bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constitutive expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member A1 in murine endothelial cells leads to transplant tolerance
Authors: Smyth L A , Meader L , Xiao F , Woodward M , Brady H J M , Lechler R , Lombardi G
Published: January 2017

Anti-apoptotic genes, including those of the Bcl-2 family, have been shown to have dual functionality inasmuch as they inhibit cell death but also regulate inflammation. Several anti-apoptotic molecules have been associated with endothelial cell (EC) survival following transplantation; however, their exact role has yet to be elucidated in respect to controlling inflammation. In this study we created mice expressing murine A1 (Bfl-1), a Bcl-2 family member, under the control of the human intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2) promoter. Constitutive expression of A1 in murine vascular ECs conferred protection from cell death induced by the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Importantly, in a mouse model of heart allograft transplantation, expression of A1 in vascular endothelium increased survival in the absence of CD8+ T cells. Better graft outcome in mice receiving an A1 transgenic heart correlated with a reduced immune infiltration, which may be related to increased EC survival and reduced expression of adhesion molecules on ECs. In conclusion, constitutive expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bfl1 (A1) in murine vascular ECs leads to prolonged allograft survival due to modifying inflammation.
Detection of local inflammation induced by repeated exposure to contact allergens by use of IVIS SpectrumCT analyses
Authors: Nielsen Morten M. , Schmidt Jonas D. , Christensen Jan P. , Geisler Carsten , Johansen Jeanne D. , Bonefeld Charlotte M.
Published: January 2017

Background

Contact allergy is characterized by local skin inflammation that, in some cases, can result in systemic immune activation.

Objectives

To investigate whether IVIS SpectrumCT analyses can be used to detect the immune response induced by contact allergens.

Methods

Mice were repeatedly exposed to vehicle or allergens on the ears. The local and systemic responses were analysed at different times with the ProSense 750 FAST probe in IVIS SpectrumCT measurements. In addition, changes in ear thickness, cytokine profile in the skin and immunological phenotype in the draining lymph nodes and spleen were determined.

Results

Local inflammation was detected by ProSense 750 FAST and correlated with changes in ear thickness, cytokine profile and immunological phenotype following exposure to the strong contact allergen 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene. Analysis of the systemic response with ProSense 750 FAST did not show any difference between allergen‐exposed and control mice, although fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis of the spleen showed increased numbers of γδ T cells and CD11b+CD11c+MHCII+ cells in allergen‐treated mice.

Conclusions

IVIS SpectrumCT analyses with ProSense 750 FAST as the probe can be used to detect local immune responses induced by contact allergens.
Psychosocial function in the first year after childhood stroke
Authors: Greenham Mardee , Anderson Vicki , Hearps Stephen , Ditchfield Michael , Coleman Lee , Mackay Mark T , Monagle Paul , Gordon Anne L
Published: January 2017

Aim

Childhood stroke disrupts brain development and emerging neural networks. Motor, cognitive, and language deficits are well recognized, yet little is known about psychosocial function after childhood stroke. This study aims to describe psychosocial function within the first year after childhood stroke, and to identify factors associated with outcome.

Method

Thirty‐seven children were involved in a prospective, longitudinal study investigating recovery over the first year after childhood stroke. Children's social functioning was assessed at 6‐months and 12‐months poststroke and psychological function at 12‐months poststroke, using standardized measures.

Results

Mean social function was poorer at both 6‐months and 12‐months poststroke, compared to prestroke. Psychological problems were more common than expected, with emotional difficulties and hyperactivity–inattention most significantly affected. Poorer social function was associated with older age at onset, acute neurological impairment, and prestroke social impairment. Social and psychological problems were associated with parent mental health.

Interpretation

While not all children are affected, psychosocial impairment affects a significant minority after childhood stroke. Older age at onset, acute neurological impairment, prestroke social problems, and poorer parent mental health were associated with deficits. Identifying early predictors of poorer outcome will facilitate early intervention. Of particular importance is parent mental health, suggesting support for families may improve child outcome.
Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study–Renal (CANVAS‐R): A randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Neal Bruce , Perkovic Vlado , Matthews David R. , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Fulcher Greg , Meininger Gary , Erondu Ngozi , Desai Mehul , Shaw Wayne , Vercruysse Frank , Yee Jacqueline , Deng Hsiaowei , de Zeeuw Dick ,   on behalf of the CANVAS‐R Trial Collaborative Group
Published: January 2017

Aims

The primary aim of the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study‐Renal (CANVAS‐R) is to determine whether the favourable effects of inhibition of the sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) on blood glucose, blood pressure and body weight are accompanied by protection against adverse renal outcomes.

Materials and methods

CANVAS‐R is a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes with a history or high risk of cardiovascular events. Patients were randomly assigned to once‐daily placebo or canagliflozin 100 mg (with optional uptitration to 300 mg) for a planned average of 2.5 years of follow‐up. The primary outcome is kidney disease progression, defined by class change in albuminuria. The two secondary outcomes are the composite of hospitalized heart failure or cardiovascular death, and cardiovascular death alone. Effects on end‐stage renal disease and a range of other outcomes will also be explored.

