bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overinclusive Thought Disorder in Chronic Schizophrenics and its Response to ‘Proketazine’
Authors: Payne R. W. , Friedlander D. , Laverty S. G. , Haden P.
Published: August 2008

Studies using objective tests have found that two relatively independent types of thought disorder occur in patients diagnosed as “schizophrenic”. In several studies (Payne, 1961) approximately half the acute schizophrenic patients showed an extreme degree of intellectual and motor retardation, more severe than that found even among retarded depressed patients, while half suffered from overinclusive thinking, as measured by the tests used. There was a significant tendency in one study (Payne and Hewlett, 1960) for these two types of thought disorder not to occur in the same acute schizophrenic patients.
Evaluation of a New Tranquillizer—Benzquinamide (P2647) by a Sequential Method
Authors: Davison K.
Published: August 2008

Benzquinamide (P2647 Pfizer) is a new benzoquinolizine derivative with the structural formula

Animal studies have shown that it is a potent suppressor of conditioned avoidance behaviour, but it does not influence the release of central amines, has little sedative action and is free from serious toxic effect (personal communication, Pfizer Ltd.). An uncontrolled pilot study found it to be effective in relieving anxiety in neurotic patients (Smith, 1962). In the present trial the effect of benzquinamide (P2647) on anxiety symptoms is compared with a placebo and amylobarbitone in the same dosage using the method of sequential analysis.
The Relationships Between Personality, Sleep and the Effects of Sedatives
Authors: Costello C. G. , Smith C. M.
Published: August 2008

A considerable amount of work has been done on the physiology of sleep (Wolstenholme and O'Connor, 1961; Oswald, 1962) and on psychological functions—reaction time, imagery, etc., in relation to sleep and sleep deprivation (Oswald, 1962). But there have been no systematic investigations of the relationship between sleep and personality differences. The purpose of the present study was to test predictions concerning such relationships generated by general theories and by clinical observation.
Observation of Children in a Psychiatric In-Patient Unit
Authors: Pritchard Michael
Published: August 2008

As a specialty within a specialty, child psychiatry has now a well-established place in psychological medicine. Yet differences commonly exist between the practice of child and adult psychiatry which seem greater than can be attributed solely to differences inherent in their respective subject matter. A particular instance is the general emphasis in child psychiatry on individual diagnosis, with little attempt at categorization as compared with adult psychiatry. However, Cameron (1955) has drawn attention to the limitation of the growth of knowledge imposed by a lack of clear description and some classification of the manifestations of disturbance in the child. He considers it essential to focus attention on the manifest clinical picture. Again, Kanner (1957) in his diagnostic formulations, attempts in a few words to describe the main features of the clinical picture as well as the factors considered to be of aetiological importance in the individual case. There remains however, the difficulty of attempting to classify the presenting symptomatology, though some success in identifying patterns of maladjustment has been obtained by statistical methods (Hewitt and Jenkins, 1946; Lorr and Jenkins, 1953; Collins, Maxwell and Cameron, 1962).
Marriage and Neurosis in a Working-Class Population
Authors: Pond D. A. , Ryle A. , Hamilton Madge
Published: August 2008

The present paper continues our study of the parents of children of primary school age, in a sample taken from one of the authors' N.H.S. list. The details of the selection of this population, the methods of data collection, and the absence of any relationship between various social factors and neuroticism, were described in a previous paper (Pondet al.,1963) and are not repeated here. In this paper we report upon the marital history and adjustment of the parents of these 100 families, and investigate the relationship between neuroticism and these factors.
Effects of Serum from Schizophrenics on Evoked Cortical Potentials in the Rat
Authors: German G. A.
Published: August 2008

Many experiments have been reported suggesting that the serum of schizophrenic patients differs in some way from the serum of non-schizophrenic subjects, either in respect of some specific constituent or of the alterations in function which it can produce when added to various biological systems (Heath, 1957; Walaszek, 1960; Bergen, Koella, Czicman and Hoagland, 1961). These reports suggest that schizophrenia is a pathological mental condition resulting from some disorder of metabolism or of biochemical processes, and it would be logical to expect that this disorder would be most manifest as a disturbance of the neurological activity in the cerebrum—perhaps more specifically in the cerebral cortex—since the clinical picture in schizophrenia is primarily one of gross derangement of the processes of perception, attention and thinking.
Phenylalanine Tolerance in Endogenous Depression
Authors: Pratt R. T. C. , Gardiner Dawn , Curzon G. , Piercy M. F. , Cumings J. N.
Published: August 2008

Penrose (1935), in describing the first British patients with phenylketonuria, noted in their unaffected relatives a high incidence of paranoid illness in later life, and suggested that the heterozygous state might predispose to such breakdown. The 47 phenylketonuric families reported by Munro (1947) showed in unaffected relatives a similar high incidence of psychotic illness, which he (Munro, 1957) categorized as endogenous depression with paranoid features.
Rehabilitation of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Wing J. K.
Published: August 2008

