bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LeuRS‐Targeting Prodrug, MRX‐5, Expresses Anti‐Mycobacterium abscessus Activity
Authors: Li Anqi , He Siyuan , Jia Yaping , Fan Junsheng , Liu Shicong , Wang Xinghai , Zhang Zhemin , Chu Haiqing
Published: February 2025

Mycobacterium abscessus is a multi‐drug resistant pathogen presenting significant treatment challenges. This study evaluated MRX‐5, an oral prodrug of the leucyl‐tRNA synthetase inhibitor MRX‐6038, for its efficacy against M. abscessus both in vitro and in vivo. Stability testing of MRX‐5 was conducted using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in Middlebrook 7H9 broth at 35°C. Following this, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of MRX‐5 were determined against two reference strains and 17 clinical isolates of M. abscessus. In the in vivo experiments, the pharmacokinetic properties of MRX‐5 were assessed first, followed by efficacy testing conducted in a neutropenic BALB/c mouse model of M. abscessus lung infection. Remarkably, the conversion of MRX‐5 to MRX‐6038 in liquid broth was complete within 72 h, and MRX‐5 demonstrated reduced potency compared to MRX‐6038 in vitro. In vivo, MRX‐5 was efficiently converted to MRX‐6038, achieving an oral bioavailability of 83.95% and significant lung distribution. In the mouse model of pulmonary M. abscessus infection, MRX‐5 effectively reduced bacterial load and exhibited antimicrobial activity comparable to that of linezolid. In conclusion, MRX‐5 exhibited favourable lung distribution and in vivo efficacy against M. abscessus, positioning it as a promising candidate for the oral treatment of M. abscessus infections.
Corticosterone‐Induced Myocardial Dysfunctions and the Cardioprotective Role of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid: An Experimental Study in Mice
Authors: Zhou Houyuan , Chen Xiaoying , Tao Yanlin , Li Zikang , Wu Hui , Shi Hailian , Wu Xiaojun , Huang Fei
Published: February 2025

Background

Major depressive disorder increases cardiovascular risk through stress‐induced elevated cortisol levels. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a bile acid, has been reported to have anti‐inflammatory, anti‐depressive and cardioprotective effects. However, the effects of stress‐induced myocardial dysfunctions remain unclear. Our study aims to investigate corticosterone‐induced myocardial dysfunctions and the role of TUDCA in rescuing such dysfunctions.

Methods

To achieve this, experiments were conducted on mice that had been exposed to corticosterone, with treatment involving TUDCA. We first evaluated depression‐like behaviours using the open field test, forced swimming test and sucrose preference test, and assessed cardiac function using echocardiography. We then analysed the levels of norepinephrine (NE), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2)/Bcl‐2 Associated X‐protein (Bax) using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot, respectively. Finally, we investigated gene expression and signalling pathways through RNA‐sequencing, which were further validated by qRT‐PCR.

Results

The results demonstrate that corticosterone administration induced depression‐like behaviours in mice, including a significant increase in immobility time during the tail suspension test and a significant decrease in the sucrose preference rate. Additionally, it induced cardiac dysfunction in mice, including a decrease in ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Furthermore, corticosterone administration resulted in an increase in left ventricular volume‐systolic and left ventricular end‐systolic volume index in the mouse left ventricular myocardium. Moreover, it elevated the NE concentration in mouse serum and decreased ATP levels and the Bcl‐2/Bax protein expression ratio in the mouse left ventricular tissue. Notably, these detrimental changes were rescued by TUDCA treatment. Additionally, corticosterone affected genes related to cardiac muscle contraction and mitochondrial function, while TUDCA countered this impact by modulating genes associated with muscle processes and ion transport, potentially alleviating myocardial contractile dysfunction.

Conclusion

Overall, our results suggest that corticosterone induces depression‐like behaviours, cardiac dysfunction, elevated serum NE levels, reduced ATP and a decreased Bcl‐2/Bax ratio, disrupting myocardial contraction and mitochondrial function. TUDCA effectively reversed these effects and modulated genes linked to muscle contraction and ion transport, highlighting its potential in mitigating corticosterone‐induced behavioural and cardiac impairments.
Skeletal recovery rates in a New England environment
Authors: Pokines James T. , Mainville Ashley
Published: February 2025

The present research examined the recovery rates of skeletal elements from forensic anthropology case report inventories at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Massachusetts, with cases from 1979 through 2023 and from five contexts: terrestrial ground surface (n = 65), marine/freshwater (n = 49), cemetery burial (n = 67), recent burial (n = 5), and previous anatomical teaching specimens (n = 38). Element representation was highest in recent burial and terrestrial environments, followed by previous anatomical remains, marine/freshwater environments, and lowest in cemetery environments. The cranium was the highest represented element in all contexts (between 45.0% [marine] and 100.0% [burial]), and most contexts followed the same general patterns of element representation with high representation of the long bones, higher representation of the lower axial skeleton (os coxae, lumbar vertebrae) vs. the thoracic and cervical vertebrae, and overall low representation of the hyoid, sternal body, patellae, and elements of the hands and feet. These recovery rates are related to the typical taphonomic agencies encountered in these environments, recovery context and methods, and inherent bone properties. Knowledge of these differing patterns may aid in the determination of the origin of unknown remains, highlight recovery and identification methods in need of greater focus, and support the utilization of forensic anthropologists in medicolegal casework.
Public perceptions of nutrition diagnosis terminology and implications for clinical practice
Authors: Mauldin Kasuen , Pignotti Giselle A. , Chen Susan
Published: February 2025

