bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressing Inequalities in the Music Industry before, during, and after COVID-19
Authors: Annetts Deborah , Bain Vick , Collins Chris , Karunasaagarar, and Dr. Kathryn Williams Vinota
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the work of the UK’s Independent Society of Musicians (ISM) in tackling inequalities within the classical music industry and the wider music sector. It offers a brief outline of research into existing inequalities, before focusing on the ISM’s work to address equality and diversity through the Dignity at Work campaign. The campaign was launched in 2017 and has produced three reports that explore the prevalence of discrimination within the music sector: Dignity at Work, Dignity in Study (produced jointly with the Musicians’ Union and Equity), and Dignity at Work 2: Discrimination in the music sector. The chapter then examines the effect of the pandemic upon musicians, many of whom were self-employed and whose livelihoods were negatively affected by the measures introduced by the government to curb the spread of COVID-19; and how the ISM’s campaigning work evolved through the pandemic to include calls for improved support for musicians financially and to help them return to performing.
Planning and Paying for Streets in Cities in the Pre-Freeway Automobile Era
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

Between 1908 and 1929, the automobile became the primary means of transportation in the United States. But it also brought with it a set of new urban traffic-congestion problems. Concerned local officials engaged the services of planners and engineers who responded with increasingly sophisticated traffic regulations, as well as major street improvements. Their plans not only reflected a desire for civic grandeur, but also included practical solutions for congestion, though the two aspirations were sometimes at odds. As their interventions grew more elaborate, and costlier, elected officials had to devise new means of paying for urban roads.
Sherpas on the Moon
Authors: Weibel Deana
Published: February 2023

“Sherpas on the Moon: The Case for Including ‘Native Guides’ in Space Exploration” discusses questions about the role of the “native guide” in the history of exploration and what role might be played by Indigenous communities in the exploration of outer space. The historically downplayed importance of Indigenous explorers and overemphasized contributions of scholars and adventurers from colonial powers are linked to the contemporary practice of intellectually marginalizing certain populations as well as excluding from space exploration countries and peoples not deemed adequately technologically advanced. This chapter discusses astronomical knowledge of Indigenous groups and skills developed by non-Western populations with a history of exploration, knowledge, and skills that are likely transferable to other situations. It concludes that including Sherpas (and other groups) in lunar expeditions and other human space exploration voyages is essential both from the perspective of human rights and for the viability of homo sapiens on other worlds.
Starlink or Stargazing
Authors: Masson-Zwaan Tanja
Published: February 2023

“Starlink or Stargazing: Will Commerce Outshine Science?” addresses the potential conflict between space science and space commerce, discussing possible solutions. Increasing trends in commercialization and privatization of space activities mean it is becoming increasingly difficult for national authorities to balance the valid but potentially conflicting interests of various stakeholders. Low Earth orbit is becoming increasingly contested and congested. One of the consequences is a sharp increase of interference by (commercial) large satellite constellations with (publicly funded) astronomy. This chapter argues that some early suggestions emanating from the astronomical community are not legally sound, and that focus should instead be shifted to more viable legal arguments to ensure a balanced consideration of the interests of all legitimate stakeholders in the exploration and use of outer space. It urges governments and the international space governance community to acknowledge their responsibility, before the dark skies and accessible internet are lost for future generations.
Deconstructing and Reprivileging the Education System for Space
Authors: de Vigne Janet
Published: February 2023

“Deconstructing and Reprivileging the Education System for Space” examines differences between examples of future education represented in science fiction, arguing that decolonizing and reinventing the curriculum would be desirable and essential for its future success. There is a growing focus on exposing the flaws in Western-centric educational systems and a developing awareness of what it might mean to decolonize the curriculum. Education currently privileges the few, because of the socioeconomic inequities of race and gender inherent in the present hegemonies, but also those present in models defining and propagating “knowledge”: ability, difference, sustainability, and culture. A reinvented curriculum would aim to equip all participants to flourish through deep, plurilingual, and pluricultural approaches to learning. This chapter discusses algorithmic, personalized models of child-centered learning, positioning Indigenous and Western ways of knowing as equal and in opposition to the flawed social reproduction of today in preparation for an inevitable move into space.
Sacred Rivals
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

