bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selecting Predictor Variables in Two-Group Classification Problems
Authors: Morris John D. , Meshbane Alice
Published: March 2007

One approach to the problem of selecting predictor variables in the two-group classification situation is to compare the cross-validated classification accuracies of all possible subsets. Because of the obvious time constraints of this approach for even a moderate number of predictors, a computer program was written to accomplish the task. The program examines the cross-validated classification hit rates of all possible subsets of predictor variables and identifies the user-specified number of best subsets overall and for each subset size.
A Comparison of Two Adjustment Methods for Improving the Prediction of Law School Grades
Authors: Young John W.
Published: March 2007

In this study, two statistical approaches for adjusting grades were tested on data obtained from four American law schools. These approaches were previously validated using data on undergraduates but have not been used in a study of postgraduate performance. Neither method yielded consistent improvements in the predictive validity of Law School Admission Test (LSAT) scores and undergraduate grades. The single exception was for School D, where a significant improvement in the correlation of test scores with law school grades was observed. It is hypothesized that the greater variability of LSAT scores in School D was the main reason for this result.
A Latent-Variable Modeling Approach Toassessing Interrater Reliability, Topic Generalizability, and Validity of a Content Assessment Scoring Rubric
Authors: Abedi Jamal , Baker Eva L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the limitations of certain statistical techniques and approaches for handling multiple criteria in assessing reliability, concurrent validity, and generalizability. The article also suggests alternatives to using these approaches on performance assessment measures. The application of the latent variable modeling approach to the data revealed a significant improvement in the degree of interrater reliability, concurrent validity, and generalizability (over raters and topics) on a scoring rubric. The improvement in concurrent validity was particularly noticeable. However, it should be noted that one of the main limitations of this study was the use of a small number of subjects, which could have affected the validity of some of the findings.
An SAS Program for Pairwise Comparisons among Variances
Authors: LeBlanc William G. , Williams Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Levy devised a large-sample statistical technique that makes it possible to apply Tukey's method of multiple comparisons to statistics other than the sample mean. In the present article, an SAS program is described for constructing pairwise comparisons among the variances of k independent samples, which is based on Levy's procedure. The method is illustrated with an example from marine biology. This computer program can accommodate equal or unequal sample sizes for up to k = 10 samples and has available non directional family wise alpha rates of .10, .05, .01, and .001.
The Values Scale: Differences Across Grade Levels for Ethnic Minority Students
Authors: Walsh Beverly Dolenz , Vacha-Haase Tammi , Kapes Jerome T. , Dresden Judith H. , Thomson William A. , Ochoa-Shargey Bernice
Published: March 2007

The present study examined age-level differences in work values as measured by the Values Scale (VS) using national norms. An additional focus of the study was to evaluate whether general population VS norms were applicable to this sample of ethnic minority students. Participants in the study were 323 Hispanic or African American students enrolled in the 9th grade, the 12th grade, or college.
Equivalence between Computer and Booklet Administrations of the New Japanese Version of the MMPI
Authors: Sukigara Masune
Published: March 2007

The New Japanese Version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered twice at an interval of 7 days to female college students in order to verify the equivalence of the computer- (C) and booklet-administered (B) formats. Two hundred subjects completed one or both measures in one of four groups: C/B, B/C, C/C, and B/B. Each group was composed of 50 subjects. ANOVAs were applied to the raw scale scores of the C/B and B/C groups. On the D, Pa, Pt, and Sc scales, the scores on the computer were statistically significanfly higher than those on the booklet administration. This result differed from the results of the previous studies. This might be attributed to the language and software used for computerization. The correlations between the formats were slighdly lower than or equal to their test-retest reliability coefficients. The computerized MMPI did not save administration time, which may have been due to the software specifications.
K-Means Clustering Methods with Influence Detection
Authors: Cheng Richard , Milligan Glenn W.
Published: March 2007

A software program is described that performs K-means clustering with several enhancements. The software system includes the influence detection methodology developed by Cheng and Milligan. As such, the applied user can identify those data points that affect the results of a given cluster analysis. The user interface is interactive and allows for multiple analyses in the same session. Finally, the software can handle data set sizes much larger than those provided for by traditional hierarchical clustering methods.
A SAS Algorithm for Computing Scheffe-Marascuilo Comparisons among Correlations
Authors: Williams Richard H. , LeBlanc William G.
Published: March 2007

