizenship in time. The chapter then looks at two examples of programs that formalize the idea that citizenship can be earned; both program types contain elements of considerable discretion around whether and when to treat specific contributions as meriting citizenship. One cluster of programs treats specific types of labor as deserving of citizenship. A second cluster offers citizenship on an exceptional basis to migrants who have made a particularly important contribution to the society in which they live. Each cluster of cases presents moral challenges: risks of exploitation in the first, and claims of unfairness in the second. Ultimately, the chapter defends both types of exceptions to the general rule that residence should be the main determinant of citizenship access.
Distinguishing It from Other Things Called Empathy
Authors: Batson C. Daniel
Published: June 2023

Empathic concern is distinguished from and related to seven other psychological phenomena that have been called empathy. The seven are: knowing what another is thinking and feeling (e.g., empathic accuracy); matching another’s posture, expression, or neural state (motor mimicry, imitation; perception-action model); coming to feel as another feels (emotional contagion); intuiting yourself into another’s situation (projection); imagining how another is affected by his or her situation (an imagine-other perspective); imagining how you would think and feel in another’s situation (an imagine-self perspective); and having a general disposition to think about and/or feel for others (trait empathy). Each of these phenomena can at times facilitate feeling empathic concern, but none always does. Whether any of these phenomena increases motivation to promote another’s welfare independent of its effect on empathic concern remains an open question.
Why Does Collegiality Matter?
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the mechanisms that connect collegial concerns and judicial behavior. It distinguishes between judges’ personal and professional relationships and explains how persuasion and suppression are two interpersonal processes through which collegiality might affect judges. First, collegial relations with colleagues may enable judges to make effective private arguments that change the content of the majority opinion, thereby negating the need to dissent or concur. Second, the existence of collegial relationships increases the costs of publicizing disagreements with fellow judges; this might influence a judge’s decision to suppress their disagreement and sign an opinion with which they disagree. Empirical analysis of all published U.S. Courts of Appeals search and seizure opinions from 1953 to 2010 reveals evidence of both persuasion and suppression. The effects of collegiality and ideological disagreement are often similar in size, and ideology has no effect when a pair of judges have frequent interpersonal contact.
Collegiality and the Language of Dissent
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores how interpersonal contact impacts the language of dissent in the U.S. Courts of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court. A dissenter can express disagreement in benign legal terms, in starkly critical language, or anywhere in between. Judges face a trade-off regarding the language they use; caustic language may both negatively affect collegiality and increase the likelihood that the dissenting judge’s policy position is publicized or influential in future cases. In this way, there is a policy-collegiality trade-off. This chapter theorizes that more extensive personal relationships should be associated with dissenting opinions that are less negative, rude, and confrontational in tone and more positive or polite. Evidence indicates that collegiality can affect the expression of disagreement for all federal appellate judges. For example, circuit judges are less rude when they expect to serve with the majority opinion author frequently in the future.
Taking Collegiality Seriously in Designing and Studying Courts
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter summarizes how interpersonal contact affects judicial behavior and illustrates the importance and contextual nature of the effects of collegiality in the U.S. federal judiciary. It highlights the most important argument of this book: collegiality is a first-order consideration for judges, and scholars must account for judges’ social concerns when theorizing and testing models of judicial behavior. That the effect of ideology on judicial behavior is imperceptible when two judges have high levels of interpersonal contact suggests an important limitation to the attitudinal model. The chapter outlines implications for our understanding of judicial decision-making, the stability of law, and the structure of the judiciary. It discusses proposed institutional reforms—splitting circuits, packing courts, and imposing term limits—and explains how they might affect levels of judicial collegiality. The chapter closes by outlining a variety of avenues for future research.
Tuning In
Authors: Helbig Adriana N.
Published: June 2023