Sacred Rivals focuses on French Catholic ideas about Islam and Arab-ness—“Catholic orientalism”—in the context of religious culture wars in France and missionary work in colonial Algeria. Relying on research from ten different public and private archives, the book tacks back and forth between the way the stereotype of “Islam” was used and abused in religious and political debates in French society; and fine-grained stories of actual missionary encounters with Muslims in Algeria, where missionaries and their potential converts came into intimate, daily contact. Bringing domestic French representations together with colonial realities of Islamo-Christian contact, this book uncovers how Catholic ideas about Islam influenced and were influenced by missionary experiences. Counter-intuitively, it was sometimes the most conservative Catholics who spoke most sympathetically of Muslim religiosity, because they felt embattled by the rise of secularization in France, optimistic about the sudden opportunity for Catholic missions in Algeria, and envious of the apparent piety and unity of Muslim society. By contrast, “liberal,” mainstream Catholics—who loudly professed their respect for the liberty of Muslim consciences and hence their opposition to Catholic missions in French Algeria—were often quicker to denigrate Islam as backward, fanatical, and dangerously theocratic. As the century wore on, and as Catholics increasingly came to identify with France’s more secular “civilizing mission,” the conservatives’ admiration for Islam would be eclipsed by a more racialized, colonialist orientalism. Disillusioned with the possibility of Muslim conversion and seeking an explanation for their failure, even missionaries in Algeria joined in with racially-coded attacks on “Arab” Islam.
God and Caesar
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

Chapter two sketches out the realities of missionary and colonial administrator conflict in Algeria, especially where Jesuit missionaries were concerned. The chapter traces the history of several Jesuit attempts to evangelize Algerian Muslims, perhaps inspired by the philo-Islamic optimism of Veuillot and other French conservatives. Jesuit attempts to proselytize among Muslims were galling to laic administrators. The military administrators of the Arab Offices wanted to convince their colonial subjects that religion was an internal matter and that they could thus accept the benefits of French civilization, medicine, or governance without compromising their religious belonging. The Jesuits, on the contrary, wanted to preserve the all-pervasive religiosity of indigenous society, yet to transfer that theocratic religious loyalty to themselves, the Christian marabouts.
Compel Them to Come
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

Chapter Seven focuses on the education of the Algerian orphans Lavigerie adopted from the famine, and especially the orphans selected for special attention at the petit séminaire indigène. Examining the operation of this “indigenous” seminary closely reveals how Lavigerie and the White Fathers put their ethnographic assumptions into practice. These children were governed according to racialized assumptions about Arab laziness and immorality. Lavigerie moved these Algerian seminarians to the south of France, where some died, and others were expelled for misconduct. The most successful among them went on to study medicine at Lille, in the hopes that they might at least give medical assistance to the White Fathers’ missions. But even these French-educated medical students could not escape the colonial racism of the “indigenous code.”
Epilogue
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

The Epilogue looks to the “Antislavery Crusade” of c. 1890 and other turn of the century manifestations of anti-Muslim solidarity to illustrate how far Catholics had come in vilifying Islam and siding with secular France’s imperial “civilizing mission.” There follows a brief survey of developments in French attitudes towards the “Muslim world” since the era of Algerian decolonization. Today, much like in the nineteenth century, right-wing agitators still occasionally pose as admirers of Islam in order to score points against the supposedly liberal, decadent West. But more common—from the Rassemblement National to more mainstream groups—is the “liberal Catholic” discourse, claiming that Islam lacks religious tolerance while simultaneously defending a culturally Christian vision of France.
Development of Mitochondrial Replacement Therapies
Authors: Mann Jeffrey R. , Herbert Mary , Zander-Fox Deirdre L. , Adhikari Deepak , Carroll John
Published: February 2023

Positive impacts on human health can occasionally arise from adopting techniques and approaches developed for entirely different purposes. Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), also referred to as mitochondrial donation, is an example. Its origins date back to the development of embryo micromanipulation techniques in the 1980s. These techniques, originally designed to investigate how the nucleus and cytoplasm interact to instruct the process of embryonic development, are now on the cusp of being introduced into the clinic as the only realistic hope for preventing the propagation of a debilitating set of genetic diseases. While there is little doubt that the risk associated with carrying out these long-established techniques is far outweighed by the clinical impact of preventing genetic disease, their adoption represents an unprecedented level of intervention in early human development. The authors reassess development of the technologies using a lens which may inform and improve their adoption into clinical practice.
Why We Hate
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: February 2023

