bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consequences of Gainsharing
Authors: Hanlon Susan C. , Meyer David G. , Taylor Robert R.
Published: March 2007

This study tested the consequences of a gainsharing plan both during its operation and after the group bonus component was eliminated. Using a longitudinal and experimental research design, changes in employees' attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions were measured. Three months after elimination of the group bonus, higher levels of moral commitment, prosocial behavior, and less intention to leave were observed in the experimental group than the control group. Implications for gainsharing theory and practice are discussed.
The Effects of Organizational Restructure on Employee Satisfaction
Authors: Howard Jack L. , Frink Dwight D.
Published: March 2007

In an effort to better understand the multidimensional nature of satisfaction, it is examined in the context of organizational restructuring. This context allows the test of a conceptual model that includes antecedents, components of work-related satisfaction, overall satisfaction, and satisfaction with life. The findings support the notions that (1) organizational restructuring has demonstrable implications for employee satisfaction and (2) work-related satisfaction is a major component of satisfaction with life. Contributions, limitations, and potential directions for future research are discussed.
Upon Reflection
Authors: Lawson Marian B. , Angle Harold L.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a framework for e t long-term effect of employees' retrospective evaluations of a major organizational change and presets empirical data from one such change-a large-scale corporate relocation. Drawing on the literature of employee-o on relationships, we propose that the critical components of how employees remember and evaluate a change experience include post hoc assessments of met expectations, fairness, and comparison of their present and prechange organizational status. The independent variable in the research included measures of met expectations, outcome and procedural fairness, and perceived changes in membership status. The dependent variables were organizational commitment job satisfaction, and a measure of regret that asked whether employees would repeat their decision to relocate. As expected, the independent variables were correlated, but differentially related to the postchange measures. Discussion of the results highlights the complex nature of remembered experiences and the long-term implications of retrospective evaluations for member organization relationships.
Feature Modeling Incorporating Tolerance and Production Process for Concurrent Design
Authors: Xue D. , Dong Z.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a new feature modeling approach incorporating tolerance and production process for concurrent design The three perspectives of mechanical features, namely design, manufacturing, and geometry, are examined. The feature definitions based upon design function, manufacturing method, as well as geometric shape and accuracy are specified, and an integrated feature-based design model is proposed.
A Hypermedia Based Model for Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Biennier Frédérique , Coquard Pascale , Favrel Joël
Published: March 2007

Concurrent engineering activities can be greatly improved thanks to reusing abilities both for the engineered products and their related information and for the project management and its tasks parallelization The architecture we built to support such an organization is based on this paradigm and integrates both the information system and the project description and management As the first point is quite close to docu ments management whereas the second is similar to parallel processing and multi-tasks architecturés in computer science, our meta-model ap plies to concurrent engineering some strategies and tools taken from computer science
Design Using Available Assets: A Paradigm Shift in Design for Manufacture
Authors: Peplinski Jesse D. , Koch Patrick N. , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh
Published: March 2007

How can design for manufacture be implemented very early on a design timeline, for example, when only the product function is known? Our response to this question is embodied in an approach to design for manufacture based on the notion of design using available assets By design using available assets, we mean assembling both the product and its manufacturing process from existing resources there fore, design for manufacture becomes the selection of these resources We recognize three levels of abstraction in categorizing available assets the function level, the concept level, and the component level The function level is applicable in the earliest stages of design, so with our ap proach, we come one step closer to truly concurrent product and process development

Our approach is embodied by both a computer support tool and a method for its use With this method, we use our computer tool to identify, evaluate, and select potential manufacturing alternatives for products modeled at different levels of abstraction In this paper, we first present the theoretical basis of our approach (our frame of reference) then we discuss its computer implementation Finally we highlight some of our tool's potential uses by exploring the selection of manufacturing processes and materials for a cover plate component from a design of an aircraft evac uation system Issues captured here are the richness of multiobjective selection under uncertainty Because this example illustrates just one step of our approach, our focus remains on our method rather than on the results per se
A Cooperative Distributed Problem-Solving Management Framework for Office Automation Systems
Authors: Yang Feng-Chao , Ho Yu-Kuen
Published: March 2007

