bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Concepts of Usability and Reusability of Learning Objects
Authors: Sicilia Miguel-Angel , Garcia Elena
Published: November 2016

“Reusable learning objects” oriented towards increasing their potential reusability are required to satisfy concerns about their granularity and their independence of concrete contexts of use. Such requirements also entail that the definition of learning object “usability,” and the techniques required to carry out their “usability evaluation” must be substantially different from those commonly used to characterize and evaluate the usability of conventional educational applications. In this article, a specific characterization of the concept of learning object usability is discussed, which places emphasis on “reusability,” the key property of learning objects residing in repositories. The concept of learning object reusability is described as the possibility and adequacy for the object to be usable in prospective educational settings, so that usability and reusability are considered two interrelated – and in many cases conflicting – properties of learning objects. Following the proposed characterization of two characteristics or properties of learning objects, a method to evaluate usability of specific learning objects will be presented.

Key Terms: Learning objects, reusability, usability evaluation, learning technology standards
Narrativas Virtuais Juvenis: Fronteiras Fluidas
Authors: Brito Rosaly De Seixas
Published: November 2016

Baseado em pesquisa de baseantropológica com jovens urbanosda Região Metropolitana de Belém,no norte do Brasil, o artigo propõe-sea discutir a redefinição de fronteirasentre o público, o privado e o íntimonas trocas comunicativas e narrativasvirtuais juvenis nas redes sociais dainternet. Os dados de campo revelamque, diferentemente das delimitaçõesmais claras entre os âmbitos públicoe privado da vida que marcaram amodernidade, contemporaneamente oslimites entre eles tornaram-se vagose ambíguos. A vida on-line, lugar depertencimento fundamental no cotidianode jovens, em que é permanente oconvite à autoexposição, interpenetrasecom a vida off-line. Valendo-se dasformulações de Leonor Arfuch (2005)e Rosalía Winocur (2011, 2012), oartigo postula que é possível discernirdois níveis da intimidade juvenil –a intimidade pública e a intimidadeprivada. O íntimo é o não comunicável,associado ao lugar próprio, tanto físicacomo simbolicamente falando; o públicoé o que se dá a mostrar, e pode estartanto dentro como fora da casa.
Preproduction-Deployed Scale-Inhibition Treatments in Deepwater West Africa
Authors: Patterson D. , Williams W. , Jordan M. , Douglas R.
Published: November 2016

The injection of seawater into oil-bearing reservoirs for the purposes of maintaining reservoir pressure and improving secondary recovery is a well-established, mature operation. Moreover, the degree of risk posed by deposition of mineral scales (carbonate/sulfate) to the injection and production wells during such operations has been much studied. The current deepwater subsea developments offshore West Africa and Brazil have brought into sharp focus the need to manage scale in an effective way.

In a deepwater West African field, the relatively small number of high-cost, highly productive wells, coupled with a high barium sulfate scaling tendency upon breakthrough of injection seawater, meant that effective scale management was critical to achieving high hydrocarbon recovery and that even wells at low water cuts have proved to be at sufficient risk to require early squeeze application.

To provide effective scale control in these wells at low water cuts, phosphonate-based inhibitors were applied as part of the acid-perforation wash and overflush stages before frac-packing operations. The deployment of this inhibitor proved effective in controlling barium sulfate scale formation during initial water production, eliminating the need to scale squeeze the wells at low water cuts (<10% basic sediment and water). To increase the volumes of scale inhibitor (SI) being deployed in the preproduction treatments and so extend the treatment lifetimes, SI was also added to the fracturing gel used to carry the fracturing sand.

This paper outlines the selection methods for the inhibitor chemical for application in fracturing fluids in terms of rheology, retention/release, and formation damage, and presents the chemical-return profiles from the five wells treated (some treatments lasting longer than 300 days), along with the monitoring methods used to confirm scale control in the treated wells.

Many similar fields are currently being developed in the Campos Basin, Gulf of Mexico, and West Africa, and this paper is a good example of best-practice sharing from another oil basin.
A Practical Approach to History Matching Premature Water Breakthrough in Waterflood Reservoir Simulation: Method and Case Studies in South Belridge Diatomite Waterflood
Authors: Yang Zhengming , Urdaneta Alfredo
Published: November 2016

Premature water breakthrough negatively affects waterfloods in low permeability, naturally fractured reservoirs such as the South Belridge Diatomite. Premature water breakthrough reduces the effectiveness of waterflooding by partially or entirely bypassing the reservoir matrix where most of the reservoir fluids are stored. Reservoir simulation is handicapped by the inability to accurately characterize the architecture of the natural and induced fractures that yield high conductivity flow paths between injectors and producers. Generally, reservoir simulation can only represent the effective fluid flow by ignoring the ineffective water production that bypasses the matrix.