The SAS System was used to program an algorithm for constructing both simple and complex multiple comparisons among product-moment correlation coefficients. The statistical procedure is attributable to Marascuilo (1966) and is based on Scheff6's method (1959). This SAS program is applicable to designs with either equal or unequal sample sizes in the cells.
In-Basket Assessment by Fully Objective Methods: Development and Evaluation of a Self-Report System
Authors: Hakstian A. Ralph , Scratchley Linda S.
Published: March 2007

The feasibility and efficacy of employing self-report response methods with an In-Basket exercise were examined via two studies. In Study 1, with 258 managers, dimension scores obtained by both self-report and traditional scoring (of the same exercise) were cross-correlated, with most correlations between corresponding scores reaching unity after disattenuation. Internal consistency coefficients were higher for the self-report form than for the traditionally scored form, a finding also true with the test-retest stability coefficients calculated on 55 university students in Study 2. Criterion-related validities obtained in Study 1 were approximately equal between the two forms. The results suggest that the high face validity of the In-Basket exercise can be combined with the scoring ease and objectivity of other self-report measures.
Multiple-Mark Items: An Alternative Objective Item Format?
Authors: Pomplun Mark , Omar Md Hafidz
Published: March 2007

This study examined four threats to the validity of an alternative objective item format, the multiple-mark format. This format uses a multiple-choice item format and directs students to mark correct alternatives and leave blank incorrect alternatives. The [ILLEGIBLE] format was used on the Kansas Reading and Mathematics Assessments at three [ILLEGIBLE] levels. The four validity threats studied were students understanding directions, students omitting responses, dependency among item alternatives, and student guessing. [ILLEGIBLE] results indicated that over 95% of students followed multiple-mark directions and fewer than 1% omitted multiple-mark items. Reliability results showed some dependency among alternatives. As a result, it was recommended that scoring occur at the item level for multiple-mark items. In regard to guessing, it appeared that when students guessed, they chose to leave an alternative blank rather than mark it. Overall, the reliability and validity coefficients showed that the multiple-mark format has promise as an alternative objective format that is aligned with new curricular standards.
The Student Aspirations Survey: Assessing Student Effort and Goals
Authors: Plucker Jonathan A. , Quaglia Russell J.
Published: March 2007

Recent theory and research on intellectual achievement suggest that a seldom-examined factor, student aspirations, plays an integral role in students' educational accomplishments. The staff of the National Center for Student Aspirations developed the Student Aspirations Survey to aid educators in their efforts to address aspiration issues at the secondary level. After extensive piloting, a 98-item instrument with 13 scales was administered to students from four New England high schools representing both rural and suburban areas. Results provide evidence of sufficient internal consistency for group administration, but confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the factor structure can be improved.
SIMPLE: All-in-One Programs for Exploring Interactions in Moderated Multiple Regression
Authors: O'Connor Brian P.
Published: March 2007

Upon discovering an interaction in moderated multiple regression, users must conduct complicated and time-consuming simple slope analyses that are not performed by current statistical software programs. This article describes SAS and SPSS programs that provide complete simple slope statistics and plots all in one job run. Programs are available for two- and three-way interactions and for continuous and categorical moderators.
Children's Privacy in the Home
Authors: Parke Ross D. , Sawin Douglas B.
Published: March 2007

Developmental and ecological determinants of children's use of privacy markers (such as closed doors) and rules (such as knocking and access limitations) in the home environment were investigated. Children's chronological age was consistently related to increases in privacy, though physical maturity accounted for a large portion of the age trends. Both age and sex effects were modified by situational factors such as the nature of the personal activity being engaged in and the sex of the parent or sibling seeking access to the area. Other modifying variables included the size of the home (less privacy is afforded children in smaller homes with fewer facilities); family density (higher levels of privacy are associated with high- and low-density homes and less privacy use was found in moderately dense homes); and, finally, mother's child-rearing practices (such as restrictive, coercive mothers exercise more control over children's privacy habits. The implications for the development of privacy behavior, as well as the modifying impact of ecological and contextual factors on the development of children's social behavior, were discussed.
Health Status, Room Size, and Activity Level
Authors: Nehrke Milton F. , Morganti John B. , Willrich Ruth , Hulicka Irene M.
Published: March 2007

The relationship of actual and perceived health to each other and to levels of activity, and the effects of perceived health and the number of occupants in a room on activity level, were the primary concerns of this study. It was found that while both the actual and perceived health measures were positively correlated with activity, only the actual health measures entered the multiple regression analysis as significant predictors of activity. However, using a 4 (room size) x 2 (perceived health) analysis of covariance, controlling for age and actual health status, it was found that there was a significant main effect for perceived health and a significant interaction effect. There was also evidence that the relationship of number of occupants in a room to activity may be curvilinear rather than linear, as originally hypothesized.
Organizational Intervention Issues
Authors: Keys Christopher , Wener Richard
Published: March 2007

