bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
НАУКОВО-МЕТОДИЧНА СПАДЩИНА АЛЛИ БОГУШ У КОНТЕКСТІ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО ОСВІТНЬОГО ПРОСТОРУ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ДОШКІЛЛЯ
Authors: Трифонова Олена
Published: December 2024

У статті проаналізовано науково-методичну спадщину української науковиці, фундаторки дошкільної лінгводидактики Алли Михайлівни Богуш. Систематизовано доробок ученої за різновекторними напрямами: дошкільна лінгводидактика, формування мовленнєвої особистості дитини, проблеми наступності та спадкоємності дошкільної і початкової ланок освіти, формування оцінно-контрольних дій у дітей та ін. Доведено вплив наукового доробку вченої на формування сучасного освітнього простору в закладах дошкільної освіти. Окреслено розроблені Аллою Богуш методологічні орієнтири організації мовленнєвої та художньо-мовленнєвої діяльності дітей (умови, принципи, методи навчання дітей рідної мови), внесок ученої в розробку програм, посібників, підручників як для закладів дошкільної освіти, так і вищої школи
ПІДГОТОВКА МАЙБУТНЬОГО ВЧИТЕЛЯ ДО ВИКОРИСТАННЯ СУЧАСНИХ ЗАСОБІВ НАВЧАННЯ МАТЕМАТИКИ ЗДОБУВАЧІВ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ОСВІТИ
Authors: Непомняща Галина
Published: December 2024

Стаття присвячена  проблемі підготовки майбутнього вчителя початкових класів до використання сучасних засобів навчання математики здобувачів початкової освіти. На основі критичного аналізу наукових та методичних джерел, передового досвіду практиків початкової школи, з'ясовано психолого-педагогічні засади  і принципи добору та використання сучасних засобів навчання. Продана їх коротка характеристика. Розглянуті основні види сучасних засобів, які доцільно використовувати під час практичної діяльності вчителів, зокрема під час вивчення математичної освітньої галузі. Окреслена методика їх використання.  Розкрито особливості підготовки майбутніх вчителів до використання інформацій технологій у процесі навчання математики молодших школярів. Зокрема, під час дистанційного навчання.
ІННОВАЦІЙНІ ЦИФРОВІ ОСВІТНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ У ПРОФЕСІЙНІЙ ПІДГОТОВЦІ Й ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ВЧИТЕЛІВ ІНФОРМАТИКИ
Authors: Кухарчук Роман , Нагай Денис
Published: December 2024

У статті розглядається формування готовності майбутніх учителів інформатики до використання інноваційних технологій у професійній діяльності є важливим аспектом їхньої підготовки. Це передбачає комплексний підхід, що включає розвиток технічних, методичних та психологічних компетенцій. Окреслено основні проблеми, з якими стикаються педагоги, включають недостатню підготовку вчителів, цифровий розрив між здобувачами освіти і педагогами. Автори  аналізують визначення терміну «освітні технології», підходи до класифікації цифрових освітніх технологій.
THE MANAGEMENT OF THE M'ZAB VALLEY WORLD HERITAGE SITE: LEGAL ISSUES AND STAKEHOLDER COORDINATION
Authors: Riad Ferhati  , Mohamed Boukader  , Maha Messaoudene  , Said Madani
Published: December 2024

The preservation of historic urban centers, although extensively studied, remains a major contemporary issue in the face of societal and environmental changes. The foundational works of Ruskin, Sitte, Giovannoni, Ravéreau, Choay, … as well as the involvement of international organizations such as UNESCO and ICOMOS, have established a theoretical and practical framework for the protection of these sites. In Algeria, the management of historic centers raises crucial governance issues, particularly in a context of rapid and sometimes disorderly urbanization. This issue is particularly relevant for the M'Zab Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage site. This study analyzes the mechanisms of heritage governance in the protected sector of the M'Zab Valley. It specifically examines the articulation between legal and technical instruments for urban development (PDAU) and heritage preservation (PPSMVSS), as well as the interactions between the various stakeholders involved in site management. The methodology is based on two complementary approaches: an analysis of regulatory frameworks and interviews with stakeholders. The results highlight significant dysfunctions, including gaps in steering mechanisms, a lack of coordination between actors, and deficits in skills and solidarity among interveners. The study proposes recommendations aimed at improving the regulatory framework and developing a new governance model promoting better coordination among actors. These proposals aim to optimize the management and preservation of this unique heritage, while taking into account contemporary urban development challenges.
Om Prakash Dwivedi and Aleks Wansbrough (eds.), Fractured Narratives and Pandemic Identities: COVID-19, the (Post)Apocalyptic, the Dystopian and the Postcolonial
Authors: Ramlan Wan Nur Madiha
Published: December 2024

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GROWTH KINETICS OF Citrus suhuiensis CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES
Authors: Mohamad Puad Noor Illi
Published: December 2024

