bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Conductivity and Latent Heat Properties of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material (μPCM)/Multiwall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Composites for EVs Application
Authors: Abdullah Adli Zil Ikram , bin Abdollah Mohd Fadzli , Tee Boon Tuan , Amiruddin Hilmi , Mat Yamin Ahmad Kamal , Tamaldin Noreffendy
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study is to investigate the thermal properties of microencapsulated phase change material (μPCM) / multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites. Several disc samples with 30mm diameter x 5mm width of μPCM/MWCNT composites were prepared with different mass fractions of MWCNT of 2, 4, 7 and 10 wt% using a compaction method. The thermal conductivity test was performed according to ASTM standard, while the latent heat property was calculated based on the theoretical equations. It was found that the thermal conductivity increase with mass fraction of MWCNT. However, the latent heat decreases with mass fraction of MWCNT. From these results, the optimized mass fraction of MWCNT approximately 5%, could be selected due it stable-form in thermal conductivity and latent heat capacity for electric vehicles (EVs) application. Furthermore, the reducing in melting time with increasing of MWCNT is accordance with the improvement of thermal conductivity.
Influence of Silanized-Silica and Carbon Black on the Cure and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (NR/rCR) Blends
Authors: Salleh Siti Zuliana , Ismail Hanafi , Ahmad Zulkifli
Published: December 2015

The loadings effect of carbon black and silanized-silica filled 75/25 phr/phr of natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (NR/rCR) blends were compared with the unfilled NR/rCR blends. Different filler loading between in the range of 10- 40 phr was used. The rubber blends were prepared by using a laboratory two-roll mill and rheometric characteristics were studied using the Monsanto moving die rheometer (MDR 2000) at 150 °C. The addition of CB and silanized-silica showed different trend in scorch and cure time but showed similar trend in torques. The incorporation of both fillers caused higher tensile strength than that unfilled rubber blends. By comparison, the silanized-silica filled NR/rCR blends showed higher tensile strength than CB filled NR/rCR blends. Morphological characterization as observed from SEM justified these results.
Suitability of Malaysian Fly Ash for Geopolymer Synthesis
Authors: Siyal Ahmer Ali , Azizli Khairun Azizi , Ismail Lukman , Man Zakaria , Khan Muhammad Irfan
Published: December 2015

Fly ash is a pozzolanic material which is produced during coal combustion in thermal power plants. This paper investigates the suitability of Malaysian fly ash for geopolymer synthesis. Chemical composition analysis, particle size analysis, amorphous and crystalline phases present, bonding nature, and microstructural behavior are used to determine the suitability of fly ash for geopolymer synthesis. The results showed that fly ash contains silica, alumina, ferrous oxide, and calcium oxide in major proportions which are the main ingredients required for geopolymer synthesis. Higher portion of particles having size in the range of 1-15 µm. Fly ash contains quartz, mullite, and ferrite as the crystalline compounds while the major portion of fly ash is in amorphous form. The band due to asymmetric stretching vibration mode of Si-O-T appears at 1095 cm-1 which is the main band used to follow geopolymer formation. Microstructure of fly ash shows that the higher portion of fly ash is in amorphous form while it contains cenospheres, magnetic spheres, carbon, and a large number of small particles. Malaysian fly ash is a suitable material for geopolymer and it can be used for geopolymer synthesis.
The Effect of Triacetin on the Plasticization Efficiency and Tensile Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride/di-2-Ethyl Hexyl Phthalate/Triacetin Compounds
Authors: Rusli Arjulizan , Asul Kahar Nur Farhana
Published: December 2015

The use of triacetin as an alternative plasticizer to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was studied in term of plasticizer efficiency and tensile properties before and after ageing. The efficiency of plasticizers was evaluated based on the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the hardness value of the compounds. The Tg and hardness of all PVC/DEHP/Triacetin compounds are lower than PVC/50DEHP and PVC/50Triacetin compounds indicating synergistic plasticisation effect between both DEHP and Triacetin within the PVC compounds. The low molecular weight and chemical structure of triacetin are believed to contribute to the highest tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus of the PVC/triacetin compared with PVC/DEHP and PVC/DEHP/triacetin compounds. However, the migration ability of the triacetin plasticizer is believed to result in the biggest changes of the tensile properties of PVC compounds plasticized with triacetin before and after ageing.
The Effect of Caprolactam on Tensile Properties and Morphology of Recycled High Density Polyethylene/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (RHDPE/EVA) Blends
Authors: Fatimah A.R.H. , Supri A.G. , Firuz Z.
Published: December 2015

This paper describes tensile properties, and morphology analysis of different composition of RHDPE and EVA blends were studied. The main goals are to describe the effect of Caprolactam as compatibilizer used to improve the compatibility between RHDPE and EVA. The RHDPE/EVA blends were prepared at 160°C and the rotor speed of 50rpm in an internal mixer. The tensile strength for RHDPE/EVA blends increased, while adding Caprolactam by 6phr in the blend formulation significantly improved the tensile properties. The SEM micrograph show a better interfacial adhesion between RHDPE and EVA phases for RHDEP/EVA/Caprolactam blends than RHDPE/EVA blends.
Dimensional Accuracy Study of Open Cellular Structure CoCrMo Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Process
Authors: Mat Taib Zahrul Adnan , Wan Harun Wan Sharuzi , Ghani Saiful Anwar Che , Ab Rashid Mohd Fadzil Faisae , Omar Mohd Asnawi , Ramli Hazlen
Published: December 2015

