bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodontitis and risk for atherosclerosis: an update on intervention trials
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: May 2009

Aims: Periodontitis has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The nature of the association is unclear because both periodontitis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) share a host of risk factors. Intervention trials are critical to explore the relationship. If the association were causal, successful periodontal therapy will lead to an attenuation of the effect – CVD.

Material and Methods: The paper reviewed the design and the results of intervention trials aimed at improving systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events.

Results: Early systematic reviews and a definitive controlled clinical trial indicate that intensive periodontal therapy results in a decrease in systemic inflammation and an improvement of endothelial dysfunction in systemically healthy subjects. A pilot trial has indicated the feasibility to assess the impact of periodontal therapy on carotid atherosclerosis in a primary cardiac prevention design.

Conclusions: Efforts to test causality in the relationship between periodontitis and CVD are ongoing. Evidence to date is consistent with the notion that severe generalized periodontitis causes systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Periodontitis has effects that go beyond the oral cavity and its treatment and prevention may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Prevention and therapeutic approaches to gingival inflammation
Authors: Öhrn Kerstin , Sanz Mariano
Published: May 2009

The most important preventive and therapeutic effort to reduce inflammation is to remove the dental plaque thoroughly. Oral self‐care is thus of crucial importance to achieve and maintain oral health. There is a scarcity of scientific evidence on the most effective models for behavioural change aimed to improve oral hygiene. There is a need for randomized‐controlled trials, based on behavioural sciences and performed with great methodological rigour, to investigate the usefulness of these proposed behavioural changes. Oral hygiene regimens for patients with natural teeth as well as dental implants should include brushing twice daily, inter‐dental cleaning once daily and rinsing with efficient rinses as an adjunct to mechanical infection control. Power toothbrushes are preferable as they are more effective than manual toothbrushes. Inter‐dental brushes seem to be most effective and useful for inter‐dental cleaning. Scaling and root planing is effective in reducing inflammation and probing depths in patients with periodontitis.
The Ca2+ Channel TRPML3 Regulates Membrane Trafficking and Autophagy
Authors: Kim Hyun Jin , Soyombo Abigail A. , Tjon‐Kon‐Sang Sandra , So Insuk , Muallem Shmuel
Published: May 2009

TRPML3 is an inward rectifying Ca2+ channel that is regulated by extracytosolic H+. Although gain‐of‐function mutation in TRPML3 causes the varitint‐waddler phenotype, the role of TRPML3 in cellular physiology is not known. In this study, we report that TRPML3 is a prominent regulator of endocytosis, membrane trafficking and autophagy. Gradient fractionation and confocal localization reveal that TRPML3 is expressed in the plasma membrane and multiple intracellular compartments. However, expression of TRPML3 is dynamic, with accumulation of TRPML3 in the plasma membrane upon inhibition of endocytosis, and recruitment of TRPML3 to autophagosomes upon induction of autophagy. Accordingly, overexpression of TRPML3 leads to reduced constitutive and regulated endocytosis, increased autophagy and marked exacerbation of autophagy evoked by various cell stressors with nearly complete recruitment of TRPML3 into the autophagosomes. Importantly, both knockdown of TRPML3 by siRNA and expression of the channel‐dead dominant negative TRPML3(D458K) have a reciprocal effect, reducing endocytosis and autophagy. These findings reveal a prominent role for TRPML3 in regulating endocytosis, membrane trafficking and autophagy, perhaps by controlling the Ca2+ in the vicinity of cellular organelles that is necessary to regulate these cellular events.
Insulin is a kinetic but not a thermodynamic inhibitor of amylin aggregation
Authors: Cui Wei , Ma Jing‐wen , Lei Peng , Wu Wei‐hui , Yu Ye‐ping , Xiang Yu , Tong Ai‐jun , Zhao Yu‐fen , Li Yan‐mei
Published: May 2009

One of the most important pathological features of type 2 diabetes is the formation of islet amyloid, of which the major component is amylin peptide. However, the presence of a natural inhibitor such as insulin may keep amylin stable and physiologically functional in healthy individuals. Some previous studies demonstrated that insulin was a potent inhibitor of amylin fibril formation in vitro, but others obtained contradictory results. Hence, it is necessary to elucidate the effects of insulin on amylin aggregation. Here we report that insulin is a kinetic inhibitor of amylin aggregation, only keeping its inhibitory effect for a limited time period. Actually, insulin promotes amylin aggregation after long‐term incubation. Furthermore, we found that this promotional effect could be attributed to the copolymerization of insulin and amylin. We also found that insulin copolymerized with amylin monomer or oligomer rather than preformed amylin fibrils. These results suggest that the interaction between insulin and amylin may contribute not only to the inhibition of amylin aggregation but also to the coaggregation of both peptides in type 2 diabetes.
Human liver mitochondrial cytochrome P450 2D6 – individual variations and implications in drug metabolism
Authors: Cook Sangar Michelle , Anandatheerthavarada Hindupur K. , Tang Weigang , Prabu Subbuswamy K. , Martin Martha V. , Dostalek Miroslav , Guengerich F. Peter , Avadhani Narayan G.
Published: May 2009