Humans are such violent and hate-filled animals. At the group level, think of the endless wars—First World War, Second Word War, Korea, Vietnam, and so the dismal list expands. At the individual level, humans show hatred and suspicion—prejudice—against fellow humans. Outsiders, class, color, sexual orientation, handicap, religion, women. The Mexican wall. Brexit. There are few characteristics that people have not at some time despised and use as the basis for belittlement and exclusion. How does this book speak to this paradox? In one word: agriculture. Ten thousand years ago humans changed from hunter-gatherers into farmers, and with this came unexpected consequences. A massive population growth, coveting of each other’s property, women reduced to little more than childbearing, and so much more. Culture changes far faster than biology: “Our modern skulls house a Stone age mind.” This is the challenge faced in Why We Hate: The Roots of Human Conflict. First comes the empirical background; next problems of war and prejudice are discussed in the light of previous analyses of these topics; finally, the empirical and the cultural are brought together and suggestions are offered for a more understanding and happier future.
Introduction
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: February 2023

Humans are evolved primates, modeled by the Darwinian agency of natural selection. It is important to understand the nature of this selection. It works always for, and only for, the reproductive success of the individual, the single human, and relatives who can aid the individual by proxy. Selection never works for the good of the group. Pure altruism, giving without return, does not exist. This explains the human paradox. It is in the individual’s interests to be social; but, if threatened, the individual can as readily turn nasty. There is no inborn compulsion to be nice to those who do not reciprocate. Hatred emerges.
The Biology of Prejudice
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: February 2023

What is prejudice? A hostile attitude to other human beings. What is its source? Here, this chapter refers to a division between ingroup—those in one’s group or class or society—and outgroup—those who are not, although today with our huge societies, there can be internal fragmentation into ingroup and outgroup. Ingroup bias is primary. It is to others in their group that people look for help, which they reciprocate. If an outgroup poses no threat, its members can simply be ignored. However, if an outgroup starts to threaten—for instance by taking our goods or our women or simply pushing us aside—evolved emotions emerge, and hatred and suspicion and struggle ensue as the outgroup is excluded.
The Culture of Prejudice
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: February 2023

This chapter covers prejudice in its various forms, from the side of culture—history, literature, religion (including theology), philosophy, and more—drawing on causal hypotheses based on thinking about in-group versus out-group demands. The aim is to try to identify similarities and differences in our attitudes, friendly or otherwise, towards outsiders. Building on the Darwinian-grounded scientific treatment of chapter 2, particularly about the selective factors operative when we were hunter-gatherers, now pushed sideways by the coming of agriculture, topics covered include foreigners, immigrants, class, race (including slavery), sexual orientation, religion, disability, Jews, and women. It is shown that although each topic has its own particular issues, there are common threads running through all cases of prejudice.
Moving Forward
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: February 2023

Judgements about hatred are a function both of the facts and of the moral judgements made about them. The chapter opens, appropriately, with a discussion of morality, arguing that all moral systems come together in arguing that the good is thinking and behaving in ways that our natural to human beings. Armed with this insight, we return to the topics of the whole book—war and prejudice—and argue that, with increasing self-knowledge, there is the possibility of reversing the cultural consequences that came with the turn of hunter-gatherers to agriculture. This optimism is encouraged by the progress already made, both in restraining conduct in war and in moving to reduce prejudice against those targeted.
Busoni’s Architectural Structures
Authors: Knyt Erinn E.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 elucidates Busoni’s evolving approach to musical structure, showing that Busoni’s early approach was organicist, while his mature approach also included the design of musical montages. Furthermore, it reveals that architectural principles provided him with ideas about how to move beyond linear formal models to achieve these new structures. In two pieces, the Piano Concerto, BV 39 (1906), and the two-piano version of the Fantasia contrappuntistica, BV 256b (1922), Busoni illustrated his conception of the structures with architectural drawings. In many instances, specific architectural styles were catalysts for his idiosyncratic formal approaches. Furthermore, the chapter reveals parallels between Busoni’s ideas and those of contemporary Jugendstil architects as well as those at the Weimar Bauhaus. For instance, it shows similarities between Oskar Schlemmer’s “ambulant architecture” in the Triadisches Ballet and Busoni’s textural layering in Arlecchino, BV 270.
In Search of Jonathan
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia
Published: February 2023

This book analyses the character of Jonathan in 1 Sam 13–2 Sam 1 and in contemporary fiction. The first part of each chapter is devoted to the literary portrayal of Jonathan in the final form of the biblical text. It seeks to establish an interpretation that allows Jonathan to be read as a psychologically cohesive character. This part raises a series of questions. What kind of man is Jonathan who shows initiative, daring, and clear leadership ability (1 Sam 13–14), yet also is willing to lay down his crown before the usurper David’s feet in humble submission (1 Sam 18–23)? What kind of son is Jonathan who rebels against Saul and takes David’s part in the conflict between the two men, yet remains loyal to his father until the bitter end on Mt Gilboa? The second part of each chapter investigates the depictions of Jonathan in contemporary fiction, with focus on novels, short stories, and poetry. It explores how a wide range of modern retellings of the David saga highlight, transform, and subvert the biblical portrayal of Jonathan. This part responds to the series of questions raised in the first part. Together, the two parts demonstrate how fictional retellings both deepen and challenge the ways that scholars interpret the biblical text.
Jonathan, Homoeroticism, and Masculinity
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia
Published: February 2023

