bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of semi-supervised learning frameworks for multi-class weed detection
Authors: Li Jiajia , Chen Dong , Yin Xunyuan , Li Zhaojian
Published: August 2024

Precision weed management (PWM), driven by machine vision and deep learning (DL) advancements, not only enhances agricultural product quality and optimizes crop yield but also provides a sustainable alternative to herbicide use. However, existing DL-based algorithms on weed detection are mainly developed based on supervised learning approaches, typically demanding large-scale datasets with manual-labeled annotations, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. As such, label-efficient learning methods, especially semi-supervised learning, have gained increased attention in the broader domain of computer vision and have demonstrated promising performance. These methods aim to utilize a small number of labeled data samples along with a great number of unlabeled samples to develop high-performing models comparable to the supervised learning counterpart trained on a large amount of labeled data samples. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of a semi-supervised learning framework for multi-class weed detection, employing two well-known object detection frameworks, namely FCOS (Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detection) and Faster-RCNN (Faster Region-based Convolutional Networks). Specifically, we evaluate a generalized student-teacher framework with an improved pseudo-label generation module to produce reliable pseudo-labels for the unlabeled data. To enhance generalization, an ensemble student network is employed to facilitate the training process. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is able to achieve approximately 76% and 96% detection accuracy as the supervised methods with only 10% of labeled data in CottonWeedDet3 and CottonWeedDet12, respectively. We offer access to the source code (https://github.com/JiajiaLi04/SemiWeeds), contributing a valuable resource for ongoing semi-supervised learning research in weed detection and beyond.
Delphinium as a model for development and evolution of complex zygomorphic flowers
Authors: Sharma Bharti , Pandher Mankirat Kaur , Alcaraz Echeveste Ana Quetzali , Romo Rene Kenny , Bravo Marianellie
Published: August 2024

The complex zygomorphic flowers of the early-diverging eudicot Delphinium provide an opportunity to explore intriguing evolutionary, developmental, and genetic questions. The dorsal perianth organs, consisting of a spurred sepal and the nectar-bearing spurred petal(s) in Delphinium, contribute to the dorso-ventralization and zygomorphic flower morphology. The seamless integration of the two or three dorsal petaloid spurred organs is considered a synorganization, and the resulting organ complex is referred to as a hyperorgan. The hyperorgan shows variability within the tribe due to variation in the number, size, and shape of the spurs. Research in recent decades within this tribe has enhanced our understanding of morphological evolution of flowers. More recently, functional studies using the RNAi approach of Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) have unraveled interesting results highlighting the role of gene duplication in the functional diversification of organ identity and symmetry genes. Research in this early-diverging eudicot genus bridges the gaps in understanding the morphological innovations that are mostly studied in model grass and core eudicot clades. This first comprehensive review synthesizes eco-evo-devo research on Delphinium, developing a holistic understanding of recent advancements and establishing the genus as an exceptional model for addressing fundamental questions in developmental genetics, particularly in the evolution of complex flowers. This progress highlights Delphinium’s significant potential for future studies in this field.
Temporal changes in the physical fitness of Chinese adolescents aged 13-18 years: an analysis of eight national successive surveys over three decades
Authors: Ruan Hui , Tang Ruolan
Published: August 2024

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess temporal changes in physical fitness of Chinese adolescents aged 13–18 years from 1985 to 2019.

Methods

Body size /composition and physical fitness indicators, including body height, weight, body mass index (BMI), speed, power, flexibility, muscular endurance, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), were selected from Chinese boys and girls aged 13–18 years from eight Chinese National Surveillance on Students’ Constitution and Health from 1985 to 2019. Temporal changes in means were estimated by sample-weighted linear regression at the test × sex × age level, and national trends were estimated by a post-stratification population weighting procedure.

Results

Overall mean body height, weight and BMI increased significantly for Chinese adolescents over 34 years. There was a small improvement for boys in speed (Effect size [ES] = −0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.44 ~ 0.02), a small improvement for boys in power (ES = 0.24, 95% CI = −0.20 ~ 0.69), a small improvement for girls in flexibility (ES = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.15 ~ 0.76), a moderate decline for boys (ES = -0.53 95% CI = −0.84 ~ −0.21) and a moderate improvement for girls (ES = 0.61, 95% CI = −0.03 ~ 1.26) in muscular endurance, and large declines in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) for boys (ES = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.64 ~ 1.21) and girls (ES = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.58 ~ 1.27) from 1985 to 2019. These trends in each component of fitness were more positive for adolescents aged 13–15 years than that of adolescents aged 16–18 years in both sexes, except for girls in flexibility.

