bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intra‐individual variability in infancy: Structure, stability, and nutritional correlates
Authors: Wachs Theodore D. , Kanashiro Hilary Creed , Gurkas Pinar
Published: March 2008

Intra‐individual variability (IIV) refers to relatively stable differences between individuals in the degree to which they show behavioral fluctuations over relatively short time periods. Using temperament as a conceptual framework the structure, stability, and biological roots of IIV were assessed over the first year of life. Biological roots were defined by maternal and infant nutrition. The sample was 249 Peruvian neonates, followed from the second trimester of pregnancy through the first 12 months of life. Maternal anthropometry, diet, iron status, and fetal growth were assessed prenatally. Neonatal anthropometry and iron status were assessed at birth. Degree of exclusive breastfeeding was assessed at 3 and 6 months, infant anthropometry was assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months, infant dietary intake was assessed at 6 and 12 months and infant iron status was tested at 12 months. Individual differences in IIV at 3, 6, and 12 months were derived from a residual standard deviation score based on infant behaviors measured using the Louisville Temperament Assessment Procedure. Principal components analysis indicated that individual differences in IIV were defined by two components at 3, 6, and 12 months. There was modest stability between IIV components assessed at 3 and 12 months. Reduced levels of IIV at 3 months were predicted by higher maternal weight and higher fetal weight gains in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Higher levels of IIV at 3 months were predicted by higher levels of maternal hemoglobin during pregnancy and higher levels of neonatal ferritin. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 217–231, 2008.
Evaluation aging failure probability of generating units using data analytic method
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hyuk , Bae In‐Su , Kim Jin‐O , Lee Sung‐Hoon
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a method to predict failure probability related to the aging of generating units in power systems. To calculate aging failure probability, Weibull distribution is usually used due to age‐related reliability. The shape and scale parameters of Weibull distribution can be estimated by using hybrid method using both normal and Weibull distributions. In this paper, data analytic method applied to type II censoring is proposed which is relatively simpler and faster than the hybrid method for the estimation of parameters. The real historical data of combustion turbine generating units in Korean power systems are used in the case study to show how to calculate the mean life and its standard deviation by the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in social support and their impact on psychosocial outcome over a 5‐year period for African American and White dementia caregivers
Authors: Clay Olivio J. , Roth David L. , Wadley Virginia G. , Haley William E.
Published: March 2008

Background

African Americans have been found to be more resilient to the caregiving role than Whites. Amount of social support and satisfaction with social support were studied as possible explanations for these racial differences.

Methods

Family caregivers of patients diagnosed as having dementia participated in a longitudinal study. There were 166 caregiver‐patient dyads enrolled and annual follow‐up assessments were completed. Linear random effects regression models examined the longitudinal trajectories of social support, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction over 5 years of community follow‐up. Social support was also included as a time‐dependent predictor of depressive symptoms and life satisfaction.

Results

The number of helpful support persons available decreased significantly for both racial groups. African American caregivers reported more satisfaction with their social support networks than Whites. They also reported fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of life satisfaction when compared to their White counterparts. Higher levels of satisfaction with social support were associated with fewer depressive symptoms and increased levels of life satisfaction and explained a portion of the racial differences on these measures of psychosocial outcome.

Conclusions

The resilience of African American caregivers, as displayed by their fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of life satisfaction, was partially explained by their higher levels of satisfaction with social support. Results suggest that health care providers should view low levels of social support as a possible precursor to poor psychological outcomes in caregivers. Future research should focus on social support and cultural variables that might explain racial differences in caregiver outcomes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial analysis of the reliability of transport networks subject to rainfall‐induced landslides
Authors: Manning L. J. , Hall J. W. , Kilsby C. G. , Glendinning S. , Anderson M. G.
Published: March 2008

A methodology is developed to examine the susceptibility of a transport system to rainfall‐induced landslides and is demonstrated for part of the UK rail network with regard to the potential changes that might occur with climate change. A mathematical model is given for the system failure and a statistical model is formulated for the joint distribution of rainfall at different points along the railway line. These are used to investigate the response of earth embankments along the railway line to current and future climate scenarios, including the effects of rainfall and evapotranspiration on slope hydrology and stability. It is shown that, for the system of clay embankments in question, the moisture profile through the embankment at the end of the summer months has a critical effect on system stability, both in terms of expected failure timing and probability of failure. Further, it is seen that, with changing climate, the system stability is likely to increase unless the degradation of embankment material properties, another potential effect of changed climate, is taken into account. The spatial distribution of failures is also likely to change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of crosslinked β‐cyclodextrin polymer beads and their application as a sorbent for removal of phenol from wastewater
Authors: Yamasaki Hirohito , Makihata Yousuke , Fukunaga Kimitoshi
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Phenols are commonly encountered in aqueous effluents from various manufacturing processes such as oil refineries, coke plants, and phenolic resin plants, and are toxic substances that should be removed from the aquatic environment. This paper reports on the preparation of beaded crosslinked β‐CyD polymers, and the removal of phenol by the β‐CyD adsorbent from raw industrial wastewater discarded from phenolic resin processing.

