bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting a Foot in the Door: Small-Firm Credit and Interest Group Politics in the Netherlands, 1900–1927
Authors: PEETERS RUBEN
Published: November 2020

This article explores the link between the history of small-firm associations and the development of Dutch financial infrastructure geared toward small firms. In particular, it tests Verdier’s thesis about the origins of state banking using an in-depth case study of the Dutch small-firm movement. This article shows that Dutch small-firm associations did not simply became politically relevant and use their power to lobby for state banking, but rather used the topic of insufficient access to credit to rally support, mobilize members, and obtain subsidies from the government. During this associational process, they had to navigate local contexts and power structures that, in turn, also shaped the financial system. State banking was initially not demanded by small firms, but arose as the result of failed experiments with subsidized banking infrastructure and a changing position of the government on how to intervene in the economy.
Vanishing theorems for the mod p cohomology of some simple Shimura varieties
Authors: Koshikawa Teruhisa
Published: November 2020

We show that the mod p cohomology of a simple Shimura variety treated in Harris-Taylor’s book vanishes outside a certain nontrivial range after localizing at any non-Eisenstein ideal of the Hecke algebra. In cases of low dimensions, we show the vanishing outside the middle degree under a mild additional assumption.
Firm strategy and CSR: the moderating role of performance management systems
Authors: Galbreath Jeremy , Lucianetti Lorenzo , Tisch Daniel , Thomas Benjamin
Published: November 2020

Little empirical research has explored whether or not firm strategy is linked with corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to that end we explore the impact of low-cost and differentiation strategies on CSR. Using a sample of 229 Italian firms, a low-cost strategy is negatively associated with ethical and discretionary CSR, while a differentiation strategy is positively associated with both. Given its focus on nonfinancial outcomes and stakeholders, we test if a performance management system (PM system) acts as a moderating influence. We find that a PM system positively moderates the negative association between a low-cost strategy and ethical and discretionary CSR, while also positively moderating these relationships with respect to a differentiation strategy. These findings advance the literature on strategy and CSR, while demonstrating the contingent effect of PM systems. The findings are discussed along with limitations and directions for future research.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) as a community participation model for people with multiple sclerosis: A hierarchical regression analysis
Authors: Pfaller Joseph , Chan Fong , Iwanaga Kanako , Wu Jia-Rung , Rumrill Stuart , Chen Xiangli , Lee Deborah , Berven Norman L.
Published: November 2020

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disorder that impacts more than 400,000 people in the U.S. The disease results in multiple functional impairments that are diverse and varied across individuals. Additonally, MS has a profound impact on community participation which, like other rehabilitation outcomes, cannot be explained on the basis of functional limitations alone. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a model of community participation for people living with MS using the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework. The model focused on the roles that personal factors have as predictors of community participation, while also serving as mediators and moderators for the relationship between activity limitation and participation. Results from the hierarchical regression analysis indicated that demographic characteristics (i.e. MS type), personal factors (i.e. core self-evaluations (CSE), MS self-management, resilience, and social skills), and activity limitations accounted for 64% of the variance in participation. Further, mediation analysis indicated that CSE mediated the relationship between activity limitation and community participation. Finally, moderation analysis indicated an interaction effect between educational attainment and MS self-management. Implications for future research in rehabilitation and clinical application are discussed.
ANALYTIC SPREAD AND INTEGRAL CLOSURE OF INTEGRALLY DECOMPOSABLE MODULES
Authors: BIVIÀ-AUSINA CARLES , MONTAÑO JONATHAN
Published: November 2020

We relate the analytic spread of a module expressed as the direct sum of two submodules with the analytic spread of its components. We also study a class of submodules whose integral closure can be expressed in terms of the integral closure of its row ideals, and therefore can be obtained by means of a simple computer algebra procedure. In particular, we analyze a class of modules, not necessarily of maximal rank, whose integral closure is determined by the family of Newton polyhedra of their row ideals.
BOUNDING MIDDLE PERIOD CEMETERY USE IN SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA, CHILE
Authors: Pestle William J , Torres-Rouff Christina , Pimentel Gonzalo , Hubbe Mark
Published: November 2020

The San Pedro de Atacama oases, located in northern Chile’s hyperarid Atacama Desert, have been occupied for at least 3000 years. Here, we examine cemetery use in the oases, with emphasis on the Middle Period (ca. AD 400–1000). By modeling of a large corpus (n=243) of radiocarbon dates, over 90% of which are direct AMS assays of human bone collagen, we attempt to establish a temporal framework by which to explore the establishment of formalized social inequality in this period. Modeling of these dates at three locally defined scales (allayllus, inter-ayllu, and intra-ayllu) permit heretofore unavailable insights into the chronological and spatial dimensions of life and mortuary activity in the oases and allow us to better contextualize patterns of social inequality during the dynamic Middle Period. The results of this modeling indicate two distinct peaks of occupation during the Middle Period in San Pedro and document significant temporal variability in cemetery use patterns on both inter- and intra-aylluscales. These results stress the importance of local social and environmental factors to the occupation of the oases and provide crucial chronological structure for future archaeological and bioarchaeological research in the region.
RADIOCARBON DATING OF PRE-COLUMBIAN PERUVIAN FUNERARY BUNDLES OF THE CHANCAY CULTURE
Authors: Majchrzak Łukasz , van Dalen Luna Pieter , Goslar Tomasz
Published: November 2020

