bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Traditional and Technological Zinc‐Based Coatings: Part I
Authors: Vantadori Sabrina , Zanichelli Andrea , Ronchei Camilla , Scorza Daniela , Di Cocco Vittorio , Iacoviello Francesco
Published: February 2022

Herein, the bending behavior of a hot‐rolled hyper‐sandelin steel subjected to hot‐dip galvanizing (HDG) is numerically simulated. Two coating types are analyzed, that is, a pure zinc coating and a zinc‐based coating with 3% Sn addition by weight. It is experimentally observed that the tin addition influences the thickness of each intermetallic phase and increases the ductility of the intermetallic phases. Therefore, the key of the numerical simulation is to assume suitable constitutive laws to phase layers, by considering that only few mechanical parameters are available in the literature. Such an approach has shown quite satisfactory results and it can be promising as a numerical tool to be used by HDG industry, being quite simple but quite accurate to estimate flexural strength and damage of Zn‐based coated steels.
Large‐Area Heteroepitaxial Nanostructuring of Molecular Semiconductor Films for Enhanced Optoelectronic Response in Flexible Electronics
Authors: Park Kwang‐Won , Vijayan Raaghesh , Andrew Trisha L.
Published: February 2022

Organized nano‐ and microstructures of molecular semiconductors display interesting optical and photonic properties, and enhanced charge carrier mobilities, as compared to disordered thin films. However, known directed‐growth and self‐organization strategies cannot create structured molecular heterojunctions and cannot be practically incorporated into existing device fabrication routines to create large‐area optoelectronic devices. Here, an ultrathin (<2 nm) seed layer of the compound coronene creates 1D nanostructures of an electron‐transporting molecule (IFD) is shown, which possesses an intrinsic proclivity to form disordered thin films in the absence of the seed layer. It is revealed that nanostructured IFD films exhibit enhanced light absorption and emission, and greater electron mobilities, as compared to amorphous counterparts. This seed layer strategy creates uniform IFD nanowires over large areas of up to 18 mm2 at low processing temperatures. Notably, the coronene seed layer creates IFD nanowires when applied over either oxide surfaces or predeposited organic layers, meaning that this structuring approach can be integrated into diode manufacturing routines to realize large‐area flexible optoelectronic devices. Flexible organic light‐emitting diodes and fullerene‐free organic solar cells containing IFD nanowires in the photoactive layer to demonstrate that molecular nanostructures can lead to robust, large‐area device arrays on flexible substrates being fabricated.
High‐Resolution Kinoform X‐Ray Optics Printed via 405 nm 3D Laser Lithography
Authors: Sanli Umut T. , Messer Tobias , Weigand Markus , Lötgering Lars , Schütz Gisela , Wegener Martin , Kern Christian , Keskinbora Kahraman
Published: February 2022

Efficient focusing of X‐rays is essential for high‐resolution X‐ray microscopy. Diffractive X‐ray optics called kinoforms offer the highest focusing efficiencies in theory. However, they have long remained unavailable due to their challenging nanofabrication. Recently, various X‐ray optic geometries including kinoforms have been realized using 3D laser lithography at near‐infrared wavelengths. As the smallest features (period) of the kinoform determines the resolving power, there is a natural drive to find ways to fabricate kinoforms with ever smaller features. Here, a custom‐built 3D laser lithography setup with an excitation wavelength of 405 nm is used, which allows to half the smallest period of the kinoforms compared to previous work. A 40% improvement in scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy image resolution, that is, a cutoff resolution of 145 nm, and an efficiency of 7.6% at 700 eV is achieved. A reconstructed pixel size of 18.5 nm, reaching the limit imposed by the design of the microscopy set‐up, is demonstrated through ptychographic imaging of a magnetic sample which has a strongly reduced contrast mechanism. Moreover, X‐ray lenses manufactured by 405 nm 3D laser lithography have the potential to become much less expensive than X‐ray lenses made by other means.
Albedo‐Enabled Enhanced Energy Harvesting via GaAs Bifacial Thin‐Film Solar Cells
Authors: Xing Zhang , Nam Seonghyun , Kim Dahee , Baek Yongmin , Kim Dohyun , Park Youngseo , Lee Hsin-Ying , Lee Ching-Ting , Lee Kyusang , Heo Junseok
Published: February 2022

In addition to direct solar illumination to the photovoltaic cell, the albedo effect provides a unique opportunity to enhance energy harvesting. However, conventional solar cells are inefficient albedo energy harvesters because the rear side of the cell is usually blocked by a thick substrate or metal contact. In this study, structurally thin active layers of GaAs thin‐film solar cells covered with transparent Ag nanowires that enable bifacial solar cell operations are fabricated. The GaAs bifacial thin‐film solar cell is fabricated by bonding the active regions of the solar cell on colorless polyimide sheets with highly transparent epoxy adhesives. The fabricated bifacial solar cells without any anti‐reflection coatings demonstrated power conversion efficiencies of 8.54 and 6.78% at the front and rear sides, respectively, under AM 1.5 G irradiance conditions. The increase in energy harvesting by the GaAs bifacial thin‐film solar cells was estimated, which showed approximately a 72% increase in short‐circuit current density (JSC) when the solar cells operated on a high‐reflection‐coated ground. Positioning the solar cells on snow or sand (deserts and beaches) increasedJSCby ≈44 and 31%, respectively, compared to monofacial solar cells.
Recent Progress on Perovskite Photodetectors for Narrowband Detection
Authors: Lu Xingyu , Li Junyu , Zhang Yuanzhou , Han Zeyao , He Zeren , Zou Yousheng , Xu Xiaobao
Published: February 2022

