bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gl’Angeli Mettano UNA Corona Alla Monaca CHE Canta
Authors: Reardon Colleen
Published: November 2023

For the nuns of S. Maria degli Angeli, 17 May 1592 was a red-letter day. To be sure, that Sunday marked the feast of Pentecost. The holiday, however, had to share center stage at the convent with another event of great significance to the nuns. It seems that before this date, the convent had often lacked water and the women had decided to build a fountain in their cloister. On 17 May, construction was complete and water began to flow from the aqueduct for the first time. According to the convent scribe, the nuns celebrated the event by going in procession throughout their gardens, weeping tears of joy, and singing the Te Deum  1. From this short account, preserved not in a chronicle but in a normally dry debit-credit register, we can begin to understand the extent to which music companied the obligations, burdensome and joyful, that punctuated each day, each week, and each year within the cloister. Although liturgical rites witnessed the greatest amount of music-making, other occasions, great and small, also called for musical performance, whether well-rehearsed (as was most often the case) or spontaneous, as in the engaging story just related. Official records cannot do justice to the entire range of nuns’ musical endeavors, but they can provide a basis for understanding the place of music within the cyclic patterns of convent life. What follows is an introduction to the various musical activities that flourished in the convents of Siena, an overview of the events that warranted performance, and an evaluation of the significance of music-making for the nuns and for the world outside the cloister.
Socratic Piety
Authors: Vlastos Gregory
Published: November 2023

Between these two commitments-on one hand, to follow argument wherever it may lead; on the other, to obey divine commands conveyed to him through super-natural channels-he sees no conflict. He assumes they are in perfect harmony.2 Can sense be made of this? I want to argue that it can. This will be my first task in this chapter. But what concerns me even more is a larger objective: to understand Socrates’ conception of religion. So before closing I shall be returning to the point in the Euthyphro at which the search for the definition of piety is sidetracked in that dialogue I shall push that search a step further in the direction indicated there.
Epilogue: The Garden of Ashes
Authors: Marx Leo
Published: November 2023

“So,” say the parable-makers, “is your pastoral life whirled past and away.” We cannot deny the fact without denying our history. When the Republic was founded, nine out of ten Americans were husbandmen; today not one in ten lives on a farm. Ours is an intricately organized, urban, industrial, nuclear-armed society. For more than a century our most gifted writers have dwelt upon the contradiction between rural myth and technological fact.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Clinical Features
Authors: Solanto Mary V
Published: November 2023

The condition now referred to as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was first described by George Still in 1901 (Still, 1902). In papers based upon a presentation to the Royal College of Physicians in London, Dr. Still enumerated problems of over activity, inattention, and poor “inhibitory volition” that he observed in a case series of 20 children. Also noted were aggressiveness, defiance, resistance to discipline, “lawlessness,” spitefulness, and dishonesty. Today, the latter would be diagnosed as symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and/or Conduct Disorder, which are often seen in conjunction with ADHD.
My Life
Authors: Ghazali Al
Published: November 2023

Abu Hamid Muhammad Al Ghazali (1058–1111) was born in Tus (now in Iran). His autobiography, The Deliverer from Error, chronicles a spiritual crisis that led him to abandon a successful and influential position as a professor of law and theology in Baghdad and to become an ascetic and mystic, wandering to religious centers in Mecca, Damascus, Jerusalem, and Hebron. After eleven years of traveling, he returned to teaching and writing, primarily in classical Arabic and occasionally in Persian. The Quickening of Religious Knowledge, a comprehensive work on Muslim devotional practices, included treatises on ritual forms of worship, the perils of the soul, and the means of salvation. Although he attacked the program of rationalizing religious beliefs in The Incoherence of Philosophers, he was equally critical of the mystical practices of Sufism. He attempted to define an intermediate course, arguing for the subordinate utility of reason in clarifying the deliverances of revelation.
How to Think Well
Authors: Bacon Francis
Published: November 2023

Francis Bacon (Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, 1561–1626) was the youngest son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, a counsellor to Queen Elizabeth. Protean in his interests and activities, Bacon was a successful advocate, statesman, essayist, and philosopher of logic and science. Bacon argued that the aim of science is the mastery of nature, rather than the explanation of its order. Instead of relying on a priori arguments or deductions from metaphysical principles, scientific method should be inductive and experimental. Before the sciences could be established on a secure, empirical basis, it is first necessary to attack the four “idols” of inquiry: the anthropomorphic teleological projection of purposes onto nature (“idols of the tribe”), idiosyncratic individual opinions (“idols of the cave”), verbal disputes arising from confused and misleading language (“idols of the marketplace”), and the received mistaken theories, particularly those of Aristotelian and scholastic philosophy (“idols of the theater”). The Advancement of Learning (1605) and the master plan of the Great Instauration with the Novum Organum (1620) outlined an elaborate taxonomy of the branches of knowledge. The utopian society that Bacon sketched in The New Atlantis (1624) projected the establishment of learned societies to advance cooperative research. While none of his recommendations were adopted in his lifetime, they provided the model for the Royal Society. His Essays range from standard topics of reflection (“Of Parents and Children,” “Of Anger,” “Of Fortune,” “Of Friendship”) to topics more closely focused on issues of the time (“Of Sedition and Troubles,” “Of Masques and Triumphs,” “Of Ceremonies and Respects”).
Philosophy Does Not Need Abstract Ideas
Authors: Berkeley George
Published: November 2023

