bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyzwitterionic hydrogels as wound dressings with enzymatic debridement functionality for highly exuding wounds
Authors: Ruseva Konstans , Nedkov Petar , Alexandrova Radostina , Dinev Desislav , Shestakova Pavletta , Hristov Plamen , Vassileva Elena
Published: June 2019

Wound debridement is crucial for proper wound care as it promotes fast and efficient wound healing through removal of necrotic tissue. The latter not only impairs new healthy tissue formation but also increases the odour and the wound exudate, allowing bacteria and other harmful foreign invaders to spread and infect the wound. Hydrogel wound dressings are usually applied for promoting autolytic wound debridement but this is slow and not a very efficient process. On the other hand, enzymatic products for wound debridement are either ointments or gels and they are easily washed out when used for treating highly exuding wounds. This study is an attempt to combine enzymatic debridement functionality with the high swelling ability of polyzwitterionic networks and to produce an innovative dressing with debridement functionality for the healing of highly exuding wounds. For this purpose, two polyzwitterionic hydrogels were synthesized, poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) and poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) hydrogels, which were loaded with the protease subtilisin DY for imparting debridement functionality. The swelling ability and mechanical properties of zwitterionic polymer (ZP) hydrogels were shown to depend on their different propensities to physical network formation. Poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) hydrogels demonstrated better capacity for wound exudate absorption as well as for exerting higher enzymatic debridement activity. Both ZP hydrogels were shown to be non‐cytotoxic which confirms their appropriateness for direct contact with injured tissues. Thus, the newly developed ZP hydrogels demonstrate the potential to be used as new dressing materials with enzymatic debridement functionality for highly exuding wounds. © 2019 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Preparation and performance of thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels by frontal photopolymerization
Authors: Su Jiahui , Yang Yan , Chen Zhikang , Zhou Junyi , Liu Xiaoxuan , Fang Yanxiong , Cui Yanyan
Published: June 2019

In this study, frontal photopolymerization was applied to the fabrication of thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogels. The influence of experimental conditions and reactant components on the feature of the polymerization front was investigated. The morphology of the samples indicated the successful preparation of PNIPAm hydrogels. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of the obtained hydrogels are discussed. The results indicated that the performance of the hydrogels is related to their microstructure and the type of crosslinkers. The swelling behavior and drug delivery ability were determined under different temperature conditions. The hydrogels exhibit a classical thermoresponsive behavior, which was also demonstrated by the DSC results. Therefore, frontal photopolymerization can be an alternative method for the preparation of PNIPAm hydrogels under mild conditions. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Psychosocial and clinical factors of probands impacting intrafamilial disclosure and uptake of genetic testing among families with BRCA1/2 or MMR gene mutations
Authors: Alegre Nathalie , Perre Pierre Vande , Bignon Yves Jean , Michel Aude , Galibert Virginie , Mophawe Ornellia , Corsini Carole , Coupier Isabelle , Chiesa Jean , Robert Laura , Bernhard Lydie , Picot Marie‐Christine , Bertet Héléna , Macioce Valérie , Bastide Noëlle , Solassol Jérôme , Rey Jean Marc , Thomas Frédéric , Carton Solange , Pujol Pascal
Published: June 2019

Objective

Intrafamilial disclosure of hereditary cancer predisposition in BRCA1/2 and mismatch repair gene (MMR) syndromes allows appropriate prevention strategies in at‐risk relatives. We previously showed in a nationwide study that the uptake of genetic targeted testing (GTT) in these families was only 30%. We aimed to identify the clinical and psychosocial factors affecting the probands' intrafamilial disclosure and relatives' uptake of GTT in BRCA1/2 or MMR syndromes.

Methods

We assessed clinical variables, family history, and psychosocial variables of probands (depressive symptoms, anxiety, alexithymia, optimism, coping, family relationship, perception of cancer risks, and of hereditary transmission), together with disclosure and uptake of GTT within 103 French BRCA1/2 or MMR families.

Results

Among relatives eligible for GTT, 68% were informed of the predisposition, and 37% underwent GTT, according to probands' reports. Intrafamilial disclosure was inversely associated with the degree of kinship (P < .01). In multivariable analysis, disclosure increased with time since probands' genetic diagnosis (P < .01) and probands' feeling of family cohesion (0.01). GTT uptake increased with probands' depressive symptoms (0.02) and decreased with probands' perception of cancer risks (0.03). BRCA1/2 and MMR groups did not differ concerning family information and GTT uptake.

