bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Powhatan's Werowocomoco: Constructing Place, Polity, and Personhood in the Chesapeake, C.E. 1200‐‐C.E. 1609
Authors: GALLIVAN MARTIN D.
Published: March 2007

Colonial encounters within the Powhatan village of Werowocomoco in Tidewater Virginia have captured the public's imagination through romantic literature and popular films. Shifting the focus of inquiry away from English colonial narratives and toward a history of landscape provides an alternative understanding of Werowocomoco as a Native place. Archaeological investigation has identified evidence of earthworks and related social practices that altered Werowocomoco's built environment and subjective experiences of its spaces in ways that colonial chroniclers failed to appreciate. A landscape history combining built environments, cognitive maps, and spatial practices across the historic—precontact divide indicates that the settlement became a ritualized location for the production of political status and social personhood well before English colonization in the Chesapeake. Spatial practices rooted in Algonquian cosmology and centered on Werowocomoco shaped the origins of the Powhatan chiefdom and early colonial history through which Powhatans sought to incorporate Jamestown colonists into their world. A biography of Werowocomoco as a Native place illustrates how a deep historical anthropology may challenge notions of a “prehistoric” past comprised of homogenized societies lacking history.
Defending “Our Beautiful Freedom”: State Formation and Local Autonomy in Oaxaca, 1930–1940
Authors: Smith Benjamin
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the process of state formation in Oaxaca during the 1930s. By comparing the political processes at the state level and in the Sierra Juarez, it is argued that both revisionist and Gramscian visions of the post-revolutionary Mexican state minimize the potential for local autonomy and political democracy. In the Sierra Juarez President Cardenas allowed young, progressive village democrats to form their own autonomous regional confederation and halt the political branch of the cargo system.
Glycoprotein Ibα Promoter Drives Megakaryocytic Lineage-Restricted Expression After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transduction Using a Self-Inactivating Lentiviral Vector
Authors: Lavenu-Bombled Cécile , Izac Brigitte , Legrand Faézeh , Cambot Marie , Vigier Agathe , Massé Jean-Marc , Dubart-Kupperschmitt Anne
Published: March 2007

Megakaryocytic (MK) lineage is an attractive target for cell/gene therapy approaches, aiming at correcting platelet protein deficiencies. However, MK cells are short-lived cells, and their permanent modification requires modification of hematopoietic stem cells with an integrative vector such as a lentiviral vector. Glycoprotein (Gp) IIb promoter, the most studied among the MK regulatory sequences, is also active in stem cells. To strictly limit transgene expression to the MK lineage after transduction of human CD34+ hematopoietic cells with a lentiviral vector, we looked for a promoter activated later during MK differentiation. Human cord blood, bone marrow, and peripheral-blood mobilized CD34+ cells were transduced with a human immunodeficiency virus-derived self-inactivating lentiviral vector encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the transcriptional control of GpIbα, GpIIb, or EF1α gene regulatory sequences. Both GpIbα and GpIIb promoters restricted GFP expression (analyzed by flow cytometry and immunoelectron microscopy) in MK cells among the maturing progeny of transduced cells. However, only the GpIbα promoter was strictly MK-specific, whereas GpIIb promoter was leaky in immature progenitor cells not yet engaged in MK cell lineage differentiation. We thus demonstrate the pertinence of using a 328-base-pair fragment of the human GpIbα gene regulatory sequence, in the context of a lentiviral vector, to tightly restrict transgene expression to the MK lineage after transduction of human CD34+ hematopoietic cells.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Influence of mineralogy of Tunisian clays on pozzolanic activity—assessment by different methods
Authors: Samet B. , Chakchouk A. , Mnif T. , Tagnit-Hamou A.
Published: March 2007

Five local clays were characterised by several physicochemical methods to predict their pozzolanic reactivity. The studied samples were treated thermally at 600, 700 and 800°C. The heat-treated samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction. The pozzolanic activity was assessed by chemical (Chappelle test), mechanical (compressive strength at 28 days) and physical (differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry) methods. It was found that under the chosen conditions, the kaolinitic clay fraction was transformed to an amorphous phase that was reactive with lime, whereas the illitic phase remained in a crystalline form and was consequently unable to produce pozzolans. The montmorillonitic fraction started to gain pozzolanic activity above a calcination temperature of 700°C. It was also demonstrated that the pozzolanic activity of the clays calcined at 700°C was directly related to the percentage of kaolinite in the crude samples. The hydration products were C–S–H and C4AH13, and C3AH6 and C2ASH8 were also detected in samples that were rich in alumina.
Scaling behavior of convective mixing, with application to geological storage of CO2
Authors: Hassanzadeh Hassan , Pooladi‐Darvish Mehran , Keith David W.
Published: March 2007

CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers is considered a possible option for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic sources. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms, such as convective mixing, that affect the long‐term fate of the injected CO2 in deep saline aquifers, is of prime importance. We present scaling analysis of the convective mixing of CO2 in saline aquifers based on direct numerical simulations. The convective mixing of CO2 in aquifers is studied, and three mixing periods are identified. It is found that, for Rayleigh numbers less than 600, mixing can be approximated by a scaling relationship for the Sherwood number, which is proportional to Ra1/2. Furthermore, it is shown that the onset of natural convection follows tDc∼Ra−2 and the wavelengths of the initial convective instabilities are proportional to Ra. Such findings give insight into understanding the mixing mechanisms and long term fate of the injected CO2 for large scale geological sequestration in deep saline aquifers. In addition, a criterion is developed that provides the appropriate numerical mesh resolution required for accurate modeling of convective mixing of CO2 in deep saline aquifers. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: A report of 14 cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Soriano Andres O. , Thompson Michael A. , Admirand Joan H. , Fayad Luis E. , Rodriguez Alma M. , Romaguera Jorge E. , Hagemeister Fredrick B. , Pro Barbara
Published: March 2007

Follicular dendritic cell sarcomas (FDCS) are grouped with the histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms. The natural history and response to different treatments have not been well established. The cases of 14 patients with FDCS who were seen at M. D. Anderson between 1995 and 2005 were reviewed. Median patient age was 48 years (range, 25–69 years). Histologically, four cases showed low‐grade features, three cases showed low‐grade features with focal high‐grade features, and five cases showed high‐grade features. Tumors were positive for CD21, CD23, and CD35 in 83, 90, and 44% of cases, respectively. Twelve (92%) of 13 tumors were strongly positive for epidermal growth factor receptor. Information on initial treatment was available in 11 patients, which included surgery alone in one patient, surgery and radiation in two, surgery and chemotherapy in one, chemotherapy alone in three, chemotherapy and radiation in one, surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy in three patients. In eight patients the initial chemotherapy regimen was cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. Complete remission was achieved in 7 (63%) of 11 patients. Ten patients were alive at a median follow up of 22 months, 3 (23%) of 13 had no evidence of disease, and 7 (53%) of 13 patients were alive with disease. Follicular sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm. Although most of the patients initially responded to treatment, the majority of them (81%) relapsed. A better understanding of the biology of FDCS could guide our efforts in the development of new treatment modalities for this rare disease. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary adrenal adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tomoyose Takeaki , Nagasaki Akitoshi , Uchihara Jun‐Nosuke , Kinjo Shigeko , Sugaya Kimio , Onaga Tomohiro , Ohshima Kouichi , Masuda Masato , Takasu Nobuyuki
Published: March 2007

Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is very rare; the majority of cases reported previously were of B‐cell origin. We report a rare case of primary adrenal adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (primary adrenal ATLL). ATLL is a highly aggressive T‐cell type non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and etiologically associated with human T‐cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV‐1). Most ATLL patients present with leukemia and widespread lymphadenopathy. A 37‐year‐old Japanese woman presented with back pain in January 2004. Examination showed no peripheral lymphadenopathy, circulating lymphoma cells, hepatosplenomegaly, and skin lesions. Imaging studies demonstrated large adrenal masses bilaterally. Subsequently, she underwent open adrenal biopsy and pathological diagnosis was confirmed as T‐cell lymphoma. The serum antibody to HTLV‐1 was positive. Southern blot analysis detected monoclonal integration of proviral DNA of HTLV‐1 into host genome in the biopsy specimen. The diagnosis of ATLL arising in adrenal glands was established. Despite repeated systemic chemotherapy, the patient died of progressive disease in December 2004. ATLL could primarily involve the adrenal gland and this disease entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of adrenal mass lesions. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokine gene polymorphisms in acquired bone marrow failure
Authors: Gidvani Vinod , Ramkissoon Shakti , Sloand Elaine M. , Young Neal S.
Published: March 2007

Some acquired aplastic anemia (AA) results from immune‐mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells. Cytokine gene polymorphisms are implicated in controlling cytokine production and increasing the susceptibility to some autoimmune diseases. We characterized the IL‐6/‐174, TNF‐α/−308, IL‐10/−1082, IFN‐γ/+874, TGFβ1/−509 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) and the IL1‐RA second intron variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) alleles in 73 patients with AA and compared the frequency of genotypes to established control populations. We found that some patients with acquired AA have polymorphisms which are linked to high production of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF‐α and IFN‐γ. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response to lithium prophylaxis: Interaction between serotonin transporter and BDNF genes
Authors: Rybakowski Janusz K. , Suwalska Aleksandra , Skibinska Maria , Dmitrzak‐Weglarz Monika , Leszczynska‐Rodziewicz Anna , Hauser Joanna
Published: March 2007

