bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary chloride restriction in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Fettman M. J. , Chase L. E. , Bentinck-Smith J. , Coppock C. E. , Zinn S. A.
Published: February 2025

Early-lactation Holstein cows fed a corn silage-based diet low in chloride and supplemented with sodium bicarbonate were observed for clinical, metabolic, and production alterations over the course of 8 to 11 weeks. In 3 of the more severely affected cows, metabolic derangements included a rapidly developing primary hypochloremic, secondary hypokalemic and hyponatremic metabolic alkalosis, and hemoconcentration. Clinical signs included severe hypophagia, weight loss, muscle weakness, hypogalactia, dehydration, constipation, cardiopulmonary depression, and a depraved appetite. It was concluded that the rapid progression of these derangements, apart from any anatomic abnormalities or infectious causes, emphasizes the need for rapid assessment and therapeutic intervention in primary imbalance associated with body chloride depletion and metabolic alkalosis.
Evaluation of techniques for diagnosis of canine prostatic diseases
Authors: Barsanti Jeanne A. , Finco Delmar R.
Published: February 2025

Bacterial culture and cytology of semen, bacterial culture and cytology of prostatic fluid washings, urinalysis, bacterial culture of urine, and blood leukocyte counts were performed on specimens from dogs with prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, or prostatic neoplasia.

Hemorrhage was the most frequent abnormal finding in semen from dogs with prostatic hyperplasia. Inflammation was the most frequent abnormal finding in dogs with chronic prostatitis. Bacterial culture of semen was sensitive but not specific for chronic bacterial prostatitis, due to false-positive results from urethral contamination.

Hemorrhage was the most frequent abnormal finding in prostatic fluid washings from dogs with prostatic hyperplasia. Inflammation was the most frequent abnormal finding in dogs with chronic prostatitis. Abnormal epithelial cells were found after prostatic massage in 4 dogs with neoplasia, although these cells were difficult to identify as neoplastic. Prostatic fluid washings were not useful for detecting chronic bacterial prostatitis, due to an inability to detect increases in bacterial counts in the fluid when urine bacterial counts were high.

Hematuria was the predominant abnormal finding in urinalysis from dogs with hyperplasia and neoplasia. Pyuria was the most frequent abnormal finding in dogs with chronic prostatitis. Urine was usually culture-positive when there was prostatic infection.

Blood leukocyte counts were normal in dogs with prostatic hyperplasia and usually normal in dogs with neoplasia. Leukocytosis, a left shift, and toxic white blood cells were predictive of abscessation, although the blood leukocyte count was not a very sensitive indicator for infection without abscessation.
Prognostic factors for feline mammary tumors
Authors: MacEwen E. Gregory , Hayes Audrey A. , Harvey H. Jay , Patnaik Amiya K. , Mooney Samantha , Passe Sharon
Published: February 2025

The case records of 100 cats with malignant mammary tumors were reviewed. All cats were staged clinically according to the staging system of the World Health Organization. The following information was obtained from the medical records: age at time of diagnosis, breed, tumor size, date of surgery, type of surgical procedure performed, histologic type of tumor, disease-free interval, survival time, and cause of death. Factors of no prognostic value were age (≤ 10 years vs >10 years) and breed. Tumor size was the most significant prognostic factor (P<0.0001). Cats with small tumors (1 cm3 to 8 cm3) had the best prognosis. The type of surgery, conservative vs radical, was significantly (P<0.01) related to disease-free interval, but was of no significance in prolonging survival time.
Serratia spp infection in 21 horses
Authors: Colahan P. T. , Peyton L. C. , Connelly M. R. , Peterson R.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-three isolations of Serratia spp were made from 21 horses at the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between Jan 1, 1979 and July 1, 1983. Three Serratia spp were involved in single-organism and mixed infections of various tissues. Eight horses of this group died. All horses that died had massive, mixed, gram-negative infection. The other 13 responded to treatment, including systemic antibiotic therapy. Most of these horses were stressed and under antibiotic therapy prior to the time of culture. Possible nosocomial infection, variable antibiotic sensitivity, and a trend toward decreased antibiotic sensitivity after antibiotic administration were noted.
Prostaglandin treatment and subsequent cystic ovarian disease in Holstein cows
Authors: Jasko David J. , Erb Hollis N. , White Maurice E. , Smith R. David
Published: February 2025

Using computerized herd health data, a prospective cohort study was devised to determine whether cows treated with prostaglandins had a higher incidence of cystic ovarian disease than comparable cows not treated. Of 744 cows selected as having diseases for which prostaglandin administration may be indicated, 240 received prostaglandin. Sixteen cows had cystic ovarian disease following prostaglandin administration. Chi-square analysis showed no association (P>0.10) between cystic ovarian disease and the use of prostaglandin.