Conclusions

This study identified factors affecting disclosure to relatives and GTT uptake in BRCA1/2 and MMR syndromes and gives new insights to improve probands' follow‐up and intrafamilial sharing of genetic information.
Complex systems modelling for statistical forecasting of winter North Atlantic atmospheric variability: A new approach to North Atlantic seasonal forecasting
Authors: Hall Richard J. , Wei Hua‐Liang , Hanna Edward
Published: June 2019

Seasonal forecasts of winter North Atlantic atmospheric variability have until recently shown little skill. Here we present a new technique for developing both linear and nonlinear statistical forecasts of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) based on complex systems modelling, which has been widely used in a range of fields, but generally not in climate research. Our polynomial NARMAX models demonstrate considerable skill in out‐of‐sample forecasts and their performance is superior to that of linear models, albeit with small sample sizes. Predictors can be readily identified and this has the potential to inform the next generation of dynamical models, and models allow for the incorporation of nonlinearities in interactions between predictors and atmospheric variability. In general there is more skill in forecasts developed over a shorter training period from 1980 compared with an equivalent forecast using training data from 1956. This latter point may relate to decreased inherent predictability in the period 1955–1980, a wider range of available predictors since 1980 and/or reduced data quality in the earlier period, and is consistent with previously identified decadal variability of the NAO. A number of predictors such as sea‐level pressure over the Barents Sea, and a clear tropical signal, are commonly selected by both linear and polynomial NARMAX models. Tropical signals are modulated by higher‐latitude boundary conditions. Both approaches can be extended to developing probabilistic forecasts and to other seasons and indices of atmospheric variability such as the East Atlantic pattern and jet stream metrics.
Sustainable economic growth in the European Union: The role ofICT, venture capital, and innovation
Authors: Pradhan Rudra P. , Arvin Mak B. , Nair Mahendhiran , Bennett Sara E.
Published: June 2019

Over the past 30 years, the economies in Europe have undergone major transformations that have been powered by diffusion of information and communication technology (ICT), intensification of innovation, and reforms in the financial sector to support innovative endeavors. The primary objective of this study was to examine the causal relationships amongICTdiffusion, innovation diffusion, venture capital investment, and economic growth for 25 countries in Europe for the period from 1989 to 2016. Using a vector error‐correction model, the study examines the underlying short‐run and long‐run relationships for the above variables. The empirical analysis shows that in the long run, venture capital investment,ICTdiffusion, and innovation diffusion have significant impacts on economic growth in Europe. However, in the short run, the direction of the causality varies depending on the specific measures ofICTdiffusion and innovation diffusion that are utilized. Results from this study provide valuable insights into the types of policies that will contribute to sustainable economic growth in Europe.
Effects of Ti Addition on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of China Low Activation Martensitic Steel for Nuclear Fusion Reactors
Authors: Zhan Dongping , Qiu Guoxing , Li Changsheng , Qi Min , Jiang Zhouhua , Zhang Huishu
Published: June 2019

Herein, the effects of Ti, a low activation alloying element, in the range of 0.01–0.11 wt% on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and impact toughness of China low activation martensitic steel are studied. Fine prior austenite grains and some δ‐ferrite phases are observed for alloys with a Ti content of 0.05 and 0.11 wt%, respectively. The 0.05Ti alloy exhibits a higher yield strength (YS) compared with the 0.01Ti and 0.11Ti alloys because of the additional precipitation hardening by the fine MX particles and small grain size. When the samples are tempered at 650 °C, nanosized (Ti, W) C MX carbides with a size of approximately 20 nm precipitate, leading to an increase in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and YS of the 0.05Ti alloy. The ductile‐to‐brittle transition temperature (DBTT) decreases when the Ti content increases to 0.05 wt%. However, the DBTT of the 0.11Ti alloy increases with the precipitation of the δ‐ferrite phase. On the basis of the performance of the steels, the optimal Ti content is found to be approximately 0.05 wt% and the optimal tempering temperature is found to be 650 °C.
Multicenter randomized trial exploring effects of simulation‐based ultrasound training on obstetricians' diagnostic accuracy: value for experienced operators
Authors: Andreasen L. A. , Tabor A. , Nørgaard L. N. , Ringsted C. , Sandager P. , Rosthøj S. , Tolsgaard M. G.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To explore the effects of simulation‐based ultrasound training on the accuracy of fetal weight estimation in the third trimester among obstetricians with different levels of clinical experience.

Methods

This was a multicenter, randomized pre–post‐test practical trial conducted between March 2016 and January 2018. Obstetricians with different levels of clinical experience were randomized to either simulation‐based ultrasound training focusing on fetal weight scans or no intervention. Participants completed two scans in pregnant women at term to establish baseline accuracy of fetal weight estimation. Another two scans were performed at follow‐up. Accuracy was defined by the percentage difference between estimated fetal weight and actual birth weight. Ultrasound image quality was rated by two expert raters.

Results

Seventy participants with different levels of clinical experience completed the study. Adjusting for clinical experience, the intervention group demonstrated an improvement in measurement accuracy of 31.9% (95% CI, 6.9–50.1%) (P = 0.02), whereas the control group did not improve (relative difference, 13.1% (95% CI, −17.9 to 55.9%); P = 0.45). The change in accuracy was significantly different between the groups (P = 0.02) and independent of clinical experience (P = 0.54). Image‐quality scores improved by a mean of 1.2 (95% CI, 0.4–2.1) (P < 0.01) in the intervention group, with no change in the control group (mean difference, 0.1 (95% CI, −0.8 to 1.0); P = 0.78). There was a strong negative correlation between time spent using the simulator and clinical experience (r = −0.70, P = 0.0001).

