bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of acute and chronic low-volume high-intensity interval exercise on cardiovascular health in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Currie Katharine D.
Published: November 2012

The merits of low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (HIT) have been established in healthy populations; however, no studies have examined this exercise prescription in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The present thesis examined the acute and chronic effects of HIT in patients with CAD. The first study demonstrated transient improvements in brachial artery endothelial-dependent function, which was assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) 60 min following a single bout of either HIT or moderate-intensity endurance exercise (END) in habitually active patients. The second study demonstrated no effects of training status on the acute endothelial responses to exercise; following 12-weeks of either HIT or END training. However, there was a significant reduction in endothelial-independent function immediately postexercise, at both pre- and post-training, which requires further examination. The third study demonstrated comparable increases in fitness and resting FMD following 12-weeks of END and HIT, lending support to the notion that favourable adaptations are obtainable with a smaller volume of exercise. Finally, the fourth study demonstrated no change in heart rate recovery following 12-weeks of END and HIT. However, pre-training heart rate recovery values reported by our sample were in a low risk range, which suggests training induced improvements may only be achievable in populations with attenuated pre-training values. The results of this thesis provide preliminary evidence that supports the use of HIT in patients with CAD. The findings of favourable transient and chronic improvements following HIT are notable, especially given that the HIT protocol involves less time and work than END, which was modelled after the current exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation. Further investigations are necessary, including the assessment of additional physiological indices; the feasibility and adherence to HIT; the inclusion of CAD populations with comorbidities, including heart failure and diabetes; as well as other forms of HIT training, including HIT combined with resistance training.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF Pr1-xSrxFeO3-δ(0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6)
Authors: PRASHANTH KUMAR V. , REDDY Y. S. , KISTAIAH P. , VISHNUVARDHAN REDDY C.
Published: November 2012

The crystal structure at room temperature (RT), thermal expansion from RT to 1000°C and electrical conductivity, from RT to 600°C, of the perovskite-type oxides in the system Pr 1-x Sr x FeO 3(x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) were studied. All the compounds have the orthorhombic perovskite GdFeO 3-type structure with space group Pbnm. The lattice parameters were determined by X-ray powder diffraction. The Pseudo cubic lattice parameter decreases with an increase in x, while the coefficient of linear thermal expansion increases. The thermal expansion is almost linear for x = 0 and 0.2. The electrical conductivity increases with increasing x while the activation energy decreases. The electrical conductivity can be described by the small polaron hopping conductivity model.
Uniqueness and reference immutability for safe parallelism
Authors: Gordon Colin S. , Parkinson Matthew J. , Parsons Jared , Bromfield Aleks , Duffy Joe
Published: November 2012

A key challenge for concurrent programming is that side-effects (memory operations) in one thread can affect the behavior of another thread. In this paper, we present a type system to restrict the updates to memory to prevent these unintended side-effects. We provide a novel combination of immutable and unique (isolated) types that ensures safe parallelism (race freedom and deterministic execution). The type system includes support for polymorphism over type qualifiers, and can easily create cycles of immutable objects. Key to the system's flexibility is the ability to recover immutable or externally unique references after violating uniqueness without any explicit alias tracking. Our type system models a prototype extension to C# that is in active use by a Microsoft team. We describe their experiences building large systems with this extension. We prove the soundness of the type system by an embedding into a program logic.
Checking reachability using matching logic
Authors: Rosu Grigore , Stefanescu Andrei
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a verification framework that is parametric in a (trusted) operational semantics of some programming language. The underlying proof system is language-independent and consists of eight proof rules. The proof system is proved partially correct and relatively complete (with respect to the programming language configuration model). To show its practicality, the generic framework is instantiated with a fragment of C and evaluated with encouraging results.
Energy types
Authors: Cohen Michael , Zhu Haitao Steve , Senem Emgin Ezgi , Liu Yu David
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a novel type system to promote and facilitate energy-aware programming. Energy Types is built upon a key insight into today's energy-efficient systems and applications: despite the popular perception that energy and power can only be described in joules and watts, real-world energy management is often based on discrete phases and modes, which in turn can be reasoned about by type systems very effectively. A phase characterizes a distinct pattern of program workload, and a mode represents an energy state the program is expected to execute in. This paper describes a programming model where phases and modes can be intuitively specified by programmers or inferred by the compiler as type information. It demonstrates how a type-based approach to reasoning about phases and modes can help promote energy efficiency. The soundness of our type system and the invariants related to inter-phase and inter-mode interactions are rigorously proved. Energy Types is implemented as the core of a prototyped object-oriented language ET for smartphone programming. Preliminary studies show ET can lead to significant energy savings for Android Apps.
Finding reusable data structures
Authors: Xu Guoqing
Published: November 2012

