bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maelstrom Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis by Inducing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Way of Akt/GSK-3β/Snail Signaling
Authors: Liu Lulu , Dai Yongdong , Chen Jinna , Zeng Tingting , Li Yan , Chen Leilei , Zhu Ying-Hui , Li Jiangchao , Ma Stephanie , Xie Dan , Yuan Yun-Fei , Guan Xin-Yuan
Published: August 2013

Amplification of 1q is one of the most frequent chromosomal alterations in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study we identified and characterized a novel oncogene, Maelstrom (

MAEL

), at 1q24. Amplification and overexpression of

MAEL

was frequently detected in HCCs and significantly associated with HCC recurrence (

P

= 0.031) and poor outcome (

P

= 0.001). Functional study demonstrated that

MAEL

promoted cell growth, cell migration, and tumor formation in nude mice, all of which were effectively inhibited when

MAEL

was silenced with short hairpin RNA (shRNAs). Further study found that MAEL enhanced AKT activity with subsequent GSK-3β phosphorylation and Snail stabilization, finally inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. In addition,

MAEL

up-regulated various stemness-related genes, multidrug resistance genes, and cancer stem cell (CSC) surface markers at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level. Functional study demonstrated that overexpression of

MAEL

increased self-renewal, chemoresistance, and tumor metastasis.

Conclusion

:

MAEL

is an oncogene that plays an important role in the development and progression of HCC by inducing EMT and enhancing the stemness of HCC. (Hepatology 2014;59:531–543)
Distributional change of monthly precipitation due to climate change: comprehensive examination of dataset in southeastern United States
Authors: Wang Hui , Killick Rebecca , Fu Xiang
Published: August 2013

A number of watersheds are selected from the Hydro‐Climate Data Network over southeastern United States to examine possible changes in hydrological time series, e.g. precipitation, introduced by changing climate. Possible changes in monthly precipitation are examined by three different methods to detect second order stationarity, abrupt changes in the variance and smooth changes in quantiles of the time series. An analysis of second order stationarity shows that precipitation in eight of the 56 watersheds display nonstationary behaviour. Change‐point analyses reveal that changes in the long‐term variance of monthly precipitation are only detected for a few sites. As a complementary analysis tool, quantile regression aims to detect potential changes of different percentiles of the monthly precipitation over time. Several sites show diverging trends in the quantiles, which implies that the range and thus variance of the data, is increasing. As distinct change‐points are not identified, this suggests that the effect is small and cumulative. Results are analysed in detail, and possible explanations are provided. This type of thorough analysis provides a basis for understanding the possible redistribution of water cycle. It also provides implications for water resources management and hydrological engineering facility design and planning. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interleukin‐17A Stimulates Migration of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Via p38 MAPK/NF‐κB ‐Dependent MMP‐1 Expression
Authors: Wu Yan , Zhu Lingxin , Liu Lingshuang , Zhang Jie , Peng Bin
Published: August 2013

Interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) is a cytokine secreted predominantly by Th17 cells. Although IL‐17 is primarily associated with the induction of tissue inflammation, the other biological functions of IL‐17, including its wound‐healing functions, have yet to be thoroughly explored. Fibroblast proliferation and migration play essential roles in periodontal wound‐healing responses. In this study, we report that IL‐17A can increase the migration and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 in human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts but has no effect on PDL fibroblast proliferation. IL‐17A‐induced MMP‐1 expression led to cell migration, which was attenuated by pre‐treatment with IL‐17 receptor neutralizing antibody and small interfering RNA (siRNA) for MMP‐1. The IL‐17A‐induced cell migration was also attenuated by its tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1. In addition, a p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor (SB203580) inhibited IL‐17A‐induced increase of the migration and MMP‐1 upregulation of PDL fibroblasts. The involvement of p38 MAPK in IL‐17A‐induced MMP‐1 expression and cell migration was further confirmed by transfection of p38α siRNA. A nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) inhibitor (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) also suppressed the cell migration and MMP‐1 expression enhanced by IL‐17A. Moreover, transfection with p38α siRNA inhibited IL‐17A‐induced NF‐κB nuclear translocation as well as NF‐κB binding activity. Our results suggest that IL‐17A enhances the migration of PDL fibroblasts by increasing MMP‐1 expression through the IL‐17 receptor, p38 MAPK, and NF‐κB signal transduction pathways. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 292–299, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emerging Roles of microRNA in Modulating Cell‐Death Processes in Malignant Glioma
Authors: Palumbo Silvia , Miracco Clelia , Pirtoli Luigi , Comincini Sergio
Published: August 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate protein expression by cleaving or repressing the translation of target mRNAs. In mammals, their function mainly represses the mRNA transcripts via imperfect complementary sequences in the 3′UTR of target mRNAs. Several miRNAs have been recently reported to be involved in modulation of different genes in tumors, including glioblastoma, the most frequent brain tumor in adults. Despite the improvements in treatments, survival of patients remains poor, and glioblastoma is one of the most lethal form of human cancer. To define novel strategies against this tumor, emerging research investigated miRNAs involvement in glioblastoma. In particular, this review is focused on miRNAs involved on the two principal programmed cell‐death, apoptosis and autophagy, recently described from the literature. Moreover, the discovery of miRNAs role in glioma cell‐death pathways has also revealed a new category of therapeutic targets, fundamental for this kind of tumor. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 277–286, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lyman α airglow emission: Implications for atomic hydrogen geocorona variability with solar cycle
Authors: Waldrop L. , Paxton L. J.
Published: August 2013

