bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of One-Drill Protocol to Sequential Drilling In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Rugova Sihana , Abboud Marcus
Published: January 2025

This study compares the heat generated during bone drilling using different protocols and implant systems, first in vitro and then in vivo with an animal model. In the experimental phase, thermal data were collected using an infrared camera while preparing implant beds in bone similes. The heat generated by a one-drill protocol with a new-generation drill bit and the Straumann BLT sequential drilling protocol was evaluated. The experimental study was then replicated in an animal model to assess the impact of these protocols on early osseointegration, measured by bone-to-implant contact (BIC) at three weeks post-surgery for Straumann BLT SLActive and Medentika Quattrocone implants. The results showed the BLT sequential protocol generated significantly more heat during drilling in bone similes compared to the new-generation drill bit. In the animal model, a histological analysis revealed a trend favoring shorter drilling protocols, with reduced drilling times and a potential advantage for osseointegration, though the BIC differences were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that minimizing the number of drilling steps and thermal stress may enhance osseointegration more effectively than advanced implant surface treatments. This aligns with emerging views on the importance of optimized drilling protocols and designs to reduce heat generation and better preserve surrounding bone structure.
Biomechanical Analysis of Truncated Cone Implants for Maxillary Sinus Lift: An In Vitro Study on Polyurethane Laminas
Authors: Comuzzi Luca , Romasco Tea , Mourão Carlos Fernando , Marchioli Giulia , Piattelli Adriano , Di Pietro Natalia
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical performance of two truncated cone implant designs in maxillary sinus lift (MSL) procedures using polyurethane laminas. A total of 128 implants were used. Polyurethane laminas were divided into two groups based on thickness (1 and 3 mm) and two subgroups based on density (20 and 30 pounds per cubic foot, PCF). Each subgroup tested two implants (Sinus-plant and Sinus Lift Concept: SLC), resulting in 8 experimental conditions and 16 implants per condition. The insertion torque (IT), removal torque (RT), and implant stability quotient (ISQ) were measured. SLC implants achieved significantly higher IT and RT across all tested conditions (p < 0.0001), reporting the highest values at the 30 PCF/3 mm lamina (IT: 34.09 ± 0.32 Ncm; RT: 32.15 ± 0.29 Ncm) and the lowest at the 20 PCF/1 mm lamina (IT: 11.86 ± 0.22 Ncm; RT: 10.28 ± 0.22 Ncm). Additionally, SLC implants achieved significantly higher ISQ values, ranging from around 61 to 48 ISQ. Notably, this difference was not significant at the 20 PCF/3 mm lamina, highlighting that bone density may play a more critical role than thickness for SLC implants. This study simulated the clinical condition of achieving primary stability even with extreme maxillary bone thickness. The findings indicate that while both implant designs can be utilized in MSL procedures, the SLC is particularly effective in scenarios with limited bone thickness and density, potentially allowing for simultaneous MSL, implant placement, and healing screw application.
FAM98 Family Proteins Play Distinct Roles in Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption
Authors: Wang Lei , Minocha Tarun , Das Bhaba K. , Kunika Mikaela D. , Kannan Aarthi , Gao Ling , Mohan Subburaman , Xing Weirong , Varughese Kottayil I. , Zhao Haibo
Published: January 2025

There are three FAM98 family proteins (FAM98A/B/C) in humans and mice. Their physiological functions remain largely unknown. We have previously reported that Fam98a interacts with Plekhm1 in murine osteoclasts and functions in lysosome trafficking/secretion and bone resorption in osteoclasts in vitro. In this study, we found that all three Fam98 genes were expressed in precursor and mature osteoclasts. While the knockdown of Fam98c by a specific short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) in osteoclast precursors attenuated osteoclastogenesis, depletion of Fam98b by an shRNA specifically disrupted osteoclast lysosome trafficking and bone resorption with phenotypes similar to Fam98a shRNA-knockdown in our previous study. Loss of Fam98a in myeloid osteoclast precursors was dispensable for trabecular and cortical bone mass in mice, as well as osteoclastogenesis/bone resorption in vitro, possibly due to compensation by increased Fam98b expression in Fam98a-null osteoclasts. These findings indicate that the three Fam98 proteins play distinct roles in osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function and need further investigation in future studies.
Invasive Traits of Symphyotrichum squamatum and S. ciliatum: Insights from Distribution Modeling, Reproductive Success, and Morpho-Structural Analysis
Authors: Cîșlariu Alina Georgiana , Mânzu Ciprian Claudiu , Dumitrașcu Mioara , Mihai Daniela Clara , Andronache Marius Nicu , Camen-Comănescu Petronela , Nagodă Eugenia , Sârbu Anca
Published: January 2025

