bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
At home and abroad: aspects of the structure of the Odyssey
Authors: Rutherford R. B.
Published: April 2013

It remains an open question what sort of structure, or what kind and degree of unity, the reader may legitimately expect to find in the Homeric epics, or in oral poetry in general. More specifically, when critics identify long-range correspondences, symmetrical patterns and precise correlation of speeches, scenes, similes and events, they are often confronted with considerable scepticism. Here it may be that excessively schematic attempts, such as those of the late Cedric Whitman, have shown such patent weaknesses that the whole approach has fallen into undeserved disrepute. Yet it is not unreasonable to suppose that any story-teller, oral or literate, improvising or premeditating, should desire and be able to connect his ending with his beginning, to develop themes in a recognisable and coherent sequence, and to draw attention to related scenes by direct repetition or allusive resemblances. Homeric scholarship has not been blind to such considerations, but they have yet, I think, to be systematically and sensitively applied. Much remains to be done, especially perhaps for theOdyssey.

In this paper I intend principally to argue that there is a significant resemblance (embracing equally important differences) between the finale ofOdyssey8 together with the opening of book 9, and the finale of book 21 and opening of 22. The situation in the later scene is modified, indeed reversed and distorted; the earlier scene presents the norm, the later scene the unusual and extraordinary; and these differences are stressed in such a way as to reinforce the development of major themes which run through the poem: themes such as hospitality, feasting, self-revelation, and the hero's status as both man of action and poet.
Livia and the womanhood of Rome
Authors: Purcell Nicholas
Published: April 2013

See how Fortune has raised you high, and commanded you to occupy a place of great honour; so, Livia, bear up that load. You draw our eyes and ears to you, we notice all your actions, and the word of aprinceps, once spoken, cannot be concealed. Stay upright, rise above your woes, keep your spirit unbroken – in so far as you can. Our search for models of virtue, certainly, will be better when you take on the rôle of first lady (Romana princeps).

These words were written by a Romanequesjust after he had taken part in the funeral of Livia's son Drusus in 9 B.C.; they derive from a poem known conventionally as theEpicedion DrusiorConsolatio ad Liviam. Drusus, consul in that year, had died of an illness on campaign east of the Rhine; for his successes against the Germans he had been about to receive various honours at Rome, including a triumph. Among these one of the more outstanding was the banquet for the principal women of the city which his mother and step-sister (Julia, Augustus' daughter by Livia) were to give in his honour; a celebration which they had previously organized for Drusus' brother Tiberius, to commemorate the pacification of Pannonia.
Topography in the Timaeus: Plato and Augustine on mankind's place in the natural world
Authors: Osborne Catherine
Published: April 2013

In this paper I shall be considering the relationship between the shape or structure of the world and the moral position occupied by human beings, particularly with regard to man's attitude towards and use of the natural resources of the material world he inhabits.

1. The shape of the world

There are two basic spatial metaphors that we frequently use in analysing notions of value and morality: one is the scale of up and down, with high and low or top and bottom as alternative ways of referring to the same type of hierarchy; the other is the notion of a centre, the bull's eye: if we are self-centred we value ourselves more highly than other things; if we have an anthropocentric view we value humanity above other animals. Thus we usually suppose that we put whatever we value most highly (on the one set of metaphors) at ‘the centre of things’ (on the other set).
The soul's silent dialogue a non-aporetic reading of the Theaetetus
Authors: Frede Dorothea
Published: April 2013

Our situation with respect to Plato is paradoxical. Here is a philosopher who emphatically insisted on truth and repudiated persuasion. And yet the community of Plato's admirers finds itself in the predicament that persuasion (or plausibility) seems all it can get: there is not nor was there nor will there be one way to read Plato. There are only temporary agreements among a number of scholars who share certain basic assumptions. And it does not look as if there is anything one can really do about this situation, not for any deconstructionist reasons, but because Plato's dialogues themselves seem so elusive that one cannot help thinking that he intentionally left us with puzzles without the necessary clues that would guide us to a decisive final picture. So we always go on puzzling anew ….
Byzantine Aphrodisias: changing the symbolic map of a city
Authors: Cormack Robin
Published: April 2013

The excavation of Aphrodisias in Caria has now uncovered so substantial an area of the city that the site must now feature in studies of both the Ancient and Byzantine city. Aphrodisias offers an example of a city whose history runs from the second half of the first century BC (when the settlement first prospered as a Free City in the fertile plain around the shrine of Aphrodite) until the late Middle Ages. But the chronological range of the surviving material also sets a familiar problem of urban history. How can such studies interpret buildings and settings which existed and functioned over many centuries, maintaining a presence in the city as its history passed from one historical ‘period’ to another? Can their permanence be recognised as a ‘continuity’; or should one look for clues of change and discontinuity? Is indeed the dichotomy of continuity and discontinuity an inevitable part of the vocabulary of urban history? The words have certainly dominated discussion of ‘capital’ cities like Rome and Constantinople in which much stress has been laid on identifying ‘continuities’, the strength of ‘tradition’, and significant ‘renewals’ of the past.
Villages, land and population in Graeco-Roman Egypt
Authors: Rathbone D. W.
Published: April 2013

