bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numbers of granulocytes in thymic imprints of rabbits of different ages and degrees of coccidial parasitism
Authors: Westermann Jean E. Mills , Engelbert Vibeke E.
Published: August 2008

Counts of granulocytes were performed on thymic imprints from normal rabbits 3 days old, 2–3 weeks old, and young adults, and from young adult rabbits mildly and severely parasitized with coccidiosis. Analyses of percentages of eosinophils, heterophils, and basophils indicated no sex differences. Comparisons of relative numbers of granulocytes in normal rabbits showed that young adult rabbits possessed more eosinophils and fewer basophils than the younger groups (no differences in heterophils); 3-day-old rabbits had more eosinophils than the 2-to 3-week animals (no differences in heterophils and basophils). No differences in relative numbers of the various granulocytes were found in the mildly and severely parasitized rabbits, but there was a decrease in eosinophils in the parasitized rabbits when compared with the young normal adult rabbits. Eosinophilic leukocytes were divided into two groups: the mononuclear "tissue" line and the lobated "blood" line of development. In the 3-day-old rabbits about 95% of eosinophils were of the lobed variety but in the older normal rabbits, the two developmental lines were about equal in numbers. When compared with the normal young adult rabbits, parasitized rabbits have increased percentages of "blood" eosinophils as a result of greater numbers of band and polymorphonuclear cells.
The development of eosinophilic granulocytes in the rabbit thymus
Authors: Westermann Jean E. Mills , Engelbert Vibeke E.
Published: August 2008

Eosinopoiesis was studied in imprints and sections of thymuses of rabbits, aged from 3 days to old adulthood. Two distinctly different morphological lines of development were found, one giving rise to the lobed "blood" eosinophils and another to the mononuclear "tissue" eosinophils. The mononuclear line is believed to arise from the medium-sized thymocytes while the lobed line develops from myeloblasts in the same way as do the bone marrow eosinophils. There is no transformation of mature mononucleated to lobed eosinophils, and mitoses are rarely observed. The thymus of rabbits possesses a noteworthy potential for granulocyte production which is retained as a normal function into late adulthood.
Seasonal changes in aggression, hunger, and curiosity in ranch mink
Authors: MacLennan R. R. , Bailey E. D.
Published: August 2008

Aggression, hunger, and curiosity of ranch mink (Mustela vison) were examined. The animals were divided into socialized animals (those visually isolated at 1 year of age) and unsocialized animals (those visually isolated at 10 weeks of age).Aggression was measured by placing two mink in a special cage and measuring the time until a fight or confrontation occurred. The effects of 0, 24, and 48 hours of food deprivation were measured in summer, fall, and winter. The number of trips made by each mink up a vertical cage to get food was used as an indicator of hunger. Levels of curiosity were determined by measuring the speed and pattern of exploration of a novel open-field situation. The breeding behaviors of experienced and inexperienced male mink were compared.Aggression in mink consisted of at least two offensive threats and, as in other animals, fighting was ritualized to a great extent. All young mink showed some adult aggressive patterns by 20 weeks of age. Aggression in males reached a peak at breeding season (March) and declined throughout the summer and fall, to a low point in November. Socialized males had lower aggressive levels than unsocialized males. Aggression in female mink reached a peak after the breeding season and declined to a low in winter. These cycles were likely caused by gonadal hormones in males and hormones from the corpora lutea in females.Both consumption and storage of food must be considered in determining hunger in mink. Hunger varied inversely with environmental temperature, reaching a peak in the winter and a low point in the summer. Immature animals had lower hunger drives than adult animals. Changes in body weights of mink centered around the breeding season.Curiosity decreased from summer to fall as did aggression. Unsocialized males had higher levels of curiosity than socialized males and females. Immature mink showed incomplete exploratory behavior and had lower curiosity scores than adult animals.
The histogenesis of the hydatid cyst (Echinococcus spp.) Part 1. Liver cysts in large mammals
Authors: Cameron T. W. M. , Webster G. A.
Published: August 2008

The reaction of the intermediate host to the presence of the hydatid cyst in all animals follows a generally similar pattern, modified somewhat by the species of host and the organ invaded. This reaction is a complex of factors which vary in kind as well as degree as the parasite slowly grows. These include the effects of growth and development, excretions and secretions, and the enlargement of a laminated protective membrane; the host reacts by a stage of inflammation, repair, and the deposition of a fibrous tissue adventitia. The host reaction is not organically attached to the parasite which if not killed continues to grow to a considerable size (optimum about 10 cm) causing increased pressure atrophy of the host tissue. In the early stages of growth there is a great local production of tissue eosinophiles by the host, which later gradually subsides.This paper describes the histology of the effect of Echinococcus granulosus on the livers of pigs, sheep, bovines, deer, and equines and the reaction to its presence.
Demonstration of intranuclear vesicles in blast cells in lymph nodes with different fixatives and staining techniques
Authors: Shelley Jessica L. G. , Westermann Jean E. Mills , Engelbert Vibeke E.
Published: August 2008

