bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Euro-Gott im starken Plural? Einige Fragestellungen für eine europäische Religionsgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Graf Friedrich Wilhelm
Published: February 2015

Euro-God as a Beneficent Plurality? Some approaches for a history of European religion in the 20th century

Since the 1980s, general historians in the German-speaking parts of Europe have begun intensively to research the history of religion in the contemporary era. Earlier concepts such as «dechristianisation» and «secularisation» have been replaced by a new receptiveness for the formative influence of the manifold interpretations of the world and the search for life's meaning in this modern world. Astonishingly enough, this new approach to the history of religion has not led to debates about methodology. Approaches have been developed leading to a better understanding of the transformation in religion as it is affected by the specific modernity of 20th century Europe. How can historians describe the great flexibility of the symbolic languages of religion and the interplay of adaptability and formative power of religious institutions? Is there a specific pan-European development of deinstitutionalisation of religion? What role do the history of theological ideas and the theological disciplines in the history of 20th century religion play? How may the role of the Churches as the traditionally most important religious megainstitutions in European society be described? Which analytical means promise especially enlightening insights?
Die Allgemeine Wehrpflicht in Russland: Zwischen militärischem Anspruch und zivilen Interessen
Authors: Benecke Werner
Published: February 2015

Universal Conscription in Tsarist Russia: Between Military Demands and Civil Interests

Universal conscription was introduced in Russia in 1874 and completed the »Great Reforms» which had been started in 1861. After controversial debates war minister Dmitrij Alekseevič Miljutin wanted conscription to have as little effects as possible on civil life in the world's largest country, in order to prevent social unrest. A system of exemptions was applied to recruits considered to be indispensable in civil life. Any education obtained before mustering automatically reduced the duration of military service. In general, the conscription law made no exemptions for recruits of non-Russian or non-Orthodox origin. The principle of moving soldiers far away from their home towns and the ratio of 75% Russians and 25% non-Russians in the composition of military units were intended to respond to the army's multiethnic character. However, Jewish recruits suffered from systematic discrimination. Although Russia's imperial status was primarily based on its military power, universal conscription never included more than 30% of the annual number of potential recruits. Despite Miljutin's reform attempts, the fatal belief in the power of the seemingly inexhaustible human resources overshadowed all necessary reforms until the end of the Tsarist regime.
How International Organisations Compete: Occupational Safety and Health at the ILO, a Diplomacy of Expertise
Authors: Cayet Thomas , Rosental Paul-André , Thébaud-Sorger Marie
Published: February 2015

How International Organisations Compete: Occupational Safety and Health at the ILO, a Diplomacy of Expertise

During the twentieth century the domain of industrial medicine and industrial diseases has been a scene of crucial struggles at the transnational level. Based on the cases of silicosis and pneumoconiosises the article examines the role of international institutions in this process (ILO, LoN, WHO, ECSC). As the relationships between Luigi Carozzi, Albert Thomas and Ludwik Rajchman show, their interactions mix cooperation and concurrence and consequently have an impact on the internal structure. Changes in the action models are the result and the taking into account of immission loads and a global work environment as well as the relations between industrial hygiene and industrial security, is partially to be considered as a result of this game in which diplomacy and expert knowledge, but also the pressure of employers, trade unions and erudite associations and societies come into operation. The concept of health at work leads us to consider the European Union as the inheritor of these dynamics which were conceived to articulate social protection and health protection with the free play of market forces.
Internationale Expertennetzwerke und nationale Sozialstaatsgeschichte: Versicherung der Silikose in Deutschland und der Schweiz (1900–1945)
Authors: Lengwiler Martin
Published: February 2015

International Networks of Expertise and National History of the Welfare State: The Insurance of Silicosis in Germany and Switzerland (1900–1945)

The article examines the role of international expert networks for the history of national welfare states. It focuses, as an exemplary case, on the insurance of silicosis, a severe industrial disease most common among miners and metal workers, comparing Switzerland and Germany. Both countries accepted silicosis as an industrial disease, to be insured as an occupational illness by the national institutions for accident insurance, only comparably late in the 1920s, long after countries like Britain and South Africa. The article argues that the process of recognising silicosis as a case to be insured under national accident insurance schemes was not triggered through bilateral learning processes (for example contacts between Swiss and British institutions) but rather by an alliance of national, international and transnational actors. In particular, international organisations like the International Labour Office (ILO) and transnational networks like the International trade union of stone workers were crucial for the recognition process. The article highlights the main factors for granting silicosis the status of an occupational illness; it also examines the early years of the insurance regime in which the influence of the ILO and international trade unions gradually vanished.
The Difficulty in the Recognition of Musculoskeletal Disorders between Transnational Medical Specialists, National Authorities and Social Players
Authors: Hatzfeld Nicolas
Published: February 2015

The Difficulty in the Recognition of Musculoskeletal Disorders between Transnational Medical Specialists, National Authorities and Social Players

