bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antecedents of generation Z towards digitalisation. A PLS-SEM analysis
Authors: Chan Kar Hoong , Ng Tuan Hock , Tay Lee Ying , Teh Chiu Yu
Published: September 2021

Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has forced businesses in the direction of technology development. In particular, financial institutions have started the digital transformation, embracing the usage of artificial intelligence. In this respect,  consumers’ willingness to adopt artificial intelligence in finance, appears to have relevance to current efforts to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the financial system. This study aims to better comprehend the antecedents towards the intention to adopt artificial intelligence in financial services among Generation Z,  with the use of the Technology Acceptance Model. 

Methods:  In this study, questionnaires were used to collect data from 150 male and female Malaysian undergraduates. Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling was employed to analyse the data. 

Results: Perceived ease of use and attitude, positively influenced the adoption of artificial intelligence in financial services. 

Conclusion: The results have suggested the improvement in user interface, information and activities to encourage generation Z to adopt artificial intelligence in financial services.
Verification of court decisions in criminal cases: history and modernity
Authors: Panokin Aleksandr
Published: September 2021

The paper analyzes the historical retrospective and a comparative study of the verification of court decisions in criminal cases. The author traces the emergence of the idea of checking court decisions and the first experiments of its implementation, the transition from the "court with a judge" to the "audit" procedure for monitoring court decisions, and then to the consideration of complaints against court decisions as a continuation of the dispute between the parties and the formation of methods and procedures for reviewing criminal cases, depending on the subject of appeal. The features of the Romano-German and English models of judicial review are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the Soviet system of verification of sentences, rulings and definitions as the basis of the socialist model of judicial review and its subsequent transformation in Russia in the post-Soviet period.
The monograph is intended for researchers, teachers, undergraduate, specialist, master's, postgraduate and doctoral students, as well as practicing lawyers.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Discharge Opioid Prescribing From a Hospital Medicine Service
Authors: Rambachan Aksharananda , Fang Margaret C , Prasad Priya , Iverson Nicholas
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Differential opioid prescribing patterns have been reported in non‐White patient populations. However, these disparities have not been well described among hospitalized medical inpatients.

OBJECTIVE

To describe differences in opioid prescribing patterns among inpatients discharged from the general medicine service based on race/ethnicity.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

For this retrospective study, we performed a multivariable logistic regression for patient race/ethnicity and whether patients received an opioid prescription at discharge and a negative binomial regression for days of opioids prescribed at discharge. The study included all 10,953 inpatients discharged from the general medicine service from June 2012 to November 2018 at University of California San Francisco Medical Center who received opioids during the last 24 hours of their hospitalization.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

We examined two primary outcomes: whether a patient received an opioid prescription at discharge, and, for patients prescribed opioids, the number of days dispensed.

RESULTS

Compared with White patients, Black patients were less likely to receive an opioid prescription at discharge (predicted population rate of 47.6% vs 50.7%; average marginal effect [AME], −3.1%; 95% CI, −5.5% to −0.8%). Asian patients were more likely to receive an opioid prescription on discharge (predicted population rate, 55.6% vs 50.7%; AME, +4.9; 95% CI, 1.5%‐8.3%). We also found that Black patients received a shorter duration of opioid days compared with White patients (predicted days of opioids on discharge, 15.7 days vs 17.8 days; AME, −2.1 days; 95% CI, −3.3 to −0.9).

CONCLUSION

Black patients were less likely to receive opioids and received shorter courses at discharge compared with White patients, adjusting for covariates. Asian patients were the most likely to receive an opioid prescription.
Formulation Matters: Reciprocating Integer Programming for Birchbox Product Assortment
Authors: Lustig Irvin , Randall Patricia , Randall Robert
Published: September 2021

