bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hydrostatic weighing method using total lung capacity and a small tank.
Authors: Warner J G , Yeater R , Sherwood L , Weber K
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of a hydrostatic weighing method using total lung capacity (measuring vital capacity with a respirometer at the time of weighing) the prone position, and a small oblong tank. The validity of the method was established by comparing the TLC prone (tank) method against three hydrostatic weighing methods administered in a pool. The three methods included residual volume seated, TLC seated and TLC prone. Eighty male and female subjects were underwater weighed using each of the four methods. Validity coefficients for per cent body fat between the TLC prone (tank) method and the RV seated (pool), TLC seated (pool) and TLC prone (pool) methods were .98, .99 and .99, respectively. A randomised complete block ANOVA found significant differences between the RV seated (pool) method and each of the three TLC methods with respect to both body density and per cent body fat. The differences were negligible with respect to HW error. Reliability of the TLC prone (tank) method was established by weighing twenty subjects three different times with ten-minute time intervals between testing. Multiple correlations yielded reliability coefficients for body density and per cent body fat values of .99 and .99, respectively. It was concluded that the TLC prone (tank) method is valid, reliable and a favourable method of hydrostatic weighing.
Exercise intensity and perceived exertion in adolescent boys.
Authors: Eston R G , Williams J G
Published: December 2008

The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed at power outputs (PO) corresponding to 30%, 60% and 90% of predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) on a cycle ergometer in 30 adolescent schoolboys (age range 15-17 years). Analysis of correlations (r) for heart rate (HR):PO (r = 0.74 p less than 0.01) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE): HR (r = 0.74 p less than 0.01) were similar to values drawn from adult samples. It was concluded that there is a close relationship between RPE, HR and relative exercise intensity in adolescent schoolboys.
Injury prediction in female gymnasts.
Authors: Steele V A , White J A
Published: December 2008

In order to identify injury-proneness in female competitive gymnasts, 20 measures of flexibility, hypermobility, spinal posture and anthropometry were performed on 40 competitive gymnasts and injury scores were derived from the severity and extent of previous gymnastic injury and inherent hypermobility traits. Results were compared between contrasting groups of "low" and "high" injury gymnasts respectively (both N = 10). Nine variables demonstrated significant differences between the "low" and "high" injury risk status groups namely, weight (p less than 0.001), height (p less than 0.001), age (p less than 0.001), mesomorphy (p less than 0.01), Quetelet Index (p less than 0.01), shoulder flexion (p less than 0.05) and lumbar extension (p less than 0.05), standing lumbar curvature and total peripheral flexibility score (both p less than or equal to 0.05). Multiple regression analysis was applied to determine the relative contribution of these variables to the estimation of injury-proneness as evidenced by previous history of injury and hypermobility traits. Using 9 independent variables, multiple regression yielded a multiple correlation coefficient (R) = 0.840, accounting for over 70% of the observed variance (R2 = 0.706) in injury scores among the total group of gymnasts. However, a subset of five variables, (weight, mesomorphy, standing lumbar curvature, age and height) yielded a multiple correlation coefficient (R) = 0.834 accounting for almost 70% of the observed variance (R2 = 0.696). This was not significantly different from the larger subset. Using injury classification system of "low", "medium", and "high" risk categories, comparisons were made between predicted and observed injury scores in the respective risk categories. In "high" risk and "low" risk gymnasts, injury scores could be classified correctly with 70% and 79% accuracy respectively, so that relative risk status could be determined from simple physical tests which may be employed by practitioners in the field.
The epidemiology of ice hockey injuries.
Authors: Jørgensen U , Schmidt-Olsen S
Published: December 2008

As part of the injury profylaxes in Denmark a questionnaire investigation was undertaken in 14 randomly chosen ice hockey teams--out of 266 players, 210 answered (79%). The injury incidence per player per 1000 hours was 4.7, i.e. 1.5 in training and 38.0 in match. Half of the injuries were localised to the head (28%) and lower extremities (27%), 19% to the upper extremities and 7% to the back. Of these 48% were contusions. Knee and elbow injuries were of longest duration. The necessity for increased shock absorption in helmets and barriers as well as built-in rotational and collateral stabilizers in the existing knee protectors for injury prophylaxis is stressed.
Alcohol and its effects on sprint and middle distance running.
Authors: McNaughton L , Preece D
Published: December 2008

Alcohol has been used as an aid to performance for a considerable period of time in many athletic endeavours. Five sprinters and five middle distance athletes were tested to determine whether differing levels of alcohol (0.01 mg X ml-1, 0.05 mg X ml-1 and 0.10 mg X ml-1) had differing effects upon performance times in the 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m events. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was estimated from breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) using a hand held Drager Alcotest 7310 and a Borkenstein Breathalyser. Alcohol affected all but the 100 m event to varying degrees. In the 200 m the performance decreased when the level of intoxication increased. This was not the case in the 400 m which showed a difference between the two lower levels of alcohol consumption (0.01 mg X ml-1 to 0.05 mg X ml-1) but not between the 0.05 mg X ml-1 and 0.10 mg X ml-1. In the middle distance events the 800 m was most adversely affected. We concluded that alcohol is not an ergogenic aid in so much that it does not improve performance. In the 100 m events, performance remained stable. More research in this area is warranted.
Sponsored parachute jumps--can they cause prolonged pain?
Authors: Straiton N , Sterland J
Published: December 2008

