bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Second Critical Exponent for a Time-Fractional Reaction-Diffusion Equation
Authors: Igarashi Takefumi
Published: September 2024

In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem of a time-fractional nonlinear diffusion equation. According to Kaplan’s first eigenvalue method, we first prove the blow-up of the solutions in finite time under some sufficient conditions. We next provide sufficient conditions for the existence of global solutions by using the results of Zhang and Sun. In conclusion, we find the second critical exponent for the existence of global and non-global solutions via the decay rates of the initial data at spatial infinity.
Evolutionary Game and Simulation Analysis of New-Energy Vehicle Promotion in China Based on Reward and Punishment Mechanisms
Authors: Cai Rongjiang , Zhang Tao , Wang Xi , Jia Qiaoran , Zhao Shufang , Liu Nana , Wang Xiaoguang
Published: September 2024

In China, new-energy vehicles are viewed as the ultimate goal for the automobile industry, given the current focus on the “dual-carbon” target. Therefore, it is important to promote the sustainable development of this new-energy market and ensure a smooth transition from fuel-driven vehicles to new-energy vehicles. This study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model involving vehicle enterprises, consumers, and the government. It improves the tripartite evolutionary game through the mechanisms of dynamic and static rewards and punishments, respectively, using real-world data. The results show the following. (1) A fluctuation is present in the sales of new-energy vehicles by enterprises and the active promotional behavior of the government. This fluctuation leads to instability, and the behavior is difficult to accurately predict, which is not conducive new-energy vehicles’ promotion and sales. (2) A static reward and punishment mechanism can change the fluctuation threshold or peak value. Nevertheless, the stability of the system’s strategy is not the main reason that the government has been actively promoting it for a long time. However, enterprises are still wavering between new-energy and fuel vehicles. (3) The linear dynamic reward and punishment mechanism also has its defects. Although they are considered the stability control strategy of the system, they are still not conducive to stability. (4) The nonlinear dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can help the system to achieve the ideal stabilization strategy.
Incorporating Digital Footprints into Credit-Scoring Models through Model Averaging
Authors: Wang Linhui , Zhu Jianping , Zheng Chenlu , Zhang Zhiyuan
Published: September 2024

Digital footprints provide crucial insights into individuals’ behaviors and preferences. Their role in credit scoring is becoming increasingly significant. Therefore, it is crucial to combine digital footprint data with traditional data for personal credit scoring. This paper proposes a novel credit-scoring model. First, lasso-logistic regression is used to select key variables that significantly impact the prediction results. Then, digital footprint variables are categorized based on business understanding, and candidate models are constructed from various combinations of these groups. Finally, the optimal weight is selected by minimizing the Kullback–Leibler loss. Subsequently, the final prediction model is constructed. Empirical analysis validates the advantages and feasibility of the proposed method in variable selection, coefficient estimation, and predictive accuracy. Furthermore, the model-averaging method provides the weights for each candidate model, providing managerial implications to identify beneficial variable combinations for credit scoring.
Sensitivity and Stability Study of Test Conditions for a 1 kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack
Authors: Xu Peng , Yi Yingmin , Wang Weijie , Xie Meng , Yuan Yiwei
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the impact of compression force on stack performance and the effect of testing conditions on sensitivity of stack performance. It explores the variation of assembly force on the pressure distribution at different positions in a 1 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. Polarization curves and high-frequency resistance (HFR) changes of the stack were measured under different assembly forces, and the optimal assembly force of the stack was determined using the average single-cell voltage (HFR-free). The sensitivity of testing conditions was optimized, and the optimum test parameters at different current densities were identified within the selected range. Stack stability was tested at different current densities using the optimized test conditions, and the sensitivity of test conditions was verified by the fluctuation amplitude of single cell voltage and internal impedance.
Morphological and Doping Effects on Electrical Conductivity of Aluminum Metal Substrate through Pulsed Electrodeposition Coating of Cu-MWCNT
Authors: Silva Alberto S. , Sousa Mário E. S. , Braga Eduardo M. , Reis Marcos A. L.
Published: September 2024

The demand for more efficient and sustainable electrical systems has driven research in the quest for innovative materials that enhance the properties of electrical conductors. This study investigated the influence of copper (Cu) coating and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on aluminum metal substrate through the pulsed electrodeposition technique. Parameters such as the concentration of chemical elements, current, voltage, temperature, time, and electrode spacing were optimized in search of improving the nanocomposite coating. The metallic substrate underwent anodization as surface preparation for coating. Characterization techniques employed included Field Emission Gun—Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM) for analyzing coating morphology, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and Kelvin probe for obtaining surface electrical conductivity values. Homogeneous dispersion of the Cu-MWCNTs film coating was achieved across the entire surface of the aluminum plate, creating a complex morphology. The doping effect was highlighted by changes in the vibrational characteristics of the nanocomposite, which affected the Raman spectrum dispersion bands. An increase in surface electrical conductivity by ≈52.33% compared to the control sample was obtained. Therefore, these results indicate that the improvement in the material’s electrical properties is intrinsically related to the complex morphology achieved with the adopted Cu-MWCNT nanocomposite coating process.
Relationship between Body Adiposity Indices and Reversal of Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity 6 Months after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Authors: Luna Mariana , Pereira Silvia , Saboya Carlos , Ramalho Andrea
Published: September 2024