Results

A total of 5812 participants were recruited at 422 sites in 24 countries between January 2014 and May 2015. The mean baseline age was 64 years, mean duration of diabetes was 14 years, mean glycated haemoglobin level was 8.3% and mean body mass index was 32 kg/m2. Of these participants, 37% were women, 71% had a history of cardiovascular disease, 22.3% had microalbuminuria and 8.7% had macroalbuminuria. The mean baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 76 mL/min/1.73 m2. The study will have at least 90% power (
P
= .05) to detect a 22% or greater reduction in the risk of progression of albuminuria.

Conclusions

The trial should define the potential renoprotective effect of canagliflozin and will provide additional important new data about its effects on vascular outcomes, death and kidney failure.
Ignoring the elephant in the room? Assessing the impact of the European Union on the Development Assistance Committee's role in international development
Authors: Verschaeve Joren , Orbie Jan
Published: January 2017

This article studies the impact of the European Union (EU) on the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD). While the literature thus far has focused on the external challenges for the DAC's role in international development, this study argues that the EU should be taken into account as well. By focusing on the cases of policy coherence for development and the concessionality of official development assistance (ODA) loans, we show that the EU poses a structural challenge for the DAC's role in international development given the strong overlap in membership between both institutions and the Union's changing nature as a development actor.
Growth potential and habitat requirements of endangered age‐0 pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the Missouri River, USA, determined using a individual‐based model framework
Authors: Deslauriers David , Heironimus Laura B. , Rapp Tobias , Graeb Brian D. S. , Klumb Robert A. , Chipps Steven R.
Published: January 2017

An individual‐based model framework was used to evaluate growth potential of the federally endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the Missouri River. The model, developed for age‐0 sturgeon, combines information on functional feeding response, bioenergetics and swimming ability to regulate consumption and growth within a virtual foraging arena. Empirical data on water temperature, water velocity and prey density were obtained from three sites in the Missouri River and used as inputs in the model to evaluate hypotheses concerning factors affecting pallid sturgeon growth. The model was also used to evaluate the impacts of environmental heterogeneity and water velocity on individual growth variability, foraging success and dispersal ability. Growth was simulated for a period of 100 days using 100 individuals (first feeding; 19 mm and 0.035 g) per scenario. Higher growth was shown to occur at sites where high densities of Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae larvae occurred throughout the growing season. Highly heterogeneous habitats (i.e., wide range of environmental conditions) and moderate water velocities (0.3 m/s) were also found to positively affect growth rates. The model developed here provides an important management and conservation tool for evaluating growth hypotheses and(or) identifying habitats in the Missouri River that are favourable to age‐0 pallid sturgeon growth.
Impact of body‐surface area on patients’ outcome in younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Cahu Xavier , Carré Martin , Recher Christian , Pigneux Arnaud , Hunault‐Berger Mathilde , Vey Norbert , Chevallier Patrice , Delaunay Jacques , Gyan Emmanuel , Lioure Bruno , Bonmati Caroline , Himberlin Chantal , Hicheri Yosr , Guillerm Gaelle , Didier Bouscary , Larosa Fabrice , Ojeda‐Uribe Mario , Bernard Marc , Bene Marie C. , Ifrah Norbert , Cahn Jean‐Yves
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Anthracyclines and cytarabine are cornerstones for intensive chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The goals of this study were to comprehensively assess deviations from theoretical doses and the impact of body‐surface area (BSA) on patients’ characteristics, physicians’ strategy, dose adjustment, and clinical outcome.

Methods

The GOELAMS 2001 phase III trial included 823 AML patients below 60 years of age. In the course of treatment, anthropomorphic parameters and chemotherapy doses were prospectively registered.

Results

Very high BSA (≥2.15 m2) was the factor most significantly associated with the physician's decision to reduce chemotherapy doses during induction and postremission therapy. Despite similar AML characteristics and therapeutic strategies, the very high BSA group exhibited a significantly worse survival (5‐years OS of 27%) compared to the low (BSA≤1.5 m2), intermediate (1.5 m2<BSA≤2.0 m2), or high (2 m2<BSA<2.15 m2) BSA groups (46%, 47%, 56%, respectively) (P=.009). In the very high BSA group, dose capping was associated with worse overall survival, although not significantly (P=.09).

