bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropical Cyclone Outflow and Warm Core Structure as Revealed by HS3 Dropsonde Data
Authors: Komaromi William A. , Doyle James D.
Published: December 2016

Dropsonde data collected during the NASA Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) field campaign from 16 research missions spanning 6 tropical cyclones (TCs) are investigated, with an emphasis on TC outflow and the warm core. The Global Hawk (GH) AV-6 aircraft provided a unique opportunity to investigate the outflow characteristics due to a combination of 18+-h flight durations and the ability to release dropsondes from high altitudes above 100 hPa. Intensifying TCs are found to be associated with stronger upper-level divergence and radial outflow relative to nonintensifying TCs in the sample, regardless of current intensity. A layer of 2–4 m s−1 inflow 20–50 hPa deep is also observed 50–100 hPa above the maximum outflow layer, which appears to be associated with lower-stratospheric descent above the eye. The potential temperature of the outflow is found to be more strongly correlated with the equivalent potential temperature of the boundary layer inflow than to the present storm intensity, consistent with the outflow temperature having a stronger relationship with potential intensity than actual intensity. Finally, the outflow originates from a region of low inertial stability that extends above the cyclone from 300 to 150 hPa and from 50- to 200-km radius.

The unique nature of this dataset allows the height and structure of the warm core also to be investigated. The magnitude of the warm core was found to be positively correlated with TC intensity, while the height of the warm core was weakly positively correlated with intensity. Finally, neither the height nor magnitude of the warm core exhibits any meaningful relationship with intensity change.
Nitrous Oxide During Labor: Maternal Satisfaction Does Not Depend Exclusively on Analgesic Effectiveness
Authors: Richardson Michael G. , Lopez Brandon M. , Baysinger Curtis L. , Shotwell Matthew S. , Chestnut David H.
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND:

Evidence on the analgesic effectiveness of nitrous oxide for labor pain is limited. Even fewer studies have looked at patient satisfaction. Although nitrous oxide appears less effective than neuraxial analgesia, it is unclear whether labor analgesic effectiveness is the most important factor in patient satisfaction. We sought to compare the relationship between analgesic effectiveness and patient satisfaction with analgesia in women who delivered vaginally using nitrous oxide, neuraxial analgesia (epidural or combined spinal-epidural [CSE]), or both (neuraxial after a trial of nitrous oxide).

METHODS:

A standardized survey was recorded on the first postpartum day for all women who received anesthetic care for labor and delivery. Data were queried for women who delivered vaginally with nitrous oxide and/or neuraxial labor analgesia over a 34-month period in 2011 to 2014. Parturients with complete data for analgesia quality and patient satisfaction were included. Analgesia and satisfaction scores were grouped into 8 to 10 high, 5 to 7 intermediate, and 0 to 4 low. These scores were compared with the use of ordinal logistic regression across 3 groups: nitrous oxide alone, epidural or CSE alone, or nitrous oxide followed by neuraxial (epidural or CSE) analgesia.

RESULTS:

A total of 6507 women received anesthesia care and delivered vaginally. Complete data were available for 6242 (96%) women; 5261 (81%) chose neuraxial analgesia and 1246 (19%) chose nitrous oxide. Of the latter, 753 (60%) went on to deliver with nitrous oxide alone, and 493 (40%) switched to neuraxial analgesia. Most parturients who received neuraxial analgesia (>90%) reported high analgesic effectiveness. Those who used nitrous oxide alone experienced variable analgesic effectiveness, with only one-half reporting high effectiveness. Among all women who reported poor analgesia effectiveness (0−4; n = 257), those who received nitrous oxide alone were more likely to report high satisfaction (8−10) than women who received epidural analgesia alone (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.4–4.5; P = .002). Women who reported moderate analgesia (5−7) and received nitrous oxide only were more likely to report high satisfaction compared with the other groups. Among women who reported a high level of analgesic effectiveness, satisfaction with anesthesia was high and not different among groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients who received nitrous oxide alone were as likely to express satisfaction with anesthesia care as those who received neuraxial analgesia, even though they were less likely to report excellent analgesia. Although pain relief contributes to the satisfaction with labor analgesia care, our results suggest that analgesia is not the only contributor to maternal satisfaction.
Military Cetology
Authors: Ritts Max , Shiga John
Published: December 2016

