bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning and Evaluation: A Study of School Children's Views on the Social Uses of Energy
Authors: Solomon Joan
Published: March 2007

Exploring children's reactions to a subject which is both close to school learning and also dependent upon personal evaluation, requires consideration of many external influences. Television learning, for example, although clearly important, generates a kind of para-social knowledge that does not marry easily with more formal school learning. Personal influences, such as the growing child's identification with society, success at school learning, gender, and perception of school science, may also affect how pupils respond when asked to form a science-based opinion. The project on which this paper is based was carried out in the classroom, between a physics teacher and some of her regular school classes. Such a natural setting allowed the use of a wide variety of research methods in exploring children's views on the social uses of energy, and the relationship between their informal understanding and formally taught knowledge.
Studying a Biotechnology Research Centre: A Note on Local Socio-political Issues
Authors: Cambrosio Alberto , Keating Peter
Published: March 2007

This Note concerns the relevance of conflicts arising within research centres for sociologists conducting what is loosely termed `laboratory studies'. By drawing on a detailed account of difficulties encountered in the course of a sociological study of a biotechnology laboratory, the authors discuss the way in which parties in conflict perceive the sociologists' work as having an evaluative dimension-that is, as being either useful or threatening. It is argued that data generated by such studies must be interpreted in the light of the political context of the institution within which the study is conducted.
Beyond Big Science in America: The Binding of Inquiry
Authors: Remington John A.
Published: March 2007

This paper offers an overview of the intellectual and social structure of science in the United States since the mid- 1960s. It argues that new directions for research are increasingly established by factors previously considered `external' to the inquiry process itself. These factors include changes in the ethos of academic science, social reorganization, governmental `megaprojects' and secrecy, and the enlarged dimension encompassed by Price's term `instrumentalism'. Taken together, these factors have restructured the indices of performance for doing science. Inquiry has become increasingly bound to a highly utilitarian conception of knowledge, to institutional goals and politicized reward systems, and to the technological infrastructure. Stylistic changes ensue, relating to how science is done, and to the relationship between theorization and experimentation. Given the altered circumstances for research, productive scientific inquiry at this historical juncture seems to be best fostered in diverse environments where corporate and academic scientists cooperate.
Analyzing the Fluoridation Controversy: Resources and Structures
Authors: Martin Brian
Published: March 2007

The fluoridation issue provides a test of some of the usual approaches to the analysis of scientific controversies. One of the important features of the fluoridation debate has been the use of professional power to promote fluoridation and to attack the credibility and activities of anti-fluoridation scientists. To incorporate this feature, the `resources' perspective must be broadened to include resources besides discourse. Even so, the resources perspective cannot touch certain key questions, such as why fluoridation was so heavily promoted originally. For this, a structural analysis is useful, though it needs to be extended to include more scope for human agency.
Brain or Heart? The Controversy over the Concept of Death
Authors: Brante Thomas , Hallberg Margareta
Published: March 2007

Extended controversies over a new definition of death have occurred in most Western countries, providing good examples of the kind of `science-based' disputes that increasingly characterize the policy of contemporary welfare states. In this paper, with the aim of introducing and testing a conceptual framework capable of capturing the more general features of such controversies, we reconstruct and examine the death-concept dispute in Sweden. The controversy is approached from both a diachronic and synchronic perspective. First, concepts are proposed for characterizing its origin, crystallization and termination. Then, we categorize and outline its `argumentative structure' and typically `mixed' character. Finally, we discuss some key concepts for understanding the sources of rival contentions, and apply them in more detail. In conclusion, we suggest that science-based controversies constitute an important research site for turning extant sociology and philosophy of science into a more politically relevant research field.
On the Reception of Johannsen's Pure Line Theory: Toward a Sociology of Scientific Validity
Authors: Kim Kyung-Man
Published: March 2007

There have been ongoing controversies between Barnes and Roll-Hansen as to the rationality of Johannsen's pure line theory around 1910. While Roll-Hansen argues that the victory of Mendelism and pure line theory over biometry is the result obtained from the methodical application of scientific methods by the scientific community, Barnes argues that Roll-Hansen's criticism represents a massive leap beyond the findings he makes available. According to Barnes, Roll-Hansen's study of an individual scientist (Johannsen) does not enable him to extend his rationalistic argument to the biological community in general. This paper contributes to this ongoing debate by adding a detailed description of the social process of mutual persuasion among scientists, and thereby attempts to show why and how pure line theory comes to be accepted by the biological community. By presenting four cases of biometricians who were converted to Johannsen's theory, I specifically argue that the natural world plays a much more important role in the validation of pure line theory than MacKenzie and Barnes suppose in their externalist-sociological studies of the biometry-Mendelism controversy.
Quantification and the Accounting Ideal in Science
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: March 2007

