bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor–Mediated Vasodilation in Human Coronary Microarteries
Authors: Batenburg Wendy W. , Garrelds Ingrid M. , Bernasconi Catherine Chapuis , Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne , van Kats Jorge P. , Saxena Pramod R. , Danser A.H. Jan
Published: April 2004

Background—

Angiotensin (Ang) II type 2 (AT
2
) receptor stimulation results in coronary vasodilation in the rat heart. In contrast, AT
2
receptor–mediated vasodilation could not be observed in large human coronary arteries. We studied Ang II–induced vasodilation of human coronary microarteries (HCMAs).

Methods and Results—

HCMAs (diameter, 160 to 500 μm) were obtained from 49 heart valve donors (age, 3 to 65 years). Ang II constricted HCMAs, mounted in Mulvany myographs, in a concentration-dependent manner (pEC
50
, 8.6±0.2; maximal effect [E
max
], 79±13% of the contraction to 100 mmol/L K
+
). The Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist irbesartan prevented this vasoconstriction, whereas the AT
2
receptor antagonist PD123319 increased E
max
to 97±14% (
P
<0.05). The increase in E
max
was larger in older donors (correlation ΔE
max
versus age,
r
=0.47,
P
<0.05). The PD123319-induced potentiation was not observed in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME, the bradykinin type 2 (B
2
) receptor antagonist Hoe140, or after removal of the endothelium. Ang II relaxed U46619-preconstricted HCMAs in the presence of irbesartan by maximally 49±16%, and PD123319 prevented this relaxation. Finally, radioligand binding studies and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction confirmed the expression of AT
2
receptors in HCMAs.

Conclusions—

AT
2
receptor–mediated vasodilation in the human heart appears to be limited to coronary microarteries and is mediated by B
2
receptors and NO. Most likely, AT
2
receptors are located on endothelial cells, and their contribution increases with age.
Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor–Mediated Renal Vasodilatory Response Is Impaired During Acute and Chronic Hyperhomocysteinemia
Authors: De Vriese An S. , Blom Henk J. , Heil Sandra G. , Mortier Siska , Kluijtmans Leo A.J. , Van de Voorde Johan , Lameire Norbert H.
Published: April 2004

Background—

Endothelial dysfunction is an early event in the development of vascular complications in hyperhomocysteinemia. Endothelial cells release a number of vasodilators, including NO and prostacyclin. Several lines of evidence have indicated the existence of a third vasodilator pathway, mediated by endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). EDHF is a major determinant of vascular tone in small resistance vessels. The influence of hyperhomocysteinemia on EDHF is unknown. The present in vivo study evaluates the integrity of the EDHF pathway in the renal microcirculation of rats with acute and chronic hyperhomocysteinemia.

Methods and Results—

EDHF-mediated vasodilation was evaluated as the renal blood flow (RBF) response to intrarenal acetylcholine during systemic NO synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibition. Acute hyperhomocysteinemia induced by intravenous homocysteine did not affect EDHF-mediated vasodilation. In contrast, intravenous methionine with subsequent hyperhomocysteinemia impaired the EDHF-mediated RBF response. When the methionine infusion was preceded by adenosine periodate oxidized to prevent the cleavage of
S
-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine and adenosine, a similar impairment of EDHF was observed, but with normal homocysteine levels. Animals with chronic hyperhomocysteinemia induced by a high-methionine, low–B vitamin diet during 8 weeks had a severely depressed EDHF-mediated vasodilation compared with those on a standard diet. Endothelium-independent vasodilation to deta-NONOate and pinacidil was not affected in acute and chronic hyperhomocysteinemia, demonstrating intact vascular smooth muscle reactivity.

Conclusions—

EDHF-dependent responses are impaired in the kidney of hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Because EDHF is a major regulator of vascular function in small vessels, these findings have important implications for the development of microangiopathy in hyperhomocysteinemia.
Reduced Uteroplacental Blood Flow Alters Renal Arterial Reactivity and Glomerular Properties in the Rat Offspring
Authors: Sanders Marijke W. , Fazzi Gregorio E. , Janssen Ger M.J. , de Leeuw Peter W. , Blanco Carlos E. , De Mey Jo G.R.
Published: April 2004

Fetal malnutrition and hypoxia may modify organ system maturation and result in cardiovascular diseases in the adult. We tested whether intrauterine stress (IUS) leads to persistent alterations of renal biology. In rats, intrauterine stress was induced by ligation of the uterine arteries at day 17 of pregnancy. Renal arteries of the 21-day-old male offspring were isolated to study pharmacological reactivity. Kidneys were dissected to analyze renal structure and β-adrenoceptor expression. At 21 days of age, half of the animals underwent unilateral left nephrectomy. At the age of 12 weeks, rats were instrumented for blood pressure monitoring, blood sampling, and renal function measurements. After IUS, litter size and birth weight were reduced, whereas the hematocrit was increased. Renal arterial responses to β-adrenergic stimulation and sensitivity to adenylyl cyclase activation were increased, along with the renal expression of β
2
-adrenoceptors. At 21 days and at 6 months of age, the number and density of the glomeruli were reduced, whereas their size was increased. The filtration fraction and urinary albumin concentration were increased 12 weeks after intrauterine stress. In control rats, removal of the left kidney at 21 days of age did not affect kidney function and blood pressure. However, after IUS, the remaining right kidney failed to compensate for the loss of the left kidney, and blood pressure was increased. In conclusion, prenatal stress transiently modifies renal arterial reactivity and results in long-lasting adverse effects on renal structure and function and on renal compensatory mechanisms.
Small Heat-Shock Protein Hsp20 Phosphorylation Inhibits β-Agonist-Induced Cardiac Apoptosis
Authors: Fan Guo-Chang , Chu Guoxiang , Mitton Bryan , Song Qiujing , Yuan Qunying , Kranias Evangelia G.
Published: April 2004