Both serotonin transporter and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes have been previously implicated in the efficacy of lithium prophylaxis. The aim of the present study was to assess a possible interaction between serotonin transporter genotype (5HTTLPR) and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, and the prophylactic response to lithium. The study was performed on 111 patients with bipolar mood disorders (43 male, 68 female), aged 30–77 (mean 54 years) who have been treated with lithium carbonate for at least 5 years (5–27 years, mean 15 years). In the group studied, 31 patients (28%) were classified as excellent responders (ER), 54 (49%) as partial responders (PR), and 26 (23%) as non‐responders (NR) to lithium prophylaxis. Age at onset of the illness, duration of illness before treatment introduction and on lithium as well as number of affective episodes before lithium treatment did not differ between these three subgroups of patients. A significant interaction between BDNF and 5HTTLPR polymorphism and lithium response was found. S individuals (patients with s/s or s/l genotype) having Val/Val genotype were significantly more frequent in NR compared with ER or/and PR. Also, S individuals showed extreme differences in response to lithium prophylaxis depending on having either Val/Val or (Val/Met + Met/Met) genotypes of BDNF polymorphism: 9/48 (19%) of ER and 18/48 (37%) of NR in the first group, and 12/30 (40%) and 1/30 (3%) in the second group, respectively. The results obtained may show a significant epistatic interaction between 5‐HTTLPR and BDNF polymorphism, and response to lithium prophylaxis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human Kappa opioid receptor gene (OPRK1) polymorphism is associated with opiate addiction
Authors: Gerra G. , Leonardi C. , Cortese E. , D'Amore A. , Lucchini A. , Strepparola G. , Serio G. , Farina G. , Magnelli F. , Zaimovic A. , Mancini A. , Turci M. , Manfredini M. , Donnini C.
Published: March 2007

Variants of the opioid receptors are the obvious candidates underlying addiction. The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system seems to play a role in stress responsivity, opiate withdrawal and responses to psycho‐stimulants, inhibiting mesolimbic dopamine. KOR gene polymorphisms have been reported to contribute to predisposition to voluntary alcohol‐drinking behavior in experimental animals. In humans, the 36G > T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on KOR gene, that was recently identified, has been found associate with substance dependence, with inconclusive findings. In the present study, 106 heroin addicts (West European, Caucasians) and 70 healthy control subjects matched for race and gender, with no history of substance use disorder, have been genotyped. The frequency of KOR 36G > T SNP was significantly higher among heroin‐dependent individuals compared with control subjects (Fisher's exact = 0.044; Pearsonχ2 = 4.2734,P = 0.039; likelihood ratioχ2tests = 4.6156,P = 0.032). Although KOR silent polymorphisms may apparently have no consequences on mRNA transcription, post‐transcriptional mechanisms, such as mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and regulability may impair the function of kappa receptors system, with increased risk for substance use disorders. In specific, the neurobiological changes induced by mu‐kappa opioid imbalance could underlie vulnerable personality traits and risk behavior. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of preservation solution on the extent of blood‐air barrier damage and edema formation in experimental lung transplantation
Authors: Mühlfeld Christian , Müller Katharina , Pallesen Lars‐Peder , Sandhaus Tim , Madershahian Navis , Richter Joachim , Wahlers Thorsten , Wittwer Thorsten , Ochs Matthias
Published: March 2007

A major aim in lung transplantation is to prevent the loss of structural integrity due to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Preservation solutions protect the lung against I/R injury to a variable extent. We compared the influence of two extracellular‐type preservation solutions (Perfadex, or PX, and Celsior, or CE) on the morphological alterations induced by I/R. Pigs were randomly assigned to sham (n = 4), PX (n = 5), or CE (n = 2) group. After flush perfusion with PX or CE, donor lungs were excised and stored for 27 hr at 4°C. The left donor lung was implanted into the recipient, reperfused for 6 hr, and, afterward, prepared for light and electron microscopy. Intra‐alveolar, septal, and peribronchovascular edema as well as the integrity of the blood‐air barrier were determined stereologically. Intra‐alveolar edema was more pronounced in CE (219.80 ± 207.55 ml) than in PX (31.46 ± 15.75 ml). Peribronchovascular (sham: 13.20 ± 4.99 ml; PX: 15.57 ± 5.53 ml; CE: 31.56 ± 5.78 ml) and septal edema (thickness of alveolar septal interstitium, sham: 98 ± 33 nm; PX: 84 ± 8 nm; CE: 249 ± 85 nm) were only found in CE. The blood‐air barrier was similarly well preserved in sham and PX but showed larger areas of swollen and fragmented epithelium or endothelium in CE. The present study shows that Perfadex effectively prevents intra‐alveolar, septal, and peribronchovascular edema formation as well as injury of the blood‐air barrier during I/R. Celsior was not effective in preserving the lung from morphological I/R injury. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of rabeprazole and lansoprazole on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in relation to CYP2C19, CYP3A5 and MDR1 polymorphisms in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Miura Masatomo , Inoue Kazuyuki , Kagaya Hideaki , Satoh Shigeru , Tada Hitoshi , Sagae Yoshinori , Habuchi Tomonori , Suzuki Toshio
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19, CYP3A5 and MDR1 significantly impact the interaction between tacrolimus and rabeprazole or lansoprazole. Seventy‐three recipients were randomly assigned after renal transplantation to receive repeated doses of tacrolimus for 28 days with a regimen of either 20 mg of rabeprazole or 30 mg of lansoprazole. Blood concentrations of tacrolimus were measured by microparticle enzyme immunoassay. The mean daily dose and the dose‐adjusted area under the plasma concentration‐time curves from 0 to 12 h (AUC0–12) of tacrolimus coadministered with rabeprazole or lansoprazole were the lowest and highest, respectively, in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers (PMs) having the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype (0.084 and 0.112 mg/kg/day and 1.269 and 1.033 ng·h/ml/mg/kg, respectively). On the other hand, the mean dose‐adjusted AUC0−12 of tacrolimus coadministered with rabeprazole or lansoprazole were the highest in CYP2C19 PMs having the MDR13435CC+CT genotype, but not significantly.

