bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristic volatile organic compounds in “HeTao” melon and other cultivars grown in Hetao region analyzed by HS-GC-IMS
Authors: Liu Cong , Sun Yi , Du Hong-Xi , Li Ya-Zhen , Ji Ri-Ga-La , Ma Hui-Ru , Lian Mei-Qin , Wang Ji-Li-Te
Published: August 2021

The headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) was used to compare the volatile organic components of the Hetao melon and six other cultivars of melon grown in the Hetao region of China. The results showed that the common VOCs that could be qualitatively identified from the 7 different melon samples were 35 monomers and dimers of certain compounds, mainly including alcohols, esters, aldehydes, terpenes, acids and pyridines. Hexyl acetate, 3-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl formate were predominant VOCs in seven melon cultivars. Among them, Xizhoumi No. 25 (XZM25) had 3 unique volatile organic components: 3-methylbutanal, benzaldehyde and nonanal. Xizhoumi No. 17 (XZM17) had 3 unique volatile organic components: alpha-pinene, linalool and (E)-2-hexenol. Jinhongmi (JHM) had 1 unique volatile organic component: ethyl pentanoate. The Hetao melon (HLS) contained 3 unique volatile organic components: heptanal, 2-ethyl-6-methyl pyrazine and 3-methyl valeric acid. Yinmi (YM) had 2 unique volatile organic components: 3-methylbutanol and 1-butanol, and Huangjinmi (HJM) had 1 unique volatile organic component: limonene. YM, GMB2010, HLS and JHM were similar based on the principal component analysis. This research analyzed the flavor components of different melon cultivars grown in the Hetao region of China for the first time.
Stakeholder Perspectives in Transitioning to a Local Circular Economy: a Case Study in Spain
Authors: Rincón-Moreno J. , Ormazábal M. , Jaca C.
Published: August 2021

The circular economy (CE) is now more imperative than ever due to several shortcomings humanity faces due to global economic disruptions. The CE might help initiate a virtuous circle whereby waste materials would be turned into resources for other companies to create closed-loop systems. However, the CE remains a niche paradigm embraced by only a small number of companies in some areas of the world. Some authors have argued that it is essential to encourage stakeholders at different implementation levels of a CE to increase the uptake of this new model among companies, and stakeholders may provide the required framework for the shift towards a circular model. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to answer the following research question: how can the transition towards the CE be accelerated from a ‘stakeholders’ perspective? The study was undertaken in the Spanish region of Basque Country, where a CE strategy is already in place at the regional level, and some companies are already delivering circular solutions. This approach was selected to help understand the lack of widespread adoption of CE initiatives in a local system despite having a regional CE strategy. Data were collected from respondents from various stakeholders and also from desk research to ensure their reliability. The results showed the relevance of understanding how stakeholders can help speed up the transition by proactively exploring new ways to create novel conditions to work together with a broad pool of stakeholders to deepen and scale up the CE implementation.
Daily ups and downs in adolescents’ depressive symptoms: The role of daily self‐criticism, dependency and basic psychological needs
Authors: Vandenkerckhove Beatrijs , Soenens Bart , Flamant Nele , Luyten Patrick , Campbell Rachel , Vansteenkiste Maarten
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Although associations between Blatt's personality dimensions of self‐criticism and dependency and adolescents' depressive symptoms are well‐established, only few studies have examined associations between these variables at the level of daily, within‐person fluctuations. Moreover, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this personality vulnerability to depressive symptoms is limited. Therefore, we studied (a) daily fluctuations in both personality and depressive symptoms over a 7‐day period and (b) the possible interplay between daily variations in personality vulnerability, need‐based experiences (as conceptualized in Self‐Determination Theory), and depressive symptoms. This interplay was examined in terms of both a mediational and a moderating role of the need‐based experiences.

Methods

Participants were 121 Belgian adolescents (Mage = 15.81; SDage = 1.50; 52 % male) who completed questionnaires tapping into daily self‐criticism, dependency, need‐based experiences, and depressive symptoms every evening during seven consecutive days.

Results & conclusions

Multilevel analysis revealed that self‐criticism and dependency fluctuated substantially on a daily basis. These daily fluctuations in personality were related to daily fluctuations in depressive symptoms, with daily variation in need‐based experiences mediating these associations. We found no evidence for interactions between personality and the need‐based experiences. The findings underscore the importance of considering daily fluctuations in individuals’ personality vulnerability and point to the explanatory role of need‐based experiences in the relation between personality and depressive symptoms on a daily basis.
The study of endometriosis and adenomyosis related microbiota in female lower genital tract in Northern Chinese population
Authors: Chen Sikai , Gu Zhiyue , Zhang Wen , Jia Shuangzheng , Zheng Ping , Dai Yi , Leng Jinhua
Published: August 2021

Background

Endometriosis is a chronic disease that affects women in reproductive age, and adenomyosis was known as “endometriosis in the uterus”. Endometriosis is an immune-dysfunction-related disease, contributing to the diversity of microbiota in the lower genital tract. Endometriosis is also an infection-related disease, the number of bacteria may contribute to some unknown mechanisms. Presently, the feature of microbiota between endometriosis patients and normal people is not fully understood.

