bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR OPERATION OF A METROPOLITAN RESERVOIR SYSTEM1
Authors: Collins M. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A deterministic dynamic programming optimization model with a refining sectioning search procedure is developed and implemented to find least cost withdrawal and release patterns for water supple from a multiple reservoir system serving a metropolitan area. Applications are made to teh four reservoir system operated by the city of Dallas, Texas. A realistic cost structure, including nonlinear power consumption, block rate unit power costs, and flow dependent power consumption for intracity water distribution, is utilized. Applications are made to find least cost operating patterns and, as well, by inclusion of a water loss penalty function, supply patterns which will reduce evaporation water losses for the Dallas system.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WATER‐SAVING TECHNIQUES IN IRAN1
Authors: Soltani G. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The possibility of increasing the water supply for irrigation through adoption of more efficient water‐application techniques as an alternative to new irrigation projects was studied in an irrigated region of Iran. Excessive water application at the farm level ranks high among the causes of water shortages in the selected region. An empirical analysis of the effect of water‐saving technology on the farm operator's net return was made choosing two farms in the region as a case study. The problems facing these farms are common to most farms throughout the country. The results of the budgeting analysis of the selected farms indicated that an improvement in irrigation technique can result in the expansion of water supply and higher marginal value product for water. Comparing the costs of irrigation systems with the net returns resulting from the higher efficiency showed that such an investment is economically feasible.
STATE POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS ‐ A REVIEW1
Authors: Leitner Keith R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This review of state pollution control programs suggests that states have brought imaginative thought to environmental programs. While manpower and funds have been concentrated in such traditional areas of concern as air and water quality enforcement, many states have attempted to defray the industrial costs of pollution control by increasing public waste treatment facilities, providing tax incentives for pollution control equipment and authorizing pollution control revenue bond financing.
THE CIRCUIT RIDING ORDINANCE ADMINISTRATOR: A SOLUTION TO SMALL COMMUNITY TECHNICAL INADEQUACIES1
Authors: Lazaro Timothy R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Small, rural communities (less than 2500 population) in general do not have governmental staffs with the breadth required to satisfactorily implement and enforce a drainage ordinance. This fact has serious implications in rural Planning. Within a six‐country rural area of Southwest Virginia, the circuit riding town manager program has been successfully conducted. The circuit riding town manager is a planning staff member who acts in the capacity of a town manager (assistant to the mayor) for five small towns, any one of which alone could not afford to support the services of such a professional. This note recommends that a circuit riding technical ordiance administrator program could be developed along the same lines. In this manner, the technical ordinance program for serveral small communities could be successfully implemented.
MISSOURI RIVER DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Shanks Bernard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Federal planners, in proposing the massive main stem Missouri River water developments in Montana and North Dakota, promised economic and social benefits to the local residents. Five main stem dams, Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend and Fort Randall, were evaluated for community and rural development effectiveness. Thirty‐seven development factors were examined and improvements noted. Only small differences were noted between areas with water developments and the control area. Further analysis revealed that water development benefits moved downstream and to existing urban areas. The Missouri River's rural areas and small communities were not developed significantly by the water projects. Several problems associated with water development policy were illustrated by the study. Cultural differences between planners and the population impacted were ignored. Second, the allocation of social costs was not considered and related to this, serious geographic maldistribution of benefits and costs resulted. The differences between pre‐development promises and development performance was dramatic. While the large dams remain as landmarks to engineering prowess, the projects need to be evaluated for their success in meeting humanistic development objectives. Major redevelopment may be warranted by such an ex‐post evaluation.
HYDROLOGY OF TWO SMALL WETLAND BASINS IN EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: O'Brien Amold L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A hydrologic budget was prepared for two geologically different wetland basins in eastern Massachusetts for the 1971 water‐year. Water table conditions prevailed at one wetland underlain by peat while an artesian system functioned at the other wetland which was underlain by muck. Hydrologic responses were generally similar at both wetlands, although each functioned differently in detail. Both wetlands exhibited high spring discharges and depressions of low flow. Ground water accounted for an estimated 93% of the total annual discharge from both wetlands; in late summer the peat deposit recharged the regional ground water body. Evapotranspiration in the spring was retarded in probable consequence of the extreme wetness of the wetland soils.
FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF A MISSISSIPPI DEAD‐END CANAL SYSTEM1
Authors: Paulson Oscar L. , Pessoney George F. , Battalora Harold , Williams Randall , Eastman John , Pruitt Gary
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study of residential canal system on the Mississippi Gulf Coast and adjacent natural water bodies was conducted to determine the relationship in flushing characteristics between man‐made and natural systems. The comparison was based on measurements of temperature, salinity, conductivity, coliform, pH, transparency, biological oxidation demand, dissolved oxygen, bathymetry, tides, water velocity, and Rhodamine dye concentrations.

