bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale electrical properties of epitaxial Cu3Ge film
Authors: Wu Fan , Cai Wei , Gao Jia , Loo Yueh-Lin , Yao Nan
Published: July 2016

Cu3Ge has been pursued as next-generation interconnection/contact material due to its high thermal stability, low bulk resistivity and diffusion barrier property. Improvements in electrical performance and structure of Cu3Ge have attracted great attention in the past decades. Despite the remarkable progress in Cu3Ge fabrication on various substrates by different deposition methods, polycrystalline films with excess Ge were frequently obtained. Moreover, the characterization of nanoscale electrical properties remains challenging. Here we show the fabrication of epitaxial Cu3Ge thin film and its nanoscale electrical properties, which are directly correlated with localized film microstructures and supported by HRTEM observations. The average resistivity and work function of epitaxial Cu3Ge thin film are measured to be 6 ± 1 μΩ cm and ~4.47 ± 0.02 eV respectively, qualifying it as a good alternative to Cu.
Capturing tumor complexity in vitro: Comparative analysis of 2D and 3D tumor models for drug discovery
Authors: Stock Kristin , Estrada Marta F. , Vidic Suzana , Gjerde Kjersti , Rudisch Albin , Santo Vítor E. , Barbier Michaël , Blom Sami , Arundkar Sharath C. , Selvam Irwin , Osswald Annika , Stein Yan , Gruenewald Sylvia , Brito Catarina , van Weerden Wytske , Rotter Varda , Boghaert Erwin , Oren Moshe , Sommergruber Wolfgang , Chong Yolanda , de Hoogt Ronald , Graeser Ralph
Published: July 2016

Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures growing on plastic do not recapitulate the three dimensional (3D) architecture and complexity of human tumors. More representative models are required for drug discovery and validation. Here, 2D culture and 3D mono- and stromal co-culture models of increasing complexity have been established and cross-comparisons made using three standard cell carcinoma lines: MCF7, LNCaP, NCI-H1437. Fluorescence-based growth curves, 3D image analysis, immunohistochemistry and treatment responses showed that end points differed according to cell type, stromal co-culture and culture format. The adaptable methodologies described here should guide the choice of appropriate simple and complex in vitro models.
Limited Quantum Helium Transportation through Nano-channels by Quantum Fluctuation
Authors: Ohba Tomonori
Published: July 2016

Helium at low temperatures has unique quantum properties such as superfluidity, which causes it to behave differently from a classical fluid. Despite our deep understanding of quantum mechanics, there are many open questions concerning the properties of quantum fluids in nanoscale systems. Herein, the quantum behavior of helium transportation through one-dimensional nanopores was evaluated by measuring the adsorption of quantum helium in the nanopores of single-walled carbon nanohorns and AlPO4-5 at 2–5 K. Quantum helium was transported unimpeded through nanopores larger than 0.7 nm in diameter, whereas quantum helium transportation was significantly restricted through 0.4-nm and 0.6-nm nanopores. Conversely, nitrogen molecules diffused through the 0.4-nm nanopores at 77 K. Therefore, quantum helium behaved as a fluid comprising atoms larger than 0.4–0.6 nm. This phenomenon was remarkable, considering that helium is the smallest existing element with a (classical) size of approximately 0.27 nm. This finding revealed the presence of significant quantum fluctuations. Quantum fluctuation determined the behaviors of quantum flux and is essential to understanding unique quantum behaviors in nanoscale systems.
First physical evidence for forested environment in the Arctic during MIS 3
Authors: Sarala Pertti , Väliranta Minna , Eskola Tiina , Vaikutiené Giedré
Published: July 2016

Old sedimentological and geochronological records can be preserved underneath the central parts of the continental ice sheets under non-erosive, cold-based subglacial conditions. Organic deposits that predate the last deglaciation are of particular value for the information held on glacial-time climate and environmental conditions. In this study, we present multiproxy data derived from a well-preserved MIS 3 interstadial (55–25 ka ago) organic layer from inside the Arctic Circle in the Finnish Lapland. Biological proxy evidence, namely coming from aquatic plant species, indicates July temperatures as high as 14.4 °C, i.e. higher than those of today for the study site. Macrofossil evidence demonstrates for the first time the presence of pines accompanied by tree birch during the MIS 3 interstadial in northern Fennoscandia. These results concur with contemporary insolation model outcomes but contradict with the previous proxy-based view of open tundra conditions during the MIS 3. The data suggest that there are highly dynamic interstadial continental ice-sheet dynamics following changes in orbital forcing. Warm climate enabled the establishment of forests on exposed landscape. Moreover, we suggest that in the light of these new data, previous MIS 3 pollen data could be re-interpreted.
Synergistic Effect of H2O2 and NO2 in Cell Death Induced by Cold Atmospheric He Plasma
Authors: Girard Pierre-Marie , Arbabian Atousa , Fleury Michel , Bauville Gérard , Puech Vincent , Dutreix Marie , Sousa João Santos
Published: July 2016

Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAPPs) have emerged over the last decade as a new promising therapy to fight cancer. CAPPs’ antitumor activity is primarily due to the delivery of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), but the precise determination of the constituents linked to this anticancer process remains to be done. In the present study, using a micro-plasma jet produced in helium (He), we demonstrate that the concentration of H2O2, NO2− and NO3− can fully account for the majority of RONS produced in plasma-activated buffer. The role of these species on the viability of normal and tumour cell lines was investigated. Although the degree of sensitivity to H2O2 is cell-type dependent, we show that H2O2 alone cannot account for the toxicity of He plasma. Indeed, NO2−, but not NO3−, acts in synergy with H2O2 to enhance cell death in normal and tumour cell lines to a level similar to that observed after plasma treatment. Our findings suggest that the efficiency of plasma treatment strongly depends on the combination of H2O2 and NO2− in determined concentrations. We also show that the interaction of the He plasma jet with the ambient air is required to generate NO2− and NO3− in solution.
Optimal numbers of residues in linkers of DNA polymerase I, T7 primase and DNA polymerase IV
Authors: Fu Yi-Ben , Wang Zhan-Feng , Wang Peng-Ye , Xie Ping
Published: July 2016

DNA polymerase I (PolI), T7 primase and DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4) have a common feature in their structures that the two main domains are connected by an unstructured polypeptide linker. To perform their specific enzymatic activities, the enzymes are required to rearrange the position and orientation of one domain relative to the other into an active mode. Here, we show that the three enzymes share the same mechanism of the transition from the inert to active modes and use the minimum numbers of residues in their linkers to achieve the most efficient transitions. The transition time to the finally active mode is sensitively dependent on the stretched length of the linker in the finally active mode while is insensitive to the position and orientation in the initially inert state. Moreover, we find that for any enzyme whose two domains are connected by an unstructured flexible linker, the stretched length (L) of the linker in the finally active mode and the optimal number (Nopt) of the residues in the linker satisfy relation L ≈ αNopt, with α = 0.24–0.27 nm being a constant insensitive to the system.
Slug inhibits pancreatic cancer initiation by blocking Kras-induced acinar-ductal metaplasia
Authors: Ebine Kazumi , Chow Christina R. , DeCant Brian T. , Hattaway Holly Z. , Grippo Paul J. , Kumar Krishan , Munshi Hidayatullah G.
Published: July 2016

Cells in the pancreas that have undergone acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM) can transform into premalignant cells that can eventually become cancerous. Although the epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulator Snail (Snai1) can cooperate with Kras in acinar cells to enhance ADM development, the contribution of Snail-related protein Slug (Snai2) to ADM development is not known. Thus, transgenic mice expressing Slug and Kras in acinar cells were generated. Surprisingly, Slug attenuated Kras-induced ADM development, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and proliferation. Co-expression of Slug with Kras also attenuated chronic pancreatitis-induced changes in ADM development and fibrosis. In addition, Slug attenuated TGF-α-induced acinar cell metaplasia to ductal structures and TGF-α-induced expression of ductal markers in ex vivo acinar explant cultures. Significantly, blocking the Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK1/2 in the ex vivo cultures induced expression of ductal markers and reversed the effects of Slug by inducing ductal structures. In addition, blocking ROCK1/2 activity in Slug-expressing Kras mice reversed the inhibitory effects of Slug on ADM, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, proliferation and fibrosis. Overall, these results increase our understanding of the role of Slug in ADM, an early event that can eventually lead to pancreatic cancer development.
InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes with an Embedded Nanoporous GaN Distributed Bragg Reflectors
Authors: Shiu Guo-Yi , Chen Kuei-Ting , Fan Feng-Hsu , Huang Kun-Pin , Hsu Wei-Ju , Dai Jing-Jie , Lai Chun-Feng , Lin Chia-Feng
Published: July 2016

InGaN light emitting diodes (LED) structure with an embedded 1/4λ-stack nanoporous-GaN/undoped-GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) structure have been demonstrated. Si-heavily doped GaN epitaxial layers (n+-GaN) in the 12-period n+-GaN/u-GaN stack structure are transformed into low refractive index nanoporous GaN structure through the doping-selective electrochemical wet etching process. The central wavelength of the nanoporous DBR structure was located at 442.3 nm with a 57 nm linewidth and a 97.1% peak reflectivity. The effective cavity length (6.0λ), the effective penetration depth (278 nm) in the nanoporous DBR structure and InGaN active layer matching to Fabry-Pérot mode order 12 were observed in the far-field photoluminescence radiative spectra. High electroluminescence emission intensity and line-width narrowing effect were measured in the DBR-LED compared with the non-treated LED structure. Non-linear emission intensity and line-width reducing effect, from 11.8 nm to 0.73 nm, were observed by increasing the laser excited power. Resonant cavity effect was observed in the InGaN LED with bottom nanoporous-DBR and top GaN/air interface.
Towards Enhanced Performance Thin-film Composite Membranes via Surface Plasma Modification
Authors: Reis Rackel , Dumée Ludovic F. , Tardy Blaise L. , Dagastine Raymond , Orbell John D. , Schutz Jürg A. , Duke Mikel C.
Published: July 2016

Advancing the design of thin-film composite membrane surfaces is one of the most promising pathways to deal with treating varying water qualities and increase their long-term stability and permeability. Although plasma technologies have been explored for surface modification of bulk micro and ultrafiltration membrane materials, the modification of thin film composite membranes is yet to be systematically investigated. Here, the performance of commercial thin-film composite desalination membranes has been significantly enhanced by rapid and facile, low pressure, argon plasma activation. Pressure driven water desalination tests showed that at low power density, flux was improved by 22% without compromising salt rejection. Various plasma durations and excitation powers have been systematically evaluated to assess the impact of plasma glow reactions on the physico-chemical properties of these materials associated with permeability. With increasing power density, plasma treatment enhanced the hydrophilicity of the surfaces, where water contact angles decreasing by 70% were strongly correlated with increased negative charge and smooth uniform surface morphology. These results highlight a versatile chemical modification technique for post-treatment of commercial membrane products that provides uniform morphology and chemically altered surface properties.
A three-coordinate Fe(ii) center within a [3Fe–(μ3-S)] cluster that provides an accessible coordination site
Authors: Lee Yousoon , Abboud Khalil A. , García-Serres Ricardo , Murray Leslie J.
Published: July 2016

