bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Curious Case of Pope Francis
Authors: Glausser Wayne
Published: March 2018

Pope Francis has received a great deal of attention for his modern, secular-friendly gestures: he has embraced many people traditionally condemned by the Church (such as LGBT Catholics and divorced women), and he has condemned corporate greed and the degradation of the environment. But Pope Francis has another side that seems contrary to this modernity. He has shown a real passion for archaic devotional practices that many modern Catholics consider superstitious, and he has made it clear that he believes in the Devil as a literal, powerful presence in the world. Francis the Old entangles in thought-provoking ways with Francis the New. This chapter explores the entanglement with analyses of relics, including the Shroud of Turin, and Francis’s preoccupation with the Devil and exorcism.
Early Quaker Theology and the Transatlantic Context
Authors: Kershner Jon R.
Published: March 2018

The Quaker movement began in mid-seventeenth-century Britain and its followers coalesced around the common sentiment that they had experienced a spiritual Second Coming of Christ. The leaders of this new movement believed they were in the vanguard of God’s people, establishing God’s will in the world. The founding of the colony of Pennsylvania, by William Penn, was an attempt to establish Quaker principles in the colonies. In the early and mid-eighteenth century, many Quakers became unsettled about how short Pennsylvania had fallen from their vision. These reform-minded Quakers reinvigorated corporate discipline and protested war, slavery, and political compromise. John Woolman was only one of these reformers, but he developed an incisive critique of the British imperial economy. While scholars have viewed him as primarily a Quietist figure, his awareness of broader economic developments and his apocalyptic outlook show that he constructed a theology that defies such categorization.
Influences and Comparisons
Authors: Kershner Jon R.
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores influences on Woolman, especially his Quaker tradition and the books he read. Then, he is compared with key contemporaneous Quaker reformers. However, Woolman made innovations upon these influences in a way that pertained to his eighteenth-century context. Both Woolman’s reading and his Quaker tradition emphasized the immanence of Christ, and Woolman resonated with this message as he incorporated it into his vision of Christ’s government. Moreover, Woolman differed from most of his peers in his this-worldly eschatology. His peers were more futurist in their orientation and so did not emphasize the present world as the location of divine transformation.
The Matter of Points
Authors: Hellman Geoffrey , Shapiro Stewart
Published: March 2018

This chapter turns to metaphysical matters. Some analytic metaphysicians have occupied themselves with the nature (or the possible nature) of space and time (or space–time), and with the relationship between physical objects and the regions of space or space–time they occupy. Some of the issues concern the boundaries of objects and the notion of contact. The first goal is to give a somewhat biased overview of a portion of this literature, arguing that many of the issues are much easier to negotiate if we assume a regions-based space or space–time. The chapter then turns to some apparent limitations of the semi-Aristotelian accounts of space or space–time. For example, the natural analogue of Lebesgue measure is not countably additive (although it is finitely additive), and there seems to be no straightforward way to account for continuous variation in our frameworks other than by just introducing “points” via “extensive abstraction”. Finally, the question is broached of adjudicating whether space or space–time really is punctiform. The tight connection between our regions-based, gunky theories and the more standard Dedekind–Cantor punctiform theories indicates that space or space–time can be described, completely and adequately either way.
Introduction
Authors: Reeves John C. , Reed Annette Yoshiko
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides an introductory survey of the study of extant Enochic literature like 1 Enoch, 2 Enoch, and other fragmentary remains associated with the name of Enoch found in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin, Syriac, Armenian, Coptic, and Arabic sources. It summarizes the previous work that has been expended on Enochic literature since its rediscovery by Western scholars in the sixteenth century. It calls attention to the abundance of evidence for understudied Enochic literary works which survives in early Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and non-biblical testimonies, articulates the need for assembling these remnants into a convenient collection for the progress of research, and describes the methodology that is employed for their arrangement in the present volume.
Enoch’s Association or Equation with Other Figures
Authors: Reeves John C. , Reed Annette Yoshiko
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses upon collecting the numerous texts which posit an identification of the biblical character Enoch with other similarly endowed figures occurring in later Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and non-biblical traditions. These Enoch “avatars” include Jewish celestial entities like Metatron and the so-called “YHW(H) the lesser”; the qur’ānic prophet Idrīs; Graeco-Egyptian Hermes/Thoth and Hermes Trismegistus; and the Iranian epic hero Hōshang. Other assimilations which are explored include Enoch’s possible pre-biblical identity as a rival Flood-hero prior to the introduction of the character of Noah, and Enoch’s status in certain medieval Jewish writings as a reincarnation of Adam, the first human.
China, Russia, and Twenty-First Century Global Geopolitics
Authors: Bolt Paul J. , Cross Sharyl N.
Published: March 2018

