bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O mito diretivo das digitais influencers como potencializador do discurso consumista
Authors: De Lima Cláudia Borges , Do Couto Elza Kioko Nakayama Nenoki , Lima Luiz Michelly Jacinto
Published: December 2020

Este estudo visa observar e analisar, pelo viés da Análise do Discurso Ecológica e da Antropologia do Imaginário, como o discurso consumista é construído pelas Digitais influencers goianas, na atualidade, buscando compreender a figura dessas personalidades como potencializadoras do discurso consumista. Visto que os discursos consumistas estão cada vez mais exacerbados, propõe-se a analisar as estratégias utilizadas pelas digitais influencers goianas, tendo em vista os aspectos persuasivos e afetivos. Para alcançar esse objetivo, iniciaremos nosso estudo observando os elementos linguísticos e extralinguísticos no intuito de apreender os mitemas que nos levam ao mito e as imagens que povoam o imaginário coletivo no qual o corpus está inserido. Como fundamentação teórica, será utilizada a teoria da ADE (COUTO et al., 2015), buscando compreender as interações entre indivíduo-indivíduo e indivíduo-mundo, isto é, os elementos linguísticos e extralinguísticos que compõem as interações, além da teoria do Imaginário (DURAND, 1999), que nos auxiliará a entender as imagens que circundam e compõem o objeto de estudo. O corpus de análise compreenderá três perfis do Instagram: Danila Guimarães, Rafaella Kalimann e Andressa Suita, devido ao fato de elas estarem no topo da lista dos perfis goianos mais seguidos no Instagram. A coleta de dados será feita nas publicações dos perfis selecionados. Além disso, será utilizado o método da focalização, ou seja, o recorte de dado campo de interações, mas sem desprezar o todo (GARNER, 2004). Pode-se perceber que é a identificação como heroínas que as fãs atribuem às digitais influencers que as torna potencializadoras de um discurso consumista, uma vez que instigam, nas seguidoras, o desejo de adquirir o mesmo sentimento de realização e pertencimento ao universo que as circunda.
A política dos intelectuais nos contos de Pedro Llosa Vélez: resenha de "A medida de todas as coisas"
Authors: Furtado Pedro Barbosa Rudge
Published: December 2020

Objetivamos, nesta resenha, analisar como a política adentra tanto a forma como a mensagem dos contos de A medida de todas as coisas (2019), do autor peruano Pedro Llosa Vélez. Por meio de diversos recursos estruturais, as narrativas representam intelectuais inseridos em crises subjetivo-ideológicas. O tom subjetivo dos relatos elimina – ou a torna vinculado a psique dos protagonistas – a inflexão política dos contos, compondo, apesar da manifestação explícita de motivos sociais, econômicos e culturais, narrativas em que a modulação panfletária é dissipada, também, pela descoberta de si, pela ironia e pelo patético das situações figuradas. No que tange à política, baseamo-nos nas reflexões de Wolfgang Leo Maar (1982); a respeito da imbricação entre política e literatura fazemos uso dos pensamentos de Irving Howe (1987).
O Slam como representação de literatura marginal e manifestação cultural na escola
Authors: Alves Izandra , Souza Bruna
Published: December 2020

Em seus pouco mais de 30 anos de existência, o slam tem se apresentado como uma prática de poesia extremamente democrática, um local aberto às mais variadas manifestações culturais e palco para aqueles que buscam se expressar livremente. Essa prática iniciou em grandes centros urbanos e mantêm-se em meio a praças e parques, de forma muitas vezes marginalizada, logo, nem sempre é possível que essas experiências sejam transformadas em dados estatísticos e números. Devido a seu caráter multifacetado e fluído, a maior parte desses registros se encontram através de narrativas dos participantes ou gravação das performances. Assim sendo, nos atemos a uma análise bibliográfica do pouco, mas proveitoso, material documentado a respeito do tema. É a partir desses materiais que nos propomos a conceituar e discutir esse gênero discursivo/poético/textual, a dissertar sobre a relação entre a leitura escolarizada e o afastamento juvenil dessa área e propor caminhos para que o slam ocorra dentro das escolas, de forma a possibilitar que jovens encontrem nessa prática um espaço de protagonismo, de (re)descobertas e expressão da própria subjetividade, valendo-se de temáticas próprias do slam ou criando suas próprias temáticas, sejam pelas demandas apontadas a partir da própria realidade ou demandas externas, através da escrita, oralidade e performance.
Representações marginais na escrita de João Antônio: do malandro ao marginal
Authors: Giordani Rosselane Liz
Published: December 2020

