bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The State of the Adriatic Sea Centered on the Small Pelagic Fish Populations
Authors: Azzali Massimo , De Felice Andrea , Luna Manlio , Cosimi Giulio , Parmiggiani Flavio
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The paper provides an overview of the state of the small pelagic fish in the Adriatic Sea. The North Adriatic is reviewed for the 1976–1998 period and the South Adriatic for the 1987–1998 period. First the fluctuations in time and in space of the pelagic biomass, as a whole and per species, are presented. Then the dramatic collapse of anchovy stock and its apparent association with the decrease of surface temperature is discussed. Finally the changes of the anchovy and sardine catches are compared and analysed with respect to their abundances in the sea. The conclusion is that acoustic and satellite methods are able to provide a large amount of information on the variability in the pelagic populations; this is essential for an appropriate management of these resources. There is still a need, however, to refine the methods and to integrate this kind of information with further environmental data (including natural predators).
A First Generation Stochastic Bioeconomic Analysis of Algal Bloom Control in a Coastal Lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Po River Delta)
Authors: De Leo Giulio Alessandro , Bartoli Marco , Naldi Mariachiara , Viaroli Pierluigi
Published: July 2005

Abstract. In this work we have developed a very simple stochastic mathematical model of Ulva spp. growth to quantitatively evaluate the economic costs of algal harvesting and the related benefits in terms of avoided‘economic loss’of clam production due to an effective prevention of algal blooms and the consequent anoxic crises. Algal growth was simulated by means of a discrete time difference equation of Ulva biomass where the finite growth rate depends only upon water temperature. In order to explicitly include environmental variability, a seasonal autoregressive model calibrated on available data was used to simulate water temperature. Different harvesting scenarios were analysed in terms of the number of harvesting vessels employed and the threshold biomass of Ulva at which vessels start to operate. Costs of algal harvesting and disposal, as well as monetary damages resulting from the collapse of clam production as a consequence of algal blooms, were assessed by interviewing the managers of the Clam Fishermen's Union of Goro. A Monte Carlo approach was used to estimate the mean and total statistical distribution of costs and benefits of different harvesting strategies. Our analysis shows that the most cost‐effective management policy is attained with 4–6 vessels operating at low algal density able to harvest as much Ulva as possible with intensive and short interventions at the beginning of the seasonal growth.
Thermohaline Anomalies in the Spring and Early Summer of 2000 in the Gulf of Trieste
Authors: Celio Massimo , Comici Cinzia , Bussani Andrea
Published: July 2005

Abstract. In the framework of the Interreg II Project (July 1998 ‐ June 2001), hydro‐logical, chemical and biological data were collected in the Gulf of Trieste.

During spring and summer 2000, some particular thermohaline anomalies were observed in the Gulf of Trieste. Especially in May and June the water body showed: a very strong thermohaline stratification, an increase of advective salt water coming from the south and the presence of sharp pycnoclines. In July the temperature was higher than usual in the whole water column. Moreover, in late May and in June, massive mucilaginous aggregates were observed along the water column and at the surface.

In order to highlight these particular thermohaline features the hydrological data of 16 stations were analysed (Fig. 1). Two stations, in particular, were considered: one offshore (St. AA1, average depth 20 m) and one close to the coast (St. C1, average depth 17 m). For these two stations a best‐fit analysis, computed over 11 and 7 years, respectively, was performed on temperature, salinity and density excess data.

Moreover, the hydrological features were compared with the rainfall, air temperature, wind speed data (Istituto Sperimentale Talassografico di Trieste ‐ ISTT) and the Isonzo River's flow rate (Direzione Regionale dell'Ambiente ‐ Regione F. V. G.) collected from January 1998 to December 2000.
PAssive COastal TOMography: an Innovative Approach for the Remote Monitoring of Sea Temperature
Authors: De Marinis Enrico , Picco Paola , Crise Alessandro , Gasparini Otello , Salon Stefano
Published: July 2005

Abstract. This paper describes a new Ocean Acoustic Tomography (OAT) methodology ‐ a passive tomography ‐ presently in an advanced development phase. This technique has been developed for long‐term, extensive, remote monitoring of the seawater temperature spatial distribution, which is estimated from the received noise emitted from ships of opportunity. To test the passive tomographic processor under controlled conditions, the components of the naval noise from different kinds of vessels was analysed and realistic naval noise was simulated. The feasibility of the proposed methodology was confirmed by test‐runs on semi‐synthetic data; its capability to resolve temperature profiles will be better assessed with the use of real acoustic and environmental data collected during the INTIMATE00 experiment performed in October 2000 in the Atlantic Ocean off the Portuguese coast. An analysis of the space and time variability of the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) decomposition of the sound speed (SSP) in the Mediterranean Sea has been carried out to identify areas where acoustic tomography can be successfully applied. Results from simulations in the South Adriatic Sea, which was identified as a region with a high sound speed variability associated with the seasonal cycle and with the main oceanographic processes, are reported.
Seabed Morphology and Pollution Along the Bagnoli Coast (Naples, Italy): a Hypothesis for Environmental Restoration
Authors: De Pippo Tommaso , Donadio Carlo , Pennetta Micla , Terlizzi Francesco , Vecchione Carlo , Vegliante Margherita
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The interaction of coastal and submarine morphology with the hydrodynamic regimes exerts a control on coastal dynamic processes, conditioning the dispersion of sediments and potential pollutants existing in the area. Thus, the study of such parameters is useful in order to define environmental threats. Within the submerged sector of the Bagnoli coast and particularly in the southern part of the investigated area, there are sediment groups composed of very fine sands located in low‐energy zones due to wave refraction and diffraction; they can also be found on the sea bottom and on the man‐made structures typical of this zone. These areas show high pollutant levels of N, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated bi‐phenyls (PCBs). The northern area, a place of high‐energy hydrodynamic processes, also shows high concentration levels of pollutants due to the presence of secondary cell circulation.

