bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las campañas electorales en la nueva sociedad de la información y el conocimiento
Authors: Valdez Zepeda Andrés
Published: April 2018

El artículo trata sobre los principales cambios que las campañas electorales han experimentado en los últimos años en América Latina, subrayando las nuevas características distintivas y tendencias de este tipo de campañas, a la luz de lo que se conoce como el constructo de la nueva sociedad de la información y el conocimiento.
Luces y sombras de la Conquista, el Barroco y la Ilustración
Authors: Rodríguez-Miaja Fernando E.
Published: April 2018

El estudio de la relación del arte con el poder es algo novedoso. Utilizando ejemplos concretos de la Conquista, el Barroco y la Ilustración puede evaluarse el apoyo de quienes ostentan el poder a los artistas y su creación, aunque también ello pueda ser causa de represión o rechazo. Por el contrario, el arte también puede servir para validar y apoyar la postura oficial de los poderosos o ser una manifestación de crítica por parte de la sociedad.
La caricatura política en el Porfiriato
Authors: Ayala Blanco Fernando
Published: April 2018

El presente artículo es una reflexión y análisis en torno a la caricatura política en el Porfiriato. Ésta se inserta en la herencia de una rica e importante tradición gráfica, demostrando que las imágenes pueden ser una poderosa arma política. Ciertamente la caricatura política puede ser un arma de doble vía, que fue utilizada durante ese periodo histórico tanto por grupos progresistas como reaccionarios.
La Guadalupe. Sociopolítica mexicana desde la iconografía religiosa
Authors: Arnal Ariel
Published: April 2018

El artículo presenta un breve repaso sobre el vínculo que existe entre la historia y la iconografía para la formación de la identidad nacional en el caso de México. En particular, el autor retoma la imagen de la virgen de Guadalupe, como uno de los elementos fundamentales para la formación de dicha identidad. Desde la perspectiva del autor, la concepción de la idea sobre la realidad nacional ha estado ligada a lo largo de la historia a parámetros de control definidos por el Estado como "identidad oficial", lo que ha provocado que la sociedad construya su realidad coincidente a veces con el gobierno y a veces especialmente enfrentada.
Ciudadanía, capital político y calidad democrática: escenarios de bancarrota política en México
Authors: Mirón Lince Rosa María , Urbina Cortés Gustavo Adolfo
Published: April 2018

En el presente artículo, los autores hablan de la importancia de la participación política para el desarrollo de regímenes democráticos que buscan lograr que sus estándares de legitimidad y de funcionalidad sistémica sean positivos. Concluyen que es necesario incluir en el sistema político aquellas estrategias que ayuden a disminuir las condiciones de desigualdad social imperante en la sociedad mexicana.
Las desventajas de la desorganización. la Ciencia Política mexicana en su encrucijada
Authors: Vidal de la Rosa Godofredo
Published: April 2018

El artículo expone que la ciencia política mexicana se encuentra en una encrucijada. Para el autor, la falta de sustento institucional que le dé cobijo a sus practicantes repercute en el aislamiento y la falta de madurez teórica y metodológica. A lo largo del texto se¡ exponen algunos de los elementos que considera importantes tales como: la ausencia de reflexión sobre su estado actual como disciplina, la ausencia de debates internos que aborden sus logros y limitaciones, sus nuevas problemáticas y su situación en el contexto de la ciencia política en el mundo.
Un camino metodológico para comparar trabajos de gobiernos divididos y gobiernos unificados, el caso del Congreso de Tlaxcala
Authors: Alacio García Rosa Ynés
Published: April 2018

<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">En el documento se realiza un ejercicio metodológico para comparar los trabajos del último gobierno unificado y del primer gobierno dividido en Tlaxcala a partir de la utilización de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas. Entendemos como <span style="font-family: Helvetica-Oblique; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique;">gobierno dividido <span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">a la separación de poderes, en donde el partido del titular del Ejecutivo local o nacional no cuenta con el control mayoritario del Poder Legislativo. Y se identifica a un <span style="font-family: Helvetica-Oblique; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique;">gobierno unificado <span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">como aquel que controla al menos el 50% más uno de las diputaciones en el Congreso
Palma Esperanza (coord.), Partidos y elecciones intermedias de 2009. Problemas para la construcción de mecanismos de representación y participación en México.
Authors: Mirón Lince Rosa María
Published: April 2018
Francisco Reveles Vázquez, ¿Qué sabemos de los partidos políticos en México? México, Gernika, 2011
Authors: Flores Díaz Jorge Gerardo
Published: April 2018
La Política o el arte de generar y mantener el espacio dialógico. Consideraciones para mejorar la calidad democrática en México
Authors: Lince Campillo Rosa María
Published: April 2018

La autora concibe a la política como el arte de generar y mantener el espacio público donde através del diálogo, se logran consensos sobre los asuntos de interés común (vitales para nuestraactividad diaria). En México observa a una política desdibujada debido a la imposibilidadde dialogar libre, honesta y directamente, ya que el espacio que debiera ser público se encuentrasecuestrado por unos cuantos a causa de la falta de respeto a la normatividad, intoleranciae imposición, esta última en algunos casos respaldada en la amenaza de pérdida dela paz social.
Aspectos culturales, sociales y productivos para una tipología de cafeticultores
Authors: Rosales Martínez Verónica , Martínez Dávila Juan Pablo , Osorio Acosta Francisco , López Romero Gustavo , Asiaín Hoyos Alberto , Estrella Chulim Néstor Gabriel
Published: April 2018