Understanding the drivers of invasive species’ success is essential for predicting and managing their ecological impacts. Symphyotrichum squamatum, a South American species first recorded in Bucharest in 2015, is currently expanding into urban and peri-urban areas of Romania, raising concerns about its invasive potential. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of its invasiveness by integrating species distribution modeling, a reproductive trait analysis, and morpho-structural evaluations. To deepen our understanding, we compare S. squamatum with S. ciliatum, a species already invasive in Romania, to identify shared traits potentially driving their invasiveness. Using R software (version 4.3.0) with bioclimatic variables, we modeled the potential distribution of both species. The reproductive success of S. squamatum was evaluated through germination tests on seeds from distinct Romanian populations, while anatomical analyses revealed adaptations potentially linked to invasiveness. Our findings indicate that S. squamatum shares traits with successful invaders, as highlighted by its comparison with the invasive S. ciliatum. However, its expansion in Romania appears to be constrained by environmental factors, with continentality emerging as a key determinant influencing the distribution of both species. This study highlights the importance of combining ecological modeling with trait-based analyses to assess invasive potential, offering a robust framework for managing alien species.
Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Unfolding of a Protein Secondary Structure: Calculations for Beta-Sheet Polyglycine Dimers as a Model
Authors: Yanshin Alexey O. , Kiselev Vitaly G. , Baklanov Alexey V.
Published: January 2025

In the present work, we performed calculations of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) on H/D, 14N/15N, 16O/18O, and 12C/13C isotopic substitution in the dissociation of beta-sheet polyglycine dimers of different lengths into two monomer chains. This dissociation reaction, proceeding via breaking of the interchain hydrogen bonds (H-bonds), is considered to be a model of unfolding of the secondary structure of proteins. The calculated strengthening of the interchain hydrogen bonds N−H⋯O=C due to heavy isotope substitution decreases in the row H/D >> 14N/15N > 16O/18O > 12C/13C. The KIE for H/D substitution, defined as the ratio of the rate constants k(H)k(D), was calculated with the use of a “completely loose” transition state model. The results of the calculations show that a very high H/D isotope effect can be achieved for proteins even with moderately long chains connected by dozens of interchain H-bonds. The results obtained also indicate that the heavy isotope substitution in the internal (interchain) and external H-bonds, located on the periphery of a dimer, can provide comparable effects on secondary structure stabilization.
Compression Tights Do Not Influence Lower-Body Soft Tissue Movement in Males During Sprinting, Jumping and Change-of-Direction Tasks
Authors: Leabeater Alana J. , Vickery-Howe Danielle M. , Hoolihan Brooke , James Lachlan , Driller Matthew , Middleton Kane
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The movement and vibration of the body’s soft tissues during dynamic exercise are mechanisms that attenuate force from ground impacts. However, repeated exposure to such vibrations over time can contribute to the development of lower-body soreness and/or injuries. The previous literature has established the benefit of compression garments for the minimisation of soft tissue movement during running, though little is known about this mechanism during other forms of dynamic exercise. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of compression tights on lower-body soft tissue movement during jumping, sprinting and change-of-direction tasks typical of those found in team sports. Methods: In a randomised crossover design, twelve recreationally active males (age 26 ± 2 years) completed countermovement jumps, drop jumps from 45 cm, 10 m straight line sprints and change-of-direction tasks wearing either commercially available sports compression tights or regular exercise tights. Marker-based motion capture was used to quantify soft tissue displacement at the thigh and calf and lower-body kinematic variables during the exercise tasks. Results: No significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed between conditions for soft tissue displacement at the thigh and calf and performance variables for all tasks. There were significant (p = 0.003) differences in peak knee flexion and hip flexion during the 10 m sprint and change-of-direction task between conditions; however, effect sizes were unclear. Conclusions: Compression tights do not appear to influence soft tissue movement or performance during sports-specific forms of locomotion but may alter some kinematic aspects of sprinting and change-of-direction tasks compared with regular exercise tights.
Microfluidic Assays for CD4 T Lymphocyte Counting: A Review
Authors: Meng Zhuolun , Raji Hassan , Kokabi Mahtab , Zou Deng , Chan James , Liu Qihao , Zhang Ruifeng , Javanmard Mehdi
Published: January 2025

CD4 T lymphocytes play a key role in initiating the adaptive immune response, releasing cytokines that mediate numerous signal transduction pathways across the immune system. Therefore, CD4 T cell counts are widely used as an indicator of overall immunological health. HIV, one of the leading causes of death in the developing world, specifically targets and gradually depletes CD4 cells, making CD4 counts a critical metric for monitoring disease progression. As a result, accurately counting CD4 cells represents a pressing challenge in global healthcare. Flow cytometry remains the gold standard for enumerating CD4 T cells; however, flow cytometers are expensive, difficult to transport, and require skilled medical staff to prepare samples, operate the equipment, and interpret results. This highlights the critical need for novel, rapid, cost-effective, and portable methods of CD4 enumeration that are suitable for deployment in resource-limited countries. This review will survey and analyze emerging research in CD4 counting, with a focus on microfluidic systems, which represent a promising area of investigation.
Research on the Protection of Battlefield Sites in the Taihang Mountain Area of Southern Hebei Province, China: A Case Study of She County
Authors: Zheng Feifei , Kuang Yuan , Hu Yue
Published: January 2025

