bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Independent work, modern organizations and entrepreneurial labor: Diversity and hybridity of freelancers and self-employment
Authors: Bögenhold Dieter , Klinglmair Andrea
Published: August 2016

The paper deals with self-employment of one-(wo)man-firms as the smallest units of entrepreneurial companies and focuses at the blurred boundaries between dependent work and self-employment. We call the overlapping identities hybrid entrepreneurs. Based on the collected data it can be shown that the hybrid self-employed differ significantly from non-hybrid ‘regular’ entrepreneurs with respect to selected socio-demographic characteristics, professional, as well as company-specific factors. The paper takes up several of the findings and tries to discuss them in a framework of (micro) organizations, institutions and self-employment. Taking the case of hybrid employment fosters crucial and provoking questions for an appropriate understanding of the division of enterprises and occupations.
Role of the pectoralis major myofascial flap in preventing pharyngocutaneous fistula following salvage laryngectomy
Authors: Sharma S , Chaukar D A , Laskar S G , Kapre N , Deshmukh A , Pai P , Chaturvedi P , D'Cruz A
Published: August 2016

Objective:

This study aimed to assess the utility of onlay pectoralis major myofascial flap in preventing pharyngocutaneous fistula following salvage total laryngectomy.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was performed of 172 patients who underwent salvage laryngectomy for recurrent carcinoma of the larynx or hypopharynx between 1999 and 2014. One hundred and ten patients underwent primary closure and 62 patients had pectoralis major myofascial flap onlay.

Results:

The overall pharyngocutaneous fistula rate was 43 per cent, and was similar in both groups (primary closure group, 43.6 per cent; onlay flap group, 41.9 per cent; p = 0.8). Fistulae in the onlay flap group healed faster: the median and mean fistula duration were 37 and 55 days, respectively, in the primary closure group and 20 and 25 days, respectively, in the onlay flap group (p = 0.008).

Conclusion:

Use of an onlay pectoralis major myofascial flap did not decrease the pharyngocutaneous fistula rate, although fistula duration was shortened. A well-designed randomised-controlled trial is needed to establish parameters for its routine use in clinical practice.
Three new paramunnids (Isopoda: Asellota: Paramunnidae) from the Argentine Sea, South-west Atlantic
Authors: Doti Brenda L.
Published: August 2016

Three new species of paramunnid isopods are described:Pentaceration pleonarietissp. nov.,Neasellus argentinensissp. nov. andN. bicarinatussp. nov. The three species were collected off Buenos Aires province, the last one was also collected off Chubut province, Argentine Sea. The species belonging toPentacerationrepresents the first record of this genus in the Argentine Sea. The diagnostic characters of the genusNeasellusare revised and besides the inclusion of the two new species herein described, a new combination for the speciesPelagogonium oculatumSchultz, 1977 is proposed.
The case for process modules in Mathematics 16–19
Authors: Everton T. C.
Published: August 2016

The Open University has developed a model (Calculators in the primary school) which identifies two components in the mathematics curriculum. First there are lessons in which specific techniques or concepts are learned. Second, whether in mathematics lessons or in other subjects, opportunities arise for techiques to be used (often through some form of problem solving). The point is made that these two aspects are interdependent; the learning of techniques paves the way for future application, while the using of techniques provides a purpose for the learning of mathematical ideas.
Stanisław Ulam 1909-1984
Authors: Hoare G. T. Q.
Published: August 2016

Prodigiously talented with a remarkable flair for anticipating correct results and initiating fruitful areas of research, Stanislaw Ulam (‘Stan’ to his friends) was an unusual mathematician. The considerable breadth of his preoccupations, even in the halcyon days of his youth in Poland, distinguished him from his peers. Sustained by a supreme self-confidence, Ulam preferred pioneering new fields of mathematics to elaborating the ideas of others. Indeed, impatient with detail he tended to leave technicalities to those with whom he collaborated. Uprooted from his native Poland in his twenties, Ulam was to spend two thirds of his working life associated with or employed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The story of Blanche Descartes
Authors: Smith Cedric A. B. , Abbott Steve
Published: August 2016

Recently a poem, written by Blanche Descartes in the 1930s, was republished in the Gazette, with the additional attribution ‘communicated via Cedric A. B. Smith’. Cedric had reported ‘it was written after Blanche heard that Hector Pétard was about to be married. She composed the verse as a wedding present. Hector is still active mathematically, though I suspect that he may be in his mid nineties’. We felt that readers might be interested to know something about the mysterious Blanche Descartes, and the origins of the poem. It makes quite a story. At the risk of boring you, we will start at the beginning.
On Napoleon triangles and propeller theorems
Authors: Čerin Zvonko
Published: August 2016

In this paper we shall consider two situations in triangle geometry when equilateral triangles appear and then show that they are closely related.

