bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ethical Program and the Chinese of Indonesia
Authors: Williams Lea E.
Published: September 2018

In their declining decades colonialists all but universally produced a series of attitudes and a set of administrative schemes which would have been incomprehensible to earlier, more robust imperial rulers. These views end actions, apparently typical of moribund colonialism, are generally labeled humanitarian. A multiplicity of interpretations can be offered to explain the phenomena to be observed in virtually all colonies in the final and rather confusing years before national freedom is won.
The Nuclear Obsession: I. “Limited War”
Authors: Walker Jack
Published: September 2018

The general tone of the continuing dialogue between individuals and groups concerned with war, foreign policy in general, and morality is partly the result of the contradictions inherent in what I shall here term the “nuclear obsession.” While precise definitions are not critical in an essay of this sort, the nuclear obsession is defined here as the point of view, or state of mind, which holds that nuclear questions are of such overriding importance in the conduct of war and foreign policy that they dwarf all other questions. Those who attempt to think most precisely about what the world ultimately may have to do if it is to come to grips with the nuclear problem are not at all afraid of massive political change.
III.—Magnetization and Resistance of Nickel Wire at High Temperatures
Authors: Knott C. G.
Published: September 2018

In a recent paper published in these Transactions I gave an account of certain experiments upon the change of electric resistance of nickel due to magnetization at different temperature up to 100·C.
The Nuclear Obsession: III. Nonproliferation and China Policy
Authors: Walker Jack
Published: September 2018

If the current U. S. desire to conclude a nuclear nonproliferation treaty with the Soviets raises some difficult questions with respect to future U. S. relationships with its allies (principally the Indians, Japanese, and Germans), it raises even more troublesome questions in connection with what many would regard as a highly desirable new objective of U. S. foreign policy. I would think it could be accepted as a verifiable fact that many of those who favor the nonproliferation treaty also favor, with equal or nearly equal vehemence, the “normalization” of relations between the U. S. and China. As this is written, the most recent expression of such a viewpoint is the proposal for a new “Two China” policy which could become the basis for the entry of China into the United Nations.
For America, A Special Moment
Authors: Brauer Jerald C.
Published: September 2018

Are we in a watershed period in the world community today? It is impossible to say. In polities, particularly in international relations, there is a general tendency to speak of turning points, basic shifts, or watersheds. This is understandable. Of all forms of politics, foreign affairs is most fraught with danger and frustration. Affairs stumble from crisis to crisis; tension is the common element. Thus concerned men are constantly searching the signs of the times for a genuine turning point in foreign affairs.

The basic problem in locating and defining such a turning point is the lack of perspective. It is easier to look backward and to note the fundamental shifts that occurred in foreign affairs than it is to mark a contemporary watershed. The problem is how far back one must look before there is sufficient perspective to analyze both the emergence and the consequence of a basic change in the world situation. A man who can do that in contemporary affairs is a political prophet, but there are few such prophets.
Churches in Foreign Policy Debates
Authors: Jennings James R.
Published: September 2018

Exploration of the role of churches in foreign policy debates is shot through with complexities. As a prerequisite for discussion of the role of churches in any secular matter, or even in many moral or religions discussions, precision is demanded in the meaning of the word “Church.” Yves Congar suggests that perhaps nine times out of ten the word “Church” signifies the hierarchy of bishops. In an effort to eliminate one complicating factor from an already bewildering array of difficulties it might be well to attempt a definition of the episcopacy. While acknowledging that the definition may compound the complexities, it is offered as a point of reference for later discussion of the major topic.
The UN in the Congo
Authors: Halpern Manfred
Published: September 2018

Who can now recall those remote days—in the early 1960s—when Democratic Senator Thomas J. Dodd charged the UN with "naked aggression" in the Congo, when Republican Senator Barry Goldwater called American policy in the Congo "suicidal," and Premier Nikita Khrushchev pounded his shoe, demanding a troika to harness UN movements in the Congo and elsewhere, since "there are no neutral men"? Who now pays attention to the Congo? It is united, peaceful, and productive again, and a free election for a multi-party parliament is approaching. There are still serious problems of political and technical skill, capital, and public security—Premier Adoula would like the UN forces to stay another 18 months—but before we discharge the Congo into the ranks of the new international majority of states (they and we, each in our way, to feel a burdensome pride), we ought to pause long enough to assess die moral and political cost of UN intervention in the Congo.
Sufizm as a Category in Indonesian Literature and History
Authors: Johns A.H.
Published: September 2018

It is unfortunate that historians, as a rule, do not follow the example of social anthropologists in devoting some part of their monographs to a discussion of the theoretical problems involved in the material they have been handling. This is not of such importance in the history of Europe, where much can be taken for granted on the part of the reader. But when the European historian turns to the study of Asian history, and writes in the same way as he would were he writing the history of a European people, merely substituting an Asian set of names and places, then the result frequently lacks interest, and may even be a distortion of the general picture of the past that he wishes to relate.
Some Thoughts on Civilian Casualties
Authors: Walker Jack
Published: September 2018

