bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of molding conditions on crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)
Authors: De Santis Felice , Volpe Valentina , Pantani Roberto
Published: August 2016

Although Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) possesses many desirable properties, above all biodegradability, its heat deflection temperature is too low for many desirable applications. Similarly, to any other polymers, also for PLA the physical and mechanical properties in the solid state depend on the morphology and crystallinity degree, which in their turn are determined by the thermomechanical history experienced during solidification. A large crystallinity degree is highly desirable to increase the heat resistance of PLA but is rather difficult to reach during injection molding due to the very slow crystallization kinetics of this material. In this work, the crystallization kinetics of an injection molded PLA grade was assessed in function of the thermal history by using calorimetric analysis. The cold crystallization kinetics (starting from the amorphous glassy sample) turned out to be faster than melt crystallization kinetics. Following the indications gained from crystallization kinetics, some samples were injection molded imposing different thermal histories. The effect of molding conditions on crystallinity was determined. This finding was adopted to develop a post‐molding stage which allows obtaining crystalline samples in times much shorter (of a factor about two) with respect to samples injection molded in a hot mold kept at temperatures close to the maximum crystallization rate. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:306–311, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
LSP modes of Ag nanocube and dimer studied by DDA simulation
Authors: Zhang K. J. , Da B. , Ding Z. J.
Published: August 2016

Localized surface plasmons (LSPs) of metallic nanoparticles have been studied for a long time; the fantastic resonance modes are strongly dependent on the shape, size and spatial configuration of nanoparticles. Electron energy loss spectra (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscopy is widely used to probe LSP modes. In this work, LSP modes of Ag nanocube and dimer were investigated in the frame of the discrete dipole approximation simulation. Compared with light excitation, electron‐driven method can provide complete information of LSP modes. We discuss the physical nature of these modes with the help of simulated E‐field distributions and EELS intensity maps. For LSP modes of single nanoparticle and transverse coupling modes, EELS intensity maps reveal distributions of the electric field well. However, hot spots are missing in the EELS intensity map of longitudinal coupling modes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppression of surface pattern formation in spin‐coated polymer films by the addition of polydimethylsiloxane‐grafted silica nanoparticles
Authors: Ren Xianwen , Weng Lu‐Tao , Ng Kai‐Mo , Chan Chi‐Ming
Published: August 2016

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐grafted nanoparticles and PDMS were added, respectively, to inhibit the dewetting of polymer films and the formation of surface patterns in spin coating. Uniform and flat films were successfully achieved with the addition of PDMS‐grafted silica nanoparticles or PDMS. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling indicated that PDMS‐grafted silica nanoparticles and PDMS preferentially segregated to the surface. A high concentration of bromine end groups was observed at the interface. The surface layer of PDMS or PDMS‐grafted silica nanoparticles can decrease the surface tension of the polymer solutions and reduce the evaporation rates of the solvents, providing more time for the bromine end groups to anchor themselves at the silicon substrates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating an Organizational‐Level Occupational Health Intervention in a Combined Regression Discontinuity and Randomized Control Design
Authors: Sørensen Ole H.
Published: August 2016

Organizational‐level occupational health interventions have great potential to improve employees' health and well‐being. However, they often compare unfavourably to individual‐level interventions. This calls for improving methods for designing, implementing and evaluating organizational interventions. This paper presents and discusses the regression discontinuity design because, like the randomized control trial, it is a strong summative experimental design, but it typically fits organizational‐level interventions better. The paper explores advantages and disadvantages of a regression discontinuity design with an embedded randomized control trial. It provides an example from an intervention study focusing on reducing sickness absence in 196 preschools. The paper demonstrates that such a design fits the organizational context, because it allows management to focus on organizations or workgroups with the most salient problems. In addition, organizations may accept an embedded randomized design because the organizations or groups with most salient needs receive obligatory treatment as part of the regression discontinuity design. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renovation of Optically Active Phenanthrolines as Powerful Chiral Ligands for Versatile Asymmetric Metal Catalysis
Authors: Naganawa Yuki , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: August 2016

In the field of asymmetric synthesis, the development of new chiral ligands has been regarded as an attractive challenge for decades. Novel chiral ligands can often have a great impact on synthetic protocols. In this context, we are currently interested in the application of 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) as an entirely new class of chiral ligand. To handle this issue, we designed a chiral phen ligand that provides the N,N,O‐tridentate coordination of the phen moiety and an additional phenolic hydroxyl group. As phen possesses greater coordination ability with various ions, our chiral phen ligand would be valuable as one of the "privileged" chiral ligands applied to a broad range of metal catalysts and new reactions. This account summarizes the results of the application of the chiral phen ligand to various kinds of metal catalysis.