A μ3-sulfide bridged triiron cluster(ii,ii,iii) supported by a cyclophane ligand undergoes metal-based reduction to yield an all-ferrous species.
Azaindole synthesis through dual activation catalysis with N-heterocyclic carbenes
Authors: Sharma Hayden A. , Todd Hovey M. , Scheidt Karl A.
Published: July 2016

A convergent, transition-metal-free synthesis of 2-aryl-azaindoles enabled by carbene catalysis is reported with high yields and a wide substrate scope featuring previously inaccessible azaindoles.
Influence of oligo(ethylene oxide) substituents on pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid properties, Li+ solvation and transport
Authors: von Zamory Jan , Giffin Guinevere A. , Jeremias Sebastian , Castiglione Franca , Mele Andrea , Paillard Elie , Passerini Stefano
Published: July 2016

The presence of oligoether functional groups in the cations of ionic liquids has a significant effect on Li+ coordination.
Enhanced electrochemical capacitance of polyimidazole coated covellite CuS dispersed CNT composite materials for application in supercapacitors
Authors: Ravi Seenu , Gopi Chandu V. V. M. , Kim Hee je
Published: July 2016

The capacitance of the newly prepared covellite CuS dispersed on the CNT surface electrode material on nickel foam is enhanced after polyimidazole coating.
CO2 enabled process integration for the production of cellulosic ethanol using bionic liquids
Authors: Sun Jian , Konda N. V. S. N. Murthy , Shi Jian , Parthasarathi Ramakrishnan , Dutta Tanmoy , Xu Feng , Scown Corinne D. , Simmons Blake A. , Singh Seema
Published: July 2016

An integrated one-pot ionic liquid based biomass processing technology is developed that overcomes pH mismatch of the unit operations and enables ionic liquid reuse resulting in a 50% cost reduction compared with previously studied methods.
Pesticides in Brazilian freshwaters: a critical review
Authors: Albuquerque A. F. , Ribeiro J. S. , Kummrow F. , Nogueira A. J. A. , Montagner C. C. , Umbuzeiro G. A.
Published: July 2016

Brazil is the world's largest consumer of pesticides; however, pesticide occurrence data in freshwater are scarce.
Flow control using audio tones in resonant microfluidic networks: towards cell-phone controlled lab-on-a-chip devices
Authors: Phillips Reid H. , Jain Rahil , Browning Yoni , Shah Rachana , Kauffman Peter , Dinh Doan , Lutz Barry R.
Published: July 2016

Microfluidic networks can be designed using fluidic analogies to electrical resistors, inductors, and capacitors and combining them to create resonant circuits. Multi-channel microfluidic networks show selective excitation that can be used to create pumps controlled by audio tones.
Chiral fluorescent sensors based on cellulose derivatives bearing terthienyl pendants
Authors: Ikai Tomoyuki , Suzuki Daisuke , Kojima Yutaka , Yun Changsik , Maeda Katsuhiro , Kanoh Shigeyoshi
Published: July 2016

A chiral fluorescent sensor capable of recognizing different kinds of chirality was synthesized from naturally occurring cellulose, whose sensing ability was mainly based on its one-handed helical conformation.
An amphiphilic catalyst based on sandwich-type polyoxometalate for deep desulfurization of fuels in ionic liquid
Authors: Xu Yan , Ma Wen-Wen , Dolo Arouna , Zhang Hong
Published: July 2016

A cobalt-based polyoxometalate, (STA)10[Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2] (SEP) (STA = stearyltrimethylammonium), was prepared by ionic exchange of K10[Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2] and STA·Cl.
Photodynamic inactivation against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by curcumin microemulsions
Authors: Liu Chi-Hsien , Lee Wei-Shiou , Wu Wei-Chi
Published: July 2016

Photodynamic inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is confirmed by curcumin microemulsion through the help of the blue light diode.
Hydrazine assisted catalytic hydrogenation of PNP to PAP by NixPd100−x nanocatalyst
Authors: Bhattacharjee Debaleena , Mandal Kaustab , Dasgupta Subrata
Published: July 2016

NiPd nanocatalyst assisted catalytic hydrogenation of PNP to PAP by hydrazine.
Mechanochemical polymerization – controlling a polycondensation reaction between a diamine and a dialdehyde in a ball mill
Authors: Grätz S. , Borchardt L.
Published: July 2016

Mechanochemical polymerization displays a sustainable alternative to classical solvent-based approaches while also offering faster kinetics and an increased conversion.
High glucose-induced cytoplasmic translocation of Dnmt3a contributes to CTGF hypo-methylation in mesangial cells
Authors: Zhang Hao , Li Aimei , Zhang Wei , Huang Zhijun , Wang Jianwen , Yi Bin
Published: July 2016

