bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomass estimation of Dendrocalamus hookeri grown at Far-western Terai, Nepal
Authors: Oli BN , Kandel CM
Published: April 2011

With a view to prepare biomass table of Dendrocalamus hookeri grown at Jhanjhatpur, Kailali district of Far-western Terai, a total of 152 culms were selected from forty-three clumps. Measurements of Diameter at 15 cm of the base (D15), vertical height of the culm and green weight of the culm, branches and foliage were taken in the field. The sampled green weight was oven dried in Kathmandu. To estimate the biomass, regression model was developed on the basis of oven dry and green weight. The model used was W = a + b * (D2L). Based on the oven dry weight, the R2 values obtained for culm, branch and foliage components were 94, 81.5 and 80 per cent respectively. Similarly, R2 values for culm and foliage components on the basis of green weight were 97 and 80 per cent respectively. The R2 values obtained for branch and foliage components were slightly lower as compared to the culm. The validity is to be done before applying this equation to different site conditions.

Key words: Biomass; bamboo; Dendrocalamus hookeri; Nepal

Banko Janakari Vol.16(2) 2006 pp.12-16
Mushroom diversity in the Sagarmatha national park and its buffer zone area
Authors: Rana Prabina , Giri Anjana
Published: April 2011

Nepal is rich in mycodiversity. However, only a few scientific researches have been conducted. It has been observed that mycological studies are concentrated to lower altitude as compared to higher altitude. This paper aims to document the wild mushrooms and its diversity in the Khumbu region. A total of 150 mushroom species belonging to 37 families and 65 genera were collected from Lukla (2480m above msl) to Panboche (4000m above msl). The largest family recorded were Boletaceae and Russulaceae having 18 species followed by Tricholomataceae (16 sps.), Polyporaceae (9 sps) etc. Most of the collected mushroom species were found on soil. The appearance, occurrence and dominance were found to be controlled by different factors such as altitude, vegetation, temperature, humidity, etc. the diversity of mushroom species were found the highest (84 sps.) at an altitudinal range of 3500 – 4000m above msl followed by 2500 – 3000m above msl (52 sps.) and 3000 – 3500m above msl (14 sps.).

Key words: Mycodiversity; vegetation; habitat; dominant; Khumbu region

Banko Janakari Vol.16(2) 2006 pp.17-24
Urban forestry in Kathmandu valley: problems and prospects
Authors: Gautam SK , Thapa HB , Sharma RC
Published: April 2011

A survey was carried out to find problems and prospects of urban forestry in Kathmandu Metropolitan city. The methodology includes road side survey, direct observation and discussion with local people. Many problems were identified such as poor management of the planted species, risk of tree hazard, and lack of proper coordination among stakeholders, low priority in planning, and stumpy financial resources. Moreover, there is a great potential to promote urban forestry as people’s perceptions regarding participation is quite positive. This paper presents an overview of urban forestry activities and some points related to promotion of urban forestry in the Kathmandu valley.

Key words: Urban forestry; tree hazard; people’s participation; environment management

Banko Janakari Vol.16(2) 2006 pp.64-70
Rites of Passage: Flow of Gifts
Authors: Khattri Man Bahadur
Published: April 2011

This paper aims to explore how gifts are connected with the sanskars, rites of transition or rite of passage. I have discussed how gifts are connected culturally in the context of rites of transitions, in order to systematically search for the different contexts that influence those who act out these events, where people are obliged to give gift as well as oblige to receive, if one does not receive it becomes insult of giver and develops conflicting relationship. Giving gift in this context follows the generalized reciprocity, and flows in a certain direction, but its latent meaning is to keep strong social bond between kin groups and ancestors. Obligation for giving gift and return are closely associated with distance of kinship. Gift is obliged to give and receive sometimes not necessarily return immediately, which also depends upon kin ties. Most obligatory gift should be made to sister and their children. Rites of passage is not only associated with liminality and unstructure social status also with flow of gift. Giving gift in ritual context is to avoid inauspiciousness. Important dimension of gift giving, receiving and returning all are matter of morality, honor, and prestige. Rituals and women are medium of exchange of gift. In general gifts and forms, material condition and social relation of exchange are linked to kinship rank and in the context of ritual. Keywords: reciprocity; Argali Magars; sanskar; rituals; morality DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4516 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.111-128
Prevalence of Insomnia and Factors Associated with it Among the Elderly People of Sarangdanda VDC in Panchthar District
Authors: Subedi Raj Kumar
Published: April 2011

Insomnia is one of the major and unsolved problems in older people. Most of the sleep studies report that the different forms of insomnia like Difficulty Initiating Sleep (DIS), Difficulty Maintaining Sleep (DMS) and Non-Restorative Sleep (NRS) are common among the elderly that are associated to many factors. The objective of the study was to measure the prevalence of insomnia and the factors associated to it among the elderly people. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 142 elderly people of and above 60 years of age in Sarangdanda VDC of Panchthar District of Eastern Nepal. The presence or absence of insomnia and the associated factors were assessed on them by the help of interview schedule. The results were analyzed using chi-square test in SPSS (version 11.5). DMS was the most common reported form of insomnia among the elderly followed by DIS and NRS. Association between insomnia and each of factors like use of tobacco before sleeping hours, eating too close to bedtime, use of tea/coffee before sleeping hours and use of alcohol before sleeping hours were statistically significant at 95% level of confidence. Insomnia affects a large proportion of elderly and is triggered by many factors like use of tobacco before sleeping hours, use of tea/coffee before sleeping hours, eating too close to bedtime and use of alcohol before sleeping hours. Keywords: Alcohol; tea/coffee; difficulty initiating sleep (DIS); difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS); non-restorative sleep (NRS); tobacco DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4517 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.129-142
In vitro Propagation of the Biodiesel Plant Jatropha curcas L.
Authors: Kalimuthu K. , Paulsamy S. , Senthilkumar R. , Sathya M.
Published: April 2011

