bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed in vitro Utilization of Glucose by Leishmania tropica Promastigotes*
Authors: MUKKADA ANTONY J. , SCHAEFER FRANK W. , SIMON MICHAEL W. , NEU CAROL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Leishmania tropica promastigotes do not utilize glucose provided in the medium until late log phase. Rapid depletion of glucose from the medium, however, occurs during late log and stationary phases. At about the same time, the cells show maximal rates of glucose uptake as well as peak levels of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase activities. The glucose analog, 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose inhibits glucose transport. Incorporation of this analog in the growth medium results in inhibition of growth. The hexokinase of L. tropica phosphorylates 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose. Pyruvate kinase is activated by fructose‐1, 6‐diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate.
Une Anomalie de la Sporulation de la Coccidie des Oiseaux: Isospora lacazei (Eimeriidae)
Authors: ČERNÁ ŽOFIC
Published: May 2007

RESUME

Lors de l'examen de 50 spécimens d'oocystes sporulés de l'intestin des moineaux [Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus)] avec des oocystes sporulés d'Isospora contenant les 2 habituels sporocystes, ont été trouvés des oocystes de même grandeur mais dont la sporulation correspond à celle d'oocystes du genre Caryospora, c'est‐à‐dire avec 1 seul sporocyste à 8 sporozoïtes. Or, entre ces deux types extrêmes, des oocystes “intermédiaires” contiennent des sporocystes de différentes grandeurs avec un seul sporocyste, mais associés à une formation annexe qui semble être le reliquat d'un 2‐ème sporocyste. Par ses implications dans la systématique, l'irrégularité de la sporulation du genre Isospora est à retenir.

SYNOPSIS

Some of the oocysts Isospora lacazei from Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus) in Prague, Czechoslovakia, were found upon sporulation to resemble Caryospora, having a single sporocyst containing 8 sporozoites. Some others were intermediate between the normal I. lacazei oocysts and those resembling Caryospora; they contained single sporocysts of various sizes associated with a structure that seemed to be the remnants of a 2nd sporocyst.
Effects of Promastigote Growth Phase, Frequency of Subculture, and Host Age on Promastigote‐initiated Infections with Leishmania donovani in the Golden Hamster*†
Authors: GIANNINI M. SUZANNE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani, 3S strain, were cultured from homogenized infected hamster spleen incubated at 25 C in a particle‐free modification of Tanabe's (1923) medium, and were subcultured in this medium from 1 to 4 times. Promastigotes were inoculated intracardially to golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

Promastigotes that were subcultured frequently by transfer from log phase of growth retained their infectivity for hamsters, as assayed by numbers of amastigotes in the liver at 16 days post infection. Promastigotes that were subcultured infrequently by transfer from stationary phase declined in infectivity. The extent of the decline was roughly proportional to the length of the incubation periods of the primary culture plus 1st subculture.

Promastigotes harvested from log phase of growth were significantly less infective for hamsters than those harvested from stationary phase of growth, in that numbers of amastigotes found in the liver after 16 days were lower, and times to death longer, when log phase organisms were used to infect hamsters.

The age of the hamster at the time of inoculation was found to affect the apparent infectivity of promastigotes from a 1st or 2nd subculture. When weanling (age 4 weeks), juvenile (age 8 weeks) and adult (age 24 to 32 weeks) hamsters received the same numbers of promastigotes, the weanlings had the highest numbers of liver amastigotes at 16 days, and shortest times to death, of the 3 groups; juveniles were intermediate between weanlings and adults; and adults had the lowest numbers of parasites and longest times to death of the host. Differences were statistically significant only between weanlings and adults. Responses of weanling and adult hamsters to infection with promastigotes could be rendered indistinguishable if the promastigotes were inoculated on the basis of 105 promastigotes per g of host body weight.
Determination of the Volume and Surface Area of Tetrahymena pyriformis, and their Relationship to Endocytosis*
Authors: RICKETTS T. R. , RAPPITT ANGELA F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Methods are described for the determination of the mean cellular volume and surface area of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL by direct microscopic measurement or by Coulter counter. The results are compared and discussed. It is suggested that the latter is the more accurate method of estimation. Fed cells showed a bimodal size distribution by Coulter counter determination and had a mean volume of 10,000–11,000 μM3, whereas cells which had been starved for 1 or 2 days showed a unimodal distribution and had mean cellular volumes of ∼ 1,600 and 1,200 μ3 respectively. The corresponding mean surface areas were ∼ 1,900, 550 and 450 μM2 respectively. The discrepancy between the results of the 2 methods of estimation was greater with starved than with fed cells because of the greater asymmetry of the former. Continued cell division during the early part of the starvation period had a considerable reducing effect upon the mean cellular volume, but other unidentified factors were also important in producing the observed diminution in volume. Comparison of the mean surface areas of starved cells with previously recorded rates of membranous utilization in endocytosis upon refeeding indicate that insufficient cell membrane was present to maintain the rates of vacuole formation observed.
In vitro Transcription of Kinetoplast and Nuclear DNA in Kinetoplastida*†
Authors: HILL GEORGE C. , BONILLA CARLOS A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. DNA‐dependent RNA polymerases have been solubilized from homogenates of Crithidia fasciculata using gentle extraction procedures. RNA polymerase I and II are separated on DEAE cellulose at 0.07M (NH4)2SO4 and 0.13M (NH4)2SO4 respectively. RNA polymerase II is inhibited 80% by α‐amanitin (25 μg/ml). Both RNA polymerases require DNA as a template, ribonucleoside triphosphates and Mn2+. The synthesis of RNA as a product is inhibited by DNase. RNase, pronase and actinomycin D.

