bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution and uptake of uranium in rice and wheat from soil samples collected from Al- Diwaniyah, Iraq
Authors: Kadhim Amer Y. , Al-Ataya Khalid H. , Aswood Murtadha Sh.
Published: May 2021

Wheat and rice are among the main ingredients on which the Iraqi populations depend. The important part of this is detected knowledge the uptake radionuclide in this cereal, no less in admiration of any personal health harmful. In this study, we measured the concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive nuclides in cereals and the corresponding soil collected from agricultural fields in Al Shamiyah, Al- Diwaniyah governorate in Iraq using nuclear detector of tracks (CR-39). The mean activity concentration of uranium (ppm) in soil, wheat and rice samples were found to be 1.18 ± 0.19, 0.02 ± 0.001 and 0.88 × 10-2± 0.00085, respectively. Factors of transfer from soil-to- cereals were limited to be 0.012 and 0.017 for wheat and rice. The results of TFs of238U were found to be in agreement with previous studies values, these results refer to radionuclides movement were very low in these soils. Results have been shown the uranium concentration to be less than permissible limit (11.7 ppm) proposed by UNSCEAR. On the other side, results noticed there are no pose significant threats to health of human, the edible cereals being safe to consume.
Effect of Red Laser Irradiation on The Optical Properties of Cobalt oxide (CoO2) Thin Films deposited via Semi-Computerized Spraying Technique
Authors: Chiad Bahaa T. , Al-Helaly Mushtaq T. , Essa Mohammed Sh. , Al-Tememee Nathera A.
Published: May 2021

The existing investigation explains the consequence of irradiation of red laser on the optic properties of (CoO2) films. The film was equipped by the utilization of semi-computerized spray pyrolysis technique (SCSPT), it is the first time that this technique is used in the preparation and irradiation using a laser in this technique. From the XRD analysis, the crystalline existence with trigonal crystal system was when the received films were processed by continuous red laser (700 nm) with power (>1000mW)for different laser irradiation time using different number of times a laser scan (0, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 times) with total irradiation time(0,30,45,60,75,90 min) respectively at room temperature. The optic properties of CoO2 thin samples was struck by light of red laser. The parameters such as the absorbance, coefficient of absorption coefficient of extinction refractive index, optic conductivity, the realϵ_1 and imaginaryϵ_2part of the dielectric constant of the films rises subsequently by laser irradiation, only the transmittance was decremented with laser ray of light. The optic energy gap was reduced from (1.91eV) without irradiation to (1.57eV) and subsequent laser irradiation, and there is a great alteration of optical energy gap values for photovoltaic (PV) utilization. As the results showed that the laser irradiation method has a clear change in the optical properties with less time and energy than the traditional annealing methods, this is the aim of the study.
Best Image with Elliptical Synthetic Obscured Apertures
Authors: Mohamed Alaa M. , Ali Ban Hussein , Hassan Adnan Falh
Published: May 2021

It is well established that synthetic apertures of various shapes are superior to a single aperture in improving the overall performance of optical systems.

In this research, a set of elliptical synthetic obstructed apertures was used in place of the ellipse synthetic obstructed apertures that was used previously and the calculation of the point spread function to assess the performance of the optical system and reduce the diffraction values from it previously, according to the results, an improvement was observed in the optical system with array of elliptical synthetic obstructed apertures.
A NUMERICAL STUDY ON POLAR RING GALAXY (PRG) FORMATION
Authors: Ali Shurooq Mahdi
Published: May 2021

The association between galaxies is a phenomenon frequently occurring in the universe. Systems called Polar Ring Galaxies (PRGs) can be built for certain interactions. These structures consist of a galaxy known as a host and a ring of gas and stars surrounding a plane nearly perpendicular to its main axis. This research has contributed to the creation of a first library of N-body simulations, to study the parameters required to construct PRGs. A library of this kind is continuously expanding with new simulations based on these first findings. The inherent secular processes of isolated galaxies cannot give rise to this PRG geometry. Such systems are (i) created by galaxy interactions or (ii) by the introduction of cold gas from interstellar filaments within a galaxy. The most popular mechanisms are thought to be (i), and we are interested in this project, particularly where gas from one galaxy to another is introduced, without the need for a fusion. For formation of interaction, orbits with particular geometries are required in order to attach matter to form a polar ring. We review various mass ratios, inclinations and orbital energies in our society. The database which will be developed with the simulation results will contribute to future research on the interaction between galaxies, especially polar rings.
Machine Design Modern Techniques and Innovative Technologies
Authors: Razzaq Hussein Younus , Hasan Hussein Mohammed , Abbas Kadhim Raheem
Published: May 2021

The manufacturing sector is facing a challenge in this 21st century to continue developing their business by applying a new and innovative production technology and system. This is to help the novel ways of manufacturing process to move forward, where, the Machine Design will feature and compile the newest product line with an inventive technology to keep modernized techniques at the top of mind for our OEMs, end-users, integrators, and the entire supply community. This research paper will explore how the simulation derived model of Mechatronic could manage the most complex scheme of the machinery profile with a systematic approach by understanding the concept with precise machine design actions, dynamic behavior, and effective interaction with the various components of the machine. Mainly, the Mechatronic engineers will unite the mechanics, and electronics principles and compute them to generate more economical, a simpler, and reliable system.
The Matrices of Some of the Plane Graphs and Their Dual
Authors: Zaben Rawah A. , Tawfik Israa M.
Published: May 2021