El objetivo de esta investigación fue generar una tipología de productores cafetaleros con base en variables de tipo social, cultural, económico y productivo para determinar las diferencias existentes entre ellos y ofrecer información a las instancias gubernamentales para que diseñen estrategias en pro del mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los pobladores. Se aplicó una encuesta a 145 productores cafetaleros en 2014, en el Distrito 005 de Fortín, Veracruz. Los resultados mostraron que los productores se clasifican en tres tipos: de subsistencia, transicionales y empresariales. Los de tipo empresarial son los que poseen mayor nivel tecnológico, mayor superficie, mayor ingreso capitalizable, mayor número de cortadores con pago, en comparación con los de subsistencia y transicionales. Por su carácter tradicional, el cultivo del café en este Distrito ha representado una opción de subsistencia y reproducción, más que social o de acumulación de riquezas o de capital con alta productividad económica.
Manejo sustentable de plagas agrícolas en México
Authors: Zepeda Jazo Isaac
Published: April 2018

Â El uso indiscriminado de plaguicidas, primero por necesidad y ahora por desconocimiento, ha mermado y dañando la actividad agrícola del país. Aun en pequeñas áreas de cultivo dependemos del desarrollo de nueva tecnología para el manejo de las plagas agrícolas. Si bien los plaguicidas, fertilizantes y maquinaria agrícola han sido parte importante en el aumento de la producción agrícola, han mostrado no ser, al menos para los pesticidas químicos, una estrategia segura y sustentable para el manejo de plagas. La desconfianza y la falta de información han impedido adoptar estrategias amigables con el medio que permitan un manejo sustentable de las plagas. En esta revisión se brinda un análisis de los principales fenómenos que influencian la implementación de medidas de control de plagas en el país y, a su vez, propone que se contemplen aspectos agroecológicos, económicos y culturales de cada región, partiendo de un análisis concienzudo de las metas alcanzables a corto y mediano plazo, con miras a restaurar el equilibrio biológico y la sustentabilidad del campo mexicano. Enfocado ex profeso a la situación actual del campo mexicano, este estudio puede servir como punto de partida para el diseño de programas que consideren la heterogeneidad del agro mexicano.
Aplicações de toxina botulínica tipo A como um meio terapêutico em doenças distônicas
Authors: Santos Tayrane Lima , Quaresma Marielle Pires
Published: April 2018

Há mais de 20 anos a toxina botulínica tipo A é utilizada na clínica médica para inúmeras desordens involuntárias da musculatura, como o blefaroespasmo, distonia cervical, estrabismo e paralisia cerebral. A toxina botulínica tipo A é produzida por Clostridium botulinum, bactéria gram-positiva, anaeróbica, produtora de esporos. Tal toxina possui 7 formas antigenicamente distintas A, B, C, D, E, F, G. A toxina age nas terminações nervosas, impedindo a exocitose da acetilcolina na fenda pré-sináptica, fazendo com que haja o relaxamento da musculatura esquelética. Estudos com duplo cegos e placebo controlados, mostraram a eficácia deste tratamento. Objetivos: revisão de literatura sobre as  aplicações de toxina botulínica em pacientes distônicos e seus efeitos colaterais, possibilitando mais conhecimento sobre essa alternativa terapêutica e suas limitações, tornando-se assim um estudo importante na reabilitação destes pacientes. Métodos: a busca bibliográfica deste trabalho foi retirada das seguintes bases de dados: Google Acadêmico, PUBMED, SciELO, BIREME. Foram priorizados trabalhos publicados no período de 2006 á 2015. Foram encontrados 228 trabalhos como artigos, monografias, dissertações e teses. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e os critérios de exclusão, onde resultou em 43 trabalhos para a elaboração desta pesquisa.
Generalized cosecant numbers and trigonometric inverse power sums
Authors: da Fonseca , Glasser Lawrence , Kowalenko Victor
Published: April 2018

The generalized cosecant numbers denoted here by c?,k represent the coefficients of the power series expansion or generating function of the
fundamental function x?= sin?x. In actual fact, these interesting numbers
are polynomials in ? of degree k, whose coefficients are only dependent upon
k. In this paper we show how they emerge in the calculation of trigonometric
inverse power sums. After introducing the generalized cosecant numbers we
present a novel and elegant integral approach for computing the
Gardner-Fisher trigonometric inverse power sum, which is given by Sv,2(m)
= (?/2m)2v ?m-1,k=1 cos-2v (k?/2m), where m and v are positive
integers. This method not only confirms the solutions obtained earlier by an
empirical method, but it is also much more expedient from a computational
point of view. By comparing the formulas from both methods, we derive
several new and interesting number-theoretical results involving symmetric
polynomials over the set of quadratic powers up to (v-1)2 and the
generalized cosecant numbers.
A q-analogue of α־-Whitney numbers
Authors: El-Desouky B.S. , Shiha F.A.
Published: April 2018