Definition of Medical Rehabilitation

A full definition of medical rehabilitation should contain three parts. The first is a statement of aim: ideally, to settle or resettle an individual in his normal domestic setting, and in work appropriate to his talents. Most patients and doctors can measure their success against these two practical indices, although what is regarded as socially desirable varies widely and some individuals prefer a highly idiosyncratic way of life.
I.Q. Changes in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Hamilton Vernon
Published: August 2008

The question of the long-stay mental hospital population has recently received a great deal of attention. Proposals, based on the statistics of mental hospital admissions and discharges over the last few years, the increasing development of day hospitals, out-patient clinics, psychiatric units attached to general hospitals, and community services for the mentally ill within the general framework of new and improved methods of treatment, have led to considerable thought as to how best to reintegrate former mental hospital patients into the community. The process of discharging long-stay patients has, of course, been continuous, but the numbers involved have been comparatively small in the past. A policy of reducing considerably the number of mental hospital beds depends partly on aiming at the highest possible maintenance capacity of discharged patients. For long-stay female patients this would involve, among other aims, the re-training in domestic skills to adequate levels, while in male patients the aim would have to be some form of industrial resettlement. The general aim of increasing the activity and skill level of long-stay mental patients has found its expression in the establishment of industrial workshops. From its early beginnings (Baker, 1956) this form of therapy has developed into the establishment of production workshops or factories both inside and outside the walls of mental hospitals. (Wadsworth, Scott and Tonge, 1958; Early, 1960; Cooper and Early, 1961; Wadsworth et al 1961, 1962.)
The Value of E.C.T. in Delirium
Authors: Roberts A. H.
Published: August 2008

There have been few published reports of the use of E.C.T. in delirious states complicating organic illness. Most psychiatric textbooks with adequate accounts of modern physical treatments allude only briefly to its use in these states, and few medical textbooks mention it at all. Yet the problem of the management of the acutely disturbed delirious patient is not a rarity in medical and surgical wards; in varying degrees delirium may accompany most serious illnesses and prognosis worsens with its persistence. For these reasons it is thought worth placing on record the following cases.

The case records of patients with organic delirium admitted in the past fifteen years to the psychiatric unit of St. George's Hospital were examined. Those cases receiving E.C.T., all seriously disturbed and otherwise unmanageable, are reported in this paper.
A Trial on Chronic Schizophrenic Patients of Oxypertine, a Psychotropic Drug with an Indole Ring
Authors: Durell J. , Pollin W.
Published: August 2008

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that loading with large doses of certain amino-acids and Marsilid produced marked behavioural change in some chronic schizophrenic patients (Pollin, Cardon and Kety, 1961). Methionine and tryptophane produced qualitatively different effects and there was no overlap between marked methionine and tryptophane reactors. The changes with tryptophane were characterized by mood elevation and increased involvement with the environment and extra-version, in several instances to a dramatic degree.
Experimental Modification of Dream Content by Meaningful Verbal Stimuli
Authors: Berger Ralph J.
Published: August 2008

Numerous recent electroencephalographic studies have revealed the cyclical alternation of two distinct types of sleep (Dement and Kleitman, 1957a), which have been termed “fore-brain” and “hind-brain” sleep by Jouvet (1962). The former is accompanied by slow waves and spindles in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the latter by a low-voltage, fairly fast EEG pattern; spasmodic, conjugate rapid eye movements (REMs); relaxation of neck and throat muscles in cat (Jouvet, 1962) and human (Berger, 1961); and recall of dreams following awakening (Dement and Kleitman, 1957b).
Manic-Depressive Heredity and Remission in Schizophrenia
Authors: Vaillant George E.
Published: August 2008

In the investigation of prognostic factors relevant to remission in schizophrenia little attention has been paid to positive heredity for affective psychosis. One result of this relative disinterest has been to foster the opinion that heredity is of no prognostic value. Although his own work (8) supports the assumption that manic-depressive heredity is of good prognostic import in schizophrenia, Langfeldt (8) cautions:

“I think we must conclude that any investigation which contends a relationship between a hereditary manic-depressive disposition and a favourable prognosis in a schizophrenic case has not yet been verified by satisfactory statistical data.”
A Survey of Long-Stay Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Catterson A. G. , Bennett D. H. , Freudenberg R. K.
Published: August 2008

Cross, Harrington and Mayer-Gross (1957), in a survey of the long-stay population of a Birmingham mental hospital, came to the conclusion that “only very small proportions required constant vigilance and about two-thirds required routine care only…. The large majority of patients were ambulant the whole day” but almost one-third had physical diseases of some kind. The major problem was the “large number of passive, indolent and harmless chronic schizophrenics”. The authors specifically made the point that, “to avoid chronicity and utilize every sign of improved behaviour and better adaptation which may lead to discharge, well-trained nursing staff and specialized knowledge is as much needed as in the treatment of earlier patients”.
An Analysis of the Case Material of the Younger Maladjusted Child
Authors: Collins L. F. , Maxwell A. E. , Cameron Kenneth
Published: August 2008

In the Children's Department of the Maudsley Hospital an “Item Sheet” is routinely completed in respect of each child who attends. The items on this sheet (or “check-list”) cover a wide range of possible features in a child's personality, history, background and environment, as well as in his psychological and physical condition, and symptomatology.

