bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the Spatio‐Temporal Effects of Water Level Control in an Agricultural Collector Ditch Network
Authors: Paavonen Elina , Salo Heidi , Salla Aleksi , Koivusalo Harri
Published: February 2025

The study focused on modelling open channel flow in an agricultural ditch network. The objectives were (1) to set up a computational tool to explore the hydraulic impacts of water level control in a collector ditch network and (2) to test the effects of damming height and ditch flow resistance on the water level and its relation to field drainage. The model platform FLUSH is a hydrological model that couples field hydrology with a description of open channel flow network hydraulics under subarctic climate conditions. A one‐dimensional model setup described an existing collector ditch network in North Ostrobothnia, Finland, where fields under normal farming practices were instrumented to explore agricultural water management designs. In the model, drainage was fed to the ditch network as a spatially varied inflow. Four weir heights and flow resistances were used to run 16 simulations. Although flow resistance increased water levels in the ditch network, the absolute damming effect was the highest with low flow resistance. The water level control decreased the flow velocity within the control, which increased to 20%. According to the model simulations, a single weir downstream affected field drainage in up to 25% of the field area. The model provides a transparent means to investigate water management methods in fields and in collector ditches and to support the design of catchment‐scale water level control structures.
Are Neurocognitive Deficits Associated With Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children due to COVID‐19?
Authors: Megari Kalliopi , Thomaidou Evanthia , Palioura Maria Eleni , Parasxiakos Stelios , Skoutara Aglaia , Stougioude Panagiota , Theodoratou Maria , Sofologi Maria , Efthymiou Efthymia , Papadopoulou Soultana , Katsarou Dimitra V.
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives

Children with gastrointestinal symptoms due to COVID‐19 may experience neurocognitive deficits. Symptoms include difficulty in concentration, memory and other cognitive functions. The deficits could be caused by the virus itself or due to the physical and psychological stress of the pandemic.

Materials and Methods

In this study, we examined 65 children, 32 children with gastrointestinal symptoms, and we compared them to 33 children without gastrointestinal symptoms due to COVID‐19, to investigate whether gastrointestinal symptoms affected neurocognitive status in children with COVID‐19.

Results

We found that there was a significant relationship between cognitive function and GI symptoms, as well as between cognitive function and the severity of these symptoms. This indicates that COVID‐19 patients with GI symptoms may be at risk for developing problems with their memory and other aspects of cognition.

Conclusions

Early detection and intervention may help young children recover faster and return to their typical cognitive functioning.
Zn(II) Affinity and Structural Conformations of 2His‐2Cys Zinc Finger‐Like Motif Peptide Determined by Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry and PM6 Molecular Modeling
Authors: Adomako Richmond A. , Owusu Michael B. , Oberdick Rebekah K. , Senyah Kwabena , Asare Perfect , Spezia Riccardo , Angel Laurence A.
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on investigating the conformational structure and zinc(II) affinity of a zinc finger‐like motif (ZFM) peptide with the sequence acetyl‐His1‐Cys2‐Gly3‐Pro4‐Gly5‐His6‐Cys7, where bold highlights the potential zinc(II) binding sites. Zinc fingers are crucial protein motifs known for their high specificity and affinity for zinc ions. The ZFM peptide's sequence contains the 2His‐2Cys zinc‐binding sites similar to those in natural zinc finger proteins but without the hydrophobic core, making it a valuable model for studying zinc(II)–peptide interactions. Previous research on related peptides showed that collision cross sections and B3LYP modeling predicted that the His‐2Cys‐carboxyl terminus coordination of zinc(II) was more stable than the 2His‐2Cys. Employing a comprehensive approach integrating ion mobility–mass spectrometry and theoretical modeling techniques, various zinc(II) binding modes of the ZFM have been thoroughly compared to ascertain their influence on the competitive threshold collision‐induced dissociation method for measuring the relative gas‐phase Zn(II) affinity of the ZFM peptide. The measured Zn(II) affinity of ZFM is greater than those measured recently for two peptides with similar primary structures, acetyl‐His1‐Cys2‐Gly3‐Pro4‐Gly5‐Gly6‐Cys7 and acetyl‐Asp1‐His2‐Gly3‐Pro4‐Gly5‐Gly6‐Cys7, indicating the preference for the His1‐Cys2‐His6‐Cys7 side groups for coordinating zinc(II) over the His‐2Cys‐carboxyl terminus or Asp‐His‐Cys‐carboxyl terminus in these related heptapeptides.
Predictors of Adherence to Diabetes Self‐Care Management Among Diabetes Patients in Public Health Facilities of Central Ethiopia: A Multicenter Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Lonsako Arega Abebe , Samuel Bereket , Ayele Abdurehman , Kasse Tsehaynew , Haile Addisalem
Published: February 2025

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a global public health challenge. Adherence to self‐care management is critical to reducing complications. Evidence on adherence levels and influencing factors among diabetes patients in central Ethiopia is scarce. This study assessed adherence levels and predictors among diabetes patients in Kembata Zone, Central Ethiopia.

