bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Mobile Learning in Promoting Literacy and Human Rights for Women and Girls
Authors: Dunkerly-Bean Judith M. , Crompton Helen
Published: August 2015

In this chapter the authors review the fairly recent advances in combating illiteracy around the globe through the use of e-readers and mobile phones most recently in the Worldreader program and the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) mobile phone reading initiatives. Situated in human rights and utilizing the lens of transnational feminist discourse which addresses globalization and the hegemonic, monolithic portrayals of “third world” women as passive and in need of the global North's intervention, the authors explore the ways in which the use of digital media provides increased access to books, and other texts and applications in both English and native languages for people in developing countries. However, while advances in combating illiteracy through the use of e-readers, mobile phones and other mobile learning initiatives are promising, the tensions and power imbalances of digital literacies, which resources are available by whom, for whom and why, must also be examined.
Social Media and Gender Issues
Authors: Webb Lynne M. , Temple Nicholas
Published: August 2015

Using Performance Theory as an explanatory basis, this essay explicates the performance of gender in social media beginning with the gendered history of digital technologies and an articulation of the social media venues' unique affordances for gender performance. Then, the chapter reviews the scientific research examining gendered online behavior in social media noting opportunities for enacting traditional sex role stereotypes and thus socializing others to do so as well as opportunities to enact equality and thus disseminating calls for liberation and increased equality between the sexes in all aspects of social life. Facebook, blogs, and online games are examined in detail as exemplars of specific social media cites of gender performance.
TARM1 Is a Novel Leukocyte Receptor Complex–Encoded ITAM Receptor That Costimulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion by Macrophages and Neutrophils
Authors: Radjabova Valeria , Mastroeni Piero , Skjødt Karsten , Zaccone Paola , de Bono Bernard , Goodall Jane C. , Chilvers Edwin R. , Juss Jatinder K. , Jones Des C. , Trowsdale John , Barrow Alexander David
Published: August 2015

We identified a novel, evolutionarily conserved receptor encoded within the human leukocyte receptor complex and syntenic region of mouse chromosome 7, named T cell–interacting, activating receptor on myeloid cells-1 (TARM1). The transmembrane region of TARM1 contained a conserved arginine residue, consistent with association with a signaling adaptor. TARM1 associated with the ITAM adaptor FcRγ but not with DAP10 or DAP12. In healthy mice, TARM1 is constitutively expressed on the cell surface of mature and immature CD11b+Gr-1+ neutrophils within the bone marrow. Following i.p. LPS treatment or systemic bacterial challenge, TARM1 expression was upregulated by neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes and TARM1+ cells were rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation. TARM1 expression was also upregulated by bone marrow–derived macrophages and dendritic cells following stimulation with TLR agonists in vitro. Ligation of TARM1 receptor in the presence of TLR ligands, such as LPS, enhanced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and primary mouse neutrophils, whereas TARM1 stimulation alone had no effect. Finally, an immobilized TARM1-Fc fusion protein suppressed CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation in vitro. These results suggest that a putative T cell ligand can interact with TARM1 receptor, resulting in bidirectional signaling and raising the T cell activation threshold while costimulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and neutrophils.
The Blood Transcriptome of Experimental Melioidosis Reflects Disease Severity and Shows Considerable Similarity with the Human Disease
Authors: Conejero Laura , Potempa Krzysztof , Graham Christine M. , Spink Natasha , Blankley Simon , Salguero Francisco J. , Pankla-Sranujit Rungnapa , Khaenam Prasong , Banchereau Jacques F. , Pascual Virginia , Chaussabel Damien , Lertmemongkolchai Ganjana , O’Garra Anne , Bancroft Gregory J.
Published: August 2015

Melioidosis, a severe human disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from acute septicemia to chronic localized illness or latent infection. Murine models have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of infection and to evaluate novel therapies or vaccines, but how faithfully they recapitulate the biology of human melioidosis at a molecular level is not known. In this study, mice were intranasally infected with either high or low doses of B. pseudomallei to generate either acute, chronic, or latent infection and host blood and tissue transcriptional profiles were generated. Acute infection was accompanied by a homogeneous signature associated with induction of multiple innate immune response pathways, such as IL-10, TREM1, and IFN signaling, largely found in both blood and tissue. The transcriptional profile in blood reflected the heterogeneity of chronic infection and quantitatively reflected the severity of disease. Genes associated with fibrosis and tissue remodeling, including matrix metalloproteases and collagen, were upregulated in chronically infected mice with severe disease. Transcriptional signatures of both acute and chronic melioidosis revealed upregulation of iNOS in tissue, consistent with the expression of IFN-γ, but also Arginase-1, a functional antagonist of the iNOS pathway, and was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Comparison of these mouse blood datasets by pathway and modular analysis with the blood transcriptional signature of patients with melioidosis showed that many genes were similarly perturbed, including Arginase-1, IL-10, TREM1, and IFN signaling, revealing the common immune response occurring in both mice and humans.
