bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extending Party Estimates to Governments and Electors
Authors: Kim Hee-Min , Fording Richard C
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have concentrated strictly on the Manifesto estimates as such, giving a direct insight into party policy preferences. Similar coding procedures have been applied to the policy declarations of coalition governments, taken as a measure of at least promised outputs. The estimates generated from this supplementary content analysis also appear on the CD-ROM and are used in the analyses below.
On the Eve of the Conquest: The Context and Background to the Problem
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner
Published: November 2023

Christopher Columbus stepped ashore in the Americas about noon on 12 October 1492, probably on an outer cay of the Bahamas which he under stand ably christened San Salvador.1 Departing that cay, he took a south westerly course in search of the Orient but found the northern coasts of Cuba and Espanola (Hispaniola) instead. While the Navigator and his expedition were not the first Europeans to reach the Western Hemisphere and return to ‘civilization’ (Sauer 1968), their accomplishment ushered in an era of socio cultural, economic, and environmental transformations unparalleled for its time (Wolf 1959; Crosby 1972; Denevan 1976). These impacts were felt first among the peoples, cultures, and landscapes of Middle America: Mexico, Central America, and the great arc of the Caribbean islands.
D
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

decision theory A form of analysis, usually more prescriptive or ideal than descriptive, regarding an individual ’s (or individual institution ’s) process of making decision(s) in the face of uncertainty and/or imperfect knowledge. Decision theory is often contrasted with game theory, in that the latter involves similar sorts of decisions, but in the context where the decision-maker is interacting with other actors, actors who are often facing similar choices. See game theory deconstruction A concept that comes from literary theory, in particu¬lar the work of Jacques Derrida (1930-), which has been adapted, in various forms, by theorists within postmodern legal theory, critical legal studies, the law and literature movement, critical race theory, and feminist legal theory.
M
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

Maine, Henry Sir Henry James Sumner Maine (1822-88) was an English writer influential within the historical jurisprudence school. Based upon a detailed consideration of legal practices in various times and places, Maine developed theories of legal evolution, under which law changes to reflect and facilitate social and cultural change. One such change is the basis of Maine ’s best-known comment: in Ancient Law (1861), he stated that ‘we may say that the movement of the progressive societies has hitherto been a movement from Status to Contract. Maine ’s arguments were in large part a response to the legal positivism of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Austin (1790-1859), viewing those theorists as overestimating the importance of legislation, and underestimating the importance of history or evolutionary social change to explaining law.
U
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

unconscionability An American contract law doctrine, with roots deep in the common law, which was first given more definite shape by the Uniform Commercial Code, precluding the enforcement of agreements, or terms within agreements, which are extremely unfair. The doctrine is usually held to require a showing of significant unfairness both in procedure (how the contract was entered-e.g. problems of fraud or duress) and in substance (the actual terms of the agreement). The doctrine has various roots or analogues: from the Roman Law doctrine of laesio enormis, allowing rescission of a contract for inadequacy of price (which has modern counterparts in French and German law) to the willingness of English Courts of Equity to grant relief on some occasions to parties who had entered contracts with one-sided terms.
V
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

vagueness An imprecision of meaning, common on the borderline of a term ’s application. Within philosophy of language, it is controversial whether the experience of vagueness says something about the limits of meaning, the nature of truth (that there may be truth values other than ‘true ’ and ‘false ’) or the nature of knowledge, but the nature and cause of vagueness is probably not relevant to legal theory-only the fact (experience) of vagueness. The question for legal theory is whether the vagueness of terms (and categories) has implications for the determinacy of law. Vagueness should not be confused with ambiguity.
A World Geography Poliomyelitis
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

For parents, few infections scored higher than poliomyelitis on the ‘sdread’s factor from the early years of the twentieth century as each successive wave of the disease outdid its predecessor in the number of children it crippled and killed. But, from the 1950s, this picture abruptly changed when preventive vaccines were developed which have brought the disease to the edge of global eradication. Part I, Epidemic Emergence, 1881-1920, looks at the transition from endemic to epidemic poliomyelitis in Europe and the United States. Part II, Global Expansion, 1921-55, covers the pre-vaccination period of epidemic poliomyelitis at world, continental and island scales. Part III, Global Retreat, 1955-88, focuses upon the control of poliomyelitis by mass vaccination campaigns. Part IV, Global Eradication, concludes the book by focusing upon the road to eradication, to which the Forty-first World Health Assembly committed in 1988. And so, at the beginning of a new millennium, poliomyelitis looks set to be the first disease since smallpox in 1979 to be eradicated by direct human intervention, with the interruption of wild poliovirus transmission expected in 2005. The evolution of poliomyelitis to global epidemiological significance from the 1920s marks it out as one of the world’ss major emergent infections of the twentieth century. What causes diseases to wax and wane in time and space is a theme of contemporary scientific interest as we seek to understand the appearance of new conditions such as Ebola fever, Legionnaires’s disease, and HIV, and this book contributes to our comprehension of likely causes.
The Sahara
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

