bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redesigning Orientation in an Intensive Care Unit Using 2 Theoretical Models
Authors: Kozub Elizabeth , Hibanada-Laserna Maribel , Harget Gwen , Ecoff Laurie
Published: November 2019

Background:

To accommodate a higher demand for critical care nurses, an orientation program in a surgical intensive care unit was revised and streamlined. Two theoretical models served as a foundation for the revision and resulted in clear clinical benchmarks for orientation progress evaluation.

Purpose:

The purpose of the project was to integrate theoretical frameworks into practice to improve the unit orientation program.

Methods:

Performance improvement methods served as a framework for the revision, and outcomes were measured before and after implementation.

Results:

The revised orientation program increased 1- and 2-year nurse retention and decreased turnover. Critical care knowledge increased after orientation for both the preintervention and postintervention groups.

Conclusion:

Incorporating a theoretical basis for orientation has been shown to be successful in increasing the number of nurses completing orientation and improving retention, turnover rates, and knowledge gained.
Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Munro Nancy
Published: November 2019

The health care system is challenged by another serious issue: antimicrobial resistance. Clostridium difficile is the most common infection in health care institutions and is becoming resistant to standard treatment. Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae can be found in almost every state in the United States. Confounding the antimicrobial resistance issue is the fact that few new antimicrobials are being developed by pharmaceutical companies. The situation is so critical that the White House issued a strategic plan in September 2014 to deal with antimicrobial resistance. One challenge in that plan is to better understand how microbes have become resistant. Microbes have developed defense mechanisms such as bacteriophages and bacteriocins to survive for thousands of years. If science can start to use these mechanisms to help combat resistant organisms in combination with antimicrobials and strong epidemiological interventions, the battle against antimicrobial resistance may succeed.
Transvenous Lead Extraction for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices
Authors: Shea Julie B.
Published: November 2019

This article illustrates the important role that lead extraction plays in the management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Individualized care of the patient is paramount when considering lead management strategies. The critical care nurse must have a comprehensive understanding of the indications, procedural considerations, and preprocedural and postprocedural care for patients undergoing lead extraction procedures, thereby improving patient safety and maximizing patient outcomes.
Cardiorenal Dysfunction
Authors: Merhaut Shawn , Trupp Robin J.
Published: November 2019

Left ventricular dysfunction and renal dysfunction are common chronic conditions that frequently coexist in the same individual, and both are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Disorders in 1 organ generally lead to dysfunction in the other, and this bidirectional interaction serves as the pathophysiological basis for cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Until recently, CRS has been neither well defined nor well understood, making its diagnosis and treatment challenging for clinicians. This article presents the pathophysiology of CRS and the new classification for types of CRS, therapeutic interventions targeting CRS, and novel therapies on the basis of the 2010 Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative consensus conference recommendations.
APN Plan Improves Outcome for Pregnant Patient With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Haynes Annette , Frederick Andrea , Chirkoff Andrea
Published: November 2019

Advanced practice nurses work in many roles to support delivery of safe patient care. Eighty-five percent of children born with congenital heart disease (CHD) live to adulthood. The pregnant adult with CHD presents challenges for nursing across many care-delivery systems. Progression of care delivery across these systems requires innovative planning and organization. This article describes the plan developed by advanced practice nurses in a CHD clinic and in inpatient coronary care and obstetric units to support a pregnant patient with CHD. The plan focused on collaboration and communication among interdisciplinary teams. The goal was to address multidisciplinary communication, leadership, and staff education. The result was a successful high-risk delivery with organized education and patient care across systems.
Publishing in Professional Journals, Part II
Authors: Morton Patricia Gonce
Published: November 2019

A great deal of work goes into the planning phase of a manuscript. These important planning steps are necessary to complete before you start the writing process. Often, inexperienced writers do not spend enough time on these vital planning steps, and that oversight can be a major factor in having a manuscript rejected for publication. The purpose of this article is to guide you in the process of writing your manuscript on the basis of your well-designed plan. Topics that are covered include avoiding writer’s block, making time to write, developing the first draft using appropriate writing style, creating and submitting the final draft, and receiving feedback from the editor.
GADDA E LA Â«TENSIONE CONTINUAÂ» VERSO IL ROMANZO
Authors: Martignoni Clelia
Published: November 2019

The essay analyzes the â€œcontinuous propulsionâ€ towards the novel of Carlo Emilio Gadda, electotechnical engineer but by vocation man of letters, devided between professional job and literary passion. The philological studies of Dante Isella reconstructed in the work of Gadda this continuous research towards the novel, from youth forwards.
LA PROVA STATISTICA NEL PROCESSO PENALE
Authors: Frosini Vittorio B.
Published: November 2019