The importance of Graph Theory comes from being Combinatorics. It can study this subject and its relationship to the topological using plane graphs where they are embedded graphs. Also, its relationship to linear algebra which can study the using of matrices. This article describes the adjacency matrices of adjacent vertices of plane graphs and their duals by finding the formula of the adjacency matrix of some types of plane graphs and their duals.
The Numerical Simulation of the rivalry between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria species in a chemostat model
Authors: Mohammed Ali Maha Mohsin
Published: May 2021

We investigate a chemostat model that contains interaction between two bacteria species, the aerobic species, and a facultative anaerobic species. The competition is restricted on the dissolved oxygen where the aerobic species consumes the oxygen for growth, on the other hand, the facultative anaerobic species do not need the dissolved oxygen for growth. We found that the aerobic growth rate is more extensive compared to that of its competition, the anaerobic species. During our study of the chemostat system, we found three equilibria solutions. The first one is found at the initial dissolved oxygen concentration with the condition of both species washed out. The second equilibrium point is seen when both the dissolved oxygen and the aerobic species present, and finally, the third equilibrium point is found when the dissolved oxygen and the facultative anaerobic species present. We used MATLAB software to simulate these aforementioned three equilibria.
The use of vermicompost as an organic pond fertilizer in recirculating aquaculture system: effect on water quality and survival rate of catfish fry (Clarias sp.)
Authors: Erdawati  , Saefurahman Ganjar , Hidayatuloh Syarif , Hakimi M.
Published: May 2021

The main objective of this study was to determine whether vermicompost can be used as an organic pond fertilizer to improve water quality and survival rate of catfish fry (Clarias sp.). The experiment was conducted for 4 weeks (28 days) with duplicates in two ponds. The control (pond C) did not apply any vermicompost, while the treated pond (pond V) was administered by the vermicompost. Vermicompost dose of 2.56 g/L was found to be a suitable dose for catfish fry. The results showed that the total nitrogen content in the control pond was decreased from 0.45 mg/L to 0.25 mg/L. In the experimental tank, the total nitrogen content was increased from 0.25 mg/L to 0.45 mg/L. Likewise, the fish length and weight of the two treatments were significantly different.
Damage and loss magnitudes of Eucalyptus pellita and Acacia mangium stands due to 2D-seismic activity
Authors: Agusta H , Budiyono P , Ridwansyah M
Published: May 2021

2D-seismic activity for oil and gas exploration was conducted in Jambi, Indonesia in 2014-2015. The seismic lines passed through the area of HTI (Industrial Plants Forest), Oil Palm Estate, and people’s plantation as well. The 2D-seismic activity was conducted in such a careful way, that any negative impact had to be avoided, minimized, managed, and monitored. However, any damage and loss of the other party occurred. Inventory of cultivated plants or trees damage was conducted for loss compensation purposes. In fact, from a total of 1,376 shot points of the 2D-seismic activity in the HTI-plants traversing about 183,008 plants, which each shot point represented 133 growing plants, involved 286 damaged plant categorized in slight, medium, and heavy damage. Plant age was categorized in juvenile, very young, young, and higher plants. The damaged plants were found only equivalent to 0.00001% of the total growing plants. The total economic loss of timber Plantation due to the 2D-seismic activity consisted of Loss of Expected Value, Loss of Expected Benefit Value, Loss of the Damage of Installation, and Infrastructure of timber plantation and Loss due to Inefficiency Value as well was estimated less than USD 0.01 per ha.
Bioethanol prospect from agricultural crops and its biomass in Indonesia
Authors: Amrullah I , Hambali E
Published: May 2021

Contradiction between the surplus domestic bioethanol supply and the failure to fulfill the bioethanol E2 biofuel program in 2020 is because the fuel grade ethanol price is still more expensive than gasoline. Indonesia’s fuel consumption needs, especially gasoline is increased from 37.49 million kL in 2020 to 43.59 million kL in 2025, with a deficit that is met with gasoline imports. Bioethanol production is still in surplus, the remainder is exported, still unable to supply the E2 bioethanol program and the import of non-fuel-grade ethanol is carried out. The abundance of mollase is not only the main raw material for bioethanol, but it is in competition with other industries such as MSG, and the decline in sugar cane land will reduce the availability of mollase in the future. In 2015, world bioethanol produces 1,390 million liter from 2G bioethanol, still in TRL4~TRL8 status, yet to commercial. To maintain ethanol supply security, potential biomass and waste-crops, and a lot of available sources that are not in competition with food needs, technological aspects, productivity, availability, and other aspects, biomass commodities need to continue to be developed with more intensive collaboration between institutions (academic, government, private). This study assesses the greatest potential of non-food biomass in Indonesia, including the 2nd generation bioethanol, 3rd generation, and the current biggest challenge in the readiness and maturity of the technology and its economic feasibility.
Synthesis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Derived Magnetic Solid Acid Catalyst for Levulinate Production
Authors: Gowri K Shamala , Fei-ling P
Published: May 2021

