bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin and circulation of water types on the 26.00 sigma-t surface of the south-west Pacific
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

CSIRO hydrological data from the south-west Pacific (0-45�S., 140°E.-160� W.)
during 1960-67 have been used to calculate annual means of salinity and oxygen,
within 5� squares, on the 26.00 sigma-t surface. In addition, for some squares it was
possible to calculate mean summer (December-February) and mean winter (July-
September) values of salinity and oxygen.
From the annual means the salinity-oxygen relations were used to characterize
four water types. Water type 1 of tropical origin had a salinity of 35.03‰ and an
oxygen content of 3.20 ml/l. Water type 2, also of tropical origin, had a salinity of
35.23‰ and an oxygen content of 2.30 ml/l. Water type 3 of subtropical origin had a
salinity of 35 +66‰ and an oxygen content of 5.45 ml/l. Water type 4 of Subantarctic
origin had a salinity of 34.80‰ and an oxygen content of 6.00 ml/l.
The ultimate origins of water types 1 and 2 are thought to be at considerable
distances from the south-west Pacific region. Water type 1 is suggested as a mixture of
waters of the North Equatorial Pacific, to the west of about 160°W., and waters of type 3
originating in the south Tasman Sea and other regions of the south Pacific. Water
type 2 forms at around 16O°W., by mixing of eastern tropical Pacific waters and water
type 3. It is thought that water types 1 and 2 form at different times of the year depending
upon the extent of meridional or zonal flow in the central Equatorial region. Water
types 3 and 4, however, are formed by southward spreading and winter cooling at the
surface of subtropical waters, and by northward spreading and summer warming at the
surface of Subantarctic waters, respectively. These two water types are therefore of
south-west Pacific origin. Generally in the Tasman Sea (south of 25�S.), the concentration
of water type 1 is very low (less than 10%); of water type 2 only a little
higher (20-30%), but that of water type 3 is high (around 60-75%). The concentration
of water type 4 was much greater (40%) off the west coast of South Island, New Zealand,
than off the east coast of Tasmania (15 %). Seasonal pulses in the concentrations of
water types 1 and 2 along 170�E., between 0 and 15�S., are in phase with seasonal
changes in the concentration of these two water types in the Tasman and Coral Seas,
if these water types spread southward at about 10 cm/sec. Summer increases in the
concentration of water type 3 in the Tasman Sea off New Caledonia have been explained
by the northward spreading of the previous winter's accumulation of this water type
in the central Tasman Sea.
A study of drift in the Kakanui River, New Zealand
Authors: McLay CL
Published: November 2005

The bottom fauna and drift in the Kakanui River, New Zealand, were studied for
a period of one year. The fauna was dominated by Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae.
A diurnal drift rate was found with maximum rates just after sunset. A mechanism is
postulated to account for the observed correlation of decrease in light intensity at
sunset and increase in drift rate. There was a quantative change in the drift at night with
the occurrence of comparatively large numbers of mayfly nymphs and Rhyacophilidae
larvae. Lowest drift rates were recorded during the winter. There is a close interrelationship
between drift and bottom fauna: proportional occurrence in the bottom
fauna is similar to that in drift but is modified by differences in behaviour of the
animals, and the occurrence of pieces of algae, containing animals.
During the study a flood occurred which halved the density of the bottom fauna
but within three weeks the denslty returned to near its pre-flood value. Some species
had higher densities after the flood than before it. Recolonization of the substrate by
the animals could be followed by interdependent changes in bottom fauna and drift
samples. A large increase in drift rate was recorded at sunset immediately after the
flood had occurred.
Studies on homing in the chiton Acanthozostera gemmata
Authors: Thorne MJ
Published: November 2005

Feeding chitons were lifted and replaced in new positions to deny them the
use of their outbrowsed trail in returning to their homesites. In 35 trials, homing
occurred with a frequency of 0.66. Experiments were carried out to investigate the roles
of the following: (a) airborne odour from the homesite, (b) topographical memory,
(c) chemical cues from the current outward trail, (d) chemical cues from old browsing
trails, and (e) "foreign" trails. Homesites whose immediate surroundings had been
broken up retained an attraction which is not adequately explained. The appreciation
of cues from old trails and a topographical memory are discussed as two possible
factors involved in the homing mechanism.
Continuous reproduction in the Indo-Pacific sea urchin Echinometra mathaei at Rottnest Island, Western Australia
Authors: Pearse JS , Phillips BF
Published: November 2005

Eleven gonadal samples of Echinometra mathaei were taken between April 1965
and June 1967 from Rottnest I., Western Australia, and analysed histologically.
Rottnest I, is near the southern distributional limit of this widespread Indo-Pacific
echinoid. All stages of gametogenesis were present in most samples, and little seasonal
change in reproductive activity could be detected. The lack of synchrony among
different individuals and the presence of mature gametes in every sample indicate that
the population of E. mathaei at Rottnest I. reproduces continuously. The relatively
high sea temperatures that prevail at Rottnest I. during the winter probably contribute
to the conditions that permit reproduction to occur throughout the year.
Seasonal variations in the Indian Ocean along 110°E. II. Particulate carbon
Authors: Newell BS
Published: November 2005

