bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of coexisting dynamics in boundary layer flows through proper orthogonal decomposition with weighting matrices
Authors: Dellacasagrande Matteo , Barsi Dario , Bagnerini Patrizia , Lengani Davide , Simoni Daniele
Published: May 2021

A different version of the classic proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) procedure introducing spatial and temporal weighting matrices is proposed. Furthermore, a newly defined non-Euclidean (NE) inner product that retain similarities with the POD is introduced in the paper. The aim is to emphasize fluctuation events localized in spatio-temporal regions with low kinetic energy magnitude, which are not highlighted by the classic POD. The different variants proposed in this work are applied to numerical and experimental data, highlighting analogies and differences with respect to the classic and other normalized variants of POD available in the literature. The numerical test case provides a noise-free environment of the strongly organized vortex shedding behind a cylinder. Conversely, experimental data describing transitional boundary layers are used to test the capability of the procedures in strongly not uniform flows. By-pass and separated flow transition processes developing with high free-stream disturbances have been considered. In both cases streaky structures are expected to interact with other vortical structures (i.e. free-stream vortices in the by-pass case and Kelvin–Helmholtz rolls in the separated type) that carry a significant different amount of energy. Modes obtained by the non-Euclidean POD (NE-POD) procedure (where weighted projections are considered) are shown to better extract low energy events sparse in time and space with respect to modes extracted by other variants. Moreover, NE-POD modes are further decomposed as a combination of Fourier transforms of the related temporal coefficients and the normalized data ensemble to isolate the frequency content of each mode.
A method to reconstruct flood scenarios using field interviews and hydrodynamic modelling: application to the 2017 Suleja and Tafa, Nigeria flood
Authors: Malgwi Mark Bawa , Ramirez Jorge Alberto , Zischg Andreas , Zimmermann Markus , Schürmann Stefan , Keiler Margreth
Published: May 2021

The scarcity of model input and calibration data has limited efforts in reconstructing scenarios of past floods in many regions globally. Recently, the number of studies that use distributed post-flood observation data collected throughout flood-affected communities (e.g. face-to-face interviews) are increasing. However, a systematic method that applies such data for hydrodynamic modelling of past floods in locations without hydrological data is lacking. In this study, we developed a method for reconstructing plausible scenarios of past flood events in data-scarce regions by applying flood observation data collected through field interviews to a hydrodynamic model (CAESAR-Lisflood). We tested the method using 300 spatially distributed flood depths and duration data collected using questionnaires on five river reaches after the 2017 flood event in Suleja and Tafa region, Nigeria. A stepwise process that aims to minimize the error between modelled and observed flood depth and duration at the locations of interviewed households was implemented. Results from the reconstructed flood depth scenario produced an error of ± 0.61 m for all observed and modelled locations and lie in the range of error produced by studies using comparable hydrodynamic models. The study demonstrates the potential of utilizing interview data for hydrodynamic modelling applications in data-scarce regions to support regional flood risk assessment. Furthermore, the method can provide flow depths and durations at houses without observations, which is useful input data for physical vulnerability assessment to complement disaster risk reduction efforts.
Does litigation change managers’ beliefs about the value of voluntarily disclosing bad news?
Authors: Billings Mary Brooke , Cedergren Matthew C. , Dube Svenja
Published: May 2021

Research suggests that earnings-disclosure-related litigation causes managers to reduce subsequent disclosure, perhaps stemming from a belief that even their good faith disclosures will cause them trouble. This paper considers unexplored dimensions of disclosure and alternative channels of disclosure to provide additional evidence that speaks to how litigation shapes managers’ disclosure strategies. Consistent with Skinner (1994)’s classic legal liability hypothesis, we find that, while managers reduce and delay forecasts of positive earnings news following litigation, they increase the frequency and timeliness of their bad news forecasts. Moreover, many managers who were nonguiders prior to facing legal scrutiny begin guiding following litigation. Managers also maintain (if not increase) the information they provide via press releases and during conference calls following litigation. Supporting the notion that managers use disclosure to walk down expectations, additional analyses document an increase in the likelihood that lawsuit firms report earnings that beat consensus forecasts in the post-lawsuit period. Collectively, our evidence suggests that following litigation managers continue to view disclosure as a valuable tool that shapes their firms’ information environments and reduces expected legal costs. In so doing, it supports an important alternative viewpoint of how firms respond to litigation as well as the effectiveness of litigation as a disciplining mechanism.
GLE # 67 Event on 2 November 2003: An Analysis of the Spectral and Anisotropy Characteristics Using Verified Yield Function and Detrended Neutron Monitor Data
Authors: Mishev Alexander L. , Koldobskiy Sergey A. , Kocharov Leon G. , Usoskin Ilya G.
Published: May 2021

