bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Μονὰς καὶ Τριάς
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Common in mid-Byzantine theology, and with echoes later, is the use of μονὰς καὶ τριάς of the Godhead. The use of τριάς applied to God, perhaps in opposition to μονάς, can be traced back to the second century. Evagrios’ use of μονὰς καὶ ἑνάς, μονάς expressing the ineffable union binding the divine persons (and intellects) into the ἑνάς, divine oneness, seems to be found as μονὰς καὶ τριάς in Maximos, who draws on Gregory of Nazianzos, Dionysios, and Justinian. It represents the unknowable Trinity, celebrated in liturgically inspired language: the Trinity with whom intellects are united through deification. John Damascene follows Maximos, though without his sense of mystical deification. A brief appendix discusses the possible underlying influence of Pythagorean numerology.
Predicting the Future
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

At its core, strategy is about predicting the future. Markets, consumers, geopolitics, economies, demographics, and even the weather, among many other factors, might impact an organization’s future performance over time. Some factors change rapidly and some more slowly. Of course, no one can accurately, or at least consistently, predict the future environment within which a firm will operate. There are too many variables. Simple guesswork might suffice, but guessing is not the best method, unless you want to leave your organization’s future performance to chance. Therefore, this chapter examines the approaches, tools, best practices, and potential pitfalls of the “external analysis” element of the strategy process, including key tools such as the Five Forces and PESTEL frameworks.
The many merchants of Venice
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

The first part of the book discusses the political role of the lives–materiality nexus in a pre-modern world, in two major literary works, The Merchant of Venice and Henry V. As this chapter shows, The Merchant of Venice draws a complex web of intertwining gifts and counter-gifts, where lives are being traded for material goods and vice versa. There are very few limits to these exchanges as Venice proves to be a very permissive society that allows for the commodification of life. In a pre-state political world, the measurement of the material equivalent to lives relies upon the market and the community (both religious and political). In the absence of a state-based political order, this chapter illustrates the political limitations and the dangers of this fragile equilibrium. It also shows the importance of two important dimensions that need to be incorporated into the valuation of both lives and interests: time and space.
The challenge of weighing up the value of hostages
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the historical evolution of pricing lives in the context of hostage taking. In ancient times, hostages were sometimes given as gifts by weaker powers to stronger rulers in the hope of reaching peace. Today, hostage-taking is still an important feature of international and domestic conflicts. However, hostages are no longer given, they are abducted. In the aftermath of the capture of their citizens, states have to calculate the consequences of their decision, that is, whether they agree to compromise with the hostage takers or not. For political reasons (i.e. states have to take into account what the expectations of their own population are) and logical ones (the non-commensurability of goods), states are often undecided. This chapter shows that the state is willing to maintain its stronghold on the lives of its citizens, therefore it is inclined not to compromise with hostage takers unless there is a strong social demand that requires its leaders to do so. Because lives are valued more than they were in the past, a growing number of states decide to compromise and make concessions with their interests in order to have their citizens freed.
“Nowhere’s Safe”
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2, “‘Nowhere’s Safe’: Angry Young Women and Communal Betrayal,” turns to Muriel Spark, whose focus on group dynamics models a different engagement with the promises of the welfare state than her immediate contemporaries, the Angry Young Men. The chapter proposes Virginia Woolf’s modernism as the more salient comparison to Spark, using a comparative postwar approach to reveal the nature of Spark’s literary innovation in The Girls of Slender Means (1963). Set in a girls’ wartime hostel, Spark’s novel idealizes her lodgers’ communal life only to reveal their inherent savagery, challenging the burgeoning mythology of the “People’s War.” The novel also refuses to transform state violence into an occasion for redemption, questioning the reparative logic of postwar reconstruction. The chapter then closes with a consideration of Hilary Mantel’s An Experiment in Love (1995), a rewriting of The Girls of Slender Means that re-enchants welfare’s potential in the face of its Thatcherite demolition.
Interlude
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: August 2023

This Interlude marks a crucial inflection point in British welfare state history and its cultural representations: namely, the transition from welfare’s “classic phase” of 1945–1975 to its neoliberal restructuring in the late 1970s and beyond. As an intermediary between the book’s two halves (Part I’s “Cradle” to Part II’s “Grave”), this section describes how the stakes of Britain’s “postwar” shift across this divide, both historically and aesthetically. In particular, the Interlude tracks welfare’s consolidation to residualization through the rise and fall of public housing, using remarks by Clement Attlee and Margaret Thatcher to capture the changing ethos of housing as a social service. It then turns to Buchi Emecheta’s In the Ditch (1974) and J.G. Ballard’s High-Rise (1975) as works that use the modern architecture of public housing as a way to metonymize the persistent utopian and dystopian undercurrents of the British welfare state.
Introduction
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

