bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whiteness, multiculturalism and nationalist appropriation of Celtic culture: the case of the League of the South and the Lega Nord
Authors: Hague Euan , Giordano Benito , Sebesta Edward H.
Published: March 2005

The League of the South (USA) and Lega Nord (Italy), formed in 1994 and 1991 respectively, are nationalist organizations that have utilized claims to Celtic ethnicity to further their appeal. In this article we explore these claims, made in relation to the southern United States and northern Italy, and argue that they are used by these organizations to justify exclusionary politics. By claiming a privileged status for Celtic culture, heritage and genealogy, the League of the South and Lega Nord envision their putative nation-states as accommodating other ethnic groups in subordinate roles. We argue that claiming Celtic ethnicity is an implicit appeal to white privilege. In the proposed nation-states of the Confederate States of America and Padania, white authority would be sustained. Further, the way these groups use Celticness allows them to make links to specific historical and material geographies. Claiming Celtic origins enables northern Italians to distinguish themselves from southern Italians, and to make an associated historical-geographical connection between themselves and northern Europe, enabling disassociation from the Mediterranean. The League of the South claim to ‘Anglo-Celtic’ ethnicity enables their membership to distinguish themselves from other residents of the United States, be these non-white residents of the southern states or other white people within the USA. Finally, we suggest that some dominant political commitments to multiculturalism facilitate precisely such claims to Celtic origins, however tenuous, to be made in the name of recognizing and protecting cultural difference.
The Effects of Decoys on Preference Shifts: The Role of Attractiveness and Providing Justification
Authors: Park Jongwon , Kim JungKeun
Published: March 2005

The relative preference for a target product over a competitor can be increased by providing a third alternative (a “decoy”) that is clearly inferior to the target but is not necessarily inferior to the competitor. In 3 experiments, we examined the conditions in which these decoy effects occur. When participants reported their preferences immediately after being exposed to the information about them, the influence of decoys on preferences was attributable to the justification they provided for choosing the target over the competitor. (That is, a decoy had an impact if and only if the target was superior to the decoy but the competitor was not.) When participants evaluated each product individually before making their choices, however, they based their preferences on these evaluations. In this case, decoys exerted their influence through their impact on the values that participants assigned to the attributes on which the evaluations were based. This influence was evident even when the decoy was clearly inferior to both the target and competitor. Moreover, it occurred under conditions in which the target and competitor were in different product categories and also when the decoy was in a totally different product domain than the target and competitor.
Contextual Influences on Omission Neglect in the Fault Tree Paradigm
Authors: Silvera David H. , Kardes Frank R. , Harvey Nigel , Cronley Maria L. , Houghton David C.
Published: March 2005

Fault trees are used to organize potential causes of a problem to facilitate better judgments about potential problem solutions. However, fault trees can lead to biased judgments because decision makers tend to overestimate the likelihood of problem causes that are explicitly mentioned in the fault tree and underestimate the likelihood of problem causes that are not. In this research, we examined the impact of context information and need for cognitive closure on these estimates. In 2 experiments, participants with a low need for cognitive closure used the informational content of experimenter provided and self‐generated context information as a basis for making likelihood estimates. In contrast, participants with a high need for closure did not use experimenter provided context information at all but used the ease of producing self‐generated context information (rather than informational content) as a basis for their likelihood estimates.
Volunteer Behavior: A Hierarchical Model Approach for Investigating Its Trait and Functional Motive Antecedents
Authors: Mowen John C. , Sujan Harish
Published: March 2005

We investigated the antecedents of volunteer behavior within a hierarchical model of motivation and personality. In Study 1, we developed measures of altruism and volunteer orientation and combined them with three additional traits to predict a set of volunteer behaviors. In Studies 2 and 3, we added six functional motives for volunteering identified by Clary et al. (1998) to the model. Across the 3 studies, the traits of altruism, the need for activity, and the need for learning were consistent predictors of volunteer orientation. In Studies 2 and 3, the measure of volunteer orientation was a significant predictor of the functional motives and of volunteer behaviors. Furthermore, the motive to help others was positively related to volunteering behaviors, and the motive of self‐enhancement was negatively related to them. Overall, the results support the proposal that functional motives act like motivated reasons for acting and reside at the surface level in a hierarchical model of personality.
A model of exceptions in sales-order-processing workflows
Authors: Derks W W C , Weston R H
Published: March 2005

A review of sales-order-processing (SOP) characteristics in assemble-to-order and make-to-stock companies is described. A logical model of three types of exception and their impacts is developed. This model is used to identify SOP requirements that need to be satisfied by next-generation workflow systems. With reference to these requirements deficiencies in current based workflow system provision based on enterprise resource planning are discussed.
Investigation of laminar flow frictional losses in a large-hydraulic-diameter pipe and annulus
Authors: Kumar P Suresh
Published: March 2005