For the demonstration or intranuclear vesicles, iodine vapor, formalin vapor, and methyl alcohol fixations give equivalent results when followed by staining with the May-Grünwald Giemsa technique. Neutral buffered formalin and May-Grünwald Giemsa staining demonstrate fewer intranuclear vesicles than the first-mentioned combinations. Iodine vapor or formalin vapor fixations followed by Mayer's haematoxylin staining show greater numbers of nuclei with vesicles.Formalin fixes nuclei slowly, which allows nuclear contraction and thus the squeezing-out of vesicles. Haematoxylin stains protein, while May-Grünwald Giemsa technique does not stain proteins but deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It therefore follows that the demonstration of vesicles in blast cell nuclei depends on the fixatives and staining methods used.
Microcauterization to maxillectomize lepidopterous larvae by fulguration
Authors: Urquhart F. A. , Dampney P.
Published: August 2008

A method for destroying small patches of tissue without surgery or bleeding is described for use in the study of chemoreceptors on the maxillae of the larvae of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus).
Sexual dimorphism in fetuses of wapiti, Cervus canadensis
Authors: Retfalvi Laszlo
Published: August 2008

Standard measurements of 133 wapiti fetuses from Jasper and Banff National Park were analyzed. Neck girths of male specimens significantly differed from neck girths of female specimens. The larger neck girth measurements of males was interpreted as evidence of sexual dimorphism and was attributed to faster growth rate of male fetuses.
Oxygen consumption of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, in relation to swimming speed and temperature
Authors: Beamish F. W. H.
Published: August 2008

Oxygen consumption was determined for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, of various sizes in relation to sustained swimming speeds. The logarithm of oxygen consumption for a given swimming speed and temperature increased linearly with the logarithm of weight. Slopes of regressions were considerably less than unity. In general, slopes for different swimming speeds at a given temperature did not differ significantly. The relation between logarithm of oxygen consumption and swimming speed is expressed as a series of parallel, linear regressions for the temperatures followed. For a given swimming speed, oxygen consumption increased with temperature from 10 to 34 C, the highest temperature followed.Active oxygen consumption increased linearly with weight when expressed on a logarithmic grid. At each temperature the slope of the regression approached unity. The logarithm of standard oxygen consumption increased linearly with temperature from 10 to 34 C.The logarithm of maximum sustained swimming speed increased linearly with total length at each temperature. For a given total length, maximum sustained swimming speed increased from 10 to 30 C. Between 30 and 34 C maximum speed decreased.
Freshwater ostracodes of Canada. Part IV. Families Ilyocyprididae, Notodromadidae, Darwinulidae, Cytherideidae, and Entocytheridae
Authors: Delorme L. D.
Published: August 2008

The family Ilyocyprididae is represented in Canada by five species belonging to the two genera Ilyocypris and Pelocypris, the latter of which is represented by a new species Pelocypris alatabulbosa; the Notodromadidae are represented by the two genera Notodromas and Cyprois; the Darwinulidae and Cytherideidae are represented by one genus each, Darwinula and Cytherissa; the Entocytheridae are represented by Thermastrocythere.
A morphological comparison of two closely related species of the genus Myoxocephalus (Pisces: Cottidae) with notes on their life histories and ecology
Authors: Cowan Garry I. McT.
Published: August 2008

Two closely related and superficially similar species of the genus Myoxocephalus (M. polyacanthocephalus and M. jaok) were subjected to critical morphological comparison with the hope of determining features through which speciation and divergence may have operated. Also, but to a lesser extent their ecology and life histories were studied.It was found that although the two species are sympatric over much of their ranges, they differ (whether as adults or juveniles) in their depth distributions.Major differences were detected in their general color patterns, degree of sexual dimorphism, and squamation; also in the morphology of the cephalic lateral line system, and of the lateral line ossicles. Six meristic characters were examined, all but one being found to show significant differences between the two species. Meristic variation proved greater in M. polyacanthocephalus than in M. jaok.Twenty-three morphometric characters were measured and analyzed for the two species. From this it was demonstrated that the selected structures of the two species grew differently in relation to one another. In general M. polyacanthocephalus grew more rapidly than did M. jaok.In a number of instances, the dissimilarities appeared to reflect differences in ecological niches between the two species. Other differences appeared to be of most significance in terms of mate selection and species recognition.
Chromatin patterns in fishes with emphasis on sexual dimorphism
Authors: Gee Phyllis A. , Moore Keith L.
Published: August 2008

Twelve species of fish were investigated to determine whether sexual dimorphism occurs in the nuclei of their tissues as has been described for mammals. Feulgen-positive masses were present in nuclei of most tissues; some were similar in size, shape, and location to sex chromatin found in human buccal smears of the female. Although in Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout) incidences of intranuclear chromatin masses in tissues of males were significantly higher than those of females, it was impossible to detect microscopically a nuclear sex difference in any of the species examined.
A histological and histochemical study of the development of the pineal gland in the chick, Gallus domesticus
Authors: Campbell E. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

