bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age of Islet Autoantibody Appearance and Mean Levels of Insulin, but Not GAD or IA-2 Autoantibodies, Predict Age of Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Steck Andrea K. , Johnson Kelly , Barriga Katherine J. , Miao Dongmei , Yu Liping , Hutton John C. , Eisenbarth George S. , Rewers Marian J.
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated predictors of progression to diabetes in children with high-risk HLA genotypes and persistent islet autoantibodies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) followed 2,542 children with autoantibodies measured to GAD, IA-2, and insulin.

RESULTS

Persistent islet autoantibodies developed in 169 subjects, and 55 of those progressed to diabetes. Children expressing three autoantibodies showed a linear progression to diabetes with 74% cumulative incidence by the 10-year follow-up compared with 70% with two antibodies and 15% with one antibody (P < 0.0001). Both age of appearance of first autoantibody and insulin autoantibody (IAA) levels, but not GAD or IA-2 autoantibodies, were major determinants of the age of diabetes diagnosis (r = 0.79, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In the DAISY cohort, 89% of children who progressed to diabetes expressed two or more autoantibodies. Age of diagnosis of diabetes is strongly correlated with age of appearance of first autoantibody and IAA levels.
Impact of Diabetes on Work Cessation
Authors: Herquelot Eléonore , Guéguen Alice , Bonenfant Sébastien , Dray-Spira Rosemary
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE

To measure the impact of diabetes on work cessation, i.e., on the risks of work disability, early retirement, and death while in the labor force.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used data from the GAZEL prospective cohort of 20,625 employees of the French national gas and electricity company “EDF-GDF.” We identified 506 employees with diabetes and randomly selected 2,530 nondiabetic employed control subjects matched for major sociodemographic and occupational characteristics. Using a multistate Cox model, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) comparing the risks of transition from employment to disability, retirement, and death over time between participants with versus without diabetes.

RESULTS

Employment rate decreased more rapidly in participants with diabetes (51.9 and 10.1% at 55 and 60 years, respectively) compared with nondiabetic participants (66.5 and 13.4%, respectively). Participants with diabetes had significantly increased risks of transition from employment to disability (HR 1.7 [95% CI 1.0–2.9]), retirement (HR 1.6 [1.5–1.8]), and death (HR 7.3 [3.6–14.6]) compared with participants without diabetes. Between 35 and 60 years, each participant with diabetes lost an estimated mean time of 1.1 year in the workforce (95% CI 0.99–1.14) compared with a nondiabetic participant.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results provide evidence for a profound negative impact of diabetes on workforce participation in France. Social and economic consequences are major for patients, employers, and society—a burden that is likely to increase as diabetes becomes more and more common in the working-aged population.
Severe Non-Lethal Violence During Psychotic Illness
Authors: Yee Natalia Y. L. , Large Matthew M. , Kemp Richard I. , Nielssen Olav B.
Published: May 2011

Background: Research about violence in psychosis has mainly considered homicide by people with mental disorder, especially schizophrenia, and violence in groups of psychiatric patients. In this study we examine the characteristics of a sample of offenders with psychotic illness who committed severe non-lethal violent offences.

Method: A review of court documents from a consecutive series of cases involving violence resulting in significant injury concluded in the District Court of New South Wales, Australia, in the years 2006 and 2007.

Results; Of 661 people found to have committed a severe violent offence, 74 (11%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9–14%) had a diagnosed psychotic illness. Of these, 16 (22%, 95% CI 12–31%) had never received treatment with antipsychotic medication and could be regarded as being in the first episode of psychosis. Offenders with psychosis were typically non-adherent to treatment, had co-morbid substance use and prior criminal convictions. Positive symptoms of psychotic illness such as hallucinations and delusional beliefs were reported to be present at the time of the offence in most of the cases. Seven of 74 (10%) psychotic offenders were found not guilty on the grounds of mental illness.

Conclusions: People with psychotic illness are over-represented among those who commit violent offences resulting in significant injury, confirming the presence of an association between psychosis and severe non-lethal violence. Earlier treatment of first episode psychosis, improving the adherence to treatment of known patients and treatment of co-morbid substance abuse could reduce the incidence of severe violence committed by patients with psychosis.
Improving Medical Student Attitudes Towards People with Schizophrenia
Authors: Galletly Cherrie , Burton Cassandra
Published: May 2011

Objective: To develop and evaluate an intervention for final year medical students to reduce stigma against people with schizophrenia.

Method: A total of 87 students participated in a 3-h workshop that included both a contact component (a DVD of a young man with schizophrenia) and an experience of simulated auditory hallucinations. Attitudes to schizophrenia were evaluated using the Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ), completed at the beginning and end of the workshop.

Results: There was a significant improvement in mean AMIQ scores after participating in the workshop. Students with more negative attitudes before the workshop showed the most significant improvement, whilst there was little change for students who held more positive attitudes.

Conclusion: A workshop combining a DVD narrative by a young person with schizophrenia and simulated auditory hallucinations is an effective teaching tool to improve medical students' attitudes to people with schizophrenia.
Aripiprazole and Haloperidol in the Treatment of Delirium
Authors: Boettger Soenke , Friedlander Miriam , Breitbart William , Passik Steven
Published: May 2011

Objective: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole and haloperidol in the amelioration of distressing symptoms of delirium and its motoric subtypes.