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L‐series X‐ray emission spectra of 3d‐metal compounds with various excitation conditions
Authors: Uehara Yasushi
Published: August 2016

L‐series emissions of manganese, iron, and zinc oxides were studied using electron beam excitation and highly brilliant synchrotron radiation excitation. We showed that manganese and iron oxides show different Lβ/Lα intensity ratio because of their oxidation states and excitation electron voltages. On the other hand, we could not get any L‐series emissions from those bulk samples when excited by normal incident high‐energy monochromatic X‐rays, while samples of thin films and samples excited by grazing incident monochromatic X‐rays showed clear emissions. It is suggested that the difference of Lβ/Lα intensity ratio due to the oxidized states mainly concerns with the Coster–Kronig transition ratio of the samples, while self‐absorption effects should also deeply contribute the ratio, considering the experimental results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pushing the Governance Boundaries: Making Transparent the Role of Water Utilities in Managing Urban Waterways
Authors: Cooper Bethany , Crase Lin , Maybery Darryl
Published: August 2016

Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) requires simultaneous consideration of the multiple benefits that attend water. IWRM can also be more challenging in regulatory environments where the resource manager must justify choices and elements of each intervention. This is particularly challenging in the context of urban waterways that have many uses including an ecological function and a source of human amenity. To justify expenditure on maintaining and improving urban waterways for ecological and/or amenity changes regulated utilities must be able to articulate and measure these types of values with at least some degree of precision. This paper presents a generic and systematic framework for understanding the ecological and amenity values of urban waterways. We illustrate deployment of the framework in the case of Melbourne, one of Australia’s fastest growing cities and a location ranked as amongst the most liveable since 2011. We also explore how the results could improve the way we measure benefits in dollar terms.
Molecular Finger Printing of Nutra‐Coconut Oil with Improved Health Protective Phytoceuticals and its Efficacy as Frying Medium
Authors: Faiza Sheema , Nasirullah  , Debnath Sukumar
Published: August 2016

Coconut oil is rich in medium chain triglycerides but lacks polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and bio‐active phytoceuticals. In the present work nutra‐coconut oil was prepared by blending coconut oil and flaxseed oil (70:30) and adding 3000 ppm of flaxseed cake concentrate using ethanol, methanol and 20 % aqueous ethanol. The concentrate prepared from flaxseed was from ethanol as it gave maximum yield. The different bio‐active molecules in flaxseed concentrate observed are polyphenols (39.04 %), tocopherols (4.37 %), ferulic acid (0.17 mg g−1), p‐coumaric acid (2.24 mg g−1), chlorogenic acid (16.11 mg g−1), gallic acid (8.58 mg g−1), sinapic acid (0.64 mg g−1) and secoisolariresinol (30.13 mg g−1). The nutra‐coconut oil was found to have polyphenols (2.86 %), tocopherols (442.96 ppm) and antiradical activity (94 %). The PUFA content was found to increase in nutra‐coconut oil significantly (p < 0.05) (2–22 %). The FT‐IR spectra of nutra‐coconut oil revealed that the peak at 3009 and 1651 cm−1 was associated with the presence of unsaturated fatty acids. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference observed in sensory attributes of snack food fried using coconut oil and nutra‐coconut oil indicating that the later could be used as a frying medium and useful for food processing industries.
Scaling laws and flow structures of double diffusive convection in the finger regime
Authors: Yang Yantao , Verzicco Roberto , Lohse Detlef
Published: August 2016

Direct numerical simulations are conducted for double diffusive convection (DDC) bounded by two parallel plates. The Prandtl numbers, i.e. the ratios between the viscosity and the molecular diffusivities of scalars, are similar to the values of seawater. The DDC flow is driven by an unstable salinity difference (here across the two plates) and stabilized at the same time by a temperature difference. For these conditions the flow can be in the finger regime. We develop scaling laws for three key response parameters of the system: the non-dimensional salinity flux $\mathit{Nu}_{S}$ mainly depends on the salinity Rayleigh number $\mathit{Ra}_{S}$, which measures the strength of the salinity difference and exhibits a very weak dependence on the density ratio $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$, which is the ratio of the buoyancy forces induced by two scalar differences. The non-dimensional flow velocity $Re$ and the non-dimensional heat flux $\mathit{Nu}_{T}$ are dependent on both $\mathit{Ra}_{S}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$. However, the rescaled Reynolds number $Re\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{u}^{eff}}$ and the rescaled convective heat flux $(\mathit{Nu}_{T}-1)\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{T}^{eff}}$ depend only on $\mathit{Ra}_{S}$. The two exponents are dependent on the fluid properties and are determined from the numerical results as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{u}^{eff}=0.25\pm 0.02$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{T}^{eff}=0.75\pm 0.03$. Moreover, the behaviours of $\mathit{Nu}_{S}$ and $Re\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{u}^{eff}}$ agree with the predictions of the Grossmann–Lohse theory which was originally developed for the Rayleigh–Bénard flow. The non-dimensional salt-finger width and the thickness of the velocity boundary layers, after being rescaled by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{u}^{eff}/2}$, collapse and obey a similar power-law scaling relation with $\mathit{Ra}_{S}$. When $\mathit{Ra}_{S}$ is large enough, salt fingers do not extend from one plate to the other and horizontal zonal flows emerge in the bulk region. We then show that the current scaling strategy can be successfully applied to the experimental results of a heat–copper–ion system (Hage & Tilgner, Phys. Fluids, vol. 22, 2010, 076603). The fluid has different properties and the exponent $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{u}^{eff}$ takes a different value $0.54\pm 0.10$.
Genetic variation withinGRIN2Bin adolescents with alcohol use disorder may be associated with larger left posterior cingulate cortex volume
Authors: Dalvie Shareefa , Brooks Samantha J. , Cardenas Valerie , Fein George , Ramesar Raj , Stein Dan J.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Brain structure differences and adolescent alcohol dependence both show substantial heritability. However, exactly which genes are responsible for brain volume variation in adolescents with substance abuse disorders are currently unknown. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether genetic variants previously implicated in psychiatric disorders are associated with variation in brain volume in adolescents with alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Methods