Narrowband detection is of urgent demand in many fields, such as machine vision, biofluorescence imaging, artificial intelligence, flame, or gas molecule monitoring. However, the restricted recognition area and complex integration hinder the development of narrowband photodetectors. Due to the excellent photoconversion efficiency, metal halide perovskites are emerging as a new star in the field of high‐performance photodetectors. In recent years, soaring attention has been focused on narrowband photodetectors using perovskites as absorbing layers, owing to the excellent narrowband detection performance and tunable narrowband absorption peaks covering a wide optical range. Herein, this review is focused on the latest research progress of perovskite narrowband photodetectors, emphasizing the strategy of using perovskites for narrowband photodetectors from novel functional integration to applications and existing problems. The study is looking forward to elucidating different internal mechanisms of narrowband detection, providing unique insights into the challenges in this research area, and giving rise to the prosperity of narrowband detection.
Biochar had minor effects on yield, quality, and water availability of irrigated alfalfa, corn, and wheat
Authors: Holt Jonathan A. , Yost Matt A. , Winward Dean , Creech J. Earl , Allen L. Niel , McAvoy Darren
Published: February 2022

One approach to water optimization in agriculture is to increase soil water retention. A soil amendment that has received attention for its ability to increase soil water retention is biochar, the remaining biomass after high‐C materials have been pyrolyzed. Two studies were conducted in Utah at two sites each during 2018–2020 to evaluate how a fast‐pyrolysis wood biochar influenced the productivity and crop quality of irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), corn (Zea maysL.), and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) along with soil water tension. One study included a single biochar rate of 22 Mg ha−1at two levels of irrigation (full vs. partial), where soil‐incorporated biochar increased silage corn yield by 12% in 2018 and reduced yield by 10% in 2019. Topdressed biochar had no effect on alfalfa yield from 2018 to 2020 in either irrigation rate. The other trial had six to seven biochar rates (0–67 Mg ha−1) plus the addition of wood chips at a single rate (22 Mg ha−1) at one site. This trial displayed a yield decrease of 0.01 Mg ha−1of wheat grain for each additional 1 Mg ha−1of biochar applied; however, there were no effects on silage corn production. Data obtained over 10 site‐years showed minimal effects from this type of biochar on crop yield, quality, or soil water tension, leading us to conclude that this wood biochar was not an effective tool for enhancing short‐term crop production or conserving irrigation water in arid agriculture.
Maßgeschneiderte Pyridoxal‐Sonden enthüllen neue Cofaktor‐abhängige Enzyme und antibiotische Treffer in kritischen bakteriellen Krankheitserregern
Authors: Pfanzelt Martin , Maher Thomas E. , Absmeier Ramona M. , Schwarz Markus , Sieber Stephan A.
Published: February 2022

Zur Überwindung der Antibiotika‐Resistenzkrise werden dringend neuartige bakterielle Angriffsziele benötigt. In diesem Artikel untersuchen wir systematisch Pyridoxalphosphat‐abhängige Enzyme (PLP‐DEs) in Bakterien, um uns auf Ziele zu konzentrieren, die an entscheidenden Stoffwechselprozessen beteiligt sind. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir acht Pyridoxal (PL)‐Sonden mit Modifikationen an verschiedenen Positionen entwickelt. Insgesamt übertrafen die Sonden die Leistung einer früheren Generation und lieferten detaillierte Informationen der PLP‐DEs in klinisch relevanten Krankheitserregern, einschließlich schwierig zu adressierender Gram‐negativer Stämme. Ausgewählte PLP‐DEs mit unbekannter Funktion wurden durch enzymatische Aktivitätsassays charakterisiert. Schließlich untersuchten wir eine Reihe von mutmaßlichen PLP‐Inhibitoren auf ihre antibiotische Aktivität und entschlüsselten die Zielenzyme aktiver Trefferverbindungen. Hier wurde ein kaum charakterisiertes Enzym, das für das bakterielle Wachstum unerlässlich ist, als PLP‐abhängige Cystein‐Desulfurase identifiziert und bestätigt, dass es durch das zugelassene Medikament Phenelzin gehemmt wird. Unser Ansatz bietet eine Grundlage für die Entschlüsselung neuartiger PLP‐DEs als essenzielle Antibiotikaziele sowie entsprechende Möglichkeiten zur Entschlüsselung kleiner Molekül‐Inhibitoren.
Selectively Regulating Lewis Acid–Base Sites in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Achieving Turn‐On/Off of the Catalytic Activity in Different CO2Reactions
Authors: Tian Xue‐Rui , Jiang Xiao‐Lei , Hou Sheng‐Li , Jiao Zhuo‐Hao , Han Jie , Zhao Bin
Published: February 2022