The present study indicates that there are significant interactions between tacrolimus and rabeprazole or lansoprazole in CYP2C19 PM renal transplant recipients bearing the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotypes. For recipients having these genetic polymorphisms, lower dosages of tacrolimus are required to achieve the target therapeutic index. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics of L‐FMAUS, a new antiviral agent, after intravenous and oral administration to rats: contribution of gastrointestinal first‐pass effect to low bioavailability
Authors: Chung Hye J. , Lee Joo H. , Woo Sung J. , Park Hee K. , Koo Chang H. , Lee Myung G.
Published: March 2007

The pharmacokinetics of L‐FMAUS after intravenous and oral administration (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) to rats, gastrointestinal first‐pass effect of L‐FMAUS (50 mg/kg) in rats, in vitro stability of L‐FMAUS, blood partition of L‐FMAUS between plasma and blood cells of rat blood, and protein binding of L‐FMAUS to 4% human serum albumin were evaluated. L‐FMAUS is being evaluated in a preclinical study as a novel antiviral agent. Although the dose‐normalized AUC values of L‐FMAUS were not significantly different among the three doses after intravenous and oral administration, no trend was apparent between the dose and dose‐normalized AUC. After oral administration of L‐FMAUS (50 mg/kg), approximately 2.37% of the oral dose was not absorbed, and the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) was approximately 11.5%. The gastrointestinal first‐pass effect was approximately 85% of the oral dose. The first‐pass effects of L‐FMAUS in the lung, heart and liver were almost negligible, if any, in rats. Hence, the small F of L‐FMAUS in rats was mainly due to the considerable gastrointestinal first‐pass effect. L‐FMAUS was stable in rat gastric juices. The plasma‐to‐blood cells partition ratio of L‐FMAUS was 2.17 in rat blood. The plasma protein binding of L‐FMAUS in rats was 98.6%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of minimally invasive approaches in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis
Authors: Besselink M G , van Santvoort H C , Schaapherder A F , van Ramshorst B , van Goor H , Gooszen H G
Published: March 2007

Background

Minimally invasive procedures to treat infected necrotizing pancreatitis (INP) are gaining popularity. The proportion of patients suitable for this approach remains unknown.

Methods

Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were reviewed from 106 consecutive patients who had surgery for INP between 2000 and 2003 in 11 Dutch hospitals. Collections related to the pancreas were classified according to their distance from the left abdominal wall. Five radiologists judged ‘accessibility’ for drain placement and the likelihood that there was a fluid component that would drain (‘drainability’). Agreement between radiologists was determined.

Results

CT scans of 80 (75 per cent) patients were available (59 men; age range 29–80 years). The median interval between hospital admission and preoperative CT scan was 20 days. In 55 (69 per cent) patients, the lateral border of the collection was less than 5 cm from the left abdominal wall. Placement of a drain was deemed feasible in 67 (84 (range 77–89) per cent) patients; mean(s.d.) kappa 0·428(0·096). In 45 (56 per cent) patients, a drain could be placed through the left retroperitoneum. In 43 (54 (range 49–82) per cent) patients, collections were judged to contain a drainable fluid component. Interobserver agreement on ‘drainability’ was poor, mean(s.d.) kappa 0·289(0·101).

Conclusion

Most peripancreatic collections in INP were considered accessible to a minimally invasive approach.
Comparison of breast cancer mortality rates with those of ovarian and colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Stearns A T , Hole D , George W D , Kingsmore D B
Published: March 2007

Background

Traditional survival curves cannot easily be used to predict outcome for an individual patient on a year-to-year basis. This difficulty is partly overcome by yearly mortality analysis. This method was employed to analyse long-term follow-up of three cancers: colorectal, ovarian and breast cancer.

Methods

The study used prospectively collected cancer registry data from geographically defined regions in Scotland. Cohort sizes were 7196 patients with breast cancer, 3200 with colorectal cancer and 1866 with ovarian cancer. Follow-up extended to 23 years.

Results

Two distinct patterns of mortality emerged. Mortality rates for ovarian and colorectal cancer were initially high (41 and 21 per cent) but decreased rapidly; by 10 years patients had either died or were cured. The influence of stage diminished with follow-up. Breast cancer mortality was lower than that of colorectal or ovarian cancer, but remained raised in comparison to the general population throughout follow-up. The influence of breast cancer size reduced with follow-up, whereas that of nodal status persisted.

