bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affiliative and disaffiliative uses of you say x questions
Authors: Steensig Jakob , Larsen Tine
Published: February 2008

This article explores a question format consisting of `you say' plus a version of what the co-participant has said, which is used to ask for confirmation of something said in an earlier sequence. Questions using this you say x format often request not only confirmation but also accounts and can, on occasions, be taken as challenging the interactional balance, that is, be treated as disaffiliative. The article investigates the sequential, prosodic and grammatical conditions for affiliative and disaffiliative uses of you say x questions and discusses the potential institution specificity of the phenomenon. It is found that the clearly disaffiliative you say x questions are parts of dispreferred and disaligning moves, that they have `marked' prosody, that they raise problems, and that they are most often prefaced by `objecting' particles. Affiliative you say x questions are aligning next sequences in environments where the focus is on information delivery. They have `unmarked' prosody and they contribute to getting information on record. You say x questions which call for accounts without being clearly disaffiliative, are also examined. Even though they often raise problematic issues, they are not sequentially disaligning and have less `marked' prosody than the disaffiliative cases.
Gender Role Models . . . who needs 'em?!
Authors: Hicks Stephen
Published: February 2008

This article examines the use of socialization theory in social workers' considerations of child development. The author analyses assessments of lesbians and gay men who applied to foster or adopt children, in order to demonstrate social workers' reliance upon `gender role models'. Drawing upon feminist work, the article goes on to critique socialization theory, before outlining versions of `gender' found in discourse theory and ethnomethodology. Using these methodologies, the author proposes that gender role theory does not describe a child development `need', but rather constructs a particular account that is limited and conservative. The article considers the implications of this reliance upon socialization theory for lesbian and gay foster care and adoption, and instead proposes that social work should develop less restrictive accounts of gender and sexuality.
Our Journey Nurturing the Voices of Unemployed Women in China through Collaborative-action Research
Authors: Sung-Chan Pauline , Yuen-Tsang Angelina
Published: February 2008

The restructuring of state-owned enterprises since China's economic reform in 1978 has resulted in massive unemployment, especially layoffs of middle-aged women workers. State policies and programmes developed to combat unemployment often disregard the voices of these women and deprive them of opportunities to participate in reemployment solutions. The authors initiated an action research project in Beijing in which researchers facilitated unemployed women to find their own voices and negotiating solutions to their problems through a collaborative-action research process. Contrary to the women's customary approach of depending on the government to solve their problems, action research demanded that they take on active roles in coping with the unemployment crisis and practice reflexivity, collaboration, and community participation. The article recaptures the process through which unemployed women were empowered to gradually develop their voices through the different stages of the collaborative-action research process.
The Best of Both Worlds?
Authors: Crawford Susan E. , Alaggia Ramona
Published: February 2008

This study explored influences on racial identity of mixed race youth who identified themselves to be part of mixed African (Black) and European (White) origin. Research questions emerged following a review of the literature identifying the ways in which views of self, family, peers and society impact youth and their racial identification. Eight in-depth interviews employing the Long Interview Method were conducted, transcribed and coded to determine themes. Family influences emerged as playing a significant role in biracial identity formation. Three major themes were identified: (1) level of parental awareness and understanding of race issues; (2) impact of family structure; and (3) communication and willingness to talk about race issues. Implications for researchers and social work practitioners working with this population are discussed.
The Health Specialist Initiative
Authors: Whiting Matthew , Scammell Amy , Bifulco Antonia
Published: February 2008

The health specialist initiative aimed to develop closer working practices between health and social care practitioners by providing health input into assessments for child safeguarding and child protection. As part of this initiative, health visitors were transferred to work within social work child welfare teams, where they were renamed `health specialists' (health visitors are registered nurses or midwives, with additional specialized training and experience in child health, health promotion, and education, usually located in primary health care settings). This initiative aimed to develop closer working practices between health and social care and to provide comprehensive health input into assessments for child safeguarding and child protection. This evaluation found that the health specialist initiative is an example of a successful collaboration between health and social care in terms of both processes and outcomes. The health specialist was influential in improving communication and informationow between these two sets of professionals, increasing social worker knowledge of child health and development and strengthening assessments undertaken within social care. However, consideration needs to be given to the clinical health super- vision needs of the health workers based within a host organization. The health specialist initiative has important lessons and experiences for establishing partner- ship initiatives in practice settings for other children's services.
Do Organizations Learn? Some Implications for HRD of Bateson's Levels of Learning
Authors: Tosey Paul , Mathison Jane
Published: February 2008

