bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dorothevs Once More
Authors: Housman A. E.
Published: June 2019

In the last instalment of the catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum, vol. VIII part iv (1922), Mr Cumont publishes from cod. Paris. Gr. 2425 two fragments of hexameter verse, one of three lines and the other of seven or eight, which he attributes1, perhaps rightly, to Dorotheus of Sidon, on whose remains I have written in C.Q. 1908 pp. 47–61 and 1911 pp. 249 sq. The scribe, who makes a practice of suppressing names, assigns the shorter piece to no author, and the longer he introduces with the circumlocution Фησί τις τν σοФν.
Classics and Citizenship
Authors: Arnold E. V.
Published: June 2019

As the black clouds of war lift from the surface of the Continents of Europe and Nearer Asia, the eye looks round upon a shattered civilization. The once busy tide of labour on the field and in the factory, beneath the soil and within dock, ebbs slowly away; the accustomed rewards of toil, food, warmth and clothing, become daily more difficult of attainment. Authority trembles in its seat, and money loses its once all-powerful attraction. Inevitably the scholar recalls the tale of the Decline and Fall of the Roman-Hellenistic world, and calculates the prospect of a second millennium of darkness and suffering. And he is not unconscious that he stands himself accused of having brought about, or at least failed to avert, the doom of the nations. For, he is told, the governing classes of all the nations that clashed in mutual destructiveness were constituted of men brought up in the classical tradition, whose minds in their fresh boyhood were fed on the so-called glories of Alexander the Great and of Julius Caesar, and who sought in rivalry to win, each for his nation, the haughty supremacy of imperial Rome. And he hears the clamour of those who demand a clean sweep of the false ideals and selfish ambitions of the past, and the building upon new foundations of a world of contentment and peace, inspired by the basic conception of a citizenship in which no man shall seek his own gain at the cost of another's loss. Towards the building up of this new world, it is claimed, the study of the past can do nothing to help; by effacing itself it will cease to be a hindrance. And in response to this accusation there arise in all directions schemes for a reconstructed world, a reconstituted nation, and a new education, which shall be alike in this one point—that they take for granted the elimination of the study of antiquity and the disappearance of the atmosphere of the Humanities.
The Miracle of the Wine at Dionysos' Advent; on the Lenaea Festival
Authors: Vürtheim J.
Published: June 2019

During the period from December to April Dionysos is celebrated at Athens four times: at the Lesser Dionysia, at the Lenaea, at the Anthesteria, at the Greater Dionysia.

The Lenaea festival falls in the Ionic month of Lenaion, which corresponds with the Attic Gamelion, i.e. January. There are no serious objections to fixing the date in this way. The competition in theatricals held at this festival is called ⋯ ⋯π⋯ Ληναίωι àγών the god Dionysos Ληναίος or Ληνεύς the temple-grounds τ⋯ Λήυαιου. These were probably situated on the stretch of swelling ground, rising from the Apostle Paul Road, between Areopagus and Akropolis, as there was room enough there to seat a large audience. It is worthy of notice that, in contrast with the Greater or Urban Dionysia, ancient narrators call the Lenaea a rural festivity, at which a rustic song is intoned. Still, they are to be distinguished from the Lesser Dionysia, which are celebrated at the end of December.
Astronomical Comments on Dr. Holmes's Note on the Julian Calendar
Authors: Fotheringham J. K.
Published: June 2019

While reserving my judgment on the wider questions connected with the Roman calendar, I think it may not be out of place to attempt a firmer handling of the astronomical dates discussed in Dr. Rice Holmes's ‘Supplementary Note on the Julian Calendar’ which appeared in the Classical Quarterly, XIV. (1920), pp. 46, 47. That note is concerned with two new moons discussed by Dr. Groebe in his edition of Drumann's Geschichte Roms, III. (1906), pp. 774–9.
Miscellanea
Authors: Allen T. W.
Published: June 2019

Testimony, even in the well-worked parts of antiquity, continues to accrue, some from new papyri, some from texts long known but overlooked. In the result the critic is discomfited, honest men come by their own. οιόνδ' ἀπέβη τόδε πρᾶγμα.

This document, which consists of two lives of Homer and the Agon inserted between them, has long been derived from the Μουσεîον of Alcidamas. The conjecture was contested and the survival of Alcidamas denied. The publication of twenty-five lines from a papyrus of s. II.–III. p. C. by Professor J. G. Winter (Transactions of the American Philological Association, 1925, Vol. LVI.), containing a Homeric biography signed αλκι] δαμαντος περι ομηρου put an end to the matter. See on the whole question Mr. Winter's remarks and a paper by Sig. Carlo Gallavotti of Bologna, Rivista di Filologia, 1929, 31.
Demetrius, De Elocutione
Authors: Denniston J. D.
Published: June 2019

In Vol. XXIIL, pp. 105–8, Mr. Lockwood criticizes some of the observations which I made in pp. 7–10 of the same volume.