Throughout the Cold War, the US Navy aggressively explored the sound-making and sound-detecting capacities of cetaceans to help it retain its supremacy in marine battle space. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises were engaged as animals that “see with sound,” that produce sophisticated echolocation “clicks,” and that harness the ocean’s complex acoustic waveguide to detect signals thousands of miles away. Other scholars have touched on the navy’s legacy in cetology (whale science), but none have made it their object of study. Our article places this relationship at the center of burgeoning engagements among media studies, sound studies, and marine spatial theory. We focus on the Cold War period, when new interests in submarine warfare facilitated the growth of naval interests in cetology. We understand the dynamic outcomes of these interests in terms of acoustemology—Steven Feld’s concept for a theory of what can be known and experienced through situated sonic encounter. At stake in this account is not only the question of cetology’s power-laden ways of engaging cetaceans but the role of sound in shifting conceptions of the ocean itself.
Recent advances in understanding and managing liver transplantation
Authors: Russo Francesco Paolo , Ferrarese Alberto , Zanetto Alberto
Published: December 2016

Liver transplantation (LT) has been established as the most effective treatment modality for end-stage liver disease over the last few decades. Currently, patient and graft survival after LT are excellent, with 1- and 5-year survival of 90% and 80%, respectively. However, the timing of referral to LT is crucial for improving survival benefit and outcome. The current shortage of donors and the increasing demand for LT currently lengthen the waiting time. Thus, waiting list mortality is about 10–15%, according to the geographical area. For this reason, over the last several years, alternatives to deceased donor LT and new options for prioritizing patients on the waiting list have been proposed.
Recent advances in understanding and managing Crohn’s disease
Authors: Stange Eduard F. , Wehkamp Jan
Published: December 2016

There is consensus that inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are the result of “dysregulated” immune reactivity towards commensal microorganisms in the intestine. This gut microbiome is clearly altered in IBD, but its primary or secondary role is still debated. The focus has shifted from adaptive to innate immunity, with its multitude of receptor molecules (Toll-like and NOD receptors) and antibacterial effector molecules (defensins, cathelicidin, and others). The latter appear to be at least partly deficient at different intestinal locations. Host genetics also support the notion that microbe–host interaction at the mucosa is the prime site of pathogenesis. In contrast, even the latest therapeutic antibodies are directed against secondary targets like cytokines and integrins identified decades ago. These so-called “biologicals” have disappointing long-term results, with the majority of patients not achieving remission in the long run. A promising approach is the development of novel drugs like defensin-derived molecules that substitute for the missing endogenous antibacterials.
Effect of t-2 mycotoxin on glut-2 expression in the broiler's gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Hussar Piret , Popovska-Percinic Florina , Pendovski Lazo , Blagoevska Katerina
Published: December 2016

T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is a naturally occurring mold by product of Fusarium spp. fungus which is toxic to humans and animals. Deleterious effects of these feed contaminants in animals are well documented, ranging from growth impairment, decreased resistance to pathogens, hepato- and nephrotoxicity to death. As the initial interaction of mycotoxins is with the gut epithelium the epithelium is repeatedly exposed to these toxins at higher concentrations than other tissues. Several methods for the determination of T-2 toxin based on traditional chromatographic, immunoassay, or mass spectroscopy techniques have been described. As up to now there is lack of knowledges about the effect of T-2 mycotoxin on the expression of glucose transporters in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the aim of our investigation was to study the experssion of glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) in the epithelial cells of glandular stomach and duodenal mucosa comparatively in normal and T-2 toxicated broilers. Material from the two parts of GIT was collected from six 7-day-old normal female broilers and six 7-day-old female broilers with T-2 toxicosis. The specimen were fixed with 10% formalin, embedded into paraffin, slices 7 μm thick were cut followed by immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal primary antibody Rabbit anti-GLUT-2 carried out according to the manufacturers quidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK). The results showed the moderate expression of GLUT-2 in epithelial cells both in the glandular as well as in the duodenal mucosa in the control group’s chicken and the weaker expression of GLUT-2 after T-2 toxin administration indicating to the reduced glucose transport in the gastrointestinal system during T-2 mycotoxicosis.
Upper-arm anthropometry as nutritional assessment in preschool children in Latvian population
Authors: Lipsberga Gunderga , Kažoka Dzintra
Published: December 2016

This data is a part from the study ordered by the Ministry of Education to assess physical development of pre-school children in Latvia. Various somatometric measurements were determined – height (cm), the body mass (kg), the circumference of the head, chest, waist, hips (cm), vital lung capacity (ml), blood pressure (mm/Hg) and other parameters. This study evaluates the body mass index (BMI), overweight and obesity prevalence of pre-school children. Comparing the data with the data of other European countries, we can conclude how high the prevalence of overweight and obesity in our country is and what are potential activities to reduce the prevalence.
Comparative analysis of serve and serve reception performance in pool B of European Men’s Volleyball Championship 2015
Authors: Stamm Raini , Stamm Meelis , Vantsi Marko , Jairus Aleksander
Published: December 2016