We define the (q,??)-Whitney numbers which are reduced to the ??-Whitney
numbers when q ? 1. Moreover, we obtain several properties of these numbers
such as explicit formulas, recurrence relations, generating functions,
orthogonality and inverse relations. Finally, we define the ??-Whitney-Lah
numbers as a generalization of the r-Whitney-Lah numbers and we introduce
their important basic properties.
Dominating 2-broadcast in graphs: Complexity, bounds and extremal graphs
Authors: Cáceres J. , Hernando C. , Mora M. , Pelayo I.M. , Puertas M.L.
Published: April 2018

Limited dominating broadcasts were proposed as a variant of dominating
broadcasts, where the broadcast function is upper bounded. As a natural
extension of domination, we consider dominating 2-broadcasts along with the
associated parameter, the dominating 2-broadcast number. We prove that
computing the dominating 2-broadcast number is a NP-complete problem, but
can be achieved in linear time for trees. We also give an upper bound for
this parameter, that is tight for graphs as large as desired.
Some improvements of Jordan-Steckin and Becker-Stark inequalities
Authors: Nenezic Marija , Zhu Ling
Published: April 2018

The aim of this article is to propose some improvements of the Jordan-Steckin
and Becker-Stark inequalities discussed in L. Debnath, C. Mortici, L. Zhu:
Refinements of Jordan-Steckin and Becker-Stark inequalities, Results Math.
67(1-2)(2015), 207-215.
Evaluation of meat quality of weaned rabbits administered different concentrations of probiotic strain (Saccharomyces boulardii)
Authors: Jiya Elisha , Chinma Chiemela , Sanusi Ahmed
Published: April 2018

The meat quality and sensory properties of weaned rabbits administered
different concentrations/cell count of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii
(flora norm) were investigated. A total of 36 mixed breeds of rabbits were
randomly divided to four treatments with three replicates and three rabbits
per replicate. The weaned rabbits were fed the same diet. Treatments T1, T2,
T3 and T4 had zero (0) concentration/cell count of probiotic, 1ml each of
160 x106 it is%1.6 x 108 cfu/ml concentration of probiotic, 1 ml each of 80
x106cfu/ml =8.0 x 107 cfu/ml of probiotic and 1 ml each of 40 x 106cfu/ml
concentration of probiotic, respectively. The administration of the
probiotic was done once every 14 days. Results obtained showed that there
was no significant difference in moisture and crude protein content of meat
from rabbits while ether extract differed significantly (P<0.05). The
physical properties, cooking yield, cooking loss and water holding capacity
were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by concentrations of probiotics
while pH and thermal shortening were significantly (P<0.05) influenced. All
the sensory parameters measured were significantly (P<0.05) different. It
was found that oral administration of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii
(flora norm) at 4 mg/ml 80 x 106cfu/ml concentration improved meat qualities
and overall acceptability of rabbit meat.
Omissions in the disinfection of a craft-slaughterhouse
Authors: Jankovic Ljiljana , Teodorovic Radislava , Vucinic Marijana , Pintaric Stefan , Djordjevic Milutin , Savic Mila , Karabasil Nedjeljko , Nenadovic Katarina
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to establish the difference in the total number of
bacteria present on some surfaces after disinfection was performed either by
a professional or a layman employed at the slaughterhouse. Based upon the
obtained results it can be concluded that there were omissions in the
disinfection procedure. The study material consisted of wet and dry swabs
taken during a five week period, before and after disinfection was performed
either by a professional or a laymen. The following surfaces were sampled:
meat carving knife, meat hooks, floor of the stunning area, and corridor
floor. The procedure for wet swabs was carried out in accordance with the
standard ISO 18593 method. The number of bacteria was estimated from each
sample with the standard ISO 4833 method. Disinfection was performed with a
0.02% chlorine solution; the exposition time was 30 min. According to the
obtained results it can be concluded that after disinfection was carried out
by a professional- veterinarian, or by a layman, all surfaces which were
previously treated correctly (mechanical cleaning and sanitary washing), and
disinfected measured a significant decrease in the number of total bacteria
(log cfu/cm2). The results for the total number of bacteria obtained after
disinfection of the stunt area indicate on possible omissions as the number
of bacteria did not decrease.
Toshiba's Creative Accounting for Construction Contracts
Authors: Dugar Amitabh , Gujarathi Mahendra R.
Published: April 2018

This case aims to help you understand how a world-known Japanese conglomerate—Toshiba Corporation—managed its earnings using the percentage-of-completion method to account for construction contracts in its Energy and Infrastructure division. In response to inquiries from Japan's Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission (SESC) and internal investigations, Toshiba restated its earnings for an extended period (2008–2014) by the staggering amount of $1.86 billion. Twenty-one percent of this amount related to its improper accounting for construction contracts. The case requires you to research authoritative accounting literature, evaluate Toshiba's accounting practices, and determine which GAAP-compliant procedures Toshiba should have followed. The case assignment intends to improve your ability to (1) identify, interpret, and apply the new revenue recognition standard (ASC 606), (2) appreciate the distinction between a company's stated accounting policies and their implementation, (3) recognize the importance of estimates and judgments in the accounting process, and (4) understand the critical role played by the senior management and organizational culture in the assurance of integrity in financial reports.
Middle Road Media: A Codification Research Case on the Accounting for Software Development Activities
Authors: McNellis Casey J.
Published: April 2018