Detailed production performance analysis yields a practical approach to assist reservoir simulation in history matching the waterflood process under premature water breakthrough conditions. Basic reservoir and rock–fluid characterization parameters must be tuned by history match of primary production or before water injection related effects dominate fluid flow under waterflooding. The Y-function waterflood analytical method is used to diagnose premature water breakthrough on a well-to-well basis for the timing and duration. Effective water injection and production volumes are recalculated in reservoir simulation and used to achieve a history match that honors oil production, reservoir pressure level, and injection/production volume balance. A field-scale case study is presented to demonstrate the application and procedure of the proposed approach. The long-term waterflood prediction with the history match model has been validated by comparing with analytical method forecast as well as the up-to-date continuous waterflood field data (4.5 years after history match date in the last reservoir simulation project). The proposed practical approach makes reservoir simulation a meaningful predictive tool in waterflood reservoirs when premature water breakthrough is a significant issue.
Novel Ethephon Application Methods for Narcissus
Authors: Miller William B. , Olberg Madeline W.
Published: November 2016

Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] is a plant growth regulator (PGR) that releases ethylene following application. Although ethephon is commonly used as a foliar spray during the commercial production of ornamental crops, including spring bulb crops such as daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.), there has been increased interest in using ethephon as a root-zone-applied PGR. In this work, we evaluated a number of factors important for the development of ethephon as a soil drench for daffodil. Results indicate that a given dose (milligrams ethephon per pot) could be applied in volumes ranging from 15 to 120 mL (per 15-cm pot) with equal efficacy. Similarly, the same dose of ethephon could be applied as a foliar/substrate surface spray with volume of 105 to 525 mL·m−2 with equal efficacy. Although the efficacy of ethephon drenches interacted with forcing temperature, drenches were nonetheless effective across the range of temperatures commonly used for daffodil production. Plant size at the time of ethephon application had no effect on final plant size (at flower senescence). The rate of ethylene release from a peat-based substrate was highly temperature dependent, and ethephon was readily leached from this same substrate.
Hydrochemical characteristics of natural water and selenium-rich water resources in the Northern Daba Mountains, China
Authors: Zhao Chao , Luo Kunli , Du Yajun , Tian Yuan , Long Jie , Zhao Xiaofeng , Zhang Shixi
Published: November 2016

The Northern Daba Mountains (NDM) of Shaanxi Province, China, are a well-known selenium (Se)-rich area, and the area is also known for endemic fluorine (F) and arsenic (As) poisoning. In order to study the hydrochemical characteristics and trace element contents of the natural waters of this region, 62 water samples were collected from Lan'gao area in the NDM. The hydrochemical composition was principally characterized by Ca·Mg-HCO3·SO4. F and As concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.67 mg/L and from 0.33 to 6.29 μg/L, respectively, lower than Chinese national standard and international guidelines for drinking water quality. One year of monitoring proved that F and As in natural water were not the sources of the local fluorosis and arseniasis in the NDM. The average Se concentration in fissure water was 5.20 μg/L. The average Se content of river water was 2.82 μg/L, 14 times that of the world's surface level (0.2 μg/L). The Se content in eight samples reached the Chinese national standards for mineral drinking water quality (>10 μg/L). Contrasting the water samples of May, July, and September in 2015 shows that the Se content is relatively stable and the increase of humidity might be beneficial to increase the content of selenium and strontium in water.
PENGEMBANGAN WEBSITE INTERAKTIF SEBAGAI COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION UNTUK PEMBELAJARAN JARINGAN KOMPUTER
Authors: Nugroho Ariyawan Agung , Soenarto Sunaryo
Published: November 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sebuah website sebagai sarana computer-mediated communication (CMC) yang dapat membantu pembelajaran jaringan komputer yang layak, dinilai dari aspek pembelajaran, aspek isi/materi, aspek tampilan dan aspek pemrograman. Penelitian dan pengembangan (research and development) ini dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu planning, design, development dan implementation. Penelitian dilakukan di Jurusan Teknologi Pendidikan, Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan, UNY. Hasil penelitian ini adalah website interaktif sebagai computer-mediated communication yang kelayakan pada aspek pembelajaran produk ini termasuk dalam kategori baik berdasarkan skor dari ahli materi satu yaitu 4,16 dan termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik berdasarkan skor dari ahli materi dua sejumlah 4,33, kelayakan aspek isi/materi termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik berdasarkan kedua skor ahli materi, dengan masing-masing ahli memberikan skor nilai 4,72 dan 4,45 kelayakan aspek media termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik berdasarkan nilai skor yang diberikan masing-masing ahli, yaitu 4,55 dari ahli media satu, dan 4,6 dari ahli media dua.Kata kunci: website, interaktif, computer-mediated communication, CMCDEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE WEBSITE AS COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION MEDIA FOR COMPUTER NETWORKS INSTRUCTIONAbstractThe research aimed at developing an appropriate interactive website which serves as computer-mediated communication (CMC), that supports the learning process of Computer Network, evaluated on the bases of learning, content, layout and programming. This research and development was carried out through a set of procedures involving planning, design, development and implementation. This research was conducted in Educational Technology Department, Faculty of Educational Science, YSU. The research findings showed that the interactive website providing computer-mediated communication has been considered appropriate for use. In term of learning aspect, this website was scored 4.16 or ‘good’ by the first content expert and 4.33 or very good by the second content expert. Meanwhile, its material aspect was scored 4.72 by the first content expert and 4.45 by the second. Both mean scores are categorized as very good. Its media appropriateness was considered very good by both media experts, each of whom scored 4.55 and 4.6 respectively.Keywords: website, interactive, computer-mediated communication, CMC
OSTEOPONTINEMIA AND MYOCARDIAL REMODELING OF THE LEFT VENTRICULAR IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION DEPENDING ON THE DEGREE OF OBESITY
Authors: Borzova-Kosse S. I. , Kravchun P. G.
Published: November 2016