Incidence of cystic ovarian disease within 150 days of calving in clinically normal cows was compared with that of cows with reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders had a significantly (P<0.01) higher incidence of cystic ovarian disease.
Effect of atropine sulfate on tear production in the cat when used with ketamine hydrochloride and acetylpromazine maleate
Authors: Arnett Beth D. , Brightman Alan H. , Musselman Eugene E.
Published: February 2025

Schirmer I tear tests were done on 10 cats before and during anesthesia induced with ketamine hydrochloride in combination with acetylpromazine maleate, with and without atropine sulfate as a preanesthetic agent. Use of atropine sulfate alone decreased tear production from a mean base-line value of 16.9 ± 3.7 mm/min to 8.2 ± 4.9 mm/min, 10 minutes after its subcutaneous administration. Tear production continued to decrease from 8.2 ± 4.9 mm/ min to a mean of 2.3 ± 2.5 mm/min at 30 minutes after the administration of the ketamine hydrochloride and acetylpromazine maleate combination.
Radiographic appearance of pulmonary metastases from transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and urethra of the dog
Authors: Walter P. A. , Haynes J. S. , Feeney D. A. , Johnston G. R.
Published: February 2025

Eleven cases of histologically proven transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder or urethra of the dog were selected for evaluation and characterization of the varied radiographic appearances of the lungs. In the 8 dogs with metastases, those appearances included radiographically normal pulmonary parenchyma, a semidense, diffuse, lacelike haze referred to as interstitial opacity, nodular interstitial opacity, and consolidations. One affected dog had hilar lymphadenopathy. In the 3 dogs without pulmonary metastases, the radiographic appearance was either normal pulmonary parenchyma or increased unstructured interstitial opacity.

Of all dogs in the study, 6 had a radiographic appearance of increased unstructured interstitial opacity. Four of those 6 had histologically proven metastases in the peribronchiolar lymphatics or alveolar capillaries. Dyspnea was not identified in any of the affected dogs.

The radiographic appearance for 3 of the 8 dogs with pulmonary metastases was misinterpreted as opacity compatible with age. The radiographic appearance for 1 of the 3 dogs without pulmonary metastases was misinterpreted as highly suspect for metastases.
Paraovarian-omental bands as a cause of small intestinal obstruction in cows
Authors: Richardson D. W.
Published: February 2025

Small intestinal obstruction caused by a fibrous band extending from the free edge of the greater omentum to the ovary or the tip of uterine horn was found in 4 cows. The band and distended small intestine were palpable per rectum in each cow. In 3 cows, severance of the fibrous band relieved the small intestinal obstruction and the cows recovered without complication. In the fourth cow, the compromised portion of intestine ruptured during manipulation and the animal was euthanatized.
Effect of immunosuppressive drug therapy on blood urea nitrogen concentration in dogs with azotemia
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Rawlings Clarence A.
Published: February 2025

Azotemic dogs receiving prednisone and azathioprine to enhance renal allograft survival had higher blood urea nitrogen (bun): serum creatinine (sc) ratios, when compared with nontreated dogs with induced azotemia. The difference in ratios probably was attributable to increased bun content secondary to the catabolic effects of the drugs used. However, dogs with naturally occurring renal failure had bun:sc ratios that were similar to those for dogs receiving the catabolic drugs. It was concluded that even though catabolic drugs may influence bun:sc ratios, the multiplicity of other factors affecting bun and sc may interact to cause a wide range of bun:sc ratios under conditions of naturally occurring primary renal failure in the dog.
Medial condylar fractures of the third metatarsal bone in horses
Authors: Richardson D. W.
Published: February 2025

Fifteen longitudinal fractures involving the medial condyle of the third metatarsal bone were diagnosed in racing Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. Twelve were repaired surgically with lag screws placed through stab incisions. Two of the horses suffered catastrophic fracture of the third metatarsal bone during recovery from anesthesia, and 3 more sustained complete fractures within 4 days of the repair. Of 3 horses with fractures treated without surgery, 2 healed without complication. Preoperative radiography did not demonstrate a nonlongitudinal fracture component in any of the horses that sustained complete fractures. The complete fractures were uniformly “Y” shaped. Horses in which the fractures healed had a good prognosis for return to racing.
Equine plasma banking: Collection by exsanguination
Authors: Eicker Steven W. , Ainsworth Dorothy M.
Published: February 2025

A procedure was developed for the collection, preparation, storage, and administration of equine plasma. The technique involved exsanguination of anesthetized donor horses via carotid artery catheterization with a large-bore cannula. Blood was collected into plastic bags, allowed to settle by gravity, then transferred into storage bags and frozen. These were quickly thawed when needed.
A survey of adverse effects associated with ivermectin use in Louisiana horses
Authors: Karns P. A. , Luther D. G.
Published: February 2025

In a survey of 13 Louisiana equine practices, it was determined that 366 of 3,316 horses developed adverse reactions following use of ivermectin, with 3 of the horses having more than 1 reaction. Almost all of the reactions were of minor to moderate concern; however, 1 death was reported. Three hundred and thirty-two (91% of all reactions) were reported as ventral midline pruritus or edema (10% of all doses). Fifteen (0.45%) were transient injection site swelling and/or stiffness. Eleven horses (0.33%) developed limb edema. Eyelid edema was reported in 4 horses (0.12%). Two horses (0.06%) had fever. Rate and depth of respiration was increased in 1 horse (0.03%). One horse (0.03%) became disoriented. Three horses (0.09%) developed signs of colic. One horse (0.03%) died a few minutes after injection, and 1 horse (0.03%) became depressed. The survey covered the period from March to August of 1983.
Patterns of cutaneous anesthesia associated with brachial plexus avulsions in the dog
Authors: Bailey Cleta Sue
Published: February 2025

Patterns of cutaneous anesthesia were determined in 4 dogs referred for evaluation of brachial plexus trauma. Using these patterns in conjunction with other clinical and electrophysiologic data, avulsion of spinal nerve roots contributing to the brachial plexus (brachial plexus avulsion) was diagnosed in each case. Two of the 4 dogs had avulsions of the C7-T1 nerve roots and the T2 branch to T1. One dog had C7 and C8 nerve root avulsion, and one had avulsion of the C8 and T1 nerve roots and the T2 communicating branch to T1. Each dog had a distinct pattern of cutaneous anesthesia.
Therapeutic strategies involving antimicrobial treatment of the uterus in large animals
Authors: Gustafsson Borje K.
Published: February 2025

