bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Road Grade on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Evidenced by Use of Advanced Navigation Systems
Authors: Boriboonsomsin Kanok , Barth Matthew
Published: January 2010

Recently, advanced navigation systems have been developed that provide users the ability to select not only a shortest-distance route and even the shortest-duration route (on the basis of real-time traffic congestion information) but also routes that minimize fuel consumption as well as greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. In these ecorouting systems, fuel consumption and emission attributes are estimated for roadway links on the basis of the measured traffic volume, density, and average speed. Instead of standard travel time or distance attributes, these link attributes are then used as cost factors when an optimal route for any particular trip is selected. In addition to roadway congestion attributes, road grade factors also have an effect on fuel consumption and emissions. This study evaluated the effect of road grade on vehicle fuel consumption (and thus carbon dioxide [CO2] emissions). The real-world experimental results show that road grade does have significant effects on the fuel economy of light-duty vehicles both at the roadway link level and at the route level. Comparison of the measured fuel economy between a flat route and example hilly routes revealed that the vehicle fuel economy of the flat route is superior to that of the hilly routes by approximately 15% to 20%. This road grade effect will certainly play a significant role in advanced ecorouting navigation algorithms, in which the systems can guide drivers away from steep roadways to achieve better fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions.
Vehicle Capacity and Fuel Consumption in Household Fleets
Authors: Bolon Kevin , Keoleian Greg , Kostyniuk Lidia P.
Published: January 2010

Vehicle capability is one of the factors that constrain the set of transportation options available for personal transportation. The capacity for carrying passengers and cargo is of particular interest when energy consumption is considered, because the use of more efficient vehicles may be limited for trips with higher load requirements. This paper presents a method for considering trip capacity requirements when the available vehicles are assigned to the trips on a household activity schedule. A constraint-based vehicle assignment model that uses the trip data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey as an example is introduced. Initial results from the analysis of these data show that by optimally assigning existing vehicles to trips, the average value of potential fuel savings ranges from 5% to 23%, depending on the size and vehicle type composition of the household fleet. Households with more vehicles in the fleet and a more diverse range of vehicles to choose from are able to achieve greater fuel savings than those with more homogeneous fleets. Considering the extent to which household vehicle assignment decisions were already consistent with the minimization of fuel consumption, in 2001 actual household vehicle assignment was, on average, only slightly better than random.
Factors Affecting the Frequency and Severity of Airport Weather Delays and the Implications of Climate Change for Future Delays
Authors: Pejovic Tamara , Williams Victoria A. , Noland Robert B. , Toumi Ralf
Published: January 2010

This paper evaluates the impact of changing weather on air transportation operations over the coming 50 years by using London's Heathrow Airport as a case study. The weather parameters associated with weather-related delays at Heathrow are first identified, and statistical models for the occurrence and the severity of weather-related delay events are then presented. Thunderstorms, snow, and fog are found to increase the chance of weather-related delay by more than 25%, whereas an increase in wind speed of 1 knot above the mean increases the probability of delay by 8%. The severity of delay can be classified correctly in 84% of cases by using nine weather predictors. These statistical models are then used in conjunction with climate forecast data to estimate future weather-related delays. Seven climate models were used to calculate changes in weather parameters in the 2050s for three emissions scenarios. The climate model outputs limit the range of weather parameters that can be forecast; for those that cannot be included in the model, a qualitative assessment of their potential impact on airport delay is provided.
Adaptation and Change with Global Warming
Authors: Valsson Trausti , Ulfarsson Gudmundur F.
Published: January 2010

Today, the governing spatial structure of Earth is that of a ribbon around the globe. Economic activity and habitation are mostly limited to this developed ribbon. As the polar ice retreats and better ships and remote sensing are being developed, the habitable edge of the world is moving ever farther into the Arctic, leading to the emergence of a new spatial structure of Earth: the semiglobe. In a semiglobe system, the Arctic is no longer the most remote area of Earth but is its center. The practical consequences of polar ice retreat are notably Arctic resource development and Arctic shipping routes. The largest impact on global marine transportation occurs as all-year shipping develops in the Arctic, eventually leading to–-because of shorter distances–-most marine transportation between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific going through the Arctic Ocean. This has important consequences for transportation, security, and natural resource use. The Arctic sea routes also hold geopolitical importance as alternative routes, for example, if conflicts at the Panama or Suez Canal interrupt intercontinental shipping. This gives added importance to the gates to the Arctic Ocean and surrounding nations.
Evaluating Carbon Taxes as an Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Strategy
Authors: Litman Todd
Published: January 2010

