bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-Year Reincarceration Outcomes for In-Prison Therapeutic Community Treatment in Texas
Authors: KNIGHT KEVIN , SIMPSON D. DWAYNE , HILLER MATTHEW L.
Published: June 2009

Longer term in-prison therapeutic community (ITC) outcome studies are needed, along with more attention on who benefits most from these programs. This study examined reincarceration records for 394 nonviolent offenders during the 3 years following prison. Those who completed both ITC and aftercare were the least likely to be reincarcerated (25%), compared to 64% of the aftercare dropouts and 42% of the untreated comparison groups. Furthermore, high-severity aftercare completers were reincarcerated only half as often as those in the aftercare dropout and comparison groups (26% vs. 66% and 52%). The findings support the effectiveness of intensive treatment when it is integrated with aftercare, and the benefits are most apparent for offenders with more serious crime and drug-related problems.
Risk Factors That Predict Dropout from Corrections-Based Treatment for Drug Abuse
Authors: HILLER MATTHEW L. , KNIGHT KEVIN , SIMPSON D. DWAYNE
Published: June 2009

Early dropout or failure to engage in drug abuse treatment is a common problem in correctional settings. This study presents findings from 339 felony probationers mandated to a 6-month modified therapeutic community in lieu of imprisonment. Early dropout was related to cocaine dependence, having a history of psychiatric treatment, being unemployed before adjudication to treatment, and to higher levels of depression, anxiety, and hostility. Dropout rates also were higher for probationers with deviant peer networks and lower ratings of self-efficacy. However, multivariate analyses showed that scoring high on a criminality risk index was the strongest predictor of leaving treatment early and appears to represent a good composite risk measure. These findings can help identify who needs residential treatment, and who is at greatest risk for not completing it.
Cognitive Enhancements of Readiness for Corrections-Based Treatment for Drug Abuse
Authors: BLANKENSHIP JASON , DANSEREAU DONALD F. , SIMPSON D. DWAYNE
Published: June 2009

Motivational readiness for engaging in drug treatment is a common problem for probationers mandated to criminal justice programs, particularly for those with limited educational experience. This study presents initial findings on the impact of a new four-session treatment readiness program that includes an array of cognitive engagement strategies. Probationers in a 4-month mandated residential program were randomly assigned to receive a standard (n = 244) or enhanced treatment readiness program (n = 249). The enhanced program was given favorable overall ratings, and the low education group in this condition rated their midterm improvements in motivation and confidence as being higher than did the group receiving the standard program.
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Intravenous Fat Emulsion in Dogs
Authors: Grimes James B. , Abel Ronald M.
Published: June 2009

An intravenous infusion of Intralipid‐10% was observed to exert a negative inotropic effect on left ventricular performance in a canine isovolumetric left heart preparation. There was no effect on diastolic compliance, however. Intravenous fat emulsion also produced significant decreases in systemic vascular resistance. The mechanism of these actions has not been elucidated, but it is postulated that free fatty acid (FFA) components or their metabolites directly affect the contractile properties of both myocardium and smooth muscle. These results suggest that until suitable clinical studies can be obtained, caution should be exercised in administering intravenous fat emulsions, particularly at maximum rates of infusion or in conjunction with sodium heparin in patients with known cardiac dysfunction.
Permanent Total Parenteral Nutrition: Psychological and Social Responses of the Early Stages
Authors: Price Beth S. , Levine Eleanor L.
Published: June 2009

Permanent Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a life‐saving but complicated procedure which has profound effects upon the lives of patients and their families, but there is a dearth of information on the psychosocial consequences of this unique form of therapy. The authors worked with 19 consecutive TPN patients in hospital and after discharge and observed their reactions. It was found that the earliest stages were the most difficult, with anxiety, depression, fear, and negative body image predictable and universal experiences. Major adjustment problems centered around the loss of the basic function, eating. This artificial form of feeding forced multiple alterations in the patients' life styles. Their ability to cope with this intrusive procedure was related to the level of restitution of physical health, ego strength, and the family and hospital support systems. If, in addition to being a life‐sustaining procedure, TPN is to restore the psychological stability of patients, all team members must be aware of the psychosocial factors involved.
Subjective Distresses of Nasogastric Tube Feeding
Authors: Padilla Geraldine V. , Grant Marcia , Wong Hilda , Hansen Barbara W. , Hanson Robert L. , Bergstrom Nancy , Kubo Winifred R.
Published: June 2009