Mining now impinges on the territories and lives of Indigenous peoples in every corner of the globe. In doing so it raises fundamental issues regarding Indigenous rights, environmental and cultural sustainability, and the survival of Indigenous societies given the ever-increasing demand of industrial society for raw materials. This chapter highlights the tensions that arise between large-scale extractive industry and Indigenous livelihoods and world views. In doing so it emphasises the diversity of Indigenous responses to mining and the insistence of Indigenous peopels, often in the face of great adversity, on maintaining control over what happens on their ancestral lands and waters. The chapter outlines my approach to the ethical issues involved in conducting research in a context where Indigenous peoples can be vulnerable to exploitation. It sets out how the book will analyse and seek to understand these tensions, and Indigenous, corporate, and state responses to them across the globe.
Indigenous Peoples
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

This chapter recognizes and illustrates the diversity that characterizes the world’s Indigenous peoples, but argues that Indigenous peoples also share defining characteristics that provide the basis for writing a book about their shared experience in dealing with mining. Commonalities include a denial that human kind is separate from, superior to, and entitled to exploit the environment or ‘nature’; a belief that humans are involved in social relations not just with each other, but also with animals, birds, rivers, and seas, and that these relationships are the key to well-being; and that their connection to their ancestral lands and waters, shaped for them by creator spirits, define their identities and social relations. Many Indigenous peoples also have in common a high degree of material disadvantage relative to dominant societies, with low life expectancy, poor access to social services, and limited economic opportunities. This combination of characteristics creates the basis for Indigenous responses to mining that are complex and defy simple characterization.
Maximizing Mining’s Economic Potential for Indigenous Peoples
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

Most Indigenous societies suffer significant economic disadvantage relative to non-Indigenous populations, indicated by lower average incomes, higher unemployment, poor and overcrowded housing, and limited access to education and health services. As a result, the economic benefits potentially associated with mining are often highly valued. This chapter considers three avenues through which such benefits can accrue to Indigenous people and communities: employment in mining and related activities; establishment or expansion of businesses to provide goods and services to mining projects; and generation of revenues through royalty or other payments to Indigenous landowners and/or affected communities. Revenues create particular challenges, as their impacts can be highly positive or negative depending on how they are distributed between individuals and communities, and how they are utilized. The chapter illustrates how different approaches to their management yield different outcomes, and highlights the particular role that Indigenous women often play in achieving positive results.
Not Just Mining
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the experience of Sami reindeer herders in Sweden, which is Europe’s largest mineral producer, and which has experienced a rapid growth in mineral exploration and development in the last two decades. An analysis of the Sami experience brings into sharp focus the way in which cumulative impacts from mining in combination with other development activities affect Indigenous livelihoods, including forestry, renewable energy projects, infrastructure development, and tourism. The chapter provides a brief overview of the Sami as a people and of reindeer herding as a way of life. It then reviews the policies of the Swedish state, its support for mining, and its failure to acknowledge the rights of Sami people to control development on their traditional territories. Historically, Sami have had little capacity to stop, or to benefit from, industrial development on their territories. The chapter uses case studies of two mining projects that are currently stalled by Sami opposition to assess whether this situation is changing.
Time for Pragmatism
Authors: Price Huw
Published: August 2023

Are the passage of time and the distinction between past and future features of the world in itself, or manifestations of the human perspective? The latter view has much in common with pragmatism, though few of its proponents think of themselves as pragmatists, and pragmatists are often unaware of this congenial application of their methodology. This link between time and pragmatism only scratches the surface of the deep two-way dependencies between these two topics. The human temporal perspective turns out to be deeply implicated not merely in our temporal notions themselves, but in many other conceptual categories—arguably, in fact, in all of them, and in the nature of language and thought. In this way, reflection on our own temporal character vindicates James’ famous slogan for global pragmatism: ‘The trail of the human serpent is thus over everything.’
Pragmatism and the Ontology of Art
Authors: Kraut Robert
Published: August 2023