Objectivity in science has normally been defined by scholars as almost synonymous with realism. It may be advantageous to think of it instead in terms of impersonality, an ideal that would replace arbitrariness, idiosyncracy and judgment by explicit rules. Accounting is an exemplar of this aspect of objectivity. More important than the true representation of deep underlying financial identities is the maintenance of a system of rules that blocks self-interested distortion. Otherwise, tax codes and corporate reports would lose their credibility. From this standpoint, quantification appears as a strategy for overcoming distance and distrust. This pertains also to the natural sciences, where measurement and statistics have been crucial in transforming local experimental skills into public knowledge. We need to understand quantification as a response to a set of political problems, part of the moral economy of science. Its use in science is analogous in important ways to the explicitly political and administrative purposes served by accounting.
Saving Lives or Saving Multiple Identities?: The Double Dynamic of Resuscitation Scripts
Authors: Timmermans Stefan
Published: March 2007

Using the example of resuscitation techniques, I explore how technology helps to mediate the attribution and acquisition of identities. I argue that certain identities are pre-written in resuscitation scripts. If we follow the person through the resuscitation process, we see a double identity transformation. The resuscitation technology facilitates certain medical identities, and renders others irrelevant. When the outcome of the resuscitative attempt is known, this process is reversed, and some previously irrelevant attempt are now reinstated. Some identities can also be lost for ever, and new identities added to the multiple configuration. I examine the implications of this analysis of the stabilization of technology.
Anchoring Devices in Science for Policy
Authors: van der Sluijs Jeroen , van Eijndhoven Josée , Shackley Simon , Wynne Brian
Published: March 2007

This paper adds a new dimension to the role of scientific knowledge in policy by emphasizing the multivalent character of scientific consensus. We show how the maintained consensus about the quantitative estimate of a central scientific concept in the anthropogenic climate-change field - namely, climate sensitivity - operates as an `anchoring device' in `science for policy'. In international assessments of the climate issue, the consensus-estimate of 1.5°C to 4.5°C for climate sensitivity has remained unchanged for two decades. Nevertheless, during these years climate scientific knowledge and analysis have changed dramatically. We identify several ways in which the scientists achieved flexibility in maintaining the same numbers for climate sensitivity while accommodating changing scientific ideas.

We propose that the remarkable quantitative stability of the climate sensitivity range has helped to hold together a variety of different social worlds relating to climate change, by continually translating and adapting the meaning of the `stable' range. But this emergent stability also reflects an implicit social contract among the various scientists and policy specialists involved, which allows `the same' concept to accommodate tacitly different local meanings. Thus the very multidimensionality of such scientific concepts is part of their technical imprecision (which is more than just analytical lack of resolution); it is also the source of their resilience and value in bridging (and perhaps reorganizing) the differentiated social worlds typical of modern policy issues. The varying importance of particular dimensions of knowledge for different social groups may allow cohesion to be sustained amidst pluralism, and universality to coexist with cultural distinctiveness.
Collecting, Testing and Convincing
Authors: Halfon Saul
Published: March 2007

Forensic DNA typing evidence has become increasingly accepted within American courts. This acceptance has been largely achieved through slow legitimation in a number of `mundane' cases. Treating DNA typing as a `sociotechnical network', I explore how elements of this technology have been alternatively opened for contestation within the courts or `black-boxed'. Elements outside the view of expert communities have been largely ignored; elements black-boxed by expert communities are seldom reopened in court; and elements subject to expert conflict have served as the central site of conflict in the courts. As the relatively narrow conflicts within the expert communities have been resolved through a variety of judicial and extra-judicial means, the technology as a whole has gained credibility. I explore this process by looking at the approaches of four different expert witnesses. This study provides insights into the differences between mundane cases and spectacular cases, such as the OJ Simpson trial.
Constructive Science and Technology Studies
Authors: Steiner Carol J.
Published: March 2007

Constructivism's founding assumptions are being questioned by its proponents and opponents in a quest for alternatives to, or refined forms of, that theoretical approach. This paper suggests that such questioning may indicate that science and technology studies (S&TS) is ready to reconsider another approach based on Heideggerian phenomenology. Some innovators and innovation scholars appear ready to move on to this alternative approach to knowledge. They seem to have opened to the Heideggerian alternative by confronting the practical inadequacies of orthodox science and engineering. This paper suggests that S&TS is facing a similar confrontation with the inadequacies of constructivism's founding assumptions. The alternative approach explored involves a partnership with `Being' that decentres the subject, but without resorting to heterogeneous agency or to realism. This partnership is based on understanding the implications of the interplay between `Being' granting and withholding knowledge. This paper suggests that S&TS may now be ready to look at this interplay as an alternative to people constructing knowledge.
Parliamentary Cultures and Human Embryos
Authors: Kirejczyk Marta
Published: March 2007

