bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Empirically Supported Counseling Psychology Interventions
Authors: Chambless Dianne L.
Published: March 2007

Division 17’s Special Task Group’s Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions in Counseling Psychology and their application are considered in the context of other work on empirically supported treatments, most notably that of Division 12’s Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. Although there are many areas of overlap, it is concluded that Division 17’s group has, in some respects, taken unique positions consonant with the discipline of counseling psychology. Although the merits of the Division 17 group’s decision to eschew lists of empirically supported interventions in favor of review articles are debated, it is concluded that Division 17’s efforts will add measurably to the empirically supported interventions movement in support of practice-science integration.
Clients’ Perceptions of Multicultural Counseling Competence
Authors: Constantine Madonna G. , Kindaichi Mai , Arorash Tina J. , Donnelly Peter C. , Jung Kyung-Sil K.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a reaction to Pope-Davis et al.’s major contribution concerning the importance of obtaining clients’ perceptions of counselors’ multicultural competence. Implications of their research findings for counseling psychology training, practice, and research are discussed.
So Far, So Good
Authors: Gysbers Norman C.
Published: March 2007

Important contributions have been made by counseling psychologists to K-12 education. It is now time to do even more. This article, focusing on comprehensive school guidance programs, suggests an agenda for action that involves counseling psychologists’ becoming more fully informed about what is already happening in schools; helping improve guidance and counseling techniques, methods, and assessment procedures; developing more effective change strategies; and helping evaluate the results of comprehensive school guidance programs.
An Information-Processing Approach to Personal Problem Solving
Authors: Heppner P. Paul , Krauskopf Charles J.
Published: March 2007

An information-processing view of personal problem solving is presented, involving the way people take in information, process that information into plans for solutions to personal problems and carry out those plans. An abbreviated view of how we view the effect of some important individual differences is presented. We present a definition of problem, which we see as allowing research that can use methods analogous to those employed in research informal problem solving and in the study of 'experts.' We hope that such research will allow us to target interventions according to particular client weaknesses. We suggest some research directions that have promise of future pay off. Suggestions for counseling are made that derive from our experience in counseling college students.
Two Adaptable, Valid, and Reliable Data-Collection Measures
Authors: Emmerson Gordon J. , Neely Margery A.
Published: March 2007

Finding an appropriate, statistically sound means of collecting data is an important step in developing research. Researchers in counseling psychology have recently been criticized for studies unrelated to actual practice. Goal attainment scaling and the semantic differential are presented as two flexible, reliable, and valid data-collection methodologies useful for practitioners. Procedural instructions and examples for constructing each instrument are provided. A short history of the two instruments is presented, along with a discussion of the specific type of research most appropriate for each methodology.
Looking to the Future
Authors: Rude Stephanie S. , Weissberg Michael , Gazda George M.
Published: March 2007

Across the five work groups that comprised the Third National Conference for Counseling Psychology a number of common themes emerged. Discussions of identity affirmed the value of the scientist-practitioner model and of traditional strengths such as prevention, life-span development, and skill-building as well as innovative and nontraditional functions. Among the ideas that were endorsed by multiple workgroups were strategies to enhance counseling psychology's visibility and political strength and to build mechanisms for proactive planning into governance. Ways to improve the training of counseling psychologists by enhancing rigor, scientific thinking, professional identity, and ability to work in diverse and emerging settings also received substantial attention. Overall, deliberations of the groups resulted in substantial convergence and a set of specific goals and plans for the future.
A Rationale and Proposal for Cognitive-Mediational Research on Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Martin Jack
Published: March 2007

Cognitively oriented research on counseling and psychotherapy is criticized for ignoring the full implications of cognitive mediation for therapeutic science. A discussion of the individual uniqueness of human cognitive structures and the uncertainty of human social actions leads to a philosophical analysis of the relevance of these observations for a human social science of counseling psychology. Against this background, criteria for the conduct of cognitive-mediational therapeutic research are proposed and illustrated, as part of a larger proposal for multifaceted inquiry into therapeutic events and effects. In the later part of the article, implications of this proposal for the relationship between scientific theory and professional practice in counseling psychology are explored. Throughout the discussion, salient distinctions among experimental cognitive psychology, hermeneutic inquiry, and cognitive-mediational therapeutic research are elaborated.
On Certain Blindnesses in Human Beings
Authors: Howard George S.
Published: March 2007

