bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solar-blind AlxGa1−xN-based avalanche photodiodes
Authors: Tut Turgut , Butun Serkan , Butun Bayram , Gokkavas Mutlu , Yu HongBo , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: November 2005

We report the Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) growth, fabrication, and characterization of solar blind AlxGa1−xN∕GaN-based avalanche photodiodes. The photocurrent voltage characteristics indicate a reproducible avalanche gain higher than 25 at a 72 V applied reverse bias. Under a 25 V reverse bias voltage, the 100 μm diameter devices had a maximum quantum efficiency of 55% and a peak responsivity of 0.11A∕W at 254 nm, and a NEP of 1.89x10−16 W∕Hz1∕2.
Growth and field-emission property of tungsten oxide nanotip arrays
Authors: Zhou Jun , Gong Li , Deng Shao Zhi , Chen Jun , She Jun Cong , Xu Ning Sheng , Yang Rusen , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: November 2005

Large-area, quasialigned nanotips of tungsten oxide have been grown by a two-step high-temperature, catalyst-free, physical evaporation deposition process. The tungsten oxide nanotips are single crystalline with growth direction of [010]. The tungsten oxide nanotips exhibit excellent field-emission properties with a low threshold field (for an emission current density of 10mA∕cm2) ∼4.37MV∕m and uniform emission from the entire arrays, as well as high time stability. These results make tungsten oxide nanotip arrays a competitive candidate for field-emission displays.
Hydrogen sensing at room temperature with Pt-coated ZnO thin films and nanorods
Authors: Tien L. C. , Sadik P. W. , Norton D. P. , Voss L. F. , Pearton S. J. , Wang H. T. , Kang B. S. , Ren F. , Jun J. , Lin J.
Published: November 2005

A comparison is made of the sensitivities for detecting hydrogen with Pt-coated single ZnO nanorods and thin films of various thicknesses (20–350 nm). The Pt-coated single nanorods show a current response of approximately a factor of 3 larger at room temperature upon exposure to 500ppmH2 in N2 than the thin films of ZnO. The power consumption with both types of sensors can be very small (in the nW range) when using discontinuous coatings of Pt. Once the Pt coating becomes continuous, the current required to operate the sensors increases to the μW range. The optimum ZnO thin film thickness under our conditions was between 40–170 nm, with the hydrogen sensitivity falling off outside this range. The nanorod sensors show a slower recovery in air after hydrogen exposure than the thin films, but exhibit a faster response to hydrogen, consistent with the notion that the former adsorb relatively more hydrogen on their surface. Both ZnO thin and nanorods cannot detect oxygen.
Fabrication and electron holography characterization of FePt alloy nanorods
Authors: Che R. C. , Takeguchi M. , Shimojo M. , Zhang W. , Furuya K.
Published: November 2005

Well-aligned, ferromagnetic FePt nanorods have been fabricated by electron beam-induced deposition using an ultrahigh-vacuum scanning electron microscope. A mixture gas of iron pentacarbonyl and cyclopentadienylplatinum (IV) trimethyl was used as a precursor and post-annealing at 600 °C for 2 h was performed to accomplish the crystallization process. Each nanorod was composed of a chain of crystalline Fe-Pt alloy nanoparticles encapsulated within a carbon-containing sheath. The nanoparticles were identified to be face centered tetragonal (fct) FePt phase (L10,P4∕mmm) by electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The residual magnetic flux density Br of the nanorods was evaluated to be about 1.53 T via off-axis electron holography, showing a strong ferromagnetic character.
Modulation in optical second harmonic generation signal from channel of pentacene field effect transistors during device operation
Authors: Manaka Takaaki , Lim Eunju , Tamura Ryosuke , Iwamoto Mitsumasa
Published: November 2005

The channel formation process of the pentacene field effect transistor (FET) was shown by the optical second harmonic generation (SHG) ascribed to the electric field induced SHG. The SHG signal probed successfully and nondestructively the off and on states. The enhancement of the SHG signal at the off state was observed with applying the source-drain voltage in the absence of the gate voltage, whereas it remarkably decayed with applying the gate voltage, indicating the channel formation. At the channel formation, holes injected from the source electrode changed the potential profile in pentacene film at the off state and the SHG signal was suppressed.
Large negative lateral shifts from the Kretschmann–Raether configuration with left-handed materials
Authors: Wang Li-Gang , Zhu Shi-Yao
Published: November 2005

A large negative lateral shift of a light beam reflected from the so-called Kretschmann–Raether configuration containing left-handed material is predicted due to the formation of the unusual standing wave. An analytical resonant condition is given when there is a large negative lateral shift.
Blends of semiconductor polymer and small molecular crystals for improved-performance thin-film transistors
Authors: Russell D. M. , Newsome C. J. , Li S. P. , Kugler T. , Ishida M. , Shimoda T.
Published: November 2005