Satellite‐based measurements of geocoronal Lyman α (Lyα) emission at 121.6 nm, created through multiple scattering of solar Lyα photons by atomic hydrogen, offer a valuable means of inferring the hydrogen abundance, [H], in the terrestrial thermosphere and exosphere on a global, long‐term basis. We present initial results from an analysis of Lyα radiance measurements acquired across the Earth's limb from 2002 to 2007 by the Global UltraViolet Imager (GUVI) onboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft. This data spans nearly half of a solar cycle, and both the absolute Lyα radiance as well as its relative variation across the limb are shown to exhibit a significant dependence on solar activity. We describe sensitivities of a forward radiative transport (RT) model to key parameters governing the [H] distribution in order to assess implications for [H] estimation from the GUVI limb scan data throughout the solar cycle. Based on data‐model comparisons, we conclude that the observed solar cycle variability is indicative of a decrease in dayside H density at the exobase with increasing solar activity. These results, along with additional forward RT modeling based on NRLMSISE‐00 model specification of [H], are also used to assess contemporary semiempirical model accuracy.
Quantification of three‐dimensional folding using fluvial terraces: A case study from the Mushi anticline, northern margin of the Chinese Pamir
Authors: Li Tao , Chen Jie , Thompson Jessica A. , Burbank Douglas W. , Yang Xiaodong
Published: August 2013

Fold deformation in three dimensions involves shortening, uplift, and lateral growth. Fluvial terraces represent strain markers that have been widely applied to constrain a fold's shortening and uplift. For the lateral growth, however, the utility of fluvial terraces has been commonly ignored. Situated along northern margin of Chinese Pamir, the Mushi anticline preserves, along its northern flank, flights of passively deformed fluvial terraces that can be used to constrain three‐dimensional folding history, especially lateral growth. The Mushi anticline is a geometrically simple fault‐tip fold with a total shortening of 740 ± 110 m and rock uplift of ~1300 m. Geologic and geomorphic mapping and dGPS surveys reveal that terrace surfaces perpendicular to the fold's strike display increased rotation with age, implying the fold grows by progressive limb rotation. We use a pure‐shear fault‐tip fold model to estimate a uniform shortening rate of 1.5 + 1.3/−0.5 mm/a and a rock‐uplift rate of 2.3 + 2.1/−0.8 mm/a. Parallel to the fold's strike, longitudinal profiles of terrace surfaces also display age‐dependent increases in slopes. We present a new model to distinguish lateral growth mechanisms (lateral lengthening and/or rotation above a fixed tip). This model indicates that eastward lengthening of the Mushi anticline ceased by at least ~134 ka and its lateral growth has been dominated by rotation. Our study confirms that terrace deformation along a fold's strike not only can constrain the lateral lengthening rate but can serve to quantify the magnitude and rate of lateral rotation: attributes that are commonly difficult to define when relying on other geomorphic criteria.
Multiphased tectonic evolution of the Central Algerian margin from combined wide‐angle and reflection seismic data off Tipaza, Algeria
Authors: Leprêtre A. , Klingelhoefer F. , Graindorge D. , Schnurle P. , Beslier M. O. , Yelles K. , Déverchère J. , Bracene R.
Published: August 2013

The origin of the Algerian margin remains one of the key questions still discussed in the Western Mediterranean sea, due to the imprecise nature and kinematics of the associated basin during the Neogene. For the first time, the deep structure of the Maghrebian margin was explored during the SPIRAL seismic survey. In this work, we present a N‐S transect off Tipaza (west of Algiers), a place where the margin broadens due to a topographic high (Khayr‐al‐Din Bank). New deep penetration seismic profiles allow us to image the sedimentary sequence in the Algerian basin and the crustal structure at the continent‐ocean boundary. Modeling of the wide‐angle data shows thinning of the basement, from more than 15km in the continental upper margin to only 5–6km of oceanic‐type basement in the Algerian basin, and reveals a very narrow or absent transitional zone. Analysis of the deep structure of the margin indicates features inherited from its complex evolution: (1) an oceanic‐type crust in the deep basin, (2) similarities with margins formed in a transform‐type setting, (3) a progressive deepening of the whole sedimentary cover, and the thickening of the Plio‐Quaternary sediments at the margin foot, coeval with (4) a downward flexure of the basement in the basin. These features argue for a multiphased evolution of the margin, including (1) an early stage of rifting and/or spreading, (2) a late transcurrent episode related to the westward migration of the Alboran domain, and (3) a diffuse Plio‐Quaternary compressional reactivation of the margin.
Active faulting on the Ninetyeast Ridge and its relation to deformation of the Indo‐Australian plate
Authors: Sager W. W. , Bull J. M. , Krishna K. S.
Published: August 2013