The accounting for software development costs is a complex issue within the financial accounting curriculum. While intermediate-level texts address the relevant issues, this case provides a rich context for students to learn and apply knowledge of the topic while developing critical-thinking and professional research skills. The instructional case addresses a hypothetical scenario of a company's development of an internal-use software system that ultimately prompts the creation of a software product sold by the company to customers. Students are required to determine the appropriate recognition of the software development costs, as well as the presentation of those costs and proceeds from customers on the company's financial statements.
KERAPATAN DAN VIABILITAS KONIDIA BEAUVERIA BASSIANA DAN METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE PADA MEDIA IN VITRO PH RENDAH
Authors: Rizkie Lilian , Herlinda Siti , . Suwandi , Irsan Chandra , . Susilawati , Lakitan Benyamin
Published: April 2018

Conidial density and viability of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae grown on the low-pH in vitro medium. Liquid bioinsecticide with active ingredient from conidial entomopathogenic fungus has major constraints, namely short shelf life due to declining conidial viability and density is caused by low pH in the bioinsecticide carrier. This experiment aimed to measure the loss of conidial viability and density of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates grown on in vitro medium with low pH. Entomopathogenic fungus isolates were used as much as 28 isolates grown on in vitro medium at low pH, namely pH 5, 4, 3, and 2. The results showed that the fungus isolate that had the highest conidial density on in vitro medium at pH 5 was found on isolates of B. bassiana with code BPcMs (2.583 x 109 conidia mL-1), while the lowest one was found on isolates of B. bassiana with code of BWS Pantura (0.825x109 conidia mL-1). All isolate conidial density from in vitro medium with pH 2 decreased regularly. Conidial density of BPcMs isolate decreased to 2.483 x 109conidia mL-1, as well as BWS Pantura isolate also decreased to 0.425x109 conidia mL-1. The highest conidial viability at pH 5 was found on isolates of B. bassiana with code of BPcMs (51.572%), while the lowest conidial viability was found on isolate of B. bassiana with BTmPc code (15.040%). At pH 2, almost isolates tested had low conidial viability. The conidial viability of isolates BPcMs decreased to 47.037%%, while the isolates BTmPc also decreased to 12.778%. Therefore, the lower of the pH of the in vitro medium was, the lower of conidial viability and density of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae was
RESPON GENOTIPE KEDELAI BIJI BESAR DAN UMUR GENJAH TERHADAP KOMPLEKS HAMA PENGISAP POLONG
Authors: Bayu Marida Santi Yudha Ika , Krisnawati Ayda , Adie M. Muchlish
Published: April 2018

Response of large seed size and early maturing soybean genotypes against pod sucking bugs complex. Pod sucking bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is the most detrimental pest on soybean in Indonesia. These pest attacks caused the decreasing of quality and quantity of yield as well as decreased seed germination. The use of resistant varieties is an alternative control which is environmentally friendly. The objective of this study was to determine the response of various soybean genotypes against pod sucking complex in the field. The experiment was conducted on June to September 2015 in Pasuruan, East Java. The treatment was arranged in randomized block design, 16 treatments with three replicates. The treatment consists of 14 soybean promising lines (G 511 H/Anj//Anj///Anj-11-2, G 511 H/Anjasmoro-1-6, G 511 H/Anj//Anj///Anj-7-1, G 511 H/Anjasmoro//Anjasmoro-5-1, G 511 H/Argom//Argom-2-1, G 511 H/Anjasmoro-1-4, G 511 H/Anjasmoro-1-2, G 511 H/Anjasmoro//Anjasmoro-2-8, G 511 H/Arg//Arg///Arg///Arg-12-15, G 511 H/Anj// Anj///Anj-6-3, G 511 H/Arg//Arg///Arg///Arg-19-7, G 511 H/Anjasmoro-1-7, G 511 H/Anj//Anj///Anj////Anjs-6-7, G 511 H/Anjasmoro-1-4-2), and two varieties (Anjasmoro and Grobogan). The results showed that the differences in soybean genotypes significantly influence the intensity of damaged pod and seed caused by pod sucking bugs. The intensity of damaged pod was 29.8–64.0% per plant. The intensity of damaged seed was 13.2-63.9% per plant. The number of puncture was 1.2-1.6 punctures per pod and 0.6-2.7 punctures per seed. Based on the intensity of damaged pod and seed, genotipe G 511 H/Anjasmoro//Anjasmoro-2-8, G 511 H/Anjasmoro-1-2, and G 511 H/Anjasmoro-1-6 were indicated consistently as moderately resistance against pod sucking complex. Those three genotypes could be use as a source of genes to improve the resistance of soybean against pod sucking bug.
VEGETATION DIVERSITY AND INTENSITY OF PLANT PESTS AND DISEASES IN TWO POLYCULTURE SYSTEMS IN TANGGAMUS DISTRICT
Authors: . Sudiono , Sutjahyo Surjono Hadi , Wijayanto Nurheni , Hidayat Purnama , Kurniawan Rachman
Published: April 2018