A survey of parachute injuries sustained in 1984 at a local parachute club was made using hospital notes and a questionnaire. The overall injury rate was 0.2%. The injury rate in first time jumpers was 1.1%. The injuries often resulted in a prolonged hospital stay, time off work and residual pain and disability. Injury rates may be reduced by more prolonged and intensive training preceding the first jumps. Those people not interested in parachuting as a regular sport and who jump once only in order to raise money for charity are at risk of serious injury and perhaps should consider less dangerous alternatives.
Heart rate overshoot in running events.
Authors: Yamaji K , Shephard R J
Published: December 2008

The phenomenon of heart rate overshoot has been examined in 6 high-school athletes aged 15-16 years and in 8 university athletes aged 19-20 years. The incidence was 100% over distances of 50, 100 and 200 metres, and only one subject failed to show an overshoot following a 400 metre run. However, the overshoot was relatively larger and more long-lived following the shorter runs. While an accumulation of anaerobic metabolites seems the most likely explanation of the phenomenon over the longer distances, in the 50 metre event the Valsalva manoeuvre may also make some contribution.
Total lung capacity, residual volume and predicted residual volume in a densitometric study of older men.
Authors: Latin R W , Ruhling R O
Published: December 2008

Results of investigations using various lung volumes for hydrostatic weighing determinations (HWD) appear to be inconclusive. Often, these lung volumes are predicted and not clinically determined. For this reason, total lung capacity (TLC), a measured residual volume (RV), and a predicted residual volume (PRV) were used during HWDs to compare the techniques. Twenty-five older men, 56 to 70 years (means +/- 62.1 + 4.2 years) performed HWDs at RV (10 trials) and at TLC (3-5 trials). Values for body density and fat free mass were not significantly different between RV and TLC; both values were, however, significantly different from those derived using PRV. There were statistically significant differences (p less than 0.05) between all 3 per cent body fat values but the 1.1 per cent difference between TLC and RV may not be physiologically important. It was concluded that TLC and RV may be used comparably during HWDs, but a PRV may produce significantly different values. Since HWD at TLC is easily performed and circumvents the difficulties associated with the RV technique, it may be the preferred method for older subjects.
Are anorexic tendencies prevalent in the habitual runner?
Authors: Wheeler G D , Wall S R , Belcastro A N , Conger P , Cumming D C
Published: December 2008

To investigate whether runners displayed any of the abnormalities characteristic of patients with anorexia nervosa, we conducted a cross sectional study of 31 high mileage, 18 low mileage runners and 18 non-running controls. Subjects completed a personal data questionnaire, the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) and the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire (EAT), underwent a body image test and a blood sample was obtained for measurement of reproductive, thyroid and adrenal hormones. High mileage runners scored significantly higher infrequency scores on the JPI than sedentary controls but there was no evidence of psychopathology. The high mileage runners also significantly overestimated waist width and there were small but statistically significant differences in EAT scores between controls and the runner groups. Ten of 49 runners had EAT scores beyond two standard deviations above the mean of non-running controls. Serum total, free and non-specifically bound testosterone and prolactin levels were significantly lower in high mileage runners than controls. LH, FSH, cortisol and thyroid hormones were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in any hormone between low mileage runners and controls. displayed no clear abnormalities characteristic of patients with anorexia The results suggested that running may have a chronic effect on serum testosterone and prolactin levels in high mileage but not low mileage runners. Although there was no significant evidence of anorexia nervosa on testing the runners with EAT, the overestimation of waist size provided some evidence of a distortion of body image in the high mileage runners. Runners displayed no clear abnormalities characteristic of patients with anorexia nervosa.
Smoking habits in professional football.
Authors: Hutchinson D R , Mountain N J , McLatchie G R
Published: December 2008

In a questionnaire study of 1,559 English professional footballers, the incidence of cigarette smoking was found to be much lower than the national average. Of those surveyed only 5% admitted to cigarette smoking. Smoking was much lower in First Division Clubs (3.2%), and higher in Fourth Division Clubs (6.9%). It is suggested that these figures could be used in a national campaign to promote non-smoking amongst young people who follow football.
Do wet suits affect swimming speed?
Authors: Parsons L , Day S J
Published: December 2008

A randomised cross-over trial was conducted to see if wet suits increase swimming speed--a question which has been fiercely debated in the fat-growing endurance sport of Triathlon. Sixteen swimmers volunteered to undertake two 30 minute swims, one with and one without a wet suit. With wet suits the subjects swam an average of 24.9 lengths of a 66 m pool. Without wet suits they swam 23.2 lengths. A 95% confidence interval for the difference is from 0.8 to 2.6 lengths (p less than 0.001). This result suggests that regulations about the use of wet suits must be agreed internationally to ensure equal competition whilst promoting the health and safety aspects of sport.
Pre-exercise food and heart rate during submaximal exercise.
Authors: Bird S R , Hay S
Published: December 2008