Health care professionals assume that tube feeding is an unpleasant, distressing experience for patients, which is only partially substantiated by experience. Thirty patients were interviewed via a tube feeding and hospital experience checklist (a 47–item interview schedule). Common experiences were operationally defined as those felt by at least 50%; subjectively distressful experiences were those identified by patients as causing distress. The most common and most distressful experiences of nasogastric tube feeding were: sensory irritations and sensory deprivation. The psychosensory irritation experiences were: thirst, sore nose or throat, dry mouth, runny nose, a tube in the nose, taking food through a tube, breathing through the mouth, breathing with a tube in the nose, taking food in a treatment type container, and taking food with a different texture and smell than usual. The psychosensory deprivation experiences were: an unsatisfied appetite for certain foods, deprivation of tasting, chewing, swallowing food, and drinking liquids, limited mobility, and deprivation of regular food. Except for burping, gastrointestinal symptoms were not common though they were usually distressful. This information has been used to develop teaching programs which are being tested for effectiveness in reducing distress associated with nasogastric tube feeding.
Total Parenteral Nutrition Solution Preparation Utilizing Amino Acid Sources with and without Pre‐added Electrolytes: A Time and Cost Comparison
Authors: Vanderveen Timothy W. , Robinson Lawrence A.
Published: June 2009

A comparison study of the time and cost of preparation of total parenteral nutrition solutions using a crystalline amino acid source with pre‐added electrolytes and an amino acid source without electrolytes is presented. Four pharmacists and 4 technicians each prepared 4 solutions, utilizing each of the two amino acid sources. Both time of preparation and time of checking were measured. Utilizing list prices as acquisition costs for ingredients and the average salary for pharmacists and technicians at Medical University Hospital to determine the labor cost, the average cost of preparing each solution was determined. The results of this study demonstrated that a potential savings of 10.3% and 9.9% was possible for pharmacist‐prepared and technician‐prepared solutions, respectively, when amino acid solutions containing pre‐added electrolytes are utilized. The authors concluded that the use of crystalline amino acid solutions with pre‐added electrolytes could offer substantial savings of labor and money for the hospital pharmacy. These solutions could also represent a significant cost savings to home‐prepared parenteral nutrition formulas.
The Allegedly Simple Structure of Experts’ Risk Perception: An Urban Legend in Risk Research
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: June 2009

Experts have been claimed to perceive risks in a different way than the general public. It is likely that experts often see risks in their own field of expertise as smaller than the public does, but that does not imply that their risk perception is also driven by other factors. Topical experts and general risk assessors are two quite different types of experts. Still, common assertions as to the simple structure of expert risk perception, said to be related only to technical or statistical risk estimates, builds on a meager database consisting of 15 general risk assessors. Results from a study reported here show that the factors explaining experts’ risk perception are similar to those of a comparable group of nontopical experts with a similar level of technological literacy and to the general public, and that the level of explained variance is quite comparable for experts and the general public.
Turning Good into Gold: A Comparative Study of Two Environmental Invention Networks
Authors: Gorman Michael E. , Mehalik Matthew M.
Published: June 2009

This article proposes three states in an actor-network and a global/local distinction among actants. This theoretical framework is applied to two invention networks: one created by an inventor of solar heating systems and another created by a designer who wanted to create an environmentally sustainable furniture fabric. Both solar inventor and fabric designer wanted to develop technologies that would improve the environment and also make money. The article concludes by considering whether invention networks that intend to turn “good into gold” have to evolve a shared representation or whether it is sufficient for a new design to serve as a boundary object for actants.
Technological Cultures and Liberal Democracy in the United States
Authors: Merelman Richard M.
Published: June 2009

This article argues that “technologies of culture” influence citizens’ conceptions of the American state. The technology of modernism (which lasted into the 1960s) educated citizens to manipulate machines and control nature. This influenced citizens’ views of government’s tasks and capacities. Postmodern technology focuses attention on the self and alters people’s conceptions of the tasks and capacities of government. The article discusses the political implications of postmodern citizenship and suggests possible remedies for postmodernism’s effects on democratic citizenship in the United States.
Dynamics of Change in Research Work: Constructing a New Research Area in a Research Group
Authors: Saari Eveliina , Miettinen Reijo
Published: June 2009

The authors study how an aerosol technology research group constructed a research agenda for itself and how its activity was changed in the process. The group's research agenda was heterogeneous, comprising several research areas in which the knowledge of aerosols was applied in different industrial contexts. The authors analyze the development of one of these areas, the research on the production of ultrafine particles from 1992 to 1997, employing the concept of mediated activity that has been developed in the cultural-historical theory of activity. In the analysis, the activity is seen as the coevolution of the subject, the means, and the research object and the networks of collaboration with other activities. The applications developed in the collaborative networks significantly influence the identity and learning of the researchers, the construction of tools and instruments, and the selection of the phenomena to be studied.
“In Order to Aid in Diffusing Useful and Practical Information”: Agricultural Extension and Boundary Organizations
Authors: Cash David W.
Published: June 2009