The successful design of cost-effective development and executive environments for Office Automation (OA) depends chiefly on infor mation accessibility and flexible open system architecture A groupware management mechanism— Cooperative Distributed Problem-Solving Management Framework (CDPSMF) and its application to Office Automation System (OAS) design are given Recurrent group structure is used to characterize an enterprise or organization Management framework, using the Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) technique and the Object Modeling Technique (OMT), was incorporated into the design of our OA executive environment The following characteristics are emphasized 1) For the sake of consistent, systematic methodology, we simplify management by considering semi-autonomous/modular hardware and soft ware units and also human members uniformly, designating them all as Intelligent Agents (IAs) 2) Because problem requesters face a completely transparent working environment, they need merely to state the general problem specifications and don't need to worry about trivial details such as which IAs are to be used and how they should work together to solve the problem in question 3) An interface or Customized Personal Working Platform is designed It provides the user with a full set of personalized facilities and tools specialized for the user's needs, i e , the supervision of progress rates, the arrangement of schedules, CAD, various auxiliary tools, etc It is also suitable for use as a computerized checkup system so as to raise the whole enterprise performance A prototype OAS has been completed and used as project management among our laboratory colleagues
Capture Software Design Rationale Based on an Integrated Analysis of Both Software Process and Product Quality Requirements from Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Liu Xiaoqing Frank , Sigman Scott
Published: March 2007

The capture of design rationale in terms of the process and product quality requirements for a software system from different perspec tives in concurrent engineering poses two challenges (1) process and product quality requirements arising from different perspectives usually conflict with each other, and (2) both process and product quality requirements are often vague and imprecise Recent research into methods for handling software quality requirements has taken one of two approaches—quantitative and qualitative Quantitative approaches are based upon software metrics and specify requirements using predicate logic Qualitative approaches represent requirements qualitatively and decom pose the requirements into a hierarchy of subrequirements A unified approach for specifying and analyzing requirements quantitatively and qualitatively is also developed based on fuzzy logic However, none of these methods addresses design rationale capture based on integrated analysis of both product and process quality requirements from multiple perspectives in concurrent software development In this paper a formal framework is developed for an integrated analysis of software process and product quality requirements to support design rationale capture from multiple perspectives in concurrent software development It provides a top-down approach for decomposing vague, complex quality require ments based upon an ontological model of a perspective, and a bottom-up approach for analyzing inter-requirement relationships from multiple perspectives A feature-based approach for assessing the impact of design alternatives on both process and product quality requirements from multiple perspectives is developed by explicitly documenting the effects of design options on design features and the effects of design features on quality requirements The techniques described by the framework are illustrated using a distributed order processing system
Concurrent Engineering in Real and Virtual Tool Production
Authors: Duhovnik Jože , Tavčar Jože
Published: March 2007

Tool production is a widespread and indispensable part of every serial and mass production job. International competition and globalization require ever shorter time frames from idea to placement of the products on the market, and the time needed to produce the tools plays an important part in this process. A proper information system plays a crucial part in concurrent engineering, because it en ables greater reviewability of the production process and thus, greater overlapping of individual phases (Prasad, 1996).

The first step in the re-engineering of a company's information system is gaining a thorough knowledge of the work process. This paper presents the methodology of analysis of information creation and information flow. The most important requirements are identified, and con crete solutions are presented for the creation of an appropriate information system. We have connected tool production and the develop ment of serial products and managed to reduce the time to product fabrication. In individual production, all phases must be closely con nected ; a complete toolmaking facility was therefore designed as a well-connected informational whole (Tavčar and Duhovnik, 1997; 1998). Concurrent work requires independent documentation of individual building blocks and data transparency throughout all phases, from preparation of the tender to manufacture. Expansion of the functionality of a product data management (PDM) system to include monitoring and management of production proved to be an appropriate solution for the majority of set requirements. A virtual toolmaking factory was set up to increase capacity during peak production periods. When the concept was tested in the Domel Toolmaking Factory, the average tool production time was reduced by 32%.
You Can’t Fight the System: Strategies of Family Justice in Foster Care Reintegration
Authors: Crenshaw Wes , Barnum David
Published: March 2007