Designing orthodontic implants with desired physical and biological performances and to fabricate net shape with complex anatomical shapes is still a challenge. Cautious design approaches followed by systematic manufacturing techniques that can achieve balanced physical performance in mono block implants mechanics is necessary to accomplish this objective. Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) technique such as selective laser melting (SLM) process is progressively being utilized for new biomaterials such as cobalt-chrome-molybdenum (CoCrMo). This study was designed to determine a dimensional accuracy of open cellular structures CoCrMo samples with designing volume based porosity ranging between 0 % (full dense) to 80 %. A maximum 2.10 % shrinkage was obtained by 80 % designed porosity sample. Samples with higher volume-to-surface area (full dense) demonstrated the low total amount of shrinkage as compared to lower volume-to-surface area (80 % designed porosity).
Tribology Properties of Injection Moulded Co Based Alloy
Authors: Mohd Zainon Nurazilah , Abdulah Noorsyakirah , Roslani Norazlan , Sauti Rosliza , Omar Mohd Afian , Meh Bakar , Abdul Jalil Mohd Nizam , Omar Ahmad Zahid
Published: December 2015

CoCrMo alloy is one of the most used metallic biomaterials due to its high wear. Premature wear of the component is one of the main cause of hip prosthesis failure. The objective in this study is to investigate the tribology properties of sintered CoCrMo fabricated via injection moulding. Tests were carried out at room temperature comparing metal injection moulded dog bone tensile samples at different sintering temperatures. The parameter used for the pin on disk test is a 10kN load, 500m sliding distance and a chromium steel ball as a sliding partner. The morphologies and compositions of the worn surfaces were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the wear mechanism and friction coefficient of CoCrMo depended strongly on the microstructure which was influenced by the sintering temperature.
Feedstock Formulation of Open-Pore Cell Copper Foam via Metal Injection Molding
Authors: Abdulah Noorsyakirah , Mohamad Mazlan , Omar Mohd Afian , Suleiman @ Ahmad Muhammad Jabir , Mahaidin Ahmad Aswad , Mohd Zainon Nurazilah , Nurul Hadi Mohamad Afiq , Meh Bakar , Abd Jalil Mohd Nizam , Mohd Hijazi Mohd Bakri , Omar Ahmad Zahid
Published: December 2015

Feedstock preparation is one of the most crucial steps that will influence the metal injection molding process. In this study, the properties of Cu and space holder powder were determined. Powder morphology was captured using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Three different ratios of feedstocks were premixed with potassium carbonate as space holder using Turbulence Shaker mixer prior to mixing with constant binder system consist of waste rubber (WR). Mixes of three feedstocks with from 40, 50 and 60 wt. % were carried out in Brabender Plasticoder. All feedstocks were mixed at constant powder loading. The feedstocks were successfully injection molded using Vertical Injection Molding machine at 200°C.
Effect of Rare Earth Metals on Diffusion and Porosity Deformation of Al-11Si-2Cu Cast Alloy
Authors: Ahmad Roslee , Asmael M.B.A.
Published: December 2015

The effect of rare earth additions on diffusion and porosity deformation of Al-11Si-Cu alloy was investigated. The microstructure was characterized by optical microscope. By adding small amount of La and Ce, the porosity can be reduced. As the amount of La and Ce were increased, the porosity defects were diffused and increased in microstructure. RE intermetallic indicates Al-Cu phase interrupted the quality of Al-Si-Cu casting alloy.
Rheological Study of a Copper Feedstock
Authors: bin Suleiman @ Ahmad Muhammad Jabir , binti Abdulah Noorsyakirah , bin Omar Mohamad Afian , binti Mohd Zainon Nurazilah , bin Mahaidin Ahmad Aswad , bin Nurul Hadi Mohamad Afiq , bin Mohamad Mazlan
Published: December 2015

MIM technique is described in which allows for the production of highly porous metallic foams with porosity levels up to 90%. It makes use of the pressure built up by the decomposition of a foaming agent which is incorporated in a foamable precursor copper material obtained by powder compaction. A suitable behaviors feedstock that refers to its rheological is one of the key factors to ensure the successful of MIM technique and to predict failure, whether due to the binder component and compositions, powder loading or unsuitable process parameters. Potassium carbonate and polyethylene is added and were mixed homogeneously to form a copper feedstock. The rheological results in term of shear rate, shear stress, viscosity, melting rate and softening temperature which related to pseduoplastic behaviors have been conducted using a capillary rheometer (CFT-500D, Shimadzu) at various temperature and loads. The result has indicated that the viscosity of the feedstock is decreased with increasing shear rate thus proved the feedstock to be pseudoplastic.
Metal Injection Moulding of Hip Stem CoCrMo Alloy Powder Using Palm Stearin Binder System
Authors: Omar Mohd Afian , Abdullah Noorsyakirah , Sauti Rosliza , Zainon Nurazilah Mohd , Johari Nurhaslina , Zulkifly Mohd Hafiz , Baharudin Mohd Yusuf
Published: December 2015

Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) has undergone development of various binder systems with the aims of shortening the overall debinding time duration. In the present work, binder system based on biopolymer has been utilised in injection moulding of hip stem CoCrMo alloy powder. The feedstock consisted of CoCrMo powder with mean diameter particle size of 16μm and binder system which comprised of major fraction of wax and minor fraction of polyethylene. The moulded part was immersed into n-heptane at 60°C in order to remove the paraffin wax and stearic acid, followed by sintering in a controlled vacuum atmosphere. Results showed that solvent extraction debinding technique allowed complete removal of paraffin wax and stearic acid from the injection moulded part within 5 hours without swelling or distortion of the debound part. Lower heating rate needed during thermal pyrolysis in order to retain the shape due to the thickness of the part.Keywords: CoCrMo, MIM, wax, debinding,
Preliminary Investigation of Hydrophilic Polymer (HP)/Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR25) Blends Film Formation for Rubber Glove Donning Coating Application
Authors: Mohd Yazid Norhanifah , Che Ali Ruslimie , Mustafa Asrul
Published: December 2015

In this study, HP/ENR blends were prepared in aqueous solution with different hydrophilic polymers for rubber glove donning coating application. HP/ENR blend films were prepared using cast films technique to investigate the film formation prior to coating onto rubber glove. The films surface morphology were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Light Microscopy (LM). While, the thermal properties of the films were determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The microscopy results showed that coherence film formation can be obtained even though the PVA/ENR and PAA/ENR blends were immiscible. DSC result showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blends shifted to higher temperature compared with Tgof ENR. The preliminary evaluation of coating onto rubber latex film indicated that PVP/ENR blend is feasible as coating material.
Growth of TiO2 Thin Films by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
Authors: Hussin Rosniza , Choy Kwang Leong , Hou Xiang Hui
Published: December 2015

Ceramic oxide thin films are an important material, with applications in many areas of science and technology. Titanium oxide (TiO2) is also a well-known and important material for applications such as gas sensors [1], photocatalysis materials [3], and electrochemicals [1], due to its self-cleaning [2], good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a nanotechnology tool that is used for the deposition of nanostructured thin films. The unique advantage of ALD is the self-limiting film growth mechanism, which offers attractive properties, simple and accurate film thickness control, sharp interfaces, uniformity over large areas, excellent conformality, good reproducibility, a multilayer processing capability, and high quality films at low temperatures [3, 4]. TiO2 thin films were grown using TTIP (Titanium isopropoxide) ALD on silicon wafers, glass slides, and stainless steel plates in order to study the effect of substrates on the growth of TiO2. In order to achieve the desired advantages of using TTIP, a series of experiments were performed to study the growth mechanism of TiO2 thin films using TTIP and H2O by ALD.
Effect of Immersion Coating Deposition Time on Solder Joint Properties
Authors: Abd Malek Zetty Akhtar , Wirda Kahar Hardinna , Idris Siti Rabiatull Aisha , Ishak Mahadzir
Published: December 2015

Surface finishes on copper pads have been known to be one of influential factor in the solder joint quality. This due to the difference in interfacial reaction and intermetallic compound formation on solder pad was strongly influence by the type of surface finishes. Deposition times during immersion plating process on copper pads are important as the thickness of coating will decide several properties of surface finish, such as wettability during soldering process. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of deposition time of immersion gold coating on wettability of the surface finish and how it affect the formation of intermetallic compounds on solder joint. In this works, deposition time of copper pads in immersion gold solution were varied from 3 minutes up to 15 minutes. The thickness of immersion gold layer that form on Cu pads were then measured using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). As the main objective of this study is to study the effect of deposition time during immersion plating process towards solder joint, the pads were reflowed along with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder in furnace under temperature 250 °C for 25 minutes. Then, the cross sections of the solder joints were examined using optical microscope in order to measure the wetting angle and thickness of intermetallic compound formed; which acceptable value in industrial area, should be below 40 ̊ and below 4μm as reflow respectively.
Inhibitive Effect of Fatty Amide and Secondary Species on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel
Authors: Ibrahim Izni Mariah , Jai Junaidah , Hashim Md Amin
Published: December 2015

The effect of hydrazine, N2H4in the presence of fatty amide as corrosion inhibitor on corrosion of carbon steel in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was studied by linear polarization resistance method (LPRM) at room temperature and static condition. The specimens’ surface analysis was done using atomic force microscope (AFM). The inhibition efficiency improved to more than 80% when 500, 100 and 2000 ppm of hydrazine were added to the inhibited solution containing 20 ppm fatty amide. The results obtained show that the inhibition effect is increased with increase of hydrazine concentration in inhibited solution. It indicates that hydrazine retards the reduction of oxygen in the corrosion process by reacting with dissolved oxygen in the solution and thus, further it reduces the corrosion rate of carbon steel.
Degradation Assessment of Gas Turbine Hot Gas Path Components
Authors: Pauzi Ahmad Afiq
Published: December 2015