Agricultural decision making is characterized by two challenges common to multiple arenas: linking science to decision making and linking science and decision making across multiple levels. The U.S. agricultural research, education, and extension system was designed to address these challenges. By investigating this system, this study deepens the understanding of science and decision making, specifically exploring the notion of boundary organizations in two significant ways. First, it provides a preliminary test of the hypothesis that boundary organizations mediate between the shifting domains of science and policy, finding that they are instrumental in creating and maintaining an integrated system of assessment and decision making for addressing depletion of the High Plains Aquifer. Second, it extends the concept of boundary organization beyond the science-policy dimension to incorporate the dimension of levels of organization—not only bridging science and policy but linking science and policy across different levels (e.g., the local, state, and national levels).
Kuhn in the Classroom, Lakatos in the Lab: Science Educators Confront the Nature-of-Science Debate
Authors: Turner Steven , Sullenger Karen
Published: June 2009

Programs for the reform of K-12 science teaching today usually insist that science teachers must introduce their students to the nature of science, as well as to scientific content. The academic field of science studies, however, evinces no consensus about what the nature of science really is. This article examines how science educators and educational researchers have drawn on the fragmented teachings of science studies about the nature of science, and how they have used those teachings as a resource in their own projects. It identifies three competing movements for the reform of science teaching that owe a particular debt to science studies: history and philosophy of science (HPS), science, technology, and society (STS), and constructivist pedagogy. The article analyzes some of the deep assumptions about the relationships between research science, school science, and children’s learning that pervade the educational literature.
Some thoughts for a new critical language of education
Authors: Roth Klas
Published: June 2009

The notion of `truth' is one of the most important concepts within critical thinking and critical pedagogy as well as in other traditions or theories, and truth is seen by many as the outcome of inquiry. In this article I will argue for an alternative notion of truth to those that will be discussed in it and that such a view has to be included in a new critical language in education. I discuss a realist notion, a postmodernist social constructivist notion, a relativist notion, a deflationist and a cautionary discursive conception of truth put forward by Habermas, and contend that they are problematic in the light of my interpretation of Donald Davidson's philosophy of language. I also argue that truth cannot be a goal of inquiry, but that understanding and justification are legitimate goals. Finally, I contend that it is reasonable to include notions such as understanding, justification and deliberation in Davidson's terminology in a new critical language of education.
Ideology and choice between work and care: Swedish family policy for working parents
Authors: Björnberg Ulla
Published: June 2009

The article examines the goals and ideologies of Swedish arrangements for parental leave and public child care for working parents. Two important goals are gender equality in work, and gender equality in family life and child welfare. It is argued that gender equality has been advanced to some extent as women have been able to integrate paid work into their lives. The choice of taking parental leave is, however, more conditional for men, and it is taken for granted that women take on the lion's share. It is concluded that the reform is more of a farsighted welfare policy for children than a policy for promoting gender equality.
Explaining US welfare reform: power, gender, race and the US policy legacy
Authors: Orloff Ann Shola
Published: June 2009

US welfare reform eliminates social rights and caregiving as bases for making claims; it expands the role of the market; and it marks a shift in patterns of stratification toward gender `sameness', in that mothers and fathers must be employed. The expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit reinforces these changes, channelling resources to poor parents, but only if they are employed. These changes are explained with reference to changing balances of power and structural conditions, particularly long-term shifts in expectations about mothers' employment, including their racialized dimensions, situating such factors in the context of the policy legacy. Both the market-supporting character of the US policy regime and the articulation of feminist projects regarding women's employment helped create a context in which welfare reform was likely to require employment. The linkage of such requirements and the end of entitlement occurred in the context of Republican electoral victories, with a Democratic President committed to welfare reform. A feminist policy alternative would offer support for combining employment and caregiving, as both activities are critical for social and political participation; citizenship claims must be linked to employment to succeed politically.
Getting `a grip': New Labour and the reform of the law on child adoption
Authors: Garrett Paul Michael
Published: June 2009

