bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The connectome of the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx
Authors: Cook Steven J. , Crouse Charles M. , Yemini Eviatar , Hall David H. , Emmons Scott W. , Hobert Oliver
Published: April 2020

Detailed anatomical maps of individual organs and entire animals have served as invaluable entry points for ensuing dissection of their evolution, development, and function. The pharynx of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple neuromuscular organ with a self‐contained, autonomously acting nervous system, composed of 20 neurons that fall into 14 anatomically distinct types. Using serial electron micrograph (EM) reconstruction, we re‐evaluate here the connectome of the pharyngeal nervous system, providing a novel and more detailed view of its structure and predicted function. Contrasting the previous classification of pharyngeal neurons into distinct inter‐ and motor neuron classes, we provide evidence that most pharyngeal neurons are also likely sensory neurons and most, if not all, pharyngeal neurons also classify as motor neurons. Together with the extensive cross‐connectivity among pharyngeal neurons, which is more widespread than previously realized, the sensory‐motor characteristics of most neurons define a shallow network architecture of the pharyngeal connectome. Network analysis reveals that the patterns of neuronal connections are organized into putative computational modules that reflect the known functional domains of the pharynx. Compared with the somatic nervous system, pharyngeal neurons both physically associate with a larger fraction of their neighbors and create synapses with a greater proportion of their neighbors. We speculate that the overall architecture of the pharyngeal nervous system may be reminiscent of the architecture of ancestral, primitive nervous systems.
The Effect of Number of Arms on the Aggregation Behavior of Thermoresponsive Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Star Polymers
Authors: Zhu Kaizheng , Pamies Ramón , Al‐Manasir Nodar , Ginés Hernández Cifre José , García de la Torre José , Nyström Bo , Kjøniksen Anna‐Lena
Published: April 2020

The thermoresponsive nature of aqueous solutions of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) star polymers containing 2, 3, 4, and 6 arms has been investigated by turbidity, dynamic light scattering, rheology, and rheo‐SALS. Simulations of the thermosensitive nature of the single star polymers have also been conducted. Some of the samples form aggregates even at temperatures significantly below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAAM. Increasing concentration and number of arms promotes associations at low temperatures. When the temperature is raised, there is a competition between size increase due to enhanced aggregation and a size reduction caused by contraction. Monte Carlo simulations show that the single stars contract with increasing temperature, and that this contraction is more pronounced when the number of arms is increased. Some samples exhibit a minimum in the turbidity data after the initial increase at the cloud point. The combined rheology and rheo‐SALS data suggest that this is due to a fragmentation of the aggregates followed by re‐aggregation at even higher temperatures. Although the 6‐arm star polymer aggregates more than the other stars at low temperatures, the more compact structure renders it less prone to aggregation at temperatures above the cloud point.
Crypto‐economy and new sustainable business models: Reflections and projections using a case study analysis
Authors: Massaro Maurizio , Dal Mas Francesca , Chiappetta Jabbour Charbel Jose , Bagnoli Carlo
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this article is to shed light on how the blockchain technology can lead to the creation of new sustainable business models (SBMs). The literature highlights the need to merge the sustainability perspective into business models, creating new SBMs. Using a case study methodology, the paper investigates how the blockchain can foster the creation of SBMs, thus exploring the following Research Question (RQ): How can blockchain facilitate the development of new SBM? The case represents an example of an SBM merging more theoretical definitions. The unique features of the blockchain foster inclusivity even in traditional sectors, allowing widespread distribution of the benefits for the community with a long‐term orientation. Consequently, our study provides systematized evidence of how the blockchain can foster financial and social sustainability. This manuscript adds to the state‐of‐the‐art literature on the application of emerging technologies to organizational sustainability by shedding light on real business case evidence.
A comparative plastomics approach reveals available molecular markers for the phylogeographic study of Dendrobium huoshanense, an endangered orchid with extremely small populations
Authors: Niu Zhitao , Hou Zhenyu , Wang Mengting , Ye Meirong , Zhang Benhou , Xue Qingyun , Liu Wei , Ding Xiaoyu
Published: April 2020

Comparative plastomics approaches have been used to identify available molecular markers for different taxonomic level studies of orchid species. However, the adoption of such methods has been largely limited in phylogeographic studies. Therefore, in this study, Dendrobium huoshanense, an endangered species with extremely small populations, was used as a model system to test whether the comparative plastomic approaches could screen available molecular markers for the phylogeographic study. We sequenced two more plastomes of D. huoshanense and compared them with our previously published one. A total of 27 mutational hotspot regions and six polymorphic cpSSRs have been screened for the phylogeographic studies of D. huoshanense. The cpDNA haplotype data revealed that the existence of haplotype distribution center was located in Dabieshan Mts. (Huoshan). The genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses showed that the populations of D. huoshanense have been isolated and evolved independently for long period. On the contrary, based on cpSSR data, the genetic structure analysis revealed a mixed structure among the populations in Anhui and Jiangxi province, which suggested that the hybridization or introgression events have occurred among the populations of D. huoshanense. These results indicated that human activities have played key roles in shaping the genetic diversity and distributional patterns of D. huoshanense. According to our results, both two markers showed a high resolution for the phylogeographic studies of D. huoshanense. Therefore, we put forth that comparative plastomic approaches could revealed available molecular markers for phylogeographic study, especially for the species with extremely small populations.
Complex interactions between bacteria and haemosporidia in coinfected hosts: An experiment
Authors: Reinoso‐Pérez María Teresa , Dhondt Keila V. , Sydenstricker Agnes V. , Heylen Dieter , Dhondt André A.
Published: April 2020

