bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Structure-Properties Relationships and Molecular
Dynamic Simulations of Some Lubricant Additives (LAs)
Authors: Abdulfatai Usman
Published: April 2021

The degradation of this zinc-dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP), at a temperature less than 246K often leads to the
release of phosphorus, sulphur, and zinc which are indirectly responsible for the emission of poisonous gas from the
exhaust pipe of the motor cars. Four QSPR mathematical models were generated from 39 structures of lubricant
additives (LAs) and the structural features were found to corresponds to the coefficients of; internal correlation (R2
)
of 0.95, adjusted squared correlation (R2
adj) of 0.94, Cross-validation (Q2cv) of 0.90, and the external validation
(R2
pred) of 0.54. The model suggests that new LAs with improved onset temperatures (Tonset) could be designed by
interpreting and increasing the value of the molecular descriptor such as IC5 (Information Content
index/neighborhood symmetry of 5-order) and Ve (V total size index/weighted by Sanderson electronegativity) and at
the same time decreasing the values of RDF080m (Radial Distribution Function-080/weighted by mass), RDF110m
(Radial Distribution Function-110/weighted by mass), P2v (2nd component shape directional WHIM index/weighted
by Van der Waals volume) and R1e+ (R maximal autocorrelation of lag 1/weighted by Sanderson electronegativity).
Moreover, the LAs with an experimental onset temperature of 351.6K agreed with the predicted onset temperature of
351.7K13a. And was also in agreement with the result of molecular dynamics simulations in which the LAs with the
best dynamic binding energy of -2112.06 kcal/mol was tightly bounded on the simulated DLC mechanical coated
boundary inter-surface and was also found to be better than the commercial LAs, ZDDP in term of binding energy
and onset temperature. This investigation will help in rational additive design and synthesis of new and better
selective Las
Steam injection in porous media: Case study WadiRajil, Jordan
Authors: Mahasneh Mehaysen
Published: April 2021

Hot fluid injection, the preferred method used in the recovery of heavy oil and in various mechanisms
such as steam drive, cyclic steam injection, steam stimulation, has become the industrial method for
increasing recovery. These methods were used to promote heavy oil recovery by reducing the
viscosity of asphalt and heavy oil and increasing the mobility of oil in reservoirs. The experimental test
was carried out on a core sample obtained from the Ghareb Formation in the Wadi-Rajil area using
cold water, hot water, and steam injection. The maximum recovery of oil in the sample using cold and
hot water was 9.75% and 27.3 % respectively. On the other hand, the recovery of oil using steam
injection was 42.5%. Thus, steam injection yielded more oil than cold and hot water injections in this
experiment; the steam injection influx rate was approximately 15 mL/min. The total oil recovery of the
sample using these three mechanisms was around 80%. The steam injection can, thus, be considered
a promising thermal recovery method for asphalt and heavy oil in the Wadi-Rajil area.
Environmental Effect on Fatigue Behavior of Epoxy Coating
Used for Water Tanks
Authors: Hadi Haider
Published: April 2021

The fatigue limit and lifetime of epoxy-based coatings may be affected by various factors, especially the environmental
effects. This paper evaluates the impact of air, potable water media, and pollution gases (CO2, H2S, and SO2) on the
fatigue performance of two types of epoxy-based coatings (polyamine and polyamide epoxy-based coatings) used as
lining for potable water storage tanks. The fatigue test apparatus is assembled in the laboratory and utilized for testing.
Different factors are discussed, including absorption, adsorption, and the reaction of environmental gasses with
polyamine and polyamide coating surfaces. The influence of porosity on the epoxy-based coatings is experimentally
determined, and its effects on fatigue limit and fatigue life are discussed in detail. As a result, the coatings were applied
to improve the fatigue resistance of stainless steel. The fatigue limits of both types of coatings tested in potable water
are lower than the value obtained when tested in air or gas environments. The fatigue limit of polyamine coating is greater
than the polyamide coating. The microscopic inspection indicated a different mechanism for initiating fatigue crack, and
the test environments are affected by the nature of the fracture surface.
Green Drying of Tomato Slices by Modified Indirect Air
Solar Heater
Authors: Saadeh Walaa
Published: April 2021

This work aims to utilize the enormous solar energy potential in Jordan in drying agricultural products (Tomato).
This study presents a proposed model of the indirect solar dryer with an innovative design by adding mirrors,
a nozzle, and a fan to improve the tomato slices' drying process. The effect of these modifications has been
investigated. Interestingly, the solar system design reduced the moisture content in these agricultural products
to increase shelf life and improve its quality. Moreover, it can be concluded that the addition of nozzles and
mirrors improves the solar dryer performance such that higher heat power absorption up to 6.5 kW, higher
effectiveness up to 92%, higher drying ratio up to 90%, and reduction in the required drying time by three hours.
Approaches to Biomass Kinetic Modelling: Thermochemical
Biomass Conversion Processes
Authors: Al-Ayed Omar
Published: April 2021

