bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Esperanto and Esperantism
Authors: Jordan David K.
Published: December 2010

SUMARIO
Esperanto y esperantismo: Simbolo y motivatión en el mouimiento por la equidad lingüistica
Una manera de lograr un mayor grado de equidad linguistica es el uso de una lengua auxiliar internacional creada con tal fin. El esperanto es la lengua artificial internacional más evidente. Sólo el esperanto, a diferencia de cientos de esquemas, ha devenido en lengua de una comunidad hablante significativa. ?Por qué? En sus inicios el esperanto estuvo protegido de las tendencias reformistas y divisorias gracias (1 ) a la opinión general de que el volapük, un proyecto anterior, fracasó debido a las constantes reformas y (2) al surgimiento del ido, una rama del esperanto, que alejó posibles reformadores del proprio movimiento esperantista, dejando a los visionarios sociales en vez de los visionarios lingüistas. Actualmente (como en el pasado) las corresponencias simbólicas que asume en diferentes contextos sociales y culturales, son una clave importante para entender las diferencias de interés en el esperanto. Éstas son discutidas especialmente en relación al los Estados Unidos.
RESUMO
Esperanto kaj esperantismo: Simboloj kaj motivoj en movado por lingva egaleco
Unu ilo por estigi lingvan egalecon estas intence kreita internacia helplingvo. La plej videbla artefarita internacia lingvo estas Esperanto. Nur Esperanto, malsimile al centoj da aliaj projektoj, fariĝis lingvo de signifa lingvokomunumo. Kial? Komence Esperanton kontraŭ disigaj tendencoj reformemaj ŝirmis (1) la ĝenerala kompreno, ke Volapuko malsukcesis pro konstantaj reformoj, kaj (2) la ekesto de Ido, kiu allogis reformemulojn. Tio lasis al la centra movado idealistojn sociajn, ne lingvistikajn. Hodiaŭ, samkiel antaŭe, grava ŝlosilo por kompreni la distribuon de intereso pri Esperanto estas ĝiaj simbolaj nuancoj en diversaj sociaj kaj kulturaj medioj. Tiuj ĉi pritraktiĝas rilate precipe al Usono.
Sammelbesprechung: Zweisprachigkeit
Authors: Nelde Peter H. , Vandermeeren Sonja
Published: December 2010

RESUME
Recensie-bundel: Tweetaligheid
Vanuit het perspectief van het meertaligheidsonderzoek en de tweedetaalverwerving worden vijf boeken over meertaligheid besproken, die na 1985 verschenen zijn. Bij het vergelijken van deze publikaties wordt duidelijk dat het Europese meertaligheidsonderzoek —dat jarenlang door de Anglo-Amerikaanse en de Canadese sociolinguïstiek gedomineerd werd—het punt bereikt heeft, waarop het eigen wegen kan inslaan, Door het migranten-vraagstuk enerzijds en de zogenaamde "renaissance" van de eigen minderheden anderzijds hebben de meertaligheidsconflicten in Europa tot dit vernieuwingsproces geleid.
RESUMO
Recenzo de librofasko: Dulingveco
El la perspektivo de la esploroj pri plurlingveco kaj la lernado de duaj lingvoj, oni ĉi tie recenzas kvin librojn pri plurlingveco, eldonitajn post 1985. Ilia komparo montras, ke la tiukampa eǔropa esplorado, kiun dum multaj jaroj superregis la angla/usona kaj kanada socilingvistiko, nun alprenas proprajn vojojn. Pro la studado de la problemaro ligita al la migrantoj, unuflanke, kaj de la t.n. "renesanco" de la jam ekzistantaj minoritatoj, aliflanke, la konfliktoj en Eǔropo rilataj al plurlingveco inter la indiĝenoj kaj alvenintoj kontribuis al tiu nova evoluo.
Review of Creissels (1979): Les Langues d’U.R.S.S.: Aspects linguistiques et sociolinguistiques
Authors: Duc Goninaz Michel
Published: December 2010

La recenzita libro pritraktas la lingvan situacion en Sovet-Unio el vidpunktoj ling-vistika (klasifiko de la lingvoj en familioj kaj grupoj, tipologia prezento) kaj sociologia.
Gi montras la gravecon de la politikaj faktoroj sur diversaj niveloj: difino de "lingvo de USSR" (ekskluzivigas el tiu nocio la lingvoj oficiale uzataj en fremdaj statoj, kiel la germana, pola, greka k.a.); problemo de la averaga formo por la nerusaj lingvoj; ling-va uzado (la situacio estas en multaj okazoj pli diglosia ol dulingvisma). Statistikoj kaj evolutendencoj montras, ke iuj lingvoj (resp. nacioj) efike rezistas al la rusa penetro (armenoj, gruzoj, baltoj, centraziaj nacioj) pro diversaj kaùzoj, dum aliaj estas en-dangerigitaj kaj eble tendencas al formorto.
Tiu ci mallonga studo, kun ties ricaj informoj (statistikaj donitajoj, indeksoj rus-lingva kaj franclingva de la lingvoj, lingvoscienca priskribo de la lingvoj kirgiza kaj gruza) estas grava helpilo por la studantoj de la lingva problemo en Sovet-Unio. Gi starigas problemojn, kiujn la tiutemaj sovetiaj libroj generale prisilentas.
Erythropoietin protects against diabetes through direct effects on pancreatic β cells
Authors: Choi Diana , Schroer Stephanie A. , Lu Shun Yan , Wang Linyuan , Wu Xiaohong , Liu Yunfeng , Zhang Yi , Gaisano Herbert Y. , Wagner Kay-Uwe , Wu Hong , Retnakaran Ravi , Woo Minna
Published: December 2010