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and we have previously identified that high glucose induced the expression of CTGF by decreasing DNA methylation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the high glucose-induced CTGF hypo-methylation. Human glomerular mesangial cells (hMSCs) were treated with low glucose (5 mM), mannitol (30 mM) or high glucose (30 mM) respectively. Immunofluorescence staining, real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to determine the subcellular distribution and expression of CTGF and Dnmt3a. ChIP-PCR assay was applied to investigate the capability of Dnmt3a to bind the CpG island of CTGF. Our results showed that high glucose induced both mRNA and protein expressions of CTGF, and led to increased cytoplasmic translocation of Dnmt3a in cultured hMSCs. The nuclear Dnmt3a protein was significantly reduced after high glucose treatment, although the expression of total Dnmt3a protein was not altered. We further discovered that ERK/MAPK signalling contributed to the high glucose-induced cytoplasmic translocation of Dnmt3a. Consequently, less Dnmt3a protein was bound to the CpG island of CTGF promoter, which induced an increase in CTGF expression by epigenetic regulation in the presence of high glucose. In conclusion, high glucose induces cytoplasmic translocation of Dnmt3a, possibly through activating ERK/MAPK signalling pathway, which contributes to the decreased binding of Dnmt3a on CTGF promoter and the subsequent CTGF hypo-methylation in diabetic nephropathy.
Emerging Scientist: Challenges to CAPE-V as a Standard
Authors: Nagle Kathleen F.
Published: July 2016

The Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V; American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2002) outlines a protocol for obtaining voice samples and rating their voice quality. It was developed as a standard voice protocol based on expert consensus and psychophysically appropriate measurement of auditory perceptual qualities of voice. The CAPE-V has since obtained widespread research and clinical use, but research suggests considerable variability in how both expert and new clinicians use its rating scales. In this paper, I review remaining challenges to standardizing voice quality evaluation and describe ongoing research addressing these challenges.
Proposal and analytical investigation of optical comparator for optical and electrical converted Viterbi‐decoding scheme
Authors: Aikawa Y. , Uenohara H.
Published: July 2016

A novel optical comparator is proposed for the novel Viterbi‐decoding scheme, and the performance of the proposed scheme with the optical comparators is analytically investigated. The net coding gain of the proposed scheme is not degraded compared with conventional scheme, and the proposed scheme could reduce the calculation steps by a factor of ∼4/5 of the conventional scheme.
Joint CIR, CFO, DCO and FI/FS Rx IQ imbalance estimation
Authors: Ali Muhammad Asim , Arif Muhammad , Kumar Wanod
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study is to design a receiver architecture which can jointly estimate the frequency selective (FS) channel impulse response (CIR), frequency independent (FI)/FS Receiver (Rx) Inphase Quadrature (IQ) imbalance, carrier frequency offset (CFO) and direct current offset using long training sequences. All of these problems are typical for low‐cost radio‐frequency front‐ends. This study proposes a set of two scalable solutions to estimate CFO, whereas FS CIR and FI/FS Rx IQ imbalance are estimated in tandem through a closed‐form expression. A low‐complexity single stage equaliser is also proposed which can mitigate the effects of CFO and equalise the CIR along with FI/FS IQ imbalance in a single step. The proposed solutions are also extended to multiple‐input–multiple‐output‐orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. The simulation results illustrate that solutions proposed in this study provide an excellent performance/complexity trade‐off.
Computationally efficient multi‐step direct predictive torque control for surface‐mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Xia Changliang , Zhou Zhanqing , Wang Zhiqiang , Yan Yan , Shi Tingna
Published: July 2016

The multi‐step direct model predictive control (M‐DMPC) could reduce the switching frequency and improve the efficiency of the motor drive system while ensuring good steady and dynamic performance. However, the conventional M‐DMPC, which uses the exhaustive optimisation method is with exponential time complexity, so it is difficult to realise in a short sample period. This study proposes a multi‐step direct predictive torque control (M‐DPTC) algorithm for two‐level voltage source inverter fed surface‐mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) drive system. In the proposed algorithm, first, in order to reduce computation time in multi‐step predictive process, a simplified multi‐step predictive model is established. Compared with the complex operations, like square root and trigonometric function used in the conventional predictive model, only look‐up table and addition operation are utilised in the proposed model for multistep prediction. Second, compared with the exhaustive searching method, the proposed optimisation method avoids the exploration of all possible switching sequences and has logarithmic time complexity. Combining the above two measures, the proposed M‐DPTC can be achieved in a relatively shorter sample period. Simulation and experimental results for a 6‐kW SPMSM are presented to validate the proposed algorithm.
Green and large‐scale preparation of reduced graphene oxide for electroreduction of nitrobenzene to p‐aminophenol
Authors: Liu Wei Ming , Wang Xue Qin , Wang Cong Min , Chen Guo Gui , Sun Wei Lin , Zheng Chong Tong
Published: July 2016

A facile and green route to prepare reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is reported. The graphite oxide is firstly pretreated by detonating exfoliation in muffle furnace at low temperature and then is completely reduced to RGO in hydrogen atmosphere at high temperature, namely two‐step method. Extensive characterisations show that the as‐prepared RGO with high ratio of C/O and surface area consists of crumpled and few‐layer thick graphitic sheets. The RGO is used to electrocatalyse nitrobenzene (NB) to P‐aminophenol (PAP). High catalytic activity and stability obtained in the electrochemical measurement indicate that the RGO could be a promising alternative catalyst toward the electroreduction of NB to PAP.
Exclusive Bilateral Internal Thoracic Artery Grafts for Myocardial Revascularization Requiring Four Anastomoses or More: Outcomes from a Single Center Experience
Authors: Perrotti Andrea , Dorigo Enrica , Durst Camille , Kaili Djamel , Chocron Sidney , Spina Amedeo
Published: July 2016

Introduction Multivessel coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with bilateral internal thoracic arteries (BITA) has only been uncommon and technically demanding. We describe our experience with BITA only CABGs requiring ≥ 4 anastomoses.

