bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Resistance in Diverse Escherichia coli Pathotypes from Nigeria
Authors: Anueyiagu Kenneth Nnamdi , Agu Chibuzor Gerald , Umar Uzal , Lopes Bruno Silvester
Published: September 2024

Escherichia coli is a gram-negative commensal bacterium living in human and animal intestines. Its pathogenic strains lead to high morbidity and mortality, which can adversely affect people by causing urinary tract infections, food poisoning, septic shock, or meningitis. Humans can contract E. coli by eating contaminated food—such as raw or undercooked raw milk, meat products, and fresh produce sold in open markets—as well as by coming into contact with contaminated settings like wastewater, municipal water, soil, and faeces. Some pathogenic strains identified in Nigeria, include Enterohemorrhagic (Verotoxigenic), Enterotoxigenic, Enteropathogenic, Enteroinvasive, and Enteroaggregative E. coli. This causes acute watery or bloody diarrhoea, stomach cramps, and vomiting. Apart from the virulence profile of E. coli, antibiotic resistance mechanisms such as the presence of blaCTX-M found in humans, animals, and environmental isolates are of great importance and require surveillance and monitoring for emerging threats in resource-limited countries. This review is aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms of evolution and antibiotic resistance in E. coli in Nigeria and highlights the use of improving One Health approaches to combat the problem of emerging infectious diseases.
Primary Healthcare Physicians’ Insufficient Knowledge Is Associated with Antibiotic Overprescribing for Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Kadirhaz Muhtar , Zhang Yushan , Atif Naveel , Liu Wenchen , Ji Wenjing , Zhao Nan , Peng Jin , Xu Sen , Xu Miaomiao , Tang Chengzhou , Fang Yu , Chang Jie
Published: September 2024

Objectives: Overuse of antibiotics in healthcare remains prevalent and requires urgent attention in China, particularly in primary healthcare (PHC) facilities. This study aimed to describe the patterns of antibiotic prescriptions for acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in PHC facilities in China and to investigate how PHC physicians’ knowledge influences their antibiotic prescribing behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional survey linking physician questionnaire responses and their prescription data was conducted in Shaanxi Province, China. The proportions of URTI visits that received at least one antibiotic, combined antibiotics, and broad-spectrum antibiotics were the main outcomes reflecting antibiotic prescribing behavior. Multivariate mixed-effects logistic regressions were applied to analyze the relationship between PHC physicians’ knowledge about antibiotics and their antibiotic prescribing behavior. Results: A total of 108 physicians filled out the questionnaires between February 2021 and July 2021, and a sample of 11,217 URTI visits attended by these physicians from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020 were included in the analysis. The overall mean score of our respondents on the knowledge questions was 5.2 (total score of 10). Over sixty percent (61.2%; IQR 50.2–72.1) of the URTI visits received antibiotics. The percentages of URTI visits prescribed with combined and broad-spectrum antibiotics were 7.8% (IQR 2.3–10.2) and 48.3% (IQR 36.7–58.7), respectively. Third-generation cephalosporins were the most frequently used antibiotics. Physicians with lower antibiotic knowledge scores were more inclined to prescribe antibiotics (p < 0.001), combined antibiotics (p = 0.001), and broad-spectrum antibiotics (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Physicians’ insufficient knowledge was significantly associated with antibiotic overprescribing. Professional training targeting physicians’ knowledge of antibiotics is urgently needed to improve the rational use of antibiotics in grassroots healthcare facilities in China.
Antioxidant Activity of Planar Catechin Conjugated with Trolox
Authors: Shimizu Wakana , Shoji Yoshimi , Ohkubo Kei , Ito Hiromu , Nakanishi Ikuo , Fukuhara Kiyoshi
Published: September 2024

