bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poly[di(μ2-2-hydroxypropanoato)cadmium]
Authors: Chen Ao-Wei , Shi Rong , Wang Ce , Shi Bi-Bo , Yin Zheng
Published: September 2019

The asymmetric unit of the title inorganic–organic salt, poly[di(μ

2
-2-hydroxypropanoato)cadmium], [Cd(C3H5O3)2]
n
or [Cd(Hlac)2]
n
(H2lac = 2-hydroxypropanoic acid), comprises of a cadmium cation and two 2-hydroxypropanoate anions. The cadmium cation exhibits a distorted pentagonal–bipyramidal coordination environment defined by the hydroxy and carbonyl O atoms of the 2-hydroxypropanoate anions. The coordination mode leads to the formation of layers extending parallel to (010). O—H...O hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy and carbonyl groups stabilizes the structure packing.
Pencil-on-paper flexible electronics for daily sensing applications
Authors: Liu Yan , Wang Hai , Zhao Wei , Zhang Min , Qin Hongbo
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Inspired by the development of eco-friendly flexible electronics, this paper aims to present a series of paper-based electronics drawn by pencils, which can be used as favorable sensing elements in daily life.

Design/methodology/approach

Pencil traces are deposited on the porous surface of Xerox paper by the mechanical exfoliation during writing process, which can be used as basic components to construct functional electronics for daily sensing applications. By changing pencil grade, the obtained traces can work as conductive wires, electrodes, resistors and piezoresistive gauges.

Findings

The experimental results confirm their practical applications in sensing several daily activities, including finger motion, touching and the temperature of water in paper cup. Moreover, the used electronics can be easily handled and recycled.

Research limitations/implications

The shortage in functionality, reliability and performance consistency induced by manual operation is an evident challenge, which makes the pencil-on-paper devices more suitable to work as a temporary solution to satisfying the demands from emergency circumstances.

Originality/value

The pencil-on-paper devices, motivated by the electroconductibility and piezoresistivity of pencil trace, can be explored as sensing prototypes in detecting daily activities. Meantime, their advances in easy accessibility, rapid fabrication, low cost and eco-fitness endow them excellent capacity of meeting the “on-site, real-time” demands.
Ethics of blockchain
Authors: Tang Yong , Xiong Jason , Becerril-Arreola Rafael , Iyer Lakshmi
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is fourfold: first, to provide the first systematic study on the ethics of blockchain, mapping its main socio-technical challenges in technology and applications; second, to identify ethical issues of blockchain; third, to propose a conceptual framework of blockchain ethics study; fourth, to discuss ethical issues for stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper employs literature research, research agenda and framework development.

Findings

Ethics of blockchain and its applications is essential for technology adoption. There is a void of research on blockchain ethics. The authors propose a first theoretical framework of blockchain ethics. Research agenda is proposed for future search. Finally, the authors recommend measures for stakeholders to facilitate the ethical adequacy of blockchain implementations and future Information Systems (IS) research directions. This research raises timely awareness and stimulates further debate on the ethics of blockchain in the IS community.

Originality/value

First, this work provides timely systematic research on blockchain ethics. Second, the authors propose the first research framework of blockchain ethics. Third, the authors identify key research questions of blockchain ethics. Fourth, this study contributes to the understanding of blockchain technology and its societal impacts.
Cross-cultural perspective of situated learning and coping: understanding psychological closeness as mediator
Authors: Bose Mousumi , Ye Lei
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Extant consumer behavior research has alluded to consumer learning; however, little research exists regarding situated learning and its relation to coping with respect to stressful consumption experiences. The purpose of this research is to study situated or in situ learning in two cultural contexts – that of the USA and China.

Design/methodology/approach

Online data were collected from non-students in both the USA and China, and structural equations modeling was used to analyze data.

Findings

Results demonstrated that situated learning helped cope better with stressful episodes for both cultures. Psychological closeness to the problem mediated the relationship between the antecedents and situated learning for US consumers more than for Chinese consumers.

Research limitations/implications

Since US consumers tend to be psychologically close to the stressor during the consumption process, firms should preemptively inform and educate them about potential stressors to help them learn and cope. However, as Chinese consumers tend not to be psychologically close to the problem, they need to be dealt differently.

Originality/value

This research provides a holistic view of situated learning and coping as a process involving consumers, firms and situations and examines their underlying factors in stressful consumption encounters. It establishes the mediating role of psychological closeness between antecedents and consumers’ situated learning and explores the differences of psychological closeness in two different cultures, that of the USA and China.
The relationship between preference for privacy and social media usage
Authors: Hunter Gary L. , Taylor Steven A.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate whether preferences for certain types of privacy predict the frequency and duration of social media usage as well as the moderating role of gender on these relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

An e-mail-based survey among the faculty, staff and students of a medium-sized mid-western university is used to gather data regarding preferences for privacy and social media usage. Using 530 respondents, structural equation modeling explores the relationship between the various privacy types, gender and social media usage.