Child adoption featured prominently in a range of discourses throughout the 1990s. Conservative administrations failed to introduce changes to the law in England and Wales, yet used adoption to attack `political correctness'. The character of adoption has radically altered since the 1950s and 1960s and any `reforms' introduced in the early 21st century need to take account of such changes. New Labour's initial preoccupation centred on `race' and adoption, but the more recent Prime Minister's Review and the hyperbole surrounding its initiation has had a wider focus. The outcome of the Review and a subsequent White Paper hints at a hankering for a return to an anachronistic conceptualization of adoption and needs to be understood in terms of New Labour's more encompassing orientation to welfare services and the family. In this context, the impact of US influences may also be significant.
The implications of the `New Insurance Contract' for UK pension provision: rights, responsibilities and risks
Authors: Ring Patrick
Published: June 2009

The government, in its 1998 pensions Green Paper, has set out to establish a `New Insurance Contract'. It promises security in retirement for those who cannot afford to provide for themselves and a strengthened private pensions framework for those who can. In return, it expects individuals, wherever possible, to provide for their own retirement. This article argues that the security promised amounts to little more than greater means testing and complexity, and that the government's `strengthening' of private pensions actually results in greater risk being transferred to individual savers. The government recognizes some of the problems this approach creates, but its attempts to remedy them are not very credible. Nevertheless, the government will continue on its path because of its determination to reduce the state's role in pension provision. This article suggests that the `New Insurance Contract' is one that individual savers do not fully understand and may ultimately reject.
The child care workforce: current conditions and future directions
Authors: Cameron Claire , Mooney Ann , Moss Peter
Published: June 2009

At a time of major expansion in `child care' services, the workforce becomes a major issue. Drawing on a number of linked studies of the child care workforce, the article first provides an analysis of the situation of the current workforce, including the highly gendered nature of the work, low pay and high job satisfaction, and how the work is understood. It then considers whether, at a time of increasing demand for workers in both child care and social care work and increasing alternative job opportunities for women, the current situation is sustainable in the longer term. Finally, the article contrasts the reformatory approach of current government policy with a transformatory policy involving another way of understanding and structuring the work, and the emergence of a new `core' early childhood worker to work with children from 0—6 years. This is discussed in the context of the recent integration of responsibility for child care and early education within the education system, and in relation to workforces in other countries that have adopted this integrated approach to policy and provision.
Service responses to South Asian women who attempt suicide or self-harm: challenges for service commissioning and delivery
Authors: Burman Erica , Chantler Khatidja , Batsleer Janet
Published: June 2009

This article draws on an investigation of service responses to women of South Asian background who have attempted suicide or self-harm within northwest England to outline policy challenges for adequate provision to this population. This article highlights, in particular, the challenges for service managers arising from and documented within the study, outlining implications for improving policy, service commissioning and provision. We suggest that these omissions have resulted in the distress of South Asian women going unrecognized in the name of respect for cultural diversity, thereby sanctioning policies and practices that further the oppression of South Asian women. Four main issues emerging from the interviews are discussed: 1) the impact of the contract culture on the form and structure of service provision; 2) limitations of current partnership arrangements with South Asian communities; 3) practical and conceptual problems within models of both consultation and change; and, 4) key practical consequences of the covert ways in which the structure and interpretation of service responses work to treat `race' as more important than gender. In terms of specific implications, it is suggested that the current policy focus on addressing service inequalities via recruitment of South Asian workers warrants critical re-evaluation, while training and management development should take as central the intersections of `race', culture, class and gender as systemic issues to be worked with rather than marginal or optional considerations. It is argued that attending to the specific needs and conditions of South Asian women attempting suicide or self-harm by providing integrated culturally and gender-sensitive services highlights good practice for everyone.
Aptitude, Attitude and Motivation in Second Language Proficiency: A Test Of Clément's Model
Authors: Clément Richard , Kruidenier Bastian G.
Published: June 2009

This article presents a test of Clément's model of second language proficiency using the causal modelling technique. Data pertaining to attitudes, aptitude, motivation and second language proficiency were collected from 1,180 francophone students enrolled in grades 7, 9 and 11 in schools of eastern Québec (Canada). The results of the analysis using the LISREL V computer package support the hypothetical constructs and causal sequence posited by Clément. Furthermore, the generality of the model is supported by the cross-grade replicability of the obtained statistical solution. Finally, additional causal links and correlations obtained through refinement of the model suggest avenues for future study. These results are discussed within the context of current social psychological models of second language proficiency.
Social Competence and the Rules of Address
Authors: Wood Linda A. , Kroger Rolf O. , Leong Ishbel
Published: June 2009

