bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women's Pathways to Participation and Leadership in the Family-Owned Firm
Authors: Dumas Colette
Published: April 2004

A study of 702 women in family-owned firms in Canada has identified paths to participation and leadership taken by women in family-owned firms. Some of the key factors contributing to participation and leadership are presented in a descriptive framework. Implications of this study for practice and research are presented.
The Social Psychology of Family Shareholder Dynamics
Authors: Davis John A. , Herrera Rita M.
Published: April 2004

Family shareholder dynamics can dramatically influence a family business, however, this has received little attention in the family business literature. To expand our understanding of family shareholder behavior, we have introduced several concepts from social psychology that help explain why family shareholders behave as they do: group cohesiveness, conformance, diffusion of responsibility, deindividuation, and social power. We have commented on the application of each theory for family companies and their consultants and have suggested directions for future research on this topic.
Current State of Family Business Theory and Practice as Reflected in Family Business Review 1988—1997
Authors: Gibb Dyer W. , Sánchez Marcelino
Published: April 2004

Family Business Review (FBR) has made a significant contribution to the development of the field of family business. This article examines the evolution of the field as reflected in FBR since its inception and attempts to create a guide for future research and practice. It is suggested that more collaboration between academics and practitioners, along with more case studies and cross-cultural work could prove useful to develop increasingly better theory and enhance practice.
Nepotism: An Interdisciplinary Model
Authors: Vinton Karen L.
Published: April 2004

This article presents an interdisciplinary approach to the study of nepotism. Nepotism is one of the least-studied and most poorly understood human resource practices, yet its impact on family-owned businesses, which frequently hire family members, is immense. To be effective consultants to family businesses we must have more than an anecdotal appreciation of nepotism. We also must look at nepotism from an interdisciplinary perspective to truly understand the impact that such policies and practices might have on family firms.
What Is Continuity?
Authors: Drozdow Nancy
Published: April 2004

This article examines and expands the concept of continuity and asserts that family businesses and consultants retain a unidimensional definition of continuity in which success is attained only when family and business remain together. It suggests that this thinking is stale—muddied by an idealized version of the family business—and argues that continuity should be defined as the preservation of one or more essential, unique core elements that in turn implicate a set of tradeoffs or elements that may be sacrificed. Continuity approached in this way, where the pursuit of any dimension will have both gains and losses, will inevitably enrich both the client and consultant.
Copreneurs: An Exploration and Comparison to Other Family Businesses
Authors: Fitzgerald Margaret A. , Muske Glenn
Published: April 2004

This paper reviews the definition of copreneurial couples used in empirical studies and addresses the difficulties associated with identifying these couples in research studies. Then, using an operational definition of copreneurs and data from the 1997 National Family Business Study (NFBS), copreneurs and noncopreneurs are compared on general demographic and business-related variables, lifestyle indicators, and measures of financial success. Descriptive findings indicate that copreneurs differ significantly from noncopreneurs on several variables. On average, copreneurial households are more likely to live in a rural area, have spouses working more weeks per year in the business, and have home-based businesses than are noncopreneurial households. Copreneurs report significantly lower levels on all objective and subjective measures of financial success than do noncopreneurs. They are more likely to view business as a way of life rather than a way to earn income when compared to noncopreneurs.
Family Business Research: The Evolution of an Academic Field
Authors: Bird Barbara , Welsch Harold , Astrachan Joseph H. , Pistrui David
Published: April 2004

The establishment of a field of study or a discipline with academic or professional standing requires, among other things, a body of knowledge that expands understanding of that domain. This paper looks at the literature on establishing a unique field of study, reviews the foundational research in family business (1980s) and four recent years (1997-2001) of published family business research found in several outlets. We find that family business research is becoming increasingly sophisticated and rigorous. This bodes well for the development of an independent field for family business. Recommendations are offered to further the professionalization of family business as an academic and professional domain.
In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of
Helicobacter hepaticus
Cytolethal Distending Toxin Mutants
Authors: Young Vincent B. , Knox Kimberly A. , Pratt Jason S. , Cortez Jennifer S. , Mansfield Linda S. , Rogers Arlin B. , Fox James G. , Schauer David B.
Published: April 2004

Helicobacter hepaticus
expresses a member of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) family of bacterial cytotoxins. To investigate the role of CDT in the pathogenesis of
H. hepaticus
, transposon mutagenesis was used to generate a series of isogenic mutants in and around the
cdtABC
gene cluster. An
H. hepaticus
transposon mutant with a disrupted
cdtABC
coding region no longer produced CDT activity. Conversely, a transposon insertion outside of the cluster did not affect the CDT activity. An examination of these mutants demonstrated that CDT represents the previously described granulating cytotoxin in
H. hepaticus
. Challenge of C57BL/6 interleukin 10
−/−
mice with isogenic
H. hepaticus
mutants revealed that CDT expression is not required for colonization of the murine gut. However, a CDT-negative
H. hepaticus
mutant had a significantly diminished capacity to induce lesions in this murine model of inflammatory bowel disease.
Host and Bacterial Factors Affecting Induction of Immune Responses to Flagellin Expressed by AttenuatedSalmonellaVaccine Strains
Authors: Sbrogio-Almeida M. E. , Mosca T. , Massis L. M. , Abrahamsohn I. A. , Ferreira L. C. S.
Published: April 2004

