bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preposição diante do pronome relativo no português brasileiro e europeu
Authors: Frank Kersch Dorotea
Published: October 2008

Neste estudo se investiga o apagamento da preposição diante do pronome relativo entre falantes de português do extremo sul do Brasil e Norte do Uruguai; os resultados são comparados a dados do português europeu. Os material utilizado é todo de língua falada: dois estilos do projeto ADDU-Atlas Lingüístico Diatópico y Diastrático del Uruguay (pergunta-resposta e conversa livre), cinco entrevistas do Projeto NURC-Norma Urbana Culta) Porto Alegre), além de entrevistas do projeto Português Fundamental, do português europeu. A análise das amostras sugere que a tendência de apagar a preposição diante do pronome relativo, comum no PB, no espanhol e no italiano, não é tão freqüente no PE, em que, até mesmo nas circunstâncias de tempo e lugar, a preposição em é mantida. Observou-se também que, tanto no Potuguês Brasileiro quanto no Europeu é comum o uso do relativo que para substituir um constituinte preposicionado para esquivar-se da construção de uma relativa complexa.
Localização da lesão e níveis de stress em pacientes dermatológicos
Authors: Ludgwig Martha Wallig Brusius , Oliveira Margareth da Silva , Müller Marisa Campio , Gonçalves Ângela Maria Barbosa Ferreira
Published: October 2008

O stress repercute nas doenças de pele. A pele é um órgão visível, que tem importância nas relações interpessoais e pode trazer prejuízos quando lesionada. Neste estudo, avaliou-se stress e localização da lesão dermatológica e a associação entre essas variáveis, comparando níveis de stress em pacientes com lesões no rosto e/ou mãos e pacientes com lesões em outras partes do corpo. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, de associação. Participaram 205 pacientes, que responderam ao Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp, às Fichas de Dados Sócio-Demográficos e de Localização da Lesão. Quanto aos resultados, houve presença de sintomas de stress na maioria dos pacientes; a fase de resistência e a sintomatologia psicológica foram predominantes. Na comparação entre grupos com diferentes localizações de lesão, não houve diferenças significativas quanto aos resultados de stress (p=0,495; p=0,873 e p=0,815). Os achados corroboram a necessidade de um atendimento biopsicossocial aos pacientes.
Tentativas de suicídio em jovens: aspectos epidemiológicos dos casos atendidos no setor de urgências psiquiátricas de um hospital geral universitário entre 1988 e 2004
Authors: Ficher Ana Maria Fortaleza Teixeira , Vansan Gerson Antonio
Published: October 2008

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar, comparativamente, a distribuição temporal de todos os casos de pacientes adolescentes, com idade entre 10 e 24 anos, atendidos no setor de urgências psiquiátricas de um grande hospital geral universitário, após tentativas de suicídio e uso/abuso de substâncias psicoativas, durante o período de 1988 a 2004. Estudou-se, especificamente, os casos de tentativas de suicídio, considerando sua distribuição quanto à idade, sexo e método utilizado. A partir de um estudo de casos, apontam-se dados sobre os motivos desencadeantes das tentativas e sobre as histórias de vida desses pacientes, possivelmente relacionados à ocorrência desse comportamento. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de um levantamento retrospectivo de todos os casos de pacientes adolescentes atendidos no setor de urgências psiquiátricas do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 1988 a 2004, após tentativas de suicídio e uso/abuso de substâncias psicoativas, e de dez histórias clínicas obtidas por meio de entrevistas realizadas com pacientes adolescentes, selecionados ao acaso, atendidos no setor por tentativas de suicídio. Os resultados mostraram uma forte correlação positiva entre os números de casos anualmente atendidos por tentativas de suicídio e os devidos ao uso/abuso de substâncias psicoativas, tanto para os adolescentes do sexo masculino (r=0,70, p=0,0037), quanto para os do sexo feminino (r=0,81, p=0,0002). As tentativas de suicídio foram significativamente mais freqüentes no sexo feminino, e o método mais utilizado para esse comportamento foi o envenenamento, preferencialmente com medicamentos. As histórias clínicas mostraram que a maioria desses adolescentes era proveniente de lares desestruturados (broken-homes), predominantemente por separação dos pais, e que a tentativa ocorreu com mais freqüência após discussão com pessoas significativas do núcleo sócio-familiar. Sem ignorar os problemas metodológicos existentes, é razoável supor que os fatos observados neste trabalho refletem a ocorrência de suicídio e uso/abuso de substâncias psicoativas na população geral, ou indicam, ao menos, que eles evidenciam um sério problema médico-psicológico em nível assistencial entre os adolescentes e adultos jovens.
O vírus do Nilo Ocidental
Authors: Flores Eduardo Furtado , Weiblen Rudi
Published: October 2008