Purified kinetoplast and nuclear DNA can serve as templates for the RNA polymerases. Denatured DNA templates are preferred. The synthesis of RNA continues for at least an hour and is inhibited by trypanocidal drugs including suramin. antrycide, acriflavine, ethidium bromide and berenil.

Complementary RNA synthesized in vitro from C. fasciculata kinetoplast DNA hybridizes with C. fasciculata kinetoplast DNA but not with C. fasciculata nuclear DNA or Blastocrithidia culicis kinetoplast DNA, Escherichia coli, T4 or calf thymus DNAs. The complementary RNA synthesized in vitro from C.fasciculata kinetoplast DNA sediments at 4–5S.
Terebrospira chattoni sp. n., a Parasite of the Endocuticle of the Shrimp Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis*
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE , CLAMP JOHN C. , III J. T. LYON
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Terebrospira chattoni sp. n. may be a species in transition between ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis. It penetrates the epicuticle of Palaemonetes pugio and feeds on the endocuticle by dissolving galleries through it and absorbing the products of dissolution. Although similar in some respects to species of the endosymbiotic apostome genus Synophrya, T. chattoni is clearly related to ectosymbiotic apostomes that feed on exuvial fluid. However, instead of stimulating the metamorphosis of a phoront to a trophont, the host's ecdysis stimulates T. chattoni to metamorphose from a dedifferentiated trophont with 13 meridional kineties to a protomont, a predivision stage with 10 spiralled kineties. The protomont encysts and dedifferentiates to the division stage, an orthotomont with 13 kineties, either on the new exoskeleton before ecdysis, within a chamber in the endocuticle of the old exoskeleton, or on a substrate away from the host and the molt. The site of division determines the product of the division. On the new exoskeleton, the tomites in the reproductive cyst secrete walls around themselves thereby forming the lenticular, compartmented cysts characteristic of Terebrospira. Each daughter tunnels out of its compartment into the endocuticle. Although its infraciliature remains undifferentiated like that of the orthotomont, the ciliate in the gallery is the trophont, the only feeding stage in the life cycle. Daughters originating from the division of the orthotomont in a chamber in the endocuticle swim out of the exoskeleton at ecdysis. encyst on the substrate, and presumably form tomites. When the protomont itself leaves the molt, it encysts on the substrate and divides to form daughter cells with a rosette and the pattern of ciliature of the conventional tomite of other apostome genera. Tomites carry the infection to new hosts while compartmented cysts insure that the original host retains the infection.

Terebrospira chattoni is always astomatous, although a dedifferentiated oral ciliature appears in the orthotomont and persists in the trophont.

Terebrospira chattoni sp. n. is separated from T. lenticularis Debaisieux the other species in the genus because the latter species may divide outside a cyst and because T. chattoni has an extra reproductive stage in its life cycle.
The Effects of Insect Juvenile Hormone on the Growth of Some Protozoans in vitro. I. Crithidia sp.
Authors: INJEYAN H. S. , MEEROVITCH E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Experiments were designed to investigate the effects of insect juvenile hormone (JH) on the over‐all growth and macromolecular synthesis of Crithidia sp. in vitro. Cells grown in the presence of 10−5M‐10−3M JH showed a concentration‐dependent inhibition of growth, which appeared to result from both a prolongation of generation time and a delay in the onset of logarithmic growth. Juvenile hormone (10−3M) inhibited the incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine and [3H] leucine into logarithmically growing cells by 50, 70 and 40% respectively. The incorporation of [3H]uridine into acid insoluble material could be stopped within 1 hr of application of the hormone (10−3M). The inhibitory effect was reversible in terms of cell numbers in subcultures of washed cells but an examination of the reversibility of RNA synthesis inhibition suggested that the resumption of RNA synthesis at an optimal level would require a lag period of at least 1–3 hr. It is suggested that JH may act by interfering with RNA synthesis either directly or indirectly by primarily acting at the level of the plasma membrane.
Reproduction, Structure and Host Specificity of Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) tamiasi sp. n. from the Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias striatus*
Authors: RIEDEL DIETER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Trypanosoma