Methods

To identify the microbiota differences and features of endometriosis patients, 298 samples from the cervical canal, posterior fornix of the vagina and uterine cavity were analyzed by 16s-rRNA sequencing. Raw data were filtered, analyzed, and visualized. We conducted diversity analysis, statistical data of microbiota abundance, biomarker identification, random forest, and environmental factors analysis.

Results

Alpha diversity was not distinctive in endometriosis and adenomyosis patients. Posterior fornix near cervix was a better sampling location to analyze the dysmenorrhea-related microbiota feature; few dysmenorrhea-related bacteria were identified. Endometrial bacteria is controversial, and the result of 16s-rRNA sequencing was not good enough to conduct further analysis.Anaerococcuswas a possible biomarker of adenomyosis-endometriosis patients. The identified bacteria were representative only in specific periods during the menstrual cycle. GnRH-a treatment impacted microbiota feature the most compared with other environmental factors.

Conclusion

This study provided us with a new concept of endometriosis and bacteria; different microbiota features may relate to endometriosis. The bacterial involvement should be considered in the future study of endometriosis. New non-invasive diagnosis and therapeutic methods through bacterial medication are prospective.
Rapid Emergency Department Physical Space Modifications for COVID-19: Keeping Patients and Health Care Workers Safe
Authors: Wessling Emily G , Randolph Amanda H , Neill Luke A , Gandhi Kumar R , Conrardy Michael , Chodakowski Jason D , Kippenhan Matthew , Loftus Timothy M , Malik Sanjeev
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed significant strain on emergency departments (EDs) that were not designed to care for many patients who may be highly contagious. This report outlines how a busy urban ED was adapted to prepare for COVID-19 via 3 primary interventions: (1) creating an open-air care space in the ambulance bay to cohort, triage, and rapidly test patients with suspected COVID-19, (2) quickly constructing temporary doors on all open treatment rooms, and (3) adapting and expanding the waiting room. This description serves as a model by which other EDs can repurpose their own care spaces to help ensure safety of their patients and health care workers.
Community Preparedness and Practices for Prevention and Control of COVID-19 (COP-COVID): An Assessment from Rural Northern India
Authors: Gandhi P. Aravind , Rehman Tanveer , Ilanchoorian Divya , Kathirvel Soundappan
Published: August 2021

Objectives:

The study assessed the community preparedness to manage the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and access to health-care services during the lockdown of 2020 in a rural health block of northern India.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted during June-July, 2020, in 25 villages and 5 wards of a rural administrative block of Haryana. A pretested, semi-structured investigator-administered checklist was used to assess the community preparedness and practices for COVID-19 prevention/control and health-care access through direct observations and interviewing community health workers and beneficiaries.

Results:

Active surveillance for influenza-like illness was carried out in 86.7% of the study units, although the frequency was once a month. There was poor adherence (adherence: 0-3%) to COVID-19 infection prevention and control (IPC) measures such as physical distancing and use of face masks. Rural beneficiaries reported difficulty in accessing essential health-care services than their urban counterparts.

Conclusions:

A qualitative study to understand the facilitators and barriers for the non-adherence to IPC measures by the study population and formulating behavior change communication strategies for improving the IPC measures is needed. Repeat, cross-sectional surveys at regular intervals may be planned to gauge the change and effect of the interventions on the community preparedness and practices.
DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE BEHAVIOUR IN PRODUCT/SERVICE SYSTEMS - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Gustafsson Karoline Fogh , Harild Sara Amdi , Pigosso Daniela C. A.
Published: August 2021

Product-service/systems (PSS) have been projected to be a potential solution to address overconsumption and to enable an enhanced sustainability performance. However, PSS do not always live up to their potential benefits, due to unintended changes in consumer behaviour. This study aims at investigating existing methods and tools to develop sustainable behaviour within PSS, alongside potential barriers and success factors. Based on a systematic literature review, a total of 46 methods to achieve sustainable behaviour were collected and analysed, and further discussed on the basis of the identified success factors and barriers.
DESIGNING IN COMPLEXITY: HOW SOLUTION CONJECTURES INFORM PROBLEM EXPLORATION
Authors: Zhang Wenlin , Ma Jin
Published: August 2021