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the Chinese–Russian bilateral relationship, grounded in a historical perspective, and discusses the implications of the partnership between these two major powers for world order and global geopolitics. The volume compares the national worldviews, priorities, and strategic visions for the Chinese and Russian leadership, examining several aspects of the relationship in detail. The energy trade is the most important component of economic ties, although both sides desire to broaden trade and investments. In the military realm, Russia sells advanced arms to China, and the two countries engage in regular joint exercises. Diplomatically, these two Eurasian powers take similar approaches to conflicts in Ukraine and Syria, and also cooperate on non-traditional security issues, including preventing colored revolutions, cyber management, and terrorism. These issue areas illustrate four themes. Russia and China have common interests that cement their partnership, including security, protecting authoritarian institutions, and reshaping aspects of the global order. They are key players challenging the United States and the Western liberal order, influencing not only regional issues, but also international norms and institutions. Nevertheless, Western nations remain important for China and Russia. Both seek better relations with the West, but on the basis of “mutual respect” and “equality.” Lastly, Russia and China have frictions in their relationship, and not all of their interests overlap. While the relationship has grown, particularly since 2014, China and Russia are partners but not allies.
Emerging Non-traditional Security Challenges
Authors: Bolt Paul J. , Cross Sharyl N.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 5 focuses on three emerging non-traditional security challenges identified as critical concerns or “main threats” for both Russia and China: color revolutions, cyber and information security, and terrorism and violent extremism. There is a high degree of coincidence between Russian and Chinese perspectives on these issues, recognizing the vulnerabilities that each presents for state security. Russia and China oppose color revolutions, strongly argue that authoritarian regimes have full international legitimacy, and resist attempts to undermine sovereignty in promoting democratization or regime transition. China and Russia attempt to influence international standards on freedom of expression in cyberspace by urging greater UN control over the Internet and engaging in censorship to protect state stability over free expression. While Russia, China, and the West struggle against terrorists who use violence to reshape the international order, China and Russia define terrorism more broadly to include all who might threaten to undermine the current government.
Metaphysical Possibility and Necessity
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. , Rasmussen Joshua L.
Published: March 2018

A highly technical defense of a standard interpretation of “possible” and of “necessary” is given. Specifically, arguments are made for the S5 system of modal logic as background for many of the arguments in the rest of the book. These begin with arguments against analyzing metaphysical necessity in terms of narrow logical necessity (or provability). It is shown, for example, that if metaphysical necessity were narrow logical necessity, then, given Gödel's incompleteness theorems, you get absurd possibilities, like the possibility that 1 = 0 is necessary. Independent arguments are also supplied for the characteristic axioms of S4 and S5. All these arguments help motivate the minimal claim that S5 implicitly defines a coherent concept of “possibility” and of “necessity” relevant to the arguments presented.
An Argument from Possible Causes
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. , Rasmussen Joshua L.
Published: March 2018

A contemporary version of the argument from contingency is given that utilizes a logically weak causal premise about possibilities. There is an explanation of how this argument has advantages over the classic arguments from contingency. In particular, it is shown how skeptics of traditional cosmological arguments may accept the proposed weak causal premise, since that premise leaves open whether some events and contingent states have no explanation or cause. Evidence is also given from the results of a survey that suggests that some skeptics of traditional cosmological arguments in fact do find plausible the premises in this weakened argument from possible causes. Instructive objections are then considered and a concluding assessment follows.
The Argument from Perfections
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. , Rasmussen Joshua L.
Published: March 2018

A new ontological argument schema for the existence of a necessary being is presented. Several ways to fill in this schema are shown, based upon different conceptions of “positive property.” The argument is made that at least one of these senses matches an intuitive, prephilosophical concept on which the premises are plausible. This argument has certain advantages over ontological arguments for God. In particular, it is explained how one could find the premises in the argument plausible without being committed to premises that entail the stronger thesis that there must be a perfect being. There follows a discussion of an objection Oppy raises against an ontological argument for the stronger thesis, and an explanation of how the argument put forward in the chapter avoids that objection.
Developments in DNA Profiling Techniques and Technologies
Authors: Allsop Cheryl
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides a brief history of developments in genetic profiling, noting the advances in profiling techniques from the initial discovery by Sir Alec Jeffreys of what was then termed DNA ‘fingerprinting’ through to familial searching (that is, the ability to search the NDNAD for the DNA profile of potential close relatives of a suspect when the suspect’s DNA is not on the NDNAD). An overview of what DNA is, noting how individuals are identified and differentiated from each other, is explained in order to demonstrate how these progressive advances have benefited cold case reviews.
Instrumental and Symbolic Politics in Policing
Authors: Allsop Cheryl
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers the development of, and growing interest in, cold case reviews, distinguishing between the instrumental and symbolic politics which surround their development. What becomes clear in this chapter is that the rise in interest can be attributed to a number of individual and interlocking events, including changes in police legitimacy, the introduction of a number of police reforms, and initiatives resulting in changes to police practices, pressure from victims’ rights groups for more attention from the criminal justice system, and advances in scientific techniques and technologies with increasing uses found for them. The chapter briefly considers the political background to cold case reviews, and how this connects with the broader politics of policing along with the instrumental politics of maintaining major crime review teams and the symbolic politics which helps to justify expenditure in cold case reviews.
The pragmatist influence on managerial ideas and practices
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