Particulate carbon at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 m was measured by a combustion
method. Mineral carbon appeared to be negligible. Some particulate material escaped
the Whatman GF/C filters used. The amount of suspended carbon decreased with depth
at most stations from values of 20 �g/l, or more at 0 and 50 m, to 15 �g/l, at 150 m, and
10�g/l, at 150 and 200m. Higher values were found at all depths at the two
southernmost stations (25-30 �g/I. at 0 and 50 m decreasing to 15 �gll. at 150 and 200 m )
and at shallow depths at the northernmost stations (20-25 �g/l. at 0 and 50m). At all
stations and at all depths, least carbon occurred in March.
Origin and circulation of water types of the 25.00 sigma-t surface of the South-west Pacific
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

The salinity and oxygen of 25.00 sigma-t waters of the Tasman and Coral Seas
have been averaged within 5� squares. From these average values four water types
were identified by their salinity-oxygen relations. These were: a tropical high salinity
(mean salinity 36.00‰, mean oxygen 3.50 ml/l.), a tropical low salinity (mean salinity
35.25‰, mean oxygen 3.10 ml/l.), a subtropical high salinity (mean salinity 35.75‰,
mean oxygen 5.15 ml/l.), and a subtropical low salinity (mean salinity 35.46‰, mean
oxygen 5.15 ml/l.). Waters north of 15�S. were all mixtures of the two tropical water
types, and those south of 35� S. were all mixtures of the two subtropical water types.
Topography of the 25.00 sigma-t surface showed easterly flow at around 15� S. and, as
far as could be interpreted, easterly flow at 35� S. Between these two zones of tropical
and subtropical water types there occurred a region of mixed transition waters in which
large meridional gradients of oxygen but small gradients of salinity were found. This
transition region occupied a much larger area off east Australia than elsewhere, mainly
because there was greater meridional exchange of the tropical and subtropical water
types off east Australia. North of 20� S. the high salinity subtropical water type spreads
northward in the central Tasman and Coral Seas in summer and the low salinity
tropical water type spreads southward along the Queensland continental margin in
winter. South of 20� S. it was impossible to separate changes due to circulation from those
caused by vertical mixing and winter formation of 25.00 sigma-t water at the surface.
The primary productivity and physiology of Ceratophyllum demersum. I. Gross macro primary productivity
Authors: Carr JL
Published: November 2005

An artificial laboratory stream was used to study production in Ceratophyllum
demersum under various conditions of light intensity, light quality, day length, and
water flow.
An incandescent illumination of 1500 f.c. over a 12 hr day length gave optimum
production. Moderate amounts of red light gave the greatest increase in wet weight
but full red light was inhibitory. Blue light, rather than white light, controlled
internode length, but small amounts of red light did not cause any inhibition of this
internode lengthening.
Production appeared to increase with water flows (current) up to 0.54 cm/sec,
but this could have been due to temperature effects. Bud formation was arrested
in the slowest water flow tested, viz. 0.46 cm/sec. This suggests that vegetative
propagation is retarded by slow water flows. Neither length nor the number of leaves
per node showed any response to current or temperature.
The Primary productivity and physiology of Ceratophllum demersum. II. Micro primary productivity, pH, and the P/R ratio
Authors: Carr JL
Published: November 2005

Photosynthesis in Ceratophyllum demersum has been measured in a Warburg
respirometer containing a diethanolamine carbon dioxide buffer.
Except in May, the photosynthetic activity of leaves is always greater than the
buds. Production in the leaves rises from the minimum to the maximum during the
period from May to October (winter to spring), probably as a response to increasing
day length, while that in the buds remains practically constant throughout the year.
With the onset of warmer temperatures in summer, vegetative growth declines.
It is concluded that turions of Ceratophyllum are resistant not to cold but to heat and
high light intensities of summer. Leaf photosynthesis occurs within a temperature
range of 10-30�c and reaches a maximum at 20°C.
The extracted chlorophyll content is greatest in plants collected from the
surface of the lake and the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b reaches a peak at
5 m depth.
In Ceratophyllum it is suggested that the phenomenon of chromatic adaptation
is occurring, and it is concluded that Ceratophyllum is a shade plant, being adapted to
the quantity as well as the quality of light.
Production in the leaves is depressed on the surface of the water and is greatest
between 2.5 and 5.0 m depth. Also it is suggested that the compensation point for
Ceratophyllum in Lake Ohakuri cannot be at a depth of much greater than 8
metres.
The photosynthetic activity expressed on a dry weight basis is the greatest
in the first mature leaves (6 cm behind the apex) and becomes progressively lower
in the buds, leaves (1 ft behind the apex), and the stems. Furthermore, the rate of
gross photosynthesis in leaves, buds, or stems exceeds the rate of respiration at all
months of the year.
Respiration in the dark is greater in the presence of carbon dioxide than in its
absence. It is also greater in the dark than in the light.
The rate of photosynthesis in Ceratophyllum is greatest at pH 5.0. From this,
it is concluded that photosynthesis takes place at the greatest rate in a medium
containing free CO2 rather than the bicarbonate ion. With only bicarbonate ion
carbon dioxide present photosynthesis will still take place, although it is at a much
lower rate.
The cell-wall constituents of Apjohnia laetevirens Harvey
Authors: Stewart CM , Dawes CJ , Dickens BM , Nicholls JWP
Published: November 2005