The article presents the results of the absolute dating of 31 pre-Columbian funerary bundles excavated on the Cerro Colorado site located in the northern part of the Peruvian Central Coast, where the Chancay culture developed in the last centuries before the Spanish invasion. The typical custom in this region was to wrap the dead with textiles and a vegetal material, by which the bundle was created. The funerary bundles of the Cerro Colorado differed in terms of the complexity, quantity and quality of the materials used (especially textiles and metal ornament). Before our project, there was not a single radiocarbon (14C) date for an undisturbed Chancay tomb, which made it impossible to understand the temporal dependency between the elaborated, standard, and modest bundles. Our results finally shed light on their proper chronological position, also demonstrating that the most elaborate bundles were created between the 13th and 15th centuries.
Histories of authority in the African Great Lakes: trajectories and transactions
Authors: Desrosiers Marie-Eve , Russell Aidan
Published: November 2020

This article reflects on how scholars have engaged with the past and with notions of authority in the African Great Lakes. A dominant ‘presentist’ perspective on the region mobilizes historical knowledge in an uncritical fashion, reducing authority to a set of historical clichés and building on a familiar focus on crises and the state. Bridging history and political science, we propose two concepts to analyse histories of political authority to unsettle presentist biases: trajectories and transactions. To illustrate the contribution these alternative lenses make, we present two historical vignettes. First, we revisit the 1973 coup in Rwanda as an ambiguous trajectory of authority-making and unmaking. Then, we consider languages of praise and petitioning in Burundi in the 1960s, to show how authority is lived, manifested and challenged through local transactional relations.
Anusocratie? Freemasonry, sexual transgression and illicit enrichment in postcolonial Africa
Authors: Geschiere Peter , Orock Rogers
Published: November 2020

Cameroonians recently invented a new word to characterize the state of their country:anusocratie(the rule of the anus). This became central in the moral panic from 2000 onwards over a supposed proliferation of homosexuality.Anusocratielinks such same-sex practices to illicit enrichment by the national elites and their involvement with secret associations of Western provenance, such as Freemasonry, Rosicrucians and the Illuminati. This article tries to unravel this conceptual knot of homosexuality, the occult (Freemasonry) and illicit enrichment: first, by historicizing it. Of interest in the Cameroonian case is the fact that a similar link is mentioned in one of the first ethnographies, Günther Tessmann'sDie Pangwe. Freemasonry is clearly a colonial imposition on the country, but the link between same-sex practices and enrichment has a longer history. Second, a comparison with similar ideas elsewhere on the continent can also open up wider perspectives. The link with illicit enrichment does not figure in classical conceptions of ‘homosexuality’ as developed in Europe, yet it strongly emerges from examples from all over Africa. Both Achille Mbembe and Joseph Tonda show that this image of the anus – anal penetration – articulates popular concerns about staggering inequalities. Yet, this aspect is ignored in debates about growing ‘homophobia’ in Africa. A confrontation with classical texts from Western queer theory (Bersani, Mieli) can help us discover other layers in African discourses, notably an emphasis on sexual diversity as an answer to homophobia. It can also serve to relativize the linking of sexual practices to sexual identities, which is still seen as self-evident in much queer theory of Western provenance.
BROTHERLY RIVALS: TEMPLARS, HOSPITALLERS AND THE ARCHITECTURAL EXPANSION OF THE TEMPLE CHURCH IN LONDON
Authors: Stewart Zachary
Published: November 2020

The Temple Church, founded as the chapel of the motherhouse of the English Templars around 1160, is among the most intriguing medieval churches in London. Utilising a wide range of textual, archaeological and architectural evidence, this paper provides a new account of the evolution of the ecclesiastical complex from the mid-twelfth century to the mid-thirteenth century, focusing in particular on the form and the function of a series of now largely obliterated auxiliary structures. It argues that one of the driving forces for the construction of these buildings was a competition for both patrons and prestige that existed between the two preeminent military orders of the period: the Templars and the Hospitallers.
Parental practices, body dissatisfaction and weight control practices in female adolescents from public schools in southern Brazil
Authors: Dell’Osbel R. S. , Donatti T. , Henn R. L. , Cremonese C. , Capp E. , Gregoletto M. L. O.
Published: November 2020

