bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Failure to Construct an MMPI-2-Based Self-Mutilative Behavior Scale
Authors: Acker David W. , Annis Lawrence V. , Burck Harman D.
Published: July 2007

Thirty identified self-mutilating patients in a large state mental hospital were compared with 30 patients at the same facility who were matched on the basis of gender, race, and diagnosis, but were not identified as self-mutilators. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance and a two group chi-square analysis were employed to determine if a selected set of variables from the MMPI-2 (Anger, Anxiety, and Depression content scales, and Psychasthenia, Social Introversion, Psychopathic Deviance, Schizophrenia, and Hypomania) could effectively discriminate between the two groups. Neither procedure produced results of statistical significance. The results of the study are discussed in terms of individual differences and the difficulty of establishing a profile with the MMPI-2 predictive of self-mutilative behavior.
Storage, Collection and Disposal of Kariakoo Market Wastes in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Yhdego Michael
Published: July 2007

In many developing countries, the market is still the most important source of commerce for traders and provisions for the general public. The transmission of disease in the market place involves factors relating to the host, the agent and the environment. This study examines the quality of solid waste management in Kariakoo market, Dar es Salaam. The main problems identified were poor market design and lack of a well organized waste storage, collection and disposal systems. Two-thirds of the waste consists of vegetable matter. Proposals for improved design of storage and collection facilities are described. Experiments revealed wastes from the market are readily decomposable by composting. A change in the design of covered markets and improvements in waste handling are essential to reduce the potential health hazards in developing countries.
Planning of Disposal Sites in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania—a Decision Support System Approach
Authors: Yhdego Michael , Vidal Rene V. V. , Overgaard Christian M.
Published: July 2007

A system is developed aiming at supporting the planners in several aspects of solid waste management in developing countries. The system is tailored especially to planning of disposal sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania based on a decision support system framework. Emphasis was placed on: applicability for users without particular computer knowledge, a simple and comprehensible system for solid waste planners to use, stressing environmental impact, and introduction of subjective judgements. As an important element of problem formulation and problem solving, the involved decision processes are elaborated. The entire system is implemented within a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet environment. The developed model illustrates that it is possible to include and emphasize several features that are lacking in many existing commercial computerized models.
Incineration Risk Perceptions and Public Concern: Experience in the U.K. Improving Risk Communication
Authors: Petts Judith
Published: July 2007

Siting decisions for hazardous waste incineration continue to be delayed and impeded by adverse public reaction. Improved public relations and education of the public about risks are the favoured approaches amongst many experts and the industry for allaying public concerns. This paper identifies the limited potential for such strategies and advocates instead attention to the whole risk management system for hazardous waste siting decisions. The paper's conclusions and recommendations arise from an examination of the nature, sources and impact of public concerns about incineration in the U.K.
Use of Kraft Black Liquors From a Pulp Mill for the Production of Soil Conditioners
Authors: González C. , Alvarez R. , Coca J.
Published: July 2007

The possibility of utilizing kraft black liquors generated in a paper mill, using Eucaliptus globulus as raw material, for the production of a nitro-humic soil conditioner was studied. Two processes were considered: (1) oxidation of the kraft black liquors with nitric acid; and (2) precipitation of the lignin contained in kraft black liquors with CO2 and further oxidation of this lignin by nitric acid. The second process was more efficient regarding product yield and safety of operation. Screening tests at different operating conditions of the latter process indicate that high quality nitro-humic materials can be obtained.
Regional Material Management and Environmental Protection
Authors: Brunner Paul H. , Baccini Peter
Published: July 2007

The goal of environmental protection is to prevent damage by early recognition of possible hazards. In the present paper, the potential of materials accounting techniques to forewarn of critical loadings on water, air and soil is assessed. For this purpose, the anthropogenic and natural contributions to the metabolism of a region are measured and estimated respectively. The control of man-made material fluxes to the environment is discussed with regard to a waste management concept based on sustainable fluxes of emissions and final storage quality of landfill materials. According to the results, regional material balances are powerful tools for integrated waste management: they allow the setting of priorities in waste management by identifying important material quantities and qualities, they are the base for the design and evaluation of waste treatment technologies, they are necessary for environmental impact statements, and they allow the recognition and minimization of the overall flux of materials from the anthroposphere to the environment.
Distribution and Attenuation of Hazardous Substances in Uncontrolled Solid Waste Landfills
Authors: Assmuth Timo
Published: July 2007