Incorporating dihexyl-quarterthiophene (DH4T) into the active layer of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin-film transistor can enhance the mobility by a factor of 10. The DH4T concentration dependence shows the improvement in mobility is due to the formation of crystals within the blend film, which occur at a critical concentration of 29% DH4T. Application of percolation theory reveals that transport in blend devices is limited by the mobility of the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and by the crystal packing. With improved polymer performance, the mobility in blend films is expected to approach 1cm2∕Vs.
Coulomb explosion potential sputtering induced by slow highly charged ion impact
Authors: Tona Masahide , Takahashi Satoshi , Nagata Kazuo , Yoshiyasu Nobuo , Yamada Chikashi , Nakamura Nobuyuki , Ohtani Shunsuke , Sakurai Makoto
Published: November 2005

We have observed secondary ion emission from a hydrogen-terminated Si(111) 1×1 surface and a native SiO2 thin film on the Si substrate (SiO2∕Si) irradiated with slow (vion<vBohr) iodine highly charged ions (HCIs) in a wide range of charge state q from q=15 up to 50. The yields of secondary ions evaluated from time-of-flight mass spectra showed rapid increases with q of the projectile. The relation of the yields to the potential energy of HCIs is discussed in terms of the Coulomb explosion model. It was found that the simultaneous emission of multiple Si+ ions occurs in an event of a single high-q HCI impact onto the SiO2∕Si.
Scanning gate microscopy investigations on an InGaAs quantum point contact
Authors: Aoki Nobuyuki , Da Cunha Carlo R. , Akis Richard , Ferry David K. , Ochiai Yuichi
Published: November 2005

In recent years, there has been interest in devices created on InGaAs due to the possibility of its use for spintronics. Nonetheless, this material is known for usually presenting some levels of disorder. We have used scanning gate microscopy to study the local potential for an in-plane gated InGaAs quantum point contact and succeeded in obtaining images corresponding to sites where same quantum interference conditions are maintained. Furthermore, we have visualized images of the local potential variations within the confined region near pinch-off condition.
On the capillary condensation of water in mesoporous silica films measured by x-ray reflectivity
Authors: Dourdain Sandrine , Gibaud Alain
Published: November 2005

X-ray reflectivity experiments have been used to monitor the capillary condensation of water in mesoporous silica thin films. We show that both the Bragg peak intensities and the film critical wave vector transfer are very sensitive to water intrusion or extrusion from the pores. Similarly to what is achieved during adsorption and desorption of gas, adsorption isotherms can be measured by monitoring the evolution of the average electron density of the film as a function of the relative humidity. The pore size distribution of mesoporous silica thin films is further determined from the isotherms.
Improved SrTiO3 thin films using oxygen relaxation technique
Authors: Petrov Peter Kr. , Alford Neil McN.
Published: November 2005

The oxygen relaxation technique for thin-film growth is explored. In this technique, films are deposited as nanoscale multilayered structures. After the deposition of each layer, the deposition process is stopped, the sample is cooled down slowly in situ in an oxygen-rich atmosphere to a temperature of 250°C, then it is heated up to the set deposition temperature for growth of the next layer. The results show that by using the oxygen relaxation technique, it is possible to improve the electrical properties and the microstructure of SrTiO3 films keeping the surface smooth and free from pinholes and pores. The oxygen relaxation technique is more efficient for smaller film thickness repetition.
Elastoplastic phase field model for microstructure evolution
Authors: Guo X. H. , Shi San-Qiang , Ma X. Q.
Published: November 2005

Success has been obtained in predicting the dynamic evolution of microstructures during phase transformation or cracking propagation by using the time-dependent phase field methodology (PFM). However, most efforts of PFM were made in the elastic regime. In this letter, stress distributions around defects such as a hole and a crack in an externally loaded two-dimensional representative volume element were investigated by a proposed phase field model that took both the elastic and plastic deformations into consideration. Good agreement was found for static cases compared to the use of finite element analysis. Therefore, the proposed phase field model provides an opportunity to study the dynamic evolution of microstructures under plastic deformation.
Corrigendum to: Large-scale patterns of erosion and sediment transport in river networks, with examples from Australia
Authors: Prosser Ian P. , Rutherfurd Ian D. , Olley Jon M. , Young William J. , Wallbrink Peter J. , Moran Chris J.
Published: November 2005

This paper examines the patterns of sediment transport in rivers in terms of
the sources of sediment and its transport and deposition through the river
network. The analysis is in the context of dramatic human influences on river
sediment transport and how they might influence freshwater ecosystems. The
review of Australian work shows that erosion of hillslopes and stream banks
has greatly increased in historical times, supplying vast quantities of
sediment to rivers, much of which is still stored within the river system. The
stored sediment will continue to effect in-stream and estuarine ecosystems for
many decades. In most Australian catchments the dominant source of sediment is
streambank erosion. An analysis of historical channel widening suggests that a
conceptual framework of relative stream power can explain the diversity of
behaviour observed in the numerous case studies. Sediment delivery through
catchments is considered first in a generic whole network sense, which
emphasizes the crucial role played by riverine deposition in determining
catchment sediment budgets. A method is then presented for analysing the
diverse spatial patterns of sediment storage in any river network. Finally,
the paper considers the temporal changes to channel morphology in response to
a human-induced pulse of sediment.
Mating behaviour of Heterozius rotundifrons (Crustacea : Brachyura : Belliidae): is it a hard or soft shell mater?
Authors: Thompson G. A. , McLay C. L.
Published: November 2005

