bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SYSTEM INTEGRATION OF ADAPTIVE RESILIENCE IN REACTIVE ARMOR
SYSTEMS
Authors: Cannon Joseph
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This study applies an augmentation to systems engineering methodology based on
the integration of adaptive capacity, which produces enhanced resilience in
technological systems that operate in complex operating environments. The
implementation of this methodology enhances system resistance to top-level
function failure or accelerates the system’s functional recovery in the
event of a top-level function failure due to functional requirement shift,
evolutions, or perturbations. Specifically, this study employs a methodology to
integrate adaptive resilience and demonstrates key aspects of its implementation
in a relevant explosive reactive armor (ERA) system case study. The research and
resulting methodology supplements and enhances traditional systems engineering
processes by offering systems designers a method to integrate adaptive capacity
into systems, enhancing their resilient resistance, or recovery to top-level
function failure in complex operating environments. This research expands
traditional and contemporary systems engineering, design, and integration
methodologies, by explicitly addressing system adaptation and resilience. The
utility of this research and methodology is demonstrated through integration of
adaptive capacity in ERA, demonstrating how a single adaptive resilient design
can have broader solution sets and enhanced performance against the myriad of
threats this technology defeats.
ENDGAME SIMULATION USING AN ALL-INCLUSIVE, ULTRA-FAST VULNERABILITY
AND LETHALITY CODE
Authors: Bernardo Alexander , Buckley Patrick , Perini Matt
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

An endgame, vulnerability/lethality code, TurboPK was developed to take advantage
of parallel processing of multi-core, modern-day desktop and laptop computers.
TurboPK is used to simulate and analyze weapon-related kinetic energy and blast
effects of military vehicles. It implements Department of Defense (DoD)-approved
algorithms and is compatible with the DoD design trade-off process. Its speed
advantage is commensurate with the increase in number of cores used. A quad-core
processor results in run times that are four times faster than using a single
core. The heart of endgame analysis calculates geometric intersections of
projectiles or fragments with vehicle components using ray-tracing algorithms.
For example, literally thousands of rays are used to accurately model the
fragment ejecta from a warhead in a burst point analysis. Algorithms originally
written for a single processor have been rewritten to exploit an open-source,
parallel process ray tracer called Embree, provided by Intel Corporation.
The Next Generation Combat Vehicle Electrical Power Architecture
(NGCVEPA): An Overview
Authors: Haynes Aric , Spina Jason , Schwartz Ed , Hamilton George
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The demand for electrical power in ground combat vehicles has been consistently
increasing over the years. In the years to come, abundant onboard electrical
power, along with a modernized power system to manage and distribute it, will
enable leap ahead capabilities for the warfighter. A carefully architected
electrical power system will also help to improve fuel efficiency while reducing
maintenance and logistics burden.
Ensuring VICTORY Compliance
Authors: Norman David , Klein Joshua , Strickland Adrian , Meiners Brandon , Saylor Kase J. , Broczkowski Jason
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Standard specifications give programs the flexibility of developing large systems
from smaller pieces that can communicate between one another in a standard
fashion. This benefit is lost, however, if there is no way to verify that
vendors successfully adhere to the standard in question. The Vehicular
Integration for Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4),
Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Electronic Warfare (EW)
Interoperability (VICTORY) standards aim to create interoperability across
various C4ISR/EW and platform systems installed on military ground vehicles
while reducing size, weight, and power (SWaP) and enabling additional
capabilities. The VICTORY Compliance Test Suite (CTS) provides a method to test
hardware and software according to the standard specifications to ensure
interoperability between VICTORY compliant components.
ENABLING IMPLEMENTATION AND DEPLOYMENT UTILIZING VICTORY
TOOLS
Authors: Klein Joshua , Thornton Adam , Elliott Leonard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The VICTORY Service Toolkit (VSTK) and libVictory are software products developed
to simplify the implementation and deployment of Vehicular Integration for
Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4), Intelligence,
Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Electronic Warfare (EW) Interoperability
(VICTORY) Standard compliant components. The libVictory software library
provides a well-defined application programming interface (API) that can reduce
time and costs for developing VICTORY enabled software and hardware products.
The VSTK wraps libVictory with a plugin architecture and streamlines deployment
by providing a VICTORY service management application. Together these
government-owned tools enable deployment of configurable VICTORY applications on
platforms without the need for new software development.
AUTHENTICATION AND AUTHORIZATION USING THE VICTORY ACCESS CONTROL
SOFTWARE
Authors: Rodriguez Andy , Elliott Leonard , Keane Dina , Broczkowski Jason , Skrletts John , Moerdyk Mark
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Vehicular Integration for Command, Control, Communication, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance / Electronic Warfare (C4ISR/EW)
Interoperability (VICTORY) standards is an open architecture that defines how
software and hardware are shared as common resources among services that make up
a platform’s capabilities such as Ethernet switches and routers, end
nodes, processing units, as well as functionality such as position and
navigation systems, radios, health monitoring, and automotive. The VICTORY
standard enables reducing the total Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP), and Costs
(SWaP-C) on a platform. As part of the Information Assurance (IA) capabilities
of the VICTORY standard, the VICTORY Access Control Framework (VACF) provides
protection to these shared resources in the form of an Attribute-Based Access
Control (ABAC) system. The VACF is composed of five VICTORY component types:
Authentication, Attribute Store, Policy Store, Policy Decision, and Policy
Enforcement Services. This paper will discuss how the VICTORY Access Control
Software (VACS), an implementation of VACF developed by the U.S. Army Tank
Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center (TARDEC), can enable
authentication and authorization on ground combat vehicles.
The NeMO Orbiter: A Demonstration Hypermodel
Authors: Vinarcik Michael J. , Vinarcik Michael J. , Marin Lizardo Amador , Ebner Kyle , Kliczinski Gary , Matevossyan Natalya , Hodges Peter , Castaneda Jesus Mata
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