RESULTS: Crosslinked β‐CyD prepolymer was synthesized by treatment of β‐CyD with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) at a molar ratio of 1:8. The suspension of the resulting powdery prepolymer in aqueous sodium alginate was added dropwise into an aqueous calcium chloride solution to precipitate the spherical β‐CyD prepolymer gels. The spherical prepolymer gel was lyophilized and re‐crosslinked with HDI to provide the β‐CyD polymer beads. The physical properties of the beads were as follows: average diameter: 3.4 mm; average compressive strength: 2.17 MPa; porosity: 47.0%; specific surface area: 3.48 m2 g−1. The removal of phenol from raw industrial phenolic wastewater with the β‐CyD polymer beads was carried out in either a shaker or an upflow column at 25 °C. After seven episodes of accumulated adsorption, the initial phenol concentration of 89000 ppm decreased to as low as 350 ppm in the shaker and 490 ppm in the upflow column.

CONCLUSION: Adsorbent [β‐CyD/HDI(1/8)]/HDI polymer beads having a good regular shape and high mechanical stability were newly prepared by a stepwise crosslinking method. The results of sorption experiments show that the beads exhibit high sorption capacities for phenolics in raw industrial wastewater. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
HPLC‐F analysis of melatonin and resveratrol isomers in wine using an SPE procedure
Authors: Mercolini Laura , Addolorata Saracino Maria , Bugamelli Francesca , Ferranti Anna , Malaguti Marco , Hrelia Silvana , Raggi Maria Augusta
Published: March 2008

An original analytical method has been developed for the determination of the antioxidants trans‐resveratrol (t‐RSV) and cis‐resveratrol (c‐RSV) and of melatonin (MLT) in red and white wine. The method is based on HPLC coupled to fluorescence detection. Separation was obtained by using a RP column (C8, 150 mm×4.6 mm id, 5 μm) and a mobile phase composed of 79% aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 3.0 and 21% ACN. Fluorescence intensity was monitored at λ = 386 nm while exciting at λ = 298 nm, mirtazapine was used as the internal standard. A careful pretreatment of wine samples was developed, using SPE with C18 cartridges (100 mg, 1 mL). The calibration curves were linear over the following concentration ranges: 0.03–5.00 ng/mL for MLT, 3–500 ng/mL for t‐RSV and 1–150 ng/mL for c‐RSV. The LOD values were 0.01 ng/mL for MLT, 1 ng/mL for t‐RSV and 0.3 ng/mL for c‐RSV. Precision data, as well as extraction yield and sample purification results, were satisfactory. Thus, the method seems to be suitable for the analysis of MLT and resveratrol isomers in wine samples. Moreover, wine total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were evaluated.
New α‐amino phenylalanine tetrazole ligand for immobilized metal affinity chromatography of proteins
Authors: Lei Genhu , Liu Liting , Xiong Xiaohu , Wei Yinmao , Zheng Xiaohui
Published: March 2008

A new chelating compound has been developed for use in the immobilized metal affinity chromatographic (IMAC) separation of proteins. The bidentate ligand, α‐amino phenylalanine tetrazole, 4, was synthesized via a five‐step synthesis from N‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl phenylalanine and then immobilized onto silica through the epoxide coupling procedure. The binding behavior of the resulting IMAC sorbent, following chelation with Zn2+ to a density of 183 μmol Zn2+ ions/g silica, was characterized by the retention of proteins in the pH range of 5.0–8.0, and by the adsorption behavior of lysozyme with frontal chromatography at pH 6.0 and 8.0. The prepared column showed the separation ability to four test proteins and the retention time of these proteins increased with an increase in pH. From the derived isotherms, the adsorption capacity, qm, for the binding of lysozyme to immobilized Zn2+‐α‐amino phenylalanine tetrazole–silica was found to be 1.21 μmol/g at pH 6.0 and 1.20 μmol/g sorbent at pH 8.0, respectively, whilst the dissociation constants KD at these pH values were 5.22×10–6 and 3.49×10–6 M, respectively, indicating that the lysozyme was retained more stable under alkaline conditions, although the binding capacity in terms of micromole protein per gram sorbent remained essentially unchanged.
Through oven transfer adsorption–desorption interface for the analysis of methyl jasmonate in aromatic samples by on‐line RPLC‐GC
Authors: Flores Gema , Blanch Gracia Patricia , Ruiz del Castillo Maria Luisa
Published: March 2008

A fully automated method for the determination of medium volatility compounds in aromatic samples was developed. Specifically, the determination of methyl jasmonate in jasmine fragrances was performed by using the through oven transfer adsorption–desorption (TOTAD) interface for the on‐line coupling between RPLC‐GC. A study of the most relevant variables involved in the performance of the TOTAD interface for medium volatility compounds was carried out by testing different values of helium flow (100, 300, 400, and 500 mL/min), transfer speed (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 2.0 mL/min), and methanol/water percentages (86:14, 85:15, 83:17, 80:20, and 70:30). The method developed provided satisfactory repeatability (RSD for retention times of 0.15% and for peak areas of 9.4%) and recovery (71%) as well as excellent LOD (0.01 mg/L) for methyl jasmonate in commercial jasmine essence under the experimental conditions selected as optimum. Additional advantages of the automated RPLC‐TOTAD‐GC method proposed in the present work are its rapidness, reliability, and the possibility of directly introducing the sample with no further pretreatment.
Central neurocytoma responsive to topotecan, ifosfamide, carboplatin
Authors: Amini Elham , Roffidal Tina , Lee Alice , Fuller Gregory N. , Mahajan Anita , Ketonen Leena , Kobrinsky Nathan , Cairo Mitchell S. , Wells Robert J. , Wolff Johannes E.A.
Published: March 2008

