bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What's in a name? Students with dyslexia: their use of metaphor in making sense of their disability
Authors: Burden Robert , Burdett Julia
Published: July 2007

Research and practice involving children and adults with dyslexia has tended to focus on identifying difficulties in developing literacy skills and associated cognitive variables. Comparatively few investigations have focused on affective factors or on finding ways of enabling those with dyslexia to express their own attitudes, thoughts and feelings about these difficulties. As part of an intensive investigation into the self‐concepts of pupils attending a residential special school for boys with dyslexia, Robert Burden, Professor of Applied Educational Psychology at the University of Exeter, together with his research assistant, Julia Burdett, carried out semi‐structured interviews with 50 boys. One element of the interview was a request to each interviewee to construct a mind picture or image of what dyslexia represented to him. The results revealed a number of powerful images illustrating both surmountable and insurmountable barriers to learning, together with feelings of confusion and inadequacy. The conclusion is drawn that metaphors provide a potentially helpful means of exploring the deep‐rooted thoughts and feelings of children and young people diagnosed with dyslexia. The authors conclude by discussing some possible implications of this form of investigation for future research and intervention with those experiencing dyslexia and a wide range of other disabilities.
The Analysis of Seasonal Long Memory: The Case of Spanish Inflation*
Authors: Arteche Josu
Published: July 2007

This paper describes semiparametric techniques recently proposed for the analysis of seasonal or cyclical long memory and applies them to a monthly Spanish inflation series. One of the conclusions is that this series has long memory not only at the origin but also at some but not all seasonal frequencies, suggesting that the fractional difference operator (1−L12)d should be avoided. Moreover, different persistent cycles are observed before and after the first oil crisis. Whereas the cycles seem stationary in the former period, we find evidence of a unit root after 1973, which implies that a shock has a permanent effect. Finally, it is shown how to compute the exact impulse responses and the coefficients in the autoregressive expansion of parametric seasonal long memory models. These two quantities are important to assess the impact of aleatory shocks such as those produced by a change of economic policy and for forecasting purposes, respectively.
Successful Employer Search? An Empirical Analysis of Vacancy Duration Using Micro Data
Authors: ANDREWS M. J. , BRADLEY S. , STOTT D. , UPWARD R.
Published: July 2007

This paper provides the first estimates of the determinants of the duration of employer search in the UK. We model duration until a vacancy is either successfully filled or withdrawn from the market. The econometric techniques deal with multiple vacancies and unobserved heterogeneity (dependent risks), using flexible and parametric baseline hazards. The hazards to filling and withdrawing exhibit negative and positive duration dependence respectively, implying that the conditional probability of successful employer search decreases with duration. We also find that nonmanual vacancies are less likely to fill, consistent with there being skill shortages in the sample period.
Contracting for Environmental Property Rights: The Case of Vittel
Authors: DEPRES CHRISTOPHE , GROLLEAU GILLES , MZOUGHI NAOUFEL
Published: July 2007

Based on a real case of contracting for environmental property rights, we explore several implications of Coase's insights. The case study adds empirical content to basic transaction costs concepts by analysing the design and implementation of a contractual arrangement between a pollutee—a bottler of mineral water—and several polluting farmers. We analyse the bargaining between the two parties to determine how transaction cost issues (valuation disputes, bilateral monopoly conditions and third‐party effects) were overcome and how they succeeded in contracting for environmental property rights. We compare the Vittel case with other similar cases to draw lessons for environmental rights negotiations.
Prevalence of and risk factors for HIV‐associated neuropathy in Melbourne, Australia 1993–2006
Authors: Smyth K , Affandi JS , McArthur JC , Bowtell‐Harris C , Mijch AM , Watson K , Costello K , Woolley IJ , Price P , Wesselingh SL , Cherry CL
Published: July 2007

Objectives

The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence of and risk factors for HIV‐associated sensory neuropathy (HIV‐SN) in 2006 [the era of stavudine, didanosine and zalcitabine (dNRTI)‐sparing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)] and to compare our findings with data obtained in the same clinic in 1993 (pre‐HAART) and 2001 (frequent use of dNRTI‐containing HAART).

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional comparative study using convenience sampling. HIV‐positive adults attending a tertiary referral clinic over a 2‐week period were screened for HIV‐SN using the AIDS Clinical Trials Group screening tool. HIV‐SN was defined as present if the patient had both neuropathic symptoms and abnormal signs. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and treatment data were considered as possible risk factors for HIV‐SN, and results were compared with data obtained in the same clinic in 1993 and 2001.

Results

One hundred patients were screened. The prevalence of HIV‐SN was 42%, which was unchanged since 2001 (44%) despite a significant reduction in the use of dNRTIs. HIV‐SN remained much more common than in 1993 (42% vs 13%; P<0.0001). The only independent associations with HIV‐SN in 2006 were increasing patient age and a history of exposure to either stavudine or indinavir. This compares with 1993 when neuropathy was increased in those with Mycobacterium avium complex infection, and 2001 when patient age and use of stavudine and didanosine were the independent associations with HIV‐SN in this clinic.

