bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing of quantum entanglement among three atomic nodes via spontanenous Raman scattering
Authors: Liu Yan-Hong , Zhou Yao-Yao , Yan Zhi-Hui , Jia Xiao-Jun ,   Department of Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China,   Institute of Computational and Applied Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China,   Institute of Opto-Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Published: December 2020

Quantum entanglement is an essential quantum resource. With the development of quantum information science, quantum network consisting of quantum nodes and quantum channels has attracted extensive attention. The development of quantum information network requires the capability of generating, storing and distributing quantum entanglement among multiple quantum nodes. It is significant to construct the quantum information, and it has very important applications in the distributed quantum computation and quantum internet. Here we propose a simple and feasible scheme to deterministically entangle three distant atomic ensembles via the interference and feedforward network of the light-atom mixed entanglement. Firstly, three atomic ensembles placed at three remote nodes in a quantum network are prepared into the mixed entangled state of light and atomic ensembles via the spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) process. Then, the first and second Stokes optical field are interfered on an R1∶T1 optical beam splitter (BS1), and one of the output optical fields from the first optical beam splitter is interfered with the third Stokes field on the second R2∶T2 optical beam splitter (BS2). The quantum fluctuations of the amplitude and phase quadratures of these three output optical fields from BS1 and BS2 are detected by three sets of balanced homodyne detectors, respectively. Finally, the detected signals of the amplitude and phase quadratures are fed to the three atomic ensembles via the radio frequency coils to establish the entanglement among three remote atomic ensembles. At the user-controlled time, three read optical pulses can be applied to these three atomic ensembles to convert the stored entangled state from the atomic spin waves into the anti-Stokes optical fields via the SRS process. According to the tripartite inseparability criterion, the correlation variance combinations of these three anti-Stokes optical fields can be used to verify the performance of entanglement of three atomic ensembles. This scheme can be extended to larger-scale quantum information network with different physical systems and more atomic nodes. Moreover, the entanglement distillation can be combined with this scheme to realize the entanglement among longer distance quantum nodes.
Array factor analysis for untra-wide-angle scanning performance of planar phased arrays
Authors: Hu Chang-Hai , Wang Ren , Chen Chuan-Sheng , Wang Bing-Zhong ,   Institute of Applied Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
Published: December 2020

At present, researchers generally believe that the change of maximum directivity of planar phased arrays in beam scanning process conforms with the cosine law, so that the wide-range beam scanning from broadside to end-fire is impossible to realize. There are three main factors that affect the scanning range of the planar phased array antenna: 1) array factor; 2) element pattern; 3) port impedance matching. Scholars have done a lot of researches on the element pattern and the port impedance matching. About the array factor, Elliott, a famous phased array scholar, made a theoretical study on the directivity of the linear array and the planar array in 1963 and 1964, concluding that the variation of directivity of planar phased array conforms with the cosine law. However, the above conclusion came from an approximate formula under certain conditions: 1) the element pattern in the half-space is omnidirectional; 2) the beam of a large array is narrow enough; 3) the beam cannot scan a range of several beamwidths close to end-fire. To make clear the scanning beam’s change law of planar arrays, the law of directivity changing with scanning angle of linear array and planar phased array with different sizes are analyzed by using the strict formula of array factor, and the directivity’s change law derived from strict formula of array factor is compared with the cosine law. The results show that 1) the variation law of the directivity of a linear array depends on the spacing between elements. When the spacing between elements is equal to half a wavelength, the directivity of the array does not change with the scanning angle. When the spacing between elements is less than half a wavelength, the directivity of the array increases with scanning angle increasing. 2) The directivity of a finite array decreases with scanning angle increasing. However, the scanning beam’s maximum directivity of a finite planar phased array does not satisfy the cosine law and it is not zero in the end-fire range. Based on the above conclusions, the idea that the change of array factor’s directivity is compensated for by element beamforming is further proposed, which points out a direction for realizing the ultra-wide-angle-range beam scanning of planar phased arrays.
Emx2 regulates hair cell rearrangement but not positional identity within neuromasts
Authors: Ohta Sho , Ji Young Rae , Martin Daniel , Wu Doris K
Published: December 2020

Each hair cell (HC) precursor of zebrafish neuromasts divides to form two daughter HCs of opposite hair bundle orientations. Previously, we showed that transcription factor Emx2, expressed in only one of the daughter HCs, generates this bidirectional HC pattern (Jiang et al., 2017). Here, we asked whether Emx2 mediates this effect by changing location of hair bundle establishment or positions of HCs since daughter HCs are known to switch positions with each other. We showed this HC rearrangement, redefined as two processes named Rock and Roll, is required for positional acquisition of HCs. Apical protrusion formation of nascent HCs and planar polarity signaling are both important for the Rock and Roll. Emx2 facilitates Rock and Roll by delaying apical protrusion of its nascent HCs but it does not determine HCs’ ultimate positions, indicating that Emx2 mediates bidirectional HC pattern by changing the location where hair bundle is established in HCs.
Encoding and control of orientation to airflow by a set of Drosophila fan-shaped body neurons
Authors: Currier Timothy A , Matheson Andrew MM , Nagel Katherine I
Published: December 2020