Methods: At Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, we prospectively collected sociodemographic and medical data and systematically rated all patients diagnosed with delirium with the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS), Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) and the abbreviated Udvalg Kliniske Undersogelser Side Effect Rating Scale (UKU) at the initial diagnosis of delirium (T1), after 48–72 h (T2) and 7 days later (T3). All collected information was entered into a delirium database. For our analysis, we subsequently extracted data on aripiprazole (ARI) treated patients to compare to case-matched haloperidol (HAL) treated patients.

Results: We retrieved 21 patients treated with aripiprazole and 21 case-matched patients treated with haloperidol. Initial MDAS scores did not significantly differ between the groups. Over the course of treatment (T1 to T3), MDAS scores improved from 18.1 to 8.3 for ARI and 19.9 to 6.8 for HAL. The delirium resolution rate was 76.2% for ARI and 76.2% for HAL. For patients with hypoactive delirium, the MDAS scores improved from 15.6 to 5.7 for ARI and 18.8 to 8.1 for HAL. Delirium resolution rates for patients with hypoactive delirium were 100% for ARI and 77.8% for HAL. For patients experiencing hyperactive delirium, the MDAS scores improved from 19.9 to 6.8 for ARI and 20.8 to 5.8 for HAL. Delirium resolution rates for patients with hyperactive delirium were 58.3% for ARI and 75% for HAL. There were no significant differences in treatment results between ARI and HAL. Treatment with HAL caused more extrapyramidal side effects.

Conclusion: From our secondary analysis, aripiprazole may be as effective as haloperidol in the management of delirium and its subtypes. Treatment with haloperidol resulted in more side effects.
Differences in Patients' Perceptions of Schizophrenia Between Māori and New Zealand Europeans
Authors: Sanders Deanna , Kydd Robert , Morunga Eva , Broadbent Elizabeth
Published: May 2011

Objective: Māori (the Indigenous people of New Zealand) are disproportionately affected by mental illness and experience significantly poorer mental health compared to New Zealand Europeans. It is important to understand cultural differences in patients’ ideas about mental illness in treatment settings. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in illness perceptions between Māori and New Zealand Europeans diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Method: A total of 111 users of mental health services (68 Māori, 43 New Zealand European) in the greater Auckland and Northland areas who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder were interviewed using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Drug Attitude Inventory. District Health Board staff completed the Global Assessment of Functioning for each patient.

Results: Māori with schizophrenia believed that their illness would continue significantly less time than New Zealand European patients did. Chance or spiritual factors were listed as causes of mental illness by only five Māori patients and no New Zealand European patients. Other illness perceptions, as well as attitudes towards medication, were comparable between groups. Across groups, the top perceived causes were drugs/alcohol, family relationships/abuse, and biological causes.

Conclusion: Illness perceptions provide a framework to assess patients’ beliefs about their mental illness. Differences between Māori and New Zealand European patients’ beliefs about their mental illness may be related to traditional Māori beliefs about mental illness. Knowledge of differences in illness perceptions provides an opportunity to design effective clinical interventions for both Māori and New Zealand Europeans.
An overview of ethnography in healthcare and medical education research
Authors: Goodson Leigh , Vassar Matt
Published: May 2011

Research in healthcare settings and medical education has relied heavily on quantitative methods. However, there are research questions within these academic domains that may be more adequately addressed by qualitative inquiry. While there are many qualitative approaches, ethnography is one method that allows the researcher to take advantage of relative immersion in order to obtain thick description. The purpose of this article is to introduce ethnography, to describe how ethnographic methods may be utilized, to provide an overview of ethnography's use in healthcare and medical education, and to summarize some key limitations with the method.
Crafted by Many Hands: Re-Reading Bronislava Nijinska's Early Memoirs
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: May 2011

In 1981 Bronislava Nijinska's Early Memoirs, the last autobiography by a major figure in Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, was published to near universal acclaim. However, as the choreographer's notes, drafts, and early autobiographical manuscripts make clear, Early Memoirs is a composite work, crafted by multiple hands and harbouring within itself alternative and even contradictory readings of the dominant story. In a field that privileges first-person testimony, the composite nature of most dance autobiographies is highly problematic, at once undermining their narrative authority and forcing recognition of what might be called their multivocality. Early Memoirs, like other volumes of dance autobiography, belongs both to Nijinska and to her interpreters, even if their interests do not always coincide.
The Dandré-Levitoff Russian Ballet, 1934–1935: Australia and beyond
Authors: Potter Michelle
Published: May 2011

This article explores the year-long tour of the Dandré-Levitoff Russian Ballet between 1934 and 1935. The company performed in South Africa, Singapore, Java, Australia, Ceylon, India and Egypt and was led by two sets of principals, Vera Nemchinova and Anatole Oboukhoff in South Africa and then Olga Spessivtseva and Anatole Vilzak with Spessivtseva being replaced by Natasha Bojkovich following Spessivtseva's decline mid-way through the Australian season. The company performed works largely drawn from the Pavlova repertoire and used Pavlova's name and her commitment to classical ballet to justify the company agenda. The article addresses some of the misconceptions that have arisen about the tour in previously published sources. It also fills in some of the specific details of the tour and gathers scattered information relating to schedule and repertoire into three appendices.
Does Secondhand Smoke Affect the Development of Dental Caries in Children? A Systematic Review
Authors: Hanioka Takashi , Ojima Miki , Tanaka Keiko , Yamamoto Mito
Published: May 2011