Born in Ireland, George Berkeley (1685–1753) studied theology at Trinity College Dublin, where he remained until 1713, writing most of his philsophic work during his tenure as a Fellow of the College. (1707–1713). The Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (1709) was critical of both neo-Cartesian and Lockeian theories of vision. Against Descartes, Berkeley argued that judging distance is learned from experience rather than calculated. Against Locke, he argued that tactile and visual ideas are distinct because their sensory origins are different. The Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) develops the view that we learn about physical objects from perception, and that the abstract ideas of absolute space, time and motion are empty notions. Berkeley took his perceptual idealism (“to be is to be perceived”) to be a philosophical articulation and amplification of common sense. The continuity of (what we think of as) physical objects is assured in the mind of God. Berkeley’s philosophical psychology led him to theology, to writing Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (1713) and Alciphron (1732). He argued that far from being skeptical, his version of idealism is consistent with Scripture and Christian doctrine. Having developed a strong interest in education, Berkeley attempted to raise funds to establish a college in Bermuda. While vainly waiting for Crown funds, he lived in Rhode Island during 1728–1732. After he was made the Anglican Bishop of Cloyne in 1734. He wrote numerous pamphlets on the poverty and plight of Ireland. In his old age, Berkeley speculated on a variety of medical therapies, analyzing the beneffits of tar-water.
Imagination, Language, and the Inventions of Philosophy
Authors: Vico Giambattista
Published: November 2023

Born in Naples, Giambattista Vico (1668–1744) attended a Jesuit school but was primarily self-taught, reading widely in philosophy and Roman history. Appointed professor of rhetoric at the University of Naples, he offered a set of lectures on the history of pedagogy, “On the Method of Studies in Our Time” (1709). His ambitious work On Universal Law (1720–1721) was not well received. Although he was denied a prestigious chair of law in 1723, Charles of Bourbon nevertheless appointed him as royal historiographer in 1735. Revised in 1725 and again in 1730, La Scienza Nuova was posthumously published in its final form in 1744. Written partlyin the third person, Vico’s Autobiography (1728–1731) combines strong partisanship with cool distance. Vico’s “new science” was based on the premise that men can only truly understand what they have invented or constructed: mathematics, history, civic institutions. He outlined the stages of human development from bestiality to primitive superstition to heroism and finally to “the age of humanity.” Vico thought that these transformations in mentality are expressed in distinctive modes of reasoning and motivation as well as in social and economic organization. Despite its apparent developmental force, history is not straightforwardly progressive: internal disorders in each historical period typically trigger cyclical regressions.
Education and Social Progress
Authors: Mill John Stuart
Published: November 2023

J. S. Mill (1806–1873) was the son of James Mill, a leading Benthamite political reformer. The elder Mill oversaw the education of his precocious son, setting him to learn Greek at three and Latin at eight. In 1826, the young Mill went to study in France, where he suffered a severe depression, attributing it to the intensity of his hothouse education. On recovering from his depression, Mill began to read Wordsworth and Coleridge. He became a friend of Carlyle, who encouraged his interest in art. His two-volume Dissertations and Discussions (1859)—a collection of occasional pieces written for the Westminster Review and the Fortnightly Review—includes essays on poetry, and on literary and political subjects. In 1830, he met Mrs. Harriet Taylor, with whom he formed an enduring close friendship. They married in 1851, some two years after the death of her husband. Mill worked as an administrator for the East India Company from 1823 until the company dissolved in 1858; he served as a member of Parliament for a term, 1865–1868. After the death of Harriet Taylor in 1858, he spent a good deal of time in Avignon, until his own death in 1873.
Philosophy and Emergent Morality
Authors: James William
Published: November 2023

