bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐destructive quantitative phase analysis of an LTCC material
Authors: Makarovič Kostja , Meden Anton , Hrovat Marko , Belavič Darko , Holc Janez , Kosec Marija
Published: April 2013

Purpose

In this manuscript the purpose is to present and evaluate the developed non‐destructive method for analysing the phase composition of LTCC Du Pont “Green Tape 951” material fired in the temperature range from 800 to 1,000°C using X‐ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement.

Design/methodology/approach

The method uses the crystalline Al2O3 which is already present in the material as an internal standard since its mass fraction was previously found to be constant in the described temperature range.

Findings

The results of the non‐destructive analyses and the classical destructive analyses are comparable and the estimated error of the destructive phase analyses and the calculated errors for the non‐destructive phase analyses are of the same order.

Practical implications

The described method can be used also for analysing another type of LTCC material. In this case it is necessary to check whether the mass fraction of any crystalline phase present in the sample is constant in the given temperature range, because only in this case can it be used as an internal standard for a determination of the phase composition.

Originality/value

The non‐destructive method is a fast and easy approach for analysing the fired samples and is also suitable for controlling the phase composition of LTCC materials on 3D complex structures without destroying them, just by using the X‐ray diffraction patterns collected from their surface.
The effects of process‐oriented organizational design on firm performance
Authors: Kohlbacher Markus , Reijers Hajo A.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Several organizations choose a process‐oriented organizational design as a source for competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to explore empirically the relationship between process orientation (PO) and firm performance. The paper considers PO as a multidimensional construct and examines how its underlying dimensions impact different aspects of organizational performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses an exploratory research design and investigates the effects of the different PO dimensions on profitability, customer satisfaction, product quality, and time‐based performance using a random sample of Austrian manufacturing firms.

Findings

The empirical findings reveal that process performance measurement, a process‐oriented organizational structure, the application of continuous process improvement methods, and – in particular – a culture in line with the process approach, are significantly and positively associated with organizational performance.

Originality/value

While a few studies examined the effects of PO on financial performance, there is a clear lack of quantitative studies investigating the effects of PO on other, non‐financial performance measures. In addition, since most of the existing studies treated PO as a single measure, there is a clear lack of studies that investigate the performance effects of individual PO dimensions. The paper incorporates the multidimensional nature of PO and examines the effects of individual PO dimensions on several firm performance aspects.
Identifying public‐private partnership (PPP) risks in managing water supply projects in Ghana
Authors: Effah Ameyaw Ernest , Chan Albert P.C.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The public‐private partnership (PPP) procurement approach enables the development and management of public infrastructure and services through leveraging private capital, management expertise, and creative commercial skills. This approach, pursued by the Ghanaian Government in the development and management of water supply services, contains a plethora of risks resulting from the complexity and dynamic interactions between municipal and central governments (pursuing monetary and political goals), public movements, private water operators, and international donors pursuing their own objectives. The paper seeks to increase awareness of the risks that can erode or reduce potential benefits of PPPs in the water supply sector.

Design/methodology/approach

A research approach integrating a literature survey and case study is adopted. A rigorous literature review of PPP risks is first undertaken. Based on six case studies carried out in the Ghanaian water supply sector, this paper identifies and categorises the risks specific to water supply PPP contracts in Ghana.

Findings

A total of 40 risk factors are identified, classified into eight categories based on their sources and their content presented in detail. Common risks which are worth practitioners' attention include weak regulatory and monitoring regime; financing; absence of risk allocation mechanisms; inexperience in PPPs; public opposition; delayed and non‐payment of bills, etc.

Originality/value

A comprehensive list of risks associated with water supply projects in Ghana has been identified. This list will aid practitioners, municipal and central government authorities, and the domestic and the (potential) international private sector audience in managing risks involved in such projects.
Challenges faced by facilities managers in the Australasian universities
Authors: Aishah Kamarazaly Myzatul , Mbachu Jasper , Phipps Robyn
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to: identify the current and future challenges faced by university facilities managers; analyse their associated risk levels; and establish practical ways to address the identified key challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

Personal interviews were conducted with 25 members of the Australasian university facilities managers (UFMs). The constructs generated at the pilot interviews were used to design a structured but open‐ended questionnaire with which the Tertiary Education Facilities Managers Association (TEFMA) members were surveyed. The multi‐attribute method was used in the data analysis.

Findings

Results showed that the critical challenges currently facing the UFMs comprised issues relating to the following (in diminishing order of significance): inadequate funding, emergency management and business continuity planning, statutory compliance, sustainability and environmental stewardship, keeping up with rapid changes in technology, operational efficiency, identifying and meeting stakeholder needs, maintenance and manpower. Preparing for and responding to disaster/emergency was perceived as the most critical challenge of the future, perhaps, due to the recent natural disasters. Overall, poor funding was identified as the root of all other issues faced by the UFMs, hence suggested strategies for addressing the key challenges harped on financial improvement measures. Other key measures included optimized asset utilization, supporting business case for capital investment with demonstrable returns on investment, improving FM's strategic relevance through linking FM and corporate strategies, and investment in efficient technologies such as the building automation and management systems.

