bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CRISPuRe-seq: pooled screening of barcoded ribonucleoprotein reporters reveals regulation of RNA polymerase III transcription by the integrated stress response via mTOR
Authors: Harris David T , Jan Calvin H
Published: January 2025

Genetic screens using CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats) provide valuable information about gene function. Nearly all pooled screening technologies rely on the cell to link genotype to phenotype, making it challenging to assay mechanistically informative, biochemically defined phenotypes. Here, we present CRISPuRe-seq (CRISPR PuRification), a novel pooled screening strategy that expands the universe of accessible phenotypes through the purification of ribonucleoprotein complexes that link genotypes to expressed RNA barcodes. While screening for regulators of the integrated stress response (ISR), we serendipitously discovered that the ISR represses transfer RNA (tRNA) production under conditions of reduced protein synthesis. This regulation is mediated through inhibition of mTORC1 and corresponding activation of the RNA polymerase III inhibitor MAF1. These data demonstrate that coherent downregulation of tRNA expression and protein synthesis is achieved through cross-talk between the ISR and mTOR, two master integrators of cell state.
Periodic instability and restoration of cratonic lithosphere
Authors: Liu Lijun , Chen Ling , Cao Zebin , Yang Xiaotao , Goddard Andrea Stevens , Zhu Rixiang
Published: January 2025

The longevity of cratons implies that the entire cratonic lithosphere remained unchanged over billions of years, attributed to their intrinsically buoyant and strong lithospheric roots. By reviewing relevant studies and recent observational constraints, we show that the present cratonic roots are notably denser than the ambient mantle, with the compositional buoyancy offsetting only 1/5 of the negative thermal buoyancy. In addition, the presence of a weak mid-lithospheric discontinuity could decouple the upper and lower lithosphere upon perturbation, allowing delamination of the lower portion, while the delaminated lithosphere would eventually relaminate to the base of the lithosphere after sufficient warming inside the convective mantle. This process generates enduring (>100 Myr) and prominent (>1 km) surface uplifts within continents, a mechanism more compatible with data, especially those reflecting lithospheric deformation and delamination, than the model of all continents climbing up a steady region of dynamic uplift. Subsequent lithospheric cooling gradually draws the surface down to even below sea level, where the lithospheric mantle density reaches a maximum upon formation of the next supercontinent. We argue that such cratonic deformation happened repeatedly over supercontinent cycles since the Neoproterozoic and largely shaped the properties of the cratonic lithosphere. A few new research directions are also suggested.
Synchronous electrolyte design for static aqueous zinc-halogen batteries
Authors: Xiao Tao , Yang Jin-Lin , Chao Dongliang , Fan Hong Jin
Published: January 2025

Rechargeable static aqueous zinc-halogen batteries (AZHBs) thrive in energy storage applications due to their suitable redox potential, abundant reserves, and relatively high energy density. This non-flow battery relies on the collaboration of the reversible stripping/plating process of Zn metal and the halogen-participating zincation reactions. However, the corrosion of Zn metal and the shuttling of the halogen species result in serious capacity decay, posing challenges to their reversibility and lifespan. Moreover, the instability of high-valent halides hinders the implementation of multi-electron reactions in AZHBs. This Review elaborates the fundamentals, challenges, and recent progress in AZHBs, highlighting the significance of the electrolyte design aiming at synchronous optimization for both the halogen cathode and Zn anode in AZHBs. We discuss the design principles and protocols, along with concerns in effective test and evaluation of synchronous electrolytes. Possible approaches towards synchronous electrolytes are proposed, namely, biphasic electrolytes, gradient hydrogel electrolytes, and ionic liquid electrolytes. This Review may help guide the research in achieving AZHBs with high energy density and longevity for practical applications.
Choice of Drug for Malaria Prevention During Pregnancy Does Not Affect Infant Serologic Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Proteins 1
Authors: Ouattara Amed , Andronescu Liana R , Adams Matthew , Sharma Ankur , Nakajima Rie , Jain Aarti , Taghavian Omid , Jasinskas Algis , Felgner Philip L , Mathanga Don P , Chinkhumba Jobiba , Laufer Miriam K , Travassos Mark A
Published: January 2025

While sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine has been the primary drug in intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) is being considered as an alternative. DP may lead to lower antimalarial antibodies in the mother, resulting in higher risk of malaria in infancy. We probed cord blood sera collected from women enrolled in a clinical trial of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine vs DP on a protein microarray containing diverse Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane proteins 1 to measure the impact of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy on proteins associated with malaria disease susceptibility. These results suggest that effective maternal malaria prevention may not alter the susceptibility of infants to malaria.
Processional Diatonicism I
Authors: Riley Matthew
Published: January 2025

