bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Concentration of Quercetin Reduces the Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid on Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Liu Jialin , Li Yaying , Zhang Zihui , Luo Wenhua , Cao Lan , Liu Huai
Published: February 2021

Large-scale use of systemic pesticides has been considered a potential factor for pollinator population decline. Phytochemicals, e.g., quercetin, have been demonstrated to increase the pesticide tolerance of Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which is helpful to develop strategies to reduce the pesticides hazards to pollinators. In this study, we hypothesized phytochemicals could reduce the detrimental effects of imidacloprid on Apis cerana Fabricius. The lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on A. cerana workers were investigated. The results showed that A. cerana workers chronically exposed to 100 μg/liter imidacloprid had a significantly shorter longevity by 10.81 d compared with control. Acute exposure to imidacloprid at 100 μg/liter impaired the sucrose responsiveness and memory retention of the workers, and 20 μg/liter reduced the sucrose responsiveness. The treatment with 37.8 mg/liter quercetin for 24 h could increase the longevity of A. cerana workers when chronically exposed to 100 μg/liter imidacloprid, and 75.6 mg/liter quercetin feeding treatment alleviated the impairment of sucrose responsiveness. However, workers treated with 151.2 mg/liter and 75.6 mg/liter quercetin had a significantly shorter longevity compared to that of bees chronically exposed to 100 μg/liter imidacloprid without quercetin treatment. Our results suggested that quercetin treatment could produce a biphasic influence on the lethal effects of imidacloprid on A. cerana. Quercetin at 37.8 mg/liter and 75.6 mg/liter in the diet before pesticide exposure was able to reduce the lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid, respectively, providing potential strategies to reduce the pesticides hazards to native honey bees (A. cerana).
Coping Trajectories and the Health-Related Quality of Life of Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Fisher Rachel S , Sharp Katianne M Howard , Prussien Kemar V , Himelhoch Alexandra C , Murphy Lexa K , Rodriguez Erin M , Young-Saleme Tammi K , Vannatta Kathryn , Compas Bruce E , Gerhardt Cynthia A
Published: February 2021

Objective 

To identify coping trajectories from diagnosis through survivorship and test whether particular trajectories exhibit better health-related quality of life (HRQOL) at 5 years post-diagnosis.

Methods 

Families of children with cancer (ages 5-17; M = 10.48, SD = 4.03) were recruited following a new diagnosis of cancer (N = 248). Three follow-up assessments occurred at 1-year (N = 185), 3-years (N = 101), and 5-years (N = 110). Mothers reported on children’s coping using the Responses to Stress Questionnaire for Pediatric Cancer. Survivor HRQOL was measured at 5-year follow-up using self-report on the PedsQL 4.0. Longitudinal patterns of coping were derived using Latent Class Growth Analysis and mean-levels of survivor-report HRQOL were compared across classes.

Results 

Two primary control coping trajectories emerged, “Moderate and Stable” (50%) and “Low-moderate and Decreasing” (50%), with no significant differences in HRQOL across trajectories. Three secondary control coping trajectories emerged, “Moderate-high and Increasing” (54%), “Moderate and Stable” (40%), and “High and Increasing” (6%), with survivors in the last trajectory showing better HRQOL. Two disengagement coping trajectories emerged, “Low and Stable” (85%) and “Low and Variable” (15%), with no significant differences in HRQOL across trajectories.

Conclusions 

Coping trajectories were relatively stable from diagnosis to 5 years. A small group of survivors with high and increasing secondary control coping over time, per mother-report, reported better HRQOL. Future research should consider tailoring coping interventions to children with cancer to improve survivors’ HRQOL.
Effect of genipin-1-β-d-gentiobioside on diabetic nephropathy in mice by activating AMP-activated protein kinase/silencing information regulator-related enzyme 1/ nuclear factor-κB pathway
Authors: Li Fengtao , Song Lijun , Chen Jing , Chen Yu , Li Yongjun , Huang Meizi , Zhao Wenchang
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Genipin-1-β-d-gentiobioside (GG) is a kind of compound extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. The chemical structure of GG is similar to that of geniposide and has antidiabetic effects. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of GG on diabetic nephropathy (DN) in vivo and in vitro experiments and explore its potential mechanism.

Methods

For high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced DN mice used in our study, the general features of mice were analysed after GG treatment. Oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory factors were also measured by commercial kits. Kidney damage was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Masson staining, respectively. In vitro, podocyte injury was assessed by TUNEL and flow cytometric analyses. AMP-activated protein kinase/silencing information regulator related enzyme 1 (AMPK/SIRT1)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway-related proteins were detected by AMPK-siRNA intervention and western blotting.

Key findings

Treatment of GG could increase cell survival and attenuated kidney damage. Despite the presence of inflammatory and oxidative stress, when GG retained the expression of AMPK/SIRT1, it could be observed that the downstream NLRP3 inflammatory-related proteins were inhibited.