System modeling is continuing to grow in importance as the enabling discipline
for digital engineering. Descriptive system models can be used as the
“central nervous system” of a system development effort (to
federate a constellation of analytical models and other engineering
content).

Hypermodeling is a methodology focused on maximizing model elegance through the
efficient generation of a descriptive system model (with appropriate supporting
content). It emphasizes the most simple, direct approach to rigorously capturing
relevant information. Hypermodels use a limited set of model elements,
relationships, and properties and seek to maximize the amount of information
derived from the model.

The NeMO hypermodel, an example built by students at the University of Detroit
Mercy, provides a comprehensive demonstration of this approach and includes
behavioral, structural, and analytic information as well as metrics and
requirements.

It is hoped that this large example will serve as a focus for discussion and
experimentation in the system modeling community. Links to hypermodeling
tutorial videos are available for study and comment at the hypermodeling
website: http://hypermodeling.systems.
Rapid Production of Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Using a Non-Thermal Plasma
Fuel Reformer
Authors: Pearlman Howard , Schwartz Brian , Demydovych Max , Chen Chien-Hua , Rabinovich Alexander , Shenoy Shridhar , Fridman Alexander
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Non-thermal plasma-assisted partial oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels (including
military logistic fuels) is considered with the intent to rapidly produce
hydrogen-rich syngas with the least amount of electrical power. The syngas
produced can be used to fuel quiet solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) auxiliary
generators, be added to engines or combustors to extend lean operation (decrease
NOx and increase efficiency) or be further reformed to increase
hydrogen yield (via water-gas shift and gas cleanup) for low-temperature fuel
cells. Unlike catalytic fuel reformers that suffer from adverse issues involving
catalyst deactivation (coking and tolerance to sulfur) and require a warmup
period dependent on the thermal mass of the catalyst, plasma reforming offers a
non-catalytic approach for rapid “on-demand” hydrogen-rich
syngas production (quick startup). Plasma fuel reforming is also fuel flexible
and can be applied to applications needing dynamic control of a varying amount
of syngas such as those having a time-dependent load (e.g., engine acceleration/
deceleration). It can also be used to rapidly produced hydrogen for fuel cell
powered robots used in place of batteries. In this study, experimental results
using a non-thermal ‘warm’ plasma reformer are presented with a
focus on the hydrogen and carbon monoxide yields, their selectivities, the
efficiency of the reformer and the specific energy density (SED) - a measure of
the amount of electricity needed to produce a kilogram of hydrogen or syngas. In
terms of fuel feedstocks, much of our work to date has focused on plasma
reforming of natural gas with recent efforts to extend the work to JP fuels.
COMPOSITE RUBBER TRACK TRIAL RESULTS FOR WARRIOR IFV
Authors: Marcotte Tommy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Tracked vehicles are known to provide excellent off-road mobility, but
traditional steel tracks do come with some important compromises. The recent
introduction of Composite Rubber Tracks (CRT) on the CV90 IFV (77,000 lb) has
shown that this robust and operationally proven CRT technology significantly
reduces the vehicle weight, fuel consumption, noise, and vibration levels.
Inspired by this new enthusiasm for tracked vehicles, provided by CRT, armies
and original vehicle manufacturers initiated a series of independent trials
confirming the benefits and reliability of CRT. The author’s objective
is to present the conclusions of these independent CRT trials, more specifically
focusing on the Warrior IFV, providing substantiation data on how CRT technology
enhances tracked vehicle performance.
THE INFLUENCE OF GROUND COMBAT VEHICLE WEIGHT ON AUTOMOTIVE PERFORMANCE, TERRAIN TRAVERSABILITY, COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS, AND OPERATIONAL ENERGY
Authors: Hart Robert J. , Gerth Richard J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This study utilized computer simulations to analyze the influence of vehicle
weight on automotive performance, terrain traversability, combat effectiveness,
and operational energy for the M1A2 Abrams, M2A3 Bradley, and M1126 Stryker. The
results indicate that a 15% reduction in combat vehicle weight correlates to
0-20% or greater improvements in: automotive mobility (top speed, speed on
grade, dash time, fuel economy), terrain traversability (minimum required soil
strength, % Go-NoGo, off road speed), combat effectiveness (% of combat
effective outcomes, hits sustained, time, average and top speed in kill zone),
and operational energy (gallons of fuel and fuel truck deliveries). While it has
always been “understood” that vehicle weight impacts
performance, this study has actually successfully quantified the impact. Through
the use of multiple simulation tools, this study shows that reduced vehicle
weight improves automotive performance, which directly improves the combat
effectiveness in this current combat scenario. This study demonstrates that
weight has a far more significant impact than previously known, and traditional
methods of simply adding capability at the expense of weight could actually be
self-defeating: reduced combat and operational capability of the combat
platform. This paper also examines the relevance of mobility-based combat
effectiveness within the framework of Brigade Combat Team fundamental
operations, which provides direction and context for future studies.
GETTING AHEAD OF THE GAME: QUANTIFYING THE VALUE OF LABORATORY
TESTING PRIOR TO FULL-UP SYSTEM LEVEL
