bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subcritical Water Treatment for Producing Seasoning From Semidried Isada Krill
Authors: Koomyart Intira , Nagamizu Hironori , Khuwijitjaru Pramote , Kobayashi Takashi , Shiga Hirokazu , Yoshii Hidefumi , Adachi Shuji
Published: September 2014

Semidried Isada krill (Euphausia pacifica) was treated with boiling water and subcritical water at 100–240C for 10 min with a semidried krill to a water ratio of 8/52 w/v to produce seasoning. The protein concentration, lipid content and odor concentration of the extract increased after increasing the treatment temperature. The highest protein content of the extract (0.047–0.049 kg/kg‐extract) was obtained by subcritical water treatment at 180 or 200C. Compounds with lower molecular mass were detected in the extracts derived from subcritical water treatment at temperatures higher than 160C. The extract prepared by subcritical water treatment at 160 and 180C received the high score in the flavor preference test by a group of panelists. Treatment at temperatures lower and higher than 160–180C, respectively, conferred undesirable fishy and smoky or burnt odors to the extracts and residues.

Practical Application

Although Isada krill is abundant in the Sanriku coast, Japan, its usage is limited to low–value‐added products such as animal and aquaculture feeds. However, we found that subcritical water treatment of the krill produces an extract solution and a solid residue, both of which possess good flavor and proffer a great prospective for use as seasoning. Establishment of a method for using the krill as a raw material for seasoning with shrimp‐like flavor would increase the value of the krill as a food resource for human consumption.
Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of Essential Oil from Lallemantia Royleana (Benth. in Wall.) Benth
Authors: Sharifi‐Rad Javad , Hoseini‐Alfatemi Seyedeh Mahsan , Sharifi‐Rad Majid , Setzer William N.
Published: September 2014

In this study, the volatile constituents from the aerial parts of Lallemantia royleana Benth. have been measured by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity was determined by both the disk diffusion method and the microbroth dilution method. Thirty‐seven compounds were identified and the main constituents were trans‐pinocarvyl acetate (26.0%), pinocarvone (20.0%), β‐pinene (1.5%), (E)‐β‐ocimene (4.1%), terpinolene (1.1%), linalool (3.4%), trans‐ pinocarveol (1.6%), 3‐thujen‐2‐one (5.1%), myrtenal (1.5%), verbenone (7.1%), trans‐carveol (5.3%), cis‐carveol (3.5%), pulegone (4.4%), carvacrol (1.6%), dihydrocarvyl acetate (2.5%) and β‐cubebene (2.1%). Antifungal screening of the essential oil of L. royleana showed that the oil significantly inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 3.1 and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively). Antibacterial screening of L. royleana essential oil showed that all assayed concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at P < 0.05. MIC for S. aureus, B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae were 5.6, 4.8 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively; L. royleana oil was inactive against P. aeruginosa in this study. Therefore, L. royleana essential oil has antifungal and antibacterial activities, corroborating the traditional therapeutic uses of this plant, and can be used in the therapy of infectious diseases as well as an antimicrobial additive in foods.

Practical Applications

Today, many classes of synthetic antifungal and antibacterial drugs are used in medicine to treat infections. However, these antifungal and antibacterial therapies are showing diminishing effectiveness because of the emergence of drug‐resistant strains. Hence, using effective natural antifungal and antibacterial agents with fewer side effects is a promising approach to combat fungal and bacterial infection and diseases in medicine, agriculture and related fields. In this study, we have demonstrated the essential oil from Lallemantia royleana (Benth. in Wall.) Benth. to be a novel natural material to inhibit the fungal (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) and bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) growth, and we have evaluated the chemical composition of L. royleana essential oil as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.
Evaluation of Antimicrobials and Salt Replacers for Use in Low‐Sodium Dairy Products
Authors: Taylor Tiffany M. , Lathrop Amanda A.
Published: September 2014

Salt replacers and antimicrobial agents may be required to maintain consumer acceptability and safety of low‐sodium dairy products. To determine which antimicrobials could potentially be effective in these products, this study evaluated the efficacy of eight commercial antimicrobials alone and in combination with six commercial salt replacers. Milk and low‐sodium cheese agar systems were used as the growth medium for screening. Antimicrobials with and without salt replacers were added to the agar systems. Then cocktails of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella or Escherichia coli O157:H7 were spread plated on the supplemented agar and observed for growth after 24 and 48 h at 35C. Fermentates C and D, lauric arginate (LAE), and lactoperoxidase inhibited growth of all pathogens on milk agar. No pathogen growth was observed in the cheese agar containing lactoperoxidase. Salt replacers decreased efficacy of the fermentates and LAE against Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7.