On first blush the very notion of justice seems an unlikely subject for family therapy intervention, a topic more in the domain of lawyers, judges, and philosophers, than psychologists, social workers, and family therapists. However, as Madanes (2000) has noted, issues of betrayal, mistreatment, disconnection, broken promises and divided loyalties both covert and overt, are core issues in most family conflicts. The outplacement of children from their biological families represents the worst-case scenarios of family injustice. In such cases, ways of working with either the biological or foster family are virtually incomparable to the therapy of an intact family, or even post-divorce blended family. Instead, the therapist is confronted with myriad problems that do not neatly fit within the confines of traditional family psychology. While extreme by definition, these cases offer unparalleled teaching about issues of justice, and their importance goes well beyond their specialized nature. This article illustrates one such case and the interventions we used to restore justice to a family caught up in “the system.”
Gender Differences in Sexuality: Perceptions, Myths, and Realities
Authors: Wiederman Michael W.
Published: March 2007

Couples and family counselors may be faced with cases of sexual and relationship difficulties that are caused, or at least exacerbated, by client perceptions and beliefs as to how men and women differ with regard to sexuality. Some such perceptions and beliefs may be consistent with findings from empirical research, whereas others may be based on cultural myths. This article briefly addresses one of the most prevalent and potentially harmful such myths in our culture: Men and women differ in their respective sexual peaks. The article concludes by describing a way clients might be presented with data on gender differences in sexuality that leads to a greater appreciation for the diversity within each gender as well as between the genders.
A Didactic and Experiential Course Model for Training Family Counselors
Authors: Kern Roy M. , Miranda Alexis O.
Published: March 2007

Limited attention has been given to the development of didactic and instructional courses addressing the needs of students. The challenges facing family counseling training programs are discussed. A model for a didactic-experiential course created by) the authors is reviewed, and anecdotal, evaluative feedback given by former students is presented. Recommendations and suggestions are offered regarding the training of family counselors.
Saving Face: A Neglected Dynamic in Couples and Family Therapy
Authors: Covelman Kenneth W. , Covelman Sandra
Published: March 2007

Saving face is described as an inherently relational concept that can often determine therapeutic outcome in family and couples therapy. The role of the therapist in fostering facesaving interventions is explored. Several clinical examples are presented. Finally, the limitations of saving face as an interpersonal and therapeutic strategy are discussed.
The Fourth Revolution: Family Systems in the Schools
Authors: Woody Robert Henley , Woody Jennifer K.
Published: March 2007

Notwithstanding repeated and long-standing public policy and legal mandates, school systems still seem to resist involving parents in counseling and mental health services. This article identifies the historical roots, public policy evolution, and legislative mandates relevant to schools meeting students' mental health needs and creating a school-family effort. To promote acceptance, the linkage between the school systems and family systems theory is explained, and assessment and intervention strategies appropriate for application by counselors and other educational specialists are described.
Introduction
Authors: Fontes Lisa Aronson
Published: March 2007

In the past six weeks (April 1994) I have been fortunate to have visited the Dachau, Germany concentration camp, and the Holocaust Museum in Washington, DC, viewed the Academry Award-winning film "Schindler's List," and now to have the apportunity to have read Moshe Lang. It is mindboggling to serve witness to the inhumanity of humankind. My sadness continues as atrocities occur throughout this planet. Will there ever be a time when people will not live amidst suffering?

-Jon Carlson, Editor
Response to "Just Therapy"
Authors: Fullmer Daniel , Ishikawa Janet
Published: March 2007

This letter is an invited response to Waldegrave and Tamasese's (1994) "Just Therapy" article. Daniel Fullmer and Janet Ishikawa were asked to describe the successful form of family therapy they conduct in Hawaii and to indicate whether it is different from the New Zealanders' approach.
The Experience of the Family When a Child Dies
Authors: Farrugia David
Published: March 2007

Components of grief and the dynamics offamily reactions to the death of a child are discussed in this article. Family counselors are encouraged to be prepared for working with families by understanding these unique dynamics. Marital effects as well as the reaction of other family members, including children and grandparents, are explored. Counseling interventions including the recognition of varied individual grieving needs, the encouragement of communication and support between family members, and the use of more directive counseling strategies when appropriate are discussed.
Sensitivity to Marital Difficulties
Authors: Conway Kathleen Lynch , Krumboltz John D.
Published: March 2007

