bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calsyntenin-1 Docks Vesicular Cargo to Kinesin-1
Authors: Konecna Anetta , Frischknecht Renato , Kinter Jochen , Ludwig Alexander , Steuble Martin , Meskenaite Virginia , Indermühle Martin , Engel Marianne , Cen Chuan , Mateos José-Maria , Streit Peter , Sonderegger Peter
Published: June 2006

We identified a direct interaction between the neuronal transmembrane protein calsyntenin-1 and the light chain of Kinesin-1 (KLC1). GST pulldowns demonstrated that two highly conserved segments in the cytoplasmic domain of calsyntenin-1 mediate binding to the tetratricopeptide repeats of KLC1. A complex containing calsyntenin-1 and the Kinesin-1 motor was isolated from developing mouse brain and immunoelectron microscopy located calsyntenin-1 in association with tubulovesicular organelles in axonal fiber tracts. In primary neuronal cultures, calsyntenin-1–containing organelles were aligned along microtubules and partially colocalized with Kinesin-1. Using live imaging, we showed that these organelles are transported along axons with a velocity and processivity typical for fast axonal transport. Point mutations in the two kinesin-binding segments of calsyntenin-1 significantly reduced binding to KLC1 in vitro, and vesicles bearing mutated calsyntenin-1 exhibited a markedly altered anterograde axonal transport. In summary, our results indicate that calsyntenin-1 links a certain type of vesicular and tubulovesicular organelles to the Kinesin-1 motor.
Phosphorylation- and Polo-Box–dependent Binding of Plk1 to Bub1 Is Required for the Kinetochore Localization of Plk1
Authors: Qi Wei , Tang Zhanyun , Yu Hongtao
Published: June 2006

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is required for the generation of the tension-sensing 3F3/2 kinetochore epitope and facilitates kinetochore localization of Mad2 and other spindle checkpoint proteins. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which Plk1 itself is recruited to kinetochores. We show that Plk1 binds to budding uninhibited by benzimidazole 1 (Bub1) in mitotic human cells. The Plk1–Bub1 interaction requires the polo-box domain (PBD) of Plk1 and is enhanced by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1)-mediated phosphorylation of Bub1 at T609. The PBD-dependent binding of Plk1 to Bub1 facilitates phosphorylation of Bub1 by Plk1 in vitro. Depletion of Bub1 in HeLa cells by RNA interference (RNAi) diminishes the kinetochore localization of Plk1. Ectopic expression of the wild-type Bub1, but not the Bub1-T609A mutant, in Bub1-RNAi cells restores the kinetochore localization of Plk1. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of Bub1 at T609 by Cdk1 creates a docking site for the PBD of Plk1 and facilitates the kinetochore recruitment of Plk1.
Long-term effects of manipulated natal brood size on metabolic rate in zebra finches
Authors: Verhulst Simon , Holveck Marie-Jeanne , Riebel Katharina
Published: June 2006

Long-term effects of developmental conditions on health, longevity and other fitness components in humans are drawing increasing attention. In evolutionary ecology, such effects are of similar importance because of their role in the trade-off between quantity and quality of offspring. The central role of energy consumption is well documented for some long-term health effects in humans (e.g. obesity), but little is known of the long-term effects of rearing conditions on energy requirements later in life. We manipulated the rearing conditions in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) using brood size manipulation and cross-fostering. It has previously been shown in this species that being reared in a large brood has negative fitness consequences, and that such effects are stronger in daughters than in sons. We show that, independent of mass, standard metabolic rate of 1-year-old birds was higher when they had been reared in a large brood, and this is to our knowledge the first demonstration of such an effect. Furthermore, the brood size effect was stronger in daughters than in sons. This suggests that metabolic efficiency may play a role in mediating the long-term fitness consequences of rearing conditions.
U-sequence in electrostatic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
Authors: De Sudipto K , Aluru N.R
Published: June 2006

In this paper, the presence ofU(Universal)-sequence (a sequence of periodic windows that appear beyond the period doubling (PD) route to chaos) in electrostatic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is reported. The MEM system is first brought to a nonlinear steady state by the application of a large dc bias close to the dynamic pull-in voltage of the device. An ac voltage (the bifurcation parameter) is next applied to the system and increased gradually. A sequence of PD bifurcations leading to chaos is observed for resonant and superharmonic excitations (frequency of the ac voltage). On further increase in the ac voltage (beyond where chaos sets in),U-sequence is observed in the system. Under superharmonic excitation, the sequence is found to be a modified form of theU-sequence referred to as the ‘UM-sequence’ in this paper. The appearance of a periodic window withKoscillations per period orK-cycles in the normalU-sequence is replaced by a corresponding periodic window withKM-cycles in theUM-sequence.Mstands for theMth superharmonic frequency of excitation. The formation of the periodic windows from a chaotic state in theUM-sequence takes place through intermittent chaos as the ac voltage is gradually increased. On the other hand, the periodic states/cycles formed through intermittent chaos transform back into a chaotic state through the period doubling route. A sequence of period doubling bifurcations of theUM-sequence cycles result in the formation of-cycles in electrostatic MEMS.ncorresponds to thenth period doubling bifurcation in the sequence. A simplified mass–spring–damper (MSD) model for MEMS is used to understand the physical mechanism that gives rise to these nonlinear dynamic properties in MEMS. The nonlinear nature of the electrostatic force acting on the MEM device is found to be responsible for the reported observations.
Following tetraploidy in an Arabidopsis ancestor, genes were removed preferentially from one homeolog leaving clusters enriched in dose-sensitive genes
Authors: Thomas Brian C. , Pedersen Brent , Freeling Michael
Published: June 2006