The Sahara, which derives its name from the Arabic word sahra, meaning desert or wilderness, is the world’s largest desert. It covers an area of around 7 to 9 million km2 (Tucker et al., 1991) and thus has a similar area to the USA (including Alaska). Occupying approximately one-third of the African continent, it stretches from the Atlantic to the Red Sea and from the Mediterranean to the Sahel zone of West Africa. Sometimes it is subdivided into two or more parts, with the eastern portion being called the Libyan Desert and the western part being regarded as the Sahara proper.
The Libyan Desert
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

In Egypt there are two deserts. One of these occurs east of the Nile and abuts the Red Sea. It is called the Eastern Desert. An early description is provided by Hume (1907). More recently, its tectonic setting has been described by Steckler and Omar (1994) and its Quaternary history by Arvidson et al. (1994) and Moeyersons et al. (1999). It consists essentially of a backbone of rugged, high igneous mountains that run parallel to the Red Sea coast from the Ethiopian Plateau, northwards to the Gulf of Suez. These igneous peaks and masses are flanked to the north and west by intensively dissected limestone plateaus (Ayyad and Ghabbour, 1986).
The Namib
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

The Namib is one of the world’s driest and most beautiful deserts. It extends for more than 2000 km along the Atlantic coast of southern Africa from the Olifants River in South Africa itself (latitude 32°S) to the Carunjamba River (latitude 14°S) in Angola. On its inland side it is bounded by a portion of the Great Escarpment which forms the west ern edge of the interior plateau and basin of southern Africa. Thus it forms a rather narrow strip some 120-200 km wide. Being on the west side of the continent, in a zone of subsiding anticyclonic air, and bounded by the cool Benguela current offshore (Dingle et al., 1996), the Namib is hyper-arid. Rainfall at the coastal resort of Swakopmund averages only about 10-20 mm per annum, but increases towards the base of the Great Escarpment, where it may exceed 200 mm. At the coast temperatures are also strongly oceanic in character, so that there are low seasonal and daily ranges (c.5°C and 8°C respectively) (Lancaster et al., 1984). The coastal Namib is also a foggy desert with fog on over 100 days in the year in the area around Swakopmund (Fig. 6.1 ). This precipitates appreciable amounts of moisture (c.34 mm per year at Swakopmund) (Olivier, 1995).
Conclusions
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

A fundamental control of much of the macro-scale relief and climatic evolution of deserts is their plate tectonic history. In the case of the North American deserts the style of tectonism that was experienced explains the widespread development of closed depressions, high plateaus, and extensive alluvial fans. With regard to South America, the role of the Andes is crucial, both because of their climatic impact and because of their morphological effects.
Theories of Translation
Authors: Watson Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Any account of medieval translation theory, especially one that relates theory to practice and the idea of translation to that of the literary, faces serious problems of evidence, definition, and scope. The word literary itself has no OE or ME equivalent, and to apply any a priori definition of it narrower than the root meaning (‘about letters’) to the prose or poetry of the 700 years before 1500 is anachronistic.
Sacred and Religious Texts
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth
Published: November 2023

From about 1780, in sharp contrast with the first part of the century, a new interest in translating the Bible was widely evident in Britain, prompted in part by recent German biblical criticism. Although this initial enthusiasm did not endure in the face of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars (see Sheehan 2005: 241–7), throughout our period, new and revised biblical translations were made quite often in both Britain and America. The most significant of these was the Revised Version of the King James Bible (the subject of § 10.2, below). Devotional texts were also frequently translated, to serve sectarian ends as well as personal needs, and a handful of these endured into the twentieth century. Finally, the massive task of translating the Church Fathers in bulk was largely accomplished at this time, and these translations continue even now to be in use.
Libraries and Collectors, 1700–1800
Authors: Barnard Toby
Published: November 2023

John Dunton, an entrepreneurial bookseller from London, boasted of the auctions that he organized in Dublin during the 1690s. He claimed to have imported into Ireland ‘a general collection of the most valuable pieces in Divinity, History, Philosophy, Law, Physick, Mathematicks, Horsemanship, Merchandize, Limning, Military Discipline, Heraldry, Musick, Fortification, Fireworks, Husbandry, Gardening, Romances, Novels, Poems, Plays, School-books and Bibles ‘. Dunton named some who had bought these works at his auctions. The list was headed by St George Ashe, a learned and welltravelled cleric, soon promoted from the provostship of Trinity College to the northern bishopric of Clogher (see Figure 4). Next came a pair of Church of Ireland clergymen, both of them also prominent schoolmasters.
Reading Print, 1700–1800
Authors: Méire Kennedy
Published: November 2023