Previous observations demonstrated that the delivery of recombinantSalmonella entericaserovar Dublin strains to mice via mucosal routes did not efficiently activate systemic and secreted antibody responses to either typedflagellin or genetically fused heterologous B-cell epitopes, thus reducing the usefulness of the protein as a carrier of epitopes for vaccine purposes. In this work, we investigated murine systemic and mucosal flagellin immunogenicity after oral immunization with attenuatedSalmonellastrains. The reduced anti-typedflagellin antibody responses in mice immunized via mucosal routes with three doses of flagellatedS. entericaserovar Dublin strains were not caused by oral tolerance and could not be restored by coadministration of a mucosal adjuvant. The induction of antibody responses toSalmonellaflagellins was shown to differ according to the genetic background, but not the haplotype, of the mouse lineage. Moreover, BALB/c mice orally immunized withS. entericaserovar Typhimurium strains developed anti-typeiflagellin sera and secreted antibody responses, which indicated that the serovar of theSalmonellavaccine strain also affected flagellin immunogenicity. Analyses of cytokine responses of BALB/c mice immunized with three oral doses of flagellatedS. entericaserovar Dublin vaccine strains showed that, in spite of the lack of antibody responses, elevated typedflagellin-specific CD4-cell-activation-dependent gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 responses were elicited after the administration of the vaccine strains via either parenteral or mucosal routes. Similar cytokine production patterns were detected to a T-cell heterologous epitope, derived from the CFA/I fimbriae of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC), in mice orally immunized with aSalmonellavaccine strain expressing hybrid flagella. These results indicate that the immunogenicities ofSalmonellaflagellins can differ significantly, depending on the murine host and on the bacterial vector used, and demonstrate that the induction of CD4-cell-activation-dependent IFN-γ production represents a major immune response triggered by flagellin and in-frame fused heterologous T-cell epitopes after the oral administration of recombinantS. entericaserovar Dublin vaccine strains.
Impact of Methoxymycolic Acid Production by
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG Vaccines
Authors: Belley Adam , Alexander David , Di Pietrantonio Tania , Girard Manon , Jones Joses , Schurr Erwin , Liu Jun , Sherman David R. , Behr Marcel A.
Published: April 2004

BCG vaccines are a family of closely related daughter strains of an attenuated isolate of
Mycobacterium bovis
derived by in vitro passage from 1908 to 1921. During subsequent laboratory propagation of the vaccine strain until its lyophilization in 1961, BCG Pasteur underwent at least seven further genomic mutations. The impact of these mutations on the properties of the vaccine is currently unknown. One mutation, a glycine-to-aspartic acid substitution in the
mmaA3
gene, occurred between 1927 and 1931 and impairs methoxymycolic acid synthesis in BCG strains obtained from the Pasteur Institute after this period. Mycolic acids of the cell wall are classified into three functional groups (alpha-, methoxy-, and ketomycolic acids), and together these lipids form a highly specialized permeability barrier around the bacterium. To explore the impact of methoxymycolic acid production by BCG strains, we complemented the functional gene of
mmaA3
into BCG Denmark and tested a number of in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. Surprisingly, restoration of methoxymycolic acids alone had no effect on cell wall permeability, resistance to antibiotics, or growth in cultured macrophages and C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrate that the loss of methoxymycolic acid production did not apparently affect the virulence of BCG strains.
Epithelial Invasion by
Escherichia coli
Bearing Dr Fimbriae Is Controlled by Nitric Oxide-Regulated Expression of CD55
Authors: Fang Li , Nowicki Bogdan J. , Urvil Petri , Goluszko Pawel , Nowicki Stella , Young Steven L. , Yallampalli Chandrasekhar
Published: April 2004

We previously reported that inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) increases the rate of bacteremia and maternal mortality in pregnant rats with uterine infection by
Escherichia coli
expressing the Dr fimbria (Dr
+
). Epithelial binding and invasion by Dr
+
E. coli
has also been shown to be dependent upon the expression level of the cellular receptor decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55). Here, we hypothesize that NO-related severity of infection could be mediated by changes in DAF expression and in the rate of epithelial invasion. The cellular basis of NO effects on epithelial invasion with Dr
+
E. coli
was studied using Ishikawa endometrial carcinoma cells as an in vitro model of the human endometrial epithelium. Initially, we show that Ishikawa cells produce NO and express both NO synthase enzymes, NOS II and NOS III, and DAF protein. We next tested the abilities of both Dr
+
E. coli
and a Dr
−
E. coli
mutant to invade Ishikawa cells, and invasion was seen only with Dr
+
E. coli
. Invasion by Dr
+
E. coli
was decreased by elevated NO production and increased by NO inhibition. Elevated NO production significantly decreased DAF protein and mRNA expression in Ishikawa cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Here, we propose that in vitro invasion of an epithelial cell line is directly related to NO-regulated expression of DAF. The significance of NO-regulated receptor-ligand invasion is that it may represent a novel unrecognized phenomenon of epithelial defense against infection.
Toxopain-1 Is Critical for Infection in a Novel Chicken Embryo Model of Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Que Xuchu , Wunderlich Annette , Joiner Keith A. , Reed Sharon L.
Published: April 2004