A number of samples of these Item Sheets have been submitted to statistical analysis, with a view to identifying any common factors that may be present in the case data they summarize. The various samples have been arrived at according to age and sex of the children concerned. An earlier paper (1) has described the results of this procedure in respect of two such samples, boys and girls between eight and ten years of age. A subsequent paper will give an account of the results in respect of thirteen to fifteen year olds. The present report gives the results that emerged for the younger ages of referral to the clinic, boys and girls between approximately five and seven years of age.
Psychiatry in Kuwait
Authors: Kline Nathan S.
Published: August 2008

Kuwait, the country with the world's highest per capita income,∗ has a population of roughly 325,000, of whom only half are ethnically Kuwaiti. The original settlers left the Nejd in Central Arabia about 1710 because of a severe drought, and after wandering about for several years with their herds and flocks eventually settled at the head of the Persian Gulf. The country they founded, about the size of Northern Ireland or of the State of New Jersey, is wedged in between Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Next to the Kuwaiti, the second largest group of inhabitants is the Bedouins who “are recognizable by their particular Arabic accent, their characteristic smell, and their long hair and beard”, according to a resident of Kuwait City. The Bedouin women can also be recognized easily because the black “thaub” which covers them completely from head to foot is made of solid cloth with narrow slits for the eyes, whereas the “thaub” of the Kuwaiti women has a black veil built into it.
The Social Attitudes of Neurotic and Inadequate Personalities
Authors: Monro A. B.
Published: August 2008

This paper is a continuation of a previous study (Monro, 1962), on the Self-Referent Attitudes of Neurotic and Inadequate Personalities. It deals with the social attitudes of the same population of 150 patients. The techniques used derive from Professor Drever (1949) of the Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, from Cattell (1946) and from Eysenck (1944, 1947). The orientation towards social factors is in accord with one of the main traditions of psychology, exemplified by Adler (1927), H. S. Sullivan (1953), and Murphy (1947), to mention only a few outstanding exponents.
Normothymotics, “Mood-Normalizers”
Authors: Schou Mogens
Published: August 2008

The action of almost all drugs used so far in psychiatric pharmacotherapy has been directed against psychopathological symptoms or syndromes and not against mental diseases as such, the nosological entities defined by classical clinical psychiatry. In this paper the attention will be drawn towards a different type of drug: compounds with an action specific to a disease rather than to a symptom, and evidence will be presented for the existence within this class of a group that is characterized by being active against affective disorders (manic-depressive psychosis).Normothymotics, “mood-normalizers”, is proposed as a collective name for drugs belonging to this group.
Morbidity in the Community of Schizophrenic Patients Discharged from London Mental Hospitals in 1959
Authors: Wing J. K. , Monck Elizabeth , Brown G. W. , Carstairs G. M.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the social and clinical progress of a group of male schizophrenic patients who left London mental hospitals during 1959 and were followed up for one year. The study was designed to test specific hypotheses concerning the association between family relationships and the course of the patient's illness (Brown et al., 1962).
The Growth Pattern of Psychotic Boys
Authors: Dutton Gordon
Published: August 2008

Kallmann (1953) studied the differences between uniovular twins discordant for schizophrenia and found there to be a definite superiority in physical strength and body weight in the unaffected twin. This paper is concerned with some aspects of the growth of psychotic boys, to determine if the inferiority noted by Kallmann is generally detectable.
The Change in the Character of Admissions to Scottish Mental Hospitals, 1945–1959
Authors: Ratcliff R. A. W.
Published: August 2008

From a review of the literature Carstairs (1959) demonstrated that the sharp rise in admissions to mental hospitals since the Second World War has been due to the changing pattern of use of these hospitals, and not to any significant change in the prevalence of major mental disorder. The present paper examines statistics relating to admissions to Scottish mental hospitals in general, and to Dingleton Hospital in particular, in the 15 post-war years 1945–1959, with the object of showing some of the ways in which the character of admissions to mental hospitals has changed over that period.
Results of Psychotherapy
Authors: Cappon Daniel
Published: August 2008

To Shakespeare's famous question: “Can'st thou not minister to a mind diseased?”, Eysenck (10) gave a decided negative answer. Hebb (11) has also asserted that “There is no body of fact to show that psychotherapy is valuable”. From 1954 onwards, Rogers (12) has taken up the challenge and shown that changes occur in psychotherapy which do not occur without it, and has suggested that these changes are valuable.
An Experimental Study of Parental Castration Phantasies in Schizophrenia
Authors: Karon Bertram P.
Published: August 2008