The distribution, concentrations in various phases, attenuation and emissions of hazardous substances in Finnish municipal and industrial mixed-waste landfills were investigated in a 5 year field study. Pronounced irregular spatial variation in substance concentrations was observed within, and especially between, the sites. Most frequency distributions of contaminant concentrations in the fills were skewed toward small values. Related norms or reference values were occasionally exceeded. The attenuation of contaminants in the various phases within and around landfills varied according to the substance and site, reflecting retention and removal mechanisms. Lead and zinc were the most easily leached heavy metals in old landfills. The concentration distributions of toxicants in waterborne emissions were dominated by small values, but the maxima exceeded drinking water norms by up to 400 times. In municipal landfill gas, some halomethane concentrations (100 mg Nm-3) exceeded air quality norms. The estimates of contaminant fluxes were minor compared with, for example, industrial emissions. The overall toxic impacts of Finnish landfills thus seem relatively small, but may be important locally and require further study and caution. Associated issues in disposal risk assessment and management are briefly discussed.
Microbial, Chemical and Methane Production Characteristics of Anaerobically Decomposed Refuse With and Without Leachate Recycling
Authors: Barlaz Morton A. , Ham Robert K. , Schaefer Daniel M.
Published: July 2007

Microbial and chemical characteristics of refuse in an active state of methane production, incubated in the laboratory with and without leachate recycle, were compared. There were no significant differences in the total anaerobic population or the sub-populations of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, acetogenic or methanogenic (based on acetate or H2/CO2 utilization) bacteria in refuse incubated with or without leachate recycle. Therefore, leachate recycle may be used to accelerate refuse decomposition in laboratory-scale test lysimeters without changing the microbial composition of the aforementioned trophic groups. Differences in soluble constituent concentrations and methane production patterns between leachate recycle and non-leachate recycle containers were attributed to the mixing associated with leachate recycle. Under certain circumstances, leachate recycle is a useful technique for acceleration of refuse decomposition in the laboratory, thus reducing the period of time required to study the effect of an addition to the refuse ecosystem on methane production.
Instruments in Environmental Policy -Different Approaches
Authors: Lindeneg Klavs
Published: July 2007

Many different instruments exist which can be used in environmental policy. No one instrument is superior to all others in all situations. The instrument used in a specific situation depends on the goals to be achieved and on the specific environmental problem (for example, the number of polluters, monitoring problems, etc.). To manage more effectively present environmental issues it may be necessary to combine the use of traditional economic instruments with new economic mechanisms. An example is shown how such a new economic mechanism, a combination of the "utilitarian desires" rule and a tax rule, could assist to locate a new waste disposal site.
Waste Incineration-an Important Element of the Integrated Waste Management System in Germany
Authors: Johnke Bernt
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the present situation of waste incineration in Europe and discusses the problems faced in the future when the Directives of the European Community will be implemented on waste management. As an example, the status of thermal waste treatment in Germany is dealt with in detail. A point addressed is that public acceptance of incineration can only be increased if the public is aware of the conditions governing waste avoidance and recycling and if these conditions are actually realized. This means, prior to incineration, recyclable or compostable materials should be separated, and only then can the remaining amounts of wastes be treated before being deposited. The main aim of the treatment process is to reduce the hazard potential posed by waste and to meet the landfill requirements laid down in the German Technical Instructions for Municipal Waste.
Some Limitations of Sluiced Fly Ash as a Liming Material for Acidic Soils
Authors: Warren C.J.
Published: July 2007

Innovative methods are currently being sought to safely utilize and reduce the amount of sluiced fly ash stored in on-site facilities at thermal electric power facilities in Ontario, Canada. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of utilizing sluiced fly ash as a liming material on acidic soils. A greenhouse experiment was established to examine the influence of the ash on soil pH values and the yield and chemical composition of corn, soybeans, wheat and alfalfa grown on amended soil.

The sluiced ash had an initial pH value of 9.1 (1:1 H2O) and contained an equivalent CACO3 content of 11.5% (+0.2%) based on total content of Ca and Mg in the ash. Fly ash was applied at rates of up to 167 tonnes ha-1 to samples of the surface horizon (0-15 cm) of an acidic clay textured soil found local to the power plant. Application of fly ash increased soil pH values but a high concentration of boron in the added ash limited plant growth. Results indicated that the sluiced ash could be used as a liming material at application rates of up to 110 tonnes ha-1, on acidic, clay textured soils provided boron tolerant crops such as alfalfa were grown. Further research is required to establish the potential for leaching of boron to ground water and to determine the potential for plant uptake of other trace elements such as As and Se.
Results of the German Dioxin Measurement Programme At MSW Incinerators
Authors: Johnke Bernt , Stelzner Eckhard
Published: July 2007

This paper described the findings and data resulting from the German National Dioxin Measurement Programme at 11 plants with 15 incineration units. The programme's main focus was to provide answers to the question of the causes of dioxins and furans formation in the plant and to look for ways to reduce dioxin and furan emissions, including waste management measures and technical measures taken inside the plants. The investigations confirmed the finding that a major proportion of the dioxin and furan emissions is due to de novo synthesis. Two areas have to be mentioned here, the cooling zone behind the combustion chamber and the dust removal system.