Are people able to recognise violations of the rules of address, thus revealing their knowledge of the rules underlying address exchanges? A sample of 128 male and female undergraduates judged 64 scenarios containing systematic violations of four rules drawn from Ervin-Tripp's (1969) model of the American Address System. Strong positive relationships were found between the degree of rule violation and the ability of the respondents to recognise the violations and to detect their emotional consequences. Perceived violations were also affected by the type of setting (academic vs. business) and the sex of the recipient. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for modifying Ervin-Tripp's model and their relevance to some issues in the study of communicative competence, such as distinctions between individually-and collectively-held knowledge and between knowledge and performance. It is suggested that future research assessing the rules of specific address systems also include the exploration of the higher order strategic rules that underlie such systems.
Goal Types, Compliance-Gaining and Locus of Control
Authors: Canary Daniel J. , Cody Michael J. , Marston Peter J.
Published: June 2009

This study argues that situations can be conceptualised according to actors' prototypes (Cantor & Mischel, 1979a, b) for obtaining goals. In addition, these goals are constructed from salient dimensions of perceptions found in previous literature on compliance-gaining. Fourteen goal types were selected and used in a study concerning perceptions of influence situations and expected use of influence approaches. Perceptions and influence strategies varied from one goal to another, and Locus of Control constructs (i.e. internal locus of control, power-lessness) were also significantly related to participants' reactions. Internals (vs. externals) claimed greater confidence when pursuing goals, reported greater persistence when pursuing goals, rated goals as easier to imagine, and reported greater willingness to enter into events to achieve the various goals. Internals were also more likely than externals to rely on rationality, referent power, and manipulation of positive feelings. Powerless actors, however, opted for weaker strategies (e.g. direct requests, compromise), more rudimentary strategies (coercive power), and more emotional-based strategies (manipulation of positive feelings, manipulation of negative feelings).
A Comparison of Accounts: When is a Failure not a Failure?
Authors: Hale Claudia L.
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of various forms of accounts (confessions versus apologies versus excuses versus justifications) as mechanisms for affecting the ways a particular failure event and the person committing that event were defined. Subjects read and evaluated a number of accounts focusing on the need to obtain an extension on a deadline. The accounts varied both in form and in quality (i.e. sensitivity to not only the instrumental but the identity and interpersonal dynamics of the encounter). Analysis of the data revealed that, overall, justifications were more effective in creating a favourable definition of the failure event and the person who committed that event. Across account forms, the higher the quality of the account, the more effective the account in fostering a positive response on the part of the reader. Contrary to expectations, the low quality excuse and low quality justification, were, in general, judged the least and most favourable accounts respectively.
Cruel to be Kind and Kind to be Cruel: Sarcasm, Banter and Social Relations
Authors: Slugoski Ben R. , Turnbull William
Published: June 2009

The present paper is concerned with the knowledge or cognitive representations which individuals must possess in order to understand utterances occurring in conversations. We examined Brown and Levinson's (1978) model which reconciles the Cooperative Principle of Grice (1975) with the face-wants of conversational interactants by relativising the operation of abstract principles of conversation to aspects of the social relationship between the speaker and hearer. In an empirical study of ironic sarcasm and banter, Brown and Levinson's model is found to require an additional relationship parameter, ‘relationship affect’, to account for the ways in which neutral observers interpret counter-to-fact insults and compliments. As predicted, the literal meanings of utterances are also found to influence observers' cognitive representations of the relationship between speaker and hearer. However, unexpected correlations among the relationship variables suggest that the model's additivity assumption may need to be relinquished.
Your Smile is My Command: Interaction between Verbal and Nonverbal Components of Requesting Specific to Situational Characteristics
Authors: Grabowski-Gellert Joachim , Winterhoff-Spurk Peter
Published: June 2009

We consider speaking as a manifestation of both verbal and nonverbal modes of utterances and study their interrelations and their dependency on situational characteristics in requests. In recent theories of speech production these aspects received little attention. A number of experiments were carried out in which subjects were either to give judgements about verbal/nonverbal combined requests, or to produce such combined utterances themselves. Conjoint measurement was applied to find an appropriate mathematical model of interaction. The results showed: (a) there is evidence that nonverbal components are produced in systematic interaction with verbal components within the planning process and not supplementarily added afterwards, as claimed in common speech production theories; (b) situational characteristics do not influence the planning process itself, but strongly determine the selection of specific variants of the involved components. A model of interactive utterance production is outlined corresponding to the information processing approach in Herrmann's (1985) conception of speech psychology.
Communication, Language and Health: An Overview
Authors: Fitzpatrick Mary Anne , Edgar Timothy , Freimuth Vicki
Published: June 2009

In this special issue, we directed our attention to the study of language and relationships within the health context in order to fill what we saw as a lacuna in the existing literature. We compare and contrast the six articles presented in this issue on four important conceptual dimensions. Each article represents a different approach to discourse analysis, and the articles vary as to which key construct in human communication they examine. Variety exists as well in the types of relationships examined within the articles as well as the definition adopted for health.
Achieving 'Shared Reality' in the Communication Game: A Social Action That Create; Meaning
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: June 2009