The pineal gland of the chick is composed of vesicles during much of the incubation period. During incubation, these vesicles increase in size and number and reach maximum development at the 17-day prehatching stage. After day 17, the vesicular tissue decreases and, by 1 day posthatching, only a few vesicles remain. All vesicles have disappeared by 1 month posthatching and the gland has acquired a compact, lobed character. The vesicular cells are secretory in nature and react positively with tests for glycogen, glycoproteins, ribonucleic acid, acid mucopolysaccharides, and neutral lipids. In addition, the specialized apical border of these cells stains intensely for acid lipids. The vesicles contain a secretory product which includes a sulfated mucopolysaccharide component. Based on the intensities of the staining reactions, this secretion is present in greatest amounts during the 15- to 17-day prehatching period. No secretory product could be demonstrated after 1 day posthatching. It appears, therefore, that the development of the vesicular tissue is related to some secretory role and that this role is culminated during the 15- to 17-day prehatching period. After day 17, the decrease and eventual disappearance of the vesicles apparently marks the conclusion of this secretory phase for the gland.
The penetration of oncospheres of Taenia pisiformis into the intestine of the rabbit
Authors: Barker I. K.
Published: August 2008

Hatched activated oncospheres of Taenia pisiformis penetrated the intestine and attained the liver within 40 min of their inoculation into the duodenum of the rabbit. Most oncospheres in histological sections were in the epithelium, but a few were noted in the lamina propria. It is suggested that oncospheres penetrate between epithelial cells and enter subepithelial capillaries without migrating extensively in the lamina propria. Secretions of the oncospheral glands may act as a lubricant. Penetrating oncospheres elicited no tissue reaction.
The life histories of some Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera in a southern Ontario stream
Authors: Coleman M. J. , Hynes H. B. N.
Published: August 2008

The life cycles of 4 species of stonefly and 11 of mayfly are described, based upon the flight season of the adults and measurements of nymphs collected at all seasons from the Speed River. It is shown that they fit into all but one of the categories of life cycle that have been described for stream insects in Europe, and that where more than one species of the same genus coexist there is usually a marked difference in the timing of their life histories.
Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) milk. I. Gross composition, fatty acid, and mineral constitution
Authors: Baker B. E. , Cook H. W. , Teal J. J.
Published: August 2008

Milk was obtained from five muskoxen of an experimental herd maintained at the University of Alaska. The gross composition and mineral and fatty acid constitution of the milk were determined.
Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) milk. I. Gross composition, fatty acid, and mineral constitution
Authors: Baker B. E. , Cook H. W. , Bider J. R. , Pearson A. M.
Published: August 2008

Milk was obtained from a snowshoe hare which was caught near Lac Carré, Que., and from another which was caught near Haines Junction, Yukon. The gross composition and the mineral and fatty acid constitution of the milk were determined.
Ectrodactylism in the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina L. (Mammalia:Phocidae)
Authors: Tarasoff F. J. , Piérard J.
Published: August 2008

Ectrodactylism in the hind limbs of a pinniped is described and discussed. This malformation is characterized by defective development of the distal phalanges which result in shortened, thick digits terminating in bulbous swellings. It is unlikely that such flippers are damaged as a result of some physical force; rather, the malformation appears to be of a congenital origin. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a congenital limb deformity in a marine mammal.
Comparative growth in four races of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Part I. Growth in body weight
Authors: Bandy P. J. , Cowan I. McT. , Wood A. J.
Published: August 2008

The growth rates and patterns of four racial stocks of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) revealed intrinsic racial differences. Seasonal periodicity in the pattern of growth and winter losses in weight were characteristic of both sexes and all four races even when raised in a standard environment with a constant supply of balanced nutrients. A modified method of analysis permitted comparisons of seasonal growth, effective or net growth, and estimations of mature size for each race. Daily food consumption varied seasonally in keeping with alterations in body weight. Similarities between both sexes suggest an underlying metabolic shift which, coupled with periodic seasonal growth, may have adaptive value for free-ranging deer.
Locomotor activity responses in juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, to melatonin and serotonin
Authors: Byrne John E.
Published: August 2008

Intraperitoneal injections administered for 3 consecutive days to juvenile sockeye salmon resulted in selective activity responses to either the light or the dark phase of the photoperiodic cycle. Serotonin increased locomotor activity only during the dark phase, while melatonin decreased locomotor activity only during the light phase.
A technique for collecting ectoparasites from small birds and mammals
Authors: Hilton Donald F. J.
Published: August 2008

A technique has been developed that enables the collection of the entire host ectoparasite population. A solution of potassium hydroxide is used to dissolve the host's hair or feathers and a zinc sulfate solution to concentrate the ectoparasites. As well, a method for rapidly collecting the concentrated ectoparasites is described. With a slight modification this technique can be applied to larger birds and mammals.
An unusual surge in the activity of Peromyscus maniculatus after an earthquake
Authors: Doucet G. J. , Bider J. R.
Published: August 2008

The activity of Peromyscus maniculatus was recorded on a 915 ft long sand transect. A fantastically high spurt of activity was recorded during 4 days after the occurrence of an earthquake. Investigation revealed that it was logically impossible for other factors to be responsible for the increase in activity recorded.
Neural origin of cardioperiodicities in Limulus
Authors: Corning W. C. , Burg R. Von
Published: August 2008