Jonathan’s relationship with David, whether platonic or homoerotic, plays an important role in any study of Jonathan. This chapter opens with a succinct history of interpretation of the homoerotic nuances in the biblical texts, in dialogue with ancient Near Eastern texts and modern scholarship. It likewise provides a concise discussion of masculinity studies and their relevance for understanding the relationship between Jonathan and David. The chapter highlights the inherent ambiguity of the descriptions of Jonathan in 1–2 Samuel. Jonathan comes across as a very masculine man, as exemplified by his military heroism, articulate and eloquent speech, and judicious and upright personality. At the same time, he defies gender expectations in his relationship with David, for whose sake he gives up his own claim to the throne in humble adoration. Overall, Jonathan becomes a more coherent character when the readers assume that his feelings for David have erotic undercurrents.
A Little Bit of Honey (1 Samuel 13–14)
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the portrayal of Jonathan in 1 Samuel 13–14 and in the selected modern fictional retellings. It investigates the relationship between Jonathan and his father Saul, with focus, on the one hand, on Jonathan’s lack of obedience to and concomitant defiance of his father, and, on the other hand, Saul’s jealousy of his son and his ultimate willingness to have him killed. It also investigates the exact meaning and implication of Saul’s soldiers’ decision to ‘redeem’ Jonathan, understood to mean that another man dies in Jonathan’s stead. As a result, Jonathan can be read as a charming mixture of a courageous, defiant, and frank youngster, who becomes wrecked with guilt for having allowed someone else to die for him. This reading, in turn, provides a possible explanation for Jonathan’s later willingness to lay down his life for David.
The Neglected Princess (1 Samuel 19:1–7)
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the portrayal of Jonathan in 1 Samuel 19:1–7 and in the selected modern fictional retellings. It investigates Jonathan’s position between his father and David. At the same time, it also examines the ways in which the three Saulides (Saul, Jonathan, and Michal) compete for David’s love, with focus on how interpreters may envisage these interpersonal relationships and what light they shed on Jonathan’s character. The parallel but also contrasting roles that Jonathan and his sister Michal play highlight the excluding character of homosociability. Jonathan and David’s relationship preserves and reinforces the gender structures of the surrounding patriarchal society, with the result that Michal is pushed into the margins of the narrative. Michal, being a woman, cannot compete against her brother for David’s attention.
The Wounded Gazelle (1 Samuel 31 and 2 Samuel 1)
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the portrayal of Jonathan in 1 Sam 31 and in David’s lament in 2 Sam 1:17–23, as well as in the selected modern fictional retellings. It ponders the motivation behind Saul’s decision to face the Philistines on Mt Gilboa, despite his foreknowledge that the battle would be lost (1 Sam 28:19) and to what extent his foreknowledge makes him culpable for Jonathan’s death. It also discusses Jonathan’s decision to remain at his father’s side rather than joining David and how some retellings transform Jonathan’s death into an act of self-sacrifice. Turning to David, the chapter investigates his decision to remain with the Philistines rather than either fighting Saul and Jonathan or join them. It also asks to what extent David’s reaction upon hearing about Jonathan’s death is a sincere outpouring of grief or a play for the galleries.
Politeness Is Political
Authors: Gayle Mahalia
Published: February 2023

If, when we look at France, we see in its history only the era in which Liberté, Fraternité, and Égalité were regnant, we are guilty of a misreading rooted in the success those notions have had over the past two centuries and in the extent to which most people are invested in them. My paper will take the reader back in time to the birthplace of the notion of equality which has made such worldwide gains that it is easy to forget the violent resistance that this notion encountered at its inception. The politeness Bergson promotes in his speech is related to the aristocratic spirit of distinction and is caught up in a web of values which lends a very different meaning to the terms Liberté, Fraternité, and Égalité, with which we are so familiar. Bergson’s speech is historically contextualized to reveal the way in which he connects the terms of the motto of the French Republic with elite interpretations of the words; interpretations that radically diverge from popular notions thereof.
Programming Politeness
Authors: Murphy Keith M.
Published: February 2023