Twenty years ago, the technology of in vitro fertilization created a new artefact: the human embryo outside the woman's body. In many countries, political debates developed around this artefact. One of the central questions in these debates is whether it is permissible to use human embryos in research and, if so, under what conditions. To date, no uniform answer to this question has been given by the governments and parliaments of the different nation states. This highlights the importance of national cultures and local dynamics in the process of crafting the space for human embryo research. In this paper I approach the issue of the national context by comparing the Dutch and British parliamentary debates on human embroys. Though some arguments used in both debates were similar, the outcomes were very different. In the UK, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act was passed in 1990. In the Netherlands, several bills on human embryos have been drafted, but each of them was withdrawn from the proceedings before reaching Parliament. To understand the processes which led to these different outcomes, I scrutinize the rôles in the Netherlands of the political parties, of the scientists' lobby and of women speakers, and compare them with the findings on the UK debate. I also reflect upon the rôle played by gender in these two culturally different political contexts.
Delinquent Females: In-Depth Therapy and Some Theoretical Opinions
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: March 2007

Various theoretical models of adolescence are dis cussed, and the author suggests that in delinquent girls the normal adolescent task of forming a sense of identity followed by inti macy is reversed; they 'jump' the stage of identity to intimacy; the girl who has usually suffered rejection or 'branding' in some form or other by her family, hopes to find herself by having relationships. Group hypnosis can frequently be used to uncover deep seated traumas, which can then be faced together in the group.
Observed and Self-Reported Psychopathology in NGRI Acquittees in Court-Mandated Outpatient Treatment
Authors: Rogers Richard , Harris Michael , Wasyliw Orest E.
Published: March 2007

Individuals, found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and involved in court-mandated outpatient treatment, were assessed for patterns of psychopathology. Comparisons of self-report and interview-based methods were made with self- report measures eliciting greater severity on initial evaluations. In general, NGRI acquittees were found to manifest mild to moderate severity of psychopathology with a greater endorse ment of depressive and aggressive symptoms.
The Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug-Dependent Persons in Africa
Authors: Igbinovia Patrick Edobor
Published: March 2007

The countries of the world continue to experience a serious drug problem. Africa is not immune to the drug prob lem. African governments are concerned about the continued incidence and involvement of their nationals in drug trafficking and abuse. Examination of available data reveal that cannabis is the primary drug abused in the continent, with some abuse of opium and cocaine, and an alarming increase in the availability for non-medical use and illicit trafficking in psychotropic sub stances ( mainly methaqualone in the form of Mandrax and amphetamines ). This paper analyzes the efforts and programs aimed at the prevention of drug abuse and the treatment and rehabilitation of drug-dependent persons in Africa. It describes and prescribes.
Development of Scales to Measure Sexual Aggressives
Authors: Johnson Shawn A. , Anderson Raymond E.
Published: March 2007

Thorne's Sex Inventory has been utilized to form a Sexual Psychopathology Scale (S.P.S.) by modifying twenty nine items from dichotomous items to a five-point item scale. The research results indicate that the S.P.S. can differentiate between sexual aggressiveness and normals.
The Changing Face of Terrorism: From Regicide to Homicide
Authors: Perlstein Gary R.
Published: March 2007

Terrorism has changed so that the primary target is the noncombatant instead of leaders of the military or government. Until there is international cooperation and agreement on the problem of terrorism, there are only a few things that can be done to protect the civilian from being a victim of a terrorist attack.
Hysteria Again and Again and Again
Authors: Colbach Edward M.
Published: March 2007

In order to understand hysteria, the issue ofprimary and secondary gain is crucial. Another prominent problem is that of hysteria in a legal context.
Stress and the Elderly Convict
Authors: Vega Manuel , Silverman Mitchell
Published: March 2007

Forty inmates ranging in age from 63 to 80 were tested and interviewed to determine the degree to which they perceived the prison environment as stressful. They were compared on measures of anxiety, anger, and curiosity with a group of younger inmates and with a standardization group. Their responses on these measures were similar to those of the younger inmates but significantly different from those of the standardization group. The interview, designed to assess the subjects reactions to incarceration, indicated that these older inmates tend to create afacade of adjustment. This normal appearance, which results from a denial and suppression of their feelings, masks their stress and anger. This phenomenon of adjustment tends to inhibit development of programs to cope with this problem.
Attracting and Retaining Females in Law Enforcement: Sex-Based Problems of Women Cops in 1988
Authors: Timmins William M. , Hainsworth Brad E.
Published: March 2007

