bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design criteria for a high aperture CCD spectrograph
Authors: James J. F.
Published: February 2023

A basic relation connecting the final camera focal ratio to the grating constant, the pixel width, and the spectral resolution of a CCD spectrograph is given. The Rosendahl "coscubed" condition for zero meridianal coma in Czerny–Turner systems is extended, and the coma and astigmatism as functions of the field angle are derived. A condition is derived for obtaining the spectrum on a flat field normal to the outgoing chief ray. This condition allows a focal reducer to be coupled directly to the spectrograph output, and a suitable design for a focal reducer is outlined. The final spectrum is then captured by a standard 35 mm camera lens of suitable quality and aperture. A spectrograph based on these criteria has been built and is being used to explore the spectrum of the night air glow at a resolution of 0.4 A in the visible. Examples of spectra obtained will be shown.
Optical amplifiers, phase-shift keying, and signal-to-noise ratio
Authors: Shapiro J. H. , Wong N. C.
Published: February 2023

Recently, there has been some controversy concerning the role of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations in conjunction with optical amplifiers and phase-shift keying. Analysis has shown that the large-signal SNR at the output of an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) or optical parametric oscillator (OPO) can exceed the shot-noise limit when an injected signal beam is used to elicit small-signal gain saturation. Although no small-signal SNR gain is obtained in this way, the large-signal SNR improvement does translate into a communication performance improvement if binary phase-shift keying is applied to the resulting output beam. Analysis has also shown that the large-signal, shot-noise limited SNR can be exceeded when a binary phase-shift keyed coherent-state beam is applied to a preamplify-feedforward-homodyne receiver. In this case, however, there is no communication performance improvement. Indeed, the preamplify-feed-forward-homodyne receiver requires twice as many signal photons, on average, to equal the error probability of ordinary homodyne detection. In this talk we will show that there is no contradiction between these two examples.
Simulation of a novel OTDM fiber link
Authors: Farrer Steven W. , Cheng Julian , Malloy Kevin J. , McInerney John G. , Naqvi S. S. H.
Published: February 2023

An optical fiber communication system simulator, called SCORE, that emphasizes the simulation of direct detection systems is presented. The simulator uses the Khoros image processing software package developed at the University of New Mexico and was created in conjunction with work on a novel optical space–time–division multiplexed system employing surface-normal devices. In the simulator, functional blocks or "glyphs" are created for each system component and are linked in a visual programming environment, allowing for flexible studies that can involve several components or an en tire system. The simulation tool can be used for analyzing systems and aiding in system design. A simulation example of the surface-normal OTDM system is presented, and system issues are discussed.
Field-of-view/resolution tradeoffs in virtual reality
Authors: Piantanida Thomas P. , Boman Duane , Larimer James , Gille Jennifer , Reed Charles
Published: February 2023

Many commercially available virtual-reality systems use LCD-based displays comprising fewer than 105 pixels. When these displays are magnified to produce an 80° by 60° image, each pixel subtends about 13 arcmin at the retina. This pixel spacing is approximately equivalent to a visual acuity of 20/200, which limits task performance in some applications. We have examined task performance in low-resolution virtual worlds consisting of target objects and distractors viewed through virtual apertures. Target objects could be positioned at a fixed distance from the viewer, at any azimuth and at any elevation within 45° of horizontal. Virtual apertures of various sizes constrained the viewer's field of view. The chromaticity and luminance of backgrounds surrounding the virtual apertures could be varied. We will report the effects of aperture size, background visibility, and distractor type on target detection in low-resolution virtual worlds.
High performance displays for the all-glass (virtual) cockpit environment
Authors: Scholl Marija S.
Published: February 2023

More onboard sensors coupled with the use of media for information storage and digital computers for data processing allow the modern pilot to act as a manager of information. Increased aircraft speed and traffic volume necessitate fast responses that often do not require human involvement. Thus, the evolving function of the pilot is to oversee aircraft operation, except for those circumstances that require experience and judgment for decision making. The requirements for the all-glass cockpit of the future will be discussed incorporating information management and display systems suitable for a digital map with flight routing and planning, highway in the sky, and hazard avoidance features. A potential high performance display system is described.
New expressions for fitting data obtained with a multi-pass Fabry-Perot interferometer
Authors: Boukari Hacène , Palik E. D. , Gammon Robert W.
Published: February 2023

We have studied the effect of a multi-pass Fabry-Perot interferometer (FP) on a natural scattering line.
The effect of pseudo-trapping states on the micromaser dynamics
Authors: Bogar Pal , Bergou Janos
Published: February 2023

Finding the location of the pseudo-trapping states (PTS)— for which βk=Sin2(θ(n/Nex)1/2)=0—in the micromaser photonstatistics, one can notice that the barriers formed by these states determine the main structure of the photon distribution, namely the sequence of phases in the behavior of the system.
Pump statistics in the micromaser: numerical studies and the approach to equilibrium
Authors: Bergou Janos , Hillery Mark
Published: February 2023

We present a detailed numerical study of the influence of arrival times’ statistics of active atoms on the photon statistics of a micromaser.
Carrier-transport effects in multiple-quantum-well lasers
Authors: Eisenstein Gadi
Published: February 2023

This talk addresses the details of the carrier dynamics in multiquantum well lasers.
Recent advances in nonlinear semiconductor quantum dots in glass
Authors: Peyghambarian N.
Published: February 2023