Conclusions

HIV‐SN remained common among ambulatory patients in 2006 (42% prevalence) despite a significant reduction in the use of dNRTIs. In addition to patient age and stavudine exposure, indinavir use may be a risk factor for HIV‐SN.
Race and ethnicity impact on the maximum proliferative response in peripheral blood lymphocytes from HIV‐seropositive individuals
Authors: Kolber MA , Saenz MO , Gómez‐Marín O , Tamariz LJ
Published: July 2007

The effects of race and ethnicity on immunological function have not been fully studied in patients infected with HIV‐1. To study such differences, 54 patients on virally suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with CD4 counts >200 cells/μL had their peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) evaluated for response to recall antigen. Significant differences were found in the maximum responses for PBL from black individuals compared with those from white individuals, and the differences were highly significant when responses for African‐Americans were compared with those for white‐Hispanics. These findings support work delineating ethnicity and race as significant variables to be taken into account when looking at vaccination strategies and responsiveness to therapeutic pharmacological interventions.
Object‐based neglect for the near peripersonal space in drawing tasks
Authors: Grossi D. , Esposito D. , Cuomo C. , Conchiglia G. , Trojano L.
Published: July 2007

We report a patient with a right cortical and subcortical temporo‐occipital lesion who showed spatial neglect mainly involving the left and the near peripersonal space. In drawing tasks the patient omitted the elements closer to him within each figure. A copying task with pairs of radially aligned line drawings demonstrated that the patient's radial neglect was based on within‐object coordinates. This novel observation extends the egocentric–allocentric distinction to the radial dimension.
Migraine and Ischaemic Vascular Events
Authors: Kurth T
Published: July 2007

An association between migraine and ischaemic vascular events, particularly ischaemic stroke, has been debated for many years. The pathophysiology of migraine has been explored in detail, and it is known that a dysfunction of brain cells and arteries is a major component of this disorder. The involvement of cerebral arteries during the migraine attack as well as the high prevalence of migraine among young individuals with ischaemic stroke has led to the hypothesis that migraine may be a risk factor for ischaemic stroke. Furthermore, there is evidence that the vascular nature of migraine is not limited to meningeal blood vessels and that migraine and overall cardiovascular disease may share aetiological pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize the epidemiological evidence that links migraine with ischaemic stroke and ischaemic heart disease and to discuss potential biological mechanisms.
THE RAPID TEACHING OF SEWING MACHINE SKILLS: I.
Authors: Falconer Sheena M.
Published: July 2007

The need for, and development of, an intensive block course which has been produced to develop skill rapidly in the use of the domestic sewing machine is presented and discussed.
UTOPIAS AND FORECASTS: POSSIBLE WORLDS
Authors: Bayliss Robert A.
Published: July 2007

There are centuries of writings on forecasting the future, including the framing of ideal worlds, and sometimes warning against forms of society to be avoided. The paper attempts a broad survey of the more important literature, including examples which have a specific bearing on the subject matter of home economics, and suggests that some knowledge of this intellectual area has interesting possibilities for home economists in education and elsewhere.
THE PLACE OF SENSORY EVALUATION STUDIES IN THE HOME ECONOMICS SYLLABUS
Authors: Fraser Morag
Published: July 2007

The application of the theory and practice of sensory evaluation of foods to the home economics syllabus is considered, with particular stress on the practical problems that must be recognized and considered. The relevance of such a component of the teaching course is discussed in terms of its value in stimulation of critical judgment, appreciation of scientific method and the acquisition of special skills.
A STUDY OF OPINIONS CONCERNING METHOD AND CONTENT OF HOME ECONOMICS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Authors: Hutchinson Vincent G.
Published: July 2007

Which aspects of their school experience of home economics do housewives find most useful? Does this experience modify ways of caring for a home and family between successive generations? Are there marked differences between housewives in different social classes in their regard for home economics? This paper compares the responses to these questions and infers there is a need to give explicit recognition to the relationship between home economics education, social policy and the quality of home and family life.
SCIENCE AND HOME ECONOMICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: BAYLISS ROBERT A.
Published: July 2007

Scientists played an important part in the formative years of the nineteenth century when Home Economics was evolving into a coherent discipline. The paper considers the lives and works of six scientists from both sides of the Atlantic: Count Rumford, J. C. Buckmaster, W. Mattieu Williams, E. L. Youmans, Ellen Richards and W. O. Atwater. One connecting theme is in the quality of their advocacy of scientific applications in everyday affairs.
PROCESSED FOODS IN PERSPECTIVE: II.
Authors: COOK D. J.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes developments in the main areas of food processing and considers the effects of food processing on the composition and properties of a variety of foods.
PUBLIC PROVISION: THE CONSUMER DILEMMA
Authors: National ERIC MIDWINTER
Published: July 2007