Authors: Luna Joel , Snider Sharon , Brudnak Mark , LaRose Bryan , Morgan Melissa , Kosinski Dan , Scott Mike
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Program offices and the test community all desire to be more efficient with
respect to testing but currently lack the analytical tools to help them fit
early subsystem level testing into a framework which allows them to perform
assessments at the system level. TARDEC initiated a Small Business Innovative
Research (SBIR) effort to develop and deploy a system reliability testing and
optimization tool that will quantify the value of subsystem level tests in an
overall test program and incorporate the results into system level evaluations.
The concept software, named the Army Lifecycle Test Optimization (ALTO) tool,
provides not only the optimization capability desired, but also other key
features to quickly see the current status, metrics, schedule, and reliability
plots for the current test plan. As the user makes changes to the test plan,
either by running the optimization or adjusting inputs or factors, the impacts
on each of these areas is computed and displayed.
CO-SIMULATION OF MBD MODELS WITH DEM CODE TO PREDICT MOBILITY ON SOFT
SOIL
Authors: Edwards Brian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Simulating the behavior of tracked and wheeled vehicles over soft soil terrains
requires modeling the individual behavior of both the vehicle and the soil, as
well as the dynamic interaction between the vehicle and the terrain. Various
shortcomings with traditional methodologies have limited the ability to fully
model the mobility and performance of vehicles on deformable terrain. This paper
chronicles the process for taking validated MultiBody Dynamics (MBD)
full-vehicle models in Adams and integrating them with 3D Discrete Element
Models (DEM) of soft soil particles in EDEM. Both wheeled and tracked vehicles
are simulated with various vehicle events and the results are analyzed. A
discussion of the relationship between the Bekker-Wong parameters and the DEM
characterization is presented, along with an example of a testing procedure for
calibrating the DEM particles against their Bekker-Wong equivalent.
MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND CREEP BEHAVIOR OF 25MM THICK FRICTION STIR WELDED AA2139-T8
Authors: Okeke Uchechi , Boehlert Carl
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Most studies conducted on friction stir welded (FSW) Al alloys are on plates that
are 2.5-7 mm thick. However, the U.S. Army utilizes materials that are 25 mm
thick and greater for structure and armor. In order to properly apply FSW to
Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys for use in next generation ground vehicles, data must be
generated and available for model and simulation databases. One key type of data
is the tensile-creep behavior of FSW AA 2139-T8. Creep is the time dependent,
plastic deformation of a material under a constant load, usually observed at a
constant temperature where T>0.3Tm. The objective of this study is to provide
information regarding the tensile-creep behavior of the stir zone in comparison
to the heat affected zone (HAZ) through the depth of the weld. The results from
this research provide information on the effect of FSW processing on the
microstructure and creep behavior. Pre- and post-deformation samples were
analyzed via SEM and TEM and the results are discussed.
HIGH MN, HIGH AL STEELS FOR THICK PLATE ARMOR
APPLICATIONS
Authors: Sebeck Katherine , Toppler Ian , Rogers Matt , Limmer Krista , Cheeseman Bryan , Howell Ryan , Herman William
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

FeMnAlC alloys exhibit lower density (6.5-7.2 g/cm3) than traditional
military steels (7.9 g/cm3) while maintaining similar energy
absorption capabilities. Material substitutions in legacy systems must meet
existing form/fit/function requirements, limiting opportunities for
lightweighting of existing designs. This study examines production and material
properties of thick plate with a nominal chemistry of 30% Mn, 9%Al and 1%C, in
the wrought condition.

Due to the high aluminum and carbon content, there are unique challenges to large
scale (45+ ton heat) production versus typical armor steel chemistries.
Lab-scale wrought and production material are characterized, comparing
microstructure, and mechanical properties. Processing practices including
teeming flux and rolling temperature are discussed. The high manganese content
of this alloy presents challenges for welding and machining practices, such as
limited compatibility of weld wires and substantial work hardening during many
basic fabrication operations. Mechanical property data and micrographs from
initial gas metal arc welding and machining are presented and discussed.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING REPAIR METHODS FOR METALLIC
COMPONENTS
Authors: Sabo Kenneth M. , Golesich Brock T. , Tims Michael L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As metallic parts are used, wear, fracture, galling, warpage, and other forms of
obsolescence occur. When these issues progress beyond a predefined level, the
parts are either replaced or repaired. Replacement leads to undesirable
logistics requirements, especially for those parts requiring
difficult-to-source, expensive and/or long-lead-time materials. Repair options
are often limited due to strict performance requirements of the parts or concern
over the quality of the repair. Two relatively new additive manufacturing (AM)
process options exist to complete repairs, including repairs required in
theater. Hybrid repair via metal AM followed by precision machining within a
single setup offers unique repair options not previously available. Though
somewhat limited with respect to the number of alloys currently tested, hybrid
AM via directed energy deposition (i.e., powder sprayed into a laser-heated
liquid metal pool) offers the possibility to quickly, economically and
accurately repair metallic components without the side effects associated with
more common methods including traditional weld repair.