O termo marginal comporta nuances de significações que reverberaram nas teorias sociais para explicar os processos de marginalização e exclusão forjados pelo capitalismo na América Latina, bem como a noção também ecoa na crítica literária. Desse modo, a noção de marginalidade reveste-se de enredamentos que movem a acepção por dimensões estéticas, políticas e sociais. Numa abordagem estritamente artística, marginais são as produções que rompem com normas e paradigmas estéticos, afrontando o cânone literário. Mas é possível situá-la no deslizamento de sentido que irá se referir àqueles classificados de bandidos e delinquentes, que vivem à margem da lei, excluídos e marginalizados social, econômica e culturalmente. O presente estudo faz um recorte dentro da obra do escritor paulista João Antônio, observando a temática da marginalidade que se mostra por meio dos seus personagens marginais à sociedade e à literatura, pois João Antônio vai narrar a história do submundo, daquele que é invisibilizado. O recorte deste estudo privilegia narrativas do contista que, entre as décadas de 1960 e 1980, produziu obras em que os marginalizados entram definitivamente nas páginas de nossa literatura como verdadeiros protagonistas. Para problematizar a questão da marginalidade na obra de João Antônio iremos analisar dois contos: “Malagueta, Perus e Bacanaço”, que integra a coletânea de mesmo nome, primeiro livro publicado por João Antônio, em 1963, ganhador de vários prêmios, inclusive o Jabuti; e o conto “Paulinho Perna Torta”, do livro Leão de Chácara (1975).
Reflexões do cuidado na saúde do homem na atenção básica
Authors: Nogueira Berbel Catiane Maria , Quaglio Chirelli Mara
Published: December 2020

Objetivo: Analisar a implementação das ações na saúde do homem na visão dos gestores e equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família e construir possíveis estratégias do cuidado ao homem a partir dos problemas identificados. Métodos: O percurso metodológico foi desenvolvido por meio da pesquisa qualitativa, no ano de 2015, em um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Utilizou-se na 1ª fase para a coleta de dados, a entrevista semiestruturada com gestores e coordenadores e a técnica de grupo focal com duas equipes de saúde. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo método de análise de conteúdo, na modalidade temática, realizando-se, na 2ª etapa, oficina de trabalho com as mesmas equipes no intuito de fomentar reflexões nas temáticas: o cuidado e a formação acerca da saúde do homem. Resultados: Há práticas incipientes implementadas nos serviços da Atenção Básica, considerando que a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem é recente. O conteúdo sobre a saúde do homem não tem sido abordado nas capacitações em serviço. Durante as oficinas, surgiram propostas para estratégias de trabalho na formação e no cuidado ao homem. Conclusão: Identificou-se que os profissionais de saúde necessitam de capacitações, realização da prática de educação permanente e o apoio da gestão para a continuidade desse cuidado.
Experiencia del Poder Judicial de Chile en la aplicación de las Reglas de Brasilia
Authors: Cisternas Rocha Lamberto
Published: December 2020

El Poder Judicial de Chile, al aprobarse las Reglas de Brasilia, ha llevado a cabo múltiples iniciativas que buscan efectivizar el derecho de acceso a la justicia con especial énfasis en los grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad. Ello produjo un cambio cultural y a nivel institucional que incide en la labor jurisdiccional, la que, si bien se refiere a la solución de conflictos de relevancia jurídica, también puede ayudar a corregir situaciones de discriminación y a eliminar barreras que impiden a algunas personas el pleno disfrute de sus derechos fundamentales.
El enjuiciamiento de género en la Cumbre Judicial Iberoamericana
Authors: Lousada Arochena José Fernando
Published: December 2020

