bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Final report, on-going key comparison BIPM.QM-K1, ozone at ambient level, comparison with VSL, September 2016
Authors: Viallon Joële , Moussay Philippe , Idrees Faraz , Wielgosz Robert , Heikens Dita , Veen Adrian van der
Published: August 2017

As part of the ongoing key comparison BIPM.QM-K1, a comparison has been performed between the ozone national standard of the Netherlands maintained by the Van Swinden (VSL) and the common reference standard of the key comparison, maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The instruments have been compared over a nominal ozone amount-of-substance fraction range from 0 nmol/mol to 500 nmol/mol

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Accelerated losses of protected forests from gold mining in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Asner Gregory P , Tupayachi Raul
Published: August 2017

Gold mining in Amazonia involves forest removal, soil excavation, and the use of liquid mercury, which together pose a major threat to biodiversity, water quality, forest carbon stocks, and human health. Within the global biodiversity hotspot of Madre de Dios, Peru, gold mining has continued despite numerous 2012 government decrees and enforcement actions against it. Mining is now also thought to have entered federally protected areas, but the rates of miner encroachment are unknown. Here, we utilize high-resolution remote sensing to assess annual changes in gold mining extent from 1999 to 2016 throughout the Madre de Dios region, including the high-diversity Tambopata National Reserve and buffer zone. Regionally, gold mining-related losses of forest averaged 4437 ha yr−1. A temporary downward inflection in the annual growth rate of mining-related forest loss following 2012 government action was followed by a near doubling of the deforestation rate from mining in 2013–2014. The total estimated area of gold mining throughout the region increased about 40% between 2012 and 2016, including in the Tambopata National Reserve. Our results reveal an urgent need for more socio-environmental effort and law enforcement action to combat illegal gold mining in the Peruvian Amazon.
Understanding smallholders’ intended deforestation behavior in the Brazilian Cerrado following environmental registry
Authors: Rasmussen Laura Vang , Jung Suhyun , Brites Alice Dantas , Watkins Cristy , Agrawal Arun
Published: August 2017

Brazil’s Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) is a potentially promising avenue to slow deforestation on private properties as it facilitates the monitoring of land use. Yet limited empirical evidence exists on how the CAR affects smallholders’ behavior and recent scholarly efforts have in fact indicated that it may be doing less to protect forests than previously assumed. Based on 1177 smallholder surveys conducted in the Cerrado, we assess 1) whether the CAR might incentivize smallholders to pursue deforestation and 2) which factors are associated with smallholders’ intended deforestation behavior. We find that upon CAR registration, factors significantly associated with smallholders’ intention to deforest are: the existing percentage of native vegetation on the property, the use of agricultural loans, property owner’s age, and livestock production experience. To curb deforestation that may follow expressed intentions of smallholders, the CAR, and environmental registration programs alike, should account for existing land use by, for example, improving the system already in place for trading areas of native vegetation as this system is not widely adopted by those smallholders with more native vegetation than the legal cut-off. Also, such programs should assess the role of whether conditions related to land cover maintenance may protect against deforestation if credit access is supported especially to younger smallholders and/or livestock producers with a high percentage of native vegetation in their properties.
Haptic Sociality
Authors: Goodwin Marjorie Harness
Published: August 2017

This chapter extends the sequential analysis of human action to encompass intimate co-operative action, accomplished through the haptic, temporally unfolding intertwining of multiple bodies. The focus is on the construction through public social practice of tactile intercorporeality. Within a basic social institution, the family, members make use of culturally appropriate tactile communication (including the hug, the kiss, and other intertwinings of the body) during moments of affectively rich supportive interchanges. Materials for the study are drawn from video recordings of naturally occurring social interaction in thirty-two Los Angeles families who were part of the UCLA’s Center on Everyday Lives of Families. Examination of forms of experiential embodiment is important for articulating the participation frameworks through which affectively rich intimate social relationships are established, maintained, and negotiated.
Achieving Intersubjectivity in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
Authors: Auer Peter , Hörmeyer Ina
Published: August 2017

This paper investigates communication, including computer-based speech aids by people with severe cerebral palsy—namely Augmented and Alternative Communication, AAC. The reduced bodily capacities and the “uncontrolled bodies” of CP sufferers make bodily synchronization with their partners a considerable challenge. What is more, the electronic speech aid not only produces a disembodied language (synthetic speech), but also has a massive impact on the mutual corporeal attunement of the participants. It will be shown that these detrimental effects of AAC can lead to a breakdown in temporal, sequential and topical structure, and to interactional failure and lack of understanding. However, there are ways to overcome these risks—for example, a “moderator” who channels and controls co-participants’ activities despite the Augmented/Alternative Communicator’s focus on the machine, even during the production of a complex utterance. Thus the machine can be “embodied,” and the interaction can—despite CP—become an “intercorporeal” one.
Pietro Bembo on Etna
Authors: Williams Gareth D.
Published: August 2017

