bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Breastfeeding among Women Admitted with Severe Preeclampsia before 34 Weeks
Authors: Grundy Sara J. , Avram Carmen M. , Dillon Jacquelyn , Darling Alice , Zemtsov Gregory , Cate Jennifer JM , Wheeler Sarahn , Dotters-Katz Sarah K.
Published: March 2024

Objective Patients with severe preeclampsia (sPREX) face barriers to successful breastfeeding (BF), including an increased risk of maternal and newborn complications, prematurity, and low birth weight. Patients with early-onset sPREX (before 34 weeks' gestation) may be at even greater risk, yet there are little data available on factors associated with BF challenges in this population. We describe rates of BF initiation at hospital discharge and BF continuation at postpartum (PP) visit and identify factors associated with BF noninitiation and BF cessation among patients admitted with early-onset sPREX.

Study Design Retrospective cohort study of women with sPREX admitted at less than 34 weeks' gestation to a single tertiary center (2013–2019). Demographic, antepartum, and delivery characteristics were evaluated. Factors associated with BF noninitiation at maternal discharge and with BF cessation at routine PP were assessed. Patients with intrauterine or neonatal demise and those missing BF data were excluded. Bivariate statistics were used to compare characteristics and Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR).

Results Of 255 patients with early-onset sPREX, 228 (89.4%) had BF initiation at maternal hospital discharge. Initiation of BF occurred less frequently among patients with tobacco use in pregnancy (7.5 vs. 37.0%, χ
2, p < 0.001, RR: 0.69 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.52–0.92]). At 6 weeks' PP, 159 of 199 (79.9%) patients had BF continuation. Maternal age under 20 years (1.9 vs. 17.5%, χ
2, p = 0.01, RR: 0.36 [95% CI: 0.14–0.91]) and experiencing maternal morbidity (25.2 vs. 45.0%, χ
2, p = 0.01, RR: 0.80 [95% CI: 0.66–0.96]) were associated with BF cessation at the PP visit.

Conclusion Among patients with early sPREX, tobacco use in pregnancy was associated with noninitiation of BF at discharge, whereas young maternal age and maternal morbidity were associated with cessation of BF by routine PP visit. Further research is needed on how to support BF in this population, especially among patients with these associated factors.

Key Points
Morphometric Changes in Ventricular Indices in Chronic Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Patients in Mangalore: A Prospective Case-Control Study
Authors: Dessai Apurva B. Gauns , Shetty Lathika , MM Jaseemudheen
Published: March 2024

Background Alcohol intake is increasing daily, affecting and damaging the brain in various ways. In the brain, it causes various degenerative changes, such as dilatations of the ventricles and atrophic changes, primarily seen in chronic alcoholic patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate ventricular indices in chronic alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients using computed tomography (CT).

Methods In this prospective case-control study, patients who had undergone noncontrast CT of the brain between the age of 30 and 60 years were grouped into chronic alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients. The patient's age was further grouped into 30 to 40, 41 to 50, and 51 to 60 years. This current study includes 86 male patients (43 chronic alcoholic patients and 43 nonalcoholic patients). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 23. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Result A statistically significant difference was found in all ventricular indices between the chronic alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients, and it also inferred that ventricular index values were higher in chronic alcoholic patients than in nonalcoholic patients. A statistically significant difference was also found in all ventricular indices when compared between patients in each age group.

Conclusion In this study, ventricular dilatation was seen in chronic alcoholic patients, leading to brain atrophy. There was also evidence of a positive correlation between age and ventricular indices.
Crafting a framework: a Delphi method approach to formulating a maker literacy assessment model for primary school students in China
Authors: Min Baocui , Alam Faizan , Zhao Wei , Tao Jinhong
Published: March 2024

The inclusion of Maker education is crucial in fostering innovative individuals. However, evaluating Maker activities in primary schools continues to be a difficult task. This study aimed to determine the fundamental components of Maker literacy among primary school students. The researchers constructed a thorough evaluation index system by doing a literature review, using coding techniques, determining the weights from YAAHP, and performing statistical analysis with SPSS. The Delphi technique enhanced the conceptual framework through consultation with sixteen experts. The emerging framework consists of three dimensions: Design Thinking, Technology Application and Materialized Practice, and Maker Spirit and Responsibility, each encompassing 12 subordinate aspects. These aspects subtly comprehend Maker literacy and act as indicators for comprehensive assessment systems in Chinese elementary schools. The study enhances our comprehension of children’s development in the field of Maker literacy by outlining its structure. This study provides vital insights into the assessment of Maker activities, which is a significant obstacle to the progress of Maker education. The findings of this study have practical consequences for those in the field of education, policymakers, and those involved in developing curricula. The aim is to promote the development of a generation of individuals capable of thinking innovatively and creating new ideas.
Advantages of the low-temperature secondary emission mass spectrometry in analysis of metal ions in water samples revisited
Authors: Boryak O. A. , Shelkovsky V. S. , Orlov V. V. , Zobnina V. G. , Kosevich M. V.
Published: March 2024