The aim of this paper, which is what scientists would call a ‘working paper’, is to provide some orientation and ideas for future research on the level and distribution of population in Graeco-Roman Egypt. A traditional concern of historians has been to fix the size of the total population. On the shaky basis of an incidental figure in Josephus and a doctored passage of Diodorus Siculus, this is conventionally pitched, for the most prosperous periods of Ptolemaic and Roman domination, in the range of 8 to 10 million. In section 1 of this paper I discuss the literary sources at some length, not because of their value but in the hope of ending misleading citation of them. In the more positive section 2 I use general considerations and what documentary evidence we have to argue instead for a population in the Graeco-Roman period of from around 3 million to a maximum of 5 million.

Such vague total estimates, however, are of limited value. They serve as an introduction to and as parameters for the more historically interesting questions of relative increases and decreases over time, and of the density and distribution of population in relation to other socio-economic factors such as the quantity and type of land under cultivation, the prevailing agricultural regime, the scale of urbanisation, elite exploitation through taxes and rents, and the standard of living of the rural population.
The Mutiny of Conon's Cypriot Mercenaries
Authors: Bruce I. A. F.
Published: April 2013

Hellenica Oxyrhynchia 15 provides a detailed account of a mutiny of Cypriot soldiers serving under Conon in 395 B.C., our only other record of the event being a brief statement by Justin. The question which prompts this paper arises from some lacunae in 15, 4 and concerns the activity of the mutineers, where they went, or proposed to go, and for what purpose.

All Conon's troops had been deprived of their pay for many months, no unusual experience for those in the service of Persian kings, and accordingly Conon had sailed from Rhodes to Caunus and from Caunus had gone to visit Pharnabazus and Tithraustes to discuss the financial situation. Some of the Cypriot soldiers had been among those who accompanied Conon to Caunus and while awaiting his return were persuaded by some unspecified persons that pay was only to be provided for the rowers and marines and not for themselves.
The Dorian Invasion
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: April 2013

The Orthodox Theory

The orthodox theory about the Dorian invasion and the Ionian migration is that the Dorians broke into the Peloponnese and destroyed the Mycenaean castles—a destruction, incidentally, that is not mentioned in the ancient tradition—and that the Ionians (or the people who became the Ionians) took refuge in Attica and after an interval moved on to Ionia; this interval is generally put at sixty years by the ancient chroniclers, though not apparently by Thucydides (1, 12, 4), and at from 125 to 200 years by modern archaeologists. The interval by itself makes this theory improbable. Could Attica have supported many refugees for sixty or more years, particularly if (as the pre-historians assert) the Late Mycenaean period was one of high population? And if they could have been supported, would they not have been absorbed into the Attic community, so that the migration would have been essentially Attic and not ‘Ionian’? There are, besides, die Ionian traditions that by-pass Attica.
An Early Tragedy on the Fall of Croesus?
Authors: Page D. L.
Published: April 2013

In Hesperia, XXIV (1955), 305–19 (with plate 85) Sir John Beazley published five fragments of a hydria from Corinth dated ‘between 480 and 450, and in all probability between 470 and 460 or 450’.

Fragment A represents the upper part of a man in oriental dress, with both arms bent at the elbow, forearms raised, apparently supporting the body by grasping two vertical staves, one on each side. The lower part of his body is concealed by the upper part of a pyre consisting of courses of logs laid alternately lengthwise and head-on. ‘The pyre is alight: flames are shown in red.’ Partly concealed by the man's uplifted left arm are the hand and wrist, outstretched horizontally, of a second Oriental (the cuff of his sleeve is visible); this second Oriental is evidently helping the first (who is helping himself by means of the staves) to rise from the blazing pyre.
“Heimischwerden Deutscher Art und Sitte” Power, Gender, and Diaspora in the Colonial Contest
Authors: Bischoff Eva
Published: April 2013

In 1909, in a public lecture on German colonial politics, author and colonial activist Clara Brockmann emphasised the crucial role of female emigration to the colonies of the Kaiserreich (German empire). With special reference to German Southwest Africa, she argued:

The immigration of the German woman in our colony is much talked about and much is done for it. The aim is quite obvious: the prevention of mixed marriages, which are the mental and economic ruin of the settler, the achievement of a profitable farm business, which cannot be fully developed without the assistance of the housewife, and the establishment of German manners and mores, of German family life, which is created foremost by the presence of the woman.