Conclusion

Simulation‐based ultrasound training improved accuracy and image quality when performing fetal weight estimation in women at term, independent of obstetricians' clinical experience. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Reconciling dark matter, $$ {R}_{K^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$ anomalies and (g − 2)μ in an Lμ − Lτ scenario
Authors: Biswas Anirban , Shaw Avirup
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We propose an anomaly free unified scenario by invocation of an extra local

$$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{L_{\mu }-{L}_{\tau }} $$

U

1

L
μ

−

L
τ

gauge symmetry. This scenario simultaneously resolves the

$$ {R}_{K^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$

R

K

∗

anomalies, the dark matter puzzle and the long-standing discrepancy in muon’s anomalous magnetic moment. A complex scalar (η) having nonzero L

μ
− L

τ
charge has been introduced to break this new U(1) symmetry spontaneously. Moreover, for the purpose of studying dark matter phenomenology and

$$ {R}_{K^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$

R

K

∗

anomalies in a correlated manner, we introduce an inert SU(2)
L
scalar doublet (Φ), a ℤ2-odd real singlet scalar (S) and a ℤ2-odd coloured fermion (χ) which transforms vectorially under the

$$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{L_{\mu }-{L}_{\tau }} $$

U

1

L
μ

−

L
τ

symmetry. This extra gauge symmetry provides a new gauge boson Z

μτ
which not only gives additional contribution to both b → sℓℓ transition and (g − 2)
μ
but also provides a crucial annihilation channel for dark matter candidate ρ
1 of the present scenario. This ρ
1 is an admixture of CP-even neutral component of Φ and S. Our analysis shows that the low mass dark matter regime (

$$ {M}_{\rho_1} $$

M

ρ
1

≲ 60 GeV) is still allowed by the experiments like XENON1T, LHC (via Higgs invisible branching) and Fermi-LAT, making the dark matter phenomenology drastically different from the standard Inert Doublet and the Scalar Singlet models. Furthermore, the present model is also fairly consistent with the observed branching ratio of B → X

s

γ in 3σ range and is quite capable of explaining neutrino masses and mixings via Type-I seesaw mechanism if we add three right handed neutrinos in the particle spectrum. Finally, we use the latest ATLAS data of non-observation of a resonant ℓ
+
ℓ
− signal at the 13 TeV LHC to constrain the mass-coupling plane of Z

μτ
.
The value of 3D reconstructions in determining post-operative reduction in acetabular fractures: a pilot study
Authors: Arts Elke , Nijsink Han , Verhamme Luc , Biert Jan , Bemelman Mike , Brouwers Lars , van Wageningen Bas
Published: June 2019

Background

In patients with acetabular fractures, the reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) model of the contralateral acetabulum could be used as a mirrored template for the anatomical configuration of the affected joint. This has not been validated.

Objective

To investigate whether the right and left acetabula, as reconstructed 3D models, are valid mirrored duplicates that can be used as a reference model for the contralateral side.

Methods

CT scans of twenty patients with unaffected acetabula were used. The symmetry of the generated 3D models was evaluated through: (1) mirroring of the acetabulum; (2) initial rough matching; (3) automatic optimisation of the matching via surface-based matching; (4) calculation of distances between surfaces by evaluating the Euclidean (straight-line) error distance between the closest points between left and right. The percentages of surface points of the left and right acetabulum with a distance smaller than 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm were calculated and evaluated, in relation to Matta’s criteria, for acetabular fracture reductions.

Results

The mean distance deviation was less than 0.75 mm in all 40 comparisons. The calculated distances in 90.7% of the surface points of the left and right acetabulum were below the tolerance threshold of 1.0 mm, based on Matta’s anatomical reduction criteria, and 98.7% of the surface points scored below Matta’s imperfect tolerance threshold of 2.0 mm.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates 3D reconstructed models of healthy left and right acetabula are highly similar and could potentially be used as mirrored duplicates. The next step will be to investigate these results in patients with reduced acetabular fractures.
Ownership structure and corporate social responsibility in an emerging market
Authors: Sahasranamam Sreevas , Arya Bindu , Sud Mukesh
Published: June 2019

While scholarship exploring the impact of ownership structure on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has investigated firms in developed markets, less work has examined how ownership in firms from emerging markets influences community-related CSR. Both internal and external forces potentially drive community-related CSR decisions. It is hence important to understand the role of internal constraints arising due to agency problems along with institutional pressures from external stakeholders in emerging markets in shaping CSR. In this study, we draw on agency theory and sociological perspectives of institutions to explore variations in the motivation of different owners to pursue a socially responsible agenda. Our analysis of a sample of Indian firms for the period 2008–2015 illustrates that business group and family ownership is beneficial for community-related CSR. Our theoretical arguments and results highlight the importance of combining multiple lenses to assess the influence of ownership structures on CSR in emerging markets.
Assessing Secondary School Students’ Justifications for Supporting or Rejecting a Scientific Hypothesis in the Physics Lab
Authors: Ludwig Tobias , Priemer Burkhard , Lewalter Doris
Published: June 2019

