bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant FKBP73
Authors: Blecher O , Breiman A
Published: November 2023

FKBP73 of wheat is a PPIase (peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase) member of the FKBP (FK506-binding protein) family, being most homologous to mammalian FKBP52. Uniquely, the deduced amino acid sequence contains three FKBP12-like domains, a calmodulin-binding site and a putative TPR (tetratricopeptide) motif. The wheat FKBP73 is abundant in highly dividing tissues and an additional isoform of 71 kDa is associated with mature cells.

The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone isolated from a wheat root tip cDNA library (EMBL accession number X86903) reveals an open reading frame of 559 amino acids with calculated molecular mass of 62 kDa and with electrophoresis mobility of 73 kDa on SDS-PAGE (Blecher et al., 1996). The N- terminal amino acid sequence does not reveal similarity to mitochondrial or chloroplast targeting sequences.
Mammalian FKBP12
Authors: Siekierka J J
Published: November 2023

The amino acid sequence deduced from a single cDNA clone isolated from a phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human T-cell library (GenBank accession number M34539; Maki etal., 1990) reveals a protein of 108 amino acids and a molecular weight of 11 951 Da in agreement with the molecular mass estimated by SDS-PAGE (Siekierka et al., 1989b). No significant homology was observed at that time with other sequences in the GenBank and EMBL databases. Hydropathy analysis did not reveal any significant hydrophobic stretches indicative of a signal peptide or transmembrane region and is consistent with the cytoplasmic localization of FKBP12. A physical map of the human FKBP12 gene has been obtained and the gene has been mapped to chromosome 20 (DiLeila and Craig, 1991).
Mammalian FKBP51
Authors: Smith D F
Published: November 2023

FKBP51 was originally noted as a component of native chicken progesterone receptor complexes (Smith et al., 1990), but cDNAs for mouse FKBP51 were independently isolated in two laboratories. The gene for FKBP51 was one of several identified in the WEHI-7TG murine thymoma cell line whose expression was increased during glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis (Baughman et al., 1991) . A cDNA for FKBP51 was subsequently sequenced and shown to be a novel FKBP (Baughman etal., 1995). In a separate study (Yeh et al., 1995), a cDNA for FKBP51 was cloned based on the accumulation of the mRNA during the clonal expansion phase of 3T3-L1 cell growth. A cDNA sequence for human FKBP51 has also recently been obtained (Nair etal., 1997).
Escherichia coli parvulin
Authors: Fischer G , Rahfeld J -U
Published: November 2023

Parvulin (latin: parvulus, very small) is the first member of a new family of PPIases, sharing no sequence homology in their amino acid sequence to the cyclophilins or FKBPs. The enzyme was purified from Escherichia coli cells by monitoring the enzymatic activity with the protease-coupled PPIase assay. The mature enzyme consists only of 92 amino acid residues. To our knowledge parvulin represents the smallest known enzyme being enzymatically active as a monomer.

The amino acid sequence of parvulin was determined by Edman degradation (Rahfeld et al., 1994a). The corresponding gene was identified by translation from the amino acid sequence using the TFASTA (Rahfeld et al., 1994a) or TBLASTN (Rudd et al., 1995) program. It was localized in the E. coli genome between 84.5 and 86.5 minutes, a previously unidentified open reading frame between the E. coli ilvC and rep genes in the ECOUW85U sequence (Daniels et al., 1992). This gene encodes a protein consisting of 93 amino acid residues (PIR accession number S45525).
Vertebrate p60
Authors: Johnson J L
Published: November 2023

IEFSSP3521 (Honore etal., 1992).

p60 was first observed to be up-regulated twofold in SV40-transformed human fibroblasts and also up-regulated by stress (Honore et al., 1992). Using peptides generated from purified protein, p60 was further identified as the 60 kDa protein that copurifies with immunoprecipitated avian Hsp90 (Smith etal., 1993).
Vertebrate Hsp47
Authors: Nagata K
Published: November 2023

Colligin (Kurkinen etal., 1984) and J6 protein (Wang and Gudas, 1990) in mice, and gp46 in rats (Cates etal., 1987) and in humans (Clarke and Sanwal, 1992).

Hsp47 was originally identified as a gelatin-binding protein from chick embryo fibroblasts (Nagata and Yamada, 1986). Therefore, Hsp47 can be easily purified by a single step of affinity chromatography on gelatin- Sepharose or collagen-Sepharose following cell lysis with 1% Nonidet P-40 (Kurkinen et al., 1984; Nagata and Yamada, 1986).
Carboxypeptidase Y and its propeptide
Authors: Winther J R
Published: November 2023

Carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) is a resident of the yeast vacuole (equivalent to the lysosome in mammals). It is synthesized as a zymogen (procarboxypeptidase Y; proCPY) which contains a 91 amino acid N-terminal propeptide. The propeptide is essential for folding of the protein in vivo. In vitro, CPY is unable to refold in the absence of high concentrations of salt, while proCPY refolds efficiently. Under high salt conditions CPY refolds with a low efficiency, and the isolated propeptide is able to stimulate folding of the enzyme through low-affinity interactions.
Ribosome-associated chaperones and protein synthesis: molecular machines catalysing protein targeting, folding and assembly
Authors: McColl D , Hartl F U
Published: November 2023