How can we assess the way in which books were received by their readers? A tantalizing comment written on the title page of a Dublin publication of 1788, Winter Evenings: or, Lucubrations on Life and Letters, proclaims ‘A good read ‘; the hand seems to be contemporary and is probably that of an adult (see Figure 8).¹ Who enjoyed this book and when? Was it their own, or borrowed from a friend or a circulating library? Was it meant as a recommendation to others, or just a spontaneous response to a satisfactory experience of reading? The evidence for reading is obscure and fragmentary, difficult to uncover and even more difficult to interpret. It is impossible to generalize the experience of reading; the evidence is, by its nature, specific, therefore it is imperative to identify and record the common characteristics of a wide range of reading experiences. We would like to discover whether reading took place in company or alone, whether it was silent or aloud, and whether an audience listened passively or participated.
Historical Writing, 1550–1660
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: November 2023

John Bale ‘s account of his brief and extremely troubled ecclesiastical tenure in Ireland, The Vocacyon of Johan Bale to the Bishopricke of Ossorie (London, 1553), contains a memorable frontispiece. This image shows contrast between the ‘English Christian ‘, a decent, honest yeoman, and the ‘Irish papist ‘, a wolf in sheep ‘s clothing waiting to prey on his unsuspecting neighbour (see Figure 10).¹ The woodcut clearly owes much to Protestant ecclesiastical satire, which routinely depicted Catholics as wolves in sheep ‘s clothing.² It also represents in miniature a developing Protestant historical tradition that contrasted the believers in the true church with those false Christians who worshipped in the worldly church controlled by Satan, a history most fully developed in English in John Foxe ‘s Actes and Monuments of the Christian Church (1563, 1570).³As soon as the reader opens Bale ‘s autobiographical text, one that represents his sufferings as those of a modern saint, a clear and unequivocal sense of the histories of England and Ireland has been established.⁴ English identity can be traced back to the primitive, apostolic church of the first century, whereas Irish character is defined by the misleading evil of the church of Rome.
The Invention of Telepathy 1870-1901
Authors: Luckhurst Roger
Published: November 2023

The Invention of Telepathy explores one of the enduring concepts to emerge from the late nineteenth century. Telepathy was coined by Frederic Myers in 1882. He defined it as “the communication of any kind from one mind to another, independently of the recognised channels of sense”. By 1901 it had become a disputed phenomenon amongst physical scientists yet was the “royal road” to the unconscious mind. Telepathy was discussed by eminent men and women of the day, including Sigmund Freud, Thomas Huxley, Henry and William James, Mary Kingsley, Andrew Lang, Vernon Lee, W. T. Stead, and Oscar Wilde. Did telepathy signal evolutionary advance or possible decline? Could it be a means of binding the Empire closer together, or was it used by natives to subvert imperial communications? Were women more sensitive than men, and if so why? Roger Luckhurst investigates these questions in an exciting and accessible study that mixes history of science with cultural history and literary analysis.
Policy-Making Capacities of European Party Government
Authors: Kernan Hans
Published: November 2023

It almost goes without saying that party government is the irreducible core of any representative democracy, not least since the political executive is constitutionally empowered to run the ‘affairs of the state’. Equally uncontentious is the proposition that most representative democracies have a constitution (or a set of basic Jaws) that provides a system of ‘checks and balances’ between the executive and legislative. The relationship between the latter differs across democratic systems and is of course also shaped by the development over time of a myriad set of informal rules as to how the “game’ is played in reality. Ultimately, however, it is political parties that define the actual room for manoeuvre of the key actors of party government: political parties and other organized interests that have access to the decision-making arena.
Introduction
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

In 1820 William Blake completed the printing of the first complete copy of Jerusalem, his greatest illuminated work. Its creation had been an enormous labour, and one that had interlocked with two other ambitious projects: The Four Zoas and Milton. Blake gave up work on The Four Zoas manuscript around 1807.1  Milton was issued c.1810, and Blake probably worked on Jerusalem all through those years and afterwards.
Dark Pastoral: Illustrations to Thornton’s Virgil
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

In 1821 there appeared the third edition of Dr Robert John Thornton’s The Pastorals of Virgil, with a Course of English Reading, Adapted for Schools.1 The first edition of this work, unillustrated, had been published in 1812.2 Eighty-one pages of illustrations for it, from one to five on a page, were published separately in 1814,3 and a second edition with these included appeared in 1819.4
Who Belongs to Reading Groups?
Authors: Hartley Jenny
Published: November 2023