The heart rates of 20 movement studies students were measured during multi-stage cycle ergometer tests. The tests were repeated on five occasions following the ingestion of different pre-exercise meals and the results compared. A glucose solution taken three hours prior to the exercise (G3) resulted in the lowest heart rates at each work rate. The highest heart rates at each work rate were recorded following the ingestion of glucose or protein one hour before the exercise (G1 and P1 respectively). The heart rate values during G3 were on average 10.3 beat.min-1 lower than those used during G1 and P1. Intermediate heart rates were obtained with protein taken three hours prior to the exercise or a complete fast for 12 to 14 hours. The results have implications for those attempting to predict maximum oxygen uptake from submaximal heart rates.
The accuracy and reliability of commercial heart rate monitors.
Authors: Burke M J , Whelan M V
Published: December 2008

In recent years increasing emphasis has been placed on the benefits of exercise to normal healthy adults as well as to those recovering from heart attacks and other illnesses. As an aid to exercise training many portable heart-rate monitors have been placed on the market but little appears to have been done to assess the performance of these machines. The authors have examined the performance of four such monitors both under bench-test and practical exercising conditions. When tested on the bench using electronic equipment, the machines rarely exhibited errors exceeding 2-3 bpm over a measurement range of 30-240 bpm. However, when tested with subjects walking or jogging at low speeds on a treadmill, typically 20-70% of the readings given by the machines had errors of greater than 20 bpm. In some cases over 50% of readings had errors exceeding 50 bpm.
Marathon performance in relation to maximal aerobic power and training indices in female distance runners.
Authors: Hagan R D , Upton S J , Duncan J J , Gettman L R
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of marathon performance time (MPT) to maximal aerobic power (VO2 max), physical characteristics, and training indices recorded for 12 weeks prior to a race in 35 female distance runners. The marathon experience of the subjects ranged from two to fifteen races. Physical and aerobic power characteristics (mean +/- S.D.) were: age, 35.7 +/- 8.5 yr; height, 166.4 +/- 5.7 cm; weight, 55.1 +/- 5.7 kg; body fat, 15.7 +/- 5.0%; VO2 max, 56.5 +/- 6.2 ml . kg-1 . min-1. Marathon time for this race averaged 227.0 +/- 31.6 min. Records from individual training diaries indicated the runners averaged 71.0 +/- 10.0 workout days, 10.0 +/- 10.0 two X day-1 workouts, 81.0 +/- 8.0 total workouts, 12.3 +/- 1.8 mean km . workout-1, 5402.8 +/- 1302.6 total training min, 187.0 +/- 18.0 m . min-1 training pace, 112.2 +/- 32.1 max km . wk-1, 83.1 +/- 23.4 mean km . wk-1, 998.8 +/- 282.6 km . 12 wk-1 and 13.8 +/- 2.4 mean km . day-1. MPT was positively correlated to body mass index (r = 0.52), and body fat (r = 0.52) but negatively related to VO2 max (r = -0.65). MPT was also negatively related to previous marathons completed (r = -0.47), workout days (r = -0.47), two X day-1 workouts (r = -0.52), total workouts (r = -0.56), mean km . workout-1 (r = -0.58), total training min (r = -0.56), m . min-1, training pace (r = -0.66), max km . wk-1 (r = -0.70), mean km . wk-1 (r = -0.74), km . 12 wk-1 (r = -0.74), and mean km . day-1 (r = -0.77). MPT for our population of runners may be predicted (r = 0.82, R2 = 0.68) by the following equation: MPT, (min) = 449.88 - 7.61 (-/x km.day-1 run) - 0.63 (m.min-1, training pace); SEE = +/- 18.4 min.
Timing of the triggering action of shooting in relation to the cardiac cycle.
Authors: Helin P , Sihvonen T , Hänninen O
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to verify the timing of triggering in relation to the cardiac cycle in shooting. The test subjects were six Finnish rifle and pistol champions as well as three beginners at shooting. The electrical activity of the trigger finger muscle (m. flexor digitorum superficialis; surface electrodes) and the heart cycle were fed into a two-channel x-t recorder. The movements of the gun were recorded using a laser technique and, at the same time, cardiac cycles were also monitored. Results showed that the champion shooters triggered during diastole whereas the beginners triggered both during diastole and systole. The results of those beginners triggering during diastole were better than those triggering during systole.
Weight training and strength, cardiorespiratory functioning and body composition of men.
Authors: Reid C M , Yeater R A , Ullrich I H
Published: December 2008