The process of polypeptide translation, intracellular targeting and folding is a highly complex biochemical reaction. During translation, several events occur while the polypeptide is present as a ribosome-bound nascent chain that determine its ultimate fate in the cell. First, misfolding and aggregation of nascent chains are prevented. Secondly, the correct cellular location of the emerging nascent chain is determined based on the presence of targeting sequences such as an N-terminal signal sequence. Targeting to the correct cellular location may require translocation across intracellular membranes such as those of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. In order for this to occur, nascent polypeptides must be maintained in an unfolded state. Finally, polypeptides must be folded to their correct native state or be assembled into homo- or hetero-oligomeric complexes.
The periplasmic unfolded protein response in Escherichia coli
Authors: Raina S , Missiakas D
Published: November 2023

Misfolding of proteins in Escherichia coli triggers two stress responses. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm induces the ‘classical’ heat shock regulon controlled by the σ32 polymerase. In contrast, misfolding of proteins in the extracytoplasm induces the newly described EσE dependent regulon. Such an intercompartmental organization implies the presence of signal-transducing molecules located in the periplasm and in the inner membrane. EσE, by itself, is the master regulator of the heat shock response since it ensures, at high temperatures, the transcription of the rpoH gene encoding σ32.
Mammalian Grp94
Authors: Melnick J , Argon Y
Published: November 2023

Endoplasmin (Koch etal., 1986), ERp99 (Mazzarella, Green, 1987), hsp 108 (Sargan etal., 1986), gp96 (Li, Srivastava, 1993). Grp94 was isolated by several independent approaches. Biochemically, it was identified as the major concanavalin A-binding protein in rough microsomes (Koch et al.,

1986), as a component of the chicken progesterone receptor (Sargan et al., 1986),, as the major protein responding to either glucose starvation (Lee et al., 1983) or to differentiation signals (Mazzarella, Green, 1987) .
Plastid Cpn21
Authors: Gatenby A A , Chen H
Published: November 2023

Ch-cpn10 (Bertsch et al., 1992), cpn24 (Chen, Jagendorf, 1994). Cpn21 was originally identified in pea (Pisum sativum), spinach (Spinacea oleracea) chloroplasts (Bertsch.
Mammalian Cpn60
Authors: Hoj P B , Hoogenraad N J , Hartman D
Published: November 2023

Amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequences of CPN60 cDNAs (Jindal et al., 1989; Peralta et al., 1990) (see also GenBank accession numbers M22882, M22383, X54793, X53585, X53584) reveal that mammalian Cpn60 is encoded as a 573 amino acid precursor protein (p-Cpn60) from which a typical amphipathic N-terminal targeting signal is removed upon mitochondrial import. This generates a mature protein (Cpn60) of 547 amino acids with a predicted mass of c. 57.9 kDa (Peralta etal., 1993).
CCT α
Authors: Kubota A , Willison K
Published: November 2023

CCT has been called TCP-1 (t-complex polypeptide 1), named because the Tcp-1 gene was found as a gene showing t-complex-encoded polymorphism in a protein product highly expressed in testis (Silver etal., 1979). The t-complex is a region containing large chromosomal inversions on mouse chromosome 17, is involved in transmission ratio distortion of t-complex-carrying mice (Silver, 1985). The yeast homologue of CCTa is called Tcplp or Cctlp (Kubota etal., 1995a).
CCTα
Authors: Kubota A , Willison K
Published: November 2023

Two temperature-sensitive mutants tcp1/3-270, tcp1/3- 326 show abnormal tubulin organization in budding yeast, disruption of the gene produces a lethal phenotype (Miklos et al., 1994). Four other temperaturesensitive mutants bin3-1, bin3-2, bin3-3, bin3-4 show both abnormal tubulin, actin phenotypes (Chen et al.,

1994) .A temperature-sensitive mutant of CCT/3 is lethal in combination with a temperature-sensitive mutant of either CCTa, CCTyor CCT3 (Chen etal., 1994).
Bacillus subtil is CIpC
Authors: Kruger E , Hecker M
Published: November 2023

The clpC gene of B. subtilis was identified by a PCR technique using degenerate primers hybridizing with the conserved ATP-binding domains (Kruger et al., 1994). Independently, the gene was cloned, designated as mecB in a genetic complementation approach (Msadek et al., 1994). In addition, the complete nucleotide sequence of the clpC locus was determined in the B. subtilis genome sequencing project (Ogasawara et al., 1994). GenBank accession numbers: X75930, U02604, D26185.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp104
Authors: Schirmer E C , Lindquist S
Published: November 2023

The 5. cerevisiae HSP104 gene (GenBank accession number M67479) codes for a 908 amino acid protein with predicted Mr of 102 kDa, estimated pl of 5.14. On two-dimensional gels it migrates close to the predicted values indicating that it is not subject to major post-trans-lational modification (Parsell et al., 1991). The protein contains two domains with predicted Walker-type nucleotide-binding folds.
Malaria plasmid CIpC
Authors: Wilson I
Published: November 2023