Conclusion

Patients with breast cancer live at increased risk of death to the end of follow-up, supporting the concept of dormancy in breast cancer biology. This was not observed with colorectal or ovarian cancer.
Anatomical and radiological evidence for the iliolumbar vein as an inferior lumbar venous system
Authors: Hamid M. , Toussaint P.J. , Delmas V. , Gillot C. , Coutaux A. , Plaisant O.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this work was to study an inferior lumbar venous system, which turned out to be the vertical component of the iliolumbar vein as defined in early works by Bourgery and Jacob, though there is a terminological ambiguity between the iliolumbar vein and the ascending lumbar vein in the literature. However, the iliolumbar vein is most commonly defined as a vein draining the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral segments. Cadaver studies, including one injection‐corrosion, and in vivo venograms were analyzed by visual inspection and measurements. Whether the injection was made via the axillary or the saphenous veins, the inferior lumbar vein was always filled, demonstrating that it is part of the vertebral venous system. An interruption or a plexiform shape of the venous system at the level of the third lumbar vertebra, and an increase in caliber as this vein runs downwards, allowed differentiating the inferior lumbar vein from the ascending lumbar vein. The inferior lumbar vein and the superior iliac vein drained into the iliac veins, either external or internal iliac vein, but typically into the common iliac vein, separately or with a single common trunk. This common trunk was observed in 92% of the dissected cases on the right side and in 46% on the left, whereas it was seen in 50% of the radiological studies on the right side and 52% on the left. Consequently, the inferior lumbar vein was the main component of the iliolumbar vein, and as such should be differentiated from the ascending lumbar vein. Clin. Anat. 20:545–552, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intensive treatment of hypertension decreases the risk of hyperperfusion and intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid artery stenting
Authors: Abou‐Chebl Alex , Reginelli Joel , Bajzer Chris T. , Yadav Jay S.
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of a comprehensive blood pressure (BP) management protocol in reducing intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) following carotid artery stenting (CAS). Background: Following CAS hyperperfusion syndrome (HPS) can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Hypertension plays an essential role in its development. Methods:We instituted a comprehensive BP protocol following the last case of ICH complicating a CAS procedure. All patients received comprehensive monitoring of BP and treatment to a BP < 140/90 mm Hg; those with a treated stenosis ≥90%, contralateral stenosis ≥80%, and hypertension (i.e., risk factors for HPS) were treated to a BP < 120/80 mm Hg. Patients who developed HPS received parenteral β‐blockers or nitrates titrated to resolution of symptoms and discharged when asymptomatic and normotensive. Patients and families were instructed to measure BP twice daily for 2 weeks and to call if hypertension or headache developed. Results: A total of 836 patients had CAS, 266 prior to the comprehensive BP management program and 570 subsequently. The incidence of HPS/ICH was 5/266 (1.9%) patients prior to comprehensive BP management and 3/570 (0.5%) patients afterwards, P = 0.12. The incidence of ICH was 3/266 (1.1%) and 0/570, respectively, P = 0.032. In high‐risk patients both HPS and ICH were significantly reduced from 29.4 to 4.2% (P = 0.006) and 17.6–0% (P = 0.006), respectively. There were no complications attributable to the comprehensive program and lengths of hospitalization were similar (2.6 vs. 2.1 days, P = 0.18). Conclusions: Comprehensive management of arterial hypertension can lower the incidence of ICH and HPS in high‐risk patients following CAS, without additional complications or prolonged hospitalizations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bifurcation stenting with a dedicated biolimus‐eluting stent: X‐ray visual enhancement of the final angiographic result with “stentboost subtract”
Authors: Agostoni Pierfrancesco , Verheye Stefan
Published: March 2007

A 51 year‐old man underwent percutaneous coronary intervention of a significant “true” bifurcation lesion involving the proximal left anterior descendens (LAD) artery and an important first diagonal branch with a dedicated bifurcation stent, which is a conical self‐expandable biolimus‐eluting stent with a “flared” distal part allowing for optimal scaffolding of the carina of the bifurcation, and two additional sirolimus‐eluting stents, deployed with the V‐stenting technique, one in the LAD and one in the diagonal branch, in overlap with the distal part of the “flared” biolimus‐eluting stent. An X‐ray enhancing visualization technique, “StentBoost Subtract,” was used to obtain an improved visualization of the stent in relation to the corresponding vessel lumen and revealed good expansion of all the stents and good apposition to the vessel wall. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computed tomography coronary angiographic demonstration of a single coronary artery with the right coronary artery arising as a continuation from the left circumflex coronary artery
Authors: Berbarie Rafic F. , Anderson Amy S. , Schussler Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2007

We present the case of a 31‐year‐old man undergoing a chest pain evaluation. This report illustrates how 64‐slice computed tomographic coronary angiography (CTCA) can aid in the management of patients with equivocal stress test results. It also describes how CTCA can accurately determine the origin and course of an anomalous coronary artery. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiofrequency perforation of the right ventricular outflow tract as a palliative strategy for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect
Authors: Walsh Mark A. , Lee Kyong‐Jin , Chaturvedi Rajiv , Van Arsdell Glen S. , Benson Lee N.
Published: March 2007

Background:

Radiofrequency perforation (RF) of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), while an effective management strategy in children with an intact ventricular septum, has not been fully detailed in those presenting with a ventricular septal defect.

Objective:

To determine whether transcatheter perforation of the atretic pulmonary valve is an acceptable management strategy prior to surgical repair.

Results:

Valve perforation was attempted in eight children seen between May 2000 and March 2006, five being infants between 1 and 9 days of age. In five children, this was the first of two procedures, the second a planned surgical correction. The RF was successful in six children with one child requiring additional stenting of the RVOT. Of these children, three attained a biventricular repair within the next year without additional palliative surgical procedures. Of the remaining three patients, one is awaiting surgical correction, one did not require further surgery, and one had this procedure as the only planned palliation. The two children in whom RF was not possible were referred for surgical augmentation of pulmonary blood flow.