Regulating Lewis acid–base sites in catalysts to investigate their influence in the chemical fixation of CO2is significant but challenging. A metal–organic framework (MOF) with open metal Co sites, {(NH2Me2)[Co3(μ3‐OH)(BTB)2(H2O)]⋅9 H2O⋅5 DMF}n(1), was obtained and the results of the catalytic investigation show that1can catalyze cycloaddition of CO2and aziridines to give 99 % yield. The efficiency of the cyclization of CO2with propargyl amines is only 32 %. To improve the catalytic ability of1, ligand XN with Lewis base sites was introduced into1and coordinated with the open Co sites, resulting in a decrease of the Lewis acid sites and an increase in the Lewis base sites in a related MOF2({(NH2Me2)[Co3(μ3‐OH)(NHMe2)(BTB)2(XN)]⋅8 H2O⋅4 DMF}n). Selective regulation of the type of active centers causes the yield of oxazolidinones to be enhanced by about 2.4 times, suggesting that this strategy can turn on/off the catalytic activity for different reactions. The catalytic results from2treated with acid solution support this conclusion. This work illuminates a MOF‐construction strategy that produces efficient catalysts for CO2conversion.
Construction of Single‐Crystalline Hierarchical ZSM‐5 with Open Nanoarchitectures via Anisotropic‐Kinetics Transformation for the Methanol‐to‐Hydrocarbons Reaction
Authors: Chen Guangrui , Li Junyan , Wang Sen , Han Ji , Wang Xingxing , She Peihong , Fan Weibin , Guan Buyuan , Tian Peng , Yu Jihong
Published: February 2022

We report an anisotropic‐kinetics transformation strategy to prepare single‐crystalline aluminosilicate MFI zeolites (ZSM‐5) with highly open nanoarchitectures and hierarchical porosities. The methodology relies on the cooperative effect of in situ etching and recrystallization on the evolution of pure‐silica MFI zeolite (silicalite‐1) nanotemplates under hydrothermal conditions. The strategy enables a controllable preparation of ZSM‐5 nanostructures with diverse open geometries by tuning the relative rate difference between etching and recrystallization processes. Meanwhile, it can also be extended to synthesize other heteroatom‐substituted MFI zeolite nanocages. Compared with conventional ZSM‐5 microcrystals, nanocrystals, and nanoboxes, the ZSM‐5 nanocages with single‐crystalline nature, highly open nanoarchitectures, and hierarchical porosities exhibit remarkably enhanced catalytic lifetime and low coking rate in the methanol‐to‐hydrocarbons (MTH) reaction.
Rapid Access to Multisubstituted Acrylamides from Cyclic Ketones via Palladium/Norbornene Cooperative Catalysis
Authors: Wu Zhao , Dong Guangbin
Published: February 2022

A strategy to access diverse multisubstituted acrylamides from cyclic ketones is realized via palladium/norbornene‐catalyzed α‐carbamoylation and ipso‐functionalization of the corresponding enol triflates. The development of bulky C2 secondary amide‐substituted norbornene cocatalysts is the key to achieve the desired reactivity and selectivity. Readily available carbamoyl chlorides serve as effective electrophiles; various moieties including alkenyl, hydrogen, alkynyl, aryl, and alkyl groups can be installed at the ipso position. In addition, tandem α‐carbamoylation/ipso‐annulations are demonstrated to furnish lactam‐containing polycyclic scaffolds. The utility of this method is exemplified in the streamlined preparation of a platelet‐activating factor (PAF)‐antagonist.
Tailored Pyridoxal Probes Unravel Novel Cofactor‐Dependent Targets and Antibiotic Hits in Critical Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Pfanzelt Martin , Maher Thomas E. , Absmeier Ramona M. , Schwarz Markus , Sieber Stephan A.
Published: February 2022

Unprecedented bacterial targets are urgently needed to overcome the resistance crisis. Herein we systematically mine pyridoxal phosphate‐dependent enzymes (PLP‐DEs) in bacteria to focus on a target class which is involved in crucial metabolic processes. For this, we tailored eight pyridoxal (PL) probes bearing modifications at various positions. Overall, the probes exceeded the performance of a previous generation and provided a detailed map of PLP‐DEs in clinically relevant pathogens including challenging Gram‐negative strains. Putative PLP‐DEs with unknown function were exemplarily characterized via in‐depth enzymatic assays. Finally, we screened a panel of PLP binders for antibiotic activity and unravelled the targets of hit molecules. Here, an uncharacterized enzyme, essential for bacterial growth, was assigned as PLP‐dependent cysteine desulfurase and confirmed to be inhibited by the marketed drug phenelzine. Our approach provides a basis for deciphering novel PLP‐DEs as essential antibiotic targets along with corresponding ways to decipher small molecule inhibitors.
On the homology of crocodylian post‐dentary bones and their macroevolution throughout Pseudosuchia
Authors: Bona Paula , Fernandez Blanco María Victoria , Ezcurra Martín Daniel , von Baczko María Belén , Desojo Julia Brenda , Pol Diego
Published: February 2022