O vírus do Nilo Ocidental (WNV) é um flavivírus que se mantém na natureza em ciclos alternados de infecção, em pássaros e mosquitos hematófagos, principalmente do gênero Culex. A infecção natural já foi demonstrada em mais de 200 espécies de aves, sendo que a susceptibilidade à infecção e à doença varia amplamente. Os corvídeos e os passeriformes são particularmente susceptíveis, desenvolvendo altos níveis de viremia e também elevada mortalidade. Ocasionalmente, a infecção pode ser transmitida para mamíferos pela picada de mosquitos que realizaram o repasto sangüíneo em aves virêmicas. Os humanos e os eqüinos estão entre os mamíferos mais susceptíveis e freqüentemente desenvolvem um quadro febril, que pode ser acompanhado de infecção neurológica e meningoencefalite fatal. A infecção pelo WNV, inicialmente identificada em Uganda (1937), durante décadas ficou restrita ao Norte da África, ao Oeste da Ásia, ao Oriente Médio e à Europa Mediterrânea, com relatos de casos isolados ou pequenos surtos de doença em humanos e eqüinos. Em 1999, o vírus foi introduzido em Nova Iorque, nos Estados Unidos, onde causou mortalidade de milhares de aves e infectou centenas de pessoas, levando 21 a óbito. A partir de então, a infecção se disseminou por praticamente todos os Estados norte-americanos, causando infecção e/ou doença em mais de 27 mil pessoas (1100 mortes), eqüinos (mais de 25.000 casos) e provocando mortalidade e redução da população de algumas espécies de aves silvestres. Evidências da infecção têm sido progressivamente detectadas em várias espécies animais no México, na América Central, no Caribe e no Norte da América do Sul, indicando a sua disseminação na direção sul. O WNV foi identificado como o agente de meningoencefalite fatal em três eqüinos na Argentina (2006), onde parece estar presente em pássaros nativos pelo menos desde 2005. Pesquisadores e autoridades sanitárias brasileiras da área humana e animal temem que a infecção seja introduzida no país, onde provavelmente encontraria condições ecológicas para a sua disseminação e manutenção. Este artigo apresenta uma breve revisão dos principais aspectos epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos da infecção pelo WNV, com ênfase na infecção de humanos, aves e eqüinos.
Characterization of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum isolates using differential cultivars of common bean in Santa Catarina State, Brazil
Authors: Gonçalves-Vidigal Maria Celeste , Thomazella Claudia , Vidigal Filho Pedro Soares , Kvitschal Marcus Vinícius , Elias Haroldo Tavares
Published: October 2008

In 2003 and 2004, 32 isolates of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum obtained from the infected plants of field-grown common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Santa Catarina state, Brazil were analyzed based on the virulence to 12 differential cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L.. Thirteen distinct races were identified, six of which had not been reported previously in Santa Catarina. This is the first report of the occurrence of 67, 83,101,103,105, and 581 races of C. lindemuthianum. Race 65 was most common (34%). All the isolates were compatible to the cultivars Michelite and Mexico 222. Some isolates infected not only differential cultivar of Mesoamerican origin, but also the ones of Andean origin.
Comparative performance of microbial lipases immobilized on magnetic polysiloxane polyvinyl alcohol particles
Authors: Bruno Laura Maria , Lima Filho José Luiz de , Castro Heizir Ferreira de
Published: October 2008

Microbial lipase from Mucor miehei and Candida rugosa were immobilized by covalent binding onto magnetized polysiloxane polyvinyl alcohol particles (POS-PVA). The resulting immobilized derivatives were evaluated in aqueous solution (olive oil hydrolysis) and organic solvent (butyl butyrate synthesis). Higher catalytic activities were found when the coupling procedure was made with M. miehei lipase. Immobilized M. miehei lipase also showed a better operational stability and a higher half-life than C. rugosa lipase after the successive batches of esterification. The performance of C. rugosa immobilized derivative was constrained by the low lipase loading used in the immobilizing step. Further information regarding the both immobilized derivatives was also obtained through chemical composition (FTIR).
Detection and identification of TMV infecting tomato under protected cultivation in Paraná State
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Martins da , Souto Eliezer Rodrigues de , Pedroso Júlio Cézar , Arakava Ricardo , Almeida Álvaro Manuel Rodrigues , Barboza Antônio Augusto Lazarini , Vida João Batista
Published: October 2008

During an inspection in plastic houses in Sapopema, Paraná, 90% of tomato plants showed leaf abnormalities, probably associated with herbicide toxity. However, virus like symptoms developed in selected hosts after mechanical inoculatation. RT-PCR reactions using primers for an internal region within the movement protein gene of TMV and ToMV resulted in the amplification of a 409 bp cDNA fragment only by TMV primers. Deduced amino acids showed 100% identity when compared to TMV movement protein and 94% with ToMV. The RT-PCR protocol was efficient for quick and conclusive determination of virus species. The virus was purified and a polyclonal antiserum was raised for future surveys in tomato crops of Paraná. The partial genomic sequence obtained for TMV-Sapopema has been deposited under the accession number DQ173945, which is the first partial genomic sequence of an isolate of TMV from Brazil in the GenBank, and the first tomato virus isolate from Paraná to have some of its biological and molecular properties determined.
Morphological markers for microspore developmental stage in maize
Authors: Moraes Ana Paula de , Bered Fernanda , Carvalho Fernando Irajá Felix de , Kaltchuk-Santos Eliane
Published: October 2008

The use of maize in anther culture has been limited because only few genotypes presented a high androgenetic potential. Obtaining the proper stage of microspore development at culture initiation is one of the most crucial factors for success in the androgenesis. For Brazilian maize genotypes there are no studies reporting a correlation between cytological features and morphological parameters. In this study, morphological parameters were recorded and associated with cytological specific stages of the the microsporogenesis in two Brazilian maize genotypes that were sowed in different places (field and growing chamber). For both genotypes, the plants of the growing chamber presented a delay in development. Spikelets length and anther length/spikelet length ratio are not good parameters since they can be greatly influenced by the environment. The anther length was the more reliable parameter to correlate with a specific developmental stage. Nevertheless, variations between genotypes and environment were detected.
Detection of GBV-C/HGV RNA in cervico-vaginal smears from healthy individuals
Authors: Watanabe Maria Angelica Ehara , Miquelão Ana Karina Melim Benthien , Oliveira Carlos Eduardo Coral de , Oliveira Karen Brajão de , Nasser Thiago Franco , Aoki Mateus Nóbrega , Suzuki Patrícia Sayuri , Amarante Marla Karine , Venâncio Emerson José , Azevedo Elbens Marcos Minoreli de
Published: October 2008