The results indicate that coliform bacteria increase with increasing distance of stations from St. Louis Bay and dissolved oxygen decreases in a similar manner. Biological oxidation demand was low at all stations; showing no differences between natural and man‐made systems. The canal system Studied was shallower than adjacent water bodies and water velocities in the canal system are a function of tidal amplitude while velocities in the river are affected by both tides and runoff. The other parameters measured show little or no differences between natural and man‐made systems, but reflect overall seasonal changes.

Flushing rates between the residential canal systems and an adjacent natural system are equivalent on the basis of decline in dye concentrations measured over a five‐day period.
A NEW APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING IRRIGATION CONVEYANCE LOSSES AND THEIR ECONOMIC EVALUATION1
Authors: Palacios Enrique V. , Day John C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In this paper a new methodology for estimating conveyance efficiency within irrigation systems is presented. Based on statistical analysis of daily water releases from the source of supply and deliveries to the farmers in an irrigation district in Mexico, a linear model is obtained for estimating conveyance efficiency and two component factors. One of these factors points out the relative importance of the operational losses (i.e., losses due to water management), and the second shows the importance of the fixed losses which can be attributed to the average flow through the canal network without variations.

In the last part of this paper, an analysis of the expected benefits and costs accruing from system improvement permits derivation of a decision rule which may be used for analyzing the economic feasibility of lining in‐place canals.
A COMPARISON OF MULTIVARIATE AND TREND FORECASTING ESTIMATES WITH ACTUAL WATER USE1
Authors: Mitchell Bruce , Leighton Paul H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a multivariate water forecasting procedure that is neither complicated, time‐consuming nor expensive to operationalize. The forecasting procedure has been used to estimate the water demand for a proposed subdivision in Barrie, Ontario. Reliability is checked by applying the procedure to two existing subdivisions in Barrie for which metered consumption is available. For comparison, a trend forecasting procedure is also applied to the proposed subdivision and the existing subdivisions. Both the multivariate and trend forecasting procedures provide encouragingly accurate results when compared to actual use. While the multivariate procedure allows more precision, both procedures should be useful in forecasting water demand for smaller municipalities.
HYDROLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN, FLORIDA1
Authors: McElroy William J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Since the early 1900's the Upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, has been experiencing rapid agricultural development, through reclamation of the low‐lying marshland by organized drainage districts, private land owners and corporations. These low‐lying marsh areas, which constitute the floodplain, have been altered by the creation of levees, thereby reducing the natural storage capacity and permanently altering the regime of the system. This floodplain encroachment has resulted in both higher and lower water levels occurring in the upper basin area, and an increase in hydroperiod. This paper discusses the history and background of the basin accompanied by a hydrologic discussion, and suggests recommendations for a water management plan that could improve the overall operation and management of the Upper St. Johns River basin.
A CLOSED WATER REUSE SYSTEM FOR POWER PLANT COOLING AND DIGESTER HEATING1
Authors: Chiu Yishu , Guey‐Lee William
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A model consisting of closed water reuse and productive use of various types of wastes for energy generation is presented. The sewage after treatment would be used as the cooling water for power plants, and the condenser discharge therefrom be used as heating water for sludge digesters. The water is then purified for municipal water supply for continuous use. The advantages of this system are that water resources and energy are conserved while various types of wastes including waste heat are controlled.

With a preliminary system analysis, it appears that the design for power plant based on the total heating value of wastes and digester capacity based on sewage sludge generation is feasible in terms of acquisition and full utilization of various types of wastes as generated in a single metropolitan area. The system as shown in this design is in balance among various factors such as the generation rate of municipal refuse, municipal sewage, waste heat in the condenser discharge, and raw sewage sludge.
WATER PROBLEMS IN THE INDUS FOOD MACHINE1
Authors: Johnson Sam H. , Early Alan C. , Lowdermilk Max K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Examples are drawn from the Indus Basin to explain why on‐farm water management problems restrict the output of agricultural products in many LDC's. Data is presented to illustrate the low level of water management knowledge of both the farmers and the current extension agents. Examples of the level of corruption and its effect on the operating system are illustrated. Several requirements that must be met before a large‐scale irrigation scheme will actually increase the welfare of LDC's farmers are presented.