How much attention do males andfemales pay to positive and negative information about their marriages as afunction of their belief that the marriage is either in trouble or basically satisfactory? In an analog experiment, videotapes of six couples talking about problems in their marriages were presented to 121 participants. Participants were asked to put themselves in the place of either the husband or the wife and to assume that the marriage was either in trouble or generally fine. They then responded to 10 generalizations or events by rating the amount of attention the assigned spouse would give to each piece of information. Female participants attended more than male participants to negative events only when the marriage was believed to be in trouble. Those assuming the wife 's role were generally more likely than those assuming the husband ' role to attend to negative information.
Ethical Mandates for Multicultural Sensitivity for Family Counseling
Authors: Thomas Anita Jones
Published: March 2007

Due to the changing demographics within the country, family counselors will work with an increasing number of culturally diverse clients. Both the American Counseling Association and the International Association of Couples and Family Counselors have indicated in the code of ethics that counselors must be knowledgeable of culturalfactors. This article outlines ethical mandates for cultural sensitivity, including the importance of a broad definition of culture, knowledge of values and beliefs of diverse clients, awareness of the counselor's cultural identity, and development of culturally appropriate skills.
The Tie that Blinds: Understanding Intergenerational Conflict within a Moral Development Framework
Authors: Stanley Paula Helen
Published: March 2007

This article presents a moral development framework for understanding intergenerational conflict, specifically that of adult child and aging parent. Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development is used to assess adult child and parent moral reasoning level and its impact on intergenerational conflict.
Multicultural Counseling Perspectives: Culture Specificity and Implications in Family Therapy
Authors: Kurilla Virginia
Published: March 2007

Strengths and limitations of culture-specific multicultural counseling perspectives are reviewed and critiqued in terms offamily therapy.
Cultural Interpretations of Child Discipline: Voices of African American Scholars
Authors: Bradley Carla R.
Published: March 2007

The disciplinary practices of African American parents have been the subject of much debate and commentary in the social science literature. However writings of African American scholars are overlooked in major reviews of child discipline research. The purpose of this article is to review the multiple perspectives ofAfricanAmerican child-rearing experts and to note implications for counseling practice.
Family Therapy for Cancer Patients: Clinical Issues and Interventions
Authors: Sherman Allen C. , Simonton Stephanie
Published: March 2007

Cancer can have a dramatic impact on family life. As a result of changes in cancer detection and survival, a growing number of families have been touched by this illness. This article reviews some of the challenges these families face. An initial conceptual model is offered, which describes how family adjustment is influenced by medical, developmental, and family-systems factors, including phase of treatment, family structure, life-cycle tasks, personal constructions of illness, and family resources. The authors consider which families might be most vulnerable or resilient to distress and describe family interventions.
Revising the Ethics Code of the IAMFC—A Training Exercise for Counseling Psychology and Counselor Education Students
Authors: Jordan Karin , Stevens Patricia
Published: March 2007

Mental health professionals’ knowledge of their ethics code is essential in an era in which consumerism has brought about an increased awareness of consumer rights. Ethics codes are designed to protect the public and the profession. Trainees in the mental health profession need to learn and become familiar with their ethics code during their graduate training. Reviewing and revising the ethics code of the International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) is one way to provide that training. This article describes the revision proposal process undertaken by students in the Counseling Psychology and Counselor Education (CPCE) program at the University of Colorado at Denver.
The Importance of Creativity in Family Therapy: A Preliminary Consideration
Authors: Carson David K.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author considers the importance of creativity in the context of family therapy. Therapist characteristics and techniques that might be labeled as creative or associated with the notion of creativity are also examined. The author focuses on the concept of creativity in some prominent theories of counseling and therapy; the relation of divergent thinking to healthy human development and functioning; the dynamic, interactive nature of creativity in therapy; the circumstances in which increased creative abilities in clients is or should be a goal; some threats or blocks to the development and expression of creativity; the role of creativity in training; and the degree to which creativity is linked to the counseling office. As a result of this preliminary discussion, family therapists may be encouraged to further contemplate the role of creativity, both theoretically and pragmatically, in their approach to working with individuals, couples, and families.
Self-Efficacy Theory as a Basis for Career Assessment
Authors: Betz Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the basic postulates of self-efficacy theory and describes its applications to the study of career choice and development. Following a discussion of issues involved in the measurement of perceived self-efficacy with respect to domains of career behavior, measurement of and research on occupational self-efficacy, mathematics self-efficacy, self-efficacy with respect to basic domains of activity, and career decision self-efficacy are reviewed. The relationship of self-efficacy to vocational interests and the particular relevance of the theory to the career development of women and members of racial/ethnic minority groups are also discussed.
Cross-Cultural Validation of Holland's Theory in Singapore: Beyond Structural Validity of RIASEC
Authors: Soh Star , Leong Frederick T. L.
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural validation of Holland's theory typically focuses on the structural validity of the RIASEC model. This study not only examined structural validity, but the conceptual equivalence of RIASEC and the criterion-related validity of Holland's theory, based on college students from the major ethnic group in United States (White Americans) and Singapore (Chinese). Values were used to examine the convergent-discriminant validity and equivalence of meaning of RIASEC. Results indicate similar structural and criterion-related validity across the samples, although the figures were generally lower than those found in previous studies. Values were weakly related to the interest types. Some evidence of weak convergent validity was found for the I, S, and E types. Tests on these three types indicated that there was equivalence of meaning for the S and E types and the possibility of some culture-specific meaning attached to the I type. Implications for future research are discussed.
Kuder Career Search With Person Match: Career Assessment for the 21 st Century
Authors: Zytowski Donald G.
Published: March 2007