The history of periarticular pathologies contains a transnational dimension and harkens back to the labour movements and their socio-political claims. But it was difficult to prove the existence of a causal relationship between work and pathologies. Therefore, many states avoided for a long time to recognize Musculoskeletal Disorders as illnesses for which compensations can be paid. The first part of this article contextualizes the history of the recognition of musculoskeletal illnesses and the first steps on the road to a common European economic policy in the 1960s. At this time, the European Economic Community (EEC) placed health at work on its agenda and invited the member states to elaborate new common regulations, including musculoskeletal disorders among the problems to be dealt with. The second part examines the 1980s and 1990s, a period during which the majority of industrial countries saw a spectacular rise in the incidence of periarticular workrelated illnesses. At this moment, inter- and transnational experts, researchers and trade unionists were in the spotlight. While national states only hesitantly hand over health care political sovereignty rights, transnational dynamics claim the recognition of work-related health problems.
Gazing at Ruins: German Defeat as Visual Experience
Authors: Hoffmann Stefan-Ludwig
Published: February 2015

Gazing at Ruins: German Defeat as Visual Experience

This essay explores documentary photography and, by way of comparison, diarywriting as the most common social practices for registering experiences of German defeat in 1945. Berlin witnessed one of the last gruesome battles of the war in Europe and the only one – with the exceptions of Stalingrad and Warsaw – where a major city became a battle-field. Soviet and German troops suffered more than 240.000 casualties in the space of only three weeks. More German civilians died during these last weeks of the war than during the entire bombing campaign against the city. The shattered capital of the Nazi empire was a war trophy for the Allies and subsequently became the social laboratory for the post-war international order. By moving beyond an exploration of visual propaganda, the main claim is that visual experiences in the wake of war constituted distinctive ways of making sense of defeat, destruction, and desolation. Finally, the paper will investigate how different modes of the photographic gaze at ruins shaped the «politics of pity» in the early cold-war years.
Memory in Pieces: The Symbolism of the Ruin in Warsaw after 1944
Authors: Crowley David
Published: February 2015

Memory in Pieces: The Symbolism of the Ruin in Warsaw after 1944

In this essay I explore the political symbolism of the ruin in the Polish capital from 1944 to the present. The question of what a war ruin might represent was deeply problematic for the communist authorities, not least because fragments of buildings and streets could be used to remember prohibited and unsanctioned aspects of Warsaw's history. Viewed in this light, the reconstruction of the historic fabric of the city, most notably in the case of the Royal Castle in the 1970s, can be interpreted as an attempt to fix and ultimately to narrow the meanings attached to places in the popular imagination. Reconstruction could be a kind of forgetting. At much the same time, the anti-communist opposition was drawn to the ruin as a powerful symbol of conflict with illegitimate authority. Today, ruins feature highly in the veins of retrospection which run through political culture in Poland. The Left and Right enter into conflict over the fate of the few lingering ruins in the city, symbolic conflicts over ownership of the past. Ruins, it seems, are deeply desired, even acquiring a kind of perverse glamour.
Different but the Same or the Same but Different? Public Memory of the Second World War in Post-Soviet Lviv
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: February 2015

Different but the Same or the Same but Different? Public Memory of the Second World War in Post-Soviet Lviv

This article addresses the changes of post-Soviet culture of memory of the Second World War in the western Ukrainian city and regional centre of Lviv. Attempts to forge a heroic and innocent memory of Ukrainian nationalism in the Second World War have constituted the single most influential factor shaping the post-Soviet culture of memory. Yet, at the same time, the latter is a complex social phenomenon. This article argues that, despite real continuities, the influence of nationalism in contemporary Lviv cannot be understood as a simple «mirror image» of Soviet myth-making. The article also stresses that outcomes are open and can be dire as well as hopeful. In a bitter paradox, post-Soviet Lviv can turn itself into a substantially open urban society, intentionally producing a closed, intolerant, misleading and narrow-minded past for itself, as it were «from below», in a way that Soviet myths could never have achieved. On the other side, the manner in which nationalism now has to pursue its aims of closure and discursive hegemony may unintentionally help confirm modes of public discourse, which then can also open up alternatives.
Anniversaries and the Public Uses of the Risorgimento in Twentieth-Century Italy
Authors: Baioni Massimo
Published: February 2015

Anniversaries and the Public Uses of the Risorgimento in Twentieth-Century Italy

This article analyses three great anniversaries in twentieth-century Italian history: 1911 and 1961, the fiftieth anniversary and the centenary of unification, and 1932, the fiftieth anniversary of Garibaldi's death. During this half century, Italy experienced major changes, moving from a liberal monarchy to Fascist dictatorship and finally to a democratic republic. In each one of these moments, the relationship with the Risorgimento was an integral part of historical debate, political struggle and public memory. This relationship means that the anniversaries offer us a privileged perspective from which we can explore national myth, the process by which the public use of history can legitimate the present, the conflict over memories and national symbols, and the strategies and languages of patriotic pedagogy.
Mächtige Signale. Informelle Kommunikation und Herrschaft an Stalins Hof, 1927–1940
Authors: Schilling Tadzio
Published: February 2015

Powerful signs. Informal communication and power at the court of Stalin, 1927–1940