A big source of run-time performance problems in large-scale, object-oriented applications is the frequent creation of data structures (by the same allocation site) whose lifetimes are disjoint, and whose shapes and data content are always the same. Constructing these data structures and computing the same data values many times is expensive; significant performance improvements can be achieved by reusing their instances, shapes, and/or data values rather than reconstructing them. This paper presents a run-time technique that can be used to help programmers find allocation sites that create such data structures to improve performance. At the heart of the technique are three reusability definitions and novel summarization approaches that compute summaries for data structures based on these definitions. The computed summaries are used subsequently to find data structures that have disjoint lifetimes, and/or that have the same shapes and content. We have implemented this technique in the Jikes RVM and performed extensive studies on large-scale, real-world programs. We describe our experience using six case studies, in which we have achieved large performance gains by fixing problems reported by our tool.
Accuracy of Endoscopic Ultrasonography for Determining the Treatment Method for Early Gastric Cancer
Authors: Mandai Koichiro , Yasuda Kenjiro
Published: November 2012

Background. Endoscopic resection (ER) for early gastric cancer (EGC) is a minimally invasive and curative treatment. The value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in determining the therapeutic strategy for EGC was assessed in this study.Materials and Methods. Pretreatment EUS was performed on 406 EGCs. The lesions were divided into the histological categories m/sm1 and sm2. The EUS-determined depths of invasion were classified as EUS-M/SM1, EUS-SM2, and EUS-MP or deeper. An analysis of the factors influencing the EUS-based depth determination was then conducted.Results. Most (92.8%) of the EUS-M/SM1 group belonged to the m/sm1 histological category. Ulcerated lesions, tumor size of larger than 2 cm, and the use of an ultrasound endoscope were independently associated with misdiagnosis of the depth of EGC by EUS. The ulcerated lesions had a significantly higher probability of overestimation.Conclusions. EUS is a useful method for determining the therapeutic strategy for EGC. Special attention should be paid not to overestimate the depth of cancer invasion when determining the ulcerated lesions and the type of curative procedure to be used.
Acute Spontaneously Resolving Pulmonary Vasculitis: A Case Report
Authors: Geake James B. , Maguire Graeme
Published: November 2012

This is the first description that we are aware of describing the spontaneous resolution of an acute pulmonary vasculitis, possibly secondary to microscopic polyangiitis. Haemoptysis is a common symptom for patients presenting to primary and tertiary referral centres, and pulmonary vasculitis is one of a variety of aetiologies that should always be considered. The pulmonary vasculitides are difficult diagnostic and management problems. They are encumbered by a relative paucity of level 1 evidence addressing their diagnosis, classification, and treatment. This is therefore an important paper to publish because it adds to the global breadth of experience with this important clinical condition.
Imbalance between Th17 and Treg Cells May Play an Important Role in the Development of Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression in Mice
Authors: Hong Min , Zheng Jie , Ding Zhao-yun , Chen Jun-hao , Yu LiangYan , Niu Yan , Hua Yong-qing , Wang Ling-ling
Published: November 2012

Background: Recent data suggest that major depression is potentially associated with dysregulated cytokine production. However, the roles of T helper (Th) cells and their subsets in the development of depression still remain to be determined. The present study assessed changes in Th cell subsets and cytokines during the development of depression in a mouse model. Methods: Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was used to simulate depression behavior in mice. The open field test, sucrose preference, and ingestion were used as evaluative indicators of depressive behavior. During the CUMS protocol, on days 3, 7, 14, and 21, we assessed behavioral changes, cytokine levels in serum or stimulated (CD3/CD28) cell culture medium, and mRNA expression (ELISA, RT-PCR), regulatory T (Treg) and Th17 subsets in spleen (ex vivo, flow cytometry, RT-PCR), and CD3/rIL-23-stimulated Th17 cell proliferation (MTT assay). Results: The results showed that in the depression model mice, IL-4 mRNA expression and serum levels increased on day 7, while no detectable change was observed in IFN-γ. Notably, a reduced proportion of Th17 cells with decreased proliferation capacity was observed at later stages, in parallel with a decline in serum IL-23 levels. In contrast, an increased Treg cell proportion and increased Foxp3 mRNA expression were observed in the mid-stages. Correlation analysis showed that the proportion of Tregs was correlated negatively with sucrose preference, while the proliferation of Th17 cells was notably correlated positively with sucrose preference. Also, an increased TGF-β level was detected in serum and was believed to be a key factor responsible for the imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells. Furthermore, the sucrose preference in TGF-β type I receptor blockade mice increased considerably, compared with CUMS mice. Conclusion: These results indicate that in CUMS-induced depression, behavioral changes may closely correlate with the imbalance between Th17 and Treg cell subsets, and TGF-β may be a key regulatory cytokine.
Two new species of the genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) from the Himalaya
Authors: Bharti Himender
Published: November 2012

Two new species of the genus Myrmica are described from the Himalaya. Myrmica adrijae sp. n. is reported from North-western region in India, while Myrmica pseudorugosa sp. n. is reported from North-eastern Pakistan. Myrmica adrijae sp. n. and Myrmica pseudorugosa sp. n. belong to the smythiesii and rugosa species groups respectively. Both species are considerably distinct from already described species in these groups.
Do National Activation Measures Stand the Test of European Law on the Free Movement of Workers and Jobseekers?
Authors: Verschueren Herwig
Published: November 2012

