bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Counseling Adolescents and the Challenges for Genetic Counselors
Authors: Callard Alice , Williams Jessica , Skirton Heather
Published: December 2011

Genetic counselors may have an important role in helping the adolescent make an informed decision with regard to genetic testing and in helping them to adjust to genetic risk information. However, counseling techniques that are used with adults may not be always be suited to the adolescent population. Adolescence is a time of development during which separation from the family and formation of identity is achieved. The process of this development may impact the genetic counseling relationship. Family relationships may have a strong influence on the client's decision to have genetic testing. Additionally, it may be difficult to engage the client as adolescents may not have the ability to think abstractly and consider the short and long term consequences of genetic testing. It is helpful therefore to discuss the counseling process and techniques that may be useful when counseling these clients. This paper presents two case studies that illustrate some of the difficulties that may occur when counseling adolescents for genetic testing. The authors’ have reflected on their clinical experience with these clients and this is presented here to add to the growing literature on this subject.
The Isolation of Yellow Mustard Oil Using Water and Cyclic Ethers
Authors: Tabtabaei Solmaz , Diosady Levente L.
Published: December 2011

An aqueous extraction process (AEP) was developed for dehulled yellow mustard flour with the aim of producing yellow mustard oil for industrial applications, as a by‐product of food protein production. During AEP, most of the oil extracted was bound in a stable oil‐in‐water emulsion that must be destabilized to recover free oil. The oil distribution after aqueous extraction and the composition of the emulsion produced were determined. The emulsion was solubilized in organic solvents including tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 1,4‐dioxane to fully recover the oil in a single‐phase oil–solvent‐water miscella. Over 97 and 95% of the oil in the emulsion was successfully recovered using 4:1 THF:oil and 9:1 dioxane:oil weight ratios, respectively. The oil recovery from the emulsion was optimized, based on experimentally prepared ternary phase diagrams of THF/oil/water and dioxane/oil/water. The results suggest that this technically viable approach can successfully recover essentially all of the oil from the emulsion, equivalent to an overall free oil recovery of ~63% from dehulled yellow mustard flour.
Phosphate Esters Functionalized Dihydroxyl Soybean Oil Tackifier of Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesives
Authors: Ahn B. Kollbe , Sung Jonggeun , Sun X. Susan
Published: December 2011

Dihydroxyl soybean oil (DSO) has shown potential as a tackifier for pressure‐sensitive adhesive (PSA) applications, and perchloric acid was used previously as a catalyst to open the oxirane rings of epoxidized soybean oils (ESO) when we prepared DSO and PSA. Phosphoric acid is a more eco‐friendly catalyst than perchloric acid; therefore, the objective of this work was to prepare DSO using phosphoric acid as a catalyst and thereby create DSO‐contained phosphate esters, or PDSO. The chemical scaffolds of PDSO were elucidated with 1H, 1H–1H COSY, 31P NMR, FTIR, MALDI‐TOF MS, and GPC. ESO PSAs were prepared from a mixture of ESO/PDSO. The ESO PSA prepared with PDSO had peel strength on a plastic carrier comparable to commercial PSA, and while on an aluminum carrier, the ESO PSA had a stronger peel strength. ESO PSA prepared with phosphoric acid was also stronger than the peel strength of the ESO PSA prepared with DSO using perchloric acid.
The prevalence of thoracolumbar kyphosis in achondroplasia: A systematic review
Authors: Engberts Alexander C. , Jacobs Wilco C. H. , Castelijns Sanne J. A. M. , Castelein Rene M. , Vleggeert-Lankamp Carmen L. A.
Published: December 2011

Purpose

Thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK) is described as a common presentation in children with achondroplasia. However, the prevalence and development of TLK are ill-defined, as well as its clinical implications. The goal of this study was to assess the existing evidence on the prevalence and development of TLK from the literature.

Methods

A systematic literature review was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and Thomson Reuters (ISI) Web of Knowledge. Articles were selected and evaluated with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale in duplicate. Articles were included when the included patients were diagnosed with achondroplasia and the prevalence of TLK in this population was reported.

Results

Seven studies were included. The prevalence of TLK varied between 50 and 100%, but the populations differed significantly. Also, the measurement method and definition of TLK was not given in any of the included studies. Two studies reported TLK in different age categories, but the development of TLK through age could not be inferred. Overall, the methodological quality was low.

Conclusions

The prevalence rates of TLK in achondroplasia could not be assessed from the literature because the populations differed and the definition of TLK in the studies was not described. In future studies, this definition needs to be given and patients need to be assessed over a longer period of time, with repeated assessments.
Systems pathology: A critical review
Authors: Costa Jose
Published: December 2011

The technological advances of the last twenty years together with the dramatic increase in computational power have injected new life into systems‐level thinking in Medicine. This review emphasizes the close relationship of Systems Pathology to Systems Biology and delineates the differences between Systems Pathology and Clinical Systems Pathology. It also suggests an algorithm to support the application of systems‐level thinking to clinical research, proposes applying systems‐level thinking to the health care systems and forecasts an acceleration of preventive medicine as a result of the coupling of personal genomics with systems pathology.
Excavations in Parsonage Field, Watermoor Road, Cirencester, 1959
Authors: Richardson K. M.
Published: December 2011