Findings

Evidence supports a relationship between four types of privacy preferences and social media usage. A positive relationship exists between frequency of social media usage and a preference for not neighboring. Duration of social media usage shows a negative relationship with preferences for seclusion and reserve, and surprisingly, a positive relationship with a preference for anonymity. Gender moderates the relationship between preference for privacy and social media usage, offering evidence that intimacy, seclusion and reserve predict social media usage for males, while not neighboring and anonymity predict usage for females.

Originality/value

The study extends the privacy literature through investigating differential impacts of privacy preferences. The marketing literature examines privacy as a general concept, without allowing for differences in consumers' preferences for types of privacy. Additionally, the study shows that gender moderates the relationship between preferences for privacy and social media usage. A second contribution is investigating the relevance of a scale, developed in an age without social media, to an era permeated in social media.
Focal fields in literature on the information divide
Authors: Yang Feng , Zhang Xiaoqian
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify key countries and their focal research fields on the information divide.

Design/methodology/approach

Literature was retrieved to identify key countries and their primary focus. The literature research method was adopted to identify aspects of the primary focus in each key country.

Findings

The key countries with literature on the information divide are the USA, China, the UK and India. The problem of health is prominent in the USA, and solutions include providing information, distinguishing users’ profiles and improving eHealth literacy. Economic and political factors led to the urban–rural information divide in China, and policy is the most powerful solution. Under the influence of humanism, research on the information divide in the UK focuses on all age groups, and solutions differ according to age. Deep-rooted patriarchal concepts and traditional marriage customs make the gender information divide prominent in India, and increasing women’s information consciousness is a feasible way to reduce this divide.

Originality/value

This paper is an extensive review study on the information divide, which clarifies the key countries and their focal fields in research on this topic. More important, the paper innovatively analyzes and summarizes existing literature from a country perspective.
Supporting successful data sharing practices in earthquake engineering
Authors: Wu Shuheng , Worrall Adam
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Prior studies identified a need for further comparison of data-sharing practices across different disciplines and communities. Toward addressing this need, the purpose of this paper is to examine the data-sharing practices of the earthquake engineering (EE) community, which could help inform data-sharing policies in EE and provide different stakeholders of the EE community with suggestions regarding data management and curation.

Design/methodology/approach

This study conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews with 16 EE researchers to gain an understanding of which data might be shared, with whom, under what conditions and why; and their perceptions of data ownership.

Findings

This study identified 29 data-sharing factors categorized into five groups. Requirements from funding agencies and academic genealogy were frequent impacts on EE researchers’ data-sharing practices. EE researchers were uncertain of data ownership and their perceptions varied.

Originality/value

Based on the findings, this study provides funding agencies, research institutions, data repositories and other stakeholders of the EE community with suggestions, such as allowing researchers to adjust the timeframe they can withhold data based on project size and the amount of experimental data generated; expanding the types and states of data required to share; defining data ownership in grant requirements; integrating data sharing and curation into curriculum; and collaborating with library and information schools for curriculum development.
Wireless Emergency Alert messages: Influences on protective action behaviour
Authors: Kim Grace , Martel Andrea , Eisenman David , Prelip Michael , Arevian Armen , Johnson Kerri L. , Glik Deborah
Published: September 2019

The Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA) system delivers text‐based alert and warning messages to notify citizens of imminent, local disaster threats and recommended actions. Although this is a promising new practice in emergency communication, research about how people respond immediately after receiving these messages in real time is sparse. Using a mixed‐methods approach, this study addresses this gap by assessing people's reactivity to WEA messages using experimental simulations of an active shooter and an explosion on a college campus. Only about one in five message recipients took immediate protective action. Quantitative analyses and qualitative interviews suggest individual, message, and situational factors influenced protective action behaviour. These findings inform recommendations to create effective WEA and other text‐based alert and warning messages.
No place like home? Self‐initiated expatriates in their ancestral homeland
Authors: Richardson Christopher , Ng Kim Hwa
Published: September 2019

This qualitative study examines an increasingly visible group of self‐initiated expatriates who, though foreign in nationality, share a common ancestry and ethnicity with most citizens of their host country. In particular, we explore the motivations behind the decision to seek employment in such countries and both work and non‐work adjustment. Drawing on interviews with 28 Malaysian self‐initiated expatriates of Chinese ethnicity currently working in China, the study suggests that, despite ancestral connections, these expatriates were motivated to work in China purely for financial and career‐related reasons. However, contrary to what some of the literature suggests, ancestral and cultural ties were hugely significant when it came to adjustment, with the expatriates’ fluency in the national language and adherence to certain cultural traditions contributing to successful adjustment both in and outside the workplace. Based on our findings, we put forward three propositions and a conceptual model to guide future research.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii‐derived microbial anti‐inflammatory molecule regulates intestinal integrity in diabetes mellitus mice via modulating tight junction protein expression
Authors: Xu Jihao , Liang Rongrong , Zhang Wang , Tian Kuangyi , Li Jieyao , Chen Xianming , Yu Tao , Chen Qikui
Published: September 2019

Background

Impaired intestinal barrier structure and function have been validated as an important pathogenic process in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Gut dysbiosis is thought to be the critical factor in diabetic intestinal pathogenesis. As the most abundant commensal bacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) play important roles in gut homeostasis. The microbial anti‐inflammatory molecule (MAM), an F. prausnitzii metabolite, has anti‐inflammatory potential in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, we aimed to explore the function and mechanism of MAM on the diabetic intestinal epithelium.