This review evaluated evidence of the relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) and dental caries in children in epidemiological studies. Relevant literature was searched and screened, and the methodological quality was assessed. The search yielded 42 citations. High-quality studies including one cohort format and 14 case-control format studies were selected. Early childhood caries was examined in 11 studies. The independent association of SHS was significant in 10 studies, and the strength was mostly weak to moderate. One study did not select SHS as a significant variable. Three studies reported decreases in the risk of previous exposure, and the association was not significant. Dose-response relationships were evident in five studies. Permanent teeth were examined in seven studies. Five studies reported significant associations, which were mostly weak. The risk of previous exposure remained similar to that of current exposure, and a dose-response relationship was not evident in one study. The overall evidence for the causal association in early childhood caries is possible regarding epidemiological studies, and the evidence of permanent teeth and the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy were insufficient. The results warrant further studies of deciduous teeth using a cohort format and basic studies regarding the underlying mechanism.
Restaurant and Bar Owners’ Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Attitudes Regarding Smoking Bans in Five Chinese Cities
Authors: Liu Ruiling , Hammond S. Katharine , Hyland Andrew , Travers Mark J. , Yang Yan , Nan Yi , Feng Guoze , Li Qiang , Jiang Yuan
Published: May 2011

Despite the great progress made towards smoke-free environments, only 9% of countries worldwide mandate smoke-free restaurants and bars. Smoking was generally not regulated in restaurants and bars in China before 2008. This study was designed to examine the public attitudes towards banning smoking in these places in China. A convenience sample of 814 restaurants and bars was selected in five Chinese cities and all owners of these venues were interviewed in person by questionnaire in 2007. Eighty six percent of current nonsmoking subjects had at least one-day exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) at work in the past week. Only 51% of subjects knew SHS could cause heart disease. Only 17% and 11% of subjects supported prohibiting smoking completely in restaurants and in bars, respectively, while their support for restricting smoking to designated areas was much higher. Fifty three percent of subjects were willing to prohibit or restrict smoking in their own venues. Of those unwilling to do so, 82% thought smoking bans would reduce revenue, and 63% thought indoor air quality depended on ventilation rather than smoking bans. These results showed that there was support for smoking bans among restaurant or bar owners in China despite some knowledge gaps. To facilitate smoking bans in restaurants and bars, it is important to promote health education on specific hazards of SHS, provide country-specific evidence on smoking bans and hospitality revenues, and disseminate information that restricting smoking and ventilation alone cannot eliminate SHS hazards.
Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Antagonistic Bacteria against Phytophthora nicotianae Isolated from Tobacco Rhizosphere
Authors: Jin Fengli , Ding Yanqin , Ding Wei , Reddy M.S. , Fernando W.G. Dilantha , Du Binghai
Published: May 2011

The genetic diversity of antagonistic bacteria from the tobacco rhizosphere was examined by BOXAIR-PCR, 16S-RFLP, 16S rRNA sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis methods. These studies revealed that 4.01% of the 6652 tested had some inhibitory activity against Phytophthora nicotianae. BOXAIR-PCR analysis revealed 35 distinct amplimers aligning at a 91% similarity level, reflecting a high degree of genotypic diversity among the antagonistic bacteria. A total of 25 16S-RFLP patterns were identified representing over 33 species from 17 different genera. Our results also found a significant amount of bacterial diversity among the antagonistic bacteria compared to other published reports. For the first time; Delftia tsuruhatensis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Advenella incenata, Bacillus altitudinis, Kocuria palustris, Bacillus licheniformis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Myroides odoratimimus are reported to display antagonistic activity towards Phytophthora nicotianae. Furthermore, the majority (75%) of the isolates assayed for antagonistic activity were Gram-positives compared to only 25% that were Gram-negative bacteria.
Required Levels of Catalysis for Emergence of Autocatalytic Sets in Models of Chemical Reaction Systems
Authors: Hordijk Wim , Kauffman Stuart A. , Steel Mike
Published: May 2011

The formation of a self-sustaining autocatalytic chemical network is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the origin of life. The question of whether such a network could form “by chance” within a sufficiently complex suite of molecules and reactions is one that we have investigated for a simple chemical reaction model based on polymer ligation and cleavage. In this paper, we extend this work in several further directions. In particular, we investigate in more detail the levels of catalysis required for a self-sustaining autocatalytic network to form. We study the size of chemical networks within which we might expect to find such an autocatalytic subset, and we extend the theoretical and computational analyses to models in which catalysis requires template matching.
Nitrogen Substituted Phenothiazine Derivatives: Modelling of Molecular Self-Assembling
Authors: Bende Attila , Turcu Ioan
Published: May 2011

