bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible and Controllable Piezo‐Phototronic Pressure Mapping Sensor Matrix by ZnO NW/p‐Polymer LED Array
Authors: Bao Rongrong , Wang Chunfeng , Dong Lin , Yu Ruomeng , Zhao Kun , Wang Zhong Lin , Pan Caofeng
Published: March 2015

A functional tactile sensing device is essential for next‐generation robotics and human–machine interfaces technologies, since the emulation of touching requires large‐scale pressure sensor arrays with distinguishable spatial‐resolution, high sensitivity, and fast response. Here, a flexible LED array composed of PEDOT:PSS and patterned ZnO NWs with a spatial resolution of 7 μm for mapping of spatial pressure distributions is designed and fabricated. The emission intensity of the LED array sensor matrix is dominated by locally applied strains as indicated by the piezo‐phototronic effect. Therefore, spatial pressure distributions are immediately obtained by parallel‐reading the illumination intensities of the LED arrays based on an electroluminescence working mechanism. A wide range of pressure measurements from 40 to 100 MPa are achieved through controlling the growth conditions of the ZnO nanowire array. These devices may find prospective applications as electronic skins by taking advantage of their high spatial‐resolution, flexibility, and wide pressure mapping range.
Nanoimprinting of Flexible Polycarbonate Sheets with a Flexible Polymer Mold and Application to Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Authors: Liang Chia‐Ching , Lin Chun‐Hung , Cheng Tsung‐Chieh , Shieh Jiann , Lin Hsi‐Ho
Published: March 2015

This study demonstrates a reliable process for the direct nanoimprinting of a flexible polycarbonate (PC) sheet using a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) mold. PC is a commonly used flexible substrate with optical transparency, low thermal expansion coefficient, high mechanical strength, and excellent deformation resistivity. The imprint performances of PFPE, hard/soft‐polydimethylsiloxane, and silicon molds are compared. Given that the heating temperature is near the glass transition temperature (≈153 °C) of PC, only PFPE mold can be fully patterned into PC substrate with viable integrity. The mechanical property and gas permeability of the materials are investigated to determine the mechanism of the flexible PFPE mold, which performs better than a rigid silicon mold. Nanoimprint process using a PFPE mold is performed at 153 °C and 5 bars. The lower imprint temperature or imprint pressure of the proposed process compared with those from previous studies is favorable in nanoimprinting. Finally, nanoroughness‐on‐nanopillar hierarchical surfaces, which possess superhydrophobic slippery characteristics superior to those of nanoroughness‐only surfaces, are obtained by treating PC nanopillar arrays imprinted by PFPE mold with C4F8 plasma.
Electrically Driven Quantum Light Sources
Authors: Boretti Alberto , Rosa Lorenzo , Mackie Andrew , Castelletto Stefania
Published: March 2015

Typical applications of quantum light require optical sources which generate either individual photons or entangled (correlated) photons. For the sake of practicality and scalability, these quantum sources should be easily produced, operate at room temperature, and be electrically excited and controlled. Here, recent research on quantum sources obtained from electrically driven (ED) devices constructed from p–n junctions integrated in planar optical cavities, micropillars, nanowires, photonic crystals, and active plasmonic elements is reviewed. Single‐photon and entangled‐photon sources are distinguished by their different roles in the development of either quantum cryptography or quantum computing protocols, and the different types of devices used to produce them are highlighted, with a focus on their spectral emission, brightness, and conditions of operation. Achievements to date are summarized and compared with prerequisites for the practical use of these sources. Important recent results that could provide future novel quantum sources are also in focus, where more practical requirements could be addressed by the judicious engineering of materials and careful device design.
Laser‐Assisted Wet‐Chemical Doping of Sintered Si and Ge Nanoparticle Films
Authors: Stoib Benedikt , Greppmair Anton , Petermann Nils , Wiggers Hartmut , Stutzmann Martin , Brandt Martin S.
Published: March 2015

Doped thin films of group‐IV semiconductors can be fabricated using the adsorption of dopant species from a liquid source to a precursor nanoparticle film, followed by laser‐sintering to incorporate and activate the dopants in the sintered thin film. A detailed study of the doping of germanium films with arsenic reveals diffusion of dopants into the film and their adsorption to the nanoparticle surface as kinetically governing steps, benefiting from the large internal surface area of the nanoparticle film. The resulting charge carrier concentration can be adjusted by the internal surface area via the nano­particle diameter, by controlling the dopant concentration in the liquid, and by the immersion time and temperature. It is shown that the method can be successfully transferred to silicon and silicon–germanium alloy films using group‐III and ‐V elements, which lead to p‐ and n‐type conductivity, respectively. Atomic dopant concentrations above 1020 cm−3 can be realized by laser‐sintering, which are electrically active to a high extent and lead to effective conductivities well above 10 S cm–1 in the mesoporous films is investigated here. The method allows flexible printing of devices using inks for the nanoparticles and the dopant and avoids toxic substances for the doping of nanoparticles in the gas phase.
Direct Detection of Static Dipolar Interaction on a Single Nanodisk Using Microfocused Brillouin Light Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: Shimon Goei , Adeyeye Adekunle O.
Published: March 2015