Another repair method gaining acceptance in the DoD community is cold spray. Here
a metal powder is accelerated to supersonic speeds and aimed at a metal
substrate forming craters that help the newly added metal to adhere. In
addition, atomic diffusion occurs between added particles resulting in further
adhesion of the added metal.

These AM processes generally lack qualification standards for use in repair of
DoD applications. But, the nature of repair and the buildup of material(s)
should be much faster to reach qualification status, even if it’s on a
part-by-part, or application-specific basis.

This paper defines hybrid AM and cold-spray technologies relative to repair of
metallic components of interest to the DoD. The state of the art is discussed
and several examples of the use of the equipment are presented. Hybrid builds of
Inconel 718 features onto preexisting substrates are discussed. Mechanical
properties of the build material are presented. Finally, a plan for use of these
technologies by the DoD is defined.
DISSIMILAR FRICTION STIR WELDING OF A SOLID SOLUTION-STRAIN HARDENED ALUMINUM 5083 ALLOY AND PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENED ALUMINUM 2139 AND ALUMINUM 7085
Authors: Martinez Nelson , McDonnell Martin
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Friction stir welding is a solid state joining technique in which no melting of
the metals is involved. The technique is very attractive for aluminum alloys due
to the low heat input involved in the process, which leads to improved
mechanical properties as compared to conventional fusion welds. In this work,
different aluminum series alloys were friction stir welded together. The
aluminum alloys consisted of a solid solution/strain hardened aluminum alloy
5083-H131, and precipitation strengthened aluminum alloys 2139-T8 and aluminum
7085-T721. The joint combinations were aluminum alloys 5083-H131 to 7085-T721,
aluminum alloys 2139-T8 to 7085-T721, and aluminum alloys 5083-H131 to 2139-T8.
Their mechanical properties were analyzed and compared to base metal properties.
Optical microscopy was used to analyze the grains in the welds. Good mixing of
the different aluminum alloys was optically observed in all of the welds, which
lead to good joint properties, opening the possibilities to build structures
with superior performance.
ROS-Military: Progress and Promise
Authors: Towler Jerry , Bries Matthew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The potential and promise of automated vehicles has been driving U.S. military
research and development in the field for decades. Yet despite this investment,
progress toward fully autonomous, field-ready, warfighter-engaged systems has
been disappointingly slow. The ROS-Military (ROS-M) program aims to create a
central registry of defense-related robotic components surrounded by a community
of practice with common processes, systems, and standards. These software
components will serve as a foundation for future autonomy efforts to build from,
both fulfilling the potential of broad collaboration and greatly increasing the
pace of development of autonomous platforms. To execute on this promise, the
ROS-M program has begun executing on four parallel paths of investigation,
prototyping, and demonstration.
HUMAN CENTERED TEAMING OF AUTONOMOUS BATTLEFIELD
ROBOTICS
Authors: Michelson W. Stuart
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper surveys the state of autonomous systems and outlines a novel command
and control (C2) paradigm that seeks to accommodate the environmental challenges
facing warfighters and their robotic counterparts in the future. New interface
techniques will be necessary to reinforce the paradigm that supports the C2 of
multiple human-machine teams completing diverse missions as part of the Third
Offset Strategy. Realizing this future will require a new approach to teaming
and interfaces that fully enable the potential of independent and cooperative
decision-making abilities of fully autonomous machines while maximizing the
effectiveness of human operators on the battlefield.
DEVELOPING AUTONOMOUS STREET-LEGAL VEHICLES: ANALYSIS OF 2017
INTELLIGENT GROUND VEHICLE COMPETITION (IGVC) SELF-DRIVE/AUTO-NAV COMPETITION
VEHICLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Kosinski Andrew , Tarakhovsky Jane , Iyengar Kiran , Lane Jerry , Cheok KaC , Theisen Bernie
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The IGVC offers a design experience that is at the very cutting edge of
engineering education. It is multidisciplinary, theory-based, hands-on, team
implemented, outcome assessed, and based on product realization. It encompasses
the very latest technologies impacting industrial development and taps subjects
of high interest to students. Design and construction of an Intelligent Vehicle
fits well in a two semester senior year design capstone course, or an
extracurricular activity earning design credit. The deadline of an end-of-term
competition is a real-world constraint that includes the excitement of potential
winning recognition and financial gain. Students at all levels of undergraduate
and graduate education can contribute to the team effort, and those at the lower
levels benefit greatly from the experience and mentoring of those at higher
levels. Team organization and leadership are practiced, and there are even roles
for team members from business and engineering management, language and graphic
arts, and public relations. Students solicit and interact with industrial
sponsors who provide component hardware and advice, and in that way get an
inside view of industrial design and opportunities for employment.
CROSS CORRELATING GROUND-LEVEL PANORAMAS WITH SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR
GPS-DENIED LOCALIZATION OF AUTONOMOUS GROUND VEHICLES
Authors: Cheung Calvin , Baek Stanley
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we explore the usage of normalized cross-correlation to perform
localization in GPS-denied environments. Spherical panoramic images from a
ground vehicle are transformed to top-down viewpoints and compared with
satellite imagery using normalized cross-correlation to find the
vehicle’s location within the satellite image. The implementation of
this system has yielded positive results when tested upon publicly available
panoramic images and satellite imagery, with the identified locations being
within an average of 46.95 meters from the ground truth.
ADVANCED PERFORMANCE COMPUTING POWER FOR LARGE DATA SET
PROCESSING
Authors: Rosenberger Karl , Blackmer Sara , Wesoloski Steve , Brabbs John
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The real-world testing of robotic and autonomous vehicles faces many challenges
including: safety; feasibility; effectiveness; expense; and timeliness. The
development of high performance computing has created innumerable opportunities
for effectively and efficiently processing large data sets. These data sets can
range from modeling and simulation scenarios to the vast amounts of complex data
being gathered by unmanned vehicles. In all cases, the data needs to be stored,
managed, and processed to have usable information to drive smart decision
making. Leveraging high performance computing to more efficiently, effectively,
and economically conduct robotic and autonomous vehicle testing in a virtual
environment is a logical step. Consequently, TARDEC has developed a real-time
modeling and simulation capability to test and evaluate autonomy solutions while
RAVE has designed and developed a specialized high performance computing system
for TARDEC to support this capability.
Holistically Increasing Cyber Resilience of Ground
Vehicles
Authors: Woolrich David K.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper explores a holistic approach to increasing the cyber resiliency of
Army and USMC ground vehicles. Today’s current approach to securing
weapon systems focuses on complying with the Risk Management Framework and
applying required security controls to obtain government authority to operate
(ATO). This method of securing our weapon systems is better than nothing, but
runs the risk of giving us a false sense of security.