Cells of the green alga, Apjohnia laeterivens Harvey, have been ruptured in a
Waring blendor in order to remove the majority of the protoplast from the cell-wall
substances.
The cell walls have been shown to contain, apart from extraneous protoplasmic
constituents and some encrusting bryozoa, framework microfibrils of cellulose 1 which
seem to be associated with pectin-like materials, arabinogalactan matrix substances
and, perhaps, a polysaccharide-protein complex; these components appear to represent
about 90% of the organic substances in the original organic-solvent extracted cell walls.
Less than 25 % of the initial cellulose 1 was converted to cellulose 11 during
treatments of several hours' duration at room temperature with aqueous solutions of
24% KOH and 17.5 % NaOH. The low degree of conversion is attributed to the
presence of highly ordered and/or large "crystalline" aggregates of �-1,4'-glucan
molecules in the cellulosic micelles of the framework microfibrils of the cell walls.
Experiments on the artificial rearing of the larvae of Pinctada maxima (Jameson) (Lamellibranchia)
Authors: Minaur J
Published: November 2005

Attempts to rear the larvae of P. maxima from the egg up to metamorphosis are
described. A simple apparatus for the continuous culture of unicellular algae was developed.
Local algae were isolated as possible foods but none of those available promoted rapid
larval growth.
Maximum gonad development of P. maxima occurs in the period September-March. Attempts to induce spawning in ripe oysters were unsuccessful. Artificial fertilization was accomplished during treatment of stripped gametes with ammonium hydroxide. Large numbers of larvae were produced but mortality was high. Early straight-hinged larvae were approximately 75 by 70 �, and the pediveliger stage was reached when larvae were approximately 130 by 110 �. The fastest rate of growth was recorded when larvae were fed on a mixture of Isochrysis and Monochrysis. A variety of
substrata was offered for settlement but metamorphosis was not completed. Further studies are required before the feasibility of commercial rearing can be assessed.
A new centropagid genus (Copepoda: Calanoida) from Australian estuarine waters
Authors: Bayly IAE , Arnott GH
Published: November 2005

A new genus, initially monotypic, belonging to the family Centropagidae Sars,
is described from estuarine waters in the south-east of Australia. It is a small calanoid,
which closely resembles Centropages in the structure of the male fifth left leg, but differs
from this genus in several important features including the absence of outer spines on
all three segments of the exopodites of the first pair of legs. In this latter respect, as well
as its small size, it resembles certain species belonging to the genus Calamoecia. It
differs from this genus, however, in having 3-segmented endopodites on the first four
pairs of legs. A key to the Australian genera is given.
The population of the whelk Dicathais aegrota in Western Australia
Authors: Phillips BF
Published: November 2005

The reproduction, growth, mortality, and physical tolerances of the individual Dicathais aegrota are described and integrated with the results of a population study on intertidal reef platforms at Rottnest I.
Although exposed to severe environmental stresses, the population on the reef platform remained relatively stable in size and age structure during the period of this investigation. A high mortality rate (greater than 70% of the population per annum) was counterbalanced by continuous recruitment of juveniles and the immigration of a small number of adults, both from the sublittoral area.
The discovery that this species extends into the sublittoral area and relies upon that segment of the population to maintain those upon the reef platform, indicates a need for review of existing concepts of mortality and survival of intertidal communities.
The concentration of chlorophylls a and c in the South-West Pacific Ocean
Authors: Humphrey GF
Published: November 2005

Samples were collected in 1958-67 usually at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 m and in the region between 125� E. and 160�W., and 20�N. and 50� s. At 0 m (and 150 m) the regional average for chlorophyll a was 0.11 (and 0.09) �g/l. in summer and 0.24 (and 0.11) �g/l, in winter; for chlorophyll c the values were 0.21 (and 0.23) �g/l. in summer and 0.13 (and 0.15) �g/l. in winter. Most samples had chlorophyll c/a ratios between 1 and 2. The average amount of chlorophyll a in the water column down to 150 m was 24 mg/m2 in summer and 35 in winter; for chlorophyll c the values were 41 and 26 mg/m2. At most stations the maximum amounts of chlorophyll were at 100 m, except for chlorophyll a in summer when this depth was 75 m.
Phytoplankton numbers and species at Port Hacking Station and their relationship to the physical environment
Authors: Grant BR , Kerr JD
Published: November 2005

During 1965-66 the phytoplankton numbers at the Port Hacking 100 m Station
varied from below 10 to 2.25 × 104 cells per litre, with maximum numbers occurring
in a series of blooms between September and December. The dominant species were
Asterionella japonica, Leptocylindrus danicus, Navicula sp., Nitzschia longissima,
Rhizosolenia alata, and Rhizosolenia stolterforthii. Statistical analysis showed that
abundance was correlated with total phosphorus and oxygen content of the surrounding
water, but not with nitrate concentration. Using agglomerative classification techniques a
number of phytoplankton communities were distinguished, and these were related to
water movements off the Australian coast.
Surface sea-water temperatures at Port Phillip Bay Heads, Victoria
Authors: King RJ
Published: November 2005

No detailed sea-water temperatures have been previously available for Victorian
onshore waters. Continuous temperature monitoring at Pt Lonsdale, May 1966 to
May 1969, has shown a maximum monthly average of less than 20°C and a minimum
of approximately 10°C, which is indicative of cold temperate waters.
Sea-surface circulation in the southern region of the Great Barrier Reef, spring 1966
Authors: Woodhead PMJ
Published: November 2005