Hot gas path component consists of components designed to burn air-fuel mixture in combustion section and provide hot gasses to the turbine section where mechanical power is produced. The aim of this research project is expected to improve the current practices of managing degradation of hot gas path components. Understanding the damage mechanisms is of great interest in reducing the damage and failure risk. In this research, a study was conducted on F-Class type gas turbine hot gas path components assembly. It involved extensive examination and testing of the components which had been in operations for 24,000 hours since the last shutdown. Various factors such as installation, operating conditions, hardness and material of constructions were also investigated. This paper reports the initial findings of the study of hot gas path components degradation. It describes the damage observed on the affected areas of the components and proposes the factors that contribute to the damage processes. Potential solutions for mitigating the damages are also discussed.
The Optical Properties of Epoxy for Temperature Sensitive Sensor
Authors: Mohd Isha Khairuldin , Hashim Syafawati
Published: December 2015

The development of optical fibre temperature indicator using epoxy glue as a detection membrane is presented. This study, investigates the effects of epoxy glue from the reaction of epoxy resin, bisphenol A (BPA) (80-05-7) and adhesive epichlorohydrine (ECH) (106-89-8) as a temperature indicator membrane. In this work the response of epoxy glue to excitation source 395 nm is tested and analyzed under cryogenic conditions. A fiber optic temperature sensor for detecting ambient temperature ranging from 15 °C to 80 °C has been examined. The epoxy glue fluoresce when excited with UV-blue light source. The intensity of the fluorescence of the material decreases when the epoxy glue is exposed to an environment of higher temperature. These decrease level of fluorescence signal has been used to indicate temperature. In this paper, the basic principle of operation, development process and emission response characteristics of this sensor are discussed.
Effect of Crystallite Size on the Optical and Structural Properties of Gadolinium-Doped Zinc Oxide
Authors: Ab Rasid Nurul Fadzilah , Mohd Tawil Siti Nooraya , Che Ani Norhidayah , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan
Published: December 2015

Rare earth Gd-doped ZnO thin films were prepared by a simple sol-gel spin coating method in order to search for a new functional diluted magnetic semiconductor for potential application in spintronics. The thin films were deposited onto glass substrates with zinc acetate dehydrate, monoethanolamine and 2-methoxyethanol as a starting material, stabilizer and solvent, respectively. The dopant percentage was increased up to 8%. Optical investigation showed that the crystallinity of the thin films was changing due to the increase of the Gd concentrations and optical band gap energy (Eg) value was estimated to be around 3.12 ~ 3.28 eV using Tauc's model. The crystallite size determined from XRD spectra and the results was found that the value is in the range of 14.42 ~ 21.98 nm.
Effects of Annealing Process on the Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Copper Oxide Thin Films Grown by Immersion Technique
Authors: Nurfazliana Mohd Fauzee , Kamaruddin Sharul Ashikin , Nafarizal Nayan , Saim Hashim , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan
Published: December 2015

The synthesized and characterization on the growth of copper oxide thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass with annealing and without annealing process has been studied by immersion techniques. Furthermore, ZnO layer has been used in order to improved the absorption spectrum of CuO films. The copper oxide films were analyzed on the morphological, structural, optical and electrical by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy (absorbance) and I-V characteristics instruments. The atomic force microscope (AFM) was used in order to characterize the surface imaging of copper oxide films and the thicknesses were measured using a surface profiler. The AFM studies revealed that the roughness of the CuO films increased after annealing was applied this is due to the formation of large clusters of grains from the merging of small clusters grains. The CuO films thicknesses also becomes two times higher than the CuO films without annealing process.
Thermophysical Properties of Alumina-Ethanol-Water Based Nanofluids
Authors: Umer Ilyas Suhaib , Pendyala Rajashekhar , Marneni Narahari , Mohd Shariff Azmi
Published: December 2015

Addition of nanosized particles as an additive to the fluid in order to improve the properties of fluid has gained much attention in recent era. Limited studies are reported in literature for the preparation and estimation of thermophysical properties of nanofluids based on binary mixture of liquids. Thermophysical properties of nanofluids including effective density and effective viscosity of alumina nanoparticles based nanofluids are measured at a temperature range of 20-60°C. The study is carried out in binary mixture of ethanol and water at different concentrations. Alumina nanoparticles of 50 nm are used at different particle loading i.e. 0-0.3 wt% in different proportions of ethanol and water. The analysis of measured experimental values indicates that the addition of nanoparticles in different concentrations has significant effect on the effective density and the effective viscosity of fluids. The predicted values are estimated from correlation coefficients as a function of temperature.
Nanospheres Effect of Different Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Ratios towards Particle Size of Polystyrene Nanosphere
Authors: Nordin Mohd Nasha’ain , Asari Nuruzatulifah , Isha Khairuldin , Suhaldi Wedianti , Mahaidin Ahmad Aswad , Mohd Azmi Nik
Published: December 2015

Abstract.Polystyrene (PS) nanospheres were synthesized by emulsion polymerization using 2,2′-Azobis (2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as initiator and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) act as surfactant. The size and distribution of the PS nanospheres were systematically investigated in terms of surfactant concentration. Effect of the surfactant towards to the particle size is study using SEM, FTIR and XRD. It is found that increase in Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration increase the reaction time thus longer time needed for the formation of the nanosphere. However their properties are comparable to the commercial Polystyrene PS nanosphere.
Effect of Methylcellulose on the Hydrophilicity of Chitosan 3D-Porous Scaffold
Authors: Abu Norhidayah , Kasim Siti Hajar , Hisham Siti Farhana , Shamsudin Suriani , Noorsal Kartini , Mastor Azreena
Published: December 2015