Direct probing of how the static dipolar field from neighboring disk affects the dynamic behavior of a single disk using microfocused Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy is presented. Using pairs of identical Ni80Fe20 disks (diameter d = 500 nm) and by varying the inter‐disk spacing (s) in the range from 50 to 500 nm, a marked spectral and spatial shift in the resonant mode with increasing dipolar interaction (by reducing s) is demonstrated. When the disks are in a single domain state (at high magnetic field), the dipolar interaction is highly anisotropic depending on the relative orientation between the inter‐disk coupling direction and the applied field. The effect of dipolar interaction on the resonant frequency greatly diminishes when the disks are in a vortex state (at low field). Micromagnetic simulations and analytical calculations are in good agreement with our experimental results. The results and methodology presented in this work are useful in further development of high density magnetic recording media, functional microwave signal processing, and logic devices.
Energy expenditure and activity among Hadza hunter‐gatherers
Authors: Pontzer Herman , Raichlen David A. , Wood Brian M. , Emery Thompson Melissa , Racette Susan B. , Mabulla Audax Z.P. , Marlowe Frank W.
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Studies of total energy expenditure, (TEE; kcal/day) among traditional populations have challenged current models relating habitual physical activity to daily energy requirements. Here, we examine the relationship between physical activity and TEE among traditional Hadza hunter‐gatherers living in northern Tanzania.

Methods

Hadza adults were studied at two camps, with minimal intervention so as to monitor energy expenditure and activity during normal daily life. We measured daily walking distance and walking speed using wearable GPS units for 41 adults. For a subset of 30 adults, we measured TEE using doubly labeled water, three indices of work load (foraging return rate, maternal status, and number of dependent children), and urinary biomarkers of metabolic activity and stress (8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine, cortisol, and testosterone).

Results

Fat‐free mass was the single strongest predictor of TEE among Hadza adults (r2 = 0.66, P < 0.001). Hadza men used greater daily walking distances and faster walking speeds compared with that of Hadza women, but neither sex nor any measure of physical activity or work load were correlated with TEE in analyses controlling for fat‐free mass. Compared with developed, industrial populations, Hadza adults had similar TEE but elevated levels of metabolic stress as measured by 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that daily physical activity may not predict TEE within traditional hunter‐gatherer populations like the Hadza. Instead, adults with high levels of habitual physical activity may adapt by reducing energy allocation to other physiological activity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:628–637, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and dominance in the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania
Authors: Butovskaya Marina , Burkova Valentina , Karelin Dmitry , Fink Bernhard
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Digit ratio (2D:4D)—a putative marker of prenatal androgen activity—has been shown to correlate with self‐reported physical aggression and dominance behavior, especially in male children and adolescents. This evidence is derived primarily from the study of Western samples.

Methods

Digit ratios, self‐reported aggression, and dominance behavior were collected from men and women in two traditional, small‐scale societies, i.e., the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania.

Results

We found significant differences in physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility between the two societies with the Datoga reporting higher scores on all four measures. Moreover, self‐reported dominance in the Datoga was higher than in the Hadza. The Datoga showed lower left and right hand 2D:4D ratios than the Hadza. Men reported higher physical and verbal aggression and dominance, and had lower 2D:4D ratios than women. A significant negative association between 2D:4D and dominance was found in Hadza women.

Conclusions

We discuss our findings with reference to differences in mating systems between the two small‐scale societies and previous findings of Western and other small‐scale societies. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:620–627, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Re‐evaluation casts doubt on the pathogenicity of homozygous USH2A p.C759F
Authors: González‐del Pozo María , Bravo‐Gil Nereida , Méndez‐Vidal Cristina , Montero‐de‐Espinosa Ignacio , Millán José M , Dopazo Joaquín , Borrego Salud , Antiñolo Guillermo
Published: March 2015

Mutations in USH2A are a common cause of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP). Among the most frequently reported USH2A variants, c.2276G>T (p.C759F) has been found in both affected and healthy individuals. The pathogenicity of this variant remains controversial since it was detected in homozygosity in two healthy siblings of a Spanish family (S23), eleven years ago. The fact that these individuals remain asymptomatic today, prompted us to study the presence of other pathogenic variants in this family using targeted resequencing of 26 retinal genes in one of the affected individuals. This approach allowed us to identify one novel pathogenic homozygous mutation in exon 13 of PDE6B (c.1678C>T; p.R560C). This variant cosegregated with the disease and was absent in 200 control individuals. Remarkably, the identified variant in PDE6B corresponds to the mutation responsible of the retinal degeneration in the naturally occurring rd10 mutant mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of the rd10 mice mutation in a RP family. These findings, together with a review of the literature, support the hypothesis that homozygous p.C759F mutations are not pathogenic and led us to exclude the implication of p.C759F in the RP of family S23. Our results indicate the need of re‐evaluating all families genetically diagnosed with this mutation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An atypical 0.73 MB microduplication of 22q11.21 and a novel SALL4 missense mutation associated with thumb agenesis and radioulnar synostosis
Authors: Diehl Adam , Mu Weiyi , Batista Denise , Gunay‐Aygun Meral
Published: March 2015