Methods

A multicenter cross‐sectional study was conducted from May 1 to 30, 2024, involving 414 diabetes patients. Data were collected via interviewer‐administered questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26. Systematic random sampling was employed, and multivariable logistic regression identified adherence predictors. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

Results

Overall good adherence to diabetes self‐care was 24.4% (95% CI: 20.3–28.5). Adherence by domain was 35.5% for dietary management, 20.5% for exercise, 42.3% for hypoglycemia management, 24.9% for insulin administration, and 29.7% for blood glucose testing. Urban residence (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.02–2.84) and diabetes duration of 1–5 years (AOR = 2.99, 95% CI: 1.39–6.48) positively predicted adherence, whereas primary education was negatively associated (AOR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.74).

Conclusions

Adherence to diabetes self‐care management in the study area was low, particularly in exercise and insulin administration. Urban residence and shorter diabetes duration were positive predictors, whereas lower education hindered adherence. Urgent health education tailored to rural and less‐educated populations is needed, emphasizing exercise and insulin management to improve outcomes.
Electrospun Nanofiber Platforms for Photodynamic Therapy: Role and Efficacy in Cancer, Antimicrobial, and Wound Healing Applications
Authors: Eldem Aslı , Tekintaş Yamaç , Ucuncu Muhammed , Horzum Nesrin
Published: February 2025

Electrospinning offers a versatile platform for developing nanofibrous scaffolds capable of enhancing the therapeutic potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photosensitizer (PS) loaded fibers exhibit a high surface area‐to‐volume ratio, promoting efficient drug delivery, prolonged retention at the target site, and controlled release profiles. Inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through light activation offers a targeted therapeutic approach, selectively generating cytotoxic effects in cancerous or pathogenic cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. This selective cytotoxicity arises because the ROS are produced only in illuminated areas where PS releases and accumulates, limiting their harmful effects to desired regions. Additionally, PS‐loaded fibers are highly effective in wound healing applications, promoting cell proliferation and tissue regeneration while providing a barrier against microbial infections. This review highlights recent advances in the design and biomedical application of PS‐loaded nanofibers, emphasizing their influence on cell viability and effectiveness in microbial inhibition, thereby setting the stage for future innovations in cancer therapy, wound healing, and infection control.
Comparison techniques for detection of nonoscillation in half‐linear differential equations of the second order
Authors: Jaroš Jaroslav
Published: February 2025

We present a new comparison method which improves the classical Hille–Wintner theorem and its generalization to a pair of half‐linear differential equations of the second order by incorporating a solution of the Riccati‐type equation associated with the majorant nonoscillatory differential equation into the comparison inequality. Our results are formulated in terms of the weighted primitives of the coefficient functions of compared half‐linear differential equations.
Dynamic Properties of a Prey–Predator Food Chain Chemostat Model With Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Process
Authors: Chen Xiao , Gao Miaomiao , Jiang Yanhui , Jiang Daqing
Published: February 2025

The food chain in an ecosystem is a complex, interconnected system of organisms that depend on each other and their environment. Chemostat model can be used to evaluate the stability and resilience of the food chain, as well as the response capacity of the system in the face of different disturbances and environmental changes. In this paper, we construct a prey–predator food chain chemostat model with Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes and consider the dynamics of this stochastic model. Firstly, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the global solution. Secondly, we deduce the extinction in two cases: One is the extinction of prey and predator, and the other is the extinction of predator and the survival of prey. In addition, by constructing appropriate Lyapunov functions, we obtain the sufficient condition for the existence of stationary distribution, which means that prey and predator can coexist over a long period of time. Then, on this basis, we give the concrete expression of the density function of the distribution around the positive equilibrium point of corresponding deterministic system. Finally, numerical simulations prove the correctness of the theoretical results and show how the speed of reversion and intensity of volatility affect the food chain behavior.
Perceived Learning Needs of Hospitalised Cancer Patients and Nurses
Authors: Zhang Xi , Wu Meiliyang , Chen Ye , Su Yisui , Zeng Tieying
Published: February 2025

Aim

To understand the differences in perceived learning needs between cancer patients and nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive design.

Methods

Data were collected from 1147 cancer patients and 1000 nurses using a convenience sampling method from February 2022 to June 2023. Sociodemographic data of patients and nurses were collected through a self‐designed general information questionnaire. Patients and nurses completed the Revised Chinese version of the Patient Learning Needs Scale to identify their perceptions of the learning needs and the difference between patient and nurse knowledge of needs.

Results

According to cancer patients and nurses, the top learning needs were information on complications and symptoms. In contrast, patients perceived the lowest priority learning needs to be disease‐related issues, while nurses perceived the lowest priority learning needs to be daily treatment and activities.

Conclusions

Patients and nurses have different views on the essential contents to be learned, highlighting the importance of considering these two aspects in formulating health education programmes.