The author, in cooperation with a number of Police Officer Standards and Training Academies in the West surveyed over 500 women concerning the reasons they were drawn into police work, as well as the reasons they have remained in police work. Further, the women were asked to identify sex-based problems they encounter in police work in an effort to validate other existing evidence. The study is provocative in that what attracts women into law enforcement careers are more traditional than was supposed. Open sexual harassment and sex discrimination was much more common than supposed-particularly by supervisors and command who not only tolerated suchpractices by others, but were frequently themselves prone to such illegal behaviors. Lastly, P.O. S. T. academies need to understand these problems and do some re-design of core curricula. Most of the women surveyed like being a cop, and enjoyed police work.
The Offense Script: A Motivational Tool and Treatment Method for Sex Offenders in a Dutch Forensic Clinic
Authors: van Beek D. J. , Mulder J. R.
Published: March 2007

In the treatment of sexual delinquents in the Netherlands the personality of the offender has had a strong emphasis. The offense as such has played a minor part. In this article the importance of the offense as an object of treatment is underscored. A method is proposed in which motivational, diagnostic, and treatment aspects of the offense are recognised. The authors believe that a thorough diagnosis and treatment of sexual offenders implies having attention for the personality of the offender as much as for the offense and the possible offense pattern. Also the enhancement of treatment motivation requires major attention.
Self-Help Manual Interventions with Youthful Alcohol-Related Offenders
Authors: McMurran Mary
Published: March 2007

Male young offenders are heavy drinkers and many report a relationship between their drinking and offending, as well as other alcohol-related problems. Evidence that behavioural self-help manuals are effective in reducing drinking in nonoffender populations suggests that young offenders may benefit from this type of intervention. Preliminary studies, using reconviction as the dependent variable, have shown no significant effect of a self-help manual. Methodological problems are addressed. Additional research into self-change strategies and alcohol-related expectancies is described and suggestions are made for the design of a self-help manual specifically for male young offenders who wish to reduce their alcohol consumption and related crime.
The Effects of Problem-Solving Ability and Locus of Control on Prisoner Adjustment
Authors: Pugh David N.
Published: March 2007

Prisoners who maintain an internal locus of control adjust more effectively in prison and after release. A program to increase internal locus of control by improving problem-solving skills was evaluated using a pre/posttest experimental design with a three-month follow-up. One hundred sixty-eight prisoners were randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. Contrary to the underlying theory of treatment, and theory regarding the effects of incarceration, the prisoners were found to have an internal locus of control and adequate problem-solving skills. Thus, prisoners already possessed characteristics that treatment was implemented to facilitate. Plausible explanations are discussed. The findings have clear implications for future clinical work. The need for knowledge-building in this area is also discussed.
Continuity and Change: Probation and Politics in Contemporary Britain
Authors: Harris Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the implications for the British probation service of new penological demands being made of it by Government. Three relevant political trends are identified. It is concluded that if, in spite of ideological disagreement, the service extends its traditional professional concerns to include engagement in relevant issues of contemporary politics, there is hitherto unimaginable scope for it to help shape the criminal justice agenda of the future.
At the Roots of Violence the Progressive Decline and Dissolution of the Family
Authors: Palermo George B. , Simpson Douglas
Published: March 2007

The authors reflect on the origin of the family and its traditional dynamic force in the social and moral education, and in the affective support and protection of its members. They expound on their thesis that since the institution of the family is progressively crumbling under the pressures of ever changing socioeconomic events, people feel more insecure and frustrated. It is their belief that the present day family often does not pass on to its members those traditional high moral values of honesty and responsibility so important for good citizenship and self-esteem, and that the above, compounded by unemployment and the widespread presence of psychoactive drugs in our streets, may be a basic factor in the upsurge of violence and criminal behavior in our homes and our cities. Sociological and psychological thoughts are offered in support of their theories on the importance of the family as a germ-cell of society. Even though violence in the streets is multifactorial and the too easy availability of guns and the drug culture are certainly important factors, the authors believe that the progressive disintegration of the family and its value deficit are basic to the problem of disruptive violence in our streets. They envision a modern functional family whose members uphold personal responsibility together with cultural, religious, and moral values. They believe that their adherence to the above values would enable them to be better motivated and disciplined for good citizenship. Crime would then be fought at its roots.
In Quest of a Lost Father? Inmates' Preferences of Staff Relation in a Psychiatric Prison Ward
Authors: Ben-David Sarah , Silfen Peter
Published: March 2007

The findings presented in the following paper suggest that staff members and prison inmates do not agree regarding preferred qualities of staff-inmate relationships. Staff members believe that the crucial relationship qualities in the context of a correctional institution are involvement; support; inmate autonomy; an antiauthoritarian position; and that the relationship should be of a friendly, informal nature, with a low degree of staff control of inmates. By contrast, prison inmates prefer to experience a staff member as an authoritarian patron in an apparent wish to be controlled by a clear, definite set of rules and expectations. It would appear that with regard to the inmates, the slightly modified Goffmanian style of relationship, especially as it pertains to definite boundaries, endures and perhaps predominates.