Chapter 6 asks how conditions of poverty create specific sound environments. Poverty conditions shape the way instruments sound. Historicizing discourses of tuning during the Soviet era, this chapter elucidates how prevailing post–World War II discourses influenced notions of musical skill in Ukraine regarding classical training as a marker of professional musicianship. Such economically and culturally mediated frameworks tend to marginalize poorer Romani musicians as non-professional (but somehow not amateur) and exclude them from performance opportunities sponsored by Romani organizations, in turn perpetuating cycles of Romani poverty in the post-Soviet era.
Introduction
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This Introduction provides insight into the author’s primary motivations, guiding process, and prior training/clinical experience that serve as the foundations of the content of the book. The Introduction provides key terms that are referenced often in the following chapters, a brief review of several popular theoretical models of identity formation in terms of mental health, reasons why the author emphasizes published literature in the proposed guidelines, and an orientation to how the book chapters are structured. The Introduction ends with a brief description of the case studies that will be referenced to exemplify application of each of the concepts discussed in the guidelines to highlight their diagnostic, psychosocial, and intersectional identity complexities.
Considerations for the Supervisory Relationship with Diverse Trainees and Their Diverse Clients
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the incorporation of the seven practice guidelines prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice into the specific domain of supervision, and is geared toward supervisors working with trainees of diverse backgrounds. The chapter begins with a discussion of issues related to diversity within the supervisory context, and then expands on ways that the guidelines provided earlier in the book can apply to the supervisor-trainee relationship. The chapter provides a self-reflection exercise for supervisors on their own privilege, power, and biases, and describes sample prompts to explore committed microaggressions toward trainees. The chapter also provides guidance for trainees who have been mistreated or invalidated by supervisors based on identity differences. The chapter ends with a summary of how to approach supervision in the most culturally humble way, and the ways in which this aligns with social justice approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Cross Elizabeth
Published: June 2023

The Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes represented an attempt to recast French imperial power in India in the late eighteenth century. The conclusion of the Seven Years’ War, in which the French empire suffered a devastating defeat in India, raised questions about how to secure commercial access to markets controlled by France’s British rivals. As French officials feared their loss of control and imperial status, they evinced a vision of political economy that was driven more by political anxieties than by material realities, one in which economic objectives often became subservient to military and diplomatic aims that seemingly necessitated the regulation of trade through a state-chartered company. Accordingly, Company Politics outlines a framework for thinking about early modern trading companies in comparative perspective, by focusing on the ways they were embedded into state structures and riven by politicized scandals, rather than by looking to them as prototypes of the modern corporation.
Futurity, National Identity, and American Foreign Policy Discourse
Authors: Dunmire Patricia L.
Published: June 2023

This introductory chapter explains the theoretical framework that grounds the book’s argument concerning the temporal nature of American national identity and its analysis of Cold War foreign policy discourse. It begins with an overview of critical conceptions of temporality and futurity and relates them to critical conceptions of national security. It then reviews the theoretical connections between discourse, national identity, and foreign policy and outlines a theory of identity construction as spatiotemporal practice. This review concludes with an argument that links the ideology of American exceptionalism to foreign policy practice and identifies the specific ways this ideology positions the United States vis-à-vis the future. The remainder of the chapter outlines the critical discourse analytic framework and constructs (space-time and legitimation) and data set used to conduct the study.
“America’s Most Precious Natural Resource”
Authors: Dunmire Patricia L.
Published: June 2023

This chapter outlines the temporal dimensions of the discourse and ideology of American exceptionalism, focusing on how futurity has figured historically in articulations of the nation’s geopolitical place and purpose. It begins with a review of early conceptions of American exceptionalism organized around three key aspects of exceptionalist rhetoric: special nation, special destiny; separate and different; exempt from the laws of history. The chapter then considers how exceptionalist appeals have functioned rhetorically within foreign policy discourse to legitimate the nation’s geopolitical relations and actions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the temporal nature of the core components of the exceptionalist ideology. It lays the groundwork for the argument developed in the four subsequent discourse-analytic chapters concerning how the identity of the United States as the “great nation of futurity” has figured into the nation’s Cold War foreign policy rhetoric.
Spirit Certain of Itself
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2023