Practical Applications

Pressure has been put on the food industry to reduced sodium levels in food. Because reduction of salt from dairy products could change the microbial stability and flavor, alternative antimicrobials and salt replacers may be required. Many commercial antimicrobial systems and sodium replacer exist, but testing each potential combination in a specific food matrix is impractical. Through the use of model milk and cheese systems, eight antimicrobials and six salt replacers were screened for efficacy against selected pathogens. Four of the eight antimicrobials screened inhibited pathogen growth in the model systems. Findings also indicated that salt replacers can negatively impact antimicrobial efficacy. While variation in a product matrix can interfere with antimicrobial efficacy, these findings can be used to help guide selection of antimicrobials and salt replacers for use in dairy products.
S‐nitrosoglutathione prevents blood–brain barrier disruption associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase‐9 activity in experimental diabetes
Authors: Aggarwal Aanchal , Khera Alka , Singh Inderjit , Sandhir Rajat
Published: September 2014

Hyperglycemia is known to induce microvascular complications, thereby altering blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. This study investigated the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors in increased BBB permeability and evaluated the protective effect of S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in diabetes. Diabetes was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight) for 5 days and GSNO was administered orally (100 μg/kg body weight) daily for 8 weeks after the induction of diabetes. A significant decline in cognitive functions was observed in diabetic mice assessed by Morris water maze test. Increased permeability to different molecular size tracers accompanied by edema and ion imbalance was observed in cortex and hippocampus of diabetic mice. Furthermore, activity of both pro and active MMP‐9 was found to be significantly elevated in diabetic animals. Increased in situ gelatinase activity was observed in tissue sections and isolated microvessels from diabetic mice brain. The increase in activity of MMP‐9 was attributed to increased mRNA and protein expression in diabetic mice. In addition, a significant decrease in mRNA and protein expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 was also observed in diabetic animals. However, GSNO supplementation to diabetic animals was able to abridge MMP‐9 activation as well as tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 levels, restoring BBB integrity and also improving learning and memory. Our findings clearly suggest that GSNO could prevent hyperglycemia‐induced disruption of BBB by suppressing MMP‐9 activity.

image

Hyperglycemia is known to induce microvascular complications, thereby altering blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. In the present study, we have shown that this effect occurred through increased matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) and decreased tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP‐1) levels, leading to cognitive deficits. S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) was able to abridge MMP‐9 activation and TIMP‐1 levels, thereby restoring BBB integrity and improving learning and memory. GSNO could thus be beneficial in hyperglycemia‐induced encephalopathy. STZ, Streptozotocin.
What Makes a Person a Perpetrator? The Intellectual, Moral, and Methodological Arguments for Revisiting Milgram's Research on the Influence of Authority
Authors: Reicher Stephen D. , Haslam S. Alexander , Miller Arthur G.
Published: September 2014

In this article, we outline the rationale for reexamining Milgram's explanation of how ordinary people can become perpetrators of atrocity. We argue, first, that any consideration of these issues cannot ignore the impact of Milgram's ideas in psychology, in other disciplines such as history, and in society at large. Second, we outline recent research in both psychology and history which challenges Milgram's perspective—specifically his “agentic state” account. Third, we identify the moral dangers as well as the analytic weaknesses of his work. Fourth, we point to recent methodological developments that make it ethically possible to revisit Milgram's studies. Combining all four elements we argue that there is a compelling and timely case for reexamining Milgram's legacy and developing our understanding of perpetrator behavior. We then outline how the various articles in this special issue contribute to such a project.
Obeying, Joining, Following, Resisting, and Other Processes in the Milgram Studies, and in the Holocaust and Other Genocides: Situations, Personality, and Bystanders
Authors: Staub Ervin
Published: September 2014

Stanley Milgram was motivated to show how something as horrible as the Holocaust could happen. To what extent does his research provide understanding of this? This article reviews a conception of the origins of genocide and other mass violence, based on case studies of actual instances, ranging from the Holocaust to the genocide in Rwanda and great violence in the Congo, in which psychological and social science principles were applied to historical data. This analysis and conception shows that a multiplicity of societal conditions and cultural characteristics together lead to group violence. Under certain societal and cultural conditions, many people rather than obey, seek, and join, and then subsequently follow, leaders, and groups. However, one cultural characteristic that is usually present and is relevant to Milgram's work, strong “authority orientation,” promotes the tendency to obedience and reduces the likelihood of resistance. The article also discusses the multiplicity of influences present both in Milgram's experiments and other violence‐producing situations, which includes people following rules of conventional behavior, and the multiplicity of psychological processes that arise, and questions some interpretations of Milgram's findings. It discusses the neglected but important role of personality, and the potential inherent in socialization and education to promote inclusive caring and resistance to violence producing situations. It points to the great potential of bystanders, their “authority,” in preventing violent behavior.
“Ordinary Men,” Extraordinary Circumstances: Historians, Social Psychology, and the Holocaust
Authors: Overy Richard
Published: September 2014