The objective was to verify the association between body dissatisfaction (BD) – constituted by the desire to lose weight – with family and personal aspects related to the shape of the body and weight control practices in female adolescents. A cross-sectional, observational epidemiological study with adolescents aged 12–19 years, enrolled in classes of the 8th and 9th years of public schools belonging to the urban area of the city of Caxias do Sul/Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was conducted. A self-applicable questionnaire was used. BD was assessed using a silhouette scale. Multivariate regression was performed using Poisson regression with robust variation, hierarchically using a pre-established conceptual model, using the prevalence ratio (PR) adjusted with 95 % CI as a measure of effect. A significance level of 5 % (P ≤ 0·05) was considered. Among the 685 female students, 77·2 % had BD. The father’s incentive to diet sometimes (PR 1·19; 95 % CI 1·07, 1·32; P ≤ 0·001) and always (PR 1·15; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·28; P ≤ 0·001), trying to lose weight (PR 1·63; 95 % CI 1·33, 1·99; P ≤ 0·001), dieting five times or more (PR 1·22; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·36; P ≤ 0·001) and skipping meals less than once a week (PR 1·16; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·29; P = 0·026) increased the chances of having BD. In conclusion, among the investigated parents’ behaviours, only the father’s incentive to go on a diet was associated with BD. Adolescent weight control practices increased the chances of having BD. Thus, it facilitates the identification of this condition at an early stage, enabling adequate treatment and prevention of health complications.
Susceptibility of different developmental stages ofTrichogrammaparasitoids to insecticides commonly used in the Mediterranean olive agroecosystem
Authors: Milonas P. G. , Partsinevelos G. , Kapranas A.
Published: November 2020

Insecticide application and augmentative parasitoid releases are often considered incompatible. However, pesticide applications and parasitoid releases can be integrated into a pest management scheme if there is careful time scheduling of these interventions. In this study, we assessed the influence of commonly used insecticides (chlorpyrifos-methyl, deltamethrin, pyriproxyfen, thiamethoxam) in olive agroecosystems to two currently presentTrichogrammaparasitoids in the Mediterranean basin. Exposure to insecticides in relation to parasitoid's development was also tested. Both, insecticide type and application time influenced parasitism and the emergence rates of the two parasitoid species. Chlorpyrifos-methyl had the strongest impact on parasitoids resulting in low numbers of emerged adults followed by deltamethrin. The two parasitoids also exhibited different levels of susceptibility to the insecticides used. Potential integration of insecticides to integrated pest management usingTrichogrammaparasitoids is discussed.
Effects of dietary restriction on metabolic and cognitive health
Authors: Souza Matos Marina , Platt Bettina , Delibegović Mirela
Published: November 2020

Life expectancy in most developed countries has been rising over the past century. In the UK alone, there are about 12 million people over 65 years old and centenarians have increased by 85% in the past 15 years. As a result of the ageing population, which is due mainly to improvements in medical treatments, public health, improved housing and lifestyle choices, there is an associated increase in the prevalence of pathological conditions, such as metabolic disorders, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, many types of cancer and others. Statistics suggest that nearly 54% of elderly people in the UK live with at least two chronic conditions, revealing the urgency for identifying interventions that can prevent and/or treat such disorders. Non-pharmacological, dietary interventions such as energetic restriction (ER) and methionine restriction (MR) have revealed promising outcomes in increasing longevity and preventing and/or reversing the development of ageing-associated disorders. In this review, we discuss the evidence and mechanisms that are involved in these processes. Fibroblast growth factor 1 and hydrogen sulphide are important molecules involved in the effects of ER and MR in the extension of life span. Their role is also associated with the prevention of metabolic and cognitive disorders, highlighting these interventions as promising modulators for improvement of health span.
Crystal structure of cephalexin monohydrate, C16H17N3O4S(H2O)
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: November 2020

The crystal structure of cephalexin monohydrate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional techniques. Cephalexin monohydrate crystallizes in space group C2 (#5) with a = 27.32290(17), b = 11.92850(4), c = 16.75355(8) Å, β = 108.8661(4)°, V = 5166.99(3) Å3, and Z = 12. Although the general arrangement of molecules is similar to that in cephalexin dihydrate, the structural differences result in very different powder patterns. The crystal structure is characterized by alternating layers of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals contacts parallel to the bc-plane. The water molecules occur in clusters. Five of the six protons in the water molecules act as donors in O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The sixth hydrogen atom acts as a donor to two different phenyl ring carbon atoms to form bifurcated O–H⋯C hydrogen bonds. Each cephalexin molecule is a zwitterion, containing ammonium and carboxylate groups. The ammonium ions form N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds to carboxylate groups and water molecules, as well as to carbonyl groups. The powder pattern is included in the Powder Diffraction File™ as entry 00-065-1417.
Electrical Components Involved in Avian-Caused Outages in Iran
Authors: KOLNEGARI MAHMOOD , CONWAY GREG J. , BASIRI ALI AKBAR , PANTER CONNOR T. , HAZRATI MANDANA , RAFIEE MARYAM SHAMS , FERRER MIGUEL , DWYER JAMES F.
Published: November 2020