Carbon taxes are based on the carbon content of fossil fuel and therefore tax carbon dioxide emissions. In July 2008, British Columbia, Canada, introduced the first carbon tax in North America. This paper evaluates that tax. British Columbia's new tax reflects key carbon tax principles: it is broad, gradual, predictable, and structured to assist low-income people. It begins small and increases gradually, allowing consumers and businesses to respond with increased energy efficiency. Revenues are returned to residents and businesses in ways that protect the lowest-income households. Like most new taxes, the carbon tax has been widely criticized. Much of this criticism is technically incorrect or exaggerated. Consumers have many possible ways to conserve energy and therefore reduce their tax burden. Because lower-income households tend to consume less than the average amounts of fuel and receive targeted rebates, most low-income households will benefit overall. This tax supports economic development by encouraging energy conservation, which keeps money circulating within the regional economy. If other jurisdictions follow, its impacts and benefits will be huge.
Individual Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Potential for Reduction in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
Authors: Susilo Yusak O. , Stead Dominic
Published: January 2010

Using National Travel Survey (NTS) data from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, this paper examines how passenger transport emissions are divided across society and how similar this distribution is across these two countries. By looking across a series of data over time, the paper examines the relationships between socioeconomic characteristics and individual greenhouse gas emissions, the stability of these relationships over time, and the extent to which these relationships are similar in these two countries. Suitable policy measures for different socioeconomic groups are then examined. The general effectiveness and acceptability of these measures are then discussed by drawing on pan-European (Euro-barometer) survey results. Analyses of the NTS data reveal that about 10% of the Dutch population is responsible for almost half of all travel-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the Netherlands. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, about 20% of the population is responsible for 60% of the passenger–transportation-related CO2 emissions. Analysis of pan-European opinion surveys shows that there is a clear awareness among the majority of the population that the type of car and the way in which it is used have important impacts on the environment. Despite this awareness, however, only a minority seem prepared to take action to reduce the environmental consequences of their travel behavior. The study supports the argument that the willingness to change behavior is a complex mixture of individual and social interests. A major challenge is how to encourage changes in behavior to reduce transport emissions with the right policies at the right time in the right place.
Determinants of Automobile Use
Authors: Buehler Ralph
Published: January 2010

Germany and the United States have among the highest motorization rates in the world, yet Americans make a 40% higher share of their trips by car and annually drive twice as many kilometers per capita as do Germans. Automobile use is linked to unsustainable trends such as climate change, oil dependence, traffic fatalities, congestion, and obesity. Using two comparable individual-level national travel surveys, the study described in this paper empirically investigates the roles of socioeconomic and demographic factors, spatial development patterns, and transportation policies in explaining the differences in automobile use in Germany and the United States. In both countries, a higher population density, a greater mix of land uses, household proximity to a transit stop, fewer cars per household, and higher car operating costs are associated with shorter daily automobile travel distances. However, considerable differences remain: for example, Americans in settlements of more than 5,000 people per square kilometer drive as many kilometers as Germans in settlements with a density five times lower. A multivariate analysis shows that population density and automobile operating costs play roles in explaining differences in travel when controlling for socioeconomic factors. This is good news for the United States, because denser, more mixed-use developments and more automobile-restrictive policies can help increase the sustainability of the transportation system. In Germany, travel behavior is more homogeneous across all groups of society and in all spatial settlement patterns than in the United States. This is potentially related to historically higher gasoline prices and the greater availability of alternative means of transportation, which provide incentives for walking, cycling, and transit use.
A Dynamic Model of Information and Entropy
Authors: Parker Michael  C. , Walker Stuart  D.
Published: January 2010

We discuss the possibility of a relativistic relationship between information and entropy, closely analogous to the classical Maxwell electro-magnetic wave equations. Inherent to the analysis is the description of information as residing in points of non-analyticity; yet ultimately also exhibiting a distributed characteristic: additionally analogous, therefore, to the wave-particle duality of light. At cosmological scales our vector differential equations predict conservation of information in black holes, whereas regular- and Z-DNA molecules correspond to helical solutions at microscopic levels. We further propose that regular- and Z-DNA are equivalent to the alternative words chosen from an alphabet to maintain the equilibrium of an information transmission system.
The Effect of Wind Power Installations on Coastal Tourism
Authors: Lilley Meredith Blaydes , Firestone Jeremy , Kempton Willett
Published: January 2010

We surveyed more than 1,000 randomly sampled, out-of-state tourists at Delaware, USA beaches in 2007. After providing respondents with wind turbine project photo-simulations at several distances, we inquired about the effect development would have on visitation. Approximately one-quarter stated that they would switch beaches if an offshore wind project was located 10 km from the coast, with avoidance diminishing with greater distance from shore. Stated avoidance is less than: avoidance with a fossil fuel power plant located the same distance inland; attraction to a beach with offshore wind turbines; and the percentage stating they would likely pay to take a boat tour.
What Defines an Effective Anti-Tobacco TV Advertisement? A Pilot Study among Greek Adolescents
Authors: Vardavas Constantine I. , Symvoulakis Emmanouil K. , Connolly Gregory N. , Patelarou Evridiki , Lionis Christos
Published: January 2010