A new approach to interest assessment, Kuder Career Search, is described. The third generation of the Kuder interest inventories, it goes beyond the conventional homogeneous and criterion group scaling to match inventory-takers with each of the individuals in a pool of criterion persons employed in a wide variety of occupations. The rationale for this novel concept is reviewed as is the methodology of person-matching. Selected validity data are reported, along with a case example.
Career Assessment: A Social Psychological Perspective
Authors: Dorn Fred J.
Published: March 2007

The application of social psychological principles to the therapeutic relationship has lead to the development of a theoretical model of social influence which proposes that counseling is a process of interpersonal influence. This article outlines the conceptualization of career assessment from a social influence perspective. An overview of the social influence model is provided with a relevant review of the applicable literature. A brief discussion of the role that assessment must play in the counseling relationship follows.

The utilization of the Career Beliefs Inventory (Krumboltz, 1991) as a measure of client attitudes about the career development process is discussed within the context of the attitude change process. The author proposes that career beliefs are the attitude constructs of career choice as an extension of family drama and provides a case study to illustrate this position. Finally, suggestions for future research are offered within the context of current research on assessment within the career counseling relationship and the application of social influence principles to the career assessment and career development process.
Career Assessment and the Cognitive Vocational Maturity Test
Authors: Westbrook Bert W. , Elrod Terry , Wynne Carol
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity of the Cognitive Vocational Maturity Test (CVMT; Westbrook, 1970; Westbrook & Parry-Hill, 1973a; Westbrook & Parry-Hill, 1973b). Eleventh-grade students and 12th-grade students were administered the CVMT-Duties subtest, the Self-Knowledge scale, and the Career Choice Questionnaire (CCQ). Teachers rated 11th-grade students' career choices in terms of appropriateness. Sample B students were retested in Grade 12 with the CVMT—Duties subtest and the Self- Knowledge scale. Scores on the CVMT correlated significantly with teacher evaluations of students' career choices, self-reported grade- point-averages, and education level planned, but not with self- report measures such as the Self-Knowledge scale and amount of thinking about one's career choice. The data provide support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the CVMT—Duties subtest.
A Validation Study of the Spanish Self-Directed Search Using Back-Translation Procedures
Authors: Glidden-Tracey Cynthia , Greenwood Andrea K.
Published: March 2007

Assessment of cultural differences in the structures of vocational interests assumes metric and translation equivalence of interest measures used for culturally diverse populations. The present study examines the adequacy of the Spanish translation of Holland's (1990) Self-Directed Search-Easy (SDS-E) using back-translation procedures and structural analyses. The most recent revision of the English-language SDS-E and, separated by a 1-week interval, the back-translated (Spanish to English) version of the SDS-E developed for this study were completed by 145 undergraduates. Analyses using the randomization test of hypothesized orders (Hubert & Arabie, 1987) indicated that Holland's model adequately fit both the SDS-E and back-translated scale (Bktran) scores of this sample and that the model fit the Bktran data significantly better than it fit the SDS-E data. For both instruments, Holland's model fit the scores of the men (n = 73) significantly better than it fit the women's (n = 70) scores. This observed gender difference accounted for the superior fit of the full Bktran data matrix to Holland's model, because a significant difference in model-data fit was observed only for the female subsample. These results suggest that the Spanish version is an adequate translation of the SDS Form E, but that Holland's model fits less well for women.
The Mexican-U.S. Border Environmental Plan
Authors: Atkeson Timothy
Published: March 2007