The research was conducted in the psychiatric ward of the Mental Health and Clinical Criminology Center affiliated with the Israel Prison Service.
Fearful Custodial or Fearless Personal Relations: Prison Guards' Fear as a Factor Shaping Staff-Inmate Relation Prototype
Authors: Ben-David Sarah , Silfen Peter , Cohen David
Published: March 2007

A previous article described five relationship prototypes, ranging from punitive to integrative, that exist between prison staff and inmates. The present study describes the relationship between these prototypes and anxiety that results from personal, professional, and job insecurity. The greater this anxiety and insecurity, the more likely a staff member is to be punitively oriented. In recent years, there has been a revival of the rehabilitation orientation in the criminal justice system The results suggest that unless measures are taken to reduce anxiety and insecurity among prison staff they will be unable to tolerate the close staff-inmate relations necessary in a rehabilitation-oriented institution.
Social Support and Psychological Distress in a Group of Incarcerated Young Offenders
Authors: Biggam Fiona H. , Power Kevin G.
Published: March 2007

Using Power, Champion, and Aris's Significant Others Scale, the present study examined the function and structure of social support in a group of incarcerated young offenders. Support across nine key relationships from both outside and inside the prison were examined. The study aimed to examine social support as a key variable in coping with incarceration. Furthermore, the study examined the role that social support plays in the experience of self-reported psychological distress (anxiety, depression, and hopelessness) while incarcerated The importance of prison relationships-with a close friend and members of prison staff in the experience of psychological distress-was highlighted, where distressed inmates were more likely to report discrepancies in the actual/ideal levels of both emotional and practical support. Regression analyses highlighted the importance of relationships with the staff as predictors of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness.
State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory Scores of Male Sexual Offenders
Authors: Dalton John E. , Blain Gerald H. , Bezier Brian
Published: March 2007

The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) was administered to 137 male sexual offenders. The sample was heterogeneous regarding the type of sexual offense. With the exception of slightly higher-state anger at the time of testing, scores of this group were very similar to those of "normal" men. T-score conversions for the raw scores of male sexual offenders were tabulated. The STAXI can be used to identify offenders with higher levels of anger and aggression. This may provide a useful screening instrument in that prior research has shown that offenders with higher anger also show greater psychopathology.
On Classifying State Expenditure
Authors: Rose Stephen
Published: March 2007

In this paper, state expenditures are analyzed with respect to their impact on the creation and realization of surplus value. In order to do this, the categories of productive and unproductive labor are developed and tied to the causes of economic crises. State expenditures are divided into three components: state purchases from private capital, government services (administrative, police, education, etc.), and transfer payments. Only state purchases from private capital involve productive labor.
Lenin's Theory of Imperialism
Authors: Lindsey Charles W.
Published: March 2007

Lenin's theory of imperialism is the basis of much contemporary analysis of the interaction between third world and advanced capitalist countries. This paper examines the theoretical coherence of his theory. In Imperialism, Lenin interwove two theories-a theory of monopoly and a theory of imperialism. He attempted to prove that the rise of monopoly changed the relationship between the advanced capitalist nations and the rest of the world, and qualitatively altered the nature of capitalism within the advanced countries themselves. We argue that he succeeded in the latter, but not in the former. The attempt to equate imperialism and monopoly is untenable.
Marx and Economic Determinism
Authors: Hodges Donald , Gandy Ross
Published: March 2007

Friends and enemies of Marx have caricatured his economic interpretation of history. They think that his celebrated preface of 1859 applies to universal history; we argue that it does not. With historical examples we show how Marx used his economic variables-technology, productive forces, and mode of production-in understanding the evolution of society. Was Marx a technological determinist? What does it mean to say that the economic base explains the superstructure "in the last analysis"? Does Marx's model of economic change help us to understand the history of ancient classical civilization? Is the materialist conception of history a theory or a method? These are some of the questions we consider.
Material and Non-Material Work Incentives as Ideologies and Practices of Order
Authors: Farber Samuel
Published: March 2007

