bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Thermodynamics of Thermally‐Activated Dislocation Glide
Authors: Gibbs G. B.
Published: October 2008

A general thermodynamic treatment of thermally‐activated glide is given and the following features discussed: the meaning of force‐distance curves for dislocation‐obstacle interaction, the effect of temperature‐variations of internal stress on the activation enthalpy, temperature‐dependence of flow stress at constant strain‐rate and its relation with the stress‐dependence of activation volume; differences in behaviour between rigid obstacles (precipitate particles, “Seeger zones”) and deformable obstacles (forest dislocations). Application of the theory to “forest” hardening, precipitation hardening and irradiation hardening is outlined.
A Study of Dielectric Loss Maxima of Anion Doped NaCl Crystals with Concentration Dependent Maximum Temperatures
Authors: Kessler A. , Mariani E.
Published: October 2008

Certain relaxation maxima are investigated in anion doped NaCl crystals. The temperature of these maxima is found to be dependent on the anion content. The conductivity of these crystals at the maximum temperature is measured and found to have a constant value. It is shown that the observations fit into the pattern expected from interfacial polarization.
Modifications of the Domain Structure of Barium Ferrite Single Crystals under the Influence of a Magnetic Field (II)
Authors: Rosenberg M. , Tănăsoiu C.
Published: October 2008

The modifications of the domain structure of barium ferrite single crystals in magnetic fields directed parallel to the hexagonal axis are investigated. Planimetry of the areas of domains of opposite polarity on the hexagonal plane gives an estimate of the relative magnetization of the samples for values of the field up to about 4000 Oe.

In fields up to 1500–2000 Oe the magnetization occurs by displacement of the Bloch walls without any appreciable variation of the total surface of the walls. In higher fields, the disparity of inverse domains and the appearance of small radial cylindrical inverse domains is observed.
Optical Absorption of Cu‐Centers in Alkali Halides
Authors: Krätzig E. , Timusk T. , Martienssen W.
Published: October 2008

It is shown from optical absorption measurements that under X‐ray irradiation at low temperatures Cu+ ions in Cu‐doped KCl, KBr, and KI crystals trap electrons and holes. During this process Cu+ and Cu++ centers are formed, which may be compared with Ag++ and Ag++ centers in alkali halides. In the case of the Cu++ centers the symmetry of the surrounding halogen ions is lowered by a Jahn‐Teller distortion. This distortion, however, is different from that of the Ag++ centers studied by Delbecq, Hayes, O'Brien, and Yuster [9].
Light Scattering near Displacive Phase Transitions Close in Temperature
Authors: Dos Reis F. G. , Luzzi R.
Published: October 2008

A discussion of inelastic light scattering by lattice vibrations associated with unstable modes responsible for the occurrence of displacive phase transitions in solids is presented. An extension of Landau's average field theory of phase transitions, as proposed by Levanyuk and Sannikov, is used to derive the temperature dependence of the eigenfrequencies and of the scattered light intensities.
Electron Ordering in Cs2SbCl6 Crystals
Authors: Ionov S. P. , Ionova G. V. , Makarov E. F. , Yu. Aleksandrov A.
Published: October 2008

Below Tc = 77 °K two kinds of Sb complexes exist (SbCl3−6‐and SbCl1−6) in Cs2SbCl6 crystals. Above this temperature the electron pairs begin to delocalize. This phenomenon is investigated on the basis of an Hamiltonian that incorporates the intra‐site and inter‐site interactions. It is found that, within a Hartree approximation that treats both the electron correlations (intra‐site and inter‐site ones), the low‐temperature state is insulating. It is characterized by a charge‐density wave in which alternate complexes are doubly occupied. This chargeordered state has the lattice distortion that doubles the primitive cell. The high‐temperature disordered state is insulating too. In this case the energy gap is caused by a statistical distribution of electron pairs. Apparently the high‐temperature paramagnetic state cannot be reached when the electron pairs decouple as the compound decomposes or converts into another chemical modification.
Polaritons and Phonon Assignment in Orthorhombic KNbO3 Investigated by Light Scattering
Authors: Winter F. X. , Wiesendanger E. , Claus R.
Published: October 2008

Phonon spectra for the principal directions of orthorhombic KNbO3 have been recorded by Raman scattering using right angle and back scattering techniques. Assignments of all A1 and A2 modes are given and those of B1 and B2 modes discussed. Polariton spectra concerning the A1 and B1 species recorded by near forward scattering made the assignment of longitudinal B1 modes possible which were not observed in the phonon spectra. The upper photon‐like B1 polariton branch has been observed using a photographical arrangement. A comparison is made of the dielectric constants obtained from the phonon frequencies using the Lyddane‐Sachs‐Teller relation with data from the literature.
Self‐Diffusion Measurements in Silver at Low Temperatures Using Single Crystals and Slightly Deformed Crystals
Authors: Backus J. G. E. M. , Bakker H. , Mehrer H.
Published: October 2008