Engineering designers seek to explore ‘real’ problems that must be solved across design processes. This exploration might be challenging in complex problem situations. An effective way of encouraging design exploration is conjecture-based problem exploration—informing problem re-interpretation by potential solutions. However, little evidence indicated how this process unfolds, especially in complex problem situations. This study addresses this question by articulating the underlying cognitive mechanism of conjecture-based problem exploration. Situated in a creative design practice that tackles real-world, complex problem situations, we employ grounded theory to conduct qualitative coding of interview transcripts and documents elicited from ten multidisciplinary graduate students. We developed a three-phase process model to explain conjecture-based problem exploration: (1) triggering through analogizing, inspiring, evaluating, and questioning; (2) transitioning to problem space expansion; and (3) resulting in problem focus adjustment incrementally or radically. Our explanation contributes to design theory building and encourages engineering designers to embrace a dynamic view of design problems when addressing complexity.
DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SYMBOLS IN PRINCIPLE SKETCHES USING DEEP LEARNING
Authors: Bickel Sebastian , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: August 2021

Data-driven methods from the field of Artificial Intelligence or Machine Learning are increasingly applied in mechanical engineering. This refers to the development of digital engineering in recent years, which aims to bring these methods into practice in order to realize cost and time savings. However, a necessary step towards the implementation of such methods is the utilization of existing data. This problem is essential because the mere availability of data does not automatically imply data usability. Therefore, this paper presents a method to automatically recognize symbols from principle sketches, which allows the generation of training data for machine learning algorithms. In this approach, the symbols are created randomly and their illustration varies with each generation. . A deep learning network from the field of computer vision is used to test the generated data set and thus to recognize symbols on principle sketches. This type of drawing is especially interesting because the cost-saving potential is very high due to the application in the early phases of the product development process.
DEVELOPING SYSTEMS VISUALISATIONS IN DESIGN THROUGH A TYPOLOGY OF VISUAL TASKS: A MECHATRONIC CASE
Authors: Idrissov Agzam , Rapp Simon , Albers Albert , Maier Anja M.
Published: August 2021

Visual representations are essential to design. Data-rich representations such as systems visualisations are gaining prominence in engineering practice. However, as such visualisations are often developed ad-hoc, we propose more systematically to link visual tasks with design-specific tasks for which the visualisations are used. Whereas research on such linking focuses mostly on CAD models and sketches, no such studies are yet available for systems visualisations. Thus, this paper introduces a typology of visual tasks from the Information Visualisation field to aid the development of systems visualisations in design. To build a visualisation using the typology, a case study with engineering students developing an autonomous robot was conducted. Through interviews and analysis of product representations used, design-specific tasks were identified and decomposed into visual tasks. Then, a visualisation that assisted the team in performing their design activities was created. Results illustrate the benefits of using such a typology to describe visual tasks and generate systems visualisations. The study suggests implications for researchers studying visual representations in design as well as for developers of systems visualisations.
DEVELOPMENT METHOD FOR REQUIREMENT COLLECTIVES OF HYDROGEN REFUELLING STATIONS
Authors: Schneider David , Huth Tobias , Nolte Bastian , Vietor Thomas , Heinke Steffen , Tegethoff Wilhelm , Köhler Jürgen , Kühne Ulf , Eilts Peter , Busche Lisa
Published: August 2021

In addition to the development and research of battery-driven vehicles, a high research effort in the field of hydrogen technology can currently be observed. Various research and strategy initiatives relating to hydrogen are being initiated and pursued with considerable commitment worldwide. A significant expansion of the hydrogen filling station network is also being sought in Germany. In the course of designing a hydrogen refuelling station, the paradigms of thermal management must be taken into account in addition to a large number of different environmental and life phase-induced influencing factors. The interactions between influencing factors, requirements and the system architecture result in a multitude of possible refuelling station concepts, which can hardly be surveyed or managed from an organisational point of view. This publication introduces a method for the development of descriptive requirement collectives, which is applied to hydrogen refuelling stations in the framework of THEWA, but can also be adapted for other technical systems. The requirement collective is the first core element of the THEWA tool chain that enables a requirement-oriented and fast design of hydrogen refuelling stations.
DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERAL SENSOR SYSTEM MODEL TO DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONALITY AND THE UNCERTAINTY OF SENSING MACHINE ELEMENTS
Authors: Hausmann Maximilian , Welzbacher Peter , Kirchner Eckhard
Published: August 2021