Material and Methods The department's database was queried for patients undergoing isolated CABG with ≥ 4 anastomoses. The surgical technique included systematically a right internal thoracic artery (ITA) of left ITA Y graft. The multivariate model included variables with a p < 0.3 at univariate analysis.

Results Between January 2006 and December 2009, 251 consecutive patients (71 ± 10 years) (on-pump: 130, off-pump: 121) had CABG with ≥ 4 anastomoses, representing 21% of total isolated CABGs for the same period; all patients received a totally arterial BITA only revascularization. Follow-up was 4.9 ± 1.6 years. Overall and cardiac cumulative survivals were 78 and 92%, respectively, at 5 years. The occurrence of any major postoperative complication was associated with overall and cardiac mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–9.9 and OR: 5.4, 95% CI: 1.3–21.9, respectively). Major sternal wound complication requiring surgical revision was not associated with impaired glucose control (n = 9; diabetics: 6/82, 7.3%; nondiabetics: 3/169, 1.8%, p = 0.06). Preoperative kidney failure was associated with incomplete revascularization (OR: 6.2; 95% CI: 1.2–33.5), that was unfailingly due to ungraftable right coronary artery targets.

Discussion BITA only revascularization was a valuable and safe procedure, with favorable results in terms of morbidity and mortality at a 5 years' follow-up.
Treatment of Atypical Evolutions of Idiopathic Focal Epilepsies in Childhood
Authors: Caraballo Roberto , Flesler Santiago , Fejerman Natalio
Published: July 2016

The relationship between continuous spike-and-wave discharges during slow sleep (CSWSS) and neuropsychological impairment (cognitive functions, memory consolidation, and language and behavior disturbances) has been clearly demonstrated. These phenomena occur not only in symptomatic cases of CSWSS or electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) syndrome, but also in the different conditions that constitute the spectrum of atypical evolutions of idiopathic focal epilepsies of childhood (IFEC). In spite of continuous advances in treatment, management is still difficult and challenging. Treatment options of atypical evolutions of IFEC include benzodiazepines, sulthiame, levetiracetam, valproic acid, and ethosuximide. Other drugs such as lacosamide and acetazolamide have been proposed. Usual antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, and topiramate were proven to be capable of inducing ESES. Steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins were recommended in refractory cases. Surgery, ketogenic diet, and vagal nerve stimulation were also used in some cases. Our interest regarding a scheme of treatment in atypical evolutions of IFEC is centered on two questions: (1) Is it possible to prevent the evolution of IFEC into atypical focal epilepsies of childhood, status epilepticus of IFEC, Landau–Kleffner's syndrome, or ESES syndrome? (2) Which is the treatment of choice once one of these conditions is installed?
Physiopathology of Atypical Evolutions of Idiopathic Focal Epilepsies in Childhood
Authors: Van Bogaert Patrick
Published: July 2016

This article aims to discuss if the underlying etiology is an important determinant of atypical evolution of idiopathic focal epilepsy (IFE) in childhood and if there might be biomarkers that would predict atypical evolution. It appears that the determinants of atypical evolution remain largely unknown but that both genetic and epigenetic factors are likely to be involved. The analysis of scalp electroencephalography remains the best biomarker of atypical evolution. However, functional neuroimaging methods of investigation are helpful to better understand how epileptic activity affects brain functioning at rest and during goal-directed tasks and to delineate the extent of brain networks that are impaired by epileptic activity. Moreover, neuroimaging bring new arguments favoring the idea that typical and atypical IFE should not be viewed as distinct entities but as a unique syndrome with various degrees of severity that should be treated using tailored strategies and robust biomarkers of efficacy.
Effect of selectively intercalated polyiodide on the electric transports of metallic- and semiconducting-enriched single-wall carbon nanotube networks
Authors: Fujimori Toshihiko , Urita Koki
Published: July 2016

We report the selective intercalation of polyiodide chains (I5−) inside the interstitial sites of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundles of which internal sites are pre-encapsulated with monatomic sulfur chains. By using metallic- and semiconducting-enriched SWCNTs with diameter of ∼1 nm, our direct-current electric transport measurements reveal that the I5− intercalation on the metallic- and semiconducting-enriched SWCNT networks exhibits an opposite trend on the temperature dependence of the electric resistance at cryogenic temperature. Based on our analysis using the fluctuation-induced tunneling conduction model, the intercalation of I5− chains into the semiconducting-SWCNTs leads to the increase in energy barriers required for tunneling processes. Since the charge transfer is negligible between I5− chains and the semiconducting-SWCNTs, the main effect of the intercalated I5− on the semiconducting-SWCNTs is to behave as a scattering center below 50 K. In contrast to the semiconducting-SWCNTs, the intercalation of I5− chains into the metallic-SWCNTs results in the suppression of tunneling barriers due to the charge transfer interaction. The energy barrier is further reduced by the encapsulation of I5− chains inside the metallic-SWCNT, implying that the doping effect could be more effectively enhanced by the interaction through the inner spaces of SWCNTs.
Pulse number controlled laser annealing for GeSn on insulator structure with high substitutional Sn concentration
Authors: Moto Kenta , Matsumura Ryo , Sadoh Taizoh , Ikenoue Hiroshi , Miyao Masanobu
Published: July 2016