Birchbox created a mixed-integer programming formulation to determine the products that it will send to its subscribers in individual boxes on a monthly basis. The goal of this formulation is to produce a set of different box configurations that are then assigned to customers to meet the diverse needs of its varied customer base. As Birchbox’s business grew, the mixed-integer program was taking days to solve, and experimenting with different business requirements to determine the best set of configurations became impossible. Therefore, Princeton Consultants created the Reciprocating Integer Programming technique to reduce these solution times, thus decreasing them to typically under 20 minutes. This has dramatically changed the way that Birchbox can run its subscription business.
Analysis of research on active music teaching at primary education: The case of Russia
Authors: Pereverzeva Marina , Anufrieva Natalia , Shcherbakova Anna , Kuznetsova Elena , Zharkova Alena
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the study is to determine the degree to which active teaching methods influence
the music education of modern children based on theoretical background and empirical and
experimental studies at Russian experiences. In this study, document analysis technique, one of
the qualitative research techniques, was used (citiations). Research on active music education
were determined and examined. Within the scope of this research, articles and books related to
active music education were selected. These articles were analyzed thematically and reported.
When the articles about active music education were examined, they were discussed under two
thematic titles. These; Using Methods on Active Music Teaching and Implementation of Active
Music Teaching at Class, Game-based Instruction at Active Music Teaching, Assessment of Music
Lesson. As a results of study; due to the age and the features of information perception, modern
children master music better if one develops the skill of problem statement, finding the ways
of solving the problem and its actual solution, when the student is an active participant in the
education process, turning from an object of influence into a subject of the learning and creative
activity. During experimental work, the authors identify the effect from applying specially
developed and described in the article active methods and forms of working with children during
music lessons. The results of the experiment prove that active methods of teaching music form a
positive learning motivation, increase cognitive activity in students, promote independent study
and the understanding of large amounts of educational information, foster heuristic abilities and
unconventional thinking as well as universal learning and creative skills and abilities.
Introduction
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how humans relate to nonhumans. The obstacle in this relationship is the individual human consciousness. There is a “curious twist” in the systemic nature of the human consciousness that necessarily blinds it to the systemic nature of the human himself or herself. Thus, there is a long history of animals playing a key role in the conception of the human self, in answering the question of who or what we are. Indeed, discussion of the nature of human versus nonhuman is central to practically all intellectual inquiries. For much of its history, some of the most important anthropological work on the human–nonhuman divide was prompted by matter-of-fact statements by ethnographic subjects collapsing the distinction. Metaphors, as well as syllogisms, have dominated the framing of these discussions. The chapter then looks at the principles of perspectivism, metamorphosis, and mimesis in achieving insight into the natural world.
Ritual, Myth, and the Rise of “Greedy Rice”
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter studies the ritual conservation of archaic cultigens. Contemporary food-crop agriculture in the region is heavily focused on rice. But tribal mythology, supported by archaeological evidence, suggests that much grain cultivation was preceded by the cultivation of tubers, in particular taro. Myth and ritual depict this process of agricultural change as a contest, as political in effect; and indeed, the history of the development of rice cultivation — especially irrigated cultivation — cannot be told without reference to the rise of central states, which favored rice cultivation as easy to control and tax. State ideologies disparage systems of food-crop production that are less amenable to state control as primitive, as reflected in folk mythology that depicts the earlier forms of cultivation, for example of tubers, as demanding less knowledge. The native mythology and ritual thus represent the terms of a historical contest over rice cultivation that played out over the centuries. The “constitutive absence” of long-gone crops in contemporary myth and ritual affords people a perspective on the present, showing its apparent inevitability as historically contingent. This exemplifies the capacity for “correctives” like ritual and religion to escape the confines of “conscious purpose.”
Weedy Signs of Intent and Error
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights two plants that occur in pioneering successions on open land: Imperata cylindrica, a grass, and Chromolaena odorata, a shrub. Farmers regard the two plants as benign or malign depending upon how well they match desired fallow-period vegetative cover: if similar they are welcomed, if dissimilar they are not. Government officials, due to their commitment to plantation agriculture and a general aversion to the practice of leaving land fallow, hold a negative view of both plants, seeing them as “weeds.” Government authorities generally attribute the origins of the two plants to the accidental outcomes of bad native land-use practices, rejecting out of hand the idea that the plants might play a positive role in these practices. For their part, many farmers attribute the origins of Imperata and Chromolaena to intentional, self-interested dissemination by state actors; their view is in effect a political–cological one. Government actors take an apolitical view, going to great lengths to assert that there is no divergence in interests between the state and its citizens. Ultimately, the stories regarding the origins of these weedy plants, with the creative license of folktales, afford rural peoples a measure of perspective on and insight into wider environmental processes and transformations.
Unrevolutionary Mexico
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