Hosts are typically coinfected by multiple parasite species whose interactions might be synergetic or antagonistic, producing unpredictable physiological and pathological impacts on the host. This study shows the interaction between Plasmodium spp. and Leucocytozoon spp. in birds experimentally infected or not infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

In 1994, the bacterium Mycoplasma gallisepticum jumped from poultry to wild birds in which it caused a major epidemic in North America. Birds infected with M. gallisepticum show conjunctivitis as well as increased levels of corticosterone.

Malaria and other haemosporidia are widespread in birds, and chronic infections become apparent with the detectable presence of the parasite in peripheral blood in response to elevated levels of natural or experimental corticosterone levels.

Knowing the immunosuppressive effect of corticosterone on the avian immune system, we tested the hypothesis that chronic infections of Plasmodium spp. and Leucocytozoon spp. in house finches would respond to experimental inoculation with M. gallisepticum as corticosterone levels are known to increase following inoculation.

Plasmodium spp. infection intensity increased within days of M. gallisepticum inoculation as shown both by the appearance of infected erythrocytes and by the increase in the number and the intensity of positive PCR tests.

Leucocytozoon spp. infection intensity increased when Plasmodium spp. infection intensity increased, but not in response to M. gallisepticum inoculation. Leucocytozoon spp. and Plasmodium spp. seemed to compete in the host as shown by a negative correlation between the changes in their PCR score when both pathogens were present in the same individual.

Host responses to coinfection with multiple pathogens measured by the hematocrit and white blood cell count depended on the haemosporidian community composition. Host investment in the leukocyte response was higher in the single‐haemosporidia‐infected groups when birds were infected with M. gallisepticum.

A trade‐off was observed between the immune control of the chronic infection (Plasmodium spp./Leucocytozoon spp.) and the immune response to the novel bacterial infection (M. gallisepticum).
Considering multiple anthropogenic threats in the context of natural variability: Ecological processes in a regulated riverine ecosystem
Authors: Sinnatamby R. Niloshini , Mayer Bernhard , Kruk Mary K. , Rood Stewart B. , Farineau Anne , Post John R.
Published: April 2020

Rivers are among the most altered environments globally, but identifying which threats are responsible for observed biotic and abiotic changes is complicated by natural drivers of variation. The Bow River, Canada provides an ideal model to resolve these influences and explore spatial relationships. It originates from pristine Rocky Mountain headwaters and is subsequently impacted by typical human alterations: damming, municipal channelization and effluent release, and agricultural impacts (nutrient enrichment and water withdrawal for irrigation). By coordinating studies of the Bow River's biota, we demonstrate how threat–driver interactions depend on season and the abiotic factor and biotic community or species of interest. We conclude that impact severity and riverine recovery depend on the threat magnitude, its longitudinal position and proximity to other threats and natural drivers. We found that river regulation, water extraction and bank armouring interact to limit geomorphic processes resulting in depleted riparian woodlands and numbers of fish species, though a large, undammed tributary nearby allows quick recovery downstream. We highlight the implications of the longitudinal position of the threats because cold‐water fish species are disproportionately impacted through the area where the human impacts on the Bow River overlap. We illustrate how the interactions between flow, nutrients and temperature lead to macrophyte‐ or algae‐dominated communities and associated shifts in fish composition and biomass. Finally, we applied our increased understanding of ecological riverine processes to conclude that management techniques such as flushing flows or functional environmental flows are likely to have only minimal or conditional success in the Bow River.
The heart failure specialists of tomorrow: a network for young cardiovascular scientists and clinicians
Authors: Anker Markus S. , Bouleti Claire , Christodoulides Theodoros , Durante Angela , Gara Edit , Hadzibegovic Sara , Keramida Kalliopi , Lena Alessia , Massouh Angela , Milinkovic Ivan , Nägele Matthias P. , Nossikoff Alexander , Plácido Rui , Radovits Tamás , Tolppanen Heli , Vergaro Giuseppe , Wallner Markus , Welch Sophie , Lopatin Yuri , Lainscak Mitja , Mebazaa Alexandre , Coats Andrew J.S. , Seferović Petar M. , Jankowska Ewa A. ,   for the Heart Failure Association Committee on Heart Failure Specialists of Tomorrow of the European Society of Cardiology
Published: April 2020

The “Heart failure specialists of Tomorrow” (HoT) group gathers young researchers, physicians, basic scientists, nurses and many other professions under the auspices of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. After its foundation in 2014, it has quickly grown to a large group of currently 925 members. Membership in this growing community offers many advantages during, before, and after the ‘Heart Failure and World Congress on Acute Heart Failure’. These include: eligibility to receive travel grants, participation in moderated poster sessions and young researcher and clinical case sessions, the HoT walk, the career café, access to the networking opportunities, and interaction with a large and cohesive international community that constantly seeks multinational collaborations.
Modular Synthesis and Structure–Property Correlation of Pyrene – Rylene Dyes for Cellular Imaging
Authors: Türel Tankut , Mahadevan Gomathi , Valiyaveettil Suresh
Published: April 2020