The biodiesel plant, Jatropha curcas L. was micropropagated using nodal explants on MS supplemented with BAP (1.5 mg/l), Kn (0.5 mg/l) and IAA (0.1 mg/l). Somatic embryos were induced directly from green cotyledon explants on MS fortified with 2 mg/l of BAP. The results of histological studies showed that several layers of meristematic cells participated in the formation of somatic embryos. Rooting was effectively achieved on MS supplemented with IAA at 1.0 mg/l. The subsequent hardening experiment showed that the commercial medium containing a mixture of decomposed coir waste, perlite and organic compost in the ratio of 1:1:1 by volume was most effective, 80% plantlets survived. Key words: Jatropha curcas, Nodal explants, Cotyledons, Somatic Embryos, Multiple shoot formation D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v17i2.3234 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(2): 137-147, 2007 (December)
Accumulation of Proline in NaCl-treated Callus of Six Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cultivars
Authors: Mohamed A.N. , Rahman M.H. , Alsadon A.A. , Islam R.
Published: April 2011

Abstract not available Key words: Lycopersicon escutentum, Callus, Proline D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v17i2.3242 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(2): 217-220, 2007 (December)
Morbidities of preterm VLBW neonates and the bacteriological profile of sepsis cases
Authors: Hoque MM , Ahmed ASMNU , Halder SK , Khan MFH , Chowdhury MAKA
Published: April 2011

Background: Preterm very low birth weight babies are at increased risk of perinatal, neonatal and postnatal mortality and morbidity, mainly due to infections and complications of prematurity. Mortality of VLBW neonates is 30 times more than that of normal weight. Outcomes of such infants have been reported extensively from developed countries, but less is known from developing countries like Bangladesh though prematurity is very common.Objective: To determine the morbidities associated with preterm VLBW neonates with particular emphasis on sepsis. Methods: A prospective cohort study was done in Special Care Baby Unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital from July 2009 to December 2009. Preterm VLBW neonates admitted within 7 days of age comprised the cohort for the study. Detailed physical findings and information on pregnancy, delivery and immediate postnatal period were recorded on enrolment. Sepsis workup was done whenever sepsis was suspected clinically. Daily follow-up was given till discharge/death and relevant clinical findings recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS 12.    Results: A total of 738 neonates were admitted during study period, 92 were preterm VLBW and enrolled in the cohort. Fifty-two (56.5%) of the enrolled cases were male and 40 (43.5%) female, male female ratio of 1.3:1. Mean gestational age was 30.8±2.4 weeks and mean birth weight 1,320±133 grams. Eight cases (8.7%) had features of septicaemia on admission and 49 (53.2%) neonates subsequently developed nosocomial infections. Other morbidities were jaundice (34.8%), RDS (8.7%), NEC (4.3%), TTN (3.3%), IVH (2.2%) and PDA (1.1%). Blood culture was positive in 29.8% among 57 suspected sepsis cases; Acinetobacter (41.2%) was the most common organism, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.5%), Escherichia coli (23.5%) and Pseudomonas sp. (11.8%). Sixty (62.5%) preterm VLBW neonates were improved and discharged, 3 (3.3%) cases were discharged on risk bond and 29 (31.5%) died.Conclusions: Preterm VLBW neonates are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Septicemia is the most common and devastating morbidity, most infections are hospital acquired. Therefore strict protocol for asepsis in neonatal units must be adhered to when handling these high risk infants. Key words: Preterm; very low birth weight; septicaemia; morbidity; mortalityDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pulse.v4i1.6955Pulse Vol.4 January 2010 p.5-9
Afibrinogenemia
Authors: Nazrin Tahera , Attawar Pinkoo , Moniruzzaman Md , Islam I
Published: April 2011

Afibrinogenemia is a rare bleeding disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1:10,00,000 [1, 2]. It is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from mutations in any of the 3 genes that encodes the 3 polypeptide chains of fibrinogen and are located on the long arm of chromosome 4 3. Spontaneous bleeding, bleeding after minor trauma, and excessive bleeding during interventional procedures are the principal manifestations [2, 4]. Here we have reviewed the process of diagnosing a case of such rare disorder in Apollo Hospitals Dhaka. We have also highlighted the treatment and management plan of such a case.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pulse.v4i1.6964Pulse Vol.4 January 2010 p.34-35
Bilateral renal angiomyolipoma not assocated with tuberous sclerosis: A case report
Authors: Khaled A , Arif NUM , Zaman W , Nasir TA
Published: April 2011

Angiomyolipoma is a tumour composed of varying admixtures of bloodvessels, smooth muscles and adipose tissue.Renal angiomyolipoma can be unilateral or bilateral. Bilateral angiomyolipoma has a very strong association with tuberous sclerosis. In non tuberous sclerosis patient, bilateral renal angiomyolipoma is relatively rare. We have described a 49 year old non tuberous sclerosis female presented with bilateral renal angiomyolipoma. Renal angiomyolipoma commonly behaved in a benign way and resection is curative in most of the cases.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pulse.v4i1.6965Pulse Vol.4 January 2010 p.36-37
Astroblastoma
Authors: Khaled A , Joarder A , Chandy M , Nasir TA
Published: April 2011