Morphological research and analysis of textural characteristics of bottom sediments along the Bagnoli coast allowed the actual processes and their evolution in space and time to be defined. It has also been possible to correlate such processes to the seabed morphology system, the wave formations which affect the coast, the complex system of sediment transport, as well as to the man‐made interventions in the area. The results of recent chemical analyses of beach sediments and bottom sediments off the Bagnoli coast were also incorporated. They prove the presence of heavy metals, PAHs and PCBs in high and sometimes very high concentrations. Finally, based on the results of research and analyses, a hypothesis for an intervention for environmental restoration has been formulated in order to renaturalise the coast through dredging and treatment of the sand, both on the seabed and on the emerged beach.
Natural and Anthropic Middle‐term Variations in the Delta System at the Mouth of the Goro River (Po Delta, Italy)
Authors: Grande Carlo Del , Gabbianelli Giovanni , Simeoni Umberto
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The modern delta system of the Po River is the result of an evolution strictly controlled by anthropic factors and mainly developed during a period of climatic deterioration (Little Ice Age 1550/1850).

At the beginning of the 17th century the main branch of the Po River, Fornaci Po, was modified with the “Cut of Viro” in order to avoid landfill of the Venetian Lagoon. Simultaneously, the southernmost branch of Ariano, or Goro, was forced to flow southwards. Subsequent sedimentary variations, caused by changes in the climatic conditions, contributed to make the area supplied by the Goro Po River increasingly lagoonary. In the second half of the 19th century (end of the Little Ice Age – L.I.A. –), the first coastal spits started to take shape and developed in different systems throughout the entire following century. Coastal spits turned out to produce in the original bay, a progressive closure towards the sea. The strong decrease in solid loads, characterising the second half of the 20th century and mainly due to anthropic factors, marks the beginning of a new phase extending to the overall Po Delta system, in which the mouth layout is controlled by wave energy.
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effects for Assessing Toxicological Risk of Endocrine Disrupters in Top Predators of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Fossi M. Cristina , Casini Silvia , Marsili Letizia , Ancora Stefania , Mori Gabriele , Neri Giovanni , Ausili Antonella , Romeo Teresa , Moscatelli Alessandra , Di Sciara Giuseppe Notarbartolo
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) have the potential to alter hormone pathways that regulate reproductive processes in wildlife and fisheries. In this research the unexplored hypothesis that Mediterranean top predator species (such as large pelagic fish and marine mammals) are potentially at risk due to EDCs is investigated. In the Mediterranean environment, top predators accumulate high concentrations of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) and toxic metals, incurring high toxicological risk. Here we illustrate the need to develop sensitive biomarkers for evaluation of toxicological risk in top marine predators (Xiphias gladius, Thunnus thynnus thynnus) and non‐lethal techniques, such as non‐destructive biomarkers, for the hazard assessment of threatened species exposed to EDCs, such as marine mammals (Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinus delphis and Balaenoptera physalus).
Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea: Objectives, Effectiveness and Monitoring
Authors: Fraschetti Simonetta , Terlizzi Antonio , Micheli Fiorenza , Benedetti‐Cecchi Lisandro , Boero Ferdinando
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is continuously increasing worldwide because of the increasing recognition of the profound effects that humans can have on marine systems. A large body of literature deals with marine reserves and their potential as conservation and management tools. In several cases, empirical evidence demonstrated that reserves can harbour greater diversity, higher abundance, and larger organisms than unprotected areas. In most cases, however, reserve design and site selection involved little scientific justification, with no direct test of most of the mechanisms assumed to work in a marine reserve. Field investigations of subtidal marine reserves are generally confounded by intrinsic ecological differences between sites investigated inside and outside reserves, by a lack of site and reserve replication, or by the absence of information about the biota before reserve establishment. This is particularly true in the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this paper is to show that, at least in the Mediterranean basin, the effectiveness of MPAs has been rarely demonstrated because of lack of appropriate sampling designs. An MPA can be considered as a zone subjected to human impact, presumably a positive one. As a consequence, we propose the use of experimental procedures generally utilised for detecting environmental impacts.
Dynamics and Variability of Terra Nova Bay Polynya
Authors: Fusco Giannetta , Flocco Daniela , Budillon Giorgio , Spezie Giancarlo , Zambianchi Enrico
Published: July 2005