Crystalline GeSn-on-insulator structures with high Sn concentration (>8%), which exceeds thermal equilibrium solid-solubility (∼2%) of Sn in Ge, are essential to achieve high-speed thin film transistors and high-efficiency optical devices. We investigate non-thermal equilibrium growth of Ge1−xSnx (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) on quartz substrates by using pulsed laser annealing (PLA). The window of laser fluence enabling complete crystallization without film ablation is drastically expanded (∼5 times) by Sn doping above 5% into Ge. Substitutional Sn concentration in grown layers is found to be increased with decreasing irradiation pulse number. This phenomenon can be explained on the basis of significant thermal non-equilibrium growth achieved by higher cooling rate after PLA with a lower pulse number. As a result, GeSn crystals with substitutional Sn concentration of ∼12% are realized at pulse irradiation of single shot for the samples with the initial Sn concentration of 15%. Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy measurements reveal the high quality of the grown layer. This technique will be useful to fabricate high-speed thin film transistors and high-efficiency optical devices on insulating substrates.
Measurement of minority carrier diffusion lengths in GaAs nanowires by a nanoprobe technique
Authors: Darbandi A. , Watkins S. P.
Published: July 2016

Minority carrier diffusion lengths in both p-type and n-type GaAs nanowires were studied using electron beam induced current by means of a nanoprobe technique without lithographic processing. The diffusion lengths were determined for Au/GaAs rectifying junctions as well as axial p-n junctions. By incorporating a thin lattice-matched InGaP passivating shell, a 2-fold enhancement in the minority carrier diffusion lengths and one order of magnitude reduction in the surface recombination velocity were achieved.
Texas law sets off debate about guns at universities
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: July 2016

Will people ever get used to guns on campus?
Why should physicists study history?
Authors: Stanley Matthew
Published: July 2016

Just as physics is not a list of facts about the world, history is not a list of names and dates. It is a way of thinking that can be powerful and illuminating.
It’s a dog eat dog world: observations of dingo (Canis familiaris) cannibalism
Authors: Meek P. D. , Brown S. C.
Published: July 2016

Cannibalism in predators has been reported for a range of species throughout the world, including observations of dingoes (Canis familiaris) eating dingoes in Australia. Here, we report on camera trap observations of dingoes feeding on the carcasses of dingoes and showing aggressive behaviours towards live-trapped conspecifics. At this site, cannibalism and conspecific aggression by dingoes was not caused by food shortages, but was more likely a result of high dingo density in a focal area. We present the first camera trap image observations of dingoes eating dingoes and describe aggressive encounters between live animals.
Inactivation of Gonadotrophins II. Inactivation of Pituitary and Chorionic Gonadotrophins by Influenza Virus and Receptor-Destroying Enzyme
Authors: Whitten WK
Published: July 2016

Chorionic gonadotrophin was rapidly inactivated by LEE-B influenza virus and receptor-destroying enzyme (Vibrio cholerae) preparations.
Some Factors Affecting Localized and Systemic Necrotic Reactions to Virus Y in the Potato
Authors: Hutton EM
Published: July 2016

Factors influencing hypersensitive and necrotic reactions to virus Y in potato seedlings, developed from common varieties like Katahdin and Snowflake, have been studied mainly by means of hand inoculation in the greenhouse. This method provides more accurate and etailed information than either graft inoculation or aphid inoculation. The virus dosages applied by aphid inoculation have not been sufficient to assess the hypersensitivity of seedlings accurately.
The Structure of Plastids and Other Cytoplasmic Bodies in Fixed Preparations of Epidermal Strips
Authors: Bald JG
Published: July 2016

The fixation of the stromatic structure of plastids was found possiblte by the use of mixtures designed for the fixation of viruses in nfected plant tissues.
Temperature Studies of The Habitat of Eutermes Exitiosus With Special Reference to The Temperatures Within The Mound
Authors: Holdaway FG , Gay FJ
Published: July 2016

A study was made to determine whether or not Eutermes exitiosttS maintains within its mound a constant temperature at which it would be desirable to maintain artificial laboratory colonies of this termite.
The Metabolism of the Apple during Storage
Authors: Turner JF
Published: July 2016

A survey has been. made of changes in amounts of certain metabolites and possible respiratory intermediates in the flesh of Australian Granny Smith appl~ during storage at ODC.
The Significance of the Necrotic Phloem Reaction in the Potato to The Leaf-Roll Virus
Authors: Hutton EM
Published: July 2016

A modified technique which has facilitated the detection of phloem necrosis in leaf-roll-infected potato plants is described. Placed on a quantitative basis, the necrotic reaction has proved valuable in the estimation of leaf-roll severity in varieties and hybrids. Quantitatively, phloem necrosis has been shown to be tl varietal character which can be influenced by nutritional and environmental conditions. Among varieties and hybrids, a range of necrotic reactions in the phloem from mild to very severe was found, and these reactions were correlated with external symptoms. Severe reactors show a progressive decrease in the amount of phloem necrosis from the stem base to the tip. It is probable that a severe physiological reaction to leaf roll has a well-defined genetic basis, so that the development of hybrids hypersensitive to this virus is possible. This provides a new approach to the problem of leaf-roll resistance in the potato.
The Biological Significance of Haemoglobin in Nematode Parasites I. The Characteristics of the Purified Pigments
Authors: Rogers WP
Published: July 2016