Aims and Objectives: Astroblastoma is one of the very unusual type of brain tumours, whose histogenesis has not been clarified. It occurs mainly among children and young adults. Astroblastoma has characteristic histological picture and varied biological behavioural. We report a 10-year old girl diagnosed as a case of astroblastoma.Clinical presentation: A 10-year old girl was examined for intermittent frontal headache and convulsion for two years. MRI revealed brain tumour which was later confirmed as astroblastoma by histopathological examination.Conclusion: Astroblastoma is rare because of its varied biological behaviour.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pulse.v4i1.6966Pulse Vol.4 January 2010 p.38-39
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour: A case report
Authors: Khaled A , Joarder A , Chandy M , Nasir TA
Published: April 2011

Aim and Objective: Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour is an unusual brain tumour with varied incidence commonly occured in younger age group. We report a 16-year old female diagnosed as a case of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour. Clinical presentation: A 16 year old female was examined for headache and convulsion for two months. MRI revealed a brain tumour which was later confirmed as dysembyroplastic neuroepithelial tumour by histopathological examination.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pulse.v4i1.6968Pulse Vol.4 January 2010 p.43-44
Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles of Poly(ethyleneimine) and Poly(acrylic acid): Preparation and Applications
Authors: Müller Martin , Keßler Bernd , Fröhlich Johanna , Poeschla Sebastian , Torger Bernhard
Published: April 2011

In this contribution we outline polyelectrolyte (PEL) complex (PEC) nanoparticles, prepared by mixing solutions of the low cost PEL components poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAC). It was found, that the size and internal structure of PEI/PAC particles can be regulated by process, media and structural parameters. Especially, mixing order, mixing ratio, PEL concentration, pH and molecular weight, were found to be sensible parameters to regulate the size (diameter) of spherical PEI/PAC nanoparticles, in the range between 80–1,000 nm, in a defined way. Finally, applications of dispersed PEI/PAC particles as additives for the paper making process, as well as for drug delivery, are outlined. PEI/PAC nanoparticles mixed directly on model cellulose film showed a higher adsorption level applying the mixing order 1. PAC 2. PEI compared to 1. PEI 2. PAC. Surface bound PEI/PAC nanoparticles were found to release a model drug compound and to stay immobilized due to the contact with the aqueous release medium.
Building Extraction from High Resolution Space Images in High Density Residential Areas in the Great Cairo Region
Authors: Shaker Ibrahim F. , Abd-Elrahman Amr , Abdel-Gawad Ahmed K. , Sherief Mohamed A.
Published: April 2011

This study evaluates a methodology for using IKONOS stereo imagery to determine the height and position of buildings in dense residential areas. The method was tested on three selected sites in an area of 8.5 km long by 7 km wide and covered by two overlapping (97% overlap) IKONOS images. The images were oriented using rational function models in addition to ground control points. Buildings were identified using an algorithm that utilized the Digital Surface Model (DSM) extracted from the images in addition to the image spectral properties. A digital terrain model was used with the DSM created from the IKONOS stereo imagery to compute building heights. Positional accuracy and building heights were evaluated using corner coordinates extracted from topographic maps and surveyed building heights. The results showed that the average building detection percentage for the test area was 82.6% with an average missing factor of 0.16. When the image rational polynomial coefficients were used to build the image model, results showed a horizontal accuracy of 2.42 and 2.39 m Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the easting and northing coordinates, respectively. When ground control points were used, the results improved to the sub-meter level. Differences between building heights extracted from the image model and the corresponding heights obtained through traditional ground surveying had a RMSE of 1.05 m.
INTERNATIONAL OUTSOURCING: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE NETHERLANDS / TARPTAUTINĖS UŽSAKOMOSIOS PASLAUGOS: EMPIRINIS TYRIMAS NYDERLANDŲ PAVYZDŽIU
Authors: Ok Süleyman Tuluğ
Published: April 2011