Modeling of biomass pyrolysis kinetics is an essential step towards reactors design for energy production. Determination of the
activation energy, frequency factor, and order of the reaction is necessary for the design procedure. Coats and Redfern's work
using the TGA data to estimate these parameters was the cornerstone for modeling. There are two significant problems with
biomass modeling, the first is the determination of the kinetic triplet (Activation energy, Frequency factor, and the order of
reaction), and the second is the quantitative analysis of products distribution. Methods used in modeling are either One-step or
Multistep methods. The one-step techniques allow the determination of kinetic triplet but fail to predict the product distribution,
whereas multistep processes indicate the product's distribution but challenging to estimate the parameters. Kissinger, Coats,
and Redfern, KAS, FWO, Friedman are one-step methods that have been used to estimate the kinetic parameters. In this work,
after testing more than 500 data points accessed from different literature sources for coal, oil shale, solid materials, and biomass
pyrolysis using one-step global method, it was found that the activation energy generated by KAS or FWO methods are related
as in the following equations: 𝐸𝐾𝐴𝑆 = 0.9629 ∗ 𝐸𝐹𝑊𝑂 + 8.85, with R² =0.9945 or 𝐸𝐹𝑊𝑂 = 1.0328 ∗ 𝐸𝐾𝐴𝑆 − 8.0969 with R2= 0.9945.
The multistep kinetic models employed the Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM) using Gaussian distribution, which
suffers from symmetry, other distributions such as Weibull, and logistic has been used. These multistep kinetic models account
for parallel/series and complex, primary and secondary biomass reactions by force-fitting the activation energy values. The
frequency factor is assumed constant for the whole range of activation energy. Network models have been used to account for
heat and mass transfer (diffusional effects), where the one-step and multistep could not account for these limitations. Three
network models are available, the Bio-CPD (Chemical Percolation Devolatilization) model, Bio-FLASHCHAIN, and the Bio-FGDVC (Functional Group Depolymerization Vaporization Crosslinking models). These models tried to predict the product
distributions of the biomass pyrolysis process
Effect of Cement Industry on Ambient Air Quality and
Potential Health Risk: A Case Study from Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
Authors: Al-Zboon Kamel
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to determine the cement industry's impact on ambient air quality inside and around a Saudi Arabian
cement plant. Air quality has assessed in terms of several indicators: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, PM10, PM2.5, ozone, and volatile organic compounds. AERMOD model was used to predict the
concentrations of pollutants in the surrounding area. Results obtained revealed that the concentration of all impurities is
within the standard limits for ambient air quality. In comparison with OSHA guidelines, only PM10 concentration exceeded
the allowable limit. The higher concentrations of pollutants are recorded at the site closest to the plant site (S1, a housing
compound located 0.8km ESE from the plant). Concentrations at the other monitoring sites decreased significantly.
Except for PM10, the calculated hazard quotient (HQ) of all pollutants was <1which indicated no health effects are
expected. The HQ of emissions can be ranked as: PM10> PM2.5>CO2>O3>CO>VOCs>NOx>SO2>H2S. The hazardous
index (HI) was: 3.59, 2.76, 2.18, and 2.67 for S1, S2 (located 17km NNE), S3 (located 10.6km SE), and S4 (located
6.4km SSW), respectively. The affected organs can be ranked based on health risk calculation as respiratory
system>cardiovascular system>Eye irritation>Allergy infection>Nervous system>Development>Hematology
>Alimentary endocrine. The cancer risk factor was shallow and ranged from 4.04x10-6
for S4 to 1.88x10-5
for S1, which
indicated a very low-risk potential. In terms of emissions concentrations, AERMOD predicted higher concentrations than
the actual monitoring data for all measured parameters.
Phytoconstituents of Methanolic Extract of Fenugreek
Seeds as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor of Metals (Fe, Al and
Cu)
Authors: Al-Mazaideh Ghassab
Published: April 2021

DFT calculations were carried out on significant Fenugreek seed compounds (1-Methylpyridinium-3-carboxylate MPC, Apigenin-8-C-glucose
ACG, and 2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine IBMP) as a green source of ecologically friendly Fe, Al, and Cu metal corrosion inhibitors. Complete
geometry optimizations were performed by DFT-B3LYP/6-31G* to determine any relationship between the chemical structure and corrosion
inhibition, mostly on metals' surfaces. Global computational parameters of the inhibitors and thermodynamic Gibbs process of adsorption of metals
were calculated and used to evaluate each corrosion inhibitor's performance. Our findings showed that MPC has the maximum anti-corrosion
efficiency across all molecules with a physical adsorption mechanism. It exhibited significant inhibition efficiency with Cu when compared with Fe
and Al, based on the highest electrophilicity index (ω) values compared to other inhibitors and its impact on metals in the following manner:
Cu>Fe>Al. In regards, the range of inhibitors increased by the following order: IBMP>ACG>MPC. Remarkable corrosion inhibition of MPC is
demonstrated by its unique high electrophilicity, softness (σ), and lowest ∆Egap on the metal surface. These outcomes are close to the experimental
Banned Organochlorine Pesticides Residues in Camel Milk,
Meat, and Liver: A Case Study from Jordan
Authors: Haddad Moawiya
Published: April 2021