Sensor integration as close to the process as possible provides advantages in the quality of the measurement results as well as the possibility to implement completely new sensor principles and to measure novel quantities of interest. Sensor integration at positions close to the process can be made possible, for example, through the development and application of Sensing Machine Elements (SME). In the first part of this contribution, a general sensor system model is proposed. It is based on the concept of measuring chains and allows the uniform description of functions and uncertainties within a conventional sensor or SME application. For this purpose, essential quantities are defined, which are required for a uniform understanding. In the second part, the presented sensor system model is applied to a load measuring strain gauge on a drive shaft. This enables the condition monitoring of the shaft and drive train by measuring the electrical resistance of the strain gauge and thus allowing conclusions about the acting drive torque. The individual functions and uncertainties of the strain gauge integration are presented in the system model. This example shows the applicability of the presented system model for sensors and SME.
DISTRIBUTED COGNITION TRANSFORMATION IN COMPLETE ONLINE SYSTEM ENGINEERING DESIGN TEACHING
Authors: Farshad Sabah , Fortin Clement
Published: August 2021

Engineering design teams, particularly in academic courses, were no exception to the consequences of the unknown virus and the global pandemic. Forced online teaching has influenced the way of using communication technologies. The information flow architecture of engineering design is also transforming due to the remote activities and the dominancy of web-based technologies. This transformation creates different patterns of distributed cognition within design teams. In the course of full remote teaching, we studied the entire information flow of a small and dispersed engineering team through the early stages of design for one month using the ethnographic method and Distributed Cognition analysis techniques. Our analysis, of the interdisciplinary design team during a rocket engineering project and system engineering teaching, shows the considerable role of different online data sharing and communications technology platforms in distributed cognition and collaborative problem solving within the team. These new trends create new challenges and opportunities, and in order to enhance collaborative design, these emerged out of the box trends require more attention and updating of existing strategies.
A METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT COMPANIES IN THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS DE-MANUFACTURING
Authors: Cappelletti Federica , Rossi Marta , Germani Michele , Hanif Mohammad Shadman
Published: August 2021

De-manufacturing and re-manufacturing are fundamental technical solutions to efficiently recover value from post-use products. Disassembly in one of the most complex activities in de-manufacturing because i) the more manual it is the higher is its cost, ii) disassembly times are variable due to uncertainty of conditions of products reaching their EoL, and iii) because it is necessary to know which components to disassemble to balance the cost of disassembly. The paper proposes a methodology that finds ways of applications: it can be applied at the design stage to detect space for product design improvements, and it also represents a baseline from organizations approaching de-manufacturing for the first time. The methodology consists of four main steps, in which firstly targets components are identified, according to their environmental impact; secondly their disassembly sequence is qualitatively evaluated, and successively it is quantitatively determined via disassembly times, predicting also the status of the component at their End of Life. The aim of the methodology is reached at the fourth phase when alternative, eco-friendlier End of Life strategies are proposed, verified, and chosen.
EUCLIDIAN DISTANCE TRANSFORMATION, MAIN AXIS ROTATION AND NOISY DILITATION SUPPORTED CROSS-SECTION CLASSIFICATION WITH CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: Denk Martin , Rother Klemens , Höfer Tobias , Mehlstäubl Jan , Paetzold Kristin
Published: August 2021

Polygon meshes and particularly triangulated meshes can be used to describe the shape of different types of geometry such as bicycles, bridges, or runways. In engineering, such polygon meshes can be supplied as finite element meshes, resulting from topology optimization or from laser scanning. Especially from topology optimization, frame-like polygon meshes with slender parts are typical and often have to be converted into a CAD (Computer-Aided Design) format, e.g., for further geometrical detailing or performing additional shape optimization. Especially for such frame-like geometries, CAD designs are constructed as beams with cross-sections and beam-lines, whereby the cross-section is extruded along the beam-lines or beam skeleton. One major task in the recognition of beams is the classification of the cross-section type such as I, U, or T, which is addressed in this article. Therefore, a dataset consisting of different cross-sections represented as binary images is created. Noisy dilatation, the distance transformation, and main axis rotation are applied to these images to increase the robustness and reduce the necessary amount of samples. The resulting images are applied to a convolutional neuronal network.
EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE COLLABORATION OF DESIGN AND SIMULATION - AN INDUSTRIAL MULTI-METHOD STUDY
Authors: Schweigert-Recksiek Sebastian , Hagenow Niklas , Lindemann Udo
Published: August 2021

As mechanical simulations play an increasingly role in engineering projects, an appropriate integration of simulations into design-oriented product development processes is essential for efficient collaboration. To identify and overcome barriers between design and simulation departments, the BRIDGES approach was elaborated for barrier reduction in design engineering and simulation. This paper shows the industrial evaluation of the approach using a multi-method study of an online survey and focus group workshops. The experts' assessments were statistically analysed to build a connection matrix of barriers and recommendations. 59 participants from multiple industries with practical experience in the field contributed to the online survey, while 24 experts could be acquired for the focus group workshops. As a result of the workshops, both the data-based and the workshop-based part of the BRIDGES approach were assessed as beneficial to raise the efficiency of collaboration and practically applicable. This provides an empirically secured connection of barriers and suitable recommendations, allowing companies to identify and overcome collaboration barriers between design and simulation.
A COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO GENERATE DESIGN WITH SPECIFIC STYLE
Authors: Wang Da , Li Jiaqi , Ge Zhen , Han Ji
Published: August 2021