CIpC, the nucleus-encoded equivalent of HsplOO in higher plants, is encrypted by a transposed plastid gene with an evolved leader sequence targeting its product back to the plastid organelle (Moore, Keegstra, 1993). A leaderless form of this gene is still maintained on the primitive plastid genome of the red alga Porphyra purpurea (M. Reith, personal communication). A form of clp, possibly analogous to c/pC, is also carried on the vestigial plastid genome of malaria, related parasites (Fig. 1). This is consistent with the hypothesis that these organisms originated from a photosynthetic progenitor (possibly a dinoflagellate) carrying an algal plastid acquired by secondary endosymbiosis (Wilson et al., 1994). The malarial clp gene’s modified form suggests it has a specialized function.
Spectrin (Brain)
Authors: Celio Marco R
Published: November 2023

Spectrin belongs to the family of actin-binding proteins. It is a structural protein associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. It is composed of an a- and {3-subunit and was first defined in red blood cells. ft has been found in most metazoans including vertebrates and higher plants. Non-erythroid forms exist in a variety of tissues and are most abundant in nervous tissue. The a-subunit of brain spectrin contains two EF-hands and binds calmodulin and Ca2•(for review, see, 1989; Goodman et al. 1988; Coleman et al., Michaud et al. 1991; Bennet and Gilligan 1993; Winkelman and Forget 1993).
Vacuolating cytotoxin (Helicobacter pylori)
Authors: Papini E , Telford J L
Published: November 2023

VacA is a protein that when purified from the culture supernatant of Type I Helicobacter pylori strains (Leunk et al. 1988; Cover and Blaser 1992; Crabtree et al. 1992; Telford et al. 1994a; Marchetti et al. 1995) has a molecular weight between 600000-700000 Da. In the Electron microscope, the protein appears as flower-shaped hexamers and heptamers, formed by identical monomers (Fig. 1) (Lupetti et al. 1996}. The gene codes for a precursor polypeptide of 140000 Da (Telford et al. 1994b), of which the amino-terminal of 95000 Da forms the VacA monomer, while the carboxy-terminal region is involved in secretion of the toxin into the culture medium. Once secreted into the extracellular space, the 95 000 Dalton monomer can be proteolytically cleaved at a specific site, forming two subunits of 37 000 and 58 000 Da, that may represent the A and B subunits typical of the AB type of bacterial toxins. One of the subunits is presumed to be involved in binding the eukaryotic cell receptor and facilitating the toxin internalization. The other subunit is presumed to act on and inactivate a molecule of eukaryotic cells that regulates a crucial step of vesicle trafficking.
Introduction
Authors: Pietrobon D
Published: November 2023

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are multisubunit complexes composed of a channel-forming and voltage-sensing a1 subunit and several regulatory and/or auxiliary subunits. They constitute a complex family of channels comprising a large number of different subtypes, which have in common a steep voltage dependence of open probability and a very high selectivity for Ca2+over Na+ and K+ ions in physiological solutions.
Erabutoxins (Laticauda semifasciata)
Authors: Ménez A , Servent D
Published: November 2023

Venomous sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) live in tropical waters from the western coast of America to the eastern coast of Africa, with a greatest species diversity in waters of southeastern Asia and Northern Australia. Venoms help sea snakes to subdue their prey, essentially fish. Most toxic components are small curaremimetic proteins which bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) with high affinity (Kd values are in picomolar range), producing flaccid paralysis and causing death by respiratory failure. Snake curaremimetic toxins, also called a neurotoxins, are classified as long-chain toxins with 66-74 residues and 4/5 disulfides and short-chain toxins with 60-62 residues and four disulfides (Endo and Tamiya 1991), with no immunological crossreactivity (Menez 1991). Erabutoxins a, b, and c (Ea, Eb, Ee) were isolated from venom of Laticauda semifasciata, collected in Japanese waters, by Tamiya and coworkers (Tamiya 1975).
κ-Bungarotoxin (Bungarus multicinctus)
Authors: Chiappinelli V
Published: November 2023

κ-Bgt is a 66 amino acid protein that shares considerable sequence homology with a-Bgt (Grant and Chiappinelli 1985; Fig. 1). It is the prototype of a family of neurotoxins that includes κ2-Bgt and κ3-Bgt (from Bungarus multicinctus; Chiappinelli et al. 1990) and K-flavitoxin (from Bungarus flaviceps; Chiappinelli et al. 1987). All K-neurotoxins exist as noncovalently bound dimers, which distinguishes them from the monomeric a-neurotoxins (Chiappinelli and Wolf 1989). Solution structure of the K¬ Bgt dimer has been described using two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy (Oswald et al. 1991) and circular dichroism (Fiordalisi et al. 1994a). The crystal structure at 2.3-A resolution is closely related to that of the NMR study and predicts 10 β-strands in the dimer, including an extended six-stranded antiparallel β-sheet shared between the subunits, with residues Phe 49 and Leu 57 forming additional van der Waals interactions across the dimer interface (Dewan et al. 1994; Fig. 2). The crucial residue Arg 34 is at the tip of the central loop for each subunit.
Notexins (Notechis scutatus scutatus)
Authors: Gasparini S , Ménez A
Published: November 2023

The tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus is the world’s fourth most venomous snake. Its venom contains curaremimetic neurotoxins and several PLA2s homologues which display various activities. Among the latter, notex¬ ins Np and Ns (Karlsson et al. 1972; Chwetzoff et al. 1990) which are frequently mixed in current preparations called ‘notexin’, are the most potent homologues. They are basic monomeric enzymatically active PLA2s which differ from each other by one residue (Halper and Eaker 1975; Chwetzoff et al. 1990). As judged from their primary (Halper and Eaker 1975; Chwetzoff et al. 1990) (see below) and tertiary (Westerlund et al. 1992) structures (Fig. 1), they belong to the PLA2s group I.
Taipoxin
Authors: Harris J B
Published: November 2023

Taipoxin is a presynaptically active, myotoxic phospholipase A2+ It is a complex of three polypeptide subunits noncovalently assembled in a 1:1: 1 molar ratio. The subunits can be dissociated in media of high ionic strength and low pH or in 6 M guanidine at neutral pH. Dissociation in guanidine is readily reversible. The three subunits are designated, respectively, α, β, and γ (Fohlman et al. 1976, 1979).
Pardaxin (Pardachirus marmoratus)
Authors: Bloch-Shilderman E , Abu-Raya S , Lazarovici P
Published: November 2023

Pardaxin is an acidic, amphipathic, and hydrophobic polypeptide, of a 3500 daltons molecular weight, composed of 33 common amino acids (Fig. 1). The toxin is secreted together with aminoglycosteroides (Lazarovici et al. 1986) into the sea water causing toxicity and/or repellency of marine organisms (Lazarovici et al. 1990). Pardaxin has a neurotoxic excitatory action on neurons expressed in a massive exocytosis of a variety of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (Renner et al. 1987) and Torpedo electric organ synaptosomes (Arribas et al. 1993); 5-HT and norepinephrine from rat cortical brain slices (Wang and Friedman 1986); dopamine from chromaffin cells (Lazarovici and Lelkes 1992) and PC12 cells (Bloch-Shilderman et al. 1995); glutamate from rat brain slices (Lazarovici, unpublished data) etc. This excitatory effect might explain pardaxin toxicity to marine organisms and provide pardaxin as a new pharmaco¬ logical tool to study the process of neurotransmitter exocytosis. Pardaxin has been sequenced and synthesized (Loew et al. 1985) and shown to be biologically active, similar to the native toxin (Shai et al. 1988). In lyposomes and planar bilayers, pardaxin formed voltage-dependent pores (Loew et al. 1985; Lazarovici et al. 1988). These pores behave as hydrated pores for permeant cations and show only a modest selectivity for charge (Shi et al. 1995). Modelling of pardaxin pores suggests they are composed of a cylinder of eight parallel monomers in which eight stranded β-barrels are surrounded by eight amphipathic a-helices (Fig. 1 and Lazarovici et al. (1992). Charge considerations predict that this cylinder will be inserted into the membrane only if the potential on the exoplasmic face of the membrane is positive (Lazarovici et al. 1992).
NuMA
Authors: Gueth-Hallonet Catherine , Osborne, Mary , Compton Duane A
Published: November 2023

First called NuMA by Lydersen and Pettijohn, 1 this protein has also been referred to as centrophilin,2 SP-H antigen.3 SPN antigen,4 W1,5 and the 1F1/1H1 antigen.6 All these proteins were later shown by DNA or protein sequence to be identical to NuMA.
The World of Archimedes
Authors: Higgins Peter M
Published: November 2023

The greatest mathematician of antiquity was Archimedes of Syracuse. He lived to the age of 75, having spent the final years of his life frustrating the Roman efforts to take his city during the Punic Wars through the use of a series of ingenious mechanical weapons that some maintain included ‘burning mirrors’ that set fire to the wooden Roman ships. When Syracuse finally fell in the year 212 BC the story goes that Archimedes was murdered by an angry Roman soldier. Archimedes did have his final wish respected though, that his tomb should have inscribed upon it, for the benefit of future generations, a diagram of a sphere inside of a cylinder of the same radius and height. This was reported by the Roman orator Cicero who discovered the tomb in Sicily around 150 years later. Finding it fallen into disrepair, Cicero had the tomb of the world’s greatest scientist restored. No trace of it remains today however and even the site of the grave is lost.
Reflections and Curves
Authors: Higgins Peter M
Published: November 2023

Much of this chapter has to do with reflections from curved surfaces but to whet your appetite, let us begin with a question about ordinary flat mirrors. When inspecting your appearance in a mirror that is not quite long enough to show your full figure, a natural impulse is to step back a pace or two in the hope that this will allow the mirror to accommodate. It doesn’t work, so why do we instinctively expect that it will? It may be because, while looking at three-quarters of your body, you can see in the background large objects, perhaps other people, in full view. Although you can see the full figure of the person in the background, they however cannot and it will do you no good to step back to where they are. Let us look at the geometry in order to see why this is so.
Introduction
Authors: Sanders Andrew
Published: November 2023

