bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Paradox of Love in Adolescent Romantic Relationships
Authors: Ha Thao , Kim Hanjoe
Published: May 2015

We investigate whether the amplification of positive affect during conflict discussions or “up regulation” between adolescent romantic partners functions to prevent or terminate interpersonal conflict. Unfortunately, this up regulation strategy may also result in unresolved relationship problems, and ultimately increase adolescent depressive symptoms. The concept of coercion is reviewed as it applies to conflict resolution and avoidance in a sample of 80 adolescent romantic relationships. Results from multilevel hazard models showed that longer durations of observed upregulation states predicted increases in depressive symptoms in both males and females over the course of 2 years. In addition, female depression predicted slower exits from coercive states, which in turn predicted higher levels of males’ depressive symptoms. Implications of these findings are discussed, as well as the possibility that positive affect can be negatively reinforced when it functions to avoid conflict in recently formed close relationships.
Looking Backward and Forward on Hindsight Bias
Authors: Bernstein Daniel M. , Aßfalg Andre , Kumar Ragav , Ackerman Rakefet
Published: May 2015

The same event that appeared unpredictable in foresight can be judged as predictable in hindsight. Hindsight bias clouds judgments in all areas of life, including legal decisions, medical diagnoses, consumer satisfaction, sporting events, and election outcomes. We discuss three theoretical constructs related to hindsight bias: memory, reconstruction bias, and motivation. Attempts to recall foresight knowledge fail because newly acquired knowledge affects memory either directly or indirectly by biasing attempts to reconstruct foresight knowledge. On a metacognitive level, overconfidence and surprise contribute to hindsight bias. Overconfidence in knowledge increases hindsight bias whereas a well-calibrated confidence reduces hindsight bias. Motivational factors also contribute to hindsight bias by making positive and negative outcomes appear more or less likely, depending on a variety of factors. We review hindsight bias theories and discuss three exciting directions for future research.
Organizational Dependent Care Support
Authors: Rothausen Teresa J.
Published: May 2015

This chapter reviews, synthesizes, and builds on organizational dependent care support (ODCS) research, resulting in the development of a need-based model of ODCS use. Important unanswered questions remain, including, among others, the meaning to employees of having dependents; determinants of ODCS use and of need for ODCS; differences in need for nurturance, coordination, and financial caregivers in different combinations and profiles; differences in formal and informal ODCS; the mechanisms in play when organizations offer availability, but block, ODCS use; family and community moderators of ODCS use; and explicit consideration of different stakeholders. In the United States, dependent care is generally privatized to families and employing organizations; therefore how families and organizations handle dependent care becomes how U.S. society treats its dependents, making research on this topic vital to helping individuals, families, and organizations manage dependent care with efficiency and compassion.
Evaluating and Managing Suicide Risk with the Adult Patient
Authors: Bongar Bruce , Sullivan Glenn , Kendrick Victoria , Tomlins Joseph
Published: May 2015

Suicide and suicidal behavior are major medical and social problems in many parts of the world, despite a growing understanding of how to adequately prevent suicide. Many health-care professionals do not have a sufficient knowledge base and the training to provide adequate suicide assessment, nor do they have an understanding of the protocols necessary for management of suicidal patients. Without validated predictive tools to use in cases of suspected suicidal ideation, it is usually left to the clinician to make a decision regarding risk and potential harm. In this chapter we describe how to identify a suicidal patient and the procedures necessary to adequately provide services.
Decision Support Tools in the Evaluation of Risk for Violence
Authors: Blanchard Adam J. E. , Shaffer Catherine S. , Douglas Kevin S.
Published: May 2015

Professionals often utilize some form of structured approach (i.e., decision support tool or risk assessment instrument) when evaluating the risk of future violence and associated management needs. This chapter presents an overview of decision support tools that are used to assist professionals when conducting a violence risk assessment and that have received considerable empirical evaluation and professional uptake. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the two main approaches to evaluations of risk (actuarial and structured professional judgment) are discussed, including a review of empirical findings regarding their predictive validity. Following a summary of commonalities among the tools, this chapter provides a brief description of 10 decision support tools focusing on their applicability and purpose, content and characteristics, and available empirical research. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of several critical considerations regarding the appropriate use and selection of tools.
LGBT Workers
Authors: Pichler Shaun , Ruggs Enrica N.
Published: May 2015