Approximately 90% of Arabidopsis’ unique gene content is found in syntenic blocks that were formed during the most recent whole-genome duplication. Within these blocks, 28.6% of the genes have a retained pair; the remaining genes have been lost from one of the homeologs. We create a minimized genome by condensing local duplications to one gene, removing transposons, and including only genes within blocks defined by retained pairs. We use a moving average of retained and non-retained genes to find clusters of retention and then identify the types of genes that appear in clusters at frequencies above expectations. Significant clusters of retention exist for almost all chromosomal segments. Detailed alignments show that, for 85% of the genome, one homeolog was preferentially (1.6×) targeted for fractionation. This homeolog fractionation bias suggests an epigenetic mechanism. We find that islands of retention contain “connected genes,” those genes predicted—by the gene balance hypothesis—to be resistant to removal because the products they encode interact with other products in a dose-sensitive manner, creating a web of dependency. Gene families that are overrepresented in clusters include those encoding components of the proteasome/protein modification complexes, signal transduction machinery, ribosomes, and transcription factor complexes. Gene pair fractionation following polyploidy or segmental duplication leaves a genome enriched for “connected” genes. These clusters of duplicate genes may help explain the evolutionary origin of coregulated chromosomal regions and new functional modules.
Social stereotypes, personality traits and regional perception displaced: Attitudes towards the ‘new’ quotatives in the U.K.1
Authors: Buchstaller Isabelle
Published: June 2006

This article investigates the attitudes of British respondents towards the quotativesbe likeandgo. The results of a matched guise test and a social attitudes survey are presented and compared with the findings of studies onbe likeandgo‐perception in the U.S. It is found that the perceptual load of the two quotatives on both sides of the Atlantic is similar in some respects and different in others. This effectively means that, in cases of borrowing, the stereotypes attached to linguistic items are not simply taken over along with the surface item. Rather, the adoption of global resources is a more agentive process, whereby attitudes are re‐evaluated and re‐created by speakers of the borrowing variety. It is suggested that attitudinal information presents an important backdrop to distributional studies in cases of global language trends.
Nuclear transcription is essential for specification of mammalian replication origins
Authors: Dimitrova Daniela S.
Published: June 2006

I have demonstrated that nuclear transcription modulates the distribution of replication origins along mammalian chromosomes. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to transcription inhibitors in early G1 phase and replication origin sites in the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene locus were mapped several hours later. DNA within nuclei prepared from control and transcription‐deficient G1‐phase cells was replicated with similar efficiencies when introduced into Xenopus egg extracts. Replication initiated in the intergenic region within control late‐G1 nuclei, but randomly within transcriptionally repressed nuclei. Random initiation was not a consequence of inability to produce an essential protein(s), since initiation was site‐specific within cells exposed to the translation inhibitor cycloheximide during the same interval of G1 phase. Furthermore, in vivo inhibition of transcription within late‐G1‐phase cells reduced the frequency of usage of pre‐established DHFR replication origin sites. Transcription rates in the DHFR domain were very low and did not change throughout G1 phase. This implies that, although ongoing nuclear transcription is required, local expression of the genes in the DHFR locus alone is not sufficient to create a site‐specific replication initiation pattern. I conclude that epigenetic factors, including general nuclear transcription, play a role in replication origin selection in mammalian nuclei.
Impact of reactive oxygen species on spontaneous mutagenesis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Sakai Akiko , Nakanishi Mari , Yoshiyama Kaoru , Maki Hisaji
Published: June 2006

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are potent oxidants that attack chromosomal DNA and free nucleotides, leading to oxidative DNA damage that causes genetic alterations. To avoid the ROS‐mediated mutagenesis, cells have elaborate mechanisms including powerful antioxidant components and repair pathways that eliminate oxidative DNA damage. Because of the effective anti‐mutagenic functions, it has been unclear to what extent the ROS contribute to spontaneous mutagenesis. Here we show that a significant portion of spontaneous mutations is actually caused by the ROS in aerobically growing Escherichia coli cells. Using the rpsL gene as a mutational target sequence, we established an experimental procedure to analyze spontaneous mutations occurring under a strictly anaerobic condition. Strong mutator phenotypes of cells defective in both mutM and mutY genes or ones lacking mutT gene were completely suppressed under the anaerobic condition, indicative of an absence of hydroxyl radicals in the cells. From a series of analyses with wild‐type E. coli cells grown under different redox conditions, it appeared that 89% of base substitutions were caused by the ROS, especially hydroxyl radicals, in cells growing in the atmosphere. The ROS‐mediated spontaneous mutations included highly site‐specific base substitutions, two types of randomly occurring transversions, G:C→C:G and A:T→T:A, and –1 frameshifts at non‐iterated base sequences.
Impact of changes in natural ultraviolet radiation on pigment composition, physiological and morphological characteristics of the Antarctic moss, Grimmia antarctici
Authors: Robinson Sharon A. , Turnbull Johanna D. , Lovelock Catherine E.
Published: June 2006