A new instrument, the Woodhead sea-surface drifter, has been used to
measure residual surface currents. During the southern spring of 1966, 1190 drifters
were released over a sea area of 14,000 sq miles at the southern end of the Great
Barrier Reefs. The returns of drifters from shore strandings were satisfactory, 19 %
being found in the first three months of the experiment, and from these data it was
possible to estimate the general patterns of surface circulation in the region. Inside
the Capricorn and Bunker groups of reefs the general movement was to the south
and west, on to the coasts of central Queensland; offshore there was a predominant
southerly current passing down the coasts of Queensland. An eddy south of the Swain
Reefs tended to turn inside the Barrier Reefs into the Capricorn Channel, through
which there probably ran a north-westerly current; there may also have been countercurrents
at either side of the Capricorn Channel. In Hervey Bay was a large clockwise
eddy, water leaving the Bay between Lady Elliot and Lady Musgrave reefs.
The widespread distribution of the drifters released from some single positions
indicated a high degree of horizontal dispersion throughout the area studied; this is
discussed in relation to the physiographic peculiarities of the region.
Chemical composition of some inland surface waters and lake deposits of New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Williams WD , Walker KF , Brand GW
Published: November 2005

Chemical data are presented for several lakes and two impoundments on the
Kosciusko and Monaro plateaux in south-eastern New South Wales, and for two rivers
(Paroo and Darling), several freshwater lakes, and deposits from some dry salt lakes in
western New South Wales. The concentrations of the major cations and anions, nitrate
plus nitrite, and orthophosphate were investigated. For lake deposits, only major ions
were investigated. The Kosciusko lakes were extremely fresh (salinity <3 p.p.m.)
and chemically dominated by sodium and either bicarbonate, chloride or sulphate
ions ; the Monaro peneplain lakes had a considerable salinity range (69-21,244 p.p.m.),
and, with increasing salinity, sodium and chloride quickly assumed dominance. The
Paroo and Darling Rivers had salinities <400 p.p.m, and the western freshwater lakes
<850 p.p.m.; in both rivers and lakes, sodium and bicarbonate were the dominant
ions. Deposits from dry salt lakes were mainly sodium chloride.
Further studies on some saline lakes of south-east Australia
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

A series of closed saline lakes located between Beachport and Robe in South
Australia are discussed in more detail than previously.
The following taxa are reported for the first time: the polychaete Capitella
capitata (Fabricius), the dipteran Culicoides, the turbellarian Mesostoma, and the
copepod Acartia clausii Giesbrecht. New taxa that will be described by other workers
wholly or partially from material collected in this region are as follows: a new species
and genus of hydrozoan probably belonging to the order Limnomedusae, and three new
copepod species belonging to the genera Mesochra, Robertsonia, and Heterolaophonte.
Previously recorded taxa which have now been more closely identified are as follows:
"Nereidae" (earlier paper) → Ceratoneereis erythraeensis Fauvel (present paper),
"Onychocamptus sp." → O. bengalensis (Sewell), and "Halicyclops sp. nov." → H.
Ambiguus Kiefer. The cladoceran Daphniopsis pusilla Serventy is recorded from a
salinity of 57‰.
The significance of resistant stages, and the biological status of closed saline lakes
located close to the sea, are discussed.
Studies on recruitment in the Western Australian rock lobster Panulirus longipes cygnus George: density and natural mortality of juveniles
Authors: Chittleborough RG
Published: November 2005

Density of juveniles on shallow coastal reefs was measured by a single census
mark-recapture method, samples being taken by baited traps. Verification that marked
and unmarked individuals were equally vulnerable to trapping was obtained by double
marking and direct underwater checking. Very little dispersal or migration of the
juveniles occurred from January to October, but in November and December the
larger specimens moved to deeper water while smaller juveniles (age group 2+ years)
appeared on the reefs by January. In a test area away from the centre of the coastal
range of this species, density of juveniles at the beginning of each of the past five years
fluctuated greatly from one year to another (ranging from 5385 per ha in January 1967,
to 1212 per ha in January 1969). Natural mortality of juveniles varied with density
(M = 0.499D0 × 10-3), shelter possibly limiting the carrying capacity of a reef. In
aquaria, cannibalism of newly moulted rock lobsters has been shown to increase with
crowding, despite surplus feeding.
Density-independent factors operating upon planktonic larvae and densitydependent
factors limiting survival of juveniles play complementary roles in determining
the level of recruitment to the adult stock. In the centre of the population range, the
second set of factors is of major importance; towards the periphery of the range, the
first set of factors is the more important.
Catchability declined with water temperature in autumn and increased in spring.
In January of five successive years (temperature 22.2-23.2°C) catch per unit effort was
directly proportional to population density (c/g = 5.05D × 10-3. However, catchability
rose from 2.5 ? 10-3 in January 1966 to 15.8 × 10-3 in January 1969, possibly
due to a decline in the availability of natural food.
Growth and reproduction of Halicarcinus australis (Haswell) (Crustacea, Brachyura) in the Swan estuary, Western Australia. I. Crab instars
Authors: Lucas JS , Hodgkin EP
Published: November 2005

