bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of retrospective quantitative and qualitative job-exposure matrices for exposures at a beryllium processing facility
Authors: Couch James R , Petersen Martin , Rice Carol , Schubauer-Berigan Mary K
Published: October 2010

Objectives

To construct a job-exposure matrix (JEM) for an Ohio beryllium processing facility between 1953 and 2006 and to evaluate temporal changes in airborne beryllium exposures.

Methods

Quantitative area- and breathing-zone-based exposure measurements of airborne beryllium were made between 1953 and 2006 and used by plant personnel to estimate daily weighted average (DWA) exposure concentrations for sampled departments and operations. These DWA measurements were used to create a JEM with 18 exposure metrics, which was linked to the plant cohort consisting of 18 568 unique job, department and year combinations. The exposure metrics ranged from quantitative metrics (annual arithmetic/geometric average DWA exposures, maximum DWA and peak exposures) to descriptive qualitative metrics (chemical beryllium species and physical form) to qualitative assignment of exposure to other risk factors (yes/no). Twelve collapsed job titles with long-term consistent industrial hygiene samples were evaluated using regression analysis for time trends in DWA estimates.

Results

Annual arithmetic mean DWA estimates (overall plant-wide exposures including administration, non-production, and production estimates) for the data by decade ranged from a high of 1.39 μg/m3in the 1950s to a low of 0.33 μg/m3in the 2000s. Of the 12 jobs evaluated for temporal trend, the average arithmetic DWA mean was 2.46 μg/m3and the average geometric mean DWA was 1.53 μg/m3. After the DWA calculations were log-transformed, 11 of the 12 had a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in reported exposure over time.

Conclusions

The constructed JEM successfully differentiated beryllium exposures across jobs and over time. This is the only quantitative JEM containing exposure estimates (average and peak) for the entire plant history.
SOME EXAMPLES OF BLACKADAR AND KIRCHBERG'S MF ALGEBRAS
Authors: HADWIN DON , SHEN JUNHAO
Published: October 2010

In the paper, we provide some examples of Blackadar and Kirchberg's MF algebras by considering minimal and maximal tensor products of MF algebras and crossed products of MF algebras by finite groups or an integer group. We also present some examples of C*-algebras, which BDF extension semigroups are not groups. These examples include, for example, [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] with 2 ≤ |H1| < ∞ and 3 ≤ |H2| < ∞ where |H1| and |H2| are the orders of the groups H1 and H2 respectively, and several others similarly.
GAUGE/GRAVITY DUALITY AND SOME APPLICATIONS
Authors: WADIA SPENTA R.
Published: October 2010

We discuss the AdS/CFT correspondence in which spacetime emerges from an interacting theory of D-branes and open strings. These ideas have a historical continuity with QCD which is an interacting theory of quarks and gluons. In particular, we review the classic case of D3 branes and the non-conformal D1 brane system. We outline by some illustrative examples the calculations that are enabled in a strongly coupled gauge theory by correspondence with dynamical horizons in semiclassical gravity in one higher dimension. We also discuss implications of the gauge fluid/gravity correspondence for the information paradox of black hole physics.
DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR OF INTERACTING DARK ENERGY IN LOOP QUANTUM COSMOLOGY
Authors: XIAO KUI , ZHU JIAN-YANG
Published: October 2010

The dynamical behaviors of interacting dark energy in loop quantum cosmology are discussed in this paper. Based on three defined dimensionless variables, we simplify the equations of the fixed points. The fixed points for interacting dark energy can be determined by the Friedmann equation coupled with the dynamical equations in Einstein cosmology. But in loop quantum cosmology, besides the Friedmann equation, the conversation equation also gives a constrain on the fixed points. The difference of stability properties for the fixed points in loop quantum cosmology and the ones in Einstein cosmology are also discussed.
TOPOLOGICALLY MASSIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION OF COMPOSITE PARTICLES IN A HIGHER-DERIVATIVE NONRELATIVISTIC GAUGE FIELD MODEL
Authors: MANAVELLA EDMUNDO C.
Published: October 2010

A higher-derivative classical nonrelativistic U (1) × U (1) gauge field model that describes the topologically massive electromagnetic interaction of composite particles in 2+1 dimensions is proposed. This is made by adding a suitable higher-derivative term for the electromagnetic field to the Lagrangian of a model previously proposed. The model contains a Chern–Simons U(1) field and the topologically massive electromagnetic U(1) field, and it uses either a composite boson system or a composite fermion one. The second case is explicitly considered. By following the usual Hamiltonian method for singular higher-derivative systems, the canonical quantization is carried out. By extending the Faddeev–Senjanovic formalism, the path integral quantization is developed. Consequently, the Feynman rules are established and the diagrammatic structure is discussed. The use of the higher-derivative term eliminates in the Landau gauge the ultraviolet divergence of the primitively divergent Feynman diagrams where the electromagnetic field propagator is present. The unitarity problem, related to the possible appearance of states with negative norm, is treated. A generalization of the Becchi–Rouet-Stora–Tyutin algorithm is applied to the model.
ELECTRON–PHONON INTERACTION IN CARBON NANOTUBES
Authors: MOUSAVI HAMZE , REZANIA HAMED
Published: October 2010