A general topic is faced in the first three sections, i.e. the role of objective and subjective probabilities in trials, the determination of conditional probabilities, and Bayesâ€™ formula (or theorem); the last topic is a fundamental device which allows the computation of probabilities of possible causes, given related information about certain effects. Strictly connected to this argument is the Â«fallacy of the transposed conditionalÂ», which usually implies an unwarranted assumption of guilt. The fifth section is devoted to a discussion of some main features of two famous trials, those of Alfred Dreyfus in France and of Sally Clark in U.K., in which the above fallacy is clearly recognized. The final section presents kinds of trials which require a judgment about groups of people; the statistical methods applied in these cases pertain to the so-called tests of significance.
I NAZIONALISMI E Lâ€™UNITÃ€ EUROPEA
Authors: Martinelli Alberto
Published: November 2019

The essay starts with a critical analysis of the most relevant theories of nationalism in the social sciences and addresses questions such as the emergence of the nation and its ideology-nationalism-that is framed into the broader process of modernization; the intersections between the concepts of nationalism, nation and state; the ambivalent relation between nationalism and democracy; the dual historical root of European nationalism and its transformations in to-day globalized world. Then the focus of the analysis is shifted on the present state of the European Union, and more specifically on the two basic contradictions of European political integration: first, the building of a supranational, multicultural union that makes use of nation states as its bulding blocs, but pretends to get free from the connected nationalisms; second, the transfer by member states to the supranational level of growing portions of their national sovereignty without an equivalent transfer of loyalty and committment by their citizens to the supranational institutions. Finally, the author argues for an effective strategy to build a real supranational union-that is seen as the best way to face the challenges of the contemporay world- through bold reforms of the EU political architecture and the strenghtening of a European identity, a strategy that can also block the resurgence of aggressive nationalism in several EU member states.
I FATTORI DELLA VIRTÃ™ E LA CRONOLOGIA DELLE ETICHE DI ARISTOTELE
Authors: Donini Pierluigi
Published: November 2019

In this paper the author summarizes the main contentions made in his new book Abitudine e saggezza. Aristotele dallâ€™Etica Eudemia allâ€™Etica Nicomachea. In the Eudemian Ethics Aristotle makes moral virtue as the joint effect of reason and the gifts of nature, but in the Nicomachean Ethics, on the contrary, he does not even name nature and sees virtue as the product of habits and education. On this very point the NE quotes and praises Platoâ€™s Laws, which Aristotle did not know when writing the EE. It seems clear, then, that in the interval between the two Ethics he had known Platoâ€™s last work.
COLLOQUE PISTIS ET FIDES. LE DE OFFICIIS CICÉRONIEN: UNE REFONDATION PHILOSOPHIQUE DE LA FIDES?
Authors: Lévy Carlos
Published: November 2019

This study intends to follow the semantic evolution of the concept of fides in Cicero’s thought, from the rhetorical and oratorical works to the political ones till to the philosophical treatises of the latest years. One can generally say that before 54 b.C. , the date of publication of the De re publica, Cicero, a great user of the concept, at least in the rhetorical field, has a rather confused notion of it, founded on the search much less for its precise sense than for the effectiveness of its use. From this treaty he begins to wonder about its origin: if fides, as he believes, has a natural origin, how to explain its detachment from the world’s practices? It is, therefore, to understand what fides’ naturalness means; and this is what Cicero tries to do in the philosophical works of the latest period. First of all in the Academica he investigates the place fides occupies at the level of knowledge, in opposition to Lucullus’ dogmatic perspective. At the end of this reflection, permeating also the De Finibus and the De Natura Deorum, it comes out confirmed the natural origin of fides, on the condition that you rescue the concept of nature from the Epicurean reconstruction of axiology, founded on sensation and voluptas. This is what Cicero devotes himself to in his very last work, the De officiis, seeking to make of fides the very foundation of iustitia but also trying to reconcile its roots in nature with the variability of the circumstances: that is, giving a less intransigent interpretation of it, while maintaining its ideal value, which finds embodiment in the figure of Regulus.
LA Â«DIZIONEÂ» FORMALE DELLâ€™ Â«ITALO CIGNOÂ» NOTAZIONI DI STILE E DI LINGUA NELLA POESIA E NELLA PROSA DI GIUSEPPE PARINI
Authors: Vitale Maurizio
Published: November 2019

Il lavoro illustra lâ€™aspetto linguistico del Parini poeta e prosatore. In esso si esamina la pressochÃ© intera opera poetica (Alcune poesie di Ripano Eupilino, le Odi, Il Giorno nelle parti stampate e nelle revisioni successive, il Vespro, la Notte con i suoi frammenti; un manipolo cospicuo delle Poesie Varie, oltre che le opere drammatiche) e si prendono in considerazione le forme dello stile, il lessico e la grammatica (fonetica, morfologia, sintassi), rilevandone i valori nel quadro della tradizione poetica dal Cinquecento al Settecento, ampiamente citata. E si esamina altresÃ¬ la prosa pariniana (polemica, critica, giornalistica, retorica), con il proposito non solo di metter in luce i caratteri elaborati da un â€œletteratoâ€ classicista del secondo Settecento, ma altresÃ¬ di porre a confronto la diversa disposizione del Parini nel suo esercizio poetico e nel suo differenziato esercizio prosastico. Per quanto riguarda la parte poetica, il lavoro Ã¨ mirato a dimostrare, sul piano formale ed espressivo, lâ€™umanesimo culturale e il razionalismo e sensismo realistico del Parini, che si esprimono, con la coerente adesione al classicismo latino e volgare, nella finissima adozione di figure retoriche, nella assunzione di un lessico insieme elevatissimo e comune, con tratti tecnici, esotici ed idiomatici, e nellâ€™impiego di forme grammaticali e sintattiche di classica e moderna fattura. Per quanto riguarda la parte prosastica, Ã¨ orientato a mostrare, nella varietÃ  dei modi linguistici, la patina coerentemente tradizionalistica.
Quorum Maxima consilia et ingenia: i maestri di cicerone nel corpus delle orazioni
Authors: Bellini Giacomo
Published: November 2019