Conclusion

The presence of a very high BSA is the main reason prompting physicians to reduce chemotherapy doses in adult AML. Furthermore, these patients display a poor outcome and could benefit from full doses calculated on actual BSA.
Targeting proteasomes in infectious organisms to combat disease
Authors: Bibo‐Verdugo Betsaida , Jiang Zhenze , Caffrey Conor R. , O'Donoghue Anthony J.
Published: January 2017

Proteasomes are multisubunit, energy‐dependent, proteolytic complexes that play an essential role in intracellular protein turnover. They are present in eukaryotes, archaea, and in some actinobacteria species. Inhibition of proteasome activity has emerged as a powerful strategy for anticancer therapy and three drugs have been approved for treatment of multiple myeloma. These compounds react covalently with a threonine residue located in the active site of a proteasome subunit to block protein degradation. Proteasomes in pathogenic organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum also have a nucleophilic threonine residue in the proteasome active site and are therefore sensitive to these anticancer drugs. This review summarizes efforts to validate the proteasome in pathogenic organisms as a therapeutic target. We describe several strategies that have been used to develop inhibitors with increased potency and selectivity for the pathogen proteasome relative to the human proteasome. In addition, we highlight a cell‐based chemical screening approach that identified a potent, allosteric inhibitor of proteasomes found in Leishmania and Trypanosoma species. Finally, we discuss the development of proteasome inhibitors as anti‐infective agents.
Multi‐timescale interactions between pink and chum salmon catch per unit effort in the Bering Sea
Authors: Watanabe Kyuji
Published: January 2017

Based on generalized linear models, interspecific interactions were identified between chum and pink salmon. In addition, the effects of sea surface temperature and location on the variability of catch per unit effort (CPUE) of chum salmon from gill‐net surveys carried out between 1972 and 2010 were investigated. In the optimal model, interspecific interactions between CPUEs of chum and pink salmon on a year scale were positive for approximately half of all years in the central Bering Sea. In addition, interspecific interactions on a multi‐year scale were positive in even‐numbered years. The effects of location on the CPUE of chum salmon were significant variables in the optimal model. The CPUEs of chum salmon located near the continental shelf in the Bering Sea were higher than those of other locations. This study provides new evidence of positive interspecific interactions between the CPUEs of chum and pink salmon. The results also suggest that the standardized CPUE of chum salmon from the gill‐net surveys reflects relative chum salmon abundance in the North Pacific Ocean in the following year.
Up, up and away: bird‐mediated ectozoochorous dispersal between aquatic environments
Authors: Coughlan Neil E. , Kelly Thomas C. , Davenport John , Jansen Marcel A. K.
Published: January 2017

Aquatic birds can facilitate the dispersal of plants, animals, microbes and fungi. Here, we review existing literature on bird‐mediated external (ectozoochorous; synonyms epizoochorous, exozoochorous) dispersal to determine the importance of birds as mobile links between aquatic environments, and to evaluate ectozoochory as a mechanism of dispersal for aquatic organisms and their propagules (collectively referred to as dispersal units). Bird‐mediated ectozoochory occurs when dispersal units stick to feathers, feet and bills, become enmeshed within plumage or encapsulated within mud coating the soft parts of vector birds.

The importance of waterbird‐mediated ectozoochorous dispersal relates to the topical problems of increasing anthropogenic habitat fragmentation, climate change and the associated alterations in species distributions and biological invasions. Nevertheless, some aspects of the bird‐mediated ectozoochorous dispersal remain understudied, and poorly understood.

This review identifies two areas where further research is required. Firstly, the quantitative contribution of bird‐mediated ectozoochory to overall dispersal remains unclear. Secondly, greater consideration of all the requirements necessary for successful waterbird‐mediated ectozoochorous dispersal is needed. In particular, the impact of factors which influence attachment and detachment of dispersal units (e.g. dispersal unit densities, preening behaviour and the role of encapsulating mud) needs further examination. Moreover, few investigators have taken the step of examining viability of found dispersal units, and fewer still have examined tolerances of dispersal units to the ‘in‐flight’ conditions experienced during transport, in order to determine probability of survival of external dispersal.

Evidence presented in this review indicates that bird‐mediated ectozoochorous transport of aquatic dispersal units is a frequent process, at least at a local scale, and therefore needs to be considered in the context of connectivity and gene flow between isolated aquatic environments.
Anticipating changes to future connectivity within a network of marine protected areas
Authors: Coleman Melinda A. , Cetina‐Heredia Paulina , Roughan Moninya , Feng Ming , van Sebille Erik , Kelaher Brendan P.
Published: January 2017

Continental boundary currents are projected to be altered under future scenarios of climate change. As these currents often influence dispersal and connectivity among populations of many marine organisms, changes to boundary currents may have dramatic implications for population persistence. Networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) often aim to maintain connectivity, but anticipation of the scale and extent of climatic impacts on connectivity are required to achieve this critical conservation goal in a future of climate change. For two key marine species (kelp and sea urchins), we use oceanographic modelling to predict how continental boundary currents are likely to change connectivity among a network of MPAs spanning over 1000 km of coastline off the coast of eastern Australia. Overall change in predicted connectivity among pairs of MPAs within the network did not change significantly over and above temporal variation within climatic scenarios, highlighting the need for future studies to incorporate temporal variation in dispersal to robustly anticipate likely change. However, the intricacies of connectivity between different pairs of MPAs were noteworthy. For kelp, poleward connectivity among pairs of MPAs tended to increase in the future, whereas equatorward connectivity tended to decrease. In contrast, for sea urchins, connectivity among pairs of MPAs generally decreased in both directions. Self‐seeding within higher‐latitude MPAs tended to increase, and the role of low‐latitude MPAs as a sink for urchins changed significantly in contrasting ways. These projected changes have the potential to alter important genetic parameters with implications for adaptation and ecosystem vulnerability to climate change. Considering such changes, in the context of managing and designing MPA networks, may ensure that conservation goals are achieved into the future.
Are fish outside their usual ranges early indicators of climate‐driven range shifts?
Authors: Fogarty Hannah E. , Burrows Michael T. , Pecl Gretta T. , Robinson Lucy M. , Poloczanska Elvira S.
Published: January 2017