Organizational intervention issues concerning four phases of post-occupancy evaluation (POE) are considered. In the first phase, entry, two important issues are: (1) introducing many levels of the organization to the goals of the POE and (2) using the prehistory of the project to understand the initial reactions of the client system. Second, in the needs assessment and research planning phase, open communication aids in (1) gathering information from diverse sources, (2) building effective working relationships with key individuals, and (3) setting reasonable expectations through joint planning. Third, in the data collection and analysis phase the newly developed working relationships are tested by problems of logistics and researcher hibernation. Finally, in the data feedback stage, researchers need to preview feedback with the most affected and to allow sufficient time for planning future action.
Perception of Density
Authors: Taylor Ralph B.
Published: March 2007

Research on human density has indicated that how people perceive a high-density situation strongly influences their behavior, and that density itself rarely has a direct unmediated effect on human behavior. The purposes of the present study were to (1) determine if there are individual differences in the perception of density, (2) clarify the nature of these individual differences if they exist, and (3) assess the dimensions underlying people's perceptions of situations of varying density. Subjects (n = 30) made pairwise similarity judgments of 12 neutral-secondary situations (Stokols, 1976) which varied on type of activity, group size, and spatial density. A Tucker and Messick (1963) approach to multidimensional scaling revealed sizable individual differences in perception of the situations. Three groupings of subjects were identified. Each grouping was similar in that the two major dimensions underlying perceptions were Spatial Constraint and Social Constraint. The major difference between groups of subjects was the relative emphasis assigned to the two dimensions. Results were discussed in the context of an interactionist perspective on density research, and the practical importance of the findings was considered.
Is Nuclear Power Just Another Environmental Issue?
Authors: Webber David J.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of 1976 California primary voters who voted on the nuclear power proposition indicates that both nuclear power opinion and general environmental attitude have similar patterns of demographic and political correlates, as earlier environmental opinion research has reported. Nuclear power attitudes, however, are characterized by a much larger partisan and ideological component than is the general environmental attitude. In explaining the 35% of respondents with "inconsistent" nuclear and environmental attitudes, only education and income are significantly linked to consistency.
The Placement and Misplacement of You-Are-Here Maps
Authors: Levinew Marvin , Marchon Iris , Hanley Gerard
Published: March 2007

A theory of spatial problem solving led to the prediction that the ease of use of you-are-here maps would depend upon where they were placed in relation to the terrain. Two experiments were performed. One was carried out in symbolic form in the laboratory; the other was performed in the field, as wayfinding in a large building. Both experiments confirmed the prediction.
Growth Management Concern
Authors: Connerly Charles E.
Published: March 2007

This article extends research reported by Van Liere and Dunlap (1981) by analyzing the degree to which support for controlling local population growth is affected by how growth controls are defined. Specifically, growth management concern is distinguished by general and specific definitions, with the latter including support for specific growth policies and support for growth controls in the face of explicit costs. The article examines how these definitions of growth management concern relate to each other, to a measure of support for environmental protection, and to various respondent characteristics, including social status and political ideology. Results show that how growth management is measured does make a difference, in some cases, when individual responses are classified by social status or ideology.
Community Growth Gaming
Authors: Habe Reiko
Published: March 2007

Since the late 1 970s, many studies have debated the pros and cons of community growth control/management, and quite a few of them made allegations about citizen motivations underlying growth control. Most such allegations, however, are commentators' speculations based on effects of growth control. I nstead, this article presents empirical research that attempts to determine citizen motivation (intent) by directly examining individuals' perceptions and attitudes toward growth control. A specially designed gaming method was used to elicit individuals' feelings for socially sensitive issues; it was applied to survey research of suburban residents' motivations for community growth control in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. In contrast to the popular allegations of growth control critics, this research revealed that citizens who oppose growth are not necessarily limited to the elite class of homeowners, and, further, that they are motivated primarily to protect the family-oriented life-style that a suburban community can offer.
Sensitivity to Noise, Personality Hardiness, and Noise-Induced Stress in Critical Care Nurses
Authors: Topf Margaret
Published: March 2007

This research tested the generalizability of the mediating role of stress resistance resources to stressors in the physical environment. One hun-dred hospital critical care unit nurses were surveyed. Results indicated that less sensitivity to noise and greater personality hardiness may act as noise-induced stress resistance resources. When the three dimensions of hardiness (commit-ment, control, and challenge) were analyzed separately via a stepwise multiple regression, commitment was the only variable to uphold this relationship. The latter result is discussed in terms of potentially effective coping strategies in nurses and compatibility within the person-environment relationship.
Affect, Cognition, and Urban Vegetation
Authors: Sheets Virgil L. , Manzer Chris D.
Published: March 2007