(Herpetosoma) tamiasi sp. n. is described from blood and organs of the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus, and the least chipmunk, Eutamias minimus. In experimentally infected Tamias striatus and E. minimus, Trypanosoma tamiasi reproduced by equal binary fission in the trypo‐, sphaero‐, epi‐, or amastigote form, mainly in lymphoid organs. Trypomastigotes developed from amastigotes through epimastigotes, or from sphaeromastigotes, mainly in the same organs. The mean lengths of body and flagellum of trypomastigotes increased linearly until the organisms reached a maximum length of ∼37–39 μm. The distance between the nucleus and kinetoplast increased to a mean total length of ∼33 μm, and thereafter remained constant. Parasitemias of up to 2.5 × 107 trypanosomes/ml were produced in Tamias striatus by inoculation with bloodstream, culture, or flea gut forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi; natural parasitemias in Tamias striatus peaked at up to 2.1 × 107 trypanosomes/ml. One E. minimus and 2 Spermophilus tridecemlineatus developed parasitemias of more than 1 × 106 trypanosomes/ml after inoculation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi; other experimentally inoculated rodents, including mice, rats, and Spermophilus richardsonii, proved refractory. In chipmunk fleas, Megabothris acerbus, Megabothris quirini, and Tamiophila grandis, bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi developed to metacyclic forms in 4–9 days; in rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus, they survived with little development for up to 2 days, and in kissing bugs, Rhodnius prolixus, up to 10 days. Apparently, the speciation of this trypanosome involved adaptation to certain species of both fleas and rodents.
Remarks on the Status of the Genus Leucocytozoon Sambon, 1908
Authors: BENNETT GORDON F. , LAIRD MARSHALL , KHAN RASUL A. , HERMAN CARLTON M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Authorship of the genus Leucocytozoon has been variously assigned to several investigators, especially Danilewsky and Ziemann. Recently Hsu, Campbell & Levine (1973) have credited it to Berestneff. It is herein submitted that they erred in doing so and in relegating Akiba Bennett, Garnham & Fallis, 1965 and Saurocytozoon Lainson & Shaw, 1969 to synonymy with it. An attempt is made to clarify the confusion that has increasingly surrounded the genus Leucocytozoon, and it is recommended that the type species (by designation) should be Leucocytozoon majoris (Laveran, 1902), one of a mixture of organisms earlier lumped together under a name (Haemamoeba Grassi & Feletti, 1890) currently reserved for an avian subgenus of Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885. We conclude that the generic name should be credited to Sambon, the 1st author to present an unequivocal description of the genus.
Fine Structure of Five Species of Myxomycetes with Clustered Spores*
Authors: DEMAREE RICHARD S. , KOWALSKI DONALD T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electronmicroscopic studies were made of 5 species of Myxomycetes with clustered spores to determine the exact mechanism holding the spores together. In Dianema corticatum the neighboring spore walls were closely appressed and appeared to be fused at numerous points. In Trichia synsporum there was a substance between the outer spore walls of adjacent spores which seemed to cement them together. In Badhamia nitens the spore walls were completely fused along their closely appressed surfaces. The adjacent spores of Badhamia versicolor appeared to be free, or if any fusion point was present it was only at the tips of the ornamentation. In Physarum bogoriense such tips were in contact with those of neighboring spores and were occasionally fused at these points.
Efficiency of Filter Feeding in Two Species of Tetrahymena*
Authors: RASMUSSEN L. , BUHSE H. E. , GROH K.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Rates of removal of suspended India ink particles from the surrounding medium by 2 ciliates, Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL and Tetrahymena vorax strain V2S, have been measured. It is evident from the results that the food vacuoles concentrate the suspended particles, clearing a volume of the surrounding suspension fluid 500 × greater than the total volume of food vacuoles made during the same period of time.
Plasmodium (Huffia) hermani sp. n. from wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Florida*
Authors: TELFORD SAM R. , FORRESTER DONALD J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium (Huffia) hermani sp. n. is described from wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus) in Florida. It produces rounded schizonts with 6–14 nuclei arranged peripherally as a rosette and elongate, slender gametocytes with irregular margins. Asexual stages parasitize all cells in the erythrocyte series and, in heavy infections, predominantly occur in erythroblasts and their precursors. Presence and degree of pigmentation vary with maturity of the host cell. Gametocytes occupy erythrocytes only, with pigment dispersed in black granules throughout the cytoplasm. Cells containing schizonts are often rounded and enlarged and those parasitized by gametocytes may be somewhat distorted in shape by lateral hypertrophy. Host cell nuclei may be displaced, but are not distorted, except slightly by pressure from the parasite. Plasmodium hermani differs from P. (Giovannolaia) durae by producing low level (> 6%), nonlethal parasitemias in turkey poults, an absence of phanerozoites in capillary endothelium of the brain and viscera, and inability to infect chicks. Plasmodium hermani is more like P. (Huffia) elongatum in gametocyte morphology, schizogony in all types of erythrocyte precursors, with gametocytes occurring in erythrocytes only, and concentration of schizonts in heavy infections in bone marrow and spleen. It differs from P. elongatum by its lack of infectivity to passeriform and anseriform hosts and by a strong immune response which develops in infected birds.
Diplodinium (Ostracodinium) minorum sp. n., Ciliate from the Rumen of Domestic Sheep*
Authors: DEHORITY B. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Diplodinium (Ostracodinium) minorum sp. n., observed in rumen contents from several domestic sheep, resembles Diplodinium (O.) ypsilon and Diplodinium (O.) magnum. It differs from the latter 2 species primarily in the size and proportions of the body, size of the rectum and anus, and in the presence of a short right caudal lobe in many individuals. In the samples studied, D. (O.) minorum constituted from 0.06 to 0.67% of the total rumen ciliate population.
Ultrastructural Study of Promastigotes of Leishmania from Reptiles*
Authors: LEWIS D. H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ultrastructure of promastigotes of 4 reptilian isolates of Leishmania grown in culture, is described. One mammalian isolate of Leishmania is also examined for comparison. No differences in the basic ultrastructure of these strains are apparent; neither is there any significant digression from the organization described for other trypanosomatids. It appears, however, that the numbers of subpellicular microtubules are of potential use in taxonomy, and that differences in the spacing of these organelles exist between reptilian and mammalian forms. In addition, an attempt is made to clarify aspects of attachment of the flagellum to the subpellicular tubule network, and to the anterior face of the kinetoplast. Finally, the formation of multivesiculate bodies from the Golgi apparatus is described, together with some features of dividing forms.
Ultrastructure of the Invasion of Eimeria magna Sporozoites into Cultured Cells*†‡
Authors: JENSEN JAMES B. , HAMMOND DATUS M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monolayers of bovine kidney cells were overlaid with Eimeria magna sporozoites and observed with phase‐contrast optics until penetration of the cells by the parasites had begun. Cells and penetrating parasites were fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4‐containing ruthenium red, dehydrated, and embedded in situ. Cells being penetrated were selected for study in the electron microscope. The lack of intracellular staining with ruthenium red and intact plasmalemmas of cells being penetrated, was accepted as evidence that the sporozoites did not disrupt the plasma membranes. The sporozoite caused invagination of the host cell plasmalemma until the parasite was entirely within the cell, after which the invagination was sealed off by short pseudopodia enclosing the sporozoite within a membrane‐lined vacuole inside the cell. Often myelin‐forms, apparently of host cell origin, were seen in the space between the sporozoite and the cell.
Epizootic and Enzootic Aspects of Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida) Disease in Maryland Oysters
Authors: FARLEY C. AUSTIN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Minchinia nelsoni disease in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from Marumsco Bar, Pocomoke Sound, Maryland (an estuarine tributary of Chesapeake Bay) was studied for 8 years (1961–68) to determine epizootiologic relationships concerning life cycle of the parasite, pathologic effects on the host, and effects of physical factors on population density and recruitment of the host and parasite. The study period covered pre‐epizootic, epizootic, and post‐epizootic disease conditions. Data on the native oyster population as well as annual introductions of previously unexposed, susceptible populations of juvenile oysters from 1965–68 were included. Salinity, water temperature, mortality, prevalence, incidence, life cycle stages, gross pathology, and histopathologic relationships were observed.