Brockmann was one of many women who were committed to “the colonial cause” during the Kaiserreich. Most of these activists were organised in the Frauenbund der Deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft (Women's League of the German Colonial Society). Its central aim was to support and organise the emigration of German women to the colonies of the German Empire. This paper takes a closer look at the rhetoric and politics of the Frauenbund, its claims for the decisive role women were to play in the colonial project, its emigration scheme, organised to provide German settlers with racially “appropriate” wives, and its underlying assumption that Germanness itself was under threat in colonial space. The Kaiserreich's female colonial activists have been the object of numerous studies so far. None of these studies, however, reflects on the issue within the larger context of nineteenth-century global white mass migration or white diasporic movements as described, for instance, by Jürgen Osterhammel.
Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F1hybrids ofSorghum bicolor(L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool
Authors: Adugna Asfaw , Bekele Endashaw
Published: April 2013

Natural hybridization between wild/weedy and crop species often results in rare hybrids, which can be more weedy and difficult to control. Moreover, the advent of transgenic crop plants raises questions of biosafety risk assessment on the consequences of rare hybrids with possible fitness enhancing genes on the environment. This study aimed at measuring the fitness components of wild–crop sorghum hybrids for various juvenile survival and adult morphological and fertility characters as part of the risk assessment of transgenic sorghum in Africa where the crop was believed to have first domesticated and serves as the major staple. Out of a pool of hybrids made in 2010 from 23 wild sorghum accessions and two released cultivated sorghum varieties using hand emasculation techniques, seven were selected for the field study of their fitness components in 2011. The study confirmed that crop–wild hybrids of sorghum are fertile. Two approaches were followed (relative fitness and mid-parent heterosis) which showed that most of the hybrids were as fit as their wild parents, and in some cases they showed mid-parent heterosis for the measured traits. The results of this study highlighted a potential risk that hybrids carrying crop genes (including herbicide resistance transgenes) could pose because they could be more weedy than their wild/weedy parents if transgenic sorghum is deployed in regions where the wild and cultivated sorghum populations coexist, such as in Ethiopia and in other parts of Africa.
Allusion and ekphrasis in Winckelmann's Paris description of the Apollo Belvedere
Authors: Harloe Katherine
Published: April 2013

As Vout (2006) has recently reminded us in this journal, Johann Joachim Winckelmann'sHistory of the art of antiquity (Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums, 1st ed. 1764) is widely considered to be a foundational text in the history of art. Advertising itself as the first ‘systematic’ account of ancient art in relation to its geographical, social and political circumstances, Winckelmann filled out the well-known Plinian chronology of artists with a new analysis in terms of a succession of period styles, providing a satisfyingly scientific justification for the preference his contemporaries were beginning to accord to the art of the Greeks. Small wonder then that the book was lauded as a classic as soon as it appeared in Germany and was quickly translated into French and Italian. Nevertheless, it is also hardly surprising that this text, which promised nothing less than a ‘new paradigm’ for the study of antique culture, has always presented problems to its readers. These are partly caused by its magnitude of ambition. Titled, first and foremost, a ‘history’, Winckelmann'smagnum opusin fact attempts to be many things: part systematic exploration of the social and physical factors that condition the development of all art; part impassioned disquisition on the essence of beauty; part antiquarian catalogue of the greatest surviving works of Greek and Roman art; part manual of aesthetic taste for aspiring contemporary artists. Few books since Winckelmann'sHistorycan have combined bold claims about their importance as historical scholarship with detailed instructions on how to draw a perfectly beautiful face.
Linking abuse and recovery through advocacy: an observational study
Authors: Trevillion K. , Byford S. , Cary M. , Rose D. , Oram S. , Feder G. , Agnew-Davies R. , Howard L. M.
Published: April 2013

Aims.

High numbers of psychiatric service users experience domestic violence, yet limited interventions exist for these victims. We piloted a domestic violence intervention for community mental health services to explore the feasibility of a future cluster randomized controlled trial.

Methods.

Quasi-experimental controlled design within five Community Mental Health Teams (three intervention and two control teams). The intervention comprised domestic violence training for clinicians' and referral to domestic violence advocacy for service users. Clinicians' (n = 29) domestic violence knowledge, attitudes and behaviours were assessed before and 6 months post-training. Service users' (n = 34) safety behaviours, unmet needs, quality of life and frequency/severity of abuse were examined at baseline and 3 months follow-up. Process evaluation data were also collected.

Results.

