bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ensino e Humanização: A Palavra na aula de Língua Materna
Authors: Nóbrega Maria Helena Da
Published: December 2017

O texto analisa a importância do domínio da palavra na atualidade em contraposição ao desprestígio da aula de língua materna Apontam-se caminhos para que os estudos da língua materna sejam efetivamente valorizados
Digressão: Palavra desviante ou estratégia argumentativa?
Authors: Andrade Maria Lúcia Da Cunha V. de Oliveira
Published: December 2017

Neste artigo, o objetivo é, inicialmente, resgatar o sentido primeiro que a palavra digressão possuia na antigüidade, quem foi o primeiro retórico a utilizá-la qual o seu valor, como foi tratada por Aristóteles, qual o uso que dela fizeram os retóricos latinos. A seguir, buscar-se-á - através da análise de um discurso de Cícero - verificar a pertinência do uso da digressão no processo argumentativo
Traduzir: reflexões sobre a teoria e prática da tradução criativa.
Authors: Cavaliere Arlete
Published: December 2017

O presente artigo apresenta e discute algumas proposições teóricas sobre a arte da tradução literária
Modos da paixão em trovadores e modernos
Authors: Lindo Luís Antônio
Published: December 2017

A poesia provençal, no seu culto ao amor, fez da paixão aexpressão cultural dum grupo entusiasmado de amantes e aficionados.Praticando a limitação do ato libidinoso na relação amorosa, ostrovadores colocaram a paixão acima da ação e inovaram em matériade costumes. Neste aspecto podem ser considerados precursores domoderno pensamento social que, igualmente destacando o papel dapaixão na moralidade, privilegia os direitos sobre os deveres.
O Roteiro Geral de Gabriel Soares de Sousa como texto de razão política
Authors: Lindo Luiz Antônio
Published: December 2017

O Roteiro Geral de Gabriel Soares de Sousa como texto de razão política
Thromboembolic Risks of the Procedural Process in Second-Generation Cryoballoon Ablation Procedures
Authors: Miyazaki Shinsuke , Watanabe Tomonori , Kajiyama Takatsugu , Iwasawa Jin , Ichijo Sadamitsu , Nakamura Hiroaki , Taniguchi Hiroshi , Hirao Kenzo , Iesaka Yoshito
Published: December 2017

Background

Atrial fibrillation ablation is associated with substantial risks of silent cerebral events (SCEs) or silent cerebral lesions. We investigated which procedural processes during cryoballoon procedures carried a risk.

Methods and Results

Forty paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients underwent pulmonary vein isolation using second-generation cryoballoons with single 28-mm balloon 3-minute freeze techniques. Microembolic signals (MESs) were monitored by transcranial Doppler throughout all procedures. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was obtained pre- and post-procedure in 34 patients (85.0%). Of 158 pulmonary veins, 152 (96.2%) were isolated using cryoablation, and 6 required touch-up radiofrequency ablation. A mean of 5.0±1.2 cryoballoon applications was applied, and the left atrial dwell time was 76.7±22.4 minutes. The total MES counts/procedures were 522 (426–626). Left atrial access and Flexcath sheath insertion generated 25 (11–44) and 34 (24–53) MESs. Using radiofrequency ablation for transseptal access increased the MES count during transseptal punctures. During cryoapplications, MES counts were greatest during first applications (117 [81–157]), especially after balloon stretch/deflations (43 [21–81]). Pre– and post–pulmonary vein potential mapping with Lasso catheters generated 57 (21–88) and 61 (36–88) MESs. Reinsertion of once withdrawn cryoballoons and subsequent applications produced 205 (156–310) MESs. Touch-up ablation generated 32 (19–62) MESs, whereas electric cardioversion generated no MESs. SCEs and silent cerebral lesions were detected in 11 (32.3%) and 4 (11.7%) patients, respectively. The patients with SCEs were older than those without; however, there were no significant factors associated with SCEs.

Conclusions

A significant number of MESs and SCE/silent cerebral lesion occurrences were observed during second-generation cryoballoon ablation procedures. MESs were recorded during a variety of steps throughout the procedure; however, the majority occurred during phases with a high probability of gaseous emboli.
Predicting Risk in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Thorvaldsen Tonje , Claggett Brian L. , Shah Amil , Cheng Susan , Agarwal Sunil K. , Wruck Lisa M. , Chang Patricia P. , Rosamond Wayne D. , Lewis Eldrin F. , Desai Akshay S. , Lund Lars H. , Solomon Scott D.
Published: December 2017

Background

Risk-prediction models specifically for hospitalized heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are lacking.

