bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art and Architecture in Flanders and Beyond
Authors: Nuttall Paula , Williams Richard
Published: June 2023

Around 1420 a new pictorial language emerged in Flanders, based on the faithful observation of reality and the virtuosic application of oil paint. This visual revolution, associated primarily with Jan van Eyck, coincided with the equally momentous artistic developments that occurred in Florentine art around 1420. Yet, although Van Eyck and his successors, notably Rogier van der Weyden, shared many of the aims of their Italian peers, the term ‘Renaissance', in the conventional sense of a classically inspired ‘rebirth', is unhelpful for much of the art of northern Europe in the fifteenth century. It was not until after 1500 that the cultural climate of Italian humanism, with its attendant influence on the visual arts, began to manifest itself in the work of artists such as Jan Gossaert-though not in the work of his successors, such as Pieter Bruegel. The first part of this chapter considers the elements in fifteenth-century northern art and architecture that can and cannot be usefully seen within the cultural model of the Renaissance. The second part focuses on the sixteenth century, when Italian understandings of classical antiquity, mediated in part by northern humanists, reshaped the artistic and architectural traditions of the north.
Craft and Technology in Renaissance Europe
Authors: Long Pamela O. , Morrall Andrew
Published: June 2023

In this chapter, craft, which refers to the skilled making of things within specific domains, such as pottery, leatherworking, and goldsmithing, is distinguished from technology, which refers to larger systems of material production, such as mining and metallurgy, artillery and fortification, navigation, building construction, and the technologies of agriculture or household production. Many crafts were organized into guilds, whose apprentice systems produced generations of artisans. Crafts tended to be concentrated in urban centres, whereas many technologies, such as food production, wool production, and mining, were primarily rural. Textiles included wool, linen, hemp, and silk, all of which were used for clothing, but also for art forms such as tapestry and embroidery. Mining and metallurgy were the foundation of coinage, ironmaking, metalwork, jewellery, ceramics, and glass. Animal hides were used for leatherwork. In technology, medieval machinery (notably mills) was supplemented with new machines, such as the printing press. Military technologies and fortifications were developed by figures such as Leonardo da Vinci. Scientific instruments for measuring time and place were also devised. Craft also played an important part in high culture, especially in areas such as intarsia and objects made for the Kunstkammer.
Religion in Bombay/Mumbai
Authors: Stausberg Michael
Published: June 2023

This chapter presents an outline of some key elements of a religious history of Mumbai from early colonial times to the present. It addresses religion in and of the city, the frameworks that make religion happen, and some of the specific religious features of Bombay/Mumbai. The city has for several centuries attracted migrants and it has been embedded in wide-ranging trade routes. This has given it a strong flavour of religious diversity, and several religious minorities have flourished here, but the growth of the city since the end of the colonial times has reduced their demographic scope. The chapter discusses the trope of ‘cosmopolitanism’ and the history of ‘riots’ (clashes where religious communities appear as actants). Finally, the chapter reviews religious fairs and festivals and important sacred spaces as focal points for the religious lives of many of the city’s inhabitants. It gives an overview of the contributions to this edited volume.
Ageism in Assisted Reproduction
Authors: Minerva Francesca
Published: June 2023

Female fertility declines at a much faster pace than male fertility. In the past four decades, assisted reproduction treatments (ARTs) have dramatically increased women’s chances of getting pregnant over the age of 35. Yet, it is still very difficult for women in their mid-40s (and older) to get pregnant since the ART success rate decreases as women’s age advances, and many European countries legally prevent women over the age of 45 from accessing ARTs. This chapter argues that removing the legal upper age limits to accessing ARTs is a necessary step but that it is also important to develop medical treatments that prevent loss of fertility due to ageing.
Differentiating Retirement Age to Compensate for Health and Longevity Inequality?
Authors: Vandenberghe Vincent
Published: June 2023

Historically, a uniform age was used to proxy work capacity loss and trigger the payment of pensions. Recently, many have argued that we need several retirement ages to better match the distribution of work (in)capacity across socio-demographic groups. At first sight, the proposal makes perfect sense. Work capacity declines faster among low-income or low-educated individuals. But there is also a lot of unaccounted heterogeneity, even inside narrowly defined socio-economic groups. And this compromises the feasibility and desirability of retirement age differentiation. Under a regime of systematic retirement age differentiation, there would be many situations with no retirement for people with serious work restrictions and, simultaneously, numerous cases where entirely healthy people enjoy retirement. An alternative approach would be to stick to uniform retirement age, backed up by a reinforced disability scheme.
Building an Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