A common feature among all forms of diabetes mellitus is a functional β-cell mass insufficient to maintain euglycemia; therefore, the promotion of β-cell growth and survival is a fundamental goal for diabetes prevention and treatment. Evidence has suggested that erythropoietin (EPO) exerts cytoprotective effects on nonerythroid cells. However, the influence of EPO on pancreatic β cells and diabetes has not been evaluated to date. In this study, we report that recombinant human EPO treatment can protect against diabetes development in streptozotocin-induced and db/db mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. EPO exerts antiapoptotic, proliferative, antiinflammatory, and angiogenic effects within the islets. Using β-cell–specific EPO receptor and JAK2 knockout mice, we show that these effects of EPO result from direct biological effects on β cells and that JAK2 is an essential intracellular mediator. Thus, promotion of EPO signaling in β cells may be a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetes prevention and treatment.
Genotype calling and mapping of multisite variants using an Atlantic salmon iSelect SNP array
Authors: Gidskehaug Lars , Kent Matthew , Hayes Ben J. , Lien Sigbjørn
Published: December 2010

Motivation: Due to a genome duplication event in the recent history of salmonids, modern Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) have a mosaic genome with roughly one-third being tetraploid. This is a complicating factor in genotyping and genetic mapping since polymorphisms within duplicated regions (multisite variants; MSVs) are challenging to call and to assign to the correct paralogue. Standard genotyping software offered by Illumina has not been written to interpret MSVs and will either fail or miscall these polymorphisms. For the purpose of mapping, linkage or association studies in non-diploid species, there is a pressing need for software that includes analysis of MSVs in addition to regular single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.

Results: A software package is presented for the analysis of partially tetraploid genomes genotyped using Illumina Infinium BeadArrays (Illumina Inc.) that includes pre-processing, clustering, plotting and validation routines. More than 3000 salmon from an aquacultural strain in Norway, distributed among 266 full-sib families, were genotyped on a 15K BeadArray including both SNP- and MSV-markers. A total of 4268 SNPs and 1471 MSVs were identified, with average call accuracies of 0.97 and 0.86, respectively. A total of 150 MSVs polymorphic in both paralogs were dissected and mapped to their respective chromosomes, yielding insights about the salmon genome reversion to diploidy and improving marker genome coverage. Several retained homologies were found and are reported.

Availability and implementation: R-package beadarrayMSV freely available on the web at http://cran.r-project.org/

Contact:  lg@camo.no

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Bayesian approach for estimating calibration curves and unknown concentrations in immunoassays
Authors: Feng Feng , Sales Ana Paula , Kepler Thomas B.
Published: December 2010

Motivation: Immunoassays are primary diagnostic and research tools throughout the medical and life sciences. The common approach to the processing of immunoassay data involves estimation of the calibration curve followed by inversion of the calibration function to read off the concentration estimates. This approach, however, does not lend itself easily to acceptable estimation of confidence limits on the estimated concentrations. Such estimates must account for uncertainty in the calibration curve as well as uncertainty in the target measurement. Even point estimates can be problematic: because of the non-linearity of calibration curves and error heteroscedasticity, the neglect of components of measurement error can produce significant bias.

Methods: We have developed a Bayesian approach for the estimation of concentrations from immunoassay data that treats the propagation of measurement error appropriately. The method uses Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to approximate the posterior distribution of the target concentrations and numerically compute the relevant summary statistics. Software implementing the method is freely available for public use.

Results: The new method was tested on both simulated and experimental datasets with different measurement error models. The method outperformed the common inverse method on samples with large measurement errors. Even in cases with extreme measurements where the common inverse method failed, our approach always generated reasonable estimates for the target concentrations.

Availability: Project name: Baecs; Project home page: www.computationalimmunology.org/utilities/; Operating systems: Linux, MacOS X and Windows; Programming language: C++; License: Free for Academic Use.

Contact:  feng.feng@duke.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Serial changes in high‐sensitive troponin I predict outcome in patients with decompensated heart failure
Authors: Xue Yang , Clopton Paul , Peacock William F. , Maisel Alan S.
Published: December 2010

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic utility of small troponin I (TnI) elevations, serial TnI measurements, and the combination of TnI and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with decompensated heart failure (HF).