Mortality was high (45–55% per year) during the first 3 years of the study; however, M. nelsoni prevalences were low (> 25%) and did not clearly imply a cause and effect relationship. Drought conditions that began in the summer of 1963 and continued through 1967 caused higher salinities, and apparently initiated epizootic disease in the native oyster population. The epizootic peaked in May 1965 with a diagnosed prevalence in native oysters of 70%. Enzootic levels of annual mortality (40% in 1966, 30% in 1967, and 2% in 1968) and fall prevalence (16%, 24%, and 4%) developed after that time. Introduced populations had a typical epizootiologic pattern in 1965 (55% annual mortality, 82% incidence) and 1966 (55% annual mortality, 66% incidence) which declined in 1967 (30% annual mortality, 44% incidence) followed by a disappearance of the disease in 1968.

Epizootiologic differences noted between native oysters (adult and juvenile) and the introduced juvenile populations were also evident from the stages of the disease. Infections in native animals tended to be less serious, and in many cases were delayed or attenuated, while infections in introduced oysters progressed to advanced or terminal phases. Occult manifestations (mantle recession thought to be due to M. nelsoni in oysters not showing histologic evidence of infection) were absent in introduced populations and common in the native population.

These differences are interpreted as evidence of resistance in surviving native oysters and their progeny, and may indicate genetic resistance developed by natural selection and manifested by an increased ability to survive and overcome infection.
Lipid Auxotrophy and the Effect on Lipid Composition of Entamoeba invadens*†
Authors: VAN VLIET H. H. D. M. , OP DEN KAMP J. A. F. , VAN DEENEN L. L. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba invadens has been developed. Serum, an essential constituent of conventional media, has been replaced by a mixture of albumin, unsaturated fatty acids, Tween, and cholesterol to control the lipid composition of the medium. Entamoeba invadens requires both cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids for growth. The fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of the ameba reflects that of the medium to a great extent, especially with regard to the unsaturated fatty acids. The amount of membrane bounded cholesterol depends on the cholesterol concentration in the medium.
Changes of Nucleic Acids and Proteins in the Oocysts of Eimeria tenella during Sporulation
Authors: WANG C. C. , STOTISH R. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The total content of DNA in Eimeria tenella, estimated at 5.8 × 10−12 gm/oocyst, varies little during sporulation. Its buoyant density is 1.682 gm/cm3, reflecting a G + C content of ∼41%. Thymidine is not incorporated into any TCA insoluble fraction of sporulating oocysts, but radioactivity from [3H]uridine and [3H]deoxyuridine are incorporated into RNA at a linear rate during the first 5 hr of sporulation. The labeled RNA, found mainly in the paranuclear bodies of newly formed sporozoites, contains ∼0.15 nmole [3H]uridine/106 oocysts at the completion of sporulation. One nmole of leucine is incorporated into the hot TCA insoluble fraction of 106 oocysts during the first 7 hr of sporulation after an initial lag. The incorporated amino acid is mainly in the cytoplasm of the sporozoites, and an analysis by SDS‐gel electrophoresis reveals most of the radioactivity in a narrow band with a molecular weight of ∼50,000 daltons. Incorporation of uridine and leucine, however, can be totally suppressed by respiratory inhibition. Further analysis of the proteins in the oocysts reveals that the total protein content remains relatively unchanged at 2.64 × 10−16 gm/oocyst during sporulation, but there is a shift of 13–14% of total protein from the soluble cytoplasm to the 15,000 g pellets. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a major protein band. possibly a glycoprotein, is shown in the soluble cytoplasm of unsporulated oocysts. This band disappears during sporulation.
Fine Structure of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from Rabbits, Mice and Hamsters*
Authors: PAKES STEVEN P. , SHADDUCK JOHN A. , CALI ANN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Fine structure and development of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from rabbits were studied in rabbit choroid plexus (CP) cell cultures and were compared to hamster and mouse microsporida.