The effect of electron–phonon interaction in (8, 0), (10, 0) and (11, 0) semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes on the band gap is investigated using the Holstein model and Green's function technique. By comparing numerical results for density of states without phonon modulation and with electron–phonon interaction, it is shown that the band gap decreases when coupling strength increases.
CLASSICAL DIAMAGNETISM REVISITED
Authors: SAHA ARNAB , LAHIRI SOURABH , JAYANNAVAR A. M.
Published: October 2010

The well-known Bohr–van Leeuwen Theorem states that the orbital diamagnetism of classical charged particles is identically zero in equilibrium. However, results based on real space–time approach using the classical Langevin equation predicts non-zero diamagnetism for classical unbounded (finite or infinite) systems. Here we show that the recently discovered Fluctuation Theorems, namely, the Jarzynski Equality or the Crooks Fluctuation Theorem surprisingly predicts a free energy that depends on magnetic field as well as on the friction coefficient, in outright contradiction to the canonical equilibrium results. However, in the cases where the Langevin approach is consistent with the equilibrium results, the Fluctuation Theorems lead to results in conformity with equilibrium statistical mechanics. The latter is demonstrated analytically through a simple example that has been discussed recently.
REDUCING QUANTUM COST OF REVERSIBLE CIRCUITS FOR HOMOGENEOUS BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS
Authors: YOUNES AHMED
Published: October 2010

Homogeneous Boolean functions have many applications in computing systems, e.g., cryptography. This paper presents a factorization algorithm for reducing the quantum cost of the reversible circuits for that class of Boolean functions. The algorithm reduces the multi-calculation of any common parts of the circuit. This allows Homogeneous Boolean related applications to be implemented efficiently on novel computing paradigms such as quantum computers and low power devices.
APPLICATION OF MIXED INTEGER LINEAR PROGRAMMING IN THE GENERATION OF VECTORS WITH MAXIMUM DATAPATH COVERAGE FOR COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
Authors: SOSA JAVIER , MONTIEL-NELSON JUAN A. , GARCIA-MONTESDEOCA JOSE C. , NOOSHABADI SAEID
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we present a novel methodology for vector generation that maximizes the metric of datapath coverage for a given combinational logic circuit. The proposed methodology is based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). The search of input vectors based on the datapath coverage metric is a satisfiability (SAT) problem. In order to obtain maximum coverage vectors, we use a novel model for the Boolean logic gates to translate the original SAT problem into an MILP optimization problem. Next, the new problem is solved following the MILP optimization environment and an exhaustive search strategy. We compare our proposed methodology with the exhaustive search algorithm. Experimental results and performance comparisons based on the large set of MCNC'91 suite of benchmark circuits are presented. They show significant speedups of MILP methodology against the exhaustive search algorithm for the complex circuits.
RICCI FLOW AND IRREDUCIBLE SYMMETRIC SPACES
Authors: JAFARI ZOHREH , RAZAVI ASADOLLAH
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we will show how particular formation of G-invariant metrics on irreducible symmetric spaces leads us to have a different approach to Ricci flow as a weakly parabolic system which happens to become a ODE under these spaces.
HELICOIDAL CDPC-SURFACES IN MINKOWSKI 3-SPACE
Authors: JI FENGHUI , KIM YOUNG HO
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we discuss the local existence and the construction of helicoidal CDPC-surfaces, i.e. the helicoidal surfaces with constant difference of the principal curvatures, in Minkowski 3-space [Formula: see text]. In general, there exist helicoidal surfaces with conjugate complex principal curvatures, which have no counterparts in R3. We prove this is still true for helicoidal CDPC-surfaces but not true for rotation surfaces in [Formula: see text].
ON F-THEORY QUIVER MODELS AND KAC–MOODY ALGEBRAS
Authors: LAAMARA RACHID AHL , BELHAJ ADIL , BOYA LUIS J. , MEDARI LEILA , SEGUI ANTONIO
Published: October 2010

We discuss quiver gauge models with bi-fundamental and fundamental matter obtained from F-theory compactified on ALE spaces over a four-dimensional base space. We focus on the base geometry which consists of intersecting F0 = CP1 × CP1 Hirzebruch complex surfaces arranged as Dynkin graphs classified by three kinds of Kac–Moody (KM) algebras: ordinary, i.e. finite-dimensional, affine and indefinite, in particular hyperbolic. We interpret the equations defining these three classes of generalized Lie algebras as the anomaly cancelation condition of the corresponding N = 1 F-theory quivers in four dimensions. We analyze in some detail hyperbolic geometries obtained from the affine [Formula: see text] base geometry by adding a node, and we find that it can be used to incorporate fundamental fields to a product of SU-type gauge groups and fields.
TIME EVOLUTION OF QUASI-HERMITIAN OPEN SYSTEMS AND GENERALIZED ENTROPY FUNCTIONAL
Authors: MASILLO F. , SOLOMBRINO L. , SCOLARICI G.
Published: October 2010