Methods and results

One hundred and forty‐four patients with acute HF were followed from admission to 90 days post‐discharge. Primary endpoints were all cause mortality and HF‐related readmission. Troponin I and BNP levels were checked on admission, discharge, and up to four consecutive days during hospitalization. A discharge TnI cut‐off of 23.25 ng/L and discharge BNP cut‐off of 360 ng/L were determined by receiver operator characteristic (ROC). Troponin I above 23.25 ng/L is associated with increased risk for mortality and readmission (P = 0.003). Comparing with TnI quartile 1, TnI quartiles 2–4 had increased mortality and readmission, P = 0.019, P = 0.007, P = 0.014, respectively. Compared with patients with low TnI+low BNP, increased mortality and readmission were seen in patients with high TnI+high BNP (P = 0.007), high TnI+low BNP (P = 0.015), and low TnI+high BNP (P = 0.042). Patients with increasing TnI during treatment had increased mortality compared with patients with stable or decreasing TnI (P = 0.047). In multivariate analysis, TnI reached statistical significance (P = 0.009), while BNP did not.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that very small TnI elevations and BNP elevations are associated with increased 90‐day mortality and readmission. When compared by ROC and multivariate analysis, TnI is as good a predictor of mortality and readmission as BNP if not slightly better. Patients with increasing TnI during hospitalization for acute HF had increased risk for 90‐day mortality.
Quantification of Pseudocercospora fuligena in Tomato Lines Carrying Introgressions from Solanum habrochaites Using a qPCR Assay
Authors: Zahn Marc , Teuber Felix , Bollig Katharina , Horst Walter Johannes
Published: December 2010

Black leaf mold (BLM), caused by Pseudocercospora fuligena, is a major plant growth- and yield-limiting factor for tomato production in the humid tropics. A library of 90 introgession lines (ILs), the BLM-resistant donor Solanum habrochaites, and the BLM-susceptible recurrent S. lycopersicum parent (RP) were visually phenotyped under natural infection conditions in a nethouse in central Thailand. ILs showing no and severe BLM symptoms were among the phenotypes. Because visually classifying different phenotypes of BLM symptoms can lead to erroneous results due to the similarity of BLM symptoms to other abiotic and biotic problems, a SYBR Green-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for fungal DNA was developed. Correlation of the results from visual phenotyping of plants grown in Thailand under natural infection conditions with qPCR test-based quantities of the tomato leaf fungal DNA content, while significant, explained only 39% of the relationship across the library population. Based on this phenotyping in Thailand, selected ILs were artificially infected in a growth chamber in Germany with a P. fuligena isolate from Thailand. The results of the natural infection could be verified for the selected ILs in the growth-chamber experiment. A close correlation (R2 = 0.87) existed between the visual disease rating and fungal DNA content in leaves in the latter experiment. Three lines without visual symptoms and very low amounts of P. fuligena-specific rDNA shared an overlapping introgression on chromosome one that may be associated with BLM resistance.
First Report of False Rust Caused by Synchytrium minutum on Kudzu in Korea
Authors: Yun H. Y. , Kim Y. H. , James T. Y.
Published: December 2010

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. Almeida) is a weedy, fabaceous vine that is native to and widely distributed in Asia where it is used for various medicinal purposes such as treating convulsions and fever (2). In the United States, especially the southeastern states, kudzu has become a problematic invasive species that overgrows nearly every substrate on which it occurs. Thus, biological control strategies for controlling this vine are of great interest (4). From October to November 2004, a disease of kudzu was observed in Gwangju and Pyeongtaek in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The disease appeared on leaves and stems as numerous, discrete, small galls, which enlarged, becoming yellowish orange and eventually erupting into orange, pulverulent sori. Galls were scattered or gregarious, amphigenous, predominately hypophyllous, and sometimes formed along veins as well as on petioles and stems. Sori that formed from galls were solitary but sometimes became confluent, 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter, globose to subglobose, and orange to dark orange; walls were hyaline and thin. Sporangia were copious in sori, typically polyhedral due to compression or globose, 16 to 32 μm in diameter, with smooth, hyaline walls and orange contents. Zoospores were not observed during several failed attempts to germinate sporangia. On the basis of morphological descriptions and keys (3), the fungus was identified as Synchytrium minutum (Pat.) Gäum. (Chytridiomycota), the only species of Synchytrium known to occur on Pueraria (1,3). Comparison with specimens from China and New Guinea (BPI 794733 and BPI 1109528) confirmed this identification. Portions of the nLSU and nSSU rDNA from one of the two Korean specimens deposited as voucher material in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 880898 and BPI 880899) were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ324138 and HQ324139), and a subsequent BLAST search against GenBank confirmed placement in the genus Synchytrium with 95% similarity to S. decipiens. S. minutum is widespread in Asia and Oceania and also has been reported from California (1,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. minutum in Korea (1) and is noteworthy to those interested in biological control of kudzu because S. minutum may have potential in this regard.

References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , September, 2010. (2) H. S. Jung. M.S. thesis. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, 1997. (3) J. S. Karling. Synchytrium. Academic Press Inc., New York, NY, 1964. (4) M. A. Weaver et al. Biol. Control 50:150, 2009.
Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus Detected in Pigweed in Florida
Authors: Webster C. G. , Kousik C. S. , Roberts P. D. , Rosskopf E. N. , Turechek W. W. , Adkins S.
Published: December 2010

