bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Decomposition of Male-Female Earnings Differentials
Authors: Siddiqui Rehana , Siddiqui Rizwana
Published: August 2018

The participation of women in paid economic activities has
increased in almost all the countries and Pakistan is no exception.1
However, the quantitative increase in female participation in market
production has neither led to qualitative improvements in their lives
nor to equality of opportunity and treatment between males and females
at home and in the labour market. In emerging global economic scenario,
the role of females in a country’s economic development is becoming
critical. This will be a major issue in the next century, as welfare of
a society can not be improved unless specific measures are undertaken to
improve the socio-economic status of women. In this study we intend to
examine the role of females in labour market, particularly their
earnings relative to the earnings of males. The household data show that
in 1993-94 the earning gap between males and females was 43 percent.
This was lower than the 63 percent gap reported in 1979 and higher than
33.1 gap reported in 1985-86.2 These changes in male-female earnings gap
raise a number of questions, including the following:
Interpreting Ethnic Movements in Pakistan (Distinguished
Lecture)
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: August 2018

The paper looks into the causes behind various ethnic
movements in Pakistan and finds that these identity movements do not
stem from primordial collective bonds. Rather, they originate from a
motivation to promote specific interests, political as well as
socio-economic. Centralisation of the state is an additional factor
contributing to the ethnic tensions in the country as it leads to a
strong feeling of vulnerability among the smaller groups.
The Potential Role of the SME Sector in Pakistan in a World of
Increasing International Trade (The Quaid-i-Azam Memorial
Lecture)
Authors: Berry Albert
Published: August 2018

A major challenge to economic policy in Pakistan at this time
is to energise the private SME sector of the economy. This follows in
part from the fact that other sectors are unlikely, under present
circumstances, to provide the needed growth either of output or of
reasonably remunerative employment; in fact, there will be a major
employment challenge over the coming years as labour supply continues to
expand rapidly and as neither the large-scale private sector nor the
public sector are poised to create significant numbers of jobs, and
though agriculture and the non-agricultural microenterprise sector can
and probably will do so the levels of productivity and hence of
remuneration are likely to be unattractively low. By contrast, the SME
sector does have substantial untapped potential to contribute to those
objectives; both economic logic and the experiences of other developing
countries point to that potential, as well as providing evidence on how
it may be achieved. A dynamic SME sector is an important complement to a
more open economy; in most of the countries which appear to have reaped
major benefits from export orientation the SME sector has been
importantly involved in that process. Achieving the maximum contribution
from SME, however, will require significant improvements in the support
system. If achieved it will not only constitute an important source of
dynamism in and of itself, but will also complement efficient large
enterprise, strengthen the demand for agricultural products, and make it
easier for microenterprise to graduate into the SME size
range.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Rashida Haq
Published: August 2018

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Correlates of Child Mortality in Pakistan: A Hazards Model Analysis
Authors: Jennifer Benneti
Published: August 2018

This study investigated factors associated with child mortality in an area in Rawalpindi, one of the large cities of Pakistan. Using both demographic and anthropological methods, the research was conducted to specifically examine the processes and mechanisms whereby a link is established between child mortality and its covariates. Controlling for the socio-economic status as a determinant of child mortality, the study population was limited to a lower income stratum living in a homogeneous environment where all households had equal access to health-related and other facilities. Results of the proportional hazards model analysis on 130I index children suggest that non-economic factors like maternal health-seeking behaviour were related to high child mortality. The cultural norm of bearing a large number of children was the most significant correlate. In order of significance, this was followed by contraceptive use, current age of the mother, age at marriage and the hygienic conditions of the household. The study provides strong evidence of familial clustering of mortality by order of the household.
Industrial Sector Input Demand Responsiveness and Policy
Interventions
Authors: Chaudhary Muhammad Ali , Ahmad Eatzaz , Burki Abid A. , Khan Mushtaq A.
Published: August 2018

In Pakistan, government intervention in the input market of
the industrial sector is considerable. It regulates prices of virtually
all energy and certain other non-labour inputs. To stimulate industrial
production and output growth, it also encourages the provision of
extended credit facilities to the industrial producers. Further, it has
also often announced adjustments/reductions in duties and tariffs on
products used in industrial production. Conversely, government also
imposes taxes on outputs. It may desire to levy new taxes on the
industrial inputs. All interventions have profound implications for
producers, consumers and the government alike. Therefore, it is
important to know how they may affect the industrial input demand.
Further, it is equally important to know how effective they may be for
the government in the realisation of its objectives. The most pertinent
approach to ascertain the industrial input demand responsiveness to
government interventions is to obtain valid estimates of price
elasticities. In fact, competent elasticity estimates of the producer
input demand derived with a sound methodology can serve as a solid basis
to predict producer responsiveness to market changes and thereby the
effectiveness and desirability of government interventions
Rural Institutions and Planned Change in Agriculture: A
Comparative Perspective in Two Punjabs
Authors: Mustafa Khalid , Gill Zulfiqar Ahmad , Naeem Rashid
Published: August 2018

