bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Method for Feed-Rate Optimization Based on S Curve Acceleration and Deceleration Control of Piecewise Tool Path
Authors: Chen Xiao Bing , Liao Wen He
Published: June 2012

Aiming at the problem of lower efficiency of complex surface machining with constant feed-rate, a method for feed-rate optimization based on S curve acceleration and deceleration control of piecewise tool path is researched. With constraints of kinematic characters of machine tool and geometric characters of tool path, tool path segments are obtained by curvature threshold method, and feed-rates are planned in these segments, then feed-rate transition of adjacent segments is processed by the method of S curve acceleration and deceleration control. Experimental result indicates that the proposed method is feasible and effective.
Application of Full-Digital Servo Valve in Auto-Discharge Control System for the Jig
Authors: Jia Qing Mei , Tai Jun Jun , Xu Bin
Published: June 2012

In this paper, a full-digital Servo valve is built base on actual requirement of auto-discharge control system for the jig. Then the structure of full-digital Servo valve was introduced. Hydraulic cylinder was driven by the digital servo amplifier, to control the opening gate in auto-discharge control system for the jig. This jig can be maintained the stability of the bed chamber, to ensure product quality.
The Applied Research of Four Polynomial Acceleration and Deceleration Control Method in Multi-Axis DSP Motion Controller
Authors: Zhang Jing , Gao Wei Qiang , Hu Ze Hua , Huang Xiu Wen , Song Jun Hua
Published: June 2012

In traditional NC systems, the linear, index and S curve acceleration and deceleration control methods exist lots of problems that jerk is discontinuous or algorithm is too complex, seeking a more superior acceleration and deceleration control method to make up these shortages is needed. In this paper, the Four polynomial acceleration and deceleration control method is researched further, some contrast experiments have been done on NC terrace which is based on 32 bit floating point multi-axis DSP motion controller, and the superiority of this method and the practicability in NC field are analysed by processing two hemispheres with H600 CNC engraving and milling machine.
Study on Infrared Thermal Wave Inspection Technology Using Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) Light Excitation
Authors: Liu Li Qiang , Liu Jun Yan , Wang Yang
Published: June 2012

This paper provides the theory, mathematics analysis and experiments in support of the Infrared thermal-wave inspection on the subsurface defects in a solid using linear frequency modulated light excitation (LFMTWI). The specimen is heated by the heat flux of linear frequency modulation for launching thermal-wave into the sample in a desired range of frequency. The more thermal wave responses characters are obtained, and the IR thermal-wave imaging shows much more advantages for subsurface defects detection. The simulation and experimental results from steel sample are presented in support of this technique.
Stress Amplification Sensing Effect of Holes on Cross-Fiber Composite Simplified from Chafer Cuticle
Authors: Quan Guo Zheng , Tong Ying , Liu Ying Ying
Published: June 2012

Under SEM the micromorphology of chafer cuticle is observed as follows：chafer cuticle is a typical natural composite plate reinforced with cross-fiber laminates and on its surface a series of holes with a diameter of 50~70μm which are distributed 40~50μm apart from each other. Inspired by an idea to construct bionic materials, these microstructures are simplified by a porous composite model with cross-fiber layer by layer. By further considering this kind of bionic microstructure, the stress concentrations of microporous induced to sense amplification are uncovered. In order to investigate the influence of microporous quantity and distribution on such sensing amplification, a series of simulations with different microporous conditions were performed , and the results show that with pore number increasing, the comprehensive stress- amplified effect improves, while as pore number increasing to a certain value, such comprehensive stress- amplified effect approaches a constant value.
Error Analysis of a Novel Resolver-to-Digital Converter
Authors: He Wen Jing , Xu Xiao Wen , Shi Zhong Ke
Published: June 2012

In this paper, a software-based resolver-to-digital converter using tangent algorithm is proposed. Meanwhile, three main non-ideal signal characteristics which cause the error of the presented resolver-to-digital converter are individually discussed, and the error compensation methods are given. The results show that the proposed strategies effectively improve the accuracy and stability of the system.
Airborne Precision Image Stabilizing Method Based on Dual-Mode Stabilization Mechanism
Authors: Ren Bo , Guo Lei , Zhao Tian Yun
Published: June 2012

Focused on instantaneous translation of image sequences and rotation instability problem caused by the flight status of the aerial photography process, this paper proposes a dual-mode stabilization method based on a combination of inertial stability and electronic image stabilization. Among them, this paper uses the improved algorithm based on affine transformation model against the traditional electronic image stabilization which is more difficult to adapt to the shortcomings of the rotation changes based on planar motion model. The algorithm can not only accurately describe the changes in the image sequence, but also effectively eliminate the interference of the rotation, jitter, etc. Experimental results show the method can improve the accuracy of image stabilization and reduce electronic image stabilization processing time, which has broad application prospects in the military and civilian fields.
Review of Acupoints Positioning and Tracking Technology for Chinese Massage Robot
Authors: Hao Chang Zhong , Han Feng
Published: June 2012