For historians the Holocaust is among the most complex historical situations in which to explain perpetrator obedience. There has been a long tradition of trying to comprehend the “Nazi mind,” but Milgram's obedience experiments came at just the point when judicial proceedings in West Germany were shifting the focus to the collective behavior of the cohorts of regular policemen and security officers who actually had to do the face‐to‐face killing, and whose ideological commitment was muted or even nonexistent. This explains why Milgram's experiments had an immediate appeal to anyone trying to explain obedience to commit atrocity once it was evident that those who had perpetrated it were not psychopaths or criminally abnormal. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between history and psychology as it has evolved over the past 50 years and to suggest ways in which Milgram's work still stimulates current history writing.
Exogenous melatonin supplementation prevents oxidative stress‐evoked DNA damage in human spermatozoa
Authors: Bejarano Ignacio , Monllor Fabian , Marchena Ana María , Ortiz Agueda , Lozano Graciela , Jiménez Maria Isabel , Gaspar Pilar , García Juan F. , Pariente Jose A. , Rodríguez Ana B. , Espino Javier
Published: September 2014

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for sperm physiological functions such as capacitation, hyperactivation, and acrosome reaction, on the one hand, and for stimulating the apoptotic processes involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis, on the other hand. However, the imbalance between production and removal of ROS leads to oxidative stress, which is referred to as one of the main factors involved in male infertility. The pineal hormone melatonin, given its low toxicity and well‐known antioxidant capacity, could be an excellent candidate to improve sperm quality. For this reason, the objective of the present work was to analyze whether long‐term supplementation with melatonin to infertile men affects human sperm quality and the quality of the embryos retrieved from their couples. Our findings showed that the daily supplementation of 6 mg melatonin, as early as after 45 days of treatment, produced an increase in melatonin endogenous levels, indirectly measured as urinary 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6‐s), an enhancement of both urinary and seminal total antioxidant capacity, and a consequent reduction in oxidative damage caused in sperm DNA. Moreover, couples whose men were given melatonin showed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of grade A (embryo with blastomeres of equal size; no cytoplasmic fragmentation), B (embryo with blastomeres of equal size; minor cytoplasmic fragmentation), and C (embryo with blastomeres of distinctly unequal size; significant cytoplasmic fragmentation) embryos at the expense of grade D (embryo with blastomeres of equal or unequal size; severe or complete fragmentation.) embryos which were clearly reduced. In summary, melatonin supplementation improves human sperm quality, which is essential to achieve successful natural and/or assisted reproduction outcome.
Polymorphisms of the Androgen Receptor Gene and Hormonal Contraceptive Induced Provoked Vestibulodynia
Authors: Goldstein Andrew T. , Belkin Zoe R. , Krapf Jill M. , Song Weitao , Khera Mohit , Jutrzonka Sarah L. , Kim Noel N. , Burrows Lara J. , Goldstein Irwin
Published: September 2014

Aim

Women who developed vestibulodynia (vulvar vestibulitis) while taking combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) and a control group of women were tested for polymorphisms of the gene coding for the androgen receptor (AR) that is located on the X chromosome.

Study Design

DNA from 30 women who developed vestibulodynia while taking CHCs and 17 control women were tested for the number of cytosine–adenine–guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeats in the AR. In addition, serum-free testosterone was tested in both groups.

Results

The mean number of CAG repeats in the study group was significantly greater than the control group (22.05±2.98 vs. 20.61±2.19, respectively; P =0.025). This significant difference persisted when analyzing the CAG repeats from the longer allele from each subject. Among those who were taking drospirenone-containing CHCs, the mean calculated free testosterone was 0.189±0.115ng/dL in the study group and 0.127±0.054ng/dL in the control group, all of whom were taking drospirenone-containing CHCs (P =0.042).

Conclusion

In the study cohort, women who developed vestibulodynia while taking CHCs are more likely to have longer CAG repeats in the AR than women who took the same type of CHC but did not develop vestibulodynia. We speculate that the risk of developing CHC-induced vestibulodynia may be due to lowered free testosterone combined with an inefficient AR that predisposes women to vestibular pain.
Which Theory for the Origin of Syphilis Is True?
Authors: Anteric Ivana , Basic Zeljana , Vilovic Katarina , Kolic Kresimir , Andjelinovic Simun
Published: September 2014

Introduction

There are four theories about the origin of syphilis, of which the mostly represented one is the Columbian theory. This theory suggests that syphilis was brought into Europe in 1493 ad by the ship from Caribbean islands.

Aim

The aim of this study is to test all theories on a sample of 403 skeletons: 135 from prehistory, 134 from antique, and 134 from medieval period and new age from the Dalmatia (Croatia).

Methods

All skeletons were examined using standard anthropological methods. Paleopathological analysis was performed on each skeleton as well as additional radiographic method on one isolated skeleton.

Main Outcome Measures

Paleopathological changes on skeletal remains connected with treponematosis.

Results

Paleopathological analysis revealed one skeleton from the antique period (second to 6th century ad) that exhibited skeletal markers similar to those described in one clinical case in which congenital syphilis was confirmed by a Wasserman reaction. Skeletal remains of this person were examined macroscopically and radiographically, and the differential diagnostics eliminated other considered pathologies as well as trauma.