This article examines the compatibility of national measures taken to stimulate non-active people to enter the labour market (the so-called activation measures) with European law on the free movement of workers and jobseekers. It will first give a short overview of the objectives of the European employment strategy, more specifically with regard to the activation of workers. Subsequently it will sketch the European legal context of the free movement of workers and jobseekers, with special attention for the measures taken at the European level to enable and stimulate labour migration within the EU and thus create a European labour market. In the third part, by way of example, we will have a closer look at a number of activation measures taken in Belgium and examine which problems could arise in cross-border applications from the point of view of European law.
The Devil, the Violin, and Paganini: The Myth of the Violin as Satan’s Instrument
Authors: Berger Robert W.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Stringed instruments are included in Psalm 150 among those appropriate for music-making in praise of the Lord. For that reason, angels frequently appear in medieval and Renaissance art playing bowed and plucked instruments. The later association of the violin and the Devil is therefore a departure from the religious tradition. This paper traces the appearance of this notion in eastern European folklore, Shakespeare and his contemporaries, reactions to instrumental virtuosity in the Baroque period, Tartini’s dream, and the career of Paganini, in whom the myth reached its apogee.
Bolivia: The Construction of an Alternative Science and Technology Policy
Authors: Daza Germán Sánchez , Piñero Fernando Julio
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyze recent changes in Bolivia’s science and technology policy and contextualize them in the surrounding region. It is recognized that since the 1980s, Latin America initiated a series of changes in its science and technology policies driven by the needs of the economic accumulation regime prevalent and based on new theories of innovation. Policies placed their emphasis on the application of scientific technology in order to boost national competitiveness. During the 1990s, a closer link was established between the neoliberal regime of accumulation, science and technology policies, and the concept of innovation. The outcry from various social movements subsequently demanded a refocus of these policies towards a more regional and social orientation. The emergence of governments more critical of neoliberalism resulted in the need to rethink science and technology policies as shown by the experience of Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador. The transitional case of Bolivia is examined here so as to contribute to the larger discussion concerning Latin America’s science and technology policies.
Remaining with the Crossing: Social-Political Historical Critique at the Limit in Latin American Thought
Authors: Vallega Alejandro A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

If the question of the humanity of “the other” may become a question, and not be reinscribed into Western colonizing patterns of thought, then its issuing must concern a limit (always arising beyond Western thought), a delimitation of existence that is risked and put at risk without recourse to the project or operation of that colonizing thought that situates it. Ideas of subjectivity, agency, and power-knowledge potential for progress, as well as rationalist instrumental thought used to recognize those peoples and cultures excluded and oppressed under the Western Modern tradition, must be put into question by the very agents claiming recognition, as well as the epistemic structures that sustain these concepts and the dispositions and subconscious expectations constituted by the colonizing practices of bodies and imaginaries that project the very horizons of one’s existence.
Fascism as a Mass-Movement (1934)
Authors: Rosenberg Arthur
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Arthur Rosenberg’s remarkable essay, first published in 1934, was probably the most incisive historical analysis of the origins of fascism to emerge from the revolutionary Left in the interwar years. In contrast to the official Comintern line that fascism embodied the power of finance-capital, Rosenberg saw fascism as a descendant of the reactionary mass-movements of the late-nineteenth century. Those movements encompassed a new breed of nationalism that was ultra-patriotic, racist and violently opposed to the Left, and prefigured fascism in all these ways. What was distinctive about the fascists in Italy and Germany was not so much their ideology (a pastiche of motifs that drew on those earlier traditions of the conservative and radical Right) as the use of stormtroopers to wage the struggle against democracy in more decisive and lethal ways. After the broad historical sweep of its first part, the essay looks at the factors that were peculiar to the Italian and German situations respectively, highlighting both the rôle of the existing authorities in encouraging the fascists and the wider class-appeal of the fascist parties themselves, beyond any supposed restriction to the middle-class or ‘petty bourgeoisie’.
Dialectics of the Ideal (2009)
Authors: Ilyenkov Evald
Published: November 2012

Abstract

E.V. Ilyenkov is widely considered to be the most important Soviet philosopher in the post-Stalin period. He is known largely for his original conception of the ideal, which he deployed against both idealist and crude materialist forms of reductionism, including official Soviet Diamat. This conception was articulated in its most developed form in ‘Dialectics of the Ideal’ (2009), which was written in the mid-1970s but prevented from publication in its complete form until thirty years after the author’s death. The translation before you provides for the first time the complete, unabridged and unedited text of ‘Dialectics of the Ideal’ in English translation, including the author’s own subsequent comments on the text.
The Struggle for African Identity: Thabo Mbeki's African Renaissance
Authors: AHLUWALIA PAL
Published: November 2012

