bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the agricultural “suffering slot”: Structural agency in U.S. farm work
Authors: Cook Jennifer A.
Published: October 2023

Ethnographic research on Connecticut farms reveals that workers in the agricultural sector experience a wide range of working and living conditions. While legal precarity, poverty, and oppressive social dynamics confine all farmworkers to positions of structural vulnerability, some acquire a kind of “structural agency” that enables them to exert influence over their conditions of work in ways that are meaningful to their everyday experiences. Several key variables are at play in producing structural vulnerability and structural agency, including agricultural subsector, farm size, type of work, immigration status of workers, workplace interpersonal dynamics, racial and ethnic hierarchies, individual farm cultures, and local and state approaches to im/migration and labor policy enforcement. Ethnography of agricultural labor must take seriously the diversity of farm work experiences and incorporate the perspectives of individuals at multiple levels of farm hierarchies. A new concept linked to structural vulnerability, “structural agency,” can facilitate analyses of how people in broader contexts of marginalization work toward positive outcomes for themselves and others.
Reproductive cycle of the flying fish Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) (Characiforms: Hemiodontidae) in the upstream area of the Tucurui hydroelectric plant, Pará, Brazil
Authors: Silva Maria Clara Rosa , Rodrigues Jeane , Silva Hadda Tercya Lima , de Souza Jesus Paulo , da Cunha Cristiane Vieira , Souza Keid Nolan Silva , de Oliveira Larissa Nunes , Macena Ronaldo Barros , Maximino Caio , de Siqueira‐Silva Diógenes Henrique
Published: October 2023

The reproductive cycle of Hemiodus unimaculatus in the upstream area of the Tucuruí reservoir in the Tocantins River was described. The animals were collected monthly for 1 year in the Tauiry Village, municipality of Itupiranga, Pará. The individuals had their biometry taken, the gonads removed and weighed to calculate the gonadossomatic index and processed for histological analysis. A total of 103 animals were collected, 87 females and 16 males (sex ratio of 5 females:1 male). The total length and weight of the animals did not vary significantly during the year, the females had an average length of 21,867 ± 1.55 cm and an average weight of 118.63 ± 23.4 g. The males had average length of 20.353 ± 1.39 cm and an average weight of 96.90 ± 20.2 g. Females and males were in developing phases during fall and winter, and Spawning Capable in spring and summer. Spawning Capable females were collected in the fall. The closed fishing season determined for the species does not fully cover its reproductive period. This associated with the imbalance of the sex ratio, and over‐fishing of the species may be leading the species population to decline upstream of the Tucuruí reservoir on the Tocantins River.
Study on the impact of corporate social responsibility on carbon performance in the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality
Authors: Meng Bin , Zang Qiao , Li Guorong
Published: October 2023

In the context of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,” companies are responsible for actively reducing carbon emissions and achieving a balance among economic, environmental, and social benefits. From a non‐economic perspective, this study chose a sample of 9872 A‐share manufacturing companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2010 to 2019. This study used the fixed‐effect model to explore the mechanism of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its three sub‐dimensions (shareholder rights, employee rights, and social contribution) on corporate carbon performance. This study also examined the mediating mechanism of government subsidy and the moderating effects of internationalization and corporate governance as internal and external factors. The results show that: (1) CSR can significantly improve corporate carbon performance, and government subsidies play a partial intermediary role. (2) CSR significantly promotes carbon performance for firms with lower internationalization levels and higher corporate governance levels. (3) Heterogeneous conditions such as CSR disclosure willingness, CSR report quality, and corporate attributes have different impacts on corporate carbon performance. These findings can help government agencies formulate policies to promote CSR and restrain corporate carbon emissions. Corporate managers can also fulfill CSR and improve carbon performance through government subsidies, internationalization, and corporate governance.
Effectiveness of remote monitoring for glycemic control on maternal–fetal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yue Shu‐Wen , Zhou Jie , Li Lu , Guo Jin‐Yi , Xu Jing , Qiao Jia , Redding Sharon R. , Ouyang Yan‐Qiong
Published: October 2023

Background

The current pandemic and future public health emergencies highlight the importance of evaluating a telehealth care model. Previous studies have reached mixed conclusions about the effectiveness of remote monitoring on glycemic control and maternal and infant outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Objectives

This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of remote blood glucose monitoring for women with gestational diabetes mellitus and to provide evidence‐based guidance on the management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for policymakers and healthcare providers during situations such as pandemics or natural disasters.

Methods

The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Embase, Medline, CINAHL databases, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched from their inception to July 10, 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English with respect to remote blood glucose monitoring in women with GDM were included in the meta‐analysis. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and assessed the quality of the studies. Risk ratios, mean differences, 95% confidence intervals, and heterogeneity were calculated.

Results

A total of 1265 participants were included in the 11 RCTs. There were no significant differences in glycemic control and maternal–fetal outcomes between the remote monitoring group and a standard care group, which included glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, mean 2‐h postprandial blood glucose, caesarean birth, gestational weight gain, shoulder dystocia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and other outcomes.