Conclusion

The decline in CRF was most pronounced among Chinese children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019, suggesting a future decline in population health that needs attention.
A roadmap to the enzymes from spider venom: biochemical ecology, molecular diversity, and value for the bioeconomy
Authors: Dresler Josephine , Avella Ignazio , Damm Maik , Dersch Ludwig , Krämer Jonas , Vilcinskas Andreas , Lüddecke Tim
Published: August 2024

Spiders are ancient and highly successful predators, which use venom for both predation and defense. Their venoms are complex mixtures of potent biological molecules, emerging as a prolific source of biomolecular innovation in agriculture, biomedicine, and bioeconomy. While small cysteine-rich neurotoxins are typically considered the main components of spider venoms, recent research has shown that spider venoms also contain many high-molecular-weight proteins, especially enzymes. To date, very little is known about the diversity, biochemistry and ecology of these components. Here, we provide the first systematic overview of spider venom enzymes, describing all known examples in terms of their properties and functions in the spider venom system. We argue that the sheer diversity of these neglected spider venom compounds offers significant translational potential and holds great potential for the bioeconomy, reflecting a wide range of technical applications such as industrial production, food processing, and waste management.
Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria: strategies for the bioprotection of dairy foods
Authors: Pujato Silvina Alicia , Mercanti Diego Javier , Briggiler Marcó Mariángeles , Capra María Luján , Quiberoni Andrea , Guglielmotti Daniela Marta
Published: August 2024

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), essential in fermenting milk, produce an array of antimicrobial compounds, notably bacteriocins, which contribute to the extended shelf life of dairy goods. Bacteriocins, ribosomally synthesized peptides, display broad or narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity, thus holding promise in food preservation. The classification of LAB bacteriocins is intricate, reflecting evolving genomic insights and biosynthesis mechanisms. Strategies for integrating bacteriocins into dairy products include purified forms, bacteriocin-producing LAB, and bacteriocin-containing fermentates, each with distinct advantages and considerations. Optimization of fermentation conditions, encompassing time, temperature, pH, and culture medium, is essential for maximizing bacteriocin production. This optimization facilitates enhanced quality and safety of fermented dairy items, aligning with the growing consumer preference for natural, minimally processed foods. Furthermore, the incorporation of bacteriocins into a hurdle approach alongside thermal and non-thermal treatments holds promise for augmenting food bioprotection while reducing reliance on chemical preservatives. This comprehensive overview underscores the potential of LAB bacteriocins as a natural, effective alternative to conventional food preservatives, offering insights into their application and optimization in dairy product preservation.
Smooth control strategy for emergency switching of multi-port flexible interconnected distribution system modes
Authors: Pang Dan , Yin Yu , Wang Zhipeng , Ge Jinming , Wang Wei , Wang Zhenhao , Yi Hongyin , Zhuang Yan
Published: August 2024

Introduction

With the rise of distributed energy resources, the interconnection of distribution networks and Flexible Multi-State Switch (FMSS) has become a key technology in the construction of new distribution networks. FMSS plays a significant role in enhancing the reliability and flexibility of the system.

Methods

This paper investigates the impact of mode-switching in FMSSs on voltage shocks, current shocks, and power fluctuations in the event of a feeder fault in a multi-port flexible interconnected distribution system. Firstly, an improved state-tracking control method is proposed to effectively mitigate these impacts. Secondly, for feeder faults connected to the fixed DC bus voltage (Udc-Q) control port, a reselection method for the Udc-Q control port at the main station is introduced, aiming to select the optimal port to maintain the stability of the DC bus voltage.

Results

Simulation experiments have validated the effectiveness of the proposed control method in reducing voltage and current shocks as well as power fluctuations. Additionally, the proposed control strategy has demonstrated an enhancement in the safe and stable operation of the system under emergency fault conditions.

Discussion

The control strategy presented in this paper is capable of addressing the challenges posed by feeder faults and ensuring the stability of the DC bus voltage and reliable power supply to feeder loads, thereby enhancing the overall performance and reliability of the flexible interconnected distribution system. The research findings have been verified on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform.
Scalar field solutions and energy bounds for modeling spatial oscillations in Schwarzschild black holes based on the Regge–Wheeler equation
Authors: Díaz Palencia José Luis
Published: August 2024

This text discusses the behavior of solutions and the energy stability within Schwarzschild spacetimes, with a particular emphasis on the behavior of massless scalar fields under the influence of a non-rotating and spherically symmetric black hole. The stability of solutions in the proximity of the event horizon of black holes in general relativity remains an open question, especially given the difficulties introduced by minor perturbations that may resemble Kerr solutions. To address this, this work explores a simplified model, including massless scalar fields, to better understand perturbation behaviors around black holes under the Schwarzschild approach. We depart from Richard Price’s work in connection with how scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational fields behave. The tortoise coordinate transformation is considered to set the stage for numerical solutions to the wave equations. Afterward, we explore energy estimates, which are used to gauge stability and wave behavior over time. Our analysis reveals that the time evolution of the energy does not exceed twice its initial value. Further and under the assumption of initial conditions in L2−spaces, we obtain an exponential decreasing behavior in the energy time evolution. A question to continue exploring is how perturbations in L2 in the initial conditions that introduce Kerr solutions as a second-order effect in the linearized equations perturb this obtained exponential decay.
Delivering project SCORE in competitive youth sport settings
Authors: Ferreira Marta , Santos Fernando , Fernández-Villarino María A. , Mergler Jason , Strachan Leisha , MacDonald Dany J.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Project SCORE intervention in fostering Positive Youth Development (PYD) within competitive youth sport settings in Portugal. Project SCORE is an online PYD-focused tool developed to assist coaches in promoting the 4Cs—competence, confidence, connection, and character—within their coaching.