Pigweeds (genus Amaranthus) are problematic weeds in crop production throughout the world and are responsible for significant yield losses in many crops (2). Members of this genus can produce hundreds of thousands of seeds per plant and are also capable of supporting populations of important crop pathogens including viruses, nematodes, fungi, and oomycetes. Thirty-one pigweed samples (tentatively identified as Amaranthus lividus L. based on leaf notch and growth habit) were collected in November and December of 2009 from a watermelon field near Immokalee, FL, previously found to contain watermelon plants infected with three whitefly-transmitted viruses: Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), and Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV). Although no obvious virus symptoms were observed on any of the pigweed plants, whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), a known vector of CYSDV, CuLCrV, and SqVYV, were observed on leaves. Consequently, replica tissue blots were made from all pigweed samples and tested independently by tissue blot nucleic acid hybridization assay for CYSDV, CuLCrV, or SqVYV (3). Tissue blots indicated CYSDV infection in six pigweed samples. Neither CuLCrV nor SqVYV was detected. Three of the tissue blot-positive pigweed samples were further tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR amplification from total RNA (extracted from leaf tissue with TRIzol Reagent [Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA]) with HSP70 and coat protein (CP) gene primers (1). HSP70 and CP gene RT-PCR products of the expected sizes (175 and 707 nt, respectively) were amplified, sequenced, and found to be 100% identical for all three pigweed samples. The partial HSP70 gene sequence from pigweed shared 98.3 to 100% nucleotide identity with CYSDV isolates from Arizona, California, and Spain (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ492808, EU596530, and NC_004810, respectively). The partial CP gene sequence from pigweed shared 88.8 to 100% nucleotide identity with CYSDV isolates from Arizona, Saudi Arabia, Texas, and Spain (GenBank Accession Nos. EF210558, AF312811, AF312806, and AF312808, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first report of CYSDV infection of pigweed in Florida. Infection of redroot pigweed (A. retroflexus) was recently reported in California (4). These results collectively indicate that control of noncucurbit weeds may be important for effective management of CYSDV in cucurbit crops.

References: (1) S. Adkins et al. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2009-1118-01-BR. Plant Health Progress, 2009. (2) L. Holm et al. World's Weeds: Natural Histories and Distributions. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, NY, 1997. (3) W. W. Turechek et al. Phytopathology 100:1194, 2010. (4) W. M. Wintermantel et al. Plant Dis. 93:685, 2009.
Function of the usher N‐terminus in catalysing pilus assembly
Authors: Henderson Nadine S. , Ng Tony W. , Talukder Iehab , Thanassi David G.
Published: December 2010

The chaperone/usher (CU) pathway is a conserved bacterial secretion system that assembles adhesive fibres termed pili or fimbriae. Pilus biogenesis by the CU pathway requires a periplasmic chaperone and an outer membrane (OM) assembly platform termed the usher. The usher catalyses formation of subunit–subunit interactions to promote polymerization of the pilus fibre and provides the channel for fibre secretion. The mechanism by which the usher catalyses pilus assembly is not known. Using the P and type 1 pilus systems of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, we show that a conserved N‐terminal disulphide region of the PapC and FimD ushers, as well as residue F4 of FimD, are required for the catalytic activity of the ushers. PapC disulphide loop mutants were able to bind PapDG chaperone–subunit complexes, but did not assemble PapG into pilus fibres. FimD disulphide loop and F4 mutants were able to bind chaperone–subunit complexes and initiate assembly of pilus fibres, but were defective for extending the pilus fibres, as measured using in vivo co‐purification and in vitro pilus polymerization assays. These results suggest that the catalytic activity of PapC is required to initiate pilus biogenesis, whereas the catalytic activity of FimD is required for extension of the pilus fibre.
Influence of irradiation on in vitro red‐blood‐cell (RBC) storage variables of leucoreduced RBCs in additive solution PAGGS‐M
Authors: Hauck B. , Oremek D. , Zimmermann R. , Ruppel R. , Troester B. , Eckstein R.
Published: December 2010

Background  The effect of gamma irradiation on leucoreduced red‐blood‐cells (RBCs) stored in an additive solution (AS) containing phosphate, adenine, glucose, guanosine, saline and mannitol (PAGGS‐M) has not yet been studied, and there are different recommendations about storage time of leucoreduced RBCs after irradiation.

Study Design and Methods  We studied 63 leucoreduced RBC units. All RBCs were stored in AS PAGGS‐M and leucoreduced on the collection day. Twenty‐one components were irradiated on Day +14 with 30 Gy and 22 served as non‐irradiated controls. Samples were drawn and analysed from these 43 units on Day +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, +42 and +49 from the collection day. From 20 units, no samples were taken earlier than on Day +49. Of these, 10 components had been irradiated on Day +14 with 30 Gy and 10 served as non‐irradiated controls.

Results  Gamma irradiation induced an enhanced in vitro haemolysis rate in the irradiated components. One of the irradiated units showed a haemolysis rate over the recommended limit of 0·8% on Day +42 and four on Day +49. The leakage of potassium ions from irradiated RBCs started to increase faster than that of unirradiated RBCs from the day of irradiation. Lactate dehydrogenase levels increased faster in irradiated units 3 weeks after irradiation. We showed that taking samples weekly does not affect the final result.