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with extended conjugation and broad absorption properties are interesting due to their easy accessibility, response to external stimuli and high stability. Herein, we report synthesis and full characterization of four compounds having multiple photoactive units in conjugation with a central pyrene group. The compound 2 with extended conjugation showed high fluorescence intensity in the solid state. Since the target molecules are non‐toxic and highly fluorescent, water dispersible nanoparticles were prepared from these molecules and explored for cellular imaging.
Introducing Chirality at Phosphorus Atoms: An Update on the Recent Synthetic Strategies for the Preparation of Optically Pure P‐Stereogenic Molecules
Authors: Lemouzy Sébastien , Giordano Laurent , Hérault Damien , Buono Gérard
Published: April 2020

The synthesis of phosphorus molecules presenting a chiral center on the P‐atom, also known as P‐stereogenic compounds, has long attracted the curiosity of the scientific community. Indeed, these chemical compounds feature many peculiar properties, allowing their use in various fields of applications, ranging from medicine to enantioselective catalysis. However, their synthesis, and more particularly the introduction and retention of the chiral information on the phosphorus center, remains a very challenging task. That is why this review article focuses on the recent advances in the enantioselective synthesis of P‐stereogenic molecules, with a particular focus on the introduction of the chiral center on the phosphorus atom. This article summarizes the main synthetic approaches directed towards the enantioselective synthesis of such chemical entities with a historical perspective. Thus, approaches based on the use of chiral auxiliaries attached to the phosphorus atom and the use of chiral stoichiometric reagents will be discussed first, as they were historically the first to be developed. Then, the recent discoveries in the catalytic and enantioselective synthesis and the direct optical resolution of P‐chiral compounds will be discussed.
An internet of things malware classification method based on mixture of experts neural network
Authors: Wang Fangwei , Yang Shaojie , Li Qingru , Wang Changguan
Published: April 2020

With the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT) technology, IoT devices have brought great convenience to agriculture, industry, and our daily lives. However, there exist numerous vulnerabilities and lack of efficient protective measures in IoT, thus its devices can be easily infected by malware. It is of great importance to improve the accuracy of malware classification for detecting and preventing the IoT malware. In this article, we adopt the mixture of experts (MoE) neural network to analyze and classify the family of the IoT malware. A classification framework is proposed based on the MoE neural network which utilizes the multitask learning approach and is designed to train multiple neural networks, each of which is responsible for a set of data and tasks. The proposed framework contains three neural networks which are designed to analyze and classify the malware and benignware samples. Especially, an improved hierarchical softmax algorithm based on the MoE neural network is used to distinguish the malware from benignware and get its exact classification. Experiment results show that the presented MoE neural network model can effectively distinguish the malware and benignware. Besides, the MoE neural network is also effective for malware family classification. The comparison of experiment results with other literatures shows that the proposed classification method has better performance.
Derivation of multidimensional stochastic Cramer‐Rao bound for mixture of noncoherent and coherent near/far field signals
Authors: Molaei Amir Masoud , Hoseinzade Masoud
Published: April 2020

The existing Cramer‐Rao bound (CRB) expressions in the literature are not applicable to the problem of localization of mixed near‐field (NF) and far‐field (FF) sources, including noncoherent and coherent signals, using two‐dimensional arrays. Given the unique properties of circular arrays, in this article, the mathematical model of received signals in multipath environments, including a mixture of noncoherent and coherent NF/FF signals, is introduced. Then, the stochastic CRBs associated with the above problem are derived. The compact closed‐form expression of CRB extracted in this article can be used for the algorithms under the above scenario as a benchmark to evaluate the estimation accuracy of azimuth DOA, elevation DOA, and range parameters as well as fading coefficient parameter. The simulation results show that the CRBs of the azimuth DOAs, elevation DOAs, ranges, and FCs decrease, on average, at a rate of approximately O(M−1.9), O(M−1.9), O(M−1.2), and O(M−1.8) as M (number of sensors) goes to infinity, respectively, where O is the notation of the asymptotic growth
rate.
A fast and powerful eQTL weighted method to detect genes associated with complex trait using GWAS summary data
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Xie Sicong , Gonzales Samantha , Liu Jianguo , Wang Xuexia
Published: April 2020

Although genomewide association studies (GWASs) have identified many genetic variants underlying complex traits, a large fraction of heritability still remains unexplained. Integrative analysis that incorporates additional information, such as expression quantitativetrait locus (eQTL) data into sequencing studies (denoted as transcriptomewide association study [TWAS]), can aid the discovery of trait‐associated genetic variants. However, general TWAS methods only incorporate one eQTL‐derived weight (e.g., cis‐effect), and thus can suffer a substantial loss of power when the single estimated cis‐effect is not predictive for the effect size of a genetic variant or when there are estimation errors in the estimated cis‐effect, or if the data are not consistent with the model assumption. In this study, we propose an omnibus test (OT) which utilizes a Cauchy association test to integrate association evidence demonstrated by three different traditional tests (burden test, quadratic test, and adaptive test) using GWAS summary data with multiple eQTL‐derived weights. The p value of the proposed test can be calculated analytically, and thus it is fast and efficient. We applied our proposed test to two schizophrenia (SCZ) GWAS summary data sets and two lipids trait (HDL) GWAS summary data sets. Compared with the three traditional tests, our proposed OT can identify more trait‐associated genes.
Differences between autogenic and allogenic expressions of the Glossifungites Ichnofacies in estuarine and shoreface deposits from the Permian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil
Authors: Villegas‐Martín Jorge , Netto Renata Guimarães , Kern Henrique Parisi
Published: April 2020