English processional diatonicism is an instantly recognizable musical idiom that emerged in British composition in the 1880s and had enormous influence on English diatonic music until World War II and beyond. It is heard clearly first in the work of Hubert Parry (1848–1918), especially in his choral-orchestral ode Blest Pair of Sirens (1887), setting Milton’s ‘Ode: At a Solemn Musick’. The elevated mood and metaphysical sensibility of that piece encapsulate Parry’s high-minded musical ethics as laid out in his writings and displayed in his personality and his leadership as Director of the Royal College of Music from 1895. Parry’s new diatonic style was a form of English Wagnerism, indebted to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg and Parsifal. After his Milton ‘Ode’, however, Parry himself pursued the idiom only intermittently, reserving it mainly for occasional pieces such as the coronation anthem ‘I Was Glad’ (1902) and the patriotic hymn ‘Jerusalem’.
Beyond Strike Songs
Authors: Korczynski Marek
Published: January 2025

This chapter concerns musicking in relation to work, not just in terms of protest but also in terms of the wider concept of resistance. Strike and union songs may be the main mode of protest in relation to work that occurs through song, but they are not the main form of musicking as resistance. Further, such strike and union songs have been largely at odds with the everyday lived culture of workers in Western industrial and post-industrial societies. More hidden, but more important, forms of resistance through song have been the historical singing at work cultures that were silenced, and the contemporary musicking at work that happens further to the pop radio in the factory and other manual workplaces. Such musicking has been part of the everyday lived culture of workers and can, and research suggests, may often, contain key elements of resistance.
Why 1976? Explaining the Rise and Fall of Protest Music
Authors: Street John , Worley Matthew , Wilkinson David
Published: January 2025

The popular media myth is that the protest song and the protest singer are in decline. It is unclear how anyone would know; there is no standard measure for the presence or absence of protest songs. Nonetheless, the myth raises an interesting question about how we might explain the rise and fall of protest music. Is it a matter of context, of exogenous changes in the state of the world? Or is it determined by internal processes, endogenous shifts in genres, or the music business more broadly? Taking our lead (and our title) from Richard Peterson’s article, “Why 1955?,” this chapter examines the case of punk in the UK from 1976 to 1978. It reveals that internal political and musical factors are just as important as the broader social and political trends (rising unemployment, industrial decline, new right policies) to understanding punk’s moment of protest.
How Does a Boycott Sound?
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F.
Published: January 2025

This chapter engages theoretically with the boycott as a protest strategy and with how it has intersected with musical culture broadly. It presents an overview of music and boycotts before turning to a 1982 boycott of state media by the Polish theater community and intelligentsia as a primary case study. This boycott affected musical life, even though few musicians officially participated, and it shifted how people listened to art and listened to one another. The chapter argues more generally that this form of protest action, through its acts of recusal, reconfigures everyday social life and, by extension, listening techniques and aural culture. Ultimately, the boycott offers a new way of thinking about protest beyond its primary work as interruption and iconic meaning as an event.
Sociopolitical Song in India: Negotiating Universal Values and Local Causes
Authors: Manuel Peter , McGuinness Chris
Published: January 2025

Since the early twentieth century, sociopolitical song has thrived in India, in various forms, in diverse locales and languages, and in conjunction with different specific causes and movements. Until 1947, the most widespread and characteristic forms of protest music were linked to the anticolonial movement. In the first decades after independence was achieved, leftist songs—whether sung at rallies or inserted into social-realist commercial films—constituted a lively niche in the nation’s soundscape. Since that period, the Indian left has declined somewhat, although it remains particularly vigorous in the southern state of Telangana. Meanwhile, in Maharashtra and the Punjab, music—including commercial pop music videos—has played an important part in movements by “untouchable” castes to challenge discrimination and achieve a new sense of self-respect.
Adorno and “Classical Music”
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: January 2025

Adorno’s work on “classical music” is closely linked to his understanding of modern philosophy. This is the source of both many insights and instructive problems. He connects the modern demand for innovation and change in art music, as opposed to music that belongs to the “culture industry,” to the ways other intellectual and social forms develop, and he exemplifies this by the relationship between Beethoven and Hegel. The decisive change in modern music, for Adorno, is the disintegration of tonality in the work of the Second Viennese School. Tonality echoes the harmony of the particular and universal in the classical-liberal model of society associated with Hegel because the individual notes in a piece of music make sense via their relationship to a unifying center. With the breakdown of the liberal model, of which the Holocaust is the most extreme manifestation, such harmony becomes ideological. Adorno relies on “content analysis” of the music itself, which is supposed to reveal the truth about the music, rather than a consideration of its effects on listeners and performers. He assumes that there is an advanced “state of the musical material,” epitomized by serial and atonal music, but this idea can obstruct understanding of music in different social and historical contexts. His use of a philosophical model in his approach to music can lead to neglect of seeing music as a participatory social practice. The tensions in Adorno’s work on music are echoed in subsequent debates in musicology, and the sociology and philosophy of music.
The Semantics and Logic of Counterfactuals
Authors: Santorio Paolo
Published: January 2025

