bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specializations, Faculty Interest, and Courses in Physical Planning Subjects at Graduate Planning Schools
Authors: Pivo Gary
Published: March 2007

This article describes the level of physical planning educational activ ity at graduate schools of city and regional planning. The major find ings are (1) in many schools, special izations in physical planning subjects are unavailable; (2) there are a large number of schools at which faculty are not interested in many of the subjects; and (3) between 36 percent and 91 percent of the schools do not offer courses in various physical planning subjects.
Where They Don't Have to Take You In: The Representation of Homelessness in Public Policy
Authors: Liggett Helen
Published: March 2007

The presence of homelessness for a dec ade and predictions of a growing prob lem suggest that it is less insightful to examine the phenomena as an anomaly than to analyze it as an aspect of post modern society. This article contributes to the project of recontextualizing home lessness by reviewing ways in which homelessness is represented within sev eral forms of public discourse and by speculating on how homelessness con tributes to the culture of everyday life. The dynamics of attending to homeless ness are double-edged. They insure that the issue is addressed in some ways while at the same time entailing some necessary exclusions. Homelessness also serves to discriminate between regular ized societal life and the consequences of living outside its bounds. In both cases the generative force of established practices contributes to the constitution and maintenance of a category I call the dishonored homeless. Education in plan ning, and public affairs in general, should highlight, rather than submerge, the relations among dispersive policy practices such as economic development planning, social service delivery, and the lives of the dishonored homeless.
Variations In Value Orientations: Implications for Guiding Community Decision Behavior in Cross Cultural Settings
Authors: Ndubisi Forster
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the implications of the differences in value orientations for community planning in native communities in Ontario, Canada. A value case study of the New Credit native community and a community consisting of Euro-Canadian professionals revealed significant variations in their value preferences, which were regarded as the potential areas of conflict in their planning relationships. Further examination of planning consequences of the value study showed that a variant of the social learning paradigm of planning seems to be effective in planning with the New Credit community. Conceptual issues that need to be addressed before the paradigm can be fully adopted are raised.
The Relevancy of North American Planning Education for Overseas Practice: A Survey of Graduates
Authors: Hinojosa René C. , Lyons Thomas S. , Zinn Frank D.
Published: March 2007

In the long-standing discussion of how to best prepare urban planning students to practice effectively in other countries, scholars generally fall into two camps: those that take a general principles approach and those that argue that planning is best taught within a specific context Many argue that North American planning education is irrelevant for practice in other countries, but little empirical evidence has been put forward to test their assertions. A survey of graduates of accredited planning programs working overseas indicates that these practitioners see themselves as successful, and report that their education played a key role in that success. Moreover, they report having less difficulty adapting what they have learned to other contexts than is generally thought. The authors suggest that a key to educating international as well as domestic students is to focus on ways of translating the theoretical and abstract into solutions applicable to real world situations.
Utilizing Mixed-Method Research Designs in Planning: The Case of 14th Street, New York City
Authors: Gaber John , Gaber Sharon L.
Published: March 2007

Planning researchers tend to use single quantitative and/or qualitative research methods in their investigations. Unfortunately, single method research strategies run the risk of missing significant data sets that can cripple a planning investigation. We argue that combining methods into a mixed-method research design provides planning investigators a more comprehensive understanding than would be possible under a single method. The goal of the paper is to cultivate interest in combining quantitative and qualitative investigations into mixed-method planning research strategies and to highlight how and why investigators use mixed-method research strategies.
Undergraduate Education with a Purpose: A Planning Program at the University of Washington
Authors: Niebanck Paul
Published: March 2007

In 1993, the University of Washington initiated a planning major in the liberal arts and sciences. The experimental program, called Community and Environmental Planning (CEP), has recently assessed its progress. This paper describes the program and distills what was learned in the self-assessment. The assessment is strongly affirmative, but also raises a number of concerns. The paper concludes with reflections on three subjects of importance to the field of planning on which the CEP experience sheds light: the challenge of continuing renewal, the scope of planning scholarship, and the place of planning in a democratic society.
Urban Modeling and Contemporary Planning Theory: Is There a Common Ground?
Authors: Guhathakurta Subhrajit
Published: March 2007

This article provides a critical review of the history of urban modeling in North America, with a focus on unraveling some fundamental issues that militated against incorporating the first-generation urban models into planning practice. After examining the underlying theoretical context in social practice, I demonstrate that the re-emergence of a different form of rationality creates the conditions for incorporating new forms of urban models. Finally, I highlight the developments in group decision support systems research and suggest how these systems, together with a geographic information systems component, can be designed for critical planning practice.
Inequalities and the Schooling of Minority Students in Texas: Historical and Contemporary Conditions
Authors: Valencia Richard R.
Published: March 2007

