bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease in the REACH Registry: The Spanish Contribution
Authors: Suárez Carmen
Published: October 2007

Background: Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) is the world’s largest registry designed to obtain information on the control of vascular disease risk factors (VDRF) and preventive treatment. Methods: 67,888 patients with symptomatic atherothrombosis or a high risk of developing the disease have been recruited from 5,473 outpatient clinics of 44 countries. Results: Of those in the REACH registry, 82% are patients in secondary prevention, and 27% have cerebrovascular disease (CVD). As with the rest of the patients, the control of VDRF in patients with CVD is poor and needs improvement. The characteristics of the Spanish patients do not differ significantly from the rest of the subjects in the registry. Conclusion: The registry carries information not only on the characteristics of patients with CVD and their therapeutic management, but also on the incidence of new vascular complications as well as on the effectiveness of different therapeutic strategies in preventing new complications in standard clinical practice.
Current Status of Carotid Endarterectomy and Stenting for Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis
Authors: Rothwell Peter M.
Published: October 2007

There is still considerable uncertainty about the place of carotid stenting in patients with recently symptomatic carotid bifurcation stenosis. Most reviews of carotid endarterectomy versus carotid stenting concentrate on technical aspects and advances in stenting, but the techniques involved in both carotid endarterectomy and stenting are evolving. In addition to reviewing the results of the various randomised controlled trials of carotid endarterectomy versus stenting for symptomatic carotid stenosis, this review considers recent advances and current best practice for endarterectomy. Ongoing randomized trials will determine whether or not the procedural risk of stroke and death is definitely lower with endarterectomy than with stenting, but the key issue that remains to be determined reliably is how the procedural risks of stenting vary with patient characteristics – perhaps the most important question being not whether endarterectomy is better than stenting or vice versa, but for whom is one technique likely to be better than the other.
Brain Stimulation in Poststroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Alonso-Alonso Miguel , Fregni Felipe , Pascual-Leone Alvaro
Published: October 2007

Brain stimulation techniques provide a powerful means to modulate the function of specific neural structures, and show potential for future applications in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. Recent studies have started to translate to the bedside the body of data gathered over the last few years on mechanisms underlying brain plasticity and stroke recovery. Both noninvasive and invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation and direct cortical stimulation with epidural electrodes, have recently been tested in small studies with stroke patients. The results to date are very promising. Nonetheless, we are still at an early stage in the field and further evidence is needed to assess the clinical impact of this new approach. In this review, we provide readers with a basic introduction to the field, summarize preliminary studies and discuss future directions.
Neuroplasticity and Cellular Therapy in Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Rodríguez-González Raquel , Hurtado Olivia , Sobrino Tomás , Castillo José
Published: October 2007

Stroke is the second to third most common cause of death in adults, and more than a third of people who survive a stroke will have severe disability. Therapeutic options currently centre on fibrinolytic treatment, but its limitations restrict use to a small proportion of patients. Although a wide range of neuroprotective substances has been effective in experimental models, they have repeatedly failed in clinical trials because of toxicity or loss of effectiveness. Recent strategies based on neuroplasticity and cellular therapy have shown significant efficacy in improving functional recovery in experimental models, although further study is still necessary to clarify how the brain responds to ischaemic damage and is able to reorganize itself in the long term. Although steps must still be taken to ensure the safety and feasibility of treatments based on neuroplasticity and cellular therapy, neurorepair strategies provide promising future therapeutic options for stroke.
Language Profiles and Naming in Children with Word Finding Difficulties
Authors: Dockrell Julie E. , Messer David
Published: October 2007

Objective: To examine whether lexical access problems in children with word finding difficulties (WFDs) are restricted to measures of naming or include wider language impairments and the extent to which language skills are related to performance in the accuracy, latency and definitions of lexical items that are comprehended. Patients and Methods: Thirty-one children with identified WFDs completed a set of standardized language measures and an experimental naming and definition task. Results: The current cohort had difficulties with a range of language tasks. Phonological fluency and non-word repetition measures were significantly impaired and different from those of typically developing children. Phonological processes and measures of receptive and expressive language predicted accuracy in naming comprehended items but failed to predict the latency to name or the provision of accurate definitions. Conclusion: Children with WFDs often have additional language difficulties; these difficulties are predictive of performance on confrontational naming tasks. Latency to name, although a significant impairment, was not related to the standardized measures. Further research is needed to identify measures associated with speed of lexical retrieval. The data highlight the importance of examining the precursors to lexical access difficulties and examining different indices of lexical performance when intervening with children’s WFDs.
Prevalence of Dementia in the United States: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study
Authors: Plassman B.L. , Langa K.M. , Fisher G.G. , Heeringa S.G. , Weir D.R. , Ofstedal M.B. , Burke J.R. , Hurd M.D. , Potter G.G. , Rodgers W.L. , Steffens D.C. , Willis R.J. , Wallace R.B.
Published: October 2007