This paper work proposes the idea of super hydrophilic chitosan development in porous sponge form as the bottom part of bi-layer skin regenerating template. In this experiment, 5 different ratios of chitosan: methylcellulose have been prepared by varying the amount of methylcellulose from 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, to 50 %. The formation of chitosan-cellulose scaffold will be carried out through combination of moist providing methylcellulose and wound-healing chitosan. The advantages of using methylcellulose on hydrophilicity of the template was characterized through FTIR analysis and wettability study, while their morphology was characterized using Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscope (VPSEM). The polymeric structure of polyanion methylcellulose which contains hydroxyl (-OH) functional group, analyzed using FTIR analysis was expected to attract H2O molecule from the moisture, hence providing the hydrophilic properties of the polymer. Water uptake study shows that as the percentage of methylcellulose used in the template increased, the water uptake of the template also increased. However, increasing the amount of methylcellulose did not give a significant different to the porosity of the template.
Preparation and Characterization of PVDF-DMAc-Nano SiO2 Distillation Membrane
Authors: Hamidi Azlin , Teng Wan Dung , Abdullah Saifollah
Published: December 2015

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were prepared with different compositions of SiO2 nanoparticles. PVDF is one of the most widely used in membrane technology. The molecular structure of PVDF fluoropolymer provides high chemical resistance, good mechanical properties and thermal stability. It also can be used as composites with inorganic nanoparticles such as SiO2 to improve the performance and properties of the membrane. In this study, Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) was used as solvent. The prepared membranes were characterized using contact angle measurements with water, atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the structures of the membranes and mechanical strength. The experimental results showed that additional of nanoSiO2 will exhibit different characteristic on the microstructure and mechanical strength of the membrane.
Particle Size Measurement in Waste Water Influent and Effluent Using Particle Size Analyzer and Quantitative Image Analysis Technique
Authors: Khanam Taslima , Syuhada Wan Ata Wan Nur , Rashedi Ahmad
Published: December 2015

Wastewater originated from domestic or industry use need to be treated before discharge it to the environment. Particle size is one of the parameter that determine efficient operation of wastewater treatment plant. The present work conducts a comparative study of non-imaging and imaging based particle size analysis tools to analyze the limitations and advantages of using such equipment. The study utilizes particle size analyzer (PSA) as non-imaging tool and light microscope as imaging tool to determine particle sizes in various waste water samples. For this analysis domestic wastewater influent and effluent are analyzed with both techniques. In addition, palm oil mill effluent (POME) has also been analyzed after Fenton process to compare the particle size using these tools. PSA shows most of the particles in the influent and effluent are in the size range of 100 to 700 μm, while microscopy shows additional information of aggregates structure in POME sample showing promising possibility of identifying complex structure of aggregates present in the sample.
Friction Properties of Waste Cooking Oil with Banana Peel Broth
Authors: Mohd Razi Mohd Zakwan , Abdollah Mohd Fadzli , Mat Nuri Nur Rashid , Amiruddin Hilmi , Tamaldin Noreffendy
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study is to investigate the friction properties of waste cooking oil (WCO) with banana peel broth. The WCO was purified using a physical technique. Several weight percentages of 15 wt.%, 30 wt.% and 45 wt.% of banana peel broth was dispersed in WCO using ultrasonic homogenizer. Span 80, as a surfactant, were added to the blends. The tribological test was performed using a four-ball tribometer according to the ASTM standards. At early stage, between 0-1200 seconds, it was found that the presence of banana peel broth in WCO reduces the friction coefficient. However, after a certain time, the oil film breakdown and instantly increased the friction coefficient. By observation of worn surfaces, it can be suggested that WCO with 30 wt.% banana peel broth could be a good blends for this study. As a conclusion, this study proposes that the banana peel broth could improve the tribological properties of WCO in mild conditions.
Preparation and Characterization of Lignin from Malaysian Coconut Coir Husk (CCH) as a Potential Precursor in Phenol-Formaldehyde (Phenolic) Resins for the Plastics Industry
Authors: Nabila Saari Nur Fatin , Samsudin Dalina , Abdul Wahab Nor Mazlina , Majid Noor Aishatun , Daik Rusli , Mohd Ishak Mohd Azlan
Published: December 2015

Coconut coir husk (CCH) was chosen to extract it lignin due to high lignin content comparable with other natural fibre. The lignin was extracted and its utilization in production of phenolic resin was investigated. The percentage extracted lignin obtained in this studied was 38.1% which indicated the high yield of lignin. Two phenolic resins were prepared, which are phenol-formaldehyde resin and lignin-formaldehyde resin. The functional group present in the lignin and both phenolic resins were further analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings from the infrared spectra of the lignin-formaldehyde resin were similar to the phenol-formaldehyde resin. These indicate that lignin can be partially used as phenol in phenolic resin synthesis.
Tensile Properties of Rice Straw Fiber Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites
Authors: Mat Zubir Nurul Hani , Sam Sung Ting , Santiagoo Ragunathan , Noimam N.Z. , Wang Jing
Published: December 2015

The poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/ rice straw (RS) composites with various RS content ratios were prepared by using heated two roll-mill. The mechanical performances of prepared PLA/ RS composites were studied. The tensile strength and elongation at break, Eb of the composite decreases as the content of rice straw fiber increases from 5% to 25% while the Young’s modulus had increases. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis demonstrates the infrared absorption of PLA after the existing of RS.
Corn Stalk Fiber Material by Chemical Pulping Process for Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Daud Zawawi , Mohd Hatta Mohd Zainuri , Abdul Latiff Ab Aziz , Awang Halizah
Published: December 2015

