bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Kind of Testament: Reading Witold Gombrowicz as a Transnational Writer
Authors: Gasyna George
Published: December 2019

When the Polish avant‐garde novelist and playwright Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969) was departing, in August 1939, from the Baltic port of Gdynia on a two‐month state‐sponsored voyage to Buenos Aires and Rio as a cultural ambassador for the Polish interwar republic, not in his wildest dreams could he have imagined that his expatriation from Poland would be final or that his sojourn in Argentina would last 23 years, and that his subsequent home, back in Europe, would be first West Germany and then France. Throughout all this time, he continued to write in Polish while the themes of his text became, willy‐nilly, less local and more universal. This chapter attempts to think through Gombrowicz's work and life and posit him as a paradigmatic example of the transnational writer – a reluctant Argentinian, a classic expatriate European, and a rebellious Pole until the very end.
Language as Medium and as Fiction in Assia Djebar's Work
Authors: Tlatli Soraya
Published: December 2019

A critical examination of the fundamental role played by languages in Assia Djebar's body of work and in contemporary Algeria. This chapter analyzes Assia Djebar's conception of language from her early novels, to later texts such asFantasia: An Algerian CavalcadeandAlgerian White. While trying to briefly locate her in world literature, it argues that language plays a fictional role in her writings. My main argument is that there is a striking evolution between her early conception and use of the French language, considered in its mimetic aspect, and her later consideration on language as elaborated inAlgerian White.
“England's Most Precious Gift”: Virginia Woolf's Transformations into Spanish
Authors: Rodríguez Laura María Lojo
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses a world literary lens on the reception of Virginia Woolf's work in Spanish‐speaking countries. It looks into the process of translation, dissemination, critical assessment, and transformations of Virginia Woolf's work through a constellation of narratives produced in Woolf's wake. Departing from critical examination of the decisive role of Argentinean publisher Victoria Ocampo as disseminator of Woolf's oeuvre in Spanish, this chapter explores the complex interactions which the reception of Woolf's work entailed, ultimately unveiling how the process of assimilation and appropriation of her work is often conditioned by gender politics. Whereas male writers such as Jorge Luis Borges and Gabriel García Márquez saw in Woolf's work an inspiring conjunction of the marvelous real which would open the path to what later came to be known as magic realism, women writers, such as Ocampo herself, Montserrat Roig, and Carmen Martín Gaite were inspired by Woolf's feminist agenda, key in fostering a feminist awareness in South America and Spain.
Thomas Mann: National Monument and World Author
Authors: Horton David
Published: December 2019

This chapter reviews Thomas Mann's dual role as Germany's leading novelist of his age and highly visible public intellectual, tracing his rise to the status of national representative and world author in the grand Goethean tradition. The discussion outlines the eminently productive collaboration between the author, his American translator, and his US publisher, a concerted enterprise that succeeded in mediating Mann's works and ideas across cultural divides and established him as a best‐selling international author.
“Standing in a Doorway Looking”: Doris Lessing's Transnational Readings
Authors: Ridout Alice
Published: December 2019

Doris Lessing's transnational life enabled her to write from a liminal position on the threshold of two different cultures – British and Rhodesian – and informed her development into a cosmopolitan thinker. This chapter explores the ways in which her work reflects David Damrosch's definition of “world literature” as “a mode of circulation and of reading.” Her metafictional interest in readers and reading, evident in bothThe Golden Notebook(1962) and her Nobel Lecture (2007), illuminates the ways in which the category of “world literature” draws critical attention to our reading strategies. Her work demonstrates a committed concern with scalar thinking which provides both a historical context for and provocative examples of the kind of “scale‐crossing” imagination that ecocriticism identifies as crucial for our contemporary moment and renders her work highly relevant to emergent literary criticism of world literature.
Abd al‐Rahman Munif: Tracing Alternative Stories East of the Mediterranean
Authors: Mejcher‐Atassi Sonja
Published: December 2019

One of the most acclaimed novelists and intellectuals in the Arab world, Abd al‐Rahman Munif's (ʿAbd al‐Raḥmān Munīf) literary legacy remains largely unread or misread in Western literary canons of world literature. Providing a survey of his major literary works, such as
Sharq al‐mutawassiṭ
(East of the Mediterranean),
Mudun al‐milḥ
(
Cities of Salt
), and ʿ
Arḍ al‐sawād
(Land of darkness/plenty), this chapter sets out to read Munif in a different light – not as the author of “the grand oil novel of the lands of the Gulf,” but as a writer deeply engaged in tracing alternative worlds east of the Mediterranean. It argues that Munif's literary production is grounded in the Arab world in both content and form yet carrying Arabic literature to new horizons, and worldly while challenging Western notions of world literature.
“It's Early to Rejoice”: Vladimir Mayakovsky's Revolutions
Authors: McGavran James H.
Published: December 2019

Vladimir Mayakovsky was a modernist poet, playwright, silent film scenarist, ad man, and self‐appointed Soviet propagandist. He first came to prominence as a leader of the Russian futurist movement, and later he was associated with such schools and movements as formalism, constructivism, and Lef (The Left Front of the Arts). Throughout his career he struggled to advance the cause of avant‐garde art and literature – to bring them to the masses and to establish them as reigning modes of cultural expression in Soviet Russia. His own work oscillated almost regularly between iconoclastic lyricism and revolutionary political zeal, but even his most strident propaganda is often bizarrely individualistic in its execution. He committed suicide in 1930 at the age of 36.
Bridge Essay: From Human Rights to Social Justice: Literature and the Struggle for a Better World
Authors: Caminero‐Santangelo Marta
Published: December 2019