In the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills case, the State argued that the differences in current schooling conditions and outcomes experienced by Whites and African American/Mexican American students are not due to historical discrimination, and such history is irrelevant to the litigation in GI Forum et al. vs. Texas Education Agency et al .By contrast, this article asserts that the contemporary widespread school failure of many African American and Mexican American students in Texas public schools is strongly connected to long-standing systemic public school inequalities and the subsequent limited opportunities to learn. This article lays down a framework for understanding the link between historical and contemporary discrimination. As an example of this past-present association, the issue of school segregation is discussed. Furthermore, data on the issue of substandard teachers and how this inequality shortchanges minority students is presented. The article’s major conclusion is that the State’s ahistorical position is both faulty and indefensible.
The Significance of the TAAS Test for Mexican Immigrant and Mexican American Adolescents: A Case Study
Authors: Valenzuela Angela
Published: March 2007

This article draws primarily from a 3-year qualitative case study to offer evidence that high-stakes testing is one among a number of alienating features of schooling. The focus is on low-achieving Mexican-origin students attending a segregated, urban high school located in Houston, Texas. The data show that the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills test often discourages regulartrack, Mexican American and Mexican immigrant students from completing high school or considering a college education. The required, English-only nature of the exit test is also highlighted as a key reason why limited-English-proficient, primarily Mexican immigrant, students fail to meet the passing requirement at high rates. High-stakes testing is characterized herein as embedded within a larger logic that systematically negates Mexican youths’ culture and language.
Adolescent Latino Reproductive Health: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Driscoll Anne K. , Biggs M. Antonia , Brindis Claire D. , Yankah Ekua
Published: March 2007

Latino adolescent reproductive health has become an increasingly important topic because of the growth in the numbers of Latino youth and because Latino youth are at high risk for negative reproductive health outcomes. Latinas now have the highest teen birth rates, and Latinos have disproportionately high rates of HIV/AIDS. These trends highlight the need for greater understanding of the sexual and reproductive health and behavior of Latino youth. This overview provides an introduction to key aspects of the Latino population. It then examines and synthesizes the existing literature by domains useful to the study of Latinos. Areas that receive in-depth coverage are socioeconomic status, family, national origin, peers and partners, and acculturation. Based on the current state of knowledge and the issues facing young Latinos, suggestions for future research and uses for existing data and past research are included.
The Role of Discrimination and Acculturative Stress in the Physical Health of Mexican-Origin Adults
Authors: Finch Brian Karl , Hummer Robert A. , Kol Bohdan , Vega William A.
Published: March 2007

The authors propose that perceived discrimination has an effect on self-reported health statuses, which are known to affect future morbidity and mortality. A sample of 3,012 Mexican-origin adults from the Mexican American Prevalence and Services Study in California is utilized to test this hypothesis. Dependent variables include a self-rating of health and a count of self-reported chronic conditions; the key independent variable is a scale of overall discrimination specific to one’s Mexican origin. Results indicate that discrimination is related to poor physical health—net of controls for acculturation stress, national heritage, sociodemographic variables, and social support. Depression is identified as a major mechanism through which discrimination may affect physical health. Notably, job market stress/discrimination has a very strong association with poorer physical health, net of depression. Individual-level effects of discrimination found in this study, as well as institutional-level conditions and contextual effects, should be treated as crucial to future studies of individual-level physical health differentials.
Psychiatric Evaluation of Bilingual Patients: A Reply to Vdzquez
Authors: Cuellar Israel , Price Criselda S.
Published: March 2007

Vatzquez (1982) has raised several important methodological issues in conducting research on the psychiatric evaluation of bilingual patients. Several of these issues are discussed in the context of a study conducted by Price and Cuellar (1981). Consensus is reached that objective instruments to evaluate psychopathology in bilinguals are sorely needed.
Hispanic Drinking Practices in Northern California
Authors: Caetano Raul
Published: March 2007

The data for this study come from three independent general population surveys conducted between 1978 and 1980 in three communities of the San Francisco Bay Area. All surveys followed the same sampling plan and only probability techniques were employed. Of a total of 4,510 adult respondents, 634 identified themselves as Hispanics and are the subject of this report. About 75% of the women are either abstainers or occasional and infrequent drinkers. The percentage of abstainers and frequent heavier drinkers among men is 14% and 26%, respectively. Among women, drinking is associated with being young, single and separated or divorced, and with having a higher income and higher education. Among men, drinking is associated with being young, single and separated or divorced and with being Catholic. The best predictors of alcohol-problems are the number of drinks consumed per month, being unemployed and being male. Also, among Hispanic males the rates of heavier drinkers and alcohol-related problems do not decrease abruptly from the twenties to the thirties as has been traditionally reported for the U.S. general population, but remain high until middle-age. In general, the results confirm previous findings which indicate that Hispanics have a higher rate of heavy drinking and alcohol problems than other ethnic groups in the U.S. population.
Cognitive and Behavioral Group Therapy with Puerto Rican Women: A Comparison of Content Themes
Authors: Comas-Diaz Lillian
Published: March 2007