Clinicians receiving the intervention reported significant improvements in domestic violence knowledge, attitudes and behaviours at follow-up (p < 0.05). Service users receiving the intervention reported significant reductions in violence (p < 0.001) and unmet needs at follow-up (p < 0.05).

Conclusions.

Interventions comprising domestic violence training for clinicians and referral to domestic violence advocacy may improve responses of psychiatric services. Low rates of identification among teams not receiving training suggest that future trials using service user outcomes are unlikely to be feasible. Therefore, other methods of evaluation are needed.
NKG2D CAR T‐cell therapy inhibits the growth of NKG2D ligand heterogeneous tumors
Authors: Spear Paul , Barber Amorette , Rynda‐Apple Agnieszka , Sentman Charles L
Published: April 2013

Tumor heterogeneity presents a substantial barrier to increasing clinical responses mediated by targeted therapies. Broadening the immune response elicited by treatments that target a single antigen is necessary for the elimination of tumor variants that fail to express the targeted antigen. In this study, it is shown that adoptive transfer of T cells bearing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) inhibited the growth of target‐expressing and ‐deficient tumor cells within ovarian and lymphoma tumors. Mice bearing the ID8 ovarian or RMA lymphoma tumors were treated with T cells transduced with a NKG2D‐based CAR (chNKG2D). NKG2D CAR T‐cell therapy protected mice from heterogeneous RMA tumors. Moreover, adoptive transfer of chNKG2D T cells mediated tumor protection against highly heterogeneous ovarian tumors in which 50, 20 or only 7% of tumor cells expressed significant amounts of NKG2D ligands. CAR T cells did not mediate an in vivo response against tumor cells that did not express sufficient amounts of NKG2D ligands, and the number of ligand‐expressing tumor cells correlated with therapeutic efficacy. In addition, tumor‐free surviving mice were protected against a tumor re‐challenge with NKG2D ligand‐negative ovarian tumor cells. These data indicate that NKG2D CAR T‐cell treatment can be an effective therapy against heterogeneous tumors and induce tumor‐specific immunity against ligand‐deficient tumor cells.
Genome-wide comparative diversity uncovers multiple targets of selection for improvement in hexaploid wheat landraces and cultivars
Authors: Cavanagh Colin R. , Chao Shiaoman , Wang Shichen , Huang Bevan Emma , Stephen Stuart , Kiani Seifollah , Forrest Kerrie , Saintenac Cyrille , Brown-Guedira Gina L. , Akhunova Alina , See Deven , Bai Guihua , Pumphrey Michael , Tomar Luxmi , Wong Debbie , Kong Stephan , Reynolds Matthew , da Silva Marta Lopez , Bockelman Harold , Talbert Luther , Anderson James A. , Dreisigacker Susanne , Baenziger Stephen , Carter Arron , Korzun Viktor , Morrell Peter Laurent , Dubcovsky Jorge , Morell Matthew K. , Sorrells Mark E. , Hayden Matthew J. , Akhunov Eduard
Published: April 2013

Domesticated crops experience strong human-mediated selection aimed at developing high-yielding varieties adapted to local conditions. To detect regions of the wheat genome subject to selection during improvement, we developed a high-throughput array to interrogate 9,000 gene-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a worldwide sample of 2,994 accessions of hexaploid wheat including landraces and modern cultivars. Using a SNP-based diversity map we characterized the impact of crop improvement on genomic and geographic patterns of genetic diversity. We found evidence of a small population bottleneck and extensive use of ancestral variation often traceable to founders of cultivars from diverse geographic regions. Analyzing genetic differentiation among populations and the extent of haplotype sharing, we identified allelic variants subjected to selection during improvement. Selective sweeps were found around genes involved in the regulation of flowering time and phenology. An introgression of a wild relative-derived gene conferring resistance to a fungal pathogen was detected by haplotype-based analysis. Comparing selective sweeps identified in different populations, we show that selection likely acts on distinct targets or multiple functionally equivalent alleles in different portions of the geographic range of wheat. The majority of the selected alleles were present at low frequency in local populations, suggesting either weak selection pressure or temporal variation in the targets of directional selection during breeding probably associated with changing agricultural practices or environmental conditions. The developed SNP chip and map of genetic variation provide a resource for advancing wheat breeding and supporting future population genomic and genome-wide association studies in wheat.
Genetic deletion of Rnd3 results in aqueductal stenosis leading to hydrocephalus through up-regulation of Notch signaling
Authors: Lin Xi , Liu Baohui , Yang Xiangsheng , Yue Xiaojing , Diao Lixia , Wang Jing , Chang Jiang
Published: April 2013