Conclusions

Results showed that the protective efficacy of GG on DN works together with hypoglycemia and suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, which at least partly involved in APMK/SIRT1/NF-κB-dependent pathway.
A rare case of retroperitoneal lymphangioma in a 74-year-old Chinese male
Authors: Lim Hui Jun , Tan Joey Wee-Shan , Chia Claramae Shulyn , Ong Chin-Ann Johnny
Published: February 2021

Retroperitoneal lymphangioma is an uncommon and benign mesodermal tumour that arises from the retroperitoneal lymphatics. Notably, it is a rare occurrence in adults, where <200 adult retroperitoneal lymphangioma cases have been published in the literature. Additionally, retroperitoneal lymphangioma is often difficult to diagnose preoperatively and formal diagnosis is frequently determined following surgical exploration. Here, we describe a rare case of retroperitoneal lymphangioma in a 74-year-old man who presented with a 6-month history of intermittent fresh per rectal bleeding with an incidental non-tender left iliac fossa firm mass on examination. Computed tomography scan established a retroperitoneal cystic lesion abutting the aorta and left common iliac vessels. Surgical exploration revealed a large cystic mass and a clean plane of dissection was performed, where the mass was completely excised with all the key structures preserved. Histology was consistent with a retroperitoneal lymphangioma.
Potential problems of partial resection for colitis-associated cancer in a patient with ulcerative colitis: case report
Authors: Horio Yuki , Uchino Motoi , Kihara Takako , Bando Toshihiro , Kuwahara Ryuichi , Minagawa Tomohiro , Kusunoki Kurando , Watanabe Kenji , Hirota Seiichi , Ikeuchi Hiroki
Published: February 2021

Total proctocolectomy and an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis are recommended as the standard procedure for ulcerative colitis (UC)-colitis-associated cancer (CAC). However, several studies have reported the partial colectomy and endoscopic resection of UC-CAC in recent years. We present a surgical case of UC-CAC that was detected at a site that had not been diagnosed preoperatively, and we report potential problems of partial colectomy and endoscopic resection through this case. Considerations of synchronous and metachronous cancer/dysplasia are important before partial resection is planned for CAC in UC. Moreover, it should be noted that endoscopic resection at the anal site can be a risk factor for pouch surgery failure due to fibrosis after resection.
Enucleation of a giant symptomatic gastric lipoma, a safe surgical approach
Authors: Parreira Rafaela , Rama Tiago , Eloi Teresa , Carneiro Vítor , Leite Maria Inês
Published: February 2021

Gastric lipomas are rare, representing 2–3% of all benign tumours of the stomach. Most of these stomach neoplasms are small and detected incidentally during endoscopic or radiology evaluations. Computed tomography is highly specific imaging for lipoma diagnosis. Endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound are other important diagnostic modalities to confirm the diagnosis. Identifying typical features can avoid biopsy or surgery in asymptomatic patients. In patients with larger lesions, usually more than 2 cm, clinical presentation may encompass haemorrhage, abdominal pain, pyloric obstruction and dyspepsia. As a result of its extreme low incidence, treatment is not standardized, though it is widely accepted that a symptomatic tumour mandates resection. Here, we present the case of a 60-year-old female presenting with abdominal pain and recurrent vomiting due to a giant gastric lipoma (80 × 35 × 35 mm). The patient underwent laparotomy and an enucleation was performed.
Tatian’s Diatessaron: The Arabic Version, the Dura Europos Fragment, and the Women Witnesses
Authors: Monier Mina , Taylor Joan E
Published: February 2021

Tatian’s Diatessaron (c. 180 CE) does not survive in its original form but only in later versions. Its content and wording, even its original language, can then be debated. However, there is a small, third-century fragment written in Greek (P. Dura 10), discovered in Dura Europos, identified as coming from the Diatessaron. Some have disputed this identification. The difficulty is that reconstructing the Diatessaron on the basis of later versions has proven problematic, so there is no agreed-upon text with which the fragment can be compared. This study presents current understandings of the Diatessaron and reviews the situation in regard to the Arabic version: a translation of the Diatessaron done in the 11th century from a Syriac text. It is argued that the Arabic Diatessaron manuscripts offer readings that are close to the Dura parchment, and this can be shown particularly in regard to the women’s presence as witnesses to the crucifixion, though there is a slightly different ordering of component parts. It is observed that the Dura fragment itself is not a perfect copy of any master text, but contains significant errors of reading, and thus it may be a writing exercise. As such it cannot be considered a definitive version of the Diatessaron, made by an expert scribe. It does, nevertheless, attempt to copy the Diatessaron, given that its content significantly overlaps with the Arabic version. This analysis uses more manuscripts than ever before assembled of the Arabic Diatessaron, so as to provide a reliable reading of the section that overlaps with the Dura fragment, and calls for a new edition, given that it provides a reasonably accurate representation of the content of Tatian’s work.
Pursuing futures through children: Crisis, social reproduction, and transformation in Burundi’s transnational families
Authors: Berckmoes Lidewyde , Turner Simon
Published: February 2021

