bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Metal Dilution on the Thermal Spin Transition of [FexZn1–x(bapbpy)(NCS)2]
Authors: Zheng Sipeng , Siegler Maxime A. , Sánchez Costa José , Fu Wen‐Tian , Bonnet Sylvestre
Published: January 2013

This study reports on the effects of zinc dilution on the structure and magnetic properties of the mononuclear two‐step spin‐crossover compound [Fe(bapbpy)(NCS)2] (1; bapbpy = N6,N6′‐di(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐6,6′‐diamine). The zinc analogue of 1, [Zn(bapbpy)(NCS)2] (3), was synthesized and characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, which suggests different structural features from 1. The crystal structure of the related compound [Fe(bapbpy)(NCS)]2[Zn(NCS)4]·3DMF (4) was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Unlike the hexacoordinate FeII in 1, the ZnII ions in 4 are pentacoordinate. Nine diluted powder samples [FexZn1–x(bapbpy)(NCS)2] were prepared with iron fractions of x = 0.89, 0.81, 0.76, 0.65, 0.60, 0.53, 0.44, 0.38, and 0.24. According to powder X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy, the phase of compound 1 is retained in the zinc‐diluted samples when x > 0.53. At higher dilutions (i.e., when x < 0.53), the phase of compound 3 gradually takes over, but the SCO of the iron complexes in the zinc phase remains observable at an iron fraction as low as x = 0.24. Powder X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy data indicate the presence of the zinc phase only (i.e., compound 3) when x ≤ 0.24. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on the diluted samples show that upon decreasing the iron fraction x, both hysteresis cycles become initially narrower, and then vanish to lead to a single‐step SCO material at x = 0.76. Upon additional increase of the zinc contents, the cooperativity of the SCO gradually vanishes to lead to a noncooperative SCO material at the lowest iron fraction studied (x = 0.24). Despite the different coordination properties of the bapbpy ligand towards FeII and ZnII, the spin crossover of the hexacoordinate FeII complex is robust enough to withstand dilution into a magnetically silent ZnII phase that is structurally different from that of the iron compound.
Outrage towards whom? Threats to moral group status impede striving to improve via out‐group‐directed outrage
Authors: Täuber Susanne , van Zomeren Martijn
Published: January 2013

Threats to group status can elicit different responses, ranging from those that motivate striving for improvement to those that motivate defending the threatened social identity. We examine why moral threats to group status may inhibit individuals' striving to improve. Specifically, we predicted that a threat to the group's moral status evokes a defensive emotional focus on the out‐group that impedes individuals' striving to improve. Two studies (N = 76 and N = 90) showed that moral (as opposed to nonmoral) threats elicited more outrage directed at the out‐group and, by trend, less outrage directed at the in‐group. The follow‐up study further demonstrated that moral threat impeded striving for improvement because of the relative focus of outrage on in‐group versus out‐group. Moreover, and consistent with our group‐based analysis, this pattern was most pronounced among strongly identified group members. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of framing groups' shortcomings in moral versus nonmoral terms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bevacizumab reduces tumor targeting of antiepidermal growth factor and anti‐insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor antibodies
Authors: Heskamp Sandra , Boerman Otto C. , Molkenboer‐Kuenen Janneke D.M. , Oyen Wim J.G. , van der Graaf Winette T.A. , van Laarhoven Hanneke W.M.
Published: January 2013

Bevacizumab (antivascular endothelial growth factor [anti‐VEGF]) and cetuximab (antiepidermal growth factor receptor [anti‐EGFR]) are approved antibodies for treatment of cancer. However, in advanced colorectal cancer, the combination fails to improve survival. As the reason for the lack of activity is unknown, our study aims to determine the effect of bevacizumab on targeting of anti‐EGFR and insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R) antibodies in tumors with single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging. Mice with subcutaneous EGFR and IGF‐1R‐expressing SUM149 xenografts received a single dose of bevacizumab (10 mg/kg) or saline. After 4 days, mice were injected with radiolabeled cetuximab or R1507, an anti‐IGF‐1R antibody. A control group received a radiolabeled irrelevant IgG (hLL2). Three days later, SPECT/CT images were acquired and mice were dissected to determine the concentration of antibodies in the tissues. Tumors were analyzed immunohistochemically to determine vascular density (CD34), VEGF, EGFR and IGF‐1R expression. SPECT/CT imaging revealed that bevacizumab treatment significantly reduced tumor targeting of radiolabeled cetuximab by 40% from 33.1 ± 1.1 %ID/g to 19.8 ± 5.7 %ID/g (p = 0.009) for untreated and bevacizumab‐treated tumors, respectively. A similar effect was found for 111In‐R1507: tumor targeting of R1507 decreased by 35%. No significant differences in tumor uptake were observed in mice that received an irrelevant IgG. Uptake in normal organs was not altered by bevacizumab. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that vascular density decreased with 43%, whereas EGFR and IGF‐1R expression was unaltered. In conclusion, bevacizumab treatment significantly reduces tumor targeting of anti‐EGFR and anti‐IGF‐1R antibodies. This emphasizes the importance of timing and sequencing of bevacizumab in combination with other antibodies.
MAXIMIZING PRODUCTIVITY AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF ALFALFA UNDER PRECISE SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION IN ARID REGIONS
Authors: Ismail Saleh M. , Almarshadi Mohammed H.
Published: January 2013

A field experiment studying the effect of water stress on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) productivity and water use efficiency was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station of King Abdelaziz University. The design of the experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. It consisted of three treatments, namely: field capacity treatment (FC) as a control, 85% FC and 70% FC as stress treatments. The irrigation water for all treatments was precisely supplied using recent technology known as the water electronics module (WEM).

