bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El mundo como un taller de observación. La creación del Departamento Nacional del trabajo y las influencias internacionales
Authors: Suriano Juan
Published: April 2013

El presente trabajo analiza cuales fueron las experiencias internacionales que influyeron sobre la formulación de las primeras respuestas ensayadas por el Estado argentino en materia de legislación laboral. La ausencia de un corpus de conocimientos especializados (estadísticas fiables, informes, datos cualitativos) condujo a los sectores preocupados por resolver la cuestión obrera a estudiar y observar las prácticas y los métodos desarrollados en otros países. La experiencia adquirida en ese taller de observación mundial, en un contexto de fluida circulación internacional de las ideas, modelos de análisis y teorías, permitió pensar y poner en práctica las primeras leyes obreras así como crear el primer organismo laboral en el país.
Las rutas de las ideas: «cuestión social», feminismos y trabajo femenino
Authors: Lobato Mirta Zaida
Published: April 2013

En este artículo analizo las voces que permiten desentrañar la configuración de un conjunto de preocupaciones políticas y sociales cuyo núcleo está constituido por lo que hacen o dejan de hacer las mujeres que trabajan, y sobre los modos en que se conformaron las rutas de las ideas sobre feminismos y cuestión social. Me concentro en particular en las figuras de Ernesto Quesada, un intelectual de la generación del 90, en Elvira López, autora de la primera tesis sobre el movimiento feminista realizada en 1901 en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, y en Carolina Muzilli militante socialista. Esto me permite pensar ámbitos de actuación y modos de intervención heterogéneos así como el uso y difusión de la palabra escrita alrededor de las ideas sobre problemas sociales.
De crisis a crisis: la invención de la desocupación en la Argentina
Authors: Daniel Claudia
Published: April 2013

El artículo estudia el proceso histórico de configuración de la desocupación como problema social y estadístico en la Argentina de entreguerras, articulando tres ejes o dimensiones: la vinculación entre instrumentos estadísticos y formas de configuración estatal; la circulación internacional de saberes en torno a la cuestión del trabajo; el papel de las crisis (1914-17 y 1930) en la generación de representaciones estadísticas estables sobre la desocupación en el país.
Políticas, ideas y expertos en la cuestión social de la Argentina democrática (1983-2012)
Authors: Cortés Rosalía , Kessler Gabriel
Published: April 2013

El artículo examina las políticas hacia la pobreza, educación y salud en los cuatro ciclos de gobierno desde la restauración democrática en 1983 en Argentina hasta 2012, poniendo en relación el papel de los expertos y la circulación de ideas, con el juego de las instituciones y alianzas políticas y con las restricciones impuestas por el contexto local e internacional. Se señala la persistencia de la pobreza como problema público, y se identifican continuidades y rupturas entre las distintas administraciones, y sobre todo, los mayores grados de libertad de la innovación de ideas que la posibilidad de plasmarlas en políticas.
High Viral Burden Restricts Short-Lived Effector Cell Number at Late Times Postinfection through Increased Natural Regulatory T Cell Expansion
Authors: Amoah Samuel , Holbrook Beth C. , Yammani Rama D. , Alexander-Miller Martha A.
Published: April 2013

Generating and maintaining a robust CD8+ T cell response in the face of high viral burden is vital for host survival. Further, balancing the differentiation of effectors along the memory precursor effector cell pathway versus the short-lived effector cell (SLEC) pathway may be critical in controlling the outcome of virus infection with regard to clearance and establishing protection. Although recent studies have identified several factors that have the capacity to regulate effector CD8+ T cell differentiation—for example, inflammatory cytokines—we are far from a complete understanding of how cells choose the memory precursor effector cell versus SLEC fate following infection. In this study, we have modulated the infectious dose of the poxvirus vaccinia virus as an approach to modulate the environment present during activation and expansion of virus-specific effector cells. Surprisingly, in the face of a high virus burden, the number of SLECs was decreased. This decrease was the result of increased natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) generated by high viral burden, as depletion of these cells restored SLECs. Our data suggest Treg modulation of differentiation occurs via competition for IL-2 during the late expansion period, as opposed to the time of T cell priming. These findings support a novel model wherein modulation of the Treg response as a result of high viral burden regulates late-stage SLEC number.
G Protein–Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 Deficiency Promotes Angiogenesis, Tumor Progression, and Metastasis
Authors: Raghuwanshi Sandeep K. , Smith Nikia , Rivers Elizabeth J. , Thomas Ariel J. , Sutton Natalie , Hu Yuhui , Mukhopadhyay Somnath , Chen Xiaoxin L. , Leung TinChung , Richardson Ricardo M.
Published: April 2013