Psychotherapeutic content themes in two distinct group psychotherapies, cognitive treatment following Beck's theory and behavioral treatment following Lewinsohn's model, conducted with Puerto Rican women were empirically observed. The findings revealed that there were no significant differences in the frequencies of content themes discussed in either group treatment modality. For both group treatment modalities, all content themes were discussed in the context of Puerto Rican values and value conflicts. Implications for psychotherapy with this group are discussed.
Birth Control and Low-Income Mexican-American Women: The Impact of Three Values
Authors: Ortiz Silvia , Casas Jesus Manuel
Published: March 2007

Nineth-nine Mexican-American women who were identified as either high or low acculturated responded to questionnaires assessing the relationship between birth control attitudes, knowledge, and usage, and the values ascribed to motherhood, male dominance, and sexual expression. Using a multiple regression analysis, a significant positive relationship was found for both high and low acculturated women with respect to their attitudes toward birth control and the values ascribed to motherhood, male dominance, and sexual expression. Relative to birth control use, a significant positive relationship was found between this variable and the values ascribed to motherhood, male dominance, and sexual expression for the low but ntot the high acculturated women. Finallh, no significant relationship was found between birth control knowledge and the aforementioned values. It should be noted that the differences between the low and high acculturated women persisted even while holding their socioeconomic level constant.
Racial Classification Among Puerto Rican Men and Women in New York
Authors: Rodriguez Clara E.
Published: March 2007

The research measures whether "race" was a significant stratifying variable within a multiracial ethnic group (Puerto Ricans) in New York City. Thze 1980 5% Public Use Microdata sample, which consisted of 27, 799 men and women, was used. ANOVA and chi-square were used to analyze socioeconomic variables by racial self-classification. The results indicate that the way Puerto Ricans classified themselves was significantly related to their socioeconomic position. Puerto Ricans identifying as "Other" (and writing in a Spanish desciptor) laggedfar behind those identifying as "VWhite. " On some variables, the group identifying as "Black" fared about the same as the "White" group, while in other areas, it was similar to the "Other-Spanish" group. Within each "race" group, Puerto Rican women were found to be worse off thani men.
Puerto Rican Poverty and Labor Markets: An Introduction
Authors: Rodriguez Clara , Melendez Edwin
Published: March 2007

This article provides an introduction to the special issue of the Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences on Puerto Rican Poverty and Labor Markets. It proposes that the unifying theme of the articles included in this volume is the focus on how structural factors, particularly in the functioning of labor markets, affect Puerto Ricans'disadvantaged socioeconomic status in the United States. Among the most important factors presented in the volume are: the concentration of Puerto Ricans in cities and regions (e.g., New York City, Chicago) that have undergone a rapid transition from a goods-producing economy to a service-oriented one; limited opportunities in housing markets that, in turn, limit the kinds and numbers of job opportunities that are available, quality of schools, and the quality of public services; and, the persistence of racial and gender discrimination. Other important topics examined in the special issue are the conceptualization of poverty and the poor, and welfare dependency. The authors conclude that the articles in the volume strongly support the view that Puerto Rican poverty largely results from the circumstances in which this population lives and works.
Trends in Labor Market Position for Puerto Ricans on the Mainland: 1970-1987
Authors: Falcon Luis M. , Hirschman Charles
Published: March 2007

Social and economic indicators for the Puerto Rican population on the US mainland showed continued decline in status during the 1970s and early 1980s. Using data from the 1970 and 1980 census and the 1987 Current Population Sun'ey, this article presents and discusses the trends behind the shift in the position of Puerto Ricans. Changes in labor force participation, employment, and average earnings for Puerto Rican males and females during the 1970s and the 1980s are discussed with attention to nativity and gentder differentials. Results show that the decline in socioeconomic status is not a untiversal trend within the Puerto Ricati population. Those born in Puerto Rico, males, those without high school education, and those above age 55 seem to face a critical situation. The experience of Puerto Rican males is different from that of females in that tltey continue to exhibit declining rates of labor force participation. On the other hand, there has been an increase in the representation of Puerto Ricans in the professional occupations. Structural changes in the economy have contributed to polarize the Puerto Rican labor force into skilled and nonskilled groups with the latter group rapidly withdrawing from the labor force.
Cultural Practices of Hispanics: Implications for the Prevention of AIDS
Authors: Mikawa James K. , Morones Pete A. , Gomez Antonio , Case Hillary L. , Olsen Dan , Gonzales-Huss Mary Jane
Published: March 2007