In 1958 a rescue excavation was carried out by Miss Mary Rennie, on behalf of the Ministry of Works, in the southern half of Parsonage Field, off the Watermoor Road, on ground now covered by the County Health Centre. Here the remains of a Roman building of some size were partly examined and an interesting mosaic pavement of geometric design and late date was uncovered. In that same year the Cirencester Roman Excavation Committee was set up.
Non-planar dust-acoustic Gardner solitons with two-ion-temperature in a dusty plasma
Authors: ASADUZZAMAN M. , MAMUN A. A.
Published: December 2011

The nonlinear propagation characteristics of Gardner solitons (GSs) in a non-planar (cylindrical and spherical) two-ion-temperature unmagnetized dusty plasma, whose constituents are inertial negative dust, Boltzmann electrons and ions with two distinctive temperatures, are investigated by deriving the modified Gardner (mG) equation. The standard reductive perturbation method is employed to derive the mG equation. The basic features of non-planar dust-acoustic (DA) GSs are analyzed. It has been found that the basic characteristics of GSs, which are shown to exist for the values of ni10/Zdnd0 around 0.311, for ni20/Zdnd0 = 0.5, Ti1/Te = 0.07, and Ti1/Ti2 = 0.05 [where ni10 (ni20) is the lower (higher) temperature ion number density at equilibrium, Ti1 (Ti2) is the lower (higher) temperature of ions, Te is the electron temperature, Zd is the number of electrons residing on the dust grain surface, and nd0 is the equilibrium dust number density] are different from those of Korteweg-de Vries solitons, which do not exist around ni10/Zdnd0 ≃ 0.311. It has been found that the propagation characteristics of non-planar DA GSs significantly differ from those of planar ones.
Halakah and Mark 7.3: ‘with the hand in the shape of a fist’
Authors: Crossley James G.
Published: December 2011

This article argues that πυγμῇ in Mark 7.3 is not as mysterious as much of the history of scholarship has suggested. It seems clear that πυγμῇ reflects a known purity practice in early Jewish law concerned with using the minimal amount of water required for hand-washing. The hand would be sufficiently relaxed in order that an economic use of water poured on it could seep through the fingers to cover enough of the hand required for proper purification. The literal translation ‘fist’, at least with the sense ‘in the form of a fist’, is the most obvious translation of πυγμῇ when placed in the context of hand-washing law.
Almsgiving is ‘the Commandment’: A Note on 1 Timothy 6.6–19
Authors: Eubank Nathan
Published: December 2011

This article argues that ‘the commandment’ in 1 Timothy 6.13–14 refers to almsgiving. This shows that verses 11–16 are not an intrusion into a discussion of the proper use of wealth, but an integral part of the author's argument in 6.6–19.
A Symposiastic Background to James?
Authors: Smit Peter-Ben
Published: December 2011

The Epistle of James is not commonly seen in relation to early Christian common meals. At the same time, the work is preoccupied with the common life of an early Christian community, which in turn was, generally speaking, closely related to the way in which it celebrated its meals. In other words, ethics, ecclesiology, and etiquette were closely related. Based on this consideration, this essay attempts to relate aspects of the epistle to symposiastic conventions as they were known in the first-century Mediterranean world.
Neurocognitive Effects of HIV, Hepatitis C, and Substance Use History
Authors: Devlin Kathryn N. , Gongvatana Assawin , Clark Uraina S. , Chasman Jesse D. , Westbrook Michelle L. , Tashima Karen T. , Navia Bradford , Cohen Ronald A.
Published: December 2011

HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction persists in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era and may be exacerbated by comorbidities, including substance use and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the neurocognitive impact of HIV, HCV, and substance use in the HAART era is still not well understood. In the current study, 115 HIV-infected and 72 HIV-seronegative individuals with significant rates of lifetime substance dependence and HCV infection received comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. We examined the effects of HIV serostatus, HCV infection, and substance use history on neurocognitive functioning. We also examined relationships between HIV disease measures (current and nadir CD4, HIV RNA, duration of infection) and cognitive functioning. Approximately half of HIV-infected participants exhibited neurocognitive impairment. Detectable HIV RNA but not HIV serostatus was significantly associated with cognitive functioning. HCV was among the factors most consistently associated with poorer neurocognitive performance across domains, while substance use was less strongly associated with cognitive performance. The results suggest that neurocognitive impairment continues to occur in HIV-infected individuals in association with poor virologic control and comorbid conditions, particularly HCV coinfection. (JINS, 2012,18, 68–78)
Altered Brain Activation in Military Personnel with One or More Traumatic Brain Injuries Following Blast
Authors: Scheibel Randall S. , Newsome Mary R. , Troyanskaya Maya , Lin Xiaodi , Steinberg Joel L. , Radaideh Majdi , Levin Harvey S.
Published: December 2011