Although most of the organochlorine pesticides have been banned from use and trade in Jordan, their residues remain still present in different
environmental and food matrices. Because of the need to clarify the current status of pesticide contamination in Jordan, the present study has
investigated the extent of contamination in camel milk, meat, and liver. One hundred eighty samples of camel milk, meat, and liver have been
analyzed for their residual contents of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and related metabolites, hexachlorohexane isomers, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin,
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and hexachlorobenzene. These samples were Soxhlet-extracted, cleaned up using florisil-column
chromatography, and analyzed using a gas chromatographic system equipped with the electron-capture detector. Results: 31.7, 35, and 38.8%
of the examined milk, meat, and liver samples, respectively, were contaminated with organochlorine pesticides. In general, obtained results have
confirmed that pesticide contamination is still a significant concern when speaking of environmental samples and food in Jordan. More research
is needed in this ambit. The pesticide contamination appears relevant enough in camel milk and liver samples, suggesting the need for reliable
maximum residue levels where absent.
Bernstein polynomial induced two step hybrid numerical scheme for solution of second order initial value problems
Authors: Adeniran A. O. , Idowu O. Longe , Kikelomo Edaogbogun
Published: April 2021

This paper presents a two-step hybrid numerical scheme with one off-grid point for the numerical solution of general second-order initial value problems without reducing to two systems of the first order. The scheme is developed using the collocation and interpolation technique invoked on Bernstein polynomial. The proposed scheme is consistent, zero stable, and is of order four($4$). The developed scheme can estimate the approximate solutions at both steps and off-step points simultaneously using variable step size. Numerical results obtained in this paper show the efficiency of the proposed scheme over some existing methods of the same and higher orders.
Implicit fractional differential equation with nonlocal integral-multipoint boundary conditions in the frame of Hilfer fractional derivative
Authors: Redhwan Saleh , Shaikh Sadikali L.
Published: April 2021

This article deals with a nonlinear implicit fractional differential equation with nonlocal integral-multipoint boundary conditions in the frame of Hilfer fractional derivative. The existence and uniqueness results are obtained by using the fixed point theorems of Krasnoselskii and Banach. Further, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the main results, suitable examples are granted.
More Properties of Fractional Proportional Differences
Authors: Abdeljawad Thabet , Suwan Iyad , Jarad Fahd , Qarariyah Ammar
Published: April 2021

The main aim of this paper is to clarify the action of the discrete Laplace transform on the fractional proportional operators. First of all, we recall the nabla fractional sums and differences and the discrete Laplace transform on a time scale equivalent to $h\mathbb{Z}$. The discrete $h-$Laplace transform and its convolution theorem are then used to study the introduced discrete fractional operators.
Considering Machine Translation (MT) as an Aid or a Threat to the Human Translator:
Authors: Abdi Hamidreza
Published: April 2021

The present study aims to evaluate the output quality of an online MT; namely, Google Translate, from English into Persian and compare its output with the translations made by the human translators to find out that whether MT applications are considered as an aid or a threat to human translators. For the application of the study, the researcher designed a translation test consisting of 60 statements from different types of texts proposed by Reiss (1989). The translation test was translated via Google Translate and administrated to three human translators to be rendered. The translations made by Google Translate and by the three human translators alongside the 60 statements were given to 40 judges to be evaluated based on Dorr et al. s' (2010) criterion of MT quality assessment, including semantic adequacy, fluency, and understandability. As results indicated, Google Translate gave a good overall performance in the translation of the 60 statements into Persian in terms of semantic adequacy and understandability, but not in terms of fluency. Thus, there should be no fear of human translators being replaced by the MT. As conclusion, MT applications cannot be considered a threat to human translators, but as an aid for them. The present study also offers some recommendations that can be beneficial to translation students, trainee translators, translation teachers, and professional translators.
On the Legacy of Translation Theories from the 1950s and 1960s: A Critical Review
Authors: Sevilla-Morales Henry , Chaves Lindsay
Published: April 2021