This book is centered on the Venetian humanist Pietro Bembo (1470–1547), on his stay in Sicily in 1492–4 to study the ancient Greek language under the Byzantine émigré Constantine Lascaris, and above all on his ascent of Mount Etna in 1493. The more particular focus of this study is on the imaginative capacities that crucially shape Bembo’s elegantly crafted account, in Latin, of his Etna adventure in his so-called De Aetna, published at the Aldine Press in Venice in 1496. This work is cast in the form of a dialogue that takes place between the young Bembo and his father, Bernardo (himself a prominent Venetian statesman with strong humanist involvements), after Pietro’s return to Venice from Sicily in 1494. But De Aetna offers much more than a one-dimensional account of the facts, sights, and findings of Pietro’s climb. Three mutually informing features that are critical to the artistic originality of De Aetna receive detailed treatment in this study: (i) the stimulus that Pietro drew from the complex history of Mount Etna as treated in the Greco-Roman literary tradition from Pindar onward; (ii) the striking novelty of De Aetna’s status as the first Latin text produced at the nascent Aldine Press in the prototype of what modern typography knows as Bembo typeface; and (iii) Pietro’s ingenious deployment of Etna as a powerful, multivalent symbol that simultaneously reflects the diverse characterizations of, and the generational differences between, father and son in the course of their dialogical exchanges within De Aetna.
The Image of Political Power in the Reign of Nerva, AD 96-98
Authors: Elkins Nathan T.
Published: August 2017

Nerva ruled from September AD 96 to January 98. His short reign provided little public building and monumental art, and study of Nerva has been the province of the historian, who often relies on textual sources written after his death. History has judged Nerva as an emperor who lacked the respect of the Praetorians and armed forces, and who was vulnerable to coercion. The most complete record of state-sanctioned art from Nerva’s reign is his imperial coinage, frequently studied with historical hindsight and thus characterized as “hopeful,” “apologetic,” or otherwise relating the anxiety of the period. But art operated independently of later and biased historical texts, always presenting the living emperor in a positive light. This book reexamines Nerva’s imperial coinage in positivistic terms and relates imagery to contemporary poetry and panegyric, which praised the emperor. While the audiences at which images were directed included the emperor, attention to hoards and finds also indicates what visual messages were most important in Nerva’s reign and at what other groups in the Roman Empire they were directed. The relationship between the imagery and the rhetoric used by Frontinus, Martial, Tacitus, and Pliny to characterize Nerva and his reign allows reinvestigation of debate about the agency behind the creation of images on imperial coinage. Those in charge of the mint were close to the emperor’s inner circle and thus walked alongside prominent senatorial politicians and equestrians who wrote praise directed at the emperor; those men were in a position to visualize that praise.
The Vulnerability of Integrity
Authors: Ing Michael D. K.
Published: August 2017

This chapter begins with a description of the Confucian self and then discusses the porous nature of this self with regard to the connections and boundaries that are seen to exist between the individual and others. The majority focuses on integrity, which is explained in terms of de德‎. The notion of de德‎ highlights the charismatic aspects of integrity such that integrity in an early Confucian context is understood as a power to motivate others to perform their roles in relationships. This power is obstructed or weakened in situations of irresolvable value conflict. De德‎ is a social value associated with the way in which moral actions enable the realization of the self, which is partially constituted by relationships. Integrity, as such, is vulnerable to irresolvable value conflicts and unfortunate situations because in those circumstances moral action is impeded such that meaningful relations cannot be maintained.
Mandates and the Incentive for Environmental Innovation
Authors: Clancy Matthew S. , Moschini GianCarlo
Published: August 2017

Mandates, which establish minimum use quotas for certain goods, are becoming increasingly popular policy tools to promote renewable energy use. In addition to mitigating the pollution externality of conventional energy, clean energy mandates have the goal of promoting research and development (R&D) investments in renewable energy technology. But how well do mandates perform as innovation incentives? To address this question, we develop a partial equilibrium model to examine the R&D incentives induced by a mandate, and compare this policy to two benchmark situations: laissez faire and a carbon tax. Innovation is stochastic and the model permits an endogenous number of multiple innovators. We present both analytical results and conclusions based on numerical simulations. We find that the optimal mandate is larger than it would be without the prospect of innovation, that neglecting the outlook for innovation significantly reduces welfare, and that the optimal mandate is more sensitive to assumptions about the innovation process than an optimal carbon tax. Furthermore, we find that mandates create relatively strong incentives for R&D investment in low‐quality innovations, but relatively weak incentives to invest in high‐quality innovations. We also rank policies by expected welfare. An optimal carbon tax has higher expected welfare than an optimal mandate, and both have higher expected welfare than laissez faire. Moreover, in our endogenous innovation setting, a stronger result obtains: a simple carbon tax equal to the damage from pollution (unadjusted for the prospect of innovation) has higher expected welfare than an optimal mandate.
Comprehensive Morpho-Electrotonic Analysis Shows 2 Distinct Classes of L2 and L3 Pyramidal Neurons in Human Temporal Cortex
Authors: Deitcher Yair , Eyal Guy , Kanari Lida , Verhoog Matthijs B , Atenekeng Kahou Guy Antoine , Mansvelder Huibert D , de Kock Christiaan P J , Segev Idan
Published: August 2017