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is a common compensatory feature in heart failure, but sustained β-adrenergic activation induces cardiomyocyte death, leading to cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. In mouse cardiomyocytes, we recently reported that prolonged exposure to β-agonists is associated with transient increases in expression and phosphorylation of a small heat-shock protein, Hsp20. To determine the functional significance of Hsp20, we overexpressed this protein and its constitutively phosphorylated (S16D) or nonphosphorylated (S16A) mutant in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Hsp20 protected cardiomyocytes from apoptosis triggered by activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway, as indicated by decreases in the number of pyknotic nuclei, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling, and DNA laddering, which were associated with inhibition of caspase-3 activity. These protective effects were further increased by the constitutively phosphorylated Hsp20 mutant (S16D), which conferred full protection from apoptosis. In contrast, the nonphosphorylatable mutant (S16A) exhibited no antiapoptotic properties. Immunostaining studies and immunoprecipitations with Hsp20 or actin antibodies demonstrated that Hsp20 translocated to cytoskeleton and associated with actin on isoproterenol stimulation. These findings suggest that Hsp20 and its phosphorylation at Ser16 may provide cardioprotection against β-agonist-induced apoptosis. Thus, Hsp20 may represent a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of heart failure.
Modulation of Cystathionine β-Synthase Level Regulates Total Serum Homocysteine in Mice
Authors: Wang Liqun , Jhee Kwang-Hwan , Hua Xiang , DiBello Patricia M. , Jacobsen Donald W. , Kruger Warren D.
Published: April 2004

Elevated total plasma homocysteine is an independent risk factor in the development of vascular disease in humans. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is an enzyme that condenses homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine. In this article, we describe the effects of modulating CBS activity using a transgenic mouse that contains the human CBS cDNA under control of the zinc-inducible metallothionein promoter (Tg-CBS). In the presence of zinc, Tg-CBS mice have a 2- to 4-fold increase in liver and kidney CBS activity compared with nontransgenic littermates. Transgenic mice on standard mouse chow had a 45% decrease in their serum homocysteine (12.1 to 7.2 μmol/L;
P
<0.0001) when zinc was added to drinking water, although zinc had minimal effect on their nontransgenic siblings (13.2 μmol/L versus 13.0 μmol/L;
P
=NS). Tg-CBS mice maintained on a high-methionine, low-folate diet also had significantly lower serum homocysteine compared with control animals (179 μmol/L versus 242 μmol/L;
P
<0.02). CBS overexpression also significantly lowered serum cysteinylglycine (3.6 versus 2.8 μmol/L;
P
<0.003) levels and reduced the levels of many amino acids in the liver. We also found that expression of Tg-CBS rescued the severe hyperhomocysteinemia and neonatal lethality of
Cbs
deletion animals. Our results show that elevating CBS activity is an effective method to lower plasma homocysteine levels. In addition, the creation of an inducible mouse system to modulate plasma homocysteine will also be useful in the study of homocysteine-related vascular disease.
High-Intensity Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength, Self-Reported Function, and Disability in Long-Term Stroke Survivors
Authors: Ouellette Michelle M. , LeBrasseur Nathan K. , Bean Jonathan F. , Phillips Edward , Stein Joel , Frontera Walter R. , Fielding Roger A.
Published: April 2004

Background and Purpose—

To evaluate the efficacy of supervised high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) on lower extremity strength, function, and disability in older, long-term stroke survivors.

Methods—

Forty-two volunteers aged 50 years and above, 6 months to 6 years after a single mild to moderate stroke, were randomized into either a control group of upper extremity stretching or a PRT group that received a 12-week supervised high-intensity resistance training program consisting of bilateral leg press (LP), unilateral paretic and nonparetic knee extension (KE), ankle dorsiflexion (DF), and plantarflexion (PF) exercises. Functional performance was assessed using the 6-minute walk, stair-climb time, repeated chair-rise time, and habitual and maximal gait velocities. Self-reported changes in function and disability were evaluated using the Late Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI).

Results—

Single-repetition maximum strength significantly improved in the PRT group for LP (16.2%), paretic KE (31.4%), and nonparetic KE (38.2%) with no change in the control group. Paretic ankle DF (66.7% versus −24.0%), paretic ankle PF (35.5% versus −20.3%), and nonparetic ankle PF (14.7% versus −13.8%) significantly improved in the PRT group compared with the control. The PRT group showed significant improvement in self-reported function and disability with no change in the control. There was no significant difference between groups for any performance-based measure of function.

Conclusions—

High-intensity PRT improves both paretic and nonparetic lower extremity strength after stroke, and results in reductions in functional limitations and disability.
Visión crítica de la explicación de la tiranía basada en los roles: pensando más allá del Experimento de la Prisión de Stanford
Authors: Haslam S.-Alexander , Reicher Stephen-D.
Published: April 2004

Este artículo cuestiona el diseño, los procedimientos y la interpretación de los resultados del conocido “Experimento de la Prisión de Stanford” realizado por Zimbardo y colaboradores. Un estudio alternativo, el denominado “Experimento de la Prisión de la BBC” ha obtenido resultados totalmente distintos de los descritos por Zimbardo y colaboradores. Los resultados de este nuevo estudio son interpretados dentro del marco de la Teoría de la Identidad Social y sugieren una visión radicalmente diferente de la psicología del poder y de la tiranía.
Distinct activities of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins and involvement of the SOCS box in controlling G-CSF signaling
Authors: van de Geijn Gert-Jan M , Gits Judith , Touw Ivo P
Published: April 2004