The ~4500 km long Ninetyeast Ridge (NER) in the northeastern Indian Ocean crosses a broad zone of deformation where the Indo‐Australian plate is fracturing into three smaller plates (India, Capricorn, Australia) separated by diffuse boundaries whose extents are poorly defined. New multichannel seismic reflection profiles image active faults along the entire length of the NER and show spatial changes in the style of deformation along the ridge. The northern NER (0°N–5°N) displays transpressional motion along WNW‐ESE faults. Observed fault patterns confirm strike‐slip motion at the western extent of the April 2012 Wharton Basin earthquake swarm. In the central NER (5°S–8°S), deformation on WNW‐ESE‐trending thrust faults implies nearly N‐S compression. An abrupt change in fault style occurs between 8° and 11°S, with modest, extension characterizing the southern NER (11°S–27°S). Although extension is dominant, narrow zones of faults with strike‐slip or compressional character also occur in the southern NER, suggesting a complex combination of fault motions. At all sites, active faulting is controlled by the reactivation of original, spreading‐center formed, normal faults, implying that deformation is opportunistic and focused along existing zones of weakness, even when original fault trend is oblique to the direction of relative plate motion. Observed faulting can be interpreted as India‐Australia deformation in the northern NER and Capricorn‐Australia deformation in the southern NER. The India‐Capricorn boundary is directly adjacent to the northern NER and this juxtaposition combined with a different style of faulting to the east of the NER imply that the ridge is a tectonic boundary.
Slow slip and aseismic deformation episodes associated with the subducting Pacific plate offshore Japan, revealed by changes in seismicity
Authors: Marsan D. , Reverso T. , Helmstetter A. , Enescu B.
Published: August 2013

Aseismic phenomena, including slow slip, can alter the surrounding seismicity. We here investigate how seismicity can be used in order to reveal episodes of aseismic deformation. An objective method is proposed that accounts for both earthquake interactions and transient loading. Applying it to the 1990–2011 (pre‐Tohoku) seismicity of the Japan subduction zone, we find several significant instances of aseismic transients. Small‐scale and short‐duration transients are favored updip of the subducting plate. Large‐scale transients are mostly observed offshore Ibaraki prefecture, in a partly decoupled zone that extends downdip. The four most intense of such transients have occurred periodically every 5.9years and are likely due to slow‐slip episodes. Other aseismic phenomena, including possible fluid intrusion in the outer rise, are also detected. Finally, the seismicity in January and February 2011, close to the epicenter of the megathrust Tohoku earthquake, is found to be due to aseismic loading, confirming previous studies, although this transient is only one among others and is not the most intense nor the most significant for the 21year long period studied here.
Sulfur in olivine‐hosted melt inclusions from the Emeishan picrites: Implications for S degassing and its impact on environment
Authors: Zhang Yan , Ren Zhong‐Yuan , Xu Yi‐Gang
Published: August 2013

Large‐volume (>0.3 × 106 km3) basaltic lavas that erupted ~260 Ma ago in southwest China form the Emeishan large igneous province. The relationship between the Emeishan volcanism and the end‐Guadalupian mass extinction is still unresolved. In order to evaluate the impact of Emeishan flood volcanism on the climate and environment, we have measured sulfur contents in olivine‐hosted melt inclusions from Dali picrites. The highest S content of melt inclusions is up to 1311 ppm, which represents that of the undegassed magmas. Comparing the S contents in the undegassed magma and in the degassed posteruptive basaltic lavas, we calculate that eruptions of the Emeishan lavas could have released at least ~900 ppm of S, which equates to 5 Mt of SO2 per cubic kilometer of basaltic lavas. During an individual eruption, SO2 could have been added to the atmosphere at a rate of 1.5 × 102–103 Mt/yr, creating 3.1 × 102–103 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols. The quick release of such a huge amount of volatiles into the atmosphere may have absorbed and reflected solar radiation, causing a temperature decrease and eventually leading to a “volcanic winter”. This scenario demonstrates that the Emeishan flood volcanism was responsible for the end‐Guadalupian mass extinction.
Forcing mechanisms of heat content variations in the Yellow Sea
Authors: Wei Hao , Yuan Chengyi , Lu Youyu , Zhang Zhihua , Luo Xiaofan
Published: August 2013

Forcing mechanisms of heat content variations in the Yellow Sea (YS) are studied through analysis of a hindcast simulator for 1958–2007 using a two–way nested global—Northwest Pacific model. During the cooling season (September to February of next year), changes in heat content integrated over the YS are primarily caused by variations in latent and sensible heat fluxes at surface, which can be further related to variations of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and the Arctic Oscillation. The lateral heat transport by the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) contributes to heat content variation in the deep region. Variation of the YSWC can be related to wind variation over the YS. During the warming season (March to August), variation in the changes of heat content in the upper layer is primarily caused by variation in shortwave radiation at surface, which can be related to variation in the atmospheric pressure system of the Western Pacific Subtropical High that influences the YS in summer.
Development and evaluation of an Earth System Model with surface gravity waves
Authors: Qiao Fangli , Song Zhenya , Bao Ying , Song Yajuan , Shu Qi , Huang Chuanjiang , Zhao Wei
Published: August 2013