The cohort consisted of 58 adolescents with DSM-IV AUD and 58 age and gender-matched controls of mixed ancestry ethnicity. An Illumina Infinium iSelect custom 6000 bead chip was used to genotype 5348 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 378 candidate genes. Magnetic resonance images were acquired and volumes of global and regional structures were estimated using voxel-based morphometry. To determine whether any of the genetic variants were associated with brain volume, association analysis was conducted using linear regression in Plink.

Results

From the exploratory analysis, theGRIN2BSNP rs219927 was associated with brain volume in the left posterior cingulate cortex (p<0.05), whereby having a G-allele was associated with a bigger volume.

Conclusion

TheGRIN2Bgene is involved in glutamatergic signalling and may be associated with developmental differences in AUD in brain regions such as the posterior cingulate cortex. Such differences may play a role in risk for AUD, and deserve more detailed investigation.
Should urinary iodine concentrations of school-aged children continue to be used as proxy for different populations? Analysis of data from Chinese national surveys
Authors: Liu Peng , Su Xiaohui , Li Mu , Shen Hongmei , Yu Jun , Kelly Patrick J. , Meng Fangang , Liu Lixiang , Fan Lijun , Li Ming , Liu Shoujun , Sun Dianjun
Published: August 2016

I deficiency is a worldwide public health problem. Median urinary I concentration in school-aged children has been used globally as a proxy for all populations. This study aims to determine whether median urinary I concentration of school-aged children is an appropriate indicator of I nutritional status in different adult populations. This is a secondary data analysis of two national I Deficiency Disorder surveys (2011, 2014) and two regional surveys (in coastal areas, 2009, and in high-risk areas, 2009–2014). Population groups included in these surveys were school-aged children (8–10 years), pregnant women, lactating women, women of childbearing age and adults (men and women, 18–45 years). All participants were self-reported healthy without history of thyroid diseases or were not using thyroid medicines. The median urinary I concentration of school-aged children was matched with that of the other population at the county level. The matched populations had similar iodised salt supply, food and water I, food composition and I content in salt. Weak or moderate correlation of median urinary I concentrations was observed between school-aged children and pregnant women and between children and lactating women. However, the agreement was stronger between children and women of childbearing age and between children and adult men and women. The results could be affected by cut-off values, data aggregation level and sample size. Using median urinary I concentration of school-aged children tends to overestimate that of pregnant women and lactating women. Median urinary I concentration of school-aged children can be used for assessing I nutrition in the adult population.
Something interesting! The 1999 Presidential Address
Authors: Robson J. Chris
Published: August 2016

Thank you for the honour of being your president. Being such was not an ambition of mine – it was not even considered as a possibility. However, I have enjoyed the experience, and will for the few more hours which are allowed to me.

In the course of preparing this address, I looked at the article about presidential addresses written by Mary Bradburn in the 1996 Centenary Issue of the Mathematical Gazette. That was a mistake – too many different models to follow, each sounding more interesting than my own ideas. One odd thing, to my mind, and something not special to the MA, is having a President give the presidential address at the very end of the term of office. I always feel that hearing someone give a lecture helps me to find out a bit about them; so a presidential address is a chance for all to learn about their President – but too late, too late!
Heron triangles and touching circles
Authors: Bradley Christopher J.
Published: August 2016

Heron triangles are those with integer sides and integer area. It is well known how to construct them as the union or difference of a pair of integersided right-angled triangles with a common side. For example, the triangles with sides 8, 15, 17 and 20, 15, 25 may be united, with common side 15, to form an acute Heron triangle with altitude 15, base 28 and other two sides 17 and 25. Its area is 210. Alternatively, their difference may be formed to create an obtuse Heron triangle with altitude 15, base 12 and other two sides 17 and 25. Its area is 90. Triangles with rational sides and rational area may be enlarged to have integer sides and integer area, and so may be classed as Heron triangles also. There have been many articles about Heron triangles in recent times, both in the Gazette [1,2] and elsewhere [3,4, 5], to mention just a few. This is not surprising as the number theory involved has a direct and pleasing application.
A unique property of right-angled triangles
Authors: Darvasi Gyula
Published: August 2016