Narratives representing the abridgment of human rights, with the hope of provoking change, date back at least two centuries and include slave narratives as well as Latin Americantestimonio. But those same narratives which represent the most egregious human rights violations (slavery, genocide, state‐sponsored terror) also represent broad and deep social and economic inequities which lay the groundwork for horrible atrocities. A consideration of world literature of social justice includes attention to representations of poverty, racism, colonialism, segregation/apartheid, environmental injustice, and other forms of inequity which constitute ongoing and pervasive forms of trauma. A literature of social justice is a literature of human rights, including those social and economic rights which are often relegated to a status of lesser importance; it sees the connection between the violation of such rights and the more extreme examples of human rights atrocities, and it is concerned with promoting social change by stimulating changed attitudes in readers.
Transnational Voices of Resistance: Richard Wright and James Baldwin
Authors: Kilpeläinen Pekka A.
Published: December 2019

Despite the international success of their early works, which focused more exclusively on the African American experience, both Richard Wright and James Baldwin moved on to adopt a transnational and transcultural point of view. Their later works are paramount in outlining the expanding focus of both writers. Wright's travel writings discuss the African diaspora, his ambivalent relation to Africa, and the memory of slavery. In addition to these, Baldwin's final works seek to transcend the boundaries of such identity categories as race, gender, nationality, and sexuality. Considering the profoundly transnational contents of the later writings of Wright and Baldwin, there is an urgent need to reassess them in the context of world literature to enable new readers around the globe to find access to these often ignored texts.
Mulk Raj Anand's World Literature: Humanism, Crowds, Caste, and Modernism
Authors: Elam J. Daniel
Published: December 2019

Mulk Raj Anand (1905–2004) was a South Asian novelist who wrote primarily in English. He was loosely affiliated with both the Bloomsbury Group in London and the All India Progressive Writers' Association in India. His most famous novel,Untouchable(1935), explores a day in the life of an untouchable (Dalit) boy. This chapter usesUntouchableto draw out the relationship between modernist sociological thought and literary production; the relationship between South Asian English and British English; and the politics of literature in South Asia.
The Educational and Social Worlds of Premodern Arabic Encyclopedism
Authors: Tuttle Kelly
Published: December 2019

Enyclopedism is a widespread trend in premodern Arabic writing. Particularly during the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, the time of the Mamluk sultanate, anthologies and other types of compendia abound. Such compilations not only reflect the work‐life of the bureaucratic administrators during this time, but they also define the world in which they lived. Such broad works provide a means for authors to demonstrate their vast knowledge and social connections. In so doing, writers not only gained social status, but also provided materials from which ambitious students could learn and begin their own social climb.
Herodotus and His Readers: From Thucydides to the Present
Authors: Branscome David
Published: December 2019

The ancient Greek historian Herodotus is widely considered the founder of the genre of history. In theHistories, he was the first to construct a historical, prose narrative of a series of connected political and military events, specifically on the Persian Wars. The reception of Herodotus' historiographical achievement has been mixed, from his immediate successor Thucydides to modern scholars. Herodotus' pioneering contributions to the fields of history, ethnography, and geography have long been recognized, and his gifts as a writer, particularly as a crafter of entertaining stories, have been universally admired. At the same time, Thucydides has often been seen as the superior, more scientific historian, and ever since antiquity there have been questions about Herodotus' historical reliability. Much about what Herodotus is seeking to accomplish in his work, and even how he means for us to understand his authorial role, remains a mystery.
Opened Subjects, Opened Worlds: Rainer Maria Rilke, Vulnerability, and World‐Making
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift
Published: December 2019

This chapter begins with a biographical sketch of Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926) and notes several ways in which his life and writing extend past national boundaries. It investigates what a world‐literary approach might change about understandings of Rilke's work and asks whether there are particular features of his writing that might prove illuminating for world literature. A reading of a passage from Rilke's novel
The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge
and of his Sonnet I.11 from the
Sonnets to Orpheus
both present those features and raise questions of their deployment in and use of literary language. The chapter closes by comparing two translations of the sonnet and considering both the possibilities and difficulties lyric poetry in particular poses for world‐literary reading, demonstrating that moving past a monolingual concept of the lyric need not involve neglecting formal and sonic texture.
Looks like a liar? Beliefs about native and non‐native speakers' deception
Authors: Leach Amy‐May , Da Silva Cayla S. , Connors Christina J. , Vrantsidis Michael R. T. , Meissner Christian A. , Kassin Saul M.
Published: December 2019

We examined whether observers' beliefs about deception were affected by a speaker's language proficiency. Laypersons (N = 105) and police officers (N = 75) indicated which nonverbal and verbal behaviors were predictive of native versus non‐native speakers' deception. In addition, they provided their beliefs about these speakers' interrogation experiences. Participants believed that native and non‐native speakers would exhibit the same cues to deception. However, they did predict that non‐native speakers would likely face several challenges during interrogations (e.g., longer interrogations and difficulties understanding the interrogator's questions). Police officers and laypersons also differed in their beliefs about cues to deception and interrogation experiences.
Comparing detailed and less detailed pre‐lineup instructions
Authors: Lampinen James Michael , Race Brittany , Wolf Alexander P. , Phillips Paulie , Moriarty Nathalie , Smith Andrew M.
Published: December 2019

