bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
53.5: High‐Speed AMOLED Pixel Circuit and Driving Scheme
Authors: Park Dong‐Wook , Kang Chul‐Kyu , Park Yongsung , Chung Boyong , Chung Kyung‐Hoon , Kim Byung‐Hee , Kim Sang Soo
Published: October 2010

An active matrix organic light emitting diode pixel circuit and its driving scheme for high frame frequency are proposed for implementation of a 3D display. The proposed pixel circuit can compensate the threshold voltage distribution of low temperature poly silicon‐thin film transistors at high‐speed operation of 240Hz or more. According to the simulation, current deviation of 1.73% and 3.94% are obtained at frame rates of 240Hz and 480Hz when Vth distribution is ±0.5 V.
55.3: A Novel Push‐Pull VA Technology for High Performance LCD‐TV
Authors: Qiao Yanbing , Chung Te‐Chen , Huang Xia , Zhou Liufei , Chiu Yu‐Wen , Liao Chia‐Te , Jen Tean‐Sen , Zhang Dalei
Published: October 2010

In this study, a novel VA structure named Push‐pull VA (PPVA) was proposed and applied to 26 inch LCD‐TV, which has the advantages of high transmittance, Omni viewing angle and low cost. The disclination lines, which appear when the domain guiding structure (protrusion or ITO slit) in the CF substrate of the traditional VA device was removed, were eliminated significantly by adopting the push‐pull structure, and we succeed to enlarge the electrode space to 32um to get a larger aperture area.
57.1: Near‐to‐Eye Display using Scanning Fiber Display Engine
Authors: Schowengerdt Brian T. , Hoffman Hunter G. , Lee Cameron M. , Melville C. David , Seibel Eric J.
Published: October 2010

A novel near‐to‐eye display has been demonstrated, using a scanning fiber as the image source. Light is relayed from remote sources to the scanner via singlemode optical fiber. As a replacement for conventional LCD image sources, the fiber scanner reduces weight and power consumption, and enables a water‐immersible display.
7.3: Development of 3.4in. QHD LCD Having BluePhase LC and OxideSemiconductor TFTs
Authors: Nishi Takeshi , Ishitani Tetsuji , Yamashita Akio , Kubota Daisuke , Tamura Tomohiro , Akimoto Kengo , Sakata Junichiro , Miyake Hiroyuki , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei , Oikawa Yoshiaki , Tochibayashi Katsuaki , Sakakura Masayuki
Published: October 2010

We fabricated a liquid crystal panel by combining a blue phase material having short response time with an TFT formed using an oxide semiconductor having high mobility and stable normallyoff characteristics. It was very effective to use a highdefinition InGaZnOxide TFT substrate that we had developed.
57.2: Invited Paper: Modern Cockpit Displays and Concepts
Authors: Perbet Jean‐Noël
Published: October 2010

Since the 1990s new display interfaces have been implemented in modern cockpits both for commercial and military airplanes. This lead to a human‐centered cockpit system, aimed at crew performances and aircraft safety improvement. Avionics needs, display and interface performances will be addressed; finally advanced cockpit trends will be discussed
58.1: 3D Interactive (3D Touch) Display with Embedded Optical Sensor
Authors: Wu Pi‐Cheng , Wang Guo‐Zhen , Huang Yi‐Pai , Hung Ji‐Mao , Li Chun‐Huai , Hsieh Yao‐Jen , Liu Chun‐Ting
Published: October 2010

A new 3D interactive display system with embedded optical sensor has been proposed. This study focus on a lighting mode which uses LED light source as a 3D interactive device. Lighting mode is not affected by ambient light from the environment because extra LED is used. Changes of LED light shapes determine LED 3D coordinate in captured images are insufficient when LED position is in inclined direction or has a rotation angle. Therefore, a new algorithm was demonstrated to calculate LED position (X,Y,Z) where inclined angles were from θ=0° ∼ θ=40° and between 1cm∼5cm on 2.83 inch panel. Additionally, unlike the current 3D interactive systems, this paper proposed 3D interactive display can interact as 2D and 3D touch function simultaneously.
58.5L: Late‐News Paper: Full HD 3D Display using Stripe‐patterned Quarter‐wave Retarder Array and Retardation‐switching Glasses
Authors: Tamura Yoshiyuki , Oyamada Masahiro , Yoshida Atsushi , Aiba Hideki , Ohtawara Kazushige
Published: October 2010

An advanced Full HD 3D display for simultaneous perception of left and right eye images was developed, using the Xpol® and retardation switching glasses. It is shown in this paper that our 3D technology using the Xpol® was further advanced.
59.2: Durable Solid State Flexible LED Devices
Authors: Sierros Konstantinos A. , Banerjee Derrick A. , Cairns Darran R. , Bozich Rick
Published: October 2010

Energy efficient solid state lighting flexible and lightweight devices can offer an attractive alternative to bulky traditional rigid lighting solutions. We demonstrate a highly durable solid state flexible light emitting diode device and we report on critical factors during device manufacturing and use. We also propose alternative materials in order to further enhance the operational lifetime of the device.
60.2: Low‐Power Consumptive Luminance Compensation for a Digital Driving AMOLED Display using a Multiple Output Boost Converter
Authors: Wang Se‐Won , Le Hanh‐Phuc , Woo Young‐Jin , Yuk Young‐Sub , Jin‐Hun  , Kong Tae‐Hwang , Im Jong‐Pil , Jung Byung‐Sang , Choi Jun‐Han , Hong Sung‐Wan , Cho Gyu‐Hyeong , Lim Ho‐Min , Cho Gyu‐Ha , Kim Sung‐il
Published: October 2010