G protein–coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) phosphorylate the activated form of G protein–coupled receptors leading to receptor desensitization and downregulation. We have recently shown that the chemokine receptor, CXCR2, couples to GRK6 to regulate cellular responses including chemotaxis, angiogenesis, and wound healing. In this study, we investigate the role of GRK6 in tumorigenesis using murine models of human lung cancer. Mice deficient in GRK6 (GRK6−/−) exhibited a significant increase in Lewis lung cancer growth and metastasis relative to control littermates (GRK6+/+). GRK6 deletion had no effect on the expression of proangiogenic chemokine or vascular endothelial growth factor, but upregulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 release, tumor-infiltrating PMNs, and microvessel density. Because β-arrestin-2–deficient (βarr2−/−) mice exhibited increased Lewis lung cancer growth and metastasis similar to that of GRK6−/−, we developed a double GRK6−/−/βarr2−/− mouse model. Surprisingly, GRK6−/−/βarr2−/− mice exhibited faster tumor growth relative to GRK6−/− or βarr2−/− mice. Treatment of the mice with anti-CXCR2 Ab inhibited tumor growth in both GRK6−/− and GRK6−/−/βarr2−/− animals. Altogether, the results indicate that CXCR2 couples to GRK6 to regulate angiogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Deletion of GRK6 increases the activity of the host CXCR2, resulting in greater PMN infiltration and MMP release in the tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting angiogenesis and metastasis. Because GRK6−/−/βarr2−/− showed greater tumor growth relative to GRK6−/− or βarr2−/− mice, the data further suggest that CXCR2 couples to different mechanisms to mediate tumor progression and metastasis.
Control of the STAT6–BCL6 Antagonism by SWAP-70 Determines IgE Production
Authors: Audzevich Tatsiana , Pearce Glen , Breucha Michael , Günal Gamze , Jessberger Rolf
Published: April 2013

Asthma and allergies are major health concerns in which Ig isotype E plays a pivotal role. Ag-bound IgE drives mast cells and basophils into exocytosis, thereby promoting allergic and potentially anaphylactic reactions. The importance of tightly regulated IgE production is underscored by severe immunological conditions in humans with elevated IgE levels. Cytokines direct IgH class-switching to a particular isotype by initiation of germline transcription (GLT) from isotype-specific intronic (I) promoters. The switch to IgE depends on IL-4, which stimulates GLT of the Iε promoter, but is specifically and strongly impaired in Swap-70−/− mice. Although early events in IL-4 signal transduction (i.e., activation of the JAK/STAT6 pathway) do not require SWAP-70, SWAP-70 deficiency results in impaired Iε GLT. The affinity of STAT6 to chromatin is reduced in absence of SWAP-70. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that SWAP-70 binds to Iε and is required for association of STAT6 with Iε. BCL6, known to antagonize STAT6 particularly at Iε, is increased on Iε in absence of SWAP-70. Other promoters bound by BCL6 and STAT6 were found unaffected. We conclude that SWAP-70 controls IgE production through regulation of the antagonistic STAT6 and BCL6 occupancy of Iε. The identification of this mechanism opens new avenues to inhibit allergic reactions triggered by IgE.
Dopamine Receptor D3 Expressed on CD4+ T Cells Favors Neurodegeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons during Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: González Hugo , Contreras Francisco , Prado Carolina , Elgueta Daniela , Franz Dafne , Bernales Sebastián , Pacheco Rodrigo
Published: April 2013

Emerging evidence has demonstrated that CD4+ T cells infiltrate into the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and in animal models of PD. SN-infiltrated CD4+ T cells bearing inflammatory phenotypes promote microglial activation and strongly contribute to neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Importantly, altered expression of dopamine receptor D3 (D3R) in PBLs from PD patients has been correlated with disease severity. Moreover, pharmacological evidence has suggested that D3R is involved in IFN-γ production by human CD4+ T cells. In this study, we examined the role of D3R expressed on CD4+ T cells in neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SN using a mouse model of PD. Our results show that D3R-deficient mice are strongly protected against loss of dopaminergic neurons and microglial activation during 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD. Notably, D3R-deficient mice become susceptible to MPTP-induced neurodegeneration and microglial activation upon transfer of wild-type (WT) CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, RAG1 knockout mice, which are devoid of T cells and are resistant to MPTP-induced neurodegeneration, become susceptible to MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons when reconstituted with WT CD4+ T cells but not when transferred with D3R-deficient CD4+ T cells. In agreement, experiments analyzing activation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells revealed that D3R favors both T cell activation and acquisition of the Th1 inflammatory phenotype. These findings indicate that D3R expressed on CD4+ T cells plays a fundamental role in the physiopathology of MPTP-induced PD in a mouse model.
Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinase α Activation Critically Contributes to CD28-Dependent Signaling Responses
Authors: Muscolini Michela , Camperio Cristina , Capuano Cristina , Caristi Silvana , Piccolella Enza , Galandrini Ricciarda , Tuosto Loretta
Published: April 2013

CD28 is one of the most relevant costimulatory receptors that deliver both TCR-dependent and TCR-independent signals regulating a wide range of signaling pathways crucial for cytokine and chemokine gene expressions, T cell survival, and proliferation. Most of the CD28-dependent signaling functions are initiated by the recruitment and activation of class IA PI3Ks, which catalyze the conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) into phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate, thus generating the docking sites for key signaling proteins. Hence, PIP2 is a crucial substrate in driving the PI3K downstream signaling pathways, and PIP2 turnover may be an essential regulatory step to ensure the activation of PI3K following CD28 engagement. Despite some data evidence that CD28 augments TCR-induced turnover of PIP2, its direct role in regulating PIP2 metabolism has never been assessed. In this study, we show that CD28 regulates PIP2 turnover by recruiting and activating phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases α (PIP5Kα) in human primary CD4+ T lymphocytes. This event leads to the neosynthesis of PIP2 and to its consumption by CD28-activated PI3K. We also evidenced that PIP5Kα activation is required for both CD28 unique signals regulating IL-8 gene expression as well as for CD28/TCR-induced Ca2+ mobilization, NF-AT nuclear translocation, and IL-2 gene transcription. Our findings elucidate a novel mechanism that involves PIP5Kα as a key modulator of CD28 costimulatory signals.
Regulator of Calcineurin 1 Suppresses Inflammation during Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Junkins Robert D. , MacNeil Adam J. , Wu Zhengli , McCormick Craig , Lin Tong-Jun
Published: April 2013