Nonlinear optics of semiconductor quantum dots in glass will be reviewed.
New opportunities for IR focal-plane-array application
Authors: Balcerak Ray
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
Nonmilitary applications of infrared technology
Authors: Hopper George S.
Published: February 2023

Current and planned technology programs sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in such areas as materials, focal plane arrays, and flexible manufacturing will allow far greater flexibility in the design and production of the most critical component in any infrared system.
Fusion pulse-generator system design us­ing waveguide optics
Authors: Wilcox R. B. , Behrendt W. , Browning D. F. , Speck D. R. , Van Wonterghem B. M.
Published: February 2023

By using recent developments in fiber and integrated optics, we have built a fusion master oscillator that solves many of the design and operational problems associated with other approaches.
Design and performance of a flexible, kilojoule-class frequency-converted, single-beam, Nd:glass laser
Authors: Kelly J. H. , Thorp K. A. , Keck R. L. , Tracy M. D. , Cotton C. , Roides R. G. , Merle C. K. , Tedrow M. M. , Staat B. , Will I.
Published: February 2023

The University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics has constructed a single-beam replica of one of the beamlines of the soon-to-be upgraded OMEGA laser system.
Transverse modulational instabilities in the presence of stimulated rotational Raman scattering with a high power laser
Authors: Skeldon M. D.
Published: February 2023

When high energy laser beams are focused into spatial filters, small amounts of stimulated rotational Raman scattering (SRRS) can be generated providing a seed for this process later in the system.
Optical-phase-plate design and modeling for laser fusion
Authors: Lin Y. , Kessler T. J. , Lawrence G.
Published: February 2023

The success of the direct-drive approach to inertial confinement fusion depends highly on the laserirradiation uniformity on the target.
Holographic diffractive optics for use in high-peak-power laser systems
Authors: Armstrong J. J. , Kessler T.J.
Published: February 2023

Holographic surface relief diffractive optics are useful for modifying the amplitude, phase, and polarization of lasers. In addition, high-frequency gratings can be used as low-reflection interfaces.
Spectral masks for optical pulse shaping of lasers in fusion
Authors: Stewart R. , Bui S. , Kessler T. J.
Published: February 2023

In laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF), relatively long pulses with detailed pulse shapes are required to influence the fusion capsule’s implosion dynamics.
Pump-induced wave-front distortions and their control on the Beamlet laser system
Authors: Rotter M. , Feldman M. , Salmon T. , Swift C. , Van Wonterghem B.
Published: February 2023

In Brewster-angle laser slabs, there are two significant types of pump-induced slab distortions [1]: 1) edge distortions, caused by the thermal expansion of the edge claddings as they absorb the ASE; and 2) central distortions, caused by the preferential heating of one of the two sides of a laser slab by the flashlamp pump radiation.
Design and performance of a large aperture plasma electrode Pockels cell
Authors: Atherton L. Jeffrey , Rhodes Mark A. , Woods Bruce W. , Roberts David H. , De Yoreo James J.
Published: February 2023

A large aperture optical switch based on a plasma-electrode Pockels cell in series with a linear thin-film polarizer is required for large multipass glass lasers such as the proposed National Ignition Facility (NIF).
Observation of intensity-dependent phase of atomic high-harmonic emission in the far-field angular distribution
Authors: Peatross J. , Meyerhofer D. D.
Published: February 2023

The far-field angular distributions of laser high-order harmonics emitted from Ar, Kr, and Xe are measured. The gas is confined to a 1 mm distribution at pressures of approximately 1 torr or less.
Optical joint-transform correlator using time-modulation discrimination
Authors: Grycewicz Thomas J.
Published: February 2023

When a joint transform correlator is used to compare two images, most of the energy in the detection plane is the result of the self-correlation of each image with itself.
Joint-transform symbolic substitution using spatial-domain synthesis
Authors: Yu Francis T. S. , Cheng Feng , Zhang Zheng
Published: February 2023

It can be shown that, by using the impulse response function of an thresholded inverse filter as the reference function for a joint transform correlator, the output autocorrelation profile can be significantly sharpened.
Simultaneously discriminating different aspects of complex patterns: when you can, when you cannot, and why
Authors: Olzak Lynn A. , Wickens Thomas D. , Thomas James P.
Published: February 2023

We have previously described a multi-stage model of complex pattern discrimination in which at least two intervening summing mechanisms selectively combine normalized responses of VI cells with disparate tuning characteristics.
Flash-on-flash contrast-sensitivity functions: subtractive and multiplicative mechanisms
Authors: Kortum P. T. , Geisler W.S.
Published: February 2023

Last year we reported flash-on-flash thresholds for 0.5 octave increment Gabor targets (the sum of a Gaussian damped sinewave and a simple Gaussian of equal amplitude) in the dark adapted eye.
Spatiotemporal filtering characteristics of the visual front end from suprathreshold off-step responses
Authors: Brettel Hans , Strasburger Hans
Published: February 2023

Many current models of human contrast vision assume a linear spatiotemporal filter as a first processing stage.
Effects of surround illuminance on foveal flicker detection: evidence for slow adaptation processes
Authors: Eisner Alvin
Published: February 2023

