bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A possible source of error in determining the remanent magnetization of cylindrical rock specimens with a biastatic magnetometer
Authors: Larochelle A , Pearce G W
Published: March 2016

An evaluation is made of the systematic error involved in deter mining the magnetization of a uniformly magnetized cylinder from the field measured along three of its mutually perpendicular axes of symmetry and using the assu1nption that the specimen's moment may
be considered as a small dipole at its centre of symmetry. In addition, the optimum height diameter radio is established for cylindrical specimens lo be examined with a biaslalic magnetometer . It is shown Lhal within a group of magnetization directions obtained for cylindtical specimens t h e
component of angular dispersion related to the dipole approximation and to ordinary departures of the specimen's dimensions from their optimum values is negligible compared to that related to the in situ orientation errors which can be reasonably assumed to be of the order of 2 or 3
degrees.
Gething formation at Peace River Canyon, British Columbia
Authors: Stott D F
Published: March 2016

The Gething Formation is described in a well-exposed and easily accessible section along the western cliffs of the upper part of the Peace River Canyon. The formation is shown to be at least 1, 600 feet thick in the type region and possibly may be as much as 1,
800 feet. Columnar sections show the relationship of this section to earlier descriptions of the Gething Formation from Moosebar and Aylard Creeks, and along the north shore of the lower reaches of the canyon.
Identification of petroleum source rocks using hydrocarbon gas and organic carbon content
Authors: Snowdon L R , McCrossan R G
Published: March 2016

A method of examining hydrocarbon gas and total organic carbon data from drill cuttings has been used to identify potential petroleum source rocks and to indicate the level of thermal diagenesis of the organic matter contained in the sediment. As the mechanical
disaggregation of the cuttings and the extraction and analysis of the hydrocarbon gases are both rapid and inexpensive, the analyses can be completed almost concurrently with sample collection. Calculation of the regression equations and correlation coefficient for the least squares line of a plot
of gas concentration against organic carbon content classifies the gaseous hydrocarbons as either epigenetic or syngenetic. Source potential is evaluated from a consideration of the abundance and composition of the total released gas. The data also may be used to select samples for more exhaustive
analyses.
Late - Wisconsin glaciation of southwestern Newfoundland [with special reference to the Stephenville map - area]
Authors: Brookes I A
Published: March 2016

Western Newfoundland is unique in Appalachian Canada for the variety and grandeur of its largely glacial landforms. The recent establishment of Gros Morne National Park acknowledges the scenic attraction of this strongly glaciated region of diverse relief
situated in a predominantly coastal environment. The major findings relate to the age and direction of glacier movements, the pattern and chronology of glaciomarine overlap, and the origins of landforms and sediments associated with glaciation and deglaciation. The area covered in detail in the
report is an irregular one since attention was focused, for reasons of interest and accessibility, on the coastal and rives rine lowlands. Field work in the highlands was limited by access, but areas not visited have been covered by airphoto interpretation.
Geomagnetic surveys at Skeleton Lake, Ontario
Authors: Clark J F
Published: March 2016

Magnetic and electrical surveys have been carried out at a near-circular structure which may be of meteoritic impact origin. This Paleozoic structure is located at Skeleton Lake, Ont. Data obtained by the multi-discipline approach have added to the available
information and have provided some evidence in favour of meteoritic formation at this site. Contour maps showing total magnetic intensity over the feature exhibit low gradients of magnetic change typical of some meteoritic craters. Analysis of the data has helped evaluate the several geophysical
surveying techniques employed as to their usefulness and feasibility in the on-going investigatiions of this feature, and the model obtained from the analysis indicates it to be a typical example of a 'simple' meteoritic crater, with a diameter of about 3.4 km and a depth to undisturbed bedrock of
about 750 m.
At-risk student teachers’ attitudes and aspirations as learners and teachers of mathematics
Authors: Moodley Trevor , Adendorff Stanley A. , Pather Subethra
Published: March 2016

This study explored foundation phase first year student teachers’ perceptions about mathematics. The focus on their attitudes towards mathematics in two roles – (1) as learners of mathematics, based on their prior experiences at school and (2) as aspirant teachers of mathematics for children in the early grades. Data sources were students’ drawings/collages as well as written interpretations and elaborations of the drawings/collages. The findings indicated that participants had generally negative attitudes towards the learning of mathematics. Factors such as the transition from primary to high school, teacher qualities and mathematics-related anxiety contributed to the shaping of their attitudes. It was encouraging to note that over half the participants expressed positive attitudes in their roles as future teachers, with all expressing the desire to provide better mathematics experiences to their future learners.
Collegial teaming for inclusive education using photovoice as tool
Authors: Geduld Deidre C.
Published: March 2016