Respiratory tract infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of hospitalization in immune-compromised individuals. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the immune response to P. aeruginosa lung infection remain incompletely defined. In this study, we demonstrate that the regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) is a central negative regulator of inflammation in a mouse model of acute bacterial pneumonia using the opportunistic bacterial pathogen P. aeruginosa. RCAN1-deficient mice display greatly increased mortality following P. aeruginosa lung infection despite enhanced neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance. This mortality is associated with higher systemic levels of proinflammatory cytokines in RCAN1-deficient animals. These aberrant inflammatory responses coincide with increased transcriptional activity of proinflammatory RCAN1-target proteins NFAT and NF-κB. In addition, we reveal a novel regulatory role for RCAN1 in the ERK/STAT3 pathway both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that aberrant STAT3 activity may significantly contribute to delayed resolution of inflammatory responses in our model. Together, these findings demonstrate that RCAN1 is a potent negative regulator of inflammation during respiratory tract infections.
Butyrophilin Btn2a2 Inhibits TCR Activation and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway Signaling and Induces Foxp3 Expression in T Lymphocytes
Authors: Ammann Johannes U. , Cooke Anne , Trowsdale John
Published: April 2013

The butyrophilin-related protein Btn2a2 was upregulated on murine APC including CD19+ B cells, CD11b+F4/80+ peritoneal macrophages, and CD11c+ bone marrow–derived dendritic cells after activation with LPS or Pam3CysK4, suggesting a role in modulation of T lymphocytes. Consistent with this, binding of mouse Btn2a2-Fc to CD3+ primary mouse T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 reduced the number of proliferating cells and entry of cells into the cell cycle. Binding of Btn2a2-Fc to anti-CD3–stimulated T cells inhibited CD3ε, Zap70, and subsequent Erk1/2 activation. It also interfered with activation of the regulatory subunit of PI3K, p85, and activation of Akt in T cells stimulated with both anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. Inhibition of Akt activation by Btn2a2-Fc was, in contrast to inhibition by programmed death ligand-1–Fc, not overcome by anti-CD28 costimulation. Using Foxp3-GFP–transgenic, naive T cells, Btn2a2-Fc induced de novo expression of Foxp3 in a dose-dependent manner, and Btn2a2-Fc–induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells had inhibitory properties. The data indicate an important physiological role for Btn2a2 in inhibiting T cell activation and inducing Foxp3+ regulatory T cells.
THE USE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN THE TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
Authors: Laurenti Luca
Published: April 2013

Autoimmune cytopenias are a frequent complication in CLL, occuring in approximately 5-10% of the patients. The most common manifestation is autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, followed by immune thrombocytopaenia and only rarely pure red blood cell aplasia or autoimmune granulocytopaenia. Initial treatment is as for the idiopathic autoimmune cytopenias, with most patients responding to conventional corticosteroid therapy. Patients not responding after 4–6 weeks of conventional therapy should be considered for alternative immunosuppression, monoclonal antibody therapy or splenectomy.   While randomized trials demonstrating the benefit of rituximab in CLL-related autoimmune diseases are still lacking, there are considerable data in the literature that provide evidence for its effectiveness.The monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab also displays considerable activity against both the malignant disease and the autoimmune complication in patients with CLL, although at the expense of greater toxicity. A number of new monoclonal antibodies, such as ofatumumab, GA-101, lumiliximab, TRU-016, epratuzumab, and galiximab, are currently investigated in CLL and their activity in CLL-related autoimmune cytopenias should be evaluated in future studies.
Yin Yang 1 and Adipogenic Gene Network Expression in Longissimus Muscle of Beef Cattle in Response to nutritional Management
Authors: Moisá Sonia J. , Shike Daniel W. , Meteer William T. , Keisler Duane , Faulkner Dan B. , Loor Juan J.
Published: April 2013

Among 36 differentially-expressed genes during growth in longissimus muscle (LM) of Angus steers, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) had the most relationships with other genes including some associated with adipocyte differentiation. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of nutritional management on mRNA expression of YY1 along with its targets genes PPARG, GTF2 B, KAT2 B, IGFBP5 and STAT5B. Longissimus from Angus and Angus × Simmental steers (7 total/treatment) on early weaning plus high-starch (EWS), normal weaning plus starch creep feeding (NWS), or normal weaning without starch creep feeding (NWN) was biopsied at 0, 96, and 240 days on treatments. Results suggest that YY1 does not exert control of adipogenesis in LM, and its expression is not sensitive to weaning age. Among the YY1-related genes, EWS led to greater IGFBP5 during growing and finishing phases. Pro-adipogenic transcriptional regulation was detected in EWS due to greater PPARG and VDR at 96 and 240 d vs. 0 d. GTF2B and KAT2B expression was lower in response to NWS and EWS than NWN, and was most pronounced at 240 d. The increase in PPARG and GTF2B expression between 96 and 240 d underscored the existence of a molecular programming mechanism that was sensitive to age and dietary starch. Such response partly explains the greater carcass fat deposition observed in response to NWS.
Changes in Attitudes, Intentions, and Behaviors toward Tobacco and Marijuana during U.S. Students' First Year of College
Authors: Stewart Mara W. , Moreno Megan A.
Published: April 2013