Abstract. We present a process study on the dynamics and variability of the Terra Nova Bay polynya in the western sector of the Ross Sea. The air‐sea heat exchange is known to be particularly large in polynya during the winter, when differences between air and sea temperatures are large. We apply a 1‐D model (Pease, 1987; Van Woert, 1999a, 1999b), which is modified in the latent heat parameterisation in order to account for time‐dependent relative humidity and cloud coverage. Furthermore, the Ice Collection Depth is correlated linearly with a variable wind speed. The model is forced with two different meteorological data sets: the operational analysis of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric data set and the meteorological parameters measured by an Automatic Weather Station located on the coast of Terra Nova Bay. The results are compared in terms of polynya extension, ice, and High Salinity Shelf Water production. According to the two different wind velocities, the results obtained from the different data sets clearly differ. Qualitatively, however, the results are in good agreement.
Distrubution of Dissolved and Particulate Iron, copper and Manganese in the Shelf waters of the Ross sea (Antarctica)
Authors: Ianni Carmela , Rivaro Paola , Frache Roberto
Published: July 2005

Abstract. During the austral summer 1997–98, within the framework of the activities of the Climatic Long‐term Interaction for the Massbalance in Antarctica (CLIMA) Project of the Italian National Program for Antarctic Research (PNRA) in the Ross Sea, measurements were conducted to focus on the role of dissolved iron, copper and manganese as micronutrients, and on their distribution in suspended particulate matter in different water masses. Sampling was carried out in two selected shelf areas, both important for formation and mixing processes of the water bodies.

Metal data were evaluated together with physical measurements and classical chemical parameters such as oxygen and nutrients.

In both the studied areas, the distribution of dissolved metals along the waste column confirmed their micronutrient behaviour, showing depletion where phytoplanktonic activities occurred.

The trend of particulate metals underlined the scavenging phenomena along the water column and presented an interesting correlation at intermediate depths with the amount and origin of suspended matter.
Pelagia noctiluca“Blooming” in the Strait of Messina: Preliminary Studies on the Applicability of Two Methods for Isolating Nematocytes
Authors: Spada Giuseppina La , Marino Angela , Sorrenti Giuseppe
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Nematocytes are the specialized stinging cells of cnidarians. So far, Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) nematocytes have never been isolated. Taking in account the notable increase in the population of Pelagia noctiluca (“blooming”) in the Strait of Messina in 1999, we performed preliminary studies on the applicability of two different methods for isolating nematocytes from tentacles and mouth arms: a chemical method, namely SCN treatment, and a physical one, namely heat dissociation. These approaches have already been employed to isolate nematocytes from Aiptasia diaphana (Anthozoa). Membrane integrity was assessed by the cytological Trypan blue test. To evaluate cell viability, the capacity to regulate cell volume was investigated under 35 % hyposmotic shock by image computer processing of sagittal sections. The results show that heat dissociation is unsuitable to isolate nematocytes because the cell membrane was damaged as revealed by cytological test. On the other hand, SCN treatment yields 90% anatomically intact, isolated nematocytes from tentacles, but not from mouth arms. Nematocytes isolated by SCN exhibit volume regulation mechanisms (RVD). These results are compared with those described in Aiptasia diaphana (Anthozoa), which lives in a different habitat.
Comparison Between the Energy Flow Networks of Two Habitats in the Venice Lagoon
Authors: Libralato Simone , Pastres Roberto , Pranovi Fabio , Raicevich Saša , Granzotto Angela , Giovanardi Otello , Torricelli Patrizia
Published: July 2005

Abstract.The energy flows of two habitats are quantified and compared by using a trophic network model. The habitats are representative of two typical subsystems of the Venice Lagoon: the seagrass meadows, which represent a mature stage in the ecological succession of lagoon environments, and theTapes philippinarumfishing grounds, which are subjected to mechanical clam harvesting.

The results obtained for the 'seagrass habitat’are consistent with other field studies, confirming the‘key‐stone’role played by phanerogams in a lagoon environment. The results for the‘Tapeshabitat’show that the energy flow from the sediment to the water column is extremely important. Indeed, the highT. philippinarumbiomass cannot be supported solely by the primary production of the local phytoplankton. Instead, this biomass could be supported by a supply provided by the sediment resuspension caused by intensive clam fishing. These findings suggest the presence of a positive feedback between fishing effort andT. philippinarumstanding crop.
New Development of Eastern Mediterranean Circulation based on Hydrological Observations and Current Measurements
Authors: Manca Beniamino B. , Ursella Laura , Scarazzato Paolo
Published: July 2005