A key idea of pragmatism is the inseparability of theory and practice, thought and action. Pragmatism is said to have had few contacts with the organizational world, and few direct practical applications, except in the domain of education. In particular, the pragmatist direct influence on the managerial world is often undervalued. However, pragmatist ideas have had a significant impact on managerial doctrines and can be traced in today’s debates amongst organization practitioners. This chapter studies three of those channels: Follett’s direct or indirect (for example through Chester Barnard’s work) influence on the corporate world as well as the management of public institutions; the stream of action research and reflection-in-action, in particular Donald Schön’s work; and the development of the quality movement as an anti-Taylorian revolution, deeply influenced by pragmatist thinkers (exploratory inquiry, community of inquiry, instrumental mediations, process perspective), more recently distorted into a Taylorian revival under the “lean management” label.
Why Only Evidential Considerations Can Justify Belief
Authors: Nolfi Kate
Published: March 2018

At least when we restrict our attention to the epistemic domain, it seems clear that only considerations which bear on whether p can render a subject’s belief that p epistemically justified, by constituting the reasons on the basis of which she believes that p. And we ought to expect any account of epistemic normativity to explain why this is so. Extant accounts generally appeal to the idea that belief aims at truth, in an effort to explain why there is a kind of evidential constraint on the sorts of considerations that can be epistemic reasons. However, there are grounds for doubting that belief, in fact, aims at truth in the way that these accounts propose. This chapter develops an alternative explanation of why it is that non-evidential considerations cannot be epistemic reasons by taking seriously the idea that the constitutive aim of belief is fundamentally action-oriented.
Theories of presheaf type: general criteria
Authors: Caramello Olivia
Published: March 2018

This chapter carries out a systematic investigation of the class of geometric theories of presheaf type (i.e. classified by a presheaf topos), by using in particular the results on flat functors established in Chapter 5. First, it establishes a number of general results on theories of presheaf type, notably including a definability theorem and a characterization of the finitely presentable models of such a theory in terms of formulas satisfying a key property of irreducibility. Then it presents a fully constructive characterization theorem providing necessary and sufficient conditions for a theory to be of presheaf type expressed in terms of the models of the theory in arbitrary Grothendieck toposes. This theorem is shown to admit a number of simpler corollaries which can be effectively applied in practice for testing whether a given theory is of presheaf type as well as for generating new examples of such theories.
The Teleological Problem
Authors: McCrudden Christopher
Published: March 2018

This chapter deals with the first of three problems that dominate religious litigation, the teleological problem, that is, the problem the courts face of deciding what the primary human rights protections relating specifically to religion are for, what their aim or telos is. Neither with regard to the freedom of religion provisions, nor with regard to the freedom from religious discrimination provisions, is there any real consensus as to what they are aiming to achieve. Are they protecting the vulnerable? Are they to prevent civil strife? Are they another way of protecting minorities? Is there something in the nature of religion that means that these provisions are sui generis? The courts have struggled mightily with these issues, and contrasting approaches are to be found within the courts of the same jurisdictions, between the courts of different jurisdictions, and between courts and organized religions themselves.
DNA sequencing
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

The emergence of eDNA analysis is tightly linked to the development of next-generation sequencing. Chapter 7 “DNA sequencing” gives an overview of the characteristics and limitations of the main next-generation sequencing platforms. It focuses particularly on the Illumina platform, which is the only technology currently suitable for large-scale analysis with hundreds to thousands of samples. More specifically, Chapter 7 describes the Illumina library preparation process, the generation of sequencing clusters by bridge PCR on the flow cell, and the sequencing reaction itself, based on sequencing by synthesis. Finally, detailed information is provided on the meaning and coding of quality scores of the sequencing reads.
Roman Orators between Greece and Rome
Authors: Eckert Alexandra
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines Roman ambivalence towards Greek culture in testimonies of Cato the Elder, L. Crassus, and M. Antonius. It investigates why these orators expressed feelings of ambivalence despite their thorough education in Greek paideia. This chapter argues that a key aspect for understanding Roman ambivalence is the inherent conflict between the hierarchical structure of Roman society, granting supremacy to the speaker with the highest auctoritas in public debate, and the more egalitarian Greek notion of the primacy of the most compelling argument. The Romans’ disposition to strongly distinguish themselves from other cultures is illustrated by the consistent use of Latin when Romans dealt with Greeks in official contexts and the exclusivity of Roman citizenship. It is suggested that this disposition may also have contributed to Roman ambivalence towards Greek learning in the second and early first centuries bc.
Plautus and the Tone of Roman Diplomacy of Intervention
Authors: Pagola Elena Torregaray
Published: March 2018