Differential Requirements for l-Citrulline and l-Arginine during Antimycobacterial Macrophage Activity
Authors: Rapovy Shannon M. , Zhao Junfang , Bricker Rebecca L. , Schmidt Stephanie M. , Setchell Kenneth D. R. , Qualls Joseph E.
Published: August 2015

Microbicidal NO production is reliant on inducible NO synthase–mediated l-arginine metabolism in macrophages (MΦs). However, l-arginine supply can be restricted by arginase activity, resulting in inefficient NO output and inhibition of antimicrobial MΦ function. MΦs circumvent this by converting l-citrulline to l-arginine, thereby resupplying substrate for NO production. In this article, we define the metabolic signature of mycobacteria-infected murine MΦs supplied l-arginine, l-citrulline, or both amino acids. Using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, we determined that l-arginine synthesized from l-citrulline was less effective as a substrate for arginase-mediated l-ornithine production compared with l-arginine directly imported from the extracellular milieu. Following Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin infection and costimulation with IFN-γ, we observed that MΦ arginase activity did not inhibit production of NO derived from l-citrulline, contrary to NO inhibition witnessed when MΦs were cultured in l-arginine. Furthermore, we found that arginase-expressing MΦs preferred l-citrulline over l-arginine for the promotion of antimycobacterial activity. We expect that defining the consequences of l-citrulline metabolism in MΦs will provide novel approaches for enhancing immunity, especially in the context of mycobacterial disease.
PI3Kδ Regulates the Magnitude of CD8+ T Cell Responses after Challenge with Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Pearce Verity Q. , Bouabe Hicham , MacQueen Amy R. , Carbonaro Valentina , Okkenhaug Klaus
Published: August 2015

PI3Ks regulate diverse immune cell functions by transmitting intracellular signals from Ag, costimulatory receptors, and cytokine receptors to control cell division, differentiation, survival, and migration. In this study, we report the effect of inhibiting the p110δ subunit of PI3Kδ on CD8+ T cell responses to infection with the intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. A strong dependency on PI3Kδ for IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells in vitro was not recapitulated after Listeria infection in vivo. Inactivation of PI3Kδ resulted in enhanced bacterial elimination by the innate immune system. However, the magnitudes of the primary and secondary CD8+ T cell responses were reduced. Moreover, PI3Kδ activity was required for CD8+ T cells to provide help to other responding CD8+ cells. These findings identify PI3Kδ as a key regulator of CD8+ T cell responses that integrates extrinsic cues, including those from other responding cells, to determine the collective behavior of CD8+ T cell populations responding to infection.
Polymorphic HLA-C Receptors Balance the Functional Characteristics of KIR Haplotypes
Authors: Hilton Hugo G. , Guethlein Lisbeth A. , Goyos Ana , Nemat-Gorgani Neda , Bushnell David A. , Norman Paul J. , Parham Peter
Published: August 2015

The human killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) locus comprises two groups of KIR haplotypes, termed A and B. These are present in all human populations but with different relative frequencies, suggesting they have different functional properties that underlie their balancing selection. We studied the genomic organization and functional properties of the alleles of the inhibitory and activating HLA-C receptors encoded by KIR haplotypes. Because every HLA-C allotype functions as a ligand for KIR, the interactions between KIR and HLA-C dominate the HLA class I–mediated regulation of human NK cells. The C2 epitope is recognized by inhibitory KIR2DL1 and activating KIR2DS1, whereas the C1 epitope is recognized by inhibitory KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3. This study shows that the KIR2DL1, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DL2/3 alleles form distinctive phylogenetic clades that associate with specific KIR haplotypes. KIR A haplotypes are characterized by KIR2DL1 alleles that encode strong inhibitory C2 receptors and KIR2DL3 alleles encoding weak inhibitory C1 receptors. In striking contrast, KIR B haplotypes are characterized by KIR2DL1 alleles that encode weak inhibitory C2 receptors and KIR2DL2 alleles encoding strong inhibitory C1 receptors. The wide-ranging properties of KIR allotypes arise from substitutions throughout the KIR molecule. Such substitutions can influence cell surface expression, as well as the avidity and specificity for HLA-C ligands. Consistent with the crucial role of inhibitory HLA-C receptors in self-recognition, as well as NK cell education and response, most KIR haplotypes have both a functional C1 and C2 receptor, despite the considerable variation that occurs in ligand recognition and surface expression.
Jurassic microfaunas and biostratigraphy of northeastern British Columbia and adjacent Alberta
Authors: Brooke M M , Braun W K
Published: August 2015

Three microfaunal assemblages are recognized in the Jurassic strata of the Foothills of the Peace River region of northeastern British Columbia and the adjoining areas of Alberta.
These assemblages are contained with in that part of the Fernie Formation which overlies the Lowe r Jurassic beds. The assemblages consist of 41 agglutinated and 32 calcareous foraminiferal species, and 14 ostracode species, and differ markedly from those microfaunas contained in Jurassic strata of
the North American western Interior Pla ins.