As the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for public health awareness on tobacco use, mass media campaigns should be appropriately designed so as to maximize their effectiveness. In this methodological pilot study, 95 Greek adolescents (mean age 15 ± 1.8 years), were shown seven different anti tobacco ads, and asked to rate the ad theme, message and emotional context on a 1−7 Likert scale. Health related ads were rated the highest, and as identified through the logistic regression analysis, adolescents who perceived an ad to be emotional or to have a clear message that was relevant to them, were more likely to rate the ad as more effective. The strong agreement between the above findings and the existing literature indicates the applicability of this pilot study’s methodological approach.
Structural Features and Biological Properties of Ellagitannins in Some Plant Families of the Order Myrtales
Authors: Yoshida Takashi , Amakura Yoshiaki , Yoshimura Morio
Published: January 2010

Plant tannins, including hydrolysable and condensed varieties, are well known antioxidants in medicinal plants, foods, and edible fruits. Their diverse biological properties and potential for disease prevention have been demonstrated by various in vitro and in vivo assays. A number of ellagitannins, the largest group of hydrolysable tannins, have been isolated from dicotyledoneous angiosperms and characterized. This diverse class of tannins is sub-grouped into simple ellagitannins, C-glycosidic ellagitannins, complex tannins (condensates of C-glycosidic tannins with flavan-3-ol), and oligomers up to pentamers. This review outlines and describes the chemotaxonomic significance of structural features in various types of ellagitannins found in plants belonging to the Myrtaceae, Onagraceae, and Melastomataceae families, which are all included in the order Myrtales. Any biological activities that have been reported, including antitumor and antibacterial effects as well as enzyme inhibition, are also reviewed.
Neuroprotective Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning on Global Brain Ischemia through Up-Regulation of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 2a
Authors: Miao Yifeng , Zhang Weiqiao , Lin Yuchang , Lu Xiaojie , Qiu Yongming
Published: January 2010

Transient forebrain or global ischemia induces cell death in vulnerable CA1 pyramidal neurons. A brief period of ischemia, i.e., ischemic preconditioning, affords CA1 neurons robust protection against a subsequent, more prolonged ischemic challenge. Using the four-vessel occlusion model, we established an ischemic preconditioning model in which rodents were subjected to 3 min of sublethal ischemia 48 h before a 15 min lethal ischemia. We showed that preconditioning attenuated the ischemia-induced neural cell death and DNA fragmentation in the hippocampal CA1 region. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that preconditioning prior to an ischemic insult significantly increased ASIC 2a mRNA and protein expression in comparison to the ischemic insult alone (p < 0.01). These findings implicate a new role of ASIC 2a on endogenous neuroprotection from ischemic insult.
A New Approach for the Modification of Paper Surface Properties Using Polyoxometalates
Authors: Saraiva Mikhail  S. , Gamelas José A.  F. , Mendes de Sousa António  P. , Reis Bruno  M. , Amaral José  L. , Ferreira Paulo  J.
Published: January 2010

A new approach for the chemical modification of the surface of paper based on the application of colloidal mixtures containing cationic starch and polyoxometalates on uncoated base paper is presented. Polyoxometalates with the Keggin-type structure and physical properties similar to those presented by coating pigments, namely H3PW12O40·23H2O, H4SiW12O40·24H2O, and K7PW11O39·9H2O, have been used in order to improve the quality of inkjet printing. The analysis of the different samples by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy showed the presence of the polyoxometalates (and the cationic starch) on the top surface of the paper. In addition, the determination of surface energy parameters, namely the polar component (σsp) and the dispersive component (σsd) of the surface energy, by contact angle measurements revealed that, for the new samples, the polar component level was much higher than that of the uncoated base paper. The quality of inkjet printing, evaluated by parameters such as the gamut area and the optical density, was considerably improved by these surface treatments.
Effect of SO2 Dry Deposition on Porous Dolomitic Limestones
Authors: Olaru Mihaela , Aflori Magdalena , Simionescu Bogdana , Doroftei Florica , Stratulat Lacramioara
Published: January 2010

The present study is concerned with the assessment of the relative resistance of a monumental dolomitic limestone (Laspra – Spain) used as building material in stone monuments and submitted to artificial ageing by SO2 dry deposition in the presence of humidity. To investigate the protection efficiency of different polymeric coatings, three commercially available siloxane-based oligomers (Lotexan-N, Silres BS 290 and Tegosivin HL 100) and a newly synthesized hybrid nanocomposite with silsesquioxane units (TMSPMA) were used. A comparative assessment of the data obtained in this study underlines that a better limestone protection was obtained when treated with the hybrid nanocomposite with silsesquioxane units.
Interface Reactions and Synthetic Reaction of Composite Systems
Authors: Park Joon Sik , Kim Jeong Min
Published: January 2010