Creativity is crucial in design. In recent years, growing computational methods are applied to improve the creativity of design. This paper aims to explore an approach to generate creative design images with specific feature or design style. A Generative Adversarial Network model is applied in the approach to learn the specific design style. The target products will be projected into the latent space of model to transfer their styles and generate images. The generated images combine the features of the specific design style and the features of the target product. In the experiment, the approach using the generated images to inspire the human designer to generate the creative design in according styles. According to the primary verification by participants, the generated images can bring novelty and surprise to participants, which gain the positive impact on human creativity.
AN ARCHITECTING APPROACH TO TRANSFORMATIONS WITHIN THE DESIGN CONSULTING INDUSTRY: IDEO CASE STUDY
Authors: Lee Sheng-Hung , Lin Wei-Ching , Rudnik John , Rhodes Donna H.
Published: August 2021

Enterprises evolve continuously, usually gradually, but sometimes rapidly in the face of disruptive events. The purpose of this study is to analyze the transformation process of the design consultancy in the face of challenges presented by advanced technology, economic change, and systemic shifts by applying selected methods and tools from the ARIES (Architecting Innovative Enterprise Strategy) framework. The study uses IDEO as an example to discuss the organizational structure of design consultancies, and describes how IDEO has evolved in the context of change. This study illustrates some emerging challenges that the design consulting industry is facing now and will face in the future, and how these challenges will affect organizational culture and structure, the design consulting process, the recruiting criteria, and the designers, as well as envisioning possible paths for the future of design consultancy.
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF DIGITAL TWIN-DRIVEN DESIGN OF AERO-ENGINE STRUCTURES
Authors: Martinsson Julian , Panarotto Massimo , Kokkolaras Michael , Isaksson Ola
Published: August 2021

As the diversity of customer needs increases within the aerospace industry, so does the need for improved design practices to reduce quality issues downstream. When designing new products, design engineers struggle with applying tolerances to features, which often leads to expensive late design iterations. To mitigate this, one aerospace company is looking to reuse tolerance deviation data yielded during manufacturing in design. In the long term these data could provide the basis for a Digital Twin that can be used for improved product development. This article explores how data from production are used today, what issues prevents such data from being exploited in the design phase, and how they potentially could be used for design purposes in the future. To understand the current situation and identify the untapped potential of production data in design, an interview study was conducted in conjunction with a literature review. In this paper the current situation and primary barriers are presented and a possible path for further research and development is suggested.
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF TRANSACTIVE MEMORY SYSTEMS IN TEAM DECISION-MAKING DURING IDEATION PHASE
Authors: Dastmalchi Mohammad Reza , Balakrishnan Bimal , Oprean Danielle
Published: August 2021

Team collaboration is a critical necessity of the modern-day engineering design profession. This is no surprise given that teams typically possess more task-relevant skills and knowledge than individuals (Levine & Choi, 2004). Advancements in digital media provide new opportunities for collaboration across the design lifecycle. However, early stages of the design process still pose challenges to digitally mediated design collaboration due to greater representational abstraction and the presence of multiple modalities for design ideation. Usually, design teams spend a substantial amount of time generating a broad set of ideas that can lead them to a wide range of design solutions during the ideation phase. However, sooner or later, teams should narrow down their vision for a final solution. What factors influence team members to eliminate or select an idea? Our study is an attempt to demonstrate some examples of this challenge. By drawing on research in team cognition, particularly the concept of transactive memory system (TMS) we studied a design teams' communication and media use during the ideation phase. The goal was to see if media type and communication modes can predict a team's decisions on selecting and eliminating ideas.
FOSTERING SUSTAINABLE MINDSETS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION
Authors: Kunrath Kamila , Ramanujan Devarajan
Published: August 2021

Transitioning to a more sustainable society requires that universities produce an increasing number of engineering professionals capable of redesigning current production and consumption systems. This calls for restructuring engineering curricula towards sustainability becoming an integral part of engineering education and professional practice. To this end, this paper investigates the intrinsic and extrinsic motivational aspects of professional identity that contribute to consolidating sustainable mindsets in engineering, considering education as its main route. Specifically, we focus on identifying significant personal and education-related factors that contribute to fostering sustainable decision-making and affect the development of sustainable mindsets in engineering students. In order to identify such factors, we conducted semi-structured interviews with a diverse set of students and professionals (N=12). A thematic analysis of survey transcripts present three main components that support the development of sustainable mindsets throughout engineering education: i) Personal commitment, ii) Learning opportunities, and iii) Internalization time.
GEOMETRY APPLICATION EVOLUTION - FROM RESEARCH TO INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OVER TWO DECADES
Authors: Fuxin Freddy , Edlund Stefan
Published: August 2021