Shifts in species ranges are a global phenomenon, well known to occur in response to a changing climate. New species arriving in an area may become pest species, modify ecosystem structure, or represent challenges or opportunities for fisheries and recreation. Early detection of range shifts and prompt implementation of any appropriate management strategies is therefore crucial. This study investigates whether ‘first sightings’ of marine species outside their normal ranges could provide an early warning of impending climate‐driven range shifts. We examine the relationships between first sightings and marine regions defined by patterns of local climate velocities (calculated on a 50‐year timescale), while also considering the distribution of observational effort (i.e. number of sampling days recorded with biological observations in global databases). The marine trajectory regions include climate ‘source’ regions (areas lacking connections to warmer areas), ‘corridor’ regions (areas where moving isotherms converge), and ‘sink’ regions (areas where isotherms locally disappear). Additionally, we investigate the latitudinal band in which first sightings were recorded, and species’ thermal affiliations. We found that first sightings are more likely to occur in climate sink and ‘divergent’ regions (areas where many rapid and diverging climate trajectories pass through) indicating a role of temperature in driving changes in marine species distributions. The majority of our fish first sightings appear to be tropical and subtropical species moving towards high latitudes, as would be expected in climate warming. Our results indicate that first sightings are likely related to longer‐term climatic processes, and therefore have potential use to indicate likely climate‐driven range shifts. The development of an approach to detect impending range shifts at an early stage will allow resource managers and researchers to better manage opportunities resulting from range‐shifting species before they potentially colonize.
Restrictive allograft syndrome and idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis: do they really have the same histology?
Authors: Montero Maria A , Osadolor Tina , Khiroya Reena , Salcedo Maria Teresa , Robertus Jan L , Rice Alexandra , Nicholson Andrew G , Roman Antonio , Monforte Victor
Published: January 2017

Aims

Restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS) and idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (IPPFE) are two different diseases reported to share the same histology. RAS relates to chronic allograft dysfunction in lung transplantation, with IPPFE being a rare condition in native lungs. Our aim is to compare their histologies alongside biopsies of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), to determine if there are differences that might help to elucidate the pathogenesis.

Methods and results

We selected four postmortem allograft lungs from patients who developed a clear clinical RAS pattern, five biopsies diagnosed as IPPFE, five UIP biopsies and five sections of normal lung. Histopathological features were described without knowledge of clinical and radiological features. Both RAS allografts and IPPFE biopsies showed intra‐alveolar fibrosis and elastosis (IAFE), but RAS allografts also showed concomitant obliterative bronchiolitis, vascular lymphoplasmacytic inflammation within fibrointimal thickening, less fibroblastic foci (FF) at the advancing edge of the fibrosis (one against 14.4 FF in 2 mm2) and a slight reduction of the capillary network compared to UIP (P = 0.07) and controls (P = 0.06). The main differences seen in UIP were the lack of IAFE and the presence of honeycomb change.

Conclusions

RAS and PPFE histopathology both show IAFE, but display various differences, particularly in their vascular morphology that may allow further understanding of pathogenesis.
Clinicopathological analysis of 12 patients with Epstein–Barr virus‐positive primary intestinal T/natural killer‐cell lymphoma (EBV+ ITNKL)
Authors: Hu Lei‐Ming , Takata Katsuyoshi , Miyata‐Takata Tomoko , Asano Naoko , Takahashi Emiko , Furukawa Katsuya , Miyoshi Hiroaki , Satou Akira , Kohno Kei , Kosugi Hiroshi , Kinoshita Tomohiro , Hirooka Yoshiki , Goto Hidemi , Nakamura Shigeo , Kato Seiichi
Published: January 2017

Aims

Epstein–Barr virus‐positive (EBV+) intestinal T/natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma (ITNKL) is an uncommon tumour with an extremely aggressive clinical behaviour. However, the clinicopathological characteristics of this tumour, including T cell receptor (TCR) phenotype and the patient's background, remain unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the detailed clinicopathological profile of EBV+ ITNKL.

Methods and results

We enrolled 12 patients with EBV+ ITNKL without nasal involvement into the study. All patients were characterized by involvement of the small intestine with concurrent lesions of the large intestine in two patients. Seven patients (58%) had Lugano stages IIE/IV disease and eight (67%) were categorized as high–intermediate/high‐risk according to the Prognostic Index for PTCL (PIT). Three patients (25%) with an age of onset of less than 50 years had chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV). Five CD56‐positive patients (42%) had a poorer prognosis than those without CD56 expression (P = 0.008). NK cell‐type lymphoma defined by the absence of any TCR expression or clonal TCR‐γ rearrangement was found in six patients (50%). Interestingly, EBV+ intra‐epithelial lymphocytosis was observed in one case with a background of CAEBV.