Populations of Halicarcinus australis (Haswell) were sampled at regular intervals
for several years at three localities in the Swan estuary, the water of which is predominately
fresh in winter and brackish to marine in summer.
The populations differ consistently in size structure, fecundity, and sex ratio.
Some mean values for the three localities, in order from the most downstream, are:
proportion of females carrying eggs-0.24, 0.58, and 0.15; proportion of males
with pulvini ( ie . fully grown) -0.21, 0.32, and 0.16; and male to female ratio- 1.17,
0.79, and 1.47. A typical postlarval history is: rapid growth from an early crab
instar in midsummer to reach maturity shortly before or after winter, copulation,
successive ovulations beginning in late winter (females), and death in midsummer.
The summer deaths appear to result from postreproductive morbidity rather than from
environmental factors. Crab instars are able to survive the environmental extremes
in the estuary. They tolerate chlorinities from at least 0.5 to 19.4‰, and they tolerate
33°C for 5 hr when acclimated at 20±1°C and 12‰ chlorinity.
Similarities are noted between the biology and population parameters of postlarvae
of H. australis and a mussel, Xenostrobus securis (Lam.), in the Swan estuary.
The data for H. australis are also compared with those for a euryhaline marine hymenosomatid,
Hymenosoma orbiculare Desm., in the Sand Vlei estuary, South Africa.
Microcystis bloom formation in the lower Nakdong River, South Korea: importance of hydrodynamics and nutrient loading
Authors: Ha Kyong , Cho Eun-Ah , Kim Hyun-Woo , Joo Gea-Jae
Published: November 2005

A cyanobacterial bloom in the lower part of the Nakdong River was investigated
during the dry summer of 1994. High levels of phytoplankton biomass, mainly
Microcystis aeruginosa, in the surface waters (chl.
α 193 ± 436 µg L-1, mean ±
s.d.; >105 cells mL-1 ,
n = 15) were maintained for three months from mid
July to mid October. After the last major rainfall in mid June, water
temperature increased sharply within three weeks (18 June, 24°C; 9 July,
33°C). The highest cell density (5 × 106 cells
mL-1) and highest concentration of chl. α (>500
µg L-1) in the surface water were recorded in the
early phase of the bloom (21–26 July) as the drought persisted.
Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and total phosphorus (TP)
during the bloom were high (DIN 2.5 ± 0.9 mg L-1
; TP 155 ± 98 mg L-1 ; n
= 23). pH was low (~7) until the initial stage but was high (pH >9)
as the bloom formed. Elevated water temperature (>30°C) along with low
discharge and high irradiance were major factors contributing to the
Microcystis spp. bloom in this river–reservoir
system.
Fish cleaning behaviour in Noumea, New Caledonia
Authors: Grutter Alexandra S.
Published: November 2005

Fish cleaning behaviour was quantified at Noumea, New Caledonia, for
comparison with other studies, using a combination of cleaner fish diet
analyses, client (host) parasite analyses, and observations of the cleaning
rates of cleaners and client fish. Most (91%) of the items in the diet
of the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus were
parasitic gnathiid isopod larvae (165 ± 22 gnathiids per gut, mean
± s.e.) which made up most of the biomass (12.8 g). Gnathiids were
common on the client fish Hemigymnus melapterus and
Scolopsis bilineatus with 88% and 55%
respectively infested with gnathiids.L. dimidiatus spent
26% of its time inspecting large numbers of fish (59.5 ± 5.1
fish per 15 min observation). H. melapterus was
regularly cleaned by L. dimidiatus (2.5 ± 0.5
times for 17.5 ± 2.5 s per 30 min observation period). The cleaning
rates of cleaners and clients are comparable to those found at Lizard and
Heron Islands, Great Barrier Reef, Australia (1000 km apart), whereas the
biomass of gnathiids was lower than at Lizard I. but higher than at Heron I.,
suggesting that the role of gnathiids in cleaning behaviour is widespread but
variable.
Changes in the characteristics of 26.00 Sigma-t water off Port Hacking (1943-1968)
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

Bottom waters at a 50 m station off Port Hacking (34�05'S., 151°13'E.) with a
sigma-t of 26.00, have in general increased in salinity, decreased in oxygen, and
increased in phosphate and nitrate in the 25 year period 1943-1967.
In seeking an explanation of this trend, changes in upper 25 m column water
temperatures, slope water characteristics and surface temperatures, and salinity characteristics
off east Australia during this same period have been discovered. The year 1943
at the beginning of this 25-year trend had an exceptionally cold and dry winter. Cause
and effect relationships are difficult to prove but an explanation based upon transport
variations of the East Australian Current, with minimum transport in the early 1940's
and maximum in the late 1950's, is favoured.
The ecology of six species of littoral gastropods. III. Diurnal and seasonal variations in densities and patterns of distribution in three environments
Authors: O'Gower AK , Meyer GR
Published: November 2005