Elements of the Peace River microfaunal assemblages have been recognized as far south as the Passage Beds of southeastern British Columbia and, to the north, in the northern Richardson Mountains and the Arctic Sverdrup Basin. Comparable, and some identical, species have been reported from Jurassic
strata of northern Alaska, and from Upper Jurassic strata of western and northern Siberia.
The three microfaunal assemblages of the Peace River region may span almost all of Late Jurassic time, possibly extending from the latest Cal !avian, at the very earliest, through the Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian into the Portlandian. Alternatively, the microfauna may be restricted to the Kimmeridgian
to Portlandian, i.e . , a late Late Jurassic age.
A modified ternary radioelement mapping technique and its application to the south coast of Newfoundland
Authors: Broome J , Carson J M , Grant J A , Ford K L
Published: August 2015

Radioelement concentrations in near surf ace material, measured by gamma-ray spectrometry, are related to lithology. Subtle variations in these concentrations, displayed on the ternary colour map, can aid in geological mapping. An automatic method is described
for the production of ternary maps with strong colour contrast regardless of the ratio range in the data, and the result of applying the method to airborne gamma-ray spectrometry data from the south coast of Newfoundland is shown.
Petroleum resources of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin and environs, Grand Banks, Newfoundland
Authors: Sinclair I K , McAlpine K D , Sherwin D F , McMillan N J , Taylor G
C , Best M E , Campbell G
R , Hea J P , Henao D , Procter R M
Published: August 2015

A series of Mesozoic sedimentary basins extends across the broad continental shelf of Newfoundland. So far it has been demonstrated that only the Jeanne d'Arc Basin and environs contain potentially commercial quantities of oil and gas. The development in this
area of hydrocarbon source rocks, reservoir rocks, source rock maturity, and hydrocarbon migration and trapping mechanisms was controlled by the cyclic development of extensional forces related to the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Geophysical exploration of the Grand Banks region began in the early 1950s. The first industry seismic program for the Jeanne d'Arc Basin was undertaken by Amoco in 1965. Drilling in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin and environs began in 1971 and, after a hiatus from 1975 to 1978, drilling activity peaked in
1984. A total of 67 wells have been drilled, and over 150 000 km of seismic data have been recorded in the study area to the end of 1989.
In Part I of the report, 15 hydrocarbon exploration plays are defined by area and type of trap and by the lithostratigraphic horizon providing the reservoir facies. In Part II, seismic and well data for each play are used as input data in statistical estimations of the total and remaining
hydrocarbon potential of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin and environs.
Diurnal cycle of the dust instantaneous direct radiative forcing over the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Osipov S. , Stenchikov G. , Brindley H. , Banks J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In this study we attempted to better quantify radiative effects of dust over the Arabian Peninsula and their dependence on input parameters. For this purpose we have developed a stand-alone column radiation transport model coupled with the Mie, T-matrix and geometric optics calculations and driven by reanalysis meteorological fields and atmospheric composition. Numerical experiments were carried out for a wide range of aerosol optical depths, including extreme values developed during the dust storm on 18–20 March 2012. Comprehensive ground-based observations and satellite retrievals were used to estimate aerosol optical properties, validate calculations and carry out radiation closure. The broadband surface albedo, fluxes at the bottom and top of the atmosphere as well as instantaneous dust radiative forcing were estimated both from the model and observations. Diurnal cycle of the shortwave instantaneous dust direct radiative forcing was studied for a range of aerosol and surface characteristics representative of the Arabian Peninsula. Mechanisms and parameters responsible for diurnal variability of the radiative forcing were evaluated. We found that intrinsic variability of the surface albedo and its dependence on atmospheric conditions, along with anisotropic aerosol scattering, are mostly responsible for diurnal effects.