It is generally agreed that proper pre‐lineup instructions can reduce the rate of mistaken identifications of innocent suspects. However, the exact nature of these instructions has not been empirically established. We compared the effects of the detailed pre‐lineup instructions recommended by the US Department of Justice to a simple instruction that the perpetrator may or may not be present. Both forms of unbiased instructions significantly reduced mistaken identifications when compared with biased instructions. Comparison of performance using the utility‐based analysis deviation from perfect performance demonstrated that unbiased instructions are to be preferred under assumptions of low base rates or high costs of mistaken identifications and do as well as biased instructions under assumptions of high base rates or low cost of misidentification.
A Highly Stretchable and Self‐Healing Supramolecular Elastomer Based on Sliding Crosslinks and Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Du Ruichun , Xu Zhicheng , Zhu Cong , Jiang Yuanwen , Yan Hongping , Wu Hung‐Chin , Vardoulis Orestis , Cai Yifeng , Zhu Xiangyang , Bao Zhenan , Zhang Qiuhong , Jia Xudong
Published: December 2019

The long application life and stable performance of stretchable electronics have been putting forward requirements for both higher mechanical properties and better self‐healing ability of polymeric substrates. However, for self‐healing materials, simultaneously improving stretchability and robustness is still challenging. Here, by incorporating sliding crosslinker (polyrotaxanes) and hydrogen bonds into a polymer, a highly stretchable and self‐healable elastomer with good mechanical strength is achieved. The elastomer exhibits very high stretchability, such that it can be stretched to 2800% with a fracture strength of 1.05 MPa. Moreover, the elastomer can achieve nearly complete self‐healing (93%) at 55 °C. Next, tensile tests under different temperatures, step extension experiments, and in situ small angle X‐ray scattering confirm that the excellent stretchability is attributed to the combined effects of sliding cyclodextrins along guest chains and hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, a strain sensor by coating the single‐wall carbon nanotubes onto the surface of the elastic substrate is fabricated.
Interfacial Approach toward Benzene‐Bridged Polypyrrole Film–Based Micro‐Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Volumetric Power Density
Authors: Jiang Kaiyue , Baburin Igor A. , Han Peng , Yang Chongqing , Fu Xiaobin , Yao Yefeng , Li Jiantong , Cánovas Enrique , Seifert Gotthard , Chen Jiesheng , Bonn Mischa , Feng Xinliang , Zhuang Xiaodong
Published: December 2019

2D soft nanomaterials are an emerging research field due to their versatile chemical structures, easily tunable properties, and broad application potential. In this study, a benzene‐bridged polypyrrole film with a large area, up to a few square centimeters, is synthesized through an interfacial polymerization approach. As‐prepared semiconductive films exhibit a bandgap of ≈2 eV and a carrier mobility of ≈1.5 cm2 V−1 s−1, inferred from time‐resolved terahertz spectroscopy. The samples are employed to fabricate in‐plane micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) by laser scribing and exhibit an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 0.95 mF cm−2, using 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]) as an electrolyte. Importantly, the maximum energy and power densities of the developed MSCs reach values up to 50.7 mWh cm−3 and 9.6 kW cm−3, respectively; the performance surpassing most of the 2D material‐based MSCs is reported to date.
Facile Anisotropic Deswelling Method for Realizing Large‐Area Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Uniform Structural Color and Broad‐Range Mechanochromic Response
Authors: Kizhakidathazhath Rijeesh , Geng Yong , Jampani Venkata Subba Rao , Charni Cyrine , Sharma Anshul , Lagerwall Jan P. F.
Published: December 2019

Cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs) are soft and dynamic photonic elements that couple the circularly polarized structural color from the cholesteric helix to the viscoelasticity of rubbers: the reflection color is mechanically tunable (mechanochromic response) over a broad range. This requires uniform helix orientation, previously realized by long‐term centrifugation to ensure anisotropic deswelling, or using sacrificial substrates or external fields. The present paper presents a simple, reproducible, and scalable method to fabricate highly elastic, large‐area, millimeters thick CLCE sheets with intense uniform reflection color that is repeatably, rapidly, and continuously tunable across the full visible spectrum by stretching or compressing. A precursor solution is poured onto a substrate and allowed to polymerize into a 3D network during solvent evaporation. Pinning to the substrate prevents in‐plane shrinkage, thereby realizing anisotropic deswelling in an unprecedentedly simple manner. Quantitative stress–strain–reflection wavelength characterization reveals behavior in line with theoretical predictions: two linear regimes are identified for strains below and above the helix unwinding threshold, respectively. Up to a doubling of the sample length, the continuous color variation across the full visible spectrum repeatedly follows a volume conserving function of the strain, allowing the CLCE to be used as optical high‐resolution strain sensor.
Bionic Detectors Based on Low‐Bandgap Inorganic Perovskite for Selective NIR‐I Photon Detection and Imaging
Authors: Cao Fei , Chen Jingde , Yu Dejian , Wang Shu , Xu Xiaobao , Liu Jiaxin , Han Zeyao , Huang Bo , Gu Yu , Choy Kwang Leong , Zeng Haibo
Published: December 2019