Results indicated that decreasing water supply decreased fresh and dry yield of alfalfa but increased irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). As a result, 13 and 27% of irrigation water were saved from 85% FC and 70% FC treatments respectively in each cut compared with the FC treatment. The reduction of water supply resulted in a yield reduction of 12 and 21.7% for 85% FC and 70% FC, respectively. The results also proved that WEM is a practical tool to precisely supply irrigation water and can be used effectively to control deficit irrigation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PROJECTING FUTURE PADDY IRRIGATION DEMANDS IN KOREA
Authors: Sang‐Ok Chung
Published: January 2013

Climate change will introduce changes in air and sea water temperature, rainfall, among others. This will affect water resources, food production, public health, etc. To assess the impacts of climate change is a prerequisite to developing adaptation and mitigation strategies. In this study the impacts of climate change on paddy irrigation water demands in Korea have been analyzed. Dynamically downscaled 27 × 27 km grid future climate data for the SRES A2 scenario and the observed baseline climatology dataset were used. A geographic information system was used to produce maps showing the spatial changes in irrigation water requirements for rice paddies. The results showed that the growing season mean temperature and rainfall for future scenarios were projected to increase. The effect of ETo increase due to temperature increase was larger than that of rainfall increase on paddy irrigation requirement. Therefore the paddy irrigation requirement was projected to increase in the future. The total volumetric irrigation water demand was projected to increase by 2.8% (2020s), 4.9% (2050s) and 4.5% (2080s). The temporal and spatial variations were large and should be considered in irrigation water resource planning and management in the future. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nature or nurture in low back pain? Results of a systematic review of studies based on twin samples
Authors: Ferreira P.H. , Beckenkamp P. , Maher C.G. , Hopper J.L. , Ferreira M.L.
Published: January 2013

Twin studies are becoming popular to investigate risk factors for low back pain (LBP) because they consider the genetic factor and allow for more precise estimates of risks. We aimed to identify and summarize the results of studies based on twin samples investigating risk factors for LBP. The MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science and EMBASE databases were searched. Prospective and cross‐sectional observational studies of LBP involving twins were included. The exposure factors could be genetics (heritability) or environmental such as smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index and medical history. Pooling was attempted using an inverse variance weighting and fixed effects model. Twenty‐seven studies were included. Estimates of heritability effects ranged from 21% to 67%. The genetic component was higher for more chronic and disabling LBP than acute and less disabling LBP. Smoking was significantly associated with LBP [pooled odds ratio (OR) = 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8–3.3] with a longitudinal and a cross‐sectional study also identifying a dose–response relationship in people with chronic LBP. Obesity was associated with LBP (pooled OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.6–2.2) with a cross‐sectional study identifying a dose–response relationship. No association between alcohol consumption and LBP was identified. Co‐morbidities such as asthma, diabetes and osteoarthritis were associated with LBP (pooled OR ranging from 1.6 to 4.2). The contribution of genetics to LBP appears to be dependent on the severity of the condition. Twin studies could be better used to explore possible causation paths between lifestyle factors, co‐morbidities and LBP.
Light‐emitting diode therapy induces analgesia and decreases spinal cord and sciatic nerve tumour necrosis factor‐α levels after sciatic nerve crush in mice
Authors: Cidral‐Filho F.J. , Martins D.F. , Moré A.O.O. , Mazzardo‐Martins L. , Silva M.D. , Cargnin‐Ferreira E. , Santos A.R.S.
Published: January 2013

Background

Neuropathic pain is severely debilitating and resistant to pharmacological approaches; therefore, the study of therapies to complement its treatment is especially relevant. In a case report study, light‐emitting diode therapy (LEDT) has shown analgesic activity as well as reduced the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in a rabbit osteoarthritis model and in calcaneal tendinitis in rats. Although LEDT stimulated morphofunctional recovery after nerve injury in rats, its effect against neuropathic pain has not been tested.

Methods

To that purpose, mice under anaesthesia were subjected to the sciatic nerve crush (SNC) model. On the seventh post‐operative day, after determining analgesic dose (energy density in joules), LEDT (950 nm, 80 mW/cm2, 2.5 J/cm2) was irradiated, daily for a period of 15 days, on the skin over the crush site.

Results

Compared with the SNC group, LEDT reduced mechanical hypersensitivity but not cold hypersensitivity which is induced by SNC, decreased spinal cord and sciatic nerve levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) but did not alter interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐10 levels, and finally, failed to accelerate motor functional recovery and morphological nerve regeneration.