Pursuant to a directive from Presidents Salinas and Bush, SEDUE and EPA, the Mexican and U.S. environmental agencies, agreed on February 25, 1992, on the first stage (1992-94) of their plan to clean up the U.S.-Mexico border area. This is the most comprehensive border environment cooperation program ever concluded between two countries. The plan marks the first such extensive environmental collaboration between a developed and a developing country. The two governments will invest over $1 billion under the plan during its first three years, much of it through their binational water sanitation agency, the International Boundary and Water Commission. The Border Plan is a unique example of a cooperative, informal and flexible binational framework in which EPA and SEDUE provide the structure, signals, and core financing that will guide their border states and private sectors toward solutionof persistentand trou blesome environ men tal problems.
Environment and the United Nations World Population Conference
Authors: Dompka Victoria
Published: March 2007

While some work had been done on the linkages between human populations and the environment, the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) represents the most significant impetus yet forgalvanizinggovernment and nongovernmental policy, cam paign and field activities on this complex and timely issue. The UNICPD has accomplished the task of providing a consensus document, a "Programme of Action," which broadly appeals to the array of signatory governments, yet still provides enough new, enforceable and actionable points to achieve the stated goals of global population stabilization and environmental sustainability. The real challenges now lie with government and nongovernmental follow-up and ICPD implementation. To meet the goals of the ICPD, funding must be made available and concrete actions taken to incorporate population-related impacts on the environment into policy and field programs at international and local levels worldwide. This can be done through a combination of measures as stipulated by the ICPD. These include stabilizing human population globally by noncoercive and voluntary means; identifying critical environmental limits to support life in order to maintain the balance between people's needs and demands and the planet's capacity to respond; achieving sustainable natural resource use globally; reducing and eliminating over-consumption and concomitant pollution by a combined effort of individual consumers, retailers, producers, industries, businesses, and governments worldwide; and utilizing adaptive strategies which address the current and near-term inevitable population and consumption pressures on the environment.
Afta and its Environmental Implications for Vietnam
Authors: Tran Thi Thanh Phuong
Published: March 2007

The entry of Vietnam into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its participation in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) present challenges not only for the country's economy but also for the environment. Because Vietnam is currently transforming itself from a centrally planned to a market economy, it may experience some difficulty adjusting to the pace of liberalization in AFTA and to the environmental policy-making process. When looking ahead to Vietnam's future, important questions to ask are the following: (a) What are the possible socioeconomic and environmental impacts of Vietnam's participation in AFTA? (b) How will the government of Vietnam respond to these impacts? This article summarizes economic perspectives for Vietnam and describes the main environmental problems that will likely be associated with Vietnam's entry into AFTA.
Observations on the Factor Structure of the WAIS-R
Authors: Ward L. Charles , Axelrod Bradley N. , Ryan Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) revealed 2 important characteristics of the standardization data of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. One finding was that Digit Symbol fit better on an attentional factor in younger groups, but fit was better when Digit Symbol loaded on a visual-perceptual factor in older groups. A second observation was that specifying correlated errors or a fourth factor to explain covariance between Block Design and Object Assembly improved model fit in all age groups except 70to 74-year-olds. The results illustrate the value of CFA and have implications for investigating other samples and other Wechsler tests.
Self-Report Measures among Transplant Candidates: The Impact of Evaluative Situations
Authors: Putzke John D. , Boll Thomas J. , Williams Mark A. , Benza Robert C. , Kirklin James K. , McGiffin David C.
Published: March 2007

Experiment 1 was a between-subjects design comparing transplant candidates completing self-report measures under an evaluative versus an anonymous research condition. A cardiac disease group and a healthy community group served as controls. Transplant candidates in the anonymous research condition reported significantly more depression, anxiety, and negative affectivity as compared with transplant candidates in the evaluative condition and community controls. In contrast, the evaluative transplant group (a) did not differ from the community controls on any of the self-report measures, and (b) reported significantly less depression than cardiac disease controls. Experiment 2 was a within-subjects design with transplant candidates completing self-report measures under both an evaluative and an anonymous research condition. Significantly greater anxiety was reported under the anonymous research condition. Social desirability was significantly related to change in self-reported anxiety and depression across conditions, but was unrelated to change in endorsement of personality characteristics.
Psychometric Study of a Brief Screen for PTSD:Assessing the Impact of Multiple Traumatic Events
Authors: Carlson Eve B.
Published: March 2007