The agriculture waste material can give benefit to many production industries. The studied crop is corn (Zea Mays)stalk. The objective of this work was to analysis the chemical composition; to study chemical pulping and papermaking properties of corn stalk and; to investigate the fiber morphology of properties of those crops. Firstly, the chemical composition of corn stalk were determined and compared with other non-woods. After that, chemical corn stalk was conducted in this analysis followed the physical and mechanical properties. The result showed that, corn stalk have cellulose (39.0%) and lignin content is the lowest (7.3%) content rather than other composition. In chemical pulping, reached high pulp yields had been produced and the strength properties: tear index, tensile index, burst and fold verified that they were of an acceptable quality for papermaking. This crop morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), which showed a condensed composition of fiber structure. This study can developed a friendly product and promote the green technology, suitable to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry.Keywords:Fiber, Corn stalk, Composition, Green technology, Pulp and paper making.
The Presence of Additive Mixtures (THF/SDS) on Carbon Dioxide Rich Gas Mixture Hydrate Formation and Dissociation Conditions
Authors: Nasir Qazi , Lal Bhajan , Keong Lau Kok
Published: December 2015

Besides other application of clathrate hydrates, hydrate-based CO2capture and storage are potentially important where additives are commonly used to speed up the hydrate formation processes in order to gain on scientific, technological and economic interest. In this work combination of additives such as tetrahydrofuran and sodium dodecyl sulphate (THF/SDS) on mixed gas hydrate formation and dissociation condition have been investigated using a graphical method. The measurements were carried out at temperature and pressure range of (265 to 300) K and (1 to 5) MPa. The presence of additive 3 mol % THF has drastically increased in the hydrate stability region while with the combination of SDS + THF lower the hydrate equilibrium temperature marginally.
The Utilization of Recycled Newspaper in the Production of Cellulose Microfiber
Authors: Mohamed Mohamad Azuwa , Wan Salleh Wan Norharyati , Jaafar Juhana , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi
Published: December 2015

Cellulose microfibers (CMF) were produced by utilizing recycled newspaper paper (RNP) as starting material. This approach is considered as green since recycling newspaper leads to the environment preservation and also cost-effective. The effect on the structural properties of cellulose produced at different stage of pretreatment were investigated by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR and SEM demonstrate that the hemicellulose and lignin was successfully removed from the structure of the CMF. XRD and TGA results revealed that the different step of pretreatment was increased the crystallinity and thermal stability of CMF increased gradually. The improvement in CMF crystallinity has improved its thermal properties which is important in the field of reinforcement material.
Photo Oxidative Extractive Desulfurization of Model Oil Using Fe/TiO2 Photocatalyst and Eutectic Based Ionic Liquid: Effect of Metal Loading
Authors: Mohd Zaid Hayyiratul Fatimah , Fai Kait Chong , Abdul Mutalib Mohamed Ibrahim
Published: December 2015

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyts doped with iron metal at different metal loadings were successfully prepared and characterized. The doped photocatalyst were characterized using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DR-UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM).Photooxidative extractive desulfurization of model oil containing dibenzothiophene as the sulfur compound (100ppm) was investigated using the prepared photocatalyst. The photocatalyst with 0.20 wt% Fe metal loading showed the best sulfur removal at 61.13%.
Design Process of Low Cost Uncemented Femoral Stem 316L Stainless Steel Using Investment Casting Technique
Authors: Baharuddin Mohd Yusof , Salleh S. Hussain , Mohd Nor Alias , Lee Muhammad Hisyam , Zulkifly Ahmad Hafiz , Omar Mohd Afian
Published: December 2015

Total hip replacement (THR) is a flourishing orthopaedic surgery which generating billion of dollars of revenue. The cost associated with the fabrication of implants has been increasing year by year and this phenomenon has burdened the patient with extra charges. Consequently, this study will focus on designing an accurate implant via implementing the reverse engineering of three dimensional morphological study based on a particular population. By using the finite element analysis, this study will assist to predict the outcome and could become a useful tool for pre-clinical testing of newly designed implant. A prototype is then fabricated using 316L stainless steel by applying investment casting techniques which reduce manufacturing cost without jeopardizing implant quality. The finite element analysis showed the maximum von Mises stress was 66.88 MPa proximally with a safety factor of 2.39 against endosteal fracture, and micromotion was 4.73 μm which promotes osseointegration. This method offers a fabrication process of cementless femoral stems with lower cost, subsequently helping patients, particularly those from non developed countries.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Powder for Orthopedic Applications
Authors: Johari Nurhaslina , Sauti Rosliza , Abdullah Noorsyakirah , Mohd Zainon Nurazilah , Meh Bakar , Abd Jalil Mohd Nizam , Mohd Hijazi Mohd Bakri , Omar Ahmad Zahid , Omar Mohd Afian , Baharuddin Mohd Yusof , Zulkifly Ahmad Hafiz
Published: December 2015