Contemporary pragmatism—often dubbed ‘neopragmatism’—opposes the idea that legitimacy of institutional practices consists in conformity to requirements issuing from objects, properties, or states of affairs; it is people, not objects, that demand compliance, and whose patterns of behavior constitute the ultimate grounds of normativity. This theme, conjoined with semantic anti-representationalism—viz., the denial that a privileged word-world relation of “reference” or “representation” plays a key role in understanding conceptual activity—constitutes the strain of neopragmatism to be explored. The goal here is to observe the impact of neopragmatist doctrine on theorizing about the arts. Two strategies often prompted by pragmatist agendas—“institutional” theories of art and expressivist semantics for art-critical discourse—are shown to face serious obstacles. But it emerges that pragmatist skepticism about metaphysics has considerable purchase, thereby casting doubt upon both the explanatory and normative power of artworld ontology. Neopragmatism thus earns mixed reviews in the domain of aesthetic theory.
The Modern Doctrines of Champerty and Maintenance
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

As torts and as crimes, champerty and maintenance were abolished by statute in England and Wales in 1967. They were considered to be obsolete and the product of a bygone age, when abuses of the court system as practised by rich and powerful noblemen required a robust legal response. A modern, sophisticated, and independent judiciary rendered it unnecessary either to punish or to compensate for champerty or maintenance any longer. However, post-1967, their impact was retained via a ‘Reservation Provision’, which ensures that any contract tainted by champerty or maintenance ‘is to be treated as contrary to public policy or otherwise illegal’. Fast forward five decades to the present day, and whilst maintenance has arguably reached its use-by date in English law, the same cannot be said of its more aggressive cousin. Champerty, as a doctrine, retains considerable modern impact in this jurisdiction, stalking the modern funding and civil procedure landscape. It continues to have greatest impact in two areas, viz, the funding of litigation and the assignments of causes of action. This book explores the modern complexities of champerty and maintenance, and concludes with a consideration of key reform issues which arise in this complex and challenging area of law.
Champerty and Maintenance in Other Jurisdictions
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers the extent to which the recommendation of the England and Wales Law Commission in 1966 to abolish the torts and crimes of champerty and maintenance in England and Wales, but to enact the Reservation Provision contained in s 14(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1967, has been followed in other jurisdictions since. A wide sample of jurisdictions is canvassed. Some jurisdictions have retained the doctrines as torts; some have followed the English position and retained them as rules of public policy under a reservation provision but nothing further than that; some have retained the doctrines for litigation but not for arbitration; some have banished the doctrines in any form; in some jurisdictions, they have never existed; and in some, law reform bodies have recently considered their status. The subject of funding and of its governance is an inter-jurisdictional problem, given the increasing shortage in state funding.
Assigning Causes of Action Ancillary to Property Interests
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers those scenarios in which the cause of action being assigned has been held to be capable of assignment as being incidental to, or aligned with, a property interest, and, hence, is distinguishable from a bare right to litigate. Given that these are categories of cases to which the courts have traditionally been more accommodating, a claimant will typically seek to prove that the assignment under challenge falls within one of these categories, or is sufficiently analogous to one of them to warrant validity. There are six such categories: claims which are incidental to the purchase of property, claims for statutory compensation associated with property damage, assignments of the ‘fruits of the litigation’, assignment of debts (even disputed debts), assignments of claims associated with intellectual property, and assignment of liquidated sums (even where in dispute).
Listening
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the importance of listening to the life of every musician. By being trained to recognize tones and melody through listening, composers and arrangers become very adept in creating musical colors and performers become sensitized to tone qualities, intonation, balance, and anticipating the sounds they want to make. The reader is asked to consider how they learned to listen, and what they regularly listen for whether consciously or not. The best teachers spend a great deal of time training their students to listen. They know that even the most technically capable students will be severely limited as musicians if their listening skills are underdeveloped. The chapter also explains the different modes of listening—objective, critical, selective, and subjective, and how each is used. Intonation and tuning systems are discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

The chapters conclude with the message that the role of teachers is to reflect on what they do and what they know, and to pass it along to their students. Music teaching is like any art that requires more than brief consideration. It needs ongoing analysis, exploration, and practice, since a teacher’s expertise will be revealed not by what they do, but what their students do. Balancing performing with teaching gives musicians the best of both worlds, but a teaching legacy will likely have a longer and more influential impact. Musicians should also remember to see themselves and their musical life in a bigger picture, and be willing to extend their influence beyond their immediate situation.
Parts of the Saxophone
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 contains photos and descriptions of the various parts of the saxophone and other items that will be found in the case.
Saxophone Disassembly
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 contains step-by-step instructions for the disassembly of the saxophone.
The First Notes: BAG FED
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 13 teaches the first six notes—B, A, G, F, E, and D—which use the first three fingers of each hand.
Middle C and Low C
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 14 adds middle C and low C, completing a C major scale.
Filling in the Gaps: One Octave Chromatic Scale!
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