Conclusions

This study is the first to shed light on the significant heterogeneity of EBV+ ITNKL and its relationship with CAEBV, especially in patients younger than 50 years of age. These observations will provide a guide for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in routine practice.
First record of microsporophyll genus Caytonanthus Thomas from Early Cretaceous beds of South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India: Its evolutionary and palaeogeographical significance
Authors: Prakash Neeru , Das Neelam
Published: January 2017

Pteridosperms (seed ferns) are an extinct group of large and diverse plants. They were dominant elements during Palaeozoic and were also an important component in the Mesozoic vegetation but declined globally in the Cretaceous time with the radiation of angiosperms. The order Caytoniales of Mesozoic pteridosperm is an extinct group of seed ferns in the vegetation. They thrived for about 100 million years from the Late Triassic to the Late Cretaceous. Although they never attained dominant status, their rare occurrence in the vegetation is quite important and fascinating. For this extinct group of seed fern, Thomas () erected a new order Caytoniales which includes three organ genera Caytonia (megasporophyll), Caytonanthus (microsporophyll) and Sagenopteris (leaves). This paper is aimed to document first record of microsporophyll genus Caytonanthus, obtained from the Lower Cretaceous beds of the South Rewa Gondwana Basin of the Indian Peninsula. Its morpho‐characters, palaeogeographic distribution, along with its plausible southern origin through ancestral group like Glossopteridales, are surmised here.
The Aptian–Cenomanian flora of the Razdolnaya coal Basin (Primorye region, Russia)
Authors: Volynets Elena , Bugdaeva Eugenia
Published: January 2017

Taxonomic composition of the Aptian‐Cenomanian flora collected from the Razdolnaya coal Basin, Primorye, is described along with a geological description of sediments containing fossil plants. This is the first report of finding the fossil angiosperms Dicotylophyllum sp. and some indeterminable platanoids in the upper part of the Lipovtsy Formation (Late Lipovtsy floral assemblage), the age of which is determined as the Aptian‐Early Albian. The deposits of the overlying Korkino Group were paleobotanically characterized for the first time.
Perch height predicts dominance rank in birds
Authors: Portugal Steven J. , Sivess Laura , Martin Graham R. , Butler Patrick J. , White Craig R.
Published: January 2017

Dominant individuals within animal groups will frequently place themselves in the most beneficial position for maximal protection against predation. Higher perches are generally associated with reduced predation risk in birds, so we predicted that dominant birds will preferentially place themselves on higher perches. We tested this by determining the dominance hierarchy in two populations of captive birds (Homing PigeonsColumba liviaand Great CormorantsPhalacrocorax carbo), and relating rank within the dominance hierarchy to observed perch height preferences. We found that perch choice was significantly repeatable in pigeons, and that more dominant individuals of both species selected higher perches. As well as facilitating early detection of and escape from potential predators, higher perches are also likely to facilitate the display of aggression to other group members.
Sleep quality and its relationship with quality of life in Iranian pregnant women
Authors: Effati‐ Daryani Fatemeh , Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi Sakineh , Shiri‐Sarand Fatemeh , Zarei Somayeh
Published: January 2017

Sleep disorders are a common problem during pregnancy and may affect quality of life. This study aimed to determine the status of sleep quality and its relationship with quality of life in Iranian pregnant women. This cross‐sectional study was conducted on 565 women recruited using 2‐stage cluster sampling methods. Data were collected using sociodemographic characteristics; quality of life; and Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire between March and May 2015. About 6% of the women had a sleep disorder. There were significant correlations between quality of life and total score of sleep quality, subdomains of habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, and daytime dysfunction. Paying attention to the sleep quality as an effective factor of quality of life can promote sleep quality and hence quality of life of pregnant women.
Transnational actors and health care reform: Why international organizations initially opposed, and later supported, social health insurance in Ghana
Authors: Wireko Ishmael , Béland Daniel
Published: January 2017

Much has been written about the impact of transnational actors on health and social policy. In this article, we show how some international organizations’ efforts to prevent Ghana from enacting a social health insurance program in 2003 failed. We then explain why the Ghanaian government ignored these organizations’ advice and even excluded them from the policy formulation process altogether. Finally, we explore these organizations’ logic as they came to accept and even promote the new Ghanaian policy internationally. As argued, a temporal perspective on the impact of transnational actors and the way their prescriptions change over time is necessary if one is to capture transnational policy influence and its limitations. A temporal perspective is also important in explaining the logic of accommodation on the part of these actors, since this only becomes apparent over time. This is precisely why our qualitative analysis traces both domestic policy development and the changing nature of transnational ideas and prescriptions.
The Past is Ever Present: Transnationalism Old and New – Italian and Mexican Immigrants in theUS
Authors: Schmid Carol L.
Published: January 2017