Forty-five men (18-35 years) trained three times a week for eight weeks to determine the effects of four constant-resistant weight training programmes on muscular strength, endurance, body composition and cardiovascular functioning. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four programmes: Endurance (2 sets of 15 repetition maximum [RM]); Explosive (1 set of 15 RM); Strength 1 (3 sets of 6 RM); Strength 2 (1 set of 10 RM twice weekly and 1 set of 3 RM once weekly). All groups showed significant increases in elbow and shoulder flexion strength with elbow extension strength improved in the Explosive, Strength 2 and Endurance groups. Shoulder extension strength improved the Endurance group and in the Strength 2 group. Maximum oxygen uptake (L/min) and (ml X kg-1 min-1) improved significantly in the Endurance and Strength 2 groups. Lean body weight increased significantly in all groups except the Strength 1 group, but there was no change in % fat for any group. Due to a high drop out rate (55%) and injury related problems, the Explosive technique is not recommended. The Endurance and Strength 2 programmes were most effective for improving physiologic functioning, as assessed in this study.
A modified maxillary mouthguard.
Authors: Chandler N P , Wilson N H , Daber B S
Published: December 2008

Custom made maxillary mouthguards made from thermoplastic materials using dental impressions give valuable protection to the teeth and jaws of participants in contact sports. A bimaxillary mouthguard has been described which offers enhanced protection, but with considerable increase in cost. This paper describes a modification to current maxillary mouthguard design that is comfortable to wear, inexpensive to make and which may provide protection comparable to that of a bimaxillary type, while retaining other desirable features of the more complex appliance.
Cognitive intervention with elite performers: reversal theory.
Authors: Kerr J H
Published: December 2008

Noticeable in the literature associated with the application of psychology to the area of sport and sports performance in particular has been the increasing frequency of references to the use of cognitive intervention in the sports context. Currently utilised in clinical psychology and behavioural medicine, and receiving increasing attention in sports psychology, are a number of intervention techniques primarily oriented towards altering the individual's level of arousal. These techniques, which have been advocated for use by sports performers as an aid to adapting and coping during competition, have been largely concerned with arousal reduction. This paper presents an alternative approach, the case of reversal theory, a new general theory of psychology concerned with motivation, and emphasises the conceptual implications of this new approach for the use of cognitive intervention techniques in sport.
Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness.
Authors: Morgan W P , Brown D R , Raglin J S , O'Connor P J , Ellickson K A
Published: December 2008

It is widely agreed that overtraining should be employed in order to achieve peak performance but it is also recognised that overtraining can actually produce decrements in performance. The challenge appears to be one of monitoring stress indicators in the athlete in order to titrate the training stimulus and prevent the onset of staleness. The present paper summarises a ten-year research effort in which the mood states of competitive swimmers have been monitored at intervals ranging from 2-4 weeks during individual seasons for the period 1975-1986. The training cycle has always involved the indoor season which extends from September to March and the athletes who served as subjects were 200 female and 200 male competitive swimmers. The results indicate that mood state disturbances increased in a dose-response manner as the training stimulus increased and that these mood disturbances fell to baseline levels with reduction of the training load. Whilst these results have been obtained in a realistic setting devoid of experimental manipulation, it is apparent that monitoring of mood state provides a potential method of preventing staleness.
Treadmill performance and selected physiological characteristics of wheelchair athletes.
Authors: Lakomy H K , Campbell I , Williams C
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine selected physiological characteristics and pushing performance over a distance of five kilometres (5 km) in twelve wheelchair athletes (10 paraplegics and 2 tetraplegics). The physiological tests and 5 km wheelchair time trials were performed on a motorised treadmill adapted for use by wheelchairs. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and %VO2 max utilised at a fixed speed equivalent to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol.l-1, identified as being of importance in successful able-bodied endurance performance, were also found to correlate highly with 5 km performance in wheelchair athletes. Low correlations were found between performance and mean %VO2 max utilised over the whole distance and between performance and oxygen uptake at a standard speed. The results also showed that the tetraplegics had lower physiological reserves than the paraplegics, with a much reduced maximum heart rate and ventilation. The findings indicate that a combination of physiological characteristics influence pushing performance in wheelchair athletes.
Ultrasound diagnosis of Achilles tendon pathology in runners.
Authors: Maffulli N , Regine R , Angelillo M , Capasso G , Filice S
Published: December 2008

The great upsurge in popularity of running activities has increased the number of athletes presenting with pathology of the Achilles tendon. A clinical and ultrasonic study was performed on 47 middle and long distance runners referred to the Authors with such problems. The results of this study can be grouped as follows: 1. paratendonitis: enlargement of the antero-posterior diameter of the tendon, and hyperechogenicity of Kager's triangle; 2. tendonitis (with or without paratendonitis): thickening of the tendon, with the presence of degenerative nodules; 3. enthesopathy: thickening of the distal part of the tendon, enlargement of the hypoechogenic area behind the tendon itself and microcalcification.
A multi-stage shuttle run as a predictor of running performance and maximal oxygen uptake in adults.
Authors: Paliczka V J , Nichols A K , Boreham C A
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a 20 metre multi-stage shuttle run (20-MST) as both a field test of cardiorespiratory endurance and as a predictor of competitive performance in a 10 kilometre (10 km) race. Nine male subjects (age 35.4 +/- 5.8 years) (mean +/- SD) underwent a laboratory test of maximum oxygen uptake on a treadmill (VO2 max 59.0 +/- 9.9 ml.kg.-1min-1), completed the 20-MST (score 105 +/- 23.7 laps/11.4 +/- 2.7 paliers) and competed in a 10 km race (finishing time 41.8 +/- 7.3 minutes). Analysis using Pearson's Product Moment Coefficient revealed high correlations between these variables (20-MST vs. VO2 max, r = 0.93; 20-MST vs. 10 km, r = -0.93; VO2 max vs. 10 km, r = -0.95). These results confirm that the 20-MST is a valid field test of cardio-respiratory endurance and suggest that it can additionally be used to predict relative running performance over 10 km.
A time-saving incremental cycle ergometer protocol to determine peak oxygen consumption.
Authors: Lawler J , Powers S K , Dodd S
Published: December 2008