En este trabajo se analizará la problemática de fondo sobre el enjuiciamiento de género: la utilización nociva de estereotipos de género. Por su propia definición, enjuiciar supone valorar la prueba practicada en un juicio para identificar unos hechos a los cuales se les anuda una determinada consecuencia jurídica prevista en la ley. En tal sentido, cuando en ese silogismo judicial se introduce un prejuicio de género, se distorsiona la valoración de la prueba, se yerra en la identificación de los hechos y se tuerce la recta aplicación de las normas jurídicas.
Correcting model biases of CO in East Asia: impact on oxidant distributions during KORUS-AQ
Authors: Gaubert Benjamin , Emmons Louisa K. , Raeder Kevin , Tilmes Simone , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Arellano Jr. Avelino F. , Elguindi Nellie , Granier Claire , Tang Wenfu , Barré Jérôme , Worden Helen M. , Buchholz Rebecca R. , Edwards David P. , Franke Philipp , Anderson Jeffrey L. , Saunois Marielle , Schroeder Jason , Woo Jung-Hun , Simpson Isobel J. , Blake Donald R. , Meinardi Simone , Wennberg Paul O. , Crounse John , Teng Alex , Kim Michelle , Dickerson Russell R. , He Hao , Ren Xinrong , Pusede Sally E. , Diskin Glenn S.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Global coupled chemistry–climate models underestimate carbon
monoxide (CO) in the Northern Hemisphere, exhibiting a pervasive negative
bias against measurements peaking in late winter and early spring. While
this bias has been commonly attributed to underestimation of direct
anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, chemical production and loss
via OH reaction from emissions of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an
important role. Here we investigate the reasons for this underestimation
using aircraft measurements taken in May and June 2016 from the Korea–United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) experiment in South Korea and the Air
Chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) in the North China Plain (NCP). For
reference, multispectral CO retrievals (V8J) from the Measurements of
Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) are jointly assimilated with
meteorological observations using an ensemble adjustment Kalman filter
(EAKF) within the global Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry
(CAM-Chem) and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART). With regard to KORUS-AQ data, CO is underestimated by 42 % in the control run and by 12 % with the MOPITT assimilation run. The inversion suggests an
underestimation of anthropogenic CO sources in many regions, by up to 80 % for northern China, with large increments over the Liaoning Province
and the North China Plain (NCP). Yet, an often-overlooked aspect of these
inversions is that correcting the underestimation in anthropogenic CO
emissions also improves the comparison with observational O3 datasets
and observationally constrained box model simulations of OH and HO2.
Running a CAM-Chem simulation with the updated emissions of anthropogenic CO reduces the bias by 29 % for CO, 18 % for ozone, 11 % for HO2, and 27 % for OH. Longer-lived anthropogenic VOCs whose model errors are correlated with CO are also improved, while short-lived VOCs, including formaldehyde, are difficult to constrain solely by assimilating satellite retrievals of CO. During an anticyclonic episode, better simulation of O3, with an average underestimation of 5.5 ppbv, and a reduction in the bias of surface formaldehyde and oxygenated VOCs can be achieved by
separately increasing by a factor of 2 the modeled biogenic emissions for
the plant functional types found in Korea. Results also suggest that
controlling VOC and CO emissions, in addition to widespread NOx controls,
can improve ozone pollution over East Asia.
Hectometric-scale simulations of a Mediterranean heavy-precipitation event during the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) first Special Observation Period (SOP1)
Authors: Nuissier Olivier , Duffourg Fanny , Martinet Maxime , Ducrocq Véronique , Lac Christine
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Offshore convection occurred over the Mediterranean sea on 26 October 2012 and was well documented during the first Special Observation Period (SOP1) of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX). This paper analyses the triggering and organizing factors involved in this convection case study, and examines how they are simulated and represented at hectometric resolutions. For that purpose, a large-eddy simulation (LES) of this real case study is carried out with a 150 m horizontal resolution over a large domain encompassing the convective systems and the low-level flow feeding convection over the sea. This LES is then compared to a reference simulation performed with a 450 m grid spacing in the heart of the so-called “grey zone” of turbulence modelling. An increase in horizontal resolution from 450 down to 150 m is unable, for this case study, to reduce significantly deficiencies of the simulation; this is more related to an issue of initial and lateral boundary conditions. Indeed, some of the triggering factors, such as a converging low-level flow driven by a surface low-pressure system, are simulated quite similarly for both simulations. However, differences for other mechanisms still exist since greater surface precipitation amounts are simulated at 450 m. It is found that the entrainment process, characterized by small eddies at the cloud edges, is strongly underestimated at 450 m horizontal resolution, missing the mixing with the environmental air. Therefore, too rapid a development of deep convection is simulated at this horizontal resolution, associated with fast-track microphysical processes and enhanced dynamics. By contrast, at 150 m horizontal resolution, the updraught cores are mainly resolved, as are the subsiding shell, while subgrid eddies, produced by dynamical processes, are localized at the cloud interior edges, better representing the entrainment process. Furthermore, this first LES of a real Mediterranean precipitating case study highlights a convective organization with very fine-scale features within the converging low-level flow, features that are definitively out of range of models with kilometric horizontal resolutions.