Methods

16S high‐throughput sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota of db/db mice (T2DM mouse model). We transfected a FLAG‐tagged MAM plasmid into human colonic cells to explore the protein‐protein interactions and observe cell monolayer permeability. For in vivo experiments, db/db mice were supplemented with recombinant His‐tagged MAM protein from E. coli BL21 (DE3).

Results

The abundance of F. prausnitzii was downregulated in the gut microbiota of db/db mice. Immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectroscopy (MS) analyses revealed that MAM potentially interacts with proteins in the tight junction pathway, including zona occludens 1 (ZO‐1). FLAG‐tagged MAM plasmid transfection stabilized the cell permeability and increased ZO‐1 expression in NCM460, Caco2, and HT‐29 cells. The db/db mice supplemented with recombinant His‐tagged MAM protein showed restored intestinal barrier function and elevated ZO‐1 expression.

Conclusions

Our study shows that MAM from F. prausnitzii can restore the intestinal barrier structure and function in DM conditions via the regulation of the tight junction pathway and ZO‐1 expression.
Increases in methamphetamine use among heroin treatment admissions in the United States, 2008–17
Authors: Jones Christopher M. , Underwood Natasha , Compton Wilson M.
Published: September 2019

Background and Aims

Due to their small sample sizes, geographic specificity and limited examination of socio‐demographic characteristics, recent studies of methamphetamine use among people using heroin in the United States are limited in their ability to identify national and regional trends and to characterize populations at risk for using heroin and methamphetamine. This study aimed to examine trends and correlates of methamphetamine use among heroin treatment admissions in the United States.

Design

Longitudinal analysis of data from the 2008 to 2017 Treatment Episode Data Set. Descriptive statistics, trend analyses and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine characteristics associated with methamphetamine use among heroin treatment admissions.

Setting

United States.

Participants

Treatment admissions of people aged ≥ 12 years whose primary substance of use is heroin.

Measurements

Primary measurement was heroin treatment admissions involving methamphetamine. Secondary measurements were demographics of sex, age, race/ethnicity, US census region, living arrangement and employment status.

Findings

The percentage of primary heroin treatment admissions reporting methamphetamine use increased each year from 2.1% in 2008 to 12.4% in 2017, a relative percentage increase of 490% and an annual percentage change (APC) of 23.4% (P < 0.001). During the study period, increases were seen among males and females and among all demographic and geographic groups examined. Among primary heroin treatment admissions reporting methamphetamine use in 2017, 47.1% reported injecting, 46.0% reported smoking, 5.1% reporting snorting and 1.8% reported oral/other as their usual route of methamphetamine use.

Conclusions

Methamphetamine use among heroin treatment admissions in the United States increased from one in 50 primary heroin treatment admissions in 2008 to one in 8 admissions in 2017.
Life‐course trajectories of cannabis use: a latent class analysis of a New Zealand birth cohort
Authors: Boden Joseph M. , Dhakal Bhubaneswor , Foulds James A. , Horwood L. John
Published: September 2019

Background and aims

Little is known about how cannabis use over the life‐course relates to harms in adulthood. The present study aimed to identify trajectories of cannabis use from adolescence to adulthood and examine both the predictors of these trajectories and adverse adult outcomes associated with those trajectories.

Design

A latent trajectory analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort (from birth to age 35 years).

Setting and participants

General community sample (n = 1065) from New Zealand.

Measurement

Annual frequency of cannabis use (ages 15–35 years); childhood family and individual characteristics (birth to age 16 years); measures of adult outcomes (substance use disorders, ages 30–35 years; mental health disorders, ages 30–35 years; socio‐economic outcomes at age 35 years; social/family outcomes at age 35 years).

Findings

A six‐class solution was the best fit to the data. Individuals assigned to trajectories with higher levels of cannabis use were more likely to have experienced adverse childhood family and individual circumstances. Membership of trajectories with higher levels of use was associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes at ages 30–35 years. Adjustment of these associations for the childhood family and individual predictors largely did not reduce the magnitude of the associations.