Global overpopulation represents a common cause in all the man-made threats that face our planet. Reducing the geometric rate of growth in the human population will buy us extra time in dealing with all ecological threats. The various roles that counseling psychologists might play in advocating reproductive responsibility by humans are delineated.
Graduate Students' Training Experiences with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Issues
Authors: Phillips Julia C. , Fischer Ann R.
Published: March 2007

The doctoral training experiences of 69 counseling and 38 clinical psychology graduate students in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) issues prior to internship were examined. Descriptive statistics revealed that training in these issues was inadequate. A majority of respondents did not feel that their course work prepared them well to work with LGB clients. Less training was provided in bisexual issues than gay or lesbian issues. Comparisons between clinical and counseling respondents indicated that counseling programs had better records of training in LGB issues. Multiple regressions revealed several predictors of respondents' feelings of preparation to work with LGB clients, including formal training experiences, encouragement to explore heterosexist biases, modeling by trainers, and personal experiences and contacts. Results varied by target group (i.e., patterns of prediction differed for preparation to work with lesbian women, gay men, or bisexual people). Implications for training and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Classification for Female Inmates: Moving Forward
Authors: Farr Kathryn Ann
Published: March 2007

Most state and federal prisons use a single risk-focused classification system to assign female and male inmates to an appropriate security level. Evidence indicates that women pose very little risk to institutional or community security, and that many factors that predict risk in men are invalid predictors of risk in women. Current systems have led to excessive use of overrides in the classification of female inmates. Findings regarding the needs of female offenders for adjustment to prison and for reintegration into the community are clear and consistent. It is recommended that a greater focus be placed on needs-based classification for incarcerated women.
Is Child Saving Dead? Public Support for Juvenile Rehabilitation
Authors: Moon Melissa M. , Sundt Jody L. , Cullen Francis T. , Wright John Paul
Published: March 2007

In recent years, the sustained criticism leveled at juvenile rehabilitation has raised the question of whether the public continues to endorse the correctional policy of saving youthful offenders. However, in a 1998 statewide survey of Tennessee residents, the respondents indicated that rehabilitation should be an integral goal of the juvenile correctional system. They also endorsed a range of community-based treatment interventions and favored early intervention programs over imprisonment as a response to crime. Taken together, these findings revealed that the public's belief in “child saving” remains firm, and that citizens do not support an exclusively punitive response to juvenile offenders.
Well-Meaning Programs Can Have Harmful Effects! Lessons from Experiments of Programs Such as Scared Straight
Authors: Petrosino Anthony , Turpin-Petrosino Carolyn , Finckenauer James O.
Published: March 2007

Despite their importance in assessing the impact of policies, outcome evaluations—and in particular randomized experiments—are relatively rare. The rationalizations used to justify the absence of outcome evaluations include such assertions as “we know our programs are working,”“they can't possibly harm anyone,” and “if they only help one kid they're worth it.” Using preliminary results from a systematic review of nine randomized experiments of the Scared Straight, or prison visitation program, the authors show that a popular and well-meaning program can have harmful effects. They use these results to argue for more rigorous evaluations to test criminal justice interventions.
The Search for Causes in an Era of Crime Declines: Some Lessons from the Study of New York City Homicide
Authors: Zimring Franklin E. , Fagan Jefferey
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the problem of testing the effects of particular policies on crime rates in an era of general down trends. One illustration of that problem is our recent finding that rates of non-gun homicide had been declining substantially in New York City for 8 years prior to any significant change in policing and could not plausibly be caused by these later events. The article contrasts three different “controls” for time trend effects, naive cross-sectional controls, detailed models of crime causation, and qualitative checks that examine whether the details of crime patterns are changing in ways consistent with theories of policy events as change agents. The qualitative approach is embraced as a necessity. A final section questions whether criminal justice policies should be assumed to affect general crime rates in broad and undifferentiated ways.
Police-Led Crackdowns and Cleanups: An Evaluation of a Crime Control Initiative in Richmond, Virginia
Authors: Smith Michael R.
Published: March 2007

In April 1999, the Richmond, Virginia, Police Department, in conjunction with other city agencies, began a crackdown and cleanup initiative in seven city neighborhoods. This article reports on an evaluation of this “Blitz to Bloom” initiative that was conducted in the first of the seven neighborhoods. Pre-and postcrackdown data on reported crime and calls for service were analyzed using difference of means tests. A 92% reduction in reported crime occurred in the target area during the month-long crackdown period. Significant reductions in reported crime persisted in some parts of the neighborhood surrounding the area up to 6 months after the crackdown ended. No displacement was observed into the surrounding neighborhood. Although reductions in crime were being recorded, calls for service increased in the neighborhood after the crackdown. Additional research is called for that examines the impact of police maintenance efforts on the continuation of crackdown-induced reductions in reported crime.
Youth Gangs and Definitional Issues: When is a Gang a Gang, and Why Does it Matter?
Authors: Esbensen Finn-Aage , Winfree L. Thomas , He Ni , Taylor Terrance J.
Published: March 2007