In the present work an experimental study has been carried out to study the friction factor variation with Reynolds number for laminar flow in a large-hydraulic-diameter pipe and annulus. It is found that for low Reynolds numbers the friction factors are large than those reported in the literature for small-hydraulic-diameter pipe and annulus. Large hydrostatic pressure variation along the circumferential direction causes a different flow pattern in a large-hydraulic-diameter duct and may be why the present results do not match those reported in the literature. A correlation has been proposed in the present paper which is being developed using the present experimental results for both pipe and annulus to correlate the friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and a newly denned Jaga number Jg. An analysis has been carried out using the currently developed friction factor correlations to study how the friction factor will vary for different fluids and different diameters of the pipe and annulus. It is observed that, for high Reynolds numbers ( Re > 100), small-hydraulic-diameter duct and fluids with a large kinematic viscosity, the present correlations show good agreement with the results reported in the literature.
Plastic deformation in flat-section band clamps
Authors: Shoghi K , Barrans S M , Rao H V
Published: March 2005

Previous work on the elastic deformation of flat-section band clamps has been extended to account for plastic deformation of the band material. Both finite element analysis using a multilinear plastic model and a classical approach using a continuous plastic equation are reported. The excellent agreement between the results of these two approaches provides a high level of confidence in the models. The finite element approach was found to be extremely time consuming owing to the combination of changing contact non-linearity and material non-linearity. The classical approach provided a much faster solution method when used with the iteration schemes proposed here. The classical method of analysis was used to determine the response to a range of conditions. This analysis showed that there might be some advantage in driving flat-section band clamps into the partially plastic state. In this state the coefficient of friction has far less impact on the variation in circumferential stress, and hence radial clamping force, around the band.
Wear of human teeth: A tribological perspective
Authors: Lewis R , Dwyer-Joyce R. S.
Published: March 2005

The four main types of wear in teeth are attrition (enamel-on-enamel contact), abrasion (wear due to abrasive particles in food or toothpaste), abfraction (cracking in enamel and subsequent material loss), and erosion (chemical decomposition of the tooth). They occur as a result of a number of mechanisms including thegosis (sliding of teeth into their lateral position), bruxism (tooth grinding), mastication (chewing), toothbrushing, tooth flexure, and chemical effects. In this paper the current understanding of wear of enamel and dentine in teeth is reviewed in terms of these mechanisms and the major influencing factors are examined. In vitro tooth wear simulation and in vivo wear measurement and ranking are also discussed.
Flexibility matrix method applied to the finite element elastohydrodynamic analysis of plain journal bearings
Authors: Latini F , Forte P
Published: March 2005

The main reasons for using the finite element method (FEM) in the analysis of fluid film bearings are its flexibility in handling complex configurations, and particular boundary conditions, and the ease of its coupling with a structural finite element analysis to produce an elastohydrodynamic (EHD) solution. In this work an approach based on combining separate hydrodynamic and structural analyses is followed by introducing the structural information into a modular code in the form of an externally calculated flexibility matrix. In order to study a wide range of bearing housing and shaft configurations, a semi-automatic numerical procedure has been developed involving the use of commercial and in-house codes making it possible to use different grids for FEM hydrodynamic and elastic analyses, with higher computational efficiency with respect to uniform grids. The final pressure distribution and bearing deformed geometry are then obtained by an iterative calculation. Some results are reported for different bearing configurations.
Shear thinning correction for rolling/sliding elastohydrodynamic film thickness
Authors: Bair S
Published: March 2005

A film thickness correction for shear-thinning in rolling elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contacts has been available for about 8 years that uses parameters obtained from flow curves. Newly acquired shear-thinning data from experiment and simulation allow for a more narrow and more realistic range of parameters for ordinary lubricant base oils. Line contact film thickness calculations were performed over a wide range of conditions to arrive at a new film thickness correction that includes the sliding effect. This correction may be applied to any classical Newtonian prediction of film thickness for single-component liquids having ordinary power-law response to high shear rate or stress.
Wear of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene against titanium-nitride-coated counterfaces
Authors: Kamali A , Farrar R , Hatto P , Stone M. H. , Fisher J
Published: March 2005

Simple configuration pin-on-plate tests were conducted in order to compare the wear of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) when sliding against titanium-nitride (TiN)-coated wrought cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) plates obtained by arc evaporative physical vapour deposition (AEPVD) with that which occurs when sliding against uncoated wrought and cast Co-Cr plates. UHMWPE wear was determined for plates in their undamaged form and following simulated third-body damage to produce scratches similar to those observed on retrieved implants. In their undamaged form, the coatings produced a similar wear rate of UHMWPE to that with the uncoated Co-Cr plates. However, in their damaged form, TiN-coated plates showed significantly lower polyethylene wear than uncoated wrought Co-Cr plates (analysis of variance; α = 0.05). The TiN-coated plates prevented the generation of high scratch lips due to their higher hardness, producing much smaller Rp values (0.19 μ) than the scratched uncoated Co-Cr plates (0.92-1.15 μ). This is a probable explanation for the lower wear rate on the scratched TiN-coated plates than on the scratched uncoated wrought plates. The results of this study have illustrated the possibility of using AEPVD TiN coatings in total knee joint replacements in order to reduce polyethylene wear.
Drawing Shadows to Stone: The Photography of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897‐1902
Authors: Carpenter Edmund
Published: March 2005