Originality/value

The findings have contributed to filling an important knowledge gap by not only identifying the current and future challenges facing the UFMs, but also prioritising them based on their relative influences on the achievement of the strategic goals of the FM department. This way, the limited resources at the disposal of the UFMs could be disbursed more cost‐effectively in addressing the critical challenges in line with their identified risk levels. This would be of practical benefit to the facilities and property managers in formulating appropriate responses to the identified critical constraints with a view to achieving more satisfactory outcomes in their operations.
A uniform experience? Reflections on implementing rules into practice
Authors: Norman Karen
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the appropriateness of the term “implementing into practice” when describing the way nurse managers attempt to ensure staff compliance with hospital policy.

Design/methodology/approach

A narrative exploration of an unexpectedly difficult interaction with a nurse concerning their non‐adherence to uniform policy, drawing on the theoretical frameworks of writers such as Mead, Stacey and Elias.

Findings

Personal and shared reflections on this surprising interaction have uncovered many layers of complexity, not only in an individual's adherence or non‐adherence to policy, but also in the whole process of determining and communicating the need for behavioural changes.

Originality/value

Though “implementing into practice” is commonly used in reference to the nurse manager's responsibility for compliance with hospital policy, the term is misleading and appears to derive from taken‐for‐granted assumptions about organisational systems and models of communication. The nurse manager cannot control staff behaviour; and while their intervention does have some influence on the outcome, they in turn are also influenced by ongoing processes of interaction and reflective adaptation that cannot be predicted. This article demonstrates how the behaviour of staff within an organisation is not directed by the nurse manager, but co‐created in continuous interactions through which every participant contributes to the shaping of complex factors that have the potential to influence the development of a policy as well as its degree of acceptance.
Pilot ethnic analysis of routine hospital admissions data and comparison with census linked data: CHD rates remain high in Pakistanis
Authors: Millard A. , Guthrie C. , Fischbacher C. , Jamieson J.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Routine data are needed to monitor ethnic health inequalities. The proportion of hospital discharge records with ethnicity information has been improving in Scotland. The aim of this paper is to assess whether routine data can provide valid comparisons of admission rates by ethnic group.

Design/methodology/approach

Routine hospital admissions data in four NHS Boards were analysed by ethnic group and sex to compare incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary heart disease (CHD). A previous study linking health and census ethnicity information for 2001‐2003 provided the comparison standard.

Findings

There was a similar risk of AMI for South Asian compared to non‐South Asian people in 2009‐2011 and 2001‐2003. South Asian people and Pakistani women had higher risk of CHD than White Scottish people. The Other White group had higher and the White Irish lower risk of AMI admission in comparison to 2001‐2003 data.

Research limitations/implications

The comparison used a different age range, did not include community deaths, covered a part of Scotland rather than the whole, and may have been affected by changes to denominators, which were based on the UK census 2001.

Originality/value

The similar IRRs for AMI from census linkage in 2001‐2003 and NHS data from 2009‐2011 suggest routine ethnicity data are valid in some NHS Boards. Analyses can reveal previously unknown variations to justify health improvement action. To maximise the precision of analyses, data completeness needs to be increased and sustained.
Preference of education mode
Authors: Lauver Kristy J. , Drum Dawna M. , Windsor James M. , Miller Sheila M.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This study aims to examine why students choose to or choose not to take and their perspectives of online courses, by obtaining responses from both students who have and have not taken online classes.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey methodology is used, including both open‐ended qualitative questions as well as a quantitative question.

Findings

Support for past research was found through students indicating the importance of flexibility and convenience in online courses. Countering past research was the high level of consistency between the two populations’ perspectives of online courses. Two key distinctions were found between the populations: the amount of focus on the cost of courses by those choosing not to take online classes, and the awareness of the need of self‐motivation needed in online courses by those who had taken them.

Research limitations/implications

This research was conducted at just one organization, so generalizability across institutions would need to be confirmed.

Practical implications

Institutions need to be aware of what constitutes students’ choices and perspectives between the various methods of taking courses.

Social implications

Students may need additional preparation and realistic expectations in order to increase the likelihood of being successful in an online course. Institutions also need to maintain the rigor of their online courses to maintain an overall positive social perception of online education.

Originality/value

This study made a distinction between perspectives of students having had an online course and those who had not, as well as a distinction between choice in selecting online courses and student perceptions of online courses. These perceptions were explored through both quantitative and qualitative responses.
Contextual influences on leadership in emergency type organisations
Authors: Larsson Gerry , Hyllengren Peder
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to further the theoretical understanding of leadership in emergency type organisations by modelling contextual aspects which are assumed to influence it.

Design/methodology/approach

A theoretical analysis followed by an operationalisation of key concepts and two small‐scale empirical cross‐sectional tests.