Specific cultural practices of Hispanics were assessed with regard to condom use as an AIDS prevention measure. The sample of 190 Hispanics, including 117 males and 73 females, were mostly young adults who had recently immigrated to the western part of the United States. Condom use was associated with the "one who buys the condoms, " who were mostly men, and machismo practices, such as protecting the woman by using condoms. Suggestions include directing prevention of AIDS messages to males, emphasizing the protection of women through the use of condoms. Religion was nota significant factor with regard to use of condoms even though over 85% of the subjects identified themselves as Catholic. Fate orientation with respect toAIDS also was not a significant factor. The extent adherence to traditional Hispanic cultural values was influenced by the degree of education and acculturation. It is suggested that both education and acculturation levels be assessed prior to the implementation of prevention programs.
Self-Efficacy and Hispanic College Students: Validation of the College Self-Efficacy Instrument
Authors: Solberg V. Scott , O'Brien Karen , Villareal Pete , Kennel Richard , Davis Betsy
Published: March 2007

Self-efficacy theory was proposed as an important determinant in Hispanic college student adjustment. Self-efficacy refers to the strength of a person's belief that they are able to produce a given behavior, and operationally. college self-efficacy was defined as a student's degree of confidence that they could successfully complete a given college-related task (e.g., taking notes, asking a question in class, etc.). The College Self-Efficacy Inventory was validated using a sample of 164 Mexican-American andLatino-American college students who responded to a survey questionnaire (response rate = 51.7%). Principal components analysis of the 20-item instrumentyielded three subscales: course efficacy (e.g., writing papers, doing well on ecxams), social efficacy (e.g., talking with professors, making friends at the university), and roommate efficacy (e.g., socializing with roommates, dividing apartment space). The subscales were found to have strong internal consistency and demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity.
Economic, Labor Force, and Social Inplications of Latino Educational and Population lrends
Authors: Perez Sonia M. , De La Rosa Salazar Denise
Published: March 2007

Demographic data show a dramatic increase in the U.S. Hispanic population over the past decade; early in the next century, Hispanics will become the nation's largest minority. Gains in educational attainment and economic stability and mobility have not been proportionate to this growth. By examining recent Census data and other relevant research, this article examines the relationship between Latino population trends and the impact of this growth on the economy and on education. Data show that Hispanics represent a significant segment of future workers and taxpayers who will ensure the solvency ofprivate and public services and benefits, such as Social Security. The analysis suggests that reducing inequality between Hispanics and the rest of society is an economic imperative and that increasing Hispanic educational attainment and other human capital characteristics is criticalfor the full integration of Latinos into the future U.S. work force. An undereducated, youthful, and growing Hispanic population has implications for labor force participation rates, earnings, socioeconomic stability, and the nation's social welfare. Finally, discrimination, quality of education, and poverty affect education and labor force status and must also be addressed.
A Multidimensional Measure of Cultural Identity for Latino and Latina Adolescents
Authors: Felix-Ortiz Maria , Newcomb Michael D. , Myers Hector
Published: March 2007

Many scales are available to measure acculturation. Unfortunately, most rely on a single indicator scale and fail to consider biculturality. Therefore, the multidimensional and multifaceted aspects of the complex phenomenon of cultural identity have not been adequately appreciated or assessed. Latino(a) college students (N = 130) responded to multiple items regarding language use, values/attitudes, behavior, and familiarity with aspects of American and Latino/a culture. Using exploratory factor analyses with oblique factor rotation, 10 interpretable and reliable factors were identified and compared to other criteria. The cultural identity scales included: Three for language, four for behavior/familiarity, and three for values/attitudes. Behavior and language differentiated between highly bicultural individuals, Latino/a identified, American identified, and low-level biculturals.
Reliability and Validity of a Q-Sort Measure of Attachment Security in Hispanic Infants
Authors: Busch-Rossnagel Nancy A. , Fracasso Maria P. , Vargas Maribel
Published: March 2007

An existing set of items for the Q-sort methodology was adapted for a Hispanic population by reducing the numberof items, rewriting the items into "easy English" and translating the items into Spanish. Hispanic mothers completed Q-sort ratings, participated in the Strange Situation with their infants, and were visited in their homes. Observers completed Q-sort ratings after a laboratory or home visit. The mean correlation between Q-sort ratings was .56for mothers, .66for laboratory observations, and .68for home observations. The mean correlations of the easy English Q-sort items with the original wording and with the Spanish translation were .78 and .66, respectively. Ratings on the atachment items in the Q-set significantly differentiated attachment classifications determined from infant behavior in the Strange Situation. The results suggest that the Q-sort scores provide a quantitative measure of individual differences in security of infant attachment.
Mexican American and European American Ratings of Four Alcoholism Treatment Programs
Authors: Atkinson Donald R. , Abreu Jose , Ortiz-Bush Yvonne , Brewer Scott
Published: March 2007