A fundamental area, if not the fundamental area, of psychological disturbance, according to classical Freudian psychoanalysis, as is well known, is the fear of being castrated. According to Freud (10; 11, p. 267) this is a fear of being castrated by the father as a reprisal for incestuous desires toward the mother. So closely is the fear of castration related to the father that Braatøy (4) has suggested that it be renamed “father anxiety”. None the less, the concept of the castrating mother also plays a prominent role in psychoanalytic literature. De Monchy (7) Blos (2), Fairbairn (8), Klein (18), and Bergler (1) are among those who have most emphasized the fear of the mother.
A Simplified Paired-Associate Test for Elderly Hospital Patients
Authors: Isaacs Bernard , Walkey Frank A.
Published: August 2008

In studies of the incidence and prognosis of disease in the elderly it is valuable to have an objective measure of the patient's mental state. In a previous paper (Isaacs, 1962) a paired-associate verbal learning test devised by Inglis (1959) was applied to a group of 50 normal and 100 hospitalized old people, and was found to give useful information on the relationship between test performance and such factors as incontinence of urine and prognosis for rehabilitation. In the present study a simplified version of this test was performed on a larger number of elderly hospital patients. The test proved valuable in determining the characteristics of patients with varying degrees of mental impairment.
The Patient's Spouse
Authors: Kreitman Norman
Published: August 2008

Over the last few decades, social psychiatry has demonstrated correlations between mental illness and certain broad social categories. At the same time clinical, genetic and psychological studies have continued their traditional interest in the illness of the individual. The divergence of these two approaches has left relatively unmapped a large area which is of considerable psychiatric interest; despite much descriptive work, very little has been clearly established (outside genetics) concerning mental illness in the small, closely-integrated group, of which the prime example in our culture is the family. Out understanding of how personal and social factors jointly contribute to mental ill-health might well be furthered by studies in this field.
The Diagnosis of Schizophrenia by Scottish Psychiatrists
Authors: Timbury G. C. , Mowbray R. M.
Published: August 2008

In Scotland the central collection of forms bearing details of admissions to all psychiatric hospitals was begun in January, 1962. These forms are intended to provide knowledge about the incidence of psychiatric disorders and the result of treatment. The details of this scheme and the nature of the information required were presented at a meeting of the Scottish Division of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association in 1961, and in the discussion which followed the reliability of data which depended on clinical diagnosis was questioned.
Obsessional States Observed in New Delhi
Authors: Ray S. Dutta
Published: August 2008

Case records of 42 consecutive cases of obsessional states (seen between January, 1958 and April, 1962) were taken for detailed socioclinical analysis at the Psychiatric Clinic, Irwin Hospital, New Delhi. The case-taking, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic evaluations were made by the same psychiatrist, i.e. the author. The sample constituted only about 2 per cent. of the total new attendance of the clinic during the period.
Survey of a Long Stay Population at a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Hassall Christine , Hellon C. P.
Published: August 2008

Two surveys of mental hospital in-patients, one by Gore and Jones (1961) the other by Cooper and Early (1961) resulted in different conclusions when the present and future need for psychiatric accommodation was considered.
The Relative Incidence of Psychiatric Disorder in Students of Psychology and of Other Subjects
Authors: Dann T. C.
Published: August 2008

There is a general impression amongst doctors that students and ex-students of Psychology suffer more from psychiatric disorders than do the rest of the population. This impression has not, however, been backed by any figures so far as I can discover. Davidson et al. (1955), for example, in their study of the detection of psychological vulnerability in students, make no special mention of Psychology students. Nor is there any special mention of Psychology students in the Proceedings of the First International Conference on Student Mental Health, edited by Funkenstein (1959). This present paper is an attempt to remedy the deficiency in part, and to encourage others to collect and publish further data.
Modified Frontal Leucotomy: A Review of 106 Cases
Authors: Birley J. L. T.
Published: August 2008

Frontal leucotomy has been used in the treatment of psychiatric illness for over twenty years. Its popularity has undergone the usual fluctuations of a newly-introduced form of empirical therapy, and at present there are many different opinions about its value (Lancet, 1962; Pippard, 1962). For a critical review of the clinical and psychological literature, see Willett (1960). The standard operation has fallen out of favour, not because it was thought to be ineffective, but because it had undesirable side-effects on the personality. Various “modified” operations have, therefore, been introduced. Using one of these—the “orbital undercutting” technique—Knight (1960) has reported excellent results in 129 cases of long-standing depression. Robin (1958, 1959), however, has reported no difference between the outcome for 198 patients who had a standard leucotomy for functional psychoses, fifty-two of them affective, and an equal number of carefully but retrospectively matched controls.
Cardiac Arrest (with Apnoea) after E.C.T
Authors: Cropper C. F. J. , Hughes Margaret
Published: August 2008

E.C.T. is rightly regarded as a highly safe procedure and, although several thousands of treatments are given annually at this hospital, the occurrence of any serious complication is extremely rare.
A Case of Morquio-Brailford Syndrome
Authors: Kratter Frederick Edward
Published: August 2008

The principal clinical features of this rare, familial disease are the triad of skeletal deformities, structural anomalies of the cardiovascular system, and mental subnormality.

