bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐DIMETHYLAMINOPYRIDINE: AN EFFICIENT AND SELECTIVE CATALYST FOR THE SILYLATION OF ALCOHOLS
Authors: CHAUDHARY S. K. , HERNANDEZ O.
Published: April 2016

4‐Dimethylamino‐pyridin (I) kann als Silylierungsmittel eingesetzt werden, indem die mit entsprechenden Chlorsilanen erhaltenen Salze (II) als Zwischenstufen auftreten.
ChemInform Abstract: A METHOD OF PREPARATION OF URANIUM(+3) COMPOUNDS FROM SOLUTIONS
Authors: DROZDZYNSKI J.
Published: April 2016

Die U(III)‐ Verbindungen (I)‐(IV) werden durch die Reduktion von U(IV)‐chlorid mit Znamalgam in Formaldehyd, bei anschließender Reaktion mit Na3PO4 oder in Acetonitril/Propionsäure in Gegenwart entsprechender Mengen K‐, Rb‐, Ammonium‐, Tetraphenylarsonium oder ‐phosphoniumchlorid synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: RHENIUM FORMYL AND CARBOXY COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM THE CYCLOPENTADIENYL(DICARBONYL)NITROSYLRHENIUM(1+) CATION: MODELS FOR THE FISCHER‐TROPSCH AND WATER GAS SHIFT REACTIONS
Authors: CASEY C. P. , ANDREWS M. A. , RINZ J. E.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung des kationischen Dicarbonyl‐Re‐Komplexes (I) mit K‐hydridotriisopro‐ poxyborat entsteht der isolierbare, luftempfindliche, neutrale Formyl‐Komplex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A STUDY OF THE STEREOCHEMISTRY AT IRON OF ELECTROPHILIC CLEAVAGE OF THE IRON‐CARBON Σ BOND IN METHYL(η5‐1‐METHYL‐3‐PHENYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL)CARBONYL(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)IRO# N(II)
Authors: ATTIG T. G. , TELLER R. G. , WU S.‐M. , BAU R. , WOJCICKI A.
Published: April 2016

Mittels 1H‐NMR‐Spektroskopie und Röntgenkristallographie wird die Stereochemie von Eisen bei der elektrophilen Spaltung der Eisen‐Methyl‐σ‐Bindung, mit Einlagerung oder Eliminierung, in den Diastereomeren der pseudotetraedrischen Titelverbindung (Ia) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐ARSA‐ AND 1,1′‐DIARSAFERROCENES
Authors: THIOLLET G. , MATHEY F. , POILBLANC R.
Published: April 2016

Das aus dem Arsol (I) durch Behandlung mit K gebildete 2,5‐Dimethoxyarsolyl‐K reagiert in situ mit Cyclopentadienyldicarbonyl‐ Fe‐Iodid zu dem o‐Arsolyl‐Fe‐Komplex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: AN ADDUCT OF TRANS‐DIIODOBIS(1,2‐DIMETHOXYETHANE)NICKEL(II) AND 1,2‐DIIODOTETRAFLUOROBENZENE
Authors: GOWLING E. W. , MALLINSON R. F. N. , PROCTOR C. J. , SHUTTLEWORTH D. M.
Published: April 2016

Eine systematische Untersuchung der elementaren Zusammensetzung des Reaktionsgemisches, das sich aus Ni(CO)4, 1,2‐Diiodtetrafluorbenzol und 1,2‐Dimethoxyethan als Lösungsmittel bei 120°C bei Verwendung verschiedener molarer Verhältnisse ergibt, zeigt, daß bei niedriger Konzentration, wenn das Verhältnis von Halogenbenzol zu der Ni‐Verbindung mehr als drei beträgt, die kristalline Titelverbindung entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: PLANTS WHICH ACCUMULATE METALS. PART IV. A POSSIBLE COPPER‐PROLINE COMPLEX FROM THE ROOTS OF ARMERIA MARITIMA
Authors: FARAGO M. E. , MULLEN W. A.
Published: April 2016

Papierchromatographische Untersuchungen des Wasserextrakts aus dem Wurzelgewebe von Armeria maritima bestätigen die Existenz eines Cu‐Prolin‐Komplexes in den Wurzeln.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT INTRAMOLECULAR QUENCHING AND ELECTRON TRANSFER IN TETRAPHENYLPORPHYRIN ATTACHED WITH BENZOQUINONE OR HYDROQUINONE AS A PHOTOSYSTEM MODEL
Authors: TABUSHI I. , KOGA N. , YANAGITA M.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation von o‐Nitrobenzaldehyd (I)‐1nit Benzaldehyd (II) und Pyrrol (III) erhält man in bekannter Weise ein o‐Nitro‐tetraphenyl‐porphyrin (IVa), das zu (IVb) reduziert und dann mit dem Säurechlorid (V) zu (VIa) kondensiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF RIFAMYCIN. HIGHLY STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF INTERMEDIATES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE C(15) TO C(29) CHAIN
Authors: COREY E. J. , HASE T.
Published: April 2016