This study examined the detectability of flicker (18 Hz, 100% modulation) for small (13’ diameter) foveal test stimuli (656 nm) centered within long-wavelength (660 nm) annular surround stimuli (inner diam. = 18’, outer diam. = 1°).
Atom optics
Authors: Sigel Martin C. , Mlynek Juergen
Published: February 2023

Atom optics is concerned with manipulating the center of mass motion of atoms. In recent years optics with atoms has enjoyed considerable interest, largely due to advances in experimental tools, such as microfabricated structures and tunable narrow linewidth laser light.
Atomic mirrors and beamsplitters by adiabatic passage in a light field
Authors: Goldner Lori S. , Gerz C. , Spreeuw R.J.C. , Rolston S.L. , Westbrook C.I. , Phillips W.D.
Published: February 2023

We have observed momentum transfer (8ħk) as well as population transfer (previously observed, Ref. [1]) in a multilevel system using a technique proposed by Marte, Zoller and Hall [2].
Experimental study of spatiotemporal instabilities of a self-pumped phase-conjugator of BaTiO3
Authors: Lin H. , Radloff J.
Published: February 2023

We report to our knowledge the first observation of nonstationary, band-like patterns of the phase conjugate emission generated by a self-pumped phase-conjugator (SPPC) of BaTiO3, crystal which is enhanced for λ = 632.8 nm.
Useful criteria for laser sources for optical data storage applications
Authors: Kubota Shigeo , Oka Michio , Eguchi Naoya , Akiyama Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2023

Recent progress in visible laser source promises evolution of optical disks.
Bistability in nonideal double-ring cavities
Authors: Rosenberger A. T. , Kim Jeong-Mee
Published: February 2023

Optical bistability in double-ring cavities, in which a ring cavity containing a nonlinear medium is nested within another ring cavity, has been considered and has been shown to exhibit frustrated instabilities,1 multistability,2 and threshold and response time reduced relative to a single-ring cavity.3
Transparent signal regeneration by high-contrast low-threshold optical bistable devices based on vertical layered DFB/FP structures
Authors: He Jian J. , Cada Michael , Dupertuis M.-A. , Martin D. , Morier-Genoud F. , Rolland Claude , Spring Thorpe A. J.
Published: February 2023

Transparent signal regeneration is of great interest for long-haul fiber optic communication systems, because it can eliminate the optical-electrical-optical signal conversions in optical repeaters and potentially has higher speed.
Color discrimination and color appearance,
Authors: Smith Vivianne C. , Pokorny Joel
Published: February 2023

Color discrimination is best when the hues to be discriminated are close to the hue of a surround1.
Spectroscopic studies of heterophase reactions in energetic materials
Authors: Brill Thomas B.
Published: February 2023

The semiglobal thermal-decomposition mechanisms of bulk energetic materials can be determined at burning surface temperatures by T-jump/FTIR spectroscopy.
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering in molecular fluids to pressures of 20 GPa and temperatures of 5000 K
Authors: Schmidt Stephen C. , Moore David S.
Published: February 2023

Vibrational spectra of liquid nitrogen, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and their mixtures, shock compressed to several high-pressure/ high-temperature states were obtained using single-pulsed multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS).
Apparent speed of luminance and color gratings
Authors: Henning G. Bruce , Derrington Andrew M.
Published: February 2023

Drifting gratings that do not vary in luminance (color gratings) appear to move at about half the speed of matching luminance gratings of the same spatial and temporal frequency and the same contrast.
Two motion systems with different contrast gains
Authors: Gegenfurtner Karl R. , Hawken Michael J.
Published: February 2023

We found that the contrast gain of the human motion system is different for low and for high temporal frequencies.
X-ray-laser applications and diagnostics
Authors: Da Silva L. B. , Koch J. A. , Mac Gowan B.J. , Matthews D. L. , Mrowka S. , Ress D. , Trebes J. E.
Published: February 2023

The study of x-ray lasers, which now operate in the wavelength range extending from 35 Å - 400 A, have accelerated the development of a variety of soft x-ray diagnostics.
Semiconductor lasers with weak optical feedback: spectral properties and frequency dependent losses
Authors: Homar M. , Miguel M. San , Balle S.
Published: February 2023

We calculate the field power spectrum of a Semiconductor Laser in a finite time window in presence of weak feedback and compare it with numerical simulations. The asymmetry of the side peaks, their frequency shift and the linewidth reduction are characterized. We consider the limit of very weak feedback, in which only side peaks associated with relaxation oscillations modified by the feedback appear in the spectrum.
Light emission in optically pumped erbium doped sol-gel waveguides with circular grating
Authors: Najafi S. Iraj , Peyghambarian Nasser , Fallahi Mahmoud , He Qing
Published: February 2023

Erbium doped sol-gel glass waveguides with circular grating provide an excellent opportunity to make miniaturized light sources.
A new technique for finding guided modes in nonlinear waveguides
Authors: Godbout Nicolas , Najafi S. Iraj
Published: February 2023

All of the solutions of the well-known Helmholtz equation for the transverse electric (TE) modes in planar waveguides exhibiting Kerr-like nonlinearity will be presented.
Analysis of symmetric directional couplers and nonsymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers as dual wavelength demultiplexers/multiplexers
Authors: Tervonen Ari , Honkanen Seppo , Najafi S. Iraj
Published: February 2023