By means of a chemical peeling technique tracer self‐diffusion measurements have been performed in silver single crystals in the temperature range of 350 to 580 °C. The influence of plastic deformation on the diffusion coefficient was investigated a t 436 °C and proved to be considerable. An analysis of the data, obtained from undeformed crystals, in terms of a mono‐ and divacancy contribution has been made to explain the curvature in the plot of In D versus 1/T. Values for the diffusion parameters obtained in this way are in close agreement with those of Lam et al.
Magneto‐Optic Studies of Donor Excitation Spectra in CdTe
Authors: Wagner R. J. , McCombe B. D.
Published: October 2008

Magneto‐transmission and magneto‐photoconductivity excitation spectra of the hydrogenic impurity in CdTe have been studied. These results yield information concerning the correspondence between low magnetic field (nlm) and high magnetic field (NHL) levels. Splitting of the 2p (m = ± 1) states suggests Stark effects on the hydrogenic centers.
Response of the stratosphere to interannual variability of tropospheric planetary waves
Authors: Scaife A. A. , James I. N.
Published: October 2008

A primitive‐equation global model of the middle atmosphere is used to investigate the response of the extratropical stratosphere to different levels of wave forcing from steady perturbations of the geopotential height near the tropopause. The response of the stratosphere is compared to that in quasi‐geostrophic beta‐plane models used in previous studies.

The primitive‐equation model exhibits three flow regimes under perpetual‐January conditions: strong westerly, steady flow for small wave‐amplitude forcing, strong westerly but unsteady flow for moderate wave‐amplitude forcing and oscillations between easterly and westerly flow for large wave‐amplitude forcing. The regimes for low and high forcing are analogous to solutions of the simpler Holton‐Mass (HM) quasi‐geostrophic model. The moderate‐forcing regime does not occur in the HM model and it is attributed to instability of the strongly sheared flow generated by planetary waves in the upper stratosphere. We also show how the observed patterns of interannual variability in the winter stratosphere can be explained in terms of these three flow regimes: in the northern hemisphere the flow often enters the high‐forcing regime, where variations in conditions in the early‐winter flow or quasi‐steady upper‐tropospheric planetary‐wave amplitudes make similar contributions to the interannual variability in the stratospheric circulation. For the southern hemisphere, we suggest that the flow alternates between the low‐ and moderate‐forcing regimes through year‐to‐year changes in the amplitude of quasi‐steady waves near the tropopause. This mechanism produces large enough changes to explain the interannual variability in the southern stratosphere.
A system dynamics approach to the structure and economy of fur farming and trading
Authors: Davidsen Pål I. , Asheim Leif Jarle
Published: October 2008

This article explains the expansion and contraction of Norwegian mink production in an expanding market as a consequence of pelt price and mink fanning costs. The explanation is based upon a Bayesian approach to estimating the farmers' loan fraction, their response to profitability, and a few delays in economic perception and capacity adjustments.

This model is the first in a series being developed to portray national and international fur production and markets. In addition to reflecting Norwegian mink production, the model may be considered generic for international fur production.
Nonserotonergic projection neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei contain the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT3
Authors: Jackson Jesse , Bland Brian H. , Antle Michael C.
Published: October 2008

The brainstem raphe nuclei are typically assigned a role in serotonergic brain function. However, numerous studies have reported that a large proportion of raphe projection cells are nonserotonergic. The identity of these projection cells is unknown. Recent studies have reported that the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT3 is found in both serotonergic and nonserotonergic neurons in both the median raphe (MR) and dorsal raphe (DR) nuclei. We injected the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B into either the dorsal hippocampus or the medial septum (MS) and used triple labeled immunofluorescence to determine if nonserotonergic raphe cells projecting to these structures contained VGLUT3. Consistent with previous studies, only about half of retrogradely labeled MR neurons projecting to the hippocampus contained serotonin, whereas a majority of the retrogradely labeled nonserotonergic cells contained VGLUT3. Similar patterns were observed for MR cells projecting to the MS. About half of retrogradely labeled nonserotonergic neurons in the DR contained VGLUT3. Additionally, a large number of retrogradely labeled cells in the caudal linear and interpeduncular nuclei projecting to the MS were found to contain VGLUT3. These data suggest the enigmatic nonserotonergic projection from the MR to forebrain regions may be glutamatergic. In addition, these results demonstrate a dissociation between glutamatergic and serotonergic MR afferent inputs to the MS and hippocampus suggesting divergent and/or complementary roles of these pathways in modulating cellular activity within the septohippocampal network. Synapse 63: 31–41, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ)‐further validation including a confirmatory factor analysis and a comparison with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia
Authors: Wicksell Rikard K. , Olsson Gunnar L. , Melin Lennart
Published: October 2008

