bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layer‐by‐Layer All‐Inorganic Quantum‐Dot‐Based LEDs: A Simple Procedure with Robust Performance
Authors: Bendall James S. , Paderi Marzia , Ghigliotti Francesca , Li Pira Nello , Lambertini Vitoguido , Lesnyak Vladimir , Gaponik Nikolai , Visimberga Giuseppe , Eychmüller Alexander , Torres Clivia M. Sotomayor , Welland Mark E. , Gieck Christina , Marchese Leonardo
Published: August 2010

A novel all‐inorganic electroluminescent device is demonstrated based on highly luminescent CdTe nanocrystals intercalated within a laminar hydrotalcite‐like structure. The laminar scaffold acts to both support and distribute the CdTe nanocrystals. The device is synthesized using simple wet chemical processes at room temperature in ambient conditions. It has high thermal stability, operating continuously up to 90 °C, and a maximum efficiency at J = 0.12 A cm−2. The device is targeted at the automotive industry.
Cyclopalladated Ferrocenylimine as Efficient Catalyst for the Syntheses of Arylboronate Esters
Authors: Wang Lianhui , Li Jingya , Cui Xiuling , Wu Yusheng , Zhu Zhiwu , Wu Yangjie
Published: August 2010

The cyclopalladated ferrocenylimine I and its phosphine adducts IIa–f were prepared and evaluated in the borylation of aryl halides. The tricyclohexylphosphine adduct IIb exhibited highly catalytic activity for the coupling of aryl and heteroaryl bromides containing various functional groups with low catalyst loading (2 mol%). Aryl and heteroaryl chlorides were smoothly converted into the corresponding boronates in the presence of the monophosphinobiaryl ligand (XPhos) adduct IIf. It was proposed that palladacycle was only a reservoir of the catalytically active species from the investigation on the reaction mechanism.
Highly Chemo‐ and Regioselective Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds Catalyzed by Recyclable Copper(II) as well as Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanines
Authors: Sharma Upendra , Kumar Praveen , Kumar Neeraj , Kumar Vishal , Singh Bikram
Published: August 2010

Copper/cobalt phthalocyanines were established for the first time as catalysts for the very efficient chemo‐ and regioselective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to generate the corresponding amines. The selective reduction of nitro compounds was observed in the presence of a large range of functional groups such as aldehyde, keto, acid, amide, ester, halogen, lactone, nitrile and heterocyclic functional groups. Furthermore, the present method was found to be highly regioselective towards the reduction of aromatic dinitro compounds in a short time with high yields. In most of the cases the conversion and selectivity were >99% as monitored by GC‐MS. The reduction mechanism was elucidated by UV‐vis and electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry.
Enantioselective Copper‐Catalysed Allylic Alkylation of Cinnamyl Chlorides by Grignard Reagents using Chiral Phosphine‐Phosphite Ligands
Authors: Lölsberg Wibke , Ye Shute , Schmalz Hans‐Günther
Published: August 2010

The copper(I)‐catalysed SN2′‐type allylic substitution of E‐3‐aryl‐allyl chlorides (cinnamyl chlorides) using Grignard reagents represents a powerful method for the synthesis of compounds carrying a benzylic stereocentre. By screening a small library of modular chiral phosphine‐phosphite ligands a new copper(I)‐based catalyst system was identified which allows the performance of such reactions with exceptional high degrees of regio‐ and enantioselectivity. Best results were obtained using TADDOL‐derived ligands (3 mol%), copper(I) bromide⋅dimethyl sulfide (CuBr⋅SMe2) (2.5 mol%) and methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) as a solvent. Various (1‐alkyl‐allyl)benzene derivatives were prepared with up to 99% ee (GC) in isolated yields of up to 99%. In most cases the product contained less than 3% of the linear regioisomer (except for ortho‐substituted substrates). Both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient cinnamyl chlorides were successfully employed. The absolute configuration of the products was assigned by comparison of experimental and calculated CD spectra. The substrates were prepared from the corresponding alcohols by reaction with thionyl chloride. Initially formed mixtures of regioisomeric allylic chlorides were homogenised by treatment with CuBr⋅SMe2 (2.5 mol%) in the presence of triphenyl phosphine (PPh3) (3 mol%) in MTBE at low temperature to give the pure linear isomers. In reactions with methylmagnesium bromide (MeMgBr) an ortho‐diphenylphosphanyl‐arylphosphite ligand with an additional phenyl substituent in ortho′‐position at the aryl backbone proved to be superior. In contrast, best results were obtained in the case of higher alkyl Grignard reagents (such as ethyl‐, n‐butyl‐, isopropyl‐, and 3‐butenylmagnesium bromides) with a related ligand carrying an isopropyl substituent in ortho′‐position. The method was tested on a multi‐mmol scale and is suited for application in natural product synthesis.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of α‐Imino Esters by Utilization of Benzothiazoline as Highly Efficient Reducing Agent
Authors: Zhu Chen , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: August 2010