Unrevolutionary Mexico addresses how the Mexican Revolution (1910-1940) turned into a capitalist dictatorship of exceptional resilience. While soldiers seized power across the rest of Latin America, in modern Mexico the civilians of a single party moved punctiliously in and out of office for seventy-one years. The book uses the histories of the states of Guerrero and Veracruz as entry points to explore the origins and consolidation of this unique authoritarian state on both provincial and national levels. An empirically rich reconstruction of over sixty years of modernization and revolution (1880-1945) revises prevailing ideas of a pacified Mexico and establishes the 1940s as a decade of faltering governments and enduring violence. The book then assesses the pivotal changes of the mid-twentieth century, when a new generation of lawyers, bureaucrats and businessmen joined with surviving revolutionaries to form the Partido Revolucionario Institucional, which held uninterrupted power until 2000. Thematic chapters analyse elections, development, corruption and high and low culture in the period. The central role of military and private violence is explored in two further chapters that measure the weight of hidden coercion in keeping the party in power. In conclusion, the combination of provincial and national histories reveals Mexico as a place where soldiers prevented coups, a single party lost its own rigged elections, corruption fostered legitimacy, violence was concealed but decisive, and ambitious cultural control co-existed with a critical press and a disbelieving public. In conclusion, the book demonstrates how this strange dictatorship thrived not despite but because of its contradictions.
Resistance
Authors: Watt Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter assesses the socio-spatial, organisational, and ideological nature of resistance to estate demolition in London. It begins by analysing housing activism with reference to council housing, and situates recent anti-demolition campaigns in relation to earlier campaigns against stock transfer to housing associations. The anti-demolition campaigns are not solely based on council tenants via a politics of tenure, but instead embrace owner-occupiers (in some cases middle-class) and exemplify a politics of place based upon maintaining existing homes and communities. Campaigners’ prior activism is assessed and these are revealed as being mainly novices to the world of housing politics. Despite such vibrant activism, lack of engagement was also prominent as some tenants felt that resistance was a waste of time, because ‘they’ (social landlords) had already decided that demolition will happen, indicative of felt working-class and tenant powerlessness. Contestation is often long-term – a form of trench warfare – reflecting the interminable nature of regeneration itself. The final section assesses what success might mean in these long-running campaigns, and illustrates this with reference to both ‘big wins’ and ‘little victories’. Anti-demolition campaigns have become prominent and are in the front-line of London’s struggles over the right to the city (Harvey).
Pioneering Social Research
Authors: Thompson Paul , Plummer Ken , Demireva Neli
Published: September 2021

Presenting the landmark pioneers' life stories project, this book documents how modern social research in the United Kingdom was shaped. It sheds new light on the lives, methods and motivations of men and women who helped develop a new world of research methodology, pioneered feminist research, and first confronted the issues of race and ethnicity. Many of the pioneers' lives were shaped by the declining decades of the British Empire, and the book begins by highlighting the experiences and practices of the generations who were active from the 1950s to the 1980s, the crucial founding generations for today's social research scene. These were the decades which saw the final phase of colonial anthropology, the explosive growth of sociology in universities, and then the founding of theme-based women's, ethnic and cultural studies and the development of ethical practices and systematic methodologies. The book combines the fascinating history of the generations who built outstanding and influential social research with providing a major resource for current research and especially for methods for future teaching.
Planning history, planning reform and politics and ideology
Authors: Marshall Tim
Published: September 2021

A brief survey of the history of planning shows how both the early days of planning, based in health and housing concerns, and the formation of the planning system in the early twentieth century were entwined in ideological struggles over the role of the state and the attitudes to property. The operation of that system has been equally saturated with ideological pressures. A brief study follows of the 2010-2015 UK government, as a case example of approaches to analysing political and ideological influences on the making and implementing of planning policy. It is shown that this government’s attitude to planning was dominated by its ideological agenda of cutting back the state, with a sub-agenda of a form of localism. The importance of pressure politics and electoral politics is also illustrated, at times not in full synchrony with the wider ideological drives of the government.
Paths to improving the ideological and political dimensions of planning
Authors: Marshall Tim
Published: September 2021

The book has uncovered many aspects of the functioning of planning in England which are seen as highly dysfunctional in terms of achieving good results in planning. It has been argued that this is due in part to the ideological and political mis-structuring of planning. This chapter makes a range of suggestions as to how these problems could be addressed. It draws in part on a recent review of the planning system, the Raynsford Review. That Review argued for the strengthening of local government, to make it the key actor in guiding a strong planning system, and in implementing change in every field, especially to create affordable housing and address the climate crisis. The chapter extends these proposals, in areas such as finding ways to improve the media system locally for planning and the associated scope for improvement of public deliberation. There is also a need to regulate the lobbying and pressure group world, to create something a bit closer to a level playing field of influence on central and local planning.
Emerging allied health professions
Authors: Nancarrow Susan , Borthwick Alan
Published: September 2021