Conclusion

This meta‐analysis reveals that it is unclear if remote glucose monitoring is preferable to standard of care glucose monitoring. To improve glycemic control and maternal–fetal outcomes during the current epidemic or other natural disasters, the implementation of double‐blind RCTs in the context of simulating similar disasters remains to be studied in the future.
Social bonds, Internet usage time and bullying involvement: A study of rural secondary school students in China
Authors: Liu Tingting , Li Tianliang
Published: October 2023

School bullying is a prevalent problem affecting adolescents globally, which has been linked to the qualities of social bonds. In addition to the conventional environments such as families, peers and schools, the Internet is notably rising as a new living space for young students. Given that rural China has witnessed outstanding phenomena of bullying and Internet use among adolescents, the present study particularly examined how parental attachment, peer attachment, school connectedness and Internet usage time were associated with their experiences of being a bully, victim or bully victim, based on a sample of 2211 students from 25 rural secondary schools across three provinces of China. Results showed that those reporting bullying, victimization and both accounted for 30.0%, 64.6% and 26.2% of the whole sample, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses further revealed that maternal attachment, peer attachment and school connectedness were negatively associated with the odds of bullying involvement, whereas Internet usage time was positively associated with the odds of bullying involvement. The findings suggest the significance of building a comprehensive system for preventing school bullying in rural China, with a particular emphasis on strengthening family–school collaboration and effective guidance of Internet use.
Featured Cover
Authors: Ye Guanchen , Yu Xiaowen , Wang Baixiang , Zhou Yu , Yu Mengfei , Wang Huiming
Published: October 2023

The cover image is based on the Original Article Endoscope‐assisted maxillary sinus floor augmentation with a mini‐lateral window: A retrospective study by Guanchen Ye MDS et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cid.13223.

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Featured Cover
Authors: Park Jin‐Young , Chung Hye‐Min , Strauss Franz‐Josef , Lee Jung‐Seok
Published: October 2023

The cover image is based on the Original Article Dimensional changes after horizontal and vertical guided bone regeneration without membrane fixation using the retentive flap technique: a one‐year retrospective study by Jin‐Young Park et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cid.13237.

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The effectiveness of UK protected areas in preventing local extinctions
Authors: Gardner Alexandra S. , Baker David J. , Mosedale Jonathan R. , Gaston Kevin J. , Maclean Ilya M. D.
Published: October 2023

Protected areas (PAs) are a core component in global efforts to prevent further declines in biodiversity. We examine whether the United Kingdom's PA portfolio has reduced local extinctions of breeding birds and consider how the characteristics of different PA designations may have affected conservation outcomes. We use breeding bird atlas data to calculate the proportion of species in each 10 × 10‐km grid cell confirmed as breeding in 1988–1991 but not in 2008–2011. We find that the protection offered by PAs is little to no different from that of the wider landscape and, depending on the type of PA, attribute this to PAs being either too small or not managed for biodiversity outcomes. To meet the ambitious new global targets for expanding PA coverage set at the 15th UN Biodiversity Conference, all countries need to monitor and ensure PA effectiveness; high PA coverage does not guarantee that biodiversity is protected.
Universities between revenue and status: A typology of organizational responses
Authors: Topaler Başak , Kayabaşı Akın
Published: October 2023

Prior research on behavioral responses to performance has provided limited attention to how different types of performance outcomes interact to affect organizational reactions. Focusing on the pursuit of revenue and status goals by private universities, we offer a typology of organizational responses (i.e., reducing ambitions, compensatory strategies, and complementary use of slack to pursue new opportunities) which are shaped by the set of challenges and capabilities that poor and superior performance in these goal dimensions present. When poor performance in both revenue and status leads to different types of liabilities that together result in a low likelihood of recovery, universities respond by reducing ambitions and diversifying into a lower status market segment, which offers a more promising path to survival. In response to a mixed performance outcome in revenue and status, universities employ compensatory strategies where they make use of the achievement in one goal dimension to repair the damage in the other. Finally, universities expand the scope of activities when they achieve superior performance in both goals, and the resulting slack in revenue and status provides complementary capabilities to pursue new opportunities. These findings extend the early Carnegie proposal and indicate that the portfolio of organizational responses to performance gaps may be broader than previously considered.
From maternal glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones to epigenetic regulation of offspring gene expression: An experimental study in a wild bird species
Authors: Hukkanen Mikaela , Hsu Bin‐Yan , Cossin‐Sevrin Nina , Crombecque Mélanie , Delaunay Axelle , Hollmen Lotta , Kaukonen Riina , Konki Mikko , Lund Riikka , Marciau Coline , Stier Antoine , Ruuskanen Suvi
Published: October 2023