Findings

Contextual conditions at the group, organisation, and environmental levels that are assumed to influence leadership in emergency type organisations were modelled in lower‐ to higher‐extent bipolar dimensions. An empirical test involving Scandinavian military officers (n=57) and Swedish health care (ambulance) professionals (n=39) yielded profiles for leaders at three different hierarchical levels during severely demanding operations: field‐level group/team leaders; field‐level commanders/managers; and high‐level strategic commanders/managers. Considerable differences were found between the three profiles on scales designed to measure environmental and more structure‐related organisational conditions. Almost no differences were noted on “softer” aspects such as organisational culture and small group characteristics.

Research limitations/implications

The study focuses only on traditional hierarchical organisations that are designed to function in extreme conditions (the armed forces and acute health care).

Practical implications

If empirically further tested and proved valid, the suggested model could be of value in leadership and organisational development efforts.

Originality/value

The theoretical approach is new. The presented operationalisations open up for full‐model tests of leadership models based on an interactional person‐by‐situation paradigm.
Invest in the best or compensate the weak?
Authors: Muehlemann Samuel , Braendli Romy , Wolter Stefan C.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The paper aims to test whether a firm's provision of training depends on the intake quality of trainees. While a firm may just treat each trainee equally, independent of his or her intake quality, firms may alternatively also provide more training to less able individuals or focus on the most able ones. The authors develop a theoretical framework that illustrates under what circumstances a firm chooses a particular training strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses representative administrative survey data for more than 1,400 Swiss establishments. To test their theoretical predictions about a firm's training strategy, the authors apply multivariate and instrumental variable (IV) regression models. In addition, they use case study evidence from a large Swiss retailer, allowing them to analyze how different instructors in a specific firm react when confronted with apprentices of different intake qualities.

Findings

The authors find that a firm's training strategy depends on a trainee's intake quality and the expected net costs of a particular training occupation. Although firms generally provide less training to less qualified trainees, the authors find that a firm is willing to compensate low‐ability trainees with additional training when training is on average profitable in the short run.

Practical implications

When training regulations force firms to follow an investment‐oriented training strategy (net costs in the short run), then low‐ability trainees will not receive additional instruction time and the dropout risk increases.

Social implications

Generating a regulatory framework that allows firms to achieve a net benefit from work‐based training is crucial for low‐ability trainees to have the opportunity to receive additional training investments that compensate for a lack of competences when training commences.

Originality/value

This paper provides novel and direct empirical evidence on how firms adjust their training provision when faced with heterogeneity in the ability of their trainees.
Fibronectin‐binding protein, FbpA, is the adhesin responsible for pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes infection
Authors: Osanai Arihiro , Li Sheng‐Jun , Asano Krisana , Sashinami Hiroshi , Hu Dong‐Liang , Nakane Akio
Published: April 2013

The role of fibronectin binding protein A (FbpA) in Listeria monocytogenes infection and its pathogenesis were studied in vivo and in vitro by constructing a fbpA‐deficient mutant of L. monocytogenes (ΔfbpA). In vivo, ΔfbpA was less pathogenic in mutant mice than was wild‐type L. monocytogenes. FbpA did not affect the amounts of various virulence‐determining factors, including internalin B and listeriolysin O. However, adherence to, and invasion of, mouse hepatocytes by the ΔfbpA mutant were reduced. In contrast, adherence to, but not invasion of, the ΔfbpA mutant to macrophages was attenuated. Fibronectin contributed to the efficient adherence and invasion of wild‐type L. monocytogenes, but not to those of the ΔfbpA mutant. Attenuation of adhesion and uptake of the ΔfbpA mutant were reversed by overexpression of FbpA in it. FbpA was not involved in intracellular growth, autophagy induction or actin tail formation. Thus, the present findings clearly show that FbpA acts as an important adhesion molecule of L. monocytogenes, especially regarding hepatocytes, without modulating the expression of other virulence factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes infection.
Pyriproxyfen enhances the immunoglobulin G immune response in mice
Authors: Sharmin Tanjina , Satho Tomomitsu , Irie Keiichi , Watanabe Mineo , Hosokawa Masato , Hiramatsu Yukihiro , Talukder Parimal , Okuno Takahiro , Tsuruda Shodai , Uyeda Saori , Fukmits Yuki , Tamura Yukie , Nakashima Yukihiko , Imoto Masumi , Toda Akihisa , Kashige Nobuhiro , Miake Fumio
Published: April 2013

Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone mimic of vital importance for insect development with little risk to humans. This study was performed to investigate whether large doses of pyriproxyfen affect the immune response in mammals. Mice were immunized thrice with ovalbumin in 5% ethanol, with or without pyriproxyfen or alum. Large doses of pyriproxyfen (9 or 15 mM) significantly enhanced specific total IgG immune response. This enhancement was no longer present 24 hr after treatment with pyriproxyfen. These results suggest that pyriproxyfen is a safe chemical. Moreover, pyriproxyfen induced higher titers of IgG2a and enhanced tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and gamma‐interferon responses whereas alum induced IgG1 with enhanced interleukin‐4 and ‐10. These observations indicate that the mechanism of immune enhancement by pyriproxyfen may differ from that of alum.
Therapeutic effect of peripheral administration of an anti‐prion protein antibody on mice infected with prions
Authors: Ohsawa Natsuo , Song Chang‐Hyun , Suzuki Akio , Furuoka Hidefumi , Hasebe Rie , Horiuchi Motohiro
Published: April 2013

It is generally thought that effective treatments for prion diseases need to inhibit prion propagation, protect neuronal tissues and promote functional recovery of degenerated nerve tissues. In addition, such treatments should be effective even when given after clinical onset of the disease and administered via a peripheral route. In this study, the effect of peripheral administration of an anti‐PrP antibody on disease progression in prion‐infected mice was examined. mAb 31C6 was administered via the tail veins of prion‐infected mice at the time of clinical onset (120 days post‐inoculation with the Chandler prion strain) and the distribution of this mAb in the brain and its effect on mouse survival assessed. The antibody was distributed to the cerebellums and thalami of the infected mice and more than half these mice survived longer than mice that had been given a negative control mAb. The level of PrPSc in the mAb 31C6‐treated mice was lower than that in mice treated with the negative control mAb and progression of neuropathological lesions in the cerebellum, where the mAb 31C6 was well distributed, appeared to be mitigated. These results suggest that administration of an anti‐PrP mAb through a peripheral route is a candidate for the treatment of prion diseases.
A systems approach to restoring degraded drylands
Authors: James Jeremy J. , Sheley Roger L. , Erickson Todd , Rollins Kim S. , Taylor Michael H. , Dixon Kingsley W.
Published: April 2013

Drylands support over 2 billion people and are major providers of critical ecosystem goods and services across the globe. Drylands, however, are one of the most susceptible biomes to degradation. International programmes widely recognize dryland restoration as key to combating global dryland degradation and ensuring future global sustainability. While the need to restore drylands is widely recognized and large amounts of resources are allocated to these activities, rates of restoration success remain overwhelmingly low.

Advances in understanding the ecology of dryland systems have not yielded proportional advances in our ability to restore these systems. To accelerate progress in dryland restoration, we argue for moving the field of restoration ecology beyond conceptual frameworks of ecosystem dynamics and towards quantitative, predictive systems models that capture the probabilistic nature of ecosystem response to management.

To do this, we first provide an overview of conceptual dryland restoration frameworks. We then describe how quantitative systems framework can advance and improve conceptual restoration frameworks, resulting in a greater ability to forecast restoration outcomes and evaluate economic efficiency and decision‐making. Lastly, using a case study from the western United States, we show how a systems approach can be integrated with and used to advance current conceptual frameworks of dryland restoration.

Synthesis and applications. Systems models for restoration do not replace conceptual models but complement and extend these modelling approaches by enhancing our ability to solve restoration problems and forecast outcomes under changing conditions. Such forecasting of future outcomes is necessary to monetize restoration benefits and cost and to maximize economic benefit of limited restoration dollars.
A randomized, rater‐blinded, parallel trial of intensive speech therapy in sub‐acute post‐stroke aphasia: the SP‐I‐R‐IT study
Authors: Martins Isabel Pavão , Leal Gabriela , Fonseca Isabel , Farrajota Luísa , Aguiar Marta , Fonseca José , Lauterbach Martin , Gonçalves Luís , Cary M. Carmo , Ferreira Joaquim J. , Ferro Jose M.
Published: April 2013

Background

There is conflicting evidence regarding the benefits of intensive speech and language therapy (SLT), particularly because intensity is often confounded with total SLT provided.

Aims

A two‐centre, randomized, rater‐blinded, parallel study was conducted to compare the efficacy of 100 h of SLT in a regular (RT) versus intensive (IT) treatment in sub‐acute post‐stroke aphasia.

Methods & Procedures

Consecutive patients with aphasia, within 3 months of a left hemisphere ischemic stroke, were randomized to IT (2 h per day × 5 days per week, 10 weeks) or RT (2 h per week × 50 weeks). Evaluations took place at 10, 50 and 62 weeks. Primary outcome was the frequency of responders, defined by 15% increase of Aphasia Quotient (AQ) from the baseline to 50 weeks. Secondary outcomes were changes from the baseline in AQ and functional communication profile (FCP) at 50 and 62 weeks and improvement stability between 50 and 62 weeks.

Outcomes & Results

Thirty patients were randomized and 18 completed the study. No significant differences were found between groups in primary or secondary outcomes, although IT patients (N = 9) obtained higher scores in language measures between 10 and 62 weeks in per protocol analysis. The number of non‐completions was identical between groups.