Acceptance of pain and distress has lately appeared as an important factor in determining peoples’ ability to restore functioning in the presence of chronic pain. Although treatments based on cognitive behaviour therapy are beginning to incorporate acceptance strategies, there is still a lack of reliable and valid instruments to assess relevant processes in such interventions. The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) was originally constructed as part of the development of an acceptance oriented treatment approach for pain patients. A revised 20‐item version of the instrument with two subscales has shown adequate reliability and validity. In the present study, a Swedish translation of CPAQ was evaluated with 611 participants reporting chronic pain and symptoms of whiplash associated disorders. This study sought to further assess the psychometric properties of the instrument and to investigate its relation to another important measure of pain adjustment, the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia. Due to low intercorrelations with other items, item 16 was excluded. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the previously suggested two‐factor solution. Furthermore, the internal consistencies were good for the subscales (activities engagement and pain willingness) as well as the total scale. Hierarchical regression analyses illustrated strong relations with criteria variables (e.g. disability and life satisfaction). In general, the activities engagement subscale contributed more than pain willingness to the prediction of criteria variables. Furthermore, results illustrated that CPAQ explained more variance than the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in pain intensity, disability, life satisfaction, and depression.
Lipid rafts and T‐lymphocyte function: Implications for autoimmunity
Authors: Kabouridis Panagiotis S. , Jury Elizabeth C.
Published: October 2008

Experimental evidence indicates that the mammalian cell membrane is compartmentalized. A structural feature that supports membrane segmentation implicates assemblies of selected lipids broadly referred to as lipid rafts. In T‐lymphocytes, lipid rafts are implicated in signalling from the T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) and in localization and function of proteins residing proximal to the receptor. This review summarizes the current literature that deals with lipid raft involvement in T‐cell activation and places particular emphasis in recent studies investigating lipid rafts in autoimmunity. The potential of lipid rafts as targets for the development of a new class of immune‐modulating compounds is discussed.
Cyclic AMP post‐transcriptionally regulates the biosynthesis of a major bacterial autoinducer to modulate the cell density required to activate quorum sensing
Authors: Liang Weili , Sultan Syed Zafar , Silva Anisia J. , Benitez Jorge A.
Published: October 2008

In Vibrio cholerae, expression of the quorum sensing regulator HapR is induced by the accumulation of a major autoinducer synthesized by the activity of CqsA. Here we show that the cAMP–cAMP receptor protein complex regulates cqsA expression at the post‐transcriptional level. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of cqsA–lacZ fusions, the ectopic expression of cqsA in Δcrp mutants and by Northern blot analysis showing that cqsA mRNA is unstable in Δcrp and Δcya (adenylate cyclase) mutants. Addition of cAMP to the culture of a Δcya mutant restored cqsA mRNA stability and cholera autoinducer 1 production. Lowering intracellular cAMP levels by addition of d‐glucose increased the cell density required to activate HapR. These results indicate that cAMP acts as a quorum modulator.
Membrane binding of oligomeric α‐synuclein depends on bilayer charge and packing
Authors: van Rooijen Bart D. , Claessens Mireille M.A.E. , Subramaniam Vinod
Published: October 2008

Membrane disruption by oligomeric α‐synuclein (αS) is considered a likely mechanism of cytotoxicity in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanism of oligomer binding and the relation between binding and membrane disruption is not known. We have visualized αS oligomer‐lipid binding by fluorescence microscopy and have measured membrane disruption using a dye release assay. The data reveal that oligomeric αS selectively binds to membranes containing anionic lipids and preferentially accumulates into liquid disordered (Ld) domains. Furthermore, we show that binding of oligomers to the membrane and disruption of the membrane require different lipid properties. Thus membrane‐bound oligomeric αS does not always cause bilayer disruption.
Lipid modulation of membrane‐bound epitope recognition and blocking by HIV‐1 neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Huarte Nerea , Lorizate Maier , Kunert Renate , Nieva José L.
Published: October 2008

The conserved, aromatic‐rich membrane‐proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 is functional in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐cell fusion by perturbing membrane integrity. Broadly‐neutralizing 2F5 and 4E10 monoclonal antibodies (MAb‐s) recognize amino‐ and carboxy‐terminal epitope sequences within this domain, respectively. An MPER peptide overlapping 2F5 and 4E10 epitope sequences was capable of breaching the permeability barrier of lipid vesicles. Cholesterol and sphingomyelin raft‐lipids, present at high quantities in the HIV‐1 envelope, promoted exposure or occlusion of 4E10 epitope, respectively. Conversely, 2F5 epitope accessibility was affected to a lesser extent by these envelope lipids. These observations support the idea that MPER epitopes on membranes are segmented in terms of how they are affected by envelope lipids, which may have implications for MPER‐based vaccine development.
Low cost digital endoscopic photography
Authors: Barr G D
Published: October 2008

Introduction:

Endoscopic digital photography usually involves expensive and often cumbersome equipment.

Aim:

This study aimed to construct a low cost adaptor with which to connect a budget-priced digital camera to a nasal endoscope, in order to enable inexpensive, good quality otology photography.

Method:

A method of making an adaptor from a simple plastic bottle top is described, and the photographic technique is outlined.

Results:

The adaptor fitted well with commonly used endoscopes, and excellent results were obtained.

Conclusion:

High quality digital endoscopic photographs can be obtained using a low cost compact digital camera fitted with a simple adaptor made from a plastic bottle top. Such a method would make digital photography via a rigid endoscope easily affordable worldwide.
Thyroid surgery: the sub-mental drain
Authors: Dhar V , Townsley R , Black M , Laccourreye O
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To propose an alternative site of thyroid drain placement.

Background:

During thyroid surgery, post-operative drains are often placed. It is common practice to bring out the drain lateral to the wound, often creating an additional, unsightly scar.