As a Foundation Phase (FP) and inclusive education (IE) lecturer I am responsible for preparing teacher education students for the diversity in classrooms in low socio-economic environments, where teachers have very little professional help in the form of health professionals and remedial and support teachers. This qualitative study explored how collegial teaming amongst pre- and inservice FP teachers can promote the practice of IE. Photovoice technology was used to explore teachers’ challenges in mainstream classrooms and to investigate how teaming can promote IE practices. Participants included five practising inservice mentor teachers and five fourth-year preservice teachers from the local university. The findings have implications for an IE conception of quality, academic rigour and depth in initial teacher education focusing on school-based learning and teaching experiences. This study, with its ‘research as intervention’ approach, enabled collegial teams to make their voices heard and to reflect critically on what it is that they can do to contribute to promoting the practice of IE.
Navigating professional roles in early literacy intervention: exploring the experiences of speech language therapy students, teachers and clinical tutors
Authors: Oosthuizen Helena , Klop Daleen , Visser Monique
Published: March 2016

Speech-language therapists (SLTs) in South Africa are increasingly considering alternative models of service delivery to children at risk for language and literacy development delays. A transprofessional model of collaboration allows SLTs and teachers to share responsibility for primary prevention of literacy difficulties. Previous research has identified several challenges with regard to effective collaboration between qualified professionals, indicating that specific opportunities need to be created for professionals to ‘cross over disciplinary lines’ to gain more insight into a profession other than their own. Student training presents a valuable opportunity for role-exchange between pre-professional SLTs and teachers. The article describes the experiences of teachers, undergraduate SLT students and tutors with regard to transdisciplinary collaboration in the foundation-phase classroom, according to the ‘embedded-explicit’ model. The authors argue that a more in-depth understanding of the different role-players’ perceptions of transdisciplinary collaboration will contribute to enhanced collaboration between SLTs and teachers.
Strengthening maths learning dispositions through ‘math clubs’
Authors: Graven Mellony
Published: March 2016

In this paper, I argue that the establishment of after-school mathematics clubs in early grades holds rich potential for supporting the development of increasingly participatory and sensemaking maths learning dispositions. Within the South African Numeracy Chair project, lead by the author, multiple after-school mathematics clubs have been set up for learners in Grades 3–6 across Eastern Cape schools. These clubs are a complementary initiative to teacher development, aimed at improving low levels of numeracy learning across the majority of schools in the province. Two sources of data, learner interviews and teacher questionnaires, from one case study club, are shared in this article to illuminate the potential such clubs hold in developing increasingly participatory mathematics learning dispositions.
Initiating the learning processes at the preschool and lower primary level: Challenges and possibilities
Authors: Streit Christine , K. David Christine , Hildebrandt Elke
Published: March 2016

The intended convergence of preschool and school education in accordance with educational policy is challenging. Firstly, one must become aware of the different institutional cultures, and secondly, one needs to be aware of existing similarities and develop common didactic ideas. This article presents a model, based on the situation in German-speaking countries. The model – as a basis for discussion – describes specific features of teaching at this level and at the same time provides a framework for the teachers’ activities. The aim is to make appropriate didactic decisions in an environment alternating between free and instructed activities for children as well as between specific and interdisciplinary orientation. The model and its potential will be discussed on the basis of a practical example.
Online supplementary mathematics tuition in a first-year childhood teacher education programme
Authors: Fonseca Kathleen , Petersen Nadine
Published: March 2016

This study reports on an intervention that was aimed at improving the content knowledge of first-year intermediate-phase education students at a South African university. The study gives some insight into preservice teachers’ perceptions of an online programme for the development of mathematics common content knowledge for teachers of mathematics in the intermediate grades. The effectiveness of the intervention programme was analysed according to Shapiro’s evaluation criteria for intervention research. The findings show that there has been a positive shift in preservice teachers’ common content knowledge but that there is much room for further development. The student teachers found the programme to be of great benefit with regard to the development of their mathematics knowledge as well as their confidence as future teachers of mathematics. The findings highlighted their disturbingly limited knowledge of mathematics content knowledge and pointed to the responsibility of teacher education departments at universities to implement sufficient maths content courses that will address the status quo of poor mathematics teaching in South African primary schools. The authors conclude that the students need to spend much more time on ‘catching up’ before they become teachers.
A comparative-philosophical perspective on divine hiddenness in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Gericke Jaco
Published: March 2016

This study is concerned with the problem of divine hiddenness as it has taken shape in analytic philosophy of religion over the past two decades. More specifically, the interest lies with providing a comparative-philosophical perspective on the most fundamental assumptions of the problem in certain formulations and its responses against the backdrop of diverse yet related data in the Hebrew Bible. In doing so the aim is not to justify or critique any particular biblical or philosophical perspective on divine hiddenness but simply to identify and clarify some crucial differences in various relevant conceptual backgrounds.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: By way of pointing out a number of similarities and differences between concepts of divine hiddenness in the theologies of the Hebrew Bible and in a specific formulation thereof in analytic philosophy of religion, this article not only reveals some neglected specifics of the historical variability of an important theological idea but also suggests taking caution when appealing to alleged biblical precursors to contemporary philosophical-theological problems.
Preparing Tomorrow's Pharmacists: Should All Institutional Pharmacist Be Willing and Able to Train Pharmacy Learners?
Authors: Raman-Wilms Lalitha
Published: March 2016