The Government's general reactions to the now renowned Harrison Salisbury articles on civilian casualties in North Vietnam were, first, anger that Salisbury had exaggerated the scope of the problem by depending upon the Communists for statistical data; second, an admission that there had indeed been civilian casualities in the North because it is difficult to bomb anywhere without involving some civilians; third, an emphatic declaration of intent to restrict the bombing to purely military targets. I want to argue here that this declaration was unwise, if well intentioned, for at least two reasons. It implied, first of all, that the entire conduct of World War II, both on land and in the air, was invalid - not merely the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Second, by attempting to draw the old and stark distinction between combatants and non-combatants, it obscured the nature of the problem. I want to mention a few aspects of that problem here. Jack Walker, who has seen extensive military service, recently contributed a series of articles on the "Nuclear Obsession" to worldview.
The Christian Hero, Model 1967
Authors: Quade Quentin L.
Published: September 2018

"Christ, to be sure, gave His Church no proper mission in the political, economic, or social order, The purpose which He set before her is a religious one." This is a formulation which the Bishops of the Catholic Church asserted in the Conciliar document The Church in the Modern World in the chapter devoted to "The Fostering of Peace and the Promotion of a Community of Nations." From this statement one should not conclude to the political irrelevance of religion. Rather, he should seek further for the precise mode of that relevance; he will find it, I believe, in the religiously enlightened person acting politically.
The Forms of Power
Authors: McWilliams Wilson Carey
Published: September 2018

Power moves, warms and threatens all of us, and it is disturbing that power has become visibly problemmaJic and unpredictable. It expands with a relentless logic as men wrestle nature into strange shapes, vault into space and race to create new forms of wealth, persuasion and terror. It destroys the earth, menacing air arid water; even when it seems benign, as in medicine, it helps conjure the possibility of an over-populated planet. Yet it also seems curiously ineffective; ragged guerrillas defy great powers, students show contempt for wealth and for the state, black militants face force with defiance.
The Right to Know, Right to Withhold, and Right to Lie
Authors: Barnds William J.
Published: September 2018

The idealists and crusaders of every age and era develop certain underlying attitudes and values which, while connected with the specific goals they struggle to attain, are clearly distinct from them. Often these attitudes and values grow out of their effort to obtain more limited and specific goals. However, many of the participants in today's turmoil, and particularly the younger ones, seem to have little in the way of a general program — though they often protest against specific acts or situations — but instead proclaim that unless the nation and the world adopt a new set of values no particular set of reforms will leave a lasting imprint.
The Right to Know, Right to Withhold, and Right to Lie, II
Authors: Barnds William J.
Published: September 2018

The right of the Executive to withhold from its citizens a large part of the raw information it possesses is only one aspect of a complicated situation, and when public officials place an undue emphasis on such withholding they do so at their ultimate peril. There is also the Executive's obligation of keeping Americans informed of its general purposes in the area of foreign policy, and this responsibility arises from the requirements of practical politics as well as from democratic principles. This responsibility operates on two different levels, although, in practice they can hardly be neatly delineated. The government should present its general view of the world, the alternatives open to it in the field of foreign and military affairs, the arguments for and against these alternatives, and an estimate of the burdens that are likely to be involved. It need not, and probably in many cases should not, go into great detail on these matters, although it should provide considerably more detailed information to Congress than it does when addressing the American people directly.
Human Rights and the Peace Movement
Authors: Thayer Frederick C.
Published: September 2018

Some time ago I did a series of articles for worldview, each concerned with some aspect of what I termed the “nuclear obsession.” I used the phrase to highlight an example of what seemed to me a tendency of the liberal community to become so preoccupied with a single issue, or value, as to lose sight of the damage done to other values held by the same community.

As one constantly fascinated with contradictions, I want now to examine the stunning and total contradictions of the two principal positions taken by some adherents of the “New Politics.”
Notes on a Soviet Visit
Authors: Jean Pew Mary
Published: September 2018

I am aware that a short visit to any country allows for only the most superficial kinds of observations. For a Western visitor, conclusions about the Soviet Union, after short visits to the major cities of western Russia, must be highly tentative, since little in our cultural, ideological and political experiences prepares us for an objective assessment of the Soviet Union. But even if personal objectivity were possible, adequate data is impossible to acquire. I found that the constant efforts of Intourist and others to provide an “official” view, an “official” explanation, an “official” insight into the Soviet people, their motivations and desires, compounded the difficulties. The visitor sees and hears what “they” want you to; exceptions to this, the most fruitful part of my trip, were hard to come by.
Power and Purpose
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