Digitalisation is making significant inroads into society at the same time as the general commercial trend is to able to personalise the product one acquires. The field of digital product representation, and the techniques for adopting a particular product in accordance with the customer's expectations, have become very important corporate assets. From a company's perspective these assets can be leveraged both for internal efficiency and also for different types of external customer interactions. In this article, the standpoint is that product geometry forms the foundation for digital product representation. It is from this perspective that the geometrical ecosystem comes into focus. Geometry creation and geometry consumption, in combination with geometrical configuration management, are high-value areas that must be mastered. A research-based 20-year industrial perspective building up such capabilities serves as an example. The article concludes with a forward-looking perspective on potential areas for continued exploration on this journey.
AN EVALUATION METHOD FOR BUSINESS MODELS IN PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS DESIGN
Authors: Oh Sanghyun , Hong Yoo S. , Lee Jihwan , Kim Yong Se
Published: August 2021

To pursue business innovation with PSS, many different PSS concepts are designed and evaluated. Various business models of a PSS design concept are devised and evaluated as well. Evaluation of the economic sustainability of PSS business models is critical. This paper presents a systematic method to evaluate the economic sustainability of PSS business models using a system dynamics modelling template. System dynamics modelling task is challenging for practitioners due to the variety of variables comprising business model strategies and their complex interrelationships. To enable the modelling task, a system dynamics modelling template composed of six modules of customer acquisition, channel acquisition, profit creation, resource acquisition, PSS provision, and partnership pattern has been devised. The PSS business model evaluation method has been illustrated using a smart study experience management service system design case to demonstrate the proposed system dynamics modelling template can reflect the case-specific business model which consists of the particular business model strategies.
HOW DESIGNERS STRATEGICALLY MANAGE PRODUCT PORTFOLIOS
Authors: Andersson Torbjörn , Ölvander Johan , Wever Renee
Published: August 2021

The continuous management of a manufacturing company's product portfolio is a key aspect of successful product development. Managers determine when and which products should be updated or terminated. This process influences inhouse Industrial design teams, thus prompting a range of development strategies they might deploy. In product portfolio management there is a tension between standardisation and customisation. From a marketing perspective this is may be addressed through brand DNA, from engineering through modularization. The design perspective (merging those two) has been ill-explored, particularly from professional designers. Previously we proposed a theoretical model describing different industrial design projects and how they influence industrial designers strategic thinking. It was developed through literature reviews and examples found in manufacturing industry. Through a multi-case interview study with 16 participants from five manufacturing companies with strong brands, this article aims to empirically evaluate the proposed model. The results show that the respondents could describe all but one industrial design projects, the cause maybe that they had not been exposed to saving a company by doing a total makeover.
HOW INDUSTRY 4.0 RESHAPES THE WORLD: RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON COMPLEX GRAPH NETWORK ANALYSIS
Authors: Zhou Rongyan , Stal-Le Cardinal Julie
Published: August 2021

Industry 4.0 is a great opportunity and a tremendous challenge for every role of society. Our study combines complex network and qualitative methods to analyze the Industry 4.0 macroeconomic issues and global supply chain, which enriches the qualitative analysis and machine learning in macroscopic and strategic research. Unsupervised complex graph network models are used to explore how industry 4.0 reshapes the world. Based on the in-degree and out-degree of the weighted and unweighted edges of each node, combined with the grouping results based on unsupervised learning, our study shows that the cooperation groups of Industry 4.0 are different from the previous traditional alliances. Macroeconomics issues also are studied. Finally, strong cohesive groups and recommendations for businessmen and policymakers are proposed.
HOW SHOULD PLASTIC RECYCLATES LOOK LIKE TO BE PERCEIVED AS SUSTAINABLE: A FIRST EXPLORATION
Authors: Du Bois Els , Veelaert Lore , Tormans Emiel , Moons Ingrid
Published: August 2021