The factors determining the reversal of metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) to metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are not completely elucidated. The present study aims to evaluate body adiposity and distribution, through different indices, according to metabolic phenotypes before and 6 months after RYGB, and the relationship between these indices and transition from MUO to MHO. This study reports a prospective longitudinal study on adults with obesity who were evaluated before (T0) and 6 months (T1) after RYGB. Bodyweight, height, waist circumference (WC), BMI, waist-to-height ratio (WHR), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR were evaluated. The visceral adiposity index (VAI), the conicity index (CI), the lipid accumulation product (LAP), CUN-BAE and body shape index (ABSI) were calculated. MUO was classified based on insulin resistance. MUO at T0 with transition to MHO at T1 formed the MHO-t group MHO and MUO at both T0 and T1 formed the MHO-m and MUO-m groups, respectively. At T0, 37.3% of the 62 individuals were classified as MHO and 62.7% as MUO. Individuals in the MUO-T0 group had higher blood glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, insulin, TC and LDL-c compared to those in the MHO-T0 group. Both groups showed significant improvement in biochemical and body variables at T1. After RYGB, 89.2% of MUO-T0 became MHO (MHO-t). The MUO-m group presented higher HOMA-IR, insulin and VAI, compared to the MHO-m and MHO-t groups. CI and ABSI at T0 correlated with HOMA-IR at T1 in the MHO-t and MHO-m groups. CI and ABSI, indicators of visceral fat, are promising for predicting post-RYGB metabolic improvement. Additional studies are needed to confirm the sustainability of MUO reversion and its relationship with these indices.
Metabolomic and Physiological Analyses Reveal the Effects of Different Storage Conditions on Sinojackia xylocarpa Hu Seeds
Authors: Cai Hao , Shen Yongbao
Published: September 2024

Backgrounds: Sinojackia xylocarpa Hu is a deciduous tree in the Styracaceae family, and it is classified as a Class II endangered plant in China. Seed storage technology is an effective means of conserving germplasm resources, but the effects of different storage conditions on the quality and associated metabolism of S. xylocarpa seeds remain unclear. This study analyzed the physiological and metabolic characteristics of S. xylocarpa seeds under four storage conditions. Results: Our findings demonstrate that reducing seed moisture content and storage temperature effectively prolongs storage life. Seeds stored under that condition exhibited higher internal nutrient levels, lower endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) hormone levels, and elevated gibberellic acid (GA3) levels. Additionally, 335 metabolites were identified under four different storage conditions. The analysis indicates that S. xylocarpa seeds extend seed longevity and maintain cellular structural stability mainly by regulating the changes in metabolites related to lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate, and carotenoid metabolic pathways under the storage conditions of a low temperature and low seed moisture. Conclusions: These findings provide new insights at the physiological and metabolic levels into how these storage conditions extend seed longevity while also offering effective storage strategies for preserving the germplasm resources of S. xylocarpa.
Comparative Studies of the Measurement Accuracy of Basic Gear Wheel Parameters
Authors: Świerek Agata , Nowakowski Paweł , Marciniak-Podsadna Lidia , Góral Piotr
Published: September 2024

This article presents the results of comparative tests of gear wheels based on the contactless and contact measurement methods. Measurements of gear wheels in accuracy classes containing deviations within the range of measurement capabilities of the GOM ATOS II optical scanner are proposed. Elementary deviations of teeth related to the involute profile were analyzed. In undertaking a non-contact gear measurement using the GOM ATOS II scanner, a new method was developed to extract parameters from the point cloud, which were then used to determine the total deviation of the profile. The results of the measurements obtained using the non-contact method were compared with the results obtained with the contact method using the Wenzel WGT 600 four-axis machine specialized for measuring gear wheels. Measurement uncertainty was also compared. The result of the conducted tests is the comparability of results for gear wheels made in accuracy class 10 according to DIN 3961/62. The proposed non-contact method shows the possibility of using it to measure gear wheels commonly used in agricultural and construction machines. The information obtained from comparing the measurement model and the nominal wheel model provides additional information about surface defects of the part which result from the production and operation process.
Heat Conduction Control Using Deep Q-Learning Approach with Physics-Informed Neural Networks
Authors: Gonçalves Nelson D. , de Sá Rodrigues Jhonny
Published: September 2024

As modern systems become more complex, their control strategy no longer relies only on measurement data from probes; it also requires information from mathematical models for non-measurable places. On the other hand, those mathematical models can lead to unbearable computation times due to their own complexity, making the control process non-viable. To overcome this problem, it is possible to implement any kind of surrogate model that enables the computation of such estimates within an acceptable time frame, which allows for making decisions. Using a Physics-Informed Neural Network as a surrogate model, it is possible to compute the temperature distribution at each time step, replacing the need for running direct numerical simulations. This approach enables the use of a Deep Reinforcement Learning algorithm to train a control strategy. On this work, we considered a one-dimensional heat conduction problem, in which temperature distribution feeds a control system. Such control system has the objective of reacing and maintaining constant temperature value at a specific location of the 1D problem by activating a heat source; the desired location somehow cannot be directly measured so, the PINN approach allows to estimate its temperature with a minimum computational workload. With this approach, the control training becomes much faster without the need of performing numerical simulations or laboratory measurements.
Endophytic Fungi: A Treasure Trove of Antifungal Metabolites
Authors: Saxena Sanjai , Dufossé Laurent , Deshmukh Sunil K. , Chhipa Hemraj , Gupta Manish Kumar
Published: September 2024