Translation theories which bloomed in the 1950s and the 1960s have inspired numerous debates on multiple contexts of theory and praxis. With the increase of specialized journals and publishing houses of the past few decades, the professional literature has gone in so many directions –with supporters and opponents alike— that it is often hard to strike a balanced view of the contributions of these theories to current translation studies. In an attempt to fill this gap, this theoretical review article examines a corpus of scholarly publications which have taken place mainly between 2002 and 2018 about the translation theories proposed in the 1950s and 1960s. To such end, a body of works focusing on the seminal works of Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Jakobson (1959), Nida (1964a), Catford (1965), and Nida and Taber (1969) are reviewed to infer their degree of applicability to current translation-based discussions and praxis. Findings suggest that the authors exerting the greatest influence on contemporary discussions of translation studies seem to be Vinay and Darbelnet, followed by Nida and Taber, and then by Jakobson and Catford. They also indicate that the degree to which the translation theories under question are obsolete (or not) is hard to determine with accuracy. It remains unclear whether the bulk of publications which these theoreticians inspire is the product of acceptance or rejection of the assumptions contained in their postulates.
Management and Science University BTESL Students' Perceptions towards Anxiety in Oral Presentation
Authors: Al-Saggaf Mohammad Ali , Azman Amira Aida Iman binti
Published: April 2021

Regardless of age, students often experience anxiety in oral presentations. This quantitative study investigates the perceptions of students towards anxiety in oral presentation in a tertiary educational context. It aims to examine students’ perceptions of anxiety in oral presentations and the factors affecting anxiety in oral presentation. A total of three hundred and two students taking Bachelor in Teaching English as a Second Language (BTESL) in Management and Science University, Malaysia participated in this study by answering an adapted questionnaire with two sections: demographic and anxiety in oral presentation. The items under anxiety in oral presentation revealed students’ perceptions towards anxiety in oral presentation and factors affecting anxiety in oral presentation. Collected data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results showed that the respondents perceived anxiety in oral presentation to be negative. Moreover, there were six factors affecting anxiety in oral presentation which were preparation, number of presentations, teacher’s feedback, audience’s attention, self-confidence and make mistakes. Thus, the results concluded that the students perceived anxiety in oral presentation to be negative and perceived that the major factor affecting their anxiety was preparation.
Factors Affecting the Application of Communicative Language Teaching CLT in Syrian Schools
Authors: Armnazi Moustafa , Alakrash Hussien
Published: April 2021

The main purpose of CLT is to help EFL learners to communicate with other Englishlanguage speakers. Practicing speaking and communication is limited in Syrian educationalinstitutions. Hence, to improve the communicative skills of learners, the CLT approach of the teachinglearning process is highly recommended. The study aims to identify the challenges that negatively affect the valid application of CLT in Syrian public schools in Aleppo governance. The study employed a fully quantitative research design. A survey questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. A number of 50 English language teachers from 25 schools were randomly selected. The collected data were analysed descriptively using SPSS (25) software. Teachers despite their awareness of the importance of CLT, faced many challenges. The results showed four types of challenges namely; teachers-related challenges: lack of training, lack of authentic materials, lack of English cultural knowledge. Students related challenges: low proficiency, passive learning style, lack of motivation. Education system-related challenges: lack of support, too large classes, unsuitable curriculum. Finally, CLT related challenges: lack of effective and efficient assessment instrument, lack of teaching materials. The study provided a comprehensive approach towards better implementation of CLT in the EFL context. Implications and recommendations were discussed in light of the findings.
Analysis of Translation Mistakes of Compound Nouns from English into Arabic among Yemeni University EFL Students
Authors: Ezzy Ebtissam
Published: April 2021

The present study is devoted to the discussion on errors of English translation into Arabic with special reference to English compound nouns. The study is confined to the students of the Department of English, Faculty of education, Hodeidah University, Yemen as they face various difficulties and commit errors while translating English compound nouns into Arabic and vice versa. The researcher aims at examining multiple factors responsible for this state of affairs and make pedagogical suggestions to improve teaching and learning and thereby helping in the process of translation. For this study, the researcher has collected the data by conducting the test of 40 students of I to IV level, Department of English, Hodeidah University, Yemen. The test consists of one question having three items and each item has five words. In findings, the researcher concludes that the students face various difficulties and obstacles in the process of translating English compounds into Arabic. Moreover, they commit a number of mistakes while translating English compounds.
The Challenges of Functional Adult Literacy: A Descriptive Study on EFL Learners in Beqaa District
Authors: Saleh Eman
Published: April 2021

The world witnesses a rapid change as a result of the technological revolution thatshapes people's daily lives. This new lifestyle demands from 21st-century students new skills such as communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and computer skills. However, it is noticeable that literate people in Lebanon lack these skills which hinder their success at the professional and social levels. In this way, functional literacy is needed to help the literate to read, write, do calculations, and solve technical problems in the social and professional context. Therefore, this research conducted descriptive research on 100 EFL literate in the Beqaa using a questionnaire and a poll to test functional literacy level and to determine the challenges that prevent adult literates to act as functional literate in the 21st-century. The results affirmed that nearly half of EFL adult literates in the Beqaa district can act as functional literates, but the majority of them are at the intermediate level. The results also revealed that they need more improvements regarding developing English skills, technological skills, and numeracy skills. Thus, it is recommended to design training courses that develop functional adult literacy skills by presenting them in a procedure that depends on promoting communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and computer skills so that that the adult learners can substitute the gaps they missed in their educational systems and contribute in the sustainable development of the society
PERCEPTION OF STUDENTS FROM BTESL TOWARDS ENHANCING VOCABULARY THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA IN MSU
Authors: Al-Saggaf Mohammad Ali , Prabakaran Tharshana , Al-Aidaros Ali Hadi
Published: April 2021