The aim of the study was to analyse the successfulness of tactics of serve and serve reception of the national teams who participated in Pool B of European Men’s Volleyball Championship in 2015.The study included four national teams: Estonia, France, Croatia and Italy. A total of six games and 912 serves were analysed.Data were collected using the statistics program Data Volley 2007. The data were transferred to Microsoft Excel 2010, which was used for data analysis. Additional statistical analysis was performed using the program SPSS Statistics 21.For jump float serve, the most preferable service zone was zone 5. The serves from this zone were also the most dangerous. For power jump serve, the most preferable service zone was zone 1. From this zone the smallest number of faults were made at power jump serve, but also the smallest number of ace serves and serves after which the opponent could not use all attack combinations were performed.Substitute players who came game only to perform serves showed the same efficiency in jump float serve as starting players. Among the performers of power jump serves, the starting players could perform more ace serves, but there were also more serves after which the opponent could use all attack combinations. Thus, the serve efficiency was relatively similar for both types of players.Players using the power jump serve were more likely to earn a point with their first serve than the performers of jump float serve. The likeliness of earning a point with the second consecutive serve increased for players using the jump float serve, but remained the same for performers of power jump serve. At power jump serve, service faults occurred more often after timeout than in play, but good serves were hit equally after timeout and in play. At jump float serve, the number of faults was the same after timeout and in play, but good serves, both aces and serves after which was not possible to use all attack combinations, were more often hit after timeout.Underhand pass was used for receiving float serve almost twice more often than overhand pass, even though the accuracy of the latter was higher.
Alexander Theodor von Middendorff – doctor, explorer and promoter of cattle-breeding
Authors: Toomsalu Maie
Published: December 2016

Alexander Theodor von Middendorff is considered one of the most pioneering scientists. As a talented researcher, Alexander Theodor von Middendorff made his contribution to the development of geography, hydrology, climatology, botany, glaciology, zoology, agriculture, ethnography (partly even linguistics) and other sciences. Along with K. E. von Baer, Alexander Theodor von Middendorff was one of the greatest naturalists in 19th-century Russia. Like Baer, Middendorff represents the type of naturalists who, in addition to encyclopaedic knowledge, had deep erudition and were able to contribute to several fields.
Estonian Naturalists’ Society
Authors: Ojaste Ivar , Tinn Oive
Published: December 2016

Estonian Naturalists’ Society
Approach to the Development of Human Capital
Authors: Антонов  , Antonov Sergey
Published: December 2016

This paper analyzes theoretical justifications of the human capital development process and observed

effects. The author looks at dependence between financing and level of human capital development, defines

reproduction and implementation models, and takes an attempt to define basic elements, key questions and

problems of the human capital reproduction and development models. Actualizing more in-depth study of a

social capital and quality of life area, at the same time, as the main problem lying in the basis of the human

capital development is determination of the balancing principles of social and economic parameters.
How to Make an Effective Strategy for Russian Enterprises (A New Methodology of Strategy Development)
Authors: Антонов  , Antonov Viktor , Самосудов  , Samosudov Mikhail
Published: December 2016

The article considers the questions of formation of strategy for activities of the company.
Ten Tips for Teachers on the Formation of Reading Competence by Younger Schoolchildren
Authors: Виноградова  , Vinogradova Natalya
Published: December 2016

The article considers the peculiarities of reading competence formation at lessons in primary school. The characteristics of different types of texts

are given. According to the specificity of the content of school subjects the advice on the use of appropriate methods and techniques of formation

by younger schoolboys of abilities to work with information and informative, instructive and reference texts is offered.
German Language Teaching Problems in Village Schools
Authors: Петрова  , Petrova A.
Published: December 2016

The article considers on the example of village schools of Sarapul Region of the Udmurt Republic the problem of increased attention to the study

of the German language as the first and second foreign language. The general causes which impel to learn German are characterized, the ways

of motivation formation by students to choose German as the first foreign language, as well as conditions for its successful teaching at schools are

considered.
Substantive and Practical Activity at the Lesson As Means of Formation of Universal Education Action by Younger Schoolchildren
Authors: Карельская  , Karelskaya A.
Published: December 2016