The critical role of oceanic surface waves in climate system is attracting more and more attention. We set up an Earth System Model, which is named as the First Institute of Oceanography‐Earth System Model (FIO‐ESM), composed of a coupled physical climate model and a coupled carbon cycle model. A surface wave model is introduced through including the nonbreaking wave‐induced vertical mixing, which can improve the performance of climate model especially in the simulation of upper ocean mixed layer depth in the southern ocean, into the ocean general circulation model. The FIO‐ESM is employed to conduct Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) experiments. The historical simulation of FIO‐ESM's physical climate model for 1850–2005 shows that the simulated patterns of surface air temperature (SAT), rainfall, and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) match those of the observations. Future projections under the four scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 are also conducted and the global averaged SAT in 2100 would be −0.007°C, 1.10°C, 1.85°C, and 3.92°C higher than that in 2005, respectively. The historical simulation and future projection under RCP8.5 with global carbon cycle show the SAT and atmospheric CO2 concentration are well reproduced in the historical period and the global averaged SAT would increase by 3.90°C in 2100, which is quite similar to the physical climate model's result. Further analysis shows surface wave makes projected SAT in RCP2.6 about 2°C cooler in the Arctic area and 2°C warmer in the southern ocean.
Evaluation of aerosol mixing state classes in the GISS modelE‐MATRIX climate model using single‐particle mass spectrometry measurements
Authors: Bauer Susanne E. , Ault Andrew , Prather Kimberly A.
Published: August 2013

Aerosol particles in the atmosphere are composed of multiple chemical species. The aerosol mixing state, which describes how chemical species are mixed at the single‐particle level, provides critical information on microphysical characteristics that determine the interaction of aerosols with the climate system. The evaluation of mixing state has become the next challenge. This study uses aerosol time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) data and compares the results to those of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies modelE‐MATRIX (Multiconfiguration Aerosol TRacker of mIXing state) model, a global climate model that includes a detailed aerosol microphysical scheme. We use data from field campaigns that examine a variety of air mass regimens (urban, rural, and maritime). At all locations, polluted areas in California (Riverside, La Jolla, and Long Beach), a remote location in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Sugar Pine) and observations from Jeju (South Korea), the majority of aerosol species are internally mixed. Coarse aerosol particles, those above 1 µm, are typically aged, such as coated dust or reacted sea‐salt particles. Particles below 1 µm contain large fractions of organic material, internally mixed with sulfate and black carbon, and few external mixtures. We conclude that observations taken over multiple weeks characterize typical air mass types at a given location well; however, due to the instrumentation, we could not evaluate mass budgets. These results represent the first detailed comparison of single‐particle mixing states in a global climate model with real‐time single‐particle mass spectrometry data, an important step in improving the representation of mixing state in global climate models.
Seasonal variations of Asian black carbon outflow to the Pacific: Contribution from anthropogenic sources in China and biomass burning sources in Siberia and Southeast Asia
Authors: Matsui H. , Koike M. , Kondo Y. , Oshima N. , Moteki N. , Kanaya Y. , Takami A. , Irwin M.
Published: August 2013

The Community Multiscale Air Quality model with a source and process tagged method (CMAQ/PASCAL) was used to understand source regions and types (anthropogenic (AN) and biomass burning (BB)) of Asian black carbon (BC) outflow to the Pacific during 2008–2010. The model simulations generally reproduced absolute concentrations and temporal (seasonal, monthly, and day‐to‐day) variations of BC mass concentrations, observed by both surface and aircraft measurements in outflow regions in East Asia. These model simulations show that both the total eastward flux and transport efficiency (fractions transported from sources) of BC are highest during spring (26 kg s−1 and 33% at 150°E) and lowest during summer (8 kg s−1 and 20% at 150°E). These seasonal variations of Asian BC outflow are generally controlled by transport patterns (monsoons, frontal passages, and convection) and emissions from the following three sources: (1) AN emissions from China (China AN), (2) BB emissions from Southeast Asia and South China (SEA BB) during February–April, and (3) BB emissions from Siberia and Kazakhstan (Siberia BB) during April–July. In our simulations, China AN dominates the total eastward BC flux on a 3 year average (61%, 17%, and 6% from China AN, Siberia BB, and SEA BB, respectively, at 150°E). In contrast, SEA and Siberia BB account for 30–50% of the total eastward BC flux (150°E and 175°E) during spring and summer, and they increase the seasonal variability of the Asian BC outflow flux. BC from Siberia BB is also found to be transported to the Pacific more efficiently than BC from other sources. Although the magnitudes of BB emissions are highly uncertain, our results suggest that the control of Siberia BB will be important in terms of the transboundary transport of BC to the Pacific, North America, and the Arctic.
A sensitivity analysis of meteoric infrasound
Authors: Haynes C. P. , Millet C.
Published: August 2013