The syndrome is attributed to a recessive gene, and Morquio (1929) held the view that the underlying pathology consisted of mucoid changes occurring in the cartilages in place of their normal calcification.
Ospolot—A Clinical Trial of a New Anticonvulsant
Authors: Griffiths A. W. , Sylvester P. E.
Published: August 2008

Ospolot is tetrahydro-2-p-sulphamoylphenyl-1, 2 thiazine 1, 1-dioxide, with a structural formula:
The Behaviour of Chronic Psychotic Patients During Three Types of Occupation
Authors: Hutt S. J. , Crookes T. G. , Glancy L. J.
Published: August 2008

The value of intensive “occupational therapy” in the treatment and social rehabilitation of chronic psychotic patients has long been recognized. There is a large literature, very often only descriptive, but also experimental (cf. for example Grygier and Waters, 1958; Robin, 1958), demonstrating the superior adjustment of patients engaged in various sorts of occupations over those not thus occupied. Whilst however the value of occupation per se may be taken as demonstrated, there are few studies comparing the relative efficacy of different types of occupation in the social adjustment of patients. It is of interest to compare briefly the claims which are sometimes made for these different activities.
Male-Female Differences in Underwater Sensory Isolation
Authors: Walters Cathryn , Parsons Oscar A. , Shurley Jay T.
Published: August 2008

Since the pioneering studies of Hebb and his associates (2) on the effects of sensory deprivation on human beings, numerous investigators have conducted experimental studies under varying conditions in an effort to establish consistent trends in behaviour of subjects exposed to such conditions. Since only two other laboratories, both using male subjects, have reported underwater studies in deprivation (1, 5), an attempt to replicate our findings of sex differences in response to the situation by use of this method seemed to be in order.
Echopraxia in Schizophrenia
Authors: Chapman James , McGhie Andrew
Published: August 2008

The term echopraxia refers to the automatic repetition by an individual of visually perceived actions of others. It has been reported to occur in a variety of pathological mental states (Stengel, 1947). Descriptions of the phenomenon as it occurs in schizophrenia tend to be limited to a brief reference to its presence in catatonic patients, and it is not generally recognized to be a feature of the early stages of the illness. The purpose of this paper is to make an attempt to analyse the phenomenon, in discussing the subjective reports of a number of young schizophrenic patients who were interviewed in the early stages of their illness. Before proceeding to these reports it may be useful to examine briefly echopractic behaviour first as it is reported in normal development and then in clinical conditions, particularly chronic schizophrenia.
Aetiological Factors in Homosexuality as Seen in Royal Air Force Psychiatric Practice
Authors: O'Connor P. J.
Published: August 2008

I have been interested in the conflicting attitudes of the legal and psychiatric branches of the Service towards homosexuality. The legal branch sees homosexuality as a crime which still carries severe penalties. As a Service psychiatrist I have been impressed by the seemingly genuine desire to be cured shown by many homosexuals who come to me for help and I was struck by the high incidence of neurotic symptoms in them. To find out how many of the homosexuals seen by me were ill and to learn about the aetiology of homosexuality as seen in the Armed Forces I compared 50 consecutive homosexuals with 50 neurotics picked at random from my out-patients during the same period (1958–59).
The Eysenck Personality Inventory in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Al-Issa Ihsan
Published: August 2008

Common observation indicates that some chronic schizophrenics are more extraverted than others. According to Eysenck (1960, p. 11) neuroticism is a distinct factor from psychoticism; one would therefore expect it to manifest itself to a varying extent in different chronic schizophrenics. These considerations suggested that it would be of interest to discover whether extraversion and neuroticism in a sample of chronic schizophrenics, as measured by their extraversion and neuroticism scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1963), a modified form of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1956), were significantly related to their psychiatric symptoms and to other characteristics such as sex, age and work efficiency.
Observations on Adolescents in Psycho-Analytic Treatment
Authors: Hellman Ilse
Published: August 2008

This contribution is based on observations made in the course of the psycho-analytic treatment of thirty-six adolescents, 24 boys and 12 girls. These are pardy cases I have treated and supervised myself; but to a greater extent relate to material brought together over the past three years by many colleagues and students co-operating in the study of adolescents in treatment at the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. The study includes young people between puberty and late adolescence with neurotic or borderline psychotic disturbances. Cases are not included which presented a clear picture of delinquent personalities from the outset, though this does not mean that in the course of treatment such features have not appeared. The appearance of impulsive and delinquent features in clinical pictures where we would not expect them in other age groups belongs to the typical experiences and problems of treatment during this phase.
Comparison of Psycho-therapeutic and Anthelmintic Activities
Authors: Minchin R. L. H. , Holdaway Ian
Published: August 2008