Interface reactions in composite systems often determine their overall properties, since product phases usually formed at interfaces during composite fabrication processing make up a large portion of the composites. Since most composite materials represent a ternary or higher order materials system, many studies have focused on analyses of diffusion phenomena and kinetics in multicomponent systems. However, the understanding of the kinetic behavior increases the complexity, since the kinetics of each component during interdiffusion reactions need to be defined for interpreting composite behaviors. From this standpoint, it is important to clarify the interface reactions for producing compatible interfaces with desired product phases. A thermodynamic evaluation such as a chemical potential of involving components can provide an understanding of the diffusion reactions, which govern diffusion pathways and product phase formation. A strategic approach for designing compatible interfaces is discussed in terms of chemical potential diagrams and interface morphology, with some material examples.
On Micro-Macro Transition in Non-Linear Mechanics
Authors: Stolz Claude
Published: January 2010

This paper is devoted to the description of the general relationships between microscopic and macroscopic mechanical quantities in non-linear mechanics. From a thermodynamical viewpoint, it is only necessary to know the two macroscopic potentials (macroscopic free energy and macroscopic potential of dissipation) to describe the state of the body and its quasistatic evolution. These global potentials are the averages of the local ones. We point out some particular cases of non-linearities, especially the case of damaged materials.
The Effect of (Ag, Ni, Zn)-Addition on the Thermoelectric Properties of Copper Aluminate
Authors: Yanagiya Shun-ichi , Van Nong Ngo , Xu Jianxiao , Pryds Nini
Published: January 2010

Polycrystalline bulk copper aluminate Cu1-x-yAgxByAlO2 with B = Ni or Zn were prepared by spark plasma sintering and subsequent thermal treatment. The influence of partial substitution of Ag, Ni and Zn for Cu-sites in CuAlO2 on the high temperature thermoelectric properties has been studied. The addition of Ag and Zn was found to enhance the formation of CuAlO2 phase and to increase the electrical conductivity. The addition of Ag or Ag and Ni on the other hand decreases the electrical conductivity. The highest power factor of 1.26 × 10-4 W/mK2 was obtained for the addition of Ag and Zn at 1,060 K, indicating a significant improvement compared with the non-doped CuAlO2 sample.
Ceramics for Dental Applications: A Review
Authors: Denry Isabelle , Holloway Julie A.
Published: January 2010

Over the past forty years, the technological evolution of ceramics for dental applications has been remarkable, as new materials and processing techniques are steadily being introduced. The improvement in both strength and toughness has made it possible to expand the range of indications to long-span fixed partial prostheses, implant abutments and implants. The present review provides a state of the art of ceramics for dental applications.
Screening and Improvement of an Anti-VEGF DNA Aptamer
Authors: Nonaka Yoshihiko , Sode Koji , Ikebukuro Kazunori
Published: January 2010

To obtain an aptamer with a high affinity for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), we focused on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of VEGF as a target epitope. Three rounds of screening gave Vap7, which bound to the VEGF isoforms VEGF121 and VEGF165 with KD values of 1.0 nM and 20 nM, respectively. Moreover, Vap7 showed specificity within the VEGF family. Secondary structure predictions and circular dicrhoism suggested that Vap7 folds into a G-quadruplex structure. We obtained a mutant aptamer that contains only this region of the aptamer sequence. This truncated mutant (V7t1) bound to both VEGF121 and VEGF165 with KD values of 1.1 nM and 1.4 nM, respectively. Its sequence was 5'-TGTGGGGGTGGACGGGCCGGGTAGA-3', and it appeared to form a G-quadruplex structure. We also produced an aptamer heterodimer consisting of our previously derived aptamer (del5-1), which binds to the heparin-binding domain of VEGF, linked to V7t1. The resulting heterodimer bound strongly to VEGF165 with a KD value of 4.7 × 102 pM.
Impact of Glycosylation on Effector Functions of Therapeutic IgG
Authors: Abès Riad , Teillaud Jean-Luc
Published: January 2010

Human IgG has only one conserved glycosylation site located in the Cγ2 domain of the Fc region that accounts for the presence of two sugar moieties per IgG. These IgG sugar cores play a critical role in a number of IgG effector functions. In the present review, we describe the main characteristics of IgG Fc glycosylation and some abnormalities of serum IgG glycosylation. We also discuss how glycosylation impacts on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and IVIg effector functions and how these molecules can be engineered. Several therapeutic antibodies have now been engineered to be no- or low-fucose antibodies and are currently tested in clinical trials. They exhibit an increased binding to activating FcγRIIIA and trigger a strong antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) as compared to their highly-fucosylated counterparts. They represent a new generation of therapeutic antibodies that are likely to show a better clinical efficacy in patients, notably in cancer patients where cytotoxic antibodies are needed.
Spatial Enhancement of MODIS-based Images of Leaf Area Index: Application to the Boreal Forest Region of Northern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Hassan Quazi K. , Bourque Charles P.-A.
Published: January 2010

Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most commonly used ecological variables in describing forests. Since 2000, 1-km resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based 8-day composites of LAI have been operationally available from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA, at no cost to the user. In this paper, we present a simple protocol to enhance the spatial resolution of NASA-produced LAI composites to 250-m resolution. This is done by fusing MODIS-based estimates of enhanced vegetation index (EVI), consisting of 16-day 250-m resolution composites (also from NASA), with estimates of LAI. We apply the protocol to derive 250-m resolution maps of LAI for the boreal forest region of northern Alberta, Canada. Data fusion was possible in this study because of the inherent linear correlation that exists between EVI and LAI for the April to October growing period of 2005–2008, producing r2-values of 0.85–0.95 and p-values < 0.0001. Comparison of MODIS-based LAI with field-based measurements using the Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies (TRAC) sensor and LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer showed reasonable agreement across values; statistical comparison of LAI data points produced an r2-value of 0.71 and a p-value < 0.0001. Seventy one percent of MODIS-based LAI were within ±20% of field estimates.
Accessibility, Demography and Protection: Drivers of Forest Stability and Change at Multiple Scales in the Cauvery Basin, India
Authors: Lele Nikhil , Nagendra Harini , Southworth Jane
Published: January 2010

The Cauvery basin of Karnataka State encompasses a range of land cover types, from dense forest areas and plantations in the Western Ghats hills, to fertile agricultural lands in the river valley. Recent demographic changes, rapid economic development and urbanization have led to the conversion of vast stretches of forested land into plantations and permanent agriculture. We examine the human drivers of forest cover change between 2001 and 2006, using MODIS 250 m data at multiple spatial scales of nested administrative units i.e., districts and taluks. Population density does not emerge as a major driver of forest distribution or deforestation. Protected areas and landscape accessibility play a major role in driving the distribution of stable forest cover at different spatial scales. The availability of forested land for further clearing emerges as a major factor impacting the distribution of deforestation, with new deforestation taking place in regions with challenging topography. This research highlights the importance of using a regional approach to study land cover change, and indicates that the drivers of forest change may be very different in long settled landscapes, for which little is known in comparison to frontier forests.
Nano-Bio-Technology and Sensing Chips: New Systems for Detection in Personalized Therapies and Cell Biology
Authors: Carrara Sandro
Published: January 2010

Further advances in molecular medicine and cell biology also require new electrochemical systems to detect disease biomarkers and therapeutic compounds. Microelectronic technology offers powerful circuits and systems to develop innovative and miniaturized biochips for sensing at the molecular level. However, microelectronic biochips proposed in the literature often do not show the right specificity, sensitivity, and reliability required by biomedical applications. Nanotechnology offers new materials and solutions to improve the surface properties of sensing probes. The aim of the present paper is to review the most recent progress in Nano-Bio-Technology in the area of the development of new electrochemical systems for molecular detection in personalized therapy and cell culture monitoring.
On the Feasibility of a Timely Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future
Authors: Tomkiewicz Micha
Published: January 2010

The paper uses the framework of the IPAT equation, as applied to CO2 emission, to decompose the various driving forces in the global energy use. Data from recent history are superimposed on projections of SRES IPCC scenarios to determine if enough sustainable capacity can be built to prevent irreversible ecological deterioration. The conclusion from the analysis is that, in agreement with the IPCC 4th report, until about 2030 there are no large differences between a sustainable scenario and the one that resembles “business as usual”. The sharp divergence that follows stems from different estimates in population growth and in the percentage of use of fossil fuels in the total energy mix. Decomposition of alternative energy options indicate that the rate of increase of alternatives such as hydroelectric and nuclear start with a relatively high base but a growth rate too short for major contribution to a timely replacement of fossil fuels while wind and solar starts from a much lower base but rate of growth, if maintained, that can satisfy a timely replacement.
Systems with Symmetry Breaking and Restoration
Authors: Yukalov Vyacheslav I.
Published: January 2010

Statistical systems, in which spontaneous symmetry breaking can be accompanied by spontaneous local symmetry restoration, are considered. A general approach to describing such systems is formulated, based on the notion of weighted Hilbert spaces and configuration averaging. The approach is illustrated by the example of a ferroelectric with mesoscopic fluctuations of paraelectric phase. The influence of the local symmetry restoration on the system characteristics, such as sound velocity and Debye-Waller factor, is discussed.
Preliminary Report on HIV-1 Vaccine Preparedness in Nigeria: Advantages of Recruiting University Students
Authors: Edubio Abigail , Agwale Simon , Bulterys Marc , Jelpe Dadik , Idoko John , Isichei Chris , Guyit Ruth , Abimiku Alash’le
Published: January 2010