Counterfactuals have received substantial attention in philosophy over the past fifty years. This chapter is an opinionated guide to standard theories of counterfactuals, to some of their open problems, and to connections between counterfactuals and other topics in philosophy, such as chance and causation. It starts by distinguishing two problems. The logical sub-problem of counterfactuals is the problem of specifying a formal template for the meaning of counterfactuals. The similarity sub-problem is the problem of linking the formal notions that are used to solve the first problem—such as the notion of comparative similarity—to notions that have intuitive content. After reviewing classical accounts, it covers several open issues, including Sobel sequences, counterfactuals about the future (future-less-vivid conditionals), the role of tense and aspect morphology, and causal dependencies. The chapter closes by discussing the relationship between counterfactuals and chance and between the semantics for counterfactuals and the causal models framework.
States of Conversation
Authors: Yalcin Seth
Published: January 2025

The question how to model conversation has attracted significant interest in philosophy. This chapter explains why, drawing out the relevance of the issue to a diverse array of debates. It then compares and contrasts two of the most influential models of conversation in philosophy, viz., the context set model of Stalnaker and the scorekeeping model of Lewis, with attention to theory, empirical applications, and to foundations. On the empirical side, we touch on basic issues about assertion, presupposition, definite descriptions, conditionals, and intersentential anaphora. Lewis’s notion of accommodation and Stalnaker’s notion of acceptance both come in for special critical discussion.
Writing the Stuart Restoration
Authors: Augustine Matthew C. , Zwicker Steven N.
Published: January 2025

In this substantial and wide-ranging introduction to the field of Restoration literature, the editors reflect on the historical pressures of remembering and forgetting, pressures bound up with the construction of Restoration itself, discernible in parliamentary acts and literary panegyrics that sought to adjudicate the viability of the past in order to stamp a politically and providentially ordered future. ‘Oh Happy Age! Oh times like those alone / By Fate reserv’d for Great Augustus Throne!’, the future poet laureate John Dryden enthused of the monarch and the monarchy re-established in 1660, in heroic couplets that braided together the restoration of arms and arts. As the ‘redux’ of Dryden’s title (Astraea Redux) hints, however, the Restoration was at once a project of self-conscious newness and of historical returns, a paradox and a conundrum that conditioned much of what we call ‘Restoration literature’, a field of endeavour that included theatre and wit but also arts of devotion, of criticism, of philosophy, and of world-making imagination at the threshold of modernity.
True Comedy?
Authors: Roberts David
Published: January 2025

Rochester asserted that ‘hasty Shadwell and slow Wycherley’ were the only Restoration dramatists to have ‘touched upon true comedy’, and that ‘refined Etherege’ was the age’s ‘sheer original’. Through examination of three plays that premiered in 1676—Etherege’s The Man of Mode, Shadwell’s The Virtuoso, and Wycherley’s The Plain Dealer—this chapter considers how each dramatist addressed the idea of the present, their debt to sources, and the transformation of performance into printed text. Etherege’s celebration of the present is contrasted with the many-sided disenchantment offered by Wycherley and Shadwell, whose engagement with Molière poses new questions about the reception of French drama. The chapter concludes by comparing how the first editions of the three plays represent authorial voices as well as actors, characters, and dialogue, in the latter case with particular attention to the use of hesitation, deviation, and interruption as means of characterization.
Grace Abounding
Authors: Parry David
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on two prolific nonconformist preachers and writers, Richard Baxter and John Bunyan, who ministered outside of the established Church following the Restoration. In facing the contingencies and uncertainties of the Restoration, Baxter and Bunyan both found comfort in a spiritual vision of divine realities beyond the immediate appearance of things and events in this world. While Bunyan and Baxter have their differences in ecclesiastical position, personal temperament, and writing style, they both deploy literary modes of writing including memoir and autobiography, poetry, and narrative fiction to make these invisible spiritual realities in which they believe visible to their readers. In doing so, they reshape these literary genres in ways that profoundly shape the subsequent history of English literature as well as illuminating the spiritual path of their readers.
The Experimental Theatre of Lee and Otway
Authors: Hoxby Blair
Published: January 2025