The study aims to present a detailed theoretical investigation of noncovalent intermolecular interactions between different π–π stacking nitrogen substituted phenothiazine derivatives by applying second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation (MP2), density functional (DFT) and semiempirical theories. The conformational stability of these molecular systems is mainly given by the dispersion-type electron correlation effects. The density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method applied for dimer structures are compared with the results obtained by the higher level theoretical methods. Additionally, the optimal configuration of the investigated supramolecular systems and their self-assembling properties are discussed.
CD4+ T Cell Depletion in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Role of Apoptosis
Authors: Février Michèle , Dorgham Karim , Rebollo Angelita
Published: May 2011

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is principally a mucosal disease and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the major site of HIV replication. Loss of CD4+ T cells and systemic immune hyperactivation are the hallmarks of HIV infection. The end of acute infection is associated with the emergence of specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and the establishment of a chronic phase of infection. Abnormal levels of immune activation and inflammation persist despite a low steady state level of viremia. Although the causes of persistent immune hyperactivation remain incompletely characterized, physiological alterations of gastrointestinal tract probably play a major role. Failure to restore Th17 cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) might impair the recovery of the gut mucosal barrier. This review discusses recent advances on understanding the contribution of CD4+ T cell depletion to HIV pathogenesis.
Liquid Radioactive Wastes Treatment: A Review
Authors: Rahman R. O. Abdel , Ibrahium H. A. , Hung Yung-Tse
Published: May 2011

Radioactive wastes are generated during nuclear fuel cycle operation, production and application of radioisotope in medicine, industry, research, and agriculture, and as a byproduct of natural resource exploitation, which includes mining and processing of ores, combustion of fossil fuels, or production of natural gas and oil. To ensure the protection of human health and the environment from the hazard of these wastes, a planned integrated radioactive waste management practice should be applied. This work is directed to review recent published researches that are concerned with testing and application of different treatment options as a part of the integrated radioactive waste management practice. The main aim from this work is to highlight the scientific community interest in important problems that affect different treatment processes. This review is divided into the following sections: advances in conventional treatment of aqueous radioactive wastes, advances in conventional treatment of organic liquid wastes, and emerged technological options.
A et NO : séquence 4
Authors: Fougeron Irina
Published: May 2011

А и НО, опыт четвертый

В наших трёх предыдущих статьях мы постарались показать основные значения и принципы функционирования союза «а». Здесь в центре внимания союз «но». Этот союз вводит предложение, которое так или иначе вносит ограничение в действие или ситуацию, о которой говорилось раньше. Союзы «а» и «но» противопоставляются друг другу по их роли в организации текста: если «а» ориентирует текст на продолжение, то «но» обращает его к сказанному и тем самым как бы закрывает текст. Наличие ограничительных отношений и отсутствие в сложно-сочинённом предложении с «но» структуры взаимоисключающих связей объясняет невозможность замены «но» на «а». Там, где благодаря перестановке членов, можно создать сопоставительные отношения, формальная замена «но» на «а» становится возможной.
Взаимодействие лексики и грамматики в семантической структуре предложения
Authors: Zolotova Galina
Published: May 2011

The semantic structure of a sentence is understood as a generalized semantic resuit of the conjunction of the subject and predicate components produced by the interaction of lexics and grammar. The article discribes the mechanism of the semantic-syntactic structure formation in the unity of form and meaning and shows the designation of the semantic-structural models for functioning in certain types of texts.
Puškin, le fils prodigue transfiguré
Authors: Sémon Marie
Published: May 2011

В этой статье, автор касается темы, не привлекавшей внимания французских славистов. В самом деле, религиозными мотивами пушкинской поэтики интересовались, главным образом, русские писатели и мыслители первой эмиграции, к которым западные слависты мало прислушивались. В статье акцентируются пушкинские антонимии. В 1-м пункте рассматривается религиозный синкретизм Пушкина, его влечение к самым разнообразным культурам. Поэту дано, «обходя моря и земли», перешагнуть через препятствия времен и пространств и приобщиться к различным формам, в которые облекается универсальная гармония, включая язычество (2-й пункт), свойственная поэтам религия (Деяния XVII:23). Этот своеобразный философский синкретизм, переходящий за границы исторического времени религий, смущает одних — ортодоксальных христианских церковников, и вводит в заблуждение других — агностиков, которые торопятся не принимать всерьез пушкинских религиозных мотивов. В этом синкретизме автор видит, наоборот, подлинную «тоску по Бозе», не покидавшую поэта до конца сложного духовного пути и приведшую его постепенно к его глубоким русским корням, т.е. к православному христианству. Мотив пустыни (3-й и 4-й пункт), центральный в творчестве Пушкина, является главной пушкинской антиномией (творческое преобразование / нигилистическое отчаяние — чередования, присущие подлинной духовной жизни). Покаяние, главный христианский мотив Пушкина, весьма русская в нем черта, как и юродство или богохульство (5-й пункт). Образ Блудного сына часто привлекает его внимание. Покаянные псалмы появляются в его творчестве начиная с 1828 г. и звучат все сильнее до самого конца жизни (Странник — 1835; Отцы пустынники — 1836). Наконец, смерть Пушкина, высший творческий акт поэта, последнее и величайшее преображение его. Притча Блудного сына, как известно, оканчивается пиршеством, прообразом царства небесного. Эти отзвуки и свет высшей гармонии подчас передает нам «мирской» гений Пушкина. Ибо «где Дух Господен, там свобода» (П Кор. 111:17).
L'adaptation accentuelle des emprunts anglo-américains en russe
Authors: Comtet Roger
Published: May 2011