The lower jaw of early tetrapods is composed of several intramembranous ossifications. However, a tendency toward the independent reduction of the number of bones has been observed in the mandible of mammals, lepidosaurs, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Regarding archosaurs, the coronoid and prearticular bones are interpreted to be lost during the evolution of stem‐birds and stem‐crocodiles, respectively, but the homology of the post‐dentary bones retained in living pseudosuchians remains unclear. Here, we combine paleontological and embryological evidence to explore in detail the homology of the crocodylian post‐dentary bones. We study the mandible embryogenesis on a sample of 71 embryos of Caiman and compare this pattern with the mandibular transformations observed across pseudosuchian evolution. In the pre‐hatching ontogeny of caimans, at least five intramembranous ossification centers are formed along the margins of the internal mandibular fenestra (perifenestral centers) and, subsequently, merge to form the coronoid (three intramembranous centers), angular (one intramembranous center), and articular (one intramembranous and one chondral center). In the fossil record, an independent prearticular is lost around the base of Mesoeucrocodylia (optimized as reappearing in Thalattosuchia if they are placed within Neosuchia), and the coronoid is apomorphically lost in notosuchians. The integration of embryological and paleontological data indicates that most perifenestral centers are involved in the origin of the prearticular of non‐mesoeucrocodylian pseudosuchians. These centers are rearranged during the evolution to contribute to different post‐dentary bones in mesoeucrocodylians bolstering the idea that the coronoid and the articular of Crocodylia are not completely homologous to those of other diapsids.
Capabilities and organisational dimensions conducive to green product innovation: Evidence from Croatian and Spanish manufacturing firms
Authors: Serrano‐García Jakeline , Bikfalvi Andrea , Llach Josep , Arbeláez‐Toro Juan José
Published: February 2022

This paper aims to determine which configuration of green innovation capabilities (GICs) and organisational dimensions (ODs) leads to achieving green product innovation (GPI). We used data collected through the European Manufacturing Survey (EMS) from manufacturing firms in Spain and Croatia considered to be innovators. After conducting a cluster analysis, we identified a group of firms that still develop conventional product innovations (CPIs) and three groups of firms at different stages of GPI development. The four clusters were characterised using different variables, or determinants of GPI, associated with seven GICs and five ODs that favour GPI. According to the findings, all the GICs and ODs under analysis have a positive impact on GPI development, which results in the consolidation of a framework that organisations could use to manage green innovation. By empirically showing the relevance of applying these constructs, this study makes contributions to the Resource‐Based Theory (RBT), along with its extension to GICs, and points to the need to associate them with the ODs to achieve GPI towards the challenge of sustainable development.
Membrane‐Permeant, Bioactivatable Coumarin Derivatives for In‐Cell Labelling
Authors: Schultz Madeleine , Müller Rainer , Ermakova Yulia , Hoffmann Jan‐Erik , Schultz Carsten
Published: February 2022

The delivery of small molecule fluorophores with minimal compartmentalization is currently one of the most critical technical problems in intracellular labelling. Here we introduce sulfonated and phosphonated coumarin dyes, demonstrate rapid cell entry via a prodrug approach, and show a lack of interaction with membranes, organelles, or other compartments. The dyes show no specific localization and are evenly distributed in the cells. Our fluorogenic, clickable phosphonate derivatives successfully tagged model targets in intact cells and the increase in brightness upon click reaction was around 60‐fold.
Novel predictors of stent under‐expansion regarding calcified coronary lesions assessed by optical coherence tomography
Authors: Ma Wenshuai , Wang Qiuhe , Wang Bin , Wang Chiyao , Niu Xiaona , Zhang Dongwei , Liu Hui , Niu Xiaolin , Liu Yin , Guo Wangang , Lu Shaoping , Chu Yi , Li Yan
Published: February 2022

A previous calcium scoring system using circumferential angle, thickness, and length of coronary calcium by OCT could assist in predicting stent under‐expansion. However, this scoring system only reflects the calcification distribution within a single cross‐section and fails to consider the lumen's original size. The current study aims to investigate whether novel parameters to quantify calcium lesions, including calcium burden, area, and volume assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT), could predict stent under‐expansion related to calcium lesions. Consecutive patients admitted between March 10th to October 19th 2021 with calcified coronary lesions undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with OCT guidance were screened for inclusion. The calcium burden, area, and volume of the target lesions were measured using OCT at pre‐PCI. After successful stent implantation, stent expansion at the corresponding lesions was also measured by OCT. A total of 125 patients who underwent OCT‐guided PCI were included in this study. While the calcium grades by angiography failed to show a significant correlation with stent expansion, maximum and average calcium burden, maximum calcium area, and calcium volume exhibited a moderate correlation with stent expansion. According to the receiver operating characteristic curves, the optimal cutoffs of calcium volume and area for predicting stent under‐expansion were 4.37 mm3 and 2.48 mm2, respectively. Calcium burden, area, and volume by OCT are more favorable predictors of stent under‐expansion given its better performance than calcium grades by angiography. Using cutoffs of calcium area and volume could identify high‐risk patients of under‐expansion and might guide future clinical practice.
Genotype–phenotype correlation in IARS2‐related diseases: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Upadia Jariya , Li Yuwen , Walano Nicolette , Deputy Stephen , Gajewski Kelly , Andersson Hans C.
Published: February 2022