The familiar fact that we may cut any triangle into three polygonal pieces which can be rearranged to form a rectangle is one of the most elementary problems of polygonal dissection. This fact is shown in two ways in Figure 1 where both sides of the rectangle are predetermined after setting up the triangle: one side of the triangle and half of the altitude to this side, or one altitude and half of the side at right angles to it.
More Power to Fibonacci
Authors: Lewis Barry
Published: August 2016

You should never judge a book by its title - but I nearly always do. A mathematical colleague recommended a book to me Concrete Mathematics [1]. Just recently, someone else also referred me to the same book. Well a wink’s as good as a nod to a blind man and I now realise what a mistake I’d made; concrete is a conflation of ‘continuous’ and ‘discrete’. Like all good textbooks in mathematics, it distinguishes itself not just by the quality of its contents and presentation, but also by the superb collection of problems that it includes. One such problem - question 58 in Chapter 6 - inspired this article. There was a hint towards a generalised result, but there were no details. It did give a reference, [2, 3], but despite some efforts I found this unobtainable. Hence this article and my attempt to cover the same ground. The question posed in the book is concerned with the linear recurrence relations satisfied by the successive powers of Fibonacci numbers - so we start with the Fibonacci sequence itself.
Morley’s diagram generalised
Authors: Fox M. D. , Goggins J. R.
Published: August 2016

Morley’s theorem is well-known: if we trisect the interior angles of any triangle A0A1A2, then the common point of each pair of trisectors adjacent to a side is a vertex of the Morley triangle, M0M1M2, which is always equilateral (Figure 1). Less well-known is that the two triangles are in perspective, that is, the three lines AiMi, concur at a point M.

The pairs of trisectors further from the sides meet at W0, W1 and W2, the vertices of the anti-Morley (or perhaps the Worley) triangle. It, too, is in perspective with A0A1A2, the centre of perspective being W. Also, the Morley and anti-Morley triangles have a centre of perspective X, the points M, W and X being collinear.
Concerning a sequence of Gaussian Integrals
Authors: Rae H. C.
Published: August 2016

In this article we usually omit limits since, in all the cases which we consider, the integration variables are in the interval (-∞, ∞).

Few mathematics students in their first year at university would be likely to list linear algebra as part of their tool box for solving problems in the calculus class. Asked to show that

the majority, at this stage of their careers, would probably not realise that techniques which they had recently learned in linear algebra had any bearing on the problem. The computer experts in their midst might even argue that there was little merit in learning how to perform such calculations since high speed computers had eliminated the need to develop the technical skills which only a few years ago would have been regarded as essential for anyone aspiring to become a mathematician.
Irrational thoughts
Authors: Ross Marty
Published: August 2016

This number arises naturally, of course, as the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of length 1. Notoriously, √2 was found to be irrational by the Pythagoreans in around 500 BC. Their mathematics and philosophy was based upon natural numbers and small number ratios, and thus this discovery would have been very troubling: the Pythagoreans wouldn’t be the only ones to react badly to the imposition of the irrational.
The irrationality of e4: a simple proof
Authors: Eastham Michael
Published: August 2016

The well-known simple proof that the number e is irrational consists of writing e as its exponential series, multiplying by a suitable factorial, r!, and deriving the contradiction that, if e were rational, there would be an integer lying strictly between 0 and 1. This proof is referred to as a ‘trick’ in the recent highly acclaimed book Proofs from THE BOOK [1, p. 27], where the surprising statement is made that ‘This trick … isn’t even good enough to prove that e2 is irrational’. In this article we show that there are nevertheless two similar simple proofs that e2 is irrational. The first proof is in fact well known [2, p. 12]. The second, though elementary, is less obvious and certainly not well known but, together with the idea in the first proof, it implies the even stronger property that e4 is irrational.
Watt linkages and quadrilaterals
Authors: Keady G. , Scales P. , Németh P.
Published: August 2016

We define a Watt quadrilateral to be a quadrilateral with a pair of opposite sides of equal length. See Figure 1.