European migration law has evolved dynamically ever since the 1990s. The abolition of border controls in the Schengen area was considered to require flanking measures on visas and databases, amongst others. At the same time, Member States promoted intergovernmental cooperation in response to an increase in the number of asylum applications. National governments defined core features of the European rulebook on ‘third country nationals’, whose contents differs markedly from the freedom-enhancing rationale of the single market and ‘Union citizenship’. Successive Treaty amendments buttressed the relative autonomy of migration law under the umbrella of the area of freedom, security, and justice. EU institutions decide on the degree of openness or closure within the confines of human rights, thus presenting the contemporary variant on how European states have dealt with migration ever since the nineteenth century. Inspection of the pre-history of European migration law exposes a fascinating combination of continuity and transformative disruption, which continues to define policy developments to date.
Institutional Prerogatives and Decision-making
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

Institutional provisions have a direct impact on the policy outcome by determining the weight of the relevant actors. Chapter 2 introduces readers to the prerogatives of the supranational institutions and their track record on migration. The informal trilogue format and the rise of soft law in the internal and external dimension demonstrate that everyday practices can be as relevant as legal rules in the Treaties. While the European Parliament often serves as a counterbalance to the preferences of national interior ministries, assembled in the Council, the Commission habitually responds to changing political priorities with technocratic pragmatism. Legislation on migration is full of compromise packages, and the salience of migratory matters in the public discourse complicates the ongoing search for a common ground. EU migration law is the product of state interests as much as it reflects normative preferences. A peculiarity of European migration law are the country-specific opt-outs of Denmark and Ireland (as well as the UK, before Brexit). They stem from political compromises enshrined at Treaty level and do not establish a general blueprint for the realisation of migration law by means of ‘multiple speeds’ or ‘coalitions of the willing’.
Court of Justice: Achievements and Limitations
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

Judgments of the Court in Luxembourg are a central object of analysis for anyone dealing with European migration law. Chapter 3 points out that they do not come out of thin air. Inspection of procedural rules unveils the black box of judicial decision-making; rules of procedure prioritise the views of some actors over the position of others. Deference to the position of the legislature is one explanation why the judicial output fluctuates between dynamic constitutional rulings and an administrative mindset of doctrinal hermeneutics. A statistical survey of the case law unearths significant thematic asymmetries. Judgments on migration law reaffirm the centrality of preliminary references, notwithstanding divergences in the number of references between the Member States and according to subject matter. In areas where judges deliver few rulings, alternative accountability mechanisms are particularly important. Ombudspersons, financial and managerial control, and public attention can play a critical role in such situations.
Visa Policy
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

Visa policy and carrier sanctions are essential elements of European migration law which sustain the profound stratification of contemporary entry policies: easy access for privileged travellers coexists with hurdles and restrictions for the ‘unwanted’. Visa requirements classify states on the basis of an abstract risk profile in order to determine the nationals of which countries have to apply for a visa from abroad. The Visa List Regulation is binding on all Member States and many neighbours follow its contents as well; visa facilitation agreements serve as a bargaining chip to convince third states to cooperate. Procedural safeguards in the Visa Code Regulation apply to full members of the Schengen area only; they embody a high level of harmonisation in relation to documentation, admission criteria, and the administrative procedure, even though the level of protection is lower than in other areas of migration law. Critical observers highlight the significance of carrier sanctions as a measure of privatised migration control, which is subject to limited legal oversight and hinders access to Union territory by persons coming from the Global South.
Border Controls
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

Controversies about ‘pushback’ allegations have received much attention. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to identify the outer limits of the legal framework for border surveillance at the ‘blue’ sea border and the ‘green’ land border in between crossing points. Uncertainties persist under human rights law and with respect to the Schengen Borders Code Regulation and the Sea Borders Regulation. Chapter 12 familiarises readers with this highly significant segment of European migration law. By contrast, the rules on checks on persons at official crossing points are comparatively straightforward, including for refusal of entry. The proliferation of prolonged ‘temporary’ internal border controls within the Schengen area is illustrative of profound governance deficits, which EU institutions struggle to overcome. Judges confirmed that continued internal border controls are illegal, under the current legislative framework at least. Member States have more leeway, however, when it comes to police checks in the border area. Secondary movements of asylum applicants are a bone of contention, partly because of the complexity of the legal regime.
Legal Migration
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