William James (1842–1910) was the son of Henry James Sr., a somewhat eccentric philosopher with Swedenborgian leanings who gave his five children a cosmopolitan education. Like his father, his brother Henry, and his sister Alice, William was keenly interested in psychology and the phenomenology of introspection. He studied medicine at Harvard and was an active member of the Metaphysical Club, whose members included Peirce, Charles Wendell Holmes Jr., and Chauncey Wright. After suffering a debilitating depression, James began teaching physiology at Harvard, changed his appointment to psychology, and, eventually, in 1879 to philosophy. Besides presenting a critical survey of the field, his Principles of Psychology (1890) became the classical spring board for research in psychology. Combining empirical studies with philosophical analysis, James argued for a functionalist account of virtually the entire range of psychological activity: conscious awareness, perception, imagination, cognition, emotion, and decision. The Will to Believe and Other Essays (1897) develops a variant of Pascal’s wager: instead of suspending belief in the face of the uncertainty, James proposed that it is rational to will to believe what conduces to the best course of continued inquiry and sound activity. From this, it was but a short step to applying pragmatism to religious belief. (The Varieties of Religious Experience, 1901–1902). He argued for the soundness—the rational legitimacy—of the claims of religious experience and belief when they “work.” James defended himself against his critics in Pragmatism (1907) and A Pluralistic Universe (1909), claiming that his version of pluralistic pragmatism is compatible with radical empiricism. His many essays, lectures, and letters attack moral and metaphysical dogmatism. He was conffident that moral truth, like \scientific truth, emerges from experience and experiment.
A Philosopher in the Midst of War
Authors: Ando Takatura
Published: November 2023

Takatura Ando (1911–), who taught at the University of Kyoto, studied in Europe with Moritz Schlick. His Japanese translation of Moritz Schlick’s Fragen der Ethik was published in 1967. Written during World War II, Ando’s Aristotle’s Theory of Practical Cognition was translated and published in 1958. His major work on metaphysics was translated into English as Metaphysics: A Critical Survey of Its Meaning (1963). Philosophy as a Refuge From War Aristotle’s Theory of Practical Cognition AUTHOR’S FOREWORD In publishing this book, I cannot prohibit myself of reminding the days and nights when it was written. In that era of worldwide madness, Aristotle’s philosophy was the only refuge wherein my depressed mind could come to life. It was written bit by bit under all desperate circumstances throughout the war time. My heart was set on the completion of this work while the fate allowed me to live. It was nearly carried out by the end of the war. Having no hope of survival, I buried my manuscript in the earth, without however any expectance of a better lot for it.
My Interests in Philosophy
Authors: Anscombe G E M
Published: November 2023

After studying at Oxford, G.E.M. Anscombe (1919–2001) came to know and to be influenced by Wittgenstein. Her Intention (1957) framed the questions and the terminology of subsequent work in the philosophy of mind. It addresses such questions as: What are the criteria for the identity of actions and intentions? What role do an agent’s reasons and justifications play in identifying her intentions? What is the structure and aim of practical reasoning? Her influential essay “What’s Wrong with Modern Moral Philosophy?” (1958) mounts a formidable critique of contemporary moral evaluation. Instead of taking the agent’s future-oriented deliberative point of view, they mistakenly adopt the position of an omniscient judge, evaluating the consequences of an action, all things considered. Anscombe also wrote on moral and political issues. She opposed granting President Truman an honorary degree at Oxford on the grounds that he ordered the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She produced classical essays against abortion, contraception, homosexuality and euthanasia. As one of Wittgenstein’s literary executors, Anscombe translated and coedited Philosophical Investigations (1958) and some of his posthumous works. Her Introduction to Wittgenstein’s “Tractatus” (1959) was a turning point in the interpretation of that diffficult work. With Peter Geach, she wrote Three Philosophers (1961). Her Collected Philosophical Papers (1981) include essays on Aristotle on metaphysics, and epistemology.
Fantasy’S Repulsion and Investment David Henry Hwang and Ralph Ellison
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

The answer would seem to be negative in light of what I have been examining so far. Even in contemporary vernacular culture, we observe the increased frequency with which the “race card” is displayed. As the O. J. Simpson trial and its accompanying rhetoric suggest, racial rivalry is hardly over. Indeed, it has acquired the peculiar status of a game where what constitutes a winning hand has become identical with the handicap. Reappearing with the vagrancy of a Joker, the race card brings with it a host of haunting questions about the value and perception of race and racial matters in America. What does it mean that the deep wound of race in this country has come to be euphemized as a card, a metaphor that acknowledges the rhetoric as such yet simultaneously materializes race into a finite object that can be dealt out, withheld, or trumped? Why the singularity of a card? Who gets to play? And what would constitute a “full deck”?
History In/Against the Fragment Theresa Hak Kyung Cha
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man leaves us in shattered history. How does one go on to record fragmented history? To take up this question I turn to a recit written by the avant-garde artist Theresa Hak Kyung Cha; her autobiography’s antidocumentary desires make it one of the most peculiar and powerful meditations on the questions of recording history, trauma, and the politics of memory.
Bioluminescence and Reflected Light and the Visual Channel
Authors: Greenfield Michael D
Published: November 2023