Methods and Results

We analyzed data from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study Heart Failure Community Surveillance to create and validate a risk score predicting mortality in patients ≥55 years of age admitted with acute decompensated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (ejection fraction ≥50%). A modified version of the risk-prediction model for acute heart failure developed from patients in the EFFECT (Enhanced Feedback for Effective Cardiac Treatment) study was used as a composite predictor of 28-day and 1-year mortalities and evaluated together with other potential predictors in a stepwise logistic regression. The derivation sample consisted of 1852 hospitalizations from 2005 to 2011 (mean age, 77 years; 65% women; 74% white). Risk scores were created from the identified predictors and validated in hospitalizations from 2012 to 2013 (n=821). Mortality in the derivation and validation sample was 11% and 8% at 28 days and 34% and 31% at 1 year. The modified EFFECT score, including age, systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hemoglobin, was a powerful predictor of mortality. Another important predictor for both 28-day and 1-year mortalities was hypoxia. The risk scores were well calibrated and had good discrimination in the derivation sample (area under the curve: 0.76 for 28-day and 0.72 for 1-year mortalities) and validation sample (area under the curve: 0.73 and 0.71, respectively).

Conclusions

Mortality after acute decompensation in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is high, with one third of patients dying within a year. A prediction tool may allow for greater discrimination of the highest risk patients.

Clinical Trial Registration: URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00005131
miR-22 Is a Novel Mediator of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation and Neointima Formation
Authors: Yang Feng , Chen Qishan , He Shiping , Yang Mei , Maguire Eithne Margaret , An Weiwei , Afzal Tayyab Adeel , Luong Le Anh , Zhang Li , Xiao Qingzhong
Published: December 2017

Background:

MicroRNA-22 (miR-22) has recently been reported to play a regulatory role during vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation from stem cells, but little is known about its target genes and related pathways in mature VSMC phenotypic modulation or its clinical implication in neointima formation following vascular injury.

Methods:

We applied a wire-injury mouse model, and local delivery of AgomiR-22 or miR-22 inhibitor, as well, to explore the therapeutic potential of miR-22 in vascular diseases. Furthermore, normal and diseased human femoral arteries were harvested, and various in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models of VSMC phenotype switching were conducted to examine miR-22 expression during VSMC phenotype switching.

Results:

Expression of miR-22 was closely regulated during VSMC phenotypic modulation. miR-22 overexpression significantly increased expression of VSMC marker genes and inhibited VSMC proliferation and migration, whereas the opposite effect was observed when endogenous miR-22 was knocked down. As expected, 2 previously reported miR-22 target genes, MECP2 (methyl-CpG binding protein 2) and histone deacetylase 4, exhibited a regulatory role in VSMC phenotypic modulation. A transcriptional regulator and oncoprotein, EVI1 (ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog), has been identified as a novel miR-22 target gene in VSMC phenotypic modulation. It is noteworthy that overexpression of miR-22 in the injured vessels significantly reduced the expression of its target genes, decreased VSMC proliferation, and inhibited neointima formation in wire-injured femoral arteries, whereas the opposite effect was observed with local application of a miR-22 inhibitor to injured arteries. We next examined the clinical relevance of miR-22 expression and its target genes in human femoral arteries. We found that miR-22 expression was significantly reduced, whereas MECP2 and EVI1 expression levels were dramatically increased, in diseased in comparison with healthy femoral human arteries. This inverse relationship between miR-22 and MECP2 and EVI1 was evident in both healthy and diseased human femoral arteries.

Conclusions:

Our data demonstrate that miR-22 and EVI1 are novel regulators of VSMC function, specifically during neointima hyperplasia, offering a novel therapeutic opportunity for treating vascular diseases.
Defining Quality in Cardiovascular Imaging: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Shaw Leslee J. , Blankstein Ron , Jacobs Jill E. , Leipsic Jonathon A. , Kwong Raymond Y. , Taqueti Viviany R. , Beanlands Rob S.B. , Mieres Jennifer H. , Flamm Scott D. , Gerber Thomas C. , Spertus John , Di Carli Marcelo F.
Published: December 2017

The aims of the current statement are to refine the definition of quality in cardiovascular imaging and to propose novel methodological approaches to inform the demonstration of quality in imaging in future clinical trials and registries. We propose defining quality in cardiovascular imaging using an analytical framework put forth by the Institute of Medicine whereby quality was defined as testing being safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, equitable, and efficient. The implications of each of these components of quality health care are as essential for cardiovascular imaging as they are for other areas within health care. Our proposed statement may serve as the foundation for integrating these quality indicators into establishing designations of quality laboratory practices and developing standards for value-based payment reform for imaging services. We also include recommendations for future clinical research to fulfill quality aims within cardiovascular imaging, including clinical hypotheses of improving patient outcomes, the importance of health status as an end point, and deferred testing options. Future research should evolve to define novel methods optimized for the role of cardiovascular imaging for detecting disease and guiding treatment and to demonstrate the role of cardiovascular imaging in facilitating healthcare quality.
Sodium Valproate, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Is Associated With Reduced Stroke Risk After Previous Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Brookes Rebecca L. , Crichton Siobhan , Wolfe Charles D.A. , Yi Qilong , Li Linxin , Hankey Graeme J. , Rothwell Peter M. , Markus Hugh S.
Published: December 2017

Background and Purpose—

A variant in the histone deacetylase 9 (
HDAC9
) gene is associated with large artery stroke. Therefore, inhibiting HDAC9 might offer a novel secondary preventative treatment for ischemic stroke. The antiepileptic drug sodium valproate (SVA) is a nonspecific inhibitor of HDAC9. We tested whether SVA therapy given after ischemic stroke was associated with reduced recurrent stroke rate.