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias in the USA using a nationally representative sample. Methods: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study sample was composed of 856 individuals aged 71 years and older from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) who were evaluated for dementia using a comprehensive in-home assessment. An expert consensus panel used this information to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment but not demented, or dementia (and dementia subtype). Using sampling weights derived from the HRS, we estimated the national prevalence of dementia, AD and vascular dementia by age and gender. Results: The prevalence of dementia among individuals aged 71 and older was 13.9%, comprising about 3.4 million individuals in the USA in 2002. The corresponding values for AD were 9.7% and 2.4 million individuals. Dementia prevalence increased with age, from 5.0% of those aged 71–79 years to 37.4% of those aged 90 and older. Conclusions: Dementia prevalence estimates from this first nationally representative population-based study of dementia in the USA to include subjects from all regions of the country can provide essential information for effective planning for the impending healthcare needs of the large and increasing number of individuals at risk for dementia as our population ages.
Stroke in Isfahan, Iran: Hospital Admission and 28-Day Case Fatality Rate
Authors: Oveisgharan Shahram , Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Shirani Shahin , Hosseini Shidokht , Hasanzadeh Parisa , Khosravi Alireza
Published: October 2007

Background: In Isfahan, a city in the middle of Iran, a community intervention trial has been started for cardiovascular disease prevention and control via reducing its risk factors and improvement of relevant healthy behavior. A surveillance system was needed to monitor vascular diseases, especially stroke, during and following this community intervention program. Methods: A prospective study on hospitalized stroke patients was done in Isfahan, Iran, from 2000 to 2003. All hospitalized stroke events were recorded via a system adopted from the World Health Organization Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) project, yet ignoring the MONICA age limitation. The age-adjusted hospital admission rate was calculated. Patients and/or their families were followed and asked regarding the patients’ survival status. Results: The age-adjusted hospital admission rate in Isfahan was increasing from 2000 to 2003 (rising from 84.16 to 103.23/100,000). The 28-day case fatality rates were nearly the same during these years and were about 32%. Ischemic stroke events made up the majority of cases (about 70%), and intracerebral hemorrhage events had the second highest prevalence (25%). Conclusions: This study showed that the stroke hospital admission rate might be increasing in Isfahan. A community-based stroke incidence study is needed to elucidate stroke epidemiology in Isfahan, Iran, as a Middle East country.
Obesity, Adipokines, and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Golledge Jonathan , Clancy Paula , Jamrozik Konrad , Norman Paul E.
Published: October 2007

Background—

Obesity is associated with occlusive artery disease but is not considered a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We investigated the association between anthropometric measures of obesity, serum adipokines, and AAA.

Methods and Results—

As part of a population study, we screened 12 203 men 65 to 83 years of age for AAA using ultrasound; 875 had an AAA (≥30 mm). Cardiovascular risk factors and waist and hip circumference were recorded. Serum adipokines were measured in 952 men, 318 of whom had an AAA. Waist circumference (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 1.22) and waist-to-hip ratio (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.37) were independently associated with AAA after adjustment for other known risk factors. The association was stronger for AAA ≥40 mm (waist-to-hip ratio: OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.85). Serum resistin concentration was strongly independently associated with AAA (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.76) and aortic diameter (β=0.19,
P
<0.0001). Serum adiponectin was associated with AAA ≥30 mm (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.50) but not AAA ≥40 mm (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.39). Serum leptin was not associated with AAA.

Conclusions—

Measures of obesity are independently associated with AAA. Serum resistin concentrations were more strongly associated with aortic diameter than adipokines that are more intimately associated with adiposity. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms linking resistin and AAA.
Hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia Differentially Affect the Function and Structure of Pig Carotid Artery
Authors: Versari Daniele , Gossl Mario , Mannheim Dallit , Daghini Elena , Galili Offer , Napoli Claudio , Lerman Lilach O. , Lerman Amir
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this work was to compare the effects of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia on carotid endothelial function, structure, and vasa vasorum density. Seventeen pigs were randomized to a 12-week normal diet without (n=5), or with renovascular hypertension (HT; n=6), or to a high cholesterol diet (HC; n=6). Carotid arteries were studied by organ chambers (endothelial function) and microcomputed tomography (vasa vasorum), and tissue was processed for Sirius red staining and immunoblotting (vascular endothelium growth factor, endostatin, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and matrix metalloproteinase-2). HC and HT showed reduced vasodilation to acetylcholine as compared with controls, but HT also had a lower response to sodium nitroprusside. In addition, HT showed a higher content of organized collagen fibers and increased intima-media thickness. Vasa vasorum density was increased in HC but not in HT. Both HT and HC showed a proangiogenetic biochemical milieu (higher vascular endothelium growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, and lower endostatin), but this was more pronounced in HC. Both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia induce endothelial dysfunction in the carotid artery. However, hypertension is also associated with greater fibrosis and vascular wall thickening, which might impair endothelium-independent vasorelaxation and vasa vasorum growth. Hypercholesterolemia is, in turn, associated with vasa vasorum neovascularization. These data suggest that carotid atherosclerosis can evolve through different mechanisms in relation to different risk factors.
Amelioration of Cognitive Impairment in the Type-2 Diabetic Mouse by the Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor Blocker Candesartan
Authors: Tsukuda Kana , Mogi Masaki , Li Jian-Mei , Iwanami Jun , Min Li-Juan , Sakata Akiko , Fujita Teppei , Iwai Masaru , Horiuchi Masatsugu
Published: October 2007

Angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockers are widely used with the expectation of prevention of stroke, potential effects to ameliorate of type-2 diabetes, which seems to be closely associated with the impairment of cognitive function in humans. Recently, we have reported that an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker prevented cognitive impairment in mice after focal cerebral ischemia, at least partly through an angiotensin II type-2 receptor-mediated increase in a neuroprotective factor, methyl methanesulfonate sensitive-2. Here, we examined the possibility that an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker could improve cognitive function in a type-2 diabetic mouse model, KK-A
y
. KK-A
y
mice subjected to 20 trials of a passive avoidance task every week from 8 weeks exhibited a significantly impaired avoidance rate, and moreover, its age-dependent decline, especially after 14 weeks of age, compared with age-matched C57BL6 mice. Oral administration of candesartan at a nonhypotensive dose (0.005% in laboratory chow) in KK-A
y
mice improved cognitive function and inhibited the impairment of cognitive decline. Methyl methanesulfonate sensitive-2 expression in the brain was lower in KK-A
y
mice than in C57BL6 mice. Treatment with candesartan markedly increased mRNA expression of angiotensin II type-2 receptor and methyl methanesulfonate sensitive-2 in the brain in KK-A
y
mice, determined by quantitative RT-PCR. In KK-A
y
mice treated with candesartan, age-dependent increases in blood glucose and insulin were significantly suppressed. Our results suggest that candesartan ameliorates the impaired cognitive function in type-2 diabetes mice, at least because of an increased expression of methyl methanesulfonate sensitive-2, a neuroprotective factor, in addition to improvement of glucose intolerance.
Eroticism, Death and Redemption: The Operatic Construct of the Biblical Femme Fatale
Authors: McGrail Peter
Published: October 2007

This article explores the themes of eroticism, death and redemption as seen in the world of opera, through a particular lens. This lens is the construct of the femme fatale as drawn from the particular world of the Bible. This construct is of course largely the product of the composer's and/or librettist's own social, religious, political and philosophical world view; where the origin of the construct is a biblical narrative, a high degree of elaboration is always required, since the psychology and motivation of women in the Bible is particularly under-developed. The article first surveys the terrain—surprisingly limited to six chief operas, which together treat only four biblical subjects. The first of the operas, Verdi's early work Nabucco, is analysed in terms of the depiction of its—totally invented—femme fatale, a fictitious daughter Abigaille given to King Nebuccadnezzar. The development of the concept of femme fatale is then traced until it reaches its apotheiosis with the extraordinary character of Kundry, in Wagner's Parsifal. She is then used as the vehicle to explore the themes in depth.
'The Bosom of Abraham' (Luke 16:22): Father Abraham in the Visual Imagination
Authors: O'Kane Martin
Published: October 2007

The phrase 'in the bosom of Abraham' occurs just once in the Bible (Lk. 16:22) and yet has become one of the most powerful and intriguing visual metaphors in the entire repertoire of Christian iconography. As the focal point of the parable of Dives and Lazarus, it suggests a haven of protection and security to which all the (male) characters in the story aspire. The Greek term κóλπoς, 'bosom,' is an ambiguous term that can be applied as much to a female figure as a male and indeed Abraham is often represented as if he were 'mother of all nations' rather than, or as well as, father. The iconography associated with the image of Abraham's bosom is both extensive and complex, especially during the period of the Middle Ages, but in this article, I select a range of representative examples to illustrate how artists and iconographers appealed to other biblical texts to help illuminate the meaning and significance of the phrase in Luke: in particular, the sacrifice of Isaac in Genesis 22; the infancy narrative of Luke including the presentation in the temple (Luke 1-2), and the woman who gives birth in Revelation 12. In interpreting the image, artists frequently followed the direction of the exegetes and Church Fathers but this does not seem always to have been the case, especially when it came to harmonizing the contrasting images of Abraham as sacrificial father of Isaac and protective father of Lazarus. Contrary to many biblical commentators, the iconographical tradition largely ignores any suggestion that the bosom of Abraham signifies Lazarus reclining at a heavenly banquet next to Abraham, preferring instead to concentrate on the challenges posed in conveying the somewhat incongruous notion of Abraham, the most venerated of patriarchs, holding a naked and vulnerable child in his bosom.
Re-visioning a Biblical Story through Libretto and Music: Debora e Jaele by Ildebrando Pizzetti
Authors: Leneman Helen
Published: October 2007