Patient or Public Contribution

Participating cancer patients and nurses took the time to complete the questionnaire during the data collection phase and answered the questions sincerely.
Bankrolling the Belgrade Bandits? Civil Society, NGOs, and Foreign Aid Localization in Serbia
Authors: Herrold Catherine E.
Published: February 2025

This article examines how foreign aid professionalized Serbia's civil society sector and analyzes how Serbian NGOs navigate upward accountability to donors and downward accountability to grassroots communities. Drawing upon 11 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Serbia, I demonstrate how the administrative bureaucracies of foreign aid constructed a sector of managerial NGOs that are relatively removed from local communities. Nonetheless, I suggest that the staff members of NGOs are mission‐driven and mission‐oriented, and I unveil the strategies they use to support social change at grassroots levels. Arguing that NGOs are neither the schools of democracy envisioned by neo‐Tocquevillian theories of civil society, nor the lucrative industries portrayed by critical theories of civil society, I suggest that NGOs are best understood as bridges between foreign donors and grassroots communities. I reflect on the implications of these arguments for donors' aid localization strategies.
A deep‐learning model for predicting tyrosine kinase inhibitor response from histology in gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Authors: Kong Xue , Shi Jun , Sun Dongdong , Cheng Lanqing , Wu Can , Jiang Zhiguo , Zheng Yushan , Wang Wei , Wu Haibo
Published: February 2025

Over 90% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) harbor mutations in KIT or PDGFRA that can predict response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies, as recommended by NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) guidelines. However, gene sequencing for mutation testing is expensive and time‐consuming and is susceptible to a variety of preanalytical factors. To overcome the challenges associated with genetic screening by sequencing, in the current study we developed an artificial intelligence‐based deep‐learning （DL） model that uses convolutional neural networks (CNN) to analyze digitized hematoxylin and eosin staining in tumor histological sections to predict potential response to imatinib or avapritinib treatment in GIST patients. Assessment with an independent testing set showed that our DL  model could predict imatinib sensitivity with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.902 in case‐wise analysis and 0.807 in slide‐wise analysis. Case‐level AUCs for predicting imatinib‐dose‐adjustment cases, avapritinib‐sensitive cases, and wildtype GISTs were 0.920, 0.958, and 0.776, respectively, while slide‐level AUCs for these respective groups were 0.714, 0.922, and 0.886, respectively. Our model showed comparable or better prediction of actual response to TKI than sequencing‐based screening (accuracy 0.9286 versus 0.8929; DL model versus sequencing), while predictions of nonresponse to imatinib/avapritinib showed markedly higher accuracy than sequencing (0.7143 versus 0.4286). These results demonstrate the potential of a DL model to improve predictions of treatment response to TKI therapy from histology in GIST patients. © 2025 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Cover Image
Authors: Yoshida Yuki , Furushima Yoshitomo , Okino Shunnosuke , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: February 2025

The cover image is based on the article Cross‐referenceable microscopic and micro‐spectroscopic analysis of fiber reinforced thermoplastics by Yuki Yoshida et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29114.

image
Impact of animal‐assisted intervention on therapy engagement in hospitalized children with traumatic brain injuries
Authors: Yelvington Miranda , Spray Beverly , Bregy Frank , Ramick Amy , Lovenstein Austin , Walden Marlene
Published: February 2025

Background

Individuals who sustained traumatic brain injuries in childhood may experience global challenges including disorders of consciousness, motor dysfunctions, and sensory impairments. Occupational and physical therapy are important parts of recovery from an acute brain injury, addressing deficits that directly affect functional recovery and return to age‐appropriate activities of daily living. Difficulty with active engagement in therapy tasks can limit the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Therapists search for methods to increase patient engagement to bolster patient progress.

Objective

To examine the effect of animal‐assisted interventions on patient engagement and therapy participation in children with traumatic brain injuries.

Design

Prospective, crossover design observational study with each patient serving as their own control.

Setting

This study was conducted in a pediatric acute rehabilitation unit.

Participants

Nine participants completed all study sessions.

Intervention

Study participants completed four visits, two with animal‐assisted intervention and two without animal‐assisted intervention.

Outcomes and Measures

The Pediatric Rehabilitation Intervention Measure of Engagement, length of session, breaks needed.

Results

The use of animal‐assisted intervention resulted in significantly greater mean engagement scores and significantly greater affective and behavioral engagement scores. No significant differences were found with cognitive engagement score, length of session tolerated, or number of breaks required. No participants had decreased engagement when animal‐assisted intervention was used.

Conclusions

Animal‐assisted intervention has the potential to increase therapy engagement in acute rehabilitation with children recovering from traumatic brain injuries.
Progression‐Free Survival Prediction Performance of ChatGPT: Analysis With Real Life Data in Early and Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kavak Engin Eren , Dilli İsmail
Published: February 2025

Objective

To evaluate the progression‐free survival (PFS) time in patients with early‐stage and locally advanced prostate cancer and to compare the estimates provided by ChatGPT with actual survival data.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients diagnosed with early‐stage/locally advanced prostate cancer. Each patient's estimated PFS times were calculated using an artificial intelligence chatbot. These estimates were generated by considering several factors, including the patient's clinical characteristics, tumor stage, treatment modalities, and biochemical parameters. A statistical comparison was conducted between the predicted PFS and actual PFS times.