trans‐3‐Pentensäure (Ia) wird über das mit LDA erhaltene Anion zu (Ib) methyliert und dann der Halolactonisierung zu (IIa) bzw. (IIb) unterworfen.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐TRISPOROL B, A PROHORMONE OF BLAKESLEA TRISPORA, AND A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐TRISPORIC ACIDS
Authors: PRISBYLLA M. P. , TAKABE K. , WHITE J. D.
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung von (i)‐Trisporol B (XI) aus dem Aldehyd (I) und der Tetronsäure (V) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: (CIS‐6‐METHYLTETRAHYDROPYRAN‐2‐YL)ACETIC ACID, A NOVEL COMPOUND FROM CIVET (VIVERRA CIVETTA)
Authors: MAURER B. , GRIEDER A. , THOMMEN W.
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese der aus dem Drüsensekret von Viverra civetta isolierten Titelverbindung (IVb) wird beschrieben.
Phase 2 study of stereotactic body radiotherapy and optional transarterial chemoembolization for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma not amenable to resection and radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Takeda Atsuya , Sanuki Naoko , Tsurugai Yuichiro , Iwabuchi Shogo , Matsunaga Kotaro , Ebinuma Hirotoshi , Imajo Kento , Aoki Yousuke , Saito Hidetsugu , Kunieda Etsuo
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Curative treatment options for patients with early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include resection, liver transplantation, and percutaneous ablation therapy. However, even patients with solitary HCC are not always amenable to these treatments. The authors prospectively investigated the clinical outcomes of patients who received stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for solitary HCC.

METHODS

A phase 2 study involving SBRT and optional transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was conducted in patients with Child‐Pugh grade A or B and underlying, solitary HCC (greatest tumor dimension, ≤4 cm) who were unsuitable candidates for resection and radiofrequency ablation. The prescription dose was 35 to 40 grays in 5 fractions. The primary endpoint was 3‐year local tumor control.

RESULTS

From 2007 to 2012, 101 patients were enrolled, and 90 were evaluable with a median follow‐up of 41.7 months (range, 6.8‐96.2 months). Thirty‐two patients were treatment‐naïve, 20 were treated for newly diagnosed intrahepatic failure, and 38 were treated for residual or recurrent HCC as salvage therapy. Thirty‐two patients did not receive TACE, 48 received insufficient TACE, and 10 attained full lipiodol accumulation. The 3‐year local control rate was 96.3%, the 3‐year liver‐related cause‐specific survival rate was 72.5%, and the overall survival rate was 66.7%. Grade 3 laboratory abnormalities were observed in 6 patients, and 8 patients had Child‐Pugh scores that worsened by 2 points.

CONCLUSIONS

SBRT achieved high local control and overall survival with feasible toxicities for patients with solitary HCC, despite rather stringent conditions. SBRT can be effective against solitary HCC in treatment‐naive, intrahepatic failure, residual disease, and recurrent settings, taking advantage of its distinctive characteristics. Cancer 2016;122:2041–9. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Absence of Infinite Cluster for Critical Bernoulli Percolation on Slabs
Authors: Duminil Hugo , Sidoravicius Vladas , Tassion Vincent
Published: April 2016

We prove that for Bernoulli percolation on a graph , there is no infinite cluster at criticality, almost surely. The proof extends to finite‐range Bernoulli percolation models on ℤ2 that are invariant under ‐rotation and reflection.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heparin reduces nonspecific eosinophil staining artifacts in mass cytometry experiments
Authors: Rahman Adeeb H. , Tordesillas Leticia , Berin M. Cecilia
Published: April 2016

The analysis of heterogeneous cell samples by mass cytometry (CyTOF) relies on the assumption that metal labeled antibodies accurately bind to their target antigens. We report a previously unappreciated experimental artifact of non‐specific antibody binding by eosinophils during intracellular CyTOF analysis of human whole blood samples. We hypothesized that this non‐specific binding results from a charge‐based interaction between the metal‐labeled antibodies and highly cationic proteins found in eosinophillic granules and found that this non‐specific staining artifact could be reduced to background levels with a simple blocking protocol using heparin as a competing anionic protein. This protocol eliminates a potential source of erroneous data interpretation in all experiments involving intracellular staining of human whole blood samples, and allows accurate assessment of dynamic changes in intracellular proteins in eosinophils by CyTOF. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Predictors of initiation and persistence of recurrent binge eating and inappropriate weight compensatory behaviors in college men
Authors: Dakanalis Antonios , Clerici Massimo , Caslini Manuela , Gaudio Santino , Serino Silvia , Riva Giuseppe , Carrà Giuseppe
Published: April 2016

Objective

The transition to college is considered as a risk period for the development of behavioral symptoms of eating disorders (BSEDs) and some evidence suggests that, amongst men, these symptoms occurring on a regular basis remain relatively stable over the college period. Nevertheless, little is known about factors associated with persistent engagement in and initiation of recurrent (or regular) binge eating and inappropriate weight compensatory behaviors in this population. The objective of this report was to address these research gaps.

Method

Data were examined from 2,555 male first‐year college students who completed an assessment of potential vulnerability factors and BSEDs at the beginning of the autumn semester (baseline) and nine months later (end of the spring semester; follow‐up).