Optical signaling among arthropods combines features common to both chemical and acoustic/vibratory communication. Like chemical signaling and perception, the visual channel is nearly ubiquitous among adult arthropods. Most species have some form of image-forming eyes, and an organism’s very presence normally represents a visual stimulus.
Signal Evolution: Modification and Diversification
Authors: Greenfield Michael D
Published: November 2023

Diversity is undoubtedly one of the hallmarks of arthropod biology. Interspecific variation characterizes many features of arthropod behavior, development, morphology, and physiology, and it is particularly evident among sexually selected traits such as mate-recognition signals and preferences. Here, though, its nature and occurrence pose several major problems in evolutionary biology. Whereas most traits can reveal phylogeny because the (ancestral) features of closely related species resemble each other, a species advertisement and courtship signals and mate discriminations usually differ markedly from those of its closest relatives (Henry et al. 1999). This variation in mate-recognition signals and discriminations may represent the very factor that allowed speciation to occur, and in some cases interpopulation variation may have been instrumental in accelerating speciation by providing effective pre-mating isolation at an incipient stage in the process (Hollocher et al. 199 7a,b, figgins et al. 2001; also see note 34 in Chapter 3).
On Being an Active Health Care Consumer
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

How effectively pain is controlled depends on many factors, especially the strategy employed by the doctor and the patient’s relationship with the doctor. Even an effective strategy will fall short if comrrnmication with the doctor is poor, because the patient’s changing needs can’t be met. This chapter will help families: Although they may be excellent physicians, most oncologists are very busy and often preoccupied with life-and-death decisions. They also may minimize the importance and impact of a patient’s pain or inaccurately judge its severity. Regrettably, in many cases how a nurse, doctor, or oncology fellow assesses a patient’s pain has little relationship to the patient’s selfscoring of pain intensity.
Understanding Medications Used to Treat Mild Pain
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

For mild to moderate pain, the first step in a typical treatment plan involves the use of a nonnarcotic pain reliever, according to the World Health Organization’s analgesic ladder, a strategy universally endorsed by leading cancer pain specialists. The medications that constitute the first step of the ladder are the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), of which aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil), acetaminophen (such as Tylenol and Anacin-3), and the newer COX-2 inhibitors (a special kind of NSAID) are the bestknown examples. Some of these products (especially acetaminophen) actually possess only weak anti-inflammatory effects but are still usually included in this category because they are nonnarcotic (nonopioid) analgesics. These analgesics do not cause many of the side effects commonly associated with the opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine), such as nausea and drowsiness, but, like all medications, they have potential side effects, and their use needs to be reviewed by a doctor or pharmacist to ensure that it is suitable.
Masquerades and Prostitutes
Authors: Mudg Bradford K
Published: November 2023

On January 6, 1724, Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London, preached what would become one of his most controversial sermons. Having occupied his office for less than a year, the good Bishop was zealous and determined but cautious. He saw the violence and misery of the underclasses; he saw too their appalling ignorance. But he was more disturbed by the unrepentant profligacy of the Court. Not only were its amusements more depraved than those of the middle and lower classes, those amusements were also more influential. What hope was there for reform when London’s poor had such unworthy objects of emulation? But Gibson also knew that the world’s most serious problems often originated with the small but noxious habits of daily life.
Schrödinger’s Riddle
Authors: Harold Franklin M
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1938, Adolf Hitler launched his conquest of Europe by annexing neighboring Austria. Nazism had struck deep roots in Austria and the populace cheered as the German troops marched into Vienna, but what was left of the country’s cultural and intellectual elite scattered into flight. Among those who had left their escape to the last was Erwin Schrödinger, one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics and Austria’s premier physicist. Schrödinger found a haven at the Institute for Advanced Studies of Trinity College, Dublin, where his contract required him to deliver a series of public lectures. He elected to discourse on a physicist’s view of life and published the lectures in 1944 in the form of a small sprightly volume boldly entitled What is Life? (1). It proved to be an enormously influential work that drew students and young scientists into a new biology. I read it as an undergraduate, understood the easier parts and remember that first encounter nearly half a century later.
Cells in Nature and in Theory
Authors: Harold Franklin M
Published: November 2023