This article explores and appraises Gregory Bateson's theory of “levels of learning” and its implications for Human Resource Development, with reference to issues of organizational learning. In Part One, after briefly reviewing Bateson's biography, the origins and contents of the theory are described. In Part Two, three particular features of the theory are explored, together with their implications for Human Resource Development: (i) The significance of the recursive relationship between the levels; (ii) It not being a stage theory of learning; “higher” levels of learning are neither superior to, nor necessarily more desirable than, lower levels; and (iii) Its emphasis on the notion of context . In Part Three, the discussion emphasizes the holistic nature of Bateson's theory, in that the levels of learning combine cognitive, embodied, and aesthetic dimensions. Some limitations of the theory are reviewed and then concluded by considering its perspective on the question, “do organizations learn?”
Factors affecting productive efficiency in primary care clinics
Authors: Schmacker Eric R , McKay Niccie L
Published: February 2008

This study examines factors affecting the productive efficiency of primary care clinics. The empirical analysis uses a single-stage stochastic frontier regression model, in which factors affecting productive efficiency are specified as part of the inefficiency error component and estimated simultaneously with the production function. The study population includes primary care clinics in the US Military Health System from 1999 through 2003; the analytical data set is an unbalanced panel of 442 observations. The study's main results were that primary care clinics not associated with medical centres had significantly higher levels of productive efficiency than those associated with medical centres and that having proportionately more civilian staff (and thus less turnover) had a positive impact on productive efficiency. Due to their nature, these findings would be expected to also be applicable to the production of primary care in other settings. A key implication of the results is that improvements in productive efficiency should be a top priority, given the possibility for providing more primary care visits without increases in cost.
What you can see in your patient's eyes? Review of ocular manifestations of HIV in HAART era
Authors: Nasoodi A , Lim L T , Al-Ani A , Quah S , Dinsmore W W
Published: February 2008

The early diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease to prevent morbidity and mortality of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is of paramount importance. Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of ocular complications of HIV has decreased and their manifestations and natural course are also modified. This has been observed in the face of emerging immune recovery, which per se has brought new difficulties in the process of diagnosing and management of the ocular disease. Conditions such as immune recovery uveitis could affect eyes with history of opportunistic disease with a potential to cause vision loss; with this regard, differentiation of the inflammatory process from infective causes is essential. The other sexually contracted diseases are also to be included in this complex picture because of their contribution to the clinical picture and also sharing common routes of transmission with HIV. There is very little doubt that visual deterioration would further deteriorate the already compromised quality of life of this group of patients. In this review, authors wish to provide evidence available in the medical literature around the visual health issues in HIV-infected patients and raise awareness towards the changing pattern of the ocular disease in the HAART era.
Risk factors, diagnosis and prognosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among HIV-infected women
Authors: Lehtovirta Päivi , Paavonen Jorma , Heikinheimo Oskari
Published: February 2008

The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is high among HIV-infected women. Decreased CD4 lymphocytes, high human immunodeficiency viral load (HIVL) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are risk factors for CIN. We characterized the prevalence, risk factors and prognosis of histologically-verified CIN among systematically followed HIV-infected women enrolled from a low HIV-prevalence population. The study population comprised 153 HIV-infected women followed between 1989 and 2006. The mean ± SD duration of follow-up was 5.6 ± 3.8 years. Demographic as well as treatment-related data were derived from medical reports. During the follow-up, 51 subjects (33%) displayed CIN (16% CIN 1 and 18% CIN 2 +), whereas 102 subjects had Pap smear results of normal cells, atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance, or signs of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) but no CIN in histological specimens from the cervix. Only one case of cancer of the uterine cervix was detected. Pap smears were reliable in screening for CIN; 75% of patients with CIN had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or LSIL in Pap smears taken at the time of dysplasia. The incidence of CIN decreased from 12.7 to 3.5 (per 100 subjects) between 2000 and 2005 (P = 0.07). The risk of CIN was not associated with decreased levels of CD4 lymphocytes, duration of HIV infection, use of antiretroviral medication or plasma HIVL. In univariate analysis, bacterial vaginosis (BV) was associated with a significantly increased risk of CIN, whereas parity was associated with lower risk of CIN. Each delivery lowered the risk of CIN by 30% (P = 0.02). The significantly lower risk of CIN among parous women (P = 0.04) persisted in multivariate analysis. CIN was treated by means of loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), (n = 34). The recurrence rate was low; seven subjects (14%) had a recurrence of CIN during follow-up. The nadir of CD4 lymphocytes was lower (P = 0.04) and the HIVL higher (P = 0.03) among subjects with recurrence of CIN. Duration of HIV infection, use of antiretroviral medication and positive margins in LEEP specimens were indistinguishable among subjects with vs. without recurrence of CIN. The prevalence of CIN is high among systematically managed HIV-infected women. However, the incidence of CIN decreased during the 21st century. BV was associated with an increased risk of CIN whereas parous women had lower risk of CIN. However, the patients with and without CIN could not be distinguished on the basis of previously described risk factors. Regular follow-up by means of Pap smears is warranted in all HIV-infected women.
Recto-vaginal sex leading to colostomy and recto-vaginal repair
Authors: Purwar B , Panda S N , Odogwu S O , Joseph A T
Published: February 2008