Planar catechin (PCat), a natural antioxidant with a fixed 3D catechin structure on a plane, exhibits radical-scavenging activity approximately five times stronger than the conventional catechin. We synthesized a compound, PCat-TrOH, by binding Trolox (TrOH), an α-tocopherol analog, to PCat to enhance its antioxidant effect against oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation. TrOH shows radical-scavenging activity about 6.5 times greater than PCat, and PCat-TrOH exhibited a similar level of radical-scavenging activity to TrOH. Additionally, PCat-TrOH demonstrated twice the radical-scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species compared to PCat or TrOH. This compound is also expected to exhibit an excellent antioxidant effect against lipid peroxidation caused by radical chain reactions, through interactions with vitamin C, similar to that in the case of α-tocopherol.
Tamarixetin Protects Chondrocytes against IL-1β-Induced Osteoarthritis Phenotype by Inhibiting NF-κB and Activating Nrf2 Signaling
Authors: Lee Seung-Ho , Shin Min Kyoung , Sung Jung-Suk
Published: September 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage breakdown and chronic inflammation in joints. As the most prevalent form of arthritis, OA affects around 600 million people globally. Despite the increasing number of individuals with OA risk factors, such as aging and obesity, there is currently no effective cure for the disease. In this context, this study investigated the therapeutic effects of tamarixetin, a flavonoid with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, against OA pathology and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. In interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-treated chondrocytes, tamarixetin inhibited the OA phenotypes, restoring cell viability and chondrogenic properties while reducing hypertrophic differentiation and dedifferentiation. Tamarixetin alleviated oxidative stress via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway activation and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Furthermore, tamarixetin attenuated pyroptosis, a programmed cell death caused by excessive inflammation, by suppressing inflammasome activation. We confirmed that the chondroprotective effects of tamarixetin are mediated by the concurrent upregulation of Nrf2 signaling and downregulation of NF-κB signaling, which are key players in balancing antioxidative and inflammatory responses. Overall, our study demonstrated that tamarixetin possesses chondroprotective properties by alleviating IL-1β-induced cellular stress in chondrocytes, suggesting its therapeutic potential to relieve OA phenotype.
Modulatory Impact of Oxidative Stress on Action Potentials in Pathophysiological States: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Mahapatra Chitaranjan , Thakkar Ravindra , Kumar Ravinder
Published: September 2024

Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defenses, significantly affects cellular function and viability. It plays a pivotal role in modulating membrane potentials, particularly action potentials (APs), essential for properly functioning excitable cells such as neurons, smooth muscles, pancreatic beta cells, and myocytes. The interaction between oxidative stress and AP dynamics is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac arrhythmias, and ischemia-reperfusion injuries. This review explores how oxidative stress influences APs, focusing on alterations in ion channel biophysics, gap junction, calcium dynamics, mitochondria, and Interstitial Cells of Cajal functions. By integrating current research, we aim to elucidate how oxidative stress contributes to disease progression and discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting this interaction.
An Overview of the Mechanisms through Which Plants Regulate ROS Homeostasis under Cadmium Stress
Authors: Luo Pan , Wu Jingjing , Li Ting-Ting , Shi Peihua , Ma Qi , Di Dong-Wei
Published: September 2024

Cadmium (Cd2+) is a non-essential and highly toxic element to all organic life forms, including plants and humans. In response to Cd stress, plants have evolved multiple protective mechanisms, such as Cd2+ chelation, vesicle sequestration, the regulation of Cd2+ uptake, and enhanced antioxidant defenses. When Cd2+ accumulates in plants to a certain level, it triggers a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to chlorosis, growth retardation, and potentially death. To counteract this, plants utilize a complex network of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems to manage ROS and protect cells from oxidative damage. This review systematically summarizes how various elements, including nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, and zinc, as well as phytohormones such as abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroids, and ethylene, and signaling molecules like nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrogen sulfide, regulate the antioxidant system under Cd stress. Furthermore, it explores the mechanisms by which exogenous regulators can enhance the antioxidant capacity and mitigate Cd toxicity.
Measuring Craniovertebral Angle Reference Values in Adults Using Kinovea Software
Authors: Zárate-Tejero Carlos Antonio , Rodríguez-Rubio Pere Ramón , Brandt Lindsay , Krauss John , Hernández-Secorún Mar , Hidalgo-García César , Lucha-López Orosia
Published: September 2024

The clinical examination of patients with cervical spine pathology includes measures of posture, mobility, strength, and stability. The forward head position as measured by craniovertebral angle (CVA) has been suggested as a risk factor for cervical spine pathology. The purpose of this study was to describe CVA reference values in healthy adults and assess the relationship with age and sex. This prospective cross-sectional observational study measured the CVA in 122 healthy adults using digital analysis of a lateral view photograph. To facilitate this analysis, a marker was placed at the level of the C7 vertebra, with the tragus of the ear visible in the photograph. The CVA was measured using Kinovea 0.8.15 software, where the CVA was calculated using the intersection of a horizontal line with a line joining the spinous process of C7 and the tragus of the ear. Mean CVA values were 48.76° (6.77) across all participants, 50.07° (6.63) for females, and 47.46° (6.71) for males. Linear regression analysis indicated significant relationships with age and with sex. The study established CVA reference values in healthy adults and identified a significant difference in head position between males and females and a 1.6° decrease in CVA per decade of increased age.
A Simplified Query-Only Attention for Encoder-Based Transformer Models
Authors: Yeom Hong-gi , An Kyung-min
Published: September 2024