Explosive blast is a frequent cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among personnel deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with an event-related stimulus-response compatibility task was used to compare 15 subjects with mild, chronic blast-related TBI with 15 subjects who had not experienced a TBI or blast exposure during deployment. Six TBI subjects reported multiple injuries. Relative to the control group, TBI subjects had slightly slower responses during fMRI and increased somatic complaints and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. A between-group analysis indicated greater activation during stimulus-response incompatibility in TBI subjects within the anterior cingulate gyrus, medial frontal cortex, and posterior cerebral areas involved in visual and visual-spatial functions. This activation pattern was more extensive after statistically controlling for reaction time and symptoms of PTSD and depression. There was also a negative relationship between symptoms of PTSD and activation within posterior brain regions. These results provide evidence for increased task-related activation following mild, blast-related TBI and additional changes associated with emotional symptoms. Limitations of this study include no matching for combat exposure and different recruitment strategies so that the control group was largely a community-based sample, while many TBI subjects were seeking services. (JINS, 2012, 18, 89–100)
Telling stories in two languages: Narratives of bilingual preschool children with typical and impaired language
Authors: ILUZ-COHEN PERI , WALTERS JOEL
Published: December 2011

Two studies investigated five- and six-year-old preschool children's narrative production in an attempt to show how LI may impinge on narrative production in measurable ways. Study 1 analyzed renderings of familiar stories for group (typical language development vs. language impairment), story content (Jungle Book/Goldilocks) and language (English/Hebrew) differences on a range of discourse (story grammar categories), lexical (e.g., words, word types), morphosyntactic (e.g., verb inflections, prepositions) and bilingual (code-switching) measures. It showed intact performance for narrative structure in both groups and in both languages despite differences in lexis, morphosyntax and bilingualism. Study 2 pursued bilingual code-switching as a means to examine differences between children with typical language development (TLD) and language impairment (LI) in a retelling task where each child retold three stories (from native language/L1, second language/L2 and bilingual contexts) to interlocutors with different language preferences. Both groups showed sociolinguistic sensitivity in code-switching behavior, but frequency and directionality of code-switching revealed group differences. The article argues for the use of a range of indicators of LI including those unique to bilingual children.
Minimalism and bilingualism: How and why bilingualism could benefit children with SLI
Authors: ROEPER THOMAS
Published: December 2011

We begin with the hypothesis that all people are “bilingual” because every language contains ingredients from several grammars, just as English exhibits both an Anglo-Saxon and a Latinate vocabulary system. We argue that the dominant grammar is defined by productivity and recursion in particular. Although current evidence is sparse, in principle, for a child who shows Specific Language Impairment (SLI) in a bilingual environment, richer modules in one grammar may help trigger more obscure modules in another language. Thus, if one language has a rich case system, it may help a child see an impoverished case system in another grammar. Examples from prepositional systems, wh-movement, recursive possessives and others are discussed. In general, a second language can be beneficial to the SLI child in the acquisition of both languages. Minimalism offers a level of abstraction where these cross-language connections can most naturally be stated.
Language, Migration, and Spaces of Representation
Authors: Stevenson Patrick
Published: December 2011

The study of relationships between language and place has a long tradition in the context of Germanic languages, from 19th century dialect geography to late 20th century contact linguistics. However, thecontemporary processes of migration, coupled with the emergence of new communication technologies and structural changes in the economies of states and regions, have created challenges for the study of linguistic practices and their place in the lives of individuals and socialgroups. The preceding papers in this volume take these challenges as an opportunity to reflect in new ways on past migrations. This concluding paper discusses the contributions they make to the study of language, migration, and place in relation to (speakers of) Germanic language varieties in North America and suggests ways in which they open up different spaces of representation.
Am Anfang steht die Venus
Authors: Buttstädt Marianne , Geue Kristina , Götze Heide , Richter Robert , Singer Susanne
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung. Auch in der Onkologie gewinnen kunsttherapeutische Angebote zunehmend an Bedeutung. In Leipzig wurde ein 22-stündiges Gruppenprogramm für Menschen mit einer Krebserkrankung mit dem Titel „mal meins” entwickelt. Wie sollte der Einstieg in solch ein ambulantes künstlerisches Nachsorgeprogramm gestaltet sein, um eine gute Bindung der ehemals schwerstkranken Personen an den Kurs und die Gruppe zu erreichen? Diese Erörterung könnte insbesondere für die kunsttherapeutische Praxis von Interesse sein. Die Aufzeichnungen basieren auf Gedächtnisprotokollen und praktischen Erfahrungen der Kursleiterin und auf mündlichen Aussagen von Teilnehmenden aus 12 Gruppen mit jeweils unterschiedlicher Gruppenstärke (ca. 6–8 Personen). Das Einstiegsmodell „Venus vom Willendorf” und die gewählten Zeichentechniken ermöglichen ein lockeres und entspanntes Miteinander der Teilnehmenden bereits in der ersten Stunde und somit einen förderlichen Beginn des Kursprogrammes. Existenziell erkrankte Menschen können in einer Gruppe ihre Krankheit mit kreativen Mitteln verarbeiten. Ein aktivierender und öffnender Einstieg erwies sich dabei als hilfreich.
Erinnern von Liedern – ein Zugang zum Patienten
Authors: Neufeld Marc , Barth Gottfried M. , Klosinski Gunther
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung. Da die Bedeutung der Musik für den Lebensprozess des Musik-Konsumenten weitgehend ungeklärt ist ( Rösing & Phleps, 1997, S. 370 ), führte der erstgenannte Autor an der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie Tübingen eine qualitative Studie zum Thema „Die Bedeutung von Liedern in der Lebensgeschichte” (Reichert-Verlag) im Rahmen einer Dissertation durch. Die Test-Personen wurden gebeten, spontan ein Lied auszuwählen, das für sie bedeutsam ist. Anhand eines semistrukturierten Interviewleitfadens sowie weiteren, ergänzenden Fragen wurde dann über dieses Lied ein Gespräch geführt. Dabei wurde nicht rezeptiv oder aktiv musizierend, sondern nur erinnernd gearbeitet. Zentrale Hypothese war, dass sich mithilfe dieser Fragen die Geschichte von Person und Lied explizieren lässt. Methodisch wird auf der Basis der Theorie qualitativen Denkens ein problemzentriertes mit einem narrativen Interview verschränkt. Die Auswertung erfolgte manuell und computergestützt mithilfe des Programms Aquad (Prof. G. L. Huber, Tübingen). Lieder haben lebensbegleitende Funktion. Deshalb lässt sich ein Gespräch über ein erinnertes Lied anamnestisch und diagnostisch zur Explikation von Beziehungsstrukturen und Bedeutungssystemen einer Person einsetzen. Eine Person, die aktuell ein Lied erinnert, wählt auf vorbewusste Weise eines aus, das in die persönliche, momentane Lage spricht. In der Patientengruppe war dies aufgrund der vermehrt vorliegenden Informationen offensichtlicher als in der Kontrollgruppe. Es bietet sich an, mit den ausgewählten Liedern im psychotherapeutischen Setting weiterzuarbeiten. Insgesamt ist es leicht möglich, intermediale Übergänge zu schaffen, hin zu Musiktherapie, Kunsttherapie, Poesietherapie, Bewegungstherapie etc. Lieder werden so zu Ankern, anhand derer Menschen ihre Lebensgeschichte erzählen können. Die Therapie kann daran angebunden werden.
Nicht-suizidale Selbstverletzung (NSSV) bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen
Authors: Brunner Romuald , Schmahl Christian
Published: December 2011