The aim of study was to evaluate changes of the osteopontin activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), regardless of the degree of obesity, as well as to analyze the presence and nature of the relationship between these parameters and indicators of cardiac haemodynamics. The study involved 104 patients with AMI, which were divided into groups, depending on the presence and degree of obesity. The first group consisted of patients with AMI in combination with obesity (n = 74). The second group included patients with AMI without obesity (n = 30). As a control group 15 healthy individuals were examined. It was found, that hyperosteopontinemia increased in proportion to the severity of obesity in patients with AMI. The presence of obesity was accompanied by the increase of osteopontin activity in patients with AMI in case of abdominal fat distribution. The correlation between parameters of left ventricular function and degrees of severity of the obesity, which is associated with the increase of the volume and size of the left ventricle due to lower inotropic function of the heart was found.
NEW APPROACHES TO COMPLEX CORRECTION HYPOTHYROIDISM AND ITS RELATED COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Malova N. G. , Sergiyenko L. Yu. , Komarova I. V. , Sirotenko L. A. , Spiridonov A. V. , Anikeyeva K. S.
Published: November 2016

It was studied the specific multipotent performance synthetic compounds with a number of tryazolopyrymides 7-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-carbetoxy-5-methyl-4,7-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo [1,5-a]pyrymidyn (NE-99) in thyroid and skeletal system of Wistar rats with experimental hypothyroidism. It was proved the positive effect of the compound YV-99 on the structure and functions of the thyroid gland and found it osteoprotect effect on bone lumbar vertebrae experimental animals. The obtained data allow us to consider this compound as a comprehensive tool to correct hypothyroidism thyroid and endocrine concomitant osteoporosis.
THE ROLE OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (literature review and own result )
Authors: Arkhypkina T. L. , Karachentsev Y. I. , Lyubimova L.P. , Abdullaev R.Ya. , Bondarenko V. A.
Published: November 2016

The increase of VEGF which is not dependent on the levels of LH, T and E2 was found at 80 patients with PCOS. The existence of a positive correlation between the VEGF and the ovarian volume, the number of antral follicles and the blood flow velocity it was proved. The existence of the connection between the VEGF and the ET-1, the HC at the early stages of the disease that indicates the presence of endothelial dysfunction has been established. The presence of interconnection between the VEGF and the AMH at more severe disturbances of follicular structures of ovarian was established. It is suggested that the VEGF, as the AMH indicates the severity of the disease. The data allow to consider the VEGF as one of the key pathophysiological factors that contribute to the development of PCOS, and with such parameters as the volume of the ovaries, the number of antral follicles, blood flow in the arteries of the ovaries and the increase of the level of AMH — as a marker of PCOS.
Sistem Pengaturan Kecepatan Motor Induksi Tiga Fasa Menggunakan Kontroler PID Berbasis Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Fatih Mutamimul Wildan Fatih Mutamimul Wildan
Published: November 2016