Transformer models have revolutionized fields like Natural Language Processing (NLP) by enabling machines to accurately understand and generate human language. However, these models’ inherent complexity and limited interpretability pose barriers to their broader adoption. To address these challenges, we propose a simplified query-only attention mechanism specifically for encoder-based transformer models to reduce complexity and improve interpretability. Unlike conventional attention mechanisms, which rely on query (Q), key (K), and value (V) vectors, our method uses only the Q vector for attention calculation. This approach reduces computational complexity while maintaining the model’s ability to capture essential relationships, enhancing interpretability. We evaluated the proposed query-only attention on an EEG conformer model, a state-of-the-art architecture for EEG signal classification. We demonstrated that it performs comparably to the original QKV attention mechanism, while simplifying the model’s architecture. Our findings suggest that query-only attention offers a promising direction for the development of more efficient and interpretable transformer-based models, with potential applications across various domains beyond NLP.
A Digital Twin-Based Approach for Detecting Cyber–Physical Attacks in ICS Using Knowledge Discovery
Authors: Lucchese Marco , Salerno Giuseppe , Pugliese Andrea
Published: September 2024

The integration and automation of industrial processes has brought significant gains in efficiency and productivity but also elevated cybersecurity risks, especially in the process industry. This paper introduces a methodology utilizing process mining and digital twins to enhance anomaly detection in Industrial Control Systems (ICS). By converting raw device logs into event logs, we uncover patterns and anomalies indicative of cyberattacks even when such attacks are masked by normal operational data. We present a detailed case study replicating an industrial process to demonstrate the practical application of our approach. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our method in identifying cyber–physical attacks within a realistic industrial setting.
Synchronized Measurement of the Fundamental Voltage and Harmonic, Interharmonic, and Subharmonic Components of the Electrical Grid Using an Adaptive Kalman Filter
Authors: Martínez-Navarro Germán , Orts-Grau Salvador , Alfonso-Gil José Carlos , Balaguer-Herrero Pedro
Published: September 2024

The effects of harmonics, interharmonics, and subharmonics on low-voltage distribution networks, leading to a deterioration in electrical power quality, have become more evident in recent years. The main harmonic sources are power electronic devices due to their implicit nonlinearity. Interharmonic and subharmonic components are mainly caused by a lack of synchronization between the grid frequency and the switching frequency of the power converters. This can be caused by asynchronous modulated devices, or more commonly by fluctuations in the fundamental grid frequency. Interharmonic currents cause interharmonic voltage distortions that affect grid-synchronized or frequency-dependent systems. The IEC-61000-4-7 proposes a general guide on harmonics, interharmonic measurements, and instrumentation in current supply systems. However, the techniques proposed in the standard are intended for measurement and do not enable a precise identification of the interharmonic components in a signal. This work proposes new definitions for the spectral energy aggrupation to improve signal component detection for the IEC standard. Furthermore, an adaptive Kalman filter algorithm is developed that enables the exact identification in real time of the frequency, amplitude, and phase of these components. The proposed system will become the basis for the implementation of a new range of measurement systems that provide improved accuracy and real-time operation. The work is supported by simulated results analysing various scenarios (including transients after changes in harmonic content in the grid voltage) that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Extreme Value Index Estimation for Pareto-Type Tails under Random Censorship and via Generalized Means
Authors: Gomes M. Ivette , Henriques-Rodrigues Lígia , Neves M. Manuela , Penalva Helena
Published: September 2024

The field of statistical extreme value theory (EVT) focuses on estimating parameters associated with extreme events, such as the probability of exceeding a high threshold or determining a high quantile that lies at or beyond the observed data range. Typically, the assumption for univariate data analysis is that the sample is complete, independent, identically distributed, or weakly dependent and stationary, drawn from an unknown distribution F. However, in the context of lifetime data, censoring is a common issue. In this work, we consider the case of random censoring for data with a heavy-tailed, Pareto-type distribution. As is common in applications of EVT, the estimation of the extreme value index (EVI) is critical, as it quantifies the tail heaviness of the distribution. The EVI has been extensively studied in the literature. Here, we discuss several classical EVI-estimators and reduced-bias (RB) EVI-estimators within a semi-parametric framework, with a focus on RB EVI-estimators derived from generalized means, which will be applied to both simulated and real survival data.
Combining CBAM and Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm for Compressive Sensing of Bird Images
Authors: Lv Dan , Zhang Yan , Lv Danjv , Lu Jing , Fu Yixing , Li Zhun
Published: September 2024

Bird research contributes to understanding species diversity, ecosystem functions, and the maintenance of biodiversity. By analyzing bird images and the audio of birds, we can monitor bird distribution, abundance, and behavior to better understand the health of ecosystems. However, bird images and audio involve a vast amount of data. To improve the efficiency of data transmission and storage efficiency and save bandwidth, compressive sensing can overcome this challenge. Compressive sensing is a technique that uses the sparsity of signals to recover original data from a small number of linear measurements. This paper introduces a deep neural network based on the Iterative Shrinkage Thresholding Algorithm (ISTA) and a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), CBAM_ISTA-Net+, for the compressive reconstruction of bird images, audio Mel spectrograms and wavelet transform spectrograms. Using 45 bird species as research subjects, including 20 bird images, 15 audio-generated Mel spectrograms, and 10 audio wavelet transform (WT) spectrograms, the experimental results show that CBAM_ISTA-Net+ achieves a higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) at different compression ratios. At a compression ratio of 50%, the average PSNR of the three datasets reaches 33.62 dB, 55.76 dB, and 38.59 dB, while both the Mel spectrogram and wavelet transform spectrogram achieve more than 30 dB at compression ratios of 25–50%. These results highlight the effectiveness of CBAM_ISTA-Net+ in maintaining high reconstruction quality even under significant compression, demonstrating its potential as a valuable tool for efficient data management in ecological research.
EAAnet: Efficient Attention and Aggregation Network for Crowd Person Detection
Authors: Chen Wenzhuo , Wu Wen , Dai Wantao , Huang Feng
Published: September 2024