Citrus is as one of the major commodities in most countries because of its demand and availability throughout the year. However, production of citrus including Citrus suhuiensis (C. suhuiensis) is declining due to diseases and unable to withstand low temperature. Plant cultures such as cell suspension has a potential in propagating free-disease and healthy Citrus fruits with value-added characteristics. However, studies related to C. suhuiensis is still scarce. Therefore, the growth kinetics of C. suhuiensis cell suspension culture was studied. Friable callus of C. suhuiensis which was induced from seeds was inoculated into MS medium with 30 g/L sucrose, 0.5 g/L malt extract and 2.0 mg/L 2, 4-D for the cell suspension initiation. Several batch experiments using several types of sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) were carried out. The cell dry weight (CDW) of C. suhuiensis was recorded for 30 days of culture period and the residual sugars in medium were analyzed using HPLC. Cells were completely hydrolyzed sucrose into glucose and fructose after 5 days of inoculation. All sugars were completely utilized by C. suhuiensis cells after 25th day. The kinetic growth parameters determined from batch experiments were then used for model simulation and verification in MATHCAD 15 software. After adjustments and refinement to the selected kinetic parameters, the model has fairly described and predicted the growth and sugars profile of C. suhuiensis cell suspension culture. The proposed model can be used to predict sucrose hydrolysis, glucose and fructose formation from sucrose and their consumption by the cells and also for larger scale of growth.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIETARY COTTONSEED OIL ON BROILER CHICKS PRODUCTION
Authors: Mirghani Mohamed Elwathig Saeed
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary cottonseed oil (CSO) at different levels on broiler chickens. Dietary CSO was tested for energy supplementation values in poultry at levels 0, 3, 6 and 9% utilizing isonitrogenous (22.5% CP), semi-isocaloric (3100Kcal/kg) rations and run in the experiment. Ninety-six seven-day old unsexed Ross-308 broiler chicks with an initial weight of 72.9g were used for each experiment in a completely randomized design (4x4x6). Chicks were fed for 42 days. Supplementation with the oils improved performance (p>0.05) but CSO gave significant (p<0.05) values in final, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Results of energy retention showed similar values in initial energy, but final and gained energy revealed significant (p<0.05) differences among treatment groups. Feed intake, weight gain and final weights of birds were significantly reduced (p<0.05) across treatments by the increased dietary inclusion of CSO while feed conversion ratio of birds increased significantly with increasing dietary CSO (P<0.05). Also, hematological values, serum metabolites, enzyme activities and electrolytes, the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and white blood cell (WBC) varied significantly (P<0.05) with inclusion. Adding 3-6% of the oil improves the carcass, the feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, and the profitability margin.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES USING RECOMBINANT BROMELAIN
Authors: Amid Azura , Nasruddin Arina , Sulaiman Sarina , Othman Muhd Ezza Faiez
Published: December 2024

Green chemical method was applied to synthesize nanoparticles using recombinant bromelain. Among the numerous applications of recombinant bromelain, there is still no research on nanoparticles synthesis which encourages its utilization in this study. Four chemicals which are copper(II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2.2H2O), cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3.6H2O), sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), and iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) were selected to be screened for the suitability in nanoparticles biosynthesis by recombinant bromelain. The nanoparticles formed were characterized by using UV-visible absorption spectra. The biosynthesis process then was optimized by varying the centrifugation speed, temperature, and time to get the maximum absorption and weight of nanoparticles through central composite design (CCD) tool. Only CuCl2.2H2O showed a positive result for the screening process which was represented by the formation of colloidal solution and a maximum absorption at 580 nm. Thus, optimization was carried out for this chemical. Based on the optimization model, maximum absorption and weight were predicted at 67.5Â°C, 2 h, and 9600 rpm. These optimal conditions were validated by repeating the biosynthesis process. The absorption and weight of the nanoparticles depended on the reaction of the chemical with recombinant bromelain. 3D plots showed that the optimal condition for high responses mostly depends on temperature and time
Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste as a promising alternative for waste management and energy production
Authors: Mansor Mariatul Fadzillah , Hosen MD Sabuj , Alam MD Zahangir
Published: December 2024

Biogas is an economical and environmentally friendly renewable energy which can be produced by anaerobic digestion (AD). This biochemical method converts organic compounds (mainly from wastes) into a sustainable source of energy. Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) is a method combining more than one substrate to resolve the difficulties faced in a single substrate AD system. Solid wastes increases as the population increase so do the urbanization and industrial industries. Food waste and sewage sludge are examples of one of the solid wastes. Co-digesting of both substrates may improve process stabilization to increase biogas production and overcome the nutrients imbalance. Thus, anaerobic co-digestion has been recognized as a technology that could provide a clean renewable energy source and helps reduce the landfill problem. The objective of this paper is to investigate the recent achievements and perspectives on the interaction of co-digestion between food waste and sewage sludge to improve biogas production. This may provide valuable information on the optimization of combinations of substrates: food waste and sewage sludge and prediction of bioreactor performance.
Functional Diversity of Biocatalysts: Whether to Bioprospect or Bioengineer?
Authors: Benbelgacem Farah Fadwa , Bellag Oualid Abdelkader , Mohd Salleh Hamzah , Noor Batcha Ibrahim Ali
Published: December 2024