EU legislation on economic migration and family unity concerns several million third country nationals. Chapter 14 assesses the contents and the effects of domestic and supranational rules against the backdrop of years of debate. Family reunification became a controversial topic when the destination countries of ‘guest workers’ and late colonial migration made it harder to sponsor the entry and stay of spouses from countries of origin. Optional clauses in the Family Reunification Directive authorise Member States to maintain or introduce restrictions, which have been criticised. Judges accepted these conditions to be compatible with human rights, provided that states introduce hardship clauses. The Directive contains other protective elements as well; their level of protection goes beyond what states are required to do under human rights law. When it comes to labour migration, the need for common action was never straightforward, in the absence of enhanced transnational effects. Debates about economic migration were divisive, before the EU settled on a sectoral approach. Inspection of the Blue Card Directive and the legislation on students and researchers, intra-corporate transferees, procedures (single permit), and seasonal workers explains why these rules have a limited impact in practice. Member States remain a laboratory for the design of innovative entry channels, both for the highly skilled and for migrants with less qualification. While students and blue card holders may stay for longer, other instruments are designed as temporary admission schemes, mirroring the posting of workers in the single market and under international trade law.
Irregular Presence and Return
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

Return is an integral component of migration law and policy which receives much political attention as a result of compliance and enforcement deficits. EU Treaties call for ‘enhanced measures to combat illegal immigration’, and the institutions have taken that invitation seriously. A patchwork of domestic and supranational measures deals with irregular entry, stay, and return, whose interaction can be difficult to understand. Chapter 16 presents these measures, starting with a critical reflection on the use of the language and an inspection of contextual factors influencing the policy outcome. With regard to the criminalisation of irregular entry and stay, the impact of EU legislation and case law is multifaceted: instruments instructing Member States to adopt sanctions coexists with case law limiting the use of custodial sentences and legislation on victims of human trafficking. The Return Directive serves as the backbone of the supranational legal framework, establishing common standards for the return procedure, voluntary departure, and forced removal. Its provisions apply whenever third country nationals are illegally staying. EU legislation does not generally harmonise the conditions for unlawful stay and regularisation, which remain the domain of national laws and practices. Supranational legislation governs the administrative detention of returnees and asylum seekers, thus complementing human rights law. A great number of Court judgments have explained the conditions for detention.
International Cooperation with Third States
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

EU institutions and national governments have spent considerable political capital on international cooperation. The evolution of the external dimension can be described as a history of trial and error, with national practices complementing the activities of the EU institutions to date. While legal pathways and development feature prominently in policy documents, the output remains meagre. Mobility partnership have not delivered, and it remains to be seen whether talent partnership will prove more successful. Instead, the externalisation of migration control has become the hallmark of external action; Member States and EU institutions cooperate with third states to limit the number of irregular arrivals. Particularly controversial are the idea behind the EU–Turkey Statement and ongoing cooperation of the EU, Italy, and Spain with Libya and Morocco, in addition to numerous bilateral cooperation frameworks with other neighbours and countries further afield which receive less attention. Capacity building and operational cooperation serve as sweeteners to convince third states to cooperate, combined with the—not so subtle—threat of sanctions in the domain of visas and beyond. Frontex positions itself to become an important player, besides national initiatives. EU legislation and Court judgments play a limited role, but this does not undo the practical and political significance of the external dimension for a holistic understanding of European migration law.
Perceiving direction in directionless time
Authors: Farr Matt
Published: June 2023

Modern physics has provided a range of motivations for holding time to be fundamentally undirected. But how does a temporally adirectional metaphysics, or ‘C-theory’ of time, fit with the time of experience? In this chapter, I look at what kind of problem human time poses for C-theories. First, I ask whether there is a ‘hard problem’ of human time: whether it is in principle impossible to have the kinds of experience we do in a temporally adirectional world. Second, I consider the ‘easy problem’: how specific directed aspects of our temporal experience are to be explained by C-theorists. This leads to a greater issue: is there such a thing as an experience of time direction at all to even be explained? I show how the kinds of experience we have that we typically associate with the idea of time being directed can be accommodated within a directionless picture of time.
Temporal transparency and the flow of time
Authors: Torrengo Giuliano
Published: June 2023

Temporal transparency is the thesis that our awareness of the temporal properties of what we perceive is more fundamental than our awareness of the temporal properties of our own experiences. In this chapter, a radical form of transparency for duration and succession is defended, while it is argued that the experience of the flow of time entails a failure of transparency, since it requires that we attend to the properties of our own experiences somehow directly. It is then argued that the temporal modifier theory of the felling of time passing—roughly, the thesis that we are aware of an internal flow in virtue of being presented in a ‘flowy’ manner with successions of events—has certain explanatory advantages over rival views in explaining how the flow of time that we experience in the external succession of events, and that which we experience within us can be unified.
Cutting through the Conflicting Images of East Asia’s Green Energy Shift
Authors: Thurbon Elizabeth , Kim Sung-Young , Tan Hao , Mathews John
Published: June 2023