Abstract. A number of recent studies based on hydrographic observations and modelling simulations have dealt with the major climatic shift that occurred in the deep circulation of the Eastern Mediterranean. This work presents hydrographic observations and current measurements conducted from 1997 to 1999, which reveal strong modifications in the dynamics of the upper, intermediate and deep layers, as well as an evolution of the thermohaline characteristics of the deep Aegean outflow since 1995. The reversal of the circulation in the upper layer of the north/central Ionian is worthy of note. The observations indicate a reduction of Atlantic Water in the northern Ionian with an increase on the eastern side of the basin. In the intermediate layer, the dispersal path of the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) is altered. Highly saline (>39.0) and well‐oxygenated intermediate waters were found near the Western Cretan Arc Straits. They flow out from the Aegean, thus interrupting the traditional path of the LIW, and spread prevalently northwards into the Adriatic Sea. In the deep layer, dense waters, exiting from the Adriatic (σø−29.18 kg · m−3), flow against the western continental margin in the Ionian Sea at a depth of between 1000–1500 m. Dense waters of Aegean origin (> 29.20 kg · m−3), discharged into the central region of the Eastern Mediterranean during the early stages of the transient, propagate prevalently to the east in the Levantine basin and to the west in the northern Ionian Sea. Near‐bottom current measurements conducted in the Ionian Sea reveal unforeseen aspects of deep dynamics, suggesting a new configuration of the internal thermohaline conveyor belt of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Variations of Hydrochemical Features in the Coastal Waters of Monte Conero: 1982–1990
Authors: Marini Mauro , Fornasiero Paola , Artegiani Antonio
Published: July 2005

Abstract. This paper briefly summarises research carried out in 1982–1990 in the coastal area off Monte Conero, SW northern Adriatic Sea. Oceanographic data on temperature, salinity, oxygen saturation, nutrients (nitrates, silicates and orthophosphates), and chlorophylls were collected to characterise this coastal ecosystem in view of the setting up of the “Costa del Monte Conero” protected marine area.

Towards the coast the physical and chemical parameters exhibited a seasonal periodicity.

Temperature showed a clear annual periodicity with a certain interannual variability; this also holds true for oxygen saturation, with peaks in March and minima in September, though without hypoxic events.

Nutrient concentrations peaked at the surface layer at the coastal station from December to March (nitrates: 35–50 μmol 1−1; silicates: 22–70 μmol 1−1; orthophosphates: 0.37–0.54 μmol 1−1) and minima in summer (Jul‐Aug) on surface and bottom (0–12μmol 1−1, 0–18.5 μmol 1−1, and 0–0.15 μmol 1−1, respectively). From 1988 to 1990 nutrient peaks were lower and coastal salinity exceed 33, with nitrates below 16 μmol 1−1, silicates below 8 μmol 1−1, and orthophosphates less than 0.2 μmol 1−1.

In the coastal area of Senigallia, 40 km to the north, where the influence of the coastal current that carries the river inflows to the south is stronger, the seasonal cycle was similar, albeit with higher values for nutrients and chlorophylls.
Benthic Fluxes of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen in a Coastal Lagoon of the Northern Adriatic Sea: an Interpretation of Spatial Variability Based on Sediment Features and Infauna Activity
Authors: Nizzoli Daniele , Castaldelli Giuseppe , Bartoli Marco , Welsh David Thomas , Gomez Patricia Arriaga , Fano Anna Elisa , Viaroli Pierluigi
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Dark respiration rates, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluxes and nitrification rates were measured at two sites in the microtidal Sacca di Goro lagoon in September 2000. DIN fluxes correlated with the biomass of the dominant macrofauna species (the amphipod Corophium spp. at station Giralda and the polychaete Neanthes spp. at station Faro). Respiration (> 6 mmol O2 m−2h−1) and ammonium fluxes (> 80μmol N m−2h−1) were higher at station Giralda despite the lower organic matter content (4.5 %) and lower macrofauna biomass (4 g AFDW m−2). At both sites ammonium fluxes were significantly correlated with the biomass of the benthic infauna, but Corophium stimulated ammonium NH4+ fluxes 3‐fold compared to Neanthes. The amphipod also enhanced nitrification rates (> 300 μmol N m−2h−1) due to the high density of its burrows, the higher NH4+ regeneration rates and the enhanced oxygen supply to the bacteria.
Multi‐Annual Variations of Macrobenthos along the Emilia‐Romagna Coast (Northern Adriatic)
Authors: Occhipinti‐Ambrogi Anna , Favruzzo Mauro , Savini Dario
Published: July 2005

Abstract. A three‐year set of data from six stations is analysed in order to monitor the environmental quality by use of macrobenthos in addition to chemical data. The communities differ along the depth gradient and no seasonal cycle is evident. Stronger temporal differences in community composition are evident when examining a four‐year cycle at one of the stations in connection with an improvement of environmental parameters.
Seasonal Blooms of the HAB Dinoflagellate Alexandrium taylori Balech in a New Mediterranean Area (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands)
Authors: Penna Antonella , Giacobbe Maria Grazia , Penna Nunzio , Andreoni Francesca , Magnani Mauro
Published: July 2005

Abstract. High‐biomass blooms of A. taylori Balech have recently been spreading over new Mediterranean areas, with evident adverse effects on the marine ecosystem. In 1999–2000, a new Mediterranean locality was affected by blooms of A. taylori: the West Bay of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Tyrrhenian Sea), with maximum cell densities of 1.2 × 107 cells 1−1 in August 1999 and 4.0 × 106 cells 1−1 in August 2000 observed together with yellowish water discoloration. The seawater samples contained high concentrations of nutrients as DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen), especially NH3‐N with values of 14.4 μM and TOT‐P (Total Phosphorus) with values of 3.2 μM due to the anthropic presence and discharge of untreated sewage. The climatic conditions also seem to influence the occurrence and spreading of the A. taylori blooms in the Vulcano Bay. Clonal cultures of A. taylori, established from Italian and Spanish seawater samples, were used for the sequence analyses of the 5.8S rDNA gene and ITS regions in order to study the genetic variability of different geographical populations of Alexandrium species in the Mediterranean area and to further develop the molecular markers for HAB key‐species.
Plankton‐Derived Resting Stages in Marine Coastal Sediments along the Salento Peninsula (Apulia, South‐Eastern Italy)
Authors: Rubino Fernando , Moscatello Salvatore , Saracino Orestina D. , Fanelli Giovanni , Belmonte Genuario , Boero Ferdinando
Published: July 2005