Monsoonal forcing of cold-water coral growth off southeastern Brazil during the past 160 kyr
Authors: Bahr André , Doubrawa Monika , Titschack Jürgen , Austermann Gregor , Koutsodendris Andreas , Nürnberg Dirk , Albuquerque Ana Luiza , Friedrich Oliver , Raddatz Jacek
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Cold-water corals (CWCs) constitute important deep-water ecosystems
that are under increasing environmental pressure due to ocean acidification
and global warming. The sensitivity of these deep-water ecosystems to
environmental change is demonstrated by abundant paleorecords drilled
through CWC mounds that reveal characteristic alterations between rapid
formation and dormant or erosive phases. Previous studies have identified
several central parameters for driving or inhibiting CWC growth such as food
supply, oxygenation, and the carbon saturation state of bottom water, yet
there are still large uncertainties about the relative importance of the
different environmental parameters. To advance this debate we have performed
a multiproxy study on a sediment core retrieved from the 25 m high Bowie
Mound, located at 866 m water depth on the continental slope off
southeastern Brazil, a structure built up mainly by the CWC Solenosmilia variabilis. Our results
indicate a multifactorial control on CWC growth at Bowie Mound during the
past ∼ 160 kyr, which reveals distinct formation pulses
during northern high-latitude glacial cold events (Heinrich stadials, HSs)
largely associated with anomalously strong monsoonal rainfall over the
continent. The ensuing enhanced runoff elevated the terrigenous nutrient
and organic-matter supply to the continental margin and likely boosted
marine productivity. The dispersal of food particles towards the CWC
colonies during HSs was facilitated by the highly dynamic hydraulic
conditions along the continental slope that prevailed throughout glacial
periods. These conditions caused the emplacement of a pronounced nepheloid
layer above Bowie Mound, thereby aiding the concentration and along-slope
dispersal of organic matter. Our study thus emphasizes the impact of
continental climate variability on a highly vulnerable deep-marine
ecosystem.
Large and irreversible future decline of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Gregory Jonathan M. , George Steven E. , Smith Robin S.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We have studied the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet
under a range of constant
climates typical of those projected for the end of the present century
using a dynamical ice sheet model (Glimmer) coupled to
an atmosphere general circulation model (FAMOUS–ice AGCM).
The ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB) is simulated within the AGCM
by a multilayer snow scheme from snowfall and surface energy fluxes,
including refreezing and dependence on altitude within AGCM grid boxes.
Over millennia under any warmer climate, the ice sheet
reaches a new steady state, whose
mass is correlated with the magnitude of global climate change imposed.
If a climate that gives the recently observed SMB were maintained,
global-mean sea level rise (GMSLR) would reach 0.5–2.5 m.
For any global warming exceeding 3 K, the contribution to GMSLR exceeds 5 m.
For the largest global warming considered (about +5 K), the rate of GMSLR
is initially 2.7 mm yr−1, and eventually only a small ice cap
endures, resulting in over 7 m of GMSLR.
Our analysis gives a qualitatively different impression from previous work
in that we do not find
a sharp threshold warming that divides scenarios in
which the ice sheet suffers little reduction
from those in which it is mostly lost.
The final steady state is achieved by withdrawal from the coast in some places
and a tendency for increasing SMB due to enhancement of
cloudiness and snowfall over the remaining ice sheet by the effects
of topographic change on atmospheric circulation,
outweighing the tendency for decreasing SMB from the reduction
in surface altitude.
If late 20th-century climate is restored
after the ice sheet mass has fallen below
a threshold of about 4 m of sea level equivalent,
it will not regrow to its present extent
because the snowfall in the northern part of the island is reduced
once the ice sheet retreats from there.
In that case, about 2 m of GMSLR would become irreversible.
In order to avoid this outcome, anthropogenic climate change must be
reversed before the ice sheet has declined to the threshold mass,
which would be reached in about 600 years at the highest rate of
mass loss within the likely range of the
Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Behavior of Saline Ice under Cyclic Flexural Loading
Authors: Murdza Andrii , Schulson Erland M. , Renshaw Carl E.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. New systematic experiments reveal that the flexural strength of saline S2 columnar-grained ice loaded normal to the columns can be increased upon cyclic loading by about a factor of 1.5. The experiments were conducted using reversed cyclic loading over ranges of frequencies from 0.1 to 0.6 Hz and at a temperature of −10 ºC on saline ice of two salinities: 3.0±0.9 and 5.9±0.6 ‰. Acoustic emission hit rate during cycling increases with an increase of stress amplitude of cycling. Flexural strength of saline ice of 3.0±0.9 ‰ salinity appears to increase linearly with increasing stress amplitude, similar to the behavior of laboratory-grown freshwater ice (Murdza et al., 2020c) and to the behavior of lake ice (Murdza et al., 2020a). The flexural strength of saline ice of 5.9±0.6 ‰ depends on the vertical location of the sample within the thickness of an ice puck; i.e., the strength of the upper layers, which have a lower brine content, was found to be as high as three times that of lower layers. Flexural strength is governed by tensile strength which appears to be controlled by crack nucleation. Cyclic strengthening is attributed to the development of an internal back stress that opposes the applied stress and originates possibly from dislocation pileups. The fatigue life of saline ice is erratic.
Culture by design
Authors: Hasselbalch Gry
Published: December 2020