All through the eighteenth century microscopes improved in magnification, resolving power and optical clarity. In the middle of the nineteenth century, a large volume of observations on the tissues of higher plants and animals coalesced into a grand unifying conception, the “cell theory,” rightly acclaimed in every textbook as a cornerstone of biological science. It states that all living things, notwithstanding their exuberant diversity, share a common architectural plan: every organism is composed of cells, either many or a single one, that constitute the fundamental units of life. It is a statement, not about the molecules of life and their chemical interactions, but about the spatial patterns into which these molecules are organized. In the hierarchy of biological order cells hold a special place, for they alone have the capacity to make themselves autonomously, and to multiply by division. Consequently, the cell represents the simplest level of organization that manifests all the features of the phenomenon of life. In the present chapter we shall examine how this conception arose, and how its meaning has evolved over the past century. For this purpose, our proper study is the world of microorganisms, whose manifold forms and lifestyles display the full range of options available to life in its most elementary mode.
The Great Apes
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Between 20 and 30 million years ago, probably in Africa, a new group of primates evolved, branching off from the existing primates, the Old World monkeys. The second taxon, the great apes, emerged as a new type of animal in the world. That novelty has forever changed our planet. The most primitive of the great apes, the gibbons, branched from the main evolutionary line many million years after the first appearance of the apes. (Some biologists classify gibbons in a separate group, the lesser apes.) Some six million years after the gibbons, the orangutans, another group of treedwelling apes, appeared on the scene. Further evolution of the ape line starting about seven million years ago has resulted in present-day gorillas, bonobos, chimpanzees, and humans. The great apes are our branch on the tree of life.
Philosophy
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The last series of emergences (toolmaking, language, agriculture, and technology) were related to survival in nature and competition with other hominids. The domains span the range from the biological to the cultural. Along the way something uniquely human was happening. As knowledge and understanding of the natural world expanded and deepened, much of it needed for urbanization, a nagging question began to rise in a variety of forms, all of which translate into “What does it all mean?” The earliest science must have related to the regularities of nature: the dawn each morning, the succession of the seasons, the periodicity of the moon, the apparent movement of the planets and stars across the skies.
The girl who sings
Authors: Fontijn Claire
Published: November 2023

In the dedication to her first compilation of pieces, the composer identified herself as a noble Venetian brought by an unnamed person to Paris, as a pensioner supported by Louis XIV to live at Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle, and as a singer with some talent (doc.). Effectively serving as an autobiography gleaned from her six manuscripts of music, these details long remained the sole source of information about her; apparently no further testimony survives in France. In 1992 the discovery of a packet of documents at the Archivio di Stato in Venice corroborated her words and launched the biography of the person now known by her full name, Antonia Padoani Bembo 1 Thanks to the careful preservation of further documents held in several more Italian institutions, dozens of new archival findings have since surfaced. The vital interplay between the emergence of her story and the analysis of her compositions makes possible a reconstruction of her extraordinary career.
Penitence
Authors: Fontijn Claire
Published: November 2023

The manuscript that Bembo called her “third opus” suggests its association with the Battle of Tortosa (doc. ), a calculation that squares with an estimate of – for the first manuscript and – for the second. The three remaining manuscripts preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale do not easily continue the chronology. That all three bear a dedication to Louis XIV provides a terminus ante quem of 1697-1701. Even though the year 1707 appears on the title page of the first of two volumes containing L’ Ercole amante (F-Pn, Rés. the date cannot be accepted without question, especially as it subverts Bembo’ s claim that the manuscript containing the Latin motets constitutes her “third opus” (the second Duke of Brittany was not born until early in 1707.
Hercules In Love
Authors: Fontijn Claire
Published: November 2023

When the Bibliothèque Nationale acquired the two volumes containing Bembo’ s opera L’ Ercole amante in the 1930, its collection of her works became complete.1 Although dedicated to Louis XIV, the opera had not previously belonged to the royal library as had the four other manuscripts. Instead of the red morocco leather binding her in-quarto volumes, these in-folio volumes were bound in brown leather and stamped with a nineteenth-century owner’ s coat of arms .
White Matter Structure and Function
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

The white matter forms a major constituent of the brain. In the adult human, white matter makes up more than 40% of the brain’s cross-sectional area (Morel and Norton, 1980), and 40%-50% of the adult cerebral volume is occupied by white matter (Miller et al., 1980). The remainder of the brain parenchyma comprises the cerebral cortex, a number of subcortical and posterior fossa gray matter structures, and the blood vessels. White matter is made up of axons invested with myelin, mil¬ lions of which combine to form the many tracts that travel within and between the hemispheres as well as to more caudal brainstem and cerebellar regions. Militated fibers perform a critical role in normal brain function by virtue of this vast and intricate connectivity. Although the great majority of the white matter is located within these tracts, militated fibers can also be found in gray matter areas. Smaller numbers of white matter fibers course within cortical and subcortical gray matter structures en route to their final destinations. Thus, the distinction between gray and white matter is only relative, and disorders of myelin can affect gray matter regions to some extent. This chapter reviews clinically relevant details of the structure and function of the brain white matter.
Genetic Disorders
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