Notwithstanding the positive environmental impact of recycled plastics, they are only scarcely used in new designs due to unfamiliarity and lack of material identities. This research aims to touch upon the sensorial attributes that characterise the sustainable perception of recycled plastics. Understanding this would allow to respond to the new trend of sustainable living by offering recycled materials that are successfully perceived as sustainable, and that could support the identity building of each specific recycled plastic material. Three research activities were executed to explore (i) the designerly understanding of sustainable perceived plastics; (ii) the consumer understanding of sensorial material attributes that influence the sustainable perception; (iii) the understanding of these attributes towards recycled plastic materials. Five variables were found that interfere with the perception of the participants: A weaker colour intensity, the use of colourless colours, a rougher texture, a speckled structure and the usage of a matte gloss can give a sustainable look towards a sustainable plastic material. Further research should detail these variables, its limitations and try to make defined guidelines to avoid greenwashing.
HOW THE CO-CREATIVE PROCESS AFFECTS CONCEPT FORMATION
Authors: Matsumae Akane , Raharja Ferdi Trihadi , Ehkirch Quentin , Nagai Yukari
Published: August 2021

The importance of forming concepts in one's mind has been argued from various perspectives in design studies. This experimental study examines how the co-creative process affects concept formation considering its depth.

The authors conducted a learning experiment applying three processes; non-interactive (NI), interactive but non-co-creative (NC), and interactive and co-creative processes (C). To evaluate whether and how deep the concept is formed in the examinee's mind, mimetic Japanese words, which contain several different explicit concepts underlying a certain integrated implicit concept, were chosen as learning materials. The examinees without any knowledge about mimetic Japanese words were gathered globally and the experiment was conducted fully online using English. Examinees were tested several times to measure how they had formed these concepts for comparing the processes.

The findings suggest that the co-creative process enhances the depth of concept formation: involvement load and willingness to participate in the co-creative process lead to deeper concept formation.
IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE REPLICABILITY OF OPEN SOURCE HARDWARE DESIGNS
Authors: Antoniou Rafaella , Pinquié Romain , Boujut Jean-François , Ezoji Amer , Dekoninck Elies
Published: August 2021

Open-source hardware (OSH) development is a new design paradigm from a commercial perspective. Openly sharing designs of technical products is a step towards democratising access to new technologies for the benefit of individuals and communities in society. At the core of the open-source hardware definition lies the freedom for anyone to replicate the hardware based on the design. Thus, enabling this freedom is a step towards developing a successful OSH. Previous research supposes that a bill of materials and assembly instructions are enough for this. In this study, we question this assumption and investigate what other factors may influence replicability of an OSH. Using data from a survey and interviews with OSH practitioners, we identify and describe these factors, which relate to the documentation, the design and the context of the person replicating the hardware. Using these insights, we present a diagram of the replication process along with questions the person replicating the hardware would ask to check whether an OSH is replicable. Finally, we synthesise this information into practical advice for OSH projects to increase the replicability of the designs they produce, and thus the likelihood of their project's success.
INFLUENCE OF SPECIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO THE SYSTEM OF GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS (GPS) ON SCRAP IN TECHNICAL PRODUCTS
Authors: Gust Peter , Sersch Alina , Kuhlmeier Marco
Published: August 2021

The success of a company is directly linked to its economic objectives. One of the elementary objectives is to maximize profit by reducing the company's own costs in order to increase competitiveness in the market. State of the art is the function-oriented and unambiguous technical specification through the application of Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS). Linking costs related to the GPS system is currently only possible to a limited extent. This contribution presents an approach to quantify costs based on statistical tolerance analysis. The application is intended to determine the impact of a GPS-compliant specification in direct comparison to a non-compliant technical drawing by analyzing scrap rates. In this way, an assessment of the changes associated with the consistent application of the GPS system should be achieved. The results of the study show that a comparison is only possible to a certain degree due to the different characteristics. Based on this finding, an extended evaluation methodology is described.
INTRODUCING MULTIDISCIPLINARY DESIGN OPTIMIZATION TO GRADUATE LEVEL ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Authors: Papageorgiou Athanasios , Wiberg Anton , Persson Johan
Published: August 2021

Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) is a method that has shown many promising results in the development of complex engineered products. To this date, research on MDO has been extensive, but at the same time, very few publications have addressed the aspect of how it can be taught to students and young professionals. In this light, this paper aims to present the experiences of the authors in respect to the development and management of an MDO course at Linköping University. First, this work will describe the authors' teaching approaches, and in particular, it will present the various educational activities that have been considered over the years as well as the lessons learnt. Secondly, this work will attempt to investigate how students perceive a set of common MDO concepts, and more specifically, it will present an analysis based on the results of two surveys that took place in 2016 and 2020, respectively. Given the above foundation, this paper will try to establish guidelines regarding the activities which are suitable for teaching each concept, while finally, it will also touch upon the challenges as well as the solutions for adjusting an MDO course to a distance learning mode.
ANALYSIS OF CUSTOMER SENTIMENT ON PRODUCT FEATURES AFTER THE OUTBREAK OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19) BASED ON ONLINE REVIEWS
Authors: Kim Jinju , Park Seyoung , Kim Harrison
Published: August 2021