Constitutively expressed human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6; EC 1.14.14.1) is responsible for the metabolism of approximately 25% of drugs in common clinical use. It is widely accepted that CYP2D6 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells; however, we have identified this enzyme in the mitochondria of human liver samples and found that extensive inter‐individual variability exists with respect to the level of the mitochondrial enzyme. Metabolic assays using 7‐methoxy‐4‐aminomethylcoumarin as a substrate show that the human liver mitochondrial enzyme is capable of oxidizing this substrate and that the catalytic activity is supported by mitochondrial electron transfer proteins. In the present study, we show that CYP2D6 contains an N‐terminal chimeric signal that mediates its bimodal targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.In vitromitochondrial import studies using both N‐terminal deletions and point mutations suggest that the mitochondrial targeting signal is localized between residues 23–33 and that the positively‐charged residues at positions 24, 25, 26, 28 and 32 are required for mitochondrial targeting. The importance of the positively‐charged residues was confirmed by transient transfection of a CYP2D6 mitochondrial targeting signal mutant in COS‐7 cells. Both the mitochondria and the microsomes from a CYP2D6 stable expression cell line contain the enzyme and both fractions exhibit bufuralol 1′‐hydroxylation activity, which is completely inhibited by CYP2D6 inhibitory antibody. Overall, these results suggest that the targeting of CYP2D6 to mitochondria could be an important physiological process that has significance in xenobiotic metabolism.
Rho Kinase Inhibitor Y‐27632 Down‐Regulates Norepinephrine Synthesis and Release in PC12 Cells
Authors: Duan Wei‐Gang , Shang Jing , Jiang Zhen‐Zhou , Yao Jin‐Cheng , Yun Yu , Yan Ming , Shu Bin , Lin Qing , Yu Ze‐Pu , Zhang Lu‐Yong
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Rho kinase inhibition is beneficial for neurite outgrowth and nerve disorders, and the Rho kinase inhibitors have been regarded as promising agents to treat neural diseases. The main aim of the study was to elucidate how Rho kinase inhibitor Y‐27632 regulates neurotransmitter norepinephrine synthesis and release in PC12 cells when neurite outgrowth was induced. PC12 cells were treated with Y‐27632 for 6 days. The amount of norepinephrine synthesized in PC12 cells and the amount released evoked by acetylcholine or by KCl were determined by norepinephrine enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits. The results showed that the amount of norepinephrine both synthesized and released was down‐regulated with a concentration‐dependent relationship. Further results of Western blotting found that the protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and synapsin I (especially its active form, synapsin I phosphoSer603) was also down‐regulated, which were directly related to synthesis and release of norepinephrine, respectively. All the results suggest that Y‐27632 is able to down‐regulate norepinephrine synthesis and release, the direct mechanism of which may be associated with down‐regulation on expression of some proteins, including tyrosine hydroxylase and synapsin I.
Metal Corrosion and its Impact on Glass Tempering Furnace Design
Authors: Tiernan Peter , Naughton Michael D.
Published: May 2009

A reliable well‐designed tempering furnace is considered to be the cornerstone of any modern glass‐processing facility. This paper addresses a series of engineering anomalies encountered during the commissioning of such a glass‐processing furnace. Following the installation of a furnace in a European facility, small black deposits were noticed on both the silica‐fused rollers used to transport the glass through the hearth of the furnace and on the processed glass surface itself. EDAX and scanning electron microscopy investigations indicated conclusively that the deposits were primarily constituted of sodium sulfate and trace elements consistent with stainless steel (chromium, iron, and nickel). Traditionally, high‐density glass fiber was used to insulate the roof walls and side walls of tempering furnaces; however, it was noticed in this particular case that rolled stainless steel sheeting (SS316) was used. Chemical and X‐ray diffraction analyses were used to pinpoint the origin of the deposits. It was determined that poor material selection choices taken during the design stage of the furnace in question were at fault. The combination of stainless steel and sulfur dioxide (SO2 is used as a lubricant to prevent scuffing) at elevated temperatures (>650°C) generated droplets of sodium sulfate, which condensed due to the convectional flow of the heat currents within the oven. These droplets scorched the glass surface and destroyed the fused silica rollers. As a recommendation, the usage of stainless steel and other nonrefractory metals should be avoided in the design of any future glass tempering furnaces.
Recycling of Screen Glass Into New Traditional Ceramic Materials
Authors: Andreola Fernanda , Barbieri Luisa , Bondioli Federica , Lancellotti Isabella , Miselli Paola , Ferrari Anna Maria
Published: May 2009