Methods—

Data were pooled from 3 prospective studies recruiting patients with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack and long-term follow-up: the South London Stroke Register, The Vitamins to Prevent Stroke Study, and the Oxford Vascular Study. Patients receiving SVA were compared with patients who received antiepileptic drugs other than SVA using survival analysis and Cox Regression.

Results—

A total of 11 949 patients with confirmed ischemic event were included. Recurrent stroke rate was lower in patient taking SVA (17 of 168) than other antiepileptic drugs (105 of 530; log-rank survival analysis
P
=0.002). On Cox regression, controlling for potential cofounders, SVA remained associated with reduced stroke (hazard ratio=0.44; 95% confidence interval: 0.3–0.7;
P
=0.002). A similar result was obtained when patients taking SVA were compared with all cases not taking SVA (Cox regression, hazard ratio=0.47; 95% confidence interval: 0.29–0.77;
P
=0.003).

Conclusions—

These results suggest that exposure to SVA, an inhibitor of HDAC, may be associated with a lower recurrent stroke risk although we cannot exclude residual confounding in this study design. This supports the hypothesis that HDAC9 is important in the ischemic stroke pathogenesis and that its inhibition, by SVA or a more specific HDAC9 inhibitor, is worthy of evaluation as a treatment to prevent recurrent ischemic stroke.
The New Temple
Authors: Zwalve W.J. , de Vries Th.
Published: December 2017

The present article purports to stress the importance of the legal curriculum in the over-all compilation process of Justinian’s Digest. The basic hypothesis is that, in composing the Digest, Justinian’s drafting committee based its composition on the arrangement of the legal curriculum as it was before Justinian and as it was about to be changed in the process. The basis of this hypothesis is the division of the Digest into seven partes. It is contended that the basic structure of the first five partes of the Digest was predetermined by the legal curriculum, whereas the last two partes are an ‘Appendix Masse’. It is also contended that the distribution of books over all the seven partes of the Digest is the result of a preconceived formula inspired by the mathematics of Diophantus of Alexandria.
Professional Practices and User Practices: An Explorative Study in Health Care
Authors: Verkerk Maarten J. , Holtkamp Fred C. , Wouters Eveline J.M. , van Hoof Joost
Published: December 2017

In Western countries the health care system faces numerous challenges. We explore the potential of the normative practice approach to analyze the present system, to provide new insights in the redesign of the health care network, and to offer new concepts to understand the needs and wishes of patients. We present a case study of assistive devices in orthopaedics. This article shows that the Triple I variant of the practice model is very fruitful to understand the organizational embedding of professional practices, to understand the health care system as chains of professional practices, and to understand the influence of stakeholders. In this study we introduce the idea of user practices to investigate the social environment of patients and to make the needs and wishes of patients explicit.
Morphological and molecular identification of a new species of Atraporiella (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) in China
Authors: WU ZI-QIANG , SHEN SHAN , LUO KAI-YUE , WANG ZHENG-HUI , ZHAO CHANG-LIN
Published: December 2017

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungal species, Atraporiella yunnanensis sp. nov., is proposed based on morphological and molecular characters. The species is characterized by cream pore surface when dry, which is easy to separate from substrate and very rapidly stained dark brown to black when bruised; hyphal system monomitic with generative hyphae hyaline to pale brown, thin-walled, unbranched, interwoven; slightly allantoid basidiospores, 2.2–3 × 0.8–1.5 µm. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) regions of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU sequences showed that Atraporiella yunnanensis belonged to the residual polyporoid clade, formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP) and was closely related to A. neotropica, and then grouped with other related genera: Antrodiella, Pouzaroporia, Steccherinum and Xanthoporus. Both morphological and molecular characters confirmed the placement of the new species in Atraporiella.
The identity of Fordia microphylla and lectotypification of Millettia pulchra (Fabaceae: Millettieae)
Authors: SONG ZHUQIU , OUYANG XUEJUN , ZUO LEI , HUANG ZHONGLIANG
Published: December 2017

The non-monophyletic genus Fordia is hardly distinguished from some taxa of the polyphyletic genus Millettia of the same tribe Millettieae (Fabaceae). Examination of both literature and specimens shows that the Chinese species Fordia microphylla is conspecific with the widely distributed species Millettia pulchra. Some nomenclatural questions on Fordia microphylla are clarified, and the lectotype of Millettia pulchra is designated.
New species of Brachiacantha Dejean, 1837 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Mexico and Central America
Authors: NESTOR-ARRIOLA JORGE ISMAEL , TOLEDO-HERNÁNDEZ VÍCTOR HUGO
Published: December 2017

Five new species of the genus Brachiacantha Dejean (Coccinellidae) from Mexico and Central America are described and illustrated. The species B. angulata sp. nov., B. truncata sp. nov., B. brevicuspidata sp. nov. and B. robustihamata sp. nov. are consistent with the dentipes group. The species B. brevihamata sp. nov. is consistent with the fifth group of Leng (1911); the species shares some characteristics with South American species.
Chapter Three - Finitude, Humility, and the Bloor-Latour Debate
Authors: Kochan Jeff
Published: December 2017