Nicht-suizidales selbstverletzendes Verhalten (NSSV) stellt ein häufiges Phänomen sowohl im Jugendalter als auch im jungen Erwachsenenalter dar. NSSV zeigt auch in nicht-klinischen Populationen eine enge Beziehung zu psychopathologischen Auffälligkeiten. Im klinischen Kontext steht ein repetitives NSSV häufig im Zusammenhang mit einer Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPS) im Jugend- wie auch im Erwachsenenalter. Um die therapeutische Handlungsfähigkeit zu erweitern, ist ein verbessertes Verständnis der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von NSSV dringend erforderlich. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden neben der Phänomenologie und den intra- und interpersonellen Funktionen der NSSV und den psychosozialen Risikofaktoren auch Ergebnisse der neurobiologischen Grundlagenforschung zur Pathogenese dieses Phänomens referiert. Im Sinne eines Diathese-Stress-Modells werden die wichtigsten Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren zusammengestellt und zukünftige Forschungsstrategien entworfen.
Umgang mit nicht-suizidalem selbstverletzendem Verhalten (NSSV) im schulischen Kontext
Authors: Plener Paul L. , Kaess Michael , Bonenberger Martina , Blaumer Dorothee , Spröber Nina
Published: December 2011

Nicht-suizidales selbstverletzendes Verhalten (NSSV) wurde in Studien an deutschen Schulen von ca. 14 bis 25 % der Jugendlichen beschrieben. Vielfach werden Lehrer oder anderes Schulpersonal zum ersten Ansprechpartner, wenn Jugendliche von sich aus Hilfe suchen oder Probleme im Schulalltag entstehen, die mit NSSV zusammenhängen. Auch die Verbreitung von NSSV innerhalb eines Klassenverbandes wird als problematisches Phänomen von MitarbeiterInnen des Schuldienstes beschrieben. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Umgang mit NSSV im schulischen Kontext. Studien konnten zeigen, dass strukturierte Schüler- und Lehrerprogramme das Wissen über NSSV vermehren können. Zudem haben sich bereits einige Protokolle zum Umgang mit NSSV im schulischen Alltag bewährt.
Opfer von Bullying in der Schule
Authors: Jantzer Vanessa , Haffner Johann , Parzer Peter , Resch Franz
Published: December 2011

Der Leidensdruck durch schulisches Bullying ist enorm, sowohl auf Opfer- als auch auf Täterseite wird das Risiko für emotionale Störungen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten erhöht sowie die schulische Entwicklung erheblich beeinträchtigt. Es wird der Zusammenhang von Bullying und Depression, Suizidalität und selbstverletzendem Verhalten diskutiert. Hierfür wurden 303 Schüler befragt, von denen 20.8 % angaben, in den letzten Monaten ein Opfer von Bullying geworden zu sein. Das Risiko zur Ausbildung der genannten emotionalen Störungen zeigte sich für viktimisierte Schüler deutlich erhöht (Odds Ratios von 2.4 bis 3.0). Der notwendige Ausbau von schulbezogenen Bullying-Präventionsprogrammen in Deutschland würde demnach mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch zur Prävention ernsthafter emotionaler Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen beitragen.
Personality and Job Engagement
Authors: Inceoglu Ilke , Warr Peter
Published: December 2011