Despite the large and growing representation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) workers, this minority group has received relatively less attention in the management and organization literature compared with other minority groups. This is a critical time in history for LGBT workers in that public opinion has become much more favorable regarding homosexuality. The US Supreme Court has made important decisions concerning gay marriage; and although there is still no comprehensive antidiscrimination legislation at the federal level, a recent executive order provides employment protections for federal LGBT workers. This chapter reviews the literature on the workplace experiences of LGBT workers with a focus on synthesizing findings across studies, addressing research trends at different levels of analysis, and providing recommendations for areas for future research.
The Effect of Fertility on Women’s Intrasexual Competition
Authors: Nikiforidis Lambrianos , Arsena Ashley Rae , Durante Kristina M.
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines how the ovulatory cycle affects the tactics women use to compete with one another. As fertility increases near ovulation, women’s mating psychology changes, with implications for intersexual courtship (i.e., attracting opposite-sex mates) and intrasexual competition (i.e., outshining same-sex rivals) which is the primary focus of this chapter. The ovulatory competition hypothesis refers to the effect of fertility on women’s competition, manifested mainly in the domains of physical attractiveness and relative status. Previous research shows that women’s tendency to enhance their appearance near ovulation is driven not by a desire to impress men, but by a motivation to outcompete other women, when those women are perceived as potential rivals. Moreover, the effect of fertility on women’s consumption and financial decision making stems from a desire to surpass other women in status and resources. Implications for women’s materialism, consumption of luxury items, and financial decision making are discussed.
Culture-Centered Music Therapy
Authors: Stige Brynjulf
Published: May 2015

Culture-Centered Music Therapy is a broad and developing orientation within the discipline and practice of music therapy that highlights how humans develop their capacities through participation in society, where culture operates as a resource for action. In other words, culture is seen as much more than an influence on human behavior; it is an integral element in human interaction and creativity. This chapter focuses on the difference between various notions of culture, and on the developments that have made culture-centered a contemporary force within music therapy thought. Three tenets of the orientation are presented here: (1) culture as a resource for self and society; (2) music as situated activity; and (3) music therapy as health musicking. Implications for practice, theory, and research are outlined along with a case example exploring aspects of how music therapy can create space for social-musical participation.
Music Therapy and Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Gilbertson Simon
Published: May 2015

Contemporary social and neuro-sciences highlight many unanswered questions about the ways that music therapy plays a part in the interprofessional rehabilitation for those affected by traumatic brain injury. This chapter begins with detailed descriptions of traumatic brain injury, its causes and the resulting consequences and interlinks these to the processes of referral, assessment, aims and objectives, treatment methods, evaluation and reporting as documented in the literature to date. In contrast to an individualized perspective of neural trauma, traumatic brain injury is considered here as “traumatic social nervous system injury.” An argument is made for the need to consider the individual brain as one part of a social and material structure of cognition, perception, action and regulation. Constituted in this way, the chapter considers how music therapy can contribute to understanding the lives of the traumatically injured and everyone and everything with which they are inseparably intertwined.
Music Therapy Training Requirements
Authors: Hanser Suzanne B.
Published: May 2015

This chapter provides an overview of the standards and guidelines established in the USA since the establishment of the first training course in 1919 and the first professional association in 1950. It details the standards that emerged during almost 100 years of music therapy training in America, and includes the current status of training practices in the English-speaking countries of the world. To begin this effort, the author interviewed a small group of eighteen music therapy educators in order to sample current thinking in the field. Through this process, an intricate web of philosophical approaches, scientific values, and musical abilities were revealed. This chapter presents some information about: (a) The challenges experienced in training provision; (b) Perspectives about training provision; and (c) Standards, guidelines, and competencies that have been devised by professional organizations.
Music Therapy in Grief and Mourning
Authors: O'Callaghan Clare , Michael Natasha
Published: May 2015

Music therapists endeavour to understand music’s significance for people who are mourning unfulfilled hopes and a life once lived; who are trying to deal with uncertainty, altered identities, saying farewells, or impending death. Through music-based interventions in therapeutic relationships, music therapists extend the opportunities for music to enable and express mourning which can be congruent with helpful emotional release and coping. Participants are assisted to find comfort and fellowship through identifications with lyrics and sonorities, and the improved expressive capacity offered in music. Expanded awareness and renewed identities can occur through music-based counseling, imagery, improvisation, and song writing. Decedents’ legacies from music therapy may help their mourners to continue and rework bonds with them in bereavement. Such legacies include song recordings, and visual, kinesthetic, and sound memories of shared music therapy sessions.
Ellipsis and Information Structure
Authors: Winkler Susanne
Published: May 2015

This chapter surveys elliptical phenomena and their interrelatedness to central information-structural notions. The term ellipsis most generally refers to the omission of linguistic material, structure, and/or sound. The ellipsis site is crucially connected to the notion of givenness of the unpronounced or deleted string. The remnants of the ellipsis site, which occur to the left or right of the omitted material, are frequently connected to the notion of contrastive topic and focus. The core question of modern linguistic theory is how syntactic and information-structural theories interact in accounting for the licensing of the different types of elliptical phenomena. The discussion shows that information structure and discourse factors influence the form and the interpretation of ellipsis.
The Stop-Only-While-Shocking algorithm reduces hands-off time by 17% during cardiopulmonary resuscitation – a simulation study
Authors: Koch Hansen Lars , Mohammed Anna , Pedersen Magnus , Folkestad Lars , Brodersen Jacob , Hey Thomas , Lyhne Christensen Nicolaj , Carter-Storch Rasmus , Bendix Kristoffer , Hansen Morten R. , Brabrand Mikkel
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Reducing hands-off time during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is believed to increase survival after cardiac arrests because of the sustaining of organ perfusion. The aim of our study was to investigate whether charging the defibrillator before rhythm analyses and shock delivery significantly reduced hands-off time compared with the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) 2010 CPR guideline algorithm in full-scale cardiac arrest scenarios.