The need for the assessment of phenothiazines and other drugs used in mental conditions is increasing as new products are described. Testing these drugs on patients is cumbersome and time-consuming. It would be valuable if a preliminary test could be made on some animal in which the effect on the nervous system can be easily assessed.
A Controlled Trial of Cosaldon in Arteriosclerotic Dementia
Authors: Cooper A. J.
Published: August 2008

Cosaldon has been fairly widely used on the Continent in the treatment of dementia and toxic confusional states. Meyer (1957), Leube (1959), Sperling (1960), Schmidt (1960), and Donati (1960) consider the drug to be of particular value in the treatment of arteriosclerotic dementia, and stress that the earlier the treatment is commenced the more favourable is the response.
Plasma Hydrocortisone in Mental Diseases
Authors: Lingjærde P. S.
Published: August 2008

The literature contains only a few reports on plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) in mental patients (Bliss, Migeon, Branch and Samuels, 1955; Freeman, Steed, Hoegemeier, Wheeler, Savage and Wadeson, 1956; Board, Wadeson and Persky, 1957; Hoagland and Freeman, 1959). According to these investigators the mean values in schizophrenic patients do not differ significantly from values found in normal subjects.
Close Identification in Twins Discordant for Obsessional Neurosis
Authors: Parker Neville
Published: August 2008

In a series of neurotic twins who are being systematically studied by the Genetics Unit at the Maudsley Hospital, two pairs have been of particular interest.† Both had identified with each other to an extreme degree, yet only one of each pair had a psychiatric illness requiring extensive in-patient treatment. They illustrate the fact that identification can be a feature in monozygotic twins, yet does not necessarily lead to concordance for emotional disturbance.
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) A Clinical Trial of its use in Controlling Symptoms of Anxiety
Authors: Maggs Ronald , Neville Richard
Published: August 2008

There have been many evaluations of the use of chlordiazepoxide in mental illnesses, most of these concerned with its use in the reduction of anxiety. The majority of the papers have emanated from North America and have reported in “open” investigations that the drug is of value in reducing anxiety. Other papers from Britain, Australia and the European Continent have also described the results of similar treatment. Of the British contributions, only two of eight (Jenner et al., 1961; Gore and McComisky, 1961) describe results of placebo-controlled trials. A recent annotation concerning chlordiazepoxide (1961) observed that most of the trials had not involved the use of placebo. Furthermore, as chlordiazepoxide is a drug very much more expensive than a barbiturate, it was considered that more placebo-controlled investigations were desirable.
The Significance of Psychiatric Symptomatology for Social Adaptation
Authors: Walton H. J. , Bennett R. , Nahemow L.
Published: August 2008

The social adjustment of individuals is studied from different viewpoints by psychiatrists and sociologists. The psychiatrist is concerned with the malfunctioning personality (and with normal function toward which patients must be assisted); the sociologist is concerned with the functioning social system. The basic reference of both disciplines is to the individual and the individual's adaptation in his social group.
Medical Staffing in Psychiatric Hospitals
Authors: Blair Robert A. , Weeks Kenneth F. , Hellon Charles P.
Published: August 2008

The only previous studies are referred to in Mental Hospitals at Work (Jones, 1962) and it is stated, “In recent years some attempts have been made, though to our knowledge none have been published, to estimate the amount of time which psychiatrists in mental hospitals actually spend in the care of patients”. In our opinion the topic of medical staffing has received little official recognition. Our own assessments are explained in this article with a view to finding some sort of base line and general agreement.
Visual Perception as a Function of Chronicity in Schizophrenia
Authors: Johannsen Walter J. , Friedman Samuel H. , Liccione John V.
Published: August 2008

Although much effort has gone into the description and classification of schizophrenic behaviour patterns, little attempt has been made to detail the course of the disorder. The present paper is an effort to trace the effects of chronicity on perception by use of a cross-sectional method. The specific tasks were selected to maximize autochthonous factors in perception. At the same time a demonstrable sensitivity to emotional states was desired, since changes in the schizophrenic condition are often considered reflections of reaction to stress. A wide enough area of behaviour was encompassed so that a general pattern, if one emerged, could be considered typical of perception as a whole.
Activity Programmes and Chronic Schizophrenia: A Comment
Authors: Phillips J. P. N.
Published: August 2008

Hamilton and Salmon (1962) and Hamilton (1964) have investigated the effect upon male chronic schizophrenics, inter alios, of the following regimes: (a) working in a hospital industrial workshop, (b) occupational therapy and (c) no specific activity (the first study only). Hamilton (1964), considering both studies, concludes that the results “may be said to weight the available evidence in favour of the superiority of Workshop Therapy”. Certain points should be raised in connection with this conclusion.
Urinary Excretion of some Purine Bases in Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects
Authors: Booth D. A. , Smith E. B. O.
Published: August 2008