The recent explosion in gang research has highlighted the importance of consistent definitions for gang affiliation and gang-related crime. Definitional questions have assumed greater significance in the wake of broad-ranging prevention and intervention strategies. In this article, the authors utilize a sample of approximately 6,000 middle-school students to examine the youth gang phenomenon using five increasingly restrictive membership definitions. The least restrictive definition includes all youth who claim gang membership at some point in time. The most restrictive definition includes only those youth who are current core gang members who indicate that their gang has some degree of organizational structure and whose members are involved in illegal activities. The authors examine the differentially defined gang and nongang youths on various demographic characteristics, theretical factors, and levels of self-reported crime. The authors also address the theoretical and policy implications of shifting definitions of gang membership.
Examining Probation Violations: Who, What, and When
Authors: Gray M. Kevin , Fields Monique , Maxwell Sheila Royo
Published: March 2007

Although much has been written about probation recidivism, studies have primarily focused on rates of recidivism and the characteristics of probationers who succeed or fail. Few studies have examined the types or seriousness of violations that probationers commit while on probation. This article examines the rates and timing of technical violations versus new criminal offenses that probationers commit while under probation supervision. Factors related to the commission of these two types of violations are also examined. Findings indicate that most probation violations were for technical reasons, and a significant proportion were committed during the first 3 months of probation. Few probationers committed new crimes while on probation, and these were often committed later in the probation period. Findings also reveal that certain characteristics of probationers were predictive of early technical and new criminal violations. Implications are discussed.
The Comparability in Sexual and Nonsexual Assault Case Treatment: Did Statute Change Meet the Objective?
Authors: Caringella-MacDonald Susan
Published: March 2007

Change in rape statutes has abounded in recent years. One of the primary goals with such change has been to remove unique standards and requirements in rape laws so that discriminatory treatment of rape cases will be precluded. This article assesses whether or not the object of comparability in case treatment was realized by examining the (dis)similarities in the treatment of sexual and nonsexual assaults. Data were collected on these two types of assaults in a Michigan jurisdiction operating under model rape reform legislation. Case characteristics as well as case outcomes were compared. The chi-square and t-test analyses revealed differences as well as similarities. Differences were, for example, found in areas pertaining to evidence availability, victim credibility, and precipitation. Similarities were, however, observed in rates of warrant authorization/denial, plea bargaining, and dismissal, despite such elements as less available evidence in the Criminal Sexual Conduct (CSC) cases. Because both similarities and discrepancies in case treatment were found, it is concluded that the object of comparability was limitedly realized. Final comments offer directions for furthering the progress toward the more equitable handling of sexual assault crimes.
Probation and Parole Supervision: A Review of Current Classification Practices
Authors: Clear Todd R. , Gallagher Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

In the last decade, classification systems have become more common in probation and parole agencies. However, the potential benefits of classification have not been achieved in many agencies because the classification process is often misunderstood. In order to obtain the maximum benefits from the classification process, managers need to approach classification as a tool designed for their own particular organization's needs.
Psychological Effects of Victimization: Implications for the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Resick Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this article are to review research on psychological reactions to criminal victimization, to consider how victims might be affected by participation in the criminal justice system, and to offer some recommendations for the treatment of victims and their families within the criminal justice system. Over the past ten years there have been a series of studies conducted to examine the long-term effects of rape victims. Recently a study was conducted to compare the reactions of robbery victims with rape victims and to compare female and male robbery victims. This article will review the findings from these longitudinal studies with particular attention to victim reactions that may affect or be affected by participation in criminal prosecution.
Reintegrating the Concept of Community into Community-Based Corrections
Authors: Byrne James M.
Published: March 2007

Police administrators across the country are developing a range of community-oriented policing strategies at a time when community corrections administrators are moving in the opposite direction by applying traditional, offender-based policing concepts to probation and parole practice. I highlight the limitations of this new wave of intermediate sanction programs and then discuss the importance of community context (i.e., community attitudes, tolerance, support, and structure) to the development of effective adult supervision strategies. I conclude by describing the four key characteristics of a community-oriented approach to probation and parole supervision: (1) service brokerage, (2) advocacy for offenders and victims, (3) triage, and (4) location in the community.
Local Prosecutors and Corporate Crime
Authors: Benson Michael L. , Cullen Francis T. , Maakestad William J.
Published: March 2007