Conclusion:

We have found excellent cosmesis is achieved by bringing out the drain in the midline in a sub-mental skin crease, with the scar hidden in the chin shadow. In our experience, such drain placement is a safe, straightforward method with an excellent cosmetic result.
Editor's Note
Authors: JOHNSTONE BARBARA
Published: October 2008

I am grateful for the support during the past year of the Department of English at Carnegie Mellon University. I am also very grateful to Editorial Assistant Jennifer Andrus, copyeditor Jane McGary, and Morrell Gillette and Pooja Jain at Cambridge University Press. I consult regularly with the journal's associate editors and members of the editorial board, and I value their thoughtful advice and willingness to help.
The name of the shoe
Authors: Barry Peter
Published: October 2008

PETER BARRY considers the half-hidden agenda behind the names given to shoes in Britain
The use of English among Japanese returnees
Authors: Matsuda Aya
Published: October 2008

A discussion of English and code-switching among Japanese who have returned from studying abroad
American speech in American Speech
Authors: Eble Connie C
Published: October 2008

For sixty years a periodical currently published in the Deep South has been reporting on the complexities of U.S. usage. To mark the anniversary, a Southerner now reviews the journal of the American Dialect Society for English Today.
Burchfield on Grammar
Authors: Tomalin Barry , Burchfield Robert
Published: October 2008

Barry Tomalin, presenter of BBC English by Radio's weekly magazine Speaking of English, recently raised some grammatical issues with DR ROBERT BURCHFIELD, Editor of the Supplement of the Oxford English Dictionary.
TEX-MEX where Texas, Mexico, English & Spanish meet
Authors: Goldman Lorraine
Published: October 2008

Together, English and Spanish head the list of multinational languages. Inevitably they meet – in Puerto Rico, California, Florida and elsewhere – and the results are kinds of ‘Spanglish’ and englañol. Here we take a look at what has happened in South Texas.
Did English murder Irish?
Authors: Edwards John
Published: October 2008

The recent history of Ireland is a tale of two languages as well as an account of peoples and religions in conflict.
The French Reaction
Authors: Boswell Colin
Published: October 2008

Some languages when threatened receive the full protection of the law – and yet the hybrids flourish and the risks continue. French, English and franglais are a case in point.
What price Filipino writing in English?
Authors: Florentino Alberto S
Published: October 2008

Sixth in our series on the literatures of English around the world: the cultural and linguistic predicament of writers of English in the Philippines.
Of or pertaining to dictionaries
Authors: Ayto John
Published: October 2008

Dictionaries are often taken for granted. If people are not good at using them, they tend to blame themselves and not the lexicographers. Think again, say JOHN AYTO, a practising lexicographer, and GEORGE WALFORD, an ex-bookseller.
On Being Bilingual
Authors: Haycraft Brita , De Chezet Jean-Paul
Published: October 2008

In a world where non-native users now outnumber the native speakers of English, bilingualism is an increasingly important matter. Below, two ‘balanced bilinguals’ talk about what having two equal languages means in both their public and private lives.
The ambivalent apostrophe
Authors: Little Greta D
Published: October 2008

Punctuation marks like the comma and the question mark are fairly secure in ‘literate’ usage, but one cannot say the same for the apostrophe, whose curious and unstable history and present condition merit some thought.
Riders of the Purple Page
Authors: McArthur Tom , Pint John
Published: October 2008

An American living in Mexico and translating French cowboy comics into the language of Mark Twain? Tom McArthur talks to JOHN PINT, re-writer extraordinary.
Anglo-Irish literature
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: October 2008

Eighth in our series on the literature of English around the world: an account of the unique contribution of Ireland to literature in English.
Money Talks
Authors: Taylor Ean
Published: October 2008

Every occupation has its own expressions, not least the world of finance. EAN TAYLOR looks at some arcane items used in banks and building societies in England, and would welcome information about parallel usages elsewhere.
Kāi Fàng: Loan words to the Middle Kingdom
Authors: Malischewski Elizabeth-Anne
Published: October 2008

ELIZABETH-ANNE MALISCHEWSKI describes how, through transliteration and adaptation, English words have been adopted into Chinese. The term KĀI FÀNG, whose characters are shown above, means ‘open-free’ and is used for Deng Xiao-ping's ‘open-door policy’.
Language awareness
Authors: Harvey Paul
Published: October 2008

What might the phrase ‘awareness of language’ or ‘language awareness’ mean to different people, and what could it mean to anyone seriously interested in English as a successful international medium?
English Spelling and Pidgin
Authors: Yule Valerie
Published: October 2008

English has had centuries of ‘traditional orthography’, but novel varieties of English have no orthography at all until it is created for them. How are these spelling systems developed and how close to, or distant from, ‘real’ spelling need they be?
Children's dictionaries: spelling and pronunciation
Authors: Yule Valerie
Published: October 2008

Do pronunciation keys in dictionaries, especially those designed for children, provide insights into problems of literacy and spelling reform?
Charlotte Brontë, English Teacher
Authors: Hawes Donald
Published: October 2008

Some insights into the Victorian author's brief career as a language teacher.
The invisible Scot
Authors: Swinney Janet
Published: October 2008