Aim

This study aimed to investigate public perceptions of the Nutrition Care Process standardised diagnosis terms.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study used a 5‐point Likert scale survey asking participants to rate nutrition diagnosis terms based on the degree of acceptability (offensiveness). Inclusion criteria were adults ≥18 years, living in the United States and fluent in English. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis and chi‐squared tests were conducted, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Qualitative analysis of optional written participant comments was conducted, using an inductive‐deductive thematic analysis approach.

Results

The majority of participants (n = 185, average age 46.5 ± 17.8 years) were female (77.8%), White (80.5%), degree‐educated (79.5%) and did not work in healthcare (73.0%). The top offensive term was ‘undesirable food choices’ (20.5% rated the term as offensive). Younger participants found the terms ‘undesirable food choices’ and ‘obesity’ more offensive compared to older adults (p < 0.05). Qualitative analysis revealed concerns with and/or understandability of specific nutrition diagnosis terms.

Conclusions

In general, nutrition diagnosis terms were considered acceptable by study participants. The main offensive terms are in the Behavioral‐Environmental domain. Findings from our study serve as a foundation for further research and provide rationale to advocate for changes to Nutrition Care Process terminology in the spirit of fostering more inclusive, person‐centred care.
Life's Essential 8 and Risk of All‐Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in US Adults With Arthritis: A Retrospective Cohort Study Utilizing NHANES Database
Authors: Yao Feiyu , Zhang Jiafeng , Li Xianhua , Sun Meng , Shih Po‐Cheng , Li Tuo
Published: February 2025

Background

Life's Essential 8 (LE8) is a recently updated algorithm for evaluating cardiovascular health (CVH). This study investigates the association between LE8 and mortality risk among individuals with arthritis in the United States.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the US National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2018. Participants with arthritis were included. Mortality data, including underlying causes of death, were obtained through linkage to national death records up to December 31, 2019. LE8 components (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep, body mass index, blood lipids, glucose, and pressure) were measured and scored from 0 to 100. The total LE8 score, calculated as the unweighted average of all components, was categorized into low (0–49), moderate (50–79), and high (80–100) CVH. We employed Kaplan–Meier curves to estimate survival probabilities and weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Stratified analyses and interaction tests were performed to explore potential effect modifications.

Results

Among 4519 participants with arthritis (median follow‐up: 7.67 years), we observed 793 all‐cause deaths, including 213 CVD deaths. Every 10‐point increase in the LE8 score was associated with a 17% lower risk of all‐cause mortality (HR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.77–0.89) and a 25% lower risk of CVD mortality (HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.66–0.85). Compared to the lowest CVH tertile, individuals in the highest tertile demonstrated a 38% lower risk of all‐cause mortality (HR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.41–0.92) and a 62% lower risk of CVD mortality (HR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18–0.80). Kaplan–Meier survival curves revealed significantly higher survival probability for patients with high CVH compared to those with lower CVH (log‐rank p < 0.05). Stratified analyses confirmed consistent associations across various subgroups. Similar findings were observed in sensitivity analyses focusing on osteoarthritis and other arthritis subtypes.

Conclusion

Higher adherence to LE8 recommendations is associated with reduced risks of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality among US adults with arthritis.
Effects of Postoperative Complications on Overall Survival Following Esophagectomy: A Meta‐Analysis Using the Restricted Mean Survival Time Analysis
Authors: Yang Yongbo , Han Chunyang , Xing Xing , Qin Zhen , Wang Qianning , Lan Lu , Zhu He
Published: February 2025

Objective

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive meta‐analysis of the effects of postoperative complications (PCs) on survival following esophagectomy using the restricted mean survival time (RMST) analysis.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Medline, including articles published up to July 2024. Data were reconstructed from Kaplan–Meier curves, and the difference in RMST (RMSTD) and the RMST/restricted mean time loss (RMTL) ratios were calculated to examine the effects of PCs on overall survival.

Results

A total of 12 articles, including 7925 patients, met the inclusion criteria. RMSTD estimates indicate that patients with overall PCs survived an average of 0.04 years shorter (RMSTD = ‐0.04, 95% CI: −0.06, −0.03) than those without PCs at the 1‐year follow‐up and 0.39 years shorter (RMSTD = −0.39, 95% CI: −0.55, −0.22) at the 5‐year follow‐up. Patients with anastomotic leaks survived an average of 0.34 years shorter (RMSTD = −0.34, 95% CI: −0.49, −0.19), and patients with pulmonary complications survived an average of 0.63 years shorter (RMSTD = −0.63, 95% CI: −0.81, −0.45) at the 5‐year follow‐up. Additionally, RMTL ratios were estimated to be 1.21 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.31) for overall PCs, 1.19 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.28) for anastomotic leaks, and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.36, 1.73) for pulmonary complications at the 5‐year follow‐up, respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings quantified the annual negative impact of PCs of esophageal cancer on overall patient survival following esophagectomy. Increased efforts are needed to enhance prevention, early screening, and timely treatment for complications, particularly for patients with pulmonary complications.
Intra‐industry Performance Ranking and Relative Performance Evaluation
Authors: Wu Xiaohua (Stephen)
Published: February 2025