Biocatalyst should have sufficient and efficient activity for the intended biotechnological application. In the quest for novel biocatalyst, there is a need to have a genetic diversity either by finding it within the astronomically large number of possible candidates or to obtain it by bioengineering an existing gene supported by various bioinformatic and molecular engineering tools. Nowadays, it is well-known that huge number of microorganisms is unculturable and poses great challenges to access biocatalysts from these microbes. Metagenomics is one of the methods widely applied to reach out maximum possible variants to â€œbioprospectâ€ biocatalysts. On the other hand, other approaches are available to bioengineer enzymes by modifying the DNA sequence precisely based on the structure and the function information of the protein in the case of rational design, or by a brave creation of anarchic mutations of the DNA sequence with directed evolution method. In this regard, both approaches, whether to bioprospect or to bioengineer biocatalysts have advantages and disadvantages which will be discussed in this paper.
PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID FROM SUGARCANE MOLASSES BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER USING SUBMERGED FERMENTATION
Authors: Mirghani Mohamed Elwathig Saeed , Ahmed Kabbashi Nassereldeen
Published: December 2024

Citric acid (CA) has a high demand due to its various uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the natural supply of citric acid is very limited as compared to its growing industrial demand. The increasing demand for CA can be fulfilled by using biotechnological processes. This study was conducted on liquid state bioconversion by Aspergillus niger for the production of citric acid using sugarcane molasses as the main substrate. As sugarcane, molasses considered as a waste, which consists of a big proportion of the organic matter such as lipids and carbohydrates. It makes sugarcane molasses a potential and alternative source of producing citric acid for a lower cost. Aspergillus niger was cultured in potato dextrose agar. Then, spores inoculum introduced into the fermentation media for a specific duration according to the Design Expert 6.0 software. In this study, sequential optimization strategy, based on statistical designs, applied to improve CA production using submerged fermentation. Three parameters examined to determine the best process optimization conducted in shaking flasks. Response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to obtain the best conditions for the process, where two-level factorial designs with three parameters were employed for the fermentation. It was carried out at room temperature (32â°C), agitation was set at three different values which are 160, 180 and 200 rpm. Another parameter was substrate concentration where 47%, 60%, 73% introduced. The fermentation carried out for the duration of one to five days. Initial pH was set at (5) five. Three quantitative and qualitative tests were conducted in order to assure its identity and measure CA yield, which was Titration, HPLC and FTIR spectroscopy. Qualitative estimation of CA in the cultivation media obtained using FTIR analyses. The optimization study showed that the media incubated for 72 hours with a substrate concentration of 60% and an agitation speed of 180 rpm produced the highest CA yield using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) also showed that the HPLC optimization model was significant with p < 0.0104 and R2 = 0.8964.
Effect of Curcumin Dose, Treatment Duration and Intervention Type on Tumor Inhibition in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Amid Azura , Nasruddin Arina
Published: December 2024

Curcuma longa L. has been used as a traditional medicine in India and China for the treatment of diabetic wounds, inflammatory, hepatic, and digestive disorders. These effects lead to the research of this plant for the treatment of chronic diseases. To assess the tumor inhibition effect of curcumin in animal models by integrating various studies into a systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies of curcumin treatment in tumor-induced animal models were searched in electronic databases. The assessment of the quality of the studies included and the tumor inhibition effect was conducted by using SYRCLEâ€™s Risk of Bias tool and Review Manager (The Cochrane Collaboration) software. Among the 732 articles identified, 11 studies that met the selection criteria were included in the analysis. Curcumin significantly inhibited the tumor volume in the animal models in overall, and the subgroup analyses revealed that high dose, long duration curcumin treatment, and intervention by injection have a more significant effect compared to the opposite group. Curcumin was effective in inhibiting tumor volume in animal models. The study quality and heterogeneity of the meta-analysis can probably be improved if a larger-scale of animal models and a well-designed study were available.
TREATMENT OF WASTE ENGINE OIL USING OPTIMIZED ACID/CLAY REFINING METHOD
Authors: Ahmad Nor Yusilawati , Sulaiman Sarina , Jamal Nur Ayuni
Published: December 2024

This paper addresses treatment of waste engine oils (WEO) treated by acid/clay refining method using glacial acetic acid. An optimization of the process parameters in terms of settling time, stirring speed and mixing temperature of method was developed to improve the process efficiency and oil recovery. The quality of the treated WEO was evaluated in terms of viscosity index and flash point value. The comparable properties of the treated oil to that fresh engine oil were achieved with 95% similarity at process conditions of setting time of 24 hours, temperature of 50 Â°C and mixing speed of 150 rpm respectively. The optimization study found that settling time plays the most significant parameters of the process followed by mixing temperature. Compared to previous study with the same method, this study improved the efficiency of the process by 84% in terms of viscosity index and flash point of treated oil. Four brands of WEO (Liqui Moly, Castrol, Shell and Pennzoil) were further compared at optimized conditions. It is found that the method is generally suitable to treat most of the WEO. The sludge collected at optimum treatment conditions which were analyzed using EDS and FESEM, showing the identified rough heteregenous shaped particles as carbon (97%), calcium (1.12%), zinc (0.74%), sulphur (0.73%) and phosphorus (0.29%). The finding from this study provide the information on the best process condition for treating WEO as well as to provide knowledge on particles presence in WEO.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT ON QUALITY PARAMETER IN SUNGAI PAPAR, SABAH VIA STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Mohamed Azmin Nor Fadhillah , Syafie N Shofia A'yun , Azmi Azlin Suhaida , Asnawi Ani Liza
Published: December 2024