All twelve pitches have now been introduced, and Chapter 20 puts it all together as a one octave chromatic scale.
The Lowest Notes: B♭ and B
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 23 adds the saxophone’s two lowest notes, B♭ and B.
Introduction To Teaching Tools
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

The Teaching Tools section is designed to be a collection of bite-sized reference materials to help you address common saxophone-related issues that come up in the classroom.
Saxophone Pitch Tendency Guide
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

The acoustical design of the saxophone necessitates certain compromises in the placement of tone holes, and these compromises result in certain notes being inherently out of tune. Chapter 43 discusses some of these intonation “quirks” of the saxophone and suggests ways to compensate.
ISIL and the European Refugee Crisis
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The chapter argues that the causes of both the 2015 European refugee crisis and Germany’s response to it have been misunderstood. In the former, the millions of refugees fleeing Iraq and Syria resulted from the tentacular effects of the 1973 oil crisis and its reconfiguration of the Middle East. American and European needs for secure supplies of Middle Eastern oil motivated in large part the First Gulf War and, in lesser part, the 2003 attack on Iraq. Without the 2003 Gulf War, Zarqawi would have remained an obscure Jordanian terrorist, and there would have been no al-Qaeda in Iraq. In the latter, Angela Merkel’s decision to open the doors to refugees had nothing to do with Christianity or war guilt. It was done to save Austria. And her decision had no effect on the numbers who arrived in Germany.
Where We Shop
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

Until the advent of Walmart, the retail sector provided well-paid jobs with good benefits, and middle-class shoppers frequented middle-class retailers. OPEC and Walmart changed all that. After 1973, the US labor market bifurcated between the well-paid, educated salariat and low-paid workers. The former went to Macy’s, the latter to Walmart. Sears slowly withered. Walmart’s success is based on blocking unions and keeping wages low. As inflation-ravaged consumers switched to the discount store, all other middle-class retailers faced a stark choice: adopt its method or disappear. Those that survived aped the Walmart model. That model, the success of which is intimately bound up with the 1970s and how global capitalism transformed in response to oil-price-induced inflation, devastated working lives in the retail sector. Walmart’s wages are low so that the rest of us can buy cheap clothes, food, and everything else you can buy at Walmart.
What We Eat III
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The chapter highlights human trafficking and other forms of labor exploitation in the seafood and agricultural sectors. Examining the fishing industry in Asia, it shows that in Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand, retailers, responding as ever to consumer demand, put enormous pressure on seafood suppliers to provide their products at the lowest possible price. As in Europe and North America, nationals will not work for the wages offered, and firms turn to migrants. But the wages and conditions are so appalling that even migrant workers, who generally accept lower wages, will not voluntarily take jobs in the sector. The result is extensive human trafficking. Examining Cesar Chavez and the Delano grape strike, the chapter shows that the agricultural industry never had much appeal to US-born workers, that the rise in wages was smaller and covered fewer workers, and that retrenchment was faster and more complete. The result was almost complete reliance on migrant workers.
Proving your worth
Authors: Snyder Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Popularity, sympathy, and the perceived worthiness of those in need have historically driven direct giving and the priorities of philanthropic organizations. Establishing worthiness for receiving help can be degrading because it rests on the notion that only certain people with specific, desirable attributes are worthy of receiving the necessities of life. Determining which people are worthy of help can also require extremely invasive examination of their lives. Crowdfunding continues this pattern by creating an environment where, if campaigners wish to expand their donor pool beyond close friends and family, they must compete for media attention, public engagement, and virality. Insofar as having to prove one’s worthiness to donors is an ethically problematic element of many giving traditions, crowdfunding can exacerbate this problem by requiring that worthiness be displayed online to the wider public in competition with other campaigners.
Crowdfunding during a pandemic
Authors: Snyder Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Crowdfunding has been growing globally in terms of the numbers of campaigns, donors, and money raised. The COVID-19 pandemic created a spike in suffering and need that drove many new people online seeking financial support. The resulting wave of crowdfunding demonstrates the rising influence of this practice and the importance of assessing and responding to its ethical and political shortcomings. The concerns discussed in the previous chapters were on full display during the pandemic, including campaigners sacrificing their privacy to establish their worthiness to receive donations, deep inequities in who received support that also obscured the deep injustices leading to these needs, and a mix of fraudulent campaigns and campaigns that spread misinformation about the causes of and treatments for the COVID-19 coronavirus.
The Enforcement and Supervision of Private Administration
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: August 2023