We study general properties of dynamical maps preserving Hermiticity and quasi-Hermiticity, and prove that the generator of a dynamical semigroup is always a pseudo-Hermitian operator. Moreover, improving a previous proposal by Jakob and Stenholm, we introduce two new Lyapunov functionals for degenerate open systems, and apply such results to a physical example.
CIRCLE ACTIONS, CENTRAL EXTENSIONS AND STRING STRUCTURES
Authors: MURRAY MICHAEL K. , VOZZO RAYMOND F.
Published: October 2010

The caloron correspondence can be understood as an equivalence of categories between G-bundles over circle bundles and LG ⋊ρ S1-bundles where LG is the group of smooth loops in G. We use it, and lifting bundle gerbes, to derive an explicit differential form based formula for the (real) string class of an LG ⋊ρ S1-bundle.
EUROPEAN ACCESSION AND THE TRADE FACILITATION AGENDA
Authors: WILSON JOHN S. , LUO XUBEI , BROADMAN HARRY G.
Published: October 2010

This paper examines the impact of improved trade facilitation measures and institutional capacity in a set of economies in transition Europe. Our results suggest that behind-the-border barriers play an important role in determining bilateral trade flows (controlling for the effects of tariffs, development levels, distance, and regional characteristics of exporters and importers, among other factors). For European Union (EU) members that joined the Union in 2004 and less developed and candidate members raising capacity in port efficiency and information technology infrastructures halfway to the EU-15 average, trade could expand by US$49 billion and US$62 billion respectively. In the context of the economic crisis and fragile recovery, as well as efforts to strengthen Europe integration, efforts to facilitate trade with investments to raise capacity in trade facilitation should be considered as part of policy steps going forward.
HOW DO GOVERNMENTS RESPOND TO FOOD PRICE SPIKES? LESSONS FROM THE PAST
Authors: ANDERSON KYM , NELGEN SIGNE
Published: October 2010

Food prices in international markets spiked upward in 2008, doubling or more in a matter of months. Evidence is still being compiled on policy responses over the following two years, but new time series estimates of government intervention for the previous five decades allow insights into past policy responses to price fluctuations and spikes. This paper reviews the distortionary impacts of policies used by governments attempting to stabilize their domestic food markets. It then focuses on policy responses in the mid-1970s, as reflected in domestic prices and various annual indicators of distortions to producer and consumer incentives, before drawing out some policy lessons.
INSTITUTIONS FOR ASIAN CONNECTIVITY
Authors: BHATTACHARYAY BISWA NATH
Published: October 2010

To make Asia more economically sustainable and resilient against external shocks, regional economies need to be rebalanced toward regional demand- and trade-driven growth through increased regional connectivity. The effectiveness of this connectivity depends on the quality of hard and soft infrastructure. Of particular importance in terms of soft (facilitating) infrastructure that makes hard (physical) infrastructure work are the facilitating institutions that support connectivity through appropriate policies, reforms, systems, procedures, and through promoting effective coordination and cooperation. Asia has many overlapping subregional institutions involved in national and regional energy, transport, and telecommunications infrastructure connectivity. However, these institutions are characterized as being less effective, informal, and lacking a clear and binding system of rules and policies. To build seamless Asian connectivity, Asia needs an effective, formal, and rules-based institutional framework. The paper presents a new institutional framework for Pan-Asian connectivity together with the organizational structures of two new regional institutional mechanisms, namely the Pan-Asian Infrastructure Forum and the Asian Infrastructure Fund.
Software testing research in practice
Authors: Chan Wing Kwong , Budnik Christof J. , Kapfhammer Gregory M.
Published: October 2010

The 5th Workshop on the Automation of Software Test co-located with ICSE 2010 provides a publication forum that bridges the gap between the theory and practice of automated testing. The workshop featured a twoday high quality programs with a multi-session charette on integration testing. Researchers shared with us their insights on software testing through 15 regular papers and 6 case-study papers were presented in six sessions at the workshop. This report summarizes the organization of the workshop as well as the sessions and papers presented, the results of the charette session, attendee feedback, and lessons learned.
Cooperative and human aspects of software engineering
Authors: Dittrich Yvonne , Sharp Helen , Theophilus Heike Winshiers , De Souza Cleidson , Korpela Mikko , Singer Janice
Published: October 2010

Software is created by people -- software engineers in cooperation with domain experts, users and other stakeholders--in varied environments, under various conditions. Thus understanding cooperative and human aspects of software development is crucial to comprehend how and which methods and tools are required, to improve the creation and maintenance of software. The 3rd workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering held at the International Conference on Software Engineering continued the tradition from earlier workshops and provided a lively forum to discuss current developments and high quality research in the field. Further dissemination of research results will lead to an improvement of software development and deployment across the globe.
Workshop report from Web2SE
Authors: Treude Christoph , Storey Margaret-Anne , Ehrlich Kate , van Deursen Arie
Published: October 2010