Both music and librettos are a form of midrash (creative re-telling), because they retell all or part of a story by creating a particular mood or feeling musically. The re-telling is in both the altered text and in the language of music. Ildebrando Pizzetti (1880-1968) wrote both the libretto and music of Debora e Jaele from 1917-1921. In this libretto, motivations are completely reversed. Characters perceived in the biblical account as "good" and "bad" seem to be switched. Our previous presumptions about the story and its characters are challenged: the belief that Sisera is evil and powerful, and has no positive qualities; that Deborah and Jael never met; and that Jael and Sisera had had no prior encounters. The libretto and the music succeed in depicting three-dimensional characters with conflicting motives and feelings. The addition of dimensions to the characters amplifies the moral ambiguities found in the original narrative. Sisera becomes a dominant and central character of this opera. Pizzetti is offering a counter-reading, in which the "villain" becomes a kind of hero and the listener can understand why Jael succumbs to his charms. A recurrent theme in this work is the testing of and by God. The viewpoints of Jael and Deborah depict what Pizzetti described as "human" justice (Jael) and "divine" justice (Deborah). An encounter with this opera will alter forever our reading of this biblical story.
Oratorio as Exegesis: The Use of the Book of Isaiah in Handel's Messiah
Authors: Davies Andrew
Published: October 2007

Handel's Messiah is among the best-known musical compositions of all time, and it is also heavily dependent upon the Bible for its theme and content, thus making it an ideal source for a study of the Bible in music. In this paper I consider how Handel and his librettist Charles Jennens made use of the text of the book of Isaiah (the single most quoted biblical book in the libretto) in both the words and the music of this great oratorio, offering en route some observations on the features of a musical text that need to be taken into account in 'reading' it in this way.
Noah's Ark and Mrs. Monkey
Authors: Landy Francis
Published: October 2007

The article traces the interpretation of the flood story in children's literature, from the apparently literal versions, in which imaginative reinterpretation is transferred to the illustrations, to the non-verbal crowded scenes of Peter Spier, the Midrashic retellings of Scholem Asch and Marc Gellman, feminist readings, like those of Bach and Exum, Madeleine L'Engle's teen novel, and versions which stress the annihilatory implications, including Janisch and Zwerger's Noah's Ark. It concludes with a discussion of Ruth Kerr's How Mrs. Monkey Missed the Ark, in which the canonical text is virtually eliminated, and only appears through the cracks.
Influence of components of Globodera rostochiensis cysts on the in vitro hatch of second-stage juveniles
Authors: Pridannikov Mikhail V. , Petelina Galina G. , Palchuk Marina V. , Masler Edward P. , Dzhavakhiya Vitaly G.
Published: October 2007

The effects of cyst components of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, on in vitro hatching of juveniles were evaluated. Aqueous homogenates of eggs and cyst walls, and aqueous rinses of cyst walls and eggs were examined. Homogenates of cyst walls or rinsates of either cyst walls or eggs each significantly increased hatch of juveniles five-fold compared with sterile distilled water controls. Cyst or egg homogenates induced significant increases (7.7-9.0-fold) in hatch of juveniles compared with controls. These values represent approximately 24.8-29.0% of the 31-fold induction of hatch of juveniles by potato root diffusate, routinely used to stimulate hatch in G. rostochiensis. The hatch inducing factor(s) in cyst homogenates was thermostable and retained activity after repeated freezing and thawing. Filter fractionation of cyst homogenate localised activity between molecular mass 0.5 kDa and 5 kDa, with no hatch inducing activity present above 5 kDa. Apparent depression of hatch induction at high concentrations of non-fractionated cyst homogenates suggests the presence of hatch inhibitors.
Description of Paralongidorus dakarensis sp. n. with notes on P. bullatus Sharma & Siddiqi, 1990 from Senegal (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)
Authors: Faye Mamecor , Mounport Danamou
Published: October 2007

During a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in the central regions of Senegal, a new species of Paralongidorus and seven populations of P. bullatus were collected. Paralongidorus dakarensis sp. n. is characterised by its small body size of 2.2-3.6 mm, hemispherical lip region, demarcated from body by a depression, funnel-shaped amphidial fovea and dorsally convex-conoid tail with a broadly rounded terminus. Paralongidorus dakarensis sp. n. closely resembles P. microlaimus and P. oryzae but differs from the former by shorter stylet (113-126 vs 125-136 μm), smaller c ratio (60-85 vs 85-150) and longer tail (35-49 vs 24-32 μm), and from the latter by longer stylet (113-126 vs 92 μm) and longer tail (35-49 vs 30 μm). Paralongidorus bullatus females from seven localities were measured and compared with the type population from Niger. Senegalese specimens were in general less slender and in some cases shorter or longer than those of the type population. Specimens originating from Tambacounda had a dorsally convex-conoid tail lacking the ventral curvature as described for the type population.
Influence of the mutualistic endophyte Fusarium oxysporum 162 on Meloidogyne incognita attraction and invasion
Authors: Dababat Abd El-Fattah A. , Sikora Richard A.
Published: October 2007