Recto-vaginal tears have been described in association with foreign bodies, rape and accidental trauma victims. We describe a case of upper recto-vaginal tear without involvement of perineum or sphincter following consensual heterosexual coitus, which has not been previously reported.
Age at menarche is not an independent risk factor for high-risk human papillomavirus infections and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Syrjänen Kari , Shabalova Irena , Petrovichev Nicolay , Kozachenko Vladimir , Zakharova Tatjana , Pajanidi Julia , Podistov Jurij , Chemeris Galina , Sozaeva Larisa , Lipova Elena , Tsidaeva Irena , Ivanchenko Olga , Pshepurko Ala , Zakharenko Sergej , Nerovjna Raisa , Kljukina Ludmila , Erokhina Oksana , Branovskaja Marina , Nikitina Maritta , Grunberga Valerija , Grunberg Alexandr , Juschenko Anna , Santopietro Rosa , Cintorino Marcella , Tosi Piero , Syrjänen Stina
Published: February 2008

Data are controversial as to the role of menarche age as a risk factor of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections. The objective of this study was to analyse the risk estimates for age at menarche as determinant of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and HR-HPV infections. A cohort of 3187 women were stratified into three groups according to their age at menarche: (i) women <13 years of age; (ii) those between 13 and 14 years and (iii) women >15 years of age. These groups were analysed for predictors of (a) HR-HPV, (b) high-grade CIN and (c) outcome of HR-HPV and cytological abnormalities during prospective follow-up. All the three groups had identical prevalence of HR-HPV, Papanicolaou smear abnormalities and CIN grades. In contrast to menarche age itself, the time from menarche to the first intercourse (TMI), to the first pregnancy (TMP) and to the first delivery (TMD) were all significant ( P = 0.0001) predictors of HR-HPV (but not CIN2) in univariate analysis, but lost their significance in a multivariate model. Outcome of cervical disease and HR-HPV infection was unrelated to menarche age, the latter and the three intervals being not predictors of CIN2 in a multivariate model. In conclusion, age at menarche and the intervals between menarche and (i) onset of sexual activity, (ii) first pregnancy and iii) first delivery, are not independent predictors of HR-HPV infections and CIN2 in multivariate analysis.
Outcome of partner notification of HIV infection in a provincial clinic in East Anglia, UK
Authors: Harry Tubonye C , Sillis Margaret
Published: February 2008

A retrospective study of outcome of partner notification and contact tracing in the cohort of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients seen in the Bure Clinic from 1997 to 2004 was undertaken. There were 17 women, median age (years) 31, range (18–44) and 43 men, median age (years) 37, range (3–61). Self-reported ethnic groups were 17 (28.3%) Africans, two (3.3%) Asians and 41 (68.3%) Caucasians. Partner notification index was 51.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 38.4–64.8%). Africans and Asians (76 %) were more likely to bring in their partners than Caucasians (39%) and this was statistically significant (χ2 = 8.63, P = 0.01). The Caucasians (61%), who did not bring in their partner, were more likely to be oil workers who had acquired their infection in Africa and Asia (likelihood ratio 11.59, P = 0.02), confirmed by their viral clade. In our cohort, Caucasian heterosexual men, mostly oil workers who acquire their infections elsewhere, contribute to the low partner notification index. To date, non-B clade virus has not been transmitted locally among newly diagnosed patients seen from our low sero-prevalence catchment population.
The clinical correlates of genital Chlamydia infection in the era of nucleic acid testing
Authors: Markos A R
Published: February 2008

The recent increase in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections and the introduction of Nucleic Acid Amplification Technique (NAAT) for Chlamydia trachomatis require redress of the clinical correlates. The increased awareness by the medical profession and public community, coupled with the sensitivity of the NAAT for Chlamydia leads to more diagnosis and the identification of conditions, which would have been labelled differently (e.g. cervicitis) or acquired a different diagnosis (non-specific urethritis). Our study indicates that 70% of women and 38% of men had additional genitourinary condition. This suggests that a patient presenting with Chlamydial infection requires assessment to exclude sexually associated conditions. The majority of patients (80% of women and 75% of men), diagnosed with Chlamydia presented with symptoms. On occasions, there may have been a contribution of symptoms from other associated infections. These findings relate with our semi-rural, mostly Caucasian and stable population. We expect a higher profile of sexually-related conditions with Chlamydia for patients in inner cities. A study for this group of patients is essential.
Vulval herpetic adhesion: a steroid success story
Authors: Challenor Rachel , Alexander Ian
Published: February 2008

Vulval adhesion is a rare but recognized local complication following genital herpes infection. We believe this is only the second reported case of successful resolution of vulval herpetic adhesion using topical potent corticosteroid as the primary early treatment.
Impact of National Chlamydia Screening Programme on sexual health of children under the age of 16 years
Authors: Kawsar M , Richards R
Published: February 2008