Drawing Shadows to Stone: The Photography of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897‐1902. Laurel Kendall. Barbara Mathé. and Thomas Ross Miller. with Stanley A. Freed. Ruth S. Freed. and Laila Williamson. New York, 1997. American Museum of Natural History, New York, and the University of Washington Press, Seattle and London. 112 pp., 97 illustrations.
Women's Organizations and the Development of Civil Society
Authors: Baldez Lisa
Published: March 2005

Organizing Women: Formal and Informal Groups in the Middle East. Dawn Chatty and Annika Rabo. eds. New York: New York University Press, 1997.224pp.

Crazy for Democracy: Women in Grassroots Movements. Temma Kaplan. New York: Routledge, 1997.243 pp.

Women and Social Movements in Latin America: Power from Below. Lynn Stephen. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.332 pp.

Feminist Nationalism. Lois A. West. ed. New York: Routledge, 1997.294pp.
Patterns that Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal ArtThe Political Economy of AIDS
Authors: Prins Harold E. L. , Stoner Bradley
Published: March 2005

Patterns that Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art. Carl Schuster and Edmund Carpenter. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1996.317 pp.

The Political Economy of AIDS. Merrill Singer. ed. Amity ville, NY: Baywood, 1998.236 pp.
Motivation in Language Planning and Language Policy
Authors: Heidemann Kai A.
Published: March 2005

Motivation in Language Planning and Language Policy. Dennis Ager. Multilingual Matters LTD: Clevedon 2001 21 ODD
The Work of Rural Professionals: Doing the Gemeinschaft‐Gesellschaft Gavotte
Authors: Mellow Muriel
Published: March 2005

Abstract  This paper considers how rurality affects the work of professionals. Sociologists have paid little attention to possible rural‐urban differences in work styles and no study exists which compares the rural experience of those in different professions. I review the literature describing the work of various rural professionals and examine interview data from rural clergy to see whether rural professionals differentiate their work from that of their urban peers. The comparison across occupations reveals several common concerns, including the need to do similar work with fewer resources, the necessity of adapting protocols and codes of conduct to rural settings, and the challenge of dealing with dual relationships. I argue that conventional standards of professional behavior reflect an urban bias and that rural life problematizes the notion of professionalism. Those who work in rural places are caught trying to dance between the “tunes” of gemeinschaft and gesellschaft society.
Comparison of the phase behavior of some selected binary systems with ionic liquids
Authors: Shariati Alireza , Gutkowski Karin , Peters Cor J.
Published: March 2005

The phase behavior of binary mixtures consisting of two different supercritical fluids, one with no dipole moment and the other one with a strong dipole moment, and an imidazolium‐based ionic liquid were studied experimentally. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and trifluoromethane (CHF3), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) were the selected supercritical fluids and ionic liquid, respectively. A synthetic method was used to measure liquid–vapor (LV) and liquid–liquid–vapor (LLV) boundaries of these binary systems. Results for the LV boundaries are reported for CO2 concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 65.0 mol % and within temperature and pressure ranges of 293.29–363.54 K and 0.59–73.50 MPa, and for CHF3 concentrations ranging from 10.2 to 99.0 mol % and within temperature and pressure ranges of 303.20–363.42 K and 0.58–41.00 MPa, respectively. The LV boundaries of pure CO2 and CHF3 were measured up to their critical points. For the binary systems consisting of either CO2 or CHF3 with [bmim][PF6], the LLV boundaries were similarly measured up to their critical endpoints. The experimental results obtained in this work show that the binary systems of CO2 or CHF3 + [bmim][PF6] have Type III phase behavior according to the classification of Scott and Van Konynenburg. To the extent available, the experimental data obtained for the system CO2 + [bmim][PF6] were compared with literature data. In addition, comparisons were made with literature data of binary systems of either CO2 or CHF3 with other ionic liquids belonging to the same homologous family. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Linear and nonlinear dynamos
Authors: Weiss N. O.
Published: March 2005

More than eighty years have passed since the idea of a solar dynamo was first put forward, and almost fifty years since Parker's pioneering paper. Yet dynamo theory remains a fertile subject and continues to raise new challenges, both physical and mathematical. So far, nearly all treatments have relied on mean field electrodynamics. The earliest models were linear but recent treatments have been nonlinear and increasingly sophisticated. During his career, Michael Stix has made major contributions to all branches of this subject. In this survey I shall review the historical development of dynamo theory, as applied to stars like the Sun, and then focus on some issues of current interest, ranging from axisymmetric calculations in spherical geometry to low‐order models. Finally, I shall look ahead to what is needed in order to develop fully consistent, three‐dimensional numerical models of the solar cycle. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Connecting solar radiance variability to the solar dynamo with the virial theorem
Authors: Steiner O. , Ferriz‐Mas A.
Published: March 2005