A 5‐year‐old male presented with spinal cord drop metastasis from a recurrent neurocytoma. Topotecan (0.5 mg/m2) and carboplatin (250 mg/m2) were administered on days 1–3 and ifosfamide (1,800 mg/m2) on days 1–5, every 21 days, for three cycles and resulted in complete response without severe complications. A literature review yielded 20 patients with central neurocytoma but no complete responses. The complete response of central neurocytoma to chemotherapy only reported here should be helpful to those caring for patients with this rare tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:137–140. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleep and depression: an intimate relationship
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: March 2008

Sleeping problems are among the most common and debilitating symptoms of depression and recent studies show the intimate relationship between depression and biological rhythms,which may influence treatment choice,explains Mark Greener. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Primhe: Primary Care Mental Health & Education
Authors: Sapper Helen
Published: March 2008

Support for migrant healthcare professionals

Migrant and Refugee Communities Forum (MRCF) is an umbrella organisation established to provide support and advice for migrants living in West London. Here, Helen Sapper explains how MRCF is providing support to migrant doctors and other healthcare professionals wishing to practice in the UK. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Fungicide seed treatment efficacy against Microdochium nivale and M. majus in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Glynn Neil C , Hare Martin C , Edwards Simon G
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Seed‐borne Microdochium majus (Wollenweber) and M. nivale Fries are the primary pathogens responsible for Fusarium seedling blight in the UK. The two species show differences in pathogenicity, host preference and sensitivities to temperature, but their relative sensitivities to fungicide seed treatments are unknown. The aim was firstly to determine the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments towards single‐spore isolates of M. majus and M. nivale using in vitro experiments, and subsequently to determine efficacy in vivo over a range of temperatures.

RESULTS: Differences in EC50 values between all seed treatments were evident from the in vitro experiments and ranged from 0.028 mg L−1 for fludioxonil to 22.8 mg L−1 for carboxin + thiram. The two seed treatments that showed best performance in vitro were used to examine efficacy towards seed‐borne infection in vivo at 4, 8, 12 and 16 °C. Generally, seedling emergence improved and the severity of stem‐base disease symptoms on emerged seedlings was reduced for both species through the use of the fungicides. The combination of fludioxonil + difenconazole showed improved performance compared with fludioxonil alone. Significantly less severe symptoms were observed through the use of fludioxonil and fludioxonil + difenconazole compared with bitertanol + fuberidazole at 12 °C and for all except one M. nivale infected seed lot at 8 °C.

CONCLUSIONS: Differences in fungicide sensitivity between the two species in vitro were not evident in vivo. This is the first report of the effect of fungicide seed treatments on the control of seedling blight caused by M. majus and M. nivale. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
MIA‐QSAR evaluation of a series of sulfonylurea herbicides
Authors: Bitencourt Michelle , Freitas Matheus P
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: A series of sulfonylurea herbicides has been modelled using a 2D image‐based QSAR approach known as MIA‐QSAR (Multivariate Image Analysis applied to QSAR), and highly predictive models have been built.

RESULTS: Two MIA‐QSAR models were built, one group being divided into training and test sets, and the other composed of the entire series of compounds. Statistically significant MIA‐QSAR models rendered high correlation coefficients of experimental versus fitted p$K_{\rm {i}}^{\rm {app}}$ (AHAS apparent inhibition constant) and satisfactory parameters of external validation and leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. Comparison with the results obtained from classical 2D QSAR demonstrated some advantages of the modelling using MIA descriptors.

CONCLUSION: Both MIA‐QSAR models showed high predictive ability, comparable with that of a reference methodology based on 3D descriptors. The method is suggested as a suitable tool for predicting novel herbicides. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of the interactions between the peptides from secreted human CKLF1 and heparin using capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhang Shuyu , Ling Xiaomei , Li Yuzhen , Zhang Yingmei , Han Wenling , Wang Ying
Published: March 2008

The Chemokine‐like factor 1 (CKLF1) is a novel human cytokine and exhibits chemotactic activities on leukocytes. Two peptides named CKLF1‐C27 and CKLF1‐C19, were obtained from secreted CKLF1. In this study, a selective high‐performance analytical method based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) to investigate interactions between heparin and CKLF1‐C27/CKLF1‐C19 was developed. Samples containing CKLF1‐C27/CKLF1‐C19 and heparin at various ratios were incubated at room temperature and then separated by CZE with Tris‐acetate buffer at pH 7.2. Both qualitative and quantitative characterizations of the binding were determined. The binding constants of the interactions between CKLF1‐C27/CKLF1‐C19 and heparin were calculated as (3.38 ± 0.49) × 105 M−1 and (1.10 ± 0.02) × 105 M−1 by Scatchard analysis. To study structural requirements, CKLF1‐C19pm and CKLF1‐C19km have been synthesized, and their interactions with heparin have been studied by CZE. We found that the Pro or Lys to Ala substitution within the residues of CKLF1‐C19 (CKLF1‐C19pm or CKLF1‐C19km) strongly decreased or abolished its interaction with heparin, suggesting that the residues of Pro affect the affinity of CKLF1‐C19 for heparin, and the residues of Lys of CKLF1‐C19 play the important role for the interaction of CKLF1‐C19 and heparin, respectively. The methodology presented should be generally applicable to study peptides and heparin interactions quantitatively and qualitatively. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structures and energies of ArnH2O (n = 1–26) clusters using a nonrigid potential surface: A molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Borges E. , Ferreira G. G. , Braga J. P.
Published: March 2008