2. Linkages

The Watt linkage (Figure 2) has equal-length cranks AD and BC, A and B fixed, and coupler bar CD. It was devised by James Watt about 1784 to constrain the steam-engine piston rod, connected at E, the midpoint of CD, to approximate straight-line motion over a limited range.
The discovery of two new magic knight’s tours
Authors: Roberts Tim S.
Published: August 2016

A magic square is one in which all rows and columns, and the two main diagonals, sum to the same total. A knight’s tour is a tour of the board in which, using knight’s moves, all squares are visited exactly once. When the squares visited are numbered from 1 to 64, if the square is magic (but without including the two main diagonals), this is termed a magic knight’s tour. This paper describes two magic knight’s tours on an 8 by 8 board found in early 2003, the first new tours to be discovered since 1988, and the first irregular tours to be discovered since 1936.
Timetable spread and lattice energies
Authors: King Jeremy D.
Published: August 2016

In [1] the author investigated a method of measuring how good the spread of lessons is for a class in a school timetable. The method considered only the maximum number of days between two consecutive lessons. However, it was observed that not all configurations with the same maximum gap are equally good. For example, the configuration for a tenday cycle in Figure 1(a) would be preferable to that in Figure 1(b); the filled circles represent days with a lesson and the unfilled circles days without. Here we propose a model that takes into account the overall configuration when measuring how good the spread of lessons is.
Mathematics: The greatest subject in the world
Authors: McBride Adam
Published: August 2016

Two prominent themes in the Presidential Address upon which this article is based were Enthusiasm and Challenge.

Many, if not most, practitioners of Mathematics can trace their interest in the subject to an enthusiastic teacher at some stage of their education. In this day and age, it is all too easy to get bogged down in a morass of assessment and quality assurance. Yet it is vital that teachers of Mathematics at all levels retain their enthusiasm and pass this on to their students.
Integral solutions of ass and mule problems
Authors: Singmaster David
Published: August 2016

In [1], Tomislav Došlić studies a special case of the classic Ass and Mule Problem and determines when integral data give integral solutions. The question of when integral data gives integral solutions in the general case intrigued me some years ago; I even published the assertion that I could not see any simpler result than computing the answers and seeing if the results were integral [2]. However, I later found a satisfactory result for this and some variants of the problem, which are given in [3, 4]. Here I give this result, which describes an infinite set, and show it leads to a simpler derivation of Došlić's interesting result that his variation has only 16 positive integral solutions. A different method permits finding the nonpositive integral solutions. I will then state a similar but unsolved problem.
The general Vieta-Wallis product for π
Authors: Osler Thomas J.
Published: August 2016

The two oldest representations for the number π are infinite product expansions. The first,

is due to Vieta in 1592. The second is Wallis's product dating from 1655:
How rare are singular matrices?
Authors: Brock Kerry G.
Published: August 2016

Just how many matrices have inverses? In elementary linear algebra courses, many of the matrices encountered are singular, but perhaps the reason is that such matrices provide rich and interesting examples. How many of them occur naturally? Many beginning students observe that a singular matrix can be made nonsingular by very minor tweaking – changing just one entry, for example, will make a matrix of rank n – 1 into a full rank (nonsingular) matrix. In fact, changing one entry just a tiny bit will do it. Looking at the question from that point of view, with a little experimentation students begin to discover that singular matrices are quite rare. Entire rows (or columns) have to be rigged exactly right in order to get one, while minor changes in individual entries undo all the work and give us another nonsingular matrix. If we were to reach into a hat full of all the numbers – each equally likely to be chosen – and draw enough to fill in a square matrix randomly, we would certainly expect to get a nonsingular one.
Sums of squares of edge-lengths of cyclic polygons
Authors: Rigby John
Published: August 2016

Problem 87.I in a recent Gazette concerns cyclic quadrilaterals.

Let A, B, C and D be distinct points on a circle with radius r. Show that

When does equality occur?

We shall investigate generalisations of the problem by considering cyclic polygons and also points on a sphere, by distinguishing between sides and diagonals, and by looking at minima as well as maxima. The term ‘edge’ in the title is intended to encompass both sides and diagonals. It is interesting to see the wide variety of methods needed to solve the generalised problems.
Sailing through mathematics
Authors: Singer Sue
Published: August 2016

It is a very great honour and privilege to be addressing you today. It has been a particularly interesting year politically at least as far as mathematics is concerned. Despite what seems in many ways a prosperous and optimistic situation in this country at the moment, mathematics is in a very serious state. Our subject is the key to living successfully in the modern technological world, but we have a grave shortage of mathematicians. In addition there are endless complaints from employers and the general public that young people leave school without the necessary mathematical skills to cope with everyday life.
The Hypercubical Dance - a solution to Abbott’s problem in Flatland ?
Authors: Aravind P. K.
Published: August 2016

Abbott’s Flatland (1884) [1] is the story of the encounter between a two-dimensional creature, a Square, and a visitor from space, a Sphere. The
Sphere tries to convince the Square of the reality of the third dimension, but with little success at first. Finally, after several long conversations and a few other worldly demonstrations, the Sphere succeeds in making the Square see the light (or the height?), with rather unfortunate consequences for the poor Square. Flatland became a big hit in the years and decades after it came out, and continues to enjoy a robust reputation today. Much of the fallout generated by Flatland in the more than hundred years since it was written is documented in the annotated version of the book brought out by Stewart [2].
Euler and combinatorics
Authors: Anderson Ian
Published: August 2016