The impact of ambient ultraviolet (UV)‐B radiation on the endemic bryophyte, Grimmia antarctici, was studied over 14 months in East Antarctica. Over recent decades, Antarctic plants have been exposed to the largest relative increase in UV‐B exposure as a result of ozone depletion. We investigated the effect of reduced UV and visible radiation on the pigment concentrations, surface reflectance and physiological and morphological parameters of this moss. Plexiglass screens were used to provide both reduced UV levels (77%) and a 50% decrease in total radiation. The screen combinations were used to separate UV photoprotective from visible photoprotective strategies, because these bryophytes are growing in relatively high light environments compared with many mosses. G. antarctici was affected negatively by ambient levels of UV radiation. Chlorophyll content was significantly lower in plants grown under near‐ambient UV, while the relative proportions of photoprotective carotenoids, especially β‐carotene and zeaxanthin, increased. However, no evidence for the accumulation of UV‐B‐absorbing pigments in response to UV radiation was observed. Although photosynthetic rates were not affected, there was evidence of UV effects on morphology. Plants that were shaded showed fewer treatment responses and these were similar to the natural variation observed between moss growing on exposed microtopographical ridges and in more sheltered valleys within the turf. Given that other Antarctic bryophytes possess UV‐B‐absorbing pigments which should offer better protection under ambient UV‐B radiation, these findings suggest that G. antarctici may be disadvantaged in some settings under a climate with continuing high levels of springtime UV‐B radiation.
The regression of a canine Langerhans cell tumour is associated with increased expression of IL‐2, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ and iNOS mRNA
Authors: Kaim Ute , Moritz Andreas , Failing Klaus , Baumgärtner Wolfgang
Published: June 2006

Canine cutaneous histiocytoma is a benign epidermal neoplasm of Langerhans cell origin, which usually displays spontaneous regression. Based on the degree of lymphocytic infiltration, 30 histiocytomas were classified into four groups representing different stages of tumour regression. To elucidate further the mechanisms of the antitumour immune response CD3+, CD21+, CD4+, CD8+ and myeloid/histiocyte antigen+ inflammatory cells were differentiated by immunohistochemistry and quantified. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells was detected using the TdT‐mediated biotin–dUTP nick‐end labelling (TUNEL) method. Furthermore, the expression of interleukin‐ (IL‐2), IL‐12(p40), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) as well as inducible nitric oxid synthase (iNOS) mRNA was determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Phenotyping of inflammatory cells revealed a significantly increased infiltration of all lymphocyte subsets and myeloid/histiocytic cells with the onset of tumour regression. The latter was significantly correlated to up‐regulation of IL‐2, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ and iNOS mRNA expression. Expression of remaining cytokines and percentage of apoptotic cells showed no group‐specific changes. The results indicate an initial infiltration of CD4+ T cells followed by increased expression of Th1 cytokines and recruitment of antitumour effector cells as the principal mechanism for tumour regression. Canine cutaneous histiocytoma is a unique example for an effective immune response in a naturally occurring neoplasm derived from epidermal Langerhans cells and might represent a valuable animal model to investigate tumour immunity.
Maternal and birth characteristics in relation to childhood leukaemia
Authors: Podvin Danise , Kuehn Carrie M. , Mueller Beth A. , Williams Michelle
Published: June 2006

Our objective was to investigate the association of childhood leukaemia with selected maternal and birth characteristics by conducting a population‐based case–control study using linked cancer registry and birth certificate records for Washington State. We compared maternal and infant characteristics of 595 Washington‐born residents <20 years old with leukaemia diagnosed during 1981–2003, and 5950 control children, using stratified analysis and logistic regression. Maternal age 35+ years (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1, 2.0), infant birthweight 4000+ g (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1, 1.8), neonatal jaundice (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1, 2.1), and Down’s syndrome (OR 31.3; 95% CI 6.4, 153.4) were associated with an increased risk of leukaemia. Among women with 2+ pregnancies, having at least two prior early (<20 weeks’ gestation) fetal deaths was also associated with an increased risk (OR 1.5; 95% CI 0.97, 2.1). Maternal unmarried status (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.6, 0.9) and African American race (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3, 0.9) were associated with a decreased risk. These results were more marked for acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) than for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and for leukaemia diagnosed <5 years of age. These results may provide clues to the aetiology of childhood leukaemia. Genetic epidemiological studies are needed to expand our knowledge of inherent and possibly prenatal influences on the occurrence of this disease.
The Asian birth outcome gap
Authors: Qin Cheng , Gould Jeffrey B.
Published: June 2006

Asians are often considered a single group in epidemiological research. This study examines the extent of differences in maternal risks and birth outcomes for six Asian subgroups. Using linked birth/infant death certificate data from the State of California for the years 1992–97, we assessed maternal socio‐economic risks and their effect on birthweight, preterm delivery (PTD), neonatal, post‐neonatal and infant mortality for Filipino (87 120), Chinese (67 228), Vietnamese (45 237), Korean (23 431), Cambodian/Laotian (21 239) and Japanese (18 276) live singleton births. The analysis also included information about non‐Hispanic whites and non‐Hispanic blacks in order to give a sense of the magnitude of risks among Asians. Logistic regression models explored the effect of maternal risk factors and PTD on Asian subgroup differences in neonatal and post‐neonatal mortality, using Japanese as the reference group. Across Asian subgroups, the differences ranged from 2.5‐ to 135‐fold for maternal risks, and 2.2‐fold for infant mortality rate. PTD was an important contributor to neonatal mortality differences. Maternal risk factors contributed to the disparities in post‐neonatal mortality. Significant differences in perinatal health across Asian subgroups deserve ethnicity‐specific interventions addressing PTD, teen pregnancy, maternal education, parity and access to prenatal care.
Trends in childhood renal cancer mortality in Brazil, 1980–2000
Authors: De Cássia Braga Ribeiro Karina , De Camargo Beatriz
Published: June 2006