Avian electrocutions are a global conservation problem. Power outages associated with electrocutions are problematic for electric utilities focused on delivering reliable electric power. We used contextual data, photographs, line voltage, outage type and assessments of power line components to quantify outage-causing avian electrocutions throughout each of Iran’s 31 provinces. We evaluated records of 222 avian-caused outages involving 235 electrocuted birds in 2018. Of these, 14.5% involved species of conservation concern, and a few (at least eight) sparked fires when the plumage of electrocuted birds ignited and fell into dry vegetation. Most avian-caused outages (96%) involved distribution voltages, and 91% involved phase-to-ground contacts attributable to grounded concrete pylons with grounded steel crossarms. These are the most common type of power line structure in Iran. Insulators were involved in 37% of outage-causing avian electrocutions, fused cutouts 29%, transformers 33%, and midspan collisions 1%. Given the numbers of these components in the electrical system, fused cutouts and transformers were involved in more outage-causing avian electrocutions than expected due to chance. The average body size of electrocuted birds was largest for incidents involving suspension insulators, smaller for birds electrocuted on other insulators, and smallest for electrocutions on fused cutouts and transformers. Given that most avian electrocutions do not cause outages and given the similarity across electric systems in the region, our findings likely indicate a much larger avian electrocution concern throughout the middle east. Retrofitting power line components to reduce avian contacts would reduce impacts to wildlife and improve the electrical system’s reliability, reduce costs associated with unplanned outages, and reduce risks associated power line ignitions of fires.
Left atrial mass in children following cardiac surgery: unravelling the diagnosis
Authors: Rajan Saileela , Chamundaiah Harish , Coelho Robert
Published: November 2020

The differential diagnosis of a left atrial mass on echocardiogram includes thrombus, vegetation, tumour, and other rare causes like septal aneurysm, pulmonary vein remnant, and septal haematoma. We present interesting echocardiographic images of a rare condition which can masquerade as a left atrial mass following cardiac surgery.
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 Status Moderates the Relationship Between Close-Range Blast Exposure and Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Wooten Thomas , Sullivan Danielle R. , Logue Mark W. , Fonda Jennifer R. , Fortier Catherine B. , DeGutis Joseph , McGlinchey Regina , Milberg William , Esterman Michael
Published: November 2020

Objectives:

Recent studies suggest that close-range blast exposure (CBE), regardless of acute concussive symptoms, may have negative long-term effects on brain health and cognition; however, these effects are highly variable across individuals. One potential genetic risk factor that may impact recovery and explain the heterogeneity of blast injury’s long-term cognitive outcomes is the inheritance of an apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele, a well-known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. We hypothesized that APOE ε4 carrier status would moderate the impact of CBE on long-term cognitive outcomes.

Methods:

To test this hypothesis, we examined 488 post-9/11 veterans who completed assessments of neuropsychological functioning, psychiatric diagnoses, history of blast exposure, military and non-military mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), and available APOE genotypes. We separately examined the effects of CBE on attention, memory, and executive functioning in individuals with and without the APOE ε4 allele.

Results:

As predicted, we observed a differential impact of CBE status on cognition as a function of APOE ε4 status, in which CBE ε4 carriers displayed significantly worse neuropsychological performance, specifically in the domain of memory. These results persisted after adjusting for clinical, demographic, and genetic factors and were not observed when examining other neurotrauma variables (i.e., lifetime or military mTBI, distant blast exposure), though these variables displayed similar trends.

Conclusions:

These results suggest APOE ε4 carriers are more vulnerable to the impact of CBE on cognition and highlight the importance of considering genetic risk when studying cognitive effects of neurotrauma.
PUFF, PUFF, PASS
Authors: Smith Jason P. , Merolla David M.
Published: November 2020

This research aims to enhance our understanding of the relationship between racial prejudice and White Americans’ views on cannabis legalization. The recent legalization of recreational cannabis in a handful of states, along with many other states legalizing medical cannabis in recent years, has catapulted the flowering plant back into the spotlight and nightly news cycles. Given the historically racist propaganda used to criminalize the plant, it follows that Whites’ support for legalization may be associated with racial prejudice. Using data from the General Social Survey data from 1972–2018, we find that different forms of racial prejudice have a negative effect on Whites’ support for cannabis legalization generally. Additionally, as the negative effect of overt, old-fashioned racism diminishes over time and across birth cohorts it is supplanted by the more subtle laissez-faire racism. In conclusion, we discuss the implication of the relationship between racial prejudice and views on marijuana for the increasingly complicated racial dynamics surrounding cannabis legalization.
The ICJ's Jadhav Judgment and Its Implications for Pakistan and India under International Law
Authors: TRIVEDI Abhishek
Published: November 2020