Conclusion

Taken together, these data provide first‐hand evidence of LEDT effectiveness against neuropathic pain induced by SNC, with corresponding decrease of pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels, both in the sciatic nerve and in the spinal cord, although at a small analgesic dose, LEDT failed to accelerate nerve regeneration.
Pain distribution and predictors of widespread pain in the immediate aftermath of motor vehicle collision
Authors: Bortsov A.V. , Platts‐Mills T.F. , Peak D.A. , Jones J.S. , Swor R.A. , Domeier R.M. , Lee D.C. , Rathlev N.K. , Hendry P.L. , Fillingim R.B. , McLean S.A.
Published: January 2013

Background

Musculoskeletal pain is common after motor vehicle collision (MVC). The study objective was to evaluate distribution of pain and predictors of widespread musculoskeletal pain in the early aftermath (within 48 h) of collision.

Methods

European American adults aged 18–65 years presenting to the emergency department (ED) after collision who were discharged to home after evaluation were eligible. Evaluation included an assessment of reported pre‐collision psychological characteristics, crash characteristics, current pain severity and location, and current psychological symptoms. Adjusted risk ratios were estimated using generalized linear models.

Results

Among 890 participants included in the study, 589/890 (66%) had pain in three or more regions, and 192/890 (22%) had widespread musculoskeletal pain (pain in seven or more regions). In adjusted analyses, the presence of widespread pain was strongly associated with depressive and somatic symptoms prior to collision, pain catastrophizing, and acute psychological symptoms, and was not associated with most collision characteristics (road speed limit, extent of vehicle damage, collision type, driver vs. passenger, airbag deployment). The reported number of body regions that struck an object during the collision was associated with both reported pre‐collision depressive symptoms and with widespread pain.

Conclusion

More than one in five individuals presenting to the ED in the hours after MVC have widespread pain. Widespread pain is strongly associated with patient characteristics known to be modulated by supraspinal mechanisms, suggesting that stress‐induced hyperalgesia may influence acute widespread pain after collision.
Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization of visible‐light‐driven α‐Bi2O3 enhanced by Pr3+ doping
Authors: Wu Shuxing , Fang Jianzhang , Xu Weicheng , Cen Chaoping
Published: January 2013

Background

Water pollution is a serious problem for the entire world. Photocatalysis is an accepted way to decontaminate water. As the key factor influencing photocatalysis, an environmentally friendly photocatalyst should possess good visible‐light‐response. Additionally, an efficient catalyst should have good separation of e‐/h+ pairs. On account of the special f electron orbital structure, the ions of rare earths exhibit the ability to accelerate the abruption of photogenerated e‐/h+ pairs. In this work, visible‐light‐driven α‐Bi2O3 enhanced using Pr3+ doping was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis.

Results

The as‐prepared catalysts calcined at 500 °C exhibited only the characteristic peaks of Bi2O3 and presented irregular plate‐like structures. The separation efficiency for electron–hole was enhanced when α‐Bi2O3 was doped with Pr. The photocatalytic activities, which were evaluated by degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) under visible light irradiation, was enhanced significantly by doping Pr into α‐Bi2O3.

Conclusion

Doping α‐Bi2O3 with Pr significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity. The optimum percentage of doped pr was 3.0 mol %. ·OH radicals were the dominant photooxidant. This study demonstrates an efficient pathway to improve the photocatalytic performance of α‐Bi2O3. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of [3H]fluoroethyl tosylate and its use in the labelling of the dopamine transporter radioligand [3H]FE‐PE2I
Authors: Cochrane Alison R , Kerr William John , Sandell Johan
Published: January 2013

[3H]Fluoroethyl tosylate, a novel alkylating tritium labelling agent, was synthesized from tritium gas with high specific activity and with 99% radiochemical purity. [3H]Fluoroethyl tosylate was applied in the tritium labelling of the dopamine transporter radioligand [3H]FE‐PE2I. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein stabilization with a dipeptide‐mimic triazine‐scaffolded synthetic affinity ligand
Authors: Sousa I. T. , Lourenço N. M. T. , Afonso C. A. M. , Taipa M. A.
Published: January 2013

Protein stabilization was achieved by a novel approach based on the adsorption and establishment of affinity‐like interactions with a biomimetic triazine‐scaffolded ligand. A synthetic lead compound (ligand 3′/11,Ka ≈ 104 M−1) was selected from a previously screened solid‐phase library of affinity ligands for studies of adsorption and stabilization of cutinase fromFusarium solani pisiused as a model system. This ligand, directly synthesized in agarose by a well‐established solid‐phase synthesis method, was able to strongly bind cutinase and led to impressive half‐lives of more than 8 h at 70 °C, and of approximately 34 h at 60 °C for bound protein (a 25‐ and 57‐fold increase as compared with the free enzyme, respectively). The ligand density in the solid matrix was found to be a determinant parameter for cutinase stabilization. It is conceivable that the highly stabilizing effect observed results from the binding of more than one ligand residue to the enzyme, creating specific macromolecular configurations that lock structural mobility thus improving molecular stability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in terrestrial water storage versus rainfall and discharges in the Amazon basin
Authors: Frappart Frédéric , Ramillien Guillaume , Ronchail Josyane
Published: January 2013