The insect central complex (CX) is thought to underlie goal-oriented navigation but its functional organization is not fully understood. We recorded from genetically-identified CX cell types in Drosophila and presented directional visual, olfactory, and airflow cues known to elicit orienting behavior. We found that a group of neurons targeting the ventral fan-shaped body (ventral P-FNs) are robustly tuned for airflow direction. Ventral P-FNs did not generate a ‘map’ of airflow direction. Instead, cells in each hemisphere were tuned to 45° ipsilateral, forming a pair of orthogonal bases. Imaging experiments suggest that ventral P-FNs inherit their airflow tuning from neurons that provide input from the lateral accessory lobe (LAL) to the noduli (NO). Silencing ventral P-FNs prevented flies from selecting appropriate corrective turns following changes in airflow direction. Our results identify a group of CX neurons that robustly encode airflow direction and are required for proper orientation to this stimulus.
Qué (no) se traduce al español en los museos de la ciudad de Nueva York. Un estudio basado en corpus
Authors:   Universidad de Málaga (España), Leiva Rojo Jorge
Published: December 2020

Los textos museísticos tienen una relevancia enorme a la hora de determinar el discurso que se pretende trasladar con relación a un objeto, una exposición o un museo determinado. En el caso de la traducción de estos textos, han surgido estudios relevantes en fechas recientes, si bien algunos investigadores consideran que se trata de un campo aún por explorar. El presente trabajo abunda en aspectos relativos a la traducción de los textos museísticos y, para ello, se basa en el análisis descriptivo de los registros que componen un corpus de textos traducidos procedentes de los sitios web de 26 museos de la ciudad de Nueva York. El análisis de este corpus, compilado esencialmente en dos momentos (2016 y 2020), permite apreciar en este período un aumento de más del 40 % en el volumen de palabras. En cuanto a los textos más representados en el corpus, en primer lugar se encuentra el material educativo, seguido de los comunicados de prensa y los textos que informan sobre actividades paralelas de los museos. Existe además una tendencia al predominio del contenido traducido sobre exposiciones temporales, en detrimento de textos relacionados con las colecciones permanentes, que están escasamente representadas en el corpus. Por último, a la luz del cierre generalizado de museos a mediados de marzo de 2020 motivado por la pandemia de la COVID-19, se observa que son pocos los museos que avisan del cierre en sus sitios web mediante mensajes en lengua española.
Sonographic Evaluation of Uterine Dimensions in Postpartum Women of Reproductive Age-Study from Enugu, Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Okwor Chidimma Nonyelum , Agunwa Chuka Chike , Enebe Joseph Tochukwu , Nnamani Amaka Obiageli , Obi Ikechukwu Emmanuel , Mgbor Samuel O , Obikili Emmanuel N
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Uterine involution, a physiological process in which the uterus reverts to prepregnant size, occurs during puerperium. The latter is a time of substantial maternal risk. Ultrasound is considered the most appropriate tool in monitoring the progression of uterine involution because it is cheap, convenient and repeatable with no radiation risk. Aim: To sonographically evaluate the involution of the uterus and uterine cavity in postpartum women in Enugu, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study on 400 postpartum women at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Transabdominal ultrasonography to measure uterine dimensions was done on day 1, day 3 and day 42 of puerperium using a 3.5-5 MHz curvilinear probe of a portable ALOKA ultrasound machine. Statistical analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0. The uterine dimensions were expressed as mean±standard deviation and student's t-test analysis was used to compare the values for day 1, day 3 and day 42 of puerperium. Regression analysis was carried out to measure the relationship between uterine measurements on days 1, 3 and 42. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean longitudinal, anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the uterus at day 1 were 14.51 cm, 8.54 cm and 10.97 cm, respectively. The corresponding values for day 42 were 8.27 cm, 4.78 cm, and 6.22 cm. The uterine diameters decreased significantly as puerperium advanced (p<0.001). The mean uterine cavity diameters also decreased significantly as puerperium advanced (p<0.001). There was significant regression between longitudinal diameters of both uterus and uterine cavity on days 1 and 3 but not between days 3 and 42. Conclusion: This study has established a normal range of diameters for the uterus and uterine cavity on day 1, day 3 and day 42 of puerperium. It can serve as reference data for further studies in the study area.
Facial, Skeletal and Radiological Features of Larsen Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Maheshwarappa Ravishankar Pillenahalli , Bansal Juhi
Published: December 2020