Abstract. An oceanographic survey was carried out along the Salento Peninsula in March 2000. Resting stages of plankton were searched for in coastal sediments to study the microplankton composition in addition to the classical analysis of active stages in the water column. A total of 215 taxa were recognised, 149 as active stages in the water column and 74 as resting stages in the sediments. Cysts were widely distributed and at Brindisi and Alimini their abundance was higher than elsewhere. A general trend was observed with resting stage abundance, species richness and diversity in the sediments: all three decreased with distance from the coast. The integrated water/sediments approach used in this study allowed us to collect 37 species (mainly as resting stages) new for the studied area.
The Effect of Temporal Changes and Environmental Trophic Condition on the Isotopic Composition (ω13C and ω15N) of Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) and Gobius niger (L., 1758) in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon (Lake of Sabaudia): Implications for Food Web Structure
Authors: Sarà Gianluca , Vizzini Salvatrice , Mazzola Antonio
Published: July 2005

Abstract. ω13C and ω15N of organic matter sources and consumers were employed to analyse trophic differentiation between a benthic consumer, Gobius niger (L., 1758) (Pisces, Osteichthyes), and a pelagic consumer, Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) (Pisces, Osteichthyes) in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Lake of Sabaudia) in winter and summer 1999. Trophic differences between the two species throughout the two sampling periods were related to the environmental trophic condition (i. e. nutrient and phytopigment concentrations). Although these two fish have different habitats, they both exploited benthic organisms, above all in summer. When the nutrient and phytopigment concentrations were higher (summer), the most abundant benthic organisms were the main food sources for both species. In winter A. boyeri apparently shifted its feeding preferences to include zooplankton, confirming its opportunistic feeding strategy. Par‐ticulate organic matter and algae seemed to play the main trophic role in the food web structure. Benthic invertebrates used both sources, while zooplankton seemed to rely exclusively on the particulate fraction. The overlapping and very depleted signatures of sedimentary and particulate organic matter highlights a strong link between sediments and water column, rarely observed in other aquatic ecosystems using stable isotopes. Such a finding further substantiates the importance of particulate organic matter as a food source in the study area.
An Efficient Tool for Wave Climate Analysis in European Coastal Waters
Authors: Sclavo Mauro , Cavaleri Luigi , Barstow Stephen F. , Athanassoulis Gerassimos A.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. We describe a software system that allows even an inexperienced user to estimate the wave statistics at any location along the European coastal zone. The system is composed of a solid, well verified data set, a geographical tool, a modelling section and a statistical package. Their use is fully transparent to the user.
The Role of a Macroalgal Covering Event on the Microphytobenthos Community in Intertidal Sediment (Marano Lagoon, Northern Adriatic Sea)
Authors: Sdrigotti Elisabetta , Welker Chiara
Published: July 2005

Abstract. This study examines the variation in microphytobenthos structure and functioning in an intertidal lagoon during a macroalgal covering event. Multivariate techniques, applied on the recorded data, highlighted a clear seasonal pattern except for the July sample. The sudden macroalgae (Cladophora sp.) development, which occurred in that month, enabled us to identify the massive covering as a disturbance factor on the benthic ecosystem. This biotic anomaly affected benthic microalgal production and community respiration, shifting the ecosystem from a highly photoautotrophic to an heterotrophic condition as shown by the BTS Index. This trophic index is therefore a useful tool for identifying episodic stress events mainly in intertidal habitats.
The Lago di Varano: Hydrologic Characteristics and Sediment Composition
Authors: Spagnoli Federico , Specchiulli Antonietta , Scirocco Tommaso , Carapella Gerardo , Villani Paolo , Casolino Giovanni , Schiavone Primiano , Franchi Massimo
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The Lago di Varano is situated on the north side of the Gargano National Park (southeast Italy) and covers a surface area of about 65 km2. It communicates with the Adriatic Sea through two artificial canals (Foce Capoiale and Foce Varano) located at the two ends of a long and narrow coastal dune. This work presents preliminary results of four seasonal surveys (1999–2000) carried out to measure chemical and physical parameters of the water column (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH) and to analyse a number of biogeochemical characteristics of surface sediments (organic matter, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and total Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni content). Water analysis indicated poor exchange between the coastal pond and the open sea, limited to autumn and winter. Surface sediments were rich in organic matter, whose distribution was influenced by chemical‐physical and hydrodynamic variations in the water column. At the sediment level, the highest values of Cd were found in the central zone of the basin, while the highest Cr values were measured in the central and southeastern areas. With the exception of Cd and Pb, the metal content did not indicate anthropogenic pollution, in particular when compared with the Venice Lagoon and the Central Adriatic Sea.
Particulate Matter in the Ross Sea: a Spreading Model
Authors: Tucci Sergio , Bergamasco Andrea , Capello Marco , Carniel Sandro
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Within the framework of the C.L.I.M.A. Project, a part of the Italian Research Program in Antarctica, the Total Particulate Matter (TPM) was used as a natural marker to characterise the water masses. The dynamics of TPM was estimated by using a numerical model capable of following the evolution of the basin during the ice absence in summer.