To begin a survey of white matter disorders of the brain, the category of genetic disorders serves as an appropriate departure. These disorders fall largely within the province of child neurology, but in some cases they come to the attention of the adult neurologist as well. At any age, however, neurobehavioral manifestations are prominent. Genetic white matter disorders highlight the importance of myelinated tracts in the ontogeny of behavior because they demonstrate how defective white matter can profoundly disrupt the development of cognition and emotion. This group of disorders is now considered with special attention to the neurobehavioral syndromes that are regularly encountered.
Demyelinative Diseases
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

In contrast to dysmyelination, demyelination refers to a stripping away of myelin from the axon. The demyelinative diseases target the normal myelin only after it is fully formed, and these diseases are characterized by an inflammatory attack on the myelin sheath. The most familiar demyelinative disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), and several related disorders with similar clinical and neuropathology features are also recognized. This category is undoubtedly the most intensely investigated group of white matter disorders. Multiple sclerosis is the most common nontraumatic disabling neurologic disease of young adults, and the processes of inflammatory demyelination have generated much interest as a key to understanding basic pathophysiologic mechanisms that could apply to many other neurologic disorders. The demyelinative diseases are discussed with an emphasis on their many neurobehavioral manifestations.
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

The white matter of the brain can be affected by a number of infectious diseases. The majority of these infections are caused by viruses, and many clinical and immunopathology similarities to demyelinative diseases have invited comparison with multiple sclerosis (MS) and related diseases. As is often the case with white matter disorders, infectious diseases may also involve gray matter regions, and the selectivity for white matter may only be relative. Nevertheless, consideration of these diseases will serve to point out that infection prominently affecting the white matter can have important neurobehavioral consequences.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HN-1), commonly known as HIV, has come to be one of the most publicized medical problems of the last 2 decades. Since its recognition in 1981, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a major public health problem worldwide. Despite rapid progress on determining its etiology, prevention, and treatment, AIDS continues to be an incurable disease.
Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

A number of disorders in the general category of metabolic dysfunction can result in white matter disease of the brain. Although there is considerable overlap be¬ tween metabolic and toxic disturbances (Chapter 9), the disorders considered in this chapter can be seen as stemming from a metabolic derangement in which clinical, neuroimaging, or neuropathology evidence of leukoencephalopathy has been observed. The pathophysiology of these diverse disorders is unclear in most cases, but a disturbance of brain metabolism, based on nutritional or other factors, is present in each. Highlighting a theme that recurs in the white matter disorders, many of these conditions are reversible if the metabolic derangement is corrected before irreversible damage develops. Neurobehavioral aspects of these disorders have been gradually characterized and consistent findings have emerged, although precise correlations between white matter lesions and neurobehavioral features are largely unavailable as yet.
Neoplasms
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

A discussion of brain tumors that selectively damage white matter may appear to be very limited. Brain tumors do not as a rule affect one discrete region, and in¬ stead show a tendency to involve widespread areas of both gray and white matter. This characteristic, combined with the associated edema and mass effect that frequently occur, often render correlations of tumor location with neurobehavioral status tentative at best. Even early in the clinical course, when the more limited ex¬ tent of the tumor might predict a more focal location, correlations of lesion site with clinical status can be problematic. However, many neoplasms actually arise from white matter structures, and exert major effects on white matter throughout their clinical course. These tumors, both diffuse and focal, are discussed in this chapter to illustrate that neoplastic white matter involvement can be a source of neurobehavioral dysfunction.
The Behavioral Neurology of White Matter
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