During Solar Cycle 23 16 ground-level enhancement events were registered by the global neutron monitor network. In this work we focus on the period with increased solar activity during late October – early November 2003 producing a sequence of three events, specifically on ground-level enhancement GLE 67 on 2 November 2003. On the basis of an analysis of neutron monitor and space-borne data we derived the spectra and pitch-angle distribution of high-energy solar particles with their dynamical evolution throughout the event. According to our analysis, the best fit of the spectral and angular properties of solar particles was obtained by a modified power-law rigidity spectrum and a double Gaussian, respectively. The derived angular distribution is consistent with the observations where an early count rate increase at Oulu neutron monitor with asymptotic viewing direction in the anti-Sun direction was registered. The quality of the fit and model constraints were assessed by a forward modeling. The event integrated particle fluence was derived using two different methods. The derived results are briefly discussed.
Unternehmenskonzentrationen in der Fleischbranche und die performative Rolle der Agrarökonomik – das Beispiel Sektorplanungen im Schlachthofbereich
Authors: Hirte Katrin
Published: May 2021

In der deutschen Fleischbranche wurde nur sechs Wochen nach Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie deutlich, welch problematische und konzentrierte Strukturen hier bestehen – angezeigt durch die Schlachthöfe des Unternehmers Tönnies, die sich zu Corona-Hotspots entwickelten. Für Konzentrations- und Intensivierungsdynamiken solcher Strukturen werden üblicherweise sowohl ökonomische (wettbewerbliche Konzentrationstendenzen durch Größenvorteile) als auch wirtschaftspolitische (Arbeitsmarktpolitik, umweltpolitische Vorgaben usw.) Gründe angegeben. Kaum thematisiert wird dabei jedoch die aktive Rolle wissenschaftlicher Expertise im Prozess der fortschreitenden Intensivierung der Tierproduktion und hier insbesondere im Bereich Schlachtung und Verarbeitung. Dies steht in Diskrepanz zu der Tatsache, dass in Deutschland ab den 1970er-Jahren von Agrarökonomen Strukturpläne erstellt wurden, die dann als Sektorpläne politisch umgesetzt worden sind, wodurch die Strukturkonzentrationen maßgeblich forciert wurden.

Daher soll im nachstehenden Beitrag diese performative Rolle der deutschen Agrarökonomik im Prozess der bewusst herbeigeführten Konzentrationen im Bereich der Schlachthofstrukturen thematisiert und aus soziologischer Perspektive hinterfragt werden. Dazu wird in einem ersten Schritt die Fleischbranche als Forschungsgebiet skizziert und aus wissenschaftssoziologischer Sicht auf Entwicklungen eingegangen, entlang derer die derzeitige Forschungsstruktur erklärbar wird. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die Planungsvorgänge und ihre Folgen thematisiert und hier insbesondere am Beispiel des sogenannten Böckenhoff-Planes, auf dessen Grundlage nach 1989 die Schlachthöfe in den Neuen Bundesländern stark dezimiert wurden. In einem dritten Schritt wird abschließend die aktive performative Rolle der Agrarökonomik vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Problemlage reflektiert. Dazu wird mit einem strukturationstheoretischen Zugang auf die Differenz zwischen marktfokussierter ökonomischer Sphäre und den Bewirtschaftungsvorgängen und ihren Folgen insgesamt insistiert. Hier zeigen sich auch die Grenzen der derzeit geltenden Ökonomik, da weder die eigene performative Rolle bei der Ausgestaltung der ökonomischen Sphäre nach marktwirtschaftlichen Vorstellungen noch die Folgewirkungen dieses Herangehens problematisiert werden.
Scenario planning tools for mitigating industrial impacts on First Nations subsistence economies in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Natcher David , Owens-Beek Naomi , Bogdan Ana-Maria , Lu Xiaojing , Li Meng , Ingram Shawn , McKay Ryan , Rice Abigael
Published: May 2021

The Montney Play Trend (MPT) is a 1090 km2region in northeast British Columbia that produces approximately one-third of western Canada’s natural gas output. In response to a proposed expansion of the MPT in 2016, the Government of British Columbia launched a Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment (RSEA) to identify the necessary conditions to achieve sustainable environmental outcomes. In this paper, we describe the methods and scenario planning tools that were developed to estimate how the development of the MPT might affect the subsistence economies of First Nations in the region. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, two impact assessments—Prince Rupert gas transmission pipeline and the Coastal GasLink pipeline—are presented. While no scenario can provide a definitive portrayal of exactly what will happen in the future, the tools that were co-developed are serving as an effective starting point for exploring possibilities that are at least consistent with current knowledge and can serve as a platform for collaborative learning and conflict management.
Thermal Stability of Residual Stresses in Differently Deep Rolled Surface Layers of Steel SAE 1045
Authors: Saalfeld Stephanie , Wegener Thomas , Scholtes Berthold , Niendorf Thomas
Published: May 2021