Vegetation diversity and intensity of plant pests and diseases in two polyculture systems in Tanggamus District. The vegetable crop management cannot be separated from infestation of plant pest and disease which influences the quality and quantity of crop yield. The pest organism development is influenced by agroecosystem. The objective of this research was to analyze vegetation diversity and intensity of pest and disease in Tanggamus District. Methods used in this research were analysis of vegetation diversity based on Shannon index, percentage of pests damage and diseases incidence. The results showed that the vegetation diversity in polyculture of agriculture typology were 11 plant species with diversity index of 0.64; while in polyculture of agroforestry typology there were 11 plant species with diversity index of 0.74 and both of these indices were less than 1 (H’ < 1). The percentage of pests damage in the polyculture of agriculture larger than polyculture of agroforestry typology ranging from 7.20% to 81.67% and 3.04% to 26.67% respectively. While the incidence of disease in polyculture of agriculture ranging from 0.65% up to 100% and polyculture of agroforestry typology 0.65% up to 68.00%.
KARAKTERISASI MOLEKULER NUCLEAOPOLYHEDROVIRUS (NPV) HYPOSIDRA TALACA WLK. DI PERKEBUNAN TEH GUNUNG MAS BOGOR
Authors: Kusumah R. Yayi Munara , Revi Lestia , Kurniawati Fitrianingrum
Published: April 2018

Characterize molecular the Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) Hyposidra talaca Wlk. of tea plantation at Gunung Mas Bogor. Hyposidra talaca is one of the most important pest in tea plantation, and generally attacks of leaves and shoots. This pest cause yield loss up to 40-100%. NPV can be pathogenic to the pest of H. talaca and can be developed as an alternative measure to control H. talaca in tea plantations and based management appears to be more ecofriendly and effective. However, information regarding characterisation molecular of HytaNPV is limited. The study conducted to characterize molecular the NPV of H. talaca by restriction nucleotide and amino acid, by using gens lef-8.  Molecular identification used Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) consisted of DNA extraction, DNA amplication, and DNA electrophoresis. DNA amplication using gen lef-8 showed positif result with approximately 770 bp. Gen lef-8 can identified HytaNPV. DNA sequance showed that isolate HytaNPV Bogor had high homology of pathogonic NPV of genus Helicoverpa from Brazil, Australia, Spanyol and Netherland with homology nucleotide and amino acid reached 98% and 100%. Based on philogeny tree of HytaNPV was one group with pathogenic NPV of genus Helicoverpa.
KESINTASAN BEBERAPA JAMUR ANTAGONIS PADA BUAH CABAI DAN POTENSINYA DALAM MENEKAN PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES
Authors: . Nurbailis , . Martinius , Naipinta Rizka
Published: April 2018

Persistence of several antagonistic fungus on chilli and its potential to suppress anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides is one of the important diseases on chilli because its directly gives negative impact on chilli production. The aim of this research was to obtain the superior antagonistic fungi that have ability to persist on chili fruit and potential to control anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides  The experiment consist of two units: 1. Testing of persistence ability of antagonistic fungi on chilli fruit, 2. Testing the potential of antagonistic fungi to suppress anthracnose disease on chilli fruit. Both of the test used Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 4 replication, each of replication consist of 4 chilies fruit. Those treatments were Trichoderma-PP1, Trichoderma-PP3, Trichoderma-AG2, Trichoderma-PYK3, Paecilomyces-PP6, Paecilomyces-PP7, Paecilomyces-AG4, Paecilomyces-PYK4, Aspergillus PP2 and without antagonistic fungi (control). The result indicated that all antagonistic fungi isolate could persist on chili fruit. The highest persistence were Trichoderma-PP3 and TrichodermaAG2 (95.83%) and the lowest belonged to Paecilomyces-PP7 (50%). Trichoderma-PP3 and Trichoderma-AG2 were the best isolates for suppressing anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides.
AKTIVITAS SIDEROFOR BACILLUS SUBTILIS SEBAGAI PEMACU PERTUMBUHAN DAN PENGENDALI PATOGEN TANAMAN TERUNG
Authors: Prihatiningsih Nur , Djatmiko Heru Adi , Lestari Puji
Published: April 2018

Siderophore activity of Bacillus subtilis as plant growth promoters and biological control agent of eggplants pathogens. The aims of this research were to identify the siderophores of B. subtilis, to assess its activities as plant growth promoters and biological control agent of eggplants pathogens. Five isolates of B. subtilis i.e.B46, B209, B211, B298 and B 315 grown on SDCASA medium. The isolate which showed the best siderophores production was then further studied on its ability as a growth promoter on eggplants in two soil types with different Fe content. The inhibitory test was conducted against two kinds of pathogens, namely Colletotrichum sp. and Ralstonia solanacearum. The greenhouse experiment was arranged using a factorial completely randomized block design. The first factor was the B. subtilis (B. subtilis B298 and without B. subtilis B298), second factor was the type of soil (Ultisol and Andisol). The variables measured were Fe uptake by plants, plant growth parameters on eggplant i.e. height, leaf number, root length, root volume, weight of fresh and dried shoot as well as fresh and dry root, percentage of inhibition to fungal and bacterial eggplant pathogens. The results showed that the five isolates of B. subtilis were able to produce siderophores as catecholate and hydroxamate types. The best siderophore production was showed by B. subtilis B298. The ability of B. subtilis B298 in accelerating the growth of plants was indicated by the increased of uptake Fe, plant height, leaf number, root volume, weight of dried plants by 45.62%, 25.48%, 19.45%, 41.10% and 34.89% respectively. The inhibition to the fungal and bacterial eggplant pathogens best shown by the isolates of B. subtilis B298 with 55.4% and 22 mm respectively.
Monitoring of 137CS and 40K in the Levice District, Southern Slovakia
Authors: Kanta M. , Beňová K.
Published: April 2018