Mortality from childhood cancers has shown substantial declines in developed countries since 1960, with smaller favourable trends in South America. This study describes mortality trends in renal childhood cancer mortality in São Paulo state, Brazil, from 1980 to 2000. The age‐standardised mortality rates among the boys decreased from 0.36 per 100 000 inhabitants in 1984 to 0.09 in 1992, whereas the observed corresponding decline among girls was from 0.43 per 100 000 inhabitants in 1981 to 0.07 in 1990. Statistically significant declining trends in mortality rates were observed for boys (adjusted r2 = 0.51, P < 0.001) and also for girls (adjusted r2 = 0.40, P = 0.002), achieving in this group a significant reduction in age‐standardised mortality rates in the period (annual percentage change = −4.21). Consistent decrease in mortality rates from childhood renal cancer was noted at São Paulo state. In the absence of changes in incidence rates, this decline could be attributed to the improvement in treatment protocols and supportive measures.
Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases
Authors: ZACCONE P. , FEHERVARI Z. , PHILLIPS J. M. , DUNNE D. W. , COOKE A.
Published: June 2006

The debate on whether infection precipitates or prevents autoimmunity remains a contentious one. Recently the suggestion that some unknown microbe can be at the origin of some chronic inflammatory diseases has been countered by accumulating evidence that decreasing infection rates might have an important role to play in the rising prevalence of autoimmune disorders. The ‘Hygiene Hypothesis’ was initially postulated to explain the inverse correlation between the incidence of infections and the rise of allergic diseases, particularly in the developed world. Latterly, the Hygiene Hypothesis has been extended to also incorporate autoimmune diseases in general. Amongst the various infectious agents, a particular emphasis has been put on the interaction between parasitic worms and humans. Worm parasites have co‐evolved with the mammalian immune system for many millions of years and during this time, they have developed extremely effective strategies to modulate and evade host defences and so maintain their evolutionary fitness. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the human immune system has been shaped by its relationship with parasitic worms and this may be a necessary requirement for maintaining our immunological health. Fully understanding this relationship may lead to novel and effective treatments for a host of deleterious inflammatory reactions.
Trichomonas vaginalis promotes apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating caspase‐3 and reducing Mcl‐1 expression
Authors: KANG J. H. , SONG H. O. , RYU J. S. , SHIN M. H. , KIM J. M. , CHO Y. S. , ALDERETE J. F. , AHN M. H. , MIN D. Y.
Published: June 2006

Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in the vaginal discharge of patients with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. However, it is not known whether neutrophil apoptosis is induced by live T. vaginalis. Therefore, we examined whether T. vaginalis can influence neutrophil apoptosis, and also whether caspase‐3 and the Bcl‐2 family members are involved in the apoptosis. Thus, human neutrophils were incubated with live T. vaginalis and neutrophil apoptosis was evaluated by Giemsa, annexin V‐PI, and DiOC6 stainings. The neutrophil apoptosis was significantly higher in those incubated with T. vaginalis than in the control group. When trichomonads were pre‐treated with mAb to AP65 (adhesin protein), or when trophozoites were separated from neutrophils using a Transwell chamber, neutrophil apoptosis was significantly reduced. The activation of caspase‐3 was evident in neutrophils undergoing spontaneous apoptosis but was markedly enhanced during T. vaginalis‐induced apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of caspase‐3 effectively reduced T. vaginalis‐induced apoptosis. Trichomonad‐induced apoptosis was also associated with reduced expression of the neutrophil anti‐apoptotic protein, Mcl‐1. These results indicate that T. vaginalis alters Mcl‐1 expression and caspase‐3 activation, thereby inducing apoptosis of human neutrophils.
Mechanical reinforcement of tracheids compromises the hydraulic efficiency of conifer xylem
Authors: PITTERMANN JARMILA , SPERRY JOHN S. , WHEELER JAMES K. , HACKE UWE G. , SIKKEMA ELZARD H.
Published: June 2006

Wood structure and function of juvenile wood from 18 conifer species from four conifer families (Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae and Podocarpaceae) were examined for a trade‐off between wood reinforcement and hydraulic efficiency. Wood density and tracheid ‘thickness‐to‐span’ ratio were used as anatomical proxies for mechanical properties. The thickness:span represented the ratio of tracheid double wall thickness to lumen diameter. Hydraulic resistivity (R) of tracheids on a cross‐sectional area basis (RCA) increased over 50‐fold with increasing density and thickness:span, implying a strength versus efficiency conflict. The conflict arose because density and thickness:span were increased by narrowing tracheid diameter rather than by thickening walls, which may be developmentally difficult. In the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae species, density and thickness:span correlated strongly with protection from drought‐induced embolism, suggesting that mechanical strength was required in part to withstand tracheid collapse by negative sap pressure. These species showed a corresponding trade‐off between increasing RCA and embolism protection. In contrast, species of Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae were overbuilt for their embolism protection and were hydraulically inefficient, having greater density, thickness:span and RCA, none of which were correlated with vulnerability to embolism.
Increased C availability at elevated carbon dioxide concentration improves N assimilation in a legume
Authors: ROGERS ALISTAIR , GIBON YVES , STITT MARK , MORGAN PATRICK B. , BERNACCHI CARL J. , ORT DONALD R. , LONG STEPHEN P.
Published: June 2006