Conclusion:

A treatment strategy that includes pulmonary valve perforation as initial palliation to increase pulmonary blood flow may be effective. Additional experience to better define those children who would benefit from this treatment algorithm is required. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective Hydrogenation of Citral in an Organic Solvent, in a Ionic Liquid, and in Substance
Authors: Steffan M. , Lucas M. , Brandner A. , Wollny M. , Oldenburg N. , Claus P.
Published: March 2007

It is investigated whether the catalyst system Ag‐In/SiO2 can be applied in the selective hydrogenation of citral, with the aim of synthesizing the acyclic, allylic terpene alcohols geraniol/nerol with high selectivity and space‐time yield. In addition, as liquid‐phase hydrogenations are often also influenced by the choice of solvent, it is of interest to know how the solvent, in particular in terms of its polarity and hydrogen solubility, affects the activity and the selectivity of catalysts during hydrogenation of the α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde citral.
Macrokinetic Study of the Electrochemical Synthesis Process of Sodium Dichromate
Authors: Li C. W. , Qi T. , Wang F. A. , Zhang Y. , Chen G. S. , Zhang P.
Published: March 2007

In order to address the problems existing in the traditional production techniques for sodium dichromate, a new green technology for producing sodium dichromate using an electrochemical synthesis method was studied. Using a self‐made electrosynthesis reactor composed of pure titanium and stainless steel, with a multiple‐unit metal oxide combination anode, a stainless steel cathode, and a reinforcing combination cation exchange membrane, the kinetic experiments were carried out on the direct electrochemical synthesis reaction of sodium dichromate from sodium chromate. The kinetic data were experimentally measured at different temperatures and different initial sodium chromate concentrations of anolyte. The results show that the electrochemical synthesis process presents complicated zero‐order reaction kinetic characteristics, with the reaction rate constant depending on the initial sodium chromate concentration. The macrokinetic equation of the electrochemical synthesis reaction was established, and some kinetic parameters were calculated. The apparent activation energy is less than that of the ordinary chemical reaction, and this shows that the electrochemical synthesis of sodium dichromate has great development potential.
Numerical Study of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Partially Heated Microchannels Using the Explicit Finite Volume Method
Authors: Chaudhuri A. , Guha C. , Dutta T. K.
Published: March 2007

Fluid flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics of pressure driven flow in partially heated microchannels have been investigated using the explicit Finite Volume Method (FVM). The developed flow solver utilizes the compressible Navier‐Stokes (NS) system of equations with Maxwell's first order slip boundary condition and the corresponding temperature jump relation derived by von Smoluchowski to achieve the solutions. The effects of Knudsen number and gas species have been studied for partially heated microchannels similar to the classical Graetz problem. The existence of nonlinear pressure distribution and dominant heat diffusion for higher Knudsen number regime are predicted by the solution. The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of the partially heated microchannels greatly depend on the transport properties of the medium under similar flow conditions.
Crossflow Ultrafiltration of Binary Biomolecule Mixture: Analysis of Permeate Flux, Cake Resistance and Sieving Coefficient
Authors: Salgın U. , Salgın S.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the effects of hydrodynamic conditions on the permeate flux, cake resistance and sieving coefficient in a crossflow ultrafiltration process separating biomolecules of different molecular weights. A binary mixture of L‐phenylalanine (L‐phe) and lipase was ultrafiltered through a hydrophobic polyether sulphone (PES) membrane with 10 kDa molecular weight cut‐off. The changes in permeate flux, cake layer resistance and observed sieving coefficient with different transmembrane pressures (TMP) and crossflow velocities were evaluated. The effect of TMP was examined at two different velocities (0.114 m s–1 and 0.176 m s–1) and the effect of velocity was examined at two different TMP (20 kPa and 115 kPa) for the experimental system designed. In the initial stage of the crossflow filtration, it was determined that the TMP was more effective than the velocity. The cake layer resistance increased with increasing TMP and it decreased with increasing velocity for the high TMP value of 115 kPa. A maximum of the observed sieving coefficient was achieved with increasing velocity. An increase in TMP at low inlet velocity (0.114 m s–1) affected the observed sieving coefficient positively.
Imatinib mesylate for targeting the platelet‐derived growth factor β receptor in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with refractory pancreatic, bile duct, colorectal, or gastric cancer—A dose‐escalation Phase I trial
Authors: Al‐Batran Salah‐Eddin , Atmaca Akin , Schleyer Eberhard , Pauligk Claudia , Hosius Christian , Ehninger Gerhard , Jäger Elke
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

In previous experimental models, because of its ability to inhibit the activity of platelet‐derived growth factor β receptor, imatinib decreased the interstitial fluid pressure and improved the delivery and efficacy of anticancer drugs, including fluorouracil. The objective of this Phase I study was to define the dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of imatinib in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with chemotherapy‐refractory gastrointestinal cancer.

METHODS.

A 3‐patient cohort dose‐escalating study design was used. Patients received leucovorin 200 mg/m2 followed by fluorouracil 2000 mg/m2 as a 24‐hour infusion on Days 1 and 2 combined with imatinib on Days −4, −3, −2, −1, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Cycles were repeated every 2 weeks, and the imatinib dose was escalated from 300 mg daily to 700 mg daily in 100‐mg steps.