The national HIV seroprevalence in Nigeria has risen steeply from about 3% in 1993 to 5-8% in 2001 and now stands at 4.4%. HIV epidemic continues to be a serious threat to the most populous country in Africa with a population of 140 million, with limited use of antiviral drugs that is taken for life since it only suppresses the virus without completely eliminating the virus or leading to cure. Only a change in social behavior and an affordable vaccine can halt the epidemic in Africa. We report here results of a pilot study on the recruitment strategies, sociodemographic aspects and HIV risk behavior of a cohort of normal volunteers recruited at the University of Jos, Nigeria. Our study recorded a high degree of interest and zeal to participate in HIV vaccine studies by volunteers, and demonstrated the superiority of snowballing over invitation by mail, as a recruitment strategy. A cohort of university students may be particularly suitable for conducting HIV vaccine trials because of the assurance of prospective follow-up for up to four years (time to graduation), and a good understanding of the risks and benefits of participation as outlined in the informed consent. We had 100% retention during a follow-up period of two years. Most importantly, the cohort reflected a relatively low HIV seroprevalence, which gives preventive programs the potential to blunt or halt the epidemic.
RNA Editing and its Control in Hepatitis Delta Virus Replication
Authors: Chen Renxiang , Linnstaedt Sarah D. , Casey John L.
Published: January 2010

The hepatitis delta virus genome is a small circular RNA, similar to viroids. Although HDV contains a gene, the protein produced (HDAg) is encoded by less than half the genome and possesses no RNA polymerase activity. Because of this limited coding capacity, HDV relies heavily on host functions and on structural features of the viral RNA—very much like viroids. The virus’ use of host RNA editing activity to produce two functionally distinct forms of HDAg is a particularly good example of this reliance. This review covers the mechanisms and control of RNA editing in the HDV replication cycle.
Hydrogen Storage in Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Hu Yun Hang , Zhang Lei
Published: January 2010

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly attractive materials because of their ultra‐high surface areas, simple preparation approaches, designable structures, and potential applications. In the past several years, MOFs have attracted worldwide attention in the area of hydrogen energy, particularly for hydrogen storage. In this review, the recent progress of hydrogen storage in MOFs is presented. The relationships between hydrogen capacities and structures of MOFs are evaluated, with emphasis on the roles of surface area and pore size. The interaction mechanism between H2 and MOFs is discussed. The challenges to obtain a high hydrogen capacity at ambient temperature are explored.
An in situ Generated Ruthenium Catalyst for the Tishchenko Reaction
Authors: Simon Marc‐Olivier , Darses Sylvain
Published: January 2010

A simple and efficient catalytic system for the selective dimerization of aldehydes, the Tishchenko reaction, is described. High yields of symmetrical esters were generally achieved using an in situ generated ruthenium catalyst in association with the electron‐rich and hindered cyclohexyl(diphenyl)phosphane (CyPPh2) ligand.
A flow cytometry‐based assay for measuring invasion of red blood cells by Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Bei Amy K. , DeSimone Tiffany M. , Badiane Aida S. , Ahouidi Ambroise D. , Dieye Tandakha , Ndiaye Daouda , Sarr Ousmane , Ndir Omar , Mboup Souleymane , Duraisingh Manoj T.
Published: January 2010

Variability in the ability of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to invade human erythrocytes is postulated to be an important determinant of disease severity. Both the parasite multiplication rate and erythrocyte selectivity are important parameters that underlie such variable invasion. We have established a flow cytometry‐based method for simultaneously calculating both the parasitemia and the number of multiply‐infected erythrocytes. Staining with the DNA‐specific dye SYBR Green I allows quantitation of parasite invasion at the ring stage of parasite development. We discuss in vitro and in vivo applications and limitations of this method in relation to the study of parasite invasion. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences of chondrogenic progenitor cells in late stages of osteoarthritis
Authors: Koelling Sebastian , Miosge Nicolai
Published: January 2010

Objective

Osteoarthritis (OA), a mainly degenerative disease, is known to be multifactorial in origin. Gene expression patterns vary between populations and sexes. Sex hormone receptors have been described in the cartilage tissue of animals and humans. We undertook this study to determine whether the regenerative potential of chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) present in the arthritic tissue during the late stages of human OA might also be subject to sex‐specific differences and influenced by sex steroids.

Methods

We analyzed sex‐specific differences in the regenerative potential of CPCs and the involvement of sex hormones in vitro in cartilage samples from patients with late‐stage knee OA, using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, microarray analysis, real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, and cell culture.

Results

We detected expression of estrogen and testosterone in the OA synovial fluid as well as CPCs positive for estrogen receptor α (ERα), ERβ, and androgen receptor. Both hormones influenced the expression of all 3 receptor genes as well as the chondrogenic potential of CPCs by regulating gene expression of Sox9, Runx2, type II collagen, and type I collagen. We found regulatory effects on the collagens via Sox9 and Runx2 as well as regulatory effects independent of these transcription factors. These effects were sex‐specific and relied on hormone concentrations.

Conclusion

Physiologic concentrations of testosterone in men and premenopausal concentrations of estrogen in women have a positive effect on the chondrogenic potential of CPCs in vitro. Therefore, strategies of hormone replacement in the synovial fluid of women and men might have beneficial effects on the regenerative potential of arthritic cartilage tissue in late stages of human OA.
Effectiveness of rituximab treatment in primary Sjögren's syndrome: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Meijer J. M. , Meiners P. M. , Vissink A. , Spijkervet F. K. L. , Abdulahad W. , Kamminga N. , Brouwer E. , Kallenberg C. G. M. , Bootsma H.
Published: January 2010

Objective

To study the efficacy and safety of B cell depletion with rituximab, a chimeric murine/human anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody, in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial.