The non-pathogenic endophytic Fusarium oxysporum strain 162 (FO162) has been
selected for its capacity to reduce root-knot nematode galling on tomato.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of this
fungus on invasion of tomato roots by Meloidogyne incognita. The number of
M. incognita that invaded roots of plants treated with FO162 was
significantly lower (reductions of 36.0-55.9%) than in the non-treated
controls in linked twin-pot chambers. The results demonstrated that
colonisation of the roots by FO162 affects the number of M. incognita that
penetrate the roots. The results of a choice test in the absence of a plant
indicated that the tomato root exudates collected from plants colonised by
FO162 are either less attractive or they exude substances that have
repellent activity toward M. incognita juveniles.
The role of pore size on the migration of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles under different tillage systems
Authors: Eo Jinu , Nakamoto Tomomi , Otobe Kazunori , Mizukubo Takayuki
Published: October 2007

Migration of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles was investigated in soils
collected from fields under different tillage regimes. Over 7 days, juvenile
migration speed was greater in tilled soil (bulk density, 0.64 g cm−3) than
in non-tilled soil (0.86 g cm−3). The volume of pores with diam. > 100 μm
was greater in tilled soil than in non-tilled soil. The effect of bulk
density on juvenile migration was investigated using columns filled with
soils of six bulk densities (range, 0.60-0.85 g cm−3). As bulk density
decreased, migration increased, and soil with a lower bulk density had
greater volume of pores with diam. > 30 μm. The migration speed and
behaviour of nematodes under saturated conditions were investigated using
two micromoulded substrates that had pore spaces measuring 40-100 or 60-160
μm. As pore size increased from 40 to 160 μm, the migration speed decreased.
The migration speed along a straight line ranged from 8.4 to 70.2 μm s−1 on
these substrates. Migration speed was not constant across a pathway composed
of different pore spaces, and the speed was affected greatly by the
increased detection behaviour required in the broader space. Our
experimental findings suggest that considerable nematode migration can occur
in soil through pores with diam. 30-100 μm and > 100 μm. Therefore,
conventional tillage may enhance the migration and reinfestation of crops by
M. incognita.
Occurrence and importance of plant-parasitic nematodes in organic farming in Germany
Authors: Hallmann Johannes , Frankenberg Andrea , Paffrath Andreas , Schmidt Harald
Published: October 2007

In an attempt to evaluate the occurrence and economic importance of
plant-parasitic nematodes in organic farming in Germany, a survey was
conducted with the main emphasis on vegetable and cereal production systems.
For vegetables, the survey included quantification and identification of
plant-parasitic nematodes in soil samples and a questionnaire for growers
querying production factors and damage levels. For cereals, the survey
focused on quantification and identification of plant-parasitic nematodes in
soil and plant samples. Overall, Pratylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus were the
most prominent nematode genera under both production systems with an
incidence of over 90% of the samples. Meloidogyne was detected in 51% of the
samples in both systems. Other nematode genera showed differences between
the two production systems. In production systems with a high frequency of
vegetables, Paratylenchus was detected in 56% of the samples and Heterodera
in 15%, whereas in rotations with a high cropping frequency of cereals,
incidences of plant-parasitic nematodes were 56% for Heterodera, 47% for
Trichodorus and 45% for Paratylenchus. Yield losses could exceed 50% on
carrots, onions and cereals and were most pronounced on sandy soils. In many
cases, nematode problems started 5 to 10 years after conversion to organic
farming. The survey indicated that plant-parasitic nematodes are widely
spread in organic farming in Germany and can cause severe damage which may
result in complete loss of the crop.
Dialectics between Occupational and Party Structures: Finland since World War II
Authors: Haranne Markku
Published: October 2007

The article discusses why the Finnish political system has remained rela tively stable despite rather fundamental changes in the professional structure of the population since the second world war. This problem is examined in the light of various survey-studies from the past few decades. The so-called big parties - the Social Democratic Party (SDP), the Finnish People's Democratic Front (SKDL), the Center Party (the former Ag rarian Union) and the Coalition Party - are traditionally class-based with respect to their supporters. A strictly class-tied mode of voting behavior has nonetheless diminished since the second world war. This is due to the fact that the support from the growing strata of white-collar professionals has been distributed relatively evenly among the different parties. This trend has, on the one hand, promoted the stability of the political field and on the other led to a homogenization of the constituencies of different parties.
Organizations, Classes and the Growth of State Interventionism in Denmark
Authors: Andersen Heine
Published: October 2007