The variability of solar radiance over a solar cycle is thought to result from a delicate balance between the radiative deficit of sunspots and the extra contribution of plage and network regions. Although the net effect is tiny, it must imply structural and thermal changes in the Sun or in partial layers of it as an unavoidable consequence of the virial theorem. Using the virial theorem for continua–including the magnetic field–it can be shown how solar radiance variability might be connected to a deeply seated flux‐tube dynamo and how this connection is established on a hydrodynamical time scale. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic field oscillation in simulations of the Karlsruhe Dynamo
Authors: Sarkar A. , Tilgner A.
Published: March 2005

The dynamo effect is numerically simulated for a model of the Karlsruhe dynamo. A flow periodic in two directions and independent of the third coordinate is considered. Each periodicity cell contains four helical vortices. The novelty of the model is that it includes cylindrical walls enclosing each vortex. These walls mimic the mechanical constraints inside the Karlsruhe experiment. Periodic oscillations of the magnetic field appear in the course of which the magnetic field pattern in each vortex rotates. The oscillations already exist in the kinematic regime. It is shown that the oscillations found in our simulations and oscillations observed in the Karlsruhe dynamo experiment must be of different origin. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamos of the Sun, Stars, and Planets – Preface
Authors: Stix M.
Published: March 2005

The conference “Dynamos of the Sun, Stars, and Planets” was organized by the Kiepenheuer‐Institut für Sonnenphysik Freiburg, and was held at the University of Freiburg from 4th to 6th October 2004. About 50 participants attended the conference, with 8 review lectures, 20 contributed talks, and 6 posters. With only few exceptions, these contributions appear in the present issue of Astronomische Nachrichten. This preface summarizes the discussion of the closing session. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Changes in polyamines, c‐myc and c‐fos gene expression in osteoblast‐like cells exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields
Authors: Mattei Monica De , Gagliano Nicoletta , Moscheni Claudia , Dellavia Claudia , Calastrini Carla , Pellati Agnese , Gioia Magda , Caruso Angelo , Stabellini Giordano
Published: March 2005