The stability of compressive residual stresses generated by deep rolling plays a decisive role on the fatigue behavior of specimens and components, respectively. In this regard, deep rolling at elevated temperature has proven to be very effective in stabilizing residual stresses when fatigue analysis is conducted at ambient temperature. However, since residual stresses can be affected not only by plastic deformation but also when thermal energy is provided, it is necessary to analyze the influence of temperature and time on the relaxation behavior of residual stresses at elevated temperature. To evaluate the effect of deep rolling at elevated temperatures on stability limits under thermal as well as combined thermo-mechanical loads, the present work introduces and discusses the results of investigations on the thermal stability of residual stresses in differently deep rolled material conditions of the steel SAE 1045.
Myocarditis: Which Role for Genetics?
Authors: Baggio Chiara , Gagno Giulia , Porcari Aldostefano , Paldino Alessia , Artico Jessica , Castrichini Matteo , Dal Ferro Matteo , Bussani Rossana , Merlo Marco
Published: May 2021

Purpose of Review

Myocarditis is a polymorphic disease, both in its presentation and clinical course. Recent data suggests that the genetic background, interacting with environmental factors, could be diriment both in the susceptibility and evolution of myocarditis in different clinical presentations. The aim of this paper is to expose the current available evidences and the evolving concepts on this topic, in order to provide insight for improving the clinical management of those patients. In this regard, the main goal is an optimal characterization of each patient’s risk, with the purpose of individualizing the treatment and the follow-up.

Recent Findings

The latest research highlights the possible prognostic role of some pathogenic mutations that could create a vulnerable myocardium prone to myocardial inflammation and also to the development of a long-lasting cardiomyopathy.

The identification of these genetic defects and of myocarditis patients requiring genetic testing is emerging as a challenge for the future. In fact, identifying a possible genetic background responsible for a particularly high-risk profile could be of extreme importance in improving management of myocarditis. This and many other aspects in the genetics of myocarditis remain uncovered, and further studies are expected based to refine our daily clinical practice.
Periodontitis, Blood Pressure, and the Risk and Control of Arterial Hypertension: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Pathophysiological Aspects—Review of the Literature and Clinical Trials
Authors: Surma Stanisław , Romańczyk Monika , Witalińska-Łabuzek Justyna , Czerniuk Maciej R. , Łabuzek Krzysztof , Filipiak Krzysztof J.
Published: May 2021

Purpose of Review

Arterial hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In the world, about 45% of people suffer from arterial hypertension, while good blood pressure control is achieved by only approximately 50% of all hypertensive patients treated. The reason for the high prevalence of arterial hypertension and its poor control is low knowledge of hypertensinogenic factors. One such factor is periodontitis, which is a disease of social importance.

Recent Findings

It has been shown that the occurrence of periodontitis leads to an increase in blood pressure, increasing the risk of arterial hypertension. Periodontitis can also lead to ineffectiveness of antihypertensive treatment. Some interventional studies have shown that treatment of periodontitis reduced blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension. The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in periodontitis is complex and concerns mainly the impairment of the vasodilatation properties of the endothelium.

Hygiene and periodontitis treatment should be a method of preventing arterial hypertension and a method of increasing the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment.
Point and interval forecasts of electricity demand with Reg-SARMA models
Authors: Amerise Ilaria Lucrezia , Tarsitano Agostino
Published: May 2021

This paper deals especially with a two-stage approach to forecasting hourly electricity demand by using a linear regression model with serially correlated residuals. Firstly, ordinary least squares are applied to estimate a linear regression model based on purely deterministic predictors (essentially, polynomials in time and calendar dummy variables). In the case wherein the regression residuals are not a white noise series, a SARMA (seasonal autoregressive moving average) process is applied to the estimated regression residuals. After examining a vast set of potential representations, the stationary and invertible process associated with the smaller Akaike information criterion and the smaller Ljung–Box statistic is selected. Secondly, two sets of instrumental predictors are added to the current model: the estimated residuals of the first regression model plus the estimated errors of the chosen SARMA process. The new regression model is estimated by again using ordinary least squares, but taking advantage of the fact that the new regressors eliminate serial correlation. Practical issues in points and interval forecasting are illustrated with reference to nine-day ahead prediction performance for short-term electric loads in Italy.
Is Anger a Hostile Emotion?
Authors: Silva Laura
Published: May 2021

In this article I argue that characterizations of anger as a hostile emotion may be mistaken. My project is empirically informed and is partly descriptive, partly diagnostic. It is descriptive in that I am concerned with what anger is, and how it tends to manifest, rather than with what anger should be or how moral anger is manifested. The orthodox view on anger takes it to be, descriptively, an emotion that aims for retribution. This view fits well with anger being a hostile emotion, as retribution is punitive. I will argue that a different view of anger deserves our attention. On this alternative view, anger aims for recognition of harms done, rather than for the punishment of those who have committed them. I argue that we have reason to favour a strong view that excludes retribution from anger’s main aims. In addition, I offer a diagnosis of the reasons that led the retributive view of anger to become, and remain, orthodoxy. This diagnosis provides indirect reason to give my descriptive proposal serious consideration, for it highlights that the orthodox view has dominated folk and philosophical conceptions of anger for reasons that do not speak in favour of the view’s veracity. The view that anger is a hostile emotion will therefore emerge as in need of serious scrutiny.
Coincidental SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA vaccination: a case report addressing the most important clinical questions
Authors: Eren Ozan E. , Tonon Matthias , Schöberl Florian , Gießen-Jung Clemens , Moosmann Andreas , Hollaus Alexandra , Muenchhoff Maximilian , Dimitriadis Konstantinos
Published: May 2021