The world of absolute freedom shifts itself into a moral world order in which individuals take themselves to be living in a world held together by individual commitment to a moral world order. This takes the shape of a “moral worldview.” In it, nature is indifferent to our unconditional moral duties, but when duty commands, we are each motivated to obey it. This worldview is held together by postulates which are necessary but cannot be proven: nature and duty must harmonize so that performance of duty is not impossible, and although duty is independent of happiness, the two must also harmonize. In such a world, happiness would be distributed according to virtue. Such a worldview in practice amounts to a kind of playacting in which the contradictions of this worldview are shuffled off to one side when one needs to do so. It always is suggestive to its practitioners that the whole matter is one of hypocrisy.
The Virtue of Agency
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: June 2023

Among the cardinal virtues of classical Greece—wisdom, courage, justice, piety, and sôphrosunê—sôphrosunê is now the least understood or esteemed. But, as this book shows—studying the vigorous and wide-ranging debates about the virtue across fifth- and fourth-century poetry, prose, and philosophy—many Greeks in fact judged it the preeminent virtue. They understood it to be the capacity to choose between one’s conflicting desires and to act only on those aiming at what one judges one’s authoritative or properly life-defining ends. This is the capacity to be a mature human: facing down one’s bodily and social promptings with discipline, identifying with one’s long-term goals or acknowledged norms over one’s evanescent impulses. This is what makes one count as an “agent”: someone who acts on her own principles rather than on external or internal proddings. Thus sôphrosunê is the virtue of agency. The clearest evidence for this is the disagreement found across ancient Greek literature over the term’s application and scope. This book starts by appraising remarks about sôphrosunê from the archaic and early Classical period in Homer, Theognis, Pindar, Aeschlyus, Heraclitus, and funerary inscriptions. Then it turns to later fifth-century exchanges in Euripides especially but also Herodotus, Thucydides, Aristophanes, Critias, Antiphon, and Democritus. Socrates is a crucial figure for the study, as we see in the works of his associates Antisthenes, Xenophon, and particularly Plato. After several chapters on Plato, we turn to the radical innovations of Aristotle and some less familiar Pythagorean assessments.
The Early History of Sôphrosunê
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: June 2023

The chapter begins with Plato’s and Aristotle’s etymological analyses of sôphrosunê, then a comparison with other -phrosunê nouns (or -phrôn adjectives), a favored type of compound word in early Greek. This analysis suggests that the word had something to do with having a phrên, a seat of judgment, that was insulated from distortion. The four instances of sôphrosunê in Homer support this impression: it is the capacity to forbear from doing what one most immediately would like, by attending to one’s standing commitments to do otherwise. We get corroboration for this gloss from several poems from Theognis and six passages from Pindar. In the latter poet, as well as in Aeschylus and contemporaneous sepulchral epigraphy, we begin to see the inclusion of sôphrosunê in stereotyped lists of human traits of excellence—proto-canons. These lists witness sôphrosunê’s increased centrality to reflection on the thoughtfully active and so flourishing life.
Xenophon on Sôphrosunê and Enkrateia
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: June 2023

Xenophon uses the term sôphrosunê to refer to the capacity to follow authoritative norms. We see this in instances found across his oeuvre, notably Cyropedia and Agesilaus. He also becomes the first author studied in this book to use the term enkrateia (self-control, inner strength) to refer to control of one’s bodily desires such that they do not prevent one from adhering to one’s higher norms. (This use becomes popular some ways into the fourth century, as Isocrates and the Anonymus Iamblichi show.) The Memorabilia includes a number of direct discussions of sôphrosunê, in particular its coincidence with wisdom, its relation to piety and justice, and its overlap with enkrateia. In that work we also see Xenophon defending Socrates against the claim that he failed to teach sôphrosunê to Critias and Alcibiades before teaching them political efficacy.
How Journalists Engage
Authors: Robinson Sue
Published: June 2023