Significant differences in dioxin and furan concentration levels were ascertained between variations of operating parameters, e.g. much air, little air, extremely unfavourable operating conditions (i.e. start-up and shut-down without auxiliary burners) and the normal operating conditions specific to a plant. To comply the limit value of 0.1 ng I-TE m-3 it is necessary that conventional thermal treatment plants take additional measures to remove dioxins and furans from the flue gas. The measurements were carried out from 1985 to 1990. In addition, samples of fractions of household waste were analysed for their dioxins and furans.
Circulating Fluidized Bed Incineration of Industrial Solid Wastes
Authors: Chang Yu-Min , Kang Jung-Shing , Ho Chin-Chen
Published: July 2007

A pilot scale test facility of a circulating fluidized bed incinerator was established to generate design and operation data and help assess the technical feasibility for industrial applications. The use of high turbulence in the combustion zone and feeding an acid-capturer directly into the incinerator to absorb acid gases eliminates the costly afterburner and scrubber. This paper presents some systematic incineration tests of uniform industrial wastes such as paper mill sludge cake, rubber waste and petroleum coke. Sludge cakes with high moisture and low heating values can be treated to a low emission level by co-firing with coal. The high superficial gas velocity has improved combustion efficiency but increases NOx emissions. However, sulphur content has almost no influence on sulphur retention. The problems of CO/NOx emissions and circulation stability are also discussed.
Assessing the True Cost of Landfills
Authors: Hirshfeld Stephen , Vesilind P. Aarne , Pas Eric I.
Published: July 2007

The most common means for disposing of municipal solid waste is burial in a sanitary landfill. However, many landfill owners significantly underestimate the total cost of landfill disposal by considering only land and operating costs, ignoring external physical and social costs associated with landfills. This paper proposes an approach to estimating (in monetary terms) the external costs arising from the development and operation of a landfill. All cost information is based on typical U.S. landfill cost structures. The approach is illustrated by applying it to a case study of a proposed landfill in Durham, North Carolina (U.S.A.). This case study demonstrates that the method can be applied easily and yields reasonable results.
A Lysimeter Study of the Aerobic Landfill Concept
Authors: Stessel R.I. , Murphy R.J.
Published: July 2007

An investigation was undertaken concerning the enhancement of degradation in a landfill. Degradation can be enhanced by the application of water, the recycling of leachate and the addition of air. A lysimeter study was undertaken to determine the quantities of moisture and air that would optimize degradation. The final concept involved application of moisture levels greater than those usually found in composting, combined with the addition of air forced by blowers. Aerobic operation provided significantly faster rates of degradation. The principal measure was that of settlement. In conclusion, some very preliminary economic considerations are presented.
Curbside Recycling in the U.S.a.: Convenience and Mandatory Participation
Authors: Everett Jess W. , Peirce J. Jeffrey
Published: July 2007

This research examines the relationship between the success of a residential curbside recycling program (RCRP), measured as material recovery rate (MRR), and two program factors: (1) whether or not participation is mandated; and (2) convenience, measured by container provision, collection frequency and collection day relative to municipal solid waste collection day. Residential curbside recycling programs, with correct strategies and program design, can be an important part of solid waste management plans world-wide. While residential curbside recycling programs are growing in popularity, many basic design questions lie unanswered and successful program strategies are not always obvious. Data from 357 residential curbside recycling programs in the United States are used to test the hypotheses. Mandatory participation residential curbside recycling programs are seen to collect more material than voluntary participation residential curbside recycling programs. Container provision appears effective for voluntary, but not mandatory, residential curbside recycling programs. Increasing collection frequency appears to have a small positive effect on residential curbside recycling program success, while collection day has little effect on material recovery rate.
Oil Sludge Landfarming Biodegradation Experiment Conducted At a Tropical Site in Eastern Venezuela
Authors: Prado-Jatar Manuel , Correa Manuel , Rodriguez-Grau Jorge , Carneiro Maximiliano
Published: July 2007

Although climatic conditions are optimal for biodegradation processes to occur, little attention has been given to the application of oil sludge landfarming methods in tropical regions. Here, partial results of our landfarming operations are described for a tropical site in eastern Venezuela, an area characterized by intense oil exploitation and low agricultural productivity. Experiments were carried out in an area of 1 ha and incorporated eight separate treatment plots, including harrowing, water irrigation, fertilization, microbial inoculation or combinations of these. Results showed that total crude oil biodegredation rates of the sludges were stabilized within 6-9 months, with a mean total hydrocarbon degradation of 80%. Saturated hydrocarbon fraction degradation rates were significantly lower (overall slope t-tests P<0.001) in treatments where aeration (harrowing), watering and fertilization were applied, contributing the most to microbial activation of site-specific soil and sludge. The effectiveness of each method was also evaluated by comparison with "control" crop yields. These results are part of the efforts by INTEVEP, S.A., to search for new management disposal alternatives best suited to tropical conditions.
Practical Simulation of Composting in the Laboratory
Authors: Magalhães A.M.T. , Shea P.J. , Jawson M.D. , Wicklund E.A. , Nelson D.W.
Published: July 2007