The affective-motivational state of job engagement has been shown to differ between jobs with different characteristics, but its possible links with workers’ personal attributes have rarely been studied. Engagement was predicted to be a primary function of personality factors and sub-factors which match its affective and motivational elements, namely Emotional Stability and more energized forms of Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Predictions were confirmed in correlational and regression analyses across three studies. Theoretical frameworks in this area should extend to personal characteristics in addition to covering job content, and practical benefits can follow from engagement-relevant staff selection and development as well as from appropriate job design.
Bursty escape fluxes in plasma sheets of Mars and Venus
Authors: Dubinin E. , Fraenz M. , Woch J. , Zhang T. L. , Wei J. , Fedorov A. , Barabash S. , Lundin R.
Published: December 2011

High resolution measurements of plasma in the plasma sheets of Mars and Venus performed by almost identical plasma instruments ASPERA‐3 on the Mars Express spacecraft and ASPERA‐4 on Venus Express reveal similar features of bursty fluxes of escaping planetary ions. A period of bursts lasts about 1–2 min. Simultaneous magnetic field measurements on Venus Express show that these burst‐like features arise due to flapping motions of the plasma sheet. Their occurrence can be related to large‐amplitude waves propagating on the plasma sheet surface and launched by reconnection in the magnetic tails.
Accelerated magnetosheath flows caused by IMF draping: Dependence on latitude
Authors: Erkaev N. V. , Farrugia C. J. , Mezentsev A. V. , Torbert R. B. , Biernat H. K.
Published: December 2011

In previous work we used a semi‐analytical treatment to describe accelerated magnetosheath flows caused by the draping of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines around the magnetosphere. Here, we use the same approach, i.e., modeling the magnetic field lines as elastic strings, to examine how the magnetic tension force, one of the two agents responsible for producing these flows, varies along field lines away from the equatorial plane. The bend in the field line caused by the draping mechanism propagates as two oppositely‐directed waves to higher latitudes. For a due northward IMF ‐ the case we consider here ‐ these propagate symmetrically north/south of the equatorial plane. As a result, a two‐peaked latitude velocity profile develops as we go further downtail and the velocity peaks migrate along the magnetic field line to higher latitudes. We examine this velocity‐profile for two Alfvén Mach numbers (MA = 8 and 3), representative of conditions in the solar wind at 1 AU (“normal” solar wind and solar transients). Qualitatively, the picture is the same but quantitatively there are important differences: (i) the flows reach higher values for the lower MA (maximum V/VSW = 1.6) than for the higher MA (V/VSW= 1.3); (ii) asymptotic values are reached farther downstream of the dawn‐dusk terminator for the lowerMA (∼−50 RE vs −15 RE); (iii) For the lower MAthe highest speeds are reached away from the equatorial plane. We predict two channels of fast magnetosheath flow next to the magnetopause at off‐equatorial latitudes that exceed the solar wind speed.
Comparative study of the equatorial ionosphere over Jicamarca during recent two solar minima
Authors: Liu Libo , Yang Jun , Le Huijun , Chen Yiding , Wan Weixing , Lee Chien‐Chih
Published: December 2011

It is a critical issue that whether or not the extremely deep solar minimum of solar cycle 23/24 brought serious influences on the Earth's space environment. In this study, we collected and manually scaled the ionograms recorded by a DPS ionosonde at Jicamarca (12.0°S, 283.2°E) to retrieve F layer parameters and electron density (Ne) profiles. A comparative study is performed to evaluate the equatorial ionosphere in solar minima of cycle 22/23 (1996–1997) and 23/24 (2008–2009). The seasonal median values of the critical frequency of F2 layer (foF2) were remarkably reduced in four seasons during the deep solar minimum, compared to those in 1996–1997. It is the first time to find that lower values prevail at most times in 2008–2009 in the F2 layer peak height (hmF2) and Chapman scale height (Hm). The bottomside profile thickness (B0) shows higher values in 2008–2009 than that in 1996–1997 at some daytime intervals, although it also becomes smaller during the rest times. Furthermore, the ionosphere in 2008–2009 is contracted strongly at altitudes above hmF2 and more perceptible in the afternoon hours. The decrease in Ne is strongest in September equinox and weakest in June solstice. The ionospheric responses from solar minimum to minimum are mainly caused by the reduction in solar extreme ultraviolet intensity, and the contribution from dynamical processes competes and is variable. Analysis reveals that semiannual and longer‐scale components are certainly reduced during the deep solar minimum, while shorter scale (e.g., 4 month) components may disrupt the decline picture at some times.
An experimental study of the surface thermal signature of hot subaerial isoviscous gravity currents: Implications for thermal monitoring of lava flows and domes
Authors: Garel F. , Kaminski E. , Tait S. , Limare A.
Published: December 2011