Chapter 2 documents the built environment that guides mainstream journalists in the United States in how to remain relevant with all constituencies and communities, from rural conservatives to Latin American immigrants and African Americans. It lays out the engagement strategies of trust building that were found in 30 deep case studies of initiatives centered on trust building as well as news media trade press discourse, interviews with the people involved, and hundreds of hours of participant observation in journalism trust-building trainings, conferences, summits, and workshops. This evidence details the wide range of engagement work being done by these entities and newsrooms and also by individual journalists in spite of the resistance of their bosses or colleagues. The eight skill sets and four new journalistic roles are defined and situated in scholarship.
How Journalists Identify
Authors: Robinson Sue
Published: June 2023

Chapter 3 explores the ways an ethic of care can be practiced with an identity awareness in service of engagement to build news trust. It draws from the work of political scientist Joan Tronto to understand how an ethic of care might guide public deliberation through commitment to five values: attentiveness, responsibility, competence, responsiveness, and solidarity. It answers the following questions: How do different reporters trust people and practice ethical standards according to their identities? How do reporters of different identities engage in order to practice trust building? How are journalists themselves thinking about and practicing the connection between their own identities with their engagement and trust-building work? Answers to these draw from hundreds of hours of ethnographic participant observation at engagement trainings, workshops, summits, and panels as well as in-depth interviews, focus groups, and surveys with 174 journalists and a review of the explosion of journalistic metadiscourses around identities.
Goleng Village in Zhemgang District
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T.
Published: June 2023

This chapter introduces the residual feudal elements in local social structure that relate to the distinctions of four key patrilineal groups and the system of matrilineal inheritance practice and matrilocal pattern of residence. Focusing on the power and structure of the four lineage houses and their specific lineage deities, it highlights how the roles of the former dung nobility have remained central to an annual Bon rite and to their own status. It then illustrates the backdrop to and the motivations for the founding of two Buddhist establishments in Goleng by taking a diachronic view of Bon and Buddhist history from the construction of the first Buddhist temple in the late 1960s down to the present day. The chapter concludes that the existence of dung nobility, the recency of Buddhism, and, most important, the scant Buddhist presence in Goleng have created fertile grounds for the Bon beliefs to continue to exist today.
Conclusion
Authors: Massicotte Claudie
Published: June 2023

This chapter contrasts Sigmund Freud’s and Théodore Flournoy’s contributions to the history of depth psychology. It suggests that despite Freud’s demarcation of psychoanalysis through his theory of sexuality, modern notions of the unconscious were never exempt of enchantment. Rather, as Smith’s story illustrates, theories of the unconscious reshaped boundaries between the fields of science and the occult through their displacement of ghostly voices within the self. For scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this displacement was either permitted by, or served to explain, the mysteries of female embodiment.
Objections
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger
Published: June 2023

It may be objected, first, that something’s being a good thing for somebody to do entails its being something the person ought to do. In fact, goodness and requiredness are two things, and only the persistent influence of natural law theory may lead us to seeing them connected. Second, something’s being a good thing to do may seem to derive from the action’s aim being good, so that the task of practical reason would be to determine which aims are good. However, contrary to Aristotle, not all actions have an aim; and in the case of those that do, the goodness of aims does not decide, for there is still the question whether the agent under the circumstances would be wise to pursue it. Finally, something’s being a good thing to do is consistent with one’s autonomy, and it does give the agent reason for action.
Purpose
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A.
Published: June 2023

The purpose of investment crowdfunding is to promote startup companies and the economic growth they generate in an inclusive way that is open to all. More precisely, investment crowdfunding has three essential purposes: First, to provide a simple and inexpensive method for startup companies and other small businesses to raise business capital from the public. Second, to create an inclusive market where all entrepreneurs—regardless of location, gender, race, or anything else—have an equal opportunity to access investors. Third, to democratize the startup capital market by inviting everyone to participate, not just the wealthy and connected. This chapter explains these three primary goals and provides an empirical report on the extent to which they have been achieved in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.
Comparative Law and Practice
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A.
Published: June 2023