§ 271. I ‘assume’ that τοῦτ' δετι δεινότητα explains ύπόκρισιν καὶ ἀγῶνα and not τὸ διαλελυμένον, (1) because ‘figures of speech in general’ cannot be said to ‘produce’ τὸ διαλελυμένον asyndeton, which is itself one of those figures; (2) because, conversely, τὸ διαλελυμένον is not equivalent to δεινότης but a means of producing δεινότης. τὸ διαλελυμένον must, therefore, be nominative, not accusative, and Professor Rhys Roberts' rendering, ‘lending especially the effect of abruptness, in other words of energy,’ cannot (I speak with all respect) be right. The Professor himself is not happy with it, and adds in a note that ‘a better sense would be obtained by placing μάλιστα τὸ διαλελυμένον before ὑπόκρισιν, i.e. “the figures of speech, and especially asyndeton.”‘ My excision (or, rather, Professor Radermacher's) gives the same sense. Orth, in his translation, omits the words τοῦτ' ἐστι δεινότητα, and interprets as I do.
Expleo ‘Minuo.’
Authors: Lindsay W. M.
Published: June 2019

Caper in his section on the preposition ex cited Ennius, Ann. 309:

nauibus explebant sese terrasque replebant,

and declared that Virgil used the verb with this antique sense in Aen. 6, 545:

discedam; explebo numerum reddarque tenebris,

i.e. ‘minuam vestrum numerum.’

This we are told in Servius' note, which begins: Ut diximus supra, explebo est minuam. Thilo gives no reference to any such previous words of Servius, and I have failed to find them. Can it be that Servius has carelessly transcribed a note of Donatus, and that Donatus had discussed ex minuens at Geo. 2, 65, or 4, 145 ? Donatus' note on Terence, Hec. 755, is Explere exinanire Terentianum est; the passage of Terence is:

eas ad mulieres huc intro atque istuc iusiurandum idem

polliceare illis: exple animum îs teque hoc crimine expedi,

i.e., relieve their mind of suspicion against Pamphilus and free yourself from this charge. The phrase recurs in the next Scene (785; 787):

illis modo explete animum.

i atque exple animum îs, coge ut credant.
Miscellanea—VII.
Authors: Allen T. W.
Published: June 2019

It is usual, since Wolf, to print πέλει in 396 instead of ποτί. The authority for this is very slight: E. M. 214. 33 from Diogenes βρόμος κυρίως ὁ τοῦ πυρὸς. ᾒχος. πεποιημένη δέ ἐστιν ἡ ϕωνὴ κατὰ μίμησιν τοῦ ἀποτελουµένου ψόφου ἀν πυρί, οἷον τόσος γε πέλει βρόμος αἰθοµένοιο. schol. Ap. Rhod. III. 861 the etymology of Bx03B1;ἰθριµώ … ἢ παρὰ τοῦ βρόµον τοῦ πυρός. τόσσος γὰρ πέλεται βρόµος ἡ γὰρ θεὸς λαµπαδοῦΧος. It is not certain that either of these quotations refer to our line; in the former, as will be noticed, πυρός is out of place, and we cannot tell how the second (which may also come from Diogenes) would have continued. In any case, it is not obvious what turned such an easy word as πέλει into the difficult ποτί.
Livy and the Lexica
Authors: Anderson W. B.
Published: June 2019

It would be natural to expect, after all these years, that the language of an author so important as Livy would be adequately represented in the dictionaries. Unfortunately this is very far from being the case. It is disquieting to find numerous Livian words cited without any mention of Livy or of any other writer of the Ciceronian or the Augustan Age. It is equally disquieting to find Livian idioms or constructions attributed only to writers remote from Livy both in time and in genre. To crown all, we find a good many of Livy's notable usages entirely ignored. Perhaps a humble service may be rendered both to Livy and to the history of the Latin language by indicating a few deficiencies, especially in the parts of the alphabet not yet covered by the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae.
Some Suggested Amendments to the Assurance Companies Act, 1909
Authors: Maltby C. H.
Published: June 2019

During the discussion of Mr. Barrand's paper on the 1909 Act (J.I.A., vol. xlv, p. 257), the opinion was expressed that it would be desirable, at some future date, to consider in fuller detail some of the features of the Act which seemed at first sight to stand in need of revision.

The present paper is intended to initiate such a discussion, but it only deals with the Act from the Life standpoint; and it also omits all questions arising solely out of the annual accounts, these having been fully dealt with by Dr. A. E. Sprague in “Insurance Companies’ Accounts.”
Notes on a Short Method of Valuation of Pension Funds
Authors: Freeman Harry
Published: June 2019

The object of these Notes is to obtain for the valuation of pension funds a method in which commutation functions operating over groups of ages are calculated directly from the decremental rates applicable to the groups. By this means the labour involved in the construction of a full service table and commutation functions at each age can be avoided. Valuations have been effected by various methods, and it is shown that the results brought out by the short methods are as reliable as those obtained by using functions at individual ages. In proceeding to the particular short method advocated, other possible lines of attack have been suggested, and it is not disputed that formulae based on similar assumptions, but different from those in the Notes, might give equally satisfactory results.
A Valuation of Non-Participating Policies without Classification
Authors: Tappenden H. J.
Published: June 2019

In a note to his paper on "the Approximate Valuation of Endowment Assurances" (J.I.A. Vol.XLVIII, p. 32) Mr Elderton suggested that it might be possible to approximate to the true net premium reserves by accumulating the premium at interest only without having any direct regard to mortality, and I have made an attempt in this paper to arrive at a suitable method of approximation.
Australian Mortality
Authors: Wickens Chas. H.
Published: June 2019