Sg. Papar is one of the rivers in Kota Kinabalu which is mainly used for water supply especially in Papar district. For the past years, many pollution cases concerning Sg. Papar have been reported; the pollutions originated from various sources including pig farm, agricultural run-off and deforestation. These resulted in a frequent shutdown of the water treatment plants in Papar district which leads to water supply disturbance and water supply deficiency in the affected area. The data utilized in this study were obtained from water quality tests performed on river water samples taken from Limbahau water treatment plant recorded from September 2013 to September 2016. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used in this study to analyze and correlate the physicochemical parameters with the water treatment plant shutdown. The results revealed that eight parameters (pH, alum, nitrate, TDS, DO, conductivity, colour and chloride) analysed in this study correlate with each other and the parameter that mostly caused the drastic change in the river water and caused pollution in the river is turbidity. This study is critical for understanding the relationship between the water quality paramters and environmental issues.
INTERACTION EFFECT OF CO-DIGESTION SEWAGE SLUDGE AND FOOD WASTE FOR PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS
Authors: Hosen Md Sabuj , Mansor Mariatul Fadzillah , Mohd Ali Ainoor Mariana , Alam Md Zahangir
Published: December 2024

Solid wastes increase as the population increase, so do the urbanization and industrial industries. Food waste (FW) and sewage sludge (SS) are some of solid wastes. Co-digesting of both substrates may improve process stabilization to increase biogas production and overcome the nutrients imbalance. Thus, anaerobic co-digestion has been recognized as a technology that could provide a clean renewable energy source and help reduce the landfill problem. In this study, the interaction between FW & SS as co-substrates in anaerobic digestion was studied. The experiments were conducted using modified Schott bottle as a reactor with a working volume of 500 mL. There were five different ratios of substrates in percent: 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 (FW: SS). The reactor was maintained at a constant temperature of 36Â°C (Â±0.5). The substrates were filled in the reactor and left for fermentation for 14 days. There are four different parameters used to identify the characteristics of FW and SS, which are pH, Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNS), Total Solid (TS), and Total Carbohydrate (TC). Furthermore, to record the biogas yield by a different combination of substrates, a water displacement method was used. The experimental results showed that the highest biogas yield was from the composition of 50:50 (FW: SS) with biogas volume of 1150.14 mL, while the least was the composition of 0:100 (FW: SS) with 170.47 mL biogas produced. The results for substrate degradation showed that the composition of 100:0 (FW: SS) has the highest percentage degradation for reducing sugar with percentage of 56%, while the minimum was of 0:100 (FW: SS) with percentage of 35%. Besides, for TC, the highest percentage degradation was the composition 50:50 (FW: SS) with 84%, and the least was 0:100 (FW: SS) with 44%. Finally, this study proves the using food waste and sewage sludge enhances the biogas production as well as reduced the current issues of waste disposal.
RISK PREDICTION ANALYSIS FOR CLASSIFYING TYPE 2 DIABETES OCCURRENCE USING LOCAL DATASET
Authors: Abd Rahman Muhammad Hafiz Fazren , Wan Salim Wan Wardatul Amani , Abd Wahab Mohd Firdaus
Published: December 2024

The steep rise of cases pertaining to Diabetes Mellitus (DM) condition among global population has encouraged extensive researches on DM, which led to exhaustive accumulation of data related to DM. In this case, data mining and machine learning applications prove to be a powerful tool in transforming data into a meaningful knowledge. Several machine learning tools has shown great promise in diabetes classification.  However, challenges remain in obtaining an accurate model suitable for real world application. Most disease risk-prediction modelling are found to be specific to a local population. Besides that, real world data are likely to be complex, incomplete and unorganized making it a challenge to develop models around it. This research aims to develop a robust prediction model for classification of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the interest of a Malaysian population, using several well-known machine learning algorithm such as Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine and NaÃ¯ve Bayers. In order to achieve this, several data pre-processing method is implemented to improve the model performance. The models utilize local based datasets obtain from IIUM medical centre records. Besides that, each models is validated using split and 10 cross fold method. Ultimately, the performance of each model is evaluated and compare based on several statistical metrics that measures the accuracy, precision, sensitivity and efficiency. The final result shows that Random forest model provides the best overall prediction performance in terms of accuracy (0.87), sensitivity (0.9), specificity (0.8), precision (0.9), F1-score (0.9) and AUC value (0.93) (Normal).
EFFECT OF PLANT ONTOGNEY ON QUANTITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN SWEET BASIL (OCIMUM BASILICUM L.) GROWN IN SUDAN
Authors: Yasmin A. A. Aburigal  , Mirghani Mohamed Elwathig Saeed
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT: Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), belonging to family Lamiaceae, is very important in food as well as for itâ€™s therapeutic and cosmetic potential. The composition of essential oils in plants is affected by genetical and environmental conditions, which is determined by growth region and harvesting time in terms of ontogenetical variability. This study was carried out to assess the effect of plant ontogeny (pre-flowering, at flowering, fruiting) on essential oil content and chemical constituents for four sweet basil accessions cultivated under irrigation conditions in the experimental farm of the National Oilseed Processing Research Institute (NOPRI), University of Gezira, Sudan. The essential oils were hydro-distilled from the leaves using Clevenger apparatus and the chemical constituents were determined by GC-MS at IIUM. The results reveal that the essential oil content ranged from 0.1% to 0.2% at pre-flowering stage, whereas the oil content obtained at post-flowering stage was 0.1% for the investigated accessions. The highest essential oil content was recorded at flowering stage (0.2-0.5%), where the two Sudanese accessions had the maximum content (0.5%). The major chemical constituents, linalool, citral, methyleugenol, and eucalyptol reported at different developmental stages, punctuated between 5.73% and 32.93% in the four investigated accessions.
IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG BASIL (OCIMUM SP.) ACCESSIONS COLLECTED FROM AFRICA, EUROPE, ASIA, AND USA
Authors: Adam Yasmin , Nada B. Hamza
Published: December 2024

