bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxysterol formation in foods
Authors: Guardiola F. , Codony R , Rafecas M. , Boatella J.
Published: May 2010

This review focuses on the mechanisms of formation of oxysterols and factors that influence on their formation and content in foods. Aspects of growing interest because of the numerous biological effects reported for these compounds.
Integral centrifuges for olive oil extraction, at the third millenium threshold. Transformation yields
Authors: Ranalli Alfonso , Martinelli Nicola
Published: May 2010

A new-two, phase "decanter" (able to centrifuge the oily pastes without previous addition of hot water) was compared with a three-phase one, processing homogeneous lots of three olive varieties (Coratina, Nebbio and Grossa di Cassano) at an industrial level. The results showed that the integral centrifuge frequently yielded higher oil outputs. Furthermore, as the vegetation water was not separated from the husk, the amount liquid effluent produced was much lower (about 10 Kg/q olives, on average). This goes towards solving the age-old and very difficult problems connected with the production of this highly polluting outflow. However, the olive cake obtained semi-liquid (with about 55-60% of moisture), making the industrial recovery of the residual oil difficult and expensive. Furthermore, the solid by-product was characterized by higher percentage values of the oil amount, higher values of the pulp/stone ratio, as well as the greater weight produced. The effluent produced in small quantities, besides being more concentrated and thus richer in fat, dry residue, phenols and o-diphenols. The COD and turbidity values were also higher. Finally, as will be referred to in detail in the second part of this work, the oils obtained were of a far higher quality, mainly for their lower oxidizability and better organoleptic characteristic, so that they are wholly comparable to those extracted by pressing or filtering. In addition, the significant reduction of processing costs, as well as the lower consumption of hot water and electrical energy, must also be emphasized.
Changes in physical and chemical properties of palm olein during heating
Authors: Rady Aly H. , Madkour Mohamed A.
Published: May 2010

This study evaluated some changes occurring in double fractionated (DF) palm olein during heating. DF palm olein was heated at 180°C for 60 hr (4hr/day) with no added source of water. Heated oil samples were analyzed for refractive index (Rl), viscosity, colour change, dielectric constant change (DCC), acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV) and unsaponifiable matter (UM) constituents. The results indicated that, viscosity, colour, DCC and AV gradually increased, while IV gradually decreased with increasing heating time. The study showed also that heating times correlated with increases in DCC, viscosity and AV. PV increased ca 17-fold, reached a maximum at 16 hr, then gradually decreased to remain relatively constant through the last 20 hr of heating. Chromatographic analysis illustrated that UM components changed qualitatively and quantitatively due to the heating treatment.
A Study of mixtures of organic solvents and triglycerides of linseed oil or the free fatty acids. II.- Application to the viscosity of the Andrade, Krone, McAllister and Hildebrand equations
Authors: Mantell Serrano C. , Muñoz Cueto M. J. , Galán Vallejo M. , Rodríguez Rodríguez M.
Published: May 2010

A regression study of Andrade, Krone, McAllister and Hildebrand equations with experimental data of viscosity of mixtures of triglycerides or free fatty acids and trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and hexane was carried out. Temperature range studied was 278-313 K in steps of 5K. The results showed that the Hildebrand equation presents the best fit for all the viscosity data of the mixtures studied, tending towards a lineal or parabolic function of its parameters. Andrade and Krone equations presented acceptable fits for all mixtures studied except the fatty acids and hexane mixture. The McAllister equation was applicable only to mixtures with tetrachloroethylene.
Surfactants. XX. Fatty ω-monoesters of dithíoacetals of sugars
Authors: Fernández-Bolaños J. , Fernández Mesa M. J. , Fernández-Bolaños J. G.
Published: May 2010

The preparation of 5-O-lauroyl(myhstoyl, palmitoyl)-D-arabinose ethylendithioacetals, 6-O-lauroyl-D-glucose(D-galactose) ethylendithioacetals and 6-O-decanoyl(lauroyl)-D-mannose ethylendithioacetals is reported. The preparation of 5-O-octanoyl(decanoyl, lauroyl)-L-arabinose diethyldithioacetais is also reported. These compounds were obtained by monoesterification of aldosedithioacetals with the corresponding fatty acid chlorides in pyridine.
Extraction of virgin olive oil by two-phase continuous system. Influence of different variables of the process on certain parameters related to oil quality
Authors: Jiménez Márquez A. , Hermoso Fernández M. , Uceda Ojeda M.
Published: May 2010

The introduction of new technology for industrial extraction of olive oil requires a knowledge of how this could affect certain oil parameters in regulation of the extraction process. The oil's total polyphenols content, K225 and autoxidation stability were related with variations in temperature, kneading time, paste injection flow rate and oil washing in vertical centrifuges in a two-phase decanter without addition of water to the olive paste. Kneading the olive paste at low temperature, extended kneading at low paste injection rates, oil washing with hot water and high water:oil ratio, yielded oil of low stability, low polyphenols content and low bitterness.
Comparative study of the esterified fatty acids composition of Los Pedroches cheese manufactured with either animal or vegetable rennet
Authors: Sanjuán E. , Millán R , Gómez R. , Fernández-Salguero J.
Published: May 2010