This chapter uses a scene in Plautus’ Amphitruo to reconstruct contemporary Roman oratorical practice in the context of the diplomacy of intervention, offering a close reading of a monologue by the slave Sosia (Amph. 186–218). In this extract Sosia describes the composition of a ‘victory speech’ for his master’s wife and, within the speech, recounts the diplomatic activity that preceded the war. Traces of the fetiales formula in the latter can be contextualized in terms of a rhetoric of intimidation, used to establish Roman supremacy even before the outbreak of war. The monologue itself, in depicting Sosia’s doubts and concerns while composing his speech, sheds light on the disposition of speakers in tense situations.
The Fragments of Republican Orators in Quintilian’sInstitutio oratoria
Authors: Raschieri Amedeo
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyses the quotations from the orators of the Republican period in Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria. The method of quotation is extremely varied and the author shows a good first-hand knowledge of many speeches, especially those of more recent writers including Caelius Rufus, Asinius Pollio, and Messala Corvinus. Regardless of Cicero’s excellence, these orators fit well within the large educational project proposed by Quintilian. They are used as moral models, as well as lexical, rhetorical, and stylistic examples, often accepted but sometimes rejected, and always included in a more general literary, historical, and cultural framework. In addition to the most important Greek authors, Cicero, and more recent Latin authors, Roman orators of the Republican period are fundamental models both for orators in training and those already practising, in an emulative and anti-dogmatic vision, aware of the new linguistic and social needs, but eager to find solid roots in the past.
VisandSeruitus
Authors: Lawrence S. J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the representation of oratory in chapter 8.9 Quanta Vis Sit Eloquentiae: ‘How Great is the Force of Eloquence’, of Valerius Maximus’ Facta et Dicta Memorabilia. While Valerius’ text is frequently used as a source of fragments of Republican oratory, this chapter argues that readers need to be acutely aware of the way that these extracts are framed in the structure of the wider chapter, as Valerius is certainly an author with his own, distinctive ideas. This is evidenced by the fact that traditional exemplary models of oratory such as Cicero and Demosthenes are ignored in 8.9. Valerius instead creates a dark vision of Republican oratory that links eloquence inextricably to the loss of freedom and the development of tyranny and despair under Julius Caesar and his heirs.
Clodius’Contio de haruspicum responsis
Authors: Corbeill Anthony
Published: March 2018

This chapter has two parts. The first offers an imaginative reconstruction, in English, of a no longer extant contional speech by Publius Clodius Pulcher, delivered prior to Cicero’s own surviving speech De haruspicum responsis (‘On the responses of the haruspices,’ Spring 56 bc). This reconstruction is based on fragments derived from the Ciceronian oration, supplemented by examples of anti-Ciceronian invective drawn from other ancient sources. The second part offers a detailed analysis of the language and rhetoric of the Clodian fragments of the speech, situating each into a hypothetical line of reasoning based on Cicero’s own argument and on recent political and religious events. At least seven fragments from Clodius’s contio are identified, none of which appears in Malcovati’s Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta Liberae Rei Publicae.
‘Certain gentlemen say…’
Authors: Morrell Kit
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the nature and significance of a debate between Cicero and Cato in 56 bc over the repeal of Clodius’ tribunician laws. By combining close attention to the evidence of Plutarch and Dio with a study of the prosopography and geographical movements of some members of the Roman elite, it seeks to reconstruct the arguments used on each side and suggests identifications for several of the anonymous ‘gentlemen’ elliptically identified as Cicero’s adversaries in the contemporary De prouinciis consularibus. It is argued that Cicero’s attacks on these unnamed opponents relate to a recently-held Senate meeting in which the validity of Clodius’ laws was debated and Cicero’s position rejected both on technical grounds and in the interests of constitutional stability. The repercussions of this debate for Cicero and Cato personally and for Roman politics more broadly are also discussed.
The Politics ofPronuntiatio
Authors: Hilder Jennifer
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the approach to pronuntiatio (delivery) in the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium. In the first section, Cicero’s later accounts of oratorical delivery are used to assess whether Auctor is contributing something original to rhetorical theory, with a particular focus on consistency, gestures, and theatricality. Indeed, Auctor’s framing of pronuntiatio is not particularly unusual. In the second section, this is linked to the post-Social War context and Auctor’s concern elsewhere in the text with the murders of (so-called) popularis tribunes. The chapter concludes by arguing that Auctor’s conservative recommendations for pronuntiatio may reflect a need to turn orators away from a dangerous and unsuccessful ‘popularis’ delivery.
Women from the Rostra
Authors: Gladhill Bill
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the role that Fulvia played as a public speaker in the aftermath of the murder of her husband Clodius, and the way in which Cicero presented Fulvia’s actions in his defence of the murderer Milo. It argues that the inuidia which Fulvia directed at Milo through her public lament over Clodius’ body, itself informed by the pompa funebris or traditional mourning practices of women at Rome, fundamentally shaped the positions which both sides took up in the following months as the events reached their judicial conclusion. The episode thus sheds light on female speech, and reveals a fracturing of gender divides and of the distinction between public and private.
Triatomic molecules
Authors: Eland John H.
                            D. , Feifel Raimund
Published: March 2018