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Préparer les pharmaciens de demain : les pharmaciens d’établissements devraient-ils tous être prêts et aptes à former les étudiants en pharmacie?
Authors: Raman-Wilms Lalitha
Published: March 2016

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Retour vers le futur
Authors: Roy Myrella
Published: March 2016

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Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) as an Animal Model for Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Authors: Yauri Verónica , Castro-Sesquen Yagahira E. , Verastegui Manuela , Angulo Noelia , Recuenco Fernando , Cabello Ines , Malaga Edith , Bern Caryn , Gavidia Cesar M. , Gilman Robert H.
Published: March 2016

Pigs were infected with a Bolivian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (genotype I) and evaluated up to 150 days postinoculation (dpi) to determine the use of pigs as an animal model of Chagas disease. Parasitemia was observed in the infected pigs during the acute phase (15–40 dpi). Anti-T. cruzi immunoglobulin M was detected during 15–75 dpi; high levels of anti-T. cruzi immunoglobulin G were detected in all infected pigs from 75 to 150 dpi. Parasitic DNA was observed by western blot (58%, 28/48) and polymerase chain reaction (27%, 13/48) in urine samples, and in the brain (75%, 3/4), spleen (50%, 2/4), and duodenum (25%, 1/4), but no parasitic DNA was found in the heart, colon, and kidney. Parasites were not observed microscopically in tissues samples, but mild inflammation, vasculitis, and congestion was observed in heart, brain, kidney, and spleen. This pig model was useful for the standardization of the urine test because of the higher volume that can be obtained as compared with other small animal models. However, further experiments are required to observe pathological changes characteristic of Chagas disease in humans.
Association Between Causal Beliefs and Shoe Wearing to Prevent Podoconiosis: A Baseline Study
Authors: Ayode Desta , Tora Abebayehu , Farrell David , Tadele Getnet , Davey Gail , McBride Colleen M.
Published: March 2016

Podoconiosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by long-term barefoot exposure to volcanic clay soil. Our previous qualitative research identified various domains of beliefs about the causes of podoconiosis held by members of the community. This cross-sectional survey, conducted in southern Ethiopia, aimed to quantitatively evaluate the prevalence of these beliefs and to assess their association with observed shoe-wearing behavior. A total of 1,800 adult respondents (600 from affected families and 1,200 from unaffected families of an index child aged between 3 and 6 years) took part in the survey. Two standardized versions of an enumerator-administered survey were created, with “all day, everyday” shoe-wearing status of the index child assessed in parallel for the affected and unaffected household respondents. Associations between measures were assessed using logistic regression. Accuracy of understanding about podoconiosis was significantly lower among respondents from unaffected than affected households (P < 0.001). Among affected respondents, beliefs about heredity were negatively associated with reported shoe wearing of the index child (odds ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval = 0.55–0.83). In both groups, associations of causal beliefs with shoe wearing were moderated by risk perceptions. Interventions aimed at preventing podoconiosis and improving shoe wearing should consider family-oriented education on hereditary susceptibility that targets affected and unaffected families in resource-limited settings.
Effectiveness of Oral Cholera Vaccine in Haiti: 37-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Sévère Karine , Rouzier Vanessa , Anglade Stravinsky Benedict , Bertil Claudin , Joseph Patrice , Deroncelay Alexandra , Mabou Marie Marcelle , Wright Peter F. , Guillaume Florence Duperval , Pape Jean William
Published: March 2016

The first oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaign, since its prequalification by the World Health Organization, in response to an ongoing cholera epidemic (reactive vaccination) was successfully conducted in a poor urban slum of approximately 70,000 inhabitants in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, in 2012. Vaccine coverage was 75% of the target population. This report documents the impact of OCV in reducing the number of culture-confirmed cases of cholera admitted to the Groupe Haïtien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (GHESKIO) cholera treatment center from that community in the 37 months postvaccination (April 2012–April 30, 2015). Of 1,788 patients with culture-confirmed cholera, 1,770 (99%) were either from outside the vaccine area (1,400 cases) or from the vaccinated community who had not received OCV (370 cases). Of the 388 people from the catchment area who developed culture-confirmed cholera, 370 occurred among the 17,643 people who had not been vaccinated (2.1%) and the remaining 18 occurred among the 52,357 people (0.034%) who had been vaccinated (P < 0.001), for an efficacy that approximates 97.5%. Despite not being designed as a randomized control trial, the very high efficacy is a strong evidence for the effectiveness of OCV as part of an integrated package for the control of cholera in outbreak settings.
Molecular Diagnosis of Human Taenia martis Eye Infection
Authors: Koch Till , Schoen Christoph , Muntau Birgit , Addo Marylyn , Ostertag Helmut , Wiechens Burkhard , Tappe Dennis
Published: March 2016