Non disponibile.
BIOINGEGNERIA DEL NERVO ARTIFICIALE
Authors: Terenghi Giorgio
Published: November 2019

At present, peripheral nerve injury represents a complex challenge for the surgeons, and the repair of these injuries often results in sub-optimal recovery and functional deficit. The neurobiology of nerve regeneration cannot be adequately addressed by the existing surgical techniques, and it has become apparent that tissue engineering and the creation of nerve conduits have significant potential to improve the results of nerve reconstruction. The use of novel biomaterials and more refined fabrication methods, by using micro- and nano-technology, are a promising development for these experimental constructs. Also, the use of cells transplanted into the conduit to create a bioartificial nerve graft represents a new development. Adult stem cells constitute the ideal alternative to Schwann cells, and among the various sources of stem cells with potential application for regenerative medicine the adipose tissue has been proven to be the most promising. Adult adipose-derived stem cells are easily obtained, they expand rapidly and can be differentiated to Schwann cells, hence they represent a new strategy for clinical application in order to improve the results of nerve re generation.
IL CANTIERE DELLA â€œCAâ€™ GRANDAâ€. LA STORIA DEL MANUFATTO NELLA LETTURA DELLâ€™ARCHITETTO-CONSERVATORE
Authors: Fant Rebecca
Published: November 2019

Knowledge is a methodological tool aimed at enlighten an architectural complex. During the preliminary survey a synchronous reading of the existing scientific documentation and of the new data coming from the examination of the site, is allowed. The links among the analytical view from one side, and the collected data, from the other, are the base for the continuity between past and future. Material histories, not always documented in archives, influence methodological choices as to surfaces features. This process is considered as a step in the knowledge process regarding the building, its physical truth, its historical burden; the intervention works implements and stratifies this process, creating new relations and meanings. Doing this, the knowledge offered by the different professionals involved constitutes an approaching tool even for the non-experts. It is a new way of building with the meaning of stratifying, adding, interpreting with and for the community; a modern mode of sharing and feeling about the public affairs.
PERCHÃ‰ IL GUSTO DEL CAFFÃˆ Ãˆ COSÃŒ BUONO
Authors: Brenna Maria Elisabetta , Fuganti Claudio
Published: November 2019

Coffee contains a huge amount of volatile components which contribute to the characteristic flavour. These materials are generated during the heating process. No one of these materials can be considered the â€˜impact flavourâ€™. Accordingly, the whole flavour depends upon the presence of an elevated number of components. However, at least four of the materials of are essential for a â€˜goodâ€™ coffee.
TOWARDS NEW ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
Authors: Binda Claudia , Chiarelli Laurent , Pasca Maria Rosalia , Mattevi Andrea
Published: November 2019

Tuberculosis, with million new cases every year, still represents a worldwide health threat. This infectious disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects primarily the lungs, although it can spread to other organs. The peculiar mycobacterial cell wall makes these bacteria resistant to most of the antibiotics and for this reason the first-line effective drugs now available date back to several decades ago. The recent appearance of drug-resistant strains makes the search for new antitubercular therapies more and more urgent. In the framework of a research network funded by the European Commission, a novel class of antitubercular agents, the benzothiazinones (BTZs), were discovered in 2009, which led to the identification of a new enzyme target that is involved in the biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall. This enzyme is the decaprenylphosphoryl-Î²-D-ribose 2Â´epimerase (DprE1) which catalyzes an essential step in the biosynthesis of arabinogalactan, one of the mycobacterial cell components. We carried out a thorough biochemical and structural characterization of DprE1 from M. smegmatis with the aim to investigate BTZ mode of action and provide hints for drug optimization.
UNA PIETRA MILIARE NELLA COMPRENSIONE DEL MICROCOSMO: IL BOSONE DI HIGGS
Authors: Nicrosini Oreste
Published: November 2019

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 has been awarded to P.W. Higgs and F. Englert for the conception of a theoretical framework that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles. The mechanism (known as the Higgs mechanism) has been recently confirmed by the observation of the fundamental particle predicted (the so called Higgs boson) by the ATLAS and CMS experiments of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva. Particle physicists all over the world, both theoreticians and experimentalists, have contributed to the result in the last thirty years, to say the least: in the present paper an account is given of this discovery, a milestone in the current understanding of the microcosm.
â€œGHOST IMAGINGâ€: FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLICATIVE ASPECTS
Authors: Lugiato Luigi A.
Published: November 2019