Vocabulary is fundamental and one of the important components in acquiring a second language. The implementation of various platforms and applications in carrying a lesson is another way or substitute towards enhancing the students’ vocabulary knowledge. The current study aims to investigate the perceptions of students from Bachelor in Teaching English as a Second Language (BTESL) towards Enhancing Vocabulary through Social Media in Management and Science University (MSU), Malaysia. Another aim of this study is to examine the differences in the perceptions of the BTESL students towards enhancing vocabulary through social media according to the year of study. This research involves 263 BTESL students consisting of 78.1% of Female respondents and 21.9% of Male respondents. A quantitative research was used in this study by using a survey method for the data collection. The questionnaire was created after reviewing the existing related literature and the draft was given to the experts in the field of Linguistics. The data was tabulated in the SPSS software and it was interpreted through descriptive analysis. The findings affirm that majority of the students view enhancing vocabulary through social media positively and it was observed that there are differences in the students’ perceptions according to the year of study. Thus, this study provides pedagogic implications to foster the teaching and learning processes based on the 21st Century learning.
The Level of Community of Inquiry (CoI) Presences in Online Classes among MSU BTESL Students
Authors: Al-Saggaf Mohammad Ali , Rosli Amierah Syazwaniey
Published: April 2021

Community of Inquiry (CoI) is a framework that acknowledges the importance of the environment in shaping the educational experience. According to this framework, teaching, social, and cognitive presences are essential for an optimal online learning experience. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of each of these presences in online classes among Management and Science University (MSU) Bachelor in Education – TESL (Hons). The instrument used for the research tool was adapted from the original CoI framework survey, (Arbaugh et al, 2008). The questionnaire consists of 20 items; six items for teaching presence, another six items for social presence and eight items for the cognitive presence. 263 students who are currently doing the programme participated in the study. The findings concluded that, all three presences are present in high or strong level in online classes among MSU BTESL students with the most substantial presence in online classes among MSU BTESL students being the cognitive presence, followed by the teaching presence and lastly the social presence.
Role of MMP 9 in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary tuberculosis and its association with nutritional status
Authors: Warrier Aishwarya G. , Kumarchandra Reshma , Sudha Kuthethur , Jayashree Bhat B. , Durgarao Yalla
Published: April 2021

Introductionand Aim: Etiopathogenesis of Pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB), is well established. Yet, the mechanisms by which a treatment regimen brings about remodelling of the pulmonary tissue during recovery phase is not well understood. The involvement of matrix metalloproteinase in this regard is debated, due to its dual role, either in disseminating the disease due to lung cavitation or reducing the inflammation due to recruitment of macrophages to the lung granulomas. PTB is a disease also driven by undernourishment.This study focuses on the association of nutritional status of PTB patients in restoring healthy lung tissue, monitored by blood levels of albumin, iron and MMP9, during the course of intensive treatment.

Materials and Methods: Serum levels of MMP9, iron, Total protein and albumin were estimated in 30 PTB patients who visited the Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) Centre at Government Wenlock Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka,India. Twenty controls were enrolled for comparative statistics. Samples were collected at baseline and after two months of DOTS treatment in case of patients.Pre-treatment and post treatment values were compared by paired t test.Student’s ‘t’ test was used for comparing parameters in controls and patients. Correlation between parameters was done by Pearson’s correlation test.

 

Results: A significant increase was observed in serum iron (P=0.002) and total protein(P=0.01) levels post treatment but there was no significance in the levels of MMP9. Further, serum MMP9 correlatednegatively with body weight, BMI and serum total protein levels, post treatment, which was statistically significant. No other correlations were significant.

Conclusion: We conclude that MMP9 neither seems to be a diagnostic marker nor a therapeutic target in the treatment of tuberculosis. Although serum iron appears to be a predictor of improved nutritional status post treatment, it probably may have a role in tissue remodelling independent of MMP-9.
Altered levels of fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in thyroid disorder patients without diabetes mellitus-A cross sectional study
Authors: Sangamma G.Sajjan , Sonoli Smita S. , Angadi Naveen
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim:Co-existence of thyroid disorder and Diabetes Mellitus is no more a coincidence. The cause and impact of thyroid disorder on glucose levels or vice versa is a well -established fact.Hence in this study we wanted to know the glycemic status by estimating fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin of the newly diagnosed thyroid patients without diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study was to estimatefructosamine and glycated hemoglobin levels in newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroid, clinical hypothyroid and hyper thyroid patients without diabetes mellitus.