Double ionisation of the triatomic molecules presented in this chapter shows an added degree of complexity. Besides potentially having many more electrons, they have three vibrational degrees of freedom (three normal modes) instead of the single one in a diatomic molecule. For asymmetric and bent triatomic molecules multiple modes can be excited, so the spectral bands may be congested in all forms of electronic spectra, including double ionisation. Double photoionisation spectra of H2O, H2S, HCN, CO2, N2O, OCS, CS2, BrCN, ICN, HgCl2, NO2, and SO2 are presented with analysis to identify the electronic states of the doubly charged ions. The order of the molecules in this chapter is set first by the number of valence electrons, then by the molecular weight.
Mainly aliphatic molecules
Authors: Eland John H.
                            D. , Feifel Raimund
Published: March 2018

Double photoionisation spectra of homologous iodides and alcohols, acetonitrile, methyl mercaptan, acetaldehyde, acetone, norbornane, cyclooctatetraene, and TMMD are presented. Effects on the spectra of these molecules from electronic state congestion and geometry changes on ionisation mean that only the lowest dication states can be identified. As little detailed analysis of the individual spectra is possible, this chapter presents the molecules in groups rather than individually. In this chapter, molecules are ordered more thematically than strictly by size. The chapter starts with four homologous iodides and three homologous alcohols. Then this chapter takes some individual molecules with different substituent groups and proceed to a few larger molecules. The chapter demonstrates the dominant effect of the distance to which charges can separate in the dication on the double ionisation threshold.
Fundamental Sources of Growth
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

In this chapter I provide a methodological framework for the rest of the book to help explain Poland’s long-term economic backwardness, its unprecedented economic success since 1989, and its development prospects. I argue that the existing economic literature largely focuses on the proximate causes of economic growth, but underestimates the fundamental causes of growth—institutions, culture, ideologies, leaders, and luck—which drive economic policies and are ultimately the reasons why some countries are rich while others are poor. I then focus on the role of institutions and culture in explaining economic development. Following Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (ARJ), I distinguish between ‘extractive societies’ and ‘inclusive societies’, and argue that it is rare to move from one type of society equilibrium to another. I extend the ARJ institutional framework and show the conditions necessary for the shift from extractive to inclusive societies and vice versa.
Drivers of Poland’s Successful Transition
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

In this chapter I explain the proximate drivers of Poland’s economic success since 1989. I divide the transition into the initial period of ‘shock therapy’ during 1989 1991 and then the second period of economic recovery after 1992. I discuss the ongoing debate on the pros and cons of ‘shock therapy’ versus a ‘gradual’ approach to post-communist transition. I use the example of Poland’s ‘shock therapy’ to analyze both approaches. I conclude that that the differences in actual policies were smaller than implied by the rhetoric of both sides of the debate. I then explain why Poland was more successful than other transition economies, and discuss whether Poland could have grown even faster. I argue that on the whole the Polish transition was almost ‘as good as it gets’. I draw the lessons learned and policy insights from Poland’s transition for other countries.
Introduction
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

This introductory chapter presents some metaphilosophical and historical reasons to take interest in Brentano. Historically, Brentano’s influence runs much deeper, at a subterranean level, than a cursory acquaintance with the prehistory of twentieth-century philosophy might suggest. Metaphilosophically, Brentano’s conception of philosophy itself – how and why it is to be done – merits attentive consideration. For Brentano combines a methodological commitment to the analytic rigor with the philosophical ambition of crafting a grand philosophical system in the classical sense, attempting to produce nothing less than a unified theory of the true, the good, and the beautiful.
Consciousness
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