The so - called ghost imaging represents a novel imaging technique which is especially appropriate to obtain images of objects located in positions difficult to reach or immersed in turbid media. It was first proposed as a novel quantum technology which exploits the key quantum property which is called entanglement. Subsequently, it has been shown theoretically and experimentally that the same technique can be realized also using classically correlated light beams. For a long time the topic of ghost imaging has been the object of an academic debate concerning the question whether quantum entanglement is necessary or not to realize it. In this talk we focus on the concrete question whether there are or not cases in which ghost imaging can offer better performances than standard imaging, and describe the status of the art in this matter.
NANOTECNOLOGIE PER CATTURARE LA LUCE
Authors: Li Bassi Andrea
Published: November 2019

Solar photovoltaic technology is based on the direct conversion of solar radiation power into electrical power by means of solar cells. Photovoltaics can in principle play a major role in the search for alternative energy sources, even though it is still not competitive with respect to traditional sources, e.g. based on fossil fuels. One of the most important challenges of current scientific research in this field relates to the development of new solar cell materials or new cell architectures, possibly leading to an improvement of the cell power conversion efficiency or to the parallel reduction of the energy production cost; nanotechnology plays a leading role in this framework. In this paper selected examples will be presented, which show the possible contribution of nanoscience and nanotechnology to the study and optimization of nanostructured materials for better future generation solar cells. After an introductory part presenting the different types of solar cells and highlighting the role of nanotechnology research in this field, two specific cases will be presented and discussed: the study of hierarchical titanium oxide nanostructures as photoanodes for novel dye-sensitized solar cells and the development of nanostructured transparent conducting oxides for designing multifunctional electrodes for organic or hybrid photovoltaic cells.
I PRINCIPI DELLA DINAMICA DI TARTAGLIA E CARDANO NELLE CINQUECENTINE DELLâ€™ISTITUTO LOMBARDO
Authors: Bottani Carlo Enrico
Published: November 2019

The library of Istituto Lombardo owns two volumes of XVI century (cinquecentine) including physical sections. La nova scientia by NiccolÃ² Tartaglia printed In Venetia: per NicolÃ² de Bascarini a istantia de lâ€™Autore, 1550 and the De rerum varietate by Girolamo Cardano printed Basileae: per Sebastianum Henricpetri, 1581. Together with the De Subtilitate by Girolamo Cardano, these books contain the general laws of dynamics and, in great detail, a description of the trajectory of a projectile fired from a firearm. Though the general principles are still of Aristotelian derivation, a new attention to experimental facts together with an unconvential pragmatic use of etherogeneous explanation arguments, justified by an essentially practical goal of predictive nature, induce one to identify both Tartaglia and Cardano as true precursors of modern ballistics. Furthermore, the way Cardano revisits the role of driving force played by the projectile-air interaction, following a modified idea of Aristotle due to the lacking of an inertia law in his mechanics, and the concomitant need that air produces also a resisting force, reminds us that, so far, a rigorous microscopic derivation of the exclusively dissipative nature of this force has not been achieved yet as well as a rigorous microscopic derivation of the second principle of thermodynamics.
MAXWELL E GLI ANELLI DI SATURNO
Authors: Bittanti Sergio
Published: November 2019

While still as a student at Cambridge University, James Clerk Maxwell attention was attracted by Saturn Rings. To discover how these celestial bodies are composed, he constructed various mathematical models; each model was derived under different assumptions, such as: the rings constitute a unique rigid cap, or the rings are made by a gas nebula, and so on. The adopted rationale was to construct the models and then validate them by comparing their characteristics with â€œthe factsâ€, as Maxwell wrote, namely with the observation of reality. For the validation, Maxwell resorted to the notion of stability. Indeed, being the rings operating since millennia, it was argued that the stability property had to be satisfied. In the opposite, the model had to be rejected, together with the underlying assumption. This approach, which anticipates the current identification techniques, is summarized by the author with this masterful statement: â€¦ by rejecting every hypothesis which leads to conclusions at variance with the facts, we may learn more on the nature of these distant bodies than the telescope can yet ascertain. With his approach, Maxwell came to the conclusion that the rings are constituted by various rigid parts disconnected each other rotating around the planet, a fact which has been confirmed by space missions of our days.
Adenoviral hepatitis in two Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) hatchlings from South Africa
Authors: Pfitzer Silke , Boustead Keagan J. , Vorster Jan H. , Du Plessis Lizette , La Grange Louis J.
Published: November 2019