Chapter Three focuses on the high-profile debate between SSK practitioner, David Bloor, and STS scholar, Bruno Latour. At the base of their dispute is the Kantian thing-in-itself, a thing to which we can attribute independent existence, but about whose independent qualities we can know nothing. A version of this concept is presupposed by minimal realism, and also by SSK. Latour attacks the concept as incoherent, and so rejects SSK as an unfit method for STS scholars. Kochan begins with Rae Langton’s argument that Kant’s concept of the thing-in-itself follows from his recognition of the finitude of human knowledge. This recognition manifests itself in the ‘humility’ we feel before the insuperability of nature. He then turns to the Bloor-Latour debate. In Latour’s view, Bloor’s endorsement of the thing-in-itself reflects his allegedly uncritical adoption of the Kantian subject-object distinction. Latour rejects both this distinction and the thing-in-itself. Like Rouse, Latour exploits weaknesses in SSK’s treatment of the orthodox subject-object distinction. And, as with Rouse, Kochan argues that SSK, once combined with Heidegger, can successfully counter Latour’s criticism. Indeed, Heidegger deconstructs the Kantian subject-object distinction, reformulating the thing-in-itself in a way commensurate with his own model of the subject. Crucially, the thing-in-itself correlates with the ‘affectivity’ of the subject. We know it exists because it affects us, causing us, for example, to feel humility or anxiety. Heidegger’s account preserves finitude and humility, but rejects Kant’s notion of transcendence. It also preserves minimal realism. The chapter concludes with a brief survey of clinical studies of anxiety, which seem to empirically support a belief in the thing-in-itself, as reformulated here.
Chapter Six - Mathematics, Experiment, and the Ends of Scientific Practice
Authors: Kochan Jeff
Published: December 2017

In Chapter Six, the emergence of early-modern experimental Philosophy is discussed, especially in the work of Robert Boyle. Kochan challenges SSK practitioner Steven Shapin’s attempt to insulate Boyle from mathematical culture, arguing that Boyle was a mathematical philosopher in Heidegger’s sense. The chapter begins with a review of Heidegger’s claim that Newton’s First Law formalised Galileo’s mathematical conception of the thingness of things. This conception provided the blueprint for what Kochan calls the Galilean First Thing. He argues that, for Heidegger, the First Thing provided a condition of possibility for the early-modern experiment. This point is developed through a discussion of early-modern artisanal culture, focussing on the uniform manufacture of purified metals. These metallurgical manipulations, he suggests, may have encouraged experimenters’ metaphysical conception of the thing as a uniform and purified First Thing. Hence, it is proposed that the end of early-modern experimental practice was to release the thing from environmental interference and let it be what it, essentially, is – the First Thing. The First Thing was thus the final cause towards which things are naturally disposed, and towards which experimental practice seeks to direct them. Kochan finds support for these claims in Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer’s discussion of Boyle’s dispute with Francis Line. He shows that Boyle’s response to Line can be explained by attributing to Boyle a tacit commitment to the concept of the First Thing. Furthermore, it is argued that while Boyle experienced nature in terms of this single blueprint, Line’s experience was less unified. This supports Heidegger’s claim that the early-modern period saw experience increasingly consolidated under a single ‘world picture.’ The chapter concludes by comparing this claim with Bloor’s observation that scientific knowledge is governed by “social imagery,” that is, by images of society conceived as a unified whole.
BATAL: The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer
Authors: Vernier J.-P. , Fairlie T. D. , Deshler T. , Venkat Ratnam M. , Gadhavi H. , Kumar B. S. , Natarajan M. , Pandit A. K. , Akhil Raj S. T. , Hemanth Kumar A. , Jayaraman A. , Singh A. K. , Rastogi N. , Sinha P. R. , Kumar S. , Tiwari S. , Wegner T. , Baker N. , Vignelles D. , Stenchikov G. , Shevchenko I. , Smith J. , Bedka K. , Kesarkar A. , Singh V. , Bhate J. , Ravikiran V. , Durga Rao M. , Ravindrababu S. , Patel A. , Vernier H. , Wienhold F. G. , Liu H. , Knepp T. N. , Thomason L. , Crawford J. , Ziemba L. , Moore J. , Crumeyrolle S. , Williamson M. , Berthet G. , Jégou F. , Renard J.-B.
Published: December 2017

We describe and show results from a series of field campaigns that used balloonborne instruments launched from India and Saudi Arabia during the summers 2014–17 to study the nature, formation, and impacts of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). The campaign goals were to i) characterize the optical, physical, and chemical properties of the ATAL; ii) assess its impacts on water vapor and ozone; and iii) understand the role of convection in its formation. To address these objectives, we launched 68 balloons from four locations, one in Saudi Arabia and three in India, with payload weights ranging from 1.5 to 50 kg. We measured meteorological parameters; ozone; water vapor; and aerosol backscatter, concentration, volatility, and composition in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. We found peaks in aerosol concentrations of up to 25 cm–3 for radii > 94 nm, associated with a scattering ratio at 940 nm of ∼1.9 near the cold-point tropopause. During medium-duration balloon flights near the tropopause, we collected aerosols and found, after offline ion chromatography analysis, the dominant presence of nitrate ions with a concentration of about 100 ng m–3. Deep convection was found to influence aerosol loadings 1 km above the cold-point tropopause. The Balloon Measurements of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (BATAL) project will continue for the next 3–4 years, and the results gathered will be used to formulate a future National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Indian Space Research Organisation (NASA–ISRO) airborne campaign with NASA high-altitude aircraft.
Climate Impacts on Density Altitude and Aviation Operations
Authors: Goodman Christopher J. , Small Griswold Jennifer D.
Published: December 2017