This study is based on the Taihang Mountain Area in Southern Hebei Province, focusing on battlefield sites in She County. Interdisciplinary theories and methods such as field investigation, architectural typology, and GIS spatial analysis are used to establish the protection roadmap and geographic information database for battlefield sites. The aim is to reveal the architectural characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution patterns of battlefield sites, evaluate its current status and constraints, and propose targeted protection strategies and restoration measures. Research has found that battlefield sites combine the characteristics of traditional dwellings and village temples, presenting the characteristics of clear clustering distribution and low altitude with a system near the water in the spatial and temporal dimensions, with good natural adaptability and unique rural cultural landscapes. At the same time, in response to the constraints and challenges still faced by protection work, a protection strategy framework has been constructed from six aspects: strengthening daily maintenance, reducing human and natural damage, optimizing the property rights system, unifying responsibility subjects, comprehensive development and utilization, and international legislation and cooperation. Repair and protection guidelines have been established from five technical links: timber structure, joinery work, roof, wall, and ground. This study can lay the foundation for the cultural inheritance and sustainable protection of battlefield sites in the Taihang Mountain Area of Southern Hebei Province, and provide theoretical references and practical examples for similar research.
Quantitative and Qualitative Benefits of Using BIM in Design and Construction Stages for Railway Development
Authors: Liao Jianfeng , Kim Hwan Yong , Shin Min Ho
Published: January 2025

As railway infrastructure projects become increasingly complex, the potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology to enhance project efficiency and management has garnered significant attention. This paper analyzes the quantitative and qualitative benefits of BIM in the design and construction stages of railway development projects through case studies and compares its effectiveness in these two phases. The results indicate that BIM primarily benefits the design stage by reducing design errors and optimizing processes to save costs and time, averaging cost savings of USD 41,000 and a reduction of 49 days in project duration. In the construction stage, the impact of BIM is even more pronounced, reflected in reduced rework, dynamic resource management, and shortened project timelines, leading to savings of USD 710,795 and a reduction of 89 to 104.5 days in project duration. The 3D modeling and real-time information-sharing capabilities of BIM significantly enhance cross-departmental collaboration efficiency and information transparency, minimizing rework caused by communication issues and greatly optimizing project management and execution. This study shows that BIM can lay the groundwork for construction during the design phase and further improve project management efficiency during the construction phase.
Advancing Cancer Drug Delivery with Nanoparticles: Challenges and Prospects in Mathematical Modeling for In Vivo and In Vitro Systems
Authors: Munyayi Tozivepi Aaron , Crous Anine
Published: January 2025

Mathematical models are crucial for predicting the behavior of drug conjugate nanoparticles and optimizing drug delivery systems in cancer therapy. These models simulate interactions among nanoparticle properties, tumor characteristics, and physiological conditions, including drug resistance and targeting specificity. However, they often rely on assumptions that may not accurately reflect in vivo conditions. In vitro studies, while useful, may not fully capture the complexities of the in vivo environment, leading to an overestimation of nanoparticle-based therapy effectiveness. Advancements in mathematical modeling, supported by preclinical data and artificial intelligence, are vital for refining nanoparticle-based therapies and improving their translation into effective clinical treatments.
Current Paradigm and Future Directions in the Management of Nodal Disease in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer
Authors: Cheung Elki Sze-Nga , Wu Philip Yuguang
Published: January 2025

Approximately 36% of patients with cervical cancer present with regional nodal metastasis at diagnosis, which is associated with adverse survival outcomes after definitive treatment. In the modern era of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT), where excellent local control is achieved for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC), nodal failure remains a major challenge to cure. To optimize treatment outcomes for node-positive LACC and reduce the incidence of nodal failure, various treatment approaches have been explored, including methods of surgical nodal staging or dissection, RT dose escalation strategies, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to involved nodes, and elective treatment of subclinical para-aortic (PAO) disease. Additionally, there is growing interest in emerging precision RT techniques, such as magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) and proton therapy, which may allow for further improvement in the therapeutic ratio. This review outlines the various methods of detection of nodal metastasis, treatment options for node-positive LACC, techniques of nodal radiotherapy and their clinical evidence in efficacy and toxicity profiles. Furthermore, recent advances in systemic therapy and promising novel therapeutic directions that may shape the management of node-positive LACC are discussed.
CD40 Ligand Potentiates Immunogenecity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Subunit Vaccine Candidate in a Murine Model
Authors: Shu Jinqi , Li Gaojian , Shu Jianhong , Feng Huapeng , He Yulong
Published: January 2025