Ethyl levulinate is widely known as a fuel additive, flavour, and fragrance components. In this study, the biomass-derived magnetic catalyst was synthesised, and its efficiency was evaluated in the esterification reaction. Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was used in the preparation of the solid magnetic catalyst. The synthesised catalyst was analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses, and acidic test. The magnetisation value of 24.97 emu/g for EFB fiber-MAC was reported that the catalyst has excellent magnetic properties and a strong acid density of 2.4 mmol/g. The catalytic performance was evaluated via the esterification of levulinic acid. The highest ethyl levulinate conversion of 66.78 mol% and yield of 84.87 mol% were recorded corresponding to 10 wt% catalyst loading and 10:1 ethanol to levulinic acid molar ratio with reaction temperature of 70 °C for 5 h. FTIR and GC-FID analysis confirmed the appearance of the ester group after the esterification reaction. Finally, the magnetically separable catalyst can be easily separated, and it shows a potential solution to the utilisation of heterogeneous catalysts in the esterification reaction.
Utilization of plant waste as botanical pesticide for citrus pest control
Authors: Wuryantini Susi , Endarto Otto , Wicaksono Rudi Cahyo , Yudistira Rizky Arya
Published: May 2021

Organic wastes from plants that contain certain secondary metabolite compounds can be used as botanical pesticides. In this study, the plant wastes used were chrysanthemum flower, JC citrus peel and foliage of tobacco. The botanical pesticides were tested for their effectiveness against the main pests of citrus that were citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri and citrus aphids Toxoptera citricidus. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of botanical pesticides from plant wastes against both target pests. The three materials were extracted and processed by maceration method with methanol solvent. The test was arranged in a Randomized Block Design consisting of 12 treatments, that were the test concentration for each ingredient was 0.5 %; 0.75 % and 1 %, comparative chemical insecticides dimethoat and imidacloprid, and control. The treatment consisted of two units for each target pest and repeated 4 times. The test results showed that the botanical insecticide from tobacco foliage was the most effective against both target pests compared to those from chrysanthemums flower and JC citrus peel. The insecticide tested was more effective against citrus aphids T. citricidus compared to citrus psyllid D. citri, as evidenced by the shorter time to achieve the mortality. For tobacco insecticides, further testing with lower concentrations is needed to determine the exact and effective test concentration, so that the use of materials is more efficient.
Porous biochar purification method from coconut shell by alkali roasting followed by leaching and its application as a lithium primary battery
Authors: Supriyono  , Amalia E A , Solikhah D N , Salsabila N F Y
Published: May 2021

The electrochemical performance of coconut shells biochar can be improved as a Lithium primary battery by increasing its purity. Biochar was synthesized by pyrolysis under N2 atmospheric conditions at a temperature of 500°C for 5 hours. The methods to purify biochar were the alkaline roasting method to reduce silica content and the leaching method at room temperature using 10% w/w H2SO4 to reduce metal oxide content. The used alkaline substance was 45% w/w NaOH solution under process temperature, which varied between 200-350°C with increasing the pressure. Energy-dispersive X-ray results show that biochar’s carbon purity increased from 90.18% w/w to 97.41% w/w at the alkaline roasting temperature of 300°C. The surface area of biochar is also increased from 782,112 m2/gram to 1218,646 m2/gram at the same temperature. Electro Impedance Spectroscopy test shows charge transfer and semi-infinite diffusion, which can be explained by the diffusion of Li+ ions from LiClO4 solution to purified biochar at the cathode. The charge transfer resistance value in purified biochar is less than in biochar that has not been purified. The discharge performance test shows that lithium primary batteries’ capacity increases along with biochar purity. The highest capacity of biochar is 126.21 mAh/gram at 300°C.
Oil palm empty fruit bunch ash as a potassium source in the synthesis of NPK fertilizer
Authors: Arfiana  , Finalis E R , Noor I , Sumbogo Murti S D , Suratno H , Rosyadi E , Saputra H. , Noda R
Published: May 2021

Some studies showed that ash from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch has relatively high potassium and other minerals and is commonly used directly for soil improver. In this work, we studied the production and characterization of ash from gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch to produce NPK fertilizer. Oil Palm EFB ash produced from various gasification temperature were characterized by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) to identify its composition. The fertilizer formula was developed by using EFB ash for potassium source, while nitrogen and phosphates are each obtained from Urea and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP). NPK fertilizer production was conducted through some processes, including formulation, mixing, granulation, and drying. The characterization of fertilizer and EFB ash was done using Scanning Microscope Electron/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The fertilizer was also tested to the red onion plant compared to commercial NPK fertilizer through small scale field tests using polybags.
Design and evaluation of a zero-fossil fuel distiller for bioethanol
Authors: Ubiña T , Mateo N , Ulep R , Baga C , Sagadraca J , Pastor P D , Villena R , Corpuz J , Agrupis S
Published: May 2021