Fluorescence imaging with photodetectors (PDs) toward near‐infrared I (NIR‐I) photons (700–900 nm), the so‐called “optical window” in organisms, has provided an important path for tracing biological processes in vivo. With both excitation photons and fluorescence photons in this narrow range, a stringent requirement arises that the fluorescence signal should be efficiently differentiated for effective sensing, which cannot be fulfilled by common PDs with a broadband response such as Si‐based PDs. In this work, delicate optical microcavities are designed to develop a series of bionic PDs with selective response to NIR‐I photons, the merits of a narrowband response with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of <50 nm, and tunability to cover the NIR‐I range are highlighted. Inorganic halide perovskite CsPb0.5Sn0.5I3 is chosen as the photoactive layer with comprehensive bandgap and film engineering. As a result, these bionic PDs offer a signal/noise ratio of ≈106, a large bandwidth of 543 kHz and an ultralow detection limit of 0.33 nW. Meanwhile, the peak responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) reach up to 270 mA W−1 and 5.4 × 1014 Jones, respectively. Finally, proof‐of‐concept NIR‐I imaging using the PDs is demonstrated to show great promise in real‐life application.
Water‐Processable, Stretchable, Self‐Healable, Thermally Stable, and Transparent Ionic Conductors for Actuators and Sensors
Authors: Lee Junwoo , Tan Matthew Wei Ming , Parida Kaushik , Thangavel Gurunathan , Park Sang Ah , Park Taiho , Lee Pooi See
Published: December 2019

For emerging biocompatible, wearable, and stretchable epidermal electronic devices, it is essential to realize novel stretchable conductors with the attributes of transparency, low‐cost and nontoxic components, green‐solvent processbility, self‐healing, and thermal stabililty. Although conducting materials–rubber composites, ionic hydrogels, organogels have been developed, no stretchable material system that meets all the outlined requirements has been reported. Here, a series of P(SPMA‐r‐MMA) polymers with different ratios of ionic side chains is designed and synthesized, and it is demonstrated that the resulting stretchable ionic conductors with glycerol are transparent, water processable, self‐healable, and thermally stable due to the chemically linked ionic side chain, satisfying all of the aforementioned requirements. Among the series of polymer gels, the P(SPMA0.75‐r‐MMA0.25) gel shows optimum conductivity (6.7 × 10−4 S cm−1), stretchability (2636% of break at elongation), and self‐healing (98.3% in 3 h) properties. Accordingly, the transparent and self‐healable P(SPMA0.75‐r‐MMA0.25) gels are used to realize thermally robust actuators up to 100 °C and deformable and self‐healable thermal sensors.
Optical Antennas for Wavelength Division Multiplexing in Visible Light Communications beyond the Étendue Limit
Authors: Manousiadis Pavlos P. , Chun Hyunchae , Rajbhandari Sujan , Vithanage Dimali A. , Mulyawan Rahmat , Faulkner Grahame , Haas Harald , O'Brien Dominic C. , Collins Steve , Turnbull Graham A. , Samuel Ifor D. W.
Published: December 2019

This paper presents a novel fluorescent receiver for visible light communications that combines a broad field of view (FoV) with a significant gain, and simultaneously enables wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for data communications. These characteristics are achieved by creating a receiver that includes a stack of two fluorescent optical antennas, each designed to receive a different part of the spectrum and create two separable communication channels. The device outperforms the theoretical étendue limit in terms of the combination of FoV and gain it can achieve. Furthermore, the demonstrated de‐multiplexing of blue and green spectral components enables the parallel streaming of data by WDM. Since these devices are inexpensive, simple, and compact, they can easily be integrated into portable electronic devices such as phones, tablets, and laptops.
Identifying Near‐Infrared Persistent Luminescence in Cr3+‐Doped Magnesium Gallogermanates Featuring Afterglow Emission at Extremely Low Temperature
Authors: Du Jiaren , Poelman Dirk
Published: December 2019

Room‐temperature persistent phosphors emitting in a wide spectral range are extensively explored owing to their commercial interest in applications such as night‐vision signs and medical imaging. However, phosphors featuring long‐lasting near‐infrared emission at extremely low temperature are barely reported so far. Herein, a design of trivalent chromium‐activated magnesium gallogermanates (Mg1+xGa2−2xGexO4:Cr3+) is demonstrated that exhibit strong near‐infrared afterglow emission at low temperature, e.g., −80 °C. Notably, this new persistent phosphor can be efficiently activated even at these low temperatures. A combination of experimental characterizations together with simulations has identified its novel low‐temperature persistent luminescence and good capacity of stabilizing a large number of very shallow traps. The finding of this low‐temperature near‐infrared afterglow property opens up a new frontier for exploring persistent phosphors and provides an opportunity for novel applications at extreme conditions, such as cryopreservation of biological samples.
Universal Oriented van der Waals Epitaxy of 1D Cyanide Chains on Hexagonal 2D Crystals
Authors: Lee Yangjin , Koo Jahyun , Lee Sol , Yoon Jun‐Yeong , Kim Kangwon , Jang Myeongjin , Jang Jeongsu , Choe Jeongheon , Li Bao‐Wen , Le Chinh Tam , Ullah Farman , Kim Yong Soo , Hwang Jun Yeon , Lee Won Chul , Ruoff Rodney S. , Cheong Hyeonsik , Cheon Jinwoo , Lee Hoonkyung , Kim Kwanpyo
Published: December 2019