Few diseases have more diverse treatment methods than large animal uterine infections. Antibiotics, most commonly applied locally, have prevailed as the preferred treatment. Although initially, the efficacy was mostly judged empirically, controlled studies have questioned the efficacy of many of the regimens used. Increased awareness of the risk for bacterial resistance and for tissue residues, necessitating withholding times for meat and milk, has made it increasingly clear that nonantibiotic alternatives are needed along with a better rationale for use of antibiotics.
Extrahepatic biliary carcinoma in sloth bears
Authors: Gosselin Sylvie J. , Kramer Lynn W.
Published: February 2025

Extrahepatic biliary carcinoma was found in each of 5 adult sloth bears that died between 1970 and 1984 while on exhibit in Ohio zoos. The tumor was characterized by numerous mucin-producing neoplastic glands scattered throughout abundant fibrous stroma. The cause of the tumor was not determined.
Abomasal emptying defect in suffolk sheep
Authors: Rings D. M. , Welker F. H. , Hull B. L. , Kersting K. W. , Hoffsis G. F.
Published: February 2025

Twelve Suffolk sheep were examined because of an abomasal emptying problem. Anorexia and weight loss were evident in 11 of the sheep. Ventral abdominal distention was observed in 5 sheep. Laboratory analyses failed to show the hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis commonly found in cattle with a similar problem. Rumen chloride concentrations in 3 sheep indicated reflux of abomasal contents into the rumen.
Ovine abortion associated with an anaerobic bacterium
Authors: Kirkbride C. A. , Gates C. E. , Collins J. E. , Ritchie A. E.
Published: February 2025

An anaerobic, slightly curved, tapered, corrugated, rod-shaped bacterium with 0 to > 12 flagella at each pole was isolated from 2 aborted lambs with focal hepatic necrosis. The organism stained faintly Gram-negative, but stained better by the Giemsa method. It was pleomorphic in culture, ranging from filaments containing granules to faintly staining spheroids.
Prevalence and causes of ram epididymitis in Utah
Authors: Bagley C. V. , Paskett M. E. , Matthews N. J. , Stenquist N. J.
Published: February 2025

Palpation of the testicles and epididymides was used to determine the prevalence of ram epididymitis (re) in Utah range flocks over a 5-year period. Of 62 range flocks examined, 58 had rams with palpable lesions. A comparison was made of prevalence by right vs left testicle involvement, but no significant difference was found. Culling all rams with palpable lesions from the flock progressively reduced the annual incidence, but did not eliminate re from any flock.

Semen and specimens of reproductive tract tissue were obtained from representative flocks for bacterial culture. Brucella ovis was found commonly in range flocks, but was not isolated from re-affected rams in virgin, ram-producing flocks. In the ram-producing flocks, a gram-negative, pleomorphic rod-type organism was found.

It was concluded that re should be considered as 2 disease entities, based on the finding of 2 causative organisms and the management systems under which those organisms are found. Brucella ovis was the major cause in persistently infected range flocks, whereas the gram-negative pleomorphic rod-type organism is the apparent cause of re in virgin, ram-producing flocks.
Control of nematodes in dairy heifers by prophylactic treatments with albendazole in the spring
Authors: Herd R. P. , Heider L. E.
Published: February 2025

The effect of 2 prophylactic anthelmintic treatments with albendazole (7.5 mg/kg) was evaluated in 2 groups of Holstein dairy replacement heifers treated 3 and 6 weeks after turnout to spring pasture on May 2, 1983. The lightweight group consisted of twelve 7- to 9-month-old heifers with a mean initial weight of 201.1 kg. The heavyweight group consisted of ten 11- to 15-month-old heifers with a mean weight of 319.4 kg. Within each group, the heifers were paired by initial weight, and one member of each pair was randomly assigned to the treatment group. Each of the 4 resulting groups grazed separate, contaminated pastures until winter housing on Oct 31, 1983.

The albendazole-treated, lightweight heifers had bodyweight gains 28.9% greater than that of the control heifers at the end of 23 weeks (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in gain for the treated heavyweight heifers, which had a lower feeding rate/kg of bodyweight than did the lightweight heifers. At the end of the study, there was a sevenfold difference in mean pasture L3 counts between treatment (1,303 L3/kg) and control (9,153 L3/kg) replicates. It was concluded that it is desirable to treat all heifers in northern regions during their first spring at pasture. This strategy would likely provide substantial economic returns to the farmer in years with a wet summer, which would favor early migration of L3 to herbage, but would provide smaller returns in dry seasons, which would delay this pattern of migration.
Selenium toxicosis in swine
Authors: Casteel Stan W. , Osweiler Gary D. , Cook William O. , Daniels George , Kadlec Robert
Published: February 2025

Selenium toxicosis was diagnosed as the cause of fatal paralytic disease in a group of feeder pigs. Lumbar poliomyelomalacia and coronary band necrosis were the principal lesions. High selenium concentrations were detected in liver and kidney. Excessive selenium was traced to the premix added to the complete ration.
Evaluation of serum bile acid concentrations for the diagnosis of portosystemic venous anomalies in the dog and cat
Authors: Center S. A. , Baldwin B. H. , de Lahunta A. , Dietze A. E. , Tennant B. C.
Published: February 2025

The serum concentration of bile acids was measured in dogs and cats with portosystemic venous anomalies (psva). In 14 dogs, the mean serum bile acid concentration after 12 hours of fasting was 61.7 ± 68.7 μmol/L (normal, 2.3 ± 0.4 μmol/L (sem) and when measured 2 hours after a meal in 15 dogs was 229.9 ± 87.7 μmol/L (normal, 8.3 ± 2.2 μmol/L). The fasting serum bile acid concentration was within the normal range in 5 of 14 dogs. The postprandial concentration was determined in 3 of the 5 and in each case increased more than tenfold above the fasting value.