The Belliidae are a small family of crabs whose relationships with other families are enigmatic and whose composition is controversial. It is by no means certain whether their genera form a monophyletic group. One member of this family is Heterozius rotundifrons, a New Zealand endemic crab that lives in the intertidal zone, sheltering under rocks. In the present study the mating behaviour of this species was examined under laboratory conditions. Mating and moulting are closely linked because H. rotundifrons females only mate immediately after moulting. Females remain attractive to males for almost 3 days. A female-derived water-borne pheromone seems to be the basis of this attraction. Prior to moulting males guard females for up to 5 days. During the female moult some males were observed to assist the female. During copulation both males and females exhibited an unusual limb quivering behaviour and afterwards males guarded the females for 10.5 h, which was extended to 37 h when other males were present. Field studies showed that females moulted during early spring over a period of 1 month. Throughout the year very few females moulted, suggesting that there may be intense competition for mates during the early spring. At all times the operational sex ratio was biased in favour of males. In terms of the evolution of reproductive characters among the Belliidae, Atelecyclidae, Cheiragonidae and Corystidae, H. rotundifrons occupies an intermediate position between the ancestral condition and that seen in Corystes cassivelaunus.
Population biology of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in the mid-Murray River and Barmah Forest Wetlands, Australia
Authors: Brown Paul , Sivakumaran K. P. , Stoessel Daniel , Giles Annie
Published: November 2005

The present study quantitatively describes a significant stock of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), an exotic pest species, in a temperate riverine floodplain wetland. Intensity and duration of flooding influenced relative abundance, distribution and recruitment. Average growth (mm) in length was described with the von Bertalanffy growth model for males (L∞ = 489, k = 0.249, t0 = –0.519), and females (L∞ = 594, k = 0.177, t0 = –0.609) to age 28. Variation in growth was described with a lognormal distribution of k. Total mortality (Z year–1) was 0.268–0.407 for males, 0.311–0.422 for females, 3.24 for age-0 juveniles and 1.80 for age-1 juveniles. Natural mortality (M year–1) was 0.199 for males and 0.262 for females. Fishing mortality (F year–1) was <0.05 for males and 0.11–0.30 for females. Gonadal changes indicated extended spawning seasons peaking in September 1999 and October 2000. Median sizes and ages at initial maturation were 307 mm, 584 g and 1.1 years for males and 328 mm, 688 g and 2.7 years for females. Sex ratio varied significantly with age from equal as juveniles to a significant male-bias as adults. This description will enable better stock assessment and development of simulations that evaluate potential pest management strategies.
Methods to obtain representative surface wave spectra, illustrated for two ports of north-western Australia
Authors: Hamilton L. J.
Published: November 2005

Simple automatic methods of classifying surface wave spectra in terms of
spectral shape are outlined and are used to examine the monthly wave
climatology for the port approaches to Dampier and Port Hedland on the North
West Shelf of Australia. Waves and swell at these shallow sites occur
independently in three frequency bands. These correspond to low-energy
long-period swell from distant sources (periods of 12 to 20 s), cyclones or
energetic local storms (periods of 8 to 12 s), and local winds (periods of 4
to 8 s). Summer cyclones generate highest waves, but sea breezes are the
dominant mode of wave generation. Waves and swell tend to occur episodically
and independently in any month, and the peak frequency shifts during the wave
generation process, so that a representative spectrum formed by simple
averaging of spectra would be grossly oversmoothed. To overcome this, the
monthly climatology is presented in terms of reference spectral shapes (the
Ochi and Hubble 1976 North Atlantic formulations) that are most likely to
occur for particular frequency bands and ranges of significant wave height.
Measured spectra may then be selected as representative spectra from groupings
associated with the most likely reference shapes, with further criteria such
as spectral width being used to define what is typical. In some cases, the
reference spectra provide good enough fits to enable them to be used directly
as representative spectra.
A Biological Study of the Anchovy, Engraulis australis in Australian Waters
Authors: Blackburn M
Published: November 2005