This paper examines South African President Thabo Mbeki's notion of the African Renaissance. Representations of Africa have been challenged in the past by movements such as negritude and pan-Africanism. Thabo Mbeki's proclamation of the African Renaissance can be seen as another attempt to fight and challenge prevailing representations of Africa. An African Renaissance that does not degenerate into essentialism (particularlism) has the potential to transform the lives of the many Africans who have been ravaged by the continuing legacy of colonialism. The author argues that if the call for an African Renaissance is to have any lasting impact on the African condition, it must be careful to avoid taking the essentialist positions advocated by earlier ideological movements such as negritude. The essay contends that the call for an African Renaissance is an important effort which needs to be adopted by Africans beyond the borders of South Africa.
Cameroon's Stalled Transition to Democratic Governance: Lessons for Africa's New Democrats
Authors: MBAKU JOHN MUKUM
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Cameroon's stalled transition to democracy is examined. It is argued that most of Cameroon's present political and economic problems can be traced to non-democratic constitutionalism at independence. Elite-driven, top-down, non-participatory constitutionalism left the country with institutional arrangements that discouraged entrepreneurship but enhanced political opportunism (e.g., rent seeking and corruption). In addition, it is shown that the inability of the country's main opposition party, the Social Democratic Front (SDF), to successfully lead the country's transformation has been due to many factors. Some of them include poor and fractured leadership, political miscalculations, rivalry within the party and between the party and other opposition parties, Biya's political acumen, and strong French support for the incumbent government. The most important first step toward successful institutionalization of democracy is state reconstruction through people-driven, participatory and inclusive constitution making. Unless such a process is undertaken, Cameroon will not be able to provide itself with the enabling environment to deepen, consolidate and institutionalize democracy, as well as deal effectively with pressing issues such as the desire by the Anglophone minority for greater levels of political and economic autonomy.
An Exploration of Novatian’s Hermeneutic on Divine Impassibility and God’s Emotions in Light of Modern Concerns
Authors: Song John B.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This essay draws attention to Novatian’s view of divine impassibility and God’s emotions. Many modern theologians have abnegated this attribute because of the alleged paradox with scriptural depictions of God’s affections. After a brief genetic study of the term impassibility, followed by a compendious survey of select modern theologians, I offer Novatian as a way forward beyond this theological impasse. The church can profit from the early polemics against Marcion who posited that the one God was unable to bear all the emotional ascriptions scripture predicates to God. To Novatian, God was impassible yet possessed a manifold of emotions.
Hellenism in Central Asia and the North-West of the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent: The Epigraphic Evidence
Authors: Rougemont Georges
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The Greek inscriptions from Central Asia give information mainly on the three centuries before our era, particularly on the 3rd and 2nd century BC. In the Greek inscriptions from Central Asia, we notice the absence of any sign of a civic life; the inscriptions, however, clearly show firstly on which cultural frontier the Greeks of Central Asia lived and secondly how proudly they asserted their cultural identity. The presence in Central Asia of a living Greek culture is unquestionable, and the most striking fact is that the authors of the inscriptions were proud of the Greek culture. Their Greek names however do not necessarily reveal the ethnic origin, and we do not know whether among them there were “assimilated” Bactrians or Indians. The Greeks, at any rate, constituted a limited community of people living very far from their country of origin, at the borders of two foreign worlds (Iranian and Indian) which were far bigger and older than theirs.
Biblical Predictions of the Prophet Muĥammad among the Zaydīs of Iran*
Authors: Schmidtke Sabine
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Biblical predictions of the advent of the Prophet Muĥammad are rarely adduced in the theological writings of Muʿtazilite authors and those who referred to them clearly considered this to be a secondary strategy at best. Zaydī Muʿtazilites were less hesitant than their Sunnī counterparts to employ scriptural materials. This was possibly due to the influence of the Imām al-Qāsim b. Ibrāhīm al-Rassī (d. 246/860) who was intimately familiar with Christian theological notions and with the Bible, from which he quoted freely in some of his writings. Among the Zaydīs of Iran, scriptural passages allegedly foretelling the advent of Muĥammad have been adduced by the Imām al-Muʾayyad bi-Llāh (d. 411/1020), by his companion, the later Imām al-Muwaffaq bi-Llāh (d. after 420/1029), and by Aĥmad b. Muĥammad al-Sammān (fl. early 5th/11th century). An analysis of the texts suggests that the three authors were drawing on source(s)/translation traditions preceding or parallel to that of ʿAlī b. Rabban al-Ṭabarī’s (d. 251/865) al-Dīn wa-l-dawla and Ibn Qutayba’s (d. 276/889) Aʿlām al-nubuwwa.
Al-Manṣūr bi-Llāh’s controversy with Twelver Šīʿites concerning the occultation of the Imam in his Kitāb al-ʿIqd al-ṯamīn*
Authors: Jarrar Maher
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This article tackles one of the main points of dissension between the Zaydiyya and the Imāmiyya, notably, the repudiation of the former to the chiliastic concept of the occultation of the Imam (ġayba). It will address the exchange of polemics between both groups, which goes back to the 3rd/9th century. Its main focus, however, is the refutation conjured by the Yemeni Imam al-Manṣūr bi-Llāh ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥamza (d. 614/1217).
Grundfragen des deutschen Religionsverfassungsrechts in Theorie und Praxis Ein kritischer Überblick
Authors: Czermak Gerhard
Published: November 2012