Methods

The study was designed as a full-scale cardiac arrest simulation study including administration of drugs. Participants were randomized into using the Stop-Only-While-Shocking (SOWS) algorithm or the ERC2010 algorithm. In SOWS, chest compressions were only interrupted for a post-charging rhythm analysis and immediate shock delivery. A Resusci Anne HLR-D manikin and a LIFEPACK 20 defibrillator were used. The manikin recorded time and chest compressions.

Results

Sample size was calculated with an α of 0.05 and 80% power showed that we should test four scenarios with each algorithm. Twenty-nine physicians participated in 11 scenarios. Hands-off time was significantly reduced 17% using the SOWS algorithm compared with ERC2010 [22.1% (SD 2.3) hands-off time vs. 26.6% (SD 4.8); P<0.05].

Conclusion

In full-scale cardiac arrest simulations, a minor change consisting of charging the defibrillator before rhythm check reduces hands-off time by 17% compared with ERC2010 guidelines.
Can rodents conceive hyperbolic spaces?
Authors: Urdapilleta Eugenio , Troiani Francesca , Stella Federico , Treves Alessandro
Published: May 2015

The grid cells discovered in the rodent medial entorhinal cortex have been proposed to provide a metric for Euclidean space, possibly even hardwired in the embryo. Yet, one class of models describing the formation of grid unit selectivity is entirely based on developmental self-organization, and as such it predicts that the metric it expresses should reflect the environment to which the animal has adapted. We show that, according to self-organizing models, if raised in a non-Euclidean hyperbolic cage rats should be able to form hyperbolic grids. For a given range of grid spacing relative to the radius of negative curvature of the hyperbolic surface, such grids are predicted to appear as multi-peaked firing maps, in which each peak has seven neighbours instead of the Euclidean six, a prediction that can be tested in experiments. We thus demonstrate that a useful universal neuronal metric, in the sense of a multi-scale ruler and compass that remain unaltered when changing environments, can be extended to other than the standard Euclidean plane.
Highly contrasted responses of Mediterranean octocorals to climate change along a depth gradient
Authors: Pivotto I. D. , Nerini D. , Masmoudi M. , Kara H. , Chaoui L. , Aurelle D.
Published: May 2015

Climate change has a strong impact on marine ecosystems, including temperate species. Analysing the diversity of thermotolerance levels within species along with their genetic structure enables a better understanding of their potential response to climate change. We performed this integrative study on the Mediterranean octocoral
Eunicella cavolini
, with samples from different depths and by means of a common garden experiment. This species does not host photosynthetic
Symbiodinium
, enabling us to focus on the cnidarian response. We compared the thermotolerance of individuals from 20 m and 40 m depths from the same site and with replicates from the same colony. On the basis of an innovative statistical analysis of necrosis kinetics and risk, we demonstrated the occurrence of a very different response between depths at this local scale, with lower thermotolerance of deep individuals. Strongly thermotolerant individuals were observed at 20 m with necrosis appearing at higher temperatures than observed
in situ
. On the basis of nine microsatellite loci, we showed that these marked thermotolerance differences occur within a single population. This suggests the importance of acclimatization processes in adaptation to these different depths. In addition, differences between replicates demonstrated the occurrence of a variability of response between fragments from the same colony with the possibility of an interaction with a tank effect. Our results provide a basis for studying adaptation and acclimatization in Mediterranean octocorals in a heterogeneous environment.
Resumption of traditional drive hunting of dolphins in the Solomon Islands in 2013
Authors: Oremus Marc , Leqata John , Baker C. Scott
Published: May 2015