When Nathaniel Lee and Thomas Otway commenced writing for the stage in 1674, they had to choose among the four rival models outlined in John Dryden’s Essay of Dramatick Poesie (1667): Dryden’s new heroic drama, the neoclassical dramaturgy of Corneille and Racine, the irregular but vigorous and natural drama of Elizabethan and Jacobean poets such as Shakespeare and Fletcher, or the Attic simplicity of Sophocles’s tragedies. Lee and Otway experimented with each of these modes in turn during their period of ‘Experimental Theatre’. This chapter analyses their trials in Otway’s heroic drama Don Carlos; Otway’s Racinian tragedy Titus and Berenice; Otway’s Caius Marius (a blend of Plutarch’s life and Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet), Lee’s Mithridates, a self-conscious attempt to refashion Shakespeare and Fletcher for a new age; and Dryden and Lee’s Oedipus, a play conscious of previous engagements with the subject by Sophocles, Seneca, Fletcher, and Corneille. In their mature plays, Lee and Otway strove for an elegant neoclassical design that blended the masculine vigour of Shakespearean language with the melting scenes of courtship found in Fletcher, that presented audiences with baroque contrasts of mood and setting, that relied on more violent stage action than could be admitted to the French stage, and that sought to create a revolution of the passions. This chapter examines Otway’s The Orphan and Lee’s Lucius Junius Brutus as examples of their mature dramatic craft.
Scandalous Bodies in the Restoration
Authors: Rosenthal Laura J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the salience of scandalous writing in Restoration culture, print, and theatre. Writers throughout the period pushed the envelope of acceptable literary expression out of daring, commercial opportunity, and as a strategy for political attack. The popularity of scandal points to the destabilization of social relations and social hierarchies, as scandal promises to undermine the status of its subject. Plays produced in this period still have the power to shock; they explored the instability of social hierarchy, gender relations, and sexual propriety through the scandalous figures of the rake and the fop. The inclusion of actresses created new possibilities for depicting women on stage. Other scandalous bodies explored here include King Charles II, the barren Queen Catherine, the formidable women who shared the king’s bed, and the enslaved Africans from whom the royal couple profited.
From the Body Politic to Biopolitics
Authors: King Thomas A.
Published: January 2025

Restoration rhetoric of the body politic, as in Hobbes’s Leviathan, uses a confusion of metaphors, biological and mechanistic. Rather than asking whether such inconsistencies point to the death of the organic analogy of the body politic, this chapter explores the rearticulation of the body politic, not as a substance that may or may not be integral, unified, and consistent across time and space, but as a disassembled and reassembled set of forces and relationships (gendered, racialized, erotic) that construct the population that will thrive and be invested with right and that which will be disqualified, an asymmetrical distribution of life chances designated biopolitics. The necropolitics of the colony provides the constitutive outside or other of the White state’s biopolitical investment in its population. Division, separating out, and reassembly, then, is the key form of the body politic, not what threatens its ideal unity.
Negotiating Nonconformity
Authors: Sauer Elizabeth
Published: January 2025

The contests over what Henry Maurice would call ‘the Incessant working of a Turbulant [sic] Spirit’—in a tract denigrating dissenters for rendering faction and pleas for conscience interchangeable—were waged in heated animadversions, ‘the workhorse genre’ of the Restoration era. Largely representing pro-establishment court culture and conformity in theology and poetics, the traditional canon of Restoration literature warrants expansion through the inclusion of controversialist works by conformists and nonconformists. Among those who debated the terms of comprehension, indifferentism, and the dynamics of aesthetics, religion, and politics were Hales, Milton, Parker, Marvell, Stillingfleet, Palmer, Penn, and Stubbe. Also considered here is the production history of Dryden’s The Hind and the Panther, which exposes a nation divided along the lines of nonconformity, comprehension, and Catholicism. Animadversive writings, notably those on nonconformity, transprose the Restoration era and present the schismatic period in its full ecclesiastical, rhetorical, and stylistic complexity.
The Royal Society and Literate Culture
Authors: Feingold Mordechai
Published: January 2025

This chapter is devoted to the first round of what came to be known as the ‘two-cultures’ debate: the Restoration controversy that enveloped the Royal Society. Traditionally, scholars have tended to view the controversy as a conservative reaction of the devotees of philosophical and literary antiquity to the new science. I argue, instead, that the polemic against ‘modernity’ had little to do with the new science. The critics of the Royal Society were neither reactionaries nor ignorant of the science they criticized; they were at least moderately versed in its content. Rather, perceiving that the Society’s propagandists advocated the disintegration of the unity of learned culture, scholars and literati united in a campaign aimed at preserving the Weltanschauung of the era: a broad, unified, and Christian culture which they believed was threatened by the new science.
‘Affections of Matter’
Authors: Preston Claire
Published: January 2025

Without existing conventions for expressing scientific ideas and describing experimental processes, natural philosophers before and after the Restoration developed literary modes for replicating sensory data and observation, and (following Bacon’s recommendations in Instauratio Magna) endeavoured to make narrative accounts of empirical experience in the lab and in the field through an inventive use of rhetorical tools. This chapter explores how William Harvey, Robert Boyle, and Jane Barker adapted literary forms to articulate scientific explorations, particularly of the anatomical body and haptic sensations. Harvey’s work, including his seminal work on circulatory physiology, laid the foundation for utilizing sensory evidence in scientific discourse. Boyle extended this approach, employing tactile experiences to theorize about corpuscularian physics, while Barker’s engagement with medicine through literary expression illustrates the period’s blend of science with poetic tropes. The chapter argues that the lack of a reserved scientific genre led to an integrated approach to scientific writing, where natural philosophy benefited from narrative richness and rhetorical flexibility. This integration not only communicated complex ideas but also shaped the very development of scientific method and education by emphasizing a hands-on, perceptually engaged way of understanding the natural world.
Imitation and Admiration, Fear and Loathing
Authors: Cottegnies Line
Published: January 2025