We perform a multicomponent sensitivity analysis of how the physical and dynamical parameters that characterize a meteor (in‐fall) affect the ground overpressure and period of a plausible emitted N‐wave signal. The nonlinear propagation model used throughout is based upon Whitham's nonlinearization method which is modified to take into account a stratified atmosphere. We use sensitivity indices, derived using a Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test, to measure how the meteor parameters' uncertainties affect the uncertainty in the overpressure and period of an emitted N‐wave. The investigated parameters include the azimuth, entry angle, diameter, drag coefficient, density, and initial velocity of the meteor, as well as the atmosphere. The method is used to re‐examine the crater‐forming meteorite fall near Carancas, Peru (2007). We obtain good agreement between the simulated signals and observed waveforms. It is shown that ground overpressure uncertainty depends on the atmospheric uncertainties that are strongly correlated with the unknown trajectory, whereas the period is governed by the diameter uncertainties. Finally, we consider new waveform parameters that help characterize the meteor.
High‒degree gravity models from GRAIL primary mission data
Authors: Lemoine Frank G. , Goossens Sander , Sabaka Terence J. , Nicholas Joseph B. , Mazarico Erwan , Rowlands David D. , Loomis Bryant D. , Chinn Douglas S. , Caprette Douglas S. , Neumann Gregory A. , Smith David E. , Zuber Maria T.
Published: August 2013

We have analyzed Ka‒band range rate (KBRR) and Deep Space Network (DSN) data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) primary mission (1 March to 29 May 2012) to derive gravity models of the Moon to degree 420, 540, and 660 in spherical harmonics. For these models, GRGM420A, GRGM540A, and GRGM660PRIM, a Kaula constraint was applied only beyond degree 330. Variance‒component estimation (VCE) was used to adjust the a priori weights and obtain a calibrated error covariance. The global root‒mean‒square error in the gravity anomalies computed from the error covariance to 320×320 is 0.77 mGal, compared to 29.0 mGal with the pre‒GRAIL model derived with the SELENE mission data, SGM150J, only to 140×140. The global correlations with the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter‒derived topography are larger than 0.985 between ℓ=120 and 330. The free‒air gravity anomalies, especially over the lunar farside, display a dramatic increase in detail compared to the pre‒GRAIL models (SGM150J and LP150Q) and, through degree 320, are free of the orbit‒track‒related artifacts present in the earlier models. For GRAIL, we obtain an a posteriori fit to the S‒band DSN data of 0.13 mm/s. The a posteriori fits to the KBRR data range from 0.08 to 1.5 μm/s for GRGM420A and from 0.03 to 0.06 μm/s for GRGM660PRIM. Using the GRAIL data, we obtain solutions for the degree 2 Love numbers, k20=0.024615±0.0000914, k21=0.023915±0.0000132, and k22=0.024852±0.0000167, and a preliminary solution for the k30 Love number of k30=0.00734±0.0015, where the Love number error sigmas are those obtained with VCE.
Surface scattering properties at the Opportunity Mars rover's traverse region measured by CRISM
Authors: Shaw Amy , Wolff M. J. , Seelos F. P. , Wiseman S. M. , Cull S.
Published: August 2013

The Opportunity Rover has been exploring Meridiani Planum; concurrently, the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) has been collecting orbital hyperspectral data. Herein, both surface and orbital data are used to characterize surface properties at the Opportunity traverse region around Victoria crater. Results agree with previous studies, which used Opportunity's Panoramic Camera (Pancam) data, and the current study extends estimates of the Hapke single‐particle‐scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter to a greater spatial and spectral range. Results are useful for determining boundaries between surface units that otherwise look relatively uniform spectrally. This work also provides photometric functions essential for converting spectra to a single viewing geometry to yield more accurate spectral comparisons. Retrieved single‐scattering albedos range from 0.42 to 0.57 (0.5663–2.2715 micrometers) and retrieved asymmetry parameters range from −0.27 to −0.17 (moderately backscattering). Surfaces become more backscattering with increasing wavelength above 1 µm. The majority of Victoria crater's ejecta apron is more backscattering than surrounding regions, indicating a change in physical properties. Images taken when the rover traversed this unit show a cover of basaltic soil with superposed millimeter‐scale hematitic spherules. Wind streaks on the apron appear smooth (low backscatter) because basaltic sands have partly buried spherules, lessening millimeter‐scale roughness. CRISM‐derived scattering parameters also show that bedrock‐dominated surfaces are less backscattering than soil‐covered surfaces, largely due to lower areal abundance of spherules. The ability to analyze surface unit spherule cover is important because it relates to a wetter period during which spherules formed in Meridiani.
Hydrovolcanic tuff rings and cones as indicators for phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions on Mars
Authors: Brož P. , Hauber E.
Published: August 2013

Hydrovolcanism is a common natural phenomenon on Earth and should be common on Mars, too, since its surface shows widespread evidence for volcanism and near‐surface water. We investigate fields of pitted cones in the Nephentes/Amenthes region at the southern margin of the ancient impact basin, Utopia, which were previously interpreted as mud volcanoes. The cone fields contain pitted and breached cones with associated outgoing flow‐like landforms. Based on stratigraphic relations, we determined a Hesperian or younger model age. We test the hypothesis of a (hydro)volcanic origin. Based on a detailed morphological and morphometrical analysis and an analysis of the regional context, an igneous volcanic origin of these cones as hydrovolcanic edifices produced by phreatomagmatic eruptions is plausible. Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of subsurface water ice. The pitted cones display well‐developed wide central craters with floor elevations below the preeruptive surface. Their morphometry and the overall appearance are analogous to terrestrial tuff cones and tuff rings. Mounds that are also observed in the same region resemble terrestrial lava domes. The hydrovolcanic interaction between ascending magma and subsurface water and/or water ice may explain the formation of the pitted cones, although other scenarios such as mud volcanism cannot be ruled out. Together with the mounds, the cones might represent effusive and explosive edifices of a monogenetic volcanic field composed of lava domes, tuff rings, tuff cones, and possibly maars.
DOES FREE DISTRIBUTION OF MOSQUITO NETS AFFECT SUBSIDIZED NET SALES? EVIDENCE FROM A NATIONWIDE CAMPAIGN IN TANZANIA
Authors: Gingrich Chris D. , Hanson Kara , Rweyendela Vianey , Piper Timothy A.
Published: August 2013