It is argued that for Brentano, a conscious perception of a tree is a single mental state that can be (accurately) conceived of, or framed, either as a perception of a tree or as a perception of a perception of a tree. It is further argued that this interpretation casts Brentano’s theory as quite a bit more plausible than it is commonly taken to be, indeed more plausible than many modern theories of consciousness.
Metaontology
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

Brentano’s theory of judgment serves as a springboard for his conception of reality, indeed for his ontology. It does so, indirectly, by inspiring a very specific metaontology. To a first approximation, ontology is concerned with what exists, metaontology with what it means to say that something exists. So understood, metaontology has been dominated by three views: (i) existence as a substantive first-order property that some things have and some do not, (ii) existence as a formal first-order property that everything has, and (iii) existence as a second-order property of existents’ distinctive properties. Brentano offers a fourth and completely different approach to existence talk, however, one which falls naturally out of his theory of judgment. The purpose of this chapter is to present and motivate Brentano’s approach.
Will and Emotion
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

Brentano offers a unified account of will, emotion, and pleasure/pain. In contemporary philosophy of mind, the theory of emotion and the theory of pleasure/pain are contentious areas featuring a bewildering variety of competing theories. The account Brentano offers, however, is not properly represented in either literature, and this chapter tries to make the case for its plausibility. Interestingly, the will, in particular desire, is not nearly as contentious in current philosophy of mind, and the account many accept, however implicitly, seems to be precisely Brentano’s. Accordingly, the chapter tries to leverage the evident plausibility of Brentano’s account of will to claim similar plausibility for his parallel accounts of emotion and pleasure/pain.
Skepticism
Authors: Moss Sarah
Published: March 2018

Accepting probabilistic knowledge gives rise to a difficult puzzle: how can Smith know that it is at least .6 likely that Jones smokes, when he is happy to admit that there is a significant chance that this belief will turn out to be wrong? This apparently simple question actually has several skeptical arguments mixed up in it. This chapter distinguishes four such arguments and defends different anti-skeptical responses for each. Taken together, these responses support a bright conclusion. As long as some probabilistic beliefs can be true, and some true beliefs can be knowledge, some probabilistic beliefs can be knowledge. The chapter discusses the claim that probabilistic contents can be true at worlds in some deflationary sense, and also responds to the worry that this claim effaces the distinction between propositional and probabilistic contents.
The Final Challenges
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

The last stages of Fuller’s life coincided with the end of the Cromwellian Protectorate and the return of the Stuart monarchy in the person of Charles I’s son, Charles II. Fuller commented on these events in printed works during the most important steps in the process. His Mixt Contemplations in Better Times proposed a comprehensive religious settlement with toleration for those who chose not to be a part of the national Church. Fuller had recently become minister of Cranford, a parish to the west of London, a living in the gift of George Berkeley, who welcomed the return of the monarchy. Fuller was recognized for his accomplishments by a D.D. degree at Cambridge and by being named a royal chaplain. Fuller died on August 16, 1661. Two hundred members of the London clergy attended his funeral. The anonymous life, which paid tribute to Fuller’s ministry and scholarship, was written by one who evidently knew him well.
The Evolution of Development Thought
Authors: Stewart Frances , Ranis Gustav , Samman Emma
Published: March 2018

This chapter reviews the evolution of development thought from the Second World War to date, tracing the dynamics and interactions between the circumstances that countries faced, economic thought, and policies. It shows that on gaining independence, countries first aimed to promote economic growth, and while this was quite successful, problems emerged and the human dimension was neglected. A succession of alternatives, including the basic needs approach, was displaced by the debt crisis and stabilization in the 1980s, with very harsh consequences for poverty. The human development approach arose then, with the 1990 Human Development Report, building on basic needs and Sen’s capabilities approach. The chapter traces subsequent developments, including global agreements such as the Millennium Development Goals, and subsequently the Sustainable Development Goals, which can be seen as embodiments of the human development approach.
The Politics of Progress in Human Development
Authors: Stewart Frances , Ranis Gustav , Samman Emma
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyses approaches to understanding the politics underlying success and failure on human development, which are of critical importance for progress, as shown in earlier chapters. It draws on Polanyi’s analysis of a long-term swing of a pendulum between emphasis on markets and emphasis on social objectives, and on theories of social movements and social change, for example put forward by Tarrow and Tilly. It illustrates the relevance of both these approaches with empirical examples. The chapter contends that democracy is a permissive condition, providing space for collective action (social movements, workers’ movements action, and political parties) to promote change favouring human development. The chapter also discusses how far politics has been incorporated into the human development and capabilities approaches, considering and critiquing the view that what is needed is a ‘democratic consensus’.
The think-aloud protocol
Authors: Knoll Tom
Published: March 2018