Results

The AI chatbot tended to overestimate the overall PFS times. A statistically significant discrepancy was observed between the predicted and actual survival times (p < 0.05). A discrepancy of 9.19 months was observed between the PFS predictions made by ChatGPT and the actual PFS. The bias value was 48.57, yet this discrepancy had a negligible impact on clinical practice (Cohen's d = 0.189).

Discussion

Artificial intelligence‐based models have the potential to play an important role in the prediction of progression in cancers such as prostate cancer, where 5–10‐year survival rates can reach 100%. However, this study's findings indicate that the AI model's predictions are not aligned with the actual clinical data. The reliability of the integration of artificial intelligence into clinical decision support systems can be enhanced through the undertaking of comprehensive future studies.

Conclusion

The use of artificial intelligence in predictive modeling may prove an effective approach for forecasting the PFS of prostate cancer. It has the potential to supplant the nomograms that are currently in use. Nevertheless, further studies are required to substantiate the accuracy and reliability of these systems.
Surface Properties and Morphology Evolution of Nanosecond Laser Polishing NiTi Alloy
Authors: Yang Qibiao , Li Mengtian , Xu Zihao , Cheng Jian , Lou Deyuan , Chen Lie , Li Qianliang , Liu Dun
Published: February 2025

Regarding the issue of precision machining of NiTi alloys, a nanosecond laser is used to polish NiTi alloy surfaces with different initial surface roughnesses. The effects of laser polishing on microstructure, surface morphology, microhardness, and corrosion properties are investigated using the polarized light microscope, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, microhardness testing, and an electrochemical workstation. A 2D transient model of the polishing process is established, which analyses the flow of molten metal and the effects of different process parameters on morphology evolution. The results indicate that the lower the initial roughness, the higher the surface quality after polishing. The polished NiTi alloy has higher surface hardness and corrosion resistance. During the polishing process, the surface undergoes melting and vaporization, which generate residual stress that increases the surface hardness. The increased content of Ti and O elements on the surface leads to the formation of TiO2, which exhibits higher corrosion resistance, thereby enhancing the surface's ability to resist corrosion. This work may contribute to expanding the application potential of NiTi alloys in fields such as biomedical devices, aerospace engineering, and smart materials.
Improving Cycle Life of Ni‐Rich Li‐Ion Battery Cathodes by Using Compartmentalized Anode and Cathode Electrolytes
Authors: Sun Jianqi , Wen Bo , Li Yaogang , Wang Hongzhi , De Volder Michael
Published: February 2025

As new, ever more energy‐dense battery materials are being developed, it is becoming increasingly challenging for electrolytes to cater for both requirements set by the anode and cathode. Ethylene carbonate plays a key role in forming a stable solid‐electrolyte‐interphase on the graphite anodes, but in combination with nickel‐rich cathodes, such as LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811), it leads to excessive cathode oxygen loss at high voltage. In this work, the study proposes a cell design, where different electrolytes are compartmentalized in the anode and the cathode. An ionically conductive polymer electrolyte membrane is used to prevent two electrolytes from mixing. NMC811 versus graphite full cells using this electrolyte achieved a capacity retention of 85.1% over 520 cycles compared to 61.7% for control systems using a standard carbonate electrolyte under the same conditions. In addition, it is shown that cells using the compartmentalized electrolyte show less transition metal cross‐over from the cathode to the anode and less impedance build‐up during cycling. Overall, this cell design proposed in this work allows to independently optimize the anode and cathode electrolyte and holds the promise to better support the diverging electrolyte requirements of next‐generation anodes and cathodes.
Advances in the Catalytic Mechanism of Metal Oxides for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Min Yi , Zou Xiaohong , Lu Qian , Cai Wei , Bu Yunfei
Published: February 2025

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are one of the promising next‐generation energy storage/conversion devices, considering their high energy density and low cost. However, the shuttle of polysulfides hinders the practical application of Li–S batteries, which leads to reduced cycling stability. Although chemical adsorption strategies have made significant progress in improving the cycling stability of Li–S batteries, the poor catalytic conversion ability of the polysulfide host results in an imbalance between chemical adsorption and catalytic conversion. Recent studies have revealed that metal oxides with adjustable electronic structures exhibit good catalytic ability as polysulfide hosts. However, there is currently no systematic review of the catalytic mechanism of metal oxides in Li–S batteries. Herein, the working principle and primary challenge of Li–S batteries are first introduced, followed by a categorization of catalyst design strategies. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of recent advancements in understanding the reaction mechanism of metal oxide catalysts in Li–S batteries is also provided. Finally, personal perspectives on the future development of Li–S batteries enhanced by metal oxide catalysis are offered. It is hoped that this review can provide valuable insights into the catalytic role of metal oxides in accelerating polysulfide conversion for Li–S batteries.
Catalytic Efficacy of a 2D Chemically Robust MOF for the Synthesis of Bioactive Diindolylmethane (DIM)‐Based Drug Molecules
Authors: Sahoo Rupam , Pramanik Bikram , Das Madhab C.
Published: February 2025