Plant growth is typically stimulated at elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]), but a sustained and maximal stimulation of growth requires acquisition of additional N in proportion to the additional C fixed at elevated [CO2]. We hypothesized that legumes would be able to avoid N limitation at elevated [CO2]. Soybean was grown without N fertilizer from germination to final senescence at elevated [CO2] over two growing seasons under fully open‐air conditions, providing a model legume system. Measurements of photosynthesis and foliar carbohydrate content showed that plants growing at elevated [CO2] had a c. 25% increase in the daily integral of photosynthesis and c. 58% increase in foliar carbohydrate content, suggesting that plants at elevated [CO2] had a surplus of photosynthate. Soybeans had a low leaf N content at the beginning of the season, which was a further c. 17% lower at elevated [CO2]. In the middle of the season, ureide, total amino acid and N content increased markedly, and the effect of elevated [CO2] on leaf N content disappeared. Analysis of individual amino acid levels supported the conclusion that plants at elevated [CO2] overcame an early‐season N limitation. These soybean plants showed a c. 16% increase in dry mass at final harvest and showed no significant effect of elevated [CO2] on leaf N, protein or total amino acid content in the latter part of the season. One possible explanation for these findings is that N fixation had increased, and that these plants had acclimated to the increased N demand at elevated [CO2].
Prostate‐specific antigen changes as a result of chlormadinone acetate administration to patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: A retrospective multi‐institutional study
Authors: FUJIMOTO KIYOHIDE , HIRAO YOSHIHIKO , MASUMORI NAOYA , ARAI YOICHI , YAMANAKA HIDETOSHI , KATO TOSHIHIKO , MIYAZAWA KATSUHITO
Published: June 2006

Background:  Antiandrogens used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may affect the diagnosis of prostate cancer by decreasing serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) values. We conducted a retrospective survey of BPH patients treated with chlormadinone acetate (CMA) and analysed the effect of CMA on their PSA values.

Methods:  A chart‐based, retrospective, multi‐institutional survey of clinically diagnosed patients with BPH who had been treated with CMA (Prostal; 50 mg/day) was conducted. The patients were divided into three groups according to their baseline PSA values: <4 ng/mL, Group I; ≥4 ng/mL and <10 ng/mL, Group II; and ≥10 ng/mL, Group III. The changes in the PSA values from baseline after 16, 26, and 52 weeks of CMA therapy were predicted using a nonlinear regression model analysis.

Results:  Data from 192 of the 303 enrolled patients were analysed. The predicted percent changes from baseline among all patients after 16, 26, and 52 weeks of treatment were −49.6%, −49.8%, and −49.9%, respectively. The corresponding values were −42.4%, −43.7% and −43.8% in Group I; −57.4%, −58.4% and −58.5% in Group II; and −50.6%, −50.6% and −50.6% in Group III, respectively.

Conclusion:  The PSA values reached a nadir, approximately −50% of the baseline, after 16 weeks of CMA administration and remained at the same level thereafter. When CMA is used to treat BPH patients, the possibility of abnormal increases in PSA associated with prostate cancer must be considered; if prostate cancer is suspected, prompt testing, including a biopsy, should be performed.
Clinical experience of hormone therapy to bone metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: WAKISAKA MASAMI , NOMURA KAZUSHI
Published: June 2006

Background:  A novel hormone therapy was instituted against prostate cancer with bone metastases and its therapeutic efficacy was investigated.

Methods:  A total of 35 patients who had been pathologically diagnosed with carcinoma of the prostate between January 1994 and December 2003 were entered into the present study. Patients aged over 80 years were excluded from the study. As for the treatment methodology, diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES‐P) at 500 mg/day was intravenously injected for 20–40 days, followed by monotherapy with an analog of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH). In all subjects, surgical castration was not conducted. The survival rate was analysed according to the method of Kaplan–Meier.

Results:  One of the 35 patients was excluded from the study as this patient did not meet the inclusion criteria. There were four patients who dropped out of the study. On histology, 17 patients had moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas and 17 patients had poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. As for the extent of disease (EOD), the patients were classified as with a score of 1 in 10 patients, 2 in 13 patients, 3 in 7 patients and 4 in 4 patients. The 5‐year progression‐free survival rate and overall survival rate were 24.3% and 60.6%, respectively.

Conclusion:  Our new hormone therapy in the management of prostate cancer metastatic to the bone has demonstrated markedly superior therapeutic results compared to those so far obtained.
Comparison of Gleason grade and score between preoperative biopsy and prostatectomy specimens in prostate cancer
Authors: TOMIOKA SUSUMU , NAKATSU HIROOMI , SUZUKI NORIYUKI , MURAKAMI SHINO , MATSUZAKI OSAMU , SHIMAZAKI JUN
Published: June 2006

Aim:  Although the histopathological findings obtained from biopsy specimens are important for choosing the appropriate management of prostate cancer, there have been some discrepancies in Gleason grade and consequently, score between biopsy and surgical specimens. A comparison of findings between these two kinds of specimens was performed.