Sporoplasms had a single limiting membrane and contained a large nucleus. Proliferative forms (schizonts) had double outer membranes, the outermost being associated with the formation of the limiting membrane of vacuoles formed within the host cell cytoplasm. These organisms were often binucleate and divided to form sporonts. Sporonts divided once to form 2 sporoblasts which developed into electron‐dense spores. Spores had a thick, 3‐layered wall and contained a polar filament.

The developmental cycle of E. cuniculi in rabbit CP cultures progressed rapidly. Sporoplasms were observed in host cells at 3 hr postinoculation (PI). By 24 hr PI proliferative forms were associated with host cell cytoplasmic vacuoles which contained developing organisms. Mature spores were present in vacuoles by 2 days PI, indicating that the life cycle in the CP system is ∼ 48 hr.

The fine structure and the sequential developmental cycle of the mouse and hamster isolates were observed to be identical to those of the rabbit isolate and different from those of the genus Nosema. It is proposed, therefore, that the 3 organisms represent the same species, Encephalitozoon cuniculi.
Comparative studies of Trypanosoma vespertilionis Battaglia and Trypanosoma dionisii Bettencourt & França
Authors: SORIA CARLOS A. , DUSANIC DONALD G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In diphasic blood agar media Trypanosoma vespertilionis developed spheroid clusters as compared to rather long, sausage‐shaped (sometimes branched) clusters formed by Trypanosoma dionisii. The former species attained a greater population density (∼6 × 107 organisms/ml) than the latter (∼ 2 × 107 organisms/ml). Greater numbers of epimastigotes, some in active binary divisions, were observed during the logarithmic phase of growth, and morphologic changes occurred during cultivation which correlated with increased acidity and a depletion of glucose. Maximum numbers of trypomastigote forms were found during the stationary and early death phases. Most of the forms observed after 20 days were sphaeromastigotes. Glucose concentrations decreased to 0 M in T. vespertilionis and to 4.4 × 10−5 M in T. dionisii cultures during the stationary and death phases. By the 12th day of incubation cultures of T. vespertilionis were more acid (pH 5.5) than those of T. dionisii (pH 6.5). No antigenic changes during cultivation of each of the parasites were detected by immunodiffusion. Trypanosoma vespertilionis and T. dionisii contained common and specific antigens. At least 2–3 common antigens were detected in extracts reacted against heterologous antisera. Specific antigens were observed as nonidentical lines formed by extracts reacted against homologous and heterologous antisera and with antisera absorbed with heterologous antigens. At least 2 specific antigens were evident in extracts of T. vespertilionis and 1 in extracts of T. dionisii.
Seasonal Changes in Lorica Sizes and the Species of Tintinnida in the New York Bight*
Authors: GOLD KENNETH , MORALES ELEANOR A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tintinnida of the New York Bight (a bend in the coastline) were identified during the 1‐year period August 1973–August 1974. Recurring genera included Stenosemella and Tintinnopsis; seasonal genera were mainly the hyaline Favella, Metacylis, and Helicostomella; exotic or unusual genera included Parafavella and Ptychocylis. Large size differences in loricae were found seasonally, related apparently, to water temperature.
Relationships between Cell Cycle and Conjugation in 3 Hypotrichs*
Authors: LUPORINI PIERANGELO , DIN FERNANDO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Relationships between the cell cycle and the beginning of conjugation were analyzed for 3 hypotrichs: Diophrys scutum, Oxytricha bifaria, and Euplotes crassus. The first 2 species enter conjugation with micronuclei in G1; the latter species with a micronucleus in G2. The 1st micronuclear division of conjugating E. crassus is mitotic. Thus meiotic DNA replication occurs when the cells of each species have already entered the mating process.

Cells from asynchronous populations start conjugation with their macronuclei primarily in G1 or more rarely at the beginning of the S stage in a percentage significantly different from that expected on the basis of random mating among all cells in the population. Also, macronuclear replication, when already begun, was blocked in cells undergoing conjugation. Therefore only the G1 or the very early S stages of the cell cycle are compatible with conjugation in the 3 analyzed species.
Exogenous Stages of Isospora serini (Aragão) and Isospora canaria sp. n. in the canary (serinus canarius Linnaeus)*
Authors: BOX EDITH D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Exogenous stages of Isospora serini (Aragão) and Isospora canaria sp. n. from the canary (Serinus canarius Linnaeus) are described. Oocysts of I. serini are spheroid and average 19.2 × 20.1 μ m, while those of I. canaria are larger, more ellipsoid, and average 21.8 × 24.6 μ m. No oocyst residuum is present and the oocyst walls of both species are colorless, transparent, and single layered. Sporocysts average 9.4 × 15.2 μ m for I. serini and 11.5 × 18.1 μ m for I. canaria. The I. canaria sporocyst has a substiedal body, but none was found in I. serini sporocysts. Both species have a spherical sporocyst residuum; this was obscured in the I. serini sporocyst by scattered granules. Living sporozoites of I. canaria average 3.6 × 16.9 μ m and have 1 to 3 refractile globules; those of I. serini have 2 globules and average 2.8 × 12.6 μ m.