With the frequent occurrence of natural disasters and the acceleration of urbanization, it is necessary to carry out efficient evacuation, especially when earthquakes, fires, terrorist attacks, and other serious threats occur. However, due to factors such as small targets, complex posture, occlusion, and dense distribution, the current mainstream algorithms still have problems such as low precision and poor real-time performance in crowd person detection. Therefore, this paper proposes EAAnet, a crowd person detection algorithm. It is based on YOLOv5, with CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) introduced into the backbone, BiFPN (Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network) introduced into the neck, and combined with a loss function of CIoU_Loss to better predict the person number. The experimental results show that compared with other mainstream detection algorithms, EAAnet has achieved significant improvement in precision and real-time performance. The precision value of all categories was 78.6%, which was increased by 1.8. Among these, the categories of riders and partially visible person were increased by 4.6 and 0.8, respectively. At the same time, the parameter number of EAAnet is only 7.1M, with a calculation amount of 16.0G FLOPs. Therefore, it is proved that EAAnet has the ability of the efficient real-time detection of the crowd person and is feasible in the field of emergency management.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Maxillary Expansion during Mixed Dentition: Comparison between Leaf Expander and Aligners—A Case-Control Study
Authors: Silvestrini-Biavati Francesca , Imenpour Sirus , Poli Francesca , Kola Elis , Abate Andrea , Lanteri Valentina , Ugolini Alessandro
Published: September 2024

The objective of this retrospective study was to compare the dento-alveolar effects of two different expansion protocols, Invisalign First (IF) and Leaf Expander (LE), in patients in mixed dentition with transversal upper maxillary deficiency. Materials and Methods: 30 patients were treated with IF, whereas 38 patients were treated with LE. For each sample 3D digital cast models were analyzed pre and post expansion and transversal diameter of the upper arch, molar rotation and inclination and arch perimeter were measured. Results: LE resulted in a more significant expansion of the molar width and the arch perimeter, with less effect on the expansion of deciduous canines and deciduous molars. IF allowed a more effective molar derotation, but with a greater buccal tipping movement than LE, which determines a more bodily movement of the molars: the expansion determined by IF seems to be more dental than skeletal. Conclusions: IF is a good alternative to LE in case of limited transversal maxillary contraction, particularly when there is a significant mesio-rotation of the first upper molars.
Innovative System for BIM/GIS Integration in the Context of Urban Sustainability
Authors: Barrile Vincenzo , La Foresta Fabio , Calcagno Salvatore , Genovese Emanuela
Published: September 2024

In the context of urban sustainability and the development of resilient cities, the use of 4D geospatial data and the integration and association of building information with geographical information are of considerable interest. Achieving this integration is particularly significant in the scientific field from a technical standpoint but poses significant challenges due to the incompatibility between the two environments. This research proposes various methodologies for the effective integration of BIM/GIS data by analyzing their pros and cons and highlights the innovative aspects of the integration between these systems. Starting with the use of commercial software that has enabled the integration of a building’s 3D model within a GIS environment (this system is particularly useful for its ease of management and the potential for practical applications), this study progresses to an experimental virtual/augmented/mixed reality app developed by the authors that allows for the virtual integration of a building with its territorial context. It concludes with an innovative methodology that, by using the customizable and extensible libraries of the Cesium platform, facilitates the integration of structural data within a 4D geospatial space. This study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating BIM and GIS data despite inherent incompatibilities. The innovative use of Cesium platform libraries further enhances this integration, providing a comprehensive solution for intelligent and sustainable urban planning. By addressing the challenges of incompatibility, the final solution offers critical insights for a deeper understanding of evolving urban landscapes and for monitoring urban expansion and its environmental impacts.
Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models for Demand Forecasting in Supply Chain Management: A Critical Review
Authors: Douaioui Kaoutar , Oucheikh Rachid , Benmoussa Othmane , Mabrouki Charif
Published: September 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive review of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models used for demand forecasting in supply chain management. By analyzing 119 papers from the Scopus database covering the period from 2015 to 2024, this study provides both macro- and micro-level insights into the effectiveness of AI-based methodologies. The macro-level analysis illustrates the overall trajectory and trends in ML and DL applications, while the micro-level analysis explores the specific distinctions and advantages of these models. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for improving demand forecasting in supply chain management using ML and DL techniques.
Quality Assessment of ERA5 Wind Speed and Its Impact on Atmosphere Environment Using Radar Profiles along the Bohai Bay Coastline
Authors: Suo Chunnan , Sun Anxiang , Yan Chunwang , Cao Xiaoqun , Peng Kecheng , Tan Yulong , Yang Simin , Wei Yiming , Wang Guangjie
Published: September 2024