The mean fasting serum bile acid concentration in 4 cats was 24.4 ± 10.1 μmol/L (normal, 1.7 ± 0.3 μmol/L) and in 2 of the cats increased to a mean of 120.6 μmol/L (normal, 8.3 ± 0.8 μmol/L) 2 hours after feeding.

The bile acid values in patients with psva were correlated with values for blood ammonia content, sulfobromophthalein (bsp) retention, and results of conventional tests of hepatic function. Bile acid concentrations were more sensitive than abnormalities in serum enzyme activities or bsp retention and equal in sensitivity to the ammonia tolerance test in detecting hepatobiliary insufficiency. Bile acid measurements were accomplished with less inconvenience to the patient and clinician, than tests of bsp excretion or ammonia tolerance. Used in combination with conventional laboratory tests for hepatic disease, pre- and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations appear to be a sensitive and specific indicator of hepatobiliary dysfunction of value in the diagnosis of psva in the dog and cat.
Behavioral indications for phenothiazine and benzodiazepine tranquilizers in dogs
Authors: Hart Benjamin L.
Published: February 2025

In a controlled study on 18 caged dogs, the effects of 2 psychoactive drugs on friendliness, excitability, and fearfulness were systematically and quantitatively evaluated. Diazepam was selected to represent the benzodiazepine group, and chlorpromazine represented the phenothiazine group. Diazepam was more effective in suppressing signs of fear than was chlorpromazine. Diazepam increased measures of excitability, whereas chlorpromazine had opposite effects.
Prevalence of equine onchocerciasis in southeastern and midwestern United States
Authors: Cummings Earlice , James Eric R.
Published: February 2025

Of 664 horses reported to have originated in southeastern and midwestern United States, 341 (51.4%) were positive for Onchocerca cervicalis cutaneous microfilariasis. The highest prevalence of 68.8% was recorded for horses from Virginia. Horses with the highest concentrations of microfilariae (as high as 19,770 microfilariae/mg in 1 horse) were from the Southeast (Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, and Alabama). For horses from South Carolina, the prevalence of infection was 57.1%; from the Midwest (Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana), 54.4%; from North Carolina, 45.5%; from Pennsylvania, 7.7%; and from Minnesota, 5%. Histories and ages of the horses were not known, but most horses were approximately 15 years old. Compared with horses from other states, horses from Pennsylvania were younger, which may have accounted for their lower prevalence of infection.
Cecal perforation in the horse
Authors: Ross M. W. , Martin B. B. , Donawick W. J.
Published: February 2025

The case records of 23 horses with cecal perforation (cp) were reviewed. The horses averaged 4.5 years of age (6 weeks to 13 years) and included 9 intact males, 12 mares, and 2 geldings. Twelve of the horses were Standardbreds, 9 were Thoroughbreds, and 1 each, a Belgian and Morgan. The horses were allotted to 2 groups: group I—13 hospitalized horses in which cp occurred unexpectedly, and group II—10 horses with cp at the time of admission. The horses characteristically had been sick or affected with disease unrelated to the cecum. Sixteen horses had been given nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before the onset of cp. Twelve of the 13 hospitalized patients (group I) had vague, scarcely recognizable clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease before cp. The clinical signs and clinical laboratory changes that appeared in affected horses were identifiable with severe endotoxin shock, secondary to peritoneal contamination with ingesta and bacteria. All horses died.

At necropsy of the horses, the cecum was large and firm and was filled with ingesta, and the colon was empty; however, in 1 postpartum mare, the cecum and colon contained the usual amount of ingesta and were normal in size. In all horses, a single perforation was present, which appeared at various sites. The most common was a transverse perforation along the ventral aspect of the cecal body. Gross and microscopic examinations uncovered no existing disease near the perforation site or in other areas of the cecal wall or cecocolic orifice.

The pathogenesis of cp may involve 2 pathways: (1) a primary entity in mares at the time of parturition, without previous cecal outflow dysfunction, and (2) a secondary disease in horses initiated by a failure of physiologic cecal outflow, leading to cecal filling and later perforation.

Horses hospitalized with unrelated gastrointestinal or other systemic diseases treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be at risk to develop cp.
Acute hemodynamic effects of hydralazine in dogs with chronic mitral regurgitation
Authors: Kittleson Mark D. , Johnson Lynne E. , Oliver N. Bari
Published: February 2025

The hemodynamic response to hydralazine administration was evaluated in 6 conscious small dogs with chronic mitral regurgitation. All dogs underwent invasive and noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring before and after hydralazine administration. Cardiac output and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were measured with a Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. Systemic arterial blood pressure (ap) was measured directly by inserting a needle into the femoral artery. Standard M-mode echocardiograms and thoracic radiographs were obtained. Other hemodynamic variables were calculated.