Most measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are limited in that they focus on a single traumatic event and cannot be used to assess symptoms in persons who report no traumatic events. The utility of the brief PTSD measures that do not key to a sin-gle trauma is limited by lengthiness and high reading levels. The Screen for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (SPTSS) is a brief, self-report screening instrument for PTSD symptoms that overcomes these limitations by assessing PTSD symptoms using a low reading level and without keying them to a specific traumatic event. In a sample of 136 psychiatric inpatients, the SPTSS showed good internal consistency, a high sensitivity rate, and a moderate specificity rate. The concurrent and construct validity of the SPTSS were supported by strong correlations with symptom and trauma experience measures and by comparisons of SPTSS scores of groups with different trauma histories.
A Quantitative Review of the Comprehensiveness of the Five-Factor Model in Relation to Popular Personality Inventories
Authors: O’Connor Brian P.
Published: March 2007

Reports of associations between the five-factor model (FFM) and the scales of popular personality inventories have generated controversy regarding the comprehensiveness of the FFM. The controversy is fueled by a preoccupation with capturing scale variance and differentiating between specific scales, whereas the focus should instead be on whether the FFM captures the common variance and the dimensions that exist in personality constructs. Analyses of published data revealed that the portions of scale variance captured by the FFM (mean = 38%) were substantial when evaluated in relation to the portions of common variance that exist in most personality inventories (mean = 50%). Furthermore, interbattery factor analyses indicated that the factor structures in most personality inventories can be closely replicated using data derived solely from scale associations with the FFM. Exceptions to this finding occurred for only 2 of 28 personality inventories. The findings support the comprehensiveness of the FFM.
Comparison of Four Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Scoring Guides with Novice Raters
Authors: Axelrod Bradley N. , Greve Kevin W. , Goldman Robert S.
Published: March 2007

The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is predicated on the ability of its users to accurately administer and score the task. This study evaluated four different WCST scoring guides in an effort to determine the most reliable and accurate instructional set for use by individuals previously unfamiliar with scoring the WCST. The study targeted the scoring of perseverative responses, as this is the most difficult of the measures to learn. Novice raters using one of four methods (original manual alone, decision tree [key guide] with the original manual, written supplement with the original manual, and revised manual only) and expert raters each scored 20 technically difficult WCST protocols. The results demonstrated that novice raters who used the written supplement to score these difficult protocols were as reliable and accurate in scoring perseverative responses as the experts. Those who used either the original manual alone or the key guide with the manual were less reliable. Scoring perseverative responses with the revised manual's instructions was considerably more reliable and accurate than scoring with the original manual. However, scoring performance for perseverative responses with the revised manual did not achieve that of the novice raters using the written supplement. It is recommended that scoring accuracy for cognitive measures be empirically validated rather than assumed.
Principal Components Analysis of the General Purpose Abbreviated Battery of the Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition, for Young Children
Authors: Riccio Cynthia A. , Platt Leslie Oliver , Kamphaus Randy W. , Greer Margaret K. , Elksnin Nick
Published: March 2007

With increased emphasis on preschool assessment, the technology and theoretical basis of intelligence measures suitable for this age group is of increasing importance. One method of examining the appropriateness of preschool measures involves verification of the factor structure of the measure as an indication of construct validity. Factor analytic studies of the Binet 4 have not resulted in consistent findings, and more specifically, the number of factors identified have demonstrated variability across age levels. In that many clinicians use abbreviated forms of the Binet 4, this study conducted a principal component analysis of the General Purpose Abbreviated Battery (GPAB) for a sample of 107 children (ages 2-7 years) who were referred for evaluation to a community-based pediatric psychoeducational outpatient clinic. The structure of the GPAB resulted in a single general intelligence component that mitigates against Binet Area Score interpretation for this age group when the GPAB is used. Implications of previous research as well as the results of this study are discussed relative to the interpretation and utility of the GPAB with preschool and young children.
Development of the Tower of London-Revised
Authors: Schnirman Geoffrey M. , Welsh Marilyn C. , Retzlaff Paul D.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this work was to reconstruct the Tower of London (TOL) test in order to increase its reliability. A three-phase process was undertaken to accomplish this goal. In Phase 1, the TOL item pool was increased, the task was administered to a sample of college students (N = 50), and item-total correlations were calculated in order to identify the items that had the highest correlation with the total score. In Phase 2, the revised 30-item TOL (TOL-R) was administered to a second sample (N = 50) and the internal consistency reliability (Chronbach alpha) was estimated at .794. Finally, Phase 3 examined the test-retest reliability of the TOH-R on a new sample (N = 34) and the stability was found to be acceptable at r = .70.
Review : Axons, Schwann Cells, and Neurotrophic Factors
Authors: Friedman Beth , Wong Vivien , Lindsay Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