The accuracy of ERA5 reanalysis datasets and their applicability in the coastal area of Bohai Bay are crucial for weather forecasting and environmental protection research. However, synthesis evaluation of ERA5 in this region remains lacking. In this study, using a tropospheric wind profile radar (CFL-06L) placed in coastal Huanghua city, the deviations of ERA5 reanalysis data are assessed from the ground to an altitude of 5 km. The results indicate that the wind speed of ERA5 reanalysis data exhibits good consistency from the surface to the tropospheric level of about 5 km, with R2 values ranging from 0.5 to 0.85. The lowest mean wind speed error, less than 3 m/s, occurs in the middle layer, while larger errors are observed at the surface and upper layers. Specifically, at 150 m, the R2 is as low as 0.5, with numerous outliers around 5000 m. Seasonal analysis shows that the ERA5 wind field performs best in summer and worst in autumn and winter, especially at lower levels affected by circulation systems, high stratus clouds, and aerosols, with errors reaching up to 10 m/s. Further analysis of extreme weather events, such as heavy rain; hot, dry winds; and snowstorms, reveals that the effects of sea-land winds and strong convective systems significantly impact the observation of wind profiles and the assimilation of reanalysis data, particularly under the constrain of boundary layer height. Additionally, we also find that the transition of sea-land breeze is capable of triggering the nighttime low-level jet, thereby downward transporting the aloft ozone to the ground and resulting in an abnormal increase in the surface ozone concentration. The study provides a scientific basis for improving meteorological forecasting, optimizing wind energy resource utilization, and formulating environmental protection policies, highlighting its significant scientific and practical application value.
A Bimodal Extension of the Beta-Binomial Distribution with Applications
Authors: Reyes Jimmy , Najera-Zuloaga Josu , Lee Dae-Jin , Arrué Jaime , Iriarte Yuri A.
Published: September 2024

In this paper, we propose an alternative distribution to model count data exhibiting uni/bimodality. It arises as a weighted version of the beta-binomial distribution, which is defined by a parametric weight function that admits up to two modes for the resulting probability mass function. Like the baseline beta-binomial distribution, the proposed distribution performs well in modeling overdispersed binomial data. Structural properties of the new distribution are studied. Raw moments are derived, which are used to describe the dispersion behavior relative to the mean and the skewness behavior. Parameter estimation is carried out using the maximum likelihood method. A simulation study is conducted in order to illustrate the behavior of the estimators. Finally, two applications illustrating the usefulness of the proposal are presented.
Hamiltonian Formulation for Continuous Systems with Second-Order Derivatives: A Study of Podolsky Generalized Electrodynamics
Authors: Alawaideh Yazen M. , Lupas Alina Alb , Al-khamiseh Bashar M. , Yousif Majeed A. , Mohammed Pshtiwan Othman , Hamed Y. S.
Published: September 2024

This paper presents an analysis of the Hamiltonian formulation for continuous systems with second-order derivatives derived from Dirac’s theory. This approach offers a unique perspective on the equations of motion compared to the traditional Euler–Lagrange formulation. Focusing on Podolsky’s generalized electrodynamics, the Hamiltonian and corresponding equations of motion are derived. The findings demonstrate that both Hamiltonian and Euler–Lagrange formulations yield equivalent results. This study highlights the Hamiltonian approach as a valuable alternative for understanding the dynamics of second-order systems, validated through a specific application within generalized electrodynamics. The novelty of the research lies in developing advanced theoretical models through Hamiltonian formalism for continuous systems with second-order derivatives. The research employs an alternative method to the Euler–Lagrange formulas by applying Dirac’s theory to study the generalized Podolsky electrodynamics, contributing to a better understanding of complex continuous systems.
A New Contribution in Fractional Integral Calculus and Inequalities over the Coordinated Fuzzy Codomain
Authors: Zhou Zizhao , Al Ahmadi Ahmad Aziz , Lupas Alina Alb , Hakami Khalil Hadi
Published: September 2024