A biological study was made of the common Australian anchovy, Engraulis australis (White), which occurs in coastal waters south of the Tropic of Capricorn. The occurrences in Victorian waters, where the only fishery exists, were those most fully investigated. There are three subspecies which are easily recognized by their mean vertebra numbers, in combination with the region of occurrence. E. a. australis (White) occurs in Queensland and in all but the southernmost waters of New South Wales. E a antipodum Gunther ranges from the border region of New South Wales through Victorian, Tasmanian, and South Australian waters. E. a. fraseri n, subsp. occurs in Western Australia. Each subspecies is further divided into local populations which intergrade. The subspecies antipodtim grows to about 2.3, 2.9, 3.5, 4.2, and 4.7 inches of total length (mean sizes) at 1/2, 1 1/2, 2 1/2, 3 1/2:, and 4 1/2: years respectively, The greatest known length is 6.2 inches. Sexual maturity is usually attained at 1 year. Spawning occurs mainly in the inlets, in summer. The fish inhabit principally the inlet waters, but as they become older they tend to move out to sea in winter and return in spring. n'ithin the inlets, the younger fish are usually found furthest from the sea. There is a special brackish-water population in the rivers entering the Gippsland Lakes. The growth rate of the subspecies australis is similar to that of antipodum, but the life history ppears to differ in many ways, although the full facts are not clear. There is more spawning in the colder months, and it takes place mainly at sea. The subspecies fraseri occurs both in inlets and at sea, but the data are insufficient to establish the life history. The growth rate is approximately the same as elsewhere. Anchovies occur in large numbers in certain inlets, where they can be caught easily with haul seines. In Port Phillip Bay there are proficient anchovy fishermen who cannot dispose of much of the fish they are able to catch. The fish would be suitable for canning whole, for fish paste (for which a little is used now) and for live-bait for tuna fishing. They would not be suitable for oil reduction. The scale-reading (age) studies yielded some results of general academic interest. The fish-length/scale-length relationship is not the same in all regions, and this affects calculations of gvowth rate. There is slight variation in growth rate between localities, and possibly between year classes and sexes; and apparent but not real variation between age-groups, and between different sizes in each age-group.
The Effects of the Orientation of Clutch Material on the Setting of the Sydney Rock Oyster
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

In 1945–46 in Port Hacking, N.S.W. there was some spawning over the entire year, but successful spat-falls occurred only over the summer, with the greatest number in November and again in March. On every 12-in. length of fibrocement slat approximately 24 oyster spat were present (on all faces) 12 months after the slats were set out. Thus on the average a four foot slat carried 96 oysters or approximately four oysters every five square inches of surface. A greater number of oysters settled when the slats were less than half an inch apart than when the slats were an inch apart. When the slats were one inch apart the central portion of the slats carried more oysters than the ends, but when the slats were within half an inch of each other the numbers at the ends and on the middle section were about the same. When the slats are within half an inch those oriented with the long axes parallel with the current show greater catches than those perpendicular to the current. However, when the slats are further apart the reverse is the case. The horizontal portion of the broad surface supplies the highest catches, but the catch is more evenly distributed when they are vertical, and this would permit better growth. The ratio of the catches on upper horizontal, lower horizontal, and vertical surfaces is similar to the ratio found by Schaeffer for O. gigas, which is a similar type oyster to O. commercialis. There is a horizontal gradient on the vertical surface across the batteries such that the number of oysters on the surface facing a particular direction increases on the columns more remote from that direction. There is a vertical gradient on the vertical and upper surfaces such that the number of oysters caught increases on the lower rows of vertical surfaces, but the evidence is anomalous for the horizontal surfaces. The discussion of the possible factors causing the pattern of set reveals that the reaction to light could be an explanation. But there are other explanations which are equally valid, and the experimental design was not such as to reveal the true causes. The practice in Australia of using closely bundled cultch material is a good one; but there is a possibility that better total catches would ensue if the cultch set out in spring were removed to growing areas in January and new cultch set out to catch the autumn spat fall.
The Effect of a Period of Increased Legal Minimum Length of Sea Mullet in Westeren Australia
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

Following allegations of a depletionary trend in the mullet stocks a conservation scheme was initiated in Western Australia in 1942 by raising the legal minimum length in successive stages. In 1946 the legal length reverted to that in force before 1942. As far as can be seen from the catch statistics, the stocks did not benefit by the restriction period, the catches being of the same order before and after. It is possible that an increase in stocks occurred in the Shark Bay area, but as the fishery in this region was under-developed prior to the inception of the scheme there is no data to confirm such a supposition. The course of the Shark Bay fishery should be closely watched for any signs of overfishing now that the stocks are being more fully exploited.
It would appear that no alteration in minimum lengths will effect an increase
in the mullet stocks of the estuaries. There has been a definite decline in the
mullet population of the Swan River since the early part of the century. This
could be due to environmental changes rather than an effect of overfishing.
Morphological features and ecological aspects of early juvenile specimens of the aristeid shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816)
Authors: Sardà F. , Cartes J. E.
Published: November 2005

The present study describes some aspects of the morphology and ecology of
early juveniles (<16 mm carapace length, or CL) of the aristeid deep-sea
shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) in the Catalan
Sea (western Mediterranean). Early juveniles of this species were captured for
the first time near the bottom at soundings between 335 and 1286 m. The
appendages (pereiopods, telson, uropodal exopodite) were proportionally longer
in these juveniles than in adults. Development of the petasma in males is
described and is found to be complete at a minimum juvenile size of 19 mm CL.
Thus, size at first reproduction could be from 21 mm CL. Diet of the early
juveniles was based mainly on suprabenthic prey and dominated by peracarid
crustaceans inhabiting the water–sediment interface. Recruitment of
early juveniles occurs in winter mainly on the lower slope (1100–1286
depth). The biological cycle of A. antennatus in
relation to the ecology of its deep-sea habitat is discussed.
A Survey of the Island Fisheries of the Territory of New Guinea and Papua
Authors: Schuster WH
Published: November 2005