Tobacco and marijuana are commonly used by college students and have negative health effects. The purpose of this study was to understand how students' attitudes, intentions, and behaviors toward tobacco and marijuana change during freshman year and to examine how attitude and intention predict use of these substances. 275 college students completed phone interviews before and after their freshman year. The identical interviews assessed students' attitudes, intentions, and behaviors toward both substances. Attitudes and intentions increased significantly. 12.2% of participants initiated tobacco use and 13.5% initiated marijuana use. Only intention predicted tobacco initiation, while both attitude and intention predicted marijuana initiation. Overall, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors changed significantly toward favored use. Predictors of use varied by substance, suggesting that different prevention approaches may be beneficial.
Mathematical Models of Within-Host and Transmission Dynamics to Determine Effects of Malaria Interventions in a Variety of Transmission Settings
Authors: Eckhoff Philip
Published: April 2013

A model for Anopheles population dynamics and malaria transmission is combined with a within-host dynamics microsolver to study baseline transmission, the effects of seasonality, and the impact of interventions. The Garki Project is recreated in simulation of the pre-intervention baseline and the different combinations of interventions deployed. Modifications are introduced, and longer project duration, extension of dry-season spraying, and transmission-blocking vaccines together achieve local elimination in some conditions. A variety of interventions are simulated in transmission settings that vary in transmission intensity and underlying seasonality. Adding vaccines to existing vector control efforts extends the ability to achieve elimination to higher baseline transmission and less favorable vector behavior. If one species of the Anopheles gambiae species complex feeds disproportionately outdoors for a given complex average behavior, vector control impacts are less than for a single species. Non-zero dry-season transmission limits seasonal oscillation in parasite dynamics and impact of wet-season interventions.
Asymptomatic Plasmodium Infection and Cognition among Primary Schoolchildren in a High Malaria Transmission Setting in Uganda
Authors: Nankabirwa Joaniter , Wandera Bonnie , Kiwanuka Noah , Staedke Sarah G. , Kamya Moses R. , Brooker Simon J.
Published: April 2013

Asymptomatic parasitemia is common among schoolchildren living in areas of high malaria transmission, yet little is known about its effect on cognitive function in these settings. To investigate associations between asymptomatic parasitemia, anemia, and cognition among primary schoolchildren living in a high malaria transmission setting, we studied 740 children enrolled in a clinical trial in Tororo, Uganda. Parasitemia, measured by thick blood smears, was present in 30% of the children. Infected children had lower test scores for abstract reasoning (adjusted mean difference [AMD] −0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.01 to −0.21) and sustained attention (AMD −1.6 95% CI −2.40 to −0.81) compared with uninfected children. There was also evidence for a dose–response relationship between parasite density and scores for sustained attention. No associations were observed between anemia and either test of cognition. Schoolchildren in high transmission settings may experience cognitive benefits, from interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of asymptomatic parasitemia.
Comparison of Crack Formation in Retrograde Cavities prepared with Ultrasound, Er, Cr:YSGG Laser or Bur: An ex vivo Study
Authors: Arslan Seda , Bala Oya , Berk Gizem , Kayaoglu Guven
Published: April 2013

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the number of crack formation in retrograde cavities after preparation with ultrasound, Er, Cr:YSGG (erbium, chromium:yttrium, scandium, gallium and garnet) laser with different power and frequency settings and bur.

Materials and Methods

Root canals of 60 extracted human maxillary incisors were prepared, the apices were horizontally cut and class I retrograde cavities were prepared using an ultrasonic unit (group 1), Er, Cr:YSGG laser (group 2: 3.5 W, 30 Hz; group 3: 3.5 W, 20 Hz; group 4: 4 W, 30 Hz; group 5: 4 W 20 Hz) or high-speed bur (group 6). Cracks were examined under a stereomicroscope at a magnification of ×20, scored (0 to 3) and classified according to their location (cementum, dentin, canal wall). Scanning electron microscopy analysis was also performed.

Results

Greatest number of cracks was found in the cementum, and least on the canal wall. Ultrasonics followed by bur created the greatest number of crack in the dentin. No significant differences were found when groups 2 and 4, 3 and 5, and 2 and 3 were compared at the 3 regions. A significant difference was found between groups 4 and 5 at the dentin region.

Conclusion

The ultrasonic is the most aggressive root-end preparation technique. The most favorable laser setting was the one used in Group 5; and generally it was safer also than the ultrasound and the bur groups.

How to cite this article

Arslan S, Bala O, Berk G, Kayaoglu G. Comparison of Crack Formation in Retrograde Cavities prepared with Ultrasound, Er, Cr:YSGG Laser or Bur: Anex vivoStudy. J Contemp Dent 2013;3(1):1-6.
Two-Phase Treatment of a Growing Patient with a Skeletal Class II
Authors: Gaikwad Shashank Sharad , Sonawane Manish Suresh , Karandikar Girish Ramchandra , Pawar Priyanka Anil , Shah Shaili Sanjay
Published: April 2013

Functional appliances have been used for many years in the treatment of class II malocclusions. They redirect the growth of mandible bringing about a skeletal change in a growing patient. In case of any remaining dental discrepancy, a fixed appliance is obligatory. This patient was an 11-year-old growing female with a convex profile, receding chin, lower lip trap, class II skeletal and dental relationship, a large overjet and overbite and a high maxillary labial frenum attachment. Treatment started with the Twin-block appliance with an expansion screw to achieve transverse correction, promote growth of the mandible and improve her profile. This was followed by fixed appliance mechanotherapy to align and level the dentition, close spaces and retract the maxillary anteriors. Frenectomy was carried out after space closure.