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the sexual transmission of GBV-C/HGV, through RNA detection in cervicovaginal smears. Therefore the GBV-C/HGV RNA in cervicovaginal smears from apparently healthy women was investigated using routine proceedings for prophylactic screening to cervical cancer. GBV-C/HGV RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Only one woman presented co-infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). The GBV-C/HGV RNA was detected in 13/73 (17.57%) healthy women and it's prevalence in participating women between 28-43 years old was 53.85%. No association was found with GBV-C/HGV for the age of first sexual intercourse and number of pregnancies. In GBV-C/HGV RNA positive women, 69.23% were married. In conclusion, the present findings show that cervical and vaginal specimens could contain the GBV-C/HGV RNA.
Generalized lineal models for the analysis of binary data from propagation experiments of Brazilian orchids
Authors: Mora Freddy , Gonçalves Letícia de Menezes , Scapim Carlos Alberto , Martins Elias Nunes , Machado Maria de Fátima Pires da Silva
Published: October 2008

This study aimed at applying the generalized linear models (GLM) for the analysis of a germination experiment of Cattleya bicolor in which the response variable was binary. The purpose of this experiment was to assess the effects of the storage temperatures and culture mediums on the seed viability. The analyses of variance was also carried out either with or without the data transformation. All the statistical approaches indicated the importance of the storage temperature on the seed viability. But, the culture media and interaction effects were significant only by the GLM. Based on the GLM, the seeds stored at 10°C increased viability, in which the coconut medium achieved the best performance. The results emphasized the importance of adopting the GLM to improve the reliability in many situations where the response variable followed a non-normal distribution.
Shrimp farming as an alternative to artisanal fishermen communities: the Case of Patos Lagoon, Brazil
Authors: Cavalli Ronaldo Olivera , Wasielesky Jr Wilson , Peixoto Silvio , Poersch Luís Henrique da Silva , Santos Marcos Henrique Silva , Soares Roberta Borda
Published: October 2008

The shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis is considered a suitable species for culture in the Patos Lagoon estuary, southern Brazil, where its catch has been decreasing in the last few years. Considering the potential of estuarine areas for shrimp farming, the application of low-cost structures to culture shrimp, such as the pen enclosures, is being proposed as an alternative source of income for artisanal fishermen and farmers living near Patos Lagoon. From an economical standpoint, these alternative systems present several advantages over the traditional pond-based culture systems since land, water pumping and artificial aerations are not required, high natural productivity is available and inexpensive materials are employed in the construction of grow-out structures. This paper reviews the farming of F. paulensis in the pen enclosures as an alternative to the artisanal fishing communities of the Patos Lagoon estuary. Particular emphases are placed on the development of culture systems, social and environmental impacts, constraints and perspectives.
Trioecy in Coccoloba cereifera Schwacke (Polygonaceae), a narrow endemic and threatened tropical species
Authors: Silva Celice Alexandre , Oliva Marco Antonio , Vieira Milene Faria , Fernandes Geraldo Wilson
Published: October 2008

Trioecy, the co-occurrence of the males, females, and hermaphrodite morphs in natural populations, is a rare and poorly studied breeding system. It is expressed in Coccoloba cereifera, an endemic, and endangered species from the rupestrian fields of Serra do Cipó, southeastern Brazil. Male individuals produce staminate flowers but no fruits. Female individuals produce pistillate flowers and set fruits. Both staminate and pistillate flowers present non-functional organs of the opposite sex that simulate perfect flowers. Hermaphrodite individuals produce two different perfect flowers, each one belonging to distinct individuals, and set fruits. Perfect flowers differ in the amount of pollen produced, in pollen viability, and in some morphological traits. Two Hymenoptera species visited the flowers sporadically. The low natural fructification indicated a limited pollination, while the fruit set recorded in bagged pistillate flowers indicated agamospermy. Female individuals represent more than 40% of the population studied and must be the result of agamospermic seeds.
An inexpensive alternative equipment for the plant material embedding in the paraffin under the vacuum
Authors: Leitão Carlos André Espolador , Cortelazzo Angelo Luiz
Published: October 2008

The present work describes an equipment constructed using inexpensive material for embedding the plant material in the paraffin under the vacuum, using an oven and a vacuum pump. The equipment was tested using the samples of Rodriguezia venusta (Orchidaceae) buds embedded in paraffin, where half of the samples were submitted to the vacuum by the equipment during the embedding. The material was sectioned with a rotary microtome, obtaining full series of quality sections. The control was hard to section with the microtome, obtaining damaged sections due the air bubbles, making the ribbon formation difficult. These results proved the effectiveness of the equipment, making it a practical, inexpensive and more portable solution for newly established laboratories.
Gill histopathological alterations in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus exposed to treated sewage Water
Authors: Fontaínhas-Fernandes António , Luzio Ana , Garcia-Santos Sofia , Carrola João , Monteiro Sandra
Published: October 2008

Adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, of both sexes were exposed in wastewater from a sewage treatment plant for a period of 4 days. Gill samples were collected after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and histopathological changes were analyzed by light and scanning electronic microscopy. Gill epithelium of control O. niloticus (freshwater group) was similar to that of other teleosts, while histopathological lesions were observed in exposed fishes. The main histopathological changes were edema, lifting of lamellar and filamentar epithelia and lamellar fusion. Cell proliferation with consequent thickening of the filament epithelium was also found in fishes exposed to the treated sewage water. The severity of the lesions increased with the time of exposure, namely the hyperplasia of the epithelial cells with proliferation of filamentar epithelium and fusion of lamellae observed at 96 h. Additionally, several histopathological results obtained by light microscopy were confirmed through scanning microscopy.
The lysosomal stability as a biomarker for the determination of pollution in aquatic environments
Authors: Nazar Maria Loreto , Rodrigues Luiz Erlon Araujo , Nascimento Iracema
Published: October 2008

This work studied the effects caused by five different formulae of gasoline on the stability of the lysosomes isolated from the liver of the tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). The functional integrity of the lysosomal membranes was evaluated via the acid phosphatase activity. The results showed that there were significant changes in the stability of the lysosomes exposed to the presence of the hydrocarbons in the environment. Therefore, considering the method's simplicity, the sensitivity of the responses and its low cost the assessment of the lysosomal activity could be an important tool for the study of the effects of pollution in the aquatic environments.
Midfacial Growth in a Consecutive Series of Preadolescent Children with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate following a One-Stage Simultaneous Repair
Authors: Fudalej Piotr , Obloj Barbara , Miller-Drabikowska Dorota , Samarcew-Krawczak Anna , Dudkiewicz Zofia
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To evaluate midfacial growth in prepubertal children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate following one-stage simultaneous repair.

Subjects:

A series of 28 consecutively treated subjects with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were compared with age- and gender-matched controls with normal midfacial structure.

Methods:

On the lateral cephalograms taken at the age of approximately 10 years, size and position of the maxilla and upper dental arch were evaluated in vertical and horizontal planes. Statistical analysis included independent t tests and nonparametric Mann-Whitney tests.

Results:

The maxilla was found to be retruded (sella-nasion-point A angle decreased by 4.5° and nasion to point A distance increased by 4.2 mm) and rotated posteriorly (sella-nasion/palatal plane angle decreased by 4.5°) in the cleft group. Maxillary length (pterygomaxillare-point A distance) was diminished by approximately 2 mm. Upper incisors were found retroclined in comparison to controls (both upper incisor axis/sella-nasion and upper incisor axis/palatal plane angles were decreased by 10.7° and 6.1°, respectively).

Conclusion:

Maxillary prominence, as measured with the sella-nasion-point A angle and the condylion-point A and articulare-point A distances, was decreased. Shortened length and posterior position of the maxillary body were responsible at a ratio of 60% to 40% for a decreased prominence of the maxillary complex. The palatal plane demonstrated a larger inclination to the sella-nasion plane by 4.5° due to a decreased sella-posterior nasal spine distance.
Do Undocumented Students “Play by the Rules”?
Authors: Jefferies Julian
Published: October 2008

Building from a public debate on questions of educational access for undocumented students, the author analyzes common frames and ideologies constructed and reproduced in the media. Access to literacy and the cultural capital of higher education for undocumented students, in the case of Massachusetts, is filtered through meritocratic ideologies that ultimately limit the debate and justify the segregation of new waves of immigrants.

يحلّل المؤلف الإطارات الشائعة والعقائد تم تشكيلها وإعادة إنتاجها في وسائل الإعلام بناء على مناظرة عامة حول الأسئلة المطروحة بصدد وسيلة للطلاّب بلا وثائق لدخول التعليم. إذ وسيلة لمعرفة القراءة والكتابة والموارد الثقافية للتعليم العالي للطلاّب بلا وثائق في حالة ولاية ماساتشوستس ترشّح من خلال العقائد المبنية على حكم الأفضل التي في النهاية تقتصر النقاش وتبرّر التفرقة العنصرية للأمواج الجديدة من المهاجرين.

根据一个就「无入境证明的学生的教育机会问题」的公开辩论的内容，本文作者分析常在传媒中被建构出来和传播开去的参照标准与意识形态。就马萨诸塞省而言，无入境证明的学生能够获得高等教育的读写技能与文化资本的机会，受到精英制度管理意识形态的过滤，这种意识形态最终限制了辩论的内容，并成为辩护隔离随着移民潮而来的新移民的理由。

Se fondant sur le débat public relatif aux questions de l'accès à l'éducation des étudiants non informés, l'auteur analyse les bases communes et les idéologies construites et transmises par les médias. L'accès à la lecture‐écriture et au capital culturel de l'enseignement supérieur pour les étudiants non informés, dans le cas du Massachusetts, est filtré par les idéologies méritocratiques qui en dernier ressort limitent le débat et justifient la ségrégation de nouvelles vagues d'émigrants.

На основе данных, полученных из общественных дебатов по вопросам доступа к образованию для учащихся, не имеющих вида на жительство, автор анализирует идеологемы и критерии, которыми оперируют в этой области средства массовой информации. Для учащихся без вида на жительство доступ к грамотности и культурному капиталу в виде высшего образования в таком штате как, например, Массачусетс во многом определяется идеологией меритократии, то есть для наиболее способных делается исключение, что – в конечном счете – сужает возможность полномасштабных дебатов и оправдывают сегрегацию новых волн иммигрантов.