The first numerical simulation, with horizontally constant initial conditions and the absence of TPM source areas, merely reveals how TPM passive dispersion is strongly influenced by the Ross Ice Shelf and bathymetry.

The second simulation, with TPM concentration horizontally variable and vertically decreasing layers, shows a dynamic evolution of TPM that is in agreement with experimental data. On the surface, in correspondence with the shelf‐break, an out‐flowing flux with particulate matter contribution coming from Ross Ice Shelf is recognised.

The TPM concentration may be linked to the ice melting due to the Antarctic Surface Water, with production of Shallow Ice Shelf Water. The numerical model produces, near the Drygalski area, two cells with high concentration. This numerical evolution is confirmed by the 1990 data (Spezie et al, 1993) that clearly show these two areas and their correlations with the Drygalski contributions (the inner area) and with the thermo‐haline front (the external one). This condition is evident in the 1994‐1995 data too (Bu‐dillon et al, 1999). In this case the authors observed that the Circumpolar Deep Water penetrates onto the shelf at about 174°E; then, modifying its properties, it follows a southward path for about 200 km. The Antarctic Shelf Front (ASF) separates CDW from the colder shelf water with a high concentration of suspended matter.

At the 300‐meter level, the diffusion of the particulate matter directed under the RIS, towards the continental shelf, seems to be an important feature. Very high TPM values are also present in the deep water in the area off the Drygalski Glacier; this evolution agrees with the –400 m data collected during the 1990–1991 cruise (Spezie et al., 1993).
Determination of gelatinase A using a modified indirect hemagglutination assay in human prostate cancer screening and assessment of its correlation with prostate‐specific antigen parameters
Authors: KHORRAMIZADEH MOHAMMAD REZA , AALIZADEH NASTARAN , PEZESHKI MOHAMMAD , GHAHARY AZIZ , ZERAATI HOJAT , BERAHMEH AZAR , SAFA OMID , SAADAT FARSHID
Published: July 2005

Background:Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy affecting men and is a major cause of cancer death. There are increasing data on novel tumor markers, such as gelatinase A, which play a key role in tissue invasion and metastasis.

Objectives:We designed a study to evaluate total gelatinase A content using a simple and applicable Indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test in harmony with gelatinase A activity in serum samples as compared with prostate‐specifc antigen (PSA) parameters.

Methods:In this study, we analysed the circulating form of gelatinase A (MMP‐2) in patients suffering from either benign prostate hyperplasia (n = 54) or prostate cancer (n = 26) versus normal individuals as control (n = 26). The gelatinolytic activity was determined by zymography and total MMP‐2 content was measured by a novel IHA method. Total PSA and free PSA were quantified using a standard ELISA technique.

Results:Correlation of densitometric analysis of gelatinase A activity and IHA titer is significant at the 0.01 level (P < 0.01, rho = 0.916). Correlation of PSA and IHA titer is significant at the 0.01 level (P < 0.01, rho = 0.746). Correlation of free PSA and IHA titer is significant at the 0.01 level (P < 0.01, rho = 0.749). Borderline of IHA titer in patients with prostate cancer was 512 ± 1 tube titer, in benign prostate hyperplasia patients was 128 ± 1 tube titer and the titer in normal individuals was 8 ± 1 tube titer.

Conclusions:These results demonstrate that assessment of gelatinase A might be a promising procedure for monitoring and screening patients with prostate cancer.
Effect of urothelium on bladder contractility in diabetic rats
Authors: KOŞAN MURAT , HAFEZ GAYE , ÖZTÜRK BÜLENT , ÖZGÜNES OZAN , GÜR SERAP , ÇETINKAYA MESUT
Published: July 2005

Aim: It is known that physiopathological changes in diabetes affect the function of the bladder. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the possible effects of diabetes on the urothelium during this physiopathological process.

Methods: Diabetes was induced in rats by tail vein injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin. Eight weeks later, intact and denuded bladder strips were prepared from these rats. Electrical field stimulation (EFS; 0.5–32 Hz), carbachol (10−8−10−3 mol/L; cumulative dosage‐response curves) and KCl (120 mmol/L) were used for the evaluation of the contractile responses. All responses were expressed as mg tension developed per mg of bladder tissue. Weights of rats and of their bladders, blood glucose levels, and frequency‐ and concentration–response curves were compared using anova, the paired t‐test and the independent t‐test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.

Results: Although no differences related to the weight of bladders of the control and diabetic groups were observed, there were differences in blood glucose levels and body weights between the two groups. Similarly, although there were no differences between the data obtained with EFS and KCl from tissues with intact and denuded strips in the control group, carbachol responses significantly differed between intact and denuded strips in the non‐diabetic group. These differences were not observed in the diabetic group. In the control groups, in the presence of additional strips with intact urothelium placed in the medium containing denuded tissue, the differences in contractile responses between the intact control strip and the denuded strip disappeared.