Conclusions & Implications

This study suggests that, in the sub‐acute period following stroke and controlling for the number of hours of SLT provided, there is a trend for a greater improvement in language and functional communication measures with IT compared with RT. The lack of statistical significance in results was probably due to the small sample size.
Spectrofluorimetric and Spectrophotometric Analysis of Two Analgesic Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids
Authors: El‐Didamony Akram M. , Ali Ismail I.
Published: April 2013

Simple, reliable, sensitive, and accurate spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods were proposed for the determination of two selected analgesic drugs, namely tramadol and morphine, in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. The proposed methods were based on the oxidation of the studied drugs by Cerium (Ce)IV in an acidic medium. The spectrofluorimetric method is based on measuring the relative fluorescence intensity of Ce(III) arising from Ce(IV) at 350 nm with an excitation wavelength at 250 nm. The spectrophotometric method involves on addition of a known excess of Ce(IV) to the studied drugs in an acid medium, followed by the determination of residual Ce(IV) by reacting with a fixed amount of methyl orange and measuring the absorbance at 510 nm. Different variables affecting the reaction conditions, such as the concentrations of Ce(IV), type and concentration of the acid medium, reaction time, temperature, and the diluting solvents, were carefully studied and optimized.
Is Tetranychus urticae suitable prey for development and reproduction of naïve Coleomegilla maculata?
Authors: Riddick Eric W. , Wu Zhixin , Rojas M. Guadalupe
Published: April 2013

The lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata De Geer is an omnivorous predator that could help suppress aphid and spider mite populations on plants in greenhouses, plantscapes or interiorscapes. We are assessing the nutritional requirements and feeding behavior of C. maculata on target prey (spider mites) and factitious (unnatural) food. Our ultimate goal is to develop an efficacious diet to mass produce C. maculata. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Tetranychus urticae Koch (two‐spotted spider mite) is not suitable prey for development and reproduction of naïve C. maculata (i.e., with no prior exposure to T. urticae). Our objectives were to (i) provide baseline data on the effects of consuming T. urticae on C. maculata life history, (ii) to compare the effects of consuming all stages of T. urticae versus eggs of Musca domestica L. (common housefly), and (iii) to determine if the consumption of plant products was beneficial. We used C. maculata from a colony reared only on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Mediterranean flour moth) eggs. In experiments, C. maculata larvae were reared from the first instar to adult stage with prey/food in replicated arenas; adult females were paired with a single male with prey/food. The results showed that naïve C. maculata readily attacked and consumed T. urticae. Nevertheless, T. urticae was less suitable than M. domestica eggs for C. maculata development and reproduction. Applying a synthetic pollen‐Chlorella alga powder (SPCA) in arenas containing T. urticae appeared to boost C. maculata female development and reproduction.
Wheat Research Funding in Australia: The Rise of Public–Private–Producer Partnerships
Authors: Alston Julian M. , Gray Richard S.
Published: April 2013

summary

Wheat Research Funding in Australia: The Rise of Public–Private–Producer Partnerships

The Australian wheat research system was transformed profoundly by three institutional innovations. First, in 1990 the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) was created to provide levy‐funded R&D. Second, in 1994 the Plant Breeder’s Rights Act was passed, providing the legal framework for the collection of end‐point royalties (EPRs), now the primary source of funding for wheat‐breeding activities in Australia. Third, in 1999 the GRDC tendered for the development of three for‐profit public corporations that would invest revenues from EPRs to fund wheat breeding, allowing the GRDC to move upstream to focus on using its levy‐based funding for pre‐breeding research efforts. As of 2012, these breeding firms had each acquired a multinational private partner and had collectively reached the point where EPR revenues were sufficient to cover breeding costs. EPRs provide a very strong form of property rights for breeders such that producers will have to pay higher prices to access improved varieties, with some uncertainty about the extent to which those prices will be free to rise. Together, these three institutional innovations have created a well‐funded and well‐coordinated wheat research system that will enhance Australia’s long‐run competitive position in the global grain market, but with an increasing burden of the costs of innovation borne by the industry.
Innovation in Livestock Genetic Improvement
Authors: Mofakkarul Islam M. , Renwick Alan , Lamprinopoulou Chrysa , Klerkx Laurens
Published: April 2013

summary

Innovation in Livestock Genetic Improvement

The application of genetic selection technologies in livestock breeding offers unique opportunities to enhance the productivity, profitability and competitiveness of the livestock industry. However, there is a concern that the uptake of these technologies has been slower in the sheep and beef sectors in comparison to the dairy, pig and poultry sectors. This article discusses how an agricultural innovation systems perspective can help identify the dynamics of technology uptake in the livestock sector using the adoption of Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) in sheep production in Scotland as a case study. Five major (systemic) challenges were identified: a weakly integrated sheep supply chain (market structure failure); the presence of a powerful faction antagonistic towards EBVs (network failure); a challenging policy environment (hard institutional failure); a dismantled and weak advisory service with regard to EBVs (capabilities failure); and an outdated and inflexible data management system (infrastructure failure). Whilst efforts are being made to address the barriers individually it is argued that a more holistic approach is needed to innovation. The findings are shown to have wider implications for innovation within the agricultural sector of the European Union.
Interpretation of Chinese Society of Endocrinology consensus statement on hyperglycemia management target in adult inpatients in China (中华医学会内分泌学分会《中国成人住院患者高血糖管理目标专家共识》解读)
Authors: Lü Qing‐guo , Tong Nan‐wei
Published: April 2013