Total fatty acids were determined in Los Pedroches cheese samples manufactured with either animal or vegetable rennet during 100 days of ripening, using gas-liquid chromatography. Data of crude fat and of 24 relationships between fatty acids, have been calculated. No statistically significant differences were found for effect of rennet type or ripening time on esterified fatty acids composition of the cheese.
Characterization of Astrocaryum macrocalyx Kernel fat
Authors: Lognay G. , Desmedt A. , Mejia K. , Trevejo E. , Marlier M.
Published: May 2010

In the present work we investigated the glyceride and sterol compositions of Astrocaryum macrocalyx ("huicungo") kernel fat. This species is native from the Peruvian Amazonia (Iquitos). Gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids revealed 8 components, among which lauric (54.5%) and myristic (21.9%) acids predominate. The sterol profile is classic; β-sitosterol and campesterol are the main constituents (74.3 and 12.0% respectively) while the Δ7-sterols were detected in minute amounts. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that Astrocaryum macrocalyx kernel fat is stabilized in the β1'-2 polymorphic form at ambiant temperature.
Solid fat content determination: Comparison between pNMR and DSC techniques
Authors: Tieko Nassau Renata , Guaraldp Gonçalves Lireny Aparecida
Published: May 2010

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) has been one of the most popular thermal analysis techniques during the last two decades. The present work shows the utilization of DSC on the determination of solid fat content in fats. Solid fat content values were calculated through the partial areas of DSC heating curves. In a comparison with pulse NMR values, DSC values were generally higher than the pNMR ones. Differences between samples and the techniques themselves seems to be responsible for this fact. DSC is a fast technique on solid fat content, characteristic temperatures and phase transitions enthalpies determinations besides giving a characteristic curve of each sample.
A biotechnological valorization and treatment of olive mill waste waters by selected yeast strains
Authors: Mouncif M. , Faid M. , Achkari-Begdouri A. , Lhadi R.
Published: May 2010

Olive mill waste waters were diluted to 1/10, supplied with 2% urea and inoculated with yeast strains. 20 yeast strains isolated from Olive Mill Waste (OMW) water were screened for their biomass production, GOD reduction and polyphenols bioconversión activities. Pure cultures of yeasts were realized in 100 ml erlen-meyer flasks. 50 ml cultures were used and the flasks were incubated at room temperature (22°G) on a shaker. Biomass production, COD (chemical oxygen demand) reduction and Polyphenols bioconversión were followed up in the inoculated OMW waters. Results showed that the urea supply improve significantly the biomass production relatively to the control. This reached in some assays 2.06% expressed as g of biomass dry weight per 100 mL of OMW water. Polyphenols removal was estimated to around 50% and the COD was decreased from 54.14 g/Kg to 21.56 g/Kg. This aerobic treatment lead to the biomass production and also to a pretreated efluent by the COD and the removal of the methanization inhibiting polyphenolic compounds.
Formulation of soy oil products
Authors: Woerfel John B.
Published: May 2010

The paper comments different formulations of soy oil products such as salad and cooking oils, margarine, shortenings, commercial shortenings, frying shortenings, and fluid shortenings. Hydrogenation and its influence on final products is also included.
Stereospecific analysis of natural fats triacyl-sn-glycerols by means of enzymatic methods and high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ruiz Gutiérrez V. , Barrón L. J. R.
Published: May 2010

This paper is a review in which difficulties for the determination of the fatty acid stereospecific positions in the triacyl-sn-glycerol molecules of natural fats are discussed. For determining the stereospecific composition of the triacylglycerols, theoretical models for positional distribution of fatty acids in natural fats can be a useful estimation. Also, the principal methods for the stereospecific analysis by means of enzymatic analysis and high performance liquid chromatography are included. In both methods, the isolated sn-glyceridic fractions are later analysed by gas chromatography in order to know their fatty acid composition. In conclusion, combinations of several different analytical techniques such as enzymatic methods, high performance liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography can furnish valuable information to determine the stereospecific composition of the triacyl-sn-glycerols.
Power consumption and quality features in the hammer crushing process for olive oil production
Authors: Bianchi B. , Catalano P.
Published: May 2010