The atomic or molecular assembly on 2D materials through the relatively weak van der Waals interaction is quite different from the conventional heteroepitaxy and may result in unique growth behaviors. Here, it is shown that straight 1D cyanide chains display universal epitaxy on hexagonal 2D materials. A universal oriented assembly of cyanide crystals (AgCN, AuCN, and Cu0.5Au0.5CN) is observed, where the chains are aligned along the three zigzag lattice directions of various 2D hexagonal crystals (graphene, h‐BN, WS2, MoS2, WSe2, MoSe2, and MoTe2). The potential energy landscape of the hexagonal lattice induces this preferred alignment of 1D chains along the zigzag lattice directions, regardless of the lattice parameter and surface elements as demonstrated by first‐principles calculations and parameterized surface potential calculations. Furthermore, the oriented microwires can serve as crystal orientation markers, and stacking‐angle‐controlled vertical 2D heterostructures are successfully fabricated by using them as markers. The oriented van der Waals epitaxy can be generalized to any hexagonal 2D crystals and will serve as a unique growth process to form crystals with orientations along the zigzag directions by epitaxy.
Imaging Metal Halide Perovskites Material and Properties at the Nanoscale
Authors: Howard John M. , Lahoti Richa , Leite Marina S.
Published: December 2019

Metal halide perovskites exhibit optimal properties for optoelectronic devices, ranging from photovoltaics to light‐emitting diodes, utilizing simple fabrication routes that produce impressive electrical and optical tunability. As perovskite technologies continue to mature, an understanding of their fundamental properties at length scales relevant to their morphology is critical. In this review, an overview is presented of the key insights into perovskite material properties provided by measurement methods based on the atomic force microscopy (AFM). Specifically, the manner in which AFM‐based techniques supply valuable information regarding electrical and chemical heterogeneity, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, surface passivation and chemical modification, ionic migration, and material/device stability is discussed. Continued advances in perovskite materials will require multimodal approaches and machine learning, where the output of these scanning probe measurements is combined with high spatial resolution structural and chemical information to provide a complete nanoscale description of materials behavior and device performance.
Triangulating School Climate: Areas of Convergence and Divergence Across Multiple Levels and Perspectives
Authors: Bottiani Jessika H. , Johnson Sarah Lindstrom , McDaniel Heather L. , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: December 2019

Highlights

Observed classroom and school environmental factors relate to how students perceive school climate.

Observations account for large proportions of the shared variation in school climate perceptions.

Findings suggest the utility of outside observations to explain variation in school climate.
Characterization of the gut microbiota of Nicaraguan children in a water insecure context
Authors: Piperata Barbara A. , Lee Seungjun , Mayta Apaza Alba C. , Cary Adelaide , Vilchez Samuel , Oruganti Pallavi , Garabed Rebecca , Wilson Warren , Lee Jiyoung
Published: December 2019

Objectives

The gut microbiota varies across human populations. The first years of life are a critical period in its development. While delivery mode and diet contribute to observed variation, the additional contribution of specific environmental factors remains poorly understood. One factor is waterborne enteric pathogen exposure. In this pilot study, we explore the relationship between household water security and the gut microbiota of children.

Methods

From Nicaraguan households (n = 39), we collected drinking water samples, as well as fecal samples from children aged one month to 5.99 years (n = 53). We tested water samples for total coliforms (CFU/mL) and the presence of common enteric pathogens. Composition and diversity of the gut microbiota were characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing. Households were classified as having drinking water that was “low” (<29 CFU/mL) or “high” (≥29 CFU/mL) in coliforms. We used permutational analyses of variance and Mann‐Whitney U‐tests to identify differences in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota of children living in these two home types.

Results

Insecure access led households to store drinking water and 85% tested positive for coliforms. High concentrations ofSalmonellaandCampylobacterwere found in water and fecal samples. Controlling for age, the gut microbiota of children from high coliform homes were compositionally different and less diverse than those from low coliform homes.

Conclusions

Results indicate that research exploring the ways water insecurity affects human biology should consider the gut microbiome and that investigations of inter‐population variation in the gut microbial community of children should consider pathogen exposure and infection.
Transition‐Metal‐Functionalized DNA Double‐Crossover Tiles: Enhanced Stability and Chirality Transfer to Metal Centers
Authors: Rousina‐Webb Alexander , Lachance‐Brais Christophe , Rizzuto Felix J. , Askari Mohammad S. , Sleiman Hanadi F.
Published: December 2019