This chapter draws on the examples of the professionalisation of operating department practitioners (ODPs), pedorthists and developmental educators (DEs) to examine the pathway to professionalism in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. These examples illustrate potential pathways that can be adopted for successful professionalisation by other occupational groups. Newly emerging allied health professions at the end of the 20th century and start of the 21st century have been able to access a far more straightforward pathway to achieve their professional project. Newly emerging occupations that meet a series of minimum professional standards face limited opposition from the state and minimal, if any, intervention from the medical profession. Their primary challenge is achieving professional closure and convincing large (mostly state) funding bodies to recognise and purchase their services, effectively achieving professional closure.
Specialisation in allied health
Authors: Nancarrow Susan , Borthwick Alan
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the development of podiatric surgery as a state-registered allied health specialisation, and the negotiations with the state and the medical profession that shaped it. Few allied health professions have successfully achieved recognised specialisms. The medical profession particularly and the nursing profession to a lesser extent have both been successful in achieving internal divisions of labour through state-recognised specialisations. While many allied health professions recognise 'special interests' and endorse specialist areas of practice, few of these specialisms are formally recognised by the state or attract a higher level of professional recognition through higher roles and reimbursement. The two notable exceptions to this are the practice of psychology and podiatry.
What is financial inclusion?
Authors: Prabhakar Rajiv
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides an overview of financial inclusion, which refers broadly to the access that people or groups have to the financial system. A literature has emerged that is very critical of financial inclusion and sees this as part of the 'financialisation of everyday life'. The chapter claims that the split between the critical and supportive literatures impoverishes research on financial inclusion. The supportive literature does not usually discuss theoretical controversies over financial inclusion and instead confines itself to the details of policy. The lack of engagement with theoretical controversies means that the supportive literature does not unpick whether there are specific strands of financial inclusion policy that ought to be developed further and whether there are other types of policy that ought to be challenged more clearly. Meanwhile, the critical literature provides a blunt treatment of financial inclusion policy. It does not engage with the discussion of policy choices within the supportive literature and so does not consider that it is possible to design financial inclusion in different ways. The chapter then argues that it would be much better for research for the different literatures to cross-breed. This cross-fertilisation of ideas can occur across all of the areas of financial inclusion and so can cover banking, savings, insurance, and guidance or advice.
The evolution of social policy analysis in Ireland: from a theocentric to an econocentric paradigm?
Authors: Dukelow Fiona
Published: September 2021

This chapter situates policy analysis within a social policy context and begins by stressing its early theocratic formation. It is an examination of the history of social policy analysis in Ireland since the 1950s, when the country began its journey towards modernity. The chapter reviews the actors and institutions involved and the knowledge deployed as the country moved towards a globalised society with its attendant social policy challenges. Dukelow charts the complexities of social policy analysis under what she characterises as the shift from the dominance of a theocentric paradigm to an econocentric paradigm. This saw the subordinating of the social to the economic valuation of social policy by the 1990s.
Policy analysis in the civil service
Authors: Boyle Richard , O’Riordan Joanna
Published: September 2021

Chapter Eight examines the development of policy analysis in the civil service. Policy analysis is central to the role of the civil service at the intersection of politics and administration. In the Whitehall tradition, inherited by Ireland, civil servants were expected to be generalists with unpartisan perspectives. Recruits to the civil service came from the liberal arts rather than professional or technical backgrounds. But, the 1960s and 1970s saw the gradual emergence of the policy analysis concept. Policy analysis requires knowledge of the relevant discipline under scrutiny, some skills in quantitative analysis, combined with the more traditional policy capabilities. Throughout the chapter it is clear that a stronger evidence base is emerging to better inform policy making. A balance between generalists with broad conceptual skills and specialists with quantitative analytical skills continues to influence developments with regard to policy analysis in the civil service.
Democratic innovations and policy analysis: climate policy and Ireland’s Citizens’ Assembly (2016–18)
Authors: Harris Clodagh
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on public consultation and participation in Ireland, processes that directly engage citizens beyond the ballot box. Initiatives, including participatory budgeting and deliberative mini-publics like citizens’ assemblies, and citizens’ juries, endeavour to engage citizens more directly in political processes either by widening and/or deepening participation. As exercises in deliberative democracy, they endeavour to place the citizen at the heart of constitutional and policy issues as new types of governance arrangements required for a complex networked society. The methods used to facilitate public consultation, participation and deliberation in Ireland are critically assessed as to whether they make a difference to public policy, and whether effective consultation mechanisms can extend to regulatory actors.
Smart families and community
Authors: Bynner John , Heinz Walter R.
Published: September 2021