The foregoing chapters of this book are intended to elucidate various aspects of brain white matter and the afflictions to which it is vulnerable. The final remaining task is to assemble this diverse collection of details into a coherent whole. At present, the information at hand is essentially descriptive, derived as it is from basic scientific and clinical aspects of individuals with white matter disorders. As such, little detail regarding functional aspects of white matter is available. Much of this chapter, therefore, will necessarily be speculative. However, a large amount of clinical data can be invoked to inform a preliminary framework for developing more sophisticated understanding. The intent is to present a broad portrait of the white matter and its role in human behavior that can foster further interest and investigation. The many gaps in existing knowledge can serve to generate a wealth of testable hypotheses to stimulate further study of brain—behavior relationhips.
Sudden Thigh Pain on Coumadin
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Several months ago, a 49-year-old woman was placed on anticoagulant therapy because of pulmonary embolism. While she was on therapy, pain, numbness, and paresthesias developed from the left anterior thigh extending to the medial leg, plus weakness of knee extension and hip flexion. She denied back pain and change by Valsalva’s maneuver. A retroperitoneal hematoma was removed surgically with no effect on her symptoms.
Floppy Three-Month-Old Boy
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Marked hypotonia was noted since birth in a 3-month-old boy. Perinatal history was normal: he was born alert with a good suck reflex. During the following 3 months, however, he failed to develop head control. Familial history was negative, including a normal 3-year-old sibling.
Congenital Bilateral Sixth and Seventh Palsies
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A I0-year-old girl was referred for preoperative evaluation of her cranial nerve function. Since birth she had bilateral facial and lateral rectus paralysis. There was a maternal history of miscarriage and a prolonged labor. Patient had a normal development and above-average intelligence.
Mononucleosis and Bilateral Arm Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 19-year-old man complained of headache, photophobia, nausea, and fever and was found to have enlarged spleen and axillary nodes. He developed pneumonitis and transient mild hepatitis. The diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis was confirmed by an increasingly positive Paul-Bunnell test. Because of an exudative tonsillitis that cultured beta-hemolytic streptococci, he was treated initially with prednisone and then penicillin. During the next week, the lymphadenopathy and tonsillitis resolved. Subsequently, he complained of ache in his shoulders and weakness of his right ann. Three months later, he noticed right scapular winging.
“Around the Clock” Evolution of Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 72-year-old woman was reexamined because of paresthesias of both arms and progressive gait instability. She related the onset to an automobile accident 3 years ago. During the accident, whiplash of her neck resulted in sudden paresthesias in her left hand. During the next year, these sensations extended proximally and also to the other hand. She slowly developed urinary urgency and unsteadiness of gait. During an earlier evaluation (10 months before) she had sensory loss in her left hand, weakness, hyperactive DTRs in all extremities, absent abdominal reflexes, and an extensor plantar response on the left. Electrodiagnostic studies were normal at that time. During the 10-month interim, her leg weakness progressed and the paresthesias extended proximally.
Club Foot Preoperative Evaluation
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

An 11-year-old girl was referred for evaluation prior to achilles tendon lengthening for bilateral congenital “club foot” (talipes equinovarus). She had been delivered prematurely (at 8 months, gestation age weight 600 mg) and treated for the foot abnormality. Because of overheating, she developed a bum that became infected, leading to gangrene and amputation of two toes. The child’s development was slightly slowed, and she was placed in a special class by the age of 7. She was successful in sports, including running, but had difficulty finding shoes to fit. Tics were noted at an early age, and persisted to date. Family history was negative for similar disorders.
Cerebral Calcifications and Hemiparesis
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 41-year-old man noted right-sided numbness and weakness for 2 weeks. After clinical evaluation, an MRI revealed multiple cerebral periventricular calcifications. He was referred for evaluation of a multiple sclerosis diagnosis. There was no medical or relevant family history. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves, cerebellar, and sensory function were intact. There was a mild right hemiparesis. DTRs were active with slight exaggeration of the right biceps jerk. No pathologic reflexes were obtained.
Aphasia and its Therapy
Authors: Basso Anna
Published: November 2023

This is the first single-authored book to attempt to bridge the gap between aphasia research and the rehabilitation of patients with this language disorder. Studies of the deficits underlying aphasia and the practice of aphasia rehabilitation have often diverged, and the relationship between theory and practice in aphasiology is loose. The goal of this book is to help close this gap by making explicit the relationship between what is to be rehabilitated and how to rehabilitate it. Early chapters cover the history of aphasia and its therapy from Broca's discoveries to the 1970's, and provide a description of the classic aphasia syndromes. The middle section describes the contribution of cognition neuropsychology and the treatment models it has inspired. It includes discussion of the relationship between the treatment approach and the functional model upon which it is based. The final chapters deal with aphasia therapy. After providing a sketch of a working theory of aphasia, Basso describes intervention procedures for disorders resulting from damage at the lexical and sentence levels as well as a more general conversation-based intervention for severe aphasics. Anna Basso has run an aphasia rehabilitation unit for more than thirty years. In this book she draws on her considerable experience to provide researchers, clinicians, and their students and trainees with comprehensive coverage of the evolution and state of the art of aphasia research and therapy.
Is Democracy Special?
Authors: Barry Brian
Published: November 2023

The question to which this essay is addressed is the following: does the fact that a law was passed by a democratic procedure provide a special reason for obeying it? Let me begin by explaining what I mean by “a special reason.”