Acupoints positioning and tracking technology (APTT) is the key technology of Chinese massage robot (CMR) and the premise to ensure the efficacy of massage. Research status of APTT are introduced, with emphasis on APTT based on vision, based on template matching (TM), and based on Back-Propagation neural network (BPNN). Moreover, the shortcomings of existing techniques and the prospect of the techniques are discussed in this paper.
Development of Vehicle Airbag Ignition Algorithm Based on Power-Rate Method
Authors: Bai Zhong Hao , Xu Pan Pan , Wang Yu Long , Zhou Xue Gui
Published: June 2012

In order to solve the high false triggering rate problem of vehicle airbag, a new airbag ignition algorithm based on power rate method was developed. In this paper, vehicle crash test data at different speeds was used and three parameters of acceleration Jerk and velocity were selected to determine the crash density. Finally, low-speed impact test, high-speed impact test and 40% offset impact test was conducted to validate the algorithm. The results demonstrated that the algorithm was of better sensibility and robustness.
Analysis and Control on Winch Rope-Aligning Motion of Well Testing Truck
Authors: Yang Yang , Xiong Yun Chang , Yang Rong Qing
Published: June 2012

On basis of the rope- aligning motion analysis of the winch drum, this paper indicates the reason of the misalignment in the outer layer and edge of the drum by the current rope- aligning scheme, puts forward the rope- aligning scheme of the position following control on the rope- aligning device, and accordingly designs an automatic rope- aligning system. It is proved from the practice that the system is safe and reliable with the automatic tracking, automatic compensation, neat alignment of the steel wire rope, and stable performance, which provides the favorable guarantee for the safe operation of the winch.
Research on Nozzle Array Structure Fluidic Gyroscope Signal Compensation Circuit
Authors: Wang Xing , Piao Lin Hua , Yu Quan Gang
Published: June 2012

The nozzle array structure fluidic gyroscope signal compensation circuit was researched. To compensate output voltage signal from the first stage of the gyroscope angular rate sensitive element, which had the perfect linearity and operating temperature range, the signal compensation circuit was designed. Then, the circuit function and principle for each module was analyzed. The signal compensation circuit is composed up Single chip microcomputer, temperature sensor, voltage regulator circuit and peripheral circuit. The experiment results shows that using the signal compensation circuit, the fluidic gyroscope linearity is 1% and operating temperature range is -60°C~+60°C. Therefore, the signal compensation circuit realizes the voltage signal temperature compensation and eliminates noise jamming from the external environment, which provides the foundation for the fluidic gyroscope production and application.
Design of Embedded and Miniaturized Multilayer LTCC Hairpin Bandpass Filters
Authors: Gu Xiao Wei , Bao Xiao An , Yu Cheng Hai , Li Xiong Wei , Cao Li
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a new multilayered stripline hairpin bandpass filter using a broadside-coupled hairpin resonator in a low-temperature co-ﬁred ceramic(LTCC) substrate. By using the new structure designs accomplish the vertical coupling in multilayer system, the size of the proposed filter can be reduced about 50% compared to an equivalent single-layer hairpin resonator ﬁlter. As an example, an L-band filter centered at 1.10 GHz with a fractional bandwith of 13.5% is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results of the fabricated ﬁlters agree very well with the electromagnetic simulations.
Design of Automatic Test Software for Electromagnetic Radiation Safety Margin
Authors: Liu Hui Ying , Mao Zhen Yu , Xu Hong
Published: June 2012

Focused on the current problems of the automated testing for electromagnetic compatibility, this paper proposes a hierarchical and modular electromagnetic compatibility software architecture based on the OOP. This paper gives the design ideas, methods and main features and develops a test automation software for electromagnetic radiation safety margin based on this architecture. Experimental results show this software improves test efficiency, accuracy and achieves the desired effect compared with the manual testing. This software also reduces the intensity of the work of the testers and has a good value in engineering.
Analysis of Workspace for the 4-PUU Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Zhang Cheng Shan
Published: June 2012

4-PUU parallel manipulator with three-dimensional translations and one rotational motion about Z axis was presented. The Workspace of boundary point was obtained by searching in Polar Coordinates,the workspace of standing pose was analyzed by programming with MATLAB and LabVIEW. The research indicated that the workspace of the 4-PUU parallel mechanism has advantages of smooth boundary, big volume, no cavity and regular cross section in the fields of industrial robots, micromanipulators, virtual axis machine tools, damping platform, rehabilitation robot and etc.
Research Progress of Materials and Fabrication Technologies of Microfluidic Chip
Authors: Cheng Yong Qiang , Yang Li , Guo Cui Lian , Zhou Yang , Yang Ying
Published: June 2012

We review the current typical materials of microfluidic chip and discuss the microfabrication technologies. A variety of materials exist for fabrication of microchip, including silicon, glass, quartz, polymers and paper. Early developments in microchip materials were focus on the silicon, glass and quartz by referring to the sophisticated microfabrication techniques from microelectronics field. Recently, the introductions of low-cost materials and easily fabricated techniques have offered more alternative ways for rapid prototyping of disposable devices.
Research on Fluidic Gyroscope Signal Processing Circuit
Authors: Wang Xing , Piao Lin Hua , Yu Quan Gang
Published: June 2012