Offspring phenotype at birth is determined by its genotype and the prenatal environment including exposure to maternal hormones. Variation in both maternal glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones can affect offspring phenotype, but the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially those contributing to long‐lasting effects, remain unclear. Epigenetic changes (such as DNA methylation) have been postulated as mediators of long‐lasting effects of early‐life environment. In this study, we determined the effects of elevated prenatal glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones on handling stress response (breath rate) as well as DNA methylation and gene expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and thyroid hormone receptor (THR) in great tits (Parus major). Eggs were injected before incubation onset with corticosterone (the main avian glucocorticoid) and/or thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) to simulate variation in maternal hormone deposition. Breath rate during handling and gene expression of GR and THR were evaluated 14 days after hatching. Methylation status of GR and THR genes was analyzed from the longitudinal blood cells sampled 7 and 14 days after hatching, as well as the following autumn. Elevated prenatal corticosterone level significantly increased the breath rate during handling, indicating an enhanced metabolic stress response. Prenatal corticosterone manipulation had CpG‐site‐specific effects on DNA methylation at the GR putative promoter region, while it did not significantly affect GR gene expression. GR expression was negatively associated with earlier hatching date and chick size. THR methylation or expression did not exhibit any significant relationship with the hormonal treatments or the examined covariates, suggesting that TH signaling may be more robust due to its crucial role in development. This study provides some support to the hypothesis suggesting that maternal corticosterone may influence offspring metabolic stress response via epigenetic alterations, yet their possible adaptive role in optimizing offspring phenotype to the prevailing conditions, context‐dependency, and the underlying molecular interplay needs further research.
Patterns and repeatability of multi‐ecotype assemblages of sympatric salmonids
Authors: Blain Stephanie A. , Schluter Dolph , Adams Colin E. , Amundsen Per‐Arne , Knudsen Rune , Chavarie Louise
Published: October 2023

Aim

High repeatability among assemblages of closely related but ecologically distinct ecotypes implies predictability in evolution and assembly of communities. The conditions under which ecotype assemblages form predictably, and the reasons, have been little investigated. Here, we test whether repeatability declines as the number of ecotypes builds.

Location

Postglacial lakes with a circumboreal distribution.

Time Period

Data were extracted from studies published between 1982 and 2019.

Major Taxa Studied

Ecotype assemblages from two Salmonid genera – Salvelinus and Coregonus. Fish in postglacial lakes commonly occur as pairs of ecotypes, typically with a pelagic and a littoral/benthic form, but in Salvelinus and Coregonus, assemblages commonly contain multiple sympatric ecotypes.

Methods

We used a meta‐analysis of Salvelinus and Coregonus to empirically assess how repeatability varies across assemblages of two to seven ecotypes. We examined repeatability of use of broad niche categories as well as underlying phenotypic traits.

Results

Within Coregonus, repeatability across multi‐ecotype assemblages did not break down with the addition of a third or fourth ecotype. However, in Salvelinus, repeatability was largely absent and independent of the number of ecotypes. Repeatability of trait frequency distributions was absent in both genera, yet associations between trait means and niche categories were evident, especially in Coregonus.

Main Conclusions

These results show that repeatability can vary greatly between lineages; that repeatability need not break down as the number of ecotypes builds; and that high repeatability of broad niche categories may result despite marked differences in the underlying frequency distribution of trait means. These findings not only affirm the presence of repeatable ecotype assembly and early stages of divergence in postglacial fishes at a global scale, but also highlight variability among taxa and underlying phenotypic traits.
Current status of geriatric dentistry education in selected dental schools in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: León Soraya , Giacaman Rodrigo A. , Araya‐Bustos Francisca , Venegas Sardi , Saavedra Nicole , Hugo Fernando Neves , De Marchi Renato J. , Muñoz María‐Fernanda , Salazar Claudia , Castrejón‐Pérez Roberto C. , Bustillos Lorena , Fortanete Adriana , de López Aracelly Cedeño , Aredes Jorge E. , Marín‐Zuluaga Dairo , Elias‐Boneta Augusto
Published: October 2023

Objective

Latin American and Carribean (LAC) are currently experiencing a rapid aging of their population, coupled with a significant burden of oral diseases. Despites this, there is a scarcity of evidence regarding the manner in wich geriatric dentistry is being taught in dental schools across LAC. So, the objective of this study is to investigate the current status of geriatric dentistry education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels in selected LAC dental schools.

Methods

An electronic questionnaire was developed and emailed to all 539 dental schools in 19 LAC countries. The questionnaire recorded activity levels, contents and methodology of geriatric dentistry education as part of dental degree programmes. Reminders by email and telephone calls were used to encourage non‐responders to complete the questionnaire.

Results

In total, 317 schools from 17 countries responded to the questionnaire (response rate: 58.8%). Geriatric dentistry was taught in 54.6% of the schools at the undergraduate level and in 6.9% at the postgraduate level. Thirty two percent of the schools had a programme director trained in geriatric dentistry. Geriatric dentistry was taught as an independent course in 14.5% of the schools. Dry mouth, periodontal disease, denture‐related conditions and prosthodontic management, oral mucosal disease and age‐related changes of the orofacial complex were the most frequently covered topics. Clinical teaching of geriatric dentistry was reported by 26.5% of the schools, with 38.0% providing clinical training in outreach facilities.