This study examines the results of a field survey on international outsourcing conducted in 2009 in the Netherlands. The research sample is composed of 156 Dutch enterprises from various industries. Empirical evidence shows that reduction of labor costs, improved competitiveness, strategic decisions taken by the group head and reduction in other costs are the main motivations for Dutch firms to engage in international outsourcing. Tax and regulatory advantages seem to play a lesser role. The motivations can be grouped into three distinct factors: access to cheaper resources and increasing competition, access to scarce and distinctive resources and reduction of other production costs. The most important impediments turn out to be problems with distance to producers, the need for proximity to existing clients, concerns about the outsourcing operation exceeding expected benefits and linguistic/cultural barriers. Violation of patents/intellectual property rights and uncertainty of international standards are not viewed as important issues. The impediments are captured by three different dimensions as indicated by the data: legal and governmental obstacles, human concerns and logistical difficulties. Santrauka Šiame straipsnyje pristatomi tarptautiniu užsakomuju paslaugu tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimas vyko Nyderlanduose 2009 m., jame dalyvavo 156 kompanijos, atstovaujanèios ivairiems pramones sektoriams. Empirinio tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad darbo užmokesèio sumažinimas, konkurencinio pranašumo didinimas, strateginiu sprendimu formavimas bei kitu išlaidu mažinimas yra vieni pagrindiniu motyvu, skatinantys Olandijos firmas teikti tarptautines užsakomsias paslaugas. Mokesèiai ir teisinis reglamentavimas nera tokie svarbus. Motyvacij galima suskirstyti i tris pagrindines grupes, t. y. pigesniu ištekliu šaltiniu radimo ir naudojimo galimybe bei konkurencinio pranašumo kurimas, ribotu ištekliu naudojimo galimybes bei kitu gamybos išlaidu dalies mažinimas. Svarbiausios nurodytos kliutys—tai atstumas iki gamintojo, klientu poreikiai ir abejones del užsakomuju paslaugu laukiamos naudos, taip pat kalbos bei kulturiniai skirtumai. Pastebeta, kad patentu/intelektines nuosavybes teisiu pažeidimas, tarptautiniu standartu neapibrežtumas šiuo atveju nera svarbus dalykai. Taèiau, kaip rodo gauti tyrimo rezultatai, paèios didžiausios kliutys yra šios: teisiniai ir valdžios barjerai, žmogiškieji veiksniai bei logistikos nesuderinamumai.
DIAGNOSING THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE OF A TURKISH PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY BASED ON THE COMPETING VALUES FRAMEWORK / TURKIJOS FARMACIJOS KOMPANIJŲ ORGANIZACINĖS KULTŪROS VERTINIMAS, PAGRĮSTAS KONKURENCIJOS VERTINIMO SISTEMA
Authors: Demir Cengiz , Unnu Nazli A. Ayyildiz , Erturk Emel
Published: April 2011

Organizational culture plays a significant role in understanding organizational dynamics and it distinguishes the members of one organization from other people. In this regard; it is found out that an organization, which is able to maintain a strong and “preferred” culture, is likely to enjoy many benefits such as higher levels of performance, person-organization fit, commitment, job satisfaction and competitive advantage. Thus, the purpose of this study is to diagnose the culture of a pharmaceutical company, which is located in Turkey, and find out the “perceived” and “preferred” cultural profiles both in the headquarters and branches of the company. The perceived culture has been found as hierarchy whereas the preferred one has been found as clan leading to incongruence between the perceived and preferred cultural profiles. In this regard; the reasons lying behind this mismatch are discussed, as it is important for the success of the organization and person-organization fit. Hence, the influential effects of national culture on shaping the organizational culture profiles have been discussed. Furthermore, the effects of educational level and union membership on culture profiles are also explored to understand the dynamics leading to such results thoroughly. Santrauka Straipsnyje teigiama, kad organizacine kultura vaidina svarbu vaidmeni ir kad ji suprantama kaip dinamine sistema. Buvo nustatyta, kad organizacija, pasižyminti stipria ir „priimtina” kultura, gali megautis daugeliu pranašumu, tokiu kaip didesnis našumas, tinkamumas, isipareigojimai, pasitenkinimas darbu bei konkurencinis pranašumas. Taigi šio tyrimo tikslas—nustatyti farmacijos bendroviu, isikurusiu Turkijoje, kultur bei sužinoti „suvokiamos” ir „priimtinos” kulturos pobudi tiek centrinese bustinese, tiek ir ju filialuose.
DYNAMIC MODEL OF A VEHICLE MOVING IN THE URBAN AREA / TRANSPORTO PRIEMONĖS JUDĖJIMO MIESTE DINAMINIS MODELIS / ДИНАМИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ДВИЖЕНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО СРЕДСТВА В ГОРОДЕ
Authors: Makaras Rolandas , Sapragonas Jonas , Keršys Artūras , Pukalskas Saugirdas
Published: April 2011

The peculiarities of constructing a model of an individual vehicle moving along the urban street are investigated. The aim of the study is to construct a dynamic vehicle-environment-driver model, which enables to implement the situation ‘an individual vehicle moving along urban streets’, taking into consideration a concrete type of a vehicle, its loading, driver's behavior, peculiarities of external characteristics of internal combustion engines run on traditional or alternative fuel as well as the use of hybrid power plants. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjami pavienės transporto priemonės, judančios miesto gatve, modelio sudarymo ypatumai. Tyrimo tikslas—išnagrinėti transporto priemonės–aplinkos–vairuotojo dinaminį modelį, leidžiantį realizuoti pavienės transporto priemonės, judančios miesto gatvėmis, situaciją ir įvertinti konkretų transporto priemonės tipą, jos apkrovą, vairuotojo važiavimo stilių, vidaus degimo variklių, dirbančių tradiciniu ar alternatyviuoju kuru, išorinių charakteristikų specifiką, hibridinių jėgainių naudojimą Резюме Рассматриваются особенности разработки модели отдельного транспортного средства, движущегося по улице города. Исследовалась динамическая модель «транспортное средство – окружающая среда – водитель», позволяющая реализовать ситуацию «отдельное транспортное средство, движущееся по улицам города», с учетом конкретного типа транспортного средства, его нагрузки, стиля вождения водителя, специфики характеристик двигателей внутреннего сгорания, работающих на традиционном или альтернативном топливе, использования гибридных силовых агрегатов.
Face à l'enfant qui peut ou qui va mourir
Authors: Oppenheim Daniel , Roussy Gustave
Published: April 2011