In a previous research, a preliminary analysis on the thermal balance in different crushing systems for olive oil production was carried out. According to the previous results, in this paper the study has been extended to power consumption aspects related to the main quality features of the extracted olive oil, restricting the analysis only to the hammer crushing (Coratina cultivar), which represents the worst case. In particular, the effect of the olives delivery on the power consumption and quality of the extracted oil has been studied. The experimental trials, carried out on a laboratory plant during the 1993-94 and 1994-95 olive-oil seasons, show that, even though the diagram of power consumption has a parabolic increasing trend, the specific power decreases with the olives delivery. Anyway studying the olives hammer crushing process also from the qualitative point of view (polyphenols number, acidity, peroxide number and induction time), it is possible to define an optimal range of olives delivery values. This optimal range (140 kg/h-240 kg/h for the studied hammer crusher) represents the better working solution from both the point of view of the power consumption and the quality of the extracted oil. In particular, at the beginning of the olive oil season it is necessary to work near the greatest lower bound of the optimal range just defined. With the passing of the harvesting time, the olives delivery has to be increased, reaching values near the greatest higher bound at the end of the olive oil season.
On the determination of minor phenolic acids of virgin olive oil by RP-HPLC
Authors: Tsimidou M. , Lytridou M. , Boskou D. , Pappa-Louisi A. , Kotsifaki F. , Petrakis C.
Published: May 2010

The objective of this study was the detection and determination of four minor phenolic acids present in the polar fraction of olive oil. Gallic, homovanillic, caffeic and ferulic acids, were separated on RP-HPLC and detected by using three different systems. Detection limits were determined for the four compounds. Variable wavelength UV detectors were found to be more suitable than diode array for quantitative information. However, diode array was required for qualitative information for unknown components present in olive oil. For the determination of sensitive phenolic compouds present in minor amounts the use of a more sensitive system, such as the electrochemical detector, was necessary.
Characteristics of the olive oil obtained with the first and second centrifugation
Authors: Alba Mendoza J. , Hidalgo Casado F. , Ruiz Gómez M. A. , Martínez Román F. , Moyano Pérez M. J. , Cert Ventulá A. , Pérez Camino M. C. , Ruiz Méndez M. V.
Published: May 2010

In this work, the feasibility of a second centrifugation to improve the extraction of the olive paste, in the new two phases system for the extraction of virgin olive oil, has been studied. The study of its influence on the characteristics of the products and byproducts obtained has been carried out. The samples of comparative assays between the first and second centrifugation of recently obtained olive paste and between the first, with second and third centrifugation of stored olive paste has been analyzed. Therefore, a decoloration assay has been developed to study its influence on the different refination processes (physical and chemical procedures). Results obtained evidence the importance of achieving the second centrifugation with the recently obtained olive paste and under moderate temperatures. In these conditions, it is possible to obtain oils with parameters of quality and purity into the legal limits.
Synthetic and natural antioxidants: food quality protectors
Authors: Valenzuela A. , Nieto S.
Published: May 2010

Oxidation of food lipid components, known as oxidative rancidity is one of the major deteriorative and quality-affecting reactions. Oxidative rancidity is initiated by oxygen free-radicals or by the reaction of molecular oxygen with pre-formed organic free-radicals from polyunsaturated fatty acids composing fats and oils. Oxidation may be prevented or delayed by antioxidants, these substances being organic molecules of either synthetic or natural origin which can scavenge the oxygen free-radicals involved in fatty acid oxidation. Synthetic antioxidants are the most popular and widely used antioxidants, however concerns about it safe to both human and animal health is encouraging research on substances from natural origin showing antioxidant properties. Few natural antioxidants have been proved to be effective when compared to synthetic products in the same experimental conditions. This work summarizes the main characteristics of the most important synthetic antioxidants, also discuss the principal characteristics of four natural antioxidants, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of using natural products compared to synthetic ones, and sight the future for natural products with antioxidant activity.
Natural antioxidants of virgin olive oil obtained by two and tri-phase centrifugal decanters
Authors: Angerosa Franca , Di Giovacchino Luciano
Published: May 2010

The new dual-phase decanter does not require any addition of water to process olive paste and produces very limitated quantities of vegetable water. Consequently, the elimination of big waste water problem makes particularly interesting this technological innovation. Therefore, in order to evaluate, in comparison with the traditional decanter, its effectiveness in relation to the qualiquantitative composition of natural antioxidants, tocopherols and phenolic compounds were determined on samples of virgin olive oils obtained by centrifugal decanters at two and three phases. Particularly, phenolic substances were analysed by colorimetric, HPLC and HRGC methods. The results obtained proved that oils extracted by dualphase decanter had higher concentrations of both tocopherols and phenols, especially o-diphenols, and showed higher stability to oxidation. The resistence to oxidation appeared better correlated with the content of simple and linked o-diphenols and of aglycon of decarbomethoxy ligstroside.
The refining of soybean oil to optimum quality
Authors: Rusell J.
Published: May 2010