Citation: D. Woolrich, “Holistically Increasing Cyber
Resilience of Ground Vehicles”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
USE OF ADVANCED MODELING AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE
PERFORMANCE AND ACCELERATE ACQUISITION OF ARMY VEHICLE SYSTEMS
Authors: Heine Richard , Frounfelker Brad , Salins Lane , Wang Chongying
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

An increasing pace of technology advancements and recent heavy investment by
potential adversaries has eroded the Army’s overmatch and spurred
significant changes to the modernization enterprise. Commercial ground vehicle
industry solutions are not directly applicable to Army acquisitions because of
volume, usage and life cycle requirement differences. In order to meet
increasingly aggressive schedule goals while ensuring high quality materiel, the
Army acquisition and test and evaluation communities need to retain flexibility
and continue to pursue novel analytic methods. Fully utilizing test and field
data and incorporating advanced techniques, such as, big data analytics and
machine learning can lead to smarter, more rapid acquisition and a better
overall product for the Soldier. Logistics data collections during operationally
relevant events that were originally intended for the development of condition
based maintenance procedures in particular have been shown to provide
substantial opportunities to apply advanced data analytics.

Citation: R. Heine, B. Frounfelker, L. Salins, C. Wang, “Use
of Advanced Modeling and Simulation Techniques to Improve Performance and
Accelerate Acquisition of Army Vehicle Systems”, In Proceedings
of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
UNDERSTANDING THE SUPPLY CHAIN ENVIRONMENT AND BEST PRACTICES FOR MANAGING RISKS IN TODAY’S COMPLEX ECONOMY
Authors: Khaled-Noveloso Lubna
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, to inform the audience on the
inherent risk of shortage of raw materials used to produce high-tech devices,
sources and the different levels of stakeholders involved in the transformation
process – all of which is a subset of the supply chain. Secondly, given
that we live in a complex global economy within which changes are occurring
rapidly, we need to develop an awareness of risks in our surrounding business
environment and develop the skillset necessary to manage risks well.
M&S AS THE KEY ENABLER FOR AUTONOMY DEVELOPMENT, ACQUISITION AND TESTING
Authors: Brabbs John , Lohrer Scott , Kwashnak Paul , Bounker Paul , Brudnak Mark
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the role of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) as a critical
tool which must be necessarily used for the development, acquisition and testing
of autonomous systems. To be used effectively key aspects of development,
acquisition and testing must adapt and change to derive the maximum benefit from
M&S. We describe how development, acquisition and testing should leverage
and use M&S. We furthermore introduce and explain the idea of testable
autonomy and conclude with a discussion of the qualities and requirements that
M&S needs to have to effectively function in the role that we envision.