A survey of two weeks' duration was made of part of the territory of New Guinea and Papua to study the possibility of extending the freshwater and brackish water fisheries. The brackish water region possesses a higher productivity potential than inland waters, owing to the introduction of the normal nutrient components of sea water with the fertile sedimented mud from the rivers, together with organic matter from the rain forests. Ecologically, and in regard to type of vegetation found, the limited coastal flats, the river deltas, and the extensive mangrove swamps are Indonesian in character. The estuarine region has a fauna rich in density, there being numerous fish species and large populations of prawns, while shrimps and
oysters are also plentiful. In the freshwater areas two types of river exist — one shallow, subject to flooding and shifting of sands, and few fish; the second deep, with fertile mud, and fairly productive of fish. The lowland lakes, with fertile colloidal mud, were not examined in detail, but should provide a considerable fishery potential. There is considerable scope for fish cultural operations, e.g. in constructed ponds. Before a sound extension of the fisheries can be planned it will be necessary to obtain adequate basic scientific knowledge of the density and composition of the flora and fauna, including the food of the fish stocks, and of the characteristics of the environment. I t appears that a fishery more than adequate to supply the protein requirements of the coastal population could therefore be developed, by relatitive simple means, in the brackish waters and in the great lowland rivers.
Catch Composition of the Sand Crab Fishery in Moreton Bay
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

The sand crab industry of Moreton Bay is an expanding fishery. Nets are used in the south of the bay and pots in the north. Three principal grounds are fished within the bay and these yield catches of differing composition. A tendency to sexual schooling is apparent, large males predominating in catches from the southern bay, while the sexes are equally well represented
in the north, where the mean size of the males is less. The crabbing grounds vary in productivity, the Scarborough ground producing almost twice as many marketable crabs as the Woody Pt. ground. The percentage of crabs taken that are marketable varied from 55 per cent, in the Cleveland area to 43 per cent. at Scarborough and 34 per cent. at Woody Pt. Female crabs in berry were taken at sizes from 4 to 7.1 in. (carapace width). Sacculina-infested crabs were far more numerous on the Woody Pt. grounds than elsewhere. It is recommended that the legal size limits and the restrictions on the take of female crabs be continued, but that Sacculina-infested crabs be accepted for market.
Studies on the Ecology of the New Zealand Long-finned Eel, Anguilla dieffenbachii Gray
Authors: Burnet AMR
Published: November 2005

Experimental trapping of eels, using carrion-baited traps, was carried out on a number of rivers of various types throughout New Zealand. Where possible, a mathematical analysis has been applied to the trapping results and an estimate of the efficiency obtained. Total trappable population densities of between 30 and 1,368 lb./ac. Were found. An attempt has been made to correlate type of river with the population density. The amount of cover present is apparently the limiting factor. The baited trap takes very few eels of less than 24 in. long and is thus not a very efficient means of keeping a stream free from eels. The feeding habits of the eel are generalized and readily adaptable to most faunas. In most rivers trout occurred only infrequently in the stomach contents.
The Acclimatization and Growth of the Pacific Oyster (Gryphaea gigas) in Australia
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

A trial shipment of Pacific oysters, Gryphaea gigas (Thunberg), natives of Japan, was brought to Australia in 1940. The shipment was condemned on arrival. Successful shipments were made in 1947 and 1948. The stock set out in Oyster Bay, near Albany, Western Australia, failed to survive the first winter, but those in southern Tasmania thrived. Growth rate was similar
to that shown by the species on the west coast of North America. A slight spat-fall occurred in the summer of 1949–50 and a heavier one in 1950–51. It is doubtful if this is gufficient to replace the parent stock. An augmented brood stock is probably needed.
An Application of Visible Indexing to Systematic Zoology
Authors: Munro ISR
Published: November 2005

A method of cataloguing and cross-indexing taxonomic, nomenclatural, and distributional data bas been developed as a model technique in filing for biologists specializing in systematics. The technique was developed expressly for the compilation of a laboratory gulde to the fish fauna of Australia. The system employs standard modern equipment, combining horizontal visible filing in trays for the main catalogue and rotary-mounted card units for cross-indexing. The units of equipment, design of cards, arrangement of units, arrangement of data, and scope of material are described in detail. Reasons are given for the selection of equipment and for the methods adopted. Manipulation of the index and its component parts is explained.
Further Observations on the Distribution of Striped Tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis L., in Eastern Australian Waters, and its Relation to Surface Temperature
Authors: Robins JP
Published: November 2005