The objectives of the study were to investigate the rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), uptake of full STI screening and contraceptive use during pre- and post National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) periods and to determine the prevalence of sexual abuse/assault. The method used was a retrospective case notes audit of children aged <16 years. STIs were found in 20% (n = 264) of children; 10% had genital chlamydia. 157 (59%) of 264 children had an assessment for non-consensual sexual activity; of those, 34% had a history of past or continuing sexual abuse/assault. An uptake of ‘full STI screening’ and contraceptive use were similar in both pre- and post-NCSP periods. Overall STIs and chlamydia rates were higher during post-NCSP period. In conclusion, NCSP has not yet made any significant impact on sexual health of under-16-year-olds and the prevalence of past or ongoing sexual abuse/assault was high.
HIV testing and counselling for women attending child health clinics: an opportunity for entry to prevent mother-to-child transmission and HIV treatment
Authors: Chersich M F , Luchters S M F , Othigo M J , Yard E , Mandaliya K , Temmerman M
Published: February 2008

This study assessed the potential for HIV testing at child health clinics to increase knowledge of HIV status, and entry to infant feeding counselling and HIV treatment. At a provincial hospital in Mombasa, Kenya, HIV testing and counselling were offered to women bringing their child for immunization or acute care services. Most women said HIV testing should be offered in these clinics (472/493, 95.7%), with many citing the benefits of regular testing and entry to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Of 500 women, 416 (83.4%) received test results, 97.6% on the same day. After 50 participants, point-of-care testing replaced laboratory-based rapid testing. Uptake increased 2.6 times with point-of-care testing (95% confidence interval = 1.4–5.1; P = 0.003). Of 124 women who had not accessed HIV testing during pregnancy, 98 tested in the study (79.0%). Measured by uptake and attitudes, HIV testing in child health clinics is acceptable. This could optimize entry into HIV treatment, infant feeding counselling and family planning services.
An examination of perceived norms and exchanging sex for money or drugs among women injectors in Baltimore, MD, USA
Authors: Davey-Rothwell M A , Latkin C A
Published: February 2008

Injection drug users who exchange sex for money or drugs may serve as a bridge group for transmitting HIV between injectors and non-injectors. While many individual characteristics have been linked to exchanging sex, little attention has been given to the influence of social network members. The present study assessed the relationship between exchanging sex and perceptions of peers’ sex exchange behaviour and attitude toward sex exchange. The sample was composed of 267 women heroin and cocaine injectors in Baltimore, MD, USA. The results indicate that women who believed that their friends exchanged sex were more twice as likely to exchange sex in the past 90 days (95% CI: 1.49–2.70). Also, participants who thought their peers disapproved of sex exchange were 20% less likely to exchange sex (95% CI: 0.67–0.95). These findings suggest the need for peer education interventions that promote norms about safer behaviours.
An acute intracerebral vein thromboses in AIDS with protein C and S deficiency
Authors: Marcos Luis A , Majid Ruckshanda , Hamzeh Nabeel , Mehta Niraj , Escobar Miguel
Published: February 2008

A 22-year-old woman with advanced AIDS presented with altered mental status. A brain magnetic resonance imaging and angiogram showed extensive dural sinus thromboses of the saggital and bilateral transverse sinuses. CD4 level was low (<15/mm3) and a significant low protein S (7%; normal 54–137%) and C (41%; normal 72–147%) levels were detected. No other hypercoagulable factors were identified. Successful treatment was done with heparin and plasminogen activator catheter-directed thrombolysis were administered. A variety of haematological abnormalities have been observed in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Advanced AIDS might be considered as an acquired hypercoagulable state.
Sexual dysfunction service provision in UK genitourinary medicine clinics in 2007
Authors: Green P , Goldmeier D
Published: February 2008

Sexual difficulties are common in people attending genitourinary (GU) medicine/HIV services and many would like professional help. Here, we report the results of the BASHH Special Interest Group in Sexual Dysfunction (SD) survey on the level and type of SD service provision within UK GU medicine services in 2007. Many clinicians expressed an interest in SD, however, only 25% of GU medicine clinics provide a designated SD service. Marked regional variation in the level of service provision was highlighted. Lack of resources and other pressures on GU medicine services, notably 48-h access, are barriers to SD service development. In spite of these constraints, we argue that GU medicine clinics are a highly appropriate place to treat SD.
Blind spots in the epidemiology of HIV in black Americans
Authors: Potterat John J , Brewer Devon D , Brody Stuart
Published: February 2008

In the USA, annual rates of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS diagnoses are seven and 21 times higher in black men and women, respectively, than in whites. Epidemiological inquiry on this disparity has chiefly focused on contextual factors; such emphasis has eclipsed study of direct HIV vectors. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently announced its intention to curb HIV propagation in black communities, recommending culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS strategies. Contemplated societal interventions should be informed by data evaluating more direct (and under-assessed) HIV transmission vectors, specifically anal intercourse and unsuspected blood exposures. This recommendation involves tracing sexual and non-sexual contacts of recently infected persons and uninfected controls, coupled with DNA sequencing of HIV isolates. Public health authorities do not know the extent to which unmeasured yet plausible HIV transmission vectors can account for ethnic disparities. Appropriate prevention strategies depend critically on direct, rather than ecologic, evidence.
Correction to: A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies
Authors: Loehle Craig , McCulloch J. Huston
Published: February 2008