Taenia martis, a tapeworm harbored in the intestine of mustelids, is a rarely encountered zoonotic cysticercosis pathogen. The larval stage closely resembles the Taenia solium cysticercus, but the natural host and thus the epidemiology of the disease is different. We here report a human eye infection diagnosed molecularly in a previously healthy female German patient. The case represents the third human infection described worldwide; the two previous cases were also European, involving eye and brain.
Comprehensive modelling study on observed new particle formation at the SORPES station in Nanjing, China
Authors: Huang Xin , Zhou Luxi , Ding Aijun , Qi Ximeng , Nie Wei , Wang Minghuai , Chi Xuguang , Petäjä Tuukka , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Roldin Pontus , Rusanen Anton , Kulmala Markku , Boy Michael
Published: March 2016

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) has been investigated intensively during the last 2 decades because of its influence on aerosol population and the possible contribution to cloud condensation nuclei. However, intensive measurements and modelling activities on this topic in urban metropolitan areas in China with frequent high-pollution episodes are still very limited. This study provides results from a comprehensive modelling study on the occurrence of NPF events in the western part of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China. The comprehensive modelling system, which combines the WRF-Chem (the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry) regional chemical transport model and the MALTE-BOX sectional box model (the model to predict new aerosol formation in the lower troposphere), was shown to be capable of simulating atmospheric nucleation and subsequent growth. Here we present a detailed discussion of three typical NPF days, during which the measured air masses were notably influenced by either anthropogenic activities, biogenic emissions, or mixed ocean and continental sources. Overall, simulated NPF events were generally in good agreement with the corresponding measurements, enabling us to get further insights into NPF processes in the YRD region. Based on the simulations, we conclude that biogenic organic compounds, particularly monoterpenes, play an essential role in the initial condensational growth of newly formed clusters through their low-volatility oxidation products. Although some uncertainties remain in this modelling system, this method provides a possibility to better understand particle formation and growth processes.
CO2 emissions inventory of Chinese cities
Authors: Shan Yuli , Guan Dabo , Liu Jianghua , Liu Zhu , Liu Jingru , Schroeder Heike , Chen Yang , Shao Shuai , Mi Zhifu , Zhang Qiang
Published: March 2016

Abstract. China is the world's largest energy consumer and CO2 emitter. Cities contribute 85 % of the total CO2 emissions in China and thus are considered the key areas for implementing policies designed for climate change adaption and CO2 emission mitigation. However, understanding the CO2 emission status of Chinese cities remains a challenge, mainly owing to the lack of systematic statistics and poor data quality. This study presents a method for constructing a CO2 emissions inventory for Chinese cities in terms of the definition provided by the IPCC territorial emission accounting approach. We apply this method to compile CO2 emissions inventories for 20 Chinese cities. Each inventory covers 47 socioeconomic sectors, 20 energy types and 9 primary industry products. We find that cities are large emissions sources because of their intensive industrial activities, such as electricity generation, production for cement and other construction materials. Additionally, coal and its related products are the primary energy source to power Chinese cities, providing an average of 70 % of the total CO2 emissions. Understanding the emissions sources in Chinese cities using a concrete and consistent methodology is the basis for implementing any climate policy and goal.
Carbon dioxide exchange of a perennial bioenergy crop cultivation on a mineral soil
Authors: Lind Saara E. , Shurpali Narasinha J. , Peltola Olli , Mammarella Ivan , Hyvönen Niina , Maljanen Marja , Räty Mari , Virkajärvi Perttu , Martikainen Pertti J.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. One of the strategies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the energy sector is to increase the use of renewable energy sources such as bioenergy crops. Bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during biomass production, field management and transportation. The present study focuses on the cultivation of reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinacea L.), a perennial bioenergy crop, on a mineral soil. To quantify the CO2 exchange of this RCG cultivation system, and to understand the key factors controlling its CO2 exchange, the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured from July 2009 until the end of 2011 using the eddy covariance (EC) method. The RCG cultivation thrived well producing yields of 6200 and 6700 kg DW ha−1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Gross photosynthesis (GPP) was controlled mainly by radiation from June to September. Vapour pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature or soil moisture did not limit photosynthesis during the growing season. Total ecosystem respiration (TER) increased with soil temperature, green area index and GPP. Annual NEE was −262 and −256 g C m−2 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Throughout the study period from July 2009 until the end of 2011, cumulative NEE was −575 g C m−2. Carbon balance and its regulatory factors were compared to the published results of a comparison site on drained organic soil cultivated with RCG in the same climate. On this mineral soil site, the RCG had higher capacity to take up CO2 from the atmosphere than on the comparison site.
BVOC emissions from English oak (Quercus robur) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) along a latitudinal gradient
Authors: Persson Ylva , Schurgers Guy , Rinnan Riikka , Holst Thomas
Published: March 2016