The ‘drive hunting’ of dolphins has a long history in the Solomon Islands, specifically at the island of Malaita. In 2010, the most active village, Fanalei, suspended hunting in exchange for financial compensation from an international non-governmental organization but resumed hunting again in early 2013. Here, we report on a visit to Fanalei in March 2013 to document the species and number of dolphins killed in the renewed hunting. Detailed records for the 2013 hunting, up to the time of our visit, included at least 1500 pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenellaattenuata), 159 spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) and 15 ‘bottlenose’ dolphins, probablyTursiops truncatus. Molecular identification confirmed two of the species, pantropical spotted and spinner dolphins. A summary of all available records from 1976 to 2013 documented a minimum total of 15 454 dolphins killed by the Fanalei villagers alone. We also found the local price of a dolphin tooth had increased from about US$0.14 (SBD$1) in 2004 to about US$0.70 (SBD$5) in 2013. The large number of dolphins killed and the apparent incentive for future hunting offered by the increasing commercial value of teeth, highlight an urgent need to monitor hunts and assess the abundance and trends in local populations.
Jiangella mangrovi sp. nov., isolated from mangrove soil
Authors: Suksaard Paweena , Duangmal Kannika , Srivibool Rattanaporn , Xie Qingyi , Hong Kui , Pathom-aree Wasu
Published: May 2015

An aerobic, Gram-stain-positive actinomycete, designated strain 3SM4-07T, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain produced branching mycelium which fragmented into short or elongated rods. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, with glucose and ribose as the main sugars. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15  :  0, iso-C15  :  0 and iso-C16  :  0.The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4). Phospholipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. Mycolic acids were absent. The DNA G+C content was 72.3 mol%. Strain 3SM4-07T formed a phylogenetic line within the genus Jiangella and its 16S rRNA gene sequence was related most closely to Jiangella alkaliphila D8-87T (99.0 % similarity), Jiangella muralis 15-Je-017T (98.8 %), Jiangella alba YIM 61503T (98.6 %) and Jiangella gansuensis YIM 002T (98.6 %). However, mean DNA–DNA hybridization values revealed that strain 3SM4-07T differed from the closest species previously described in this genus. Data from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular analyses between strain 3SM4-07T and recognized species of the genus Jiangella indicate that strain 3SM4-07T is a representative of a novel species of the genus Jiangella, for which the name Jiangella mangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 3SM4-07T ( = BCC 60398T = NBRC 109648T).
Actinorugispora endophytica gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from Daucus carota
Authors: Liu Min-Jiao , Zhu Wen-Yong , Li Jie , Zhao Guo-Zhen , Xiong Zhi , Park Dong-Jin , Hozzein Wael N. , Kim Chang-Jin , Li Wen-Jun
Published: May 2015

An actinomycete strain, designated YIM 690008T, was isolated from Daucus carota collected from South Korea and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. The strain grew well on most media tested and no diffusible pigment was produced. The aerial mycelium formed wrinkled single spores and short spore chains, some of which were branched. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glucose, mannose, ribose, galactose and rhamnose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H4), MK-10(H6), MK-10(H8) and MK-10(H2). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, some unknown phospholipids, glycolipids and polar lipids. The major fatty acids were i-C16 : 0, ai-C17 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate belongs to the family Nocardiopsaceae. However, based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, it was concluded that strain YIM 690008T represents a novel genus and novel species of the family Nocardiopsaceae, for which the name Actinorugispora endophytica gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain YIM 690008T = DSM 46770T = JCM 30099T = KCTC 29480T) is proposed.
An accurate and fast reliability analysis method for combinational circuits
Authors: Zandevakili Hamed , Mahani Ali , Saneei Mohsen
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– One of the main issues which microelectronics industry encounter is reliability as feature sizes scale down to nano-design level. The purpose of this paper is to provide a probabilistic transfer matrix based to find the accurate and efficient method of finding circuit’s reliability.

Design/methodology/approach

– The proposed method provides a probabilistic description of faulty behavior and is well-suited to reliability and error susceptibility calculations. The proposed method offers accurate circuit reliability calculations in the presence of reconvergent fanout. Furthermore, a binary probability matrix is used to not only resolve signals correlation problem but also improve the accuracy of the obtained reliability in the presence of reconverging signals.

Findings

– The results provide the accuracy and computation time of reliability evaluation for ISCAS85 benchmark schemes. Also, simulations have been conducted on some digital circuits involving LGSynth’91 circuits. Simulation results show that proposed solution is a fast method with less complexity and gives an accurate reliability value in comparison with other methods.

Originality/value

– The proposed method is the only scheme giving the low calculation time with high accuracy compared to other schemes. The library-based method also is able to evaluate the reliability of every scheme independent from its circuit topology. The comparison exhibits that a designer can save its evaluation time in terms of performance and complexity.
Political knowledge, political turbulence and uncertainty in the internationalization process of SMEs
Authors: Hilmersson Mikael , Sandberg Susanne , Pourmand Hilmersson Firouze
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of the study is to examine the political sources of uncertainty in the internationalization process of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors theoretically derived a research model embracing three hypotheses. These hypotheses are tested on a sample of 203 on-site interviewed SMEs. Regression analysis is used to test two individual hypotheses and one interaction effect.

Findings

– The regression analysis reveals that political knowledge possessed by the firm reduces uncertainty in the internationalization process. Political turbulence is shown to increase uncertainty in the internationalization. The interaction shows that political turbulence obliterates the uncertainty reducing effect by political knowledge.