Since the second world war, tension has existed in this country between two schools of “internationalists.” One camp has concentrated on the necessity of building and maintaining “positions of strength” in order to deter and tu negotiate with the Soviet Union and Communist China. The second school has stressed the need for “constructive” policies such as foreign aid and liberalized trade in order to foster economic and social progress in the industrialized nations and to promote development in the Third World. Generally speaking, presidents from Truman through Nixon have combined the two approaches, although at various times more attention has been given to one or the other. Most students of American foreign policy would probably agree that power generally has been given priority over development politics since the Korean War.
Human Nature and International Community
Authors: Tillman Seth
Published: September 2018

Man, it has been said, appears to be the missing link between anthropoid apes and human beings. The import of this not entirely facetious remark, attributed to the ethologist Konrad Lorenz, is that the human animal, like it or not, is animal as well as human, instinctive as well as rational. Man's nature, according to psychological and anthropological authorities, is an incongruous synthesis of intelligence and instinct, of humane empathy and animal egoism. His intelligence gives him the means to control his animal instincts but is more often used to rationalize them, enabling him to pretend that they do not exist, or to disguise them behind false and ennobling names. Thus, for example, envy may be called disdain and selfishness self-respect, pigheadedness may be called pride and arrogance responsibility. Ingenious nomenclature of this kind is particularly prevalent in the field of politics.
How Ideas Move
Authors: Lukacs John
Published: September 2018

We see the present with the eyes of the past, and the past with the eyes of the present. This is a truism: but one that is nonetheless worth repeating at a time when it is fashionable to believe that we live in a posthistoric age, that the past has little to tell us that is new or that is true. But what is fashionable is not correct, for all that we know comes from the past, from some kind of a past; all of our knowledge is essentially past-knowledge, whether we are conscious of this or not. Politics, for example, is not only inseparable from historical interpretation: it is a certain kind of historical interpretation. And since this interpretation is a living and changing thing in our minds (for "history," contrary to the generally accepted view, is not a static account of past periods) the interpretation involves, inevitably, the changing and moving "present": it is part and parcel of the movement of ideas. And the problem of how ideas move nowadays has preoccupied my mind (note the implicit meaning of the word pre-occupy) for a long time.
Neo-Isolationism and U.S. Policies
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

George Kennan, architect of America's policy of containment adopted in 1946-47, said a decade later in his Reith Lectures over the B.B.C. (subsequently published as Russia, the Atom and the West), that the “moral example” of this country should be its primary instrument of foreign policy. In his words, this country could best “apply the hand” (to stem Communist challenges) to “our American failings— to the things we are ashamed of in our own eyes: to the racial problem, to the conditions in our big cities, to the education and environment of our young people, to the growing gap between specialized knowledge and popular understanding.“
Violence: A Christian Perspective
Authors: Riga Peter J.
Published: September 2018

The metaphysics of violence has been wrongly restricted to describe illicit and illegal application of physical force. In the common estimation of men, violence is associated with "riots in the streets," muggings, rape, murder, and other such forms of injury. These are certainly forms of violence but they are the symptomatic forms of violence arising from deeper, more underlining causes, both covert and overt.
Intervention: a Two-Way Street
Authors: McWilliams Wilson Carey
Published: September 2018

Pain and tragedy often teach men, and sometimes nations. Comfort mothers conceit more surely than necessity does invention, and torment accompanies die birth of thought as it does that of men. Even in Vietnam there is that much hope; national anguish may lead us. to a new and better understanding of the world and of our role in it, and to a foreign policy which avoids the grim and needless alternatives that have confronted us in Southeast Asia.

The hope, however, is ambiguous. Pain should stimulate the search for causes and cures, but it may produce no more than flight. In intellectual as well as physical matters, there are hurts so great as to be “blinding.”
Perpetual Crisis
Authors: Stillman Edmund
Published: September 2018

The British Minister of Defense, Denis Healy, has informed us that within minutes of the outbreak of hostilities every Soviet fleet unit in the Mediterranean would be sunk. Let us hope that he has supplied us with a long-overdue corrective to the near-hysteria evident in the press about the Soviet naval presence in the area.