In this paper the author considers the origins of consumer activity in the public ‘social’ sector in the nineteenth century and makes suggestions about consumer activity in such areas as health and welfare, education, housing and the law in the twentieth century.
THE TWO FACES OF HOME ECONOMICS
Authors: THORNE E.
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the problem of establishing Home Economics degree courses which will enable graduates to fill posts of widely differing natures.
Current research *: CARBON MONOXIDE–A DOMESTIC POLLUTANT
Authors: PARRY MALCOLM
Published: July 2007

Following suggestions of high levels of carbon monoxide (CO) being reached in kitchens the source of this toxic gas was investigated to check this statement. Four gas cookers were tested to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide produced when they were in use. Levels reached were found to be below the Greater London Council guidelines1 for exposure over 1 h; however, if this level was maintained over 3 h it would have exceeded the suggested maximum by 2.7 times exposure level. The paper also summarizes the medical implication of exposure to carbon monoxide.
A COMPARISON OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND TIME SPENT IN COOKING ON A PLATE AND IN AN OVEN
Authors: JOKELAINEN AILI , PELTOLA ELINA
Published: July 2007

This study examined the electric energy consumed by the plates and oven of an electric cooker in practical cooking experiments. The supervision demanded by the cooking method and the extent to which the cook was tied to the job were examined on the basis of a time study. The quality of the foods was assessed by sensory evaluation.
A COMMENT ON ‘LE MÉNAGIER DE PARIS’
Authors: BAYLISS ROBERT A.
Published: July 2007

A book of advice to a young wife, originally written in the fourteenth century, was translated into English and published in 1928. This short paper is intended to encourage the reading of a book of great charm and interest.
BUILDING RELATED HOME ACCIDENTS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Authors: WEBBER GERALD M. B. , CLARK ALAN J.
Published: July 2007

In the period August 1975 to July 1977 the Building Research Station undertook a pilot study to obtain data on home accidents in co‐operation with the Watford General Hospital. Subject to precautions regarding medical confidentiality, information was recorded on patients who attended the Accident and Emergency Department of the hospital following an accident in or around a dwelling.

In order to facilitate comparison with data on fatalities, use was made of the International Classification of Diseases ‘External Cause of Injury’ system to categorize accident events. It was found that the four main types of non‐fatal accident were falls, accidents caused by cutting or piercing instruments, by striking against or being struck by objects, and by hot substances and steam. The study also showed that building features and services might rank relatively highly in terms of the frequency with which they become involved as agents in accidents when compared to other common household items.
SOLAR ENERGY PANELS: LEGAL ASPECTS
Authors: ROBERTSHAW PAUL
Published: July 2007

This paper surveys the current trends in energy source choice and the author comments on some of the problems. Then three areas of law relevant to the use of solar energy are considered in detail.
RETAIL GROCERY PRICE VARIATIONS: A CONSIDERATION OF THE STRUCTURAL AND LOCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STORES
Authors: PARKER A. J.
Published: July 2007

This paper identifies statistically significant variations in retail grocery prices and relates these primarily to differences in store organizational structure.
Part II. Discussion of Five More Consumer Topics and Suggestions for Future Research*
Authors: EPSTEIN JOYCE
Published: July 2007

This a continuation of a paper which appeared in the last issue of the Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics. The first part of the paper dealt with studies of consumer representation, particularly in the nationalized industries (which show its weaknesses and inadequacy); with studies of information and education (which show the limited usefulness and slow progress of each); and with work done on the real needs of consumers (which shows the deep uncertainties which exist about what those real needs are).

Here five further topics of consumer research are considered and suggestions are made for future research.
AN EXPLORATORY COST‐BENEFIT STUDY OF A BRITISH STANDARD FOR UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE FABRIC
Authors: BOGGIS FRED , BOURNER BRIAN
Published: July 2007

Without an evaluation of the costs and benefits arising from the production of standards for consumer goods, consumer policy makers will be operating with incomplete information in their decision‐making.

A standard specification for a fabric used in upholstered furniture is costed to see what resources were used in its preparation and what benefits can be estimated to have accrued to the consumer.
MOISTURE STUDIES IN THE DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT
Authors: LAKE BARBARA , HUGHES JANE LLOYD
Published: July 2007

In an attempt to ascertain the measure of agreement as to what constitutes dryness in textile goods following laundering and during domestic storage, a series of trials were carried out employing a large sample of testers. Each was asked to register a decision, whether damp or dry, for articles in wool, cotton and poly‐cotton (67% polyester, 33% cotton). These articles were of known moisture contents, measured as percentage moisture regains, following exposure to controlled atmospheres ranging between 0 r.h. and 95% r.h.