The cleaned cathode ray tube (CRT) glass comes from the dismantling plant of TV and PC color kinescopes and has been used to completely replace both feldspathic and inert components of a traditional ceramic body. Panel glass has been added (up to 20 wt%) to a mixture of two commercial ball clays in order to obtain laboratory tiles sintered at 1210°C. Densification has been studied according to ISO rules, while sinterability has been estimated by optical dilatometry. The samples obtained showed main properties similar to commercial ceramic floor and/or wall tiles.
Seeing Farmers' Markets: Theoretical and Media Perspectives on New Sites of Exchange in New Zealand
Authors: CHALMERS LEX , JOSEPH ALUN E. , SMITHERS JOHN
Published: May 2009

In this paper we explore the extent to which a reciprocal relationship exists between contemporary theorisation about farmers' markets in geography and the rapidly expanding public discourse surrounding these sites of exchange in New Zealand. Activities branded as farmers' markets are seen widely as local phenomena of systemic significance for the understanding of evolving geographies of production, consumption and exchange. As something ‘new’ on the landscape, farmers' markets also attract attention in the media. An electronic database of significant print media contributions over the period 1995 to 2007 provides the empirical basis for an assessment of the extent to which theorisation and the public discourse address common themes. Our analysis indicates that, while the economic and social constructions in both the research literature and the media database share common themes, strong contrasts in ways of ‘seeing’ farmers' markets are apparent. We note the predilection in the print media to present the nature and purpose of farmers' markets through the personal experiences and ‘stories’ of participants. There is a tendency to focus on the appeal of markets to the consumers who form the readership base. The theorised alterity of the farmers' market, either in terms of production methods or motivations for consumption, is not reflected strongly in media reports, and this raises questions about ‘over‐theorisation’ in the academic literature. Our aim is to promote reflection in both the editorial offices of the media and in the academy by documenting the nature of these contrasting views.
Released nucleotides amplify the cilium‐dependent, flow‐induced [Ca2+]i response in MDCK cells
Authors: Praetorius H. A. , Leipziger J.
Published: May 2009

Aim:  Changes in perfusate flow produce increases in [Ca2+]i in renal epithelial cells. Cultured renal epithelia require primary cilia to sense subtle changes in flow. In perfused kidney tubules this flow response is caused by nucleotide signalling via P2Y2 receptors. It is, however, not known whether nucleotides are released by mechanical stress applied to renal primary cilia. Here we investigate whether nucleotides are released during the cilium‐dependent flow response and contribute to the flow‐induced, cilium‐dependent [Ca2+]i signal.

Methods:  MDCK cells loaded with Fluo‐4‐AM were observed at 37 °C in semi‐open single or closed‐double perfusion chambers.

Results:  Our data suggest a purinergic component of the cilium‐dependent flow‐response: (1) ATP scavengers and P2 receptor antagonists reduced (55%) the cilium‐dependent flow‐response; (2) ATP added at subthreshold concentration sensitized the renal epithelia to flow changes; (3) increases in fluid flow transiently enhanced the ATP concentration in the superfusate (measured by biosensor‐cells). To test if nucleotides were released in sufficient quantities to stimulate renal epithelia we used non‐confluent MDCK cells without cilia as reporter cells. We confirmed that non‐confluent cells do not respond to changes in fluid flow. Placing confluent, ciliated cells upstream in the in‐flow path of the non‐confluent cells made them responsive to fluid flow changes. This phenomenon was not observed if either non‐confluent or de‐ciliated confluent cells were placed upstream. The [Ca2+]i‐response in the non‐confluent cells with ciliated cells upstream was abolished by apyrase and suramin.

Conclusion:  This suggests that subtle flow changes sensed by the primary cilium induces nucleotide release, which amplifies the epithelial [Ca2+]i‐response.
Shifting the focus: outcomes of care for older people
Authors: Heath Hazel , Phair Lynne
Published: May 2009