The study developed a Zero Fossil Fuel Distiller (ZFFD) to address environmental issues on bioethanol production from Nipa Sap. The Mariano Marcos State University had developed a distiller that can produce 95% fuel grade bioethanol powered by fuelwood. While burning woods provides a good heat source, this activity’s byproducts are not good for the environment. The scarcity of fuelwood will also be a problem for bulk production. Hence, the development of a ZFFD integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for easy monitoring, control, and configuration. A 10 kWp Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic System with battery backup was designed to power a 150 L capacity distiller. The power system is capable of storing excess harnessed energy to a battery and a grid for future use, as well as managing and monitoring the inflow and outflow of electricity on-site or remotely via IoT. Results show an average harnessed energy of 47.11 kWh to supply a 33.99 kWh required energy to distill 133 L of feedstock daily. The excess energy of 13.12 kWh is stored in the grid for future use. The developed ZFFD shows an improved regulation of the Kettle temperature, Column temperature, and Cooling System water flow.
Potential of polypropylene nanocomposite reinforced with cellulose nanofiber from oil palm empty fruit bunch as sustainable packaging: A review
Authors: Sarfat Muhammad Syukur , Setyaningsih Dwi , Fahma Farah , Indrasti Nastiti Siswi
Published: May 2021

Sustainable packaging focuses on the production of packaging that promotes environmental, social, and economic health. The use of thermoplastic such as polypropylene (PP) in packaging has raised concern about environmental impact, so research needed to identify alternative sustainable packaging materials to reduce the environmental impact. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) has been considered sustainable packaging material due to its low weight, high strength, high abundance, rigidity, and biodegradability. Therefore, CNF from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) is the potential additional raw material for developing sustainable packaging. CNF can be used as additional raw material to reinforce the PP matrix, called a polypropylene nanocomposite (PPNC). However, limited research has focused on CNF preparation for PPNC production. Therefore, this review is to explain the potential PPNC reinforced with CNF from OPEFB as sustainable packaging.
Torréfaction to improve biomass pellet made of oil palm empty fruit bunch
Authors: Haryanto A , Nita R , Telaumbanua M , Suharyatun S , Hasanudin U , Hidayat W , Iryani D A , Triyono S , Amrul  , Wisnu F K
Published: May 2021

This study aims at determining the effect of the torrefaction process on the fuel quality of biomass pellets made from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). The torrefaction process was carried out using a rotary reactor, which has a cylinder with a diameter of 15 cm and a length of 15 cm made from an iron plate. The cylinder was heated externally using a horizontal heater fueled with LPG. The reactor cylinder was filled with 1.5 kg of clean sand to homogenize the heat transfer and prevent pellets from colliding during the process. The torrefaction process was conducted with a load of 300 grams of EFB pellets at temperatures around 240-310 °C at variations of reaction time (20, 30, and 45 min.) and the reactor cylinder rotation speed (16, 31, and 37 RPM). The results showed that the torrefaction process improved the quality of the EFB pellet fuel. This was reflected from the very low moisture content (0.32-0.52 %) of torrefied pellets and its calorific value, which increased from 15.82 MJ/kg (without torrefaction) to 17.59 MJ/kg (with torrefaction for 45 minutes). Torrefied pellets showed good hydrophobicity where the pellet was not broken when immersed in water for 24 hours. Pellet without torrefaction was destroyed in water just in one minute.
Characteristic of briquette from kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma) shell at several binder ratios
Authors: Nurjanah Sarifah , Mu’minah M , Saukat M , Muhaemin M , Kramadibrata MAM , Herwanto T , Handarto  , Rosalinda S , Prijatna D , Mardawati E , Darajat W
Published: May 2021

Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) can be used as raw material of biodiesel. Production of biodiesel from Kemiri Sunan generates shell as waste, that can be utilized as briquette material. During production process, adding binder for briquette is a must in order to create solid and hard shell Kemiri Sunan briquette. This study aims to find out the best ratio of binder (cassava starch) at the production of briquette. Kemiri Sunan was carbonized, grinded (mesh 30) and mixed with some binder ratios, then molded. The ratio of binder and Kemiri Sunan shell were 2:100, 4:100, 6:100, 8:100 and 10:100 (w/w). The study showed that binder ratio affected characteristic of Kemiri Sunan briquette. The best ratio was 6:100 with characteristics: moisture content was 5.5%, ash content was 6.6%, fixed carbon was 49.94%, calorific value was 6.372 cal/g and burning time was 101 min.
Performance and emission effects of biodiesel 30% (B30) usage in oil-fired power plants and gas engine power plants
Authors: Nina Konitat S , Suntoro Dedi , Irsyad Muhammad Indra Al , Zulkarnain  , Widhiatmaka  , Srikandi Gea Prita , Khaldun T , Fauzi  , Anggarani Riesta , Faridha
Published: May 2021