We describe a 0.73 Mb duplication of chromosome 22q11.21 between LCR‐B and LCR‐D and a missense mutation in a conserved C2H2 zinc finger domain of SALL4 in a cognitively normal patient with multiple skeletal anomalies including radioulnar synostosis, thumb aplasia, butterfly vertebrae, rib abnormalities, and hypoplasia of the humeral and femoral epiphyses. 22q11.21 is a common site for microdeletions and their reciprocal microduplications as a result of non‐allelic homologous recombination between its multiple low copy repeat regions (LCR). DiGeorge /Velocardiofacial syndrome (DG/VCFS) is classically caused by a 3 Mb deletion between LCR‐A and LCR‐D or a 1.5 Mb deletion between LCR‐A and LCR‐B. The reciprocal syndrome to DG/VCFS is the recently described 22q11.2 microduplication, which usually presents with the typical 3 Mb or 1.5 Mb duplication. Numerous atypical deletions and duplications have been reported between other LCRs. Typically, SALL4‐related Duane‐radial ray syndrome is caused by deletions or nonsense mutations; the only missense SALL4 mutation described prior was thought to result in gain of function and produced cranial midline defects. The skeletal anomalies presented in this report have not been previously described in association with 22q11.2 microduplication nor SALL4 mutations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Polybenzoquinolines as Precursors for Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Dibble David J. , Park Young S. , Mazaheripour Amir , Umerani Mehran J. , Ziller Joseph W. , Gorodetsky Alon A.
Published: March 2015

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) represent promising materials for the next generation of nanoscale electronics. However, despite substantial progress towards the bottom‐up synthesis of chemically and structurally well‐defined all‐carbon GNRs, strategies for the preparation of their nitrogen‐doped analogs remain at a nascent stage. This scarce literature precedent is surprising given the established use of substitutional doping for tuning the properties of electronic materials. Herein, we report the synthesis of a previously unknown class of polybenzoquinoline‐based materials, which have potential as GNR precursors. Our scalable and facile approach employs few synthetic steps, inexpensive commercial starting materials, and straightforward reaction conditions. Moreover, due to the importance of quinoline derivatives for a variety of applications, the reported findings may hold implications across a diverse range of chemical and physical disciplines.
Energetic Materials with Promising Properties: Synthesis and Characterization of 4,4′‐Bis(5‐nitro‐1,2,3‐2H‐triazole) Derivatives
Authors: He Chunlin , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: March 2015

Using a variety of functionalization strategies, derivatives of 4, 4′‐bis(5‐nitro‐1,2,3‐2H‐triazole) were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The isomers were separated, their structures were confirmed with single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, and their properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, density, impact sensitivity, heat of formation, and detonation velocity and pressure (calculated by EXPLO5 V6.01). Those materials were found to exhibit superior detonation performance when compared with the other fully carbon‐nitrated bis(azoles).
Eine hocheffiziente Gold‐katalysierte Photoredox‐α‐C(sp3)‐H‐ Alkinylierung von tertiären aliphatischen Aminen durch Sonnenlicht
Authors: Xie Jin , Shi Shuai , Zhang Tuo , Mehrkens Nina , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: March 2015

Eine neue α‐C(sp3)‐H‐Alkinylierung nichtaktivierter tertiärer aliphatischer Amine mit 1‐Iodalkinen als radikalische Alkinylierungsreagentien in Gegenwart von [Au2(μ‐dppm)2]2+ im Sonnenlicht liefert Propargylamine. Basierend auf mechanistischen Studien zur C(sp3)‐C(sp)‐Bindungsknüpfung wird eine C‐C‐Kupplung eines α‐Aminoalkylradikals und eines Alkinylradikals vorgeschlagen. Die milden, einfachen, effizienten und hochselektiven C(sp3)‐H‐Alkinylierungen zeigen eine exzellente Regioselektivität und eine gute Toleranz gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen. Gramm‐Mengen konnten mit Sonnenlicht als saubere und nachhaltige Energiequelle umgesetzt werden.
Self‐Immolative Poly(4,5‐dichlorophthalaldehyde) and its Applications in Multi‐Stimuli‐Responsive Macroscopic Plastics
Authors: DiLauro Anthony M. , Lewis Gregory G. , Phillips Scott T.
Published: March 2015

End‐capped poly(4,5‐dichlorophthalaldehyde) (PCl2PA), which is a new self‐immolative CDr polymer with the unique capability of depolymerizing continuously and completely in the solid state when an end cap is cleaved from the polymer by reaction with a specific molecular signal, is described. End‐capped poly(4,5‐dichlorophthalaldehyde) is sufficiently stable to enable patterning of three‐dimensional macroscopic polymeric materials by selective laser sintering. These unique materials are capable of 1) autonomously amplifying macroscopic changes in the material in response to specific molecular inputs, and 2) altering their responses depending on the identity of the applied signal. Thus, not only does end‐capped PCl2PA provide new and unique capabilities compared to the small subset of existing CDr polymers, but it also provides access to a new class of stimuli‐responsive materials.
Synthesis of Each Enantiomer of Rocaglamide by Means of a Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Nazarov‐Type Cyclization
Authors: Zhou Zhe , Tius Marcus A.
Published: March 2015

A recently reported Pd0‐catalyzed asymmetric Nazarov‐type cyclization has been successfully applied in the key step of the first catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (−)‐rocaglamide (natural) and (+)‐rocaglamide. The stereochemistry at the C3 position that controls the stereochemistry of all other stereocenters is determined in the cyclization step. This versatile and modular synthesis proceeds from simple reagents.
meso‐Dibenzoporphycene has a Large Bathochromic Shift and a Porphycene Framework with an UnusualcisTautomeric Form
Authors: Oohora Koji , Ogawa Ayumu , Fukuda Tamaki , Onoda Akira , Hasegawa Jun‐ya , Hayashi Takashi
Published: March 2015

meso‐Monobenzoporphycene (mMBPc) andmeso‐dibenzoporphycene (mDBPc), in which one or two benzene moieties are fused at ethylene‐bridged positions (meso‐positions) of porphycene, were prepared in an effort to further delocalize the π‐electrons within the porphycene molecule. mMBPc and mDBPc were fully characterized by mass spectrometry,1H and13C NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography. The longest‐wavelength Q‐bands of mMBPc and mDBPc are red‐shifted by 92 nm and 418 nm, respectively, compared to that of the unsubstituted porphycene (Pc). Electrochemical measurements indicate that the HOMO is destabilized and the LUMO is stabilized by the fused benzene moieties at themeso positions. Furthermore, both XPS and theoretical studies support the presence of acistautomeric form in the ground state of mDBPc, despite the fact that essentially all known porphycene derivatives adopt thetranstautomeric form.
Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of an α‐Azido Amide
Authors: Weidner Karin , Sun Zhongdong , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: March 2015