The article considers the process of mastering by the primary schoolchildren complex cognitive, communicative, regulatory universal educational actions in accordance with the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of primary education of the second generation to the main results of the study. Particular attention is paid to the material and practical activity of students in the classroom, development of the capacity for independent mastering of knowledge, the acquisition of skills and competencies, as well as the active position of the modern teacher, creating the necessary conditions for this. A model of the learning process, ensuring the successful formation by younger schoolchildren universal educational actions is offered.
Health Saving Technologies of Younger Schoolchildren Teaching
Authors: Рыдзе  , Rydze Oxana
Published: December 2016

The article considers learning technologies that contribute to maintaining and strengthening the spiritual (mental) health of children. The article

identifies three characteristics of health saving technology: the creation of emotional and motivational comfort that accompanies the student

activities; prevention of stress, stress relief in the performance of educational work; ensuring rational distribution of work in the classroom through

the combination of work and rest. Description of each characteristic is accompanied by examples of technologies.
Formation of a Junior Pupil’s Individual Learning Style by Means of Meta-Subject Approach
Authors: Кибирева  , Kibireva E. , Богданова  , Bogdanova E. , Черник  , Chernik V.
Published: December 2016

The article considers the possibility of using metasubject approach to teaching in an elementary school. Examples of metasubject teaching assignments, which include materials such as mathematics and English, and are aimed at achieving metasubject results and the formation of personal style teaching younger students are given. The authors argue that the expansion of the types of teaching jobs contributes to the formation of the personal style of learning and a beneficial effect on the development of thinking, creativity, and ultimately - the younger schoolboy metasubject skills.
Method of Plastic Training Course in the System of Additional Education and at the Theater Lessons at School
Authors: Савостьянов  , Savostyanov Aleksandr
Published: December 2016

The article considers the concept of “plastic training course”, which aims to reveal the creative nature, fantasy and imagination of the schoolchild,

to develop internal psychotechnics of the child. The proposed author’s development of exercise system is not focused on the acquirement of plastic

scenic skills or special movement technique; it belongs to the category of general developmental, mental and physical training.
THE FORM OF OWNERSHIP IN THE MODERN CONSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC MODEL
Authors: Мазаев Владимир , Mazaev Vladimir
Published: December 2016

23 years have passed since the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, but the question of the place and the role of the category of constitutional forms of ownership remains debatable. The article discusses the purpose of the form of ownership in the constitutional regulation of economic relations, an analysis of the main approaches to the evaluation of the legal significance of this category, argues that a formal stance on ownership’s nature gives a distorted view of the methods of legal influence on the economy. Despite the denial of the form of ownership’s ideological aspects in modern democratic constitutions this category has social elements. It is shown that an assessment of the constitutional form of ownership should be carried out by economic and social and legal aspects. Based on the texts of various states’ constitutions the analysis of the basic dimensions of the form of property exercise is undertaken, including also other aspects such as promoting advanced management methods, provisioning traditional economic structures and protecting particularly important property. The article demonstrates the interconnection of the constitutional form of ownership with organizational-legal forms of business. In this connection the nature and the purpose of the private and public forms of ownership are taken into account. Otherwise it is difficult to mark the necessary boundaries and ways of state participation in the economy. The conclusion defines that the constitutional ownership is an essential tool for building the optimal model of economy by means of supporting the most promising and traditional ways of economic management.
LAW-MAKING OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN COMPARISON WITH CERTAIN ASPECTS OF PRESIDENTIAL LAW-MAKING IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Ваньков Александр , Vankov Aleksandr
Published: December 2016

The article is primarily aimed at the types of presidential actions in the United States of America. The author considers various types of actions issued by the President of the United States and categorizes those actions by their form, including executive orders, proclamations, administrative orders, presidential memoranda, determinations, notices, reorganization plans, etc. Particularly the article is focused on executive orders of the American head of executive branch as they are the most significant regulations. In addition, the article touches upon the types of regulations issued by the President of the Russian Federation apart from decrees and orders, such as instructions and directives. This paper contains comparative legal study based on contemporary legislative material from two substantially different legal systems, offers grounds for legitimacy and admissibility of broad presidential rulemaking powers including issuing of regulations which types or forms are not directly specified in the constitution, explores the nature of instructions of the Russian President. However, the author advocates the idea that presidential administrative actions should not be considered as non-legal actions, and issuing by this officer regulations, including those which types are not defined by a constitution, could only be done in case those regulations comply with the laws.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL IN UZBEKISTAN: THE SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS OF THE LAW “ON PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL”
Authors: Хакимов Рахим , Khakimov Rakhim
Published: December 2016