Assessment of crop yield losses in Punjab and Haryana using 2 years of continuous in situ ozone measurements
Authors: Sinha B. , Singh Sangwan K. , Maurya Y. , Kumar V. , Sarkar C. , Chandra B. P. , Sinha V.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In this study we use a high-quality data set of in situ ozone measurements at a suburban site called Mohali in the state of Punjab to estimate ozone-related crop yield losses for wheat, rice, cotton and maize for Punjab and the neighbouring state Haryana for the years 2011–2013. We intercompare crop yield loss estimates according to different exposure metrics, such as AOT40 (accumulated ozone exposure over a threshold of 40) and M7 (mean 7-hour ozone mixing ratio from 09:00 to 15:59), for the two major crop growing seasons of kharif (June–October) and rabi (November–April) and establish a new crop-yield–exposure relationship for southern Asian wheat, maize and rice cultivars. These are a factor of 2 more sensitive to ozone-induced crop yield losses compared to their European and American counterparts. Relative yield losses based on the AOT40 metrics ranged from 27 to 41 % for wheat, 21 to 26 % for rice, 3 to 5 % for maize and 47 to 58 % for cotton. Crop production losses for wheat amounted to 20.8 ± 10.4 million t in the fiscal year of 2012–2013 and 10.3 ± 4.7 million t in the fiscal year of 2013–2014 for Punjab and Haryana taken together. Crop production losses for rice totalled 5.4 ± 1.2 million t in the fiscal year of 2012–2013 and 3.2 ± 0.8 million t in the year 2013–2014 for Punjab and Haryana taken together. The Indian National Food Security Ordinance entitles ~ 820 million of India's poor to purchase about 60 kg of rice or wheat per person annually at subsidized rates. The scheme requires 27.6 Mt of wheat and 33.6 Mt of rice per year. The mitigation of ozone-related crop production losses in Punjab and Haryana alone could provide > 50 % of the wheat and ~ 10 % of the rice required for the scheme. The total economic cost losses in Punjab and Haryana amounted to USD 6.5 ± 2.2 billion in the fiscal year of 2012–2013 and USD 3.7 ± 1.2 billion in the fiscal year of 2013–2014. This economic loss estimate represents a very conservative lower limit based on the minimum support price of the crop, which is lower than the actual production costs. The upper limit for ozone-related crop yield losses in all of India currently amounts to 3.5–20 % of India's GDP. The mitigation of high surface ozone would require relatively little investment in comparison to the economic losses incurred presently. Therefore, ozone mitigation can yield massive benefits in terms of ensuring food security and boosting the economy. The co-benefits of ozone mitigation also include a decrease in the ozone-related mortality and morbidity and a reduction of the ozone-induced warming in the lower troposphere.
Climate extremes in multi-model simulations of stratospheric aerosol and marine cloud brightening climate engineering
Authors: Aswathy V. N. , Boucher O. , Quaas M. , Niemeier U. , Muri H. , Mülmenstädt J. , Quaas J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Simulations from a multi-model ensemble for the RCP4.5 climate change scenario for the 21st century, and for two solar radiation management (SRM) schemes (stratospheric sulfate injection (G3), SULF and marine cloud brightening by sea salt emission SALT) have been analysed in terms of changes in the mean and extremes of surface air temperature and precipitation. The climate engineering and termination periods are investigated. During the climate engineering period, both schemes, as intended, offset temperature increases by about 60 % globally, but are more effective in the low latitudes and exhibit some residual warming in the Arctic (especially in the case of SALT which is only applied in the low latitudes). In both climate engineering scenarios, extreme temperature changes are similar to the mean temperature changes over much of the globe. The exceptions are the mid- and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, where high temperatures (90th percentile of the distribution) of the climate engineering period compared to RCP4.5 control period rise less than the mean, and cold temperatures (10th percentile), much more than the mean. This aspect of the SRM schemes is also reflected in simulated reduction in the frost day frequency of occurrence for both schemes. However, summer day frequency of occurrence increases less in the SALT experiment than the SULF experiment, especially over the tropics. Precipitation extremes in the two SRM scenarios act differently – the SULF experiment more effectively mitigates extreme precipitation increases over land compared to the SALT experiment. A reduction in dry spell occurrence over land is observed in the SALT experiment. The SULF experiment has a slight increase in the length of dry spells. A strong termination effect is found for the two climate engineering schemes, with large temperature increases especially in the Arctic. Globally, SULF is more effective in reducing extreme temperature increases over land than SALT. Extreme precipitation increases over land is also more reduced in SULF than the SALT experiment. However, globally SALT decreases the frequency of dry spell length and reduces the occurrence of hot days compared to SULF.
Continental pollution in the western Mediterranean basin: vertical profiles of aerosol and trace gases measured over the sea during TRAQA 2012 and SAFMED 2013
Authors: Di Biagio C. , Doppler L. , Gaimoz C. , Grand N. , Ancellet G. , Raut J.-C. , Beekmann M. , Borbon A. , Sartelet K. , Attié J.-L. , Ravetta F. , Formenti P.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In this study we present airborne observations of aerosol and trace gases obtained over the sea in the western Mediterranean basin during the TRAQA (TRansport and Air QuAlity) and SAFMED (Secondary Aerosol Formation in the MEDiterranean) campaigns in summer 2012 and 2013. A total of 23 vertical profiles were measured up to 5000 m above sea level over an extended area (40–45° N and 2° W–12° E) including the Gulf of Genoa, southern France, the Gulf of Lion, and the Spanish coast. During TRAQA and SAFMED the study area experienced a wide range of meteorological conditions which favoured pollution export from different sources located around the basin. Also, several events of dust outflows were measured during the campaigns. Observations from the present study show that continental pollution largely affects the western Mediterranean both close to coastal regions and in the open sea as far as ~ 250 km from the coastline. The measured aerosol scattering coefficient varies between ~ 20 and 120 Mm−1, while carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) mixing ratios are in the range of 60–165 and 30–85 ppbv, respectively. Pollution reaches 3000–4000 m in altitude and presents a very complex and highly stratified structure characterized by fresh and aged layers both in the boundary layer and in the free troposphere. Within pollution plumes the measured particle concentration in the Aitken (0.004–0.1 μm) and accumulation (0.1–1.0 μm) modes is between ~ 30 and 5000–6000 scm−3 (standard cm−3), which is comparable to the aerosol concentration measured in continental areas under pollution conditions. Additionally, our measurements indicate the presence of highly concentrated Aitken layers (10 000–15 000 scm−3) observed both close to the surface and in the free troposphere, possibly linked to the influence of new particle formation (NPF) episodes over the basin.