Benzothiazoline was employed as an efficient and versatile reducing agent for the chiral phosphoric acid‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of α‐imino esters. The corresponding α‐amino esters were furnished with excellent enantioselectivities. Novel and readily removable benzothiazolines bearing a hydroxy group were also investigated.
A New Autocatalytic Thioacetate‐Enal Addition Reaction: A Michael Addition or Not?
Authors: Ilyashenko Gennadiy , Whiting Andrew , Wright Allen
Published: August 2010

Rather than proceeding through a Michael‐type or 1,4‐addition, thioacetic acid adds across unsaturated aldehydes in an autocatalytic manner and involving a double exotherm, as demonstrated by both adiabatic and reaction calorimetry. NMR studies show that an intermediate acylthio‐hemiacetal is involved and that the product continues to react competitively with thioacetic acid.
Recommended levels and intensities of physical activity to avoid low‐cardiorespiratory fitness in European adolescents: The HELENA study
Authors: Martinez‐Gomez David , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Ortega Francisco B. , Casajús Jose A. , Veiga Oscar L. , Widhalm Kurt , Manios Yannis , Béghin Laurent , González‐Gross Marcela , Kafatos Anthony , España‐Romero Vanesa , Molnar Denes , Moreno Luis A. , Marcos Ascension , Castillo Manuel J. , Sjöström Michael ,   on behalf of the HELENA study group
Published: August 2010

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to determine the sex‐specific physical activity (PA) intensity thresholds that best discriminate between unhealthy/healthy cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).

Methods: Participants included 1,808 adolescents (964 girls), aged 12.5–17.5 years, from the HELENA study. We measured PA by accelerometer and calculated the time spent at light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate‐to‐vigorous (MVPA) intensities. CRF was assessed by the 20‐m shuttle‐run test. Adolescents were dichotomized (unhealthy/healthy) based on sex‐ and age‐specific FITNESSGRAM standards. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine thresholds that best discriminate between CRF categories.

Results: ROC analyses revealed that the PA thresholds that best discriminate between unhealthy/healthy CRF were ≥152, ≥33, ≥13, and ≥52 min/day in light, moderate, vigorous, and MVPA, respectively. In boys, the PA thresholds associated with a healthy CRF were ≥37, ≥19, and ≥56 min/day in moderate, vigorous, and MVPA, respectively, whereas in girls were ≥152, ≥34, ≥12, and ≥51 min/day in light, moderate, vigorous, and MVPA, respectively. Spending at least 60 min/day in MVPA was also associated with a healthy CRF (odds ratios: 1.75, 1.94, and 1.57, all P < 0.05, for the whole sample, boys, and girls, respectively).

Conclusions: This study shows sex‐ and intensity‐specific PA thresholds to discriminate between adolescents with a healthy CRF from those with a less favorable or unhealthy CRF level. Journal of Hospital Medicine. Society of Hospital Medicine. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonmetric cranial variation of Jomon Japan: Implications for the evolution of eastern Asian diversity
Authors: Nakashima Atsushi , Ishida Hajime , Shigematsu Masahito , Goto Masaaki , Hanihara Tsunehiko
Published: August 2010

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to investigate the origin and expansion of the Jomon population, the Neolithic inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, and peopling East/Northeast Asian region through a global comparison between the prehistoric samples from around the world.

Methods

R‐matrix approach was applied to 20 nonmetric cranial traits for assessing the population structure and history of the Jomon. Pattern of ancient group relationships on a global scale was presented using network splitstree applied to distance matrix transformed from the R‐matrix.

Results

The phenotypic variation is largest in Hokkaido region, followed by the regions of eastern Japan. The Chugoku region, the southwestern part of Japan, shows larger variance than eastern Japan. Global analyses including samples from Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, West Asia, Europe, and North Africa dating roughly to the same chronological periods as those of the Jomon groups, indicate northern affinities of the Jomon and the distinction between Southeast and Northeast Asian series.

Conclusion

The Jomon ancestors of the northern part of Japan might have expanded southward to Honshu Island with a series of bottlenecks. A possible gene flow from outside source or heterogeneous origin of western Jomon group was, at the same time, suggested. The network relationships of the Jomon with Northeast Asians and, to a lesser extent, with Southeast Asians based on the splitstree analysis may allow us to suppose that the Jomon may be one of the key populations for the studies of the evolution of eastern Asian diversity. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Enhancement of Scott's molar wear scoring method
Authors: Shykoluk Natalie L. , Lovell Nancy C.
Published: August 2010

A method is described for orienting maxillary and mandibular molars in order to standardize the reporting of wear scores on quadrants of the occlusal surfaces (Scott: Am J Phys Anthropol 51 (1979) 213–217). The method, which was developed on an archeological sample from ancient Mendes, Egypt, further requires that quadrant scores be reported individually and sequentially for each tooth, rather than summed, in order to identify more easily differential and directional wear patterns. Intraobserver and interobserver error was found to be negligible when the appropriate diagrams and instructions were consulted. Thus, observer error does not add further to the potential for error associated with Scott's original scoring method. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y‐chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers
Authors: Nuñez Carolina , Baeta Miriam , Sosa Cecilia , Casalod Yolanda , Ge Jianye , Budowle Bruce , Martínez‐Jarreta Begoña
Published: August 2010