Euler made many contributions to what is now called combinatorics. Some of these arose from recreational mathematics, such as magic squares and knight's tours on a chessboard; others from his study of lotteries; and, perhaps his most important work, from the study of partitions of an integer. In what follows I shall attempt to show the breadth of his work. Euler's papers will be referred to by their Eneström numbers, such as E338; this cataloguing was carried out in the early twentieth century by the Swedish Mathematician Gustav Eneström, who was to Euler what Köchel has been to Mozart. Euler's papers can all be studied in detail on the Euler Archive, details of which are given at the end of this article.
Magic letter groups
Authors: Pearson Mike , Short Ian
Published: August 2016

Certain numeric puzzles, known as ‘magic letters’, each have a finite permutation group associated with them in a natural manner. We describe how the isomorphism type of these permutation groups relates to the structure of the magic letters.
The Fermat point configuration
Authors: Bradley C. J.
Published: August 2016

In this article a theorem similar to Napoleon’s theorem is established for the Fermat point configuration of a triangle. Areal coordinates are used throughout, with ABC as triangle of reference. For a full account of how to define and use these coordinates see Bradley [1]. Alternative synthetic proofs, generously supplied by the referee, are also included. The presentation of the paper with its emphasis on coordinates was designed in part to show that an algebraic treatment of the Fermat point configuration is possible, as well as the more familiar synthetic or complex number treatments.
A new look at Eddington's liar problem
Authors: Deakin Michael A. B.
Published: August 2016

Eddington's ‘liar problem’ received its first truly public airing in his book New Pathways in Science [1], although it enjoyed a ‘prehistory’ (beginning with a mock examination paper) more fully detailed in his later discussion [7]. As posed, it reads:

If A, B, C and D each speak the truth once in every three times (independently), and A affirms that B denies that C declares that D is a liar, what is the probability that D was speaking the truth?
Groups associated with conics
Authors: Shirali Shailesh A.
Published: August 2016

The fact that an abelian group can be associated with an irreducible cubic curve has been known for a long time, and many results of great beauty are known about such groups. Ever since Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, some of these results have become well known even outside the mathematical world.

It may come as a surprise to the reader that there is a natural way to associate an abelian group with a much better known and simpler class of curves – the conic sections! In this article we explore some properties of these groups.
A remarkable formula for approximating the sum of alternating series
Authors: Osler Thomas J.
Published: August 2016

In this paper we present a simple formula that can often be used to assist in the approximation of the sum of an alternating series

The ideas presented here were motivated by translating Euler's papers [1] and [2]. Suppose we begin by summing a terms of this series exactly, then the approximation that we will obtain is given by
A Manifesto for Mathematics
Authors: Barbour Robert
Published: August 2016

My theme is a Manifesto for Mathematics. What is the nature of a manifesto? It is a statement of intent; a statement of principles. It looks at the current position and sees what needs to be done. The best manifestos do not make detailed promises about what will be done and when in an exact form … for indeed circumstances change. However the principles should be enunciated clearly enough to be aware of what directions will be set. Manifestos are also compromises. In Wales, I am trying to get groups together to agree a way forward to put to the Welsh Assembly Government for mathematics. I am sure that my more idiosyncratic views will be well hidden. However this morning no such constraints face me, and my manifesto will be very much a personal statement of what I see to be the current position and the correct way forward. Please do not see this as an official view!
Cultural evolution need not imply group selection
Authors: Amir Dorsa , Jordan Matthew R. , Rand David G.
Published: August 2016

Richerson et al. make a compelling case for cultural evolution. In focusing on cultural group selection, however, they neglect important individual-level accounts of cultural evolution. While scientific discourse typically links cultural evolution to group selection and genetic evolution to individual selection, this association is due to historical accident only. We thus call for more consideration of individual-level cultural evolution.
Intergroup competition may not be needed for shaping group cooperation and cultural group selection
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Balliet Daniel
Published: August 2016

Because intergroup interactions often are mixed-motive rather than strictly zero-sum, groups often negotiate settlements that enable both cultures to thrive. Moreover, group prosperity rests on in-group love (rather than out-group hate) that emerges also absent intergroup competition or comparison. It follows that cultural group selection (CGS) reflects group effectiveness in organizing in-group trust and cooperation, rather than winning (in)direct intergroup competitions.
Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
Authors: Gelfand Michele J. , Roos Patrick , Nau Dana , Harrington Jesse , Mu Yan , Jackson Joshua
Published: August 2016

As scholars have rushed to either prove or refute cultural group selection (CGS), the debate lacks sufficient consideration of CGS's potential moderators. We argue that pressures for CGS are particularly strong when groups face ecological and human-made threat. Field, experimental, computational, and genetic evidence are presented to substantiate this claim.
“If it looks like a duck…” – why humans need to focus on different approaches than insects if we are to become efficiently and effectively ultrasocial
Authors: Aitken Kenneth John
Published: August 2016