There have been few quantitative characterizations of the morphological, biophysical, and cable properties of neurons in the human neocortex. We employed feature-based statistical methods on a rare data set of 60 3D reconstructed pyramidal neurons from L2 and L3 in the human temporal cortex (HL2/L3 PCs) removed after brain surgery. Of these cells, 25 neurons were also characterized physiologically. Thirty-two morphological features were analyzed (e.g., dendritic surface area, 36 333 ± 18 157 μm2; number of basal trees, 5.55 ± 1.47; dendritic diameter, 0.76 ± 0.28 μm). Eighteen features showed a significant gradual increase with depth from the pia (e.g., dendritic length and soma radius). The other features showed weak or no correlation with depth (e.g., dendritic diameter). The basal dendritic terminals in HL2/L3 PCs are particularly elongated, enabling multiple nonlinear processing units in these dendrites. Unlike the morphological features, the active biophysical features (e.g., spike shapes and rates) and passive/cable features (e.g., somatic input resistance, 47.68 ± 15.26 MΩ, membrane time constant, 12.03 ± 1.79 ms, average dendritic cable length, 0.99 ± 0.24) were depth-independent. A novel descriptor for apical dendritic topology yielded 2 distinct classes, termed hereby as “slim-tufted” and “profuse-tufted” HL2/L3 PCs; the latter class tends to fire at higher rates. Thus, our morpho-electrotonic analysis shows 2 distinct classes of HL2/L3 PCs.
Modelling the recruitment of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) throughout its European range
Authors: Bornarel Virginie , Lambert Patrick , Briand Cédric , Antunes Carlos , Belpaire Claude , Ciccotti Eleonora , Diaz Estibaliz , Diserud Ola , Doherty Denis , Domingos Isabel , Evans Derek , de Graaf Martin , O’Leary Ciara , Pedersen Michael , Poole Russell , Walker Alan , Wickström Håkan , Beaulaton Laurent , Drouineau Hilaire
Published: August 2017

European eel (Anguilla anguilla) recruitment has been declining at least since the early 1980s at the scale of its distribution area. Since the population is panmictic, its stock assessment should be carried out on a range-wide basis. However, assessing the overall stock during the continental phase remains difficult given its widespread distribution among heterogeneous and separate river catchments. Hence, it is currently considered by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) more feasible to use glass eel recruitment data to assess the status of the overall population. In this study, we used Glass Eel Recruitment Estimation Model (GEREM) to estimate annual recruitment (i) at the river catchment level, a scale for which data are available, (ii) at an intermediate scale (6 European regions), and (iii) at a larger scale (Europe). This study provides an estimate of the glass eel recruitment trend through a single index, which gathers all recruitment time-series available at the European scale. Results confirmed an overall recruitment decline to dramatically low levels in 2009 (3.5% of the 1960–1979 recruitment average) and highlighted a more pronounced decline in the North Sea area compared to elsewhere in Europe.
Unintended adverse consequences of a clinical decision support system: two cases
Authors: Stone Erin G
Published: August 2017