Conclusions

Geriatric dentistry education remains incipient in LAC, with only one in every four dental school offering it as a standalone course. There is an urgent need to further develop geriatric dentistry education in the continent, including further research to develop a minimum geriatric dentistry curriculum.
Scientists explain the underrepresentation of women in physics compared to biology in four national contexts
Authors: Chan Esther , Di Di , Ecklund Elaine Howard
Published: October 2023

Women are consistently underrepresented in physics when compared to biology. Yet how scientists themselves explain the causes of this underrepresentation is understudied outside the US context. In this research, we ask the following question: How do scientists in different national/regional contexts explain why there are fewer women in physics than biology? Using original survey data collected among academic biologists and physicists in the US (N = 1777), Italy (N = 1257), France (N = 648), and Taiwan (N = 780), we examine how scientists' social identities, social locations, and country context shape essentialist, individualist, and structural explanations of gender inequality. Findings indicate that scientists across national contexts attribute the unequal gender distribution in physics and biology to women's individual choices. Explanations for the gender distribution also vary by social identities and social locations (gender, discipline, and seniority) in country‐specific ways. Scientists and advocates ought to engage conversations that explicitly confront scientists' assumptions about individual choices in global science.
Vulnerability and affective solidarity: Feminist assemblies in Appalachia under and after the Trump presidency
Authors: Luzynski Cheyenne , Caretta Martina Angela , Tanner Emily
Published: October 2023

Following the 2016 elections, several feminist groups emerged in the U.S. in response to the election of President Trump. This manuscript focuses on a feminist assembly located in marginal and conservative Appalachia. Grounded in reflexivity, we employ affective solidarity to better understand feminist organizing in a post‐Trump rural Appalachian town. Based on a collaborative ethnography, including the National Organization of Women's local chapter members, conducted between 2016 and 2022, we analyze how political engagement has been initiated by an affective response—vulnerability, misery, rage, passion, and hope. By organizing open houses, marches, and voter guides, this group's outreach strives to inform and engage community members in dialogs around women's rights to improve gender equality in West Virginia, a state historically characterized by a conservative, heteronormative, patriarchal, and anti‐abortion mentality. We show how the dissonance between Trump's glorification of these ideologies and our affective responses served as a mechanism for feminist solidarity. This paper uses Butlerian principles to explore how vulnerability and resistance shape a feminist social movement held together by affective solidarity. We argue that responses to threats prompted by the Trump Presidency have been critical to the resurgence of our feminist agency and political engagement where conservative and masculine ideologies impose control over vulnerable populations. This paper advances the knowledge of vulnerability and agency and contributes to the literature on assemblies for political resistance.
Developing students' resilience during the crisis: A moderated model linking college support, study demands, student resilience, and students' change‐oriented behaviours
Authors: Awais Ammara , Fu Na , Jones Sara
Published: October 2023

This study focuses on student resilience during the COVID‐19 crisis, a key factor for students' progress, and future careers. It does so by introducing the job demands and resources (JDR) model, and the social exchange theory (SET), widely adopted in the management literature in the education field to better understand student experience management in the higher education context. In past research, limited attention has been given to student resilience through the lens of management theories such as JDR and SET, and college support as a factor that develops student resilience has been scarcely observed. Data were collected from 1435 students in a large Irish university during the lockdown period due to COVID‐19 in 2020. The findings reveal that college support, as a resource, develops students' resilience (even in the presence of higher study demands), which in turn decreases their affective response to crisis, and increases their adaptive study performance, and commitment to the move to online learning. This research suggests that colleges need to balance their support and demands towards students during the crisis in facilitating students to develop their own resilience and provides valuable insights for higher education sector to develop students' resilience during crisis.
Subcritical water‐treated soy protein‐gum Arabic core‐shell nanoparticles as phytosterol carriers
Authors: Lu Wei , Wang Mengping , Chen Jiafeng , Wang Jinmei
Published: October 2023

Soy protein‐gum Arabic (GA) core‐shell nanoparticles were fabricated as carriers for hydrophobic phytosterol (PS) using an anti‐solvent precipitation (pH 7.0) and then coating GA on the surface of protein‐based PS nanoparticles at pH 4.5. PS nanoparticles stabilised by heat‐treated soy protein isolate (SPI), especially subcritical water‐treated SPI (SW, 120 °C), exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading amount (LA) and colloidal stability than native SPI‐stabilised PS nanoparticles. The highly flexible conformation and more exposed hydrophobic clusters of SW‐treated SPI could result in a quick encapsulation of more PS into the interior of protein molecules during anti‐solvent precipitation. However, for native SPI with rigid globular structure, the loading of PS mainly occurred on the surface hydrophobic sites of protein molecules. After introducing GA (≥5 mg mL−1) to PS nanoparticles fabricated by SW‐treated SPI, submicron‐sized (Dh 250.71~341.76 nm) core‐shell nanoparticles with high acid solubility and thermal stability were formed. The coating of GA decelerated the digestion of SW‐treated SPI, and improved the EE, LA and in vitro bioaccessibility of PS under acidic environment. These results reveal the protein structure dependence of PS encapsulation and provide a simple approach to fabricate biopolymer‐based nanoparticle delivery system for hydrophobic bioactives in acidified functional drinks.
Do individualised projects help integrate the long‐term unemployed and disadvantaged people? Lessons from the Czech Republic
Authors: Hora Ondřej , Sirovátka Tomáš
Published: October 2023