The article examines the relationship between informal communication and domination at the court of Stalin. For this purpose, two types of communicative situations – distance and proximity – are distinguished and analysed with respect to their operating modes and the informal communication's impacts of domination. In both cases, the impacts of domination of the informal communication's mechanisms were based on identical factors. There were complex interactions between the impacts of domination of informal communication and the emergence of Stalin's sole reign. On the one hand, rumours allowed Stalin to subdue his rivals and to keep them at bay; on the other hand, the disciplinary power of informal communication increased to the same extent as Stalin's personal power grew. The chosen approach allows to illustrate key aspects of Stalin's exercise of power and to identify the actors’ scopes as well as the rules that they had to obey. In doing so, the approach serves to illustrate some key aspects of the Stalinist practice of power and demonstrates how actors dispose leeway and under what rules they had to obey.
Julian Huxley and the Continuity of Eugenics in Twentieth-century Britain
Authors: Weindling Paul
Published: February 2015

Julian Huxley and the Continuity of Eugenics in Twentieth-century Britain

The science and ideas of Julian Sorrell Huxley represent not only considerable contributions to evolutionary theory but also to eugenic thought and social planning. Huxley's career history as an international figure was complex. This paper sees Huxley's peripatetic career as linked to ideological agendas of «a new world order». The problems addressed here are, first, the extent of continuities in eugenic commitments from his interwar views and, second, to determine the contours of Huxley's post-Second World War eugenic thinking. Huxley emerges as a crucial bridging figure from what has been referred to as «old eugenics» to a new eugenics based on molecular biology, providing an influential analysis of human evolution and a set of persuasively appealing concepts for both the wider public and scientific elite.
Über Revolutionen
Authors: Leonhard Jörn
Published: February 2015

On Revolutions

Against the background of an inflationary use of «revolution» in modern media the article tries to analyse the reasons behind this continuous interest in the phenomenon. It starts by looking at the relation between revolutionary experiences and the politics of history and its meaning for national self images. The main focus is to identity five epistemological perspectives and conceptions of historical interpretation: cyclical and linear models of time, universalism and particularism, contemporaneity and non-contemporaneity (Ungleichzeitigkeit), causality and contingency, revolution and evolution. Avoiding any normative approach, the idea is to test possible elements for a historical theory of revolution.
Ferienlager gegen die Rebellion. Jumelages und Colonies de vacances im Algerienkrieg (1959–1962)
Authors: Hardt Lucas
Published: February 2015

Holiday Camps against the Rebellion. Jumelages and Colonies de vacances in the Algerian War (1959–1962)

The article discusses a still unexplored aspect of the Algerian War (1954–1962). Due to the Algerian question, the French government increasingly came under international and domestic pressure. Starting in 1959, Paris therefore began to establish a broad network of partnerships involving the Algerian arrondissements and the départements of metropolitan France. These Franco-Algerian co-operations were called partnerships and were organised in close consultation with the local representatives in metropolitan France. They should facilitate the colonial propaganda at the regional level. Furthermore, they created the framework, which allowed shortterm stays of over 8000 Algerian children in holiday camps in French twin-départements. The purpose of these undertakings was both to strengthen the relationships between Algeria and metropolitan France, and to maintain the colonial status quo, which were both threatened by the Algerian War.
Die erwartete Nation. Imperien, Bauern und Konjunkturen des Nationalen in der Ukraine (Zarenreich und Sowjetunion)
Authors: Schnell Felix
Published: February 2015

The Expected Nation. Empires, Peasants and the National in the Ukraine (Tsarist Russia and Soviet Union)

On Tsarist Russian and Soviet soil imperial centers and peasants had more impact on the emergence of «Ukrainians» and «Ukraine» than the Ukrainian national movement. From the Nineteenth Century on Ukrainians have been an «expected» nation. Imperial fear gave reason for repression and affirmative action concerning the national question. It had impact on the national movement, did produce patterns of reference, a territory and a political entity to which a nation successfully could be ascribed: Soviet Ukraine. For peasants, however, for most times the nation was just an abstract category of social affiliation they only opted for, if it offered economic chances. Usually other forms of affiliation, especially regional one were preferred. There were booms of the nation in peasant life and imperial policy, but there was not a continuous process of nation-building. Only after World War II a Ukrainian nation could emerge in the framework of a political entity, however as a Soviet hybrid.
A Postcolonial Reading of the Sonderweg: Marxist Historicism Revisted
Authors: Lim Jie-Hyun
Published: February 2015

A Postcolonial Reading of the Sonderweg: Marxist Historicism Revisted

This article deals with the Sonderweg thesis by reconciling David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley's criticism of the German Sonderweg with a postcolonial critique of Marxist historicism. The global trajectory of Marxist historiography shows that the «singularity » of the Sonderweg came to be conceptually translated as «particularity» within the Eurocentric and capitalocentric «universality». This sublime transmutation of the singularity into the particularity through the Leninist trope of the «Prussian path» implies the temporalisation of historical spaces in a linear development scheme, which accommodates global historicist time in a twisted form of «first in Europe, then elsewhere». A postcolonial reading of the Sonderweg throws light on Marxist historiographical debates on colonial modernity versus Sonderwege by subjecting the Eurocentric conception of the «Prussian path» to the complexity of global modernity.
Fighting the War or Preparing for Peace? The ILO during the Second World War
Authors: Kott Sandrine
Published: February 2015