The correct derivation of integral inequalities on fuzzy-number-valued mappings depends on applying fractional calculus to fuzzy number analysis. The purpose of this article is to introduce a new class of convex mappings and generalize various previously published results on the fuzzy number and interval-valued mappings via fuzzy-order relations using fuzzy coordinated ỽ-convexity mappings so that the new version of the well-known Hermite–Hadamard (H-H) inequality can be presented in various variants via the fractional integral operators (Riemann–Liouville). Some new product forms of these inequalities for coordinated ỽ-convex fuzzy-number-valued mappings (coordinated ỽ-convex FNVMs) are also discussed. Additionally, we provide several fascinating non-trivial examples and exceptional cases to show that these results are accurate.
Predicting Boar Sperm Survival during Liquid Storage Using Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Kameni Serge L. , Semon Bryan , Chen Li-Dunn , Dlamini Notsile H. , Ariunbold Gombojav O. , Vance-Kouba Carrie K. , Feugang Jean M.
Published: September 2024

Artificial insemination (AI) plays a critical role in livestock reproduction, with semen quality being essential. In swine, AI primarily uses cool-stored semen adhering to industry standards assessed through routine analysis, yet fertility inconsistencies highlight the need for enhanced semen evaluation. Over 10-day storage at 17 °C, boar semen samples were analyzed for motility, morphology, sperm membrane integrity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress indicators. Additionally, machine learning tools were employed to explore the potential of Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in enhancing semen sample evaluation. Sperm motility and morphology gradually decreased during storage, with distinct groups categorized as “Good” or “Poor” survival semen according to motility on Day 7 of storage. Initially similar on Day 0 of semen collection, “Poor” samples revealed significantly lower total motility (21.69 ± 4.64% vs. 80.19 ± 1.42%), progressive motility (4.74 ± 1.71% vs. 39.73 ± 2.57%), and normal morphology (66.43 ± 2.60% vs. 87.91 ± 1.92%) than their “Good” counterparts by Day 7, using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer. Furthermore, “Poor” samples had higher levels of apoptotic cells, membrane damage, and intracellular reactive oxygen species on Day 0. Conversely, “Good” samples maintained higher total antioxidant capacity. Raman spectroscopy outperformed NIR, providing distinctive spectral profiles aligned with semen biochemical changes and enabling the prediction of semen survival during storage. Overall, the spectral profiles coupled with machine learning tools might assist in enhancing semen evaluation and prognosis.
Homologous Targeting Effect of Cancer Cell-Derived Liposomes (Memposomes) Mediated by Cell Adhesion Molecules: Role of E-cadherin
Authors: Cheung Hyein , Kang Haewon , Lee Hyo Jung , Chung Yunjae , Shin Hanbo , Lee Sangmin , Kim Jong-Ho
Published: September 2024

Cell membrane-derived liposomes, termed Memposomes, serve as promising carriers for drug delivery due to their ability to closely mimic cells and efficiently target specific cells. Liposomes derived from cancer cell membranes, in particular, exhibit homologous targeting capabilities, making them potential candidates for cancer-specific drug delivery. However, the underlying mechanisms and specific proteins responsible for this homologous targeting phenomenon remain debated. This study focuses on the role of E-cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule implicated in homophilic adhesion, in influencing the homologous targeting ability of Memposomes derived from cancer cell membranes. E-cadherin expression patterns were assessed in various cell lines, categorizing them into E-cadherin-positive and -negative groups. Memposomes were produced for each group, and their targeting tendencies were evaluated. This study confirmed that E-cadherin expression significantly influenced the homologous targeting ability of the Memposomes. The cell lines with higher E-cadherin expression levels exhibited a more pronounced homologous targeting effect. This research demonstrates that cell adhesion molecules, particularly E-cadherin involved in homophilic adhesion, play a pivotal role in influencing the cell targeting ability of Memposomes. This study further validates the stability, safety, and purity of Memposomes, emphasizing their potential as effective drug delivery vehicles for the development of cell-specific therapies.
SHED-CM: The Safety and Efficacy of Conditioned Media from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Stem Cells in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treatment: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Authors: Seta Yasuhiro , Kimura Konomi , Masahiro Goto , Tatsumori Kimiko , Murakami Yasufumi
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease with limited treatment options. Advances in regenerative medicine have opened up new treatment options. The primary and exploratory objectives of this retrospective cohort study were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth-conditioned media (SHED-CM). Methods: Safety assessments included adverse events, vital signs, and laboratory test changes before and after administration, and efficacy was measured using the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R), grip strength, and forced vital capacity in 24 patients with ALS treated at a single facility between 1 January 2022, and 30 November 2023. Results: While ALSFRS-R scores typically decline over time, the progression rate in this cohort was slower, suggesting a potential delay in disease progression. Alternatively, improvements in muscle strength and mobility were observed in some patients. Although adverse events were reported in only 3% of cases (no serious allergic reactions), the treatment-induced changes in vital signs and laboratory results were not clinically significant. Conclusions: The SHED-CM treatment is a safe and potentially effective therapeutic option for patients with ALS. Further research is needed to optimize the SHED-CM treatment; however, this study lays the groundwork for future exploration of regenerative therapies for ALS.
Prognostic Value of PlGF Upregulation in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Scimeca Manuel , Giacobbi Erica , Servadei Francesca , Palumbo Valeria , Palumbo Camilla , Finazzi-Agrò Enrico , Albisinni Simone , Mauriello Alessandro , Albonici Loredana
Published: September 2024