Many institutions have implemented clinical decision support systems (CDSSs). While CDSS research papers have focused on benefits of these systems, there is a smaller body of literature showing that CDSSs may also produce unintended adverse consequences (UACs). Detailed here are 2 cases of UACs resulting from a CDSS. Both of these cases were related to external systems that fed data into the CDSS. In the first case, lack of knowledge of data categorization in an external pharmacy system produced a UAC; in the second case, the change of a clinical laboratory instrument produced the UAC. CDSSs rely on data from many external systems. These systems are dynamic and may have changes in hardware, software, vendors, or processes. Such changes can affect the accuracy of CDSSs. These cases point to the need for the CDSS team to be familiar with these external systems. This team (manager and alert builders) should include members in specific clinical specialties with deep knowledge of these external systems.
Clinical outcomes of 125I brachytherapy with and without external-beam radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: results from 300 patients at a single institution in Japan
Authors: Maki Sayo , Itoh Yoshiyuki , Kubota Seiji , Okada Tohru , Nakahara Rie , Ito Junji , Kawamura Mariko , Naganawa Shinji , Yoshino Yasushi , Fujita Takashi , Kato Masashi , Gotoh Momokazu , Ikeda Mitsuru
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes and adverse events for 300 men with prostate cancer treated with 125iodine (125I) brachytherapy with and without external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) at a single institution in Japan. Between February 2005 and November 2011, 300 consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with 125I brachytherapy at the Nagoya University Hospital. A total of 271 men were treated with implants with doses of 145 Gy, and 29 men were treated with implants with doses of 110 Gy combined with EBRT (40–50 Gy/20–25 fractions). The median patient age was 69 years (range, 53–83 years). The median follow-up period was 53 months (range, 5–99 months). According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk classification, 132 men (44%) had low-risk, 147 men (29%) had intermediate-risk and 21 men (7%) had high-risk disease. The 5-year overall survival rate, biochemical relapse–free survival rate, and disease-specific survival rates were 93.5%, 97.3% and 98.5%, respectively. Two men (0.6%) died of prostate cancer and 10 men (3.3%) died of other causes. Seventeen men (5.6%) experienced Grade 2 rectal bleeding in all: 12 (41.4%) of 29 in brachytherapy with EBRT, and 5 (1.8%) of 271 in brachytherapy alone. The rates of Grade 2 and 3 genitourinary toxicity were 1.0% and 1.7%, respectively. Excellent local control was achieved at our hospital for localized prostate cancer with 125I brachytherapy with and without EBRT. Gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were acceptable.
Genome–nutrition divergence: evolving understanding of the malnutrition spectrum
Authors: Eaton Jacob C , Iannotti Lora L
Published: August 2017

Humans adapted over a period of 2.3 million years to a diet high in quality and diversity. Genome–nutrition divergence describes the misalignment between modern global diets and the genome formed through evolution. A survey of hominin diets over time shows that humans have thrived on a broad range of foods. Earlier diets were highly diverse and nutrient dense, in contrast to modern food systems in which monotonous diets of staple cereals and ultraprocessed foods play a more prominent role. Applying the lens of genome–nutrition divergence to malnutrition reveals shared risk factors for undernutrition and overnutrition at nutrient, food, and environmental levels. Mechanisms for food system shifts, such as crop-neutral agricultural policy, agroecology, and social policy, are explored as a means to realign modern diets with the nutritional patterns to which humans may be better adapted to thrive.
Parasellar Schwannomas: Extradural vs Extra-Intradural Surgical Approach
Authors: Mariniello Giuseppe , de Divitiis Oreste , Caranci Ferdinando , Dones Flavia , Maiuri Francesco
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Schwannomas of the parasellar region may arise from the trigeminal, oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves.

OBJECTIVE

To define the tumor origin, location, and dural relationship (extradural vs extra-intradural vs cisternal) on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in order to plan the best surgical approach (purely extradural vs extra-intradural).

METHODS

Twenty-four patients with parasellar schwannomas who underwent surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty arose from the trigeminal nerve (7 intracavernous and 13 within the Meckel's cave), 3 from the oculomotor nerve, and 1 from the abducens nerve. The preoperative identification of the tumor location (extradural vs extra-intradural vs cisternal) and the nerve of origin was defined on MR sequences. All patients were operated on through a pterional approach (extradural or extra-intradural route).

RESULTS

The tumor location was correctly defined on MRI in 22 out of 24 cases (92%) and the nerve of origin in 22 (92%). An extradural approach without intradural exploration was performed in all 5 intracavernous trigeminal schwannomas, in 11 out of 13 of the Meckel's cave, and in 2 schwannomas of the oculomotor nerve. Two schwannomas of the Meckel's cave with transgression of the medial dural wall, 1 of the oculomotor nerve, and the abducens nerve schwannoma required an extra-intradural approach. Complete tumor resection was obtained in 19 out of 24 cases (80%).

CONCLUSION

The pterional extradural approach is sufficient for Dolenc type I and II trigeminal schwannomas, excepting for those transgressing the inner dural layer. Schwannomas of the oculomotor and abducens nerves with cisternal location require an extradural-intradural approach.
The Challenge of Documenting Africa’s Least-Known Languages
Authors: Sands Bonny
Published: August 2017

The lack of adequate documentation for African languages is a major challenge facing linguists. Understandably, priority has often been given to the most endangered languages, but the level of language endangerment in Africa has been grossly underestimated. Language shift can occur in a single generation, so population surveys that are 20 or more years old cannot be used to label a language “safe,” particularly when it is used by only a few thousand people. High rates of language shift are being reported in different parts of the continent, and even larger languages (with 100,000 or more speakers) might best be considered threatened. Documenting an obsolescent language is a difficult task, made even more difficult if the language is essentially undescribed. Since basic phonological and grammatical sketches are lacking for so many African languages, we should try to address the challenge of documenting these poorly known languages while they are still used by all generations.
Exceptions to Hiatus Resolution in Mushunguli (Somali Chizigula)
Authors: Hout Katherine
Published: August 2017