Fighting the War or Preparing for Peace? The ILO during the Second World War

During the Second World War the ILO stood for an alternative, democratic internationalism in response to Nazi international/European plans. The ILO was able to serve as an international platform and was directly involved in the Allied war effort. Moreover, examining the ILO allows us to better understand the multi-layered processes and rationales that brought about a shift in the political and social balance of power during the Second World War. After the ILO moved to Montreal in May 1940, the handful of French functionaries guarding the organisation's deserted headquarters in Geneva could only look on helplessly as the reformist labour movement, together with the vision of a social Europe that it promoted, was defeated. Meanwhile, on the campus of McGill University in Montreal, the ILO underwent a twofold transformation in exile. Dependent on British and North American funding and staff, it became the champion of the pragmatic solutions to social issues implemented in those countries. Through its work for the United Nations alliance it expanded its activities in the fields of expertise and technical assistance, to the detriment of its work in setting international labour standards. While it had been founded in 1919 to protect workers and to provide an international platform for the reformist workers movement, the ILO emerged from the war as an organisation focusing increasingly on providing economic and social expertise.
From Child Rescue to Child Welfare: The Save the Children International Union Facing World Warfare (1939–1947)
Authors: Droux Joelle
Published: February 2015

From Child Rescue to Child Welfare: The Save the Children International Union Facing World Warfare (1939–1947)

The SCIU was created in 1919 to assist children victims of war. As the first organisation dedicated to childhood, this agency is an already well known case-study for the historians of international humanitarian aid. Yet its later evolution is much less studied, even though the SCIU persisted until the 1980s. This article shows to what extent the Second World War played a fundamental role in the reconfiguration of the SCIU towards a role of expertise regarding child welfare by disrupting the internal rules and modes of collaborations which had been set up within the federation since its creation. During the war, the organisation gave itself new tasks and a new way of functioning, in order to regain some kind of leeway within the intergovernmental organisations that the Great Powers were setting up across the Atlantic. This reconfiguration yielded mixed results: While the SCIU succeeded in surviving wartime, preserving and even expanding its affiliates and helping them reorient their actions towards child welfare expertise, it remained nonetheless a European-based agency, and in this respect only a minor partner of the intergovernmental organisations during the post-war era.
ANÁLISE NA GESTÃO DA FORMAÇÃO E TRANSFORMAÇÃO DA PRAÇA TUBAL VILELA, UBERLÂNDIA – MG COMO ESPAÇO PÚBLICO
Authors: Aparecida Silva Moura de Melo Cristiane , Henrique Kingma Orlando Paulo
Published: February 2015

Resumo: Este artigo trata da gestão da praça Tubal Vilela na cidade de Uberlândia (MG), como espaço público desde a sua fundação até o ano de 2013. O estudo foi realizado através da forma como o lugar tem uma ligação com a vivência, sendo ele o conceito fundamental, que contém vários significados e construídos pela experiência. Para a constituição deste foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico, uma busca documental nos arquivos da prefeitura, coleta de dados em entrevistas com moradores, além de levantamento fotográfico. Os dados obtidos foram comparados através de uma linha histórica.  Como resultado foi possível verificar que a Praça Tubal Vilela localizada na região central da cidade de Uberlândia inicialmente recebeu o nome de Praça da República, a qual foi fundada na década de 1890, onde inicialmente passou por um relativo esquecimento, mas no inicio do século XX sofreu algumas transformações, onde era palco das manifestações religiosas como o congado e missas campais em 1915 foi instalado um campo de futebol no qual as pessoas iam para se encontrar e divertir-se, desta forma a  praça se tornou  local de atrações, já na atualidade há poucas opções de entretenimento. Assim com o decorrer do tempo a praça que é um espaço público gerido pela prefeitura passou por diversas transformações modificando-se e hoje é um lugar onde as pessoas usam para simplesmente passar, sem observar os monumentos históricos ali presentes, ainda são realizadas feiras de artesanato, e  algumas festas realizadas em datas comemorativas. Palavras chave: Praça. Lugar. Gestão.
INTERVENÇÃO URBANA: UMA PROPOSTA DE REQUALIFICAÇÃO DA ANTIGA ESTAÇÃO FERROVIÁRIA DA ESTÂNCIA TURÍSTICA DE TUPÃ
Authors: Grisolia Dualibi Daniele , Aparecida Rombi de Godoy Rosin Jeane
Published: February 2015