One of the objectives of the American Soybean Association is to improve the quality of soybean and related products in Turkey. In order to achieve this, a number of extraction plants and refineries were visited to enable first hand information to be obtained on the type of equipment used in all unit processes, the methodology employed, quality standards and levels of efficiency. The culmination of the visit was a seminar organised jointly by the American Soybean Association and the Turkish Vegetable Oil Association in Istanbul on 22nd September 1989, at which a paper with the above title was presented. A reproduction of this paper is attached which briefly describes the critical areas of soybean oil processing and includes recommendations for quality improvements. It concludes with the comment that provided proper care is taken and optimum refining processes employed, including hydrogenation where appropriate, an impressive range of oils, margarines and shortenings of high quality can ben produced. The author would like to record his grateful thanks to Dr. R. Leysen of the American Soybean Association for all his help and guidance, to Mr. Kenon Marasoglu, Chairman of the Turkish Vegetable Oil Association and to the management and staff of all the factories visited. Acknowledgement is also made to Dr. D. R. Arickson and Mr. L. H. Wiedermann of the American Soybean Association for the use of some technical information from a paper entitled «Soybean Oil-Modern Processing and Utilisation» which is to be published shortly.
Fluorescent compounds formation during sardine (Sardina pilhiardus) chilling: Comparison with lipid damage indexes
Authors: Aubourg S. P. , Pérez-Martín R.
Published: May 2010

Sardine was stored at 0°C on ice during 16 days. During this time the fluorescent compounds formation was studied at different wavelength maxima in order to assert quality changes; fluorescence analyses were undergone on the aqueous and organic (lipids) phases resulting from the lipid extraction. Quality measures of lipid hydrolysis (free fatty acids content, FFA) and oxidation (conjugated diene formation and thiobarbituric acid, TBA, test) were also carried out. Traditional indexes of lipid damage did not assert deterioration in the case of advanced damage. Diene content reflected and increasing value till the day 9 of storage, and then a continuous decrease. Further, FFA content and TBA test showed the highest values on the day 13 of storage, followed by a slight decrease. An increase in fluorescence content was observed in most of the excitation/emission maxima studied (393/463 nm, 446/490 nm and 479/516 nm), at the time that others decreased (327/415 nm, specially); as an overall result, a relative increase in the maxima of higher wavelength was observed in comparison with the lower ones. The ratio between two of the fluorescence maxima analyzed (393/463 nm and 327/415 nm) exhibited an overall increase respect to the time of chilled storage. The study of this ratio in the aqueous extract showed a better correlation (r= 0,8533) than in the case of the organic one (r= 0,7457). From the present results, it is concluded that the interaction compounds determination by mean of their fluorescent properties is useful as a damage measure during the chilled storage.
Determination of α-tocopherol in pork with high intramuscular fat content
Authors: Rey A. , López C. , Scares M. , Isabel B.
Published: May 2010

Extraction of α-tocopherol from pork samples with low (3%) (LF) or high (9%) (HF) amount of intramuscular fat have been carried out by three different methods, two of them based in saponification plus extraction of α-tocopherol and the other one without saponification. All samples were spiked with five different amount of α-tocopherol prior to analysis. In LF samples, recovery was in the range 85-95% in all cases, with not significant differences between methods. Recovery was much lower in HF samples when using methods which involve prior saponification of muscle samples (50-60%). Changes in KOH concentration did not improve markedly the recovery. The method based on direct extraction provided much better recovery in HF samples (85- 92%) and consequently is recommended for samples high in fat.
Effect of some essential oils on oxidative stability of peanut oil
Authors: Maestri Damián M. , Zygadlo Julio A. , Lamarque Alicia L. , Labuckas Diana O. , Guzmán Carlos A.
Published: May 2010

Antioxidative effect of essential oils from Origanum majorana, Rosmarinus officinalis, Myrciantties cisplatensis, Acantholippia Seriphioides, Eucalyptus cinerea and Tagetes filifolia, was tested in peanut oil at 60°C. The concentrations of essential oils used were 0.02 and 0.1%. Origanum majorana, A. seriphioides and T. filifolia essential oils exhibited a pronounced antioxidative activity, followed by R. officinalis, E. cinerea and M. cisplatensis in a decreasing order.
Determination of UV absorption at 232 nm, fatty acid composition, trilinolein and triglycerides of 42 equivalent carbon number in olive and olive residue oils: Statistical assessment of the precission characteristics from a collaborative trial
Authors: Cert A. , Moreda W. , León-Camacho M. , Pérez-Camino M. C.
Published: May 2010

Some analytical methods for the determination of olive oil characteristics included in the European Union and International Olive Oil Council regulations lack precision data. To overcome such inconvenient a collaborative trial was set up including 22 laboratories from governmental institutions and industries. UV absorption at 232 nm, fatty acid composition, trilinolein and triglycerides with 42 equivalent carbon number were the tried methods. Repeatability and reproducibility data were obtained using the statistical method included in the International Standard ISO 5275/1986 (E).The effect of oil purification through a silica gel column on K232 and triglycerides was also studied. Finally for fatty acid determination, methylations by cold methanolic potash and by heating with methylated sodium were compared.
Soybean processing
Authors: Leysen Dr. Ir. Roger
Published: May 2010