Before the arrival of the Spaniards in Nicaragua, diverse Native American groups inhabited the territory. In colonial times, Native Nicaraguan populations interacted with Europeans and slaves from Africa. To ascertain the extent of this genetic admixture and provide genetic evidence about the origin of the Nicaraguan ancestors, we analyzed the mitochondrial control region (HVSI and HVSII), 17 Y chromosome STRs, and 15 autosomal STRs in 165 Mestizo individuals from Nicaragua. To carry out interpopulation comparisons, HVSI sequences from 29 American populations were compiled from the literature. The results reveal a close relationship between Oto‐manguean, Uto‐Aztecan, Mayan groups from Mexico, and a Chibchan group to Nicaraguan lineages. The Native American contribution to present‐day Nicaraguan Mestizos accounts for most of the maternal lineages, whereas the majority of Nicaraguan Y chromosome haplogroups can be traced back to a West Eurasian origin. Pairwise Fst distances based on Y‐STRs between Nicaragua and European, African and Native American populations show that Nicaragua is much closer to Europeans than the other populations. Additionally, admixture proportions based on autosomal STRs indicate a predominantly Spanish contribution. Our study reveals that the Nicaraguan Mestizo population harbors a high proportion of European male and Native American female substrate. Finally, the amount of African ancestry is also interesting, probably because of the contribution of Spanish conquerors with NorthAfrican genetic traces or that of West African slaves. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age and individual foraging behavior predict tooth wear in Amboseli baboons
Authors: Galbany Jordi , Altmann Jeanne , Pérez‐Pérez Alejandro , Alberts Susan C.
Published: August 2010

Teeth represent an essential component of the foraging apparatus for any mammal, and tooth wear can have significant implications for survival and reproduction. This study focuses on tooth wear in wild baboons in Amboseli, southern Kenya. We obtained mandibular and maxillary tooth impressions from 95 baboons and analyzed digital images of replicas made from these impressions. We measured tooth wear as the percent dentine exposure (PDE, the percent of the occlusal surface on which dentine was exposed), and we examined the relationship of PDE to age, behavior, and life history variables. We found that PDE increased significantly with age for both sexes in all three molar types. In females, we also tested the hypotheses that long‐term patterns of feeding behavior, social dominance rank, and one measure of maternal investment (the cumulative number of months that a female had dependent infants during her lifetime) would predict tooth wear when we controlled for age. The hypothesis that feeding behavior predicted tooth wear was supported. The percent of feeding time spent consuming grass corms predicted PDE when controlling for age. However, PDE was not associated with social dominance rank or maternal investment. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Halbleitergassensoren: Trockensynthese und Anwendung
Authors: Tricoli Antonio , Righettoni Marco , Teleki Alexandra
Published: August 2010

Seit der Entwicklung erster Chemiresistorgassensoren auf Metalloxidbasis wurden Wandler mit neuartigen Eigenschaften durch Nass‐ und Trockenabscheidung erzeugt. Der Direktaufbau nanostrukturierter Filme aus der Gasphase verspricht dabei eine einfache Herstellung und Steuerbarkeit, und mit geeigneten Synthese‐ und Abscheidungsmethoden können nm‐ bis μm‐dicke Filme hergestellt werden. Dichte Strukturen werden durch chemische oder Dampfabscheidungsverfahren unter kontrollierten Bedingungen erzeugt, Nanopartikelfilme durch Abscheidung mono‐ oder polydisperser, aggregierter oder agglomerierter Nanopartikel aus einem Gas. Durch schlagartiges Abkühlen während der Synthese lassen sich neuartige Materialien in Nichtgleichgewichts‐ oder substöchiometrischen Zuständen einfangen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt die gängigsten Verfahren für die Herstellung von Metalloxid‐Halbleiterdetektoren für chemische Gassensoren. Außerdem wird die Synthese hochporöser Filme mit neuentwickelten Aerosoltechniken diskutiert. Die chemischen und Struktureigenschaften werden der erhaltenen Sensorleistung gegenübergestellt.
Metalltriflimidate sind bessere Katalysatoren für die organische Synthese als Metalltriflate – der Effekt eines stark delokalisierten Gegenions
Authors: Antoniotti Sylvain , Dalla Vincent , Duñach Elisabet
Published: August 2010

Der steigende Bedarf an neuen selektiven und umweltverträglichen Methoden in der organischen Synthese treibt die Entwicklung effizienterer Reaktionssysteme an. In diesem Zusammenhang hat man sich häufig auf Übergangsmetalle, Liganden und Additive konzentriert; dem Gegenion des Metallkations wurde weniger Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Kürzlich wurden Metallsalze mit einem oder mehreren Triflimidat‐Gegenion(en) (Tf2N−) beschrieben. Triflimidate bilden eine einzigartige Katalysatorklasse mit außergewöhnlicher σ‐ und π‐Lewis‐Acidität, die durch die starke Delokalisierung der Ladung im Triflimidation sowie seine sterische Hinderung begründet wird. Daher wird praktisch kein nucleophiles Verhalten und eine hohe positive Ladungsdichte am Metallkation beobachtet, die seine Lewis‐Acidität verstärkt. Folglich sind Metalltriflimidate häufig effizienter als entsprechende ‐halogenide oder ‐triflate. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt Methoden zur Herstellung von Metalltriflimidaten und deren Einsatz als Katalysatoren.
Bausteine mit Hohlräumen in supramolekularen Gelen
Authors: Foster Jonathan A. , Steed Jonathan W.
Published: August 2010