How to cite this article

Sonawane MS, Karandikar GR, Gaikwad SS, Pawar PA, Shah SS. Two-Phase Treatment of a Growing Patient with a Skeletal Class II. J Contemp Dent 2013;3(1):40-43.
A Trio Discovery—Cardarelli-Riga-Fede Disease: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Dixit Uma B , Patil Sonal Dinesh
Published: April 2013

The natal and neonatal teeth have been reported to cause ulceration on the ventral surface of the tongue in neonates and infants. These can be presented with mild to severe ulceration which may affect the child's feeding habits. This appearance was described by Cardarelli, Riga and Fede and hence been termed as Cardarelli-Riga-Fede disease. It is important to diagnose the lesion early and treat it by eliminating the cause of trauma to avoid untoward complications. We present a large Riga-Fede lesion in an infant along with the clinical management. The purpose of this report is to review the literature related to neonatal teeth epidemiology and discuss their possible etiology and treatment.

How to cite this article

Patil SD, Dixit UB. A Trio Discovery— Cardarelli-Riga-Fede Disease: A Case Report and Review of Literature. J Contemp Dent 2013;3(1):44-48.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of a Dual-Phase Steel
Authors: Carpintero-Moreno E.J. , Gonzalez-Rodriguez J.G. , Uruchurtu-Chavarin J. , Rosales I. , Campillo B. , Leduc-Lezama L.
Published: April 2013

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of a microalloyed steel under different heat treatments in 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution with different pH values (3, 7, and 12) using the slow strain rate testing (SSRT) technique has been evaluated. Heat treatments include the as-received condition (with a martensitic/perlitic microstructure), a quenched from 750°C condition (producing a dual-phase microstructure consisting of martensite/ferrite), and a quenched from 950°C condition (producing an almost pure martensitic microstructure). The as-received and quenched from 950°C conditions were highly susceptible to SCC whereas the steel with the dual-phase microstructure was only mildly susceptible. A direct correlationship was found between the corrosion rate and the SCC susceptibility. The SCC mechanism seems to be hydrogen embrittlement.
Electrochemical Behavior of Metals Used in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: A Rotating Cylinder Electrode's Study
Authors: Rios J.F. , Calderón J.A. , Nogueira R.P.
Published: April 2013

The corrosion behavior of electrolytic copper (>99.5% purity [UNS C11000]), carbon steel (AISI/SAE 1016 [(UNS G10160]), and Type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel in neutral tap water was examined by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE). The instantaneous corrosion rates determined from polarization curves were 0.2, 15, and 140 μm y−1 for stainless steel, copper, and carbon steel, respectively. These values were found to be consistent with those reported by the weight-loss method, thereby allowing RCE to be used for the rapid estimation of corrosion rates. Results showed that the corrosion behavior is not directly dependent on hydrodynamic conditions even under turbulent flow. The corrosion resistance does not seem to be related to the intrinsic reactivity of each metal but rather to the oxide film structure on the metal surface. The low resistance of carbon steel, hence, is caused by the formation of a porous layer that does not prevent metal dissolution. In the case of copper, the corrosion process is controlled by the formation of a stable oxide film. Finally, stainless steel showed a very low corrosion rate because of a passive protective layer on its surface.
Funções Administrativas ou Práticas? As “Artes do Fazer” Gestão na Escola Mirante
Authors: De Almeida Roberta Alvarenga , Junquilho Gelson Silva
Published: April 2013

O objetivo deste artigo é ampliar a compreensão do exercício da gestão como fenômeno coletivo, resultante de práticas construídas pelos sujeitos organizacionais. O fio condutor foi a conceituação de Certeau (2009) sobre a vida cotidiana, locus onde sujeitos sociais desenvolvem “artes do fazer”, por meio de suas práticas. O estudo empírico foi realizado em uma escola pública de ensino fundamental, neste artigo denominada como Mirante, componente do sistema de educação básica do município de Vitória (ES). A estratégia metodológica foi baseada no método etnográfico, desenvolvida por meio de observação direta, complementada por entrevistas e documentos formais. A pesquisa mostra que as “funções administrativas” (FAYOL, 1970) são re/construídas socialmente, apropriadas que são por meio de práticas, resultantes das ações cotidianas de sujeitos praticantes no seio da escola. Os resultados apontam a complexidade das “artes do fazer” gestão, fenômeno este que é coletivo e não exclusivo da ação de um gestor.
Fatores motivadores do empreendedorismo e as decisões estratégicas de pequenas empresas
Authors: Vicenzi Siomara Elias , Bulgacov Sergio
Published: April 2013