The case describes the coincidental mRNA vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection of a 31-year-old physician addressing the theoretical considerations and recommendations for further actions in such a particular constellation that we will expect more often in the near future.
Collaborative writing: Strategies and activities for writing productively together
Authors: Lingard Lorelei
Published: May 2021

None
Wearable Sensors for Human Environmental Exposure in Urban Settings
Authors: Helbig Carolin , Ueberham Maximilian , Becker Anna Maria , Marquart Heike , Schlink Uwe
Published: May 2021

Global population growth, urbanization, and climate change worsen the immediate environment of many individuals. Elevated concentrations of air pollutants, higher levels of acoustic noise, and more heat days, as well as increasingly complex mixtures of pollutants pose health risks for urban inhabitants. There is a growing awareness of the need to record personal environmental conditions (“the human exposome”) and to study options and implications of adaptive and protective behavior of individuals. The vast progress in smart technologies created wearable sensors that record environmental as well as spatio-temporal data while accompanying a person. Wearable sensing has two aspects: firstly, the exposure of an individual is recorded, and secondly, individuals act as explorers of the urban area. A literature review was undertaken using scientific literature databases with the objective to illustrate the state-of-the-art of person-based environmental sensing in urban settings. We give an overview of the study designs, highlight and compare limitations as well as results, and present the results of a keyword analysis. We identify current trends in the field, suggest possible future advancements, and lay out take-home messages for the readers. There is a trend towards studies that involve various environmental parameters and it is becoming increasingly important to identify and quantify the influence of various conditions (e.g., weather, urban structure, travel mode) on people’s exposure.
Formulation of probability-based pervasive information set features and Hanman transform classifier for the categorization of mammograms
Authors: Dabass Jyoti , Hanmandlu M. , Vig Rekha
Published: May 2021

With aim of detecting breast cancer at the early stages using mammograms, this study presents the formulation of five feature types by extending the information set to encompass the concept of an intuitionist fuzzy set. The resulting pervasive information set gives not only the certainty of the pixel intensities of mammograms to a class but also the deficiency in the fuzzy modeling referred to as the hesitancy. The generalized adaptive Hanman Anirban fuzzy entropy function is shown to be equivalent to the hesitancy entropy function. The probability-based fuzzy Hanman transform and the pervasive Information with probability taking the role of hesitancy degree help derive the above five feature types termed as probability-based pervasive Information set features. The effectiveness of each feature type is demonstrated on the mini-MIAS and DDSM databases for the multi-class categorization of mammograms using the Hanman transform classifier. The statistical analysis by ANOVA test proves that the features are statistically significant and the experimental results are shown to be clinically relevant by the expert radiologists. The performance of the five feature types is either superior to or equal to that of some deep learning architectures on comparison but they outperform the state-of-the-art literature methods in the classification of breast cancer using mammograms.
Conservation genetics of the European fallow deer: a reply to Marchesini et al.
Authors: Baker Karis H. , Gray Howard W. I. , Pekşen Çiğdem Akın , Hoelzel A. Rus
Published: May 2021

In this letter, we revisit a study we published in 2017, following comment in a paper by Marchesini et al. published in this volume. We provide some further analyses that help us to reinforce the original conclusions of our earlier paper, and to address the points raised by Marchesini et al. We conclude that the concerns raised in their review do not alter the inference we presented earlier, and we identify issues with analyses presented by Marchesini et al. that limit their utility. The key points of inference remain that this species in Europe shows remarkably low levels of diversity within populations and strong structure among populations which can be explained by a combination of natural and anthropogenic processes.
The Sufi Saint of Jam
Authors: Mahendrarajah Shivan
Published: May 2021

The Sunni saint cult and shrine of Ahmad-i Jam has endured for 900 years. The shrine and its Sufi shaykhs secured patronage from Mongols, Kartids, Tamerlane, and Timurids. The cult and shrine-complex started sliding into decline when Iran's shahs took the Shiʿi path in 1501, but are today enjoying a renaissance under the (Shiʿi) Islamic Republic of Iran. The shrine's eclectic architectural ensemble has been renovated with private and public funds, and expertise from Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization. Two seminaries (madrasa) that teach Sunni curricula to males and females were added. Sunni and Shiʿi pilgrims visit to venerate their saint. Jami mystics still practice ʿirfan ('gnosticism'). Analyzed are Ahmad-i Jam's biography and hagiography; marketing to sultans of Ahmad as the 'Guardian of Kings'; history and politics of the shrine's catchment area; acquisition of patronage by shrine and shaykhs; Sufi doctrines and practices of Jami mystics, including its Timurid-era Naqshbandi Sufis.
What Are the Humanities For?
Authors: Drees Willem B.
Published: May 2021