The contamination of the environment, soil and meat of wild animals with radionuclides can negatively affect human health. The aim of our study was to analyse the risk arising from post-Chernobyl contamination of the meat of wild boars (Sus scrofa) originating from the district Levice, southern Slovakia, with the radioactive artificial element 137Cs. The level of natural radionuclide 40K was also determined. We examined altogether 45 samples obtained from 9 wild boars hunted in this area during the period of 2013—2015. From each animal we collected and analysed samples from the thigh, stomach contents, stomach muscles and skin. We also examined samples of soil from the locations where these animals were shot. The activity values of radioactive caesium 137Cs determined in this study were very low and therefore the consumption of wild boar meat originating from this location presents no risk to human health.
The Role of Meningococcal Porin B in Protein-Protein Interactions with Host Cells
Authors: Káňová E. , Jiménez-Munguía I. , Čomor Ľ. , Tkáčová Z. , Širochmanová I. , Bhide K. , Bhide M.
Published: April 2018

Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative diplococcus responsible for bacterial meningitis and fatal sepsis. Ligand-receptor interactions are one of the main steps in the development of neuroinvasion. Porin B (PorB), neisserial outer membrane protein (ligand), binds to host receptors and triggers many cell signalling cascades allowing the meningococcus to damage the host cells or induce immune cells responses via the TLR2-dependent mechanisms. In this paper, we present a brief review of the structure and function of PorB.
Scalp arteriovenous malformation: A case report with review
Authors: Gupta Asheesh Kumar , Iyengar S.N. , Sharma Anand
Published: April 2018

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the scalp is a rare lesion whose natural history remains to be elucidated. Clinical symptoms, usually, range from an asymptomatic lesion, local discomfort, headaches to necrosis and massive hemorrhage. Selective angiography remains the cornerstone for investigation. Complete surgical excision, embolization or an approach combining the modalities is curative. It can also cause massive hemorrhages due to dryness of the overlying skin and injuries. In this report we describe the clinical and radiological features of a patient with a scalp arteriovenous malformation.
A case report on result of posterior fossa decompression on syringomyelia in a case of chiary type I malformation
Authors: Gupta Asheesh Kumar , Shukla Avdhesh , Sharma Anand , Iyengar S.N.
Published: April 2018

The prime objective in the surgical treatment of Chiari malformation (CM) and/or syringomyelia (SM) is based on the restoration of the normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics at the craniovertebral junction through the creation of a large artificial cisterna magna. In this case a patient came to our hospital with type 1 chiary malformation having large syrinx which underwent posterior fossa decompression by midline sub occipital craniectomy with subpial cerebellar tonsillar resection which after one year of follow up we have found significant resolution of syrinx radiologically.
Breakaway Unions: an Australian Case
Authors: Teicher Julian
Published: April 2018

This paper examines the concept of breakaway unions and places it within the Australian institutional context. The concept is then applied to a particular case involving power station operators, a group of which seceded from one union and merged with another while retaining their group autonomy. This somewhat novel approach to circumventing the constraints of registration under the Conciliation and Arbitration Act highlights the limitations of industrial style unions in representing a diverse membership.
Breaking them in? School kids in the twilight economy
Authors: Sultana Ronald G.
Published: April 2018

This article sets out to explore the nature and extent of the participation of young people - many of them of school-leaving age - in holiday, weekend and after-school casual part-time work It is argued that such a participation in the "twilight economy" of a segmented labour market prepares New Zealand youth for capitalist social relations of production. In conclusion, some of the implications of this study for industrial arbitrators and educators, as well as pointers for future research in this area are discussed.
Pay equity, the "free" market and state intervention
Authors: Du Plessis Novitz Rosemary , Jaber Nabila
Published: April 2018

A number of publications opposing pay equity published by the Business Round Table, the Employers' Federation and the Centre for Independent Studies between 1988 and 1990 have opposed pay equity. The ideas in these publications are shared by many neo-classical economists who advocate the operation of a "free" labour market with mininial intervention by the State or unions. These arguments are currently being used to justify the repeal of pay equity legislation. This article provides an empirical evaluation of claims that a deregulated labour market will be to the advantage of ufomen workers and that pay equity policies benefit only the most skilled women in paid work. It demonstrates that state intervention in the labour market and the unionisation of won1en in employment are associated with reductions in the earnings gap between women and men.
Legal change and labour market restructuring in Western Europe and the US
Authors: Deakin Simon
Published: April 2018