In this chapter we outline the primary objectives of our book: to explain Northeast Asia’s distinctive pattern of performance in the green energy shift from the mid-2000s to the present, and to anticipate the most likely trajectory of that shift into the future. We then articulate our understanding of the green energy transition as a techno-economic shift embodying the Schumpeterian dynamic of ‘creative-destruction’ and outline the four key questions that frame our analysis of East Asia’s green energy shift. An outline of our novel conceptual and analytical approach then follows, centred on the idea of developmental environmentalism as an elite mindset, a political legitimation strategy, and a distinctive policy approach. Finally, we explain the value added of an approach centred on developmental environmentalism, especially vis-à-vis existing approaches centred on authoritarian environmentalism. We conclude by outlining the various ways in which East Asia’s approach to greening differs from that of the West.
Setting Medicine and Law Apart, Together
Authors: Bubb Claire , Peachin Michael
Published: June 2023

The introduction observes that the fields of medicine and law produced intellectually resplendent and voluminous literatures, but also pragmatic real-world incarnations, and argues that the cerebral and more workaday facets of each discipline be understood as integral parts of an original whole. This logic then takes a further step, contending that both arts, in all of their manifestations, were bound up in a broad matrix of social, political, cultural, and intellectual concerns, which served to shape these occupations themselves. Finally, the chapter suggests that a particular set of defining characteristics unites medicine and law as a fairly distinct pair, yet simultaneously isolates them from other brands of specialized expertise. Thus, the juxtaposition of law and medicine encourages the broad and more nuanced vision of these two areas themselves—and of the wider nexus of specialized expertise under the Roman Empire—which has been gaining significant traction in recent times.
Introduction
Authors: König Alice , Peachin Michael
Published: June 2023

Medicine and law were territories lorded over by highly specialized experts, and seemingly ought to have been highly pragmatic. But were they? How, we might ask, was specialized expertise altogether construed in the Roman context? And how was a figure of authority (an expert) in an area of specialization marked out as such? How was his proficiency to be demonstrated? And are we talking of a stature for such people that is in any way, or ways, similar to modern professionalism? Instead of attempting to offer a comprehensive overview of specialized expertise, and its pragmatic effects, in the Roman world, the present chapter is structured around some particular texts, which can provide illustrative case studies, namely Vitruvius’ De architectura, Frontinus’ De aquis, Pliny’s Epistulae, and Balbus and the Corpus Agrimensorum.
Rhetoric in Legal Writing
Authors: Babusiaux Ulrike
Published: June 2023

Especially due to the controversial, or even agonistic, nature of the law, persuasion is a key element of legal discourse. Persuasion is obtained via authority, which comprises the ethos of the speaker or writer, and through the reasonableness of the solution presented, i.e. its conformity with existing statutes, traditional legal principles, and accepted juristic interpretation, but also persuasion at the more subtle level of prudentia/phronesis. Ethical and pathetic amplifications can be used to strengthen the technical legal argument. Thus, the circumstances of the case are presented in an arbitrary manner to serve the speaker’s intention, or the discussion of the legal concept itself is amplified via ethical or pathetic evidentia. In sum, rhetorical theory, as part of the imperial elite’s education, was not limited to forensic and epideictic presentation in didactic writing, but could be used as a toolbox for the presentation and solution of legal problems.
Introduction
Authors: Aliverti Ana , Carvalho Henrique , Chamberlen Anastasia , Sozzo Máximo
Published: June 2023

This introductory chapter provides a general overview of the project, setting the collection’s perspective and objectives through a critical engagement with existing literature linked to the focus of the volume. It reviews the current state of criminological knowledge in relation to its imperial and colonial roots, as well as the current decolonial efforts within the field and their limits. It then outlines the chapters in the collection, discussing how the themes and issues they raise connect them and relate to the broader framework of scholarship, as well as highlighting how these interventions may advance decolonizing efforts and debates.
Contextualizing Racialized Exclusion and Criminalization in Postcolonial Israel
Authors: Ravid Maayan
Published: June 2023