Synthesis of biologically and pharmaceutically important drugs via organic transformations in one pot under mild conditions with efficient catalysts is of significant interest in terms of practical utility. Though metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) prove their efficiencies in various catalytic reactions, synthesis of drug molecules employing MOF catalysts is still in its early stage, in fact, restricted to only 1,4‐Dihydropyridines (1,4‐DHP) based drug molecules synthesis. Although the Friedel–Crafts alkylation (FCA) reaction is one of the oldest reactions with a significant impact on drug molecules synthesis, surprisingly this reaction triggered by MOF catalyst is largely unexplored. Herein, we report a robust framework, MOF: IITKGP‐55, synthesized solely in aqueous medium, which exhibits its superior catalytic efficiencies for one‐pot FCA reaction with the well tolerance of various substrate scopes. Most importantly, based on this catalytic reaction, three drug molecules with bioactive diindolylmethane (DIM) core are synthesized for the first time, which was never realized by employing any sort of heterogeneous catalysts. Moreover, Arundine drug is crystallized and an in‐depth crystallographic analysis is performed. The superior catalytic efficiencies with excellent framework robustness highlight the potentiality of the developed framework and unwrap a new avenue for drug molecule synthesis via FCA reaction by employing heterogeneous catalysts.
Enhanced UV Stability of Perovskite Solar Modules via Downshifting Luminescent Organic–Inorganic Copper Halide Film with Near‐Unity Efficiency
Authors: Liu Zhe , Liu Zheng , Deng Liangliang , Guo Songhao , Wang Yanyan , Xie Lingling , Lv Ning , Yang Henan , Lü Xujie , Chen Bingkun , Zhan Yiqiang
Published: February 2025

Obtaining efficient perovskite solar modules (PSMs) with enhanced UV stability is essential for their practical applications, yet remains a significant challenge. In this work, a highly efficient organic–inorganic copper halide downshifting film that significantly enhances the UV stability of PSMs is demonstrated by converting high‐energy harmful UV photons into beneficial visible light photons that contribute to photovoltaic performance. The tetrapropylammonium (TPA) cation is selected as the main framework to synthesize a series of organic–inorganic copper halides, denoted as BrxIy. A near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 99.51% can be achieved by precisely controlling the Br/I ratio to 2:4, denoted as Br2I4, which is one of the highest values reported to date. The dual self‐trapped excitons (STEs) luminescence mechanism is systematically investigated by both temperature‐dependent and pressure‐dependent photoluminescence experiments. This dual‐STEs mechanism enables the Br2I4 film to efficiently absorb UV photons and re‐emit visible photons, thereby mitigating the photodegradation of PSMs induced by high‐energy UV light. Finally, the Br2I4 film is demonstrated effective as a downshifting layer. The PSMs with Br2I4 film achieved an optimal efficiency of 22.24%, maintaining over 90% of their initial efficiency after exposure to a total UV dose of 66.07 kWh m−2.
Facile Growth of h‐BN Films by Using Surface‐Activated h‐BN Powders as Precursors
Authors: Chen Chen , Wang Qiang , Zhang Zongyuan , Liu Zhibo , Xu Chuan , Ren Wencai
Published: February 2025

Atomically thick hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) films have gained increasing interest, such as nanoelectronics and protection coatings. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been proven to be an efficient method for synthesizing h‐BN thin films, but its precursors are still limited. Here, it is reported that a novel and easily available precursor, surface‐activated h‐BN (As‐hBN), with NH3/N2 as an additional nitrogen source is used for CVD growth of monolayer h‐BN films on the Cu foils. The as‐grown h‐BN films can significantly enhance the anti‐oxidation ability of copper. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the reactivity of the As‐hBN precursors is attributed to the decomposition of unstable BO3 and O‐terminal edges on the surface under H2 atmosphere. This method provides a more reliable approach for fabricating h‐BN films.
Compositional and Defect Engineering of Metal Halide Perovskite‐Based Heterojunctions for Efficient Nitrogen Photofixation
Authors: Tedesco Costanza , Simbula Angelica , Pau Riccardo , Merlo Francesca , Speltini Andrea , Armenise Vincenza , Listorti Andrea , Gregori Luca , Alothman Asma A. , Mosconi Edoardo , Saba Michele , Profumo Antonella , Malavasi Lorenzo
Published: February 2025