What are the humanities for? The question has perhaps never seemed more urgent. While student numbers have grown in higher education, universities and colleges increasingly have encouraged students to opt for courses in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) or take programs in applied subjects like business and management. When tertiary learning has taken such a notably utilitarian turn, the humanities are judged to have lost their centrality. Willem B. Drees has no wish nostalgically to prioritize the humanities so as to retrieve some lost high culture. But he does urge us to adopt a clearer conception of the humanities as more than just practical vehicles for profit or education. He argues that these disciplines, while serving society, are also intrinsic to our humanity. His bold ideas about how to think with greater humanistic coherence mark this topical book out as unmissable reading for all those involved in academe, especially those in higher educational policy or leadership positions.
Aristotle on Inquiry
Authors: Lennox James G.
Published: May 2021

Aristotle is a rarity in the history of philosophy and science - he is a towering figure in the history of both disciplines. Moreover, he devoted a great deal of philosophical attention to the nature of scientific knowledge. How then do his philosophical reflections on scientific knowledge impact his actual scientific inquiries? In this book James Lennox sets out to answer this question. He argues that Aristotle has a richly normative view of scientific inquiry, and that those norms are of two kinds: a general, question-guided framework applicable to all scientific inquiries, and domain-specific norms reflecting differences in the target of inquiry and in the means of observation available to researchers. To see these norms of inquiry in action, the second half of this book examines Aristotle's investigations of animals, the soul, material compounds, the motions of heavenly bodies, and respiration.
Buñuel en Toledo
Authors: Fernández Utrera María Soledad
Published: May 2021

The Order of Toledo was founded by Luis Buñuel, the Spanish surrealist film-maker, in 1923, when he was a student in Madrid. Along with a number of his peers - Salvador Dalí, Federco García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, and other leading figures in twentieth-century Spanish cultural history - Buñuel would go to Toledo to imbibe the atmosphere in the city and create provocative works of public art. The zenith of the group's activities occurred in 1923–1925, although there were sporadic actions after that date.

Fernández Utrera aims to document and interpret Buñuel's and the Order's making of iconoclastic public art in the context of the most critical period in twentieth-century Spanish literary and art history.

María Soledad Fernández Utrera is Associate Professor of Spanish at The University of British Columbia.
Psychological Consequences of the Flint Water Crisis: A Scoping Review
Authors: Brooks Samantha K , Patel Sonny S
Published: May 2021

Abstract*

Objective:

To summarize existing literature on the mental health impact of the Flint Water Crisis.

Methods:

In March 2020, we searched 5 databases for literature exploring the psychological consequences of the crisis. Main findings were extracted.

Results:

132 citations were screened and 11 included in the review. Results suggest a negative psychological effect caused by the water crisis, including anxiety and health worries, exacerbated by lowered trust in public health officials, uncertainty about the long-term impacts of the crisis, financial hardships, stigma, and difficulties seeking help. There was evidence that concerns about tap water continued even after the state of emergency was lifted.

Conclusions:

With a possible compound effect to residents of Flint with the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the results highlight the need for more resources for psychological health interventions in Flint as well as a need for local governments and health authorities to regain the trust of those affected by the Flint Water Crisis.
Systematics of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) trilobiteGonioteloidesKobayashi, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
Authors: Adrain Jonathan M. , Karim Talia S.
Published: May 2021

The Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) trilobiteGonioteloidesKobayashi has long been known from a small number of pygidia assigned to a single formally named species, and its affinities have not been assessed. Silicified material from western Utah and southeastern Idaho includes six distinct species assigned to the genus, one of which is the type species. Two others (G.moffittiandG.pankowskii) are new and formally named. An additional three species that are clearly new but known from sparse material are described in open nomenclature.Gonioteloideshas a stratigraphic distribution through five consecutive trilobite zones in the mid-Stairsian Stage (upper Tremadocian). Although exoskeletal morphology of three species is almost completely known, the phylogenetic affinity of the taxon remains difficult to determine. It is tentatively assigned to Dimeropygidae Hupé.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/23257d6c-262b-4ef5-ae4e-cc431777e67e
The geography of phylogenetic paleoecology: integrating data and methods to better understand biotic response to climate change
Authors: Lawing A. Michelle
Published: May 2021

Deeper knowledge about how species and communities respond to climate change and environmental gradients should be supported by evidence from the past, especially as modern responses are influenced by anthropogenic pressures, including human population growth, habitat destruction and fragmentation, and intensifying land use. There have been great advances in modeling species’ geographic distributions over shallow time, where consideration of evolutionary change is likely less important due to shorter time for evolution and speciation to occur. Over these shallow time periods, we have more resources for paleoclimate interpretation across large geographic landscapes. We can also gain insight into species and community changes by studying deep records of temporal changes. However, modeling species geographic distributions in deep time remains challenging, because for many species there is sparse coverage of spatial and temporal occurrences and there are fewer paleoclimate general circulation models (GCMs) to help interpret the geographic distribution of climate availability. In addition, at deeper time periods, it is essential to consider evolutionary change within lineages of species. I will discuss a framework that integrates evolutionary information in the form of phylogenetic relatedness from clades of extant closely related species, where and when there are associated fossil occurrences, and the geographic distribution of paleoclimate in deep time to infer species past geographic response to climate change and to estimate where and when there were hotspots of ancient diversification. More work is needed to better understand the evolution of physiological tolerances and how physiological tolerances relate to the climate space in which species occur.
Size and shape variation in the calcareous nannoplankton genusBraarudosphaerafollowing the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction: clues as to its evolutionary success
Authors: Jones Heather L. , Scrobola Zachary , Bralower Timothy J.
Published: May 2021