Larsen syndrome is a rare congenital osteochondrodysplasia resulting in multiple joint dislocations and typical facial features. The inheritance pattern can be autosomal dominant or recessive, with the recessive pattern being more severe. This condition requires prolonged orthopaedic treatment and achievement of complete normal function is unlikely. The author hereby present a case report of three-year-old female child with this syndrome which was diagnosed by clinical examination and radiological findings.
Ketamine-Dexmedetomidine Combination for Monitored Anaesthesia Care in Tympanoplasty Surgery: An Observational Study
Authors: Sharma Vikas , Prasad GV Krishna , Paul Debashish
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Monitored Anaesthesia Care (MAC) has been widely used for patients undergoing middle ear surgeries. Previous studies have shown that the use of local anaesthesia has many advantages over general anaesthesia in performing ear surgeries. The use of Dexmedetomidine as a sole anaesthetic agent had many disadvantages owing to its insufficient sedative effect, increased recovery time and haemodynamic instability. Hence, using a combination of low dose ketamine with Dexmedetomidine can prove to be useful in middle ear surgeries. Aim: To evaluate the effects of Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine (DK) combination on the quality of sedation/analgesia and recovery profiles for MAC in tympanoplasty surgery. Materials and Methods: In this observational study, a total of 20 patients were included. All the demographic data- including, age, sex and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade were recorded before the surgery. Before the surgery, all patients received 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine over 15 minutes followed by infusion of 0.2-0.7 μg/kg/h to maintain 2 or 3 of modified observer’s assessment of analgesia and sedation score. Both the scores were checked every 10 minutes. Ketamine was infused at the rate of 10-15 mcg/kg/min, 10 minutes before the start of the procedure. The Heart Rate (HR), systolic and diastolic pressure, pain score and sedation score were monitored every 10 minutes until 120 minutes of the preoperative condition after the nerve block was used. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Version 25.0 (IBM, New York, United States). Continuous data values were shown in the form of mean±standard deviation. To compare the mean difference between the groups, student’s t-test was used and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the population was 39.45±12.66 years; among which 15 patients (75.0%) were females. Out of 20 patients, 12 (60.0%) were in the ASA-I and 8 (40.0%) were in the ASA-II grade. The result of the study showed not a single instance of complication. All the patients were haemodynamically stable and HR was also found to be constant in both pre and postoperative instances. The pain score was found to be around 2 even after 120 minutes after the surgery (2±0.93). No rescue analgesia was required in any of the patients and all the patients recovered within 3-5 minutes after the infusion was stopped. No postoperative nausea and vomiting instances were also reported. Conclusion: The present study showed that DK combination provides good haemodynamic stability, higher sedation score and lower pain score. In addition, this study also showed that for patients undergoing tympanoplasty surgery this is a safe and effective method of anaesthesia that provides good MAC.
Prevalence of Injury Pattern among Karate Players in Delhi-National Capital Region- A Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Pal Sajjan , Yadav Joginder , Kalra Sheetal , Sindhu Bijender
Published: December 2020

Introduction: With increasing participation in karate over the past 20 years, many injuries are reported in karate sports. Although many articles and studies regarding injuries in Karate have been published till now, there is lack of studies in the Indian context, to specifically evaluate and document the injury patterns in karate players. Aim: To identify the prevalence, onset of injury, mechanism, and pattern of injury in aspiring national and international level karate players. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the karate players of Delhi NCR (National Capital Region) during December 2018 to February 2019. The survey was conducted on 204 karate players (132 male and 72 female karate players). Data was obtained by one on one methods of the interview using a self administered and close ended questionnaire in various karate academies. Karate players included were in the age group between 15-25 years and aspiring for national and international level with a minimum of 2 years of experience of playing. Recreational and novice players were excluded from the study. Data was analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 (SPSS). Results: Out of 204 karate players, 84 (41.2%) karate players were found to be injured at the time of the study and 90 (44.12%) players had injuries in the past 24 months. According to the location of the injury, head and face constituted the most injured body part (28.58%) followed by lower limb and upper limb. The onset of injury was found to be sudden in 57.15% of injuries and gradual in 35.71% of injuries and 65.48% injuries occurred due to direct contact mechanism due to punches and kicks. Conclusion: The current study revealed that karate was associated with a high injury rate. In karate the head and face were found to be injured the most followed by the lower limb and upper limb. More epidemiological studies are needed to understand mechanism or location of injuries during training and compare them to those injuries which are sustained in competition only.
Bortezomib Induced Paralytic Ileus: Are we Aware?
Authors: Verma Shailendra Prasad , Shukla Avaneesh , Pavecha Punita , Verma Durga Prasad , Kushwaha Rashmi
Published: December 2020

Bortezomib is one of the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of multiple myeloma. It has many well-known side effects like peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia and diarrhoea. Paralytic ileus has been rarely reported in patients of multiple myeloma receiving bortezomib and one should be aware about this entity. Stool frequency should be carefully monitored and the drug should be stopped timely to prevent complications of paralytic ileus. The patient was admitted for management of multiple myeloma and supportive care. He was started on the VTD (Bortezomib/thalidomide/dexamethasone) protocol. He developed abdominal distension and absolute constipation soon after the 2nd weekly dose of bortezomib. Abdominal X-ray revealed grossly dilated large bowel loops. Although he was given lactulose, glycerine suppository enema, the problem of abdominal distension and constipation persisted. His gastrointestinal symptoms improved and he was able to pass stools after bortezomib was removed from the protocol. One should be aware of this rare side effect of bortezomib. Bortezomib dose should be modified or it should be stopped timely to prevent complications.
SKIN BACTERIAL MICROFLORA AMONG DIFFERENT DEHA PRAKRITI HEALTHY FEMALE STUDENTS: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Vyas Suwarna D , Vyas Deepak M
Published: December 2020