Soon after his death in October 1400 the body of Geoffrey Chaucer was placed in a modest tomb in the eastern aisle of the north transept of Westminster Abbey, the coronation church of the English kings. He was so honoured not because he was the author of The Canterbury Tales, but because he had formerly held the post of Clerk of the King’s Works and because he had been living in the precincts of the Abbey at the time of his death. He was, moreover, distantly connected to the royal family through his wife Philippa. When John Gower died some eight years later he was interred in the Priory Church of St Mary Overie in Southwark (now Southwark Cathedral). Gower, who had retired to the Priory in his old age, received a far more elaborate tomb, one which pro claimed him to be Anglorum Poeta celeberrimus (‘the most famous poet of the English nation’) and one which showed him in effigy somewhat uncomfortably resting his head on his three great works, the Vox C/amantis, the Speculum Meditantis, and the ConfessioAmantis.
Industrial Change, 1500-1740, and the Problem of Proto-industrialization
Authors: Glennie P
Published: November 2023

Viewed from the twentieth-century’s highly specialized industrial regions, industry in early modern Europe appears a poor affair. While some specialized textile or mining districts existed, they were exceptional amidst a proliferation of localities within which diverse arrangements produced non-agricultural goods for local consumption. The rarity of large regional concentrations of industrial producers reflected several factors. Relatively sparse populations and modest living standards meant that markets for the goods produced in any area were comparatively small, except in the few very large cities such as London and Paris. An area’s low production costs could easily be swamped by the high transport and transaction costs that accounted for much of goods’ prices to consumers. Transaction costs therefore protected local industries, whilst simultaneously limiting tJ1eir scale. Political fragmentation and the reluctance of governments to become reliant on potential enemies for key goods also supported many local specialisms, via embargoes, tariffs, or other protective restrictions on trade. Numerous factors thus contributed to the very widespread distribution of many basic craft and industrial activities.
Lieder Line By Line and word for word
Authors: Phillips Lois
Published: November 2023

German song in the nineteenth century offers some of the greatest pleasures available to the singer, pianist, and listener. The great German poets—Goethe, Schiller, Rückert, Eichendorff, Heine, Mörike, Hesse, and many lesser figures—inspired such perennial masterpieces as Schubert’s song cycles Die Schöne Müllerin and Winterreise, Schumann’s Dichterliebe, and Mahler’s Die Kindertotenlieder. This book provides the German texts of the most frequently studied and performed songs, and gives literal, word-for-word translations under each line, plus clear English prose versions of each poem. Neither is a singing version, but each contributes to the understanding and appreciation of the song. The composers represented are Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Wagner, Brahms, Wolf, Mahler, and Richard Strauss. This new edition includes numerous corrections and improvements to the translations.
How to use this book
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

However much importance you attach to acquiring skills in perceiving, identifying and writing down pitches and durations in their various musical functions, that training can now go on out of the classroom. The ground is cleared, and the seeds of other musical ideas, contained in the following chapters, can be sown. As you read on through the book, various alternative strategies are open to you. One is to work consistently through, from beginning to end. For anyone or any group of students at undergraduate level, this is probably the best approach.
Hearing and listening: what is available
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

To take any active part in music, we have to perceive it. This in itself is not as easy as it may appear. For example, as you read this, is any music audible? Perhaps you are in the music department of a university or polytechnic, or in a conservatoire, or in the music block of a school. You may be at home, with background music on as you read-or your next-door-neighbour is practising the sousaphone But until you are made aware of it, you may well not perceive this music: it is heard but not listened to.
Timbre
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

Re-read section 2.4 to remind yourself of the meaning of ‘timbre’ or ‘tone-colour’, and its applications, ranging from the wholly obvious qualities which differentiate a string quartet from a brass band, the subtler difference between, say, the lowest and highest strings of a violin and, most subtle of all, the varieties of tonal character which a player can draw from any one single note.
Structure
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

So far we have examined musical events largely independently of each other—one element, then the next. But as isolated moments of sound are not, in themselves, music, so too it can be misleading to examine isolated layers of musical quality—pitch without reference to timbre, rhythm without reference to dynamics.
The Economic Sphere
Authors: Chiesi Antonio M
Published: November 2023

The European capitalist economies have always been considered very diﬀerent due to their origins in diﬀerent times, their diﬀerent pace of development, and their diﬀerent position in the international division of labor. Nevertheless, the long process of economic unification has brought increasing integration to a common market, while diﬀerent models that have sometimes been presented as alternative have inspired diﬀerentiated welfare regimes and degrees of state intervention in the economy. The economy of the United States is also very diﬀerentiated across the fifty states, but unlike Europe, it is characterized by the same institutions and the same market–state mix.
Welfare
Authors: Cornilleau Gérard
Published: November 2023