Web 2.0 technologies such as wikis, blogs, tags and feeds have been adopted and adapted by software engineers. With Web2SE, we provide a venue for pertinent work by highlighting current state-of-the-art research, by identifying research areas, and by discussing implications of Web 2.0 on software engineering. This paper reports on the paper presentations and the discussions among participants at Web2SE 2010 as well as on future directions of the Web2SE community.
Research on software security awareness
Authors: Banerjee C. , Pandey S. K.
Published: October 2010

People attack software deliberately to steal highly sensitive as well as personal information with the sole intention of carrying out well-funded, destructive and unethical goals that could harm individuals, nations or the whole world. Available technological controls could be implemented to tighten access and minimize persistent threats but the complete solution of secure software could only be provided by changing the behavior of the people involved. This can be achieved through effective
security awareness techniques
implemented by individuals because they are, in most cases, the first target for gaining access into the system. This paper highlights the utility of security awareness with the help of recent published work for
building more secure software
. In addition, areas that need further investigations are identified in the paper.
New complexity model for classes in object oriented system
Authors: Gill Nasib S. , Sikka Sunil
Published: October 2010

Minimizing software complexity is the foremost objective of each software development paradigm because it affects all other attributes of software such as maintainability, reliability, testability, reusability etc. Measuring software complexity is always essential for predicting fault proneness, computing development efforts and evaluating maintainability of software. This paper proposes a complexity model for classes in object oriented systems. The model computes Class Complexity (CC) as a sum of Method Complexity (MC) and MC is further computed as a sum of Control Flow Complexity (CFC), Total Method Call Complexity (TMCC) and Total Data Call Complexity (TDCC). CFC is computed using McCabe's cyclomatic complexity. TMCC and TDCC are computed with adherence to the principle that "The higher the number of classes involved in method/data calls and polymorphic method calls, makes the object oriented software difficult to understand and maintain". The proposed model is also compared with four Chidamber's and Kemerer's metrics-Weighted Methods per Class (WMC), Response For a Class (RFC), Depth of Inheritance Tree (DIT) and Coupling Between Objects (CBO).
Towards the design of a set-based Java collections framework
Authors: Long Brad
Published: October 2010

The Java Collections Framework (JCF) was introduced as standard in JDK 1.2. Since then several significant enhancements have been made including the introduction of generics and typed collections. One striking design choice of the Java language designers was the exclusion of map from the collections hierarchy. This paper looks at how maps could be incorporated into the Java collections hierarchy by describing early work on YACL (Yet Another Collections Library). The intention of YACL is to provide a suite of set-based collections classes and operations whilst continuing to be compatible with the JCF.
Early estimation of software complexity using requirement engineering document
Authors: Sharma Ashish , Kushwaha Dharmender Singh
Published: October 2010

There has been a continuous effort to estimate software complexity but very little established methods exist that can estimate the complexity of the software before it is written. Since a high quality Software Requirement Specification (SRS) is a pre requisite for high quality software, this work attempts to empirically demonstrate that the complexity of the code can be determined based on its IEEE software requirement specification document (IEEE 830-1998). Existing complexity measures established are based on the code and the cognitive metrics value of the software. This may require recodingleading to loss of time and cost. Considering the shortcoming of code-based approaches, our proposed approach is able to compute the complexity of yet-to-be-written software immediately after freezing the requirement in the Software development Lifecycle (SDLC) process. The proposedcomplexity measure compares well with established complexity measures like Halstead, Mc Cabe, KLCID, CFS and CICM. Results obtained show that the complexity values are comparable with other established measures. The robustness of our complexity measure is established by evaluating our measure against Weyuker properties.
Forecasting Click-Through Rates Based on Sponsored Search Advertiser Bids and Intermediate Variable Regression
Authors: Gluhovsky Ilya
Published: October 2010

To participate in sponsored search online advertising, an advertiser bids on a set of keywords relevant to his/her product or service. When one of these keywords matches a user search string, the ad is then considered for display among sponsored search results. Advertisers compete for positions in which their ads appear, as higher slots typically result in more user clicks. All existing position allocating mechanisms charge more per click for a higher slot. Therefore, an advertiser must decide whether to bid high and receive more, but more expensive, clicks.

In this work, we propose a novel methodology for building forecasting landscapes relating an individual advertiser bid to the expected click-through rate and/or the expected daily click volume. Displaying such landscapes is currently offered as a service to advertisers by all major search engine providers. Such landscapes are expected to be instrumental in helping the advertisers devise their bidding strategies.

We propose a
triply
monotone regression methodology. We start by applying the current state-of-the-art monotone regression solution. We then propose to condition on the ad position and to estimate the bid-position and position-click effects separately. While the latter translates into a standard monotone regression problem, we devise a novel solution to the former based on approximate maximum likelihood. We show that our proposal significantly outperforms the standard monotone regression solution, while the latter similarly improves upon routinely used ad-hoc methods.