A closed incubation system was developed for laboratory simulation of composting conditions at the interior of a large compost pile. A conductive heat flux control system (CHFC) was used to adjust the temperature of the internal wall to that of the compost center and compensate for heat loss. Insulated small vessels (400 cm 3) controlled by the CHFC system were compared with similar vessels maintained at 30°C (mesophilic) and 55°C (thermophilic), and with large vessels (10 000 cm3) with and without the CHFC. Compost temperature rose rapidly to a maximum within 2-4 days, then gradually decreased. In mesophilic treatments (no CHFC), temperature at the matrix center increased to a maximum of 36°C in the small vessel and 50°C in the large vessel, while temperature in both vessels reached 50°C with the CHFC. Microbial activity was maintained by allowing compost to self-heat and controlling temperature externally with the CHFC. Higher temperatures were sustained for longer periods in CHFC vessels than in vessels without the CHFC. Periodic mixing of the compost matrix increased temperature and CO2 evolution. Small vessels were successfully used in laboratory simulation of field-scale composting of a soil/organic matrix containing TNT and RDX munitions. The small vessel system reduced subsample error in compost monitoring from that of the large vessels. The CHFC has particular utility in research requiring expensive chemicals or hazardous substances.
A Landfill Site Evaluation Model That Includes Public Preferences Regarding Natural Resources and Nearby Communities
Authors: Wichelns Dennis , Opaluch James J. , Swallow Stephen K. , Weaver Thomas F. , Wessells Christopher W.
Published: July 2007

This paper develops a model that provides an objective framework for evaluating the concerns often cited by members of nearby communities and other state residents when potential sites for solid waste landfills are evaluated. An empirical version of the model is estimated using preference data collected in a paired comparison survey of Rhode Island residents, in which participants identify a preferred site and location for a landfill among two alternatives. The estimated model is used to assign scores to each characteristic describing the natural resources present at a site and the characteristics of the nearby community. The model estimates the proportion of voters who would choose each candidate site in a referendum that includes the complete set of alternatives. This simulated voting mechanism can be used to reduce a long list of technically desirable sites to a shorter list of sites that rank highly according to public preferences regarding natural resources and local community impacts.
A Hydraulic Model for Estimating Specific Surface Area in Landfill
Authors: Ferguson Colin C.
Published: July 2007

The kinetics of waste degradation in landfill is believed to be influenced by the available surface area, but detailed hypothesis testing has been hampered by lack of methods for estimating surface area. In this paper a new theory for water transport and storage in landfill is developed, with equations for estimating specific surface area of refuse and of suspended solids in leachate. The analysis was motivated by the need to develop scale-up equations relating methane production rate per litre of leachate to rate per tonne of bulk refuse. Two such equations are derived. The first, using surface area as the key scale-up parameter, gives unrealistic values; the second, using liquid volume, gives results in excellent agreement with gas pumping trials. This may indicate that methanogens in landfill are freely suspended individuals or flocs rather than film type bacteria that depend on mechanical support surfaces.
Use of Waste Gypsum in the Revegetation On Red Mud Deposits: a Greenhouse Study
Authors: Wong J.W.C. , Ho G.E.
Published: July 2007

The disposal of fine bauxite refining residue (red mud) has occupied huge areas of land which remain derelict and subject to wind and water erosion. The major constraints in rehabilitation are the high alkalinity, salinity and sodicity of red mud. This paper describes a greenhouse study to evaluate the use of waste gypsum as ameliorants for red mud. Red mud was amended with gypsum at 0, 2, 5 and 8% (w/w) and its effect on the growth of two grass species, Agropyron elongatum (Tall wheat grass) and Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), was evaluated. Gypsum amendment significantly reduced the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and Na and Al content of red mud and provided a continuous supply of Ca 2+, which resulted in a lower soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The improved soil conditions at ≥ 5% gypsum amendment significantly increased seedling emergence and dry weight yields. The enhanced plant growth and seedling emergence show significant negative correlations with pH, Al and ESP of soil. Tissue analyses indicated that the availability of P, K, Mg and Ca also increased for ≥ 5% gypsum amended red mud, while Na and Fe were less available. Results from the present study indicated that waste gypsum is an effective ameliorant for red mud revegetation and no topsoil amendment is required.
A Review of Recent Studies On the Sources of Hazardous Compounds Emitted From Solid Waste Landfills: a U.S. Experience
Authors: Reinhart Debra R.
Published: July 2007