Usando como base un debate público sobre cuestiones de accesso a la educación por parte de estudiantes no documentados, el autor analiza marcos e ideologías comunes que han sido construidas y reproducidas por los medios. El acceso a la alfabetización y a la capital cultural de la educación universitaria para los estudiantes no documentados, en el caso de Massachusetts, es filtrado por ideologías meritocráticas que básicamente limitan el debate y justifican la segregación de nuevas oleadas de inmigrantes.
For the Love of Words: Fostering Word Consciousness in Young Readers
Authors: Graves Michael F. , Watts‐Taffe Susan
Published: October 2008

Recent descriptions of comprehensive vocabulary programs identify fostering word consciousness (getting students really interested in and excited about words) as a crucial component of effective programs. This article defines word consciousness, explains why it is important and how it fits into the curriculum, describes a six‐part framework designed to act as a scaffold as teachers design word consciousness activities for their classrooms, and provides examples of each of these six types of word‐consciousness activities.

تعيّن الأوصاف المؤخرة لبرامج مفردات شمولية تنمية وعي الكلمة (جعل الطلاّب مهتمين بالكلمات ومتحمسين لها) كمكوّن حاسم لبرامج فعّالة. وتعرّف هذه المقالة وعي الكلمة وتشرح سبب أهميته ومكانه المناسب في المنهاج الدراسي وتصف أيضاً إطاراً من ستة أجزاء مصمماً ليلعب دور السقالة بينما يصمّم الأساتذة أنشطة وعي الكلمة لصفوفهم وتقدّم أمثلة لكل أنواع أنشطة وعي الكلمة الستّ على حدة.

在最近有关广泛词汇学习训练课程的描述中，培养语词意识（使学生真正对语词产生兴趣）被确认为高效能课程中不可或缺的学习部份。本文为语词意识作出定义，解释其重要性及如何使其纳入课程教学中。本文描述一个由六部份组成的框架以协助教师设计语词意识的课室教学活动，并为该框架内的每一部份提供语词意识教学活动实例，以供教师参考。

Des descriptions récentes de programmes du vocabulaire général ont indiqué que le renforcement de la conscience du mot (conduire les élèves à s'intéresser vraiment et à être passionnés par les mots) est une composante cruciale des programmes efficaces. Cet article décrit la conscience du mot, explique pourquoi elle est importante et comment elle s'introduit dans les programmes, décrit un plan en six parties conçu pour aider les enseignants à planifier des activités de conscience du mot dans leur classe, et apporte des exemples de chacun de ces six types d'activités relatifs à la conscience du mot.

В последнее время в описаниях комплексных программ по развитию словарного запаса основным мерилом их эффективности признается формирование взаимоотношений школьников со словом и пробуждение у них интереса к слову. В данной статье дается определение лексического сознания, аргументируется его важность и объясняется, как вписать его развитие в учебный план – через шестичастную базовую схему, созданную в помощь учителю для становления лексического сознания учащихся. Предложены примеры заданий для каждого из шести этапов работы со словом.

Recientes descripciones de programas de vocabulario comprensivo identifican el promover la conciencia sobre la palabra (haciendo que los estudiantes sientan gran interés y entusiasmo por las palabras) como un componente crucial de un programa efectivo. Este artículo define lo que es tener conciencia de la palabra, explica por qué es importante y cómo encaja en el currículo, describe un marco de seis partes diseñado para actuar como una estructura base sobre la cual los maestros pueden diseñar actividades de conciencia de palabras para sus salones de clase, y provee ejemplos de cada uno de estos seis tipos de actividades sobre la conciencia de palabras.
Expression profiles of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor and LHCGR in sporadic adrenocortical tumors
Authors: Costa Marcia Helena Soares , Latronico Ana Claudia , Martin Regina Matsunaga , Barbosa Angela S , Almeida Madson Q , Lotfi Claudimara Ferini Pacicco , Lima Valassi Helena P , Nishi Mirian Yumie , Lucon Antonio Marmo , Siqueira Sheila Aparecida , Zerbini Maria Claudia Nogueira , Carvalho Luciani Renata , Mendonca Berenice Bilharinho , Fragoso Maria Candida Barisson Villares
Published: October 2008

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR) and LHCGR are G-protein-coupled receptors with a wide tissue expression pattern. Aberrant expression of these receptors has rarely been demonstrated in adult sporadic adrenocortical tumors with a lack of data on pediatric tumors. We quantified the GIPR and LHCGR expression in a large cohort of 55 patients (25 children and 30 adults) with functioning and non-functioning sporadic adrenocortical tumors. Thirty-eight tumors were classified as adenomas whereas 17 were carcinomas. GIPR and LHCGR expression were analyzed by real-time PCR and normal human pancreatic and testicular tissue samples were used as positive controls. Mean expression values were determined by fold increase in comparison with a normal adrenal pool. GIPR mRNA levels were significantly higher in adrenocortical carcinomas than in adenomas from both pediatric and adult groups. LHCGR expression was similar in both carcinomas and adenomas from the pediatric group but significantly lower in carcinomas than in adenomas from the adult group (median 0.06 and 2.3 respectively, P<0.001). GIPR was detected by immunohistochemistry in both pediatric and adult tumors. Staining and real-time PCR results correlated positively only when GIPR mRNA levels were increased at least two-fold in comparison with normal adrenal expression levels. In conclusion, GIPR overexpression was observed in pediatric and adult adrenocortical tumors and very low levels of LHCGR expression were found in all adult adrenocortical carcinomas.
Glucocorticoids and the circadian clock
Authors: Dickmeis Thomas
Published: October 2008