The uncertainty of the atmospheric integrated water vapour estimated from GNSS observations
Authors: Ning T. , Wang J. , Elgered G. , Dick G. , Wickert J. , Bradke M. , Sommer M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Within the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) there is a need for an assessment of the uncertainty in the Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) in the atmosphere estimated from ground-based GNSS observations. All relevant error sources in GNSS-derived IWV is therefore essential to be investigated. We present two approaches, a statistical and a theoretical analysis, for the assessment of the uncertainty of the IWV. It will be implemented to the GNSS IWV data stream for GRUAN in order to obtain a specific uncertainty for each data point. In addition, specific recommendations are made to GRUAN on hardware, software, and data processing practices to minimize the IWV uncertainty. By combining the uncertainties associated with the input variables in the estimations of the IWV, we calculated the IWV uncertainties for several GRUAN sites with different weather conditions. The results show a similar relative importance of all uncertainty contributions where the uncertainties in the Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) dominate the error budget of the IWV contributing with over 75 % to the total IWV uncertainty. The impact of the uncertainty associated with the conversion factor between the IWV and the Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) is proportional to the amount of water vapour and increases slightly for moist weather conditions. The GRUAN GNSS IWV uncertainty data will provide a quantified confidence to be used for the validation of other measurement techniques, taking the uncertainty into account from diurnal to decadal time scales.
Response of respiration and nutrient availability to drying and rewetting in soil from a semi-arid woodland depends on vegetation patch and a recent wildfire
Authors: Sun Q. , Meyer W. S. , Koerber G. R. , Marschner P.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Semi-arid woodlands, which are characterised by patchy vegetation interspersed with bare, open areas, are frequently exposed to wildfire. During summer, long dry periods are occasionally interrupted by rainfall events. It is well known that rewetting of dry soil induces a flush of respiration. However, the magnitude of the flush may differ between vegetation patches and open areas because of different organic matter content, which could be further modulated by wildfire. Soils were collected from under trees, under shrubs or in open areas in unburnt and burnt sandy mallee woodland, where part of the woodland experienced a wildfire which destroyed or damaged most of the aboveground plant parts 4 months before sampling. In an incubation experiment, the soils were exposed to two moisture treatments: constantly moist (CM) and drying and rewetting (DRW). In CM, soils were incubated at 80 % of maximum water holding capacity (WHC) for 19 days; in DRW, soils were dried for 4 days, kept dry for another 5 days, then rewetted to 80 % WHC and maintained at this water content until day 19. Soil respiration decreased during drying and was very low in the dry period; rewetting induced a respiration flush. Compared to soil under shrubs and in open areas, cumulative respiration per gram of soil in CM and DRW was greater under trees, but lower when expressed per gram of total organic carbon (TOC). Organic matter content, available P, and microbial biomass C, but not available N, were greater under trees than in open areas. Wild fire decreased the flush of respiration per gram of TOC in the open areas and under shrubs, and reduced TOC and microbial biomass C (MBC) concentrations only under trees, but had little effect on available N and P concentrations. We conclude that the impact of wildfire and DRW events on nutrient cycling differs among vegetation patches of a native semi-arid woodland which is related to organic matter amount and availability.
Contributions of dynamic environmental signals during life-cycle transitions to early life-history traits in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.)
Authors: Liu Y. , Wang T. , El-Kassaby Y. A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Environmental signals are important triggers in the life-cycle transitions and play a crucial role in the life-history evolution. Yet, very little is known about the leading ecological factors contributing to the variations of life-history traits in perennial plants. This paper explores both the causes and consequences for the evolution of life-history traits (i.e., seed dormancy and size) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) across British Columbia (B.C.), Canada. We selected 83 logepole pine populations covering 22 ecosystem zones of B.C. and through their geographic coordinate, 197 climatic variables were generated accordingly for the reference (1961–1990) and future (2041–2070) periods. We found that dynamic climatic variables rather than constant geographic variables are the true environmental driving forces in seed dormancy and size variations and thus provide reliable predictors in response to global climate change. Evapotranspiration and precipitation in the plant-to-seed chronology are the most critical climate variables for seed dormancy and size variations, respectively. Hence, we predicted that levels of seed dormancy in lodgepole pine would increase across large tracts of B.C. in 2050s. Winter-chilling is able to increase the magnitude of life-history plasticity and lower the bet-hedge strategy in the seed-to-plant transition; however, winter-chilling is likely to be insufficient in the north of 49° N in 2050s, which may delay germination while unfavourable conditions during dry summers may result in adverse consequences in the survival of seedlings owing to extended germination span.