What does our survey tell us about the people who belong to reading groups? The most obvious and unsurprising thing is that most of them are women. All-female groups account for 69 per cent of the groups; 4 per cent are all-male (Table 7). If we exclude the groups contacted via Orange (the association with the Orange Prize might lead to a female bias), the figure for all-female groups is still high, at 66 percent, with all-male groups at 6 percent.
Hard but Hardly Relevant: Party-Based Euroscepticism in Belgium
Authors: Deschouwer Kris , Assche Martine Van
Published: November 2023

Euroscepticism is not that easy to find in Belgium. The main reason for that is the lack of any serious public and political debate about the place and the role of the European Union (EU). Europe is there and has more or less always been there. It is not an issue at all. In national elections, parties do not engage in debates about their position on Europe. European elections produce a debate between European believers and even stronger believers. If both types of elections are organized simultaneously (as in 1999 and in 2004), the European elections tend to lose all their relevance.
Embracing Europe, Opposing EU-rope?Party-based Euroscepticism in the Czech Republic
Authors: Hanley Sean
Published: November 2023

Following the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in 1989, many commentators saw the democratic traditions, political stability, and successful economic reform programme of Czechoslovakia—and latterly the Czech Republic—as making the country a prime candidate for membership of the European Union (EU). These expectations were largely confirmed by the Czech Republic’s inclusion in 1997 amongst the first CEE states invited to begin accession negotiations and the successful conclusion of these negotiations in December 2002.
Explaining the Failure of Euroscepticism in the European Parliament
Authors: Benedetto Giacomo
Published: November 2023

Eurosceptics have failed to transform success in the European elections of certain member states into legislative and campaigning achievements within the European Parliament. This is at a time when the Parliament has developed a substantial role within the European Union (EU) legislative system that Eurosceptics oppose. Negligible alliance-building between Eurosceptic representatives is compounded by the failure to construct a homogeneous political group or any of the wider parallel structures common to the established party families at the European level. This chapter shows that unless other issues are also pursued, as is the case for the Soft Eurosceptics who have other policy interests, the European Parliament is an unrewarding location for Eurosceptics.
Two-dimensional spectroscopy
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

Experiments that irradiate the sample with two radiofrequency fields are known as double resonance, and by convention the second radiofrequency is labelled B2. Irradiation with B2 perturbs the system and the resulting change is monitored by the radiofrequency B1. The essential property of double resonance investigations is that they correlate what happens at one chemical site with what happens at another, thereby establishing that there is an interaction between them. This normally indicates that the two sites are in the same molecule and relatively close to one another.
How safe is magnetic resonance imaging?
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

Many clinical procedures involve a certain degree of risk to the patient; the justification being that, without them, the consequences to health would be far more serious. The use of X-rays is one well-known example, involving penetration by potentially dangerous ionizing radiation. While MRI is far safer than X-ray methods, it is unusual in that it involves some new kinds of potential hazard exposure to strong, constant magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, time varying magnetic fields, and radiofrequency irradiation. Until relatively recently there was no reason to immerse humans in intense magnetic fields, and there was very little empirical evidence about possible health hazards. Even less information was available on the effects of magnetic field gradients or on time dependent magnetic fields. On the other hand, the heating effect of radio frequency and microwave fields is well documented, and they have been used for physiotherapy and in hyperthermia for cancer treatment. Recently, concern has grown about the possible hazard from low-frequency radiation from electric power lines and the radiofrequency radiation emitted by mobile telephones.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

The most useful and immediate impact of magnetic resonance in medicine has undoubtedly been the ability to display images of living systems (MRI) but some scientists are more excited about an alternative avenue of research-the non invasive study of biochemistry within the human body. This is now generally referred to as MRS, or sometimes in vivo spectroscopy. The basic principle is very simple-focus attention on a restricted volume within a particular organ of the body and then study the high-resolution NMR spectrum from that site. The way in which that spectrum changes with variations in metabolism, disease, or drug treatment affords an unprecedented insight into human biochemistry. Unlike MRI, in vivo spectroscopy appears to offer the possibility of suggesting biochemical treatments for disease rather than merely a diagnosis of pathology. Progress in MRS has however been slower than in MRI, probably because the technical problems have been more severe. Magnetic resonance imaging quickly achieved wide spread acceptance because it promised better pictures than the well-established X-ray methods; in vivo spectroscopy had no true forerunner at all.
High-resolution NMR of body fluids
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

Even before the advent of MRI, high-resolution NMR spectroscoplsts were already exploring applications to human biochemistry. Some of these involved the analysis of human body fluids, which, in many cases, are readily accessible. NMR spectroscopy became yet another high-technology weapon in a well-stocked armoury of clinical tests. A parallel line of research led to the introduction of in vivo MRS (Chapter 14). However, the study of biofluids has the advantage over MRS in that the samples are normally isotropic liquids, and far more homogeneous than the organs or tissues of the human body. This makes them more amenable to high-resolution NMR spectroscopy.
Dorchester
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