This short Chapter 8 concludes Part II on private law. It sets out a range of mechanisms, including procedural mechanisms, through which rights relating to private administration can be enforced. One important aspect of this is that the holding of a right can be separated conceptually from the enforcement of that right: there can be unenforceable rights, and more relevantly the enforcement of the right of a person may be in the hands of another person. This separation may, but does not always, create a relationship of administration. This analysis provides a typology and a terminology that assist in cataloguing the mechanisms that are available in public law situations, which are examined in Section III.
The Enforcement and Supervision of Public Law Administration
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: August 2023

This chapter, which builds on the distinctions drawn in Chapter 8, includes a typology of mechanisms by which the duties of public law administration may be enforced. It begins by distinguishing public and private interests, public and private rights, and public and private enforcement of either rights or interests. It also explains that many duties of public administrators are undirected legal duties, which means that (unlike private duties) there is no right-holder who presumptively enforces the duty. This explains the need for enforcement via mechanisms such as judicial review of administrative action. The chapter also includes a discussion of whether, in some contexts of public administration, there are good reasons not to have legal enforcement of the norms of sound administration, but to rely rather on non-legal (such as political) consequences.
Locked in Transition
Authors: O’Reilly Jacqueline , Unt Marge , Halvorsen Rune , Schoyen Mi Ah , Verdin Rachel , Roosalu Triin , Ibáñez Zyab
Published: August 2023

In this chapter we aim to outline to what extent short-term effects created by the pandemic disrupted path-dependent policy regimes for youth in four European countries. It also seeks to understand if there has been a perceptible change attributable to longer-run developments in digitalization. Young people in education, along with those working or looking for work, were locked in their transitions mediated by digital technologies. This exacerbated and unveiled long-term existing inequalities for young people and their families. However, there has been considerable variation across countries in the timing, duration, and strictness of public policies to combat the pandemic. We identified how these policies reinforced some elements of social policy path dependency while also creating significant disruption in the context of the emerging digital economy, a reinforcement of reliance on the family in some cases, and an increasing level of polarization between different types of households. These cases of the United Kingdom, Norway, Estonia, and Spain illustrate the distinctive and comparable challenges that arise as a result of the pandemic with regard to how social policy addresses the issues of income maintenance and skill development in the digital age.
European Integration as Complementary Institution-Building
Authors: Vobruba Georg
Published: August 2023

What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic policy on European integration? The chapter starts with briefly outlining some elements of a general sociological theory of pandemics. This forms the basis for analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in three political fields, namely mobility policy, health policy, and public finances. These fields not only turned out to be crucial for coping with the pandemic, they also represent examples of three different versions of institutional development triggered by it. The chapter concludes with a theory-oriented conclusion. The analysis is carried out with the systematic intention of showing that crises confronting the European Union reveal institutional deficits, hence complementary institution-building is the likely though not compelling result.
Epilogue
Authors: Börner Stefanie , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin
Published: August 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent policy responses in affluent European democracies have demonstrated the resilience of the welfare state during a severe public health, social, and economic crisis. Moreover, the modern welfare state has mastered the most severe stress test in its history; public social policies, in the form of public health measures, income transfers, or labor market policies, have once again underlined the various functions of social policy. Furthermore, the EU has made significant inroads toward a so-called Transfer Union or territorial redistribution, and a European Health Union.
Selecting How to Select
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P.
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines changes over time in how presidents select nominees. It traces the evolution of the selection and vetting process over almost a century. It shows that nominee selection started as a small, lightly staffed, under-institutionalized, and often erratic endeavor. However, it grew into a large, professionally staffed, systematic, and bureaucratized machine run out of the White House. A review of the history identifies three distinct organizational modes used by presidents to select nominees: no delegation, external delegation, and internal delegation. A simple framework explains the president’s organizational preference. Critical are the president’s interest in judicial policy, and the availability and location of specialized expertise in the form of a legal policy elite. A major theme of the chapter is the growth of professionalization and institutional sophistication in selection and vetting, to the point where modern nominees are all highly qualified individuals with predictable opinions on policy questions.
The Man of Law’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The Introduction, with its overt attack on Chaucer as poet, raises questions about the placing of the Tale in the whole work, and its connection with the Man of Law is also open to question. The story itself, set in the time of the conversion of Britain and structured on the heroine’s repeated miraculous preservation at sea, falls on the cusp generically between romance and saint’s life; its form, rhyme royal, is Chaucer’s choice for his more pious tales. Its telling is marked by a high proportion of interpretative directions to the audience about the nature of Providence. The two major villains seem to owe their villainy more to their role as mothers-in-law than to their religions (the word ‘Saracen’ is never used by Chaucer).
The Friar’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The focus of this homiletic exemplum is on entente, both the intention behind the spoken word within the narrative, and Friar’s in telling this particular story. The narrative in many ways reflects the Wife’s (the meeting with a supernatural shape-shifter on the edge of a forest, the anonymity of the key characters), but its concern with trouthe links it more widely across the Tales.
The Prioress’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The Prioress’s miracle of the Virgin is now almost universally, and inevitably, condemned for its antisemitism, and its teller along with it. Its prologue, however, partly drawn from Dante, suggests a different emphasis for its original audience: the inadequacy of language for expressing religious devotion, a theme strongly urged within the narrative.
The Tale of Melibee
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