A problem of necessity of concentrating trace admixtures of metal ions required for ecological water analysis can be overcome by harnessing a physical phenomenon of phase separation in aqueous solutions during their freezing. It is shown that the accumulation of metal-containing solutes in the channels between ice crystallites in the frozen solids is sufficient for their successful detection by means of low-temperature secondary emission mass spectrometry. Sufficiency of microliters volumes of water is an advantage of such an approach. Observation of various types of metal ions in frozen water samples is demonstrated on the examples of tap water, sea water, snow and a medicinal preparation. Revisiting and summation of physical basics of mass spectrometric examining of frozen water-inorganic salt solutions and estimates of advancement of mass spectrometric instrumentation permit us to propose a workflow for accelerated and simplified mass spectrometric detection of metal pollutants in water.
Enhanced DNA Raman modes probed by SiO2 photonic crystals
Authors: Olenchuk M. , Hanulia T. , Nikolenko A. , Dovbeshko G.
Published: March 2024

The study of large biomolecules, in particular DNA, is of practical interest. Marker bands of the Raman spectrum of DNA provide information about the conformational state and structure of the macromolecule. At the same time, when dealing with biological experiments, a small amount of DNA is available, which is why it is important to enhance the signal from DNA and find the proper substrate. However, it is difficult to enhance Raman spectra for large molecules as DNA without functionalization that could introduce changes in the DNA structure. In this work, a conventional substrate as CaF2 and a photonic crystal as a substrate with enhancer signal property and without DNA functionalization were applied. The factor of enhancement for DNA from salmon testes was reached up to 10 without Raman spectra distortion. The Raman spectral bands on different types of substrates are analyzed and compared.
Biochemical features of glycolysis in cancer cells with different metastatic potential
Authors: Hnatiuk Solomia , Kolesnyk Denys , Solyanik Galina
Published: March 2024

It is known that, compared with normal cells, cancer cells are characterized by an intensification of glycolysis and an increase in glucose uptake to ensure high proliferative activity. Meanwhile, the question of the relationship between the intensity of glycolysis and the metastatic potential of tumor cells remains open. The aim of the study was to determine the rate of glucose uptake (GCR) and lactate production (LPR) by Lewis lung carcinoma cells with high (LLC) and low metastatic potential (LLC/R9) during 1-day growth in vitro under standard incubation conditions. The results showed that glycolysis intensity was significantly higher in low-metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma cells compared to the high-metastatic cells.
Microscopy of terahertz spoof surface plasmons propagating on planar metamaterial waveguides
Authors: Sulollari N. , Park S. J. , Salih M. , Rubino P. , Burnett A. D. , Li L. , Linfield E. H. , Davies A. G. , Cunningham J. E. , Dean P.
Published: March 2024

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves that have attracted significant interest owing to their subwavelength confinement and the strong field enhancement that they provide. Yet in the terahertz (THz) frequency region of the spectrum, which is well below the plasma frequency of metals, these surface waves are characterized by extremely weak confinement that has severely limited their exploitation for information processing and sensing. One means to circumvent this limitation is through subwavelength structuring of a metallic surface, which can thereby be engineered to support the propagation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) that closely mimic the properties of SPPs. In this work, we report the design and experimental characterization of an ultra-thin metamaterial planar waveguide that supports SSPPs at THz frequencies. Finite-element method simulations are shown to predict the excitation of SSPPs on the surface of our devices under free-space illumination at 3.45 THz. We investigate these structures experimentally using THz scattering-type scanning near-field microscopy (THz-s-SNOM) to map directly the out-of-plane electric field associated with the propagation of SSPPs on the surface of the waveguides. Our work paves the way for the future development of plasmonic integrated circuit technologies and components operating in the THz frequency band.
A semi-analytical model of RF condensation that can handle localized power depositions
Authors: Bobell Ben , Sun Danny , Reiman Allan H.
Published: March 2024

A nonlinear effect, RF (radio frequency) condensation, can be used to facilitate RF stabilization of magnetic islands. Previously studied semi-analytical models for RF condensation are suited mainly for broad deposition profiles and are unable to handle power depositions that are localized in the interior of a magnetic island. The power deposition profile of electron cyclotron waves, in particular, can be highly localized near a cyclotron resonance. Here, a model is developed that can handle both localized profiles and broad profiles. This allows a comparison of RF condensation for narrow vs broad deposition profiles, and it allows a study of the dependence of RF condensation of localized deposition profiles on key parameters.
Ultra-low noise front-end design for smart optical sensors with high sensitivity and wide dynamic range
Authors: Wan Hongshen , Meng Yunfei , Wang Zehua , Du Zhenhui
Published: March 2024