Conclusions

The finding of skeletal markers of syphilis on a skeleton from the antique supports the theory of pre-Columbian syphilis origin.
Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin in Japanese patients with chronic genotype 2 HCV infection: an open‐label, phase 3 trial
Authors: Omata Masao , Nishiguchi Shuhei , Ueno Yoshiyuki , Mochizuki Hitoshi , Izumi Namiki , Ikeda Fusao , Toyoda Hidenori , Yokosuka Osamu , Nirei Kazushige , Genda Takuya , Umemura Takeji , Takehara Tetsuo , Sakamoto Naoya , Nishigaki Yoichi , Nakane Kunio , Toda Nobuo , Ide Tatsuya , Yanase Mikio , Hino Keisuke , Gao Bing , Garrison Kimberly L. , Dvory‐Sobol Hadas , Ishizaki Akinobu , Omote Masa , Brainard Diana , Knox Steven , Symonds William T. , McHutchison John G. , Yatsuhashi Hiroshi , Mizokami Masashi
Published: September 2014

Genotype 2 hepatitis C virus (HCV) accounts for up to 30% of chronic HCV infections in Japan. The standard of care for patients with genotype 2 HCV – peginterferon and ribavirin for 24 weeks – is poorly tolerated, especially among older patients and those with advanced liver disease. We conducted a phase 3, open‐label study to assess the efficacy and safety of an all‐oral combination of the NS5B polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir and ribavirin in patients with chronic genotype 2 HCV infection in Japan. We enrolled 90 treatment‐naïve and 63 previously treated patients at 20 sites in Japan. All patients received sofosbuvir 400 mg plus ribavirin (weight‐based dosing) for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response at 12 weeks after therapy (SVR12). Of the 153 patients enrolled and treated, 60% had HCV genotype 2a, 11% had cirrhosis, and 22% were over the aged 65 or older. Overall, 148 patients (97%) achieved SVR12. Of the 90 treatment‐naïve patients, 88 (98%) achieved SVR12, and of the 63 previously treated patients, 60 (95%) achieved SVR12. The rate of SVR12 was 94% in patients with cirrhosis and in those aged 65 and older. No patients discontinued study treatment due to adverse events. The most common adverse events were nasopharyngitis, anaemia and headache. Twelve weeks of sofosbuvir and ribavirin resulted in high rates of SVR12 in treatment‐naïve and previously treated patients with chronic genotype 2 HCV infection. The treatment was safe and well tolerated by patients, including the elderly and those with cirrhosis.
PRICE‐ADMISSIBILITY CONDITIONS FOR ARBITRAGE‐FREE LINEAR PRICE FUNCTION MODELS FOR THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES
Authors: Siegel Andrew F.
Published: September 2014

To assure price admissibility—that all bond prices, yields, and forward rates remain positive—we show how to control the state variables within the class of arbitrage‐free linear price function models for the evolution of interest rate yield curves over time. Price admissibility is necessary to preclude cash‐and‐carry arbitrage, a market imperfection that can happen even with a risk‐neutral diffusion process and positive bond prices. We assure price admissibility by (i) defining the state variables to be scaled partial sums of weighted coefficients of the exponential terms in the bond pricing function, (ii) identifying a simplex within which these state variables remain price admissible, and (iii) choosing a general functional form for the diffusion that selectively diminishes near the simplex boundary. By assuring that prices, yields, and forward rates remain positive with tractable diffusions for the physical and risk‐neutral measures, an obstacle is removed from the wider acceptance of interest rate methods that are linear in prices.
FAST SWAPTION PRICING IN GAUSSIAN TERM STRUCTURE MODELS
Authors: Choi Jaehyuk , Shin Sungchan
Published: September 2014

We propose a fast and accurate numerical method for pricing European swaptions in multifactor Gaussian term structure models. Our method can be used to accelerate the calibration of such models to the volatility surface. The pricing of an interest rate option in such a model involves evaluating a multidimensional integral of the payoff of the claim on a domain where the payoff is positive. In our method, we approximate the exercise boundary of the state space by a hyperplane tangent to the maximum probability point on the boundary and simplify the multidimensional integration into an analytical form. The maximum probability point can be determined using the gradient descent method. We demonstrate that our method is superior to previous methods by comparing the results to the price obtained by numerical integration.
Population genetics of Setaria viridis, a new model system
Authors: Huang Pu , Feldman Maximilian , Schroder Stephan , Bahri Bochra A. , Diao Xianmin , Zhi Hui , Estep Matt , Baxter Ivan , Devos Katrien M. , Kellogg Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2014

An extensive survey of the standing genetic variation in natural populations is among the priority steps in developing a species into a model system. In recent years, green foxtail (Setaria viridis), along with its domesticated form foxtail millet (S. italica), has rapidly become a promising new model system for C4 grasses and bioenergy crops, due to its rapid life cycle, large amount of seed production and small diploid genome, among other characters. However, remarkably little is known about the genetic diversity in natural populations of this species. In this study, we survey the genetic diversity of a worldwide sample of more than 200 S. viridis accessions, using the genotyping‐by‐sequencing technique. Two distinct genetic groups in S. viridis and a third group resembling S. italica were identified, with considerable admixture among the three groups. We find the genetic variation of North American S. viridis correlates with both geography and climate and is representative of the total genetic diversity in this species. This pattern may reflect several introduction/dispersal events of S. viridis into North America. We also modelled demographic history and show signal of recent population decline in one subgroup. Finally, we show linkage disequilibrium decay is rapid (<45 kb) in our total sample and slow in genetic subgroups. These results together provide an in‐depth understanding of the pattern of genetic diversity of this new model species on a broad geographic scale. They also provide key guidelines for on‐going and future work including germplasm preservation, local adaptation, crossing designs and genomewide association studies.
A function of DivIVA in Listeria monocytogenes division site selection
Authors: Kaval Karan Gautam , Rismondo Jeanine , Halbedel Sven
Published: September 2014