Methods

The research involved 13 coaches and 70 youth athletes from football and rowing teams. Methodologically, this study analyzed the pre- and post- Project SCORE intervention data, assessing the perceptions of coaches and athletes towards the development of the 4Cs.

Results

Results indicated significant improvements in athletes' perceptions of 4Cs post-intervention, and among coaches' perceptions, there was a significant improvement in the practice and transfer of life skills. Particularly, coaches showed enhanced abilities in fostering life skills and facilitating the transfer of these skills to competitive environments, although some dimensions like sport climate did not sustain positive changes.

Discussion

The findings highlight the benefits of customized PYD-based programs in competitive youth sports and suggest the need for further research to enhance their widespread and consistent implementation.
The recognition and optimization study on the dominant agricultural space in Cangzhou based on the suitability evaluation of agricultural production
Authors: Jing Siyu , Fu Guixin , Zhou Zhi , Zhao Li , Zhang Pengtao
Published: August 2024

Agricultural spatial division and suggestions for the optimization of the partition space were obtained by constructing a recognition system of the dominant agricultural space. The prerequisite was to master natural economic development in agriculture. It was vital to maintain national food security and promote healthy and sustainable agriculture. The suitability evaluation of agricultural production and the dominance evaluation of agricultural development were incorporated to recognize the dominant agricultural space in Cangzhou, Hebei, China in 2020. Besides, priority scenarios were set, e.g., economic development, low-carbon protection, and coordinated development of a low-carbon economy. The NSGA-II genetic algorithm model was used to optimize the quantitative structure of cultivated lands in the agricultural space of Cangzhou in three scenarios in 2030. The research results are as follows: (1) Cangzhou had the largest number of general suitable areas for agricultural production in 2020, accounting for 27.04%; suitable areas were the least, accounting for 10.99%. The proportion of current cultivated lands in unsuitable agricultural production areas still stood at 11.26%; (2) The dominance of agricultural development in 2020 in Cangzhou was mainly at Tier III, accounting for 33.60% with the general dominance of agricultural development; (3) The total area of the dominant agricultural space in Cangzhou was 238208.75 hm2, accounting for 16.72% of the national territorial area of Cangzhou. It included 35 villages and towns beyond ecological red lines, mainly distributed in the western part of Cangzhou; (4) The agricultural space of Cangzhou in 2030, optimized by the multi-objective NSGA-II genetic algorithm model, exhibited decreased cultivated lands across three scenarios. The total amount of cultivated lands was the largest under the priority scenario of economic development, and that was the smallest under the priority scenario of coordinated development of a low-carbon economy. Meanwhile, agricultural economic benefits and carbon emission density were reduced under three scenarios. The benefits and density were moderate under the coordinated development of low carbon and economy. The work provides a reference for further formulating and improving the policies of the agricultural space in various regions.
Immunotherapeutic allogeneic dendritic cell and autologous tumor cell fusion vaccine alone or combined with radiotherapy in canine oral malignant melanoma is safe and potentially effective
Authors: Xia Yuan-Yuan , Liao Albert TaiChing , Liu Ru-Min , Yang Shu-Ya , Kuo Chien-Chun , Ke Chiao-Hsu , Lin Chen-Si , Lee Jih-Jong
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Immunotherapy represents a promising breakthrough in cancer management and is being explored in canine melanomas. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in priming T-cell-mediated immune reactions through the antigen-presenting function. Combining immunotherapy and radiation therapy may generate more substantial anti-cancer efficacy through immunomodulation.

Objectives

Our research reported a preliminary result of the safety and outcome of a kind of immunotherapy, the allogeneic dendritic cell and autologous tumor cell fusion vaccine, alone or in combination with hypofractionated radiation therapy, in canine oral malignant melanoma.

Methods

Two groups of dogs with histopathological diagnoses of oral malignant melanoma were recruited. In group 1 (DCRT), dogs received a combination of DC fusion vaccine and radiotherapy. In group 2 (DC), dogs received DC fusion vaccine alone. DC vaccination was given once every 2 weeks for four doses. Radiotherapy was performed weekly for five fractions. Dogs that received carboplatin were retrospectively collected as a control group (group 3).

Results

Five dogs were included in group 1 (two stage II, three stage III), 11 in group 2 (three stage I/II, eight stage III/IV), and eight (two stage I/II, six stage III/IV) in the control group. Both DC and DCRT were well-tolerated, with only mild adverse events reported, including mucositis, gastrointestinal discomfort, and injection site reactions. The median progression-free intervals in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 214 (95% CI, NA, due to insufficient data), 100 (95% CI, 27–237), and 42 days (95% CI, NA-170), respectively, which were not significantly different. The 1-year survival rates were 20, 54.5, and 12.5% in groups 1, 2, and 3. Dogs in the DCRT group exhibited significantly higher TGF-β signals than the DC group throughout the treatment course, indicating a possible higher degree of immunosuppression.