This article investigates a moment of the big data age in which artificial intelligence became a fixed point of global negotiations between different interests in data. In particular, it traces and explicates cultural positioning as an interest in the artificial intelligence momentum with an investigation of the unfolding of a European AI policy agenda on trustworthy AI in the period 2018–2019.
Treatment of instability with scapular notching and glenoid component loosing by partial mixed different implant revision
Authors: Chung Young Woo , Shin Woo Jin , An Ki Yong
Published: December 2020

In general, reverse shoulder arthroplasty revision is performed using the same implant for both the humerus and glenoid components. However, the authors of the present case used different implants from what was used previously for treating instability with scapular notching and glenoid aseptic loosening and report the case.
Can manipulation under anesthesia alone provide clinical outcomes similar to arthroscopic circumferential capsular release in primary frozen shoulder (FS)?: the necessity of arthroscopic capsular release in primary FS
Authors: Lee Seung-Jin , Jang Jun-Hyuk , Hyun Yoon-Suk
Published: December 2020

Background: We evaluated the need for arthroscopic capsular release (ACR) in refractory primary frozen shoulder (FS) by comparing clinical outcomes of patients treated with ACR and manipulation under anesthesia (MUA). Methods: We assessed patients with refractory primary FS, 54 patients (group A) who were treated with MUA and 22 patients (group B) who were treated with ACR. In group A, manipulation including a backside arm-curl maneuver was performed under interscalene brachial block. In group B, manipulation was performed only to release the inferior capsule before arthroscopic circumferential capsular release, which was carried out for the unreleased capsule after manipulation. Pain, range of shoulder motion, and American Shoulder and Elbow Society score were recorded at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. We compared outcome variables between treatment groups and between diabetics and non-diabetics and also evaluated the numbers of patients receiving additional intra-articular steroid injection.Results: Outcome variables at 3 months after surgery and improvements in outcome variables did not differ between groups. Group A showed significantly better results than group B in the evaluation of pain and range of motion at 1 week. Diabetics showed comparable outcomes to non-diabetics for most variables. Eleven patients required additional steroid injections between 8 to 16 weeks after surgery: 12.2% in group A, 18.2% in group B. Additional injections were given three times more often in diabetics compared to non-diabetics.Conclusions: MUA alone can yield similar clinical outcomes to ACR in refractory FS.
Peri-anchor cyst formation after arthroscopic bankart repair: comparison between biocomposite suture anchor and all-suture anchor
Authors: Jin Seokhwan , Chun Yong-Min
Published: December 2020

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical outcomes and radiological findings of cyst formation in the glenoid around suture anchors after arthroscopic Bankart repair with either biocomposite suture anchor or all-suture anchor in traumatic anterior shoulder instability. We hypothesized that there would be no significant difference in clinical and radiological outcomes between the two suture materials.Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 162 patients (69 in group A, biocomposite anchor; 93 in group B, all-suture anchor) who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair of traumatic recurrent anterior shoulder instability with less than 20% glenoid defect on preoperative en-face view three-dimensional computed tomography. Patient assignment was not randomized. Results: At final follow-up, the mean subjective shoulder value, Rowe score, and University of California, Los Angeles shoulder score improved significantly in both groups. However, there were no significant differences in functional shoulder scores and recurrence rate (6%, 4/69 in group A; 5%, 5/93 in group B) between the two groups. On follow-up magnetic resonance arthrography/computed tomography arthrography, the incidence of peri-anchor cyst formation was 5.7% (4/69) in group A and 3.2% (3/93) in group B, which was not a significant difference. Conclusions: Considering the low incidence of peri-anchor cyst formation in the glenoid after Bankart repair with one of two anchor systems and the lack of association with recurrence instability, biocomposite and all-suture anchors in Bankart repair yield satisfactory outcomes with no significant difference.
On the Classification of Colored Textures From a Texture-Ranking Experiment: Observers Ability of Discrimination Quantification
Authors: Sawadogo Amadou , Lafon Dominique , Dossou-Gbété Simplice
Published: December 2020

This paper is devoted to the construction of Fechnerian scales on a physical dimension of investigated colored textures. For this purpose, we considered the extension of the Mallows-Bradley-Terry model for the analysis of the data collected from a contrast-sorting experiment. A likelihood ratio test procedure was proposed in order to choose between the two following hypotheses: discrimination and non-discrimination between the investigated stimuli. In addition, post-hoc analyzes allowed us to find out which of the stimuli differ from the others. Our findings indicate that the subjective attribute of visual contrast appears to be a psycho physical scale that maps to the physical scale corresponding to the Michelson contrast. Mainly, the estimates of the model index of discrimination parameter of the stimuli show that the ability of the observers to discriminate between the textures according to the visual contrast varies with respect to the color ranges and the textures types. According to the luminance contrasts ability of discrimination, the Isotropic texture type is the best, followed by the Random-dots texture type, then by the Horizontal grating type and the Vertical grating type is the least. The Fechnerian scales on the physical dimension of the Michelson contrast of the colored textures depend on the chromaticness of the colored textures phases and the texture types. The psycho physical method of identification would be the best when determining the related thresholds.
Determinants of Livelihood Strategies Among Rubber Smallholders: Case Study in Kedah Malaysia
Authors: Zulhaid Nur Hikmah , Kamaruddin Roslina , Ahmad Siti Aznor
Published: December 2020

This study analyzes the determinants of alternative strategies undertaken by rubber smallholders in the state of Kedah. This study used primary data obtained through a survey of 343 smallholders using structured questionnaires in four districts. The information collected covers the demographic profiles and components of livelihood assets. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Chi-Square descriptive tests while inferential statistics were analyzed using Multinomial logit to identify determinants of strategy selection. The results showed that a majority of 44.9 percent of rubber smallholders opted for rubber and other agricultural activities while only 9.6 percent choose to use a combination of rubber and non-agricultural activities as their alternative strategies. The size of family dependence, duration of experience in agriculture, household income, technology, land size, assistance sources, gender, information sources, involvement in social associations and societies and money savings are all factors that contribute to the selection of smallholder alternative strategies. It is hoped that the government can focus on smallholder awareness measures in an effort to increase their involvement in alternative activities. Agricultural and non-agricultural activities are seen to improve the adaptive capacity of smallholders and thus increase their income.
The Republican Schoolmaster and the Problem of Religion in America
Authors: De Maio Gerald ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