This chapter is about the think-aloud protocol and its application to player experience. It covers what the protocol is, when to apply it, how to conduct it, its pros and cons, and its variations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of think-aloud protocols with children and the considerations necessary when using child participants.
Game Analytics for Games User Research
Authors: Drachen Anders , Connor Shawn
Published: March 2018

Game Analytics (GA) provides new ways to conduct user research, counteracting some of the weaknesses of traditional approaches while retaining essential compatibility with the methodologies of GUR. This chapter provides an overview of what GA is and how it fits within the daily operations of game development across studio sizes, with an emphasis on the intersection with GUR and the synergies that can be leveraged across analytics and user research.
Affordable and data-driven user research for indie studios
Authors: Mirza-Babaei Pejman , Galati Thomas
Published: March 2018

User testing games does not have to be expensive and time-consuming. In this chapter we focus on the specific situation where the resources, expertise, and time available for user testing is limited, as is usually the case for indie studios. This means adapting affordable and accessible user testing processes for indie studios. We emphasize the contribution of analytics techniques in this adaptation process, and describe different methods of how to incorporate analytics into other Games User Research methods.
Dissecting the Dragon: GUR for Dragon Age™: Inquisition
Authors: Berg James
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes challenges involved in the development of Dragon Age™: Inquisition, in particular, problems arising from the size of the game world, as well as combat mechanics and player classes and playstyles. It shows how GUR directly contributed to game design decisions, for example, in terms of menu and UI design.
Gamer motivation profiling: uses and applications
Authors: Yee Nick , Ducheneaut Nicolas
Published: March 2018

Gamers are not a monolithic group; gaming preferences and motivations vary in important ways among gamers. An empirical, validated model of gaming motivations provides a crucial methodological bridge between player preferences and their in-game behaviours, and, more importantly, engagement and retention outcomes. Instead of simply seeing on a key performance indicator dashboard that a certain percentage of gamers are leaving, a motivation model allows us to pinpoint why those gamers are leaving.
Testimonial Pessimism
Authors: Fraser Rachel Elizabeth
Published: March 2018

Recent epistemological history has inclined towards ‘testimonial optimism’, keen to stress the division of epistemic labour and how ubiquitously we depend upon the words of others. Its counterpart, ‘testimonial pessimism’, marks out a cluster of gloomier views, which stress—in different ways—testimony’s epistemic shortcomings. This chapter’s project is to establish a robust connection between pessimist readings of testimony, and two different commitments one might have in the philosophy of language: ‘emotionism’, and what the author calls ‘strong’ readings of the de re. The author does not aim to say, in this chapter, what she thinks we ought to do with these connections; that is, she aims to remain agnostic on whether we should take the connections she sketches to give us a way of vindicating pessimism, or whether they are better read as part of an error theoretic project.
The Harvest of Medieval Calendar Reform
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter offers a bird’s-eye view of the 100 years of debate that followed upon Regiomontanus’s death and culminated in the Gregorian Reform of 1582, focusing in particular on the time of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17) and the work carried out in the 1570s by a commission of experts convened by Pope Gregory XIII, which came to favour an intricate scheme for an astronomically accurate and freely adjustable calendar. Some attention is paid to the extent to which Copernican heliocentric astronomy may have influenced, or was influenced by, the ongoing discussions surrounding the calendar reform. At the same time, the key argument of this chapter is that the breakthrough achieved in the sixteenth century rested to a very large extent on premises, concepts, and insights first formulated during the preceding medieval centuries.
Control Theory, Dynamics, and Continuous Interaction
Authors: Murray-Smith Roderick
Published: March 2018

This chapter reviews the role of theory and dynamic systems theory for understanding common interaction techniques including: targetting, trajectory generation, panning, scrolling and zooming. It explains how can be seen to be at the foundations of Human–Computer Interaction and might be essential for making progress in novel forms of interface. It reinterprets Fitts’ classical work with theoretic tools. It also highlights the limitations of theory for design of human–computer loops.
Computational Model of Human Routine Behaviours
Authors: Banovic Nikola , Mankoff Jennifer , Dey Anind K.
Published: March 2018