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation promotes the healing of fractures in humans, though its effect is little known. The processes of tissue repair include protein synthesis and cell differentiation. The polyamines (PA) are compounds playing a relevant role in both protein synthesis processes and cell differentiation through c‐myc and c‐fos gene activation. Since several studies have demonstrated that PEMF acts on embryonic bone cells, human osteoblast‐like cells and osteosarcoma TE‐85 cell line, in this study we analyzed the effect on cell PAs, proliferation, and c‐myc and c‐fos gene expression of MG‐63 human osteoblast‐like cell cultures exposed to a clinically useful PEMF. The cells were grown in medium with 0.5 or 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). c‐myc and c‐fos gene expressions were determined by RT‐PCR. Putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD), or spermine (SPM) levels were evaluated by HPLC. [3H]‐thymidine was added to cultures for DNA analysis. The PEMF increased [3H]‐thymidine incorporation (P ≤ .01), while PUT decreased after treatment (P ≤ .01); SPM and SPD were not significantly affected. c‐myc was activated after 1 h and downregulated thereafter, while c‐fos mRNA levels increased after 0.5 h and then decreased. PUT, SPD, SPM trends, and [3H]‐thymidine incorporation were significantly related to PEMF treatment. These results indicate that exposure to PEMF exerts biological effects on the intracellular PUT of MG‐63 cells and DNA synthesis, influencing the genes encoding c‐myc and c‐fos gene expression. These observations provide evidence that in vitro PEMF affects the mechanisms involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Bioelectromagnetics 26:207–214, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SrSi6N8 — A Reduced Nitridosilicate with a Si—Si Bond.
Authors: Stadler Florian , Oeckler Oliver , Senker Juergen , Hoeppe Henning A. , Kroll Peter , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Determination of the Crystal Structure of Mg(AlH4)2 by Combined X‐Ray and Neutron Diffraction.
Authors: Fossdal A. , Brinks H. W. , Fichtner M. , Hauback B. C.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Dissymmetrization of meso‐2‐Imidazolidinones: Alternative Route to Chiral Synthons for 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Ishizuka Tadao , Katahira Tomokazu , Seo Ryushi , Matsunaga Hirofumi , Kunieda Takehisa
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Oxidation Carbonylation of Amines to Oxamides and Ureas Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes.
Authors: Hiwatari Kozo , Kayaki Yoshihito , Okita Koshi , Ukai Tomohiro , Shimizu Isao , Yamamoto Akio
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polysulfones: Solid Organic Catalysts for the Chemoselective Cleavage of Methyl‐Substituted Allyl Ethers under Neutral Conditions.
Authors: Markovic Dean , Steunenberg Peter , Ekstrand Martin , Vogel Pierre
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Halosuccinimide/BF3—H2O, Efficient Electrophilic Halogenating Systems for Aromatics.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Mathew Thomas , Hoole Dushyanthi , Esteves Pierre M. , Wang Qi , Rasul Golam , Olah George A.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cocyclotrimerization of Benzynes with Bicyclic Alkenes: An Efficient Route to Anellated 9,10‐Dihydrophenanthrene Derivatives and Polyaromatic Compounds.
Authors: Jayanth Thiruvellore Thatai , Jeganmohan Masilamani , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Substituted 2‐Methyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindole Derivatives.
Authors: Tanyeli Cihangir , Akhmedov Idris M. , Yazicioglu Emre Y.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Highly Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Nitrones with 3‐Alkenoyl‐2‐oxazolidinones by Use of a Bidentate Chiral Bis(imine) Ligand—Cu(II) Triflate Complex.
Authors: Saito Takao , Yamada Takuya , Miyazaki Shingo , Otani Takashi
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Mesomorphic Behavior of 3‐[4‐Alkyloxyphenyl]‐5‐[3,4‐ethylenedioxybenzyl]‐2‐isoxazolines.
Authors: Umesha K. B. , Rai K. M. L. , Nagappa Nagappa , Mahadeva J.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselectivity in the Amination of Azines. Reaction of 1,10‐Phenanthroline Derivatives with O‐Mesitylsulfonylhydroxylamine.
Authors: Andreev R. V. , Borodkin G. I. , Shakirov M. M. , Shubin V. G.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Anti‐Coxsackievirus B3 Activity of 2‐Amino‐3‐nitropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and Their Analogues.
Authors: Makarov Vadim A. , Riabova Olga B. , Granik Vladimir G. , Dahse Hans‐Martin , Stelzner Axel , Wutzler Peter , Schmidtke Michaela
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereoselective Preparation of Novel Tetrahydrooxazinones via Heterocycloaddition of N‐Boc, O‐Me‐Acetals.
Authors: Gizecki Patricia , Youcef Ramzi Ait , Poulard Celine , Dhal Robert , Dujardin Gilles
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and anti‐Implantation Activity of Novel Non‐Steroidal 4,5‐Disubstituted 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1‐benzoxepines.
Authors: Rai Sanjay , Tandon Vishnu K.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Dinaphtho[2,1‐d,g][1,3]dioxocin Derivatives from α,α‐Bishydroxymethyl‐2‐butanone.
Authors: Kumbaraci Volkan , Karliga Bekir , Kumbaraci Asli , Akar Ahmet , Talinli Naciye
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Flexible Synthesis of (D‐Homo) Steroids.
Authors: Saraber Florence C. E. , de Groot Aede
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Galactocerebroside and Other Secondary Metabolites of Sea Mouse Chloeia parva.
Authors: Patra Amarendra , Mandal Kalyan Kumar , Majumdar Anadi
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
General Methodology for Synthesis of Fused Tricyclic Oxazino‐2‐quinolones under Phase‐Transfer Catalyzed Conditions.
Authors: Dutta Rajat , Mandal Debayan , Panda Nilendu , Mondal Nirup B. , Banerjee Sukdeb , Kumar Shrabanti , Weber Manuela , Luger Peter , Sahu Niranjan P.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Rocaglaol Analogues.
Authors: Thede Kai , Diedrichs Nicole , Ragot Jacques P.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Effective System to Synthesize Hypolipidemic Active α‐Asarone and Related Methoxylated (E)‐Arylalkenes.
Authors: Sharma Anuj , Joshi Bhupendra P. , Sinha Arun K.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tryptamine‐Based Human β3‐Adrenergic Receptor Agonists. Part 1. SAR Studies of the 7‐Position of the Indole Ring.
Authors: Mizuno Kazuhiro , Sawa Masaaki , Harada Hiroshi , Tateishi Hirotaka , Oue Mayumi , Tsujiuchi Hiroshi , Furutani Yasuji , Kato Shiro
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Paradigm Change in Assembling OH Functionalities on Metal Centers
Authors: Roesky Herbert W. , Singh Sanjay , Jancik Vojtech , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
[4 + 3] Cycloadducts from Lewis Acid Mediated Reactions of Acroleins with Cyclopentadiene
Authors: Niess Barbara , Hoffmann H. Martin R.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Epitome on Metal Complexation of Functionalized and Substituted Calixarene
Authors: Agrawal Y. K. , Mishra V. S.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
General and Theoretical Aspects of Phenols
Authors: Nguyen Minh Tho , Kryachko Eugene S. , Vanquickenborne Luc G.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Association of HER‐2 overexpression with prognosis in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: A metaanalysis
Authors: Nakamura Haruhiko , Kawasaki Norihito , Taguchi Masahiko , Kabasawa Kazuyuki
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

Prognostic implications of overexpression of the HER‐2 gene in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) are a matter of controversy. Many conflicting results have been reported from different laboratories.