Base-line hemodynamic variables were altered severely in all dogs. Hydralazine decreased mean arterial blood pressure from 104 ± 18 (mean ± sd) to 78 ±12 mm of Hg (P < 0.005), total systemic resistance index from 2,946 ± 625 to 1,261 ± 420 dynes-s-cm-5m2 (P < 0.005), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 40 ± 5 to 26 ± 3 mm of Hg, (P < 0.005). Cardiac index increased from 2.92 ± 0.72 to 5.36 ± 1.67 L/min/m2 of body surface area (P < 0.005). Mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2) increased from 28.4 ± 4.3 to 41.2 ± 5.2 mm of Hg (P < 0.001). Pulmonary edema resolved, as determined on thoracic radiographs. Mixed venous oxygen tension correlated well with the cardiac index (r = 0.92; P < 0.001). It was concluded that hydralazine administration caused a small decrease in end diastolic diameter (4.8 ± 0.9 to 4.5 ± 0.8 cm, P < 0.05) and end systolic diameter (2.6 ± 0.8 to 2.3 ± 0.7 cm, P < 0.05). Fractional shortening and heart rate did not change.

It was concluded that hydralazine administration induced marked hemodynamic benefits in dogs with severe chronic mitral regurgitation.
Urinary tract infection due to indwelling bladder catheters in dogs and cats
Authors: Barsanti J. A. , Blue J. , Edmunds J.
Published: February 2025

Urine samples were collected from 27 dogs and 4 cats with indwelling urinary catheters connected to a closed system. Twenty-one animals had sterile urine at the initiation of catheterization. Eleven of these 21 animals developed positive urine culture after 4 (mean) days (range 1 to 10 days) of catheterization. Infections persisted after catheter removal in 6 of 8 animals. The 10 animals that did not develop bacteriuria had a shorter duration of catheterization (3 days vs 12 days, mean). Antibiotics (chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfonamide, cephradine, lincomycin, gentamicin, or ampicillin) were used during the period of catheterization in 17 of 21 animals, 8 of which developed bacteriuria and 9 of which did not. Ten animals had bacteriuria at the initiation of urine collection for culture. The type of bacteria changed during the catheterization period in 6 animals, all of which were given antibiotics. Bacteria isolated from animals given antibiotics seemed to become increasingly antibiotic-resistant.
Clinical evaluation of sodium bicarbonate, sodium L-lactate, and sodium acetate for the treatment of acidosis in diarrheic calves
Authors: Kasari Thomas R. , Naylor Jonathan M.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-six dehydrated diarrheic neonatal calves were used to study the effects of various alkalinizing compounds on acid-base status, the changes in central venous pressure (cvp) in response to rapid iv infusion of large volumes of fluid, and the correlation of acid-base (base deficit) status, using a depression scoring system with physical determinants related to cardiovascular and neurologic function. Calves were allotted randomly to 4 groups (9 calves/group). Over a 4-hour period, each calf was given two 3.6-L volumes (the first 3.6 L given in the first hour) of a polyionic fluid alone (control group) or were given the polyionic fluid with sodium bicarbonate, sodium L-lactate, or sodium acetate added (50 mmol/L). Acid-base status, hematologic examination, and biochemical evaluations were made immediately before infusion of each fluid (at entry) and after 3.6, 4.8, and 7.2 L of fluid had been given.

Compared with control values, bicarbonate, lactate, and acetate had significantly greater alkalinizing effects on pH (P < 0.01) and base deficit (P < 0.01) after 3.6, 4.8, and 7.2 L of fluid were given. Bicarbonate had the most rapid alkalinizing effect and induced greater changes in base deficit (P < 0.01) than did acetate or lactate at each of the 3 administered fluid volumes evaluated. Acetate and lactate had similar alkalinizing effects on blood. Rehydration alone did not improve acid-base status. The cvp was elevated in 10 (28%) of the 36 calves after 1 hour of fluid (3.6 L) administration, but significant differences in body weight, pcv, and clinical condition or depression score at entry were not found between calves with elevated cvp and those with normal cvp. There was a significant (r = 0.30, P < 0.05) linear relationship between depression score and base deficit, but this relationship accounted for < 10% (r2 = 0.09) of the individual variation in acid-base status.

It was concluded that an alkalinizing compound, preferably sodium bicarbonate, should be added to fluids given iv to correct acidosis in dehydrated diarrheic calves.
Transendoscopic electrosurgery for epiglottal entrapment in the horse
Authors: Jann Henry W. , Cook W. Robert
Published: February 2025

Monopolar electrosurgical cutting was used to correct epiglottal entrapment in 5 horses. The operations were carried out in the conscious animal, using topical anesthesia. The procedure required the use of a coagulation electrode designed specifically for electrosurgery, introduced through the instrument channel of a fiberoptic endoscope. The results were satisfactory and serious complications were not encountered. In 2 horses, excessive submucosal swelling developed at the site of the surgical wound, and the tumefaction took several weeks to subside in one of these horses. In both horses, the long-term outcome was a minor degree of reentrapment.

The main advantages of this technique, compared with other corrective procedures, related to the avoidance of the need for general anesthesia and laryngotomy, allowing racehorses to be treated without any major interruption in their training schedules. The surgery was simple, rapid, and bloodless, and was not followed by any dorsal displacement of the soft palate.

It was suggested that transendoscopic electrosurgery has potential for use in the treatment of a number of other diseases of the respiratory tract and other systems, both in the horse and in other species. In the equine respiratory tract, the technique might usefully be applied to the treatment of guttural pouch tympany, soft palate cysts, nasopharyngeal polyps, choanal atresia, subepiglottic cysts, and tracheal granulomata.