This paper reviews research on the 'communication game' (Higgins, 1981a) that supports two sets of conclusions. The first set of conclusions concerns communication as social action: (a) Communicators tailor their summary of target information to suit their audience's knowledge of or attitudes toward the target; that is, they achieve 'shared reality' with their audience and thereby perform a social action; (b) Communicators' different motivations to achieve 'shared reality' with their audience influences the extent to which they tailor their message to suit the audience, as evident in 'super-tuning', 'anti-tuning', and 'nontuning'; (c) When there is a delay between successive messages about a target, communicators' use their first message to construct their second message even though the two audiences have different characteristics. The second set of conclusions concerns how communication as social action creates meaning: (a) Communicators use their message summaries about a target as a direct source of information about the target even when the message distorted the original target information to suit the audience, and these message summaries in turn influence the communicators' own memory and impressions of the target; (b) As the delay since communicating about the target increases, communicators' use of their message as a source of target information persists or even increases; (c) Communicators' messages about a target to suit their audience can have either beneficial or detrimental effects on the accuracy of their memory and impressions of the target.
A Thousand Pardons: The Effectiveness of Verbal Remedial Tactics during Account Episodes
Authors: Gonzales Marti Hope
Published: June 2009

This experimental study examined the effects of accounts, 'offender' and 'victim/witness' sex, and sex-role orientation on rating scales and 'behaviouroid' and behavioural measures. Participants who spent up to 45 minutes completing questionnaires that proved unusable due to a confederate's error were exposed to one of four systematically varied accounts or explanations. Account type, participant and confederate sex, and participant sex-role orientation served as predictor variables. In general, concessions and excuses yielded more positive impressions, greater commitment on the part of participant victims to help the offender, and greater help than did refusals, but the effectiveness of accounts also depended on by whom they were proffered. Results demonstrated partial support for politeness theory predictions.
Towards a Situated Approach to Ethnolinguistic Identity: The Effects of Status on Individuals and Groups
Authors: Clement Richard , Noels Kimberly A.
Published: June 2009

Much research has been concerned with the relationship between identity, language and the status of ethnolinguistic groups. Likewise, much attention has been devoted to the acculturative consequences of contact between two cultural groups. The present research was an attempt to bring together these two traditions of research within the context of English-French relations in Canada. Accordingly, Francophone and Anglophone students originating from majority and minority settings, attending a Canadian bilingual university were requested to fill out a questionnaire containing indices of identification to first and second language groups. The results showed that, at the individual level, both the immediate and the North American status of the respondents were related to their identity. At the group level, similar results were obtained with the qualification that the ethnolinguistic evolution of status would appear to be of some importance. Finally, important inter-situational variations were noted for all groups, supporting the approach to situated identity adopted here. These results are discussed in terms of their implication for the relationship between language and identity as well as for current theories of acculturation.
Language Perceptions among the Inuit of Arctic Quebec
Authors: Taylor Donald M. , Wright Stephen C. , Ruggiero Karen M. , Aitchison Mary C.
Published: June 2009

A common theme that arises from a survey of Arctic peoples around the world is the subtraction of the heritage language by the dominant "southern" language. The present research, conducted in Arctic Quebec, examined Inuit perceptions about the use of Inuttitut, French, and English for themselves, for their children at present, and for their children when they become adults. The results indicate that despite all evidence to the contrary, respondents expect continued Inuttitut vibrancy for the coming Inuit adult generation and that their children as adults will not have their Inuttitut eroded by English or by French.
What's in a Name?
Authors: Larkey Linda Kathryn , Hecht Michael L. , Martin Judith
Published: June 2009

African Americans have experienced several shifts in the predominant terms used to describe their ethnic identity in the past several decades. A current taxonomy of African American labels and associated meanings for those labels was developed as a result of this study. The dominant terms, Black and African American, expressed different views of ethnic identity, with Black generally providing a sense of unity and acceptability and African American expressing the experience of a blended heritage. A trend was detected in the transition from the usage of the term Black toward the term African American, which indicates a positive move toward self-determination and progress in meeting the challenge of communicating within two cultures.
Thematic Structure of Descriptions of Violent Events Influences Perceptions of Responsiility:
Authors: Turnbull William
Published: June 2009