The Restoration was a time of cultural effervescence and intense transnational traffic of wares, people, and ideas. The court was characterized by its Francophilia, manifest in the emulation of French fashions in everything. But the fascination with French cultural models did not go without the fear of political and religious hegemony, in the context of growing anti-Catholicism. French models were also satirized and vilified. Molière’s comedies, while immensely popular, were travestied as farces, and the reception of tragedy was even more ambivalent. The presence of French literary culture went beyond the court, as shown by the translations and adaptations of French texts. Fiction was translated at speed, but the French taste for decorum met with some incomprehension. Among translators, Aphra Behn played an important part as a cultural mediator, adapting French elite texts for a more mixed readership. This chapter studies the double-edged appropriation of French works and models.
Authorship and the Book Trade
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: January 2025

During the Restoration period, an expanding capacity to produce inexpensive print publications led to innovative ways to present literary texts to entice paying readers and expand the literary marketplace. Despite restrictive printing laws, such as the 1662 Print Act, which limited the number of licensed printers and booksellers, book trade flourished as Restoration publishers employed multiple print modes, including newspapers and periodicals with advertisement sections. Traditional marketing practices such as book lists printed in the back of a bookseller’s texts were augmented by the catalogues for the new popular book auctions. Location played a crucial role in the successful marketing of literary materials, with London serving as the central hub for the book trades. Booksellers themselves established reputations for selling certain types of literature. Furthermore, the Restoration period is noteworthy for the evolving role of the ‘celebrity’ author, whose name and image could promote book sales. Paratextual apparatus that exploited the personal and private sides of authors helped to sell books, whether they were written by a celebrated author, the printer, or penned anonymously.
Acts of Indemnity and Oblivion
Authors: Holberton Edward
Published: January 2025

This chapter surveys various attitudes to royal mercy and oblivion in the poetry written to celebrate the king’s return. The 1660 Act of Indemnity and Oblivion made forgetting law, but poetry of the early Restoration reveals some of the problems implicit in what the Earl of Clarendon called the ‘Art of Forgetfulness’: if the return to the status quo ante is an art, then how can one practise this art without reminding oneself of what is to be forgotten, namely the Interregnum? And if the effacement of the Interregnum is indeed a piece of art, is the restoration of monarchical culture that rests on this fiction not also an artifice, something made not by God or nature, but people? Restoration panegyrics by Cowley, Davenant, Dryden, and Waller probe these questions and reflect insightfully on the roles such poetry might play in mediating public memory.
Catholic Writing in the Restoration
Authors: Shell Alison
Published: January 2025

Anti-popery pervaded Restoration England, occasioning imaginative prejudice, socio-political discrimination, and—during the years of the so-called ‘Popish Plot’—outright persecution. Yet Catholic writers stood out against this climate and pleaded their cause with considerable success, circulating their writings in both manuscript and print—often aided by co-religionists and sympathizers within the Stuart court. An awareness of community, and of tradition as a continuum binding past and present, was vital to these writers’ endeavours. So, too, was a willingness to transcend geographical boundaries: throughout this period, expatriate settlements in mainland Europe—colleges, religious institutions, and finally James II’s exiled court—were vital to English Catholic literary culture. This chronologically arranged chapter primarily focuses on Walter Blount’s Boscobel, a celebration of Charles II’s restoration to the throne; works by the Jesuit Edward Mico, responding to the climate of the mid-1660s; literature from the ‘Popish Plot’ years; John Dryden’s The Hind and the Panther, written in James II’s reign after Dryden’s conversion to Catholicism; and the Jacobite poet Jane Barker.
Colonial Rule, Modernity, and Rituals of Royal Power in Morocco
Authors: Hannoum Abdelmajid
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines the tensions that surrounded the deployment of sacred speech registers with deep historical roots during momentous episodes in the establishment of colonial hegemony in Northern Africa. To illustrate these developments, the chapter analyzes the ceremony of the bay`a (renewal of allegiance) performed by the Moroccan state once a year, on the Day of the Throne (July 30). The ceremony, transmitted on live TV, presents a majestic show in which the king, dressed in a white robe and riding a black horse, receives signs and words of allegiance from dignitaries, tribal leaders, and governors. I analyze these rituals as a display of royal power, and examine how this ritual originated, in fact, in colonial times, when French authorities began modernizing the Moroccan state.
Ritual, Media, and the Here-and-Now of Decolonization
Authors: Handman Courtney
Published: January 2025

