bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ΑΙΔΩΕ in Euripides'Hippolytos373-430: review and reinterpretation
Authors: Craik E. M.
Published: May 2006

Lines 380–7 have been much discussed, sometimes in isolation, without due regard for context in speech, scene, and play; and sometimes with regard primarily to the history of ideas, or of Greek moral values. Phaidra states that virtue may be subverted, despite knowledge, by pleasure, of which αὶδώς—dual, harmless and harmful—is an instance. A notorious problem of interpretation centres on the related questions of how αὶδώς, shame can be listed among ήδοναί, pleasures; and of what is meant by dual αὶδώς. The interpretation here advanced is bold, but in essence simple: in this context, αὶδώς is a euphemistic metonymy for ἔρως, which is harmless and pleasurable in its proper place (allied with sexual σωφροσύνη), but potentially troublesome or painful (bringing sexual αὶσχύνη).
Aspects of ancient Macedonian costume
Authors: Saatsoglou-Paliadeli Chryssoula
Published: May 2006

A judicious combination of literary sources and archaeological research has often offered rewarding historical insights. In Macedonian studies such attempts have tended to be less fruitful, due to the scanty nature of the material and literary evidence. Now that archaeological investigation has expanded so widely in Northern Greece, it may be time to reassess aspects of Macedonian culture which have in the past been tackled with more enthusiasm than actual evidence, not surprisingly in view of the age-long interest in the people who shaped the Hellenistic world.
The Olympieion and the Hadrianeion at Ephesos
Authors: Jones C. P.
Published: May 2006

Ephesos was one of the great cities of the ancient world; in the period of the Roman empire, it was the capital of the province of Asia, and on one celebrated occasion its religious life came into sharp conflict with early Christianity (Acts xix 23-41). From the earliest days of methodical excavation in Turkey, Ephesos has provided a magnet to travellers and archaeologists. Hence a problem that involves the cults and the topography of imperial Ephesos can claim more than an antiquarian interest.
The historical context of Thucydides' Funeral Oration
Authors: Bosworth A.B.
Published: May 2006

For all its celebrity, Thucydides' Funeral Speech remains an enigma. ‘Unquantifiably authentic’ is how one scholar describes it, and the description betrays a measure of despair. We feel that the speech is authentic in some sense of the word. To some degree it corresponds to what Pericles actually said in the winter of 431/30 BC, but the degree of correspondence is a mystery. All agree that Thucydides framed the speech in his own words and integrated it with his historical narrative, so as to recall and answer Archidamus' encomium of Sparta in Book I. It also anticipates the forthcoming description of the plague with mordant, subtle allusions.
Musical evenings in the early Empire: new evidence from a Greek papyrus with musical notation
Authors: Johnson William A.
Published: May 2006

With disarmingly open conceit, the Younger Pliny tells Pontius Allifanus that ‘my hendecasyllables are read, are copied, are even sung, and Greeks (who have learned Latin out of love for my poetry book) make my verses resound to cithara and lyre’ (Epist. 7.4.9). By Pliny's time, Greek musicians (and actors) were widely distributed and organized in a worldwide guild centred at Rome, so it will not surprise us that Greeks are the ones setting the verses to music. But what sort of music? When Pliny went out to hear his beloved poems sung to cithara and lyre, what did it sound like? Or, more generally, what did Pliny, or Martial, or, in an earlier generation, Horace see and hear when out for an evening's musical entertainment at the hands of a Greek troupe? Until fairly recently, we have known precious little. Literary sources give the odd anecdote, such as the reports of Nero's performances, but in general tell us little specific about the content or style of musical entertainment in the Roman era. And sources speaking more technically about music itself lend the impression that nothing significant happened after the ‘New Music’ was introduced in the fourth century BC.
New light on Thracian Thasos: a reinterpretation of the ‘Cave of Pan’
Authors: Owen Sara
Published: May 2006

This short article concentrates upon a very small part of the material culture of Thasos in an attempt to show how knowledge and discussion of the local archaeology can not only elucidate the study of Greek ‘colonization’, but also is vital to a clear understanding of the process. The Greek colonization of Thasos, and indeed of Thrace, is currently written from a wholly Hellenocentric and text-based perspective, behind which lies an unspoken and pervasive comparison with Western European colonialism. Behind my discussion lies the opposing conviction that Greek colonization must be considered at the local level, and in the context of an understanding of social developments within the area settled. This discussion of the cave of Pan thus indicates both how an archaeology that concentrates only upon Greek material culture can miss important features, and how an awareness of the archaeology of local populations can elucidate the processes of Greek ‘colonization’.
Formulas and their relatives: a semiotic approach to verse making in Homer and modern greek folksongs
Authors: Sifakis G.M.
Published: May 2006