Calcareous nannoplankton have been one of the dominant primary producers in the surface oceans since the late Triassic. The bolide impact at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary ~66.0 Ma, led to the elimination of >90% of nannoplankton species: the largest extinction event in their evolutionary history. One of the few nannoplankton genera to survive the K/Pg mass extinction and even thrive in its aftermath wasBraarudosphaera, which precipitates pentagonal calcite plates (pentaliths). The onlyBraarudosphaeraspecies to span the K/Pg boundary (B. bigelowii) is extant and has formed geographically and temporally restricted “blooms” throughout geologic time. Four morphologically and genetically distinct cryptic species ofB. bigelowiihave been identified in the modern ocean. However, it is uncertain whether these cryptic species have disparate ecophysiological tolerances that have allowed them to adapt to varying environmental conditions. For the first time, we assess changes in the size and shape ofBraarudosphaerapentaliths following the K/Pg mass extinction at three geographically and environmentally disparate sites that have early PaleoceneBraarudosphaerablooms. Our results show that differentBraarudosphaeramorphotypes were dominant in the Gulf of Mexico compared with the Tethys Ocean, likely due to regional environmental differences. In addition, we provide evidence that the dominantBraarudosphaeramorphotypes shifted in response to changes in upper water column stratification. This ability to rapidly adapt to unstable environments likely helpedBraarudosphaerathrive in the aftermath of the K/Pg extinction and explains why this lineage has enjoyed such a long evolutionary history.
Diagnosing undernutrition children and adults: new French criteria. Why, for what and for whom? A joint statement of the French National Authority for Health and French Federation of Nutrition
Authors: Delarue Jacques , Desport Jean-Claude , Dubern Béatrice , Joly Francisca , Mas Emmanuel , Pitard Alexandre , Fontaine Eric ,   HAS Working Group
Published: May 2021

The objective was to establish new diagnostic criteria for undernutrition for the French population, concordant for children aged <18 years and adults aged <70 years, easy to use by health professionals and applicable whatever the situation (in and outpatients). A multi-disciplinary working and a reading group were involved. The procedure was divided into four phases: (1) systematic review and synthesis of the literature; (2) writing of the initial version of the guidelines; (3) reading and (4) finalisation. The literature search included international guidelines, meta-analyses, systematic reviews and randomised control trials from January 2007 to 31 July 2018. A two-step approach was selected: diagnosing undernutrition and then grading its severity. For diagnosis at least one phenotypic criterion associated with at least one aetiologic criterion were required for both children and adults. Phenotypic criteria for children were weight loss, Body Mass Index (BMI) < International Obesity Task Force curve 18·5, weight stagnation, reduction of muscle mass/function; for adults: weight loss, BMI < 18·5 and reduction of muscle mass/function. Aetiological criteria for children and adults were reduction in dietary intake, reduced absorption and hypercatabolism. Phenotypic metrics were used in both children and adults for grading severity (moderate or severe). These new French recommendations integrate the proposals of recent international recommendations combining aetiologic with phenotypic criteria, but for the first time, they are concordant for children and adults. The WHO threshold of 18·5 for BMI was kept as phenotypic criteria because epidemiological data show an increased mortality for that threshold.
Trans-palmitoleic acid reduces adiposity via increased lipolysis in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity
Authors: Chávaro-Ortiz Lidia Irasema , Tapia Brenda D. , Rico-Hidalgo Mariel , Gutiérrez-Aguilar Ruth , Frigolet María E.
Published: May 2021

Obesity is defined as increased adiposity, which leads to metabolic disease. The growth of adipose tissue depends on its capacity to expand through hyperplasia or hypertrophy, in order to buffer energy surplus. Also, during the establishment of obesity, adipose tissue expansion reflects adipose lipid metabolism (lipogenesis and/or lipolysis). It is well known that dietary factors can modify lipid metabolism promoting or preventing the development of metabolic abnormalities that concur with obesity. Trans-palmitoleic acid (TP), a biomarker of dairy consumption, has been associated with reduced adiposity in clinical studies. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of TP over adiposity and lipid metabolism-related genes in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). To fulfil this aim, we fed C57BL/6 mice with a Control or a High-Fat diet, added with or without TP (3 g/kg diet), during 11 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored, fat pads were weighted, histology of visceral adipose tissue was analysed and lipid metabolism-related gene expression was explored by qPCR. Results show that TP consumption prevented weight gain induced by high-fat diet, reduced visceral adipose tissue weight and adipocyte size, while increasing the expression of lipolytic molecules. In conclusion, we show for the first time that TP influences adipose tissue metabolism, specifically lipolysis, resulting in decreased adiposity and reduced adipocyte size in a DIO mice model.
Breaking continuity? Site formation and temporal depth at Çatalhöyük and Tell Sabi Abyad
Authors: Plug Jo-Hannah , Hodder Ian , Akkermans Peter M.M.G.
Published: May 2021