Hyperglycemia of inpatients will increase the incidence of complications, mortality and medical cost, meanwhile prolong the course of hospitalization. A consensus on hyperglycemia management target in adult inpatients is proposed by experts of the Chinese Society of Endocrinology in order to control hyperglycemia of inpatients safely and effectively. Individualization is emphasized in this consensus. Different stratified glycemic targets should be established according to different patients and conditions. Target blood glucose control is unnecessary for diabetic patients during hospital stay. Glycemic decrement should generally not be quick. Hypoglycemia should be avoided as much as possible, and for overweight and obesity individuals, weight gain should be avoided as much as possible also. At the same time, the risks of infection and hyperglycemic crisis must also be avoided due to loose glycemic control.
Multi‐center experience of robot‐assisted laparoscopic para‐aortic lymphadenectomy for staging of locally advanced cervical carcinoma
Authors: Fastrez Maxime , Goffin Frédéric , Vergote Ignace , Vandromme Jean , Petit Philippe , Leunen Karin , Degueldre Michel
Published: April 2013

Objectives

FIGO classification is commonly used for staging of locally advanced cervical cancer. Laparoscopic para‐aortic lymphadenectomy is currently used as a diagnostic tool, since we know that presence of para‐aortic lymph node metastases identifies patients with poor prognosis. The application of robotics during this procedure needs to be investigated.

Design

Retrospective multi‐center study.

Setting

Three centers participated in building one database.

Population

Thirty‐seven patients with locally advanced cervical cancer underwent a robot‐assisted laparoscopic para‐aortic lymphadenectomy.

Methods

Patients were prospectively enrolled in one register. Retrospective analysis of the whole database was performed.

Main outcome measures

Surgical outcomes of the robot‐assisted procedure and follow‐up data.

Results

Median number of lymph nodes collected was 27.5 (1–54) per patient. Five of 37 patients had para‐aortic node metastases. The false negative rate for PET‐CT diagnosing para‐aortic node metastases was 11.4% (4/35). Two major intra‐operative complications occurred (5.4%). Postoperative morbidity was low (13.5%). Median follow‐up was 27 months [95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 24–30]. Median disease‐free survival was 16 months (95% CI 2.4–29.6). Patients with negative nodes had a median disease‐free survival of 24 months (not assessable), although patients with positive nodes had a median disease‐free survival of 9 months (95% CI 6.9–11.9).

Conclusions

In this series we report that robot‐assisted laparoscopic para‐aortic lymphadencetomy provided the surgeon with useful information, diagnosing 11.4% of occult para‐aortic lymph node metastases in women with locally advanced cervical cancer. Intra‐operative and postoperative morbidity were low. The presence of para‐aortic lymph node metastases correlated with shorter disease‐free survival.
Assessment of IcareONE rebound tonometer for self‐measuring intraocular pressure
Authors: Sakamoto Mari , Kanamori Akiyasu , Fujihara Masashi , Yamada Yuko , Nakamura Makoto , Negi Akira
Published: April 2013

Purpose:  To evaluate the precision of the IcareONE rebound tonometer, which was developed for self‐measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) and to compare IcareONE measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT).

Methods:  Twenty‐four healthy eyes and 81 glaucomatous eyes were enrolled. IOP measurements (three times per session) with IcareONE were made in a random order by an ophthalmologist (Icare(O)) and by the subject (Icare(S)). Intraclass correlation coefficients (CCs), kappa values and mean values of IOP were compared among the two types of Icare recordings and GAT. Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between methods. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the subject factors that influenced the discordant measurements between IcareONE and GAT.

Results:  The mean value of Icare(O) and Icare(S) measurements was 13.5 ± 5.2 and 13.5 ± 5.4 mmHg, respectively, neither of which was significantly different from GAT (13.8 ± 4.4). The intrarater CC of Icare(O) and Icare(S) was 0.968 and 0.885, respectively. The intermethod CC and weighted kappa between Icare(O) and Icare(S) were 0.907 and 0.684, respectively. All pairwise correlations between the two types of IOP measurement showed coefficients of determination >0.8. Bland–Altman analysis did not show any proportional biases. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the differences between GAT and Icare(O) or Icare(S) were positively correlated with central corneal thickness (CCT) and negatively correlated with age.