1. Before dealing with the question of mortality in Australia it will perhaps be well to indicate briefly what is meant by “Australia,” since the name is used with different significance in different cases. At an early stage of Australian history the name was restricted to the island continent itself, and what is now known as the Commonwealth of Australia was generally spoken of as Australia and Tasmania, in somewhat the same way as the homeland pair is spoken of as Great Britain and Ireland. With the advent of Federation, however, this mode of reference became less usual and has now practically disappeared.
Disability Benefits in Conjunction with Life Insurance Policies
Authors: File L. K.
Published: June 2019

In Canada and in the United States the writing of disability coverage in connection with life insurance policies is a matter of great importance, and the demand on the part of the insuring public for this additional coverage in a life contract is a marked feature of underwriting conditions in those countries.
Another Method of Valuing Policies in Groups
Authors: Trachtenberg H. L.
Published: June 2019

ALL the methods of group valuation submitted to the Institute in the last decade require the calculation of the second sum of the quantities valued, whether in the form of multiplications by —4½, —3½, … 3½, 4½, i.e., the second sum about the centre, or the more convenient second sum about the end. The object of this paper is to show that the α, β method can be transformed so as to avoid this difficulty.
On the Valuation of Endowment Assurances by Select Tables
Authors: Brown Edward Harold
Published: June 2019

The question whether it is necessary to use select mortality rates in the calculation of office reserves was pronounced by Mr. R. P. Hardy during the discussion on the papers submitted by Messrs. King, Diver and Ackland to be a highly debatable one.

The discussion disclosed two lines of thought on the subject, one admitting that a select valuation was theoretically correct, the other questioning the advisability of making a select valuation at all, the arguments in favour of the use of an aggregate table being crystallized in Mr. Warner's statement that the logical complement of a select table valuation would be the employment of a rate of interest representing to the nearest penny what had been actually realized during the quinquennium. Considered as a warning against undue striving after exactitude this is unanswerable, but when the calculation of the office reserves is viewed as a preliminary to the declaration of bonus, the conclusion might be drawn that an aggregate table valuation so entirely meets the case as to permit the full distribution of the resulting surplus.
An Experience of Indian Assured Lives in the State of Mysore
Authors: Bacon James
Published: June 2019

In Great Britain we are accustomed to a considerable degree of uniformity in the mortality tables used by Life Assurance companies for the construction of their premiums and for the valuation of the contracts, and such tables as are used are constructed from data supplied by lives assured here. In India there are operating a number of Companies granting assurances not only upon the lives of Europeans but also upon the lives of Eurasians and Indians, and it would not be surprising if there were great diversity in the valuation bases having regard to the extent of territory covered and the wide range of races and social conditions embraced. Such diversity certainly exists, but it appears to be due more to the idiosyncracies of those responsible for the valuations than to any attempts to express the real experiences of different companies by mortality tables based upon their own data and therefore specially applicable. For example, in the latest Indian Life Assurance Year Book, that for 1927, returns are given for 43 companies. These were valued upon either the HM, OM or OM(5) Table with the addition of a number of years varying from 0 to 9, so that there were no less than 13 different standards, the commonest being OM rated up 6 years or HM rated up 6 years, but in no case was the mortality table based on an experience of Indian lives, whether drawn from persons assured or from the general population. There must now be available a considerable body of experience of native lives and the writer having come into possession of data referring to one group of assured lives, though small in extent and somewhat special in nature, it seemed probable that a short description of it might serve a useful purpose in eliciting expressions of opinion and more extended information. By a curious chance it has, in fact, happened to coincide with the submission to the Institute of a paper based upon a very much larger and more valuable experience.
Mortality of Indian Assured Lives
Authors: Vaidyanathan L. S.
Published: June 2019

It is not without some feeling of diffidence that a Paper on the results of an Investigation into the Mortality of Lives Assured with the Oriental Government Security Life Assurance Co., Ltd., conducted jointly by the Actuary, Mr. Douglas Forrest, F.F.A., and the author is submitted. The Journal is more or less barren of Papers relating to the Mortality of Native Indian Assured Lives, though the subject of Indian mortality has often been considered by members of this Institute. Reference might be made in this connection to the investigations of Messrs. S. C. Thomson (T.F.A., vol. i) and A. T. Winter (J.I.A., vol. xliii) on the subject of the Mortality of Indian Assured Lives, but these being based on scanty data, the results must always be accepted with caution. Mr. Arthur Hunter's contribution (J.I.A., vol. lvii) relating to the experience of the Lives Assured with the New York Life Insurance Company from 1885–1921, touches on several points of interest and sounds a strong note of pessimism as follows : “The Mortality among natives of India insured by “our Company has not improved in the later over the earlier “years of observation” and “it is difficult to conceive that the “great increase in knowledge and the improvements in “sanitation have not affected the health of the middle and the “upper classes of India in the same way as they have affected “other (tropical) countries (such as Cuba, Brazil, Chile and “Porto Rico), although possibly not to the same extent.”
Financial Conditions in Canada as affecting Life Insurance
Authors: Parker John Gowans
Published: June 2019