Material and non-material work incentives policies in the capitalist and Communist systems constitute ideologies and practices of order. A study of the schools of Scientific Management and Human Relations in the U.S.A. and of material and moral incentives in the Communist world demonstrates how they all assume a basic harmony of interests between workers and their employers and managers, ignore the fact that work incentives are used in combination with coercion, and obscure the relationship between the workplace and society as a whole. The conditions under which these different approaches are predominant in the capitalist and Communist systems are also analyzed.
On Negative Labor Values
Authors: Stamatis Georgios
Published: March 2007

In this article it is shown that values with joint production are always positive but not unambiguously determined. Steedman's "negative values" result from the arbitrary and economically contradictory postulate of equality between individual and average productivity of value. They are not values but mathematical conditions, with which this economically contradictory postulate could be satisfied: it could be satisfied, if negative values and hence negative productivities existed.
The Pauperization of Motherhood: Patriarchy and Public Policy in the United States
Authors: Folbre Nancy
Published: March 2007

In this paper I argue that unequal distribution of the costs of children between men and women has been reinforced by public policies that have served the interests of men as fathers as well as the interests of those employers and taxpayers who are not also mothers. Taking an historical approach, I trace changes in the patriarchal content of policies towards mothers in three separate arenas: family policy, labor market policy, and the welfare system.
The Political Economy of Contract Farming
Authors: Wilson John
Published: March 2007

Contract farming is promoted by agribusiness as a more efficient method of crop and livestock production. Evidence suggests, however, that contracts diminish control by farmers over their operation while increasing their exposure to risk. Conventional models accounting for the spread of contracting emphasize technological factors (e.g., economies of scale, crop perishability, technological complementarity between different stages of production are misleading and inadequate). An alternative model emphasizes the utility of the "subcontracting" organization of production for large agribusiness corporations. A close examination of the spread of contracts reveals that most agribusinesses have pulled back from integration in favor of contracting out and that contracting spreads wherever (1) processors are few in relation to producers, (2) producers are specialized, (3) auction and local terminals have declined in number, (4) there is a surplus of farm operations and credit is tight, (5) farmer's are poorly organized and (6) government supports are weak. The trend toward contracting will continue so long as agribusiness concentration continues, government supports deteriorate, and farms become more specialized.
Government as Bookie: Explaining the Rise of Lotteries for Revenue
Authors: Peppard Donald M.
Published: March 2007

The principal new form of legalized gambling in the past twenty years is the lottery. This article uses a Marxist framework to explain the spread of state-sponsored lotteries since 1964. It develops a complex understanding of a variety of events in the past 20 years to explain the recent popularity of lotteries. Among the phenomena of interest are state and local fiscal crises, caused in part by deindustrialization and capital mobility, and a system-wide crisis characterized by falling real earnings and rising unemployment. The first crisis influenced some states to want to use lotteries for revenue, while the second crisis helped overcome opposition to the legalization of lotteries. Understanding the appeal of lotteries in each case requires brief analyses of the causes of fiscal crises and the ways in which needs are created and satisfied in capitalism.
Jean-Paul Sartre on Economics
Authors: Nazmi Nader
Published: March 2007

In this paper fragmented comments and writings of Sartre on economics are interpreted and presented. It is shown that Sartre studied both classical and Marxian economics and offered insightful comments on both. Not surprisingly, Sartre identified more with Marxian economics and criticized classical and neoclassical economics. Sartre could not envision human beings whose decisions and activities were solely determined by economic laws. He rejected the notion of 'economic determinism' and embraced the notion of 'conditional freedom' in the realm of economics.
Transnational Corporations, Competition and Monopoly
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: March 2007

The paper argues that much of the literature on the impact of TNCs on the Third World is located at the level of circulation. Making use of the recent critical literature on monopoly and competition, it is argued that surplus profits earned by NCs in Third World countries are not primarily the result of market power, but derive from their ability to enter markets in which very favorable demand conditions exist and from their productivity advantages with respect to local firms.
The Concept of Surplus and the Underdeveloped Countries: Critique and Suggestions
Authors: Danielson Anders
Published: March 2007

The concept of surplus is a potentially valuable tool for the study of development dynamics. This paper presents a definition of surplus which is based on the national accounts and which, therefore, may be used in empirical studies.
Correspondence Between Labor Values and Prices: A New Approach
Authors: Baeza Alejandro Valle
Published: March 2007

In this paper I propose to use a new and indirect method for measuring the correspondencebetween Marxian values and prices. This method is simpler than that initially used by Shaikh (1984) for the same purposes. However the new approach is not a complete substitute for the usual approach.
U.S. Monetary Policy In The 1950s: A Radical Political Economic Approach
Authors: Dickens Edwin
Published: March 2007