Melibee could hardly be a greater contrast with Sir Thopas. A close translation of a political prose tract widely disseminated throughout Europe, it may possibly have started life independently of the Tales. It has relevance not only to political issues but to the Tales’ wider debate on women. Critical attempts to read it as ironically comic in intention have now largely been superseded by an acceptance of it as a serious work, a position supported by its being one of the most frequently independently copied.
Extension to f-Band Actinide Metals and p-Band Simple Metals
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, the generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT) of quantum-based interatomic potentials is extended beyond its usual treatment of d-band transition-series metals to f-band actinide metals, and also to possible strong bonding p-band simple metals. This extension is possible because the underlying pseudo-Green’s function formalism from which the GPT was developed in a plane-wave, localized d-state basis does not actually impose any symmetry requirement on the character of the localized basis states. Thus, the GPT formalism can be immediately extended to include, in addition to plane waves, localized p or f states. In practice, such an extension is most easily accomplished in the context of the simplified model-GPT (MGPT), with the canonical d-band formalism developed in Chapter 5 acting as a prototype for corresponding canonical p-band and f-band treatments. Here, the canonical f-band MGPT treatment has been successfully applied to uranium. A novel MGPT treatment, with the normal f bonding turned off to simulate strong electron correlation, also explains the low-density delta phase of plutonium.
Introduction
Authors: Mroczko-Wąsowicz Aleksandra , Grush Rick
Published: August 2023

This collection of new essays on sensory individuals in unimodal and multimodal perception features contributions by outstanding researchers in the fields of philosophy of perception, experimental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. The topics investigated include conceptual, developmental, and methodological aspects of object perception, and especially how various sense modalities construct their objects from sensory features and feature bearers. The interdisciplinary approach offered has enabled new directions in research on this subject. As ordered in this volume, the topics of the contributions progress from treating neural sensory processes as primarily unisensory towards approaches that take perceptual processing to be modality-independent, meta-modal, and multimodal. Even within these latter approaches, sensory stimuli, sensory properties, brain activations, and corresponding perceptual phenomenology have often been characterized in a modality-specific way. Thus, it is timely to explore the relation between those processes that are unisensory and those that are multisensory. One of the primary themes of this collection is examining whether the basic building blocks of human perception are best understood as modality-dependent units of different forms or in terms of multimodal perceptual objects. Another theme is the relation between low-level object processing (segmentation and perceptual grouping processes) and high-level object knowledge embracing object concept and object-related expectations. A final theme is the role that perceptual objects play as loci of unification in unimodal and multimodal perception, namely that they enable binding and integration of sensory properties to individual entities or events.
Visual completion and intermediate representations in object formation
Authors: Kellman Philip J. , Fuchser Viyehni
Published: August 2023