A consideration of language as an index of oppression in the United Kingdom
Parliamo Itangliano
Authors: Dunlop Anna
Published: October 2008

The development and use of the Italian cousin of franglais.
The computer as style guide
Authors: Wright Nicholas , Tilley Rosemary
Published: October 2008

A report on the nature and teething troubles of software packages that advise on writing skills.
Axing the apostrophe
Authors: Room Adrian
Published: October 2008

What would English be like if it completely lost its most contentious and troublesome punctuation mark?
The indigenization of English in Pakistan
Authors: Baumgardner Robert J.
Published: October 2008

A review of the development and nature of Pakistani English.
A dinkum dialogue with the demon drink
Authors: Hughes Joan , Ramson Bill
Published: October 2008

Two seasoned Australian lexicographers sit down to a session of stubbies, grog, cheque-men and jamberoos.
Whatchamacallem
Authors: Kaye Alan S.
Published: October 2008

A consideration of thingummies, doohickeys and other vague words.
The encyclop(a)edic word game
Authors: Crystal David
Published: October 2008

Tales of the unexpected in editing a general encyclopedia
In our learners’ shoes
Authors: Cervi David A.
Published: October 2008

A language teacher reflects on language learning
Kamtok: Anatomy of a pidgin
Authors: Todd Loreto , Jumbam Martin
Published: October 2008

A description and display of the pidginized English of Cameroon
Brittle books
Authors: Battin Patricia
Published: October 2008

What can be done about the threat of “chemical censorship” that hangs over millions of printed works throughout the world?
The corpus revolution
Authors: Rundell Michael , Stock Penny
Published: October 2008

A consideration of the practical benefits to English-language lexicographers of the evidence derived from computer corpora (second article of three)
What makes people ‘peruse’?
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

Thomas M. Paikeday asks some questions about a curious word that appear only to be answerable through the use of the corpus and concordancing
Dial 1-800-M4MURDR
Authors: Baron Dennis
Published: October 2008

DENNIS BARON looks at a recent fad in American telephonics
A question of concord
Authors: Taylor David S.
Published: October 2008

An examination of some specimens of notional and proximity concord in recent academic writing
Unspeakable Acts
Authors: Cutts Martin
Published: October 2008

A practical demonstration of how the language of statutes can be made more accessible without losing its legal soul
From akathisia to wabenzi: a jocular journey
Authors: Levenston Eddie
Published: October 2008

EDDIE LEVENSTON considers words that the editors of the OED reckon amusing.
Bioscript – an editorial service for scientists
Authors: Körner Ann
Published: October 2008

An account of a thriving business editing the work of non-native writers of English – or, ‘Please put my manuscript into crispy English.’
Lexicon
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

THOMAS M. PAIKEDAY lists some more neologisms, novel senses, and similar occurrences that do not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries.
Contrastive rhetoric in World Englishes
Authors: Kachru Yamuna
Published: October 2008

An analysis of the cultural differences in rhetorical styles across the many varieties of English worldwide, particularly as expressed through writing
Kaleidoscope
Authors: Roberts Dale
Published: October 2008

In this issue, DALE ROBERTS considers a range of recent, especially American, usages.
She's a mensch and he's a bitch: neutralizing gender in the 90s
Authors: Waksler Rachelle
Published: October 2008

An account of how lexical items once confined to one gender have begun to be used for both in American English
Politicised expressions in the South China Morning Post
Authors: Carless David R.
Published: October 2008

A discussion of loan translations, metaphors and other usages that have arisen in the English of Hong Kong in recent years
English in Ethiopia
Authors: Ambatchew Michael Daniel
Published: October 2008

MICHAEL DANIEL AMBATCHEW reports on uses of, and attitudes to, English in the Horn of Africa.
Hybridized English in Ghana
Authors: Ahulu Samuel
Published: October 2008

A consideration of the mixed usage that has arisen in this West African country between English and the indigenous languages
From the permanence of Scots to the revival of diachrony
Authors: Gachelin Jean-Marc
Published: October 2008

JEAN-MARC GACHELIN reflects on implications in articles by a Scot and a fellow Frenchman: Tom McArthur's ‘Models of English’ (ET32, Oct 92) and François Chevillet's reply to it, ‘English or Englishes?’ (ET36, Oct 93)
Single market, single currency, single language
Authors: Smith Ross
Published: October 2008

The case for and against English as tomorrow's ‘Single European Language’
Metaphor and the names of plants
Authors: Rastall Paul
Published: October 2008

PAUL RASTALL takes a linguistic stroll round an English country garden
The impact of English in Germany
Authors: Hilgendorf Suzanne K.
Published: October 2008

Following on Susan Ridder's article ‘English in Dutch’ (ET44, Oct 95) and Pieter Loonen's and Ross Smith's articles on English in the European Union (ET46, Apr 96), a detailed survey of the effect in recent years of English on German and the Germans
In and on
Authors: Betts Jerome
Published: October 2008

JEROME BETTS considers the use of in and on in such frames as ‘I met him – the street’.
English for promotional purposes
Authors: Pierson-Smith Anne
Published: October 2008