This chapter contextualizes international demands for the self-government of former colonies, and addresses calls for decolonization after World War II in Papua New Guinea. In the 1950s, United Nations delegates began making novel ritual and bureaucratic utterances to call for self-government for colonial subjects, including a demand in 1956 that Australia start to move toward the independence of the Territory of New Guinea. Outraged, the Australian government and many in the Australian public argued against near-term independence. Delegitimizing the efficacy of the UN demand required a different contravening ritual event of constructed simultaneity that juxtaposed the primitivism of Papua New Guineans with UN demands for autonomy. The reporting in Australian tabloids of the May River Massacre offered a perfect opportunity. This chapter counterposes the UN’s demand for self-government with media coverage of this massacre to examine how simultaneity was used to delegitimate the ritual event of calling for decolonization.
Ritual Language and Forced Confessions in China
Authors: Fiskesjö Magnus
Published: January 2025

This chapter addresses the suppression of political opposition by force-staging ritualized performances of public self-accusations in China. The recent resurgence of such forced confessions builds on Mao-era ritualized self-criticism (1949–1976), in turn inspired by Soviet show trials. Today’s confessions are televised, in a new media landscape. The victims, typically people who built up independent platforms and distinct voices. They are coerced into performing a script filmed and broadcast as news, in which they denounce themselves; they are then force-deplatformed and permanently silenced. This chapter contextualizes, traces, and analyzes the Chinese TV confessions and their language, also comparing them with the similar confessionals extracted in the new secret Xinjiang concentration camp system (but never broadcast). The large resources invested in these TV confessions, which victims, audiences, and even perpetrators often know are fake, may be part of a broader effort to enforce an unquestioned supremacy of the party-state’s ritual language.
Embodied Ritual Performance and New Writing Systems
Authors: Choksi Nishaant
Published: January 2025

The “language” of ritual involves not only oral communication but also the manipulation of visual display. Speech signs are therefore coordinated with visual and material artifacts to ensure the efficacy of ritual performance. This chapter will argue that the creation of new writing systems (scripts) stems in part through the practice of coordinating visual material and oral signs in the context of embodied ritual performance, the traces of which are often explicitly evident in the iconic construction of the graphemes themselves. The chapter will draw material from ethnographic accounts of the development of new scripts primarily from Asia and Native America.
The Acquisition of Negation and Finiteness in Tamil
Authors: Amritavalli R.
Published: January 2025

Apparently discrete pairs of affirmative and negative Tamil verb forms (finite, nonfinite, modal) are analysed as finite and nonfinite instantiations of neg in a clause structure that dissociates finiteness from tense. The acquisition of these neg forms is demonstrably systematic and error-free in monolingual Tamil children, who at around 25 months also productively and accurately use modals and agreement inflection in affirmatives. Errors in Telugu-Tamil bilingual data at a comparable age are traced to differences in how the two languages mark finiteness and temporality in negative clauses. The Tamil data are pertinent to the Optional Infinitive in child language. They argue (against a parametric (±Tense) account of languages) for finiteness as anchoring by Mood, and acquisition as grammatical mapping from language-universal principles and categories to their language-particular instantiations.
The Legacy of Kannada Dictionaries
Authors: Murthy S. L. Srinivasa
Published: January 2025

This chapter traces lexicography in Kannada from its roots in the Sanskrit tradition, through the initial bilingual Kannada-English dictionaries in the Western tradition, which had their primary inspiration in the proselytizing concerns of Christian missionaries, to the creation of the eight-volume etymologically rich Kannada Nighantu under the auspices of the Kannada Literary Academy, first published between 1970 and 1995. The dedicated efforts of anonymous or relatively unknown persons working in an individual or official capacity are shown to have contributed to the discipline. The changing conceptions of the need for lexicography are seen to have influenced the form of dictionaries and the information they contain, as have the media that lexicographers and dictionary users have had access to, whether the oral Sanskritic tradition, the print medium, or the emergent technologies of the 21st century.
Literacy and Its Acquisition in Kannada
Authors: Nag Sonali
Published: January 2025

Deep-rooted knowledge of language is essential for Kannada literacy development. A strong cognitive-linguistic understanding of the working principles of this morphologically rich language is needed alongside knowledge about the akshara orthography. A range of linguistic units contributing to literacy development have been identified over approximately half a century of empirical work; all these must be cognitively well represented for Kannada literacy to advance meaningfully. Essential theoretical constructs for this area include orthographic breadth, approaches to akshara recognition, the alphasyllabic principle, and morphological processing around polysemy, homonymy, phonologically conditioned allomorphy, and morphophonological changes. Using the understudied word class of adjectives, some notable aspects of Kannada’s morphosyntax and the mapping of meaning-to-print are examined. The chapter ends with the argument that, aside from vigorously contributing to theorizing in the wider field of literacy development in the akshara languages, Kannada acquisition research is also well-placed to engage with the study of the classification of writing systems and model the acquisition and developing mastery of literacy when words are multisyllabic and polymorphemic.
The Question of Modern Science in Africa and the Middle East
Authors: El Nabolsy Zeyad
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on an important problem in the intellectual history of the Global South, namely the relationship between modern scientific knowledge and colonialism. This problem was of concern to theorists from the Global South, such as Frantz Fanon and Amílcar Cabral, who were active during the high tide of decolonization in the middle of the twentieth century, and it continues to be of relevance today. This chapter shows how this problem has deep historical roots in the Global South, beginning from at least the late eighteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century. This chapter focuses on two intellectuals, Rifaʿa al-Tahtawi (1801–1873) from Egypt, and James Africanus Beale Horton (1835–1883) from Sierra Leone. Tahtawi and Horton, despite coming from societies with different histories, found themselves confronting similar problems having to do with their encounter with modern European societies. The main problem that they faced was how to make use of the elements of modern European societies that they admired, especially in relation to the social organization of knowledge production about nature, while rejecting European justifications for colonization. Both Horton and Tahtawi sought to de-associate modern scientific knowledge, which they obviously admired, from claims of racial superiority and justifications of despotic colonial rule.
Indigenous Liberation and Decolonization
Authors: Temin David Myer
Published: January 2025