Identification and analysis of low molecular weight dissolved organic carbon in subglacial basal ice ecosystems by ion chromatography
Authors: Lawson E. C. , Wadham J. L. , Lis G. P. , Tranter M. , Pickard A. E. , Stibal M. , Dewsbury P. , Fitzsimons S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Glacial runoff is an important source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for downstream heterotrophic activity, despite the low overall DOC concentrations. This is because of the abundance of bioavailable, low molecular weight (LMW) DOC species. However, the provenance and character of LMW-DOC is not fully understood. We investigated the abundance and composition of DOC in subglacial environments via a molecular level DOC analysis of basal ice, which forms by water/sediment freeze-on to the glacier sole. Spectrofluorometry and a novel ion chromatographic method, which has been little utilised in glacial science for LMW-DOC determinations, were employed to identify and quantify the major LMW fractions (free amino acids, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids) in basal ice from four glaciers, each with a different basal debris type. Basal ice from Joyce Glacier (Antarctica) was unique in that 98 % of the LMW-DOC was derived from the extremely diverse FAA pool, comprising 14 FAAs. LMW-DOC concentrations in basal ice were dependent on the bioavailability of the overridden organic carbon (OC), which in turn, was influenced by the type of overridden material. Mean LMW-DOC concentrations in basal ice from Russell Glacier (Greenland), Finsterwalderbreen (Svalbard) and Engabreen (Norway) were low (0–417 nM C), attributed to the relatively refractory nature of the OC in the overridden paleosols and bedrock. In contrast, mean LMW-DOC concentrations were an order of magnitude higher (4430 nM C) in basal ice from Joyce Glacier, a reflection of the high bioavailability of the overridden lacustrine material (>17 % of the sediment OC comprised extractable carbohydrates, a proxy for bioavailable OC). We find that the overridden material may act as a direct (via abiotic leaching) and indirect (via microbial cycling) source of DOC to the subglacial environment and provides a range of LMW-DOC compounds that may stimulate microbial activity in wet sediments in current subglacial environments.
Hidden biosphere in an oxygen-deficient Atlantic open ocean eddy: future implications of ocean deoxygenation on primary production in the eastern tropical North Atlantic
Authors: Löscher C. R. , Fischer M. A. , Neulinger S. C. , Fiedler B. , Philippi M. , Schütte F. , Singh A. , Hauss H. , Karstensen J. , Körtzinger A. , Künzel S. , Schmitz R. A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) is characterized by a highly productive coastal upwelling system and a moderate oxygen minimum zone with lowest open ocean oxygen (O2) concentrations of around 40 μmol kg−1. Only recently, the discovery of re-occurring mesoscale eddies with sometimes close to anoxic O2 concentrations (<1 μmol kg−1) and located just below the mixed layer challenged our understanding of O2 distribution and biogeochemical processes in this area. Here, we present the first metagenomic dataset from a deoxygenated anticyclonic modewater eddy in the open waters of the ETNA. In the eddy, we observed a significantly lower bacterial diversity compared to surrounding waters, along with a significant community shift. We detected enhanced primary productivity in the surface layer of the eddy indicated by elevated chlorophyll concentrations and increased carbon uptake rates up to three times as high as in surrounding waters. Carbon uptake below the euphotic zone correlated to the presence of a specific high-light ecotype of Prochlorococcus, which is usually underrepresented in the ETNA. Our combined data indicate that high primary production in the eddy fuels export production and the presence of a specific microbial community responsible for enhanced respiration at shallow depths, below the mixed layer base. Progressively decreasing O2 concentrations in the eddy were found to promote transcription of the key gene for denitrification, nirS, in the O2-depleted core waters. This process is usually absent from the open ETNA waters. In the light of future ocean deoxygenation our results show exemplarily that even distinct events of anoxia have the potential to alter microbial community structures and with that critically impact primary productivity and biogeochemical processes of oceanic water bodies.
Variability of sulfate signal in ice-core records based on five replicate cores
Authors: Gautier E. , Savarino J. , Erbland J. , Lanciki A. , Possenti P.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Current volcanic reconstructions based on ice core analysis have significantly improved over the last decades. Relying on limited and disparate sulfate profiles at first, they have progressively incorporated multi cores analysis with high temporal resolution from different parts of the Polar Regions. Regional patterns of volcanic deposition flux are now based on composite records, built from several cores taken at both poles. However, it is worth mentioning that most of the time only a single record at a given site is used for such reconstructions. This implicitly assumes that transport and regional meteorological patterns are the only source of the dispersion of the volcanic-products. In the present work, we evaluate the local scale variability of a sulfate profile in a low accumulation site (Dome C, Antarctica), in order to assess the representativeness of one core for such reconstruction. We evaluate the depth variability, statistical occurrence, and sulfate flux deposition variability of volcanic eruptions detected on 5 ice cores, drilled 1 m away from each other. Local scale variability, essentially attributed to snow drift and surface roughness at Dome C, can lead to a non-exhaustive record of volcanic events when a single core is used as the site reference with a bulk probability of 30 % of missing volcanic events and 60 % uncertainty on the volcanic flux estimation. Averaging multiple records almost erases the probability of missing volcanic events and can reduce by half the uncertainty pertaining to the deposition flux.