We tested the hypothesis that cathepsins and specifically toxopain-1, a cathepsin B, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis. We found that inhibiting the expression of toxopain-1-specific mRNA and protein by >60% significantly decreased the capacity of the parasites to multiply and invade in vitro. To relate these in vitro results to the role of toxopain-1 in pathogenesis in vivo, we developed a novel chicken embryo model of congenital toxoplasmosis. Inhibiting either toxopain-1 expression or specific cysteine proteinase activity significantly reduced congenital infection of chicken embryos, as determined by histopathology and by the number of parasites quantified by real-time PCR. Our new model provides key in vivo validation for the hypothesis that toxopain-1 is a potential drug target inToxoplasma gondiiand also provides a new animal model for rapid, inexpensive screening of antiparasitic compounds.
Preserved direct hepatic insulin action in rats with diet-induced hepatic steatosis
Authors: Buettner Roland , Ottinger Iris , Schölmerich Jürgen , Bollheimer L. Cornelius
Published: April 2004

Recent in vivo studies have demonstrated a strong negative correlation between liver triglyceride content and hepatic insulin sensitivity, but a causal relationship remains to be established. We therefore have examined parameters of direct hepatic insulin action on isolated steatotic livers from high-fat (HF)-fed rats compared with standard chow (SC)-fed controls. Direct hepatic action of insulin was assayed in Wistar rats after 6 wk of HF diet by measuring the insulin-induced suppression of epinephrine-induced hepatic glucose output in an isolated liver perfusion system. Insulin-induced activation of glycogen synthase was measured by quantifying the incorporation of radioactive UDP-glucose into glycogen in HF and SC liver lysates. HF diet induced visceral obesity, mild insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. Both suppression of epinephrine-induced glycogenolysis and activation of glycogen synthase by insulin were sustained in HF rats; no significant difference from SC controls could be detected. In conclusion , in our model, triglyceride accumulation into the liver was not sufficient to impair direct hepatic insulin action. The data argue for an important role of systemic factors in the regulation of hepatic glucose output and hepatic insulin sensitivity in vivo.
Selective stimulation of G-6-Pase catalytic subunit but not G-6-Ptransporter gene expression by glucagon in vivo and cAMP in situ
Authors: Hornbuckle Lauri A. , Everett Carrie A. , Martin Cyrus C. , Gustavson Stephanie S. , Svitek Christina A. , Oeser James K. , Neal Doss W. , Cherrington Alan D. , O'Brien Richard M.
Published: April 2004

We recently compared the regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) catalytic subunit and glucose 6-phosphate (G-6- P) transporter gene expression by insulin in conscious dogs in vivo (Hornbuckle LA, Edgerton DS, Ayala JE, Svitek CA, Neal DW, Cardin S, Cherrington AD, and O'Brien RM. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281: E713–E725, 2001). In pancreatic-clamped, euglycemic conscious dogs, a 5-h period of hypoinsulinemia led to a marked increase in hepatic G-6-Pase catalytic subunit mRNA; however, G-6- P transporter mRNA was unchanged. Here, we demonstrate, again using pancreatic-clamped, conscious dogs, that glucagon is a candidate for the factor responsible for this selective induction. Thus glucagon stimulated G-6-Pase catalytic subunit but not G-6- P transporter gene expression in vivo. Furthermore, cAMP stimulated endogenous G-6-Pase catalytic subunit gene expression in HepG2 cells but had no effect on G-6- P transporter gene expression. The cAMP response element (CRE) that mediates this induction was identified through transient transfection of HepG2 cells with G-6-Pase catalytic subunit-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion genes. Gel retardation assays demonstrate that this CRE binds several transcription factors including CRE-binding protein and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein.
Enhancement of Information Transmission Efficiency by Synaptic Failures
Authors: Goldman Mark S.
Published: April 2004

Many synapses have a high percentage of synaptic transmission failures. I consider the hypothesis that synaptic failures can increase the efficiency of information transmission across the synapse. I use the information transmitted per vesicle release about the presynaptic spike train as a measure of synaptic transmission efficiency and show that this measure can increase with the synaptic failure probability. I analytically calculate the Shannon mutual information transmitted across two model synapses with probabilistic transmission: one with a constant probability of vesicle release and one with vesicle release probabilities governed by the dynamics of synaptic depression. For inputs generated by a non-Poisson process with positive autocorrelations, both synapses can transmit more information per vesicle release than a synapse with perfect transmission, although the information increases are greater for the depressing synapse than for a constant-probability synapse with the same average transmission probability. The enhanced performance of the depressing synapse over the constant-release-probability synapse primarily reflects a decrease in noise entropy rather than an increase in the total transmission entropy. This indicates alimitation of analysis methods, such as decorrelation, that consider only the total response entropy. My results suggest that synaptic transmission failures governed by appropriately tuned synaptic dynamics can increase the information-carrying efficiency of a synapse.
Post-Sovereign Environmental Governance
Authors: Karkkainen Bradley C.
Published: April 2004