Conclusions:  Intraocular pressure measurements with IcareONE by a physician and by the subject showed excellent agreement with GAT measurements; IcareONE measurements between a physician and the subject had high intrarater reliability, and good agreement thicker CCT led IcareONE measurement to overestimate IOP, while higher age caused it to underestimate IOP compared with GAT.
Antimicrobial activities of Eugenia caryophyllata extract and its major chemical constituent eugenol against Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Yadav Mukesh Kumar , Park Seok‐Won , Chae Sung‐Won , Song Jae‐Jun , Kim Ho Chul
Published: April 2013

In this study, we investigate the antimicrobial activities of both Eugenia caryophyllata (Ec) extract and its major component eugenol (4‐allyl‐2‐methoxyphenol) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by microdilution method. Pneumococcal biofilms were detected by crystal‐violet microtiter plate assay, followed by colony‐forming unit counts and visualized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The synergistic effect of eugenol and penicillin was determined by checker‐board method. Both the eugenol and the Ec extract inhibited pneumococcal growth in a concentration‐dependent manner. The MIC and MBC of eugenol were 0.06% and 0.12%, respectively. Eugenol at a concentration of 0.12% completely killed S. pneumoniae within 60 min of exposure. The kill rate of planktonic cells was most rapid during the first 15 min of contact with eugenol. The addition of eugenol or Ec extract inhibited in vitro biofilm formation. In already established biofilms, the inhibitory effect of eugenol or Ec extract was more significant in terms of cell viability than in terms of disruption of the biofilm matrix. SEM analysis revealed non‐viable and disruptive action of eugenol on the cell membrane of bacteria of biofilms. It was found that eugenol and penicillin produced a synergistic effect against S. pneumoniae. In conclusion, eugenol and Ec extract efficiently inhibited S. pneumoniae in planktonic growth and within biofilms.
Molecular diversity of the Planctomycetes in the human gut microbiota in France and Senegal
Authors: Cayrou Caroline , Sambe Bissoume , Armougom Fabrice , Raoult Didier , Drancourt Michel
Published: April 2013

Until now, Planctomycetes bacteria were considered as environmental organisms. Nevertheless, some studies detected Planctomycetes DNA from human gut. We therefore explored the human gut Planctomycetes content. Planctomycetes‐specific PCR primers were designed to amplify a 240–bp 16S rRNA gene fragment in human stool specimens from individuals in France and in Senegal and from endocarditis patients receiving antibiotics in France. PCR products were then cloned and sequenced. PCR detection revealed a significantly higher prevalence (1.8% vs 0.4%, p = 0.05) and higher diversity (62 vs 6 phylotypes, p = 0.02) of Planctomycetes 16S rRNA gene in stool specimens collected in Senegal than in France. Also, stool specimens from endocarditis patients exhibited non‐significantly higher prevalence (0.6% vs 0.4%) and the ratio of phylotypes by positive patient (3 vs 1.5) than those collected from untreated French individuals. Gemmata sp. related sequences were found in 6/12 individuals. Planctomycetes organisms are a part of the human digestive tract microbiota. Their diversity varied by environment including the geographical origin of the individual and antibiotics treatment.
Association between 5HT2A polymorphism and selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitor (SSRI)‐induced sexual desire disorder (SDD) among Malaysian women
Authors: Masiran Ruziana , Sidi Hatta , Mohamed Zahurin , Mohamed Saini Suriati , Nik Jaafar Nik Ruzyanei
Published: April 2013

Introduction

SSRIs are known for their sexual side‐effects with a variable rate of sexual dysfunction (SD). 5HT2A (rs6311) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was found to have significant association with SD. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of female SDD, its clinical correlates and association with 5HT2A (rs6311) SNP in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) treated with SSRIs.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study. We evaluated 95 female outpatients with MDD treated with SSRIs who were in remission. Outcome measures were stratified by the presence or absence of SDD. A buccal swab was obtained from each patient and sent for genotyping in the Pharmacogenomics and Medical Biotechnology Laboratory of Universiti Malaya.

Results

The overall prevalence of female SD was 32.6%. The prevalence of female SDD was 62.1%. Those with arousal problem, lubrication problem, sexual satisfaction problem, orgasm problem and problematic marriage were more likely to have sexual desire disorder. The majority of participants who had sexual desire disorder had genotype TT (42.4%) but there was no significant association observed. After controlling for age, number of children, education level, SSRI type, lubrication problem, orgasm problem, satisfaction problem and marital problem, only arousal problem significantly enhanced the presence of sexual desire disorder by 8.5 times (odds ratio = 8.46, 95% confidence interval = 1.24–57.58; P = 0.018).

Discussion

This study showed that there was no significant association between SDD and the 5HT2A (rs6311) SNP. Arousal problem significantly enhanced the presence of sexual desire disorder.
Hospital‐based community psychiatric service for patients with schizophrenia in Kuala Lumpur: A 1‐year follow‐up study of re‐hospitalization
Authors: Dahlan Rahima , Midin Marhani , Sidi Hatta , Maniam T.
Published: April 2013

Introduction

Hospital‐based community psychiatric service (HCPS) is a developing intervention in Malaysia targeted for patients with severe mental illnesses (SMIs). Its effectiveness had not been systematically measured. This study aimed to assess the outcome of HCPS with respect to re‐hospitalization and factors associated with low re‐hospitalization among patients with schizophrenia in the metropolitan city of Kuala Lumpur.