The luminance of AMOLED displays varies depending on the temperature owing to panel degradation. In this paper, a luminance compensation method using a monitor pixel with a multiple output boost converter and DAC for digital driving scheme is introduced. This method makes the panel luminance constant irrespective of the temperature. Furthermore, it has lower power consumption compared with the previous compensation method using monitor pixel.
60.3: AMOLED Displays using Transfer‐Printed Integrated Circuits
Authors: Cok Ronald S. , Hamer John W. , Bower Christopher A. , Menard Etienne , Bonafede Salvatore
Published: October 2010

Active‐matrix OLED (AMOLED) displays can be controlled by transfer‐printed microscale silicon integrated circuits (ICs) in place of conventional thin‐film transistors (TFTs). Such OLED displays are robust and exhibit excellent performance. The OLED pixels exhibit excellent uniformity, angular independence, color gamut, brightness, environmental robustness, and can be operated at very high frame rates.
8.1: Invited Paper: Enhancing the Visible with the Invisible: Exploiting Near Infrared to Advance Computational Photography and Computer Vision
Authors: Süsstrunk Sabine , Fredembach Cleément
Published: October 2010

Siliconbased digital camera sensors exhibit significant sensitivity beyond the visible spectrum 400–700nm. They are able to capture wavelengths up to 1100 nm, i.e., they are sensitive to nearinfrared NIR radiation. This additional information is conventionally treated as noise and is absorbed by a NIR blocking filter affixed to the sensor. We show that retaining instead of removing NIR information can significantly improve certain computational photography and computer vision tasks. Indeed, intrinsic properties of the NIR wavelength band guarantee that images can be sharper, less affected by manmade colorants, and more resilient to changing light conditions. The benefits of using NIR images in conjunction with standard color images in applications such as haze removal, skin smoothing, single and multiple illuminant detection, shadow detection, and material classification is discussed.
62.1: Reduction of the Threshold Voltage and Enhancement of Contrast Ratio in Liquid Crystal Devices with BaTiO3 Nanoparticle Embedded Surface Alignment Layers
Authors: Akimoto Mitsuhiro , Kundu Sudarshan , Kobayashi Shunsuke , Takatoh Kohki , Inoue Masaru
Published: October 2010

Herein, we report the effect of a 40% weakening of the surface polar anchoring energy of liquid crystal devices when the polyimide layers were doped with the nanoparticles of BaTiO3. This effect leads to the reduction of the threshold voltage by 6% and also the enhancement of the contrast ratio of twisted‐nematic liquid crystal displays (TN‐LCDs) at the saturation voltage by 130%.
62.2: Alignment of Liquid Crystal with Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (np‐AAO) Layer for LCD Application
Authors: Hong Chitsung , Tang Tsung‐Ta , Hung Chi‐Yuan , Pan Ru‐Pin , Fang Weileun
Published: October 2010

This study reports the implementation and integration of the self‐assembly nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (np‐AAO) film and liquid crystal (LC) on ITO‐glass substrate for liquid crystal displays (LCDs) application. This work is demonstration of LCD panel with inorganic np‐AAO nanoalignment layer. The np‐AAO offers two advantages for LCDs, (1) the np‐AAO with nanopores array acting as vertical alignment layer to easily and uniformly align the LC molecule; and (2) the np‐AAO film has outstanding material properties such as, inorganic, tunable transparent, and colorless, for LCDs. In application, the LCD panel with LC on np‐AAO nanoalignment layer is implemented on ITO‐glass substrate, and its performance is also demonstrated.
62.3: A Novel Nanostructure Enhanced Pi‐cell for Transition‐Rate Improvement
Authors: Chen Szu‐Fen F. , Chang Yu‐yun , Chen Huang‐Ming Philip , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: October 2010

It is well known that a Pi‐cell must be operated in bend state transited from splay state. Before starting state transition, the nucleation must be happened uniformly to whole active area in a Pi‐cell. In this study, Nanostructure Enhanced Pi‐cell (NE‐Pi‐cell) was proposed. Not only the random distribution of silicon oxide nano‐particles was investigated for decreasing the transition time, but also the limitation of increasing nano‐particle density was also studied well. The reduction rates of splay‐to‐bend and twist‐to‐splay transition time were over 99.9% with nanostructure surfaces. However, the response time and V‐T curve remained the same as un‐treated Pi‐cell.
64.1: Display Technologies for Therapeutic Applications of Virtual Reality
Authors: Hoffman Hunter G. , Schowengerdt Brian T. , Lee Cameron M. , Magula Jeff , Seibel Eric J.
Published: October 2010

A paradigm shift in image source technology for VR helmets is needed. Using scanning fiber displays to replace LCD displays creates lightweight, safe, low cost, wide field of view, portable VR goggles ideal for reducing pain during severe burn wound care in hospitals and possibly in austere combat‐transport environments.
8.2: Factors Affecting Image Quality Preferences
Authors: Satgunam PremNandhini , Woods Russell L , Bronstad P Matthew , Peli Eli
Published: October 2010