Spatial continuity of the house is often seen as crucial in providing temporal depth for the Neolithic societies of southwest Asia. While an emphasis on the creation of such continuities is evinced at densely agglomerated sites, other sites are characterised by dispersal and frequent relocation of habitation. Çatalhöyük (Turkey) and Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria) appear to be at either end of this spectrum. However, recently found evidence and reinterpretation of older evidence call into question the apparently stark distinction between the two sites. The purpose of this paper is to compare aspects of the archaeological evidence from Tell Sabi Abyad and Çatalhöyük, and in doing so to understand the different ways in which site formation and social continuity were achieved. In particular, the presence of breaks in spatial continuities – an often overlooked aspect of site formation – and its implications are discussed. It appears that at these two sites both continuity and breaks gave form and meaning to the settlements and to the societies that inhabited them. We argue that social continuities and anchors to the past can be constructed in many variable ways, and that direct spatial continuity of the house is but one.
Uncertain Comparisons: Zionist and Israeli Links to India and Pakistan in the Age of Partition and Decolonization
Authors: Stern Rephael G.
Published: May 2021

This article examines Zionist/Israeli comparisons and connections to India and Pakistan between 1945 and 1955. While Zionists found striking similarities between the unfolding realities in Palestine/Israel and South Asia, the exact nature of the comparison was quite equivocal. On the diplomatic axis, Israelis sought to establish full diplomatic relations with India by underscoring the similarity of their two nations. Here, comparisons were a way of positioning Israel as an analogue of India. On the technocratic axis, Israelis looked to Pakistan as a model for constructing legal institutions to expropriate Palestinian property. The appeal of Pakistan as a model was due to a perceived glaring difference: Pakistan was a Muslim state, Israel the Jewish State. Meanwhile, as Zionists/Israelis looked to India and Pakistan, Indians returned the gaze. Indian technocrats found the methods Israel used to resettle Jewish refugees and immigrants worthy of emulation. When they came to Israel to study these resettlement efforts, they were-unknowingly-often looking at projects that had been built upon former Palestinian land which the Israeli government had seized using the transplanted Pakistani law-the very same laws that had dispossessed India's new citizens, whom the technocrats were seeking to resettle. This article ultimately uncovers a broader post-imperial technocratic sphere in which nascent states continued to transplant legal institutions developed in other parts of the former colonial world to construct their own.
Nourishing Humanity without Destroying the Planet
Authors: Barnhill Anne , Fanzo Jessica
Published: May 2021

As part of the roundtable, “Ethics and the Future of the Global Food System,” this essay discusses some of the major challenges we will face in feeding the world in 2050. A first challenge is nutritional: 690 million people (9 percent of the world's population) are currently undernourished, while 2.1 billion adults (28 percent of the population) are overweight or obese. The current global food system is insufficient in ensuring that the nutritious foods that make up healthy diets are available and accessible for the world's population. Moreover, by 2050, as the global population increases, food demand will increase by 50–60 percent. A fundamental challenge is meeting this demand while not wreaking irreversible havoc on natural resources, the environment, and planetary systems. A body of scientific research has coalesced around the need to reduce food loss and waste, adopt environmentally sustainable production practices, and shift toward plant-dominant diets. Other long-standing food system problems include deficits in providing fair wages and decent working conditions for food system workers, threats to smallholder farmer livelihoods, and tens of billions of animals kept in welfare-deficit confinement conditions. These food system challenges are bad states of affairs that matter from a variety of moral perspectives. In other words, there is a robust moral case for addressing these challenges. Yet concerted policy action in this area is insufficient and largely absent, pointing to the underlying challenge and complexity of political inertia.
Introduction: Ethics and the Future of the Global Food System
Authors: Powers Madison
Published: May 2021

The coming decades will present an immense challenge for the planet: sustainably feeding nearly ten billion people that are expected to be alive by 2050. This is no small task, and one that intersects with climate change, geopolitics, the increased globalization of agricultural markets, and the emergence of new technologies. The world faces a challenge of increased demand, propelled by an expanding world population and a global shift in dietary patterns toward more resource-intensive foods. Moreover, changes in demand occur in the context of declining soil fertility and freshwater availability, agriculture's growing contribution to water pollution and climate change, and the emerging threats to agricultural productivity caused by climate disruption.
Effect of selective removal of badgers (Meles meles) on ranging behaviour during a ‘Test and Vaccinate or Remove’ intervention in Northern Ireland
Authors: O'Hagan M. J. H. , Gordon A. W. , McCormick C. M. , Collins S. F. , Trimble N. A. , McGeown C. F. , McHugh G. E. , McBride K. R. , Menzies F. D.
Published: May 2021