Previously we have demonstrated that an accelerated arm ergometry testing protocol results in a higher peak oxygen consumption than continuous or discontinuous protocols reported in the literature (Brit. J. Sports Med. 20: 25-26, 1986). The purpose of this investigation was to determine if an accelerated protocol was superior to two commonly used protocols in cycle ergometry. Nine male subjects were tested on three different exercise protocols; a discontinuous test (DT), a continuous test (CT) and a new proposed "jump-max test" (JMT). The CT began at a work rate of 70 W with the power output (PO) being increased 35 W.min-1. The DT began at a work rate of 70 W; the work rate was increased by 35 W every 2 minutes with 2-minutes rest between stages. The JMT began with a 3-minute pretest to determine a PO which elicited a HR of 145 +/- 5 bpm. After a 2-minute rest, subjects began exercise at the predetermined work rate with the PO being increased 35 W.min-1. Testing sessions were terminated when subjects failed to maintain the desired PO. No significant difference (p greater than 0.05) existed in peak PO or peak oxygen consumption (VO2) between the three protocols. However, JMT protocol did result in a shorter time to exhaustion than the other protocols employed (P less than 0.05).
Injuries to Dutch sport parachutists.
Authors: Steinberg P J
Published: December 2008

From 1981 to 1985 193,611 jumps were made by sport parachutists in the Netherlands. Of these 267 (0.14%) resulted in injuries including 4 fatalities. In this report the different types of injuries and their causes are discussed and comments are given in relation to training, selection, precautions and equipment, as well as upon accident registration and possible modifications.
Ruptured Achilles tendon--preliminary results of a new treatment.
Authors: Cetti R
Published: December 2008

The preliminary results of a new treatment of ruptured Achilles tendons are presented. The new treatment consists of a new tendon suture and a new post-operative cast in which it is possible to make non-weight bearing movements of the ankle immediately after the operation. This makes it possible to walk the day after the operation, causes very little discomfort during the time in a cast, gives a quick return to normal mobility with normal plantar flexion strength and makes it possible to resume sport at the same level as before the injury.
Iron deficiency in adolescent female dancers.
Authors: Mahlamäki E , Mahlamäki S
Published: December 2008

The iron balance of 25 adolescent dancers and 23 control females of the same age were studied. The concentrations of fasting blood haemoglobin, serum iron, serum transferrin and serum ferritin were determined. Iron supplementation (ferrous sulphate corresponding to 100 mg of elemental iron per day) was instigated if body iron stores were low (serum ferritin less than 30 micrograms.l-1). Blood samples were drawn again after ten weeks. Low haemoglobin concentration (blood haemoglobin less than 125 g.l-1) was more prevalent among dancers than among control subjects. Reduced iron stores as well as completely absent iron stores (serum ferritin concentration less than 12 micrograms.l-1) were equally common in both groups (25% of the subjects). Iron supplementation reduced the number of anaemic girls from 16 to 4 and the highly significant difference in haemoglobin level between the treated and untreated groups disappeared. Ten weeks of iron therapy was not, however, long enough to increase iron stores.
Heart rate and estimated energy expenditure during ballroom dancing.
Authors: Blanksby B A , Reidy P W
Published: December 2008

Ten competitive ballroom dance couples performed simulated competitive sequences of Modern and Latin American dance. Heart rate was telemetered during the dance sequences and related to direct measures of oxygen uptake and heart rate obtained while walking on a treadmill. Linear regression was employed to estimate gross and net energy expenditures of the dance sequences. A multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures on the dance factor was applied to the data to test for interaction and main effects on the sex and dance factors. Overall mean heart rate values for the Modern dance sequence were 170 beats.min-1 and 173 beats.min-1 for males and females respectively. During the Latin American sequence mean overall heart rate for males was 168 beats.min-1 and 177 beats.min-1 for females. Predicted mean gross values of oxygen consumption for the males were 42.8 +/- 5.7 ml.kg-1 min-1 and 42.8 +/- 6.9 ml.kg-1 min-1 for the Modern and Latin American sequences respectively. Corresponding gross estimates of oxygen consumption for the females were 34.7 +/- 3.8 ml.kg-1 min-1 and 36.1 +/- 4.1 ml.kg-1 min-1. Males were estimated to expand 54.1 +/- 8.1 kJ.min-1 of energy during the Modern sequence and 54.0 +/- 9.6 kJ.min-1 during the Latin American sequence, while predicted energy expenditure for females was 34.7 +/- 3.8 kJ.min-1 and 36.1 +/- 4.1 kJ.min-1 for Modern and Latin American dance respectively. The results suggested that both males and females were dancing at greater than 80% of their maximum oxygen consumption. A significant difference between males and females was observed for predicted gross and net values of oxygen consumption (in L.min-1 and ml.kg-1 min-1).
Smoking and lung functions in sportsmen.
Authors: De A K , Tripathi M M
Published: December 2008