The International Court of Justice [ICJ] delivered its Judgment on Jadhav (India v. Pakistan) in 2019, finding Pakistan in breach of its obligations under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963. Thus, Pakistan is under a continuing obligation to provide, through the means of its own choosing, effective review and reconsideration [ERR] of Jadhav's conviction and sentence. This paper comments on the ICJ's Jadhav Judgment and its implications for Pakistan and India. It also evaluates the legal option if India is not satisfied with Pakistan's implementation of the ERR process effectively. In this situation, India can approach the ICJ again. This paper finds that the possibilities of India's request to be admissible before the ICJ under Article 60 of its Statute are relatively higher than the possibilities of its successful adjudication on the merits.
Endovascular therapy of arterioureteral fistulas
Authors: Augustin Anne Marie , Torre Giulia Dalla , Kocot Arkadius , Bley Thorsten Alexander , Kalogirou Charis , Kickuth Ralph
Published: November 2020

Summary: Background: Arterioureteral fistulas (AUFs) are severe pathologies of different origin and with increasing incidence frequently appear in patients with underlying extensive malignancy and after pelvic surgery. AUF therapy is challenging since symptoms are frequently non-specific and patients are often unsuitable surgical candidates due to comorbidities. Since experiences with endovascular treatment strategies are limited, the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety were evaluated in a consecutive case series. Patients and methods: A retrospective analysis of five patients with endovascular AUF exclusion was performed. Probable predisposing factors for an AUF included history of pelvic malignancy with oncologic surgery in four patients, radiotherapy in four patients, and indwelling ureteral stents in four patients. Clinical presentation, diagnostic management, and site of fistula were assessed. Furthermore, technical and clinical success as well as complications were evaluated. Results: All patients presented with gross haematuria. In four patients, haematuria occurred during endoscopic ureteral stent manipulation. Affected vessels were the internal pudendal artery in one, intrarenal segmental artery and external iliac artery in two, and internal iliac artery in another two patients. Treatment included coil embolisation (n = 2), plug embolisation (n = 3), particulate embolisation (n = 1), and covered stent implantation (n = 2). Technical success was achieved in all procedures. In two cases, re-intervention was necessary due to AUF recurrence, resulting in a clinical success rate of 60.0%. One major complication class D was documented. Conclusions: AUFs can be treated effectively and safely using endovascular techniques. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of this rare entity requires a high level of awareness for potential risk factors as well as an optimal multidisciplinary coordination.
Global Radiative Impacts of Mineral Dust Perturbations Through Stratiform Clouds
Authors: McGraw Zachary , Storelvmo Trude , David Robert O. , Sagoo Navjit
Published: November 2020

Airborne mineral dust influences cloud occurrence and optical properties, which may provide a pathway for recent and future changes in dust concentration to alter the temperature at Earth's surface. However, despite prior suggestions that dust‐cloud interactions are an important control on the Earth's radiation balance, we find global mean cloud radiative effects to be insensitive to widespread dust changes. Here we simulate uniformly applied shifts in dust amount in a present‐day atmosphere using a version of the CAM5 atmosphere model (within CESM v1.2.2) modified to incorporate laboratory‐based ice nucleation parameterizations in stratiform clouds. Increasing and decreasing dustiness from current levels to paleoclimate extremes caused effective radiative forcings through clouds of +0.02 ± 0.01 and −0.05 ± 0.02 W/m2, respectively, with ranges of −0.26 to +0.13 W/m2 and −0.21 to +0.39 W/m2 from sensitivity tests. Our simulations suggest that these forcings are limited by several factors. Longwave and shortwave impacts largely cancel, particularly in mixed‐phase clouds, while in warm and cirrus clouds opposite responses between regions further reduce each global forcing. Additionally, changes in dustiness cause opposite forcings through aerosol indirect effects in mixed‐phase clouds as in cirrus, while in warm clouds indirect effects are weak at nearly all locations. Nevertheless, regional forcings and global impacts on longwave and shortwave radiation were found to be nonnegligible, suggesting that cloud‐mediated dust effects have significance in simulations of present and future climate.
Evaluation of Cloud and Precipitation Simulations in CAM6 and AM4 Using Observations Over the Southern Ocean
Authors: Zhou Xiaoli , Atlas Rachel , McCoy Isabel L. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Bardeen Charles , Gettelman Andrew , Lin Pu , Ming Yi
Published: November 2020

This study uses cloud and radiative properties collected from in situ and remote sensing instruments during two coordinated campaigns over the Southern Ocean between Tasmania and Antarctica in January–February 2018 to evaluate the simulations of clouds and precipitation in nudged‐meteorology simulations with the CAM6 and AM4 global climate models sampled at the times and locations of the observations. Fifteen SOCRATES research flights sampled cloud water content, cloud droplet number concentration, and particle size distributions in mixed‐phase boundary layer clouds at temperatures down to −25°C. The 6‐week CAPRICORN2 research cruise encountered all cloud regimes across the region. Data from vertically pointing 94 GHz radars deployed was compared with radar simulator output from both models. Satellite data were compared with simulated top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes. Both models simulate observed cloud properties fairly well within the variability of observations. Cloud base and top in both models are generally biased low. CAM6 overestimates cloud occurrence and optical thickness while cloud droplet number concentrations are biased low, leading to excessive TOA reflected shortwave radiation. In general, low clouds in CAM6 precipitate at the same frequency but are more homogeneous compared to observations. Deep clouds are better simulated but produce snow too frequently. AM4 underestimates cloud occurrence but overestimates cloud optical thickness even more than CAM6, causing excessive outgoing longwave radiation fluxes but comparable reflected shortwave radiation. AM4 cloud droplet number concentrations match observations better than CAM6. Precipitating low and deep clouds in AM4 have too little snow. Further investigation of these microphysical biases is needed for both models.
Can Newspaper Reporting Uncover Flood Risk?
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: November 2020