In his 1892 essay “Politeness”—a modest sort of “mirror for princes” addressed to students at one of France’s most acclaimed lycées—Henri Bergson described and promoted what amounts to a basic mechanics for harmonious interaction. He outlines three different forms of politeness, including “of minds,” “of manners,” and “of the heart,” each of which corresponds with the three most French of virtues—liberty, equality, and fraternity. The core of his argument is that through the enactment of politeness, whose effects are felt at multiple scales, from the interpersonal to the polity, a better and more just world will emerge. This argument resonates deeply with similar orientations in the world of design that also operate from a more contemporary position of social improvement. This chapter expands on its author’s earlier argument that design is a fundamental vector through which humans provision for each other the basic conditions for living. Bergson’s notion of politeness is used to show that debates about relative “goodness” or relative “badness” that haunt many design disciplines are, just below the surface, really debates about the ethical stances that humans take toward one other—but at one-degree removed, mediated through the forms of designed things. The discussion is organized around two complementary cases—“polite computing” and the design of “useable” software; and “hostile architecture” and the design of antagonistic spaces.
Introduction
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: February 2023

A telephone strike by the Brotherhood of Electrical Workers seemed all but certain to curtail the media-dependent 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago. At the last minute, however, the city’s Democratic Mayor Daley, working with local union leaders, reached a back-room agreement. This arrangement undercut the strike. It also entailed that, to the anger of many Convention delegates, TV coverage of the anti-Vietnam war protests and police rioting that were taking place on the streets outside was limited and delayed. This episode exemplifies a long-lasting and general feature of US telecommunications history: that networks have both shaped and been shaped by a divided US society. From the Post Office to the internet, telecommunications systems have interacted with social power relations, and been caught up in recurrent structural conflicts and struggles for justice by workers, consumers, political radicals and reformers. Crossed Wires’ broad sweep necessitates reliance on an unusually extensive secondary historical scholarship. Getting close to the ideas and priorities held by people who built and operated successive telecommunications systems, and who clamored to have use of them, also mandates a second research strategy: intensive reliance on specialized libraries and archives, seeking traces of their thinking: posters, circulars, news-sheets, letters, union records, and the like. A precis of the book provides a chapter-by-chapter itinerary.
Consumption and Public Utility
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: February 2023

Nascent during the 1920s, established during the Depression, and bearing fruit throughout the early postwar decades, were public utility–based programs to expand and enhance mass-purchasing power. Infrastructure-reliant household services, from indoor plumbing and electricity to telephones were essential to this program. In telecommunications, however, its results were disparate. One of the nation’s network infrastructures—the telegraph, always a specialized business service—became moribund. During the 1930s, by contrast, the Post Office was modernized and enlarged to support both civic and commercial functions. In the decades after World War II, its role as a conduit for commodity circulation became ever more dominant. The telephone system underwent an epic technological upgrade as federal and state regulators engineered inclusion: upward of 90 percent of US households enjoyed telephone service by the 1970s. However, the network was again concurrently reoriented around the marketing and consumption of commodities, including telephones themselves.
Philosophical Researchers’ Aims and Processes
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the primary aims of philosophical research and the key processes that philosophical researchers may use when developing their arguments. A typical process includes constructing a philosophical problem; building an argument through critique, extension, creation, and/or defining terms; and aiming to guide practice. Philosophical researchers aim to illuminate and investigate individuals’ unconscious beliefs, principles, values, and assumptions in order to imagine what could be. Such action necessitates identifying and describing a problem within present music teaching and learning practices. High-quality philosophical research addresses problems that are sufficiently narrow (focusing on a limited aspect of a single complex topic), realistic (resonating with many music educators’ past and present encounters), and significant (dealing with a pervasive and timely topic). Philosophical researchers might start their problem construction process with the question “What are currently the most pressing problems within the profession?” Philosophical researchers can explain and justify these problems through real or hypothetical narratives as well as texts. Having detailed a problem, philosophical researchers often build their arguments through combinations of critique, extension, and creation. Importantly, philosophical researchers define and clarify terms central to their inquiry. While philosophical researchers aim to guide practice, they typically avoid proposing prescribed solutions.
Considerations of Quality in Qualitative Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

This chapter describes how excellence and quality can be demonstrated in qualitative research and provides criteria for discerning these qualities as a consumer of qualitative reports. Researchers are advised to make carefully considered choices about the terms they adopt, such as “validation,” “verification,” “credibility,” and “trustworthiness,” for describing qualitative inquiry. The chapter discusses design elements and validation strategies that researchers can use to enhance the credibility of their research, as well as ways that research participants and external reviewers can be involved in these processes. Strategic actions that researchers can take include pursuing triangulation or crystallization, presenting negative case analysis, engaging in reflexive practices, and taking steps to recognize and manage their own subjectivity. Participants can be actively engaged in validation through member reflections, by interacting with the researcher in the field over a prolonged period of time, or through more intense collaboration with researchers in various phases of the research. Additional validation strategies call for external reviewers to audit the research process and products and for readers to assess the potential transferability of research findings based on thick description provided by the researcher. We conclude the chapter with guiding questions readers can use to discern quality in the research reports they consume.
Experimental Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