Last, we discuss other e-commerce applications of the proposed intermediate variable regression methodology.
I know you think it's too late
Authors: Dement Linda , Rizzo Maria
Published: October 2010

“I Know You Think It's Too Late” is an installation across three computers that takes a systems theory approach in considering human impulses to violence. A struggling spinning hairball, pulsing blood drops. and jittering swathes of fat respond to each other and to the user. These gruesome remnants of violent acts form a system that can snowball out of control or be tempered by a user's activity.

The more a user interacts with one computer, the less that substance builds up on the other two. The less a computer is used, the more its substance builds up on the other two. If no one interacts with any of the computers, the build up of fat, hair, and blood escalates and compounds, and the system can go into runaway growth (a positive feedback system). A user's interaction brings the system back into balanced stability (a negative feedback system).

This gives voice to a strange distributed entity that inhabits and grows from the detritus of violent death.
Heavy-traffic limits for nearly deterministic queues
Authors: Sigman Karl , Whitt Ward
Published: October 2010

We establish heavy-traffic limits for "nearly deterministic" queues, such as the
G/D/n
many-server queue. Waiting times before starting service in the
G/D/n
queue are equivalent to waiting times in an associated
Gn/D/
1 model, where the

G
n

denotes "cyclic thinning" of order
n
, indicating that the original (possibly general) point process of arrivals is thinned to contain only every

n
th

point. We thus focus on the
Gn/D/
1 model and the generalization to
Gn/Gn/
1, where "cyclic thinning" is applied to both the arrival and service processes. As
n
↓ ∞, the
Gn/Gn/
1 models approach the deterministic
D/D/
1 model. The classical example is the Erlang
En/En/
1 queue, where cyclic thinning of order
n
is applied to both the interarrival times and the service times, starting from a "base"
M/M/
1 model. We establish different limits in two cases: (i) when (1--ρ
n
)√
n
↓ β as
n
↓ ∞ and (ii) (1 -- ρ
n
)
n
√ as
n
↓ ∞, where ρ
n
is the traffic intensity in model
n
, and 0 < β < ∞. The nearly deterministic feature leads to interesting nonstandard scaling. We also establish revealing heavy-traffic limits for the stationary waiting times and other performance measures in the
Gn/Gn/
1 queues, by letting ρ
n
↑ 1 as
n
↓∞.
Diffusion limit of a two-class network
Authors: Ye Heng-Qing , Yao David D.
Published: October 2010

In [11], we have established the diffusion limit for a network with two servers (both being bottlenecks) and two job classes under a proportional fair resouce control. Here, we show that the usual traffic condition is necessary and sufficient for the existence and uniqueness of the stationary distributions of both the diffusion limit and the pre-limit processes. Furthermore, the interchange of limits is also justified, i.e., the sequence of stationary distributions of the pre-limit networks converges to that of the diffusion limit.
On the validity of the fixed point equation and decoupling assumption for analyzing the 802.11 mac protocol
Authors: Cho Jeong-woo , Le Boudec Jean-Yves , Jiang Yuming
Published: October 2010

Performance evaluation of the 802.11 MAC protocol is classically based on the decoupling assumption, which hypothesizes that the backoff processes at different nodes are independent. A necessary condition for the validity of this approach is the existence and uniqueness of a solution to a fixed point equation. However, it was also recently pointed out that this condition is not sufficient; in contrast, a necessary and sufficient condition is a global stability property of the associated ordinary differential equation. Such a property was established only for a specific case, namely for a homogeneous system (all nodes have the same parameters) and when the number of backoff stages is either 1 or infinite and with other restrictive conditions. In this paper, we give a simple condition that establishes the validity of the decoupling assumption for the homogeneous case. We also discuss the heterogeneous and the differentiated service cases and show that the uniqueness condition is not sufficient; we exhibit one case where the fixed point equation has a unique solution but the decoupling assumption is not valid.
Reducing collision probability on a shared medium using a variational method
Authors: Marot Michel , Gauthier Vincent
Published: October 2010

We consider a network with N nodes competing for access to the channel using un-slotted ALOHA. When a request is sent, each node may answer after a certain backoff time. Only the first answer is of importance, that is why we want to minimize the loss rate of the first message. We derive the optimal backoff probability distribution which minimizes the collision probability on the first message answering toa request. Unlike previous works, we extract the collisionprobability in continuous time domain. To this goal, weuse a variational method. This problem had only be solvedbefore in a slotted context (i.e. discrete time domain), butwe want to be able to manage later situations where the nodes are not perfectly synchronized, which requires to know how to solve it in the continuous time context.
Decomposition results for an m/m/k with staggered setup
Authors: Gandhi Anshul , Harchol-Balter Mor , Adan Ivo
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we consider an M/M/k queueing system with setup costs. Servers are turned off when there is no work to do, but turning on an off server incurs a setup cost. The setup cost takes the form of a time delay and a power penalty. Setup costs are common in manufacturing systems, data centers and disk farms, where idle servers are turned off to save on operating costs. Since servers in setup mode consume a lot of power, the number of servers that can be in setup at any time is often limited. In the staggered setup model, at most one server can be in setup at any time. While recent literature has analyzed an M/M/k system with staggered setup and exponentially distributed setup times, no closed-form solutions were obtained. We provide the first analytical closed-form expressions for the limiting distribution of the system states, the distribution of response times, and the mean power consumption for the above system. In particular, we prove the following decomposition property: the response time for an M/M/k system with staggered setup is equal, in distribution, to the sum of response time for an M/M/k system without setup, and the setup time.
The Nexus of Domestic Violence Reform and Social Science: From Instrument of Social Change to Institutionalized Surveillance
Authors: Bumiller Kristin
Published: October 2010