METHODS

A metaanalysis of published studies was performed for this quantitative review of the effects of HER‐2 overexpression on survival among patients with NSCLC. Of 44 articles initially selected, 20 articles fulfilled eligibility criteria. DerSimonian–Laird random effects analysis was used to estimate the effects of HER‐2 overexpression on survival differences (the survival rate among patients without HER‐2 overexpression minus the survival rate among patients with HER‐2 overexpression) at endpoints of 1 years, 3 years, and 5 years after resection of NSCLC.

RESULTS

In total, 2579 patients were included in the final analysis. Overall, HER‐2 positivity differed according to histologic type and included 38% of patients with adenocarcinoma, 16% of patients with squamous cell carcinoma, and 18% of patients with large cell carcinoma (P < 0.0001). The combined survival differences in patients with NSCLC at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years, respectively, were 2.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.3–6.7%; P = 0.1787), 15.2% (95% CI, 5.8–24.5%; P = 0.0015), and 16.4% (95% CI, 7.9–14.8%; P = 0.0001), suggesting significant poorer survival at 3 years and 5 years among patients with HER‐2 overexpression. In patients with adenocarcinoma, the combined survival difference at 5 years was 26.0% (95% CI, 16.0–36.1%; P < 0.0001), suggesting a particularly strong survival impact for HER‐2 overexpression.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant, unfavorable prognostic effect of HER‐2 overexpression in NSCLC was evident from the metaanalysis. However, because several studies that found no significant difference were excluded by the current eligibility criteria, caution is needed in interpreting the results. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Breast cancer in sub‐Saharan Africa: How does it relate to breast cancer in African‐American women?
Authors: Fregene Alero , Newman Lisa A.
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

African‐American women have had a lower incidence, yet higher mortality rate from breast cancer compared with White‐American women. African‐American women also have had a higher risk for early‐onset, high‐grade, node‐positive, and hormone receptor‐negative disease. Similar features have characterized hereditary breast cancer, prompting speculation that risk factors could be genetically transmitted. Further evaluation of this theory required the study of breast cancer among women from sub‐Saharan Africa because of their shared ancestry with African‐American women.

METHODS

Publications from 1988 to 2004 of English‐language literature on breast cancer in Africa were reviewed.

RESULTS

Women from sub‐Saharan Africa were found to have a low incidence of breast cancer. This was partly explained by a largely protective reproductive history, including late menarche, early menopause, high parity with prolonged breastfeeding, irregular menses, and fewer ovulatory cycles. The average age at diagnosis, however, was approximately 10 years younger than breast cancer patients of western nations, and disease stage distribution was shifted toward more advanced disease, which resulted in higher mortality rates. These features were found to be similar to data on breast cancer in African‐American women. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been reported in African‐American women, but the extent of the contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 to breast cancer burden in Africa was uncertain. Limited financial resources lead to suboptimal cancer data collection, as well as delayed diagnosis and treatment of many African breast cancer patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Parallels between breast cancer burdens of African‐American and sub‐Saharan–African women were provocative, indicating the need for further exploration of possible genetically transmitted features related to estrogen metabolism and/or breast cancer risk. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
VGluT2 immunochemistry identifies thalamocortical terminals in layer 4 of adult and developing visual cortex
Authors: Nahmani Marc , Erisir Alev
Published: March 2005

A vesicular glutamate transporter, VGluT2, has been suggested to be the transporter utilized in the thalamocortical pathway. We examined the reliability of this marker in identifying and discriminating thalamic terminals in adult and developing ferret visual cortex. We studied brain sections stained for the transporter protein and/or anterogradely filled thalamocortical or intracortical axons, by using light, confocal, and electron microscopy. Under light microscopy, VGluT2 immunoreactivity (ir) in adult animals [past postnatal day (P)90] and in neonatal animals as early as P27 formed a dense band in layer 4 and appeared as scattered puncta in layers 6 and 1. Confocal dual‐labeling analyses of P46 and adult striate cortices indicated that VGluT2 was present in thalamocortical axons, suggesting that thalamic projections utilize this transporter during postnatal development as well as adulthood. In contrast, extracellularly filled intracortical axons failed to colocalize with VGluT2‐ir, suggesting that no significant terminal population originating in cortex contained VGluT2 in layer 4. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that, in adult layer 4, VGluT2‐ir was present in large terminals, forming asymmetric synapses. Similar to anterogradely labeled thalamocortical terminals, VGluT2‐ir synaptic terminals were different from their unlabeled counterparts in terms of terminal area (0.6 vs. 0.3 μm), synaptic length (486 vs. 353 nm), and preference for synapsing on spines (77% vs. 59%). Moreover, no significant differences were found between VGluT2‐ir and anterogradely labeled thalamocortical terminals. Comparable similarities were also demonstrated at P46. These results indicate that thalamocortical terminals in layer 4 of visual cortex utilize VGluT2 and suggest that this marker can be used to identify thalamic axons specifically in adult and developing animals. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:458–473, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solvent‐Dependent Photoacidity State of Pyranine Monitored by Transient Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Mohammed Omar F. , Dreyer Jens , Magnes Ben‐Zion , Pines Ehud , Nibbering Erik T. J.
Published: March 2005