Rho family guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) 3 (Rnd3), a member of the small Rho GTPase family, is involved in the regulation of cell actin cytoskeleton dynamics, cell migration, and proliferation through the Rho kinase-dependent signaling pathway. We report a role of Rnd3 in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus disorder. Mice with
Rnd3
genetic deletion developed severe obstructive hydrocephalus with enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles, but not of the fourth ventricles. The cerebral aqueducts in Rnd3-null mice were partially or completely blocked by the overgrowth of ependymal epithelia. We examined the molecular mechanism contributing to this Rnd3-deficiency–mediated hydrocephalus and found that Rnd3 is a regulator of Notch signaling. Rnd3 deficiency, through either gene deletion or siRNA knockdown, resulted in a decrease in Notch intracellular domain (NICD) protein degradation. However, there was no correlated change in mRNA change, which in turn led to an increase in NICD protein levels. Immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that Rnd3 and NICD physically interacted, and that down-regulation of Rnd3 attenuated NICD protein ubiquitination. This eventually enhanced Notch signaling activity and promoted aberrant growth of aqueduct ependymal cells, resulting in aqueduct stenosis and the development of congenital hydrocephalus. Inhibition of Notch activity rescued the hydrocephalus disorder in the mutant animals.
Engineering recombinant reoviruses with tandem repeats and a tetravirus 2A-like element for exogenous polypeptide expression
Authors: Demidenko Aleksander A. , Blattman Joseph N. , Blattman Negin N. , Greenberg Philip D. , Nibert Max L.
Published: April 2013

Significance

Recombinant reoviruses that can propagate autonomously while expressing exogenous polypeptides over multiple growth cycles have proven difficult to generate but seem plausible to try to develop as potential vaccine vectors. Here we report a strategy for engineering such reoviruses that express portions of the simian immunodeficiency virus Gag protein. The strategy has been applied so far to 3 of the 10 reovirus genome segments and can also be used to map the terminal regions required for segment packaging. Gag-specific T-cell responses induced in mice by one of these recombinant reoviruses support their potential utility as vectors for immunogen expression.
Self-assembled, aptamer-tethered DNA nanotrains for targeted transport of molecular drugs in cancer theranostics
Authors: Zhu Guizhi , Zheng Jing , Song Erqun , Donovan Michael , Zhang Kejing , Liu Chen , Tan Weihong
Published: April 2013

Nanotechnology has allowed the construction of various nanostructures for applications, including biomedicine. However, a simple target-specific, economical, and biocompatible drug delivery platform with high maximum tolerated doses is still in demand. Here, we report aptamer-tethered DNA nanotrains (aptNTrs) as carriers for targeted drug transport in cancer therapy. Long aptNTrs were self-assembled from only two short DNA upon initiation by modified aptamers, which worked like locomotives guiding nanotrains toward target cancer cells. Meanwhile, tandem “boxcars” served as carriers with high payload capacity of drugs that were transported to target cells and induced selective cytotoxicity. aptNTrs enhanced maximum tolerated dose in nontarget cells. Potent antitumor efficacy and reduced side effects of drugs delivered by biocompatible aptNTrs were demonstrated in a mouse xenograft tumor model. Moreover, fluorophores on nanotrains and drug fluorescence dequenching upon release allowed intracellular signaling of nanotrains and drugs. These results make aptNTrs a promising targeted drug transport platform for cancer theranostics.
Central role of liver in anticancer and radioprotective activities of Toll-like receptor 5 agonist
Authors: Burdelya Lyudmila G. , Brackett Craig M. , Kojouharov Bojidar , Gitlin Ilya I. , Leonova Katerina I. , Gleiberman Anatoli S. , Aygun-Sunar Semra , Veith Jean , Johnson Christopher , Haderski Gary J. , Stanhope-Baker Patricia , Allamaneni Shyam , Skitzki Joseph , Zeng Ming , Martsen Elena , Medvedev Alexander , Scheblyakov Dmitry , Artemicheva Nataliya M. , Logunov Denis Y. , Gintsburg Alexander L. , Naroditsky Boris S. , Makarov Sergei S. , Gudkov Andrei V.
Published: April 2013

Significance

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is an innate immunity receptor that specifically recognizes and triggers immune response to bacterial flagellins. In addition to resistance toSalmonellainfection, TLR5 agonists protect mammals from radiation and have anticancer effects, including suppression of tumor metastases. Using mouse models, we defined the liver as a major target for TLR5 agonists. Administration of pharmacologically optimized flagellin derivative CBLB502 leads to rapid activation of prosurvival nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and STAT3 pathways in the liver and rescues mice from lethal doses of hepatotoxic Fas-agonistic antibodies. Thus, TLR5 agonists can be considered for treatment and prevention of liver metastasis and hepatoprotective applications.
Consumers mediate the effects of experimental ocean acidification and warming on primary producers
Authors: Alsterberg Christian , Eklöf Johan S. , Gamfeldt Lars , Havenhand Jonathan N. , Sundbäck Kristina
Published: April 2013