The history of Indigenous peoples’ liberation and decolonization movements have been undertheorized within—when not simply omitted from—histories of the Global South. The applicability of the decolonization framework and the limits of Third World solidarities have often been fraught with respect to Indigenous peoples’ movements, despite an overlapping, if not shared, heritage of decolonizing discourses and practices of (inter)national liberation and self-determination. This chapter explores how Indigenous studies scholars have reconfigured the framework of Red Power, arguing on behalf of the potential in more recent attempts to uncover and theorize the far more complex political and philosophical connections between transnational Indigenous peoples’ decolonization movements (labeled the “Fourth World” by George Manuel) and the “Third World.” In doing so, this chapter seeks to throw into relief the disjunctures and underexplored connections between histories of the Global South (especially its Third Worldist precedents) and of Indigenous peoples’ liberation/decolonization movements. The chapter narrows in primarily on North American Indigenous peoples’ movements and scholarship in Indigenous Studies but branches out in the final section to consider tensions between the contemporary geopolitical promise of the Global South and Indigenous struggles within and against the colonial and postcolonial world.
Classical Inheritance
Authors: Cox Jensen Freyja
Published: January 2025

The literature of ancient Greece and Rome, so important a part of the English Renaissance, was no less important for English prose during the Civil Wars and Interregnum, and throughout the later Stuart age. This chapter traces the patterns of production and consumption of Latin and Greek literature in the years 1640–1714, exploring the forms in which these texts were available to readers, and the uses to which they were put. The different categories of classical prose—including history, biography, and political and philosophical thought—are considered for their influence on contemporary ideas of form and genre, and the chapter also explores the ways in which Greek and Latin prose works differed in their effects on English literature.
The Old Arcadia
Authors: Davis Alex
Published: January 2025

This chapter discusses Philip Sidney’s Old Arcadia in relation to the activity of creation. Its entry point is the pedagogy of Renaissance humanism, which aimed to produce virtuous citizens by teaching the arts of persuasion. The Arcadia is discussed as at once a near-perfect exemplar of early modern rhetorical culture and an uneasy investigation of that culture’s limitations. The chapter discusses Sidney’s engagement with the first part of rhetoric, inventio: the process of discovering compelling arguments and language. This offers an analogue to the exploration in Sidney’s Defence of Poesy of the poet’s activity as making or poiesis. The Old Arcadia offers a sceptical investigation of the nature, ends, and scope of this creative activity.
The Sidney Legend
Authors: Pask Kevin
Published: January 2025

Philip Sidney was famous for his death in battle in the Netherlands before he was well known as a writer. This chapter tracks the construction and significance of the Sidney legend of aristocratic heroism, focusing on the role of the legend in the reception of the Arcadia. The Arcadia was widely read as a ‘secret history’, a fiction thought to reflect high political affairs, and Sidney’s position in Elizabeth’s court and the significance of his death was correspondingly exaggerated. Later, however, increasing scepticism about the legend as well as the popularity of the Arcadia among female readers complicated both the personal legend and the literary reputation. By the eighteenth century, the idealism attached to Sidney’s legend was supplanted by the female legend associated with the Arcadia’s Pamela, whose name, through Samuel Richardson’s novel, entered the history of the English novel.
Sidney and Money
Authors: Landreth David
Published: January 2025

This chapter applies recent biographical discoveries to move beyond conventional accounts of Sidney as either idealistically naïve or callowly profligate in money matters. Rather, it argues, Sidney’s self-conscious style interrogates his own courtly success in linking sophisticated performance to material advantage. The chapter reviews the material context in which Sidney and his family operated as Tudor elites. It recounts Sidney’s own history of income and expense, focusing on how his experience of credit and debt influences the style of his letters and his courtly pageantry around the crisis of Leicester’s marriage. It ends by considering sonnets from Astrophil and Stella that elaborate the complex relations of artistic production to money matters in Sidney’s mature style.
Sidney and His Family
Authors: Lamb Mary Ellen
Published: January 2025