The article outlines the development and most important features of the religious constitutional law of the Federal Republic of Germany, as constituted in the Grundgesetz (the German Costitution) and the decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court. Under the basic principle of neutrality, it constitutes a system of separation with single aspects of cooperation of the state and religious communities. It is also a system of wide freedom and of kindness to religion. Non-religious worldviews are explicitly equated for individuals as well as for religious and non-religious associations. This system is in theory exemplary, but holed by contradictory laws, church-state-treaties and one-sided financial subventions in a huge dimension. The indirect influence of the large Christian churches is remarkable. Christian institutions dominate the social services – with unpleasing consequences for over 1 million employees, who are subject to a special employment law. Meanwhile, low-level discrimination of small religious communities continues.
Der Wissenschaftler als Führer aus der deutschen Krise Zu Erich von Kahlers Polemik gegen Max Weber
Authors: Greiert Andreas
Published: November 2012

Once Weber's entire conception of science is taken as a basis for an inspection of Kahler's argumentation against Weber, then against Kahler's opinion Weber's positions do not at all appear obsolete or outmoded, but innovative and topical. Depending more upon fundamental axioms of the George-Circle than it has been outlined in scholarship so far, Kahler's own claim for novelty at the same time has to be clearly repudiated.
“Epistemology, Ethos, and Environment”: In Search of a Theology of Pentecostal Theological Education
Authors: Kärkkäinen Veli-Matti
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The purpose of this essay is to take a theological look at Pentecostal theological education at the global level. While dialoguing widely with various current and historical discussions of the theology of theological education, particularly with David Kelsey of Yale University, the essay urges Pentecostals to negotiate an epistemology that corrects and goes beyond both modernity and postmodernity. The essay also urges Pentecostals to negotiate several seeming opposites such as “academic” versus “spiritual” or “doctrinal” versus “critical.” The final part of the essay offers Pentecostals some advice and inspiration from the reservoirs of the long history and experience of non-Pentecostal theological institutions.
An investigation on the sperm number and reproductive parameters of males in wild caught freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus, Eschscholtz)
Authors: Harlioğlu Muzaffer Mustafa , Kutluyer Filiz , Gür Seyfettin
Published: November 2012

In the present study, the sperm number of wild caught Astacus leptodactylus was counted in the beginning of reproduction season. In addition, the reproductive system, testes, and vasa deferentia were weighed, and gonado-somatic index and testicular index were calculated. Twenty-five adult males of A. leptodactylus were used for the study. Significant linear regressions were found between body length (and weight) and sperm count, reproductive system weight, testes weight and vasa deferentia weight (). The mean sperm number of vas deferens for the size range of 41-56 mm carapace length crayfish was 5.72 ± 4.54 × 109 sperm/distal vas deferens (DVD) section. Sperm number ranged from 4 × 108 to 8.5 × 109 sperm/DVD section. The results revealed that an increase in body weight causes an increase in sperm number. For example, mean sperm number was 3.87 ± 2.87 × 109 for the weight range of 15-24 g crayfish, 5.01 ± 2.62 × 109 for the weight range of 25-35 g crayfish and 7.37 ± 2.87 × 109 for the weight range of 36-42 g crayfish. In conclusion, this study provides some data on the male reproduction characters and needs to be improved with details about the reproductive performance of males (i.e., sperm number and quality) in order to reach a maximum reproductive efficiency in captivity.
Structure and function of the foregut and salivary glands of the synanthropic diplopod Urostreptus atrobrunneus (Spirostreptidae)
Authors: Moreira de Sousa Cristina , Fontanetti Carmem Silvia
Published: November 2012

Diplopods are considered to be important macro-arthropods of the soil because they are involved in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Normally, they do not maintain a large population, but population explosions may occur due to environmental imbalances, climate changes and the use of pesticides that can eliminate possible competitors. The millipedeUrostreptus atrobrunneusPierozzi and Fontanetti, 2006 has infested sites in urban centers of São Paulo State, causing various problems for the human population; the lack of knowledge of this millipede’s biology has hindered efforts to efficiently control the infestation. Because of this lack of knowledge, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of this pest, describing the morphology of the foregut and salivary glands of the millipedeU. atrobrunneus, and relating them to their respective functions by histological and histochemical analyses.
‘Silent Citizenship Educators’ in Dutch Catholic Schools: Exploring Teachers’ Moral Beliefs About Citizenship in Relation to Their Conduct of Citizenship Education
Authors: Willems Frank , Denessen Eddie , Hermans Chris , Vermeer Paul
Published: November 2012