This study examines the association between firms’ intra‐industry performance ranking and the use of relative performance evaluation (RPE) in executive compensation plans. It finds an inverted U‐shape association between firms’ intra‐industry performance ranking and the use of RPE (i.e., compared to bottom‐ and top‐ranked firms, middle‐ranked firms are more likely to use RPE). This effect could be explained by the availability of similar peers in RPE incentive contracting: I find that both bottom‐ and top‐ranked firms have fewer similar peers, limiting their opportunities to efficiently practise RPE compared to middle‐ranked firms. Finally, the inverted U‐shape association is more pronounced for firms with higher potential costs induced by heterogeneous peers and for RPE that uses self‐selected peer groups. Overall, this study provides new evidence of the determinants of RPE use and suggests that the incentivization effect of RPE compensation plans varies with firms’ intra‐industry performance ranking.
Carbon assurance: Does it have an impact on credit ratings?
Authors: Safiullah Md , Nguyen Linh Thi My , Houqe Muhammad Nurul , Batten Jonathan
Published: February 2025

This paper examines the impact of firm‐level carbon assurance on credit ratings among U.S. publicly traded firms. The findings reveal a positive relationship, indicating that carbon assurance enhances credit ratings by reducing information asymmetry and attracting analyst following. These results are robust to alternative measures of variables, model specifications, and endogeneity tests. U.S. firms with higher carbon assurance benefit from improved creditworthiness, particularly in competitive markets and Democratic‐leaning states. These findings support signalling theory and show the strategic importance of carbon assurance in credit assessments and corporate sustainability.
Disentangling the effects of nicotine versus non‐nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke on major depressive disorder: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Burke Chloe , Taylor Gemma , Freeman Tom P. , Sallis Hannah , Wootton Robyn E. , Munafò Marcus R. , Dardani Christina , Khouja Jasmine
Published: February 2025

Background and aims

There is growing evidence that tobacco smoking causes depression, but it is unclear which constituents of tobacco smoke (e.g. nicotine, carbon monoxide) may be responsible. We used Mendelian randomisation (MR) to measure the independent effect of nicotine on depression, by adjusting the effect of circulating nicotine exposure [via nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR)] for the overall effect of smoking heaviness [via cigarettes per day (CPD)] to account for the non‐nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke.

Design

Univariable MR and multivariable MR (MVMR) were used to measure the total and independent effects of genetic liability to NMR and CPD on major depressive disorder (MDD). Our primary method was inverse variance weighted (IVW) regression, with other methods as sensitivity analyses.

Setting and participants

For the exposures, we used genome‐wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics among European ancestry individuals for CPD (n = 143 210) and NMR (n = 5185). For the outcome, a GWAS of MDD stratified by smoking status was conducted using individual‐level data from UK Biobank (n = 35 871–194 881).

Measurements

Genetic variants associated with NMR (n = 6) and CPD (n = 53).

Findings

Univariable MR‐IVW indicated a causal effect of CPD on MDD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.23, P = 0.003] but no clear evidence for an effect of NMR on MDD (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97–1.00, P = 0.134). MVMR indicated a causal effect of CPD on MDD when accounting for NMR (IVW: OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.03–1.37, P = 0.017; Egger: OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.89–1.43, P = 0.300) and weak evidence of a small effect of NMR on MDD when accounting for CPD (IVW: OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96–1.00, P = 0.057; Egger: OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96–1.00, P = 0.038).

Conclusions

The role of nicotine exposure in risk of depression cannot be entirely dismissed. However, the causal effect of tobacco smoking increasing depression risk appears to be largely independent of circulating nicotine exposure, which implies the role of alternative causal pathways.
Quantifying Past and Predicting Future Cumulative Loss of Habitat for a Critically Endangered Nomadic Bird
Authors: Crates Ross , Ruser Nathan , Heinsohn Robert
Published: February 2025

Cumulative impacts occur through piecemeal habitat loss and are challenging to account for in planning decisions that are made on a case‐by‐case basis. Quantifying cumulative impacts is particularly difficult for nomadic species with large ranges, specific habitat requirements, and irregular movement patterns. We used a Geographic Information System approach to quantify past and predict future loss of important wintering habitat for the critically endangered swift parrot Lathamus discolor within the Hunter‐Central Coast of New South Wales—an area of high importance to the species. Based on current NSW Government biodiversity assessment method (BAM) important habitat mapping, 717 ha of BAM important swift parrot habitat has been lost over the past two decades, representing 1.4% of the extent of important habitat in the Hunter‐Central Coast. Over the next two decades, between 1.9% and 17.9% of current BAM important swift parrot habitat could be lost based on current planning data. Replacing the BAM mapping with a Maxent species distribution model, 10 081 ha of potentially important swift parrot habitat has been lost in the HCC over the past two decades, representing 1.71% of the current extent. Over the coming two decades, between 3289 and 19 643 ha of Maxent important swift parrot habitat could be lost, representing 2.4%–14.1% of the current area. The estimated loss is in addition to the severe loss that has already occurred in the Hunter‐Central Coast and elsewhere within the swift parrot's winter range since European colonisation. Our study highlights the risks to threatened species of small‐scale but sequential habitat loss, and how estimates of the extent of habitat loss vary depending how important habitat is defined. We discuss the implications of our findings for better considering cumulative impacts in planning processes and how to minimise the cumulative loss of important habitat for endangered species.
Transformation of the Historical Narratives of the Second World War and the Decommunisation of Memory Policy in Ukraine
Authors: Honcharenko Nadiia
Published: February 2025