RESUMO: Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma proposta de requalificação urbana das edificações da antiga Estação Ferroviária, localizada na Estância Turística de Tupã, a qual tem por finalidade implementar novos usos -  um centro de educação ambiental. Tendo em vista a importância histórica e arquitetônica do edifício, mediante a necessidade de readequar, revitalizar e valorizar um espaço que está em processo de degradação, considerando sua relevância no processo inicial de urbanização de nossa cidade, torna-se urgente a elaboração de intervenções aptas em contribuir para a vitalidade e urbanidade dessa localidade. Tendo em vista a situação de abandono  em que se encontra a antiga Estação Ferroviária, a possibilidade de uma intervenção fundamentada no conceito de requalificação, poderia contribuir não somente para a melhoria de todo o entorno como também para a implantação de equipamentos essenciais as necessidades básicas dos  moradores da Zona Sul ao Centro, por meio de uma passarela, um parque linear e centro de educação ambiental.     Palavras-chave: Estação Ferroviária. Intervenções Urbanas. Passarela. Parque Linear. Centro de Educação Ambiental.  Urbanidade.
GESTÃO COMPARTILHADA NA MANUTENÇÃO DOS ESPAÇOS PÚBLICOS DA CIDADE: UM OLHAR SOBRE A SUBPREFEITURA DE PINHEIROS EM SÃO PAULO.
Authors: Laredo Roberta , Somekh Nadia
Published: February 2015

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ANÁLISE DOS ASPECTOS CONSTRUTIVOS DE PRAÇAS PÚBLICAS
Authors: Harumi Okuyama Luciana , Tamiles Oliveira Albergardi Meriéli , Aparecida Rombi de Godoy Rosin Jeane
Published: February 2015

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PROBLEMAS SOCIOAMBIENTAIS DECORRENTES DAS ATIVIDADES TURÍSTICAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE RIO QUENTE (GO): O CASO DOS RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS
Authors: Vieira de O. Ramos Roberta , Mendes Ferreira Idelvone
Published: February 2015

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A EVOLUÇÃO URBANA DE UMA CIDADE NO MEIO DO MUNDO
Authors: Paula Cunha Tavares Ana , Alberto Tostes José
Published: February 2015

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O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA CIDADE IGUALITÁRIA
Authors: Oliveira Albergardi Meriéli Tamiles , Harumi Okuyama Luciana , Rombi de Godoy Rosin Jeane Aparecida
Published: February 2015

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IMPLANTAÇÃO DE PROJETOS DE REUSO DE EFLUENTES NO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO
Authors: Correia dos Santos Daris , Mainar de Medeiros Raimundo , Gabriella de Oliveira Verônica
Published: February 2015

RESUMO: Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de um modelo de ações que visa fornecer a cidades de pequeno porte as melhores condições sanitárias para provimento do bem estar socioambiental, atendendo simultaneamente às legislações ambientais vigentes, tomando como referência o sucesso das experiências referentes ao reuso de efluentes para fins agrícolas, através de uma análise dos projetos implantados, os quais visam à reciclagem das águas residuais. A metodologia adotada teve como base pesquisas nacionais e internacionais na temática de reuso de água e memorial de cálculo para a implantação de projetos de tratamento de efluentes. Através do modelo de tratamento de águas residuais integrado ao reuso agrícola destinados para projetos de cidades com até 20.000 habitantes, que não possuem uma destinação adequada para os efluentes gerados verificou-se que as características similares de clima e escassez de água que existem entre Israel e a região do semiárido brasileiro podem, em princípio, levar a crer que a experiência bem sucedida deste país, no campo da agricultura irrigada, utilizando águas residuais, poderá ser facilmente repetida no Brasil. A utilização das águas residuais na agricultura favorece a continuidade na produção agrícola em localidades que não possuem outra fonte de água durante a estação seca a não serem esgotos. Diante do exposto, a implantação de uma estação de tratamento de efluentes e de sistemas de irrigação adequados garante o sucesso de reuso de efluentes.   Palavras-Chave: Recursos hídricos. Águas residuais. Nordeste brasileiro
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DO CONSUMO DE ÁGUA DE DOIS BAIRROS DA CIDADE DE SÃO CARLOS (SP)
Authors: Ayabe Ninomiya Gabriel , Kellner Erich , Akutsu Jorge
Published: February 2015

Resumo: A implantação ou ampliação de sistemas de abastecimento de água apresenta, como premissa básica, a determinação da vazão de demanda. Essa, por sua vez requer, dentre outros parâmetros, a avaliação do consumo percapita efetivo de água, o qual pode variar segundo características socioeconômicas, culturais e ambientais. Como o consumo de água é influenciado pelas condições da infraestrutura sanitária, existência de micromedição, poder aquisitivo do domicílio atendido, questões climáticas, entre outros, a determinação das vazões percapitas para setores de abastecimento de uma cidade, por exemplo, podem permitir um melhor planejamento da expansão dos sistemas de abastecimento de água e análises mais precisas das eventuais necessidades de melhoria e expansão da infraestrutura de abastecimento de água. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi o de comparar o consumo médio efetivo de água potável dos bairros Douradinho e Parque Faber II, ambos localizados na cidade de São Carlos, analisar esse consumo sob a ótica socioeconômica domiciliar, além de estimar os coeficientes do dia de maior consumo (K1) para cada um dos loteamentos. Para o loteamento Faber II, cujo rendimento domiciliar médio mensal era de R$9.448,90, o consumo médio percapita efetivo foi de 321,3 L/hab.dia, enquanto que para o loteamento Douradinho, cujo rendimento domiciliar médio mensal era de R$2.206,75, o consumo médio percapita efetivo foi de 138,3 L/hab.dia. Os coeficientes do dia de maior consumo (K1) para os birros Faber II e Douradinho resultaram em, respectivamente, 1,64 e 1,26.     Palavras-chave: Sistema de Abastecimento de Água. Consumo percapita Efetivo de Água. Previsão de Demanda.
LIXÃO: TEM SOLUÇÃO?
Authors: Seolin Dias Leonice , Dias Marques Maurício , Seolin Dias Lucas
Published: February 2015