The cell division protein DivIVA influences protein transport via the accessory SecA2 secretion route in Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, DivIVA from the closely related bacterium Bacillus subtilis contributes to division site selection via the MinCDJ system. However, no classical min phenotype, i.e. filamentation and minicell production was observed with a listerial ΔdivIVA mutant. This has prompted the speculation that division site selection is DivIVA‐independent in L. monocytogenes. We addressed this question with genetic, cytological and bacterial two‐hybrid experiments and the data obtained correct this view. DivIVA not only binds to MinJ but also directly interacts with MinD. Experiments with fluorescently tagged proteins showed that localization of MinC and MinD was clearly DivIVA‐dependent, whereas localization of MinJ was not. An impact of DivIVA on cell division was confirmed by careful comparisons of cell size distributions of divIVA and secA2 mutants. Gene deletion studies and epistasis experiments consistently reinforced these findings, and also revealed that MinJ must have a DivIVA‐independent function. The frequency of minicell formation is low in L. monocytogenes min mutants. However, since listerial minicells might be useful as carriers for the introduction of therapeutic compounds into eukaryotic cells, we present a strategy how minicell frequency can be increased.
Elicitation of hypersensitive responses in Nicotiana glutinosa by the suppressor of RNA silencing protein P0 from poleroviruses
Authors: Wang Ken‐Der , Empleo Roman , Nguyen Tan Tri V. , Moffett Peter , Sacco Melanie Ann
Published: September 2014

Plant disease resistance (R) proteins that confer resistance to viruses recognize viral gene products with diverse functions, including viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). The P0 protein from poleroviruses is a VSR that targets the ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) protein for degradation, thereby disrupting RNA silencing and antiviral defences. Here, we report resistance against poleroviruses in Nicotiana glutinosa directed against Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) and Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). The P0 proteins from TuYV (P0Tu), PLRV (P0PL) and Cucurbit aphid‐borne yellows virus (P0CA) were found to elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) in N. glutinosa accession TW59, whereas other accessions recognized P0PL only. Genetic analysis showed that recognition of P0Tu by a resistance gene designated RPO1 (Resistance to POleroviruses 1) is inherited as a dominant allele. Expression of P0 from a Potato virus X (PVX) expression vector transferred recognition to the recombinant virus on plants expressing RPO1, supporting P0 as the unique Polerovirus factor eliciting resistance. The induction of HR required a functional P0 protein, as P0Tu mutants with substitutions in the F‐box motif that abolished VSR activity were unable to elicit HR. We surmised that the broad P0 recognition seen in TW59 and the requirement for the F‐box protein motif could indicate detection of P0‐induced AGO1 degradation and disruption of RNA silencing; however, other viral silencing suppressors, including the PVX P25 that also causes AGO1 degradation, failed to elicit HR in N. glutinosa. Investigation of P0 elicitation of RPO1 could provide insight into P0 activities within the cell that trigger resistance.
The role of surgical debridement in different clinical manifestations of invasive aspergillosis
Authors: Reischies Frederike , Hoenigl Martin
Published: September 2014

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and is associated with high mortality rates. Early initiation of systemic antimould therapy remains the most important measure to reduce mortality. Surgical debridement is an important additional therapeutic option mainly in cases of extrapulmonary IA. The main intention for surgical intervention in IA is to obtain material for diagnosis and antifungal susceptibility testing. There are, however, also therapeutic implications for surgical interventions in rare manifestation of IA such as endocarditis or mycotic aneurysm. Here, we will review the role of surgical interventions in the treatment of different clinical manifestations of IA.
Status of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs use and its association with chronic kidney disease: A cross‐sectional survey in China
Authors: Pan Yujing , Zhang Luxia , Wang Fang , Li Xiaomei , Wang Haiyan ,   China National Survey of Chronic Kidney Disease Working Group
Published: September 2014

Aim

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been reported to be associated with adverse effects including kidney injury, while relevant studies from developing countries are limited. We aimed to explore the status of NSAIDs use in China, as well as cross‐sectional association between NSAIDs intake and presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

A national representative sample of 47 204 adults in China was used. Prevalence of regular NSAIDs use was reported. Age‐ and sex‐ matched controls of NSAIDs users were then selected. The association between NSAIDs use and kidney injury were analyzed using logistic regression.

Results

Altogether 1129 participants reported regular use of NSAIDs, with the adjusted prevalence of 3.6% (95% CI, 3.2%–3.9%). And 76.9% of them (n = 868) had taken phenacetin‐containing analgesics, with an adjusted prevalence of 3.2% (95% CI, 2.9%–3.5%). After adjusting for potential confounders, long‐term NSAIDs intake (≥48 months) was associated with eGFR< 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, with an OR of 2.36 (95% CI, 1.28–4.37).