Citation: J. Brabbs, S. Lohrer, P. Kwashnak, P. Bounker, M. Brudnak,
“M&S as the Key Enabler for Autonomy Development, Acquisition and
Testing”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
CONCEPTS FOR MANNED UNMANNED TEAMING BEHAVIORS IN MODEL BASED SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
Authors: Michelson Stuart , Domercant Charles
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Manned Unmanned Teaming (MUMT) is fast becoming a critical capability for
maintaining operational superiority and overmatch against near peer competitors.
However, there is presently no concept of MUMT behaviors in Model Based Systems
Engineering (MBSE) analyses. Such a concept is needed in order to capture and
understand the increasingly complex interactions between humans and machines
that will govern system behavior on the battlefield. This manuscript describes
an effort that sought to identify and roadmap the development of the MUMT
requirements necessary to build into the next generation of functional MBSE
models that lead to sustainable autonomous (semi or full with MUMT) military
operations. Three scenarios spanning the unmanned systems domain incorporating
current state of practice and envisioning increased autonomy were used as the
basis for developing a generalizable MBSE expression of MUMT behavior.
CAPABILITIES BASED TESTING OF DEFENSE MULTI-INTELLIGENCE
SYSTEMS
Authors: Ng Huat , Stevens Colby
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Today’s weapon systems are becoming increasingly complex and usually
involve other assets to accomplish their missions. Interdependencies among the
weapon system components such as its sensor, sensor subsystems, communications,
navigation, etc., are crucial to the System Engineering (SE) design and test
process. Inserting the individual weapon system into a larger context of a
System-of-Systems (SoS) and Family of Systems (FoS) increases the Test and
Evaluation (T&E) complexity exponentially. The ability to readily
orchestrate myriad of test conditions and scenario alterations in a SoS/FoS
context must be devised to enable the evaluation of alternative designs in order
to adapt to future missions, threats, and technologies. This paper will address
the coupling of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) and systems engineering to
support cost-effective decisions on concept development, technology evaluation,
material, doctrine, tactics, combat techniques and force structure. Current
information technology (IT) trends, e.g., virtualization, cloud computing,
micro-services, containerization, etc., helps manage the orchestration of tests
on the M&S testbed.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON THE SUPPRESSION OF DENDRITE GROWTH IN
LITHIUM-METAL BATTERIES VIA CARBON NANORIBBONS THROUGH IN-SITU OPTICAL
MISCROSCOPY
Authors: Skalny David , Mainero James , Joseph Elise , Anger Michael , Fahlman Bradley
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project was to study the underlying fundamental phenomena
associated with the formation of dendrites in Lithium-metal batteries through
the use of in-situ optical microscopy, and other techniques, and develop
material solutions to suppress dendritic growth, such as carbon (graphene)
nanoribbons (CNRs). Throughout the course of this effort, sixteen different
slurry compositions were prepared and made into a total of 96 electrodes (six of
each composition). These electrodes were built into in-situ optical cells and
coin half-cells and then tested using in-situ optical microscopy and cycle
testing. The results found that the inclusion of CNRs generally reduced the
severity of dendrite formation.

Citation: D. Skalny, J. Mainero, E. Joseph, M. Anger, B. Fahlman,
“Fundamental Study on the Suppression of Dendrite Growth in
Lithium-Metal Batteries via Carbon Nanoribbons Through In-Situ Optical
Microscopy”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
ADVANCED COMBAT ENGINE MILITARIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION STUDY
Authors: Sokolsky Steven , Major John
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Opposed Piston Engine is a highly advantageous architecture for military
applications due to its power density and efficiency, and the U.S. Army is
investing to develop OP engines for Combat Applications. The Cummins / Achates
Power team was selected to design, procure, build, test, and advance to TRL 9
the first configuration of a scalable Opposed Piston Engine that can then be
used to grow a family of OP Engines across all Combat and Tactical Vehicles. At
the same time CALSTART is leading a companion project to demonstrate the Opposed
Piston technology in commercial Class 8 trucks. This paper analyzes the
commercialization and militarization potential of Opposed Piston technology and
attempts to identify the ideal OP Engine configurations to meet those
applications.

Citation: S. Sokolsky, J. Major, “Advanced Combat Engine
Militarization and Commercialization Study”, In Proceedings of
the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS FOR SHOCK RESPONSE SPECTRUM REPLICATION, APPLIED TO GROUND VEHICLE COMPONENT TESTING
Authors: Allen Samuel
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the motivation and process taken for developing an
acceleration time history that has a shock response spectrum that matches the
MIL-STD 810 defined shock response spectrum. The mathematics from the ISO
standard 18431-4 are presented, as well as the procedures and graphs from the
MIL-STD. The time history is synthesized from a sum of basis-functions,
parameterized by variable amplitudes and delays. An optimization routine then
modifies an array of these optimization parameters to find a time history that
has a shock response spectrum that matches a reference shock response. All
figures are presented in Appendix A for clarity. The equations developed and
computer code written to perform this task are explained, and the full code is
provided in Appendix B.