Justifications play a central role in argumentation, which is a core topic in school science education. This paper contributes to this field of research by presenting two studies in which we assess students’ justifications for supporting or rejecting hypotheses in the physics lab based on self-collected, anomalous experimental data, which are defined as data that contradict a prior belief, hypothesis, or concept. Study 1 analyzes the spectrum of possible justifications students give in semi-structured interviews and categorizes these into ten types:appeal to an authority,data as evidence,experimental competence (technical/skills),experimental competence (self-concept),ignorance, intuition,measurement uncertainties (explicit),measurement uncertainties (implicit),suitability of the experimental setup, anduse of theoretical concepts. Study 2 presents a questionnaire suitable for medium- and large-scale assessments that probes students’ use of four of these types of justifications:appeal to an authority,data as evidence,intuition, andmeasurement uncertainties (explicit).The questionnaire can be administered in 5–10 minutes and is designed for students in the eighth and ninth grades. We outline the development and quality of the assessment tools of both studies, reporting on the content validity, factorial validity, discriminant validity, convergent validity, and reliability of the questionnaire. The two studies shed light on the various justifications students use when evaluating anomalous data at a fine-grained level.
A Comparison of Formative versus Reflective Approaches for the Measurement of Electronic Service Quality
Authors: Theodosiou Marios , Katsikea Evangelia , Samiee Saeed , Makri Katerina
Published: June 2019

Drawing upon the extant literature, we examine the definition, conceptualization, and measurement of electronic service quality (e-SQ) and propose an alternative measurement approach. We posit that customers’ perceptions of overall e-SQ are influenced by six proximal antecedents: security/privacy, fulfillment/reliability, website design, customer service, informativeness, and customization. Using three independent samples of real customers of three hotel reservation sites, we assess the proposed measurement approach via appropriate scale development procedures. Findings indicate that a causal structure that considers e-SQ as a distinct construct that is influenced by six proximal antecedents should be preferred over a second-order reflective measurement model. We discuss theoretical implications of our proposed measurement method, make recommendations for service firms, and offer directions for future research.
Laparoscopic versus robotic approach in rectal cancer
Authors: Valadão Marcus , Araujo Rodrigo Otavio , Linhares Eduardo , Jesus José Paulo de
Published: June 2019

The treatment of rectal cancer is complex and responsible for sequelae due to the various therapeutic modalities, especially the surgical resection. The advent of minimally invasive surgery provided a faster postoperative recovery and a lower complication rate when compared to conventional surgery. The implementation of laparoscopic approach in rectal cancer was responsible for these better results, but the limitations of this method added to the development of robotics, raised the question of which minimally invasive method would be more advantageous in the approach of rectal cancer. The present review will address the most recent data regarding the comparison between the laparoscopic and robotic approach in rectal cancer.
Capital Letters
Authors: Hawker J. M.
Published: June 2019

Academic bookselling inhabits a landscape fundamentally impacted by legislative and political pressure, colonised by new textual forms and new publishing ventures, experiencing constant change. Capital Letters defines the academic bookshop, text, and market, examining change drivers in the UK, the USA and Asia. Drawing on current research, inclusive of commercial publishers and publishing interest groups, Capital Letters also includes quantitative and qualitative research data from academic booksellers. In evaluating the response of academic bookshops to the changing landscape, Capital Letters argues that academic booksellers can understand, shape, and lead a sustainable and equitable future for academic text within the marketplace.
The Calculation of Heat Transfer Coefficients from Skin Friction Coefficients in the Compressible Laminar Boundary Layer on an Aerofoil
Authors: Luxton R. E.
Published: June 2019

In this note a relation is established between the correlation parameters obtained by Cohen and Reshotko from similar solutions of the compressible laminar boundary layer, and the Pohlhausen-type pressure gradient parameter used in the approximate methods devised by Luxton and Young. A simple graphical procedure is presented to allow heat transfer coefficients to be obtained from known skin friction coefficients in the presence of a pressure gradient. In view of the restrictions of the similar solutions it cannot be claimeda priorithat the method gives accurate results. It does, however, reflect the strong dependence of the heat-transfer skin-friction relation on the pressure gradient and, by reference to calculated results published previously, it is suggested that the method may give adequate accuracy under quite severe conditions.
Finite Plane Strain of Incompressible Elastic Solids by the Finite Element Method
Authors: Oden J. Tinsley
Published: June 2019