This study examines how the interannual variability of rainfall impacts the land water storage in the Amazon basin during the 2003–2010 time span at monthly time‐scale using respectively, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations. Monthly estimates of GRACE‐based terrestrial water storage (TWS) are compared to (1) TRMM rainfall, (2) in situ discharges at the outlet of the major sub‐basins of the Amazon over 2003–2010 to characterize the redistribution of precipitation on land water. The time‐variations of land water storage derived from GRACE are consistent with those of rainfall and discharges at basin and sub‐basin scales even at interannual time‐scales (correlation generally greater than 0.7). The study of the relationship between these two quantities reveals large differences in terms of rainfall amount, water storage, time delays, resulting of the water transport among the sub‐basins of the Amazon. The analysis of GRACE data has enabled identification of the signature of the recent extreme climatic events (droughts of 2005 and 2010, flood of 2009) on the land water storage, in terms of spatial patterns and intensity. These results are in good agreement with what was observed on independent datasets (water levels and discharges, vegetation activity, forest fires, and drought index), highlighting the interest of gravimetry from space missions for the characterization of the interannual variability of the TWS. GRACE data offer the unique opportunity to monitor the hydrological cycle in ungauged basins where reliable observations of rainfall and discharges are missing.
Towards a Fuzzy Expert System on Toxicological Data Quality Assessment
Authors: Yang Longzhi , Neagu Daniel , Cronin Mark T. D. , Hewitt Mark , Enoch Steven J. , Madden Judith C. , Przybylak Katarzyna
Published: January 2013

Quality assessment (QA) requires high levels of domain‐specific experience and knowledge. QA tasks for toxicological data are usually performed by human experts manually, although a number of quality evaluation schemes have been proposed in the literature. For instance, the most widely utilised Klimisch scheme1defines four data quality categories in order to tag data instances with respect to their qualities; ToxRTool2is an extension of the Klimisch approach aiming to increase the transparency and harmonisation of the approach. Note that the processes of QA in many other areas have been automatised by employing expert systems. Briefly, an expert system is a computer program that uses a knowledge base built upon human expertise, and an inference engine that mimics the reasoning processes of human experts to infer new statements from incoming data. In particular, expert systems have been extended to deal with the uncertainty of information by representing uncertain information (such as linguistic terms) as fuzzy sets under the framework of fuzzy set theory and performing inferences upon fuzzy sets according to fuzzy arithmetic. This paper presents an experimental fuzzy expert system for toxicological data QA which is developed on the basis of the Klimisch approach and the ToxRTool in an effort to illustrate the power of expert systems to toxicologists, and to examine if fuzzy expert systems are a viable solution for QA of toxicological data. Such direction still faces great difficulties due to the well‐known common challenge of toxicological data QA that “five toxicologists may have six opinions”. In the meantime, this challenge may offer an opportunity for expert systems because the construction and refinement of the knowledge base could be a converging process of different opinions which is of significant importance for regulatory policy making under the regulation of REACH, though a consensus may never be reached. Also, in order to facilitate the implementation of Weight of Evidence approaches and in silico modelling proposed by REACH, there is a higher appeal of numerical quality values than nominal (categorical) ones, where the proposed fuzzy expert system could help. Most importantly, the deriving processes of quality values generated in this way are fully transparent, and thus comprehensible, for final users, which is another vital point for policy making specified in REACH. Case studies have been conducted and this report not only shows the promise of the approach, but also demonstrates the difficulties of the approach and thus indicates areas for future development.
Consistency analysis of the spectrum and prosody within a syllable for Mandarin speech
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Lin , Yeh Cheng‐Yu , Hwang Shaw‐Hwa , Yan Long‐Jhe
Published: January 2013

This work presents a study of Mandarin speech focusing on consistency analysis of the spectrum and prosody within syllables. Identified as a result of inspection of the human pronunciation process, this consistency can be interpreted as a high correlation between the warping curves of the spectrum and the prosody intra a syllable. The consistency analysis consisted of three steps. First, the hidden Markov model algorithm was used to decode the hidden Markov model‐state sequences within a syllable, while at the same time dividing them into three segments. Second, based on a designated syllable, the vector quantization (VQ) with the Linde–Buzo–Gray algorithm was employed to train the VQ codebooks of the prosodic vector of each segment. Third, the prosodic vector of each segment was encoded as an index using the VQ codebooks, and then, to analyze the consistency, the probability of each possible path was evaluated as a prerequisite. Finally, two syllables were used as examples to verify the consistency property found in the experiments. It is demonstrated experimentally that there is definitely consistency in the case where the syllable is located in exactly the same word. These results offer a research direction in that the warping process between the spectrum and the prosody intra a syllable must be considered in text‐to‐speech systems to improve the synthesized speech quality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four techniques based on the B‐spline expansion and the collocation approach for the numerical solution of the Lane–Emden equation
Authors: Lakestani Mehrdad , Dehghan Mehdi
Published: January 2013