Agricultural change in the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs has
been brought about by their respective governments through formal
organisations—cooperatives, credit banks, agriculture departments and/or
special interest groups at the local level. The changes produced during
1960s and in subsequent period were dramatic but unsettling. Many have
argued that the achievement of agricultural change in the region has
depended to an important extent on the effectiveness of rural
institutions in executing their role as agents of planned change.1 The
present paper seeks to review the debate on the role of rural
institutions in producing social and economic changes in the agrarian
sectors of the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs and present some of the data
which have stimulated this debate. The paper commences with an overview
of the agrarian change in the two Punjabs. Then the programmes of
planned change in the two regions are described, and the particular
institution of change—cooperatives, credit banks, agricultural
departments etc. are discussed in detail. At the specific level, the
study aims at delineating the role played by rural institutions in
initiating, stimulating, sustaining or retarding change in agriculture
sectors of the two Punjabs. The role of rural institutions as a policy
instrument for the promotion of agricultural expansion is examined. And
finally the paper points out the implications of the past experience for
the future role of rural institutions in the two Punjabs.
Rural Poverty and Credit Use: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Malik Sohail Jehangir , Nazli Hina
Published: August 2018

The 1990s have seen poverty reduction become the overarching
objective of all economic development. In countries where poverty is
largely a rural phenomenon it is obvious that considerations of poverty
focus on improving rural welfare. The welfare impact of credit use in
the process of agricultural development is generally not explicitly
documented in the literature.1 The emphasis is generally on “the
requisites for development of rural financial policies that facilitate
rural growth” [Desai and Mellor (1993)]. Welfare gains arise from this
growth through net gains in income from the relaxation of the capital
constraint leading to higher input use and resultant higher output, in
addition to increasing the risk bearing capacity of households thus
leading to the adoption of new technology and diversification of crop
mix and income sources. Additionally welfare gains can also arise from
credit use directly through improved and more efficient consumption
smoothing. Pakistan is predominantly rural and poor. Attempts over
several decades, by successive governments, at developing the
institutional credit market in Pakistan have failed miserably. The rural
credit market continues to be fragmented and beset by distortions.
Credit policy aimed at improving access of the small landowners and the
poor ended up being diverted to the powerful large landowners. This
misuse is widely documented in Malik (1989, 1990 and 1999). Badly
designed policies coupled with a weak institutional structure and
rampant corruption called into question the very basis for using credit
markets as a means for poverty alleviation.
Pakistan’s Ranking in Social Development: Have We Always Been
Backward?
Authors: Ghaus-Pasha Aisha , Ahmed Naeem
Published: August 2018

Consensus is emerging between development thinkers and
practitioners that social progress is a necessary pre-condition for
sustained economic growth. Social development leads to higher levels of
literacy, better health standards and overall improvement in the
society’s living conditions. In fact, empirical evidence suggests that
there is a two-way relationship between economic growth and social
development [Ghaus-Pasha et al. (1998)]. Economic growth leads to higher
revenues for government and higher per capita income, encouraging both
public and private spendings on human development. Improvements in
social indicators feedback as higher economic growth through enhanced
productivity for labour and capital. In other words, well-developed
human capital makes a significant contribution to economic growth which,
in turn, offers improved welfare and better living
conditions.
The Theory and Practice of Agricultural Income Tax in Pakistan
and a Viable Solution
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghafar
Published: August 2018

Pakistan has a history of taxing agriculture through the land
revenue system. Being income and price inelastic, the replacement of the
system with agricultural income tax is considered inevitable for meeting
the financial needs of a growing national economy. In fact, under
pressures from World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF),
Pakistan introduced various variants of agricultural income tax in the
past and in full during 1993 and 1996 respectively [World Bank (1999)].
However the introduction of agricultural income tax is a highly
controversial issue in Pakistan, in government circles as well as among
professional researchers and economists. Out of the nine commissions
[Pakistan (1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1970, 1975, 1986, 1988, 1989 and
1993a)] that studied agricultural taxation only two recommended it.
[Pakistan (1960, 1993a)]. The remaining seven favoured the existing land
revenue system. The studies of individual economists are no less
controversial in this respect. There seems to be a general consensus
among such writers as [Hamid (1970); Yaqub (1971); Chowdhury (1971);
Khan (1991) and World Bank (1999)] on the repeal of land revenue system
in favour of agricultural income or graduated land tax. Against this an
equal number of economists, have shown dissatisfaction with agricultural
income tax as an effective tool of taxing agriculture [Ahmad and Stern
(1989); Bird (1974); Bird and Oldman (1990); Chaudhry and Maan (1993);
Gold and Foster (1972) and Newbery (1987)].
The Impact of Tariff Reforms on Income Distribution in Pakistan:
A CGE-based Analysis
Authors: Siddiqui Rehana , Siddiqui Rizwana , Iqbal Zafar
Published: August 2018