In the research note I will analyse the changes of historical narrative of the Second World War and transformation of memory policy in contemporary Ukraine. The aim is to highlights the deconstruction of Soviet mythology of the Great Patriotic War, and the gradual formation of Ukrainian dimension of war instead. The impact of key actors in Ukraine's memory policy will be described, including: scholars who introduced new approaches for deconstruction the Soviet concept of the Great Patriotic War and have been creating a new historical narrative; authors of history textbooks who have been updating the content and improving the teaching methodology; Presidents of Ukraine and politicians who, by decrees and laws, propose changes of official discourse and memorial practices. Decolonisation a historical narrative, as well as the decommunisation of state memory policy in Ukraine regarding the Second World War were perceived by contemporary Russia as a threat. So, the accusations of Ukraine's distortion of the “truth” about the war and the alleged spread of “fascism” and “neo‐Nazism” in Ukraine play a significant role in the Russian hybrid war against Ukraine which started in 2014—and in 2022 evolved into justification for full‐scale aggression.
Impact of moral conviction on social networking: Roles of seeking cognitive consistency and shared reality in opinion homophily
Authors: Kasahara Iori , Karasawa Minoru
Published: February 2025

Moralisation of political attitudes can contribute to conflicts among individuals and groups, fostering societal polarisation. People are inclined to communicate more with others who share political beliefs, particularly when these beliefs are moralised. However, the reasons for seeking moral similarity are not entirely clear. The authors investigated two theoretical explanations that people find others who reinforce their moral values more likeable because interacting with like‐minded others (1) maintains their internal cognitive consistency and (2) contributes to creating a shared reality, thereby satisfying epistemic and relational motives. Four online studies revealed a consistent pattern of moral homophily. Participants with stronger moral convictions were more inclined to communicate with others holding similar attitudes. In contrast, moral conviction hardly influenced the avoidance of others who differed in attitudes. As for the motivations underlying moral homophily, our results consistently showed that a composite variable of epistemic trust and relational motivation on a potential communication partner, two major consequences of shared reality creation, plays a vital role. In contrast, cognitive dissonance hardly functioned as a mediator. Finally, meta‐analyses across the studies confirmed the robust nature of moral homophily. Implications of moral conviction through moral homophily are discussed from the perspective of shared reality theory.
Efficacy of different routes of dexamethasone administration for preventing rebound pain following peripheral nerve blocks in adult surgical patients: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Makkar Jeetinder K. , Singh Narinder Pal , Khurana Bisman J. K. , Chawla Janeesha K. , Singh Preet M.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Rebound pain, characterised by intense pain or discomfort as the effects of a peripheral nerve block diminish, remains a clinical problem. Peri‐operative dexamethasone administration may reduce the incidence of rebound pain. This systematic and network meta‐analysis aimed to determine the optimal route of dexamethasone administration for the prevention of rebound pain.

Methods

We searched databases for randomised controlled trials according to pre‐determined criteria. We compared intravenous and perineural dexamethasone as an adjunct to peripheral nerve blocks, with the control group as a common comparator. The primary outcome was the incidence of rebound pain. The likelihood of an intervention ranking highest was calculated using the surface area under the cumulative ranking curve.

Results

In total, 14 studies with 1058 patients were included. When compared with the comparator group, we found that intravenous dexamethasone ranked the highest, with an anticipated effect of 298 fewer cases of rebound pain per 1000 people (odds ratio (OR) (95% credible interval (CrI) 0.12 (0.03–0.44)); moderate certainty evidence). This was followed by perineural dexamethasone with an anticipated effect of 190 fewer cases per 1000 people (OR (95%CrI) 0.34 (0.07–1.32); low certainty evidence). There was no evidence of an effect between the route of administration and time to onset of rebound pain.