The article is devoted to the development of the constitutional and legal framework of parliamentary control in Uzbekistan. It provides an analysis, carried out during the years of independence, of large-scale, successive reforms aimed at strengthening the role, authority and control functions of the Parliament — the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the disclosure of the nature and the content of the Law “Оn parliamentary control” adopted in 2016. Separately, the issues concerning the subject structure of legal relations in the sphere of parliamentary control, the object of parliamentary control, the permissibility and the limits of parliamentary control, its forms, as well as measures taken by the parliamentary response by the results of the control measures are considered. The author made an attempt to justify the provisions of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On parliamentary control” scientifically and theoretically, identified a number of issues that require scientific and practical discussion and profound scientific and theoretical study.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATUS OF THE BRITISH ANTARCTIC TERRITORY AS A SECTOR OF ANTARCTICA AND THE SUBJECT OF PARTNERSHIP WITH THE KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: Ирхин Игорь , Irkhin Igor
Published: December 2016

The article emphases that the current period of legal vacuum in the form of “freezing” the territorial claims of states in Antarctica, including the British Antarctic Territory, is not an unconditional guarantee means to prevent the international communication subjects’ claiming for the future sovereign and “quasi-sovereign” standing to the Antarctica and its regions with the formalization of the public authorities’ respective powers in the national legislation. The author also emphases on the relevance of improving the Antarctic’s international-legal regime. This includes the detail of unification and standardization of responsibility mechanisms for violation of the existing legal acts’ provisions that determines the procedure and conditions for international cooperation on this continent. It is proposed to consider the validity and appropriateness of the Antarctic Treaty 1959 regulations on consolidation opportunities of previously asserted rights of Contracting Parties or their claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica. The author believes that the rule of this legal act generates the problem of uncertainty of the States sovereign rights over the continent and its particular parts. The article also brings an argument that position on the lack of validity of the relations qualification between Britain and the British Antarctic Territory as a partnership and as the management of overseas territory are carried out directly and exclusively by the British authorities in the person of Commissioner, there is no “local” institutions of public authority and no permanent population. In addition, the category of the Kingdom’s sovereignty, which is the basic qualification under the partnership, excludes the independence of the Overseas Territories as it absorbs partnerships leveling its qualitative characteristics. The author analyzes features of the constitutional status of the Commissioner as a representative of the British Crown. It is necessary to bring the provisions of the Order of the British Antarctic Territory 1989 in line with the Antarctic Treaty 1959.
CONSTITUTIONAL REGULATION OF LAND MATTERS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Authors: Аверьянова Наталья , Averyanova Natalya
Published: December 2016

The article analyzes the constitutional law of foreign countries that regulates land matters. The author attempts to systematize the constitutional acts of foreign countries on basis of consolidation and assurance of property rights as a basic phenomenon by means of defining the land and legal structures of a country. Thus foreign countries unite in groups in accordance with the constitutional rules governing land relations and on this basis certain patterns of land-legal system form. There are five models of Land constitutional law in foreign countries. These models combine “a socialist camp” countries and countries in transition from socialism to a market economy, Latin American states which, at this stage of history, are characterized by the transition from the feudal approach of managing the capitalism, developed countries with relatively stable legal traditions and systems and Islamic countries. The article also analyzes historical background of consolidation of land matters in constitutions of other countries and determines the vector of land and legal development of states related to certain models of land and legal system. The conclusion justifies comprehensively the land and economic relations that are the basis of the land-legal system of the state and they should be fixed at the level of Basic Law.
AN INFORMATION INTERMEDIARY IN RUSSIAN LAW
Authors: Тиунов Олег , Tiunov Olyeg , Терещенко Людмила , Tyeryeyenko Lyudmila
Published: December 2016

Three years ago was adopted Federal Law No. 187 from 02.07.2013 “Amending of certain legislative acts regarding protection of intellectual property rights in information and telecommunications networks”. The article analyzes the concept of information intermediary and its coherence with other participants of the information relationships in the Internet taking into account that the term is not defined in legislation. The article researches three groups of subjects (distinguished depending on their activities) taking into account already existing in this sphere subjects. The author takes an attempt to answer a question: who can be an information intermediary and whether the same information intermediary could belong to all these three groups.
PUBLIC AND NON-PUBLIC COMPANIES IN THE LAW OF RUSSIA AND SOME FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Authors: Красильников Михаил , Krasilnikov Mikhail , Габов Андрей , Gabov Andrey , Бойко Татьяна , Boyko Tatyana
Published: December 2016