Results

Elevated negative affectivity, body dissatisfaction, self‐objectification, and lower self‐esteem at baseline were predictive of persistent engagement in regular binge eating and four compensatory behaviors (self‐induced vomiting, laxative/diuretic abuse, fasting, exercise) at follow‐up, as well as initiation of all these behaviors occurring regularly (i.e., at least weekly for 3 months). Self‐objectification (thinking and monitoring the body's outward appearance from a third‐person perspective) emerged as the largest contributor of both the initiation and persistence of all behavioral symptoms.

Discussion

Data emphasize that the same psychological factors underlie initiation and persistence of recurrent BSEDs and should shape the focus of future interventions for college men. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:581–590)
Cardiac device therapy in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure: ‘real‐world’ data on long‐term outcomes (mortality, hospitalizations, days alive and out of hospital)
Authors: Boriani Giuseppe , Berti Elena , Belotti Laura Maria Beatrice , Biffi Mauro , De Palma Rossana , Malavasi Vincenzo L. , Bottoni Nicola , Rossi Luca , De Maria Elia , Mantovan Roberto , Zardini Marco , Casali Edoardo , Marconi Marco , Bandini Alberto , Tomasi Corrado , Boggian Giulio , Barbato Gaetano , Toselli Tiziano , Zennaro Mauro , Sassone Biagio ,   on behalf of RERAI (Registry of Emilia Romagna on Arrhythmia Interventions) Investigators
Published: April 2016

Background

The impact on long‐term outcomes of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and biventricular defibrillators for cardiac resynchronization (CRT‐D) devices in ‘real world’ patients with heart failure (HF) needs to be assessed in terms of clinical effectiveness.

Methods and results

A registry including consecutive HF patients who underwent a first implant of an ICD (891 patients) or a CRT‐D device (709 patients) in 2006–2010 was followed (median 1487 days and 1516 days, respectively), collecting administrative data on survival, all‐cause hospitalizations, cardiovascular or HF hospitalizations, and days alive and out of hospital (DAOH). Survival free from death/cardiac transplant was 61.9% and 63.8% at 5 years for ICD and CRT‐D patients, respectively. Associated comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index) had a significant impact on death/cardiac transplant, as well as on hospitalizations. The median values of DAOH% were 97.4% for ICD and 97.7% for CRT‐D patients, but data were highly skewed, with the lower quartile of DAOH% values including values ranging between 0% and 52.8% for ICD and between 0% and 56.1% for CRT‐D patients. Charlson Comorbidity Index was a very strong predictor of DAOH%.

Conclusions

Patients who were implanted in ‘real world’ clinical practice with an ICD or a CRT‐D device have, on average, a relatively favourable outcome, with a survival of around 62–64% at 5 years, but with an important burden of hospitalizations. Comorbidities, as evaluated by means of the Charlson Comorbidity Index, have a significant impact on outcomes in terms of mortality/heart transplant, hospitalizations and days spent alive and out of hospital.
ROQUIN signalling pathways in innate and adaptive immunity
Authors: Athanasopoulos Vicki , Ramiscal Roybel R. , Vinuesa Carola G.
Published: April 2016

ROQUIN is an RNA‐binding protein that plays important roles in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. ROQUIN binds to several key immune‐relevant messenger RNA (mRNA) targets through its ROQ domain modulating their stability and influencing macrophage function and the peripheral homeostasis of T cells and B cells. More recently, the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the ROQUIN RING domain has been shown to be crucial for T‐cell‐dependent B‐cell responses against infection. Defective ROQUIN activity can culminate in a range of diseases, such as systemic autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and inflammatory bowel disorder. Here, we provide a current overview of the immunomodulatory role of ROQUIN defined by its ribonucleoprotein‐like structure, its repertoire of mRNA targets shared by related RNA‐binding enzymes, and its involvement in a range of intracellular signalling pathways central to shaping immune responses.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Biheterocycles Based on Indole and Azole Scaffolds Using Tryptamines and 1,2‐Diaza‐1,3‐dienes as Building Blocks
Authors: Mantenuto Serena , Lucarini Simone , De Santi Mauro , Piersanti Giovanni , Brandi Giorgio , Favi Gianfranco , Mantellini Fabio
Published: April 2016

The rapid and expedient assembly of three new classes of biheterocycles of biological interest, viz. indole–imidazoles 4, indole–pyrroles 6 and indole–triazoles 8 was accomplished using different combinations of tryptamines, 1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes, aldehydes, and/or alkynes as readily available building blocks. Twenty‐six derivatives were thus prepared in excellent yields (up to 100 %). The products were screened for in‐vitro biological studies. Some of these revealed promising anticancer activity against MCF7 and Caco‐2 human tumor cell lines.
Treatment history and placebo responses to experimental and clinical pain in chronic pain patients
Authors: Müller M. , Kamping S. , Benrath J. , Skowronek H. , Schmitz J. , Klinger R. , Flor H.
Published: April 2016

Background

Placebo analgesia refers to the reduction in pain due to the administration of an inert treatment. It is induced by expectations of pain relief which are enhanced by learning mechanisms. In healthy humans, prior positive experiences enhance the placebo response. However, the effects of patients' prior experiences with treatment on placebo responses have not yet been examined. This study investigated how verbal information, learning and treatment history influence the magnitude of placebo analgesia in chronic pain.