In 2020, Indonesia Government through the Ministerial Regulation of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 12 Year 2015 obligates the use of 30% biodiesel mixed diesel fuel (B30) for various sectors including the power generation sector. The obligation potentially affects the performance of oil-fired power plants (PLTD) and gas engine power plants (PLTMG) that are common power plant technologies used by the State-owned Electricity Company (PLN) in remote and disadvantaged areas. The objective of this study is to estimate effects of B30 usage on performance and emissions of PLTD and PLTMG. We compare performance and emission data of 3 (three) power plants before and after using B30. The results show that the uses of B30 increases spesific fuel consumption (SFC) by 0.009 L/kWh in PLTD and by 0.0071 L/kWh in PLTMG. The uses of B30 will reduce emissions of SO2, CO, and particulate matter, except NOx emission.
Growth performance of Calophyllum inophyllum at a bioenergy trial plot in Bukit Soeharto Research and Education Forest, East Kalimantan
Authors: Leksono Budi , Sukartiningsih  , Windyarini Eritrina , Adinugraha Hamdan Adma , Artati Yustina , Kwon Jino , Baral Himlal
Published: May 2021

The Indonesian government has committed to providing its entire population with energy through the National Energy Policy, which highlights the importance of diversification, environmental sustainability, and enhanced deployment of domestic energy resources. The contribution of new and renewable energy (NRE) to the nation’s energy supply is mandated to reach 23% by 2025, with bioenergy an important NRE alternative. If developed and deployed appropriately, bioenergy plantations have potential to restore degraded land and enhance biodiversity and environmental services while supporting rural livelihoods. As a potential biofuel tree species suited to the tropics,Calophyllum inophyllum(nyamplung) is being tested across wide-ranging degraded forest conditions in Indonesia. Nyamplung is a potential biodiesel alternative as it grows well in harsh environmental conditions, produces non-edible seed oil, has high amounts of kernel oil and fruits profusely. Here we report growth performance in a plantation trial plot established in February 2018, on previously burned land in Mulawarman University’s Bukit Soeharto Research and Educational Forest. Growth of this two-year-old plantation is strong compared to other Indonesian sites, with average survival rate above 90% on Ultisol soil, which is classified as low fertility and acidic. The findings reveal that different doses of fertilizer applications and slope gradient have no significant effects on growth performance. In addition, trees have already started to flower and fruit, and are colonized by bird species and insects, including bees and butterflies. The study indicates that nyamplung adapts well to different land and soil types. Bioenergy plantations on degraded land are a promising approach for land restoration, and enhance native biodiversity and environmental services while providing a source of renewable energy.
Environmental performance of the HAS-Clay, Kanuma-Clay, and coffee residue adsorbents for bio-H2 purification
Authors: Kako Seiya , Suzuki Masaya , Kameyama Mitsuo , Dowaki Kiyoshi
Published: May 2021

Recently, a fuel cell (FC) system operated by hydrogen from a renewable source (e.g., biomass feedstock) has been developed to contribute to the abatement of environmental impact and create an environmental business model. In this study, bio-hydrogen produced through a biomass gasification process was investigated. Considering the use of bio-hydrogen, production efficiency and fuel cost are issues of concern. In terms of the technological barriers, the removal of impurities and performance related to the plant cost are considerably influenced by the operating cost and eco-burden. In this study, we focus on a removal system that uses an eco-friendly adsorbent. These impurities should be eliminated to prevent the voltage drop of FC stack. Additionally, in terms of a life cycle analysis (LCA), the performance and the content of the adsorbent would be considerably affected. In our first study, hydroxyl aluminum silicate clay (HAS-Clay) or a natural soil of Kanuma-Clay was a potential candidate. Evidently, HAS-Clay and Kanuma-Clay had a good potential to simultaneously remove H2S, HCl, and NH3. However, the eco-burden of HAS-Clay cannot be mitigated in comparison to that of conventional adsorbents. Therefore, as alternative adsorbents, we selected coffee residue, and the adsorption performance was tested. Using these performances data, the life cycle impact analysis (LCIA) was evaluated in comparison to the eco-burdens of HAS-Clay and Kanuma-Clay. Especially, it is extremely significant to find out the adsorption possibility of coffee residue from a recycling viewpoint. Here, global warming potential and abiotic depletion potential were the indices used for the LCIA. Consequently, coffee residue has a sufficient benefit from the environmental aspect.
Mineral washing from rice straw to improve its combustion properties
Authors: Suharyatun S , Haryanto A , Rahmawati W , Triyono S , Telaumbanua M , Zubaidah U
Published: May 2021

Indonesia has abundant potential for rice straw which can be developed as an alternative fuel. However, rice straw has an ash content with a high mineral content which can cause problems in applications involving high temperatures. This study aims to determine the effect of washing rice straw on the fuel quality improvement of rice straw. Sun-dry rice straw that has been cut into 1-2 cm was soaked in tofu industrial wastewater at a ratio of 0.5 kg in 10 L. Sampling for the measurement of ash and mineral content was carried out at 0 (without treatment), 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 720 min. Ashing was carried out using a furnace at a temperature of 550 °C for 2 h. The ash was then analysed using XRF Spectrometry to determine its mineral content. Measurement of the caloric value of rice straw was carried out using a bomb calorimeter. Results showed that soaking straw in tofu wastewater decreased the ash content from 16.0 to 13.67 (% DS) and increased the calorific value from 13.60 MJ/kg (without soaking) to 15.77 MJ/kg (soaking by 720 min.). Soaking was also able to reduce important minerals such as K (17.94% to 9.69%), S (3.40 to 2.06%), Cl (0.91% to 0.3%).
Formulation of mono-diacylglycerol from palm fatty acid distillate and glycerol as antistatic agents on plastics
Authors: Salsabila S , Setyaningsih D , Jannah Q R , Muna N
Published: May 2021