CRYSTAL ball-gazing has become a favourite occupation in Hong Kong as the territory moves closer to the changeover of sovereignty on July 1, 1997. In a city where speculation fuels the money markets, second guessing about corporate futures is commonplace throughout the business community. The “what will happen in 1997?” question inevitably focuses on the post-colonial future of English in Hong Kong. English, the official language of government and commerce, is set to be replaced by Chinese as the primary language of administration according to the Basic Law, the territory's future constitution. This move has particular relevance for the territory's promotional industries, currently employing one per cent of the population in advertising and public relations (Vocational Training Council, 1996).
Ebonics: an evaluation
Authors: Todd Loreto
Published: October 2008

Observations on a variety of English that recently created a worldwide stir
English in Sierra Leone
Authors: Conteh-Morgan Miriam
Published: October 2008

A description of the language as used in this West African country and a consideration of its status there
A crisis of policy, poverty and pedagogy
Authors: Omodiaogbe S. A.
Published: October 2008

S. A. OMODIAOGBE discusses the present condition of English language teaching in Nigeria
The folly of language planning; Or, A brief history of the English language in Hong Kong
Authors: Pennington Martha C.
Published: October 2008

How mixed language usage evolved as a natural compromise between educational policy and social reality
Not to be found in the brain
Authors: Bulley Michael
Published: October 2008

A reply to Frank Palmer and Patrick Honeybone on the issue of a Chomskyan ‘language gene’
British or American English: Does it matter?
Authors: Bobda Augustin Simo
Published: October 2008

A consideration of how important the differences between the two varieties may be for the purposes of world communication
Language rights: Not political but scientific correctness
Authors: Skutnabb-Kangas Tove
Published: October 2008

TOVE SKUTNABB-KANGAS replies to Anthea Fraser Gupta (‘Language rights’,ET50: Apr 97) regarding issues of linguistic diversity
‘College english’ in China
Authors: Wang Yinquan
Published: October 2008

An account of the teaching of EFL to university non-English majors in the 1990s
Inescapable metonymy – or, life at the shallow end (know what I mean?)
Authors: Parrott Fred
Published: October 2008

FRED PARROTT takes an acerbic look at a trope greatly favoured by insiders
Langscape 6: Surveying contemporary English usage
Authors: Peters Pam
Published: October 2008

LANGSCAPE is a Cambridge University Press project associated with both ‘English Today’ and a new international usage guide for the year 2000 by Pam Peters, author of the ‘Cambridge Australian English Style Guide’ (1995). Like the Australian publication, the international work will be distinctive in its use of empirical evidence from computer corpora as well as data elicited from surveys of users of English round the world. Because English is a world language, any account of usage that is limited to one person's views and resources is inadequate. The first topic and questionnaire (‘The ubiquitous letter e’) appeared in ET53 (Jan 98), the second (‘To capitalize or not to capitalize’) in ET54 (Apr 98), the third (‘Differing on agreement’) in ET55 (Jul 98), the fourth (‘Permanent loans: plurals for Latin borrowings’) in ET56 (Oct 98), and the fifth (‘Jots and tittles’) in ET57 (Jan 99). See the accompanying box for further information on the Survey.
The Fat Owl of the Remove meets the Ness Peril!
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: October 2008

Reflections on some changes this century in what is taken to be worthwhile reading, looking in particular at how a trick of word-forming style was once used to highlight the brokenfulness of broken English.

— ‘The allrightfulness will be terrific’ (BBMSA, 52: see panel).
The galactic language
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

Some comments on the power and prestige of Californian usage at the end of the twentieth century
The evaluation of errors and 21st-century structure and usage
Authors: Ahulu Samuel
Published: October 2008

A proposal for a reasonable form of prescription that would help take the teaching and testing of English into the coming century
Sexual orientation and the Oxford Dictionary of Slang
Authors: George Gloria
Published: October 2008

A review of the category ‘Sexual orientation’ in John Ayto's new dictionary (see also p. 58) and a consideration of ‘queer’ slang at large
VNTYPL8
Authors: Gordon Sharon
Published: October 2008

A sampling and discussion of what can be done on Californian roads with only six to eight letters and numbers
[hat], [hæt], and all that
Authors: Weiner Edmund , Upton Clive
Published: October 2008

Edmund Weiner and Clive Upton of the Oxford English Dictionary respond to Michael Bulley's article ‘It isn't /hæt/, it's/hat/!’ (ET58, Apr 99)
Language switches among Chinese/English bilinguals
Authors: Zhang Ailing
Published: October 2008

A discussion of code-switching and hybridization in the People's Republic
Hong Kong Tanka
Authors: Parkin Andrew
Published: October 2008

ANDREW PARKIN uses a Japanese poetic form in English to describe his response to historic change in China
Journalese: the inside story
Authors: Gill Liz
Published: October 2008

Popular journalism in Britain has a language all its own, shaped by the pressures of editorial deadlines and a perennial need for stereotyped characters performing in life's daily dramas
Preschoolers' word mapping: The interplay between labelling context and specificity of speaker information
Authors: NILSEN ELIZABETH S. , GRAHAM SUSAN A. , PETTIGREW TAMARA
Published: October 2008