Designing innovative photocatalysts for nitrogen photofixation is becoming crucial for the development of carbon‐neutral ammonia production. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) provide a rich library of materials with an easy tuning of the semiconductor bandgap in order to integrate them in devices with different functionalities. An under‐explored path is their exploitation to run a wide range of photoredox reactions mediated by solar light. Herein, heterojunction is developed based on the vacancy‐ordered double‐perovskite Cs2SnBr6 and carbon nitride nanosheets and demonstrate its ability in running the nitrogen photofixation reaction to produce ammonia under solar light. An investigation is done on full Cs2SnBr6/g‐C3N4 system and an optimal range providing an outstanding ammonia evolution rate up to 270 μmol g−1 h−1is identified, which is quantified by means of ion selective electrode. Mechanistic insight into the photofixation reaction is obtained through a combination of advanced spectroscopy and computational modeling. Efficient ammonia production stems from an effective charge transfer from the perovskite to the nitrogen vacancies on the carbon nitride enabled by the proposed absence of self‐trapped excitons in Cs2SnBr6, which also provides additional reactive sites through bromide vacancies. This work paves the way to MHP‐based catalyst design strategy for sustainable ammonia production.
On the Energy Consumption of ATL Transformations
Authors: Rubei Riccardo , Rocco Juri di , Ruscio Davide di
Published: February 2025

Background

Model transformations play a crucial role in Model‐Driven Engineering (MDE), with the ATLAS Transformation Language (ATL) being a powerful technology for developing model‐to‐model transformations.

Methods

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the energy consumption of ATL transformations, aiming to identify possible correlations among transformation rules, model size, and metamodel structural characteristics. We conducted experiments on 52 ATL transformations, analyzing power usage and extending our inquiry to understand the impact of mutations on both models and transformations.

Results

The experimental findings reveal relationships between the energy utilization of ATL transformations and the structural characteristics of metamodels. Furthermore, we establish a connection between energy consumption, model size, and the complexity of transformation processes.

Conclusion

The insights gained from this research lay the groundwork for devising future energy‐efficient strategies while developing model transformations.
Introduction to Understanding Past Earthquakes
Authors: Elliott Austin , Grützner Christoph
Published: February 2025

This book presents overviews of modern, twenty-first century methods that are used to investigate the physical characteristics of past earthquakes. Where did earthquakes occur? How large were they? Which tectonic faults caused them? How strong were the ground motions and where?
Archaeoseismology: Identifying Earthquake Effects in Ancient Sites
Authors: Sintubin Manuel
Published: February 2025

The burgeoning scientific discipline of archaeoseismology is the interdisciplinary study of—prehistoric to recent—earthquakes through a range of evidence in the archaeological record, from structural damage to manmade structures to changes in the cultural fabric of a society. The identification of potential earthquake archaeological effects in archaeological contexts is a first step in the archaeoseismological endavour. Relating these effects unambiguously to earthquakes remains challenging to archaeoseismologists, both in space and time. In common with paleoseismology, archaeoseismology aims at parameterizing ancient earthquakes and thus completing the earthquake catalogue of a region. New interdisciplinary developments in quantitative archaeoseismology turn archaeological sites into seismoscopes, becoming testing grounds to quantitatively assess site-specific ground motion effects. In common with archaeology, archaeoseismology aims at understanding the relationship between earthquakes and ancient societies. Learning about the earthquake culture of our ancestors may eventually serve as an impetus to establish and foster local earthquake cultures in earthquake-prone regions.
Multi-phase model for moisture transport in wood supported by X-ray computed tomography data
Authors: Dsouza Royson D. , Harjupatana Tero , Miettinen Arttu , Brandstätter Florian , Harju Anni , Venäläinen Martti , Möttönen Veikko , Borrega Marc , Paajanen Antti , Füssl Josef , Fortino Stefania
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the dynamics of moisture transport in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood and sapwood, under alternating drying and wetting cycles, incorporating interactions between bound water, free water, and water vapor using a multi-phase model. Cylindrical specimens oriented longitudinally, radially, and tangentially were subjected to controlled relative humidity (RH) steps of 33%, 94%, and 64% at 23 

$$^\circ$$

∘

C. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) provided detailed, time-resolved measurements of moisture distributions within the wood. A multi-phase model was developed that couples Fickian diffusion (for bound water and vapor) with Darcy’s law (for free water), supplemented by phase-conversion terms that account for evaporation and sorption. Key parameters, including absolute and relative permeabilities, direction-dependent vapor diffusivity reductions, thermal conductivity tensors, and free water transport formulations, were determined by matching predicted moisture profiles to the CT measurements. Among concentration and mixed concentration-pressure formulations for free water model, the mixed approach produced the most accurate match. The CT images revealed a rapid depletion of free water during the initial drying step, followed by distinct variations in bound water content as the RH was raised and lowered. Numerical simulations closely replicated these trends, indicating that the calibrated model effectively represents moisture transport both above and below the fiber saturation point.
Cubic calcite and its structural phase transitions
Authors: Yang Yang , Lin Yixin , Ding Xiangdong , Howard Christopher J. , Salje Ekhard K. H.
Published: February 2025

Calcite, CaCO3, has been reported to exist in as many as seven different structural forms. The structure at room temperature and pressure (space group R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

c, ‘Phase I’) was established by Bragg many years ago. A phase transition to a higher temperature phase (space group R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

m, ‘Phase V’) was noted to occur at around 1240 K—this may proceed via an intermediate phase (space group again R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

c, referred to as ‘Phase IV’). These phases differ primarily in the disposition of the CO3 groups. Additional phases are found at higher pressures. We report a para-phase (parent phase, virtual prototype, aristotype) which assists in understanding the different phases, the phase transitions, and especially the domain structures and twin wall boundaries associated with these transitions. Molecular dynamics methods were used to study the temperature evolution of an isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble of some 384,000 atoms. These computations reproduced the features of the known structures in R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

c and R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

m and then, at higher temperature, revealed a structure of the sodium chloride type (space group Fm