Welfare lies at the heart of the European political debate. The French and the Dutch rejection of the European constitution project in the spring of 2005 can largely be explained by the worries stirred by the return of the primacy of economics over the social aims of public intervention. It was because the constitution project gave too much precedence to the demands of ‘competition’ and the ‘free circulation of goods and services’ that eventually, and especially in France, a majority of citizens preferred to halt—at least momentarily—the political construction of Europe rather than question the ‘European social model’. In the political debate, the social model referred to is only rarely defined with precision: it encapsulates implicitly all the dispositions which protect the status of workers on the labor market and the compulsory collective insurance systems which fund unemployment benefits, pensions, health care expenditures, and allowances for the disabled.
Introduction to mathematical modelling and numerical simulation
Authors: Allaire Gregoire
Published: November 2023

This chapter is an introduction to two distinct, but closely linked, aspects of applied mathematics: mathematical modelling and numerical simulation. A mathematical model is a representation or an abstract interpretation of physical reality that is amenable to analysis and calculation. Numerical simulation allows us to calculate the solutions of these models on a computer, and therefore to simulate physical reality. In this hook, the models we shall study will he partial differential equations (or PDEs), that is, differential equations in several variables (time and space, for example).
Complex and symplectic manifolds
Authors: Félix Yves , Oprea John , Tanré Daniel
Published: November 2023

Just as a complex analytic function has special properties compared to an ordinary smooth function, so does the de Rham algebra of a complex manifold display additional structure to that derived from the manifold’s smooth structure alone. In particular, the splitting of the de Rham algebra into (p , q) -parts endows a complex manifold with two differentials whose interactions are extremely powerful in many regards, but especially in discovering rational homotopy properties of the manifold. In this chapter, we study models of the de Rham and Dolbeault algebras of a complex manifold M .
A Florilège of geometric applications
Authors: Félix Yves , Oprea John , Tanré Daniel
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a survey on the types of models which arise when studying configuration spaces, smooth algebraic varieties, function (or mapping) spaces, and arrangements. We also give a brief introduction to two subjects, Gelfand–Fuchs cohomology and iterated integrals, which provided unexpected connections between models and geometric analysis at the very dawn of rational homotopy theory. Here we explain the relevant models and then refer to the appropriate literature for details or proofs.
Regulating Lobbying in the European Union
Authors: Obradovic Daniela
Published: November 2023

Lobbying is not regulated in the European Union (EU) in a uniform or coherent manner. While the European Parliament (EP) has had a registry and code of conduct for lobbyists (European Parliament 2005: Article 3 of Annex IX) for a considerable period of time, the European Commission has moved more slowly from the open access policy for lobbyists towards the adoption of regulatory standards for this activity. It recently decided to introduce registration for lobbyists (Commission of the European Communities 2007a, 2008a). The other EU institutions, with the exception of the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), do not have any specific rules governing their relations with lobbyists, apart from the general EU Staff Regulations (2004) and good administrative standards (The European Code of Good Administrative Behaviour 2005).
Second-Order Differential Equations In The Phase Plane
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

Very few ordinary differential equations have explicit solutions expressible in finite terms. This is not simply because ingenuity fails, but because the repertory of standard functions (polynomials, exposing, and so on) in terms of which solutions may be expressed is too limited to accommodate the variety of differential equations encountered in practice. Even if a solution can be found, the ‘formula ‘ is often too complicated to display clearly the principal features of the solution; this is particularly true of implicit solutions and of solutions which are in the form of integrals or infinite series.
Poincaré Sequences, Homoclinic Bifurcation, And Chaos
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

And its phase diagram in the (x, y)-plane. Let :E be a curve or cross-section of the plane with the property that it cuts each phase path transversely in some region of the phase diagram, that is, it is nowhere tangential to a phase path. It is called a Poincaré section of the phase diagram. Consider a point A  0 : (x0, y0) on the Poincaré section :E shown in Fig. 13.1. If we follow the phase path through A  0 in its direction of flow then it next cuts :E in the same sense at A  1 : (x  1, y1). This point is the first return, or Poincaré map, of the point A  0. We are not implying that such a point must exist, but if it does then it is called a first return. If we continue on the phase path, then the first return of A  1 is A  2 : (x2, y2) (see Fig. 13.1). We can represent this process as a mapping or function by an operator P:E which is such that for the particular
Perturbation methods
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

Trigonometric identities The following identities are useful in the application of perturbation methods. The constants A0 and B0 must be put equal to zero since otherwise x1 will include non-periodic terms. As in (i), complementary functions must be put equal to zero at each stage to eliminate nonperiodic terms. As in (i), complementary functions must be put equal to zero at each stage to eliminate nonperiodic terms. When ω0 is given, find for what values of ω there are three possible responses. (Find the stationary values of F with respect to a0, with ω fixed. These are the points where the response curves of Figure 5.4 (in NODE) turn over.) Find the equivalent linear form (NODE, Section 4.5) of the expression ¨x +_2x−εx3, with respect to the periodic form x = a cos t . Use the linear form to obtain the frequency– amplitude relation for the equation Solve the equation approximately by assuming that a = a0 +εa1, and show that this agrees with the first harmonic in NODE, eqn (5.23). (Note that there may be three solutions, but that this method of solution shows only the one close to {_/(1 − _2)} cos t .)
Forced oscillations: harmonic and subharmonic response, stability, and entrainment
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

which is the polar equation of phase paths in the van der Pol plane for large r. Since | 4_β cos θ|is bounded, the paths will be approximately circles for large r, which agrees with the solution of Problem 7.1. By examining the non-periodic solutions of the linearized equations obtained from the first part of Problem 7.8, show that the two solutions, period 2π, obtained are respectively stable and unstable. The presence of ‘sum and difference tones’ with frequencies ω1±ω2 can be detected in sound resonators having suitable nonlinear characteristics, or as an auditory illusion attributed to the nonlinear detection mechanism in the ear (McLachlan 1956). The iterative method of solution can be adapted to simpler forced oscillation problems involving a single input frequency.)
The existence of periodic solutions
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