The fluidic gyroscope signal processing circuit was researched. This paper aims at the circuit problem for lots of electronic components and output signal instability, the adjustable voltage regulator circuit was used and realized the different voltage signal output, the stabilivolt and voltage follower were used and realized the temperature compensation for the voltage signal. The experiment results show that compared with the existing voltage regulator circuit, the PCB area reduces 16% and output signal’s temperature drift decreases 10% in the improved voltage circuit. This signal processing circuit is easy to apply and available for the others gyroscopes, whose repeatability precision is enough high.
Design of an Authentication System Based on Face Recognition and the Second Generation ID Detection
Authors: Han Peng Wu , Ji Cong , Wang Si Ming , Zhang Dai Xing , Yang Dong
Published: June 2012

Combined with the knowledge of BP neural network and template matching, a new face recognition method was given. It matched the face image which was identified with the serial number and corresponding to the face model that based on random sequence in the matching process. The acquisition image should be preprocessed in filtering, smoothing and sharpening way by using BP neural network learning ability and classification ability which can achieve classifier. By using the actual face, it verify the correctness and reliability of the hardware and software design, manifest a good authentication capabilities and provide a reference for the research of similar products.
Improvement of Two-Stage Camera Calibration
Authors: Zhang Xue Min , Song Shu Wen , Pan Qing Jun
Published: June 2012

The two-stage camera calibration is introduced firstly, and then the improvement on it is given. Through the nonlinear optimization of the results obtained by two-stage camera calibration, the pre-calibration of the image plane center of the CCD camera can be omitted, so the process of calibration is simplified, and the precision of calibration is improved at the same time.
Integrated Development of a Modularized ECM Manufacturing System Based on the Reconfigurable Manufacturing System Concept
Authors: Liu Chin Wei , Chen You Lun , Wu Wen Chien
Published: June 2012

An electrochemical machining (ECM) manufacturing system with a reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) is proposed for machining materials with high hardness and with unique contours or specific edge geometries that are normally unobtainable by conventional machining methods. In the manufacturing industry, ECM systems must usually be custom designed to meet customer needs. An RMS reduces engineering time and production costs by enabling rapid and cost-effective conversion of manufacturing machines, systems, and controls in response to the market changes or customer demands. This study proposes a design method for constructing a hierarchical structure control module for synchronously reconfiguring controls and machining characteristics in a reconfigurable machine tool.
Multiscale Modeling Study on the Nanometric Cutting Process of CaF2
Authors: Chen Ming Jun , Xiao Gao Bo , Li Dan , Wu Chun Ya
Published: June 2012

The hierarchical approach of multi-scale modelling was adopted to study the nanometric cutting process of calcium fluoride. Then fly cutting experiments of CaF2 were performed to analyze the influence of cutting speed upon the surface roughness of CaF2. The results of FEM simulations show that larger negative rake angle and larger cutting edge radius lead to lower tensile stress in the cutting region. Tangential cutting force will first increase with an increase of negative rake angle and cutting edge radius, and then start to decrease with them. The tensile stress in the cutting region will increase with cutting depth at first, and then become stable when it reaches a certain extent. The specific cutting force increases rapidly with decrease of cutting depth, showing an obvious size effect. Within the range of cutting speeds adopted in the simulations, cutting speed has little influence on the tensile stress in the cutting region. And the results of fly cutting experiments show that cutting speed has little influence on the surface roughness of a machined surface under the cutting speeds adopted. This verifies the validity of the simulation result to some extent.
Selective Cell-Adhesion on Micro-Structured Fine Particles
Authors: Takeda Iwori , Kaneko Arata , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Moronuki Nobuyuki
Published: June 2012

The present paper describes spatially selective adhesion of rat phenochromocytoma (PC12) cells on micro-structured fine particles. The particles are packed hexagonally in two-dimensional arrangements by self-assembly. Incubation allows most cells to be successfully adhered to the region of self-assembled particles, while few cells are found on the rest of the glass substrate. The line-and-space structure of particles aligns the cells in straight lines. The desired location of cells can be obtained for both appropriate line width and space of particles, because they dominate a spatial selectivity of cell adhesion.
Linewidth Enhancement in Direct Laser Writer by Using an Interference Phenomenon
Authors: Rhee Hyug Gyo , Lee Yun Woo
Published: June 2012

The linewidth of a direct laser writer is limited by the Rayleigh criteria. We propose a new direct laser writer that can overcome this limitation by employing the interference phenomenon. An interference generator is introduced into our system to separate an input beam into two orthogonally polarized beams. After going through an exposure lens, these two beams meet again on the focal point, and generate a small interferogram that sharpens the shape of the focused beam spot.
Development of Bridge Tooling for Fabricating Mold Inserts of Aspheric Optical Lens
Authors: Kuo Chil Chyuan , Lin Zhi Yang
Published: June 2012