It is well known that ocean acidification can have profound impacts on marine organisms. However, we know little about the direct and indirect effects of ocean acidification and also how these effects interact with other features of environmental change such as warming and declining consumer pressure. In this study, we tested whether the presence of consumers (invertebrate mesograzers) influenced the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming on benthic microalgae in a seagrass community mesocosm experiment. Net effects of acidification and warming on benthic microalgal biomass and production, as assessed by analysis of variance, were relatively weak regardless of grazer presence. However, partitioning these net effects into direct and indirect effects using structural equation modeling revealed several strong relationships. In the absence of grazers, benthic microalgae were negatively and indirectly affected by sediment-associated microalgal grazers and macroalgal shading, but directly and positively affected by acidification and warming. Combining indirect and direct effects yielded no or weak net effects. In the presence of grazers, almost all direct and indirect climate effects were nonsignificant. Our analyses highlight that (
i
) indirect effects of climate change may be at least as strong as direct effects, (
ii
) grazers are crucial in mediating these effects, and (
iii
) effects of ocean acidification may be apparent only through indirect effects and in combination with other variables (e.g., warming). These findings highlight the importance of experimental designs and statistical analyses that allow us to separate and quantify the direct and indirect effects of multiple climate variables on natural communities.
Structure–kinetic relationship study of CDK8/CycC specific compounds
Authors: Schneider Elisabeth V. , Böttcher Jark , Huber Robert , Maskos Klaus , Neumann Lars
Published: April 2013

In contrast with the very well explored concept of structure–activity relationship, similar studies are missing for the dependency between binding kinetics and compound structure of a protein ligand complex, the structure–kinetic relationship. Here, we present a structure–kinetic relationship study of the cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8)/cyclin C (CycC) complex. The scaffold moiety of the compounds is anchored in the kinase deep pocket and extended with diverse functional groups toward the hinge region and the front pocket. These variations can cause the compounds to change from fast to slow binding kinetics, resulting in an improved residence time. The flip of the DFG motif (“DMG” in CDK8) to the inactive DFG-out conformation appears to have relatively little influence on the velocity of binding. Hydrogen bonding with the kinase hinge region contributes to the residence time but has less impact than hydrophobic complementarities within the kinase front pocket.
Parametrization of general seismic potency and moment tensors for source inversion of seismic waveform data
Authors: Zhu Lupei , Ben-Zion Yehuda
Published: April 2013

We decompose a general seismic potency tensor into isotropic tensor, double-couple tensor and compensated linear vector dipole using the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the full tensor. Two dimensionless parameters are used to quantify the size of the isotropic and compensated linear vector dipole components. The parameters have well-defined finite ranges and are suited for non-linear inversions of source tensors from seismic waveform data. The decomposition and parametrization for the potency tensor are used to obtain corresponding results for a general seismic moment tensor. The relations between different parameters of the potency and moment tensors in isotropic media are derived. We also discuss appropriate specification of the relative size of different source components in inversions of seismic data.
The supernova–gamma-ray burst–jet connection
Authors: Hjorth Jens
Published: April 2013

The observed association between supernovae and gamma-ray bursts represents a cornerstone in our understanding of the nature of gamma-ray bursts. The collapsar model provides a theoretical framework for this connection. A key element is the launch of a bipolar jet (seen as a gamma-ray burst). The resulting hot cocoon disrupts the star, whereas the
56
Ni produced gives rise to radioactive heating of the ejecta, seen as a supernova. In this discussion paper, I summarize the observational status of the supernova–gamma-ray burst connection in the context of the ‘engine’ picture of jet-driven supernovae and highlight SN 2012bz/GRB 120422A—with its luminous supernova but intermediate high-energy luminosity—as a possible transition object between low-luminosity and jet gamma-ray bursts. The jet channel for supernova explosions may provide new insights into supernova explosions in general.
A novel monochromator for experiments with ultrashort X-ray pulses
Authors: Brzhezinskaya Maria , Firsov Alexander , Holldack Karsten , Kachel Torsten , Mitzner Rolf , Pontius Niko , Schmidt Jan-Simon , Sperling Mike , Stamm Christian , Föhlisch Alexander , Erko Alexei
Published: April 2013