It was in September 1850 that Hardy first walked the three miles in from Higher Bockhampton to present himself at the British School kept by Isaac Glandfield Last in Greyhound Yard, Dorchester. Because of his early physical weakness and slow development, compounded by his late begun and already interrupted schooling, he was a year or two older than most of the other boys—although he looked a good deal younger. Fellow pupils and other contemporaries remembered him as a small, serious, clever, rather solitary child with a large head, who customarily carried a satchel full of books and was always ready to help slower students with their lessons.¹ According to one story he went for his lunch each schoolday to Rebecca and Amelia Sparks, the unmarried sisters of his uncle by marriage James Sparks. They lived in Dorchester, working at home as shoebinders, and are said to have not especially appreciated Hardy ‘s enthusiasm for conjuring tricks—such as tossing buttered bread to the ceiling and making it stick there or throwing the contents of the sugar bowl into the air and catching them in his cupped hands as they descended.²
The Return of the Native
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

On 22 March 1878 the Hardys moved into 1 Arundel Terrace, Trinity Road, Tooting, sometimes called The Larches, the end house of a three-storeyed red-brick Victorian terrace. Wandsworth Common and Wandsworth Common Station were only a few minutes ‘ walk away, but the house was not otherwise notable for charm or convenience. Writing rather apologetically to Kegan Paul on 21 June, Hardy explained that ‘for such utter rustics as ourselves Tooting seemed town enough to begin with ‘. Emma meanwhile sent Mrs Dashwood a harrowing account of the problems of furnishing a house considerably bigger than Riverside Villa.¹
Return to Dorchester
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Although the Hardys did not get away from Wimborne in April 1883, they were able to do so at midsummer, when the second year of their lease expired. ‘We leave this place in the latter part of the month—much to my exhilaration, ‘ Hardy told Gosse on 12 June. ‘A man has been here to look at our furniture, which he “carries in his eye” (so he says) till he has made an estimate for removing it. ‘¹ But if Hardy was glad to turn his back on Wimborne, the time spent there had been by no means unproductive. It had provided him with a comfortable and undemanding context in which to recover from his illness. It had given him the opportunity to get the ‘feel ‘ of Dorset again without having to confront the kinds of social pressure that the return to Dorchester would bring. And it had allowed and even compelled him to undertake that reconsideration of his whole career—past, present, and future—which would eventually bear fruit in The Mayor of Casterbridge and the other major achievements of the next several years.
The Publication of Jude
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

On 1 November 1895 Jude the Obscure was published by Osgood, McIlvaine as a single volume, the familiar Victorian three-volume format for novels having virtually disappeared following recent industry-wide changes in publishing and distribution practices. That same day Sir George Douglas arrived at Max Gate for a short visit and was alone with Hardy in his study when the first copy of the novel was delivered: ‘The auspices, I remember, were not flattering, the weather being gloomy, whilst Mrs Hardy was suffering from an accident sustained in learning to cycle. ‘
Pessimistic Meliorist
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Reviewers of Wessex Poems, echoing the reception of Hardy ‘s later novels, repeatedly invoked the term ‘pessimism ‘, as if in so doing they were simultaneously defining a distinctive philosophical position and enforcing an adverse critical judgement. Hardy ‘s exasperation at being so crudely categorized was exceeded only by his overwhelming sense of the inconceivability of ‘optimism ‘ in a world of such radical imperfection. Picking up a reference to Browning in an article on ‘Form in Poetry ‘ for which Gosse had taken Wessex Poems as his text, Hardy exclaimed: ‘The longer I live the more does B. ‘s character seem the literary puzzle of the 19th century. How could smug Christian optimism worthy of a dissenting grocer find a place inside a man who was so vast a seer & feeler when on neutral ground? ‘ In a much later note, prepared for inclusion in Life and Work but not in fact used there, he drew a specific contrast between Browning ‘s outlook and his own: ‘Imagine you have to walk [a] chalk line drawn across an open down. Browning walked it, knowing no more. But a yard to the left of the same line the down is cut by a vertical cliff five hundred feet deep. I know it is there, but walk the line just the same. ‘¹
The Dynasts
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Hardy ‘S uncertainty over his forthcoming public appearance in yet another new guise—as author of a verse drama designed to be read rather than performed—was compounded by his domestic worries. Lilian Gifford had again been staying at Max Gate, and in mid-November 1903 Emma carried her off on a visit to Dover and then, purely on impulse, across the Channel to Calais. Messages exchanged between Emma and Bessie Churchill, the Max Gate parlourmaid, were chiefly concerned with the health and comfort of the four household cats. On learning that one of them had been brought home after an absence at the vet ‘s, Emma counselled: ‘Keep Marky away from Pixie—perhaps also from Snow-dove they will try to chase her off. ‘¹ Hardy, who wrote frequently, also mentioned the cats but his inclusion of local gossip and family news suggests that he was chiefly concerned to keep Emma in touch with home and with reality.
Last Things
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Hardy ‘S creative energies found their chief outlet at this period in the compilation, revision, and publication of yet another volume of verse, at first unpromisingly called ‘Poems Imaginative & Incidental: with Songs and Trifles ‘, later renamed Human Shows Far Phantasies Songs and Trifles—a less commonplace title, as Hardy remarked to Sir Frederick Macmillan, and easier to remember, since it would in practice simply be called Human Shows. The manuscript was sent to Macmillan at the end of July 1925, and once the proofs arrived Cockerell ‘s assistance in reading and correcting them was again volunteered and gratefully accepted.¹ Although most of the poems in the volume were evidently of recent composition, a substantial number had originated in old notes or drafts that Hardy had come upon while sorting out his papers a few years earlier, the volume as a whole giving much the same impression of, so to speak, homogeneous miscellaneity as Late Lyrics and indeed all of the previous collections.
Plato and Greek Politics
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2023