Bridge tooling has been developed for fabricating the temporary mould inserts of aspheric lenses using silicone rubber materials. Prototype material for aspheric lenses is not recommended as quartz due to the low success rate in the fabrication process. This technology provides a fast, low cost and highly successful rate of fabricating the epoxy-based composite mould inserts of plastic aspheric optical lenses.
Chip Formation in Ultra-Precision Machining of Nitrocarburized Steels
Authors: Osmer Jen , Gläbe Ralf , Brinksmeier Ekkard
Published: June 2012

For the replication of optical glass or plastic components moulding inserts with surface roughness in the nanometre range and form accuracy in the micron or sub-micron range are needed. Despite these requirements the applied moulding insert material has to suit further needs like high temperature stability and resistivity against abrasive and chemical wear. To satisfy the specific requirements of replication processes steel alloys can be heat treated in a way to meet these demands. Unfortunately, these steel alloys cannot be machined with single crystal diamond tools because catastrophic diamond tool wear occurs. In recent years good progress in the field of ultra precision machining of steel has been made by nitrocarburizing the steel alloy. This leads to a sub-surface compound layer which is diamond machinable with surface roughness Sa < 10 nm and reduced diamond tool wear. But the ultra precision machining of these nitrocarburized steels introduces new challenges caused by the high hardness of the compound layer. Typical values are about 1200HV0.025. Therefore, this paper presents results from ultra precision machining processes focusing on the material behaviour during the cutting process. Influences of depth of cut and material composition on the surface generation can be found by evaluating chip formation and the resulting chips. Furthermore, the sub-surface of ultra precision machined steels is characterized by metallographic analysis to evaluate the influence of the nitrocarburizing process on ultra precision machining. In conclusion this paper presents the results for a deeper understanding of the material removal mechanisms in ultra precision machining of nitrocarburized steels.
Cu-Direct Laser Drilling of Blind Via-Hole in Multi-Layer PWBs: Process Visualization Using High-Speed Camera Images
Authors: Obata Kuniyoshi , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Ogawa Keiji
Published: June 2012

Electrical circuits of Printed Wiring Boards (PWBs) have become multi-layered. Therefore, the formation of micro-blind holes for interlayer electrical connections (blind via holes: BVH) is required. As a result, Cu-direct laser drilling is attracting attention. However, Cu-direct drilling is problematic in that it produces a copper overhang as a result of copper and resin, which have different decomposition points, being melted simultaneously. In addition, the state of PWB surface after the laser drilling is very important. However, this procedure restricts the board density that can be achieved as a result of the limited positional accuracy of the etching process. Consequently, using a Cu-direct drilling process, which does not require etching of the copper foil, to drill BVHs to connect copper foils using a CO2 laser beam has been receiving considerable attention for the next-generation high density PWB manufacturing. However, in the Cu process of generating a direct and overhang problem, there is the problem of accuracy on the substrate surface. In contrast, in-depth research on quality companies has not been performed. Thus, we observe the removal process. Furthermore, we demonstrated reduced overhang.
Development of a Magnified Mechanism for Fast Tool Servo System
Authors: Lu Hong , Choi S.C. , Lee S.M. , Park C.H. , Lee D.W.
Published: June 2012

Flexure-hinge mechanisms are commonly used in the design of translational micro/nanopositioning stages. They can offer a drive system with negligible friction and no need for lubrication. Usually, a large motion range requires the use of a very long actuator which could interfere with a tight workplace. A lever which amplifies the input motion of a short actuator is an effective technique to solve the problem. This paper presents the methodology for the design of a lever-type magnified flexure mechanism used for the ultra precision fast tool servo (FTS) system. A lever type hinge mechanism is designed and utilized to guide the tool holder and to preload the PZT actuator. A low capacitance PZT actuator is adopted to match the given amplifier to achieve optimum performance of device displacement. A high resolution capacitive sensor is utilized to measure the natural displacement of the tool holder. An amplifier with a multiplying factor of 12 is utilized to magnify the drive signal for the expansion and retraction of the PZT actuator. Meanwhile, the motion range of the FTS system can reach up to 98.12 μm with a primary resonant frequency of about 460 Hz, and the amplification of the lever flexure mechanism is approximately 5 as calculated from the experiment.
Study on Machining Accuracy in Micro-Endmilling
Authors: Nomura Mitsuyoshi , Ma Bo Xiao , Horiuchi Osamu , Shibata Takayuki , Murakami Yoshihiko , Masuda Masami
Published: June 2012

Micro end mills, for example, smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter have low strength and stiffness. They are rather difficult to be re-sharpened by grinding. Therefore they are usually used until their breakage or are exchanged for a new one when the machining results lose quality. In the previous study [, tool life up to breakage was experimentally investigated under various feed rates and some useful information was obtained to predict tool life considering a sort of bending fatigue. For each experiment, a new tool was used to machine slots till it broke due to fatigue and/or wear. In this study, in order to measure tool life based upon another point of reference, the machining accuracies of the above slots were investigated. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) Slot depth first increased due to thermal deformation of the spindle and then decreased due to tool wear, (2) Slot width decreased as the tool wear increased, (3) Slot bottom corner radius increased as the tool wear increased, (4) Burr size increased as the tool wear increased, (5) Surface roughness of the slot bottom seemed to be influenced by feed rate, tool wear and chatter.
Investigation on Micro-Machining Characteristics and Phenomenon of Semiconductor Materials by Harmonics of Nd:YAG Laser
Authors: Hirano Takayuki , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Okada Akira , Uno Yoshiyuki , Sakagawa Tomokazu , Nakashiba Shinichi
Published: June 2012