Like most developing countries, Pakistan has undertaken
drastic economic policy reforms since the mid-1980s. Under these
structural reforms there is a general shift away from quantitative
restrictions and price controls towards liberalisation and
privatisation. The empirical studies1 analysing the impact of the
reforms report mixed results. Economy wide framework like Computable
General Equilibrium (CGE), based on the social accounting matrix, is
well suited to analysing the effect of these structural reforms. The CGE
models are developed to capture the medium to long-run effects through
which adjustment programmes affect income distribution. These models are
often used to evaluate the effects of trade and tax policies on income
distribution in developing countries. There are three interacting
channels through which these adjustment policies affect income
distribution, viz., the relative price effect, the asset price effect
and the shift in portfolio. However, in this study, we are analysing the
effect of changes in relative prices only.
Dynamics of Growth, Poverty, and Inequality in Pakistan
Authors: Ali Salman Syed , Tahir Sayyed
Published: August 2018

The relationship between growth, inequality, and poverty has
been a moot point. On the one hand growth is considered central or the
best course to reduce poverty (e.g. World Development Report 1990) with
the preconditions that access to education, health, and social services
are available to all by means of other policies. On the other hand,
there is a realisation that growth, inequality, and poverty relations
are non-linear, complex, and path dependent in their dynamics. An
important point made in this context by Kuznets (1955) was the empirical
finding of an inverted U (arch) shape relationship between growth and
inequality which suggested that the inequality would increase with
growth in the beginning, but will decline at higher levels of growth as
the benefits of growth trickle down to lower income strata. This
argument has been debated since then in the literature with empirical
support gathered for and against this hypothesis. Recent theoretical
literature on the issue tries to find the micro-foundations of the
dynamical relations between these three variables (see for example,
proceedings of the 5th ABCDE Annual (World) Bank Conference on
Development Economics).
A Sectoral Analysis of Poverty in Pakistan
Authors: Bhatti Muhammd Ali , Haq Rashida , Javed Tariq
Published: August 2018

Since independence, the problem of mass poverty in Pakistan
has been substantial. The number of the destitute has continued to soar.
The problem of poverty now looks to be beyond control. The vast masses
of the people, particularly in rural areas, are indeed, miserably below
the poverty line. Moreover, the socioeconomic and demographic indicators
are dismal. Official planning and the market economy system have failed
to lessen poverty. The policies formulated to eradicate it have failed
to achieve their objectives. The issue of poverty in Pakistan has its
significance for sustainable development. Long run development is not
possible without protecting the rights of the vulnerable groups and the
participation of the entire population in the development process.
Although Pakistan’s economic growth has been quite respectable for much
of the last four decades but it has failed to trickle down to the
masses. The country has experienced poverty and stagnation in 1950s,
increasing poverty and growth in the 1960s, stagnation of growth but
declining poverty in the 1970s, increasing growth and declining poverty
in the 1980s and finally, increasing poverty and falling growth in the
1990s [MHCHD/UNDP (1999)].
Do Private Schools Produce More Productive Workers?
Authors: Nasir Zafar Mueen
Published: August 2018

Education has positive links with economic development as it
raises the productivity of the work force. Beside private rates of
returns, the social returns of education are also high. Because of the
gains to society, education is subsidised in many countries. Pakistan,
where only 2.5 percent of the GDP is spent on education, provides
subsidised education in the form of a public school system.1 Government
pays for the major expenditures such as construction of infrastructure
for education and salaries to the teaching and related staff. Household
cost is kept low to attract more people to send their children to
schools. Therefore only a nominal tuition fee is being charged for
attending these schools.
Institutional Reforms for Getting an Agricultural Knowledge
System to Play Its Role in Economic Growth (The Quaid-i-Azam Memorial
Lecture)
Authors: Anderson Jock R.
Published: August 2018

While alarmists shriek the crisis of accelerating soil erosion
and declining water quality as the major impediment to the future of
global agriculture in supplying the needs of humanity, the argument here
is that, although resource degradation is indeed a threat to achievement
of satisfactory crop yields over the next several decades, the main
threat is not degradation of natural resources. Rather, it is
degradation of the capacity of societies, particularly those in the
less-developed countries, to develop the knowledge embodied in people,
technology and institutions necessary to meet the challenge of higher
yields and intensified agricultural production. Dealing with this threat
of degradation of knowledge institutions and resources must be an
important focus of economic development policy in agrarian societies. In
short, the agricultural knowledge and information systems (AKISs)
serving the developing world must be put in effective and stable shape
to deliver the needful.
Governance (The Iqbal Memorial Lecture)
Authors: Streeten Paul P.
Published: August 2018