A disseminated infection of the mononuclear phagocytes results from administration of I. serini while I. canaria oocysts give rise to a typical coccidian infection restricted to the intestinal epithelium. Asexual stages of I. serini in macrophages are indistinguishable from parasites previously called avian Toxoplasma, Atoxoplasma, and Lankesterella.
Nuclear Division in the Ameboflagellate Adelphamoeba galeacystis
Authors: NAPOLITANO JOSEPH J. , SMITH BARBARA‐HELENE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Nuclear division in synchronized cultures of the ameboflagellate Adelphamoeba galeacystis has been described. Division in this organism is typically promitotic. It occurs within an intact nuclear membrane and is characterized by the persistence of the nucleolus and its transformation into 2 polar masses. The nucleolus is stained with pyronin‐Y by the methyl green pyronin‐Y technic, and with Heidenhain's hematoxylin, but is unstained by the Feulgen reaction. The reaction with these stains is removed after digestion of the nucleolus by ribonuclease. During mitosis the nucleolus undergoes an orderly series of vacuolizations before forming the polar masses. The chromatin is Feulgen positive, stains with methyl green by the methyl green pyronin‐Y technic and undergoes a series of characteristic changes during the division process. Synchronization of amebae grown on coverglasses was accomplished by transfer of cells from 30 to 38.5 C for a period of 100 min. A temporal sequence of nucleolar and chromatin participation in the nuclear division of this organism is suggested.
Nuclear Behavior and Morphogenetic Changes in Fission and Conjugation of Aspidisca costata (Dujardin)
Authors: DILLER WILLIAM F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Nuclear behavior and accompanying cytoplasmic changes have been traced in conjugation and binary fission in Aspidisca costata, a fresh water hypotrich. Cases of autogamy in singles also have been found. In conjugation the animals pair with left ventral sides apposed, at an angle of ∼ 100°, connected by a broad bridge. After 2 maturation divisions 4 potential gametic nuclei are formed. Thereafter 1 of 2 alternative plans is followed. The essential difference between them is the occurrence in Scheme B of degeneration of 2 products of the 2nd prezygotic division, thus reducing to 2 the 4 potential gametic nuclei–all viable in Scheme A. Single or double synkarya are thus generated, respectively, in each conjugant, certain of them necessarily by autogamy. After 1 or 2 postzygotic divisions, 4 final nuclei are formed: 1 macronuclear anlage, 2 micronuclei, and a degenerate nucleus. The exconjugants at 1st are astomatous, although a new complete set of cirri (exclusive of the anterior “tooth”) arises during conjugation. A later reorganization in the exconjugants must restore the buccal apparatus and probably also replaces the cirri and tooth.

The morphogenetic changes in fission have been observed. All the cirri are replaced, in 2 sets, at each cycle. These originate in a single locus, a pouch anterior to the contractile vacuole. A new adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) arises for the opisthe, as a new tooth. The old AZM and the old tooth are retained by the proter. It is suggested that the tooth is the homolog of the 1/I cirrus of other hypotrichs.
A New Liquid Medium for Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi*
Authors: O'DALY JOSE A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

A new liquid medium, with fetal calf serum as the sole undefined component, was devised for the cultivation of Trypanosoma cruzi. The need for the serum is ascribed to its mitogenic proteins, which stimulate division of, and the uptake of [3H]thymidine by the parasites. In the new medium, T. cruzi has a cycle culminating in the appearance of up to 90% metacyclic forms in the stationary phase. This cycle is repeated on each serial transfer.
Toxicity of 4‐Nitroquinoline 1‐Oxide for Crithidia fasciculata
Authors: LEON W. , CRUZ F. S. , VASCONCELLOS M. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Growth inhibition of Crithidia fasciculata by 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (NQO) was observed in defined and complex media at 28 C. Aromatic amino acids, cysteine, and nicotinic acid, among several other substances, were ineffective in overcoming NQO toxicity. Dicoumarol and bovine albumin reversed NQO inhibition. While bovine albumin probably acted by the extra‐cellular binding of NQO, dicoumarol inhibited the activity of DT‐diaphorase, which reduces NQO to 4‐hydroxyaminonitroquinoline 1‐oxide (HAQO). The DT‐diaphorase from C. fasciculata had the same characteristics as the enzyme from rat liver. The specific protection by dicoumarol against NQO inhibition suggests that HAQO is the active toxic substance for C. fasciculata.
Variation in Intramembrane Components of Trypanosoma brucei from Intact and X‐Irradiated Rats: A Freeze‐Cleave Study*
Authors: HOGAN JAMES C. , PATTON CURTIS L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Additional information on host interactions with trypanosomatid membranes was obtained from studies of a monomorphic strain of Trypanosoma brucei harvested at peak parasitemia from intact and lethally irradiated rats. Pellets of trypanosomes were fixed briefly in glutaraldehyde and processed for thin section electron microscopy or freeze‐cleave replicas. Observations of sectioned material facilitated orientation and comparison of details seen in replicas. Fracture faces of cell body and flagellar membranes as well as 3‐dimensional views of the nuclear membrane were studied. Cell body membranes of 80% of the organisms from intact rats contained random arrays of intramembranous particles (IMP). Aggregated clusters of particles appeared on the fracture faces of 20% of the trypanosomes. Some of these membranes had nonrandomly distributed particles aligned in distinct rows on the outer fracture face of both cell body and flagellum. Many inner face fractures of the cell body membranes had a particle arrangement similar to the longitudinal alignment of cytoskeletal microtubules. No aggregated particle distribution was seen in membranes of trypanosomes harvested from lethally irradiated rats. Replicas of trypanosome pellets also had plasmanemes as a series of attached, empty, coated membrane vesicles. These structures were found in close association with, as well as widely separated from the parasites. The shedding of these vesicles and the variation of particles in cell body membranes are discussed in light of antibody‐induced architectural and antigenic changes in surface properties of trypanosomatids.