Motor induksi tiga fasa merupakan peralatan penggerak yang paling banyak digunakan dalam dunia industri karena mempunyai konstuksi yang kuat dan sederhana. Dalam pengaturan kecepatan pada motor induksi tiga fasa diperlukan adanya inverter sebagai alat yang berfungsi untuk megatur kecepatan motor dengan mengubah nilai frekuensi. Untuk mengatur nilai frekuensi yang sesuai pada inverter dibutuhkan suatu krontroler, salah satu kontroler yang paling banyak digunakan adalah kontroler PID. Nilai parameter kontrol yang ada pada kontroler PID sangat berpengaruh terhadap respon kecepatan motor, sehingga diperlukan sebuah metode pencarian yang mana digunakan GA dalam penentuan parameter kontrol PID. Penentuan parameter kontrol PID menggunakan GA dilakukan dengan lima jangkauan pembatasan pada nilai pembangkitan individu sehingga didapatkan berbagai macam nilai yang berbeda-beda dan diharapkan sesuai dengan respon kecepatan yang diinginkan. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan diketahui bahwa respon kecepatan motor setelah diberikan kontroler PID berbasis GA dapat mencapai kecepatan referensi 120 rad/s dengan kecepatan aktual saat beban 100 Nm sebesar 120,1 rad/s sehingga didapatkan ess 0,083%.
Peringkasan Tweet Berdasarkan Trending Topic Twitter Dengan Pembobotan TF-IDF dan Single Linkage AngglomerativeHierarchical Clustering
Authors: Annisa Annisa , Munarko Yuda , Azhar Yufis
Published: November 2016

Trending topic is a feature provided by twitter that informs something widely discussed by users in a particular time. The form of a trending topic is a hashtag and can be selected by clicking. However, the number of tweets for each trending topics can be very large, so it will be difficult if we want to know all the contents. So, in order to make easy when reading the topic, a small number of tweets can be selected as the main idea of the topic. In this study, we applied the Agglomerative Single Linkage Hierarchical Clustering by calculating the TF-IDF value for each word in advance. We used 100 trending topics, where each topic consists of 50 tweets in Indonesian. For testing, we provided 30 trending topics which consist of 2 until 9 sub-topics. The result is that each trending topics can be summarized into shorter text contains 2 until 9 tweets. We were able to summarize 1 trending topics exactly same as the topic summarized by human expert. However, the rest of topics corresponded partially with human expert.
Sensor Fusion Accelerometer dan Gyroscope untuk Pengukuran Perubahan Kinematik Pergelangan Kaki
Authors: Kusuma Wahyu Andhyka , Sari Zamah , Sari Anggreani Tyas
Published: November 2016

Sensor fusion merupakan metode penggabungan dua jenis sensor yang berbeda dimana memiliki karaktersitik yang hampir sama untuk mendapatkan suatu fungsi baru. Salah satu fungsi dari sensor fusi adalah mendapatkan perbandingan antara dua sensor yang digabungkan. Penelitian tentang perubahan kinematik telah jamak dilakukan, hal ini dikarenakan dengan melihat perubahan kinematik manusia dapat menentukan pola pergerakan, klasifikasi, hingga proses rehabilitasi medis. Seluruh anggota tubuh yang terhubungkan oleh sendi dan bergerak dapat diukur nilai kinematiknya. Penelitian ditujukan pada pergelangan kaki untuk mengetahui langkah serta pergerakan naik turunnya pergelangan kaki, hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan mampu mendukung penelitian lanjutan untuk membantu proses rehabilitasi medis pada pasien yang mengalami cidera pergelangan kaki. Penelitian yang dilakukan pada empat orang yang berbeda melakukan aktivitas lari, jalan lambat, jalan ditempat, dan jalan cepat didapatkan perbedaan rata-rata dari kedua sensor yang dihasilkan oleh gyro x dan acc x adalah 10,27%, gyro y dan acc y adalah -25,39%, gyro z dan acc z adalah -10,33%. Dari kedua sensor tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa accelerometer dan gyroscope dapat digunakan untuk mengukur besarnya perubahan kinematik.
Efisien Epidemic: Pemilihan jarak terjauh dan arah pergerakan kendaraan untuk pendistribusian pesan darurat pada VDTN
Authors: Denar Regata Akbi Denar Regata , Waskitho Waskitho Wibisono
Published: November 2016

AbstractVANET has characteristics of high mobility vehicles and fast changes of the topology, it causes process data communication interrupted frequently. It can be minimized by Vehicular Technology Delay Tolerant Networking (VDTN). The Epidemic protocol is one of which was used to the distribution of message on VANET, the mecanism of Epidemic protocol caused amount of message, thus impacting in distribution unefficient message and the performance can be lower.The porposed of this research are to solve the problem of Epidemic protocol, namely e-Epidemic protocol. This proposed protocol are the development of Epidemic protocol that give more attention on the vehicles direction and farest vehicle.The results based on the number of messages distribution showed the number of messages average which owned e-Epidemic protocol is 8% whereas epidemic protocol is 92%. And based on the delay value, e-Epidemic protocol only has delay as much as 17%, meanwhile epidemic protocol has delay 83%.
ANALISA SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI MENGGUNAKAN KERANGKA KERJA COBIT 4.1” (STUDI KASUS : UNIT PELAKSANA TEKNIS TELEMATIKA UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL “VETERAN” JAWA TIMUR)
Authors: Idhom Mohammad
Published: November 2016