RESUMO: A destinação final inadequada dos resíduos sólidos pode causar riscos ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública. Para tratamento e disposição final do lixo urbano, o lixão é a forma mais maléfica, pois propicia ambiente ideal para proliferação de insetos e outros animais que, direta ou indiretamente, causam doenças. Este trabalho aborda a influência dos lixões de Tupã e de Presidente Prudente na salubridade da população circunvizinha a esses ambientes. Os fatores considerados nos estudos foram bióticos (baratas, moscas e ratos) e abióticos (fumaça e odores). Em Tupã, o levantamento dos dados ocorreu de maio/ junho de 2001, utilizando-se um questionário com 10 quesitos aplicados a 30 moradores circunvizinhos ao lixão. As principais questões foram respondidas com simples sim ou não para os quesitos considerados. De igual modo, em Presidente Prudente, exceto o período, que foi de novembro/dezembro de 2010. Comparando os resultados dos dois locais, observa-se que diferem com relação à presença de ratos e baratas nas residências. Já as menções para moscas e fatores abióticos (odores e fumaça), praticamente foram iguais para os moradores dos dois municípios estudados. Como ocorreu com a implantação politicamente correta do programa de coleta seletiva do lixo, reciclagem e destinação final dos resíduos orgânicos para o aterro sanitário municipal de Tupã, infere-se que a solução para os lixões se efetiva na vontade política e destinação de recursos para implantação de sistemas tecnicamente adequados de disposição final do lixo, além da educação ambiental. Essa atitude pode trazer enormes benefícios ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população. Palavras-chave: Meio ambiente. Lixão urbano. Educação Ambiental.
Students’ Perspectives on the Role of Peer Feedback in Supporting Learning
Authors: Evans Carol
Published: February 2015

There has been a considerable growth in research considering the role of peer feedback within higher education over the last 10 years (Gielen, Dochy, & Onghena, 2011). However, there are mixed opinions regarding what peer feedback involves and its value in relation to enhancing student learning outcomes. Furthermore, for those supporters of holistic assessment designs advocating greater student involvement and agency in the assessment process (Boud & Associates, 2010), there is a tension regarding the extent to which students should be required to participate in peer feedback activities (Nicol, 2008). In developing this argument, it is known that although peer feedback can be a positive experience for students (De Grez, Valcke, & Berings, 2010), impacts on learning can also be variable, reflecting the interplay of individual and contextual factors.

Adopting an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach, this article examines with students how they make sense of and use peer feedback opportunities. Informed by a personal learning styles pedagogy (PLSP; Evans & Waring, 2009, 2014), two peer feedback pedagogical interventions involving postgraduate students were implemented at two U.K. higher education institutions. Using a mixed methods approach, the role of individual and contextual variables in affecting students’ perceptions of the value of peer feedback and the PLSP approach are explored. Informed by current peer feedback debates, recommendations to inform practice are made.
Dynamic Assessment With the Bayley-III Among Young Children With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Visser Linda , Ruiter Selma A. J. , van der Meulen Bieuwe F. , Wied A. J. J. M. Ruijssenaars , Timmerman Marieke E.
Published: February 2015

This article describes the results of a pilot study into the newly developed dynamic version of the Bayley-III Cognition scale. We explored the responses of children to the dynamic version (n= 57) and the companion task behavior questionnaire (n= 93) using administrations among children with developmental disabilities. Furthermore, we studied the added clinical value compared to the standard Bayley-III using expert interviews with 6 educational psychologists. Results showed that there is clear variability in the responses of children to the help-steps that belong to the dynamic procedure and in the score difference between the pretest and posttest. The educational psychologists indicated that the dynamic procedure clearly has added value for specific groups of children, such as children in the preliminary stage of school placement and children from socially disadvantaged families. The task behavior questionnaire was evaluated positively by most educational psychologists. We conclude that the dynamic procedure provides added value for the developmental assessment of children with developmental disabilities. We finish with suggestions for future research into the dynamic Bayley-III.
Epistemological World View Preference Predicts Recall Patterns From a History Text
Authors: Forsyth Benjamin , Beck Brice
Published: February 2015

This study evaluates two sets of epistemological world views, or intellectual styles, called mechanism and organicism. Although Pepper’s (1942) ideas have had a small presence in research across various knowledge domains, they have been overlooked by epistemic beliefs and intellectual styles researchers. This article reintroduces Pepper’s epistemological world views to researchers by empirically demonstrating their purported influence on the basic cognitive process of recall. After measuring their preference for mechanism and organicism, 98 participants read and recalled 1 of 2 texts about the French Revolution written from either a mechanist or organicist perspective. Analyses of these free recall data revealed a significant interaction between participants’ world view preference and the amount of text that they recall. The data are interpreted to support the hypothesis that mechanism and organicism affect how students process information and therefore may play a role in learning and instructional practices.
Can Peri‐Implant Crevicular Fluid Assist in the Diagnosis of Peri‐Implantitis? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Faot Fernanda , Nascimento Gustavo G. , Bielemann Amália M. , Campão Thiago D. , Leite Fábio R. M. , Quirynen Marc
Published: February 2015