Glucocorticoids, hormones produced by the adrenal gland cortex, perform numerous functions in body homeostasis and the response of the organism to external stressors. One striking feature of their regulation is a diurnal release pattern, with peak levels linked to the start of the activity phase. This release is under control of the circadian clock, an endogenous biological timekeeper that acts to prepare the organism for daily changes in its environment. Circadian control of glucocorticoid production and secretion involves a central pacemaker in the hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, as well as a circadian clock in the adrenal gland itself. Central circadian regulation is mediated via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system, while the adrenal gland clock appears to control sensitivity of the gland to the adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH). The rhythmically released glucocorticoids in turn might contribute to synchronisation of the cell-autonomous clocks in the body and interact with them to time physiological dynamics in their target tissues around the day.
Mechanical behaviour of air-entrained concrete
Authors: Shang H.-S. , Song Y.-P. , Ou J.-P.
Published: October 2008

Experimental investigation on the mechanical behaviour of air-entrained concrete under uniaxial compression, uniaxial tension, biaxial compression, biaxial tension–compression (T–C) and triaxial tension–compression–compression (T–C–C) loading conditions was carried out. The biaxial compression stress ratios α2=σ2/σ3=0·25, 0·5, 0·75, 1·0, biaxial tension–compression stress ratios α1 = σ1/σ3 = −0·05, −0·1, −0·3, −0·5 and triaxial tension–compression–compression stress ratios α=σ1:σ2:σ3= − 0·25:0·25: 1·0, − 0·25: 0·5:1·0, − 0·25:0·75:1·0, − 0·25:1·0:1·0 were selected as the major test variables. The failure characteristic of specimens and the direction of the crack are observed. Based on the test data, the biaxial ultimate strength envelopes and the failure criterion under triaxial T–C–C in principal stress space were proposed. The test results indicated that the strength of air-entrained concrete specimens under biaxial compression is higher than that under uniaxial compression and the maximum increase of ultimate strength occurred at a biaxial compression stress ratio of 0·5. The relationship between the ultimate compressive strength and stress ratio was given. It provides the experimental and theory foundations for strength analysis of air-entrained concrete structures.
Joint shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beam–column connections
Authors: Kim J. , LaFave J.M. , Song J.
Published: October 2008

An extensive experimental database (341 cases in total) has been constructed for reinforced concrete (RC) beam–column connections subjected to quasi-static cyclic lateral loading. All cases within the database experienced joint shear failure, either in conjunction with or without yielding of beam reinforcement. RC joint shear strength models, which are applicable to both modern and older types of beam–column connections, have been developed using the constructed database in conjunction with a Bayesian parameter estimation method. Following this same procedure established to develop the strength models, joint shear deformation models (at maximum joint shear stress) have also been developed. The proposed quantitative RC joint shear strength and deformation models indicate that the following parameters are most important towards determining joint shear strength and deformation capacity–concrete compressive strength, beam reinforcement, joint transverse reinforcement, in-plane geometry, out-of-plane geometry and joint eccentricity. Finally, the influence of these six key parameters on the RC joint shear stress against joint shear strain behaviour at peak response has been assessed.
Creep and shrinkage of HPC in prebended composite structures. Part II: in situ case study
Authors: Staquet S. , Tailhan J.-L. , Espion B.
Published: October 2008

A prefabricated, prebended and prestressed railway bridge deck was instrumented in June 2000 with strain gauges and vibrating wire extensometers. It is a kind of structure in which large time-dependent stress redistributions between steel and concrete are expected to occur. The purpose of this paper is to report on the comparison between strains recorded in situ on an instrumented bridge deck of this kind up to four years after its construction with values computed within the framework of four different time-dependent analyses: (a) a pseudo-elastic analysis with variable modular ratios for concrete used for the design of these bridge decks; (b) a step-by-step method applying the principle of superposition; (c) a step-by-step method incorporating a recovery function; and (d) an original modelling method. This final analysis is presented in Part 1 of this paper, which is based on the evolution of three fundamental local parameters: the temperature, the degree of advancement of reaction of hydration and the water content in concrete.
The Unique Experience of Odoptu-more Field Development – A New Stage in Russian Offshore Projects
Authors: Kozin A. A. , Kuznetsov M. A. , Khamitov I. G , Igumnov V. I. , Mukminov I. R. , Azimov T. A.
Published: October 2008

The paper deals with the unique experience of Odoptu-more (Northern dome) field development by Rosneft. The field is located 5-7 km from the Shore of Sakhalin Island under the Sea of Okhotsk waters. Onshore extended-reach wells (ERW) with horizontal section are drilled in severe arctic conditions.

Similar ERD technology is used worldwide: in the North Sea (BP, Wytch Farm) [1], for example, on South China Sea shelf, at Tiera del Fuego coast (Total, Hidra field) [2]. The successful experience of extended-reach drilling (ERD) gained by Rosneft since 1998 was adopted in 2003 by Exxon Neftegaz Ltd. – Sakhalin-1 Project consortium operator – who revised his initial plans of using expensive fixed sleetproof offshore platform and started Chayvo field development applying onshore ERW [3].