Résumé Face à l’enfant qui peut ou qui va mourir – Il n’est pas facile pour un soignant de trouver la juste position face à un enfant qui peut ou qui va mourir. Les difficultés cliniques et éthiques sont intimement liées, et inhérentes à cette situation. Nous en décrivons les principales, ainsi que les façons de s’y confronter. Au-delà des impératifs de bienfaisance, de respect de son autonomie, de justice, les questions centrales sont : « Qui est-il pour moi ; qui suis-je pour lui ; que (me) veut-il ; que veux-je pour lui ? » Ceci implique de savoir ce qu’est un enfant, ce qu’est la mort pour lui, de ne pas prendre au pied de la lettre ses paroles, de se méfier des idées toutes faites ; aussi d’être suffisamment au clair avec sa vocation, ses idéaux, ses objectifs, son travail, ses collègues. Il importe de tenir compte du présent et de l’avenir ; de l’enfant, de ses parents et de sa fratrie (et de l’équipe). Il importe aussi de penser au présent et au court terme, mais aussi à son devenir (aussi court qu’il puisse parfois être) et à celui de ses proches. Il est nécessaire donc de tenir compte aussi de ce qui est important pour lui (qui ne coïncide pas toujours totalement avec l’objectif de la guérison) et de ceux qui comptent pour lui.
Psychothérapie psychodynamique à l'hôpital général : un cadre sur mesure
Authors: Girard Elodie
Published: April 2011

Résumé L’auteure développe les principaux aspects d’une prise en charge psychiatrique et psychothérapeutique au sein d’un hôpital universitaire, mise en perspective avec le vécu du thérapeute. La spécificité du psychiatre de liaison est présentée à travers ses interventions auprès du patient, interventions effectuées tout en prenant soin d’une équipe multidisciplinaire.
Peri hermeneias 16a3-8
Authors: Mora-Márquez Ana María
Published: April 2011

Résumé Nous proposons de montrer une rupture que la tradition interprétative médiévale du passage 16a3-8 du De interpretatione a subie dans la seconde moitié du xiii e  siècle. On met ainsi en évidence que, dans cette même période, s’est façonnée une nouvelle théorie de la signification, qu’on retrouve notamment dans l’œuvre de théologiens franciscains ou proches des idées franciscaines, opposée sur des points fondamentaux à celle qui a été transmise par Boèce dans son deuxième commentaire du De interpretatione.
Martyre blanc et martyr rouge Proposition théologique
Authors: Margron Véronique
Published: April 2011

Cet article aborde la question du « style de vie » des chrétiens et non de la volonté de mourir au nom d’une cause. C’est la référence, pour eux, à Jésus le Christ, mort en faveur d’autrui car c’est ainsi qu’il a vécu, qui est le commun dénominateur de leur art de vivre, de la donation de la vie. Un rapport singulier au temps se manifeste : le présent est kairos , « entre-deux temps » de la décision où se joue la vérité de la mémoire vive de l’amour du fils de Dieu. Le centre de gravité du monde n’est pas dans la réussite mondaine, mais en ce « non lieu » de la croix de cet homme-là. L’auteur poursuit cette problématique en rappelant l’histoire des sept moines de Tibhirine. Communauté de paix pour témoigner d’un Dieu désarmé , lui aussi. Le martyre blanc est alors celui du moine, mais aussi de la femme algérienne qui malgré le climat de violence, va faire les courses, emmène ses enfants à l’école. Bref poursuit la vie. Martyre de celui qui fait hospitalité à ce qui vient et apprend de quiconque . V. Margron achève son propos par l’évocation de la figure de Pierre Claverie, évêque d’Oran, assassiné en Août 1996. Sa vie montre le lien intime entre martyre blanc – vivre de façon hospitalière, offerte – et le martyr de sang qui peut survenir en situation de conflit.
Hypothèses sur le Fils de l'Homme
Authors: Houziaux Alain
Published: April 2011

Peut-on tenter une interprétation psychanalytique de Jésus-Christ et, en particulier, du fait qu’il se considère comme le Fils de Dieu ? Était-ce pour lui une manière de se donner un « père » et d’occulter les rumeurs qui le considéraient comme un bâtard ? Était-ce la manifestation d’une forme de narcissisme ? On montrera que les théories du psychanalyste Béla Grunberger sur le narcissisme et ses origines dans la vie prénatale s’appliquent tout à fait au Jésus-Christ que nous présente le Nouveau Testament. D’autres corrélations entre les concepts psychanalytiques et théologiques sont possibles : le concept de Moi idéal peut donner un éclairage sur la manière dont Jésus-Christ se voit et sur le fait qu’il proclame instaurer le Royaume de Dieu. Il permet aussi de rendre compte de la vocation de Jésus-Christ à vouloir mourir en martyr. Mais bien sûr, en tentant cette lecture psychanalytique, Alain Houziaux ne fait que proposer des hypothèses.
The Impact of Manual Handling on Nursing Home Resident Mobility During Transfers On and Off Furniture: A Systematic Review
Authors: Taylor Janice , Sims Jane , Haines Terry P.
Published: April 2011

This systematic review aimed to investigate the impact of staff manual handling practices and physical training interventions on nursing home residents’ ability to transfer on and off furniture. Key words and subject headings were used to search databases for English language studies published after 1994. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies of physical activity interventions indicated that physical activity training will benefit residents’ transfer ability. One study examined the effect of a safe manual handling program on resident quality care outcomes. Further research is required into the nature and impact of the assistance provided by staff to residents during transfers. Innovative and sustainable approaches to safe manual handling that promote resident mobility are needed.
Disability & Aging: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis
Authors: Greco Sarah M. , Vincent Catherine
Published: April 2011