Methods:  Radical prostatectomy was performed at Asahi General Hospital on 223 cases of T1b‐T3 without previous cancer treatment, and the Gleason grade and score of the biopsy and surgical specimens were compared.

Results:  A 37% coincidence in Gleason score was obtained between biopsy and surgical specimens; coincidence including one digit difference in score was approximately 70%. Upgrading was more than downgrading. Disagreement in secondary grade was greater than that in primary grade. Disagreement in Gleason score was roughly similar among different score items and was not influenced by level of prostate‐specific antigen, however, the small volume of the cancer tissues more affected the discrepancy in score.

Conclusion:  The use of biopsy findings is required to be taken into account regarding the discrepancy.
Ammonium acid urate urolithiasis in Japan
Authors: KURUMA HIDETOSHI , ARAKAWA TAKASHI , KUBO SEIICHI , HYODO TORU , MATSUMOTO KAZUMASA , SATOH TAKEFUMI , EGAWA SHIN , BABA SHIRO
Published: June 2006

Aim:  Ammonium acid urate (AAU) calculi are a rare urolithiasis in developed countries but are endemic in developing countries. We assessed the features of AAU urolithiasis in Japanese patients.

Methods:  We reviewed hospital charts of patients with urolithiasis who were treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endourological procedures at Sagamidai Hospital (Kanagawa, Japan) from January 1992 to December 2001. On the basis of the results of stone analysis with an infrared spectrophotometer, AAU stones were found.

Results:  Of 8664 urolithiasis that we reviewed, 33 calculi (0.38%) from 29 patients contained AAU crystals. From crystallographic findings, we defined two types of AAU‐containing stones: pure and mixed AAU urolithiasis. Pure AAU urolithiasis were seen in 13 stones from 10 patients and mixed AAU in 20 stones from 19 patients. We found significant differences between the groups: the pure AAU group predominantly consisted of young, thin women and the mixed group consisted of middle‐aged men. Laboratory findings showed trends of low levels of serum protein, potassium, and urine pH in the pure AAU group.

Conclusions:  Because each type of AAU urolithiasis is associated with different patient characteristics and pathophysiological features, it is important to understand the type of AAU urolithiasis in patients with calculi.
Management of concomitant ureteral carcinoma in situ at radical cystectomy
Authors: NAKANISHI SHINICHI , NISHIYAMA HIROYUKI , ITO MASAAKI , YOSHIMURA KOJI , KAMOTO TOSHIYUKI , OGAWA OSAMU
Published: June 2006

Objective:  We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate and define the management of concomitant ureteral carcinoma in situ (CIS) at radical cystectomy.

Methods:  For 158 consecutive patients, who underwent radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer, ureteral CIS missed by preoperative examinations were evaluated by intraoperative analysis of frozen sections or postoperative histological analysis. The median follow‐up period was 3.4 years.

Results:  In total, 15 concomitant ureteral CIS were diagnosed by intraoperative (n = 9) or postoperative analysis (n = 6). Additional ureteral resection achieved no malignancies in the final ureteral margins of eight patients. During the follow‐up period, five patients (3.6%) suffered from tumor recurrence in the upper urinary tract in total, as did three (20%) among the 15 patients with ureteral CIS missed by preoperative examinations. No recurrence was identified in the eight patients with no malignancy in the final ureteral margins after additional resection. Furthermore, multivariate analysis indicated that the presence of bladder CIS was a risk factor for the presence of concomitant ureteral CIS.

Conclusions:  Detection of concomitant ureteral CIS by intraoperative studies, in combination with complete resection of ureteral CIS, might be beneficial for patients with risk factors such as bladder CIS.
Bladder reconstruction using a collagen patch prefabricated within the omentum
Authors: HATTORI KAZUNORI , JORAKU AKIRA , MIYAGAWA TOMOAKI , KAWAI KOJI , OYASU RYOICHI , AKAZA HIDEYUKI
Published: June 2006

Objective:  We present our experience with a novel bladder reconstruction model using a collagen sponge pre‐embedded within the omentum. The aim of the study is to evaluate tissue regeneration of the reconstructed bladder and the effect of prefabricating the collagen patch within the omentum.

Materials and methods:  Twenty pigs were divided into three groups. For the prefabricated patch group (PFP; n = 10), collagen sponge was inserted into the omentum. After 1 week, the pigs underwent a hemicystectomy and the sponge with an attached omental flap was brought to close the defect. For the non‐prefabricated patch group (NPFP; n = 6), pigs received hemicystectomy and closure with a collagen sponge without prefabricating in the omentum. Four other pigs received hemicystectomy alone as a control (C; n = 4). All animals in the NPFP and C groups, and 7 of 10 in the PFP group were sacrificed at 4 or 8 weeks. Three other pigs in the PFP group were sacrificed at 12 weeks. Resected bladders were submitted to hematoxylin–eosin, and immunohistochemical staining.

Results:  All animals except for two in the NPFP group survived. At the time of grafting, the collagen sponge was covered with thick omental methothelial layers, and neo‐vascularization from the omentum was observed. At each time point, only slight adhesion was observed around the patch in the PFP group, while severe adhesion between the patch and the bowel was observed in the NPFP group, suggesting that prefabricated collagen sponge within the omentum prevented urine leakage from the bladder. Histologically, the patch was well vascularized, and the luminal surface was covered with urothelium at 4 weeks in both groups. However, in the PFP group, there was mild inflammation in the submucosa and in‐growth of smooth muscle derived from the adjacent muscle layers was observed with time, whereas severe inflammation was observed and in‐growth of smooth muscle was limited in the NPF group.