To examine the influence of the thematic structure of descriptions of interaction on observers' perceptions of responsibility, subjects read a story about a victim-assailant interaction and then wrote out their reactions. Either victim or assailant was thematic and scenario content was held constant. A thematic structure effect was predicted: Subjects would write first about, write more about, and express more extreme judgments of responsibility about the thematic target. Reactions to an incident of wife abuse were generally consistent with predictions. Contrary to predictions, 18% of the subjects wrote as much about the nonthematic as about the thematic target. The manipulation of theme did not significantly affect the proportion of statements about victim-negative or assailantmitigated responsibility Several explanations advanced to account for the deviant findings were tested in a second study. The results were as predicted. Implications for victim blaming and the importance of language in social life are discussed.
Evaluations of Interactions between Students and Academic Staff
Authors: Jones Elizabeth , Gallois Cynthia , Barker Michelle , Callan Victor
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the proposal of Communication Accommodation Theory that evaluations are affected by whether a speaker's behaviour is accommodative or nonaccommodative, by comparing the impact of ethnic group, status as a student or lecturer, accommodative behaviour, and the behaviour of the other interactant, on evaluations of power and solidarity. Anglo-Australian and Chinese overseas students and Australian academic staff members rated videotapes of same-sex interactions between an Australian or a Chinese student and an Australian lecturer. There were five versions of the interaction: underaccommodating studentlaccommodating lecturer, overaccommodating studentlaccommodating lecturer, accommodating student and lecturer, under-accommodating lecturer/accommodating student, and overaccommodating lectureri accommodating student. Results indicated that behaviour was a strong influence on ratings, with accommodation generally rated more favourably than nonaccommodation. Social status interacted with behaviour in influencing evaluations of both power and solidarity. In addition, there was some evidence of in-group ethnic and status bias, especially by students, for ratings of power Finally, effects due to the behaviour of the other interactant appeared mainly for evaluations of power These results highlight the complexity and the importance of the context of an interaction on reactions to communication accommodation.
Group Identity, Group Strategies, and Language in Northern Ireland
Authors: Millar Sharon
Published: June 2009

The article discusses the role of language in the intergroup context in Northern Ireland, focusing on speech education. The prevalence and status of speech teaching in Belfast schools vary according to the ethnic type of school, state versus Roman Catholic: The subject is more widespread and is always compulsory in the Catholic sector. The article explores the reasons for this bias from the perspective of ethnolinguistic identity theory (ELIT), combining theoretical predictions with modest, suggestive data from the school context and with findings from social scientific research in Northern Ireland. Thus possible explanations are discussed in terms of their theoretical probability. Speech teaching can be analysed as both a dominant and ethnic group strategy, and it is argued that status in the guise of language standardization is perceived as a means of advancing ethnic group interests. The article concludes with a brief synthesis of findings and speculations relating to the possible existence of ethnolinguistic varieties in Northern Ireland.
Effects of Language Choice on Acculturation
Authors: Lanca Margaret , Alksnis Christine , Roese Neil J. , Gardner Robert C.
Published: June 2009

The present study investigates whether language preference is associated with different acculturation attitudes. As residents of Montreal, 103 Portuguese immigrants or firstgeneration Canadians of Portuguese descent completed a questionnaire in their preferred language (English, French, or Portuguese) assessing their modes of acculturation, selfreported ethnic identity, self-esteem, individualistic and collectivistic tendencies, and self-reported competence in speaking and reading English, French, and Portuguese. The results indicated that language preference was associated with ethnic identity. Moreover, there was a strong identification with the North American culture by the English respondents and a weaker association with the French-Canadian culture by French respondents. These results indicate that language choice strongly reflects different acculturation attitudes and that research should be directed toward both macro-and microcultural levels in a "dominant" society.
Verbal, Vocal, and Visual Information in the Judgment of Interpersonal Affect
Authors: Telfer Karen E. , Howe Christine J.
Published: June 2009

It is generally accepted that nonverbal information, particularly visual, is more important than verbal in the judgment of interpersonal affect. Nevertheless, Howe has argued that there is a recurring problem with the studies on which this acceptance is based, namely, the usage of contextually inappropriate verbal expressions. By employing expressions that were more appropriate, Howe obtained results that, in contradiction to visual primacy, showed that verbal and vocal information were each given about five times the weighting of visual information. However, Howe's work was restricted to the superior versus inferior dimension of affect when the evidence for visual primacy is stronger for the warm versus hostile. Accordingly, it was necessary to replicate Howe's work concentrating on warmth and hostility. This is what the present study attempted to do. Its results follow a similar pattern to Howe's, being if anything less suggestive of visual primacy. Analyses of variance revealed significant main effects for verbal and vocal information but not for visual information. Moreover, although visual information interacted with verbal and vocal, there were no signs that it had any bearing on the content of judgments.
Verbal and Nonverbal Behaviors as Afunction of Deception Type
Authors: Ebesu Amy S. , Miller Michael D.
Published: June 2009