This chapter is an introduction to experimental design. Experimental research designs are used to address questions of cause and effect, such as “What can be?” and “What if?” A simple definition of experimental research is that a primary independent variable (e.g., a new teaching method) is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on a dependent variable (the outcome). Researchers conducting experiments generally set out to test a particular theory and/or hypothesis about some aspect of music teaching or learning. As first steps, the researcher will clarify the problem under consideration, provide a rationale or the need for the study, and conduct a thorough review of literature related to the problem. After clearly defining the research problem, researchers write a statement of purpose, followed by research questions and/or hypotheses. The methods section typically includes detailed descriptions of how the study was organized and conducted, including information on the participants; measures of the outcome, equipment, and materials; and procedures. After an analysis of the data collected, the results are presented by answering each of the research questions. In the final section, the research report describes the conclusions reached based on the results. Another type of experimental research is ex post facto research, which is conducted after a treatment has already occurred.
Descriptive Statistics
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

This chapter introduces descriptive statistics, that is, how numbers are used to summarize and describe data gathered in quantitative research. Prior to analysis, it’s important to examine the values in your database (i.e., spreadsheet) and examine it for data entry errors or anomalies. Next, you should always visualize your data via plots and summarize the data by calculating measures of frequency, central tendency, and variability. For interval-/ratio-level data, you can also create histograms and box plots to visualize frequency distributions. The mean, median, and mode are measures of central tendency that will help you understand the most “representative” or “typical” single value. In a normal distribution (i.e., bell curve), the mean, median, and mode are the same. Interval-/ratio-level data are also often described according to the degree to which the values follow the shape of normal distribution properties. Measures of variability provide the degree of spread among values in a distribution. These include minimum/maximum values, range, variance, standard deviation, and quartiles. When data do not conform to a normal distribution, indices other than the mean and standard deviation, such as the median, mode, minimum, maximum, range, and quartiles, should be used to describe the central tendency and variability of that variable. Frequency counts and percentages are often used to summarize ordinal- and nominal-level data, and bar plots are used to visualize such data.
Free people rule the law
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

The theses in this section critique the idea of the Rule of Law as an unqualified good. They show how law has been a tool for injustice. This is shown through infamous American legal cases upholding the maintenance of slavery and racial hierarchy; forced sterilization; and Japanese internment. More than that, they show that the structure of law itself is at odds with democracy. Free people are not simply under the Rule of Law, they must rule the law. To paraphrase, James Baldwin, law should be not our master but our servant. Ruling the law refers not to the coherence of a legal system or to past precedent, but to justice. The capacity for judgment is necessary to free people in every aspect of their lives. The final these argue that the people have good judgment. Not only does democracy depend on truth, truth depends on an open democratic environment.
Taxes
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

This thesis is a defense of taxes and taxation even among the anarchic people of wild democracy. As Thomas Paine argued, free people tax themselves willingly. Taxes are how the people pay for work they choose to do together. Talk about the government “sticking its hand in your pocket” or “robbing you” is true under monarchs and dictators but it is absurd when people rule themselves. The language of “wealth creators”, ”givers” and “takers” is arrogant and unpatriotic. Economists teach people to see the national greatness in the size of a nation’s GDP or the wealth of millionaires and billionaires. This thesis argues that free people take pride not in these things, but in the welfare and prosperity of their people.
Force is the enemy of the free
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