Considerable variations in dampness perception were recorded between individual testers and results differed with the fibre content; poly‐cotton presented the most difficulties. Nevertheless it was possible to discern for each textile, a moisture content band below which goods could be declared acceptably dry.

Implications for the indoor drying and storage of laundered articles were reviewed. Dryness acceptable to the majority (90% of the sample) could be achieved within a normal indoor atmosphere (50% r.h., 20°C) for poly‐cotton but not for wool or cotton. For these, a reduced humidity or an elevated temperature would be required, necessitating the expenditure of energy such as is commonly available in the domestic airing cupboard. Results were applied to a psychometric chart to make recommendations for effective temperatures within such cupboards.
MOISTURE STUDIES IN THE DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT
Authors: LAKE BARBARA , HUGHES JANE LLOYD
Published: July 2007

Indications from a survey of floor washing practices were used to derive a measurement of the amount of moisture likely to be released into the atmosphere each time a domestic kitchen floor is washed. Three different floors were used, each considered representative in size and shape of contemporary kitchen floors. All were surfaced in vinyl plastic, indicated in the survey to be the overwhelmingly popular flooring material. Three types of implement were selected; a floor cloth, a string mop and a sponge mop, each equally popular in the survey.

The obvious association between moisture release and floor area was explored, marking off different measured areas to be washed. This was acknowledged not to represent normal practice in that it eliminated contact with perimeter fitments under which water could be harboured. Instead sufficient operators were enlisted and operations performed to justify averaging results and arriving at a range of values for moisture release from a single representative floor washing operation.

Although a six‐fold difference was recorded between the highest and the lowest measurement, there was a clear indication of where the average would fall. This proved to be appreciably lower than estimates published some 30 years ago. Evidence available indicated that this could be largely due to the change from absorbent to water‐repellent floor coverings. Techniques of floor washing could hardly be implicated for the modern sponge mop performed no better than the old‐style string mop and both were eclipsed by the traditional floor cloth in ability to remove water from a washed floor.
THE CONSUMERS' COUNCIL BILLS 1929–1939
Authors: BAYLISS ROBERT A.
Published: July 2007

Three attempts were made in Parliament to create a Consumers' Council between 1929 and 1939. The proposed Council was to have powers to investigate and recommend price fixing, and although all three bills were unsuccessful, some of the issues discussed are still of contemporary interest.
HOME ECONOMICS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES: CURRENT TRENDS
Authors: FIREBAUGH FRANCILLE M.
Published: July 2007

Higher education programmes of home economics in the United States have experienced dynamic changes in recent years. Today, home economics programmes are marked by name and curricula changes, concern for cohesion in the field, student and faculty diversification, leadership and administrative structure changes, strengthened research efforts and by improved graduate programmes. Parallel with these trends is a movement to clarify the content and aims of the field by developing a contemporary definition of home economics.
CONSUMER SATISFACTION AND LOCAL REDRESS ALTERNATIVES
Authors: ITTIG KATHLEEN BROWNE
Published: July 2007

Local consumer protection agencies have proliferated in the United States in the last decade. Attention is given to the need for maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of these systems in order to better serve the consumer. The overall objective of this study is the assessment of the effectiveness of two major systems of consumer redress, the Better Business Bureau and the Small Claims Court. The study documents the nature of the formal third party consumer complaint system at the local level with empirical data from the two major consumer redress systems in a large, eastern, metropolitan area of the United States. Significant differences are found in the complaint characteristics and the redress probabilities of the two systems. Significant differences in consumer satisfaction with the two systems are discussed.
WATER RESOURCES AND DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION
Authors: PARRY MALCOLM , TIVERS JACQUELINE
Published: July 2007

Water is indispensible because it is essential to sustain life, but the ease with which this basic requirement is obtained varies with the prevailing climatic conditions and the economic status of the area concerned. In this paper the relationship between the management of water resources and the needs of the domestic consumer is discussed.
THE CONSUMER FOOD AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS
Authors: GUTHRIE LOU A. , GARMAN E. THOMAS
Published: July 2007

Over 4000 prospective secondary and elementary teachers were tested in a national study to determine their knowledge of fourteen consumer subject areas. In the area of consumer food and nutrition knowledge the prospective teachers achieved only 48%. This area of consumer food and nutrition was found to be a critical weakness of prospective teachers relative to their performance in the other consumer subject areas. Prospective home economics and agriculture teachers scored higher than other majors on the food and nutrition questions but still revealed a poor cognitive grasp of the subject.