Cobalt-chromium alloys are commonly used for surgical implants because of their high strength, superior corrosion resistance, non-magnetic behavior, and biocompatibility. Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) applications include prosthetic replacements of hips. This paper presents the attempt to produce metallic implant using Co-Cr-Mo powder by MIM process, focusing on the effects of different heating rate during sintering process at 1380°C. Co-Cr-Mo powder were mixed homogeneously with palm oil and conventional binders respectively with powder loading 65 vol% and was injection molded using vertical injection molding machine with the nozzle temperature of 160°C to produce green compacts. The binders then was removed by solvent extraction process and sintered in vacuum condition at atmosphere 10-5 mbar at temperature 1380 °C with varied heating rate; 0.5°C/min, 1.0°C/min and 3.0°C/min . Results indicated that sintered density and tensile strength varied from 8.100 gcm-3 to 8.200 gcm-3 and 546.971 MPa to 798.767 MPa respectively. The mechanical properties comply with the international standard (ASTM F75).
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Study of CoCrMo Parts Sintered under Control Atmosphere
Authors: Ahmad Mohamad Azmirruddin , Mohamed Fadzil Fazira Suriani , Mohamad Mazlan , Abdul Hamid Mohamad Hasnan , Selamat Mohd Asri
Published: December 2015

Their excellent properties, such as corrosion resistance, fatigue strength and bio-compatibility, made Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) were used in total hip and knee replacements and dental devices. The green CoCrMo compacts specimens in rectangle shape were fabricated by powder pressing technique. The effects of sintering temperature and atmosphere on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the CoCrMo compacts which is sintered at 1300°C-1400°C under two different inert gases sintering atmosphere (Ar2/N2H2) were investigated. The experimental results show that the grain boundaries sizes of CoCrMo compact sintered specimen were increased with increasing sintering temperature. The CoCrMo compacts specimens sintered at 1350°C under inert gases N2H2 atmosphere possess highest density (8.096 g/cm3) and hardness (327.1Hv). However, when the compacts specimens are sintered at 1400°C, the density (7.596 g/cm3) and hardness (320 Hv) properties of sintered compact were decreased.
The In Vivo Study of Metal Injection Moulding 316L Stainless Steel Fracture Fixation Plate
Authors: Nurul Hafiza M.J. , Ahmad Hafiz Z. , Zunariah B. , Mohd Zulfadzli I. , Munirah S. , Omar M.A.
Published: December 2015

In the past few decades, Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) has evolved as a new revolutionary metalworking process for medical implant fabrication in orthopaedics. The technology employs natural resources in a minimum outlay without compromising the quality of its end products. This metalworking process allows the production of a high volume complex prosthetic implants that can be shaped in a single operation and cost productive. In this study, we evaluated the potential of MIM 316L stainless steel as the internal fixation plate in a long bone fracture using rabbit model. The study was approved by the International Islamic University Malaysia Research Ethics Committee. Experimental fractures were made at the rabbits’ tibia and fixed with either MIM plate or AO/ASIF mini plate, as control. The assessments were carried out by means of radiography procedure and histological evaluation at each time point of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 26 weeks post-operatively. Hard tissue processing was used since all samples comprised bone tissue and metal plate. Based on the observation, there were callus formations in both MIM and control groups at week 3 post-operatively. Bone union was evidenced starting week 6, whilst bone remodelling was completed at week 26. Histological assessment indicated that both groups possessed mild to moderate callus bridging at week 3 and week 6, respectively. While complete remodelling bone cortex was evidenced at week 26. Taken together, these findings indicate that the potential of MIM plate to hold the tibial fracture is comparable to that of AO/ASIF plate. Apart from being cost productive, the production of MIM plate also utilizes natural resources. Therefore, the MIM plate can be used as an alternative internal fixator for bone fracture management in orthopaedic.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Laminated Bamboo-Wood Veneer Board (HLBWVB) for Furniture Components
Authors: Ibrahim Muhamad Iqram , Abd Karim Siti Rafedah , Tuan Mohd Saipudin Tuan Anis Nadia , Salleh Abdul Hamid
Published: December 2015

In this study, betong bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) veneers were laminated with sesenduk wood (Endospermum diadenum) veneers to form Hybrid Laminated Bamboo-Wood Veneer (HLBWVB) using urea formaldehyde (UF) as glue. The HLBWVB was pressed at two levels of pressure viz. 70 kg/cm2 and 130 kg/cm2. The physical properties such as moisture content (%), density (kg/m3) and de-lamination (%), and also the mechanical properties such as bending (MPa), screw withdrawal (N) and shear (MPa) were determined in accordance to BS:EN 1993. From an independent t-test analysis p≤0.05; it was found that there are significant differences in the mean of all variable tested except for delamination test. It is shown that high pressure gives the best physical and mechanical properties compare to lower pressure.
Factors Affecting Tensile Performance of 2D & 3D Angle Interlock Woven Fabric Composite: A Review
Authors: Yahya Mohamad Faizul , Nasrun Faris Mohd Zulkifli , Ghani Suzaini A. , Ahmad Mohd Rozi
Published: December 2015