Emerging and reemerging fungal infections are very common in nosocomial and non-nosocomial settings in people having poor immunogenic profiles either due to hematopoietic stem cell transplants or are using immunomodulators to treat chronic inflammatory disease or autoimmune disorders, undergoing cancer therapy or suffering from an immune weakening disease like HIV. The refractory behavior of opportunistic fungi has necessitated the discovery of unconventional antifungals. The emergence of black fungus infection during COVID-19 also triggered the antifungal discovery program. Natural products are one of the alternative sources of antifungals. Endophytic fungi reside and co-evolve within their host plants and, therefore, offer a unique bioresource of novel chemical scaffolds with an array of bioactivities. Hence, immense possibilities exist that these unique chemical scaffolds expressed by the endophytic fungi may play a crucial role in overcoming the burgeoning antimicrobial resistance. These chemical scaffolds so expressed by these endophytic fungi comprise an array of chemical classes beginning from cyclic peptides, sesquiterpenoids, phenols, anthraquinones, coumarins, etc. In this study, endophytic fungi reported in the last six years (2018–2023) have been explored to document the antifungal entities they produce. Approximately 244 antifungal metabolites have been documented in this period by different groups of fungi existing as endophytes. Various aspects of these antifungal metabolites, such as antifungal potential and their chemical structures, have been presented. Yet another unique aspect of this review is the exploration of volatile antifungal compounds produced by these endophytic fungi. Further strategies like epigenetic modifications by chemical as well as biological methods and OSMAC to induce the silent gene clusters have also been presented to generate unprecedented bioactive compounds from these endophytic fungi.
The Fate of “Immobile” Ti in Hyaloclastites: An Evidence from Silica–Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks of the Urals Paleozoic Massive Sulfide Deposits
Authors: Ayupova Nuriya R. , Maslennikov Valery V. , Melekestseva Irina Yu. , Artemyev Dmitry A. , Belogub Elena V.
Published: September 2024

The formation of Paleozoic silica–iron-rich sedimentary rocks in the Urals volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits is considered a result of seafloor alteration of hyaloclastites mixed with calcareous/organic or sulfide material. These rocks host various Ti mineral phases pointing to the transformation of precursor metacolloidal TiO2 phases to disordered anatase during seafloor alteration of hyaloclastites, which was later converted to globules and clusters and further to diagenetic rutile. The LA-ICP-MS analysis showed that the Ti content of hyaloclasts partly replaced by finely dispersed Si–Fe aggregates increases to 540–2950 ppm and decreases (<5 ppm) in full Si–Fe pseudomorphs after hyaloclasts. LA-ICP-MS element mapping reveals the enrichment in V, U, Cr, W, Nb, Pb, and Th of the anatase globules and the local accumulation of Zr, Y, and REE on their periphery. Corrosive biogenic textures in the outer zones of some hyaloclasts and biomorphic aggregates in rocks contain anatase particles in assemblage with apatite indicating the biophilic properties of Ti. This work fills the knowledge gaps about Ti mobilization during low-temperature seafloor alteration of hyaloclastites in VHMS deposits.
Shale Oil Generation Conditions and Exploration Prospects of the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in the Changling Depression, Songliao Basin, China
Authors: Zhang Wenjun , Zhang Wenyu , Lin Shumin , Ke Xing , Zhang Min , He Taohua
Published: September 2024

Low-maturity shale oil predominates in shale oil resources. China’s onshore shale oil, particularly the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in the Songliao Basin, holds significant potential for low-maturity shale oil, presenting promising exploration and development prospects. This study delves into the hydrocarbon generation conditions, reservoir characteristics, and oil-bearing property analysis of the mud shale from the Nen-1 and Nen-2 sub-formations of the Nenjiang Formation to pinpoint favorable intervals for shale oil exploration. Through the integration of lithology, pressure, and fracture distribution data in the study area, favorable zones were delineated. The Nen-1 sub-formation is widely distributed in the Changling Depression, with mud shale thickness ranging from 30 to 100 m and a total organic content exceeding 2.0%. Type I kerogen predominated as the source rock, while some samples contained type II kerogen. Organic microcomponents primarily comprised algal bodies, with vitrinite reflectance (Ro) ranging from 0.5% to 0.8%. Compared to Nen-1 shale, Nen-2 shale exhibited less total organic content, kerogen type, and thermal evolution degree, albeit both are conducive to low-maturity shale oil generation. The Nen-1 and Nen-2 sub-formations predominantly consist of clay, quartz, feldspar, calcite, and pyrite minerals, with minor dolomite, siderite, and anhydrite. Hydrocarbons primarily reside in microfractures and micropores, including interlayer micropores, organic matter micropores, intra-cuticle micropores, and intercrystalline microporosity, with interlayer and intra-cuticle micropores being dominant. The free oil content (S1) in Nen-1 shale ranged from 0.01 mg/g to 5.04 mg/g (average: 1.13 mg/g), while in Nen-2 shale, it ranged from 0.01 mg/g to 3.28 mg/g (average: 0.75 mg/g). The Nen-1 and Nen-2 sub-formations are identified as potential intervals for shale oil exploration. Considering total organic content, oil saturation, vitrinite reflectance, and shale formation thickness in the study area, the favorable zone for low-maturity shale oil generation is primarily situated in the Heidimiao Sub-Depression and its vicinity. The Nen-2 shale-oil-enriched zone is concentrated in the northwest part of the Heidimiao Sub-Depression, while the Nen-1 shale-oil-enriched zone lies in the northeast part.
Toward Viable Industrial Solid Residual Waste Recycling: A Review of Its Innovative Applications and Future Perspectives
Authors: Keskin Tugba , Yilmaz Erol , Kasap Tugrul , Sari Muhammet , Cao Shuai
Published: September 2024