Stable structures and minima energies of ArnH2O (n = 1–26) clusters are determined by carrying out a stochastic search method coupling to molecular dynamics calculations. A nonrigid intramolecular potential surface together with a pairwise‐additive intermolecular potential are used. A growing pattern mechanism is described for the structures in the ground state and a solvation process is observed. Molecular relaxation effects are characterized and the second differences on the cluster binding energies are calculated. The relative stability of the structures is discussed and compared with previous theoretical results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Selective epitaxial growth of in situ carbon‐doped silicon on silicon substrates
Authors: Ikuta Tetsuya , Fujita Shigeru , Iwamoto Hayato , Kadomura Shingo , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji , Yasutake Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

The characteristics of in situ carbon‐doped Si fabricated by selective epitaxial growth (SEG) were investigated. We confirmed the good selectivity, high crystalline quality, high strain and constant carbon profile of the film. The high ratio of the concentration of carbon atoms located at the substitutional sites to that of the total carbon atoms was achieved at low‐temperature SEG. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of hierarchical models for estimating relative risks of individual genetic variants: An application to a study of melanoma
Authors: Capanu Marinela , Orlow Irene , Berwick Marianne , Hummer Amanda J. , Thomas Duncan C. , Begg Colin B.
Published: March 2008

For major genes known to influence the risk of cancer, an important task is to determine the risks conferred by individual variants, so that one can appropriately counsel carriers of these mutations. This is a challenging task, since new mutations are continually being identified, and there is typically relatively little empirical evidence available about each individual mutation. Hierarchical modeling offers a natural strategy to leverage the collective evidence from these rare variants with sparse data. This can be accomplished when there are available higher‐level covariates that characterize the variants in terms of attributes that could distinguish their association with disease. In this article, we explore the use of hierarchical modeling for this purpose using data from a large population‐based study of the risks of melanoma conferred by variants in the CDKN2A gene. We employ both a pseudo‐likelihood approach and a Bayesian approach using Gibbs sampling. The results indicate that relative risk estimates tend to be primarily influenced by the individual case–control frequencies when several cases and/or controls are observed with the variant under study, but that relative risk estimates for variants with very sparse data are more influenced by the higher‐level covariate values, as one would expect. The analysis offers encouragement that we can draw strength from the aggregating power of hierarchical models to provide guidance to medical geneticists when they offer counseling to patients with rare or even hitherto unobserved variants. However, further research is needed to validate the application of asymptotic methods to such sparse data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron valence states in organic samples and tissues investigated by XANES and Mössbauer spectroscopy
Authors: Dziedzic‐Kocurek K. , Banaś A. , Kwiatek W. M. , Stanek J.
Published: March 2008

The results of XANES and Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of organic samples of [Fe(Hka)3] (Hka = kojic acid) and [Fe(etmal)3] (etmal = ethyl maltol) are presented and discussed in terms of their application in characterization of the local electronic state of Fe3+. In case of [Fe(etmal)3], a tiny increase in covalency of iron bonds was found. The local iron states in tissues have been concluded from x‐ray absorption near‐edge structures (XANES) spectra, compared with spectra obtained for the organic samples. Significant increase of iron concentration in pathological cells of the prostate was shown by the synchrotron radiation‐induced x‐ray emission (SRIXE) method. XANES analysis of healthy and cancerous tissue samples suggested higher iron oxidation state in pathological cells. This result may be a hint for understanding the role of iron in carcinogenesisand opens up the same possibility of using XANES spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool in oncology. The correlation between results obtained by XANES and Mössbauer spectroscopy may be helpful in overcoming the limitations characteristic of both of the methods in the determination of the iron valence and spin states in tissues. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Use of Laparoscopy and Endoscopy for Minimally Invasive Resection of Gastric Subepithelial Masses — Analysis of 93 Interventions
Authors: Wilhelm D. , Delius S. v. , Burian M. , Schneider A. , Frimberger E. , Meining A. , Feussner H.
Published: March 2008

Background

Subepithelial gastric tumors are common findings during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Tumor resection is mostly done laparoscopically, but there is still discussion concerning the size of lesion for which the treatment may be minimally invasive; additionally there is very little data available concerning patient outcome after minor access surgery.

Methods

Clinicopathologic features and survival data of 93 consecutive patients undergoing a combined laparoscopic‐endoscopic approach for gastric submucosal tumors were prospectively analyzed. Analysis included preoperative diagnostic work‐up, perioperative data, and postoperative complications. Follow‐up was carried out for patients with GIST to check for tumor recurrence.