Ayurveda attributes primary importance for prevention and the maintenance of health. A healthy lifestyle is emphasized as the determinant of longevity of life, which depends on the Prakriti (bio-identity i.e. body-mind constitution) of an individual. Proper understanding of Prakriti leads the physician in making the right diagnosis, treatment plan and prognosis and also in guiding how to stay disease-free, what to do for restoration and maintenance of health. Normal microbiota provides the first-line defence against microbial pathogens plays a role in toxin degradation and contribute to maturation of immune system. There is variation in skin qualities according to different Deha Prakriti. So here is an attempt to study skin microbial flora in healthy female students according to different Deha Prakriti. It was a cross-sectional study conducted on unmarried healthy female students (21-30 years) who were willing to participate in the study. Total 1187 volunteers were screened with screening form. 904 volunteers fulfilled screening criteria were further examined for Deha Prakriti Pariksha until getting single dominant Prakriti (single Prakriti Lakshana more than 65%). 58 Vata dominant Prakriti volunteers, 70 Pitta dominant Prakriti and 61 Kapha dominant Prakriti volunteers were eligible for further study. 150 volunteers having single dominant Prakriti (50 volunteers from each dominant Prakriti Group) were randomly selected for further study. The whole study was carried out only in Visarga Kala to avoid the effect of weather. The Microbial study showed the distribution of microorganisms as per normal distribution in all three groups of Prakriti. But the variation of microorganisms according to different Deha Prakriti did not show any association.
ANTINOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY OF MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA LINN. LEAVES
Authors: C Ramyashree , Kamurthy Hemalatha
Published: December 2020

Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) is an evergreen tree with fragrant and showy flowers native to southeastern USA but widely cultivated all over the world and used in cosmetics industry in treatment of skin diseases. To estimate the different extracts of Magnolia grandiflora leaves by performing pharmacological screening of analgesic activity (Hot plate method and tail immersion method). In the present study the two methods were performed the mice was placed on a hot plate maintained at the temperature of 55 ± 1°C and the pain reaction time (PRT) or latency period determined with a stop watch was recorded and then about 2-3cm of the tail of each of the mice was dipped into a water bath containing warm water maintained at a temperature of 50 ± 1°C and the time taken for the mice to flick its tail or withdraw it from the warm water known as the pain reaction time (PRT) was recorded. Here, we report on the Pharmacological investigation of different extracts of Magnolia grandiflora Linn leaves. The results were demonstrated on that ethyl acetate extract (P < 0.01) exhibited significant dose dependent analgesic activity in all tested models for analgesia. The time course for analgesia revealed maximum activity after 30 min in both tail immersion and hot plate methods, which was prolonged to 24 hours. The study concludes that the ethyl acetate extract from leaves of Magnolia grandiflora possess analgesic activity at doses 250, 500 and 100 mg/kg I. p.
Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Tomatoes and French Beans from Murang’a and Kiambu Counties, Kenya
Authors: Kipkemoi Evans , Andayi Warren A. , Njagi Eric C. , Ptoton Brian
Published: December 2020

Poor Pesticide-handling practices during production of tomatoes and French beans pose adverse health and environmental effects. This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of pesticide residues in tomatoes and French beans grown and sold in Murang’a and Kiambu counties, Kenya. Samples were collected in farms and markets during the wet and dry seasons. Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method and quantified using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. The recoveries of pesticides from spiked samples were within the acceptable range (70-120%) for quantitative pesticide residue methods. The concentration range of pesticides residues in tomatoes were: profenofos, <LOQ to 0.18 mg/Kg;   omethoate, <LOQ to 0.03 mg/Kg; indoxacarb, <LOQ to 0.05 mg/Kg; chlorantraniliprole <LOQ to 0.11 mg/Kg; spirotetramat <LOQ to 0.01 mg/Kg; and metalaxyl < LOQ to 0.02 mg/Kg. The concentration range of pesticides residues in French beans were: imidacloprid <LOQ to 0.29 mg/Kg; chlorantraniliprole <LOQ to 0.37 mg/Kg; spirotetramat <LOQ to 0.01 mg/Kg; indoxacarb <LOQ to 0.05 mg/Kg; and metalaxyl <LOQ to 0.02 mg/Kg. The concentrations of pesticide residues in tomatoes and French beans were below the Maximum Residue Levels set by the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme and the European Union except for concentrations of omethoate in tomatoes, which were higher in 29% of analyzed samples. The presence of omethoate in tomatoes, whose use in vegetables  is banned, suggests poor pesticide handling practices by some tomato farmers in the two  counties.
Effect of Fortification of Ground Peanut Seed as Fat Replacer on the Fatty Acid and Fiber Profile of Spent Broiler Breeder Hen Chicken Sausages
Authors: Indumathi Janagam , Shashikumar M. , Reddy G. Vijaya Bhaskar , Babu A. Jagadeesh , Prakash M. Gnana
Published: December 2020

Aim: The aims of this study were to develop and standardize the sausages prepared from meat of spent broiler breeder hens and also to improve the functionality by using ground peanut seed as partial animal fat substitute basing on physico-chemical, proximate and sensory properties of the product.