This article examines a mode of hybrid governance in which sovereign states and nonstate parties collaborate as equal partners to address complex problems that are beyond the problem-solving capacities of states acting alone. Under conventional state-centric approaches, environmental policy is the exclusive province of territorially delimited sovereign states, subject only to such obligations as states incur through voluntary inter-sovereign agreements. In contrast, “post-sovereign” governance is non-exclusive, non-hierarchical, and post-territorial. These arrangements emerge from recognition of the limitations of top-down domestic regulation and rules of inter-sovereign obligation as means to address such complex environmental problems as ecosystem management. Examples are drawn from the US experience in the Chesapeake Bay region, and the joint US-Canadian Great Lakes ecosystem management effort.
Research Trends in Textiles and Clothing: An Analysis of Three Journals, 1980–1999
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Johnson Kim K. P. , Park Ji‐Hye
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this research was to assess trends in research, research strategies, data analysis techniques, funding sources, affiliations, and the use of theoretical frameworks in textiles and clothing research. Empirical research focused on textiles and clothing and published in three home economics–related journals—Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, Family and Consumer Science Research Journal, and Clothing and Textiles Research Journal—from 1980 to 1999 was content analyzed (N = 586). Although survey methodology and experimentation were the first and second most‐used research strategies in all but one 5‐year period from 1980 to 1999, fieldwork has increased. Data analysis techniques were primarily quantitative, with increases in the use of some advanced statistical techniques. However, the qualitative treatment of data also increased. Suggestions for graduate education and faculty development are offered.
Internet Shopping Orientation Segments: An Exploration of Differences in Consumer Behavior
Authors: McKinney Letecia N.
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify the orientations that consumers have toward Internet shopping. This study used factor analysis to reduce a set of 25 orientation statements into a smaller set of factors and cluster analysis to group respondents with similar consumer behavior. Results revealed 5 different orientations of Internet shoppers. The shopping segments were named the confident convenience‐oriented comparison (3C's), store preferred, highly involved, apathetic, and apprehensive. Differences were found among the shopping segments in the frequency of visits to Internet shopping sites and the frequency of products purchased at the sites.
Surface Damage and Wear Mechanisms of Amorphous Carbon Coatings under Boundary Lubrication Conditions
Authors: Ajayi O. O. , Kovalchenko A. , Hersberger J. G. , Erdemir A. , Fenske G. R.
Published: April 2004

A class of amorphous carbon coatings with excellent tribological properties under dry conditions was recently developed at Argonne National Laboratory. In the present study, the performance of three variations of such coatings under the boundary lubrication regime was evaluated, with particular focus on the coating surface damage and mechanical aspect of the wear mechanisms of the coated surfaces. The evaluation employed ball on flat contact geometry in reciprocating sliding motion and three different lubricants. Compared with the uncoated steel surface, the three variations of the coatings evaluated significantly reduced the amount of wear. The surface damage in the coatings consisted primarily of localised crack formation at the local asperity points of contact typical of boundary lubrication regime. The cracks propagated over time, resulting in eventual removal of coating material.
Corrosion Behaviour of Nitrogen Bearing Austenitic Stainless Steel Surface Diffusion Alloyed with Ti/Al Precoated Films
Authors: Bhuvaneswaran N. , Kamachi Mudali U. , Shankar P. , Khatak H. S.
Published: April 2004

The present work investigates the aqueous corrosion behaviour of type 316L stainless steel (SS) containing various matrix nitrogen contents (0·015, 0·1, 0·2 and 0·56%N), surface modified by diffusion annealing of a precoated film of titanium/aluminium. Type 316L SS specimens were precoated with a Ti/Al multilayer by the electron beam deposition method and surface diffusion annealed at 1173 K for 1 h in vacuum. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the formation of Ti3Al, Al5Ti2, Al2Ti and Al13Fe4 intermetallic phases. Nitrides such as Ti2N were also observed, particularly in high nitrogen steels. The interaction between the titanium/aluminium coating and the matrix constituents, particularly with nitrogen, was characterised by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The nitrogen content at the modified surface increased with increase in the nitrogen content of the substrate matrix. SEM observation of cross-sectionally mounted surface modified alloys indicated the formation of thick adherent layers. The role of such intermetallic phases in corrosion resistance in both 0·5 M H2SO4 and 0·5 M NaCl is discussed in detail based on open circuit potential-time measurements, potentiodynamic polarisation studies and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) investigations. The role of matrix nitrogen in the formation of intermetallic coatings and its role in corrosion resistance in acidic and chloride media are investigated.
Early experience with the Mills sleeve prosthesis for reconstruction of the incus long process
Authors: Mills Robert , Williams Alun
Published: April 2004

This paper describes the Mills sleeve technique of ossicular reconstructionfor defects of the incus long process and reviews the results of 27 procedures. A retrospectivereview of operations was performed by eight otologists. The results are compared with those from three other reconstruction techniques (cortical bone graft, cortical bone sleeve and incus autograft).

Prostheses were supplied to surgeons who expressed an interest. Pre- and post-operative audiological data forms were analysed for each case along with a questionnaire about use of the prosthesis. The mean post-operative air bone gap (ABG) was compared with results from cortical bone sleeve, incus autograft and simple cortical bone graft reconstruction cases previously performedby the senior author.

Twenty-seven procedures were performed. Closure of the ABG to within 10dB was achieved for 44.4 per cent of Mills sleeve cases compared with 44.7 per cent for the cortical bone sleeve, 52.9 per cent for ossicular and 26.9 per cent for cortical bone grafts. The responses to a questionnaire sent to participating surgeons are discussed.