Conclusion

The manuscript demonstrated the safety of dendritic cell/tumor cell fusion vaccine immunotherapy, alone or in combination with radiotherapy. The results support further expansion of this immunotherapy, modification of combination treatment and protocols, and investigation of combining DC vaccine with other treatment modalities.

Clinical trial registration

Preclinical Trials, PCTE0000475.
Activation and Regulation of Indirect Alloresponses in Transplanted Patients With Donor Specific Antibodies and Chronic Rejection
Authors: Basu Sumoyee , Dudreuilh Caroline , Shah Sapna , Sanchez-Fueyo Alberto , Lombardi Giovanna , Dorling Anthony
Published: August 2024

Following transplantation, human CD4+T cells can respond to alloantigen using three distinct pathways. Direct and semi-direct responses are considered potent, but brief, so contribute mostly to acute rejection. Indirect responses are persistent and prolonged, involve B cells as critical antigen presenting cells, and are an absolute requirement for development of donor specific antibody, so more often mediate chronic rejection. Novel in vitro techniques have furthered our understanding by mimicking in vivo germinal centre processes, including B cell antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells and effector cytokine responses following challenge with donor specific peptides. In this review we outline recent data detailing the contribution of CD4+ T follicular helper cells and antigen presenting B cells to donor specific antibody formation and antibody mediated rejection. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometry analyses have revealed specific endogenous regulatory T and B subsets each capable of suppressing distinct aspects of the indirect response, including CD4+ T cell cytokine production, B cell maturation into plasmablasts and antibody production, and germinal centre maturation. These data underpin novel opportunities to control these aberrant processes either by targeting molecules critical to indirect alloresponses or potentiating suppression via exogenous regulatory cell therapy.
Enhancing Stakeholder Value: Managerial Activities in the Value Creation Process for Suppliers and Buyer—Evidence from Slovak Enterprises
Authors: Kusnirova Dana , Durisova Maria , Bubeliny Oliver
Published: August 2024

The paper aims to identify, characterize, and determine the method of managerial activities in the value creation process for buyers and suppliers with the subsequent determination of their significance. The study employs a hybrid methodology combining theoretical and empirical approaches. The theoretical framework was developed through a systematic review of contemporary literature, leading to the creation of a procedural model for effective value creation in B2B environments. This model outlines key managerial activities, including the diversification of suppliers and buyers, securing communication channels, value identification, determination of value creation variants, and feedback evaluation. To empirically validate this framework, interviews were conducted with managers from twenty Slovak manufacturing enterprises. These interviews aimed to assess the alignment between the theoretical model and actual managerial practices and to identify any discrepancies or areas for improvement. The findings indicate that while managers engage in several key activities intuitively, there are notable variations in the application of specific practices. The study contributes to the literature by bridging theoretical concepts with practical implementation. It offers actionable recommendations for enhancing value creation processes, highlighting the importance of aligning managerial practices with theoretical best practices to achieve better stakeholder satisfaction and business success.
Decoys Deployment for Missile Interception: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach
Authors: Bildik Enver , Tsourdos Antonios , Perrusquía Adolfo , Inalhan Gokhan
Published: August 2024

Recent advances in radar seeker technologies have considerably improved missile precision and efficacy during target interception. This is especially concerning in the arenas of protection and safety, where appropriate countermeasures against enemy missiles are required to ensure the protection of naval facilities. In this study, we present a reinforcement-learning-based strategy for deploying decoys to enhance the survival probability of a target ship against a missile threat. Our approach involves the coordinated operation of three decoys, trained using the Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) and Multi-Agent Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MATD3) algorithms. The decoys operate in a leader–follower dynamic with a circular formation to ensure effective coordination. We evaluate the strategy across various parameters, including decoy deployment regions, missile launch directions, maximum decoy speeds, and missile speeds. The results indicate that, decoys trained with the MATD3 algorithm demonstrate superior performance compared to those trained with the MADDPG algorithm. Insights suggest that our decoy deployment strategy, particularly when utilizing MATD3-trained decoys, significantly enhances defensive measures against missile threats.
In Vitro Synthetic Polyploidization in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Enhanced Phytochemical Efficacy—A Mini-Review
Authors: Gupta Neha , Bhattacharya Soham , Dutta Adrish , Cusimamani Eloy Fernández , Milella Luigi , Leuner Olga
Published: August 2024