Pengelolaan sumber daya manusia merupakan proses dan struktur hubungan yang mengendalikan dan mengarahkan suatu organisasi perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi dengan menambahkan nilai agar teknologi informasi dan prosesnya dapat diseimbangkan dengan resikonya. Diperlukan sebuah evaluasi sumber daya manusia dibidang teknologi informasi untuk mengetahui sejauh mana tingkatan pengelolaan terhadap sumber daya manusia di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Telematika saat ini. Sumber daya manusia di bidang teknologi informasi pada Unit Pelaksana Teknis Telematika membutuhkan pengembangan dan pengelolaan sesuai dengan harapan organisasi. Melihat terbatasnya sumber daya manusia di bidang teknologi informasi pada Unit Pelaksana Teknis Telematika sangat terbatas sehingga kegiatan operasional masih belum efektif dan memenuhi sasaran yang diharapkan. Melihat kondisi organisasi yang mengalami terbatas pada sumber daya manusia di bidang teknologi informasi dilakukan evaluasi secara detail dengan menggunakan COBIT 4.1.Dalam melakukan evaluasi sumber daya manusia dengan menggunakan kerangka kerja COBIT  yang berfokus pada Domain PO7 diharapkan dapat memberikan acuan dan perbaikan yang lebih efektif terhadap organisasi ke depannya.
Initial forces experienced by the anterior and posterior teeth during dental-anchored or skeletal-anchored en masse retraction in vitro
Authors: Lee David , Heo Giseon , El-Bialy Tarek , Carey Jason P. , Major Paul W. , Romanyk Dan L.
Published: November 2016

Objective:

To investigate initial forces acting on teeth around the arch during en masse retraction using an in vitro Orthodontic SIMulator (OSIM).

Materials and Methods:

The OSIM was used to represent the full maxillary arch in a case wherein both first premolars had been extracted. Dental and skeletal anchorage to a posted archwire and skeletal anchorage to a 10-mm power arm were all simulated. A 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwire was used in all cases, and 15-mm light nickel-titanium springs were activated to approximately 150 g on both sides of the arch. A sample size of n = 40 springs were tested for each of the three groups. Multivariate analysis of variance (α = 0.05) was used to determine differences between treatment groups.

Results:

In the anterior segment, it was found that skeletal anchorage with power arms generated the largest retraction force (P < .001). The largest vertical forces on the unit were generated using skeletal anchorage, followed by skeletal anchorage with power arms, and finally dental anchorage. Power arms were found to generate larger intrusive forces on the lateral incisors and extrusive forces on the canines than on other groups. For the posterior anchorage unit, dental anchorage generated the largest protraction and palatal forces. Negligible forces were measured for both skeletal anchorage groups. Vertical forces on the posterior unit were minimal in all cases (<0.1 N).

Conclusions:

All retraction methods produced sufficient forces to retract the anterior teeth during en masse retraction. Skeletal anchorage reduced forces on the posterior teeth but introduced greater vertical forces on the anterior teeth.
Batch Completion Operations Cost Reduction in a Segregated Drilling Campaign: The Development of an Intervention and Completion Unit
Authors: Canny Steven A , Rutland M. Gary
Published: November 2016

The adoption of segregated drilling campaigns is commonplace in an effort to harness economies of scale and reduce well construction costs. In an attempt to increase the financial efficiency of drilling campaigns, the division of the well construction and completions operations can be segregated into two distinct phases. A drilling and casing phase leaving a cased well in a Temporary Abandonment (TA) status, followed by a phase consisting of clean-up, completion and stimulation operations resulting in the handover of the well to production to bring hydrocarbon production online. As such an Intervention and Completion Unit (ICU) with the capability to perform perforation, multi-zone completion installation, stimulation, clean-up operations and well testing has significant advantages when deployed in the later phase of a segregated multi-phase drilling campaign.

This paper describes the collaborative development of an ICU that facilitates the installation of multi-zone and smart well completions, conveyance for well servicing operations, well bore clean-up (WBC) activities, well testing and stimulation activities. The challenge of undertaking traditional drilling phase activities with a technically capable, yet cost effective ICU is discussed, particularly the core areas where the reduction in specification through it being redundant for the phased operations.

The key parameters driving the ICU development and design are presented from the operator's perspective, based on prior campaign experience utilizing this approach with alternative technology. The process identifying the key requirements of the completion and well servicing operations is described with the selection of implementing new technology solutions in the design. The avoidance of Non-Productive Time (NPT) is a core aspiration in making incremental cost efficiencies. The identification of operations not on the critical path that can be performed simultaneously or as an offline activity, have the potential to make high cost impacts.