A review of 21 cases of epiglottal entrapment in horses revealed no evidence to support the suggestion that dorsal displacement of the soft palate is a cause of epiglottal entrapment or vice-versa. The hypothesis was advanced that, when the soft palate is displaced dorsally as a postoperative complication of the standard side-to-side resection, it is caused in some way by the resection of more tissue than is necessary for the correction of epiglottal entrapment. The hypothesis would require further testing but, in the mean time, we would recommend that epiglottal entrapment surgery be carried out with minimal tissue damage.
Trends in hip dysplasia control: Analysis of radiographs submitted to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, 1974 to 1984
Authors: Corley E. A. , Hogan P. M.
Published: February 2025

From 1974 through 1984, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals evaluated 143,218 radiographic submissions representing 151 breeds of dogs. All breeds from which there were 35 or more evaluations had some frequency of dysplasia. Seventy breeds, each with over 100 submissions, were tabulated and ranked according to frequency of hip dysplasia. Frequency of dysplasia varied from 0.6% in the Borzoi to 46.9% in the Saint Bernard. These data were compared with data obtained earlier (1966 to 1973) on evaluations in 38 breeds for changes in frequency.

There was significant (P < 0.05) reduction in frequency of dysplasia in 27 breeds, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in frequency in only 1 breed (German Shorthaired Pointer), and no significant change in frequency in 10 breeds. The median significant decrease was 22.4%, and the range was from 3.1% in the Chesapeake Bay Retriever to 48.7% in the Keeshond. The reduction in frequency of hip dysplasia demonstrated the value of a control program.

There were 5 breeds with a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in frequency of dysplasia that had over 5,000 evaluations from 1974 to 1984. The decreases in frequency were independent of changes in American Kennel Club registrations for these breeds (a dramatic decline in registrations for the German Shepherd Dog and Old English Sheepdog, and a dramatic increase for the Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, and Labrador Retriever). Frequency regressed linearly in the German Shepherd Dog and Old English Sheepdog, but regressed nonlinearly in the other 3 breeds. The percentage reduction in frequency from the base frequency (1966 to 1973) for these breeds was 17.5% for the German Shepherd Dog, 23.1% for the Old English Sheepdog, 9.1% for the Rottweiler, 10.1% for the Golden Retriever, and 6.8% for the Labrador Retriever.
Transarticular pinning for repair of hip dislocation in the dog: A retrospective study of 40 cases
Authors: Hunt Chris A. , Henry William B.
Published: February 2025

Transarticular pinning was used for the repair of hip dislocation in 40 dogs. The mean follow-up period was 18.4 months. Satisfactory results were achieved in 80% of the cases. Body weight, ipsilateral femoral head fracture, and hip dysplasia appeared to affect long-term prognosis. The most frequent complication was pin breakage, but this did not affect final outcome and could be avoided by using pins of larger diameter. Osteonecrosis was observed in two cases.
Extracapsular cataract extraction: An analysis of 240 operations in dogs
Authors: Rooks Robert L. , Brightman Alan H. , Musselman Eugene E. , Helper Lloyd C. , Magrane William G.
Published: February 2025

A total of 240 extracapsular cataract extractions were performed on 214 dogs at the University of Illinois between 1968 and 1980. Overall success of the surgery, defined as restoration of functional vision for at least 6 weeks after surgery, was 79%. The success rates, on the basis of various parameters, were compared with the following results. The greater the number of years experience each surgeon had, the greater the surgical success rate. In dogs in which a second eye was operated on, the overall success rate on the second eye was approximately 20% less than that for the study as a whole. There was a significant difference in success rates between surgery on congenital and juvenile cataracts when compared with surgery on diabetic and senile cataracts, the first being 15% higher than the second. The success rate was 18% less for lensectomy with concurrent iridectomy than for lensectomy without iridectomy. There was no significant difference in success rates among the 3 procedures for extracapsular extraction used in this study, nor among the various breeds studied. There was no significant difference in the success rate of surgeries on the left eye, compared with surgeries on the right eye.
Scapular notch resection for suprascapular nerve decompression in 12 horses
Authors: Schneider J. E. , Adams O. R. , Easley K. J. , Schneider R. K. , Bramlage L. R. , Peter J. , Boero M. J.
Published: February 2025

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle paralysis with atrophy was treated by partial osteotomy of the scapula, deep to the suprascapular nerve. The horses had various gait abnormalities, which were corrected by the surgery, but regeneration of the muscles varied from partial to complete, depending on the duration of the condition and the degree of atrophy before surgery.
Effect of ACTH on plasma corticosterone and cortisol in eagles and condors
Authors: Zenoble R. D. , Kemppainen R. J. , Young D. W. , Carpenter J. W.
Published: February 2025

The effect of ACTH on plasma corticosterone and cortisol was determined in 12 eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and in 6 Andean condors (Vultur gryphus). In all raptors, the concentration of plasma corticosterone was substantially greater than that of cortisol. After ACTH administration, the eagles had a marked increase (P < 0.001) in plasma corticosterone concentrations, but not in plasma cortisol. Administration of saline solution did not induce increased plasma corticosterone concentrations in the eagles. The condors had a smaller increase (P < 0.002) in plasma corticosterone concentrations after ACTH administration, as compared with that of the eagles. However, administration of saline solution in 2 condors resulted in an increase in corticosterone similar to the increase after ACTH administration. In the condor, a stress-related release of endogenous ACTH may have an effect similar to that induced by exogenously administered ACTH. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not increase significantly after administration of ACTH or saline solution in either raptor species.
Serologic evaluation of vaccinated American river otters
Authors: Hoover John P. , Castro Anthony E. , Nieves Mary Ann
Published: February 2025