Municipal solid waste landfills operating in the United States receive a large variety of materials generated by an industrialized, "throwaway" society. As a result, liquid and gas emissions (produced during the normal decomposition processes occurring within the landfill) are often contaminated with hazardous compounds. The presence of hazardous pollutants in liquid and gaseous emissions is well documented, however, the source of these pollutants is not always apparent. Potential sources of these hazardous contaminants in municipal solid waste landfills may include small quantity generators of hazardous wastes, household hazardous wastes, wastes disposed prior to the 1980 enactment of U.S. hazardous waste disposal legislation, and biological and chemical transformation products of buried refuse. Source identification will facilitate characterization and quantification of emissions necessary for the design and operation of leachate gas collection and treatment facilities.
Review of Cadmium in Plastic Waste in Sweden
Authors: Tamaddon F. , Hogland W.
Published: July 2007

Cadmium containing stabilizers are used only in certain polyvinylchloride (PVC) products for special weather, light or temperature resistance. The total consumption of cadmium used as a chemical stabilizer in Sweden is expected to be about 1.5 tonnes/year in 1991-1992, while the amount in pigments is approximated to be 6 tonnes/year. It is determined that most of the cadmium that enters into the combustible fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) comes from plastics and pigments in various products. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene copolymers (ABS) products are the main source of plastics contained cadmium pigments. These products are usually consumer electronics such as television and telephone sets, computer, radios, etc. In practice, it is very difficult for a country like Sweden to act alone and implement regulations for cadmium due to international trade and heavy import/export of products. There is no doubt that the transition period to adopt other alternatives, as requested by the Swedish Cadmium Ordinance, takes time and a flow of cadmium from plastic wastes into landfills and incinerators is expected during the coming years. This is also due to the long lifetime of some plastic products which contain cadmium. Continuous and consistent monitoring of cadmium in landfills and incineration plants is required in order to be able to evaluate the effect of the Ordinance on cadmium.
A Forecast Model of Refuse Tonnage With Recapture and Uncertainty Bounds
Authors: McBean Edward A. , Fortin Michael H. P.
Published: July 2007

A spreadsheet model for forecasting solid waste tonnages is described. The model uses generation coefficients from the technical literature associated with individual material components (paper, glass, metals, plastics and rubber, organic materials, construction waste, inerts and other) to express the amount of waste produced per capita and per employee in the labor force. Estimates of quantities being generated by two major groups, namely domestic and industrial/commercial/institutional sources are reflected in the model's output. Using this disaggregated format, the model estimates total waste, recaptured waste (as a result of policy initiatives), and net refuse. Confidence intervals are developed using a regression model related to the business cycle. Two worked examples are given for data obtained in Canada.
Use of Mixed Probability Distributions for the Analysis of Solid Waste Generation Data
Authors: Arey M.J. , Baetz B.W. , Macdonald P.D.M. , Byer P.H.
Published: July 2007

The issues associated with the statistical analysis of municipal solid waste generation patterns are addressed in this paper. A methodology for determining a mixed probability distribution for daily waste generation data is developed. This methodology is then applied to data from two Canadian municipalities.
Treatment of Electric Arc Furnace Dust With a Sustained Shockwave Plasma Reactor
Authors: Hepworth Malcolm T. , Tylko J.K. , Hua Han
Published: July 2007

In the reprocessing of steel from automotive scrap, lead, cadmium and zinc, which are volatile constituents, vaporize under the extremely high localized temperatures in an electric arc furnace at the points of contact between the graphite electrodes and the charge. These vapors condense to produce a hazardous dust termed electric arc furnace dust (EFD). This study was undertaken to satisfy the need for a mobile system which could be moved from site to site of generators of EFD to avoid transportation of hazardous waste, and to recycle slags and metallic iron products within the plant. A new type of plasma device, the Sustained Shockwave Plasma (SSP) has been developed and tested for treatment of EFD on a laboratory scale (500 g h-1). Batch tests show that EFD can be treated to produce a non-hazardous slag and metallic zinc and lead to recycle.
A Review of the Management of Radioactive Wastes in Medical Institutes
Authors: Sztanyik László B.
Published: July 2007

Amongst the waste from health care institutions, radioactive waste represents a special category since it cannot be modified or neutralized by any available conventional means. Accordingly, disposal of radioactive waste can mean only its transfer from a place where it represents some hazard to somewhere else where it can be retained without undue risk. Radioactive waste arises in health care institutes as a result of diagnostic, therapeutical or research uses of unsealed radioactive substances. Sometimes, sealed sources withdrawn from further use might also be subject to disposal. Most radionuclides used in medicine are short-lived beta-, or beta-gamma emitters and represent a low risk, if properly handled, that is if due care is taken to prevent significant contamination of the workplace and personnel. Low-activity gaseous and liquid waste can usually be discharged to the environment directly; medium-activity or high-activity waste should be stored for variable periods to allow natural decay before specialized disposal.