Der Einsatz supramolekularer Gelatoren mit Hohlräumen eröffnet eine Reihe von Möglichkeiten, die bei anderen Gelsystemen nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Mit der bekannten Wirt‐Gast‐Chemie von Cavitanden können Gelstrukturen auf‐ und abgebaut, reaktionsfähige Funktionalitäten eingeführt und die Selektivität bei Anwendungen wie Katalyse oder Extraktion potenziell verbessert werden. Gelatoren mit Hohlräumen zeigen beispielhaft, wie verschiedene Aspekte der supramolekularen Chemie verwendet werden können, um gezielt reaktionsfähige Materialien herzustellen.
Koordination und Dehydrierung von Amin‐Boran‐Addukten an Metallzentren
Authors: Alcaraz Gilles , Sabo‐Etienne Sylviane
Published: August 2010

Zahlreiche Untersuchungen haben sich in jüngster Zeit mit der katalytischen Dehydrierung von Amin‐Boran‐Addukten beschäftigt, die als eine potenzielle Diwasserstoff‐Speicherform angesehen werden. Dabei wurden in katalytischen und stöchiometrischen Umsetzungen beachtliche Fortschritte erzielt. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die Koordination von Amin‐Boran‐Addukten an Metallzentren und mögliche Folgereaktionen diskutiert, wobei ein besonderes Augenmerk auf der B‐H‐Aktivierung liegt. Wir stellen die wenigen Beispiele vor, in denen ein Dehydrierungsprodukt in koordinierter Form beobachtet werden konnte. Dies schließt auch die Koordination von Aminoboran ein, das unter Abspaltung von Diwasserstoff aus Ammoniak‐Boran entsteht.
Coordination and Dehydrogenation of Amine–Boranes at Metal Centers
Authors: Alcaraz Gilles , Sabo‐Etienne Sylviane
Published: August 2010

There have been a number of approaches developed for the catalyzed dehydrogenation of amine–boranes as potential dihydrogen sources for hydrogen storage applications in recent years. Key advances in this area have been recently made thanks to catalytic and stoichiometric studies. In this Minireview, the fate of amine–boranes upon coordination to a metal center is discussed with a particular emphasis on BH activation pathways. We focus on the few cases in which coordination of the resulting dehydrogenated product could be achieved, which includes the coordination of aminoborane, the simplest unit resulting from dihydrogen release of ammonia–borane.
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of churg‐strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis)
Authors: Masi Alfonse T. , Hunder Gene G. , Lie J. T. , Michel Beat A. , Bloch Daniel A. , Arend William P. , Calabrese Leonard H. , Edworthy Steven M. , Fauci Anthony S. , Leavitt Randi Y. , Lightfoot Robert W. , McShane Dennis J. , Mills John A. , Stevens Mary Betty , Wallace Stanley L. , Zvaifler Nathan J.
Published: August 2010

Criteria for the classification of Churg‐Strauss syndrome (CSS) were developed by comparing 20 patients who had this diagnosis with 787 control patients with other forms of vasculitis. For the traditional format classification, 6 criteria were selected: asthma, eosinophilia >10% on differential white blood cell count, mononeuropathy (including multiplex) or polyneuropathy, non‐fixed pulmonary infiltrates on roentgenography, paranasal sinus abnormality, and biopsy containing a blood vessel with extravascular eosinophils. The presence of 4 or more of these 6 criteria yielded a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 99.7%. A classification tree was also constructed with 3 selected criteria: asthma, eosinophilia >10% on differential white blood cell count, and history of documented allergy other than asthma or drug sensitivity. If a subject has eosinophilia and a documented history of either asthma or allergy, then that subject is classified as having CSS. For the tree classification, the sensitivity was 95% and the specificity was 99.2%. Advantages of the traditional format compared with the classification tree format, when applied to patients with systemic vasculitis, and their comparison with earlier work on CSS are discussed.
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Leavitt Randi Y. , Fauci Anthony S. , Bloch Daniel A. , Michel Beat A. , Hunder Gene G. , Arend William P. , Calabrese Leonard H. , Fries James F. , Lie J. T. , Lightfoot Robert W. , Masi Alfonse T. , McShane Dennis J. , Mills John A. , Stevens Mary Betty , Wallace Stanley L. , Zvaifler Nathan J.
Published: August 2010