Through innovative design and the implementation of novel and field tested technology, allied to extensive use of offline activities as concurrent operations, the ICU has the potential to make significant cost savings in a segregated well construction project. Collaboration between the operator and service provider drives a design which provides a technically pragmatic and capable ICU and as such attracting project cost savings allied to lower support equipment costs. Further, the deployment flexibility of the ICU allows it to perform operations ranging from well construction activities such as well slot preparation, completions and intervention, to well deconstruction activities such as heavy workover, Permanent Abandonment (PA) phases and slot recovery. The ability to perform multi-phase operations whilst mobilized to a platform brings further cost benefits and operational flexibility.
The Nature, Costs, and Cost Drivers of Floating LNG Technology
Authors: Duncan A. B.
Published: November 2016

To make informed decisions; Natural Gas resource holders, investors, regulators, and other project proponents need an understanding of the nature, costs, and cost drivers of Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) technology. There is currently a wide range of FLNG projects under consideration, in construction, or in commissioning, yet the available public domain information suggests there are considerable variations in understanding the scope, costs, and cost drivers of these projects. This paper provides a brief review and analysis of public domain information, focusses on the cost drivers of an FLNG facility, and proposes a "screening" level approach to integrate FLNG costing into an overall field development costing.
Best Practices for Performing Coiled Tubing Catenary Interventions Based on the Evolution in the Last 8 Years of Continuous Operations in Brunei
Authors: Tapia William , Casali Andrei , Marsaleh Zarina , Song Yan
Published: November 2016

The limitations to performing rigless interventions in small platforms and safety concerns of performing multiple heavy lifts to the platform have motivated different locations worldwide to find solutions for accomplishing their objectives by utilizing proven techniques. In Brunei, after more than 8 years of continuous coiled tubing (CT) catenary operations, comprehensive and detailed processes have been strongly established and have created a guide that can be used for implementing similar operations in other locations that do not have such experience.

A methodology was implemented to find the bottlenecks in each process involved during the entire cycle of a CT intervention as well as the actions taken by an operator and a service company to eliminate them. Statistical comparisons were used to contrast what was done in the past with what has been implemented in recent years. Additionally, new vessel positioning systems, improved disconnect systems, and proven safety considerations were analyzed, and a streamlined process to operation design, execution, and evaluation (DEE) cycles was developed.

As a result of the process improvement documentation has been elaborated which include the flexibility and limitations of the system to cover concerns that are usually present in every stage of the intervention. Checklists and local guidelines will aid workers from other locations to implement catenary operations by using a reference document to cover HSE requirements and well integrity issues including volatile operating conditions and to obtain the information necessary to deliver technically challenging operations.

This work supplements the current literature that addresses the "what" of past case histories by providing guidelines for the "how" to achieve an implementation of successful operations while complying with global HSE and environmental regulations. A priority of this work was sharing of knowledge obtained while giving space for continuous improvement related to this type of operation in the future.
Development and Utilization of BHA Fatigue Management Workflow
Authors: Suryadi Hendrik , Chinh Phan Van
Published: November 2016

Extended Abstract

Present day, oil and gas industries continue to drill more complex, extended reach, deeper and higher dogleg severity wells. Due to this, drillstring elements are subjected to higher loads and several kinds of cyclic stresses. The success of drilling operations rely on keeping the integrity of BHA and the drillstring. One of the most common and catastrophic events related with BHA integrity is twist-off where the BHA component parted downhole. Twist off can be caused by many reasons, such as the load exceeding collar strength, high shock and vibration, corrosion, etc., but the primary cause of twist-offs is due to fatigue failure. Despite the stress is below the material strength specification, the drillstring would fail downhole. This is caused by fatigue accumulated over time. According to some reports fatigue failure contributes to over 60% of total dirllstring failures. Fatigue failure can occur under a wide range of conditions and environments, however there is always a higher risk of fatigue failure when rotating drill collars and tools through high doglegs interval during the drilling process.

With high rig operating costs, the increasing BHA complexity, and wellbore complexity, there is an increased focus to avoid twist-off related expenses such as:
Brown Field Optimisation to Maximize Gas Recovery in Muda Central Field of Joint Development Area, North Malay Basin
Authors: Setiawan A. S. , Simatupang M. H. , Rachmadi A. , Jiraratchwaro C. , Pushiri M. F. Mohd
Published: November 2016

Finding an opportunity to expand the recoverable reserves in a brown field is always a challenging task. A robust reservoir characterization and dynamic synthesis are vital to provide a proper understanding of the field. The objectives of this project are to maximize gas recovery through 3D reservoir modeling works, to evaluate un-connected hydrocarbon volumes, production improvement, and prudent reservoir management.

Muda Central field (MCF) has been producing for more than 5 years with 40 production wells. Therefore, the production data is an essential input to assure the quality of the model. The geological-facies modelling was constrained by seismic attributes as quantitative soft data after calibrating to well data. The high uncertainty of reservoir presence in the model was assessed by combining sand distribution and porosity variation. Material balance analysis was used to select a base-case static model in order to reduce the iteration process during the history match. History matching was performed with a reasonably good match to calibrate the model.