This paper uses archival materials to explain what the U.S. monetary authorities tried to do in the decade after they obtained independence from the Treasury Department in March 1951. The U.S. monetary authorities were given independence in order to stabilize the economy on a noninflationary growth path, and this is more or less what they tried to do until March 1956. But, after March 1956, it is shown that the U.S. monetary authorities abandoned their efforts to stabilize the economy in favor of efforts to strengthen capital against labor in wage negotiations, especially in the automobile and steel industries.
The Age of Planetary Crisis: The Unsustainable Development of Capitalism
Authors: Foster John Bellamy
Published: March 2007

The final years of the twentieth century have revealed three critical conditions likely to dominate the history of the coming century: (1) economic stagnation and globalization; (2) environmental decline; and (3) the weakness of antisystemic movements. As economic conditions stagnate and environmental conditions worsen, the material bases will emerge for a new, much broader movement of global resistance; one in which the struggle of labor vs. capital will be joined with the struggle of life vs. capital.
Political Economy of Integrative Apparatus of the State: Partnerships and Regional Development Planning in Japan
Authors: Kitajima Seiko
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates a partnership mechanism between the public and private sectors which has emerged as a device of state intervention in contemporary capitalist economies. Following the discussion of theoretical debates raised by partnerships, the author examines the use of partnerships in regional development planning in Japan. While indicating that partnerships have the attribute of a "mass integrative apparatus" which takes up the requirements of major organizations and channels them in conformity with capital accumulation and political domination, the author argues that because of the contradictory nature of partnerships in that they are aimed at both sustaining class relations and satisfying mass demands, the partnership apparatus of the state is limited in managing the economy.
The Interpersonal Containment of Dreams in Group Psychotherapy: a Contribution to the Work with Dreams in a Group
Authors: Friedman Robi
Published: March 2007

The aim of this contribution is to add some theoretical and practical perspectives to the work with dreams. In the first part I will try to add another aspect to dream-theory, and in the second I will present a clinical vignette as illustration. Dreaming is mainly (though not exclusively) an intrapersonal matter; which Freud - and ego and Self psychology after him - researched and elaborated upon. But dream- telling (and even creating a dream to be remembered and told) is an interpersonal event in a relational context. Sharing a dream with a therapist or with a therapy group makes (unconscious) use of others in order to further the psychic work of the dream, and it is on this important aspect of working with dreams that this article focuses.
Strength, Power and Group Analysis
Authors: Tsegos Yannis
Published: March 2007

Group-analytic training, in order to fulfil its purpose, cannot function on lines different from the philosophy of its own practice, that is, of group-analytic psychotherapy. The author's view is that group-analytic training is like a pendulum between psychoanalysis and Therapeutic Community. `Whenever it is in need of power it turns towards psycho-analysis and when it has a feeling of strength it moves towards the TC philosophy, and utilizes its ideas, principles and practice.'
In the Church: Ethnopsychoanalytic Research in Ecuador
Authors: Rohr Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

In my ethnopsychoanalytical research I encountered a phenomenon that over the past twenty years has strongly influenced not only culture and society but also the sense of identity and personality of many people in Latin America. This is the invasion of North American, predominantly conservative, Evangelical missions that in the process of conversion play upon unresolved biographical conflict, offering a fundamentalist religious solution.
Levels and Phases in Group Process
Authors: Kutter Peter
Published: March 2007

Levels and phases of the group process as presented in the literature are discussed in reference to individual and group analysis. The author's three-level, segment, cylinder and V-form models are presented as possible answers to the important question of how the dynamics of the group as a whole fit with the dynamics of each individual member The models are illustrated by four diagrams.
`Clues to Identity' in Trans- and Intercultural Group Analysis
Authors: Michel Luc
Published: March 2007

In the first analytic session of a group the subject is put in an unusual setting. The field resulting from this new setting produces a disarrangement of the social known rules, which induces new unconscious processes but also some stereotyped behaviour, which allows mutual identification between the group's members. In that way group cohesion is facilitated. The dynamic process in the first session is very much conditioned by the context in which it takes place. The author describes differences observed in transcultural and intercultural groups.
Taking Turns Before the Mirror I: Theory and Setting
Authors: Kroll L. , Mikhailova E. , Serdiouk E.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with one aspect of mirroring in the group therapeutic context. A group member sitting before a mirror describes in detail his or her face as if creating a self-portrait; the group may give support, share feelings, ask questions, produce associations and so on. Many aspects of this technique are relevant to the Group-analytic tradition though the procedure also has something in common with psychodrama and gestalt. At the same time the process obviously deals with altered states of mind, being closely related to the magical and ritualistic function of a mirror in a cultural tradition.
Fair Shares and Mutual Concern: The Role of Sibling Relationships
Authors: Brown Dennis
Published: March 2007