Ten smoker sportsmen and 17 non-smoker sportsmen and 41 smoker non-sportsmen were studied. Lung function was assessed by means of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), the ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1%) and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR). For the smokers, all the tests were conducted before smoking (BS) and 30 min after smoking (AS) two cigarettes consecutively to observe the acute effect of smoking. In the smoker sportsmen there was no significant difference between BS and AS measures of lung function. Before smoking smoker sportsmen had lower values for FEV1, FEV1% and PEFR than non-smoker sportsmen (p less than 0.05). However, smoker sportsmen show higher BS values of FEV1 (p less than 0.01), FEV1% (p less than 0.01) and PEFR (p less than 0.05) compared with those of smoker non-sportsmen who had similar smoking indices. These results indicated that the smoker sportsmen, despite exhibiting some degree of lung function impairment in relation to non-smoker sportsmen, still maintained rather better lung function status than the smoker non-sportsmen.
Achilles paratendonitis: an evaluation of steroid injection.
Authors: DaCruz D J , Geeson M , Allen M J , Phair I
Published: December 2008

A prospective, randomised, double-blind study of 28 patients presenting with Achilles paratendonitis was undertaken in order to evaluate the role of peritendonous injection of methy prednisolone acetate (Depo Medrone). At presentation patients were either administered peri-tendonous injection of 40 mgs of methyl prednisolone acetate suspended in 1 ml of 0.25% marcaine or 2 ml of 0.25% marcaine alone. Response was gauged by resolution of pain, tenderness and return to normal activity. Patients who failed to respond to initial treatment were crossed over to the other group at 12 weeks. All patients received standardised physiotherapy. Results indicate that peri-tendonous injection of methyl prednisolone acetate is of no value in Achilles paratendonitis.
A sports medicine clinic in the community.
Authors: Davison J , Ryan M P
Published: December 2008

We report the attempt to set up a mini sports medicine clinic in a health centre resourced by a Department of Community Medicine. The type of problems seen are similar to those reported by other clinics. On the results of this pilot project, we believe it would be possible to establish similar clinics in health centres elsewhere in the United Kingdom. The National Health Service resources required are minimal, but the benefits to local communities are considerable.
Caffeine, maximal power output and fatigue.
Authors: Williams J H , Signorile J F , Barnes W S , Henrich T W
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of caffeine ingestion on maximal power output and fatigue during short term, high intensity exercise. Nine adult males performed 15 s maximal exercise bouts 60 min after ingestion of caffeine (7 mg.kg-1) or placebo. Exercise bouts were carried out on a modified cycle ergometer which allowed power output to be computed for each one-half pedal stroke via microcomputer. Peak power output under caffeine conditions was not significantly different from that obtained following placebo ingestion. Similarly, time to peak power, total work, power fatigue index and power fatigue rate did not differ significantly between caffeine and placebo conditions. These results suggest that caffeine ingestion does not increase one's maximal ability to generate power. Further, caffeine does not alter the rate or magnitude of fatigue during high intensity, dynamic exercise.
Injuries treated at a sports injury clinic compared with a neighbouring accident and emergency department.
Authors: Rowell S , Rees-Jones A
Published: December 2008

Previous reports relating to sports injuries treated at hospital Accident and Emergency departments (A&E) or Sports Injury Clinics (SIC) indicate differences between the groups. This study compared directly the sports injuries treated during overlapping time periods at an A&E department (n = 2490) and a SIC (n = 340) set within the same geographical area. The two populations were found to differ significantly in age, sport, injury and injury site. Hospital patients tended to be younger, with an acute injury to the upper body or head which occurred during participation in sports where contact is likely. SIC patients tended to be older, with chronic or overuse injuries to the back or lower limb. It was found that there are significant differences between the sports injuries treated at the sports injury clinic and the hospital casualty department. It is concluded that demand is clearly shown for both types of treatment site when both are available in the same geographical area.
Adolphe Abrahams memorial lecture, 1988. Exercise and lifestyle change.
Authors: Shephard R J
Published: December 2008