Kishimoto (1958) reported quantitative and qualitative peculiarities in the absorption spectra of body fluids in schizophrenia, and considered that there were abnormalities in the oxidation of adenine through hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid.
Organic Stupor Subsequent to a Severe Head Injury Treated with E.C.T.
Authors: Silverman Maurice
Published: August 2008

Roth and Rosie (1953) discussed the beneficial effect of E.C.T. in a wide range of psychoses complicated by clouding of consciousness, including syndromes of frankly organic origin. The treatment has been used effectively for psychotic symptoms in G.P.I. (Ewald and Haddenbrock, 1942; Bini, 1947; Solomonet al., 1948; Yaskin, 1948; Kalinowsky, 1949; Lopez Ibor, 1950), pellagra and pernicious anaemia (Fernandes and Polonio, 1946). It is perhaps not surprising that a search through the literature has failed to bring to light a case of stupor subsequent to a head injury being treated with E.C.T.
An Evaluation of Psychiatric After-care
Authors: Sheldon Alan
Published: August 2008

Current planning in the field of the community mental health services places considerable emphasis on the after-care of patients discharged from hospital. This is partly in response to the high re-admission rates experienced as a result of the “revolving door” policy, partly to a scepticism about the present state of knowledge regarding factors amenable to primary prevention techniques, and partly to a belief that keeping the patient in the community is in itself beneficial both to the patient and to the community. The benefits of such a policy are felt to lie in avoidance of institutionalization and furthering of rehabilitation, and in preventing a re-distribution of roles within the family to exclude the patient. The primary purpose of the policy is not necessarily to cut short the illness of the patient, at least as measured by time under treatment, and evidence will be given below to suggest that in fact time in treatment is prolonged. This study focusses on one issue. Can aftercare in fact prevent re-admission to hospital to any significant extent? In view of the complex nature of the decision to select which patients are to receive after-care and which not, a factor in itself likely to prejudice any results, successive discharges from a psychiatric hospital falling within selected categories were randomly allocated to psychiatric after-care and to their general practitioner, and followed for a six-month period. A null hypothesis was set up that the re-admission rate during the follow-up period would not significantly differ in the two groups.
Mental Disorders in Married Couples (Assortative Mating)
Authors: Nielsen Johannes
Published: August 2008

Family psychiatry has the primary aim of studying the inter-relationship of mental health and disorder within families and using this knowledge in the treatment and prophylaxis of mental illness in the different family members.
Somatic Symptoms in Depressive Illness
Authors: Dowling R. H. , Knox S. J.
Published: August 2008

It is widely recognized that somatic complaints are frequently encountered in depressive illness and in some instances these may predominate in the clinical presentation. Studies relating to the occurrence of such symptoms in depression have been reviewed by Cleghorn and Curtis (1959), who point out that in a number of patients mood disturbance may not be readily apparent. It is not unusual for these patients to be referred initially to a general medical or surgical clinic, where after investigation it is concluded that their complaints cannot be understood in terms of physical disease (Stoeckle and Davidson, 1962).
The Pre-history of Child Psychiatry
Authors: Walk Alexander
Published: August 2008

Nearly everyone here, I imagine, has either been present at or has read the splendid Maudsley Lecture delivered in 1958 by Professor Leo Kanner (1). In this Lecture Kanner reviewed the various interests, or, as he called them, the loosely scattered segments which by their eventual convergence and fusion resulted in the emergence, between thirty and forty years ago, of child psychiatry. He caused them to pass before our eyes in a vivid and colourful procession—psychiatry, mental deficiency, education, criminology, psychology, psycho-analysis, the child guidance clinics, with paediatrics given a place of its own, though not allowed to march in the procession itself. Now, I have been asked to take up one or two of these segments for closer examination, and give some account of their contents and development during the pre-historic period before they began to converge towards their final synthesis. In so far as I am able to do this, my account will be merely factual; I must leave it to you who are engaged in this field of work to assess the relevance of the material which I am presenting.
Short Courses of E.C.T. and Simulated E.C.T. in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Heath E. S. , Adams Anne , Wakeling P. L. G.
Published: August 2008

The problem of treating the “back ward” chronic schizophrenic is likely to remain for some years to come, and with it the problem of establishing the genuine effectiveness of particular treatments. Disentangling effective from non-effective therapeutic techniques in “total-push” programmes is particularly complicated. What precisely is responsible for the minimal improvements observed: some subtle change in “ward climate”, the altered medication or the new music therapist? Writers who view mental illness primarily as a breakdown in normal interactional relationships with other persons have stressed the therapeutic importance of certain types of social milieu (e.g. Martin, 1962). Others (e.g. Greenblatt et al., 1955) have suggested that the success of even the physical treatments can be explained in terms of the optimism and enthusiasm with which they are carried out. However, there are few systematic research attempts to disentangle the physiological from the psychological variables.
Schizophrenia: Some New Aetiological Considerations
Authors: Burch P. R. J.
Published: August 2008