The idealized image of successful aging as living independently and autonomously does not convey reality for many adults in the United States and globally who are living with a disability. There have been inconsistencies throughout the literature in defining disability and aging. A concept analysis using Rodgers’ method was undertaken to define the concept of disability and aging, understand its antecedents and consequences, and determine the implications for nursing practice and research. Four attributes were defined: limitation in physical, sensory, and/or mental function; universal human experience; difficulties in activities of daily living (ADLs)/instrumental ADLs; and social construction. Exemplars were identified to provide a representation of the attributes in context, and a model of disability and aging was created. This concept analysis provides a better understanding of disability and aging, which can enable nurses to provide education and advocacy to older adults and their families.
Interface Fungal Keratitis After Endothelial Keratoplasty: A Clinicopathological Report
Authors: Lee W. Barry , Foster J. Brian , Kozarsky Alan M. , Zhang Qing , Grossniklaus Hans E.
Published: April 2011

The authors report two cases of interface fungal keratitis following Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). Two patients developed culture-proven interface keratitis with
Candida albicans
and
Candida glabrata
following DSAEK. Both patients presented with white interface opacities at approximately 1 month after uncomplicated DSAEK. Adjunct confocal microscopy identified fungal elements prior to surgical therapy. A penetrating keratoplasty was performed in both cases after failed medical therapy with fungal elements confirmed by corneal histopathology. Interface fungal keratitis must be recognized as a potential complication of endothelial keratoplasty. Surgeons should consider corneal donor rim cultures on all endothelial keratopathy cases and confocal microscopy on cases with new interface opacities in the early postoperative period. These measures may lead to early identification and treatment of fungal interface infections.
Employing ADI‐FDTD subgrids for GPR numerical modelling and their application to study ring separation in brick masonry arch bridges
Authors: Diamanti Nectaria , Giannopoulos Antonios
Published: April 2011

In realistic numerical modelling of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and when parts of the computational domain need to be modelled in detail, the implementation of subgrids into the conventional finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) mesh could greatly economize on computational resources. A novel alternating‐direction implicit FDTD subgridding scheme is used to numerically simulate the GPR responses from delaminations located in brick masonry arches. The heterogeneity of these structures renders electromagnetic signals, which originate from the interaction between the GPR system and the bridge, often complex and hence hard to interpret. Therefore, GPR numerical models were created in order to study the attributes of reflected signals from various targets within the structure of the bridge. Results from a range of modelling scenarios are presented. The effect of varying the thickness of faults, their location in brickwork, as well as the effect of water ingress in hairline delaminations on GPR signals, are examined. Moreover, GPR vertical resolution and the presence of lossy brickwork are studied through various numerical models.
Transcriptional Suppression of IL-27 Production by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Activated p38 MAPK via Inhibition of AP-1 Binding
Authors: Zhang Jidong , Qian Xuesong , Ning Huan , Eickhoff Christopher S. , Hoft Daniel F. , Liu Jianguo
Published: April 2011

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major global challenge to human health care, and the mechanisms of how M. tuberculosis evades host immune surveillance to favor its survival are still largely unknown. In this study, we found that bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and viable M. tuberculosis as well as M. tuberculosis lysates could activate IL-27 expression in human and mouse macrophages by induction of p28 subunit transcription. However, in parallel with these effects, BCG and M. tuberculosis lysate stimulation of macrophages induced activation of p38 MAPK signaling molecules MLK3/MKK3/MK2 to prevent maximal IL-27 production. M. tuberculosis lysate-induced p28 transcription was dependent on MyD88 signaling pathway. AP-1/c-Fos was shown to bind directly to the p28 promoter and induce p28 expression after M. tuberculosis lysate stimulation. Overexpression of p38α inhibited the binding of c-Fos to the p28 promoter but had no effect on c-Fos protein expression or phosphorylation in response to M. tuberculosis lysate stimulation. Furthermore, blockade of p38 by SB203580 enhanced M. tuberculosis-induced AP-1 binding to the p28 promoter. Importantly, we show that adding exogenous IL-27 to increase the levels produced by PBMCs stimulated with live mycobacteria enhanced the ability of BCG-expanded T cells to inhibit intracellular mycobacterial growth in human macrophages. Taken together, our data demonstrate that mycobacterial stimulation induces both IL-27 production and p38 MAPK activation. Strategies designed to tip the balance toward positive regulation of p28 induction by mycobacteria could lead to enhanced protective tuberculosis immunity.
The PTAP Sequence within the p6 Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Regulates Its Ubiquitination and MHC Class I Antigen Presentation
Authors: Hahn Sabine , Setz Christian , Wild Julia , Schubert Ulrich
Published: April 2011