Management of eruptions requires a knowledge of lava effusion rates, for which a safe thermal proxy is often used. However, this thermal proxy does not take into account the flow dynamics and is basically time‐independent. In order to establish a more robust framework that can link eruption rates and surface thermal signals of lavas measured remotely, we investigate the spreading of a hot, isoviscous, axisymmetric subaerial gravity current injected at constant rate from a point source onto a horizontal substrate. We performed laboratory experiments and found that the surface thermal structure became steady after an initial transient. We develop a theoretical model for a spreading fluid cooled by radiation and convection at its surface that also predicts a steady thermal regime. We show that, despite the model's simplicity relative to lava flows, it yields the correct order of magnitude for the effusion rate required to produce the radiant flux measured on natural lava flows. For typical thermal lava properties and an effusion rate between 0.1 and 10 m3 s−1, the model predicts a steady radiated heat flux ranging from 108 to 1010 W. The assessed effusion rate varies quasi‐linearly with the steady heat flux, with much weaker dependence on the flow viscosity. This relationship is valid only after a transient time which scales as the diffusive time, ranging from a few days for small basaltic flows to several years for lava domes. The thermal proxy appears thus less reliable to follow sharp variations of the effusion rate during an eruption.
What controls primary production in the Arctic Ocean? Results from an intercomparison of five general circulation models with biogeochemistry
Authors: Popova Ekaterina E. , Yool Andrew , Coward Andrew C. , Dupont Frederic , Deal Clara , Elliott Scott , Hunke Elizabeth , Jin Meibing , Steele Mike , Zhang Jinlun
Published: December 2011

As a part of Arctic Ocean Intercomparison Project, results from five coupled physical and biological ocean models were compared for the Arctic domain, defined here as north of 66.6°N. The global and regional (Arctic Ocean (AO)–only) models included in the intercomparison show similar features in terms of the distribution of present‐day water column–integrated primary production and are broadly in agreement with in situ and satellite‐derived data. However, the physical factors controlling this distribution differ between the models. The intercomparison between models finds substantial variation in the depth of winter mixing, one of the main mechanisms supplying inorganic nutrients over the majority of the AO. Although all models manifest similar level of light limitation owing to general agreement on the ice distribution, the amount of nutrients available for plankton utilization is different between models. Thus the participating models disagree on a fundamental question: which factor, light or nutrients, controls present‐day Arctic productivity. These differences between models may not be detrimental in determining present‐day AO primary production since both light and nutrient limitation are tightly coupled to the presence of sea ice. Essentially, as long as at least one of the two limiting factors is reproduced correctly, simulated total primary production will be close to that observed. However, if the retreat of Arctic sea ice continues into the future as expected, a decoupling between sea ice and nutrient limitation will occur, and the predictive capabilities of the models may potentially diminish unless more effort is spent on verifying the mechanisms of nutrient supply. Our study once again emphasizes the importance of a realistic representation of ocean physics, in particular vertical mixing, as a necessary foundation for ecosystem modeling and predictions.
A comparison of satellite‐derived carbon dioxide transfer velocities from a physically based model with GasEx cruise observations
Authors: Jackson Darren L. , Wick Gary A. , Hare Jeffrey E.
Published: December 2011

A method has been developed to use satellite observations with the physically based National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration–Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (NOAA‐COARE) gas transfer model (COAREG) to determine global estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) transfer velocities. Ship observations from three Gas Exchange (GasEx) experiments conducted in 1998 (GasEx‐98), 2001 (GasEx‐01), and 2008 (SO GasEx) were used to validate the satellite estimates. Satellite retrievals of near‐surface temperature, humidity, and wind speed along with observations of sea surface temperature, longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes at the surface were used to execute the gas transfer model. These satellite products exhibited good agreement with collocated in situ measurements even in higher‐latitude environments where the retrieval techniques had not yet been extensively validated. Transfer velocities computed with COAREG using both the satellite‐ and ship‐derived inputs further showed good agreement with an overall bias of −1.01 cm/h and a root mean square (RMS) difference of 7.43 cm/h. These results imply that COAREG can be applied with satellite inputs with accuracy comparable to that achieved with ship‐based observations. COAREG transfer velocities were found to have a bias of 6.32 cm/h and RMS difference of 14.02 cm/h when compared with covariance‐derived transfer velocities. Comparison of satellite‐derived COAREG transfer velocities with empirical‐derived wind‐only models shows generally higher transfer velocities for wind speeds exceeding 7 m/s. However, these higher transfer velocities show good agreement with covariance‐derived observations from both GasEx‐98 and SO GasEx.
Stable isotopes of modern water across the Himalaya and eastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for estimates of paleoelevation and paleoclimate
Authors: Bershaw John , Penny Sandra M. , Garzione Carmala N.
Published: December 2011