The Glossifungites Ichnofacies is a substrate‐controlled ichnofacies that occurs in omission surfaces and has been used in the identification and interpretation of stratigraphic discontinuities. The Early Permian Rio Bonito–Palermo sedimentary succession from the Paraná Basin (southern Brazil) offers an opportunity to discuss the genesis of the omission surfaces demarked by the occurrence of Glossifungites suites. These suites are composed of sharp, unlined burrows with irregular boundaries and passive infill by generally medium‐ to coarse‐grained sandstones. Thalassinoides is the dominant component in the Glossifungites suites in the studied deposits, with local occurrences of Diplocraterion, Gyrolithes, and Skolithos. Based on the ichnological signatures of the distinct Glossifungites suites observed in these deposits and the characteristics of the facies in which they occur, the associated discontinuity surfaces were interpreted as autogenic or allogenic. The morphological distinction between allogenic and autogenic expressions of the Glossifungites Ichnofacies is observed. Glossifungites suites demarking autogenic surfaces are associated with dewatered muddy substrates from the estuarine settings. Glossifungites suites demarking allogenic surfaces are characterized by large vertical burrows and occur in association with a sequence boundary and coplanar surfaces registered in lower shoreface settings.
Grab‐AD: Generalizability and reproducibility of altered brain activity and diagnostic classification in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Jin Dan , Wang Pan , Zalesky Andrew , Liu Bing , Song Chengyuan , Wang Dawei , Xu Kaibin , Yang Hongwei , Zhang Zengqiang , Yao Hongxiang , Zhou Bo , Han Tong , Zuo Nianming , Han Ying , Lu Jie , Wang Qing , Yu Chunshui , Zhang Xinqing , Zhang Xi , Jiang Tianzi , Zhou Yuying , Liu Yong
Published: May 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with disruptions in brain activity and networks. However, there is substantial inconsistency among studies that have investigated functional brain alterations in AD; such contradictions have hindered efforts to elucidate the core disease mechanisms. In this study, we aim to comprehensively characterize AD‐associated functional brain alterations using one of the world's largest resting‐state functional MRI (fMRI) biobank for the disorder. The biobank includes fMRI data from six neuroimaging centers, with a total of 252 AD patients, 221 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and 215 healthy comparison individuals. Meta‐analytic techniques were used to unveil reliable differences in brain function among the three groups. Relative to the healthy comparison group, AD was associated with significantly reduced functional connectivity and local activity in the default‐mode network, basal ganglia and cingulate gyrus, along with increased connectivity or local activity in the prefrontal lobe and hippocampus (p < .05, Bonferroni corrected). Moreover, these functional alterations were significantly correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment (AD and MCI groups) and amyloid‐β burden. Machine learning models were trained to recognize key fMRI features to predict individual diagnostic status and clinical score. Leave‐one‐site‐out cross‐validation established that diagnostic status (mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.85) and clinical score (mean correlation coefficient between predicted and actual Mini‐Mental State Examination scores: 0.56, p < .0001) could be predicted with high accuracy. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential for a reproducible and generalizable functional brain imaging biomarker to aid the early diagnosis of AD and track its progression.
COVID‐19: Nasal and oropharyngeal swab
Authors: Petruzzi Gerardo , De Virgilio Armando , Pichi Barbara , Mazzola Francesco , Zocchi Jacopo , Mercante Giuseppe , Spriano Giuseppe , Pellini Raul
Published: April 2020

Performing a proper nasal and oropharyngeal swab procedure is essential in the screening of COVID‐19 infection. The video illustration of nasal and oropharyngeal swab is presented (Video S1). To correctly perform the nasopharyngeal swab, the patient must be seated comfortably with the back of their head against the headrest. The swab is inserted in the nose horizontally, along an imaginary line between the nostril and the ear. Oropharyngeal sampling is easier to perform. The swab is directed toward the rear wall of the oropharynx and it is rotated a few times before removal. After taking the sample, it is necessary to insert both swabs in the same tube, breaking the rod with one swift and controlled movement. Finally, carefully reset the cap. It appears to be extremely important to properly collect nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs in order to minimize the false negative rate among COVID‐19 positive patients.
Characterization of hepatitis B virus infection and viral DNA integration in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Li Mengge , Shen Yuling , Chen Yiming , Gao Haifeng , Zhou Jiaqin , Wang Qing , Fan Chunsun , Zhang Wei , Li Jin , Cong Hui , Gu Jinyang , Gan Yu , Tu Hong
Published: April 2020