Methods

We administered a pharmacological placebo intervention in a sample of chronic pain patients (n = 49) who were seeking treatment in an outpatient pain clinic. Analyses were based on placebo responders.

Results

We found that verbal information about a potent pain‐relieving effect of the intervention induced a large placebo analgesic response to both acute experimental (F(1,44) = 43.35, p < 0.001) and chronic pain (F(1,44) = 37.72, p < 0.001). However, the placebo responses to experimental and chronic pain were not significantly related (r = 0.012, p = 0.95). An additional conditioning procedure did not significantly enhance placebo analgesia. Treatment history modulated the magnitude of the placebo response: patients with a more negative pain‐related treatment history reported significantly larger placebo responses to their own chronic pain (τ = 0.271, p = 0.044).

Conclusions

We could show that placebo responses to both acute and chronic pain are high in pain treatment settings and that treatment history modulates this effect. Different mechanisms might underlie placebo responses to acute and chronic pain. Our findings highlight the necessity of considering placebo responses and treatment history in the treatment of chronic pain.

What does this study add?

Placebo analgesia following verbal information of potent pain relief is high in chronic pain patients in a clinical setting.

It is modulated by treatment history.

Different mechanisms might underlie placebo analgesia to acute and chronic pain.
RETRACTED: A convenient guideline to determine if two Y‐STR profiles are from the same lineage
Authors: Liu Hai , Li Xiaoyang , Mulero Julio , Carbonaro Andrea , Short Marc , Ge Jianye
Published: April 2016

Y chromosome STR loci are used in forensics primarily for identification purposes by determining the male lineages. The Henan province in China has established a large Y‐STR (>200 000 profiles) database for criminal investigations. A large proportion of the Y‐STR profiles in the database were generated using either the Applied Biosystems Yfilerۛ or Yfilerۛ Plus PCR Amplification kits. The additional loci in the Yfiler Plus kit as compared to the Yfiler kit results in a concomitant cumulative mutation rate increase across the loci. Therefore, in those cases when two profiles have one to a few mismatched loci, it is difficult to determine if they are from the same lineage. In this study, 7405 unrelated male profiles were manually selected from the database. Analysis showed higher power of discrimination than the corresponding Yfiler haplotypes. Further, the distributions of the number of mismatched loci and the mismatched steps were generated for father‐son, grandfather‐grandson, uncle‐nephew, and cousins (i.e. one, two, three, and four meioses, respectively) by exhaustive pairwise comparison of the unrelated profiles using a dynamic programming approach. The same distributions were generated for unrelated pairs with mutation rates of the loci. With the distributions, the false negative and false positive rates were determined. Two Yfiler profiles with ≤2 mismatched loci or ≤2 steps are more likely from the same lineage than unrelated lineages, and two Yfiler Plus profiles with ≤4 mismatched loci or ≤5 mismatched steps are more likely from the same lineage.
Are Weight Status and Cognition Associated? An Examination of Cognitive Development in Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa 1 Year after First Hospitalisation
Authors: Kjærsdam Telléus Gry , Fagerlund Birgitte , Jepsen Jens Richardt , Bentz Mette , Christiansen Eva , Valentin Jan Brink , Thomsen Per Hove
Published: April 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to characterise the association between the cognitive profile and weight restoration in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Methods

The study was a longitudinal, matched case–control, multicentre study. An assessment of cognitive functions was conducted by using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–III/the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III, the Test of Memory and Learning–second edition, Trail Making Tests A and B, the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.

Results

One hundred twenty individuals, 60 patients with anorexia nervosa with mean age of 14.65 (SD 1.820) years and 60 healthy controls with mean age of 14.76 (SD 1.704) years, participated. No association was found between weight recovery and cognitive functions. However, a significant increase in motor speed was found in Trail Making Test A (p = 0.004), Reaction Time (RTI) five‐choice movement time (p = 0.002) and RTI simple movement time (p = 0.011), resulting in a normalisation corresponding to that found in healthy controls. Furthermore, a significantly lower score in the perceptual organization index (p = 0.029) was found at follow‐up.

Conclusions

Weight recovery appears not to be associated with cognition. Copyright © 2016 The Authors European Eating Disorders Review published by Eating Disorders Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Effects of white matter integrity and brain volumes on late life depression in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Qiu Wei Qiao , Himali Jayandra J. , Wolf Philip A. , DeCarli D. Charles , Beiser Alexa , Au Rhoda
Published: April 2016

Background

It is unclear whether brain white matter hyperintensities (WMHI) causes or is a result of late life depression. We used the Framingham Heart Study offspring to examine whether indices of brain aging are related to incident depression in the elderly.

Methods

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) was administered along with a brain MRI scan at baseline and was re‐administered (n = 1212) at an average 6.6 + 0.6 year follow‐up. The outcomes (i) change in CES‐D scores from baseline; (ii) depression defined as CES‐D ≥16; (iii) severe depression defined as CES‐D ≥21; and (iv) CES‐D cutoff scores and/or on antidepressant were used.

Results

Among those who did not have depression at baseline, 9.1% (n = 110) developed depression, 4.0% (n = 48) developed severe depressive symptoms, and 11.1% (n = 135) were put on antidepressants. When depressive symptoms only was the outcome, we found that baseline WMHI was positively associated with change in CES‐D scores and that those with an extensive WMHI at baseline had a high risk of developing severe depressive symptoms; the relationship was strengthened in the absence of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, when depressive symptoms or taking antidepressant was the outcome, larger total cerebral brain volume and temporal lobe brain volume, but not WMHI, were negatively associated with the development of depression.