Based on a national survey and interviews, this article describes the attitudes and practices of local prosecutors regarding corporate crime. Although most local prosecutors did not regard corporate crime as a serious problem, their willingness to prosecute increases if an offense causes substantial harm and other agencies fail to act. Despite repeated calls for coordinated responses to corporate crime, relatively few local prosecutors participate in interagency control networks. Those in control networks, however, conducted more prosecutions and expressed greater concern over corporate crime. The commitment of organizational resources and resulting career opportunities thereby created may explain differences between network and nonnetwork districts.
Locating Prisons: Open Versus Closed Approaches to Siting
Authors: Sechrest Dale K.
Published: March 2007

Prison populations are increasing and prison construction is struggling to catch up. The goals of new prison siting are discussed within the contexts of public safety and economic concerns. There is no evidence that correctional facilities decrease public safety, negatively affect land values, or harm the local economy; available evidence is to the contrary. Methods for improving prison siting are provided. More study is suggested in order to determine which communities can best absorb correctional facilities and other types of potentially undesirable land uses.
Making the Obvious Possible: Policy Research and the Building of Coalitions for Criminal Justice Reforms
Authors: Fabelo Tony
Published: March 2007

This article examines the responses of the Texas political system to judicially mandated reforms since 1980 and the shifting political coalitions that have shaped correctional policies in the state. It discusses how information generated through policy research has been critical in Texas to channel narrow constituencies into more pragmatic and compromising policies leading to systemic reforms. Policy research, impact statements and prison population projections have made the need for systemic reform “obvious” and reforms possible. Policy research is essential to generate information to explicitly establish accountability in the political arena for the allocation of criminal justice resources.
Research Note: Smoking in Prisons—A National Survey of Correctional Administrators in the United States
Authors: Vaughn Michael S. , del Carmen Rolando V.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a national survey that assesses the policies of correctional institutions regarding staff and inmate exposure to secondary tobacco smoke. Correctional administrators from the 50 states were queried about smoking problems in prisons, focusing on disputes among inmates, among staff, and between staff and inmates. The respondents identified nonsmoking areas in their facilities and listed the various administrative responses used to alleviate the problem. The article compares the opinions of administrators on the impact of a policy that restricts or bans smoking with case studies of institutions that have already banned smoking, and concludes that more research is needed to determine the relative pros and cons of restricting or banning smoking in prisons.
Review of Police Powers of Administrative Detention in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Biddulph Sarah
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates the ways in which the legislative regimes for the imposition of sanctions of administrative detention give broad and vaguely defined powers to the police in the People's Republic of China. The research found that most legislation gave police wide discretion to exercise their powers and, in particular, to determine whether certain conduct merited the detention of the person. While processes to review such police actions have been legally established, they tend to be limited in scope. For the most part, the person aggrieved by the administrative action has limited capacity to require the review body to investigate or act upon their complaint.
A Test of the Deterrent Effect of Legislative Waiver on Violent Juvenile Crime
Authors: Jensen Eric L. , Metsger Linda K.
Published: March 2007

The automatic transfer of juveniles charged with serious crimes to adult court has become an increasingly common alternative to juvenile court handling in a number of states in the past two decades. Deterrence is one of the major arguments underlying this growth in the use of legislative waiver. This research evaluated the deterrent effect of the 1981 Idaho legislative waiver statute. Analyses of arrest data using a time series design indicated that this law did not reduce violent juvenile crime.
Appearance and Delinquency: A Research Note
Authors: Rosenbaum Jill Leslie , Chesney-Lind Meda
Published: March 2007

Culturally derived standards of attractiveness are used in determining the treatment women receive in various aspects of their lives, including the criminal justice system. Examination of the files from the California Youth Authority from the 1960s indicated that male intake personnel often commented on the physical attributes of the female wards. This was most likely to occur when the ward had at least one charge of “immorality” on her record. When more recent files were examined, notations on the physical attractiveness were least likely to occur when the wards had been committed to the institution for serious violations.
Public Preferences for the Court's Handling of Domestic Violence Situations
Authors: Stalans Loretta J. , Lurigio Arthur J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines public opinion about court dispositions in domestic violence cases. Adult residents in Georgia were asked to respond to short scenarios involving their spouses and intimate partners. The scenarios were varied on three factors: the intentionality of harm, the presence of injury, and a history of injury in previous domestic disputes. Participants preferred dismissal when, according to the scenario, their spouses acted unintentionally and when they did not receive injuries in the current dispute. Women and men preferred counseling significantly more than they wanted jail or probation. Also, women preferred jail and counseling more than men. The most preferred disposition overall was court-ordered mediation.
Voluntary Revocations and the “Elect-to-Serve” Option in North Carolina Probation
Authors: Jones Mark
Published: March 2007