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells and controls their differentiation into mature neutrophils. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins STAT3 and STAT5 are activated by G-CSF and play distinct roles in neutrophil development. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are induced by STATs and inhibit signaling through various negative-feedback mechanisms. SOCS proteins can compete with docking of signaling substrates to receptors, interfere with Janus tyrosine kinase activity, and target proteins for proteasomal degradation. The latter process is mediated through the conserved C-terminal SOCS box. We determined the role of various SOCS proteins in controlling G-CSF responses and investigated the involvement of the SOCS box therein. We show that SOCS1 and SOCS3, but not CIS and SOCS2, inhibited G-CSF-induced STAT activation in human embryo kidney 293 cells. In myeloid 32D cells, SOCS1 and SOCS3 are induced by G-CSF. However, relative to interleukin-3-containing cultures, during G-CSF-induced neutrophilic differentiation, SOCS3 expression was further elevated, while SOCS1 levels remained constant. SOCS box deletion mutants of SOCS1 and SOCS3 were severely hampered in their abilities to inhibit STAT activation and to efficiently suppress colony formation by primary myeloid progenitors in response to G-CSF. These data demonstrate the importance of the SOCS box for the inhibitory effects of SOCS proteins on G-CSF signaling and show that among the different SOCS family members, SOCS3 is the major negative regulator of G-CSF responses during neutrophilic differentiation.
A putative osmoreceptor system that controls neutrophil function through the release of ATP, its conversion to adenosine, and activation of A2 adenosine and P2 receptors
Authors: Chen Yu , Shukla Alok , Namiki Sachiko , Insel Paul A , Junger Wolfgang G
Published: April 2004

We have previously shown that hypertonic stress (HS) can suppress chemoattractant-induced neutrophil responses via cyclic adenosine monophosphate and enhance these responses through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we report that HS dose-dependently releases adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) from neutrophils and that extracellular ATP is rapidly converted to adenosine or activates p38 MAPK and enhances N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced superoxide formation. In contrast, adenosine suppresses superoxide formation. Adenosine deaminase treatment abolished the suppressive effect of HS, indicating that HS inhibits neutrophils through adenosine generation. Neutrophils express mRNA, encoding all known P1 adenosine receptors (A1, A2a, A2b, and A3) and the nucleotide receptors P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, and P2X7. A2 receptor agonists mimicked the suppressive effects of HS; the A2 receptor antagonists 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline, 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2-propynyl)xanthine, 1,3,7-trimethyl-8-(3-chlorostyryl)xanthine, and 3-propylxanthine, but not A1 and A3 receptor antagonists, decreased the suppressive effect of HS, indicating that HS suppresses neutrophils via A2 receptor activation. Antagonists of P2 receptors counteracted the enhancing effects of ATP, suggesting that HS costimulates neutrophils by means of P2 receptor activation. We conclude that hypertonic stress regulates neutrophil function via a single molecule (ATP) and its metabolite (adenosine), using positive- and negative-feedback mechanisms through the activation of P2 and A2 receptors, respectively.
Effects of endothelin ETA receptor antagonism on granulocyte and lymphocyte accumulation in LPS-induced inflammation
Authors: Sampaio André L F , Rae Giles A , Henriques Maria das Graças M O
Published: April 2004

Endothelin peptides play active roles in different aspects of inflammation. This study investigates the contribution of endogenous endothelins to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pulmonary inflammation by assessing the influence of ETA receptor antagonism on leukocyte accumulation, granulocyte adhesion molecule expression, and chemokine/cytokine modulation. Local pretreatment with BQ-123 or A-127722 (150 pmol), two selective and chemically unrelated endothelin ETA receptor antagonists, inhibits neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation in LPS-induced pleurisy at 24 h but not neutrophil migration at 4 h. The effect of endothelin antagonism on neutrophil accumulation at 24 h was concomitant with inhibition of eosinophil and CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte influx. It is surprising that the ETA receptor blockade did not inhibit the accumulation of γδ T lymphocytes, cells that are important for granulocyte recruitment in this model. Blockade of ETA receptors did not influence the expression of adhesion molecules (CD11b, CD49d) on granulocytes but abrogated the increase in tumor necrosis factor α levels 4 h after LPS stimulation and also markedly inhibited increases in levels of interleukin-6 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine/CXC chemokine ligand 1 but not eotaxin/chemokine ligand 11. Thus, acting via ETA receptors, endogenous endothelins play an important role in early cytokine/chemokine production and on granulocyte and lymphocyte mobilization in LPS-induced pleurisy.
Ftz modulates Runt-dependent activation and repression of segment-polarity gene transcription
Authors: Swantek Deborah , Gergen J. Peter
Published: April 2004

A crucial step in generating the segmented body plan in Drosophilais establishing stripes of expression of several key segment-polarity genes,one stripe for each parasegment, in the blastoderm stage embryo. It is well established that these patterns are generated in response to regulation by the transcription factors encoded by the pair-rule segmentation genes. However,the full set of positional cues that drive expression in either the odd- or even-numbered parasegments has not been defined for any of the segment-polarity genes. Among the complications for dissecting the pair-rule to segment-polarity transition are the regulatory interactions between the different pair-rule genes. We have used an ectopic expression system that allows for quantitative manipulation of expression levels to probe the role of the primary pair-rule transcription factor Runt in segment-polarity gene regulation. These experiments identify sloppy paired 1(slp1) as a gene that is activated and repressed by Runt in a simple combinatorial parasegment-dependent manner. The combination of Runt and Odd-paired (Opa) is both necessary and sufficient for slp1 activation in all somatic blastoderm nuclei that do not express the Fushi tarazu (Ftz)transcription factor. By contrast, the specific combination of Runt + Ftz is sufficient for slp1 repression in all blastoderm nuclei. We furthermore find that Ftz modulates the Runt-dependent regulation of the segment-polarity genes wingless (wg) and engrailed(en). However, in the case of en the combination of Runt +Ftz gives activation. The contrasting responses of different downstream targets to Runt in the presence or absence of Ftz is thus central to the combinatorial logic of the pair-rule to segment-polarity transition. The unique and simple rules for slp1 regulation make this an attractive target for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of Runt-dependent regulation.
An axon scaffold induced by retinal axons directs glia to destinations in theDrosophilaoptic lobe
Authors: Dearborn Richard , Kunes Sam
Published: April 2004