Image quality plays a key role in consumer purchasing decisions. In this study we manipulated image quality of videos using a consumer product that enhances digital video images in real time. Videos were presented on two HDTVs, enhanced by varying amounts and subjects made pairwise comparisons. Our results showed two distinct preference groups “Sharp” and “Smooth” in our study subjects. Preferences for enhancement depended on the video content, particularly the presence or absence of a human face.
64.2: Hyperrealistic Display for Automotive Application
Authors: Sasaki Takashi , Hotta Aira , Moriya Akihisa , Murata Takahiro , Okumura Haruhiko , Horiuchi Kazuo , Okada Naotada , Ogawa Masatoshi , Nagahara Osamu
Published: October 2010

We propose a monocular projection head‐up display. It uses monocular vision that eliminates the depth cues caused by parallax information and it can control the depth point of the display image. Through examination in a simulator, we confirmed the enhancement of monocular depth perception.
64.3: Vertical Expansion Problem in Light Guide Type Near to Eye Displays
Authors: Levola Tapani , Äyräs Pekka , Saarikko Pasi
Published: October 2010

A Near to Eye Display that uses a light guide is a compact optical system for viewing virtual images. The light guide expands the exit pupil in one dimension, far away from the imaging optics, but lacks the ability to expand the exit pupil in the other direction. In this paper we present vertical expansion methods that can be imbedded in the light guide and introduce a new optical method for the vertical expansion. Simulations and experiments are discussed.
65.1: Invited Paper: The Physics and Commercialization of Dual Paraboloid Reflectors for Projection Systems
Authors: Li Kenneth
Published: October 2010

Dual Paraboloid Reflectors (DPRs) are passive optical components that compensate etendue‐increasing aberrations introduced by traditional single reflector systems. This compensation multiplies the lifetime and useable light output of conventional arc lamps in electronic projectors and other imaging systems. DPR principles, advantages, technical status and commercial status will be presented.
65.2: Advanced Laser Module with Intra Frame Operating Color Management for Mobile Projection
Authors: Drumm Jan O. , Gammer Christian , Richter Jens , Seibert Claus
Published: October 2010

We report on an intra image frame approach for controlling output power and mixed color of RGB lasers. Lasers, laser driving and laser control electronics as well as beam shaping and beam combination optics are components of a miniaturized module which is intended to be utilized in flying spot approach based mobile projectors. Key advantage of the introduced module concept is color stability across the whole image and the disappearance of flickering calibration lines at the top or at the bottom of the projected image.
66.1: Application of UV‐LED to the LCD Backlight
Authors: Muramoto Yoshihiko , Kimura Masahiro , Dempo Akihiko , Nouda Suguru , Fukawa Yuuya
Published: October 2010

while the solid state lighting has already become a reality using blue LEDs with yellow phosphor (B+Y), progress development and the luminous efficacy of ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV‐ LED) improvements have followed. Soon white emission as the product of nearUV (nUV)‐LEDs exciting red, green and blue (RGB) phosphors will also contribute to the solid state lighting revolution. We present the technologies and the possibility of using nUV+RGB white LEDs for the application to LCD backlighting.
66.3: Emission Characteristics of ZnO‐incorporated CaTiO3:Pr3+ Phosphor and its Application for Solid‐state Lightings
Authors: Kang Seung‐Youl , Chung Sung Mook , Kang Seong‐Gu , Lee Seung‐ Jae , Kim Young Jin
Published: October 2010

We have investigated ZnO‐incorporated CaTiO3:Pr3+, a red phosphor, and its application for the solid‐state lighting. Efficient red emission from the phosphor was obtained by the excitation of wavelength 400 nm. Potentially, ZnO‐incorporated CaTiO3:Pr3+ can be used as a complementary phosphor in the red region for the white LEDs.
66.4: Invited Paper: High‐Quality White OLEDs and Resource Saving Fabrication Processes for Lighting Application
Authors: Komoda Takuya , Tsuji Hiroya , Ito Norihiro , Nishimori Taisuke , Ide Nobuhiro
Published: October 2010

White OLEDs with high efficiency (over 30 lm/W) and high quality emission characteristics (e.g., CRI of over 90, very small variation of chromaticity in different directions and chromaticity just on the black‐body radiation curve) applicable to “Lighting” were realized by a two‐unit structure with a fluorescent deep blue emissive unit and a phosphorescent green and red emissive unit. A new deposition source with a hot‐wall and a rate controllable valve was developed. Thickness uniformity within +/− 3% at high deposition rate of over 8 nm/s, high material utilization of over 70 %, and repeatable deposition rate controllability were confirmed.
67.1: A Monolithic Block‐Wise Functional Light Guide for 2‐D Dimming LCD Backlight
Authors: Käläntär Kälil , Okada Masafumi
Published: October 2010