Conclusions  Our findings show that the European recommendations should not be changed in regard to the limitation of the storageability after irradiation of leucoreduced RBCs. The damage after irradiation and storage cannot be prevented by using the high‐quality AS PAGGS‐M.
Actin‐dependent deposition of putative endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum during early stages of wound healing in characean internodal cells
Authors: Klima A. , Foissner I.
Published: December 2010

We investigated the behaviour of organelles stained with FM1‐43 (putative endosomes) and/or LysoTracker Red (LTred; acidic compartments) and of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during healing of puncture and UV‐induced wounds in internodal cells of Nitella flexilis and Chara corallina. Immediately after puncture, wounds were passively sealed with a plug of solid vacuolar inclusions, onto which a bipartite wound wall was actively deposited. The outer, callose‐containing amorphous layer consisted of remnants of FM1‐43‐ and LTred‐labelled organelles, ER cisternae and polysaccharide‐containing secretory vesicles, which became deposited in the absence of membrane retrieval (compound exocytosis). During formation of the inner cellulosic layer, exocytosis of secretory vesicles with the newly formed plasma membrane is coupled to endocytosis via coated vesicles. Migration of FM1‐43‐ and LTred‐stained organelles, ER and secretory vesicles towards the cell cortex and deposition of a bipartite wound wall could also be induced by spot‐like irradiation with ultraviolet light. Cytochalasin D reversibly inhibited the accumulation and deposition of organelles. Our study indicates that active actin‐dependent deposition of putative recycling endosomes is required for wound healing (plasma membrane repair) and supports the hypothesis that deposition of ER cisternae helps to restore wounding‐disturbed Ca2+ metabolism.
Renal epidermal growth factor receptor: Its role in sodium and water homeostasis in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Panchapakesan Usha , Pollock Carol , Saad Sonia
Published: December 2010

1. Volume expansion is observed in animal and human models of diabetic nephropathy, which is in a large part a result of disordered renal tubular cell sodium and water transport.

2. Sodium transport in the proximal tubule is increased in diabetes mellitus as a result of enhanced activity of the sodium‐hydrogen exchanger‐3 (NHE3), the key transporter for transcellular reabsorption of sodium. Transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by factors inherent in the milieu of diabetes mellitus increases serum glucocorticoid regulated kinase‐1 (Sgk1), a key regulator of NHE3.

3. Enhanced sodium and water reabsorption, occurring as a consequence of endogenous or pharmacological stimulation of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma is Sgk1 mediated.

4. EGFR inhibitors, which are currently used clinically to treat malignancies, might have potential in attenuating the cellular mechanisms responsible for thiazolidinedione (TZD)‐mediated sodium and water transport in diabetes.

5. In the present review, the authors focus on the importance of the EGFR in sodium and water uptake in the proximal tubule in the environment of pathophysiological and pharmacological influences.
The anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein and the carotid artery in children after laryngeal mask insertion. An ultrasonographic study
Authors: Nagaraja Ravi G. , Wilson Morven , Wilson Graham , Marciniak Bruno , Engelhardt Thomas
Published: December 2010

Background:  Central venous cannulation, although challenging in children and prone to complications, is frequently required for total parenteral nutrition and infusion of drugs.

Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine the anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein (IJV) and carotid artery (CA) before, and after, insertion of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in children using ultrasound.

Methods:  Patients aged 2–16 were recruited to this prospective study and divided into three groups of 20 patients each: group 1: LMA size 2, group 2: LMA size 2½, and group 3: LMA size 3. Prior to, and following, LMA insertion, the position and depth of the vessels, and time to locate them were recorded. All measurements were taken at the level of the cricoid cartilage in a neutral head position in the spontaneously breathing patient during expiration. The IJV position in relation to the CA was noticed as anterior (A), anterolateral (AL), lateral (L), or medial (M).

Results:  The position of the IJV was found to be in the anterolateral (AL) or anterior (A) position to the CA in the majority of cases. The anatomic relationship changed in 10/120 (8.3%) following insertion of the LMA. The mean depth was 0.80 (±0.15) cm for the right IJV before LMA insertion and 0.84 (±0.17) cm after insertion. Similar measurements were taken on the left side [0.81 (±0.14) cm and 0.83 (±0.18) cm]. The diameter as well as the depth of the IJV increased with the age and weight of the patient.

Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that the IJV is anterior or anterolateral to the artery in the majority of cases and that the anatomic relationship may change following the insertion of the LMA. It supports the need for using ultrasound‐guided techniques for IJV cannulation following LMA insertion in spontaneously breathing children.
Quantitative analysis of continuous intravenous infusions in pediatric anesthesia: safety implications of dead volume, flow rates, and fluid delivery
Authors: Ma Haobo , Lovich Mark A. , Peterfreund Robert A.
Published: December 2010

Objective:  Quantitative characterization of continuous pediatric drug infusions.

Background:  The dynamics of drug delivery by continuous infusion to pediatric patients have not been systematically examined. This study extends previously described analytic models to propofol and remifentanil delivery, focusing on infants and toddlers. We postulated that infusion system dead volume, and drug and carrier flow rates, significantly influence drug delivery.

Methods:  We studied effects of patient weight, infusion system dead volume, drug and carrier flow rates, along with drug stock concentration and dose, on propofol and remifentanil delivery to the circulation. We calculated the drug mass available for inadvertent bolus in the dead volume, the volume of fluid supplied by drug infusions, and model‐based estimates of the range of lag times to achieve a targeted steady‐state rate of drug delivery.