Plato was born in 428 BC to a distinguished, well-connected Athenian family. His early years were passed in the shadow of the wars between Athens and Sparta, which culminated in the complete victory of Sparta in the year 404. Plato probably saw military service during this conflict, but in the remarkable autobiographical statement preserved in his Seventh Epistle, he does not mention this but rather comments on political events during the closing years of the war. The Athenian democracy was overthrown and replaced by an oligarchy, important members of which were Plato’s relatives and associates. He watched with horror as this regime, which he had considered joining and in which he had lodged great hopes, degenerated into a tyranny. The democracy returned and completed Plato’s disillusionment with politics, by executing Socrates, ‘the best and wisest and most righteous man’ then living (Phaedo 118a). Thus, Plato’s early years were filled with political turmoil and strife. He saw Athens pass from a position of political supremacy in the Greek world to defeat and near destruction. But Athens rose again, and Plato witnessed her resumption of her earlier course.
The European Experiment
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: November 2023

The European story begins with the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, which was accompanied by a number of violent ethnic conflicts. In retrospect, these violent conflicts have largely been confined to the Caucasus and the Balkans. But this wasn ‘t clear at the time. In the early 1990s, many commentators feared that ethnic tensions would spiral out of control in wide swaths of post-communist Europe. When the British magazine New Statesman and Society gave its June 1992 issue the headline ‘Eurogeddon? The Coming Conflagration in East-Central Europe ‘, it was reflecting a pervasive sentiment amongst European observers.
Small Arms Survey 2005
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

The Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War is dedicated to issues surrounding armed conflict, including the sourcing of weapons to conflict areas, weapons use, conflict deaths, and post-conflict disarmament initiatives. This edition also provides an overview of small arms ammunition as well as new and updated information on small arms production, stockpiles, transfers, and international measures. It presents two case studies: one exploring the concept of ‘gun culture’ in Kosovo, the other focusing on the Central African Republic. In addition, this volume surveys representations of small arms and armed violence in contemporary art. The Small Arms Survey is the principal international source of impartial and reliable information on all aspects of small arms. Its blend of information and analysis makes it an indispensable resource for policy-makers, officials, and non-governmental organizations. The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. The project has an international staff with expertise in security studies, political science, international public policy, law, economics, development studies, conflict resolution, and sociology, who work closely with a worldwide network of researchers and partners.
‘Gun Culture’ in Kosovo: Questioning The Origins Of Conflict
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

The notion of ‘gun culture’ occasionally surfaces in the debate on small arms, particularly in connection with the issue of armed conflict. Although it lacks an established definition, the term is commonly used to denote a particular set of ‘reasons’ for the presence and use of small arms in a given society—reasons that go beyond the ‘economic’ or ‘utilitarian’ needs of individuals and the dynamics of local or international markets. In this sense, ‘gun culture’ is used to indicate a given society’s set of values, norms––both social and legal––and meanings that render the presence of firearms and their possession by private individuals acceptable and legitimate. For example, small arms possession among civilians—usually of firearms—can be seen as a symbol of status, of masculinity, or else, as a source of security where state structures are unable, or unwilling, to provide it.
Charing Cross and the City
Authors: Barrell John
Published: November 2023