RESULTS.

Thirty patients were enrolled at 5 dose levels. Frequent and dose‐dependant National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria grade 1–4 adverse events with suspected relation to the treatment were anemia (43%), nausea (33%), fluid retention (27%), elevated serum γ‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase (20%), and diarrhea. DLTs were severe neutropenia, central fluid retention, and severe nausea observed in 1 patient each, resulting in an MTD for imatinib of 600 mg per day. There were no differences in imatinib pharmacokinetics before or during chemotherapy. A minor response was observed; and signs of clinical activity, including the resolution of ascites and improvement in performance status, were noted in some patients.

CONCLUSIONS.

The combination of biweekly fluorouracil/leucovorin and imatinib 600 mg daily given in a week‐on/week‐off schedule was feasible and safe. Nausea and fluid retention represented the DLTs. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
XAF1 mediates apoptosis through an extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway in colon cancer
Authors: Yu Li Fen , Wang Jide , Zou Bing , Lin Marie C. M. , Wu Yun Lin , Xia Harry H. X. , Sun Yun Wei , Gu Qing , He Hua , Lam S. K. , Kung Hsiang Fu , Wong Benjamin C. Y.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

XIAP‐associated factor 1 (XAF1) negatively regulates the function of the X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), a member of the IAP family that exerts antiapoptotic effects. The extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is thought to increase cell proliferation and to protect cells from apoptosis. The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and XAF1 in colon cancer.

METHODS.

Four human colon cancer cell lines, HCT1116 and Lovo (wildtype p53), DLD1 and SW1116 (mutant p53), were used. Lovo stable transfectants with XAF1 sense and antisense were established. The effects of dominant‐negative MEK1 (DN‐MEK1) and MEK‐specific inhibitor U0126 on the ERK signaling pathway and expression of XAF1 and XIAP proteins were determined. The transcription activity of core XAF1 promoter was assessed by dual luciferase reporter assay. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33258 staining.

RESULTS.

U0126 increased the expression of XAF1 in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. A similar result was obtained in cells transfected with DN‐MEK1 treatment. Conversely, the expression of XIAP was down‐regulated. Activity of the putative promoter of the XAF1 gene was significantly increased by U0126 treatment and DN‐MEK1 transient transfection. rhEGF‐stimulated phosphorylation of ERK appeared to have little or no effect on XAF1 expression. Overexpression of XAF1 was more sensitive to U0126‐induced apoptosis, whereas down‐regulation of XAF1 by antisense reversed U0126‐induced inhibition of cell proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS.

XAF1 expression was up‐regulated by inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway through transcriptional regulation, which required de novo protein synthesis. The results suggest that XAF1 mediates apoptosis induced by the ERK1/2 pathway in colon cancer. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
The burden of liver cancer in Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, 1990 through 2004
Authors: Chang Ellen T. , Keegan Theresa H. M. , Gomez Scarlett L. , Le Gem M. , Clarke Christina A. , So Samuel K. S. , Glaser Sally L.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

To the authors' knowledge, no previous U.S. study has examined time trends in the incidence rate of liver cancer in the high‐risk Asian/Pacific Islander population. In this study, liver cancer incidence trends were evaluated in Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese men and women in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area of California between 1990 and 2004.

METHODS.

Populations at risk were estimated by using the cohort‐component demographic method. Annual percentage changes (APCs) in age‐adjusted incidence rates of primary liver cancer among Asians/Pacific Islanders in the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry were calculated by using joinpoint regression analysis.

RESULTS.

The incidence rate of liver cancer between 1990 and 2004 did not change significantly in Asian/Pacific Islander men or women overall. However, the incidence rate declined, although the decline was not statistically significant, among Chinese men (APC, −1.6%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], −3.4–0.3%), Japanese men (APC, −4.9%; 95% CI, −10.7–1.2%), and Japanese women (APC, −3.6%; 95% CI, −8.9–2%). Incidence rates remained consistently high for Vietnamese, Korean, and Filipino men and women. Trends in the incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma were comparable to those for liver cancer. Although disparities in liver cancer incidence between Asians/Pacific Islanders and other racial/ethnic groups diminished between the period from 1990 through 1994 and the period from 2000 through 2004, the disparities among Asian subgroups increased.

CONCLUSIONS.

Liver cancer continues to affect Asian/Pacific Islander Americans disproportionately, with consistently high incidence rates in most subgroups. Culturally targeted prevention methods are needed to reduce the high rates of liver cancer in this growing population in the U.S. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Cover Picture: Excited‐State Relaxation of Protonated Adenine (ChemPhysChem 5/2007)
Authors: Nolting Dirk , Weinkauf Rainer , Hertel Ingolf V. , Schultz Thomas
Published: March 2007

The cover picture shows the potential energy scheme of protonated adenine. The adenine molecule in front is in the ground‐state equilibrium geometry whereas the molecule in the back shows the nonplanar structure after absorption of an UV photon. In their Article on page 751 Nolting et al. investigate the excited state dynamics of protonated adenine by femtosecond pump–probe transient mass spectrometry in the gas phase.
Metrics for packet reordering—A comparative analysis
Authors: Piratla Nischal M. , Jayasumana Anura P.
Published: March 2007