Based on multisited fieldwork in Kigali, Rwanda, Belgium, and the Netherlands following the political crisis in Burundi in 2015, we explore decisions and plans for the future among Burundians in exile. In this way, we contribute to research about future making and social reproduction in families in a transnational social field affected by crisis. Adding to the literature, we show the specific effects of crisis on transnational families’ practices and aspirations, such as parental efforts to prevent traumatic world views and the constant need for families to readjust their plans to ongoing crisis dynamics. We argue that as the violence has disrupted the migrant parents’ hopes for a better future for themselves, they redirect their efforts towards their children’s futures. We thus argue that not only future making practices but also aspirations should be seen as social and relational, particularly in times of crisis. In particular, the Burundians living in Rwanda, Belgium and the Netherlands seek to provide their offspring with the skills to become educated, social and moral beings, even it entails sacrificing their own lives and aspirations. Moreover, adding to debates on migrants’ efforts to reproduce their own cultural values and practices in host societies, we find that the Burundian parents attempt to change what they perceive as a ‘culture of hatred and vengeance’ with parenting practices. As such, we argue that many migrant parents explicitly pursue social transformation through their children.
The nearby spiral density-wave structure of the Galaxy: line-of-sight velocities of the Gaia DR2 OB stars
Authors: Griv Evgeny , Gedalin Michael , Jiang Ing-Guey
Published: February 2021

Distances and line-of-sight velocities of 964 Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) OB stars of Xu et al. within 3 kpc from the Sun and 500 pc from the Galactic mid-plane with accuracies of <50 per cent are selected. The data are used to find small systematic departures of velocities from the mean circular motion for the stars in the solar neighborhood due to the spiral compression-type (Lin–Shu-type) waves, or spiral density waves, e.g. those produced by real instabilities of spontaneous gravity disturbances, a central bar or a companion system. A key point of the study is that our results are consistent with the ones extracted from the asymptotic density-wave theory. Revised parameters of density waves in the solar vicinity of the Galaxy are also provided.
Dynamical model of an obscuring clumpy torus in AGNs – I. Velocity and velocity dispersion maps for interpretation of ALMA observations
Authors: Bannikova E Yu , Sergeyev A V , Akerman N A , Berczik P P , Ishchenko M V , Capaccioli M , Akhmetov V S
Published: February 2021

We have developed the dynamical model of a clumpy torus in an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and compared to recent The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations. We present N-body simulations of a torus in the field of a supermassive black hole (SMBH), made of up to N = 105 gravitationally interacting clouds. As initial conditions, we choose random distributions of the orbital elements of the clouds with a cut-off in the inclination to mimic the presence of wind cones produced at the early AGN stage. When the torus reaches an equilibrium, it has a doughnut shape. We discuss the presence of box orbits. We have then constructed the velocity and velocity dispersion maps using the resulting distributions of the clouds at equilibrium. The effects of torus inclination and cloud sizes are duly analysed. We discuss the obscuration effects of the clouds using a ray tracing simulation matching the model maps to ALMA resolution. By comparing the model with the observational maps of NGC 1068, we find that the SMBH mass is $M_\text{smbh}=5\times 10^6 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ for the range of the torus inclination angles 45°–60°. We also construct the velocity dispersion maps for NGC 1326 and NGC 1672. They show that the peaks in the ALMA dispersion maps are related to the emission of the torus throat. Finally, we obtain the temperature distribution maps with parameters that correspond to our model velocity maps for NGC 1068. They show stratification in temperature distribution with the shape of the high-temperature region as in the VLTI/MIDI map.
Removing the giants and learning from the crowd: A new SZ power spectrum method and revised Compton y-map analysis
Authors: Rotti Aditya , Bolliet Boris , Chluba Jens , Remazeilles Mathieu
Published: February 2021

The Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) effect provides a powerful cosmological probe, which traditionally is approached independently as cluster number count (CNC) or power spectrum (PS) analysis. Here, we devise a new method for analysing the y-map by introducing the survey completeness function, conventionally only used in the CNC analysis, in the yy-PS modelling. This provides a systematic method, based mainly on SZ observables, for obtaining two complementary y-maps, one incorporating detected/resolved clusters and the other relying only on diffuse/unresolved SZ contributions. We use the catalogue of clusters obtained in the Planck CNC analysis to define the completeness function linking these two y-maps. The split depends on the chosen signal-to-noise detection threshold, which we vary in our discussion. We carefully propagate the effect of completeness cuts on the non-Gaussian error contributions in the yy-PS analysis, highlighting the benefits of masking massive clusters. Our analysis of the Planck yy-PS for the unresolved component yields a mass bias of b = 0.15 ± 0.04, consistent with the standard value (b ≈ 0.2), in comparison to b = 0.4 ± 0.05 for the total yy-PS. We find indications for this drift being driven by the CIB-tSZ cross-correlation, which dominantly originates from clusters in the resolved component of the y-map. Another possible explanation is the presence of a mass-dependent bias, which has been theoretically motivated and can be quantified with our novel method. We furthermore find first hints for the presence of the 2-halo terms in the yy-PS. Finally, the proposed method provides a new framework for combining the complementary information of the CNC and PS analyses in upcoming SZ surveys.
Critical review of the publications on the genotoxicology of aluminium salts: 1990–2018
Authors: Jenkinson Peter
Published: February 2021