The parallels between the agricultural successes of ultrasocial insects and those of humans are interesting and potentially important. There are a number of important caveats, however, including the relative complexities of insect reproduction, their more rigidly determined altricial patterns of social behaviour, the roles of post-reproductive group members, and differences in the known factors involved in ultrasocietal collapse.
Human and ant social behavior should be compared in a very careful way to draw valid parallels
Authors: Godzińska Ewa Joanna
Published: August 2016

Gowdy & Krall provide an interesting discussion of evolutionary origins and consequences of ultrasociality. However, some of their statements concerning various features of ant and human social behavior do not adequately reflect present knowledge about the discussed issues, which include, among others, polyethism, cultural information transfer, within-group conflicts and resistance in ant societies, and reproductive division of labor in humans.

Gowdy & Krall (G&K) provide an interesting discussion of evolutionary origins and consequences of ultrasociality, an advanced form of social behavior that evolved independently in both social insects and humans. Their reflections are thought-provoking, but some statements concerning various features of ant and human social behavior do not reflect adequately the present knowledge about the discussed issues.
Ultrasociality: When institutions make a difference
Authors: Houdek Petr , Novakova Julie , Stastny Dan
Published: August 2016

We present arguments that the analogy between humans and social insects is coincidental, rather than based upon real similarities. In their claims, Gowdy & Krall largely omit the role of institutions in the formation of complex societies, warfare, and regulation. They also offer no strong explanation for the expansion of agriculture despite its early detrimental effects except the “mistake hypothesis” (cf. Diamond 1987).
After phrenology: Time for a paradigm shift in cognitive science
Authors: Badcock Paul Benjamin , Ploeger Annemie , Allen Nicholas Brian
Published: August 2016

Anderson (2014) uses an impressive, consolidating review of the literature to argue for major changes in cognitive science. Arguably, however, much of what he proposes is not particularly new. He also neglects important predictive coding approaches that call his perspective of the brain into question, and his misconstrual of evolutionary psychology devalues an influential paradigm that promises to complement his own.
The implications of neural reuse for the future of both cognitive neuroscience and folk psychology
Authors: Silberstein Michael
Published: August 2016

If neural reuse is true, then: (1) fully escaping phrenology will eventually require an even less brain-centric and mechanistic cognitive neuroscience that focuses on relations and interactions between brain, body, and environment at many different scales and levels across both space and time, and (2) although scientific psychology must be heavily revised, the autonomy and irreducibility of folk psychology are assured.
Neural reuse leads to associative connections between concrete (physical) and abstract (social) concepts and motives
Authors: Wang Yimeng , Bargh John A.
Published: August 2016

Consistent with neural reuse theory, empirical tests of the related “scaffolding” principle of abstract concept development show that higher-level concepts “reuse” and are built upon fundamental motives such as survival, safety, and consumption. This produces mutual influence between the two levels, with far-ranging impacts from consumer behavior to political attitudes.
The management of scabies outbreaks in residential care facilities for the elderly in England: a review of current health protection guidelines
Authors: WHITE L. C. J. , LANZA S. , MIDDLETON J. , HEWITT K. , FREIRE-MORAN L. , EDGE C. , NICHOLLS M. , RAJAN-IYER J. , CASSELL J. A.
Published: August 2016

Commonly thought of as a disease of poverty and overcrowding in resource-poor settings globally, scabies is also an important public health issue in residential care facilities for the elderly (RCFE) in high-income countries such as the UK. We compared and contrasted current local Health Protection Team (HPT) guidelines for the management of scabies outbreaks in RCFE throughout England. We performed content analysis on 20 guidelines, and used this to create a quantitative report of their variation in key dimensions. Although the guidelines were generally consistent on issues such as the treatment protocols for individual patients, there was substantial variation in their recommendations regarding the prophylactic treatment of contacts, infection control measures and the roles and responsibilities of individual stakeholders. Most guidelines did not adequately address the logistical challenges associated with mass treatment in this setting. We conclude that the heterogeneous nature of the guidelines reviewed is an argument in favour of national guidelines being produced.
ZAMIA (ZAMIACEAE) PHENOLOGY IN A PHYLOGENETIC CONTEXT: DOES IN SITU REPRODUCTIVE TIMING CORRELATE WITH ANCESTRY?
Authors: Clugston J. A. R. , Griffith M. P. , Kenicer G. J. , Husby C. E. , Calonje M. A. , Stevenson D. W. , Little D. P.
Published: August 2016