O propósito deste trabalho é compreender os fatores motivadores que influenciaram ações empreendedoras estratégicas de pequenos empresários de uma região fronteiriça do sul do Brasil. A pesquisa é descritiva, de natureza quantitativa, do tipo levantamento e realizada por meio de investigação de campo em 100 atividades empreendedoras, de pequeno porte, da região sul do Brasil. Os resultados demonstram as características pessoais dos empreendedores que mais se destacaram; os fatores motivadores nas decisões de produtos, serviços e mercados; os fatores motivadores na decisão em abrir um negócio; os fatores motivadores na decisão de mudança no negócio, bem como as prováveis relações entre fatores motivadores e as mudanças de produtos e mercados. Os fatores que mais contribuíram na decisão, desde a escolha inicial de seus negócios até as modificações de produtos e mercados foram: conhecimento teórico; conhecimento do setor; experiências dos empreendedores; avanços da tecnologia; e a dinâmica do mercado em termos econômicos e sociais.
Incubadoras de empresas e o desenvolvimento de capacidades em empresas incubadas
Authors: Storopoli José Eduardo , Binder Marcelo Pereira , Maccari Emerson Antonio
Published: April 2013

No Brasil, as incubadoras de empresa vêm-se consolidando ao longo dos anos com contribuições importantes para o processo de desenvolvimento de ideias que se transformam em negócios e também de empreendedores que se tornam empresários. As incubadoras permitem que as capacidades e recursos disponíveis deem suporte ao desenvolvimento das potencialidades empreendedoras de seus associados. Este trabalho analisa a contribuição desse processo para o desenvolvimento das empresas nos diferentes estágios de incubação. O método de pesquisa foi o estudo de casos múltiplos, com o gerente do CIETEC e quatro empresas em estágios distintos de incubação. A análise dos dados seguiu as técnicas de agrupamento e de cluster. Os principais resultados indicam que: a) as capacidades possuem suas raízes em experiências profissionais ou acadêmicas dos empreendedores; b) o papel da incubadora na formação dessas capacidades é passivo; c) a capacitação de empreendedores para a elaboração de um plano de negócios é um fator positivo para o estabelecimento do negócio; d) o networking proporcionado pela incubadora mostrou-se fundamental para todas as empresas; e) a infraestrutura é importante para os estágios inicias de incubação, porém perde importância na medida em que as empresas avançam em seus estágios de incubação.
Avaliação do emprego das técnicas de análise de correspondência e análise de conglomerados em teses e dissertações de algumas instituições de ensino superior
Authors: Gouvêa Maria Aparecida , Prearo Leandro Campi , Romeiro Maria do Carmo
Published: April 2013

Este artigo faz parte de um amplo estudo de avaliação da adequação no uso de técnicas estatísticas multivariadas em teses e dissertações de algumas instituições de ensino superior na área de marketing na temática do comportamento do consumidor entre 1997 e 2006. Neste artigo são focalizadas as técnicas de análise de correspondência e análise de conglomerados, duas técnicas com grande potencial de uso em estudos de marketing. Foi objetivo deste trabalho a análise da adequação do emprego destas técnicas às necessidades dos problemas de pesquisa apresentados nas teses e dissertações e a aferição do nível de acerto no atendimento de suas premissas. De forma geral, os resultados sugerem a necessidade de um aumento do comprometimento dos pesquisadores na verificação de todos os preceitos teóricos de aplicação destas técnicas classificadas na categoria de agrupamento.
Pine Island Glacier ice shelf melt distributed at kilometre scales
Authors: Dutrieux P. , Vaughan D. G. , Corr H. F. J. , Jenkins A. , Holland P. R. , Joughin I. , Fleming A.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. By thinning and accelerating, West Antarctic ice streams are contributing about 10% of the observed global sea level rise. Much of this ice loss is from Pine Island Glacier, which has thinned since at least 1992, driven by changes in ocean heat transport beneath its ice shelf and retreat of the grounding line. Details of the processes driving this change, however, remain largely elusive, hampering our ability to predict the future behaviour of this and similar systems. Here, a Lagrangian methodology is developed to measure oceanic melting of such rapidly advecting ice. High-resolution satellite and airborne observations of ice surface velocity and elevation are used to quantify patterns of basal melt under the Pine Island Glacier ice shelf and the associated adjustments to ice flow. At the broad scale, melt rates of up to 100 m yr−1 occur near the grounding line, reducing to 30 m yr−1 just 20 km downstream. Between 2008 and 2011, basal melting was largely compensated by ice advection, allowing us to estimate an average loss of ice to the ocean of 87 km3 yr−1, in close agreement with 2009 oceanographically-constrained estimates. At smaller scales, a network of basal channels typically 500 m to 3 km wide is sculpted by concentrated melt, with kilometre-scale anomalies reaching 50% of the broad-scale basal melt. Basal melting enlarges the channels close to the grounding line, but farther downstream melting tends to diminish them. Kilometre-scale variations in melt are a key component of the complex ice-ocean interaction beneath the ice shelf, implying that greater understanding of their effect, or very high resolution models, are required to predict the sea-level contribution of the region.
Effect of testosterone undecanoate on hematological profiles, blood lipid and viscosity and plasma testosterone level in castrated rabbits
Authors: Zhao Chen , Moon Du Geon , Park Jong Kwan
Published: April 2013