The classification of business entities into public and non-public in the Russian law provides a reason to seek from the world experience in order to highlight the similarities and further development of regulatory pathways of the above-noted institute. The goal set is achieved by comparing the attributes of a public company in the legislation of some countries. In particular, on the example of the UK and the USA it is established the difference between public and private companies. There is marked a combination of two trends: imperative regulation of public companies, along with the freedom of the creation and operation of private companies. The article describes the approach to the definition of the status of a public company, adopted in Eastern Europe, which is different from that in the UK, studies law in certain countries strongly influenced by English law. Along with the detailed characteristics of the Russian model of public (non-public) companies its difference from the typical Anglo-Saxon model is revealed. The presence (absence) of division into public (private) companies does not evidence the proper and (or) inadequate level of a legal system in this aspect, but simply reflects the model of regulation of the market in a particular country. The authors criticize different interpretation of the term “publicity” by legislators in the case of public (non-public) companies.
LEGAL REGULATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITHIN THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION
Authors: Шестакова Марина , Shestakova Marina
Published: December 2016

The article deals with the problems of improving the legislation governing foreign trade relations between business entities of member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It is noted that close economic interaction between states in the post-Soviet space is a prerequisite for the successful development of production and scientific and technological potential of these countries. Formed in 2014 the Eurasian Economic Union is a new integration association characterized by a deep degree of international integration which implies among others the expansion of foreign trade cooperation of its member countries. The successful solution of the tasks depends largely on the legal groundwork for relations within the Union. The author suggests developing local act of unification — the international treaty governing foreign trade relations between the economic entities in the domestic market of the EAEU using the international experience of creating a uniform legal regulation of the international sale of goods as an example. It is noted that the adoption of the act will create a uniform legal regime and equal guarantees for all participants of the economic relations.
HIDDEN RENVOI AS AN EFFECTIVE INSTITUTE OF APPLICATION OF CONFLICT OF LAWS RULES IN GERMANY
Authors: Щекина Елизавета , Shchekina Elizaveta
Published: December 2016

The paper considers the so called “hidden renvoi” in international private law, based on the comparative study of Russian and German literature and judicial practice. The purpose of this article is to identify hidden renvoi as an effective mechanism of application of conflict of law rules in order to state the applicable law. Hidden renvoi has never been studied specifically in Russian literature thus it can be said that the author introduces the term “hidden renvoi” for scientific usage in Russia. The author used the following general and specific scientific methods: logical method, analysis, comparative method, technical method, linguistic method etc. Hidden renvoi is a legal phenomenon that combines the aspects of civil procedure and conflict of laws rules: the applicable law is defined by court using the competence rules of foreign state. This mechanism can be applied and used in the judicial practice in Russia since it does not require any prior serious amendments to legislation. However, the ambiguousness and the disputable character of hidden renvoi determines the necessity of further study of this legal institute.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: ISSUES OF FUNDING OF THEIR ACTIVITY
Authors: Капустин Анатолий , Kapustin Anatoliy
Published: December 2016

A few very important features of financial law of international organizations were consider in present article. The author puts forward an idea that funding of international organizations activities is an important element of the international legal personality of international organizations, because it allows them to ensure the necessary independence while executing their international rights and obligations and the exercise of their assigned functions. The main categories of financial law of international organizations were examined in article: the concept and types of incomes and expenses, the concept of budget process of the international organization in accordance with two ways of funding of international organizations settled in the XX century. Special attention was paid to the analysis of the obligations of Member States of an international organization to contribute to the organization’s budget. For these purposes, the analysis of the positions of judges of the International Court of Justice and the opinions of scientists on this issue in the context of the proceedings on certain expenses of the United Nations. The author has come to conclusion about necessity of the further study of the problems of the financial law of international organizations.
THE ISSUES OF COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT OF JUDGES IN RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN LEGISLATION
Authors: Макарова Оксана , Makarova Oksana
Published: December 2016

The theme of competency assessment rarely becomes the subject of special scientific research. The main focus in the legal literature is usually paid to the issues related to the status of a judge, the requirements for candidates for the post of judge, professionalism of the judges, etc. Meanwhile, this theme has a great research potential not only to consider the hierarchy of judicial positions in the system of courts of general jurisdiction, but also to develop the concept of a judge’s career, as well as to identify the problems associated with opportunities of a career and professional growth of the judge. The article proposes to consider the competency assessment of judges as an organizational and legal mechanism of motivation to quality fulfillment of their office duties, which contributes to their career growth. It is noted that when such mechanism for competency assessment of judges is set up, a delicate balance should be struck, allowing to assess professional knowledge and the results of the judicial activities of judges, without violating the guarantees of judicial independence. Taking stock of the current mechanism of competency assessment of judges the author reveals its main disadvantages, as well as comes to a conclusion that it is necessary to create a competency assessment procedure, which allows not only to evaluate the qualifications and professionalism of judges, but also in case of following its results to provide the career development.
LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE CRIME VICTIMS UNDER THE SWEDISH LAW OF XX—XXI CENTURIES (HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYZE)
Authors: Андрусенко Сергей , Andrusenko Sergey
Published: December 2016