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) can be increased its added value by converted to mono-diacylglycerol (MDAG). MDAG has free hydroxyl groups which make it possible as antistatic agent in plastics. Antistatic is main additive in plastic products, which can reduce the tendency of static electricity. This study aims to obtained the best formulation of MDAG as an antistatic agent in plastics. The methods of this study included formulation of MDAG in plastic polymer, injection molding process and measurement of surface resistivity. The formulation of MDAG in plastic polymers (PP, HDPE, LDPE) have been done in three steps. First, commercial antistatic and MDAG (3.80% FFA content) was added to polymers for injection molding process. There were no antistatic properties detected of MDAG plastic plates. Meanwhile the commercial antistatic shows there were antistatic properties on its plates. The second formulation was using MDAG with better characteristics which has no FFA content. Both MDAG and commercial antistatic showed antistatic properties on PP plates with similar surface resistivity, which was 1012 Ω/sq. Third formulation was using the same MDAG in PP and HDPE polymer and its surface resistivity was observed for several days. Both MDAG and commercial antistatic showed antistatic properties on each plate, with the range of surface resistivity at 1011-1012 Ω/sq. There were significant differences of antistatic activities in PP and HDPE plates, where antistatic properties in PP plates was immediately detected dan faster than HDPE plates. It can be caused by the difference between PP and HDPE density that influence the migration rate of antistatic agent to the surface. In this third stage, it was also created the MDAG masterbatch by mixing MDAG and LDPE polymer, which showed antistatic properties on HDPE plates after several days, with the range of surface resistivity at 1012 Ω/sq. The measurement of surface resistivity on each plastic plates showed that MDAG has antistatic properties, as well as commercial product.
Schematic Model of Ocean Pacific Seawater Mass Circulation in Banda Sea
Authors: Zubaedah S , Setiyono H , Puspita C D , Gusmawati N F , Pranowo W S
Published: May 2021

The Banda Sea passes through the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), and carries seawater mass from the Pacific Ocean toward the Indian Ocean. This influx affects the variations in oceanography parameters, and the monsoon winds aggravate the water complexities. The aim of this research, therefore is to determine seawater mass movements based on temperature and salinity distribution, expressed by the schematic model. These parameters are obtained from HYCOM and processed with ODV, followed by description, using a graphical software. The schematic model created based on the waters’ vertical temperature profile, and represented by one layer each. These include the water surface or 0m, which acted as the mixed layer, while the thermocline was observed at a depth of 150m. In addition, the final deep layer was featured at 500m. Particularly, the 0m model featured irregular salinity and temperature movement, possibly due to the influx of freshwater and monsoon winds. The seawater mass at 150m is reserved for a while in the Banda Sea before exiting into the Indian Ocean. Moreover, homogenous values were recorded, with relatively similar movements at 500m.
Water Quality Assessment Based on National Sanitations Foundation Water Quality Index during Rainy Season in Sibelis and Kemiri Estuaries Tegal City
Authors: Ristanto D , Ambariyanto A , Yulianto B
Published: May 2021

Sibelis and Kemiri are two important river estuaries in Tegal City, at the northern coast of Central Java. Both estuaries have differences in sources of pollution. Pollutants in Sibelis estuary come from industrial activities, such as the fillet household industry, fishing ports, and domestic pollution. While pollutants of Kemiri estuary come from pond fisheries, agricultural activities, and domestic pollutions. This study aims to assess the water quality of the Sibelis and Kemiri estuaries during the rainy season based on the Water Quality Index of the National Sanitation Foundation. The research was done on January–March 2019 (rainy season) with three sampling stations. Each station was divided into three sites. Eight water quality parameters were measured i.e. temperature, TDS, TSS, pH, BOD5, DO, PO4 and NO3. The results showed that there was an increasing trend in the NSF WQI Index in Sibelis from January to March 2019 (48.02 to 51.25) and included in the poor quality category (49.61). Based on the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Standards (2004), six parameters were out of standard, namely TDS, TSS, BOD5, DO, PO4 and NO3. While the results of Kemiri estuary show a decreasing trend from January to March 2019 (62.36 to 57.88) and fall into the medium quality category (62.08). Only four parameters have outside standards i.e. TDS, TSS, PO4 and NO3.
The Use of Piezoelectric as Energy Harvester in Breakwater
Authors: Yulianti S , Kevin P , Prakoso A
Published: May 2021