Results:  The drug mass in the dead volume at steady state increased with dead volume size and drug dose. For infants, this drug mass could exceed 100% of commonly used loading doses. Predicted lag times to steady state depend on patient size, fluid flow rates, and the mixing behavior of the drug entering the main fluid pathway. Neonates have the longest lag times to achieve steady state. Fluid quantities delivered by drug infusions increase with drug flow rate and can represent a large fraction of estimated maintenance fluid requirements. Fluid delivery increases if stock drug concentrations are diluted. These relationships were qualitatively similar for propofol and remifentanil.

Conclusions:  Traditional studies focus on drug disposition once a drug enters the circulation. Our analysis shows the potential importance of factors influencing drug delivery to the patient’s circulation, focusing on propofol and remifentanil administration to small patients. The drug mass available for inadvertent bolus residing in the reservoir of the dead volume at steady state may be large and clinically relevant. Lag times to achieve steady‐state delivery are long, depending on the infusion system’s architecture and fluid flow rates. By themselves, drug infusions can deliver significant fluid loads to children. These observations have practical and perhaps safety implications for infusions of drugs commonly administered to infants and children.
Defensive endosymbionts: a cryptic trophic level in community ecology
Authors: Jaenike John , Brekke Thomas D.
Published: December 2010

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 150–155

Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma‐infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer‐resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild.
High CO2 enhances the competitive strength of seaweeds over corals
Authors: Diaz‐Pulido Guillermo , Gouezo Marine , Tilbrook Bronte , Dove Sophie , Anthony Kenneth R. N.
Published: December 2010

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 156–162

Space competition between corals and seaweeds is an important ecological process underlying coral‐reef dynamics. Processes promoting seaweed growth and survival, such as herbivore overfishing and eutrophication, can lead to local reef degradation. Here, we present the case that increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may be an additional process driving a shift from corals to seaweeds on reefs. Coral (Acropora intermedia) mortality in contact with a common coral‐reef seaweed (Lobophora papenfussii) increased two‐ to threefold between background CO2 (400 ppm) and highest level projected for late 21st century (1140 ppm). The strong interaction between CO2 and seaweeds on coral mortality was most likely attributable to a chemical competitive mechanism, as control corals with algal mimics showed no mortality. Our results suggest that coral (Acropora) reefs may become increasingly susceptible to seaweed proliferation under ocean acidification, and processes regulating algal abundance (e.g. herbivory) will play an increasingly important role in maintaining coral abundance.
The rudist bivalve genus Gorjanovicia (Radiolitidae, Hippuritoidea) a revision of species based on quantitative analysis of morphological characters
Authors: FENERCI‐MASSE MUKERREM , SKELTON PETER , MASSE JEAN‐PIERRE
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  The rudist bivalve genus Gorjanovicia Polšak, 1967 from Istria, Croatia, is currently known from the Coniacian/Maastrichtian of the peri‐Adriatic and Balkan regions and includes 23 nominal species, defined mainly on shell ornamentation and radial bands. However, a re‐appraisal of ‘Radiolites’endrissi Boehm, 1927 shows the type species of the genus Gorjanovicia, G. costata Polšak, 1967, to be a junior synonym of Boehm’s species, which thus takes priority as the type species of Gorjanovicia. Our revision of the 24 species thus described from the literature is based on analysis of a set of 21 characters that include the dimensions, shape and ornamentation of the right valve. Sixteen variables are defined from combinations of these 21 characters and subjected to multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and Hill and Smith analysis (HSA), with cluster analysis, which has allowed us to distinguish three taxonomic groups, each defined by a key species: Gorjanovicia endrissi (Boehm), G. ugarensis Slišković and G. kvarneri Polšak. Cluster analysis identifies three groups of associated variables and suggests that a limited number of characters may be used to recognize the foregoing three taxonomic entities. MCA performed on four variables (the shapes of the anterior radial band, posterior radial band and interband and the width of the anterior band relative to the posterior band) reveals the same three taxonomic groups as in the MCA based on 16 variables. We conclude that the four variables in question may thus be used as specific diagnostic characters and that the genus Gorjanovicia is thereby represented by just three species, Gorjanovicia endrissi, G. ugarensis and G. kvarneri, instead of the 24 described in the literature. Specific assemblages from the peri‐Adriatic, pre‐Apulian and Western Pontides regions are nearly identical, a pattern that suggests free faunal exchanges within the distributional area of the genus Gorjanovicia. The palaeobiogeographical distribution of species corresponds with a relatively narrow palaeolatitudinal range in the subtropical portion of the eastern Mediterranean Tethys.
Consumption, Contrition, and Community
Authors: Jung Shannon
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  This theological reflection on consumption suggests that the affluent are complicit in the suffering of those whose labor puts food on our tables and brings us the good life. The culture of consumption tends to enthrone distortive and destructive desires that interfere with our spiritual well‐being. In the midst of that we find the working of God's grace in the most unlikely Christian practice: that of contrition. Recovering the practice of contrition can be a first step toward joy, compassion, and community.
Poverty and Wealth in the Orthodox Spirituality (with special reference to St. John Chrysostom)
Authors: Dumitraşcu Nicu
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  This essay deals with the right relation we should have to material wealth in modern society, a society often marked by rank consumerism. Material goods are given to humans only to be managed for the benefit of all people, regardless of faith or race. This ethical stance does not attack or seek to abolish the right to private property, but restores it to its proper place. Specifically, patristic spirituality, such as that articulated by St. John Chrysostom, does not invalidate the principle of individual ownership, but corrects it, meaning that, while owners are owners in relation to the poor, they are only managers of wealth in relation to God.
Consumerism, Catholicism, and Hall's Theology of the Cross
Authors: Setmeyer Adam P.
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  This article examines what Catholics can learn from Douglas John Hall, a Protestant, in relationship to consumerism and the North American context. It does this by first, examining the relationship of consumerism to this context; second, viewing various Catholic reflections on consumerism through the lens of Stephen B. Bevans’ models of contextual theology; and third, placing the Catholic reflections in conversation with Hall in order to come to a constructive conclusion.
Reflecting on the Past, for the Sake of the Future
Authors: Erling Maria E.
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  The Lutheran decision to ordain women happened in two broader contexts—ecumenical and inter‐Lutheran—that still influence the way that the decision has been received in the congregations and in the wider public realm. Ordained women have not “arrived” yet, but the ongoing journey has been interesting and rewarding.
The Fortieth Anniversary of Women's Ordination in the Lutheran Church
Authors: Anderson Mary W.
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  This article offers a perspective on the present and future roles of women in the ELCA. It gives some analysis of women's roles in the trend of declining traditional congregations and rising megachurches while imagining the role of clergywomen in the church's next forty years as new models of ministry emerge.
Intercounty Variability of Net Migration at Older Ages as a Path‐Dependent Process
Authors: Brown David L. , Bolender Benjamin C. , Kulcsar Laszlo J. , Glasgow Nina , Sanders Scott
Published: December 2010