Industrial solid residual waste (ISRW) generated during and/or due to the making of energy, heat, and raw materials poses a major threat to a sustainable future due to its large production quantities and complex characteristics. Especially improper disposal of ISRW (e.g., coal ashes, municipal waste residue, and biomass ashes) not only threatens human health but can also cause environmental hazards such as water, soil, and air pollution, upsetting the global balance. Given the environmental impacts as well as increasingly stringent disposal regulations, lack of landfills, and economic constraints, more sustainable and naturally friendly management strategies are being adopted for ISRW. While numerous studies in the literature have considered various characteristics of ISRW, a complete appraisal of the entire practice, from making to disposal, is still lacking. This paper presents an overview of the making, features, and traditional and innovative managing tactics of ISRW within the context of a general legal framework. This paper provides a scientific review of the various production types, global production quantities, and characteristics of ISRW. Additionally, the orthodox management strategies of ISRWs are scrutinized from a sociological and ecological standpoint, and diverse techniques for more viable and secure management are elucidated. This review culminates in an examination of the global impact and advantages of ISRW management policies based on legislation and regulations. Consequently, this paper seeks to elucidate the extant practices and a few recent advancements pertaining to ISRWs. Additionally, it underscores the ecological, sociological, and economic issues engendered by ISRWs and proposes innovative applications and production technologies.
Application of Machine Learning to Characterize Metallogenic Potential Based on Trace Elements of Zircon: A Case Study of the Tethyan Domain
Authors: Guo Jin , He Wen-Yan
Published: September 2024

Amidst the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and information technology, the emergence of big data and machine learning provides a new research paradigm for mineral exploration. Focusing on the Tethyan metallogenic domain, this paper conducted a series of research works based on machine learning methods to explore the critical geochemical element signals that affect the metallogenic potential of porphyry deposits and reveal the metallogenic regularity. Binary classifiers based on random forest, XGBoost, and deep neural network are established to distinguish zircon fertility, and these machine learning methods achieve higher accuracy, exceeding 90%, compared with the traditional geochemical methods. Based on the random forest and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithms, key chemical element characteristics conducive to magmatic mineralization are revealed. In addition, a deposit classification model was constructed, and the t-SNE method was used to visualize the differences in zircon trace element characteristics between porphyry deposits of different mineralization types. The study highlights the promise of machine learning algorithms in metallogenic potential assessment and mineral exploration by comparing them with traditional chemical methods, providing insights into future mineral classification models utilizing sub-mineral geochemical data.
Hydrothermal Karstification of the Pre-Messinian Eonile Canyon: Geomorphological and Geochemical Evidences for Hypogene Speleogenesis in the Middle Nile Valley of Egypt
Authors: Mostafa Ashraf A. , El-Desoky Hatem M. , Saadawi Diaa A. , Abdel-Rahman Ahmed M. , Webb John , Alzahrani Hassan , Alshehri Fahad , Okok Abdurraouf , Khalil Ahmed E. , Marghani Eman A.
Published: September 2024

The surface and subsurface karst features of the Eocene limestone plateaus along the Middle Nile Valley in Egypt were formerly believed to be epigene in origin and to have developed during post-Eocene pluvial periods. However, the morphology of the caves and their restriction to particular stratigraphic intervals suggests that they are hypogene. The geochemistry and mineralogy of the soft, thick-bedded, brown/black cave infills shows that these sediments originated from hydrothermal processes, as evidenced by their Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu concentrations. Thus, the karst features are hypogene and probably formed during the opening of the Red Sea Rift at the end of the Oligocene and early Miocene. At this time, there was abundant volcanic activity, as shown by basalt lavas ~70 km northwest of Assiut; this triggered the release of large amounts of CO2 that made the hydrothermal waters acidic and dissolved the caves.
Characterization of Humic Acid Salts and Their Use for CO2 Reduction
Authors: Spietz Tomasz , Kazankapova Maira , Dobras Szymon , Kassenova Zhanar , Yermagambet Bolat , Khalimon Andrey Y. , Stelmach Sławomir
Published: September 2024