The present article analyzes the historical and legal issues of victims of crimes in Sweden. At the present stage of development of Swedish criminal law, the Institute of the rights of victims of crime in Sweden is one of the most developed. Criminal protection of victims of crimes in the Russian Federation attends relatively little attention. The history of formation of Institute of the rights of victims is a necessary foundation for the development of it in a modern Russian theory of law and legislation. The historical background of the Institute the rights of victims which has determined the contours of a modern understanding of the rights of victims, for example, was reflected in a Swedish law. Some elements of the criminal law concept of crime victims in Sweden, such as free legal assistance, certain elements of compensation (e.g., compensation for physical and moral damages) may be implemented in the domestic theory of law and legislation. International studies indicate that the level of victimization of the population of European countries, which show the number of actual victims of crimes, is at average of 16% of the total population. In this regard, the possibility of the reception of the Swedish legal doctrine devoted to the protection of victims of crime is of particular importance for the Russian theory of law.
ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES TO REALIZE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR LEARNING TECHNICAL BRANCHES
Authors: Волкова  , Volkova A. , Лавлинский  , Lavlinskiy V. , Песецкая  , Pesetskaya T.
Published: December 2016

In given article is executed analysis existing approach for development electronic scholastic-methodical complex for learning technical branches.
RAILWAY STATIONS AND KNOTS: SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO DESIGN
Authors: Журавлева  , Zhuravleva I.
Published: December 2016

In article the main requirements to design of railway stations, taking into account their stage-by-stage development are considered. Criteria of scientific approach to further application on them the newest technologies of design are defined.
PECULARITIES OF STABILITY OF THE FINITE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM DESCRIBED BY THE NON-RESONANT EQUATION WITH THE LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR
Authors: Котов  , Kotov P.
Published: December 2016

The linear system represented in a normal form with the material measurable elements of coefficient system is considered by the uniform linear equation and are offered aspects of stability of the finite-dimensional version of non-resonant system described by the linear equation resolved ralatively derivative with the constant positive elements of the coefficient system in a decimal numeral system at the example of the test of the known dynamic model resources of the portable personal computer are constructive.
ON THE SOLVING METHOD FOR SOME TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS WITH HETEROGENEITIES
Authors: Соловей  , Solovey Denis , Хухрянская  , Khukhryanskaya E.
Published: December 2016

The article discusses the transportation problem for heterogeneous goods and heterogeneous vehicles. The proposed method allows to reduce the transportation problem with a heterogeneities to the classical transportation problem.
ON INNOVATIVE RESEARCH THE MODEL OF FORMATION OF STRATEGIC BALANCED PROGRAM OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT
Authors: Владимиров  , Vladimirov S.
Published: December 2016

A innovative methodology for creating your country of vennoy-investment program for a longer period - up to 33-40 years old, consisting of a hard («kvantirovannyh») series of investment projects at all levels and areas with socio-economic-social activity, differing only by strict, pre-established state, the numerical values of a limited number of indicators of economic efficiency of public investments, which are harmonious balanced relationship with the approved high state of the Russian Federation, the body managing the national economy national parameters (discount rate), which characterizes the minimum requirements of society to the effectiveness of investment projects, the numerical value of which is determined by the authors method, in conjunction with forecasts for economic and social development of the country, including the pace of economic growth.
Edward Greene, Goldsmith; William Marston, Apprentice; and Eastward Ho!
Authors: Cathcart Charles
Published: December 2016

This essay presents new information about the family of John Marston the dramatist. I review this material in relation to the work of Suzanne Gossett and W. David Kay, the two editors of Eastward Ho! for The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Ben Jonson. My article explores how our knowledge of a writer’s personal relationships may affect our understanding of that writer’s contribution to a collaborative enterprise.
Saints' Lives and Shoemakers' Holidays: The Gentle Craft and the Wells Cordwainers' Pageant of 1613
Authors: Di Salvo Gina M.
Published: December 2016

This essay considers the 1613 Wells Cordwainers’ pageant of SS Crispin and Crispianus through an exploration of hagiographical appropriation in two other contemporary iterations of the St Crispin legend and the conditions of English occasional pageantry. A comparison with the prose tale The Gentle Craft by Thomas Deloney and the stage play A Shoemaker, A Gentleman by William Rowley indicates that the Cordwainers improvised on a popular Jacobean version of their patron saints as romance heroes instead of holy martyrs. 
‘Our Children Made Enterluders’: Choristers, Actors, and Students in St Paul’s Cathedral Precinct
Authors: Hentschell Roze F.
Published: December 2016