Since the mid-1970s, there have been many reports that purport to implicate aluminium in the aetiology of neurodegenerative disease. After several decades of research, the role of aluminium in such disease remains controversial and is not the subject of this review. However, if aluminium is implicated in such disease then it follows that there must be a toxicological mechanism or mode of action, and many researchers have investigated various potential mechanisms including the involvement of oxidative damage, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. This paper reviews many of the publications of studies using various salts of aluminium and various genotoxicity end points, both in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on oxidative damage. The conclusion of this review is that the majority, if not all, of the publications that report positive results have serious technical flaws and/or implausible findings and consequently should contribute little or no weight to a weight of evidence (WoE) argument. There are many high-quality, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-compliant genotoxicity studies, that follow relevant OECD test guidelines and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) integrated mutagenicity testing strategy, on several salts of aluminium; all demonstrate clear negative results for both in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity. In addition, the claim for an oxidative mode of action for aluminium can be shown to be spurious. This review concludes that there are no reliable studies that demonstrate a potential for genotoxicity, or oxidative mode of action, for aluminium.
Extent of radiological response does not reflect survival in primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: van der Meulen Matthijs , Postma Alida A , Smits Marion , Bakunina Katerina , Minnema Monique C , Seute Tatjana , Cull Gavin , Enting Roelien H , van der Poel Marjolein , Stevens Wendy B C , Brandsma Dieta , Beeker Aart , Doorduijn Jeanette K , Issa Samar , van den Bent Martin J , Bromberg Jacoline E C
Published: February 2021

Background

In primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), small enhancing lesions can persist after treatment. It is unknown whether a difference in response category (complete response [CR], complete response unconfirmed [CRu], or partial response [PR]) reflects survival. We aimed to determine the value of a central radiology review on response assessment and whether the extent of response influenced progression-free and/or overall survival.

Methods

All patients in the HOVON 105/ALLG NHL 24 study with at least a baseline MRI and one MRI made for response evaluation available for central review were included. Tumor measurements were done by 2 independent central reviewers, disagreements were adjudicated by a third reviewer. Crude agreement and interobserver agreement (Cohen's kappa) were calculated. Differences in progression-free and overall survival between different categories of response at the end-of-protocol-treatment were assessed by the log-rank test in a landmark survival-analysis.

Results

Agreement between the central reviewers was 61.7% and between local and central response assessment was 63.0%. Cohen's kappa's, which corrects for expected agreement, were 0.44 and 0.46 (moderate), respectively. Progression agreement or not was 93.3% (kappa 0.87) between local and central response assessment. There were no significant differences in progression-free and overall survival between patients with CR, CRu, or PR at the end-of-protocol-treatment, according to both local and central response assessment.

Conclusions

Reliability of response assessment (CR/CRu/PR) is moderate even by central radiology review and these response categories do not reliably predict survival. Therefore, primary outcome in PCNSL studies should be survival rather than CR or CR/CRu-rate.
Players in the Migration Game
Authors: Morris Irwin L.
Published: February 2021

Migratory patterns have long played a significant role in southern politics. Scholars often cite the in-migration of young, well-educated Republicans in the last half of the 20th century as a key factor in the growth of southern Republicanism. Today, movers—those who have changed cities of residence in the last few years—still tend to be young and relatively well educated, but now they are significantly more likely to be progressive and much more likely to identify as Democrats than non-movers. Their migration has a direct impact on the places they are moving to (those locales that are growing) and the places they are leaving (those that tend to be declining). The growing places are becoming more progressive because these progressive movers have arrived. In those southern areas that movers are vacating, conservatism and Republican support (at least among whites) is growing.
Migrant Magnets: How Movers Change the Politics of Their New Homes and the Places They Leave: The Cases of People of Blacks and Latinos
Authors: Morris Irwin L.
Published: February 2021