In the developing Drosophila visual system, glia migrate into stereotyped positions within the photoreceptor axon target fields and provide positional information for photoreceptor axon guidance. Glial migration conversely depends on photoreceptor axons, as glia precursors stall in their progenitor zones when retinal innervation is eliminated. Our results support the view that this requirement for retinal innervation reflects a role of photoreceptor axons in the establishment of an axonal scaffold that guides glial cell migration. Optic lobe cortical axons extend from dorsal and ventral positions towards incoming photoreceptor axons and establish at least four separate pathways that direct glia to proper destinations in the optic lobe neuropiles. Photoreceptor axons induce the outgrowth of these scaffold axons. Most glia do not migrate when the scaffold axons are missing. Moreover, glia follow the aberrant pathways of scaffold axons that project aberrantly, as occurs in the mutant dachsous. The local absence of glia is accompanied by extensive apoptosis of optic lobe cortical neurons. These observations reveal a mechanism for coordinating photoreceptor axon arrival in the brain with the distribution of glia to multiple target destinations, where they are required for axon guidance and neuronal survival.
Transcription factors Sox8 and Sox10 perform non-equivalent roles during oligodendrocyte development despite functional redundancy
Authors: Stolt C. Claus , Lommes Petra , Friedrich Ralf P. , Wegner Michael
Published: April 2004

Development of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system is dependent on at least two members of the Sox family of high-mobility-group-containing transcription factors. Sox9 is involved in oligodendrocyte specification, whereas Sox10 is required for terminal differentiation. We show that oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord additionally express the highly related Sox8. In Sox8-deficient mice, oligodendrocyte development proceeded normally until birth. However, terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes was transiently delayed at early postnatal times. Sox8-deficient mice thus exhibited a similar, but less severe phenotype than did Sox10-deficient mice. Terminal oligodendrocyte differentiation was dramatically delayed in Sox8-deficient mice with only a single functional Sox10 allele hinting at redundancy between both Sox proteins. This redundancy was also evident from the fact that Sox8 bound to naturally occurring Sox10 response elements, was able to form DNA-dependent heterodimers with Sox10 and activated Sox10-specific oligodendrocytic target genes in a manner similar to Sox10. However, Sox8 expression levels were significantly lower than those for Sox10. Resulting differences in protein amounts might be a main reason for the weaker impact of Sox8 on oligodendrocyte development and for unidirectional compensation of the Sox8 loss by Sox10.
Sex and Age Differences in Lipoprotein Subclasses Measured by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: The Framingham Study
Authors: Freedman David S , Otvos James D , Jeyarajah Elias J , Shalaurova Irina , Cupples L Adrienne , Parise Helen , D’Agostino Ralph B , Wilson Peter W F , Schaefer Ernst J
Published: April 2004

Background: The sex differential in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, which is not explained by male/female differences in lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, narrows with age. We examined whether this differential CHD risk might, in part, be attributable to the sizes of lipoprotein particles or concentrations of lipoprotein subclasses.

Methods: We analyzed frozen plasma samples from 1574 men and 1692 women from exam cycle 4 (1988–1990) of the Framingham Offspring Study. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the subclass concentrations and mean sizes of VLDL, LDL, and HDL particles. Concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins were measured by standard chemical methods.

Results: In addition to the expected sex differences in concentrations of triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol, women also had a lower-risk subclass profile consisting of larger LDL (0.4 nm) and HDL (0.5 nm) particles. The sex difference was most pronounced for HDL, with women having a twofold higher (8 vs 4 μmol/L) concentration of large HDL particles than men. Furthermore, similar to the narrowing of the sex difference in CHD risk with age, the observed male/female difference in HDL particle size also decreased with age. Although lipoprotein particle sizes were highly correlated with lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, the sex differences in the mean sizes of lipoprotein particles persisted (P <0.001) even after adjustment for lipid and lipoprotein concentrations.

Conclusions: Women have a less atherogenic subclass profile than men, even after accounting for differences in lipid concentrations.
The Portable Community: Mobility and Modernization in Bluegrass Festival Life
Authors: Gardner Robert Owen
Published: April 2004

Drawing from six years of ethnographic field research, I examine participants' involvement in bluegrass music and festival culture in the American West. Participants left their community‐starved home neighborhoods to cultivate what I refer to as “portable communities”: temporary forms of mobile gemeinschaft community that participants found in multiple settings. Festivalgoers articulated a consistent vocabulary of intimacy, inclusion, and simplicity when describing their continued involvement in this setting. They described their involvement as driven by a quest for intimate community, open and equal social relations, and simple living, elements they found in short supply in their daily lives. Whereas traditional community forms depend on residential stability, these participants intentionally cultivated and supported alternatives that emerged in response to participants' geographic mobility.
Contesting Stigma: On Goffman's Assumptions of Normative Order
Authors: Kusow Abdi M.
Published: April 2004

Goffman's classic analysis of stigma tacitly suggests that it has a conditional nature. An important shortcoming, however, is that his analysis proceeds from the existence of a normatively shared understanding of the criteria for and the distribution of stigma assignment. I use data from Somali immigrants to Canada to further that argument by showing that stigma as a social object cannot be created when its cultural and structural contexts are disjunctive. Through reverse stigmatization, counter devaluation, and rejection of discrimination, Somalis reveal the problematics of stigma establishment and therein raise the question of who is stigmatizing whom.
Social Feedback and Self‐Appraisals: Current Status of the Mead‐Cooley Hypothesis
Authors: Lundgren David C.
Published: April 2004

Mead and Cooley propose that feedback from significant others provides the basis for individuals' self‐appraisals. I review research regarding (a) associations between others' judgments and individuals' self‐appraisals; (b) when others express or withhold feedback; and (c) when individuals accept or reject feedback. Research shows that others' judgments and self‐appraisals are moderately associated, though self‐ratings correspond more to perceived than to actual views by others and influences are multidirectional. Others' expressions of feedback vary across situations, depending in part on closeness of relationships and the sender's emotions. Peoples' tendencies to accept or reject feedback also vary by closeness, emotional reactions, and feedback valence. I conclude by evaluating the current status of the Mead‐Cooley perspective.
Identification of a Gemcitabine‐Warfarin Interaction
Authors: Kinikar Shilpa A. , Kolesar Jill M.
Published: April 2004