The accentual adaptation of anglo-american loan words in russian

This article deals with an analysis of the Russian word stress in Anglo-American loan words; this analysis is based on the new Russian Contemporary Dictionary of Foreign Words published in 1992. In about one third of the English loan words mentioned by this dictionary we can notice a shift of the word stress from English to Russian. In most of the nouns this shift can be explained by the Russian system of composition, affixation and stressing, rather than by a false perception of the English word stress by a Russian ear. This adaptation appears as the main way of phonological naturalization of English words in Russian and its efficiency leads to consider the danger of the so-called «Americanization» of the Russian language to-day with scepticism.
Une nouvelle nationalité slave : les Ruthènes de l'Europe du Centre-Est
Authors: Magocsi Paul Robert
Published: May 2011

A new slavic nationality: the Rusyns of East-Central Europe

This study discusses the basic characteristics of the national revival that has taken place among the Rusyns of East-Central Europe since the mid- 1980s. The author accepts the view of Ernest Gellner and other theorists that nationalities are intellectual constructs dependent on people who believe they have a common culture and who wish to function as a distinct community. Information is provided on the recent national revival among the Rusyns of Poland, Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. The author also contrasts the present Rusyn national revival with two previous ones that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century and interwar years of the twentieth century. The future success of the Rusyn revival depends in large part on the degree to which democratic reform is implemented by the post-Communist régimes in the five countries where Rusyns live.
Wykładniki wartości informacyjnej wypowiedzenia v j. polskim i francuskim (aspekt, określoność, modalność)
Authors: Włodarczyk Hélène
Published: May 2011

Les marqueurs de la valeur informative de l'énoncé en polonais et en français (aspect, détermination, modalité)

Chaque langue possède ses propres structures catégorielles qui n'ont pas d'équivalent exact dans les autres langues, d'où il résulte une certaine impossibilité de la traduction. Cependant, outre leurs valeurs primaires, les catégories grammaticales peuvent être utilisées dans l'énoncé pour transmettre d'autres significations. Il s'agit de leurs valeurs secondaires. Ces dernières significations, en effet, ne sont pas seulement le propre des catégories grammaticales mais concernent les énoncés dans leur ensemble. Par exemple, l'emploi habituel de l'aspect imperfectif n'est pas une propriété de la seule forme verbale (cet emploi ne peut être établi hors contexte) mais résulte d'autres informations contenues dans l'énoncé, que ce soit sous la forme de circonstants (habituellement, tous les jours, chaque année) ou sous la forme du nombre et de la détermination du substantif (un, le, tout, chaque, tous les). Parfois, l'élément qui est pertinent pour établir la valeur d'emploi d'un verbe imperfectif peut se trouver éloigné de ce verbe par quelques phrases. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire, pour analyser les énoncés, de tenir compte aussi bien du texte dans son ensemble que du contexte situationnel qui n'est pas toujours verbalisé mais que l'on peut rétablir grâce à la connaissance de la situation concrète ou grâce à la connaissance du monde que partagent les membres d'une communauté culturelle.

Certaines informations contenues dans les emplois contextuels des verbes d'aspect perfectif ou imperfectif des langues slaves peuvent être exprimées par la catégorie de la détermination du groupe nominal dans les langues à article (français, anglais ou autres). Cela parce qu'aussi bien l'aspect que l'article possèdent, en plus de leurs sens catégoriels primaires se référant au monde, un ensemble très important d'emplois se référant aux actes de parole et à leurs participants (il s'agit des emplois de discours). L'énonciateur doit, dans tout acte de parole, prendre position par rapport à l'information transmise, qu'il peut traiter comme donnée ou nouvelle. Pour décrire plus précisément la qualité de l'information, nous avons proposé deux échelles de valeurs opposées : générique/spécifique, général/particulier, habituel/occasionnel, potentiel/actuel, probable/improbable. La catégorie de la modalité (exprimée par des moyens grammaticaux et lexicaux) joue aussi un rôle important dans l'évaluation informative des énoncés.
La mission de Juraj Križanić en Moscovie
Authors: Geronimi Valérie
Published: May 2011

Миссия Юрия Крижанича в Москву

Автор настоящей статьи поставила перед собой задачу доказать, что хорватский миссионер Юрий Крижанич всю свою жизнь оставался верным убеждениям своих молодых лет, согласно которым самодержавная Россия должна служить образцом политического развития для всех славянских народов. Хотя для этого, по мнению Крижанича, России необходимо было пойти на объединение с западной, римокато- лической церковью.