Abstract

In this article we adopt a virtue ethical approach to study teachers’ moral beliefs about citizenship and their relation to two kinds of teacher behaviour in citizenship education: (1) teachers’ modelling behaviour, and (2) the way they arrange moral classroom discussions. We believe that a virtue ethical approach would appeal especially to religious schools, which is why we conducted our study in Catholic primary schools. Two hunderd and three teachers at 20 Catholic schools were involved. Teachers’ beliefs and behaviours were defined and operationalised from a community-centred perspective, because we expected that perspective to fit the context of a Catholic school. We found that these teachers indeed hold community-centred views on citizenship, the more so if they frequently attend church. Another important finding is that teachers do not necessarily show and share their beliefs about citizenship with their students. From a virtue ethical point of view, however, they should not be afraid to do so. As moral educators, especially in a religious school, teachers are allowed, even obliged, to name, explain and defend their beliefs and values.
Individuals in Advisory Proceedings Before the International Court of Justice: Equality of the Parties and the Court’s Discretionary Authority
Authors: De Brabandere Eric
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The recent IFAD Advisory Opinion of the ICJ has resuscitated the long-standing question of the access of individuals to the Court in advisory proceedings when the Court is acting as a ‘review’ body for judgements rendered by administrative tribunals of international organizations. Under such circumstance, the ICJ is confronted with the existence of an actual underlying dispute between two parties, although only one of the parties to the original dispute may appear before the Court, thus creating an obvious inequality before the Court. This article examines the review procedure before the ICJ, and the position of the individuals before the ICJ in such proceedings. In particular, this article discusses the different inequalities resulting from such procedures, and how the ICJ has remedied these in order not to use its discretion to not reply to the request for an advisory opinion.
The Exclusionary Boundary of the Early Modern International Community
Authors: Conklin William E.
Published: November 2012

In an effort to gain a deeper understanding of an important referent of contemporary international law, the international community as a whole, this article retrieves four senses of such a community as elaborated by early modern European jurists: the Christendom highlighted by Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham, the community constituted from customary norms as featured by Vitoria, Jean Bodin, Suárez, and Grotius, Kant’s “league of nations”, and Hegel’s “world history”. The shared theme of each sense of an international community is that, despite the universality attributed to the community, some societies are excluded from recognition and membership. This exclusionary character of the international community raises the question whether a sense of an international community is emerging which overcomes the problems leading to such an exclusionary character.
LA TRADIZIONE DEL MEZZO E LA NUOVA TEORIA DELLA LUCE DI LEONHARD EULER
Authors: GIUDICE FRANCO
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title The object of this study is Leonhard Euler's physical optics as it is formulated in Nova theoria lucis et colorum (1746). The focus is on this particular work by Euler for two reasons: 1) Nova theoria represents undoubtedly the most comprehensive and systematic medium theory of the 18th century; 2) it contains the basic principles of Euler's conception of the nature of light, which he later mantained. The works of the most important advocates of this tradition (Huygens, Malebranche and Johann II Bernoulli) are here analysed, to give a historical frame to Euler's role in the medium tradition. Though these authors try elaborate a theory of light alternative to the emission theory, they never realize the contrast between the medium and the emission traditions. From this perspective, Nova theoria is a real transition point: Euler is fully aware of the antithesis between the two traditions; he compares them, he refutes the arguments in favour of emission theory and formulates an alternative one, that will substantially be the first and the most significant antagonist of emission model. The essay examines also the central questions of Euler's theory of light, i. e. how pulses are generated and propagated, the nature of the rays of light and the relations among pulse distance, frequency, and velocity.
INDAGINE SUI GRANDI GLOBI A STAMPA DI VINCENZO CORONELLI
Authors: SCIANNA NICOLANGELO
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title In the second part of this study of the 3 foot globes we analysed the celestial globes. We directly examined 31 globes, the answers to 9 questionnaires and the two editions of the Libro dei Globi. We found out that four cartouches, used as the means of comparison, present some variations according to the editions which proved to be five for the convex globe and two for the concave one. The research allowed us to discover a previously unknown type of celestial globe. We attributed it to the first Venetian edition. There are only two examples of this type: one at the Centro Studi Ricerche Ligabue in Venezia and the other at the Harry Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin.
THE ARCHIVES OF DEREK PRICE IN THE MDIATHQUE SPCIALIS EN HISTOIRE DES SCIENCES, CIT DES SCIENCES ET DE L'INDUSTRIE AT LA VILLETTE IN PARIS
Authors: TURNER A. J.
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title A brief contents guide to the boxes containing the papers of Derek Price in Paris.
QUANTIFYING SUNSHINE: KNUT ANGSTROM AND THE STANDARDISATION OF PYRHELIOMETRY1
Authors: WIDMALM SVEN
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title The paper describes and analyses the work of Knut Angstrom, physics professor at Uppsala University from 1896 to 1910. Angstrom's research focussed mainly on radiation measurement. His magnum opus was the so-called electric compensating pyrheliometer, a device for measuring the heat content of radiation, for instance to study the energy distribution in spectra. The instrument was launched as a finished product around 1900, rapidly enjoying a widespread use, and thus elevating the Uppsala department to the status of standards institution, i.e. an institution setting and upholding technical norms in a well defined scientific area. This status was acknowledged in 1905, when the International Union for Co-Operation in Solar Research assigned the Uppsala department the task of controlling standardisation in this area of solar research. The paper analyses Angstrom's technoscientific style in its institutional setting, showing in particular how it facilitated the creation of a scientific community of solar researchers, with Uppsala as its administrative centre.
SELEZIONE, STORIA DI UNA PAROLA E DI UN CONCETTO
Authors: OMODEO PIETRO
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title From the world of breeders, Darwin drew the term selection, a neologism introduced by Youatt to indicate the choice of the stallion (according to the market demands). He promptly adopted it already in the Sketch and considered its potential significance when applied to the idea that species vary through the generations. Consequently, he suggested that in nature something similar may happen in relation to the struggle for life that originates from environmental variations (and somehow parallels the variations of market demands). Darwin attempted different ways to document how this process takes place in nature, always distinguishing as two phases the struggle of life and the consequent differential mortality and fecundity that characterize the breeders of the successive generation. This conclusion, which is at the very basis of Darwin's evolutionary theory, was presented in alternative solutions to make it acceptable to the most skeptical readers. Alfred Wallace apparently solved the problem of the origin of species more directly, starting from Malthus and his conception that death chooses the weakest. He does not use the word "selection" until reading Darwin's works. However, his conception is that different rates of reproduction and death are the cause of evolutionary changes.
NOVA MEDIA
Authors: CONTARDI S. , CASATI S.
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title The digital edition of the renowned and rare RACCOLTA and Nuova raccolta d'opuscoli scientifici e filologici, is an important step in the Digital Library project, recently initiated by the Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence. The periodical edited by Angelo Calogera can now be consulted at the Institute's web site.
NICOLAUS STENO'S NEW MYOLOGY (1667): RATHER THAN MUSCLE, THE MOTOR FIBRE SHOULD BE CALLED ANIMAL'S ORGAN OF MOVEMENT*
Authors: KARDEL TROELS
Published: November 2012