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

m) in which the entities were the Ca2+ cation and the CO3
2− anion, this latter with effectively spherical symmetry. On this basis we have upon cooling a necessarily first order ferroelastic transition from cubic Fm

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

m to rhombohedral R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

m, computed to occur at a simulated temperature of 1900 K, and a possibly continuous transition from the R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

m to rhombohedral (on a doubled cell) R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

c computed to occur at about 1525 K. The computations also allowed us to follow the domain structure and twin walls as a function of temperature, during both heating and cooling. The structure just below the R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

m to R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

c transition shows strong disorder in the orientation of the CO3 groups, and this may be what is sometimes referred to as Phase IV. The domain structure just below the cubic to rhombohedral transition shows twinning of typical ferroelastic character. The doubling of the cell below the R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

m to rhombohedral (on a doubled cell) R

$$\overline{3 }$$

3
¯

c leads to a more complicated twin pattern. Indeed, the different structures can be identified from patterns of twinning. Differences between domain structures obtained on heating and cooling indicate extensive thermal metastabilities.
Climate change analysis from LRD manifold functional regression
Authors: P. Ovalle–Muñoz Diana , Ruiz–Medina M. Dolores
Published: February 2025

This work is motivated by the problem of predicting downward solar radiation flux spherical maps from the observation of atmospheric pressure at high cloud bottom. To this aim nonlinear functional regression is implemented under strong–correlated functional data. The link operator reflects the heat transfer in the atmosphere. A latent parametric linear functional regression model reduces uncertainty in the support of this operator. An additive long–memory manifold–supported functional time series error models persistence in time of random fluctuations observed in the response. Time is incorporated via the scalar covariates in the latent linear functional regression model. The functional regression parameters in this model are supported on a connected and compact two point homogeneous space. Its generalized least–squares (GLS) parameter estimation is achieved. When the second–order structure of the functional error term is unknown, its minimum contrast estimation is obtained in the spectral domain. The performance of the theoretical and plug–in nonlinear functional regression predictors is illustrated in the simulation study undertaken in the sphere. The Supplementary Material provides a detailed empirical analysis in the one way ANOVA context. The real–data application extends the purely spatial statistical analysis of atmospheric pressure at high cloud bottom, and downward solar radiation flux in Alegría et al. (Electron J Stat 15(1):2360–2392, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1214/21-EJS1842) to the spatiotemporal context.
Phenomenological analysis of the electrical behavior of helical gears to identify sensory utilizable effects for condition monitoring approaches
Authors: Hausmann Maximilian , Koetz Florian , Kirchner Eckhard
Published: February 2025

In this contribution the electrical behavior of helical gear contacts is investigated. The investigation is based on impedance measurements obtained on an industrial gearbox test bench. The results are analyzed to identify the qualitative influence of rotation speed, load, rotation direction, load direction and surface alterations. Furthermore, potentials and limitations of utilizing the electrical behavior of helical gear contacts for condition monitoring applications are discussed. The investigations show that the lubrication condition can be qualitatively identified based on the characteristics of the electrical behavior of the gear contact. Important influencing factors for the lubrication film thickness and consequently the impedance of the gear contact can be determined to be rotation speed and load but also rotation and load direction. Surface alterations like damages but also tooth pitch deviations in the region of single digit micrometers can be seen to have a measurable influence on the impedance signal of the gear contact. These effects can potentially be used for condition monitoring approaches. However, the ambiguity of the impedance signal due to the high number of influencing factors remains a limitation of this new measurement method. Another factor for the ambiguity of the impedance signal is the simultaneous contact of multiple teeth which are not distinguishable in the impedance signal. This contribution shows the potentials and limitations for the sensory utilization of the electrical behavior of helical gear contacts and highlights novel research gaps.
Pons metabolite alterations in narcolepsy type 1
Authors: Mitolo Micaela , Pizza Fabio , Manners David Neil , Guidi Lucia , Venneri Annalena , Morandi Luca , Tonon Caterina , Plazzi Giuseppe , Lodi Raffaele
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare central sleep disorder characterized by a selective loss of hypocretin/orexin (hcrt)-producing neurons in the postero-lateral hypothalamus that project to widespread areas of the brain and brainstem. The aim of this study was to explore in a group of NT1 patients the metabolic alterations in the pons and their associations with disease features.

Methods

Twenty-one NT1 patients (16 M) and twenty age-matched healthy controls (10 M) underwent a brain 1H MRS on a 1.5 T GE Medical Systems scanner. Metabolite content of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mI) were estimated relative to creatine (Cr), using LCModel 6.3. Clinical data were also collected with validated questionnaires, polysomnography, the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 (CSF hcrt-1) concentration and genetic markers.