Discussion

Intravenous dexamethasone was associated with a high probability of decreasing the incidence of rebound pain following peripheral nerve block. This is based on moderate certainty of evidence. Future studies on identifying the optimal dose are now warranted.
Upsetting the Double Movement? Elite Schisms and Bolsonaro's Brazil in the Context of Global Authoritarian Capitalism
Authors: Deutsch Sierra , Büscher Bram , Coates Robert , Sandroni Laila
Published: February 2025

The brazen political antics and mystifying logics accompanying the contemporary rise of authoritarianism have garnered much interest in academic and popular media. A key question is how to make sense of a politics that seems nonsensical? Using the example of Brazilian governance under Bolsonaro, we combine and build on elite studies, authoritarian neoliberalism, and the double movement literature to address this question. We argue for the conceptualisation of an “elite schism” where a “new elite” is emerging to obfuscate an increasingly co‐constitutive and mutually destructive double movement. In defiance of well‐established elite etiquette, many of these “new elites” demolish socioecological protections with reckless abandon. We then show how this development upsets double movement dynamics to argue that the contemporary authoritarian trend is part of a broader reshuffling of social relations as market expansion pushes societies closer to socioecological collapse. We conclude by highlighting potential opportunities for resistance.
Application of nonparametric approach to extreme value inference in distribution estimation of sample maximum and its properties
Authors: Moriyama T.
Published: February 2025

Extreme value theory has constructed asymptotic properties of the sample maximum. This article concerns probability distribution estimation of the sample maximum. The traditional approach is parametric fitting to the limiting distribution—the generalised extreme value distribution; however, the model in non‐limiting cases is misspecified to a certain extent. We propose a plug‐in type of nonparametric estimator that does not need model specification. Asymptotic properties of the distribution estimator are derived. The simulation study numerically investigates the relative performance in finite‐sample cases. This study assumes that the underlying distribution of the original sample belongs to one of the Hall class, the Weibull class or the bounded class, whose types of the limiting distributions are all different: the Fréchet, Gumbel or Weibull. It is proven that the convergence rate of the parametric fitting estimator depends on both the extreme value index and the second‐order parameter, and gets slower as the extreme value index tends to zero. On the other hand, the rate of the nonparametric estimator is proven to be independent of the extreme value index under certain conditions. The numerical performances of the parametric fitting estimator and the nonparametric estimator are compared, which shows that the nonparametric estimator performs better, especially for the extreme value index close to zero. Finally, we report two real case studies: the Potomac River peak stream flow (cfs) data and the Danish Fire Insurance data.
The EUCAST Disk Diffusion Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Oral Anaerobes
Authors: Jensen Anne Birkeholm , Lau Ellen Frandsen , Greve Thomas , Nørskov‐Lauritsen Niels
Published: February 2025

There is a need for standardized methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of anaerobic bacteria involved in oral and extra‐oral infections. We tested the recently published EUCAST disk diffusion method for rapidly growing anaerobes on selected oral anaerobes. AST of 20 strains of Prevotella spp., 11 strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis, and six Fusobacterium nucleatum complex strains was performed with amoxicillin and metronidazole disks using EUCAST guidelines. Plates were incubated anaerobically, and inhibition zones were evaluated after 20 h (EUCAST recommendations) and again after 44 h. The recommended agar supported the growth of all 38 strains. Twenty‐hour incubation was sufficient for the assessment of inhibition zone diameters of Fusobacterium strains. Although approved for Prevotella, an extended study of Prevotella species showed inconsistent growth within the EUCAST time limit of 20 h for some strains. All P. gingivalis strains required 44 h of incubation for the evaluation of inhibition zones. The EUCAST disk diffusion method for AST of rapidly growing anaerobes is applicable to members of the Fusobacterium nucleatum complex. P. gingivalis and several oral strains of Prevotella needed 44 h of incubation to enable reading of diffusion diameter. Further studies are necessary to validate the prolonged incubation of slow‐growing anaerobes.
Internal Hernia Beneath the Obturator Nerve After Robot‐Assisted Radical Cystectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy: A Case Report With Literature Review
Authors: Naito Zen , Wada Masataka , Shichinohe Toshiaki , Yoshida Ayu , Osawa Takahiro , Abe Takashige , Hirano Satoshi
Published: February 2025

A man in his 40's presented with vomiting and numbness in the right thigh. Eight months earlier, he had undergone robot‐assisted radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a caliber change and a closed loop of the small intestine in the right pelvis, prompting emergency diagnostic laparoscopy. Intraoperative findings showed that the small intestine had herniated into the space between the right obturator nerve and pelvic wall, resulting in strangulated intestinal obstruction. The necrotic small intestine was resected and reconstructed, while preserving the obturator nerve. The hernia orifice was not repaired during the surgery. We encountered a rare case of an internal hernia involving the obturator nerve as the cord. In patients with abdominal distension and thigh symptoms following pelvic lymphadenectomy, internal hernia should be considered. The optimal approach for hernia repair involving the obturator nerve remains undetermined, necessitating a case‐by‐case approach.
Exploring diversity, abundance and ecological impacts of rodents in Saharan agriculture regions (Souf‐Algeria)
Authors: Alia Zeid , Khechekhouche El Amine , Ghemam Amara Djilani , Messaoudi Mohammed , Cherrada Nezar , Sekour Makhlouf , Ahmad Sheikh F. , Attia Sabry M. , Sawicka Barbara , Messaoudi Mohammed
Published: February 2025