This paper presents a review of the different types of radioactive wastes produced in hospitals, and introduces many of the sources of generation and subsequent disposal options. An example is given of the wide range of guidance available, both by national bodies in Hungary and international agencies, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organisation (WHO) and International Committee on Radiological Protection (ICRP).
Methodology for Municipal Landfill Sites Selection
Authors: Frantzis Ioannis
Published: July 2007

Probably the most important first stage in the development of a new sanitary landfill* is the selection of the site to be used. The inappropriate selection of a site can contribute to the bad image and reputation affecting landfill operations. Landfill site selection is a step-by-step process, in which environmental, engineering and economic criteria are applied successively. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) constitutes the first and most crucial stage in this selection process, aiming to quantify the impacts according to the natural characteristics of the sites. A method is presented to facilitate the proper selection of a landfill site for municipal waste. The method follows specific principles, called "selection criteria", the aim of which are to compare the considered sites to a hypothetical "ideal one". As a result the more a site matches the ideal and fulfils the criteria requirements, the more suitable it is as a landfill site. A case study for Athens, Greece is presented in an Appendix.
Potential To Use Waste Tires as Supplemental Fuel in Pulp and Paper Mill Boilers, Cement Kilns and in Road Pavement
Authors: Barlaz Morton A. , Eleazer William E. , Whittle Daniel J.
Published: July 2007

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the recycling potential of waste tires as an energy source and for use in road pavement. North Carolina, U.S.A., is used as a case study. Scrap tires may be burned for supplemental fuel in pulp and paper mill boilers and cement kilns. Five pulp and paper mill boilers in North Carolina could consume over 90% of the 6 million tires generated annually in the state. Cement kilns located within 400 km of North Carolina population centers could consume about 6.6 million tires annually. Based on the quantity of pavement laid in North Carolina, non-proprietary and proprietary versions of asphalt rubber concrete have the potential to consume 1.8 and 7.2 million tires, respectively. Rubber modified asphalt concrete has the potential to consume up to 16.5 million tires. However, technological and economic limitations suggest that large scale implementation is unlikely for the short term. Environmental considerations pertaining to each alternative are discussed. Estimates of this nature are critical as planning regions formulate solid waste management plans which include recycling.
Long-Term Effectiveness of Isolation Techniques for Contaminated Soils
Authors: Diependaal M.J. , Klein A.E. , Oude Boerrigter P.B.J.M. , van der Meij J.L. , de Walle F.B.
Published: July 2007

Seven different isolation methods, designed to prevent the migration of pollutants away from contaminated disposal sites, are compared. A 17-step integrated risk methodology is developed to compare these isolation methods. A disposal site containing heavy metals and toxic organics is used as a case study. Model calculations based on actual data predict that the Maximum Tolerable Concentration (MTC) for drinking water is never exceeded, while the MTC-lead is exceeded for the reuse of contaminated land for housing by all isolation methods after 100 years. Isolation methods are generally effective for the first 10 years, then have a retarding effect after 25 years, but are generally similar to a "non-intervention" reference situation after 100 years. Thus, it is argued that the current types of isolation techniques in use represent a potential "time bomb".
Production of Feed and Fertilizer From Water Hyacinth Plants in the Tropics
Authors: Polprasert C. , Kongsricharoern N. , Kanjanaprapin W.
Published: July 2007

Water hyacinth grows ubiquitously in natural water bodies in the tropics. If allowed to propagate without control, it can cause deterioration of water quality and create problems with water uses. However, water hyacinth has been used for wastewater treatment, and as an animal feed and soil conditioner. This paper reports a case study on silaging and composting of water hyacinth plants generated from ponds treating pig farm wastewater. The water hyacinth plants mixed with molasses and pig manure at the ratios of 85:10:5 (% wet weight) were found to be optimum for silage production; the silaging period was 28 days. The silaged products contained 16% protein and 18% dry matter, suitable for use as animal feed. The composted water hyacinth plants, whose raw materials included pig manure and leaves, contained N, P and K about 2.2, 1.5, and 0.8% (dry weight), respectively. An economic analysis of the two recycling options suggested that some benefits could be gained from these practices after 5 years of operation. These two options were found to be technically and economically feasible to be implemented at farm scale levels.
Pollutant Transformations in Landfill Layers
Authors: Lee Namhoon , Kusuda Tetsuya , Shimaoka Takayuki , Matsufuji Yasushi , Hanashima Masataka
Published: July 2007

The behaviour of pollutants, in particular organic carbon and nitrogen, in solid waste landfill layers and factors affecting their decomposition have been studied using four large scale simulated lysimeters in four landfill thicknesses, and operated under semiaerobic conditions. This paper presents about 800 days of data through November 1991. Data in this study indicate that the thicker solid waste layer has lower production rates of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Nitrogen (T-N) than does the thinner layer. If the layer, however, becomes too thick, no significant increase in the removal rate of T-N is observed, as nitrogen is leached out in the form of NO3. N without being denitrified at the bottom of the landfill layer. It is also assumed that temperature and pH in the landfill layer play important roles not only in microbial degradation, but also in dissolution of organic carbon and nitrogen.
A Systems Approach To Municipal Solid Waste Management: a Pilot Study of Goteborg
Authors: Sundberg J. , Gipperth P. , Wene C.-O.
Published: July 2007