The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation acquired 20 American river otters (Lutra canadensis) between 1984 and 1985 for reintroduction into Oklahoma waterways. In 1985, 10 otters were evaluated for serum antibody titers after vaccination with canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2, canine parvovirus (cpv), feline panleukopenia virus (fpv), feline rhinotracheitis virus (frv), and feline calicivirus. Prevaccination serum-virus neutralization (svn) antibody to feline rhinotracheitis virus was found in 2 otters and to feline calicivirus in 1 otter. Using an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assay, prevaccination antibody to cpv and fpv was found in 2 otters. A significant increase in svn antibody titers was found after vaccination of otters with canine adenovirus type 2 (6 of 8 animals) and feline calicivirus (1 of 8 animals). One of 8 otters developed significant antibody titers to cpv and fpv, as measured by ifa assay. Otters did not develop svn antibody titers to canine distemper virus after vaccination. Antigens of feline leukemia virus, using elisa, or antibodies to feline infectious peritonitis, using ifa assay, were not found in the 20 otters.
Epizootiology of Sarcocystis infections in mule deer fawns in Oregon
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Kistner T. P.
Published: February 2025

From 1974 to 1977, 62 wild mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns from Steens Mountain, Ore were euthanatized in autumn (23 deer), winter (21 deer), and spring (18 deer). The number of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis spp was counted in histologic sections of various muscular organs. Sarcocysts were seen in the muscle specimens of 14 of the 23 deer euthanatized in autumn (September to November) and in specimens from all 39 deer euthanatized in winter (December and January) and spring (March and April).

The sarcocyst burden was greatest in the spring (736/deer), less in the winter (150/deer), and least in autumn (12/deer). Most sarcocysts collected from 3- to 5-month-old deer in autumn were immature, whereas most sarcocysts collected from 9- and 10-month-old deer in the spring were mature. More sarcocysts were seen in sections of muscles from limbs than in those of tongue, esophagus, and other skeletal muscles; the fewest sarcocysts were seen in the heart. Degenerating sarcocysts were seen in deer examined in the spring, but not in deer examined in autumn and winter. Sarcocystis was the only infectious agent found in unthrifty deer fawns. Of the 18 fawns (6 in autumn, 1974; 6 in winter, 1974; and 6 in spring, 1975) examined for helminths, only mild infections were seen in the deer examined in the spring of 1975.

From 1974 to 1977, from the Crooked Creek area of Oregon, 48 mule deer fawns (12 in autumn, 18 in winter, and 18 in spring) were euthanatized and evaluated for Sarcocystis infections. The pattern of Sarcocystis infection in these 48 deer was similar to that in deer from Steens Mountain.

The data indicated that summer and winter ranges are important in the natural epizootiologic aspects of Sarcocystis infections in mule deer.
Effect of ivermectin on murine mites
Authors: Wing Steven R. , Courtney Charles H. , Young Martin D.
Published: February 2025

Two sc injections of ivermectin (200 μg/kg of body weight), given one week apart, safely and effectively eliminated mite infestations (Myocoptes musculinus and Myobia musculi) from laboratory mice. When one 200 μg/kg or one 100 μg/kg injection of ivermectin was given to the mice, mite infestations were reduced temporarily.
Prevalence of benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles in horses in a southeastern Pennsylvania practice
Authors: Uhlinger Christine , Johnstone Colin
Published: February 2025

A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of benzimidazole (bz)-resistant small strongyles in horses in a southeastern Pennsylvania practice. Resistant parasites were found in 291 of 342 horses surveyed. Anthelmintic practices and pasture management factors in use for 3 to 6 years did not correlate with the presence of resistant small strongyles.

Benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles were recovered in horses that had been treated alternately with bz and non-bz products and in horses receiving bz products as infrequently as twice a year. However, inasmuch as the horses may have been infected with resistant small strongyles before the various anthelmintic schedules were implemented, it was not possible to attribute bz-resistance to any particular pattern of drug use.

Fifty-one (14.9%) horses had bz-susceptible small strongyles: these horses were on poor overall parasite control programs and had received bz products no more than once a year.

Benzimidazole-piperazine and non-bz drugs were effective in herds infected with bz-resistant small strongyles.
Fractures of the tibial diaphysis in dogs and cats
Authors: Boone E. G. , Johnson A. L. , Montavon P. , Hohn R. B.
Published: February 2025

One hundred ninety-five fractures of the canine and feline tibial diaphysis were reviewed. Signalment of the animal; cause, location, and description of the fracture; treatment of the fracture, and response of the fracture to treatment were evaluated. Spiral and oblique fracture patterns were the most frequent in both juvenile (animals less than 12 months old) and adult animals (animals more than 12 months old). Comminuted fractures and open fractures were seen more commonly in the adult animal. Closed reduction and external coaptation as a method of repair was used more frequently in juveniles and open reduction and internal fixation was used more frequently in adults. When open reduction and internal fixation was used, pins, wires, and Kirschner Ehmer external splints were used more frequently in juveniles, and plate and screw fixation of the fracture was used more frequently in adults. The time to bone union varied with age of the animal and method of fixation. Healing times increased in adults, and increased as the stability of the fracture fixation increased. Complications included osteomyelitis and nonunions. Nonunions developed in 4.1% of the fractures not lost to follow-up.
Colonic perforation in corticosteroid-treated dogs
Authors: Toombs James P. , Collins Lynda G. , Graves Glenn M. , Crowe Dennis T. , Caywood Dennis D.
Published: February 2025

Clinical findings for 5 new cases of colonic perforation in corticosteroid-treated dogs were presented and 8 other cases from the literature were reviewed. Colonic perforation was a fatal complication in all 13 dogs, 12 of which had had recent major surgery. Ten dogs were neurosurgical patients, 1 dog received medical therapy for head trauma and nonambulatory paresis, and 2 dogs were operated on for nonneurologic conditions. Dexamethasone was the most frequently used corticosteroid, and 12 dogs received a mean cumulative dose of 6.4 mg/kg over an average period of 5.1 days.