This article evaluates a national project for the integration of long‐term unemployed and disadvantaged groups of jobseekers implemented in the Czech Republic since 2019. It discusses how individual work and active labour market policy measures for these groups have changed, and what the outcomes were. We combined a quantitative evaluation of the targeting and outcomes of the measures with a qualitative evaluation of changes in the project implementation through semi‐structured interviews and focus group discussions conducted at the Labour Office branches. The findings show the need to broaden the availability of hard measures such as private‐sector placement subsidies for the most disadvantaged jobseekers, and to improve soft measures (counselling and training), especially if front‐line workers do not have sufficient competences for individual work. We are cautious about generalising the findings, as the pandemic complicated the implementation of soft measures.
Mental health deserves better: Resisting the dilution of specialist pre‐registration mental health nurse education in the United Kingdom
Authors: Warrender Dan , Connell Chris , Jones Emma , Monteux Sebastian , Colwell Lucy , Laker Caroline , Cromar‐Hayes Maxine
Published: October 2023

This article aims to draw attention to increasing genericism in nurse education in the United Kingdom, which sees less specialist mental health education for mental health nursing students and offers opposition to such direction. In 2018, the Nursing and Midwifery Council produced the ‘Future Nurse’ standards which directed changes to pre‐registration nurse education. This led to dissatisfaction from many mental health nurses, specifically regarding reduced mental health content for students studying mental health nursing. Concerns have been raised through public forum and evolved into a grassroots national movement ‘Mental Health Deserves Better’ (#MHDeservesBetter). This is a position paper which presents the perspective of many mental health nurse academics working at universities within the United Kingdom. Mental health nurse academics collaborated to develop ideas and articulate arguments and perspectives which present a strong position on the requirement for specialist pre‐registration mental health nurse education. The key themes explored are; a conflict of ideologies in nursing, no parity of esteem, physical health care needs to be contextualized, the unique nature of mental health nursing, ethical tensions and values conflict, implications for practice, necessary improvements overlooked and the dangers of honesty and academic ‘freedom’. The paper concludes by asserting a strong position on the need for a change of direction away from genericism and calls on mental health nurses to rise from the ashes to advocate for a quality education necessary to ensure quality care delivery. The quality of mental health care provided by mental health nurses has many influences, yet the foundation offered through pre‐registration education is one of the most valuable. If the education of mental health nurses does not attend to the distinct and unique role of the mental health nurse, standards of mental health care may diminish without assertive action from mental health nurses and allies.
Newly graduated nurses' commitment to the nursing profession and their workplace during their first year of employment: A focused ethnography
Authors: Kaldal Maiken Holm , Voldbjerg Siri Lygum , Grønkjær Mette , Conroy Tiffany , Feo Rebecca
Published: October 2023

Background

The commitment of nurses to their profession and workplace is closely linked to the delivery of high‐quality patient care. Existing literature highlights the positive impact of commitment on care quality and patient outcomes. Conversely, a lack of commitment can lead to nurse burnout and disengagement. However, it remains unclear whether and how cultural beliefs and practices influence newly graduated nurses' commitment to the nursing profession and their workplace.

Aim

To explore the cultural beliefs and practices influencing newly graduated nurses' commitment to the profession and commitment to their workplace during their first year of employment.

Design

A focused ethnographic study.

Methods

Data consisted of field notes from 94 h of participant observations and 10 semi‐structured interviews with newly graduated nurses working in acute care settings in Denmark. Data were analysed using ethnographic content analysis. Data were collected between March and June 2022.

Results

The findings reveal a major theme, termed ‘A State of Transience among Newly Graduated Nurses’, consisting of two themes: ‘Newly Graduated Nurses’ Pursuit of Professional Development and Supportive Work Environments' and ‘A Lack of Formal Agreements or Conditions to Meet Expectations for Professional Development.’

Conclusion

Hospitals and nurse managers need to support newly graduated nurses in their first employment after registration by providing a range of clinical experiences through job rotation opportunities within the same organization, deliver on promises for onboarding support and foster a culture of trust. These strategies will help maintain the motivation, commitment and ability of newly graduated nurses to deliver high‐quality patient care, thereby reducing the likelihood of turnover.

Relevance for Clinical Practice

A trusting and supportive work environment is fostered by providing diverse clinical experiences and consistent support for newly graduated nurses. To address potential high turnover associated with job rotation, hospitals need to rethink how retention is defined and measured, moving beyond hospital unit‐level models and measures.