The paper argues against the currently fashionable case for
“state minimalism”. It argues for a strong, activist state, though
operating on a different basis and in different areas from the many
recently failed interventionist states and many developing countries.
The paper seeks to rescue alternative perspectives, such as the
importance of the “civil society” that cuts across national boundaries.
Global participation is examined. “Market-friendly” interventions are
welcomed only if they are “people-friendly”. The role of the civil
society, the problems of the post-socialist countries and the role of
the fashionable slogans privatisation, liberalisation, deregulation and
decentralisation are analysed. These are seen to call for many
qualifications. The links between democracy, capitalism and development
are reviewed. The social capital of trust and reciprocity that is
invested in norms and networks of civic life is seen as a vital factor
of effective government and economic progress. Should economic reform
precede political reform in the countries in transition? Some lessons
can be learned for the developing countries from the countries in
transition. An analysis of the politics and the political economy of
development aid follow. Buffers between donors and recipients are
suggested, such as mutual monitoring of each other’s performance by
recipients, a council of wise men and women, or a secretariat with
genuinely global loyalties. A quiet style in aid-giving is also an
option, when potential improvers are rewarded, without the imposition of
conditionality. The paper then goes on to a presentation of various
theories of the state. A non-maximising theory is recommended. It ends
with a set of policy conclusions for governments and for aid
agencies.
Incentives and Human Resource Management in the Design of Public
Sector Reform (Distinguished Lecture)
Authors: Haque Nadeem Ul
Published: August 2018

THE ‘DEVELOPMENT APPROACH’ TO GOVERNANCE We, in Pakistan,
should be very happy that the global development community has finally
accepted the centrality of public sector reform (also known as improved
governance) in the quest for improved living standards in poor
countries. Development economics is a subject that is based on the
interpretation and observation of some Western academics and Western
donor-based agencies. We should have some sympathy for these leaders of
development thought and policy for they have struggled with integrating
the prevailing theme (fad) in Western thought and philanthropy with
learning about the societies and economies that they were supposed to be
prescribing for. Using the principle of “ends justifying the means”,
they defend their reliance on the current “fad” as well as on the only
clearly visible, organised and powerful actor—the government, no matter
how inefficient—they would.
Strategic Reforms for Accelerated Agricultural Growth in Pakistan
(Distinguished Lecture)
Authors: Faruqee Rashid
Published: August 2018

Agricultural growth rates in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s
show that strong growth during the 1960s was driven by several factors,
including greater certainty in the use of irrigation water (as a result
of an agreement with India), the introduction of productivityenhancing
fertiliser-seed packages, the introduction of tubewells and the
electrification of rural areas, and policy changes that improved the
profitability of farming. Growth during the 1970s dropped to 2.3 percent
as a result of the uncertainty created by land reforms in 1972 and 1977,
severe climatic shocks, a cotton virus that depressed production for
most of the decade, and political instability. The recovery in the 1980s
and early 1990s can be attributed to the introduction of new cotton
varieties and improved management techniques, as well as to a gradual
improvement in economic incentives. Closer inspection of the nature and
sources of this growth raises concerns about its sustainability and
casts doubt on the ability of the sector to grow by more than 3-4
percent a year in the future. Many of the past sources of agricultural
growth in Pakistan appear to have been fully exploited. Strategy for the
future must effectively address the followings. Allowing the market to
Operate, policy reforms that support the ongoing structural adjustment
should be given top priority. To address the crisis in irrigation
management market-determined incentives must be allowed to determine
resource allocation within the irrigation system. Reform in extension
should include establishing closer links with research institutions and
reducing the number of front-line extension workers and replacing them
with fewer, bettertrained workers who are more responsive to the needs
of farming systems. Full-fledged land reform is difficult to enact and
can be considered only after a comprehensive study of costs and
benefits. Some important measures can be implemented immediately,
however. Foremost is providing security of tenure to many farmers,
especially tenants-at-will, thereby improving responsiveness to
incentives and creating better incentives for long-term
investments.
Prevención de infección nosocomial mediante medidas implantadas en un hospital de Andalucía por bacterias resistentes a carbapenémicos
Authors: Antúnez Rodríguez Francisco Javier , García Duque Ana , Jiménez Salido Andrián
Published: August 2018