Precision micro-machining without crack and heat affected zones is required in order to use high-performance materials such as silicon and silicon carbide, and it is expected that the higher harmonics of the Nd:YAG laser can perform precision micro-machining due to its high photon energy. However, even by using the harmonics of the Nd:YAG laser, a heat affected zone is inevitable due to the plasma generation. In order to reduce the influence of plasma on the processing results, it is important to understand the generation mechanism of plasma. Therefore, the laser induced plasma in micro-drilling of silicon carbide was observed by a high-speed shutter camera, and the influence of laser wavelength and surrounding conditions on the machining characteristics were experimentally investigated. The removal depth increased with decreasing wavelength and the surrounding gas pressure. The surface integrity was improved by the combination of shorter wavelength and reduced pressure conditions. The behavior of laser induced plasma was different from the wavelength of the laser beam and the surrounding gas pressure. Under atmospheric pressure conditions, the plasma grew greatly and affected the wider surface around the drilled hole with increasing wavelength. Under reduced pressure conditions, there was little difference in plasma size by wavelength, and the affected zone around the drilled hole became relatively smaller. It became clear that a low surrounding gas pressure and shorter wavelength were important to obtain better surface integrity and highly efficient processing.
Design and Analysis of a Novel Sensing Cutting Tool for Precision Turning
Authors: Xiao Cai Wei , Ding Hui , Li Wen De , Cheng Kai
Published: June 2012

In this paper, a novel sensing cutting tool for precision turning is presented, which has a self-sensing function to monitor the cutting force in real-time cutting conditions. The basic idea is the integration of the sensors using piezoelectric film onto the rake face of the tool to measure the main cutting force. Piezoelectric film generates electrical signals according to the piezoelectric effect when it is subjected to small movements, due to the deflection and vibration of the tool during machining operations. The output electrical signal of the piezoelectric film is amplified and capable of transmitting cutting force signals to the measuring system. In particular, the results of a calibration experiment using a dynamometer illustrate the performance of the sensing cutting tool and the relationship between cutting force and electrical signals, which can be used reliably to monitor the cutting force. The paper concludes with further discussions on the potential and application of the smart cutting tool for real-time condition monitoring and adaptive machining purposes.
Ultrasonic Assisted Diamond Turning of Hardened Steel for Mould Manufacturing
Authors: Bulla Benjamin , Klocke Fritz , Dambon Olaf , Hünten Martin
Published: June 2012

Diamond turning of steel parts is conventionally not possible due to the high tool wear. However this process would enable several different applications with high economical innovative potential. One technology that enables the direct manufacturing of steel components with monocrystalline diamond is the ultrasonic assisted diamond turning process. This technology has been investigated over the years within the Fraunhofer IPT and is now commercialized by its spin-off company son-x. Surface roughness in the range of Ra < 5 nm can be achieved and the diamond tool wear is reduced by a factor of 100 or higher. In order to prove the industrial suitability of the process, two aspherical shapes and one large spherical geometry have been manufactured. The possible form accuracies and surface roughness values will be described in this paper, as well as the tool wear. The goal was to achieve optical surface roughness and a shape accuracy below 300 nm.
Surface Observation of 4H-SiC (0001) Planarized by Catalyst-Referred Etching
Authors: Sadakuni Shun , Pho Bui Van , Dai Ngo Xuan , Sano Yasuhisa , Yagi Keita , Murata Junji , Okamoto Takeshi , Tachibana Kazuma , Yamauchi Kazuto
Published: June 2012

We have developed a novel planarization method called catalyst-referred etching (CARE), which can planarize SiC substrates without the use of an abrasive. In this method, platinum is used as an oxidation catalyst. The surface of CARE-processed 4H-SiC (0001) substrates are atomically flat all over the wafer. It is found that the surface of CARE-processed substrates is composed of alternating wide and narrow terraces with single bilayer-height steps, regardless of the off-cut angle. This unique structure is induced by the differences in the chemical stabilities of the terraces.
Precise and High Response Measuring Method of Meshing Force of Planetary Gear Mechanism
Authors: Morimoto Yuta , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Uenishi Yasuhiro
Published: June 2012