To achieve a thin backlight unit for 2‐D dimmable display, a 85.81mm‐diagonal monolithic block‐wise functional light‐guide plate has been developed using louver prisms for extracting light, round prisms for shaping light cone, and recessed graded height U‐grooves as semi‐partitions between consecutive blocks for controlling crosstalk. By using the monolithic light‐guide plate, the crosstalk is suppressed to 20% and 5% at the centers of the first and second neighboring blocks, respectively.
Estimation of total nitrogen transport and retention during flow in a catchment using a mass balance model incorporating the effects of land cover distribution and human activity information
Authors: Mouri Goro , Shinoda Seirou , Oki Taikan
Published: October 2010

The load of total nitrogen (TN) in stream water was surveyed in the Nagara River Basin (2,000 km2), central Japan. Multivariate analysis placed the TN data in an environmental and social context, relating TN to land use conditions such as geologic features, population density, and percentage of the population using the sewer system. Multivariate analysis was used to examine relationships among the land use distribution with and without human activity and the amount of pollution effluent from waste water treatment plants (WWTP). The pollution load in stream water is related to characteristics of the land cover in the river basin, so the influence of land use on the pollutant load was investigated. However, key factors affecting the pollutant load are human activities associated with the land use. In this study, a relationship between pollutant load, land use, and human activity is developed. Land use was estimated from Landsat data using ISODATA clustering. The distribution of the land cover factors was related to human activities, i.e. population density, agricultural production, industrial wastewater discharge, percentage of sewered population, and stock breeding in the catchment. Multivariate analysis related the TN data to land use and human activities. However, the types of land use were found to be insufficient to evaluate the TN, which appeared to be largely governed by other human-related factors such as industrial wastewater discharge, agricultural production, population density, and livestock density. Socioeconomic data, were obtained from government agencies. The results indicate that the TN load outflow characteristics of the study catchment were affected not only by outside human activity, but also largely by the various human activities in the small drainage basin. Industrial waste water contributed as much to the pollution load outflow as did human activity. This is shown quantitatively in that land use information collected at the same time as that collected on human activities provides effective baseline data. The model proposed here is suitable for evaluating best management practices.
Surface properties and adsorption characteristics to methylene blue and iodine of adsorbents from sludge
Authors: Deng L. Y. , Xu G. R. , Li G. B.
Published: October 2010

Adsorbent materials created from wastewater sludge have unique surface characteristics and could be effective in adsorption applications. In this research, the sludge-adsorbents were generated by pyrolyzing mixtures of sewage sludge and H2SO4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) were used to analyze the properties of sludge-adsorbent. XPS results show that the adsorbent surface functional groups with high contents of oxygen-containing groups serve as active sites for the adsorption and affect the surface characteristics; the adsorption mechanism of methylene blue (MB) is mainly Brönsted acid-base reaction between the adsorbent surface and MB; and iodine atoms are bonded to the surface of the adsorbent mainly by dispersive interactions rather than by electrostatic interactions. The results also show that H2SO4 level, pyrolysis temperature and sulfuric acid/sludge weight ratio actually affected the adsorption characteristics. Using the conditions (H2SO4 level of 1–18 M, pyrolysis temperature of 650°C, and weight ratio of 0.8), the adsorption capacities for MB and iodine were 74.7–62.3 mg g−1 and 169.5–209.3 mg g−1, respectively.
Simultaneous and sequential adsorption of crystal violet and 2-naphthol onto montmorillonite: a microstructural and thermodynamic study
Authors: Zhu Jianxi , Wei Jingming , Zhu Runliang , Qing Yanhong , Ge Fei , Yuan Peng , He Hongping
Published: October 2010

Thermodynamic analysis of simultaneous and sequential adsorption of crystal violet (CV) and 2-naphthol adsorption on montmorillonite has been conducted, and the changes of microstructure of the clay after adsorption were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The basal spacing and structural order of CV and 2-naphthol adsorbed montmorillonites varied with different CV loadings. In principle, larger basal spacing was resulted from a higher loading of CV in montmorillonites. The excellent structural order of the resultant hybrids is achieved in samples with 0.50–0.75 CEC (cation exchange capacity) loadings of CV. The effects of temperature and ionic strength on the adsorption of CV and 2-naphthol on montmorillonite were also investigated. The Freundlich isotherm model was applied for curve-fitting of the equilibrium isotherm data. The resulting thermodynamics parameters suggested that the sorption process was a spontaneous exothermic process in the case of low CV concentrations. The negative values of Gibbs free energy in all of the adsorption processes indicated that these processes are spontaneous processes. With the increase of CV concentration, the sequential adsorption of 2-naphthol onto montmorillonite proved to be an endothermic process.
Active slag filters—simple and sustainable phosphorus removal from wastewater using steel industry byproduct
Authors: Pratt C. , Shilton A.
Published: October 2010