WATER FOR ENERGY: AN APPROACH TO COMPREHENSIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Diemer Joel A. , Wengert Norman
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effects of energy development on the water resources of the Colorado River and Great Basin regions is expected to be substantial. Complex physical, economic and institutional interactions may be expected. Most research on these impacts appears single purpose, fragmented, uncoordinated, and often inaccessible to potential users ‐ particularly those with responsibility for energy/water policy and program decisions. A comprehensive, integrative framework for assessing alternative water allocation decisions is outlined, taking a heuristic decision making model for evaluating impacts on maximization of gross (or net) regional product, and regional social welfare, and for assessing the region's contribution to national objectives. The suggested model provides a structure for application and integration of data of various kinds to a range of situations arising from possible impacts from energy proposals. The focus is on water and energy relationships but the model may provide a framework for comprehensive analysis of a variety of environmental actions and resulting system perturbations and effects.
NORTH AMERICAN INTERSTATE WEATHER MODIFICATION COUNCIL: NEED, GOALS, PURPOSE, AND ACTIVITIES1
Authors: Keyes C. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A need for the prudent design and critical analysis of all weather modification efforts was expressed by the attendees of the June 1974 Governors' Weather Modification Conference in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The attendees also expressed a need for an organization to coordinate and cooperate in intrastate, interstate and possible international weather modification activities, particularly in view of the growing importance of agricultural production, energy demand and domestic water supply. The North American Interstate Weather Modification Council (NAIWMC) was ratified on January 17, 1975, in Denver, Colorado, with its main purpose to achieve and maintain state and local control of such activities while endeavoring to attain a high degree of legislative uniformity and an effective information exchange mechanism. The need, goals, and objectives of the newly‐created Council are summarized herein. The by‐laws of the Council are presented according to the articles adopted at the organizational meeting. Membership in the Council is available to all states of the United States of America, Mexico, and all provinces of Canada. The officers of the Council are elected from its membership according to the regions of weather modification activities. A summary of the Council's progress at performing the purposes is presented in this paper. Definition of the users involved in the North American Interstate Weather Modification Council has been achieved during the early activities of the Council. The Council's views on federal and state weater modification legislation are presented according to position statements that have been adopted by the member states and provinces.
EFFECTS OF A RECREATIONAL IMPOUNDMENT ON NEARBY NATURAL LAKES: A CASE STUDY1
Authors: Hoffman James I.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Completion of a 1270 acre recreational impoundment (Legend Lake) in the glacial sands of Menominee County, Wisconsin, produced geochemical and hydrologic alterations in some nearby natural lakes. The impoundment was produced by the construction of three dams, one of which proved to be temporary, connecting 9 natural lakes and ponds of 383 acres with 951 acres of flooded lands. Water levels were raised 3–15 feet within the impounded area. Much of the flooded area was peat rich wetland associated with the prior drainage. Water depths are less than 15 feet in 70% of the impoundment.

Three seepage lakes, located less than 1/2 mile from the impoundment, experienced shoreline flooding, shoreline and soil erosion, some tree kills, and increased turbidity. These lakes also experienced concentration increases in several chemical constituents which indicate an influx of impoundment water through a regional alternation in the groundwater flow paths. The three lakes were connected by canals, and a 2.3 cfs gravity drain with an auxiliary pumping station was built to return excess water to the outflow of the impoundment.

Future projects of this type would benefit from a more extensive hydrologic and geochemical analysis prior to initiation. Had environmental assessments been required at the time of this development, as they now are in Wisconsin for similar projects, some of the problems encountered might have been alleviated.
INTEGRATING SOCIAL ANALYSIS INTO WATER RESOURCES PLANNING: SOME EMERGING TRENDS IN THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS1
Authors: Priscoli Jerry Delli
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: While federal water resources laws and regulations require social analysis, no one workable formula exists for integrating it into water resources planning. Two primary problems in integrating social analysis into planning are examined; making trade‐offs between policy acceptability and theoretical competence, and managing social analysis in planning. For illustration, the article builds on emerging trends within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It concludes by observing that creative application of social theory to policy problems along with innovative data gathering techniques are the primary routes to managing these problems.
HEAVY RAINFAL RELATIONS OVER CHICAGO AND NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS1
Authors: Vogel John L. , Huff Floyd A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Detailed studies of rainfall frequency and pattern relations were made over the Chicago urban region and the surrounding six Illinois counties (Cook, DuPage, Kane, Will, Lake, and McHenry). These studies utilized raingage records from an urban network of National Weather Service raingages in the region, primarily for the period 1949 to 1974. Frequency distributions of point rainfall were obtained for periods from 5 minutes to 72 hours and recurrence intervals of 6 months to 50 years. These results indicated a spatial pattern of short‐duration heavy rainfall frequencies related to urban‐lake effects, particularly in the huge industrial region over the southern portion of Chicago.