In a book I published a few years ago, entitledTowards a Poetics of Modern Greek Folksong, I examined certain aspects of the poetics of modern folksongs in the light of the ‘oral composition theory’ of Homeric poetry, originally expounded by Milman Parry in the late twenties and early thirties and subsequently elaborated by Albert B. Lord. In this paper I propose to follow the opposite course, and inquire whether some of my findings regarding the verse-making techniques of the modern folksongs could be applied to the Homeric epics, and whether they could be made to cast some additional light on the making of ancient epic poetry. More specifically, in my study of formular and otherwise similar verses in the folksongs, I was able to distinguish five degrees of kinship, as it were, or of decreasing similarity, from identical formulas to sense units of similar type. Can a comparable scale of similarities be found in Homer, and, if it can, could it be used in modern discussions of ancient epic versification and composition, without further encumbering a terminology that is not always clear or generally agreed upon? The purpose of this exercise is not merely taxonomic; by using some basic concepts of structural linguistics as tools, I think we may perhaps come a little closer to understanding the verse-making process, which is a prerequisite for understanding Homer's manner of composition and, in the last analysis, his ‘creativity’ or even ‘originality’ vis à vis the tradition to which he belonged.
Money, law and exchange: coinage in the Greek Polis
Authors: Von Reden Sitta
Published: May 2006

It has long been recognised that money is both a reality and an ideology. Yet the interaction between the two, the extent to which all-purpose money, in ancient Greece first realised in the use of coinage, brings about particular ideologies of value and exchange, while at the same time being framed by them, rarely comes into focus. Like literacy, money has frequently been taken as a culturally independent cause for particular effects both at the social and economic as well as the ideological level. In this paper I wish to complicate the story of monetization by relating its ideological superstructure in the Greek polis to the particular institutions in which it circulated.
Two complementary epigrams of Meleager (A.P. vii 195 and 196)
Authors: Egan Rory B.
Published: May 2006

Among the sepulchral epigrams comprising Book 7 of the Palatine Anthology, these two by Meleager occur in a sequence (189–216) having to do with animals, mainly birds or insects, that appears to derive from Meleager'sGarland. The prose translation above will reveal that the interpretation to be proposed differs considerably from previous readings of either poem, specifically in that it runs counter to the following common beliefs or assumptions. 1. That the poems, while having many features in common, are to be read as two discrete works with no integral connection between them. 2. That the two epigrams, being non-sepulchral, are included in this part of theAnthology, perhaps erroneously and only by reason of their affinities with those insect poems that are sepulchral. 3. That the narrator of each epigram is a human being; the poet himself or some persona such as a ‘love-sick swain’. 4. That the addressee of each epigram is a pet, probably kept in a cage as such insects sometimes were, and so the vegetable mentioned in v. 7 of 195 is to be presented, along with the dew drops, by the human master. 5. That the phrase στóμασι σχιʒομένας in the final verse of 195 is difficult or impossible. (All attempts towards an explanation or emendation of the text are premised on points 2 and 3 above.) 6. That the word άντῳδόν in v. 5 of 196 indicates a response to a musical performance by Pan.
The ass in the lion's skin: thoughts on the Letters of Phalaris
Authors: Russell D. A.
Published: May 2006

Anything one says about the Letters of Phalaris must be, in some sense, provisional. We have no critical text, and it is clear from the work of Tudeer that exploration of the manuscript tradition might well cast light on the origins and development of this mysterious collection, the most ambitious example of fictitious epistolography that survives from antiquity. But the literary problems are so teasing that even a provisional exploration may serve at least a protreptic purpose.
Hellenistic Crete and ΚΟΙΝΟΔΙΚΙΟΝ
Authors: Ager Sheila L.
Published: May 2006

IF we are to believe all that Polybios tells us, then the world of Hellenistic Crete was a wretched place:

The Cretans are irresistible, both by land and by sea, when it comes to ambushes and piracy and the tricks of war, night attacks and all engagements undertaken with fraud; but when it comes to the face-to-face assault of phalanxes fighting on equal terms, they are base and craven-hearted….Money is honoured among them to such an extreme degree that the acquisition of it is thought to be not only necessary, but also most honourable. Generally speaking, the practice of disgraceful greed and acquisitiveness is so much the fashion there, that among the Cretans alone of all humankind no profit is considered shameful….Because of their congenital greed, they are engaged in constant upheavals, private and public, and murders and civil wars….Indeed, one would not find private customs more treacherous nor public enterprises more unjust (except in a few cases) than those of the Cretans….[In the year 181 BC] great troubles began in Crete, if indeed one can speak of a ‘beginning’ of troubles in Crete. For because of the unceasing nature of their civil wars and the excessive savagery of their treatment of one another, ‘beginning’ and ‘end’ are the same thing in Crete, and what seems to be a paradoxical saying of some individuals is there a consistently observable fact.
Disgrace, grief and other ills: Herakles' rejection of suicide
Authors: Yoshitake Sumio
Published: May 2006

Although the incidence of suicide in classical antiquity has been studied for over a century, a proper methodological basis for such a study has been established only recently. The scholars who have been most concerned with this issue are Hirzel, Katsouris, Aigner, Walcot, Seidensticker, and, recently, van Hooff, and they have approached the topic in various ways. Although their interpretations have contributed to our knowledge of suicide in ancient Greece, they have rarely done more than analyse and classify examples of suicide as these occur in classical literature: we have not used our knowledge of the topic to re-examine the literature. The task of investigating the ways in which poets made use of contemporary notions about—and attitudes towards—suicide for their own dramatic purposes still needs to be carried out.
The Breakdown of the Arms Embargo against South Africa
Authors: Gervasi Sean
Published: May 2006