We assessed the effect of specificity of speaker information about an object on three-year-olds' word mappings. When children heard a novel label followed by specific information about an object at exposure, children subsequently mapped the label to that object at test. When children heard only specific information about an object at exposure, they inferred that the label applied to a different object at test. Finally, non-specific information did not assist children in mapping a word to an object. Thus, children use speaker information as a word-mapping cue but this information is interpreted differently depending on how the discourse is initiated.
The Kuroshio large meander formation in 2004 analyzed by an eddy‐resolving ocean forecast system
Authors: Miyazawa Yasumasa , Kagimoto Takashi , Guo Xinyu , Sakuma Hirofumi
Published: October 2008

The recent formation of the Kuroshio large meander southeast of the Kii Peninsula during the period from May to July 2004 has been simulated successfully in an eddy‐resolving ocean forecast system (Japanese Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment). The formation process was examined from the viewpoint of eddy‐Kuroshio interactions using sensitivity experiments that had various initial conditions for eddies in March and May 2004. We confirmed that the large meander does not occur when the trigger meander southeast of the Kyushu Island has small amplitude and that the cyclonic eddy on the offshore side of the Kuroshio contributes to the large meander formation. Our results show that the large amplitude of the trigger meander southeast of Kyushu Island in April 2004 was caused by downstream advection of anticyclonic eddies along the Kuroshio in the East China Sea from east of Taiwan. The results suggest that the successive westward propagation of strong anticyclonic eddies in the subtropical frontal region from 2003 to 2004 was the origin of the formation of the Kuroshio large meander south of Japan in summer 2004.
Optical water quality in rivers
Authors: Julian J. P. , Doyle M. W. , Powers S. M. , Stanley E. H. , Riggsbee J. A.
Published: October 2008

Optical water quality (OWQ) governs the quantity and quality of light in aquatic ecosystems, and thus spatiotemporal changes in OWQ affect many biotic and abiotic processes. Despite the fundamental role of light in rivers, studies on riverine OWQ have been limited and mostly descriptive. Here we provide a comprehensive, quantitative analysis of the controls and spatiotemporal dynamics of riverine OWQ, focusing on the inherent optical properties (IOPs), which are those that are only affected by water constituents and not by changes in the solar radiation field. First, we briefly review the constituents attenuating light in rivers. Second, we develop a new method for partitioning (light) beam attenuation into its constituent fractions. This method distinguishes between absorption and scattering by dissolved and particulate constituents, and further isolates particulates into mineral and organic components. Third, we compare base flow IOPs between four rivers with vastly different physical characteristics to illustrate intersite variability. Fourth, we analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of IOPs for the four rivers. Fifth, we quantify a longitudinal water clarity budget for one of the rivers. Finally, available data are synthesized to identify general spatial trends robust across broad geographic areas. Temporal trends in IOPs were largely dictated by storm frequency, while spatial trends were largely dictated by channel network configuration. Generally, water clarity decreased with increasing discharge primarily owing to greater scattering by particulates and secondarily to greater absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter. Water clarity also generally decreased longitudinally along the river owing to increased particulate inputs from tributaries; however, for pear‐shaped, dendritic basins, water clarity reached a minimum at ∼70% of the channel length and then increased. By illustrating the controls and spatiotemporal variability of riverine OWQ, these findings will be of interest to water resource managers and fluvial ecologists and specifically for remote‐sensing of fluvial environments and river plumes in receiving waters.
Engaging uncertainty in hydrologic data sets using principal component analysis: BaNPCA algorithm
Authors: Tripathi Shivam , Govindaraju Rao S.
Published: October 2008

Principal component analysis (PCA) is the most widely used method for dimensionality reduction, data reconstruction, feature extraction, and data visualization in geosciences. However, in its standard form, PCA makes no distinction between data points for which the associated measurement errors vary in both space and time. Using the backdrop of sea surface temperature (SST) data, a Bayesian variant of noisy principal component analysis (BaNPCA) was developed to incorporate observation uncertainty when performing PCA. The algorithm was first assessed using synthetic data sets. Comparison of BaNPCA results with current PCA techniques showed that BaNPCA has lower data reconstruction error; that is, for a given number of principal components, it explains more variance in SST data. Using the automatic relevance determination method, BaNPCA could correctly identify the appropriate number of principal components in the data. BaNPCA was shown to exhibit distinct advantages in filling missing values in the data when compared to existing methods. In addition, the extracted principal vectors from BaNPCA were found to be smoother and more representative of large‐scale signals like El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. To classify extreme states of all India summer monsoon rainfall, we used robust optimization that utilizes the PCs along with computed uncertainty from BaNPCA algorithm as inputs, thus engaging uncertainty in data. Results from this study demonstrate the value of utilizing uncertainty information available with hydrologic data sets.
A modified nitrogen budget for temperate deciduous forests in an advanced stage of nitrogen saturation
Authors: Davis S. C. , Hessl A. E. , Thomas R. B.
Published: October 2008