A man anticoagulated with warfarin 57.5 mg/week (international normalized ratio [INR] 1.94) was diagnosed with nonsmall cell lung cancer and prescribed weekly gemcitabine. With the first dose of the first cycle, his INR rose to 3.52, and his weekly warfarin dose was decreased to 52.5 mg. The lower warfarin dose was continued during the 2‐week rest period between cycles 1 and 2 of gemcitabine therapy, and his INR decreased to 2.08. The patient resumed gemcitabine while taking warfarin 52.5 mg/week; however, the warfarin dosage had to be reduced to 48.5 mg/week to achieve a therapeutic INR. After gemcitabine was discontinued, the patient was restabilized at the prechemotherapy baseline dosage. We conclude that an interaction between warfarin and gemcitabine occurred with the first dose of the latter and recommend weekly INRs for anticoagulated patients receiving gemcitabine.
Malaria Epidemiology and Economics in a Pharmacist‐Managed International Travel Clinic
Authors: McNicholl Ian R. , Raebel Marsha A.
Published: April 2004

With high rates of travel and low adherence to malaria prophylaxis, targeting educational efforts to high‐risk travelers is vital. We assessed risk factors for acquiring malaria, and resource use and outcomes of these patients in a managed care environment. Patients were identified from January 1, 1994, to December 31, 1997, using microbiology and pharmacy databases, chart reviews, and interviews. Sixteen patients acquired malaria during the study, although only 50% contacted the travel clinic. Only 31% (5) of them had documented adherence. Fifty percent were hospitalized at a cost of $3881/patient. Travelers at greatest risk for nonadherence appear to be expatriates and those visiting Africa. Providers should target these groups with more intensive counseling in an effort to improve therapy adherence and reduce the risk for malaria.
A Randomized, Prospective Study Measuring Outcomes after Antibiotic Therapy Intervention by a Multidisciplinary Consult Team
Authors: Gums John G. , Yancey Robert W. , Hamilton Carol A. , Kubilis Paul S.
Published: April 2004

Our aim was to identify financial and outcome benefits of therapeutic intervention by a multidisciplinary antimicrobial treatment team composed of pharmacists, a clinical microbiologist, and an infectious disease specialist. Of 252 consecutive inpatients receiving suboptimal intravenous antibiotics identified by the clinical pharmacist, 127 were prospectively randomized to intervention and 125 to a control group. The groups were similar with regard to severity of illness, infection type, and time from admission to randomization. Physicians received timely, detailed reviews of relevant microbiologic and clinical data with recommendations of possible optimal antibiotic choices, dosages, and rationales. Median length of stay after randomization for control and intervention groups was 9.0 days and 5.7 days, respectively (3.3‐day difference, p=0.0001). Fifteen (12.0%) and eight patients (6.3%), respectively, died, although the time‐specific mortality risk was not significantly different when length of postrandomization follow‐up and time to death were taken into account. Physician acceptance of suggestions was 89%. Median patient charges for radiology, laboratory, pharmacy, and room were reduced by $4404/intervention, and median hospital costs were reduced by $2642/intervention. A multidisciplinary antimicrobial therapy team can be a useful information source for physicians, improve outcomes in hospitalized patients receiving intravenous antimicrobials, and result in substantial cost savings.
Influence of Warfarin Regimen Type on Clinical and Monitoring Outcomes in Stable Patients in an Anticoagulation Management Service
Authors: Wong Winnie , Norton Jennifer Wilson , Wittkowsky Ann K.
Published: April 2004

Options for dosing warfarin include same daily dosing, such as 7 mg/day, and alternate‐day dosing, such as 5 mg Monday and Thursday, and 7.5 mg all other days. Some practitioners favor same daily dosing because it is simple, whereas others prefer alternate‐day dosing because it requires a single tablet size. Computerized records of patients followed by an anticoagulation management service were reviewed retrospectively to identify those whose anticoagulation was stable with one of these two dosing methods. Clinical and monitoring outcomes were compared between groups. Rates of hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications were similar in the two groups, as were monitoring outcomes, including clinic visits/year, warfarin dosage adjustments/year, and percentage of international normalized ratios within range. Patients receiving the same daily dose reported lower rates of confusion (0% vs 7%) and dosing errors (3.3% vs 14%) that those receiving alternate‐day dosing, and expressed a stronger preference for their regimen (40% vs 1.5%). When selecting a regimen, consideration must be given to patient‐specific risk of confusion and dosing errors, associated costs, practicality and precision of dosing adjustments, and patient preference.
Effect of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐1 Administration on IGF‐1 and IGF‐Binding Protein‐3 Levels in Brain Injury
Authors: Rockich Kevin T. , Hatton Jimmi C. , Kryscio Richard J. , Young Byron A. , Blouin Robert A.
Published: April 2004

Study Objective. To assess the effect of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) plasma concentration versus time profile during continuous infusion of recombinant human (rh)IGF‐1 to patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Setting. University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center.

Patients. Twenty‐three patients with TBI (aged 18–59 yrs) with Glascow Coma Scale scores of 4–10.

Intervention. Patients were randomized to receive rhIGF‐1 0.01 mg/kg/hour and daily subcutaneous doses of rhGH 0.05 mg/kg/day or saline for 14 days.

Measurements and Main Results. Plasma concentrations of IGF‐1 and IGF‐binding protein (BP)‐3 were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Patients receiving rhIGF‐1/rhGH reached a peak IGF‐1 concentration (1199.3 ± 84.0 μg/L) at 72 hours and maintained it throughout the study. Levels of IGF‐1 in the control group did not change significantly above baseline throughout the study. Concentrations of IGFBP‐3 were significantly higher after 48 hours in the treated group (5.1 ± 0.4 mg/L) than in controls (2.9 ± 0.5 mg/L) and continued until the end of the study (p<0.05).