The double crossover junction (DX) is a fundamental building block for generating complex and varied structures from DNA. However, its implementation in functional devices is limited to the inherent properties of DNA itself. Here, we developed design strategies to generate the first metal–DX DNA tiles (DXM) by site‐specifically functionalizing the tile crossovers with tetrahedral binding pockets that coordinate CuI. These DX junctions bind two CuI ions independently at distinct sites, display greater thermal stability than native DX tiles upon metalation, and melt in a cooperative fashion. In addition, the right‐handed helical chirality of DNA is transferred to the metal centers. Our tiles display high metal ion selectivity, such that CuII is spontaneously reduced to CuI in situ. By modifying our design over three generations of tiles, we elucidated the thermodynamic and geometric requirements for the successful assembly of DXM tiles, which have direct applicability in developing robust, stable DNA‐based materials with electroactive, photoactive, and catalytic properties.
Bipyridyl/carbazolate silver(I) and gold(I) N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes: A systematic study of geometric constraints and electronic properties
Authors: Das Adhikary Sirsendu , Mondal Ambarish , Kisan Hemanta K. , Bielawski Christopher W. , Dinda Joydev
Published: December 2019

A series of silver(I) and gold(I) carbene complexes of the type [M(L)(2,2′‐bipyridine)][PF6] (L = 1‐benzyl‐3‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)benzimidazolylidene; M = Ag (1); M = Au (3)) and [M(L)(carbazole)] (M = Ag (2); M = Au (4)) were synthesized and analyzed using a range of spectroscopic and crystallographic techniques. Inspection of the solid‐state structures of 1, 2 and 4 revealed a number of intermolecular noncovalent interactions. In the solid‐state structure adopted by 1, π–π and Ag–Ag interactions directed the complexes to orient in a head‐to‐tail fashion. The photophysical properties were found to be influenced by the ancillary ligands in solution as well as in the solid‐state. Calculations were performed to support the aforementioned structural and optoelectronic assignments.
Three rare heteromultinuclear 3d‐4f salamo‐like complexes constructed from auxiliary ligand 4,4′‐bipy: Syntheses, structural characterizations, fluorescence and antimicobial properties
Authors: Zhang Yu , Yu Meng , Pan Ying‐Qi , Zhang Yang , Xu Li , Dong Xiu‐Yan
Published: December 2019

Three rare heteromultinuclear complexes, ∞[NiL(4,4′‐bipy)Pr (NO3)3]·(CH3)2CHOH (1), [{CuLSm (NO3)3}2(4,4′‐bipy)]·CH3OH (2) and [{CuL (CH3CH2OH)Eu (NO3)3] (3) with a symmetrical salamo‐like hexadentate ligand H2L have been synthesized, and characterized by FT‐IR, UV–vis and X‐ray crystallography. Complex 1 is a 1D coordination polymer constructed from heterobimetallic [Ni(L)Pr (NO3)3] units which are connected by the exo‐dentate ligand 4,4′‐bipy bearing nitrogen‐donor atoms. Complex 2 is a heterotetranuclear dimer based on [Cu(L)Sm (NO3)3] moieties which are linked through the exo‐dentate 4,4′‐bipy hasing nitrogen‐donor atoms. Complex 3 is a heterodinuclear structure, Cu (II) atom is five‐coordinate possessing a distorted square pyramidal geometry, and Eu (III) atom is a deca‐coordinate adopting a distorted bicapped square antiprism. In addition, fluorescence and antimicobial properties of the ligand H2L and its complexes 1–3 have also been discussed.
Dielectric elastomer film with anisotropic actuation deformation on film plane
Authors: Jin Yukai , Gao Xiang , Luo Yingwu
Published: December 2019

A new dielectric elastomer (DE) film, which was able to show anisotropic large plane deformation actuated by an external electric field, was designed and synthesized. Specifically, an asymmetric di‐vinyl monomer cyclohex‐3‐enylmethyl acrylate (CEA) was incorporated into the middle block of poly(styrene‐b‐butyl acrylate‐b‐styrene) as potential crosslinking points. By widely used UV curing technique through a mask, the DE films could be locally hardened any area one selected. This could break the symmetry of the actuation deformation on the DE film plane, maximizing the deformation in a given direction while the actuation area strain remained unchanged. The actuation strainy/strainx reached 2.3, strain in x direction was 10.3% while in y direction was 23%, when the DE film of S(BA‐ran‐CEA)S with 2.5 mol % CEA incorporated was locally hardened in the form of soft and hard belt of 1 mm width alternatively along y direction. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48795.
Investigation of the Sharkskin melt instability using optical Fourier analysis
Authors: Gansen Alex , Řehoř Martin , Sill Clemens , Polińska Patrycja , Westermann Stephan , Dheur Jean , Hale Jack S. , Baller Jörg
Published: December 2019

An optical method allowing the characterization of melt flow instabilities typically occurring during an extrusion process of polymers and polymer compounds is presented. It is based on a camera‐acquired image of the extruded compound with a reference length scale. Application of image processing and transformation of the calibrated image to the frequency domain yields the magnitude spectrum of the instability. The effectiveness of the before mentioned approach is shown on Styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds, covering a wide range of silica filler content, extruded through a Göttfert capillary rheometer. The results of the image‐based analysis are compared with the results from the sharkskin option, a series of highly sensitive pressure transducers installed inside the rheometer. A simplified version of the code used to produce the optical analysis results is included as supplementary material. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48806.
Improving melt strength of polypropylene by minimal branching and blending
Authors: Guapacha Jorge , Barbosa Jonathan , Vallés Enrique M. , Quinzani Lidia M. , Failla Marcelo D.
Published: December 2019