The results of dynamic simulation indicated some potential undrained hydrocarbon areas that are promising for future development. As a result, one well was proposed to appraise and prove the existence of disconnected hydrocarbon volume as recognize in the seismic attributes. The well was drilled a year later to prove the hypothesis. The drilling result demonstrates that the initial hypothesis is proven by pressure data and fluid sampling. The reservoir pressure is still un-depleted and the level of CO2 content is different compared to the existing producing wells. This finding provides an opportunity for future development in the vicinity of the existing producing platform as well as a different development scheme in the area of the appraisal well. The additional benefit of this work is to assist with prudent reservoir management.

A comprehensive model of MCF demonstrates a best practice, collaborative interaction between geophycisist, geologist, and reservoir engineer. This study successfully proved disconnected hydrocarbon volume, which translates into a future development plan to optimize MCF reserves.
Downhole Water Sink Technology Improves Recovery and Rates from Strong Water Drive Reservoirs in North Kuwait – A Pilot Case Study
Authors: Anthony E. , Al-Mosaileekh S.
Published: November 2016

Maximizing recovery from strong water drive, permeable reservoirs in North Kuwait usually require a combination of approaches. Implementing partial perforating techniques across the oil column above the oil/water contact and installing tubing sizes that secure maximum natural flow life cycle are presently utilized to extend the natural flow life cycle in strong bottom- and edge-water drive reservoirs. Limiting production rate at or below critical coning rate, and conversion to Artificial Lift when the water cut increase forces cessation of natural flow, further improve the ultimate recovery of oil from these reservoirs.

In pilot Well-A, approximately 55% of the oil column above the Oil/Water contact was perforated on initial completion. Within 6 months from initial completion, the Watercut increased from 0% to 53%, then gradually increased to 74% over the next four years of natural flow life. Before the natural flow ceased completely, the well was worked over to install the innovative Downhole Water Sink completion. This completion design comprised of a very short perforated interval at the original depth of the Oil/Water contact and with another perforated interval across a highly permeable aquifer below the layer of interest. A shrouded ESP with Y-tool assembly was then installed, able to generate a drawdown just below the original OWC that is greater than the drawdown across the originally perforated interval.

This pressure sink created at the OWC controls the further development of the water cone around the wellbore thereby increasing the maximum coning rate, in addition to accelerating and increasing the ultimate recovery from this water-drive completion. The excessive water that is usually produced to surface, and processed along with the oil, is now significantly reduced since most of it is now re-directed to a deeper non-oil-producing aquifer. Though the watercut is never eliminated at the oil perforations, the natural flow life cycle is extended, and thereby the ultimate recovery considerably improved. Actual % improvement is yet to be determined since the watercut of the produced fluid at surface has not yet risen to the level that causes cessation of natural flow.

This pilot application of the Downhole Water Sink technology to this North Kuwait water-drive reservoir opened up immense opportunities for comparable recovery improvements in similar and even larger water-drive reservoirs in other Assets within the company. Where reservoir pressures are insufficient to maintain natural flow, a dual ESP system is already designed to lift the oil column using the same Downhole Water Sink principle.
Geomechanical Aspects of Waterflooding: Setting Strategies and Operational Limits for Containment
Authors: Khodaverdian Mohamad , Rahim Helmi , Seli Phyllis , Morphy Paul , Dasgupta Ayan , Odedeyi Olalekan
Published: November 2016

Waterflooding is often planned for unconsolidated sand reservoirs for pressure support or production enhancement. Injections may be carried out under "matrix" or "fracture" conditions. Despite the typically high permeability and high porosity nature of unconsolidated sand reservoirs, global experiences suggest that water injection in such formations is not trouble free. Under matrix injection significant injectivity decline due to formation plugging could be encountered within the first few years or even months of the injector start up, particularly in the absence of fine filtering of water. Injection under fracture conditions may be considered to avoid formation plugging and injectivity decline. However field evidences suggest that "fracture" water injection in unconsolidated soft reservoirs could lead to high pressures, potential loss of containment and failure of sand control. The consequence of severe injectivity loss for either injection strategy is early injector abandonment or replacement of expensive wells and production deferment or loss of waterflood reserves.

Considering the above limitations for different injection strategies, it is paramount that geological settings, formation type, rock mechanical properties and consolidation levels are considered in selecting water injection strategy, well completion and topsides filtration design in field development planning. Even with these considerations it is often not possible to confidently predict the performance of water injectors in unconsolidated sand, particularly under fractured conditions. There is no widely accepted theoretical understanding of the fracturing process in soft formations and therefore the predictive capabilities for modelling injectivity are quite limited.