Reporting Method

This study reports to the SRQR guidelines.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Ethnic inequalities during clinical placement: A qualitative study of student nurses' experiences within the London National Health Service
Authors: Walker Chenel R. , Gunasinghe Cerisse , Harwood Hannah , Ehsan Annahita , Ahmed Farah , Dorrington Sarah , Onwumere Juliana , Meriez Paula , Stanley Nathan , Stoll Nkasi , Woodhead Charlotte , Hatch Stephani L. , Rhead Rebecca D.
Published: October 2023

Aim

To understand how student nurse experiences on clinical placement, within National Health Service (NHS) hospitals, differ for ethnic minority and White British groups.

Design

A qualitative thematic analysis with an inductive approach.

Methods

Data from semi‐structured interviews with 21 London (United Kingdom) hospital‐based student nurses were examined using thematic analysis. Participants were interviewed as part of the Tackling Inequalities and Discrimination Experiences in Health Services (TIDES) study and asked about their experiences during clinical placement.

Results

Five main themes were identified: (1) Role of mentors, (2) Discrimination and unfair treatment, (3) Speaking up/out, (4) Career progression, and (5) Consequences of adverse experiences. All themes were linked, with the social dynamics and workplace environment (referred to as “ward culture”) providing a context that normalizes mistreatment experienced by nursing students. Students from ethnic minority backgrounds reported racism as well as cultural and/or religious microaggressions. While being valued for their race and ethnicity, White British students also experienced discrimination and inequity due to their age, sex, gender, and sexual orientation. Students from both White British and ethnic minority groups acknowledged that being treated badly was a barrier to career progression. Ethnic minority students also noted the lack of diverse representation within senior nursing positions discouraged career progression within the UK NHS.

Conclusion

These initial experiences of inequality and discrimination are liable to shape a student's perspective of their profession and ability to progress within nursing. The NHS is responsible for ensuring that student nurses' developmental opportunities are equal, irrespective of ethnicity.

Impact

Ward culture is perpetuated by others who normalize mistreatment and concurrently disadvantage ethnic minority students, making them feel unvalued. This in turn impacts both staff retention and career progression within the NHS. Training assessors should be aware of the existing culture of discrimination within clinical placements and work to eradicate it.
Mergers and organizational disruption: Evidence from the US airline industry
Authors: González Julia , Lemus Jorge , Marshall Guillermo
Published: October 2023

Merger‐specific efficiencies alleviate anticompetitive concerns of horizontal mergers. However, organizational challenges inherent in mergers pose a threat to achieving these efficiencies and could negatively impact the merged firm's productivity and market outcomes. We separately measure the organizational and strategic effects of mergers on quality provision using administrative data from the US airline industry, leveraging an industry‐specific regulation. We find that organizational challenges (e.g., combining workforces) cause a significant reduction in the quality supplied by a merged firm. In contrast, strategic effects (e.g., market strategy) have a minor impact on quality. Also, we find that a merger can reduce the performance of both merging firms. Our results suggest a merger's organizational challenges create uncertain efficiency gains.
Efficacy and safety of risankizumab for Crohn's disease in patients from Asian countries: a post hoc subanalysis of the global phase 3 ADVANCE, MOTIVATE, and FORTIFY studies
Authors: Gao Xiang , Fujii Toshimitsu , Ye Byong Duk , Chou Jen‐Wei , Sugimoto Ken , Cao Qian , Kligys Kristina , Murakoshi Kaoru , Teng Dennis , Zhang Yafei , Nakase Hiroshi
Published: October 2023

Background and Aim

The anti‐interleukin‐23 antibody risankizumab is being investigated as a treatment for moderate‐to‐severe Crohn's disease. This post hoc subanalysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of risankizumab therapy in Asian patients.

Methods

ADVANCE (NCT03105128) and MOTIVATE (NCT03104413) were randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 induction studies. Patients with intolerance/inadequate response to biologic (MOTIVATE) and/or conventional therapy (ADVANCE) were randomized to receive intravenous risankizumab (600 or 1200 mg) or placebo at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Clinical responders to risankizumab could enter the phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled maintenance withdrawal study (FORTIFY; NCT03105102). Patients were rerandomized to receive subcutaneous risankizumab (180 or 360 mg) or placebo (withdrawal) every 8 weeks for 52 weeks.

Results

Among 198 Asian patients in the induction studies, clinical remission and endoscopic response at week 12 were achieved by 61.4% and 40.0%, 59.5% and 35.8%, and 27.3% and 9.1% of patients in the risankizumab 600 mg, risankizumab 1200 mg, and placebo groups, respectively. Among 67 patients who entered the maintenance study, clinical remission and endoscopic response at week 52 were achieved by 57.1% and 52.4%, 75.0% and 40.0%, and 53.8% and 34.6% of patients in the risankizumab 180 mg, risankizumab 360 mg, and placebo (withdrawal) groups, respectively. Fistula closure was observed with risankizumab treatment in 28.6% (induction) and 57.1% (maintenance) of patients. Efficacy trends and safety profile were similar to those in non‐Asian patients.