The proposed systems approach to solid waste management consists of two parts, first, a comprehensive model, MIMES/WASTE (a Model for description and optimization of Integrated Material flows and Energy Systems), for analysing the technical properties of the waste management system, and second, procedures to make the model into an efficient tool in the planning process. The paper focuses on the first part by describing the model and the methodology for using it for broad scope technical analysis of the waste management system. A pilot study for the Göteborg region in Sweden, illustrating the methodology and the use of the model, is presented. The MIMES/WASTE model is a systems engineering tool for strategic planning of municipal waste management systems. The model provides a framework for consistent evaluation of: (i) a large number of feasible options for developing the system, (ii) the effects of uncertainties in the system environment and, (iii) various goals set up for the system (e.g. cost efficiency, environmental control, recycling, and energy production). Three modes of application are discussed: long-term planning; short-term planning; and consequence analysis.
Progress in Sanitary Landfill Technology and Regulations in Japan: a Review
Authors: Ikeguchi Takashi
Published: July 2007

The Japanese guideline for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill was revised for the first time in nearly 10 years. This permitted the introduction of various changes in the philosophy associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) management. The focal points of the revision were a review of the criteria for site design and operation prescribed in the old version, and supplemented with details of new technologies and experiences in sanitary landfill accumulated in the past decade. However, there still remain several ambiguous issues to be resolved. These include geotechnical parameters of fill materials, stability analysis of embankment and fill materials, selection criteria for lining materials, quality assurance and quality control of liner installation, prediction of quality and quantity of leachate, appropriate design of leachate lagoons, and monitoring and treatment of groundwater contamination near to waste landfill sites. Of particular concern is a development of cost-effective land disposal technology for MSW incinerator ashes and flue gas cleaning residues.
Solid Waste Recycling and Reuse in Bangkok
Authors: Muttamara S. , Visvanathan C. , Alwis K.U.
Published: July 2007

Materials recovered from solid waste in Bangkok are mainly glass bottles, paper and paper products, plastic products and metals. Materials are separated at three different stages of the collection process: at the source, prior to collection; by the crews of the collection vehicle; and by the scavengers at the dump site. The total daily tonnage of recyclable garbage collected at the source by the waste pickers is estimated at 286 tonnes, about 5% of the garbage collected by the city. There are small scale recycling shops (SSR) located around the main disposal sites where collected materials are sold by the collection crews and the scavengers. The quantity of materials delivered to the SSR shops by the collection crew vary between 1-6 tonnes per day. The amount of materials recovered by the scavengers (at the dump site) varies between 50-150 kg person-1 day-1. Therefore around 7.5% of the solid waste is recycled. In Bangkok both formal and informal sectors manufacture paper pulp, cardboard boxes and magazines from the recyclable paper. Paper products which account for 55% of the total waste stream are considered as the largest "product group" in the municipal solid waste. Recyclable glass (1-3% of the total waste stream) or cullet is used to manufacture plain glasses or cups. Plastics constitute about 10-15% of the waste stream. The benefit/cost ratios of production of most of these industries were reported to be higher than 1.5. In order to enhance recycling, legislative measures need to be introduced and enforced. In Thailand, there is, however, no law concerning recycling. There is no incentive for the consumer to separate solid waste for recycling, as the prices of waste in Bangkok are low and inconsistent. Therefore the pricing system should be more organized for recycling to be more effective.
Bioremediation of Petroleum- and Creosote-Contaminated Soils: a Review of Constraints
Authors: Pollard Simon J. T. , Hrudey Steve E. , Fedorak Phillip M.
Published: July 2007

The evaluation and selection of technologies for the effective remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites requires careful consideration of the waste/site/soil characteristics that determine their ultimate success. The presence of weathered hydrocarbon wastes and sub-optimal environmental conditions places technical restraints on the bioremediation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. A brief overview of applicable bioremediation technologies is followed by an in-depth critical evaluation of limiting factors that can influence the efficacy of biotreatment options, including waste composition, temperature, substrate, bioavailability, accompanying toxicants and soil structure.
Consensus Oriented Public Relations as a Solution To the Landfill Conflict
Authors: Burkart Roland
Published: July 2007

The siting of landfills usually meets with the disapproval of residents living in the immediate proximity of potential landfill sites and frequently arouses public protest. Also in Austria, the public's readiness to safeguard their interests has been increasing, thus such conflicts can no longer be avoided. This fact raises the question among future landfill operators, as to how to react in such cases, and how a thus sensitized public can be dealt with. Seen from the viewpoint of communication, landfill operators must direct more attention to public relations.