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease not only caused many deaths worldwide but also severely affected the development of the global economy, such as supply chain disruptions, plummeted demand, unemployment, etc. These social changes have led to changes in customers' purchasing patterns. Therefore, it is more important than ever for manufacturers to quickly identify and respond to changing customer purchasing patterns and requirements. However, few studies have been done on dynamic changes in customer preferences for product features following COVID-19 spread. This study aims to investigate the dynamic change of customer sentiment on product features following COVID-19 through sentiment analysis based on online reviews. The proposed methodology consists of two main processes: feature extraction and sentiment analysis. After finding a specific feature of the product through feature extraction, the words used to mention the feature in the review were analyzed for sentiment analysis of customers. To demonstrate the methodology, a case study is conducted using new and refurbished smartphone reviews to investigate the dynamic changes in customer sentiment during COVID-19.
ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE THROUGH AN INDUSTRY LENS
Authors: Mactaggart Ivan Mervyn , Eckert Claudia , Lockett Helen
Published: August 2021

There is an inherent tension between functional descriptions of products and structural descriptions. Traditionally system architecture combine the two, by mapping system elements to functions. In this process fundamental decisions about the embodiment of a product are often taken without proper scrutiny. Axiomatic design advocates a zigzag between functional decomposition and system break down. While this approach makes sense for ab initio design these are rare and most products are developed incrementally., This paper takes up the idea of a functional reference architecture.

Conventional functional modelling advocates a hierarchical decomposition into sub function. By contrast FRAs decompose function into function chain, i.e., dependent sequences of sub function required to carry out an overall function. This allows the identification of common sub-functions in different chains, and thereby generates a lattice structure of functions rather than a tree. This enables a detailed but solution neutral description of the product.

This concept has attracted interest in industry but does not have many tools and methods to develop FRA. The paper discusses some of the areas that require research
MODELING AND PRODUCTIVITY PREDICTION OF THE COMPANIES-INTERNAL CROWDSOURCING-BASED IDEATION
Authors: Livotov Pavel
Published: August 2021

The internal crowdsourcing-based ideation within a company can be defined as an involvement of its staff, specialists, managers, and other employees, to propose solution ideas for a pre-defined problem. This paper addresses a question, how many participants of the company-internal ideation process are required to nearly reach the ideation limit for the problems with a finite number of workable solutions. To answer the research question, the author proposes a set of metrics and a non-linear ideation performance function with a positive decreasing slope and ideation limit for the closed-ended problems. Three series of experiments helped to explore relationships between the metric attributes and resulted in a mathematical model which allows companies to predict the productivity metrics of their crowdsourcing ideation activities such as quantity of different ideas and ideation limit as a function of the number of contributors, their average personal creativity and ideation efficiency of a contributors’ group.
MODELLING AND PROFILING STUDENT DESIGNERS’ COGNITIVE COMPETENCIES IN COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
Authors: Clay John , Li Xingang , Rahman Molla Hafizur , Zabelina Darya , Xie Charles , Sha Zhenghui
Published: August 2021

There are three approaches to studying designers – through their cognitive profile, design behaviors, and design artifacts (e.g., quality). However, past work has rarely considered all three data domains together. Here we introduce and describe a framework for a comprehensive approach to engineering design, and discuss how the insights may benefit engineering design research and education. To demonstrate the proposed framework, we conducted an empirical study with a solar energy system design problem. Forty-six engineering students engaged in a week-long computer-aided design challenge that assessed their design behavior and artifacts, and completed a set of psychological tests to measure cognitive competencies. Using a machine learning approach consisting of k-means, hierarchical, and spectral clustering, designers were grouped by similarities on the psychological tests. Significant differences were revealed between designer groups in their sequential design behavior, suggesting that a designer's cognitive profile is related to how they engage in the design process.
MULTI-CRITERIA ASSESSMENT AND PROCESS SELECTION MODEL FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING IN THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE OF DESIGN
Authors: Tavcar Joze , Nordin Axel
Published: August 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM), which was first applied for rapid prototyping, is now becoming a real option for small-batch production of final products. Further expansion of AM is closely correlated to production costs. AM can only become competitive to traditional manufacturing methods if a product is designed for AM already from the beginning as it is an expensive technology that should only be applied if it adds enough value to the product. The aim of this paper is to increase cost awareness in the conceptual design phase and to support product developers in doing AM cost estimation and process selection. The proposed model integrates design for AM and costs calculation. The input data to the process is preliminary design and design requirements. The main contribution of this paper is the multi-criteria AM function, which enables concurrent consideration of different technical and economical criteria. The multi-criteria AM function helps to compare how AM processing and product design parameters influence the product cost. The holistic overview of different options increases the solution space and enables product optimization in several iterations.