This essay explores the relationship between theatre and neighbourhood in early modern England with a focus on St Paul’s Cathedral precinct, demonstrating that the boys who performed as the Children of Paul’s were necessarily shaped by their time there in multiple ways. The seemingly discrete places of the cathedral that the boys inhabited, such as their singing school, the residence hall, the cathedral choir, the churchyard, and the grammar school, were as porous as the activities that took place there. We cannot, then, disentangle the boys’ lives as actors from their lives as denizens of Paul’s.
‘An Honest Pair of Oars’: Players, Watermen, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside
Authors: Spain-Savage Christi
Published: December 2016

This essay offers insight into two playing companies’ ties to a key industry in early modern London and the ways such interconnections shaped the neighbourhoods adjacent to the Thames. It examines Touchwood Senior’s speech in Thomas Middleton’s A Chaste Maid in Cheapside in relation to the Swan, the Blackfriars, and watermen’s trade to argue that this moment highlights sympathies for the watermen’s plight from the Lady Elizabeth’s Men and exposes underlying tensions between the watermen and the King’s Men in 1613 and 1614.
Aaron’s Roots: Spaniards, Englishmen, and Blackamoors in Titus Andronicus
Authors: Ndiaye Noémie
Published: December 2016

Focusing on the play’s genealogy and various allusions to the black legend, this article recovers the long-neglected Spanish dimension of Gothic identity in Titus Andronicus and reconsiders the racial discourse of the play in the light of this information. Within an analogical setup associating Goths with Spaniards and Romans with Englishmen, the play attempts intellectual emancipation: it attempts to think through the topical question of the black African presence in 1590s England on English terms — outside of the Iberian conceptual frameworks with which black Africans had long been associated.
Beds on the Early Modern Stage
Authors: Thomson Leslie
Published: December 2016

Bed scenes remind us how little we know about staging practices in early modern London playhouses. Stage directions often say that a bed was 'discovered' but not where or how. And if it had curtains, were they on the bed or over an opening in the tiring house wall? Was the bed a four-poster, even though such a structure would have blocked sightlines and been cumbersome? Given the extra staging demands bed scenes entailed, why did playwrights include them? This study focuses on these and related matters with reference to all bed scenes in plays written between 1580 and 1642.
CIRCULACIONES Y GÉNESIS EN EL ESPACIO DE TRABAJO MATEMÁTICO
Authors: Montoya-Delgadillo Elizabeth , Arturo Mena - Lorca  , Jaime Mena - Lorca
Published: December 2016

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio de casos, como parte de un seguimiento de las prácticas de aula de profesores debutantes realizado por los autores. Entre otros aspectos, hemos observado que en tales prácticas el Álgebra interviene en los otros dominios a tal punto que esos profesores inducen a sus alumnos en un Espacio de Trabajo Matemático en el cual, si bien se producen circulaciones entre los componentes de los planos cognitivo y epistemológico que involucran las génesis instrumental y semiótica, la génesis discursiva está casi ausente. Para estudiar la situación obtenemos información adicional a modo de entender el rol que juega el Álgebra en el desarrollo de otros dominios de la matemática. Luego presentamos un ejemplo de cómo un profesor debutante con esas características puede influir en el Espacio de Trabajo Matemático personal de sus alumnos.
A Backward Sampling Framework for Interdiction Problems with Fortification
Authors: Lozano Leonardo , Smith J. Cole
Published: December 2016

This paper examines a class of three-stage sequential defender-attacker-defender problems. In these problems the defender first selects a subset of assets to protect, the attacker next damages a subset of unprotected assets in the “interdiction” stage, after which the defender optimizes a “recourse” problem over the surviving assets. These problems are notoriously difficult to optimize, and almost always require the recourse problem to be a convex optimization problem. Our contribution is a new approach to solving defender-attacker-defender problems. We require all variables in the first two stages to be binary-valued, but allow the recourse problem to take any form. The proposed framework focuses on solving the interdiction problem by restricting the defender to select a recourse decision from a sample of feasible vectors. The algorithm then iteratively refines the sample to force finite convergence to an optimal solution. We demonstrate that our algorithm not only solves interdiction problems involving NP-hard recourse problems within reasonable computational limits, but it also solves shortest path fortification and interdiction problems more efficiently than state-of-the-art algorithms tailored for that problem, finding optimal solutions to real-road networks having up to 300,000 nodes and over 1,000,000 arcs.