Research limitations/implications

– The authors identifies two main political sources of uncertainty in the internationalization process of SMEs. For managers and business researchers, it is shown that experiential knowledge is useful under stable conditions. When turbulence increases, however, firms need to develop alternative strategies for uncertainty management.

Originality/value

– This study is the first to test the uncertainty reducing effects of experiential knowledge in turbulent environments. Thus, by running the interaction between political knowledge and political turbulence, the authors shed new light on the usefulness of previous experiences in the internationalization process.
Disclosure by Indian companies following corporate governance reform
Authors: Abraham Santhosh , Marston Claire , Jones Edward
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate Indian companies’ compliance with the mandatory and voluntary corporate governance disclosure requirements of the Stock Exchange Board of India’s Clause 49.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors develop a corporate governance disclosure index and sub-indices based on Clause 49. Annual reports of listed Indian companies are scored according to their disclosures in two periods – pre and post amendments to Clause 49.

Findings

– Indian companies are highly compliant with corporate governance disclosure requirements of Clause 49. Disclosure increases significantly after amendments to Clause 49 as the penalties for non-compliance increase in severity. Government controlled firms disclose significantly less than privately owned firms.

Research limitations/implications

– The findings are consistent with bonding theory and the authors note that the presence of an independent regulator (with powers to take action against violators) provides corporate India with additional incentives to comply with corporate governance reform.

Practical implications

– These findings have important implications for policy makers and regulators as they contribute to the debate on the choice between formal corporate governance regulation versus informal self-regulation. The study also has implications for understanding factors associated with the adoption of disclosure practices in general.

Originality/value

– This is the first study to examine disclosure compliance in a major developing country pre and post amendments to mandatory corporate governance requirements. Prior evidence indicates a low level of disclosure in India but our results demonstrate an improvement in line with our theoretical predictions that suggests, India is converging towards an Anglo-Saxon model of corporate governance.
PR, clientelism and economics: a comparison of southern Europe and Latin America
Authors: García César
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between clientelist relationships and economics in public relations practice in European Mediterranean countries and Latin America. It considers the cases of Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper uses a critical-conceptual method through a re-conceptualization of themes from secondary qualitative analyses of existing qualitative data sets and reviews of published qualitative papers.

Findings

– The public relations practice in these two regions is similar. The characteristics of the public relations landscape in these countries must be understood in relation to a broader history of clientelism and economics emphasizing government relationships at the expense of other publics, as well as the lack of scale economies. Persuasive models are prevalent, although a number of forces – including integration in supranational organizations, democratization, and globalization – have strengthened the use of symmetrical models.

Research limitations/implications

– This is not an empirical survey, there is a need of quantitative studies among practitioners and government officials that can measure empirically the nature of their relationships in a number of countries. This essay opens a door for future studies and cross-cultural comparisons about the role that clientelism plays in the PR practice of cultures and countries.

Practical implications

– The paper offers useful background information, such as the primacy that media relations still have in the public relations practice, for foreign public relations executives, agency heads, and managers of public relations who are directly involved with or managing international public relations campaigns in these countries.

Social implications

– Clientelism is a cultural concept that translates to the work of organizations and consequently public relations as a form of organizational behavior.

Originality/value

– This paper brings to the table the importance of the concept of clientelism in the PR practice as well as the existence of a similar PR culture between countries that are on different continents.
The need for post-occupancy evaluation of public apartment buildings in Ghana
Authors: Agyefi-Mensah S. , Post Jouke , van Egmond Emilia , Badu Edward , Mohammadi Masi
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine and show why post-occupancy evaluation (POE) of public apartment buildings in Ghana as a product of design is important.

Design/methodology/approach

– By design the paper is descriptive. It uses a literature review as a method to summarize, synthesize and show the gaps in the existing knowledge on public apartment buildings in general and Ghana in particular. These arguments are brought together in a conceptual framework for approaching POE studies.

Findings

– This paper finds that gaps exist in the existing POE research knowledge regarding public apartment buildings in Ghana not only as residential settings but also as designed artifacts intended for use.

Research limitations/implications

– There is a need for scientific research which focus on the design and use of public apartment buildings in Ghana to provide empirical basis for design, policy and research decision-making.

Social implications

– This paper shows that occupants’ feedback information is important, as it can benefits government, designers and builders, building regulators and managers, as well as end users.

Originality/value

– The paper contributes a conceptual framework based on which POE studies can be designed.
Edge effects on plant communities along power line clearings
Authors: Eldegard Katrine , Totland Ørjan , Moe Stein R.
Published: May 2015

Power line clearings are edge‐creating disturbances in landscapes world‐wide, but there have been few studies on their bordering vegetation. Our aim was to quantify edge effects on plant communities along such clearings in Norway and to identify factors that influence these edge effects.