Recently, technology for electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid vehicles (HEV) has been focused on by the automotive industry to address environmental problems including CO2 reduction [. In particular, in HEV, planetary gears are used to control differential rotation of the motor, engine and generator. For these vehicles, the noise level inside the vehicle is low because the motor is used as the main power source. As a result, further decrease of gear noise is desired compared with the conventional planetary gear mechanism. However, research into the gear noise of the planetary gear mechanism is extremely scarce. Therefore, in this study, we focus on the three axes of I/O rotation, and a new method of measuring the meshing force of the planetary gear mechanism. In this report, a gear-driving device, which is able to make 3-axis differential rotation, was designed for experimentation.
A Development of Dispenser for High-Viscosity Liquid and Pick and Place of Micro Objects Using Capillary Force
Authors: Kumagai Kazuya , Fuchiwaki Ohmi
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we describe the development of a needle based dispenser for high-viscosity liquid, and pick & place of micro objects using capillary force. Recently, miniaturization of portable devices and their electronic parts has been remarkable. So we think that there are a lot of needs for micro manipulation for making more complex and smaller devices. There are a lot of possibilities to manipulate complex-shaped micro objects by using liquid because it changes its shape flexibly according to the shape of the contact surface.
We have developed a unique surface mounting technology which is based on a movable shaft driven by a piezoelectric linear motor. We can simply apply high-viscosity liquid drops by stamping the wet tip of the shaft on a substrate, and we confirm that the device is able to apply a liquid the viscosity of which is about 1200Pas. We have studied the relation between viscosity and diameters of applied liquid drops via several experiments. We have also conducted interesting experiments in which we pick and place some small and complex-shaped objects using capillary force. We confirmed that if capillary force between the shaft and micro object is larger than that between the substrate and the micro object, we are able to place a chip-capacitor weighing below 1 mg. This simple method is very effective because any shaped object can be mounted. However, fast control and accurate control of the shaft are needed for efficient production and accurate mounting. To realize this, we developed a PID controller for the dispenser with an optical liner encoder with a resolution of 30 nm. We confirm that settling time becomes less than 50 ms when the shaft moves 5 mm with 1 micrometre accuracy.
Small Holes Fabrication on Soda Glass by Self-Elastic Polycrystalline Diamond Tool
Authors: Cheng Chung Chieh , Sheu Dong Yea
Published: June 2012

This study describes a novel process to drill small holes in brittle materials such as glass, silicon and ceramic using a self-elastic polycrystalline diamond (PCD) drilling tool. In order to improve the surface roughness and reduce crack of the small holes, a new type of self-elastic PCD drilling tool equipped with vibration absorbing materials inside the housing was developed to fabricate small holes in glass in this study. The self-elastic PCD drilling tools could absorb the mechanical force by the vibration absorbing materials while the PCD tool penetrates into the small holes. Compared to conventional PCD drilling tools, the experimental results show that high-quality small holes drilled in glass can be achieved with cracking as small as 0.02mm on the outlet surface using the self-elastic PCD drilling tool.
A Study on Surface Roughness of Curved Silicon Crystal Spectrometer Fabricated by Plasma Chemical Vaporization Machining
Authors: Yamamoto Yuto , Hosoda Mao , Nagano Mikinori , Yamamura Kazuya
Published: June 2012

We propose the application of open-air type numerically controlled plasma chemical vaporization machining (NC-PCVM) to fabricate a doubly curved crystal (DCC) substrate. Since PCVM utilizes only a chemical reaction to remove the work piece surface, there is no degradation of the crystallographical properties of the work piece material. In our previous study, we succeeded in fabricating a curved Si (111) crystal substrate with a curvature radius error of 0.08 %. Rocking curve measurement results revealed that there was no lattice strain on the processed surface. However, surface roughness degraded after PCVM figuring. To reduce the surface roughness, we modified the structure of the electrode unit, which generates plasma, to be able to supply a shielding gas. By supplying helium with a flow rate of 0.5 L/min as the shielding gas, rms surface roughness of the silicon was reduced from 0.73 nm to 0.42 nm. Excessive supply of helium (> 1 L/min) and/or supply of argon caused deterioration of the surface roughness. These results indicate that appropriate supply of the shielding gas is effective in reducing roughness in the open-air type PCVM process.
Finite Element Analysis on a 250 kN.m-Type Rotary Drilling Rig for Foundation of Geological Construction
Authors: Hong Dae Sun , Kim Do Un , Kang Hyo Jeong , Hwang Sang Wook , Lee Sang Sik
Published: June 2012

Rotary drilling rigs, general construction equipment, are widely used for deep drilling of ground for the foundations of public works. A new 250kN.m-type rotary drilling rig, most widely used in this field, is under development, and this study focuses on the operational safety of the mast subassembly on the basis of structure analysis of the mast subassembly using a finite element method with ANSYS. When using a drilling rig, an electric rotary drive supplies power for drilling. Here, the elevation of the rotary drive along the mast needs to be changed according to the geological construction environment. Through the analysis, the allowable torques at various elevations of the rotary drive are evaluated, also the safety of the drilling tool called the kelly bar subassembly is examined. Finally, the suitability of the mast subassembly design is examined from the analysis results.
Micro-Ball Endmilling of Tungsten Carbide for Micro-Molding and Prototyping Applications
Authors: Arif Muhammad , Rahman Mustafizur , Wong Yoke San , Liu Kui
Published: June 2012