The subject matter here turns directly to the digital society and its effect on family life and family members of different ages and intergenerational relations, based on the idea of 6
Smart families.
Such a family comprises active users of the internet and social media intergenerationally, leading on to the issue of ‘opportunities’ versus ‘risks’ in social networking and parents’ approach to it. Opportunities include the opening up of unlimited knowledge and data to family users individually and jointly. Set against this attraction is the world of fake news and the interpersonal damage that the uncontrolled internet through social networking can do. The discussion finishes with the pros and cons of media education and control. The unresolved and most challenging feature of family digitalisation, as the CONVID-19 virus pandemic revealed, is the lack of access to educational and technical resources, largely through poverty of a substantial minority of the youth population.
Urban community vignette
Authors: Wells Lillian
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on Lillian Wells's experience as a social worker in the early 1960s with older adults, in which she learned how to live her life and how to optimize life as she grew older. It discusses Wells' practice that deals with clinical work and community development, particularly in the areas of health and gerontology. It also refers to the development of an empowerment model of practice in long-term care with resident councils, initiatives with families, and staff training. The chapter talks about Lillian Wells' membership of the Toronto Council on Aging, where she aimed to raise awareness of the needs of older adults, improve their quality of life, foster their involvement in all aspects of community life, and support the experience of aging through education and leadership. It examines the reality that older people have often outlived family and friends, and it can be difficult to reach out on their own to new experiences, when familiar supports are unavailable.
Indigenous community vignette
Authors: McDermott Larry
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Larry McDermott's work, which focuses on environmental stewardship and 'conservation' that includes engaging with Indigenous law and the commitments made in treaties between Indigenous nations and settler governments. It analyzes how Indigenous peoples factor into community wellbeing on a local level, through honouring all of life, all of creation, and the fact that everything is connected. It also highlights international success and cooperation that have an impact on the health and wellbeing of Indigenous peoples locally. The chapter elaborates the socialization and culture for seniors, as the ability to get together, have fun, and share culture in a social atmosphere is so important. It mentions Plenty Canada, which provided a venue for the school board to do land-based learning through iLead, an Indigenous land-based learning program, in May 2020.
Private education in South Korea: lessons for the West from past mistakes
Authors: Exley Sonia
Published: September 2021

This chapter studies the consequences of excessive private social investment and the government's struggle to tackle private tutoring in Korea. It argues that the country is a critical case in the study of private social investments because it has the most extensive engagement in shadow education across the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) world. The chapter demonstrates the three main ways that the Korean government has endeavoured to curtail private tutoring, and how all these reforms have had limited success to date. It then suggests that the drivers of the shadow education frenzy might lie outside the area of education policy, pointing to the 'hakbul' traditions in Korean society (that is, the strong belief that a degree from a few elite universities is imperative for securing high-status, well-paid jobs) as a driver of excessive shadow education. Ultimately, the chapter seeks to deliver some insights, considering policy lessons and recommendations not only for South Korea but also for Western societies where spending on private education is growing. It draws on data from a 2017 research project in which interviews were carried out by the author with 29 experts and key stakeholders in the South Korean education system.
Populism and environmental (in)justice in Latin America
Authors: de Souza Marcelo Lopes
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between populism and environmental justice in Latin America. It was not only within the framework of overtly dictatorial regimes during the 20th century that the struggles for social justice and human rights in Latin America faced severe obstacles and suffered setbacks. They have also been badly hampered by populism — both right-wing neo-populism with its component of intolerance and conservatism, and left-wing populism, which, by means of co-opting civil society, helps demobilise it and slow down or limit processes of awareness and radicalisation of democracy. The struggles for environmental justice are a crucial example of this. The chapter then addresses the main aspects of how left-wing neo-populism has undermined environmental justice in Latin America, and particularly in Brazil. It focuses more closely on the political and ideological consequences of left-wing populism's contradictions and failure in terms of a deepening of social tensions and struggles. The chapter argues that left-wing neo-populism has been ultimately part of the problem rather than of the solution.
Berlin’s municipal socialism: a transatlantic muse for Mary Simkhovitch and New York City
Authors: Simon Barbara Levy
Published: September 2021