Branched polypropylenes (PPb) with markedly improved melt strength were produced without significantly affecting the processability of the original PP. A two‐step process of functionalization with MA and crosslinking with m‐XDA was used, both by batch mixing and by extrusion. Branching degrees of ~0.06 LCB/1000 monomer units or smaller were obtained. All PPbs display clear and significant strain hardening, being the PPb obtained by extrusion the one that shows the largest melt strength. This polymer has a zero‐shear‐rate viscosity slightly smaller than that of PP while its strain‐hardening index is about 10 times higher. Moreover, the nonlinear behavior of PP at elongation begins at a time similar to its terminal relaxation time or larger, while the ratio of these times reduces significantly with branching. PP/PPb blends were prepared to extend the range of obtainable melt strength in PP. They display rheological behavior between those of the mixed polymers with slight positive deviation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48845.
A turn‐off fluorescence probe based on terpyridine for pH monitoring
Authors: Zhuge Xiangxue , Li Jinyan , Li Yexin , Yuan Chunxue
Published: December 2019

A new pH‐dependent fluorescence probe 2,8‐bis((E)‐4‐([2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridin]‐4′‐yl)styryl)‐6H,12H‐5,11‐methanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine (TBPTP) based on Tröger's base (TB) bound to terpyridine was designed and synthesized. Photophysical properties and titration experiments of TBPTP were investigated by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. TBPTP exhibited high sensitivity in an acidic environment with the working pH range 7.2–2.5, especially having a good liner response to pH changes in the range 2.5–4.3, which suggested that TBPTP is a good candidate for pH monitoring.
Safety expert shares insights for boosting campus threat assessment, management
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: December 2019

In the year and a half leading up to the April 2007 tragedy at Virginia Tech, many members of the campus community had been separately documenting their concerns about the student who eventually killed 32 students and faculty members. But without a central system to gather, track, or communicate these separate documentations, it was impossible to recognize and assess what could've been a preventable threat. But it doesn't have to be that way on your campus.
A rare form of discoid lupus erythematosus as a rosacea and angiofibroma: A case report
Authors: Mokhtari Fatemeh , Ganjei Zakiye
Published: December 2019

The rare presentation of DLE can be rosacea‐/angiofibroma‐like lesions which should be considered in patients with red‐pink to skin‐color papules with flushing and photosensitivity.
Polydopamine – its Prolific Use as Catalyst and Support Material
Authors: Molnár Árpád
Published: December 2019

Polydopamine is a mussel‐inspired functional material with a unique ability to form surface coatings. It is a green, environmentally benign product available very easily for a multitude of varied applications. This review attempts to collect useful information with respect to polydopamine‐based catalytic studies with the use of polydopamine and modified polydopamine preparations loaded with varied catalytically active species including metal ions and metal particles. Major sections are about the use of polydopamine as catalyst material, utilization of immobilized enzymes, removal of toxic materials, results in organic synthesis, and fuel cell applications. A few examples of chiral catalysis and results of recycling studies are also treated. Data collected and analyzed indicate the importance and high potential of polydopamine‐based catalysts in sustainable chemistry.
Structural Changes of Au(111) Single‐Crystal Electrode Surface in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Rudnev Alexander V. , Ehrenburg Maria R. , Molodkina Elena B. , Abdelrahman Areeg , Arenz Matthias , Broekmann Peter , Jacob Timo
Published: December 2019

Despite a persistent interest in using ionic liquids (ILs) as an electrolyte for various electrochemical applications, the fundamental understanding of the processes at the electrode/IL interface is still at a preliminary stage. Herein, we employ electrochemical in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to investigate structural changes of a Au(111) single‐crystal surface in four ILs: 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide [BMP][DCA], 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide [BMP][TFSI], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium dicyanamide [EMIm][DCA], and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate [EMIm][OAc]. The STM data demonstrate a significant effect of IL ions on the potential ranges of Au(111) surface stability/instability and on the intensity and pattern of the occurring surface changes. Moreover, the effect of both the anion and cation on the surface stability is considerable in a wide range from high negative to high positive potentials. Apparently, not only strong ion adsorption but also the arrangement of IL ions at the electrolyte side of the interface has a significant impact on the stability of the gold surface.
Stereochemical Rules Govern the Soft Self‐Assembly of Achiral Compounds: Understanding the Heliconical Liquid‐Crystalline Phases of Bent‐Core Mesogens
Authors: Lehmann Anne , Alaasar Mohamed , Poppe Marco , Poppe Silvio , Prehm Marko , Nagaraj Mamatha , Sreenilayam Sithara P. , Panarin Yuri P. , Vij Jagdish K. , Tschierske Carsten
Published: December 2019