Because of their impact on children's attitudes toward food and their eating patterns, prospective teachers need to be knowledgeable about food concepts. This study has implications for educators and college curriculum committees concerning the need for college level courses which deal with food and nutrition concepts.
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION AND MARKET EMPLOYMENT: DUAL AVENUES OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
Authors: OWEN ALMA J. , BEUTLER IVAN F.
Published: July 2007

A theoretical model of the economics of production and consumption within the household is developed into an empirical path model. With data from a representative Iowa sample the impact of household production on expenditure patterns is examined with estimates of the implied income equivalence or marginal value of nonmarket production.
THE IMPACT OF WIFE'S EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS ON FAMILY NET WORTH ACCUMULATION
Authors: FOSTER ANN C. , METZEN EDWARD J.
Published: July 2007

The major focus of this research was the relationship between wife's earnings and employment and family net worth accumulation. Multiple regression analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys found that, for the total sample, family income had a much greater impact than wife's earnings on change in net worth during the 1967–1972 period. Wife's employment was not related to the dependent variable once the effects of other factors were taken into account When the sample was segmented into four groups on the basis of 1967 net worth, independent variables had differential impacts on net worth change. For each group the multiple regression model explained a much greater proportion of total variance than it did for the sample as a whole. Among the two groups in the mid ranges of 1967 net worth, wife's employment was positively related to net worth change even after taking wife's earnings and other factors into account.
INTERNATIONAL RECIPROCITY IN HOME ECONOMICS
Authors: AXINN NANCY W.
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the author suggests ways.of strengthening home economics through international interaction. Components of reciprocity suggested are travel, sabbatical leaves, correspondence, research and exchange. Qualities needed for international home economists include professional competence, tolerance of difference, adaptability, good communication skills and an ecosystem perspective.
TIME‐INPUT AND HOUSEHOLD WORK‐OUTPUT STUDIES IN JAPAN – PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: MATSUSHIMA CHIYONO
Published: July 2007

Studies of time‐use in Japan were reviewed by Tanaka at the Uppsala Conference1. This paper intends to focus on time‐input for household work as it relates to families, with data based on individual, group, and national studies, and with the following objectives to fulfil: first, to comprehend the nature of household work as a non‐market production and the need to discover if the scientific measurement of time is useful in assessment of non‐market labour; second, to present data on the utilization of time by members of families with focus on the problems of research methods and their comparability as presented by Stajkov2 and Aas3.
INDIGO DYEING: PAST AND PRESENT
Authors: BYRNE MICHAEL
Published: July 2007

Indigo is widely used for the dyeing of denim. In this review historical, chemical, and industrial aspects, are interwoven to provide a background to an account of modern practice in indigo dyeing.
RESIDETIAL ELECTRIC APPLIANCES: DETERMINANTS OF OWNERSHIP
Authors: WOLFE BETTY ANN , ABDEL‐GHANY MOHAMED
Published: July 2007

The Appliance Stock Index, a composite index based on average wattages, was devised to represent the total number of appliances owned by a household. Eight indices for different categories of appliances were also developed. The effects of selected household characteristics on the ownership of appliances in terms of the developed indices were examined. Recommendations for future research were stated.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TRANSPORT USERS CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEES IN DEALING WITH CONSUMER COMPLAINTS
Authors: PERITON P. D.
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the effectiveness of the TUCCs by examining their ability to reach the railway traveller and the success with which they deal with consumer complaints regarding the operation of British Rail. Their performance is then weighed against their cost and suggestions for their improvement are examined and commented upon.
THE FIRE HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH TEXTILES USED ON BEDS
Authors: GREENWOOD K.
Published: July 2007

Recent research has shown that special conditions under which textiles are used on beds require special test methods to be used for assessing the flammability of these materials. A new method has been developed which has been subjected to an extensive inter‐laboratory trial and which is intended to become a British Standard.

Application of this method to a wide range of bedding materials currently used in private houses as well as public establishments (hospitals, hotels, etc.) has drawn attention to fabric structure as a major factor affecting flammability. There appears to exist a need to develop structures which satisfy in an optimal way the respective requirements of safety and thermal efficiency.
CONSUMERS’ VIEWS ON RESTRICTING IMPORTED APPAREL
Authors: DICKERSON KITTY G.
Published: July 2007

The United States and most developed countries have experienced a dramatic influx of imported apparel, usually from low‐wage, developing countries. In the U.S., industry representatives, retailers, economists, and others have been vocal in expressing their views to influence trade negotiations aimed at orderly trade in this commodity area. Consumers are affected by trade agreements but appear never to have been consulted previously regarding the restriction of imported apparel. This paper gives results of a telephone survey of 408 consumers in 10 areas of the eastern U.S. to ascertain their views toward apparel imports. Overall, respondents expressed strong preference for domestically produced apparel. A majority of the consumers perceived a trade deficit in apparel, saw imports as damaging to the domestic industry, felt that stronger laws should be passed to further restrict imported apparel, and said their clothing purchases were influenced by their views toward limiting imports. Chi‐square tests determined relationships among the variables. A noteworthy contradiction was present in the findings. If further restrictions on imports were to become a reality, as the consumers said they would prefer, this means that respondents expressed loyalty to the domestic industry at the expense of being able to make choices which might be most advantageous to them as consumers.
DOMESTIC ENERGY CONSERVATION AND THE CONSUMER*
Authors: BAGSHAW MARY
Published: July 2007

This study identifies factors influencing the behaviour of the household in energy conservation, and reports on a survey carried out to investigate knowledge in the area of energy and its conservation and the extent to which knowledge is put into practice to save energy.