The paper is a review of the soja oil extraction and soja flour obtention (raw material control as well as equipments and know for conditioning, extraction, and desolventization). It also includes comments related to current research lines.
Structural models of randomly packed Tobermorite-like spherical particles: A simple computational approach
Authors: González-Teresa R. , Morales-Florez Víctor , Manzano Hegoi , Dolado Jorge S.
Published: May 2010

In this work, and in order to bring together the atomistic and colloidal viewpoints, we will present a Monte Carlo computational scheme which reproduces the colloidal packing of nano-spherical crystalline tobermorite-like particles. Different Low Density (LD) CS- H and High Density (HD) C-S-H structures will be developed just by varying the computational packing parameters. Finally, the structures resulting from our computational experiments will be analyzed in terms of their densities, surface areas and their mechanical properties.
Between the State and the Market: Assessing Impacts of Local Government Reforms in Western Europe
Authors: Kuhlmann Sabine
Published: May 2010

This article compares local government reforms in three European countries: France, the United Kingdom (England), and Germany. In the analysis, the author distinguishes between two different types of reform. Firstly, the vertical dimension of the reform refers to the decentralisation of public tasks from the state/central government to local authorities. Secondly, in an illustration of the horizontal dimension, the readjustment of competencies between local authorities and market or non-profit actors is investigated by focusing on the development of privatisation, corporatisation, and contracting out. The paper pursues the following questions: What effects did the decentralisation and privatisation processes cause in the three countries, and did they contribute to performance improvements at the local level? The author reveals that the anticipated positive outcomes of the reforms have proven to be only partially accurate, and that in many cases unexpected and even rather negative consequences have resulted instead.
Learning from Experience? Second-Order Policy Devolution and Government Responsiveness
Authors: Yackee Susan Webb , Palus Christine Kelleher
Published: May 2010

Proponents of devolution often claim that the decentralization of policymaking authority to sub-national governments generates better outcomes because decision-making takes place “closer to the people”. Yet, the theoretical rationale for why devolution might improve outcomes often remains unspecified. We unpack this argument by formally stating one causal relationship that is often left implicit-devolution leads to experimentation, learning by administrators, and better policy outcomes. We then offer an exploratory empirical examination of this argument. We utilize data collected after the decentralization of welfare-related policymaking authority to local leaders in one American state, North Carolina. We employ case studies, survey research, and budgetary data from 1998 to 2003. Our findings suggest that while some experimentation did occur as a result of devolution, local officials in North Carolina rarely replicated policy decisions that led to improved outcomes in their communities. We conclude that a key argument used to advance policy devolution across a number of countries and political regimes is in need of reevaluation and, potentially, revision.
Local self-government or local co-governance?
Authors: Røiseland Asbjørn
Published: May 2010

The article discusses “local self-government”, a core concept in a charter of the Council of Europe, and departs from a debate in the Norwegian Parliament about constitutional protection of local self-government. Newly, such a change was voted down, and this serves as an opportunity to question the idea about local self-government in a time when there are claims about a shift from government to governance. The article provides examples of co-governance in Norway, and argues that the meaning given by “local self-government” is not obvious. It also points to some possible issues in a future revision of the mentioned charter.

KEYWORDS: • self-government • co-governance • governance • Norway • Council of Europe
The political leadership factor in the Spanish Local Elections
Authors: Martínez Fuentes Guadalupe , Villodres Carmen Ortega
Published: May 2010

The present research looks at personal following and voting in the Spanish local elections held in 2007. In doing so, the study addresses three principal questions, each focusing on a different dimension of the effects of political leadership on local voting. These are: What is the relative impact of leadership evaluation vis-à-vis other contingent and structural factors of a local, regional and national nature? What is the relative impact of the local party leaders vis-à-vis the leaders of the national and regional party strata? and Do leadership evaluations count differently for voters politically identified with particular parties?

KEYWORDS: • political leadership • local elections • political parties • democracy • Spain
The Policy and Efficiency Analysis of EU Pre-Accession Funds in Turkey
Authors: Tektas Arzu , Helvacioglu Kuyucu Asli Deniz
Published: May 2010

This article focuses on multi level governance (MLG) in Turkey by examining EU pre-accession funds by developing an interdisciplinary, multidimensional approach integrating vertical and horizontal relations at different levels of governance with the main principles (concentration; programming; partnership and additionality) of EU structural funds. It analyzes the dual governance structure on the efficient utilization of EU funds allocated to 191 municipality and local authority projects executed under two calls covering seven NUTS II regions and twenty cities in Turkey and demonstrates the differences in efficiency levels by using an empirical approach. Results show that pre-accession funds promote the formation of an EU-model MLG structure by generating new forms of relations among the authorities at different levels.