Nowadays, in the case of the coastal structures, wave breaking and access to clean energy are two important issues, which can be addressed by combining breakwater and vibration-based energy harvesting systems. In the study, the mechanical energy harvester which is produced from the transvers wave motion of water particles is developed by the piezoelectric motion in the breakwater and resulting electrical energy. To study the application of this system, a theoretical model is presented. This study has the objective to know the wind analysis, wave estimation and potential of power produced by sea waves on Enggano Bengkulu island is an area with large potential of sea wave energy. From the result of the research is the wave height 1.035 m and wavelength 44.902 m is also strongly suggest to produce energy for 7.51 kW into breakwater. The results of this project demonstrated that wind analysis, wave estimation with Weibull method and the design of breakwater with piezoelectric system can be utilized to absorb wave energy. This research develops breakwater construction with piezoelectricity as a result, potential novel renewable energy by offshore infrastructure.
Meulaboh Tombolo Response to Large Tsunami, West Coast of Sumatra Island, Indonesia
Authors: Setyawan W B
Published: May 2021

Meulaboh city which is devastated by the tsunami of 26 December 2004, is situated on the west coast of northern part of Sumatra Island. The city is located on a tombolo that currently also acts as a peninsula in the existing coastline system. West coast of the tombolo which is consists of natural sandy beach coastline in high energy condition of coastal waters was studied for its response to the tsunami. Images from Google Earth were the main data in this study and used for coastal landform analysis before and after the tsunami. Photograph data from various sources and fieldwork data from 2002 also used. Results of this study show that the tsunami was eroded the sandy beach and resulted in an irregular coastline patterns, but the general shape of the coastline pattern remains curved. The erosion had been produced many incised channels and low cliffed coast. Recovery processes was start in a week after the tsunami. The plan shape of the sandy beach was recovered in accordance with eliminating the cliffed coast and closing of incised channel and producing enclosed water bodies. Almost all traces of the tsunami were lost following sandy beach recovery with an exception of enclosed water bodies that far enough from reaching by normal wave activities.
The Assessment of Coral Reefs Mapping Methodology: An Integrated Method Approach
Authors: Sutrisno D , Sugara A , Darmawan M
Published: May 2021

Indonesian waters hold the world’s mega biodiversity of coral reefs. However, a range of anthropogenic pressures are threatening the coral reefs persistence. Since the early 20th century, remote sensing data has been assessed to map and monitor coral reefs. The reef habitats are monitored at various hierarchical spatial scales using integrated remote sensing and field data, but the level of detail and accuracy at a single point still questionable. Therefore, this study aims to assess the coral reefs methodology based on an integrated digital image processing approach. The method will employ a multi-pair and a single pair or an initial pair of Depth Invariant Index (DII) transformation bands, pixel-based Isodata and K-Means algorithm, and supervised classification method based on maximum likelihood and nearest neighbor algorithms. Object-based classification images, training areas, and data references were supported by previous research. The findings indicate that the maximum likelihood algorithm is better to apply for supervised classification for a single transformation band, while the K-Means algorithm is better for pixel-based classification since better accuracy can be obtained. However, various remote sensing data, band combinations, and clusters may affect the difference in results.
The Use of tpsDig in Re-Describing Morphometry of Barbodes binotatus Caught in Java Island, Indonesia
Authors: Astuti S S , Hariati A M , Kusuma W E , Wiadnya D G R
Published: May 2021

Barbodes binotatus is a group of freshwater fish and this species is an endemic and most dominant category of freshwater species in Indonesia. Morphological examinations at the level of intraspecific populations by involving extensive sampling localities have never been conducted before. Morphological characteristics through truss morphometry analysis of body shape can be used to analyze shape changes during growth, discriminate genera or species as well as identify good quality of population for fish broodstock. This aims of research were to determine the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and morphological character of B. binotatus across different regions from Java. A total of 650 samples were analyzed and collected from a total of 24 sampling sites around Java Island. Individual specimens for each population were analyzed using thin plate spline (tpsDig) method with a total of 14 anatomical landmarks. The result of this research inform that PCA analysis showed highly significant different of each population. Research with genetic approach is needed to determine population groupings across distribution area.
Effects of Brazilin Contained in Caesalpinia sappan L on The Properties of Fish Paste from Ponyfish (Leiognathus sp)
Authors: Sumardianto  , Deanti H , Amalia U
Published: May 2021

Fish paste is one of fisheries products made by fermentation of small shrimp or non economically fishes and became popular in Indonesia as a condiment related rich in umami taste. Fish paste from different region have not same appearance and nutritional as result of processing variety such as raw material, composition and fermentation time. Most people think that the reddish brown fish paste color tends to be more attractive than the brown or blackish brown ones. This study aims to investigate the effect of brazilin extract of the dried heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L (BEC) on the physiochemical properties of fish paste from ponyfish (FPP). The powder of BEC was extracted using solution contain 96% ethanol and 1% HCl with ratio of the dried heartwood (in sawdust form) and solution are about 1:5. FPP was produced using three different concentration of BEC: 5%; 7.5%; 10% and without BEC (0%) as a control treatment. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and Kruskall-Wallis. Addition of the 5% and 10% BEC in fish paste resulted in lower lightness and higher redness compared with control (p<0.05). The 7.5% of BEC resulted significant difference (p<0.05) to color compared other treatments with Hue value test ranges from 18-540 (indicates high red color). The other parameters such as moisture content, amount of Lactic Acid Bacteria and sensory attributes did not show any difference. In conclusion, the 7.5% of BEC exhibited the effectiveness in color performance and sensory attributes in FPP.
Inventory Shaft and Propeller of Traditional Vessels in Gresik-East Java
Authors: Budiarto A H , Winarno A , Setyorini P D
Published: May 2021