Quantifying the impact of sub-grid surface wind variability on sea salt and dust emissions in CAM5
Authors: Zhang K. , Zhao C. , Wan H. , Qian Y. , Easter R. C. , Ghan S. J. , Sakaguchi K. , Liu X.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. This paper evaluates the impact of sub-grid variability of surface wind on sea salt and dust emissions in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). The basic strategy is to calculate emission fluxes multiple times, using different wind speed samples of a Weibull probability distribution derived from model-predicted grid-box mean quantities. In order to derive the Weibull distribution, the sub-grid standard deviation of surface wind speed is estimated by taking into account four mechanisms: turbulence under neutral and stable conditions, dry convective eddies, moist convective eddies over the ocean, and air motions induced by meso-scale systems and fine-scale topography over land. The contributions of turbulence and dry convective eddy are parameterized using schemes from the literature, while the wind variabilities caused by moist convective eddies and fine-scale topography are estimated using empirical relationships derived from an operational weather analysis dataset at 15 km resolution. The estimated sub-grid standard deviations of surface wind speed agree well with reference results derived from one year of global weather analysis at 15 km resolution and from two regional model simulations with 3 km grid spacing. The wind-distribution-based emission calculations are implemented in CAM5. Simulations at 2° resolution indicate that sub-grid wind variability has relatively small impacts (about 7 % increase) on the global annual mean emission of sea salt aerosols, but considerable influence on the emission of dust. Among the considered mechanisms, dry convective eddies and meso-scale flows associated with topography are major causes of dust emission enhancement. With all the four mechanisms included and without additional adjustment of uncertain parameters in the model, the simulated global and annual mean dust emission increase by about 50 % compared to the default model. By tuning the globally constant dust emission scale factor, the global annual mean dust emission, aerosol optical depth, and top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes can be adjusted to the level of the default model, but the frequency distribution of dust emission changes, with more contribution from weaker wind events and less contribution from stronger wind events.
The Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) as a proxy for soil moisture storage in hydrological modelling
Authors: Sriwongsitanon N. , Gao H. , Savenije H. H. G. , Maekan E. , Saengsawang S. , Thianpopirug S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. With remote sensing we can readily observe the Earth's surface, but looking under the surface into the root zone of vegetation is still a major challenge. Yet knowledge on the dynamics of soil moisture in the root zone is essential for agriculture, land–atmosphere interaction and hydrological modelling, alike. In this paper we develop a novel approach to monitor the soil moisture storage deficit in the root zone of vegetation, by using the remotely sensed Normalised Difference Infrared Index (NDII) in the Upper Ping River Basin (UPRB) in northern Thailand. Satellite data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) was used to evaluate the NDII over an 8 day period, covering the study area from 2001 to 2013. The results show that NDII values decrease sharply at the end of the wet season in October and reach lowest values near the end of the dry season in March. The values then increase abruptly after rains have started, but vary in an insignificant manner from the middle to the late rainy season. The NDII proves to be a very strong proxy for moisture storage deficit in the root zone, which is a crucial component of hydrological models. In addition, the NDII appears to be a reliable indicator for the temporal and spatial distribution of drought conditions in the UPRB. The 8 day average NDII values were found to correlate very well with the 8 day average soil moisture content (SU) simulated by FLEXL (rainfall–runoff model) at 8 runoff stations during the dry season – giving an average R2 value 0.87 on an exponential relationship, while for the wet season it reduced to be around 0.61. Apparently, the NDII is an effective index for the moisture storage in the root zone during the time of moisture deficit, and a powerful indicator to assess droughts. In the dry season, when plants are exposed to water stress, the leaf-water deficit increases steadily. Once leaf-water is close to saturation – mostly at the end of the wet season – leaf characteristics and NDII values do not vary significantly, causing lower correlation between NDII and Su in the wet season. However, the correlations between NDII and Su still remain high for both seasons and therefore the product can be used to define drought situations throughout the year and be of use to water management.