La aparición y expansión de bacterias productoras de carbapenemasas constituye una amenaza global de infecciones sin tratamiento eficaz. Estas bacterias suele presentar resistencia a todos los antimicrobianos de primera línea, produciendo infecciones muy difíciles de tratar. Los carbapenemas son de amplio espectro y potencia, y debido a eso se utiliza en pacientes con infecciones graves, incluso cuando el riesgo a priori de tener una infección por bacterias multirresistentes (MDR) es escaso. Existe una gran tendencia a mantener los mismos antibióticos que se inició hasta finalizar el tratamiento, aunque el paciente carezca de factores de riesgo para tener una infección por bacterias MDR. Todo esto produce un aumento evitable del consumo de antibióticos con carbapenemas. Nuestro objetivo es analizar si la incidencia de infección/colonización por pseudomona aeruginosa en un hospital de Andalucía se reduce tras la implantación de un conjunto de medidas persuasivas dirigidas a la optimización de los tratamientos con carbapenemas y analizar el consumo de carbapenemas. El método utilizado en un estudio cuasi experimental ecológico de series temporales de un hospital de Andalucía y evaluación trimestral de indicadores.
Daya Hambat Minyak Atsiri Rimpang Kunyit terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida Albicans In Vitro
Authors: Nadifah Fitri , Farida Muhajir Nurlaili , Retnoningsih Fitri
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Inhibition Activity Of Turmeric Essential Oil Against The Growth Of Candida Albicans. Turmeric has rhizomes which contain essential oils and curcuminoid that has anti-fungal activity. The purpose of this research was to know the influence of essential oil of turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma domestica Val.) against the growth of Candida albicans in vitro. This was an experimental research with diffusion method. Essential oil obtained through distillation methods and the concentration used was 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The treatment was repeated three times. Anova test was used. Inhibition zone is formed at a concentration of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% were 6,16 mm, 6,50 mm, 6,66 mm, 7,00 mm and 7.83 mm, respectively Results in analysis by one way ANOVA showed there was a significant difference in the variance of essential oil concentration against the inhibition zone (p< 0.05).Abstrak: Daya Hambat Minyak Atsiri Rimpang Kunyit Terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida Albicans In Vitro. Kunyit merupakan  salah satu rimpang yang diketahui memiliki kandungan minyak atsiri serta curcuminoid yang bersifat anti jamur. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh minyak atsiri rimpang kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.) terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans secara in vitro. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan metode difusi cara sumuran. Minyak atsiri didapatkan melalui   metode destilasi dan konsentrasi  yang digunakan adalah 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% dan 100%. Perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil penelitian di analisis dengan Anova. Hasil zona hambat yang terbentuk pada konsentrasi minyak atsiri 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% berturut-turut adalah 6,16 mm, 6,50 mm, 6,66 mm, 7,00 mm,  dan 7,83 mm. Hasil analisis dengan one way anova menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signfikan pada berbagai konsentrasi minyak atsiri terhadap zona hambat yang dihasilkan (p<0,05). Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa berbagai konsentrasi minyak atsiri rimpang kunyit dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Kemampuan ini berpotensi dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai alternatif dalam pengobatan terhadap penyakit karena infeksi Candida albicans.
Aktivitas Antibakteri Daging Buah dan Daun Pala (Myristica Fragrans) terhadap Escherichia Coli
Authors: Arrizqiyani Tanendri , Sumiati Sri , Meliansyah Mila
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Antibacterial Activity Of Flash And Lead Of Nutmeg (Myristica  Fragrans) To Escherichia Coli.. Nutmeg plant is a typical Indonesian plant that is often used as a condiment of cooking and confectionery, especially the flesh of the fruit. But as advances in technology, nutmeg is widely developed as a potent antibacterial herb as Escherichia coli. The aims of this study is to compare the antibacterial sensitivity of ethyl acetate extract of flesh and nutmeg leaves to Escherichia coli Samples used are fruit and nutmeg leaves with sampling technique is purposive. The method used is Kirby Bauer and the variation of ethyl acetate extract of the flesh and nutmeg leaves used is 60% -100%. The results showed that antibacterial of an ethyl acetate extract of flesh was 1,5 higher than nutmeg leaves.Abstrak: Aktivitas Antibakteri Daging Buah dan Daun Pala (Myristica  Fragrans) Terhadap Escherichia Coli.  Tanaman pala merupakan tanaman khas Indonesia sering dimanfaatkan masyarakat sebagai bumbu masak dan manisan khususnya bagian daging buahnya. Namun seiring kemajuan teknologi, pala banyak dikembangkan sebagai obat herbal yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri seperti Escherichia coli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi antibakteri ekstrak etil asetat daging buah dan daun pala terhadap Escherichia coli Sampel yang digunakan yaitu buah dan daun pala dengan teknik sampling yaitu purposive. Metode yang digunakan yaitu Kirby Bauer dan variasi ekstrak etil asetat daging buah dan daun pala yang digunakan yaitu 60%-100%. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat daging buah pala memiliki aktivitas antibakteri 1,5 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan bagian daun.
Penerapan Model Edukasi Gizi terhadap Perilaku Sarapan pada Anak Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Gambir Jurianto , Nopriantini Nopriantini
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Application Of Nutrition Education Model To Breakfast Behavior In Basic School Children. Based on Data Riskesdas, (2010), 16-59% of school children in Indonesia are not accustomed to breakfast. School children who are used to breakfast 44.6% with energy consumption levels <15% AKG, 70% with poor breakfast nutritional quality with only drinking water / coffee / tea or with 1 (one) piece of small cake. Behavior is strongly influenced by various faktors including knowledge, intention and motivation of children to do breakfast, so needed a method to move child intention in doing breakfast. This research used to know how far effect of nutrition education to knowledge, habit, nutritional value and arrangement of breakfast food. The research method used was quasi experiment (Non-Randomized group pre-post test) with research subjects as many as 50 children divided into 2 (two) treatment groups (each group consists of 25 people). Educational media used the method of playing a smart ball game and counseling. The result of this research is there is a significant difference of knowledge level and value of knowledge score in both groups. The group of children who were educated with smart ball games had an average score higher than the group of children who received education through counseling (p <0.05).Abstrak: Penerapan Model Edukasi Gizi terhadap Perilaku Sarapan pada Anak Sekolah Dasar.  Data Riskesdas, (2010), 16-59% anak sekolah di Indonesia  tidak terbiasa  sarapan.  Anak sekolah yang terbiasa sarapan 44.6% dengan tingkat konsumsi energi <15% AKG, 70% dengan mutu gizi sarapan yang tergolong buruk dengan hanya minum air/kopi/teh atau dengan 1 (satu) potong kue kecil. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruh edukasi gizi terhadap pengetahuan, kebiasaan, nilai gizi dan susunan makanan sarapan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi experiment (Non-Randomized grup pre–post test) dengan subyek penelitian sebanyak 50 anak dibagi dalam 2 (dua) kelompok perlakuan (masing kelompok terdiri dari 25 orang). Media edukasi yang digunakan penggunaan metode permainan bola pintar dan penyuluhan. Hasil Penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaan yang signifikan tingkat pengetahuan dan nilai skor pengetahuan pada kedua kelompok. Kelompok anak yang mendapatkan edukasi dengan permainan bola pintar memiliki rata-rata skor nilai lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok anak yang mendapatkan edukasi melalui penyuluhan (p<0,05).
The faith of the fathers, the future of the youth
Authors: Banik Vibeke Kieding
Published: August 2018