The distribution of striped tuna in eastern Australian waters, as indicated by numbers of fish caught per line trolled, was investigated between August 1950 and August 1951. The temperature of the water was recorded every half hour while the vessel was cruising. The data obtained show that the distribution extended from at least as far north as Port Macquarie, New South Wales, to 40 miles south of Tasman Island, Tasmania — much further south than observed in previous years. Occurrence in abundance was seasonal in any specific area off the coast. Movement to the south from the mid north coast of New South Wales began in late spring; movement north from the east Tasmanian coast began in mid autumn. Striped tuna were taken in eastern Australian waters of temperature ranging between 14.7 and 20.8°C., but occurred most plentifully between temperatures of 16.0 and 18.0°C. They had a preference for water of specific temperatures in the areas in which they occur seasonally. Seasonal movement north and south showed a strcng correlation with seasonal changes in water temperatures. Commencement of movement northwards from the south appeared to be influenced by downward change in temperature, which brought about the lower limit of the critical temperature tolerated; this change was coincident with the onset of the seasonal westerly winds. Degree of southerly penetration is related to temperature, whose seasonal fluctuation could explain 'abnormal' years.
The Nacteous (Mottled) Group of the Goldfish (Carassius auratus L.), with an Analysis of the Colours Seen in these Fish
Authors: Affleck RJ
Published: November 2005

The colours of nacreous (mottled) fish are usually mottled but specimens do occur in which only one kind of the black, orange, or yellow chromatophores is present, while some lack pigments over most of the body. The colours appear metallic, pearl, or matt depending on the presence or absence of reflecting tissue in two definite layers. The hues seen in these fish are black, smoke, blue, orange, yellow, blood-red, and silver, which occur singly or in combinations. These hues are produced by black, orange, and yellow pigments in chromatophores, silver reflectillg tissue, and haemoglobin in the blood. The presence of a yellow pigment — a carotenoid — is reported for the first time. Although the colour red has been reported no red pigment has ever been described. An intense orange pigment will produce a red effect on a pale blood-red background. The nacreous (mottled) group of the goldfish is intermediate between the metallic (scaled) and matt (transparent) groups with regard to the amount of reflecting tissue. The colours of these fish may not be used as criteria of the groups.
Zinc Poisoning in a Trout Hatchery
Authors: Affleck RJ
Published: November 2005

Natural acid waters will dissolve zinc from galvanized-iron pipes. In some acid waters with a very low mineral content 0.01 p.p.m. dissolved zinc is toxic to brown and rainbow trout ova and alevins. All stages in the life history of rainbow trout are more susceptible to zinc poisoning than corresponding stages of brown trout. The lethal concentration normally decreases with the age of the fish, but considerable variations have been recorded amongst ova, aievins, fry, and fingerlings. Survivors from batches of fish subjected to dissolved zinc are less susceptible to further toxic concentrations than are specimens that have not previously been in solutions of zinc. Under certain conditions mortality amongst trout fingerlings, due to einc poisoning, will occur after they have been in a zinc vessel for 15 min. The effects of zinc poisoning may not be immediately apparent. When removed from zinc-contaminated to relatively zinc-free water trout may appear normal but death may occur within 48 hr. In well-aerated water, little or no flow is necessary for the development of trout ova, which will develop normally in distilled water.
Aluminium paint does not normally protect an underlying metal from the action of acid water. Zinc is an unsuitable material for use in a hatchery with an unbuffered water supply. The lethal temperatures for acclimatized brown (Salmo trutta L.) and rainbow (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson) trout fingerlings in Victoria are 20–30°C. For adult fish the temperatures are 27–29°C. A self-cleaning hatchery inlet screen and a spray jet for circular ponds are described. In hot cliaates the temperature of water entering a pond through a spray jet is less than that of water entering through a normal radial-arm jet.
Observations on the Molecular Structure of Byssus Fibres
Authors: Mercer H
Published: November 2005

Byssus fibres from Mytilus planulatus Lamk. and from Subitopinna madida Reeve were examined by X-ray diffraction and by electron microscopy. The birefringence of the threads was also measured. The results show that Mytilus threads consist of collagen but that the threads of Subitopinna are very poorly oriented and could not definitely be identified with collagen.
Status of the Fishery for Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus Linnaeus) in Eastern Australia
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

Various shortcomings of the statistical systems in vogue in the fisheries of the eastern States of Australia are discussed from the viewpoint of a biologist. It is impossible to compute an estimate of the catch per unit of effort involving a time factor. The annual mullet catch for the whole eastern seaboard has remained substantially about 11,000,000 lb. for the past 10 years, but the total caught in any subdivision of the area has fluctuated widely. The Clarence River, Port Macquarie, Maryborough, and Wallis Lake areas are the most important producers. There is a high degree of correlation between the fluctuations in the mullet catch and those in the total catch of estuarine fish. The size and age composition of the mullet catch have shown only slight
variation over the last 10 years, and there is no significant variation in this respect from the composition in 1903. The fluctuations in catch and catch per man are not inconsistent with theories of overfishing nor with those of natural population cycles; but the only theory which receives confirmation independently of the curves of catch and of catch per man is an economic one. Competition from both the trawling industry and the import industry has been responsible for the characteristics of the estuarine catch curves. It is estimated that the weight of fish flesh to be gained from recent changes in the management of the fishery could at best be considerably less than the amount of annual variation in the catch.
The Stability of the Vitelline Membrane and the Requirements of Developing Trout Ova
Authors: Affleck RJ
Published: November 2005