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly popular for assessing development programmes. This study investigates the validity of extrapolating RCT results to large‐scale programmes, using the example of the national bed net subsidy programme in Tanzania that later added a free distribution campaign. Although the RCTs suggest steady sales of nets throughout, an interrupted time series model reveals a 34 per cent monthly decline immediately after the campaign compared to ‘normal’ sales. After 6 months, the total unsold nets reached 45 per cent of normal sales, or 347 000 nets nationwide. We hypothesize that these differences in results arise from various scale and spillover effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The overgeneralized validity of validity generalization
Authors: Muchinsky Paul M. , Raines Justin M.
Published: August 2013

This Incubator contends that the concept of validity generalization has been overgeneralized in its capacity to predict work performance for three reasons: sampling bias in the occupations selected for analysis, the prediction of acceptable performance to the exclusion of superior performance, and the conflation of statistical prediction and psychological meaning. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of relative sea‐level rise to historical hurricane flooding in New York City
Authors: KEMP ANDREW C. , HORTON BENJAMIN P.
Published: August 2013

Flooding during hurricanes is a hazard for New York City. Flood height is determined by storm surge characteristics, timing (high or low tide) and relative sea‐level (RSL) change. The contribution from these factors is estimated for seven historical hurricanes (1788–2012) that caused flooding in New York City. Measurements from The Battery tide gauge and historical accounts are supplemented with a RSL reconstruction from Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. RSL was reconstructed from foraminifera preserved in salt‐marsh sediment that was dated using marker horizons of lead and copper pollution and 137Cs activity. Between the 1788 hurricane and Hurricane Sandy in 2012, RSL rose by 56 cm, including 15 cm from glacio‐isostatic adjustment. Storm surge characteristics and timing with respect to astronomical tides remain the dominant factors in determining flood height. However, RSL rise will raise the base level for flood heights in New York City and exacerbate flooding caused by future hurricanes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An in vitro study reveals nutraceutical properties of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. Mauritius fruit residue beneficial to diabetes
Authors: Riya Mariam Philip , Antu Kalathookunnel Antony , Vinu Thankamony , Chandrakanth Karuvakandy Chandrasekharan , Anilkumar Karunakaran Sasikala , Raghu Kozhiparambil Gopalan
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

Rapid urbanisation and nutritional transition is fuelling the increased global incidence of type 2 diabetes. Pineapple fruit residue was explored for its nutraceutical properties as an alternative or adjunct to currently available treatment regime. Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of pineapple fruit residue were evaluated for anti‐diabetic activity in cell free and cell based systems. Specifically, we assessed: (1) antioxidant potential, (2) anti‐glycation potential, (3) carbohydrate digestive enzyme inhibition, and (4) lipid accumulation and glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity in differentiating 3T3‐L1 cells.

RESULTS

The active components in the ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were identified as sinapic acid, daucosterol, 2‐methylpropanoate, 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐furanone, methyl 2‐methylbutanoate and triterpenoid ergosterol using DART/HRMS and ESI/HRMS. Micronutrient analysis revealed the presence of magnesium, potassium and calcium. Adipogenic potential, anti‐glycation property of the ethyl acetate extract, and DNA damage protection capacity of the methanolic extract are promising.

CONCLUSION

Results from this study clearly indicate that pineapple fruit residue could be utilised as a nutraceutical against diabetes and related complications. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Isometric and swallowing tongue strength in healthy adults
Authors: Todd J. Tee , Lintzenich Catherine Rees , Butler Susan G.
Published: August 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

The tongue contributes to a safe swallow. It facilitates bolus control during mastication, maintains a bolus in the oral cavity to prevent premature entry of the bolus into the hypopharynx, and helps generate pressure in the hypopharynx during swallowing. This study examined isometric tongue strength and tongue pressure measured during swallowing in healthy young and older adults.

Study Design

Prospective group design.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐six healthy individuals who were recruited as part of a larger study on swallowing participated in this study. Participants were divided into three age groups: 20 to 40 years, 41 to 60 years, and ≥61 years. A KayPentax Digital Swallowing Workstation with an air‐filled bulb array was placed on the tongue of each participant (anterior to posterior). Participants completed three isometric tongue presses and three swallows.

Results

Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed a significant main effect of age (P = .01) and gender by tongue bulb location interaction (P = .02) for isometric tongue strength. That is, older adults had lower isometric tongue strength than young adults, and females had a greater difference between anterior and posterior tongue strength than males. Tongue strength during swallowing yielded significantly greater anterior versus posterior tongue pressure.