Ultra-low noise is a critical component in the design of high-precision sensor front-ends. We introduced differential phase-sensitive detection (d-PSD) to mitigate both multiplicative and additive noise in optical sensors, aiming for an enhanced performance and cost-effectiveness. The d-PSD combines a capacitive transimpedance amplifier (C-TIA), a delta–sigma analog-to-digital converter (ΔΣ-ADC), and a software-based lock-in amplifier (s-LIA). The first two components utilize the DDC112 (a dual current input 20-bit ADC) for a minimal analog channel length, thus reducing noise efficiently, while the latter employs a cost-effective 32-bit microcontroller unit (MCU), the HC32F460. This approach was successfully implemented as the front-end for a smart optical sensor. Testing indicated that the sensor achieved an equivalent current noise level of 0.6 nA/√Hz, primarily attributed to the light source driver rather than the sensor’s front-end circuit. The sensor exhibited an exceptional performance, with a 3σ measurement precision of 5.4 × 10−4 over a 1-second integration time and a dynamic range of 100 dB, leveraging the proposed method and design. Furthermore, the front-end of the sensor boasts a compact size, low power consumption, and affordability, making it an ideal, versatile solution for ultra-high precision, smart optical sensors.
Kriging-based multi-objective optimization on high-speed train aerodynamics using sequential infill criterion with gradient information
Authors: Dai Zhiyuan , Li Tian , Krajnović Siniša , Zhang Weihua
Published: March 2024

For models with large numerical simulation costs, such as high-speed trains, using as few samples as possible to construct a high-precision surrogate model during aerodynamic multi-objective optimization is critical to improving optimization efficiency. This study proposes a sequential infill criterion (SIC) appropriate for the Kriging surrogate model to address this issue. Three multi-objective functions are employed to test the feasibility of constructing a surrogate model based on SIC, and the SIC surrogate model then performs multi-objective aerodynamic optimizations on the high-speed train. The findings indicate that the expected improvement infill criterion (EIC) in the first stage can enhance the global prediction accuracy of the SIC. An infill criterion based on EIC that fuses gradient information (PGEIC) in the second stage is proposed to seek samples in the Pareto front. The PGEIC surrogate model achieves the lowest generational distance and prediction error. The performance of EIC for global search, EIC for Pareto front search, and infill criterion for Pareto front search using only gradient information is poor. The final PGEIC–SIC surrogate model of train aerodynamics has less than 1% prediction error for the three optimization objectives. The optimal solution reduces the aerodynamic drag force of the head car and the aerodynamic drag and lift force of the tail car by 4.15%, 3.21%, and 3.56%, respectively, compared with the original model. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of key parameters revealed that the nose height v1, cab window height v3, and lower contour line have a greater impact on aerodynamic forces. Moreover, the nose and cab window heights of the optimal model have been reduced, and the lower contour line is concave. Correspondingly, the streamlined shape appears more rounded and slender.
Experimental study on vertical water entry of the projectile with canard-wing
Authors: Li Wenpeng , Wang Cong , Wei Yingjie , Xia Shengsheng , Ding Yanyi
Published: March 2024

Flow control techniques play an important role during water entry. In this paper, the idea of water entry of the projectile with single canard-wing is proposed and applied to the water entry problem. The cavity evolution and motion characteristics of projectile with canard-wing were investigated through experiments, and the cavity length, trajectory, and attitude changes of projectile with canard-wing during water entry were quantified. The results show that, different from the water entry process of projectile without wing, the projectile with canard-wing has the typical characteristics of forming the attached cavity on the wing. Due to the influence of canard-wing, the trajectory deflection is always toward the side without the wing, and the initial moment of trajectory deflection is advanced with the increase in the impact velocity. The length of the fore-end cavity and the attached cavity on the wing increases as the impact velocity increases and the pinch-off depth of the fore-end cavity also increases. Moreover, the deviation of the trajectory and the attitude angle of the projectile with canard-wing increases as the impact velocity increases during water entry. The results can provide important support for the passive flow control during the water entry of the projectile and the development of the trans-media aircraft.
Preparation of chalcogenide perovskite SrHfS3 and luminescent SrHfS3:Eu2+ thin films
Authors: Han Yanbing , Fang Jiao , Liang Yurun , Gao Han , Yang Jianwen , Chen Xu , Yuan Yifang , Shi Zhifeng
Published: March 2024

As an emerging family of perovskites with S or Se anions, chalcogenide perovskites possess excellent optoelectronic properties that are comparable with halide perovskites, e.g., efficient carrier transport abilities and defect tolerance. Moreover, they are thermodynamically stable and constituted by eco-friendly elements. Among them, chalcogenide perovskite SrHfS3 is found to be a promising light emitting material and is experimentally demonstrated to be a suitable host for the luminescent lanthanide ions like Eu2+. In order to be applied in practical light emitting devices, preparation of the thin film is a critical step. Unfortunately, there are few reports on the growth of SrHfS3 thin films, hindering the knowledge of their thin film properties and applications. In this work, SrHfS3 thin films are prepared by magnetron sputtering from a commercial SrHfO3 target and subsequent sulfurization. Then, Eu2+ doping in SrHfS3 thin films is achieved by co-sputtering from a home-made EuS target. The SrHfS3 thin films exhibit high-quality crystallinity, smooth morphology, and high p-type mobility. With efficient Eu2+ doping strategy, SrHfS3:Eu2+ thin films show intensive red light, which sets foundations for their further application in practical light emitting devices.
Sound reduction of side-branch resonators: An energy-based theoretical perspective
Authors: Li Jiaming , Chang Gea Hae
Published: March 2024