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are well known for their valuable secondary metabolites and diverse phytochemicals responsible for a plethora of medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, and analgesic activities, making them essential for various industries. Therefore, this significant market demand has led to the need to improve the quality and quantity of secondary metabolites and thus develop high-quality commercial products. In this context, polyploidization is considered a sound contemporary approach that produces new genotypes, leading to the overexpression of genes involved in biosynthesizing crucial metabolites. Enhanced natural metabolite production increases the biological activities of plant extracts along with enhanced tolerance against abiotic and biotic stresses to achieve homogeneity. This improvisation in the quality and quantity of plant secondary metabolites can maximize the medicinal value of the plants. Therefore, this mini-review aims to explore the importance of enhancing biological activity in medicinal plants, summarize the progress of synthetic polyploidization as a breeding tool in MAP species, and elucidate how this technique plays an important role in improving medicinal values. This breeding strategy could significantly advance future research and industrial applications by inducing superior genotypes with enhanced genomic complexity and improving traits like increased biomass, stress tolerance, and novel biochemical pathways. So, it can be concluded that in vitro synthetic polyploidization can be an effective tool for promoting the production of more distinctive genotypes with immense medicinal properties for a variety of commercial and pharmaceutical purposes.
Process Adaptability Appraisal of Fermented Chopped Chili Pepper Made from Fresh Chili Peppers of Different Varieties
Authors: Zhang Zhixu , Zeng Lu , Zhang Weiming , Ren Hongbin , Liu Li , Zhang Zhuqing , Zou Xuexiao , Qin Dan , Ou Lijun
Published: August 2024

Fermented chopped chili pepper (FCCP) is the most important fermented and processed chili pepper product, and most pepper varieties can be processed with obvious flavor differences. Many studies have tried to explain these differences using the results of component analysis, processing technology, the microbes involved, etc., but few have examined the characteristics of these varieties along with the flavor of products. We conducted a physiochemical characteristic analysis of 35 kinds of fresh chili peppers with different genotypes and made fermented products from 17 varieties, using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) to correlate their components with FCCP products. The results were as follows: (1) Protein, total acids, a* (representation of the object’s red and green color), protopectin, and fruit thickness are the five key indexes that affect the quality of fresh chili peppers the most. (2) Protein, total acids, a*, protopectin, and fruit thickness are also the key indexes that affect the quality of FCCP. (3) Suitable ranges of fresh chili pepper to manufacture FCCP are 1.3–2.0 g/100 g for protein, 2.5–4.0 g/kg for total acids, 10–15 g/100 g for protopectin, 30–39 for a*, and 1.2–2.0 mm for fruit thickness. (4) Sensory appraisal shows crispness is the most important mouthfeel sensation and can decrease during the process. The varieties with the top three scores were A12 (21G675), A13 (20Z663), and A14 (21Z698) with scores of 87.92, 74.08, and 74.15, respectively. The varieties in the top three scores are pod peppers. The PCA and CA showed that pod peppers were the most suitable materials for making FCCP. Our results will benefit others in selecting fresh chili peppers for making FCCP and provide data support for directing processable variety breeding.
Yield Prediction of Winter Wheat at Different Growth Stages Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Lou Zhengfang , Lu Xiaoping , Li Siyi
Published: August 2024

Accurate and timely prediction of crop yields is crucial for ensuring food security and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This study developed a winter wheat yield prediction model using machine learning techniques, incorporating remote sensing data and statistical yield records from Henan Province, China. The core of the model is an ensemble voting regressor, which integrates ridge regression, gradient boosting, and random forest algorithms. This study optimized the hyperparameters of the ensemble voting regressor and conducted an in-depth comparison of its yield prediction performance with that of other mainstream machine learning models, assessing the impact of key hyperparameters on model accuracy. This study also explored the potential of yield prediction at different growth stages and its application in yield spatialization. The results demonstrate that the ensemble voting regressor performed exceptionally well throughout the entire growth period, with an R2 of 0.90, an RMSE of 439.21 kg/ha, and an MAE of 351.28 kg/ha. Notably, during the heading stage, the model’s prediction performance was particularly impressive, with an R2 of 0.81, an RMSE of 590.04 kg/ha, and an MAE of 478.38 kg/ha, surpassing models developed for other growth stages. Additionally, by establishing a yield spatialization model, this study mapped county-level yield predictions to the pixel level, visually illustrating the spatial differences in land productivity. These findings provide reliable technical support for winter wheat yield prediction and valuable references for crop yield estimation in precision agriculture.
Evaluating the Sensory Profiles of Taiwan and Madagascar Vanilla Beans: Impacts on Ice Cream Quality and Consumer Preferences
Authors: Lee Ching-Sung , Chen Yen-Cheng , Chiang Ming-Chen , Yeh Chih-Hsin , Ho Yu-Chi , Huang Wei-Hao , Chan Ya-Ju , Tsai Mei-Yi
Published: August 2024