Results

It was possible to resect 88 of 93 lesions by the laparoscopic‐endoscopic approach, with tumor‐free margins in all patients. Intraoperative endoscopy facilitated exact tumor localization in 92 patients. Most lesions were removed by endoscopic‐laparoscopic wedge resection or, less frequently, by a combined transgastric approach. Mean operative time was 90.7 min; the postoperative hospitalization was 7.3 days. Adverse events appeared in 7.5%, and conversion to open surgery was required in 6.5%. For patients suffering from gastrointestinal stromal tumors, there was no tumor recurrence at a mean follow‐up of 40 months.

Conclusions

Combined laparoscopic‐endoscopic “rendez‐vous” procedures are easy to perform and offer a curative approach for almost all gastric submucosal lesions. The technique is associated with low morbidity and short hospitalization. Though even patients with large GISTs of intermediate and high risk were treated, no tumor recurrence has been observed to date.
Specialist training in psychiatry in Europe – Results of the UEMS-survey
Authors: Lotz-Rambaldi Winfried , Schäfer Ines , ten Doesschate Roelof , Hohagen Fritz
Published: March 2008

According to the aim of the Treaty of Rome from 1957 which postulated the free movement of workers throughout the European Union, the European Board of Psychiatry in the UEMS (European Union of Medical Specialists) carried out a comprehensive survey of training in psychiatry, including all member countries in order to evaluate the present state of training in psychiatry in each. The survey should indicate whether the training requirements [UEMS Section Psychiatry. Charter on training of medical specialists in the EU: requirements for the speciality psychiatry. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1997;247(Suppl.):S45–7; UEMS Section Psychiatry. Charter on training of medical specialists in the EU: requirements for the speciality psychiatry. ; 2003 [last revision]] have had an impact on the actual conditions of training in psychiatry in the member countries. We gathered 22 questionnaires from 31 national representatives involved and 424 questionnaires completed by the chief of training and the representative of trainees at the responding training centres from 22 countries. The results give an overview about the practice of training in psychiatry in many European countries. While there are great differences between the training centres in different countries, apparent progress towards developing high standards in training in psychiatry has been made.
Sumoylation is critical for DJ‐1 to repress p53 transcriptional activity
Authors: Fan Jun , Ren Haigang , Fei Erkang , Jia Nali , Ying Zheng , Jiang Peng , Wu Mian , Wang Guanghui
Published: March 2008

Sumoylation is an important post‐translational modification, which is also involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. We previously reported that DJ‐1 decreases Bcl‐2 associated X protein expression through repressing p53 transcriptional activity. Here we show that DJ‐1(K130R), the non‐sumoylatable mutant form of DJ‐1, shifts from nucleus to cytoplasm, fails to repress p53 transcriptional activity and loses its protective function against ultraviolet induced cell death. Our findings suggest that sumoylation is critical for DJ‐1 to repress p53 transcriptional activity.
Post-glacial relative sea level, isostasy, and glacial history in Icy Strait, Southeast Alaska, USA
Authors: Mann Daniel H. , Streveler Gregory P.
Published: March 2008

We use the radiocarbon ages of marine shells and terrestrial vegetation to reconstruct relative sea level (RSL) history in northern Southeast Alaska. RSL fell below its present level around 13,900 cal yr BP, suggesting regional deglaciation was complete by then. RSL stayed at least several meters below modern levels until the mid-Holocene, when it began a fluctuating rise that probably tracked isostatic depression and rebound caused by varying ice loads in nearby Glacier Bay. This fluctuating RSL rise likely reflects the episodic but progressive advance of ice in Glacier Bay that started around 6000 cal yr BP. After that time, RSL low stands probably signaled minor episodes of glacier retreat/thinning that triggered isostatic rebound and land uplift. Progressive, down-fjord advance of the Glacier Bay glacier during the late Holocene is consistent with the main driver of this glacial system being the dynamics of its terminus rather than climate change directly. Only after the glacier reached an exposed position protruding into Icy Strait ca. AD 1750, did its terminus succumb – a century before the climate changes that marked the end of the Little Ice Age – to the catastrophic retreat that triggered the rapid isostatic rebound and RSL fall occurring today in Icy Strait.
Late Pleistocene glaciers in Darhad Basin, northern Mongolia
Authors: Gillespie Alan R. , Burke Raymond M. , Komatsu Goro , Bayasgalan Amgalan
Published: March 2008