Abstract. English oak (Quercus robur) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) are amongst the most common tree species growing in Europe, influencing the annual Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound (BVOC) budget in this region. Studies have shown great variability in the emissions from these tree species, originating from both genetic variability and differences in climatic conditions between study sites. In this study, we examine the emission patterns for English oak and European beech in genetically identical individuals and the potential variation within and between sites. Leaf scale BVOC emissions, net assimilation rates and stomatal conductance were measured at the International Phenological Garden sites of Ljubljana (Slovenia), Grafrath (Germany) and Taastrup (Denmark). Sampling was conducted during three campaigns between May and July 2014. Our results show that English oak mainly emitted isoprene whilst European beech released monoterpenes. The relative contribution of the most emitted compounds from the two species remained stable across latitudes. The contribution of isoprene for English oak from Grafrath and Taastrup ranged between 92–97 % of the total BVOC emissions, whilst sabinene and limonene for European beech ranged between 30.5–40.5 % and 9–15 % respectively for all three sites. The relative contribution of isoprene for English oak at Ljubljana was lower (78 %) in comparison to the other sites, most likely caused by frost damage in early spring. The variability in total leaf-level emission rates from the same site was small, whereas there were greater differences between sites. These differences were probably caused by short-term weather events and plant stress. A difference in age did not seem to affect the emission patterns for the selected trees. This study highlights the significance of within-genotypic variation of BVOC emission capacities for English oak and European beech, the influence of climatic variables such as temperature and light on emission intensities and the potential stability in relative compound contribution across a latitudinal gradient.
The "dirty weather" diaries of Reverend Richard Davis: insights about early colonial-era meteorology and climate variability for northern New Zealand, 1839–1851
Authors: Lorrey Andrew M. , Chappell Petra R.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Reverend Richard Davis (1790–1863) was a colonial-era missionary stationed in the Far North of New Zealand who was a key figure in the early efforts of the Church Mission Society. He kept meticulous meteorological records for the early settlements of Waimate North and Kaikohe, and his observations are preserved in a two-volume set in the Sir George Grey Special Collections in the Auckland Central Library. The Davis diary volumes are significant because they constitute some of the earliest land-based meteorological measurements that were continually chronicled for New Zealand. The diary measurements cover nine years within the 1839–1851 time span that are broken into two parts: 1839–1844 and 1848–1851. Davis' meteorological recordings include daily 9 a.m. and noon temperatures and midday pressure measurements. Qualitative comments in the diary note prevailing wind flow, wind strength, cloud cover, climate variability impacts, bio-indicators suggestive of drought, and notes on extreme weather events. "Dirty weather" comments scattered throughout the diary describe disturbed conditions with strong winds and driving rainfall. The Davis diary entries coincide with the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) and they indicate southerly and westerly circulation influences and cooler winter temperatures were more frequent than today. A comparison of climate field reconstructions derived from the Davis diary data and tree-ring-based winter temperature reconstructions are supported by tropical coral palaeotemperature evidence. Davis' pressure measurements were corroborated using ship log data from vessels associated with iconic Antarctic exploration voyages that were anchored in the Bay of Islands, and suggest the pressure series he recorded are robust and can be used as "station data". The Reverend Davis meteorological data are expected to make a significant contribution to the Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions across the Earth (ACRE) project, which feeds the major data requirements for the longest historical reanalysis – the 20th Century Reanalysis Project (20CR). Thus these new data will help extend surface pressure-based reanalysis reconstructions of past weather covering New Zealand within the data-sparse Southern Hemisphere.
Towards a representation of priming on soil carbon decomposition in the global land biosphere model ORCHIDEE (version 1.9.5.2)
Authors: Guenet Bertrand , Moyano Fernando Esteban , Peylin Philippe , Ciais Philippe , Janssens Ivan A
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Priming of soil carbon decomposition encompasses different processes through which the decomposition of native (already present) soil organic matter is amplified through the addition of new organic matter, with new inputs typically being more labile than the native soil organic matter. Evidence for priming comes from laboratory and field experiments, but to date there is no estimate of its impact at global scale and under the current anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon cycle. Current soil carbon decomposition models do not include priming mechanisms, thereby introducing uncertainty when extrapolating short-term local observations to ecosystem and regional to global scale. In this study we present a simple conceptual model of decomposition priming, called PRIM, able to reproduce laboratory (incubation) and field (litter manipulation) priming experiments. Parameters for this model were first optimized against data from 20 soil incubation experiments using a Bayesian framework. The optimized parameter values were evaluated against another set of soil incubation data independent from the ones used for calibration and the PRIM model reproduced the soil incubations data better than the original, CENTURY-type soil decomposition model, whose decomposition equations are based only on first-order kinetics. We then compared the PRIM model and the standard first-order decay model incorporated into the global land biosphere model ORCHIDEE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems). A test of both models was performed at ecosystem scale using litter manipulation experiments from five sites. Although both versions were equally able to reproduce observed decay rates of litter, only ORCHIDEE–PRIM could simulate the observed priming (R2  =  0.54) in cases where litter was added or removed. This result suggests that a conceptually simple and numerically tractable representation of priming adapted to global models is able to capture the sign and magnitude of the priming of litter and soil organic matter.
Enhancing local action planning through quantitative flood risk analysis: a case study in Spain
Authors: Castillo-Rodríguez Jesica T. , Escuder-Bueno Ignacio , Perales-Momparler Sara , Porta-Sancho Juan R.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. This article presents a method to incorporate and promote quantitative flood risk analysis to support local action planning against flooding. The proposed approach aims to provide a standardized framework for local flood risk analysis, combining hazard mapping with vulnerability data to quantify risk in terms of expected annual affected population, potential injuries, number of fatalities, and economic damages. Flood risk is estimated combining GIS data of loads, system response and consequences and using event tree modeling for risk calculation. The study area is the city of Oliva, located in the Eastern coast of Spain. Results from risk modeling have been used to inform local action planning and to assess the benefits of structural and non-structural risk reduction measures. Results show the potential impact on risk reduction of flood defences, and improved warning communication schemes through local action planning: societal flood risk (in terms of annual expected affected population) would be reduced up to 51 % by combining both structural and non-structural measures. In addition, the effect of seasonal population variability is analyzed (annual expected affected population ranges from 82 % to 107 %, compared with the current situation, depending on occupancy rates in hotels and campsites). Results highlight the need for standardized methods for urban flood risk analysis replicability at regional, national and pan-European scale.
The importance of a surface organic layer in simulating permafrost thermal and carbon dynamics
Authors: Jafarov Elchin , Schaefer Kevin
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Permafrost-affected soils contain twice as much carbon as currently exists in the atmosphere. Studies show that warming of the perennially frozen ground could initiate significant release of the frozen soil carbon into the atmosphere. Initializing the frozen permafrost carbon with the observed soil carbon distribution from the Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database reduces the uncertainty associated with the modeling of the permafrost carbon feedback. To improve permafrost thermal and carbon dynamics we implemented a dynamic surface organic layer with vertical carbon redistribution, and introduced dynamic root growth controlled by active layer thickness, which improved soil carbon exchange between frozen and thawed pools. These changes increased the initial amount of simulated frozen carbon from 313 to 560 Gt C, consistent with observed frozen carbon stocks, and increased the spatial correlation of the simulated and observed distribution of frozen carbon from 0.12 to 0.63.
Before Prison, Instead of Prison, Better Than Prison: Therapeutic Communities as an Abolitionist Real Utopia?
Authors: Scott David , Gosling Helena
Published: March 2016