The convex face of the inner membrane of the nucleus also is covered with randomly arrayed particles. More IMP were observed on the inner than on the outer nuclear membranes. Images of nuclear pores were also seen. The importance of these structures in drug and developmental studies of trypanosomes is discussed.

On fracture faces of the flagellar membrane there were miniature maculae adherentes, unique to the inner fracture face and occurring only at regions of membrane apposition between cell body and flagellum. Each cluster of particles exposed by the freeze‐cleave method corresponds to an electron‐dense plaque seen in thin section images. However, because of a unique fracture pattern, these plaques were not revealed on the apposing body membranes, as illustrated in thin sectioned organisms.
Feeding Mechanisms in Extracellular Babesia microti and Plasmodium lophurae*†
Authors: LANGRETH SUSAN G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Although large hemoglobin inclusions are observed in intraerythrocytic Babesia microti parasites, they are absent from parasites freed of hamster red cells by immune lysis with antihamster erythsocyte serum. Babesia microti has no cytostome. This parasite, therefore, does not appear to feed by phagocytosis of large boluses of hemoglobin, as does Plasmodium. To determine whether Babesia can pinocytose protein, free parasites were fed ferritin in an in vitro system. Ferritin was taken up from the entire cell surface into narrow channels within 15 min at 37 C. Only merozoites, with their pellicular complex, failed to take up the protein. By 60 min, the ferritin was highly concentrated in many channels and vesicles, which formed interconnecting stacks. The ferritin‐containing channels became associated with membrane whorls of the multimembranous structure. Membrane whorls were also observed in the process of extrusion in samples incubated for longer times. These events may represent steps in the digestion and excretion of the pinocytosed protein. Empty channels formed when Babesia was fed albumin. The diaminobenzidine reaction for hemoprotein was positive for the channels in both free and intraerythrocytic babesias. The staining reaction was completely inhibited by cyanide, but not at all by aminotriazole. These results further suggest that Babesia pinocytoses hemoglobin in vivo.

Plasmodium lophurae parasites freed of red cells by immune lysis are surrounded by 2 membranes and apparently can ingest ferritin only through the cytostome. Extracellular cytostomal feeding involves both membranes, as it does in vivo. Ferritin was found in food vacuoles, some of which contained hemoglobin ingested before parasite isolation, connected to or near the cytostome. In both Plasmodium and Babesia low temperature inhibited ferritin uptake.
Infectivity of Leishmania donovani Amastigotes and Promastigotes for Golden Hamsters*
Authors: KEITHLY JAN S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Intracardial injection of hamsters with from 5 to 114 million amastigotes or promastigotes of Leishmania donovani and screening of the 8th‐day liver impression smears, provides a rapid and reproducible method for assaying infectivity. Amastigotes are at least 10X more infective than promastigotes, and log‐phase promastigotes act as a single infective population for hamsters.
Notes on the Distribution of Hyalophysa and Gymnodinioides on Crustacean Hosts in Coastal North Carolina and a Description of Hyalophysa trageri sp. n.
Authors: GRIMES BARBARA H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Hyalophysa chattoni Bradbury, Hyalophysa Iwoffi Bradbury & Clamp, and Gymnodinioides inkystans Minkiewicz are found on species of palaemonids, astacurans, grapsid crabs, ocypodids, anomurans, and portunids in coastal North Carolina. Hyalophysa trageri sp. n. is described from species of Uca and Sesarma. Its life cycle is like that of other exuviotrophic apostomes. Hyalophysa trageri differs from other species in the genus in the pattern of its infraciliature and the shape of the macronucleus during the trophont stage.

In coastal North Carolina, H. chattoni is euryhaline and infests a great number of species. Hyalophysa Iwoffi is found in many locations on the freshwater shrimp Palaemonetes paludosus (Gibbes), and in one location on the crayfish Cambarus sp. Hyalophysa trageri is the most limited in range, being found only on semiterrestrial crabs. On some host species G. inkystans is found alone, but is sympatric with Hyalophysa on others.