The article aims to analyse the various descriptions of crises among Norwegian Jewry as they were expressed in Jewish magazines and organizations in the interwar period. By analysing social, organizational and religious work I ask how Jews emigrating from Eastern Europe handled the transition from the Jewish shtetl life to the homogeneity of the Scandinavian societies. Further, I discuss the various solutions to these crises. I suggest that by utilizing fixed ideas of Jewishness, such as ‘traditions’ and ‘Zionism’, the Norwegian Jews in fact created a versatile Jewishness that they labelled ‘national work’. This paved the way to becoming ‘Jewish Norwegians’.
Jewish history as a history of immigration: an overview of current historiography in the Scandinavian countries
Authors: Hoffmann Christhard
Published: August 2018

This article provides a first critical overview of the historiography of Jewish immigration and integration in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. While the experience of immigration has been crucial for Scandinavian Jewry, scholarly interest in Jewish migration history only emerged during the 1980s in connection with the focus on migration and ethnicity in Swedish research and the adaptation of sociological concepts of migration in general historiography. By analysing key historio-graphical works, focusing on their approaches and main narratives, this article aims at a critical methodological self-reflection. It identifies two major approaches to Jewish immigration history in current Scandinavian historiography: the demographic and social history approach, focusing in particular on the role of Jewish immigrants in the labour market, their settlement and housing conditions and their social mobility; and the cultural history approach, reconstructing and preserving the vanished world of Yiddish immigrant culture.
Positioning oneself and being positioned in the 'community': an essay on Jewish ethnography as a 'Jew-ish' ethnographer
Authors: Kasstan Ben
Published: August 2018

This article offers a reflexive and anthropological contribution to the current volume of Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis. It reflects on the experience of conducting anthropological work at home – or across homes – I considered this research to be an experience of ‘Jewish ethnog-raphy’ as a Jewish ethnographer. However, my own ‘Jew-ish’ background meant that I had become ‘neither- fish nor fowl’ within the field-site, which proved both to be an obstacle to, and an opportunity for, conducting the research. It utilises this experience to challenge the conceptual use of the term ‘community’, which encapsulates considerable diversity but obscures the nuanced differences that can pervade a social body. These reflections demonstrate how positionality can be used as a tool for postgraduate students to untangle the complexities of conducting ethnographic research at ‘home’ or in relation to religious minority groups, where significant intra-group differences of practice and worldviews exist, but may otherwise be concealed by the image of ‘community’.
Divine and demonic necessity in the Oresteia
Authors: Edsman Carl-Martin
Published: August 2018

Aeschylus remains wholly within the context of the ancient religion. He forms his dramatical works with stern gravity and deep religiosity, so that a pervading piety is natural and there are no godless people. The archaic attitude of the poet appears not the least in his view of the departed. They are bloodless shadows without emotions or perceptions. But at the same time the murdered ones cry for vengeance, Nemesis rules over all and everything, and Dike looks after the right of the angered dead. The departed, therefore, have a dangerous power. When the earth has drunk the blood of a murdered person there is no turning back, even Zeus himself is then powerless. The entire Oresteia is concerned with the necessity and the problem of blood-revenge, with retributive justice, but also—one must add—with atonement. Even if one may never disregard Aeschylus' historical background and his own particularity, the problems raised by the Oresteia are universally human and timeless. They may be expressed in different words in different times. But they are basic conditions of human existence.
"I overcame fate, fate harkens to me"
Authors: Bergman Jan
Published: August 2018