This article deals with the question of the way in which the role of the interest organizations can be understood in a macro sociological and materialistic conceptual framework. The discussion is based on ar gumentation for a need to establish an overall framework of understanding for the interaction between economy and politics. Historical materialism tends towards this but is relatively undeveloped as to the conceptualiza tion concerning the role of interest organizations during the modern inter ventionistic form of state. An attempt will be made to develop such concepts and to apply them to empiric examples concerning relations between the propertied classes and the state during the growth of state interventionism in Denmark in the 1930's.
Polarization of the Qualification Structure of the Danish Labour Force: The Role of the Educational System in Post-War Denmark
Authors: Mathiesen Anders
Published: October 2007

The article presents some major empirical results concerning the de velopment of the Danish labour force. Changes in the capacity and struc ture of the entire educational system during the past 20 years have already led to a polarization of the annual new intake of manpower to the labour market. This polarization is the combined effect of curriculum differentia tion at school and structural differentiation, together with curriculum specialization, within - especially - vocational education and vocational training activities. The present article, however, only briefly discusses this polarization of the qualification structure resulting from the relationship between the educational system and the production system. In the capitalist mode of production and in a highly-developed capitalist society- such as Denmark - the educational system is part of an aggregate steering mechanism. Educational policy is part of a state-controlled exploitation. These empirical results show some of the economically rational forms in which this exploitation has been practised in post-war Denmark.
Designing and Maintaining
Authors: Clinton Robert E.
Published: October 2007

Many recent hotel fires caused unnecessarily severe losses because the hotels had failed to follow basic fire-protection steps. This article shows what steps to take now to minimize losses in the event of a fire
Guest Surveys: A Missed Opportunity
Authors: Lewis Robert C. , Pizam Abraham
Published: October 2007

Effective management depends on information. Guest surveys could offer crucial information for evaluating current policies and making management decisions, but many surveys in use today obscure as much as they reveal. This article shows how traditional surveys fail and outlines a new method for getting the facts
Hotel General Managers: A Profile
Authors: Arnaldo Mario J.
Published: October 2007

What sort of people find their way to this important position, and what do they do once they get there?
The Executive Chef: Manager or Culinarian?
Authors: Guyette Wayne C.
Published: October 2007

Called on to be both a culinary craftsman and an effective business manager, the executive chef is often beset with difficulties in accomplishing his managerial objectives
The Woman Food and Beverage Manager
Authors: Hackett Carole
Published: October 2007

"There are good career opportunities available to everyone interested in the food-service industry."
Economic Analysis and the Design of Alternative-Route Teacher Education Programs
Authors: Chifeng Dai  , Sindelar Paul T. , Denslow David , Dewey James , Rosenberg Michael S.
Published: October 2007

Few studies have addressed the effects of teacher education generally, no less the specific program elements necessary to prepare competent and caring teachers. As a result, to address teacher shortages in science, mathematics, and special education, alternatives to traditional preparation have been proposed, and their development has proceeded apace. In the absence of guidance from research, alternative program designs have dramatically varied, even on such fundamental considerations as program length and the amount of preparation trainees require before becoming teachers of record. However, research on teacher education is only one potential source of guidance for program design. In this article, the authors use economic research and theory to identify principles of effective design. Considerations include program location, candidate selection, program cost, financial support, program requirements, practice teaching, and mentorship. They use these principles to compare and contrast fast-track programs and programs for midcareer changers.
Minority Students' Perceptions of Their Doctoral Programs in Special Education
Authors: Wasburn-Moses Leah
Published: October 2007

Education, as in other areas, has a chronic shortage of minority faculty. Arguably, special education has one of the greatest needs for minority doctoral students within the field of education. However, past research has indicated that the graduate school socialization process may hinder the progress of many minority doctoral students. This study reports the perceptions of minority doctoral students about their programs in special education. These students (n = 164) were participants in a larger satisfaction survey involving 619 doctoral students. Results indicate that although Latino/Latina students felt most satisfied with their programs overall, Asian and African American students reported more feelings of dissatisfaction. Implications for students, faculty, and program administrators are presented.
"Pamilla Silver Cloth" and Technological Unemployment
Authors: Jones Grinnell
Published: October 2007

Reading of that part of Dr. Jones' paper relating to the development of a new textile product, impells the query as to whether there may not be other known facts and principles, now invisible to practical textile men because they are too close to their daily jobs, that may become the basis of additional new textile finishes or products?

Dr. Jones is professor of chemistry at Harvard University. The subject of this paper, which he presented recently before the Northeastern Section of the American Chemical Society, was "The Chemist's Answer to Technological Unemployment," and the author has kindly permitted abstracting of the economic portion.
Mechanics of Elastic Performance of Textile Materials
Authors: Paintert E.V.
Published: October 2007

Graphs have been developed to simplify the study of fabric geometry. A simultaneous plot of the mathematical relations developed by Peirce aids in visualizing dimensional changes in fabrics and gives accurate values of the various parameters without lengthy calculations and interpolations from tables.