The time distribution within heavy rainstorms over the urban region was determined, and it was found that the point rainfall relations over the urban region were similar to a 12‐year sample of a dense raingage network over a rural area in central Illinois. The characteristics of heavy rainfall over northeast Illinois were also studied through the use of heavy, 1‐day storms. A total of 87 storms, capable of producing local flooding, were analyzed to determine 1) the frequency distribution of storm centers, 2) seasonal and diurnal distribution of storms, and 3) orientation and movement of storms.
EXPERIENCE WITH THE 303‐208‐201 STUDY RELATIONSHIPS1
Authors: Dobrowolski Frank , Grillo Leonard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The current 201 study by the Bergen County Sewer Authority illustrates possibilities for improving the currently defined relationships between 201, 208 and 303 studies.

The Bergen County Sewer Authority serves 115 square miles in northeast New Jersey, providing sewerage service to 507,000 people in 43 municipalities. Its STP discharges to the Hackensack River, a tidal estuary recently classified as Water Quality Limited, and which receives significant non‐plant loading.

The subject 201 study is concurrent with 208 and 303 planning by NJDEP. Preliminary evaluations show that detailed 201 work can affect the conclusions of 303 and 208 studies, and that a wider (environmental ‐ social as well as economic) interpretation of cost‐effectiveness can demand re‐examination of prior assumptions and decisions, a task not typically part of 208–303 work.

Increased flexibility is needed in applying 303 and 208 recommendations to defining 201 studies and NPDES permit criteria, particularly in analysis of water use objectives, water quality parameters and future flows, loadings and facility costs. Further, perception of alternatives can be clarified by broadening analysis of costs and control and plant strategies. Inclusion of 201 planning at all stages of regional planning can synergistically improve the total planning process.
PREDICTING INSTANTANEOUS PEAK DEMAND IN RURAL DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS1
Authors: Hughes Trevor C. , Canfield Ronald V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Many rural areas of the United States still have no public domestic water systems. Typical land use patterns in these areas may require 1/2 mile or more of pipe per farm connection. Public systems serving these areas are economically feasible only if realistic short‐term peak demand standards are available for their design. The lack of reliable data upon which to establish such criteria has resulted in a large variation in criteria among state and federal agencies involved in financing and in approving construction of these systems. During the summer of 1975 three distribution laterals of a rural system in Utah were master metered and instantaneous peak flows were recorded for 4 months. The metered lines served 4, 12, and 22 farm houses each. The frequency distribution of peak flows has been analyzed and compared with that developed during similar research in Mississippi and with the existing design standards of the Farmers Home Administration and the State of Utah.
DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT YIELD BY TRANSFERRING RAINFALL DATA1
Authors: Smith Jeffrey H. , Davis Donald R. , Fogel Martin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A methodology for obtaining the optimal design value to allow for sediment storage in a reservoir is presented for the situation where no data on sediment loads in the incoming streams are available. Information concerning the amount of sediment delivered to the reservoir over its life‐time is obtained by a sediment yield model which uses data on rainfall amount and duration obtained from a nearby experimental watershed. Bayesian Decision Theory is used to obtain the optimal storage requirements in order to consider the natural variation of rainfall and the sampling error due to the short rainfall record available. The normally difficult calculations involved were made tractable by the use of simplifications and approximations valid in the context of the problem. Results show that sediment storage requirements can be calculated in this manner and that consideration of the uncertainties involved leads to a storage requirement substantially larger than that calculated without such consideration.
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE TENNESSEE RIVER WATERSHED1
Authors: Glenn Chappell V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Factor analysis is used to identify and summarize the socioeconomic changes occurring in the Tennessee River Watershed. A general factor analysis program is applied to a set of 25 socioeconomic variables hypothesized to represent many of the dimensions of regional socioeconomic change. The analysis identifies seven factors that underlie and explain socioeconomic change in the Tennessee River Watershed.
A SIMPLE HYDRAULIC SIMULATOR1
Authors: Damelin Elliott , Shamir Uri
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A simple simulator was constructed, calibrated, programmed and used in management studies of a hydraulic system containing two pumping stations in series, connected by canals and reservoirs. The features of the model, its calibration and use are described, and comparisons between measured and computed hydraulic behavior are presented.
AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE SLUDGE TECHNOLOGIES: A SURROGATE WORTH TRADEOFF APPROACH1
Authors: Lindsay Bruce E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The surrogate worth tradeoff method is utilized for evaluation of alternative sewage sludge disposal systems for the Boston, Massachusetts, area. The two objectives incorporated into a decision‐making framework are net economic benefit and level of environmental impact.
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING FOR MAXIMUM MODELING INFORMATION TRANSFER1
Authors: Cary D. I. , Crane A. B. , Hernderson D. J.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: The diffuculty in understanding the listings of many available hydrologic models programmed in FORTRAN is a serious limitation to their verification and use. By expending more effort in creating clearly written computer programs, more information can be transferred to those interested in modeling hydrologic process. The use of simulation languages to produce more understandable program listings and increase the flow of informationg is recommended. An example is presented in which surface water runoff from storms on small rural watershedds is modeled.