Enid Balint's 1972 article `Fair Shares and Mutual Concern' is the starting point of a consideration of the development from greed and rivalry towards a sense of fairness. Her account emphasizes patriarchal moral law, the early mother-infant relationship during demand feeding and parents' capacity to be concerned for each other despite differences of interest. What is missing is an examination of the role of sibling relationships, which have often been underestimated in both psychoanalysis and group analysis until relatively recently. A selective review of the literature attempts to fill this gap. It is proposed that group analysis not only vividly exposes sibling dynamics, it also allows them to be worked through and transcended.
Innovative climate and culture in manufacturing organizations: differences between some European countries
Authors: Sušanj Zoran
Published: March 2007

In the last decade there has been a growing emphasis on the role of pro-innovative climate and culture in organizational adaptiveness and overall company success. In spite of the growing interest among scholars and practitioners, there is a lack of cross-national studies that explore innovative climate and culture differences. The present study is an attempt to examine the content of the differences in innovative climate and culture in various European countries. A questionnaire for measuring several organizational climate and culture orientations was used. In the present article, only items from the climate and culture innovation scales are analysed. Data were gathered - in the context of the international FOCUS (First Organizational Climate/Culture Unified Survey) project - from 21 manufacturing organizations in 11 European countries. Discriminant function analysis was used to discover which climate and culture innovation items are the best predictors of differentiation between countries. The results show that the countries from Central and Eastern Europe have a relatively distinct position from the countries with a longer market economy tradition. Some methodological problems of this study, as well as the implications of the results for organizational change and development, are discussed.
The neural circuitry of emotion and affective style: prefrontal cortex and amygdala contributions
Authors: Davidson Richard J.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the modern literature on two key aspects of the central circuitry of emotion - the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala. There are several different functional divisions of the PFC including the dorsolateral, ventromedial and orbitofrontal sectors. Each of these regions plays some role in affective processing that shares the feature of representing affect in the absence of immediate rewards and punishments as well as in different aspects of emotional regulation. The amygdala appears to be crucial for the learning of new stimulus-threat contingencies and also appears to be important in the expression of cue-specific fear. Individual differences in both tonic activation and phasic reactivity in this circuit play an important role in governing affective style. Emphasis is placed upon affective chronometry, or the time course of emotional responding, as a key attribute of emotion that varies across individuals and is regulated by this circuitry.
Social change in Indian Tibet
Authors: Crook John Hurrell
Published: March 2007

The traditional economy of Ladakh was based in a polyandrous domus transmit ted between generations by primogeniture. Different forms of polyandry and its monogamous alternative are related to contrasts in the subsistence base as bet ween agricultural production and an urban cash economy of traders. The con struction of the military road from Kashmir to Leh, the capital of Ladakh, has facilitated shifts in resource availability which affect numerous interconnected features of the Ladakhi pattern of living; marital patterns, educational orienta tion, the stability of the monastic land-owning system, the balance of influence between muslim and buddhist Ladakhis on the one hand and newcomers mostly from Kashmir on the other and the use of the Ladakhi language.

While the monastic system is clearly under strain and the whole buddhist culture of the region threatened there are signs of strength and adaptability in the old culture that may still reorient to the demands of the developing economy. Tourism merely accentuates the pressures and changes which the strategic open ing of Ladakh during the conflicts of India with Pakistan and China had already begun.
On the Marxist Imaginary and the Problem of Practice: Socialisme Ou Barbarie, 1952-6
Authors: Hastings-King Stephen
Published: March 2007

`On the Marxist Imaginary...' is an excerpt from a larger work that uses the history of Socialisme ou Barbarie (1949-67) to examine the role of the problem of praxis in Cornelius Castoriadis's more political writings. The present article examines the schema his revolutionary group Socialisme ou Barbarie developed between 1952 and 1956 to link working-class experience, autonomous strikes, and possibilities for revolution and socialism.
Productivity and Skill at a Japanese Transplant and its Parent Company
Authors: SHIBATA HIROMICHI
Published: March 2007

Although the same transfer machine systems and similar parts are used to produce the same car components, the operating rate of the production line at a Japanese transplant in the United States has been lower by more than 10% than the operating rate at its mother plant in Japan. Differences in the troubleshooting and machine maintenance skills possessed by production workers, maintenance workers, and team leaders (assistant first-line supervisors) are found to be the main cause of this performance gap. At the root of these skill differences is the contrast between the choice workers experience concerning transfers using the job-bid system at the transplant and the supervisor control that exists at the mother plant.