Conclusions

Brain WMHI is a probable risk factor for vascular depression in the elderly. The depression outcomes with and without antidepressant were related to different brain pathologies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional connectivity and information flow of the respiratory neural network in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Yu Lianchun , De Mazancourt Marine , Hess Agathe , Ashadi Fakhrul R. , Klein Isabelle , Mal Hervé , Courbage Maurice , Mangin Laurence
Published: April 2016

Breathing involves a complex interplay between the brainstem automatic network and cortical voluntary command. How these brain regions communicate at rest or during inspiratory loading is unknown. This issue is crucial for several reasons: (i) increased respiratory loading is a major feature of several respiratory diseases, (ii) failure of the voluntary motor and cortical sensory processing drives is among the mechanisms that precede acute respiratory failure, (iii) several cerebral structures involved in responding to inspiratory loading participate in the perception of dyspnea, a distressing symptom in many disease. We studied functional connectivity and Granger causality of the respiratory network in controls and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), at rest and during inspiratory loading. Compared with those of controls, the motor cortex area of patients exhibited decreased connectivity with their contralateral counterparts and no connectivity with the brainstem. In the patients, the information flow was reversed at rest with the source of the network shifted from the medulla towards the motor cortex. During inspiratory loading, the system was overwhelmed and the motor cortex became the sink of the network. This major finding may help to understand why some patients with COPD are prone to acute respiratory failure. Network connectivity and causality were related to lung function and illness severity. We validated our connectivity and causality results with a mathematical model of neural network. Our findings suggest a new therapeutic strategy involving the modulation of brain activity to increase motor cortex functional connectivity and improve respiratory muscles performance in patients. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2736–2754, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Areas activated during naturalistic reading comprehension overlap topological visual, auditory, and somatotomotor maps
Authors: Sood Mariam R. , Sereno Martin I.
Published: April 2016

Cortical mapping techniques using fMRI have been instrumental in identifying the boundaries of topological (neighbor‐preserving) maps in early sensory areas. The presence of topological maps beyond early sensory areas raises the possibility that they might play a significant role in other cognitive systems, and that topological mapping might help to delineate areas involved in higher cognitive processes. In this study, we combine surface‐based visual, auditory, and somatomotor mapping methods with a naturalistic reading comprehension task in the same group of subjects to provide a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the cortical overlap between sensory‐motor maps in all major sensory modalities, and reading processing regions. Our results suggest that cortical activation during naturalistic reading comprehension overlaps more extensively with topological sensory‐motor maps than has been heretofore appreciated. Reading activation in regions adjacent to occipital lobe and inferior parietal lobe almost completely overlaps visual maps, whereas a significant portion of frontal activation for reading in dorsolateral and ventral prefrontal cortex overlaps both visual and auditory maps. Even classical language regions in superior temporal cortex are partially overlapped by topological visual and auditory maps. By contrast, the main overlap with somatomotor maps is restricted to a small region on the anterior bank of the central sulcus near the border between the face and hand representations of M‐I. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2784–2810, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) on subjective intoxication and alertness: results from a double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: van de Loo Aurora J. A. E. , van Andel Nienke , van Gelder Charlotte A. G. H. , Janssen Boris S. G. , Titulaer Joep , Jansen Jimmy , Verster Joris C.
Published: April 2016

Objective

The purpose of this double blind placebo controlled study was to examine if specific effects on subjective intoxication and alertness–sleepiness ratings could be demonstrated after consuming alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) when compared to consuming alcohol only (AO).

Methods

56 healthy volunteers rated their subjective intoxication on a scale ranging from 0 (sober) to 10 (highly intoxicated) at baseline, breath alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0%, and at BAC 0.08%, 0.05%, and 0.02%. Alertness–sleepiness was assessed with the Karolinska sleepiness scale. Scores of the AMED and AO condition, at each BAC level, were compared.

Results

Subjective intoxication for AMED and AO did not differ significantly from each other at any BAC level, except for BAC 0.02%. A significant increase in sleepiness scores was found in the AO condition, whereas scores remained stable in the AMED condition. Sleepiness scores at BAC0.08% and 0.05% were significantly lower after AMED when compared to AO. However, the observed differences between AMED and AO were small and have no clinical relevance.