Objective: The association between testosterone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk remains controversial. Blood viscosity is a known individual risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the long-acting injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU) on risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Methods: Twenty four male New Zealand white rabbits (2.5 kg) were randomly divided into three groups of eight. The first group was used as control. The second group was castrated bilaterally. The third group was administrated with 6 mg/kg of TU at 1 day and 6 weeks after castration. Whole blood viscosity, total plasma testosterone, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), fibrinogen (FBN), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured at baseline, 6 weeks and 18 weeks. Results: In control group, whole blood viscosity and FBN were significantly increased at 6 and 18 weeks. Castration significantly increased the levels of TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C, but decreased Hct and Hb. In the TU injection group, whole blood viscosity was markedly decreased in all share rates, whereas the FBN level was increased. Hb and Hct showed a tendency for higher concentration at 6 weeks. Conclusions: Long-acting injectable TU provides another reliable treatment option for testosterone replacement therapy. Moreover, the patients may receive additional beneficial effect in lowered whole blood viscosity.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Wei Li , Jianbo Liang , Qiang Wei , Hai Yu , Zhixiang Lan
Published: April 2013

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare tumor with malignant potential, and it has been described in many major organs. However, bladder location is very uncommon. We report the case of a 23-year-old women presented with painless gross hematuria last for 2 weeks. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a bladder tumor. The patient underwent a open partial cystectomy and the final pathologic diagnosis was inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of bladder. Typical IMTs can be locally aggressive, thus close follow-up is necessary.
Prospective cost analysis of laparoscopic vs. open pyeloplasty in children: Single centre contemporary evaluation comparing two procedures over a 1-year period
Authors: Moore Katherine , Lorenzo Armando J. , Turner Suzanne , Bägli Darius J. , Salle Joao L. Pippi , Farhat Walid A.
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Laparoscopy in pediatric urological surgery continues to gradually gain acceptance. Since economic implications are of increasing importance in our cost-containment environment, few studies have compared the expense associated with open to laparoscopic approaches. We present a prospective comparative cost-analysis between the laparoscopic (LP) and open pediatric pyeloplasty (OP).Methods: Over a period of a year (2007-2008), 54 consecutives pyeloplasties were performed. The “traditional” OP was performed in 33 patients and the remaining 21 children underwent LP. Costs were prospectively collected for each group and divided based on amounts incurred by all different departments involved: nursing, laboratory, diagnostic imaging, pharmacy and operative room.Results: Overall, the average cost for a LP was CDN$6240 compared to CDN$5079 for an OP with a median hospital stay of 2 days (range OP: 1-18, LP: 1-7). The main difference was found in operative room expenses (OP: $2508 vs. LP: $3925). The higher cost could not be solely explained by the use of disposable items, which only subtracts $335 per procedure (23.6% of the cost difference between OP and LP). Length of time spent in the operating room was 1.2 hours longer for the LP and appears to be the main factor explaining the cost difference.Conclusion: Our findings show that at our institution, pediatric LP is more expensive than OP. This cost difference is mainly due to operating room time. For cost-containment purposes, efforts aimed at increasing efficiency in the operating room may help equalize both approaches.
Pursuit of sexual function post-radical prostatectomy
Authors: Smyth Lisa G. , Cullen Ivor M. , Quinlan David M.
Published: April 2013

Introduction: In the event of the implementation of prostate cancer screening, younger men will be diagnosed more frequently. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a frequent long-term complication in men post-radical prostatectomy (RP). Since the introduction of RP, urologists have strived to improve postoperative sexual function. There is little literature, however, in the area of ED prescribing and sexual pursuit in men post-RP. We assessed the pursuit of sexual function in this group of patients.Methods: The study involved a detailed questionnaire sent to patients who have undergone radical retropublic prostatectomy (RRP) by one surgeon in one institution to ascertain the impact of ED on lifestyle and ED therapy prescription use.Results: There was a response rate of 59%; most patients who responded were in the 61 to 70 year age group at the time of the survey. About 25% of patients had intercourse more than once in the 4 weeks prior to the survey. A total 50% of patients had no problem or a very small problem with their sexual function. Overall 80% of patients were prescribed ED therapy, but less than 35% of them used it.Conclusion: Sexual frequency peaked in younger patients who were 3 years or more from surgery. Of note, 46% of men either declined the offer of ED therapy or got the prescription and never used it. Only 34% of men had used their ED prescription in the last 4 weeks. Urologists frequently find that patients behave differently postoperatively, with less interest in sexual activity. Interestingly, we found that 50% of our patients classified their sexual function, as at most a small problem.
Photoselective vaporization of the prostate using GreenLight 120-W lithium triborate laser to treat symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: A single-centre prospective study
Authors: Mosli Hisham A. , Abdel-Meguid Taha A. , Abdulwahhab Mohammad H. , Al-Sayyad Ahmad , Farsi Hasan M. , Tayib Abdulmalik
Published: April 2013