In the first (known as the Napoleon theorem) equilateral triangles BCAT, CABT, and ABCT, are built on the sides of an arbitrary triangle ABC and their centroids are (almost always) vertices of an equilateral triangle ANBNCN (known as a Napoleon triangle of ABC; see Figure 1).
Diagrams for difficult problems in probability
Authors: Cheng Peter C.-H. , Pitt Nigel G.
Published: August 2016

We have developed a novel diagrammatic approach for understanding and teaching probability theory — Probability Space diagrams [1]. Our studies of learning and instruction with Probability Space (PS) diagrams have demonstrated that they can significantly enhance students' conceptual understanding. This article illustrates the utility of PS diagrams by applying them to the explanation of some difficult concepts and notoriously counterintuitive problems in probability. We first outline the nature of the system.
Prime factors in generalised Fibonacci sequences - a question posed by Gill Hatch
Authors: Burn R. P.
Published: August 2016

Those who enjoy number patterns will no doubt have had many hours of pleasure exploring the Fibonacci sequence to various moduli, and especially in recognising the regularity with which various prime factors occur in thesequence (see [1]). Gill Hatch’s question is whether the occurrence of prime factors in generalised Fibonacci sequences is similarly predictable. Generalised Fibonacci sequences (Gn), abbreviated to GF sequences, are sequences of positive integers derived from the recurrence relation tn + 2 = tn + 1 + tn. In the case of the Fibonacci sequence (Fn), the first two terms are 1 and 1.
Taking perspective
Authors: Lewis Barry
Published: August 2016

When I was offered the chance to become the President of the Association, I had no hesitation in accepting. How else could I react to the opportunity of joining such a distinguished list of predecessors? The list, which includes G. H. Hardy, Arthur Eddington and G. N. Watson contains almost all of the eminent UK mathematicians and educationalists of the twentieth century. So for the honour that you bestowed on me, thank you very much indeed. It wasn’t deserved, but it was hugely enjoyable and rewarding.
Fibonacci in Hogwarts?
Authors: Došlić Tomišlać
Published: August 2016

An elementary algebraic problem attributed to Leonardo of Pisa is analysed and some illogical elements in its formulation and solution are exposed. The natural context in which the problem was formulated is then proposed, and some consequences are discussed.

How many times have you heard that somebody is a wizard? And how many times did you take it literally? Most likely, the answer to the second question is ‘never’. And yet, there are reasons to believe that some people among us are real wizards, of the kind described with so much charm in the recently published series of books on Harry Potter [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]. These books have provided us with a wealth of details on wizards and their society.
Balls, boxes and solitary waves
Authors: Turner Paul R.
Published: August 2016

Water waves are familiar to all of us and we encounter them in a variety of guises in many places, be it crashing to shore at the beach, rippling concentrically outward where a pebble lands in a pond or simply splashing at the sides of the bath. The study of waves can be simplified by idealising them as graphs, each graph being thought of as a cross-section of a physical wave at an instant in time. A sequence of such graphs can represent the progress of the wave as time passes.
Parity Lights
Authors: Epple Dennis , Kutz Martin
Published: August 2016

Almost everybody has a light in their house that can be switched on and off from two or more different places. If your electrician set up the wiring properly, you are able to toggle the light with every single switch, independent of the others' current configuration.

We may think of the switches as implementing a parity function. If we label the two positions of a switch by 0 and 1, the light is on if the sum of switch positions is even and off if this sum is odd (or vice versa). So in the common case of only two switches, ‘light on’ is just the binary relation xor. (Not all real-life installations are of this kind. We also find the binary and implemented in a few houses—which can be very annoying, and even dangerous, at nights.)
A long game – Racing random walkers
Authors: Dankel T. G. , Brown J. L.
Published: August 2016

In this paper we analyse a game that was published in the 1996 Burger King Kid’s Club calendar. This calendar included an activity for each month, and for the month of September the activity was called the Mountain Bike Rally. To begin the game, each player places a marker on day 1. A turn consists of each player flipping a fair coin. Each player whose coin comes up heads moves his marker forward one day. If a player’s coin shows tails, then he moves his marker back one day, unless his marker is on day 1, in which case it stays there. The object is to be the first player to reach square 31. We never played the game because it was clear that it would take a long time to complete.
Fibonacci numbers and trigonometry
Authors: Lewis Barry
Published: August 2016

This article started life as an investigation into certain aspects of the Fibonacci numbers, ‘morphed’ seamlessly into the structure of some infinite matrices and finally resolved into a general set of results that link structural aspects of Fibonacci numbers with trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. It is a surprising fact, but while I can find evidence that the link between these areas has been noted in the past, I can find no evidence that the link has been systematically developed.
Cyclotomic and double angle polynomials
Authors: McLean K. Robin
Published: August 2016

One admires and applauds the enterprise of anyone who uses Gauss’s 1801 Disquisitiones arithmeticae as the starting point for mathematical exploration. I enjoyed McKeon and Sherry’s description of their journey [1] and the challenge of their conjectures. They drew attention to a class of polynomials that satisfy what they called the double angle condition ((1) below). Unfortunately, their failure to work with an appropriate definition of cyclotomic polynomials seriously handicapped their computer-aided attempt to classify double angle polynomials. Once this is remedied, a pleasant classification emerges, at least for polynomials with rational coefficients, without recourse to a computer. The main aim of this article is to present this classification. A brief final section considers McKeon and Sherry’s conjectures about irreducible double angle polynomials.
Creating recreational Hamiltonian cycle problems
Authors: Lynch Mark A. M.
Published: August 2016