Conclusion

Regular use of NSAIDs, especially phenacetin‐containing drugs, is prevalent in China. And long‐term NSAIDs intake (≥48 months) was independently associated with reduced renal function.
Plasma levels of fibroblast growth factor‐23 are associated with muscle mass in haemodialysis patients
Authors: Fukasawa Hirotaka , Ishigaki Sayaka , Kinoshita‐Katahashi Naoko , Niwa Hiroki , Yasuda Hideo , Kumagai Hiromichi , Furuya Ryuichi
Published: September 2014

Aim

Malnutrition is highly prevalent in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and it contributes to morbidity and mortality. Fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23) and Klotho contribute to chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) in HD patients, but the role that these molecules play in determining nutritional status is currently unknown.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study examining 77 HD patients was performed. The plasma concentrations of FGF‐23 and soluble Klotho (s‐Klotho) were studied to evaluate their association with muscle mass, which was investigated by abdominal muscle areas measured using computed tomography and by creatinine (Cr) production estimated using the Cr kinetic model.

Results

Plasma FGF‐23 concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with abdominal muscle areas and Cr production (rho = 0.301, P < 0.01 and rho = 0.345, P < 0.01, respectively). In contrast, s‐Klotho was not significantly correlated with these muscle mass indices and plasma FGF‐23 concentrations. Multiple regression analyses showed that FGF‐23 was a significant independent predictor of both muscle mass indices (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion

Plasma FGF‐23 concentrations were associated with muscle mass indices in HD patients. Our findings suggest that FGF‐23 and nutritional status are linked and this link is most likely independent of s‐Klotho.
Roella divina sp. nov. (Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae) from the Western Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Cupido Christopher N.
Published: September 2014

The new species Roella divina is described and illustrated. It belongs in R. ser. Muscosae Adamson and is closely similar to R. uncinata Cupido. R. divina is only known from mountains in the Hottentots Holland range in the Western Cape, South Africa, where it was first collected in 1916. A distribution map and conservation assessment are provided.
Primulina petrocosmeoides sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae) from Guangxi, China
Authors: Pan Bo , Wen Fang
Published: September 2014

Primulina petrocosmeoides Bo Pan & Fang Wen sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae) from Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. This new species is similar to P. weii Mich. Möller & A. Weber, but differs from it in leaf blade ovate to elliptical, 1.0 × 0.8 to 2.5 × 2.0 cm, leaf base broadly cuneate, cymes 5–16, 2–6‐flowered, bracts narrowly lanceolate, calyx lobes lanceolate, 4.0–6.5 mm long, corolla bluish purple, 1.2–1.5 cm long, pubescent outside but glabrous inside, filaments purple, pubescent, staminodes 3, stigma trapezoid with its apex lobed to the middle and with dense short papillae.
Enhancing C3 photosynthesis: an outlook on feasible interventions for crop improvement
Authors: Singh Jitender , Pandey Prachi , James Donald , Chandrasekhar Kottakota , Achary V. Mohan Murali , Kaul Tanushri , Tripathy Baishnab C. , Reddy Malireddy K.
Published: September 2014

Despite the declarations and collective measures taken to eradicate hunger at World Food Summits, food security remains one of the biggest issues that we are faced with. The current scenario could worsen due to the alarming increase in world population, further compounded by adverse climatic conditions, such as increase in atmospheric temperature, unforeseen droughts and decreasing soil moisture, which will decrease crop yield even further. Furthermore, the projected increase in yields of C3 crops as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations is much less than anticipated. Thus, there is an urgent need to increase crop productivity beyond existing yield potentials to address the challenge of food security. One of the domains of plant biology that promises hope in overcoming this problem is study of C3 photosynthesis. In this review, we have examined the potential bottlenecks of C3 photosynthesis and the strategies undertaken to overcome them. The targets considered for possible intervention include RuBisCO, RuBisCO activase, Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle enzymes, CO2 and carbohydrate transport, and light reactions among many others. In addition, other areas which promise scope for improvement of C3 photosynthesis, such as mining natural genetic variations, mathematical modelling for identifying new targets, installing efficient carbon fixation and carbon concentrating mechanisms have been touched upon. Briefly, this review intends to shed light on the recent advances in enhancing C3 photosynthesis for crop improvement.
‘Fukusensor:’ a genetically engineered plant for reporting DNA damage in response to gamma radiation
Authors: Peng Yanhui , Allen Sara , Millwood Reginald J. , Stewart C. Neal
Published: September 2014