The use of the graphs is discussed as they apply to various types of weaves, fibers, and their dimensional changes.
Practical Application of Servomechanism Techniques to a Process-Control Problem
Authors: Higgins S.P. , McKnight G.W.
Published: October 2007

This paper demonstrates the application of servomechanism techniques to the solution of a problem in automatic control of industrial processes. A typical problem in this field—namely, a flow system—is analyzed by servo techniques. Predictions of system behavior by this method are correlated with the results obtained from the actual system tests.
Strength and Elongation of Cotton, Polyster, and Polyester /Cotton Blends at Different Stages of Manufacture
Authors: Balasubramanian N. , Nerurkar S.K.
Published: October 2007

Investigations are reported comparing the relative strength and elongation of Tetoran (polyester), cotton, and 67% Tetoran/33% cotton blend material at different stages of manufacture (i.e., single yarn, double yarn, multiple strand, and fabric). The improvements in strength and elongation from doubling are more prominent in blend and Tetoran yarns than in cotton yarn. The strength losses from short to long specimen and from single to multiple strand are more marked in the blend than in cotton. At the same time, the assistance derived from the interlacement of the weft is more in the blend than in cotton, as a result of which the blend, though inferior in strength to cotton at the yarn, becomes comparable to it at the fabric.
Effect of Mechanical Processing Variables in Drawing on Sliver Irregularity
Authors: Balasubramanian N. , Bhatnagar V.K.
Published: October 2007

The present work examines the influence of draft distribution at the drawframe upon sliver irregularity under varying conditions of drawframe processing. The investigations were made at the first and second passage of drawing in carded mixings and at post-combed drawings in combed mixings, on slow-speed drawframes with Shirley draft distribution and high-speed Whitin drawframes.

Eccentricity of top roller is shown to be one of the causes of slippage and sliver irregularity in slow-speed drawframes. Increasing the top roller loading is helpful in overcoming to some extent the deterioration in irregularity caused by an eccentric top roller. Roller slip at the front position caused by eccentricity in the roller has the most detrimental effects on sliver irregularity. Use of lower break draft under these conditions increases the sliver irregularity considerably. Eccentricity in the top roller in the second and third position causes more slippage, but the effect on irregularity of sliver is only marginal. Reduction of break draft increases slippage of front, second, and third top rollers even when they are true, but it does not affect sliver irregularity.

The optimum roller setting at the front zone in conventional and high-speed drawframes depends upon the break draft and lies at a higher level at lower break draft. Thus, at close front zone setting, higher break draft gives a more regular sliver, while at wide setting, lower-break draft gives better results. The sliver irregularity at the optimum setting is, however, not much affected by the break draft.
Structural Studies in Continuous Filament Yarns1
Authors: Gupta Bhupender S.
Published: October 2007

In this, the first of a series of papers on fiber migration in continuous filament yarns, the broad objectives of the entire program of research are described. The experimental investigation included in this entire series is based on yarns produced under carefully controlled conditions which provided a bundle of either parallel filaments, for preparing yarns by the ideal ribbon method, or co-axial filaments, for yarns by the ideal circular method, prior to final twisting. It is shown that by a detailed study of migration in these extreme examples of carefully twisted yarns, it has been possible to obtain a much greater understanding of the nature and origin of migration which is generally observed in commercially prepared yarns than has been possible from the studies described thus far. Some of the important objectives emphasized in this study are: The proportion of total migration which cannot be assigned to any of the known and analysable causes of migration and thus must be of random nature; the extent of migration which can be assigned to the known and analysable causes; and the nature of the local variations in migration. The experimental investigation described in this first paper was restricted to the study of the yarns made by the ribbon method wherein the variables contre the positions of the tracers in the parent sheet of filaments, the initial twist in the strand, and the final twist and the twisting tension of the yarns being produced.
Effects of Polymerization Parameters of Methylolated Melamines Upon the Wet-Fixation Durable-Press Process for Treating Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , Blouin Florine A. , Martin Lawrence F. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: October 2007

The effects of the degrees of methylolation and methylation of the melamine reagent and of the extent of the fixation period upon the various properties of the modified cotton resulting from the wet-fixation type of durable-press process were studied. Relationships are evident between the copolymerization parameters of the methylolated melamines (with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea) in the presence and absence of the cotton. Choice of proper fixation conditions with the individual methylolated melamine/dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea combinations is critical. Very long fixations can be used with the hexamethylolmelamines whereas short fixations must be employed with the more reactive trimethylolmelamines. The reagent systems that react more slowly, i.e., the hexamethylolmelamines, yield the fixed-and-cured fabrics having the more attractive balances of performance properties.
The Dyeing Properties of Wools Containing Internally Deposited Acrylic Polymers
Authors: Needles Howard L. , Sarsfield Linda J.
Published: October 2007