Background: A broader understanding of the immune inflammatory profile of peri‐implant diseases could be helpful in the development of host‐targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study is to answer two clinical questions: 1) whether patients with peri‐implantitis (PP) present higher prevalence of any specific inflammatory cytokine in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) compared with healthy patients; and 2) whether local inflammation measured in PICF can be used as a predictor for incipient PP.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature on the most common cytokines released in PICF in healthy and PP‐affected sites was conducted from 1996 up to and including October 2013 using predefined search strategies. Cross‐sectional and prospective longitudinal studies were considered. Meta‐analyses were done separately for healthy, mucositis (MU), and PP outcomes.

Results: Interleukin (IL)‐1β was the most studied cytokine (n = 12), followed by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α (n = 10). Other cytokines were also linked to PP, such as IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, and IL‐17. Statistical differences were revealed when IL‐1β release was compared between healthy implant sites and PP (P = 0.001) or MU sites (P = 0.002), respectively; when PP and MU were compared, no statistical differences could be detected (P = 0.80). For TNF‐α release, significant differences were found between healthy and PP implants (P = 0.02).

Conclusions: PICF containing inflammatory mediators, such as IL‐1β and TNF‐α, can be used as additional criteria for a more robust diagnosis of peri‐implant infection. Additionally, once the inflammatory process is installed, no differences were found between peri‐implant MU and PP.
Selective Impairment of Glucose but Not Fatty Acid or Oxidative Metabolism in Brown Adipose Tissue of Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Blondin Denis P. , Labbé Sébastien M. , Noll Christophe , Kunach Margaret , Phoenix Serge , Guérin Brigitte , Turcotte Éric E. , Haman François , Richard Denis , Carpentier André C.
Published: February 2015

Spontaneous glucose uptake by brown adipose tissue (BAT) is lower in overweight or obese individuals and in diabetes. However, BAT metabolism has not been previously investigated in patients with type 2 diabetes during controlled cold exposure. Using positron emission tomography with 11C-acetate, 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (18FDG), and 18F-fluoro-thiaheptadecanoic acid (18FTHA), a fatty acid tracer, BAT oxidative metabolism and perfusion and glucose and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) turnover were determined in men with well-controlled type 2 diabetes and age-matched control subjects under experimental cold exposure designed to minimize shivering. Despite smaller volumes of 18FDG-positive BAT and lower glucose uptake per volume of BAT compared with young healthy control subjects, cold-induced oxidative metabolism and NEFA uptake per BAT volume and an increase in total body energy expenditure did not differ in patients with type 2 diabetes or their age-matched control subjects. The reduction in 18FDG-positive BAT volume and BAT glucose clearance were associated with a reduction in BAT radiodensity and perfusion. 18FDG-positive BAT volume and the cold-induced increase in BAT radiodensity were associated with an increase in systemic NEFA turnover. These results show that cold-induced NEFA uptake and oxidative metabolism are not defective in type 2 diabetes despite reduced glucose uptake per BAT volume and BAT “whitening.”
GLP-1 Response to Oral Glucose Is Reduced in Prediabetes, Screen-Detected Type 2 Diabetes, and Obesity and Influenced by Sex: The ADDITION-PRO Study
Authors: Færch Kristine , Torekov Signe S. , Vistisen Dorte , Johansen Nanna B. , Witte Daniel R. , Jonsson Anna , Pedersen Oluf , Hansen Torben , Lauritzen Torsten , Sandbæk Annelli , Holst Jens Juul , Jørgensen Marit E.
Published: February 2015

The role of glucose-stimulated release of GLP-1 in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes is unclear. We assessed GLP-1 response to oral glucose in a large study population of lean and obese men and women with normal and impaired glucose regulation. Circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were analyzed in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 774), prediabetes (n = 525), or screen-detected type 2 diabetes (n = 163) who attended the Danish ADDITION-PRO study (n = 1,462). Compared with individuals with NGT, women with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes had 25% lower GLP-1 response to an OGTT, and both men and women with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes had 16–21% lower 120-min GLP-1 concentrations independent of age and obesity. Obese and overweight individuals had up to 20% reduced GLP-1 response to oral glucose compared with normal weight individuals independent of glucose tolerance status. Higher GLP-1 responses were associated with better insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, older age, and lesser degree of obesity. Our findings indicate that a reduction in GLP-1 response to oral glucose occurs prior to the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity, which can have consequences for early prevention strategies for diabetes.
The Risk of Type 1 Diabetes Among Offspring of Immigrant Mothers in Relation to the Duration of Residency in Sweden
Authors: Hussen Hozan Ismael , Moradi Tahereh , Persson Martina
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE

The risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increased in the second compared with the first generation of immigrants in Sweden. We investigated the effect of the mother’s duration of stay in Sweden on the risk of T1DM in the offspring.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using data from national registries, we identified all subjects with T1DM among 984,798 children born in Sweden (aged 0–18 years) between 1992 and 2009. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% CI were estimated using Poisson regression.