The heart rate of chronically monitored Limulus frequently shows a 3- to 5-min periodicity. Exploration of the neural bases of this cyclical activity was difficult because surgical exposure usually resulted in its permanent disappearance. However, in a recent series of studies involving over 200 animals the periodicity was found to persist after surgery in three preparations. The results of various lesions showed that while the supraesophageal and abdominal ganglia may influence the duration of the periodicity, its continuation is dependent upon dorsal nerves 7 and 8 and the postesophageal ganglia from which they emerge.
A study of an estuarine lagoon, with particular reference to Cordylophora lacustris Allman
Authors: Mace T. F. , Mackie G. O.
Published: August 2008

A physical and biological study of a brackish water lagoon near Victoria, British Columbia, was conducted during the spring and summer of 1969. Variations in salinity and water temperature were correlated with variations in weather conditions. The phytoplankton and zooplankton were composed of freshwater and marine forms.Wild Cordylophora lacustris colonies were also observed in this period. The colonies occurred in equal numbers on two different substrates, the surfaces of submerged wood, and the weed Ruppia maritima. Analysis of the coelenteric contents of animals that had previously fed indicates that C. lacustris feeds on dipteran larvae and planktonic copepods. Reproductive individuals were found between the middle of May and the middle of July, with the highest number observed about June 1.
Nest digging behavior of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Hartman G. F.
Published: August 2008

A wild population of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was observed during spawning in the Lardeau River in southeastern British Columbia, in April and May in 1966 and 1967. Nest digging in the first few days of spawning in 1967 was predominantly nocturnal, but diurnal nest digging increased until activity was nearly steady around the clock.Rate of digging (digging bouts per 10-min interval) averaged near five before spawning, rose sharply immediately after spawning, and then decreased. The number of body flexures per bout of digging was near six before spawning, decreased sharply right after spawning, and then rose progressively over a 50-min period. Touching or feeling the bottom of the nest was frequent before spawning and decreased after. The effect of internal stimuli (egg release) and tactile stimuli on digging behavior is considered.
Effect of various fractions of the hot-water extract of germinating rye seed in eliciting biting by larvae of the prairie grain wireworm, Ctenicera destructor Brown
Authors: Davis G. R. F.
Published: August 2008

Factors in the hot-water extract of germinating rye seed, which elicit biting responses from larvae of Ctenicera destructor Brown, occurred both in the amino acid fraction and in the carbohydrate fraction of this extract. Factors in the carbohydrate fraction responsible for adding to the activity of the amino acid fraction, when both were recombined, were probably fructose, glucose, and sucrose, although chromatographic separation may have eliminated feeding deterrents. Hot-water extracts of 8-day-old and 11-day-old seedlings of the same rye were considerably less active than that of germinating seed. Plant age differences were suggested to influence the susceptibility and resistance of plants and plant-growth stages to wireworm attack.
Notes on the hypopial nymphs phoretic on mammals in Canada with description of a new species (Acarina: Sarcoptiformes)
Authors: Fain A. , Kok N. J. J. , Lukoschus F. S. , Clulow F. V.
Published: August 2008

The authors have studied the hypopial nymphs (Acarina, Sarcoptiformes) living in phoretic association with mammals in Canada. So far only two species have been recorded from Canada. In the present paper six additional species are recorded and among these one is new and is described here.
The retina of the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina
Authors: Jamieson G. S. , Fisher H. D.
Published: August 2008

The structure of the retina of the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina richardii, is described. It is shown that the retina of the harbour seal is similar to that of the harp seal, in that it shows little zonation of the inner nuclear layer, possesses large horizontal cells, and has similar nuclear densities within the different retinal layers throughout the retina. The outer nuclear layer is also the thickest of all the retinal layers. Two types of photoreceptor cell, types B and C, were observed with a ratio of roughly 1:23 respectively. This ratio, along with a well-developed and extensive tapetum, indicates a highly light-sensitive retina. The existence of retinal folding in marine mammals is also questioned and discussed.
Hematological data from tropical American bats
Authors: Valdivieso Dario , Tamsitt J. R.
Published: August 2008

Hematological values and diameters of erythrocytes are reported for bats from Colombia, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix. A marked variation was observed in most of the blood characters considered. Smaller bodied species had lower leucocyte counts than larger ones, as did non-gravid females and adult males when compared with pregnant and lactating females. Erythrocyte counts of frugivorous species were lower than those reported for insectivorous bats. Mean erythrocyte diameters were similar and had comparable ranges of variation. There were no significant differences between lactating, gravid, or non-gravid females in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrits, differential counts, or diameter of erythrocytes. Certain abnormalities in the blood picture were observed, and data are discussed in comparison with those obtained by others.
Fine structure of normal and regenerated shell of Helix
Authors: Saleuddin A. S. M.
Published: August 2008