The European Union aims to be climate neutral by 2050. To achieve this ambitious goal, net greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by at least 55% by 2030. Post-combustion CO2 capture methods are essential to reduce CO2 emissions from the chemical industry, power generation, and cement plants. To reduce CO2, it must be captured and then stored underground or converted into other valuable products. Apromising alternative for CO2 reduction is the use of humic acid salts (HASs). This work describes a process for the preparation of potassium (HmK) and ammonium (HmA) humic acid salts from oxidized lignite (leonardite). A detailed characterization of the obtained HASs was conducted, including elemental, granulometric, and thermogravimetric analyses, as well as 1H-NMR and IR spectroscopy. Moreover, the CO2 absorption capacity and absorption rate of HASs were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the absorption capacity of the HASs was up to 10.9 g CO2 per kg. The CO2 absorption rate of 30% HmA solution was found to be similar to that of 30% MEA. Additionally, HmA solution demonstrated better efficiency in CO2 absorption than HmK. One of the issues observed during the CO2 absorption was foaming of the solutions, which was more noticeable with HmK.
Effects of Gossypetin on Glucose Homeostasis in Diet-Induced Pre-Diabetic Rats
Authors: Naidoo Karishma , Khathi Andile
Published: September 2024

Natural flavonoids exert many potential health benefits, including anti-hyperglycaemic effects. However, the effects of gossypetin (GTIN) on glucose homeostasis in pre-diabetes have not yet been investigated. This study examined the effects of GTIN on key markers of glucose homeostasis in a diet-induced pre-diabetic rat model. Pre-diabetes was induced by allowing the animals to feed on a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet supplemented with 15% fructose water for 20 weeks. Following pre-diabetes induction, the pre-diabetic animals were sub-divided into five groups (n = 6), where they were either orally treated with GTIN (15 mg/kg) or metformin (MET) (500 mg/kg), both with and without dietary intervention, over a 12-week period. The results demonstrated that animals in the untreated pre-diabetic (PD) control group exhibited significantly higher fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, as well as elevated plasma insulin concentrations and increased homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) index, relative to the non-pre-diabetic (NPD) group. Similarly, increased caloric intake, body weight and plasma ghrelin levels were observed in the PD control group. Notably, these parameters were significantly reduced in the PD animals receiving GTIN treatment. Additionally, glycogen levels in the liver and skeletal muscle, which were disturbed in the PD control group, showed significant improvement in both GTIN-treated groups. These findings may suggest that GTIN administration, with or without dietary modifications, may offer therapeutic benefits in ameliorating glucose homeostasis disturbances associated with the PD state.
Packing Incubation and Addition of Rot Fungi Extracts Improve BTEX Elimination from Air in Biotrickling Filters
Authors: Rybarczyk Piotr , Cichon Krzysztof , Kucharska Karolina , Dobrzyniewski Dominik , Szulczyński Bartosz , Gębicki Jacek
Published: September 2024

The removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) from air was investigated in two similar biotrickling filters (BTFs) packed with polyurethane (PU) foam, differing in terms of inoculation procedure (BTF A was packed with pre-incubated PU discs, and BTF B was inoculated via the continuous recirculation of a liquid inoculum). The effects of white rot fungi enzyme extract addition and system responses to variable VOC loading, liquid trickling patterns, and pH were studied. Positive effects of both packing incubation and enzyme addition on biotrickling filtration performance were identified. BFF A exhibited a shorter start-up period (approximately 20 days) and lower pressure drop (75 ± 6 mm H2O) than BTF B (30 days; 86 ± 5 mm H2O), indicating the superior effects of packing incubation over inoculum circulation during the biotrickling filter start-up. The novel approach of using white rot fungi extracts resulted in fast system recovery and enhanced process performance after the BTF acidification episode. Average BTEX elimination capacities of 28.8 ± 0.4 g/(m3 h) and 23.1 ± 0.4 g/(m3 h) were reached for BTF A and BTF B, respectively. This study presents new strategies for controlling and improving the abatement of BTEX in biotrickling filters.
The Influence of Quercus alba Geographical Location and Aging Time on the Chemical and Sensory Quality of Tempranillo Wines
Authors: Feng Zhao , Martínez-Lapuente Leticia , Landín Ross-Magahy Mikel , Higueras Manuel , Ayestarán Belén , Guadalupe Zenaida
Published: September 2024