Haemoglobins from Nippostrongylus muris, Nematodirus�spp., and Haemonchus contortus were purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation and their properties examined. All the haemoglobins showed a very high affinity for oxygen; the tension of half saturation (P50) for Nematodirus haemoglobin of concentrations about 1 x 10-4 g.-atoms of iron per 1. at pH 7.4 was in the region of 0.04 mm. of mercury. The P50 for H. contortus haemoglobin was similar to that of Nematodirus .spp.; N. muris haemoglobin had a somewhat higher p:;o' The. parasite haemoglobins all showed an unusually low affinity for carbon monoxide, the equilibrium constant, K = [HbCO] X p02/[Hb02] X pCO, having a value of about 1. The "span," the distance between the a-bands of oxyhaemoglobin and carboxyhaemoglobin, varied from 60 to 65 A. for the three parasites. None of the haemoglobins obtained from the parasites showed properties supporting the view that there is a linear relationship between log K and the "span."
Improving the Accuracy of Growth Indices by the Use of Ratings
Authors: Mcintyre GA , Williams RF
Published: July 2016

A statistical procedure is developed whereby the precision of estimation of growth increments and various growth indices is greatly increased, especially where the variability of the plant' material is great.
Fossil Banksieae From Yallourn, Victoria, With Notes on the Morphology and Anatomy of Living Species
Authors: Cookson IsabeIC , L Duigan Suzanne
Published: July 2016

The morphological and anatomical features of six types of fossil leavesfrom brown coal at Yallourn, Victoria, have been described. Comparison withsimilar featUres of living species has shb-wnthat all are extinct members ofthe tribe Banksieae of the family Proteaceae. A new genus Banksieaephyllumhas been instituted to include these. fossil leaves. The suggestion has beenmade that the identification of fossil leaves with either Banksia or Dryandra isimpracticable.
Fossil Pollen Grains of Proteaceous Type From Tertiary Deposits in Australia
Authors: Cookson IsabeIC
Published: July 2016

Seventeen sporomorphs of possible proteaceous affinities have been describedfrom Tertiary (?Oligocene - Miocene) deposits of south-eastern Australia.The majority of these appear to have been pollen grains of extinctspecies.
The Respiratory Metabolism of Helminths
Authors: Lazarus Marian
Published: July 2016

The respiratory metabolism of the trematode Paramphistomum cervi andthe nematodes Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, Syphacia sp.,Heterakis spumosa, Strongylus equinus, and Strongylus vulgaris have beenexamined.
Tree Growth Stresses
Authors: Boyd JD
Published: July 2016

Evidence available indicates that tree growth stresses originafe in newlydifferentiated cells towards the periphery of a tree.
Ruminal Flora Studies in the Sheep
Authors: Moir RJ , Williams VJ
Published: July 2016

A method of obtaining ruminal samples for the investigation of the "free" microorganisms of the sheep's rumen by means of a stomach-tube is described.
Studies on the Nitrogen Metabolism of the Barley Plant (Hordeum Sativum)
Authors: McKee HS
Published: July 2016

In detached harley leaves held at constant temperature in the dark, thereis an increase in "soluble" and a corresponding decrease in "solid" nitrogen. Inmature leaves, glutamine accumulates in the early stages of starvation and laterdecreases concurrently with an increase in asparagine. In detached seedlingleaves, the glutamine content remains low throughout, the sequence of eventsotherwise resembling that found with mature leaves. Changes in the nitrogenousfractions during autolysis, in sterile conditions, of barley leaf tissuediffer greatly from those found with intact detached leaves. "Soluble" nitrogenincreases, but neither amide nor ammonia accumulates.
Studies in The Metabolism of Plant Cells
Authors: Weeks DC , Robertson RN
Published: July 2016

It has been established with the use of the enzyme inhibitor carbon monoxidethat the cyanide-sensitive salt respiration in carrot root cells is mediatedby the cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase system. The cyanide-stable ground respirationis not mediated by the cytochrome-cytochfome oxidase system.
The Physiology of Growth in Apple Fruits II. Respiratory and Other Metabolic Activities as Functions of Cell Number and Cell Size in Fruit Development
Authors: Robertson RN , Turner JF
Published: July 2016

The relationship of respiratory activity and quantities of the chemical constituents to fruit size, cell size, and cell number in apple fruits of the variety Granny Smith were examined.
Some Strains of Potato Virus X and Their Spontaneous Mutation
Authors: Hutton EM , Peak JW
Published: July 2016

One virulent and three avirulent potato virus X strains were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively by the reactions of Gomphrena globosa and Capsicum frutescens. Spontaneous virulent mutants arose from time to time in the avirulent strains cultured in Datura stramonium. Avirulent strains developing low virus concentrations in their host plant had higher mutation rates than one developing a higher concentration in the host.
Chemical Investigation of "Trashy" Leaf Phenomenon in Australian-Grown Flue-Cured Tobacco
Authors: Johanson R
Published: July 2016

Carbohydrates and nitrogen distribution in flue-cured tobacco leaves described as "trashy" were determined. Sugars in "trashy" leaf were as low as 3 per cent. and in "good" leaf as high as 28 per cent. "Trashy" leaf, relatively to normal leaf, had large total N, protein N, and ammonia N contents and low amide N values, while its weight per unit area was about 30 to 50 per cent. Less than that of "good" leaf. Uncured "affected" ,leaf also had low sugar and high N values and low weight per unit area.
Membrane Potential Differences in Bean Roots
Authors: Hope AB
Published: July 2016

Various theories for the formation of electric potential differences in plant organs are outlined and the present investigation placed in relation to them.
Volatile Products of Apples I. Identification of Acids and Alcohols
Authors: R Thompson Adrienne
Published: July 2016