For over a century, side-branch resonators have served as effective acoustic filters, yet the explanation for their sound reduction capability has varied. This paper introduces a novel theory applicable to all types of side-branch resonators from an energy perspective and explains sound reduction as a consequence of acoustic energy redistribution. Our theory posits that a standing wave inside the resonator induces air vibration at the opening, which then acts as a secondary sound source, emitting acoustic energy predominantly in the form of kinetic energy. Due to the formation process of the standing wave, the sound wave generated by the resonator undergoes a phase shift relative to the original sound wave in the main pipe. Consequently, this generated sound wave, while matching the amplitude, possesses an opposite phase compared to the original noise wave within the main pipe. This antiphase relationship results in the cancellation of sound waves when they interact post-resonator in the main pipe. Our theory, grounded in an energy perspective, is derived from the principles of standing wave vibration and energy conservation.
Workforce training needs to address social and emotional wellbeing in home-based Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander aged care
Authors: Parrella Adriana , Zagler Jonathon , D’Antoine Matilda , Brodie Tina , Smith Kate , Watts Aunty Martha , Ieremia Tameeka , Aitken Graham , Brown Alex , Pearson Odette
Published: March 2024

Objective To explore the training needs of the home care workforce in supporting the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples receiving aged care services through the Home Care Package (HCP) Program. Methods A mixed-methods design including (1) a focus group and interview with coordinators of HCP Program services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples across metropolitan and rural South Australia in April and June 2022, and (2) a desktop review of training, professional development opportunities and resources for existing and pre-entry workforce addressing the SEWB of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in aged care across the Vocational Education Training and higher education sectors in South Australia, the Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, the Department of Health and Aged Care website and aged care email alerts between December 2021 and September 2022. Results Five themes representing workforce training needs were identified: cultural safety, trauma-informed care, case management, compliance with funding rules and preferred formats for training. The desktop review identified a paucity of formal training, professional development and resources within the context of addressing the SEWB of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in aged care. Conclusions These findings suggest that ongoing practice-based professional development learning opportunities are needed within organisations to enhance peer-learning and support. These need to be available together with dedicated formal training programs and practical resources on meeting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ SEWB in aged care.
Observations of a rotating pyroconvective plume
Authors: Lareau Neil P. , Clements Craig B. , Kochanski Adam , Aydell Taylor , Hudak Andrew T. , McCarley T. Ryan , Ottmar Roger
Published: March 2024

Background There is an ongoing need for improved understanding of wildfire plume dynamics. Aims To improve process-level understanding of wildfire plume dynamics including strong (>10 m s−1) fire-generated winds and pyrocumulus (pyroCu) development. Methods Ka-band Doppler radar and two Doppler lidars were used to quantify plume dynamics during a high-intensity prescribed fire and airborne laser scanning (ALS) to quantify the fuel consumption. Key results We document the development of a strongly rotating (>10 m s−1) pyroCu-topped plume reaching 10 km. Plume rotation develops during merging of discrete plume elements and is characterised by inflow and rotational winds an order of magnitude stronger than the ambient flow. Deep pyroCu is initiated after a sequence of plume-deepening events that push the plume top above its condensation level. The pyroCu exhibits a strong central updraft (~35 m s−1) flanked by mechanically and evaporative forced downdrafts. The downdrafts do not reach the surface and have no impact on fire behaviour. ALS data show plume development is linked to large fuel consumption (~20 kg m−2). Conclusions Interactions between discrete plume elements contributed to plume rotation and large fuel consumption led to strong updrafts triggering deep pyroCu. Implications These results identify conditions conducive to strong plume rotation and deep pyroCu initiation.
Needs for a conceptual bridge between biological domestication and early food globalization
Authors: Liu Xinyi , Jones Martin
Published: March 2024

The past 15 y has seen much development in documentation of domestication of plants and animals as gradual traditions spanning millennia. There has also been considerable momentum in understanding the dispersals of major domesticated taxa across continents spanning thousands of miles. The two processes are often considered within different theoretical strains. What is missing from our repertoire of explanations is a conceptual bridge between the protracted process over millennia and the multiregional, globally dispersed nature of domestication. The evidence reviewed in this paper bears upon how we conceptualize domestication as an episode or a process. By bringing together the topics of crop domestication and crop movement, those complex, protracted, and continuous outcomes come more clearly into view.
Feedforward and feedback mechanisms cooperatively regulate rapid experience-dependent response adaptation in a single thermosensory neuron type
Authors: Hill Tyler J. , Sengupta Piali
Published: March 2024