Active filtration, where effluent is passed through a reactive substrate such as steel slag, offers a simple and cost-effective option for removing phosphorus (P) from effluent. This work summarises a series of studies that focused on the world's only full-scale active slag filter operated through to exhaustion. The filter achieved 75% P-removal during its first 5 years, reaching a retention capacity of 1.23 g P/kg slag but then its performance sharply declined. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and chemical extractions revealed that P sequestration was primarily achieved via adsorption onto iron (Fe) oxyhydroxides on the slag's surface. It was concluded that batch equilibrium tests, whose use has been repeatedly proposed in the literature, cannot be used as an accurate predictor of filter adsorption capacity because Fe oxyhydroxides form via chemical weathering in the field, and laboratory tests don't account for this. Research into how chemical conditions affect slag's P retention capacity demonstrated that near-neutral pH and high redox are optimal for Fe oxyhydroxide stability and overall filter performance. However, as Fe oxyhydroxide sites fill up, removal capacity becomes exhausted. Attempts to regenerate P removal efficiency using physical techniques proved ineffective contrary to dogma in the literature. Based on the newly-developed understanding of the mechanisms of P removal, chemical regeneration techniques were investigated and were shown to strip large quantities of P from filter adsorption sites leading to a regenerated P removal efficiency. This raises the prospect of developing a breakthrough technology that can repeatedly remove and recover P from effluent.
Evacuation of aged persons from inundated underground space
Authors: Ishigaki T. , Asai Y. , Nakahata Y. , Shimada H. , Baba Y. , Toda K.
Published: October 2010

Underground is an important space that supports function of cities, such as subways, shopping malls and basement parking. However in consequence a new type of disaster, the "urban flood" menaces these spaces. In the last decade, urban floods struck Tokyo, Nagoya and Fukuoka. When underground inundation occurs, people must evacuate to the ground as soon as possible. But, when such an inundation situation happens, aged persons may not be able to evacuate quickly to ground level. In this paper, the method of safety assessment for aged persons is discussed on the experimental results and flood simulation data in an underground space. As a criterion of the safety evacuation, the specific force per unit width is used in this study. From the result of experiments, it is difficult to implement safety evacuation when the specific force per unit width is over 0.100 m2 for the aged male.
Analysis of landfill components in estimating the percolated leachate to groundwater using the HELP model
Authors: Alslaibi Tamer M. , Mogheir Yunes K. , Afifi Samir
Published: October 2010

Landfills are one of the groundwater pollution sources in Gaza Strip. This study focuses on two landfills operating in Gaza Strip; the first is Dear Al Balah landfill which has a lining system and the second landfill is Gaza landfill which does not have a lining system. The main objective of the present study is to assess the effect of landfill components on percolated leachate to groundwater aquifer using the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model. A comprehensive analysis of landfill components affecting the generated leachate was conducted. The results showed that the landfill components were ordered in priority according to their effects on percolated leachate through clay layer as follows: (1) existing of lining system enhances the percolation reduction up to 87%, (2) 30% reduction of rainfall level enhances the percolation reduction up to 50%, (3) 50% reduction of existing landfill area enhances the percolation reduction up to 50%, and (4) the absent of recirculation system slight enhances the percolation reduction up to 2.5% more than with the availability of recirculation system. The waste depth has no significant effect on the quantity of percolated leachate. Analysis suggested that changes in lining system type, rainfall level, landfill area, and recirculation ratio have the most significant impact on model outputs indicating that these parameters should be carefully selected when similar modeling studies are performed.
Removal of manganese ions from synthetic groundwater by oxidation using KMnO4 and the characterization of produced MnO2 particles
Authors: Phatai P. , Wittayakun J. , Grisdanurak N. , Chen W. H. , Wan M. W. , Kan C. C.
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate the conditions for the removal of manganese ions from synthetic groundwater by oxidation using KMnO4 to keep the concentration below the allowed level (0.05 mg/L). The process includes low-level aeration and addition of KMnO4 in a Jar test system with Mn2 +  concentration of 0.50 mg/L, similar to that of natural groundwater in Taiwan. Different parameters such us aeration-pH, oxidant dose, and stirring speed were studied. Aeration alone was not sufficient to remove Mn2 +  ions completely even when the pH was increased. When a stoichiometric amount of KMnO4 (0.96 mg/L) was used, a complete Mn2 +  removal was achieved within 15 min at an optimum pH of 8.0. As the amount of KMnO4 was doubled, lower removal efficiency was obtained because the oxidant also generated manganese ions. The removal of Mn2 +  ions could be completed at pH 9.0 using an oxidant dose of 0.48 mg/L because Mn2 +  could be sorbed onto the MnO2 particles. Finally, The MnO2 particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).
Computational modeling of ultraviolet disinfection
Authors: Younis B. A. , Yang T. H.
Published: October 2010

The efficient design of ultraviolet light (UV) systems for water and wastewater treatment requires detailed knowledge of the patterns of fluid motion that occur in the disinfection channel. This knowledge is increasingly being obtained using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software packages that solve the equations governing turbulent fluid-flow motion. In this work, we present predictions of the patterns of flow and the extent of disinfection in a conventional reactor consisting of an open channel with an array of UV lamps placed with their axes perpendicular to the direction of flow. It is shown that the resulting flow is inherently unsteady due to the regular shedding of vortices from the submerged lamps. It is also shown that the accurate prediction of the hydraulic residence time and, consequently, the extent of disinfection is strongly dependent on the ability of the CFD method to capture the occurrence and strength of the vortex shedding, and its effects on the turbulent mixing processes.
Water balance: case study of a constructed wetland as part of the bio-ecological drainage system (BIOECODS)
Authors: Ayub Khairul Rahmah , Zakaria Nor Azazi , Abdullah Rozi , Ramli Rosmaliza
Published: October 2010