Abstract

This article seeks to identify factors associated with the formation and development of nonmetropolitan destinations for older in‐migration, thereby explaining why some U.S. counties are more likely than others to be nonmetro retirement destinations. We contend that most nonmetro retirement destinations are established and developed over time through a path‐dependent process. When amenities are commodified as recreation and tourism, migration streams tend to be established that ultimately produce sustained in‐migration of older persons to selected destination communities. We use data from a variety of official sources and a spatial statistics methodology to examine intercounty variability in net migration rates at ages 60–74. Our findings are consistent with the aforementioned path‐dependent development framework. Counties with a long history of population growth, previous experience attracting older in‐migrants, attractive natural amenities, and a developed recreation and tourism industry are those most likely to be retirement‐age migration destinations. In contrast, agricultural heartland and relatively large population size are associated with lower rates of older in‐migration. Older in‐migration should be seen as neither a panacea for strapped rural communities nor a “pensions and care issue.” Older migrants can be “gray gold,” but they can also pose challenges, such as possibly increased demand for public services as they age in place.
The CSI Effect and the Canadian and the Australian Jury*,†
Authors: Holmgren Janne A. , Fordham Judith
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Television shows, such as CBS’s CSI and its spin‐offs CSI: Miami; CSI: Las Vegas; and CSI: New York, have sparked the imagination of thousands of viewers who want to become forensic scientists. The shows’ fictional portrayals of crime scene investigations have prompted fears that jurors will demand DNA and other forensic evidence before they will convict, and have unrealistic expectations of that evidence. This has been dubbed the “CSI effect.” This phenomenon was explored using results from a Canadian study based on 605 surveys of Canadian college students who would be considered jury‐eligible and Australian quantitative and qualitative findings from a study that surveyed and interviewed real posttrial jurors. Information about the way jurors deal with forensic evidence in the context of other evidence and feedback about the way in which understanding such evidence could be increased were gained from both these studies. The comparison provides insights into the knowledge base of jurors, permitting adaptation of methods of presenting forensic information by lawyers and experts in court, based on evidence rather than folklore. While the Canadian juror data showed statistically significant findings that jurors are clearly influenced in their treatment of some forensic evidence by their television‐viewing habits, reassuringly, no support was found in either study for the operation of a detrimental CSI effect as defined above. In the Australian study, in fact, support was found for the proposition that jurors assess forensic evidence in a balanced and thoughtful manner.
The most recent burst of star formation in the massive elliptical galaxy NGC 1052
Authors: Fernández-Ontiveros J. A. , López-Sanjuan C. , Montes M. , Prieto M. A. , Acosta-Pulido J. A.
Published: December 2010

High spatial resolution near-infrared (NIR) images of the central 24 × 24 arcsec2 (∼2 × 2 kpc2) of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1052 reveal a total of 25 compact sources randomly distributed in the region. 15 of them exhibit Hα luminosities an order of magnitude above the estimate for an evolved population of extreme horizontal branch stars. Their Hα equivalent widths and optical-to-NIR spectral energy distributions are consistent with them being young stellar clusters aged <7 Myr. We consider this to be the first direct observation of spatially resolved star-forming regions in the central kiloparsecs of an elliptical galaxy. The sizes of these regions are ≲11 pc and their median reddening is E(B−V) ∼ 1 mag. According to previous works, NGC 1052 may have experienced a merger event about 1 Gyr ago. On the assumption that these clusters are spread with a similar density over the whole galaxy, the fraction of galaxy mass (5 × 10−5) and rate of star formation (0.01 M⊙ yr−1) involved suggest the merger event as the possible cause for the star formation we see today.
CHAPTER II: RNA changes in rabbit cerebellar Purkinje cells following unilateral vestibular neurotomy.
Authors: JARLSTEDT JAN
Published: December 2010

In Chapter I the effect of unilateral cold or warm water caloric stimulation upon the RNA content in cells from the lateral vestibular nucleus and upon cerebellar Purkinje cells is presented. Two groups of rabbits were subjected to unilateral irrigation with cold or warm water in the left outer ear. One portion of each group received caloric stimulation once daily for seven days, and the other portion had only one caloric stimulation.