A MODEL FOR PLANNING AND LOCATION OF ON‐SITE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS1
Authors: Baker F. G.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: A model that incorportaes performace data about data about several wastewater management systems is discussed. From these data the excepted behavior of an individual wastewater system or group of systems can be product of the performace probabilities of its individual components. The modeel can be used on a regional scale facilitating land use planning by allowing accurate estimates of performance for a prospective wastewater management system. At this scale it can allow the impact evaluation of new wastewater technology on land use in a region.
DECISION‐MAKING IN THE DEVLOPMENT OF URBAN WATERFRONTS FOR PARK/BUSINESS USE1
Authors: Hanna John W. , Philipp Steven F. , Mullins Gary W.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: Opportunities for the development of an amalgam of park and leisure‐oriented commercial establishments in urban‐core waterfont settings exist in many U.S. cities. Public awareness of the need to enhance the environmental quality of these waterfont areas has resulted in a demand for planning and implementation action. However, the lack of understanding of urban political systems has been an inhibiting factor in the development of this park/ business concept.

The major factors that influence the decision‐making process leading to the development of urban‐core waterfronts for park/business use are identified inthis paper. Understanding this decision‐making process can aid project implementation and avoid waste of planning effort in time, dollars, and productivity.
NATURAL VEGETATION AS A SOURCE OF DIFFUSE SALT WITHIN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Malekuti Aliakbar , Gifford Gerald F.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: Foliage and litter leachate from selected natural vegetation in the Price River Basin (within the Upper Colorado River basin) was studied to determine the probable impact of plants on the amount of diffuse salt movement from rangeland watersheds. Calculations using concentrations of various leachates and characteristics of range sites expected to be high salt annual salt load to the Price River. It was therefore concluded that plants are not a significant source of diffuse salt within the Colorado River Basin.
SPECULATIVE POLICY MAKING IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL ARENA1
Authors: Menzel Donald C. , Williams David G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The development of policy in the American political system has been characterized by incremental change, creation of support, bargaining, compromise, pluralistic group interplay, development of social support and political support, technical input, review and consideration. Incrementalism, as it is called, allows policy to develop in tandem with technical knowledge, legislative and executive support, political advantage, and presumably greater certainty concerning the impact of a particular choice. Environmental policy development, one scholar has hypothesized, followed this basic pattern until the late 1960's when policy aspirations began to escalate much faster than the knowledge, organizational arrangements and political support upon which policy implementation depends. This “escalation” hypothesis is examined in this paper, with particular attention given to policy development in West Virginia.
WATER RESOURCE POLITICS AND INTEREST GROUP TACTICS1
Authors: Beatty Kathleen M. , Doerksen Harvey , Pierce John C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The traditional strong role of interest groups in water resources policy making has been modified recently by the introduction of many environmental groups. The new groups differ from traditional groups in their relatively modest resources and their relative lack of access to traditional decision points. This paper examines the extent to which the new groups differ in their perceptions of the effectiveness of tactics and in their use of tactics, taking into account group resources and group access to decision makers.
WATER RESOURCES MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION BASED ON CONSERVATION AND FLOODING POOLS1
Authors: Lee E. S. , Nadimuthu G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A new and practical concept in water resources modeling and optimization is introduced. Instead of unrealistically assuming a multipurpose reservoir to be composed of a single lumped pool of water, it is treated as two different pools namely conservation and flood pools. Based on this treatment, the optimization problem is stated using the concepts of Lagrange multipliers and parameter optimization. The optimization problem consists of the material balance equation, the constraints on control and state variables and the objective function.
SIMULATION OF URBAN NON‐POINT SOURCE POLLUTION1
Authors: Sutherland Roger C. , McCuen Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Public Law 92–00 has mandated the need for evaluating the impact of nonpoint source pollution on receiving water quality, primarily through Section 208 Areawide Planning. The Management of Urban Non‐Point Pollution (MUNP) model was developed to estimate the accumulation of eight non‐point pollutants on urban streets, their removal by both rainfall and street sweeping operations. The model can simulate the following pollutants: total solids or sediment‐like material, volatile solids, five‐day biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, and total heavy metals. The simulated results can be used for investigation of non‐point pollution management alternatives. The model is capable of reflecting variation in such diverse factors as physical and chemical characteristics of accumulated pollutants, land use characteristics, rainfall characteristics, street sweeper characteristics, roadway characteristics, and traffic conditions. By using mean estimates of many input variables for large segments of a city, the MUNP model could be used to quickly assess the magnitude of pollutants annually entering receiving waterways due to nonpoint source pollution alone. If the results indicate that non‐point pollution loadings are sizeable and require futher analysis, the MUNP model could be used to define the specific nonpoint source pollution areas within a city. Hypothetical locations and actual rainfall data for Washigton D.C. were used to demonstrate some capabilities of the MUNP model.