For the current follow-up period (three months to three years) the Mills sleeve prosthesis appears to be safe and easy to use with audiological results at least as good as other reconstructive techniques.
A Consulting Firm Uses Constraint Programming to Plan Personnel-Review Meetings
Authors: Saltzman Robert M. , Meyer Jennifer L.
Published: April 2004

A medium-sized consulting firm uses constraint programming to plan its annual meetings of groups of partners to conduct personnel reviews of its consultant-employees. Key constraints include discussing every knowledgeable partner-consultant relationship in at least one meeting; keeping meetings manageable by limiting the number of partners attending and the number of consultants discussed; restricting the number of meetings each partner attends; and requiring the partners who attend each meeting to represent multiple practice areas. Our objective is to minimize the number of situations in which a consultant who is discussed at a meeting has only one knowledgeable partner attending the meeting. Running the model has saved partners from attending meetings unnecessarily and reduced the time required to develop a meeting plan from a few days to a few hours. It has been part of the review-planning process for the past two and a half years.
Simulation Helps Maxager Shorten Its Sales Cycle
Authors: Gavirneni Srinagesh , Morrice Douglas J. , Mullarkey Peter
Published: April 2004

We developed a simulation approach to reduce the time and cost of selling the Maxager system, a manufacturing decision-support system consisting of both hardware and software. To enable customers to understand the impact Maxager could have on their profitability, we used to perform pilot studies in which we installed our hardware, trained their people, collected data, and performed the analysis. These pilot studies lasted for three to six months and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. To save time and money, we simulated Maxager’s data-collection systems and used the Maxager software to analyze the data. This enabled us, with some aggregate information provided by the prospective customers, to illustrate the impact Maxager could have on their systems using simulated data of their products, processes, and operating procedures without having to install our hardware. As a result, (1) we reduced sales cycles from over 12 months long to less than six months long, and (2) we reduced the cost of a sales cycle by approximately $50,000 to $100,000. We achieved these results without a drop in the success rate of the sales process.
Multiway Calibration for Creatinine Determination in Human Serum Using the Jaffé Reaction
Authors: Guterres Marcos V. , Volpe Pedro O. L. , Ferreira Márcia M. C.
Published: April 2004

Second-order calibration and multivariate spectroscopic-kinetic measurements in the visible region are proposed to improve the Jaffé method for creatinine assay. Analyses performed on synthetic mixtures containing bilirubin, glucose, and albumin confirm that second-order calibration is useful for creatinine determination in human serum. Quantitative determinations of creatinine with the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and direct trilinear decomposition (TLD) methods were compared. It is shown that both methods can be used for creatinine determination in human serum, with an SEP (squared error of prediction) of 2.22 and coefficient of variability of 6.14% for PARAFAC, and an SEP of 2.38 and coefficient of variability of 6.57% for TLD.
Broadband Light Profile Microscopy: A Rapid and Direct Method for Thin Film Depth Imaging
Authors: Fu S. W. , Power J. F.
Published: April 2004

Light profile microscopy† (LPM) is a recently developed technique of optical inspection that is used to record micrometer scale images of thin film cross-sections on a direct basis. This technique uses a novel right-angle imaging geometry that shows outstanding contrast for subtle interface structures and morphologies that are invisible to conventional methods of inspection. When laser sources are used for sample illumination, image contrast is provided by luminescence and elastic and/or inelastic scatter. When a white-light excitation source is used for LPM, primary contrast is obtained from elastic scatter, while secondary contrast results from refraction, secondary transmission, and secondary reflection from material phases. We term this mode of inspection broadband light profile microscopy (BB-LPM). It is implemented with a compact, easily aligned apparatus and minimal sample preparation, and it shows outstanding interface contrast similar to laser LPM. In this work we demonstrate BB-LPM as a method for direct imaging of the layers structures of a variety of thin film samples of industrial and manufacturing interest.
Continuous Monitoring of Alkali Metals in Gas Flows Using Direct-Current Plasma Excited Atomic Spectroscopy
Authors: Häyrinen Ville , Oikari Risto , Hernberg Rolf
Published: April 2004

A measuring instrument employing direct current (dc) plasma excited atomic line spectroscopy was developed for continuous measurement of alkali in combustion flue gases. Alkali compounds are dissociated by mixing sampled flue gas with a nitrogen plasma jet generated with a non-transferred dc plasma torch. The instrument can be used in two operating modes. The molar fraction is determined either by measuring the transmittance of the gas jet or by monitoring the emission. A tungsten halogen lamp and scanning monochromator are used for the measurement of the optical signals. Measurement of sodium and potassium has been demonstrated. The detection limits of the instrument are 50–70 ppb in the absorption mode. The detection limits are 2–3 ppb at 0.1 MPa pressure and 0.1–0.2 ppb at 1.0 MPa in the emission mode. The instrument is designed to withstand corrosive, particle laden, and pressurized flue gases at temperatures up to 1373 K.
Anti-Stokes Raman Spectrometry with 1064-nm Excitation: An Effective Instrumental Approach for Field Detection of Explosives
Authors: Lewis Mary L. , Lewis Ian R. , Griffiths Peter R.
Published: April 2004