Two studies explored cognitive and affective reactions to vegetation in urban settings. In Study 1, subjects viewed a line drawing of an urban street with or without the presence of vegetation (trees & shrubs). The addition of vegetation affected subjects' cognitions about the quality of life in the area as well as about the land-use of the area. Subjects also reported higher levels of positive affect when they viewed a tree-lined city street. In Study 2, subjects viewed slides taken before or after vegetation was added along a thoroughfare in a suburb of a large metropolitan area. Again vegetation affected perceptions of the quality of life in the area, the local land-use, and self-reported emotional responses to the setting. The results suggest that the impacts of vegetation are largely affective, but cognitions, particularly about the quality of life in an area are also influenced by its presence. This pattern of results did not enable us to ascertain the evolutionary or cultural origins of people's responses.
Voices from the Ice
Authors: Mocellin Jane S. P. , Suedfeld Peter
Published: March 2007

The original diaries of 13 members of British polar expeditions of the Heroic Age (mid-19th to early 20th century) were subjected to content analysis. Entries were categorized into 5 areas: the physical and social environments and their effects, positive and negative affective appraisals of the experience, and altered states of consciousness. Individual words were rated on pleasantness and arousal. Antarctic explorers showed more negative responses than did Arctic expeditioners, but there were many positive as well as negative experiences in both polar regions. Surprisingly, the least stressful phase of the journeys was the polar midwinter. Arousal and tension were high during the trip from home port to the polar base, and just before beginning the voyage home. The authors conclude that the polar experience was not generally aversive or stressful, and that the popular bias to the contrary is at least partly a result of overgeneralization, dramatization, and cognitive assimilation.
Educating for Change in Attitudes toward Nature and Environment among Oriental Jews in Israel
Authors: Stahl Abraham
Published: March 2007

Like other industrial and developing states, Israel needs to instill into its population a sense of care for the environment. This is easier to achieve with Israelis from a European background than with the Oriental Jews. This large group, comprising about half of Israel's Jews, are going through a process of Westernization, which involves a radical change in their traditional attitudes in many aspects of life. Different programs carried out by the Society for Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI) aim at educating this population, and especially the younger, Israel-born generation, toward a change in their views of and relations to nature and the environment. An account is given of the prevailing attitudes found in traditional Jewish-Oriental society, based on one hand on general Jewish religious sources and on the other hand on oral and written texts of the Oriental communities themselves. A limited comparison shows the existence of similar attitudes in other Jewish and non-Jewish traditional societies. Anecdotal material is cited as evidence for the continuity of these points of view and ways of behaving among children and youth. These are followed by a description of the SPNI programs for adults and children aimed at bringing them nearer to an appreciation of the importance of nature and the environment in human life and an understanding of the need for their protection.
Comfort and Caring
Authors: Hood Marilyn G.
Published: March 2007

Differences in responses to museums by frequent, occasional, and hardly ever visitors primarily reflect their psychographic characteristics, as measured by their valuing of six basic leisure concepts. Visitors' and nonvisitors' evaluations of two environmental factors in museums-comfort and caring-are related to their leisure values, leisure activity participation, and demographics. Examples of impediments to audience satisfaction, when museums do not emphasize comfort and caring, illustrate the difficulties both occasional and hardly ever visitors have in coping with the museum environment. Findings about the relationship between museum environmental factors and visitor and nonvisitor behavior and attitudes have developed from a series of in-museum and community studies.
Environmental Attitudes and Behavior
Authors: Scott David , Willits Fern K.
Published: March 2007

A statewide survey of Pennsylvanians conducted in 1990 provided data on residents' opinions about ideas contained in the new environmental paradigm (NEP) and behaviors engaged in that are environmentally protective. Although Pennsylvanians expressed support for the NEP, they were not likely to engage in actbvities that contribute to environmental protection. Correlation analysis revealed that although support for the NEP was predictive of environmental behavior, the linkages were not strong. Various social characteristics were more predictive of environmentally oriented behaviors than supportive of the NEP.
A Whiff of Reality
Authors: Baron Robert A. , Thomley Jill
Published: March 2007