The survey showed that, amongst working class women, the need to reduce the bill, or at least stop it rising so fast is the greatest incentive to conservation. Knowledge of how and where heat is lost from the house is poor and there is little awareness of the need for insulation. Conservation practices in cooking are poor and where money is less tight, women easily become careless users of hot water. Most women do not have the knowledge to choose between fuels and appliances. The knowledge of women over 60 is significantly lower than that of younger women.
RESEARCH MODELLING IMPLICATIONS OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS IN FAMILY MANAGEMENT
Authors: HECK RAMONA K. Z. , DOUTHITT ROBIN A.
Published: July 2007

The development of family management as a field of study has offered, to date, a number of conceptual frameworks which attempt to explain family behaviour with respect to management activities. Historically, the application of these conceptual frameworks has proceeded without orderly empirical testing. This paper attempts to provide guidelines for the empirical testing of these conceptual frameworks by developing a general research model and suggesting empirical testing procedures. The research issues of the unit of analysis, data availability, variable measurement, simultaneity and functional form are discussed. Suggestions for the future direction and the focus of family management research include the development and testing of measurement instruments for the components of the management process and the empirical testing of a general research model which represents the conceptual frameworks in family management.
HOME MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE COURSES IN THE U.S.
Authors: CUDE BRENDA J.
Published: July 2007

The formats and learning experiences employed in home management experience courses in U.S. colleges and universities have increased greatly in diversity in the past decade. Many resident courses have been terminated and replaced with nonresident courses, while others continue to be taught in non‐traditional formats. The overall objective of this study is the assessment of home management experience course formats and learning activities in 1979–80. Other aspects of experience courses such as types of residences used, instructors, and majors for whom the courses are required, are also described. Current questions regarding the choice of experience course format and objectives are discussed.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE MEAT PREFERENCES OF MALAWIANS
Authors: PHOYA R. K. D. , WHELEHAN O. P.
Published: July 2007

A questionnaire sent to 155 individuals was used to determine the meat preferences of families in three different socio‐economic groups within the capital city of Malawi. Beef was the most strongly preferred meat, followed by chicken. When these two meats were unavailable differences between groups became apparent; high income families preferring pork and sheep, and low income families preferring goat, rabbit and ‘other’ meats. These results were influenced by the method of marketing of particular meats, but show that meat preferences of Malawians are different from those of individuals of Western European origin. Total meat production and consumption could be increased by an improvement in the production and marketing of goat meat; the second most popular species in farm holdings.
A REVIEW OF STRESSORS IN THE HOME
Authors: PARRY MALCOLM
Published: July 2007

Stress can be defined as a dependent variable, an independent variable or as an interactive variable. The most workable definition is the latter, ‘the transactional model’. This describes stress as a ‘lack of fit’ between an organism and the environment in which an imbalance occurs at a cognitive level between perceived demand and perceived capability producing an unpleasant, emotional experience and a stress response. Stressors in the domestic environment may be noxious stimuli, social stressors, phenomenological stressors, or developmental stressors; all of which are discussed. In conclusion, the studies reviewed are suggested as failing to consider the large number of variables involved and in addition more work on the relationship between work stress and home life should be undertaken.
PERCEPTIONS AND MISPERCEPTIONS IN CONSUMER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Authors: CRAWFORD CYNTHIA E. , BEUTLER IVAN F.
Published: July 2007

The extent to which respondents are able to correctly perceive and subjectively report their relative level of household food consumption is examined. The role of perception and misperception is examined in the context of a family economics‐resource management framework and a causal path model. Findings suggest that the perceptual error is remarkably modest. The characteristics of households systematically associated with positive and negative perceptual error are identified.
A PRELIMINARY TEST OF A FAMILY MANAGEMENT RESEARCH MODEL
Authors: HECK RAMONA K. Z.
Published: July 2007

The conceptual frameworks of family management attempt to explain family behaviour with respect to management activities. However, rigorous empirical tests concerning the validity of these frameworks have not yet been conducted due to a number of unresolved research issues such as the measurement of concepts, data collection and research modelling specifications. This paper attempts to perform a preliminary empirical test of a research model based on the conceptual frameworks in family management. Satisfactions with eleven types of family outputs were examined in relation to a family's input conditions and throughput activities. Throughput activities as a group were found to contribute significantly to the family's satisfaction with the cleanliness of the house. Planning activities, decisionmaking styles and time spent in household production were important in explaining satisfaction with many of the outputs studied. The results of this preliminary test of the management research model demonstrate the need to collect better and relevant data and to develop improved measures of the management concepts so that a full and rigorous test of the family management frameworks can be properly performed. Other research issues such as simultaneity and functional form could then be addressed.
CONSUMER AWARENESS AND ACCEPTANCE OF FLAME RETARDANT TEXTILE PRODUCTS AND FLAMMABILITY LEGISLATION
Authors: KHAN SAMINA , MORROW CARMYN H.
Published: July 2007