A series of bent‐shaped 4‐cyanoresorcinol bisterephthalates is reported. Some of these achiral compounds spontaneously form a short‐pitch heliconical lamellar liquid‐crystalline phase with incommensurate 3‐layer pitch and the helix axis parallel to the layer normal. It is observed at the paraelectric‐(anti)ferroelectric transition, if it coincides with the transition from random to uniform tilt and with the transition from anticlinic to synclinic tilt correlation of the molecules in the layers of the developing tilted smectic phase. For compounds with long chains the heliconical phase is only field‐induced, but once formed it is stable in a distinct temperature range, even after switching off the field. The presence of the helix changes the phase properties and the switching mechanism from the naturally preferred rotation around the molecular long axis, which reverses the chirality, to a precession on a cone, which retains the chirality. These observations are explained by diastereomeric relations between two coexisting modes of superstructural chirality. One is the layer chirality, resulting from the combination of tilt and polar order, and the other one is the helical twist evolving between the layers. At lower temperature the helical structure is replaced by a non‐tilted and ferreoelectric switching lamellar phase, providing an alternative non‐chiral way for the transition from anticlinic to synclinic tilt.
Value assessment of oncology drugs using a weighted criterion‐based approach
Authors: Ezeife Doreen A. , Dionne Francois , Fares Aline Fusco , Cusano Ellen Laura Rose , Fazelzad Rouhi , Ng Wenzie , Husereau Don , Ali Farzad , Sit Christina , Stein Barry , Law Jennifer H. , Le Lisa , Ellis Peter Michael , Berry Scott , Peacock Stuart , Mitton Craig , Earle Craig C. , Chan Kelvin K. W. , Leighl Natasha B.
Published: December 2019

Background

Globally, the rising cost of anticancer therapy has motivated efforts to quantify the overall value of new cancer treatments. Multicriteria decision analysis offers a novel approach to incorporate multiple criteria and perspectives into value assessment.

Methods

The authors recruited a diverse, multistakeholder group who identified and weighted key criteria to establish the drug assessment framework (DAF). Construct validity assessed the degree to which DAF scores were associated with past pan‐Canadian Oncology Drug Review (pCODR) funding recommendations and European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO‐MCBS; version 1.1) scores.

Results

The final DAF included 10 criteria: overall survival, progression‐free survival, response rate, quality of life, toxicity, unmet need, equity, feasibility, disease severity, and caregiver well‐being. The first 5 clinical benefit criteria represent approximately 64% of the total weight. DAF scores ranged from 0 to 300, reflecting both the expected impact of the drug and the quality of supporting evidence. When the DAF was applied to the last 60 drugs (with reviewers blinded) reviewed by pCODR (2015‐2018), those drugs with positive pCODR funding recommendations were found to have higher DAF scores compared with drugs not recommended (103 vs 63; Student t test P = .0007). DAF clinical benefit criteria mildly correlated with ESMO‐MCBS scores (correlation coefficient, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.009‐0.59). Sensitivity analyses that varied the criteria scores did not change the results.

Conclusions

Using a structured and explicit approach, a criterion‐based valuation framework was designed to provide a transparent and consistent method with which to value and prioritize cancer drugs to facilitate the delivery of affordable cancer care.
Mesozoic–Cenozoic thermal evolution of the Linqing Sub‐basin, Bohai Bay Basin (eastern North China Craton): Constraints from vitrinite reflectance data and apatite fission track thermochronology
Authors: Xu Wei , Qiu Nansheng , Chang Jian , Zhou Yongshui , Xiao Yao , Liu Shuai
Published: December 2019

The Linqing Sub‐basin is situated in the south‐west of the Bohai Bay Basin (BBB), which is the centre of lithospheric destruction and thinning of the eastern North China Craton (NCC). It is also one of China's premier hydrocarbon‐bearing basins. To better understand the Mesozoic–Cenozoic thermal history of the Linqing Sub‐basin, 178 vitrinite reflectance (Ro) data from nine wells and six apatite fission track (AFT) ages have been used. The effective AFT ages range from 53.5 to 107.7 Ma, with mean track lengths of 10.6 μm, recording the tectonic–thermal events from the Early Cretaceous to the Palaeogene. The thermal modelling results of AFT show that the Linqing Sub‐basin experienced two rapid cooling events during the Late Cretaceous (100–70 Ma) and Middle Eocene–Miocene (40–20 Ma), respectively, which are closely related to the subduction and rollback of the Pacific Plate. The thermal modelling results of Ro indicate that the Linqing Sub‐basin has experienced two heat flow peaks during the Early Cretaceous and the Palaeocene–Late Eocene, with the heat flow values of 80 and 86 mW/m2, respectively. These heat flow values were consistent with the destruction peak of the North China Craton and the extension peak of the Bohai Bay Basin. The Carboniferous source rocks experienced a large‐scale hydrocarbon generation stage from the early Mesozoic to the Late Cretaceous and the Shahejie 3 Formation source rocks from the Middle Eocene to the Late Oligocene. Our study provides new geothermal evidence for the process of the destruction of the North China Craton.
The effects of Medicaid expansion on labor market outcomes: Evidence from border counties
Authors: Peng Lizhong , Guo Xiaohui , Meyerhoefer Chad D.
Published: December 2019

This paper provides new empirical evidence on the employment and earning effects of the recent Medicaid expansion. Unlike most existing studies that use a conventional state and year fixed effects approach, our main identification strategy is based on the comparison of employment and wages in contiguous county‐pairs in neighboring states (i.e., border counties) with different Medicaid expansion status. Using the 2008–2016 Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, we estimate a set of distributed lag models in order to examine the dynamic effects of Medicaid expansion. Results from our preferred specification suggest a statistically significant decrease in total employment of 1.2% 1 year after the expansion of Medicaid. This translates into a 37% decrease in employment among newly eligible Medicaid enrollees under the strong assumption that Medicaid coverage did not crowd out private insurance coverage. We also find that this disemployment effect is transitory: 2 years after the Medicaid expansion employment returns to preexpansion levels. We do not find any statistically significant effect of the Medicaid expansion on wages at any point.