Just as at predicts movers influence the partisan attachments and ideological orientations of white stayers, movers and stayers theory leads us to expect stayers of color to respond to movers and the broader population growth (and decline) their migratory patterns produce. However, the effects on people of color are likely to be subtler than the effects among white stayers. Likewise, people of color are likely to respond differently to community decline than whites because their baseline attachments to the Democratic Party are much stronger. African American stayers in declining communities maintain their attachment to the Democratic Party rather than shifting toward the Democratic Party rather than the Republican Party. In high-growth areas, African American stayers also become more ideologically progressive. While results for Latinos are more muted, the strikingly large proportion of Latino stayers in high-growth communities—and high-growth states—suggests they will be an increasingly important facet of 21st-century southern politics.
Overview of Trauma
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee
Published: February 2021

An overview of issues related to trauma is offered. Freud’s influence, definitions of trauma and complex trauma, epidemiology, adverse childhood experience studies, neurobiological aspects of trauma, characteristics of trauma clients, trauma-informed care and its implications for treatment are all outlined and reviewed.
I-FAST Trauma and Frames
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee
Published: February 2021

Cultural, family, and professional frames and narratives are identified and discussed as they pertain to trauma. How all of these types of frames and narratives can reinforce and exacerbate trauma symptoms is explored. How integrative family and systems treatment (I-FAST) utilizes strengths-based frames in working with trauma survivors and their families is described. Several case examples are outlined with family frames tracked and frames offered to set the stage for treatment.
Record Labels
Authors: Robin William
Published: February 2021

In the 1990s, Bang on a Can jumped from releasing albums on the academic label Composers Recordings, Inc. to signing a contract with the major label Sony Classical. Their path emblematized an unusual moment in recording contemporary music: after Nonesuch’s 1992 recording of Henryk Górecki’s Symphony No. 3 became extraordinarily popular, major labels looked to contemporary music as a means to reach new listeners. Whereas new music had previously been the provenance of noncommercial labels like CRI, major labels began investing in new composers and new institutions like Bang on a Can in the hopes of turning new profits. From Sony, Bang on a Can jumped to Philips’s Point Music and released their rendition of Brian Eno’s Music for Airports, an album designed to reach new rock audience; and from there, amidst the industry tumult of the late 1990s, they struck out on their own with the independent label Cantaloupe Music.
Just a Little Bit of History Repeating
Authors: and Michelson
Published: February 2021

Recent vocal and vociferous anti-transgender messages parallel historical attacks aimed at gay men and lesbians throughout the 20th century. Back then, many people described gay and lesbian people as pedophiles, sexual deviants, unnatural, or mentally ill. Both historically and today, opponents to transgender equality often call into question the legitimacy of transgender identity, dismissing transgender people as predatory, deviant, a threat to the natural order, or mentally ill. While there are parallels between public opinion toward gay men and lesbians then and transgender people today, this chapter discusses three significant differences: the nature and structure of public opinion, the role of media portrayals, and the impact of interpersonal contact with outgroups. The chapter addresses each in turn, describing how the past, present, and future of transgender rights differ from those of rights for gay men and lesbians.
Emotions and Moral Elevation
Authors: and Michelson
Published: February 2021

Opposition to transgender people and rights is often based in emotional reactions, particularly in disgust and fear. Plutchik’s theory of emotion suggests that openness to transgender people and rights can be increased by mitigating those emotions with opposing ones. For example, when a person is thinking out of fear or anxiety, you can neutralize fear with trust. Relatedly, when people experience a sense of goodness and happiness, or a sense of moral elevation, such as extreme generosity, they can be motivated to also be more supportive of transgender people and rights. This test of identity reassurance theory uses two experiments, one exposing participants to photos of scary spiders or cute puppies and another exposing participants to videos meant to amuse or to increase feelings of moral elevation.
In the Beginning Was the Image
Authors: Price David H.
Published: February 2021

This pioneering study focuses on decisive contributions by Albrecht Dürer, Lucas Cranach the Elder, and Hans Holbein the Younger to the popular promotion of the printed Bible and, beyond that, to the evangelical impulses that transformed ecclesiastical art. The Renaissance, always recognized as a time of artistic and theological foment for Christianity, also witnessed a visual re-formation of the Bible. Material culture played its part, since the printing press allowed proliferation of biblical images and texts on a previously unimaginable scale. Contrary to commonly accepted claims that the Reformation resulted in the atrophy of art, artists offered richly visual experiences for the biblical culture of the new Protestant churches. This book also explores the paradox of the Bible’s cultural status. The Bible, authority for Christian culture, shattered the unity of Christianity with its divergent editions and translations. Reformation art required new approaches to accommodate confessional and textual diversity. Rulers, theologians, and artists created new Bibles as foundations for transformative sociopolitical movements. In this richly nuanced study, a new understanding emerges of how Dürer, Cranach, and Holbein invented biblical iconographies as they promoted the relationship of biblicism to faith and political authority.
Bretton Woods Cassandra
Authors: Maes Ivo
Published: February 2021