A climatic reconstruction published in E&E (Loehle, 2007) is here corrected for various errors and data issues, with little change in the results. Standard errors and 95% confidence intervals are added. The Medieval Warming Period (MWP) was significantly warmer than the bimillennial average during most of the period 820 – 1040 AD. The Little Ice Age was significantly cooler than the average during most of 1440 – 1740 AD. The warmest tridecade of the MWP was warmer than the most recent tridecade, but not significantly so.
Australian Participation in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Authors: Zillman John W.
Published: February 2008

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988 to provide an authoritative assessment of the state of knowledge of climate change science and impacts and to develop realistic strategies for management of the climate change issue. Following the establishment of a separate United Nations Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change and the subsequent signing and entry into force of the Convention, the IPCC reverted to the role of providing policy-neutral but policy-relevant assessments of the contemporary state of knowledge, as contained in the published literature, of the science, impacts and response options for climate change. Australian Government representatives and Australian climate scientists played a major part in the establishment of the IPCC and its operation over the past twenty years including key roles in the preparation of virtually all of its reports. Australia chaired the committee which proposed the structure and membership of the initial IPCC Working Groups, served as Vice-Chair of the Impacts Working Group for the IPCC's First Assessment Report, engaged more national experts in the review of its first assessment of the science of climate change than any other country except the US, has provided almost one hundred Lead Authors and several hundred reviewers for its four major assessments and has served continuously on its coordinating Bureau since its inception. Australian delegations have participated in every formal intergovernmental session of the Panel and its Working Groups and have made a significant contribution to the scientific integrity of the IPCC assessment process.
The AFTER intervention: A structured psychological approach to reduce fears of recurrence in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Humphris Gerry , Ozakinci Gozde
Published: February 2008

Head and neck cancer and its treatment have profound effects on function, self‐image, and mental health. Fears of recurrence are one of the major concerns of cancer survivors that endure and can influence the patients' ability to adjust and plan for the future. This paper describes the design and development of the adjustment to the fear, threat or expectation of recurrence (AFTER) intervention which targets recurrence fears, inappropriate checking behaviour, and beliefs about cancer, adopting recognized cognitive behavioural and health psychology principles, particularly Leventhal's self‐regulation model. The intervention includes structured sessions, manualized delivery by a specialist nurse, invitation to caregiver, expression of fears, examination and change of beliefs, and checking behaviour. Initial testing showed acceptability (nurse satisfaction ratings by patient) of the intervention which may have applicability for patients who have been treated with cancer at other sites.
A precarious balance: Using a self‐regulation model to conceptualize and treat chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Deary Vincent
Published: February 2008

The problem posed by chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) to the affected individual can be conceptualized, using Leventhal's common sense model, as a health threat to be encoded and coped with accordingly. The current paper adopts an alternative use of self‐regulation theory. It is hypothesized that in CFS the health threat is no longer the illness, but anything that threatens to disrupt a precarious accommodation to it. It is argued that attempts at threat regulation may become inadvertently self‐defeating, promoting the threats they attempt to diminish. Evidence is presented for homeostatic mechanisms in physiological, neurocognitive and affective domains, and for their potential to become locked in vicious circles. It is further argued that illness attributions, rather than being independent cognitive processes, may be intimately linked with emotional and somatic processes. Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis is used to suggest ways in which the self‐regulation of highly interconnected somatic, affective, and cognitive states may be substantially implicated in the maintenance of CFS. This perspective is used to reconsider effective treatment and to suggest new interventions. The self‐regulation model is a potentially powerful explanatory framework for the consideration and treatment of CFS and medically unexplained symptoms in general.
Influence of Mica Content on Time Domain Reflectometry and Soil Water Characteristic Curve of Coarse Granular Materials
Authors: Ekblad Jonas , Isacsson Ulf
Published: February 2008

Elevated fractions of free mica particles in unbound granular materials, used in road constructions, are believed to reduce bearing capacity and influence the hydraulic behavior of the road structure. The objective of this investigation was to study the influence of mica content on the soil water characteristic curve and the dielectric response measured by time domain reflectometry, for coarse granular (maximum particle size 63 mm) materials. Increased fraction of mica was achieved by partly replacing the base crushed rock material smaller than 4 mm, by pure muscovite mica of similar grading, thereby keeping the overall particle size distribution unchanged. Acquired results indicated that, given equal matric suction, the water retention capacity increased with increased amount of mica. Concerning the time domain reflectometry measurements, no influence of mica content could be detected. Determined water contents required adjustment because of the nonlinear distribution of water in the sample.
Potenziale der bildgebenden Terahertz-Spektroskopie (Potentials Terahertz Imaging)
Authors: Jördens Christian , Wietzke Steffen , Salhi Mohammed , Wilk Rafal , Koch Martin
Published: February 2008