ASSESSMENT OF METHODS FOR COMPUTING STORM RUNOFF LOADS1
Authors: Wu Jy S. , Ahlert Robert C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Non‐point source pollution has been characterized, in magnitude and in concentration of pollutants, by intermittent and impulse‐type discharges into receiving waters, causing shock‐loading problems for the ecosystems of these water bodies. The quality of storm runoff appears random and complex in nature. There are not yet universally applicable assessment tools for analysis and evaluation of the impacts and contributions of pollutant loads to receiving waters. This paper reviews and recommends methods for predicting storm runoff loads. The state‐of‐the‐art for storm runoff runoff pollution prediction includes: zero‐order, direct, statistical and descriptive methods. For transient water quality analysis of individual storm events, it is essential to have an efficient sampling is considered necessary to a detailed time history of runoff flows and loadings within a storm and for a limited number of storms. Homogeneous‐land‐use and statistical‐synthetic approaches are recommended as accurate and practical methods for storm‐runoff‐load prediction. These two approaches are event‐oriented, predicting time‐varying runoff loads for transient water quality analysis, utilizing data collected from intensive sampling programs.
SITING OF A WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITY AT JAMESTOWN, RHODE ISLAND1
Authors: Cook David O. , Demenkow James W. , Wickramaratne Priya J. , Hannigan John T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The town of Jamestown, Rhode Island, located on Conanicut Island in Narragansett Bay, is constructing a secondary treatment plant in order to comply with NPDES regulations. Twelve candidate sites for the plant and marine outfall were initially proposed, and ability to meet State water quality standards at these sites was evaluated using an EPA buoyant plume model. A final outfall site, Taylor Point, was selected by the Town from among the sites considered acceptable. Taylor Point was then subjected to field hydrographic studies including drogue tracking, current recordings, and tracer dye surveys. Results of the measurement program served as input to a two‐dimensional effluent dispersion model which predicted excess BOD, coliform, and suspended solids resulting from effluent discharge off Taylor Point. The model predictions demonstrated that State water quality standards can be maintained outside the initial discharge plume.
AN ANALYSIS OF PLAYA LAKE WATER UTILIZATION ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1
Authors: Templer Otis W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the spatial, temporal and legal aspects of playa lake water utilization on the semi‐arid Texas High Plains. These small basins of interior drainage collect and briefly hold an estimated two to three million acre‐feet of runoff water annually, representing from one‐fourth to one‐third the quantity of groundwater pumped from the dwindling Ogallala aquifer. Once considered a detriment to farming operations, there is now increased interest in using playa water more effectively. At present direct pumping is the chief method of utilization, and modification of lake bottoms to concentrate runoff and reduce evaporation is the most widespread conservation practice. The use of playa water for groundwater reacharge is hampered by as yet unsolved technical problems. For many years the question of ownership of playa water remained unsettled. The Texas Water Rights Commission now classes it as diffused surface water, which under Texas law may be used by the landowner, though some legal problems remain. For play lakes to be effectively integrated into the regional water resource it becomes imperative that all present and prospective water utilization problems be identified and resolved.
THE LEGALIZATION OF GROUNDWATER STORAGE1
Authors: Gleason Victor E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: California's courts have recently recognized the existence of underground aquifer storage rights that permit public agencies to (1) store imported waters in aquifers; (2) prevent others from expropriating that water; and (3) recapture the stored water when it is needed. The article describes the two appellate decisions that represent the common‐law development of aquifer storage rights. Each decision related to separate aquifers that were subject to separate types of groundwater management programs. One decision involved an aquifer under the southeastern San Francisco Bay area that was managed under statutory authority and is entitled, Niles Sand and Gravel Co. v. Alameda County Water District 37 C.A.3d 924 (1974); cert. denied 419 US 869. The other decision involved an aquifer under Southern California's San Fernando Valley that was managed under judicial authority and is entitled, City of Los Angeles v. City of San Fernando 14 Cal.3d 199 (1975). The two decisions provide separate, but complimentary, public interest rationales for aquifer storage rights: (1) to protect water supplies necessary for the overlying community; and (2) to increase water supply efficiencies by using natural underground reservoirs wherever practicable. The Article reviews the relationship of aquifer storage rights to conventional groundwater rights and indicates aspects of the storage right that may need additional development.