Endogenous peptides presented by MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules are mostly derived from de novo synthesized, erroneous proteins, so-called defective ribosomal products (DRiPs), which are rapidly degraded via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. We have previously shown that the HIV-1 Gag protein represents a bona fide substrate for the DRiP pathway and that the amount of Gag-DRiPs can be enhanced by the introduction of an N-end rule degradation signal, leading to increased MHC-I presentation and immunogenicity of Gag. Based on these findings, we sought to identify a naturally occurring sequence motif within Gag that regulates its entry into the DRiP pathway. As the PTAP late assembly domain motif in the C-terminal p6 domain of Gag has been shown to negatively regulate the ubiquitination of Gag, we analyzed the correlation between ubiquitination and MHC-I presentation of PTAP-deficient Gag. Intriguingly, mutation of PTAP not only reduces the release of virus-like particles, but also increases ubiquitination of Gag and, consistently, enhances MHC-I presentation of a Gag-derived epitope. Although the half-life of the PTAP mutant was only mildly reduced, the entry into the DRiP pathway was significantly increased, as demonstrated by short-term pulse-chase analyses under proteasome inhibition. Collectively, these results indicate that, besides driving virus release, the PTAP motif regulates the entry of Gag into the DRiP pathway and, thus, into the MHC-I pathway. Although there are no naturally occurring PTAP mutants of HIV-1, mutations of PTAP might enhance the immunogenicity of Gag and, thus, be considered for the improvement of vaccine development.
Rosiglitazone-Mediated Effects on Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Correlate with Improvements in Insulin Sensitivity in Individuals with HIV-Insulin Resistance
Authors: Mynarcik Dennis C. , McNurlan Margaret A. , Melendez Mark M. , Vosswinkel James A. , Gelato Marie C.
Published: April 2011

Rosiglitazone, an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ), improves insulin sensitivity by increasing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into muscle tissue. This study was undertaken to assess changes in expression of PPAR-regulated genes in muscle tissue following treatment of HIV-associated insulin resistance with rosiglitazone. Muscle gene expression was assessed in twenty-two seronegative HIV subjects (control), 21 HIV-infected individuals with normal insulin sensitivity (HIV-IS) and 19 HIV-infected individuals with insulin resistance (HIV-IR). A subset of the HIV-IR group (N=10) were re-evaluated 12 weeks after treatment with 8 mg/d of rosiglitazone. The HIV-IR group's rosiglitazone-mediated improvement in insulin sensitivity was highly correlated with increased expression of PPARγ and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1), (r=0.87,P<.001) and (r=0.95,P<.001), respectively. The changes in PPARγ expression were also correlated with the changes in CPT1 expression (r=0.75,P=.009). The results suggest that rosiglitazone; may have a direct effect on muscle tissue to improve insulin sensitivity.
A New Experimental Infection Model in Ferrets Based on AerosolisedMycobacterium bovis
Authors: McCallan Lyanne , Corbett David , Andersen Peter L. , Aagaard Claus , McMurray David , Barry Claire , Thompson Suzan , Strain Samuel , McNair Jim
Published: April 2011

There is significant interest in developing vaccines to control bovine tuberculosis, especially in wildlife species where this disease continues to persist in reservoir species such as the European Badger (Meles meles). However, gaining access to populations of badgers (protected under UK law) is problematic and not always possible. In this study, a new infection model has been developed in ferrets (Mustela furo), a species which is closely related to the badger. Groups of ferrets were infected using a Madison infection chamber and were examined postmortem for the presence of tuberculous lesions and to provide tissue samples for confirmation ofMycobacterium bovisby culture. An infectious dose was defined, that establishes infection within the lungs and associated lymph nodes with subsequent spread to the mesentery lymph nodes. This model, which emphasises respiratory tract infection, will be used to evaluate vaccines for the control of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife species.
Pattern of AST and ALT changes in Relation to Hemolysis in sickle cell Disease
Authors: Nsiah K. , Dzogbefia V.P. , Ansong D. , Akoto A. Osei , Boateng H. , Ocloo D.
Published: April 2011

Background

Elevated aminotransferase levels are commonly associated with compromised hepatic integrity from various insults. In sickle cell disease, aspartate transaminase (AST) is also released via intravascular hemolysis. This study was done to determine the pattern of changes in AST and alanine transaminase (ALT), in particular the AST:ALT ratio, and to relate these to the hemolytic state, which we consider to be more important than hepatic and cardiac dysfunction in some individuals with sickle cell disease.

Methods

Serum aminotransferase levels were measured in 330 subjects with sickle cell disease, as well as hemoglobin, reticulocytes, and lactate dehydrogenase. The AST:ALT ratio was designated as a hemolytic marker, and simple and multivariate regression analyses were carried out between this ratio and other hemolytic markers.

Results

Mean AST and ALT levels were 48.24 % 27.78 and 26.48 % 22.73 U/L, respectively. However, for 49 subjects without sickle cell disease, mean AST and ALT levels were the same, ie, 23.0 U/L. In the subjects with sickle cell disease, the increases in AST levels were far higher than for ALT, supporting its release via intravascular hemolysis. In 95.8% of the subjects with sickle cell disease, the AST:ALT ratio was > 1, but our results did not suggest overt malfunctioning of the liver and heart in the majority of subjects.