Of the 15,044 North Carolina probationers removed from supervision between July 1 and October 31, 1993, 1147 (8%) chose to serve the remaining portion of their sentence in incarceration rather than under probation supervision. Those 1147 probationers were compared to a sample obtained from the remainder of the population. Variables which correlated with choosing elect-to-serve were identified. The strongest predictors were being under intensive supervision and financial difficulty, whereas the strongest predictors for not choosing to serve were being under the lowest level of supervision and being over age 24 at the time of first conviction.
Battling Employee Crime: A Review of Corporate Strategies and Programs
Authors: Traub Stuart H.
Published: March 2007

Crime against business totals an estimated $90 billion a year, most of which is due to employee theft and other forms of misconduct. Faced with this problem, corporations have instituted defensive prevention and self-help strategies to combat crime in the workplace. Little research has focused specifically on the types and nature of the programs developed by corporations to prevent employee crime. This article discusses research on what businesses are doing to prevent employee theft and, to the extent possible, it also assesses the effectiveness of these strategies.
The Fourth Amendment as a Tool of Actuarial Justice: The “Special Needs” Exception to the Warrant and Probable Cause Requirements
Authors: Vaughn Michael S. , del Carmen Rolando V.
Published: March 2007

This article applies the concept of actuarial justice to the “special needs” exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant and probable cause requirements. According to the United States Supreme Court, the “special needs” exception should only apply when the routine interests of law enforcement are not implicated. Lower courts, however, have been instrumental in extending the administrative search doctrine of “special needs” into the realm of criminal law enforcement. The article concludes that as part of the broader movement in criminal justice toward managerial efficiency, the “special needs” exception serves as a tool of actuarial justice by diminishing Fourth Amendment rights.
Assessing the Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act of 1990: An Analysis of the Victim Reporting Practices of College and University Students
Authors: Sloan John J. , Fisher Bonnie S. , Cullen Francis T.
Published: March 2007

In the late 1980s, celebrated victimizations of college students and grassroots efforts by victims and their families prompted Congress to pass the Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act of 1990 that requires postsecondary institutions to disseminate crime statistics for their campuses annually. Using data from a victimization study of more than 3,400 college students, the authors examine whether statistics generated by this policy initiative provide an accurate portrait of on-campus crime. Results of their analyses cast serious doubt on the validity and reliability of the statistics generated by the act.
Privatizing Discretion: “Rehabilitating” Treatment in Community Corrections
Authors: Lucken Karol
Published: March 2007

In the past decade, private sector involvement in punishment has been vigorously renewed and expanded. In documenting the growth of this trend, the literature has focused on normative issues related to privately operated prisons. Noticeably missing from the privatization debate is discussion of community corrections. This article seeks to fill this void by examining a rapidly growing trend in community corrections, namely the use of private treatment agencies to provide mandated counseling services to probationers. These services can include sex offense, substance abuse, domestic violence, life skills, impulse control, and anger management counseling. The ethical problems posed by the convergence of rehabilitation, discretion, and profit are raised through concrete examples of privatization's effects on both offenders and the control system. Policy recommendations also are provided to establish more principled treatment sanctioning in the community.
Community Organizing, Environmental Change, and Neighborhood Crime
Authors: Donnelly Patrick G. , Kimble Charles E.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the effects of an urban neighborhood's response to a significant increase in crime, drugs, and other incivilities in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Residents organized a major effort to stabilize the neighborhood that included implementation of a defensible space plan. Comparisons of crime data and of residents' perceptions of crime between the pre- and postimplementation periods show significant improvements. The data provide greater support for the opportunity model of community crime prevention than for the community model. Cautions are provided regarding transplanting the same plan elsewhere.
Expert and Offender Perceptions of Program Elements Linked to Successful Outcomes for Incarcerated Women
Authors: Koons Barbara A. , Burrow John D. , Morash Merry , Bynum Tim
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes findings from a national study on promising correctional programs for women offenders. Information is provided about program characteristics that experts identify as predictive of positive outcomes. Similarities among correctional experts' and program participants' responses included characteristics of staff and individualized programming. Differences in perceptions of elements contributing to successful outcomes also were found. State-level administrators attributed success to methods of program operations, whereas prison administrators attributed success to treatments addressing multiple treatment needs. Results are relevant to program design, program implementation, and the generation of hypotheses linking program elements to outcomes.
Are Private Prisons More Cost-Effective Than Public Prisons? A Meta-Analysis of Evaluation Research Studies
Authors: Pratt Travis C. , Maahs Jeff
Published: March 2007