An experiment was conducted to investigate the potential effects of pleasant fragrances on task performance. Participants performed a word formation (anagrams) task under moderate or low stress and in the presence or absence of two different fragrances previously rated as pleasant by a large group of judges. In addition, some participants received a small gift at the start of the experimental session. Results indicated that both exposure to pleasant fragrances and receipt of a small gift significantly increased performance on the anagrams task; moreover, this was true under conditions of moderate as well as low stress. In addition, both exposure to pleasant fragrances and receipt of a small gift increased participants' willingness to help the experimenter by serving as uncompensated volunteers. These results are consistent with an interpretation suggesting that pleasant fragrances can enhance task performance by serving as a source of environmentally generated positive affect.
The Landscape Encountered and Experienced While Hiking
Authors: Hull R. Bruce , Stewart William P.
Published: March 2007

An operational definition is developed for the landscape encountered and experienced while hiking a natural area. Participant photography and experience sampling methods were combined and modified to enable sampling and exploration of this landscape. At various times during a hike, people were interrupted and instructed to photograph what they were looking at, to rate the scenic beauty of the view in question, and to report their current satisfactions and moods. Views were categorized by the type of object that was the focus of attention (trail, vegetation, water, ephemeral, people, terrain) and by the distance of the object from the viewer. Results suggest that attention was focused most frequently on objects near the trail, within 15 meters; neither scenic nor ugly views attracted undue attention; ephemeral features were often the focus of attention and rated as scenic; the quality of the hiking experience (as represented by mood and satisfaction) was partially explained by the landscape views encountered; and more similarities than differences were found in what people viewed while hiking.
Cognitive Distance of Stairways
Authors: Hanyu Kazunori , Itsukushima Yukio
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of stairways on different modes of distance estimation. Forty-two undergraduate students at Nihon University took part in the study. Two target sites, a stairway and a flat path, were selected in a university building. The students were asked to complete three tasks: a distance estimation, a traversed time estimation, and a mental walking time estimation. Afterward, the actual walking times were obtained. The results show that (a) estimated distances and times for the stairway tended to be overestimated while those for the flat path were close to actual distances and times, (b) mental walking times for the stairway approximated actual times whereas those for the flat path tended to be underestimated, and (c) individuals did not differ in their tendency to estimate high or low across the path conditions.
Studies in Cognitive Maps
Authors: Brysch Karl A. , Dickinson John
Published: March 2007

Thirty-two subjects participated in an experiment to test the equiavailability principle with respect to cognitive maps. Subjects learned one of four different combinations of two routes. They were then expected to make judgments concerning orientation and distance to points either experienced or inferred and either within a learned pathway or between learned pathways. The pathways also varied in terms of degree of symmetry. It was found that although orientation was equivalent in terms of errors for experienced and inferred movements, distance estimations were inferior for inferred movements. Similarly, the majority of dependent variables showed superior accuracy for judgments regarding within-pathway movements compared with between-pathway movements. Some impact of pathway symmetry was found. The results do not support the equiavailability principle.
Plants in the Workplace
Authors: Larsen Larissa , Adams Jeffrey , Deal Brian , Kweon Byoung Suk , Tyler Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This experiment measures the effects of indoor plants on participants' productivity, attitude toward the workplace, and overall mood in the office environment. In an office randomly altered to include no plants, a moderate number of plants, and a high number of plants, paid participants (N = 81) performed timed productivity tasks and completed a survey questionnaire. Surprisingly, the results of the productivity task showed an inverse linear relationship to the number of plants in the office, but self-reported perceptions of performance increased relative to the number of plants in the office. Consistent with expectations, participants reported higher levels of mood, perceived office attractiveness, and (in some cases) perceived comfort when plants were present than when they were not present. Decreased productivity scores are linked to the influence of positive and negative affect on decision making and cognitive processing.
Toward a Model of Environmental Activism
Authors: SGuin Chantal , Pelletier Luc G. , Hunsley John
Published: March 2007

The goals of this study were, first, to operationalize the notion of activisrm by using self-reported behaviors and, second, to propose and test a model of environmental activism. The results show that the Activism Scale is an acceptable measure of environmental activism. Furthermore, the proposed motivational model of environmental activism was supported by a path analysis of the data. Within the model, individuals' levels of autonomous motivation predicted the perceived responsibility of different organizations to prevent health risks, the amount of information people obtain from various sources, and the perceived importance of problems in the environment. In turn, those latter variables predicted the perception of environmental health risks. Finally, the perception of environmental health risks predicted environmental activism. The model demonstrates the importance of autonomous motivation in the prediction of environmental activists' behaviors and the central role perceived ecological risks play in the determination of environmental activism.
Japanese Teenage Girls - Their Ad-Inspired Social Comparison Behavior and Perceptions of Women's Roles
Authors: Luther Catherine A. , Nentl Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines ad-inspired social comparison behavior among a sample of Japanese teenage girls and the psychological variables that predict the behavior. It investigates whether comparison activities may be associated with how the girls perceive the importance of having a career and getting married, and the importance of physical attractiveness and intelligence in the roles of career woman and homemaker. The findings indicate that a fair percentage of the girls do engage in comparison with models in ads. Furthermore, these girls were more likely to perceive having a career and getting married as important. They were also more likely to perceive physical attractiveness as important for both the social roles of career woman and homemaker, and intelligence as important for the role of homemaker. The need for social approval was found to be the most significant predictor of comparison behavior.
We Are French Too, but Different
Authors: Echchaibi Nabil
Published: March 2007