There is a view that the U.S. Supreme Court has acted as a “republican schoolmaster,” defining and educating the public on the permissible interaction between government and religion. The Court gave government, especially state governments, considerable latitude until incorporation of the religion clauses in the 1940s. In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), the Court articulated a rigid conception of church and state which set precedents for decades. Those precedents restricted accommodation to religion by government, based on an incomplete reading of the Founding debates on religion. It has been gradually corrected since Justice William Rehnquist’s dissent in Wallace v. Jaffree (1985). The implications of the separationist interpretation have had consequences that remain. The most obvious being forestalling experimentation with school choice for non-public school students and precluding the use of public facilities for religious groups until a series of corrective rulings beginning, for the most part, in the 1990s. The republican schoolmaster is now accountable for the intellectual lineage it uses.
The First Freedom
Authors: Clough William R. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

The Founders of the United States had waged a war in the name of liberty. Yet shortly after independence they discovered, with the Articles of Confederation, that liberty did not make for a durable Republic. So they crafted the United States Constitution to form a more perfect union. Well aware of how flawed human nature is, they created a strong republican government with three co-equal branches overseeing a union of states, each ruled by laws passed, executed, and judged by their democratically elected representatives. Religious freedom was a particularly thorny issue; institutions of religion are where people exercise freedom of conscience. Religions form powerful interest groups, motivated by high ideals, but are corruptible, sometimes unrealistic, and often inflexible as to how their ideals are to be lived out in society. America’s Founders followed the hard road of refraining from either endorsing or restricting any establishment of religion, but submitting religious individuals to the rule of law. The courts have had to sort out how those ideals are to be applied in actual cases ever since.
Family, Religion and the American Republic
Authors: Schansberg D. Eric ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

Indications are that the success of the American experiment is fading. Perceived declines in family and religion are of particular concern as key aspects of civil society. But family and religion are difficult to measure, and it is challenging to have clarity about our own times and the past. The 1950s are commonly seen as the end of a long run of success for religion and family in America. Yet marriage and family have consistently gone through cycles of growth and decline. Thus, post-World War II religion was more “civil religion” than Christianity. To gain perspective on the past and envision the future, this essay revisits two classic books: Carle Zimmerman’s 1947 study of the family and Will Herberg’s 1955 study of religion. Zimmerman describes a decline in family structure that seems to fit the last 50 years. But other literature indicates that we may be at the trough of a cycle in family structure. How much does family structure matter to society, and what is the future of the family in America? Herberg describes religion as largely a way of “belonging”--more cultural than religious. How do cultural and “religious” dimensions contribute to the health of a society? Without vibrant religious faith and strong families, can we keep the republic?
“Useless Class” or Uniquely Human?
Authors: Topf Daniel ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

This essay explores recent developments surrounding the Fourth Industrial Revolution, particularly as they relate to the challenge of technological unemployment. In an age of advanced robotics and artificial intelligence (Al), so warns the philosopher-historian Yuval Noah Harari, ordinary people may become unemployable, unable to contribute to society, and therefore be declared a “useless class.” In contrast to such a dystopian view, futurists like Ray Kurzweil and Nick Bostrom envision a digital utopia, while more realistic optimists emphasize that Al will ultimately create more jobs than it destroys. As an alternative to these perspectives, this essay proposes a Judeo- Christian approach that, independently of traditional frameworks of paid work, affirms the unique value and dignity of all human beings by highlighting the theological significance of human creativity, the balance between work and play, love as an overarching framework for life, and the role of human beings as ethical decision-makers.
The Virtues of Leonhard Euler
Authors: Lundberg Bruce N. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

This essay explores ethical foundations for meeting the digital challenge via a case study of the work, life, and virtues of the greatest mathematician and natural scientist of the eighteenth century, Leonhard Euler. By biography and history one can learn of the gifts of human strength, practices, good will, dependence on others, and friendships which made possible Euler’s own astonishing corpus of work and that of many other scientists, mathematicians, engineers, and technologists. Digital technology results from a combination of science (demonstrable knowledge and method), technology, engineering, and art (forms and artifacts of making and expressing), and mathematics (abstract numerical, algebraic, geometrical, formal, and digital concepts, rules, representations, and logics). Joint reflection on the biographical, historical, and natural sources of mathematics and the digital is essential for any humanization or ascesis in response to the perils and promises of digital technology for human thriving. As ethics enable and embody an ethos, so technologies are means and manifestations of a telos. Thus, thought and action for thriving through the digital needs to contemplate and conciliate the ends of humans and of the digital.
The Challenges of Digital Technologies for Nigeria
Authors: Yina Martin N. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