On the afternoon of 18 April 1795, according to the Morning Chronicle, the radical novelist and philosopher William Godwin met with a nasty accident in Oxford Street. He was ‘rode over by a man on horseback’ and ‘received a violent contusion in his face, which was also much cut’, though ‘no dangerous consequences are apprehended’.1 An essay by Godwin published two years later may incline us to believe that the collision was not the fault of the horse or its rider. It offers to distinguish between ‘the man of talent and the man without’, by describing how each of them might pass the time during a walk from Temple Bar to Hyde Park Corner at the western end of Oxford Street. The point is to show the generalizing, the abstracting, the imaginative power of men such as himself, as compared with the impoverished intellect of ordinary men. ‘The dull man,’ he suggests,
Hair Powder
Authors: Barrell John
Published: November 2023

Among the many thousands who died in the early years of the war with France as a result of William Pitt’s determination to re-establish the monarchy in France, we should probably include the ‘fine fat Russian bear’ whose fresh carcase in December 1795 was on display at Alexander Ross’s Ornamental Hair and Perfumery Warehouse in Bishopsgate Street. Bear’s grease was valued as an ingredient of pomatum, but chiefly as a hair-restorative and hair-strengthener. It was, Ross claimed, ‘the only thing possible to make the Hair grow long and thick, recover it after illness, prevent it falling off, or turning grey during life’.
Risk, Regulation, and Management
Authors: Hutter Bridget M
Published: November 2023

Risk has emerged as an important concept in academic discussions and also in the worlds of business and government. In many respects it has become a new lens through which to view the world. For some commentators this is consequential upon transformations in modern societies, so risk is related to substantive changes in the worlds we inhabit and to re-conceptualizations of the dangers surrounding us (Giddens 1990; Beck 1992). It is argued that there is a class of risks peculiarly associated with modern societies.
Social Inequality and Risk
Authors: Abbott David , Jones Anwen , Quilgars Deborah
Published: November 2023

Following the work of such authors as Beck (1992) and Giddens (1991, 1994), there has been considerable academic debate in social policy about the emergence of a risk society (Culpitt 1999; Dingwall 1999; Taylor-Gooby et al. 1999). One important factor is that, in a risk society, the traditional fault-lines of social class are no longer the main divisions in people’s ideas about their interests, but that risks, which cut across these lines and may affect all members of society in similar ways, become more important (Taylor-Gooby 2001a).
Separate Selves
Authors: Clark Heather
Published: November 2023

The poets did not have much cause to celebrate the new year in 1969— not after the People’s Democracy New Year’s March from Belfast to Derry erupted in violence and ushered in a new era of fear. Loyalist bombings, the Battle of the Bogside, and Terence O’Neill’s resignation followed in the march’s wake; in August, Britain deployed troops in Northern Ireland, and in January of 1970, Sinn Fein split into Official and Provisional wings. Seven months later Westminster would introduce internment without trial. Though the poets knew their home had been built on a slipshod foundation, they were nevertheless unprepared for its quick erosion. The Protestant poets were caught particularly off guard. As Longley said in 1970, ‘as a middle-class Protestant I’d always thought this sort of thing could never happen, and here it was—it had happened’.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Michael C
Published: November 2023

‘What would Hans Morgenthau say?’ This question occurs naturally, sooner or later, to those with an interest in realism and world politics. But to a degree, of course, it is a question that the field of International Relations (IR) has been asking itself for over half a century, and it continues to do so today.1 Morgenthau remains a—perhaps the—founding figure in the study of IR, and his influence continues to be felt in contemporary controversies over how best to understand international politics.
Morgenthau, agency, and Aristotle
Authors: Lang Anthony F
Published: November 2023

Realists are either amoral analysts of the international system who focus only on power or immoral Machiavellians who see nothing wrong with using violence and deception to advance the national interest. This, at least, is the caricature often found in critical and even some sympathetic accounts of the realist tradition. Indeed, it does apply to some theorists especially those writing from a neorealist or structural framework.
A Common Space for Electoral Communication? Comparing Party and Voter Placements on a Left-Right Continuum in Western Europe and CEE
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d.
Published: November 2023

Parties are the major vehicle for the communication of electoral preferences to parliament and government within present-day representative democracies. We have seen from the two previous chapters that they distinguish themselves in policy-terms suffciently to provide a clear basis for policy choice by voters particularly between Left, Centre, and Right. In this chapter, we ask whether electors are conscious of this party differentiation and act upon it—in the new as well as in the old democracies of Europe.
Algorithms For The Construction Of Exact D-Optimum Designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

The construction of a design that is optimum with respect to a chosen criterion is an optimization problem which can be attacked in several ways. Most of the available algorithms borrow ideas from generic methods for function optimization where the objective function is defined by the stipulated criterion of optimality. For example, the Fedorov algorithm ( 12.5) and its modifications described in 12.6 are steepest ascent algorithms. They were used to calculate many of the examples in this book.
Optimum Experimental Design With Sas
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