NEW CONSIDERATIONS FOR MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEM PLANNING1
Authors: Ellis Robert H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The primary objectives of this paper are to identify new considerations which should be incorporated into the planning of municipal water systems, and to assess the potential effects of these new considerations on traditional planning concepts. Generally, master water plans include analyses of supply and demand, descriptions of existing facilities, and proposed construction programs. Although many master water plans do consider the potential effects of future conditions, recent advances in technology and changing social concerns are beginning to exert a significant influence on the future course of water system development. Some of the new considerations which should be incorporated into municipal water system planning include the Safe Drinking Water Act, coordination with wastewater planning, wastewater reclamation and reuse, water conservation, environmental concerns, energy utilization, financial constraints, and changing public attitudes. In order to provide a responsive and effective framework for future planning of municipal water systems, the influence of these new considerations must be carefully evaluated in conjunction with traditional planning concerns.
RESOURCE DEMANDS FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Knapp Jerry W. , Leistritz F. Larry
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on the development of a mathematical model for forecasting energy development in the Yellowstone study area for the years 1985 and 2000, and determining the associated economic demands for water, land, labor, capital, and mineral resources. The study was prepared for use by the Missouri River Basin Commission in conducting a comprehensive, “Level B” planning study of the water and related land resources in the Yellowstone River Basin.

The study results indicate that the amount of coal development in the Yellowstone study area will depend primarily upon state and federal energy policies and regulations. Policies related to slurry pipeline transportation of coal will be particularly important in determining the level and pattern of future energy development in the area. Coal production under the “most probable” scenario is expected to increase from about 40 million tons in 1976 to 163 million tons per year by 1985, and 513 million tons in the year 2000.

Consumptive water use for energy development in the study area could be as much as 556,000 acre‐feet per year by the year 2000 (under the high scenario). A parametric analysis was conducted on the 1985 most probably scenario to determine the influence on the study results of variations in the delivered price of water. Water requirements were reduced by nearly one‐fourth as water costs increased from zero to over $750 per acre‐foot.
A TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING MONTHLY GLOBAL RADIATION1
Authors: Bolsenga S. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A technique is presented for estimating monthly sums of global radiation from a combination of calculations of monthly cloudless global radiation, surface meteorological observations, and empirical equations relating sunshine to global radiation. The percent deviation of calculated from observed values is not negligible but is much less than errors obtained using extraterrestrial solar radiation sums. If monthly global radiation is estimated for areas other than the one area described here, the possible errors should be redetermined. Techniques to adapt the equations for other areas are discussed.
EFFECTS OF CHELATED IRON ON THE GROWTH OF TWO SPECIES OF VALLISNERIA1
Authors: Dooris Patricia M. , Martin Dean F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Iron, added as (Fe‐EDTA)‐, was found stimulatory to V. spiralis at a concentration of 0.05 ppm. (Fe‐EDTA)‐ had no effect upon growth of V. neotropicalis as measured by changes in dissolved oxygen and dry weight. Results are compared with those derived from similar studies with Hydrilla verticillata and Egeria densa. The implications of lake drawdown and aeration are discussed.
SALT PICKUP BY OVERLAND FLOW IN THE PRICE RIVER BASIN, UTAH1
Authors: Ponce Stanley L. , Hawkins Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study emphasized a field investigation of salt release to overland flow from Mancos shale lands of the Price River Basin, Utah. Although a high degree of natural variation existed in the data, which precluded the separation of factors affecting diffuse salt loading that occurs during overland flow, a simplistic nonpoint source loading function developed on empirical concepts was fit to the data. This function was then used to calculate the average annual salt yield to the Price River by overland flow. It was found that even under severe conditions, the salt yields from Mancos shale lands due to overland flow is relatively minor, accounting for less than 1.5 percent of the average annual salt mass transported from the basin by the Price River.
TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOSPHORUS IN CHANNELIZED AND MEANDERING STREAMS1
Authors: Rosendahl Peter C. , Waite Thomas D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Comparisons were made between rates of movement of orthophosphate in a canal and a meandering stream. The meander system had greater algal and macrophyte phosphate uptake rates, and lower plankton and sediment release rates compared to the canal. Chemical precipitation and direct rainfall influences on orthophosphate movement were insignificant relative to other terms. The major source of phosphorus to both systems was from upland runoff. The impact of this source was greater on the meandering system due to the smaller channel volume. When secondary effects of meandering were considered such as marsh inundation, the net orthophosphate movement within the meandering channel was less than that for the canal; due to the lower concentrations of phosphorus in marsh effluent waters. Field experiments were conducted to compare the longitudinal dispersion coefficient between a canal and meandering river system; the meandering stream had a dispersion coefficient over 17 times that measured for the canal. Rates of orthophosphate movement were combined into a single mass transport equation, and a numerical solution was obtained. Internal river and canal channel processes were overshadowed by external point source loadings.