In the previous paper (Burch, 1964), I discussed the possible significance of certain statistical features of manic depressive psychosis; in this one I shall consider corresponding statistics relating to schizophrenia.
“Discontinuous” Thioproperazine: A Controlled Trial in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Moffat J. , MacLeod E. C.
Published: August 2008

It became apparent soon after the introduction of chlorpromazine and reserpine that these drugs were capable both of influencing psychoses and of producing neurological disturbances closely resembling those seen in post-encephalitic Parkinsonism. In classifying drugs with these effects as “neuroleptics” Delay et al. (2) indicated that they considered the two actions to be inseparable thus implying that both resulted from common or closely related neurophysiological changes. On this basis it seemed likely that drugs which more readily produced these neurological disturbances would prove more effective in psychotic illness. It also seemed possible that there might be therapeutic value in the deliberate provocation of such disturbances, as was first advocated by Fleugel (6). The theoretical issues involved were referred to in a previous paper (MacLeod and Moffat (8)).
Physical Illness in Psychiatric Out-Patients
Authors: Davies D. Wynne
Published: August 2008

Patients with somatic symptoms who fear serious organic disease are frequently encountered in medical practice. Chest pain and palpitation for example may give rise to concern about heart disease, and abdominal pain to fear of cancer. Every case warrants careful consideration, including examination and investigation where necessary. As a result, some will be relieved both of anxiety and symptoms by simple explanation and reassurance, if their fears were ill-founded or misplaced. The outcome may not be so favourable in others, also free of physical disease, who may need expert psychiatric help. Davies, B. (1964), reviewing the literature, reported a mean incidence of 27.3 per cent. of medical out-patients with purely psychiatric illness, and a further 10–40 per cent. with mixed organic and psychiatric conditions in those attending general hospital clinics.
Psychiatric Morbidity of West Indian Immigrants in an Urban Group Practice
Authors: Kiev Ari
Published: August 2008

Since 1948 a number of papers published in Great Britain have demonstrated the feasibility of studying the incidence and prevalence of both major and minor psychiatric disorders in general practice (3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18). Few, however, have focused on the health of West Indian immigrants in Great Britain, some 125,000 of whom have entered the country since that time (2, 12, 13, 20). This paper reports on the results of a six-month psychiatric morbidity survey of a group general practice in Brixton, the main purpose of which was to collect and compare data on the illness and consultation patterns of West Indian and English patients attending the same general practice.
The Phantom Double in Pregnancy
Authors: McConnell W. B.
Published: August 2008

To see a ghost is a most impressive experience, but if the apparition is the observer's double the event must have added impact. The dramatic appeal of such a situation has long been exploited by authors and it would seem that their preoccupation has in some cases been dictated by personal experience, for example Maupassant and Dostoevsky (Coleman, 1934).
Familial Aspects of “Neuroticism” and “Extraversion”
Authors: Coppen Alec , Cowie Valerie , Slater Eliot
Published: August 2008

There is a good deal of evidence that hereditary factors make some contribution to determining a predisposition to neurotic illness, and some of the relevant literature has recently been reviewed by one of us (Slater, 1964). Raised incidences of neurotic illnesses and neurotic traits of personality of a like kind have been found among the first-degree relatives of obsessional neurotics, anxiety neurotics and persons diagnosed as suffering from hysteria. The evidence is much stronger in the case of the first of these types of illness than in the last. Such observations do not absolutely require a genetical explanation. It is possible that the similarities shown by relatives are not caused by their blood relationship, but by similarities in such aspects of the environment as early upbringing, social milieu, family tradition, etc. However, these findings do suggest that, if there is a genetical contribution to the personality traits which are associated with neurotic illness, this will most likely be due to a number of genes, additive in their action. This again would lead one to expect to find continuous variation between individuals in the degree to which they show such personality traits, and in our view the available evidence supports a multidimensional mode of variation.
Psychological and Clinical Investigation of the Treatment of Anxious Out-Patients with Three Barbiturates and Placebo
Authors: Reynolds Evelyn , Joyce C. R. B. , Swift J. L. , Tooley P. H. , Weatherall M.
Published: August 2008

Barbiturates arc commonly used in treating anxious, disturbed patients. Well controlled trials have shown that at least amylobarbitone (‘Amytal’) is therapeutically active (Scott, 1955; Raymond, Lucas, Beesley, O'Connell and Fraser Roberts, 1957; Robin, 1959), and that a newer barbiturate, nealbarbitone (‘Censedal’) is, weight for weight, equally effective (Robin, Cronin and Scotton, 1961). Since nealbarbitone is less hypnotic (Ryde, 1959; Hinton, 1963), it may be used in larger doses than are expedient with amylobarbitone, and this could make it more useful in controlling anxiety. Phenobarbitone is widely used, especially in general practice, to relieve symptoms of anxiety. Its activity in experimental animals, for example in preventing electrically induced convulsions without causing sleep, differs considerably from that of amylobarbitone (Merritt and Putnam, 1938), but it appears not to have been compared directly with amylobarbitone in a controlled clinical trial upon patients with anxiety.