We surveyed understorey plant communities on either side of the power line clearing–forest edge at 51 sites, along four parallel transects at each site. Each transect had four plots located, respectively, in the clearing centre, clearing edge, forest edge and forest. We quantified the magnitude of edge effects (MEE) on either side by comparing edges with their corresponding ‘non‐edge’ reference habitats. We also measured differences in species composition across the edge (clearing edge vs. forest edge). Habitat characteristics were sampled at plot and site level and from digital maps.

Differences in species composition were greater between clearing centres and clearing edges than between forests and forest edges. Differences in species composition across the edge increased with edge contrast and forest productivity. Edge effects on species composition into the forest were smallest along north‐facing edges, whereas those in the clearings increased with power line age.

Species richness increased slightly towards the edge in forests but decreased considerably towards the edge in clearings. The direction and MEE on either side differed among functional groups. Edge contrast and edge aspect were the prime factors influencing the MEE into forests, whereas in clearings, these were influenced principally by tree regrowth in the clearings and by forest productivity.

Synthesis and applications. Edge effects on plant communities bordering power line clearings were determined by factors that can be influenced by planners and managers. For existing power lines, management plans should differentiate between the following: (i) clearings through high conservation value forests, where edge effects into the adjacent forest should be limited; (ii) clearings that can act as replacement habitat for cultural landscape species, where maintaining open‐canopy habitats should be prioritized; and (iii) ‘business‐as‐usual’ clearings, where continuing the current practice of cutting every 5–10 years is recommended.
Something Old, Something New?: Competing Logics and the Hybrid Nature of New Corporate Professions
Authors: Hodgson Damian , Paton Steve , Muzio Daniel
Published: May 2015

The professionalization of certain management occupations, such as project management and human resource management, has been neglected in recent debates on professions, which instead focus upon the deregulation of collegial professions or the failure or unwillingness of new expert occupations to professionalize. Project management represents one of a handful of ‘management professions’ which confound this interpretation, explicitly pursuing a ‘corporate professionalization’ project with some degree of success. This paper focuses on the strategic activities of the principal British professional association in this field, the Association for Project Management (APM), as it negotiates a path between exploiting established sources of legitimacy and exploring a novel conception of professionalism. In the process, the association manipulates collegial and corporate logics of professionalism, in terms of its relationships with key stakeholders, its global orientation, its knowledge base and strategies of occupational closure. Drawing on interviews with APM officials and broader documentary analysis, we analyse the conditions which have produced this hybrid model of professionalism, highlighting the pragmatic management of tensions through the combination of distinct, even contradictory, professionalization logics.
Growth–Inequality Tradeoff in the Design of Tax Structure: Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries
Authors: Liu Yongzheng , Martinez‐Vazquez Jorge
Published: May 2015

Using a structural model and a large panel dataset for 150 developed and developing countries covering the period 1970–2009, the present paper examines the potential tradeoff between economic growth and income inequality in the design of tax structure. We find clear evidence of: (i) a tradeoff between growth and inequality for both direct and indirect taxes; (ii) heterogeneous growth and inequality effects of tax instruments measured by levels and rates (particularly corporate income tax); and (iii) heterogeneous effects of tax instruments on different definitions of inequality (i.e. gross income, net income or expenditure).
Catastrophic subarachnoid hemorrhage in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis without asthma
Authors: Lee Matilda X. W. , Teng Gim Gee , Raju Gangaraju Changal , Lim Anita Y. N.
Published: May 2015

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is characterized by eosinophilic vasculitis. Patients rarely present without asthma. Cases developing subarachnoid hemorrhage from central nervous system vasculitis are rarely reported. We report a 48‐year‐old woman with rapidly evolving and progressive multi‐system eosinophilic vasculitis in the absence of asthma. Tissue eosinophilia was apparent in a breast lump biopsy. Prior otitis media and prominent lymphoid tissue in the postnasal spaces hinted at otolaryngological disease. She had rapid disease progression with mononeuritis multiplex and eventually succumbed to complications of intracranial hemorrhage secondary to central nervous system vasculitis. This case demonstrates the diagnostic dilemma and treatment considerations in EGPA without asthma. It also raises the question if a reliable biomarker can aid diagnosis in atypical presentations of disease.
Retrospective analysis of unknown primary cancers with malignant pleural effusion at initial diagnosis
Authors: Ebata Takahiro , Okuma Yusuke , Nakahara Yoshiro , Yomota Makiko , Takagi Yusuke , Hosomi Yukio , Asami Eichi , Omuro Yasushi , Hishima Tsunekazu , Okamura Tatsuru , Takiguchi Yuichi
Published: May 2015

Background

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) can occur during the progression of various cancers. However, factors, such as the incidence of MPE associated with different types of cancers and its potential for diagnosing previously undetected cancers, are unknown. Moreover, MPE may accompany potentially curable cancers or those with a favorable survival prognosis with adequate treatment. The present study determined the types of cancers accompanied by MPE at initial diagnosis and investigated appropriate related methods for diagnosing previously unknown cancers.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 35 patients with MPE at initial cancer diagnosis between 2004 and 2012. We evaluated the patient characteristics, final diagnosis, and diagnostic processes.