Four numerical techniques based on the linear B‐spline functions are presented for the numerical solution of the Lane–Emden equation. Some properties of the B‐spline functions are presented and are utilized to reduce the solution of the Lane–Emden equation to the solution of algebraic equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the new techniques. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered functional brain networks in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Zhang Yi , Zhao Heng , Qiu Siyou , Tian Jie , Wen Xiaotong , Miller Jennifer L. , von Deneen Karen M. , Zhou Zhenyu , Gold Mark S. , Liu Yijun
Published: January 2013

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic imprinting disorder characterized mainly by hyperphagia and early childhood obesity. Previous functional neuroimaging studies used visual stimuli to examine abnormal activities in the eating‐related neural circuitry of patients with PWS. It was found that patients with PWS exhibited both excessive hunger and hyperphagia consistently, even in situations without any food stimulation. In the present study, we employed resting‐state functional MRI techniques to investigate abnormal brain networks related to eating disorders in children with PWS. First, we applied amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation analysis to define the regions of interest that showed significant alterations in resting‐state brain activity levels in patients compared with their sibling control group. We then applied a functional connectivity (FC) analysis to these regions of interest in order to characterize interactions among the brain regions. Our results demonstrated that patients with PWS showed decreased FC strength in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)/inferior parietal lobe (IPL), MPFC/precuneus, IPL/precuneus and IPL/hippocampus in the default mode network; decreased FC strength in the pre‐/postcentral gyri and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)/orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the motor sensory network and prefrontal cortex network, respectively; and increased FC strength in the anterior cingulate cortex/insula, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)/OFC and DLPFC/VLPFC in the core network and prefrontal cortex network, respectively. These findings indicate that there are FC alterations among the brain regions implicated in eating as well as rewarding, even during the resting state, which may provide further evidence supporting the use of PWS as a model to study obesity and to provide information on potential neural targets for the medical treatment of overeating. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence of finite element method for linear second‐order wave equations with discontinuous coefficients
Authors: Deka Bhupen , Ahmed Tazuddin
Published: January 2013

A finite element method is proposed and analyzed for hyperbolic problems with discontinuous coefficients. The main emphasize is given on the convergence of such method. Due to low global regularity of the solutions, the error analysis of the standard finite element method is difficult to adopt for such problems. For a practical finite element discretization, optimal error estimates in L∞(L2) and L∞(H1) norms are established for continuous time discretization. Further, a fully discrete scheme based on a symmetric difference approximation is considered, and optimal order convergence in L∞(H1) norm is established. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
G‐Protein coupled receptor 64 promotes invasiveness and metastasis in Ewing sarcomas through PGF and MMP1
Authors: Richter Günther HS , Fasan Annette , Hauer Kristina , Grunewald Thomas GP , Berns Colette , Rössler Sabine , Naumann Ivonne , Staege Martin S. , Fulda Simone , Esposito Irene , Burdach Stefan
Published: January 2013

Metastatic spread in Ewing sarcomas (ES) is frequent and haematogenous. G‐protein coupled receptor 64 (GPR64), an orphan receptor with normal expression restricted to human epididymis is specifically over‐expressed in ES among sarcoma, but also up‐regulated in a number of carcinomas derived from prostate, kidney or lung. Inhibition of GPR64 expression in ES by RNA interference impaired colony formation in vitro and suppressed local tumour growth and metastasis in Rag2−/−γC−/− mice. Microarray analysis after GPR64 knock down revealed a GPR64‐mediated repression of genes involved in neuronal development like SLIT, drosophila, homolog of, 2 (SLIT2), and genes regulating transcription including pre‐B cell leukemia homeobox 2 (PBX2). Concurrently, the suppression of GPR64 increased ES susceptibility to TRAIL induced apoptosis. Moreover, a GPR64‐mediated induction of placental growth factor (PGF) in ES was observed. PGF suppression by RNA interference resulted in a reduction of metastatic growth similar to that observed after GPR64 knock down. Importantly, inhibition of GPR64 as well as PGF expression was associated with a reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and invasiveness in vitro. Furthermore, MMP1 knock down abrogated lung metastasis in Rag2−/−γC−/− mice. Thus, GPR64 expression in ES maintains an immature phenotype that is less sensitive to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis and via its up‐regulation of PGF and MMP1 orchestrates and promotes invasiveness and metastatic spread. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, UV–Vis and CV properties of a structurally related series of bis(Arylimino)acenaphthenes (Ar‐BIANs)
Authors: Hasan Kamrul , Zysman‐Colman Eli
Published: January 2013

Herein, we report the synthesis and electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization for a series of six bis(arylimino)acenaphthene, compounds commonly used as ligands in catalysis, polymerization and materials. Low energy absorption bands are the result of an intraligand charge transfer between the aryl groups and the acenaphthene core, and their energies obey a Hammett relationship with respect to substitution on the aryl. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the hydroperoxyl radical scavenging activity of two Edaravone derivatives: mechanism and kinetics
Authors: Pérez‐González Adriana , Galano Annia
Published: January 2013