A critical determinant of aircraft performance is density altitude, or the density given as a height above mean sea level, which is dependent on air temperature, pressure, and humidity. These meteorological variables change on various time scales (e.g., hourly, seasonal, and decadal) and are regionally impacted by large-scale climate variability as the result of phenomena such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation or the Arctic Oscillation. Here a statistical analysis is performed to determine the impacts of climate variability on seasonally averaged density altitude, a key metric used by pilots to determine aircraft performance and efficiency, as a function of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data and historical aviation meteorological records. Regressions show regional dependencies and impacts to density altitudes that vary as a function of season for both El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation cases. The results highlight the importance of understanding the regional nature of the impact of climate variability on density altitude and the potential impacts on aviation operations.
A Global Climatology of Tropospheric Inertial Instability
Authors: Thompson Callum F. , Schultz David M. , Vaughan Geraint
Published: December 2017

A climatology of tropospheric inertial instability is constructed using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) at 250, 500, and 850 hPa. For each level, two criteria are used. The first criterion is the traditional criterion of absolute vorticity that is opposite in sign to the local Coriolis parameter. The second criterion, referred to as the gradient criterion, is the traditional criterion with an added term incorporating flow curvature. Both criteria show that instability, on all pressure levels, occurs most frequently in the tropics and decreases toward the poles. Compared to the traditional criterion, the gradient criterion diagnoses instability much more frequently outside the tropics and less frequently near the equator. The global distribution of inertial instability also shows many local maxima in the occurrence of instability. A sample of these local maxima is investigated further by constructing composites of the synoptic-scale flow associated with instability. The composites show that instability occurs in association with cross-equatorial flow in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Somali jet, tip jets off northern Madagascar, the western Pacific subtropical high, gap winds across Central America, upper-level ridging over western North America, and the North Atlantic polar jet. Furthermore, relatively long-lived synoptic-scale regions of instability are found within the midlatitude jet streams.
Are Peak Summer Sultry Heat Wave Days over the Yangtze–Huaihe River Basin Predictable?
Authors: Gao Miaoni , Wang Bin , Yang Jing , Dong Wenjie
Published: December 2017

The Yangtze–Huaihe River basin (YHRB) is the core region of sultry heat wave occurrence over China during peak summer [July and August (JA)]. The extremely hot and muggy weather is locally controlled by a descending high pressure anomaly connected to the western Pacific subtropical high. During 1961–2015, the heat wave days (HWDs) in JA over the YHRB exhibit large year-to-year and decadal variations. Prediction of the total number of HWDs in JA is of great societal and scientific importance. The summer HWDs are preceded by a zonal dipole SST tendency pattern in the tropical Pacific and a meridional tripole SST anomaly pattern over the North Atlantic. The former signifies a rapid transition from a decaying central Pacific El Niño in early spring to a developing eastern Pacific La Niña in summer, which enhances the western Pacific subtropical high and increases pressure over the YHRB by altering the Walker circulation. The North Atlantic tripole SST anomalies persist from the preceding winter to JA and excite a circumglobal teleconnection pattern placing a high pressure anomaly over the YHRB. To predict the JA HWDs, a 1-month lead prediction model is established with the above two predictors. The forward-rolling hindcast achieves a significant correlation skill of 0.66 for 1981–2015, and the independent forecast skill made for 1996–2015 reaches 0.73. These results indicate the source of predictability of summer HWDs and provide an estimate for the potential predictability, suggesting about 55% of the total variance may be potentially predictable. This study also reveals greater possibilities for dynamical models to improve their prediction skills.
Origins of Coupled Model Biases in the Arabian Sea Climatological State
Authors: Nagura Motoki , McCreary J. P. , Annamalai H.
Published: December 2017

This study investigates biases of the climatological mean state of the northern Arabian Sea (NAS) in 31 coupled ocean–atmosphere models. The focus is to understand the cause of the large biases in the depth of the 20°C isotherm [Formula: see text] that occur in many of them. Other prominent biases are the depth [Formula: see text] and temperature [Formula: see text] of Persian Gulf water (PGW) and the wintertime mixed-layer thickness (MLT) along the northern boundary.

For models that lack a Persian Gulf (group 1), [Formula: see text] is determined by the wintertime MLT bias [Formula: see text] through the formation of an Arabian Sea high-salinity water mass (ASHSW) that is too deep. For models with a Persian Gulf (group 2), if [Formula: see text] > MLT (group 2B), PGW remains mostly trapped to the western boundary and, again, [Formula: see text] directly controls [Formula: see text]. If [Formula: see text] MLT (group 2A), PGW spreads into the NAS and impacts [Formula: see text] because [Formula: see text] > 20°C; nevertheless [Formula: see text] still influences [Formula: see text] indirectly through its impact on [Formula: see text].