Conclusions

In New Zealand, long‐term frequent cannabis use, or transition to such use, appears to be robustly associated with diverse harms in adulthood.
Accuracies of genomic prediction for twenty economically important traits in Chinese Simmental beef cattle
Authors: Zhu B. , Guo P. , Wang Z. , Zhang W. , Chen Y. , Zhang L. , Gao H. , Wang Z. , Gao X. , Xu L. , Li J.
Published: September 2019

Genomic prediction has been widely utilized to estimate genomic breeding values (GEBVs) in farm animals. In this study, we conducted genomic prediction for 20 economically important traits including growth, carcass and meat quality traits in Chinese Simmental beef cattle. Five approaches (GBLUP, BayesA, BayesB, BayesCπ and BayesR) were used to estimate the genomic breeding values. The predictive accuracies ranged from 0.159 (lean meat percentage estimated by BayesCπ) to 0.518 (striploin weight estimated by BayesR). Moreover, we found that the average predictive accuracies across 20 traits were 0.361, 0.361, 0.367, 0.367 and 0.378, and the averaged regression coefficients were 0.89, 0.86, 0.89, 0.94 and 0.95 for GBLUP, BayesA, BayesB, BayesCπ and BayesR respectively. The genomic prediction accuracies were mostly moderate and high for growth and carcass traits, whereas meat quality traits showed relatively low accuracies. We concluded that Bayesian regression approaches, especially for BayesR and BayesCπ, were slightly superior to GBLUP for most traits. Increasing with the sizes of reference population, these two approaches are feasible for future application of genomic selection in Chinese beef cattle.
Neonatal clinical blood sampling led to major blood loss and was associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Hellström William , Forssell Linnéa , Morsing Eva , Sävman Karin , Ley David
Published: September 2019

Aim

Studies indicate that reduced foetal haemoglobin levels are related to increased neonatal morbidity rates. This study investigated the relationships between sampling‐related blood loss and adult blood transfusions administered during postnatal days 1‐14 and the development of severe neonatal morbidities in extremely preterm infants born before 28 weeks of gestation.

Methods

The medical files of 149 extremely preterm infants born at two university hospitals in Sweden from 2013 to 2018 were investigated.

Results

Blood sampling resulted in a 58% depletion of the endogenous blood volume postnatal days 1‐14 (median 40.4 mL/kg, interquartile range 23.9‐53.3 mL/kg) and correlated with the adult erythrocyte transfusion volume (rS = 0.870, P < .001). Sampling‐related blood loss on postnatal days 1‐7, adjusted for gestational age at birth and birth weight standard deviation score, was associated with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (odds ratio by a 10‐unit increase 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1‐5.4) (P = .03). No associations were found between blood sampling and intraventricular haemorrhage or necrotising enterocolitis in the full statistical model. The largest proportion of sampling‐related blood was used for blood gas analyses (48.7%).

Conclusion

Diagnostic blood sampling led to major endogenous blood loss replaced with adult blood components and was associated with the development of BPD.
How Do Job Insecurity and Organizational Justice Relate to Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Difficulties: A Multilevel Study on Immediate and Prolonged Effects in Swedish Workers
Authors: Bernhard‐Oettel Claudia , Eib Constanze , Griep Yannick , Leineweber Constanze
Published: September 2019

Drawing on stress and justice literature, we argue that perceptions of job insecurity induce feelings of low procedural justice, which has immediate and prolonged negative effects on health (depressive symptoms, sleep difficulties). Moreover, we explore whether the strength of the job insecurity–justice relationship differs between individuals as a function of their average level of job insecurity over time. Finally, we explore whether the procedural justice–health relationship differs between individuals as a function of variability in justice perceptions over time. We analyzed Swedish panel data from permanent workers over four consecutive waves (with a two‐year time lag between waves) using multilevel analysis, separating within‐ and between‐person variance. Results showed that job insecurity associated negatively with procedural justice at the same time point for all waves. Prolonged effects were less stable. We found immediate (but not prolonged) indirect effects of job insecurity on health outcomes via procedural justice. Average levels in job insecurity over time moderated the within‐person job insecurity–justice relationship. However, variability in procedural justice over time did not moderate the within‐person justice–health relationship. In conclusion, disentangling within‐ and between‐person variability of job insecurity and justice perceptions contributes to the understanding of health effects.
Review article: impact of exercise on physical frailty in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Williams Felicity R. , Berzigotti Annalisa , Lord Janet M. , Lai Jennifer C. , Armstrong Matthew J.
Published: September 2019

Background

Physical frailty is common in chronic liver disease and the setting of liver transplantation. It is associated with poor quality of life, increased hospitalisation and mortality. Despite this, the impact of exercise in these patients remains poorly understood.

Aim

To summarise the impact of physical exercise on physical frailty in patients with chronic liver disease until after liver transplantation.

Methods

A MEDLINE and PubMed search was undertaken using the terms; “physical activity”, “functional capacity”, “exercise”, “prehabilitation”, “frailty”, “liver cirrhosis”, “liver failure”, “liver transplantation” “chronic liver disease” and “end‐stage liver disease” from January 1990 to June 2019.