Mexican American and European American community college students were surveyed to determine the models of addiction to which they subscribed, their ratings of four alcoholism treatment programs, and, in the case of Mexican Americans, their scores on a measure of acculturation. Mexican American participants rated all four alcoholism treatment programs as more effective than did European Americans. Models of addiction to which participants subscribed were notfound to be related to either ethnicity or ratings of the four alcoholism treatments. Mexican Americans who scored lowest on the acculturation scale gave the highest ratings for allfour alcoholism treatment programs.
Psychotherapist Bias with Hispanics: An Analog Study
Authors: Arroyo Judith A.
Published: March 2007

This study used an innovative analog design to explore the influence of ethnicity on psychotherapists' clinical judgment. A total of 56 non-Hispanic White psychologists viewed one of two videotapes of a mock intake session that were identical exceptfor client ethnicity. The client was depicted with white skin color speaking standard English (non-Hispanic White guise) in one. In the other, the same actress appeared with dark skin color speaking English with a Hispanic accent (Hispanic guise). MANOVA indicated significantunivariate effects of ethnic guise on ratings ofprognosis with treatment, ability to empathize with the client, and blunted affect. Poor prognosis, lower empathy, and greater blunted affect were associated with the Hispanic ethnic guise.
Determinants of Ethnic Group Solidarity among Mexican Americans: A Research Note
Authors: Zsembik Barbara A. , Beeghley Leonard
Published: March 2007

This study combines into a single model the determinants of ethnic group solidarity among Mexican Americans identified in previous literature: ethnic factors, economic factors, and class and ethnic identities. Using the National Chicano Survey, the authors show that MexicanAmericans who display low ethnic solidarity tend to havefewer ethnic group ties, more economic resources, a weaker ethnic identity, and a weaker class identity. The results suggest the need to conceptualize ethnic solidarity as reflecting the combined effects of ethnic ties and economic resources and of ethnic and class identities with attendant implications for strengthening Mexican Americans' political and economic empowerment.
Ethnic Differences in the Workplace Environment by Employees in Two Municipal Workforces
Authors: Forst Jamie K. , Lehman Wayne E. K.
Published: March 2007

With the Hispanic population becoming the fastest growing ethnicfaction in the civilian labor force, research findings from workforces that are predominately Hispanic are becoming greater in number This raises the possibility that findings from Hispanic research samples may not generalize to workforces that are primarily non-Hispanic, and vice versa. Evidence is presented to suggest that differences between Hispanic and non-Hipanic employees, among responses to several industrial and organizational research scales and personal background variables, are very slight. These findings are advancedfrom several hundred employees in two municipal workforces, one that was 70% Hispanic and one that was 14% Hispanic.
The Categorical Meaning of Spanish American Identity among Blue-Collar New Mexicans, Circa 1983
Authors: Gonzales Phillip B.
Published: March 2007

Many ethnic labels and attending ideological identities vie for acceptance among the Spanish surnamed people of the Southwest. Taking a historical approach, this article searchesfor the meanings that 50 blue-collar respondents in Albuquerque, New Mexico, attached in 1983 to theirpreference for the term Spanish American. A set of qualitative interviews reveals a lack of sure ideological or knowledgeable ethnic identity. To distinguish themselves from other groups, participants relied on surface trait characteristics (categorical awareness) rather than deep cultural differences. A combination of ethnicflux and class dynamics accounts for the lack of a full-fledged ethnic identity.
Predictors of Attitudes toward Illegal Latino Immigrants
Authors: Cowan Gloria , Martinez Livier , Mendiola Stephanie
Published: March 2007

The conrelates of attitudes toward illegal immuigrants and responses to the well-publicized beatings of two illegal immigrants by sherif 's deputies in California were examined. In a sample of 140 university and community college students, humanitarian-egalitarian and individualistic values, stereotyping of illegal immigrants, and attitudes toward legal Mexican Americans as a measure of racism served as predictors. All the predictors, with the exception of individualistic values, were significant predictors of both anti-illegal immigrant attitudes and responses to the beatings. Thesefindings suggest that negative stereotypes about illegal immigrants, racism toward Latinos, and a relative lack of humanitarian values are significant correlates of negative attitudes toward illegal immigrants, and that these same variables are important in explaining responses to a public event that centered around illegal immigrants.
Acculturation and Planning for College among Youth of Mexican Descent
Authors: Hurtado Maria T. , Gauvain Mary
Published: March 2007