Criteria for the classification of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) were developed by comparing 85 patients who had this disease with 722 control patients with other forms of vasculitis. For the traditional format classification, 4 criteria were selected: abnormal urinary sediment (red cell casts or >5 red blood cells per high power field), abnormal findings on chest radiograph (nodules, cavities, or fixed infiltrates), oral ulcers or nasal discharge, and granulomatous inflammation on biopsy. The presence of 2 or more of these 4 criteria was associated with a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 92.0%. A classification tree was also constructed with 5 criteria being selected. These criteria were the same as for the traditional format, but included hemoptysis. The classification tree was associated with a sensitivity of 87.1% and a specificity of 93.6%. We describe criteria which distinguish patients with WG from patients with other forms of vasculitis with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. This distinction is important because WG requires cyclophosphamide therapy, whereas many other forms of vasculitis can be treated with corticosteroids alone.
Suppression of rheumatoid factor production by methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Evidence for differential influences of therapy and clinical status on IgM and IgA rheumatoid factor expression
Authors: Alarcón Graciela S. , Schrohenloher Ralph E. , Bartolucci Alfred A. , Ward John R. , Williams H. James , Koopman William J.
Published: August 2010

Suppression of rheumatoid factor (RF) production in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been variably attributed to the use of remittive agents per se or to clinical improvement associated with their use. There have been conflicting reports with regard to the influence of methotrexate (MTX) on serum RF levels in RA. We determined IgM‐RF and IgA‐RF levels in paired serum samples (obtained at study entry and completion) from RA patients enrolled in multicenter trials with the Cooperative Systematic Studies of Rheumatic Diseases program. After exclusion of the 14 IgM‐RF‐negative sera, there were samples from 30 MTX‐treated patients and 52 placebo‐treated patients. Changes in IgM‐RF and IgA‐RF levels were weakly associated with each other. Significant decreases in IgM‐RF levels were observed in the MTX‐treated patients, but not in the placebo group. These changes were most significant in the MTX‐treated patients who improved clinically. There were significant decreases in IgA‐RF levels at study completion among MTX‐treated patients who had improved clinically and those who had not improved clinically, but not in the placebo group. The contributions of clinical improvement and MTX treatment to changes in serum IgM‐RF and IgA‐RF levels were examined using a logistic regression model. Changes in IgM‐RF were strongly related to MTX treatment and, to a lesser extent, to clinical improvement; changes in IgA‐RF were related only to MTX treatment. These results indicate that MTX treatment per se decreases both IgM‐RF and IgA‐RF levels, whereas clinical improvement correlates with decreased IgM‐RF levels only. The data are consistent with the view that MTX exerts a direct effect on RF production, which may reflect an important therapeutic action of this agent.
Synthesis of specific IgG idiotypes by rheumatoid synovium
Authors: Hoffman Wayne L. , Jump Adrien A. , Smiley J. Donald
Published: August 2010

Synovial tissue samples from 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were cultured, and the IgG antibodies isolated from the synovial culture supernatants were used to immunize rabbits to make 6 antiidiotypic (anti‐Id) antibody preparations. After extensive adsorption, the rabbit anti‐Id were tested in a solid‐phase enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each anti‐Id reacted predominantly with the immunizing synovial IgG and showed almost no reactivity with either pooled normal human serum IgG or with IgG from 50 normal donors. When identical amounts of matched rheumatoid arthritis serum IgG and synovial culture supernatant IgG were probed simultaneously with the corresponding rabbit anti‐Id in an ELISA, 3 of 6 pairs demonstrated an increased concentration of specific idiotypes in the synovial culture supernatant IgG. Furthermore, when these 6 matched samples were subsequently analyzed by isoelectric focusing, individual IgG antibodies in 5 of 6 synovial IgG samples revealed enhanced reactivity with the corresponding rabbit anti‐Id preparations, when compared with matched serum IgG. This increased synovial concentration of specific idiotypes detected by both the ELISA and isoelectric focusing was compatible with enhanced synovial tissue synthesis of the antibodies involved. These specific Id/anti‐Id reactivities were not blocked by excess normal human Fc, Fab, or F(ab')2 fragments, indicating a lack of association of the stimulating synovial antibodies with rheumatoid factors or antibodies against other IgG fragments (pepsin agglutinators).
Transitions in health status among community‐dwelling elderly people with arthritis: A national, longitudinal study
Authors: Yelin Edward H. , Katz Patricia P.
Published: August 2010

We used the Longitudinal Study on Aging, a national study of community‐dwelling elderly people, to 1) estimate the number of elderly persons with arthritis, with and without other chronic conditions, living in the community in 1984, who reported limitations in physical activities, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL); 2) enumerate the population of the elderly with arthritis who were receiving help or paid help with ADL or IADL; and 3) estimate the number of such persons experiencing a change in health status in the ensuing 2 years. In 1984, 14% of all 15.6 million community‐dwelling elderly people had arthritis and no other chronic conditions; 41% had arthritis concurrently with other chronic conditions. Of the former group, 66% experienced limitations in physical activities, but only approximately 25% reported limitations in ADL or IADL in 1984. Among the group with arthritis and other chronic conditions, 82% were limited in at least 1 physical activity, and 41% were limited in ADL. With the passage of 2 years, 2% of elderly persons with arthritis and no other conditions had entered a nursing home, 7% had died, and the percentage reporting no limitation declined significantly. Among elderly persons with arthritis and other conditions, 4% entered a nursing home, 12% died, and the rates of all forms of limitation increased. It is essential to gather data such as these, on the prevalence and incidence of limitation among the elderly with arthritis, to ensure adequate long‐term care services for an increasing aged population.
CD8+ Lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus sustain, rather than suppress, spontaneous polyclonal IgG production and synergize with CD4+ cells to support autoantibody synthesis
Authors: Linker‐Israeli Mariana , Quismorio Francisco P. , Horwitz David A.
Published: August 2010