Sensory adaptation allows neurons to adjust their sensitivity and responses based on recent experience. The mechanisms that mediate continuous adaptation to stimulus history over seconds- to hours-long timescales, and whether these mechanisms can operate within a single sensory neuron type, are unclear. The single pair of AFD thermosensory neurons in
Caenorhabditis elegans
exhibits experience-dependent plasticity in their temperature response thresholds on both minutes- and hours-long timescales upon a temperature upshift. While long-term response adaptation requires changes in gene expression in AFD, the mechanisms driving rapid response plasticity are unknown. Here, we show that rapid thermosensory response adaptation in AFD is mediated via cGMP and calcium-dependent feedforward and feedback mechanisms operating at the level of primary thermotransduction. We find that either of two thermosensor receptor guanylyl cyclases (rGCs) alone is sufficient to drive rapid adaptation, but that each rGC drives adaptation at different rates. rGC-driven adaptation is mediated in part via phosphorylation of their intracellular domains, and calcium-dependent feedback regulation of basal cGMP levels via a neuronal calcium sensor protein. In turn, cGMP levels feedforward via cGMP-dependent protein kinases to phosphorylate a specific subunit of the cGMP-gated thermotransduction channel to further regulate rapid adaptation. Our results identify multiple molecular pathways that act in AFD to ensure rapid adaptation to a temperature change and indicate that the deployment of both transcriptional and nontranscriptional mechanisms within a single sensory neuron type can contribute to continuous sensory adaptation.
Piezo1 channels restrain ILC2s and regulate the development of airway hyperreactivity
Authors: Hurrell Benjamin P. , Shen Stephen , Li Xin , Sakano Yoshihiro , Kazemi Mohammad Hossein , Quach Christine , Shafiei-Jahani Pedram , Sakano Kei , Ghiasi Homayon , Akbari Omid
Published: March 2024

Mechanosensitive ion channels sense force and pressure in immune cells to drive the inflammatory response in highly mechanical organs. Here, we report that Piezo1 channels repress group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2)–driven type 2 inflammation in the lungs. Piezo1 is induced on lung ILC2s upon activation, as genetic ablation of Piezo1 in ILC2s increases their function and exacerbates the development of airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Conversely, Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 reduces ILC2-driven lung inflammation. Mechanistically, Yoda1 inhibits ILC2 cytokine secretion and proliferation in a KLF2-dependent manner, as we found that Piezo1 engagement reduces ILC2 oxidative metabolism. Consequently, in vivo Yoda1 treatment reduces the development of AHR in experimental models of ILC2-driven allergic asthma. Human-circulating ILC2s express and induce Piezo1 upon activation, as Yoda1 treatment of humanized mice reduces human ILC2-driven AHR. Our studies define Piezo1 as a critical regulator of ILC2s, and we propose the potential of Piezo1 activation as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of ILC2-driven allergic asthma.
State-of-the-art silicon carbide diode dosimeters for ultra-high dose-per-pulse radiation at FLASH radiotherapy
Authors: Fleta Celeste , Pellegrini Giulio , Godignon Philippe , Rodríguez Faustino Gómez , Paz-Martín José , Kranzer Rafael , Schüller Andreas
Published: March 2024

Objective. The successful implementation of FLASH radiotherapy in clinical settings, with typical dose rates >40 Gy s−1, requires accurate real-time dosimetry. Approach. Silicon carbide (SiC) p–n diode dosimeters designed for the stringent requirements of FLASH radiotherapy have been fabricated and characterized in an ultra-high pulse dose rate electron beam. The circular SiC PiN diodes were fabricated at IMB-CNM (CSIC) in 3 μm epitaxial 4H-SiC. Their characterization was performed in PTB’s ultra-high pulse dose rate reference electron beam. The SiC diode was operated without external bias voltage. The linearity of the diode response was investigated up to doses per pulse (DPP) of 11 Gy and pulse durations ranging from 3 to 0.5 μs. Percentage depth dose measurements were performed in ultra-high dose per pulse conditions. The effect of the total accumulated dose of 20 MeV electrons in the SiC diode sensitivity was evaluated. The temperature dependence of the response of the SiC diode was measured in the range 19 °C–38 °C. The temporal response of the diode was compared to the time-resolved beam current during each electron beam pulse. A diamond prototype detector (flashDiamond) and Alanine measurements were used for reference dosimetry. Main results. The SiC diode response was independent both of DPP and of pulse dose rate up to at least 11 Gy per pulse and 4 MGy s−1, respectively, with tolerable deviation for relative dosimetry (<3%). When measuring the percentage depth dose under ultra-high dose rate conditions, the SiC diode performed comparably well to the reference flashDiamond. The sensitivity reduction after 100 kGy accumulated dose was <2%. The SiC diode was able to follow the temporal structure of the 20 MeV electron beam even for irregular pulse estructures. The measured temperature coefficient was (–0.079 ± 0.005)%/°C. Significance. The results of this study demonstrate for the first time the suitability of silicon carbide diodes for relative dosimetry in ultra-high dose rate pulsed electron beams up to a DPP of 11 Gy per pulse.
Photoplethysmography based atrial fibrillation detection: a continually growing field
Authors: Ding Cheng , Xiao Ran , Wang Weijia , Holdsworth Elizabeth , Hu Xiao
Published: March 2024