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) infection severely affects the daily weight gain and feed-to-meat ratio of pigs, while secondary infections with other pathogens can further lead to increased mortality, causing significant economic losses to the pig industry. CD40L is a molecular adjuvant that enhances the cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccines. In this study, the CD40L peptide was fused to the C-terminus of the chimeric P97R1P46P42 protein by genetic engineering using the pFastBac Dual vector. The recombinant chimeric protein P97R1P46P42 and its fusion P97R1P46P42-CD40L were expressed in Sf9 cells and purified. Mice were immunized with P97R1P46P42 or its fusion protein. Seppic ISA 201 emulsified protein, conventional Mhp vaccine and PBS control groups were included. Immunogenecity was assessed by specific IgG antibody response, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokine IL-4 and IFN-γ levels. We found that CD40L fusion significantly enhanced specific antibody response, lymphocyte proliferation and IL-4 level in the immunized mouse sera as compared to the P97R1P46P42 or conventional vaccine group. This study provides clear evidence that CD40L potentiates the humoral and cellular immune responses to the Mhp chimeric protein P97R1P46P42 in the mouse model. This CD40L-fused chimeric protein could be a MPS subunit vaccine candidate to be tested for its efficacy in pigs in response to challenges with pathogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain(s).
Assessment of Scarcity, Toxicity, and Circularity Risks in the European Thermoelectric Market: A Focus on Tellurium, Antimony, Bismuth, and Lead
Authors: Jamil Unza , Holden Nicholas M.
Published: January 2025

This study assesses supply risks for critical raw materials (CRMs) essential to Europe’s thermoelectric (TE) technology, which transforms heat into electricity. Given the EU’s heavy reliance on imports for key materials like tellurium, antimony, bismuth, and lead, the analysis incorporates market forecasting, scarcity quantification, and Monte Carlo simulations to model demand and supply risks. This study reveals that tellurium poses high risks due to scarcity and potential geopolitical impacts, with antimony and bismuth at moderate risk, and lead presenting notable health hazards. The findings suggest the necessity of circular supply chains and material alternatives to mitigate resource, environmental, and geopolitical challenges for sustainable TE development in Europe. Moreover, there is a pressing need to update and expand data availability for materials like tellurium to enable more robust risk assessments in the immediate future.
Design of Benzoxazine Coatings to Further Advance Acid Resistance of Aluminium Substrates
Authors: Van Renterghem Louis , Malekkhouyan Roya , Bonnaud Leila , Olivier Marie-Georges , Raquez Jean-Marie
Published: January 2025

Polybenzoxazine (PBz) resins exhibit excellent mechanical, thermal, and adhesive properties, making them interesting candidates for coating applications. Moreover, thanks to the incorporation of exchangeable ester bonds within the PBz network, the coating presents healable properties that are catalyzed by the intrinsic presence of tertiary amine within the PBz backbone. Unfortunately, these tertiary amine functions are also responsible for the limited resistance of such systems to acid environments by protonation. To address this limitation, the protection of tertiary amines inherent to the PBz network was investigated in this study by incorporating an aromatic group close to the amine function to minimize its protonation via hindrance/mesomeric effects. More precisely, benzoxazine precursors based on monoethanolamine (mea) and aminophenylethyl alcohol (Apa) were synthesized and tested as protective coatings of aluminium alloy substrates (AA1050). The resins were characterized by NMR, FTIR, rheology, TGA, DSC, and DMA. PBz synthesized from Apa exhibits enhanced thermal stability, reduced swelling rates in both water and acid, and shortened relaxation times. After application via solvent casting on AA1050 substrates, the acid resistance of the coatings was evaluated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results demonstrated better resistance of the Apa-based resins in 0.1 M sulfuric acid after one month of immersion.
Post-COVID-19 Neuropathology and Perspectives of Protective Roles of Estrogens
Authors: Ureshino Rodrigo Portes , Stilhano Roberta Sessa , Prado Carla Máximo , Newson Louise
Published: January 2025

Epidemiological data revealed that COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is more prevalent and lethal among the elderly population [...]
Infective Complications of Endobronchial Ultrasound-Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and Clinical Biomarkers: A Concise Review
Authors: Bosgana Pinelopi , Ampazis Dimitrios , Vlachakos Vasileios , Tzouvelekis Argyrios , Sampsonas Fotios
Published: January 2025

EBUS-TBNA is the most common interventional pulmonology procedure performed globally and remains the cornerstone of the diagnosis and staging not only of lung cancer but also for other neoplastic, inflammatory, and infective pathologies of the mediastinum. Infective complications of EBUS-TBNA are underreported in the literature, but the constantly rising incidence of lung cancer is leading to an increasing number of EBUS-TBNA procedures and, therefore, to a significant number of infective complications, even 4 weeks following the procedure. In this review we attempt to summarize the risk factors related to these infective complications, along with useful biomarkers that can be used to identify patients that might develop infective complications, to facilitate the prediction or even prompt treatment of these.
Correction: Xia et al. A Quantum-Resistant Identity Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for UAV Networks Based on Kyber Algorithm. Drones 2024, 8, 359
Authors: Xia Tao , Wang Menglin , He Jun , Yang Gang , Fan Linna , Wei Guoheng
Published: January 2025