Anti-Stokes Raman spectra of 28 explosive materials were obtained with 1064-nm excitation using fiber-optic sampling and a dispersive spectrograph equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) array detector. By using a silicon CCD detector, anti-Stokes features could clearly be observed for the majority of samples from −250 to −1650 cm−1. Using the fiber-optic probe, spectra were routinely obtained from samples positioned up to twelve meters from the spectrograph within 240 s. The utility of an anti-Stokes correction routine is demonstrated, which routine allowed anti-Stokes spectra measured with 1064-nm excitation to be successfully searched and identified against libraries of Stokes spectra obtained using a Fourier transform (FT) Raman system equipped with a 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser.
Neuartige Polymer- und Siliziumsensoren in der Akustik (Novel Polymer and Silicon Sensors in Acoustics)
Authors: Sessler Gerhard M.
Published: April 2004

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Beispiele für Neuentwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der akustischen Sensorik diskutiert. Dazu gehören zum einen neuartige Mikrofone und andere Sensoren auf der Basis von zellularen, geschäumten Piezopolymeren, einer Materialgruppe, die erst seit wenigen Jahren bekannt ist und die sich durch sehr hohe piezoelektrische d
33-Koeffizienten auszeichnet. Beispielsweise erreichen derartige Mikrofone bereits Empfindlichkeiten von bis zu 3 mV/Pa und äquivalente Rauschpegel von etwa 35 dB(A). Ein anderes aktuelles Forschungsgebiet, welches besprochen wird, sind akustische Siliziumsensoren, die auf der Basis mehrerer Wandlerprinzipien realisiert werden können. Insbesondere werden kapazitive sowie mikrooptische Mikrofone beschrieben. Die kapazitiven Sensoren, welche jetzt auch erstmals in der Form von Silizium-Kondensatormikrofonen kommerziell erhältlich sind, haben sehr gute elektroakustische Eigenschaften mit Empfindlichkeiten ebenfalls im Bereich von einigen mV/Pa und äquivalenten Rauschpegeln unter 30 dB(A), während die mikrooptischen Wandler zwar höhere Rauschpegel aufweisen, aber für Spezialanwendungen besonders geeignet sind.
Molecular and crystal structure of Ac-(Z)-ΔAbu-NMe2 and Ac-DL-Abu-NMe2 as compared to those of related molecules
Authors: Siodłak Dawid , Broda Malgorzata A. , Rzeszotarska Barbara , Kołodziejczyk Edyta , Kozioł Anna E.
Published: April 2004

The molecular and crystal structures of two homologous amino acid derivatives: N-acetyl-α,β-dehydro-butyrine N´,N´-dimethylamide (1) and N-acetyl-DL-butyrine N´,N´-dimethylamide (2), have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Similar solid-state association of both compounds is observed; despite different molecular conformation, they form centrosymmetric dimers linked by the intermolecular N–H…O hydrogen bonds. The conformation of two crystallographically independent molecules of 1 [with torsion angles ϕ, ψ, χ
1 ≈ (–47°, 130°, 3°), respectively] is also characteristic of other related diamides – ΔAla, ΔPhe and ΔLeu – previously studied in the solid state. To analyse whether this conformation is rigid for the free molecule of 1, its fully relaxed (ϕ, ψ) conformational energy map was generated with the ab initio methods. The conformer with the torsion angles ϕ,ψ = –43°, 130°, being very close to the solid-state conformers of usaturated amides, has been found among the energy-minimised structures of this molecule.
Synthesis and Characterisation of ν3‐Octahedral [Ni36Pd8(CO)48]6− and [Ni35Pt9(CO)48]6− Clusters Displaying Unexpected Surface Segregation of Pt Atoms and Molecular and/or Crystal Substitutional Ni/Pd and Ni/Pt Disorder
Authors: Femoni Cristina , Iapalucci Maria Carmela , Longoni Giuliano , Svensson Per H. , Zanello Piero , Fabrizi de Biani Fabrizia
Published: April 2004

The synthesis and structure, as well as the chemical and electrochemical characterisation of two new ν3‐octahedral bimetallic clusters with the general [Ni44−xMx(CO)48]6− (M = Pd, x = 8; M = Pt, x = 9) formula is reported. The [Ni35Pt9(CO)48]6− cluster was obtained in reasonable yields (56 % based on Pt) by reaction of [Ni6(CO)12]2− with 1.1 equivalents of PtII complexes, in ethyl acetate or THF as the solvent. The [Ni36Pd8(CO)48]6− cluster was obtained from the related reaction with PdII salts in THF, and was isolated only in low yields (5–10 % based on Pd), mainly because of insufficient differential solubility of its salts. The unit cell of the [NBu4]6[Ni35Pt9(CO)48] salt contains a substitutionally Ni–Pt disordered [Ni24(Ni14−xPtx)Pt6(CO)48]6− (x = 3) hexaanion. A combination of crystal and molecular disorder is necessary to explain the disordering observed for the Ni/Pt sites. The unit cell of the corresponding [Ni36Pd8(CO)48]6− salt contains two independent [Ni30(Ni8−xPdx)Pd6(CO)48]6− (x = 2) hexaanions. The two display similar substitutional Ni–Pd disorder, which probably arises only from crystal disorder. The structure of [Ni36Pd8(CO)48]6− establishes the first similarity between the chemistry of Ni‐Pd and Ni‐Pt carbonyl clusters. A comparison of the chemical and electrochemical properties of [Ni35Pt9(CO)48]6− with those of the related [Ni38Pt6(CO)48]6− cluster shows that surface colouring of the latter with Pt atoms decreases redox as well as protonation propensity of the cluster. In contrast, substitution of all internal Pt and two surface Ni with Pd atoms preserves the protonation behaviour and is only detrimental with respect to its redox aptitude. A qualitative rationalisation of the different surface‐site selectivity of Pt and Pd, based on distinctive interplays of MM and MCO bond energies, is suggested.
Synthesis and Redox Behavior of Ruthenocene‐Terminated Oligoenes: Characteristic and Stable Two‐Electron Redox System and Lower Potential Shift of the Two‐Electron Oxidation Wave with Elongating Conjugation
Authors: Sato Masaru , Nagata Toru , Tanemura Atsushi , Fujihara Takashi , Kumakura Shigekazu , Unoura Kei
Published: April 2004