Rupture of the vitelline membrane by movements of the embryo's tail causes the trout ovum to become permeable to water at about the eyed stage. Mechanical agitation, direct sunlight, and strong, direct electric light may cause the death of trout ova in the pre-eyed stages by injuring the vitelline membrane. After the pre-eyed stages slight agitation, direct sunlight, and strong electric light do not produce apparent harmful effects on ova. A normal electric lighting system may be used in a hatchery without causing harmful effects. Dissolved zinc does not cause the death of an ovum by injuring the vitelline membrane. If the death of a.fertile ovum has been brought about without the vitelline membrane being injured the tissues may disintegrate (particularly in the early stages of development) before the ovum turns white. Subsequent treatment with glacial acetic acid will not then show the stage of development reached at death while in some cases the ovum will appear to have been infertile. The trout ovum contains all substances necessary for development (with the exception of water and oxygen) until the fry begins to feed. Dietary deficiency in trout may result in inferior ova being produced although the parent fish appear to be in excellent condition. Trout ova will develop normally on flannelette kept: damp with distilled water.
Intertidal Zonation of the Exposed Rocky Shores of Victoria, Together with a Rearrangement of the Biogeographical Provinces of Temperate Australian Shores
Authors: Bennett I , Pope EC
Published: November 2005

This paper continues previous ecological studies (Dakin, Bennett, and Pope 1948) of the intertidal zone of south-eastern Australia. The environmental factors and the zonation of the animals and plants on the exposed rocky coasts of Victoria are described. As a result of this survey a rearrangement of the biogeographical provinces of the Australian littoral is made, and a new Cool-temperate fauna and flora are recognized on the coast of Victoria.
Heterotrophic Bacteria in Marine Environments of Eastern Australia
Authors: Wood EJF
Published: November 2005

Bacteria in marine environments are almost entirely adsorbed on particles and their action is largely controlled by such adsorption. There is evidence of the existence of free enzymes or organic catalysts, possibly of bacterial origin. The extent of bacterial populations in certain marine environments is discussed and also the nature of the bacteria occurring in these environments. True anaerobic heterotrophs are almost, if not completely, absent. Marine bacteria are highly versatile in their reactions and variable in morphology, but do not differ sufficiently from soil and air forms to be regarded as distinct.
Aerial Observations on the Humpback Whale, Megaptera nodosa (Bonnaterre), with Notes on Other Species
Authors: Chittleborough RG
Published: November 2005

Aerial observations of humpback whales in the region of Point Cloates, Western Australia, during 1952 are recorded. The first southward-moving humpback whale was sighted on July 21, while decreasing numbers were seen moving northwards until early October. In 1952 the change from a predominantly northward migration of humpback whales to a southward migration
occurred close to August 24. The speed of migration of a number of these whales is recorded, the mean value being 4.3 kt. A few humpback whale calves were sighted early in July and a peak in their occurrence in August suggests maximum frequency of parturition early in August. A very great increase in the occurrence of calves in the area late in the season suggests that female humpback whales rearing calves move southwards later than other individuals. Some evidence is presented that Exmouth Gulf is a nursery area. The presence of some killer, fin, blue, and minke whales in the area is noted.
Pilchard Shoals in South-west Australia
Authors: Rapson AM
Published: November 2005

The distribution of pilchard shoals from echo-sounder records, obtained on the Fisheries Research Vessel Warreen between Albany and Esperance, is described. Data from echograms and ring net catches are used to estimate the density of fish in shoals. A method of estimating the number of shoals of pilchards per acre has been developed, using the sounder as a surveying instrument, and the quantity of shoal pilchards on two parts of the coast has been calculated. Dispersal of shoals when feeding conditions are good is deduced after examination of pilchard stomachs and N70 tow net hauls. Movements along the coast are inferred from the distance shoals must travel to obtain a full feed. The selection and avoidance of certain classes of food are discussed. The manner in which shoals come to the surface is described,
and observations are made on behaviour of fish in surface shoals.
Osmoregulation in Australian Freshwater Mussels (Lamellibranchiata). II. Respiration and Its Relation to Osmoregulation in Hyridella australis (Lam.)
Authors: Hiscock ID
Published: November 2005

The oxygen consumption of H. australis when the shells are open is thrice that when they are closed. As the chlorinity of the external medium rises, in the range 0–25.5mM chloride, oxygen consumption diminishes, indicating a lower energy production. Ether inhibits slightly the process of weight regulation in the mussel. With intact animals KCN has no observed effect either on this process or on respiration; under different conditions KCN inhibits respiration and ciliary activity of isolated gills. A barbiturate and an opiate both inhibit weight regulation to a slight degree and reduce oxygen consumption; neither affects ciliary activity. An analeptic reverses the effect of the opiate, increases respiration, and is without effect on cilia. The probable relationship between osmoregulation and respiration, and the influence of the nervous system upon both are discussed.
Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. in Tasmanian Waters
Authors: Cribb AB
Published: November 2005