The presentation of this paper gives me an opportunity of publicly acknowledging to you the very graceful compliment you were good enough to pay to the American Institute of Actuaries, of which I was President, through my election to Fellowship in the Institute of Actuaries. Naturally my appreciation of the personal honour conferred upon me is very keen. I realize, however, that my election was a recognition of the younger American body on the part of its many friends in Great Britain and I desire, therefore, to convey to you, in addition to my personal thanks, the thanks of the Board of Governors and the members of the American Institute.
The relations between certain soil moisture constants and the determination of the vesicular coefficients of soils
Authors: Wright C. H.
Published: June 2019

1. Evidence is produced to show that the free water in a soil is 21.

2. Wilsdon's modification of the Briggs-Shantz equation is discussed, viz., M = xH + 21, in which x = the vesicular coefficient. From this equation the vesicular coefficient of any soil can be found from the values of M and H.

3. The values thus obtained agree for clay soils with those found by Hardy's method from the moisture at the point of maximum plasticity.

4. The vesicular coefficient of a soil is greater than that of its subsoil.

5. The total bound water = (M – 21), and the vesicular water = M – (21 + H). The vesicular water expressed as a percentage of the plastic soil is equal to the cubical shrinkage coefficient.
Investigation on the mineral content of pasture grass and its effect on herbivora: I. General Report
Authors: Elliot Walter , Wood T. B.
Published: June 2019

The exploitation of the herbage by means of the herbivora is a most ancient process. It seems at first sight that special nutritional problems are not involved, since flocks and herds are kept under conditions approximating very closely to the original environment of their species. In comparatively recent years, however, masses of herbivora have been in some cases either confined so that their range is greatly limited from that of their widely-grazing forbears, or transferred bodily to grasslands previously uninhabited by them, or transformed by the skill of breeders into creatures with a much higher output, and in consequence, a much higher intake. These novel factors have produced problems of their own which are not yet solved, though they have been, with some success, tackled by the practical man largely by empirical methods.
Investigation on the mineral content of pasture grass and its effect on herbivora: III. Report on the chemical analyses of samples of pasture from various areas in the British Isles
Authors: Elliot Walter , Wood T. B. , Godden William
Published: June 2019

(1) The herbage of the hill pastures in Great Britain is, in general, markedly poorer than that of the cultivated pastures in respect to silica-free ash, and each of the individual ash constituents, with the exception of sodium. It is also poorer, but to a less extent, in nitrogen.

(2) The percentage of silica-free ash in the “not eaten” grass from the hill pastures is only approximately 50 percent of that in the “eaten” grass. This deficiency is fairly uniformly distributed over the ash constituents with the possible exception of sodium.

(3) Despite these marked differences in the mineral content of the different types of pasture, there is very little difference in their caloric value as calculated by the method indicated.

(4) Wherever sheep have a free choice in grazing they appear to eat, by preference, that herbage which contains the higher percentage of mineral ingredients.
Investigation on the mineral content of pasture grass and its effect on herbivora: IV. Report on the seasonal variations in the mineral content of pastures
Authors: Elliot Walter , Orr J. B. , Wood T. B. , Cruickshank Ethel M.
Published: June 2019

(1) There is a definite seasonal variation in the mineral content of the pastures examined between the months of May and October, which is most clearly shown by the CaO, which rises to a maximum and then steadily falls; and to a less extent by the silica-free ash, P2O5and Na2O.

(2) The chlorine content did not show a corresponding variation; its tendency being to maintain its high percentage through the later part of the season.

(3) The nitrogen, on the whole, showed a variation corresponding with the calcium, though the range was markedly less.
Investigation on the mineral content of pasture grass and its effect on herbivora: V. Report on the effect of fertilisers on the mineral content of pastures
Authors: Elliot Walter , Orr J. B. , Wood T. B. , Godden William
Published: June 2019

Analytical data are recorded which indicate that the application of artificial fertilisers to grass land may result in considerable modifications in the mineral content of the herbage of these pastures. The constituents which appear to show the biggest variations are calcium and potassium and, to a lesser extent, phosphorus. Coupled with any marked increase in the calcium content of the herbage, there is generally to be found an increase in the percentage of nitrogen.
The mechanical analysis of soils: A report on the present position, and recommendations for a new official method
Authors: A Sub-Committee of the Agricultural Education Association
Published: June 2019

In the summer of 1923, the Agricultural Education Association appointed a sub-committee to report on the present position with regard to the mechanical analysis of soils. This committee has now reported to the Association, which has adopted its recommendation that the former Agricultural Education Association method(1) of sedimentation in a beaker shall be replaced by one depending on the depth concentration relationship in a settling suspension. The reasons for this recommendation and the experimental work on which it was based will be of interest and use to soil workers generally. The salient features of the report have therefore been presented in the present paper, and an appendix of methods has been added. The full details of the official method will be published in Agricultural Progress, the journal of the Agricultural Education Association.
The control of leaf-roll disease in potatoes by the diagnosis of “primarily infected” tubers: Preliminary note
Authors: McLean W.
Published: June 2019

1. Healthy tubers and “primarily infected” tubers, at time of lifting, appear to be similar both in external appearance and chemical composition.

2. On drying at laboratory temperature (about 60° F.) healthy tubers lose weight much more quickly than “primarily infected” tubers. In addition, the latter remain in a “hard” condition which persists even after sprouting whereas the former become soft and flabby.