Material and Methods:Twenty cases of subclinical hypothyroid,30 cases of hypothyroid,30 cases of hyperthyroid  and 30 healthy participantswere included in the study. Fasting plasma glucose and thyroid profile was estimated in suspected cases of thyroid disorder and participants with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) more than 110 mg/dL were excluded from the study.The participants who were eligible for an inclusion criterion were estimated for fructosamine by nitro bluetetrazolium, (NBT) method andion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography was for glycated hemoglobin.

Results:In Subclinical hypothyroid group there was a statistically significant increase in the mean fasting plasma glucose, fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin levels when compared with the controls.There was a significant increase in the mean fasting plasma glucose,fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) levels in clinical hypothyroid group when compared with the controls.Pairwise comparison of FPG (p=0.001), fructosamine (p=0.001) and HbA1c (p=0.001) levels with controls showed a statistically significant difference.In clinical hyperthyroid group the mean FPG and HbA1c levels were high and low fructosamine levels when compared with the controls by one way ANOVA.Pairwise comparison of FPG (p=0.001), fructosamine levels (p=0.001) and HbA1c (p=0.001) levels (p=0.001) with controls showed a statistically significant difference.

Conclusion: Unidentified hyperglycemia could have an impact on thyroid disorder leading to its complication.Hence a systematic approach to fructosamine testing(monitor the plasma glucose concentration over 2–3 weeks) as a routine test in thyroid disorder patients, needs to be considered.Also the management of hyperglycemia in thyroid patients without diabetes mellitus may prove  to be beneficial.
Web based and conventional classroom based anti-tobacco awareness programs: A comparative study
Authors: Poornima Radhakrishnan , Jose Maji , Nayak Shruti D. , Jacob Reuben Abraham
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim: The technology enhanced education programs are efficient than traditional passive learning methodologies with respect to learning gains and knowledge retention, thereby reinforcing positive habits in students of all ages. The present study was designed to develop a computer assisted digital educational program on ill effects of tobacco and to assess the impactof this methodology over traditional classroom based anti-tobacco awareness program.

 

Materials and Methods:Two types of anti-tobacco awareness programs namely, computer assisted and conventional teaching, were administered to school childrenof teen age and successivelyknowledge retention, the attitude and behaviour towards tobacco were assessed through a structured questionnaire. Assessment was done on two occasions: subsequent to the training program (Phase I), six months after the program (Phase II). The results were compared usingindependent ‘t’ test and paired ‘t’ test. P < 0.05 was consideredstatistically significant.

 

Results:The students who received the computer-assistedtraining had a significantly higher cognitive learning outcome, both short term and long term and presented a significantly more positive attitude towards tobacco prevention (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was noted in behaviour. Different parameters   within Group 1 and 2, in phase I and phase II remained without significant difference (p> 0.05). A very strong positive correlation between knowledge and attitude was noted among participants of computer-assisted program.

 

Conclusion:Computer assisted anti-tobacco awareness program is better in terms of short term and long term knowledge retention in comparison to conventional classroom based learning program. Also long-term knowledge retention seems to have increased the concern about tobacco, which would have modified their behaviour towards engaging in protective practices.
Stress level among the final year medical students at an urban medical college: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Battula Monika , Arunashekar Preethi , John Arockia , ThiyagaRajan Radha , Vinoth P.N.
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim: Stress is a condition which is perceived through environmental threats and events and is initiated by stressors. Globally there is a high prevalence of stress among the medical students which impacts the cognitive and learning ability of medical students and also their mental wellbeing. The present study was conducted to identify the stressors and measure the intensity of the stress among final year medical students at AnurbanMedical College in Chennai.

 

Methods:This cross-sectional studywas conducted among 250 final year undergraduate medical students between JulyandSeptember 2018. The students were exposed to medical student stressor questionnaire (MSSQ-20), consisting of six domains including academic related stressors (ARS), teaching related stressors (TLRS), intrapersonal and interpersonal development stressors (IRS), social related stressors (SRS), desire related stressors (DRS) and group activities related stressors (GARS).The stress levelswere graded as mild, moderate, high and severe.

 

Results: Majority of the participantswere females(56%) and the mean age was 22.17± 0.94 years. MSSQ-20 analysis showed that 138 (55%) students perceived severe stress due to ARS and 85(34%) students were prone to high stress as a result of GARS. The mean score was higher for ARS, followed by GARS and the least score was observed in DRS.

 

Conclusion: Since academics and group activities are the most dominant stressors, there is a need for restructuring the medical education delivery system to enable the medical students acquires knowledge without compromising their health and wellbeing.
Molecular profiling of breast carcinoma with IHC surrogates in a tertiary care centre in South India
Authors: Priyathersini N. , Thanka J. , Jayashree B
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in females worldwide. Almost 1.4 million new cases have been diagnosed with breast cancer every year. This aims to study the clinicopathological profile and molecular subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma in resected mastectomy specimens over a period of 5 years.