Conclusion

Regression analyses support the use of the AST:ALT ratio as a hemolytic marker, because it has an inverse association with the hemoglobin level. Whether in steady state or in crisis, provided hepatic and cardiac integrity has not been compromised, subjects with sickle cell disease would have higher AST levels due to the hemolytic nature of the condition. This is the first report highlighting the AST:ALT ratio in sickle cell disease.
Denitrification and polar stratospheric cloud formation during the Arctic winter 2009/2010
Authors: Khosrawi F. , Urban J. , Pitts M. C. , Voelger P. , Achtert P. , Kaphlanov M. , Murtagh D. , Fricke K.-H.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. The sedimentation of HNO3 containing Polar Stratospheric Cloud (PSC) particles leads to a permanent removal of HNO3 and thus to a denitrification of the stratosphere, an effect which plays an important role in stratospheric ozone depletion. The polar vortex in the Arctic winter 2009/2010 was very cold and stable between end of December and end of January. Strong denitrification was observed in the Arctic in mid of January by the Odin Sub Millimetre Radiometer (Odin/SMR) which was the strongest denitrification that had been observed in the entire Odin/SMR measuring period (2001–2010). Lidar measurements of PSCs were performed in the area of Kiruna, Northern Sweden with the IRF (Institutet för Rymdfysik) lidar and with the Esrange lidar in January 2010. The measurements show that PSCs were present over the area of Kiruna during the entire period of observations. The formation of PSCs during the Arctic winter 2009/2010 is investigated using a microphysical box model. Box model simulations are performed along air parcel trajectories calculated six days backward according to the PSC measurements with the ground-based lidar in the Kiruna area. From the temperature history of the trajectories and the box model simulations we find two PSC regions, one over Kiruna according to the measurements made in Kiruna and one north of Scandinavia which is much colder, reaching also temperatures below Tice. Using the box model simulations along backward trajectories together with the observations of Odin/SMR, CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) and the ground-based lidar we investigate how and by which type of PSC particles the denitrification that was observed during the Arctic winter 2009/2010 was caused. From our analysis we find that due to an unusually strong synoptic cooling event in mid January, ice particle formation on NAT may be a possible mechanism that caused denitrification during the Arctic winter 2009/2010.
Analyses of impacts of China's international trade on its water resources and uses
Authors: Zhang Z. Y. , Yang H. , Shi M. J. , Zehnder A. J. B. , Abbaspour K. C.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. This study provides an insight into the impact of China's international trade of goods and services on its water resources and uses. Virtual water flows associated with China's international trade are quantified in an input-output framework. The analysis is scaled down to the sectoral and provincial levels to trace the origins and destinations of virtual water flows associated with the international trade. The results reveal that China is a net virtual water exporter of 4.7 × 1010 m3 year−1, accounting for 2.1% of its total water resources and 8.9% of the total water use. Water scarce regions tend to have higher percentages of virtual water export relative to their water resources and water uses. In the water scarce Huang-Huai-Hai region, the net virtual water export accounts for 7.9% of the region's water resources and 11.2% of its water uses. For individual sectors, major net virtual water exporters are those where agriculture provides raw materials in the initial process of the production chain and/or pollution intensity is high. The results suggest that China's economic gains from being a world "manufacture factory" have come at a high cost to its water resources and through pollution to its environment.
Coastal sea responses to atmospheric forcings at two different resolutions
Authors: Klaić Z. B. , Pasarić Z. , Beg Paklar G. , Oddo P.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. We investigated coastal sea responses to three, multi-day strong wind episodes that occurred in the middle Adriatic during the Target Operational Period (TOP) of the European COastal sea OPerational observing and forecasting system (ECOOP) project. A high-resolution oceanographic model (1 km horizontal, 16 σ vertical layers) based on the modified Princeton Ocean Model (POM) was applied to a highly complex domain located in the coastal area of the eastern Adriatic Sea. The oceanographic model was nested into the Adriatic REGional model (AREG-2) covering the entire Adriatic Sea. Meteorological forcing was prepared by two atmospheric models. The coarser model was the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast model (ECMWF, with horizontal and temporal resolutions of 0.25° and 6 h, respectively), and the finer one was the Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational model (ALADIN, with horizontal and temporal resolutions of 8 km and 3 h, respectively, and winds dynamically adapted to a horizontal resolution of 2 km). The results show that small-scale atmospheric features, which arise due to the orographically complex mainland and the number of islands and were not reproduced by the coarser atmospheric model, substantially affected surface currents, mass transports, sea surface temperature (SST) and surface salinity in the coastal area during strong Bora. For strong Sirocco, the atmospheric model's resolution was important for currents on the lee sides of islands.
An Alternative Radiographic Measure for Cam-Type Fai in Patients with Idiopathic Hip Pain
Authors: Chen Guang X. , Zhang Ying , Wang Wen B. , Wang Kai F. , He Rui , Gu Ling C. , Zhang En Q. , Dai Gang , Duan Xiao J. , Guo Lin , Yang Liu
Published: April 2011

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has been accepted as a potential cause of idiopathic hip pain and osteoarthritis. Few cases of FAI have been reported in the Chinese population. We reviewed radiographic features of patients with idiopathic hip pain to characterize FAI in the Chinese population, any alternative radiographic measures, and potential symptom association. All anteroposterior pelvic radiographs of outpatients (n = 1,128) between December 2007 and August 2008 were reviewed. The radiographic measurements, including anteroposterior alpha angle (AP-α), radial height/radius ratio (R1), and 1/2 radial height/radius ratio (R2) as well as crossover signs, were recorded on both hip joints of all patients. The differences in AP-α, R1, and R2 were compared between cam-type hips (including mixed FAI) and non-cam-type hips (including non-FAI). From the group of patients, 269 were eligible for further evaluation, including those exhibiting FAI at the site of complaint (n = 38) or without symptoms (n = 7). FAI was significantly associated with hip pain (p = 0.009). For painful hips, the frequency of FAI was higher in males than in females (p = 0.038). AP-a was significantly higher in cam-type hips than in non-cam-type hips for either gender (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). R1 was comparable between the 2 subgroups for either gender (p > 0.05, p > 0.05), whereas R2 differed significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). The occurrence of FAI was underestimated in Chinese patients showing negative radiographic findings with idiopathic hip pain. In addition, R2 was used to differentiate cam-type FAI from non-cam-type FAI.