The finite element method is extended to the problem of finite plane strain of elastic solids. A highly elastic body subjected to two-dimensional deformations is represented by an assembly of triangular elements of finite dimension. The displacement fields within each element are approximated by linear functions of the local coordinates. Non-linear stiffness relations involving generalised node forces and displacements are derived from energy considerations. For demonstration purposes, the non-linear stiffness equations are applied to the problems of finite simple shear and generalised shear. For finite simple shear, it is shown that these relations are in exact agreement with finite elasticity theory. Convergence rates of finite element representations of these problems are briefly examined.
Hypersonic Laminar Heat Transfer and Boundary Layer Transition on Blunted Cones
Authors: Wood N. B.
Published: June 2019

Measurements have been made of laminar and transitional heat transfer rate distribution on a 15° semi-vertex angle, spherically blunted, cone at Mach numbers 8·6, 10·6 and 13·0. The laminar results are compared with theoretical predictions and good agreement is obtained with a modified form of the analysis due to Lees. Using a development of the correlation of pressure distributions previously obtained by the author, a new correlation of experimental and theoretical heat transfer results is suggested. The effect of nose bluntness on boundary layer transition has been observed both from flow visualisation and heat transfer results. It is suggested that the main factor causing nose bluntness to influence transition is the adverse pressure gradient which is induced.
The Compressible Hovercraft Jet
Authors: West A. A.
Published: June 2019

A theory is presented for the airflow and power requirements of a compressible hovercraft jet operating under equilibrium conditions. It is shown that, even for a partially sonic jet, these requirements may not differ markedly from those of an incompressible peripheral jet.
The Effect of Sting Diameter and Length on Base Pressure at M = 3·88
Authors: Sieling Walter R.
Published: June 2019

The effects of sting diameter and cylindrical protuberance length on the base pressure of an axisymmetric body in a turbulent supersonic flow are experimentally determined. It is found that the change in base pressure due to the presence of the sting is greater than 4 per cent when the ratio of sting diameter to base diameter is 0·150 or greater. When the ratio of cylindrical protuberance length to base diameter is greater than 1·3 there is no apparent change in base pressure with a change in length. However, when this ratio is less than 1·3, the base pressure varies greatly with length.
A Digital Computer Solution of the Laplace Equation Using the Dynamic Relaxation Method
Authors: Rushton K. R. , Laing Lucy M.
Published: June 2019

The Dynamic Relaxation solution of the Laplace equation introduces dynamic terms into the basic equation. When this is written as an explicit finite difference formulation it can be solved by an iterative process which only requires a simple substitution routine. The method is easy to programme and requires small storage in the computer. By studying problems involving wind tunnel interference in steady flow, the potentialities of the method are demonstrated.
Lower Bounds for the Pressure Jump of the Bow Shock of a Supersonic Transport
Authors: Jones L. B.
Published: June 2019

In this paper the shock waves of a slender aircraft are considered at a great distance from the aircraft so that all the shocks have coalesced into either the bow or rear shocks, but not at such a great distance (asymptotic) that the two shocks are of equal strength. Lower bounds are determined for the pressure jump across the bow shock subject to various aircraft constraints, and the pressure jumps across both the bow and rear shocks are determined at off-design conditions. The work described is considered to be a preliminary investigation and the results are such that further work seems to be warranted.
The Flutter of a Helicopter Rotor Blade in Forward Flight
Authors: Stammers C. W.
Published: June 2019

The nature of flapping torsion flutter of a helicopter blade in forward flight is discussed. The essential complication in the analysis is the presence of periodic coefficients in the equations of motion; approximate solutions are obtained by use of a perturbation procedure. An unusual behaviour of the flutter equations which occurs when the fundamental frequency of flutter is a half-integer multiple of rotational speed is studied. Two different instability mechanisms can be distinguished and are related to the two energy sources in the system, namely the rotation of the rotor and the forward speed of the helicopter. It is found that forward flight can have a significant stabilising influence on flutter and that, as the tip speed ratio increases, flutter occurs predominantly at half-integer frequencies. The results are confirmed by the use of a numerical method.
Minimum Weight Design of Stiffened Cylinders
Authors: Lakshmikantham C. , Gerard G.
Published: June 2019

In this paper a generalised presentation for symmetrically stiffened orthotropic cylinders under compression is developed, based on a linear orthotropic stability theory of cylinders. Similarities and differences in the minimum weight behaviour of stiffened cylindrical shells and flat transversely-stiffened wide columns are investigated in some detail to provide a satisfactory physical picture. The concluding results provide a comparative evaluation of various forms of stiffening systems for cylindrical shells under compression.
The Decay of a Turbulent Trailing Vortex
Authors: Owen P. R.
Published: June 2019

The decay of a trailing vortex containing a turbulent core is examined according to the argument that the turbulence is partly sustained by, and interacts with, the irrotational flow through viscous diffusion of eddies across the core boundary. The region separating the core from the outer irrotational flow, in which the interaction between the turbulence and the mean flow occurs, expands with time like (time)1/2, characteristic of viscous diffusion.