”I overcome Fate (to heimarmenon); Fate harkens to me". In order to understand the tension in this proclamation of Isis, which forms the conclusion of the Isis aretalogy from Cyme, we must make a closer acquaintance with the two dramatis personae. With what right could Isis make a claim like this? How was to heimarmenon understood and experienced in the Hellenistic environment to which the Cyme hymn belongs?  This paper considers the Egyptian goddess and her relation to Fate, by pointing out a few `fatalistic traits' in Isis' character. But first we have to ask another question: How did the Egyptians understand Fate in general? What concepts did they use in order to define Fate and its effects? What was the relation between the god(s) and Fate?
Fatalistic traits in Finnish proverbs
Authors: Kuusi Matti
Published: August 2018

In this paper the author examines proverbs in Finnish language. For example, the verb luoda, which in modern Finnish has the basic meaning 'to create' with a strong Christian colouring, was obviously used earlier to express fatalistic ideas. Its primary meaning appears, for instance, in a laconic pro-verb from Perniö (in south-western Finland): Tam lua, literally "The oak creates", which is given the following explanation: It is the weather in January [tammikuu, month of oak] that in some way predetermines what the spring and the summer will be like.
Shamanistic features in the Old Testament
Authors: Kapelrud Arvid
Published: August 2018

The question whether there are shamanistic features in the O.T. will receive different answers according to the definitions of the term shamanism. There is no reason to doubt that shamanistic practice was found in Canaan in the time of King Saul. This practice went far back in time and was found in Canaan before the invasion of the Israelites. The cult of the dead, which the archaeological diggings in Ras Shamra in Syria have revealed, existed also in Canaan. It was accepted by the Israelites, a fact which is underlined by the way in which the prohibition against all kinds of sorcery and sooth saying is repeated in the 0.T., Lev. XIX: 31, XX: 6, 27, Deut. XVIII: 11, I Sam. XXVIII: 3, Is. VIII: 19.
Les contacts ethniques dans la Mésopotamie et les syncrétismes de la religion sumérienne
Authors: Van Dijk J.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the author explores ethnic relations in Mesopotamia and syncretism in Sumerian religion in the light of political and religious conflicts, and divine democracy.
Preface
Authors: Wikman Karl
Published: August 2018

According to Plutarch Lachesis was the third of the Sisters of Fate. She joined Generation and Destruction in the sublunar world. Nemesis, on the contrary, was a daughter of Tyche. Mythical thought in late Hellenic times saw in these goddesses an expression of Natural and Divine necessity dominating human life. Carl Linnæus conceives Lachesis and Nemesis as symbols behind realities included in his views about human life and conduct. How he regarded Lachesis naturalis and Nemesis Divina is the subject of the present study.
The problem of defining myth
Authors: Honko Lauri
Published: August 2018

The first thing that one realises in trying to grasp the semantic implications of myth is that myth can cover an extremely wide field. The way in which the term myth is commonly used reveals, too, that the word is loaded with emotional overtones. These overtones creep not only into common parlance but also, somewhat surprisingly, into scientific usage. That myth does, in fact, carry emotional overtones in this way is perhaps most easily seen if we think of terms such as prayer, liturgy, ritual drama, spell: they are all used for different religious genres but would seem to be more neutral than myth. It appears to be difficult for many scholars to discuss myth simply as a form of religious communication, as one genre among other genres. If one differentiates between four levels, namely, form, content, function and context, it is much easier to encounter the varied uses which the concept has acquired in scientific literature. By this it is possible to delimit and yet be flexible at the same time. There is no need to welcome with open arms just any traditions into the fold of myth research: but nor is it necessary to exclude, for example, studies of myth where the context criterion, i.e. a context of ritual, is not fulfilled. The degree of flexibility that can be achieved is dependent on the approach that the scholar has chosen.
Gottesstaat und Götterstaat unter den vorchristlichen Germanen
Authors: Ström Åke
Published: August 2018

to be added
The myth of the state, or the state's religious legitimation
Authors: Edsman Carl-Martin
Published: August 2018

The myth of the state is used for legitimating certain actions. For example, the ideologist of National Socialism, A. Rosenberg, used the term myth for the belief or conception of life which was to sustain the new state. The Third Reich's myth was the superiority and glory of the Aryan' race. In addition, Hitler compared the requisite official ideology or philosophy to a religion. It must be intolerant like a religion; it demanded total submission, organization and devotion to struggle. Even Hitler's comrade in arms, Mussolini, used similar language, although the substance was partially different. Thus in a speech at Naples in 1922, Mussolini said: "We have created our myth. The myth is a faith, it is passion. It is not necessary that it shall be a reality. It is a reality by the fact that it is a goad, a hope, a faith, that it is courage. Our myth is the nation, our myth is the greatness of the nation ! In the Third World, besides native traditions, there are ideas taken from the Christian or secularized West. The first type of appropriation may have taken place long ago or in our own time. Within Islam, an offshoot from Judaism and Christianity, the theocratic consciousness is highly evident. The holder of political power is the instrument of God and shall therefore be obeyed. The ruler, on the other hand, shall consult his subjects, and the believers shall do the same among themselves and assist each other in word and deed.
Zur Problematik der neuen Religionen
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
Revivalist movements and religious contracultures in Finland
Authors: Pentikäinen Juha
Published: August 2018