This paper presents micro-ball end milling of tungsten carbide using a CBN cutter to investigate its capability for machining slots for micro-moulds. Crack-free slots were machined at different axial depths of cut by inclining the work piece surface at different angles to the spindle axes to study the influence of these machining parameters on the cutting mechanism and surface finish. The experimental results show that up to 150 µm deep slots can be finished efficiently on tungsten carbide work pieces without leaving any fracture marks. It was identified that the chip disposal ability of micro-ball end milling reduced with increase in axial depth of cut. The cutting action was more efficient in up milling cuts compared to that in down milling when machining a slot. The inclination of the work piece proved propitious for machining slots with high-quality finish on tungsten carbide work pieces and a larger inclination angle also facilitated chip disposal.
Study on Tool-Path Generation for Ultra-Precision Machining of Optical Lens Array
Authors: Liu Kui , Liu Pei Ling , Wu Hu , Shaw Kah Chuan
Published: June 2012

In this study, a computer numerical control (CNC) programming software platform for ultra precision machining of optical surfaces was developed based on an MS Windows application framework and openGL. Using cylindrical coordinates, the tool path can be generated based on the polar angle, radius and a linear coordinate of the Z-axis, as well as cutting tool nose radius compensation. A 3D simulation based on tool path generation was developed for machining verification, which largely reduces the oscillation of the machine during the ultra precision machining process. Ultra precision machining of an optical lens array was carried out on a 5-axis ultra precision machining centre using a single crystalline diamond cutter. The experimental results indicated that the oscillation effect can be largely reduced using the cutting tool path using a super steady machining strategy. This software platform is designed as a framework, where the capability and functions can be expanded by adding in more freeform surface packages.
Development of a High-Speed Nanoprofiler Using Normal Vector Tracing
Authors: Kitayama Takao , Tonaru Daisuke , Matsumura Hiroki , Uchikoshi Junichi , Higashi Yasuo , Endo Katsuyosi
Published: June 2012

A new high-speed nanoprofiler was developed in this study. This profiler measures normal vectors and their coordinates on the surface of a specimen. Each normal vector is determined by making the incident light path and the reflected light path coincident using five-axis simultaneously controlled stages. From the acquired normal vectors and their coordinates, the three-dimensional shape is calculated by a reconstruction algorithm. In this study, a concave spherical mirror with a 400 mm radius of curvature was measured. As a result, a peak of 30 nm PV was observed at the centre of the mirror. Measurement repeatability was 1 nm. In addition, cross-comparison with a Fizeau interferometer was implemented and the results were consistent within 10 nm. In particular, the high spatial frequency profile was highly consistent, and any differences were considered to be caused by systematic errors.
Optimization of Nozzle Flushing Method for Smooth Debris Exclusion in Wire EDM
Authors: Fujimoto Takuya , Okada Akira , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Uno Yoshiyuki
Published: June 2012

In a wire EDM using a thin wire electrode, better exclusion of debris from the machined kerf is important in order to maintain stable machining performance, since the area of spark generation is along a line and very small. When large amounts of debris stagnate in the gap, secondary discharges possibly occur and these discharges easily concentrate on the same location, which leads to unstable machining performance, wire breakage, low machining rate and a low shape accuracy. Conventionally, the exclusion of debris is carried out by jet flushing with an upper and lower nozzle. However, the flow field of machining fluid in the kerf due to the jet flushing and the effect of jet flushing conditions from the nozzles on debris exclusion have not yet been sufficiently examined. This study aims to clarify the flow field in the machined kerf by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and to propose new jet flushing methods for smooth debris exclusion in the wire EDM. The effects of workpiece thickness and machined kerf length on the flow field of working fluid in the kerf under conventional jet flushing conditions are discussed. Then, jet flushing with a tilting nozzle is proposed in order to decrease the debris stagnation area near the wire electrode. As a result, by using the tilting nozzle, removal rate can be improved because of the smooth debris exclusion.
Structural Effect of PVA Brush Nodule on Particle Removal Efficiency during Brush Scrubber Cleaning
Authors: An Joon Ho , Park Yeong Bong , Jeong Hae Do
Published: June 2012

Brush cleaning can trigger both mechanical and chemical reaction to efficiently remove the adsorbed particles on the wafer. However, the removal mechanism of nanosized particles by brush cleaning is far from clear because no direct experimental data, such as the friction and contact force of the interface between brush and wafer surface, are available to back up the theoretical models in the literature. In this paper, we set up a monitoring system to measure the friction force of the interface between brush and wafer surface during brush cleaning to investigate the effect of the brush nodule structure having different nodule heights and nodule gaps on particle removal efficiency. To confirm the mechanical effect of the brush nodule structure, an oxide wafer contaminated with Polystyrene latex (PSL) particles (mean diameter: 300 nm) was cleaned with each PVA brush having different brush nodule structures using de-ionized water (DIW). The silica particle (mean diameter: 22 nm) and chemical solution (NH4OH, 0.1 wt%) were also used to investigate the chemical-aided particle removal. The remaining particles were measured with a Surfscan 6420 (KLA Tencor) and the friction force monitoring was conducted by using a Cleaner812-L (G&P Technology). The results indicated that a higher brush nodule height produced lower friction force, resulting in lower particle removal efficiency. When the nodule gap became smaller, the contact area between brush nodule and wafer surface became larger, resulting in higher particle removal efficiency. However, the experimental results using silica particles and 0.1 wt% of NH4OH showed different trends under each condition. The particle removal mechanism with silica particle and NH4OH was also verified by measuring the zeta potential between the particle and wafer.
Determination Method of Locations and Postures of Cutting Tool for 5-Axis Machining Based on Intuition and Minimum Cusp Height
Authors: Aoyama Hideki , Suzuki Yumiko , Sano Noriaki
Published: June 2012