Computational Interaction enables a future in which user interfaces (UI) learn about people’s behaviours by observing them and interacting with them to help people to be productive, comfortable, healthy, and safe. However, this requires technology that can accurately model people’s behaviours. This chapter focuses on human routine behaviours enacted by people as sequences of actions performed in specific situations, i.e. behaviour instances, and presents a probabilistic, generative model of human routine behaviours that can describe, reason about, and act in response to people’s behaviours. We holistically define human routine behaviours to constrain the patterns extracted from the data, match routine behaviours, and estimate the likelihood that people will perform certain actions (in different situations) in a way that matches their demonstrated preference. The chapter illustrates how computational models of routines support stakeholders in making sense of stored logs of human behaviour, and designing UIs that respond to those behaviours.
Introduction
Authors: Halliday Daniel
Published: March 2018

This chapter lays out the main intellectual motivations for a philosophical inquiry into the moral significance of inherited wealth. It is argued that the problem of how to regulate inheritance should be approached as an open and difficult question. Yet it is one that must be answered if we are to reach any determinate view about how to regulate inequality and private property over time (as opposed to within single generations). The chapter also seeks to highlight and account for the relative scarcity of sustained discussions of inherited wealth in political philosophy since the mid-twentieth century. Further motivation for the project is taken from a brief review of recent empirical studies that highlight an apparent growth in large inheritance flows that are concentrated into a relatively small portion of the population. The chapter also provides a brief overview of the main arguments to come in the remainder of the book.
Inheritance and the Intergenerational Replication of Inequality
Authors: Halliday Daniel
Published: March 2018

This chapter defends the claim that inheritance plays a causal role in enabling or maintaining conditions of economic segregation. This claim is advanced by addressing one reason for doubting its truth, namely that wealth transfers typically occur too late to affect the social position of the recipient. In response, emphasis is placed on the cumulative effects of inheritance rather than its immediate effects on the beneficiaries of wealth transfers. The key idea here is the way the receipt of wealth affects an individual’s ability to exercise partiality towards younger members of the family. It is argued that the unequal distribution of inheritance drives the further differentiation of parenting styles in ways that compound the way valuable nonfinancial capital becomes concentrated into wealthy sectors of the population. This observation is applied in defence of taxing second-generation inheritance (somewhat) more heavily than inheritance from newly accumulated wealth.
The Art of Hearing
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the importance of preaching in godly culture, showing how sermons were popular, accessible, and affecting. This helps to explain the appeal of Puritanism. The chapter shows how sermon culture existed in different forms, exploring different listening practices and also demonstrates that printed sermons existed alongside, not instead of, the experience of attending sermons. A newly discovered sermon notebook charts Matthew’s preaching from Oxford to Durham and York, showing how he prepared and revised his sermons. Close analysis of his texts and annotations in his books, indicates how he used his library to prepare his sermons, as well as drawing on popular culture to make his sermons widely accessible and appealing.
Spies, Secrets, and Papistry
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the double helix of Matthew’s political and pastoral roles. He saw the northern Church as a missionary Church, and, like his contemporaries in Ireland, came to see prosecution as a powerful weapon in the struggle to end support for Catholicism. This led him to stress the importance of the law, alongside preaching and hospitality, as a tool of reformation. This chapter shows that Matthew’s persecution of Catholics was driven by his belief in the urgency of edifying reform as well as his fear of divine punishment. Matthew also played an important role in Anglo-Scottish relations in the last decade of Elizabeth’s reign. Anticipating James VI of Scotland’s succession to the English throne, he coordinated spy networks for Robert Cecil, negotiated border treaties, and oversaw James VI/I peaceful entry into England in 1603.
Enhancing Technological Responses to Climate Change
Authors: van der Veen Menno
Published: March 2018

The main goal of this chapter is to contribute to the (institutional) design of technology transfer arrangements so as to overcome obstacles to the transfer of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) to developing countries that are posed, in particular, by stalemated discussions on intellectual property rights (IPR). The answer is to move past IPR discussions to focus on licensing practices; specifically, on reinforced efforts to license ESTs on favorable terms in developing countries through a Green Technology Licensing Facility (GTLF), as part of the UN’s Green Climate Fund. A license is, in this context, framed as a contract of transfer and may also consist of pro-active duties by the IPR owner, for example, to assist with the implementation of the technology.
Renovating the Principal Organs of the United Nations
Authors: Popovski Vesselin
Published: March 2018

This chapter critically examines the process of reform of three principal organs of the United Nations: the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the Secretariat. It discusses the shortcomings and obstacles of the process and recommends how to move forward. The purpose of reform is to enhance both justice and security by forging more equal representation and allowing more efficient responses to threats to the peace. The chapter offers innovative ideas for revitalizing the General Assembly, improving the selection of UN Secretaries-General, and altering the Security Council’s composition according to a model of “8 + 8 + 8”—a mix of permanent, renewable, and non-renewable seats.