Late Pleistocene glaciers around Darhad Basin advanced to near their maximum positions at least three times, twice during the Zyrianka glaciation (at ∼ 17–19 ka and ∼ 35–53 ka), and at least once earlier. The Zyrianka glaciers were smaller than their predecessors, but the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) difference was < 75 m. End moraines of the Zyrianka glaciers were ∼ 1600 m asl; ELAs were 2100–2400 m asl.14C and luminescence dating of lake sediments confirm the existence of paleolake highstands in Darhad Basin before ∼ 35 ka. Geologic evidence and10Be cosmic-ray exposure dating of drift suggests that at ∼ 17–19 ka the basin was filled at least briefly by a glacier-dammed lake ∼ 140 m deep. However, lake sediments from that time have not yet been recognized in the region. A shallower paleolake briefly occupied the basin at ∼ 11 ka, but between ∼ 11 and 17 ka and after ∼ 10 ka the basin was probably largely dry. The timing of maximum glacier advances in Darhad appears to be approximately synchronous across northern Mongolia, but different from Siberia and western Central Asia, supporting the inference that paleoclimate in Central Asia differed among regions.
COMMUTATIVITY DEGREES OF WREATH PRODUCTS OF FINITE ABELIAN GROUPS
Authors: EROVENKO IGOR V. , SURY B.
Published: March 2008

We compute commutativity degrees of wreath products $A \wr B$ of finite Abelian groups A and B. When B is fixed of order n the asymptotic commutativity degree of such wreath products is 1/n2. This answers a generalized version of a question posed by P. Lescot. As byproducts of our formula we compute the number of conjugacy classes in such wreath products, and obtain an interesting elementary number-theoretic result.
The relationship between total plasma carotenoids and risk factors for chronic disease among middle-aged and older men
Authors: Farwell Wildon R. , Michael Gaziano J. , Norkus Edward P. , Sesso Howard D.
Published: March 2008

Individual plasma carotenoids have been associated with various chronic diseases but little is known about the relationship between total plasma carotenoids and risk factors for chronic diseases. In the Physicians' Health Study, we examined 492 men free of CVD and cancer for the relationship between total plasma carotenoids (the sum of α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin, lutein and β-cryptoxanthin) and a wide variety of factors that predict chronic disease. Multivariate linear and logistic regression was performed to calculate parameter estimates (95 % CI) and OR (95 % CI) for total plasma carotenoids. In linear regression models, BMI, hypertension, alcohol intake and plasma levels of each lipid parameter and α-tocopherol significantly predicted levels of total plasma carotenoids. Upon adjustment for multiple chronic disease risk factors, the OR for levels of total plasma carotenoids greater than or equal to the median ( ≥ 1·301 μmol/l) was statistically significant for current smoking (OR 0·21; 95 % CI 0·06, 0·77), weekly alcohol ingestion (OR 2·30; 95 % CI 1·06, 4·99), daily alcohol ingestion (OR 2·46; 95 % CI 1·29, 4·67), each 100 mg/l increase in total cholesterol (OR 0·73; 95 % CI 0·58, 0·91), LDL-cholesterol (OR 1·48; 95 % CI 1·17, 1·89) and HDL-cholesterol (OR 1·58; 95 % CI 1·26, 1·99), each 100 mg/ml increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (OR 0·70; 95 % CI 0·53, 0·93) and each 10 μmol/l increase in α-tocopherol (OR 1·33; 95 % CI 1·12, 1·57), using logistic regression. Few lifestyle and clinical risk factors appear to be related to levels of total plasma carotenoids; however, levels of biomarkers such as plasma lipids and α-tocopherol may be strongly related.
Cenozoic high Sr/Y volcanic rocks in the Qiangtang terrane, northern Tibet: geochemical and isotopic evidence for the origin of delaminated lower continental melts
Authors: LIU SHEN , HU RUI-ZHONG , FENG CAI-XIA , ZOU HAI-BO , LI CAI , CHI XIAO-GUO , PENG JIAN-TANG , ZHONG HONG , QI LIANG , QI YOU-QIANG , WANG TAO
Published: March 2008

Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data are presented for volcanic rocks from Zougouyouchaco (30.5 Ma) and Dogai Coring (39.7 Ma) of the southern and middle Qiangtang block in northern Tibet. The volcanic rocks are high-K calc-alkaline trachyandesites and dacites, with SiO2 contents ranging from 58.5 to 67.1 wt % The rocks are enriched in light REE (LREE) and contain high Sr (649 to 986 ppm) and relatively low Yb (0.8 to 1.2 ppm) and Y (9.5 to 16.6 ppm) contents, resulting in high La/Yb (29–58) and Sr/Y (43–92) ratios, as well as relatively high MgO contents and Mg no., similar to the compositions of adakites formed by slab melting in subduction zones. However, the adakitic rocks in the Qiangtang block are characterized by relatively low εNd(t) values (−3.8 to −5.0) and highly radiogenic Sr ((87Sr/86Sr)i=0.706–0.708), which are inconsistent with an origin by slab melting. The geochemistry and tectonics indicate that the adakitic volcanic rocks were most likely derived from partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust. As the pristine adakitic melts rose, they interacted with the surrounding mantle peridotite, elevating their MgO values and Mg numbers.
C1-stably shadowable chain components
Authors: SAKAI KAZUHIRO
Published: March 2008

Letpbe a hyperbolic periodic saddle of a diffeomorphismfon a closed$C^\infty $manifoldM, and letCf(p) be the chain component offcontainingp. In this paper, we show that ifCf(p) isC1-stably shadowable, then (i) Cf(p) is the homoclinic class ofpand admits a dominated splitting$E \oplus F$(where the dimension ofEis equal to that of the stable eigenspace ofp); (ii) theCf(p)-germ offis expansive if and only ifCf(p) is hyperbolic; and (iii) whenMis a surface,Cf(p) is locally maximal if and only ifCf(p) is hyperbolic.
THE INTELLECTUAL ORIGINS OF TOCQUEVILLE'SL'ANCIEN RÉGIME ET LA RÉVOLUTION
Authors: DE DIJN ANNELIEN
Published: March 2008