The theses in this section address the problem of force: from military power to private weaponry. The opening theses discuss the threat military power poses to all democracies, and how to address that. They argue that free people go to war together or not at all. Decisions about war should be made only when virtually all people assume the burdens and the risks of war. The next thesis argues that private weapon pose a similar threat. Contrary to the arguments for gun rights, Norton argues that private weapons are largely aimed not at the state, not at the government, but at us. Everyone who aims a gun at you is claiming an absolute and tyrannical authority over you. The aim is not personal protection or the right of revolution, but undemocratic power. The final theses argue that punishment and policing both demean free people.
Introduction to Furno
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents preliminary information concerning the study of Giovanni Furno’s ten partimenti. Readers learn what a partimento is and how it is to be studied, and a system of solving partimenti known as “recognize, realize, stylize.” The chapter explains the limits of the Roman numeral system of musical analysis and why thinking in partimento terms is better for improvisation. A brief overview of figured bass explains that technique’s basics. The chapter explains Rule of the Octave in major and minor keys along with the 4-6 Exceptions, and provides instruction in how these ideas are to be studied. The chapter concludes with recommendations for practicing Rule of the Octave.
Bass Motions in Invertible Counterpoint
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains the ways in which common bass motions may be combined in invertible counterpoint, resulting in the rapid construction of complex contrapuntal structures. The chapter explains that the motions C5 and Cascade are often combined with descending scales to form passages of rich harmony and counterpoint. Many exercises allow the reader to practice combining bass motions at the keyboard.
Presentation
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains the section of a fugue known as the presentation, in which the subject appears one or more times in a given tonality. Topics covered include Gedalge’s order of tonalities and the characteristics of the presentation. The chapter presents plans for organizing presentations into the larger structure of an improvised fugue.
Solitude, Silence, and Mindfulness
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: February 2023

Recognizing the benefits and challenges of silence, solitude, and mindfulness with respect to resilience is discussed. Among such rewards for taking out time in silence, and possibly solitude, include becoming more sensitive to the compulsions in our lives; allowing us to experience the importance of love and acceptance and acknowledging the silliness and waste involved in condemning and judging others; an increase in the ability to hear the gentle inner voice that reflects the spiritual sound of simplicity; and seeing the connection between being mindful and helpful to others under stress. Resistance to taking out time for meditation or alone time (sitting or walking in silence and solitude or being reflective even when in a group) is also discussed. The simple elements of structured time for mindfulness meditation are included as well and a “structured listening-reflective exercise” is provided. Three quotes from seminal writers on mindfulness are also included: Andrew Weiss, Bhante Henepola Gunaratana, and Joh Kabat-Zinn.
#Help
Authors: Johns Fleur
Published: February 2023

Like many other areas of life, humanitarian practice and thinking are being transformed by information and communications technology. Yet the growing digitization of humanitarianism has so far been a little-noticed dimension of global order. It is one on which this book sheds new light. Based on more than seven years of interviews and interdisciplinary research on humanitarian and development professionals’ work within the UN system and elsewhere, #Help shows how global problems and polities are being newly configured, regulated, and addressed through digital interfaces developed or deployed for humanitarian ends. #Help analyzes how populations, maps, and emergencies take shape when given digital form. #Help explores the reorientation of nation-states’ priorities and practices of governing around digital data collection imperatives. #Help illuminates how digital interfaces’ growing prominence in international humanitarian work is sustained and shaped by law and policy, public and private, and the uses and users that are engaged and disqualified in the process. Through this, #Help reveals new vectors of global inequality and new registers of global relation currently taking effect. To understand how major digital platforms are seeking to extend their serviceable lives, and to foreshadow how global order might take shape in the future, it is essential to grasp the perils and possibilities of digital humanitarianism as #Help equips us to do. #Help will transform thinking about what is at stake in the use of digital interfaces in the humanitarian field and about how, where, and for whom we are making the international order of tomorrow.
Interfaces: New Media of Humanitarian Relation
Authors: Johns Fleur
Published: February 2023

This book investigates digital humanitarianism and its ramifications for international law and politics. This introductory chapter lays out the line of argument advanced throughout the book before proceeding to explain the main object of this inquiry—digital humanitarianism—and the stakes of its transformation of humanitarian epistemes and practices. The reconfiguration of possibilities for politico-legal life being effected in digital humanitarian practice is demonstrated and analyzed, in this book through the interdisciplinary study of interfaces. This chapter explains what this methodological approach entails and how it compares to other common entry for the analysis of contemporary law and politics on the global plane.
The Enemies Clash
Authors: Braver Joshua
Published: February 2023

Chapter Three addresses pathological and lawless constitution-making in Venezuela and Ecuador. Venezuela was a lost opportunity. For ten months and across nine cases, the Supreme Court pitted its vision of extraordinary adaptation against President Hugo Chávez’s lawless vision of the people. Chávez triumphed and his lawless people empowered him to exclude the opposition from the Constitutional Assembly and centralize power in his own hands. Since the court had to invent its theory on the fly, its efforts were troubled from the start: it stumbled onto the idea too late and failed fully understand its implications. My goal is to complete the work the court began so that future courts will fare better in battles against populist presidents. A similar story played out in Ecuador, but in an even more hopeless way. Unlike in Venezuela or my other cases, there was no true potential for extraordinary adaptation. The Ecuadorian system was so corrupt and the president’s electoral wins so large that no alternative center of power existed to resist the president. The system easily and almost immediately collapsed under the president’s weight. Almost from the beginning, law simply ran out.
Anti-Blackness and the Effective Altruist
Authors: Sebastian Christopher
Published: February 2023