'I'he dyeing properties of modified wools containing internally deposited acrylic polymers with Acid Blue 45, Basic Blue 1, Disperse Blue 1, Reactive Red 4, and Reactive Orange 29 have been investigated at 60°C over 90-min dyeing , periods. In most cases, the acrylic polymers deposited within the wool matrix increased both the rate of dye uptake and the percentage of dye exhausted onto the wool. Also, chemical fixation of the reactive dyes was markedly increased by the presence of polymer within the wool. The nature of the side chain on the acrylic polymer appeared to have little systematic effect on the dyeing properties of the fibers, with the exception of poly (acrylic acid) which tended to retard dye uptake where the internal pH within the fiber during dyeing was an important factor.
Modification of Wrinkle Recovery of Wool Fabrics by Variation of Steam-Pressing Procedures
Authors: Hayes R.L. , Leeder J.D. , Taylor D.S.
Published: October 2007

Careful control of steam-pressing techniques results in improved wrinkle recovery.
Recurable Durable-Press Fabrics
Authors: Franklin W.E. , Madacsi J.P. , Rowland S.P.
Published: October 2007

Hydroxy acids were used as coreactant catalysts with N-methylol crosslinking reagents to produce recurable durable-press cotton fabrics. The resilience and strength retention properties of these fabrics were equivalent to or slightly better than those of durable-press fabrics cured with a conventional curing catalyst. All fabrics tested with gluconic acid had low carboxyl contents, whereas fabrics treated with glycolic, lactic, and tartaric acids had carboxyl contents that varied with the methylol reagent. The recurabilities of these fabrics were measured by a creasing and crease durability test. Fabrics cured with a conventional catalyst and the fabrics cured with gluconic acid had very little or no recurability. Fabrics treated with dimethyloldihyroxyethyleneurea and the other hydroxy acids had excellent recurabilities. Fabrics treated with a urea-formaldehyde regent had poor recurabilities, and those treated with a methylol melamine reagent had good to fair recurabilities.
Fluorescent Whitening Agents
Authors: Holt Leo A. , Milligan Brian
Published: October 2007

Irradiation of an aqueous solution of the trans-isomer of disodium 4,4'-diacetamidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate causes isomerization to the cis-form, reduction to the corresponding 1,2-diphenylethane, and oxidative cleavage to the corresponding aldehyde and carboxylic acid. When applied to wool prior to irradiation, the same products are formed, but in different proportions.
The Effect of Felting on the Bending and Shear Properties of Knitted Wool Fabrics
Authors: Stewart Barbara F. , Postle Ronald
Published: October 2007

The principal aim of this work is to study quantitatively the changes in fabric bending and shear properties which occur when a plain-knitted wool fabric is laundered. Fabric relaxatiori causes a reduction in the numerical values of the fabric bending and shear parameters used to specify the fabric stiffness and degree of hysteresis; felting, however, produces a marked increase in the value of these same parameters. The anisotropic nature of knitted fabric deformation in both bending and shear is maintained even after severe felting. A relatively small change in fabric tightness had a marked effect on the rate at which the fabric mechanical properties changed during felting.
A Microscopical Survey of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Goynes Wilton R. , Hoylston Eileen K. , Muller Linda L. , Trask Brenda J.
Published: October 2007

Three cotton printcloth fabrics treated for flame resistance with THPOH-NHx, oxidized and nonoxidixed, were studied by light microscopy and by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Chars of the treated fabrics were also examined. Staining with Acid Blue I and examination by light microscopy provided a semicluantitative assessment of penetration of nonoxidized THPOH-NHa into yarns and fibers, but was less effective with the oxidized sample. SEM observations indicated polymer build-up on fabric surfaces. Deposits of polymer between fibers were usually heavier around the periphery of the yarn. Laundering removed surface deposits but oxidized samples laundered 50 times were still flame resistant, TEM of ultrathin cross sections showed that no major structural change had occurred in the treated fibers. Both SEM and TEM of fiher char sections indicated that the fibers had become shells on burning. Residue patterns left by treated fiber sections after microincineration suggested that the laulymer had completely penetrated the fibers.
Studies in Accelerated Oxidation of Cellulose
Authors: Shenai V.A. , Shah K.D.
Published: October 2007

The catalytic activity of nickel hydroxide, when present on cotton cellulose, while carrying out sodium hypochlorite , oxidation of cellutose, has been studied with respect to variations of the nickel content of cellulose, the pH of the oxidizing medium, and the concentration of the oxidant. The oxycelluloses thus produced have been further modified by subjecting them separately to aqueous solutions of chlorous acid and sodium borohydride to characterize the reducing and acidic groups formed in the oxycellulose samples. Nickel hydroxide has been shown to possess intense catalytic activity, compared to other accelerants like manganese and ferrous hydroxides.