Isoleucyl‐tRNA synthetase 2 (IARS2) encodes mitochondrial isoleucine‐tRNA synthetase. Pathogenic variants in the IARS2 gene are associated with mitochondrial disease. We report a female with IARS2 compound heterozygous variants, p.Val499Glyfs*14 and p.Arg784Trp who presented with infantile spasms, Leigh disease and Wolff‐Parkinson White (WPW) pattern. This report expands the phenotypic spectrum of IARS2‐related disease.
Expanded Mercaptocalixarenes: A New Kind of Macrocyclic Ligands for Stabilization of Polynuclear Thiolate Clusters
Authors: Schleife Frederik , Bonnot Clément , Chambron Jean‐Claude , Börner Martin , Kersting Berthold
Published: February 2022

The syntheses and properties of expanded 4‐tert‐butyl‐mercaptocalix[4]arenes, in which the methylene linkers are replaced by −CH2NRCH2− or −CH2NRCH2− and −CH2NRCH2CH2CH2NRCH2− units, are described. The new macrocycles were obtained in a step‐wise manner, utilizing fully protected, i. e. S‐alkylated, derivatives of the oxidation‐sensitive thiophenols in the cyclisation steps. Reductive cleavage of the macrobicyclic or macrotricyclic intermediates (6, 7, 11) afforded the free thiophenols (H48, H49, and H412) in preparative yields as their hydrochloride salts. The protected proligands can exist in two conformations, resembling the “cone” and “1,3‐alternate” conformations found for the parent calix[4]arenes. The free macrocycles do not show conformational isomerism, but are readily oxidized forming intramolecular disulfide linkages. Preliminary complexation experiments show that these expanded mercaptocalixarenes can serve as supporting ligands for tetranuclear thiolato clusters.
Does the Y chromosome play a role for outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Authors: Conter Valentino , Schrappe Martin , Escherich Gabriele
Published: February 2022

The cumulative incidence of relapses in acute lymphoblastic leukemia continues to be slightly higher in boys than in girls, with many studies showing an excess of central nervous system relapses. Studies aimed at investigating gender biological factors associated with prognosis may provide useful information to optimize risk adapted therapy.
A proposed global framework for pediatric cancer communication research
Authors: Graetz Dylan E. , Caceres‐Serrano Ana , Radhakrishnan Venkatraman , Salaverria Carmen E. , Kambugu Joyce B. , Sisk Bryan A.
Published: February 2022

The authors introduce a functional communication framework that can be used for global pediatric cancer research.
Exploring the Effects of Ionic Defects on the Stability of CsPbI3 with a Deep Learning Potential
Authors: Yang Weijie , Li Jiajia , Chen Xuelu , Feng Yajun , Wu Chongchong , Gates Ian D. , Gao Zhengyang , Ding Xunlei , Yao Jianxi , Li Hao
Published: February 2022

Inorganic metal halide perovskites, such as CsPbI3, have recently drawn extensive attention due to their excellent optical properties and high photoelectric efficiencies. However, the structural instability originating from inherent ionic defects leads to a sharp drop in the photoelectric efficiency, which significantly limits their applications in solar cells. The instability induced by ionic defects remains unresolved due to its complicated reaction process. Herein, to explore the effects of ionic defects on stability, we develop a deep learning potential for a CsPbI3 ternary system based upon density functional theory (DFT) calculated data for large‐scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. By exploring 2.4 million configurations, of which 7,730 structures are used for the training set, the deep learning potential shows an accuracy approaching DFT‐level. Furthermore, MD simulations with a 5,000‐atom system and a one nanosecond timeframe are performed to explore the effects of bulk and surface defects on the stability of CsPbI3. This deep learning potential based MD simulation provides solid evidence together with the derived radial distribution functions, simulated diffraction of X‐rays, instability temperature, molecular trajectory, and coordination number for revealing the instability mechanism of CsPbI3. Among bulk defects, Cs defects have the most significant influence on the stability of CsPbI3 with a defect tolerance concentration of 0.32 %, followed by Pb and I defects. With regards to surface defects, Cs defects have the largest impact on the stability of CsPbI3 when the defect concentration is less than 15 %, whereas Pb defects act play a dominant role for defect concentrations exceeding 20 %. Most importantly, this machine‐learning‐based MD simulation strategy provides a new avenue to explore the ionic defect effects on the stability of perovskite‐like materials, laying a theoretical foundation for the design of stable perovskite materials.
Wiskott–Aldrichsyndrome: Oral findings and microbiota in children and review of the literature
Authors: Lucchese Alessandra , Cenciarelli Sabina , Manuelli Maurizio , Marcolina Marta , Barzaghi Federica , Calbi Valeria , Migliavacca Maddalena , Bernardo Maria Ester , Tucci Francesca , Gallo Vera , Fraschetta Federico , Darin Silvia , Casiraghi Miriam , Aiuti Alessandro , Ferrua Francesca , Cicalese Maria Pia
Published: February 2022

Objective

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X‐linked primary immunodeficiency, characterized by micro‐thrombocytopenia, recurrent infections, and eczema. This study aims to describe common oral manifestations and evaluate oral microbioma of WAS patients.

Material and methods

In this cohort study, 11 male WAS patients and 16 male healthy controls were evaluated in our Center between 2010 and 2018. Data about clinical history, oral examination, Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI) were collected from both groups. Periodontal microbiological flora was evaluated on samples of the gingival sulcus.