On the basis of a simple representation of the radial distribution of mean circumferential velocity, the decay of the vortex is calculated and is found to behave in a way similar to what Squire predicted, on the assumption of a constant eddy viscosity, in 1954. The essential difference from Squire’s solution found here is that the apparent viscosity is not simply proportional to the initial circulation about the vortex as he proposed, but depends on the Reynolds number defined with respect to the circulation.

Wind tunnel and flight observations of vortex decay can be more closely reconciled than Squire’s theory allowed; those differences that exist are attributed to the vastly different ages of the vortices in the laboratory and flight experiments. The principal conclusion of practical interest is that the maximum circumferential velocity in a trailing vortex generated by an aeroplane in flight is

where Γ is the circulation about large circuits enclosing the vortex, v the kinematic viscosity of the air and t the (sufficiently great) age of the vortex.
Mean Flow and Pressure in a Straight Suction Duct with Porous Walls
Authors: Burrows F. M.
Published: June 2019

The mean flow of an incompressible fluid in a straight suction duct with porous walls is considered and relations between the inflow and the pressure difference required to produce it are established on the basis of an elementary momentum analysis. It is assumed that bom the velocity and the pressure across planes normal to the direction of the mean flow inside the duct are distributed uniformly everywhere and that the effect of obstructions, which do not alter significantly the area of the duct cross section at any position, can be described in terms of losses of total pressure which are proportional to the square of the local speed within the duct. A variety of cases is discussed and it is shown that calculation of the internal pressure is straightforward and in agreement with experiment, at least for the case of a pipe having uniform porosity.
The Calculation of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers. Part IV. Comparison with Measurements on the Rear of a Swept Wing
Authors: Cumpsty N. A. , Head M. R.
Published: June 2019

A boundary-layer development was measured on the near of a wing swept at 61°. The measurements approximately followed an external streamline from the minimum pressure to the neighbourhood of the separation line. Unfortunately the flow was found to be surprisingly sensitive to traverse gear interference. Moreover, the constraint imposed by the wind tunnel walls was sufficient to throw grave doubts on the use of the assumption of constant spanwise velocity to compute the external flow behaviour from the measured pressure distribution.

Comparison of the measurements with calculations using the method proposed by Cumpsty and Head showed the growth of streamwise momentum thickness, form parameter and crossflow to be seriously underestimated. However, only a small adjustment to the spanwise velocity outside the boundary layer over the rear of the wing was sufficient to bring the results into tolerable agreement. The necessity for such an adjustment to the spanwise velocity may be plausibly explained by the effect of tunnel constraints.
Post-Buckling of Rectangular Plates with Various Boundary Conditions
Authors: Rushton K. R.
Published: June 2019

The Dynamic Relaxation method is used to analyse the post-buckling of flat rectangular plates. Extensive results are obtained for two types of problem in which the transverse edges are unloaded; in one case the transverse edges remain straight, in the other they are free to wave. Comparisons are made with alternative experimental and theoretical results. The potentiality of this approach to post-buckling problems is demonstrated by considering a variable thickness plate with mixed boundary conditions.
Lifting Surface Theory for the Problem of an Arbitrarily Yawed Sinusoidal Gust Incident on a Thin Aerofoil in Incompressible Flow
Authors: Graham J. M. R.
Published: June 2019

The solution to the problem of the loading generated on a two-dimensional thin aerofoil by an incompressible flow whose normal velocity component is of the general form exp [i(λx+/μy — ωt)] is calculated. The method used extends the two-dimensional integral equation solution for the induced vorticity by means of a Chebyshev expansion of part of the kernel function. Thin aerofoil approximations are made throughout, but no collocation procedure, as such, is required.
Nominalized relative clauses in Desano
Authors: Kaye Jonathan D.
Published: June 2019

In this paper I will deal with a type of nominalization which appears in Desano. Emphasis will be placed on arguments justifying a given underlying structure of a class of nominalizations rather than on the types of rules needed to convert the underlying structure into the realized nominalization.

A class of nominalizations will be presented here. I will give evidence to show that these forms are to be derived from relative clauses. Consider the following forms:
The computer in Middle English studies: a note
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: June 2019

In a recent article in CJL/RCL 13, 1, H. M. Logan discussed some of the problems involved in as well as the kind of results obtainable by the use ot computers in dialect studies of Middle English. While many of Logan’s points were interesting and suggested ways in which some of the statistical burdens could be raised from human shoulders, in my opinion much ot what he says tends both to oversimplify the problem of computer usefulness in this field and to underestimate the achievements of precomputer scholarship. Although it is the narrow scope of the linguistic criteria utilized in such projects as the MEDC on which Logan focuses his main objections, he himself, it would seem, fails to expand them in any significant way or to suggest, for example, that they may be more profitably derived from one descriptive model rather than another. For him “it is precisely [the] central problem of exhaustiveness which the computer solves.” But exhaustiveness in what sense? The number of occurrences of and in a text in a full or abbreviated form is surely in itself of peripheral importance (as Logan admits); yet it is the very tendency to stress the value of data collection supported by a minimum of relational classification which is prominent in his arguments. While one must admit the usefulness of the computer as a concordance builder, its ability to effect “a classification of all the grammatical forms and the significant phonological features” is only as good as the descriptive adequacy of the theory which can account for such forms and features.
Prophecy in Hamath, Israel, and Mari
Authors: Ross James F.
Published: June 2019