In 1951, Robert Triffin became a professor at Yale. By the end of the 1950s, Triffin became more and more worried about the international reserve position of the United States due to the country’s gold losses and the increase in dollar liabilities. In his view, the continued deterioration in the US net reserve position would undermine foreigners’ confidence in the dollar as a safe medium for reserve accumulation. So, the gold exchange standard was not sustainable, as argued in his famous dilemma. Triffin thus established his reputation as the Cassandra who predicted the end of Bretton Woods. However, he was an optimistic Cassandra. He sought a more international solution for the world liquidity problem, a true internationalization of the foreign exchange component of the world’s international reserves. This chapter also pays attention to life in Yale and Triffin’s reaction to the Vietnam War.
Coal
Authors: Meier Paul F.
Published: February 2021

Coal has two main energy applications, with about 90% used for electricity generation and 10% used for commercial and residential heating. In terms of electricity generation in the United States, coal is responsible for about 28%, a significant decrease from 53% twenty years earlier when it was the leading energy for producing electricity. There are two primary commercial methods for generating electricity from coal including pulverized coal combustion and fluidized bed coal combustion. To safely burn coal, sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy metals are removed at the electric plant. The sequestering of sulfur and nitrogen are important steps for limiting acid rain and ground level ozone. To generate electricity, the United States has about 360 coal plants with about 790 generators, of which greater than 90% use pulverized coal technology. Most coal is transported by rail.
An Equal Place?
Authors: Cummings Scott L.
Published: February 2021

This concluding chapter considers how local movements to make Los Angeles a more equal place—one in which marginalized workers have greater protections, better wages and benefits, and a larger voice in the workplace and politics—have depended on a new generation of lawyers, embedded in local networks and committed to local action, who have negotiated an equal place of their own in advancing economic justice campaigns. It does so by exploring the larger contributions of the book’s five case studies: assessing what they teach about the meaning of equality both as a process and an outcome of legal advocacy in the contemporary American metropolis. To do so, the chapter offers two perspectives on local legal mobilization, one empirical and the other theoretical. First, from an empirical perspective, it synthesizes evidence from the case studies to evaluate the central role that lawyers have played in the struggle for economic justice in Los Angeles—and how their leadership has contributed to regulatory change strengthening workers’ economic rights and political representation. Second, from a theoretical perspective, the chapter reflects on the book’s lessons for the study of lawyering, labor, and local government law, drawing attention to how the L.A. campaigns inform critical normative aspirations within each field—the possibility of reviving progressive lawyering to address the challenges of neoliberalism, rehabilitating federal labor law to contest economic inequality, and reimagining local government law as a catalyst for national reform.
Stages of Nomadism: Honeymooners, Visa Runners, and Resident Nomads
Authors: Woldoff Rachael A. , Litchfield Robert C.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 5 describes the stages of digital nomadism through the lens of three vignettes. The first, focused on honeymooners testing out the location-independent lifestyle, features Pauline, a twenty-eight-year-old who arrived in Bali two months after quitting a high-pressure Manhattan job in the music industry. The second vignette illustrates visa runners, who “run” to another country to receive an entry stamp before returning in order to extend their stay past the sixty days allowed on a typical visit visa. It profiles Lucy, a media content creator, who left her job in London to work as a freelancer based in Bali. The final vignette illuminates the lives of resident nomads who have been in Bali for over a year and have no immediate plans to leave. This vignette tells the story of Lorelei and Norman, a couple who moved to Bali in 2014 and have reinvented their lives through online entrepreneurship.
Conclusion
Authors: Woldoff Rachael A. , Litchfield Robert C.
Published: February 2021

Disillusioned knowledge workers move around the world to get away from places they find toxic. However, they find that place matters. Even these digital nomads, who value freedom and mobility above nearly all else, seek places where they can build face-to-face community with like-minded others. Digital nomads reject the bargain offered to today’s creative professionals in world class cities, believing it to be too damaging to the values they hold dear. They have created a community where they believe they can reach their full human potential. This chapter summarizes findings, discusses their relevance for theories about community and the creative class, and offers insights about the future of work and cities.
Introduction to ITSA
Authors: McDowall David , McCleary Richard , Bartos Bradley J.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 1 introduces Interrupted Time Series Analysis (ITSA) as a toolbox for researchers whose data consist of a long sequence of observations | say, N ≥15 observations | measured before and after a treatment or intervention. Sometimes the treatment or intervention is implemented by the researcher, other times it occurs naturally or by accident. The chapter also describes a family of impact types, characterized by their onset (abrupt or gradual) and duration (permanent or temporary); and the essential role of counterfactual controls in causal inference. The chapter concludes with an outline and summary of the book's subsequent chapters.
The Intervention Component: X( It)
Authors: McDowall David , McCleary Richard , Bartos Bradley J.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 4 introduces the full ARIMA intervention model. Most substantive theories specify the intervention as an exogenous dichotomy. A Box-Tiao transfer function then distributes the intervention's response across the endogenous time series to reflect a theoretically specified onset and duration. Transfer functions allow the noise component to be parsed from the residualized time series. Theoretical specification of the intervention model requires at least some sense of the onset and duration of the impact. Detailed analyses of ten time series demonstrate how to handle interventions with abrupt and permanent, gradually accruing, gradually decaying, and complex impacts. One popular version of an ITSA short course ends with Chapter 4. Although statistically adequate ARIMA models can be built using the modeling strategy described in Chapters 3-4, survey knowledge of the auxiliary methods described in Chapter 5 is recommended.
The Case for Phosphorus
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2021