The changes produced during the aging of wines in oak barrels are strongly dependent on the oak’s geographical origin and aging time. This paper analyzes the effect of Quercus alba oak from four different geographical locations in four states in the USA, namely Missouri (Mo), Ohio (Oh), Kentucky (Kt), and Pennsylvania (Py), during 24 months of aging. Oak origin had a higher effect on the wine’s aromatic composition than the polyphenolic one. Mo and Oh barrels enhanced coconut, spicy, and sweet notes for 12 months of aging, while Kt barrels achieved higher extraction of wood-related compounds at longer aging (24 months). Py wines showed the lowest contents of most volatile compounds at both aging times, as well as hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, anthocyanins, flavonols, stilbenes, and ellagitannins, attributed to their higher porosity. At 12 months of aging, Kt wines showed the highest content of ellagitannins, and Mo wines had the highest content of anthocyanins, but Oh wines had the highest concentrations at 24 months. In the sensory analysis, Kt wines were preferred at both aging times. Kt and Mo wines achieved the highest punctuations for the olfactory phase at 12 months of aging and Kt wines kept it after 24 months. These findings are essential for producers to achieve the sensory characteristics of their wines through strategic barrel aging.
Fabrication and Self-Assembly Behavior of BPEF and BBPEF Composite Langmuir–Blodgett Films with Photovoltaic Conversion Properties
Authors: Wang Feifei , Ge Lei , Li Lin , Zhao Tianyue , Jiao Tifeng
Published: September 2024

The LB films prepared through the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique are of significant importance for the fabrication of functional films such as optoelectronic materials and sensors. In this study, 9,9-bis (4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy) phenyl) fluorene (BPEF) and 9,9-bis [3-phenyl-4-(β-hydroxy-ethoxy) phenyl] fluorene (BBPEF) were combined with saffron T (ST), methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes by LB technique to prepare ordered composite films. The nanostructures and morphologies of the composite films were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the films exhibited distinct aggregation morphologies. The UV-VIS absorption spectra showed that the concentration of dye molecules had a significant effect on the spectral characteristics. The contact Angle test shows that the prepared composite films are hydrophobic. The photovoltaic conversion performance of LB composite films was studied by transient photocurrent response experiments. It was found that BPEF/dye and BBPEF/dye composite films exhibited significant responses in photocurrent. In particular, BPEF/RhB and BBPEF/RhB composite films demonstrated excellent photoresponsive performance. This study used LB technology in combination with BPEF and BBPEF to demonstrate enhanced photocurrent and stable performance of LB film, which provided ideas for expanding the application range of materials.
Anterograde Intramedullary Nailing without Bone Grafting for Humeral Shaft Nonunion Associated with Early Exploration of Secondary Radial Nerve Palsy: A Case Report
Authors: Nistor Dan Viorel , Melinte Răzvan Marian , von Mengershausen Romana
Published: September 2024

Background: Humeral shaft fractures are relatively common. Complications associated with this type of fracture and its treatment include nonunion and radial nerve palsy. Plate osteosynthesis with autologous bone grafting is considered the gold standard for treating nonunion. However, bone grafts might not always be necessary in cases of hypertrophic nonunion, and treatment should be tailored to the specific type and characteristics of the nonunion. The treatment of radial nerve palsy is debated, with some favoring expectant management based on the nerve’s ability to regenerate, and others preferring early surgical exploration to prevent possible lasting nerve damage. Methods: We present the case of a 46-year-old male patient with a six-year-old humeral shaft fracture resulting in hypertrophic nonunion. We treated the nonunion with anterograde intramedullary nailing without bone grafting. Postoperatively, the patient developed severe radial nerve palsy. After repeated electrophysiological studies, a decision was made to surgically explore the nerve 10 days after the nonunion surgery. The nerve was subsequently found to be intact and treated with neurolysis. Results: Bony union was shown at six months after nonunion surgery. Four months after the nonunion surgery, the patient started to show clinical signs of nerve recovery, and at 12 months he achieved nearly full clinical recovery of radial nerve function. Conclusions: Anterograde intramedullary nailing without autologous bone grafting may be considered an option for treating hypertrophic nonunion. The management of radial nerve palsy requires effective cooperation and communication between patient and physician. Further research is necessary to be able to better predict nerve recovery.
The Role of Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 5 (Sfrp5) in Overweight and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Koutaki Diamanto , Paltoglou George , Manou Maria , Vourdoumpa Aikaterini , Ramouzi Eleni , Tzounakou Anastasia-Maria , Michos Athanasios , Bacopoulou Flora , Mantzou Emilia , Zoumakis Emmanouil , Papadopoulou Marina , Kassari Penio , Charmandari Evangelia
Published: September 2024