Conclusion. Infusion of rhIGF‐l in conjunction with rhGH effectively achieved and maintained supraphysiologic IGF‐1 plasma concentrations throughout the dosing period in patients with TBI. It appears that rhGH alters the IGF‐1 plasma concentration versus time profile during continuous administration. Although speculative, changes in protein binding of IGF‐1 are the most likely mechanism.
Vancomycin‐Induced Neutropenia Associated With Fever: Similarities Between Two Immune‐Mediated Drug Reactions
Authors: Smith Patrick F. , Taylor Charles T.
Published: April 2004

A 39‐year‐old woman being treated for osteomyelitis with vancomycin developed severe neutropenia and drug fever. After she discontinued therapy, both disorders quickly resolved. These adverse reactions have rarely been reported with vancomycin, and share many similarities with regard to clinical features and postulated mechanisms of induction. To our knowledge this is the first case documenting drug fever as a principal component of vancomycin‐induced neutropenia, and provides further evidence in support of an immune‐mediated mechanism.
Discontinuation Rates of Helicobacter pylori Treatment Regimens: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Buring Shauna M. , Winner Lawrence H. , Hatton Randy C. , Doering Paul L.
Published: April 2004

We conducted a meta‐analysis to determine what factors in treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori are associated with increased discontinuation rates. Studies were selected from the 1990–1996 MEDLINE data base, and references in published articles and reviews were obtained. Each article was uniformally abstracted for factors that could potentially affect dropout rates. Drug regimens with high numbers of doses per day had highest dropout rates (p=0.0001). The total dropout rate was lowest for regimens containing a proton pump inhibitor (OR = 0.75, CI 0.57, 0.98). The rate was high in regimens containing a bismuth compound due to side effects (OR = 2.79, CI 1.78, 4.36). The main finding was that drug regimens for eradication of H. pylori that have a high number of doses per day result in higher discontinuation rates than regimens with fewer doses per day.
Indole Synthesis by
Pd
‐Catalyzed Annulation Of Ketones With o‐Iodoaniline: 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydrocarbazole
Authors: Chen Cheng‐yi , Larsen Robert D.
Published: April 2004

1, 2, 3, 4‐Tetrahydrocarbazole

R Cyclohexanone

o‐Iodoaniline

P 1, 2, 3, 4‐Tetrahydrocarbozole
Reduction of Sulfonyl Halides with Zinc Powder: S‐Methyl Methanethiosulfonate
Authors: Chemla Fabrice , Karoyan Philippe
Published: April 2004

S‐Methyl methanethiosulfonate

R chlorotrimethylsilane

P S‐methyl methanethiosulfonate
(Phenyl)[2‐(Trimethylsilyl)Phenyl]Iodonium Triflate. An Efficient And Mild Benzyne Precursor
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Todaka Mitsuru , Fujiwara Yuzo
Published: April 2004

(Phenyl)[2‐(trimethylsilyl)phenyl] iodonium triflate

R 1,2‐Dichlorobenzene

I 1, 2‐Bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene 1

R (Diacetoxyiodo) benzene

I (phenyl)[2‐(trimethylsilyl) phenyl] iodonium triflate 2

Furan

P 1, 4‐Dihydronaphthalene 1,4‐oxide 3
4‐Hydroxy[1‐13C]Benzoic Acid
Authors: Lang Martin , Lang‐Fugmann Susanne , Steglich Wolfgang
Published: April 2004

4‐Hydroxy[1‐13C] benzoic acid

R Ethyl [2‐13C] acetate

I Diethyl [2‐13C] malonate

4H, Pyran‐4‐one

Ethyl‐4‐hydroxy[1‐13C]benzoate

P 4‐Hydroxy[1‐13C] benzoic acid
[4 + 2] Cycloaddition of 1‐Dimethylamino‐3‐tert‐Butyldimethylsiloxy‐1,3‐Butadiene with Methyl Acrylate: 4‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐Cyclohexen‐1‐One
Authors: Kozmin Sergey A. , He Shuwen , Rawal Viresh H.
Published: April 2004

4‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one

R 1‐Dimethylamino‐3‐tert‐butyldimethylsiloxy‐1,3‐butadiene 1

Methyl acrylate

I 4‐Carbomethoxy‐3‐dimethylamino‐1‐tert‐butyldimethylsiloxy‐1‐cyclohexene 2

4‐Hydroxymethyl‐3‐dimethylamino‐1‐tert‐butyldimethylsiloxy‐1‐cyclohexene 3

P 4‐Hydromethyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one 4
(+)‐(1R,2S,3R)‐Tetracarbonyl[(1–3η)‐1‐(Phenylsulfonyl)‐ But‐2‐en‐1‐yl]Iron(1+) Tetrafluoroborate
Authors: Enders D. , Jandeleit B. , von Berg S.
Published: April 2004

(+)‐(1R,2S,3R)‐Tetracarbonyl[(1‐3n)‐1‐(phenylsulfonyl)‐but‐2‐en‐1‐yl]iron (1+)tetrafluoroborate

R (−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(benzyloxy)‐1‐butenyl phenyl sulfone

I (+)‐(E,1R,3S)‐Tetracarbonyl[(3‐(benzyloxy)‐1‐(phenylsulfonyl)‐n
2
‐but‐1‐ene]‐iron (0)

P (+)‐(1R,2S,3R)‐Tetracarbonyl[(1‐3n)‐1‐(phenylsulfonyl)‐but‐2‐en‐1‐yl]iron (1+)tetrafluoroborate (1)
Tributylstannane (
Bu
3
Sn
H
)‐Catalyzed
B
arton‐
M
c
C
ombie Deoxygenation of Alcohols: 3‐Deoxy‐1,2:5,6‐Bis‐O‐(1‐Methylethylidene)‐α‐
D
‐Ribo‐Hexofuranose
Authors: Tormo Jordi , Fu Gregory C.
Published: April 2004

3‐Deoxy‐1,2:5,6‐bis‐O‐(1‐methylethylidene)‐α‐D‐ribo‐hexanose

R 1,2:5,6‐Di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐glucose; Phenylchlorothionoformate