The quest for flame retardance has witnessed a continual involvement of many diverse disciplines; especially concerned are those in the area of textiles and clothing. In this study, an instrument was developed to assess the subject's awareness of flame retardant textile products, cost and care practices of flame retardant fabrics, and attitude toward federal flammability legislation. The main objective of the study was to conduct a survey among 1500 consumers in a south‐western city of the United States to determine if measures taken by the Consumer Product Safety Commission in regard to flame retardant items had been understood by the consumer. The study determined a need for extensive consumer education in the area of textile flammability to heighten awareness of flame retardant textile items and care practices. Exploration of other alternatives to mandated safety standards was recommended.
HENRY EDWARD ARMSTRONG AND DOMESTIC SCIENCE
Authors: BAYLISS ROBERT A.
Published: July 2007

Henry Edward Armstrong (1848–1937) has an assured place in the history of education. His concern for improved methods of science teaching and learning included an interest in domestic science. His ideas are still relevant to contemporary home economics.
CLOTHING, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND COMFORT – II
Authors: IRVING R.J. , OKUKUBO A. , SAKAI T.
Published: July 2007

Application of quantification theory shows that, at a given ambient temperature, students in Japan wear more clothing than students in England, whether these are British or from overseas. A direct relationship has been found to exist between skin fold thickness and the amount of clothing worn at a given temperature.
CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR FRESH WHITE FISH SPECIES
Authors: HAMILTON MORAG , BENNETT RODERICK
Published: July 2007

Nine fresh white fish species were investigated by sensory evaluation panels. Judges were able to distinguish between species by taste. Preference was determined by flavour but was not held very strongly, so that most people would find all the species acceptable and could be advised to base their choice of species on price rather than name.

Two species were tested after incorporation into products and were found to be indistinguishable from one another in these forms.
TEACHING SCIENCE IN HOME ECONOMICS: CAN SCIENCE EDUCATION RESEARCH HELP?
Authors: BYRNE M. S.
Published: July 2007

In 1979 the first students were enrolled in the B.Sc. degree course in Home Economics at Newcastle Polytechnic. The development of the Year I course in chemistry is outlined and the reasons for the use of a modified Keller Plan approach to teaching the 1982 intake are explained. The implementation of the revised approach is described, and its effectiveness discussed.
HOME LAUNDERING PART II. A LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE WASHING PERFORMANCE OF FOUR DETERGENT PRODUCTS AT 40°C
Authors: CARTY PETER
Published: July 2007

A detailed comparison of the washing performance of four detergent products is discussed. The results of experiments using stained tea and terry towels and fabrics having standard stains, clearly indicate that the performance of liquid home laundering formulations commercially available in the U.K. and France does not compare favourably with the results obtained from perborate‐containing powder products.
INTEREST CHARGES FOR AUTOMOBILE LOANS IN METROPOLITAN TORONTO
Authors: JUNG ALLEN F.
Published: July 2007

This study addresses itself to the structure of interest rates for automobile loans in Toronto. Variations in interest charges were found among every type of lender. Because of the banking structure in Canada, loan rates would be similar in other parts of Ontario and in the other Canadian provinces.
THE FREQUENCY OF QUANTITY SURCHARGES: REPLICATION AND EXTENSION
Authors: WALKER ROSEMARY , CUDE BRENDA
Published: July 2007

Widrick's research has established that larger sizes of grocery products are not always less expensive per unit than smaller sizes, or that quantity surcharges exist. The purpose of this research was to validate and extend Widrick's work. In this research, the overall incidence of quantity surcharges was 18.6%. Surcharges were found to occur more often when numerous brand sizes were offered and non‐integer package size comparisons were required. Additionally, personal care products, not previously included in quantity surcharge research, were found to have a lower incidence of surcharges than food and laundry products. The research indicates there may be possible payoffs to consumers who make unit price comparisons rather than employing the economy size rule.
INFORMATION DISCLOSURE IN MAIL ORDER CATALOGUES
Authors: CUDE BRENDA , WALKER ROSEMARY
Published: July 2007

Catalogue mail order shopping has become a common mode of shopping for many consumers. Despite Federal Trade Commission rules as well as federal statutes designed to protect consumers in mail order transactions, consumers continue to experience problems with shopping by mail. Some problems may stem from limited availability or clarity of information in mail order catalogues. Resolution of problems is also more difficult when complete information is not available.