Design of the Study: Conducted six numbers of trails to develop and standardize the functional chicken sausages fortified with ground peanut seed by utilizing cheaply available meat from spent broiler breeder hens.

Place and Duration of Study: Work done at Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh India. The duration of study was 2 years (From 2018 to 2019).

Methodology: Ground peanut seed used at three different levels as fat replacer in order to study the influence of its addition on physico chemical, proximate, fatty acid composition and sensory evaluation of functional chicken sausages.

Results: Results showed that functional chicken sausages fortified with ground peanut seed at 10% level were found to have significantly (P<0.05) higher pH, cooking yield, emulsion stability, hardness, crude protein, crude fiber, total ash, PUFA/SFA ratio, mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids and significantly lower moisture, crude fat, cholesterol and saturated fatty acids when compared to the control and rest of the peanut seed fortified sausages with no significant difference was observed in sensory scores.

Conclusion: Replacing chicken fat with ground peanut seeds is possible to develop a healthy fatty acid profile and fiber-enriched chicken sausages.
Biocompatibility Effect of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Trichoderma Strains on Growth, Nodulation and Physiological Traits of Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Water Deficit Conditions
Authors: Nahrawy Sahar El- , Elbagory Mohssen , Omara Alaa El-Dein
Published: December 2020

In the future, drought are expected to increase, affecting the productivity of crops sensitive to water scarcity. Through N2-fixation process, soybean is capable of achieving its nitrogen demands, however, this process is inhibited under drought stress conditions. Therefore, it is vital to find suitable solutions for the agricultural sustainability of soybean.

Under pot experiment, biocompatibility was studied between Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Trichoderma strains (Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and T. kongii) for their ability to stimulate the growth, nodulation, N content and photosynthetic pigments of soybean plants under different irrigation intervals (every 2 days (I1), every 4 days (I2), and every 6 days (I3)). The experiment was conducted in summer 2020 with a split-plot randomized complete block design and six replicates. Among the Trichoderma strains, T. harzianum was the most tolerant to growth and auxin production in the maximum 25% PEG 6000 (poly ethylene glycol) concentration. Also, co-inoculation treatment (irrigation every 6 days and inoculation with B. japonicum + T. harzianum) recorded an increase rate reached to 69.4% for shoot length, 102.53% for root length, 79.06% for shoot dry weight, 103.44% for root dry weight and 178.57% for N content compared to control treatment. For physiological traits (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and total soluble sugar), there was a significant increase was observed when soybean plants inoculated with B. japonicum + T. harzianum treatment followed by B. japonicum + T. kongii treatment, under irrigation every 6 days condition. On the contrary, a decrease was observed in proline content for the same treatments. Thus, an adequate microbial consortium of Bradyrhizobium - Trichoderma, could represent a promising practical method for increasing the productivity of soybean especially when grown under drought conditions.
The Sensitivity and Specificity of Preoperative Staging of Axillary Nodes in Cancer Breast Patients
Authors: Arora Anshika , Saini Manju , Chauhan Neena , Bhasin Mayank , Saini Sunil
Published: December 2020

Aims: Metastasis to axillary lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor in carcinoma breast patients, with implications on overall survival and progression-free survival. To evaluate the accuracy of pre-operative clinical palpation and USG axilla in patients with carcinoma breast, using histopathology as the gold standard.

Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study.

Place and Duration of Study: This was a retrospective study, carried out at Cancer Research Institute, SRHU, India, between January 2015 and December 2018.

Methodology: Data was collected from Case records and Hospital Information System for patients having undergone surgery for breast cancer. Pre-treatment clinical, ultrasound axilla, and final histopathology details were recorded. Taking histopathology as the gold standard test, diagnostic accuracy of clinical palpation and ultrasound axilla was calculated.

Results: 256 patients were enrolled in the study. Clinically, 70.7% of patients were T1/T2 stage, 53.9% were node-positive, on USG axilla 59% had abnormal nodes, pathologically 53.52% had nodal metastasis. The sensitivity, specificity for clinical palpation was 77.86% and 75%, for USG was 90.71% and 79.31%. Sensitivity and specificity of USG in c T1/2 was 88.64% and 80.21%; in c T3/4 94.23% and 65.22%; in c N negative 87% and 72.16%; in c N positive 91.74% and 75.86%.

Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of clinical palpation of axilla alone was low; Ultrasound axilla had high sensitivity but low specificity across all T stages of breast tumor. The ultrasound had a high negative predictive value in clinically non-palpable nodes and a high positive predictive value in clinically palpable nodes.
Immune Response: Evolution
Authors: Baranzini Nicolò , Engelmann Péter , Grimaldi Annalisa
Published: December 2020

Innate immune processes arose from specific host–pathogen coevolutive interactions and the ability to recognise self and nonself structures is extremely conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. In this context, phagocytes represent the most ancient defensive line against foreign materials, already present in earliest protostomes. Moreover, although more complex functions evolved in vertebrates, both cellular and humoral innate immune mechanisms are extremely conserved, leading to identify some forms of innate immune memory also in invertebrates.

Key Concepts

Phagocytosis represents the first mechanism of defence in metazoans.

Immune system has evolved to discriminate self and nonself structures.

Immune mechanisms present a high level of conservation throughout
phyla
.

Vertebrate innate immune memory derives from ancient forms and mechanisms already present in invertebrates.

Alternative animal models are crucial for investigating the molecular basis of the immune processes.
Meiotic Recombination Pathways
Authors: Reitz Diedre
Published: December 2020

During meiosis, one round of DNA replication is followed by two rounds of division to create the gametes that are obligatory for biparental reproduction. To achieve the reductional segregation that is required during the first meiotic division, most eukaryotes utilise a program that involves the deliberate formation of DNA double‐stranded breaks in their genomes, followed by regulated homologous recombination and reciprocal exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This reciprocal exchange of genetic information physically links the homologous chromosomes to one another and provides the tension that is necessary for their segregation. Meiotic recombination is highly regulated to ensure that at least one reciprocal crossover event occurs between each pair of homologous chromosomes.

Key Concepts

Meiotic recombination physically links the homologous chromosomes to one another, creating the tension that is required for their segregation.

Meiosis I is a reductional segregation that halves the ploidy of the cell. This process requires bi‐orientation of the homologous chromosomes but mono‐orientation of the sister chromatids, a feat that is achieved through structural modification of the sister chromatid centromeres by monopolin.

Directed homologous recombination physically links the homologous chromosomes to one another, through preferential use of the homologous chromosome as the repair template, rather than the sister chromatid, followed by resolution of the recombination intermediate into a crossover.

DNA double‐stranded break fate is decided early in the meiotic recombination pathway, with crossovers exclusively arising through a double‐Holliday junction intermediate and non‐crossovers primarily being formed through the synthesis‐dependent strand annealing pathway.

Formation of the synaptonemal complex, a proteinaceous structure that assembles between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, is interdependent with meiotic recombination.
Lagomorpha
Authors: Montuire Sophie
Published: December 2020

Lagomorphs comprise the pikas, hares and rabbits. The members of this order have a head and body length between 0.125 and 0.75 m, and adults weigh from 0.1 to 5 kg. All are terrestrial. Pikas are mostly diurnal, whereas rabbits and hares are active mainly in the evening and night. They can be strong runners.

Key Concepts

Lagomorphs (rabbits, hares and pikas) are not as fertile and prolific as one might think, as some are considered endangered.

Systematics is the study and the description of the diversification of both past and present organisms and their classification.

Phylogeny is a part of systematics that reports the inference of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of oragisms.

Conservation biology is the management of biodiversity with the objective of esablishing protective measures against the risks of extinction of species, of their habitats and to maintain a balance in ecosystems. This is why the species are classified by the IUCN (the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species).

Paleontology corresponds to the study of organisms (classification and relationships) that lived prior to, and sometimes including, the beginning of the Holocene (around 11,700 years before present).
Student Engagement for Enhancing Mentoring and Leadership Development in Adult Basic Education and Literacy Programs
Authors: Rhodes Christy M. , Hands Africa S.
Published: December 2020

This article describes three programs which provide formal student engagement training and leadership opportunity with adult basic education learners.
Mentoring in the Military
Authors: Gleiman Ashley , Gleiman Jan K.
Published: December 2020

Mentoring for leader development is a key component for the success of our nation's military. Along with a brief historical overview, this chapter explores a variety of mentorship practices, applications, and themes across the ranks and services.
Embracing Diversity and Inclusive Mentoring Practices for Leadership Development
Authors: Alston Geleana D. , Hansman Catherine A.
Published: December 2020

Embracing diversity and demonstrating equitable and inclusive practices are critical components for mentoring relationships for leadership development.
Peer Mentoring and Communities of Practice: Reflections From Newly Minted PhDs
Authors: Adkisson Anthony , Coffman Karie , Galloway Catina , Jefferson‐Evans Ayisha , Miller‐McCollum Keyunda , Olszewski Carol A. , Spivey Darryl A. , Znamenak Kyle
Published: December 2020

This article showcases the voices of eight doctoral students and graduates, from two different universities and doctoral programs, who participated in peer mentoring through their communities of practice that were formed to support their learning and development.
A rapid α‐synuclein seed assay of Parkinson’s disease CSF panel shows high diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Orrù Christina D. , Ma Thong C. , Hughson Andrew G. , Groveman Bradley R. , Srivastava Ankit , Galasko Douglas , Angers Rachel , Downey Patrick , Crawford Karen , Hutten Samantha J. , Kang Un Jung , Caughey Byron
Published: December 2020

Background

Assays that specifically measure α‐synuclein seeding activity in biological fluids could revolutionize the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Recent improvements in α‐synuclein real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assays of cerebrospinal fluid have dramatically reduced reaction times from 5‐13 days down to 1‐2 days.