In many respects the inscription of Zakir, king of Luʻash and Hamath, is quite typical of the northwest Semitic documents of the ninth and eighth centuries B.C. Like most of his royal counterparts, Zakir first introduces himself, indicating the extent of his domain; in this connection he claims that Baʻal-Shamayn stood by him and made him king. He then proceeds to the immediate occasion for the inscription, telling of a coalition of north Syrian and Anatolian kings united against him by Bar-Hadad of Aram, and the subsequent siege laid against his city of Ḥazrak. After an account of Zakir's appeal to Baʻal-Shamayn and the god's encouraging reply, which will be the main concern of this essay, the stele undoubtedly reported the raising of the siege (on the missing lower portion of Side A), for on Side B we find the king boasting of his building operations, again in the style of his time. The inscription closes with the traditional curses upon anyone who dares to damage the stele.
The Problem of Testament in Luther'sLectures on Hebrews
Authors: Hagen Kenneth
Published: June 2019

For some decades now, Luther scholars have concentrated on the early “young Luther” (1513–16). He is being dissected month by month, year by year. It may be another decade or so, however, before any attempt can be made at a complete presentation of the theology of the young Luther. This study is intended to be a partial contribution to the construction of a full picture of the young Luther.
The Charges of Lutheranism Brought Against Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples (1520–1529)
Authors: Cameron Richard M.
Published: June 2019

Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples fell under the suspicious attention of the Sorbonne in 1514 when he was implicated in the defense of Johannes Reuchlin before that body. Under the assiduous promotion of its Syndic, Natalis Beda, suspicion was soon transformed into an overt attack on Lefèvre's orthodoxy. In 1520 a turning point was reached. Whereas, before, he had been attacked because of deviations arising chiefly out of his own individual approach to the Bible, in this new stage he was to be charged with Lutheranism. It is the purpose of this article to examine these later charges, the grounds alleged in justifying them, and how they came to be preferred. It will be necessary at the same time to examine, or rather reexamine, the words of Lefèvre which evoked them.
Considerations Regarding the Office and Calling of the Prophet
Authors: Baltzer Klaus
Published: June 2019

1. The present state of the discussion.

Fifty years ago Bernhard Duhm, in the introduction of his book Israels Propheten, wrote: “Prophecy has its history. It is not a timeless revelation of a supernatural truth. Again, its task is not to ‘prophesy’ events of a distant future in order to allow a simple faith to enjoy the consistent agreement of promise and fulfillment. The prophets are God's messengers. They are charged to proclaim to their contemporaries firstly God's decisions and, furthermore, his demands. Whereas divination in various forms occurs among all nations, the prophets with whom we are dealing here are a distinct Israelite phenomenon.”
Hegel as a Theologian
Authors: Shepherd William C.
Published: June 2019

Confronted with the conventional genre of Hegelian interpretation, the following pages take on a rather unusual cast, for their concern is exclusively theological. Furthermore, I make the large assumption in this essay that the customary theological critique of Hegel, which flagellates him for the Aujhebung of theology into philosophy, is both inadequate and even crude, however much the principal motivation of such a critique may be quite justifiable.
Population and Resources
Authors: Cox P. R. , Thomas C. J.
Published: June 2019

The attention of actuaries was directed to problems of population and resources in part of a paper read to the Institute in 1956. The general character of these problems has not changed during the past eleven years. Our understanding of the matters at issue has become deeper, however, as the result of new research. One way and another, a great deal has been written on the subject—sometimes revealing less about population than about the writer's philosophy or beliefs. In the English language alone, several hundred new references have been added to the list in recent years, and many of these have been read by the authors, whose original intention was to write a critical review of the latest literature. Recent writings are so diversified over a wide area of inquiry, however, that sharp disagreements are relatively few. In these circumstances, an expository treatment seems more appropriate than a critical appreciation of controversies, though ranges of views on particular topics can be discussed.
The Consideration of Risk in Project Selection
Authors: Hodges S. D. , Moore P. G.
Published: June 2019