In this paper graphs that contain unique Hamiltonian cycles are introduced. The graphs are of arbitrary size and dense in the sense that their average vertex degree is greater than half the number of vertices that make up the graph. The graphs can be used to generate challenging puzzles. The problem is particularly challenging when the graph is large and the ‘method’ of solution is unknown to the solver.
Cyclotomic polynomial factors
Authors: Grassl Richard , Mingus Tabitha T.Y.
Published: August 2016

The n th roots of unity play a key role in abstract algebra, providing a rich link between groups, vectors, regular n-gons, and algebraic factorizations. This richness permits extensive study. A historical example of this interest is the 1938 challenge levelled by the Soviet mathematician N. G. Chebotarëv (see [1] or [2]). His question was ‘Are the coefficients of the irreducible factors in Z[n] of xn − 1 always from the set {−1, 0, 1}?’ Massive tables of data were compiled, but attempts to prove the results for all n failed. Three years later, V. Ivanov [3] proved that all polynomials xn 1, where n < 105, had the property that when fully factored over the integers all coefficients were in the set {−1, 0, 1}. However, one of the factors of x105 − 1 contains two coefficients that are −2. Ivanov further proved for which n such factorisations would occur and which term in the factor would have the anomalous coefficients. A twist that makes this historical episode more intriguing is that Bloom credited Bang with making this discovery in 1895, predating the Chebotarëv challenge by more than four decades.
A new algorithm for computing the logarithmic function
Authors: Simons Stuart , Tworkowski Andrew
Published: August 2016

The values of many functions, for example sinx or cosx, can be computed efficiently for arbitrary values of x from their known power series expansions. However, for the logarithmic function this is not so straightforward. There does not exist an expansion of ln x as a power series in x, the closest to it mathematically being an infinite power series in of the form

where (see [1]).
n-dimensional enrichment for Further Mathematicians
Authors: Griffiths Martin
Published: August 2016

There are infinitely many regular polygons, but we find, on extending the idea of polygons to three dimensions, that there are only five regular polyhedra, the Platonic solids. What happens then if we try to extend this idea beyond three dimensions? It turns out that, of the five Platonic solids, just the regular tetrahedron, cube and regular octahedron have analogues in all higher dimensions, the so-called regular polytopes. Brief descriptions of these mathematical objects are to be found in [1], for example.
The sprinkler problem – a mathematician waters the lawn
Authors: Jones Michael A. , Stonick Janet L.
Published: August 2016

You never know from where your next mathematical problem will come. I was surprised to find it, literally, in my own back yard. Recently, I was trying to determine the optimal way to water the lawn. I say ‘optimal’ because there are a couple of constraints that I try to minimise. First, I try to minimise the area of the wasted water. Water is wasted if it lands on the concrete that borders the lawn or if it lands on a region of the grass that has already been watered. Second, I try to minimise the number of times that I have to move the sprinkler. More often than not, I forget to move it anyway. So, it might as well be as a minimum.
Hexagons with opposite sides parallel
Authors: Bradley Christopher J.
Published: August 2016

This paper presents a number of theorems about hexagons whose three pairs of opposite sides are parallel. The first of these is a well-known result that the vertices of such a hexagon lie on a conic. Theorems 3 and 4 show how such conies are related to the Cevians of a triangle, and which Cevians lead to such conies being circles. When they are circles they are called Tucker circles. None of the results is at all obvious, yet it seems that some of the results presented here were known in the late nineteenth century or the early twentieth century. They seem to be of more than passing interest which should not get lost by the passage of time.
Interlinked loops
Authors: Shephard G. C.
Published: August 2016

Many problems in topology are easy to state, but some are extremely difficult to solve. And even if they are easy, they may have surprising solutions. For example, take a tyre inner tube, that is, a toroidal surface with a hole (for the valve!). Can one turn it inside out? The answer is ‘yes’ but if one actually carries out this procedure the result is entirely unexpected.
Focusing surfaces
Authors: Azad Hassan , Laradji Abdallah , Qadir Asghar
Published: August 2016

In standard textbooks (e.g. [1, p. 877]) as well as in Encylopaedia Britannica [2, Vol. 13, p. 611], one finds variants of the following statement:

In spherical mirrors, rays parallel and very close to the principal axis are all reflected through a single point.

This statement is actually false, and can only be understood in the following sense: It is true only up to a linear approximation, and in fact, as soon as a mirror focuses parallel rays, it must be a parabolic mirror.
Interleaving integer sequences
Authors: Crilly Tony
Published: August 2016

Interesting algebraic and geometric results can be obtained by interleaving integer sequences term by term. To introduce this we consider how a well-known sequence can be considered as being composed of subsequences.