Basil (Ocimum sp.), belonging to family Lamiaceae are very important for their therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties. In the present study, 62 basil accessions collected from different regions of the world were analysed for the assessment of genetic diversity using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Four primers generated a total of 36 amplified fragments with an average of nine polymorphic bands per primer. The maximum number of fragments was produced by the primers 807 and 872 with 100% polymorphism, while the minimum number of fragments was produced by the primers 841 and 858 with 100% polymorphism. The highest similarity index was 0.59 and the least similarly index was 0.04. The weighted pair- group method was done using UPGMA clustering, classified the studied accessions in two major groups. It was concluded that high genetic variations were detected among the 62 Basil accessions. Based on the findings of this study, the ISSR markers are very useful for analysing the genetic variations for exploitation of basil in industrial applications.
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND EDUCATION; A KEY APPROACH TO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM)- A CASE STUDY OF KLANG VALLEY
Authors: Tajuddin Husna Ahmad , Muhammad Afiq Ridwan  , Mansor Mariatul Fadzillah
Published: December 2024

Solid waste management has been a worldwide issue which most countries are finding the best ways to deal with it. Improper waste management poses a threat to the health of individuals and the environment. The general problem is the perception of the local communities towards solid waste management. It is important to analyse the current level of awareness towards solid waste management to be serve as reference for policy making or education purposes. Thus, this research seeks to analyse the level of awareness towards solid waste management in Klang Valley, which is defined into three aspects knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. This research is described as a descriptive survey that is done on Klang Valley communities. The statistical analysis used in this research are descriptive, frequency and Principal Component Analysis using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) Software for statistical analysis. Generally, regarding solid waste management in Klang Valley, the respondents are highly knowledgeable except for e-waste, however the calculated mean for the attitude is 1.85 and 2.66 for behaviour which indicates that their level of attitude and behaviour towards solid waste management is low and moderate. Principal component analysis shows that there are three and four principal components for attitude and behaviour sections respectively which greatly impact on the respondents attitude and behaviour towards solid waste management. To conclude, promotional and encouragement on proper solid waste management has to be conduct frequently by the public or authorities .
EFFECT OF EXTRACTION CONDITIONS ON YIELD AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF COFFEE PULP EXTRACT
Authors: Raharjani Sophie Anggitta , Arlene  , Jessica Angelia  , Angela Justina Kumalaputri  , Agus Chahyadi  , Abduh Muhammad Yusuf
Published: December 2024

Coffee pulp is a by-product of coffee processing that contains a considerable amount of bioactive compounds. The extraction conditions have a great effect on the yield and bioactive compounds of coffee pulp extract. This study aimed to investigate the effect of extraction conditions for shaking-assisted maceration and Soxhlet extraction on the yield and bioactive compounds of coffee pulp from West Java, Indonesia. For shaking-assisted maceration, extraction time (30, 60, 90, and 120 min), shaking speed (30, 60, 90, and 120 movement/min), and concentration of citric acid (0, 3, 5, and 8 % weight per volume) were varied whereas for Soxhlet extraction, sample to solvent ratio (1:7, 1:10, 1:12, and 1:15 weight per weight), concentration of ethanol (0, 70, and 96 % volume/volume), and concentration of citric acid (0, 3, 5, and 8% weight per volume) were varied during the extraction process to determine their influence on the yield and bioactive components of the coffee pulp extract. The highest yield of coffee pulp extract (27.6% weight/weight) was obtained when the coffee pulp was extracted by Soxhlet extraction using 8% citric acid concentration in 96% ethanol with a material to solvent ratio of 1:15. Bioactive compounds in the coffee pulp extract had been determined and found to contain total phenolic compound of 20.3-21.3 mg GAE/g, anthocyanin content of 6.0-13.8 mg/L, vitamin C content of 1.5-1.7 mg/g, and flavonoid content of 3.4-3.8%. The coffee pulp extract also demonstrated an antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 277.89 - 253.57 ppm.
Evaluation of Phytochemical Variation, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Three Sudanese Traditional Medicinal Plants
Authors: Adam Yasmin , Elmogtaba Elfadl , Hussein Ismail
Published: December 2024