The paper focuses on what is old and what is new in transnationalism by analyzing extraterritorial attempts of the Italian and Mexican governments. During the large southern/ eastern European immigration to theUSfrom 1890 to the 1920s, Italian immigrants reached 24 percent of the immigrant wave. Mexican documented and undocumented immigrants from the 1980s until 2010s made up 30 percent of the immigrant wave almost a century later. Transnational immigrants live in a country in which they do not claim citizenship rights and claim citizenship rights in a country they do not live in. Therefore migration and immigrant policies challenge both sending and receiving states. Foreign governments are limited in the policies and practices that they can enforce. A comparison of state policies from Italy and Mexico challenges the fact that transnationalism is significantly different and new.
Novel magnetoelectric composites of cobalt iron alloy and barium titanate
Authors: Walther Till , Köferstein Roberto , Ebbinghaus Stefan G.
Published: January 2017

Magnetoelectric barium titanate ceramics with embedded cobalt iron alloy particles (Co1/3Fe2/3)x–(BaTiO3)(1−x), with x=0.2, 0.4, and 0.6, were prepared by a polyol‐mediated synthesis with subsequent sintering in a reducing forming gas atmosphere. The samples were characterized by XRD and SEM/EDX measurements. The sizes of the Co1/3Fe2/3 grains increase with x. Impedance spectroscopy showed a behavior similar to pure BaTiO3, in particular the occurrence of the ferroelectric‐paraelectric phase transition, and high permittivities for the sample with x=0.6, that is, near the percolation threshold. The samples exhibit soft ferromagnetic properties with large saturation magnetizations of 2.5 μB/atom and narrow hystereses. Detailed magnetoelectric investigations revealed a unique DC‐field dependence of αME for all three compositions. Most remarkably, the sample with x=0.4 possesses a broad ME hysteresis and an inversion of the sign of αME at 5 kOe.
A systematic review of psychometric testing of instruments that measure intention to work with older people
Authors: Che Chong Chin , Hairi Noran Naqiah , Chong Mei Chan
Published: January 2017

Aims

To review systematically the psychometric properties of instruments used to measure intention to work with older people.

Background

Nursing students are part of the future healthcare workforce; thus, being aware of their intention to work with older people would give valuable insights to nursing education and practice. Despite a plethora of research on measuring intention to work with older people, a valid and reliable instrument has not been identified.

Design

A systematic literature review of evidence and psychometric properties.

Data sources

Eight database searches were conducted between 2006 ‐ 2016.

Review methods

English articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The COSMIN checklist was used to assess instruments reporting a psychometric evaluation of validity and reliability.

Results

Of 41 studies identified for full text review, 36 met the inclusion criteria. Seven different types of instruments were identified for psychometric evaluation. Measures of reliability were reported in eight papers and validity in five papers. Evidence for each measurement property was limited, with each instrument demonstrating a lack of information on measurement properties. Based on the COSMIN checklist, the overall quality of the psychometric properties was rated as poor to good.

Conclusion

No single instrument was found to be optimal for use. Studies of high methodological quality are needed to properly assess the measurement properties of the instruments that are currently available. Until such studies are available, we recommend using existing instruments with caution.
The effects of the empowerment education program in older adults with total hip replacement surgery
Authors: Huang Tzu‐Ting , Sung Chia‐Chun , Wang Woan‐Shyuan , Wang Bi‐Hwa
Published: January 2017

Aims

To measure the effectiveness of an education empowerment program on primary (self‐efficacy and self‐care competence) and secondary outcomes (Activities of Daily Life, mobility, depressive mood and quality of life) for older adults with total hip replacement surgery.

Background

Degenerative arthritis is a common and serious chronic illness that impacts the quality of life of older adults. As joints continue to degenerate and the hip damaged by arthritis, activities of daily life will be difficult to perform due to severe hip pain and joint stiffness. Therefore, hip replacement surgery should be considered and effective nursing care should be provided to improve the recovery of older adults.

Design

A prospective randomized control trial.

Methods

A trial was conducted from September 2013 ‐ May 2014 in two hospitals in northern Taiwan. 108 participants were random assigned to either the education empowerment group or in the comparison group. The researchers collected baseline data at admission and outcomes on the day of discharge, one month after and three months after the discharge.

Results

After the interventions, the education empowerment group participants demonstrated significantly higher self‐care competence and self‐efficacy and lower depressive inclinations compared with those in the comparison group. Participants in both groups significantly improved on activities of daily life, mobility and quality of life over the course of the interventions.