This review examines the relationship between social science research and domestic violence activism. It explores how the feminist conception of domestic violence, as formulated early in the movement, has had a resounding influence on the development of both theory and practice. The review demonstrates how social science research has often followed uncritically the path set out by anti–domestic violence activists. It provides an examination of how studies of the efficacy of legal sanctions fail to raise questions about the consequences of these interventions into private lives. The review also considers how the feminist conception of domestic violence has led to unresolved scholarly debates about the frequency and attributes of women's violence as compared to men's. In addition, it shows that the failure of feminism's explanatory framework to guide theory and practice has contributed to the triumph of a gender-neutral understanding of the problem and its reformulation as intimate partner violence. Consequently, the field has seen the growth of applied social science that has adopted a gender-neutral framework and relied upon the mechanisms of universal screening and risk management to address domestic violence. Finally, the value of ethnographic approaches are considered, particularly in regard to their potential to open the field to broader issues about social control, local culture, and inequality and their relation to the persistence of domestic violence as a social problem.
Human Rights and Policing: Exigency or Incongruence?
Authors: Hornberger Julia
Published: October 2010

The juncture of human rights and policing is a relatively recent field of scholarship. It tends to explain the relationship between policing and human rights as one of exigency and necessity, culminating in the idea of police as human rights defenders. An ethnographically rich scholarship on policing has emerged both as a critical response to these assumptions and out of an awareness of the impossible but nevertheless central role that policing has come to play in a neoliberal age. This critical scholarship takes the juncture of policing and human rights as a historically specific phenomenon and enables us to understand many of its contingencies. It reintegrates the normative presuppositions of human rights policing as societal facts among other societal facts and points to how human rights and policing enable and foreclose new ways of ordering society and bring about particular articulations of biopolitics with assertions of sovereignty.
On Law, Organizations, and Social Movements
Authors: Edelman Lauren B. , Leachman Gwendolyn , McAdam Doug
Published: October 2010

This review examines the complex interplay among social movements, organizations, and law. Although the sociological literature has recently been attentive to each pair of two of these social arenas—that is, to social movements and organizations, to organizations and law, and to law and social movements—there has been no effort to theorize the relationship among all three of them. We review the literature on each pair of institutions and then suggest ways in which insights about the omitted institution might inform extant work. Finally, we offer a new framework for examining social movements, organizations, and law together. Envisioning the three social arenas as overlapping and mutually constitutive social fields, we suggest that institutional change may occur when exogenous shocks produce contention and settlement in adjacent fields or when endogenous motion occurs as ideas within one field gradually influence practices in adjacent fields.
Law and Society: Project and Practice
Authors: Abel Richard L.
Published: October 2010

This review analyzes four decades of law-and-society scholarship by examining and contrasting the first and last 13 years of the Law & Society Review (LSR). It compares the programmatic statements of Law and Society Association presidents and LSR editors with the scholarship published, offering explanations for and critiques of project and practice.
Social Historical Studies of Women, Crime, and Courts
Authors: Feeley Malcolm M. , Aviram Hadar
Published: October 2010

While traditional criminology has ignored the historical dimension of female crime, social historical literature has examined the interplay between gender and the criminal process in a variety of historical settings. This review examines studies focusing on changes in crime, prosecution, conviction, and punishment patterns over time, as well as studies in particular settings. From these studies we conclude that crime has not always been a predominantly male phenomenon and that female crime rates have changed over time. We also conclude that, within the different categories, women defendants in particular were perceived through a gendered perspective, and their criminalization and punishment, as well as its representation in popular culture, reflected this special perspective.
The Strategic Analysis of Judicial Decisions
Authors: Epstein Lee , Jacobi Tonja
Published: October 2010

Since the 1990s, there has been an explosion of empirical and theoretical work dedicated to advancing strategic accounts of law and legal institutions. Reviewing this extensive literature could be accomplished in multiple ways. We chose an approach that underscores a major contribution of strategic accounts: that they have forced scholars to think about the interdependent—i.e., strategic—nature of judicial decisions. On strategic accounts, in other words, judges do not make decisions in a vacuum, but rather take into account the preferences and likely actions of other relevant actors, including their colleagues, their judicial superiors, and members of the other branches of government. After defining strategic analysis and how it differs from other approaches to judicial decisions, we examine the literature on the forms of strategic behavior in which (preference-maximizing) judges engage when interacting with these three sets of actors.
Capitalism, Governance, and Authority: The Case of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Shamir Ronen
Published: October 2010