Visual perception produces representations of complete objects despite fragmentary inputs. This chapter describes recent advances in understanding contour interpolation in object formation. Persisting controversies are resolved by distinguishing two processes. An automatic contour-linking process based on well-defined geometric relationships produces an intermediate representation. A subsequent scene description process combines various scene constraints to sustain, weaken, or delete contour linkages, producing scene descriptions and perceptual experience. The chapter presents data showing that this approach explains path detection, a poorly understood perceptual phenomenon, and connects it to modal and amodal completion. It also describes recent research showing that most scene constraints combine in a simple additive fashion. This research approach exemplifies the challenges of discovering intermediate representations in perception and illustrates the kinds of evidence that can reveal them. Both theories of perception emphasizing automated perceptual mechanisms and those invoking more open-ended interactions of constraints may be correct in describing different aspects of object formation.
Perceptual variation in object perception: A defence of perceptual pluralism
Authors: Brogaard Berit , Alrik Sørensen Thomas
Published: August 2023

The basis of perception is the processing and categorization of perceptual stimuli from the environment. Much progress has been made in the science of perceptual categorization. Yet there is still no consensus on how the brain generates sensory individuals, from sensory input and perceptual categories in memory. This chapter argues that perceptual categorization is highly variable across perceivers due to their use of different perceptual strategies for solving perceptual problems they encounter, and that the perceptual system structurally adjusts to the strategies that are most successful. Despite this variability, the different sensory individuals that result when different perceivers rely on different strategies nonetheless correspond to actual external world objects/features. This view is called ‘perceptual pluralism’.
Introduction
Authors: Di Fiore Monica , Saltelli Andrea
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains how the present volume was occasioned by an editorial recently published in Nature (referred to as Manifesto in the following). Signed by 22 authors from a broad spectrum of disciplines, the Manifesto called for mathematical models in the service of society, and proposed a five-step process for responsible modelling. Why and for whom is this request for responsible modelling? The chapter offers a critical look at the role of mathematical modelling in society and the concept of responsibility necessary to face opportunities and challenges related to modelling at the service of evidence-based politics. Both modellers and their intended societal audience can read it. Discussing the main implications related to the mathematization of important contemporary challenges, the chapter asks whether this request for responsibility is provocative, whether it is useful, and who could and should be interested in this topic.
Mind the hubris
Authors: Puy Arnald , Saltelli Andrea
Published: August 2023

Here we briefly reflect on the philosophical foundations that ground the quest towards ever more detailed models, and identify four practical dangers derived from this pursuit: an explosion of the model’s uncertainty space, model black-boxing, computational exhaustion, and model attachment. We explain why more complex models tend to produce more uncertain estimates and discuss the link between model size and computational bugs. Finally, we evaluate the implications that the end of Moore’s law and Dennard’s scaling have for model development, and show (using hydrological models) that large models tend to become institutionalized. The growth of a mathematical model should be continuously tested against the available evidence lest models become extraneous constructs chasing the Cartesian dream.
International torture prohibition
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton
Published: August 2023

The international prohibition on torture is a non-derogable, absolute human right enshrined in several treaties as well as in international humanitarian and criminal law. In this chapter, we show that applicatory contestation was common in the 1970s, 1990s, and early 2000s when Chile, the United Kingdom (UK), Israel, and the United States (US) responded to international charges of torture. Its application remained contested even after the norm was further legalized, including through a quite precise definition of torture. The rare validity contestations, some of which argued for exceptions from the norm, were curbed and the norm remained robust. Compliance with and criticism of violations of this norm remain constant. There is also increasing concordance with and implementation of the norm. Even against the powerful US challenge, the norm remained robust because it is embedded in human rights and humanitarian law norm clusters and protected by international institutions that mediate disputes over the norm.
Contesting the international moratorium on commercial whaling
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton
Published: August 2023

In 1986, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium on commercial whaling came into force. Since then, it has been considerably weakened. While in the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was little whaling of any type, a considerable rise in whaling activities has been observed since the mid-2000s—while condemnations of these activities have lessened. These trends are linked to IWC members making more validity contestations and to applicatory contestation becoming permanent—mostly due to challengers’ perception that international institutions are unfair: They are seen as hierarchical and blocking effective channels for normative change. Moreover, the lack of adjudication resulted in informal sanctions by the anti-whaling coalition—radicalizing the pro-whaling positions of a group of states and weakening the norm.
Losing Africa?
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton
Published: August 2023