Vanilla, a quintessential flavoring agent, experiences burgeoning demand globally, particularly for natural variants. In response, Taiwan has ventured into vanilla cultivation, aiming to reduce the energy consumption associated with international transportation by fostering domestic production. This study investigates the sensory attributes of Taiwan and Madagascar vanilla beans amid increasing global demand for natural vanilla. We extended our sensory evaluations to vanilla ice cream products to assess their quality. Employing sensory evaluation questionnaires and experimental techniques, we utilized purposive and snowball sampling methodologies for participant recruitment. Our primary aim is to discern the edible disparities between Taiwan and Madagascar vanilla beans by scrutinizing variations in consumer sensory preferences. Our findings reveal statistically significant disparities between Taiwan and Madagascar vanilla beans concerning product texture and overall aroma in sensory evaluations, while other attributes do not exhibit notable differences. This suggests that the sensory experience of vanilla ice cream products derived from Taiwan and Madagascar vanilla beans primarily diverges in terms of product texture and overall aroma, with negligible disparities elsewhere. Remarkably, Taiwan vanilla beans consistently outperform Madagascar vanilla beans across many evaluation criteria, underscoring the superior quality and competitive edge of Taiwan’s vanilla beans. This empirical evidence highlights the exceptional quality and value proposition of Taiwan vanilla beans, offering insights for the expansion and deepening of sensory evaluations pertaining to vanilla beans. Furthermore, our study contributes to environmental sustainability by promoting local production and presents new avenues for Taiwan’s vanilla processing industry.
Economic and Environmental Assessment of Conventional Lemon Cultivation: The Case of Southeastern Spain
Authors: García Castellanos Begoña , García García Benjamín , García García José
Published: August 2024

Spain is the world’s leading producer and exporter of fresh lemons, with production concentrated in the southeast. The significance of this region in lemon production and the impact of agriculture on the economy and environment make optimizing lemon cultivation crucial. The main production models of lemon in Southeastern Spain (conventional Fino and Verna) are established and evaluated economically and environmentally through life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA). Both models have a similar cost structure, with variable costs (94% of the total) being the most significant, particularly labor and irrigation, followed by fertilizers and pest control. The key difference is in productivity; Verna has a higher unit cost due to lower productivity. As in LCC, in LCA the contributions of the components to the impacts of the models are very similar due to the similarities in the production models. However, Fino shows lower absolute values due to higher productivity. Fertilizers are the component with the highest contributions to the impacts, specifically their manufacture. For global warming, low values were obtained: 0.063 and 0.081 kg CO2-eq·kg−1 for Fino and Verna, respectively, which may result from diverse factors: high productivity, low pesticide and machinery use, and low nitrous oxide emissions because of aridity. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed on the origin of water sources and calculation methods of pesticide emissions.
Balancing Yield and Environmental Impact: Nitrogen Management and Planting Density for Rice in Southwest China
Authors: Guo Song , Yu Hua , Zeng Xiangzhong , Shangguan Yuxian , Zhou Zijun , Li Xuyi , Liu Zhigang , He Mingjiang , Luo Xing , Ouyang Yiting , Liu Su , Wei Liguo , Qin Yusheng , Chen Kun
Published: August 2024

With growing concerns about global warming, it is crucial to adopt agronomic practices that enhance rice yields from paddy fields while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for sustainable agriculture. An optimal nitrogen (N) fertilization rate and planting density are vital to ensure high rice yields, minimize GHG emissions, and understand emission behavior for better field management. We hypothesized that optimizing N application rates and planting density to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in rice cultivation would reduce resource losses and GHG emissions. To test this hypothesis, we implemented five treatments with a rice straw return cultural system: two planting densities (16 hills m−2 (traditional density, D1) and 20 hills m−2 (25% higher density, D2)) and three N application rates (no N fertilizer (N0), 180 kg N ha−1 (N1), and 144 kg N ha−1 (N2)). The control treatment (CK) was traditional planting density with no N fertilizer. The four new cropping modes were N1D1, N1D2, N2D1, and N2D2. We investigated the effects of N application rates and planting density on rice grain yield, NUE, and GHG emissions in multiple rice-growing seasons. The N1D2 treatment exhibited the highest grain yield over the three years, with a value of 10,452 kg ha−1, representing an increase of 12.2% compared to CK. Moreover, N uptake in N1D2 was the highest, averaging 39.2% (p < 0.05) higher than CK, and 8.5%, 3.5%, and 2.8% (p < 0.05) higher than N1D1, N2D1 and N2D2, respectively. N2D2 exhibited the highest NUE, with a value of 58.99 kg kg−1, surpassing all other treatments over the three years. GHG emissions, global warming potential (GWP), and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in N2D2 were lower than in N1D1, N1D2, and N2D1. Additionally, reducing N application (comparing N1D1 to N2D1) and increasing plant density (comparing N1D1 to N1D2) improved N agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N partial productivity (PFPN). The negative correlation between the NAE and PFPN with GWP and GHG emissions further supports the potential for optimized N management and denser planting density to reduce environmental impact. These findings have important implications for sustainable rice cultivation practices in Southwest China and similar agroecosystems, emphasizing the need for integrated nutrient management strategies to achieve food security and climate change mitigation goals.
Morphologic, Proliferative, and Cytogenetic Changes during In Vitro Propagation of Cat Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells
Authors: Algorta Agustina , Artigas Rody , Rial Analía , Benavides Uruguaysito , Maisonnave Jacqueline , Yaneselli Kevin
Published: August 2024