There was an error in the authorship of the original publication [...]
Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Mounted Launch Device Precision Analysis for Countering Intruding Drones
Authors: He Yanan , Di Lingsong , Xu Huiqi , Zeng Weigui , Li Wei , Cao Silei
Published: January 2025

In light of the current issue of commercial and modified drones frequently intruding into sensitive locations such as airports, this paper proposes the use of quadrotor drones equipped with a launch device for interception. For an “X”-shaped quadrotor drone equipped with a two-degree-of-freedom gimbal launch device, dynamic, control, and ballistic models are constructed to analyze the impact of single-shot firing on the drone’s attitude and the factors affecting accuracy in rapid-fire scenarios. Simulation results indicate that downward firing has the highest shooting accuracy and is suitable for counter-drone missions. For single-shot firing, lateral downward firing compared to frontal firing can effectively reduce attitude and position changes, which is beneficial for engaging stationary targets. In the case of rapid fire, control of the firing interval is crucial for accuracy; a larger firing interval can significantly enhance shooting precision. When firing small payloads in rapid succession, vertical downward firing has the highest accuracy, while lateral firing results in a larger distribution radius of the impact points. To improve shooting accuracy, frontal firing is recommended. Future research will further explore the dynamic response of drones under different firing conditions and develop more advanced control strategies to enhance their practical performance and reliability.
Is Word Order Responsive to Morphology? Disentangling Cause and Effect in Morphosyntactic Change in Five Western European Languages
Authors: Nijs Julie , Van de Velde Freek , Cuyckens Hubert
Published: January 2025

This study examines the relationship between morphological complexity and word order rigidity, addressing a gap in the literature regarding causality in linguistic changes. While prior research suggests that the loss of inflectional morphology correlates with the adoption of fixed word order, this study shifts the focus from correlation to causation. By employing Kolmogorov complexity as a measure of linguistic complexity alongside Granger Causality to examine causal relationships, we analyzed data from Germanic and Romance languages over time. Our findings indicate that changes in morphological complexity are statistically more likely to cause shifts in word order rigidity than vice versa. The causal asymmetry is robustly borne out in Dutch and German, though waveringly in English, as well as in French and Italian. Nowhere, however, is the asymmetry reversed. Together, these results can be interpreted as supporting the idea that a decline in morphological complexity causally precedes a rise in syntactic complexity, though further investigation into the underlying factors contributing to the differing trends across languages is needed.
Supporting Self-Regulated Learning in Primary Education: Using Written Learning Guides in the Lessons
Authors: Kersna Liina , Laak Kristjan-Julius , Lepp Liina , Pedaste Margus
Published: January 2025

Developing children’s self-regulation skills in the school environment is essential for the development of self-directed learners. It is important to note that self-regulation can be developed in the classroom. Teachers play a crucial role in supporting the development of self-regulated learners, including creating the necessary learning environment and designing the tasks used for instruction. The aim of this study is to describe the way teachers chose to structure written learning guides designed for primary school students and to analyse how their use in instruction creates opportunities to support self-regulated learning. We analysed 11 written learning guides, interviewed three primary education teachers who created and used them, and observed 985 min of classroom implementation. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis combining inductive and deductive methods. The results of this study revealed that the learning guides consist of three parts: an introduction, individual and collaborative tasks with self-assessment, and self-analysis. Our data show that the use of learning guides helped to create a learning environment in the classroom that was supportive of high self-regulated learning. Students were offered a range of options for organising their learning and opportunities to control their learning challenges, including choosing more interesting and difficult tasks, to assess their learning and to collaborate with peers. Teachers supported students through both instrumental instruction and evaluation practises, creating a classroom environment conducive to learning that focused on students’ personal development. We conclude that it is possible to use written learning guides for longer periods of independent or collaborative learning with primary education students. The results provide teachers with practical examples of how to use written learning guides to create conditions for self-regulated learning. For example, combining AI usage with teacher-designed learning guides could increase the benefits and reduce the risks associated with AI-based learning systems.
LEO-SOP Differential Doppler/INS Tight Integration Method Under Weak Observability
Authors: Zhao Lelong , Lei Ming , Liu Yue , Wang Yiwei , Ge Jian , Guo Xinnian , Fang Zhibo
Published: January 2025