The aim of this paper is to critically engage with the idea that Therapeutic Communities (TCs) can be promoted in England and Wales as a radical alternative to prison for substance users who have broken the law. After grounding the discussion within the normative framework of an ‘abolitionist real utopia’ (Scott 2013), the article explores the historical and theoretical underpinnings of TCs. Existing literature advocating TCs as a radical alternative both before and instead of prison is then reviewed, followed by a critical reflection of the TCs compatibility with the broader values and principles of an abolitionist real utopia. To conclude, the article suggests that, although TCs could be a plausible and historically immanent non-penal real utopia for certain people in certain circumstances, we must not lose focus of wider social inequalities.
The London Spikes Controversy: Homelessness, Urban Securitisation and the Question of ‘Hostile Architecture’
Authors: Petty James
Published: March 2016

This article examines an ostensibly new feature of the securitised urban landscape: ‘hostile architecture’. Following controversy in 2014 London over ‘anti-homeless spikes’– metal studs implanted at ground level designed to discourage the homeless from sleeping in otherwise unrestricted spaces – certain visible methods of environmental social control were temporarily subject to intense public scrutiny and debate. While contests over public and urban spaces are not new, the spikes controversy emerged in the context of broader socio-political and governmental shifts toward neoliberal arrangements. Using the spikes issue as a case study, I contextualise hostile architecture within these broader processes and in wider patterns of urban securitisation. The article then offers an explanatory framework for understanding the controversy itself. Ultimately the article questions whether the public backlash against the use of spikes indicates genuine resistance to patterns of urban securitisation or, counterintuitively, a broader public distaste for both the homeless and the mechanisms that regulate them.
Bearing Witness to the ‘Pain of Others’: Researching Power, Violence and Resistance in a Women’s Prison
Authors: Scraton Phil
Published: March 2016