According to a 2019 survey by Rethink Charities, Effective Altruism is white. Really, really white. Of course, many EA adherents don’t think this is a problem. But just as many scholars, activists, and people of color vocally disagree. They say that race is inextricably linked to some of the world’s biggest problems, and those problems cannot be solved without tackling race head on. Yet a lot of EA evangelists think the best way to address the glaring issue of Race is to either deprioritize it or not address it at all. But can a group of plucky white (mostly) men solve the world’s biggest existential problems without mentioning the R-word? They seem to think they can.
A Christian Critique of the Effective Altruism Approach to Animal Philanthropy
Authors: Clough David L.
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents a Christian ethical argument against using Effective Altruism (EA) to guide donations to animal charities. First, it summarizes Christian ethical concerns with the problematic oversimplification of utilitarian ethics, on which EA is based. Second, it outlines the problems with EA that result from this dependence on utilitarianism. Third, it argues that there are specific problems with the application of EA in the animals space. Finally, it identifies an alternative starting point informed by a Christian ethical framework for guiding decisions about how best to donate money to improve the lot of animals. A Christian approach to this issue is likely to be of particular interest to members of Christian churches or those who otherwise identify with Christian traditions of thought and practice. The breadth and pluralism of the ethical approach outlined and the deficiencies of EA it illuminates may also be helpful for readers.
The Power of Love to Transform Animal Lives
Authors: Hiddema Krista
Published: February 2023

In 2018, nearly 12,000 people worldwide raised over $650,000 to buy a piece of lifesaving equipment for a pig named Esther, and because of that, she is still alive and thriving today. Renowned philosopher Peter Singer criticized the effort as not offering good value for donors’ money, citing the principle of Effective Altruism. This chapter argues that Singer’s brand of Effective Altruism as a foundation for philanthropic giving is flawed, and that real social change must be rooted in emotion, compassion, and love. That piece of equipment, a CT scanner, has since proven instrumental for groundbreaking prostate cancer research in humans, kick-started a program providing financial support to animal sanctuaries, enabled advanced veterinary research and training, and more. Recognizing the benefits of compassion-inspired giving is crucial, not a flaw, in the movement for animal rights.
Our Partners, The AnimalsReflections from a Farmed Animal Sanctuary
Authors: Stevens Kathy
Published: February 2023

There is a transformative connection that happens when people visit farm animal sanctuaries. When “animal lovers” come face to face with cows who want to bathe them in kisses, pigs who grunt their gratitude for a good belly rub, or turkeys who fall asleep in their laps, they see who their food is. In these moments, visitors understand their complicity in unspeakable suffering. It is in this way that sanctuaries are powerful vegan-makers. This chapter argues that Effective Altruism’s blanket condemnation of sanctuaries’ role in ushering in veganism is short-sighted, self-serving, and detrimental to our shared effort. Our sense of justice is ignited when someone in our circle has been harmed. Providing ‘animal lovers’ the ability to connect powerfully with the beings for whom we advocate is one of the greatest tools our movement has.
At the Frontier of God's Empire
Authors: Li Ji
Published: February 2023

In the early twentieth century, Manchuria was thrust into the political limelight of several empires where the crisis-ridden Qing Empire and the evolving Republic faced international rivalry to control its resources and shape the identities of its people. To a lively cast of international players that shaped Manchuria during this period, At the Frontier of God’s Empire: A Missionary Odyssey in Modern China adds a new voice of European missionaries in Manchuria by examining a remarkable personal archive of Alfred Marie Caubrière (1876–1948). A French Catholic missionary, Caubrière arrived in Manchuria in 1899 on the eve of the Boxer Uprising and was murdered in 1948 on the eve of the birth of the People’s Republic of China. Living with ordinary Chinese people for half a century, Caubrière witnessed the collapse of the Qing Empire, the warlords’ chaos that followed, the rise and fall of Japanese Manchukuo, and the emergence of communist China. With vivid vignettes covering all aspects of the local society, Caubrière’s documentation opens an intimate window into everyday interaction between Manchuria’s grassroots society and international players. His gripping accounts personalize the Catholic Church’s expansion in East Asia, the interplay of missions and empire in local society, the intense transformation of early twentieth-century Manchuria, and the imperial legacy that is felt even today.