A direct aldol reaction of an α‐azido 7‐azaindolinylamide, promoted by a Cu‐based cooperative catalyst, is documented. Aromatic aldehydes bearing an ortho substituent exhibited diastereodivergency depending on the nature of the chiral ligands used. Smooth reactions with ynals highlighted the broad substrate scope. A vicinal azido alcohol unit in the product allowed direct access to the corresponding aziridine and facile hydrolysis of the 7‐azaindolinylamide moiety furnished enantioenriched β‐hydroxy‐α‐azido carboxylic acid derivatives.
The Many Faces of FOX‐7: A Precursor to High‐Performance Energetic Materials
Authors: Gao Haixiang , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: March 2015

New derivatives of 1,1‐diamino‐2, 2‐dinitroethene (FOX‐7) are reported. These highly oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐rich compounds were fully characterized using IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (EA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). X‐ray structure determination of (E)‐1,2‐bis{(E)‐2‐chloro‐1‐(chloroimino)‐2,2‐dinitroethyl}diazene) (10), N1, N2‐dichloro‐1, 2‐diazenedicarboximidamide (11), and (E,E)‐N,N′‐1,2‐ethanediylidenebis(2, 2‐dinitro‐2‐chloro‐ethanamine) (12) was helpful in their characterization. Heats of formation (HOF) were calculated (Gaussian 03) and combined with experimental densities to estimate the detonation velocities (D) and pressures (P) of the high‐energy‐density materials (HEDMs) (EXPLO5, v6.01). The compounds exhibit good thermal stability, high density, positive HOF, acceptable oxygen balances, and excellent detonation properties, which often are superior to that of 1,3,5‐trinitroperhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX).
A Highly Efficient Gold‐Catalyzed Photoredox α‐C(sp3)H Alkynylation of Tertiary Aliphatic Amines with Sunlight
Authors: Xie Jin , Shi Shuai , Zhang Tuo , Mehrkens Nina , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: March 2015

A new α‐C(sp3)H alkynylation of unactivated tertiary aliphatic amines with 1‐iodoalkynes as radical alkynylating reagents in the presence of [Au2(μ‐dppm)2]2+ in sunlight provides propargylic amines. Based on mechanistic studies, a CC coupling of an α‐aminoalkyl radical and an alkynyl radical is proposed for the C(sp3)C(sp) bond formation. The mild, convenient, efficient, and highly selective C(sp3)H alkynylation reaction shows excellent regioselectivity and good functional‐group compatibility. A scale‐up to gram quantities is possible with sunlight used as a clean and sustainable energy source.
Accidents, Evocative Objects and Art: Meanderings of the Mind in the Work of Christopher Bollas and Gabriel Orozco
Authors: Marks Lesley
Published: March 2015

This study compares Christopher Bollas's theory of thinking and the creative process, both within and outside of the psychoanalytic encounter, with the work of artist and sculptor Gabriel Orozco. It demonstrates the parallels between the psychoanalytic quest for the true self and the artistic endeavor to create art that offers a potentially transformative experience. Orozco's art and Bollas's psychoanalytic theories are inter‐animating and mutually reinforcing, giving a discursive and visual form to ideas concerned with the fully‐lived life and the search for personal truth. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Carbamide Derivatives Bearing Tetrahydroisoquinoline Moieties and Biological Evaluation as Analgesia Drugs in Mice
Authors: Qiu Qianqian , Wang Jingjie , Deng Xin , Qian Hai , Lin Haiyan , Huang Wenlong
Published: March 2015

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a ligand‐gated non‐selective cation channel that is considered to be an important pain integrator. Tetrahydroisoquinoline, the prototypical antagonist of TRPV1, has a clear therapeutic potential. Here, a series of carbamide derivatives of tetrahydroisoquinoline were designed and synthesized. Preliminary biological tests suggested that the compounds I 1, I 2, and I 9 had favorable TRPV1 antagonism activity. In further studies, I 1 exhibited better antinociceptive activity than the positive control BCTC in diverse pain models. All of these results suggested that I 1 can be considered as the lead candidate for the further development of antinociceptive drugs.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some New 2,5‐Substituted 1‐Ethyl‐1H‐benzoimidazole Fluorinated Derivatives as Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
Authors: Li Meilin , Ren Yujie
Published: March 2015

A new series of fluorinated 2,5‐substituted 1‐ethyl‐1H‐benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized from starting compounds 3a–i, which were prepared from acrylic acid ethyl ester and the appropriate amines using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as a catalyst. A total of 9 novel derivatives were synthesized through 9 steps. All of them were evaluated for thrombin inhibition activity in vitro for the first time. We have altered their structures using different substituents on the amines to assess their structure–activity relationships as direct thrombin inhibitors. All the compounds were effective thrombin inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging from 3.39 to 23.30 nM. Among the compounds synthesized, compounds 14a, 14b, 14d, 14e, and 14h exhibited greater anticoagulant activity than argatroban (IC50 = 9.36 nM). Furthermore, compound 14h synthesized starting with 2‐amino‐pyridine was the most potent thrombin inhibitor with an IC50 value of 3.39 nM. Molecular modeling studies were performed to determine the probable interactions of the most potent compounds 14a, 14e, and 14h with their protein receptor (PDB ID: 1KTS). Docking data show that the active compounds inhibit thrombin in a similar mode to that of the potent anticoagulant dabigatran.
Analysis of factors that may be essential in the decision to fly on fully autonomous passenger airliners
Authors: Vance Samuel M. , Malik Arif S.
Published: March 2015