The densities and patterns of distribution of the six species of molluscs were
determined in the three environments: dry rock surface, "intersection" area, and rock
pool, at both midday and midnight low tides during each season. Austrocochlea
constricta occurred abundantly within the rock pool area, which was a homogeneous
environment at certain times and in certain seasons. The density of Bembicium nanum
was inversely related to the presence of water, and this species had a clumped pattern
of distribution, except in the rock pool during the winter. Cellana tramoserica occurred
in similar densities in all three environments during cool weather, but tended to migrate
from the rock surface to the "intersection" environment during hot weather. The
densities of Melanerita melanotragus, Montfortula conoidea, and Morula marginalba
were greatest in the "intersection" environment, but, because of the generally low
densities of these three species on the rock platform, few valid conclusions could be
made concerning their abundances and distribution.
Eggs, larvae, and spawning in Melarapha cincta (Quoy & Gaimard) and M. oliveri Finlay (Littorinidae, Gastropoda)
Authors: Pilkington MC
Published: November 2005

Both the New Zealand species of Melarapha, M. cincta and M. oliveri, laid
minute planktonic egg capsules, of the "Drum" type, in the laboratory. Capsules were
similar in the two species, but could be distinguished in side view by shape. Eggs
developed rapidly, hatching at an early veliger stage in 3-4 days at room temperature.
Attempts to rear these very small larvae were not successful, but later veligers, taken
from plankton hauls, were reared through metamorphosis and identified as Melarapha.
Veliger stages are drawn and described and the length of planktonic life assessed as
1-2 months. The two species are indistinguishable after hatching until many months
after metamorphosis when the adult coloration of the shell is developed.
Spawning was studied at Portobello in a mixed population of M. cincta and M.
Oliveri extending from high HWS to low HWS. The breeding season was from November
to March. Spawning, in animals associated with rock pools, occurred intermittently
and not particularly during spring tides. The presence of egg capsules of both species in
rock pool samples was associated ( χ² tests) with a rock pool salinity of 33-36‰ and
with the occurrence of rough weather.
Notes on reproductive behaviour and ontogeny in two species of Hypseleotris (=Carassiops) (Gobiidae: Teleostei)
Authors: Anderson JR , Lake JS , Mackay NJ
Published: November 2005

Hypseleotris klunzingeri and H. galii are morphologically similar species both
endemic to Australia, with allopatric distribution. Sexual dimorphism in both species is
marked, and they spawn during the warmer months of the year when water temperatures
exceed 20°C. Both species show similar prespawning behaviour, but H. klunzingeri
lays very small ovoid eggs which adhere to grass and twigs at the water's edge, whereas
H. galii lays larger eggs which are attached to the "roof" of hard objects on the bottom.
Attachment in both instances is by means of adhesive discs. The eggs of H. galii are
about twice the size of those of H. klunzingeri, and hatching takes about twice as long.
Some of these differences may be adaptations to the different habitats of the two species.
Spatial variation in mean growth rates at size of southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, in South Australian waters
Authors: McGarvey R. , Ferguson G. J. , Prescott J. H.
Published: November 2005

Size-specific growth rates of Jasus edwardsii were
estimated from 16 000 recaptures of tagged lobsters during a 3-year
mark–recapture study. The von Bertalanffy growth model was fitted to
observed increases in carapace length. A normal likelihood of predicted length
increment as a function of starting length and time-at-large was maximized.
Estimated standard deviation of the likelihood, taken as an allometric
function of predicted length increment, quantified individual growth
variation. The distributions of residuals indicated satisfactory fits. von
Bertalanffy parameters of growth were estimated at three levels of spatial
resolution: 18 statistical reporting blocks, 6 growth subregions, and 2
fishery management zones. Among blocks, the mean annual growth of lobsters of
100 mm carapace length was 7–20 mm for males and 5–15 mm for
females. Females grew more slowly after reaching sexual maturity. Growth rates
declined by approximately 1 mm year –1 per 20 m increase in depth of
habitat, at depths of 20 m and deeper. Density-dependent growth was indicated
by spatial anti-correlation between male growth rates at 100 mm and fishery
catches by number per unit effort. Regression implied that a 10%
decrease in catch rate corresponded to increased growth by weight of
2–5%.
The two-dimensional flow oscillations of a fluid in a spindle-shaped basin; application to Port Kembla Outer Harbour, N. S. W., Australia
Authors: Clarke DJ , Thomas ND
Published: November 2005

Port Kembla Outer Harbour has a history of severe ranging during storm activity, and hence a knowledge of its resonant behaviour is a necessary requirement towards understanding the cause of the range action. The Harbour has been shown to be suitably approximated by a spindle shape, which is the name given by Hidaka (1931) to a basin whose surface perimeter is defined as the intersection of two confocal parabolae.
In this paper Hidaka's results are enlarged, more basic harmonics being found. These are then applied to the Outer Harbour which is assumed to be excited by a fully formed clapotis with an antinode at the entrance. The two particular harmonics which are most likely to be excited are found to have the same period of 153 sec. Experimental evidence has given long wave periods in the Harbour as 150 and 160 sec. The resonant mode corresponding to a period of 54 sec is found to have a large amplification factor at the entrance to the Inner Harbour, and this may be compared with model study results where at 56-58 sec the range action is greatest.
The biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns). III. Structure of the gonads
Authors: Pollard DA
Published: November 2005