Addressing the dynamics of interpersonal violence, institutionalised abuses and prisoner isolation, this article consolidates critical analyses as challenges to the essentially liberal constructions and interpretations of prisoner agency and penal reformism. Grounded in long-term research with women in prison in the North of Ireland, it connects embedded, punitive responses that undermine women prisoners’ self-esteem and mental health to the brutalising manifestations of formal and informal punishments, including lockdowns and isolation. It argues that critical social research into penal policy and prison regimes has a moral duty, an ethical obligation and a political responsibility to investigate abuses of power, seek out the ‘view from below’. Challenging the revisionism implicit within the ‘healthy prison’ discourse, it argues for alternatives to prison as the foundation of decarceration and abolition.
Policing Welfare: Risk, Gender and Criminality
Authors: Wilcock Scarlet
Published: March 2016

Over the last three decades, welfare states across the West have embraced a host of new technologies and initiatives in the name of fighting welfare abuse and fraud (see Cook 1989, 2006; Wacquant 2001, 2009). Increasingly, these practices of ‘welfare policing’ are graduated according to risk; particular welfare populations considered at greater risk of welfare fraud are subject to more intense scrutiny. Drawing on interview research with compliance staff from the Australian Department of Human Services, this paper critically explores how the rationality of risk figures in the process of welfare surveillance in Australia. It pays particular attention to the ways in which risk formulations are embedded in gender and class politics, and how this has led to the characterisation of single mothers and unemployed recipients as more ‘risky’ than the general welfare population, a point that is often overlooked in the literature. But, far from being immutable, this paper also considers how the politics of risk are open to reformulation with often unexpected results.
Bridging the gap to first year health science: Early engagement enhances student satisfaction and success
Authors: Thalluri Jyothi
Published: March 2016

Student academic success and positive satisfaction in first year health sciences programs is shaped by their transition experience. An introduction to core knowledge, study skills, and engagement with staff and students has historically been overlooked, but this has been newly recognised as a contributor to first year success, especially with mass higher education of students from diverse backgrounds. The University of South Australia ‘Preparing for Health Sciences’ workshop was designed to assist the student transition into health science programs. The workshop improved confidence and enthusiasm in starting university (56% pre- and 95% post-workshop), and 97% considered the workshop effective overall. Introduction to biological principles was widely considered to be beneficial (87%). The attrition rate after the first semester in 2014 was 7.6%, which is appreciably lower than the standard 12% in science-based courses. These findings demonstrate that an introductory workshop does greatly assist in the transition of students into their health science programs.
Collegiality, collaboration and communication: Innovation in a first year Business Unit development. A Practice Report
Authors: Boyd James , Clear Anne , Chapman Sarah , Dawson Alex , Esler Rachel , Grida Vanessa , Theaker Leslie , Wheeler Michelle
Published: March 2016

This paper reports on the development of first year “core” units in the new Bachelor of Business (BBus) at Murdoch University. These units evolved from a curriculum renewal program and presented opportunities and challenges in their development. The units needed to develop not only the essential numeracy, literacy and research skills for students to transition successfully to university studies, but also the core technical skills in discipline areas common to all BBus majors. Developing these units in a collaborative manner with ongoing interaction between academic and professional staff helped to scaffold skills development on an inter-unit basis.
Hollow Fiber Bioreactor Technology for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Eghbali Hadis , Nava Michele M. , Mohebbi-Kalhori Davod , Raimondi Manuela T.
Published: March 2016

Hollow fiber bioreactors are the focus of scientific research aiming to mimic physiological vascular networks and engineer organs and tissues in vitro. The reason for this lies in the interesting features of this bioreactor type, including excellent mass transport properties. Indeed, hollow fiber bioreactors allow limitations to be overcome in nutrient transport by diffusion, which is often an obstacle to engineer sizable constructs in vitro. This work reviews the existing literature relevant to hollow fiber bioreactors in organ and tissue engineering applications. To this purpose, we first classify the hollow fiber bioreactors into 2 categories: cylindrical and rectangular. For each category, we summarize their main applications both at the tissue and at the organ level, focusing on experimental models and computational studies as predictive tools for designing innovative, dynamic culture systems. Finally, we discuss future perspectives on hollow fiber bioreactors as in vitro models for tissue and organ engineering applications.
Covalent Immobilization of Glycosaminoglycans to Reduce the Inflammatory Effects of Biomaterials
Authors: Zhou Guoying , Al-Khoury Hala , Groth Thomas
Published: March 2016

Background

The inflammatory responses evoked by artificial organs and implantation of devices like biosensors and guide wires can lead to acute and chronic inflammation, largely limiting the functionality and longevity of the devices with negative effects on patients.