Internationally there is commitment to work towards eradicating the abuse of older people and to develop services that promote their equality, dignity and human rights. The emphasis on service users is gradually increasing and, along with this, the focus within health and social care policy, service provision and professional practice is shifting. In UK health and social care policy the emphasis on service structure and provision is being replaced by a focus on outcomes for service users, including outcomes which patients themselves evaluate. The focus of UK Adult Protection services is also shifting from intervention to prevention through developing greater understanding of the factors which contribute to abuse, changing attitudes towards entrenched poor care, identifying preventative services and safeguarding vulnerable adults. Nursing literature is also beginning to acknowledge the evolution of an outcomes focus. This paper discusses the shifting emphasis in UK health and social care in the safeguarding of vulnerable people and in nursing practice. It offers an overview of literature on outcomes. The paper then describes a research study which sought to identify outcomes of care for older people living in UK care homes. The outcomes framework developed through the research is offered, along with a discussion of the advantages of an outcome‐focused approach to care and some of the remaining challenges. A case example is offered to illustrate an outcomes‐focused approach. Finally, the paper draws conclusions on how shifting the focus of care delivery from traditional problem‐orientated approaches and ritualized practice towards the outcomes of care that individual older people choose and evaluate for themselves offers potential towards eradicating abuse and neglect in formal care settings.
Characterization and the Possible Formation Mechanism of 2‐Acetyl‐1‐Pyrroline in Aromatic Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max L.)
Authors: Wu Mei‐Li , Chou Kuo‐Lung , Wu Chi‐Ruei , Chen Jian‐Kai , Huang Tzou‐Chi
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  2‐Acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2‐AP) was identified as an important aroma compound of aromatic vegetable soybean. The level of 2‐AP in 6 aromatic vegetable soybean lines was found to be positively correlated with popcorn‐like aroma score. Comparison between aromatic and nonaromatic vegetable soybeans found that aromatic vegetable soybean contains higher concentration of methylglyoxal (MG) and Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate (P5C) than a nonaromatic one. For MG formation‐related genes, GapC was down‐regulated and TPI was up‐regulated in aromatic cultivar (Aromatic 7) as compared to nonaromatic control, which may contribute to the increase of MG level. Based on the data presented, a formation mechanism for 2‐AP via interaction between MG and P5C in aromatic vegetable soybean was proposed.
Influence of Extrusion‐Cooking Parameters on Some Quality Aspects of Precooked Pasta‐Like Products
Authors: Wójtowicz A. , Mościcki L.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  The present article aims to evaluate some quality parameters and texture characteristics of precooked wheat pasta‐like products. Using the methods for pasta and instant noodles the tested parameters were water absorption, starch gelatinization degree, cooking losses, and hardness. The texture profile was characterized using Zwick apparatus by cutting test with the head speed of 10 mm/min and expressed as hardness and firmness of hydrated products. SEM pictures were used to illustrate the internal structure of dry and cooked pasta‐like products. Dough moisture content and process conditions influenced all tested quality parameters of the pasta‐like products processed on a modified single screw extrusion‐cooker TS‐45 with L: D = 16: 1. Good organoleptical quality (notes higher than 4 in a 5‐point scale) and firm texture were observed for common wheat flour pasta processed at 30% m.c. Hardness and firmness of hydrated products lowered with a longer hydration time in hot water. The firmest texture and low stickiness was observed for products with a highest starch gelatinization degree.
Researching the Practice, Practicing the Research, and Promoting Responsible Policy: Usable Knowledge in Mind, Brain, and Education
Authors: Christodoulou Joanna A. , Daley Samantha G. , Katzir Tami
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT—The theme of Usable Knowledge in Mind, Brain, and Education will be a special section that will appear regularly in the journal. The section will focus on the synergistic connections between biology, cognitive science, and human development on the one hand and educational thought, policy, and practice on the other. Efforts to create usable knowledge in mind, brain, and education focus on questions that relate research and theory to educational practice, involving pedagogy and learning, discussions of how best to conduct ethical and valid research that crosses disciplinary boundaries, and consideration of how to use such research to promote responsible policy.
An Education Grounded in Biology: Interdisciplinary and Ethical Considerations
Authors: Gardner Howard
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT—Work in the new area of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) raises epistemological and ethical issues. With respect to epistemology, the norms of the component disciplines must be honored and the resulting amalgam must be more than a mere sum of the parts. With respect to ethics, the roles of scientist, educator, and practitioner each raise ethical dilemmas and the MBE worker must be cognizant of each set of dilemmas and the possible strains among them. Only if both of these spheres are confronted can good work be achieved in MBE.
Learning to Read in the Digital Age
Authors: Rose David , Dalton Bridget
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT—The digital age offers transformative opportunities for individualization of learning. First, modern imaging technologies have changed our understanding of learning and the sources and ranges of its diversity. Second, digital technologies make it possible to design learning environments that are responsive to individual differences. We draw on CAST's research and development on universal design for learning to suggest the potential of digital reading environments that are designed to support learning and engagement by addressing the diversity in learners’ representation, strategic and affective networks. Optimal customization depends on continued advances in the digital tools of the neurosciences and the design and enactment of digital learning environments.
The RAVE‐O Intervention: Connecting Neuroscience to the Classroom
Authors: Wolf Maryanne , Barzillai Mirit , Gottwald Stephanie , Miller Lynne , Spencer Kathleen , Norton Elizabeth , Lovett Maureen , Morris Robin
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT—This article explores the ways in which knowledge from the cognitive neurosciences, linguistics, and education interact to deepen our understanding of reading's complexity and to inform reading intervention. We first describe how research on brain abnormalities and naming speed processes has shaped both our conceptualization of reading disabilities and the design of a multicomponent reading intervention, the RAVE‐O program. We then discuss the unique ways this program seeks to address the multiple and varied sources of disruption in struggling readers. Finally, we present efficacy data for the RAVE‐O reading intervention across multiple school settings.
Learning Sequences in the Acquisition of Mathematical Knowledge: Using Cognitive Developmental Theory to Inform Curriculum Design for Pre‐K–6 Mathematics Education
Authors: Griffin Sharon
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT—Using Central Conceptual Structure theory as an heuristic, learning sequences in the acquisition of number knowledge are described in three forms that bridge theory and practice: as a four‐stage theoretical progression, as items on a developmental test created to test the theoretical progression, and as learning objectives in a curriculum designed to teach math concepts and skills implied in the theoretical progression. Other aspects of the theory that were used to create teaching methods and materials for the Number Worlds curriculum are also described, as are some of the outcomes of this theory‐based program.
Nebivolol in Obese and Non‐Obese Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Manrique Camila , Whaley‐Connell Adam , Sowers James R.
Published: May 2009