I 1,2:5,6‐Bis‐O‐(1‐methylethylidene)‐O‐phenyl carbonothioate‐α‐D‐glucofuranose 1

P B‐Deoxy‐1,2:5,6‐bis‐O‐(1‐methylethylidene)‐α‐D‐ribo‐hexofuranose 2
Ethyl 3‐(p‐Cyanophenyl)Propionate from Ethyl 3‐Iodopropionate and p‐Cyanophenylzinc Bromide
Authors: Jensen Anne Eeg , Kneisel Florian , Knochel Paul
Published: April 2004

Ethyl 3‐(p‐cyanophenyl)prolonate

R Ethyl 3‐iodopropionate

4‐Cyanophenylzinc bromide

P Ethyl 3‐(p‐cyanophenyl)propionate
Anti‐Selective Boron‐Mediated Asymmetric
A
ldol Reaction of Carboxylic Esters: Synthesis of (2S, 3R)‐2,4‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐Pentanediol
Authors: Abiko Atsushi
Published: April 2004

(2S,3R)‐2,4‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐pentanediol

R 2(N‐Benzyl‐N‐mesitylenesulfonyl)amino‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propyl propionate Is this (+)‐1

I (1′R)‐Phenyl‐(2′S)‐[(phenylmethyl)[(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)sulfonyl]amino‐propyl(3R)‐hydroxy‐(2R),4‐dimethylpentanoate 2

R (2S,3R)‐2,4‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐pentanediol 3

2‐(N‐Benzyl‐N‐mesitylenesulfonyl)amino‐1‐phenyl‐propanol
2‐Amino‐3‐Fluorobenzoic Acid
Authors: Kollmar Martin , Parlitz Richard , Oevers Stephan R. , Helmchen Günter
Published: April 2004

2‐Amino‐3fluorobenzoic acid

R 2‐Fluoroaminobenzene 1

I N‐(2‐Fluorophenyl)‐2‐(hydroxyimino)acetamide 2

7‐Fluoroisatin 3

P 2‐Amino‐3‐fluorobenzoic acid 4
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryl Fluorides by Secondary Nitriles: Preparation of 2‐(2‐Methoxyphenyl)‐2‐Methylpropionitrile
Authors: Caron Stéphane , Wojcik Jill M. , Vazquez Enrique
Published: April 2004

2‐(2‐Methoxyphenyl)‐2‐methylpropionitrile

R 2‐Fluoroanisole

P 2‐(2‐Methoxyphenyl)‐2‐methylpropionitrile
(5
S
)‐(
d
‐Menthyloxy)‐2(5
H
)‐Furanone
Authors: Moradei Oscar M. , Paquette Leo A.
Published: April 2004

(5S)‐(d‐Menthyloxy)‐2(5H)‐furanone

5‐Hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone

Camphorsulfonic acid

Furfural

Rose Bengal
Synthesis of Indoles by Palladium‐Catalyzed Reductive
N
‐Heteroannulation of 2‐Nitrostyrenes: Methyl Indole‐4‐Carboxylate
Authors: Söderberg Björn C. , Shriver James A. , Wallace Jeffery M.
Published: April 2004

Methyl indole‐4‐carboxylate

Methyl 2‐methyl‐3‐nitrobenzoate

Methyl 2‐bromomethyl‐3‐nitrobenzoate

Methyl 2‐ethenyl‐3‐nitrobenzoate

Palladium acetate
Ring‐Closing Metathesis Synthesis of
N
‐Boc‐3‐Pyrroline
Authors: Ferguson Marcelle L. , O'Leary Daniel J. , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: April 2004

N‐Boc‐3‐pyrroline

Boc‐diallyamine

1H‐Pyrrole‐1‐carboxylic acid, 2,5‐dihydro‐, 1,1‐dimethylethyl ester

Triethylamine

Ruthenium chloride

Tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Aromatic Ketones with Olefins: 8‐[2‐(Triethoxysilyl)Ethyl]‐1‐Tetralone
Authors: Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Murai Shinji
Published: April 2004

8‐[2(Triethoxysilyl)ethyl]‐1‐tetralone

Ruthenium carbonyldihydridotris(triphenylphosphine)

Triethoxyvinylsilane

1‐Tetralone
Transformation of Primary Amines to
N
‐Monoalkylhydroxylamines:
N
‐Hydroxy‐(
S
)‐1‐Phenylethylamine Oxalate
Authors: Tokuyama Hidetoshi , Kuboyama Takeshi , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: April 2004

(S)‐1‐Phenylethylamine

Diisopropylethylamine

Bromoacetonitrile

(S)‐[1‐Phenylethyl]imino]acetonitrile N‐oxide

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride

Oxalic acid

N‐Hydroxy‐(S)‐1‐phenylethylamine oxalate
Tetrabenzyl Pyrophosphate
Authors: Nelson Todd D. , Rosen Jonathan D. , Bhupathy M. , McNamara James , Sowa Michael J. , Rush Chad , Crocker Louis S.
Published: April 2004