Terahertz-Systeme erfreuen sich im Bereich der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung wachsenden Interesses. Sie kombinieren die Vorzüge eines bildgebenden und berührungslosen Verfahrens mit einer großen Eindringtiefe und verzichten auf ionisierende Strahlung. Je nach verwendeter THz-Quelle stehen unterschiedliche Leistungsmerkmale im Vordergrund. Dabei ist anhand der Messaufgabe abzuwägen, welches System für den betreffenden Einsatz am sinnvollsten ist.
Terahertz-Spektroskopie mit High-Speed ASOPS (THz Spectroscopy Based on High-Speed ASOPS)
Authors: Bartels Albrecht , Dekorsy Thomas
Published: February 2008

Asynchrones Optisches Abtasten (engl. asynchronous optical sampling, ASOPS) ist eine Technik für ultraschnelle zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie, die im Gegensatz zu konventionellen Methoden ohne mechanische Hilfsmittel zur Zeitverzögerung optischer Pulszüge auskommt. Dies ist zentrale Voraussetzung für eine drastische Verkürzung der Datenerfassungzeiten und ermöglicht Spektroskopie am Limit des Schrotrauschens ohne weitere Maßnahmen zur Unterdrückung technischen Rauschens. Die Verwendung von Femtosekundenlasern mit 1GHz Pulswiederholrate ermöglicht erstmals ASOPS mit einer Zeitauflösung im Bereich von 100fs. Dieses sogenannte High-Speed ASOPS wird damit auch für zeitaufgelöste Terahertz-Spektroskopie bei Frequenzen zwischen 100 GHz und einigen THz interessant. Hier wird ein High-Speed-ASOPS-basiertes THz-Spektroskopiesystem mit 3 THz Bandbreite und 1 GHz Frequenzauflösung demonstriert, das binnen nur 1s Spektren mit hohem Dynamikbereich liefert.
Abbildung akustischer Phasenverzögerungen mit Terahertz- und Millimeterwellen-Techniken (Mapping the Acoustic Phase with Terahertz and Millimeter Wave Techniques)
Authors: Kersting Roland , Buersgens Federico , Acuna Guillermo
Published: February 2008

Versteckte Objekte können detektiert werden, indem ihre Phasenverzögerung gegenüber einer äußeren akustischen Schwingung mittels Terahertz- oder Millimeterwellenstrahlung erfasst wird. Die Sensitivität der Technik umfasst metallische wie auch dielektrische Körper. Bereits Schwingungsamplituden nahe der physiologischen Wahrnehmungsschwelle um 1 μm ermöglichen eine Detektion. Hierdurch ergeben sich insbesondere im Sicherheitsbereich Anwendungsperspektiven.
Association for Africanist Anthropology
Authors: Coffman Jennifer E
Published: February 2008

•Anthropology in Southern Africa David Coplan  •HIgh Costs for Low‐Priced Cut Flowers Colleen Mahoney
Association for Political and Legal Anthropology
Authors: Krause Elizabeth , Bhan Mona
Published: February 2008

•Labor Precariousness in Italy Noelle J Mol?
Association for Senior Anthropologists
Authors: Doughty Paul L
Published: February 2008

•Bea Medicine's Gifts Alice Kehoe
National Association for the Practice of Anthropology
Authors: Miller Christine , Treitler Inga E
Published: February 2008

•NAPA Position Statement on the US Military Human Terrain System 
•NAPA Ethics Committee
Society for the Anthropology of Religion
Authors: Coleman Simon
Published: February 2008

•Travelling Spirits: Migrants, Markets and Moralities Heike Drotbohm
Society for Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Pigg Stacy Leigh
Published: February 2008

•In Translation: Cultural Analysis in Languages Other Than English 
•CA Articles Organized by Theme on Website 
•The Coke Complex 
•HIV/AIDS 
•Emergent Indigeneities
Prospective, Randomized Trial Comparing Short and Long Intravenous Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Children: Dimercaptosuccinic Acid Scintigraphic Evaluation at 9 Months
Authors: Bouissou François , Munzer Caroline , Decramer Stéphane , Roussel Bernard , Novo Robert , Morin Denis , Lavocat Marie Pierre , Guyot Claude , Taque Sophie , Fischbach Michel , Ouhayoun Eric ,   on behalf of the French Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Loirat Chantal ,   on behalf of the French Society of Pediatric Nephrology
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. We report a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial that compared the effect of 3 vs 8 days of intravenous ceftriaxone treatment on the incidence of renal scarring at 6 to 9 months of follow-up in 383 children with a first episode of acute pyelonephritis.