The following subject provides an in‐depth look into the significance of rodents in the Souf region concerning agriculture and ecology. The article points out that rodents, as mammals, play a critical role in various ecosystems, with many mammalian species being rodents. They contribute to agriculture, sanitation, food, medicine, ecology and religion. Rodents play a vital role in vegetation dynamics by spreading plant seeds and influencing predator distribution. However, preying on crops can also cause losses in different ways, depending on the plant type and biotope. The study focuses on eight research stations in the Souf region, describing their characteristics and vegetation. The methods used for rodent inventory include fingerprinting, burrow counting and random trapping using different techniques. Statistical methods are then applied to analyse the collected data. The study identifies ten rodent species in the Souf region, belonging to two families, three subfamilies and five genera. The sex distribution varies among species. The study results reveal variations in rodent abundance across different stations and months, with Rattus rattus and Mus musculus being the most common species in certain stations. The diversity and equitability values indicate a relatively balanced distribution among recorded species in the sample period. The study provides comprehensive insights into rodent ecology, behaviour and distribution in the Souf region, emphasizing their importance and potential impacts on agriculture and ecosystems.
Small Feet, Big Prints: The Contribution of Family‐Owned Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Authors: Ahmad Shabir , Alsuhaibany Yazeed
Published: February 2025

It is well established that micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), as a dominant form of business globally, undoubtedly significantly contribute to national economies and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Nonetheless, how family‐owned MSMEs contribute to the SDGs (sustainability performance) is a relatively less explored domain. This study investigates the role of family governance practices and family social capital in achieving economic, social, and environmental goals, corresponding to SDGs 8, 11, and 13, respectively. We collected data from 421 family MSMEs through survey questionnaires. We employed a partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) to test the research hypotheses and analyzed the data in SmartPLS4 software. The findings revealed that effective family governance practices in family MSMEs positively impact economic, social, and environmental SDGs, while well‐managed family social capital catalyzes this significant relationship. This implies that to effectively contribute to the SDGs, the owner family needs to establish an effective family governance mechanism and also manage and capitalize on its social capital.
Salvage low‐dose vs high‐dose brachytherapy for radio‐recurrent prostate cancer
Authors: Xie Shaoqin , Liu Jianjiang , Shen Bin , Xu Huali , Ni Jiajing
Published: February 2025

Objective

To summarise the efficacy and toxicity of salvage low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy (LDR‐BT) and compare these findings with the published data on salvage high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy (HDR‐BT).

Methods

We reviewed PubMed and EMBASE for studies published up to May 2024, mainly focusing on recurrence‐free survival (RFS) with salvage LDR‐BT across subgroups. We also compared RFS and adverse events with HDR‐BT as a secondary objective. We reconstructed survival curves using a semi‐automated tool called WebPlotDigitizer, along with a new shiny application integrated with R.

Results

A total of 31 studies (891 patients) met the inclusion criteria for salvage LDR‐BT. The median RFS of patients treated with salvage LDR‐BT was 131.6 months, with 2‐, 3‐ and 5‐year rates of 84.6%, 74.3% and 63.5%. Lower median age (65–70 years vs 72.3–75 years, hazard ratio [HR] 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.70; P < 0.0001) and higher adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) proportion (83.8%–100% vs 0%–47%, HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.55–0.65; P = 0.036) were positive RFS factors. Compared to HDR‐BT, salvage LDR‐BT demonstrated improved RFS for all patients (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55–0.81; P < 0.0001). Specifically, salvage LDR‐BT exhibited superior RFS (P < 0.05) for patients with a median age ≤70 years at recurrence, a median time from primary treatment to salvage therapy (TPTS) of ≥70 months, a median pre‐salvage prostate‐specific antigen level of ≥5 ng/mL, and a proportion of adjuvant ADT of ≥53%, compared to HDR‐BT. However, LDR‐BT was associated with a higher rate of severe gastrointestinal (GI; 3.5% vs 0.3%, odds ratio [OR] 0.08, 95% CI 0.03–0.28; P < 0.0001) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities (12.7% vs 5.8%, OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.30–0.60; P < 0.001) compared to HDR‐BT.

Conclusions

In specific cohorts, salvage LDR‐BT appears to yield superior RFS but entails a higher incidence of severe GI/GU toxicities compared to HDR‐BT.
Morphosedimentary Response of Rivers Crossing Multiple Fault‐Controlled Subsiding Areas: Field Evidence and Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Sordi Riccardo , Eggenhuisen Joris , Sani Federico , Papini Mauro , Bizzi Simone , Finotello Alvise , Hartley Adrian , Ghinassi Massimiliano
Published: February 2025