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, with metastasis, particularly to bone, being the primary cause of mortality. Currently, prognostic markers like PSA levels and Gleason classification are limited in predicting metastasis, emphasizing the need for novel clinical biomarkers. New molecules predicting tumor progression have been identified over time. Some, such as the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) PD-1/PD-L1, have become valid markers as theranostic tools essential for prognosis and drug target therapy. However, despite the success of ICIs as an anti-cancer therapy for solid tumors, their efficacy in treating bone metastases has mainly proven ineffective, suggesting intrinsic resistance to this therapy in the bone microenvironment. This study explores the potential of immunological intratumoral biomarkers, focusing on placental growth factor (PlGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1 (VEGFR1), and Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1), in predicting bone metastasis formation. Methods: we analyzed PCa samples from patients with and without metastasis by immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Results revealed that PlGF expression is significantly higher in primary tumors of patients that developed metastasis within five years from the histological diagnosis. Additionally, PlGF expression correlates with increased VEGFR1 and PD-1 levels, as well as the presence of intratumoral M2 macrophages. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PlGF contributes to an immunosuppressive environment, thus favoring tumor progression and metastatic process. Results here highlight the potential of integrating these molecular markers with existing prognostic tools to enhance the accuracy of metastasis prediction in PCa. By identifying patients at risk for metastasis, clinicians can tailor treatment strategies more effectively, potentially improving survival outcomes and quality of life. This study underscores the importance of further research into the role of intratumoral biomarkers in PCa management.
Development of a Vertical Submerging and Emerging Bat-Ray-Inspired Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Mar-Castro Enrique , May-Rodríguez Sergio Alejandro , Núñez-Cruz Rafael Stanley , Antonio-Yañez Elba Dolores , Aparicio-Lastiri Luis Mario , Herrera-Vidal Juan
Published: September 2024

In this article, the development of a bat-ray-inspired underwater vehicle is presented; although the propulsion of the vehicle is based on traditional thrusters, the shape of the ray’s fins was used as a model to design the body of the vehicle; this architecture allows the independent control of the forward velocity and the full attitude of the vehicle using only two thrusters and two articulated fins. The compact design of the robot, along with the high dexterity of the architecture, allows the vehicle to submerge and emerge vertically as well as navigate horizontally. The mathematical model of the proposed vehicle, including dynamics and propulsion system, is presented and validated using numerical simulations. Finally, experimental tests are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed design.
Biostasis: A Roadmap for Research in Preservation and Potential Revival of Humans
Authors: McKenzie Andrew T. , Wowk Brian , Arkhipov Anton , Wróbel Borys , Cheng Nathan , Kendziorra Emil F.
Published: September 2024

Human biostasis, the preservation of a human when all other contemporary options for extension of quality life are exhausted, offers the speculative potential for survival via continuation of life in the future. While provably reversible preservation, also known as suspended animation, is not yet possible for humans, the primary justification for contemporary biostasis is the preservation of the brain, which is broadly considered the seat of memories, personality, and identity. By preserving the information contained within the brain’s structures, it may be possible to resuscitate a healthy whole individual using advanced future technologies. There are numerous challenges in biostasis, including inadequacies in current preservation techniques, methods to evaluate the quality of preservation, and potential future revival technologies. In this report, we describe a roadmap that attempts to delineate research directions that could improve the field of biostasis, focusing on optimizing preservation protocols and establishing metrics for querying preservation quality, as well as pre- and post-cardiac arrest factors, stabilization strategies, and methods for long-term preservation. We acknowledge the highly theoretical nature of future revival technologies and the importance of achieving high-fidelity brain preservation to maximize the potential of future repair technologies. We plan to update the research roadmap biennially. Our goal is to encourage multidisciplinary communication and collaboration in this field.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies: Key Lessons from Real-World Evidence
Authors: Orlando Bianca , Egeo Gabriella , Aurilia Cinzia , Fiorentini Giulia , Barbanti Piero
Published: September 2024