This research examined associations between acculturation, college planning, and college attendance in 410junior and senior high school students. Participants, of which three quarters were of Mexican descent and one quarter was of European descent, completed Cuellar; Harris, and Jasso's acculturation scale and a college-planning survey. Ten months later; 116 of the 148 participating seniors were interviewed to determine if they went to college and what resources helped them get there. Acculturation among Mexican American youth was not related to either wanting to go to college or engaging in practical actions to get there. For adolescents of both ethnicities, fathers' education influenced adolescents'college aspirations and their college-planning behaviors. Acculturation was predictive of college attendance among Mexican American adolescents.
Latino Students and College Entrance Exams: How Much Do They Really Matter?
Authors: Gandara Patricia , Lopez Elias
Published: March 2007

Because many colleges and universities reduce the weight of college entrance exam (e.g., Scholastic Aptitude Test [SAT]) scores for otherwise high-achieving minority students, the common wisdom has been that low SAT scores are relatively benign for Latino students with high grade point averages (GPAs). This study questioned that assumption and asked whether test scores affect other opportunities, such as scholarships; whether the scores erode the confidence of students who score low; and whether low test scores are predictive of time to complete degree or likelihood of doing postgraduate study. The studyfound that SATscores did not predictfor time to completion of a degree, college GPA, or likelihood of applying to graduate school. Students with low SAT scores were more likely to judge themselves as having lower ability than those who received high scores, independent of GPA, and almost half of the students were aware of missed opportunities as a result of their scores.
Effects of Acculturation and Psychopathology on Sexual Behavior and Substance Use of Suicidal Hispanic Adolescents
Authors: Fraser Deborah , Piacentini John , Van Rossem Ronan , Hien Denise , Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane
Published: March 2007

Two theoretical constructs of acculturation (high vs. low and biculturalism) were compared across adolescent risk behaviors among a seldom-studied group of Hispanic adolescents, 70% of whom were from the Dominican Republic. The sample consisted of 116 consecutively referred suicidal adolescentfemales who were assessed on diagnostic, acculturative, and risk behavior instruments. Hierarchical regressions were carried out separately for sexual behavior and substance use. Biculturalism (OR = 1.18, p < .01) and substance use (OR = 1.47, p <.01) were uniquely associated with sexual intercourse. High acculturation (R2 = .37, p <.001) and psychopathology as a block (R2 = .12, p <.01) were associated with greater use of substances (cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana). Results suggest that acculturative status is an important indicator of high-risk activity and may vary across behavioral contexts. This is the first known report of an association between biculturalism and sexual behavior in Hispanic adolescent girls.
The Effects of Extracurricular Activity, Ethnic Identification, and Perception of School on Student Dropout Rates
Authors: Davalos Deana B. , Chavez Ernest L. , Guardiola Robert J.
Published: March 2007

With a growing Mexican American population and an increasing dropout rate predicted for this group, research is needed to examine ways of deterring this trend and increasing retention rates. The current study examined extracurricular activity, perception of school, and ethnic identification, and the association with school retention rates among Mexican American and White non-Hispanics. Individuals reporting participation in extracurricular activity were 2.30 times more likely to be enrolled in school than were those not participating in extracurricular activity. Those Mexican Americans reporting a higher White non-Hispanics ethnic identity level were 2.41 times more likely to be enrolled in school and had a more positive perception of school than did Mexican American individuals reporting low levels of White non-Hispanics ethnic identification.
Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue: The Case of Immigrant Latinos
Authors: Perilla Julia L.
Published: March 2007

Using the writings of the late social psychologist Ignacio Martín-Baró and other Latin American and Latino social scientists as a framework, this article examines the issue of domestic violence from a human rights perspective. As suggested by these writers, the antecedents, dynamics, and effects of domestic abuse are explored, bringing to bear the historical, philosophical, cultural, social, spiritual, and political realities of Latino immigrants in the United States. From this ecological perspective, universal and culture-specific elements of this phenomenon are considered. Finally, Freire’s idea of concientización (consciousness) is used to delineate levels of awareness and responsibility necessary to break the intergenerational transmission of domestic violence in this population.
Participation in Leisure Activities and Involvement in Delinquency by Mexican American Adolescents
Authors: Yin Zenong , Katims David S. , Zapata Jesse T.
Published: March 2007