As integrated optical wavelength demultiplexers/multiplexers (WDM) for the 1.30/1.55 μm wavelength windows, symmetrical directional couplers have the advantage of small size and low losses.
UARS wind-imaging interferometer (WINDII): performance on orbit
Authors: Shepherd Gordon G. , Climie Colin C. , Gault William A. , Hersom Charles H. , Solheim Brian H.
Published: February 2023

WINDII - the Wind Imaging Interferometer on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite has been acquiring data since Oct. 1, 1991. It is a CCD imager that views the earth’s limb through a Michelson interferometer, providing measurements of wind, temperature and species emission rates in the altitude range 80 to 300 km.
Circumstellar imaging and prospects for a low scatter optical system
Authors: Ftaclas Christ , Nonnenmacher Andreas L. , Terrile Richard J. , Pravdo Steven H.
Published: February 2023

In addition to high resolution imaging, the space environment also provides the opportunity to image circumstellar regions normally hidden from view by the atmospheric scattered light halo that accompanies any bright source.
Multisegment Nd:glass amplifiers for the beamlet project
Authors: Erlandson A.C. , Frank D.N. , Gonzales A.A. , Jancaitis K.S. , McCracken R.W. , Murray J.R. , Rotter M.D. , Trenholme J.B.
Published: February 2023

Multisegment amplifiers (MSAs) are flashlamp-pumped Nd:glass Brewster-angle slab amplifiers that amplify several laser beams that are grouped together.
Invariant visual recognition based on models of temporal and parietal networks
Authors: Jemili Kanaan , Westerkamp John J. , Karim Mohammad A.
Published: February 2023

Invariant visual recognition of objects is a very striking advantage of biological systems over computers.
Rydberg atoms in microwave fields
Authors: Gallagher T.
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
Testing for temperature dependence of magnetooptic (MO) media
Authors: Iwabuchi Akihiro , Kubo Takahiro , Ohishi Kanichi
Published: February 2023

Optical disk interchangeability has been studied by the Japanese Optical Disk Standardization Committee (JODSC).
Cross talk and wavelength tuning in a reflection-type wavelength-multiplexed PR fiber hologram
Authors: Yu F.T.S. , Zhao F. , Zhou H.
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we have analyzed the fundamental cross-talk effect and the wavelength tuning-step (wavelength separation between adjacent channels) for a wavelength-multiplexed reflection-type PR fiber hologram.
Low-frequency spatial-pattern pulsations in a laser
Authors: Lin H. , Abraham N. B.
Published: February 2023

We have observed in a He-Xe laser that its multimode spatial pattern can pulse at frequencies much less than the frequency spacing between the transverse modes of the cavity.
Laser-induced fluorescence and biological analysis at the single-molecule level
Authors: Dovichi Norman J. , Chen Da Yong , Zhao Jian Ying , Arriaga Edgar , Banks Peter
Published: February 2023

We combine high sensitivity laser-induced fluorescence detection with capillary electrophoretic separation. The successful application of this technology has involved enzymatic reactions.
Recent advances in single-molecule spectroscopy is solids: vibrational fingerprints and magnetic resonance of a single molecular spin
Authors: Moemer W. E. , Myers A. B. , Tchénio P. , Köhler J. , Disselhorst H. A. H. M. , Donckers M. C. J. M. , Groenen E. H. H. , Schmidt H.
Published: February 2023

The field of single-molecule spectroscopy in solids1 continues to expand beyond the spectral diffusion, hole-burning, Stark effect, and photon antibunching measurements reported earlier.
Microdroplet-based ultrasensitive analysis
Authors: Ramsey J. Michael , Barnes Michael D. , Whitten William B.
Published: February 2023

We have shown that single molecules of rhodamine 6G can be detected with high signal-to-noise ratio in levitated glycerol microdroplets.
Frequency standards for the optical-fiber communication bands: a review of user requirements and of physical possibilities for meeting them in practice
Authors: Knight D. J. E. , Pharaoh K. I. , Humphreys D. A. , Hansell P. S. , Leeson H. C. , Duxbury G. , Meldau J. , McDonald B. , Hodges C. J. , Lawrence M.
Published: February 2023

A survey of the industrial and regulatory requirements for frequency standards for optical communications was made between October 1991 and January 1992.
Generation of terahertz radiation by means of nonlinear susceptibilities
Authors: Zhang X.-C. , Jin Y. , Hewitt T. , Kingsley L. E. , Weiner M.
Published: February 2023

During the past several years, there has been considerable interest in the generation and detection of THz submillimeter-waves from both fundamental and applied points of view.
Applying the expectation-maximization algorithm to phase-diversity data
Authors: Schulz Timothy J.
Published: February 2023

The EM algorithm is a numerical technique for solving maximum-likelihood estimation problems when partial or incomplete data are measured.
Operational convergence of estimates from noisy phase-diversity measurements
Authors: Seldin John H. , Paxman Richard G.
Published: February 2023

Nonlinear optimization is used to jointly estimate an object along with piston and tilt misalignments in a phased-array telescope using the method of phase diversity.
Regularization in phase-diversity estimation
Authors: Paxman Richard G. , Seldin John H. , Thelen Brian J.
Published: February 2023

The problem of noise sensitivity arises in the joint estimation of object and aberrations from phase-diversity data.
Generation of tunable, ultrashort light pulses from the UV to the infrared using parametric processes in crystals
Authors: Beigang R. , Fallnich C. , Nebel A.
Published: February 2023