The free radical scavenging activity of two Edaravone (EDA) derivatives (C1 and D1) has been studied in aqueous and lipid solutions using the Density Functional Theory. Different mechanisms of reaction have been considered, as well as the acid/base equilibrium in aqueous solution. The studied compounds were found to be rather poor •OOH scavengers in non‐polar environments, but better than the parent molecule, EDA, which suggests that the peroxyl scavenging activity of this kind of compounds in lipid media could be increased via structural modifications. In aqueous solution, at physiological pH, D1 is predicted to be a better peroxyl scavenger than C1, and slightly better than its parent molecule, EDA. Their excellent activity, under such conditions, is attributed to the electron transfer from their anionic forms. D1 was found to be among the best peroxyl scavengers known so far, with a rate constant for its reaction with •OOH near the diffusion limit regime (2.3 × 108 M−1s−1). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism
Authors: Soeriyadi Alexander H. , R.Whittaker Michael , Boyer Cyrille , Davis Thomas P.
Published: January 2013

This review (sourced from ± 300 references) is focused on the use of soft ionization mass spectroscopy to characterize the products of polymerization/degradation reactions thereby yielding mechanistic information. We provide a brief description of the different spectrometers techniques available for polymer analyses, including MALDI‐TOF, ESI‐MS, and a précis of mass spectrometer performance, together with a brief critique summarizing the limitations and advantages of each. On MALDI‐TOF, we detail the possible side reactions that can occur when the MALDI‐TOF technique is employed to analyze polymers, and emphasize the importance of correct sample preparation. ESI‐MS is also given attention and emphasis is placed on the limitations and optimization of samples for successful analyses. This review is presented in the context of polymer science research, with special attention focused on the use of MS data to gain insights into mechanistic processes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Complete solubilization of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue may improve proteomic studies
Authors: Shi Shan‐Rong , Taylor Clive R. , Fowler Carol B. , Mason Jeffrey T.
Published: January 2013

Tissue‐based proteomic approaches (tissue proteomics) are essential for discovering and evaluating biomarkers for personalized medicine. In any proteomics study, the most critical issue is sample extraction and preparation. This problem is especially difficult when recovering proteins from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. However, improving and standardizing protein extraction from FFPE tissue is a critical need because of the millions of archival FFPE tissues available in tissue banks worldwide. Recent progress in the application of heat‐induced antigen retrieval principles for protein extraction from FFPE tissue has resulted in a number of published FFPE tissue proteomics studies. However, there is currently no consensus on the optimal protocol for protein extraction from FFPE tissue or accepted standards for quantitative evaluation of the extracts. Standardization is critical to ensure the accurate evaluation of FFPE protein extracts by proteomic methods such as reverse phase protein arrays, which is now in clinical use. In our view, complete solubilization of FFPE tissue samples is the best way to achieve the goal of standardizing the recovery of proteins from FFPE tissues. However, further studies are recommended to develop standardized protein extraction methods to ensure quantitative and qualitative reproducibility in the recovery of proteins from FFPE tissues.
Microproteomics by liquid extraction surface analysis: Application to FFPE tissue to study the fimbria region of tubo‐ovarian cancer
Authors: Wisztorski Maxence , Fatou Benoit , Franck Julien , Desmons Annie , Farré Isabelle , Leblanc Eric , Fournier Isabelle , Salzet Michel
Published: January 2013

Purpose

We have developed a new method for rapid analysis of a specific region on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. This method combines advantages of direct tissue MS analysis keeping histological information and conventional proteomics approaches for confident identification of proteins in complex sample.

Experimental design

After histological annotation, heat‐induced antigen retrieval is performed on FFPE tissue. Using a chemical inkjet printer, trypsin is deposited on discrete regions of less than 1 mm2. After protein digestion, a liquid extraction is performed to retrieve all the peptides. Data coming from identification of proteins in cancer and benign region are compared.

Results

In total, 3649 unique peptides were identified (with a peptide strict false discovery rate less than 1%) corresponding to 983 and 792 nonredundant protein groups identified in benign and cancer region, respectively. A total of 123 protein groups are found only in cancer region and 315 are specific to the benign part. From these data, it has been possible to obtain different important signaling pathways involved in cancer processes and some proteins already known as biomarkers.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

This new approach using a combination of localized on‐tissue protein digestion and liquid microextraction followed by LC‐MS/MS analysis is useful for advancing our understanding of cancer biology. It is a rapid and innovative technique that will contribute positively to clinical proteomics.
Dose‐finding designs using a novel quasi‐continuous endpoint for multiple toxicities
Authors: Ezzalfani Monia , Zohar Sarah , Qin Rui , Mandrekar Sumithra J. , Deley Marie‐Cécile Le
Published: January 2013