Mr. Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee,

As you know, the United Nations Security Council called for an arms embargo against South Africa in 1963. Its objective was to prevent South Africa’s acquiring foreign weapons with which to build a modern military machine. South Africa did not have then, and lacks even now, the capacity to produce sophisticated modern arms economically. The Council reasoned at the time that if South Africa were denied supplies of modern arms it would find it difficult to resist the growing internal demands for dismantling apartheid. Many states saw the arms embargo as the best way to ensure peaceful change in southern Africa. And the call for an embargo was issued with that explicit purpose in mind.
The Rwandan Patriotic Front: Politics and Development in Rwanda
Authors: Reed Wm. Cyrus
Published: May 2006

The past twelve months have witnessed the devastation of Rwanda. More than one half million people were murdered by the Rwandan army and the associated civilian militias, while over two million people fled the country after the death of former President Juvenal Habyarimana. The Rwandan Patriotic Front, which emerged in exile over the past thirty years and now dominates the government in Kigali, faces a dilemma: how does it consolidate its position amongst its core supporters, many of whom grew up in exile and recently returned to Rwanda, while at the same time gain the confidence of the domestic population, many of whom have recently fled? Resolving this dilemma is the central task for the regime, and is critical to the future political and economic development of the country.

In spite of its stated desire to create a broad-based government, the core of RPF support lies on a perilously narrow base, located as much outside of the country as inside. Domestically, the country is in ruins. The exodus of refugees resulted in the collapse of production and of the state.
The U.S. and Refugees: The Refugee Act of 1980
Authors: Roberts Maurice A.
Published: May 2006

Public Law 96-212, the Refugee Act of 1980, which President Carter signed into law on March 17, 1980 and which went into effect on April 1, 1980, stands as irrefutable evidence of our humanitarian and democratic ideals and concerns as a nation. Adopted after years of study and in the light of our increasing experience in confronting the refugee problem as a permanent phenomenon of global dimensions, the new law represents a watershed in our immigration history. This is the first comprehensive amendment of our general immigration laws designed to face up to the realities by stating a clear-cut national policy and providing a flexible mechanism to meet the rapidly shifting developments of a troubled world.
Zambia After Twenty Years: Recession and Repression Without Revolution
Authors: Shaw Timothy M.
Published: May 2006

Zambia’s contemporary experience of recession without resolution is, alas, quite typical of the majority of African states over the decade; for since the celebration of ten years of independence in 1974, its national income has been in almost continuous decline. But this economic decay has had an uneven impact, between both time periods and social groups: occasional injections of foreign aid or loans have been permissive of relative affluence for elements in the bourgeoisie and labor aristocracy along the line-of-rail. The full impact of negative growth has been felt in the more distant rural areas and among the peasantry and the unemployed.
Mines, Money, and the Problem of State-Building in Congo
Authors: Reno William S.K.
Published: May 2006

“They call it a country. In fact it is just a Zaire-shaped hole in the middle of Africa,” wrote The Economist in 1995. Well before then, Erwin Blumenthal, who visited Zaire on behalf of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to assess prospects for reform, warned that, despite promises from President Mobutu (1965-97) that loans would be repaid, “there is no—I repeat no—chance on the horizon that Zaire’s many creditors will recover their money.’ Meanwhile, Mobutu did not use loans to build state bureaucracies or provide services; he actively discouraged them. Even by official accounts, the modest spending of 10 percent of Zaire’s budget on education and health services in 1982 fell to zero a decade later.
African Education in Zimbabwe: The Colonial Inheritance of the New State, 1899–1979
Authors: Zvobgo Chengetai J. M.
Published: May 2006

Historially two salient features characterized the educational system. It was racially segregated and education for the African majority was largely for exploitation. In this paper, I will review the main features of the educational system in colonial Zimbabwe; the legacy of that system and what the new African Government proposes to do to change it to fit the needs of the new Zimbabwe. The 1899 Education Ordinance had set up two separate systems of education, one for Whites and the other for Blacks. The Ordinance left African education entirely in the hands of Christian missionaries with the government giving small grants to mission schools, provided that these schools were kept open for a minimum of four hours a day, of which not less than two hours were to be devoted to industrial training.
The Media and Africa: The Portrayal of Africa in the New York Times (1955–1995)
Authors: Schraeder Peter J. , Endless Brian
Published: May 2006

Eighteen U.S. soldiers were killed and dozens were wounded in a fierce battle in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3–4, 1993. Their deaths were a direct outgrowth of the Clinton administration’s handling of a series of United Nations (UN)-sanctioned military interventions in Somalia, which are popularly referred to as Operation Restore Hope. With the Cable News Network (CNN) providing almost instantaneous transmission to audiences in the United States and abroad, the victorious Somali forces not only paraded a captured U.S. helicopter pilot, Corporal William Durant, through the streets of Mogadishu, but also dragged the naked corpse of a U.S. soldier past mobs of Somali citizens who vented their anger by spitting on, stoning, and kicking the body.
Evading the Embargo: How the U.S. Arms South Africa and Rhodesia
Authors: Klare Michael
Published: May 2006