Transgenic plants can be designed to be ‘phytosensors’ for detection of environmental contaminants and pathogens. In this study, we describe the design and testing of a radiation phytosensor in the form of green fluorescence protein (GFP)‐transgenic Arabidopsis plant utilizing a DNA repair deficiency mutant background as a host. Mutant lines of Arabidopsis AtATM (At3g48190), which are hypersensitive to gamma irradiation, were used to generate stable GFP transgenic plants in which a gfp gene was under the control of a strong constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. Mutant and nonmutant genetic background transgenic plants were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 100 Gy radiation doses, respectively, using a Co‐60 source. After 1 week, the GFP expression levels were drastically reduced in young leaves of mutant background plants (treated by 10 and 100 Gy), whereas there were scant visible differences in the fluorescence of the nonmutant background plants. These early results indicate that transgenic plants could serve in a relevant sensor system to report radiation dose and the biological effects to organisms in response to radionuclide contamination.
Compositional differences between near‐isogenic GM and conventional maize hybrids are associated with backcrossing practices in conventional breeding
Authors: Venkatesh Tyamagondlu V. , Cook Kevin , Liu Bing , Perez Timothy , Willse Alan , Tichich Ryan , Feng Ping , Harrigan George G.
Published: September 2014

Here, we show that differences between genetically modified (GM) and non‐GM comparators cannot be attributed unequivocally to the GM trait, but arise because of minor genomic differences in near‐isogenic lines. Specifically, this study contrasted the effect of three GM traits (drought tolerance, MON 87460; herbicide resistance, NK603; insect protection, MON 89034) on maize grain composition relative to the effects of residual genetic variation from backcrossing. Important features of the study included (i) marker‐assisted backcrossing to generate genetically similar inbred variants for each GM line, (ii) high‐resolution genotyping to evaluate the genetic similarity of GM lines to the corresponding recurrent parents and (iii) introgression of the different GM traits separately into a wide range of genetically distinct conventional inbred lines. The F1 hybrids of all lines were grown concurrently at three replicated field sites in the United States during the 2012 growing season, and harvested grain was subjected to compositional analysis. Proximates (protein, starch and oil), amino acids, fatty acids, tocopherols and minerals were measured. The number of statistically significant differences (α = 0.05), as well as magnitudes of difference, in mean levels of these components between corresponding GM variants was essentially identical to that between GM and non‐GM controls. The largest sources of compositional variation were the genetic background of the different conventional inbred lines (males and females) used to generate the maize hybrids and location. The lack of any compositional effect attributable to GM suggests the development of modern agricultural biotechnology has been accompanied by a lack of any safety or nutritional concerns.
Lung transplantation in adults and children: Putting lung function into perspective
Authors: Thompson Bruce Robert , Westall Glen Philip , Paraskeva Miranda , Snell Gregory Ian
Published: September 2014

The number of lung transplants performed globally continues to increase year after year. Despite this growing experience, long‐term outcomes following lung transplantation continue to fall far short of that described in other solid‐organ transplant settings. Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) remains common and is the end result of exposure to a multitude of potentially injurious insults that include alloreactivity and infection among others. Central to any description of the clinical performance of the transplanted lung is an assessment of its physiology by pulmonary function testing. Spirometry and the evaluation of forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity, remain core indices that are measured as part of routine clinical follow‐up. Spirometry, while reproducible in detecting lung allograft dysfunction, lacks specificity in differentiating the different complications of lung transplantation such as rejection, infection and bronchiolitis obliterans. However, interpretation of spirometry is central to defining the different ‘chronic rejection’ phenotypes. It is becoming apparent that the maximal lung function achieved following transplantation, as measured by spirometry, is influenced by a number of donor and recipient factors as well as the type of surgery performed (single vs double vs lobar lung transplant). In this review, we discuss the wide range of variables that need to be considered when interpreting lung function testing in lung transplant recipients. Finally, we review a number of novel measurements of pulmonary function that may in the future serve as better biomarkers to detect and diagnose the cause of the failing lung allograft.
Anh-Likelihood Method for Spatial Mixed Linear Models Based on Intrinsic Auto-Regressions
Authors: Dutta Somak , Mondal Debashis
Published: September 2014

We consider sparse spatial mixed linear models, particularly those described by Besag and Higdon, and develop an h-likelihood method for their statistical inference. The method proposed allows for singular precision matrices, as it produces estimates that coincide with those from the residual maximum likelihood based on appropriate differencing of the data and has a novel approach to estimating precision parameters by a gamma linear model. Furthermore, we generalize the h-likelihood method to include continuum spatial variations by making explicit use of scaling limit connections between Gaussian intrinsic Markov random fields on regular arrays and the de Wijs process. Keeping various applications of spatial mixed linear models in mind, we devise a novel sparse conjugate gradient algorithm that allows us to achieve fast matrix-free statistical computations. We provide two applications. The first is an extensive analysis of an agricultural variety trial that brings forward various new aspects of nearest neighbour adjustment such as effects on statistical analyses to changes of scale and use of implicit continuum spatial formulation. The second application concerns an analysis of a large cotton field which gives a focus to matrix-free computations. The paper closes with some further considerations, such as applications to irregularly spaced data, use of the parametric bootstrap and some generalizations to the Gaussian Matérn mixed effect models.
The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Suicide Ideation Among Child Survivors Following the Wenchuan Earthquake
Authors: Ying Liuhua , Chen Chuansheng , Lin Chongde , Greenberger Ellen , Wu Xinchun , Jiang Lina
Published: September 2014