Changes in the gross morphology and histological structure of the gonads of a landlocked form of Galaxias maculatus inhabiting Lake Modewarre, south-western Victoria, are described in relation to the seasonal pattern of gonadal maturation outlined in a previous paper on the life history of this fish. Macroscopic changes in the gross morphology of the gonads are classified as to seven arbitrary maturity stages, these approximately corresponding, in the case of the male, with seven histological stages of testicular development. Nine stages of oocyte development in the ovaries of female fish are also outlined, and a single case of synchronous abnormal hermaphroditism is described. The above findings are then discussed in relation to those of previous studies on the gonads of a variety of teleost fishes, and in particular a number of other forms also belonging to the order Salmoniformes.
Teredicola typicus C. B. Wilson, 1942 (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) from shipworms in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan
Authors: Humes AG , Turner RD
Published: November 2005

Teredicola typicus, previously known only from Hawaii, is reported from eight
localities in Australia, two in New Zealand, and one in Japan. Hosts in Australia are
Bankia australis, Teredo fragilis, and Teredo furcifera (all new for this copepod); in
New Zealand, Bankia australis; and in Japan, Lyrodus pedicellatus. Incidence of the
copepod in individual hosts is recorded and notes on its external anatomy are presented.
Intertidal algal species diversity and the effect of pollution
Authors: Borowitzka MA
Published: November 2005

The species diversity of the larger intertidal algae was determined at three sites
along the coastline of Sydney, New South Wales. The changes in species diversity and
species composition were correlated with height from mean of low water (MLW),
distance from the edge of the rock platform at MLW, and distance from a sewer outfall
(i.e. the degree of pollution). The total number of algal species was reduced in the
vicinity of the outfall. This reduction was most evident in the Phaeophyceae and the
Rhodophyceae. The maximum value of algal species diversity was also reduced at
higher levels above MLW, away from the edge of the platform and near the outfalls.
Structure functions and intensities if ocean circulation off east and west Australia
Authors: Hamon BV , Cresswell GR
Published: November 2005

The intensity of ocean circulation off east Australia was found to be about five
times that off west Australia, as measured by the variances of surface dynamic height,
after allowing for latitudinal trend. A dominant horizontal scale length of about
500 km was found off both coasts, from structure functions of surface dynamic height.
The structure functions are shown for the range 25 < l < 1200 km, where I = horizontal
spacing between stations. In this range, the structure functions do not fit a 2/3 power law.
The major ions of some lakes and other waters in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Bayly IAE , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

Data relating to major inorganic ions are presented for 33 water bodies in
eastern Queensland. Three of these draw supplies from underground sources, the
remainder are lakes, lagoons, and an impoundment. The localities fall into five
regions: (i) a central-eastern region between Barcaldine and Charters Towers
(nine localities); (ii) the Atherton Tablelands (eight localities); (iii) the coast near
Cape Bedford (five localities); (iv) the region, between the Great Dividing Range
and Ingham (seven localities); and (v) near Rockhampton (four localities). In the
first region the localities are fresh except for Lake Buchanan; sodium is the dominant
cation in all cases; chloride clearly dominates the anions in Lake Buchanan, the
pools peripheral to Lake Galilee, and the spring sampled, but is approximately
co-dominant with bicarbonate in the remaining localities supplied by surface waters.
In the second and fourth regions all the waters have low salinities (<100 or <300
p.p.m., respectively), divalent cations and bicarbonate are the most important ions,
and sulphate is present in negligible amounts. In the third region all localities are very
dilute(<60 p.p.m. salinity) and sodium and chloride dominate the ions; pH values are
very low as also are concentrations of bicarbonate. In the fifth region sodium and
chloride ions again dominate but not to the same extent, and bicarbonate values
are higher; salinities range from 106 to 607 p.p.m.
Fecundity in the western rock lobster Panulirus longipes cygnus (George) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae)
Authors: Morgan GR
Published: November 2005

Samples of egg-bearing females of P. longipes cygnus (George) were taken from
the Abrolhos Islands, Fremantle, and Jurien Bay areas and divided into two groups
(viz. "newly spawned" or "late stage") depending on the extent of development which
had taken place in the eggs. The number of eggs carried by each individual was then
counted.
Fecundity is found not to vary significantly (at the 10% level) between
the three localities, and so all localities are combined to give pooled estimates of
fecundity for newly spawned and late stage eggs. A small amount of egg loss occurs
during incubation, but this is not significant at the 10% level. The percentage of
infertile eggs is shown to be independent of carapace length.
A linear relationship between carapace length and number of eggs produced
is found for P. longipes cygnus, and this type of relationship appears to hold for many
of the members of the family Palinuridae in contrast to the non-linear relationship
found in the Homaridae.
The biology of the soldier fish, Gymnapistes marmoratus (Pisces: Scorpaenidae)
Authors: Grant CJ
Published: November 2005

Various aspects of the biology of the scorpaenid Gymnapistes marmoratus
were studied during 1971 in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel, southern Tasmania. The
species ranges from Darwin counter-clockwise around the Australian coast to Sydney,
but appears not to inhabit Queensland waters. In Tasmania the species commonly
occurs at depths of 20 m or less, over sand or mud bottom with a light Zostera covering.
During the day the fish lie motionless and are excellently camouflaged, possessing
disruptive yellow and brown marbled markings; most of their activity occurs at
night. Fish species associated with G. marmoratus are those typical of the bottom
habitat of estuarine communities. Age determination by interpretation of annuli in
burned otoliths was found to be simple and accurate, and the population studied
comprised individuals up to 14 years of age. Growth was adequately described by the
von Bertalanffy equation of organic growth, being of the decaying exponential type
which defined the growth of G. rnarmoratus as:

Lt = 21.4[1-exp{0.1168 ( t + 2 . 3 )}].