This chapter looks at the case study of Israel to demonstrate the racialized ways in which criminal subjectivities constructed and rooted in colonial racial hierarchies remain ingrained in national orders over time. The chapter focuses on exclusion, criminalization, and enforcement of state power upon two racialized groups—Ethiopian Jews, constructed as internal others, and Sudanese and Eritrean asylum seekers, constructed as external threats. Examining the treatment of these two groups in discussion of the criminal question—who the state chooses to police or detain, and through a postcolonial lens—enables us to trace a coherent line between them and populations racialized and criminalized before them and alongside them; principally Palestinians. Examination of state acts to differentiate and exclude racialized groups through structural and direct violence, using means developed from British colonial structures, indicates that colonial racism and control mechanisms still operate today. Distinct group exclusions thus emerge as reiterations of the same racialized colonial logics, over time and in evolving forms. Racialization, criminalization, and exclusion of non-white groups emanates from a Eurocentric postcolonial social order of racial differentiation that accompanied Jewish settlement in Palestine. The hierarchical order became ingrained in the state and has evolved over time to exclude different groups of ‘Others’: Palestinians, Ethiopian Jewish citizens, and African asylum seekers. State practices examined in the chapter demonstrate how racial formations and hierarchies animate both penal and citizenship regimes.
Conclusion
Authors: Aliverti Ana , Carvalho Henrique , Chamberlen Anastasia , Sozzo Máximo
Published: June 2023

This final chapter assesses the achievements of decolonizing efforts dialoguing with the different chapters that make up the book and, more generally, with the recent literature on the subject. It also seeks to map an agenda for future work within the framework of this collaborative and collective project. In this sense, decolonization is understood as both a work of tearing apart (or teasing out), and building up, which involves intellectual, political, and ethical dimensions. The structure of this chapter follows three axes. First, it addresses the relationship of colonialism with the production and circulation of knowledge regarding the criminal question. Then, the chapter discusses how to approach the issue of the influence and embedment of coloniality on institutions and practices of criminal justice and social control. Third, through a reflection on methodology, the possibility and manifestations of struggle and resistance against colonial legacies, matrices, and logics are scrutinized. The chapter ends with an analysis of the political and ethical dimensions involved in the effort of decolonizing the criminal question.
What Would It Take to Move the Global AMR Agenda Forward in the Global South?
Authors: Mpundu Mirfin , Mathew Philip , Chanda Raphael , Chiara Francesca
Published: June 2023

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest public health challenges that threatens to undermine the progress of modern medicine and our ability to treat infectious diseases successfully. Since 2015 some progress has been made through various international initiatives driven by the Tripartite and other health and funding organizations, however low- and middle-income countries have struggled to take the AMR agenda forward. AMR is a complex problem encompassing human, animal, and environmental health and solutions require significant behavioural change, political commitment, and coordination among diverse sectors. A systematic paradigm shift is needed in the Global South to drive long-term sustainable change focused on strengthening infrastructures, increasing financial resources, and promoting the public attention needed to elevate AMR as a global health issue.
One Health and AMR Governance
Authors: Kahn Laura H. , Dunham Bernadette
Published: June 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the use of safe and effective antimicrobials which are the foundation of modern medicine. A One Health approach is needed if we are to adequately address the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). One Health recognizes that the health of people, animals, plants, the environment, and ecosystems are interconnected. One Health provides a framework for understanding the complexities of the highly integrated aetiologies surrounding AMR. This framework can be represented as a three-dimensional matrix, which can be used as a tool to examine complex issues such as AMR. This One Health three-dimensional matrix tool will be described in this chapter. One Health requires the full engagement of multiple disciplines including medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. There are many national and international AMR efforts. Most of them focus on humans and food animals, which constitute a small part of the One Health matrix tool. This chapter briefly discusses AMR programmes in the United States and Denmark as well as international efforts spearheaded by the United Nations, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Barriers to successful AMR implementation efforts will be discussed. The chapter will conclude with national and international policy recommendations. Ultimately, policy-makers must provide leadership, political support, and funding to ensure policies and programmes successfully address AMR.
Chimpanzees, War, and History
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