The cellular requirements for B cell hyperactivity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied. Removal of either CD8+ or CD4+ lymphocytes markedly decreased the spontaneous in vitro production of polyclonal IgG and of antigen‐specific (anti‐double‐stranded DNA and antinucleoprotein) antibodies by SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The CD8+ lymphocytes that sustained IgG production were CD3+, HLA‐DR+, and their activity was abrogated by preincubation with anti‐HLA‐DR monoclonal antibody. When both CD4+ and CD8+ cells were removed, the readdition of either subset partially restored polyclonal IgG production, but both cell subsets were required to reconstitute autoantibody production. Purified SLE B cell cultures, which generated only 15% of the IgG produced by unseparated PBMC, were fully reconstituted only by mixtures of CD4+ with CD8+ cells, and with CD8‐, CD4‐, CD16+ cells. At least part of the support for spontaneous IgG production can be attributed to endogenous interleukin‐2 and interleukin‐6.
Skin score: A semiquantitative measure of cutaneous involvement that improves prediction of prognosis in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Clements Philip J. , Lachenbruch Peter A. , Ng Swee Cheng , Simmons Michael , Sterz Millie , Furst Daniel E.
Published: August 2010

Cutaneous sclerosis, assessed yearly by a semiquantitative skin scoring technique (sum of 10 body areas, each scored on a scale of 0–3 for tethering, by clinical palpation), and outcome at 10 years were evaluated in 90 systemic sclerosis patients enrolled in a 3‐year, prospective drug trial. The inverse relationship of survival to the skin score at study entry (increasing skin score associated with decreasing survival) (P< 0.003) was more significant than was the relationship found by using classification schemata that rely only on distribution of cutaneous sclerosis. Six‐year survival was 40% in patients with entry skin scores ≥15 and 73% when skin scores were <15 (P< 0.005). An entry skin score ≥15 was associated with a high risk of early fatal renal and cardiac complications.
Autoantibodies against different histone hi subtypes in systemic lupus erythematosus sera
Authors: Wesierska‐Gadek Jözefa , Penner Edward , Lindner Herbert , Hitchman Eva , Sauermann Georg
Published: August 2010

The H1 histones represent the most heterogenous class of histone proteins. In this study, we analyzed the specificity of human antibodies against 6 H1 subtypes. H1 histones from rat organs were separated by reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography and used as antigens in immunoblotting experiments. Sera containing anti‐histone H1 antibodies were obtained from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Of the 9 sera tested, 2 reacted with only 1 H1 subtype. The other sera recognized different combinations of H1 subtypes. Only 1 serum reacted with all 6 H1 subtypes. Histones H1.5 and H1.1 were the subtypes most frequently recognized by the human autoantibodies. Our data indicate that human anti‐H1 antibodies represent a heterogenous population, directed mainly against epitopes localized in the variable region of the H1 molecule.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of a Combinatorial Methylated (±)‐Epigallocatechin Gallate Library and the Growth‐Inhibitory Effects of these Compounds on Melanoma B16 Cells
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Yamanouchi Maasa , Miyoshi Haruko , Hirotsu Keisuke , Tachibana Hirofumi , Takahashi Takashi
Published: August 2010

We report on the solid‐phase synthesis of a combinatorial methylated (±)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) library and its biological evaluation. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and its methylated derivatives, which are members of the catechin family, exhibit various anti‐cancer effects. The solid‐phase synthesis of methylated EGCG involves the preparation of the α‐acyloxyketone by the coupling of a solid‐supported aldehyde with a ketone and an acid. The subsequent release and reductive etherification reaction of the solid‐supported α‐acyloxyketone provide the protected EGCG in good total yields. Sixty‐four methylated EGCGs were successfully prepared. The growth‐inhibitory effects of the methylated EGCG library were also examined. Although methylation of EGCG generally causes reduced growth inhibition, the growth‐inhibitory effect of 7‐OMe EGCGs was comparable to that of EGCG. The 7‐OMe EGCGs are attractive drug candidates because of their enhanced bioavailability.
A Suitable Country: The Relationship between Sweden's Interwar Population Policy and Family Planning in Postindependence India
Authors: Berg Annika
Published: August 2010