A system has exactly one equilibrium point, n limit cycles and no other periodic solutions. Explain why an asymptotically stable limit cycle must be adjacent to unstable limit cycles, but an unstable limit cycle may have stable or unstable cycles adjacent to it. Let cn be the number of possible configurations, with respect to stability, of n nested limit cycles. By considering the path directions across each of the suggested topographic systems show that in each of the cases given there exists a limit cycle. Locate the region in which a limit cycle might exist as closely as possible. Show that in each case only one limit cycle exists:
Poincaré sequences, homoclinic bifurcation, and chaos
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

where r(0) r, θ (0) θ. The system has an equilibrium point at the origin, which is an unstable spiral. The system also has a stable limit cycle given by circle r 1. The polar equations of the paths are given by Two rings can slide on two fixed horizontal wires which lie in the same vertical plane with separation a. The two rings are connected by a spring of unstretched length l and stiffness μ. The upper ring is forced to move with displacement Φ(t) from a fixed point O as shown below or in Figure 13.41 (in NODE). The resistance on the lower ring which has mass m is assumed to be mk × speed. Let y be the relative displacement between the rings.
Manifolds
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

A manifold is basically a smooth curve or surface or higher-dimensional analogue. The key property of a manifold is the existence of consistent local coordinate charts, for example spherical coordinates on a sphere, which allow us to do calculus on manifolds just as in Euclidean spaces R . Manifolds appear in many contexts in mechanics, including as configuration spaces.
Geometry on manifolds
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

Differential geometry is geometry studied via advanced calculus. It applies not just in Euclidean space but on general smooth manifolds. Riemannian geometry is the oldest branch of differential geometry, and the branch that most directly generalizes Euclidean geometry: it is concerned with lengths and angles. In mechanics, Riemannian geometry is used to describe kinetic energy; and also the paths followed by particles in the absence of external forces, which are geodesics.
Pseudo-rigid bodies
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

Consider a body that can stretch and shear as well as rotate, so that it can undergo arbitrary orientation-preserving linear transformations around some fixed point. The configuration of the object at a certain time is determined by an element of GL+(3) that maps a given reference configuration to the current one.
EPDiff solution behaviour
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the coherent particle-like properties of the unidirectional singular solutions of the EPDiff equation (11.29). These singular solutions emerge from any smooth spatially confined initial velocity profile u(x, 0). After emerging, they dominate the evolution in interacting fully nonlinearly by exchanging momentum in elastic collisions. The mechanism for their emergence is proven to be pulse steepening due to nonlinearity. Several examples of the dynamics among singular solutions are given.
EPDiff in n dimensions
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the n-dimensional generalization of the one-dimensional singular solutions of the EP equation studied in the previous chapter. Much of the one-dimensional structure persists in higher dimensions. For example, the parameters defining the singular solutions of EPDiff in n dimensions still obey canonical Hamiltonian equations. This is understood by identifying the singular solution ansatz as a cotangent-lift momentum map for the left action of the diffeomorphisms on the lower-dimensional support set of the singular solutions.
Computational anatomy: contour matching using EPDiff
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

Computational anatomy (CA) must measure and analyse a range of variations in shape, or appearance, of highly deformable biological structures. The problem statement for CA was formulated long ago in a famous book by D’Arcy Thompson [Tho92]. In a very large part of morphology, our essential task lies in the comparison of related forms rather than in the precise definition of each.
Statistical Principles and Techniques in Scientific and Social Research
Authors: Krzanowski Wojtek J
Published: November 2023

This graduate-level text provides a survey of the logic and reasoning underpinning statistical analysis, as well as giving a broad-brush overview of the various statistical techniques that play a major role in scientific and social investigations. Arranged in rough historical order, the text starts with the ideas of probability that underpin statistical methods and progresses through the developments of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to modern concerns and solutions. Assuming only a basic level of Mathematics and with numerous examples and illustrations, this text presents a valuable resource not only to the experienced researcher but also to the student, by complementing courses in a wide range of substantive areas and enabling the reader to rise above the details in order to see the overall structure of the subject.
Mathematics and authority: a case study in Old and New World accounting
Authors: Urton Gary
Published: November 2023

The title of an article published by Alan Bishop, ‘Western mathematics: the secret weapon of cultural imperialism’ (1990), must surely be one of the most provocative in the recent literature concerning the history of mathematics and the nature and status of mathematical practice. There are several surprises in this title, beginning with the adjective ‘western’. According to Platonism, the grounding philosophy that informs the thinking of most mathematicians, mathematical truths lie beyond human experience, in an abstract realm set apart from language, culture, and history.
The two cultures of mathematics in ancient Greece
Authors: Asper Markus
Published: November 2023