Background/Objective: Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Sfrp5) is an anti-inflammatory adipokine that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and its metabolic complications. Despite the fact that numerous studies have been carried out in adults, limited data on Sfrp5 exist for youth, especially in relation to overweight and obesity. Methods: In our study, we assessed the concentrations of Sfrp5, total oxidative (TOS) and antioxidative (TAS) status, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and several cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α) in 120 children and adolescents (mean age ± SE: 11.48 ± 0.25 years; 48 prepubertal, 72 pubertal; 74 males and 46 females) before and 1 year after the implementation of a personalized, structured, lifestyle intervention program of healthy diet, sleep, and physical exercise. Results: Based on the body mass index (BMI), participants were categorized as having morbid obesity (n = 63, 52.5%), obesity (n = 21, 17.5%), overweight (n = 22, 18.33%), or normal BMIs (n = 14, 11.67%), based on the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points. Following the 1-year lifestyle intervention program, a significant improvement in anthropometric measurements (BMI, BMI-z score, diastolic blood pressure, WHR, and WHtR), body-composition parameters, hepatic enzymes, lipid profile, inflammation markers, and the insulin-sensitivity profile (HbA1C, HOMA index) was observed in all subjects. Sfrp5 decreased in subjects with obesity (p < 0.01); however, it increased significantly (p < 0.05) in patients with morbid obesity. Linear regression analysis indicates that TNF-α and systolic blood pressure were the best positive predictors and hs-CRP was the best negative predictor for Sfpr5 concentration at initial assessment and glucose concentration for ΔSfrp5, while TNF-α and TAS were the best positive predictors for Sfpr5 concentration at annual assessment. Conclusions: These results indicate that Sfrp5 is associated with severe obesity and is increased following weight loss in children and adolescents with morbid obesity. It is also related to metabolic homeostasis, as well as inflammation and oxidative status.
The Impact of Diet on Body Composition in a Cohort of Pediatric and Adult Patients with Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Authors: Pretese Roberta , Bonfanti Cristina , Faraguna Martha Caterina , Fantasia Marialetizia , Crescitelli Viola , Barzaghi Silvia , Botti Mara , Mezzanotti Giulia , Gasperini Serena
Published: September 2024

The treatment for Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) consists of a hypoproteic diet with integration therapy to limit leucine intake, ensuring adequate energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients to prevent catabolism and promote anabolism. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study at the Metabolic Rare Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy. Patients with MSUD who were over 3 years old, not treated with liver transplantation, and who provided written consent, were included. The study aimed to describe the dietary treatment of patients with MSUD, evaluate growth data, and analyze the effect of a low-protein and semi-synthetic diet on body composition. Data on height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, food intake, physical activity, and DEXA scans were collected. Thirteen subjects (11 classic MSUD, 2 intermediate MSUD) were included, of which 5 < 18 years old. Results indicated that patients with MSUD follow a balanced diet and have body compositions like healthy subjects in terms of fat and lean mass. A high incidence of osteopenia was observed from a young age, with a positive correlation between protein intake and lean mass and a negative correlation between BCAA-free mixture consumption and bone mineral density z-score. The study highlights the positive effects and potential consequences of the semi-synthetic diet on the body composition of patients with MSUD. A similar study involving all Italian metabolic centers treating MSUD is recommended.
Plant miR6262 Modulates the Expression of Metabolic and Thermogenic Genes in Human Hepatocytes and Adipocytes
Authors: Díez-Sainz Ester , Milagro Fermín I. , Aranaz Paula , Riezu-Boj José I. , Lorente-Cebrián Silvia
Published: September 2024

Background: Edible plants have been linked to the mitigation of metabolic disturbances in liver and adipose tissue, including the decrease of lipogenesis and the enhancement of lipolysis and adipocyte browning. In this context, plant microRNAs could be key bioactive molecules underlying the cross-kingdom beneficial effects of plants. This study sought to explore the impact of plant-derived microRNAs on the modulation of adipocyte and hepatocyte genes involved in metabolism and thermogenesis. Methods: Plant miR6262 was selected as a candidate from miRBase for the predicted effect on the regulation of human metabolic genes. Functional validation was conducted after transfection with plant miRNA mimics in HepG2 hepatocytes exposed to free fatty acids to mimic liver steatosis and hMADs cells differentiated into brown-like adipocytes. Results: miR6262 decreases the expression of the predicted target RXRA in the fatty acids-treated hepatocytes and in brown-like adipocytes and affects the expression profile of critical genes involved in metabolism and thermogenesis, including PPARA, G6PC, SREBF1 (hepatocytes) and CIDEA, CPT1M and PLIN1 (adipocytes). Nevertheless, plant miR6262 mimic transfections did not decrease hepatocyte lipid accumulation or stimulate adipocyte browning. Conclusions: these findings suggest that plant miR6262 could have a cross-kingdom regulation relevance through the modulation of human genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and thermogenesis in adipocytes and hepatocytes.
Inadequate Intake of Choline and Essential Fatty Acids in Latin American Childbearing-Age Women as a Regional Pre-Conceptional Disadvantage: ELANS Results
Authors: Herrera-Cuenca Marianella , Yépez García Martha Cecilia , Cortés Sanabria Lilia Yadira , Hernández Pablo , Ramírez Guillermo , Vásquez Maura , Sifontes Yaritza , Gómez Georgina , Liria-Domínguez María Reyna , Rigotti Attilio , Fisberg Mauro , Kovalkys Irina , Landaeta-Jiménez Maritza
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Choline and essential fatty acids (EFA) are vital for fetal brain development, supporting pregnancy, and maintaining hormonal balance. They also promote overall health. The childbearing years present a window of opportunity to increase the intake of these key nutrients and develop healthy dietary habits. The aims of this study were to evaluate the intake of choline and EFA in women of childbearing age (15–49 years old), identify their food sources and determine if supplements containing choline and EFA were available across the Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS) countries. Methods: Survey data were collected for the ELANS, including participants from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela (n = 9218; 15–65 years old). Women of childbearing age were extracted from the largest database (n = 3704). Results: In general, choline intake was inadequate in all countries, while EFA intake was normal or above requirements. Chile had the lowest intake of choline, and Colombia had the highest. The results showed that some countries had more inadequate choline intake than others. Consuming a larger quantity of eggs helped reduce choline inadequacy, as did including eggs and fish in the diet. The intake of EFA, including ALA, EPA, and DHA, showed variability. The contributions of EPA and DHA were lower than that of ALA, and the results differed by age group. Conclusions: choline intake is inadequate, and EFA intake is variable among women of childbearing age in the ELANS study. More awareness and education are needed to achieve better intake of these nutrients.
Effects of Caffeinated Chewing Gum on Ice Hockey Performance after Jet Lag Intervention: Double-Blind Crossover Trial
Authors: Tsai Ming-Tsang , Shiu Yi-Jie , Ho Chien-Chang , Chen Che-Hsiu , Chiu Chih-Hui
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of caffeinated chewing gum on the physical performance of elite ice hockey players after a jet lag intervention. Fourteen national-level (age: 25.2 ± 5.4; height: 176.5 ± 5.3; weight: 78.1 ± 13.4) ice hockey players were tested late at night after a full day awake schedule with jet lag. A randomised, double-blind experimental design was employed in which participants either chewed caffeinated gum (CAF) containing 3 mg/kg caffeine or a caffeine-free placebo gum (PLA) for 10 min prior to undertaking a series of on-ice and off-ice tests. The off-ice tests included grip force, the counter-movement jump (CMJ), and the squat jump (SJ). The on-ice tests included a 35 m sprint, the S-Shape agility test, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo IR1 test). The CMJ height (CAF: 47.2 ± 4.4; PL: 45.9 ± 3.5; p = 0.035; Cohen’s d = 0.32) and SJ height (CAF: 46.7 ± 4.1; PL: 44.9 ± 3.8; p = 0.047; Cohen’s d = 0.44) were found to be significantly higher in the CAF than in the PL trial. However, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in grip force, as well as in the 35 m sprint, the S-Shape agility test, and the Yo-Yo IR1 test. The present study found that, following a jet lag intervention, although the consumption of caffeinated gum resulted in an increase in vertical jump height, it had no impact on performance in the ice tests. The results of this study may help coaches and athletes consider the need for caffeine supplementation when experiencing jet lag.
Electron Screening in Laboratory Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Vesić Jelena
Published: September 2024