The aim of a phase I oncology trial is to identify a dose with an acceptable safety profile. Most phase I designs use the dose‐limiting toxicity, a binary endpoint, to assess the unacceptable level of toxicity. The dose‐limiting toxicity might be incomplete for investigating molecularly targeted therapies as much useful toxicity information is discarded. In this work, we propose a quasi‐continuous toxicity score, the total toxicity profile (TTP), to measure quantitatively and comprehensively the overall severity of multiple toxicities. We define the TTP as the Euclidean norm of the weights of toxicities experienced by a patient, where the weights reflect the relative clinical importance of each grade and toxicity type. We propose a dose‐finding design, the quasi‐likelihood continual reassessment method (CRM), incorporating the TTP score into the CRM, with a logistic model for the dose–toxicity relationship in a frequentist framework. Using simulations, we compared our design with three existing designs for quasi‐continuous toxicity score (the Bayesian quasi‐CRM with an empiric model and two nonparametric designs), all using the TTP score, under eight different scenarios. All designs using the TTP score to identify the recommended dose had good performance characteristics for most scenarios, with good overdosing control. For a sample size of 36, the percentage of correct selection for the quasi‐likelihood CRM ranged from 80% to 90%, with similar results for the quasi‐CRM design. These designs with TTP score present an appealing alternative to the conventional dose‐finding designs, especially in the context of molecularly targeted agents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of New On‐Line Pre‐Hardening Technology of 3Cr2NiMo Plastic Die Steel
Authors: Zhu Dong‐Mei , Liu Guo‐Yong , Zhang Shao‐Jun , Li Mou‐Wei
Published: January 2013

The thermal property parameters of 3Cr2NiMo plastic die steel were tested and the two‐dimensional finite element model was established in the paper. The temperature fields of 3Cr2NiMo plastic die steel plate with the thickness of 130 mm were calculated and analyzed under three quenching processes. The results showed that for all of the three processes the cooling rates could avoid the pearlite transformation zone when the temperature of the steel plate was more than 500°C. When the temperature was less than 500°C, the cooling rate of the third process was slower, and the temperature difference was effectively alleviated, which avoided large transformation stress appearance. For 3Cr2NiMo plastic die steel with the thickness of 130 mm, the third process was the best process. In the paper, the hardness and the microstructures were tested after the third process and tempering. After tempering process, the structures were all tempered sorbite, and the tempering hardness difference in the whole steel plate was less than 3HRC, and there were no cracks. The study provided references for on‐line pre‐hardening process formulation and optimization of large plastic die steel.
The Gambling Behavior of Indigenous Australians
Authors: Hing Nerilee , Breen Helen , Gordon Ashley , Russell Alex
Published: January 2013

The gambling activities of minority groups such as Indigenous peoples are usually culturally complex and poorly understood. To redress the scarcity of information and contribute to a better understanding of gambling by Indigenous people, this paper presents quantitative evidence gathered at three Australian Indigenous festivals, online and in several Indigenous communities. With support from Indigenous communities, the study collected and analyzed surveys from 1,259 self-selected Indigenous adults. Approximately 33 % of respondents gambled on card games while 80 % gambled on commercial gambling forms in the previous year. Gambling participation and involvement are high, particularly on electronic gaming machines (EGMs), the favorite and most regular form of gambling. Men are significantly more likely to participate in gambling and to gamble more frequently on EGMs, horse/dog races, sports betting and instant scratch tickets. This elevated participation and frequency of gambling on continuous forms would appear to heighten gambling risks for Indigenous men. This is particularly the case for younger Indigenous men, who are more likely than their older counterparts to gamble on EGMs, table games and poker. While distinct differences between the gambling behaviors of our Indigenous sample and non-Indigenous Australians are apparent, Australian Indigenous behavior appears similar to that of some Indigenous and First Nations populations in other countries. Although this study represents the largest survey of Indigenous Australian gambling ever conducted in New South Wales and Queensland, further research is needed to extend our knowledge of Indigenous gambling and to limit the risks from gambling for Indigenous peoples.
Review of Self-exclusion from Gambling Venues as an Intervention for Problem Gambling
Authors: Gainsbury Sally M.
Published: January 2013

Self-exclusion programs are required to be provided by gambling operators in many international jurisdictions in an attempt to provide an option for those who have gambling problems to avoid further gambling. However, minimal robust and comprehensive research has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of self-exclusion programs. There is much scope for reform and greater cohesion between jurisdictions, particularly neighbouring jurisdictions that would offer greater protection to individuals and industry bodies. This review outlines the evidence surrounding existing self-exclusion strategies, the benefits and limitations of such programs, and provides potential recommendations for an effective intervention program. Research suggests that self-exclusion programs are under-utilised by problem gamblers and are not completely effective in preventing individuals from gambling in venues from which they have excluded, or on other forms. Nonetheless, self-report indicates that self-excluders generally experience benefits from programs, including decreased gambling and increased psychological wellbeing and overall functioning. There are many areas in which existing programs could be improved, such as providing more resources for excluded individuals and reducing barriers to program entry, and more research is needed. However, self-exclusion programs are an important component of any public health strategy that aims to minimise gambling-related harms and these should be based as far as possible on empirical evidence for effective program components.
Facilitating reflective learning: a PhD thesis report
Authors: Schaub-de Jong Mirabelle
Published: January 2013