Conclusion

Mixing alcohol with energy drink had no overall masking effect on subjective intoxication caused by alcohol, nor had a relevant effect on subjective alertness‐sleepiness ratings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground truthed performance of single‐and dual‐polarized radar rain rates at large ranges
Authors: Simpson Micheal J. , Hubbart Jason A. , Fox Neil I.
Published: April 2016

Radar accuracy in estimating qualitative precipitation estimation at distances larger than 120 km degrades rapidly because of increased volume coverage and beam height. The performance of the recently upgraded dual‐polarized technology to the NEXRAD network and its capabilities are in need of further examination, as improved rainfall estimates at large distances would allow for significant hydrological modelling improvements. Parameter based methods were applied to radars from St. Louis (KLSX) and Kansas City (KEAX), Missouri, USA, to test the precision and accuracy of both dual‐ and single‐polarized parameter estimations of precipitation at large distances. Hourly aggregated precipitation data from terrestrial‐based tipping buckets provided ground‐truthed reference data. For all KLSX data tested, an R(Z,ZDR) algorithm provided the smallest absolute error (3.7 mm h−1) and root‐mean‐square‐error (45%) values. For most KEAX data, R(ZDR,KDP) and R(KDP) algorithms performed best, with RMSE values of 37%. With approximately 100 h of precipitation data between April and October of 2014, nearly 800 and 400 mm of precipitation were estimated by radar precipitation algorithms but was not observed by terrestrial‐based precipitation gauges for KLSX and KEAX, respectively. Additionally, nearly 30 and 190 mm of measured precipitation observed by gauges were not detected by the radar rainfall estimates from KLSX and KEAX, respectively. Results improve understanding of radar based precipitation estimates from long ranges thereby advancing applications for hydrometeorological modelling and flood forecasting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactivity of Donor‐Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Saturated and Unsaturated Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Pandey Ashok Kumar , Ghosh Asit , Banerjee Prabal
Published: April 2016

Strain in the ring engenders versatile reactivity that can be utilized for the synthesis of complex molecules by the assimilation of suitable substituents. In this context, vicinal donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) serve as three‐carbon synthetic equivalents in organic synthesis from the last few decades. Owing to their zwitterionic nature, they have been frequently utilized in [3+n]‐annulation reactions with different dipolarophiles like aldehydes, imines, oximes, epoxides, aziridines, etc. This review highlights developed synthetic tools for annulation reactions of vicinal donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes with saturated and unsaturated heterocyclic compounds.
Flipped Professional Development: An Innovation in Response to Teacher Insights
Authors: Hardin Brooke L. , Koppenhaver David A.
Published: April 2016

This article reports on a study of K–12 teachers' responses to an innovative flipped professional development series focused on literacy instruction. Thirty‐six participants voluntarily enrolled in one or more of three professional development courses. Findings address teacher evaluation of the efficacy of both the structure and the content of the courses. The flipped model appears worthy of further exploration as an effective means of offering professional development opportunities in literacy to teachers. A rationale is presented for selecting and applying the flipped model, and the design process is shared to facilitate replication.
Youth Workers as Literacy Mediators: Supporting Young People's Learning About Institutional Literacy Practices
Authors: Papen Uta , Thériault Virginie
Published: April 2016

This article examines the role of youth workers as literacy mediators: people who help others with written texts. Drawing on a secondary analysis of data from a qualitative study conducted in Quebec, Canada, the authors discuss situations in which staff from a community‐based organization helped young people with written texts, such as bureaucratic letters and forms. Such institutional literacy practices were found to be stressful and difficult but were crucial for the young people's ability to access resources and opportunities. Literacy mediation, contrary to what other studies have shown, offers important opportunities for literacy learning. The youth workers were able to counter the negative emotions that dominant literacy practices often provoked and, in so doing, helped young people develop greater confidence and ability to deal with such literacy practices in a more informed and empowered way.
Objectively Verified Parental Hip Fracture Is an Independent Risk Factor for Fracture: a Linkage Analysis of 478,792 Parents and 261,705 Offspring
Authors: Yang Shuman , Leslie William D , Yan Lin , Walld Randy , Roos Leslie L , Morin Suzanne N , Majumdar Sumit R , Lix Lisa M
Published: April 2016

Parental hip fracture (HF) is considered a major risk factor for offspring major osteoporotic fracture (MOF), but all studies to date have relied on self-reported information of uncertain accuracy. We tested the association of objectively verified parental HF with offspring MOF and HF. We used a population-based historical cohort study of 261,705 offspring (age ≥40 years) with at least one linked parent (total 478,792 parents) for the province of Manitoba, Canada. Cox proportional hazards models were developed to test hazard ratio (HR) for offspring MOF and HF for 1997 to 2014 according to prior parental HF dating back to 1970. The median age of offspring at study entry was 40 years (range, 40 to 50 years), and 48.3% were women. During 2.9 million person-years of offspring follow-up (median per offspring, 12 years), we identified 7323 incident MOF (4.4% versus 2.7% for those with and without a parental HF, p < 0.001), including 331 HF (0.3% versus 0.1%, p < 0.001). Parental HF was independently associated with increased risk of offspring MOF (HR, 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 1.41). The strength of the association decreased with older parental age at HF (ptrend < 0.001), and was no longer significant if parental HF occurred after age 80 years (adjusted HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.19). The relationship between parental HF and offspring HF was even stronger than for MOF (adjusted HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.21 to 2.23). Associations with MOF or HF were not affected by either the gender of the parent with HF or the gender of the offspring. Parental HF increased the risk for offspring MOF and HF but not when parental HF occurred after age 80 years. This suggests a more nuanced approach for clinicians trying to stratify fracture risk, and illustrates the enormous potential of parent-offspring record linkage for other familial disorders. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Sampling free energy surfaces as slices by combining umbrella sampling and metadynamics
Authors: Awasthi Shalini , Kapil Venkat , Nair Nisanth N.
Published: April 2016