Fine structure of the normal and the regenerated shell of Helix has been studied by thin sectioning, replica technique, and scanning electron microscopy. Normal shell consists of four calcareous layers: innermost nacreous, two cross lamellar, and outermost prismatic. Crystals of the shell are well defined and are surrounded by intercrystalline organic matrix. Intracrystalline organic matrix is recognized, particularly in decalcified sections. Interrelationships between the organic and inorganic components have been studied in decalcified thin sections. Regenerated shell appears similar to nacreous layer of the normal shell. Crystals are large and stacked like bricks. Intracrystalline organic matrix is very prominent. Electron diffraction of the crystals of the regenerated shell generally gives calcite pattern whereas the normal shell gives aragonite. Surface topography of the normal and regenerated shell has been compared by replica techniques.
Feeding behavior of a predaceous bug (Hemiptera: Nabidae)
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: August 2008

Nabis sp. can successfully attack lepidopteran larvae, despite their defensive actions, by repeatedly probing with an extended fore leg until the prey is inured to its presence.
A nomen novum to replace the junior homonym, Diaptomus (Leptodiaptomus) intermedius, Anderson and Fabris 1970
Authors: Anderson R. Stewart
Published: August 2008

The name Diaptomus intermedius has been applied to two species, one in North America and one in Europe. Because the European species name takes precedence, a nomen novum is proposed for the North American species.
Crystalline inclusions in Leucocytozoon simondi
Authors: Desser Sherwin S. , Trefiak William D.
Published: August 2008

Vacuoles have been observed in haemosporidian ookinetes fixed in methanol and stained with Giemsa's (5) (Fig. 1). Electron microscopy studies on sporogony of Leucocytozoon simondi indicate that the "vacuoles" contain accumulations of crystalline material (8) (Fig. 3). This material is observed in the ookinete and later aggregates into a central core in the early oocyst. As the sporozoite buds form around the peripheral cytoplasm, the central core breaks up and crystalline material passes into each forming sporozoite. A reserve energy source was postulated as a possible function for the material (6, 8). Recently a similar crystalline inclusion found in ookinetes and early oocysts of related Plasmodium species (9) has been incriminated as a virus on strictly morphological grounds (14). A histochemical study was undertaken to clarify the nature and composition of this material in L. simondi.
Aspects of histophysiology of the spermathecal gland of Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera)
Authors: Bhatnagar R. D. S. , Musgrave A. J.
Published: August 2008

Histochemical tests indicated the presence of glycogenous polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and phospholipid material in the spermathecal gland and its secretion, which, it is suggested, supplies the spermatozoa with nutritive substances and, possibly, energy during storage within the spermatheca of the female weevil.
Melanophore activity of urodele melanocytes
Authors: McCurdy Harriet M.
Published: August 2008

Melanophore activity of dermal and epidermal melanocytes in Taricha torosa and Ambystoma gracile has been observed with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) dissolved in habitat water, as well as with injected intermedin or injected epinephrine.
Studies of physiologically active arthropod secretions. V. Histological studies of the defence mechanism of Narceus annularis (Raf.) (Diplopoda: Spirobolida)
Authors: Percy J. E. , Weatherston J.
Published: August 2008

The major chemical constituents of the millipede, Narceus annularis (Raf.), are confirmed as toluquinone and 2-methoxy-3-methylbenzoquinone. Histological studies reveal the presence of secretory units interspersed irregularly among the hypoderm cells of the reservoir. These findings are discussed in relation to previous histological studies on millipede defensive glands.
Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) Ward, 1917 (Trematoda) in woodland caribou, Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin), of northeastern Quebec, and its distribution in wild ungulates in Canada
Authors: Choquette L. P. E. , Gibson G. G. , Simard B.
Published: August 2008

Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) Ward, 1917 was found in a new host, woodland caribou, Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin), for the first time in Quebec, in eastern Ungava. The distribution of F. magna in wild ungulates in Canada is reviewed.
The innervation of the thorax of the adult milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas). H. The mesothorax
Authors: Govind C. K. , Dandy J. W. T.
Published: August 2008

An illustrated account of the distribution of the seven paired nerves in the mesothorax of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) is given.
Effect of temperature and acclimation upon FFA levels in three species of rodents
Authors: Ferguson J. Homer , Folk Jr. G. Edgar
Published: August 2008

Free fatty acid (FFA) levels were determined in warm- and cold-acclimated white rats, mice, and red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). FFA concentrations of the genetically cold-adapted species (red squirrel) were highest and reflect its ability to maintain high metabolic rates reported by others. In the red squirrels, FFA concentrations were elevated after cold acclimation. Acclimation of white rats and mice had no effect on FFA levels. Short-term cold exposure (−35 °C) caused the FFA levels to rise in all three species. Cold-exposed mice were found to be highest in plasma FFA content. The ability of the red squirrels to mobilize FFA during short-term exposure was enhanced by cold acclimation. The response of rats and mice to cold exposure was not changed by acclimation. This would indicate a greater capacity of the red squirrel to respond to acclimating conditions.
Influence of environmental factors on respiration of excised tissues of American oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)
Authors: Percy J. A. , Aldrich F. A. , Marcus T. R.
Published: August 2008