Aims

The present study aimed to reduce the inflammatory responses to biomaterials by covalent immobilization of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on amino-terminated surfaces used as model biomaterials here.

Methods and Results

Water contact angle (WCA) and zeta potential measurements showed a significant increase in wettability and negative charges on the GAG-modified surfaces, respectively, confirming the successful immobilization of GAGs on the amino-terminated surfaces. THP-1-derived macrophages were used as a model cell type to investigate the efficacy of GAG-modified surfaces in modulating inflammatory responses. It was found that macrophage adhesion, macrophage spreading morphology, foreign body giant cell (FBGC) formation, as well as β1 integrin expression and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production were all significantly decreased on GAG-modified surfaces compared to the initial amino-terminated surface.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the potential of covalent GAG immobilization to reduce the inflammatory potential of biomaterials in different clinical settings.
Laying Ella's Ghost: Sublimation of Incestuous Love in Eugene O'Neill's Desire under the Elms and A Moon for the Misbegotten
Authors: Majumdar Rupendra Guha
Published: March 2016

Eugene O'Neill's treatment of the subject of adult love in the early Desire under the Elms and his concluding work, A Moon for the Misbegotten, finds expression on the dual planes of the maternal and the romantic. The distinction between the two appears in the terms of Oedipal transgression. The former is associated with motherly warmth, security, wholeness of being, and the latter a distracting, erotic passion that only augments desire and self-destruction, leading the concerned protagonists to the threshold of tragedy. For O'Neill, there are semiautobiographical overtones to these depictions. The unsanctioned but conscious alignment of the two dimensions of love raises the specter of incest, which requires a process of exorcism and sublimation for equilibrium to prevail.
Wandering about in the Moonless Darkness: The Plight of the Mother in Long Day's Journey Into Night
Authors: Omori Yuji
Published: March 2016

From the dead mother and child at the end of The Fog to the Pietá scene in A Moon for the Misbegotten, O'Neill repeatedly depicted hopeless mother-and-son images reflecting modern materialistic, patriarchal Western culture. Autobiographical as it is, Long Day's Journey Into Night is no exception, pursuing the theme of reinstating the Mother disrespected in that modern context. Mary's illness is metaphorically a disease caused by patriarchal and materialistic values in combination, while Edmund's tuberculosis evokes the spiritual crisis of modern mankind. Mary's recovery is expected to be a harbinger of the spiritual rebirth of humanity by the empowerment of the Mother, and the play's evocation of the swan maiden theme and its echoes of the Noh play Hagoromo give mythic foundation to this theme.
Quotidian Matters: Reading the Diary of Eugene O'Neill
Authors: King William Davies
Published: March 2016

Much attention has been given to the fact that O'Neill unusually involved the material of his life in the composition of his plays, but little has gone to the various diaries he kept on a daily basis through two decades of his career. Biographers and literary historians have used them to establish particular facts and for the self-reflective comments he made now and then, but this essay looks at them as peculiarly self-expressive documents of private experience, especially when read in conjunction with the problematic diaries kept by the women to whom he was married through that period of his life—Agnes Boulton and Carlotta Monterey.
“Give my regards …” A Touch of the Poet on Broadway
Authors: Shea Laura
Published: March 2016

A Touch of the Poet is the least frequently revived of O'Neill's later plays, although four productions did make it to Broadway, in 1958, 1967, 1977, and 2005. The most intriguing of these is the Broadway debut and American premiere in 1958, notable both for the performances on stage and the controversy offstage, which received equal scrutiny. Historically, the machinations behind the scenes have overshadowed the actual production, but the lurid details of the backstage skirmishes should not eradicate the indisputable achievements of the premiere production of the play on Broadway.
Students’ Motivation and Learning and Teachers’ Motivational Strategies in English Classrooms in Thailand
Authors: Vibulphol Jutarat
Published: March 2016

This research aimed to investigate second language learners’ motivation and learning of English and the ways in which the teachers supported the students’ motivation and learning in natural classroom settings. Based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), questionnaires were developed and data were collected from students and their teachers in twelve English language classrooms around Thailand. In addition, each lesson was observed by two observers. The data were triangulated and used to describe the students’ motivation and learning and the teacher’s motivational strategies in each class. The findings showed that most students had a relatively high level of motivation and many reported having internal interests in learning English; however, the level of learning was not assessed to be as high. Furthermore, a few students in almost every class showed a lack of motivation. The teachers were found to employ a variety of motivational strategies, including autonomy-support and controlling styles. While autonomy controlling strategies were commonly used in these classes, autonomy-support strategies were found only in highly motivated and high performing classrooms. The findings from this study suggest the use of strategies that do not only initialize but also nurture students’ internal motivation in order to enhance sustainable learning of English in and outside the classroom; therefore, research on how motivation theories are deployed in teacher education programs should be further undertaken.