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Full‐length Mst1 exhibits growth promoting function in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Ng Yuen-Keng , Lau Wing-Sze , Lui Vivian Wai Yan , Cheng Alfred Sze-Lok , Ng Patrick Kwok-Shing , Tsui Stephen Kwok-Wing , Cheung Yue Sun , Lai Paul Bo San
Published: January 2013

The putative tumor suppressor Mst1, when cleaved to its 36 kDa cleaved form, amplifies apoptotic signals. We found that Mst1 was predominantly expressed in its full‐length form in 76% (17/25 cases) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors. Mst1 cleavage was basically absent in HCC cells. Ectopic full‐length Mst1 expression increased the growth of HCC cells by 55–80% within 3 days after transfection. Expression of exogenous NORE1B, a tumor suppressor commonly lost in HCC tumors (∼56% of our cohort), was sufficient to suppress the growth promotion of full‐length Mst1. Hence, Mst1 exhibits a growth promoting activity in HCC cells upon NORE1B downregulation.
What is British nuclear culture? UnderstandingUranium 235
Authors: HUGHES JEFF
Published: January 2013

In the ever-expanding field of nuclear history, studies of ‘nuclear culture’ are becoming increasingly popular. Often situated within national contexts, they typically explore responses to the nuclear condition in the cultural modes of literature, art, music, theatre, film and other media, as well as nuclear imagery more generally. This paper offers a critique of current conceptions of ‘nuclear culture’, and argues that the term has little analytical coherence. It suggests that historians of ‘nuclear culture’ have tended to essentialize the nuclear to the detriment of historical analysis, and that the wide variety of methodological approaches to ‘nuclear culture’ are simultaneously a strength and a more significant weakness, in that they have little shared sense of the meaning of the term, its theoretical underpinnings or its analytical purchase. The paper then offers a study of Ewan MacColl's 1946 playUranium 235, whose career reveals much about the diversity of cultures of the nuclear in post-war Britain. The study moves us away from a single, homogeneous ‘British nuclear culture’ towards a pluralistic critical history of cultural responses to nuclearization. These responses, I conclude, should be seen as collectively constitutive of the nuclear condition rather than as passive reflections of it.
Safeguarding the atom: the nuclear enthusiasm of Muriel Howorth
Authors: JOHNSON PAIGE
Published: January 2013

There was more than one response to the nuclear age. Countering well-documented attitudes of protest and pessimism, Muriel Howorth (1886–1971) models a less examined strain of atomic enthusiasm in British nuclear culture. Believing that the same power within the atomic bomb could be harnessed to make the world a ‘smiling garden of Eden’, she utilized traditionally feminine domains of kitchen and garden in her efforts to educate the public about the potential of the atom and to ‘safeguard’ it on their behalf. Boldly entering an overtly masculine arena in which, as a woman and a layperson, she was doubly an ‘other’, Howorth used a variety of publications, organizations and staged events to interpret atomic science and specifically to address women. Her efforts, dating roughly from 1948 to 1962, preceded but had broad overlaps with official Atoms for Peace programmes, and culminated in the formation of the Atomic Gardening Society in 1960 to promote the cultivation of gamma-irradiated seeds by British gardeners.
‘The monster’? The British popular press and nuclear culture, 1945–early 1960s
Authors: BINGHAM ADRIAN
Published: January 2013

British popular newspapers were fascinated by the terrible power of the nuclear bomb, and they devoted countless articles, editorials and cartoons to it. In so doing, they played a significant role in shaping the nuclear culture of the post-war period. Yet scholars have given little sustained attention to this rich seam of material. This article makes a contribution to remedying this major gap by offering an overview of the coverage of nuclear weaponry in the two most popular newspapers in Britain, theDaily Expressand theDaily Mirror, in the period from 1945 to the early 1960s. Although both papers supported British possession of the bomb, claiming that it was essential for the maintenance of great-power status, their reporting was more complex and critical than the existing scholarship has tended to assume. This article argues that sceptical voices in the press often disrupted official narratives and that journalists emphasized the potential dangers involved in the nuclear arms race. Newspapers frequently highlighted, rather than downplayed, the horrors of the bomb: it was repeatedly portrayed as a ‘monster’ threatening the world.
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and changing attitudes towards the Earth in the nuclear age
Authors: BURKETT JODI
Published: January 2013

The nuclear age had a profound impact on politics and international affairs. More fundamentally, it altered the way people saw the planet and their relationship with it. These attitudes changed gradually in the post-war period, with the 1960s a key transitional moment. This article explores these changing attitudes towards the environment within the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). At the beginning of the 1960s CND's concerns about nuclear testing and fallout fit easily into the dominant anthropocentric view of the environment. However, by the end of the decade they espoused a much more holistic, even ecocentric, attitude. This article examines how attitudes towards the environment were changing in the 1960s through a close examination of attitudes within CND, and argues that the modern environmental movement was a product of the nuclear age.