This research investigates factors that influence opinion in the decision to fly on fully autonomous passenger airliners primarily from the perspective of aviation and technology professionals. Bayesian statistical inference and a two‐level fractional factorial survey are used to sample passengers' views on fully autonomous airliners. Eight trust, safety, and cost factors are incorporated into a vignette set in the future. Factors include automation levels, safety records, liability guarantees, airline integrity, and service disruptions. Dependent variables exist in five post‐vignette questions and essentially ask “Would you” or “Would you not” be willing to fly on a fully autonomous airliner? Sixteen versions of the vignette, each with unique trust, safety, and cost levels, present varying (unknown) degrees of influence to the survey respondents. For every demographic, the research shows a 99% statistically significant difference between the “prior” and “posterior” sampled population proportions willing to fly. The most significant positive influence involves integrity characteristics of the airline, while the most negative influence relates to life insurance liability guarantees. Research from 2003 suggested that this mode of travel would be acceptable to only 10.5% of respondents. When the 2003 research is used as a Bayesian prior probability, the resulting posterior probability for the demographics sampled can be modeled as a beta distribution, indicating 95% probability that the sampled proportion of the population willing to fly is between 33.2% and 36.4%. After adjusting for age and profession demographics to match the US population, the 95% probability bounds on the proportion willing to fly are 31.35% and 34.15%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Longshots Only for Losers? A New Look at the Last Race Effect
Authors: McKenzie Craig R. M. , Sher Shlomi , Müller‐Trede Johannes , Lin Charlette , Liersch Michael J. , Rawstron Anthony George
Published: March 2015

There is evidence that betting on longshots increases in the last race of a day of horse racing. Previous accounts have assumed that the phenomenon is driven by bettors who have lost money and are trying to recoup their losses. To test this assumption of “reference dependence,” three laboratory experiments simulated a day at the races: In each of several rounds, participants chose either (i) a gamble with a small probability of a large gain and a large probability of a small loss (the “longshot”) or (ii) a gamble with a moderate chance of a small gain or a small loss (the “favorite”). The first two experiments employed a game played for points, while a third experiment included monetary incentives and stimuli drawn from a real day of racing. These experiments provide a clear demonstration of the last race effect in a laboratory setting. However, the results indicate that the effect is largely reference independent: Participants were more likely to choose the longshot in the last round regardless of whether, and how much, they had won or lost in previous rounds. Winning or losing, bettors prefer to “go out with a bang” at the end of a series of gambles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How gene expression in fast‐proliferating cells keeps pace
Authors: Martinho Rui G. , Guilgur Leonardo G. , Prudêncio Pedro
Published: March 2015

The development of living organisms requires a precise coordination of all basic cellular processes, in space and time. Early embryogenesis of most species with externally deposited eggs starts with a series of extremely fast cleavage cycles. These divisions have a strong influence on gene expression as mitosis represses transcription and pre‐mRNA processing. In this review, we will describe the distinct adaptations for efficient gene expression and discuss the emerging role of the multifunctional NineTeen Complex (NTC) in gene expression and genomic stability during fast proliferation.
The fusion of Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 vaccine candidate to Leishmania infantum heat shock protein 83‐kDa improves expression levels in tobacco chloroplasts
Authors: Albarracín Romina M. , Becher Melina Laguía , Farran Inmaculada , Sander Valeria A. , Corigliano Mariana G. , Yácono María L. , Pariani Sebastián , López Edwin Sánchez , Veramendi Jon , Clemente Marina
Published: March 2015

Chloroplast transformation technology has emerged as an alternative platform offering many advantages over nuclear transformation. SAG1 is the main surface antigen of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii and a promising candidate to produce an anti‐T. gondii vaccine. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of SAG1 using chloroplast transformation technology in tobacco plants. In order to improve expression in transplastomic plants, we also expressed the 90‐kDa heat shock protein of Leishmania infantum (LiHsp83) as a carrier for the SAG1 antigen. SAG1 protein accumulation in transplastomic plants was approximately 0.1–0.2 μg per gram of fresh weight (FW). Fusion of SAG1 to LiHsp83 significantly increased the level of SAG1 accumulation in tobacco chloroplasts (by up to 500‐fold). We also evaluated the functionality of the chLiHsp83‐SAG1. Three human seropositive samples reacted with SAG1 expressed in transplastomic chLiHsp83‐SAG1 plants. Oral immunization with chLiHsp83‐SAG1 elicited a significant reduction of the cyst burden that correlated with an increase of SAG1‐specific antibodies. We propose the fusion of foreign proteins to LiHsp83 as a novel strategy to increase the expression level of the recombinant proteins using chloroplast transformation technology, thus addressing one of the current challenges for this approach in antigen protein production.
Brevetoxin, the Dinoflagellate Neurotoxin, Localizes to Thylakoid Membranes and Interacts with the Light‐Harvesting Complex II (LHCII) of Photosystem II
Authors: Cassell Ryan T. , Chen Wei , Thomas Serge , Liu Li , Rein Kathleen S.
Published: March 2015