3. It is suggested that healthy “seed” may be separated from “primarily infected” seed on this basis.
The Moscho-Hittite Inscriptions
Authors: Sayce A. H.
Published: June 2019

Two years ago, in the JRAS., an article of mine was published on the leaden rolls with Hittite hieroglyphic texts discovered by the German excavators on the site of Assur (JRAS., Oct., 1925, pp. 707 seq.). The chief purport of the article was to point out the verification the texts afforded of my decipherment of the Hittite hieroglyphic inscriptions; where I had postulated the same phonetic value for two or more different characters, these characters are found interchanging with one another, while the geographical and personal names we should expect to meet with are to be read if we give the characters the values I have assigned to them. The nature of the texts, moreover, if my system of decipherment is accepted, agrees with what analogy would suggest it ought to be. What makes them so especially important for the purpose of verification is that they are long, complete, with every character clearly defined, and, above all, that they belong to a locality and period when the script was affected by the contemporaneous use of the Phrygian alphabet and accordingly is phonetic rather than ideographic besides marking the divsions between the words.
The Conjugation of the Transitive Verb in the Principal Dialects of Shina
Authors: Lorimer D. L. R.
Published: June 2019

The paradigms given below are the result of efforts to obtain what may be regarded as standard conjugational forms of the Transitive Verb in the chief dialects of Shina.

Shina (Ṣiṇ'a) is the principal language of the Gilgit Political Agency. It is the sole or primary language of the people inhabiting:—

1. The portion of the Indus Valley lying within the Gilgit Agency, i.e. from the neighbourhood of Haramosh to Thor; including the whole Chilas District;

2. The Gilgit Valley from Dahimal, 14 miles west of Gupis, to the junction of the Gilgit River with the Indus;

3. The lower portions of the Ishkoman and Hunza-Nagir Valleys;

4. The valley of the Astor River and its tributaries;

5. The Gurez Valley in Kashmir proper.

6. It is also the language of the people inhabiting the Darel and Tangir Valleys, situated in Independent Territory to the south of the mountain range that forms the southern boundary of the mid portion of the Gilgit Valley. These valleys drain southwards into the Indus. The use of Shina does not stop here, but extends further down the Indus Valley, according to Dr. Grahame Bailey, to a point more than halfway from Chilas to Amb.
Statuette of Gudea
Authors: Langdon S.
Published: June 2019

Three years ago the native Arabs of Tello discovered a group of remarkably fine statuettes in low ground on the western side of Tablet Hill, mound V on the plan of de Sarzec, where Captain Cros found a small headless statuette of Gudea in 1903. The head, however, had been previously found by de Sarzec, and was joined to the torso by Leon Heuzey. A photograph of this statuette is published on plate I of the Revue d'Assyriologie, vol. vi. The monuments recovered by the Arabs from the temple of the god Ningishzida in the Tablet Hill are curiously enough all statuettes. All, with the exception of one, which is published in this communication, were illegally transported out of Iraq, and fortunately one was secured by the Louvre, where it rightfully joined the magnificent group of Gudea statues in the national museum of France. This is a fine alabaster statuette of Ur-Ningirsu, son of Gudea, 46 centimetres high, in standing position, and headless. It is reproduced in Monuments et Memoires publié par L' Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, tome xxvii, Statuettes de Tello, par F. Thureau-Dangin, plate ix; the circular base is sculptured in relief with two files of four figures each, which meet just below the feet of the patesi of Lagash.
Phoenician Inscription from Ur
Authors: S.J. Eric Burrows
Published: June 2019

This was found at Ur during last season's excavation by the British Museum and University Museum of Pennsylvania Joint Expedition. I thank Mr. Woolley, the Director of the Joint Expedition, for leave to use the Expedition's photograph and for permission to publish.
A New Kind of Old Arabic Writing from Ur
Authors: S.J. Eric Burrows
Published: June 2019

The two following inscriptions were found last season by the British Museum and University Museum of Pennsylvania Expedition to Ur. My thanks are due to the Joint Expedition, and to Mr. Woolley acting on its behalf, for permission to publish them.
Tibetan Documents concerning Chinese Turkestan. II: The Śa-cu Region
Authors: Thomas F. W.
Published: June 2019

In this article I have collected a certain number of documents where of the subject matter has at least some special connexion with the Śa-cu district. A good portion of the matter contained in the previous article (“I: The Ḫa-za,” supra, pp. 51–85) may be regarded as no less apposite here, and the reader, comparing the two papers, may find on the whole little dissimilarity in the contents, except that in the former case we have adhered closely to the Ḫa-za people. In order to show some system in the papers, the references in which I am naturally not in a position to restrict, I have grouped them under four heads, representing the chief purpose of their selection, namely (A) Places, (B) Clans and Nomenclature, (0) Paper and Copying of MSS., (D) Monasteries and a Historic Foundation.
The Chronology of the Sena Kings of Bengal
Authors: Barat P. C.
Published: June 2019