Respiration rates of excised gill, mantle, and adductor muscle of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), were measured by the Warburg technique at a number of temperatures and salinities and at various times during the year. Dilution of the seawater medium stimulates gill respiration, has no significant effect on mantle respiration and inhibits adductor muscle respiration. Rate–temperature curves are presented for all three tissues. Respiration rates of gill and mantle declined by about 17% in the autumn, while adductor muscle respiration increased by about 14%. A number of possible explanations for the seasonal changes are discussed.
The occurrence of morphological abnormalities in the oegopsid squid Illex illecebrosus (Lesueur, 1821)
Authors: Bradbury Helen E. , Aldrich Frederick A.
Published: August 2008

The incidence of abnormalities or structural deformities in the squid Illex illecebrosus was extremely low for the sample number (595) examined. The anomalies found were of five types; (1) brachial anomalies which involve sucker displacement, (2) abnormal ctenidia, involving deformities of associated vascular organs, (3) abnormal mantle-hyponomal locking cartilages, (4) dextral displacement of the caecum with respect to the location of the stomach, and (5) duplication of the chitinous lining of the alimentary canal.
Response of host embryonic chicks to grafts of additional adrenal glands. III. Response of adrenal glands and gonads to the presence of homogenates of adrenal glands
Authors: Hall Brian K.
Published: August 2008

The effect, on host adrenal glands and gonads, of homogenates of adrenal glands from 18-day embryonic chicks has been tested by injecting homogenates onto the chorioallantoic membrane of host 8-day-old embryos.In control embryos the adrenal gland of the male had a greater growth rate than did that of the female. The growth rate of the adrenal gland of the male hosts was unaffected by the homogenate, whereas that of the female hosts was stimulated. The gonads were stimulated to undergo hyperplasia under the influence of the homogenate.The adrenal gland hypertrophy was confined to the cortex and along with the hypertrophy of the gonads was mediated by stimulation of mitotic activity.These data support the thesis that the adrenal gland possesses a specific stimulatory agent controlling its own growth and that the adrenal gland exerts a controlling influence over growth of the gonads.
Note on the chromosomes of the Nemobiinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Lim Hai-Choo
Published: August 2008

Five species of the small ground crickets, Nemobiinae, from northern North America have been studied. The species are placed in three genera: Neonemobius, Allonemobius, and Eunemobius, with chromosome numbers of 2n♀ = 19, 15, and 7, respectively. The X chromosome consists of different proportions of heterochromatin and euchromatin, and shows variation in structure between different genera. Evolutionary relationships of the Nemobiinae are suggested.
Morphogenesis of the tarsal tissue and the development of the intromittent palpal organs in the wolf-spider Lycosa chaperi (Simon) (Araneida: Lycosidae)
Authors: Bhatnagar R. D. S. , Sadana G. L.
Published: August 2008

In the males of Lycosa chaperi the apical epidermal cells of the pedipalpal tarsus develop into the 'palpal organs' during the final three instars of the postembryonic development. The developmental sequence precludes any role of the pretarsal claw in the process, thus discounting an earlier hypothesis that the palpal organ is a hypertrophied claw.
Some terrestrial tardigrades from New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Argue C. W.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-one species of terrestrial tardigrades, of which 11 represent new reports for Canada, are identified from cryptogam hosts from south central New Brunswick. Several new anatomical features of a minor nature are noted.
Colorimetric analysis of the dorsal plumage of the red-eyed vireo (Aves: Vireonidae) in Canada
Authors: Barlow Jon C. , Williams Nikki
Published: August 2008

The red-eyed vireo is widely distributed across Canada in the boreal forest. Collections were made at seven localities from central Alberta to central Quebec and potential variation in the olive-green dorsal plumage was analyzed with a recording spectrophotometer equipped with a reflectance attachment. The trichromatic coefficients x (dominant wavelength) and y (purity) and Y (the percentage luminous reflection or brightness) were subjected to an overall analysis of variance, and means were treated with Gabriel's sums of squares simultaneous test procedure. Significant differences were demonstrated among locality samples for Y and x but the STP revealed discordant variation among locality samples, i.e. no east–west clines in character variation were shown. Regressions of Y and x on precipitation were nearly significant and could suggest a weak clinal relationship between color and this climatic variable as predicted by the ecogeographic rule of Gloger.
Some effects of the nematode Mermis nigrescens upon carbohydrate metabolism in the fat body of its host, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Gordon Roger , Webster John M. , Mead David E.
Published: August 2008

Adult desert locusts were experimentally infected with 50 Mermis nigrescens ova and changes in the fat body carbohydrate levels and glycogen phosphorylase activities recorded. At both 2 and 3 weeks after infection, the parasitism caused a significant reduction in the level of glycogen and non-glycogen carbohydrates in the host fat body, together with a progressive depletion of active and inactive glycogen phosphorylases. By feeding extensively upon the blood carbohydrates of the host, the developing nematode deprives the fat body of carbohydrates and thereby effects a reduction in glycogenesis by the host fat body. Increased catabolism (and (or) decreased anabolism) of the fat body phosphorylases, together with a possible suppression of the host "hyperglycaemic factor" by the nematode, prevent further glycogenolysis by the fat bodies of mermithid-infected locusts and allow a low, constant level of fat body glycogen to be maintained in these insects.
Détermination du stade larvaire sensible à la lumière chez Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hyménoptère : Diprionide)
Authors: Philogène Bernard J. R.
Published: August 2008