Although the United States agreed to honor both the 1963 UN embargo on arms deliveries to South Africa and the 1966 arms embargo on Rhodesia, vast quantities of U.S. arms have been supplied to the two countries through a variety of clandestine and semi-legal channels. These deliveries have enabled the minority governments of Pretoria and Salisbury to intensify their control over the black majority and resist what they perceive as half-hearted calls for change on the part of U.S. officials.
The Myth of Middle Class Moderation: African Lessons for South Africa
Authors: Baker Pauline H.
Published: May 2006

An underlying assumption that ocurs in both conventional wisdom and in many academic analyses of political behavior is the notion that a critical linkage exists between political change and economic performance. The assumption is that economic growth is either a precondition or a correlate of democracy and political stability. Little empirical research has been done to test the validity of this widely held assumption as it applies to multicultural societies. Moreover, in the African environment, the assumption seems to operate only in selected cases or in ways that defy categorization. Jerry Rawlings, for example, said he led his first coup d’etat in Ghana because the government was going to devalue the currency; he led his second coup, in part, because the next government was going to devalue; and, during his own tenure in office, he has presided over a 1000 percent devaluation.
Crisis and Structural Adjustment: Tanzanian Women's Politics
Authors: Meena Ruth
Published: May 2006

The United Nations Women's Conference in Nairobi was the high point of official and unofficial attention to women in Africa in the entire International Decade for Women. The conference seemingly had a profound capacity to influence subsequent policies, programs, and organizational efforts to empower women. Yet the internationally derived economic crisis has had an even more profound effect on Tanzanian women's work and politics. Since independence, but particularly since the 1967 Arusha Declaration, Tanzania has made remarkable progress in extending access to education and health care facilities. As a result of crisis and structural adjustment policies, however, state budgetary investments have moved from social to productive sectors; budget redirection looms large in explanations of women's work and politics.
Can an Aid Bureaucracy Empower Women? The Case of Sida
Authors: Himmelstrand Karin
Published: May 2006

At the NGO African Women's Task Force Meeting in Nairobi in April 1988, Sara Longwe suggested that the “main problem in Africa is to shift women's development above the welfare level in the face of resistance from male dominated government bureaucracies.” She also maintained that ”… women's welfare is not likely to be much improved until the affected women themselves achieve control in such areas as control over factors of production and distribution of income and benefits… This dimension is concerned with women's power to control their own lives and become independent and self-reliant — both individually and collectively — on equal terms with men. Equality in control is the ultimate objective of the process of empowerment.“
Diophantine Geometry from Model Theory
Authors: Scanlon Thomas
Published: May 2006

§1. Introduction. With Hrushovski's proof of the function field Mordell-Lang conjecture [16] the relevance of geometric stability theory to diophantine geometry first came to light. A gulf between logicians and number theorists allowed for contradictory reactions. It has been asserted that Hrushovski's proof was simply an algebraic argument masked in the language of model theory. Another camp held that this theorem was merely a clever one-off. Still others regarded the argument as magical and asked whether such sorcery could unlock the secrets of a wide coterie of number theoretic problems.

In the intervening years each of these prejudices has been revealed as false though such attitudes are still common. The methods pioneered in [16] have been extended and applied to a number of other problems. At their best, these methods have been integrated into the general methods for solving diophantine problems. Moreover, the newer work suggests limits to the application of model theory to diophantine geometry. For example, all such known applications are connected with commutative algebraic groups. This need not be an intrinsic restriction, but its removal requires serious advances in the model theory of fields.
The Mints of the Early Empire
Authors: Mattingly H.
Published: May 2006

My object in this paper is to present to students of Roman history a general view of the imperial coinage from Augustus to Vespasian, not of course in all its details, but mainly with reference to (1) the mints at which and (2) the authorities by whom it was issued. It is a subject on which recent numismatic research has yielded novel and interesting results, which are probably not yet familiar outside specialist circles. My conclusions are based mainly on independent research work, conducted in the Medal Room of the British Museum, in the years 1912–1914; but I gratefully acknowledge my debt to fellow-workers in the field—M. Mowat, E. Gabrici, the Rev. E. A. Sydenham, to name only a few—above all to L. Laffranchi, who has worked out in detail a number of points which I have only had time to raise and to whose work I shall have more than once to refer.
Further notes on Britannia coin-types
Authors: Toynbee Jocelyn
Published: May 2006