Herbal medicine has a long history of being for treating various ailments ranging in severity. Traditional medicine is widely used on a regular basis by Sudanese. This research aims to determine the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts from three Sudanese traditional medicinal plants (khella, marula and black mustard). The phytochemicals of the oils were determined by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis  showed that the predominant constituents in the black mustard were 2,4-Decadienal (31.72%), 2-Pyrrolidinone 1-methyl (19.41),phenol (9.43%), Limonene (6.8%), Benzoic acid (2.12%), 2-(1-phenylethyl)- (1.78%),  and Eugenol (0.96%). The identified fatty acids were Oleic acid (1.86%) and Palmatic acid (1.34%). The major aromatic components found in the marula extract were Phenol,2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl(29.96%),Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)(1.94%).The major fatty acid present was Linoleic acid (18.51%). The most abundant components found in the khella seed oil were ?-Farnesene (11.8%), Ammidin (5.44%), Methoxsalen (3.62%), Stearic acid (2.81%), Palmitic acid (2.81%), Decanoic acid, propyl ester (1.10%) and Oleic acid (0.81%). To assess the antioxidant activity of the three aqueous extracts, the radical scavenging activity (RSA %) for khella seed extract varied between 21.15 and75.44for all concentrations (125, 250, 500, 1000 µg/ml). At a concentration of 1000 µg/ml, black mustard extract scavenged 46.65% of DPPH radicals, whereas that of 500, 250 and 125µg/ml caused 28.31%, 20.68%, and 19.38% RSA, respectively. The aqueous extract of marula bark had the highest RSA% for all concentrations (98.67% 97.06%, 95.76%, and 80.84%, respectively) compared to the aqueous seed extract for khella and mustard. Antimicrobial activities of different solvents extract of the three medicinal plants studied against three selected microorganisms (E. coli, S. aureusand C. albicans). Ethanolic extract of marula and khella showed the most potent activity against S.aureusand C. albicans. Aqueous and chloroform extracts were failed to inhibit growth for the three strains. The MIC concentrations ranged from 0.37mg/ml to 0.75 mg/ml for both bacteria and fungi.
OPTIMIZING SURFACE STERILIZATION METHOD FOR INITIATION OF BITTER CASSAVA CALLUS CULTURE
Authors: Mohamad Puad Noor Illi , Mohd Sofri Nur Syazwani Nadhirah , Amid Azura , Azmi Azlin Suhaida
Published: December 2024

Surface sterilization is essential in explant preparation for in vitro cultivation to reduce contamination risk. This study focused on optimizing surface sterilizing technique to initiate bitter cassava callus culture (Rayong cultivar) for starch production based on the effects of plant growth regulator (PGR). Bitter cassava is widely used in the food and non-food industries thus, its demand is forecasted to be high in the next several years. Farmers faced many challenges in large-scale cassava plantations such as lack of infrastructure, cassava diseases and poor climatic conditions. Plant tissue culture is proposed due to its advantages such as high yield in a shorter time compared to the traditional method and the cultivation can be done outside the plant’s season. Soaking time in 70% ethanol (min), concentration of sodium hypochlorite (%) and soaking time in sodium hypochlorite (min) were selected for optimization of surface sterilizing condition of cassava explants (leaf and stem). Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Design-Expert v9.0.6. was used for designing experiments and optimization purpose to minimize the percentage of contamination. Next, different concentrations of 2,4–dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L) were supplemented to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium to investigate their effect on callus initiation.  Based on the results, soaking cassava explants for 5 minutes in 70% ethanol followed by 10 minutes in 5.75% in sodium hypochlorite gave the least percentage of contamination (16.67% for the leaf and 25% for the stem). The highest frequency of callus formation (41.67%) was achieved when using 5 mg/L of 2, 4-D from stem explant. The results from this study can serve as a starting point in establishing bitter cassava callus culture for starch production.
OCCURRENCE AND DIVERSITY OF INDIGENOUS MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN DIFFERENT SUDAN SOILS USING SORGHUM [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] AS A HOST PLANT
Authors: Mohammed Ali Ahmed K. H. , Lubna Mohamed Musa Mohamed  , Adlan Mohamed A. M.
Published: December 2024

The mutual relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants is ancient. However, there are some environmental factors, which affect the occurrence and diversity of this relationship. This study was conducted to investigate the indigenous AMF occurrence and diversity indices at six sites (two sites from Gezira, two from Sennar and one from each of Gedarif and North Kordofan States) which represent four geographical locations in the Sudan in 2016. Three rhizosphere samples from sorghum were taken from each site to estimate soil physical and chemical properties, total spores density, invalid spores percentage and root colonization to evaluate their roles in AMF occurrence and diversity. Results showed that the average total spores density ranged from 418 /100g soil at Gedaref to 1781 /100g soil at North Kordofan. The highest invalid spores percentage was found at Gedaref (21.5%) and the lowest at North Kordofan (12.5%). Root colonization percentage ranged from (11.3%) at Gedaref to (32.1%) at North Kordofan. There was a highly positive correlation between root colonization percentage and total spores density, invalid spores and sand percentage. A highly negative correlation existed between root colonization percentage on one hand and CEC, clay percentage and soil pH on the other hand. Twelve genera and 26 species were morphologically identified and two species were not identified. Rhizophagus, Glomus, Claroideogloms, Funneliformis, Acaulospora, Scutellospora and Entrophospora were dominant genera at all sites. However, Septoglomus and Ambispora were normally distributed genera and Gigaspora, Scelerocystes and Dentiscutata were rare genera. Diversity index detected a normal diversity and richness except for Gedarif having a lower diversity index, and the situation was reversed for North Kordofan, having a higher diversity index. It could be concluded that AMF occurrence and diversity were affected by soil chemical and physical properties. It is recommended to add AMF inoculums to heavy clay soils to increase spore density.
MODULATION OF THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BOVINE COLLAGEN SCAFFOLD USING VARIATION OF FABRICATION TEMPLATE
Authors: Amerai Khan Nur Amnatasha , Shahbuddin Munira , Busra Mohd Fauzi
Published: December 2024