Why do people make war? Why is war so common? Is it human nature for men to kill outsiders? Many say yes, and claim this is shown by a supposedly confirmed innate tendency of chimpanzees to kill outsiders. Chimpanzees, War and History challenges that consensus, with detailed contextual evidence showing how human disturbance leads directly to bloodshed, and can intensify status conflicts up to deadly display and payback violence. The contrast of peaceable bonobos is explained by ecologically and sexually grounded differences in social organization, which fit with recent advances in evolutionary theory. Finally, a species-specific anthropological perspective on human war is described and applied across diverse situations of collective violence, which addresses the connection of masculinity and killing.
From Nice to Brutal
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter addresses the question of how chimpanzees got a killer reputation and where the idea came from that people get their mean streak from apes. It considers the construction of the image of chimpanzee violence as the first step in evaluating scientific claims about humanity’s supposedly lethal heritage. It also mentions field observers who agreed that chimpanzees are amiable and quite unaggressive, and there is no reason to suppose that man’s prehuman primate ancestors were in any way different. The chapter considers Jane Goodall as the great communicator about chimpanzees, citing her message that chimpanzees are like humans and humans like chimpanzees. It highlights the Great Revision, which totally changed the general picture of chimpanzee groups and interactions between them.
Theoretical Alternatives
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter presents theoretical alternatives to the Gombe paradigm from mainstream panology and then the resource competition hypothesis. It investigates the panological theory about intergroup killing, which distinguishes and names the rival coalition reduction hypothesis (RCRH) from the resource competition hypothesis (RCH). The RCH argues that intergroup violence is to defend or enhance access to resources, while the RCRH is close to the imbalance of power hypothesis (IoPH), but with a difference in emphasis. The chapter notes the interchangeable use of IoPH and RCRH, referring to the two-part concept of numerical superiority and reducing rivals. RCRH puts emphasis on the rival reduction aspect, while IoPH focuses on significance of numerical advantage for attackers.
Kibale
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter talks about the Kibale National Park (KNP), which provides the most compelling evidence of chimpanzee “war” in all of Africa by never-provisioned chimpanzees. It introduces the area, the research, and the history of habitat disturbance in and around the Park. It also describes two research sites, Kanyawara and Ngogo, wherein twenty-five of the twenty-seven individuals that were killed in the intergroup fighting came from Ngogo and the attackers appropriated the killing ground into their rangeland. The chapter shows that without Ngogo, adaptationist predictions about chimpanzee violence have very little support. It explores why Kibale is the adaptive lynchpin that requires careful and detailed empirical and theoretical consideration.
The Ngogo Expansion, RCH + HIH
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the context to direct competition over preferred foods, which is the immediate sources of intergroup contention and violence among chimpanzees. It proposes that Ngogo and neighbors sustained the substantial costs and risks of patrolling and fighting because they experienced scarcity of key, preferred foods, due to human impacted growth in numbers and density, and constriction/displacement of ranging areas. It also points out that killings in chimpanzee groups may have gotten a jump start because of drought. The chapter mentions Ngogo researchers, who concluded that nutritional shortfall cannot explain short-term variations in hunting being more frequent during times of higher fruit availability. It considers the Ngogo study as possibly the only one that provided strong evidence that predation other than by humans has resulted in a pronounced decline in the population of a nonhuman primate species
Sonso
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter reviews the historical narrative of Sonso that encases thick theoretical issues on the sudden immigration of parous females with male offspring, the subsequent infanticide by females, and the astounding string of Sonso males killing Sonso infants. It explores the historical trajectory of Sonso, which started with relatively undisturbed peace and plenty around 1990, then anthropogenic scarcity and social disruption, and finally the deadly violence by the 2010s. It also talks about the habituation efforts that began in 1990 and Nicholas Newton-Fisher, who was able to approach and follow chimpanzees in August 1994. The chapter considers the Four Year War in 1994 as the archetype of intergroup relations. It cites Newton-Fisher’s dissertation, which mentions that the noisy Busingiro gatherings of chimpanzees may in fact have been encounters between large parties from different communities, converging independently on the same food source.
Tai and Its Afflictions
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter talks about the Tai National Park in Ivory Coast, which provides the only long-term study of Western Chimpanzees wherein relations between neighboring groups are well investigated. The Park is 435,000 hectares of dense evergreen rainforest. Research findings from Tai expands the ongoing variation demonstration, with distinctive use of territory and intergroup clashes more sophisticated than any previous discussions. It recounts the three deadly intergroup assaults of male chimpanzees from 2002 to 2007 that disrupted Tai chimpanzee communities as two very young males fought their way to the peak and led the killings. The chapter document the anthropogenic destruction of Tai chimpanzee populations, beginning with leopards as a natural killer. Most reports about leopard predation come from 1985–1990, when there were twenty-nine observed or inferred chimpanzee–leopard interactions.
Sociality and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter describes the Tai way of territoriality, which is considered sophisticated, coordinated, and nonkilling. It looks at the earlier record at Tai that exemplifies a developed system of nonlethal territoriality, which was rendered inoperative by drastic population losses. It also shows how Tai subverts the male-centered sociology of Gombe vision and how additional disturbance created the conditions for deadly demonstration violence among chimpanzees. The chapter talks about the deviation of Tai from the standard donut image of males roaming about a protected female core, noting the North group females that ranged over ninety-three percent of the space used by males. It looks at evidence on chimpanzee female sociality, which can vary dramatically between populations.
Pan paniscus
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses how bonobos provide the great contrast to chimpanzee’s significance for assessing human nature. Bonobos exhibited broad behavioral contrasts to chimpanzees as they do not form aggressive male coalitions, patrol territorial boundaries, stealthily penetrate neighbors’ ranges, or kill outsiders. It shows how bonobos cleave off from both humans and chimpanzees by lacking the suite of behaviors that constitutes male demonism and hunting. The chapter addresses the question of whether the chimpanzee/bonobo differences are innate and are the result of long-term natural selection. It examines different resources and impact situations channeled through a distinctive social organization and temperamental differences from nature/nurture interaction to explain the contrast between bonobos and chimpanzees.
Killing Infants
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on infanticide, covering some summary points about the empirical record regarding all killings, the total tallies. It points out how more infants are killed than adults, which omits hypotheticals, certain-to-possible infant killings, and validates an adaptationist approach. It also scrutinizes predictions that were about killing specific relational categories of infants in circumstances that hypothetically confer reproductive benefits to killers. The chapter mentions Sarah Hrdy’s development of the sexually selected infanticide (SSI) theory from observations of monkeys in India in order to explain infant killings as an evolved reproductive practice. It talks about the reconceptualization of infanticide in many species, not as abnormal and maladaptive behavior but as a normal and individually adaptive activity.
Introduction
Authors: Brendese P.J.
Published: June 2023