The Cycadales are a group of significant global conservation concern and have the highest extinction risk of all seed plants. Understanding the synchronisation of reproductive phenology of Cycadales may be useful for conservation by enabling the targeting of pollen and seed collection from wild populations and identifying the window of fertilisation to aid in the cultivation of Cycadales. Phenological data for 11 species of Zamia were gathered from herbarium specimens. Four phenological characters were coded with monthly character states. DNA was isolated and sequenced for 26S, CAB, NEEDLY, matK and rbcL, and a simultaneous phylogenetic analysis of phenology and DNA sequence data was carried out. Three major clades were recovered: a Caribbean clade, a Central American clade and a South American clade. Eight species showed statistically significant synchronisation in microsporangiate and ovulate phenological phases, indicating the time of fertilisation. Close reproductive synchronisation was consistently observed throughout the Caribbean clade (statistically significant in four of five species) but was less consistent in the Central American clade (statistically significant in one of two species) and South American clade (statistically significant in three of four species). Ultimately, phenology is shown to be a potential driver of speciation in some clades of Zamia and in others to be a potential barrier to hybridisation.
OIL DEPENDENCE, INTERNATIONAL BORROWINGS, AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY
Authors: Lai Ching-chong , Chin Chi-ting , Chen Kuan-jen
Published: August 2016

The existing literature dealing with mutual interactions between the extent of oil dependence and the possibility of belief-driven fluctuations unanimously ignores international loans. This simplified assumption disregards the fact that the relative magnitude of the financial account and the trade account exhibits an increasing trend. Faced with this deficiency in the literature, this paper develops a real business cycle model featuring oil dependence in domestic production and international loans, and examines whether both the presence of international borrowings and the dependence on imported energy will govern the emergence of belief-driven fluctuations.
The Discursive Construction of Teacher Identities: Flemish Teachers' Perceptions of Standard Dutch
Authors: Delarue Steven , Lybaert Chloé
Published: August 2016

As a starting point, this paper offers a theoretical discussion of a number of widely used yet diversely conceived concepts: (standard) language ideology, identity, agency, and indexicality. Using these concepts, we analyze a number of illustrative interview extracts from a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews with Flemish primary and secondary school teachers. Our goal is twofold. First, we discuss how Flemish teachers perceive (the importance of) Standard Dutch and other, nonstandard varieties of Dutch. Second, we show how these perceptions discursively shape teacher identities of authenticity, authority, and professionalism.
Personal pensions with risk sharing
Authors: BOVENBERG LANS , NIJMAN THEO
Published: August 2016

To improve the design of the pay-out phase of DC plans, this paper proposes a new approach to structure pension products: the Personal Pension with Risk sharing (PPR). By unbundling and valuing the investment, (dis)saving, insurance and risk-sharing functions of pensions, PPRs allow risk management and (dis)saving to be customized to the specific features of heterogeneous individuals. Unlike variable annuities, PPRs allow investment risks to be combined with longevity insurance without giving rise to high year-on-year volatility in consumption streams or opaque and rigid valuation and smoothing rules. The synthesis of a PPR structure provides new opportunities for product innovation and for the comparison of retirement products.
The Reach and Influence of Social Capital for Career Advancement and Firm Development Elite Managers and Russia's Exit from Socialism
Authors: O'Brien David , Zong Li , Dickinson Harley
Published: August 2016

The initiation of market liberalization resulted in a sharp decline in economic output and market disorganization across the former Soviet Union. Inadequate physical, financial, and human capital are among the explanations for the slow pace of enterprise restructuring and market development. The role of social networks, however, is less understood. Using survey data from a management-training programme in Russia, we examine the effects of entrepreneurial networks on both individual's professional advancement and firm's business development. We find that their participation in work-and association-based social networks varied and differentially affected outcomes at the individual and firm levels. We conclude that active participation in social capital networks catalyses returns on investments in human capital. Implications of this study for research on Chinese social networks are discussed.
A Multilevel Analysis of Middle Manager Performance: The Role of CEO and Top Manager Leadership
Authors:   宋继文,   张秀娟,   吴滨
Published: August 2016

We investigate the multilevel interactive effects that CEO leadership behaviours and top-level managers’ support have on middle managers’ performance in China. Our sample consists of 608 middle managers and 140 of their direct supervisors (top managers) from 40 companies. After controlling for middle managers’ demographic variables, hierarchical linear modelling analysis shows that when non-caring, authoritative, or task-oriented CEOs lead the organization, supportive top managers more positively enhance middle manager performance. Contributions to multilevel leader influences and social exchange research are discussed.
The Role of Contextual Combinations in the Globalization of Chinese Firms
Authors: Child John , Marinova Svetla
Published: August 2016

This paper argues that it is crucial to take account of both home and host country contexts in order, adequately, to understand their implications for Chinese enterprises investing into foreign countries. This calls for an analysis that is sensitive to both home and host country contexts, and that takes into account how the institutions and political systems in those contexts establish institutional and resource capital needs for the overseas-investing firm. We discuss and illustrate three different combinations of Chinese and host country characteristics, and the firm-level learning and adaptation required in the light of the relevant capitals likely to be available to Chinese firms. The analysis draws upon insights from resource-based, institutional, and political perspectives. While it is developed with specific reference to China, we also suggest that this form of analysis can be applied more generally to the implementation of outward foreign direct investment from any country.