Metadynamics (MTD) is a very powerful technique to sample high‐dimensional free energy landscapes, and due to its self‐guiding property, the method has been successful in studying complex reactions and conformational changes. MTD sampling is based on filling the free energy basins by biasing potentials and thus for cases with flat, broad, and unbound free energy wells, the computational time to sample them becomes very large. To alleviate this problem, we combine the standard Umbrella Sampling (US) technique with MTD to sample orthogonal collective variables (CVs) in a simultaneous way. Within this scheme, we construct the equilibrium distribution of CVs from biased distributions obtained from independent MTD simulations with umbrella potentials. Reweighting is carried out by a procedure that combines US reweighting and Tiwary–Parrinello MTD reweighting within the Weighted Histogram Analysis Method (WHAM). The approach is ideal for a controlled sampling of a CV in a MTD simulation, making it computationally efficient in sampling flat, broad, and unbound free energy surfaces. This technique also allows for a distributed sampling of a high‐dimensional free energy surface, further increasing the computational efficiency in sampling. We demonstrate the application of this technique in sampling high‐dimensional surface for various chemical reactions using ab initio and QM/MM hybrid molecular dynamics simulations. Further, to carry out MTD bias reweighting for computing forward reaction barriers in ab initio or QM/MM simulations, we propose a computationally affordable approach that does not require recrossing trajectories. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antimicrobial Treatment of Different Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Critical Review
Authors: Parham Shokoh , Wicaksono Dedy H. B. , Bagherbaigi Saeedeh , Lee Siew Ling , Nur Hadi
Published: April 2016

Many nanomaterials can be used as metal oxides (Ti, Ag, Zn, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ce, Yt, Al). Metal oxide nanoparticles have strong antimicrobial properties. The oxides that play a large role as antimicrobial agents can be divided into two major groups based on their mechanism of action i.e., those that involve oxidation and those that inhibit the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Previous studies have shown that, toxic metals like silver and titanium, and their metals oxides, employ the ROS‐mediated mechanism that leads to oxidative stress‐related cytotoxicity, cancer, and heart diseases. Oxidative stress further leads to increased ROS production and also delays the cellular processes involved in wound heal‐ ing. Other metal oxide nanoparticles, like Y2O3, CeO2 and Al2O3 act as free radical scavengers. Out of these, aluminium oxide nanoparticles are more effective antimicrobial agents, than the other metal oxide nanoparticles. A combination of Al2O3 and other antimicrobial agents such as TiO2 may act as ideal antimicrobial agents, along with possessing free radical scavenging activity. This critical review aims to study the antimicrobial properties of different metal oxide nanoparticles and the mechanism of action in‐ volved, besides comparing their efficacy to eliminate bacteria.
A Simple and Efficient One‐pot Synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridines Using Nano‐WO3‐ supported Sulfonic Acid as an Heterogeneous Catalyst under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Bitaraf Mehrnoosh , Amoozadeh Ali , Otokesh Somayeh
Published: April 2016

Nano‐tungsten trioxide‐supported sulfonic acid (n‐WSA) was found to be an effective heterogeneous cat‐ alyst for the one‐pot reaction of aromatic aldehydes, β‐dicarbonyl compounds and ammonium acetate to afford 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives in good to excellent yields. The other main advantages of the pres‐ ent method are short reaction times, simple workup, ease in purification and environmentally benign methodology. The reaction conditions were optimized employing Response Surface Method technique (Central Composite Design (CCD)) which is economically considerable because of the minimum number of experiments required to evaluate the effects of multiple parameters on the response.
Influence of Phosphatidylethanolamine Concentration and Composition on the Detection of Antiphosphatidylethanolamine Antibodies by ELISA
Authors: Ke Ke , Strango Zachariah I. , Harper Paul E. , Zhao Ming
Published: April 2016

Background

Accumulating evidence supports a positive correlation between the presence of antiphosphatidylethanolamine (aPE) autoantibodies and clinical symptoms of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). However, there is a lack of standardized ELISA‐based method for detecting aPE. The current study was conducted to investigate the dependence of aPE ELISA on lipid concentration and composition of PE antigens.

Methods

A range of ELISA conditions were examined by varying the concentrations of egg PE and by substituting egg PE with combinations of synthetic DOPE and DSPE. The physical properties of the synthetic PE species were also characterized.

Results

Our data indicated that there are different optimal PE concentrations for conducting ELISA assays for cofactor‐dependent and cofactor‐independent aPEs. In addition, using a two‐component synthetic lipid system, we demonstrated aPE ELISA readouts can be modulated to approach the performance level of egg PE, which is currently the most commonly used PE antigen.

Conclusion

These data raised the possibility of ultimately replacing natural PE antigens with a blend of defined synthetic lipid species, thus overcoming a known variable factor in aPE detection. The outcome of this study will help pave the way to developing a standardized aPE test.
Consistency of Reporting for Stressful Life Events Among Nondeployed Soldiers
Authors: Pless Kaiser Anica , Proctor Susan P. , Vasterling Jennifer J.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

Measurement of stress exposure is central to understanding military mental health outcomes. Although temporal stability of combat event reporting has been examined, less is known about the stability of reporting for noncombat events in military samples. Objectives are to examine consistency in reporting stressful life events in nondeployed U.S. Army soldiers and its association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology.