Mushunguli (Somali Chizigula, Kizigua; ISO [xma]) is an endangered, under-described Bantu language spoken in the Lower Jubba River area of Somalia and in U.S. diaspora communities. This chapter presents a set of exceptions to hiatus resolution in Mushunguli. Hiatus is usually resolved in one of three ways: glide formation, whereby prevocalic high vowels i,u become glides j,w; fusion, whereby the low central vowel a fuses with the following vowel; and deletion, whereby sequences of identical vowels are reduced to a single short vowel. A set of high vowel-initial stems resolve hiatus normally in contexts where glide formation and deletion are expected, but fail to do so in contexts where fusion is expected. A clear, concise derivational analysis of these data is presented, with the aim of offering a useful benchmark for future research into hiatus resolution and phonological exceptionality.
Acoustic and Aerodynamic Data on Somali Chizigula Stops
Authors: Martinez Michal Temkin , Rosenbaum Vanessa
Published: August 2017

Somali Chizigula (G311; xma; also Mushungulu) is an endangered language spoken in Somalia and by Somali-Bantu refugees abroad. The Somali-Bantu are descendants of Tanzanian Kizigua (G31; ziw) speakers who have been estranged from their homeland since the 18th century. Little is known of the Somali variety, and literature on the Tanzanian variety is mostly limited to its tonology. This chapter reports acoustic and aerodynamic data collected to accurately describe stops in Somali Chizigula. Findings include a contrast between voiced aspirated plosives and implosives, as well as the complete devoicing of the nasal portion of the voiceless prenasalized stop. However, aerodynamic data confirm nasal airflow during the nasal, leading to our assessment of the current state of prenasalized stops in the language as not having undergone effacement, as in other Bantu languages.
Believing Within Business
Authors: Vaca Daniel
Published: August 2017

This chapter reviews and extends prevailing methods of understanding evangelical Christianity and narrating its relationship with business. Traditionally, studies of evangelicalism have approached both evangelicalism and business as distinct spheres of social activity, and they have recounted how evangelicals variously have opposed or embraced business in service of their religious ideals or objectives. Such approaches have presented business primarily as an instrument of faith. By contrast, this chapter presents business as a field of thought and activity within which evangelicalism continually has taken shape. Focusing especially on the evangelical book business in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this chapter not only illustrates how evangelical ideas, teachings, and sensibilities have circulated through business initiative but also argues that evangelicals have evangelized on business’s behalf. Over time, evangelical ideals and business strategies have not merely aligned; they often have elided.
The Business of Asian Religions
Authors: Altman Michael J.
Published: August 2017

As historians of religion in America have turned their attention to the role of markets and money in religious history, their focus has rarely moved beyond American Christianity. Taking the business turn in the study of Asian religions in America means taking a global view of networks and circulation. Using the examples of Swami Vivekananda and Sathya Sai Baba, this chapter argues that these Asian CEO gurus collapse the distinction between business and religion. Through global flows of money and media, Asian religions in America offer an example of why the dichotomy between religion and business needs to be deconstructed.
Compensation and Incentives in Hedge Funds
Authors: Smith Garrett C. C. , Gupta Gaurav
Published: August 2017

Although hedge funds typically report a 2 and 20 fee structure, some investors want to change this standard practice. Many funds sustained substantial losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Given the strategies used by hedge funds, they were not supposed to incur large losses. Subsequent underperformance to equity during the bull market recovery left many investors questioning the fee structure. Research shows the fee structure is more fluid than typically reported. The reluctance of many hedge fund managers to appear weak perpetuates the reported 2 and 20 fee structure. Fees respond to the relative bargaining power between managers and investors. Some investors speculate that the fee structure encourages managers to undertake high-risk strategies. However, fees and other incentive provisions, such as a high-water mark, provide better opportunities for talented managers to enter the industry, mitigating their subsequent risk-taking.
The Adulteress Wife
Authors: Moi Toril
Published: August 2017