(1) In connexion with the two Antonine types of Britannia with the legionary standard, described in my paper on ‘Britannia on Roman Coins of the Second Century A.D.’ (J.R.S. xiv, p. 149 and note 2, plate xxiv, 5, 6), it should have been mentioned that there are two other provinces, besides Britannia, which are represented with this attribute instead of the usual vexillum. Both the Dacia of Hadrian (Cohen, Les monnaies de l'empire romain, 2, 11, pp. 150, 151, nos. 526–533) and her Trajanic predecessor (ibid. p. 31, nos. 125–127) hold a legionary standard, the former in her right hand, the latter in her left, and the same attribute appears in the Dacia Felix of Traianus Decius (Cohen, 2, V, p. 188, nos. 30–36). Secondly, Traianus Decius' Pannoniae types (ibid. pp. 193–4, nos. 79–89) have the legionary standard, contrasting in this respect with the Pannonia type of Aelius Verus, where the Province holds a vexillum (ibid. pp. 260–1, nos. 24–33). It is possible that the representation of the legionary standard, as opposed to the vexillum, in the case of these three provinces—Britannia, Dacia and Pannonia—may have had some special significance.
Claudius and the Jewish Question at Alexandria
Authors: Jones H. Stuart
Published: May 2006

Until the discoveries of papyri in Egypt began we were practically dependent for our knowledge of Claudius' dealings with the Jews on the notice of their expulsion from Rome in A.D. 49 contained in the Acts of the Apostles, coupled with the mysterious allusion in Suetonius—Judaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantes Roma expulit—which is generally interpreted as containing the earliest reference to the relations of Christianity with the Imperial government, and on certain passages in Josephus, which shew the influence wielded by the two Agrippas, father and son, and Herod, the elder brother of Agrippa I, at the court of Claudius and exerted by them on behalf of their co-religionists.
Studies in Early Christian Epigraphy
Authors: Calder W. M.
Published: May 2006

The publication of a second fourth-century epitaph from Laodicea Combusta, engraved on the tomb of two of its bishops, Severus and Eugenius, calls for fresh study, from a new angle, of the epitaph of the persecuted bishop Julius Eugenius of the same city, which was first published (with a provisional text) in the Expositor in 1908, and has already become the subject of a considerable literature. An opportunity therefore offers itself to present English readers with a complete and (I hope) final text of the bishop's epitaph. This is all the more necessary that an English version, inaccurate in almost every detail, has been incorporated in a text-book issued by the Cambridge University Press.
The Architectural Decoration in Terracotta from Early Latin Temples in the Museo di Villa Giulia
Authors: Strong S. Arthur
Published: May 2006

The republican art of Rome and Latium has been much neglected. Even the admirable article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica which is signed by one of our foremost scholars, the same writer's Companion to Roman Studies, and the article on Roman art in the Cambridge Companion to Latin Studies begin the subject of Roman art with Augustus, or give only the briefest of indications for what precedes; yet more can be done in the way of reconstructing a picture of the earlier period than most archaeologists suppose, and it is my purpose in the present paper to show how the fictile decorations from the early Latin temples can be used to this end. My examples are taken mainly from the collection of terracotta recently arranged in the new wing of the Museo di Villa Giulia. These form a homogeneous group from sites in the immediate vicinity of Rome, and they are exhibited as far as possible in chronological order, so that the development of this branch of art can be studied from its earliest manifestations to its decay in the last century of the republic, when terracotta decoration had to give way to the marble sculptures introduced in the wake of Hellenistic art.
Architectural terracotta ornamentation in Rome from the sixth to the fourth century B.C.
Authors: Van Buren A. W.
Published: May 2006

The interesting constructions of the late republican period, and the great buildings of imperial Rome, loom so large before us that it is difficult to realise the remains of earlier periods when temples and other public edifices were of humble proportions, built of local stone and adorned merely with terracotta. Yet in Rome itself numerous early terracottas have come to light; and their broken fragments can help us to form an idea of the fictile decoration used in the Rome of the early republic, and of the appearance of the city at that date.
An Inscription recently found at Bordeaux
Authors: Courteault Paul
Published: May 2006

In the autumn of 1921 a scheme for the extension of the Exchange at Bordeaux led to the demolition of certain properties in the Rue du Pont-de-la-Mousque. During the operations the workmen encountered the original Roman wall of the town, built about A.D. 300 as a result of the great invasion of A.D. 276. The Chamber of Commerce, on the enlightened initative of their President, M. Étienne Huyard, decided to follow up the discovery by a systematic and careful excavation. The decision was justified by its happy results. Many interesting objects which had been utilized as building material were brought to light. These included a votive altar with an inscription which is of peculiar importance because of the light which it throws on the early relations of Gaul and Britain. A brief account of it may not be unwelcome to readers of the Journal of Roman Studies.
The Roman Fort at Huntcliff, near Saltburn
Authors: Hornsby W. , Stanton R.
Published: May 2006

Some fifty years ago, three labourers in the employment of the late Mr. Rigg of Brough House were digging soil near the summit of Huntcliff, and stumbled upon some ancient walling and other remains. The find was reported to and inspected by Canon Greenwell and the late Canon Atkinson, and was duly chronicled by the latter as Roman, but nothing was done to pursue the enquiry. Quite lately, however, the present writers secured at an auction sale, for the sum of threepence, the remains then unearthed; they also came upon Mr. James Bell, who had superintended the digging and was able to point out its exact spot, and they determined to dig further.
Some Notable Judicia Populi on Capital Charges
Authors: Hardy E. G.
Published: May 2006