The world is saturated with information and communication technologies that have changed the way people work and connect to one another. These technologies play a great role in people’s interactions, their pursuit of education, and certain careers in life. For some scholars in the developed world, the era of the digital revolution is over; it is now the post-digital era. However, fora developing country like Nigeria, though digitalization is seen as a necessity, there are still many challenges hindering its progress. Digital technologies are perceived as a double-edged sword with positive and negative impacts. Apart from the digital divide, some of these technologies have been abused or misused. Hence, part of the humanization process for Nigeria with its complex historical-cultural context would entail addressing the challenges surrounding these technologies, aspiring to reduce their capacity to dehumanize. More people need to have access to and be educated on how to better understand and wisely use such technologies. The process of dealing with these challenges must involve the partnership and collaboration of government agencies, academia, and civil societies.
Comparison of microwave and conventional extraction methods for natural dyes in wood waste of mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)
Authors: Gala Selfina , Sumarno Sumarno , Mahfud Mahfud
Published: December 2020

Natural dyes from mahogany are usually obtained by conventional extraction. This extraction process requires a large solvent, a long duration of the process so that the energy requirements are also higher. Therefore, the use of "green techniques" to extract natural dyes with a minimum of energy and solvent should be considered. One extraction method that has been developed is the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. In this work, the effects of microwave power, material to solvent ratio, and the heating time on the extraction results and the pigment components of the extract were examined. A comparison of the time required for reflux extraction and Soxhlet was also made. In microwave extraction, the highest yield was obtained at optimum extraction conditions such as microwave power of 600 W, the ratio of material to solvent of 0.02 g/mL, extraction time of 30 min. While for reflux and Soxhlet extraction, the extraction time needed to obtain optimum yield was 120 min and 720 min, respectively. Identification of compound components by the phytochemical test. Descriptions of the effects of microwave and conventional extraction are shown by damage to the surface structure of solid materials using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
The European Union and EUFOR Althea's contribution to a dysfunctional peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bureaucratic politics, emergent strategy?
Authors: Sweeney Simon
Published: December 2020

This article assesses the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) in the Western Balkans, with a focus on EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Althea is a military operation that conducts mainly civilian functions as well as the training of the Bah Armed Forces; its 'civilianisation' is symptomatic of CSDP's orientation as a mainly civilian crisis management instrument. Althea works within the framework of the Union's 'comprehensive approach' to regional development and the accession process of the Western Balkans to the EU. I argue that the mission displays the bureaucratic modus operandi of CSDP and not a Grand Strategy approach. Nevertheless, CSDP's incremental, lowest-common-denominator, low cost, low risk bureaucratic politics have enabled a form of emergent strategy that complements the Union's multi-instrument and comprehensive approach to development throughout the Western Balkans. I further suggest that the EU Global Strategy (EUGS) and the newly activated Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) provides opportunities for EU member states to build on low key emergent strategy to ensure that CSDP develops the substance and actor ness needed to address current threats.
El silencio administrativo y el delito de prevaricación administrativa
Authors: Guerra Tschuschke Alberto
Published: December 2020

El autor trata de poner en relación una institución básica del Derecho Administrativo, como es el silencio administrativo y sus diferentes efectos jurídicos (producción de verdaderos actos presuntos o mera fictio iuris) con algunos elementos del tipo penal de prevaricación administrativa del artículo 404 del Código Penal español. El contraste es notable, pues el silencio administrativo ha sido técnicamente perfilado a lo largo de décadas de análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial, mientras que algunos elementos del tipo delictivo permanecen sin refinar, pues hasta muy recientes fechas su aplicación se ha reservado para supuestos muy ostensibles.

The author tries to relate a basic institution of administrative law, such as administrative silence and its different legal effects (production of alleged acts or mere fictio iuris) with some elements of the criminal type of administrative prevarication of article 404 of the Spanish Criminal Code. The contrast is remarkable, since the administrative silence has been technically outlined over decades of doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis, while some elements of the criminal type remain unrefined, because until very recently its application has been reserved for very ostensible assumptions.
The Law of International Organisations: “Internal” or “International”? A Critical Analysis of the Relevant Practice of the United Nations Codification Organs
Authors: Mejía-Lemos Diego
Published: December 2020

The main claims of this paper are that the law of international organisations is internal in nature and that, in this regard, the use of “rules of the organisation” instead of “internal law of the international organisation” by United Nations codification organs does not address the problems that the latter apparently raises and is not based on solid grounds. In particular, the characterisation of the law of international organisations as “internal” is a corollary of international organisations’ legal personality under international law, without prejudice to the international nature of some of the instruments which contain “rules of the organisation”. Indeed, the law of international organisations is “internal law”, for it applies only to member states qua members, autonomously from the application of “international law”, which applies to them qua states parties to a treaty or bound by a custom or principle. Lastly, the characterisation of the law of an international organisation, including its “rules”, as “internal law” has practical legal consequences, for, as “internal law”, no rule of the organisation can be considered as a special rule of international law derogating from the law of treaties or the law of international responsibility.
Discurso jurídico en debate: reparto y posibles cambios de sentido en el concepto de “ciudadanía”
Authors: Lell Helga María
Published: December 2020