Use of β‐blockers in hypertensive obese patients remains controversial because of concerns about potential influences on weight, lipids, and glucose metabolism. The authors examined a pooled analysis of 3 multicenter randomized placebo‐controlled trials. Patients were randomized to placebo or an increasing dose of nebivolol for 12 weeks. Primary outcome was the mean baseline to end point change in trough mean sitting diastolic blood pressure (SiDBP). Secondary outcomes were baseline to end point changes in trough sitting systolic blood pressure (SiSBP); trough standing and peak supine diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure. Nebivolol reduced SiDBP significantly compared with placebo at all doses ≥2.5 mg in obese and non‐obese patients. Reductions in SiSBP with nebivolol were higher than controls at all studied doses ≥5 mg in non‐obese and ≥2.5 mg in obese patients. These findings and nebivolol’s neutral effects on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism suggest that it is one option for blood pressure control in the moderately obese population.
Burns to persons suffering from diabetes: a systemic preventive approach
Authors: Abu‐Qamar Ma’en Zaid , Wilson Anne
Published: May 2009

Aims.  To report the findings of an investigation of patients with diabetes and burns, with emphasis on implications for practice: primary and secondary preventions.

Background.  Diabetes and burns are complex conditions with multi‐system involvements, which worsen outcomes for patients, and their management. This research investigated outcomes for patients and diabetes management.

Methods.  Data on outcomes were obtained from records of patients hospitalised for foot burns in an Australian hospital from 1999–2004. A questionnaire survey design was employed to obtain information on how clinicians in burns units manage diabetes. SPSS was used to analyse data obtained from both resources. Comments written in the questionnaire were analysed using relational analysis.

Results.  Of the 64 patients, 12 were with diabetes and 52 were without diabetes. Those with diabetes were more likely to sustain contact foot burns (58·3% Diabetes Mellitus vs. 13·5% non Diabetes Mellitus χ2 = 11·487, p = 0·002). The duration of hospitalisation was statistically significantly longer among patients with diabetes compared with those without diabetes (U = 169, p = 0·014); although the two groups were not statistically significant different in terms of severity of burns and received treatment.

Of the 29 clinical leaders, 21 (72%) indicated that they regularly provided care to patients with diabetes. Most respondents (n = 15; 58%) reported that new plans need to be initiated to accommodate the combined insult of diabetes and burns. Diabetes centres were located in all participating sites; but not always involved in the process of care.

Conclusion.  The co‐existence of diabetes and burns worsens outcomes for patients, and complicates management plans. Optimal management can be achieved via a multidisciplinary approach starting with glycaemic control, and continued to aggressive management of diabetes and burns.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Preventive measures should start with tight glycaemic control, identification and avoidance of sources of trauma, early detection and treatment, and continue to aggressive inpatient management of patients with both diabetes and a burn injury.
Chronic diseases among African Americans in Southeastern Virginia: a pilot study
Authors: St Rose Marie , Wilson Rudolph
Published: May 2009

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this study was to explore chronic diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, overweight and obesity, breast cancer, prostate cancer and HIV in African Americans residing in Southeastern Virginia and to determine whether socio‐economic factors correlate with chronic diseases, health‐related behaviors, access to health care and health screening.

Background.  In the United States, approximately 90 million people are living with chronic diseases, which accounts for 70% of American deaths. These conditions affect all racial groups; however, African Americans suffer the most from these diseases.

Design.  A descriptive exploratory design with survey methodology.

Methods.  The random sample consisted of 150 African American households from one city and one county in Southeastern Virginia. A health survey questionnaire was used to conduct face‐to‐face interviews with the respondents.

Results.  The study found a high prevalence of hypertension and smoking. The majority of respondents reported that they sometimes eat foods high in sugar, salt, and fat and cholesterol. Only 9·2% stated that they read food labels all of the time for nutritional information and the majority (31%) did not read the labels at all. Almost 81% of respondents had health insurance coverage and reported the doctor’s office as the main source of care. Income inversely correlated with diabetes, high sugar intake, and high fat and cholesterol, but positively correlated with health insurance and smoking. Education inversely correlated with stroke and alcohol consumption, but positively correlated with physical activity, health insurance and routine health checkup.