The paper describes the results of geosteering of ERW with up to 800 m long horizontal section in 3-4 m layer at 1500 m TVDSS. Horizontal displacement of 6000 m is typical for this wells. ERD in such geological conditions is a very delicate job considering geological uncertainties related to structure dip angle variation and reservoir discontinuity. It is the first successful application of ERD on the Russian shelf.

Moreover, paper touches upon the optimal object development pattern reasoning. Main design solutions that helped to avoid a number of problems connected with subsurface geology and technological restrictions are described.
Improving Oil Recovery by Adding N2 in SAGD Process for Super-heavy Crude Reservoir with Top-Water
Authors: Gao Yongrong , Liu Shangqi , Shen Dehuang , Guo Erpeng , Bao Yu
Published: October 2008

Guantao formation in Du84 block, Liaohe oilfield is a typical massive extra-heavy oil pool with top-water. The oil viscosity is 23.2×104mPa.s (@50℃) and the average formation thickness is 106m. Bitumen shell of 3-4m thick exists between the top-water layer and oil column. If bitumen is softened when heating in the steam injection recovery process, the top-water will flow down. Moreover, the field production showed that conventional steam stimulation recovery with vertical well is poor. Experiment and simulation results have shown that the injection of N2 as an additive can be effective in inhibiting the breakup of bitumen shell hence to prolong the life of SAGD. Also the recovery factor can be improved. After series of simulation, the injection of N2 and steam is optimized as follows: steam injection rate for single well: 100t/d, steam quality: higher than 70%, volume ratio of N2/Steam (Cold water Equivalent) at downhole conditions: 0.5, effective thickness of N2 layer: 10-15m. Under such operating conditions, the life of SAGD can be prolonged by 3-4 years and the recovery factor can be improved by 11.4%.
Use of Impregnated Bits with Turbine to Increase ROP in Hard / Abrasive Carboniferous Formation – Bolivia South HPHT Wells
Authors: Vasquez Ricardo
Published: October 2008

Finding appropriate amounts and types of hydrocarbons and the proper and economic way to extract them to surface will be a formidable challenge over the next decades. The use of new technology & resources to brought economic life to oil fields will be a key too in the intent to recover hydrocarbons out.

In order to reach these objectives, different types of tools and operations that years ago were impossible to do have been planned and executed. Geological uncertainties and wells proposed to reach deeper targets on high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) environments give drilling engineers the challenge to work with new technologies in order to reach an economic way to do it.

The Huacaya structure comprises part of the Bolivian Sub Andean. The structure lies at north of Margarita structural trend, discovered in 1998 by the MGR-X1 well. Three additional wells, MGR-X2, MGR-X3 and MGR-4, had been drilled and completed during 1999, 2000 and 2004.

The HCY-X1 well is located 350 km south of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and 12.4 Km North of MGR-4, the closest well of Margarita Field. The target location is placed 750 m to the North of the Margarita Exploitation area boundary (Figures 1 & 2)

A detailed prognosis with formation tops and the casing program are described in Table 1 & 2.

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the difficulties to drill the Carboniferous formations (Taiguati, Tarija, Itacuami and Tupambi) in previous wells, the experienced obtained with the use of impregnated bits with turbine compared with traditional drilling systems and the results of the trial.
New Analytic Solution of Boltzmann Transform for Horizontal Water Infiltration into Sand
Authors: Prevedello Celso L. , Loyola Jocely M. T. , Reichardt Klaus , Nielsen Donald R.
Published: October 2008

The use of the Boltzmann transform function, λ(θ), to solve the Richards equation when the diffusivity, D, is a function of only soil water content, θ, is now commonplace in the literature. Nevertheless, a new analytic solution of the Boltzmann transform λ(h) as a function of matric potential for horizontal water infiltration into a sand was derived without invoking the concept or use of D(θ). The derivation assumes that a similarity exists between the soil water retention function and the Boltzmann transform λ(θ). The solution successfully described soil water content profiles experimentally measured for different infiltration times into a homogeneous sand and agrees with those presented by Philip in 1955 and 1957. The applicability of this solution for all soils remains open, but it is anticipated to hold for soils whose air‐filled pore‐size distribution before wetting is sufficiently narrow to yield a sharp increase of water content at the wetting front during infiltration. It also improves and provides a versatile alternative to the well‐known analysis pioneered by Green and Ampt in 1911.
Eco‐Geophysical Imaging of Watershed‐Scale Soil Patterns Links with Plant Community Spatial Patterns
Authors: Robinson David A. , Abdu Hiruy , Jones Scott B. , Seyfried Mark , Lebron Inma , Knight Rosemary
Published: October 2008

The extent to which soil moisture and nutrient availability control the structure, function, and diversity of plant communities has aroused considerable interest in the past decade and remains topical in light of global change. Numerous plant communities are controlled either by water or soil nutrient availability, and yet spatial patterns of soil properties affecting resource pools, such as texture, are often poorly delineated at the landscape level. Traditional soil survey methods, developed for land evaluation, remain largely qualitative, based on the subjective analysis of the soil surveyor and often using vegetation patterns to demarcate soil boundaries. To date, no independent method of determining the properties of soil root‐zone spatial patterns has been developed for use at the landscape scale, resulting in a knowledge gap between observed aboveground vegetation patterns and the distribution of belowground soil properties. The objective of this work was to determine whether a quantitative link could be observed between bulk soil electrical conductivity, used as an indicator of soil texture, and the plant community spatial pattern using geophysics. By comparing the geophysical signal with plant community patterns, we have discovered distinct vegetation niches corresponding to distinct zones of bulk soil electrical conductivity. A hierarchical ranking of the mean bulk soil electrical conductivity for each plant community type follows a power‐law structure.
Torreele's water re-use facility enabled sustainable groundwater management in de Flemish dunes (Belgium)
Authors: Van Houtte Emmanuel , Verbauwhede ir. Johan
Published: October 2008