Юрий Крижанич родился в Хорватии в 1617 (или 1618) году. Учился в Загребе, в Граце (Австрия) и в Болонье, где окончил курс философии. В 1641 году он поступил в греческую Коллегию имени св. Афанасия в Риме, откуда два года спустя вышел миссионером. Первую свою миссионерскую деятельность Крижанич осуществил у себя на родине, после чего он уехал в Смоленск, который в это время находился в составе Речи Посполитой. Там он воспользовался представившимся случаем и в составе польского посольства совершил в 1647 году поездку в Москву. В 1652 году Крижанич вернулся в Рим, откуда по истечении шести лет снова отправился в Москву, где около полутора лет занимался переводами. После этого по царскому указу Крижанич был сослан в Тобольск, причем причины этой ссылки так и остались невыясненными. В Тобольске хорватский миссионер провел 15 лет своей жизни и был освобожден по случаю вступления на престол царя Федора Алексеевича. В 1677 году Крижанич приехал в Вильно, где поступил в Доминиканский монашеский орден. Однако с доминиканцами у него произошла ссора и он решил уехать из города. После того он попал в армию польского короля Яна Собеского. Скончался Юрий Крижанич в 1683 году во время осады Вены, буквально накануне победы, которую одержали войска христианской коалиции.

Юрий Крижанич всячески стремился приспособить содержание своих произведений и писем к тем конкретным читателям, которым они были адресованы. При этом он нисколько не поступался своими убеждениями. Так, в записке написанной в 1641 году, обращаясь к иезуитам Пропаганды веры, он говорит о необходимости обращения русского царя в католическую веру. Там же он пишет, что во имя защиты христианства, именно этот царь освободит южных славян от турецкого ига. Позже, уже находясь в сибирской ссылке, он написал произведениие Беседы о правлении, известное так же под названием Политика, в котором описывается политическое устройство русского государства. В нем он дает положительную оценку католикам, подчеркивая их высоконравственные качества. Здесь же он подвергает резкой критике немцев и греков за их «нечестность и высокомерие». Для Крижанича политика и вера всегда были неотделимы друг от друга.
Курс Адама Мицкевича по славянским литературам в Коллеж де Франс в контексте сравнительного славянского литературоведения
Authors: Karagyozov Panayot
Published: May 2011

Le cours de littératures slaves d'Adam Mickiewicz au Collège de France dans le contexte des études comparées des littératures slaves

L'article traite du Cours de littératures slaves tenu par Adam Mickiewicz au Collège de France de 1840 à 1844. L'activité d'enseignant du poète polonais est présentée sur le fond des processus politiques généraux se développant en Europe au milieu du XIXe siècle.

Les constatations d'Adam Mickiewicz sur l'importance de la langue, de la mythologie, du folklore, du territoire, de la religion, de l'histoire et du destin historique des peuples slaves en tant que prémisses pour la création d'une communauté littéraire et culturelle sont comparées aussi bien aux vues de ses prédécesseurs et contemporains (P. J. Šafárik, Jan Kollár, F. L. Čelakovský) qu'à celles des slavistes appartenant à des générations ultérieures : A. N. Pypin, G. D. Gačev, B. Ničev et d'autres.

L'article étudie la spécificité littéraire slave dans le cadre de l'universalité culturelle européenne et des relations culturelles entre les peuples d'Europe occidentale et les Slaves.

Sont également présentées les suppositions du professeur polonais sur l'unité des Slaves au sein de la civilisation européenne chrétienne et ses vues sur l'origine et le développement des genres dans les littératures slaves.
Концепция двух правд у Пушкина и Виньи еще раз к вопросу об источниках стихотворения Герой
Authors: Ungurianu Dan
Published: May 2011

The concept of two truths in Puškin and Vigny : a note on the sources of Puškin's poem Geroj

The article points to a possible French source of Puškin's poem Geroj (1830): the essay by Alfred de Vigny « Réflexions sur la vérité dans l'art » (1829) which serves as a preface to his famous historical novel Cinq-Mars. We do not have positive proof that Puškin was familiar with Vigny's Reflexions by the time of the writing Geroj. However, there is strong circumstantial evidence in favor of this hypothesis. Both pieces deal with the same problem, focusing on the nature of truth in art and history. This central theme is present in the very title of Vigny's essay and in the epigraph to Geroj for which Puškin chose the words of Pontius Pilate: «What is Truth?» Both pieces refer to historical episodes, when lofty legends corne into conflict with debunking revelations. Both pieces postulate a dichotomy of truth, drawing a contrast between artistic truth and historical truth. And finally, both pieces establish a hierarchy of traths, as both Vigny and Puškin's Poet opt for the artistic truth which is more beautiful and moral than pedestrian facts. With all that, there is also an important difference in the balance between the two truths found in Vigny and Puškin. While Vigny makes an eloquent case for poetic license, Puškin's position is more complex and 'dialogical': the ultimate truth is not one-sided, but rather emerges at an intersection of the interlocutors' arguments. Vigny's Reflexions help to place Puškin's philosophical musings into a broader contemporary context, specifically into the Romantic context, which is of paramount importance regardless of how un-Romantic Puškin of the 1830's might seem.
Inferring the higher‐order phylogeny of mosses (Bryophyta) and relatives using a large, multigene plastid data set
Authors: Chang Ying , Graham Sean W.
Published: May 2011

•Premise of the study: Investigating the early diversification of major clades requires well‐corroborated and accurate phylogenetic inferences. We examined the performance of a large set of plastid genes for inferring the broad phylogenetic backbone of mosses—the second largest major clade of land plants—and their nearest relatives.

•Methods: We surveyed 14–17 plastid genes from a broadly representative taxonomic sampling of the major bryophyte lineages, including all major lines of non‐peristomate mosses. We examined how well these new data corroborated or contradicted the findings of other studies, and investigated the effect of removing rapidly evolving characters.