The need to reduce the costs of incarceration to state and federal correctional agencies has allowed the movement to privatize correctional institutions to gain considerable momentum. The empirical evidence regarding whether private prisons are more costeffective than public institutions, however, is inconclusive. To address this question, a meta-analysis was conducted of 33 cost-effectiveness evaluations of private and public prisons from 24 independent studies. The results revealed that private prisons were no more cost-effective than public prisons, and that other institutional characteristics—such as the facility's economy of scale, age, and security level—were the strongest predictors of a prison's daily per diem cost.
Social Theories of Risk Perception: At Once Indispensable and Insufficient
Authors: Wilkinson Iain
Published: March 2007

This article provides a critical comparative review of Ulrich Beck's and Mary Douglas's social theories of risk. The author is particularly concerned to highlight the partiality of their favoured renditions of the social reality of risk perception in relation to the accumulated evidence of empirical research. Their contrasting (and opposing) conceptions of the social processes through which people may negotiate the meaning of `hazard' in terms of `risk' are presented as ideal-types which are both indispensable and insufficient for explaining the cultural complexity of this phenomenon. Moreover, insofar as the lived experience of complexity may be made the object of sociological concern, it is suggested that we might be in a better position to evaluate the cultural significance of risk as a product of this experience.
Legal Aspects of Minority Participation in Higher Education
Authors: Clague Monique Weston
Published: March 2007

Sometime in the early adulthood of today's minority children, those individuals and groups will constitute the majority population in the states of New Mexico, California, and Texas, and across the Southwest region that includes Arizona and Colorado. Think about it.
Social Structure in Relatively Closed and Open Schools
Authors: Coughlan Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the ways in which teacher work values affect group development within relatively closed and open school organizational systems. The overall findings suggest that these different types of formal organization generate dissimilar social structures which are related to the disparate value-orientations of teachers.
Social Class, School Bureaucratization and Educational Aspirations
Authors: Anderson Barry , Tissier Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines a possible causal relationship between social class, school organizational structure and student aspirations for further education. The data indicate a fairly sizeable relationship between the variables and the nature of that relationship is such that a process of "cooling the mark out" seems to be operating.
The Effect of Leader-Member Interaction on Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Garland Parnell , O'Reilly Robert R.
Published: March 2007

The study reported in this paper provides a critical examination of Fiedler's contingency model of leadership effectiveness; it focuses on the differential impact of low, intermediate, and high LPC leaders in good and poor group atmosphere schools using as the criterion of school effectiveness, Stern's High School Characteristics Index. Likertes generalized model of the administrative process was considered as an alternative to Fiedler's model to explain the results.
Principal Recruitment in a Reform Environment: Effects of School Achievement and School Level on Applicant Attraction to the Job
Authors: Winter Paul A. , Morgenthal Jayne R.
Published: March 2007

Applicant pools for principal vacancies are shrinking nationwide. Increased job demands, including greater accountability on the part of principals for student achievement, are making the job less attractive at a time when many principals from the baby boom generation are retiring. Furthermore, there is little empirical knowledge about factors that affect principal recruitment. This study took place in a state undergoing systemic school reform. Randomly selected assistant principals (n = 189) role-played as job applicants and rated high school principal jobs varied by school student achievement classification (meets goal, progressing, in need of assistance), school location (inner city, suburban, rural), and participant current work assignment (elementary, middle school, high school). The most significant finding, detected by a three-way analysis of variance, was that 64% of the variance in job ratings was accounted for by school achievement, with low performing schools being greatly disadvantaged in recruiting principals. Implications for recruitment practice and research are discussed.
Teacher Mobility in New York City
Authors: Griffiths Daniel E. , Goldman Samuel , McFarland Wayne J.
Published: March 2007