This paper is concerned with attempts that have been made to incorporate measures of risk in the selection of financial investments. The methodology that is developed here has been primarily aimed at the evaluation of capital investment projects, but the concepts and ideas are also relevant in the financial investment field. Implicit in all this discussion is the fact that when information is obtained in order to calculate an internal rate of return or a net present value, the figures put into the calculation are estimates rather than precise and exact quantities. In some instances the estimates may be felt to be very good, whilst in other cases it may be felt that there is a wide range of possible deviations. Hence the evaluation of any project or projects should, correctly, be described not by a single criterion but by a range of possible values, some of which are judged to be more likely than others. Having said this, there now comes the need to decide upon the method by which choice is to be exercised. Should it be by the choice of the highest average value of the criterion, or by choosing some more conservative rule?
A Note on Robert O. Keohane’s “Institutionalization in the United Nations General Assembly”
Authors: Kay David A.
Published: June 2019

There appears to be a growing consensus among those engaged in research in the international organization field that regional integration has been the most stimulating area of research for the last ten years because of the conscious efforts of the major theorists in this area to develop and test hypotheses concerning the dynamics of organizational development. There is consensus also that the rest of the field could profit by developing a more conscious concern with the dynamics of organizational development. Robert O. Keohane’s “Institutionalization in the United Nations General Assembly” represents a substantial attempt to provide the framework for a model of organizational development applicable to the United Nations.
Thirty years’ work in Irish history (III)
Authors: Mulvey Helen F.
Published: June 2019

Thirty years ago, at the time of the founding of Irish Historical Studies, there were available many books on the very much ‘ written ’ nineteenth century, but much of the work was biased and unscholarly, or lacked the freshness of question and approach which each genera¬tion must bring to the history it studies and writes. Good work there was, of course, and it is important that it be not forgotten. If there are errors in older books, equally grave ones can result from not reading earlier authors who often wrote from a closeness to the event, and with an awareness of factors easily forgotten in the ongoing sweep of interpretation.
Election politics in the borough of Antrim, 1750-1800
Authors: Malcomson A. P. W.
Published: June 2019

Antrim was a ‘potwalloping’ borough. It had therefore no corporation nor any corporate function. By the terms of its charter of 1665 it existed simply to return two members to parliament, and this it continued to do till it was disfranchised by the act of the union in 1800. Its only borough official was the seneschal of the manor of Moylinny, who was appointed by the lord of that manor and acted as returning officer at borough of Antrim elections. The borough comprised, roughly speaking, the town and sixteen surrounding townlands of Antrim, known popularly as ‘Antrim and the sixteen towns’. The lord of its soil was the earl of Massereene, who, by a curious freak, was not lord of the manor of Moylinny. This lordship belonged to the earl of Donegall, to whom Lord Massereene also paid a chief rent for the Antrim estate. But because the interests of the two families had always been closely intertwined and had been drawn still closer together by marriage alliance in 1713, Lord Massereene had no difficulty in getting his nominee appointed seneschal of the manor, and in the period 1750–1800 the seneschal was invariably the receiver of the rents on his Antrim estate. The franchise in Antrim was vested by the charter in the inhabitants of the borough. It was limited by the election act of 1727 to the protestant inhabitants only, and further limited by the election act of 1795 to £5 householders, whether protestant or catholic. This was a drastic limitation, since up to then there had been no property qualification in the potwalloper type of franchise. The result in Antrim was an enormous fall in the number of voters. The second earl of Massereene estimated that the electorate prior to 1795 consisted of between 200 and 300 people, and of somewhere around 30 after that date. In 1801 there were 36 registered electors. Such was the constitution of Antrim borough. Although on the face of it simple enough, it was yet sufficiently complex to provide no less than five different parties with a claim to compensation for its disfranchisement in 1800.
British conservative opinion, the Ulster question, and the partition of Ireland, 1912-21
Authors: Boyce D. G.
Published: June 2019

In 1939, in his book Ulster and the British empire, Henry Harrison described partition as ‘a word of evil omen. . . It implies something resembling the surgical division of a living organism—a lopping off of limbs’. A writer on the partition of Ireland, Dr Denis Gwynn, condemned it as ‘so illogical, and so harmful in its results, that it cannot continue indefinitely’, and hinted that the imperial parliament ‘which devised and imposed the present partition’ should use ‘its influence and its authority to promote agreement’. This paper, however, makes no attempt to judge the morality of what was done in 1920, nor does it suggest a means of its undoing. It examines the attitude of British conservatives to what was known as the ‘Ulster question’ at three critical phases between 1912 and 1921, with special reference to the period after 1916, it deals with Anglo-Irish relations only as they affect this theme; and it attempts to show that, as far as British conservative opinion was concerned, the fate of Ulster, or of any part of Ulster, was always secondary to what were regarded as the interests of England and of the British empire.
Research on Irish history in Irish universities, 1969-70
Authors: Moody T. W.
Published: June 2019

The following list gives particulars of theses on Irish historical subjects, or on subjects having a distinct bearing on Irish history, which were successfully completed during 1969, or were in progress in January 1970, in the history departments of the universities of Ireland. The information has been supplied directly by the responsible supervisors or by the heads of departments.

The list is arranged in periods. Within each period subjects are placed in chronological order, those that extend over more than one period being entered under the first period to which they relate and cross-referenced under the second or later periods.