While the evidence for a clustering of health habits is not particularly strong, there are both pedagogic and economic arguments in favour of a multifaceted approach to health education. The present review thus examines the impact of regular physical exercise upon other forms of health behaviour, testing the extent to which an activity programme can be a catalyst of improved lifestyle in both primary and secondary preventive therapy. The conceptual framework of health promotion is examined with particular reference to the models of Skinner, Becker, Fishbein, Triandis and Rokeach. Certain differences are noted between the decision to exercise and the marketing decisions for which Fishbein's model was originally designed. Nevertheless, in its later modifications, it provides a basic framework for understanding how human lifestyle is shaped. Theoretical mechanisms are suggested whereby exercise could influence such behaviours as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and drug usage, seat-belt usage, hypertension, body mass, lipid profile, promiscuous sexual behaviour, the carrying of lethal weapons, and acceptance of regular preventive medical examinations. The empirical evidence from both cross-sectional and longitudinal experiments shows a relatively weak association between exercise habits and other desirable forms of health behaviour. Moreover, it is arguable that other forms of health intervention such as smoking withdrawal or dieting might be equally effective as a primary change agent, and much of the observed association between exercise and other health habits could be attributable to a common dependence on demographic and socio-economic factors. On the other hand, the apparent weakness of associations may arise in part from difficulties in measuring both habitual physical activity and other forms of health behaviour, with a resultant attenuation of correlations. Possibly, a stronger association between exercise participation and other favourable health habits would be uncovered if attention were focused upon those forms of endurance exercise currently thought to enhance cardiac health. Given that moderate endurance exercise is also positive and pleasant advice, further examination of the potential of multifaceted but exercise-centered health promotion programmes appears warranted.
Effects of high intensity canoeing training on fibre area and fibre type in the latissimus dorsi muscle.
Authors: Baker S J , Hardy L
Published: December 2008

A high intensity short duration exercise training programme was undertaken by nine subjects on three occasions each week for nine weeks. Muscle samples from the latissimus dorsi were taken by needle biopsy, at rest, before and after training. The results revealed that there was no change in either Type I or Type II muscle fibre distribution following training. Type I fibre area did not alter significantly as a result of the training stress. Mean cross-sectional area of Type II fibres was 82 per cent greater post-training than pre-training.
Movements causing ankle fractures in parachuting.
Authors: Ellitsgaard N , Warburg F
Published: December 2008

The parachutist injured in a dramatic accident often describes the injury in an incomplete and biased way and evaluation of materials based solely upon subjective information of this kind can be misleading and of no value for recommendations. As the relation between the mechanical factors of the injury and the lesion in ankle fractures is well documented, an investigation of clinical, radiological and operative findings in 46 parachutists with ankle fractures was conducted. Classification was possible in 44 of 46 fractures. The description of the cause of the trauma in 21 supination-eversion fractures and in 13 pronation-eversion fractures was most frequently faulty landing position or obstacles. The cause of seven supination fractures was oscillation of the parachutist whilst descending with sudden impact against the lateral aspect of the foot. For prophylaxis we recommend improvement of landing and steering techniques and the support of semi-calf boots.
Anthropometric comparison of cyclists from different events.
Authors: Foley J P , Bird S R , White J A
Published: December 2008

An anthropometric analysis was conducted upon 36 competitive male cyclists (mean age 23.4 years) who had been competing on average for 8.2 years. Cyclists were allocated to one of four groups; sprint, pursuit, road and time trial according to their competitive strengths. The sample included cyclists who were classified as category 1, 2, 3 or professional (British Cycling Federation and Professional Cycling Association). The sprint cyclists were significantly shorter and more mesomorphic than the other three groups (p less than 0.05). The time trialists were the tallest, most ectomorphic group, having the longest legs (p less than 0.01), the highest leg length/height ratio (p less than 0.05) and the greatest bitrochanteric width (p less than 0.05). The pursuit and road cyclists were found to have similar physiques, which were located between those of the sprinters and time trialists. The biomechanical implications of these differences in physique may be related to the high rate of pedal revolutions required by sprinters and the higher gear ratios used by time trialists.
Orienteering performance and ingestion of glucose and glucose polymers.
Authors: Kujala U M , Heinonen O J , Kvist M , Kärkkäinen O P , Marniemi J , Niittymäki K , Havas E
Published: December 2008

The benefit of glucose polymer ingestion in addition to 2.5 per cent glucose before and during a prolonged orienteering competition was studied. The final time in the competition in the group ingesting 2.5 per cent glucose (group G, n = 10) was 113 min 37 s +/- 8 min 11 s, and in the group which had additionally ingested glucose polymer (group G + GP, n = 8) 107 min 18s +/- 4 min 41 s (NS). One fifth (21 per cent) of the time difference between the two groups was due to difference in orienteering errors. Group G + GP orienteered the last third of the competition faster than group G (p less than 0.05). The time ratio between the last third of the competition and the first third of the competition was lower in group G + GP than in group G (p less than 0.05). After the competition, there was statistically insignificant tendency to higher serum glucose and lower serum free fatty acid concentrations in group G + GP, and serum insulin concentration was higher in group G + GP than in group G (p less than 0.05). Three subjects reported that they exhausted during the competition. These same three subjects had the lowest serum glucose concentrations after the competition (2.9 mmol.1(-1), 2.9 mmol.1(-1), 3.5 mmol.1(-1] and all of them were from group G. It is concluded that glucose polymer syrup ingestion is beneficial for prolonged psychophysical performance.
Cardiovascular fitness and thermoregulation during prolonged exercise in man.
Authors: Greenhaff P L
Published: December 2008