Conclusion

Consistent with non‐Asian and global population results, risankizumab was effective and well tolerated in Asian patients with Crohn's disease.
Comprehensive Older Adult and Caregiver Help (COACH): A person‐centered caregiver intervention prevents elder mistreatment
Authors: Gassoumis Zachary D. , Martinez Julia M. , Yonashiro‐Cho Jeanine , Mosqueda Laura , Hou Anthony , Han S. Duke , Olsen Bonnie , Louis Anat , Connolly Marie‐Therese , Meyer Kylie , Marnfeldt Kelly , Salinas Navarro Sheila A. , Yan Mengzhao , Wilber Kathleen H.
Published: October 2023

Background

Elder mistreatment (EM) harms individuals, families, communities, and society as a whole. Yet research on interventions is lagging, and no rigorous studies demonstrating effective prevention have been published. This pilot study examines whether a first‐of‐its‐kind coaching intervention reduced the experience of EM among older adults with chronic health conditions, including dementia.

Methods

We used a double‐blind, randomized controlled trial to test a strengths‐based person‐centered caregiver support intervention, developed from evidence‐based approaches used in other types of family violence. Participants (n = 80), family caregivers of older adults who were members of Kaiser Permanente, completed surveys at baseline, post‐test, and 3‐month follow‐up. The primary outcome was caregiver‐reported EM; additional proximal outcomes were caregiver burden, quality‐of‐life, anxiety, and depression. Nonparametric tests (Mann–Whitney U, Fisher's Exact, Wilcoxon Signed Rank, and McNemar's) were used to make comparisons between treatment and control groups and across time points.

Results

The treatment group had no EM after intervention completion (assessed at 3‐month follow‐up), a significantly lower rate than the control group (treatment = 0%, control = 23.1%, p = 0.010).

Conclusions

In this pilot study, we found that the COACH caregiver support intervention successfully reduced EM of persons living with chronic illness, including dementia. Next steps will include: (1) testing the intervention's mechanism in a fully powered RCT and (2) scaling the intervention for testing in a variety of care delivery systems.
Accelerated aging mediates the associations of unhealthy lifestyles with cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality
Authors: Li Xueqin , Cao Xingqi , Zhang Jingyun , Fu Jinjing , Mohedaner Mayila , Danzengzhuoga  , Sun Xiaoyi , Yang Gan , Yang Zhenqing , Kuo Chia‐Ling , Chen Xi , Cohen Alan A. , Liu Zuyun
Published: October 2023

Background

With two well‐validated aging measures capturing mortality and morbidity risk, this study examined whether and to what extent aging mediates the associations of unhealthy lifestyles with adverse health outcomes.

Methods

Data were from 405,944 adults (40–69 years) from UK Biobank (UKB) and 9972 adults (20–84 years) from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). An unhealthy lifestyles score (range: 0–5) was constructed based on five factors (smoking, drinking, physical inactivity, unhealthy body mass index, and unhealthy diet). Two aging measures, Phenotypic Age Acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) and Biological Age Acceleration (BioAgeAccel) were calculated using nine and seven blood biomarkers, respectively, with a higher value indicating the acceleration of aging. The outcomes included incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), incident cancer, and all‐cause mortality in UKB; CVD mortality, cancer mortality, and all‐cause mortality in NHANES. A general linear regression model, Cox proportional hazards model, and formal mediation analysis were performed.

Results

The unhealthy lifestyles score was positively associated with PhenoAgeAccel (UKB:β = 0.741; NHANES:β = 0.874, allp < 0.001). We further confirmed the respective associations of PhenoAgeAccel and unhealthy lifestyles with the outcomes in UKB and NHANES. The mediation proportion of PhenoAgeAccel in associations of unhealthy lifestyles with incident CVD, incident cancer, and all‐cause mortality were 20.0%, 17.8%, and 26.6% (allp < 0.001) in UKB, respectively. Similar results were found in NHANES. The findings were robust when using another aging measure—BioAgeAccel.

Conclusions

Accelerated aging partially mediated the associations of lifestyles with CVD, cancer, and mortality in UK and US populations. The findings reveal a novel pathway and the potential of geroprotective programs in mitigating health inequality in late life beyond lifestyle interventions.
Metabolic effects of atypical antipsychotics: Molecular targets
Authors: Fonseca Maria , Carmo Francisca , Martel Fátima
Published: October 2023

Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are commonly prescribed drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other mental diseases with psychotic traits. Although the use of AAPs is associated with beneficial effects in these patients, they are also associated with undesired metabolic side effects, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). MeS is defined by the presence of metabolic abnormalities such as large waist circumference, dyslipidemia, fasting hyperglycemia and elevated blood pressure, which predispose to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. In this review, the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in these undesired metabolic abnormalities induced by AAPs are described. These mechanisms are complex as AAPs have multiple cellular targets which significantly affect the activities of several hormones and neuromodulators. Additionally, AAPs affect all the relevant metabolic organs, namely the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and intestine, and the central and peripheral nervous system as well. A better understanding of the molecular targets linking AAPs with MetS and of the mechanisms responsible for clinically different side effects of distinct AAPs is needed. This knowledge will help in the development of novel AAPs with less adverse effects as well as of adjuvant therapies to patients receiving AAPs.
Rapid and visual detection of grapevine fleck virus using recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow strips
Authors: Lee Ga‐Eun , Lee Hyo‐Jeong , Jeong Rae‐Dong
Published: October 2023