Efficient frequency conversion of cw mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser radiation is demonstrated.
State-selective atomic reflection from a standing wave
Authors: Tan Sze M. , Walls Daniel F.
Published: February 2023

When low-velocity three-level atoms are incident at a glancing angle to a nearly-resonant standing wave light field, the centre of mass motion is affected by light-pressure forces which depend on the internal state of the atoms.
Semitransparent mirror in atom optics
Authors: Zhang Weiping , Sanders Barry C.
Published: February 2023

A mirror which partially reflects and partially transmits an incoming atomic beam is proposed.
Adiabatic atomic cooling in cavities
Authors: Zaugg Thomas , Lenz Georg , Meystre Pierre
Published: February 2023

We discuss an adiabatic cooling scheme particularly adapted to cavity QED situations, and in particular to atoms interacting with microwave cavities of exceedingly high quality factors, where it is desirable to avoid the normal damping mechanism, spontaneous emission.
Chemical bonding and electronic structure of small metal molecules
Authors: Morse Michael D.
Published: February 2023

Alloys of aluminum with transition metals are used as sources for the production of AIM molecules, which are then investigated using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy in a jet-cooled molecular beam.
Rotationally resolved electronic spectra for the CH-Ne and CD-Ne van der Waals complexes
Authors: Schnupf U. , Basinger W. , Heaven M. C.
Published: February 2023

CH/D-Ne complexes were generated in a free-jet expansion, and detected by laser excitation of bands associated with the CH/ D A2Δ - X2∏ and B2Σ - X2∏ transitions.
Design considerations for planar optical systems
Authors: Jahns Jürgen
Published: February 2023

There has been a growing interest in building integrated microoptic systems for interconnection and computing applications.
Information and quantum measurements
Authors: Caves Carlton M.
Published: February 2023

Statistical entropy measures the information one does not have about a physical system.
Measurement of the single-photon tunneling time
Authors: Steinberg A. M. , Kwiat P.G. , Chiao R.Y.
Published: February 2023

Using a two-photon interferometer, we have measured the time delay for a photon to tunnel across a barrier consisting of a 1.1-micron thick 1D photonic bandgap material (an 11-layer dielectric mirror).
Biological imaging using optical coherence and transillumination tomography
Authors: Fujimoto J. G. , Izatt J. A. , Hee M. R. , Huang D. , Swanson E. A. , Lin C. P. , Puliafito C. A.
Published: February 2023

We present a new medical imaging diagnostic technique called Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) which can be applied for high resolution imaging in both retro-reflection and transillumination.
Optimization of integrated-optics waveguides and sensors
Authors: Anemogiannis E. , Glytsis E. N. , Gaylord T. K.
Published: February 2023

One significant step in the development of integrated optics devices is the optimization of the device parameters. Optimization procedures have not been addressed adequately in the integrated optics area.
Coupled-waveguide Fabry-Perot spectral filter
Authors: Safaai-Jazi A. , Chang C.C.
Published: February 2023

A novel coupled-waveguide Fabry-Perot structure is proposed and studied using coupled-node theory.
Thin atomic Cs vapor as a nonlinear optical medium
Authors: Ai B. , Glassner D. S. , Knize R. J. , Partanen J. P. , Hellwarth R. W.
Published: February 2023

Nonlinear optics using the four-wave-mixing geometry can be used for image processing, such as computing the correlation function of two images.
Pendulum iterative algorithm for phase retrieval from modulus data
Authors: Lu Guowen , Zhang Zheng , Tanone Aris , Yu Francis T. S.
Published: February 2023

Iterative methods have been shown to be very effective in solving phase retrieval problem. In this paper, We present a pendulum iterative algorithm (PIA) for solution of the phase retrieval problem in which the moduli of the object and Fourier domain are provided.
Image formation in a phase-conjugate microscope
Authors: Shentu Lian , Gillman Arthur , Brody Philip S.
Published: February 2023

We present a phase conjugate holographic microscope using a Helium-Cadmium laser and Barium Titanate crystal and discuss the formation of the image of a phase object, its contrast and resolution.
Four-wave-mixing processes investigated in solvents and semiconductors
Authors: Riede W. , Klingenberg H. H.
Published: February 2023

The TEA CO2 laser radiation was used to study aspects of the four-wave mixing (4WM) processes in gases, organic solvents (toluene) and semiconductors like InSb and InAs.
Surface-wave spectroscopy using optoelectronically generated electromagnetic transients
Authors: Robertson W. M. , Lin S. Y. , Arjavalingam G.
Published: February 2023

The excitation of optical frequency surface electromagnetic waves in metals and semiconductors is a well-explored phenomenon.
Optimally designed laser pulse shape for use in inhomogeneously broadened quantum wells
Authors: Lin C. , Littman M. G. , Rabitz H. , Lyon S.A.
Published: February 2023

Four wave mixing and THz radiation experiments have been carried out in single and double GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells.
Compact optical-correlator design using multichip-module alignment techniques
Authors: Johnson K. M. , McKnight D. , Turner R. , Lee Y. C. , Lin W.
Published: February 2023

Spatial light modulators using ferroelectric liquid crystals on top of a very large scale integration (VLSI) backplane have increased the resolution and speed of electrically addressable modulators, and reduced their overall size and packaging requirements.
Multichip module utilizing free-space optical interconnects
Authors: Morris J. E. , Heyward Waddie , Nakkar Mouna , Kiamilev Fouad , Raja Yasin , Feldman M. R.
Published: February 2023