Methods

Patients with active primary SS, as determined by the revised American–European Consensus Group criteria, and a rate of stimulated whole saliva secretion of ≥0.15 ml/minute were treated with either rituximab (1,000 mg) or placebo infusions on days 1 and 15. Patients were assigned randomly to a treatment group in a ratio of 2:1 (rituximab:placebo). Followup was conducted at 5, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks. The primary end point was the stimulated whole saliva flow rate, while secondary end points included functional, laboratory, and subjective variables.

Results

Thirty patients with primary SS (29 female) were randomly allocated to a treatment group. The mean ± SD age of the patients receiving rituximab was 43 ± 11 years and the disease duration was 63 ± 50 months, while patients in the placebo group were age 43 ± 17 years and had a disease duration of 67 ± 63 months. In the rituximab group, significant improvements, in terms of the mean change from baseline compared with that in the placebo group, were found for the primary end point of the stimulated whole saliva flow rate (P = 0.038 versus placebo) and also for various laboratory parameters (B cell and rheumatoid factor [RF] levels), subjective parameters (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory [MFI] scores and visual analog scale [VAS] scores for sicca symptoms), and extraglandular manifestations. Moreover, in comparison with baseline values, rituximab treatment significantly improved the stimulated whole saliva flow rate (P = 0.004) and several other variables (e.g., B cell and RF levels, unstimulated whole saliva flow rate, lacrimal gland function on the lissamine green test, MFI scores, Short Form 36 health survey scores, and VAS scores for sicca symptoms). One patient in the rituximab group developed mild serum sickness–like disease.

Conclusion

These results indicate that rituximab is an effective and safe treatment strategy for patients with primary SS.
The impact of awareness and accessibility on expertise retrieval: A multilevel network perspective
Authors: Yuan Y. Connie , Carboni Inga , Ehrlich Kate
Published: January 2010

Building on the major premises of transactive memory (TM) theory as well as the recent multilevel extension to the original theory, this study examined the influence of perceived social accessibility of expertise providers, technological accessibility, and awareness of expertise distribution on expertise retrieval. Using social network data collected from a large global sales team, the study found that all three variables had significant impact on expertise retrieval at both the dyadic and individual levels. Our study confirmed the conceptual and theoretical value of approaching TM from a multilevel network perspective.
Gefahr Spannungsrisskorrosion – Systematische Untersuchung des Brückenbestands in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern
Authors: Hampel Torsten , Bösche Thomas , Anker Stefan , Scheerer Silke , Curbach Manfred
Published: January 2010

In diesem Beitrag wird die systematische Untersuchung des Brückenbestands des Landes Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern hinsichtlich seiner Gefährdung durch Spannungsrisskorrosion beschrieben. Das Projekt war in vier Phasen gegliedert. Zunächst wurde ein Konzept erarbeitet, danach aus dem gesamten Brückenbestand die gefährdeten Bauwerke herausgefiltert und in Kategorien bzw. Bauwerksgruppen eingeteilt. 16 besonders gefährdete Brücken wurden genauer untersucht. In der zweiten Phase wurden die Erkenntnisse aus dieser 1. Phase auf den gesamten Bauwerksbestand übertragen und eine Prioritätenliste erstellt. Außerdem fanden Beprobungen erster ausgewählter Bauwerke statt. Auf die Phasen 3 und 4, bei denen weiterführende theoretische Untersuchungen für spezielle Bauwerke im Vordergrund stehen, wird in diesem Beitrag nicht näher eingegangen.

Hazard stress corrosion cracking – Systematical analysis of bridges in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern.

In this article, the systematic investigation of all prestressed bridges of Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern with regard to its exposure to stress corrosion cracking is described. The project was divided into four phases. First, a generally concept was developed. Then the endangered buildings were divided into categories. 16 bridges have been investigated. In the second phase, the findings from phase 1 have been transferred to all buildings in the stock and a priority list drawn up. In addition, first bridges were sampled. In the phase 3 and 4 were more theoretical studies and specific buildings in the foreground. These phases are not content of this paper.
Ten reasons why it's different this time
Authors: Dale Bruce E.
Published: January 2010

Biofuels will continue to hit bumps in the road… but we are still moving forward…. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Maternal and paternal risk factors for anorectal malformations: A Dutch case‐control study
Authors: van Rooij Iris A. L. M. , Wijers Charlotte H. W. , Rieu Paul N. M. A. , Hendriks Hester S. , Brouwers Marijn M. , Knoers Nine V. , de Blaauw Ivo , Roeleveld Nel
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND

Anorectal malformations (ARM) are major congenital malformations that usually require a multitude of surgical procedures at a very early age and have a large impact on the lives of patients and their parents. The causes of ARM are still largely unknown, but they are assumed to have a multifactorial etiology. A few studies focused on environmental risk factors, but evidence is still scarce.