Based on the map, parts of Gresik were known as coastal area. Condition of traditional vessel in development and application propulsion systems still use previous vessels as a references. Traditional vessel should follows Indonesia Classification Bureau (Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia or BKI) guidance, however Gresik traditional vessels hasn’t fulfill the BKI guidance. Hence, in this research aim to inventory shaft and propeller of traditional vessel and to calculate according the BKI. The research method is collect literature review, collect vessel data and calculate it according guidance. This research was carried out on vessel data collection in three sub-districts, namely Panceng sub-district, Ujung Pangkah sub-istrict and Gresik sub-district. There are 3 results in this research, the first one is minimum shaft diameter (Ds) which weren’t fulfill BKI guidance is Panceng Sub-district with 20% of 10 vessels. Second results is maximum bearings distance which weren’t fulfill BKI guidance is Panceng Sub-district with 40% of 10 vessels. And the last is all sub-district has fulfill minimum thickness 0,25 propeller radius (t0,25R
). Based on the results, importance applying BKI guidance should be introduced for owner or crew of gresik traditional vessels.
The involvement of young entrepreneurs in halal food products in Kelantan
Authors: Nursalwani M , Nur Nadia Suhada R , Palsan Sannasi A , Mohammad Amizi A , Zul Ariff A L
Published: May 2021

Young people are the future of every nation and an essential asset to the economics of country development. Currently, young entrepreneurs’ involvement in the halal food industry is increased due to Malaysia government policy providing incentives, continuing supports, and various strategies or programs to develop young entrepreneurs. The purposes of this research paper are to determine the level of involvement among young entrepreneurs towards halal labels and to investigate the relationship between attitude, social norms, and perceived behavior control and the involvement of young entrepreneurs in the halal food product in Kelantan. In this research, a survey was conducted, and the questionnaire was distributed using purposive sampling toward 40 entrepreneurs aged between 15 to 30 years old in halal food products in Kelantan. The data collected were then analyzed using descriptive analysis, normality test, and Pearson correlation analysis. The study found that young entrepreneurs’ high involvement level and a significant relationship between social norms and perceived behavior towards involvement in halal food product labeling in Kelantan.
Factors influencing the adoption of innovation in beef cattle farming: A study in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Farah Adila , Ali Jamal , Zamzuri Noor Mohd Saifoul
Published: May 2021

Beef cattle plays a role as a protein source to the population of a country. However, the current demand for beef is greater than its supply making it a hot issue in food security. Moreover, the price of local beef per kilogram is higher than imported beef. The use of innovations such as artificial insemination, biosecurity and integration techniques is yet to be applied by beef cattle farmers although empirically proven to improve beef production. This situation has become more critical among beef producers in Malaysia. This study was conducted on 233 beef cattle farmers at four states of Peninsular Malaysia including Kedah, Kelantan, Selangor and Johor. Ordinal logistic regression was employed to analyse the influencing factors for adopting innovation in beef cattle farming. The result demonstrated that farmer-to-farmer extension, level of education, number of cattle, value of a business and access to information were statistically significant at 0.1, 0.01 and 0.05. However, age, experience and government extension showed an insignificant relationship with the adoption of innovation. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that farmers are still interested in adopting innovation; however, some limitations were found to drive them away from it. Hence, the collaboration among all parties is a must to ensure the success of this sector and achieve a self-sufficiency level for the Malaysian population.
Application of herbal plants in giant freshwater prawn: A review on its opportunities and limitation
Authors: Muhammad Amiruddin W , Sukri S A M , Al-Amsyar S M , Rusli N D , Mat K B , Mohd M , Harun H C
Published: May 2021

Macrobrachium rosenbergii can be found in northwest India’s freshwater to Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, and Northern Australia. Nowadays, it becomes the most commercially crucial freshwater crustacean species cultured in many countries in the Asia region and beyond its natural distribution. On the other hand, feed additives are one of the feed ingredients that significantly improve the immune system, enhance the ingestion of feed, stress resistance, and reproduction. There are also many challenges in feed additives, i.e., high price, water-soluble, food safety, environmental issue, and the ban of nutritive antibiotics. Intensified research is devoted to exploiting natural products such as herbs in developing herbal feed additives to enhance cultured aquatic species’ performance. Herbs are cheap, safe, effective, easily prepared, biodegradable resources, and a high potential for mass production. Herbs contain many beneficial ingredients that can help as a growth promoter and immunostimulants for animals. However, herbal plants’ application to the animal must be in the right dosage to prevent toxicity. This review discusses the findings from different studies related to the in-vitro and in-vivo applications of herbs as a growth promoter, antimicrobial, and immunostimulant agent besides its opportunity and limitations in applying herbs focusing on M. rosenbergii culture.