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first permanent international court mandated to prosecute individuals “for the gravest crimes of concern to the international community”—genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and, more recently, also the crime of aggression—when individual states are unwilling, or unable, to prosecute. The United States contested the ICC since the adoption of the Rome Statute in 1998. Since the mid-2000s, the African Union and several African states have also challenged the ICC’s validity and application. These challenges culminated in threats and even notifications of withdrawal by African states. Cooperation with the ICC is decreasing and non-compliance is less criticized, weakening the duty to prosecute, at least on the African continent. This can be attributed to African states’ perception that their critique has not been recognized by the international community and that they have been betrayed by the court and the United Nations Security Council.
Voluntary Funding and Financial Crisis
Authors: Graham Erin R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 covers funding debates in the UN’s early years, including two developments important to its contemporary trajectory. The first is the establishment of the Expanded Program of Technical Assistance (EPTA) using voluntary funding rules, a departure from the prior inclusion of technical assistance under the mandatory assessments system. The second development involved contestation over the scope of the mandatory system with regard to peacekeeping and marked the United Nations’ first budget crisis. The chapter illustrates the theory’s expectations related to genuine uncertainty, rule permissiveness, and creative agency. Voluntary rules at EPTA were designed not to enable a transformation away from multilateral control, but to overcome political disagreements and Soviet opposition. Over time, technical assistance (TA) provided under layered, voluntary funding rules would eclipse the regular TA budget. In the wake of the UN Emergency Force and the UN Operation in the Congo, key member states contested the inclusion of peacekeeping missions under Article 17. An analysis of International Court of Justice (ICJ) hearings and its Certain Expenses ruling demonstrates how creative actors tapped into rule permissiveness to reinterpret Article 17 in ways that departed from UN architects’ designs.
Past
Authors: Floridi Luciano
Published: August 2023

Section 1.1 begins by offering a brief overview of how digital developments have led to the current availability and success of AI systems. Section 1.2 interprets the disruptive impact of digital technologies, sciences, practices, products, and services—in short, the digital—as being due to its ability to cut and paste realities and ideas that we have inherited from modernity. This is the cleaving power of the digital, which is illustrated through some concrete examples. Then it is used to interpret AI as a new form of smart agency brought about by the digital decoupling of agency and intelligence, an unprecedented phenomenon that has caused some distractions and misunderstandings such as ‘the Singularity’, for example. Section 1.3 presents a short excursus into political agency, the other significant kind of agency that is transformed by the cleaving power of the digital. It briefly explains why this topic is essential and highly relevant, yet also lies beyond the scope of this book. Section 1.4 returns to the main issue of a conceptual interpretation of AI and introduces Chapter 2 by reminding the reader of the difficulty of defining and characterizing precisely what AI is. The concluding section argues that design is the counterpart to the cleaving power of the digital and anticipates some of the topics discussed in the second half of the book
From Principles to Practices
Authors: Floridi Luciano
Published: August 2023

Previously, in Chapter 4, a unified framework of ethical principles for AI was offered. This chapter continues the analysis by identifying five main risks that can undermine even the best efforts to translate ethical principles into actual good practices. The risks in question are: ethics shopping, ethics bluewashing, ethics lobbying, ethics dumping, and ethics shirking. None of them is unprecedented as they also occur in other ethically applied contexts, such as environmental ethics, bioethics, medical ethics, and business ethics. However, each acquires its specific features by being uniquely related to the ethics of AI. They are all avoidable if one can identify them, and this chapter suggests how. The conclusion is that part of the ethical approach to AI is also building awareness about the nature and occurrence of such risks and enhancing a preventive approach.
Introduction
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: August 2023

This chapter is an introduction to the central themes of the book. It provides an overview of the entire book and the connections between the various chapters. It also connects the topic of the book to recent discourse about geopolitics. The chapter opens with a definition of and arguments for abolitionism, stressing that the book is a defense of the view that a strong case can be made for abolitionism. It introduces a theory of abandonment, drawing on a broad range of examples. This introductory chapter ends with a comprehensive overview of the five parts and twelve chapters of the book.
Arguments for Abandonment
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents a general theory of abandonment. This is a theory of the conditions under which language should be abandoned. It presents a framework for thinking about what constitutes a good and theoretically interesting reason for abandonment, how to implement such abandonment, and the consequences of it. The chapter outlines four kinds of arguments for abandonment: mismatch, verbal disputes, consequentialist arguments, and Can Do Better, as well as the relationships between abandonment and related phenomena such as amelioration, replacement, elimination, and reduction. It argues that the presence of all four arguments is the strongest case for abandonment—the Perfect Argument.