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are evolving towards utilising biomaterial or scaffold to regenerate tissue or organ. Scaffold plays a crucial role in the tissue or organ regeneration thus a study for the characterisation for the collagen scaffold need to be carried out. In this study, purified collagen was extracted from bovine tendon legs then the scaffold was fabricated using freeze drying method. The collagen scaffold was dehydrothermally treated and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and followed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. From DSC analysis, the glass transition temperature, Tg for the sample in small pan with dimension 8.5cm×8.5cm×4cm is 60?C and 145?C for both without and with 1.0% glutaraldehyde crosslink respectively. The glass transition temperature for small pan is high which means that it is strong and rigid. Strong and rigid scaffold is needed in order to withstand the harsh condition within human body for the case of intestinal regeneration. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are other techniques that can be used to further characterise collagen scaffold for its surface morphology also for its functional groups.
EFFECT OF ACID MODIFICATION ON ADSORPTION OF ORTHO-NITROPHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY MULTI WALL CARBON NANOTUBES AND CONICAL CARBON NANOFIBERS: CHARACTERIZATION, MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Asmaly Hamza , Kabbashi Nassereldeen , Alam MD Zahangir , Al-Khatib Ma’an , Sulaman Adam
Published: December 2024

This study examined the absorption of ortho-nitrophenol onto Conical carbon nanofibers (CCNFs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MCNTs). The properties of the CNTs and CNFs were analyzed using various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller for surface area analysis, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The study investigated the effectiveness of hydrochloric acid-activated the surface of both CNTs and CNFs in removing 2-NitroPhenol ions from an aqueous solution. The Central-Composite design of RSM was employed to study the impact of solution pH, agitation speed, adsorption time, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process and then optimize these parameters for the removal of 2-NP. The results of the optimization revealed that the best conditions for removing 2-Nitro Phenol were pH 6.6, for 68.0 minutes, at 80 rpm agitation and 108mg of absorbent. Additionally, the effect of the initial concentration was evaluated, and the adsorption capacity of the nano-activated carbon adsorbents was calculated. The study found that multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a high surface area are more effective than Conical carbon nanofibers (CCNFs) in reducing 2-NP from an aqueous solution, making MWCNTs a potentially useful material in the fight against environmental pollution.
OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FREE AND CROSS-LINKED ENZYMES AGGREGATE FROM SOLID-STATE FERMENTED MATERIALS
Authors: Hadjarab Sonia , Alam MD. Zahangir , Yusof Faridah , Elgharbawy Amal
Published: December 2024

The fermentation process is well known which can lead to a selective strain that produces a large-scale optimum enzyme. In this study, the enzymes used were thermophilic resistant and obtained from solid-state fermented material. However, another technique was approached in this research to obtain higher stability of enzymes. Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregate (CLEA) technology was applied to provide higher tolerance of enzymes under harsh industrial environments. The enzymes assayed were protease, cellulase, xylanase, and pectinase. Maximizing the extraction of enzymes and optimizing the overall process before the immobilization was significant. Moreover, free, and immobilized enzymes were characterized to evaluate their stability and reusability. While the face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) under the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the immobilized enzymes. The influence of independent parameters i.e., the concentration of (precipitant) acetone, (cross-linker) glutaraldehyde, and (additive) bovine serum albumin, (BSA) were studied. This was followed by the further characterization of free and CLEA enzymes based on the optimum pH and temperature rooted in the stability and reusability of CLEA enzymes. Overall, the result obtained from optimization showed that CLEA-enzymes have a high recovery at 60% glutaraldehyde, 60% acetone, and 2.25mg/ml BSA for all the selected enzymes. In conclusion, the results gained from the characterization of free and immobilized enzymes showed higher resistance at a temperature of 60°C for free enzymes and 65°C for CLEA-enzymes. On the other side, the pH value was found at pH 8 for protease, xylanase, and pectinase, and pH 7 for cellulase. The application of CLEAs influenced the pH value, where pH 10 for xylanase and protease, pH9 for pectinase, and cellulase had the same pH of 7 as the free and immobilized cellulase.  Overall, the activity was found to be 28.24% after six cycles.
BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CLITORIA TERNATEA
Authors: Yusof Siti Najihah , Mohamed Azmin Nor Fadhillah , Abd. Wahab Mohd. Firdaus , Asnawi Ani Liza
Published: December 2024