Nearly 20 years after Margaret Simons broke the news of the scandal of the English translation of Le deuxième sexe, Toril Moi’s 2002 essay deepened feminist claims in relation to Parshley’s translation, and chronicled the long and still-unsuccessful struggle with Alfred Knopf for a new translation/scholarly edition. Moi showed that “the philosophical incompetence of the translation produces a text that is damaging to Beauvoir’s intellectual reputation in particular and to the reputation of feminist philosophy in general” by detailing Parshley’s silent deletions of sentences and parts of sentences, his tendency to turn existence into essence, misread philosophical references to “subjectivity”, remain clueless about references to Hegel, and misunderstand Beauvoir’s account of alienation. These failures falsely emboldened Beauvoir’s critics by eliminating nuance from key discussions of themes like motherhood. “Her works will not enter the public domain until 2056,” Moi pointed out, and the stubborn refusal of the publisher to commission a new translation meant that essays like this one were absolutely essential to teaching Beauvoir’s Second Sex to English speaking students—“while we wait.”
Revolution and Authoritarianism in North Africa
Authors: Volpi Frédéric
Published: August 2017

This book analyses how the Arab uprisings, the sudden wave of leaderless protests that broke out in 2011, could produce regime change in a region until then characterized by authoritarian resilience. It investigates the factors that shaped the trajectories of the uprisings in four North African countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. Using an interactionist perspective, it analyzes the three stages of regime change and authoritarian resilience during this wave of uprisings. The first stage corresponds to the implosion of the ruling authoritarian system. This episode is defined by a sharp increase in mobilization of protesters against the regime and the accompanying decrease in the capabilities of the ruling institutions. The second stage corresponds to the reconstruction of practices and discourses around the demands of the protesters and the counter-propositions of the regime to halt the process of deinstitutionalization. This period is marked by the diffusion of new social and political behaviors that challenge and replace preexisting mechanisms of governance or, alternatively, that are subsumed under them. The third stage is the reconstruction of routinized behaviors around a new consensus on governance. This period is characterized by a formal recognition of these new arrangements at home and abroad and by political demobilization.
Explanatory Understanding
Authors: de Regt Henk W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter reviews the philosophical debate on scientific explanation from the perspective of the understanding question. Since the 1950s, explanation has been a central topic of discussion among philosophers of science, and this has led to a large variety of competing models of scientific explanation. I investigate what various proposed models of explanation have to say about the nature of scientific understanding. Among these are nomological and unificationist models, and models of causal and mechanistic explanation. I discuss their merits, problems, and their associated conceptions of understanding, and argue that none of them fully succeeds in capturing the nature of scientific understanding. I conclude that we have to accept a plurality of types of explanation, and that we need an overarching theory that explains how each type generates understanding. I evaluate Wesley Salmon’s proposal, conclude that it fails, and argue that a more radically pluralist approach is needed.
Foundations of Musical Grammar
Authors: Zbikowski Lawrence M.
Published: August 2017

This volume makes a unique contribution to music theory by building on recent research in cognitive science and theoretical perspectives adopted from cognitive linguistics to present an account of the foundations of musical grammar. Musical grammar is conceived of as a species of construction grammar, in which grammatical elements are form-function pairs. In the case of music, basic constructions are sonic analogs for dynamic processes that are central to human cultures. This volume focuses on three such processes: those related to emotions, to gestures, and to dance. The first chapter introduces the volume and explains how this approach connects with previous work in music theory. The second chapter reviews research on analogy and shows how it provides a basis for analogical reference, which is fundamental to musical grammar. The third chapter describes the connection between music and the emotions facilitated by analogical reference. The fourth chapter explores connections between human gesture and musical utterances, and shows how both rely on the infrastructure for human communication that is also exploited by language. The fifth chapter demonstrates how music provides sonic analogs for the steps of social dances, and how music combined with dance has been used to structure social interactions. The sixth chapter focuses on the combination of language and music that occurs in songs, making clear how the different grammatical resources offered by music and language shape how meaning is constructed in songs. Detailed musical analyses are offered in each chapter, as well as summaries of the basic elements of musical grammar.
Motion and the English Verb
Authors: Huber Judith
Published: August 2017

This book is a study of how motion is expressed in medieval English. It provides extensive inventories of verbs used in intransitive motion meanings in Old and Middle English and discusses these in terms of the manner-salience of early English. It shows that also several non-motion verbs can receive contextual motion meanings through their use in the intransitive motion construction. In addition to this type-based analysis, the book also focuses on which verbs and structures are frequent in talking about motion: It analyses motion expression in selected Old and Middle English texts, showing that while satellite-framing is stable, the degree of manner-conflation is strongly influenced by text type and style. After establishing the satellite-framing, manner-salient nature of medieval English, the book investigates how in the intertypological contact situation with medieval French, a range of French path verbs (entrer, issir, descendre, etc.) are borrowed into Middle English, in whose system of motion encoding they can be seen ‘semantic misfits’. The various cognitive and contact-linguistic aspects of their integration into Middle English are investigated in an innovative approach of analysing their usage contexts in autonomous Middle English texts as opposed to translations from French and Latin. It shows that initially these verbs are borrowed not primarily for expressing general literal motion, but in more specific, often metaphorical and abstract contexts. The book is therefore both a diachronic contribution to the typology of motion encoding and to research on the process of borrowing and loanword integration.
Introduction
Authors: Huber Judith
Published: August 2017