Conclusions

This study comprises one of the largest in terms of number of healthy participants reported to date and confirms previous findings that isometric tongue strength decreases with age. Furthermore, given young and older adults generate similar swallowing pressures, swallowing is a submaximal strength activity, yet older adults have less functional reserve. Laryngoscope, 123:2469–2473, 2013
Clinical characteristics and therapeutic response of objective tinnitus due to middle ear myoclonus: A large case series
Authors: Park Shi‐Nae , Bae Seong‐Cheon , Lee Guen‐Ho , Song Jee‐nam , Park Kyoung‐Ho , Jeon Eun‐ju , Park Young Soo , Yeo Sang‐Won
Published: August 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the clinical characteristics and therapeutic response of tinnitus due to middle ear myoclonus (MEM) and to suggest appropriate diagnostic methods.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

This study included 58 patients with tinnitus diagnosed with MEM, who were seen from January 2004 to July 2011. Clinical and audiological characteristics were investigated. The therapeutic responses to counseling, medical therapy, and surgical therapy were evaluated.

Results

Patients had a mean age of 29.8 years (range, 6–70 years), 20.7% (n = 12) were <10 years old, 39.7% (n = 23) were <20 years old, 74.1% (n = 43) were <40 years old, and 5.2% (n = 3) were ≥60 years old. Remembered stressful events or noise exposure were associated with the onset of MEM in 51.8% (n = 30) and 27.6% (n = 16) of patients, respectively. The most frequent nature of the tinnitus was a crackling sound. MEM associated with forceful eyelid closure was observed in 15% of patients. Impedance audiogram and otoendoscopic examinations of the tympanic membrane were helpful tools for diagnosing MEM. With medical therapy, more than 75% of patients exhibited complete or partial remission of their tinnitus. Patients with intractable MEM who underwent sectioning of the middle ear tendons had very good outcomes.

Conclusions

Tinnitus due to middle ear myoclonus seems to occur in young patients and to be related to stress or noise. Information about the clinical characteristics and therapeutic response of this less‐common type of tinnitus will help to ensure early and appropriate diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Laryngoscope, 123:2516–2520, 2013
Regrowth of the adenoids after coblation adenoidectomy: Cephalometric analysis
Authors: Kim So Young , Lee Woo‐Hyun , Rhee Chae‐Seo , Lee Chul Hee , Kim Jeong‐Whun
Published: August 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To analyze the prevalence of adenoid regrowth at 1 year after coblation adenoidectomy using cephalometric radiography.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis.

Methods

One hundred eighty‐eight children who underwent adenoidectomy from June 2006 through September 2010 were included. Demographic data, preoperative size of palatine tonsils, presence of allergic rhinitis, concurrent operation of recurrent middle ear effusion, and preoperative and postoperative Korean version of Obstructive Sleep Apnea‐18 (KOSA‐18) scores were analyzed. The size of the adenoids was measured three times in all the children by lateral cephalometry; preoperatively, at 1 month after adenoidectomy to observe adenoid residual; and at 1 year after surgery to observe adenoid regrowth.

Results

The adenoid regrowth at 1 year after adenoidectomy was observed in 25 children (13.3%), and the adenoid residual at 1 month after surgery was observed in 11 children (5.9%) in the cephalometry. Seven of the 11 children with residual disease (63.6%) had adenoid regrowth at 1 year. The regrowth group was significantly younger than no regrowth group, and the preoperative adenoids were larger in regrowth group than in no regrowth group. The symptoms of sleep disordered breathing recurred in two patients and they had revision adenoidectomy.

Conclusion

The regrowth rate of the adenoids at 1 year was not low. However, most of the patients were asymptomatic. The adenoid residual at 1 month contributed to regrowth at 1 year, and the risk factors of the adenoid regrowth were younger age and larger initial size of the adenoids.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 123:2568–2573, 2013
Transoral robotic surgery for the treatment of T1–T2 carcinoma of the larynx: Preliminary study
Authors: Lallemant Benjamin , Chambon Guillaume , Garrel Renaud , Kacha Sophie , Rupp Damien , Galy‐Bernadoy Camille , Chapuis Héliette , Lallemant Jean‐Gabriel , Pham Huy Trang
Published: August 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine the feasibility and the preliminary oncological results of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the treatment of early stage laryngeal tumors.

Study Design

Retrospective single center study.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 23 patients who underwent TORS for the treatment of T1 or T2 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma between August 2009 and March 2012.

Results

Laryngeal tumors were involving the glottis (13 cases) and the supraglottis (10 cases). They were classified T1 N0 in 16 cases, T2 N0 in four cases, and T2 N+ in three cases. The median TORS operative time was 60 minutes (ranging from 30 to 118 minutes). The median hospitalization time was 7.5 days. Histopathological examination of the resected tumors confirmed 14 cases in which the margins were clear, four cases in which the surgical margins were close (less than 1 mm), one case in which the margins were microscopically positive, and in four cases margins status were not able to be recorded. A tracheostomy was carried out for three patients, and 11 patients got a nasogastric feeding tube postoperatively. The local recurrence rate was 8.7% (2/ 23 cases), and in both cases the recurrence occurred in the anterior commissure area only. The overall larynx preservation rate was 95,7% (22/ 23 cases).