In recent years, textile composite are widely utilized as structural components in the area of aerospace, civil engineering, protective armour and automotive applications. Textiles structures become increasingly significant for composites application due to strength to weight factor. [1-4]. Various textile materials are extensively used such as fibres, yarns and fabrics. Commonly, textile composite structures are characterized according to the textile preform architecture either it is a conventional 2D laminated structure or 3D textile structural laminated composite [2]. Comparative studies between both types have suggested that 3D textile structure exhibit superior mechanical performance in tensile strength, impact resistance, flexural, delamination resistance, high fracture tolerance [1, 5, 6].
Effect of Variable Geometry on Springback of High Strength Steel Materials
Authors: Buang Muhamad Sani , Abdullah Shahrul Azam , Saedon Juri , Manurung Yupiter H.P. , Mohd Hairuni Mohd Shahir , Abdullah Hashim
Published: December 2015

Springback is the phenomenon in which the material strip unbends itself after forming process. It is caused by the geometrical, mechanical properties or other process parameters. This paper focused on finite element simulation investigation on effects of geometrical parameters on the springback amount of the High Strength Steel (HSS). Two geometrical parameters, punch radius (Rp) and die opening (Wo) were selected and their effect on springback studied. Finite element simulation of U-bending test was performed using Simufact.formingTM with material database (MatILDa) and the level of the springback was measured. The result of the simulation shows that different values of punch radius (Rp) and die opening (Wo) are significant to the springback effect. 3 variable values of (Rp) and (Wo) selected in this studied are (2mm, 4mm, 6mm) and (30mm, 36mm, 48mm) respectively. The findings of the simulation could be used to accurately and reliably predict springback behavior of the tested material. The value of the springback increases, as the value of the die opening (Wo) increases. Meanwhile, the increasing value of the punch radius (Rp) will lead to decreasing springback value. From this finding, a proper prevention method can be taken to eliminate springback, achieve improvement in the forming process as well as reduce processing time and cost.
Enhancement on the Electrical Properties of PVDF/MgO Nanocomposite Thin Films
Authors: Arshad Adillah Nurashikin , Mohd Dahan Rozana , Mohd Wahid Mohamad Hafiz , Sarip Muhamad Naiman , Mahmood Mohamad Rusop
Published: December 2015

Poly (vinylideneflouride)/nanomagnesium oxide (PVDF/MgO) film with MgO loading percentage of 7% were annealed with various annealing temperatures ranging from 70°C to 170°C. The PVDF/MgO(7%) thin films were fabricated using spin coating technique with metal-insulator-metal (MIM) configuration and the dielectric constant of PVDF/MgO(7%) with respect to annealing temperatures was studied. The PVDF/MgO nanocomposite thin films annealed at temperature of 70°C (AN70) showed an improvement in the dielectric constant of 27 at 103 Hz compared to un-annealed sample (UN), which is 21 at the same frequency. As the annealing temperatures were increased from 90°C (AN90) to 150oC (AN150), the dielectric constant of PVDF/MgO(7%) were found to gradually decreased from 25 to 12 respectively, interestingly lower than the UN thin films. AN70 also produced low value of tangent loss (tan δ) at frequency of 103 Hz. The resistivity value of AN70 was also found to increase from 3.08×104Ω.cm (UN-PVDF) to 1.05×105Ω.cm. The increased in dielectric constant, with low tangent loss and high resistivity value suggests that 70°C was the favourable annealing temperature for PVDF/MgO(7%) for application in electronic devices such as low frequency capacitor.
High Modulus Rubber Vulcanizates from Natural Rubber/EVA Blends Filled with Reinforcing Fillers
Authors: Kaewsakul Wisut , Jandam Nutsara , Kalkornsurapranee Ekwipoo , Saiwari Sitisaiyidah , Thitithammawong Anoma
Published: December 2015

The desired properties of rubber goods significantly depend on three key factors: 1) rubber formulations; 2) processing methods; and 3) design of products. High modulus rubber vulcanizates can hardly be achieved with a balance of the overall properties, because the rubbers or elastomers are soft and flexible material. In this research work, we aimed to formulate the natural rubber (NR) compounds for the specified high modulus rubber articles to be comparable with a slatted wood. Four important effects were taken into consideration, i.e. filler contents, amounts of process oil, blend ratios, and silane coupling agent contents. Based on the results in this study, the best possible combination to produce high modulus rubber vulcanizates was 80/20 NR/EVA blend reinforced by 60/60 silica/carbon black. The processing of compound can be aided by an addition of the process oil at 14.3 wt% relative to the filler contents and the silane coupling agent at 9.0 wt% relative to the silica amounts. The obtained rubber compound/vulcanizate showed easy processability, acceptable mechanical properties, and in particular hardness of 93 Shore A, while the slatted wood has 95 Shore A.
Non-Aqueous Dispersion (NAD) Polymerisation-Based Synthetic Route to Hypercrosslinked Polymer: Effect of Reaction Temperature and Solvent System on Specific Surface Area
Authors: Abdullah Norhayati , Cormack Peter A.G.
Published: December 2015

Hypercrosslinked polymer microspheres with high specific surface areas were prepared successfully by exposing reactive, gel-type polymer precursors to a Friedel-Crafts catalyst. The lightly crosslinked gel-type polymer precursors were synthesised by non-aqueous dispersion (NAD) polymerisation in microsphere form, and were used subsequently in hypercrosslinking reactions. Extensive microporosity was generated in the products, leading to remarkably high inner specific surface areas of up to ~1,500 m2/g. SEM and BET spectroscopy were used to monitor the course of the hypercrosslinking reactions.