The standard Fibonacci sequence (Fk):

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ... (1)

is defined by the recurrence relation Fk = Fk - 1 + Fk - 2 for k ≥ 3 and F1 = F2 = 1.
Galton, Cayley, and the land across the river
Authors: Crilly Tony
Published: August 2016

The practical measurement of distance on land and sea has been of enduring interest for millennia. Here we outline a brief interaction between Francis Galton (1822-1911) and Arthur Cayley (1821-95) in which they too put the ‘geo’ back into geometry.

Galton wanted to measure everything. In the adventurous life of this many-sided Victorian scientist, quantification was the hallmark of his work. In measuring geographical distances Galton used an idea suggested by Sir George Everest (1790-1866), the Surveyor-General of India in the 1830s. In the pages of the journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Everest showed how to calculate the distance from one point to an inaccessible point. One application would be to measure the distance from a point on one side of a river to a point on the other side.
Average lengths for the two-player Name Game
Authors: Neal David K.
Published: August 2016

In the Name Game, letters of the alphabet are drawn at random, and a player marks off all occurrences of the letter in his name as it is called. The winner is the player whose name is deleted first; but a tie can occur when players' names have letters in common. For the two-player game, the probability of a player winning depends not only on the length of his own name but on how many letters occur only in the other player's name. (See [1] for probabilities involving more players.) For example, if Stephanie plays against Georges, then there are 11 letters in the union, 2 in the intersection, 3 that are in Georges but not Stephanie, and 6 that are in Stephanie but not Georges. In this case, the probability of a tie is 2/11, the probability of Stephanie winning is 3/11, and the probability of Georges winning is 6/11. These probabilities are easily derived by considering the 11! permutations of the letters in the union.
Reflections on an exponential mirror
Authors: Levrie Paul , Missinne Hilde
Published: August 2016

It has been known for some time that when the sun is reflected in a circular cylinder, the illuminated part of the cylinder's base is bounded by part of a nephroid (the curve obtained by rolling a circle around another circle with twice the radius).
On the Diophantine equation
Authors: Clifton-Everest Clotilde Luz
Published: August 2016

In this article we discuss two main theorems relating to two different decompositions of the fraction r/n as a sum of three fractions of numerator one. Each decomposition is associated with three positive integers a, b, m such that m is a divisor of an + b. Through this discussion we devise a procedure to find values of a, b and m for a given n.
‘Catch-up’ numbers
Authors: Griffiths Martin
Published: August 2016

It never ceases to amaze me how often an apparently innocent-looking problem can lead on to something altogether more deep and interesting. As an example of this, I had recently set one of my Lower Sixth classes, as part of a statistics revision lesson, the task of devising some original questions on probability when the following problem emerged:

‘A person tosses a fair coin six times. Given that 4 heads and 2 tails result, what is the probability that the proportion of tails obtained at each point before the last toss is less than one third?’
Twenty-one points on the nine-point circle
Authors: Kimberling Clark
Published: August 2016

The nine points for which the nine-point circle is named are the vertices of three triangles: the medial, orthic, and Euler triangles of a reference triangle ABC. All nine of the vertices lie on the circle, which Dan Pedoe [1] proclaims ‘the first really exciting one to appear in any course on elementary geometry’. An online summary of properties of the circle, which is also called the Euler circle, is given at MathWorld [2].
A serendipitous path to a famous inequality
Authors: Young Robert M.
Published: August 2016

The mysterious path of discovery – the tireless experimentation in search of patterns, the veiled connections that suddenly unfold, serendipity – all these elements combine to make mathematics so magical. The purpose of this note is to show how a routine algebraic identity, the binomial expansion of (x - 1)2, can be used to give a new proof of the fundamental inequality between the arithmetic and geometric means. The proof will provide further evidence that a great deal of useful mathematics can be derived from the obvious assertion that the square of a real number is never negative.
Hypercubes and the normal distribution
Authors: Griffiths Martin
Published: August 2016

As demonstrated in [1], it is possible to generalise the familiar 3-dimensional cube tondimensions for eachn> 0. We present here a fascinating link between a geometrical aspect of these 'n-dimensional hypercubes' and the normal distribution.

In what follows we shall identifywithn-dimensional space, and usen-D to denote ‘;n-dimensional’. For the sake of mathematical convenience we initially considern-D hypercubes of edge length 1 unit whose 2nvertices are situated inat all possiblen-tuples (c1,c2, ... ,cn), whereckis equal either to 0 or 1,. We denote these mathematical objects byCn,n= 0,1,2,3, .... Our results, however, can easily be generalised to hypercubes of any edge length, and situated anywhere in.
Summing Euler’s Φ -function
Authors: Routledge Norman
Published: August 2016

Euler’s Φ(n) is the number of positive integers n with no factor in common with n. We wish to calculate

This problem arises in connection with the Farey series Fn, i.e. all the fractions from 0/1 to 1/1 (inclusive) with denominator n in their lowest terms, in order of size, so that for example
The method of sweeping tangents
Authors: Apostol Tom M. , Mnatsakanian Mamikon A.
Published: August 2016