In areas of low or no flood monitoring, archival coverage of historical flooding can help scientists make better risk predictions.
Why Are There More Summer Afternoon Low Clouds Over the Tibetan Plateau Compared to Eastern China?
Authors: Wang Yinjun , Zeng Xubin , Xu Xiangde , Welty Joshua , Lenschow Donald H. , Zhou Mingyu , Zhao Yang
Published: November 2020

In this study, we analyze the relationships between summer afternoon low cloud cover and environmental conditions over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Using in situ measurements, satellite data, and reanalysis, and based on theoretical analysis, we find that there is stronger thermal turbulence, lower temperature, and higher frequency of low cloud formation for the same surface relative humidity over the eastern and central TP compared with eastern China. With the same sensible heat flux, decreased air density enhances buoyancy flux, which increases the planetary boundary layer height and moisture vertical transport. At the same time, with the same near‐surface relative humidity, lower temperature over the TP decreases the lifting condensation level, which increases the probability of the air parcel reaching this level. Compared to the low‐elevation region in eastern China, these two mechanisms enhance low cloud occurrence in the afternoon over the TP.
Significant Decrease in Wet Deposition of Anthropogenic Chloride Across the Eastern United States, 1998–2018
Authors: Haskins Jessica D. , Jaeglé Lyatt , Thornton Joel A.
Published: November 2020

Using deposition observations from precipitation samples collected by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program at 125 sites across the United States, we show that the mean wet deposition flux of non‐sea‐salt chloride (NSS Cl−) has decreased by 83% throughout the eastern United States between 1998 and 2018. We find that 30% of the sites switch from having excess Cl−  to being depleted in Cl−. We attribute the observed decreases in NSS Cl−  deposition to a 95% decrease in U.S. anthropogenic HCl emissions since 1998. We propose that industry emission controls that remove HCl as a cobenefit of NOx and SO2 have caused significant decreases in NSS Cl−  deposition throughout the eastern United States, in addition to shifts from coal to natural gas and to coal with lower Cl−  content. Our analysis implies that the lower tropospheric reactive inorganic chlorine burden was larger over the United States in the past than it is today.
Atmospheric Basins: Identification of Quasi‐Independent Spatial Patterns in the Global Atmospheric Hydrological Cycle Via a Complex Network Approach
Authors: Zhang Yu , Huang Wenyu , Zhang Mingxi , Tian Yinglin , Wang Guangqian , Zhong Deyu
Published: November 2020

A river basin is commonly assumed to be a closed unit of the terrestrial hydrological cycle. Further research is required to identify analogous regional‐scale and quasi‐independent spatial patterns with the potential to be treated as basic hydrological units of the atmospheric hydrological cycle. To this purpose, we constructed global atmospheric moisture networks (GAMNs) for the boreal summers and winters from 2007 to 2016 based on the atmospheric source‐sink relationships between grid cells of a global 3° × 3° grid generated by the Eulerian atmospheric moisture tracking model WAM‐2layers (water accounting model‐two layers). By adopting a complex network‐based approach, we identified regional‐scale patterns in the GAMNs that reflect the regional moisture transport characteristics and have high moisture recycling ratios (>50%) and defined these patterns as atmospheric basins. Moisture exchanges between atmospheric basins are non‐negligible, and several atmospheric basins act as strong moisture providers/receivers. Moreover, typical atmospheric basins were selected to check the stability and variation of atmospheric basins during 2007–2016. We observed core regions that persist throughout the years in these atmospheric basins. Inter‐annual differences in the positions and areas of these atmospheric basins were also observed, and we attributed these to inter‐annual differences in the atmospheric moisture links. Identifying atmospheric basins can help to better understand the global hydrological cycle dynamics and drivers as it reduces the complexity of the grid‐based source‐sink relationships of atmospheric moisture.
Persistent Link Between Caribbean Precipitation and Atlantic Ocean Circulation During the Last Glacial Revealed by a Speleothem Record From Puerto Rico
Authors: Warken Sophie F. , Vieten Rolf , Winter Amos , Spötl Christoph , Miller Thomas E. , Jochum Klaus P. , Schröder‐Ritzrau Andrea , Mangini Augusto , Scholz Denis
Published: November 2020