Materials and Methods:A retrospective study of 90 mastectomy and wide local resection specimens received during the period of January 2012 to June 2017 were analyzed. The clinical data of patients including age, gender, and stage of the diseasewere obtained from the medical records section. Immunohistochemical staining for Estrogen Receptor [ER], Progesterone Receptor[PR] and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2HER2neu were done.The cases were classified according to the molecular classification based on the ER, PR and HER2 receptor status.

Results: The peak incidence of breast carcinoma was in the age group 50 to 60 years. Invasive ductal carcinoma,Not otherwise specified[NOS] accounted for the most common histologic type. There was higher incidence of pT2 tumors in our study. The most common molecular subtype was luminal A, followed by triple negative tumors. These molecular subtypes associated well with Tumor grade and HGDCIS with a statistically significant p value of 0.001 and 0.015 respectively. An increased proportion of Grade 3 tumors were Triple Negative tumors.

Conclusion:In breast carcinomas the routine histopathological features provide inexpensive method for understanding tumour biology and prognosis. It`s essential in areas with poor resources. ER, PR and HER2 assessment helps in identifying hormonal status and enables for hormone therapy and anti HER2 therapy.
Electromyography changes in assessment of functional status of muscles in subjects with knee-osteoarthritis undergoing low level laser therapy
Authors: Arun Kumar M , Venkatesh D , Ravindra Savita
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim: Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common degenerative joint disease which is one of the leading causes of disability in elderly people. Electromyography (EMG) is an electrophysiological method in evaluating skeletal muscle activity. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) is a modality of treatment used in several conditions required to suppress the pain, inflammation, stimulation of healing and restoration of function. Surface EMG parameters were studied before and after the low level laser therapy in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. 

Materials and Methods: Subjects with knee OA participated in the study. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) was administered using a laser device with probe giving maximum power output of 10 mw with a wavelength of 810 nm. Surface electromyography (sEMG) of quadriceps muscles was recorded in all the study participants before and after the therapy. The parameters were statistically compared. 

Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the maximum contraction and duration of contraction before and after the laser intervention in all the muscles. 

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the muscle performance increased in the subjects with knee OA after the LLLT.
Assessment of carotid artery intima media thickness in prehypertension
Authors: Shenoy Basti Anahita R. , Shrilakshmi M , Shenoy Basti Ram
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim: Increased carotid artery intima media thickness (CIMT) has been linked to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in India. Increased CIMT has been documented in Hypertension (HT), thus putting them at a higher risk of CVD. Early identification and awareness of risk factors leading to increased morbidity and mortality could help in reducing its incidence. The aim of the study was to measure CIMTin prehypertensive Indian population.

 

Materials and Methods:In this analytical observational study, common carotid artery IMT was measured using B mode ultrasonography in 46 individuals having blood pressure in the prehypertensive range and 46 individuals with normal blood pressure. Cardiovascular risk factors like body mass index(BMI),fasting blood glucose (FBS), and lipid profile, which are known to influence CIMT,were also assessed and compared between the two groups.

 

Results:CIMT was significantly higher in prehypertensives as compared to subjects having normal blood pressure. BMI, FBS, and lipid profile was found to be comparable between the two groups.

 

Conclusions:The presence of increased CIMT in prehypertensives as compared to controls indicates an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events.
The effect of deep breathing test on heart rate variability in obese and non-obese patients with myocardial infarction
Authors: Galag Srinath C. , Rajalakshmi R , Desai Nagaraj , Basavanagowdappa H
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim:Obesity and metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).The acute myocardial infarction may be associated with autonomic dysfunction and it may have a bearing on the prognosis. The objective of the study wasto examine the effect of deep breathing test on heart rate variability in obese and non-obese patients with myocardial infarction (MI).

 

Materials and Methods:The patients with acute myocardial infarction were confirmed by universal definition and treatment was administered. At 12 weeks of follow up, the MI patients were screened and divided into two groups. 30 patients of MI with BMI 25 to 30 kg/m2 formed the obese group.30 patients of MI with BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 formed the non-obese group. The baseline ECG was taken for 5 minutes by using Niviqure B3 machine for HRV analysis. Then, deep breathing test (DBT) was performed in a standardized manner.

 

Results:The two groupswere well matched for the age (53.7±11.5 vs.55.2±9.2years).In the baseline there was a statistically significant decrease in the total power (TP) of the heart i.e., HF plus LF (2178±762ms2 vs2991±771ms2 with a ‘p’ value 0.001) in the obese group when compared to non-obese group. On DBT there was a significant decrease in heart rate (81bpm to 65bpm) in non-obese group. However, in obese group there was no significant decrease in heart rate (79bpm to 72bpm) on DBT.