Packet reordering is an inevitable phenomenon on the Internet. An ideal metric for packet reordering should capture reordering accurately, provide insight into the nature of reordering, and help in the evaluation and analysis of reordering leading to mitigation of its adverse effects. Proposed metrics for packet reordering, namely, reorder density, reorder buffer‐occupancy density, reordering extent, andn‐reordering, overcome to various degrees the deficiencies of percentage reordering in capturing the nature and extent of reordering. These metrics vary widely in areas such as evaluation complexity, measurement technique, usage, and in the definition used for packet reordering itself. Metrics for reordering are evaluated using a framework consisting of a set of both essential and desirable attributes of reorder metrics. The attributes include the ability to capture reordering, sensitivity to lost and duplicate packets in reorder measurements, usefulness, simplicity, and evaluation complexity. Finally, the characterization of packet reordering using these metrics is discussed, using sets of measurements carried over the Internet. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estrogen mediation of injury‐induced cell birth in neuroproliferative regions of the adult zebra finch brain
Authors: Lee Diane W. , Fernando Gowry , Peterson R. Scott , Allen Timothy A. , Schlinger Barney A.
Published: March 2007

Estrogens influence neuronal differentiation, migration, and survival in intact brains. In injured brains, estrogens can also be neuroprotective. In Experiment 1, following a unilateral penetrating injury to the hippocampus (HP), adult female zebra finches were injected once with BrdU to label mitotic cells then sacrificed 2 h, 1 day, or 7 days postinjection. Cell proliferation was dramatically enhanced in the ipsilateral HP, as well as in neuroproliferative areas including the subventricular zone (SVZ) proximal to the injury. This increase was seen at all time points investigated. Ovariectomy (OVX) substantially suppressed proliferation bilaterally especially in the SVZ indicating that gonadal hormones influenced cell proliferation in both the intact and injured hemisphere. To determine if estrogens were directly involved, estrogen was depleted in Experiment 2 through either OVX or administration of the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole (FAD). Birds were implanted with estradiol or blank followed 2 weeks later by a unilateral penetrating lesion to the HP. Injury‐induced substantial proliferation, which was again significantly suppressed bilaterally in both OVX and FAD birds. Estrogen replacement reversed this effect in FAD but not OVX birds therefore the suppression following OVX may be due in part to nonestrogenic influences. Suppression of cell birth in FAD birds was indeed due to the removal of endogenous sources of estrogen. Results therefore indicate that estrogens are directly involved in the brain's response to injury and may be acting to provide a rich environment for the production and perhaps protection of new cells. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Functional proteomics in Ciona intestinalis: A breakthrough in the exploration of the molecular and cellular mechanism of ascidian development
Authors: Inaba Kazuo , Nomura Mamoru , Nakajima Ayako , Hozumi Akiko
Published: March 2007

Ascidians have been providing a unique experimental system for a variety of fields, including reproductive biology, developmental biology, neurobiology, immunology, and evolutional biology. Recent progress in the genome sequencing of Ciona intestinalis has led to the development of a great tool for investigating the gene functions and expressions involved in several biological events in ascidians. The disclosure of genomic information has ushered in the postgenomic era, spearheaded by extensive protein analysis. The characterization of the function, localization, and molecular interaction of cellular proteins results in a more direct description of the molecular mechanism underlying several biological processes. Proteomics in ascidians, however, has just recently appeared and is not well established yet. In this study, we give an outline of the technical processes used in proteomics and review the recent status of ascidian proteomics. Developmental Dynamics 236:1782–1789, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional expression of aquaporins in embryonic, postnatal, and adult mouse lenses
Authors: Varadaraj Kulandaiappan , Kumari Sindhu S. , Mathias Richard T.
Published: March 2007

Aquaporin 0 (AQP0) and AQP1 are expressed in the lens, each in a different cell type, and their functional roles are not thoroughly understood. Our previous study showed that these two AQPs function as water transporters. In order to further understand the functional significance of these two different aquaporins in the lens, we investigated their initiation and continued expression. AQP0 transcript and protein were first detected at embryonic stage (E) 11.25 in the differentiating primary fiber cells of the developing lens; its synthesis continued through the adult stage in the secondary fiber cells. Low levels of AQP1 expression were first seen in lens anterior epithelial cells at E17.5; following postnatal day (P) 6.5, the expression gradually progressed towards the equatorial epithelial cells. In the postnatal lens, the increase in membrane water permeability of epithelial cells and lens transparency coincides with the increase in AQP1 expression. AQP1 expression reaches its peak at P30 and continues through the adult stage both in the anterior and equatorial epithelial cells. The enhancement in AQP1 expression concomitant with the increase in the size of the lens suggests the progression in the establishment of the lens microcirculatory system. In vitro and in vivo studies show that both aquaporins share at least one important function, which is water transport in the lens microcirculatory system. However, the temporal expression of these two AQPs suggests an apparently unique role/s in lens development and transparency. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the expression patterns of AQP0 and AQP1 during lens development and differentiation and their relation to lens transparency. Developmental Dynamics 236:1319–1328, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.