A thorough understanding of nuclear reaction rates at low energies is essential for improving our understanding of energy generation in stars and primordial and stellar nucleosynthesis. At low energies, fusion reactions between charged particles are strongly suppressed by the presence of the Coulomb barrier, which classically inhibits the penetration of one nucleus into another. The barrier penetration causes the cross section to have a steep energy dependence at low energies, making cross section measurements very challenging. Furthermore, little is known about the impact of surrounding electrons in stellar plasmas that are currently beyond the reach of experiments. As a result, measuring the bare cross sections as accurately as possible is essential. Reaction rate measurements at very low energies have been made possible in recent years by the development of high-current low-energy accelerators as well as enhanced target and detection methods. Nevertheless, the presence of atomic electrons, which alter the Coulomb barrier by screening the nuclear charge and increase the cross section at low energies compared to the case of bare nuclei, complicates these observations. A review of the experimental and corresponding theoretical work on laboratory electron screening performed so far will be presented.
In Vitro Study of Cyano-Phycocyanin Release from Hydrogels and Ex Vivo Study of Skin Penetration
Authors: Galinytė Daiva , Bernatoniene Jurga , Žilius Modestas , Rysevaitė-Kyguolienė Kristina , Savickas Arūnas , Karosienė Jūratė , Briedis Vitalis , Pauža Dainius Haroldas , Savickienė Nijolė
Published: September 2024

Background: This study explored the most suitable materials for incorporating cyano-phycocyanin (C-PC) into hydrogels, focusing on maintaining the C-PC’s long-term structural integrity and stabilityNext, the release of C-PC from the hydrogels and its skin penetration were investigated. Methods: A series of 1% (w/w) C-PC hydrogels was prepared using various gelling agents and preservatives. Spectrophotometric measurements compared the amount of C-PC in the hydrogels to the initially added amount. After selecting the most suitable gelling agent and preservative, two C-PC hydrogels, with and without propylene glycol (PG) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), were produced for further testing. In vitro release studies utilized modified Franz-type diffusion cells, while ex vivo skin-permeation studies employed Bronaugh-type cells and human skin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analyzed C-PC accumulation in the skin. Results: The findings demonstrated that sodium alginate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and SoligelTM (Givaudan, Vernier, Switzerland) are effective biopolymers for formulating hydrogels while maintaining C-PC stability. After 6 h, C-PC release from the hydrogel containing PG was approximately 10% or 728.07 (±19.35) μg/cm2, significantly higher than the nearly 7% or 531.44 (±26.81) μg/cm2 release from the hydrogel without PG (p < 0.05). The ex vivo qualitative skin-permeation study indicated that PG enhances C-PC penetration into the outermost skin layer. Conclusion: PG’s ability to enhance the release of C-PC from the hydrogel, coupled with its capacity to modify the skin barrier ex vivo, facilitates the penetration of C-PC into the stratum corneum.