Since the beginning of the present century students of Indian history have been making strenuous efforts to collect such materials as would help them to reconstruct the early history of Bengal. But so far they have not succeeded in ascertaining definitely even the dates of those kings of the Sena Dynasty who governed dominions of large extent and took rank among the great powers. The discovery of the era with which is associated the name of Laksmana Sena Deva induced several well-known archaeologists to bring its initial date to bear on the history of Bengal. From the scanty data which were then available the late Professor Kielhorn after much laborious calculation definitely settled that the Lakṣmaṇa Samvat or La-Sam began in A.D. 1119–20. According to him the La-Sam was an ordinary Southern (Kārttikādi) year with Amānta scheme of lunar fortnights; and the first date of the era was October 7, A.D. 1119. As this date has not been made use of in reconstructing the chronology of the Sena kings, it may be accepted for the present; and time will show whether the conclusion of the learned doctor is right or wrong. But the assertion of the historians that the initial date of the Lakṣmaṇa Sena era synchronizes with the commencement of Lakṣmaṇa Sena's reign is quite untenable and can never be accepted as true. In Indian history there is no era which does not commemorate some epoch-making event which affected the people of the country in general. And ordinary succession to the throne in its normal course, as was the case with Lakṣmaṇa Sena Deva, does not justify the inauguration of an era in place of the usual regnal years to which the people in those days were accustomed.
Iranica
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: June 2019

An important difference between the North-Western and South-Western Middle Iranian dialects consists in the correspondence of North-Western -ḥ- to South-Western -d- (that is -δ-), beside -y-.
Discussion of the Buddhist Doctrines of Momentariness and Subjective Idealism in the Nyaya-sutras
Authors: Prasad Jwala
Published: June 2019

There is a difference of opinion among scholars as regards the exact significance of such Nyāya-sūtras as are supposed to refer to the doctrines of the Mādhyamika and the Yogācāra schools of Buddhism. It has also been suggested that probably some of these sūtras have been interpolated later on, possibly by Vātsyāyana—the author of the Nyāya-bhāṣya. After making a careful study of the sūtras in question, however, I have come to the conclusion that some of them, in any case, do not refer to the Buddhist doctrines at all, and form a natural and quite an integral part of the particular sections in which they occur, and that the theory which regards them as later interpolations is not justifiable.
Restoration of a Hymn to Shamash
Authors: Mullo-Weir Cecil J.
Published: June 2019

The well-known hymn to Shamash, edited by Gray, The Šamaš Religious Texts, pp. 9–23 (and more recently by Schollmeyer, Hymnen und Gebete an Šamaš, pp. 80 ff. and Jensen, KB., vi2, 96 ff.), can be partly restored, as Professor Langdon informs me, from Ebeling, KAR. 321 (edited by Ebeling, Berliner Beiträge, ii, 1, 8 ff.), where part of the hymn has been inserted into the so-called Girra(or Irra)-Myth. KAR. 321, obv. 12–17 = col. iii, 31–42 of Gray, ibid., and the two texts mutually restore each other. Judging from the shape of the tablet (VAT. 10714), one would suspect that a long break exists between the Obverse and the Reverse of KAR. 321, and where the text recommences (rev. 1 ff.), we find ourselves in the closing lines of another Shamash hymn.
Le nom de l'ecriture kharosthi
Authors: Przyluski Jean
Published: June 2019

Parmi les génies tutélaires des villes du Nord-Ouest de l'Inde, laMahāmāyurīcite leyakṣaKharaposta dont le nom est traduit en chinois par “peau d'âne”.Kharasignifie âne en indo-aryen, maispostamanque aux lexiques Sanskrits. Gauthiot en étudiant le mot voisinpustakaa montré qu'on devait en chercher l'origine dans l'iranienpōst(avest.pašta, pehl.pōst, pers.pūst) “peau”. Skr.pustaoupustaka“manuscrit” dérive d'un mot iranien signifiant “peau” parce que lepustakaétait d'abord un manuscrit sur peau dont l'usage se répandit de l'Iran dans 1'Inde du Nord-Ouest.
Tibetan Documents concerning Chinese Turkestan. IV: The Khotan Region
Authors: Thomas F. W.
Published: June 2019

Coming at length to Khotan, we observe first that it is frequently mentioned in the documents under its name Hu-ten or with minor variations, such as Hu-den (M.T. a, iii, 0063), Hu-then (M.T. b, i, 0098). The country and the inhabitants are designated Li as in the other known sources. The material may be grouped under heads as follows:—I: The Khotan district and city, including A, The two rivers; B, The Parishes and streets; C, Temples or Monasteries; D, The citadel of Khotan; E, The Khotan King; F, Amacas, a Nan-rje-po and a Dmag-pon. II: Śin-śan. III: Gyu-mo, Ho-toṅ Gyu-mo, and Ho-se Gyu-mo. IV: Places with names ending in rtse. V: Other places presumably in the Khotan region. VI: Places or states adjacent to, or connected with, the Khotan region. VII: Personal names of Khotanī people. VIII: The Khotan language.
The Human Figure in Archaic Chinese Writing. Part II
Authors: Hopkins L. C.
Published: June 2019

In the Journal for 1923, pp. 386–90, in the Series of “Pictographic Reconnaissances”, Part V, a small set of ancient forms was discussed and illustrated which I gave reasons for considering the original scription of the word hsün, now written and meaning to question, examine with authority, and, in the phrase, chih hsün, standing for “bound captives”. It was there maintained that the archaic form represented a kneeling human figure having the arms pinioned behind with cords. Fig. 21 on p. 389 of that Paper, reproduced as Fig. 1 on Plate II of the present Number, shows best the conception of the early design.
Metal Aeroplane Construction
Authors: Junkers Hugo
Published: June 2019

Before entering upon the subject of my lecture I beg to express my feelings of gratitude for the honour and appreciation of my efforts, implied in the invitation to speak on metal aeroplane construction before so eminent and learned a body as the Royal Aeronautical Society.