Currently used CAM systems for 5-axis machining can determine tool paths with collision-free tool postures. However, the algorithm implemented in the CAM systems sometimes generates un-optimum tool paths and postures from the viewpoint of machining processes and machine tool operation. This study proposes two methods to determine tool paths and tool postures for 5-axis machining based on the viewpoints of human intuition and minimum cusp height for resolving the problems. A method is developed for inputting the positions and postures of a cutting tool when executing virtual machining. In the execution of virtual machining, a virtual cutting tool can be intuitively moved by a haptic device to determine the desired locations and postures of the cutting tool. By using the system, the tool locations and tool postures to machine complicated shapes with overhang can be easily determined based on the operators intuition. Another method is for determining tool postures for making minimum cusp height by matching the cutting edge of a flat end-mill to the cross-section shape at a point on surfaces to be machined. A basic system to determine the tool postures based on making minimum cusp height was developed. The cusp height on the surfaces generated by the basic system was smaller than the height generated by 3-axis ball-end milling.
Reduction Effects of Urban Heat Island by Water-Retentive Pavement
Authors: Kim Ree Ho , Park Jong Bin , Mun Jung Soo , Lee Jung Hun
Published: June 2012

Recently, increasing of impervious surface as concrete or asphalt pavement with urban development brought increasing of air temperature in city. So many researchers have explored ways to reduce the urban heat island effect and water-retentive or water absorbing pavements have been found to be very effective. In this study, to evaluate the reduction effects of urban heat reduction of water-retentive pavement, surface temperature of pavement, air temperature, wind speed and albedo were measured for 3 years (2008~2010, summer period). And the intensity of sensible heat flux was calculated to estimate a influence on air temperature. Experimental results indicated that water-retentive was effective to reduction of air temperature by decreasing of surface temperature of pavement compare to other pavements. This is showed that water-retentive pavement can be contributed to mitigation of urban heat island.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sn Doped SiO2 by Reverse Micelle and Sol-Gel Process
Authors: Jeong Kwang Jin , Bae Dong Sik
Published: June 2012

Sn doped SiO2nanoparticles have been synthesized using a reverse micelle technique combined with metal alkoxide hydrolysis and condensation. The size of the particles and the thickness of the coating can be controlled by manipulating the relative rates of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) within the micro-emulsion. The properties of the Sn doped SiO2nanoparticles were studied as a function of various processing parameters such as R and H value. The average size of synthesized Sn doped SiO2nanoparticles was about in the size range of 20-40 nm and core particle (Sn) 1-5 nm. The Sn doped SiO2nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Preparation of Lanthanum Oxide Nanoparticles by Chemical Precipitation Method
Authors: Zhang Qiu Li , Ji Zhen Jiang , Zhou Jun , Zhao Xi Cheng , Lan Xin Zhe
Published: June 2012

This paper investigated synthesis of Lanthanum oxide nanoparticles by precipitation method. Effects of reactant concentration, precipitator and dispersant agent on properties of Lanthanum oxide particles were studied. Lanthanum oxide particles were characterized by XRD and SEM. Experimental results showed that ammonium bicarbonate and PEG20000 were appropriate precipitation and dispersant respectively. The optimum process conditions were as follows: concentration of Lanthanum nitrate was 0.18mol/L, concentration ammonium bicarbonate of was 0.6mol/L, reaction temperature was 30. The average particles size of Lanthanum oxide powders with spherical shape gained was about 188 nm.
Study on Preparation of Nano-SiC Fibers by Template Method Based on Waste Cotton Linter
Authors: Xue Tao , Meng Jia Guang , Song Yao , Zhao Shu
Published: June 2012

Waste cotton linters from textile industry were used as templates to be transformed as cotton fiber/SiO complex after sol impregnation, carbonization, carbon thermal reduction reaction, to prepare nanoSiC fibers and nanoparticles. The phase of final products were identified by XRD as β-SiC, and the diameter size of nanoSiC fiber was ranged as 20~100mm analyzed by SEM and TEM. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of each step in the thermal reduction on carbon / SiO composite to generate nanoSiC fibers, the nanoSiC fibers were generated by the vapor reaction between SiO and CO, and its growth mechanism was deduced as vapor-solid. For the reuse of cotton linter, thus the research provides a new solution.
Effect of Electromagnetic Stirring on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the High Speed Steel
Authors: Zhang Cong Rong , Song Xu Ding , Yang Jun , Dong Jie
Published: June 2012

In order to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of High Speed Steel (HSS), electromagnetic stirring method is adopted to enhance the solidification of target materials in this paper. The results show that optimization of the microstructure, refinement of the grain, reducing in segregation of the alloy elements, and improvement of the comprehensive properties of HSS can be obtained by the electromagnetic stirring through changing the morphology and distribution of the carbide.