Results

WAS subjects presented with premature loss of deciduous and permanent teeth, inclusions, eruption disturbance, and significantly worse GI and PI. They also showed a trend toward a higher total bacterial load.Fusobacterium nucleatum, reported to contribute to periodontitis onset, was the most prevalent bacteria, together withPorphyromonas gingivalisandTannerella forsythia.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that WAS patients are at greater risk of alterations in the oral cavity. The statistically higher incidence of periodontitis and the trend to higher prevalence of potentially pathological bacterial species in our small cohort, that should be confirmed in future in a larger population, underline the importance of dentistry monitoring as part of the multidisciplinary management of WAS patients.
Optimising the IgG‐degrading enzyme treatment regimen for enhanced adeno‐associated virus transduction in the presence of neutralising antibodies
Authors: Ros‐Gañán Irene , Hommel Mirja , Trigueros‐Motos Laia , Tamarit Blanche , Rodríguez‐García Estefanía , Salas David , Pérez Guiomar , Douar Anne , Combal Jean Philippe , Benichou Bernard , Ferrer Veronica , González‐Aseguinolaza Gloria
Published: February 2022

Objective

Pre‐existing neutralising antibodies (NAbs) to adeno‐associated viruses (AAVs) remain an impediment for systemically administered AAV‐mediated gene therapy treatment in many patients, and various strategies are under investigation to overcome this limitation. Here, IgG‐degrading enzymes (Ides) derived from bacteria of the genus Streptococcus were tested for their ability to cleave human IgG and allow AAV‐mediated transduction in individuals with pre‐existing NAbs.

Methods

Cleavage activity of three different Ides was evaluated in vitro in serum from different species. Passively immunised mice or non‐human primates (NHP) with naturally occurring anti‐AAV NAbs were used to define the optimal IdeS dose and administration window for AAVAnc80 and AAV8 vectors in mice and AAV3B in NHPs.

Results

The selected candidate, IdeS, was found to be highly efficient at cleaving human IgG, less efficient against NHP IgG and inefficient against mouse IgG. In vivo, we observed differences in how IdeS affected liver transduction in the presence of NAbs depending on the AAV serotype. For AAVAnc80 and AAV3B, the best transduction levels were achieved when the vector was administered after IgG digestion products were cleared from circulation. However, for AAV8 we only observed a modest and transient inhibition of transduction by IdeS cleavage products.

Conclusion

Preconditioning with IdeS represents a unique treatment opportunity for patients primarily excluded from participation in gene therapy clinical trials because of elevated circulating anti‐AAV NAb levels. However, careful determination of the optimal IdeS dose and timing for the administration of each AAV serotype is essential for optimal transduction.
Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma with predominant extension into the main pancreatic duct: A case report
Authors: Ishikawa Takuya , Ohno Eizaburo , Mizutani Yasuyuki , Iida Tadashi , Kawashima Hiroki
Published: February 2022

A 34‐year‐old male was referred to our hospital for a possible pancreatic mass detected by computed tomography (CT) that was performed to find the cause of acute pancreatitis. Multiple imaging tests, including contrast‐enhanced CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging, contrast‐enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography, and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, revealed a solid mass occupying the head of the main pancreatic duct (MDP), and pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. In the resected specimen, the tumor showed expansive growth from the pancreatic parenchyma to the MDP and formed a tumor plug. Histopathological findings together with immunostaining findings led to the diagnosis of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PACC). The patient was alive and recurrence‐free for 11 years after surgery. Extension into the MDP is more common in PACC than in conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PACC patients with MDP extension may have less aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics, and a relatively good prognosis can be expected.
Blood pressure categorization and subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in antihypertensive medication‐naive subjects
Authors: Nakanishi Koki , Daimon Masao , Yoshida Yuriko , Ishiwata Jumpei , Sawada Naoko , Hirokawa Megumi , Kaneko Hidehiro , Nakao Tomoko , Mizuno Yoshiko , Morita Hiroyuki , Di Tullio Marco R. , Homma Shunichi , Komuro Issei
Published: February 2022

Aims

The impact of blood pressure (BP) levels on subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and possible sex‐specific difference remains unclarified. This study investigated the relationship between BP categories given in the new 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guideline and subclinical LV dysfunction in subjects free of cardiac disease.

Methods and results

We examined antihypertensive medication‐naive 858 individuals who underwent extensive cardiovascular health check‐up. LV global longitudinal (LVGLS) and circumferential strain (LVGCS) were assessed by two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography. Participants were categorized into four groups: normal BP, elevated BP, isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and systolic hypertension (SH). Among the 858 participants, 422 individuals had normal BP, 113 had elevated BP, 160 had IDH, and 163 had SH. Prevalence of abnormal LVGLS (>−18.6%) was greatest in SH (19.0%), followed by IDH (17.5%), elevated BP (14.2%), and normal BP (7.1%, P < 0.001); no significant differences were observed for LVGCS (P = 0.671). In the multivariable analyses, IDH and SH were associated with impaired LVGLS [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.69 and 2.66, P < 0.001], and borderline significance was observed for elevated BP (adjusted OR 1.90, P = 0.060); there was no significant association between any of the BP groups and LVGCS. In sex‐stratified analysis, IDH and SH carried the significant risk of abnormal LVGLS in both sexes, while elevated BP was associated with LVGLS only in women.