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been reported to be associated with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, the evidence is limited to the seroepidemiological study. There is a lack of evidence showing the HBV infection and integration in NHL cells. Here, we reported that in the Shanghai area, the positive rates of serum HBsAg (OR: 3.11; 95% CI: 2.20‐4.41) and HBeAg (OR: 3.99; 95% CI: 1.73‐9.91) were significantly higher in patients with NHL. HBsAg, HBcAg and HBV DNA were detected in 34.4%, 45.2% and 47.0% of the NHL tissues, respectively. Furthermore, by using a high‐throughput viral integration detection approach (HIVID), integrated HBV DNA was identified from 50% (6/12) HBV‐related NHL tissues. There were a total of 313 HBV integration sites isolated from the NHL tissues, among which four protein‐coding genes (FAT2, SETX, ITGA10 and CD63) were interrupted by HBV DNA in their exons. Seven HBV preferential target genes (ANKS1B, HDAC4, EGFLAM, MAN1C1, XKR6, ZBTB38 and CCDC91) showed significantly altered expression levels in NHL, suggesting a potential role of these genes in NHL development. Taken together, HBV integration is a common phenomenon in NHL. This finding opens up a new direction of research into the mechanistic link between HBV infection and NHL.
Crypt residing bacteria and proximal colonic carcinogenesis in a mouse model of Lynch syndrome
Authors: Lang Michaela , Baumgartner Maximilian , Rożalska Aleksandra , Frick Adrian , Riva Alessandra , Jarek Michael , Berry David , Gasche Christoph
Published: April 2020

Colorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease involving inherited DNA mutations, environmental factors, gut inflammation and intestinal microbiota. Certain germline mutations within the DNA mismatch repair system are associated with Lynch syndrome tumors including right‐sided colorectal cancer with mucinous phenotype and presence of an inflammatory infiltrate. Such tumors are more often associated with bacterial biofilms, which may contribute to disease onset and progression. Inflammatory bowel diseases are also associated with colorectal cancer and intestinal dysbiosis. Herein we addressed the question, whether inflammation can aggravate colorectal cancer development under mismatch repair deficiency. MSH2loxP/loxP Vill‐cre mice were crossed into the IL‐10−/− background to study the importance of inflammation and mucosal bacteria as a driver of tumorigenesis in a Lynch syndrome mouse model. An increase in large bowel tumorigenesis was found in double knockout mice both under conventional housing and under specific pathogen‐free conditions. This increase was mostly due to the development of proximal tumors, a hotspot for tumorigenesis in Lynch syndrome, and was associated with a higher degree of inflammation. Additionally, bacterial invasion into the mucus of tumor crypts was observed in the proximal tumors. Inflammation shifted fecal and mucosal microbiota composition and was associated with enrichment in Escherichia‐Shigella as well as Akkermansia, Bacteroides and Parabacteroides genera in fecal samples. Tumor‐bearing double knockout mice showed a similar enrichment for Escherichia‐Shigella and Parabacteroides. Lactobacilli, Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae family members were depleted upon inflammation. In summary, chronic inflammation aggravates colonic tumorigenesis under mismatch repair deficiency and is associated with a shift in microbiota composition.
Genetic polymorphisms in the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori and risk of stomach cancer and high‐grade premalignant gastric lesions
Authors: Canzian Federico , Rizzato Cosmeri , Obazee Ofure , Stein Angelika , Flores‐Luna Lourdes , Camorlinga‐Ponce Margarita , Mendez‐Tenorio Alfonso , Vivas Jorge , Trujillo Esperanza , Jang Hyejong , Chen Wei , Kasamatsu Elena , Bravo Maria Mercedes , Torres Javier , Muñoz Nubia , Kato Ikuko
Published: May 2020

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infects the stomach of about half of the human population and is strongly associated with the risk of gastric cancer (GC) and its premalignant precursors. The cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) is a region of the Hp genome encoding for key molecular machinery involved in the infection process. Following a sequencing study, we selected 50 genetic polymorphisms located in seven cagPAI genes and tested their associations with the risk of advanced gastric premalignant lesions and GC in 1220 subjects from various Latin American populations showing the whole spectrum of phenotypes from gastritis to GC. We found that three polymorphisms of cagA are associated with the risk of advanced gastric premalignant lesions (incomplete intestinal metaplasia [ie, Type 2 and 3] or dysplasia), and that six polymorphisms located in cagA, cagL and cagI were associated with risk of GC. When corrected for multiple testing none of the associations were statistically significant. However, scores built by integrating the individual polymorphisms were significantly associated with the risk of advanced gastric premalignant lesions and GC. These results have the potential of establishing markers for risk stratification in the general population, in view of targeting Hp eradication to high‐risk population groups.
Thermal treatment stimulus on erythrocyte compatibility and hemostatic behavior of one‐dimensional bioactive nanostructures
Authors: Shivalingam Chitra , Purushothaman Bargavi , R Riju Chandran , Subramanium Balakumar
Published: May 2020