Adenoviral infections may cause mild to severe morbidity or fatality in a large array of animal species. In crocodilians, hatchlings under 5 months of age are usually affected. However, there is a paucity of information on actual incidences in hatchlings originating from South Africa. Two cases of adenoviral hepatitis in crocodile hatchlings about 2 weeks old, bred on a commercial farm in South Africa, are described. Both hatchlings showed typical clinical signs of hepatitis. The identification of intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver was used to differentiate between adenoviral hepatitis and chlamydial hepatitis. Although vertical transmission has never been proven in crocodiles, the young age of the affected hatchlings raises the possibility of vertical transmission. The lack of epidemiological information on adenoviral hepatitis in crocodiles highlights the need for further characterisation of the virus and targeted surveillance.
Tracking the rate of initiation and retention on isoniazid preventive therapy in a high human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis burden setting of Lesotho
Authors: Mugomeri Eltony , Olivier Dedré , Van den Heever Wilhelmiena M.J.
Published: November 2019

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem, particularly in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). Yet, efforts to reduce TB incidence using isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) have been curtailed by poor uptake of this intervention. This study reviewed the rate of IPT initiation in the sub-Saharan country of Lesotho, which has one of the highest TB incidences in the world.Methods: Time to IPT initiation in randomly sampled medical records of PLHIV was analysed using Cox’s proportional hazards regression. Differences in the periods of enrolment into Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care were controlled for by considering the year IPT was launched (2011) as the base year and stratifying the medical records into the 2004–2010 cohort (before the launch of IPT) and the 2011–2016 cohort (after the launch).Results: Out of 2955 patients included in the final analysis, 68.8% had received IPT by the study exit time. However, the overall rate of IPT initiation was 20.6 per 100 person-years, with 135 (6.6%) treatment interruptions. Compared to the 2004–2010 cohort, the 2011–2016 had a significantly (p 0.05) higher rate of initiation (15.8 vs. 27.0 per 100 person-years, respectively). Age group, district category and duration of antiretroviral therapy emerged as the most significant predictors of IPT initiation, while district category and gender significantly predicted IPT therapy interruption.Conclusion: These findings indicate a high uptake of IPT with a slow rate of implementation. Significant factors associated with disparities in the initiation and interruption of IPT therapy in this study are important for policy review.
Hyperfiniteness and Borel combinatorics
Authors: Conley Clinton T. , Jackson Steve , Marks Andrew S. , Seward Brandon , Tucker-Drob Robin D.
Published: November 2019

We study the relationship between hyperfiniteness and problems in Borel graph combinatorics by adapting game-theoretic techniques introduced by Marks to the hyperfinite setting. We compute the possible Borel chromatic numbers and edge chromatic numbers of bounded degree acyclic hyperfinite Borel graphs and use this to answer a question of Kechris and Marks about the relationship between Borel chromatic number and measure chromatic number. We also show that for every

d > 1

there is a

d

-regular acyclic hyperfinite Borel bipartite graph with no Borel perfect matching. These techniques also give examples of hyperfinite bounded degree Borel graphs for which the Borel local lemma fails, in contrast to the recent results of Csóka, Grabowski, Máthé, Pikhurko, and Tyros.

Related to the Borel Ruziewicz problem, we show there is a continuous paradoxical action of

\mathbb Z/2\mathbb Z)^*

on a Polish space that admits a finitely additive invariant Borel probability measure, but admits no countably additive invariant Borel probability measure. In the context of studying ultrafilters on the quotient space of equivalence relations under AD, we also construct an ultrafilter

U

on the quotient of

E_0

which has surprising complexity. In particular, Martin’s measure is Rudin–Keisler reducible to

U

.

We end with a problem about whether every hyperfinite bounded degree Borel graph has a witness to its hyperfiniteness which is uniformly bounded below in size.
Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia with Complex Deformity and Multiple Previous Surgeries Treated by Taylor Spatial Frame at Age of 16 Years
Authors: Abumunaser Lutf A. , Alsayyed Mohammed J.
Published: November 2019

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia remains one of the most difficult conditions in pediatric orthopedic surgery. The numerous treatment options reflect this difficulty. The aim of successful treatment is to achieve union, length and deformity correction. This reports a 16-years-old male patient with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia diagnosed at age of two years, who previously underwent 14 different operations. The patient was referred to King Abdulaziz University Hospital, where he was treated with Taylor Spatial Frame, excision of pseudarthrosis, autogenus bone grafts and Demineralized Bone Matrix was performed, and union was achieved. Stability and deformity correction permitted by Taylor Spatial Frame, in addition to stimulation of bone healing through proper grafting provided a successful option to treat this complex condition.
Discriminating Tonate Virus from Dengue Virus Infection: A Matched Case–Control Study in French Guiana, 2003–2016
Authors: Mutricy Rémi , Djossou Félix , Matheus Séverine , Lorenzi-Martinez Enguerrane , De Laval Franck , Demar Magalie , Nacher Mathieu , Rousset Dominique , Epelboin Loïc
Published: November 2019