RESULTS

Offspring of mothers living in Sweden for up to 5 years had a 22% lower risk of T1DM (adjusted IRR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63–0.96) compared with offspring of mothers living in Sweden for 11 years or more. The risk increased with the mother’s duration of stay in Sweden.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support the hypothesis that immigration to Sweden is associated with exposure to new environmental factors that contribute to the development of T1DM in genetically susceptible individuals.
Gut Virome Sequencing in Children With Early Islet Autoimmunity
Authors: Kramná Lenka , Kolářová Kateřina , Oikarinen Sami , Pursiheimo Juha-Pekka , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Veijola Riitta , Hyöty Heikki , Cinek Ondrej
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE

This study used next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to characterize the gut virome at the onset of islet autoimmunity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a case-control study nested within the Finnish Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) cohort. The stool virome in 19 case children, who turned islet autoantibody positive before the age of 2 years and later developed clinical type 1 diabetes, and 19 tightly matched control subjects was analyzed using NGS performed from stool samples collected 3, 6, and 9 months before the onset of islet autoimmunity. Human virus findings were verified using real-time PCR.

RESULTS

One or more human viruses were present in 10.4% and bacteriophages were in 54% of the samples. The virome composition showed no association with islet autoimmunity. NGS was less sensitive and specific than real-time PCR.

CONCLUSIONS

The present data suggest no dramatic changes in the gut virome shortly before the emergence of islet autoimmunity and emphasize the need of verification of mass sequencing results when viral exposure is assessed in association studies.
New Computational Approaches to Determining the Astronomical Vessel Position Based on the Sumner Line
Authors: Chen Chih-Li , Hsu Tien-Pen , Weng Guo-Yu
Published: February 2015

In this paper two new approaches are developed to calculate the astronomical vessel position (AVP). Basically, determining the AVP is originated from the spherical equal altitude circles (EACs) concept; therefore, based on the Sumner line's idea, which implies the trial-and-error procedure in assumption, the AVP is determined by using the two proposed approaches. One consists in taking the great circle of spherical geometry to replace the EAC to fix the AVP and the other implements the straight line of the plane geometry to replace the EAC to yield the AVP. To ensure the real AVP, both approaches choose the iteration scheme running in the assumed latitude interval to determine the final AVP. Several benchmark examples are demonstrated to show that the proposed approaches are more accurate and universal as compared with those conventional approaches used in the maritime education or practical operations.
Methods of Calculating Ship Resistance on Limited Waterways
Authors: Skupień Emilia , Prokopowicz Jarosław
Published: February 2015

Nowadays predicting transportation costs is more and more important. Most significant part of inland navigation's costs are the costs of fuel. Fuel consumption is related to operating conditions of ship's propulsion system and its resistance. On inland waterways the ship resistance is strictly related to the depth of the waterway. There is a tendency to build a formula that allows its user to calculate the resistance of any inland waterway vessel, but researches claim that most of them are accurate only for particular types of ships and/or operating conditions. The paper presents selected methods of calculating ship resistance on inland waterways. These methods are examined for different types of ships and different conditions using results of model tests. The performed comparison enabled selecting the best option for pushboats and pushed barge trains, but also showed that any of the tested methods is good enough to be used for calculating the resistance of motor cargo vessels. For this reason, based on known equations and using the regression method, the authors have formulated a new method to calculate the resistance of motor cargo vessels on limited waterway. The method makes use of ship's geometry and depth of waterway in relation to ship's speed. Correlating the ship's speed with its resistance and going further with fuel consumption, enables to calculate the costs of voyage depending on the delivery time. The comparison of the methods shows that the new equation provides good accuracy in all examined speed ranges and all examined waterway depths.
Balancing Energy Processes in Turbine Engines
Authors: Balicki Włodzimierz , Głowacki Paweł , Szczeciński Stefan , Korczewski Zbigniew , Kozakiewicz Adam , Szczeciński Jerzy
Published: February 2015

The article discusses the issue of balancing energy processes in turbine engines in operation in aeronautic and marine propulsion systems with the aim to analyse and evaluate basic operating parameters. The first part presents the problem of enormous amounts of energy needed for driving fans and compressors of the largest contemporary turbofan engines commonly used in long-distance aviation. The amounts of the transmitted power and the effect of flow parameters and constructional properties of the engines on their performance and real efficiency are evaluated. The second part of the article, devoted to marine applications of turbine engines, presents the energy balance of the kinetic system of torque transmission from main engine turbines to screw propellers in the combined system of COGAG type. The physical model of energy conversion processes executed in this system is presented, along with the physical model of gasodynamic processes taking place in a separate driving turbine of a reversing engine. These models have made the basis for formulating balance equations, which then were used for analysing static and dynamic properties of the analysed type of propulsion, in particular in the aspect of mechanical loss evaluation in its kinematic system.