Downstream changes of fluvial styles and related grain size triggered by localised tectonically‐induced changes in riverbed gradient are still poorly understood, especially in terms of their impact on the accumulation of alluvial successions. In this study, we analyse the morpho‐sedimentary response of rivers crossing multiple fault‐controlled subsiding areas, by using field data from the age‐constrained, fluvial deposits of the Pleistocene Dandiero Basin (Eritrea) to create scaled, controlled laboratory experiments performed at the Eurotank Stratigraphic Analogue Modelling Facility (Utrecht University, NL). With this experimental series, we quantified the impacts of degradational/aggradational fluvial dynamics showing that stream bed degradation occurs upstream of subsiding depocenters following the localised increase in river slope. Following a tectonic‐induced decrease in river slope, aggradation occurs downstream of the fault zones, and marked in‐channel aggradation promotes the branching of major river trunks into minor channels and the development of unchannelised tabular bodies. Experiments also show that highly subsiding areas promote the accumulation of fine‐grained deposits, but their accumulation zones shift downstream following localised bed aggradation. We show that where multiple subsiding areas occur along a river, localised depocenters separated by degradational areas occur, causing general starvation in the downstream subsiding reaches, where lacustrine deposition became common. These findings suggest that the role of active faults could have been significantly overlooked when studying how changes in allogenic forcings impact alluvial strata. The results obtained in this study offer a solid basis for creating a predictive model for facies distribution in river dynamics, providing insights into detecting neotectonic signatures in active rivers and identifying tectonic imprints on ancient fluvial successions.
Infrastructures and feelings of ontological (in)security in times of crisis: Lessons from rural areas in British Columbia
Authors: Dihlmann Carl‐Jan , Helbrecht Ilse
Published: February 2025

In government guidelines the strengthening of rural infrastructure is often seen as a central building block to create economically prosperous, well‐developed rural regions and to support the well‐being of local communities. We challenge this assumption by analyzing the subjective handling of infrastructures in a remote rural area in British Columbia, Canada. Based on the analysis of empirical material from photography‐supported interviews, we argue that fully capturing the influence of infrastructures on local communities requires a relational approach to infrastructures understood as infrastructuring. Derived from the conceptualization of infrastructuring in science and technology studies, we developed the notion of infrastructural autonomy. With the notion of infrastructural autonomy, we are able to outline our findings that subjective and place‐sensitive handlings of infrastructures promote gains in personal ontological security. Based on our qualitative study, we argue that a closer examination of the subjective relation between a place, its infrastructure, and its inhabitants is crucial to understand the infrastructural needs of a place as well as the well‐being of its users.
Germline Pathogenic Variants and Clinical Outcomes in Asian Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Kitadai Rui , Yazaki Shu , Kuchiba Aya , Yamanaka Takashi , Shiino Sho , Yamauchi Chisako , Harano Kenichi , Saito Motonobu , Hirotsu Yosuke , Aiba Hisaki , Yoshida Teruhiko , Hamamoto Ryuji , Shimizu Chikako , Shimomura Akihiko , Kojima Yuki , Shimoi Tatsunori , Momozawa Yukihide , Sudo Kazuki , Yoshida Masayuki , Sunami Kuniko , Hori Megumi , Katanoda Kota , Shimada Yoko , Yamashita Yuji , Kogawa Takahiro , Murata Takeshi , Fujiwara Saori , Miyagi Yohei , Nakagomi Hiroshi , Tachibana Kazunoshin , Omata Masao , Ohtake Tohru , Suto Akihiko , Onishi Tatsuya , Naito Yoichi , Yamashita Toshinari , Yonemori Kan , Kohno Takashi , Shiraishi Kouya
Published: February 2025

Despite the importance of genetic testing for risk assessment and treatment in breast cancer, the prognostic impact of germline pathogenic variants (PVs), especially in Asian populations, is unclear. We assessed the impact of germline PVs in patients with early‐stage breast cancer. This study included 7278 Japanese multihospital registry patients. PVs of ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, CHEK2, NBN, NF1, PALB2, PTEN, STK11, and TP53 were evaluated. PV and non‐PV carriers were matched by age, histology, and stage. Associations between PVs and survival were assessed. The primary outcome was invasive disease‐free survival (IDFS). Secondary outcomes included relapse‐free survival (RFS), overall survival, and breast cancer‐specific survival. We identified 320 (4.4%) patients with BRCA1/2 PVs and 79 (1.1%) with PVs other than BRCA1/2 (non‐BRCA1/2). A total of 360 patients (BRCA1/2, n = 289; non‐BRCA1/2, n = 71) were matched to 720 noncarriers. Patients with BRCA1/2 PVs had significantly shorter 10‐year IDFS (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.61–2.86; p < 0.001); and RFS (aHR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.25–2.44; p = 0.001) than noncarriers. Among patients with hormone receptor‐positive HER2‐negative breast cancer, BRCA1/2 PV carriers exhibited significantly shorter 10‐year IDFS than noncarriers, even those with stage I/II disease (total, aHR = 2.23; 95% CI, 1.55–3.23; p < 0.001, Stage I/II, aHR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.43–3.44; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in 10‐year IDFS between the non‐BRCA1/2 PV carrier and noncarrier groups (aHR = 1.40; 95% CI, 0.67–2.93; p = 0.37). Asian patients with breast cancer carrying germline BRCA1/2 PV, even those with a low recurrence risk, have significantly shorter 10‐year IDFS than noncarriers.
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis—Concepts, Classification, and Avenues for Therapy
Authors: Zhang Yuheng , Du Bingying , Zou Miaozhan , Peng Bo , Rao Yanxia
Published: February 2025