We investigate with femtosecond mid‐infrared spectroscopy the vibrational‐mode characteristics of the electronic states involved in the excited‐state dynamics of pyranine (HPTS) that ultimately lead to efficient proton (deuteron) transfer in H2O (D2O). We also study the methoxy derivative of pyranine (MPTS), which is similar in electronic structure but does not have the photoacidity property. We compare the observed vibrational band patterns of MPTS and HPTS after electronic excitation in the solvents: deuterated dimethylsulfoxide, deuterated methanol and H2O/D2O, from which we conclude that for MPTS and HPTS photoacids the first excited singlet state appears to have charge‐transfer (CT) properties in water within our time resolution (150 fs), whereas in aprotic dimethylsulfoxide the photoacid appears to be in a nonpolar electronic excited state, and in methanol (less polar and less acidic than water) the behaviour is intermediate between these two extremes. For the fingerprint vibrations we do not observe dynamics on a time scale of a few picoseconds, and with our results obtained on the OH stretching vibration we argue that the dynamic behaviour observed in previous UV/Vis pump–probe studies is likely to be related to solvation dynamics.
A new distributed approximation algorithm for constructing minimum connected dominating set in wireless ad hoc networks
Authors: Gao Bo , Yang Yuhang , Ma Huiye
Published: March 2005

In recent years, constructing a virtual backbone by nodes in a connected dominating set (CDS) has been proposed to improve the performance of ad hoc wireless networks. In general, a dominating set satisfies that every vertex in the graph is either in the set or adjacent to a vertex in the set. A CDS is a dominating set that also induces a connected sub‐graph. However, finding the minimum connected dominating set (MCDS) is a well‐known NP‐hard problem in graph theory. Approximation algorithms for MCDS have been proposed in the literature. Most of these algorithms suffer from a poor approximation ratio, and from high time complexity and message complexity.

In this paper, we present a new distributed approximation algorithm that constructs a MCDS for wireless ad hoc networks based on a maximal independent set (MIS). Our algorithm, which is fully localized, has a constant approximation ratio, and O(n) time and O(n) message complexity. In this algorithm, each node only requires the knowledge of its one‐hop neighbours and there is only one shortest path connecting two dominators that are at most three hops away. We not only give theoretical performance analysis for our algorithm, but also conduct extensive simulation to compare our algorithm with other algorithms in the literature. Simulation results and theoretical analysis show that our algorithm has better efficiency and performance than others. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative and indispensable roles of endothelin 3 and KIT signalings in melanocyte development
Authors: Aoki Hitomi , Motohashi Tsutomu , Yoshimura Naoko , Yamazaki Hidetoshi , Yamane Toshiyuki , Panthier J.J. , Kunisada Takahiro
Published: March 2005

The development of melanocytes from neural crest‐derived precursor cells depends on signaling by the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT and the G protein‐coupled endothelin receptor B (EDNRB) pathways. Loss‐of‐function mutations in either of these two signaling receptor molecules cause a loss or a marked reduction in the number of melanocyte precursors in the embryo and finally lead to loss of the coat color. Using cultures of embryonic stem (ES) cells to induce melanocyte differentiation in vitro, we investigated the requirement for EDNRB signaling during the entire developmental process of the melanocyte, in association with that for KIT signaling. During the 21‐day period necessary for the induction of mature melanocytes from undifferentiated ES cells, endothelin 3 (EDN3), a ligand for EDNRB, increased the number of melanocytes in proportion to the period during which it was present. We tested the compensatory effect of EDNRB signaling on KIT signaling in vivo by using KitW‐LacZ/KitW‐LacZ ES cells and confirmed that the ectopic expression of EDN3 in the skin reduced the white spotting of KitW57/KitW57mice. KIT ligand (KITL) and EDN3 worked synergistically to induce melanocyte differentiation in vitro; however, the complete lack of EDNRB signaling attained by the use of EDN3−/− ES cells and an EDNRB antagonist, BQ788, revealed that the resulting failure of melanocyte development was not compensated by the further activation of KIT signaling by adding KITL. Simultaneous blockade of EDNRB and KIT signalings eliminated melanocyte precursors completely, suggesting that the maintenance or survival of early melanocyte precursors at least required the existence of either EDNRB or KIT signalings. Developmental Dynamics 233:407–417, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variety of antimicrobial peptides in the Bombina maxima toad and evidence of their rapid diversification
Authors: Lee Wen‐Hui , Li Yan , Lai Ren , Li Sha , Zhang Yun , Wang Wen
Published: March 2005