The authors apply social science concepts in the interpretation of inter view and written-record data collected in New York City. Particularly illuminating is their development of a typology of teachers and their use of localism, formal and informal structures, and bifurcation of interest as categories in the conceptual framework they use for description and analysis. Professor Griffiths is associate dean of the School of Education at New York University. Mr. Goldman holds an associate professorship at Syracuse University. Mr. McFarland is associate professor at Washington University's Graduate Institute of Education, St. Louis, Missouri.
Two Images of Schools as Organizations: A Refinement and Elaboration
Authors: Herriott Robert E. , Firestone William A.
Published: March 2007

The finding reported previously in the EAQ that elementary schools conform more to the image of the rational bureaucracy while secondary schools fit that of the anarchy or loosely coupled system is reinforced and extended using a large sample, more reliable measures, and more elaborate analytic techniques. Particular attention is given to explanations for this regularity and to its implications for those seeking to reform secondary schools.
Predicting Public Dissatisfaction: A Study of School Board Member Defeat
Authors: Lutz Frank W. , Wang Lee-Yen
Published: March 2007

Using data collected in 95 Ohio school districts by Hunt (1980), this study reanalyzed those data, examined the reasons for Hunt's inability to predict school board member incumbent defeat, and developed a model that would have predicted those Ohio school board ekctions.
Expertise in Principals' Problem Solving
Authors: Leithwood Kenneth A. , Stager Mary
Published: March 2007

To identify the central elements in school principals 'problem-solving processes and the differences between "experts" and their more typical colleagues, 22 elementary principals were interviewed. We analyzed their responses to brief hypothetical case problems and proposeda model of problem-solving components. Differences between expert and typical principals were most evident in response to "messy" or ill-structured problems.
School Characteristics and Faculty Trust in Secondary Schools
Authors: Tarter C. John , Bliss James R. , Hoy Wayne K.
Published: March 2007

Different patterns of organizational climate were used to predict faculty trust in the principal and in colleagues. A revision of the OCDQ yielded open dimensions, measured as supportive principal behavior aid engaged teacher behavior; and closed dimensions, measured as directive principal behavior and frustrated teacher behavior: Open climate was correlated with both measures of trust. After controlling for the oilier variables of climate, supportive pri-1cipal behavior was the only predictor of trust in the principal, and engaged teacher behavior tie only predictor of trust in colleagues. The study supports a Parsonian interpretation of expressive and instrumental organizational activities.
The Knowledge Base Informing the Teaching of Administrative and Organizational Theory in UCEA Universities: A Descriptive and Interpretive Survey
Authors: Nicolaides Nitsa , Gaynor Alan K.
Published: March 2007

The study examined 36 syllabi describing doctoral-level theory courses Concepts, topics, conceptual frameworks, and themes were analyzed. The results of the analysis and the recommendations of the National Commission on Excellence in Educational Administration were thematically compared. This comparison suggests that the courses analyzed emphasized mainstream organizational theories. Emerging perspectives, though discernible, were neither consistently nor systematically incorporated in the syllabi.
The Micropolitics of Effective School-Based Leadership: Teachers' Perspectives
Authors: Blase Joseph
Published: March 2007

Although the micropolitics of educational settings has received significant attention in recent years, few empirical studies of this important phenomenon have been published. The data discussed in this article were drawn from a larger qualitative study that examined the perspectives of 1,200 teachers on the everyday strategies school principals use to influence them. This article focuses on the responses of the 836 teachers who specifically reported strategies used by principals whom they described as open and effective. The goals and impacts of strategies employed by open and effective principals are only briefly discussed. The data strongly suggest that open and effective principals rely primarily on normative strategies and pursue normative goals. The concept of normative-instrumental leadership, derived from the data, delineates open and effective principals' everyday political orientation vis-à-vis teachers. This concept is examined in the context of compliance theory and the notion of transformational leadership.
Teaching as a Nonroutine Task: Implications for the Management of Schools
Authors: Rowan Brian , Raudenbush Stephen W. , Cheong Yuk Fai
Published: March 2007

Using contingency theory as a frame work for analysis, this article sought to accomplish three main objectives: (a) to examine workplace conditions that make teaching in high schools nonroutine; (b) to investigate the hypothesis that when the work of teachers becomes nonroutine, organic forms of management arise in high schools to coordinate and control instruction; and (c) to investigate whether organic forms of management can reasonably be expected to enhance the effectiveness of teachers by promoting job-related learning. The findings suggest that perceived variability in students and the disciplinary specialization of teachers affect the extent to which teachers report their work as nonroutine. The findings also demonstrate that nonroutine teaching is associated with the development of organic management in high schools. However, there is little evidence to support the idea that organic management of instruction leads to more job-related learning by teachers. The implications of these findings for research on teaching, the organizational design of schools, and school effectiveness are discussed.
The Practical Promise of Critical Research in Educational Administration
Authors: Robinson Viviane M. J.
Published: March 2007