Juvenile delinquency and substance use among American youth have become major concerns in today’s society. The various paths that adolescents may take into lives of delinquency are varied and complex. One potentially fruitful avenue for researchers to explore is adolescent use of free time and its relationship to delinquency. This study was designed to develop and validate a typology of leisure time activities using a scale developed for this study called the Adolescent Leisure Time Activity Scale (ALTAS). An additional purpose of the study was to examine the association between participation in the type of leisure activity and delinquent behavior among low socioeconomic status middle and senior high school Mexican American adolescents. The sample for the study consisted of 2,651 Mexican American adolescents. Results indicate that a higher level of involvement in delinquency was significantly associated with increased participation in unsupervised socialization with friends and less frequent participation in organized leisure and sport activities and in activities at home. Different associations of leisure activities and delinquent acts also were observed between male and female participants.
Predictors of Sexual Risk in Latino Gay/Bisexual Men: The Role of Demographic, Developmental, Social Cognitive, and Behavioral Variables
Authors: DíAz Rafael M. , Morales Eduardo S. , Bein Edward , DiláN Eugene , RodríGuez Richard A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined four types of predictors of sexual risk within a sample of 110 predominantly English-speaking Latino gay/bisexual men residing in the city of San Francisco. More than one fourth of the sample reported at least one instance of unprotected anal intercourse in the last 30 days; one fifth of the sample reported unprotected anal intercourse with a nonmonogamous sexual partner within the same time period. Findings suggest that weak personal intentions for safer sex and low levels of perceived self-efficacy are associated with risky sexual practices. In addition, a history of sexual abuse in childhood, drug use during sexual activity, and frequency of sex in public cruising environments emerged as significant predictors of sexual risk. Multivariate analyses indicated that a four-predictor model (including a young age, low levels of intention/self-efficacy, a high frequency of sex under the influence of drugs, and a high frequency of sex with nonmonogamous partners) is the most parsimonious model to predict sexual risk in this population. A history of childhood sexual abuse correlated positively with all predictors of risk in the model, except age.
Kairos in Aristotle's Rhetoric
Authors: KINNEAVY JAMES L. , ESKIN CATHERINE R.
Published: March 2007

Many authorities have come to recognize the critical importance of the Greek notion of kairos (right timing and due measure) in contemporary rhetoric. But Aristotelian scholars have generally ignored or demeaned Aristotle's use of kairos in his rhetoric, often contrasting it especially to Plato's full treatment in the Phaedrus. This lack of attention has been partially due to faulty indexes or concordances, which have recently been corrected by Wartelle and programs like PERSEUS and IBICUS. Secondly, no one has hitherto attempted to go beyond the root kair- and examine the concept as expressed in other terms. This article will attempt to meet both of these concerns. It will first examine care-fully the 16 references to kairos in the Rhetoric and show that the term is an integral element in Aristotle's own act of writing, in his concept of the pathetic argument, and in his handling of maxims and integration. There are also important passages using kairos in his treatment of style, often in conjunction with his use of the notion of propriety or fitness (to prepon). Possibly the two most important indirect uses of the concept of kairos can be seen in Aristotle's definition of rhetoric and in his treatment of equity in both the Rhetoric and the Nichomachean Ethics, probably the two most important treatments of the concept in antiquity.
Children's Sense of Genre
Authors: LANGER JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores children's notions of what stories and reports are, how they can be organized, and when to use them as revealed in the stories and reports they wrote or recalled, and in their responses to questions about each. There were 67 high achieving children in grades 3,6 and 9 who read and wrote similar kinds of stories and reports. This permitted comparison of ways in which they organized their knowledge across genre (story and report) and domain (reading and writing). Findings indicate the following: (1) Children have strongly differentiated notions of stories and reports and structure stories and reports in different ways from early on; (2) They use these structures in the pieces they read and retell as well as in the pieces they write; (3) Both stories and reports grow in complexity along a variety of measures; and (4) Both stories and reports show increased student control of genre-related organizational structures.
Reliability and Validity of Measures of Attitudes toward Writing and toward Writing with the Computer
Authors: SHAVER JAMES P.
Published: March 2007

The reliability of secondary students' scores from a previously published measure of attitudes toward writing, Daly and Miller's Writing Apprehension Scale (WAS), and a newly developed Attitudes Toward Writing with the Computer Scale (ATWCS) were appraised and validity evidence gathered in two separate studies. Data came from 354 7th through 10th graders in seven school districts and from 658 10th graders in one school district. Alpha coefficients were .94 and above for the WAS and .86 and above for the ATWCS. Construct validity indicators were (a) low correlations between WAS and ATWCS scores and substantiating interview data; (b) higher correlations between WAS and holistic writing scores than between ATWCS and holistic writing scores; (c) greater sensitivity of the ATWCS to the effects of participation in a computer writing lab; and (d) independent factorial structures for the two scales. A three-factor solution was obtained for the WAS, contrary to Daly and Miller's unifactor solution.
Public Discourse and Personal Expression
Authors: CLARK GREGORY , DOHENY-FARINA STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