This essay shows that the central core of Tocqueville's book, its condemnation of the centralist state of the Old Regime, can be placed in a specific tradition in French political thought—the legitimist critique of centralization. Long before the publication ofL'Ancien Régime et la Révolution, the legitimists had made the problem of centralization into one of their central themes, and they had come to attribute all of France's ills to the centralist legacy. As this essay illustrates, the particular vocabulary and arguments used by the legitimists to describe the nefarious effects of centralization on the French body politic showed a considerable resemblance to the language used by Tocqueville inL'Ancien Régime et la Révolution. Indeed, this resemblance is so striking that, while direct influence is difficult to pinpoint, the legitimist publicists and political thinkers discussed in this essay—many of whom were friends or acquaintances of Tocqueville's—contributed in an important way to shaping the linguistic universe in whichL'Ancien Régime et la Révolutionwas created.
DEMONS IN HINDUTVA: WRITING A THEOLOGY FOR HINDU NATIONALISM
Authors: PIRBHAI M. REZA
Published: March 2008

This article explores the vast body of English language works on Hinduism published since 1981 by Voice of India—an influential right-wing Hindu publishing house headquartered in New Delhi, but contributed to by Indians at “home” and in diasporic communities, as well as Europeans and North Americans. Focus on the construction of the Hindu “Self” and the non-Hindu “Other” shows the manner in which European thought, primarily represented by the contributions of colonial-era British and German indologists, but bolstered by evangelicals, Utilitarians and Arabo-Islamicists from the same era, has become an important feature of postcolonial forms of Hinduism. In particular, the influence of fin de siècle German indologist Paul Deussen, mediated by such colonial-era Hindu thinkers as Swami Dayananda, Swami Vivekananda, Sri Aurobindo Ghose and Mahatma Gandhi, not only defines Voice of India's theology, but leads to the construction of a Hindu Self that is the personification of “Aryan godliness” and a non-Hindu Other that is essentialized as a “Semitic Demon.” Although closely associated with and often serving the political initiatives of the Sangh Parivar, the authors of this theology have been kept at arm's length by the organization for reasons of political expediency. Both the growing network of contributors to and consumers of this view, and its periodic use by the Sangh Parivar, insure that it represents a significant development in the ideology of Hindutva.
THE PREDICAMENT OF EXPERIENCE
Authors: MAH HAROLD
Published: March 2008

Every discipline has its foundational terms, those words that practitioners use to name what they study, or how they study, or why that study is valid. These terms often go unscrutinized when a discipline is up and running, but in the formative stages of a discipline and in periods of contention or crisis they often become subject to intensive criticism and attempts at redefinition. Challenging foundational terms is no simple task. Because they are foundational, they are difficult to do without, even by those who would reject them. They are often used or assumed by those who question them, and after intensive questioning is done they often simply recur, even in their most unquestioned, naive form. The “foundational” nature of foundational terms, one begins to see, is not just a matter of a basic organizing concept or a description of some natural process, but of a term that is invested with aspirations of different sorts. The term also offers authorization to interpret, enacts a wish, suggests a cultural utopia, or puts in place a political program. The density of functions found in foundational terms guarantees that even the most questioned term will return.
THOUGHT, CULTURE, AND POWER: REFLECTIONS OF A RUSSIANIST
Authors: WORTMAN RICHARD
Published: March 2008

Looking back on the evolution of my scholarship over five decades, I am struck both by my constant fascination with how systems of thought enthralled and inspired historical figures and by my approach to the changing subjects that became the object of this fascination. The ideas and sentiments propounded by great philosophers and writers established a necessary background for my work, but what engaged my interest and stirred my imagination was the varied ways these ideas were understood and acted upon. It was my reflection on the transformation of ideas into conscious views of the world that prompted my three research projects: the populists of the 1870s and 1880s, the legal reformers of the nineteenth century, and the emperors of Russia.
IN PUBLIC, OR ELSEWHERE: STEFAN COLLINI ON INTELLECTUALS
Authors: ROBBINS BRUCE
Published: March 2008

The subject of Stefan Collini's Absent Minds is a “rich tradition of debate about the question of intellectuals” in twentieth-century Britain, in particular debate about “their absence or comparative insignificance” (1). The debate begins with the Dreyfus Affair and its unpredictable British reception (the queen, for example, was a believer in Dreyfus's innocence), simmers intriguingly through the 1920s and 1930s, and becomes positively effervescent in the 1950s, perhaps because of a new democratization of the public sphere. Collini is less interested in the possible historical causes than in the rhetorical structure that persists, swirling around figures as different as T. S. Eliot, R. G. Collingwood, George Orwell, A. J. P. Taylor, and A. J. Ayer, each of whom gets a full-length profile. Other chapters mix shorter profiles—for example, the devastatingly funny discussion of Colin Wilson and the authorities who briefly and embarrassingly made him a star in their firmament—with synthesis of the debate over intellectuals at different scales (for example, how it was shaped by particular periodicals and by the transition to electronic media) and in different national settings. Coming closer to the present, Collini admires Edward Said for what he did as an intellectual while disputing what he said about intellectuals—a celebration of rigorous exile from all social belonging, which could only leave the category of the intellectual looking almost totally uninhabited. The move turns out to be characteristic: it is as if Collini felt he could win a proper admiration for what intellectuals do only by rejecting most of their self-images, or evasion thereof.
Global changes in extreme daily temperature since 1950
Authors: Brown S. J. , Caesar J. , Ferro C. A. T.
Published: March 2008