What is the area of the shaded region between the tyre tracks of a moving bicycle such as that depicted in Figure 1 ? If the tracks are specified, and equations for them are known, the area can be calculated using integral calculus. Surprisingly, the area can be obtained more easily without calculus, regardless of the bike’s path, using a dynamic visual approach called the method of sweeping tangents that does not require equations for the curves.
More power to Pascal
Authors: Lewis Barry
Published: August 2016

Pascal’s triangle is the most famous of all number arrays - full of patterns and surprises. One surprise is the fact that lurking amongst these binomial coefficients are the triangular and pyramidal numbers of ancient Greece, the combinatorial numbers which arose in the Hindu studies of arrangements and selections, together with the Fibonacci numbers from medieval Italy. New identities continue to be discovered, so much so that their publication frequently excites no one but the discoverer.
Quadrilaterals of triangle centres
Authors: Mammana Maria Flavia , Micale Biagio
Published: August 2016

Let Q be a convex quadrilateral ABCD. We denote by TA, TB, Tc, TD, the four triangles BCD, CDA, DAB, ABC, respectively

The barycentres (or centroids), orthocentres, incentres and circumcentres of such triangles determine other quadrilaterals in their turn that we call the quadrilateral of the barycentres, of the orthocentres, of the incentres and of the circumcentres, respectively. We denote these quadrilaterals by Qb, Q0, Qi, Qc, respectively.
Conjugation 2: Conjugate lines in a triangle
Authors: Bradley C. J.
Published: August 2016

In a previous note the present author has given an account of the conjugations known as isogonal conjugation and isotomic conjugation with respect to a given triangle and has shown how to generalise the idea of conjugation involving a pair of points so that P(l, m, n) is q-conjugate, by means of a construction involving a transversal q, to the point (p2/l, q2/m, r2/n) and he has also demonstrated how to perform the geometrical constructions involved. When there is a self-conjugate point at the incentre I one has isogonal conjugation, and when there is a self-conjugate point at the centroid G one has isotomic conjugation.
Bernhard Riemann’s legacy of 1859
Authors: Hoare Graham
Published: August 2016

The German version of Riemann’s Collected Works is confined to a single volume of 690 pages. Even so, this volume has had an abiding and profound impact on modern mathematics and physics, as we shall see. In fifteen years of activity, from 1851, when he gained his doctorate at the University of Göttingen, to his death in 1866, two months short of his fortieth birthday, Riemann contributed to almost all areas of mathematics. He perceived mathematics from the analytic point of view and used analysis to illuminate subjects as diverse as number theory and geometry. Although regarded principally as a mathematician Riemann had an abiding interest in physics and researched significantly in the methods of mathematical physics, particularly in the area of partial differential equations.
The burden of proof for a cultural group selection account
Authors: Barclay Pat , Krupp Daniel Brian
Published: August 2016

Richerson et al. establish cultural group selection as a plausible force in human social evolution. However, they do not demonstrate its causal precedence for any trait, let alone its “essentialness.” To do so, they must show that a particular group trait was caused by cultural transmission, and directly caused differences in group fitness.
How evolved psychological mechanisms empower cultural group selection
Authors: Henrich Joseph , Boyd Robert
Published: August 2016

Driven by intergroup competition, social norms, beliefs, and practices can evolve in ways that more effectively tap into a wide variety of evolved psychological mechanisms to foster group-beneficial behavior. The more powerful such evolved mechanisms are, the more effectively culture can potentially harness and manipulate them to generate greater phenotypic variation across groups, thereby fueling cultural group selection.
The empirical evidence that does not support cultural group selection models for the evolution of human cooperation
Authors: Lamba Shakti
Published: August 2016

I outline key empirical evidence from my research and that of other scholars, testing the role of cultural group selection (CGS) in the evolution of human cooperation, which Richerson et al. failed to mention and which fails to support the CGS hypothesis.
When is the spread of a cultural trait due to cultural group selection? The case of religious syncretism
Authors: Santana Carlos , Patel Raj , Chang Shereen , Weisberg Michael
Published: August 2016

The reproduction of cultural systems in cases where cultural group selection may occur is typically incomplete, with only certain cultural traits being adopted by less successful cultural groups. Why a particular trait and not another is transmitted might not be explained by cultural group selection. We explore this issue through the case of religious syncretism.
Cultural group selection is plausible, but thepredictionsof its hypotheses should be tested with real-world data
Authors: Turchin Peter , Currie Thomas E.
Published: August 2016

The evidence compiled in the target article demonstrates that the assumptions of cultural group selection (CGS) theory are often met, and it is therefore a useful framework for generating plausible hypotheses. However, more can be said about how we can test the predictions of CGS hypotheses against competing explanations using historical, archaeological, and anthropological data.
Ultrasociality and the sexual divisions of labor
Authors: Lyon Pamela , Caporael Linnda R.
Published: August 2016