KEYWORDS: • multi-level governance • efficiency analysis • DEA • EU pre-accession funds • Turkey
Forced distribution performance evaluation systems: Advantages, disadvantages and keys to implementation
Authors: Stewart Susan M , Gruys Melissa L , Storm Maria
Published: May 2010

Some organizations, such as General Electric, currently use or have used forced distribution performance evaluation systems in order to rate employees' performance. This paper addresses the advantages and disadvantages as well as the legal implications of using such a system. It also discusses how an organization might assess whether a forced distribution system would be a good choice and key considerations when implementing such a system. The main concern is whether the organizational culture is compatible with a forced distribution system. When a company implements such a system, some important issues to consider include providing adequate training and ongoing support to managers who will be carrying out the system and also conducting adverse impact analyses to reduce legal risk.
Reflections on the role of management in achieving a sustainable future: An interview with Tim Flannery and Dexter Dunphy
Authors: Russell Sally V
Published: May 2010

This article reports an interview with Professors Tim Flannery and Dexter Dunphy conducted during the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM) Conference in December 2009. Flannery and Dunphy share their thoughts about the meaning of sustainability and what is required of business, government and individuals in responding to global environmental problems. Both professors express their passion for sustainability and clearly articulate the vital role that business and management play in achieving a sustainable future. The interview is followed by a discussion of the major themes and implications for management educators, researchers and practitioners.
Exploring Australian financial leaders' views of corporate social responsibility
Authors: Lindorff Margaret , Peck James
Published: May 2010

This paper reports an exploratory and qualitative study of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) beliefs of leaders of large Australian financial institutions. The findings are presented in four sections. The first discusses whether leaders have a mental model of the firm that is most closely aligned with the traditional shareholder or the stakeholder view of the firm. It then examines how they frame the organization's responsibilities, particularly as they relate to balancing the needs of shareholders and other stakeholders. The third section identifies how they view CSR and the fulfilment of potential economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities of organizations. The final section examines the driving factors that lead to their promotion of corporate social responsibility. We find that although many leaders support the wealth creation model's central premise that the organization's primary responsibility is to maximise its value in order to meet its fiduciary obligations to its shareholders, they also believe that CSR activities benefit the organization financially and in building corporate sustainability, employee engagement and performance, and social capital. CSR activities are also believed to increase the legitimacy of the organization, although philanthropy is not supported unless there is a business case. This has implications for those seeking support from organizations for community causes. We also find the view of employees as primary stakeholders is strong and widespread; an implication of this is that employee influence is a strong lever for positive change towards CSR behaviour in a firm.
After the scandal – Recovery options for damaged organizations
Authors: Maria William De
Published: May 2010