The major changes that have taken place in the New Zealand labour market since 1984, and which are reflected in recent changes to the welfare system, are not unique and follow trends that have developed in other OECD countries in the last decade. One of the most significant of these trends is legislative and other moves to encourage greater "efficiency" in the labour market. Deregulation, involving the withdrawal of legal guarantees of employment protection and union organization, is only one of the techniques which governments have used in an attempt to promote labo,ur market flexibility over the past decade. In continental Europe new forms of employment and the flexibilization of working time have been encouraged without dismantling the framework of employment rights. In many cases this has involved an extended role for collective bargaining and worker representation at plant and company level. In the US and Britain, by contrast, flexibility has been pursued at the cost of destabilizing the employment relationship, undermining training and job quality.
The Employment Contracts Act 1991: an employers charter?
Authors: Anderson Gordon
Published: April 2018

The Employment ~Contracts Act 1991 radically alters the system of labour law in New Zealand by moving its focus from the collective to the individual level, and the locus from the industry or occupation to the individual employing enterprise. At the same time, the Act significantly shifts the balance of bargaining power further towards employers. The Act also alters the nature of labour law in 2 significant ways: it abandons the system of registered awards enforceable in their own right and instead opts for enforcement through the law of contract, albeit with separate procedures, and it brings all employment contracts within the new regime. This article covers the nature of the changes to the bargaining system and the implications of moving to a labour law reg.ime based entirely on contract.
Industrial Relations in Post-coup Fiji: a Taste of the 1990s
Authors: Leckie Jacqueline
Published: April 2018

1990-1 brought a number of major disputes in Fiji's key industries which threatened to escalate. In 1991, the interim government revealed plans to drastically amend labour legislation that would introduce several limitations on the functioning of trade unions and their use of industrial action. The first round of severe restrictions was contained in the National Economy and Sugar Protection Decrees promulgated in May 1991. These were lifted but further decrees in November provided legislation to tighten control over unions and their leaders. This paper places these changes against the economic restructuring in Fiji during the nineties but also emphasises the poUtical basis to this.
Flexibility in New Zealand Workplaces: A Study of Northern Employers
Authors: Ryan Rose
Published: April 2018

This article repons on the results of a questionnaire survey undertaken in August September 1991 on the employment practices of members of the Auckland Employers' Association. It looks at the ways in which flexibility in employment practices differs amongst Northern employers, and suggests that these vary in different sectors of the economy and in firms of different sizes, with the predominant tendency being towards the adoption of short-term rather than long-tetnz adjustment strategies.
Procedural Fairness and the Unjustified Dismissal Decision
Authors: Boon Bronwyn
Published: April 2018

Clause 17(3) of the Employment Contracts Bill (1990) sought to remove consideration of procedural fairness from the unjustified dismissal decision. While this clause failed to survive the second reading, an important hypothetical question remains: what impact would legislation such as this have on the unjustified dismissal decision? By way of addressing this question, the results of a survey of dismissal appeals heard under the Labour Relations Act (1987) are reported. The discussion suggests that hypothetically, removal of procedural fairness would have a major impact on the appeal decision, reducing ,the number of dismissals overturned by 25%. However on a practical level it is suggested that the issues of procedural fairness walild be incorporated into the assessment of substantive justification. Conclusions also consider the no.nsense produced by the clause, in leaving administration of a personal grievance procedure to the judiciary while at the same time restricting use of the principles by which they operate.
Symposium: The Labour Party's Reforms: Introduction
Authors: Geare Alan
Published: April 2018

By the time this issue is published, the Employment Contracts Act 1991 will have been in force for a little over two years. Should Labour win the 1993 General Election, the ECA may be repealed in little over six months as Labour have promised to replace it with an Employment Relations Act.
The Proposed Employment Relations Act
Authors: Geare Alan
Published: April 2018

The Labour Party claims the current Employment Contracts Act is not compatible with the economic environment Labour wants to foster. If elected, Labour will introduce in its place the Employment Relations Act. This paper analyses the proposed reforms and concludes the reforms are, in the main, superficial and will have little impact on New Zealand industrial relations.
Specialist Tribunals and Management Strategy: Reflections on the Impact of Anti-Discrimination Legislation in the Public Sector
Authors: Thornwaite Louise
Published: April 2018

Industrial relations research on management strategy has tended to ignore the influence of individual labour laws enforced by specialist industrial tribunals. This paper looks at the effect of a particular specialist tribunal, which enforces anti-discrimination laws, on managerial strategy in public sector organisations. It argues that the formulation and implementation of management policies are influenced by exposure to the activities of specialist tribunals, indicating the partial origins of managerial strategy in fear, and its gradual accretive nature.
Research Note: The Backgrounds and Careers of South Island Union Officials
Authors: Michelson Grant
Published: April 2018

This note profiles the backgrounds and careers of one particular group of people who work in industrial relations: full-time trade union officials. Personal characteristics, motivations for becoming involved in a union career, and union work histories are all documented. The data suggest that the labour market for union officials is in a state of considerable flux and in part this is attributed to the process of union restructuring.
The Pursuit of Flexibility in the New Zealand Supermarket: The Employment Contracts Act, Continuities and Discontinuities
Authors: Pringle Alistair
Published: April 2018