title ABSTRACT /title Muscular movement is the result of fibre shortening. How did this basic insight arise? Based on several of his observations, Nicolaus Steno in 1664 and 1667 proposed that muscles shorten when fibres shorten, and that skeletal musdes consist of uniform motor fibres layered as pennate structures. The basis for a new myology was provided in a geometrical model of the movement of the muscles. But fibre shortening was incompatible with the dominant ancient theory of contraction by inflation that was favoured by Descartes and by Steno's contemporaries William Croone, Thomas Willis, John Mayow, and Giovanni Borelli due to their adherence to the Aristotelian axiom: "Anything which moves is moved by something else". The inflation theory blindfolded researchers well into the eighteenth century for skeletal and heart muscles. When the shortening of motor fibres was eventually visualised by microscopy, this inflation theory was no longer tenable. Steno's structural daim on skeletal muscles was also rejected by Borelli and by later commentators. Pennate musdes were only rarely displayed until 1981 when macro-anatomical studies showed the morphology of most skeletal musdes to be similar to that described by Steno. Steno's proposals on muscles have since become a commonplace in computer models applied in the study of human and animal motion.
ENGLISCHE UHREN FÜR GROSSHERZOG COSIMO III. UND DIE ANKUNFT VON IGNAZIO HUGFORD AM HOFE IN FLORENZ'
Authors: BOHR MICHAEL
Published: November 2012

 RIASSUNTO
Durante il suo soggiorno in Inghilterra, nell'anno 1669, il Granprincipe Cosimo, in seguito Granduca Cosimo III di Toscana, sviluppava un crescente interesse per le arti e le scienze britanniche. A Londra conobbe il mercante d'arte Francesco Terriesi che alcuni anni dopo nominò «Residente fiorentino» presso la corte inglese. Al suo ritorno a Firenze, Cosimo mantenne una fitta corrispondenza con il Terriesi, il quale acquistò per il Granduca strumenti scientifici quali bussole, telescopii ed astrolabii oltre a oggetti d'arte inglesi come quadri, tappeti, mobili ed orologi.In questi anni in Inghilterra furono fatti grandi progressi nello sviluppo e nel perfezionamento di strumenti per misurare il tempo. Le ordinazioni di orologi e pendole da parte di Cosimo confermano questi progressi: le ultime innovazioni sono puntualmente descritte infatti nella corrispondenza intercorsa tra il Francesco Terriesi al Granduca. Queste lettere costituiscono una valida documentazione per datare molte nuove invenzioni e per conoscere i nomi degli artefici.Nella seconda parte dell'articolo, l'autore pubblica quelle lettere di Cosimo e del Terriesi, che riguardano l'assunzione dell'orologiaio inglese Ignazio Hugford nelle botteghe granducali fiorentine. Tali lettere permettono di chiarire alcuni punti oscuri della biografia dell'Hugford, oltre fornire nuove informazioni sulla regolamentazione delle attività artistiche nella «Galleria dei Lavori» di Firenze.
NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS, MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND TIMBER IN LATER 17TH CENTURY ENGLAND
Authors: TURNER ANTHONY J.
Published: November 2012