The proportion of Neodiprion swainei Midd. eonymphs escaping diapause is related to the larval instar at which the insect was exposed to a long photoperiod. Early instars are far less sensitive to a long daily exposure to light than the last two instars of the sawfly.
A neotype for Eucephalobus striatus (Bastian, 1865) Thorne, 1937 (Nematoda) and redescription of the species from topotypes and their progeny
Authors: Anderson R. V. , Hooper D. J.
Published: August 2008

The dimensions and morphology of the progeny of five female topotypes of Eucephalobus striatus cultures on agar ranged more widely than in previous descriptions. Specimens from agar were usually longer and wider than topotypes from soil, had shorter tails of more variable shape, a smaller anal body width-tail length ratio, the ovary was often not flexed, and the deirids and excretory pore were usually more posterior. First-generation larvae developed slowly on agar, requiring at least a month to become adult. Adult females from agar were devoid of sperms and did not usually reproduce, and their gonads differed from those of impregnated, fecund specimens from soil. The bifurcate labial probolae and duplex lips in all specimens and the variability of the female tail showed that they were close to Cephalobus persegnis Bastian, 1865. Length and shape of the postuterine sac, length of the gubernaculum compared with spicule length, and the position where the incisures ended on the female tail were the most reliable characters for species identification but of doubtful generic value. Differences in the stoma, including an undescribed region between the cheilostom and prostom, are discussed and illustrated.
An introduction to the biology of craneflies in a series of abandoned beaver ponds, with an account of the life cycle of Tipula sacra Alexander (Diptera; Tipulidae)
Authors: Pritchard G. , Hall H. A.
Published: August 2008

A series of five beaver ponds that have been abandoned for about 10 years is described, and an introduction to the ecology of the area is given. The life cycle of the cranefly Tipula sacra is described. This is the commonest cranefly in the area and the larvae are important grazers on the microflora in benthic sediments. There are four larval instars, which can be separated by a combination of the presence or absence of setae on the spiracular lobes and the size of the spiracles. Larvae in instars III and IV can be sexed by examination of the gonads, while the presence of growth lamellae on the lateral sclerites of the head capsule shows promise as a means of aging larvae in all instars.
The embryonic behavior of Caprella unica (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Authors: Berrill Michael
Published: August 2008

The embryonic movements of Caprella unica are apparently rhythmic and spontaneous, and they develop progressively into the activities of the juvenile. These movements begin several days before hatching, and at least 2 days before reflex response to tactile stimulation can be elicited. Within 10 h after hatching, the embryo has developed the agility of a juvenile, but it remains in its brood pouch for a further 25–40 h before it emerges.
A comparison of four methods for sampling adult populations of cocoon parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Price Peter W.
Published: August 2008

Four methods were used to sample the abundance of adult Ichneumonidae that parasitize the sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton, in Quebec. Two sample methods, using soil samples and emergence traps, gave absolute estimates of populations through the season. The first method was more accurate for estimating abundance and the latter for determining phenology. Two other methods, using window traps and cocoon planting, were more rapid and the results correlated well with the absolute estimates. These rapid methods were used specifically to sample litter-searching ichneumonids. The two trapping methods sampled the male ichneumonid population effectively, but the females were underestimated because of their cryptic behavior. Results from the emergence traps and flight traps showed that catches of males were correlated with the absolute population of adult females, estimated from the soil sample, for two species Pleohphus basizonus (Gravenhorst) and Endasys subclavatus (Say). Results from cocoon planting were also correlated with the absolute population of adult females of these species. Therefore, the rapid methods can be used to estimate adult female numbers in extensive sampling of these parasitoids.
Casein. X. The carbohydrate content of casein prepared from the milks of different species
Authors: Baker B. E. , Lauer B. H.
Published: August 2008

Milk was collected from the following animals: caribou, dall sheep, fin whale, harp seal, moose, musk-ox, polar bear, and reindeer. The caseins prepared from these milks were analyzed for their hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid contents. The hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid contents ranged from 0.48 to 4.49, 0.09 to 0.59, and 0.0 to 2.29%, respectively.
Altitudinal variations in the red blood cell count and haemoglobin content of urodele blood
Authors: Friedmann G. B.
Published: August 2008

Blood cell counts and haemoglobin levels for blood collected by tail amputation from three groups of tailed amphibians (Taricha granulosa) are presented. All animals were collected from very similar latitudes and longitudes, but different altitudes; acclimatization to the laboratory was for 6 to 8 months. For the calendar period January–March, group A from an altitude of 3400 ft yielded an average cell count of 7.58 (s.d. 1.63) × 104/mm3 and an average haemoglobin content of 6.0 (1.1) g/100 ml blood; group B from 1300 ft yielded an average cell count of 8.92(1.73) × 104/mm3 and an average haemoglobin content of 7.2 (1.4) g/100 ml blood while group C from sea level gave an average cell count of 9.51 (1.81) × 104/mm3 and an average haemoglobin content of 7.5 (1.5) g/100 ml blood. The results for group A differ statistically from those of groups B and C. In all cases, the haemoglobin concentration is 0.77 (0.10) × 10−9 g/cell.
Survival and mortality of coenagrionid nymphs (Odonata: Zygoptera) from the ice of an aestival pond
Authors: Daborn Graham R.
Published: August 2008