Presumably by citing the destruction of the Soviet fleet “within minutes” Mr. Healy is making reference to nuclear weapons—a most implausible scenario. But even in a limited encounter, held short of a nuclear exchange, it is hard to believe that the Soviet fleet would fare well in combat.
The Betrayal of Language
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: September 2018

The main issue I wish to raise here is not that the rhetoric of recent discussion of foreign policy (which was petulant from the first.teach-in) became outrageously reckless and uncivil. It is, rather, that emotion- laden speech too often contains a category-mistake or wrongly uses a term. The first betrayal in moral and political discourse is always a betrayal of the language through which men seek understanding. It is not the fury of disagreement, though no doubt the former fuels the latter.
J. Edgar Hoover Brought us Together
Authors: Ruether Rosemary
Published: September 2018

On November 27th, F.B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover charged a group called The East Coast Conspiracy to Save Lives, which he alleged to be led by Philip and Daniel Berrigan, with a conspiracy to blow up heating units in Federal buildings and kidnap presidential advisor Henry Kissinger. From the beginning these charges evoked incredulity from those even faintly acquainted with the persons involved. It was apparent, for example, that Mr. Hoover did not know cither the number or the composition of the group which he named and was using it as an omnibus term for anyone related to the Catholic Resistance. Then, in mid-January, the indictments on this charge were handed down by a grand jury meeting in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Nixon's Grand Design
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

For a generation now, America has played a significant role in world affairs. Until Pearl Harbor a reluctant belligerent in World War II, this country was also slow to respond to the challenge of the Soviet Union in the immediate aftermath of that gigantic conflict. But for almost twenty-five years American Presidents have been more or less guided by the policy of “containment.” Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson all introduced variations on the multiple themes of the policy adopted by Harry Truman. Yet each concluded that the world situation allowed no reasonable alternative to an activist American foreign policy in most areas of the globe.
The Nonproliferation Treaty: An Impossible Alliance?
Authors: Thayer Frederick C.
Published: September 2018

The Treaty on the Nonprolrferahon of Nuclear Weapons (N.P.T) has been in effect since March of 1970, the debate over its wisdom has quietly passed into history, and we seem to be living comfortably with the notion that its ratification was a significant step toward international peace. I want to suggest here that we have yet to face up to the problems which almost inevitably lie ahead.

The N.P.T. as Alliance. The N.P.T. concept dates from a time when most of us looked upon the nuclear world as truly bipolar. Both the U.S. and USSR felt that it would be better to deal with the certainties of this bipolarity than with the uncertainties of proliferation.
Peace, and the Uses of War
Authors: Davis Guy G.
Published: September 2018

Is there a “peace movement”? It would appear so, if for no other reason than that a great many people count themselves part of “the movement,” as it is customarily called. Yet the independent researcher will be hard pressed to find any single unifying factor besides opposition to the Vietnam war. Even opposition to war generally or to similar forms of violence is not uniformly shared. Many have no objection to “just” wars or to the use of violence, e.g., revolution, to gain desired social reform. As the Vietnam war winds down, the movement is slowly being faced with the inevitable problem of maintaining some semblance of cohesion and unity.
We Will do Such Things…
Authors: Pfaff William
Published: September 2018

The words are those of Mr. Nixon and Mr. Kissinger as they confront North Vietnam. Does North Vietnam resist our will? We will bomb their missiles, their trails and bases. Do they attack again? Do they punish the South Vietnamese? Interfere with our plan to win victory while withdrawing? We will do such things. …

Yet we know not what they are. Our bombers make cautionary raids across the border. We feint with naval forces along the North Vietnamese coast. We avow to the North that we will no longer be bound by the conventions of the past. We make vague threats of invasion, deny them, disclaim the denials. Our officials call attention to President Eisenhower's warning, twenty years ago, that he might use nuclear weapons in Korea; then we deny that we would use such weapons—in foreseeable circumstances.
The American Style of War
Authors: Pfaff William
Published: September 2018

The Calley case has laid bare a neglected fact: Of all the major nations and their armies, the United States and its army have been, in moral terms, the least able to deal with the type of situation Vietnam has presented.

The American style of war has always been the engineer's style—for West Point is, traditionally, a school for engineers. We apply technology to grossly defined problems. We seek our military solutions in logistics, sheer manpower and firepower, thus over- powering all discrimination and subtlety. We have no military caste; since the permanent expansion of our standing army in the 1940's, the influence of the old American military families and schools has been submerged, and with it the last vestige of the aristocratic military ethos.
Who'll Investigate the Investigators?
Authors: Ruether Rosemary
Published: September 2018

During these last few months, in the furor surrounding the Calley trial, the Berrigan indictment and the exposure of F.B.I, documents stolen from its office in Media, Pennsylvania, many Americans have become aware, on a new dimension of intensity, of the way in which our public institutional life has become corrupted by governmental efforts to repress dissent. Much must be blamed on the Vietnamese war, to be sure. But public disgust over the war merely brought this corruption out in the open. Every revelation of the extent of the development of an internal police network to repress dissent has revealed that its roots go back not only to the early days of the Civil Rights movement but that it is a survivor of the McCarthy era of Red-baiting.
Devil Theories of U. S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Lefever Ernest W.
Published: September 2018

Devil theories of history and politics are the offspring of curiosity and frustration. Sensitive participants and observers of the human drama want to know why events have turned out as they have, especially when they end in disaster. Why World War I? Why the "fall" of China? Why are we "hogged down" in Vietnam?