Though I have described my paper as “some notable judicia populi,” I must make the somewhat paradoxical explanation that more than half the cases dealt with never reached the stage of being judicia populi at all. Still, but for suicide or voluntary exile, or the dropping of the preliminary trial, they would all of them have had to come before the people, and I hope that this will justify my title.
Some conjectures on the reign of Vespasian
Authors: McElderry R. Knox
Published: May 2006

It is to be feared that the greater part of the Histories of Tacitus is lost beyond recall: Latin literature appears but rarely among the treasures of the sands of Egypt. The consequent gap in our knowledge is very imperfectly filled by the records that do remain. It is certain that many events of importance have been wholly passed over in them, while many others are referred to in such an incidental and cursory way that varying interpretations seem possible, and conjecture becomes permissible and even necessary.

We know in general that Vespasian was an energetic reformer and reorganiser: it may be possible, even with our fragmentary evidence, to trace his reorganisation of the two wealthiest provinces, Asia and Africa, somewhat more fully than has hitherto been done. With regard to Asia, the conjecture seems justifiable that Eprius Marcellus was Vespasian's agent for reform, and that his prolonged tenure of the proconsulship of Asia is to be so explained. And in Africa, there may be some reason for supposing that Q. Vibius Crispus performed a similar service, and that his proconsulship there was similarly extended.
Roman Malta
Authors: Ashby Thomas
Published: May 2006

The Maltese islands, Malta, the ancient Melite, Gozo, the ancient Gaulus, and three lesser islets, lie in the centre of the Mediterranean in a significant position. They command the highway of sea-borne traffic between east and west, and they form a link between north and south, between Sicily and Tunis. They are small, indeed; their whole area is about four-fifths that of the Isle of Wight, but they are in their own fashion very fertile, their seas are rich in fish, and their coasts have many harbours. Naturally they have long been inhabited; they have a real and, for certain centuries, a stirring history. Their closest geographical kinship is with Sicily, which is less than sixty miles north of Gozo, and can easily be seen in clear weather from the higher parts of the islands. Hence, perhaps, it was that during seven centuries of the Roman period, just as during five centuries of the middle ages, they were connected especially with Sicily; but their relations with the more distant African coast and with the eastern and western waters of the Mediterranean are too strong to allow them to be called purely Sicilian or even purely European, and they have often owned other allegiance.
Studies in the Campanian ‘Villae Rusticae.’
Authors: Carrington R. C.
Published: May 2006

The remains of 39 villas have been discovered, up to the present, in the region which was covered by lapilli and ash during the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. Twelve of these were excavated between the years 1749 and 1782, in the vicinity of Castellammare di Stabia; the rest have been excavated during the last half-century, either in the immediate neighbourhood of Pompeii or in the territory of the modern comuni adjoining it (Boscoreale, Scafati, Gragnano). A list of 36 of the villas arranged in the chronological order of their excavation is given in Rostovtzeff's Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Rostovtzeff concludes his note with the words ‘Useful work could be done by a scholar who would devote a little time and care to a study of the Campanian “villae rusticae,” and endeavour to investigate the history of the buildings.’ Unfortunately all of the villas were buried again after their excavation, and, in investigating the history of the buildings, we have only the scanty information furnished by the reports, which, often amounts to nothing at all. Inability to see the buildings, however, would not be such a great disadvantage if, at the time of the excavation, adequate records had been made of the building materials used, and the methods of their use.
Roman Citizenship in Laconia
Authors: Box Herbert
Published: May 2006

Not every Greek who bore a Roman name was a Roman citizen. Dittenberger formulated the rule by which the possession of Roman citizenship may be inferred. He writes of the inscription Κορνήλιος Άφροδεισιεὺς ἐποίει

‘Da auch kein Cognomen steht, ist der Gentilname offenbar nicht als solcher, sondern als Individualname gebraucht, was in römischer Zeit in Griechenland zuweilen vorkommt und da am sichersten zu erkennen ist, wo der Vatername im Genetiv dazutritt (Αντώνιος Μενάνδρου, CIA iii, 1133), oder der Name selbst ‘patronymisch verwendet wird (Βειτάλιος Πομπωνίου, IG Sept. i, 2445), oder beides zugleich stattfindet (Αντώνιος Άντωνίου, CIA iii, 1120). Alles dies hat bei einem wirklichen Gentilnamen absolut keinen Sinn; aber auch die Bezeichnung eines Griechen bloss mit einem nomen gentile kann nur so verstanden werden, dass dies an Stelle eines griechischen Individualnamens gebraucht ist. Folgeweise hat man in diesen Fällen auch nicht das mindeste Recht, aus dem lateinischen Namen auf den Besitz des römischen Bürgerrechts zu schliessen.’
The Fate of Agricola's Northern Conquests
Authors: Pryce T. Davies , Birley Eric
Published: May 2006