This chapter follows the work of Mary Simkhovitch, a key figure in settlement houses in New York, but also a major proponent of the notion of municipalisation, a concept developed in Germany that advocated the transferal to city ownership of previously private, corporate assets. Simkhovitch was part of a group of Americans who were strongly influenced by ideas regarding social welfare that developed in Germany at the end of the 19th Century. She sought to implement these ideas in New York by establishing the Greenwich House settlement and then serving as its headworker for 44 years. During this period, she engaged in efforts to regulate industries through the National Consumers League, spearheaded tenement reform and the creation of public housing in New York, and played a key role in efforts to expand green spaces and recreational opportunities for children, adolescents, and adults in the city.
‘The soul of the community’: two practitioners reflect on history, place and community in two community-based practices from 1980 to 1995: St Hilda’s Community Centre in Bethnal Green and Waterloo Action Centre in Waterloo, South London
Authors: Copperman Jeanette , Malies Steven
Published: September 2021

This chapter offers an exploration of the Settlement House movement in a contemporary light. It uses the reflections of two practitioners and data from recently conducted focus groups on the community-based practice in two organisations in England during the period 1981 to 1995. The authors contend that community development and community social work were part of mainstream social work practice supported by local authorities and integrated into social work education but that this has largely been lost from both mainstream social work practice and education, taking place only in the voluntary sector. This chapter aims to document the value of social work within contemporary based community-based organisations where politics of place were central to the community-based practice which took place, thus carrying on the original ethos and ideas of the original Settlements.
Structure and agency: making connections
Authors: Alderson Priscilla
Published: September 2021

This chapter continues to summarise different theories and methods in mainstream health and illness research in order to compare them to critical realism and show what it might add. Positivist, interpretive and postmodern approaches to human agency within structures are considered. There are also sections on: six features of critical realism; structure, agency and culture; four types of social structures; a comparison of realist evaluation and critical realism theories of structure and agency; the structure-agency dialectic, and Archer’s theory of internal conversations. The detailed examples of applying critical realist concepts are of prison leavers with mental health problems, and nurses working on traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Throughout, the chapter critically considers problems posed for health researchers, to see how critical realist research theories of structure and agency can serve their work.
Four planes of social being: more connections
Authors: Alderson Priscilla
Published: September 2021

Adverse mortality and morbidity effects of the huge oil spills in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, illustrate the value of critical realism’s four planes of social being for organising complex findings and for combining large- and small-scale data sets. These planes cover every aspect of being human: bodies in relation to nature; interpersonal relations; larger social relations and structures; and inner human being in the mental-social-embodied personality. Chapter 5 also considers critical realist approaches to managing data-analysis: laminated systems analysis; interdisciplinary research and policy-making; critical realist theories about interdisciplinarity; overcoming barriers to interdisciplinarity, and interdisciplinary commitments.
The detailed examples are about improving the physical health of people with a diagnosis of serious mental illness, and feminist-informed counselling after sexual assault.
Researching transformative change over time
Authors: Alderson Priscilla
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 on the four stages of dialectical transformative change involves concepts of: absence as well as presence; difference versus actual transformative change; emergence of higher order things from lower order ones; immanent critique. With the four stages, the acronym MELD stands for first Moment, second Edge, third Level and fourth Dimension. The stages are considered in their benign/effective, malign/ineffective and mini versions. It is vital to start research with 1M’s intense in-depth study before intervening at 2E, then at 3L looking at the larger scene, and at 4D working on personal change. There is an overview of research from past to future, local to global. The detailed example applies MELD to research on improving care for children with allergies.
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: Evidence from the Longitudinal Parenting Across Cultures Project
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Rothenberg W. Andrew , Tapanya Sombat , Tirado Liliana Maria Uribe , Yotanyamaneewong Saengduean , Alampay Liane Peña , Al-Hassan Suha M. , Bacchini Dario , Bornstein Marc H. , Chang Lei , Deater-Deckard Kirby , Di Giunta Laura , Dodge Kenneth A. , Gurdal Sevtap , Liu Qin , Long Qian , Malone Patrick S. , Oburu Paul , Pastorelli Concetta , Skinner Ann T. , Sorbring Emma , Steinberg Laurence
Published: September 2021