Every modern man pays lip service to the reality of multiple causation, but the very mystery and complexity of untoward events compel some people to search for the central flaw, the fatal error, the demonic force beneath the misfortune. In this quest modern man is not far removed from his primitive cousin.
A Decade of African Independence
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: September 2018

Ten years ago, in the space of eight months, between January 1 and August 17, 1960, sixteen independent states emerged in Africa. No previous period of history had seen such an upsurge of new sovereignty. For Americans, with their habitually peripheral and fantasy-laden view of the so-called Dark Continent, the emergence of states with such exotic names as Mali, the Ivory Coast, Chad, and Nigeria was regarded with a puzzlement and imperfect understanding which has prevailed for a decade. Vast tracks of desert, savannah, and rain-forest became states equal, in theory at least, with the, United States. France, and England.
Hans Morgenthau: The Last Statesman?
Authors: Ferkiss Victor C.
Published: September 2018

One side effect of the mobilization of the Nazi-Fascist regimes for their war against Western civilization was the coup de grace it gave to American intellectual isolation. The “intellectual migration” of the pre-war years brought to our shores a host of men and women who have transformed the American academic, scientific and aesthetic landscapes. Nowhere has this effect been more evident than in the field of political philosophy. Men and women such as, to name but a few, Hannah Arendt, Carl Friedrich, Arnold Brecht, Leo Strauss and Waldemar Gurian brought new historical and metaphysical depth to what had largely become a genteel, bland and decaying field of study. Among these figures Hans Morgenthau stands out because of the breadth of his interests, because of the extent of his impact on thinking outside the narrowly academic milieu, and because of his recent improbable role as intellectual fellow-traveler of the young, the disaffected and the idealistic in their struggle against the war in Vietnam. The latter role has brought him both public notoriety and journalistic excoriation and is regarded by many as being in direct conflict with the basic positions he has espoused throughout the rest of his intellectual life.
Away Out of Vietnam
Authors: Thatcher Harold W.
Published: September 2018

In their attempts to discourage dissenting members of the public from attempting (in the Jeffersonian tradition) to influence our policy in Vietnam, apologists for our government's policy frequently state that the situation in Vietnam and its background are too complicated for the general public to understand and comment on. This is not the case. If one disregards the many misrepresentations of the situation widely disseminated by our own government since 1965 and sticks to the plain facts, the degree of blame which we must shoulder becomes quite clear, as those who have followed the course of events with close attention are aware. They need not be rehearsed here.
Willy Brandt's Eastern Policy
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

Five years ago West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard and Foreign Minister Gerhard Schroeder launched a tentative “Opening to the East” which marked a break with Konrad Adenauer's relatively rigid approach to, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The “Grand Conbtion” of the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats continued the experiment from 1966-1969. The Hallstein Doctrine—no diplomatic relations with any country which had such relations with East Germany (the Soviet Union being the sole exception)—was abandoned. West Germany established diplomatic relations with the maverick Rumanian regime, and re-established relations with Tito's Yugoslavia. Several trade and cultural exchange agreements were entered into with East European Communist nations.
The American University Today
Authors: Murchland Bernard
Published: September 2018

There are presently 6.7 million students in some 2200 American institutions of higher learning. Their numbers have doubled in the past ten years and will double again in the next ten.

This statistic alone indicates that the university is no longer a shady retreat where scholars and students leisurely engage in the search for truth. The university has become a major power in our societal life. It shares with society in general a frenzied dynamism, the pursuit of immediate objectives, a labyrinthian structure and the lust for prestige. One couldn't imagine a university without, for example, a well-staffed public relations office. The American university today is in almost all senses of the word a new university.
Of Letters and Encyclicals
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

I was at -St. Peter's on a beautiful Sunday morning in mid-May, and happily tall enough to see Paul VI as he walked down the main aisle in a small procession a bit after ten o'clock and perhaps a bit behind schedule. Everyone applauded him warmly. He responded with his usual shy, yet appreciative smile.

The Mass was beautiful and simple. In his brief homily, the pope said it was a commemorative ceremony to recall the eightieth anniversary of the publication of Leo XIII's famous social encyclical Rerum Novarum. Fr. Schall divides his teaching year between the Istituto Sociale of the Gregorian University in Rome and the University of San Francisco.
On Obligation and Civil Disobedience
Authors: Childress James F.
Published: September 2018

In the recent burst of enthusiasm for endorsing violence and revolution, there has been too little reflection on why men ought to obey the law. Indeed, it seems that the charge of irrelevance can be levelled against anyone who insists on thinking seriously about traditionally important issues of political ethics such as political obligation, which, according to Isaiah Berlin, is "the most fundamental of all political questions." Fortunately, as these books show, not all philosophers and theologians have succumbed to the attraction of easy slogans.
Old Year Out, New Year in
Authors: Stillman Edmund
Published: September 2018

The last days of the old year underlined the painful truth once again — America is the blind giant, its three astronauts circling tlie moon in a dizzying display of technologic expertise, while on earth its diplomats and statesmen played out the bizarre farce attending the release of the Pueblo crewmen from North Korean captivity and simultaneously lapsed into an exchange of invective with the Saigon junta we once hailed as a vehicle for the constitutional salvation of South Vietnam.