There have been very few attempts to critically examine the issue of migration (in terms of the movement of people and cultures) in the light of recent theoretical and methodological developments in media studies. Research has focused mainly on migrants' representation in and reception of the mainstream media of the host country. While this line of research is still valuable, it obscures the role of migrants as active participants and producers of alternative media outlets that help in the articulation of their diasporic experience. This article discusses how, through radio and music, young North Africans in France negotiate, elaborate and reappropriate different cultural forms to carve out a place for themselves in French culture. A focus on production illuminates the value of media as a site where monolithic forms of cultural belonging are rejected and new hybrid ethnicities are forged.
Colonial Interventions and the Postcolonial Situation in India
Authors: Parameswaran Radhika E.
Published: March 2007

While there have been numerous analyses of the content of English-language news media in India, very little work has been done on historicizing the media to understand how comtemporary media discourses intersect with social formations such as class. This article interrogates the relationship between the English language, introduced during colonialism, mass media, class formation, and social and economic power in India. The article primarily examines the upper-class bias of the English-language media in India; it focuses on the process by which the English-language media articulate and support the interests and ideology of the English-educated urban upper/middle classes.
Press Freedom and Democratization
Authors: Lee Jae-kyoung
Published: March 2007

This study deals with the persistence of the `controlled' state of news-making in South Korea after years of what is known as the process of democratization. The central question it raises is how we should account for this seemingly contradictory state. In other words, why isn't the press freer? What are the conditions that still restrain the activities of reporters and editors? Is this a consequence of an incomplete reform or an inevitable aspect of the inherently hierarchical nature of the Korean media culture? The study, drawing on in-depth interviews with midcareer reporters and editors, describes the nature of changes in journalistic routines during the past nine years of political reform. It identifies newly routinized control mechanisms of press activities, and discusses why South Korea's press is still under substantial restraint.
The Implementation of Cultural Rights by the International Community
Authors: Symonides Janusz
Published: March 2007

This article analyses instruments adopted by the UN, UNESCO and regional organizations dealing with cultural rights. It presents the procedures aimed at the verification and control of the implementation of cultural rights based on reports and, in the case of UNESCO, on communications. The analysis leads to the conclusion that cultural rights are an underdeveloped category of human rights, often proclaimed by declarations and recommendations which at best can be qualified as `soft law'. Therefore they need further development, codification and strengthening of international control of their implementation.
From Self-Help to Professional Care
Authors: Ronel Natti
Published: March 2007

The process of an enhanced application of the spiritual self-help 12-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous in a professional counseling approach is described. Two integrated enhancements are outlined. The first is the enhancement of the addressed problem as applied by several 12-step self-help groups. Assuming a three-dimensional view of human existence—physical, mental and spiritual—it is argued that a more far-reaching program is obtained when the problem is defined as originating primarily in the mental dimension, but the most inclusive 12-step program may be defined by emphasizing the problem’s definition as originating in the spiritual dimension. Second is the program’s expansion from self-help to professional practice. Although in the past this trend derived mainly from the addiction-treatment field, it is argued that professionals can practice a more inclusive 12-step program called Grace Therapy. Basic assumptions of this program as reflecting a theory of applied spirituality are outlined and supported by clinical illustrations.
Narrative Styles of Managers and Workers
Authors: Beech Nic
Published: March 2007

The findings reported in this article relate to the experiences of managers and workers in three organizations that are implementing culture change as part of a strategy to improve organizational performance through people management. The focus is on an analysis of the stories the managers and workers tell, which reveal underlying narrative styles. It is argued that these narrative styles form cognitive frameworks within which the actors make sense of their own actions and those of others. This creates cycles of interaction, interpretation, and evidence-gathering to reinforce the framework. In other words, the narrative styles form part of the culture and subcultures of the organization. Using a grounded theory approach, six factor descriptors of four narrative styles were derived. The findings are used to question some basic assumptions in the literature concerning the possibilities of affecting organizational performance through people management and culture change strategies.
Micro Matters
Authors: Feldman Steven P.
Published: March 2007