ON THE USE OF UAVS IN MINING AND ARCHAEOLOGY - GEO-ACCURATE 3D RECONSTRUCTIONS USING VARIOUS PLATFORMS AND TERRESTRIAL VIEWS
Authors: Tscharf A. , Rumpler M. , Fraundorfer F. , Mayer G. , Bischof H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. During the last decades photogrammetric computer vision systems have been well established in scientific and commercial applications. Especially the increasing affordability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in conjunction with automated multi-view processing pipelines have resulted in an easy way of acquiring spatial data and creating realistic and accurate 3D models. With the use of multicopter UAVs, it is possible to record highly overlapping images from almost terrestrial camera positions to oblique and nadir aerial images due to the ability to navigate slowly, hover and capture images at nearly any possible position. Multi-copter UAVs thus are bridging the gap between terrestrial and traditional aerial image acquisition and are therefore ideally suited to enable easy and safe data collection and inspection tasks in complex or hazardous environments. In this paper we present a fully automated processing pipeline for precise, metric and geo-accurate 3D reconstructions of complex geometries using various imaging platforms. Our workflow allows for georeferencing of UAV imagery based on GPS-measurements of camera stations from an on-board GPS receiver as well as tie and control point information. Ground control points (GCPs) are integrated directly in the bundle adjustment to refine the georegistration and correct for systematic distortions of the image block. We discuss our approach based on three different case studies for applications in mining and archaeology and present several accuracy related analyses investigating georegistration, camera network configuration and ground sampling distance. Our approach is furthermore suited for seamlessly matching and integrating images from different view points and cameras (aerial and terrestrial as well as inside views) into one single reconstruction. Together with aerial images from a UAV, we are able to enrich 3D models by combining terrestrial images as well inside views of an object by joint image processing to generate highly detailed, accurate and complete reconstructions.
FIXED-WING MICRO AERIAL VEHICLE FOR ACCURATE CORRIDOR MAPPING
Authors: Rehak M. , Skaloud J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In this study we present a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) equipped with precise position and attitude sensors that together with a pre-calibrated camera enables accurate corridor mapping. The design of the platform is based on widely available model components to which we integrate an open-source autopilot, customized mass-market camera and navigation sensors. We adapt the concepts of system calibration from larger mapping platforms to MAV and evaluate them practically for their achievable accuracy. We present case studies for accurate mapping without ground control points: first for a block configuration, later for a narrow corridor. We evaluate the mapping accuracy with respect to checkpoints and digital terrain model. We show that while it is possible to achieve pixel (3-5 cm) mapping accuracy in both cases, precise aerial position control is sufficient for block configuration, the precise position and attitude control is required for corridor mapping.
ASSESMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF UAV IMAGE QUALITY ON THE ORTHOPHOTO PRODUCTION
Authors: Wierzbicki D. , Kedzierski M. , Fryskowska A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Over the past years a noticeable increase of interest in using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for acquiring low altitude images has been observed. This method creates new possibilities of using geodata captured from low altitudes to generate large scale orthophotos. Because of comparatively low costs, UAV aerial surveying systems find many applications in photogrammetry and remote sensing. One of the most significant problems with automation of processing of image data acquired with this method is its low accuracy. This paper presents the following stages of acquisition and processing of images collected in various weather and lighting conditions: aerotriangulation, generating of Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), orthorectification and mosaicking. In the research a compact, non-metric camera, mounted on a fuselage powered by an electric motor was used. The tested area covered flat, agricultural and woodland terrains. Aerotriangulation and point cloud accuracy as well as generated digital terrain model and mosaic exactness were examined. Dense multiple image matching was used as a benchmark. The processing and analysis were carried out with INPHO UASMaster programme. Based on performed accuracy analysis it was stated that images acquired in poor weather conditions (cloudy, precipitation) degrade the final quality and accuracy of a photogrammetric product by an average of 25%.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MULTICOPTER UAV AND TOTAL STATION FOR ESTIMATING STOCKPILE VOLUMES
Authors: Arango C. , Morales C. A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Currently the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) have become an alternative for different engineering applications, especially in surveying, one of these applications is the calculation of volumes of stockpiled material, but there are questions about its accuracy and efficiency, the purpose of this article is to compare traditional surveying methods for estimating total volumes through data obtained by total stations and data obtained by a multicopter UAV. In order to answer these questions we obtain data from the same location and the results were compared. After comparing the results it was found that there was a 2,88% difference between the volume calculated with the total station data and the actual volume, and −0,67% difference between the volume calculated with the UAV data and the actual volume, concluding that the estimated volume with UAV data is more accurate.
THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN INDOOR MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM WITH RGB-D SENSOR
Authors: Tsai G. J. , Chiang K. W. , Chu C. H. , Chen Y. L. , El-Sheimy N. , Habib A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Over the years, Mobile Mapping Systems (MMSs) have been widely applied to urban mapping, path management and monitoring and cyber city, etc. The key concept of mobile mapping is based on positioning technology and photogrammetry. In order to achieve the integration, multi-sensor integrated mapping technology has clearly established. In recent years, the robotic technology has been rapidly developed. The other mapping technology that is on the basis of low-cost sensor has generally used in robotic system, it is known as the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). The objective of this study is developed a prototype of indoor MMS for mobile mapping applications, especially to reduce the costs and enhance the efficiency of data collection and validation of direct georeferenced (DG) performance. The proposed indoor MMS is composed of a tactical grade Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), the Kinect RGB-D sensor and light detection, ranging (LIDAR) and robot. In summary, this paper designs the payload for indoor MMS to generate the floor plan. In first session, it concentrates on comparing the different positioning algorithms in the indoor environment. Next, the indoor plans are generated by two sensors, Kinect RGB-D sensor LIDAR on robot. Moreover, the generated floor plan will compare with the known plan for both validation and verification.