Tonate virus (TONV) is an arbovirus discovered in 1973 in French Guiana (FG) belonging to the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex, Alphavirus genus. Only few publications and cases have been reported in FG. The objectives of the present study were to describe the clinical picture of TONV and to compare its presentation with that of dengue virus (DENV). A retrospective study was performed in Cayenne hospital from 2003 to 2016 including all patients exclusively positive for TONV IgM and not for other alphaviruses. They were classified as high probability: typical clinical picture of arbovirus infection (i.e., fever, chills, headaches, muscle, and joint pains) and IgM seroconversion; medium probability: typical clinical picture + single positive IgM on a unique serum sample without control; and low probability: atypical clinical picture of infection and single positive IgM. Only patients with high and medium probability were included in the analysis and compared with a gender- and age-matched control group of DENV diagnosed by NS1 antigen (two controls per case). During the study period, 45 cases of TONV were included and compared with 90 cases of DENV. Twenty-eight (62.2%) were men; the median age was 34 years (IQ [22–49]). In the bivariate analysis, variables significantly associated with TONV versus DENV were the presence of cough (33.3% versus 10.3%) and anemia (32.5% versus 11.1%) and the absence of nausea (4.4% versus 32.2%), rash (2.2% versus 27.4%), fatigue (17.8% versus 41.0%), anorexia (6.7% versus 30.1%), muscle pain (42.2% versus 61.4%), headache (53.3% versus 70.8%), leukopenia (9.8% versus 44.4), and lymphopenia (42.5% versus 89.9%). There were no cases with severe neurological involvement, and there were no deaths. Tonate virus may be evoked as a cause of fever in patients living or returning from the Amazonian area. Positive TONV IgM does not prove the diagnosis and should not preclude from searching for alternative infectious diagnoses.
Integrated Cross-Sectional Multiplex Serosurveillance of IgG Antibody Responses to Parasitic Diseases and Vaccines in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Njenga Sammy M. , Kanyi Henry M. , Arnold Benjamin F. , Matendechero Sultani H. , Onsongo Joyce K. , Won Kimberly Y. , Priest Jeffrey W.
Published: November 2019

Accurate and cost-effective identification of areas where co-endemic infections occur would enable public health managers to identify opportunities for implementation of integrated control programs. Dried blood spots collected during cross-sectional lymphatic filariasis surveys in coastal Kenya were used for exploratory integrated detection of IgG antibodies against antigens from several parasitic infections (Wuchereria bancrofti, Schistosoma mansoni, Plasmodium spp., Ascaris lumbricoides, and Strongyloides stercoralis) as well as for detection of responses to immunizing agents used against vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) (measles, diphtheria, and tetanus) using a multiplex bead assay (MBA) platform. High heterogeneity was observed in antibody responses by pathogen and antigen across the sentinel sites. Antibody seroprevalence against filarial antigens were generally higher in Ndau Island (P < 0.0001), which also had the highest prevalence of filarial antigenemia compared with other communities. Antibody responses to the Plasmodium species antigens circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1)19 were higher in Kilifi and Kwale counties, with Jaribuni community showing higher overall mean seroprevalence (P < 0.0001). Kimorigo community in Taita–Taveta County was the only area where antibody responses against S. mansoni Sm25 recombinant antigen were detected. Seroprevalence rates to Strongyloides antigen NIE ranged between 3% and 26%, and there was high heterogeneity in immune responses against an Ascaris antigen among the study communities. Differences were observed between communities in terms of seroprevalence to VPDs. Seroprotection to tetanus was generally lower in Kwale County than in other counties. This study has demonstrated that MBA holds promise for rapid integrated monitoring of trends of infections of public health importance in endemic areas.
Does Chest Attachment of an Automated Respiratory Rate Monitor Influence the Actual Respiratory Rate in Children Under Five?
Authors: Helldén Daniel , Baker Kevin , Habte Tedila , Batisso Esey , Orsini Nicola , Källander Karin , Alfvén Tobias
Published: November 2019

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in children under 5 years worldwide. In resource-limited settings, WHO recommendations state that pneumonia can be presumptively diagnosed through the presence of cough and/or difficult breathing and a respiratory rate (RR) that is higher than age-specific cutoffs. As a new diagnostic aid the children’s automated respiration monitor (ChARM) can automatically measure and classify RR in children under 5 years, but the effect of its chest attachment on the RR has not been studied. The aim of this study was to understand if misclassification of the true RR occurred by ChARM attachment. Two hundred eighty-seven children at a health center in South Ethiopia were screened for eligibility, with 188 children aged 2–59 months enrolled in the study. The RR was measured manually before and 1, 3, and 5 minutes after ChARM attachment. The proportion of children with fast or normal RR classification at baseline and the change between RR classifications over time were analyzed. Eight (4.9%; 95% CI 2.1, 9.4) of 163 children changed RR classification from normal to fast between the baseline RR count and the 1 minute RR count. Results from this study suggest that ChARM has a minor influence on the RR of children immediately after attachment, in most cases without clinical importance.
Chikungunya Case Classification after the Experience with Dengue Classification: How Much Time Will We Lose?
Authors: Cavalcanti Luciano Pamplona de Góes , Arthur Brasil Gadelha Farias Luís , Kalline de Almeida Barreto Francisca , Siqueira André Machado , Ribeiro Guilherme Sousa , Ricardo Ribas Freitas André , Weaver Scott C. , Kitron Uriel , Brito Carlos Alexandre Antunes
Published: November 2019