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a group of neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders characterized by excessive accumulation of lysosomal lipofuscin. Thirteen subtypes of NCL have been identified, each associated with distinct genes encoding various transmembrane proteins, secretory proteins, or lysosomal enzymes. Clinically, NCL manifests in infants through vision impairment, motor and cognitive dysfunctions, epilepsy, and premature death. The pathological complexity of NCL has hindered the development of effective clinical protocols. Current treatment modalities, including enzyme replacement therapy, pharmacological approaches, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy, have demonstrated limited efficacy. However, emerging evidence suggests a significant relationship between NCL and microglial cells, highlighting the potential of novel microglial cell replacement therapies. This review comprehensively examines the pathogenic genes associated with various NCL subtypes, elucidating their roles, clinical presentations, and corresponding mouse models. Especially, we thoroughly discuss the advances in the clinical study of potential therapeutics, which crucially calls for early diagnosis and treatment more than ever.
Low‐Frequency Stimulation at the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Exhibits Broad‐Spectrum Efficacy Across Models of Epilepsy
Authors: Zou Shuang , Gong Yiwei , Yan Mengqi , Yuan Zhijian , Sun Minjuan , Zhang Shuo , Yang Yuanzhi , Guo Xiongfeng , Huang Lan , Fei Fan , Wang Yi , Chen Zhong , Xu Cenglin
Published: February 2025

Aims

The limited efficacy and very restricted antiseizure range of current deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets highlight the need to find an optimal target for managing various seizure types. Here, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of DBS on the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in the different types of experimental epileptic seizures.

Methods

The efficacy of DBS was examined in various epileptic seizure models, and the potential mechanisms were investigated by using in vivo calcium signal recording and optogenetics.

Results

The c‐fos expression was significantly increased in the glutamatergic neurons of VMH (VMHglu) following seizures. Then, 1‐Hz low‐frequency stimulation (LFS) at the VMH successfully attenuated the seizure severities across models of epilepsy, including the maximal electroshock, the pentylenetetrazol, the absence seizure, the cortical or hippocampal kainic acid–induced acute seizure, and the hippocampal‐kindling models. The in vivo calcium imaging recordings revealed that LFS could inhibit the activities of the VMHglu. Optogenetic inhibition of VMHglu mirrored LFS's antiseizure impact. Further anterograde viral tracing confirmed the extensive distributed projections of VMHglu, which may compose the circuitry basis of the broad‐spectral efficacy of LFS.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that VMH‐LFS is a broad‐spectrum treatment approach for different seizure types by decreasing VMHglu activity.
Outcome of Surgical Treatment for Tracheocutaneous Fistula in Paediatric Population: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Saniasiaya Jeyasakthy , van der Meer Graeme , Toll Ed , McCaffer Craig , Barber Colin , Neeff Michel , Islam Md Asiful
Published: February 2025

Objective

The incidence of persistent tracheocutaneous fistula (TCF) in children has dramatically increased with the increasing number of tracheostomies performed earlier in the paediatric population. Despite the various emerging techniques, two fundamental surgical approaches are primary closure and healing by secondary intention. We aim to compare the surgical outcomes between the two procedures.

Data Source

PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched from inception to 31 December 2023 with no restrictions on the setting or design of studies.

Review Methods

Data were pooled using a random effects model to assess the success and complication rates between the two surgical techniques.

Results

A total of 26 studies were identified with a total of 1263 children. Persistent TCF was surgically treated with primary closure in 24 studies (n = 898), whereas healing by secondary intention was reported in 12 studies (n = 366). The success rate following primary closure and healing by secondary intention is 97.3% (95% CI: 95.7%–99.0%) and 94.0% (95% CI: 91.2%–96.7%), respectively. The pooled rate of complications following primary closure was 14.1% (95% CI: 8.9%–19.4%) and 8.4% (95% CI: 3.4%–13.3%) following healing by secondary intention.

Conclusion

Based on the pooled results, healing by secondary intention is a safer surgical option in children with persistent TCF.
Size‐Sound Iconicity in English‐Like Pseudowords Influences Referent Labeling and Prosody
Authors: Michelini Leonardo , Nygaard Lynne C.
Published: February 2025

Speech sounds can communicate perceptual information through iconicity, or shared resemblance between sound and meaning. Prosody, which encompasses vocal characteristics such as pitch and intensity, can similarly be recruited to communicate meaning by evoking physical features of a referent. This study used English‐like pseudowords to investigate whether iconicity between word form and object properties would affect pronunciation, with the prediction that congruent mappings between label and referent would elicit similarly iconic prosodic modulation. Experiment 1 used size‐sound iconicity to establish perceptual mappings. Participants were presented with three animal figures of varying sizes, small, medium, and big, and asked to assign a label to one of them. The labels were pseudowords designed to be small‐sounding, ambiguous with respect to size, or big‐sounding. We found that small‐sounding pseudowords were more likely to be matched to small referents, and big‐sounding pseudowords to big referents. Participants exhibited no preference when naming medium‐sized animals. Experiment 2 assessed how iconic mappings between labels and referents influenced vocal production. Participants were shown three animals of differing sizes along with a label that was preassigned to a particular referent. Participants were then asked to pronounce aloud the target pseudoword, and responses were recorded. Although the relationship between label and referent did not significantly predict the acoustic form of vocal productions, participants instead produced prosody that reflected the size evoked by the pseudowords themselves, suggesting that not only are language users sensitive to sound to size iconicity in spoken language, but that sensitivity modulates speech production.