The problem of the duration of the first Roman occupation of Scotland is an interesting and important one, and it has been the subject of considerable discussion since the excavation of Newstead added the evidence of archaeology to that of the scanty literary sources. There can be no doubt that, by the time that Hadrian's Wall was planned, Agricola's conquests north of Cheviot had been relinquished by the Romans, but it is not definitely known at what date after his recall, late in the year A.D. 84, the withdrawal took place. There are four emperors under whom the change of frontier policy thus effected may have occurred—Domitian, Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian. The latter's evacuation of most of Trajan's Eastern acquisitions seemed, at one time, to qualify him as the author of a similar limitation of the Empire's extent in Britain.
Jvppiter Capitolinvs
Authors: Jitta Annie Zadoks
Published: May 2006

The bronze statuette shown in plates ii and iii (2), which represents an enthroned deity, has recently come to Holland from an old Italian collection and is now in private hands. It is 14 cm. high and is hollow; the back has been modelled to just below the waist; the feet are finished in the round. It is of excellent quality and very well preserved and is covered by a light green patina, here and there unfortunately affected by corrosion. The attributes in the right and the left hand are missing; the right thumb and little finger are broken off; the left arm is slightly twisted.

The god, evidently Zeus or Juppiter, is represented with nude torso; a himation covers waist and legs and is arranged on the lap in a kind of loop; the feet are shod with sandals. The right hand is stretched forwards with upturned palm; the left hand is raised high, and clearly once held a long sceptre. The left leg is thrust forward, the right somewhat drawn in, and the head is turned slightly to the right.
Snake-thread Glasses found in the East
Authors: Harden D. B.
Published: May 2006

Perhaps the most remarkable product of Rhenish glass-furnaces during the Imperial period is the well-known fabric bearing polychrome or monochrome applied decoration. These are the glasses termed by German archaeologists ‘Schlangenfaden’ or ‘snake-thread’ glass. They are of various shapes and were produced in great numbers from the last quarter of the second to the fourth century A.D., probably largely, if not entirely, at Cologne.
The Rôle of Basilides in the events of A.D. 69
Authors: Scott Kenneth
Published: May 2006

In the establishing of Vespasian on the imperial throne an important part was played by Ti. Iulius Alexander, the prefect of Egypt. Before any decisive step was taken by Vespasian, the Egyptian prefect had deliberated with either Mucianus or Vespasian, or with both, and had pledged his support. The prefect was, moreover, the first to have his soldiers take the oath of allegiance to Vespasian, on July 1st, 69. The die was cast by Vespasian at the conclusion of a conference held with Mucianus at Mt. Carmel, and it is only reasonable to suppose that Ti. Iulius Alexander had a representative at this all-important meeting. I suggest that there was such a representative, a certain Basilides, concerning whom we have considerable information.
‘Romanità’ throughout the Ages
Authors: Strong E.
Published: May 2006

The Exhibition of 1938, held in honour of the bimillenary of the birth of Augustus (‘Mostra Augustea della Romanità’), magnificent though it was, represented only one phase in a continuous scheme for displaying by means of monuments the full extent of the Roman dominion—its origin, growth, development and the abiding effect of its culture on the modern world. Hardly has it closed but a grandiose scheme is shaping rapidly for reconstructing it on a vast and permanent basis. This new ‘Mostra’ will form part of the International Exhibition of the year 1942— the ‘E. 42’, as it is already commonly called—a large model of which has now been set up in a pavilion outside the Exhibition grounds together with numerous plans and views of details.
The Death of Julian the Apostate in a Christian Legend
Authors: Baynes Norman H.
Published: May 2006

The Emperor Julian stood to the Roman world of the fourth century as the personification of the older faith, and with him died the hopes of a pagan restoration. His death came at a critical moment, and both pagan and Christian felt that it could have been no human hand which dealt the fatal blow. To Kallistos Julian was the victim of a demon : Κάλλιστος δέ, writes Socrates, ὁ ἐν τοῖς οἰϰείοις τοῦ βασιλέως στρατευόμενος (i.e. as one of the imperial domestici), ἱστορήσας τὰ ϰατ᾿ αὐτὸν ἐν ἡρωιϰῷ μέτρῳ, τὸν τότε πόλεμον διηγούμενος ὑπὸ δαίμονος βληθέντα τελευτῆσαι ϕηαίν. The comment of the Christian historian is interesting : ὅπερ τυχὸν μὲν ὡς ποιητὴς ἔπλασε, τυχὸν δὲ ϰαί οὕτως ἔχει· πολλοὺσς γὰρ ἐριννύες μετῆλθον. Libanius pictures the blessings which men anticipated under Julian's rule and adds ταῦτα ϰαὶ ἔτι πλείω προσδοϰώμενα χορὸς φθονερῶν ἀφείλετο δαιμόνων. To the Christian similarly it was the saints who had fulfilled the will of Heaven in removing the Apostate persecutor of the Church, though a human assassin could hardly have been condemned—σχολῇ γε ἄν τις ϰαὶ αὐτῷ μέμψαιτο διὰ Θεόν ϰαὶ θρησϰείαν ἣν ἐπῄνεσεν ἀνδρείῳ γενομένῳ.
The Wilshere Collection at Pusey House in Oxford
Authors: Webster T. B. L.
Published: May 2006