Conclusion

This education empowerment intervention was very effective in enhancing participants’ outcomes. Moreover, involving both older adults and their caregivers for the participation this program is recommended for a greater impact.
Avian higher level biogeography: Southern Hemispheric origins or Southern Hemispheric relicts?
Authors: Mayr Gerald
Published: January 2017

A recent analysis of a comprehensive phylogenetic data set suggested Southern Hemispheric origins for various higher level taxa of neornithine (crown group) birds. These results contrast with hypotheses derived from the fossil record, with the occurrence of successively branching stem group representatives of many “Southern Hemispheric” bird groups in the early Cenozoic of Europe and North America suggesting relict extant distributions. However, a selective consideration of the fossil record and the merging of extant ranges may have resulted in a skewed picture of the past biogeographical history of birds. For future studies, it is proposed that multiple taxa of successively branching Northern Hemispheric stem group representatives are considered to narrow down the ancestral areas of the crown group representatives.
Efficacy of a Rhealba® Oat Extract‐based emollient on chronic pruritus in elderly French outpatients
Authors: Theunis J. , Chaussade H. , Bourgeois O. , Mengeaud V.
Published: January 2017

Background

Chronic pruritus, defined as itch persisting more than 6 weeks, is a debilitating problem that affects one in four elderly adults. Emollients are recommended for the management of pruritus, but evidence of efficacy is scarce.

Objective

Assess the efficacy of a Rhealba® Oat Extract‐based emollient in the management of chronic pruritus in elderly outpatients.

Methods

This was a randomized, mono‐centric, open‐label, cross‐over study in adults ≥60 years of age with xerosis associated with chronic pruritus. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to start with a 2‐week non‐treatment phase or a 2‐week treatment phase in which they applied the emollient once or twice daily. The primary outcome was subject‐assessed pruritus using an established visual analogue scale. Subjects also assessed pruritus using the 5‐D itch scale. Investigators assessed xerosis using the Overall Dry Skin Score and measured hydration index by Corneometer®, desquamation by D‐Squame and transepidermal water loss by Aquaflux®.

Results

Thirty subjects were included. Pruritus intensity on the visual analogue scale improved significantly more during the treatment phase than during the non‐treatment phase (P < 0.0001). This was also observed immediately after the first product application (P < 0.0001). According to the 5‐D itch scale, pruritus decreased during the treatment phase but remained stable during the non‐treatment phase (P = 0.0042). At the end of the treatment phase, more than half of the subjects reported an improvement in pruritus, and 30% reported complete disappearance, whereas pruritus remained stable during the non‐treatment phase (P < 0.0001). Xerosis improved significantly more during the treatment phase than during the non‐treatment phase as measured by D‐Squame, clinical assessment and hydration index (P < 0.0001). Transepidermal water loss did not significantly change.

Conclusion

Daily use of a Rhealba Oat Extract‐based emollient can provide relief to elderly adults who suffer from xerosis associated with chronic pruritus.
Expanding the Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae, Suessiales) Toolkit Through Protoplast Technology
Authors: Levin Rachel A. , Suggett David J. , Nitschke Matthew R. , van Oppen Madeleine J.H. , Steinberg Peter D.
Published: January 2017

Dinoflagellates within the genus Symbiodinium are photosymbionts of many tropical reef invertebrates, including corals, making them central to the health of coral reefs. Symbiodinium have therefore gained significant research attention, though studies have been constrained by technical limitations. In particular, the generation of viable cells with their cell walls removed (termed protoplasts) has enabled a wide range of experimental techniques for bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae such as ultrastructure studies, virus infection studies, patch clamping, genetic transformation, and protoplast fusion. However, previous studies have struggled to remove the cell walls from armored dinoflagellates, potentially due to the internal placement of their cell walls. Here, we produce the first Symbiodinium protoplasts from three genetically and physiologically distinct strains via incubation with cellulase and osmotic agents. Digestion of the cell walls was verified by a lack of Calcofluor White fluorescence signal and by cell swelling in hypotonic culture medium. Fused protoplasts were also observed, motivating future investigation into intra‐ and inter‐specific somatic hybridization of Symbiodinium. Following digestion and transfer to regeneration medium, protoplasts remained photosynthetically active, regrew cell walls, regained motility, and entered exponential growth. Generation of Symbiodinium protoplasts opens exciting, new avenues for researching these crucial symbiotic dinoflagellates, including genetic modification.
Immobilization of gluten in spherical matrices of food‐grade hydrogels
Authors: Reus Marloes A. , Krintiras Georgios A. , Stefanidis Georgios. D. , ter Horst Joop H. , van der Heijden Antoine E. D. M.
Published: January 2017

The aim of this paper is to produce spherical encapsulates of wheat gluten in a food‐grade biopolymer for preparing sheared meat analogs, to prevent instant fibrilization of the gluten during a pre‐mixing step. The hydrogel should release the gluten inside the Couette Cell, as a result of the higher temperature and shear in the process. Both sodium alginate and κ‐carrageenan were used as encapsulants. Spherical particles of hydrogel‐gluten mixtures were produced by means of a dripping method using an encapsulator. While the particle properties of κ‐carrageenan surpassed those of alginate in terms of controlled release of the core, the particle production using the encapsulator was more complicated. With κ‐carrageenan, a layer of oil on top of the cross‐linking bath fluid, as well as through the outer orifice of a concentric nozzle were required to obtain a good sphericity of the particles. For the alginate particles the use of oil was not necessary. Gluten loadings of 7% w/w were achieved with 1.5% w/w alginate and with 2% w/w κ‐carrageenan. The water content of the particles can be easily controlled by a subsequent partial drying step. A mixture of Soy Protein Isolate and particles was sheared in the Couette Cell. Controlled release of the gluten from the alginate particles was not achieved properly by temperature or shear. The controlled release of the gluten was achieved at the processing conditions only with κ‐carrageenan. Some fibrilization was observed in the sheared product, but the macrostructure was not yet well developed. However, an optimization of the shearing process for the use of the particles may lead to an improved structure for the meat analogs.