Conclusion.  The study provided a foundation for other efforts when addressing chronic diseases.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Recognizing groups of people at risk for chronic diseases can help to alert health professionals when establishing community‐based interventions to promote healthy diet and nutrition, smoking cessation and decrease the number of people with hypertension.
Quality of life of older people in residential care home: a literature review
Authors: Lee Diana TF , Yu Doris SF , Kwong Alice NL
Published: May 2009

Aim.  To integrate the research evidence on quality of life of older people living in a residential care home setting.

Background.  Residential care is provided for older people who are unable to live in their own home due to various health and social reasons. A number of studies have been published that have focused on diverse quality of life issues of residential care home elders. Consolidating the evidence from these studies may provide insights into enhancing quality of life of this particular group of older people.

Design.  A literature review of research evidence on quality of life issues among residential care home elders.

Method.  A systematic search of the literature published between 1994–January 2008 was undertaken to identify research evidence on quality of life of older people living in residential care home. Information about the study design, research objectives, study setting, sample characteristics, and key findings were extracted for comparison and integration. Three aspects about quality of life of the residential care home elders were identified: views of residential care home elders on quality of life, factors affecting quality of life of residential care home elders and methods to improve quality of life in residential care home elders.

Results.  Eighteen publications were identified. Older people perceived their ability to maintain independence, autonomy and individuality as the most important criteria for determining quality of life. Interventions designed to improve quality of life of older people living in residential facilities corresponded to these criteria. A range of interventions including a walking program, mental stimulation and environmental modification were proposed and evaluated to improve quality of life of residential care home elders. Among these interventions, environmental modification that targeted at improving the residential care homes and quality of services appears to be promising.

Conclusion.  Quality of life in residential care home elders is a complex issue that may be determined by the elders’ independence, individuality and autonomy, and influenced by quality of residential care and facilities. Environmental modification appears to be a way to improve the quality of life of residential care home elders.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The knowledge of understanding quality of life of residential care home elders provides insights into the implementation of appropriate residential care services. Programs that aim to de‐institutionalise the residential care home settings are important to the enhancement of residential care services.
The meaning of rehabilitation for older people who have survived stroke
Authors: Hjelmblink Finn , Holmström Inger , Sanner Margareta
Published: May 2009

Aim.  To explore the meaning of rehabilitation to older, Swedish stroke survivors, from the time of the acute stroke to the end of the rehabilitation.

Background.  Many people who are stroke survivors do not resume social activities even though they have regained physical functions. However, the contents of stroke rehabilitation seems to depend on whether rehabilitation is understood from the disease perspective or the illness perspective contained in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. This in turn may determine the kind of rehabilitation offered to survivors.

Design.  Inductive, qualitative interview study undertaken during 2003.

Method.  Nineteen Swedish stroke survivors were interviewed twice, and the interviews were analysed using a Grounded Theory approach.

Findings.  To the older survivors, the meaning of rehabilitation was social reintegration. To achieve this they tried to regain lost physical and cognitive functions, relations (including play activities, everyday narratives and self‐esteem) and lost certainty. The survivors needed to regain their ability to be not only to perform social activities. However, their rehabilitation ended when its focus turned to impairments found in the illness experiences of the survivors. The survivors developed their own cognitive and behavioural strategies for overcoming these kinds of obstacles to their social reintegration.

Conclusion.  Older, Swedish stroke survivors strive for a socially integrated life. Unacknowledged impairments experienced from the illness perspective of the survivors and the survivors’ own rehabilitation strategies should therefore be considered in their rehabilitation.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Stroke survivors need support from professionals who can understand and acknowledge the illness perspective of rehabilitation. Professionals should be able to understand how to facilitate the cognitive and behavioural strategies found in survivors’ illness narratives. In order to socially reintegrate, survivors’ rehabilitation should be transferred to the places where they have previously performed play activities together with family and friends.
Le musée: instrument de conservation: Le musée et le patrimoine naturel
Authors: Ripley Sydney Dillon
Published: May 2009

L'une des principales fonctions des musées est de traiter et de classer, grâce à leurs collections et à des documents variés, des échantillons représentant divers environnements et événements. Cette activité ne saurait néanmoins se limiter au simple stockage d'objets et de faits: il faut aussi un effort continu pour préserver les divers éléments et environnements culturels et les défendre contre les effets ou influences nuisibles. Dans le secteur de l'histoire naturelle, par exemple, cette règle ne vaut pas seulement pour la documentation concernant les milieux naturels qui risquent de disparaître; les musées—ce terme étant pris dans son acception la plus large—remplissent aussi une fonction vitale en étudiant les rapports de cause à effet de façon à les rendre intelligibles au public, et en agissant pour sauver de l'extinction les espèces animales et végétales rares.
Le musée: instrument pour la prise de conscience des problèmes de l'environnement: Rôle du musée d'art et du musée de sciences humaines et sociales
Authors: Rivière Georges Henri
Published: May 2009