Conclusion

In this preliminary study, we demonstrated that laryngeal TORS is feasible and may result in oncological results comparable with other treatment strategies, including laser CO2 surgery. This innovative approach needs to be evaluated through randomized multi‐institutional trial.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 123:2485–2490, 2013
Change of obstruction level during drug‐induced sleep endoscopy according to sedation depth in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Hong Sang Duk , Dhong Hun‐Jong , Kim Hyo Yeol , Sohn Jung Hyeob , Jung Yong Gi , Chung Seung‐Kyu , Park Ju Yeon , Kim Jin Kyoung
Published: August 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

We evaluated the change in upper airway collapse according to the depth of sedation during drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE), as well as characteristics possibly associated with that change.

Study Design

Prospective, single center, observational study.

Methods

Twenty‐nine patients with upper airway collapse were twice evaluated using DISE according to the depth of sedation, as confirmed by the bispectral index (BIS), which is a measure of the level of consciousness. Changes in the site and degree of obstruction according to the change in sedation depth at the retropalatal and the retroglossal levels were evaluated. The possible contributing factors of this change were explored.

Results

As DISE sedation deepened, the upper airway became narrower in 37% of patients at the retropalatal level and in 44.8% of patients at the retroglossal level. No clinical, polysomnographic, or cephalometric variables showed any association with the change in the degree of retroglossal airway narrowing, with the exception of mouth breathing during DISE.

Conclusions

The degree of upper airway narrowing can be aggravated according to the sedation depth. The monitoring of sedation depth during DISE is critical, especially in patients with mouth breathing.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 123:2896–2899, 2013
Development of the rat larynx: A histological study
Authors: Alli Opeyemi , Berzofsky Craig , Sharma Sansar , Pitman Michael J.
Published: August 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate and describe the cartilaginous and muscular development of the rat larynx.

Study Design

Histologic evaluation.

Methods

The larynges of Sprague Dawley rats of embryonic day (E) 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, postnatal day 0, 14, and adult of 250 gm were collected. Four larynges of each age were harvested, cut into 15‐μm serial sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and evaluated under light microscopy. Representative digital images were recorded and evaluated at the preglottic (supraglottic in humans), glottic, and postglottic (subglottic in humans) levels.

Results

Brachial arches were observed at E13. At E17, immature structures of the larynx, including skeletal muscle, cartilage, and the lumen were identifiable. Chondrification and muscle formation were clearly seen by E19. The muscular and cartilagenous components of the larynx were well established by E21. During the span between birth and adult maturation, the size of the larynx increased from a height of 1.10 mm to 2.90 mm, and from a width of 1.80 mm to 5.40 mm, and from a length of 1.38 mm to 4.77 mm in the stained section. Although developed at E21, the laryngeal structures continued to grow by approximately 30%.

Conclusion

Rat laryngeal development parallels that in mice and humans. In the rat, at E17 immature structures of the larynx are identifiable, they are well developed at birth and grow by approximately 30% into adulthood. Understanding the chronology and morphology of the embryogenesis of the rat laryngeal musculature is essential and will allow for further evaluation of the embryologic innervation of these muscles.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 123:3093–3098, 2013
Postural stability in vestibular neuritis: Age, disease duration, and residual vestibular function
Authors: Fujimoto Chisato , Egami Naoya , Kinoshita Makoto , Sugasawa Keiko , Yamasoba Tatsuya , Iwasaki Shinichi
Published: August 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To assess the influence of factors that can affect postural instability in vestibular neuritis (VN).

Study Design

Retrospective data collection study.

Methods

Foam posturography was performed in 58 VN patients. We examined six variables: the velocity of movement of the center of pressure and the envelopment area in eyes closed/foam rubber condition, Romberg's ratios of velocity and area with foam rubber, and the foam ratios of velocity and area with eyes closed. Multiple regression analyses were performed to explore the relationship between these variables and the following independent variables: gender, age, canal paresis (CP) percentage, and disease duration.

Results

All six variables were positively associated with age, CP percentage, and a disease duration of 10 days or less (P < .05) except for Romberg's ratio of velocity with foam rubber, which was positively associated with CP percentage and a disease duration of 10 days or less (P < .05), but not with age (P > .05).

Conclusions

VN patients show poor postural performance, which is affected by age, residual vestibular function, and disease duration. Once a VN patient passes the acute phase of the vertigo attack, it is likely that age and residual vestibular function make a greater contribution to postural control.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 124:974–979, 2014
How Well Can DFT Reproduce Key Interactions in Ziegler–Natta Systems?
Authors: Correa Andrea , Bahri‐Laleh Naeimeh , Cavallo Luigi
Published: August 2013

The performance of density functional theory in reproducing some of the main interactions occurring in MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalytic systems is assessed. Eight model systems, representatives of key interactions occurring in Ziegler–Natta catalysts, are selected. Fifteen density functionals are tested in combination with two different basis sets, namely, TZVP and cc‐pVTZ. As a general result, we found that the best performances are achieved by the PBEh1PBE hybrid generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional, but also the cheaper PBEh GGA functional gives rather good results. The failure of the popular B3LYP and BP86 functionals is noticeable.

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