This chapter considers Philip Sidney’s relationships with his kin-group, a family that was situated at the interesting junction between rising gentry on his father’s side, and established nobility on his mother’s. It looks at Sidney’s relations with his parents; with his powerful Dudley uncles, Robert, Earl of Leicester, and Ambrose, Earl of Warwick; with his siblings Robert and Mary Sidney Herbert, both practising poets themselves; as well as with other family members. For Sidney, as for many early moderns, the concept of family entailed the overlapping domains of affectionate bonding, social position in rank, political engagements, and a shared affiliation in descent or blood.
Sidney and Gender
Authors: Guy-Bray Stephen
Published: January 2025

This chapter is a study of masculinity in the Arcadia, focusing in particular on Pyrocles and Musidorus. In the Old Arcadia, the protagonists at times appear insufficiently or improperly masculine: one of them is dressed as a woman for most of the book and both seem to have forsaken typically masculine adventures. When Sidney revised the text into what we now call the New Arcadia, he worked hard to make Pyrocles and Musidorus conform more closely to Elizabethan gender norms and to the gender norms of heroic literature. The chapter considers a number of Sidney’s revisions, some large-scale and some small-scale.
Changing Patterns of Party Choice in Dutch Electoral Politics
Authors: van der Meer Tom , van der Brug Wouter
Published: January 2025

The Netherlands stands out for its high level of electoral volatility and electoral fragmentation. This chapter describes the main trends at the macro level and the dominant explanations for these trends at the micro level. Whereas the Dutch electoral system had enabled high levels of volatility and fragmentation since its conception in 1918, Dutch elections remained rather stable until the 1960s. Volatility and fragmentation have risen particularly since the 1990s into the 2000s, to levels that are among the highest in western and central Europe. On the one hand, rising volatility and fragmentation suggest a process of dealignment between voters and parties. Over time, the most stable and structural predictors of party choice have become less important, while short-term factors such as political issues and party leadership have become more important. Yet, ongoing stability underlies the high levels of volatility. Fragmentation has largely taken place within rather than between distinct clusters of parties. Voting can be best interpreted as a two-stage process: first, voters come to an (ideologically rather coherent) set of parties to consider, from which they then choose their final vote. The authors discuss the way in which these paradoxes—volatility and stability, fragmentation and consistency—raise challenges for the Dutch party system and offer fruitful opportunities for future research.
Change and Continuity in the Style of Dutch Politics since 1800
Authors: te Velde Henk
Published: January 2025

This contribution about the continuities and periodization of Dutch political history discusses political discussion, meeting, and ruling practices. Why and how people have passed on traditions and adjusted them is analysed for different historical periods. Transitions from one period to the next have been marked by dramatic events and each period has had its own distinctive practice and style of deliberating as well as its political problem-solving strategies. But overall, change has been incremental, not radical. At each transition, after a time of turmoil, the quiet, consensual traditions of deliberation have been reinvented in a modified shape. There may be an element of path dependency in the relative continuity of deliberative practices, but the decisive element is that each time, there have been clear incentives to continue the old practices, albeit in a new shape. If these incentives cease to exist, the traditions may end.
Sphingolipid remodeling in the plasma membrane is essential for osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Yong-Kang , Zhang Yu-Meng , Dai Guang-Yi , Chen Yi-Li , Chen Ding-Kang , Yao Nan
Published: January 2025

Osmotic stress caused by drought, salinity, or cold conditions is an important abiotic factor that decreases membrane integrity and causes cell death, thus decreasing plant growth and productivity. Remodeling cell membrane composition via lipid turnover can counter the loss of membrane integrity and cell death caused by osmotic stress. Sphingolipids are important components of eukaryotic membrane systems; however, how sphingolipids participate in plant responses to osmotic stress remains unclear. Here, we characterized the role of the glucosylceramidase (GCD) AtGCD1 (encoded by At1g33700) in sphingolipid remodeling and acclimation to osmotic stress in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). AtGCD1 to AtGCD4 are Arabidopsis homologs of human nonlysosomal GCD. We determined that AtGCD1 functions as a GCD and localizes to the plasma membrane (PM) and that recombinant AtGCD1 has no substrate preference for acyl chain length. Moreover, AtGCD1 and AtGCD3 (At4g10060) are essential for osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. In cells treated with mannitol, AtGCD1 and AtGCD3 hydrolyzed glucosylceramides to ceramides, leading to decreased glucosylceramide contents and increased glycosyl inositol phosphoceramide contents. We observed a substantial change in the molecular order of lipids and membrane tension at the PM of the Arabidopsis gcd1 gcd3 double mutant, indicating that GCDs compensate for changes in membrane properties to stabilize the membrane during osmotic stress. Notably, we found that loss of GCD1 and GCD3 enhanced plant resistance to beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). Our results suggest that sphingolipid remodeling regulates the physicochemical properties of cellular membranes during plant stress responses.