This study identifies the role and significance of heat treatment parameters on blood compatibility and hemostatic performances. Bioactive nanomaterials step annealed at 550 and 600°C enhances the biocompatibility due to the liberation of nitrate content. This also develops the anisotropic structures such as needle‐like and rod‐like appearances that positively improve the erythrocyte compatibility. Different stable crystalline phases such as NaCaPO4, Na2Ca2Si3O9, and Na1.8Ca1.1Si6O14 were observed for all the bioactive materials, whereas in the case of 800°C, phase transition of Na3CaPSiO7 was perceived along with P2O5. Alternatively, morphology varied from cubical (600°C) to rod‐like (step annealing) and further turned toward flake‐like (800°C) structures. Step‐annealing process decomposed the nitrate groups as well as maintained the glass network without altering the crystalline phases. As a result, bioactive nanomaterials subjected to step annealing at 550°C along with 600°C exhibited superior compatibility with erythrocytes. Bioglass heat treated at 800°C revealed incredible blood clotting efficacy, in which Ca2+ ions initiated the thrombotic effect, blood components were concentrated due to the effect of calcium, and enhances the hemostatic performance. Bioactive glass annealed below 800°C facilitates the biocompatibility, subsequently encourage bone ingrowths at in vivo. Bioglass‐800°C inspired the fibrin formation and induced clot as a hemostat to control hemorrhage.
The effect of smoking on atrial and ventricular functions in healthy subjects: A speckle tracking echocardiography study
Authors: Can Bostan Ozge , Ozben Beste , Bayram Tuba , Sayar Nurten , Eryuksel Emel
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Smoking is a well‐known risk factor for coronary artery diseases. It is also associated with nicotine‐induced myocardial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the right and left atrial and ventricular functions in apparently healthy smokers.

Methods

We included consecutively 80 healthy smokers (56 males, mean age:35.5 ± 8.4 years) and 70 healthy nonsmokers (44 males, mean age:33.9 ± 9.5 years). None of the subjects had any additional cardiovascular risk factor other than smoking. The right and left atrial and ventricular functions were assessed by both conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography.

Results

Although there was no significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction, the smokers had significantly lower ventricular global longitudinal strain than controls (−19.9 ± 2.0% vs −21.2 ± 1.9%, P < .001 and −18.4 ± 2.1% vs −21.8 ± 2.2%, P < .001, respectively, for the left and right ventricle). Smokers had also lower atrial reservoir and conduit strains: 35.9 ± 11.1% vs 40.2 ± 11.2%, P = .022 and 16.7 ± 6.8% vs 19.4 ± 6.8%, P = .016, respectively, for the left atrium, and 33.0 ± 10.6% vs 37.6 ± 11.2%, P = .011 and 15.2 ± 5.6% vs 18.0 ± 6.3%, P = .004, respectively, for the right atrium).

Conclusion

Even in apparently healthy people with no other cardiovascular risk factors, smoking is associated with impaired atrial and ventricular functions.
Fluorine and white clover: Assessing fluorine's impact on Rhizobium leguminosarum
Authors: Geretharan Thangavelautham , Jeyakumar Paramsothy , Bretherton Michael , Anderson Christopher W. N.
Published: April 2020

The soil fluorine (F) concentration in New Zealand agricultural soils has increased with time as a direct result of the widespread application of phosphate fertilizer to land. Elevated soil F concentrations may potentially harm soil microorganisms, which are important for nutrient cycling and soil formation. Rhizobium leguminosarum is a N2–fixing soil bacterium that is a fundamental component in New Zealand legume‐based pastoral farming. Any impact of F on Rhizobium leguminosarum would have an adverse effect on New Zealand pasture production. In this study, F toxicity to Rhizobium leguminosarum was examined as a first step to develop F guideline values for New Zealand agricultural soils. Bottle‐based experiments were conducted to examine the effect of the F− ion on Rhizobium–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) symbiosis by observing nodule morphology and growth. Results indicate that the F− concentration that causes 10% inhibition of Rhizobium respiration (IC10) for F− toxicity to Rhizobium leguminosarum was >100 mg F− L−1. Significant morphological changes occurred when Rhizobium was exposed to F concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L−1. Both light and transmission electron micrographs confirmed that the Rhizobium leguminosarum–white clover interaction was not influenced by F− concentrations >100 mg L−1. The toxic F− concentration for Rhizobium leguminosarum determined in this study is orders of magnitude higher than the F− concentration in New Zealand agriculture soils under “normal conditions.” There appears to be no indication of imminent risk of soil F to Rhizobium leguminosarum.
Successful fenofibrate therapy for severe and persistent hypertriglyceridemia in a boy with cirrhosis and glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase 1 deficiency
Authors: Matarazzo Lorenza , Ragnoni Valentina , Malaventura Cristina , Leon Alberta , Colavito Davide , Vigna Giovanni Battista , Lanza Giovanni , Sonzogni Aurelio , Maggiore Giuseppe
Published: April 2020

Glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase 1 deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the GPD1 gene (GPD1; OMIM*138420). Very few cases are reported in literature. It usually manifests in early infancy with transient hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly, steatosis, and fibrosis. We report the case of a 16‐year‐old boy followed since the age of 1 year for hepatomegaly, elevated liver enzymes, and persistent hypertriglyceridemia. Abdominal ultrasound showed diffuse liver echogenicity and liver biopsy disclosed cirrhosis with micro and macrovesicular steatosis. Next‐generation sequencing for metabolic and genetic liver diseases was conducted with the identification of the homozygous mutation c.895G>A in GPD1 gene resulting in the aminocidic substitution p.G299R. Considering the persistent and progressive increase of plasma triglycerides, fenofibrate treatment was started at 15 years of age allowing triglyceride level reduction in the following 1‐year follow‐up.
Comment on “The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV‐2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients”
Authors: Chigr Fatiha , Merzouki Mohamed , Najimi Mohamed
Published: April 2020