The introduction defines the concept of segregated time and establishes the theoretical and political relevance of the work. By focusing on segregated time, this study convenes a broader discourse that discloses the racial components of prevailing temporalities. To gain clarity on these issues and their implications, the introduction foregrounds the subsequent study of how time functions as a vector of political power, affect, and resistance. Beginning with Martin Luther King’s contestation of racial inequalities experienced as impositions on human time, the introduction connects the racial amnesia of segregated memory with the weaponization of segregated time. Simply put, the introduction makes the case for why the book is worth the reader’s time.
White Time
Authors: Brendese P.J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter advances a provisional theory of white time as a temporal force field that exerts regulative, normalizing powers that shape the racial order of things as well as subjective experiences of time, or temporalities. The chapter surveys the philosophical and historical roots of contemporary modes of understanding and inhabiting time. It then analyzes Euro-colonial temporal ordering as a colonizing force where the conquest of space is tied to domination of time. Specifically, it examines the racial subjectivity required to apprehend time and space as available to be possessed as productive of segregated time generally and white temporality specifically. It introduces a theory of white time abetted by law and policed by the historically entrenched norms of white supremacy. Drawing from critical race theorist Cheryl I. Harris’s influential concept of whiteness as property and Aboriginal anthropologist Aileen Moreton-Robinson’s The White Possessive, the chapter consider white temporality as a mode of apprehension, in the multiple senses connoting perception, objectification, arrest, and anxiety. In short, the time of whiteness is a possessive tense—and a highly imperfect one at that.
Borrowed Time
Authors: Brendese P.J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter takes as its point of departure the peculiar temporal dynamic whereby populations from whom so much has been taken are racially branded as perpetually indebted by white time and forced to live on borrowed time. Recent scholarship has contended that the debt crisis has made everyone into “a race of debtors” without sufficiently acknowledging the temporal legacies of racial capitalism. The chapter explores how racial stigma functions an accelerant of subprime time; a time zone that promises to synch up with civilizational-colonial powers flows of white progress and prosperity, but ultimately “races” its subjects toward ever-imminent expropriation and foreclosure. In so doing, the analysis addresses the dynamic whereby some are subjected to immediate expendability while others are saved for later as reserve populations. The line of inquiry is developed by viewing the 2009 mortgage crisis of predatory lending that disproportionately impacted so many African Americans through a genealogical prism of Native Americans dispossessed by the early settlers’ use of a then-novel innovation: the foreclosable mortgage. The chapter builds upon Cheryl I. Harris’s formulation of whiteness as property to theorize whiteness as a sociopolitical currency available to be leveraged and negotiated as a form of credit over segregated time.
Introduction
Authors: Duncan Pansy , Henry Claire , Molloy Missy
Published: June 2023

This introduction identifies a body of cinematic texts that, spanning a range of generic, national, and industrial contexts, proposes new models of the relationship between human and nonhuman worlds. It situates this body of film texts against the backdrop of technological, ecological, and social changes that have recently brought established assumptions about the human into question. It further introduces critical posthuman theory, the corpus of scholarship that the book as a whole deploys to analyze what it dubs the “posthuman on screen.” In doing so, it disintricates cultural, deconstructive, and materialist strands of critical posthumanism; rehearses the conversations most relevant to interpreting posthuman cinema; and emphasizes the critical gaps that the volume aims to fill.
The Eco-material Posthuman in the Age of the Anthropocene
Authors: Duncan Pansy
Published: June 2023