The small‐to medium‐sized cells from the ventral part of the ipsilateral lateral vestibular nucleus had significantly higher RNA content after a single warm water irrigation compared to the contralateral side. The same type of cells from the dorsal part of this nucleus had similar values bilaterally.

The RNA content in the lobulus centralis, the paraflocculus, the para‐median lobule and the nodulus was investigated both ipsilateral and contra‐lateral to the side of the stimulation. After warm water caloric stimulation the Purkinje cells from the ipsilateral lobulus centralis and nodulus had significantly higher RNA content and purine/primidine quotient than did the Purkinje cells from the contralateral side. After cold water irrigation the results of the total RNA determinations in Purkinje cells were reversed with respect to the sides affected. The paraflocculus had similar values bilaterally in all cases as did the lobulus paramedianus after seven times cold water irrigation.

In Chapter II the effect of unilateral vestibular neurotomy upon cerebellar Purkinje cell RNA is presented. Three groups of rabbits were subjected to right‐sided vestibular neurotomy. The animals were killed 1, 2 and 4 weeks after the operation. The RNA content in Purkinje cells from both sides of the lobulus centralis, the paraflocculus and the nodulus was investigated. In the lobulus centralis and the nodulus, the nonoperated side contained a significantly higher Purkinje cell RNA content compared to the operated side. This was found in all three groups. The paraflocculus had the same values bilaterally in all three groups. One week after the vestibular neurotomy the purine/pyrimidine quotient of Purkinje cell RNA was significantly lower on the non‐operated side of the lobulus centralis compared to the operated side. The conclusions are drawn that changes in the activity of the Purkinje cells can be detected by quantitative RNA determinations and that Purkinje cells from the lobulus centralis and the nodulus change their RNA content after caloric stimulation and vestibular neurotomy.

The present work has been supported by grants from the Medical Faculty, University of Göteborg.
EFFECTS OF HEART RATE AND ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE ON CORONARY COLLATERAL BLOOD FLOW IN DOGS
Authors: JOHANSSON BÖRJE , LINDER ERLAND , SEEMAN TORSTEN
Published: December 2010

The Krypton85 clearance technique was used for studying the effects of induced changes in heart rate and arterial blood pressure on the collateral blood flow of the myocardium during acute coronary occlusions in dogs. Collateral blood flow was little affected by variations in heart rate although a slight improvement of flow was seen at frequencies between 90 and 130 beats/min compared to higher frequencies. Arterial blood pressure is an important determinant of coronary collateral blood flow in the non‐failing heart, but the pressure‐flow relationships indicate a passive behaviour of the collateral vessels. Ventricular dilatation with elongation of the collateral vessels and increased intramural pressure seems to impede collateral flow. The size of the ischemic region produced by the coronary occlusion is not significantly altered by changes in heart rate or blood pressure.
Transscleral visible/near‐infrared spectroscopy for quantitative assessment of haemoglobin in experimental choroidal tumours
Authors: Xu Can T. , Svenmarker Pontus , Andersson‐Engels Stefan , Krohn Jørgen
Published: December 2010

Purpose:  To study the feasibility of using transscleral visible/near‐infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) to estimate the content of haemoglobin in choroidal tumour phantoms of ex vivo porcine eyes.

Methods:  Thirty enucleated porcine eyes were prepared with a tumour phantom made by injecting a suspension of gelatine, titanium dioxide and human blood into the suprachoroidal space. The blood concentrations used were 2.5%, 25% and 50%, with 10 eyes in each group. Alternating Vis/NIRS measurements were taken over the phantom inclusion and on the opposite (normal) side of each eye. For statistical analysis, a genetic algorithm was utilized to suppress insignificant wavelengths in the spectra. The processed spectra were then used to build a regression model based on partial least squares regression and evaluated by twofold cross‐validation.

Results:  Ultrasonography revealed that all phantoms were localized within the suprachoroidal space with no penetration through the retina. The largest mean diameters of the phantoms with 2.5%, 25% and 50% blood were 15.5, 15.2 and 15.7 mm, respectively (p > 0.05). The largest mean thicknesses were 4.5, 4.5 and 4.8 mm, respectively (p > 0.05). Statistical analysis of the spectral data showed that it was possible to correctly discriminate between the normal side and the tumour phantom side of the eyes in 99.88% of cases. The phantoms could be correctly classified according to their blood concentrations in 99.42% of cases.

Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that transscleral Vis/NIRS is a feasible and accurate method for the detection of choroidal tumours and to assess the haemoglobin content in such lesions.