In 2002 IWVA started reusing secondary wastewater effluent for groundwater recharge of the existing dune water catchment ‘St-André’. This integration enabled sustainable groundwater management as the natural groundwater extraction was reduced. Consequently groundwater levels increased and on the long term, risk of seawater intrusion no longer is a point of concern. The public response towards this project is generally positive.

The Torreele plant, where the infiltration water is produced, is built besides the wastewater treatment plant of Wulpen, which is managed by Aquafin. The treatment at Torreele combines ultrafiltration (UF), using the submerged ZeeWeed system, and reverse osmosis (RO), using brackish water low energy membranes.

UF has proved to be a reliable technique for effluent treatment and a good pretreatment before RO. The UF system proved sustainable thanks to the use of air and the combination of filtrate backwashes with periodic extended backwashes adding hypochlorite. The maintenance cleaning of the membranes could be limited to once every month.

Despite the use of UF filtrate as source for the RO treatment an additional bio-fouling prevention scheme is in place. By dosing hypochlorite and ammonium-chloride to the UF filtrate, monochloramines are formed. This proved effective in controlling bio-fouling : after 4 and a half years of operation the same membranes are still in place. Scaling of the RO membranes is prevented by combining pH adjustment and dosing of scale inhibitor. Chemical cleanings of the RO membranes are performed on average 5 times every year. This is done alternating alkaline and acid cleanings or alkaline and biocide cleanings. Up to now the normalized fluxes still recover to around the initial values after cleaning.

Since the start-up of the Torreele plant, many optimizations have been performed, resulting in lower energy and chemical consumption. The RO filtrate produced in Torreele is pumped to the dunes of St-André. Just a small pH correction is performed. The groundwater recharge has proved to be effective : the groundwater level in the dunes increased enhancing not only the quality of this groundwater but also the natural values. The hardness of the drinking-water substantially decreased resulting in a higher comfort for the customer.
Jordan Strategy for the Collection, Treatment and Reuse of Wastwater
Authors: Arar A. A. R.
Published: October 2008

Jordan is situated in an arid to semi- arid zone with low and unpredictable rainfall. The country has an exceptionally low per capita water supply at less them 200 cubic meters per annum; one of the lowest on record world wide. This situation is exacerbated by increasing demand for water resulting from rapid growth in population due in part to the arrival of refugees and displaced persons, increased urbanization. improved standard of living and the continuing demands for irrigation. The gap between total demand and water supply is estimated by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) at about 336 MCM in 2005 and this to increase to about 434 MCM in 2020. To minimize the negative impact of this shortage one of the country water strategy is to increase the water supply through maximizing the production of treated wastewater and its use for irrigation / industry and other suitable uses in order to protect the environment and to save fresh water for drinking purposes. At present 90% of the population are served by piped water and 65% by sewerage network with 22 treatment plants producing the equivalent to 10% of the total water resources. This will increase to reach, in 2020, about 18.6% of the total water resources. To ensure the implementation of the reuse projects successfully the country has created the Water Use and Environment Unit supported by the necessary legislative and institutional frame work and human resources development programme and by the establishment of the high level National Water Reuse Co-ordinating Committee, representing all those Concerned in the government agencies and the private sector.
Economic and environmental benefits of urban water reuse in tourist areas
Authors: Lazarova Valentina , Carle Heimata , Sturny Vincent
Published: October 2008

This paper presents and discusses the keys of success of a water reuse project for landscape irrigation and other urban uses in Bora Bora, French Polynesia. To better preserve public health and overcome all constraints and public opposition, a membrane tertiary treatment for the production of high-quality recycled water was implemented. Special attention was paid to the reliability of operation and economic viability of membrane treatment, as well as to active public participation with involvement of all stakeholders. The demand for the new recycled water steadily increased during the last two years with a wide diversification of urban uses, not only for irrigation, but also for cleaning, industrial and commercial uses and fire protection. Monetary and non-monetary benefits have been assessed and recognised. As a result of this successful project, new recycling projects are under development.
Vote for Charity's Sake
Authors: Edlin Aaron S. , Gelman Andrew , Kaplan Noah
Published: October 2008

In a battleground state like Colorado or New Mexico, voting in the presidential election may be equivalent to giving $30,000 - $50,000 to others in expected value, and as such is an extremely efficient form of charity, according to Aaron Edlin, Andrew Gelman and Noah Kaplan.
Ionic liquid promoted synthesis of bis(indolyl) methanes
Authors: Sadaphal Sandip , Shelke Kiran , Sonar Swapnil , Shingare Murlidhar
Published: October 2008

1-benzyl-3-methyl imidazolium hydrogen sulphate [bnmim][HSO4] was found to be an effective catalyst for the condensation reaction of indoles and derivatives with benzaldehydes in microwave irradiation with lower reaction time and higher yields to give bis(indolyl) methanes.