The notion of ‘Greek mathematics’ is a key concept among those who teach or learn about the Western tradition and, especially, the history of science. It seems to be the field where that which used to be referred to as ‘the Greek miracle’ is at its most miraculous. The works of, for example, Euclid or Archimedes appear to be of timeless brilliance, their assumptions, methods, and proofs, even after Hilbert, of almost eternal elegance. Therefore, for a long time, a historical approach that investigated the environment of these astonishing practices was not deemed necessary.
Algorithms and automation: the production of mathematics and textiles
Authors: Brezine Carrie
Published: November 2023

Mathematics is a diverse field. To the uninitiated, it is a mysterious subject, often presumed to be unintelligible and frighteningly abstract. Many people assume that mathematics is all about numbers, and it is; but it is also about shapes, sets, symmetry, networks, algorithms, and transformations. The specialized definitions and notational systems of mathematics make it almost impossible for a lay person to pick up a recent article on, say, knot theory and make any sense of it. But the mathematics of scholarly publications is not and has never been the only practice of mathematics.
Traditions and myths in the historiography of Egyptian mathematics
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: November 2023

How frequently it happens that books on the history of mathematics copy their assertions uncritically from other books, without consulting the sources! How many fairy tales circulate as ‘universally known truths’. (van der Waerden 1954, 6) 9is statement of van der Waerden’s rather surprised me. It was not that I did not agree with it wholeheartedly, since I have encountered just that situation many times myself. Rather, it was the fact that it came from one of the authors I blame as the source of some of the very same ‘universally known truths’ about Egyptian mathematics that I consider to be wrong.
Number, shape, and the nature of space: thinking through Islamic art
Authors: Bier Carol
Published: November 2023

Islamic art, when observed through the western lens of art history, is often seen as decorative and ornamental. This view sets up an opposition between Islamic art and general trends identified in western art since the Renaissance: the focus on representations of the human form, pictorial narrative, and spatial perspective. The treatment of pattern, which evolved and dourished from the tenth century onwards, is at once both universal within the Islamic world and su7ciently distinct from other cultural traditions that it may justifiably be characterized as Islamic.
Generative or Discriminative? Getting the Best of Both Worlds
Authors: Bishop Christopher M , Lasserre Julia
Published: November 2023

When labelled training data is plentiful, discriminative techniques are widely used since they give excellent generalization performance. However, although collection of data is often easy, the process of labelling it can be expensive. Consequently there is increasing interest in generative methods since these can exploit unlabelled data in addition to labelled data. Although the generalization performance of generative models can often be improved by ‘training them discriminatively’, they can then no longer make use of unlabelled data. In an attempt to gain the benefit of both generative and discriminative approaches, heuristic procedure have been proposed which interpolate between these two extremes by taking a convex combination of the generative and discriminative objective functions.
FDR and Bayesian Multiple Comparisons Rules
Authors: Müller Peter , Parmigiani Giovanni , Rice Kenneth
Published: November 2023

We discuss Bayesian approaches to multiple comparison problems, using a decision theoretic perspective to critically compare competing approaches. We set up decision problems that lead to the use of FDR-based rules and generalizations. Alternative definitions of the probability model and the utility function lead to different rules and problem-specific adjustments. Using a loss function that controls realized FDR we derive an optimal Bayes rule that is a variation of the Benjamini and Hochberg (1995) procedure. The cutoff is based on increments in ordered posterior probabilities instead of ordered p-values. Throughout the discussion we take a Bayesian perspective. In particular, we focus on conditional expected FDR, conditional on the data. Variations of the probability model include explicit modeling for dependence. Variations of the utility function include weighting by the extent of a true negative and accounting for the impact in the final decision.
Bayesian Probability in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Schack Rüdiger
Published: November 2023

This paper reviews arguments for the claim that all probabilities arising in quantum mechanics are Bayesian degrees of belief. The starting point is the observation that there is a one-to-one map from quantum states to points on the probability simplex. Bayes’s rule remains valid in quantum theory, provided it is kept in mind that the outcomes of quantum measurements have no preassigned values. The probabilities of quantum measurement outcomes depend explicitly on a quantum prior whose general form will be discussed. Similar to the classical case, the quantum de Finetti theorem simplifies the analysis of repeated quantum trials if the prior is exchangeable. The Bayesian approach to quantum theory described here solves the problem of the ‘collapse of the wave function’. It also provides almost trivial explanations of a number of phenomena in quantum information theory, including the no-cloning theorem and quantum teleportation.
Bayesian Encompassing Specification Test Under Not Completely Known Partial Observability*
Authors: Almeida Carlos , Mouchart Michel
Published: November 2023

A Bayesian specification test based on the encompassing principle for the case of partial observability is proposed. A structural parametric null model is compared against a nonparametric alternative model at the level of latent variables. A same observability process is introduced in both models. The comparison is made between the posterior measures of the non-Euclidean parameter (of the alternative model) in the extended and in the alternative models. The general development is illustrated with an example where a linear combination of a latent vector is only observed.