Citation: S. Allen, “Waveform Synthesis for Shock Response
Spectrum Replication, Applied To Ground Vehicle Component Testing”,
In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and
Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15,
2019.
SEASONAL EFFECTS ON VEHICLE MOBILITY: HIGH-LATITUDE CASE
STUDY
Authors: Hodgdon Taylor S. , Shoop Sally A. , Frankenstein Susan , Bigl Matthew F. , Parker Michael W.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Seasonality plays a key role in altering the terrain of many military operating
environments. Since seasonality has such a large impact on the terrain, it needs
to be properly accounted for in vehicle dynamics models. This work outlines a
variety of static and dynamic seasonal terrain conditions and their impacts on
vehicle mobility in an austere region of Europe. Overall the vehicles performed
the best in the dry season condition. The thaw season condition had the most
drastic impact on mobility with all but the heavy tracked vehicle being almost
completely NOGO in the region. Overall, the heavy tracked vehicle had the best
performance in all terrain conditions. These results highlight the importance of
incorporating seasonal impacts on terrain into NRMM or any vehicle dynamics
model. Future work will focus on collecting more data to improve the empirical
relationships between vehicles and seasonal terrain conditions, thereby allowing
for more accurate speed predictions.

Citation: T. Hodgdon, S. Shoop, S. Frankenstein, M. Bigl, M. Parker,
“Seasonal Effects on Vehicle Mobility: High-Latitude Case
Study”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering
and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15,
2019.
NEXT-GENERATION NATO REFERENCE MOBILITY MODEL USING ROAMS SIMULATION FOR DEMONSTRATION OF TECHNOLOGY - VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION
Authors: Balling Ole , Rydahl-Haastrup Morten , Bendtsen Louise , Homaa Frederik , Lim Christopher S. , Gaut Aaron , Jain Abhinandan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The work presented in this contribution demonstrates the results of the
verification and validation efforts of simulation versus test of the mobility of
a light tactical vehicle, the Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator, FED-Alpha. The
simulations are the contribution to the Cooperate Demonstration of Technology
(CDT) of Next Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model as performed by the
Aarhus University (AU) team using Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL)
ROver Analysis, Modeling and Analysis Software ROAMS. The work demonstrates hard
surface automotive tests as well as soft soil tire-terrain terramechanics tests
such as drawbar pull on fine and coarse grained soils and a variable sand slope
test on coarse grained soil. Furthermore, a traverse of mixed terrain types and
the results of a developed off-road driver model are shown as a demonstrator of
Next-Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model simulation capability.

Citation: O. Balling, M. Rydahl-Haastrup, L. Bendtsen, F. Homaa, C.
Lim, A. Gaut, A. Jain, “Next-Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model
Using ROAMS Simulation for Demonstration of Technology – Verification
and Validation”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
ADVANCED M&S TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE COMPUTATIONAL TIME FOR
UNDERBODY BLAST SCEANRIOS
Authors: O’Bruba Joseph
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Modeling and Simulation (M&S) of underbody blast to vehicles can take a
significant amount of time, often days to months, to run. This significant run
time is due to the need for coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian computational algorithms
to be used in order to accurately represent the effect of an underbody blast to
a vehicle and its occupants. Several techniques exist which can significantly
reduce the time it takes to complete such a simulation without affecting its
accuracy, two of which will be emphasized here. These techniques are 2-D to 3-D
mapping of the Eulerian domains and Early-Deletion of the Eulerian elements. For
detailed vehicle simulations, simulation rates have been demonstrated to be 4-6
times faster along with a theoretical increase in accuracy and a decrease in
troubleshooting time.
Are M&S Tools Ready for Assessing Off-road Mobility of Autonomous Vehicles?
Authors: Cole Michael , Lucas Cesar , Kulkarni Kumar B , Carruth Daniel , Hudson Christopher , Jayakumar Paramsothy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Autonomous systems are the future of the Army and Ground Vehicle Systems Center
has aligned itself accordingly to support unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)
development. Physically testing autonomous algorithms and vehicle systems can be
expensive and time consuming, a problem addressed by the use of modeling and
simulation (M&S) tools. A multitude of both Government owned and Commercial
Off-the-Shelf Tools (COTS) are widely available, all claim to virtually evaluate
autonomous ground vehicles operating on various environments and scenarios. Most
of the COTS tools primarily focus on the commercial automotive industry where
vehicles are driven in a structured environment. In this paper two M&S
tools, viz., Autonomous Navigation Virtual Environment Laboratory (ANVEL) and
Rover Analysis Modeling and Simulation (ROAMS) are evaluated for military
applications, where the demands for navigation include both on-road and
off-road, as well as both structured and unstructured environments as a
preliminary benchmark.