A prototype Optically Interconnected MultiChip Module (OIMCM) has been designed, fabricated and experimentally evaluated.
Dark spontaneous-force optical trap
Authors: Ketterle Wolfgang , Davis Kendall B. , Joffe Michael A. , Martin Alex , Pritchard David E.
Published: February 2023

We have demonstrated a new magneto-optical trap which confines atoms predominantly in a “dark” hyperfine level, that does not interact with the trapping light.
Spatially integrating spatial light modulator
Authors: Nasir S. , Athale R. A. , Raj K. , Euliss G. W.
Published: February 2023

The spatially integrating spatial light modulator is an optically addressed device consisting of an amorphous silicon photo conductive layer, a floating aluminum electrode and a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer.
Continuous versus discrete operation of a spatial light modulator
Authors: Juday Richard D. , Monroe Stanley E. , Soutar Colin
Published: February 2023

Liquid crystal television projectors have increasingly commonly been the source of inexpensive and readily available spatial light modulators.
Implementation of complex gray-leveled functions for a joint-transform processor by using a decomposition method
Authors: Yu Francis T. S. , Cheng Feng , Lu Guowen
Published: February 2023

An amplitude spatial light modulator (SLM), such as amplitude modulated LCTV’s, can only display up to 16 graylevels under normal circumstances.
Radiation-induced collective phenomena in optical traps
Authors: Walker T. , Sesko D. , Wieman C.
Published: February 2023

Collective motions are observed in optically thick clouds of optically trapped atoms.1,2 Manifestations of the collective behavior include multiple bistable transitions between spherical and ring-shaped spatial distributions of the atoms and clumps of atoms rotating about a core. Detailed studies of the spherical spatial distributions are consistent with predictions of a simple model of long-range interatomic forces that arise from the radiation fields of the atoms. In particular, radiation trapping produces a long-range repulsion between the atoms. Again, a simple model that includes this repulsion as well as a vortex force produced by appropriate alignment of the laser beams reproduces many features of the rings, including approximate sizes and orbital frequencies. The model does not, however, explain the bistable transitions or the orbiting clumps of atoms. Supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research.
Prospects for Bose condensation of magnetically trapped atoms
Authors: Cornell Eric
Published: February 2023

(Summary not available.)
Interference and collective behavior in atomic fluorescence
Authors: Robinson J.C. , Moore F.L. , Morrow P.R. , Williams P.E. , Raizen M.G.
Published: February 2023

The study of collective atomic behavior is an important problem which has attracted much interest in recent years. Motivated by recent advances in ion trapping technology,1 and by a calculation of interference in the fluorescence from two atoms,2 we have investigated the effects of collective behavior on the interference fringe visibility. Interference in the fluorescence from two atoms separated by a fixed distance is examined as a function of driving laser and cavity parameters. The fringe visibility, a measure of the coherence of the atomic radiation, is calculated for the system of two driven atoms and the cavity mode. In free space, as the atoms are driven towards saturation, the visibility drops due to loss of coherence. The visibility goes from unity, at weak field, to 10% at saturation and falls off to zero asymptotically at higher fields. Dramatic improvement in visibility is found in the presence of the atom-cavity coupling, with the largest enhancement at intermediate driving field. This result indicates that induced coherence is a sensitive measure of collective behavior. Our progress in the experimental realization of this system with laser cooled beryllium ions confined in a linear trap is described, and directions for future work are indicated.
Laser-induced fluorescence spectra of tea and bamboo leaves
Authors: Li Zhengzhi , Wu Jianzhong , Tang Yongan , Tian Zhiwei
Published: February 2023

An apparatus of detection of laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence spectra of green plants is described, which consists of ND:YAG/DYE laser, double-grating monochromater, Boxcar and computer.
C2D2 absorption lines in the vicinity of 1529 nm for frequency locking
Authors: Latrasse Christine , Têtu Michel , Breton Marc , Cyr Normand , Roberge Raymond
Published: February 2023

Using a commercial Fourier transform spectrometer (Bomem Inc.), we have recorded the absoption spectrum of the C2D2 molecule near the optical communication wavelength of 1550 nm. As for acetylene C2H2,1 this molecule shows about 50 evenly spaced absorption lines between 1511 nm and 1534 nm. On the other hand, 87Rb presents two resonances at 1529.261 nm and 1529.366 nm, resulting from transitions between excited states.2,3 We compare the characteristics of the absorption profile of C2D2 to that of 87Rb and C2H2 for the purpose of frequency locking of tunable semiconductor lasers.
Multiple-wavelength operation of a diode array coupled to an external cavity
Authors: Papen G. C. , Murphy G. M. , Howe A. T. , Dallesasse J. M. , Dejule R. Y. , Holmgren D. J.
Published: February 2023

Wavelength division multiplexing has important applications in communication systems. The production of simultaneous, programmable, multiple wavelengths has been discussed by several authors [1-3].
Probing the dynamics of rare-gas excimer formation in a jet discharge
Authors: Dubé P. , Kiik M.J. , Stoiceff B.P.
Published: February 2023