Ruthenocene‐terminated butadienes and hexatrienes were prepared by the Wittig reaction of 3‐ruthenocenyl‐2‐propenals with ruthenocenylmethylphosphonium salts and the Mukaiyama coupling of the propenals, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry of these complexes indicated that they were involved in a stable two‐electron redox process. The oxidation potentials for ruthenocene‐terminated oligoenes shifted progressively to lower potential with the increasing CHCH units as follows: RcRc (0.32 V)>RcCHCHRc (+0.09 V)>Rc(CHCH)2Rc (−0.06 V)>Rc(CHCH)3Rc (−0.07 V), (Rc=ruthenocene). The tendency is in remarkable contrast to that in the successive one‐electron redox process. These complexes were chemically oxidized to give stable crystalline solids, whose structures were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis to be oligoene analogues of a bis(fulvene) complex, for example, [(η5‐C5Me5)Ru{μ2‐η6:η6‐C5H4CH(CHCH)nCHC5H4}Ru(η5‐C5Me5)]2+ (n=1 or 2). The DFT calculation of the two‐electron‐oxidized species reproduced well the fulvene‐complex structure for the ruthenocene moieties. Since both the neutral and oxidized species are stable and chemically reversible, this redox system may be serviceable as a two‐electron version of the ferrocene one‐electron redox system.
Catalytic Activity of Crown‐Ethers in Oxidation Reactions of Benzyl Alcohol with Potassium Chlorochromate.
Authors: Chuprin G. N. , Grigorash R. Ya. , Zlotsky S. S. , Kotlyar S. A. , Kamalov G. L.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Amines with Alkenyl Bromides: A New Method for the Synthesis of Enamines and Imines.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Fernandez M. Alejandro , Aznar Fernando , Valdes Carlos
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel and Facile Synthesis of Dienals and Substituted 2H‐Pyrans via the Vilsmeier Reaction of α‐Oxo‐ketenedithioacetals.
Authors: Liu Yingchun , Dong Dewen , Liu Qun , Qi Yimei , Wang Zuo
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isolation and Reaction of (Indolin‐3‐ylidene)pentacarbonyltungsten Generated from Tungsten‐Containing Azomethine Ylide.
Authors: Takaya Jun , Kusama Hiroyuki , Iwasawa Nobuharu
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Role of Copper Species in the Oxidative Dimerization of Arylboronic Acids: Synthesis of Symmetrical Biaryls.
Authors: Demir Ayhan S. , Reis Oemer , Emrullahoglu Mustafa
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acid‐Mediated Cyclization of 3‐Benzoyl‐2‐cyanobutyronitrile to 2‐Amino‐4‐methyl‐5‐phenylfuran‐3‐carbonitrile.
Authors: Watanuki Susumu , Sakamoto Shuichi , Harada Hironori , Kikuchi Kazumi , Kuramochi Takahiro , Kawaguchi Ken‐ichi , Okazaki Toshio , Tsukamoto Shin‐ichi
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 5‐Arylamino‐5‐tert‐butyl‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanones
Authors: Kozminykh V. O. , Bukanova E. V. , Belyaev A. O. , Kozminykh E. N.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Heterocyclic Troponoids: Synthesis of Pyridoimidazotropolones and Related Compounds by the Reaction of 5‐Nitrosotropolone with Several Azines.
Authors: Sato Ohki , Tsurumaki Kouichiro , Tamaru Syunnichi , Tsunetsugu Josuke
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acylation and Alkoxycarbonylation of Benzoxazoline‐2‐thione and Benzothiazoline‐2‐thione.
Authors: Nishio Takehiko , Shiwa Kiyoko
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Reaction Between tert‐Butyl Isocyanide and Acetylenic Esters in the Presence of 2‐Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: A Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 4H‐Pyrans.
Authors: Baharfar Robabeh , Hosseini Javad
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Generation of 5,6‐Dimethylene‐2(1H)‐pyridinones from [3,4‐b]Sulfolene Pyridinones and Application in Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Govaerts Tom C. , Vogels Ilse A. , Compernolle Frans , Hoornaert Georges J.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel One‐Pot Synthesis of Derivatives of Aryldioxins and Aryldithiins.
Authors: Preedasuriyachai Patcharee , Charoonniyomporn Porntip , Karoonnirun Osit , Thongpanchang Tienthong , Thebtaranonth Yodhathai
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organofluorine Compounds and Fluorinating Agents. Part 31. Mixed Alkyl‐perfluoroalkyl Substituted Monosaccharide Derivatives.
Authors: Schwaebisch Dirk , Hein Martin , Miethchen Ralf
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heteropolyacid (HPA)‐Polymer Composite Films as Heterogeneous Catalysts and Catalytic Membranes
Authors: Song In Kyu , Lee Wha Young
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cyclic Silicon Compounds of Fullerenes
Authors: Wakahara Takatsugu , Kako Masahiro , Maeda Yutaka , Akasaka Takeshi , Kobayashi Kaoru , Nagase Shigeru
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Production of Cooligomers from Carbon Monoxide and Ethene
Authors: Cole‐Hamilton David J. , Robertson Ruth A. M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solid Phase Synthesis and Auxiliaries for Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Jungbauer Alois , Pflegerl Karin
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heme Protein Assemblies
Authors: Reedy Charles J. , Gibney Brian R.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Understanding the Importance of Protein Structure to Nature′s Routes for Divergent Evolution in TIM Barrell Enzymes
Authors: Wise Eric L. , Rayment Ivan
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A comparison of Ktrans measurements obtained with conventional and first pass pharmacokinetic models in human gliomas
Authors: Haroon Hamied A. , Buckley David L. , Patankar Tufail A. , Dow Graham R. , Rutherford Scott A. , Balériaux Danielle , Jackson Alan
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To compare in a group of patients with cerebral gliomas the estimates of Ktrans between a conventionally established pharmacokinetic model and a recently developed first pass method.