Results

NT1 patients compared with healthy controls showed lower NAA/Cr ratio (p = 0.007) and NAA/mI ratio (p = 0.011) in the pons. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale score showed a significant negative correlation with NAA/Cr content (p = 0.023), MSLT sleep latency a negative correlation with the mI/Cr ratio (p = 0.008), and sleep onset REM periods a positive correlation with the mI/Cr ratio (p = 0.027). CSF hcrt-1 levels were positively correlated with the NAA/Cr ratio (p = 0.039) and negatively with the mI/Cr ratio (p = 0.045) and the Cho/Cr ratio (p = 0.026).

Conclusion

The metabolic alterations found in the pons of NT1 patients using the MR Spectroscopy technique were associated with subjective and objective disease severity measures, highlighting the crucial role of this biomarker in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Vulnerability of structures and infrastructure to wildfires: a perspective into assessment and mitigation strategies
Authors: Naser M. Z. , Kodur Venkatesh
Published: February 2025

Drawing from historical and recent events, this perspective reports the aftermath of the rise in wildfire frequency and intensity, specifically focusing on the vulnerability of structures (i.e., human settlements and infrastructure) and associated losses. We show that the factors contributing to structure losses are diverse and can span environmental/climate dynamics, consequences of urban planning and existing building codes, and human-induced influence. We also present a few case studies of notable wildfire events to offer valuable insights and lessons on how such fires shaped structures and infrastructure losses. This perspective also shows that wildfire risk can be reduced by emphasizing fire-resistant construction, strategic urban planning, public education, and leveraging technological advancements. Finally, this perspective concludes with an emphasis on proactive mitigation measures to safeguard our built environments and communities against the escalating threat of wildfires.
Phase portraits and bifurcations induced by static and dynamic friction models
Authors: Bekesi Balazs J. , Antali Mate , Csernak Gabor
Published: February 2025

The paper discusses the phase-space structure of six variants of a simple mechanical system that differ in the applied friction model. It is shown that many properties of the Coulomb and the Stribeck models, such as the number of equilibria and their stability, are inherited by the Dahl and the LuGre dynamic friction models, respectively. Exploiting similar relationships, a Coulomb-based and a Stribeck-based version of the Generalized Maxwell-Slip model are also introduced. The detailed analysis of these models reveals a surprisingly rich variety of equilibrium types and bifurcations. Moreover, it is highlighted that the most frequently used values of the Stribeck exponent may lead to atypical results such that even a small deviation from these values changes the bifurcation scenario.
A Non-coercive Prevention Cascade Using a Cash-Plus Model for Legally Involved Youth: a Multi-method Study of Feasibility, Acceptability, and Engagement Outcomes
Authors: Walker Sarah C. , Bishop Asia S. , Gudino Juan , Parnes McKenna , Dean Taquesha , Azman Alya A. , Vick Kristin , Gubner Noah
Published: February 2025

Youth involved in the criminal legal system (YILS) are more likely to experience significant disruptions in social determinants of health. This contributes to, and is reciprocally affected by, ongoing contact with the legal system. Using multiple methods, the current study examined the feasibility and impact of a prevention cascade model designed to universally identify and address early signals of social determinants of health needs including housing and family cohesion using a cash-plus, navigator model. The analysis included 147 youth referred to the Housing Stability for Youth in Courts (HSYNC) program from four juvenile courts in one northwestern state from 2019 through 2022. Analyses revealed youth and families receiving cash-plus were five times more likely to engage in recommended services. Engagement in services across all types of need severity (prevention and crisis) exceeded published benchmarks for other prevention and intervention engagement models. These findings suggest non-coercive services using cash-plus is a highly promising model for connecting YILS and their families to services designed to strengthen social determinants of health.
Dual Intent in Dual-language Programs: Internet Data Mining of School District Communications
Authors: Borchers Conrad , Darriet Clémence , Rosenberg Joshua M. , López Francesca
Published: February 2025

Public Internet Data Mining methods enable studying educational institutions' public-facing communication. Multiple online data sources can illuminate differences in how different audiences are addressed online, opening the door for critical inquiry into emerging issues of representation and targeted advertising. The present study presents a case study to exemplify this potential in Dual language education (DLE). Critical theories posit that communications about these programs may be exclusionary to minority groups and threaten equity. This research leverages large-scale public records of public Facebook posts and websites of United States school districts to investigate how districts communicate about DLE. Districts that mentioned DLE on Facebook or the web exhibited higher proportions of Hispanic language learners. Hispanic students generally were represented more on Facebook than on the web. Linguistic differences between DLE mentions on Facebook and the web indicate that Facebook might be used to recruit students for DLE. These findings highlight discrepancies in communication strategies across platforms and underscore the potential for multi-source data analysis to uncover equity-related challenges and opportunities in educational communication. By integrating demographic data with public online content, this study demonstrates how critical lenses can reveal patterns of inclusion and exclusion in public communication and how they relate to different intended audiences.