AMMONIA IN TEXAS STREAMS DURING LOW FLOW FROM MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER1
Authors: Davis E. M. , Downs T. D. , Gray W. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An investigation of treated municipal wastewaters discharged into Texas streams was conducted to determine the probable effect of concentrations of ammonia in receiving waters, based on existing data on ammonia levels which are lethal to various species of fish. Recorded data for most Texas cities were analyzed. Based on existing toxicity criteria for ammonia of 1/10 TLm= 0.31 mg/1 NH3‐N, employing known discharge flow rates, and 7‐day, 5‐year or 7‐day, 10‐year low flows in Texas streams, appreciable numbers of sites were found to pose a threat to various species of fish. Using the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) as a median tolerance limit species, data from 65 cities which met the aforecited requirements, were analyzed. Those included a total of 92 wastewater effluents. Sixty‐nine percent of those cities and 70% of their effluents exceeded the 0.31 mg/1 NH3‐N limit in the stream below the discharge point. Thirty‐seven percent of the cities equaled or exceeded the 96‐hour TLm concentration limit of 3.1 mg/1 ammonia. Based on the 10 mg/1 NO3‐N standard for intake water for potable supplies, 32% of the effluents resulted in a stream concentration which exceeded 10 mg/1, assuming a straight conversion of NH3‐N to NO3‐N.
FACTORS AFFECTING WATERWAY INVESTMENT DECISIONS1
Authors: Kelnhofer G. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: There are many factors, other than economic efficiency, which must be considered in judging the merits of proposed investments in the inland navigation system. No satisfactory formula exists for deciding the net worth of public investments in water resources projects. Such a measure would not be accepted because these investments can serve conflicting goals. Political, rather than technical, judgments are required to resolve these goal conflicts.
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION AS A FUNCTION OF PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY1
Authors: Harlin John M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This research examines what is hypothesized as a critical factor in reservoir sedimentation ‐ precipitation variability. The coefficient of variation for annual precipitation, computed for the period relating to sedimentation, is regressed against sediment yields for several reservoirs over a wide range of environmental settings. A significant linear relationship results, and when precipitation variability is combined with several additional variables available from reservoir summary sheets, almost 83% of the total variation in sediment yield is accounted for. It is suggested that the coefficient of variation for annual precipitation fulfills a direct process role when modeling reservoir sedimentation much more effectively than annual precipitation or runoff.
CHANNELIZATION AND INVERTEBRATE DRIFT IN SOME IOWA STREAMS1
Authors: Zimmer David W. , Bachmann Roger W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Habitat diversity and invertebrate drift were studied in a group of natural and channelized tributaries of the upper Des Moines River during 1974 and 1975. Channelized streams in this region had lower sinuosity index values than natural channel segments. There were significant (P=O.05) positive correlations between channel sinuosity and the variability of water depth and current velocity. Invertebrate drift density, expressed as biomass and total numbers, also was correlated with channel sinuosity. Channelization has decreased habitat variability and invertebrate drift density in streams of the upper Des Moines River Basin and probably has reduced the quantity of water stored in streams during periods of low flow.
GENERATING STREAMFLOW SEQUENCES WITH TREND AND CYCLICAL MOVEMENTS1
Authors: Shih Sun‐Fu
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A first‐order autoregressive model had been modified with the trend and cyclical movements to generate the streamflow sequences. Three main portions were involved in this modified model, i.e., six‐year cycle with trend changing; six‐year cycle without trend changing; and both annual and six‐year cycles with trend changing. The synthetic sequences of monthly streamflow sequences were compared with the historical records obtained from the Kissimmee River basin by using the Chi‐Square test for goodness‐of‐fit. The results indicated that the newly proposed model has a better solution than the original model because the trend and cyclical movements involved in generating sequences are much closer to the historical records.
METHODOLOGY AND EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES OF THE RESPONSE FUNCTION OF SORGHUM TO IRRIGATION AND SOIL MOISTURE1
Authors: Bielorai H. , Yaron D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a methodology for the estimation of response functions of crops to irrigation and soil moisture. A system analysis framework is applied to describe the relationships involved. Two subsystems are distinguished, with the first one involving the relationship between irrigation decision variables and soil state variables, and the second involving the relationship between soil state variables and crop yield.

A method for tracing and predicting soil moisture profile variations over time and depth is presented, and empirical estimates of the response function of grain sorghum to soil moisture are derived. In the specification of the response function the concept of “critical days” is applied with a “critical day” being defined as one where the soil moisture is depleted below a certain critical level. The paper provides empirical evidence for the usefulness of the approach