Chapter 7 explores the question of the human in the context of the “Anthropocene,” an epoch of environmental crisis that both elevates the human to the status of geological agent and strips the human of its foundational claims to mastery over the natural world. More specifically, it argues that the Anthropocene has given rise to what might be dubbed the “eco-material posthuman”—a specific iteration of critical posthumanism characterized by a renewed emphasis on the way our material bodies embed us in a more-than-human material world. It further argues that the theoretical preoccupations of the “eco-material posthuman” find echoes across a distinct body of feature films examining the fallout of the Anthropocene. The films in question are geographically and culturally diverse, ranging from Chinese drama 三峡好人/Still Life, to off-beat Icelandic-Ukrainian comedy Kona fer í stríð/Woman at War (Benedikt Erlingsson, 2018), and American horror Mother! (Darren Aronofsky, 2017). All, however, fully attend to the questions the Anthropocene raises about the interdependence of human and nonhuman worlds through their eco-materialist recourse to the materiality of the human body. While the models of human bodily materiality at issue here are manifold, this chapter zeroes in on three in particular: the body as cell, the body as affect, and the body as vital materiality. These models of the human body, it argues, cast the body not as a guarantor of human exceptionalism but as an aperture to the nonhuman outside.
Rural Landscapes and the Pastourelle
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the landscape described in medieval pastourelle songs and compares this landscape to the agricultural practices in use at the time and place of their composition. Determining, through this comparison, that the landscape described in most songs is realistic but out of date, this chapter explores the symbolic resonances of the nature imagery found in these songs and how the imagery relates to the identities of the characters within the songs as well as the audiences and patrons who consumed them. An examination of a subset of the pastourelle repertoire in which the shepherdess character is raped reveals that the songs tend to locate her in a woodland environment strongly evocative of knightly identity, forecasting the knight’s coming transgression through the landscape. The chapter then addresses the urban context of many of the songs authors and patrons, examining how townspeople and wealthy, nonnoble patrons may have identified themselves against the identity of the medieval peasant.
Totonacapan
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This chapter looks into the arrival of the Spaniards in Totonac territory. It discusses the welcoming gifts the envoys of Moctezuma exchanged with Hernán Cortés. Most colonial chronicles recorded that Mexicans perceived the Spanish as gods, which gave the Spaniards a decisive psychological advantage, which contributed to the fall of Tenochtitlan. Ethnohistorical literature of the late twentieth century, however, disagrees about the myths surrounding the return of the gods. They argue that the stories could have been invented by Christian chroniclers out of a colonialist impulse or reinterpreted ex post facto into their own and indigenous narratives to legitimize the Conquest and Christianization. The chapter discusses the suggestion that Cortés took advantage of the practice among the people of Mexica to punish their subordinates and force Totonacs to hand over their children for sacrifice. It then narrates the resulting rebellion of the Totonacs.
Tenochtitlan
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the Spanish entry into Tenochtitlan. It recognizes discrepancies between varying reports and chronicles by indigenous and European authors. The Spanish conquistadors would have not survived without the help of their indigenous allies, the Totonacs and Tlaxcalans. In Cortés’s absence, his captain Pedro de Alvarado massacred parts of the Aztec elite during the Toxcatl festivities. The chapter details the Battle of Toltec Canal, which became known as La Noche Triste in European history. It was the first great defeat of European troops in the New World.
We, Together
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

We are agents, and what we do is live together. Living together is a joint activity. Joint activities involve shared intentions. Shared intentions have plural intentional subjects. Plural intentional subjects are plurally pre-reflectively self-aware. The social world of norms, statuses, roles, structures, and artifacts is our way of living together. It is up to us to live together in a way that suits our shared purpose of living well together. One precondition of becoming better at what we do is to recognize ourselves as who we are—the plural intentional subjects of our living together.
Plural Intentional Action
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Living together is a joint activity. Joint activity involves shared intention. The basic problem in understanding shared intention is knowing what exactly it is that is shared in shared intention. Intention can be analyzed in terms of content, subject, and mode. Content-accounts of shared intention argue that sharedness is limited to content. Subject-accounts argue that shared intentions involve a shared intentional subject. Mode-accounts argue that shared intention involves a special intentional mode. Each of the three alternative accounts struggles with serious objections. The strongest objection against subject-accounts, however, relies on a misconception of the intentional subject.