The paper advances into a new field of multi-disciplinary inquiry called scandal scholarship. The general thrust of this scholarship should be to understand what factors are determinative to the management of scandals in organizations. The specific focus of this paper is to address the question: what options do organizations have in the immediate period following public exposure? First, a typology gleaned from relevant literatures, attempts to classify the variable ways troubled organizations attempt to extricate themselves from scandal. The typology, in its naïve form, was then applied to a recent case of corporate wrongdoing of international significance. As a result the framework was refined to achieve stronger congruence between case realities and classification. With more development this typology may be able to forecast the scandal management strategies of troubled organizations through an identification of the remedial responses they deploy. This would be great assistance to those who must engage with the troubled organization such as regulators and stakeholders.
Analysis of snow bidirectional reflectance from ARCTAS Spring-2008 Campaign
Authors: Lyapustin A. , Gatebe C. K. , Kahn R. , Brandt R. , Redemann J. , Russell P. , King M. D. , Pedersen C. A. , Gerland S. , Poudyal R. , Marshak A. , Wang Y. , Schaaf C. , Hall D. , Kokhanovsky A.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. The spring 2008 Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) experiment was one of major intensive field campaigns of the International Polar Year aimed at detailed characterization of atmospheric physical and chemical processes in the Arctic region. A part of this campaign was a unique snow bidirectional reflectance experiment on the NASA P-3B aircraft conducted on 7 and 15 April by the Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) jointly with airborne Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS) and ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sunphotometers. The CAR data were atmospherically corrected to derive snow bidirectional reflectance at high 1° angular resolution in view zenith and azimuthal angles along with surface albedo. The derived albedo was generally in good agreement with ground albedo measurements collected on 15 April. The CAR snow bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) was used to study the accuracy of analytical Ross-Thick Li-Sparse (RTLS), Modified Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete (MRPV) and Asymptotic Analytical Radiative Transfer (AART) BRF models. Except for the glint region (azimuthal angles φ<40°), the best fit MRPV and RTLS models fit snow BRF to within ±0.05. The plane-parallel radiative transfer (PPRT) solution was also analyzed with the models of spheres, spheroids, randomly oriented fractal crystals, and with a synthetic phase function. The latter merged the model of spheroids for the forward scattering angles with the fractal model in the backscattering direction. The PPRT solution with synthetic phase function provided the best fit to measured BRF in the full range of angles. Regardless of the snow grain shape, the PPRT model significantly over-/underestimated snow BRF in the glint/backscattering regions, respectively, which agrees with other studies. To improve agreement with experiment, we introduced a model of macroscopic snow surface roughness by averaging the PPRT solution over the slope distribution function and by adding a simple model of shadows. With macroscopic roughness described by two parameters, the AART model achieved an accuracy of about ±0.05 with a possible bias of ±0.03 in the spectral range 0.4–2.2 μm. This high accuracy holds at view zenith angles below 55–60° covering the practically important range for remote sensing applications, and includes both glint and backscattering directions.
A global perspective on aerosol from low-volatility organic compounds
Authors: Pye H. O. T. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Global production of organic aerosol from primary emissions of semivolatile (SVOCs) and intermediate (IVOCs) volatility organic compounds is estimated using the global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem. SVOC oxidation is predicted to be a larger global source of net aerosol production than oxidation of traditional parent hydrocarbons (terpenes, isoprene, and aromatics). Using a prescribed rate constant and reduction in volatility for atmospheric oxidation, the yield of aerosol from SVOCs is predicted to be about 75% on a global, annually-averaged basis. For IVOCs, the use of a naphthalene-like surrogate with different high-NOx and low-NOx parameterizations produces a global aerosol yield of about 30%, or roughly 5 Tg/yr of aerosol. Estimates of the total global organic aerosol source presented here range between 60 and 100 Tg/yr. This range reflects uncertainty in the parameters for SVOC volatility, SVOC oxidation, SVOC emissions, and IVOC emissions, as well as wet deposition. The highest estimates result if SVOC emissions are significantly underestimated (by more than a factor of 2) or if wet deposition of the gas-phase semivolatile species is less effective than previous estimates. A significant increase in SVOC emissions, a reduction of the volatility of the SVOC emissions, or an increase in the enthalpy of vaporization of the organic aerosol all lead to an appreciable reduction of prediction/measurement discrepancy. In addition, if current primary organic aerosol (POA) inventories capture only about one-half of the SVOC emission and the Henrys Law coefficient for oxidized semivolatiles is on the order of 103 M/atm, a global estimate of OA production is not inconsistent with the top-down estimate of 140 Tg/yr by (Goldstein and Galbally, 2007). Additional information is needed to constrain the emissions and treatment of SVOCs and IVOCs, which have traditionally not been included in models.
Atmospheric three-dimensional inverse modeling of regional industrial emissions and global oceanic uptake of carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Xiao X. , Prinn R. G. , Fraser P. J. , Weiss R. F. , Simmonds P. G. , O'Doherty S. , Miller B. R. , Salameh P. K. , Harth C. M. , Krummel P. B. , Golombek A. , Porter L. W. , Elkins J. W. , Dutton G. S. , Hall B. D. , Steele L. P. , Wang R. H. J. , Cunnold D. M.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has substantial stratospheric ozone depletion potential and its consumption is controlled under the Montreal Protocol and its amendments. We implement a Kalman filter using atmospheric CC14 measurements and a 3-dimensional chemical transport model to estimate the interannual regional industrial emissions and seasonal global oceanic uptake of CCl4 for the period of 1996–2004. The Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH), driven by offline National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis meteorological fields, is used to simulate CCl4 mole fractions and calculate their sensitivities to regional sources and sinks using a finite difference approach. High frequency observations from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) and low frequency flask observations are together used to constrain the source and sink magnitudes, estimated as factors that multiply the a priori fluxes. Although industry data imply that the global industrial emissions were substantially declining with large interannual variations, the optimized results show only small interannual variations and a small decreasing trend. The global surface CCl4 mole fractions were declining in this period because the CCl4 oceanic and stratospheric sinks exceeded the industrial emissions. Compared to the a priori values, the inversion results indicate substantial increases in industrial emissions originating from the South Asian/Indian and Southeast Asian regions, and significant decreases in emissions from the European and North American regions.