Method

Examined reporting consistency over approximately 8 months among 466 soldiers. Regression models examined factors associated with decreased, increased, and stable reporting.

Results

Stability of the number of events endorsed over time was high. However, item‐level agreement was slight to moderate (kappas: .13–.54), with inconsistencies due primarily to decreased reporting. After adjusting for covariates and initial PTSD, second assessment PTSD was associated with increased and stable reporting.

Conclusions

Inconsistent reporting extends beyond combat events to other stressful life events in military personnel and is associated with PTSD.
Element‐free Galerkin method to the interface problems with application in electrostatic
Authors: Jannesari Zahra , Tatari Mehdi
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this paper is to develop the element‐free Galerkin method for a numerical simulation of the second‐order elliptic equation with discontinuous coefficients. Discontinuities in the solution and in its normal derivatives are prescribed on an interface inside the domain. The proposed method is one of the powerful meshless methods based on moving least squares approximation. The element‐free Galerkin method uses only a set of nodal points to discretize the governing equation. No mesh in the classical sense is needed, but a background mesh is used for integration purpose. A quadrilateral mesh unfitted with the interface is used for integration objective. The Lagrange multipliers are used to enforce both Dirichlet boundary condition and Dirichlet jump condition. The presented numerical experiments confirm the efficiency of the proposed method in comparison with some existing methods for interface problems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photonic nanojet‐mediated SERS technique for enhancing the Raman scattering of a few molecules
Authors: Das Gour Mohan , Laha Ranjit , Dantham Venkata Ramanaiah
Published: April 2016

We report a two‐step enhancement of Raman scattering signal (η) of a few dye molecules. In the first step, high‐quality surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates have been used. The SERS substrates were fabricated by direct current sputtering of Au followed by thermal annealing. The role of thermal annealing of the SERS substrates and numerical aperture of Raman microscopic objective lens on the enhancement has been studied for optimizing the enhancement in the SERS technique. In the second step, the value of η obtained with conventional SERS technique has been improved significantly with the help of photonic nanojet (PNJ) of an optical microsphere (PNJ‐mediated SERS technique). The signal to noise ratio and reproducibility of the experimental results have been found to be very high. Based on our theoretical simulations on PNJ, a few suitable parameters have been proposed for obtaining better enhancement using this technique. To the best of our belief, this report will enable the SERS community to improve η value with ease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protection of sunflower seed and sunflower meal protein with malic acid and heat: effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production
Authors: Vanegas Jorge Leonardo , Carro Maria Dolores , Alvir Maria Remedios , González Javier
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Combined malic acid–heat treatments of protein supplements have been shown to reduce ruminal protein degradation, but there is no information on their possible influence on ruminal fermentation and methane emissions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the treatment of sunflower meal (SM) and sunflower seed (SS) with malic acid and subsequent drying at 150°C for 1 (MAL1) or 3 h (MAL3) on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane emission using ruminal fluid from sheep as inoculum.

RESULTS

Compared with untreated samples, the MAL3 treatment reduced (P < 0.05) the dry matter effective degradability (DMED) by 78% and 46% for SS and SM, respectively, indicating heat damage. The MAL1 treatment reduced the DMED of SS by 22%, but did not affect (P > 0.05) total volatile fatty acid production for any feed. This treatment also increased (P < 0.05) the propionate proportion (by 17.7% and 15.6% for SS and SM, respectively) and decreased (P < 0.05) methane production (by 15.5% and 11.3%, respectively) and ammonia‐N concentrations (by 26.5% and 14.5%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The MAL1 treatment was effective in reducing both ammonia‐N concentrations and methane emissions without depressing SS and SM fermentation, but more research is needed to formulate environmentally cleaner diets for ruminants. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a low‐density solvent and derivatization followed by gas chromatography for the simultaneous determination of chloroanisoles and the precursor 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol in water samples
Authors: Bai Xiuzhi , Zhang Ting , Li Haipu , Yang Zhaoguang
Published: April 2016

Chloroanisoles, particularly 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole, are commonly identified as major taste and odor compounds in water. In the present study, a simple and efficient method was established for the simultaneous determination of chloroanisoles and the precursor 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol in water by using low‐density‐solvent‐based simultaneous dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and derivatization followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. 2,4‐Dichloroanisole, 2,6‐dichloroanisole, 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole, 2,3,4‐trichloroanisole, and 2,3,6‐trichloroanisole were the chloroanisoles evaluated. Several important parameters of the extraction‐derivatization procedures, including the types and volumes of extraction solvent and disperser solvent, concentrations of derivatization agent and base, salt addition, extraction‐derivatization time, and temperature were optimized. Under the optimized conditions (80 μL of isooctane as extraction solvent, 500 μL of methanol as disperser solvent, 60 μL of acetic anhydride as derivatization agent, 0.75% of Na2CO3 addition w/v, extraction‐derivatization temperature of 25°C, without salt addition), a good linearity of the calibration curve was observed by the square of correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.9936 to 0.9992. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method were < 4.5% and <7.3%, respectively. Recovery rates ranged from 85.2 to 101.4%, and limits of detection ranged from 3.0 to 8.7 ng/L. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of chloroanisoles and 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol in water samples.