La planification du futur présuppose un acquis d'expérience du passé. A. cet égard, l'optique à long terme propre aux musées peut fournir aux spécialistes de la planification sociale les informations nécessaires sur les effets positifs et négatifs du développement actuel et leur offrir une documentation et une analyse constantes touchant l'évolution de la structure sociale. Le recours simultané aux expositions et autres moyens d'information dont disposent les musées peut permettre au public de mieux comprendre les problèmes sociaux et peut par conséquent améliorer les possibilités de solutions positives.
Monographies représentatives: Le Musée des sciences de la terre de l'Université de Moscou
Authors: Savel'ev Boris
Published: May 2009

Selon diverses modalités, de nombreux musées font des recherches sur les problèmes de l'environnement ou encouragent l'information sur ce sujet par des expositions permanentes ou temporaires. A. ce propos, nous montrons par des exemples comment des musées de divers types se servent, dans différentes régions du monde, des moyens dont ils disposent pour diffuser des informations sur les questions essentielles à la compréhension des problèmes de l'environnement ou pour orienter leurs recherches vers des objectifs directement liés aux rapports entre l'homme et son environnement.
Validation of Rhododendron sparsifolium and Stewartia acutisepala, endemic to China
Authors: Jin Xiao‐Feng , Ji Zhe‐Heng , Gao Jing
Published: May 2009

While examining the specimens of the species endemic to China, we found that two names, viz Rhododendron sparsifolium (Ericaceae) and Stewartia acutisepala (Theaceae), were not validly published because in both cases more than one gathering was designated as the type. The names are validated here, with the flowering specimens designated as the holotypes.
Diagnostic utility and cost‐effectiveness of reflex bacterial culture for the detection of urinary tract infection in dogs with low urine specific gravity
Authors: Tivapasi Musavenga T. , Hodges Joanne , Byrne Barbara A. , Christopher Mary M.
Published: May 2009

Background:Urinary tract infections (UTIs) may be subclinical or difficult to detect in dilute urine as sediment abnormalities may not be observed. In our laboratory, bacterial culture is automatically performed (reflex culture) on samples with urine specific gravity (USG)≤1.013 to increase the likelihood of detecting infection. The value of routine culture of dilute urine, however, has not been fully assessed.

Objective:The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of positive bacterial cultures and analyze the diagnostic utility and cost‐effectiveness of culture compared with routine sediment examination for detecting UTI in dilute urine specimens from dogs.

Methods:Urinalysis and concurrent aerobic bacterial culture results were obtained from the electronic medical record system at the University of California–Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for samples with USG≤1.013 analyzed from July 1998 through January 2005. Urine collection method, presence of leukocytes and bacteria, bacterial culture results, and clinical diagnosis were recorded. Cost‐effectiveness of reflex culture, based on low USG as the sole criterion, was evaluated.

Results:Of 1264 urine specimens, 106 (8.4%) had positive bacterial cultures. Using culture as the gold standard, sediment evaluation had a diagnostic sensitivity of 58.5% and specificity of 98.3% (diagnostic accuracy 94.9%). An additional cost of $60 per patient was incurred, leading to average annual costs of $11,668 for reflex bacterial cultures of all samples with low USG, regardless of collection method. Within our study population, 10 urine samples needed to be cultured for each true positive result.

Conclusions:The sensitivity of urine sediment evaluation is low for UTI in dilute urine samples; however, reflex bacterial culture does not appear to be cost‐effective in dogs with USG≤1.013 in the absence of active urine sediment or high clinical suspicion for UTI.
Contributions of neuroimaging, balance testing, electrophysiology and blood markers to the assessment of sport-related concussion
Authors: Davis G A , Iverson G L , Guskiewicz K M , Ptito A , Johnston K M
Published: May 2009

Objective:

To review the diagnostic tests and investigations used in the management of sports concussion, in the adult and paediatric populations, to (a) monitor the severity of symptoms and deficits, (b) track recovery and (c) advance knowledge relating to the natural history and neurobiology of the injury.

Design:

Qualitative literature review of the neuroimaging, balance testing, electrophysiology, blood marker and concussion literature.

Intervention:

PubMed and Medline databases were reviewed for investigations used in the management of adult and paediatric concussion, including structural imaging (computerised tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging), functional imaging (single photon emission computerised tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging), spectroscopy (magnetic resonance spectroscopy, near infrared spectroscopy), balance testing (Balance Error Scoring System, Sensory Organization Test, gait testing, virtual reality), electrophysiological tests (electroencephalography, evoked potentials, event related potentials, magnetoencephalography, heart rate variability), genetics (apolipoprotein E4, channelopathies) and blood markers (S100, neuron-specific enolase, cleaved Tau protein, glutamate).