In consideration of the general political situation I deem myself entitled to attribute to this invitation the deeper meaning of a token of amiable disposition given apart and beyond my person, from nation to nation, and to see in it an effort of renewing the ties of a genuine humanity, which is well aware of the unavoidableness of conflict and fight, but does not know hatred, and desires to extinguish the sad traces of a devastating war by hoisting the flag of peaceful competition.
Aerial Navigation
Authors: Rowe A. P.
Published: June 2019

The motives prompting the desirability of human flight from the legendary period to the present time have been very numerous. For the last two hundred years, apart from the war period, we may reasonably assume that the predominant factor has been the rapid transport of personnel or material from one point to another. With this aspect of aviation, aerial navigation is intimately concerned. I want you at the outset to distinguish clearly between the problem of aerial navigation over comparatively short routes—such as from London to Paris— and what is surely the true realm of aircraft, the long distance flights from England to America, India and Australia. In favourable weather the European routes require no more of the pilot than that he should be able to read a map with what, for want of a better term, I will call aeronautical intelligence.
Some Notes on Sir George Cayley as a Pioneer of Aeronautics
Authors: Hodgson J. E.
Published: June 2019

I propose to deal with the subject of this paper under three headings : First, a brief summary of Cayley's life and character; second, an account of his work on navigable balloons; and third, a like account of his work on mechanical flight. The latter sections will be prefaced with a short survey of the state of those two branches of aeronautical science at the period of Cayley's youth. It should, perhaps, be added by way of introduction, that Cayley's place as a pioneer in .aeronautics has not yet been fully assessed. His name is barely mentioned in that greatly over-rated, ill-arranged and cumbrous compilation, “ Astra Castra,” published by Hatton Turnor in 1865, and it is entirely omitted from the “ Dictionary of National Biography.”
On the Vortex Pair Quickly Formed by Some Aerofoils
Authors: Piercy N. A. V.
Published: June 2019

It was suggested by Lanchester some years ago that an aerofoil immersed in a moving fluid gave rise to two trailing vortices of opposite hand, one situated near each of the extremities of span. The existence of the vortex pair has since been demonstrated in a variety of ways, of which perhaps the most striking is that due to Caldwell and Fales, who used the condensation of water vapour in a high-speed wind channel to obtain photographs. The vortex pair constitutes so important a feature in the stream behind most aerofoils that measurements capable of numerical analysis seemed desirable, and an account is given in the present Paper of some work to this end which appears capable of straightforward interpretation.

It may be that the residual motion sufficiently far behind any aerofoil is a vortex pair. Similar experiments to those about to be described, however, which deal with the motion only for a few chords back, have been made with several other aerofoils of a variety of shapes having long, graded wing tips, and with some of these no distinct vortex was found. With others apparently more than one pair could exist in certain circumstances, but opportunity has not occurred to probe deeply into these interesting cases. Attention is confined to two aerofoils representative of considerable variation in a class having uniform section and angle of incidence with blunt, or square-ended, wing tips. The general nature of the results is common even with aerofoils outside this class, but the foregoing remarks will serve to indicate that exceptions are known to exist.
Theoretical Relationships for the Lift and Drag of an Aerofoil Structure
Authors: H. Glauert
Published: June 2019

It is a fact of common experience that a body in motion relative to a gas or liquid is subject to a resultant force, and it is customary to resolve this force into two components, the drag opposing the relative motion and the lift at right-angles to the direction of this motion. In general the drag is the pre-dominant component, but the class of bodies known as aerofoils and used for the construction of aeroplane wings, is such that the lift is considerably in excess of the drag. The present discussion relates solely to this class of bodies whose essential characteristic is the production of a large lift correlated with a relatively small drag. It is a matter of very considerable importance to develop a theory which will explain the origin of the forces experienced by an aerofoil, and will provide a method of calculating the characteristics of any aerofoil structure from a knowledge of its geometrical form and of the physical properties of the fluid through which it moves. It is proposed to discuss the behaviour of aerofoils in two and in three dimensions, and in particular to discuss the vortex theory of lift and induced drag. The general nature of the flow pattern on which the theory is based has been described by Lanchester, but the mathematical development of the thcorv is due to Prandtl and his colleagues.
The Launching of Aircraft from Ships
Authors: Wackett L. J.
Published: June 2019

As it may be necessary in the future, as it has been in the past, to launch aircraft from ships, other than aircraft carriers with large aerodrome decks, the following investigation has been carried out.