The sensitivity of tropical Atlantic precipitation patterns to the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) at different time scales is well‐known. However, recent research suggests a more complex behavior of the northern hemispheric tropical rain belt related to the ITCZ in the western tropical Atlantic. Here we present a precisely dated speleothem multi‐proxy record from a well‐monitored cave in Puerto Rico, covering the period between 46.2 and 15.3 ka. The stable isotope and trace element records document a pronounced response of regional rainfall to abrupt climatic excursions in the North Atlantic across the Last Glacial such as Heinrich stadials and Dansgaard/Oeschger events. The annual to multidecadal resolution of the proxy time series allows substructural investigations of the recorded events. Spectral analysis suggests that multidecadal to centennial variability persisted in the regional hydroclimate mainly during interstadial conditions but also during the Last Glacial Maximum. In particular, we observe a strong agreement between the speleothem proxy data and the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, supporting a persistent link of oceanic forcing to regional precipitation. Comparison to other paleo‐precipitation records enables the reconstruction of past changes in position, strength, and extent of the ITCZ in the western tropical Atlantic in response to millennial‐ and orbital‐scale global climate change.
Preventing Seawater Intrusion and Enhancing Safe Extraction Using Finite‐Length, Impermeable Subsurface Barriers: 3D Analysis
Authors: Wu Huiqiang , Lu Chunhui , Kong Jun , Werner Adrian D.
Published: November 2020

Subsurface physical barriers have been recognized as effective in mitigating seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, although mainly 2D (cross‐sectional) barrier effects have been considered. In this study, impermeable barriers with finite shore‐parallel lengths are investigated through 3D numerical simulation, thereby extending previous analyses. Two scenarios are considered: (a) barrier‐only and (b) barrier‐well systems; and three available barrier types are analyzed and compared: (1) subsurface dam, (2) cutoff wall, and (3) fully penetrating barrier. Barrier location, length, and height are investigated, and barrier effectiveness is evaluated from seawater volumes, seawater wedge toe positions, and maximum safe pumping rates. In the barrier‐only system, a better performance in preventing seawater intrusion was achieved by cutoff walls rather than subsurface dams. Finite‐length subsurface dams may slightly enhance seawater extent along parts of the coastline that are beyond the dam's length. Cutoff walls performed best when located at relatively small distances from the coast in the barrier‐only system, whereas with a well at 450 m from the shoreline, the subsurface dam located at a critical distance from the sea (i.e., 300 m in the current study) performed optimally (from the tested cases) and was superior to cutoff walls in terms of the maximum safe pumping rate. A fully penetrating barrier outperformed cutoff walls and subsurface dams, as expected. Our investigation indicates that subsurface barrier design should consider the effect of the shore‐parallel length, because barrier benefits may otherwise be significantly overestimated.
In Situ Observations and Lumped Parameter Model Reconstructions Reveal Intra‐Annual to Multidecadal Variability in Groundwater Levels in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Ascott M. J. , Macdonald D. M. J. , Black E. , Verhoef A. , Nakohoun P. , Tirogo J. , Sandwidi W. J. P. , Bliefernicht J. , Sorensen J. P. R. , Bossa A. Y.
Published: November 2020

Understanding temporal variability in groundwater levels is essential for water resources management. In sub‐Saharan Africa, groundwater level dynamics are poorly constrained due to limited long‐term observations. Here, we present the first published analysis of temporal variability in groundwater levels at the national scale in sub‐Saharan Africa, using 12 multidecadal (ca. 1980s to present) groundwater level hydrographs in Burkina Faso. For each hydrograph, we developed lumped parameter models which achieved acceptable calibrations (NSE = 0.5–0.99). For eight sites not showing significant (p < 0.001) long‐term groundwater level declines, we reconstructed groundwater levels to 1902, over 50 years before the earliest observations in the tropics. We standardized and clustered the eight reconstructed hydrographs to compare responses across the sites. Overall, the 12 hydrographs were categorized into three groups, which are dominated by (1) long‐term declines (four sites), (2) short‐term intra‐annual variability (three sites), and (3) long‐term multidecadal variability (five sites). We postulate that group 1 is controlled by anthropogenic influences (land use change and abstraction). Correlation of modeled water table depth and groundwater response times with hydrograph autocorrelation suggests that hydrogeological properties and structure control differences between groups 2 and 3. Group 3 shows a small recovery in groundwater levels following the 1970/1980s drought. Differences in intra‐annual to multidecadal variability in groundwater levels have implications for water management and highlight the value of long‐term monitoring. Reconstructions contextualize current groundwater status, forecasts, and projections. The approach developed is generic and applicable where long‐term groundwater level data exist.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals heterogeneous tumor and immune cell populations in early-stage lung adenocarcinomas harboring EGFR mutations
Authors: He Di , Wang Di , Lu Ping , Yang Nan , Xue Zhigang , Zhu Xianmin , Zhang Peng , Fan Guoping
Published: November 2020