Ein geeignetes Land. Zum Verhältnis von Schwedens Bevölkerungspolitik der Zwischenkriegszeit und Familienplanung in Indien nach der Unabhängigkeit. Der Aufsatz geht der ausgeprägten Kontinuität nach, die zwischen Schwedens nationaler Bevölkerungspolitik und der Beteiligung schwedischer Experten an internationalen und transnationalen Programmen zur Bevölkerungskontrolle in der Nachkriegszeit bestand. Die Autorin argumentiert, dass das schwedische Engagement für Bevölkerungskontrolle in der Dritten Welt, insbesondere in Südasien, auf der Überzeugung fußte, dass Armut und Unterentwicklung auf mehreren Ebenen zugleich bekämpft werden müssten, wobei der Bevölkerungskontrolle eine herausragende Stellung zukommen sollte. In seinen ersten bilateralen Hilfsprogrammen empahl Schweden Maßnahmen zur Geburtenkontrolle vor allem deshalb, weil dieser Ansatz zu jener Zeit noch zu umstritten war, nicht zuletzt aus religiösen Gründen, um auf multilateraler Ebene durchgesetzt zu werden, und weil schwedische Experten als besonders säkularisiert, aufgeklärt und liberal galten. Die schwedische Expertise im Bereich von Sterilisationen war in diesem Zusammenhang nicht entscheidend. Als schwedische Experten sich in Südasien etablierten, setzten sie stattdessen anfangs auf die Rhythmus‐Methode und andere empfängnisverhütende Methoden, die auf individuelle Selbstkontrolle setzten.

A Suitable Country: The Relationship between Sweden's Interwar Population Policy and Family Planning in Postindependence India. This article delineates a strong continuity, particularly in terms of personnel, between interwar domestic population policies and Sweden's postwar participation in international and transnational population‐control programs. It argues that Swedish engagement in population control and family planning in the emerging Third World, and particularly in South Asia, was motivated by the conviction that poverty and underdevelopment must be attacked on several fronts simultaneously, with population control being one of the most important. In its first bilateral aid programs Sweden would prioritize the promotion of birth control primarily because it was still too controversial to be promoted multilaterally, not least for religious reasons; and because Swedish experts were regarded as especially liberal, rational, and secularized. Sterilization expertise played no decisive part in this continuity. When first establishing themselves in South Asia, Swedish experts would recommend the rhythm method and other contraceptive methods that depended on self‐control.
Fluorous Iminoalditols: A New Family of Glycosidase Inhibitors and Pharmacological Chaperones
Authors: Schitter Georg , Steiner Andreas J. , Pototschnig Gerit , Scheucher Elisabeth , Thonhofer Martin , Tarling Chris A. , Withers Stephen G. , Fantur Katrin , Paschke Eduard , Mahuran Don J. , Rigat Brigitte A. , Tropak Michael B. , Illaszewicz Carina , Saf Robert , Stütz Arnold E. , Wrodnigg Tanja M.
Published: August 2010

A collection of new reversible glycosidase inhibitors of the iminoalditol type featuring N‐substituents containing perfluorinated regions has been prepared for evaluation of physicochemical, biochemical and diagnostic properties. The vast variety of feasible oligofluoro moieties allows for modular approaches to customised structures according to the intended applications, which are influenced by the fluorine content as well as the distance of the fluorous moiety from the ring nitrogen. The first examples, in particular in the D‐galacto series, exhibited excellent inhibitory activities. A preliminary screen with two human cell lines showed that, at subinhibitory concentrations, they are powerful pharmacological chaperones enhancing the activities of the catalytically handicapped lysosomal D‐galactosidase mutants associated with GM1 gangliosidosis and Morquio B disease.
A Joint Experimental/Theoretical Investigation of the Statistical Olefin/Conjugated Diene Copolymerization Catalyzed by a Hemi‐Lanthanidocene [(Cp*)(BH4)LnR]
Authors: Perrin Lionel , Bonnet Fanny , Chenal Thomas , Visseaux Marc , Maron Laurent
Published: August 2010

Statistical copolymerization of ethylene and isoprene was achieved by using a borohydrido half‐lanthanidocene complex. Under copolymerization conditions, activation of [(Cp*)(BH4)2Nd(thf)2] (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5) by an appropriate alkylating agent affords trans‐1,4‐poly‐isoprene‐co‐ethylene. Analysis of the microstructure of the copolymer revealed the presence of successive short sequences of ethylene/ethylene, trans‐1,4‐isoprene/ethylene, and trans‐1,4‐isoprene/trans‐1,4‐isoprene. A small amount of 1,2‐insertion of isoprene was observed, and no cyclic structures within the chain were characterized. Test runs showed that these catalysts are unable to copolymerize α‐olefins (such as hex‐1‐ene) with isoprene. The probable initial steps in the copolymerization have been computed at the DFT level of theory. Analysis of the energy profile provides insight into the catalyst’s activity and selectivity. Our theoretical results highlight the key role played by the allyl intermediate, in which diene insertion, and to a lesser extent olefin insertion, is the rate‐determining step of the process. These results also illustrate the coordination behavior of the allyl ligand during the insertion of an incoming monomer, which directly inserts, after pre‐coordination to the metal center, into the η3‐allyl ligand without inducing an η3 to η1 haptotropic shift. Finally, the inactivity of this family of catalysts towards the copolymerization of hex‐1‐ene was rationalized on the basis of the free‐energy profile of the copolymerization.
A Flow Microreactor System Enables Organolithium Reactions without Protecting Alkoxycarbonyl Groups
Authors: Nagaki Aiichiro , Kim Heejin , Moriwaki Yuya , Matsuo Chika , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: August 2010