 RIASSUNTO
Matematici e filosofi naturali diedero contributi importanti, alla fine del XVII secolo, allo studio e al perfezionamento delle tecniche di sfruttamento delle foreste. L'articolo esamina alcune delle tecniche usate in quel periodo e alcune innovazioni, in relazione alla concezione baconiana di studio della natura messa in atto da filosofi naturali come John Evelyn, Robert Plot e Nehemiah Grew. Di quest'ultimo, in appendice viene presentata una lettera inedita su questo argomento.
CHERCHEUR, OBSERVATEUR ET MONDE SAVANT AU XVIIIe SICLE: LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE DANS L'IMAGINAIRE DE CHARLES BONNET (1720-1793) *
Authors: BUSCAGLIA MARINO L. , RATCLIFF MARC J.
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title This article analyses the history of the term chercheur from the seventeenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century, focusing, in particular, on the work of the naturalist and philosopher Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) and on research traditions related to the life sciences. Although the term was initially used in a pejorative sense, to describe an English Puritanical sect, it came to assume its modern meaning through a series of transformations.
GALILEO FERRARIS (1847-1897) TRA SCIENZA E TECNOLOGIA
Authors: ROSSI ARCANGELO
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title Galileo Ferraris (1847-1897), the most eminent Italian electrician in the last quarter of the XIX Century, is wrongly considered a pure technician who invented a new kind of electric induction motor. Instead, in introducing the new device, he also contributed, as a valuable mathematical physicist, to the deepening of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory itself, and, if ever, he did not draw all consequences of his invention from a practical point of view. Here are well exemplified the main characteristics of the beginning of Italian politechnical culture at the end of the XIX Century, which was also characterized by G. Ferrari's deep engagement in innovative teaching of electrical science and technology.
Senior Diplomats in the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs: When an Entrance Exam Still Determines the Career
Authors: Heilbronn Jean , Lequesne Christian
Published: November 2012

Summary

This article highlights the specificity of the recruitment of senior diplomats (Advisers) in France since 1970. The idiosyncratic character of the French situation resides in the lack of a single examination. The diversity of ways by which a senior diplomat can enter the French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (FMFEA) leads to the coexistence within the ministry of two main groups — the ENA diplomats (that is, from the National School of Administration, the Ecole Nationale d’Administration) and the so-called ‘Orient’ diplomats — each defending specific interests and roles within the French Quai d’Orsay. The kind of entrance exam that you take still determines careers in the French MFA. The pillarization of the career has nevertheless decreased since the 1990s, because the necessity to cope with common external challenges (such as budgetary cuts) has reinforced a shared identity among French senior diplomats.
The Conscious and the Unconscious in History:Lévi-Strauss, Collingwood, Bally, Barthes
Authors: Botz-Bornstein Thorsten
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Claude Lévi-Strauss holds that history and anthropology differ in their choice of complementary perspectives: history organizes its data in relation to conscious expressions of social life, while anthropology proceeds by examining its unconscious foundations. For R. G. Collingwood historical science discovers not only pure facts but considers a whole series of thoughts constituting historical life. Also Lévi-Strauss sees this: “To understand history it is necessary to know not only how things are, but how they have come to be.” However, Lévi-Strauss does not perceive the double-sense of history, which can first be a record of historical “conscious” facts and second, a chain of unconscious or half-conscious acts.

Like Lévi-Strauss, Charles Bally has derived the main theses of his theory from Saussure. However, contrary to Lévi-Strauss, Bally does not find structures at the inside of the phenomena but at their outside: “Our attention is drawn to the expressive side and not to the interior side of the facts of language.” Bally calls those structures not “history” but “style.”

In Roland Barthes’s attempt to establish a structuralist system of fashion we can find a definition of style very similar to Bally’s. In the end, however, none of these thinkers addresses the fact that unconscious relations within historical life are constantly interlocked with conscious elements.
The Power of (Hebrew) Language: Grammar, Cabbalah, Magic and the Emerging Protestant Identity
Authors: Thon Johannes
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The concept of the power of language is a modern one in linguistic studies. But ancient Biblical and cognate traditions show similar insights reflecting the speaking of men as real acts. The reception and interpretation of this idea is often connected with magical traditions and in many cases authors had to face charges of dealing in magic. The Hebrew language in particular has been associated with power as well as with magic, and the Christian Hebraists thus showed a very ambivalent attitude to their fascinating subject.