Objective. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia associated with significant health ramifications, including an elevated susceptibility to ischemic stroke, heart disease, and heightened mortality. Photoplethysmography (PPG) has emerged as a promising technology for continuous AF monitoring for its cost-effectiveness and widespread integration into wearable devices. Our team previously conducted an exhaustive review on PPG-based AF detection before June 2019. However, since then, more advanced technologies have emerged in this field. Approach. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in PPG-based AF detection, utilizing digital health and artificial intelligence (AI) solutions, within the timeframe spanning from July 2019 to December 2022. Through extensive exploration of scientific databases, we have identified 57 pertinent studies. Significance. Our comprehensive review encompasses an in-depth assessment of the statistical methodologies, traditional machine learning techniques, and deep learning approaches employed in these studies. In addition, we address the challenges encountered in the domain of PPG-based AF detection. Furthermore, we maintain a dedicated website to curate the latest research in this area, with regular updates on a regular basis.
Gravito-diamagnetic forces for mass independent large spatial superpositions
Authors: Zhou Run , Marshman Ryan J , Bose Sougato , Mazumdar Anupam
Published: March 2024

Creating a massive spatial quantum superposition, such as the Schrödinger cat state, where the mass and the superposition size within the range 10−19 − 10−14 kg and Δx ∼ 10 nm − 100 μm, is a challenging task. The methods employed so far rely either on wavepacket expansion or on a quantum ancilla, e.g. single spin dependent forces, which scale inversely with mass. In this paper, we present a novel approach that combines gravitational acceleration and diamagnetic repulsion to generate a large spatial superposition in a relatively short time. After first creating a modest initial spatial superposition of 1 μm, achieved through techniques such as the Stern–Gerlach (SG) apparatus, we will show that we can achieve an ∼102−103 fold improvement to the spatial superposition size (1 μm → 980 μm) between the wave packets in less than 0.02 s by using the Earth’s gravitational acceleration and then the diamagnetic repulsive scattering of the nanocrystal, neither of which depend on the object mass. Finally, the wave packet trajectories can be closed so that spatial interference fringes can be observed. Our findings highlight the potential of combining gravitational acceleration and diamagnetic repulsion to create and manipulate large spatial superpositions, offering new insights into creating macroscopic quantum superpositions.
Piezoelectric characteristics of doped β-Ga2O3 monolayer: a first-principles study
Authors: Xie Ya-Peng , Fu Si-Lie , Lin-Han Wang , Gan Geng-Run , Gao Xue-Lian , Wang Chun-An , Chen Yu-Lin , Chen Jia-Ying
Published: March 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) piezoelectric materials have been widely concerned because of their important applications in nano-piezoelectric generators. Finding two-dimensional materials with large piezoelectric effects is still a great challenge. In this work, the inversion center of the β-Ga2O3 monolayer was broken by substitutional doping. Not only the in-plane piezoelectric effect but also the uncommon out-of-plane piezoelectric effect is induced in the doped β-Ga2O3 monolayer. In addition, we analyzed the cause of the piezoelectric effects from their electronic properties. The values of out-of-plane (in-plane) piezoelectric coefficient for Cu-doped and Al-doped β-Ga2O3 reach −4.04 (3.95) pm/V and −2.91 (0.37) pm/V, respectively. The results are comparable with those of the commonly used bulk piezoelectric materials such as α-quartz (d11 = 2.3 pm V−1), AlN (d33 = 5.1 pm V−1), and GaN (d33 = 3.1 pm V−1), even though they are both two-dimensional structures. Our study shows a great potential application of doped β-Ga2O3 monolayer in micro and nano-electromechanical devices such as smart wearables, sensors, energy converters, and micro energy collectors.
Fuzzy dark matter dynamics in tidally perturbed dwarf spheroidal galaxy satellites
Authors: Widmark Axel , Yavetz Tomer D. , Li Xinyu
Published: March 2024

Fuzzy dark matter (FDM) has dynamical properties that differ significantly from cold dark matter (CDM).
These dynamical differences are strongly manifested on the spatial scale of dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs), which roughly corresponds to the de Broglie wavelength of a canonical mass FDM particle.
We study simulations of a dSph satellite which is tidally perturbed by its host galaxy, in order to identify dynamical signatures that are unique to FDM, and to quantify the imprints of such perturbations on an observable stellar tracer population.
We find that a perturbed FDM soliton develops a long-standing breathing mode, whereas for CDM such a breathing mode quickly phase-mixes and disappears. We also demonstrate that such signatures become imprinted on the dynamics of a stellar tracer population, making them observable with sufficiently precise astrometric measurements.
Dynamic characteristics of edge plasma profiles during the opening of edge islands on the J-TEXT tokamak
Authors: Yang J. , Liang Y. , Shi P. , Wang N.C. , Zhou S. , Chen Z.P. , Jiang Z.H. , Mao F.Y. , Yang Q.H. , Hua J.K. , Li D. , Chen Z.Y. , Ding Y.H. , Drews P. , Knieps A. , Wang E. , Xu S. , Xiang H.M. , Cai J.Q. , Huang J. , Gao Y.C. , Liu J.W. , Luo Y. , Liao L. ,   the J-TEXT team
Published: March 2024