The observation of a narrow emission band in the vacuum-ultraviolet at 128 nm in a continuous jet discharge of argon is known to show the presence of vibrationally cold rare-gas excimers1. The dynamics of formation of these molecules has been studied by probing the jet with radiation from a titanium-sapphire laser tuned to lines originating from the first excited atomic manifold of argon and observing its effect on the shape of the excimer band.
Excited-state absorption in the diatomic mercury halides
Authors: Fraser R. D. , Eden J. G.
Published: February 2023

A series of experiments, including laser excitation spectroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and time-resolved absorption measurements, has been carried out in an effort to elucidate the nature of the Hgl, FlgBr, and HgCl electronic excited states lying 2-5 eV above the ion pair

(

B
2

∑

1
/
2

+

)

state.
Aureola electric-field superlattice around photorefractive holographic gratings
Authors: Kukhtarev N. , Chen Bo Su , Cochrane C. , Venkateswarlu P. , Kukhtareva T.
Published: February 2023

Holographic gratings inside photorefractive crystals are commonly described by a one-dimensional model of photoinduced electric field grating.
Photorefractive and photochromie effects in GaP at high temperature
Authors: Kuroda Kazuo , Horiuchi Kenji , Shimura Tsutomu
Published: February 2023

Photorefractive properties are investigated in semi-insulating undoped GaP at various temperatures.
Electroabsorption modulation at 1.27-1.31 µm in multiple narrow In0.53Ga0.47As/Al0.48In0.52 as quantum wells
Authors: Veliadis J. V. D. , Ding Y.J. , Khurgin J. B.
Published: February 2023

Although multiple quantum well (QW) modulators near 1.3 µm have been implemented1, further study is required for use in fiber optic communication.
Optimization of InGaAs/InP-quantum-well heterostructures for self-electro-optic-effect devices for 1.5 µm operation
Authors: Shim Sugie , Lee S. H. , Choi Y. W. , Lee El-Hang
Published: February 2023

The electro-optic properties of InGaAs/lnP quantum well heterostructures are important for telecommunication applications since their operation wavelength range is around 1.5 µm1.
Study of the intensity dependence of the internal electric field in a GaAs/AlxGa1–xAs multiple-quantum-well nipi by means of photoreflectance
Authors: Yang Jean , Mahgerefteh Daniel , Kuroda Roger T. , Garmire Elsa , Hasenberg Tom C. , Kost Alan
Published: February 2023

We have used the two-pump/one-probe photoreflectance method [1] to measure the internal electric field in a GaAs/AlxGa1–xAs multiple-quantum-well (MQW) nipi structure.
Reconstruction of a refractive-index distribution with axial symmetry: exact formulas
Authors: Lira Ignacio H.
Published: February 2023

It is well known that an axisymmetric refractive index distribution can be reconstructed using experimental data generated by various optical experiments: direct observation of refraction angles, shadow analysis, spatial filtering, moire fringes, interferometry and speckle photography.
Micro-optic-based interconnect and packaging for GaAs photonic integrated circuits
Authors: Carson Richard F. , Warren Mial A. , Hadley G. Ronald , Kravitz Stanley H. , Armendariz Marcelino G. , Seigal Pamela , Vawter G. Allen , Wendt Joel R.
Published: February 2023

Semiconductor optical waveguide circuits are now moving from the laboratory into application-driven components.
Solid-state-waveguide lasers and active components
Authors: Sanford N.A. , Malone K.J. , Aust J.A.
Published: February 2023

In recent years there has been a flurry of activity in the fabrication and demonstration of solid-state waveguide lasers and amplifiers.
Accuracy issues for quantized analog optical computing
Authors: Morelli Michael V. , Walkup John F. , Krile Thomas F.
Published: February 2023

The relatively low achievable bit accuracy of analog optical processors has been of considerable concern within the optical computing community.
Photorefractive two-wave mixing with anisotropic gain
Authors: Vachss Frederick
Published: February 2023

Many applications of photorefractive two-beam coupling require the use of a material with a high gain coefficient.
Heterodyne technique for measurement of the amplitude and the phase of photore-fractive fields
Authors: Gray Donald G. , Moharam M. G. , Ayres Timothy M.
Published: February 2023

The photorefractive charge transport process is typically investigated by studying the photorefractive fields induced by the interference pattern of two beams.
Monolithic integration of FETs with single, mode vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers
Authors: Yang Ying Jay , Dziura T. G. , Bardin T. , Wang S. C. , Fernandez R.
Published: February 2023

Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VC-SELs) have been studied intensively in recent years.
Phase-shifted masks for logic circuitry: process latitude versus integration
Authors: Liebmann Lars W. , Ferguson Richard A. , Martino Ronald M. , Weed Tracy J.
Published: February 2023

Resolution enhanced lithography can be uniquely challenged by high-performance logic derivatives of advanced DRAM technologies.
Phase-contrast lithography
Authors: Mack Chris A.
Published: February 2023

The phase contrast microscope, first proposed by Fritz Zernike in 1935, uses spatial filtering to produce high contrast images of transparent samples.
Scatterometric process monitoring of silylation
Authors: Zaidi Shoaib , McNeil J. R. , Naqvi S. S. H.
Published: February 2023