Conclusions

Isolated diastolic hypertension and SH redefined by ACC/AHA guideline carried significant risk for LVGLS, but not LVGCS. Elevated BP was associated with LVGLS only in women. Our findings provide information on cardiac correlates of the newly established BP categories.
Characterizing the theory of energy transition in Luxembourg—Part three—In the residential sector
Authors: Arababadi Ali , Leyer Stephan , Hansen Joachim , Arababadi Reza
Published: February 2022

Increasing consciousness to address future concerns is a challenging subject, noticed considerably by policymakers and investors. Investigation of energy use in residential buildings in terms of quantity and sources of energy was the main focus of this study. Indeed, the paper was aimed to study the role of contextual factors on two points: the energy demand and the spreading of renewable technologies in the residential sector. It was theory‐driven research to highlight some future concerns. The first theory was to reveal how the growth of single‐family houses versus multi‐family houses could affect the growth of energy consumption and the application of renewable technologies. The second theory was built to highlight that spreading energy measures to increase efficiency or introducing a new energy carrier should be embedded in the context of new construction activities or in a template of renovation projects. The third theory was to emphasize the priority of thinking about managing the changes in residential buildings because of the lasting impact of the decision about the type of building. Finally, the purpose of the ongoing transition was argued to highlight that the growth of renewable technologies has not been necessarily aligned with getting away from fossil fuels.
Predicting monthly to multi‐annual foredune growth at a narrow beach
Authors: Ruessink Gerben , Sterk Geert , Smit Yvonne , De Winter Winnie , Hage Pam , Donker Jasper J. A. , Arens Sebastiaan M.
Published: February 2022

An open‐source quantitative model for predicting coastal foredune growth at monthly to multi‐annual (meso)temporal scales is developed. The model builds on the established fetch framework as a surrogate for the complex micro‐scale aeolian processes on the beach, to which rain and groundwater‐induced spatiotemporal surface moisture dynamics are added as factors limiting aeolian sand supply to foredunes. The model shows great skill in an application at Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands, with a predicted growth of 16.5 m3/m/yr comparing favourably to the observed growth of 17.3 m3/m/yr. Rain, surface moisture dynamics as well as beach width reduction by storm‐induced elevated sea levels are shown to be important factors that jointly reduce meso‐scale sand supply below the potential (i.e., unlimited) maximum, in our case study by almost 5 m3/m/yr. These factors are most relevant for strong (here, above 15.5 m/s) onshore winds. Consistent with expectations from the literature, meso‐scale foredune growth results primarily from moderately strong (9.5–12.5 m/s) shore‐oblique winds, which are frequent and do not result in supply‐limited conditions. At the study site these winds are most common in winter and hence foredune growth is predicted to vary seasonally, consistent with the observations. Because of the promising results we believe that our model has potential for quantifying how quickly a foredune can recover after an episodic erosion event because of storm waves.
Development of a Robotic Shear Wave Elastography System for Noninvasive Staging of Liver Disease in Murine Models
Authors: Czernuszewicz Tomasz J. , Aji Adam M. , Moore Christopher J. , Montgomery Stephanie A. , Velasco Brian , Torres Gabriela , Anand Keerthi S. , Johnson Kennita A. , Deal Allison M. , Zukić Dženan , McCormick Matthew , Schnabl Bernd , Gallippi Caterina M. , Dayton Paul A. , Gessner Ryan C.
Published: February 2022

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is an ultrasound‐based stiffness quantification technology that is used for noninvasive liver fibrosis assessment. However, despite widescale clinical adoption, SWE is largely unused by preclinical researchers and drug developers for studies of liver disease progression in small animal models due to significant experimental, technical, and reproducibility challenges. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a tool designed specifically for assessing liver stiffness and echogenicity in small animals to better enable longitudinal preclinical studies. A high‐frequency linear array transducer (12‐24 MHz) was integrated into a robotic small animal ultrasound system (Vega; SonoVol, Inc., Durham, NC) to perform liver stiffness and echogenicity measurements in three dimensions. The instrument was validated with tissue‐mimicking phantoms and a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Female C57BL/6J mice (n = 40) were placed on choline‐deficient, L‐amino acid‐defined, high‐fat diet and imaged longitudinally for 15 weeks. A subset was sacrificed after each imaging timepoint (n = 5) for histological validation, and analyses of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed. Results demonstrated that robotic measurements of echogenicity and stiffness were most strongly correlated with macrovesicular steatosis (R2 = 0.891) and fibrosis (R2 = 0.839), respectively. For diagnostic classification of fibrosis (Ishak score), areas under ROC (AUROCs) curves were 0.969 for ≥Ishak1, 0.984 for ≥Ishak2, 0.980 for ≥Ishak3, and 0.969 for ≥Ishak4. For classification of macrovesicular steatosis (S‐score), AUROCs were 1.00 for ≥S2 and 0.997 for ≥S3. Average scanning and analysis time was <5 minutes/liver. Conclusion: Robotic SWE in small animals is feasible and sensitive to small changes in liver disease state, facilitating in vivo staging of rodent liver disease with minimal sonographic expertise.
Employer image within and across industries: Moving beyond assessing points‐of‐relevance to identifying points‐of‐difference
Authors: Van Hoye Greet , Lievens Filip , Weijters Bert , Cromheecke Saartje
Published: February 2022