This chapter uses evidence from the Parenting Across Cultures (PAC) project to illustrate ways in which longitudinal data can help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs.) The chapter begins by providing an overview of the research questions that have guided the international PAC as well as a description of the participants, procedures, and measures. Next, empirical findings from PAC are summarized to illustrate implications for six specific SDGs related to child and adolescent development in relation to education, poverty, gender, mental health, and well-being. Then the chapter describes how longitudinal data offer advantages over cross-sectional data in operationalizing SDG targets and implementing the SDGs. Finally, limitations, future research directions, and conclusions are provided.
Politics and Devolution in Northern Ireland, 1998–2007
Authors: Bradbury Jonathan
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses politics in Northern Ireland in the context, first, of the failed attempts to implement devolution that led to its suspension, then the St Andrews Agreement in 2006, elections and the restoration of devolution in 2007. It reappraises the tortuous years in terms of the territorial strains that were still present in Northern Ireland, the resources available to the Republican/Nationalist and Unionist party leaderships in Northern Ireland as well as to the Blair government, and the political management approaches that they each pursued. It focuses on the political imperatives and constraints that determined the Northern Ireland Assembly's journey between intermittent existence and suspension, and eventually led to the unlikely agreement between the leaders of the extreme representatives of Republicanism and Unionism. The chapter is informed by the proposition that both sides in Northern Ireland still recognised their resource limitations in asserting their ideal outcomes in the short term. The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and Sinn Fein still pursued power-sharing devolution in the short to medium term to realise their long-term objectives of Irish unity. This was principally to be achieved through electoral success and the cultivation of the North–South institutions under strand two of the Belfast Agreement to normalise Irish governance through instrumental arguments, shared policy development and functional spillovers. Meanwhile, the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), as the principal Unionist party, competitively sought to use devolution as a new framework in which to sustain an inter-governmentalist approach to governing within the UK, asserting the very different long-term aim of maintaining Northern Ireland within the Union.
Operationalizing Comparative Urbanism
Authors: Ren Julie
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 reviews the debates around comparative urbanism as critique of urban theory, and provides a structured analysis of its underlying premises. Despite the consensus around the parochialism of urban theory, these divergent premises imply different consequences for actually doing research. In operationalizing comparative urbanism, this chapter explains the mixed qualitative methods an experimental way forward is offered, focusing on comparative urbanism’s theory building agenda. The goal of threading together Beijing and Berlin is to thwart the idea of archetype, rejecting the distinctions of original and borrowed urbanisms, and decentering the primary reference points of urban scholarship. The mixed methods and position of the researcher is discussed along with some definitions about cases, sites and “art space.” The chapter shows how the lens of comparative urbanism is employed as a methodologically-oriented critique that addresses how sites are compared, rather than what is compared.
Intentional Personality Change: Individual Agency in Change and Interventions for Change
Authors: Wang Ying , Wu Chia-Huei
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on an emerging domain, that is, how personality can be changed in a more active and intentional manner.
It starts from reviewing key factors in individuals’ agency in this volitional change process, such as having goals and desires for change, and the importance of self-regulation in sustaining change. Then, it reviews existing, despite sparse, literature on effective interventions in facilitating personality change, and presents theoretical underpinning that enables the design and delivery of effective interventions. Example programs are discussed so as to offer researchers and practitioners concrete knowledge about how such interventions work. Finally, this chapter discusses additional considerations in the intervention design and shed light on future research.
Introduction
Authors: Hamilton Patricia
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the attachment parenting (AP) phenomenon from the perspectives of black mothers. It reviews insights that the narratives of black mothers offer about the contemporary and particular experience of motherhood. It also analyzes AP journeys from the extreme practice of privileged white hippies to an increasingly accepted and influential dogma in the policies of the state and medical professionals. The chapter talks about the disruption of dominant construction of good mothering as the province of only white, middle-class women through the engagements of black mothers. It documents the diverse ways black women use AP to assert themselves as good mothers.
Best for Whom? Experiences of Breastfeeding
Authors: Hamilton Patricia
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with an analysis of the slogan 'breast is best', which is considered a universal refrain that captures state and public attitudes towards breastfeeding. It looks at the interviews with women that expressed broad support for breastfeeding in varying degrees of individual success and described it as the normative practice of the good mother. It also examines the support for breastfeeding and the tensions it creates for women as they invoke the language of nature to justify its superiority, account for breastfeeding failures, and risk breastfeeding for too long. The chapter explores women's experiences of breastfeeding as evidence of the diversity of socioeconomic circumstances. It expands the predominant thinking around black women's breastfeeding experiences beyond claims that they reject breastfeeding for its risky proximity to nature.
Negotiating Parental Leave Policies in Britain and Canada
Authors: Hamilton Patricia
Published: September 2021