Paleoaltimetry based on stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) of paleowater from the central and northern Tibetan Plateau is challenged by the lack of a clear relationship between isotopic composition and elevation north of the Himalaya. In order to determine the environmental factor(s) responsible for temporal changes in isotopic composition revealed in the geologic record, an understanding of the modern controls on isotope evolution in the continental interior is necessary. Here, we present new δ18O and deuterium excess (d excess) data from modern surface water along a roughly south‐north transect on the eastern part of the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau. Results corroborate an inverse relationship betweenδ18O and elevation in the Himalaya. Northward across the plateau, there is a positive trend in meteoric water δ18O that is linear (∼1.5‰ per degree latitude) and robust (R2 = 0.94). A positive trend northward is also observed in d excess of surface water from large rivers. We show that Rayleigh distillation modified by surface water recycling can account for the observed spatial distribution of both δ18O and d excessacross the plateau. HYSPLIT modeling of air parcel back trajectories suggests that air mass mixing varies from east to west across the plateau. However, isotopic trends along the plateau's eastern margin are consistent with roughly parallel transects to the west, suggesting that a local process like moisture recycling exerts control over the isotopic evolution across the entire plateau, regardless of origin of air masses. Assuming the northern Tibetan Plateau was equally far from an oceanic source during late Eocene‐Miocene time, paleoelevations of the Hoh Xil Basin are recalculated to account for recycling, increasing elevation estimates by 1100–2700 m.
Large‐amplitude gravity waves above the southern Andes, the Drake Passage, and the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: de la Torre A. , Alexander P. , Hierro R. , Llamedo P. , Rolla A. , Schmidt T. , Wickert J.
Published: December 2011

Above the southern Andes range and its prolongation in the Antarctic Peninsula, large‐amplitude mountain and shear gravity waves observed with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model simulations during winter 2009 are analyzed. Two specific reasons motivated this study: (1) a decade of satellite observations of temperature fluctuations in the stratosphere, allowing us to infer that this region may be launching the largest‐amplitude gravity waves into the upper atmosphere, and (2) the recent design of a research program to investigate these features in detail, the Southern Andes Antarctic Gravity wave Initiative (SAANGRIA). The simulations are forced with ERA‐Interim data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. The approach selected for the regional downscaling is based on consecutive integrations with weekly reinitialization with 24 h of spin‐up, and the outputs during this period are excluded from the analysis. From 1 June to 31 August 2009, five case studies were selected on the basis of their outstanding characteristics and large wave amplitudes. In general, one or two prevailing modes of oscillation are identified after applying continuous wavelet transforms at constant pressure levels and perpendicularly to the nominal orientation of the dominant wave crests. In all cases, the dominant modes are characterized by horizontal wavelengths around 50 km. Their vertical wavelengths, depending on a usually strong background wind shear, are estimated to be between 2 and 11 km. The corresponding intrinsic periods range between 10 and 140 min. In general, the estimated vertical wavelength (intrinsic period) maximizes (minimizes) around 250–300 hPa. The synoptic circulation for each case is described. Zonal and meridional components of the vertical flux of horizontal momentum are shown in detail for each case, including possible horizontal wavelengths between 12 and 400 km. Large values of this flux are observed at higher pressure levels, decreasing with increasing height after a progressive deposition of momentum by different mechanisms. As expected, in the wintertime upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in this region, a prevailing zonal component is negative almost everywhere, with the exception of one case above the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. A comparison with previous experimental results reported in the region from in situ and remote sensing measurements suggests a good agreement with the momentum flux profiles computed from the simulations. Partial wave reflection near the tropopause was found, as considerable departures from equipartition between potential and kinetic wave energy are obtained in all cases and at all pressure levels. This ratio was always less than 1 below the lower stratosphere.
Up-regulated miR-17 promotes cell proliferation, tumour growth and cell cycle progression by targeting the RND3 tumour suppressor gene in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Luo Hesan , Zou Jinjin , Dong Zhongyi , Zeng Qin , Wu Dehua , Liu Li
Published: December 2011

Emerging evidence indicates that the miR-17 family may have a causal role in human cancer tumorigenesis, but their specific effects on the occurrence of CRC (colorectal carcinoma) are still poorly understood. In the present study, we profiled CRC tissue samples by miRNA (microRNA) microarray and found that four members of the miR-17 family had higher expression in CRC tissues than in normal tissues. This finding was further validated by qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR). Transfecting CRC cells with an inhibitor of miR-17 lowered their ability to proliferate and induced G0/G1 arrest. We also confirmed that miR-17 exerted this function by directly targeting RND3 in vitro, and that the expression of miR-17 was negatively correlated with that of RND3 in CRC tissues and CRC cells. Moreover, miR-17 inhibition led to tumour growth suppression and up-regulation of RND3 expression in a nude mouse xenograft model. RND3 expression was found to be significantly lower in CRC tissues than in normal tissues and adenomas, indicating that RND3 may act as a tumour suppressor gene in CRC. In conclusion, the present study suggests that miR-17 plays an important role in CRC carcinogenesis by targeting RND3 and may be a therapeutic agent for CRC.
Puerarin protects differentiated PC12 cells from H2O2‐induced apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway
Authors: Zhang Qin , Huang Wei‐dong , Lv Xue‐ying , Yang Yun‐mei
Published: December 2011