The ultrasociality thesis proposes that the same “mechanistic evolutionary forces” may be at work in the evolution of insect eusociality and human ultrasociality in relation to agriculture. Wide variation in the reproductive division of labor among differing highly social phyla points to a resemblance of outcomes arising from very different selective environments and possibly different forces.
The convergent and divergent evolution of social-behavioral economics
Authors: Crespi Bernard J.
Published: August 2016

Human hunter-gatherers share a suite of traits with social insects, which demonstrates convergent social evolution of these taxa prior to agriculture. Humans differ from social insects in that their divisions of labor are more competitive than cooperative. Resulting higher within-group competition in humans has been alleviated by religion and culturally imposed monogamy, both of which also find parallels among social insects.
On the effectiveness of multilevel selection
Authors: Goodnight Charles J.
Published: August 2016

Experimental studies of group selection show that higher levels of selection act on indirect genetic effects, making the response to group and community selection qualitatively different from that of individual selection. This suggests that multilevel selection plays a key role in the evolution of supersocial societies. Experiments showing the effectiveness of community selection indicate that we should consider the possibility that selection among communities may be important in the evolution of supersocial species.
Agriculture increases individual fitness
Authors: Kovaka Karen , Santana Carlos , Patel Raj , Akçay Erol , Weisberg Michael
Published: August 2016

We question the need to explain the onset of agriculture by appealing to the second type of multilevel selection (MLS2). Unlike eusocial insect colonies, human societies do not exhibit key features of evolutionary individuals. If we avoid the mistake of equating Darwinian fitness with health and quality of life, the adoption of agriculture is almost certainly explicable in terms of individual-level selection and individual rationality.
Becoming an expert: Ontogeny of expertise as an example of neural reuse
Authors: Guida Alessandro , Campitelli Guillermo , Gobet Fernand
Published: August 2016

In this commentary, we discuss an important pattern of results in the literature on the neural basis of expertise: (a) decrease of cerebral activation at the beginning of acquisition of expertise and (b) functional cerebral reorganization as a consequence of years of practice. We show how these two results can be integrated with the neural reuse framework.
Multisensory integration substantiates distributed and overlapping neural networks
Authors: Pasqualotto Achille
Published: August 2016

The hypothesis that highly overlapping networks underlie brain functions (neural reuse) is decisively supported by three decades of multisensory research. Multisensory areas process information from more than one sensory modality and therefore represent the best examples of neural reuse. Recent evidence of multisensory processing in primary visual cortices further indicates that neural reuse is a basic feature of the brain.
Salt tolerance traits in Deschampsia antarctica Desv.
Authors: Tapia-Valdebenito Daisy , Bravo Ramirez León A. , Arce–Johnson Patricio , Gutiérrez-Moraga Ana
Published: August 2016

Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) grows in coastal habitats in the Maritime Antarctic where it is often exposed to sea spray. Salt crystals have been observed on the surface of leaves in plants treated with high NaCl. We investigated if D. antarctica is a salt tolerant species that allows sodium ions to diffuse into the root where a salt overly sensitive (SOS) system extrudes Na+ from root cells and facilitates its movement through the xylem up to the leaves. Leaf epidermis, physiological parameters and sodium transporters in D. antarctica plants exposed to NaCl were studied over 21 days. Epidermal scanning electron microscopy showed trichome induction in the leaves of salt treated plants. In addition, salt treated plants showed increased sodium and proline levels with a concomitant increased expression of SOS genes (1 and 3). These results indicate that Na+ is taken up by the roots of D. antarctica and transported to the leaves. The sodium flux may be controlled by SOS1 activity. Up-regulation of the SOS1 gene may be involved in the increased sodium levels observed in the leaves of salt treated plants. Trichomes may also be involved in sodium exudation through the leaves under saline conditions.
The Liberties of the Church and the City of London in Magna Carta
Authors: Thompson A Keith
Published: August 2016

This article identifies the liberties of the Church and the City of London which were intended to be protected by Magna Carta from 1215. The liberties intended were a recognition of a form of autonomy for the Church and the City and have no connection with the individual freedoms that are identified for protection by modern human rights instruments. The clauses in Magna Carta conferring that autonomy are among the very few that have not been repealed, but they have not been asserted for hundreds of years. While the idea of church autonomy has resonance with the ideas of subsidiarity and sphere-sovereignty developed in Catholic and Calvinist social teaching from the late nineteenth century, recent American jurisprudence suggests that religious autonomy may be the best way to defend religious liberty in the future. This article suggests that, just as English kings were persuaded to provide towns, colonial endeavours and eventually corporate free enterprise with limited autonomy for a fee, so charters conferring limited autonomy on religious communities may provide a philosophical and practical basis from which to defend religious liberty in the future, even if the assertion of individual religious liberty becomes politically incorrect.
God v Caesar: Sir Edward Coke and the Struggles of His Time
Authors: Little David
Published: August 2016