Objective

To test our improved assay against a panel of cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with Parkinson’s disease and healthy controls from the MJ Fox Foundation/NINDS BioFIND collection.

Methods

Specimens collected from healthy controls and patients with clinically typical moderate‐to‐advanced Parkinson’s disease were tested without prior knowledge of disease status. Correlative analyses between assay parameters and clinical measures were performed by an independent investigator.

Results

BioFIND samples gave positive signals in 105/108 (97%) Parkinson’s disease cases versus 11/85 (13%) healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic analyses of diagnosis of cases versus healthy controls gave areas under the curve of 95%. Beyond binary positive/negative determinations, only weak correlations were observed between various assay response parameters and Parkinson’s disease clinical measures or other cerebrospinal fluid analytes. Of note, REM sleep behavioral disorder questionnaire scores correlated with the reaction times needed to reach 50% maximum fluorescence. Maximum fluorescence was inversely correlated with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores, which was driven by the patients without REM sleep behavioral disorder.

Conclusions

Our improved α‐synuclein seed amplification assay dramatically reduces the time needed to diagnose Parkinson’s disease while maintaining the high‐performance standards associated with previous α‐synuclein seed assays, supporting the clinical utility of this assay for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis.
Engineering Supramolecular Organizing Centers for Optogenetic Control of Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Tan Peng , He Lian , Zhou Yubin
Published: December 2020

The spatiotemporal organization of oligomeric protein complexes, such as the supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs) made of MyDDosome and MAVSome, is essential for transcriptional activation of host inflammatory responses and immunometabolism. Light‐inducible assembly of MyDDosome and MAVSome is presented herein to induce activation of nuclear factor‐kB and type‐I interferons. Engineering of SMOCs and the downstream transcription factor permits programmable and customized innate immune operations in a light‐dependent manner. These synthetic molecular tools will likely enable optical and user‐defined modulation of innate immunity at a high spatiotemporal resolution to facilitate mechanistic studies of distinct modes of innate immune activations and potential intervention of immune disorders and cancer.
Perovskite Quantum Wells Formation Mechanism for Stable Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaics—A Real‐Time Phase‐Transition Study
Authors: Hu Hanlin , Qin Minchao , Fong Patrick W. K. , Ren Zhiwei , Wan Xuejuan , Singh Mriganka , Su Chun‐Jen , Jeng U‐Ser , Li Liang , Zhu Jiajie , Yuan Mingjian , Lu Xinhui , Chu Chih‐Wei , Li Gang
Published: December 2020

The combination of a bulk 3D perovskite layer and a reduced dimensional perovskite layer (perovskite quantum wells (PQWs)) is demonstrated to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) significantly in terms of stability and efficiency. This perovskite hierarchy has attracted intensive research interest; however, the in‐depth formation mechanism of perovskite quantum wells on top of a 3D perovskite layer is not clearly understood and is therefore the focus of this study. Along with ex situ morphology and photophysical characterization, the time‐resolved grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (TS‐GIWAXS) technique performed in this study provides real‐time insights on the phase‐transition during the organic cation (HTAB ligand molecule) coating and PQWs/3D architecture formation process. A strikingly strong ionic reaction between the 3D perovskite and the long‐chain organic cation leads to the quick formation of an ordered intermediate phase within only a few seconds. The optimal PQWs/3D architecture is achieved by controlling the HTAB casting, which is assisted by time‐of‐flight SIMS characterization. By controlling the second ionic reaction during the long‐chain cation coating process, along with the fluorinated poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) as a hole‐transport layer, the perovskite solar cells demonstrate efficiencies exceeding 22% along with drastically improved device stability.
Photonics Empowered Passive Radiative Cooling
Authors: Zhang Yinan , Chen Xi , Cai Boyuan , Luan Haitao , Zhang Qiming , Gu Min
Published: December 2020

Passive radiative cooling has recently received renewed interest because of its unprecedented capabilities in cooling terrestrial objects below ambient air temperature without external energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. This technology has been demonstrated as promising as replacements/complements of conventional compressed air‐based active cooling systems, which can significantly impact the global energy landscape by providing a green and efficient cooling way. The key to this success is judiciously designed photonic micro/nanostructures, which simultaneously reflect solar irradiation and emit thermal infrared emission across the atmospheric transparency window 8–13 μm. Herein, an introduction of the fundamental principles of passive radiative cooling is given, discussing the critical factors associated with the net cooling power of radiative cooling. Following this, the recently emerged photonic materials and structures (e.g., multilayer thin films, micro/nanoparticles, photonic crystals, metamaterials, metasurfaces, etc.) that facilitate radiative cooling are reviewed and fruitfully analyzed and discussed. Some possible scale‐up manufacturing ways toward the practical deployment of this energy‐efficient technology in real‐world applications are then discussed. The potential applications are also summarized and envisioned. Finally, perspectives on the future development in conjunction with artificial intelligent design of photonic structures and materials are presented and discussed.
Aggregation‐induced emission systems involving supramolecular assembly
Authors: Lou Xin‐Yue , Yang Ying‐Wei
Published: December 2020

Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), as an exciting photophysical phenomenon, has been regarded as one frontier research topic within both ranges of molecular luminescence and materials science over the last two decades. Since controllable molecular ensembles with particular morphologies and tunable functions can be elegantly constructed in the realm of supramolecular chemistry, the integration of supramolecular assembly and AIE systems can expectedly bring about luminescent materials with tunable emission and tailorable well‐ordered architectures. In this review, we will provide a summary of the creation and working mechanisms of AIE systems involving supramolecular systems that are driven by different supramolecular driving forces including hydrogen bonding, host−guest interactions, metal coordination, and π–π interactions. The morphological and photoluminescent features of these AIE‐active supramolecular assemblies will be elucidated, and the regulated fluorescence properties of the AIEgens induced by the assembling–disassembling processes will be discussed in detail.
Through‐space charge transfer polymers for solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Shao Shiyang , Wang Lixiang
Published: December 2020

Through‐space charge transfer (TSCT) polymers are an attractive class of luminescent polymers with spatial donor/acceptor architecture and thermally activated delayed fluorescence effect, different from conventional luminescent polymers with conjugated donor‐acceptor structure and through‐bond charge transfer emission. Their emission comes from the intramolecular charge transfer by through‐space pathway because the donor and acceptor segments are spatially proximate to each other in each repeating unit but are physically separated by nonconjugated polymer backbone. In this review, recent advances in TSCT polymers with linear, bottlebrush, and dendritic architectures are presented, with the focus on their molecular design, photophysical behavior, and device performance. We hope that this review shall provide a useful insight of new luminescent polymers with TSCT effect for use in solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes.
Adsorption of methyl iodide on reduced silver‐functionalized silica aerogel: Kinetics and modeling
Authors: Tang Siqi , Choi Seungrag , Nan Yue , Tavlarides Lawrence L.
Published: December 2020

The low concentration methyl iodide (CH3I) adsorption process on reduced silver‐functionalized silica aerogel (Ag0‐Aerogel) was studied. The kinetic data were acquired using a continuous flow adsorption system. Because the corresponding physical process was observed, the shrinking core model (SCM) was modified and applied. An average CH3I pore diffusivity was calculated, the CH3I‐Ag0‐Aerogel reaction was identified as a 1.40 order reaction instead of first order reaction, and the nth order reaction rate constant was determined. This modified SCM significantly increases the accuracy of adsorption behavior prediction at low adsorbate concentration. Modeling results indicate that the overall adsorption process is controlled by the pore diffusion. However, at low adsorbate concentration (ppbv level), the CH3I adsorption is limited to the surface reaction due to the low uptake rate in a predictable time period.
Applying Community‐Based Participatory Approaches to Addressing Health Disparities and Promoting Health Equity
Authors: Suarez‐Balcazar Yolanda , Francisco Vincent T. , Rubén Chávez Noé
Published: December 2020

This special issue highlights work that contributes to our understanding of health disparities and community‐based participatory research (CBPR) approaches to promoting health equity across diverse populations and issues that matter to communities. We take on a global perspective, and thus, various efforts across international contexts are illustrated. Articles elucidate a variety of CBPR approaches designed to empower and build capacity among individuals and communities in order to seek changes at the level of community practices, programs, and systems. These articles span across diverse populations—children, youth, and families; adults and older adults; immigrants; refugees; Black people; Latinx people; Native Americans/Indigenous people, the Roma community; Muslim women, and women with disabilities—experiencing inequities of interest to community psychologists and other researchers and practitioners.
Fluorescent and Water Dispersible Single‐Chain Nanoparticles: Core–Shell Structured Compartmentation
Authors: Hoffmann Justus F. , Roos Andreas H. , Schmitt Franz‐Josef , Hinderberger Dariush , Binder Wolfgang H.
Published: December 2020

Single‐chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) are highly versatile structures resembling proteins, able to function as catalysts or biomedical delivery systems. Based on their synthesis by single‐chain collapse into nanoparticular systems, their internal structure is complex, resulting in nanosized domains preformed during the crosslinking process. In this study we present proof of such nanocompartments within SCNPs via a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. A novel strategy to encapsulate labels within these water dispersible SCNPs with hydrodynamic radii of ≈5 nm is presented, based on amphiphilic polymers with additional covalently bound labels, attached via the copper catalyzed azide/alkyne “click” reaction (CuAAC). A detailed profile of the interior of the SCNPs and the labels’ microenvironment was obtained via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, followed by an assessment of their photophysical properties.