The Bio-ecological Drainage System, or BIOECODS, is an urban drainage system located at the Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia. It consists of a constructed wetland as a part of the urban drainage system to carry storm water in a closed system. In this closed system, the constructed wetland was designed particularly for further treatment of storm water. For the purpose of studying the water balance of the constructed wetland, data collection was carried out for two years (2007 and 2009). The results show that the constructed wetland has a consistent volume of water storage compared to the outflow for both years with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.99 in 2007 and 0.86 in 2009.
Flocculation properties of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus licheniformis
Authors: Ji B. , Zhang X. Y. , Li Z. , Xie H. Q. , Xiao X. M. , Fan G. J.
Published: October 2010

Studies of the flocculation properties of bioflocculant combined with its structure characterization are helpful to develop more effective bioflocculant. This paper reports findings of our research on the flocculation properties of the bioflocculant ZS-7 in the kaolin suspension based on its structure characterization. With the addition of 2 mg/L ZS-7 and 9 mM CaCl2, the optimum temperature for flocculation performance of ZS-7 in the kaolin suspension is about 30°C, giving the highest flocculating activity 99.2%. Studies of the flocculation properties revealed that it was stable at 60–100°C and pH 4–10. Moreover, it could flocculate a kaolin suspension over a wide range of pH (2–12) and temperatures (4–95°C) in the presence of CaCl2.
Modelling of wet deposition of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the consecutive measurements in an urban area, Japan
Authors: Kojima Keisuke , Kobayashi Shinji , Kindaichi Tomonori , Ozaki Noriatsu
Published: October 2010

The wet deposition for particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was modelled from the consecutive measurements of atmospheric concentration and wet deposition for particulate matter and PAHs in Higashi-Hiroshima city, Japan. In order to estimate the model in detail, the wet deposition was classified with that from gaseous and PM phase. The gaseous PAHs assumed to be dissolved into raindrops according to Henry's constant, and the PAHs attached on atmospheric PM were assumed to be trapped with PM. The PM was classified with coarse (>7 μm) and fine (0.6–7 μm) PM for the calculation of trap. PM and PAHs depositions estimated with the wet deposition model were compared with measured data. The ratios of the measured to the estimated values of PM and PAHs gave close agreement with measurements (0.41–4.29 (1.35: average) for PM and (0.32–3.83 (1.42)) for PAHs) regardless of precipitation. The depositions of PAHs of liquid and particulate phase were on the other hand significantly different from those from gaseous and PM phases respectively. From those differences, the transfer from particulate to liquid phase was suggested to occur during the precipitation.
An electrostatic shielding-based coupled electrodialysis/electrodeionization process for removal of cobalt ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Dermentzis K. I. , Davidis A. E. , Dermentzi A. S. , Chatzichristou C. D.
Published: October 2010

Electrode graphite powder beds were interposed between anode and cathode as intermediate electrodes inside an electrolytic setup. Due to electrostatic shielding they eliminate the applied electric field and therefore stop the electromigration of ions within their mass. It was found that the intermediate electrodes can act as ionic current sinks—ion concentrating compartments and therefore cause a new type of a membrane-less electrodialysis/electrodeionization process. The proposed electrostatic shielding based coupled electrodialysis/electrodeionization treatment of synthetic cobalt plating rinse water containing 300 mg L−1 Co2 +  ions produced a low-volume Co2 +  concentrate which could be recycled to the electroplating bath for reuse and a diluate containing 43.8 mg L−1 Co2 +  ions. The diluate was then used as feed in the subsequent electrostatic shielding electrodeionization process which produced pure water with a cobalt ion concentration less than 0.1 mg L−1. The current efficiency was 22–29%, the enrichment factor 13.5–26.1, the current density 20–40 A m−2 and the flow rate 1.54 × 10−4–4.06 × 10−4 dm3 s−1. The proposed membrane free electrostatic shielding electrodialysis/electrodeionization process could be developed into a new alternative electrochemical method of cobalt or other heavy metal removal and water purification and recycling from industrial effluents laden with heavy metals.
Dialectical Contradictions Experienced When a Loved One is Dying in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Golden Ann Mindi
Published: October 2010

A family member who is present when a loved one is dying in a hospital setting may be profoundly affected by interactions with others in that setting, including the dying person. Interaction shapes how one experiences a loved one's death and dying. Framed in relational dialectics theory, this qualitative case study describes dialectical contradictions I experienced in the context of my grandmother dying in a hospital setting. Personal journals were analyzed, with three primary dialectics being identified: certainty—uncertainty, control—lack of control, and autonomy—connection. Understanding dialectical contradictions experienced by a family member when a loved one is dying in a hospital setting could lead to enhanced support services for family members.
Perspectives of Community Members regarding Tube Feeding in Patients with End-Stage Dementia: Findings from African-American and Caucasian Focus Groups
Authors: Modi Seema , Velde Beth , Gessert Charles E.
Published: October 2010