The career of corporate social responsibility (CSR) indicates that it evolved into a field of private and self-regulation that bears all the hallmarks of new governance. Accordingly, this review offers an analysis of CSR as a reflection on the governance turn in sociolegal studies. It relies on the literature to show (a) that socially responsible corporate practices developed in response to public critique of corporate powers and (b) that the emergent field of CSR shows capitalism's ability to transform critique into commercial and managerial assets. Devoting specific attention to the role of academic research and theory in consolidating the framework of new governance, the review reflects upon the trajectory of law in latter-day capitalism and theorizes governance as the privatization of the sources and instruments of authority.
Understanding Law and Race as Mutually Constitutive: An Invitation to Explore an Emerging Field
Authors: Gómez Laura E.
Published: October 2010

This article argues that law and race coconstruct each other. The idea that race is socially constructed has become widely accepted, and studies increasingly have explored law's role in shaping racial categories, racial conflict, racial ideology, and the racial order. Fewer studies have utilized a well-developed concept of race to examine how it has affected legislation, legal processes, legal ideology, and so forth. To explore how law and race are mutually constitutive, I draw on examples from a dozen monographs (all but one published since 1999) that are in-depth case studies of how law and race have interacted in diverse geographical regions over the past 400years. Cumulatively, they present new insights about how law and race are coconstructed to reproduce and transform racial inequality in society. They represent an emerging genre of sociolegal studies that reveals how law and race shape each other in an ongoing, dialectic process.
Successful Endoscopic Management of Fish Bone Embedded into the Bladder Wall
Authors: Kodama Koichi , Ofude Mitsuo , Motoi Isamu , Hinoue Yoshinobu , Saito Katsuhiko
Published: October 2010

We report a case of a pyogenous vesical abscess resulting from an ingested fish bone embedded in the bladder wall that was treated endoscopically in an asymptomatic man. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed a linear radiopaque structure in the thickened left anterolateral wall of the bladder. Cystoscopy revealed a protruding mass, covered with normal-appearing mucosa, with outflow of pus from a shallow recess. Histopathological findings indicated that the transurethrally removed linear structure, located in the submucosa, was compatible with fish bone. A high index of suspicion should be maintained for the correct diagnosis to be made.
The Effect of Impulsive Diffusion on Dynamics of a Stage‐Structured Predator‐Prey System
Authors: Jiao Jianjun
Published: October 2010

We investigate a predator‐prey model with impulsive diffusion on predator and stage structure on prey. The globally attractive condition of prey‐extinction periodic solution of the system is obtained by the stroboscopic map of
the discrete dynamical system. The permanent condition of the system is also obtained by the theory of impulsive delay differential equation. The results indicate that the discrete time delay has influence on the dynamical behaviors of the system. Finally, some numerical simulations are carried out to support the analytic results.
Direct Vasocontractile Activities of Bupivacaine Enantiomers on the Isolated Rat Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Mukozawa Mai , Takakura Ko , Mizogami Maki
Published: October 2010

Background.In vitrostudies with isolated arteries have shown direct vasoactivity of racemic bupivacaine. However, there is little information on the direct vasoactivities of bupivacaine enantiomers, S(−)- and R(+)-bupivacaine.Methods. We performed functional examinations using isolated intact thoracic aortic rings from male Wistar rats. Changes in ring tension produced by S(−)-, R(+)-, or racemic bupivacaine were measured in Krebs solution.Results. S(−)-bupivacaine produced the strongest contraction of the three agents. R(+)-bupivacaine showed limited vasoconstriction. The effects of racemic bupivacaine were located between these two.Conclusion. Each bupivacaine enantiomer showed specific vasocontractile activity, which affects the activity of racemic bupivacaine.
Marine Protected Areas, Multiple-Agency Management, and Monumental Surprise in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Kittinger John N. , Dowling Anne , Purves Andrew R. , Milne Nicole A. , Olsson Per
Published: October 2010

Large, regional-scale marine protected areas (MPAs) and MPA networks face different challenges in governance systems than locally managed or community-based MPAs. An emerging theme in large-scale MPA management is the prevalence of governance structures that rely on institutional collaboration, presenting new challenges as agencies with differing mandates and cultures work together to implement ecosystem-based management. We analyzed qualitative interview data to investigate multi-level social interactions and institutional responses to the surprise establishment of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (monument) in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). The governance arrangement for the monument represents a new model in US MPA management, requiring two federal agencies and the State of Hawai‘i to collaboratively manage the NWHI. We elucidate the principal barriers to institutional cotrusteeship, characterize institutional transformations that have occurred among the partner agencies in the transition to collaborative management, and evaluate the governance arrangement for the monument as a model for MPAs. The lessons learned from the NWHI governance arrangement are critical as large-scale MPAs requiring multiple-agency management become a prevalent feature on the global seascape.
Involvement of Cell Proliferation Induced by Dual Intracellular Signaling of HB-EGF in the Development of Colitis-Associated Cancer during Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Tanida Satoshi , Mizoshita Tsutomu , Mizushima Takashi , Shimura Takaya , Kamiya Takeshi , Kataoka Hiromi , Joh Takashi
Published: October 2010