On the J-TEXT tokamak, the dynamics of edge magnetic topology during the opening of the edge magnetic islands induced by the external Resonant Magnetic Perturbation (RMP) are investigated. The edge island chain is pushed outward by increasing plasma toroidal current to intersect the poloidally and toroidally localized divertor plate, forming an open magnetic island in the Scrape-Off Layer (SOL). The location of the strike points on the divertor plate predicted by the HINT code is in agreement with the experimental observations. The influence of the magnetic topology on edge plasma profiles has also been investigated using Langmuir probes. The properties of edge

T

e

,

n

e

,

P

e

and

E

r

profiles are studied as function of three magnetic structures in

q

a

-dependence experiments and two magnetic structures in RMP configuration-dependence experiments. Some common features are observed. Inside the edge closed and SOL remnant islands, flat

P

e

but non-flat

T

e

and

n

e

profiles are detected. When transitioning from the edge closed island to the partially open island with remnant island, the local flat

P

e

profile is shifted outward accompanied by a narrower flattened

P

e

region. The steep slopes of

T

e

,

n

e

and

P

e

are measured in the SOL regions characterized by a long connection length

L

c

, and the longer

L

c

, the steeper slopes.

E

r

exhibits a negative well inside the remnant island with infinite

L

c

and in the SOL regions where

L

c

significantly exceeds than the electron mean free path

λ

e

, but develops a positive value in the SOL regions where

L

c

is relatively short.
Effects on growth mindset development of a teaching/learning sequence on surface phenomena
Authors: Termini G , Battaglia O R , Fazio C
Published: March 2024

In this paper we discuss some aspects of the design of a teaching/learning sequence (TLS) on surface phenomena for high school students, inspired by the ideas proposed by inquiry and investigative based learning approaches. A good understanding of surface phenomena is relevant in Physics and other scientific and technical fields. This, and the acknowledgement that traditional teaching methods used to introduce the basic concepts related to this topic have often proved to be not very effective in captivating students’ interest and in favoring authentic understanding of the related physical content drove us in choosing this physics topic. Furthermore, some considerations on a case study on the efficacy of the TLS on the development of a growth mindset are reported.
Towards an Early Physics approach for secondary students
Authors: Bologna V , Longo F , Peressi M , Sorzio P
Published: March 2024

Some traditional approaches to teaching Physics at the secondary level of instruction have disclosed their limits, especially in distance learning. A consequence of such limits seems to be a somewhat diffused lack of students’ scientific abilities, mainly caused by their learning difficulties. To overcome the shortcoming of tradition, we stimulated some teachers to get involved in a new teaching approach to develop their awareness of these limits and difficulties and exploit their PCK (Pedagogical Content Knowledge). This approach explores and intercepts the main learning features and needs in the first years of Physics studies. For that reason and the analogy in Math Education, we named it Early Physics.
Unearthing student teachers’ Physics misconceptions during Work-Integrated Learning
Authors: Mutsvangwa Andrew
Published: March 2024

This study explored student teachers’ Physics misconceptions during Work-Integrated Learning in high schools in South Africa. The sample in this work comprised eight final-year student teachers pursuing a Bachelor of Education degree and seven Postgraduate Certificate in Education students. An unstructured observation method was utilised to collect data during the lessons that were conducted by the participants. It was observed that a significant number of the participants had some misconceptions about constructs in Physics. Most of the misconceptions were confirmed in Mechanics and Electricity and Magnetism. Some of participants claimed that the misconceptions emanated from prescribed textbooks and equally from their previous studies. A number of suggestions were made to rectify specific misconceptions in the discipline of Physics amongst the student teachers.
The Schrödinger equation for a non-quantized matter field: a theoretical introduction for Physics Education researchers
Authors: Giliberti Marco , Lovisetti Luisa
Published: March 2024

Usual presentations of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) start by postulating the existence of a classical field that obeys to the wave equation, derived from a conveniently chosen Lagrangian density. But while electromagnetic fields are given a proper physical meaning even before quantization, matter fields acquire it mostly only when quantized. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to give a pedagogical construction that allows us to assign a physical meaning also to non-quantized matter fields. This operation is particularly important since we believe that Quantum Field Theory is more suited than Quantum Mechanics (QM) to introduce quantum physics in secondary schools. The purpose of this paper is to show how to attribute a physical meaning to classical (that means, not yet quantized) matter fields. It is not intended for a high school presentation, but, besides being addressed to those who teach QFT at university, and to teacher educators, it is primarily addressed to researchers in physics education and to all those who work for an educational presentation of quantum physics based on QFT.
Consideration of the nature of science in a modern physics course
Authors: Arbabifar Fatemeh , Nazerdeylamin Somayeh
Published: March 2024