The Apollo 8 journey was, of course, wholly admirable—a stunning reversal of America's space fortunes in little more than a decade. What money, organization, application, and no doubt a vast engineering talent can do, the United States has done in space.
The Drama of Development
Authors: Barnds William J.
Published: September 2018

The decade of the sixties saw more than the normal quota of paradox and contradiction, and attitudes toward the economic development of the poor nations and the relationship between rich and poor nations were no exception. In. the realization that economic development was one of the world's critical problems, the United Nations titled the sixties the "decade of development" and set a goal of a five per cent annual increase in gross national product (G.N.P.) for the poor countries. This growth was to be achieved primarily by greater effort on their part, but was to be significantly aided by rich countries which would provide one per cent of their G.N.P. as assistance.
What Student Revolution?
Authors: Stupak Ronald J.
Published: September 2018

Many intellectuals sensed the dawning of a "new generation" in the activism, idealism, and moral pronouncements of the student movement of the 1960's. This movement seemed to be reaching fruition with the "revolutionary" tremors that the youth culture let loose on college campuses and throughout American society in the wake of Cambodia, Kent State, and Jackson State during the spring of 1970.

But less than six months later, the "sounds of silence" on the college campuses became deadening, and the savants of the "new society" expressed disillusionment and bewilderment.
The Death and Rebirth of American Community
Authors: Sellers James
Published: September 2018

After twelve years of teaching in a theological school, I had heard more than I wanted to hear about how bad things are. There was, both colleagues and students insisted, no sense of community anvmore, either in the corporate life of the school or in America at large. The sense of common existence had lost its conjuring touch over space and had been severelv contracted in time. Americans, they said, had neither a sense of continuity and tradition nor a vision of the future. Abandoning the larger dimensions of social and political life, there is nothing left but to fall back upon tiny redoubts of private affiliations.
Requiem for Patriotic Piety
Authors: Ahlstrom Sydney E.
Published: September 2018

In 1964, when race relations in America were under the sway of Martin Luther King's dream of future amity, and before President Johnson's war policy had destroyed the moral cohesion of the country, Paul C. Nagel published his impressive study, One and Indivisible: The Union in American Thought, 1776-1860. Now his second massively researched volume, This Sacred Trust: American Nationality, 1798-1898 (Oxford University Press; 376 pp.; $9.50), brings his account down, with some shift of emphasis, to the debates over imperialism occasioned by the War with Spain. Though the book ends almost seventy-five years ago, it has an obvious timeliness—not only because American imperialism is again a subject of worldwide debate but because American commitment to a sacred trust is seriously weakening. The traditional grounds of American loyalty are rapidly dissolving.
The Dying Frangipanis
Authors: Van Dinh Tran
Published: September 2018

A Reuters dispatch datelined Hong Kong, May 24, 1972, relayed the following communique from the Pathet Lao News Agency:

The bomb tonnage released on the liberated zone in Laos in the first three years under the Nixon Administration is equal in energy to 150 Hiroshima type atomic bombs. On a per capita basis the bomb tonnage dumped on the liberated zone in Nixon's time is the highest in history and Laos is the most heavily bombed country in the world.
Christians for Socialism
Authors: Quigley Thomas E.
Published: September 2018

Throughout the final week of April, a group of over 400 Christians, mostly Catholic priests, met in Santiago, Chile, for the First Latin American Meeting of Christians for Socialism. Convened by the Chilean Secretariat of this movement, which has grown rapidly in the last year, the meeting drew participants from every Left Christian group and from virtually every country in Latin America. Observer-participants from North America and Europe were also welcomed.
For the First Time in 30,000 Years
Authors: Toynbee Arnold
Published: September 2018

Till now, mankind has either taken it as a matter of course that it is going to survive, or, alternatively, assumed that its destiny will be decided by forces beyond human control: the gods or God or Nature. We have now woken up to the truth that, today, we are in greater danger of extinction than we have been at any time since the date —perhaps 30,000 years ago—at which our ancestors gained the upper hand over all other forms of life on this planet except microbes and viruses. In the present age we have discovered and conquered the microbes, and we have hopes of getting the better of the viruses. But our recent victories over non-human menaces to human life are far outweighed by new threats to us from ourselves. These threats have no precedents; for man, armed with the power of science applied to technology, is a vastly more formidable enemy for man than any non-human enemy that man has yet encountered.
Africa's Literature Beyond Politics
Authors: Awoonor Kofi
Published: September 2018

The literature of contemporary Africa is more than a response to the politics of Africa. It is an aspect of the political debate, of course, but it is also an intrinsically important element in the total African renaissance of our times. True, the earliest beginnings of literature in contemporary Africa are rooted in politics and political protest. (I exclude the African writers of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries for the simple reason that most of them did not see fiction, poetry or drama as possible vehicles for their anti-colonial and antislavery protests.)