Objective: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) using GreenLight 120-W lithium triborate (LBO) laser to treat symptomatic small-to-medium sized benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Methods: This prospective non-controlled observational study included symptomatic BPH men ≥50 years with international prostate symptom score (IPSS) ≥14, prostate volume (PV) ≤80 cc and maximum flow rate (Q-max) ≤15 mL/s. PVP was performed using the GreenLight 120-W LBO laser machine. Patients were assessed at baseline and postoperatively at discharge, 2 weeks, and 3, 6 and 12 months. We measured changes in IPSS, PV, PSA, Q-max, post-void residual (PVR), hemoglobin (Hb), serum sodium (Na+) and reported complications. Statistical significance was p < 0.05.Results: The study included 103 men with mean age of 67 (±standarddeviation) ±9.7 years. Thirty patients were on indwelling urethral catheters for refractory urinary retention and 12 on ongoing anticoagulants. The mean baseline IPSS, PV, PSA, Q-max and PVR parameters significantly improved at follow-up (p < 0.001; each). Mean measurements at baseline versus at six months were: IPSS 25.6 ± 4.2 vs. 7.4±2.3; PV 44.6 ± 9.2 vs. 21.6 ± 6.3 cc (51.6% reduction); Q-max 5.8 ± 3.4 vs. 20.4 ± 4.8 mL/s; PVR 110 ± 40 vs. 35 ± 9 cc. Mean baseline Hb and serum Na+ declined nonsignificantly (p > 0.05) at discharge and at 2 weeks. No patient needed a blood transfusion. Secondary procedures were needed in 2 patients for urethral and bladder neck strictures. The re-treatment rate for residual adenoma was 0.97%.Conclusion: PVP using the GreenLight 120-W LBO laser to treat small-to-medium sized symptomatic BPH demonstrated significant improvements in efficacy parameters and high safety profile within 12 months of follow-up. The procedure entails good hemostasis with minimal blood loss even in patients receiving ongoing anticoagulants.
Preoperative hydronephrosis and diabetes mellitus predict poor prognosis in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Hwang Insang , Jung Seung Il , Nam Deok-Hyun , Hwang Eu Chang , Kang Taek Won , Kwon Dong Deuk , Ryu Soo Bang
Published: April 2013

Introduction: We assess the impact of traditional prognostic factors, tumour location, degree of hydronephrosis and diabetes mellitus (DM) on the survival of patients treated for upper urinary tracturothelial carcinoma (UUTUC).Methods: From January 2004 to March 2010, we analyzed data from 114 patients with UUTUC who underwent nephroureterectomy with a bladder cuff excision. Median patient age was 71 years and median follow-up was 26.5 months. The influence of traditional prognostic factors, including DM, tumour stage, grade, location and degree of hydronephrosis, on recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model.Results: Among 61 renal pelvis and 53 ureteral tumour cases, recurrence was identified in 71 cases (62.3%). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that degree of hydronephrosis was associated with RFS (p = 0.001). DM and degree of hydronephrosis were independent factors for RFS in Cox proportional regression analysis (HR=1.8 CI:1.01-3.55, p = 0.04), (HR=3.7, CI: 2.0-6.5, p = 0.001). All patients with ureteral tumour had no worse prognosis than those with renal pelvis tumour, but the pT2 patients with ureteral tumour had a worse prognosis than those with renal pelvis tumour with a median RFS of 9 months (range: 2.6-15.3 months) and 29 months (range:8.0-13.2 months), respectively (p = 0.028).Conclusions: Tumour location is not a factor influencing RFS, except in the pT2 stage. However, severe hydronephrosis is associated with a higher recurrence in UUTUC. Also, DM is related to disease recurrence. Further prospective studies are needed to establish the prognostic significance of DM in large populations.
Technical, managerial, and financial capacity among small water systems
Authors: Blanchard Christopher S. , Eberle W. David
Published: April 2013

In 2009, legislators asked the Washington State Department of Health's Office of Drinking Water (ODW) why small systems were coming to the legislature to resolve water system emergencies. The ODW already had a number of tools to reduce emergency requests, including a sanitary survey, certification training, workshops, one‐on‐one technical support, and the financial analysis conducted as part of a Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) loan application. But because existing prioritization and needs‐identification schemas are based solely on systems' compliance records, the ODW needed an additional tool to quantify technical, managerial, and financial (TMF) capacity among small systems to more effectively prioritize and direct technical assistance. ODW staff responded by designing a 17‐question survey to gauge that capacity. In fall 2011 the ODW conducted the survey of 562 systems, receiving 304 responses. This empirical study reports the results of that survey and supports the contention that the survey results contribute to a better understanding of the small systems in Washington.
De la performativité en milieu théâtral : la prise de conscience du corps genré et son impact sur la formation des comédiens
Authors: Lund Anna , Roberge Jonathan , Morissette Jean-François
Published: April 2013

Cet article prend appui sur la compréhension des genres proposée par Judith Butler afin de voir comment une impression sentie de l’instabilité des normes sexuées peut en relever la teneur normative et ainsi créer de nouvelles manières de comprendre le monde et notre place en son sein. La manière dont Butler comprend le changement social s’appuie cependant davantage sur des possibilités abstraites que sur des exemples concrets. Dans cet article, un tel exemple est donné en référence à un cas où justement ces possibilités se sont concrétisées. Issues du système de formation théâtrale suédois dans lequel l’hétérocentrisme et l’inégalité des sexes était une pratique courante, des institutions et des manières de faire ont émergé ou se sont transformées, donnant des possibilités accrues à la fois pour les femmes et pour l’expression de la différence. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que la critique sociale concernant les limites et possibilités du genre comme étant culturellement et discursivement produit fut activement connecté, à travers une prise de conscience de la corporéité, aux idéaux de l’hétérosexualité et de la préséance du masculin. En utilisant une ethnographie centrée sur la performativité du corps en tant que vecteur significatif, c’est bien alors les relations entre ce corps et la re-signification des normes sexuées qui peuvent être révélées.