The current study examined the effect of considering the nature of science in the classroom on the worldview and knowledge of undergraduate students of physics education. It seems that the historical, cultural, and social situation of physics and physicists during the modern physics period, plus some implicit challenges about the philosophy of science help to promote the worldview and physical knowledge of undergraduate students. So, we sought to determine this issue on experimental and control groups of students during the course of modern physics. They were provided with two types of pre-exam and post-exam sheets followed by an interview. The responses to the exams and the interviews of the students were analyzed qualitatively. It was concluded that simply learning modern physics by the control group did not change their beliefs about science considerably while the experimental group show promotion on their worldview and physical knowledge.
Exploring students’ attitudes towards physics and their association with gender
Authors: Catena Danilo , Testa Italo
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this study was to analyse gender differences in the attitudes towards physics in the framework of the Semiotic Cultural Psychological Theory (SCPT). According to this theoretical perspective, attitudes represent how individuals interpret their experience, through the mediation of generalized meaning with which they are identified. A view-of-physics questionnaire was used as instrument to collect data with 1562 (723 females) high school students. Using multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis, we identified four generalized meanings of physics: (a) interesting and important for society; (b) a quite interesting, but badly taught subject at school and not completely useful for society; (c) difficult to study and irrelevant for society; and (d) a fascinating and protective niche from society. The association between gender and the identified cluster was assessed by a chi-square test, which indicates a significant overlap between females and cluster (c).
Using Virtual Reality for Teaching Kinematics
Authors: Kortemeyer G
Published: March 2024

Simulations have been used for decades to teach physics concepts. Virtual Reality (VR) opens new avenues: the benefits of acting out physis (embodiment) can be combined with the affordances of a simulated environment. This paper aims to demonstrate how to create physics-education simulations in VR with comparatively small effort beyond 2D-simulations, using the Unity game development environment in connection with consumer-grade VR gear.
Pedagogical beliefs of South African physics teachers for inquiry approaches
Authors: Ramnarain Umesh
Published: March 2024

This study explored the pedagogical beliefs held by South African physics teachers towards inquiry approaches. A significant curriculum goal of school science in most countries is for learning to happen through inquiry. A similar goal is expressed in the South African school science curriculum. The findings of a quantitative survey that was administered to 166 teachers showed that teachers reported having a predominantly constructivist pedagogical belief suggesting a tendency to facilitate students’ construct of knowledge through their experiential learning. To a lesser extent, teachers exhibited a traditionalist belief that is teacher-directed and lends itself to transmission of knowledge. In investigating the relationship between pedagogical beliefs and orientation towards inquiry-based teaching, it was found that teachers who have a constructivist belief favour guided inquiry and open inquiry. Teacher who possess a traditionalist beliefs have a tendency for direct epistemic approaches such as didactic direct or active direct.
Challenges in pre-service physics teachers’ practical training after pandemic restrictions
Authors: Haverlíková V , Horváth P
Published: March 2024

The paper presents challenges caused by COVID-19 pandemic situation and lockdowns of pre-service teachers’ practical training between March 2020 and May 2021. The standard structure of practical training is introduced and the impact of pandemic restrictions on practical training from pre-service teachers’ and supervising teachers’ views are described. Suggestions for changes in future design of practical training are formulated.
The natural science teacher training program meeting the demands of the new general education curriculum in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen T H , Do H T , Nguyen A T
Published: March 2024

The article presents an overview of Vietnam’ Science Teacher Training Program in the socio-cultural context and a detailed introduction of the necessity of the Natural Science Teacher Training Program for lower secondary schools since 2018 meeting the demands of the New General Curriculum. The paper also shows the comparison among the nations’ science teacher education programs in terms of the objectives and domains of knowledge in the training curricula. We based our study on the documentary reviewing method and use a comparative and descriptive approach to classify a common category for these programs and show typical features in each program and highlight those that significantly contribute to curriculum development in Vietnam.
Fast timing detectors for the muon system of a muon collider experiment: requirements from simulation and prototype performance
Authors: Aimè C. , Brunoldi M. , Calzaferri S. , Fiorina D. , Riccardi C. , Salvini P. , Vai I. , Vitulo P. ,   the International Muon Collider collaboration
Published: March 2024

Looking at the future path of high-energy physics, a muon collider offers incomparable potential for discovery in the multi-TeV energy range. However, its development must address some relevant technological challenges, which arise from the short muon lifetime, 2.2 μs, and from the difficulty of producing large numbers of muons in groups with small emittance. The first one in particular leads to the production of the so-called Beam-induced Background (BIB), which affects the design of the machine and detector.
The purpose of this contribution is to describe the expected performance of the muon system of a multipurpose muon collider detector designed to reconstruct the products of multi-TeV collisions with extreme accuracy.
We are proposing a design of the muon system fully based on Micropattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD), which foresees the combination of tracking layers based on Triple-GEM detectors, with a timing layer based on a new generation MPGD called Picosec. Picosec was developed in the last few years by the RD51 collaboration, with the aim of obtaining a fast timing (sub ns) MPGD.
A dedicated R&D is ongoing to optimize such a technology for the application in a muon collider experiment, both from the detector and the mechanics point of views.
This contribution will present the results obtained during the R&D of the Picosec technology for the muon collider both from laboratory tests and test beams performed in 2023. Special attention will be given to the performance obtained with different gas mixtures. Moreover, we will discuss the plans for the R&D dedicated to the muon collider.