Conclusions:  Prefabricating of a collagen patch within the omentum stimulated early neo‐vascularization before grafting, and this procedure appears to offer an advantage for bladder reconstruction over a non‐prefabricated procedure in terms of prevention of urine leakage and inflammation, and favorable tissue regeneration.
Team‐based approach reduces learning curve in robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
Authors: SIM HONG GEE , YIP SIDNEY KAM HUNG , LAU WEBER KAM ON , TAN YEH HONG , WONG MICHAEL YUET CHEN , CHENG CHRISTOPHER WAI SAM
Published: June 2006

Aim:  We assessed the team approach in reducing the learning curve during our 2‐year experience transiting from open to robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (rLRP).

Methods:  A team of three urologists progressed through assistant phase to console phase to obtain competency in robotic prostatectomy. One hundred patients underwent rLRP by this team using the da Vinci robotic surgical system from 1 February 2003 to 15 May 2005.

Results:  The immediate perioperative outcome was divided into three corresponding time frames and the results demonstrated gradual improvement in outcome parameters. The mean set‐up time and dissection time were 24 ± 14 min and 182 ± 52 min, respectively. The mean perioperative blood loss was 272 ± 240 mL, and 7% of patients (n = 7) required blood transfusion. The mean duration of bladder catheterization was 8.4 ± 4.1 days, and mean hospital stay was 2.9 ± 1.6 days. There was no perioperative mortality or conversion to open radical prostatectomy. Major complications (4%) included urethrovesical leak requiring re‐operation, postoperative cerebrovascular accident, and transient ureteric obstruction. Minor complications (7%) included minor urethrovesical leak, bladder neck stenosis, and urinary tract infection. Mean follow up was 6.6 ± 5.0 months. Pathological assessment showed pT2 disease in 55% and pT3 in 45% of specimens.

Conclusions:  A team‐based approach to robot‐assisted LRP helped to reduce the learning curve of the procedure for individual surgeons and continued to show significantly lower perioperative blood loss, transfusion requirements and postoperative pain compared to open radical retropubic prostatectomy.
Detection of filarial antigen and antibody in serum and hydrocele fluid of 100 patients of hydrocele
Authors: GOEL RAVISHANKAR S , VERMA NIMESH S , MULLAN SUMAIYA A , ASHDOWN ANDREW C
Published: June 2006

Aim:  The present study was carried out to detect an association between isolated non‐communicable hydrocoele and filariasis and to provide awareness to positive patients regarding sequel and advising methods for the reduction of morbidity.

Methods:  Blood samples and hydrocoele fluids were used to detect filarial antigen and antibody by ICT Kit, Trop‐bio kit and Sevafilachek Kit. These were followed by statistical evaluation by χ2 test.

Results:  14% of cases were positive for filarial antigen and antibody in hydrocoele patient serum, while 15% of cases were positive for filarial antigen and antibody in the serum of non‐hydrocoele patients.

Conclusion:  Probability is less than 0.05, which is statistically significant.
Complicated urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a single institution (1999–2003)
Authors: SHIGEMURA KATSUMI , ARAKAWA SOICHI , SAKAI YUTAKA , KINOSHITA SHOHIRO , TANAKA KAZUSHI , FUJISAWA MASATO
Published: June 2006

Background:  Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been an important uropathogen that causes complicated urinary tract infection. We investigated the clinical characteristics of complicated urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a single institution.

Methods:  We studied those patients who had basal disease in their urinary tract that was diagnosed as urinary tract infection caused by more than 104 colony forming units (CFU)/mL of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from their urine. In those patients, we analysed infectious risk factors, treatment methods including the use of antimicrobial agents, the presence of a urinary tract catheter, and the relationship between febrile infection and urinary tract catheter. In addition, we examined the various antimicrobial susceptibilities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Results:  We studied 76 patients (59 men and 17 women). Of their basal diseases of the urinary tract, bladder tumor was the most prevalent (42.1%). Of the 39 patients who had an indwelling urinary tract catheter, 26 (66.7%) experienced a high‐grade fever, a higher rate than that of the 37 patients who were not catheterized (40.5%). Seven patients were treated with anticancer chemotherapy drugs and 31 cases of urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were diagnosed in the perioperative period. Piperacillin showed lower susceptibility against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in these 2 years (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Our results indicated that those patients with urinary tract catheterization had a higher incidence of fever than patients without catheterization. Therefore, we must improve not only the antimicrobial treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa but also our management of catheters.
Bisphosphonate induces apoptosis and inhibits pro‐osteoclastic gene expression in prostate cancer cells
Authors: ASAHI HIDEKI , MIZOKAMI ATSUSHI , MIWA SOTARO , KELLER EVAN T , KOSHIDA KIYOSHI , NAMIKI MIKIO
Published: June 2006

Aim:  Bisphosphonates are well established for the management of cancer‐induced skeletal complications. Recent studies suggest that bisphosphonates promote apoptosis of cancer cells as well as osteoclasts in bone metastatic sites. To determine the direct effects of bisphosphonate on prostate cancer, we examined the effects of minodronate on prostatic cancer cell growth and the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins and osteoclastogenic factors.