The thick wintertime mixed layer is driven primarily by surface cooling [Formula: see text] during the fall. Nevertheless, variations in ΔMLT among the models are more strongly linked to biases in the density stratification (jump) across the bottom of the mixed layer than to [Formula: see text] biases. The jump is in turn determined primarily by sea surface salinity biases (ΔSSS) advected into the NAS by the West India Coastal Current, and the source of ΔSSS is the rainfall deficit associated with the models’ weak summer monsoon. Ultimately, then, ΔD20 is linked to this deficit.
Role of Equatorial Basin-Mode Resonance for the Seasonal Variability of the Angola Current at 11°S
Authors: Kopte Robert , Brandt Peter , Claus Martin , Greatbatch Richard J. , Dengler Marcus
Published: December 2017

Multiyear moored velocity observations of the Angola Current near 11°S reveal a weak southward mean flow superimposed by substantial intraseasonal to seasonal variability, including annual and semiannual cycles with distinct baroclinic structures. In the equatorial Atlantic these oscillations are associated with basin-mode resonances of the fourth and second baroclinic modes, respectively. Here, the role of basin-mode resonance and local forcing for the Angola Current seasonality is investigated. A suite of linear shallow-water models for the tropical Atlantic is employed, each model representing a single baroclinic mode forced at a specific period. The annually and semiannually oscillating forcing is given by 1) an idealized zonally uniform zonal forcing restricted to the equatorial band corresponding to a remote equatorial forcing or 2) realistic, spatially varying Fourier components of wind stress data that include local forcing off Angola, particularly alongshore winds. Model-computed modal amplitudes are scaled to match moored velocity observations from the equatorial Atlantic. The observed annual cycle of alongshore velocity at 11°S is well reproduced by the remote equatorial forcing. Including local forcing slightly improves the agreement between observed and simulated semiannual oscillations at 11°S compared to the purely equatorial forcing. However, the model-computed semiannual cycle lacks amplitude at middepth. This could be the result of either underestimating the strength of the second equatorial basin mode of the fourth baroclinic mode or other processes not accounted for in the shallow-water models. Overall, the findings underline the importance of large-scale linear equatorial wave dynamics for the seasonal variability of the boundary circulation off Angola.
Observing Finescale Oceanic Velocity Structure with an Autonomous Nortek Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
Authors: Shcherbina Andrey Y. , D’Asaro Eric A. , Nylund Sven
Published: December 2017

This paper describes the instrumentation and techniques for long-term targeted observation of the centimeter-scale velocity structure within the oceanic surface boundary layer, made possible by the recent developments in capabilities of autonomous platforms and self-contained pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs). Particular attention is paid to the algorithms of ambiguity resolution (“unwrapping”) of pulse-coherent Doppler velocity measurements. The techniques are demonstrated using the new Nortek Signature1000 ADCP mounted on a Lagrangian float, a combination shown to be capable of observing ocean turbulence in a number of recent studies. Statistical uncertainty of the measured velocities in relation to the ADCP setup is also evaluated. Described techniques and analyses should be broadly applicable to other autonomous and towed applications of pulse-coherent ADCPs.
AtopobiumandFusobacteriumas novel candidates for sarcoidosis-associated microbiota
Authors: Zimmermann Alexandra , Knecht Henrik , Häsler Robert , Zissel Gernot , Gaede Karoline I. , Hofmann Sylvia , Nebel Almut , Müller-Quernheim Joachim , Schreiber Stefan , Fischer Annegret
Published: December 2017

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease that mainly affects the lung. A role of microbial factors in disease pathogenesis is assumed, but has not been investigated systematically in a large cohort.

This cross-sectional study compared the lung microbiota of 71 patients with sarcoidosis, 15 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (non-infectious controls) and 10 healthy controls (HCs). Next-generation sequencing of 16S DNA was used on bronchoalveolar lavage samples to characterise the microbial composition, which was analysed for diversity and indicator species. Host genotypes for 13 known sarcoidosis risk variants were determined and correlated with microbial parameters.

The microbial composition differed significantly between sarcoidosis and HC samples (redundancy analysis ANOVA, p=0.025) and between radiographic Scadding types.Atopobiumspp. was detected in 68% of sarcoidosis samples, but not in HC samples.Fusobacteriumspp. was significantly more abundant in sarcoidosis samples compared with those from HCs. Mycobacteria were found in two of 71 sarcoidosis samples. Host-genotype analysis revealed an association of the rs2076530 (BTNL2) risk allele with a decrease in bacterial burden (p=0.002).

Our results indicate Scadding type-dependent microbiota in sarcoidosis BAL samples.Atopobiumspp. andFusobacteriumspp. were identified as sarcoidosis-associated bacteria, which may enable new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease.
Identifying the primary outcome for a randomised controlled trial in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Stamuli Eugena , Torgerson David , Northgraves Matthew , Ronaldson Sarah , Cherry Lindsey
Published: December 2017

Background

This study sought to establish the preferences of people with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) about the best outcome measure for a health and fitness intervention randomised controlled trial (RCT). The results of this study were used to inform the choice of the trial primary and secondary outcome measure.