Results

Of the 35 patients, 10 had lung cancer, seven ovarian or peritoneal cancer, four malignant pleural mesothelioma, one breast cancer, one lymphoma, one pancreatic cancer, and 11 had cancers of unknown origin. Diagnoses of the primary lesions were confirmed using the MPE cellblock method for seven of 11 patients (63.6%), by excisional biopsy or aspiration from other sites in four of nine patients, by exploratory laparotomy in two of three patients, and by peritoneal washing cytology in five patients.

Conclusion

Lung cancer and cancer of unknown origin are major causes of MPE at initial presentation. However, these groups also contain cancers that are curable and those with good long‐term prognosis. The MPE cellblock method represents an accurate method for identifying cancer origin.
Promoting physical health for people with schizophrenia by reducing disparities in medical and dental care
Authors: Moore S. , Shiers D. , Daly B. , Mitchell A. J. , Gaughran F.
Published: May 2015

Objective

Acquiring a diagnosis of schizophrenia reduces life expectancy for many reasons including poverty, difficulties in communication, side‐effects of medication and access to care. This mortality gap is driven by natural deaths; cardiovascular disease is a major cause, but outcomes for people with severe mental illness are worse for many physical health conditions, including cancer, fractures and complications of surgery. We set out to examine the literature on disparities in medical and dental care experienced by people with schizophrenia and suggest possible approaches to improving health.

Method

This narrative review used a targeted literature search to identify the literature on physical health disparities in schizophrenia.

Results

There is evidence of inequitable access to and/or uptake of physical and dental health care by those with schizophrenia.

Conclusion

The goal was to reduce the mortality gap through equity of access to all levels of health care, including acute care, long‐term condition management, preventative medicine and health promotion. We suggest solutions to promote health, wellbeing and longevity in this population, prioritising identification of and intervention for risk factors for premature morbidity and mortality. Shared approaches are vital, while joint education of clinicians will help break down the artificial mind–body divide.
Size, Value, and Momentum in Emerging Market Stock Returns: Integrated or Segmented Pricing?
Authors: Hanauer Matthias X. , Linhart Martin
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we examine size, value, and momentum patterns in the stock returns of four emerging market regions—Latin America, EMEA, Asia, and BRIC. We document a strong and highly significant value effect, and a strong but less significant momentum effect. Substantial value and momentum premiums are also present for big stocks and the overall premiums are not mainly driven by small stocks. Furthermore, the value patterns in emerging markets are more pronounced than in developed markets. In order to examine integrated global pricing across these regions, we test whether empirical asset pricing models with global factors explain the variation in average stock returns and, in particular, we assess their ability to capture the value and momentum patterns. Since the global models perform poorly for emerging markets, we examine the performance of local factor models, and find evidence in favor of the local four‐factor model with local market, size, value, and momentum factors. On the basis of our results, pricing in emerging markets does not seem to be globally integrated.
Foreign Direct Investment: Rule of Law and Corruption
Authors: Pierre Norbert
Published: May 2015

I present a simple model of two representative firms embedded in an environment of institutionalized government corruption. One firm has access to foreign direct investment, but that access is limited by the quality of rule of law in the economy. I use the model to explore the question, addressed in recent economic literature, of whether or not foreign direct investment reduces corruption. I show that corruption may increase or decrease depending on the interaction of foreign direct investment and rule of law. Further, I show that, under certain circumstances, the corrupt governmental bureaucracy may increase corrupt revenue by increasing the quality of legal protection.
Anaphylaxis to galacto‐oligosaccharides – an evaluation in an atopic population in Singapore
Authors: Soh J. Y. , Huang C.‐H. , Chiang W. C. , Llanora G. V. , Lee A. J. , Loh W. , Chin Y. L. C. , Tay V. Y. J. , Chan Y. H. , Dianne D. , Lee B. W.
Published: May 2015