Although there are various ways in which people can be deceptive, there is little empirical evidence that directly examines the nonverbal and verbal behavioral correlates of various deception types. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of deception type on the verbal and nonverbal behaviors identified in previous literature as associated with deception. Specifically, falsifications and misdirections were compared with true statements and statements that implied the truth. Undergraduates enacted four different interviewlike situations where each participant (who played the role of interviewee) told the truth directly, implied the truth, told a falsehood directly, and implied a falsehood to a confederate (who played the part of interviewer). Results indicated that deceivers engage in both nonstrategic and strategic management duringdeception. Deceivers revealed their nervousness and difficulty in sustaining a competent communication performance by swiveling in their chairs and speaking at a slower rate. Deceivers strategically managed their deceptive performance by sometimes engaging in more uncertainty behaviors and nonimmediacy through the use of more group references, more modifiers, fewer presenttense verbs, and fewer self-references than nondeceivers, whereas people who were indirect conveyed vagueness through the use of more past-tense verbs than people who were direct. The findings suggest that behavioral profiles of deception may be highly influenced by the directness of the message and the scenario used to elicit the deception.
Social Psychology and Intergroup Communication
Authors: Clement Richard
Published: June 2009

As a prologue to this special issue, this article places the study of intergroup communication in the context of the evolution of social psychology. The growing interest in the field is exemplified, historical points of divergence are noted, and two epistemological arguments for a rapprochement are proposed. The articles are then presented, highlighting their wide theoretical and methodological scope.
Language, Identity, and Adjustment
Authors: Noels Kimberly A. , Pon Gordon , Clement Richard
Published: June 2009

Research in both cross-cultural psychology and the social psychology of language has examined the changes in identity and language behavior that occur when two ethnolinguistic groups come into contact. This study attempted to integrate these two fields of inquiry through an investigation of the relations between identity, interethnic contact, linguistic self-confidence, and psychological adjustment in 179 Chinese university students. The findings indicated that exclusive identification with either the first or second language group was the most commonly endorsed identity. Correlational and path analyses of the relations between interethnic contact, self-confidence in using the English and Chinese languages, Chinese and Canadian identities, and adjustment variables supported the proposed model in which communication variables mediate the influence of interethnic contact on identity and adjustment. The results are interpreted within the context of current formulations of acculturation and intercultural communication.
Emotion Vocabulary in Bilingual Hispanic Children
Authors: Vano Anne M. , Pennebaker James W.
Published: June 2009

The relationship between emotion vocabulary and school adjustment was studied in 99 bilingual Hispanic children ranging from 6 to 11 years of age. Using the Bilingual Emotional Vocabulary Test (BEVT), students generated emotion words in English and Spanish on two occasions. Teachers, blind to the BEVT responses, completed the Conners Teachers Rating Scale for each student. Problems associated with acting out (e.g., conduct disorders, overindulgent behaviors) were most common among students with a large disparity in emotion word vocabularies between English and Spanish. Symptoms of withdrawal (passivity, daydreaming) were seen among students with weak English emotion vocabularies, irrespective of Spanish emotion word knowledge. All effects were independent of general, nonemotion word vocabulary abilities. Implications for bilingual education are discussed.
Yes, but...
Authors: Holtgraves Thomas
Published: June 2009

This article describes some of the linguistic mechanisms people use when engaging in disagreements with one another. Unacquainted students discussed an issue on which they had opposing views. These disagreements were then transcribed and examined for the occurrence of politeness strategies. There was evidence for many of the positively polite strategies described by Brown and Levinson, as well as several previously undocumented strategies that appear to function as positive politeness. In addition, participants rated each other on several dimensions, and these perceptions were related to a speaker's degree of positive politeness.
Causal Attributions in Sexual Assault Trial Judgments
Authors: Coates Linda
Published: June 2009

This research examined naturally occurring causal attributions in sexual assault trial judgments and their consequence (i.e., sentence). Causal attributions were reliably identified and analyzed for how they functioned in the narrative of the judgment. Whether the attributions discursively placed the cause within (internalizing attribution) or separate from the offender (externalizing attribution), described the cause as enduring and pervasive (saturating attribution) or as occurring within a particular context (situating attribution), and described the cause as owing to something violent (eg., a decision to be violent) or nonviolent (eg., being drunk). Results indicated that judges frequently made causal attributions, and the function of the attribution was significantly correlated with sentence (e.g., violent attributions were associated with higher sentence).