As this chapter explains, one approach to evaluate nutrient limitation is to compare nutrient concentrations with the Redfield ratio. Alfred Redfield had no formal background in oceanography, yet he made one of the most fundamental discoveries in the field. He found that the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in marine microorganisms is the same as the ratio of the two elements in nutrients dissolved in the oceans. Because of work with the ratio, the current Hypoxia Action Plan for the Gulf of Mexico mentions phosphorus as well as nitrogen. In the Baltic Sea, it was argued that the focus should be solely on phosphorus to limit toxic cyanobacterial blooms, but other work demonstrates the importance of limiting nitrogen for minimizing eutrophication. Once considered to be a dead lake, Lake Erie improved after the construction of wastewater-treatment plants and the banning of phosphorus-rich detergents, as the chapter shows. But the lake continues to have problems with hypoxia and harmful algal blooms, because of continuing inputs of phosphate and organic nitrogen. The chapter ends by arguing that both nitrogen and phosphorus must be considered in efforts to solve the dead-zone problem.
Beats in a Box (Beginner)
Authors: Egolf Eva Josephine
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes a lesson designed for young band students learning to read whole, half, and quarter notes. The lesson can also work for older students using more complicated rhythms. It works well with groups of five to ten students so that everyone can get a chance to make a rhythm on the SMART Board. In this activity students compose and perform short rhythmic compositions. Using quarter notes, half notes, and whole notes (or whatever suits your learning objectives), students create rhythms that correspond to a given time signature. Students then perform the rhythms by clapping, or with instruments.
The Patented Humberstone Four-Finger Technique (Beginner)
Authors: Humberstone James
Published: February 2021

The lesson in this chapter explains a compositional approach for students who do not have any theoretical understanding of chords or harmony. Students are often put off by a music theory-first approach to composing, which can be a barrier for many interested but inexperienced students. This lesson emphasizes having fun and making music. This approach gets students who are using a keyboard (MIDI, on-screen, piano, it does not matter) to “randomly” create chords, then order them, and sequence them, to create an original piece of music. By diving directly into composing, students can gain both knowledge and confidence in their own musical voice.
When the Past Meets the Present (Intermediate)
Authors: Lau Angela
Published: February 2021

The activities described in this chapter encourage learners to develop skills in listening, analysis, and arranging through the use of aQWERTYon, a web-based musical keyboard. This unit uses an inquiry-based learning approach based on the idea that music continuously changes as a response to societal, cultural, and technological impacts. Designed for students in the fourth grade, learners are introduced to what a musical arrangement is, and are given arrangements to analyze and determine what parts of them are taken from the past, present, or both. Following, learners are tasked with creating their own arrangements relevant to their own respective cultures and present them to the class.
Alphabet Soup (Beginner)
Authors: Marsella Richard
Published: February 2021

The activity described in this chapter is one of many that can help inspire students to compose. Done collectively with a group of people of any age in a community or school context, the facilitator of the activity uses a set of word magnets to ignite the imaginations of the participants and then gets them to write a song in a popular style. Adding fun words that spark social, political, or controlled avenues of exploration are left to the discretion of the facilitator. This exercise is a fun and simple way to improvise lyrics, and begin the process of setting those words to music.
Orchestration
Authors: Reilly James
Published: February 2021

Orchestration explores the origins, operations, and effectiveness of China’s distinctive “orchestration” approach to economic statecraft. It describes how China engages in economic statecraft, explains why China uses this approach, and identifies when Beijing’s efforts are most effective. The first two chapters trace how China’s unique historical experiences and complex political-economic structures led to Beijing’s orchestration approach. Today, Chinese leaders deploy incentives and innovative policies to mobilize a vast array of companies, banks, and local officials to rapidly expand trade and investment with targeted countries around the world. China’s economic statecraft thus requires only a light touch. Four chapters comparing China’s economic statecraft across Europe, and in Myanmar and North Korea, reveal Beijing’s orchestration in action. Policymakers combined delegation with incentives, encouraged participation by regional authorities and enterprises, and facilitated interest alignment among implementing actors to successfully mobilize domestic actors. When problems with enterprise malfeasance, policy stretching, and moral hazards emerged, central leaders adroitly reversed course. Despite successful implementation, Beijing’s economic statecraft exacerbated populist anxieties, undermining China’s foreign policy goals. The policy implications for countries targeted by China’s economic statecraft are thus broadly reassuring. Orchestration concludes by laying a foundation for future studies in comparative economic statecraft.
Introduction
Authors: Hoy Benjamin
Published: February 2021