Results

Eleven studies (five randomised controlled, five observational, one case study) demonstrated that exercise improves VO2 peak, anaerobic threshold, 6‐minute walk distance, muscle mass/function and quality of life in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Improvements were most significant with a combination of aerobic and resistance exercises at moderate‐high intensity. The studies were small (n = 1‐50) and mainly focused on supervised, hospital‐based exercises, excluding patients with significant liver failure (MELD > 12). Seven studies (four randomised controlled and three observational) demonstrated that predominantly supervised (only one home‐based) aerobic exercise after liver transplantation improves aerobic capacity, muscle mass/strength and quality of life. There was marked heterogeneity in timing, intensity and type of exercises.

Conclusion

Exercise improves key components of physical frailty (functional/aerobic capacity, sarcopenia) and quality of life in chronic liver disease and after liver transplantation. Understanding the type, compliance, intensity and duration of exercise and its impact on hard clinical outcomes should be the focus of future large controlled clinical trials.
Cumulative Dehumanization in Everyday Policing: The Psychological, Affective, and Material Consequences of Discretionary Arrests
Authors: Bustamante Priscilla , Jashnani Gaurav , Stoudt Brett G.
Published: September 2019

Amid aggressive surveillance and policing practices, Black Lives Matter has appeared—a social movement whose very name highlights collective resistance to pervasive dehumanization. Psychological studies find the persistent dehumanization of people of color and endorsement of legitimated violence against those dehumanized. As part of broken windows policing, people of color also disproportionately experience discretionary arrests, or charges for low‐level, nonviolent offenses legally recognized as noncriminal. Accordingly, drawing upon data from over 200 interviews and surveys, we report on New Yorkers’ experiences of dehumanization during discretionary arrests. In doing so, we introduce a new conceptual framework called “cumulative dehumanization,” to illuminate an ongoing state‐sanctioned, racialized dehumanization that is fundamentally cumulative, both temporally and spatially. We conceptualizecumulative dehumanizationas: (a) an accumulation of systemic dehumanizing moments, experienced as an active condition of becoming; (b) a weathering of the racialized affective body, generating various modes of community dispossession; (c) a product and (re)producer of the material and ideological mechanisms upholding racial capitalism; and (d) a complementary accumulation of individual and collective resistance. Attending to amplified processes and consequences within the uneven power dynamics of daily policing practices, we connect everyday, state‐sanctioned dehumanization to cognitive, embodied, psychological, social, material, ideological, and political circuits.
Serum cytokines elevated during gluten-mediated cytokine release in coeliac disease
Authors: Goel G , Daveson A J M , Hooi C E , Tye-Din J A , Wang S , Szymczak E , Williams L J , Dzuris J L , Neff K M , Truitt K E , Anderson R P
Published: September 2019

Cytokines have been extensively studied in coeliac disease, but cytokine release related to exposure to gluten and associated symptoms has only recently been described. Prominent, early elevations in serum interleukin (IL)-2 after gluten support a central role for T cell activation in the clinical reactions to gluten in coeliac disease. The aim of this study was to establish a quantitative hierarchy of serum cytokines and their relation to symptoms in patients with coeliac disease during gluten-mediated cytokine release reactions. Sera were analyzed from coeliac disease patients on a gluten free-diet (n = 25) and from a parallel cohort of healthy volunteers (n = 25) who underwent an unmasked gluten challenge. Sera were collected at baseline and 2, 4 and 6 h after consuming 10 g vital wheat gluten flour; 187 cytokines were assessed. Confirmatory analyses were performed by high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Cytokine elevations were correlated with symptoms. Cytokine release following gluten challenge in coeliac disease patients included significant elevations of IL-2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20), IL-6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)9, CXCL8, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-10, IL-22, IL-17A, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, CCL2 and amphiregulin. IL-2 and IL-17A were earliest to rise. Peak levels of cytokines were generally at 4 h. IL-2 increased most (median 57-fold), then CCL20 (median 10-fold). Cytokine changes were strongly correlated with one another, and the most severely symptomatic patients had the highest elevations. Early elevations of IL-2, IL-17A, IL-22 and IFN-γ after gluten in patients with coeliac disease implicates rapidly activated T cells as their probable source. Cytokine release after gluten could aid in monitoring experimental treatments and support diagnosis.
Clinical results of ab interno trabeculotomy using the trabectome in patients with uveitic glaucoma
Authors: Swamy Ramya , Francis Brian A. , Akil Handan , Yelenskiy Aleksandr , Francis Brandon A. , Chopra Vikas , Huang Alex
Published: September 2019

Importance

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ab interno trabeculotomy (AIT) (trabecular ablation) with the trabectome in patients with uveitic glaucoma.

Background

Traditional glaucoma filtration surgeries in the uveitic patient population come with a higher risk of complications such as failure and hypotony.

Design

Retrospective observational cohort study.

Participants

All patients diagnosed with uveitic glaucoma were included in this study. Patients were excluded if they have less than 12 months of follow‐up.

Methods

All patients who received AIT alone or combined with phacoemulsification.