In 2013, cases of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection were first detected in the Caribbean. Chikungunya virus rapidly spread through Central and South America, causing explosive outbreaks in naive populations. Since its emergence in 2004, the number of case and series reports describing severe, atypical manifestations seen in chikungunya patients has increased substantially, calling into question whether clinicians and health services are failing to diagnose these atypical cases because of not only insufficient knowledge but also limitations in the case classification. Although this classification based on the duration of the musculoskeletal (acute, subacute, and chronic forms) complaints helped guide therapeutic approaches directed to these manifestations, patients presenting severe or complicated forms, which are less frequent but produce most of the fatal outcomes, were not properly addressed. In Brazil and the Caribbean, a clear temporal and spatial association between excess overall mortality and the occurrence of chikungunya epidemics has been shown, supporting the hypothesis that many of these excess deaths were a consequence of CHIKV infections. Thus, accumulated experience has highlighted that the current chikungunya case classification does not encompass the actual needs presented by certain cases with atypical features nor does it contribute to early detection and management of potentially severe cases. With continued CHIKV circulation in three continents and recent reemergence in Asia and Europe, we need a classification that is prospective and informed both by initial clinical presentation and by progression of signs and symptoms.
Comparativo técnico-financeiro entre o método convencional e uso de lona plástica para proteção contra precipitações em aterros rodoviários
Authors: E Cunha Ítalo Martins , Lacerda de Oliveira Francisco Heber
Published: November 2019

Nos processos de implantação rodoviária é importante o conhecimento sobre o índice de precipitações na região dos serviços, principalmente quando se trabalha com solos plásticos. Suas características exigem um cuidado especial para que a camada atinja a melhor capacidade de suporte possível, pois elevadas taxas de precipitações tendem a atrasar o andamento da obra. A consequência desse fato é a necessidade de mais dias de tratamento de camadas para alcançar a umidade adequada à compactação, aumentando o tempo e o custo de execução dos serviços. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho comparou técnica e financeiramente a proteção de camada de um aterro rodoviário contra precipitações utilizando dois procedimentos distintos: o convencional, denominado selagem de cancha, e o outro com aplicação de lona plástica. Concluiu-se que o uso da lona plástica proporciona maior agilidade na execução dos serviços e, também, ganhos financeiros relacionados à mão de obra, equipamentos e combustível.

Palavras-chave: Aterro, Chuva, Lona Plástica, Rodovia, Solo.
Balut
Authors: Magat Margaret
Published: November 2019

Grounded in folkloristics and anthropology, Margaret Magat explores both the traditional and popular culture contexts of balut. Balut – fertilized duck or chicken eggs that have developed into fully formed embryos with feathers and beaks – is a delicacy which elicits passionate responses. Hailed as an aphrodisiac in Filipino culture, balut is often seen and used as an object of revulsion and disgust in western popular culture.

Drawing on interviews, participant observation, reality television programs, travel shows, food blogs, and balut-eating contests, Magat examines balut production and consumption, its role in drinking rituals, sex, and the supernatural, vampire-like legends behind it. Balut reveals how traditional foods are used in the performance of identity and ethnicity, inspiring a virtual online cottage industry via social media as well as the impact globalization and migration are having on cultural practices and food consumption across the world.

The first academic book on balut, this is essential reading for anyone in food studies, folklore studies, anthropology, and Asian American studies.
Single-particle experiments measuring humidity and inorganic salt effects on gas-particle partitioning of butenedial
Authors: Birdsall Adam W. , Hensley Jack C. , Kotowitz Paige S. , Huisman Andrew J. , Keutsch Frank N.
Published: November 2019

Abstract. An improved understanding of the fate and properties of atmospheric aerosol
particles requires a detailed process-level understanding of fundamental
factors influencing the aerosol, including partitioning of aerosol
components between the gas and particle phases. Laboratory experiments with
levitated particles provide a way to study fundamental aerosol processes
over timescales relevant to the multiday lifetime of atmospheric aerosol
particles, in a controlled environment in which various characteristics
relevant to atmospheric aerosol can be prepared (e.g., high
surface-to-volume ratio, highly concentrated or supersaturated solutions,
changes to relative humidity). In this study, the four-carbon unsaturated
compound butenedial, a dialdehyde produced by oxidation of aromatic
compounds that undergoes hydration in the presence of water, was used as a
model organic aerosol component to investigate different factors affecting
gas–particle partitioning, including the role of lower-volatility
“reservoir” species such as hydrates, timescales involved in
equilibration between higher- and lower-volatility forms, and the effect of
inorganic salts. The experimental approach was to use a laboratory system
coupling particle levitation in an electrodynamic balance (EDB) with
particle composition measurement via mass spectrometry (MS). In particular,
by fitting measured evaporation rates to a kinetic model, the effective
vapor pressure was determined for butenedial and compared under different
experimental conditions, including as a function of ambient relative
humidity and the presence of high concentrations of inorganic salts. Even under
dry (RH<5 %) conditions, the evaporation rate of butenedial is
orders of magnitude lower than what would be expected if butenedial existed
purely as a dialdehyde in the particle, implying an equilibrium strongly
favoring hydrated forms and the strong preference of certain dialdehyde
compounds to remain in a hydrated form even under lower water content
conditions. Butenedial exhibits a salting-out effect in the presence of
sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, in contrast to glyoxal. The outcomes of
these experiments are also helpful in guiding the design of future EDB-MS
experiments.
Ship plumes in the Baltic Sea Sulphur Emission Control Area: Chemical characterization and contribution to coastal aerosol concentrations
Authors: Ausmeel Stina , Eriksson Axel , Ahlberg Erik , Sporre Moa K. , Spanne Mårten , Kristensson Adam
Published: November 2019