METHODS

In this Dutch case‐control study (1996–2008), we investigated the role of maternal and paternal risk factors in the etiology of ARM. Parents of 85 ARM cases and 650 controls filled in a questionnaire. Controls were children treated with ear ventilation tubes.

RESULTS

A higher occurrence of fever during the first trimester of pregnancy was found for case mothers compared to control mothers (odds ratio [OR], 5.1; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 0.9, 28.1). Maternal occupational exposure to industrial cleaning agents and solvents increased the risk of ARM three times (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 0.9, 9.3). Overweight (Body Mass Index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg/m2) before pregnancy also seemed to be associated with ARM (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.8), as well as maternal multivitamin use during pregnancy (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0, 2.7), paternal smoking (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.9), and paternal occupational exposure to exhaust fumes (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0, 3.6). Reported ARM in at least one first‐ or second‐degree family member greatly increased the risk of having a child with an ARM (OR, 40.3; 95% CI, 4.8, 342.8).

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed potential risk factors for ARM, including fever during pregnancy, maternal overweight, use of multivitamins, paternal smoking, and occupational exposures, but a familial component seems important as well. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of the expression of recombinant human activin A in the yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Fredericks Dale , Clay Robert , Warner Tracy , O'Connor Anne , de Kretser David M. , Hearn Milton T. W.
Published: January 2010

We report a new procedure to express recombinant human activin A using the methanolic yeast, Pichia pastoris. Optimization of culture procedures has involved comprehensive examination of the effects of culture vessel shape, volume of broth in the induction and expression cultures, methanol concentration, culturing temperature, and pH of the expression cultures. After this optimization, as well as modification of the native cleavage sites, a laboratory scale procedure has been established which routinely produced 2–10 mg/L amounts of this vital growth factor in the highly efficient, eukaryotic yeast system. This system avoids the need to produce this protein and similar TGF‐β proteins in mammalian cell lines which, in addition to being costly, produce many native binding partners of these cystine knot proteins, a factor which can dramatically affect yields of the target protein. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Alcohol biosensing by polyamidoamine (PAMAM)/cysteamine/alcohol oxidase‐modified gold electrode
Authors: Akin Mehriban , Yuksel Merve , Geyik Caner , Odaci Dilek , Bluma Arne , Höpfner Tim , Beutel Sascha , Scheper Thomas , Timur Suna
Published: January 2010

A highly stable and sensitive amperometric alcohol biosensor was developed by immobilizing alcohol oxidase (AOX) through Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers on a cysteamine‐modified gold electrode surface. Ethanol determination is based on the consumption of dissolved oxygen content due to the enzymatic reaction. The decrease in oxygen level was monitored at −0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl and correlated with ethanol concentration. Optimization of variables affecting the system was performed. The optimized ethanol biosensor showed a wide linearity from 0.025 to 1.0 mM with 100 s response time and detection limit of (LOD) 0.016 mM. In the characterization studies, besides linearity some parameters such as operational and storage stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and substrate specificity were studied in detail. Stability studies showed a good preservation of the bioanalytical properties of the sensor, 67% of its initial sensitivity was kept after 1 month storage at 4°C. The analytical characteristics of the system were also evaluated for alcohol determination in flow injection analysis (FIA) mode. Finally, proposed biosensor was applied for ethanol analysis in various alcoholic beverage as well as offline monitoring of alcohol production through the yeast cultivation. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Investigation of the Mechanism of Colloidal Silicalite‐1 Crystallization by Using DLS, SAXS, and 29Si NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Aerts Alexander , Haouas Mohamed , Caremans Tom P. , Follens Lana R. A. , van Erp Titus S. , Taulelle Francis , Vermant Jan , Martens Johan A. , Kirschhock Christine E. A.
Published: January 2010

Colloidal silicalite‐1 zeolite was crystallized from a concentrated clear sol prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and aqueous tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) solution at 95 °C. The silicate speciation was monitored by using dynamic light scattering (DLS), synchrotron small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and quantitative liquid‐state 29Si NMR spectroscopy. The silicon atoms were present in dissolved oligomers, two discrete nanoparticle populations approximately 2 and 6 nm in size, and crystals. On the basis of new insight into the evolution of the different nanoparticle populations and of the silicate connectivity in the nanoparticles, a refined crystallization mechanism was derived. Upon combining the reagents, different types of nanoparticles (ca. 2 nm) are formed. A fraction of these nanoparticles with the least condensed silicate structure does not participate in the crystallization process. After completion of the crystallization, they represent the residual silicon atoms. Nanoparticles with a more condensed silicate network grow until approximately 6 nm and evolve into building blocks for nucleation and growth of the silicalite‐1 crystals. The silicate network connectivity of nanoparticles suitable for nucleation and growth increasingly resembles that of the final zeolite. This new insight into the two classes of nanoparticles will be useful to tune the syntheses of silicalite‐1 for maximum yield.