If we look at any law we can say that there are usually reasons for obeying it, such as fear of punishment, anxiety about the general effects of disobedience on social stability, and unwillingness to take advantage of the compliance of others (the essence of the John Rawls’s “duty of fair play”). There are also often reasons for disobeying it, of which personal advantage is the most obvious. In addition it seems plausible that approval of the content of the law makes the case for obeying it stronger than it would otherwise be, while disapproval makes it weaker. “Approval” and “disapproval,” however, are anodyne generic terms, which conceal a range of relevantly different responses. It seems on the face of it reasonable to say, for example, that equally strong disapproval of two laws, one on the basis of its imprudence or inefficiency, the other on the basis of its injustice or immorality, should have different implications.
The Isten Gytilekezet in Hungarian Society
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: November 2023

Brother Horváth, the leader of the IG congregation, became involved in Pentecostalism when the Soviet army occupied Hungary at the end of World War II. He told me was attending gymnasium in preparation to become a Lutheran pastor. His schooling ended abruptly with the occupation, and he encountered Pentecostals while he was fleeing the army.
Roma and the hívő énekek
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: November 2023

One night when Brother Misi asked for song requests during the Szigetvar worship meeting, Brother Gal’s wife Aniko called out, “Viharos az elet [life is stormy],” a line from a song that I had only heard a month before on a trip north to Ozd. Brother Rudi played the descending pentachord that began the melody. Tapping his drumsticks together rhythmically, Brother Gal sang the first line under his breath.
Psychosocial Support: Maintaining an Effective Team
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

As a group, astronauts function at a high level and are relatively free of psychological or psychiatric problems. Significant psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia, have not been a problem for space missions. Astronauts are screened for major psychiatric illnesses before selection and would not be assigned to crews if they could not function effectively in a team. Nevertheless, the social isolation and confinement of long-duration spaceflight present significant psychological challenges. Psychosocial problems appear to have played a part in long-duration missions terminated for medical reasons (table 2-1) [1, 2].
Nutrition: Maintaining Body Mass and Preventing Disease
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

After spending 4 months on Mir in 1995, Norm Thagard weighed 8 kg (17.5 pounds) less than when he launched. He had lost approximately 11% of his body weight [1]. When a group of 10 climbers attempted to summit Mt. Everest in 1989, they lost an average of 9.6% of their body weight [2]. A group of 66 polar explorers who spent 10 months in Antarctica maintained a stable weight throughout (although they did show an increase in body fat and decrease in muscle mass [3]). Submarine crews often have skinfold thicknesses higher than similarly aged men and must work to keep their weight from increasing [4].
Attention and Attentional Disorders
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark
Published: November 2023

Attention is a fundamental behavior. It comprises different processes and is integrally involved in diverse cognitive functions. Attention encompasses generalized activation of the cognitive processes of orienting, filtering, and selecting inputs; preparing for action; and maintaining thought on a stimulus, mental activity, or goal. Attention, a vital foundation for higher cognitive functions, maintains a coherent stream of thought. The ability to sustain attention, or vigilance, is necessary for complex behaviors, such as understanding and remembering a story. Therefore, attention must be tested first, before other cognitive functions. An inattentive patient’s failure to perform calculations sheds no light on arithmetic skills. Rather, attentional dysfunction is a central feature of syndromes due to diffuse cerebral dysfunction such as delirium, as well as syndromes due to focal cerebral damage such as the neglect syndrome. In addition, attentional dysfunction often accompanies other cognitive impairments in such common neurological.
Hegel’s Dialectical Logic
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: November 2023

This clear, accessible account of Hegelian logic makes a case for its enormous seductiveness, its surprising presence in the collective consciousness, and the dangers associated therewith. Offering comprehensive coverage of Hegel’s important works, Bencivenga avoids getting bogged down in short-lived scholarly debates to provide a work of permanent significance and usefulness.
Introduction
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: November 2023

Several times over the last ten years, as I painstakingly worked my way through Hegel’s corpus, I asked myself what kind of book (if any) I should write about him. The imposing majesty of his texts evoked longings for similarly comprehensive architectures; the startling vistas opened by many of his individual steps suggested care ful, diligent unpacking, lest the jargon smother the precious intuitions deposited there; the complex, creative borrowings from other philosophers—or of other philosophers from him—as well as the deep, revealing antagonisms with yet others (or with the same ones) seemed to demand an elaborate, detailed taxonomy. Eventually, I decided to do none of the above; and here I want to explain why.
A Semantics of Narratives
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: November 2023

Some … [German] words … possess the … peculiarity of having not only different but opposite meanings so that one cannot fail to recognize a speculative spirit of the language in them: it can delight a thinker to come across such words and to find the union of opposites naively shown in the dictionary as one word with opposite meanings, although this result of speculative thinking is nonsensical to the understanding. (32)1
Chromosomal Barriers to lnterspecific Gene Exchange
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

Chromosomal differences between species and the attendant meiotic abnormalities they impose on interspecific hybrids reduce the potential for interspecific gene exchange between species at the same pilonidal level. This reduction is the product of partial sterility, on the one hand, and reduced recombination in rearranged chromosomal segments, on the other. The magnitude of the barrier to gene exchange depends on the nature, number, and size of the rearrangements.