Citation: Michael Cole, Cesar Lucas, Kumar B Kulkarni, Daniel
Carruth, Christopher Hudson, P. Jayakumar; “Are M&S Tools Ready for
Assessing Off-road Mobility of Autonomous Vehicles?”, Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Multipurpose Spall Protective, Energy Absorbing
Hybridsil® Materials for Military Vehicle
Interiors
Authors: Baranauskas Vince , Klima Julie
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Through Army SBIR funding, NanoSonic has designed a next-generation multipurpose
Spall Protective, Energy Absorbing (SPEA™) HybridSil®
material that has the potential to provide vehicle occupants with pioneering
combinatorial protection from 1) fragmentation behind-armor debris (BAD), 2)
high velocity head / neck impact, and 3) fire during underbody blast, crash, and
rollover events. This innovative multilayered ensemble consists of highly flame
resistant, energy absorbing polyorganosiloxane foams, molded ultrahigh molecular
weight polyethylene panels, and carbon fiber reinforced polymer derived ceramic
composites. The technical foundation for this effort was provided through
independent 1) MIL-STD-662 FSP ballistic testing with The Ballistics and
Explosive Group at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI); 2) FMVSS 201U head
impact testing with MGA Research Incorporation; and 3) ASTM E1354 fire
resistance testing with the Fire Technology group at SwRI. Fragment simulating
projectile (FSP) testing completed in accordance with MIL-STD-662 indicates
NanoSonic’s down-selected HybridSil SPEA composite has an exceptional
V50 value of 5,000 ft/s against 0.30 cal FSPs. Promisingly, FMVSS-201U testing
on NanoSonic’s HybridSil SPEA material indicates it has a HIC(d) value
of 626.3 and thus meets Ground Vehicle Systems Center’s (GVSC)
performance objective of < 700.
Feasibility of Joining Wrought Homogenized Armor Steel with Friction
Stir Welding
Authors: Evans William , Ramirez Antonio , McDonnell Martin , Eff Mike
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The United State Army employs several advanced armored combat vehicles, in a wide
array of different environments, and applications. Armor steels are hard and are
required to meet certain conditions to stay within the military’s
specifications for armored steels. Vehicle armor is typically joined using arc
welding methods. Joining via arc welding degrades armor material below
specification, so alternate joining methods are being explored like Friction
Stir Welding (FSW). FSW is a solid-state joining technique that utilizes a
rotating pin to stir plasticized material and use a tool shoulder to forge the
material into the joint. The advantages come from the reduction in peak
temperature, an increase in mechanical performance, and a decrease in possible
defects that occur. In this study FSW parameters were developed and used to weld
Wrought Homogenous Armor (HRA) steel. The welds were subject to hardness
indention, and metallographic analysis to observe an early prediction of joint
properties. Through this work it was shown that HRA can be joined using FSW and
the weld stir zone is similar in properties to the base metal.

Citation: W. Evans, A. Ramirez, M. Mcdonnell, M.
Eff, “Feasibility of Joining Wrought Homogenized Armor Steel with
Friction Stir Welding”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle
Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi,
MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Ceramic Particle Armor
Authors: Kopinski Peter
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

One of the deadliest threats that ground combat vehicles regularly encounter is
the Explosively Formed Penetrator (EFP). The extremely high impact velocities
that are typical of EFPs necessitate extremely heavy armor, which is often
impractical due to the corresponding compromise in mobility and reliability. One
possible solution to this threat is to use granular ceramics as an alternative
to current armor solutions. An evaluation of high-speed impacts into granular
ceramics and extensive testing across a wide range of parameters provides data
to support this proposal. These results demonstrate an impressive potential for
granular ceramics in EFP protection kits with a substantial reduction in both
cost and weight to achieve the same level of protection as plate or sheet
materials.

Citation: P. Kopinski, “Ceramic Particle Armor”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
DEVELOPING AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES WITH OPTIMAL SENSOR SELECTION, INTEGRATION & CONTROL IMPLEMENTED AT 2018 INTELLIGENT GROUND VEHICLE COMPETITION (IGVC)
Authors: Kosinski Andrew , Iyengar Kiran , Tarakhovsky Jane , Lane Jerry , Cheok KaC , Theisen Bernie , Oweis Sami
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The IGVC offers a design experience that is at the very cutting edge of
engineering education, with a particular focus in developing engineering
control/sensor integration experience for the college student participants. A
main challenge area for teams is the proper processing of all the vehicle sensor
feeds, optimal integration of the sensor feeds into a world map and the vehicle
leveraging that world map to plot a safe course using robust control algorithms.
This has been an ongoing challenge throughout the 26 year history of the
competition and is a challenge shared with the growing autonomous vehicle
industry. High consistency, reliability and redundancy of sensor feeds, accurate
sensor fusion and fault-tolerant vehicle controls are critical, as even small
misinterpretations can cause catastrophic results, as evidenced by the recent
serious vehicle crashes experienced by self-driving companies including Tesla
and Uber Optimal control techniques & sensor selection/integration into
these autonomous ground vehicles will be the focus of this technical paper.
The FlexCare Deployable Additive Manufacturing Printing
Facility
Authors: Pexton Sean
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The key to vehicle survivability in a combat or otherwise hostile environment is
the capability to quickly resupply critical parts. Rapid production of hard to
obtain components within the theater of operations can significantly increase
the availability of combat vehicles or other equipment. Additive manufacturing
enables significant reduction in lead time for these components and thus offers
an enhancement of combat capability. However, AM operations have specific
environmental and support requirements in order to function. In partnership with
CESI and CAPSA, AddUp has developed a unique concept of a “modular
plant” called the Anywhere Additive Factory. The unit can be adjusted to
meet the manufacturing requirements and volumes needed, while also being easily
dismantled and moved to another location.

Citation: S. Pexton, “The FlexCare Deployable Additive
Manufacturing Printing Facility”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.