Tetrabenzyl pyrophosphate

Dibenzyl phosphate

Isopropyl acetate

1, 3‐Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

1, 3‐ Dicyclohexylurea
Aluminum Compounds, Organic
Authors: Krause Michael J. , Orlandi Frank , Saurage Alfred T. , Zietz Joseph R.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Alkylaluminums and Derivatives2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.2.1.Reactions with Olefins2.2.2.Reactions with Oxygen2.2.3.Reactions with Metal Compounds2.2.4.Reactions with Proton‐Donating Materials2.2.5.Alkylaluminums in Organic Synthesis2.3.Production of Trialkylaluminums and Alkylaluminum Chlorides2.3.1.Hydroalumination to Produce Trialkylaluminums2.3.2.Reaction of Aluminum With Alkyl Halides to Make Alkylaluminum Sesquichlorides2.3.3.Reduction of Alkylaluminum Sesquichlorides to Make Trialkylaluminums2.3.4.Reaction of Acids With Trialkylaluminums to Produce Alkylaluminum Chlorides2.3.5.Reproportionation Reactions2.3.6.Olefin Elimination and Displacement Reactions2.3.7.Other Organoaluminum Conversions2.4.Uses of Alkylaluminum Compounds2.4.1.Stoichiometric Applications2.4.2.Catalytic Applications2.5.Quality Specifications3.Aluminoxanes3.1.Production3.2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.3.Uses3.3.1.Mechanism of Polymerization Using Aluminoxanes3.3.2.Production of Stereoregular Polymers using Aluminoxanes3.3.3.Polymers Produced by Aluminoxanes3.4.Analysis and Quality Specifications4.Handling, Storage, and Transportation5.Waste Disposal and Environmental Protection6.Economic Aspects7.Toxicology and Occupational Health8.Acknowledgments
Aluminum Oxide
Authors: Hudson L. Keith , Misra Chanakya , Perrotta Anthony J. , Wefers Karl , Williams F. S.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.General Aspects1.1.Aluminum Hydroxides1.2.Aluminum Oxide Hydroxides1.3.Aluminum Oxide, Corundum1.4.The Al2O3‐ H2O System1.5.Thermal Decomposition of Aluminum Hydroxides1.6.Aluminates and Related Compounds2.Bauxite, the Principal Raw Material2.1.Definition and Geology2.2.Composition and Properties2.3.Genesis of Bauxites2.4.Major Bauxite Deposits2.5.Economic Aspects3.Bayer Process3.1.History and Procedure3.1.1.Bauxite Preparation3.1.2.Digestion3.1.3.Equipment3.1.4.Residue Separation3.1.5.Precipitation3.1.6.Impurities3.1.7.Calcination3.1.8.Evaporation3.1.9.Residue Disposal3.1.10.Energy in the Process3.2.Economic Aspects4.Other Processes for Alumina Production4.1.Raw Materials4.2.Alkaline Processes4.3.Acid Processes5.Metallurgical Alumina5.1.Alumina Properties Required for Smelting5.2.Typical Specifications for Metallurgical Alumina6.Industrial Alumina Chemicals6.1.Aluminum Hydroxides6.2.Adsorbent and Catalytic Aluminas6.2.1.Preparation of Activated Aluminas6.2.2.Adsorbent Applications6.2.3.Catalytic Applications7.Ceramic Uses of Alumina7.1.Calcined Alumina7.2.Fused Alumina8.Toxicology and Industrial Hygiene
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Authors: von Philipsborn Gerda , Oberdorf Anton , Binnig Fritz , Franke Albrecht
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Antiarrhythmic Drugs1.1.Physiology1.2.Disorders of Cardiac Rhythm (Arrhythmias)1.3.Cardiac Action Potentials1.4.General Aspects of Pharmacology1.5.General Aspects of Chemistry2.Individual Antiarrhythmic Drugs  2.1.Class I Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers2.1.1.Class I a Drugs2.1.2.Class I b Drugs2.1.3.Class I c Drugs2.2.Class II Drugs: β‐Receptor Blocking Agents2.3.Class III Drugs: Agents Increasing the Action Potential Duration2.4.Class IV Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers2.5.New Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Leather Imitates
Authors: Zürbig Claus , Kruse Hans‐Hinrich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Definition and History

2.

Properties

3.

Raw Materials

3.1.

Carrier Materials

3.2.

Coating Materials

3.3.

Lacquers for Finishing

4.

Production

4.1.

Layer Composition

4.2.

Coating

4.2.1.

Coating Devices

4.2.2.

Coating Processes

4.2.3.

Finishing

5.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

6.

Economic Aspects and Uses
Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Aune Terje Kr. , Gjestland Haavard , Haagensen Johanna Øster , Kittilsen Bjørn , Skar Jan Ivar , Westengen Håkon
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Commercial Alloys, Product Forms, and Uses3.Metallurgy of Magnesium Alloys3.1.Magnesium ‐ Aluminum Alloys3.2.Grain‐Refined Magnesium ‐ Zirconium Alloys3.3.New Developments4.Production Methods for Magnesium Alloys5.Manufacture of Articles from Magnesium Alloys5.1.Shaping5.2.Joining5.3.Finishing6.Corrosion and Corrosion Control6.1.Effect of Composition and Structure6.2.Effect of the Environment6.3.Galvanic Corrosion7.Environmental Aspects8.Economic Aspects
Maleic and Fumaric Acids
Authors: Lohbeck Kurt , Haferkorn Herbert , Fuhrmann Werner , Fedtke Norbert
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Maleic Acid2.Maleic Anhydride (MA)2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.2.1.Oxidation of Benzene2.2.2.Dehydration of Aqueous Maleic Acid Solutions2.2.3.Oxidation of C4Hydrocarbons2.2.4.Purification2.2.5.Byproducts, Construction Materials, Effluent, and Discharge Air2.3.Quality, Storage, and Transportation2.4.Uses3.Citraconic and Mesaconic Acids4.Fumaric Acid5.Toxicology
Mercaptoacetic Acid and Derivatives
Authors: Rippel Robert
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production5.Analysis6.Transportation and Storage7.Toxicology8.Uses
Biocides
Authors: Payne Ken R. , Hill Edward
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Chemical Biocides2.1.Phenolics2.2.Chlorine and Chlorine‐Releasing Compounds2.3.Iodine and Iodophores2.4.Quaternary Ammonium Compounds2.5.Biguanides2.6.Peroxygens2.7.Alcohols2.8.Aldehydes2.9.Hydroxybenzoate Esters2.10.Heavy Metals3.Application of Biocides3.1.Factors Affecting Biocide Selection3.2.Challenge Testing3.3.Spoilage3.4.Monitoring3.5.Predetermined and Automatic Biocide Additions
Naphthalene and Hydronaphthalenes
Authors: Collin Gerd , Höke Hartmut , Greim Helmut
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Physical and Chemical Properties2.Production3.Uses4.Alkylnaphthalenes5.Hydronaphthalenes6.Economic Aspects7.Toxicology