Illustrating the benefit of using hourly monitoring data on secondary inorganic aerosol and its precursors for model evaluation
Authors: Schaap M. , Otjes R. P. , Weijers E. P.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Secondary inorganic aerosol, most notably ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, is an important contributor to ambient particulate mass and provides a means for long range transport of acidifying components. The modelling of the formation and fate of these components is challenging. Especially, the formation of the semi-volatile ammonium nitrate is strongly dependent on ambient conditions and the precursor concentrations. For the first time an hourly artefact free data set from the MARGA instrument is available for the period of a full year (1 August 2007 to 1 August 2008) at Cabauw, the Netherlands. This data set is used to verify the results of the LOTOS-EUROS model. The comparison showed that the model underestimates the SIA levels. Closer inspection revealed that base line values appear well estimated for ammonium and sulphate and that the underestimation predominantly takes place at the peak concentrations. For nitrate the variability towards high concentrations is much better captured, however, a systematic relative underestimation was found. The model is able to reproduce many features of the intra-day variability observed for SIA. Although the model captures the seasonal and average diurnal variation of the SIA components, the modelled variability for the nitrate precursor gas nitric acid is much too large. It was found that the thermodynamic equilibrium module produces a too stable ammonium nitrate in winter and during night time in summer, whereas during the daytime in summer it is too unstable. We recommend to improve the model by verification of the equilibrium module, inclusion of coarse mode nitrate and to address the processes concerning SIA formation combined with a detailed analysis of the data set at hand. The benefit of the hourly data with both particulate and gas phase concentrations is illustrated and a continuation of these measurements may prove to be very useful in future model evaluation and improvement studies. Based on our findings we propose to implement a monitoring strategy using three levels of detail within the Netherlands.
Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas: synthesis and future development
Authors: Zhang J. , Gilbert D. , Gooday A. J. , Levin L. , Naqvi S. W. A. , Middelburg J. J. , Scranton M. , Ekau W. , Peña A. , Dewitte B. , Oguz T. , Monteiro P. M. S. , Urban E. , Rabalais N. N. , Ittekkot V. , Kemp W. M. , Ulloa O. , Elmgren R. , Escobar-Briones E. , Van der Plas A. K.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Hypoxia has become a world-wide phenomenon in the global coastal ocean and causes a deterioration of the structure and function of ecosystems. Based on the collective contributions of members of SCOR Working Group #128, the present study provides an overview of the major aspects of coastal hypoxia in different biogeochemical provinces, including estuaries, coastal waters, upwelling areas, fjords and semi-enclosed basins, with various external forcings, ecosystem responses, feedbacks and potential impact on the sustainability of the fishery and economics. The obvious external forcings include freshwater runoff and other factors contributing to stratification, organic matter and nutrient loadings, as well as exchange between coastal and open ocean water masses. Their different interactions set up mechanisms that drive the system towards hypoxia. Coastal systems also vary in their relative susceptibility to hypoxia depending on their physical and geographic settings. It is understood that coastal hypoxia has a profound impact on the sustainability of ecosystems, which can be seen, for example, by the change in the food-web structure and system function; other influences include compression and loss of habitat, as well as changes in organism life cycles and reproduction. In most cases, the ecosystem responds to the low dissolved oxygen in non-linear ways with pronounced feedbacks to other compartments of the Earth System, including those that affect human society. Our knowledge and previous experiences illustrate that there is a need to develop new observational tools and models to support integrated research of biogeochemical dynamics and ecosystem behavior that will improve confidence in remediation management strategies for coastal hypoxia.
Isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in high mountain lakes: variation with altitude in the Pyrenees
Authors: Bartrons M. , Camarero L. , Catalan J.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Nitrogen deposition in remote areas has increased, but the effect on ecosystems is still poorly understood. For aquatic systems, knowledge of the main processes driving the observed variation is limited, as is knowledge of how changes in nitrogen supply affect lake biogeochemical and food web processes. Differences in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) between lakes cannot be understood without considering catchment characteristics. In mountains, catchment features (e.g., thermal conditions, land cover) vary considerably with elevation. The isotopic composition of nitrogen (δ15N) is increasingly used to study aquatic ecosystem dynamics. Here we explore the variability of δ15N in DIN in high mountain lakes and show that environmental conditions that change with altitude can affect the isotopic ratio. We measured ammonium and nitrate δ15N values in atmospheric deposition, epilimnetic water, deep chlorophyll maximum water (DCMW) and sediment pore water (SPW) from eight mountain lakes in the Pyrenees, both above and below the treeline. Lakes showed relatively uniform δ15N-NH4+ values in SPW (2.2±1.6‰), with no variation corresponding to catchment or lake characteristics. We suggest that organic matter diagenesis under similar sediment conditions is responsible for the low variation between the lakes. In the water column, the range of δ15N values was larger for ammonium (−9.4‰ to 7.4‰) than for nitrate (−11.4‰ to −3.4‰), as a result of higher variation both between and within lakes (epilimnetic vs. DCM water). For both compounds part of the difference correlated with altitude or catchment features (e.g., scree proportion). Based on concentration, chemical and isotopic tendencies, we suggest that patterns arise from the distinct relative contributions of two types of water flow paths to the lakes: one from snowpack melting, with little soil interaction; and another highly influenced by soil conditions. The snow-type flow path contributes low DIN concentrations depleted in 15N, whereas the soil-type flow path contributes high nitrate concentrations with higher δ15N. The proportion of these two types of source correlates with average catchment features when there is extensive snow cover during spring and early summer and probably becomes more dependent on local characteristics around the lake as summer advances. Lake depth and pore water ammonium concentrations, among other features, introduce secondary variation. In the context of nitrogen deposition studies, lakes with higher snow-type influence will probably register changes in N deposition and pollution sources better, whereas lakes with higher soil-type influence may reflect long-term effects of vegetation and soil dynamics.