This article asks why critical approaches to educational administration, and critical research in general, have so rarely moved beyond critique to the Tran formative process that is supposed to be central to a critical theory. It suggests that there are important methodological reasons for this failure, in that much critical research is incompatible with what we knew about motivating and sustaining a complex change process. The argument is developed by briefly reviewing two phases of critical research in education, describing what is meant by the effectiveness of critical research and then drawing on social psychological research to identify those features of research which enhance its probability of effectiveness. The implications of a critical researcher's treatment of agency, motivation, and resistance are discussed4 and suggestions made throughout the article for how the effectiveness of critical research can be increased.
Success through Inattention in School Administration and Elsewhere
Authors: Lindblom Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Two ways of achieving success in social coordination or organization are examined: by unilateral or hierarchical controls and multilateral controls. The advantages of mutual adjustment as an alternative to central coordination are examined. Mutual adjustment occurs in diverse ways, such as through language creation, moral codes, biological self-selection, market systems, and politics. Examples of its operation in administration are reviewed. Despite the claims for mutual adjustment, it sometimes fails. Mutual adjustment as a theme in intellectual history is explored. Finally, inferences and implications are discussed. For example, since the great problem of social organization is no longer order, but getting results, mutual adjustment has advantages. It also is closely related to democracy and to the pursuit of social equality.
Dropping Out: Another Side of the Story
Authors: Okey Ted N. , Cusick Philip A.
Published: March 2007

Dropping out of school is a national problem. Reducing the number of students who do so is a national goal. This study examines the school perspective of a set of families whose children dropped out. Working from audiotape-recorded interviews with 3or more members of 12families, the researchers describe a perspective that included a jaundiced view of education, a hostile view toward schooling, and a history of poor school performance at least two generations old. The families' children grew up fast, early on appropriating behaviors engaged in by older members. When they took these behaviors into school, they ran afoul of rules and regulations. For these families, school was a series of academic failures, conflicts with staff and peers, disciplinary hearings, suspensions, and expulsions. Dropping out was not a problem It was a solution.
Cost and Service Delivery Trade-Offs in Providing Educational Services for Students with Severe Disabilities
Authors: Picus Lawrence O. , Miller Caryl J.
Published: March 2007

Many California school districts have started taking back responsibility for providing special education programs for children with severe disabilities because of the large excess cost charge-backs they must pay to the intermediate units currently providing those services. State regulations not only allow this to occur but encourage it because districts are allowed to use the higher funding level of the intermediate unit to calculate their state reimbursement. This study shows that, rather than realize a fiscal gain, districts that take back these programs not only increase their own per-pupil costs but those of the intermediate unit programs for the remaining pupils as well. These findings have important policy implications for both state policymakers and local adninistrators.
The Sociology of Leadership and Educational Administration
Authors: Slater Robert O.
Published: March 2007

Three of the most frequently asked questions of leadership are: (1) What is it? (2) Why 0is it important? and (3) What are its conditions? How we answer these three questions of leadership depends in no small degree on our assumptions about the nature of social organization.
Leading with her Life: An African American Feminist (Re)Interpretation of Leadership for an Urban High School Principal
Authors: Dillard Cynthia B.
Published: March 2007

What is the relationship between the meanings of personal and professional acts of leading, the creation of a school culture that honors diversity, and what we know about effective schools? This case study of an African American female urban school principal explores and reinterprets traditional conceptualizations of effective leadership, given the increasing diversity of today's schools.
Inquiry in Educational Administration and the Spirit of the Times
Authors: Willower Donald J.
Published: March 2007

A naturalistic perspective on inquiry is presented as a compelling philosophy for educational administration. It is grounded in a view of inquiry as open, growing, self-corrective, and fallible, ending in tentative explanations that are plausible and probable given current knowledge. Ethical inquiry is similar to scientific inquiry. Those facing moral choices can use its methods to explore the likely consequences of alternatives with the aim of attaining valued outcomes while mitigating negative consequences. Initially, it is shown that the influence of philosophical positivism and sociological functionalism on educational administration is greatly exaggerated by some, often those espousing various forms of subjectivism, critical theory, postmodernism, and identity politics. Those views fit the current spirit of the times as reflected in academic disciplines that influence educational administration. Nevertheless, the meaning of concepts with a history ought to reflect that history and not be dictated by ideology.