The primitive stuff of institutions is the individuals who staff them. This is seen in the plasticity of relations between leaders and followers. In this article, it is argued that excessive managerial control was a critical factor in determining the Challenger launch decision-making process. Specifically, it is shown that NASA’s Flight Readiness Review was ritualized through the aesthetic techniques of visualization, expectation, and repetition that intensified dependency relations. Aesthetic instruments as tools of power are a common but mostly unrecognized problem for organizational cooperation and communications. At NASA, a culture of conformity developed, characterized by the exaggerated centrality of the leader. Conflicts existed both between groups and within individuals, but these conflicts were suppressed. Recommendations are made for resolving these types of cultural problems.
The Effectiveness of Collective Retrospection as a Mechanism of Organizational Learning
Authors: Busby J. S.
Published: March 2007

Retrospective reviews of projects have been proposed as mechanisms for organizational learning, and there is the possibility that in a collective setting some of the cognitive limitations associated with individuals’ retrospections can be mitigated. In a qualitative analysis of retrospective reviews held in three design organizations, evidence emerged both of successes and failures in the extent to which reviews led to convincing explanations of events and remedies for future projects. The review processes showed that individuals could successfully correct errors in others’ beliefs and that in the organizational setting they were sensitive to hindsight bias. They also showed that simulation was an important mechanism by which remedies could be tested, and surrogate experiences added to the concrete experiences of the project under review. However, the information available to the participants often was not diagnostic, the participants’interpretation of events tended to be ahistorical, and their explanations were overly specific.
In-Plane Loading in an Elastic Matrix Containing Two Cylindrical Inclusions
Authors: Goree James G.
Published: March 2007

A solution is presented for the stresses and displacements in an infinite elastic matrix containing two perfectly bonded rigid circular cylindrical inclusions of different radii, and of infinite length normal to the x-y plane. The matrix is subjected to in-plane stresses Sx and Sy at infinity as well as loading due to radial expan sion of the inclusions. Numerical results are presented and a com parison is made with the associated three dimensional problem of unequal rigid spheres.
On the Transformation of Histograms with Geometrically Progressing Class Intervals
Authors: Kausch Von Schmeling H.H. , Tschoegl N.W.
Published: March 2007

A method is given for the transformation of an arbitrary distribution of circles in the plane to the corresponding distribution of spheres in space when the circle distribution can be represented by a histogram in which the class intervals form a geometric progression. Such a progression is commonly employed in sieving.
The Effect of Transverse Shear Deformation on the Bending of Laminated Plates
Authors: Whitney J.M.
Published: March 2007

A bending theory which includes transverse shear deformations is presented for laminated plates. Closed form solutions are obtained for bending deflections, flexural vibration frequencies, and buckling loads of simply-supported rectangular plates of special construction. Results show that shear deformation can significantly effect gross plate re sponse for highly anisotropic laminates. Comparison to exact elasticity solutions show excellent agreement for gross behavior of laminates.
Nonlinear Elastic Behavior of Unidirectional Composite Laminae
Authors: Hahn Hong T. , Tsai Stephen W.
Published: March 2007

Complementary elastic energy density is used to derive a stress-strain relation, which is linear in uniaxial loadings in the longitudinal and trans verse directions, but nonlinear in shear. In the case of composite laminae under plane stress, one additional fourth-order constant is introduced. Comparison is shown between the present theory and experimental data on off-axis tests.
Residual Stresses in Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
Authors: Hahn H. Thomas
Published: March 2007

Residual stresses in composites are induced during fabrication and by environmental exposure. The theory formulated can describe the shrinkage commonly observed after a thermal expansion test. Comparison between the analysis and experimental data for [02 /± 45] s laminates of various material systems indicates that the residual stress-free temperature can be lower than the curing temperature, depending on the curing process. Ef fects of residual stresses on ply failure including the acoustic emission characteristics are discussed.
Proof Test and Fatigue of Unnotched Composite Laminates
Authors: Yang J.N. , Sun C.T.
Published: March 2007

A comprehansive Fatigue and residual strength degradation model has been used to predict the effect of proof loads (or high load) on the statisti cal fatigue behavior of composite laminates. The validity of the theoretical model is confirmed by the experimental test results. The correlation be tween the test results and the theoretical distributions of the fatigue life and the residual strength for composite specimens with or without the effect of proof loads is shown to be very good.
Influence of Layer Thickness on the Strength of Angle-Ply Laminates
Authors: Herakovich Carl T.
Published: March 2007