Possible factors restricting the distribution of these apostomes are discussed. These include the structure of their encysted stages, salinity, and the behavior of their hosts.
Observations on the Occurrence of the Parasitic Ciliate Synophrya in Decapods in Coastal Waters off the Southeastern United States*
Authors: JOHNSON CHARLES A. , BRADBURY PHYLLIS C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Past reports of Synophrya, the only apostome ciliate known to harm its host, indicated that it was restricted in its distribution and in the hosts it can infect. In recent collections of decapods from the off‐shore waters of North Carolina and Georgia, 30% of all specimens were infected with Synophrya. Forty‐four percent of all the species collected had individuals infected with Synophrya, and 63% of all the families collected contained species that had infected individuals. There is no obvious structural or phylogenetic relationship between these families that explain why they are infected. The presence of Synophrya may be related to salinity since decapods captured in estuaries were never infected and decapods captured close to shore were only rarely infected. The salinities of these waters range from 15–35%, but the salinity of the off‐shore waters where the great majority of infected specimens was found ranges only from 35–36%.
Protein Synthesis by a Cell‐Free Preparation from the Bird Malaria, Plasmodium lophurae*
Authors: SHERMAN IRWIN W. , JONES LYNN A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cytoplasmic polyribosomes were isolated from the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae by lysis with 0.15% Triton X‐100 followed by high speed centrifugation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Polyribosomes were protected from nuclease degradation using 100 μg/ml heparin or 50 μg/ml dextran sulfate. Cell‐free incorporation of radioisotope‐labeled amino acids required a pH 5 fraction (duck reticulocyte), Mg2+, and an energy‐generating system. The protein synthesizing system was stimulated by the addition of polyuridylic acid. Optimum conditions for protein synthesis by the plasmodial system are described. The effects of drugs on the cell‐free protein synthesizing system using duck reticulocyte and plasmodial ribosomes are reported.
The Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase of Plasmodium lophurae*
Authors: PLATZER EDWARD G. , CAMPUZANO HELEN C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium lophurae serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) was partially purified and characterized by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and chromatography on Sephadex G‐100. The enzyme, precipitated by 3.0–3.3 m (NH4)2SO4, had a molecular weight of 68,300 as estimated by exclusion chromatography on G‐100. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 6.8–7.6 in sodium phosphate‐citrate buffer. Citrate stabilized the enzyme during storage in phosphate buffer at 4 C. The Km was 4.3 × 10−3m for l‐serine and 2.5 × 10−4m for tetrahydrofolate.
Myxosoma cerebralis: In Vitro Sporulation of the Myxosporidan of Salmonid Whirling Disease
Authors: WOLF KEN , MARKIW MARIA E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trophozoites and other pre‐spore stages of the myxosporidan Myxosoma cerebralis were taken from infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and cultured in vitro. Cultures eventually yielded mature spores capable of discharging their polar capsules. This is the first report of culture of a myxosporidan.
The Molecular Biology of Euglena gracilis. X. Amino Acid Composition of Protein
Authors: MILLER J. H. , KEMPNER E. S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cells of Euglena gracilis strain Z were extracted with trichloroacetic acid. Samples of gross cellular protein were hydrolyzed by a variety of reagents. Amino acids released by these procedures were analyzed and the overall composition of cell protein was quantitatively determined.
Isolation and Identification of Specific Cortical Proteins in Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL*†
Authors: VAUDAUX PIERRE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Pellicles of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL (phenoset A) were isolated by a new procedure. Oral apparatuses were also purified by a modification of a previous method. Both preparations were characterized by electron microscopy.

Proteins of the isolates were separated by analytical SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isolated pellicles, which included oral apparatuses, contained only 6 major proteins (gel bands), designated A through F. Bands A, B, and C, were found in the pellicle fraction, but not in the oral apparatus fraction. Therefore, these proteins are believed to be present in the somatic cortex of Tetrahymena. Bands D and E were greatly enriched in the oral apparatus fraction; these proteins are therefore believed to be present primarily in the oral apparatus. Band F, identified as tubulin, was present in both preparations. Molecular weight determinations and some selective solubilization experiments are also presented.
Effect of Temperature on Growth, Cell Size, and Free Amino Acid Pool of the Thermophilic Ciliate Cyclidium citriullus
Authors: KAHAN D. , SHARON R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A clone of Cyclidium citrullus, adapted to growth at 18, 27, 37, 43, and 46 C had an optimum at 43 C, with 6.5 divisions/day. Transfer of cells previously grown at 43 or 46 C to 18 C resulted in death of most of the cells, transfer to 27 C increased the lag period, and transfer from 18 C to 37 or 46 C was followed faster division. All cells died at 48 C; some divided before death. At the temperatures employed maximum cell sizes (length and width) were achieved in the early log phase. At 43 C, however, the early log phase cells were smaller. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the free amino acids in the cells were found in ciliates grown at 18, 43, and 46 C; the highest amount/cell was found at 18 C, and the lowest at 43 C. High concentration of proline was noted only at 18 C.
Sporulation of Minchinia sp. (Haplosporida, Haplosporidiidae) in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) from the Republic of Korea
Authors: KERN FREDERICK G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A haplosporidan parasite belonging to the genus Minchinia was found in 4 of 1,438 oysters, Crassostrea gigas, collected from the Republic of Korea. Multinucleated vegetative stages were present in the infected oysters. Spores found in one of these oysters were acid‐fast and had operculate characteristics of the genus Minchinia.
Localization of Possible Calcium‐Binding Sites in the Cilia of Paramecium caudatum
Authors: TSUCHIYA TEIZO , TAKAHASHI KEIICHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electron‐dense deposits indicating possible Ca‐binding sites were found at the ciliary base of Paramecium caudatum fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution containing 5 mM CaCl2. The deposits appeared mainly at the inner surface of the ciliary membrane above the “ciliary necklace” region, although they could also occur in the space between the outer and the central microtubules. In some cases a ring of exactly 9 deposits was found in a ciliary cross section of a cilium.