Clitoria ternatea L. has gained more attention from the scientific community in the recent years due to its potential biological properties including antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. This explains the increment in the number of scientific studies done on the plant. However, there is no available paper found on the bibliometric analysis of C. ternatea specifying the important relationship between the content of the bioactive compounds, the types of research and the geographical diversity. Thus, this study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the research trends, spatial distribution and related bioactive compounds of the C. ternatea. Search term (“Clitoria ternatea”) OR (“Blue Butterfly Pea flower”) is used as the keyword in SCOPUS database and 598 publications were found within the period of 1954 until 2020. The growth of publications showed a sharp increase in 2011 and 2018 and keep growing throughout the years since then. The VOSviewer programme was used to analyze keywords, countries, bioactive compounds, medicinal benefits and authors through visual knowledge mapping to assess the research trends. However, only 43% of the publications were selected for further analysis subsequent to screening stage. Results on the relationship between C. ternatea and bioactive compounds showed that antioxidant was the most frequently encountered pharmaceutical potential and anthocyanin was the most frequently encountered biological properties. The geographical distribution analyses showed that most researches were originated from Southeast Asian countries. The bibliometric analysis performed in this study has identified trends in C. ternatea plant from 1954 to 2020, which will guide the future directions in this research field.
CARBON FIBER AEROGEL FROM NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND WASTE ENGINE OIL RESIDUE FOR OIL SORPTION
Authors: Ab Manaf Syazana , Mohd Afandi Amirul , Ahmad Nor Yusilawati , Jimat Dzun Noraini , Jamal Nur Ayuni
Published: December 2024

The oil adsorption method is one of the best approaches that can be used to treat an oil spillage on the water surface. The researchers have moved forwards in developing oil sorbent material that is very efficient for oil adsorption process, environmentally friendly, and very low cost. Following this, combination of two different wastes has been used as raw material to prepare oil sorbent material with such characteristic in this study. Nanofibrillated cellulose were extracted from sugarcane bagasse and were combined with carbon residue from waste engine oil to produce carbon fiber aerogel (CFA). Different ratio of cellulose to waste engine oil residue, WER (between 0.5 until 1.5) at different carbonization temperature (500 to 700?C) was used to develop CFA and the oil sorption capacity was investigated. It was observed that ratio of cellulose to WER 1.5 and carbonization temperature of 600 ?C achieved the highest oil sorption capacity of 5.47 g/g. The sample CFA possess highly fibrous and rough surface structure as observed by FESEM, low density (0.17 g/cm3) with high carbon content (C-C and C?C) as confirmed by the FTIR. This study stimulates an insight to utilize sustainable waste sources as the raw material for oil sorbent material development.
ELUCIDATING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF STINGLESS BEE HONEY AS CRYOPROTECTANT AND THERMOREGULATED CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Shahbuddin Munira , Raja Alias Raja A’isyah Syahirah , Shahbuddin Dahlia , Ngah Norhayati
Published: December 2024

Stingless bee honey had been studied for their unique properties and their potential in medical aspects. In this study, the physicochemical properties of the stingless bee honey of Heterotrigona itama  and Geniotrigona thoracica  were investigated for their potential as cryoprotectant. The water content of the stingless bee honey was determined through water removal process where G. thoracica and H. itama contained 26.8% and 29.68% of water, respectively. The freezing point and properties of the stingless bee honey under different temperatures between 0?C, -20?C and -80?C were studied and the results showed that G. thoracica stingless bee honey had a slower freezing rate compared to H .itama. Thawing experiment of the stingless bee honey was conducted   at room temperature in order to find the rate of thawing for the stingless bee honey. It was found that the melting rate of H. itama was slower compared to G. thoracica. Image analysis was done in order to analyze the freezing and melting rate of the stingless bee honey from G. thoracica  and H. itama. DSC analysis thermograms of pure G. thoracica  and pure H. itama stingless bee honey showed that the Tg value for G. thoracica  was 36.64?C and H. itama was 58.06?C, while the Tm value of G. thoracica was 122.33?C and H. itama was 153.27?C. Finally, the Tc value for G. thoracica was 89?C, while for H. itama, the value was 129.47?C. Our study has shown that these stingless bee honey contained high water content and low Tg value. Stingless bee honey’s amorphous solid physicochemistry merit for study and should be further elucidated for its potential in cells and macromolecules such as mRNA and DNA protection and preservation under low temperature and extreme conditions.
Mosques in Island Southeast Asia (15th - 20th Century)
Authors: Harlina Md. Sharif
Published: December 2024

The primary objective of this study is to highlight factors causing transformations on the mosqueâ€™s form and functions, through critical analysis on the mosqueâ€™s physical attributes. The mosques are selected from various important port cities of the region, spanning from the 15th to the 20th century. The research adopts analytical and generative typological method in conducting comparative study between the data retrieved from the selected mosques and the data acquired from the analysis on the Prophetâ€™s Mosque archetype. As every typological study must be based on a certain â€˜ideal type,â€™ the Prophetâ€™s Mosque serves as a controlling factor in determining the level of changes made to the models under study. From this aspect, the level of changes (i.e. variations to the ideal type, which is the Prophetâ€™s Mosque) occurring in the mosque samples can be recorded and evaluated in order to seek explanations for the emergence of distinctive patterns or lack thereof.