The utilization of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites’ signals of opportunity (SOPs) for absolute positioning and navigation in global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-denied environments has emerged as a significant area of research. Among various methodologies, tightly integrated Doppler/inertial navigation system (INS) frameworks present a promising solution for achieving real-time LEO-SOP-based positioning in dynamic scenarios. However, existing integration schemes generally overlook the key characteristics of LEO opportunity signals, including the limited number of visible satellites and the random nature of signal broadcasts. These factors exacerbate the weak observability inherent in LEO-SoOP Doppler/INS positioning, resulting in difficulty in obtaining reliable solutions and degraded positioning accuracy. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel LEO-SOP Doppler/INS tight integration method that incorporates trending information to alleviate the problem of weak observability. The method leverages a parallel filtering structure combining extended Kalman filter (EKF) and Rauch–Tung–Striebel (RTS) smoothing, extracting trend information from the quasi-real-time high-precision RTS filtering results to optimize the EKF positioning solution for the current epoch. This approach effectively avoids the overfitting problem commonly associated with directly using batch data to estimate the current epoch state. The experimental results validate the improved positioning accuracy and robustness of the proposed method.
Epigenetics in Skin Homeostasis and Ageing
Authors: Dermitzakis Iasonas , Kyriakoudi Stella Aikaterini , Chatzianagnosti Sofia , Chatzi Despoina , Vakirlis Efstratios , Meditskou Soultana , Manthou Maria Eleni , Theotokis Paschalis
Published: January 2025

The skin, the largest organ of the human body, plays numerous essential roles, including protection against environmental hazards and the regulation of body temperature. The processes of skin homeostasis and ageing are complex and influenced by many factors, with epigenetic mechanisms being particularly significant. Epigenetics refers to the regulation of gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. The dynamic nature of the skin, characterized by constant cellular turnover and responsiveness to environmental stimuli, requires precise gene activity control. This control is largely mediated by epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and regulation by non-coding RNAs. The present review endeavours to provide a comprehensive exploration and elucidation of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating skin homeostasis and ageing. By integrating our current knowledge of epigenetic modifications with the latest advancements in dermatological research, we can gain a deeper comprehension of the complex regulatory networks that govern skin biology. Understanding these mechanisms also presents promising avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at improving skin health and mitigating age-related skin conditions.
Evaluation of Spatial Structure and Homogeneity of Bamboo and Broad-Leaved Mixed Forest
Authors: Zhou Yaqi , Li Shangsi , Fan Shaohui , Guan Fengying , Yao Haifei , Zhang Luhai
Published: January 2025

Bamboo and broad-leaved mixed forest is a kind of forestry management that can effectively improve the ecology of bamboo forests. The aerial structure of the stand can reflect the growth status of the stand, as well as the spatial structure of the stand with respect to maintaining and improving the basis of the stand structure. However, the lack of quantitative studies on how different mixing ratios affect the stand spatial structure of bamboo and broad hybrid forests has further disturbed the development of bamboo and broad-leaved mixed-forest management. In this study, we used 10 bamboo and broad mixed forests with different ratios as the research object, determined the stand spatial structure unit by using the weighted Delaunay triangular network, calculated the stand spatial-homogeneity index from the vertical spatial structure of the stand, horizontal spatial structure, and competition, and constructed the stand spatial-homogeneity evaluation system by combining it with the forest health grading system and the rank classification method of the near-natural forest management, dividing it into five evaluation classes. It was divided into five evaluation levels. Finally, a regression model was used to elucidate the effects of stand spatial homogeneity on moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) biomass. The results showed that the spatial homogeneity of No. 1 (5%–10% mixed) and No. 3 (15%–20%) samples was classified into five grades; No. 2 (10%–15%) samples were classified into four grades; No. 4 (20%–25%) and No. 6 (30%–35%) samples were classified into three grades; No. 5 (25%–30%) samples were classified into two grades; and Nos. 7–10 (more than 35%) samples were all classified into one grade. It was also found that both the degree of hybridization and the competition index in the bamboo and broad-leaved mixed forest showed highly significant negative correlation with the spatial homogeneity index of the stand and the moso bamboo biomass, while the spatial density index showed highly significant positive correlation with the spatial homogeneity index of the stand and the moso bamboo biomass. From the viewpoint of management purpose, for the management of bamboo and broad-leaved mixed forest with economic benefits, the mixing ratio should be 5%–10% and 25%–35%; for the management of bamboo and broad-leaved mixed forest with ecological benefits, the mixing ratio should be more than 35%; and for the management purpose of balancing ecological benefits and economic benefits, the mixing ratio should be 10%–25%.
Modeling and Remote Sensing of the Forest Ecosystem
Authors: Chang Zhongbing , Xiong Xin , Zhang Shuo , Wu Jianping
Published: January 2025

Forests cover around one-third of the global land surface, store about half of the terrestrial carbon, and are the dominant contributors to terrestrial net primary production [...]
Tree Age and Size Affect Selected Fiber Parameters in Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) Wood
Authors: Lachowicz Hubert , Bijak Szymon
Published: January 2025