This paper presents the geomechanical factors considered for selecting the waterflooding strategy for a particular deepwater, unconsolidated soft sand reservoir in offshore Sabah, Malaysia. The actual decision making process was based on an integrated approach between various subsurface and engineering disciplines. However, due to the unconsolidated formation settings, as well as the faulted nature of the caprock and reservoir, geomechanics played a critical role in devising the waterflood deployment strategy and setting operational limits to ensure containment. The work involved comprehensive geomechanical modelling of the waterflooding process in the reservoir using both analytical and 3D numerical modelling. Global experiences of waterflooding in unconsolidated formations were also invaluable and were integrated in selection of completions and development strategy.
Enhancing Proppant Flowback Control Through Surface Treatment of Proppant
Authors: Lu Weibing , O'Neil Bill , Zhang Kewei , Wang Chuanzhong , Quintero Harvey
Published: November 2016

Post stimulation proppant flow back has long been an issue of the hydraulic fracturing process. The most common means of remedying proppant flowback has been to treat proppants with a resin coating. However, the most daunting factor in using resin-coated proppants is the resulting high price, which can be in excess of four times the price of untreated proppants. Additionally, resin coated proppants often need to be activated with exposure to temperature and pressure. In the case of low temperature/low closure stress reservoirs, additional chemical activators are required which further increases the cost. A proppant flowback control measure which is cost-effective and can perform over a wide variety of reservoir conditions would be advantageous to the hydraulic fracturing process.

A new technology has been developed to control proppant flowback that is a non-toxic, cost effective, and operationally easy. After being coated with a proppant consolidation aid (PCA), the proppant depends on a physical mechanism rather than chemical bonding to increase proppant pack resistance to flowback. There is no minimum closure stress, temperature, or shut-in time requirements associated with the use of this technology, and the coating can be applied to all or just selectively some of the proppant stages, which allows more flexibility available to the operators in flowback design and production strategy.

Laboratory testing will illustrate the efficacy of sand consolidation using the PCA coating. Simple lab bottle consolidation testing will demonstrate a comparison between untreated and treated proppants. Large scale tubing flow tests will also demonstrate the ability of the coated proppant to resist movement during fluid flow relative to untreated sand, and will also show the cleanup ability of the sand at higher flow rates in the event of a sand-off where proppant remains undesirably in the wellbore.

Other testing will reveal additional benefits to the sand treatment such as improved sand pack conductivity and increased compressive strength. Computed Tomography (CT) analysis will be used to explain one of the mechanisms that results in increased proppant pack conductivity. Temperature stability testing will be included to show the wide potential application window of the PCA chemistry.
Unlock the Liquid Loaded Gas Wells with ESP Technology: The Successful ESP Dewatering Application in China Sichuan Gas Field
Authors: Peng Y. , Liao T. , Kang Y. , Zhu Q. , Li C.
Published: November 2016

The operator in China Sichuan gas field is often faced with challenges of efficiently removing water from aged gas production wells in which reservoir pressure depletes and liquid loading problem ensues. Applying the proper dewatering method is essential to keep the well flowing and avoid water accumulating in bottom hole. Among the many proven dewatering artificial lift methods, ESP (Electric Submersible Pump) technology has its advantage in wells which need a high volume of water produced with maximum pressure drawdown, which are beyond the capability of other artificial lift methods.

First introduced in year of 1984, the operator and ESP provider have made considerable progress to develop an ESP application method in the field through theoretical studies, field trials and regular production.

This paper concentrates on discussing the ESP sizing and optimization practice to tackle the corrosive, extremely gassy, fluctuating liquid inflow environment typically seen in gas wells - an area used to be perceived as infeasible for ESP technology. The methodology of well selection, completion string design and production management could be used for reference where there are similar challenges with Sichuan gas field.
Deep Water Reservoir Management Using Fast Turnaround Integrated Reservoir Modelling Workflow
Authors: Zwart Bert-Rik de , Varghese Jose , Nayak Prasanta , Saha Aloke , Numpang Anna , Din Mohd
Published: November 2016

Extended Abstract

This paper presents a fast turnaround Integrated Reservoir Modelling (IRM) workflow for a deep water turbidite field. It is based on a static and dynamic Experiments of Design (DoE or ED) workflow that is used as a toolkit for uncertainty management. The case study shown here emphasizes the application of this "Multi Scenario Approach" methodology for field specific decisions such as short and mid-term reservoir management optimization and infill development opportunities, including impact of key subsurface uncertainties on these decisions.

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The objectives of Integrated Reservoir Modelling workflow presented here are: To create fully integrated models or multiple scenarios that provide realistic ranges of forecasts, e.g. geologically sound, to underpin development and operational decisions without anchoring to a single base case; andTo shorten modelling life cycle to achieve faster project delivery and allow for uncertainty workflows as proposed in this paper. There are many decisions that are dependent on model forecasts such as identifying infill well target locations and number of wells at the project level, project phasing to extend production plateau, and to identify and mitigate key projects technical risks