Anaphylaxis to galacto‐oligosaccharides (GOS), a prebiotic, has been described in atopic patients following its supplementation in commercial milk formula in South‐East Asia. The epidemiology of this usual allergy to a carbohydrate is unknown. This study evaluated the prevalence of allergy to two formulations of commercial GOS, Vivinal™ GOS (vGOS) and Oligomate™, in an atopic cohort. Atopic subjects (n = 487) from two specialist allergy clinics were surveyed via structured questionnaire and underwent skin prick tests to GOS. Subjects with positive skin prick tests to GOS (n = 30, 6.2%) underwent basophil activation tests, and a subset (n = 13) underwent oral challenge tests to both formulations of GOS. Six subjects had positive challenges to vGOS; and none to Oligomate. By extrapolating the BAT and oral challenge results, the prevalence of allergy to vGOS is estimated at up to 3.5% (95% CI 2.2–5.5%) of our atopic population. Our findings show that GOS allergy may be common amongst atopics in Singapore.
Molecular basis of inherited thrombocytopenias
Authors: Savoia A.
Published: May 2015

Inherited thrombocytopenias (IT) are a heterogeneous group of diseases caused by at least 20 different genes. At present, these genes account for approximately 50% of cases, suggesting that novel genes have yet to be identified for a comprehensive understanding of platelet biogenesis defects. This review provides an update of ITs focusing on the molecular basis and potential pathogenic mechanisms affecting megakaryopoiesis and platelet production.
Histopathology of rhinophyma – a clinical‐histopathologic correlation
Authors: Schüürmann Monica , Wetzig Tino , Wickenhauser Claudia , Ziepert Marita , Kreuz Markus , Ziemer Mirjana
Published: May 2015

Background

Whereas early rhinophyma is histopathologically thought to resemble fully developed rosacea, a fibromatous variant has previously been described for severe rhinophyma. In terms of clinical characteristics, recently a new Rhinophyma Severity Index (RHISI) was introduced.

Methods

We studied 24 patients who had been treated with wide shave excisions for rhinophyma. Specimens were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin, periodic acid‐Schiff reaction and a panel of immunohistochemical stains and observed for any correlation between clinical severity and histopathologic features as well as for predictive markers of clinical recurrence.

Results

There were no significant histopathologic differences between the groups reflecting the different clinical expressions. From a histopathologic perspective, clinically severe forms did not show with exclusive fibrotic changes. Further, there was no histopathologic marker predicting the clinical course or possible recurrence of the disease after surgical treatment. Only the clinical pre‐operative RHISI score correlated with the postoperative outcome, with a high pre‐operative RHISI being a risk factor for recurrence.

Conclusion

Histopathologic features do not correlate with the clinical expression of rhinophyma. An exclusively ‘fibrotic’ rhinophyma form does not appear to exist and could possibly be the result of sampling error based on small biopsies studied.
BAP1‐deficient and VE1‐negative atypical Spitz tumor
Authors: Requena Celia , Sanz Virginia , Nagore Eduardo , García‐Casado Zaida , Rubio Luis , Guillén Carlos , Kutzner Heinz
Published: May 2015

Atypical Spitz tumor with loss of BAP1 or Wiesner nevus is a peculiar variant of intradermal spitzoid melanocytic neoplasm composed of epithelioid melanocytes with a sheet‐like growth pattern, abundant infiltrating lymphocytes and rare or absent mitotic activity. This subset of atypical spitzoid tumors is characterized by the BRAFV600E mutation and loss of BAP1 expression. Recognition of these lesions is important because they can be a marker for a hereditary BAP1‐associated cancer syndrome. We present an unusual case of sporadic Wiesner nevus that had typical histopathologic features and a BAP1 but not a BRAF mutation. The biological significance of Wiesner nevus is controversial, and little is known about prognosis, particularly in atypical cases like this one.
Grading of atypia in genital skin lesions: routine microscopic evaluation and use of p16 immunostaining
Authors: Ezaldein Harib , Lott Jason P. , McNiff Jennifer M. , Hui Pei , Buza Natalia , Ko Christine J.
Published: May 2015

Background

p16 immunostaining has been used to aid and improve the histopathologic evaluation of equivocal cervical lesions with associated low‐grade or high‐grade dysplasia. However, the utility of p16 immunostaining in the diagnosis of atypical genital skin lesions remains debatable.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of genital skin lesions with varying degrees of atypia. Four pathologists assessed lesional atypia and interpreted hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and p16 immunostaining without knowledge of original diagnosis. Our primary outcomes were diagnostic agreement and test performance of p16 immunostaining compared to consensus H&E diagnosis.

Results

Our sample was comprised of 23 cases of atypical genital skin lesions. p16 immunostaining was negative in all cases of reactive atypia (n = 3) and the majority (n = 7 of 8; 88%) of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs). The majority (n = 10 of 12; 83%) of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) were p16 positive. Diagnostic agreement for histopathologic assessment using H&E staining was moderate (kappa = 0.44), while inter‐observer agreement of p16 immunostaining was excellent (kappa = 0.87). Compared to consensus diagnosis using H&E staining, p16 immunostaining performed well (sensitivity 83.3%; specificity 90.9%).

Conclusions

p16 immunostaining may be a useful adjunctive marker for assessing dysplasia in genital skin lesions and increasing diagnostic agreement among pathologists.