Aiming at advancing storage-ring-based ultrafast X-ray science, over the past few years many upgrades have been undertaken to continue improving beamline performance and photon flux at the Femtoslicing facility at BESSY II. In this article the particular design upgrade of one of the key optical components, the zone-plate monochromator (ZPM) beamline, is reported. The beamline is devoted to optical pump/soft X-ray probe applications with 100 fs (FWHM) X-ray pulses in the soft X-ray range at variable polarization. A novel approach consisting of an array of nine off-axis reflection zone plates is used for a gapless coverage of the spectral range between 410 and 1333 eV at a designed resolution ofE/ΔE= 500 and a pulse elongation of only 30 fs. With the upgrade of the ZPM the following was achieved: a smaller focus, an improved spectral resolution and bandwidth as well as excellent long-term stability. The beamline will enable a new class of ultrafast applications with variable optical excitation wavelength and variable polarization.
Empowering the poor with right to information and library services
Authors: Jain Vivekanand , Saraf Sanjiv
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Information is playing a vital role in modern socio‐economic developments. The poor homeless citizens of special needs are also empowered with the Right to Information Act 2005 in India. People can ask to the government policies for eradication of poverty. Information literacy regarding various rights may change the scenario of society. In India, government started various ICT‐based policies for eradication of poverty with public private partnership. Some important projects are: Akshaya, Anand, Bhoomi, E‐chaupal, E‐Seva, Gramdoot, N‐Logue, India Agriland, Janmitra, etc. but actually real needy people are not aware about these policies, so they are not able to get the benefit of these policies. Thus, right to information and libraries can create an environment of information literacy among poor people, so that they may know their rights and improve their living standard. They may also know the details of government initiatives for the welfare of the society. After taking the benefits of policies they will be a well‐informed citizen. Indian Government initiatives like right to food scheme or midday meal scheme for schoolchildren, right to education, right to information and role of libraries are discussed in detail.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a case study of Indian Government policies and role of non‐governmental organizations for eradication of poverty through information and communication technology applications.

Findings

Internet, libraries and other social media are empowering the users with information. International and national organisations are taking care of basic human rights. It is the real democracy, if we implement right to information effectively. Only free flow of information can reduce the digital divide/information divide among the citizens. Now there are a number of national and international laws related to right to information, so there is a need to apply them effectively for the benefit of the poor human beings and make them well‐informed, self‐dependent, respectable citizens.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is based on a review of literature and evaluation of policies in India.

Practical implications

There is a need to develop the public library system with extension service to poor and homeless people.

Social implications

There is a need for emphasis on an information literacy programme for the poor.

Originality/value

It is the authors' opinion with original thoughts.
Influence of inter‐disc space on the turbulent flow between two rotating discs
Authors: Raddaoui Maher
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Rotating flows are very important because they are found in industrial and domestic applications. For a good performance, it is important to dimension correctly the energy efficiency and the lifespan of the apparatuses while studying, for example, the influence of their physical and geometrical characteristics on the various hydrodynamic constraints, thermal and mechanics which they will support. The purpose of this paper is to describe experiments and a numerical study of the inter‐disc space effects on the mean and the turbulent characteristics of a Von Karman isotherm steady flow between counter‐rotating disks.

Design/methodology/approach

Experimental results are obtained by the laser Doppler anemometer technique performed at IRPHE (Institute of Research on the Phenomena out Equilibrium) in Marseille, France. The numerical predictions are based on one‐point statistical modeling using a low Reynolds number second‐order full stress transport closure (RSM model).

Findings

It was found that the level of radial velocity increases with the aspect ratio near to the axis of rotation but this phenomenon is reversed far from this zone; the level of tangential velocity, of turbulence kinetic energy and of the torsion are definitely higher for the largest aspect ratio. The best contribution of this work is, at the same time, the new experimental and numerical database giving the effect of the aspect ratio of the cavity on the intensity of turbulence for Von Karman flow between two counter rotating disks.

Research limitations/implications

The limitation of this work is that it concerns rotating flows with very high speeds because the phenomena of instability appear and the application of this model for cavities of forms is not obvious.

Practical implications

This work is of technological interest; it can be exploited by industrialists to optimize the operation of certain machines using this kind of flow. It can be exploited in the teaching of certain units of Masters courses: gathering experimental techniques; numerical methods; and theoretical knowledge.

Social implications

This work can also have a social interest where this kind of simulation can be generalized with other types of flows responsible for certain phenomena of society, such as the phenomenon of pollution. This work can have a direct impact on everyday life by the exploitation of the rotary flows, such as being a very clean and very economic means to separate the undesirable components present in certain fluid effluents.

Originality/value

The best contribution of this work is the new experimental and numerical database giving the effect of the aspect ratio of the cavity on the intensity of turbulence for Von Karman flow between two counter rotating disks.
Homotopy analysis and homotopy Padé methods for (1+1) and (2+1)‐dimensional dispersive long wave equations
Authors: Jabbari A. , Kheiri H. , Yildirim A.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to obtain analytic solutions of the (1+1) and (2+1)‐dimensional dispersive long wave equations by the homotopy analysis and the homotopy Padé methods.