Materials and Methods

Glioma patients (23) were studied using T1‐weighted dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and two alternative pharmacokinetic models were used for analysis to derive the volume transfer constant Ktrans. These were a modified version of the established model (yielding KTK) and a recently published method based on first pass leakage profile (FP) of contrast bolus (yielding Kfp).

Results

We found a strong correlation between intra‐tumoral median KTK and Kfp (rho = 0.650, P < 0.01), but the values from the conventional model were consistently and significantly higher (mean of inter‐tumoral Kfp and KTK medians were 0.018 minute−1 and 0.284 minute−1, respectively, P < 0.001). The spatial distribution of KTK and Kfp showed poor correlation in the presence of large vascular structures and good correlation elsewhere.

Conclusion

KTK and Kfp produce similar biologic information within voxels not dominated by vascular tissue. The FP method avoids erroneous overestimation of Ktrans in areas of significant intravascular contrast. Findings are in keeping with the predictions of previous mathematical simulations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:527–536. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐domain combined field integral equation using Laguerre polynomials as temporal basis functions
Authors: Jung Baek Ho , Sarkar Tapan Kumar , Chung Young‐seek , Salazar‐Palma Magdalena , Ji Zhong
Published: April 2004

In this paper, we propose a novel formulation to solve the time‐domain combined field integral equation (TD‐CFIE) for analysing the transient electromagnetic response from three‐dimensional (3D) closed conducting bodies. Instead of the conventional marching‐on in time (MOT) technique, the solution methods in this paper are based on the Galerkin's method that involves separate spatial and temporal testing procedure. Triangular patch basis functions are used for spatial expansion and testing functions for arbitrarily shaped 3D closed structures. The time‐domain unknown coefficient is approximated as an orthonormal basis function set that is derived from the Laguerre functions. These basis functions are also used as the temporal testing. With the representation of the derivative of the transient coefficient in an analytic form, the time derivative terms in the integral equations can be handled analytically. We also propose an alternative formulation to solve the TD‐CFIE. Two methods are presented that results in very accurate and stable transient responses from conducting objects. Numerical results are presented and compared with the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of frequency‐domain combined field integral equation (FD‐CFIE) solutions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniaxial approach to time‐domain computations using electromagnetic potentials
Authors: K. Nikolova Natalia
Published: April 2004

A new approach to transient electromagnetic (EM) analysis in terms of wave potentials is presented. It is based on the EM field and source scalarization in a non‐uniform medium. The algorithm computes two scalar wave functions of space‐time, which constitute a complete 3‐D solution. They represent the time‐dependent values of two collinear (electric and magnetic) vector potentials of known fixed direction throughout the computational volume. Auxiliary source functions are also computed but only at the location of material non‐uniformities. A finite‐difference implementation in the case of metallic boundaries and inclusions is considered. The algorithm offers approximately 30% reduction of the computation time and memory requirements in comparison with the FDTD method based on the Maxwell curl equations. The technique is illustrated with a number of waveguide examples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acylation of Cellulose with N,N′‐Carbonyldiimidazole‐Activated Acids in the Novel Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide/Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride
Authors: Hussain Muhammad Ajaz , Liebert Tim , Heinze Thomas
Published: April 2004

Summary: Carboxylic acids were efficiently activated with N,N′‐carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and applied for the acylation of cellulose under homogeneous conditions using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate (TBAF) as solvent. The simple and elegant method is a very mild and easily applicable tool for the synthesis of pure aliphatic, alicyclic, bulky, and unsaturated cellulose esters with degrees of substitution of up to 1.9. Products are soluble in organic solvents, e.g., DMSO or N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The cellulose esters were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and show no impurities or substructures resulting from side reactions.

The esterification of cellulose using carboxylic acids activated in situ with N,N′‐carbonyldiimidazole.

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The esterification of cellulose using carboxylic acids activated in situ with N,N′‐carbonyldiimidazole.