Recent advances in ecosystem descriptions associated with nitrogen (N) saturated forests allowed us to revise and improve a model of ecosystem productivity to reflect advanced N saturation. We introduce a new description of nitrogen cycling for a forest that is in stage 2 of N saturation on the basis of recent literature. We compared the accuracy of this new description to the conventional N cycling construct by assessing the degree to which each N cycle description predicted observations in a 100‐year‐old N‐saturated watershed in the Fernow Experimental Forest. The new literature‐based model of saturation outperformed the original model by more accurately predicting aboveground net primary productivity, foliar N, and stream NO3−. Regional estimates of forest productivity and terrestrial carbon sequestration have generally overlooked variable N availability as a vector for forest growth changes. New findings about N‐saturated ecosystem processes refine productivity models and improve estimates of regional ecosystem changes in response to N saturation.
Atmospheric HULIS enhance pollutant degradation by promoting the dark Fenton reaction
Authors: Moonshine M. , Rudich Y. , Katsman S. , Graber E. R.
Published: October 2008

Humic‐like substances (HULIS) in the atmosphere are ubiquitous macromolecular substances that comprise a major fraction of the organic component of atmospheric aerosols. In this study we report that HULIS extracted from collected wood burning and urban pollution atmospheric particles enhance aqueous phase oxidation of model organic contaminants (pyrene and phenol), by promoting the dark Fenton reaction under atmospherically relevant conditions. The paucity of radical sources at night makes this reaction, which is not accounted for in cloud chemistry models, potentially quite important for understanding and quantifying in‐cloud degradation of organic pollutants, and for understanding Fe oxidation state speciation in atmospheric waters.
Alteration of fractures by precipitation and dissolution in gradient reaction environments: Computational results and stochastic analysis
Authors: Chaudhuri A. , Rajaram H. , Viswanathan H.
Published: October 2008

Precipitation and dissolution reactions within fractures alter apertures, which in turn affects their flow and transport properties. Different aperture alteration patterns occur in different flow and reaction regimes, and they are also influenced by preferential flow resulting from spatial variations in the aperture. We consider the alteration of variable‐aperture fractures in gradient reaction regimes, where fluids are in chemical equilibrium with a mineral everywhere but precipitation and dissolution are driven by solubility gradients associated with temperature variations. The temperature field is defined by a geothermal gradient corresponding to a conduction‐dominated heat transfer regime. Monte Carlo simulations on computer‐generated aperture fields vividly illustrate pattern formation resulting from two‐way feedback between fluid flow and reactive alteration. In dissolution‐controlled systems, distinct dissolution channels develop along the dominant flow direction, while elongated precipitate bodies form perpendicular to the mean flow direction in precipitation‐controlled systems. Aperture variability accelerates the increase and decrease of effective transmissivity by dissolution and precipitation, respectively. The dominance of precipitation versus dissolution is determined by the angle between the mean hydraulic gradient and solubility/temperature gradient. Development of pronounced anisotropy with oriented elongate features is the key feature of aperture alteration in gradient reaction regimes. A stochastic analysis is developed, which consistently predicts general trends in the aperture field during reactive alteration, including the mean, variance, and spatial covariance structure. Our results are relevant to understanding the long‐term diagenetic evolution of fractures in conduction‐dominated heat transfer regimes and related problems such as emplacement of ocean bed methane hydrates.
Modulating serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT) expression and activity unveils a crucial role in lipid-induced insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Watson Maria L. , Coghlan Matthew , Hundal Harinder S.
Published: October 2008

Saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate, promote accumulation of ceramide, which impairs activation and signalling of PKB (protein kinase B; also known as Akt) to important end points such as glucose transport. SPT (serine palmitoyl transferase) is a key enzyme regulating ceramide synthesis from palmitate and represents a potential molecular target in curbing lipid-induced insulin resistance. In the present study we explore the effects of palmitate upon insulin action in L6 muscle cells in which SPT expression/activity has been decreased by shRNA (small-hairpin RNA) or sustained incubation with myriocin, an SPT inhibitor. Incubation of L6 myotubes with palmitate (for 16 h) increases intramyocellular ceramide and reduces insulin-stimulated PKB activation and glucose uptake. PKB inhibition was not associated with impaired IRS (insulin receptor substrate) signalling and was ameliorated by short-term treatment with myriocin. Silencing SPT expression (∼90%) by shRNA or chronic cell incubation with myriocin (for 7 days) markedly suppressed SPT activity and palmitate-driven ceramide synthesis; however, challenging these muscle cells with palmitate still inhibited the hormonal activation of PKB. This inhibition was associated with reduced IRS1/p85-PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) coupling that arises from diverting palmitate towards greater DAG (diacylglycerol) synthesis, which elevates IRS1 serine phosphorylation via activation of DAG-sensitive PKCs (protein kinase Cs). Treatment of SPT-shRNA cells or those treated chronically with myriocin with PKC inhibitors antagonized palmitate-induced loss in insulin signalling. The findings of the present study indicate that SPT plays a crucial role in desensitizing muscle cells to insulin in response to incubation with palmitate. While short-term inhibition of SPT ameliorates palmitate/ceramide-induced insulin resistance, sustained loss/reduction in SPT expression/activity promotes greater partitioning of palmitate towards DAG synthesis, which impacts negatively upon IRS1-directed insulin signalling.