The volatile substances given off to the air by Granny Smith apples at 20�C. were condensed at low temperature. The acids obtained on aponification were found to be virtually free from carbonyl, hydroxy, or unsaturated groups. By conversion to hydroxamic acids followed by chromatographic separation on paper they were identified as formic, acetic, propionic, butyric (probably normal), valeric, and caproic acids.
The Conversion of Carotene to Vitamin a in Sheep and Cattle
Authors: Mcgillivray WA
Published: July 2016

It has been established that the conversion of carotene to vitamin A in the sheep occurs in the wall of the intestine. This conclusion is ased on surviving tissue experiments in which sections of intestine have been incubated with carotene and the product conclusively identified as vitamin A by colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. It is further supported by the high vitamin A levels in intestinal as compared with non-intestinal lymph, and similar observations with cattle suggest the intestine as the site of conversion in this species also.
The Bacterial Flora of Australian Flax Retting
Authors: Lanigan GW
Published: July 2016

An account is given of investigations of both the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora associated with Australian flax retting.
Variation in The Alkaloids of Clones of Northern Duboisia Myoporoides R. BR.
Authors: Loftus Hills K , N Rodwell Cynthia
Published: July 2016

Samples of leaf were obtained from seven clones of the northern or hyoscine type of Duboisia myoporoides for three successive summers at Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, and from the same clones for a winter and a summer at Nambour, south-eastern Queensland. The alkaloids were separated by partition chromatography and the hyoscine determined quantitatively.
The Nature of Carbonic Anhydrase From Plant Sources
Authors: M Sibly Pamela , Wood JG
Published: July 2016

Carbonic anhydrase activity in leaves of plants is low compared with that in animal tissues.
Studies in the Natural Coating of Apples II. Changes in the Fractions During Storage
Authors: Huelin FE , Gallop RA
Published: July 2016

The oil fraction of the natural coating of Granny Smith apples increased during storage and reached a maximum at 3-4 times its original concentration. The increase was reduced by "gas" storage (in 5 per cent. CO2, 16 per cent. 2 ), Later pickings had a higher oil content. The iodine number of the oil increased with increasing concentration. Smaller increases occurred in the wax, ursolic acid, and "cutin" fractions after prolonged storage.
A Competitive Inhibitor of Tyrosinase
Authors: Warner C
Published: July 2016

The kinetics of the activation of catechol by tyrosinase prepared from the potato and the mushroom, and of its inhibition by sodium m-hydroxybenzoate, have been studied. The enzyme-substrate dissociation constants differed markedly between the two enzyme sources (K. potato = 5.OmM, Kg mushroom = O.28mM), as did also the enzyme-inhibitor dissociation constants (K; potato = 2.5mM, Ki mushroom = O.BmM). For both enzyme preparations sodium m-hydroxybenzoate met the requirements of a competitive inhibitor.
Observations on the Penetration of the Sperm into the Mammalian Egg
Authors: Austin CR
Published: July 2016

A brief review is given of the literature, particularly that relating to the attempts made to effect the fertilization of the mammalian egg in vitro. It is considered that the evidence so far put forward for the fertilization in vitro of mammalian eggs is inconclusive.
The Effect of Glucose in the Growth Medium on the Succinic Acid Oxidizing System of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Back KJC , Mitchell R
Published: July 2016

Manometric determinations have been made of the rate of succinate oxidation by washed Escherichia coli cells derived from a glucose-containing medium. Succinate oxidation is initially slow but after 50-60 minutes the rate increases to a steady level. The duration of the lag period is markedly increased by excessive washing of the cells. With minimally washed cells the final activity may be reduced as a result of competitive inhibition due to endogenous substrates. Conditions of suspension preparation must be carefully standardized to obtain maximum activities and reproducible effects. Results obtained indicate that the enzyme system responsible for the oxidation of succinate is formed when Escherichia coli is grown in a glucose medium and that the lag period can be more satisfactorily explained on the basis of a temporary impermeability of the cell to succinate rather than a period of enzyme adaptation.
The Precipitation of Gelatin by Ethanol, and Its Use in the Estimation of Proteolytic Activity
Authors: Crewther WG
Published: July 2016

Within certain limits of gelatin concentration, pH, temperature, salt concentration, and ethanol concentration, the percentage light transmitted through precipitated gelatin solutions is an exponential function of the gelatin concentration. It is concluded that the mean micelle size of the precipitated gelatin is independent of the gelatin concentration within these prescribed limits.
Inheritance of Spotted Wilt Resistance in the Tomato I. Identification of Strains of the Virus by the Resistance or Susceptibility of Tomato Species
Authors: Finlay KW
Published: July 2016

Strains of the tomato spotted wilt virus were separated from field-infected material and purified with a range of solanaceous species. These strains were classified into four groups, Tip Blight (TB), Necrotic (N), Ringspot (R), and Mild (M), according to the symptoms developed by susceptible tomato hosts.
The Physiology of Growth in Apple Fruits III. Cell Characteristics and Respiratory Activity of Light and Heavy Crop Fruits
Authors: Martin D , Lewis TL
Published: July 2016

Cell size, total and protein nitrogen, and preclimacteric respiration have been studied for light and heavy crop fruit of certain Tasmanian-grown apple varieties. Differences in size of fruit from light and heavy crops have been shown to be due mainly to differences in cell size rather than in cell number. Respiration per cell, protein nitrogen per cell, and cell volume were closely intercorrelated but respiration per unit protein is greater in light crop fruit than in heavy crop.