This chapter describes the law governing investment crowdfunding in five jurisdictions—Australia, Canada, the European Union, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom—and compares them to the American original. The first three of these jurisdictions, like the United States, follow the “standard model” in that they rely primarily on legal regulation to govern and police the investment crowdfunding market. New Zealand and the United Kingdom, by contrast, adhere to the “liberal model,” meaning that they rely primarily on private ordering for this purpose. Thus far, the liberal jurisdictions have handily outpaced their counterparts that adopted the standard model, with no greater incidence of fraud or business failure, suggesting the superiority of the liberal model.
“Near Obscurity”
Authors: Heersink Boris
Published: June 2023

This chapter assesses the activities of the Democratic and Republican National Committees (DNC and RNC) during the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. The chapter shows that both Bush and Obama had relatively little interest in their committees. Under Bush, the RNC cycled through a series of RNC chairs while his main political and campaign advisers remained in the White House. Obama, meanwhile, maintained his own campaign organization and split it off as a competitor to the DNC after 2012, while he largely ignored the DNC. As out-parties in this period, both the DNC and the RNC tried to engage in branding efforts—but with mixed success. For example, after the 2004 election, DNC Howard Dean pushed his “50-state strategy” and tried to appeal to conservative voters. While credited with success in the 2006 midterms, Dean’s public role receded after presidential candidates began announcing their campaigns in early 2007. Meanwhile, the RNC in the Obama era tried to promote the Republican Party as a more moderate party but found itself overshadowed by conservative news media and the rise of Donald Trump.
Conclusion
Authors: Heersink Boris
Published: June 2023

This chapter concludes the book by restating the main findings. It argues that the Democratic and Republican national committees play a complex but important role in American politics due to their goal of trying to (re)shape their respective parties’ national brands. But while party branding is a fundamental goal of national committees as political institutions, success in shaping that brand is not guaranteed. National committees cannot make voters embrace their preferred party image: they can only try to reach out to voters with informational cues and hope they incorporate them into their assessment of the party. One crucial barrier to branding is whether a party is in the White House or not. “In-parties” have presidents with de facto control over their party’s national organization. Their use (or disuse) of national committees differs based on the political context in which they find themselves but generally falls in two categories: either presidents see value in using the committees as branding tools and instruct them to promote their administration’s policies and themselves, or they see no use in them and let them decline as organizations. The chapter concludes by noting the decreased value of national committee branding in the changing political context of long presidential primary campaigns, ideological news media, the rise of social media, and negative partisanship.
Species interactions and food webs
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul
Published: June 2023

Many species interactions occur in lotic systems. Most are negative for one of the interactors, as in predation, herbivory, competition, parasitism and disease. Positive interactions, including symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism and facilitation are also important. How significant are species interactions in physically demanding habitats? Communities encompass a network of interactions (‘food webs’), though not all involve feeding. Food webs can simply be counts of all the trophic interactions that occur (‘connectance webs’). More instructive are ‘flow webs’, where links are weighted based on the energy passing along them. A third kind is based on estimating the dynamic effects of interactions on populations of prey and predators. Body size is clearly important in stream webs (size determines who eats whom), while omnivory (feeding at more than one trophic level) may stabilise food webs where interactions are mainly weak. Food webs stand at the interface between organismal biology and ecosystem processes.
Running waters as ecosystems
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul
Published: June 2023

Energy flow (primary and secondary production) and nutrient cycling (decomposition and nutrient regeneration) are ecosystem processes. Rivers both fix carbon and mineralise it, importing more from the catchment (allochthonous) than they fix (autochthonous) and exporting more than they respire. The balance between primary production and ecosystem respiration varies. Light usually limits primary production, with a lesser role for nutrients. Respiration depends on temperature and a supply of easily decomposed organic matter. Adding nutrients accelerates decomposition. Much terrestrial carbon is imported into rivers, transformed and transported downstream, but is animal production mainly fuelled by allochthonous or autochthonous material? Retention within the channels is required for breakdown. Microbes, and (initially) particularly fungi, mineralise detritus. Detritivorous animals reduce its particle size. Despite the important role of detritus in forested headwaters, animals also require algal resources. Carbon is also exchanged between the riparian system and the stream via feeding links across the habitat interface.
Running waters as ecosystems
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul
Published: June 2023

Nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) are essential for life. They are taken up and transformed by living things, while nutrients are mostly transported through catchments in solution (nitrogen) or mainly as particles (phosphorus). Plants require fixed (not molecular) nitrogen for growth, while transformations of nitrogen (largely N2, nitrous oxide, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) are linked with the oxidation of organic matter, releasing energy to heterotrophic organisms. Phosphorus is less soluble and in clean waters is usually scarce (plants and microbes absorb it efficiently). Flow displaces nutrients downstream, creating a ‘spiral’ rather than a cycle. Streams reduce fixed nitrogen and release molecular nitrogen to the atmosphere but nutrient pollution increases leakage downstream and promotes the production of NO2. Agriculture is a source of nutrients, leading to a tension between food production and water security/climate change. Biotic vectors (e.g. animal migrations) transport nutrients across systems.
Imagined Identities
Authors: Hagberg Garry L.
Published: June 2023

This chapter offers a reading of the conception of human selfhood developed in American pragmatism (William James, Josiah Royce, George Herbert Mead) that seems particularly well suited to bring to prominence, and to place in perhaps a new light, the powerful role aesthetic (and particularly literary) experience plays in self-formation. With this relational conception of selfhood in place, the chapter proceeds to an examination of what one might call relational word meaning, as shown in detail in a work of fiction (Milan Kundera). Connotations, associations, and a background of word usages and personal resonances are here seen to strongly inflect words as used by persons, where understanding those inflections gives substance to the understanding of a person.
Three Tragedies of the Unexamined Life
Authors: Hagberg Garry L.
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines in detail some cases that are powerfully instructive concerning the kinds of human tragedy that ensue from insufficient self-knowledge (first, of a kind resulting from a walled-in denial of both self and other acknowledgment—Don Giovanni; second, of a kind resulting from an encompassing mindfulness of the structure and content of one’s life too long delayed—Henry James’s character Dencombe; and third, of a kind resulting from a presupposition that language is just an instrument for the naming and blunt description of externalities—King Lear). In seeing how these three cases bring out in high relief what a self-draughtsman (or self-composer on a musical analogy) can sometimes tragically and always regrettably obscure, minimize, or leave out entirely, we see three foundational elements that are necessary for the substantial sense of selfhood that this book examines in Chapters 5 and 6.
Ferdinand Christian Baur and the Tübingen School
Authors: Lincicum David
Published: June 2023

The Tübingen School, centred on Ferdinand Christian Baur (1792–1860), was a theological movement marked by a thoroughgoingly critical approach to biblical and early Christian history, which flourished in a roughly twenty-five-year period, from the 1830s to the mid-1850s. This chapter first considers Baur’s own theological project, attending to the philosophical resources he musters to overcome a divide between rationalism and supernaturalism, and charting a series of his critical results in biblical and historical study. Baur’s distinctive form of historicizing idealism enabled him to see history as the realm of the Spirit’s self-mediation in the world, and so offered meaning to Baur’s historical results. The chapter then turns to offer a brief account of the other members of the ‘School’ before considering the influence of the movement on subsequent theological reflection.
Race, Revelation, and the Comparative History of Religion
Authors: Benes Tuska
Published: June 2023

Revelation functioned as a marker of race in early nineteenth-century German religious thought, both in the revelatory and the rationalist models of comparative religious history. The revelatory model, exemplified by J. F. Herder and Friedrich Schlegel, assumed historical transmission of primordial revelation occurred along ethnic lines that language made manifest. The rationalist model, advocated by Christoph Meiners, insisted that the intellectual capacity to know God only developed among benighted peoples capable of renouncing materialism and sensualism. Both approaches racialized revelation, while downplaying the contributions ancient Jews had made to religious history. Comparative historical narratives based on original revelation envisioned race as lineage, creating exclusive communities of descent and depicting religion as an inheritance. Rationalist histories, by contrast, approached religion as an epiphenomenon of race itself, in that belief systems came to reflect intractable physical, cultural, and social conditions.