Conclusions: Diabetes possibly changes the interaction between the relaxant factors that are released from urothelium and muscarinic stimulation, but these interactions are not completely understood yet. Consequently, the response of the bladder to contractile stimulants is also affected. Further studies are required to reveal the mechanism by which diabetes influences the urothelium.
Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of non‐palpable testis
Authors: KANEMOTO KAZUHIRO , HAYASHI YUTARO , KOJIMA YOSHIYUKI , MARUYAMA TETSUJI , ITO MASATO , KOHRI KENJIRO
Published: July 2005

Background: Studies were needed to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosing non‐palpable testis, and to study the clinical usefulness of US and MRI before surgical exploration.

Methods: Fifty‐six patients with non‐palpable testis aged 1–12 years were examined between 1993 and 2002. Forty‐six patients (55 non‐palpable testes) underwent US. Forty patients (47 non‐palpable testes) were examined using MRI. Both US and MRI were used in 29 patients (34 non‐palpable testes). We used Fisher's exact probability test to compare the results of these graphic examinations with the surgical or laparoscopic findings for the non‐palpable testis.

Results: Ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 76%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 84% in the diagnosis of non‐palpable testis, whereas MRI had a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 79%, and an accuracy of 85%.

Conclusions: There were no statistically significant differences in the accuracy rates of US and MRI for diagnosing non‐palpable testis. Laparoscopy or inguinal exploration should be performed even if these graphic examinations demonstrate the absence of a testis, because some patients with a non‐palpable testis were found to be false negatives. We recommend US as the first step after clinical examination, and MRI could be performed when the US findings are negative preoperatively for a non‐palpable testis.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED  Trends in prostate cancer incidence and survival in various socioeconomic classes: A population‐based study
Authors: DUTTA ROY SUBHAJIT , PHILIP JOE , JAVLE PRADIP
Published: July 2005

Objectives: Prostate cancer is currently the commonest cancer in men of all ages in UK, but robust demographic data of its distribution in various socioeconomic classes is lacking. We aimed to analyze its incidence, mortality and survival trends in West Midlands, England, from 1986 to 2000 in terms of socioeconomic deprivation.

Methods: Data were collated from the regional cancer registry database and a well‐validated demographic score, the Townsend band, was employed as an indicator of social deprivation, including four variables as proxy indicators of socioeconomic status. Individual cases were allocated to one of five deprivation categories using postcode at diagnosis. Regression trend analysis at 1 and 5 years was performed and a P‐value derived from the t‐test statistic.

Results: In the mid‐1980s, the incidence rate ratio in affluent:deprived classes was 0.9, with age‐standardized rates of 35.23 and 39.53 per 100 000 people. This ratio increased to 1.5 by 2000 with age‐standardized rates of 95.98 and 63.13, respectively (172% increase in affluent compared with 60% in deprived). The affluent groups had a 7 and 13% survival advantage at 1 and 5 years; the survival advantage at 1 year was statistically significant (P = 0.03).

Conclusions: The preferential changes in incidence and survival in the affluent social classes are likely to be due to heightened awareness, resulting in increased prostate‐specific antigen testing, which captures early and relatively slow‐growing tumors with a better overall prognosis. If these bipolar trends are allowed to persist, then the gap between the affluent and deprived will continue to widen.
Expression of sialylated MUC1 in prostate cancer: Relationship to clinical stage and prognosis
Authors: ARAI TAKAHIRO , FUJITA KAZUHIKO , FUJIME MAKOTO , IRIMURA TATSURO
Published: July 2005

Aim:MUC1 is distributed among a variety of normal epithelial tissues, and overexpression of MUC1 is detected in several human cancers. This study aimed to elucidate whether sialylated MUC1 expression correlated with: (i) clinical stage of prostate cancer; (ii) pathological grade of prostate cancer; (iii) pretreatment serum level of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA); or (iv) the disease prognosis in patients with prostate cancer who received endocrine therapy.

Methods:We collected 57 biopsy specimens from prostate cancer patients treated with only endocrine therapy, and 10 specimens of normal prostates. These specimens were stained immunohistochemically by using a novel monoclonal antibody, MY.1E12, to detect sialylated MUC1. The levels of expression, clinical stages, pathological grades, pretreatment serum level of PSA and the prognoses of the patients were statistically analyzed for correlations.

Results:There were statistically significant correlations between the expression of sialylated MUC1 and pathological grades (WHO grade,P < 0.01; Gleason score,P < 0.05). Expression increased according to the progression of the disease (existence of clinical metastasis,P < 0.05; clinical T‐stage,P < 0.01). Patients with high serum levels of PSA had higher expression than those with low levels (P < 0.01). The level of sialylated MUC1 significantly correlated with progression‐free survival (P < 0.01) and cause‐specific survival (P < 0.01) according to univariate analyses. Furthermore, the level significantly correlated with progression‐free survival according to multivariate analysis.