The religious behavior of the Finns has usually been characterised as an extremely static phenomenon which is further colored by a strong ecclesiastical tradition. This may be seen in that over 92 % of the Finnish population belongs to the Evangelical-Lutheran Church and that the largest religious movements function within this church. This conception seems to receive additional support by the fact that, with the exception of the most recent neo-pietism (uuspietismi) organised during the period of the second world war, the main revivalist movements functioning within the church are more than a century old: Knee-praying (rukoilevaisuus) from the 18th century, Revivalism (herännäisyys) from the transitional period between the 18th and 19th century, Lestadianism (lestadiolaisuus) and Evangialism (evankelisuus) from the middle of the 19th century.
Sociology of religion and the occult revival
Authors: Ejerfeldt Lennart
Published: August 2018

The "new" that makes the cults of the occult revival to "new religions" of the Western world, is their recently increased social significance. Historically most of modern occultism is anything but new. From the research and theorizing about the occult revival we have picked up some main themes. The first is the social diffusion of the new occultism. In this field, we find some studies of superstition, especially astrology. These illuminate the differences in social connotation between the consumers of superstition and the followers of institutional religion. Secondly the study of the occult revival has made valuable contributions to the conceptualizing of "cult" and the cultic phenomenon. Thirdly, we will look upon the connection between the occult revival and the counter-culture. The problem of the rise of cults as a symptom of socio-cultural change will be briefly discussed with reference to Bell's thesis of "the disjuntion of culture and social structure". Lastly, we proffer some reflections on the occult revival and the new spiritual trends in the churches, which so sharply contrast with the theology and churchmanship of the sixties.
1. Die bisherigen Standpunkte zur Lösung des Problems
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
3. Quellenzeugnisse über Usins und seine Funktion
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
Literaturverzeichnis
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
Dynamic and institution in the Children of God
Authors: Kvideland Karin
Published: August 2018

Dynamic is used here as an equivalent to charisma, but not however in the New Testament sense of a gift, but rather as suprahuman source of authority. A charismatic person then is someone who claims that the authority he claims is neither inherited nor given him by a group of people, but has been directly bestowed upon him by God. In other words, a charismatic person is a prophet. Institution is  an organisation broadly defined, containing both a social entity as the "religious system" and in the more practical aspect as the organisation of a particular movement. The purpose here is to indicate the relations between dynamic and institution, between prophet and organisation within and out-side the religious group "The Children of God".
The symbol of the centre and its religious function in Islam
Authors: Hjärpe Jan
Published: August 2018

There is a ritual orientation in the world. In this context we may speak of a Centre, the Origo in the religious orientation in the world. This concept is an essential feature of Islam. To be valid the prayers must be performed facing the kibla, which is the Ka`ba in Mecca. The kibla determines the orientation of the mosques, and thus indirectly, town plans through the Muslim world. Mecca is also the goal of the Pilgrimage.The difference between an object as a religious symbol and a neutral and profane object is the ritual behaviour: it attracts rituals and observances which are justified and explained by religious belief. In what way is the Ka`ba (and Mecca) as the Centre of the Muslim world a symbol? What is the value of the symbol today? What is the religious function of the Symbol of the Centre in Islam in the 1970's? The Symbol of the Centre in Islam is, on the one hand, the tangible object, the City and the temple, and on the other the ritual behaviour concerned with the Centre, i.e. tawaf, kibla etc. The Ka' ba' s role as an object of devotion is indicated by the fact that pictures of the temple actually serve as "devotional icons", in homes and in mosques. We can even see a tendency for a stylized image of the Kaba to replace the crescent as the symbol of Islam, i.e. the Symbol of the Centre tends to become the symbol of the religion as a whole. The symbol is efficacious, it has psychological effects, it provokes and expresses emotions, spiritual experiences, feelings of fellowship, of duties towards God and fellow-believers; not only do these emotions visualize fundamental principles in Islam, but by the experience of the Symbol these ideas are integrated in the personality of the individual, with social and political consequences for his actions. The fact that the Centre is invariably remembered as the kibla, the direction of the daily ritual behaviour, creates a profound awareness of membership of a community transcending ethnic, national and political boundaries. The pilgrimage to Mecca plays a major role in the co-operation between Muslim countries in the fields of religion, economics and politics. The Ka'ba, and Mecca, is the Centre of Islam's "topographical religiosity".