This article offers a perspective on the growing debate on the future direction of industrial relations in New Zealand. It argues the existence of a significant relationship between the business environment of an industry and the industrial relations practices adopted by its constituent employers. In focusing on the pursuit of internal labour market flexibility in the retail food industry it attempts to analyse the various factors that have both impelled and impeded this process. It concludes that while the demand for greater flexibility tends to be generated within the industry, its successful implementation is frequently subject to external factors.
Industrial Relations Bargaining in the Retail Non-food Sector: 1991-1992
Authors: Hector Janet , Henning Jon , Hubble Mary
Published: April 2018

This report looks at bargaining in an industry with a significant level of small busines activity, the retail non-food sector, in light of the deregulation of the economy and is particular, the Employment Contracts Act. It also looks at the effect of these change; on employees at the lower end of the labour market in this sector. The study finds that, in the context of a stagnant market, the Act enabled employers to pursue long held goals of flexibility in relation to hours and penal rates and has been associated with the reduction of union influence in small firms. The general effect on employees in the sector is difficult to assess but it is probable that conditions have deteriorated for some workers in some parts of the sector.
Discrimination and Human Rights: An Overview of Remedies
Authors: Kiely Peter
Published: April 2018

Up until 10 August 1993, New Zealand's anti-discrimination law consisted of three statutes: The Employment Contracts Act 1991, The Race Relations Act 1971 and The Human Rights Commission Act 1977. There is also the Equal Pay Act 1972, which abolished gender based wage differentials in industrial awards but this is of less practical significance now and accordingly is not considered further. The Human Rights Act 1993 repeats and replaces the latter two Acts from 1 February 1994. The new Act provides protection from discrimination not only in the employment relationship, but also in such areas as the provisions of goods and services, accommodation, advertising and access to public places.
In the employment context, the new Act mirrors the protection provided by the Employment Contracts Act and in some areas strengthens it. The two Acts stand alongside one another providing alternative routes for the aggrieved employee.
The existence of two regimes means that an act of discrimination may result in proceedings under either statute with different remedies. It is therefore necessary to examine both statutes when considering remedies.
The Emperor's New Clothes: The Uncertain Fate of Equal Employment Opportunities in the New Zealand Public Sector, 1988-1992
Authors: Walsh Pat , Dickson John
Published: April 2018

During the last decade, equal employment opportunities (EEO) has moved frrmly onto theagenda in the New Zealand public sector, as in other countries. Legislation governing theoperation of central, regional and local government and the state's trading enterprisescontain a "good employer" obligation which requires chief executives to implement EEOprogrammes. The allocation of resources to EEO, the appointment of EEO co-ordinators,the development of EEO programmes and the explicit consideration of the EEOimplications of wider policies and decisions have all become regular elements of themanagement of public sector organisations. Long-serving employees could not but identifythe development of EEO as one of the major changes of the last decade.
Labour Market Adjustment under the Employment Contracts Act
Authors: Whatman Richard , Armitage Craig , Dunbar Richard
Published: April 2018

In order to measure the extent of adjustment since the Employment Contracts Act 1991 was introduced, the Department of Labour has contracted two surveys of labour market adjustment under the Act. The first survey was conducted in August-September 1992 by the Heylen Research Centre and Teesdale Meuli & Co. (the results of the survey were reported in the NZJIR (18(1): 94-112). Three particularly important outcomes were reported. First, enterprise bargaining and individual contracting had become far more widespread Second, some enterprises took the opportunity to begin or speed up strategic industrial relations reforms, although others seemed to have simply removed union rights and cut labour costs in the short term. Finally, while the overall rate of labour market adjustment increased, adjustment was generally concentrated amongst larger enterprises. The second survey, conducted by Hey/en in late 1993, indicates that the bulk of the structural changes occurred in the initial years under the Act, and now appear to be largely complete. Enterprise collective and individual contracts now predominate. The other adjustments that were indicated in the first survey are little changed, though there is evidence that the effects of adjustment are being felt differentially. There is evidence of greater acceptance of the Act, though employers and employees still feel that employers hold more power than employees.
Contractualism and the Employment Contracts Act 1991: Can they Deliver Equality for Women?
Authors: Wilson Margaret
Published: April 2018

This article addresses the question whether employment equality for women is even possible under the current provisions of the Employment Contracts Act, which rely on the principles of contract to regulate the employment relationship. The article inequality of women's lack of bargaining strength under the past and present employment regulatory frameworks, and discusses the relationship between women's poltical power and contractual bargaining strength.
Industrial Law Cases
Authors: Hodge Bill
Published: April 2018

Details from Lineham v. Newlandia Industries Ltd., Weir v. Hellaby Shortland Ltd. and Pcikford v. Canadian Construction Co. Ltd.
News and Views
Authors: Jenkins P. , Holt B. H. , Jackson Syd , Brooks B. T.
Published: April 2018

News and views from Canterbury and Otago, Wellington, Auckland, Sydney
Industrial Law Cases
Authors: Hodge Bill
Published: April 2018

Details from; New Zealand Meat Processors, Packers, Preservers, Freezing Works and Related Trades I.U.W. v. New Zealand Freezing Companies I.U.E., Mills (Inspector of Awards v. Teeny Babywear Ltd., New Zealand Universities Technicians Association v. New Zealand Printing and Related Trades I.U.W.