Within a research project at the University of Vienna, we have developed a public relations model which is intended to support a consensus between the landfill operators and the residents immediately affected by the operators' activities. The results prove that the so called "consensus-oriented public relations" approach is principally right. That is, those people who, due to our survey in the communities, could envisage a landfill site being installed, broadly agreed with the landfill operator on the levels of understanding provided by the model.
Municipal Solid Waste Management: Institutional and Socio-Economic Constraints—Experience From the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Jorgensen Claus Hvashoj , Jakobsen Jens Bjorn
Published: July 2007

Based on nine case studies of Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems in the Mediterranean region this article attempts to draw some general conclusions on the socio-economic constraints for improved solid waste management. Both policy formation, planning approach, institutional capacity, cost-effectiveness and financing models are assessed. The article points at three general findings: firstly, there is a great need for improving the planning and management capacity at the municipal level; secondly, there is an immense potential for facilitating a more cost-effective municipal solid waste planning and management through improved counselling and technical "back-stopping" from a national or regional body; thirdly, the national legislative framework for municipal solid waste management should specify policy objectives and measures which are operational and introduced in a realistic time schedule.
Remote Sensing To Assess Landfill Gas Migration
Authors: Jones Helen K. , Elgy John
Published: July 2007

Remote sensing is proposed as a useful technique for monitoring landfill sites for gas migration. Landfill gas has the potential to migrate from the site boundaries and cause damage. It is also spatially and temporally very difficult to monitor. The presence of landfill gas in the root zone causes signs of stress to be visible within the vegetation, the stress generally taking the form of chlorosis or dieback. This, in turn, may result in a change in spectral response of the vegetation. Airborne thematic map data and low cost video imagery are proposed as techniques to obtain imagery in order to classify sites according to vegetation stress. A comparison between the efficiency and costs of the two sources of imagery is made. Two case studies are summarized and the economics of the methodology discussed. It is recommended that remote sensing is used in conjunction with soil and geological maps to identify areas of high landfill gas concentration and that this is combined with traditional field measurements to gain a better spatial and temporal understanding of gas migration.
Analytical Modelling of Inorganic Contaminants in Leachate
Authors: Gönüllü M. Talha
Published: July 2007

The need for estimating the contaminant concentration of leachates from landfills has rapidly become important because of the increased demand for landfilling, causing serious pollution of water bodies in some places. The present study examines the movement of inorganies from waste into leachate in the course of time. Inorganics are discussed in two groups according to their solubilities in water. The first group of inorganics dissolve immediately in water (i.e. at time t = 0). The inorganic compounds of the second group transfer into water over a longer period of time. The mathematical model is based on a porous and well-mixed medium, and on assumptions of dissolution/dilution and mass transfer according to their infiltration rate. The agreement between theoretical and experimental results from laboratory and literature are investigated. After experimental verification, some mathematical relationships to predict the mass transfer coefficient ( k) and maximum concentration ( Cmax) were also investigated.
A Survey of Public Attitudes To Recycling in Glasgow (U.K.)
Authors: Belton Valerie , Crowe Derek V. , Matthews Rolf , Scott Susan
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a research project carried out to investigate the public use of waste recycling banks in Glasgow, U.K. The objective was to find out who was using the banks, and why, and to suggest ways of encouraging more people to use them. Interviews were conducted, with both users and non-users of the banks, at a number of sites in the north-west of the city. The results provided an insight into how the banks were used, what type of people were involved in recycling and what they thought about the operation of the scheme. The reasons given for non-participation were also obtained. A number of conclusions were drawn and recommendations were then made on how to encourage more people to use the banks.
A Comparison of Collection Systems in European Cities
Authors: Scharff Christoph , Vogel Gerhard
Published: July 2007

A 1989 survey compares the conceptual and technical approaches to the collection of municipal solid waste, secondary materials and household hazardous wastes in eight major European cities. The collection systems reflect local structural conditions as well as the different political tasks of municipal waste management. The traditional focus on collection and treatment has been enlarged by separate collection and public education, and economic considerations are of increasing importance.
Solidification/Stabilization Process for Steel Foundry Dust Using Cement Based Binders: Influence of Processing Variables
Authors: Andrés Ana , Irabien J. Angel
Published: July 2007

The influence of processing variables: mixing time, waste/binder ratio and water/ solid ratio on the solidification/stabilization process of steel foundry dust has been studied. The characterization of the final product was based on the Toxic Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP) followed by the biotoxicity (bioluminescence assay) and concentration of the metals, Cr, Cd, Pb and Zn in the leachates. The final product characteristics depend mainly on the waste/binder ratio, as a function of the metal hydroxide solubilities. The results of this work allow one to establish the optimization of a solidification/stabilization process for steel foundry dust.