La propuesta de este artículo es traer acolación algunas reflexiones en torno a si es recomendable, en términos deaumento o de retracción de los procesos de democratización, la inclusión de losextranjeros que cumplan ciertas condiciones, en los padrones de electores“nacionales”, esto es, entre los considerados ciudadanos políticamente activos.Enparticular, se pretende repensar cómo la presencia de los extranjeros en undeterminado territorio estatal (comúnmente vinculado con la idea del espaciopropio de lo “nacional”) acciona mecanismos sociales de inclusión y deexclusión que son acompañados y respaldados por el discurso jurídico.
Common Fixed Point Theorems for Commuting Self Maps in Banach Spaces via a Measure of Non-compactness
Authors: Frimpong K. Piesie
Published: December 2020

This paper provides common fixed point theorems for a commuting family of self mappings in Banach spaces via a measure of non-compactness. The choice of a commuting family of self maps provides a result that is unique in its own right, generalize Darbos fixed point theorem and specifically extend and improve the work of Meryeme El Harrak and Ahmed Hajji.
Potential Applications of Cereals and Yams as Functional Foods to Reduce the Risk of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases
Authors: Chiranthika N. N. G. , Gunathilake K. D. P. P. , Chandrasekara Ananda
Published: December 2020

The chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) are increasing throughout the populations and the burden of diseases is rising globally. Epidemiological evidences supports claim that intake of   foods with certain health benefits and reducing the risk of NCDs are having positive correlation, therefore, a rise in demand for foods including phytochemicals can be observed. Cereals  and   yams are known to be rich sources of phytochemicals which can be utilized to produce functional food products having the potential of reducing the risk of chronic NCDs such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and certain types of cancers. In   this review, the potentials of various cereals and yams that are being used as functional food products for human consumption to reduce the risk of NCD are being examined. The study further included a review on different phytochemicals in cereals and yams based functional food products and their bioactivity, potential of microencapsulation, cereal by products, influence of starch modification on functional food products, and capability of utilizing cereal by products in functional food industry.
In vitro Anticoagulant Effect of Grape Seed Extract (Vitis vinifera) on Human Normal Blood Sample
Authors: Hassan Somia Attaelseed , Abdelaziz Zeinab Sayed , Elbasheir Mohammed Mobarak , Elradi Wala Eldin Osma , Allah Elharam Ibrahim Abd , Elmahi Aadil Yousif
Published: December 2020

Background: Scientists have used herbs nowadays for curing many diseases because they are safer and to overcome the side effect of the chemical drugs. Grape is one of the ancient herbs that used for diseases of the heart and blood vessels, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, skin care and many other conditions. Grape seeds have significantly higher concentrations of polyphenols which has anticoagulant and antithrombotic effect.

Materials and Methods: In this study 20 normal blood samples from healthy individuals with age range (19-38) years were enrolled in this study]. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests were performed before adding grape seed extraction (GSE) (as control) and after adding GSE with different concentrations (25%, 50% and 75%).

Results: The results revealed that grape seed extract has an anticoagulant effect as proven by the increase of Prothrombin time and Activated partial thromboplastin time results of the blood samples in different concentrations of the extract. The GSE showed a high statistical significant (P= 0.000) in all concentrations of both PT and APTT tests.

Conclusion: This study suggests that GSE has a strong anticoagulant effect; so it can potentially be used as a supplementary anticoagulant agent to prevent thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases.
Double Charge Polarity Switching in Sb‐Doped SnSe with Switchable Substitution Sites
Authors: Yamamoto Chihiro , He Xinyi , Katase Takayoshi , Ide Keisuke , Goto Yosuke , Mizuguchi Yoshikazu , Samizo Akane , Minohara Makoto , Ueda Shigenori , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Hosono Hideo , Kamiya Toshio
Published: December 2020

Tin mono‐selenide (SnSe) is one of the most promising thermoelectric materials; however, it experiences difficulty in controlling the carrier polarity, which is inevitable for realizing p‐n homojunction devices. Herein, double switching of charge polarity in (Sn1−xSbx)Se by varying x is reported; pure SnSe shows p‐type conduction, whereas the polarity of (Sn1−xSbx)Se switches to n‐type conduction for 0.005 < x < 0.05, and then re‐switches to p‐type conduction for x > 0.05. The major Sb substitution site switches from the Se (SbSe) to Sn site (SbSn) with increasing x. SbSn (Sb3+ at Sn2+) works as a donor, but SbSe (Sb3− at Se2−) does not produce a hole because of the Sb–Sb dimer formation. The mechanism of double polarity switching is explained by native p‐type conduction in pure SnSe due to Sn‐vacancy formation, whereas (Sn1−xSbx)Se exhibits n‐type behavior due to conduction through the SbSe impurity band formed above the valence band maximum, and finally re‐switches to weak p‐type, where the Fermi level approaches the midgap level between the SbSe band and conduction band minimum. Clarification of the Sb doping mechanism will provide a crucial guide for developing more sophisticated doping routes for SnSe and high‐performance energy‐related devices.