Abstract. In coastal areas, there is increased concern about emissions from shipping activities and the associated impact on air quality. We have assessed the ship aerosol properties and the contribution to coastal particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels by measuring ship plumes in ambient conditions at a site in Southern Sweden, within a Sulphur Emission Control Area. Measurements took place during a summer and a winter campaign, 10 km downwind of a major shipping lane. Individual ships showed large variability in contribution to total particle mass, organics, sulphate, and NO2. The average emission contribution of the ship fleet was 29 ± 13 and 37 ± 20 ng m−3 to PM0.5, 18 ± 8 and 34 ± 19 ng m−3 to PM0.15, and 1.21 ± 0.57 and 1.11 ± 0.61 µg m−3 to NO2, during winter and summer respectively. Sulphate and organics dominated the particle mass and most plumes contained undetectable amounts of equivalent black carbon (eBC). The average eBC contribution was 3.5 ± 1.7 ng m−3 and the absorption Ångström exponent was close to 1. Simulated aging of the ship aerosols using an oxidation flow reactor showed that during a few occasions, there was an increase in sulphate and organic mass after photochemical processing of the plumes. However, most plumes did not produce measurable amounts of secondary PM upon simulated ageing.
Marine biogeochemical cycling and oceanic CO2 uptake simulated by the NUIST Earth System Model version 3
Authors: Dai Yifei , Cao Long , Wang Bin
Published: November 2019

Abstract. In this study, we evaluate the performance of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Earth System Model, version 3 (hereafter NESM v3) in simulating the marine biogeochemical cycle and CO2 uptake. Compared with observations, NESM v3 reproduces reasonably well the large-scale patterns of upper ocean biogeochemical fields including nutrients, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic, chlorophyll, and net primary production. The model also reasonably reproduces current-day oceanic CO2 uptake, the total CO2 uptake is 149 PgC from 1850 to 2016. In the 1ptCO2 experiment, the NESM v3 produced carbon-climate (γ=-7.9 PgC/K) and carbon-concentration sensitivity parameters (β=0.8 PgC/ppm) are comparable with CMIP5 model results. The nonlinearity of carbon uptake in the NESM v3 accounts for 10.3% of the total carbon uptake, which is within the range of CMIP5 model results (3.6%~10.6%). Some regional discrepancies between model simulations and observations are identified and the possible causes are investigated. In the upper ocean, the simulated biases in biogeochemical fields are mainly associated with the shortcoming in simulated ocean circulation. Weak upwelling in the Indian Ocean suppresses the nutrient entrainment to the upper ocean, therefore reducing the biological activities and resulting in underestimation of net primary production and chlorophyll concentration. In the Pacific and the Southern Ocean, high-nutrient and low-chlorophyll result from the strong iron limitation. Alkalinity shows high biases in high-latitude oceans due to the strong convective mixing. The major discrepancy in biogeochemical fields is seen in the deep Northern Pacific. The simulated high concentration of nutrients, alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon water is too deep due to the excessive deep ocean remineralization. Despite these model-observation discrepancies, it is expected that the NESM v3 can be employed as a useful modeling tool to investigate large scale interactions between the ocean carbon cycle and climate change.
Data efficient Random Forest model for avalanche forecasting
Authors: Chawla Manesh , Singh Amreek
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Fast downslope release of snow (avalanche) is a serious hazard to people living in snow bound mountains. Released snow mass can gain sufficient momentum on its down slope path to kill humans, uproot trees and rocks, destroy buildings. Direct reduction of avalanche threat is done by building control structures to add mechanical support to snowpack and reduce or deflect downward avalanche flow. On large terrains it is economically infeasible to use these methods on each high risk site.Therefore predicting and avoiding avalanches is the only feasible method to reduce threat but sufficient snow stability data for accurate forecasting is generally unavailable and difficult to collect. Forecasters infer snow stability from their knowledge of local weather, terrain and sparsely available snowpack observations. This inference process is vulnerable to human bias therefore machine learning models are used to find patterns from past data and generate helpful outputs to minimise and quantify uncertainty in forecasting process. These machine learning techniques require long past records of avalanches which are difficult to obtain. In this paper we propose a data efficient Random Forest model to address this problem. The model can generate a descriptive forecast showing reasoning and patterns which are difficult to observe manually. Our model advances the field by being inexpensive and convenient for operational forecasting due to its data efficiency, ease of automation and ability to describe its decisions.