Research has demonstrated that placement of permanent feeding tubes to provide artificial nutrition is more common among non-white populations, but there is a scarcity of research regarding why those differences may exist. The purpose of this study is to describe and understand community members' attitudes toward tube feeding and end-of-life decision-making. Four focus groups were convened in Greenville, NC. The 28 focus group participants were 11 African American and 17 Caucasian community members between ages 51 and 81. Two focus groups were held with Caucasian participants and two with African-American participants. Focus groups were recorded and transcribed, and qualitative analysis was performed using NVivo software.
Development of a Linear Heat Source Probe and Determination of Banana Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Perussello Camila Augusto , Mariani Viviana Cocco , Mendes Luciano A
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study was to develop a linear heat source probe in order to measure the effective thermal conductivity of food products. In this study, such heat source probe was applied to measure the effective thermal conductivity of bananas and to evaluate its relation with the moisture contents of the product, in the range of 63-85% (wet basis). The values obtained to thermal conductivity ranged from 0.3 to 0.55 W/m°C and were fitted to empirical equations. The predicted effective thermal conductivity presented satisfactory agreement with literature data and the best adjustment to thermal conductivity was given by the linear equation k = 0.8975U  0.1568, with R2 of 0.8414. Furthermore, the banana was selected in this study because it is an important food due to its intense worldwide commercialization and high nutritional value and also because it has been increasingly produced in dry form, in a new range of products with higher added value and lower transportation costs.
Optimization of Process Variables for Amylase Production Using Agro Residual Wastes by Taguchi Methodology
Authors: Bhat S. Mohandas , Prabhakar A. , R Rama Koteswara Rao , G. M. Madhu
Published: October 2010

Advances in industrial biotechnology offer potential opportunities for economic utilization of agro-industrial residues such as banana peel and corn pith as a substrate for many biochemical reactions. Due to their rich organic nature, they can serve as an ideal substrate for the production of value added products like alpha amylases. In the present work, an attempt was made to optimize different process variables by Taguchi methodology for the production of amylase using banana peel and corn pith by Bacillus subtilis. The orthogonal array design of the experiment was used to study the effects of carbon and nitrogen source, pH, temperature, inoculum size, and incubation time on amylase production. The predicted values of amylase activity by Taguchi S/N ratio methodology were 1799 U/ml for banana peel and 671 U/ml for corn pith. The measured amylase activities at optimal conditions by experimental runs were 1580 U/ml for banana peel and 530.32 U/ml for corn pith, respectively. After ignoring minor effects the deviation between the predicted and measured were further reduced. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental values.
The Welfare Impact of Collusion under Various Industry Characteristics: A Panel Examination of Efficient Cartel Theory
Authors: Taylor Jason E
Published: October 2010

In the past three decades, several case studies have documented specific industries and instances whereby collusion was welfare-enhancing rather than harmful as is usually assumed. Specifically, two distinct efficient cartel hypotheses claim that inter-firm coordination can increase economic efficiency in industries with a large degree of avoidable fixed costs and/or variable output. This paper performs the first systematic empirical test of these hypotheses via an examination of cartel performance under the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, a two-year cartel experiment in the United States. While I find a wide variation in welfare changes during cartelization, there is no compelling evidence that differences in fixed costs are the cause. I do, however, find robust empirical support for the hypothesis that industries with highly variable output experience higher welfare gains (or less negative welfare declines) under collusion.
Protecting Minorities in Large Binary Elections: A Test of Storable Votes Using Field Data
Authors: Casella Alessandra , Ehrenberg Shuky , Gelman Andrew , Shen Jie
Published: October 2010

The legitimacy of democratic systems requires the protection of minority preferences while ideally treating every voter equally. During the 2006 student elections at Columbia University, we asked voters to rank the importance of different contests and to choose where to cast a single extra "bonus vote," had one been available  a simple version of Storable Votes. We then constructed distributions of intensities and electoral outcomes and estimated the probable impact of the bonus vote through bootstrapping techniques. The bonus vote performs well: when minority preferences are particularly intense, the minority wins at least one contest with 15-30 percent probability; when the minority wins, aggregate welfare increases with 85-95 percent probability. The paper makes two contributions: it tests the performance of storable votes in a setting where preferences were not controlled, and it suggests the use of bootstrapping techniques when appropriate replications of the data cannot be obtained.
Titrimetric and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the assay of quetiapine fumarate in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Vinay Basavaiah , Revanasiddappa Oddarevanna , Ramesh Jagannathamurthy , Rajendraprasad Nagaraju
Published: October 2010

Quetiapine fumarate (QTF) is a selective monoaminergic antagonist with high
affinity for the serotonin Type 2 (5HT2), and dopamine type 2 (D2) receptors.
Titrimetric and spectrophotometric assay of quetiapine fumarate (QTF) using
perchloric acid and acetic acid as reagents are described. The first method
(method A) is a non-aqueous titrimetric method and is based on the titration
of QTF in glacial acetic acid with 0.01M acetous perchloric acid using
crystal violet as indicator. In the second method (method B), QTF has been
measured in 0.1M acetic acid spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 222
nm. The titrimetric method was applicable over the range of 2.0 - 20.0 mg of
QTF. The reaction stoichiometry of 1:3 is obtained which served as the basis
for calculation. In spectrophotometry, Beer?s law was obeyed over the
concentration range of 1.25 - 15.0 ?g mL-1. The linear regression equation of
the calibration graph was A = 0.0115 + 0.0673 C with a regression coefficient
(r) of 0.9986 (n=7). The apparent molar absorptivity was calculated to be
4.25 ? 104 L mol-1cm-1 and the Sandell sensitivity was 0.0145 ?g cm-2. The
limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) calculated as per the ICH
guidelines were 0.07 and 0.21 ?g mL-1, respectively. Accuracy and precision
of the assays were determined by computing the intra-day and inter-day
variations at three different levels of QTF. The intra-day and inter-day
relative standard deviation (%RSD) were in the range of 0.99 - 2.88 and 1.65
- 2.32%, for method A and method B, respectively, with an acceptable
percentage relative error (%RE) < 2%. The methods were successfully applied
in the determination of QTF in two different brands of tablets with good
accuracy and precision and without detectable interference by excipients. The
methods have demonstrated to be simple and easy to apply in routine usage and
do not need any costly instrumentation. Therefore, the reported procedures
are advantageous and can be adopted in routine quality control laboratories
in the developing or under developed countries.
Some indicators of water quality of the Tamis river
Authors: Babovic Nada , Markovic Dejan , Dimitrijevic Vojkan , Markovic Dragan
Published: October 2010