The introduction uses the stories of Andrue Berding, Walking Earth, and Red Dog to showcase the diversity of experiences that surround the Canada–US border. These accounts highlight the principal historical issues this book addresses: the colonial nature of the border, its uneven application, and the expansiveness of its enforcement. The introduction also outlines how the Canada–US border grew over more than a century in response to regional concerns related to Indigenous power, Chinese immigration, political angling, and natural resources. If the Canada–US border is remembered today as the “world’s longest undefended border,” that outcome was not preordained. It required that both countries learned to hide more than a hundred years of violence, anxiety, and dispute in order to do so.
Recasting Roles
Authors: Autesserre Séverine
Published: February 2021

Chapter Six explains how people who work in war zones can learn from the success stories presented throughout the book. Building on the stories of remarkable individuals and organizations from various parts of the world, it offers concrete ideas that can inspire readers and give them models to follow. The chapter first identifies the main characteristics of effective peacebuilders (whether donors, diplomats, United Nations peacekeepers, non-governmental organization staff members, or grassroots activists), and explains how outsiders can best help host populations resolve conflicts. It then recognizes the need for international involvement, emphasizing the value that foreigners have as outsiders in conflict zones while acknowledging the challenges that their presence poses, and discussing the benefits and limitations of relying on local elites and ordinary citizens. Throughout, this chapter advocates for a different, more effective approach to building peace—both from the bottom up and from the top down.
Choosing among Implausible Leaders
Authors: Drahos Peter
Published: February 2021

China is an implausible leader for the globalization of a bio-digital energy paradigm, but the United States and European Union are even less plausible candidates. The chapter shows how the fracking revolution has turned the United States into an energy-secure fossil fuel superpower. No US president can close down the fossil fuel industry. The New Green Deal is unlikely to have much impact on US politics and is only of modest interest to Wall Street. The European Union’s Energy Union initiative is important. But the European Union’s leadership of the bio-digital energy paradigm is hampered by the different energy and industrial interests of its members. Despite China’s corruption problems, it is the least implausible leader of an energy revolution. China’s improved standard-setting capacities are outlined. The chapter concludes by discussing China’s pressure-driving mechanism, a distinctive tool of governance that allows China to overcome problems of fragmentation in its system.
The Unitary Executive
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the theory of the unitary executive and its deployment in the Trump presidency afgainst the specter of a Deep State. The theory asserts that the president possesses all the executive power, that the incumbent alone is the executive branch. The idea is that anything less than complete control over administration by that individual risks an obfuscation of responsibility, clouding the judgments on presidential performance that “the people” get to deliver retrospectively in the next election. This reading of the Constitution is often joined to a strikingly plebiscitary conception of American democracy. This chapter takes up two issues of special interest. The first is an alternative “republican reading” of the Constitution which anticipates inter-branch collaboration in the control of administrative power. The second is the relationship between the vesting clause of Article II, on which the unitary theory is based, and the selection procedure, which has changed radically since its original constitutional formulation. The chapter concludes by pointing to the distortions of constitutional meaning introduced by joining an expansive reading of the vesting clause to contemporary selection mechanisms.
The Politics of Federal Prosecution
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D.
Published: February 2021

Federal prosecutors have immense power and discretion to decide when to bring criminal charges, what plea bargains to offer, and how to implement the federal government’s legal priorities in their districts. While U.S. Attorneys take pains to emphasize their independence, we know relatively little about the extent to which politics colors federal prosecutorial staffing and decision-making. The Politics of Federal Prosecution draws upon a wealth of data from 1990s to the present to examine the interplay of political factors and federal prosecution. First, the authors find that congressional and presidential politics affect who becomes federal prosecutors and how long those individuals serve. Second, the book demonstrates that signals of presidential and congressional preferences, along with local priorities, affect key prosecutorial decisions: whether to bring prosecutions, how to approach plea bargaining negotiations, and when to utilize criminal asset forfeiture to cripple criminal activities. In short, the book demonstrates that politics affects the behavior of U.S. Attorneys at nearly every stage of their service.
Jamaican postcolonial writing practices and metalinguistic discourses as a challenge to established norms and standards
Authors: Hollington Andrea
Published: February 2021

There are moments when people imagine languages differently, sometimes even radically rethinking “language” beyond the conventional idea of “language” itself as a coherent entity. Such moments tend to coincide with, or be triggered by, other historically significant occasions such as the casting off of the yoke of cruel colonial ministries, or the search for a new collective sense of self, previously stigmatized. Often accompanying such reimaginings is a new embodied and euphoric sense of self, suddenly made possible through language, together with the realization that language has the power to form other subjectivities. This chapter considers a singular and brief moment of such reimagining. It is the reimagining of Portuguese in the dawning of a post-colonial, independent Mozambique.