Background: The advent of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway has transformed the management of migraine, offering newfound optimism for clinicians and individuals with episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM). While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have provided crucial insights into the effectiveness and safety profiles of these treatments, their translation into real-world clinical practice remains a challenge. Objective: This review aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of real-world studies, offering valuable insights tailored for practical application in clinical settings. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, SCOPUS, and MEDLINE for real-life studies on erenumab, fremanezumab, and galcanezumab. Abstracts underwent rigorous screening by two reviewers for relevance. Data extraction from selected articles was performed using a standardized form, with verification by a second reviewer. Data synthesis was narrative, following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Our search included 61 pertinent studies conducted between 2019 and 1 March 2024. Real-world study designs demonstrated notable variability in the selection and inclusion of migraine patients, influenced by factors such as attack frequency, data collection criteria, and primary/secondary objectives. Key findings commonly reported considerable improvements in efficacy outcomes (migraine frequency, analgesic use, pain severity, and disability), high responder rates, and optimal safety and tolerability profiles. Conclusions: Real-world evidence underscores the role of anti-CGRP mAbs as targeted therapies for both CM and EM patients. The overall results indicate that the effectiveness and tolerability of anti-CGRP mAbs in real-world applications may exceed those observed in RCTs, an extraordinary finding in clinical neurology.
Awake Craniotomy in Epilepsy Surgery: A Case Series and Proposal for Three Different Scenarios
Authors: Uda Takehiro , Tanoue Yuta , Kawashima Toshiyuki , Yindeedej Vich , Nishijima Shugo , Kunihiro Noritsugu , Umaba Ryoko , Ishimoto Kotaro , Goto Takeo
Published: September 2024

Objective: Awake craniotomy (AWC) allows intraoperative evaluation of functions involving the cortical surface and subcortical fibers. In epilepsy surgery, indications for and the role of AWC have not been established because evaluation with intracranial electrodes is considered the gold standard. We report herein our case series of patients who underwent AWC in epilepsy surgery and propose the scenarios for and roles of AWC. Methods: Patients who underwent AWC in epilepsy surgery at our institutions between 2014 and 2023 were included. Information about age, sex, etiology, location of epileptogenicity, seizure type, use of intracranial electrode placement, surgical complications, neurological deficits, additional surgery, and seizure outcomes was reviewed. Following a diagnostic and treatment flow for epilepsy surgery, we clarified three different scenarios and roles for AWC. Results: Ten patients underwent AWC. Three patients underwent AWC after non-invasive evaluations. Two patients underwent AWC after intracranial evaluation with stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG). Five patients underwent AWC after intracranial evaluation with subdural grid electrodes (SDG). Among these, two patients were initially evaluated with SEEG and with SDG thereafter. One patient reported slight numbness in the hand, and one patient showed slight cognitive decline. Seizure outcomes according to the Engel outcome scale were class 1A in three patients, IIA in two patients, IIIA in four patients, and IVA in one patient. Conclusions: AWC can be used for purposes of epilepsy surgery in different situations, either immediately after non-invasive studies or as an additional invasive step after invasive monitoring with either SEEG or SDG. The application of AWC should be individualized according to each patient’s specific characteristics.
Assessment of Interrater Reliability and Accuracy of Cerebral Aneurysm Morphometry Using 3D Virtual Reality, 2D Digital Subtraction Angiography, and 3D Reconstruction: A Randomized Comparative Study
Authors: Saemann Attill , de Wilde Daniel , Rychen Jonathan , Roethlisberger Michel , Żelechowski Marek , Faludi Balázs , Cattin Philippe Claude , Psychogios Marios-Nikos , Soleman Jehuda , Guzman Raphael
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Detailed morphometric analysis of an aneurysm and the related vascular bifurcation are critical factors when determining rupture risk and planning treatment for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). The standard visualization of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and its 3D reconstruction on a 2D monitor provide precise measurements but are subject to variability based on the rater. Visualization using virtual (VR) and augmented reality platforms can overcome those limitations. It is, however, unclear whether accurate measurements of the aneurysm and adjacent arterial branches can be obtained on VR models. This study aimed to assess interrater reliability and compare measurements between 3D VR, standard 2D DSA, and 3D DSA reconstructions, evaluating the reliability and accuracy of 3D VR as a measurement tool. Methods: A pool of five neurosurgeons performed three individual analyses on each of the ten UIA cases, measuring them in completely immersed 3D VR and the standard on-screen format (2D DSA and 3D reconstruction). This resulted in three independent measurements per modality for each case. Interrater reliability of measurements and morphology characterization, comparative differences, measurement duration, and VR user experience were assessed. Results: Interrater reliability for 3D VR measurements was significantly higher than for 3D DSA measurements (3D VR mean intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]: 0.69 ± 0.22 vs. 3D DSA mean ICC: 0.36 ± 0.37, p = 0.042). No significant difference was observed between 3D VR and 2D DSA (3D VR mean ICC: 0.69 ± 0.22 vs. 2D DSA mean ICC: 0.43 ± 0.31, p = 0.12). A linear mixed-effects model showed no effect of 3D VR and 3D DSA (95% CI = −0.26–0.28, p = 0.96) or 3D VR and 2D DSA (95% CI = −0.02–0.53, p = 0.066) on absolute measurements of the aneurysm in the anteroposterior, mediolateral, and craniocaudal dimensions. Conclusions: 3D VR technology allows for reproducible, accurate, and reliable measurements comparable to measurements performed on a 2D screen. It may also potentially improve precision for measurements of non-planar aneurysm dimensions.