Results:

For the adult and paediatric populations, each test has been classified as being: (1) clinically useful, (2) a research tool only or (3) not useful in sports-related concussion.

Conclusions:

The current status of the diagnostic tests and investigations is analysed, and potential directions for future research are provided. Currently, all tests and investigations, with the exception of clinical balance testing, remain experimental. There is accumulating research, however, that shows promise for the future clinical application of functional magnetic resonance imaging in sport concussion assessment and management.
Who should conduct and interpret the neuropsychological assessment in sports-related concussion?
Authors: Echemendia R J , Herring S , Bailes J
Published: May 2009

Objective:

This paper seeks to (i) describe the education and training of clinical neuropsychologists, (ii) discuss the significant differences between test administration and clinical assessment, (iii) outline the complex factors involved in psychometric test theory and test interpretation, and (iv) provide a framework for the role of clinical neuropsychologists in the interpretation and administration of neuropsychological instruments within the sports context.

Design:

Review of pertinent professional practice, empirical and theoretical literature.

Intervention:

Pubmed, Medline and Psych Info databases were reviewed. In total, 35 articles and 2 books were reviewed.

Results:

The decision to return an athlete to play following sports-related brain injury is complex and requires the analysis of several sources of data. The decision is determined by a team physician; ideally within the context of a multidisciplinary team that employs comprehensive concussion surveillance and management, including baseline and post-injury neuropsychological assessment. Neuropsychologists possess the training and skill sets necessary to provide unique expertise in the assessment of cognitive functioning and post-injury neurocognitive and psychological assessment.

Conclusions:

Baseline neuropsychological testing is a technical procedure that can be conducted by technicians under the supervision/guidance of a neuropsychologist. Post-injury assessment requires advanced neuropsychological expertise that is best provided by a clinical neuropsychologist. Significant international differences exist with respect to the training and availability of clinical neuropsychologists, which require modification of these views on a country by country basis.
What are the most appropriate return-to-play guidelines for concussed child athletes?: Figure 1
Authors: Purcell L
Published: May 2009

Objective:

To examine concussion literature for specific guidelines regarding return to play (RTP) following sport-related concussion in child athletes. To make recommendations regarding the most appropriate RTP guidelines for child athletes following sport-related concussion.

Design:

A literature review of concussion literature.

Intervention:

A literature search was conducted using Medline and Embase databases from 1998 to 2008. More than 60 articles and two websites were reviewed.

Results:

There is a paucity of research on sport-related concussion in child athletes, particularly younger children (age 5–12 years). In particular, there is no research on RTP guidelines for child athletes following sport-related concussion. Child athletes take longer to recover from concussions than adults. Concussion symptoms may resolve before cognitive function has completely recovered. Concussion assessment and management in children can be confounded by their growth and development, as well as the lack of trained medical personnel involved with youth sports. There are no child-specific assessment tools for concussion.

Conclusions:

RTP decisions in children should be made cautiously and should be individualised. No concussed child athlete should be allowed to RTP the same day. Physical and cognitive rest is very important to allow for the resolution of concussion symptoms. Child athletes should remain symptom free for several days before starting a medically supervised stepwise exertion protocol. Further research is needed to elucidate the effects of concussion in children and to determine the most appropriate RTP guidelines. Child-specific concussion assessment tools need to be developed to improve concussion assessment and management in children.
Return to play after sports concussion in elite and non-elite athletes?
Authors: Putukian M , Aubry M , McCrory P
Published: May 2009

Objective:

To examine the published literature relating to the difference in concussion management strategies between elite and non-elite athletes.

Design:

Systematic literature review of concussion management.

Intervention:

Pubmed, Medline, Psych Info, Cochrane Library and Sport Discus databases were reviewed using the MeSH keywords brain concussion and mild traumatic brain injury, combined with athletic injuries. Each were then refined by adding the keyword “return to play” (RTP). English language and human studies only were assessed.

Results:

For the Medline search, using “brain concussion” as a keyword, 4319 articles were found; this was decreased to 111 when RTP was used to refine the search. When “mild traumatic brain injury” was used, 2509 articles were found; this decreased to 39 when RTP was used to refine the search. Following initial review, these articles form the basis of the discussion below.

Conclusions:

The non-elite athlete may not have the same resources available as the elite athlete (such as the presence of trained medical staff during practice and competition, a concussion programme as part of sideline preparedness, the benefit of neuropsychological or postural testing, as well as consultants with expertise in concussion readily available) and as a result will generally be managed more conservatively. Younger athletes often have a greater incidence of concussion with longer recovery time frames; however, they are often managed with less expertise and with limited resources.