Methods:  PC‐3, DU145 and LNCaP cells were treated with amino‐bisphosphonate minodronate. Then proliferation, apoptosis and expression of bcl‐2, bax, poly (ADP)‐ribose polymerase (PARP), caspase‐3, receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), matrix metalloproteinases‐2 (MMP‐2), and parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) were assessed.

Results:  The proliferation of prostatic cancer cells was inhibited by minodronate. DNA fragmentation and TUNEL‐positive nuclei were observed in minodronate‐treated PC‐3 cells. Minodronate decreased bcl‐2 expression and induced bax expression, caspase‐3 activity and degradation of PARP in DU145 and PC‐3 cells. Minodronate decreased expression of RANKL, PTHrP and MMP‐2 in PC‐3 cells.

Conclusions:  Our results suggest that bisphosphonate not only promotes apoptosis directly but also decreases pro‐osteoclastic gene expression in prostate cancer cells.
Percutaneous ureterostomy as an effective diversion in a newborn
Authors: BILEN CENK Y , AYGÜN CANAN , ÖZKAYA OZAN , AYDIN OĞUZ , GÜRMEN NEVZAT , ŞARIÝKAYA ŞABAN
Published: June 2006

Abstract  Ectopic ureter in a duplicated system in men is rare and rarely causes bilateral obstructive symptoms. The tendency of the ureter to dilate more than the caliceal system is unique to neonates and makes upper urinary diversions more challenging. However, alternative percutaneous diversions other than nephrostomy might be beared in mind in such cases with huge dilatation in ureters in suffering neonates. As discussed in this case percutaneous ureterostomy may be very effective and have a role in diagnosis and management of neonatal hydroureteronephrosis.
Acute pericarditis as a result of unusual metastasis of the visceral pleura in a patient with testicular seminoma
Authors: FUJIMURA TETSUYA , MINOWADA SHIGERU , KISHI HIROICHI , HAMASAKI KIMIHISA , SAITO KIYOSHI , KITAMURA TADAICHI
Published: June 2006

Abstract  A 30‐year‐old man with a left testicular swelling was referred to our hospital. We performed a left high orchiectomy based on a diagnosis of clinical stage II testicular cancer. Pathological specimens of the left testis showed seminoma. The patient underwent three courses of combined chemotherapy. The retroperitoneal lymph nodes were dissected and there were no viable cancer cells. Twelve years later a right testicular tumor was discovered. The patient underwent a right high orchiectomy. Pathological specimens of the testis showed seminoma, and the patient was treated with prophylactic irradiation. One year after discharge a metastasis was found at a left supraclavicular fossa. The patient was treated with combined chemotherapy and irradiation. Six months after the treatment he complained of dyspnea. We diagnosed the condition as pleuritis carcimatosa. Two days after irradiation to the left thorax the patient suffered a sudden and fatal cardiac arrest. Autopsy survey revealed pericarditis as a result of a direct invasion of visceral pleural metastasis.
Improvement of polyuria, bladder sensation and bladder capacity following renal transplantation
Authors: MIZUSAWA HIROYA , ISHIZUKA OSAMU , IGAWA YASUHIKO , KOMIYAMA MOTOKIYO , IRIE KYOKO , IWATA KENJI , NISHIZAWA OSAMU
Published: June 2006

Abstract  Here, we report a patient with renal failure and bladder dysfunction whose symptoms improved following renal transplantation. A 23‐year‐old woman underwent renal transplantation for renal failure as a result of dysplastic kidneys. Urodynamic evaluation prior to transplantation showed decreased bladder sensation and increased bladder capacity, probably because of congenital polyuria. One week after surgery, dry mouth disappeared, and urine volume normalized gradually. Urodynamic studies performed 3 and 10 months after transplantation showed improvement of bladder function, and the frequency/volume charts of urination also showed normalization of urine volume. Renal and bladder functions were almost normal 45 months after transplantation. Bladder dysfunction involves numerous factors, but the primary cause was probably congenital polyuria in the present case. This case suggested that blood purification and correction of urine volume by renal transplantation might lead to restoration of normal bladder function.
Successful laparoscopic management of chylous ascites following laparoscopic radical nephrectomy
Authors: NISHIZAWA KOJI , ITO NORIYUKI , YAMAMOTO SHINGO , KAMOTO TOSHIYUKI , OGAWA OSAMU
Published: June 2006

Abstract  A 44‐year‐old woman developed chylous ascites following laparoscopic transperitoneal left radical nephrectomy with para‐aortic lymph node dissection. Because conservative managements failed to stop the lymphatic leakage, laparoscopic lymphostasis was performed. Drinking milk 6 h prior to the operation enabled visualization of chylous ascites. Although a definite fistula was hard to identify, most of the chylous leak disappeared after ligation of the para‐aortic tissues at the distal and proximal ends of the previous lymph node dissection. Laparoscopic ligation of the para‐aortic bundle of lymph ducts was effective in managing long‐standing postoperative chylous ascites.
Granulomatous cryptococcal prostatitis diagnosed by transrectal biopsy
Authors: SEO ILL YOUNG , JEONG HEE JONG , YUN KI JUNG , RIM JOUNG SIK
Published: June 2006

Abstract  Cryptococcal infection primarily involves the lung and is hematogenously spread to other organs. Sometimes it might affect the genitourinary tract, and rare cases have been reported involving the prostate without systemic infection. We report a case of granulomatous prostatitis as a result of Cryptococcus neoformans yeast in an immunocompromised patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, which was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy and treated with antifungal medication.