•Key results: We inferred major clades with at least as strong support as other studies that used more taxa. We corroborated current views of overall embryophyte relationships, i.e., (liverworts, (mosses, (hornworts, tracheophytes))), with strong maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap support, and also placed Zygnematales as the sister group of embryophytes with moderate ML bootstrap support. Within mosses, we confirmed Oedipodiaceae as the sister group of the large clade of peristomate taxa. Likelihood analysis also firmly placed Takakiaceae as the sister group of all other mosses, a strong conflict with parsimony results. Parsimony converged on the Takakia‐sister result when rapidly evolving characters were removed, depending on the tree used to classify the site rates.

•Conclusions: Our findings broadly support the utility of a 14‐gene set from the plastome for future, more densely sampled phylogenetic studies of mosses and relatives, potentially complementing anticipated whole‐plastome studies. Likelihood and parsimony conflicts flag possible instances of long‐branch attraction, including one involving the earliest split in moss phylogeny.
Bryophyte‐specific primers for retrieving plastid genes suitable for phylogenetic inference
Authors: Chang Ying , Graham Sean W
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: We present here new bryophyte‐specific primers that permit retrieval of 17 slowly evolving plastid genes and their associated introns and intergenic spacers. These regions were chosen to facilitate accurate phylogenetic inference across a broad range of mosses and other bryophytes.

• Methods and Results: We developed 78 new primers for the targeted regions using an initial sampling of exemplar bryophytes and other green plants, to complement those used in vascular plants. We assessed the ability of the new primers to amplify and sequence these regions using a test set of 11 additional exemplar bryophytes.

• Conclusions: We show that the newly designed primers facilitate ready retrieval of 14 of 17 targeted regions from a broad range of bryophyte taxa. These primers should prove useful for future studies of bryophyte phylogeny.
Integration of vessel traits, wood density, and height in angiosperm shrubs and trees
Authors: Martínez‐Cabrera Hugo I. , Schenk H. Jochen , Cevallos‐Ferriz Sergio R. S. , Jones Cynthia S.
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: Trees and shrubs tend to occupy different niches within and across ecosystems; therefore, traits related to their resource use and life history are expected to differ. Here we analyzed how growth form is related to variation in integration among vessel traits, wood density, and height. We also considered the ecological and evolutionary consequences of such differences.

• Method: In a sample of 200 woody plant species (65 shrubs and 135 trees) from Argentina, Mexico, and the United States, standardized major axis (SMA) regression, correlation analyses, and ANOVA were used to determine whether relationships among traits differed between growth forms. The influence of phylogenetic relationships was examined with a phylogenetic ANOVA and phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs). A principal component analysis was conducted to determine whether trees and shrubs occupy different portions of multivariate trait space.

• Key results: Wood density did not differ between shrubs and trees, but there were significant differences in vessel diameter, vessel density, theoretical conductivity, and as expected, height. In addition, relationships between vessel traits and wood density differed between growth forms. Trees showed coordination among vessel traits, wood density, and height, but in shrubs, wood density and vessel traits were independent. These results hold when phylogenetic relationships were considered. In the multivariate analyses, these differences translated as significantly different positions in multivariate trait space occupied by shrubs and trees.

• Conclusions: Differences in trait integration between growth forms suggest that evolution of growth form in some lineages might be associated with the degree of trait interrelation.
Characterization of 15 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Actinidia chinensis species complex (Actinidiaceae)
Authors: Zhou Jin , Liu Yifei , Huang Hongwen
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: Based on the ESTs database, we report here for the first time 15 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Actinidia chinensis species complex that can be used to study population genetic variation.

• Methods and Results: SNPs derived from ESTs of the A. chinensis species complex were identified by the in silico SNP discovery strategy. The Cleaved Amplified polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) method was used to validate putative SNPs in a sample of 24 diploid A. chinensis individuals. For the 15 nuclear SNPs identified, all loci had two alleles, and the minor allele frequency ranged from 0.146 to 0.479. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.500 and from 0 to 0.875, respectively.

• Conclusions: The developed markers in this study will provide valuable tools for characterizing genetic variation in evolutionary and ecological studies of natural populations.
Cryptic spatial aggregation of the cushion plant Azorella selago (Apiaceae) revealed by a multilocus molecular approach suggests frequent intraspecific facilitation under sub‐Antarctic conditions
Authors: Cerfonteyn Mia E. , Roux Le Peter C. , Vuuren Van Bettine Jansen , Born Céline
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: In abiotically severe habitats, intraspecific aggregations can increase species’ fitness by ameliorating stressful environmental factors. However, the difficulty of identifying individual plants in some growth forms makes the measurements of intraspecific aggregation, and therefore the assessment of intraspecific facilitation, problematic. In this study, we examined the genotype composition within cushions of Azorella selago, a sub‐Antarctic cushion plant, to investigate the potential extent of intraspecific facilitation.

• Methods: The study was performed on Marion Island, South Africa. Two to eight samples were collected from 42 A. selago cushions, comprising eight different growth forms. Samples were genotyped using seven microsatellite markers.