Reproduction is initiated at approximately 2 years of age and spawning occurred in
August-September. Fecundity may be described related to length by the expression
F = 0.08L4.08. Stomach analysis indicated that shrimps and crabs made up a large
portion of the diet of smaller fish, while the larger fish consumed other fish species
as well.
Temperature preferendum of postlarval black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
Authors: Chen H.-Y. , Chen Y.-L. L.
Published: November 2005

The environmental temperatures preferred or selected by postlarval black tiger
shrimp Penaeus monodon (body weight 84 ± 25 mg
and body length 2.66 ± 0.21 cm, mean ± s.d.) acclimatized to 16,
20, 24, 28, 32 or 36°C, were determined in a horizontal gradient
(17–37˚C). The results indicated that the crustaceans were
competent in detecting thermal discontinuities and in showing preference. The
mean temperature selected by the postlarvae rose from 20.0˚C to
25.6˚C and the mode from 15˚C to 27˚C when the acclimation
temperature was increased from 16˚C to 36˚C. The preferred
temperature of the shrimp was not significantly different among the groups
acclimatized at 24˚C, 28˚C and 32˚C. The final preferendum of
the shrimp was estimated to be 23.2˚C, which is considerably lower than
the optimal growth temperature for the species.
Comparison of four methods of back-calculating growth using otoliths of a European barbel, Barbus sclateri (GÜnther) (Pisces : Cyprinidae)
Authors: Escot Carmelo , Granado-Lorencio Carlos
Published: November 2005

The allometric relationship between fish length and otolith radius was
determined for a European barbel, Barbus sclateri, from
two natural populations. The relationship was significantly different between
populations, but did not differ between females and males. The ages of the
fish were determined from the otoliths, and this was used to evaluate four
back-calculation procedures: Monastyrsky’s method of direct proportion;
two by intercept-corrected direct proportion (Fraser-Lee’s method and
the biological intercept method); and the simple regression method. The
biological intercept method provided the most reliable estimates of fish
lengths at previous ages when otoliths were used. Lengths back-calculated from
earlier annuli of older fish were quite different from observed lengths for
each age and from lengths back-calculated from recent annuli.
Resumen. A dos poblaciones naturales de barbo europeo,
Barbus sclateri, se les determinó la
relación alométrica entre la longitud del pez y el radio del
otolito. Esta relación fue significativamente diferente entre las dos
localidades geográficas, e igual entre hembras y machos. Se
utilizó los otolitos para determinar la edad de los peces y para
evaluar cuatro procedimientos de retrocálculo: el método de
Monastyrsky de proporción directa; dos de proporción directa en
los que se corrige la intersección, el método de Fraser-Lee y el
de intersección biológica; y el método de
regresión simple. El método de intersección
biológica ofrece las estimas más reales de la longitud del pez
en las edades anteriores a la captura. Por otro lado, las longitudes
retrocalculadas a partir de los annuli formados en primer lugar de los
ejemplares más viejos, fueron diferentes a las longitudes observadas en
cada edad y a las longitudes retrocalculadas a partir de los annuli formados
más recientemente.
The response of a continental shelf to travelling pressure disturbances
Authors: Buchwald VT , de Szoeke RA
Published: November 2005

Assuming a rectangular model of a continental shelf, this paper sets out to
calculate the response of the shelf and ocean regions to plane atmospheric pressure
disturbances travelling with constant speed in a longshore direction.
It is shown that, for a sinusoidal disturbance, there is resonance at a given
speed of propagation c only if c lies between the speeds of long waves on the shelf
and ocean regions, and then only if the wave number of the disturbance matches
one of the possible modes of long waves trapped on the shelf.
In addition, the passage of a pressure front along the shelf is modelled by a step
function, and the response to such a disturbance is calculated in closed form. If the
speed of the disturbance is between the speed of long waves in the shelf and ocean
regions, then there is a wake of trapped long-wave modes, the amplitudes of which
may be quite large compared with the change in the atmospheric pressure.
Growth in the Australian 'salmon' Arripis trutta (Bloch & Schneider)
Authors: Nicholls AG
Published: November 2005

Growth in the eastern and western subspecies of this percoid fish is described
and compared in a series of von Bertalanffy curves. While growth in the eastern
subspecies is uniform throughout the area of its distribution, that in the western
subspecies, with a much wider area of distribution, shows variation. Growth in the
latter decreases with increasing distance from its spawning grounds in Western Australia,
until at the eastern end of its range it is similar to that of the eastern subspecies
inhabiting the same waters.
Reproductive behaviour in captive freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium australiense Holthuis
Authors: Ruello NV , Moffitt PF , Phillips SG
Published: November 2005

The nest building and beckoning behaviour, the female premating moult, the
mating process, and parental care demonstrated by a pair of captive Macrobrachium
australiense are described and compared with the reproductive activity previously
recorded for several other palaemonid shrimps. This is believed to be the first record
of nest building activity in the Natantia. Although M. australiense will breed in
captivity without any apparent difficulty, the relatively low fecundity and small size of
adults of this and most other Australian species of Macrobrachium seem to limit
their economic potential for aquaculture.