Design/methodology/approach

The obtained approximation by using homotopy method contains an auxiliary parameter which is a simple way to control and adjust the convergence region and rate of solution series.

Findings

The approximation solutions by [m,m] homotopy Padé technique is often independent of auxiliary parameter ℏ and this technique accelerates the convergence of the related series.

Originality/value

In this paper, analytic solutions of the (1+1) and (2+1)‐dimensional dispersive long wave equations are obtained by the homotopy analysis and the homotopy Padé methods. The obtained approximation by using homotopy method contains an auxiliary parameter which is a simple way to control and adjust the convergence region and rate of solution series. The approximation solutions by [m,m] homotopy Padé technique are often independent of auxiliary parameter ℏ and this technique accelerates the convergence of the related series.
Practitioner understanding of value in the UK building sector
Authors: Thomson Derek S. , Austin Simon A. , Mills Grant R. , Devine‐Wright Hannah
Published: April 2013

Purpose

For over a decade, UK public sector construction policy and industry rhetoric has advanced a value agenda that advocates the development of project‐specific understanding of value. This study aims to examine construction practitioners’ collective cognition of value to determine how their facilitation may bias this intent. A value continuum is contributed.

Design/methodology/approach

Critique of the design quality indicator (the primary value agenda instrument) finds that it overemphasises objective value, confirming the need for practitioners to help stakeholders develop broader understanding of value. The freelisting technique of cultural anthropology is adopted to model practitioners’ collective cognition of value and, thus, their bias over this process. The standard freelisting protocol is followed.

Findings

Practitioners’ collective understanding is found to comprise related concepts that resolve to a one dimensional “value continuum” with subjective and objective terminals and which fully embodies value agenda intent. In contrast, the concepts articulated by the design quality indicator are biased towards the objective value continuum terminal, confirming the need for practitioners to facilitate stakeholder exploration of the full continuum if the value agenda is to be fully addressed.

Research limitations/implications

The value continuum only reflects the views of a small but typical sample of construction practitioners. Further work must characterise model completeness and consistency through the supply chain.

Originality/value

This is the first work to derive an empirical model of construction practitioners’ collective understanding of value. It achieves this by the novel linking of a cognitive modelling technique from cultural anthropology with an emic interpretation of the results.
The social life of the novel idea: what did social psychologists ever do for us?
Authors: Barrett Jennifer , Goulding Jack , Qualter Pamela
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the extant literature relating to the social processes of innovation in built environment design teams. The paper connects the relevant and significant work in the field of social psychology and architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) to derive a theoretical framework which can be used to direct further research, towards development of the behavioural facet of design management.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the paper establishes which aspects of social processes of innovation are already present within the AEC field and examine concepts/ideas in social psychology that are likely to be important in understanding group processes within AEC, applying three emergent themes of social climate; risk attitudes and motivation and reward. Second, the paper identifies which elements of social psychology may be used to expand, consolidate and develop our understanding and identify gaps in AEC specific knowledge.

Findings

The paper suggests that whilst the AEC literature has supplanted some key elements of social psychology, this discipline offers a further and significant theoretical resource. However, whilst some aspects of social climate and motivation/reward are well‐represented in the AEC field, these have not yet been fully explored. Furthermore, how collective attitudes to risk can influence design decision‐making is identified as having a limited presence.

Originality/value

This paper is the first to bring together the two disciplines of AEC and social psychology to examine the social aspects of innovative design performance in built environment teams. The paper fulfils an identified need to examine the social processes that influence innovative design performance in construction
Reflective practice in a capstone business internship subject
Authors: Lang Roselynn , McNaught Keith
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Capstone subjects which link students approaching graduation with significant experiential learning and relevant industry placements, have the potential to be very valuable to students. This is particularly evident if they are able to critically reflect on the experience. In light of this, the School of Business at the University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle campus, sought to embed reflective practice and reflective writing within its Business Internship (capstone) subject. This paper aims to discuss this.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents a case study approach.

Findings

Significant challenges emerged in relation to the student learning experience. Some students did not perceive the value of an internship, or of engaging in a professionally reflective process. Business students' differing academic literacy standards became apparent, as did the diverse experiences of international students. It became evident that students required explicit teaching and more thorough training to understand the value of reflection and to write reflectively where required. Subsequently, reflective writing workshops were trialled and embedded in the subject. Reflective practice enabled students to move to a deeper level of understanding, rather than submitting a superficial retelling of their internship experience.

Originality/value

The value of reflective writing is widely recognised in many disciplines, although its application in Business capstone subjects is relatively new. This merits further scholarship, particularly as capstone subjects are increasingly being used to demonstrate assurance of learning for accrediting agencies in Australia.