The authors recount their attempt to analyze a case study in terms of two conflicting rhetorics: a collectivist rhetoric that values most the contributions individuals make to an ongoing collective project and an individualist rhetoric that values most the original and autonomous voice. These two rhetorics conflict in the experience of one writer working concurrently in a literature seminar within a university English department and in the public relations office of a reproductive services agency. This conflict, centering on different rhetorical ethics, had less to do with competence than with commitment: the writer's commitment to the individualist ethics practiced in the writing she did in the literature seminar prevented her from valuing the writing she did at the agency that worked toward a collectivist end. The authors then examine how this analysis is problematized by alternative interpretations of this case that demonstrate that the collectivist rhetoric practiced by researchers and theorists of writing itself involves the interaction of conflicting individualist assertions. This analysis suggests that the most useful theoretical insights any case might provide into the question of how writing ought to be taught are embodied in the exchange of interpretations that case provokes and in the confrontation of diverse arguments that emerge from that exchange.
Electronic Mail as a Vehicle for Peer Response
Authors: MABRITO MARK
Published: March 2007

This Qualitative study sought to determine whether four high- and four low-apprehensive first-year college writers responded differently as peer evaluators of writing in a face-to-face group versus a group that communicated via an electronic-mail network. An analysis of recorded group “conversations” revealed that high apprehensives exhibited different strategies than low apprehensives for informing group members about writing during both face-to-face and e-mail sessions. Furthermore, high apprehensives during e-mail sessions participated more and offered more directions for revision than during face-to-face meetings. When revising subsequent to group meetings, high apprehensives reported relying more on group comments received during e-mail sessions than group comments received during face-to-face sessions.
Dysfunctional Workers, Functional Texts
Authors: SULLIVAN FRANCIS J.
Published: March 2007

Emerging from the development of a workplace literacy program for entry-level tax examiners, this case study examines ways in which conflicts between management and workers over the division of labor are textually enacted in the two kinds of manuals that govern the work of tax examiners in an IRS Service Center. The first kind of manual, called an IRM, is the official government manual operationalizing the procedures for interpreting tax law and IRS regulations. The second, called a Desk Reference, is intended as an unofficial “translation” of the former. Closer analysis, using a critical application of systemic linguistics, reveals that systematic differences between the two manuals project contradictory views of the tax examiners' work. Consequently, tax examiners are put into the impossible position of attempting to be the compliant subjects of two opposing discourses.
Broadening the Perspective of Mainstream Composition Studies
Authors: SILVA TONY , LEKI ILONA , CARSON JOAN
Published: March 2007

In this article we (a) argue that mainstream composition studies is at present too narrow in its scope and limited in its perspective and (b) offer some thoughts, from our unique interdisciplinary position, that we feel could help mainstream composition professionals improve this situation. In our article, we first provide evidence that we feel suggests an unfortunate pattern of neglect in mainstream composition studies of writing in English as a second language (ESL) and writing in languages other than English. We then introduce a number of concepts from second language studies (primarily from second language acquisition and second language writing instruction) that we believe could help mainstream composition studies address its limitations; develop a more global and inclusive understanding of writing; and thus avoid being seen as a monolinguistic, monocultural, and ethnocentric enterprise.
Disciplining Discourse
Authors: GEISLER CHERYL , ROGERS EDWIN H. , HALLER CYNTHIA R.
Published: March 2007

The authors report an investigation of the discourse practices of the “affiliated professions” of software engineering design. Lists of design issues generated by students in computer science and technical communication were compared to lists produced by experts affiliated with software engineering and by students entering an unaffiliated profession. The results suggest that (a) the affiliated experts addressed a more balanced set of issues, (b) the students in computer science looked more like the affiliated experts in their attention to technical issues and more like the unaffiliated students in their attention to human issues, and (c) the students in technical communication looked more like the affiliated experts in their attention to the human issues and more like the unaffiliated students in their attention to the technical issues. The results are discussed in terms of a landscape of highly clustered, fractured, and stratified affiliated professions over which students travel during their educational and professional careers.
The Art of Rhetoric at the Amphiareion of Oropos
Authors: ENOS RICHARD LEO
Published: March 2007

Commentary: My intent in doing this project was to illustrate that an archaeological site as (apparently) obscure as the Amphiareion of Oropos holds a wealth of evidence about the nature and practice of rhetorical contests. Indirectly, I also hoped to illustrate that developing new methods of analysis through “field work” in classical rhetoric complements conventional arm-chair research - characteristic of literary analysis - as a source of primary evidence. The study opportunities and support that I received in 1974 and 1977 from the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and the Greek Ministry of Science and Culture convinced me that the Amphiareion would be appropriate for study. The Amphiareion was small enough for an in-depth examination and large enough to be known by ancient geographers such as Pausanias. From 1977 to 1985 I analyzed the information I had gathered about the site: the inscriptions my wife, Jane Helppie, and I had photographed and drawn on our field trips, the commentary of ancient sources, and the results of archaeological excavations under Basil Petracos and the Greek Archaeological Service. This study reveals that rhetoric was practiced at locations other than prominent centers such as Athens and that these practices were sustained for centuries. In the future I plan to visit other larger and better known sites in order to continue the search for information that provides the basis for a richer understanding of the history of written communication in Greece.