This study draws from brand positioning research to introduce the notions of points‐of‐relevance and points‐of‐difference to employer image research. Similar to prior research, this means that we start by investigating the relevant image attributes (points‐of‐relevance) that potential applicants use for judging organizations' attractiveness as an employer. However, we go beyond past research by examining whether the same points‐of‐relevance are used within and across industries. Next, we further extend current research by identifying which of the relevant image attributes also serve as points‐of‐difference for distinguishing between organizations and industries. The sample consisted of 24 organizations from 6 industries (total N = 7171). As a first key result, across industries and organizations, individuals attached similar importance to the same instrumental (job content, working conditions, and compensation) and symbolic (innovativeness, gentleness, and competence) image attributes in judging organizational attractiveness. Second, organizations and industries varied significantly on both instrumental and symbolic image attributes, with job content and innovativeness emerging as the strongest points‐of‐difference. Third, most image attributes showed greater variation between industries than between organizations, pointing at the importance of studying employer image at the industry level. Implications for recruitment research, employer branding, and best employer competitions are discussed.
Hall current effects on MHD flow of chemically reacting fluid through a porous medium with heat source
Authors: Swarnalathamma B. V. , Babu D. M. Praveen , Krishna M. Veera
Published: February 2022

We considered the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convective flow of an incompressible electrically conducting viscous fluid past an infinite vertical permeable porous plate with a uniform transverse magnetic field, heat source and chemical reaction in a rotating frame taking Hall current effects into account. The momentum equations for the fluid flow during absorbent medium are controlled by the Brinkman model. Through the undisturbed state, both the plate and fluid are in a rigid body rotation by the uniform angular velocity perpendicular to an infinite vertical plate. The perpendicular surface is subject to the homogeneous invariable suction at a right angle to it and the heat on the surface varies about a non‐zero unvarying average whereas the warmth of complimentary flow is invariable. The systematic solutions of the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are acquired systematically by utilizing the perturbation method. The velocity expressions consist of steady‐state and fluctuating situations. It is revealed that the steady part of the velocity field has a three‐layer characteristic while the oscillatory part of the fluid field exhibits a multi‐layer characteristic. The influence of various governing flow parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration are analyzed graphically. We also discuss computational results for the skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number in the tabular forms.
Current status of sevoflurane anesthesia in association with microglia inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Huang Yan‐Li , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong
Published: February 2022

Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetics in clinical practice and is often used in pediatric anesthesia and intraoperative maintenance. Microglia exist in the central nervous system and are innate immune cells in the central nervous system. Under external stimulation, microglia are divided into two phenotypes: proinflammatory (M1 type) and anti‐inflammatory (M2 type), maintaining the stability of the central nervous system through induction, housekeeping, and defense functions. Sevoflurane can activate microglia, increase the expression of inflammatory factors through various inflammatory signaling pathways, release inflammatory mediators to cause oxidative stress, damage nerve tissues, and eventually develop into neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, the relationship between sevoflurane anesthesia and microglia inflammation expression and the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases is reviewed as follows.
Software‐defined ICN based efficient English translation mechanism
Authors: Zhao Ying
Published: February 2022

As a novel network architecture, software‐defined networking (SDN) separates the control plane from the data plane through the thought of centralized control and realizes flexible allocation of network resources on demand. While information‐centric networking (ICN) replaces the host‐centric TCP/IP network, and the router has the function of data storage and forwarding. With the growing trend of globalization, English translation has attracted much attention. This paper pays attention to efficient English translation in software‐defined ICN (SDICN). The translation efficiency cannot be ensured when multiple translation requests are made simultaneously in SDICN. Therefore, this paper studies deployment strategy of multi‐controllers in SDICN. The experimental results show that the proposed strategy outperforms in controller load, packet loss rate and latency, which ensures the efficiency of English translation.
Metformin disrupts insulin secretion, causes proapoptotic and oxidative effects in rat pancreatic beta‐cells in vitro
Authors: Valle Maíra M.R. , Vilas‐Boas Eloisa Aparecida , Lucena Camila F. , Teixeira Simone A. , Muscara Marcelo N. , Carpinelli Angelo R.
Published: February 2022

Metformin is the first‐line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its mechanism of action is still debatable, and recent studies report that metformin attenuates oxidative stress. This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant effects of a broad range of metformin concentrations on insulin‐producing cells. The cell cycle, metabolism, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion, and cell death were evaluated to determine the biguanide effects on beta‐cell function and survival. Antioxidant potential was based on reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidative stress biomarker levels, and antioxidant enzyme and transcriptional factor Nrf2 activities. The results demonstrate that metformin disrupted GSIS in a concentration‐dependent manner, lowered insulin content, and attenuated beta‐cell metabolism. At high concentrations, metformin induced cell death and cell cycle arrest as well as increased ROS generation, consequently reducing GSH content. Although carbonylated protein content was elevated, indicating oxidative stress, the antioxidant enzyme and Nrf2 activities were not altered. In conclusion, our results show that metformin disrupts pancreatic beta‐cell functionality but does not exert a putative antioxidant effect. It is important to note that the drug could potentially affect beta‐cells, especially at high circulating levels.