We have read with great care and interest the article by Li et al The authors provide interesting elements with respect to the possible entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at the brain area and plead for an implication of the central nervous system in respiratory problems linked to coronavirus disease. Here we provide additional elements that support those observations, notably the role of brainstem structures located in the medulla oblongata in modulating respiration. We also discussed the possible pathways the virus uses to cross the brain blood barrier and reach the brainstem.
Projected increase in compound dry and hot events over global land areas
Authors: Wu Xinying , Hao Zengchao , Tang Qiuhong , Singh Vijay P. , Zhang Xuan , Hao Fanghua
Published: April 2020

Under global warming, dry and hot events have been increasing in recent decades and are projected to increase in the future across global land areas. The impacts of compound dry and hot events may lead to increased stress to the natural and human systems than separate dry or hot events. Thus, quantitative assessments of global land areas affected by these compound events are needed to understand their risks. This study focuses on the variation in global land and cropland areas affected by compound dry and hot events for both historical and future periods using observations from Climatic Research Unit (CRU) and simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models. Based on historical observations and simulations, a substantial increase in the spatial extent of these compound events was detected, especially since the 1980s. Climate model projections under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario reveal that both global land and cropland areas affected by compound dry and hot events will increase to approximately 1.7–1.8 times by the end of the 21st century. Based on different thresholds of compound events, the spatial extent of global land areas during the June–July–August (December–January–February) season will increase by 12.38–17.20% (7.83–11.19%) in 2050–2099 relative to that in 1950–1999, and the spatial extent of global cropland areas will increase by 14.69–19.63% (9.60–14.48%). The increase in areas affected by compound dry and hot events may lead to more losses in different sectors in the future and more efforts are needed to cope with their potential impacts.
Raman scattering of true 1D van der Waals Nb2Se9 nanowires
Authors: Lee Junho , Kim Bum Jun , Chung You Kyoung , Lee Weon‐Gyu , Choi Ik Jun , Chae Sudong , Oh Seungbae , Kim Ji Man , Choi Jae‐Young , Huh Joonsuk
Published: April 2020

In the present study, the experimental Raman spectrum of niobium‐selenide nanowires (Nb2Se9) is reported for the first time followed by an analysis of the Raman spectrum using the density functional theory (DFT). According to the group‐theoretical analysis, 33 Ag modes were identified as Raman active modes. In the experimental spectrum, 19 well‐resolved Raman modes were observed: 13 modes in the low‐wavenumber range (50–200 cm−1) and six modes in the high‐wavenumber range (220–340 cm−1). The DFT calculations were performed using the local‐density approximation (LDA) functional and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional of Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) with van der Waals corrections (PBE‐D3). PBE‐D3 showed better compatibility with the experimental data for the high‐wavenumber range. Our results provide an essential reference for the Raman scattering of newly synthesized Nb2Se9 nanowires and nanodevices in the future.
Entrepreneurial alertness in eustress complex environments: An experimental approach of the exploitation/exploration dilemma
Authors: Aimar Thierry , Bouhdaoui Yassine , Mateu Guillermo , Sutan Angela
Published: May 2020

Technological and organizational constraints hinder entrepreneurial ability in alertly selecting/exploiting new opportunities. This article aims at showing that the complexity of the environment shapes entrepreneurial alertness. We build an experiment to mimic the choice alertness process (a case of eustress) and measure alertness and its relations with opportunity appearances, entrepreneurial effort, and complexity of the production structure. We show that alertness increases with the selection of more opportunities, but not with the complexity of the environment itself. At the same time, the entrepreneurial effort rate reduces alertness significantly more when participants are in a complex environment.
FinTech in India: An analysis on impact of telecommunication on financial inclusion
Authors: Siddiqui Taufeeque A. , Siddiqui Kashif I.
Published: May 2020

There is an evident impact of telecommunication on financial inclusion in the case of several constructs irrespective of regional differences in India. Poor households suffer from inadequate access to financial services. Telecom plays an essential role in expanding financial services to rural areas and in helping people to improve their lives. Inclusive and holistic policies need to be promoted, which will simultaneously enhance telecommunication infrastructure and financial inclusion in India.
A Prospective Study Evaluating the Use of Helium Plasma for Dermal Resurfacing
Authors: Holcomb J. David , Kelly Michael , Hamilton Tiffani K. , DeLozier Joseph B.
Published: April 2020

Background and Objectives

A novel helium plasma device was evaluated for efficacy and safety for dermal resurfacing (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03286283). The helium plasma device delivers energy in a controlled, bimodal fashion that when compared with the nitrogen plasma predicate device in a porcine animal model demonstrated a more limited depth of thermal effect but a greater skin tissue contraction.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Fifty‐five eligible subjects seeking improvement in facial rhytids were enrolled for study at one of three investigational sites. Most subjects underwent full‐face treatment. Power levels were limited to 20% at peri‐oral and peri‐orbital areas—a level that correlates to an energy density 40% lower than the highest setting on the predicate device. Three‐month post‐treatment Fitzpatrick Wrinkle and Elastosis Scale (FWS) scores were compared with baseline scores as determined by blinded independent photographic reviewers (IPRs) and study investigators.