Methods

A naturalistic and retrospective cohort study was conducted using within‐subject pre‐post design on 155 patients with schizophrenia who received HCPS in Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL). The selection was made by simple random sampling. The hospital admission profiles were obtained from clinical records. The socio‐demographic and relevant clinical data were also assessed through clinical interviews.

Results

One hundred and forty (90%) of 155 respondents had low rate of hospital admission with significant reduction of being hospitalized within 1 year after receiving HCPS (p < 0.001). Having good social support was significantly associated with lower rate of rehospitalization (p = 0.001).

Discussion

The study revealed the effectiveness of HCPS in terms of reducing rates of hospital admission among patients with schizophrenia in Malaysia. The finding may be used as an evidence to develop the service further in other hospitals. However, the finding needs to be replicated through studies with better design involving more psychiatric centres.
Stressors in secondary boarding school students: Association with stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms
Authors: Wahab Suzaily , Rahman Fairuz Nazri Abdul , Wan Hasan Wan Muhammad Hafiz , Zamani Intan Zulaikha , Arbaiei Nabilah Che , Khor Siew Ling , Nawi Azmawati Mohammed
Published: April 2013

Introduction

Chronic stress in adolescents may cause physical, mental and emotional health issues which lead to poor outcomes if left untreated. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress, and their association with stressors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 350 students in a selected boarding school. Two validated Malay version questionnaires were used as instruments, which comprised the 21‐item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale to assess depression, anxiety and stress level, and Soalselidik Stressor Sekolah Menengah to assess stressors.

Results

The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress were 39.7%, 67.1% and 44.9%, respectively. The highest mean score was 2.3 (±0.80) for the academic‐related stressor. All stressors (academic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, teacher, learning/teaching and social group) had significant association with depression, anxiety and stress (P < 0.001). Multiple regression showed that both the intrapersonal‐related stressor and learning/teaching‐related stressor were 2.8‐ and 2.0‐times more likely (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.8 [P < 0.001] and OR = 2.0 [P = 0.002], respectively) to cause depressive symptoms. On the other hand, the interpersonal‐related stressor was 2.9‐times more likely (adjusted OR = 2.9, P < 0.001) to cause anxiety. The learning/teaching‐related and intrapersonal‐related stressors were 2.7‐ and 2.5‐times more likely to develop stress (adjusted OR = 2.7 [P < 0.001] and OR = 2.5 [P = 0.001], respectively).

Discussion

The possibility of introducing screening for mental health problems among boarding school students needs to be considered and investigated. Addressing the possible stressors and employing healthy coping may help in reducing negative emotional outcomes in these students.
Depression in male patients on methadone maintenance therapy
Authors: Baharudin Azlin , Mislan Noormazita , Ibrahim Normala , Sidi Hatta , Nik Jaafar Nik Ruzyanei
Published: April 2013

Introduction

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions in men. The aim of the study was to determine the depressive symptoms and associated factors among men on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted involving 108 subjects who attended the Drug Clinic at Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The instruments used include the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition Axis‐I Disorder, Beck Depression Inventory and the 15‐item International Index of Erectile Function.

Results

The rate of depression was 44.4%. There were significant associations between Malay ethnicity, secondary education level and concurrent illicit cannabis use with depression (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant associations between depression and erectile dysfunction (P = 0.379).

Discussion

Even though depression is common among men on MMT, it is often missed by the treating doctors. It is important to make the treating doctors aware that depression is a serious clinical condition that has a profound impact on the individual and compliance to treatment.
Estimation of genetic parameters for longevity traits in dairy cattle: A review with focus on the characteristics of analytical models
Authors: Sasaki Osamu
Published: April 2013

Longevity is an economically important trait of dairy cattle for increasing the profitability of dairy management. The reasons for culling can be either voluntary (primarily productivity) or involuntary (primarily health and fertility). Longevity characteristics include: (i) true longevity (all culling reasons, including productivity); and (ii) functional longevity (all culling reasons, except productivity). Improvements to longevity are made to decrease the rate of involuntary culling rather than extend the herd life (HL). The proportional hazard model is useful for evaluating genetic ability for HL. However, the differences between estimates made using the proportional hazard model and those made using linear single or multiple‐trait animal models are not clear. The model commonly used for evaluation differs among countries. Productive traits, udder traits, and feet and legs traits are genetically correlated with longevity, and consequently these traits are used to indirectly evaluate longevity. The reliability of estimates of genetic ability for longevity is increased by combining direct and indirect estimates. In Japan, HL is evaluated using the multiple‐traits model. The genetic correlations between HL and other traits vary with the birth year. Therefore, these genetic correlations need to be reviewed regularly.