Antimicrobial peptides secreted by the skin of many amphibians play an important role in innate immunity. From two skin cDNA libraries of two individuals of the Chinese red belly toad (Bombina maxima), we identified 56 different antimicrobial peptide cDNA sequences, each of which encodes a precursor peptide that can give rise to two kinds of antimicrobial peptides, maximin and maximin H. Among these cDNA, we found that the mean number of nucleotide substitution per non‐synonymous site in both the maximin and maximin H domains significantly exceed the mean number of nucleotide substitution per synonymous site, whereas the same pattern was not observed in other structural regions, such as the signal and propiece peptide regions, suggesting that these antimicrobial peptide genes have been experiencing rapid diversification driven by Darwinian selection. We cloned and sequenced seven genes amplified from skin or liver genomic DNA. These genes have three exons and share the same gene structure, in which both maximin and maximin H are encoded by the third exon. This suggests that alternative splicing and somatic recombination are less likely to play a role in creating the diversity of maximins and maximin Hs. The gene trees based on different domain regions revealed that domain shuffling or gene conversion among these genes might have happened frequently.
The role of Notch and IL‐7 signaling in early thymocyte proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Balciunaite Gina , Ceredig Rhodri , Fehling Hans‐Jörg , Zúñiga‐Pflücker Juan‐Carlos , Rolink Antonius G.
Published: March 2005

We have analyzed the roles of Notch and IL‐7 signaling in the proliferation and differentiation of mouse progenitor thymocyte subpopulations cultured on Notch delta‐like‐1 ligand‐expressing OP9 stromal cells. Using bulk and limiting dilution cultures, we show that DN1 and DN2 cells require both Notch and IL‐7 signaling for efficient proliferation and differentiation into cytoplasmic TCRβ and surface TCRα/β and TCRγ/δ expressing T cells. Selection for cytoplasmic TCRβ‐positive cells is dependent on preTα expression. Both γ/δ and α/β TCR expressing T cells arising in culture can be efficiently stimulated by anti‐CD3 cross‐linking, suggesting that they might be functional. The differentiation of adult, but not fetal, DN1 and DN2 thymocytes into CD4 and/or CD8 expressing cells is inhibited by IL‐7. Finally, efficient proliferation and differentiation of DN3 cells requires Notch signaling and preTCR expression, but is independent of IL‐7.
Blocking ion channel KCNN4 alleviates the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
Authors: Reich Eva‐Pia , Cui Long , Yang Lily , Pugliese‐Sivo Catherine , Golovko Andrei , Petro Mary , Vassileva Galya , Chu Inhou , Nomeir Amin A. , Zhang Li‐Kang , Liang Xian , Kozlowski Joseph A. , Narula Satwant K. , Zavodny Paul J. , Chou Chuan‐Chu
Published: March 2005

The KCNN4 potassium‐ion channel has been reported to play an important role in regulating antigen‐induced T cell effector functions in vitro. This study presents the first evidence that a selective KCNN4 blocker, TRAM‐34, confers protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the mouse model. Treatment with the KCNN4 blocker did not prevent infiltration of T cells in the spinal cord, but resulted in the reduction of both the protein and the message levels of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ as well as the message levels of several other pro‐inflammatory molecules in the spinal cord. Plasma concentrations of TRAM‐34 within a 24‐h period were between the in vitro IC50 and IC90 values for the KCNN4 channel. The effect of TRAM‐34 was reversible, as indicated by the development of clinical EAE symptoms within 48 h after withdrawal of treatment. In summary, our data support the idea that KCNN4 channels play a critical role in the immune response during the development of MOG‐induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice.

See accompanying Commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200526078
Structure of Nitrile‐Functionalized Alkyltrifluoroborate Salts
Authors: Fei Zhaofu , Zhao Dongbin , Geldbach Tilmann J. , Scopelliti Rosario , Dyson Paul J.
Published: March 2005

Two nitrile‐functionalized alkyltriflouroborate anion based complexes [(Ph3P)2N][CH3CH(BF3)CH2CN] and [K(18‐crown‐6)][CH3CH(BF3)CH2CN] were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods and single X‐ray diffraction analysis. In the former complex no direct cation‐anion (F→N or F→P) interactions are observed although F···H–C hydrogen bonds are present. In the later complex all three fluorine atoms interact with the potassium cation and C–H···F hydrogen bonds are also present. The ESI‐MS spectra in methanol solution of the potassium complex show similar anion‐cation aggregation to that observed for ionic liquids, and comparisons between the two complexes and ionic liquid systems are made. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Simple Derivatives of Natural Amino Acids as Chiral Ligands in the Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Phenylacetylene to Aldehydes
Authors: Han Zhi‐jian , Wang Rui , Zhou Yi‐feng , Liu Lei
Published: March 2005

Optically active propargylic alcohols are important chiral building blocks in asymmetric synthesis, and asymmetric addition of terminal alkynes to aldehydes is one of the most important and interesting procedures by which to prepare these chiral building blocks. In this work we have identified some simple derivatives of (S)‐proline and other natural amino acids as chiral ligands that can be combined with Ti(OiPr)4 and then used to catalyze the asymmetric addition of zinc acetylide, produced in situ by the reaction of phenylacetylene with diethylzinc, to aldehydes. The ee value was as high as 90 %. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)