For optimum exact design, the key SAS tool is the OPTEX procedure. For optimum continuous designs, there is no specialized tool in SAS, but with a moderate amount of programming the non-linear optimization tools in SAS/IML software serve this purpose. Finally, the ADX Interface provides a point-and-click approach for constructing optimum designs for many of the kinds of experiments discussed in this book.
Model Checking And Designs For Discriminating Between Models
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

So far we have assumed that we know the model generating the data. Although this ‘known’ model may be quite general, for example a secondorder polynomial in m factors, any of the terms in the model may be needed to explain the data. Experiments have therefore been designed to allow estimation of all the parameters of the model.
Further Topics
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

Although the topics covered in this chapter receive relatively brief treatment, this is not because they are of little practical importance. The crossover designs that are presented in 25.2 are often used in medical research for the comparison of several treatments on individual subjects; as we note, their use in other areas is increasing. In 25.3 we continue with designs again useful in medical research, but consider instead clinical trials in which patients arrive sequentially. The problem is to provide an allocation of treatments that achieves some balance over prognostic factors whilst also including sufficient randomness to avoid biases.
Insect Conservation
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A
Published: November 2023

With up to a quarter of all insect species heading towards extinction over the next few decades, there is now a pressing need to summarize the techniques available for measuring insect diversity in order to develop effective conservation strategies. Insect Conservation outlines the main methods and techniques available to entomologists, providing a comprehensive synthesis for use by graduate students, researchers and practising conservationists worldwide. Both modern and more ‘traditional’ methodologies are described, backed up by practical background information and a global range of examples. Many newer techniques are included which have not yet been described in the existing book literature. This book will be particularly relevant to postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students taking courses in insect ecology, conservation biology and environmental management, as well as established researchers in these fields. It will also be a valuable reference for nature conservation practitioners and professional entomologists worldwide.
Estimating population size and condition
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A
Published: November 2023

The population is often the unit of primary interest in insect conservation studies. Declines in population size, and in the number and geographical extent of populations, are often the major harbinger of conservation need. Indeed, the two major conservation paradigms both concern species populations. The declining population paradigm implies losses due to threats, and when these threats are defined, the paradigm provides a basis for averting the decline. The small population paradigm emphasizes the environmental risks faced by species with small populations, as well as genetic problems arising simply from a population being small (Caughley 1994). It follows that an understanding of population structure and dynamics underpins much practical conservation at the species level, and can help us assess when conservation is needed, and how to proceed with it.
Acknowledging the Past to Heal the Future: The Role of Reparations for Native Nations
Authors: Tsosie Rebecca
Published: November 2023

For Native peoples, the discussion about reparations is not an intellectual exercise. It is a discussion of how the past, present, and future are cojoined and interdependent, just as the contemporary descendants of those who lived through the ‘Indian wars’ of the past couple of centuries are inseparably linked to their ancestors. The ‘past’ encompasses our family, our people, our nations. It is the story of how we came to be who we are today. As John Borrows, a Canadian First Nations scholar suggests, tribal narratives and stories are also important repositories for understanding the principles and laws that guide Native peoples in their interactions with one another and with the European societies that ‘settled’ these lands.1 Any discussion of contemporary Native/non-Native relations is thus incomplete without a reference to Native normative frameworks.
Colonialism, Reparations, and Global Justice
Authors: Tan Kok-Chor
Published: November 2023

... reparations to victims of slavery, the slave trade, and colonialism and their descendants should be in the form of enhanced policies, programmes and measures at the national and international levels to be contributed to by States, companies and individuals who benefited materially from these practices, in order to compensate, and repair, the economic, cultural and political damage which has been inflicted on the affected communities and peoples, through inter alia, the creation of a special development fund, the improvement of access to international markets of products from developing countries affected by these practices, the cancellation or substantial reduction of their foreign debt and a programme to return art objects, historical goods and documents to the countries of origin.
Atomic Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P
Published: November 2023

This book provides a bridge between the basic principles of physics learned as an undergraduate and the skills and knowledge required for advanced study and research in the exciting field of atomic physics. The text is organized in a unique and versatile format --- as a collection of problems, hints, detailed solutions, and in-depth tutorials. This enables the reader to open the book at any page and get a solid introduction to subjects on the cutting edge of atomic physics, such as frequency comb metrology, tests of fundamental symmetries with atoms, atomic magnetometers, atom trapping and cooling, and Bose-Einstein condensates. The text also includes problems and tutorials on important basics that every practicing atomic physicist should know, but approached from the perspective of experimentalists: formal calculations are avoided where possible in favor of ‘back-of-the-envelope’ estimates, symmetry arguments, and physical analogies. The 2nd edition contains over 10 new problems, and includes important updates, revisions, and corrections of several problems of the 1st edition.