Main Outcome Measures

Major outcomes include intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications and secondary glaucoma surgery, if any. Kaplan‐Meier method was used for survival analysis and success was defined as IOP ≤21 mmHg, at least 20% IOP reduction from baseline for any two consecutive visits after 3 months, no additional glaucoma medications, and no secondary glaucoma surgery.

Results

A total of 45 eyes, 45 patients, with an average age of 52 years were included in the study. The majority were Japanese (40%) and underwent AIT alone (71%). IOP was reduced from 29.2 ± 8.0 to 16.7 ± 4.6 mmHg at 12 months (P < .01*), while the number of glaucoma medications was reduced from 4.0 ± 1.0 to 2.5 ± 1.6 (P < .01*). Survival rate at 12 months was 91%. Six cases required secondary glaucoma surgery and no other serious complication were reported.

Conclusions and Relevance

The trabectome AIT procedure appears to be effective in reducing IOP in uveitic glaucoma patients. Although no statistically significant difference was found in the number of glaucoma medications, a decreasing trend was found.
What do bilingual infants actually hear? Evaluating measures of language input to bilingual‐learning 10‐month‐olds
Authors: Orena Adriel John , Byers‐Heinlein Krista , Polka Linda
Published: September 2019

Examining how bilingual infants experience their dual language input is important for understanding bilingual language acquisition. To assess these language experiences, researchers typically conduct language interviews with caregivers. However, little is known about the reliability of these parent reports in describing how bilingual children actually experience dual language input. Here, we explored the quantitative nature of dual language input to bilingual infants. Furthermore, we described some of the heterogeneity of bilingual exposure in a sample of French–English bilingual families. Participants were 21 families with a 10‐month‐old infant residing in Montréal, Canada. First, we conducted language interviews with the caregivers. Then, each family completed three full‐day recordings at home using the Language Environment Analysis recording system. Results showed that children’s proportion exposure to each language was consistent across the two measurement approaches, indicating that parent reports are reliable for assessing a bilingual child’s language experiences. Further exploratory analyses revealed three unique findings: (a) there can be considerable variability in the absolute amount of input among infants hearing the same proportion of input, (b) infants can hear different proportions of language input when considering infant‐directed versus overheard speech, (c) proportion of language input can vary by day, depending on who is caring for the infant. We conclude that collecting naturalistic recordings is complementary to parent‐report measures for assessing infant’s language experiences and for establishing bilingual profiles.
Irrelevant‐action imitation is short‐term and contextual: Evidence from two under‐studied populations
Authors: Kline Michelle A. , Gervais Matthew M. , Moya Cristina , Boyd Robert T.
Published: September 2019

Across the lifespan and across populations, humans ‘overimitate’ causally unnecessary behaviors. Such irrelevant‐action imitation facilitates faithful cultural transmission, but its immediate benefits to the imitator are controversial. Over short time scales, irrelevant‐action imitation may bootstrap artifact exploration or interpersonal affiliation, and over longer time scales it may facilitate acquisition of either causal models or social conventions. To investigate these putative functions, we recruited community samples from two under‐studied populations: Yasawa, Fiji, and Huatasani, Peru. We use a two‐action puzzle box: first after a video demonstration, and again one month later. Treating age as a continuous variable, we reveal divergent developmental trajectories across sites. Yasawans (44 adults, M = 39.9 years, 23 women; 42 children, M = 9.8 years, 26 girls) resemble documented patterns, with irrelevant‐action imitation increasing across childhood and plateauing in adulthood. In contrast, Huatasaneños (48 adults, M = 37.6 years, 33 women; 47 children, M = 9.3 years, 13 girls) evince a parabolic trajectory: adults at the site show the lowest irrelevant‐action imitation of any demographic set in our sample. In addition, all age sets in both populations reduce their irrelevant actions at Time 2, but do not reduce their relevant‐action imitation or goal attainment. Taken together, and considering the local cultural contexts, our results suggest that irrelevant‐action imitation serves a short‐term function and is sensitive to the social context of the demonstration.
Young children, adolescent girls and women with type 1 diabetes are more overweight and obese than reference populations, and this is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Marlow A. L. , Rowe C. W. , Anderson D. , Wynne K. , King B. R. , Howley P. , Smart C. E.
Published: September 2019

Aim

Overweight and obesity are frequently reported in young persons with type 1 diabetes, however its relative magnitude in comparison to the general population is not well understood. This study compared the prevalence of overweight and obesity in young persons with type 1 diabetes to a reference population and explored possible associated factors, including gender, age, HbA1c, insulin regimen, age at diagnosis, diabetes duration, socio‐economic status and cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional review was undertaken of data collected from youth (3–17 years) in 2016 and young adults (18–30 years) in 2015 with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for > 3 months attending diabetes centres in Newcastle, Australia. Rates of overweight and obesity were compared with matched population survey results.