In the 1580s at Temple Church, a youthful Edward Coke, recently admitted to the bar, most likely witnessed the ‘Battle of the Pulpit’ waged between the Anglican Richard Hooker, who preached on Sunday morning, and the Puritan Walter Travers, who answered him on Sunday afternoon. That contest symbolised a broader conflict between the Anglicans and the Puritans in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England over economic and political affairs that Coke would, in his own way, try to reconcile in both the theory and practice of English law. Embracing Hooker's emphasis on the past and the seamless continuity of the English legal tradition, Coke would endeavour to make it look as though the strong contemporary impulses in favour of economic freedom and parliamentary government, close to the hearts of many Puritans such as Travers, were but a normal expression of the ‘ancient constitution’ associated with the reign of Edward the Confessor in the first half of the eleventh century. Though Coke temporarily succeeded in conciliating some of the Puritans, the compromise would not satisfy everyone.
Transformation of State-owned Enterprises in China: A Strategic Action Model
Authors: Jing Runtian , McDermott E. Patrick
Published: August 2016

Transformation is a vital challenge for Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and their top managers. To explore this increasingly important topic, we first summarize the institutional context of SOE transformation and the conflicting interests and interdependent relationships of six major actors as inside/outside stakeholders. Based on the strategic action view of institutional analysis, we emphasize the role of the change agent's level of aspiration and political skills in transforming an SOE. Then, through inductive case studies on the transformation of three SOEs, we address how top managers, acting as change agents, can initiate and engage in institutional change through strategic actions such as negotiation, manipulation, and coercion; we also illustrate how they adopt different actions to influence different actors. Based on the inductive results, we develop a theoretical model, which we refer to as the ‘strategic action model’ that shows how the aspiration level, political skills, strategic actions, and change outcomes interrelate and offer insights into the strategic action of top managers as change agents. Our most important contribution is revealing the interplay between the proactive role of inside actors as change agents and the enabling condition of institutional context.
The Impact of Behavioural Assumptions on Management Ability: A Test Based on the Earnings of MBA Graduates
Authors: Arruñada Benito , Vázquez Xosé H.
Published: August 2016

In this article, we explore different behavioural assumptions in the training of managers. We show that training emphasizing rationality and self-interest, the standard assumptions used in economics, benefits those working in technical posts but may lead future managers to rely excessively on rational and explicit safeguarding, crowding out instinctive relational heuristics and signalling a deficient human type to potential partners. In contrast, the diverse, implicit, and even contradictory nature of behavioural assumptions in management theories avoids conflict with innate cooperative tools and may provide a good training ground for using such tools. Tentative confirmatory evidence shows that the weight placed on behavioural assumptions in the core courses of the top 100 business schools influences the average salaries of their MBA graduates. Controlling for the self-selected average quality of students and some other school characteristics, average salaries are seen to be significantly greater for MBA programs that include a larger proportion of management courses in their core curriculum.
Authentic Leadership, Traditionality, and Interactional Justice in the Chinese Context
Authors:   李方君,   余国辉,   杨霁霞,   戚振江,   符可莹
Published: August 2016

We examine the effects of authentic leadership on subordinates in the Chinese context. Drawing on attribution processes of self-disclosure, we propose that authentic leaders engaging in self-disclosure practices cultivate subordinates’ positive feelings that their leaders like and trust them. We further explain how and why authentic leadership particularly influences highly traditional Chinese subordinates. We propose that Chinese traditionality strengthens the positive effects of authentic leadership on subordinates’ perceptions that their leader practices interactional justice, which in turn positively relates to their in-role performance, creativity, and organizational citizenship behaviour. In Study 1, we surveyed 199 employees in 47 work units from nine high-technology organizations in China. The results support the hypothesized relationships. In Study 2, we surveyed 170 employees in 46 work units from various organizations in China. The results show that authentic leadership effects remain unchanged after controlling for the effects of transformational leadership. We discuss the implications for leadership effectiveness in the Chinese context.
Country Context in Management Research: Learning from John Child
Authors: Cheng Joseph L. C.
Published: August 2016

In honouring John Child receiving the 2012 IACMR Lifetime Contribution Award, we present this Editors’ Forum to showcase his research into the influence of country context on organizations. The forum starts with an invited paper by Child and Marinova that analyzes the challenges faced by Chinese firms in their outward foreign investment. This is followed by four commentaries from Klaus Meyer, Peter Murmann, Kwok Leung, and Gordon Redding. The forum concludes with some reflections by Child and Marinova on the commentaries. Collectively, these six papers provide rich and inspiring insights into John Child’s approach to research and how we can learn from it. Five general observations are offered as suggestions for improving current research practice, including: (1) deepening contextual understanding; (2) theorizing across disciplines; (3) respecting the phenomenon; (4) recognizing cultural contingencies; and (5) rebalancing research criteria.
The Unexamined Differences in Dreams: Chinese Firms’ Globalization and Interface Challenges
Authors: Redding Gordon
Published: August 2016