Chapter 1 introduces the major research questions pursued in the book: (a) To investigate motion expression in Old and Middle English, with a focus both on what is possible and what is frequent. It will be shown that, like Present-Day English, early English is strongly satellite-framing and can use a wide range of manner verbs and non-motion verbs to express motion. (b) To study the semantic and syntactic integration in Middle English of a range of pure path verbs (e.g. entrer, issir) borrowed from French, which are semantically unusual in the native system of talking about motion. The structure of the book is outlined with an overview of the remaining chapters.
Me, You, Us
Authors: Sher George
Published: August 2017

Me, You, Us is a collection of essays that explore the tension between the privacy of our experience and the social nature of our public lives. The book’s chapters address a diverse array of topics in moral and political philosophy but are unified by their strongly individualistic perspective and approach. Although the chapters acknowledge the profound importance of our relations to others, they treat these relations as normatively less basic than the fact that each of us occupies a subjectivity that no one else can enter and in the absence of which nothing that happened to us would matter. The several topics discussed from this perspective include, among others, the nature and basis of our moral standing, the social and communicative aspects of blame, the rationality of acting on judgments that equally smart and well-informed people do not share, and the importance of avoiding hierarchy and domination in our political arrangements.
Future History
Authors: Bross Kristina
Published: August 2017

Future History analyzes English and American writings that imagine England on a global stage well before England became an empire or the United States became a global power. Through close readings, historical contextualization, application of archival theory, and careful speculation, the book traces the ways that English and American writers imagined the East Indies and the West Indies as interconnected. The book argues that the earliest expressions of an American or English worldview were born colonial, conceived at the margins of a rising empire, not in its metropolis, and that a wider variety of agents than we have previously understood—Algonquian converts, “reformed” Catholics, enslaved women in the spice trade, Protestant dissidents, West Indian maroons—helped shape that worldview. In order to recover these voices and experiences, so often overwritten or ignored, the book combines more traditional methodologies of literary analysis and historicization with an interrogation of the structures of the archives in which early writings have been preserved. The chapters taken together describe a particular global (East Indies–West Indies) literary history, while the codas, taken as a separate sequence, demonstrate how a “slant” view on literary history that is asynchronous and at times anachronistic affords a new and more inclusive view of the worlding of the English imagination in the seventeenth century.
Hume's Presence in The Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

This book is primarily a textual study that demonstrates the close relationship of the Dialogues with Hume’s philosophical writings and its centrality to his relationship with skepticism. A striking feature of the Dialogues is that the arguments of Cleanthes and Philo often echo in content—even wording—claims found in Hume’s central philosophical writings: the effort to provide a rational defense of religion ends in weakening religious commitments rather than in strengthening them. It may not be clear whether Hume is expressing his own opinions through one of his characters or is using a character to represent a position to examine, perhaps to reject. The Dialogues is a contest, and Hume, by not speaking directly in his own voice, leaves it to his readers to judge who, if anyone, wins. The central problem of the Dialogues is to consider what Hume understood by skepticism. The second section of this book examines competing views of Hume’s skepticism, concluding with his own remarks. In the Treatise and the Enquiry, Hume says, when consumed by skeptical arguments and reasoning, he finds philosophical nurture in rejoining the practices of everyday life. His famous, concluding remark in the Dialogues about skepticism being the basis for a believing Christian seems cut from the same cloth.
Interreligious Literacy and Scriptural Reasoning
Authors: Moyaert Marianne
Published: August 2017

In this chapter, I first lay out the most important hermeneutical and anthropological principles that undergird my understanding of interreligious learning. As will become clear, I take my inspiration to a large extent from the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, who has been called “the philosopher of all dialogues.” Then I will make these theoretical considerations more concrete by elaborating on an interreligious dialogical approach that to my mind works transformatively: scriptural reasoning. I will explain what this practice is all about and how I try to guide my students throughout this learning process. As an introduction, I briefly dwell upon the particular context in which I work and from which I speak.
Teaching Interfaith Leadership
Authors: Patel Eboo , Meyer Cassie
Published: August 2017

As religious diversity increases, there is an opportunity in the religious studies or theology classroom to teach students the knowledge and skills that will allow them to constructively engage that diversity in their professions. In this chapter, we sketch a concrete, interdisciplinary approach to teaching what we call “interfaith leadership” in the college classroom. We begin by offering a working definition of interfaith leadership, and then explore strategies for teaching interfaith leadership, including resources and activities. Surveyed approaches to teaching the knowledge aspect of interfaith leadership include texts exploring the interactions of diverse religious communities, theologies or ethics of interfaith cooperation, and spiritual autobiographies. Approaches to teaching the skills aspect of interfaith engagement include case studies, interfaith events, projects to build interfaith cooperation, and partnerships with interfaith groups and organizations.
Introduction
Authors: Farfan Penny
Published: August 2017