Results

Blinded IPRs observed a ≥1‐point FWS improvement in 63.64% of subjects whereas study investigators noted a ≥1‐point FWS improvement in 54 of 55 subjects (98.18%) of subjects. 90.9% of subjects indicated “improvement” in appearance utilizing the modified Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. Subgroup analysis showed 1‐point (±0.05) FWS improvement by IPRs and study investigators for Fitzpatrick Skin Types II and III, age≥62, two of three study sites, and post‐treatment oral steroid use. Eighty Non‐Serious Adverse Events in 39 subjects were reported, most of which resolved within 14 days or less. There were no Serious Adverse Events or Unanticipated Device Effects reported.

Conclusion

At the modest power level studied, a significant improvement from a single pass helium plasma dermal resurfacing treatment was observable in most subjects by IPRs and investigators, and no serious adverse events were reported. The discrepancy between IPR and study investigator FWS improvement may be explained in part by the limitations of assessing two‐dimensional photographs versus live in‐person evaluation of subjects. Studies evaluating higher energy levels and/or multiple treatment passes are ongoing. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of α‐Zirconium Phosphate Nanosheets on Thermal, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Polyimide
Authors: Wu Zhitao , Jia Weihong , Li Zhangpeng , Hou Kaiming , Ma Limin , Wang Jinqing , Yang Shengrong
Published: April 2020

In this work, to investigate the addition effect of 2D α‐zirconium phosphate (α‐ZrP) nanosheets on the properties of polyimide (PI), a series of PI/ZrP composites are synthesized by in situ polymerization. The thermal, mechanical, and tribological properties of composites strongly depend on the dispersity and distribution of α‐ZrP nanosheets in the PI matrix. The dispersed α‐ZrP can make rich interfacial interactions with PI matrix, which facilitates the transfer of external stress, heat, antiwear ability, etc., from the PI matrix to the surface of the α‐ZrP nanosheets, leading to the obvious enhancements of the thermal, mechanical, and tribological properties of the PI/ZrP composites. Specially, compared with pure PI, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the optimum sample of PI‐0.6 are increased by 13.7% and 35.7%, while its wear volume is reduced by 85%. This work provides a new paradigm for using other layered 2D nanosheets to prepare high‐performance PI‐based composite materials.
Flexible Metal‐Free Memory Electronic Made of π‐Conjugation‐Interrupted Hyperbranched Polymer Switch and Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Liu Zhengdong , Song Cheng , Yin Yuhang , Wang Xiaojing , Zhang Minjie , Chang Yongzheng , Xie Linghai , Liu Juqing , Huang Wei
Published: April 2020

A flexible metal‐free flash memory device with reduced graphene oxide films as electrodes and diarylfluorene‐based π‐conjugation‐interrupted hyperbranched polymers (CIHPs) as active switches is reported. Two CIHPs, named PCzPF and PCzPF‐PF, are synthesized via BF3•Et2O‐catalyzed fluorenol’s Friedel–Crafts reaction, where the PCzPF‐PF is designed by the decoration of hindrance functional groups, i.e., bulky 9‐phenyl‐fluorenyl (PF) moieties, at the end‐groups of PCzPF. Both of the two CIHPs exhibit excellent solubility and thermal stability. The PCzPF‐based device exhibits no switching effect while the PCzPF‐PF‐based device shows a flash type memory effect, indicating the incorporation of PF groups plays a critical role in realizing electrically bistable behaviors. In particular, the optimized memory exhibits a high ON/OFF ratio of > 3.0 × 103, long retention time of up to 1.2 × 104 s, and high mechanical stability. This work opens a new avenue for metal‐free memory electronics through a low‐cost and full‐solution process approach.
Plasmodium berghei Gamete Egress Protein is required for fertility of both genders
Authors: Andreadaki Maria , Pace Tomasino , Grasso Felicia , Siden‐Kiamos Inga , Mochi Stefania , Picci Leonardo , Bertuccini Lucia , Ponzi Marta , Currà Chiara
Published: April 2020

Male and female Plasmodium gametocytes ingested by the Anopheles mosquitoes during a blood meal egress from the red blood cells by rupturing the two surrounding membranes, the parasitophorous vacuole and the red blood cell membranes. Proteins of the so‐called osmiophilic bodies, (OBs), secretory organelles resident in the cytoplasm, are important players in this process. Once gametes emerge, the female is ready to be fertilized while the male develops into motile flagellar gametes. Here, we describe the function(s) of PBANKA_1115200, which we named Gamete Egress Protein (GEP), a protein specific to malaria parasites. GEP is restricted to gametocytes, expressed in gametocytes of both genders and partly localizes to the OBs. A mutant lacking the protein shows aberrant rupture of the two surrounding membranes, while OBs discharge is delayed but not aborted. Moreover, we identified a second function of GEP during exflagellation since the axonemes of the male flagellar gametes were not motile. Genetic crossing experiments reveal that both genders are unable to establish infections in mosquitoes and thus the lack of GEP leads to a complete block in Plasmodium transmission from mice to mosquitoes. The combination of our results reveals essential and pleiotropic functions of GEP in Plasmodium gametogenesis.