In ulcerative colitis (UC), the duration and severity of inflammation are responsible for the development of colorectal cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitric metabolites (RNMs) and interleukin (IL)-8, released by epithelial and immune cells, are involved in the pathogenesis of colitis-associated cancer. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and therapeutic agents targeted towards EGFR are currently used to treat advanced colorectal cancer. IL-8 (a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonist), which is involved in neutrophil recruitment and activation in persistent active colitis, also promotes cleavage of the proheparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (proHB-EGF) through a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM). The cleaved HB-EGF and C-terminal fragments (intracellular CTF) regulate proliferation via EGFR activation and nuclear export of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger, transcription repressor, respectively. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which RNM- and IL-8-induced EGF signaling regulate cell proliferation during the development of colitis-associated cancer.
Clade DSymbiodiniumin Scleractinian Corals: A “Nugget” of Hope, a Selfish Opportunist, an Ominous Sign, or All of the Above?
Authors: Stat Michael , Gates Ruth D.
Published: October 2010

Clade DSymbiodiniumare thermally tolerant coral endosymbionts that confer resistance to elevated sea surface temperature and bleaching to the host. The union between corals and clade D is thus important to management and coral conservation. Here, we review the diversity and biogeography of clade DSymbiodinium, factors linked to increasing abundances of clade D, and the benefits and drawbacks of associating with clade D for corals. We identify clade DSymbiodiniumas uncommon pandemically distributed generalists found in higher abundances on reefs exposed to challenging sea surface temperatures and local stressors or with a history of bleaching. This distribution suggests that clade DSymbiodiniumare mostly opportunistic endosymbionts, whereby they outcompete and replace optimal symbionts in health-compromised corals. We conclude by identifying research gaps that limit our understanding of the adaptive role clade DSymbiodiniumplay in corals and discuss the utility of monitoring clade DSymbiodiniumas indicators of habitat degradation in coral reef ecosystems.
Low‐Frequency Electroacupuncture Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Diabetic Mice through Activation of SIRT1/PGC‐1α in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Liang Fengxia , Chen Rui , Nakagawa Atsushi , Nishizawa Makoto , Tsuda Shinichi , Wang Hua , Koya Daisuke
Published: October 2010

Electroacupuncture (EA) has been observed to reduce insulin resistance in obesity and diabetes. However, the biochemical mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of low‐frequency EA on metabolic action in genetically obese and type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Nine‐week‐old db/m and db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups, namely, db/m, db/m + EA, db/db, and db/db + EA. db/m + EA and db/db + EA mice received 3‐Hz electroacupuncture five times weekly for eight consecutive weeks. In db/db mice, EA tempered the increase in fasting blood glucose, food intake, and body mass and maintained insulin levels. In EA‐treated db/db mice, improved insulin sensitivity was established through intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test. EA was likewise observed to decrease free fatty acid levels in db/db mice; it increased protein expression in skeletal muscle Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and induced gene expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), and acyl‐CoA oxidase (ACOX). These results indicated that EA offers a beneficial effect on insulin resistance in obese and diabetic db/db mice, at least partly, via stimulation of SIRT1/PGC‐1α, thus resulting in improved insulin signal.
Three Epigenetic Biomarkers, GDF15, TMEFF2, and VIM, Accurately Predict Bladder Cancer from DNA-Based Analyses of Urine Samples
Authors: Costa Vera L. , Henrique Rui , Danielsen Stine A. , Duarte-Pereira Sara , Eknaes Mette , Skotheim Rolf I. , Rodrigues Ângelo , Magalhães José S. , Oliveira Jorge , Lothe Ragnhild A. , Teixeira Manuel R. , Jerónimo Carmen , Lind Guro E.
Published: October 2010

Purpose: To identify a panel of epigenetic biomarkers for accurate bladder cancer (BlCa) detection in urine sediments.

Experimental Design: Gene expression microarray analysis of BlCa cell lines treated with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A as well as 26 tissue samples was used to identify a list of novel methylation candidates for BlCa. Methylation levels of candidate genes were quantified in 4 BlCa cell lines, 50 BlCa tissues, 20 normal bladder mucosas (NBM), and urine sediments from 51 BlCa patients and 20 healthy donors, 19 renal cancer patients, and 20 prostate cancer patients. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of the gene panel.

Results: GDF15, HSPA2, TMEFF2, and VIM were identified as epigenetic biomarkers for BlCa. The methylation levels were significantly higher in BlCa tissues than in NBM (P < 0.001) and the cancer specificity was retained in urine sediments (P < 0.001). A methylation panel comprising GDF15, TMEFF2, and VIM correctly identified BlCa tissues with 100% sensitivity and specificity. In urine samples, the panel achieved a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 100% and an area under the curve of 0.975. The gene panel could discriminate BlCa from both healthy individuals and renal or prostate cancer patients (sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 90%).

Conclusions: By using a genome-wide approach, we have identified a biomarker panel that allows for early and accurate noninvasive detection of BlCa using urine samples. Clin Cancer Res; 16(23); 5842–51. ©2010 AACR.