Most of the issues that undermine firms’ globalization efforts are attributable to a combination of cultural differences and weak managerial skill and experience. Because of its exclusive focus on influences from the political stability and institutional maturity aspects of country contexts, Child and Marinova’s (2014) framework for identifying the challenges faced by Chinese firms going abroad is incomplete. It needs to also include the cultural mindsets of executives as an explanatory factor in analyzing how the ‘qualitative interface’ in contextual combinations affects the operation of firms investing into foreign countries.
RECOGNITION AND THE CHARACTER OF SENECA'S MEDEA
Authors: Bexley Erica
Published: August 2016

This article examines the character and identity of Seneca's Medea. Focusing on the recognition scene at the end of the play, I investigate how Medea constructs herself both as a literary figure and as an implied human personality. The concluding scene of Seneca'sMedearaises crucial questions about self-coherence and recognisability: in contrast to other moments ofanagnōrisisin Greco-Roman drama, it confirms the pre-existing facets of Medea's identity, rather than revealing new ones. This concept of recognition as self-confirmation is also integral to Seneca's Stoic view of human selfhood, and Medea's use of Stoic principles in this play reinforces her dual status as textual entity and quasi-person.
For You Were Strangers in the Land of Egypt: Clergy, Religiosity, and Public Opinion toward Immigration Reform in the United States
Authors: Wallsten Kevin , Nteta Tatishe M.
Published: August 2016

Recently, a number of influential clergy leaders have declared their support for liberal immigration reforms. Do the pronouncements of religious leaders influence public opinion on immigration? Using data from a survey experiment embedded in the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we find that exposure to the arguments from high profile religious leaders can compel some individuals to reconsider their views on the immigration. To be more precise, we find that Methodists, Southern Baptists, and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America leaders successfully persuaded respondents who identify with these religious denominations to think differently about a path to citizenship and about the plight of undocumented immigrants. Interestingly, we also uncovered that religiosity matters in different ways for how parishioners from different religious faiths react to messages from their leaders. These findings force us to reconsider the impact that an increasingly strident clergy may be having on public opinion in general and on support for immigration reform in particular.
Religion, Politics, and Americans’ Confidence in Science
Authors: Sherkat Darren E.
Published: August 2016

Americans’ perceptions of science are structured by overlapping cultural fields of politics and religion, and those cultural fields vary over time in how they influence opinion about science. This paper provides a historical narrative for understanding how religious and political factors influence public perceptions of science over the last four decades. Using data from the 1974–2012 General Social Survey, the impact of religious and political factors are examined and compared across decades using heterogeneous ordinal logistic regression models and ordinal structural equation models. Estimates show that the impact of sectarian Protestant identification and fundamentalist beliefs in the Bible are increasingly linked to lower levels of confidence in science, and that these religious factors also influence the impact of political conservatism and Republican Party identification. Political conservatism has become more oppositional towards science, and Republicans have become less enthusiastic compared to periods when science was primarily linked to militaristic endeavors.
Self-organized centripetal movement of corneal epithelium in the absence of external cues
Authors: Lobo Erwin P. , Delic Naomi C. , Richardson Alex , Raviraj Vanisri , Halliday Gary M. , Di Girolamo Nick , Myerscough Mary R. , Lyons J. Guy
Published: August 2016

Maintaining the structure of the cornea is essential for high-quality vision. In adult mammals, corneal epithelial cells emanate from stem cells in the limbus, driven by an unknown mechanism towards the centre of the cornea as cohesive clonal groups. Here we use complementary mathematical and biological models to show that corneal epithelial cells can self-organize into a cohesive, centripetal growth pattern in the absence of external physiological cues. Three conditions are required: a circumferential location of stem cells, a limited number of cell divisions and mobility in response to population pressure. We have used these complementary models to provide explanations for the increased rate of centripetal migration caused by wounding and the potential for stem cell leakage to account for stable transplants derived from central corneal tissue, despite the predominantly limbal location of stem cells.
Targeted alternative splicing of TAF4: a new strategy for cell reprogramming
Authors: Kazantseva Jekaterina , Sadam Helle , Neuman Toomas , Palm Kaia
Published: August 2016

Reprogramming of somatic cells has become a versatile tool for biomedical research and for regenerative medicine. In the current study, we show that manipulating alternative splicing (AS) is a highly potent strategy to produce cells for therapeutic applications. We demonstrate that silencing of hTAF4-TAFH activity of TAF4 converts human facial dermal fibroblasts to melanocyte-like (iMel) cells. iMel cells produce melanin and express microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its target genes at levels comparable to normal melanocytes. Reprogramming of melanoma cells by manipulation with hTAF4-TAFH activity upon TAFH RNAi enforces cell differentiation towards chondrogenic pathway, whereas ectoptic expression of TAF4 results in enhanced multipotency and neural crest-like features in melanoma cells. In both cell states, iMels and cancer cells, hTAF4-TAFH activity controls migration by supporting E- to N-cadherin switches. From our data, we conclude that targeted splicing of hTAF4-TAFH coordinates AS of other TFIID subunits, underscoring the role of TAF4 in synchronised changes of Pol II complex composition essential for efficient cellular reprogramming. Taken together, targeted AS of TAF4 provides a unique strategy for generation of iMels and recapitulating stages of melanoma progression.