Methods

A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was used to assess people's preferences regarding a number of outcomes (foot and ankle pain, fatigue, mobility, ability to perform daily activities, choice of footwear) as well as different schedules and frequency of delivery for the health and fitness intervention. The outcomes were chosen based on literature review, clinician recommendation and patients' focus groups. The DCE was constructed in SAS software using the D‐efficiency criteria. It compared hypothetical scenarios with varying levels of outcomes severity and intervention schedule. Preference weights were estimated using appropriate econometric models. The partial log‐likelihood method was used to assess the attribute importance.

Results

One hundred people with RA completed 18 choice sets. Overall, people selected foot and ankle pain as the most important outcome, with mobility being nearly as important. There was no evidence of differential preference between intervention schedules or frequency of delivery.

Conclusions

Foot and ankle pain can be considered the patient choice for primary outcome of an RCT relating to a health and fitness intervention. This study demonstrated that, by using the DCE method, it is possible to incorporate patients' preferences at the design stage of a RCT. This approach ensures patient involvement at early stages of health care design.
Bax-inhibiting peptide attenuates bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice
Authors: Suzuki Kunihiro , Yanagihara Toyoshi , Yokoyama Tetsuya , Maeyama Takashige , Ogata-Suetsugu Saiko , Arimura-Omori Masako , Mikumo Hironori , Hamada Naoki , Harada Eiji , Kuwano Kazuyoshi , Harada Taishi , Nakanishi Yoichi
Published: December 2017

Rationale: Bax is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and plays a central role in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Several lines of evidence have implied that Bax is involved in both epithelial apoptosis and fibroblast proliferation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; however, the mechanisms remain unknown. Bax-inhibiting peptide V5 (BIP-V5) exhibits membrane permeability and inhibits the activation of Bax.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the control of Bax activity by BIP-V5 reduces the degree of bleomycin-induced lung injury.

Methods: C57BL/6J mice were administered bleomycin and BIP-V5 intratracheally on day 0. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue were obtained on day 7. Human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (A549 cells) and mouse pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (LA-4 cells ) were stimulated with bleomycin to induce apoptosis.

Results: Administration of BIP-V5 improved the survival rate and degree of bleomycin-induced lung injury by suppressing Bax activation in mice. BIP-V5 treatment decreased bleomycin-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cell lines (A549 cells and LA-4 cells) by suppressing Bax activation.

Conclusions: The administration of BIP-V5 may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy against lung injury.
Real-time observation of light-controlled transcription in living cells
Authors: Rademacher Anne , Erdel Fabian , Trojanowski Jorge , Schumacher Sabrina , Rippe Karsten
Published: December 2017

Gene expression is tightly regulated in space and time. To dissect this process with high temporal resolution, we introduce an optogenetic tool termed blue light-induced chromatin recruitment (BLInCR) that combines rapid and reversible light-dependent recruitment of effector proteins with a real-time readout for transcription. We used BLInCR to control the activity of a cluster of reporter genes in the human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS by reversibly recruiting the viral transactivator VP16. RNA production was detectable ∼2 min after VP16 recruitment and readily decreased when VP16 dissociated from the cluster in the absence of light. Quantitative assessment of the activation process revealed biphasic activation kinetics with a pronounced early phase in cells treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA. Comparison with kinetic models of transcription activation suggests that the gene cluster undergoes a maturation process when activated. We anticipate that BLInCR will facilitate the study of transcription dynamics in living cells.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Phosphorylation of the RNA-binding protein Zfs1 modulates sexual differentiation in fission yeast
Authors: Navarro Francisco J. , Chakravarty Probir , Nurse Paul
Published: December 2017

Sexual differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe promotes cell cycle arrest and extensive changes in gene expression, resulting in cell-to-cell fusion, the exchange of hereditary material and specialized cell division. These events are detrimental to the cell if they are triggered in inappropriate conditions, and therefore the decision to differentiate must be precisely controlled. Here, we investigated the role of the RNA-binding protein Zfs1 in this process by identifying its targets and characterizing novel post-translational regulatory mechanisms. We found that Zfs1 negatively regulates the G1 cyclin Puc1, and deregulated Puc1 levels inhibit differentiation in the zfs1Δ mutant. We also found that Zfs1 undergoes phosphorylation, which is stimulated upon nitrogen depletion or inhibition of the TOR pathway. Phosphorylation of Zfs1 modulates accumulation of Puc1 and plays an important role in the response of the cell to sexual differentiation signals. We propose that Zfs1 functions as an integrator of nutrient information to modulate sexual differentiation, contributing to the establishment of the differentiation-activating threshold.
Effects of mutating α-tubulin lysine 40 on sensory dendrite development
Authors: Jenkins Brian V. , Saunders Harriet A. J. , Record Helena L. , Johnson-Schlitz Dena M. , Wildonger Jill
Published: December 2017