Practical applications

This paper investigated the effect of encapsulation in hydrogels on the fibrilization behavior of wheat gluten upon contact with water. A cheap and easily scalable dripping technique was used to create spherical particles in which the gluten did not fibrilize, although the coating material consists of ≥95% of water. Upon reaching the process conditions in the shearing device, the gluten is released and able to form fibers. The results show that hydrogels can mechanically protect the core and act as a delivery structure. The protective and carrier functions of the hydrogel can alternatively be used for cores like food additives (e.g., vitamins) or even to pharmaceutical ingredients, not only for the production of meat analogs, but also in other food applications.
Concentration of apple juice using a vacuum microwave evaporator as a novel technique: Determination of quality characteristics
Authors: Bozkir Hamza , Baysal Taner
Published: January 2017

This study was evaluated the use of a novel concentration technique, a vacuum microwave evaporator (VME) in the production of clear apple juice concentrate and the investigation of its effects on the quality characteristics of the juice. The optimum processing conditions of the VME for apple juice concentrate were determined using response surface methodology. The apple juice concentrate was produced by VME, a rising film evaporator (RFE), and a rotary evaporator (RE) at the optimum process conditions. The results show that the evaporation rate of VME was three times higher than that of RE and was two times higher than that of RFE. VME produced minimum changes in the color of the apple juices (L*, a*, b*, ΔE, Hue°, and ΔC) compared to RE and RFE. VME was also found the best group that preserved the quality characteristics of apple juices (TTA, NEBI, and TPC) compared with conventional evaporation methods.

Practical applications

Microwave heating provides volumetric heating of food. The concentration carried out quickly with the combined system, microwave and vacuum, which allows mass and energy transfer quickly at a short time. The physicochemical, and biochemical properties of the concentrated apple juices processed using VME were found to be better than those of the juices produced using the other conventional methods. The obtained data can be useful for optimization of fruit juice concentrate production in industrial concentration processes.
Addition of the Chubak extract and egg white on biophysical properties of grape juice during evaporation process
Authors: Oladzadabbasabadi Nazila , Karazhiyan Hojjat , Keyhani Vahid
Published: January 2017

The objective of this study was to achieve a grape juice by evaporation and aerating with Chubak root extract. The Chubak extract was added to grape juice as a new source of hydrocolloid. Egg white was also added as an aerating agent. Addition of the Chubak extract and egg white resulted in significant variations in some of the parameters in samples containing both additives, through the extended duration of the process; evaluations for pH, a* index, and flow index behavior showed a decrease, while those of Brix value, L* index, and consistency coefficient showed an increase. The results suggest that the addition of the extraction Chubak extract and application of the evaporation process, together with mixing for 60 min at 80 °C improved color, viscosity and other physiochemical properties of grape juice samples. These tests demonstrate that Chubak extract served as a natural emulsifier and an aerating agent with valuable pharmaceutical properties and a unique taste.

Practical applications

It can be claimed that the use of mixture of grape juice and Chubak extract as an alternative to sugar in food formulations can prevent emergence of unfavorable qualitative changes in the final product caused by sugar removal and add to its nutritional value, making it a potentially great functional product. The Chubak plant extract and egg white were well able to aerate grape juice. Addition of 3% Chubak extract and egg white to grape juice and then application of evaporation and stirring at 80 °C at 270 rpm for 60 min resulted in brightening color of the grape juice color and incorporation of plenty of air that served to decrease density and increase porosity and viscosity.
Revisiting the World Bank's land law reform agenda in Africa: The promise and perils of customary practices
Authors: Collins Andrea , Mitchell Matthew I.
Published: January 2017

This paper revisits the World Bank's land law reform agenda in Africa by focusing on two central issues: (1) land law reform as a tool for resolving land conflicts, and (2) the role of land law reform in addressing gender inequalities. While the Bank's recent land report provides insights for improving land governance in Africa, it fails to acknowledge the exploitative and contentious politics that often characterize customary land tenure systems, and the local power dynamics that undermine the ability of marginalized groups to secure land rights. Using insights from recent fieldwork, the paper analyses the links between land law reform and conflict in Ghana, and the gendered dynamics of reforming land governance in Tanzania. These “crucial cases” illustrate how land law reform can provoke conflicts over land and threaten the rights of vulnerable populations (e.g. migrants and women) when customary practices are uncritically endorsed as a means of improving land governance. As such, the paper concludes with a series of recommendations on how to navigate the promise and perils of customary practices in the governance of land.