Grapevine flack virus (GFkV) causes fleck disease and leads to severe symptoms when the infection occurs with multiple viruses. Restricting the propagation of GFkV‐infected grapevines is the ideal management strategy to control the spread of this virus. Therefore, the development of rapid detection methods for GFkV is urgently required. In the present study, we developed a rapid and reliable assay based on the reverse transcription‐recombinase polymerase amplification (RT‐RPA) combined with lateral flow strips (LFS) using sequence‐specific primers and a probe‐based coat protein sequences for the GFkV detection in grapevines. The GFkV RT‐RPA‐LFS assay was optimized at 38°C for 10 min and an extra 5 min LFS incubation time. The optimized RT‐RPA‐LFS assay had similar sensitivity to RT‐PCR and showed no cross‐reaction with major viruses infecting grapevines in Korea. The assay was successfully validated for GFkV detection in grapevine field samples. This study provides a reliable technique for rapidly detecting GFkV as an alternative diagnostic approach for producing virus‐free grapevine nurseries.
The reproductive potential of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) farmed in sea cages in South Korea
Authors: Park Jin Woo , Kim Jae‐Hoon , Ji Seung Cheol , Ryu Yong‐Woon , Cho Jeong‐Hyeon
Published: October 2023

Identifying environmental effects on the reproduction cycle and sex hormones is essential for ensuring the sustainable productivity of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT, Thunnus orientalis) aquaculture. In the present study, 70 PBTs, commercially farmed in sea cages near Yokjido Island, South Korea, were investigated from April 2020 to March 2021. Environmental data, including water temperature and photoperiod duration, were collected. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated, and male and female maturity stages were classified monthly in proportions based on histological analysis of the gonads. Male and female gonadal developmental stages were classified into four major stages. Mature male and female PBTs were observed from May to August and June to August, respectively. Monthly changes in sex steroid hormone levels in PBT plasma were evaluated. The GSI and sex steroid hormones of males and females increased in May, peaked in June, and decreased thereafter. Our results confirmed the reproductive potential of farmed PBT and verified that reproductive maturity is reached in July. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to investigate the reproductive biology of PBT in South Korea, and our results constitute a reference for future research on PBT aquaculture.
Contrasting laboratory and field outcomes of bat–moth interactions
Authors: Lin Aiqing , Li Jiqian , Hu Yinli , Zhong Maojun , Yu Minglun , Ma Nina , Wei Tingting , Luo Jinhong , Feng Jiang
Published: October 2023

Predator–prey interactions are important but difficult to study in the field. Therefore, laboratory studies are often used to examine the outcomes of predator–prey interactions. Previous laboratory studies have shown that moth hearing and ultrasound production can help prey avoid being eaten by bats. We report here that laboratory behavioural outcomes may not accurately reflect the outcomes of field bat–moth interactions. We tested the success rates of two bat species capturing moths with distinct anti‐bat tactics using behavioural experiments. We compared the results with the dietary composition of field bats using next‐generation DNA sequencing. Rhinolophus episcopus and Rhinolophus osgoodi had a lower rate of capture success when hunting for moths that produce anti‐bat clicks than for silent eared moths and earless moths. Unexpectedly, the success rates of the bats capturing silent eared moths and earless moths did not differ significantly from each other. However, the field bats had a higher proportion of silent eared moths than that of earless moths and that of clicking moths in their diets. The difference between the proportions of silent eared moths and earless moths in the bat diets can be explained by the difference between their abundance in bat foraging habitats. These findings suggest that moth defensive tactics, bat countertactics and moth availability collectively shape the diets of insectivorous bats. This study illustrates the importance of using a combination of behavioural experiments and molecular genetic techniques to reveal the complex interactions between predators and prey in nature.
Structural linguistic injustice
Authors: Song Seunghyun
Published: October 2023

This paper develops a concept of structural linguistic injustice. By employing the so‐called structural‐injustice approach, it argues that individuals' seemingly harmless language attitudes and language choices might enable serious harms on a collective level, constituting what one could call a structural linguistic injustice. Section 1 introduces the linguistic‐justice debate. By doing so, it establishes linguistic diversity as the context in which phenomena such as individuals' language attitudes, language choice, and language loss occur. Moreover, the paper illustrates why employing the structural‐injustice approach might be beneficial for the linguistic‐justice debate. Section 2 conceptualizes individuals' (certain types of) language attitudes and language choice as (objectionable) social structures. Section 3 provides a concept of structural linguistic injustice. Section 4 suggests one possible remedy for structural linguistic injustice. Section 5 concludes the paper.