Négritude, the literary movement of the French African and Antillean deracine, was created as a literary response to European cultural imperialism (defined by Gallicism) Its prophets, Césaire of Martinique, Damas of Guyana, and L. S. Senghor of Sengal, expressed the anguish of their delirious alienation, frustration, protest against European culture, and against that romantic glorification of Africa, the Sartrean imaginary continent.
Passing of a (Cold) Warrior
Authors: Smith Gaddis
Published: September 2018

Dean Acheson, who died at age 78 on October 12, 1971, was the fiercest of American leaders during the formative years of the cold war. As Under Secretary of State and Secretary of State for President Harry S. Truman, he was (to use the arrogant but perfectly accurate title of his memoirs) Present at the Creation of the basic policies which guided American foreign policv for a quarter of a century. In most instances he was the principal author of those policies.

Should we view his career with the unstinting admiration naturally expressed by his old boss, Harry Truman, and by President Nixon? Or with condemnation for his militant role in perpetuating the cold war? More appropriately, we should feel sadness that a man of such extraordinary intellectual ability, and the finest master of the English language to serve as Secretary of State since Jefferson, should have applied his talents to waging a form of war rather than searching for peace.
The End of Progress
Authors: Perrin Noel
Published: September 2018

One of my more sophisticated friends, a poet and fellow teacher at Dartmouth, is firmly convinced that Americans stopped believing in the doctrine of progress about 1920. “No doubt the majority of the uneducated still believe in it,” he concedes. “I imagine they see a slightly improved version of human existence as being issued by some kind of central committee of scientists every fall, just about the time the new cars come out. But no educated man, except maybe an occasional leftover Victorian, supposes any such thing.”

I disagree. Even in, 1972, it seems to me, a majority of educated Americans believes in progress—not, obviously, as the product of a central committee but as an impersonal force. And while a wave of skepticism really did arrive some fifty years ago, it involved only a few thousand intellectuals. But I think he is going to be right within the next decade. A much larger wave is curving toward the beach right now. Before it lands, it seems worthwhile to consider what this thing is we have believed in and what the consequences will be when as a society we cease to.
Uruguay: A Marxist Alleluia
Authors: Castro Emilio
Published: September 2018

Uruguay, with a tradition of democratic stability similar to that of Chile and, to a certain extent, Costa Rica, has characteristics which distinguish it within the Latin American continent. Some of these were highlighted during the last few months of 1971 when Uruguay became a center of world attention: The traditional two-party regime was confronted with a conglomeration of political parties of the Left which appeared capable of coming to power through the elections, thus repeating the phenomenon of Chile.

On November 24,1971, the largest political demonstration in the history of Uruguay took place. An enormous crowd, wild with enthusiasm, marched through all parts of Montevideo and gathered in front of the parliament building to express its support for the Frente Amplio (Broad Front).
The Geography of Heroism
Authors: Neuhaus Richard
Published: September 2018

The Bible has hard words for people who miss the time of God's vigitation. The fault is not God's, we are told, for he long ago warned us his spokesmen would appear in unlikely places and improbable disguise. The task of discernment is ours. History's record is one of missed visitations, from Jeremiah to Franz Jagerstatter, not to mention Jesus of Nazareth. Among those who take this business of discernment seriously the rumor is now about that God has done it again, this time in the form of a youthfully middle-aged Jesuit poet, priest, and prisoner. The less serious have picked up on the rumor, and excitement spreads. The way to Calvary is littered with books, magazine articles, T.V. specials, and a smashingly successful off-Broadway play (soon to be a major movie!), the offerings of a cheering crowd hungry for heroism.
The Nixon Economy
Authors: Gass Oscar
Published: September 2018

In the long perspective of the economic life of the American community, the four years of the First Nixon Administration belong to the middle range of achievement. When the noise and smoke of these years will have passed away, their prizes having been engrossed and their pains dulled in forgetfulness, men of resigned or complacent disposition will call this Normal. Others, less acquiescent or more aspiring, will call it Mediocre.
The USSR and the Arms Race
Authors: Clemens Walter C.
Published: September 2018