Experimental results are presented showing that the strength and toughness of finite-width angle-ply laminates can be increased significantly by using an alternating layer stacking sequence as opposed to a clustered con figuration. The ultimate tensile stress of an alternating plus/minus θ laminate of the form [(±θ)2] s can be as much as 1.5 times that a clustered configura tion of the form [θ2/—θ2] s. Further, the toughness of the alternating layer configuration can be as much as 2.7 times that of the clustered configuration. These differences are explained analytically through consideration of the in fluence of layer thickness on the magnitude of the interlaminare shear stress and by examination of failed specimens. It is shown that the two laminate configurations exhibit distinctly different failure modes for some fiber angles. Both laminate configurations exhibit catastrophic failure with the damage limited essentially to a small region defined by the length of a single crack across the face of the specimen, parallel to the fiber direction. Results are presented for T300/5208 graphite-epoxy for fiber orientations of 10°, 30 °, and 45 °.
Transverse Shear Effects in Bimodular Composite Laminates
Authors: Bert C.W. , Gordaninejad F.
Published: March 2007

A closed-form solution for the Timoshenko-type shear correction coefficient (K2) governing the deflection of bimodular composite laminates in cylindrical bending is presented. The bending- stress distribution for a laminate constructed of bimodular materials (which have different elastic moduli in tension and compression) is used in the two-dimensional equilibrium equation to obtain the transverse shear-stress distribution. This shear-stress distribution is used to obtain expressions for the shear correction coefficient (based on equrvalent shear strain energy) and the maximum dimensionless transverse shear stress (τxz) max. Finally, the effects of the elastic-constant ratios on the neutral-surface location and shear correction coefficient for laminates consisting of either unimodular or bimodular materials are studied.
Nonlinear Behavior of Woven Fabric Composites
Authors: Ishikawa Takashi , Chou Tsu-Wei
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the non-linear elastic behavior of fabric composites. Three types of non linearity including the shear deformation of fill threads, the extensional deformation of the pure matrix regions and transverse cracking of the warp regions have been taken into considerations. The non-linear constitutive relation developed by Hahn and Tsai is adopted in this analysis and the fiber undulation and bridging models developed by Ishikawa and Chou are also applied. Results of the analysis for a glass 8 harness satin/polyimide composite compares remarkably well with the experimental stress-strain curve. The analyses also show that the nonlinear effects are less pronounced for fabrics assuming larger geometrical repeating length due to the increasing in fluence of the "bridging effect." As a result, both knee stress and strain increase with the geometrical repeating length.
Shear Fatigue Degradation and Fracture of Random Short-Fiber SMC Composite
Authors: Wang S.S. , Goetz D.P. , Corten H.T.
Published: March 2007

Cyclic degradation and fracture of a random short-fiber SMC composite subjected to shear fatigue was studied. Experiments were conducted on double V-notched Iosipescu SMC-R50 specimens under completely reverse cyclic shear loading. Owing to the random microstructure of the SMC-R50 composite, homogeneous fatigue damage was treated in a continuum sense. The cyclic shear stress-strain behavior was studied first. Macroscopic shear stiffness degradation and the rate of damage evolution during the shear fatigue were investigated also. Cyclic shear stiffness reduction up to 25 per cent of its initial value was common in most cases studied. A power-law relationship among the rate of damage, the cyclic shear stress amplitude, and the fatigue loading history was determined. The shear-fatigue fracture, resulted from nonhomogeneous growth of fatigue damage, was well-behaved, and a cyclic shear stress-life diagram was constructed for the SMC-R50 material.
Long-Term Moisture Absorption in Graphite/Epoxy Angle-Ply Laminates
Authors: Blikstad Mårten , Sjöblom Peter O.W. , Johannesson Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

Angle-ply laminates of graphite/epoxy Fiberite T300/1034, Ciba-Geigy T300/920 and Ciba-Geigy T300/914 were exposed to moist air of different relative humidities for 400 days. Laminates of T300/1034 reach a first plateau after about 100 days and a se cond plateau of saturation after about 400 days. The plateau levels are functions of the relative humidity and also of the residual stresses in the laminate. Compressive residual stresses retard the diffusion and lower the plateau levels. Laminates of T300/920 and T300/914 show more rapid moisture absorption than laminates of T300/1034 but no clearly detectable saturation plateau. The shoulder of the moisture content vs. square root of time curve is over-estimated by the one-dimensional solution of Fick's equation of moisture diffusion. A three-dimensional solution is given and is shown to predict the moisture absorption better for specimens of small width to thickness ratio.