Results

Data from 308 youth and 283 young adults were included. In girls, significantly higher prevalence of overweight and obesity were seen in the 5–8 (43% vs. 18%), 13–16 (41% vs. 27%), 18–24 (46% vs. 34%) and 25–30 (60% vs. 43%) years age groups; whereas in boys increased prevalence was observed in the 5–8 years age group only (41% vs. 18%). Rates of overweight and obesity increased with age across sexes. In youth, BMI standard deviation score was correlated with socio‐economic status, insulin regimen, blood pressure and blood lipids (P < 0.05). In adults, BMI was positively associated with blood pressure, and longer diabetes duration (P < 0.02).

Conclusions

Overweight and obesity are over‐represented in young persons with type 1 diabetes, particularly girls. As overweight is associated with other cardiovascular disease markers early intervention is paramount.
Early detection of cardiotoxicity by 3D speckle tracking imaging of area strain in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy
Authors: Chen Jianqiong , Wang Ling , Wu Fang‐Fang , Sun Guoping
Published: September 2019

Eighty‐three breast cancer patients who underwent six cycles of EC chemotherapy regimen (epirubicin + cyclophosphamide) without symptoms and signs of heart disease were enrolled in the study. Three‐dimensional speckle tracking imaging technique (3D‐STI) was used to measure left ventricular global area strain (GAS), overall annular strain (GCS), overall longitudinal strain (GLS), and overall radial strain (GRS). Meanwhile, serum troponin T (Hs‐cTnT) was measured. The clinical value of each index on cardiotoxicity after chemotherapy was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Hs‐cTnT increased from the early stage to the end during chemotherapy, but it was still in the normal range. During the mid‐chemotherapy and the end‐chemotherapy, GAS, GLS, GCS, and E/A significantly reduced, while the changes in LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF, and GRS were not significant after chemotherapy. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between GAS and anthracycline doses (r = −.772, P < .01); GAS and Hs‐cTnT were significantly negatively correlated (P < .05). The area under the curve (AUC) of GAS, GLS, GCS, and GRS are 0.815, 0.683, 0.645, and 0.585, respectively. A GAS of −31.5% was used as the cutoff value for diagnosing left ventricular systolic dysfunction after receiving chemotherapy. The sensitivity of the previous parameters was 81.9%, and the specificity was 80.3%. Interobserver consistency analysis showed that 3D‐STI strain parameter measurement has good repeatability. GAS has greater value in predicting early myocardial damage after anthracycline chemotherapy.
Interactions among body size, trophic level, and dispersal traits predict beetle detectability and occurrence responses to fire
Authors: Driscoll Don A. , Smith Annabel L. , Blight Samantha , Sellar Ian
Published: September 2019

1. Testing the extent to which traits act alone or in combination with other traits to influence responses to fire informs the trade‐off between increased generalisation using single traits and increased predictive power using interactions. This study investigated the following question: do four traits (body size, trophic group, dispersal ability, and stratum of the ecosystem), alone or in combination, best explain changes in beetle occurrence with time since fire?

2. The data from 4 years and 15 independent fires in southern Australia were analysed using generalised linear mixed models. The study also assessed whether detectability depends on time since fire using multi‐year detection models, because detectability has the potential to confound occurrence patterns.

3. The best model included the three‐way combination of size, flight, and trophic level interacting with time since fire and with year. The relationship between detectability and time since fire was similar to the occurrence relationship in six of the 10 trait–combination groups, with flightless species generally showing reduced detection probability as time since fire increased. Detectability did not confound occurrence responses for four trait groups, with three increasing with time since fire and one decreasing.

4. Generalisation using main effects of traits risks oversimplifying animal responses to fire, because combinations of traits influence the direction and magnitude of the response. Also, taking detectability into account is critical to correctly interpretating occupancy data. Three‐way trait combinations that differ by just one trait, particularly dispersal ability, can result in either negligible effects of disturbance on detectability or strong effects that influence observed occurrence.
Elevated zinc transporter ZnT3 in the dentate gyrus of mast cell‐deficient mice
Authors: Wiqas Amen , LeSauter Joseph , Taub Alana , Austin Rachel Narehood , Silver Rae
Published: September 2019

Zinc is important in neurogenesis, but excessive levels can cause apoptosis and other pathologies leading to cognitive impairments. Mast cells are present in many brain regions including the hippocampus, an area rich in vesicular zinc. Mast cells contain zinc‐rich granules and a well‐developed mechanism for uptake of zinc ions; both features point to the potential for a role in zinc homeostasis. Prior work using the Timm stain supported this hypothesis, as increased labile zinc was detected in the hippocampus of mast cell‐deficient mice compared to wild‐type mice while no differences in total zinc were found between the two genotypes in the whole brain or other tissues. The current report further examines differences in zinc homeostasis between wild‐type and mast cell‐deficient mice by exploring the zinc transporter ZnT3, which transports labile zinc into synaptic vesicles. The first study used immunocytochemistry to localize ZnT3 within the mossy fibre layer of the hippocampus to determine whether there was differential expression of ZnT3 in wild‐type versus mast cell‐deficient mice. The second study used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) to determine total zinc content in the whole dentate gyrus of the two genotypes. The immunocytochemical results indicate that there are higher levels of ZnT3 localized to the mossy fibre layer of the dentate gyrus of mast cell‐deficient mice than in wild‐type mice. The ICP‐MS data reveal no differences in total zinc in dentate gyrus as a whole. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that mast cells participate in zinc homeostasis at the level of synaptic vesicles.
Large‐scale network dysfunction in vascular cognitive disorder supports connectional diaschisis in advanced arteriosclerosis
Authors: Meng D. , Hosseini A. A. , Simpson R. J. , Welton T. , Dineen R. A. , Auer D. P.
Published: September 2019