Depression, anorexia, and emesis, the most frequent signs attending colonic perforation, became evident 3 to 8 days after surgery. Signs preceded death by an average of 22.3 hours. Correct antemortem diagnosis (5 dogs) and surgical intervention (3 dogs) had no effect on eventual outcome (mortality = 100 %).

Colonic perforation most frequently developed in the proximal descending portion and always involved the antimesenteric border. Gross fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity and acute generalized peritonitis were evident in all but one dog. Adhesions were observed at the lesion site in 6 dogs, but prevented gross soilage in only one dog.
Prevalence, transmission, and pathogenicity of Sarcocystis gigantea of sheep
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Leek R. G. , Fayer R.
Published: February 2025

Between March and May 1983, tongues and esophagi of 355 adult ewes from Colorado and Idaho were examined for grossly visible sarcocysts. Sarcocysts of Sarcocystis gigantea were found in 35 sheep. Cats fed sarcocysts from these naturally infected sheep shed sporocysts in their feces. Two adult ewes and 12 lambs inoculated with 1,000 to 1,000,000 sporocysts were euthanatized at postinoculation days (pid) 146, 230, 265, 391, 721, and 882, and their tissues were fed to Sarcocystis-free cats. All inoculated sheep remained clinically normal except for mild pyrexia between pid 12 and 18. Sarcocysts first became grossly visible at pid 391 and sarcocysts from sheep first became infectious for cats at pid 230.
Epizootiologic investigations on a sheep farm with Toxoplasma gondii-induced abortions
Authors: Dubey J.P. , Miller S. , Powell E. C. , Anderson W. R.
Published: February 2025

During the lambing season of 1983/1984, 8 of 44 purebred Hampshire ewes on a farm in Knoxville, Md had reproductive problems. In at least 4 of these ewes, the problem was attributed to toxoplasmosis. Necrosis and Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were found in placental specimens from 3 ewes. Agglutinating antibody to T gondii, at a titer of 1:80, was found in pleural fluids of both fetuses aborted from 1 ewe; this we had an antibody titer of 1:6,400 at the time of abortion. In another ewe, the diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of T gondii from the placenta and 1 of her lambs.

Of numerous free-roaming adult cats on the farm, 16 were trapped, euthanatized, and examined for T gondii. Agglutination antibody to T gondii, at titers of 1:4 to 1:64, was found in serum samples from all the cats. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the brain and skeletal muscles of 9 of the cats, and from the feces of 1 cat.

Blood samples obtained from all 78 sheep on the arm 6 months after the episode of abortion were examined for antibody to T gondii. Agglutinating antibody inters to T gondii were < 1:16 in 46 sheep, 1:16 in 16, 1:64 in 12, 1:256 in 2, 1: 024 in 1, and 1:4,096 in 1. Analyses of serologic data in sheep of various age groups suggested that the Toxoplasma infection was acquired sporadically, probably from feed contaminated with oocysts.
Toxoplasma gondii-induced abortion in dairy goats
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Miller S. , Desmonts G. , Thulliez P. , Anderson W. R.
Published: February 2025

Three of 8 goats on a Maryland farm aborted or had dystocia associated with toxoplasmosis during the winter of 1984. Doe 1 aborted a decomposed fetus 30 days before term. Modified agglutination test (mat) antibody titers against Toxoplasma gondii were found in pleural fluid of the fetus (1:1,024) and in serum of doe 1 (1:4,096 at 31 days after abortion). Doe 2 aborted a fetus 5 days before term; mat antibody was found in the pleural fluid of the fetus (1: 16,384) and in the doe's serum (1:4,096 on the day of abortion). Placenta from both does had foci of necrosis characteristic of toxoplasmosis, and T gondii was identified in lesions. Doe 3 had dystocia 7 days before term and a partially decomposed fetus was delivered by cesarian section; mat was found in pleural fluid of the fetus (1: 1,024) and in serum from the doe (1:4,096 on the day of abortion). Focal gliosis and calcification were seen in brain specimens from 2 of the 3 fetuses. None of the does produced milk after abortion.

Two other does (No. 4 and 5) delivered apparently healthy kids transplacentally infected with T gondii; mat in serum of both does was 1:4,096. Doe 4 delivered 3 kids; mat titer in a serum from each kid 38 days after birth was 1:16,384. Doe 5 delivered 1 kid with a serum mat titer of 1:1,024 at 38 days after birth. The 3 remaining does had mat titers of 1:256, 1:16, and 1:16, and all delivered healthy kids.

Epizootiologic evidence suggested that the does acquired T gondii infection from oocysts passed in feces of domestic cats on the farm. The mat titers of 4 cats on the farm were 1:65,356; 1:1,024; 1:16; and 1:1,024.