Live coenagrionid nymphs of three species, Coenagrion angulatum Walker, C. resolution (Hagen), and Enallagma boreale Selys, were recovered from the ice of an aestival pond. The percentage of such nymphs surviving decreased progressively throughout the winter, but some remained viable by the time of the spring thaw. It is suggested that the level of mortality was unusually high as a result of lower than normal temperatures in the ice.
Some modifications for the laboratory rearing of Glossina austeni Newst.
Authors: Tobe S. S. , Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

Three modifications of the method of Nash and co-workers for rearing Glossina austeni are described: a plastic cage which permits efficient rearing of the flies singly or in small numbers; a pupal container, constantly illuminated by a low wattage bulb, which provides a high effective emergence when the colony is maintained in an incubator; the feeding of the flies on alternate days. Results are presented which show that these modifications allow efficient rearing of G. austeni.
Behavior of Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae and pupae in direct-current electric fields
Authors: Riordan D. F.
Published: August 2008

Larval instars and pupae of Aedes aegypti (L.) were subjected to direct-current electrical fields of 0.1–13.44 V per centimeter and 0.0106–1.06 mA per square centimeter. In general, when field strengths reached a certain level more larvae were attracted to the cathode than to the anode. As field strengths were increased, this reaction was reversed and then as they were further increased the cathode again exerted the greater attraction. Maximum numbers attracted to either anode in 20 min were first instar 80%, second instar 62%, third instar 86%, fourth instar 72%, and pupae 82%. No explanation can be given for the changes in polarity of attraction and it has no counterpart in other work recording the behavior of aquatic organisms (mainly fish) in electrical fields, in which attraction was always to the anode. Change of effect caused by increasing the current while holding voltage constant was found to be due to the larvae absorbing NaCl via the anal gills and thus changing their resistance. At the higher field strengths some paralysis was caused, varying from temporary to lethal.
Natural salt licks as a part of the ecology of the mountain goat
Authors: Hebert Daryl , Cowan I. McTaggart
Published: August 2008

Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) occupying the Rocky Mountain Trench area of southeastern British Columbia use natural earth licks in the spring (males) and early summer (females). Analysis of range vegetation reveals a low sodium content (mean about 0.004% dry weight). Despite low sodium intake from feed, blood sodium values were normal (m = 150.8 meq/liter). Loss of sodium via the fecal route increases abruptly in the spring. This period of increased loss corresponds with the lime of use of the natural licks. Mineral constituents of the licks were Ca (1050–85 000 ppm), P (0–25 ppm), and Na (115–5500 ppm). Each animal visited the lick but once during the summer and did so despite increased exposure to hazards of predation. Despite the low soil sodium content the inference is that the goats are eating the earth to compensate for Na deficiency.
Sensitivity of terrestrial isopod populations (Armadillidium) to food quality differences
Authors: Merriam H. Gray
Published: August 2008

Effects of food quality on individual growth and life history features are measured from large single-age cultures, and consequences of these effects are demonstrated on large structured populations in optimized environments.Food quality, and other environmental variables, can dictate irregular rate functions which may control patterns of population performance. Analysis of population sensitivity to changes in such environmental factors, and resulting feedback, is necessary for adequate systems modelling.
Evolution of the house finch on Santa Cruz Island, California
Authors: Power Dennis M.
Published: August 2008

Male house finches of Santa Cruz Island, California, have, on the average, slightly larger bills and longer legs than do birds of the same species from the adjacent mainland. There is also somewhat less variability in the island population. These trends are discussed in reference to prevailing theory on evolution in island and colonizing populations, including Grant's hypothesis, the niche-variation model, the founder principle, and rates of gene flow.
A muscular oral valve unique in fishes
Authors: Gradwell Norman
Published: August 2008

In certain loricarid catfishes, the peculiar location of the maxillary valve prevents apposition of its edge against the inside of the mandible. Therefore oral occlusion by the action of hydrostatic pressure on membranous valves is not possible in these catfishes, as it is in other fishes. Instead, the mouth is rhythmically closed during gill irrigation by a pair of striated muscles inserted on the lateral edges of the maxillary valve. There are no antagonistic muscles for opening the valve; opening is by elastic recoil of the valve. Excessive opening is prevented partly by mechanical pressure against a median swelling of skin anterior to the valve. During respiratory stress, the oral valve also acts as a baling organ.
Mise en évidence de relations fonctionnelles entre le niveau d'activation centrale et le degré de réactivité émotionnelle primaire chez la Souris
Authors: Poirel Christian
Published: August 2008

These experimental studies prove the existence of statistically significant relationships between the reticular activation level and the primary emotional reactions in the mouse. The experiments have required zoopsychological methodology and pharmacologic techniques.