The role of the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) as a wildlife host has complicated the management of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle. Badger ranging behaviour has previously been found to be altered by culling of badgers and has been suggested to increase the transmission of bTB either among badgers or between badgers and cattle. In 2014, a five-year bTB intervention research project in a 100 km2area in Northern Ireland was initiated involving selective removal of dual path platform (DPP) VetTB (immunoassay) test positive badgers and vaccination followed by release of DPP test negative badgers (‘Test and Vaccinate or Remove’). Home range sizes, based on position data obtained from global positioning system collared badgers, were compared between the first year of the project, where no DPP test positive badgers were removed, and follow-up years 2–4 when DPP test positive badgers were removed. A total of 105 individual badgers were followed over 21 200 collar tracking nights. Using multivariable analyses, neither annual nor monthly home ranges differed significantly in size between years, suggesting they were not significantly altered by the bTB intervention that was applied in the study area.
Communicability of varicella before rash onset: a literature review
Authors: Marin Mona , Leung Jessica , Lopez Adriana S. , Shepersky Leah , Schmid D. Scott , Gershon Anne A.
Published: May 2021

Varicella poses an occupational risk and a nosocomial risk for susceptible healthcare personnel and patients, respectively. Patients with varicella are thought to be infectious from 1 to 2 days before rash onset until all lesions are crusted, typically 4–7 days after onset of rash. We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and CINAHL databases to assess evidence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transmission before varicella rash onset. Few articles (7) contributed epidemiologic evidence; no formal studies were found. Published articles reported infectiousness at variable intervals before rash onset, between <1 day to 4 days prior to rash, with 1–2 patients for each interval. Laboratory assessment of transmission before rash was also limited (10 articles). No culture-positive results were reported. VZV DNA was identified by PCR before rash onset in only one study however, PCR does not indicate infectivity of the virus. Based on available medical literature, VZV transmission before rash onset seems unlikely, although the possibility of pre-rash, respiratory transmission cannot be entirely ruled out.
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS AT TULA CHICO, TULA, HIDALGO
Authors: Cobean Robert H. , Healan Dan M. , Suárez María Elena
Published: May 2021

Recent excavations at Tula Chico, the monumental center for Tula's earliest settlement, revealed a long and complex history of occupation, beginning with its initial settlement in the Middle Classic period by Coyotlatelco peoples, when much of the region was under Teotihuacan's direct control. During the Epiclassic period, a program of monumental construction began that developed the monumental complex seen today over a period of about 200 years. Although Tula Chico was superseded by Tula Grande, the monumental center for the Early Postclassic city, it continued to be occupied and maintained until its destruction by fire. Tula Chico and Tula Grande show evidence of clear cultural continuity in ceramics, architecture, and sculpture, including “Toltec style” sculpture characteristic of Tula Grande that is present in temporally early contexts at Tula Chico.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTHERN PORTION OF ANCIENT TULA
Authors: Getino Granados Fernando
Published: May 2021

Salvage excavations along the right of way of a 2 km stretch of proposed highway crossing the northern part of the Postclassic city of Tula, Hidalgo utilized a multi-phase investigation strategy, featuring pedestrian survey and exploratory test-pitting. This fieldwork led to extensive excavation in five localities, which uncovered significant portions of both elite and non-elite residential compounds, a possible administrative structure, and two temples, one of which is the earliest example of a twin temple pyramid in western Mesoamerica. The diversity of structures and corresponding functions encountered in excavation are comparable to those found in previous excavations that suggest the city was organized into barrios, each with its own political, religious, social, and other institutions that mimic those of the larger urban polity. While these investigations confirm previous evidence of considerable destruction of the ancient city in recent decades, they also demonstrate that significant portions are still intact.
The Qizilbāsh and their Shah: The Preservation of Royal Prerogative during the Early Reign of Shah Ṭahmāsp
Authors: ALDOUS GREGORY
Published: May 2021

Modern historians of Persia's Safavid period (1501–1722) have long assumed that there was an interregnum between the death of Shah Ismāʿīl I in 1524 and the date when his son Ṭahmāsp came of age and established direct control in the 1530s. This idea of an interregnum takes two forms in the historiography. According to one narrative, during this time the Qizilbāsh amirs were disloyal to the young Ṭahmāsp and tried to seize control of Persia for themselves. According to the other, there was a war of succession in which Qizilbāsh factions supported different sons of Ismāʿīl I. Both of these narratives co-exist in the contemporary historical literature even though they disagree. Based on a close reading of the early Safavid chronicles, this article demonstrates that both narratives are incorrect and there was no interregnum. The Qizilbāsh continued throughout Ṭahmāsp's minority to respect him and treat him as their leader. Unsurprisingly, given his youth and inexperience, he deferred matters of state to his amirs. Nevertheless, his amirs derived their legitimacy to rule from him, and when leadership passed from one amir to another, it did so only with Ṭahmāsp's approval. Moreover, there was no dispute over the succession during Ṭahmāsp's minority.