Microtubules are essential for neuronal structure and function. Axonal and dendritic microtubules are enriched in post-translational modifications that impact microtubule dynamics, transport and microtubule-associated proteins. Acetylation of α-tubulin lysine 40 (K40) is a prominent and conserved modification of neuronal microtubules. However, the cellular role of microtubule acetylation remains controversial. To resolve how microtubule acetylation might affect neuronal morphogenesis, we mutated endogenous α-tubulin in vivo using a new Drosophila strain that facilitates the rapid knock-in of designer αTub84B alleles (the predominant α-tubulin-encoding gene in flies). Leveraging our new strain, we found that microtubule acetylation, as well as polyglutamylation and (de)tyrosination, is not essential for survival. However, we found that dendrite branch refinement in sensory neurons relies on α-tubulin K40. Mutagenesis of K40 reveals moderate yet significant changes in dendritic lysosome transport, microtubule polymerization and Futsch protein distribution in dendrites but not in axons. Our studies point to an unappreciated role for α-tubulin K40 and acetylation in dendrite morphogenesis. While our results are consistent with the idea that acetylation tunes microtubule function within neurons, they also suggest there may be an acetylation-independent requirement for α-tubulin K40.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Molecular imaging of prostate cancer
Authors: Boustani Anne Marie , Pucar Darko , Saperstein Lawrence
Published: December 2017

Prostate cancer is a common malignancy with various treatments from surveillance, surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The institution of appropriate, effective treatment relies in part on accurate imaging. Molecular imaging techniques offer an opportunity for increased timely detection of prostate cancer, its recurrence, as well as metastatic disease. Advancements within the field of molecular imaging have been complex with some agents targeting receptors and others acting as metabolic intermediaries. In this article, we provide an overview of the most clinically relevant radiotracers to date based on a combination of the five states model and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines.
Robust Inventory Management: An Optimal Control Approach
Authors: Wagner Michael R.
Published: December 2017

We formulate and solve static and dynamic models of inventory management that lie at the intersection of robust optimization and optimal control theory. Our objective is to minimize cumulative ordering, holding, and shortage costs over a horizon [0, T], where the variable is a nonnegative ordering rate function q(t) ∈ ℒ2[0, T]. The demand rate function d(t) is unknown and is only assumed to belong to an uncertainty set [Formula: see text]; this set is motivated by the strong law of large numbers for stochastic processes [Formula: see text] where μ is the mean drift. We analyze a static model, where the ordering rate function must be fully specified at time zero, and three dynamic variants, where re-optimizations are allowed during the planning horizon [0, T] at prespecified review epochs. In the dynamic models, at review epoch τ ∈ [0, T], the past demand on [0, τ) is observable. In the first dynamic model, we ignore this information, and define a variant of Ω that is well formed for the remaining planning horizon [τ, T]. In the second model, we define a variant of Ω for [τ, T] that utilizes the past demand information, though we make a simplifying technical assumption about the consistency of the demand on [0, τ) and Ω. In the third dynamic model, we remove this assumption, and we remedy the arising complications using the Hilbert Projection Theorem. In all cases we derive optimal closed-form ordering rate functions that equal either the bounds a or b, or weighted averages of these bounds (sb + ha)/(s + h) or (sa + hb)/(s + h), where s and h are the shortage and holding costs, respectively. The strategies differ by when these four ordering rates are applied, which is determined by an uncertainty-set-dependent partition of the remaining planning horizon. Computational experiments, focused on studying the dynamic variants, supplement the analytical results, and demonstrate that (1) the three variants exhibit comparable performance under well-behaved stochastic demand and (2) the third variant has a significant advantage when demand is seasonal, especially when the review frequency is appropriately selected. Finally, computational comparisons with the omniscient strategy q(t) = d(t), for all t ∈ [0, T], are encouraging.
Embedding knowledge transfer to increase productivity in school nursing
Authors: Forkuo Anthony Kwaku
Published: December 2017

This article is a discussion paper aimed at school nursing leaders and, importantly, nursing managers and academics who are looking for ways to sustain nursing services. With austerity, there is a compelling demand for future NHS services including school nursing to effectively identify, manage, share, and transfer the knowledge externally sourced and internally developed to support productivity improvements. Productivity has been applied liberally in this article by its narrow definition, that is: ratio of outputs (number of school nursing interventions) compared to the inputs used to deliver the intervention (number of school nurses). NHS services have faced productivity challenges, which have resulted in a search for ways to run safely and efficiently. Knowledge assets are abundant in school nursing and reside within interactions with children, young people and their families; policies and procedures; as well as in connected agencies such as education and social care. The turbulence of the austerity measures can make NHS school nursing services' knowledge, experience, and expertise a dominant source of increasing productivity. The service needs to transfer expert knowledge as it seeks to develop efficient application of resources and survive the turbulence. Evidence from businesses in the service sector shows that internal transfer of knowledge and expertise across teams leads to increased productivity. Considering that this has been possible within the service sector, knowledge transfer may provide a key to unleashing productivity potential in NHS school nursing service. Central to this debate to lift school nursing productivity is a need to understand the drivers of productivity and recognising that other factors like investment also impact on productivity. This is an economy-wide issue, however, the school nursing service itself can have a unique impact on this debate.