Nine healthy male subjects differing in their training status (VO2 max 54 +/- 7 ml.min-1.kg-1, mean +/- SD; 43-64 ml.min-1 kg-1, range) exercised on two occasions separated by one week. On each occasion, having fasted overnight, subjects exercised for 1 h on an electrically braked cycle ergometer at a workload equivalent to 70 per cent VO2 max (test A) or at a fixed workload of 140 W (test B). Each test was assigned in a randomized manner and was performed at an ambient temperature of 22.5 +/- 0.0 degrees C and a relative humidity of 85 +/- 0 per cent. Absolute exercise workload was the most successful predictor of sweat loss during test A (r = 0.82, p less than 0.01). Sweat loss was also related to VO2 max tests A (r = 0.67, p less than 0.05) and B (r = 0.67, p less than 0.05). There was no relationship between resting pre-exercise core temperature and VO2 max. However, core temperature recorded during the final min of exercise in test B was inversely related to VO2 max (r = -0.86, p less than 0.01). As a consequence, core temperature during the final minute of exercise was also related to the relative exercise intensity (% VO2 max) performed (r = 0.82, p less than 0.01). The heart rate response during test B was inversely related to VO2 max (r = -0.71, p less than 0.05) and was positively related to the relative exercise intensity performed (r = 0.68, p less than 0.05). No relationship was found between weighted mean skin temperature during the final minute of exercise and the relative (r = 0.26) or absolute (r = 0.03) workloads performed during exercise. The results of the present experiment suggest that cardiovascular fitness (as indicated by VO2 max) will have a significant influence upon the thermoregulatory responses of Man during exercise.
Continuous short-wave (radio-frequency) diathermy.
Authors: Goats G C
Published: December 2008

Continuous shortwave diathermy is the technique of choice when uniform marked elevation of temperature is required in the deep tissues. This heating can be targeted accurately by using an appropriate applicator positioned correctly. SWD also allows superficial structures to be heated selectively, although for this the various methods of surface heating are usually preferable. Sub-acute or chronic conditions respond best to continuous shortwave diathermy which, when used properly, can be as effective as ultrasound. Acute lesions are better treated with pulsed shortwave diathermy. Continuous shortwave diathermy can help to relieve pain and muscle spasm, resolve inflammatory states and reduce swelling, promote vasodilation, increase the compliance of connective tissue, increase joint range and decrease joint stiffness.
Blood doping--a literature review.
Authors: Jones M , Tunstall Pedoe D S
Published: December 2008

There is increasing evidence that the technique of reinfusing an athlete's stored blood prior to competition to improve performance has been used on many occasions. Although early experimental results were controversial and the precise mechanism by which the technique improves performance is still debated, there is now strong evidence that if the blood doping produces a sufficient rise in total red cell mass there are significant improvements in physiological variables such as maximum oxygen uptake, lactate buffering and thermoregulation. These physiological changes are matched by improvements in endurance performance. These may persist in diminishing degree for several weeks, but have to be weighed against the detraining effect produced by the repeated venesection required to obtain an adequate amount of stored blood for autologous reinfusion. Experimental evidence suggests that the transient increase in blood volume and cardiac output following reinfusion is too short lived to be of any real importance and the major effect is related to the increase in total red blood cell mass and haemoglobin enabling an increased transport of oxygen and therefore a potentially greater reserve of blood which can be diverted to non-exercising tissues to improve thermoregulation. The increased red cell mass also improves lactate buffering. Although these benefits have been shown in several studies the increases in performance and measured physiological parameters do not bear a direct relationship to the changes in haematological variables. Blood doping is of considerable importance, not only as an abuse of fair competition, but also because of the light it throws on the physiological limits to endurance performance. It has reawakened controversy as to whether oxygen transport is the limiting factor in endurance.
Back injuries to fast bowlers in cricket: a prospective study.
Authors: Foster D , John D , Elliott B , Ackland T , Fitch K
Published: December 2008

Eighty-two high performance young male fast bowlers (mean age 16.8 years) were tested immediately prior to the season for selected kinanthropometric and physiological data. Subjects were also filmed both laterally (200 Hz) and from above (100 Hz) while bowling so that their front foot impacted a force platform during the delivery stride. The players then completed a log book over the ensuing season that detailed their training and playing programmes. All cricket related injuries over this season were assessed by a sports physician who used computerized tomography to assist in the diagnosis of spinal injuries. At the completion of this season the players were grouped according to their injury status (Group 1--bony injury to a vertebra; Group 2--soft tissue injury to the back that caused the player to miss at least one game, and Group 3--no injuries). A one-way analysis of variance was used to identify if any variables were significantly (P less than 0.05) different between the three groups, and a Scheffe post hoc comparison was used to determine which groups were significantly different. Eleven per cent of the players sustained a stress fracture to a vertebra(e) (L4 to S1), while 27 per cent sustained a soft tissue injury to the back. Bowlers with a low longitudinal foot arch were more likely to develop a stress fracture than those with a high arch. Shoulder depression and horizontal flexion strength for the preferred limb and quadriceps power in the non-preferred limb were also significantly related to back injuries. Results suggest that bowlers with the above physical characteristics, who bowl with these biomechanical techniques for extended periods, are predisposed to back injuries.