This chapter elaborates on how attachment parenting (AP) presupposes and reinforces women's biological responsibility for the work of childrearing. It discusses AP's notion that cis women are the only possible and appropriate parents and idealizes a biological relationship between mother and child. It also talks about AP's particular identification of mothers' bodies as a site through which good parenting may be enacted. The chapter delves into parental leave as the most prominent among gendered beliefs about appropriate caregivers, which are shaped by policies and legislation that govern the experience of childrearing. It deliberates how AP aligns with the underlying message of parental leave legislation that stresses the importance of the early years of an infant's life and that mothers are uniquely suited to perform such care.
A Criminology Of Narrative Fiction
Authors: McGregor Rafe
Published: September 2021

This book answers the question of the usefulness of criminological fiction. Criminological fiction is fiction that can provide an explanation of the causes of crime or social harm and could, in consequence, contribute to the development of crime or social harm reduction policies. The book argues that criminological fiction can provide at least the following three types of criminological knowledge: (1) phenomenological, i.e. representing what certain experiences are like; (2) counterfactual, i.e. representing possible but non-existent situations; and (3) mimetic, i.e. representing everyday reality in detail and with accuracy. The book employs the phenomenological, counterfactual, and mimetic values of fiction to establish a theory of the criminological value of narrative fiction. It begins with a critical analysis of current work in narrative criminology and current criminological work on fiction. It then demonstrates the phenomenological, counterfactual, and mimetic values of narrative fiction using case studies from fictional novels, graphic novels, television series, and feature films. The argument concludes with an explanation of the relationship between the aetiological and pedagogic values of narrative fiction, focusing on cinematic fictions in virtue of the vast audiences they reach courtesy of their place in global popular culture.
Rethinking Peace Mediation: Trends and Challenges
Authors: Turner Catherine , Wählisch Martin
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines the new normative frameworks within which peace mediation now takes place. It identifies a move towards the professionalism of the field, and the desire to support multi-track peace processes at a global level. It further identifies a lack of clarity at the heart of the peace mediation architecture that must be addressed to improve the coherence and effectiveness of efforts to resolve armed conflicts globally. Ultimately, however, the chapter cautions that these developments need to be seen in the light of changing global politics and challenges to the multilateral system.
The Emulation of Peace Mediation Practices: Beware of the Jurisgenerative Train
Authors: Groof Emmanuel De
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the deontology of peacemakers and mediators. It outlines the notion of epistemic communities and the reproduction of value systems, asking whether any form of emulation influences the evolution of international law in relation to transitional governance (‘TG’). The re-occurrence of TG can be attributed phenomena such as the ‘migration of constitutional ideas’, ‘constitutional borrowing’, ‘transnational information networks’, acculturation in contact groups, and the use of templates for peace building. The community of practitioners engaged in post-war countries and constitution building is relatively small. As a result, the epistemic community dealing with these issues creates a habitat favourable to the reproduction of professional practices by emulation. The question then becomes whether such reproduction is jurisgenerative, namely whether it expresses emerging law through custom creation or otherwise.
The Globalization of Comic Resistance?
Authors: Brassett James
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the globalization of British comedy as leading acts now flourish in the US, and their shows are syndicated and distributed globally. The chapter draws discussion to a close by opening up some of the important ethical and political challenges that persist, namely: the question of how to globalize British comedy in terms of race and gender.
Consolidating Neoliberal Austerity Regimes
Authors: Davies Jonathan S.
Published: September 2021

Chapters 4 and 5 turn from state rescaling to coalitions among state, market and civil society actors, and the urban regime configurations that have arisen, or been challenged, in the post-crisis period. Chapter 4 explores the four cities in which regime consolidation was occurring around the amplification of austere neoliberalism: Athens, Baltimore, Dublin and Leicester. Though the cities vary significantly in size and influence, in each case the persistent lack, and further diminution, of local political capacity contributed to the recuperation of the municipality and its ostensibly centre-left political leaders. Multi-scalar regime politics contributes to rendering neoliberal austerity governable and to disorganising and disrupting contentious elements within civil society.
Afterword: Into the Pandemic
Authors: Davies Jonathan S.
Published: September 2021

The book concludes that in the period preceding COVID-19, five cross-cutting characteristics were prominent in shaping urban political (dis)orders: economic rationalism, weakening hegemony, the retreat to dominance, weak counter-hegemony and acute politicisations. Economic rationalism, administrative dominance and weak counter-hegemony tended to reinforce austere neoliberalism, while weakening hegemony and diminishing co-optive power created space for politicisations. How these pre-existing characteristics evolve will be important determinants of (un)governability as the pandemic, and struggle over its construals, evolve. The afterword reconsiders these themes to highlight issues that could reproduce, amplify or disturb the urban political (dis)orderings discussed in the book.