As Moscow and Washington move toward a second round of SALT, analysts in both capitals raise serious questions—not only about the accords concluded in 1972, but, with still greater concern, about the agreements that will be considered in the years ahead. Communists may well ask: If revolution is the stepchild of war, should we welcome conditions that make international stability more likely? Western skeptics, for their part, ask whether Soviet leaders will not exploit a nuclear stalemate to advance the Communist cause through subnuclear diplomacy or nonmilitary means in which the West is generally at a disadvantage. Some U.S. strategists, for example, contend that there is a basic asymmetry which turns the SALT agreements to Moscow's favor. Since Moscow's objectives are unlimited, they contend, they may be effectively pursued as long as the USSR enjoys at least rough equality with the United States. For America to deter Soviet probes, overwhelming superiority is needed, both in strategic and other arms.
Eco-Trivia and the politics of Wilderness
Authors: Behan R. W.
Published: September 2018

Since no movement is without its extremists, we should not be surprised to discover in the current fuss over the environment an element committed to Preserving Our Great National Heritage, the Wilderness. Their devotion to the mystique of wilderness is very nearly tantamount to a new religion.

The wilderness bunch is unusual in that they are neither wild-eyed nor, in the conduct of their other day-to-day affairs, abnormal To the contrary, they are handsome, urbane and articulate people, highly educated, often professionally employed, well paid, and more given to conservative suits of expensive tailoring than to the flowing robes of, for example, the Jesus freaks.
Realism and Hope After Niebuhr
Authors: Bennett John C.
Published: September 2018

I have already lived in three different theological climates, during three periods marked by quite different hopes and expectations for the future of humanity. I am not sure whether or not we are entering a fourth period, but the pattern of both commitments and hopes is less clear than it seemed to be in the recent past.

Before 1930 and back into the late nineteenth century there was the period of the Social Gospel, which was a great force in the churches and which reflected the secular expectations of progress that were general at the time. I was part of this movement myself and to a large extent shared its hopes, though I never believed that progress was inevitable or irreversible.
The American Giant
Authors: Neuhaus Richard
Published: September 2018

Mr. Peter G. Peterson, Assistant to the President for International Economic Affairs and frequently called the President's “economic Kissinger,” must be credited at least with candor when he recently stated: “I believe we must dispel any ‘Marshall Plan psychology’ or relatively unconstrained generosity that may remain. This is not just a matter of choice but of necessity.” In a hungry world, unfortunately, an American imperial policy of unmitigated self-interest is not made more morally palatable by the candor with which it is proclaimed. Mr. Peterson's recommendations would remove the ethical linchpin of the Jewish-Christian tradition (and of the American experience at its best), namely, the belief that the rich are accountable to the poor and the strong to the weak. As “idealistic” as they may seem, it is the better part of realism to recognize that such ideals are an essential ingredient in holding together the experiment that is American society.
John F. Kennedy and the Revisionists
Authors: Shannon William V.
Published: September 2018

I begin by declaring my intellectual interest: I share the cold war convictions and the counterrevolutionary attitudes which Richard J. Walton attributes to President Kennedy in Cold War and Counter-Revolution: The Foreign Policy of John F. Kennedy (Viking; 234 pp.; $7.95). What he states as accusations are beliefs which I—and I think the late President—would willingly avow. Moreover, in the nearly nine years since Kennedy's death when the revisionist attacks on his presidency have steadily mounted, my own admiration for Kennedy has grown. I thought fairly well of him at the time. In the light of what has happened since his death, he seems to me an absolutely towering figure. I am either the worst or the best possible person to comment on this book.
Academic Apartheid
Authors: van den Berghe Pierre L.
Published: September 2018

Until a few years ago the term “racism” seemed to have a fairly precise meaning. It meant the attribution of various forms of social inferiority or superiority to certain groups of people by virtue of their biological makeup. In its more developed and systematic form, racism was a theory of genetic determination postulating a causal link between the physical appearance (phenotype) of people and their social behavior and attitudes. While ethnocentrism (preference for one's own culture) is universal, racism is exceptional, though not unique, to Western cultures. The overwhelming power and wealth of Western societies, however, made Western racism by far the most widespread and violent strain of the virus.
The Politics of Islam
Authors: Montgomery Watt W.
Published: September 2018

Westerners tend to think of Islam as a “political religion,” or at least as a religion which has an important political component. We speak too about “Islamic history” and “Islamic civilization” and we know that what we are referring to is not purely ecclesiastical or purely religious. Perhaps at the basis of this way of thinking and speaking is the fact that Muhammad was not only a prophet but also a statesman and political leader, and that his influence gave birth to a social entity which is both religious community and body politic.

Nonetheless, it is not altogether correct to think of Islam as a political religion.
Foreign Policy at Home
Authors: Gottlieb Stanford
Published: September 2018

When I started working for SANE in February, 1960, there was no question in my mind that I was working on foreign policy issues. International confrontations—the Bay or Pigs, Berlin, the Congo, the Cuban missile crisis—engulfed us like ocean waves. The superpowers were testing H-bombs in the atmosphere. China was considered an international outlaw. The cold war was in full swing.