An account is given of the taxonomy and distribution of Macrocystis in Australian waters, the development of the plant is outlined, and beds on the east coast of Tasmania are described. Measurements of growth indicate that the most rapid elongation of the stipe takes place near the apex, and that a stipe may increase in length at a rate of at least 3.4 cm per day. The life of a stipe is estimated at between 7 and 10 months. Experiments show that the apical blade with a portion of the stipe may sometimes continue growth when severed from the holdfast. It is found that decrease in length of a blade caused by decay of tissue at the apex is for a time made good by meristematic activity near the base of the blade, but that finally meristematic activity ceases and decay eventually removes the whole blade. Harvesting of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. in selected areas over 2 yr gave no indication that beds are adversely affected by cutting the stipes 3 ft. below the surface at approximately 4-monthly intervals. The average yield obtained in three localities over 2 yr was 4 tons/ac, and on this basis the area surveyed could be expected to yield approximately 355,000 tons of wet weed or 35,000–44,000 tons of air-dried weed per year. Analyses of monthly samples of Macrocystis show an average alginic acid content of approximately 21 per cent. and an average mannitol content of approximately 8.7 per cent. on a dry-weight basis.
Eggs and Larvae of the Four-winged Flying Fish, Hirundichthys speculiger (Valenciennes)
Authors: Munro ISR
Published: November 2005

The eggs of the four-winged or mirror-finned hirundine flying fish, Hirundichthys speculiger (Valenciennes), are spawned off the New South Wales coast in masses attached to floating objects. The eggs are heavier than sea-water and employ floating objects to buoy them at the surface. The eggs adhere by means of cords of long filaments attached to one pole of the egg membrane. Specific identification of the eggs is based on the arrangement of these filaments. A sample of naturally spawned eggs was maintained in culture for 15 days. The larvae appeared to feed on ciliate protozoans after absorption of the yolk sac. The eggs and early larvae are described and illustrated.
The Mugilidae of Australia and Adjacent Seas
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

Anatomical variation is slight in the Mugilidae except in the details of the mouth structures. The scales, fin rays, adipose eyelid, and stomach caecae are all useful if due regard is paid to alterations with size and age. Thirty-eight genera (excluding fossils) have been named. Of these, 13 are recognized here as valid. Seventeen species belonging to nine genera are recorded, illustrated, and fully described from Australian waters. Keys to the genera and to the Australian species are included.
Studies of the Blood and Tests of Some Australian Ascidians. I. The Blood of Pyura stolonifera (Heller)
Authors: Endean R
Published: November 2005

The blood cells of Pyura stolonifera are described and figured. Descriptions
are given of the formation of the various cell types from the primitive
lymphocytes of the blood. The presence of morula-shaped cells, which appear
to correspond structurally with the vanadium-containing cells of members of
the family Ascidiidae, is noted and the reaction of these cells to certain
histological and histochemical reagents described.
Vanadium cannot be detected spectrographically in the ashed corpuscles
but an iron compound with somewhat similar properties to the vanadium
chromogen of the Ascidiidae is present. The iron is present in the ferrous
condition and is capable of being liberated by acids. The iron compound has
marked reducing properties and will reduce cytochrome c anaerobically. It is
found in association with protein and an aminopolysaccharide. The importance
of this association is discussed.
Investigations on the intracorpuscular acidity of the morula-shaped
corpuscles reveal that, although acid is present, the hydrogen ion concentration
is not as great as in the vanadium-containing cells of the Ascidiidae. This can
be correlated with the lower intracorpuscular sulphate concentration of the
present species. Analyses of the inorganic composition of the plasma show
that the sulphate concentration is slightly over half that of the external
sea-water.
The results of these and other investigations are compared with those
obtained by workers using ascidians belonging to other families.
The Importance of Bacteria and other Microorganisms in the Sea-water at Macquarie Island
Authors: Bunt JS
Published: November 2005

An account is given of some simple experiments on the decomposition of the giant kelp, Durvillea antarctica (Cham.) Hariot. Certain bacteria isolated from sea-water are listed and the marine origin of airborne bacteria at Macquarie I. is indicated. It is considered that, indirectly, kelp may form an important source of food for the seals and bird life of this region.
The Chainomatic Pycnometer: an Instument for the Rapid Determination of the Salinity of Sea-water
Authors: Jitts H , Proctor A
Published: November 2005

The Division of Fisheries, C.S.I.R.O., has modified the chainomatic
pycnometer of Pettersson and Pettersson (1929) for use as a self-contained
field unit for the detelmination of Cl‰ to a minimum accuracy of � 0.075.
A Revision of the Australian Pearl-shells, Genus Pinctada (Lamelli-branchia)
Authors: Hynd JS
Published: November 2005

Characters used in the taxonomy of pearl-shells are reviewed and their
variation with age and environment is discussed. Extensive variations with
age are revealed. The growth processes have proved to be the most distinctive
and invariable criterion of species but are highly susceptible to erosion and
mechanical damage. Other characters of major importance are the hinge teeth,
general outline of shell, convexity, external markings, and internal shell
margin. The soft parts are of little value in delineating species.
Phylogenetic relationships within the genus are considered. It is held that
the lingah type of pearl oyster is the most primitive.
A key to the Australian species is given.
On the basis of the review of taxonomic characters, 31 trivial names
occurring in a check-list of Australian species are rearranged under six
specific headings. These synonymies are discussed, the species redescribed, and
the geographical ranges reviewed.