The study investigates selected parameters describing the fibers of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) wood with regard to tree age and size (diameter). The material was collected in stands aged 38, 60, and 71 years growing on the mesotrophic sites in southwestern Poland. In each stand, we sampled trees from three diameter classes (thin, medium, and thick specimens). From each tree, we took two 20 mm × 20 mm × 30 mm wood samples, from which we cut slices from the tangential plane using a sliding microtome. The Olympus cellSens Standard software was used to take pictures of 15 fibers per sample. In total, studies were carried out on 510 fibers. We measured fibers’ dimensional parameters (length, diameter, lumen, and wall thickness) with ImageJ 1.8.0 software and, based on these, we calculated the fiber shape coefficients (slenderness ratio, rigidity index, Runkel ratio, flexibility coefficient, Mühlsteph index, and solids index). Both the age and size of trees significantly influenced the examined parameters of black locust fibers, with the single exception of fiber lumen, which was dependent only on tree age. In general, the examined age classes differed one from another, while, in the case of tree size, significantly different values were usually only found for the thinnest trees. Our results suggest that wood of medium-thick, medium-sized, or older black locust trees seems to be the most appropriate raw material for paper or pulp production, as it has the least variability in the analyzed features. The wood of the youngest trees would be potentially the least useful for these applications.
Fake News Detection and Classification: A Comparative Study of Convolutional Neural Networks, Large Language Models, and Natural Language Processing Models
Authors: Roumeliotis Konstantinos I. , Tselikas Nikolaos D. , Nasiopoulos Dimitrios K.
Published: January 2025

In an era where fake news detection has become a pressing issue due to its profound impacts on public opinion, democracy, and social trust, accurately identifying and classifying false information is a critical challenge. In this study, the effectiveness is investigated of advanced machine learning models—convolutional neural networks (CNNs), bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), and generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs)—for robust fake news classification. Each model brings unique strengths to the task, from CNNs’ pattern recognition capabilities to BERT and GPTs’ contextual understanding in the embedding space. Our results demonstrate that the fine-tuned GPT-4 Omni models achieve 98.6% accuracy, significantly outperforming traditional models like CNNs, which achieved only 58.6%. Notably, the smaller GPT-4o mini model performed comparably to its larger counterpart, highlighting the cost-effectiveness of smaller models for specialized tasks. These findings emphasize the importance of fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) to optimize the performance for complex tasks such as fake news classifier development, where capturing subtle contextual relationships in text is crucial. However, challenges such as computational costs and suboptimal outcomes in zero-shot classification persist, particularly when distinguishing fake content from legitimate information. By highlighting the practical application of fine-tuned LLMs and exploring the potential of few-shot learning for fake news detection, this research provides valuable insights for news organizations seeking to implement scalable and accurate solutions. Ultimately, this work contributes to fostering transparency and integrity in journalism through innovative AI-driven methods for fake news classification and automated fake news classifier systems.
1-Methylcyclopropene Delays Browning and Maintains Aroma in Fresh-Cut Nectarines
Authors: Zhang Rui , Miao Ze , Xie Shuang , Li Jiao , Tao Sheng , Jiang Yuqian , Pang Lingling , Duan Lihua , Li Xihong
Published: January 2025

The color and aroma of nectarines experience adverse effects from cutting, resulting in the fast senescence of fruit tissue. Therefore, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was used to treat postharvest nectarines before cutting, and its effect on the surface browning and aroma alteration were investigated. The results indicated that 1-MCP restrained the soluble quinone (SQC) accumulation in fresh-cut nectarines by regulating the peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities and the metabolism of phenolic compounds. Compared with the control, 1-MCP pre-cutting treatment maintained the ultrastructural integrity of the cell wall in fresh-cut nectarines, which also showed reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. Electronic nose and GC-MS analysis revealed that the aroma profiles presented significant differences in the control and 1-MCP treatment during the storage at 0 °C for 10 days. The browning value of the 1-MCP pre-cutting treatment was 29.95% lower than the control, which prevented the loss of aroma on day 10. The fresh-cut nectarines could still maintain the characteristic flavor, while the flesh maintains its firmness. The 1-MCP pre-cutting treatment improves the sensory and aroma characteristics of fresh-cut fruits, which is beneficial to the preservation of fresh-cut fruits, improves transportation efficiency, and then improves the overall quality and market attractiveness of the fruit.
Characterization and Comparison of Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Highland Barley Starch of Different Colors
Authors: Han Mengru , Zhang Xiongying , Wang Honglu , Zhou Jiayue , Liu Meijin , Zhou Xirong , Ivanistau Aliaksandr , Yang Qinghua , Feng Baili
Published: January 2025