The brevetoxins are neurotoxins that are produced by the “Florida red tide” dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. They bind to and activate the voltage‐gated sodium channels in higher organisms, specifically the Nav1.4 and Nav1.5 channel subtypes. However, the native physiological function that the brevetoxins perform for K. brevis is unknown. By using fluorescent and photoactivatable derivatives, brevetoxin was shown to localize to the chloroplast of K. brevis where it binds to the light‐harvesting complex II (LHCII) and thioredoxin. The LHCII is essential to non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ), whereas thioredoxins are critical to the maintenance of redox homeostasis within the chloroplast and contribute to the scavenging of reactive oxygen. A culture of K. brevis producing low levels of toxin was shown to be deficient in NPQ and produced reactive oxygen species at twice the rate of the toxic culture, implicating a role in NPQ for the brevetoxins.
Noninvasive mathematical analysis of spectral electrocardiographic components for coronary lesions of intermediate to obstructive stenosis severity–relationship with classic and functional SYNTAX score
Authors: Takeshita Masahiro , Shinoda Norihiro , Takashima Hiroaki , Kurita Akiyoshi , Ando Hirohiko , Harada Ken , Uetani Tadayuki , Gosho Masahiko , Murohara Toyoaki , Amano Tetsuya
Published: March 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the multifunction cardiogram (MCG), and SYNTAX score (SS) and functional SYNTAX score (FSS) in detecting the presence of intermediate to obstructive coronary lesions.

Background

Performing coronary angiography (CAG) and measuring fractional flow reserve (FFR) to calculate the SS and FSS is inherently invasive and adds complexity.

Methods

The MCG was obtained and analyzed before performing CAG in 87 consecutive subjects with suspected coronary artery disease who were scheduled for elective CAG. The patients were divided into three groups according to risk based on high, borderline, and low MCG scores. The SS was determined, as well as FSS but only by counting lesions prone to functional ischemia (FFR ≤ 0.8). The relationship between the MCG and the SS and FSS was evaluated.

Results

The MCG was the only test significantly associated with the SS (odds ratio, 2.92 [1.60 – 5.31], P < 0.001) and FSS (odds ratio, 3.66 [1.95 – 6.87], P < 0.001). A high MCG score had a specificity of 92.6% (89.0–96.2%) and 92.3% (89.0–95.6%), and a predictive accuracy of 72.4% (67.6–77.2%) and 82.8% (78.7–86.8%) for the prediction of SS and FSS, respectively.

Conclusions

The MCG showed high specificity and predictive accuracy especially for the FSS, suggesting that it is useful not only in identifying functionally significant ischemia but also in reducing unnecessary CAGs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Big anal skin tags? What is this?
Authors: Guttadauro Angelo , Frassani Silvia , Maternini Matteo , Gabrielli Francesco
Published: March 2015

Key Clinical Message

A hard and bleeding anal and perianal mass stenotized the anus and required left‐sided colostomy. Incisional biopsy showed a moderately differentiated spiniocellular carcinoma. Chemoradiotherapy treatment alone reduced significantly the mass.
HIV drug resistance mutations following poor adherence in HIV‐infected patient: a case report
Authors: Masikini Peter , Mpondo Bonaventura C. T.
Published: March 2015

Key Clinical Message

Acquired HIV drug resistance following poor adherence is common. We report a case of HIV‐infected patient with poor CD4 gain and self reported poor adherence. Investigations revealed high viral load and resistance to NRTIs and NNRTIs with sensitivity to boosted PIs. HIVDR mutations create treatment challenges in resource limited settings.
2q31.1 microdeletion syndrome: case report and literature review
Authors: Puvabanditsin Surasak , February Melissa , Shaik Tazeem , Kashyap Arun , Bruno Chantal , Mehta Rajeev
Published: March 2015

Key Clinical Message

We describe a preterm neonate with bilateral coloboma of the iris, upper and lower limb malformations including rocker bottom feet, camptodactyly, and clinodactyly together with microcephaly and small for gestational age whom cytogenetic diagnosis using SNP microarray detected an interstitial deletion of chromosome 2 between 2q31.1 and 33.1.
Deferasirox in a refractory anemia after other treatment options: case report and literature review
Authors: Manduzio Palma
Published: March 2015

Key Clinical Message

Deferasirox, represents an effective iron chelator drug in lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Reduction in oxidative stress is responsible of the hematologic improvement but further explanation may impact on its benefit. Biological and clinical studies are necessary to better define mechanisms of action, assess toxicities, and predicting factors of response.
Managing cesarean section in a patient with rotated uterus due to a large myoma
Authors: Matsuzaki Shinya , Kakigano Aiko , Kimura Tadashi
Published: March 2015

Key Clinical Message

In pregnancies complicated by large myomas, obstetricians may face difficulties during cesarean section if they fail to notice the rotation of the uterus and could make an incorrect uterine incision. This error might cause massive intraoperative hemorrhage. Obstetricians must exercise extreme caution during cesarean sections complicated by large myomas.
Surface‐Tuned Electron Transfer and Electrocatalysis of Hexameric Tyrosine‐Coordinated Heme Protein
Authors: Peng Lei , Utesch Tillmann , Yarman Aysu , Jeoung Jae‐Hun , Steinborn Silke , Dobbek Holger , Mroginski Maria Andrea , Tanne Johannes , Wollenberger Ulla , Scheller Frieder W.
Published: March 2015