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) harboring EGFR mutations prevails in Asian population. However, the inter-patient and intra-tumor heterogeneity has not been addressed at single-cell resolution. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of total 125,674 cells from seven stage-I/II LUAD samples harboring EGFR mutations and five tumor-adjacent lung tissues. We identified diverse cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in which myeloid cells and T cells were the most abundant stromal cell types in tumors and adjacent lung tissues. Within tumors, accompanied by an increase in CD1C+ dendritic cells, the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) showed pro-tumoral functions without signature gene expression of defined M1 or M2 polarization. Tumor-infiltrating T cells mainly displayed exhausted and regulatory T-cell features. The adenocarcinoma cells can be categorized into different subtypes based on their gene expression signatures in distinct pathways such as hypoxia, glycolysis, cell metabolism, translation initiation, cell cycle, and antigen presentation. By performing pseudotime trajectory, we found that ELF3 was among the most upregulated genes in more advanced tumor cells. In response to secretion of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL1B) from immune infiltrates, ELF3 in tumor cells was upregulated to trigger the activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway and elevated expression of proliferation and anti-apoptosis genes such as BCL2L1 and CCND1. Taken together, our study revealed substantial heterogeneity within early-stage LUAD harboring EGFR mutations, implicating complex interactions among tumor cells, stromal cells and immune infiltrates in the TME.
MiRNA-671-5p Promotes prostate cancer development and metastasis by targeting NFIA/CRYAB axis
Authors: Zhu Zhiguo , Luo Lianmin , Xiang Qian , Wang Jiamin , Liu Yangzhou , Deng Yihan , Zhao Zhigang
Published: November 2020

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second cause of death due to malignancy among men, and metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in patients with PCa. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important regulatory roles in tumor development and metastasis. Here, we identified 13 miRNAs related to PCa metastasis by bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, we found that miR-671-5p was increased in metastatic PCa tissues, and its high expression indicated poor prognosis of PCa. MiR-671-5p could facilitate PCa cells proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and vivo. We confirmed that miR-671-5p directly bound to the 3’ untranslated regions of NFIA mRNA, and NFIA directly bound to the CRYAB promoter. High expression of NFIA and CRYAB negatively correlated with the advanced clinicopathological characteristics and metastasis status of PCa patients. Our study demonstrated that miR-671-5p promoted PCa development and metastasis by suppressing NFIA/ CRYAB axis.
BrainPhys neuronal medium optimized for imaging and optogenetics in vitro
Authors: Zabolocki Michael , McCormack Kasandra , van den Hurk Mark , Milky Bridget , Shoubridge Andrew P. , Adams Robert , Tran Jenne , Mahadevan-Jansen Anita , Reineck Philipp , Thomas Jacob , Hutchinson Mark R. , Mak Carmen K. H. , Añonuevo Adam , Chew Leon H. , Hirst Adam J. , Lee Vivian M. , Knock Erin , Bardy Cedric
Published: November 2020

The capabilities of imaging technologies, fluorescent sensors, and optogenetics tools for cell biology are advancing. In parallel, cellular reprogramming and organoid engineering are expanding the use of human neuronal models in vitro. This creates an increasing need for tissue culture conditions better adapted to live-cell imaging. Here, we identify multiple caveats of traditional media when used for live imaging and functional assays on neuronal cultures (i.e., suboptimal fluorescence signals, phototoxicity, and unphysiological neuronal activity). To overcome these issues, we develop a neuromedium called BrainPhys™ Imaging (BPI) in which we optimize the concentrations of fluorescent and phototoxic compounds. BPI is based on the formulation of the original BrainPhys medium. We benchmark available neuronal media and show that BPI enhances fluorescence signals, reduces phototoxicity and optimally supports the electrical and synaptic activity of neurons in culture. We also show the superior capacity of BPI for optogenetics and calcium imaging of human neurons. Altogether, our study shows that BPI improves the quality of a wide range of fluorescence imaging applications with live neurons in vitro while supporting optimal neuronal viability and function.
Efficient population modification gene-drive rescue system in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Adolfi Adriana , Gantz Valentino M. , Jasinskiene Nijole , Lee Hsu-Feng , Hwang Kristy , Terradas Gerard , Bulger Emily A. , Ramaiah Arunachalam , Bennett Jared B. , Emerson J. J. , Marshall John M. , Bier Ethan , James Anthony A.
Published: November 2020

Cas9/gRNA-mediated gene-drive systems have advanced development of genetic technologies for controlling vector-borne pathogen transmission. These technologies include population suppression approaches, genetic analogs of insecticidal techniques that reduce the number of insect vectors, and population modification (replacement/alteration) approaches, which interfere with competence to transmit pathogens. Here, we develop a recoded gene-drive rescue system for population modification of the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, that relieves the load in females caused by integration of the drive into the kynurenine hydroxylase gene by rescuing its function. Non-functional resistant alleles are eliminated via a dominantly-acting maternal effect combined with slower-acting standard negative selection, and rare functional resistant alleles do not prevent drive invasion. Small cage trials show that single releases of gene-drive males robustly result in efficient population modification with ≥95% of mosquitoes carrying the drive within 5-11 generations over a range of initial release ratios.