In a survey of 139 catalogues distributed in the United States the authors found that, with the exception of refund policies, the majority contained no (or vague) information on the companies' policies. Additionally, when information was provided it was usually located on the order form rather than in the catalogue itself. Recommendations for improved information disclosure in mail order catalogues are discussed in the final section of this paper.
A history of the consumer movement in the United States: its literature and legislation
Authors: FINCH JAMES E.
Published: July 2007

The role of the consumer in the history of economic theory is reviewed to derive a number of hypotheses regarding the conditions which might foster a sustained consumer movement. A survey of the consumer advocacy literature and consumer protection legislation of the 20th century supports the hypothesis that a sustained consumer movement did not manifest itself in the United States until the 1960s. Although the continued sustenance of this movement is open to debate, this article cites a number of attributes of the current state of the movement which suggest that it shall endure and flourish.
Consumer opinions and practices related to food additives in the purchase situation
Authors: PRÄTTÄLÄ RITVA , TUORILA‐OLLIKAINEN HELY , LÄHTEENMAKI LIIS A
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to describe consumer opinions and behaviour in the purchase situation. Sixty female customers, who had bought one of the food items chosen as focus foods (milk snacks, bread, beverages, condiments) of the study, were interviewed in six supermarkets in the metropolitan area of Helsinki. The subjects most often quoted good taste and familiarity as grounds for the selection of focus foods, but not the additive content. The majority of subjects considered Finnish foods to be mainly good and safe although 17 expressed some concern about food additives. The general concern of the subjects about additives did not conform with their actual buying behaviour.
The supply of services: an analysis of the British Gas Servicing Contract
Authors: HEWITT STEPHEN W.
Published: July 2007

This paper is based on a research project carried out for the National Gas Consumer Council, and is an independent assessment of the standard terms contained in the British Gas Servicing Contract — in particular the comprehensive parts and labour contract offered for a complete central heating system. The paper analyses certain clauses that have given rise to particular comment, for example, Clause 1 Period of Agreement, Clause 3 Annual Service, Clause 4 Breakdown in Service (spare parts). The conclusion drawn is that these clauses are notable for their one‐sidedness, and that legislation giving rights to the consumer to challenge ‘unfair terms’ is insufficient to protect the consumer against large corporations. Additional safeguards suggested include a set of guidelines, an arbitration provision and better publicity.
Will U.S. companies substantiate advertising claims directly to consumers?
Authors: ANDERSON CAROL H.
Published: July 2007

Substantiation of advertising claims has been a source of concern for consumerists, government and business for over a decade. The research reported in this article uses earlier studies as a benchmark for determining whether advertisers are any more willing to provide proof of advertising claims directly to consumers than they were in the 1970s. Seventy‐one per cent of advertisers contacted responded to consumer requests for proof of claims made in television and magazine advertisements. However, only 21 per cent of the original requests resulted in successful substantiation. This finding parallels results obtained by Coney and Patti (1979)4 with the chief difference being fewer unsuccessful attempts at substantiation and more responses that made no attempt at substantiation. Implications for consumer education, public policy and marketing practice are discussed.
Economic determinants of family development processes
Authors: MARLOWE JULIA , SPROLES GEORGE B.
Published: July 2007

Economic activities of families have important influences on processes of family development and family change over time. Knowledge of these special relations has expanded in recent years, as has the literature on the economics of family life as a general field. As a result, scholars and professionals in consumer studies and home economics need conceptual frameworks that organize areas of specific findings and identify specific issues for research. A conceptual framework which identifies four economic activities performed by families and six fundamental family development and family change processes is proposed. Then, a matrix of testable hypotheses is formulated, emphasizing economic activities as independent variables in family development and change. The matrix portrays the central roles economic influences play in contemporary family life, and suggests a complete, holistic understanding of these influences. The matrix also provides a conceptual guide to the design of empirical research and synthesis of findings on the economics–family development interface.
Computer‐aided pattern making
Authors: SCARGILL CHRIS , HAYES LYNDA D.
Published: July 2007

This paper outlines a fundamental research project to develop a quick and accurate method of constructing personalized patterns. This arose because the home economist must be concerned with the needs of the individual in relation to clothing as well as food and shelter. The paper explains the development of such a method, using the computer within Home Economics courses and the unexpected benefits from the research.
Boy/girl differences in household work
Authors: SANIK MARGARET MIETUS , STAFFORD KATHRYN
Published: July 2007

Ordinary least squares multiple regression was used to model time spent in household work by children, aged 6–19, in 2,100 two‐parent, two‐child households in 11 states. First‐born boys and girls and second‐born boys and girls were analysed separately. Whether the data were collected on a schoolday was not significant in predicting all children's time in household work. Own age in both linear and quadratic forms was significant in explaining time of first‐born boys and second‐born girls, while living in a rural area was significant for second‐born girls only. First‐born boys were found to contribute significantly less time to household work than first‐born girls.