Stem cell therapy in cat patients needs a high quantity of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) requiring in vitro propagation under culture conditions which may potentially impact cellular characteristics and genetic stability. This study aimed to assess the in vitro characteristics and cytogenetic stability of cat adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs). For this purpose, morphological features, clonogenic potential, and proliferative capacity of cAT-MSCs were assessed at passages 2 (P2), P4, and P6. Multipotency and immunophenotype were evaluated. Cytogenetic analyses were conducted up to P6. The cAT-MSCs exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology in early passages. The doubling time increased from 2.5 days at P2 to 9.4 at P4 and 10.5 at P6, accompanied by the observation of nuclear abnormalities such as cluster formation, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and a decline in the mitotic index at P4. Cells demonstrated multipotency capacity and were CD45−, CD90+, and CD44+. Metaphase analysis at P2 and P4 revealed some indications of structural instability such as gaps, breaks, deletions, duplications, and early chromatid segregation, but these alterations did not show an increase across passages. In conclusion, cAT-MSCs decreased their proliferative capacity after P4, accompanied by morphological alterations and signs of structural instability.
2D Kinematic Analysis of the Esbarrada and Volta Sobre Patas Manoeuvres of Criollo Breed Horses Competing in Freio de Ouro
Authors: Bonilla Lemos Pizzi Gino Luigi , Holz Karina , Kowalski Éverton Augusto , Fonseca Ribeiro Priscila , Blake Roberta , Ferreira Martins Charles
Published: August 2024

The esbarrada and volta sobre patas manoeuvres are critical in Criollo horse equestrian activities, yet their kinematics remain largely unexplored. This observational study aimed to kinematically describe the manoeuvres in Criollo breed horses and explore the relationship between static goniometry and dynamics. A 2D kinematic analysis was conducted on 31 Criollo horses performing the manoeuvres using high-speed cameras. Joint angles were measured using static goniometry and analysed in relation to dynamic performance. The esbarrada covered a distance of 4.28 ± 0.99 m in 1.15 ± 0.11 s at a velocity of 3.77 ± 0.55 m/s. Joint angles showed a mean fetlock extension of 75.4° ± 5.3° and hock flexion of 43.2° ± 4.1°. In the volta sobre patas, significant differences were found in turn duration (first: 0.96 ± 0.07 s, second: 1.12 ± 0.09 s, p = 0.03) and thoracic limb suspension (first: 0.23 ± 0.02 s, second: 0.28 ± 0.03 s, p = 0.02). Static goniometry indicated that limb conformation did not significantly correlate with protraction angles during the esbarrada (p = 0.27). The volta sobre patas demonstrated prolonged duration and increased thoracic limb suspension in the second turn. Also, the findings suggest that static conformation does not predict dynamic limb movement during the esbarrada.
Antioxidant Marine Hydrolysates Isolated from Tuna Mixed Byproducts: An Example of Fishery Side Streams Upcycling
Authors: Grasso Federica , Martínez María Mercedes Alonso , Turrini Federica , Méndez Paz Diego , Vázquez Sobrado Rebeca , Orlandi Valentina , Jenssen Marte , Lian Kjersti , Rombi Junio , Tiso Micaela , Razzuoli Elisabetta , Costas Celina , Boggia Raffaella
Published: August 2024

The aim of this research is to propose simple and scalable processes to obtain bioactive peptides extensively hydrolyzed starting from a tuna mixed biomass. The upcycling of this powdered biomass is challenging since it comes from the unsorted industrial side streams of the tuna canning process (cooked residues from fillet trimming) after a patented mild dehydration useful for preventing its degradation until its exploitation. Two different protocols were proposed, with and without the inclusion of an exogenous enzyme (Enzymatic-Assisted Extraction, EAE), with no relevant differences in yields (24% vs. 22%) and a comparable amino acid composition. Nevertheless, the former protocol (with EAE) provided peptides with an average molecular weight of 1.3 kDa, and the second one (without EAE) provided peptides with an average molecular weight of 2.2 kDa. The two corresponding types of tuna protein hydrolysates (Enzymatic Hydrolysates (EH) and Non-Enzymatic Hydrolysates (NEH)) were characterized by proximate compositions, pH, color profile, amino acid analysis, FTIR spectra, and molecular weight distribution. In addition, several biological analyses were performed to assess their potential use as nutraceutical supplements: special attention has been paid to antioxidant activity using three different methods to quantify it. EH showed the most promising antioxidant activity which could be exploited also in other fields (e.g., biomaterials, cosmetics).
A Sustainable Approach to Valuable Polyphenol and Iridoid Antioxidants from Medicinal Plant By-Products
Authors: Marchetti Filippo , Gugel Irene , Costa Stefania , Baldisserotto Anna , Foletto Alberto , Gugel Ilenia , Baldini Erika , Manfredini Stefano , Vertuani Silvia
Published: August 2024