METHODS. After initial treatment with intravenous netilmicin and ceftriaxone, patients were randomly assigned to either 5 days of oral antibiotics (short intravenous treatment) or 5 days of intravenous ceftriaxone (long intravenous treatment). Inclusion criteria were age 3 months to 16 years and first acute pyelonephritis episode, defined by fever of >38.5°C, C-reactive protein level of >20 mg/L, and bacteriuria at >105/mL. All patients underwent 99m technetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy 6 to 9 months after inclusion. A total of 548 children were included, 48 of whom were secondarily excluded and 117 of whom were lost to follow-up or had incomplete data; therefore, 383 children were eligible, 205 of them in the short intravenous treatment group and 178 in the long intravenous treatment group.

RESULTS. At inclusion, median age was 15 months, median duration of fever was 43 hours, and median C-reactive protein level was 122 mg/L. A total of 37% (143 of 383) of patients had a vesicoureteral reflux grades 1 to 3. Patient characteristics at inclusion were similar in both groups, except for a significantly higher proportion of girls in the short intravenous treatment group. The frequency of renal scars at scintigraphy was similar in both groups. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that renal scars were significantly associated with increased renal height at initial ultrasound and with the presence of grade 3 vesicoureteric reflux.

CONCLUSIONS. The incidence of renal scars was similar in patients who received 3 days compared 8 days of intravenous ceftriaxone. Increased renal height at initial ultrasound examination and grade 3 vesicoureteric reflux were significant risk factors for renal scars.
Nitrogen Excretion in Fed and Fasted Lake Sturgeon
Authors: Bharadwaj Anant S , Pangle Kevin L , Sutton Trent M , Brown Paul B
Published: February 2008

Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens are imperiled throughout their native range, and hatchery-reared fish are often stocked to facilitate population restoration. However, the rearing of hatchery fish requires knowledge of nitrogenous excretion rates for efficient culture system design and maintenance. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and urea nitrogen (UN) excretion rates were quantified in age-0 lake sturgeon that were either fasted or fed brine shrimp Artemia spp. In the first experiment, fish of three different size-classes (small [10–20 g], medium [50–65 g], and large [100–120 g]) were fasted for 5 d, and their nitrogenous excretions were measured at the end of this period. In the second experiment, lake sturgeon from different size-classes were fed low (0.5% of body weight [BW] on a dry-matter basis, 4.2% BW on a wet-weight basis), and high (1% BW on a dry-matter basis, 8.3% BW on a wet-weight basis) rations of Artemia. No UN was detected in fasted lake sturgeon. Endogenous TAN excretion rates varied inversely with fish size. The mean endogenous TAN excretion rate in fasted small lake sturgeon (37.42 mg·kg−1·d−1) was significantly higher than the TAN excretion rates in medium (13.72 mg·kg−1·d−1) and large (6.02 mg·kg−1·d−1) fish. The mean TAN excretion rate in fed small fish (117.34 mg·kg−1·d−1) was significantly higher than the rates in medium (33.69 mg·kg−1·d−1) and large (26.29 mg·kg−1·d−1) fish. Ration size did not significantly affect TAN excretion rates, and mean UN excretion rates in fed fish were not significantly affected by either fish size or ration size. These results suggest that lake sturgeon, like most teleost fishes, predominantly excrete ammonia. The estimates for nitrogen excretion from this study will aid in determining rearing densities for juvenile lake sturgeon in culture systems.
Influences of Body Size and Environmental Factors on Autumn Downstream Migration of Bull Trout in the Boise River, Idaho
Authors: Monnot Lauri , Dunham Jason B. , Hoem Tammy , Koetsier Peter
Published: February 2008

Many fishes migrate extensively through stream networks, yet patterns are commonly described only in terms of the origin and destination of migration (e.g., between natal and feeding habitats). To better understand patterns of migration in bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus we studied the influences of body size (total length (TL)) and environmental factors (stream temperature and discharge) on migrations in the Boise River basin, Idaho. During the autumns of 2001–2003, we tracked the downstream migrations of 174 radio-tagged bull trout ranging in size from 21 to 73 cm TL. The results indicated that large bull trout (>30 cm) were more likely than small fish to migrate rapidly downstream after spawning in headwater streams in early autumn. Large bull trout also had a higher probability of arriving at the current terminus of migration in the system, Arrowrock Reservoir. The rate of migration by small bull trout was more variable and individuals were less likely to move into Arrowrock Reservoir. The rate of downstream migration by all fish was slower when stream discharge was greater. Temperature was not associated with the rate of migration. These findings indicate that fish size and environmentally related changes in behavior have important influences on patterns of migration. In a broader context, these results and other recent work suggest, at least in some cases, that commonly used classifications of migratory behavior may not accurately reflect the full range of behaviors and variability among individuals (or life stages) and environmental conditions.
Efficacy of Oxytetracycline Marking of Fingerling Palmetto Bass in Hard Water
Authors: Mauk Robert
Published: February 2008

An oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) marking study was used to determine an OTC concentration that would successfully mark palmetto bass (male white bass Morone chrysops × female striped bass M. saxatilis) in hard hatchery water (hardness as CaCO3 = 500 mg/L). Outcomes for juvenile palmetto bass immersed for 6 h in 500- and 700-mg/L concentrations of OTC mixed with hard water were compared to determine whether 14-d marking mortality and mark intensity at 14 and 344 d postimmersion differed between immersion concentrations. Sagittal otoliths were examined for marks at 14 d; lapillus otoliths were examined for marks at 344 d. Marking mortality was not detectable after 14 d, but identification and intensity of sagittal otolith marks at 14 d postimmersion were poor for both OTC concentrations. Oxytetracycline marks were identified in 63% (500 mg/L) and 74% (700 mg/L) of the sagittae examined at 14-d postimmersion, whereas marks were found in 87% (500 mg/L) and 95% (700 mg/L) of lapilli examined at 344 d postimmersion. The 700-mg/L OTC concentration yielded better mark intensity results than the 500-mg/L concentration in lapilli at 344 d postimmersion.
Validation of Daily Ring Deposition in the Otoliths of Age-0 Channel Catfish
Authors: Sakaris Peter C. , Irwin Elise R.
Published: February 2008

We developed and validated methods for estimating the daily age of age-0 channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Two clutches of channel catfish eggs were hatched in the laboratory; subsequently, one was stocked in a 186-m2 earthen nursery pond and the other in a 757-L outdoor circular tank. Before stocking, subsamples of fish were collected at swim-up and 3 d after swim-up to evaluate early ring formation. Fish were sampled from the pond and tank on eight occasions ranging from 30 to 119 d posthatch. Distinct differences in early ring formation were found between yolk sac and free-swimming larval stages. Mean ring count and known age were closely related for tank- and pond-raised fish, indicating that daily ring deposition occurred in the otoliths of age-0 channel catfish up to 119 d posthatch. The accuracy of daily age estimation was similar between tank and pond samples, and daily ring counts were considerably accurate up to 60 d posthatch. Pond-raised fish were more difficult to age than tank-raised fish, which we attributed to ring compression resulting from slower growth among pond-raised fish after 30 d. The total length of tank- and pond-raised fish was positively related to otolith size; however, the slopes of the relationships between fish length and otolith radius were different between treatments. Therefore, we could not confirm that the relationship between fish length and otolith size was directly proportional for age-0 channel catfish. We encourage researchers to use this aging technique to determine how abiotic and biotic factors influence early life history characteristics and ultimately the population dynamics of catfishes (Ictaluridae).
An Inexpensive Image Analysis System for Fish Otoliths
Authors: Rypel Andrew L.
Published: February 2008

This paper evaluates the feasibility of using flatbed scanners and free computer software for image analysis of fish otoliths. Scanned images of whole and cross-sectioned otoliths from bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, warmouth L. gulosus, and white crappie Pomoxis annularis provided adequate resolution for visualizing and counting annuli as well as for measuring interannual growth increments. I found concordant relationships between interannual growth measurements taken with a microscope-based image analysis system and those taken with the scanning technique. The use of flatbed scanners for age and growth analyses could substantially reduce costs, and such scanners may already be available for many persons interested in otolith image analysis. This could widen the access to otolith research for those who previously could not afford imaging equipment. Depending on user experience and computer and scanner speeds, 25–40 already cross-sectioned or whole otoliths can be digitized per hour into high-quality photographs, a process rate that is comparable with that of contemporary image analysis systems.
An Ecosystem Approach for Assessment Advice and Biological Reference Points for the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank Atlantic Herring Complex
Authors: Overholtz W. J. , Jacobson L. D. , Link J. S.
Published: February 2008

The biomass of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus in the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank (GOM–GB) region declined sharply in the mid- to late 1970s, when fishery harvests ranged from 300 to 400 kilo–metric tons (kt) per year. During this same period, the consumption of Atlantic herring by fish and marine mammal predators was very large. Consumption has greatly exceeded landings from 1985 to the present. Previous research showed that four groups of predators (demersal fishes, marine mammals, large pelagic fishes, and seabirds) together annually consumed over 200 kt of Atlantic herring during the 1970s and over 300 kt during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Our analyses indicate that Atlantic herring predation mortality rates are related to the abundance of both Atlantic herring and predators. Predation mortality rates were relatively low during the 1960s, when Atlantic herring were abundant, but increased in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when Atlantic herring declined. Predation mortality rates declined in the 1990s as Atlantic herring abundance increased. Biological reference points for the Atlantic herring complex (composed of two stocks) are significantly different when predation mortality is included. Several methods were used to assess the available fishery yield given that predator requirements have first been satisfied. In general, all of the approaches indicated that the maximum sustainable yield harvest level for the GOM–GB Atlantic herring complex is lower than that estimated from the single-species assessment in which predation effects are not explicitly accounted for.