• Key results: We showed that all cushion shapes, with the exception of small cushions, may be comprised of more than one genetically distinct individual.

• Conclusions: Under harsh sub‐Antarctic conditions, intraspecific aggregation between A. selago individuals appears common and may be driven by the positive impacts of environmental amelioration.
Complete transfer of chirality in an intramolecular, thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of allene-ynes to form non-racemic spirooxindoles
Authors: Brummond Kay M , Osbourn Joshua M
Published: May 2011

A thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of allene-ynes has been used to transform chiral non-racemic allenyl oxindoles into chiral non-racemic spirooxindoles containing an alkylidene cyclobutene moiety. The enantiomeric excesses were determined by chiral lanthanide shift NMR analysis and the transfer of chiral information from the allene to the spirooxindole was found to be greater than 95%.
L'agir scolaire entre régulations et incertitudes. Vers une typologie des postures enseignantes de la relation à autrui
Authors: Payet Jean-Paul , Sanchez-Mazas Margarita , Giuliani Frédérique , Fernandez Raquel
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’article décrit la réalité plurielle de l’école contemporaine, où des conceptions successives de l’égalité –égalité formelle, équité, reconnaissance– ne s’annulent pas mais s’articulent, de façon congruente ou contradictoire, dans les postures et les pratiques enseignantes. Il montre les limites et les dilemmes que chacune induit pour les enseignants. L’égalité formelle, liée au modèle politique français de la fin du XIX e siècle, assure des droits égaux aux élèves indépendamment des appartenances sociales, ce qui renforce l’inégalité scolaire des plus faibles qui ne sont pas reconnus dans leurs difficultés individuelles. L’équité individualise la relation mais risque de traiter les élèves comme des cas particuliers en occultant le caractère social des conduites. Dans le cadre de la reconnaissance, l’élève, défini par des caractéristiques collectives, bénéficie d’un traitement compensant les effets de la discrimination mais les tensions avec le mérite individuel augmentent et l’action positive se pervertit souvent en attitude compassionnelle. L’image du bricolage de l’action des enseignants masque les conceptions divergentes de l’égalité. Leurs contradictions, jamais politiquement traitées, laissent aux acteurs de l’école un sentiment ambivalent de liberté individuelle et d’impuissance face aux inégalités sociales.
Égalité, reconnaissance et éducation religieuse conservatrice
Authors: Apple Michael W.
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’auteur analyse, dans la société laïque des États-Unis, l’utilisation par les conservateurs religieux du langage de la reconnaissance et de la redistribution pour porter des exigences de justice sociale auprès de l’État. À propos de la scolarisation à domicile, il montre que si la religion acquiert un statut égal à d’autres identités, la revendication de reconnaissance religieuse est identique à celles du handicap, du genre, de la race et/ou la sexualité. Si la scolarisation à domicile relève d’un choix privé, elle redéfinit la mère comme travailleur à domicile assurant l’éducation scolaire des enfants et contribue à reconstituer la sphère publique via la sphère privée. C’est une tentative d’inversion de l’ordre politique par la requalification en travail de relations affectives. Les populistes religieux reprennent, en éducation, des idéaux comme le progressisme et l’égalité à des fins non égalitaires. L’attaque simultanée contre l’État laïc et l’enseignement public est en congruence avec le dessein capitaliste de réduire l’État-providence et de laisser l’éducation au marché. Les idéaux féministes sont réinventés à travers la scolarisation à domicile, les conservateurs religieux récupérant le maternage comme un travail productif. Les ressources –matériel, guides, etc.– sont réalisées par des femmes pour un marché dominé par le commerce électronique et les éditeurs religieux. Le féminisme devra clairement “associer la critique féministe à la critique du capitalisme” (Fraser 2009) pour ne pas voir son discours détourné.
Carrières morales et épreuves scolaires. Se construire dans un monde scolaire inéquitable
Authors: Verhoeven Marie
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’auteur étudie la scolarité de jeunes issus de l’immigration sous l’angle de la justice sociale et de la reconnaissance à travers une enquête par entretiens auprès d’adolescents scolarisés en Communauté française de Belgique. L’approche intégrée de diverses dimensions –distribution, reconnaissance, pouvoir– permet de saisir leur imbrication au sein d’environnements scolaires concrets où les jeunes se construisent comme sujet moral et développent une capacité d’action. Deux sources majeures d’inégalités apparaissent : la ségrégation socio-spatiale qui marque le choix de l’établissement et inscrit ces élèves dans des environnements dévalorisés pour la compétition scolaire ; le stigmate socio-ethnique dont ils font l’expérience dans leurs relations avec les enseignants ou les pairs. Trois idéaux-types revendiquant la parité de participation sont dégagés –“carrière scolaire ouverte”, “carrière scolaire confinée”, “carrière instable”– qui engendrent parcours et identités contrastés. Face au travail et aux stratégies des individus, les environnements scolaires instituent et perpétuent les inégalités sociales. Les victimes d’inégalités tentent de s’accommoder des effets négatifs de la stigmatisation. Quand elles accèdent à un environnement scolaire de qualité, elles ont besoin de ressources familiales et amicales qui les soutiennent dans la mise à distance coûteuse du stigmate de leur origine et/ou appartenance ethno-culturelle.