Oxidative stress has been implicated as a major mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. ROS (reactive oxygen species) can cause cell death via apoptosis. NGF (nerve growth factor) differentiated rat PC12 cells have been extensively used to study the differentiation and apoptosis of neurons. This study has investigated the protective effects of puerarin in H2O2‐induced apoptosis of differentiated PC12 cells, and the possible molecular mechanisms involved. Differentiated PC12 cells were incubated with 700 μM H2O2in the absence or presence of different doses of puerarin (4, 8 and 16 μM). Apoptosis was assessed by MTS [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium] assay, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling) analysis and Annexin V‐PI (propidium iodide) double staining flow cytometry. Protein levels of phospho‐Akt and phospho‐BAD (Bcl‐2/Bcl‐XL‐antagonist, causing cell death) were assayed by Western blotting. After stimulation with H2O2for 18 h, the viability of differentiated PC12 cells decreased significantly and a large number of cells underwent apoptosis. Differentiated PC12 cells were rescued from H2O2‐induced apoptosis at different concentrations of puerarin in a dose‐dependent manner. This was through increased production of phospho‐Akt and phospho‐BAD, an effect that could be reversed by wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3‐kinase). The results suggest that puerarin may have neuroprotective effect through activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
Electrical characteristics of asymmetrical silicon nanowire field-effect transistors
Authors: Sato Soshi , Kakushima Kuniyuki , Ohmori Kenji , Natori Kenji , Yamada Keisaku , Iwai Hiroshi
Published: December 2011

This letter reports the electrical characteristics of nonuniform silicon nanowire nFETs with asymmetric source and drain widths. For electrostatic properties, reduced drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) is achieved in a device in which the source is wider than the drain. For carrier transport properties, higher values of surface-roughness-limited mobility (μSR) are obtained in the sample with the wider drain size. Our electrostatic model shows that the concentration of lines of electric force is relaxed near the wider source edge, which results in smaller DIBL. The asymmetric μSR is attributed to the channel surface morphology with (110)- and (100)-faceted surfaces.
Shifting Governance Modes in Wetland Management: A Case Study of Two Wetlands in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Ruíz Ana Guzman , Hes Edwin , Schwartz Klaas
Published: December 2011

The concept of governance increasingly dominates the discourse on environmental management. The traditional hierarchical mode of governance has, in many locations, been replaced by other modes of governance in which the market, network, or community are dominant (without substituting the role of the state). In this paper we examine the shifts in the relative prominence of governance modes for the management of two wetlands in the city of Bogotá. In both cases the hierarchical mode of governance was prominent until the 1990s, when nonstate actors became involved in the management of the two wetlands. One wetland is characterized by a mix in which the community mode of governance is prominent, whilst in the other wetland the network mode of governance appears prominent. With the shift in predominant governance mode, the sources of legitimacy on which the predominant mode is based also change. In the case of community governance, legitimacy is linked to identity and shared values, whilst in the network mode aspects such as technical expertise and credentials form the basis for legitimacy. We suggest that the difference in the governance trajectories of the two wetlands can be linked to the different characteristics of the neighborhoods surrounding the wetland and the initial nature of their involvement in wetland management. The cases also highlight the importance of the relative power of the actors, which underlie the shift from one predominant mode of governance to another mode, as it impacts their ability to influence decision making. The cases illustrate the changing nature of this relative power in wetland management in Bogotá.
Analysis and Democracy: The Antecedents of the Deliberative Approach of Ecosystems Valuation
Authors: Lo Alex Y
Published: December 2011

As a political institution, open deliberation on public policy can enhance legitimacy and procedural justice. As a science, decision-aiding deliberative procedures can help overcome bounded rationality of individuals. Integrating the two modes of inquiry would be perfect for capturing the plural values of the environment. However, the analytic requirements seem to point in a different direction from the political ideals. Legitimacy problems arise when the supposedly unconstrained process is professionally ‘guided’. But rigorous decision aids fail to work without some degree of cognitive guidance. A trend in ecosystems valuation research is the use of analytic techniques in the deliberative processes of value articulation. In this paper an analytic – deliberative approach is assessed against a deliberative democracy theory. This approach seeks to facilitate deliberation within individuals and to engineer preference towards instrumental rationality. The evaluative framework allows predetermination of the range of outcomes. Little room has been made for value debates, thus the moral need for actual discussion is weak. Being expert centred, the framework provides constricted spaces for empowerment. Alternative expressions unintelligible to the science may be put at a disadvantage. The scope for a reflexive democratic institution appears limited. A promising deliberative valuation approach should be integrative, including analytic and political elements as complementary to each other, and should be democratic in its production.
Ideas, Institutions, and Interests: Explaining Policy Divergence in Fostering ‘System Innovations’ towards Sustainability
Authors: Kern Florian
Published: December 2011

Over the last few years a fast-growing literature has developed around the notion of sociotechnical transitions and the possibilities for governing ‘system innovations’ towards sustainability. Government policies are assumed to play an important role in such processes. However, an important critique has suggested not to see these transition processes as politically neutral but to pay more attention to the politics of these processes. With this paper I make a contribution towards this debate by analysing the underlying political processes and their institutional contexts which led to two quite different approaches aimed at promoting system innovations in the UK and the Netherlands. The main question I answer is why the two governments engage with the same challenge in such different ways. Building on a discursive – institutionalist perspective based on the work of Hajer and Schmidt, I highlight the interplay of discourses, institutional contexts, and interests in shaping policy initiatives to promote system innovations. I conclude by suggesting a typology of possible relationships between these variables and expected policy outputs which helps to explain the two case studies and is believed to be applicable more widely.