Conclusions:These results suggest that sialylated MUC1 plays an important role in the progression of prostate cancer, and that its expression level in the primary lesion is a useful marker for the prognoses of patients undergoing endocrine therapy.
Clinical characteristics of prostate cancer in Japanese men in the eras before and after serum prostate‐specific antigen testing
Authors: OKIHARA KOJI , NAKANISHI HIROYUKI , NAKAMURA TERUKAZU , MIZUTANI YOICHI , KAWAUCHI AKIHIRO , MIKI TSUNEHARU
Published: July 2005

Background: We retrospectively reviewed a large series of Japanese men with histologically proven prostate cancer to assess the clinical characteristics of the cancer in three different eras of prostate cancer management since prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing started in 1988.

Methods: The medical records of 1125 patients treated between 1975 and 2002 were reviewed with respect to age, chief complaints, clinical stage, tumor grade, treatment options at each stage, and prognosis. We classified the patients as follows: those treated in the pre‐PSA era between 1975 and 1988 (n = 182), those treated in the PSA era between 1988 and 1997 (n = 301; PSA era phase 1) and the PSA era between 1998 and 2002 (n = 642; PSA era phase 2).

Results: Compared with the pre‐PSA era, there were significant increases in the proportion of well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma with respect to the biopsy tumor grade (24 vs 35%, P < 0.01), in the proportion of clinically organ‐confined disease (21 vs 43%, P < 0.001), and in the proportion of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (13%vs 20%, P < 0.01) after PSA testing was introduced. In addition, there was a significant difference in the proportion of subjects who were 70–79 years of age between the pre‐PSA era (52%, 95/182) and the PSA era phase 2 (42%, 270/642, P < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in the proportion of patients who underwent surgical castration between the pre‐PSA era (78%) and PSA era phase 2 (10%, P < 0.001). The proportion of patients participating in prostate cancer screening increased from 3% (pre‐PSA era) to 11% (PSA era phase 1 and PSA era phase 2, P < 0.05). In all clinical stages, there were significant differences between the pre‐ and post‐PSA eras in cause‐specific survival rates (5‐year: 74 vs 94% in stages A and B, P < 0.01; 54 vs 89% in stage C, P < 0.001; 32 vs 53% in stage D, P < 0.001).

Conclusions: Migrations in the age of patients (toward younger patients), the stage of the cancer (towards earlier stages) and the histological findings (toward favorable findings), in addition to changes in treatment options, have contributed to the prolonged survival of Japanese men with prostate cancer after the PSA testing was introduced.
Recent trends of genitourinary endoscopy in children
Authors: NONOMURA KATSUYA , KAKIZAKI HIDEHIRO
Published: July 2005

Abstract Downsizing and refinement of the pediatric endoscope in video‐monitoring systems have facilitated genitourinary endoscopy even in small children without any traumatic instrumentation. Indications for endoscopy in children with hematuria or tractable urinary tract infection have been tailored for the rareness of genitourinary malignancy or secondary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) as a result of infravesical obstruction. Most mechanical outlet obstructions can be relieved endoscopically irrespective of sex and age. Endoscopic decompression by puncture or incision of both intravesical and ectopic ureteroceles can be an initial treatment similar to open surgery for an affected upper moiety. Endoscopy is necessary following urodynamic study to exclude minor infravesical obstruction only in children with unexplained dysfunctional voiding. Genitourinary endoscopy is helpful for structural abnormalities before and at the time of repairing congenital urogenital anomalies. Endoscopic injection therapy of VUR has been established as a less invasive surgical treatment. Pediatric endoscopy will play a greater role in the armamentarium for most pediatric urological diseases through the analysis of visual data and discussion on the indications for endoscopy throughout the world.
Effect of tamsulosin on the number and intensity of ureteral colic in patients with lower ureteral calculus
Authors: RESIM SEFA , EKERBICER HASAN , CIFTCI AHMET
Published: July 2005

Abstract Background: We aimed to objectively determine whether tamsulosin as an α1‐blocker was effective in patients who had ureterolithiasis located in the lower part of the ureter.

Methods: Sixty patients with lower ureteral calculi (juxtavesical or intramural portion) were included in the present study. Conservative treatment, such as hydration and tenoxicam as a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, was given to group 1 (30 patients). Group 2 (30 patients) was given tamsulosin (0.4 mg daily) in addition to the conservative treatment. All patients were followed up and questioned about the numbers and intensity of ureteral colic, and the rates of spontaneous passage after the procedure.

Results: Spontaneous passage was observed in 22 of the 30 patients in group 1 (73.3%) and 26 of the 30 patients in group 2 (86.6%). The difference within groups 1 and 2 was not significant (P = 0.196). The difference between both groups was not statistically significant either, with the stone diameter being 6 mm (P = 0.635) or >6 mm (P = 0.407). As group 1 patients were passing their stones, they had more ureteral colic episodes than group 2 patients. This difference was statistically significant and correlated well with the administration of tamsulosin (P = 0.038). Group 1 patients reported higher scores according to a visual analog scale than group 2 patients. Also, this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.000).

Conclusions: We think that the treatment of α1‐blockers decreased the number of ureteral colic episodes and the intensity of pain during spontaneous passage at the lower ureteral calculi. Also, it will be beneficial to patients’ quality of life.