Extreme value analysis of observed daily temperature anomalies from a new quasi‐global data set indicates that extreme daily maximum and minimum temperatures (>98.5 or <1.5 percentile) have warmed for most regions since 1950. Changes in extreme anomalous daily temperatures are determined by fitting extreme value distributions with time‐varying parameters. Changes in the distribution of anomaly exceedances above a high threshold are found to be statistically significant at the 10% level for most land areas when compared with a time‐invariant distribution and with the unforced natural variability produced by a coupled climate model. The largest positive trends in the location parameter of the extreme distribution are found in Canada and Eurasia where daily maximum temperatures have typically warmed by 1 to 3°C since 1950. The total area exhibiting positive trends is significantly greater than can be attributed to unforced natural variability. For most regions, positive trend magnitudes are larger and cover a greater area for daily minimum temperatures than for maximum temperatures. The comparatively small areas of cooling are found to be consistent with unforced natural climate variability. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is found to have a significant influence on extreme winter daily temperatures for many areas, with a negative NAO of one standard deviation reducing expected extreme winter daily temperatures by ∼2°C over Eurasia but increasing temperatures over northeastern North America.
Effect of plume processes on aircraft impact
Authors: Vohralik P. F. , Randeniya L. K. , Plumb I. C. , Baughcum S. L.
Published: March 2008

A versatile Gaussian plume model has been developed and used to investigate the chemistry in expanding aircraft plumes for a wide range of conditions, including the plume expansion rate, the composition of the background atmosphere, and the total time of the plume integration. The dependence of plume processing on altitude, latitude and season has been investigated in order to generate plume parameterizations for use in global models. Two different parameterizations have been compared. The results of the two parameterizations have been incorporated into a global model to assess the importance of plume processing on calculated aircraft impact. In contrast to a previous plume study, which found reductions of 20–35% in aircraft‐induced NOx at cruise altitude and 10–12% smaller column ozone changes at northern midlatitudes when plume effects were incorporated, results from the present study suggest that plume processing has only a small effect on the calculated aircraft impact on ozone at subsonic cruise altitudes. Both plume parameterizations gave small changes in ozone perturbations, suggesting that differences between previous modeling studies are not due primarily to the different parameterizations used in those studies.
A siliceous microfossil view of middle Eocene Arctic paleoenvironments: A window of biosilica production and preservation
Authors: Stickley Catherine E. , Koç Nalân , Brumsack Hans‐Jürgen , Jordan Richard W. , Suto Itsuki
Published: March 2008

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 302, “The Arctic Coring Expedition” (ACEX), unearthed the most significant find of Paleogene siliceous microfossils in nearly 2 decades. 100 m of early middle Eocene, organic‐rich, finely laminated sediments contain abundant marine and freshwater siliceous microfossils allowing intriguing insights into central Arctic paleoenvironments during the start of Cenozoic cooling. Largely endemic assemblages of marine diatoms and ebridians are preserved along with very high abundances of chrysophyte cysts, the endogenously formed resting stage of freshwater algae. An overall brackish environment is invoked, but variations in group dominance suggest episodic changes in salinity, stratification, and trophic status. With the backing of inorganic geochemistry we synthesize the sediment characteristics by hypothesizing an environmental model for the cooccurrence of these diverse siliceous microfossil groups. We also report on initial insights into the composition of some of the laminations, which may help explain the formation of this rich sediment archive.
Howat Receives 2007 Cryosphere Young Investigator Award
Authors: Tulaczyk Slawek M. , Howat Ian M.
Published: March 2008

I have had the great pleasure of knowing Ian M. Howat over the past seven and a half years and to benefit from his great intellect, rock‐solid work ethics, and collegiality. I have been always impressed by his ability to stay focused on science while collecting field data in Antarctica and Iceland, or during long periods of computational work at UCSC. It is terrific to now see Ian receive the 2007 AGU Cryosphere Young Investigator Award for his major contribution to understanding recent, rapid changes in ice discharge from Greenland outlet glaciers.

In 2005, Ian, then still a graduate student, was the first scientist to document that major outlet glaciers in SE Greenland experienced dramatic acceleration and thinning in the first half of this decade. His findings represent a timely addition to the scientific effort aimed at evaluating the stability of the Greenland ice sheet and its potential contribution to near‐future sea level rise. Ian's research results drew the attention of national and international media. They also helped motivate a number of subsequent scientific studies of Greenland outlet glaciers. In the process of doing his groundbreaking work, Ian made a significant technological improvement in the feature‐ tracking software used to calculate glacier flow velocities from satellite images.