This paper shows the results obtained in field analysis performed at the
Tamis River, starting from the settlement Jasa Tomic - border between Serbia
and Romania to Pancevo - confluence of Tamis into the Danube. The Tamis is a
359 km long river rising in the southern Carpathian Mountains. It flows
through the Banat region and flows into the Danube near Pancevo. During the
years the water quality of the river has severely deteriorated and badly
affected the environment and the river ecosystem. In situ measurements
enabled determination of physico-chemical parameters of water quality of the
Tamis River on every 400 m of the watercourse, such as: water temperature, pH
value, electrical conductivity, contents of dissolved oxygen and oxygen
saturation. The main reason of higher pollution of Tamis is seen in
connection to DTD hydro system. Sampling was performed at 7 points with
regard to color, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, concentration of
ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, iron, chlorides and
sulphates in samples. The aim of the present work was to evaluate water
quality in the Tamis River taking into account significant pollution, which
originates from settlements, industry and agriculture, and to suggest
appropriate preventive measures to further pollution decreasing of the
river's water.
Driving forces of economic growth in the second decade of transition
Authors: Dragutinovic-Mitrovic Radmila , Ivancev Olgica
Published: October 2010

This paper examines driving forces of economic growth in the second transition decade, by testing which determinants from the first decade remain dominant, and which new factors appear in explaining growth. To this end a panel simultaneous equation model is estimated based on a sample of 27 transition countries in the period 1999- 2009. According to the main findings of the paper initial conditions do not play a role in determining economic growth in the second decade, but macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms still matter. However, in contrast to the first decade, the overall impact of structural reforms is not positive, indicating that difficult progress with reforms in the second decade could slow down economic growth. Moreover, EU membership seems to have the additional effect of slowing down the growth of the accessing countries, meaning that once a transition country becomes an EU member it has a similar growth path to other EU countries in terms of lower growth rates. All this indicates that only countries that undertook fast reforms in the early phase of transition experienced significant benefits from reforms, achieving higher levels of economic development and becoming closer to developed EU countries. Finally, investments and openness of the economy appear as new important determinants of growth.
Extreme value theory in emerging markets
Authors: Andjelic Goran , Milosev Ivana , Djakovic Vladimir
Published: October 2010

This paper investigates the performance of extreme value theory (EVT) with the daily stock index returns of four different emerging markets. The research covers the sample representing the Serbian (BELEXline), Croatian (CROBEX), Slovenian (SBI20), and Hungarian (BUX) stock indexes using the data from January 2006 - September 2009. In the paper a performance test was carried out for the success of application of the extreme value theory in estimating and forecasting of the tails of daily return distribution of the analyzed stock indexes. Therefore the main goal is to determine whether EVT adequately estimates and forecasts the tails (2.5% and 5% at the tail) of daily stock index return distribution in the emerging markets of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Hungary. The applied methodology during the research includes analysis, synthesis and statistical/mathematical methods. Research results according to estimated Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) parameters indicate the necessity of applying market risk estimation methods, i.e. extreme value theory (EVT) in the framework of a broader analysis of investment processes in emerging markets.
The economic crisis and the insurance industry: The evidence from the ex-Yugoslavia region
Authors: Njegomir Vladimir , Marovic Boris , Maksimovic Rado
Published: October 2010

The paper analyses the impact of the economic crisis on the insurance industries of the ex-Yugoslavia region. The analysis encompasses five countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and FYR Macedonia. We examine insurance industry specifics separately for each country for the period 2004-2008 and for the first six months of 2009. While the impact of the crisis varies between countries, the research results indicate that the global financial crisis has had limited overall impact on the regional insurance industry. However the current recession resulted in negative premium growth in Serbia, Croatia and FYR Macedonia while the growth in Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declined. At the same time investment returns have declined and claims have risen in all countries. The crisis had more pronounced impact on non-life insurance premium growth in less developed insurance markets. In developed markets, namely Slovenia and Croatia, the crisis had greater impact on life insurance premium growth.
Radiation effects on free-convection flow past an impulsively started vertical plate in a rotating fluid
Authors: Vijayalakshmi A.R.
Published: October 2010

Theoretical study of thermal radiation effects on unsteady free convective flow over a moving vertical plate in a rotating fluid is considered. An exact solution is obtained for the axial and transverse components of the velocity by defining a complex velocity. The effects of rotation, radiation, free-convection parameters and the skin friction components on the plate are discussed.