Domesticated highland barley is an important starch reserve and has differently colored grains, owing to different genotype backgrounds and cultivation environments. In this study, black, purple, blue, and yellow highland barley varieties were planted under the same cultivation conditions, and their starch distribution, structural characteristics, and physicochemical properties were analyzed. The apparent amylose content was highest in the purple variety (20.26%) and lowest in the yellow variety (18.58%). The different varieties had three subgroups and A-type crystalline structures, but the particle size and relative crystallinity (25.67–27.59%) were significantly different. In addition, the weight average molecular weight (6.72 × 107 g/mol), area ratio of APs to APL (2.88), relative crystallinity (27.59%), and 1045/1022 (0.730 cm−1) of starch were higher in yellow highland barley (YHB), forming a stable particle structure and increasing the Tp and PV of its starch. A cluster heat map showed that starches from differently colored highland barley vary in fine structure, water solubility, swelling power, and thermal and pasting properties. This study provides a reference for the high-quality breeding of colored highland barley and its utilization in food and non-food industries.
Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity, Stability, and Structure of Heme-Peptides by L-Lysine
Authors: Zhang Yinghui , Cui Wei , Zhou Hui , Zou Lifang , Wang Zhaoming , Cai Kezhou , Xu Baocai
Published: January 2025

Porcine blood is rich in protein and has always been the focus of research. Heme-peptides prepared from porcine hemoglobin are susceptible to oxidative degeneration during preparation and storage, thus affecting their function and stability. This study evaluated the enhancement effects of L-lysine (Lys) on recovery rate, antioxidant activity, stability, and structure. The results indicated that adding 1% Lys during enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased the recovery rate of ferrous heme and peptide content by 93.88% and 15.30% (p < 0.05), respectively, and maximally enhanced antioxidant activity by 37.85% (p < 0.05). The contents of iron, ferrous ion, and ferrous heme in the heme-peptides were significantly increased by 97.52%, 121. 97%, and 74.45% (p < 0.05), respectively. Additionally, Lys improved the resistance to pH, temperature, metal ions, pepsin, and trypsin. Meanwhile, the effects of Lys resulted in heme-peptides with a smaller particle size, higher zeta potentials, and a smoother micromorphology. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis showed that Lys enhanced the conformational stability of the heme-peptides. Molecular docking further suggested that hydrogen bonding was the main driver of the connections between Lys and the heme-peptides. This study provides theoretical guidance for the efficient utilization of heme-peptides in the food industry.
High Cost of Survival Promotes the Evolution of Cooperation
Authors: Smirnov Oleg
Published: January 2025

Living organisms expend energy to sustain survival, a process which is reliant on consuming resources—termed here as the “cost of survival”. In the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), a classic model of social interaction, individual payoffs depend on choices to either provide benefits to others at a personal cost (cooperate) or exploit others to maximize personal gain (defect). We demonstrate that in an iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD), a simple “Always Cooperate” (ALLC) strategy evolves and remains evolutionarily stable when the cost of survival is sufficiently high, meaning exploited cooperators have a low probability of survival. We derive a rule for the evolutionary stability of cooperation, x/z >T/R, where x represents the duration of mutual cooperation, z the duration of exploitation, T the defector’s free-riding payoff, and R the payoff for mutual cooperation. This finding suggests that higher survival costs can enhance social welfare by selecting for cooperative strategies.
Comprehensive Analysis of the NHX Gene Family and Its Regulation Under Salt and Drought Stress in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Authors: Santhoshi Yalla , Anjana Asha Bindhu , Zala Harshvardhan , Bosamia Tejas , Tiwari Kapil , Prajapati Ketan , Patel Pranay , Soni Nishit , Patel Nitin , Solanki Satyanarayan , Kadam Ulhas Sopanrao
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought significantly constrain crop cultivation and affect productivity. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a facultative halophyte, exhibits remarkable tolerance to drought and salinity stresses, making it a valued model for understanding stress adaptation mechanisms. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize Sodium/Hydrogen antiporter (NHX) genes from the quinoa genome and study their role in stress tolerance. Methods: We identified and characterized 10 NHX genes from the quinoa genome, which belong to the monovalent cation/proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) superfamily. Comprehensive analysis, including phylogenetic relationships, motif patterns, and structural characteristics, was performed to classify these genes into three subfamilies. Physicochemical properties such as isoelectric point (pI), GRAVY, and transmembrane domains were examined. Promoter analysis was conducted to identify cis-elements linked to abiotic stress responses, phytohormone signalling, and light regulation. qPCR analysis was used to assess the differential expression patterns of CqNHX genes under salt and drought stress. Results: The analysis revealed that the NHX genes were divided into three subfamilies localized to vacuolar, plasma, and endosomal membranes. These genes exhibited structural and functional diversity. Promoter analysis indicated the presence of cis-elements associated with abiotic stress responses, phytohormone signalling, and light regulation, suggesting diverse regulatory roles. qPCR analysis revealed differential expression patterns of CqNHX genes under salt and drought stress, with vacuolar NHXs showing higher induction in leaf tissues under salinity. This underscores their critical role in sodium sequestration and ion homeostasis. Evolutionary analysis indicated a high degree of conservation within subfamilies, alongside evidence of purifying selection. Conclusions: The findings enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of stress tolerance in quinoa and provide valuable targets for genetic engineering to improve crop resilience to environmental challenges.