Molecular modeling, electrochemical methods, and quartz crystal microbalance were used to characterize immobilized hexameric tyrosine‐coordinated heme protein (HTHP) on bare carbon or on gold electrodes modified with positively and negatively charged self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs), respectively. HTHP binds to the positively charged surface but no direct electron transfer (DET) is found due to the long distance of the active sites from the electrode surfaces. At carboxyl‐terminated surfaces, the neutrally charged bottom of HTHP can bind to the SAM. For this “disc” orientation all six hemes are close to the electrode and their direct electron transfer should be efficient. HTHP on all negatively charged SAMs showed a quasi‐reversible redox behavior with rate constant ks values between 0.93 and 2.86 s−1 and apparent formal potentials ${E{{0{^{\prime }}\hfill \atop {\rm app}\hfill}}}$ between ‐131.1 and ‐249.1 mV. On the MUA/MU‐modified electrode, the maximum surface concentration corresponds to a complete monolayer of the hexameric HTHP in the disc orientation. HTHP electrostatically immobilized on negatively charged SAMs shows electrocatalysis of peroxide reduction and enzymatic oxidation of NADH.
Triggering the Directional Selectivity of a Ring‐Closure Reaction Leads to Pyridoazacarbazoles with Anticancer Properties
Authors: Steinhauer Tamara N. , Längle Daniel S. , Meier Christopher , Girreser Ulrich , Stenzel Lars , Heber Dieter , Clement Bernd
Published: March 2015

We herein describe a facile and versatile synthetic route to the tetracyclic system of 6‐substituted 5,6‐dihydro‐11H‐pyrido[3,2‐i]‐1‐azacarbazoles with promising anticancer properties. These derivatives are built up by an elegant one‐step base‐catalyzed synthetic procedure from commercially available building blocks. One additional step provides the corresponding skeleton hitherto unknown in the literature. The possibility to synthesize a large library of compounds with various substitution patterns utilizing this method underlines the importance of this synthetic procedure.
Supramolecular Self‐Assembly of Cucurbit[6]uil and Ionic Liquid in Non‐aqueous System
Authors: Sun Xuzhuo , Li Bo , Zhang Haibo , Zhou Xiaohai
Published: March 2015

A novel [2]pseudorotaxane of cucurbit[6]uril(CB[6]) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium bromide ([C4mim]Br) was synthesized by directly mixing the host and the guest molecules in non‐aqueous system. Structural characterizations of the [2]pseudorotaxane were carried out by 1D, 2D NMR and X‐ray crystallography techniques both in solution and in crystal structure. The crystal structure demonstrated that CB[6] and [C4mim]Br formed a complex with the ratio 1:1, in which one guest [C4mim]Br was included inside the CB[6], while two other [C4mim]Br molecules were free and surrounded the [2]pseudorotaxane as solvent molecules, which could stabilize the crystal structure through hydrogen bonds. Moreover, parallel solvent channels consisting by free [C4mim]Br molecules occupied the pores among the frame of the pseudorotaxanes and formed zigzag lines in the crystal structure. [C4mim]Br can serve as not only the guest reactant but also the solvent in the formation of [2]pseudorotaxane formation.
Synthesis and Bioactivity of New Chalcone Derivatives as Potential Tyrosinase Activator Based on the Click Chemistry
Authors: Niu Chao , Li Gen , Tuerxuntayi Adila , Aisa Haji A.
Published: March 2015

A new series of (E)‐1‐(4‐((1‐benzyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methoxy)phenyl)‐3‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐one 1a(4‐((1‐benzyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl) methoxy)phenyl)‐1‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐one 1b–15b were designed, synthesized based on click chemistry, and biologically evaluated for their activity on tyrosinase. The result showed that most of prepared compounds 1a–15a have potent activating effect on tyrosinase, especially for 3a, 8a–10a and 14a–15a. Among them, compounds 10a and 14a demonstrated the best activity with EC50=1.71 and 5.60 µmol·L−1 respectively, even better than the positive control 8‐MOP (EC50=14.8 µmol·L−1). Conversely, compounds 3b, 5b–6b, 9b–10b, and 15b induced enzymatic inhibition on tyrosinase.
An Overview of Self‐Assembly and Morphological Regulation of Amphiphilic DNA Organic Hybrids
Authors: Wu Fen , Zhang Yiyang , Yang Zhongqiang
Published: March 2015

In this review, we summarized the assembly behavior of DNA organic hybrids and listed reported strategies of tuning the morphology of assemblies. The self‐assembly and morphological regulation of DNA organic hybrids provide an effective way to construct functional nanostructures with potential applications in nanomaterials, drug delivery and tissue engineering. The future directions are discussed.
Siloles and Acetenyl Aromatics Copolymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Photophysical Properties
Authors: He Zhenhua , Lai Guoqiao , Li Zhifang , Yuan Xiao , Shen Yongjia , Wang Chengyun
Published: March 2015