The association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and suicide ideation was examined in a sample of 2,298 child survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Results indicated that intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal symptom clusters, and PTSD total score were significantly associated with suicide ideation. Except for intrusion, other measures of PTSD remained as statistically significant correlates of suicide ideation even after controlling for age, gender, direct exposure, indirect exposure, and depression. Furthermore, results showed that PTSD symptoms had an indirect influence on suicide ideation that was mediated by depression. The findings suggest that avoidance and hyperarousal symptom clusters of PTSD may be two important indicators of suicide ideation among child survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Implications of the results for intervention and prevention of suicide behavior are discussed.
Stable Cell Surface Expression of GPI‐Anchored Proteins, but not Intracellular Transport, Depends on their Fatty Acid Structure
Authors: Jaensch Nina , Corrêa Ivan R. , Watanabe Reika
Published: September 2014

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins (GPI‐APs) are a class of lipid anchored proteins expressed on the cell surface of eukaryotes. The potential interaction of GPI‐APs with ordered lipid domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids has been proposed to function in the intracellular transport of these lipid anchored proteins. Here, we examined the biological importance of two saturated fatty acids present in the phosphatidylinositol moiety of GPI‐APs. These fatty acids are introduced by the action of lipid remodeling enzymes and required for the GPI‐AP association within ordered lipid domains. We found that the fatty acid remodeling is not required for either efficient Golgi‐to‐plasma membrane transport or selective endocytosis via GPI‐enriched early endosomal compartment (GEEC)/ clathrin‐independent carrier (CLIC) pathway, whereas cholesterol depletion significantly affects both pathways independent of their fatty acid structure. Therefore, the mechanism of cholesterol dependence does not appear to be related to the interaction with ordered lipid domains mediated by two saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, cholesterol extraction drastically releases the unremodeled GPI‐APs carrying an unsaturated fatty acid from the cell surface, but not remodeled GPI‐APs carrying two saturated fatty acids. This underscores the essential role of lipid remodeling to ensure a stable membrane association of GPI‐APs particularly under potential membrane lipid perturbation.
Ophthalmomyiasis interna anterior in a dog: keratotomy and extraction of a Cuterebra sp. larva
Authors: Edelmann Michele L. , Lucio‐Forster Araceli , Kern Thomas J. , Bowman Dwight D. , Ledbetter Eric C.
Published: September 2014

A 1‐year‐old female spayed mixed‐breed dog was presented for evaluation of acute onset of lethargy and blepharospasm OD. Slit‐lamp biomicroscopy revealed a segmented larva embedded in the inferonasal iris. Moderate anterior uveitis was present. After pharmacologic dilation, mild vitreal hemorrhage and chorioretinal migration tracks were identified. The dog was treated empirically for uveitis for 5 days, after which a keratotomy and larval foreign body extraction was performed. The dog recovered uneventfully from intraocular surgery and remained visual and comfortable. Parasite evaluation confirmed the larva to be a Cuterebra sp. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of canine ophthalmomyiasis interna anterior, and the first report of successful surgical removal from the anterior segment in a dog with preservation of vision.
How Baseline Model Implementation Choices Affect Demand Response Assessments
Authors: Addy Nathan J. , Kiliccote Sila , Callaway Duncan S. , Mathieu Johanna L.
Published: September 2014

The performance of buildings participating in demand response (DR) programs is usually evaluated with baseline models, which predict what electric demand would have been if a DR event had not been called. Different baseline models produce different results. Moreover, modelers implementing the same baseline model often make different model implementation choices producing different results. Using real data from a DR program in CA and a regression-based baseline model, which relates building demand to time of week, outdoor air temperature, and building operational mode, we analyze the effect of model implementation choices on DR shed estimates. Results indicate strong sensitivities to the outdoor air temperature data source and bad data filtration methods, with standard deviations of differences in shed estimates of ≈20–30 kW, and weaker sensitivities to demand/temperature data resolution, data alignment, and methods for determining when buildings are occupied, with standard deviations of differences in shed estimates of ≈2–5 kW.
Micromilling Responses of Hierarchical Graphene Composites
Authors: Chu Bryan , Samuel Johnson , Koratkar Nikhil
Published: September 2014

The objective of this research is to examine the micromachining responses of a hierarchical three-phase composite made up of microscale glass fibers that are held together by an epoxy matrix, laden with nanoscale graphene platelets (GPL). To this end, micromilling experiments are performed on both a hierarchical graphene composite as well as on a baseline two-phase glass fiber composite without the graphene additive. The composite microstructure is characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. Tool wear, chip morphology, cutting force, surface roughness, and fiber–matrix debonding are employed as machinability measures. In general, the tool wear, cutting forces, surface roughness, and extent of debonding are all seen to be lower for the hierarchical graphene composite. These improvements are attributed to the fact that GPL improve the thermal conductivity of the matrix, provide lubrication at the tool–chip interface, and also improve the interface strength between the glass fibers and the matrix. Thus, the addition of graphene to a conventional two-phase glass fiber epoxy composite is seen to improve not only its mechanical properties but also its machinability.