 

Conclusion: Accordingly, we concludethat in obese patients with MI there is a reduction in respiratory vagal modulation of heart rate during DBT.
Association of neck circumference with prehypertension and obesity in young paramedical students
Authors: Mangalavalli Shanmugarajah Mangani , Kaliyaperumal Senthamil Selvi , Deepika Velusami , Teli Shivayogappa S. , Soundariya Krishnamurthy
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim: Prehypertension and obesity are the important cardio metabolic risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome. Neck circumference (NC) is an effective marker and screening tool for obesity. It gives a quick assessment of the upper body fat distribution. Early detection of obesity and prehypertension can increase the longevity of the individual. Hence, we aimed at evaluating the association of NC with prehypertension and obesity in young adults.

 

Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study where 150 Paramedical students were screened for prehypertension and fifty students were identified as pre-hypertensives (n=50). Routine anthropometric measurements were taken. NC was measured. The correlation of NC with body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was calculated. The prevalence and percentage distribution of obesity using NC in prehypertensive was calculated. The association of NC with obesity and prehypertension was demonstrated.

 

Results: The prevalence of obesity in prehypertensive students was 58%. The distribution of obesity using NC was 61% in males and 55% in females. Further, the association of NC with BMI (r=0.53,p=<0.0001), SBP(r=0.52,p=<0.0001) and DBP (r=0.44, p=<0.0001) was calculated using Pearson’s correlation and was statistically significant.

 

Conclusion: There was an increased prevalence of obesity among pre-hypertensives with a male predisposition. The study also establishes a statistically significant and strong correlation of NC with BMI, SBP and DBP. NC can be used as an effective screening tool to assess obesity and prehypertension.
Cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of Canavalia seed extract in HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells
Authors: Suvarna Geetha , Prabhu Ashwini , Muhseena N. Katheeja , Sharma Bhagya B.
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim: Concanavalin the lectin from Canavalia spp. share high structural similarity among the same taxon and exhibit wide range of biological functions. The antiproliferative activity of lectins ConA (C. ensiformis), ConC (C. cathartica), ConG (C. gladiata) and ConM (C. rosea) were studied in human colon carcinoma.  

 

Materials and Methods: Human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells and human normal kidney HEK293T cells were examined. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by AO-EB (acridine orange-ethidium bromide dual staining) method. Cell cycle was investigated by flow cytometry (RNase-propidium iodide-based flow cytometry). The expression of cell signaling genes was analyzed by qRT-PCR.

 

Results: All concanavalins significantly inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells in dose-dependent manner (IC50 values were ConG-10.45, ConA-14.86, ConC-33.34 and ConM-48.98 µg/mL respectively). ConA and ConG induced apoptotic morphology in HT-29 cells without affecting HEK293T cells. Similarly, both lectins increased the sub-G0/G1 proportions in HT-29 cells dose-dependently. ConG showed down-regulation of AKT1, ERK1/2 and mutant p53 in HT-29 cells.  

 

Conclusion: Concanavalin extract is shown to possess cytotoxic effect through inducing apoptosis, especially causing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in HT-29 cells.
Gait parameters and functional performance following multi-factorial treatment among degenerative joint disease patients
Authors: Gopalswami A. D. , Senthil Kumar S. , Sinha A. G.
Published: April 2021

Introduction and Aim: Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) poses a challenge to manage and restore functional capabilities among patients. Incorporation of structured exercises, manual therapy and patient education had a significant impact on clinical and functional status of patients. Past research hasexplored benefits of therapy on functions and gait. Although, such studies did not address the functional restoration. Hence, present study was aimedto address the lacunae.

 

Materials and Methods: 100 patients with mean age and SD; 51.61(5.4) were included. Participants had knee Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD); grade 2 or 3 on Kellgren and Lawrence scale, were allocated to Experimental Group (EG) and Comparative Group (CG). EG received joint mobilization and Muscle Energy Technique (MET). CG received Interferential therapy (carrier frequency 4 kHz; beat frequency 100 Hz; and sweep frequency 150 Hz). Strengthening exercises and patient education were common for both groups. Intervention lasted two weeks, the post-intervention metrics included; stride length, step length, and cadence for gait and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score.

 

Results: Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Frequency and percentage were used for categorical variables; mean andstandard deviation (SD) were used for continuous variables. Post-intervention, there was a significant improvement of gait parameters and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) in both groups. CG had a better improvement in STL, SL, CAD with mean of 39.84(5.68), 20.22(2.84), 97.16(3.75) and EG with mean of 44.36(4.48), 22.30(3.75), 92.82(3.75) and p < .0005. However, it was evident that the proportion of functional improvement among CG was lesser.

 

Conclusion: Inclusion of structured exercises, manual therapy and patient education in intervention would be effective and improve the functional status of DJD patients.