Two copolymers, poly(1,1‐dimethyl‐3,4‐diphenylsilole‐alt‐N‐hexyl‐3,6‐diethynylcarbazole) (PS‐DyCz) and poly(1,1‐dimethyl‐3,4‐diphenylsilole‐alt‐2,7‐diethynyl‐9,9′‐dihexylfluorene) (PS‐DyF), were synthesized by Sonogashira coupling reaction of 2,5‐dibromo‐1,1‐dimethyl‐3,4‐diphenylsilole and N‐hexyl‐3,6‐diethynylcarbazole or 2,7‐diethynyl‐9,9′‐dihexylfluorene, respectively. The chemical structures of the copolymers were characterized by NMR, FT‐IR techniques. Their thermal and photophysical properties were evaluated by TGA, DSC, UV‐Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The weight‐averaged molecular weights (Mw) of PS‐DyCz and PS‐DyF are 1.20×104 and 3.83×104 Da, respectively. The degree of polymerization is 8 and 22 units. These π‐conjugated polymers exhibited lower band‐gap of 2.25 and 2.70 eV due to the presence of silole rings and CC triple bonds in their backbone, the results were consistent with the density functional (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level.
Effect of Different Ionic Liquids on 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Preparation from Glucose in DMA over AlCl3: Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Yang Yan , Liu Wentao , Wang Ningning , Wang Haijun , Li Wei , Song Zhanxin
Published: March 2015

In this work, effect of different ionic liquids (ILs) on 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) preparation from glucose in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMA) over AlCl3 was revealed by a combined experimental and computational study. ILs used as cocatalysts in this work included N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone hydrogen sulfate ([NMP]HSO4), N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone methyl sulfate ([NMP]CH3SO3), N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone chlorine ([NMP]Cl) and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone bromide ([NMP]Br) which were endowed with the same cation but different anions. According to the conclusion that fructose was intermediate product from glucose to HMF, we found fructose was transformed to more by‐products by [NMP]HSO4, making HMF yield decline significantly when glucose was treated as substrate. Neither glucose nor fructose could be converted by [NMP]CH3SO3 efficiently, leading to its no influence on glucose conversion to HMF. [NMP]Br had a higher selectivity for HMF from fructose than [NMP]Cl and AlCl3. Besides, Al3+ preferred to combine with Br−, slightly decreasing both the overall free energy barrier for glucose isomerization and activation barrier for H‐shift at 393.15 K. So a high HMF yield of 57% was obtained from glucose catalyzed by AlCl3 together with [NMP]Br under mild conditions.
Design, Synthesis and Herbicidal Activities of Tetrahydroisoindoline‐1,3‐dione Derivatives Containing Alkoxycarbonyl Substituted 2‐Benzoxazolinone
Authors: Zhang Hao , Liu Kechang , Liu Ruiquan , Li Qibo , Li Yongqiang , Wang Qingmin , Liu Shangzhong
Published: March 2015

Several different alkoxycarbonyl‐substituted 2‐benzoxazolinone moieties have been incorporated into a tetrahydroisoindoline‐1,3‐dione scaffold to provide 25 compounds (1a–1u and 2a–2d). The structures of these compounds were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, HRMS and X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. Some of these compounds (1g, 1h, 1j, 1k) exhibited excellent herbicidal activities against Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus and Echinochloa crus‐galli at a rate of 375 g AI·ha−1. Among them, compounds 1h and 1j displayed the best post‐emergence herbicidal effect against Abutilon theophrasti with ED50 values of 1.8 and 5.3 g AI·ha−1, respectively, which are superior to that of the commercial acifluorfen (44.3 g AI·ha−1). Field trials demonstrated that compound 1h exhibited similar herbicidal activity to a high concentration atrazine, and found to be safer for maize than atrazine. The results of this study therefore show that compound 1h could potentially be used as a post‐emergence herbicide for maize fields.
Polyethyleneimine‐Functionalized Fluorescent Carbon Dots: Water Stability, pH Sensing, and Cellular Imaging
Authors: Wang Chuanxi , Xu Zhenzhu , Zhang Chi
Published: March 2015

Herein, a facile and one‐step hydrothermal route is designed to synthesize fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) with citric acid (CA) as a carbon source and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a surface passivation agent. The resultant CDs display strong blue fluorescence with a quantum yield up to 24.3 %. The resultant CDs show excellent photoluminescence properties with high photo‐ and metal‐stability, which are attributed to PEI, a surface passivation agent that would form a protecting layer. Due to the water solubility and low toxicity, the as‐prepared CDs possess potential applications in biological labelling. Additionally, PEI is a functional polycationic polymer with various amine groups, which makes the CDs exhibit pH‐responsive optical properties. The resultant CDs have been used as pH sensors due to the reversible pH‐responsive fluorescence from acidic (pH 3) and basic solutions (pH 11). Moreover, the fluorescence intensity increases with increasing concentrations of CDs.
NMR Crystallography of an Oxovanadium(V) Complex by an Approach Combining Multinuclear Magic Angle Spinning NMR, DFT, and Spin Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Pourpoint Frédérique , Yehl Jenna , Li Mingyue , Gupta Rupal , Trébosc Julien , Lafon Olivier , Amoureux Jean‐Paul , Polenova Tatyana
Published: March 2015

Bioinorganic vanadium(V) solids are often challenging for structural analysis. Here, we explore an NMR crystallography approach involving multinuclear 13C/51V solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, density functional theory (DFT), and spin dynamics numerical simulations, for the spectral assignment and the 3D structural analysis of an isotopically unmodified oxovanadium(V) complex, containing 17 crystallographically inequivalent 13C sites. In particular, we report the first NMR determination of C–V distances. So far, the NMR observation of 13C–51V proximities has been precluded by the specification of commercial NMR probes, which cannot be tuned simultaneously to the close Larmor frequencies of these isotopes (100.6 and 105.2 MHz for 13C and 51V, respectively, at 9.4 T). By combining DFT calculations and 13C–51V NMR experiments, we propose a complete assignment of the 13C spectrum of this oxovanadium(V) complex. Furthermore, we show how 13C–51V distances can be quantitatively estimated.