A flow microreactor system consisting of micromixers and microtube reactors provides an effective tool for the generation and reactions of aryllithiums bearing an alkoxycarbonyl group at para‐, meta‐, and ortho‐positions. Alkyl p‐ and m‐lithiobenzoates were generated by the I/Li exchange reaction with PhLi. The Br/Li exchange reactions with sBuLi were unsuccessful. Subsequent reactions of the resulting aryllithiums with electrophiles gave the desired products in good yields. On the other hand, alkyl o‐lithiobenzoates were successfully generated by the Br/Li exchange reaction with sBuLi. Subsequent reactions with electrophiles gave the desired products in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Giant Magnetoresistance in Electrodeposited Ni/Cu and Co/Cu Multilayers.
Authors: BIRD K. D. , SCHLESINGER M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Matrix‐Isolation and Mass Spectrometric Studies on the Vaporization of Chromium(III) Bromide: Characterization of Molecular CrBr4, CrBr3, and CrBr2.
Authors: GREGORY P. D. , OGDEN J. S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Monodisperse ZrO2 by the Microwave Heating of Zirconyl Chloride Solutions.
Authors: MOON Y. T. , KIM D. K. , KIM C. H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Cyclodimerization of Alkylidenemalonates.
Authors: ELINSON M. N. , FEDUCOVICH S. K. , ZAKHARENKOV A. A. , UGRAK B. I. , NIKISHIN G. I. , LINDEMAN S. V. , STRUCHKOV J. T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Solvolysis of Bicyclo(3.1.1)hept‐3‐en‐2‐yl, Bicyclo(3.1. 1)hept‐2‐yl, and 2‐Halogenocyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐yl Methanesulfonates and p‐ Nitrobenzoates.
Authors: BENTLEY T. W. , NORMAN S. J. , KEMMER R. , CHRISTL M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient 1,2‐Asymmetric Induction in Radical Reactions: Stereoselective Radical Addition to 3‐Hydroxy‐1‐(methylthio)‐1‐(p‐ tolylsulfonyl)‐1‐alkenes.
Authors: OGURA K. , KAYANO A. , SUMITANI N. , AKAZOME M. , FUJITA M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Enantioselective Aldol Type Reaction of Acetate Boryl Enolate Derived from Chiral Thioimide.
Authors: YAN T.‐H. , HUNG A.‐W. , LEE H.‐C. , CHANG C.‐S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of N‐Methoxy‐N‐methyl‐. alpha.‐isocyanoacetamide (α‐Isocyano Weinreb Amide) (I). An Efficient Synthesis of Optically Active β‐Hydroxy α‐Amino Aldehydes (VIII) and Ketones (X).
Authors: SAWAMURA M. , NAKAYAMA Y. , KATO T. , ITO Y.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed (5 + 2) Cycloadditions of Vinylcyclopropanes and Alkynes: A Homologue of the Diels‐Alder Reaction for the Synthesis of Seven‐Membered Rings.
Authors: WENDER P. A. , TAKAHASHI H. , WITULSKI B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Templated Regio‐ and Stereoselective Cyclization of 2′‐ Alkenyl 2‐Alkynoates and Its Synthetic Applications.
Authors: JI J. , ZHANG C. , LU X.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 6π‐Electrocyclization of 1‐Azatrienes to 1,2‐Dihydropyridines.
Authors: MAYNARD D. F. , OKAMURA W. H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Derivatives of Carbo(Hetero)cyclospirobutanolides.
Authors: KUROYAN R. A. , POGOSYAN S. A. , GRIGORYAN N. P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Anodic Oxidation of Methyl Derivatives of Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles on an Activated Nickel Oxide Electrode.
Authors: FELDMAN D. , CHERVENKA M. , STOKH E. , SHIMANSKA M. , KHABER E.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Oxygen Oxidative Carbon‐Carbon Bond Cleavage of α‐ Ketols Catalyzed by Bi(III) Carboxylates.
Authors: LE BOISSELIER V. , COIN C. , POSTEL M. , DUNACH E.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Oxygen Containing Alicyclic Compounds on Finely Disperse Catalysts Based on Platinum Group Metals.
Authors: ANTONOVA T. N. , KUNITSKII A. A. , CHABUTKINA E. M. , KOSHEL G. N. , SOKOLOV A. L. , KOROVINA S. P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Z‐Stereoselective Peterson Olefination of Ketones.
Authors: GRIGOR'EBA N. YA. , PINSKER O. A. , BUEBICH A. V. , MOUSEENKOV A. M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboindation of Alkynes. Regio‐ and Stereoselective Allylation of Carbon‐Carbon Triple Bonds of Alkynols by Allylic Indium Reagents.
Authors: ARAKI S. , IMAI A. , SHIMIZU K. , YAMADA M. , MORI A. , BUTSUGAN Y.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.