In this paper we report on applications of scatterometry to obtain better control during silylation. It has come to our attention that semiconductor device manufacturers have experienced inadequate process control during some stages of the manufacturing cycle. Traditional metrological techniques like SEM can often only be used after the final stages. It is hard to deduce which stage, or process parameter lacks precision or needs to be better controlled. We propose scatterometry as an accurate and versatile monitor for almost every stage. We demonstrate its sensitivity by examining diffraction patterns from supposedly identical wafers. Variations in diffraction patterns indicate lack of process control. Furthermore effects of each stage in the processing can be isolated, monitored and examined.
Software environment for exploring advanced optical computing architectures I: design principles
Authors: Bykovski V. K. , Fiddy M. A
Published: February 2023

Existing optical computer architectures are limited by the concepts borrowed from the well established field of electronic computer architectures. Meanwhile, optical data such as images, wavefronts and modes open a new dimension in representation of flexible and complex data. Similarly, optical operations such as matched filtering, associative recall, parallel search and optimization also permit a significant departure from traditional instructions and open new opportunities. In other words, optical data structures and operations open up new possibilities in optical computer architectures. Exploration of these new concepts is important in order to design and develop future-generation optical computers. In this paper, we describe the design principles of a Software Environment which allows the evaluation of various optical processing methodologies. The environment was developed to support data structures such as wavefront (WF) processing and operations over the WFs such as recording and read out, phase conjugation, etc. The environment allows objects to be specified and integrated into a general configuration to process WFs. Examples of possible objects are: WF generator, apertures, spatial light modulators (SLM), lens, beam splitters, holographic writing and readout, filters, feedback, phase conjugation, detection, etc. An example of a configuration is a resonator with memory and internal feedback. The software system is designed to operate within an interactive event-driven graphics window environment. By clicking on a feature in the output plane, a user can trigger back propagation of a WF. Implementation details will be represented in a separate paper.
Algorithm development for a digital optical processor
Authors: Shen Dah-Shi , Wu Yi-Der , Bykovski V.K. , Rosetti J. , Fiddy M.A.
Published: February 2023

The digital optical logic unit described here consists of two Semetex 48 by 48 element Sight-Mods, the pixel pattern from one being imaged on the second. Since the allowed pixel states are binary, the output from these modulators can have three possible states. We describe the practical difficulties associated with digital computing using hardware of this kind, including camera readout and thresholding procedures. Once the three level output has been captured, it can be interpreted directly to yield simple logical relationships between adjacent pixels. The execution of more complicated operations such as addition and multiply have been studied and algorithms developed, which can exploit the paralellism of the spatial light modulators. We describe these algorithms, identify the computational bottlenecks and discuss the potential such a system might attain. The latter obviously depends on eventual hardware capabilities, but novel exploitation of parallel addressing schemes and better use of the available three level output states offer new and different opportunities for improved computational performance.
Directional-edge-segment detection based on edge enhancement of FLC-SLM and optical spatial filtering
Authors: Nagatsu Akihito , Suzuki Hideo
Published: February 2023

A new method is developed to detect edges and their directional edge segments from real objects based on edge enhancement of a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (FLC-SLM) and optical spatial filtering. Real image of an object is written onto a FLC-SLM through a camera lens and incoherent-coherent image conversion is performed. Edge enhancement can be performed on the same FLC-SLM, when the alignment direction is coincident with the direction of polarization of read-out light. Resultant image has bright (or dark) edges with thin width. Next, directional edge segments with any size and angle can be extracted using optical spatial filtering, which is realized by the other FLC-SLM. To confirm availability of this method, we constructed a prototype system. Resolution of the FLC-SLM we used is more than 30 1p/mm and available area is 15mm by 15mm square. Both FLC-SLMs can be operated by synchronized mode with 1kHz clock. Processing speed of the system is 30 to 200 times faster than that of an electric processing. Experimental results and system evaluation are presented.
Laser Paint
Authors: Lawandy N. M. , Balachandran R. M. , Gomes A. S. L. , Sauvain E.
Published: February 2023

Optically pumped dyes in a TiO2 nanoparticle colloid exhibit thresholdless laser behavior. A linewidth collapse by a factor of 20 and a linear input-output behavior are observed.
High-Speed (10 Gb/s), All-Optical Wavelength Conversion using Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
Authors: Wiesenfeld J. M. , Glance B. , Perino J. S. , Gnauck A. H.
Published: February 2023

Wavelength con version at 10 Gb/s using cross gain-compression in a semiconductor optical amplifier is achieved, using a probe power level large enough to shorten significantly the amplifier gain recovery time by probe-induced stimulated emission.
Enhanced nonlinear susceptibilities for squeezed-light generation
Authors: Walls D.F. , Gheri K.M.
Published: February 2023

It has been shown by Imamoglu, Field and Harris1 that electromagnetically induced transparency can be used to achieve laser action without inversion. We have analyzed the quantum noise properties of the laser without inversion and shown that the intensity fluctuations in the laser output may be reduced 50% below the shot noise limit2. In recent work Makuta, Marmet and Stoicheff3 have shown that a resonantly enhanced second order susceptibility with reduced absorption at the second reduced harmonic wavelength may be achieved by electromagnetically induced transparency induced with a dc-electric field. We have calculated the photon statistics of the second harmonic light and found that near 100% amplitude squeezing can be achieved in the output at the second harmonic. We have shown that driven A model atoms in an optical cavity can reduce the amplitude fluctuation of a strong coherent input light field into the cavity by almost 100% without significantly depleting the input signal.