This collection of miscellaneous objects of very varying date and provenance, though mostly of the early Christian period, was formed by the late Mr. C. Wilshere, and bequeathed by him to Pusey House, Oxford, where it was installed about three years ago, having been previously at its owner's house in Hertfordshire. It was formed by purchases made at various times and places, though chiefly in Rome. The present writer was invited by Dr. Darwell Stone, the Principal of Pusey House, to catalogue the collection: through his kindness the present note is published. The most interesting parts of the collection are the inscriptions, mostly tombstones, some unpublished, and the gold glass, all published, but better plates are given here. I should like to take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to Professor J. D. Beazley, Mr. M. N. Tod, Mr. D. Talbot Rice, and Mr. R. P. Longden, for the help they gave me in making the catalogue. The numbers are those of my Ms. catalogue.
Political Morality and the Friends of Scipio
Authors: Walbank F. W.
Published: May 2006

The dramatic date is the Feriae Latinae of 129 B.C., the consulship of Tuditanus and Aquilius, the scene the gardens of Scipio Aemilianus, the theme for discussion the Roman state. Who could expound the subject better than Aemilianus himself for, says Laelius, ‘not only is it proper that an eminent statesman rather than anyone else should discuss the State, but also I recollect that you used to converse very frequently with Panaetius on this subject in company with Polybius—two Greeks who were perhaps the best versed of them all in politics—and that you assembled many arguments to prove that the form of government handed down to us by our ancestors is by far the best of all.’ Here is Cicero's assurance that sometime before 129 Panaetius, Scipio and Polybius used to discuss the Roman State together—though he does not tell us when or where. According to Velleius Scipio kept Polybius and Panaetius,praecellentis ingenio uiros, beside himdomi militiaeque, so many opportunities for such conversations offered themselves. Was Panaetius perhaps present, like Polybius, at the siege of Carthage? Possibly, though there is no proof. For it is now generally agreed that Panaetius' voyage with Telephus' fleet and the two years devoted to general education (πρὸς φιλομάθησιν)—or was it research?—before he went to Athens (which we learn of from a fragmentary passage in theIndex Stoicorumdiscovered at Herculaneum) have nothing to do with any ships the Rhodians may have sent to help Rome during the siege of Carthage (as Cichorius thought), but belong to Panaetius' early years.
The Aldgate Potter: A Maker of Romano-British Samian Ware
Authors: Simpson Grace
Published: May 2006

The potters who left the declining South Gaulish Samian factories in order to start their own workshops at Lezoux, in Central Gaul, experienced in their turn the loss of potters who, after learning the craft, went away to start the many small Samian factories which existed in East Gaul and Germany during the second and early third centuries. Many of these were so successful that their products were used in quantity in north-east Gaul and the Rhineland, and even reached many sites in Britain. To mention only a few, the wares from Lavoye and La Madeleine are notable at Corbridge and South Shields, and much Trier ware has been found at Corbridge.
Personal Names inAnnalsI–VI
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: May 2006

Names of persons in theCodex Mediceus priorexhibit familiar corruptions, and many of the necessary corrections were easily made. The cogent evidence was often external—the same character appeared elsewhere in Tacitus, or in some other writer, and inscriptions might certify the orthography of a name or even permit the identification of an individual. None the less, there were, and there are, traps and uncertainties. First, an inoffensive or unimpeachable name need not be correct. Nobody would have suspected ‘Livius’ (Ann.II, 30, I—twice) : only later passages (IV, 13, 2; 28, I) showed that the person referred to was in fact Vibius Serenus. And ‘Vescularius Atticus” (Ann.VI, 10, 2) would stand but for ‘Vescularius Flaccus ’ (II, 28, I). Secondly, the rarity (genuine or only fancied) of a name has often been allowed to impugn it. On the contrary, if agentiliciumis uncommon, or even unique, that is no ground for discomfort. The nomenclature of Italy is startling, fantastic and myriad in its manifestations. TheAnnalsof Tacitus display names which, deceptively familiar from their occurrence in a classical text, are yet of a rarity to adorn an onomatological aviary.
The Limes Tripolitanus in the Light of Recent Discoveries
Authors: Goodchild R. G. , Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: May 2006

The Limes Tripolitanus, the easternmost of the series of limites protecting the Latin provinces of Roman Africa, ran for some 1,000 km. from Turris Tamalleni (the modern Telmine, on the edge of the Chott el Djerid) to its eastern terminus at Arae Philaenorum (Muktar, near ‘Marble Arch’) on the border of ancient Cyrenaica. Of this total length the western 300 km. lie within the confines of the French Protectorate of Tunisia, and for this sector Cagnat's admirable summary of the archaeological evidence, although written in 1912, has not been seriously outdated by any more recent explorations. The eastern sector, also of 300 km., from the great salt-marsh of Sebcha Tauorga to Arae Philaenorum, is still completely unknown, and its character cannot be profitably discussed until exploration has been carried out : it should, however, be observed that in this eastern zone the limes must have followed the bleak shores of the Greater Syrtis, where there were few coastal centres of importance, and virtually no Romanized hinterland.