It is required to find the minimum propeller thrust necessary to enable an aircraft (particularly a seaplane or flying boat) of known weight and fineness, to take off from a railway platform, on a ship steaming at given speed.
The Effect of Variable Gearing on Aeroplane Performance
Authors: Betts Annie D.
Published: June 2019

It has been shown that considerable improvement may be made in the performance of an aeroplane by the use of an airscrew, the pitch of which can be varied. The matter was discussed by Mr. H. A. Mettam in R. and M. 577, Part II. There are, however, certain pratical drawbacks to the use of a variable pitch airscrew. Such an airscrew is expensive to construct and probably more liable to breakage or derangement in flight than the ordinary type. It also imposes on the pilot the necessity of making constant and accurate use of the variable pitch control, if the full advantages of the system are to be obtained.

The present writer considered, therefore, that it might be worth while to inquire whether a similar improvement in performance could not be obtained by other and simpler means, namely, by the use of variable gearing between the engine and airscrew (the latter being of the usual fixed pitch type). The calculations have been made for the same machine as was used to illustrate R. and M. 577, the S.E.5 with Wolseley Viper engine. As in the variable pitch airscrew calculations, the weight has been increased from 1,976lbs. to 2,000lbs., thus allowing 24lbs. for the weight of the gearing.
A Review of the Present Position with Regard to Airship Research and Experiment
Authors: Richmond V. C.
Published: June 2019

Prior to the war, experience in this country in the production of successful rigid airships may be counted to be practically negligible. The war period, however, produced an intensive programme of rigid airship building in which the early designers were seriously handicapped owing to this lack of previous experience, and owing to the insufficient time and opportunities for research and experiment, a state of affairs which persisted to the end of the war.
Stalled Flying
Authors: Scott Hall S.
Published: June 2019

Stalled flying is a subject which at the present time is occupying the thought and time of aerodynamic experts all over the world. It is still more or less in the experimental stages, but its value to flying, and more especially commercial aeronautics, is now almost universally recognised.

It has hitherto been possible to fly an aeroplane at all angles of incidence from the no-lift angle up to the burble point of the aerofoil section employed for the wings. The burble point on the lift curve marks the change-over from streamline to turbulent critical airflow, and at this angle the aeroplane will stall. The machine sinks, and what is more dangerous, becomes unstable laterally so that the pilot loses power over its orientation. A spin then usually ensues.

It may be as well to state here that the only way of defining the change-over point from normal to stalled conditions is by means of the stalling angle.
Supercharged Aero Engines
Authors: Pierce R. F. R.
Published: June 2019

The main object of this paper is to show the importance of supercharging, the desirable results brought about by the process, and a consideration of the difficulties.

Supercharging, as understood by aeronautic engineers, is the process whereby the output of an engine at sea level is maintained at altitudes. Forced induction, by means of a rotary blower, has however been tried on automobile engines. Only one maker, Mercedes, has so far incorporated this feature in the standard design. This practice has much to be said for it, as a small engine may be made to give a large output without running abnormally fast, or resorting to special fuel.

It would be interesting to consider the application of superchargers to aero engines with this idea of obtaining large outputs from small engines. Given good design, an actual increase in horse-power for a given weight would result.
On the Calculation of Stresses in the Hulls of Rigid Airships
Authors: Southwell R. V.
Published: June 2019

An essay which is to be submitted in competition for the R.38 Memorial Prize may fairly presume a knowledge of airship history in recent years, and I shall here touch only on those circumstances which have influenced the writing of this paper. Between the cessation of airship construction in the autumn of 1921 and its revival in the summer of 1924, all branches of official research were discontinued by order of the Air Council, excepting an inquiry into the theoretical aspects of stress-calculation which had been urged by the Aeronautical Research Committee in its report on the disaster to R.38.
Notes on Magnesium and its Alloys
Authors: Jones W. R. D.
Published: June 2019

The introduction of a new material is a very slow process and engineers are extremely critical of the claims put forward in favour of any new materials. The development of aluminium and its alloys has been exceedingly slow and it has needed the extraordinary circumstances of the war and the brilliant work recorded in the eleventh report of the Alloys Research Committee of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers to establish finally the use of aluminium and its alloys. This paper deals with one of the latest metals to be introduced to engineers.
The Practical Aspect of Seaplanes
Authors: Cave-Browne-Cave T. R.
Published: June 2019

A meeting of the Society was held in the rooms of the Royal Society of Arts, Adelphi, London, on Thursday, February 15th, 1923, Professor L. Bairstow presiding. The Chairman, referring to the paper to be read, namely, on “ The Practical Aspect of Seaplanes,” by Wing Commander T. R. Cave-Browne-Cave, C.B.E., said that this was the third of the series of lectures on seaplanes, a series which came into being mainly at the instigation of Wing Commander Cave-Browne-Cave. The lecturer was a member of the Council of the Society, and had thought that it woqld be advisable to have a connected series of papers of this description ; it could be said that the policy adopted had been successful and would be rounded off by that evening’s lecture. The author, in the beginning of the paper, explained what his position was, and that the paper represented other views in addition to his own, so that he (the Chairman) did not propose to enter into that subject, but he asked those present to note, when the paper was read, how the whole cause of seaplane development cried out loudly for further experiment. The conclusions in the paper were more definite than those they usually associated with pilots’ opinions on the flying of aircraft, but that they were generally sound he himself had some reason to know. On the other hand, it was quite clear from the paper that the author had not been able to put into numerical form many things which he knew were true in a general way. He then called upon the author to read his paper.