Background and purpose

The interrelation of cognitive performance, cerebrovascular damage and brain functional connectivity (FC) in advanced arteriosclerosis remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the associations between FC, white matter damage and cognitive impairment in carotid artery disease.

Methods

Seventy‐one participants with a recent cerebrovascular event and with written informed consent underwent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination – Revised (ACE‐R). Network and inter‐hemispheric FC metrics were compared between cognitively normal and impaired subjects, and interrelated with cognition. In order to explore the nature of FC changes, their associations with microstructural damage of related white matter tracts and cognitive performance were investigated, followed by mediation analysis.

Results

Participants with global cognitive impairment showed reduced FC compared to the cognitively intact subjects within the central executive network (CEN), and between hemispheres. Patients with executive dysfunction had decreased CEN FC whilst patients with memory loss demonstrated low FC in both the CEN and the default mode network (DMN). Global performance correlated with connectivity metrics of the CEN hub with DMN nodes, and between hemispheres. Cingulum mean diffusivity (MD) was negatively correlated with ACE‐R and CEN–DMN FC. The cingulum MD–cognition association was partially mediated by CEN–DMN FC.

Conclusions

Long‐range functional disconnection of the CEN with DMN nodes is the main feature of cognitive impairment in elderly subjects with symptomatic carotid artery disease. Our findings provide further support for the connectional diaschisis concept of vascular cognitive disorder, and highlight a mediation role of functional disconnection to explain associations between microstructural white matter tract damage and cognitive impairment.
Warmblood fragile foal syndrome type 1 mutation (PLOD1 c.2032G>A) is not associated with catastrophic breakdown and has a low allele frequency in the Thoroughbred breed
Authors: Bellone R. R. , Ocampo N. R. , Hughes S. S. , Le V. , Arthur R. , Finno C. J. , Penedo M. C. T.
Published: September 2019

Background

Catastrophic fractures are among the most common cause of fatalities in racehorses. Several factors, including genetics, likely contribute to increased risk for fatal injuries. A variant in the procollagen‐lysine, 2‐oxoglutarate 5‐dioxygenase1 gene (PLOD1 c.2032G>A) was shown to cause Warmblood fragile foal syndrome type 1 (WFFS), a fatal recessive defect of the connective tissue. Screening of multiple horse breeds identified the presence of the WFFS allele in the Thoroughbred. PLOD1 is involved in cross‐linking of collagen fibrils and thus could potentially increase the risk of catastrophic breakdown.

Objectives

Estimate the frequency of the WFFS allele (PLOD1 c.2032G>A) and determine if it is a risk factor for catastrophic breakdown in the Thoroughbred.

Study design

Case–control genetic study.

Methods

Genomic DNA from hair and/or tissue samples was genotyped for the WFFS allele. Fisher’s Exact tests were performed to compare allele and carrier frequencies between the case cohort (catastrophic breakdown, n = 22) and several cohorts with no record of injury (n = 138 raced/trained at same track and season and n = 185 older than 7 years and raced during same season), nonracers (n = 92), and a random sample without consideration for racing history (n = 279).

Results

The frequency of the PLOD1 c.2032G>A variant in the Thoroughbred breed is low (1.2%). Seventeen of 716 Thoroughbreds tested were carriers (2.4%) and no WFFS homozygotes were detected. Only one catastrophic breakdown case carried the WFFS allele. No statistically significant difference in allele or carrier frequency was identified between case and control cohorts (P>0.05 in all comparisons performed).

Main limitations

This study evaluated cases from one single track.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that the PLOD1 c.2032G>A associated with WFFS is present at very low frequency in Thoroughbreds and is not a genetic risk factor for catastrophic breakdown.
Mispriced index option portfolios
Authors: Constantinides George M. , Czerwonko Michal , Perrakis Stylianos
Published: September 2019

In model‐free out‐of‐sample tests, we find that the optimal portfolio of a utility maximizing investor trading in the S&P500 Index, cash, and index options bought at ask and written at bid prices stochastically dominates the optimal portfolio without options and yields returns with higher mean and lower volatility in most months from 1990 to 2013. Unlike earlier claims of overpriced puts, our portfolios include mostly short calls and are particularly profitable when maturity is short and volatility is high. Similar results are obtained with the CAC and DAX indices. Neither priced factors nor a nonmonotonic stochastic discount factor explains the excess returns.