This introduction sets forth the book’s central argument and establishes the historical, theoretical, and critical context for its case studies. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, modern sexual identities emerged into view while at the same time being rendered invisible, as in Oscar Wilde’s 1895 trial on charges of gross indecency and the 1928 obscenity trial of Radclyffe Hall’s The Well of Loneliness. Early stage representations of homosexuality were typically coded or censored, yet the majority of the works considered in this book were highly visible in their subversions of conventional gender and sexual norms. Queer readings of these plays and performances establish connections across high and popular cultural domains, demonstrating that some of traditional modernism’s perceived failures, rejects, and outliers were modernist through their sexual dissidence. These insights in turn contribute to a more precise understanding of how modernity was mediated and how such mediations enacted change.
Pharmaceutical Freedom
Authors: Flanigan Jessica
Published: August 2017

If a competent adult refuses medical treatment, physicians and public officials must respect her decision. Coercive medical paternalism is a clear violation of the doctrine of informed consent, which protects patients’ rights to make medical decisions even if a patient’s choice endangers her health. The same reasons for rejecting medical paternalism in the doctor’s office are also reasons to reject medical paternalism at the pharmacy. Yet coercive medical paternalism persists in the form of premarket approval policies and prescription requirements for pharmaceuticals. This book defends patients’ rights of self-medication. It argues that public officials should certify drugs instead of enforcing prohibitive pharmaceutical policies that disrespect people’s rights to make intimate medical decisions and prevent patients from accessing potentially beneficial new therapies. This argument has revisionary implications for important and timely debates about medical paternalism, recreational drug legalization, human enhancement, prescription drug prices, physician assisted suicide, and pharmaceutical marketing. The need for reform is especially urgent as medical treatment becomes increasingly personalized and patients advocate for the right to try. The doctrine of informed consent revolutionized medicine in the twentieth century by empowering patients to make treatment decisions. Rights of self-medication are the next step.
Inside the Enemy's Computer
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: August 2017

Attribution — tracing those responsible for a cyber attack — is of primary importance when classifying it as a criminal act, an act of war, or an act of terrorism. Three assumptions dominate current thinking: attribution is a technical problem; it is unsolvable; and it is unique. Approaching attribution as a problem forces us to consider it either as solved or unsolved. Yet attribution is far more nuanced, and is best approached as a process in constant flux, driven by judicial and political pressures. In the criminal context, courts must assess the guilt of criminals, mainly based on technical evidence. In the national security context, decision-makers must analyze unreliable and mainly non-technical information in order to identify an enemy of the state. Attribution in both contexts is political: in criminal cases, laws reflect society’s prevailing norms and powers; in national security cases, attribution reflects a state’s will to maintain, increase or assert its power. However, both processes differ on many levels. The constraints, which reflect common aspects of many other political issues, constitute the structure of the book: the need for judgment calls, the role of private companies, the standards of evidence, the role of time, and the plausible deniability of attacks.
New thoughts about old facts
Authors: Ponte María de , Korta Kepa
Published: August 2017

In a famous paper by Prior, ontological, epistemic, and semantic considerations are entangled in a way that creates the illusion of an ontological argument about the nature of time. This chapter defends the thesis that Prior’s argument is best interpreted as a “knowledge argument,” similar to that raised by Frank Jackson against physicalism. At a linguistic level, the authors argue that an utterance like “Thank goodness that is over [now]” expresses the same proposition as “Thank goodness the date of the conclusion of the root canal is Friday, June 15, 1954,” when uttered on the same date. At the epistemic level, it is argued that the two are associated with different motivating thoughts. At the ontological level, the authors reject the assumption that the proposition related to the utterance “Thank goodness that is over [now]” and its associated thought require the existence of A-properties.
Selfhood as self-representation
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores the nature of the self through an examination of self-representations. Self-representations are very special kinds of representations distinguished from other representations not by what they represent (i.e. selves) but by how they represent it and by the functional roles they play in our mental lives. The chapter argues that self-representations play three distinct but related roles in our cognitive lives. First, they subserve the synchronic integration of current mental states into a (rationally) interconnected whole. Second, they subserve the diachronic integration of past, present, and future states into one enduring and ever unfolding self-consciousness. And, finally, they help define the boundaries of the self by serving to distinguish selves from one another. The central claim is that being a self is nothing but being a creature that deploys such representations in inner thought with reference to itself.