Supply chain waste gives rise to significant challenges in terms of disposal, making upcycling a promising and sustainable alternative for the recovery of bioactive compounds from by-products. Lignocellulosic by-products like STF231, which are derived from the medicinal plant extract industry, offer valuable compounds such as polyphenols and iridoids that can be recovered through upcycling. In an unprecedented study, we explored and compared conventional hydroethanolic extraction, ultrasound hydroethanolic extraction, and natural deep eutectic solvents–ultrasound extraction methods on STF231 to obtain extracts with antioxidant activity. The extraction profile of total polyphenols (TPCs) was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu test and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was tested with FRAP and DPPH assays. HPLC-UV was employed to quantify the phenolic and iridoid markers in the extracts. Additionally, the sustainability profile of the process was assessed using the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), AGREEprep, and analytical GREEnness metric approach (AGREE) frameworks. Our findings indicate that a choline chloride and lactic acid mixture at a 1:5 ratio, under optimal extraction conditions, resulted in extracts with higher TPC and similar antioxidant activity compared with conventional hydroethanolic extracts. The innovative aspect of this study lies in the potential application of sustainable upcycling protocols to a previously unexamined matrix, resulting in extracts with potential health applications.
Sex and Obesity-Specific Associations of Ultrasound-Assessed Radial Velocity of Sound with Body Composition
Authors: Sulis Simona , Falbová Darina , Beňuš Radoslav , Švábová Petra , Hozáková Alexandra , Vorobeľová Lenka
Published: August 2024

Background: This study aimed to investigate the association between body composition (BC) specific parameters such as fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) and bone quality in obese and non-obese young Slovak adults (18–30 years) using bioelectrical impedance analysis and quantitative ultrasound while considering the factors of sex and obesity status; Methods: BC was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 770) and bone quality by the speed of sound (SOS) in radius using QUS (Sunlight MiniOmni) in 774 young Slovak young adults aged 18–30 years, categorized by sex and obesity status (body fat %, PBF, ≥28% for men and ≥20% for women); Results: In non-obese individuals, radial SOS correlated positively with FM parameters. Significant positive correlations with LBM, including skeletal muscle mass (SMM), were observed in non-obese men but not in women. Conversely, SOS correlated negatively with FM parameters in obese individuals, significantly only in women. The correlation of SOS with LBM in obese individuals was insignificant in both sexes. Age, visceral FM, FM in the arm, and vitamin D intake were identified as the main predictors of radial SOS in young adults, except in obese men. Conclusions: Findings indicate FM benefits bone tissue in non-obese individuals, while excessive adiposity deteriorates bone quality in obese individuals, necessitating tailored evaluations and interventions based on sex, obesity status, and specific predictors.
Comparison of Four Rapid N-Glycan Analytical Methods and Great Application Potential in Cell Line Development
Authors: Jin Xiaoqing , Chu Jianlin , He Bingfang
Published: August 2024

N-glycan, a critical quality attribute (CQA) of monoclonal antibodies, profoundly impacts potency, immunogenicity, safety, and clinical efficiency. Therefore, N-glycan should be monitored and controlled during development. The conventional 2-AB method is considered the gold standard for N-glycan analysis, which is labor intensive and time consuming. Moreover, its sample requirement is relatively high and cannot be met in early-stage development, including cell line development. In this study, we compared the performance of four rapid analytical methods in N-glycan analysis of mAbs, including the rapid 2-AB method, reduction method, off-line IdeS digestion method, and two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS) method. Our results showed that these four rapid analytical methods could provide comparable N-glycan data. Moreover, these four rapid methods shortened the testing time for the conventional 2-AB method from days to just minutes. They also reduced the sample requirement for the conventional 2-AB method from milligrams to micrograms. Among these four rapid methods, the 2D-LC-MS method demonstrated great potential for applications in time-consuming cell line development because it required less testing time and a lower sample requirement.
Improving the Functional Reliability of an Urban Public Transport Line
Authors: Raicu Șerban , Costescu Dorinela , Popa Mihaela
Published: August 2024

In this study we consider correlated and simultaneous interventions regarding: i—the physical infrastructure (by crossover lines between the two tracks of a tram line), ii—the characteristics of the trams (by bi-directional trams), as well as iii—tactical and operative decisions of the line manager. How these interventions are reflected in the functional reliability of the tram line service is demonstrated for both cases of the current operation and for the case of overloads, respectively, for the case of the temporary degradation of circulation caused by random disruptive events. The theoretical analysis, generalizing findings regarding the effectiveness of solutions to improve functional reliability, is supplemented with quantitative evaluations related to certain situations of disruptions. The proposed solutions aim to increase the attractiveness of urban public transport. Even if the evaluations are focused mainly on the interests of the service quality perceived by the user, the beneficial consequences for the line manager (in terms of technical and commercial efficiency) are also addressed.