As most elegantly confirmed by the recent success in deriving mice with null mutations in the genes for specific neurotrophic factors or their respective receptors, it is clear that neurotrophic factors alone or in combination are essential for the development of many classes of neurons. Specific neurotrophic factors have now been characterized that have actions on primary sensory afferents, sympathetic and parasym pathetic neurons, and motor neurons—the major contributors to the axon bundles that comprise the periph eral nervous system. The peripheral tissues or "end organs" that these neurons innervate have traditionally been thought of as the key source of neurotrophic factor support, but it is now evident that this "target- derived neurotrophic factor hypothesis" has restricted validity. Rather, the totality of neurotrophic support required to promote the survival, maturation, and maintenance of a neuron appears to be derived not only from targets, but also from support cells and possibly even neurons themselves. In this article, we review the role played by multiple sources of neurotrophic factors, especially factors derived from non-neuronal cells, not only in development, but also in the maintenance and regenerative responses of the adult PNS. In par ticular, we focus on neurotrophic factors of the neurotrophin family and ciliary neurotrophic factor. The Neuro scientist 1:192-199, 1995
Parkinson's Disease and the Basal Ganglia: Lessons from the Laboratory and from Neurosurgery
Authors: Wichmann Thomas , Vitek Jerrold L. , DeLong Mahlon R.
Published: March 2007

During the last decade, a clearer understanding of the circuitry of the basal ganglia and their mode of operation has emerged. The basal ganglia are now viewed as parts of larger, segregated circuits that involve the thalamus and cerebral cortex. A pathophysiological model has been elaborated and tested in which Parkinsonian signs are viewed as resulting from increased activity of neurons in the "motor" portion of the internal pallidum, the major output nucleus of the basal ganglia, leading to increased inhibition of thalamocortical projection neurons and decreased activation of the precentral motor fields. Increased internal pallidal activity is thought to result from striatal dopamine loss, leading to decreased inhibition of the internal pallidum via a monosynaptic ("direct") striatopallidal pathway and to excessive excitatory glutamatergic drive via a polysynaptic ("indirect") striatopallidal pathway. Because current medical therapies for Parkinson's disease, aimed at systemically replacing dopamine, often lose their effectiveness after several years, with patients suffering from motor fluctuations and drug-induced dyski nesias, several new therapeutic strategies have been developed. In addition to the transplantation of dopaminergic tissue, other strategies attempt to reduce increased basal ganglia outflow directly by the placement of stereotactic lesions into the sensorimotor portion of the internal pallidum (pallidotomy) or by the chronic electric stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. Preliminary results suggest that these new techniques may lead to significant improvement in Parkinsonian signs, motor fluctuations, and drug- induced dyskinesias. The Neuroscientist 1:236-244, 1995
Review : Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury: New Approaches
Authors: Yen Laising , Kalb Robert G.
Published: March 2007

Damage to the spinal cord has devastating consequences because injury induces neuronal death, and the severed neural pathway does not regenerate. One of the major challenges in this field is to rescue injured neurons and to stimulate the regrowth of severed axons. An equally important task is the re-establishment of precise connections by regenerating axons with their targets and remyelinating the regenerated axons so that they can propagate action potentials. In our view, the major hurdles that must be overcome to restore function after spinal cord injury can be viewed as a recapitulation of steps normally taken during development. Recent basic research advances provide cautious optimism that therapies will be available for acute and chronic spinal cord injury. The Neuroscientist 1:321-327, 1995
■ REVIEW : Glial NO: Normal and Pathological Roles
Authors: Murphy Sean , Grzybicki Dana
Published: March 2007

All nervous system cell types can be induced with cytokines or bacterial products to make nitric oxide, at least in culture. The signaling pathways invoked by inducers that result in transcriptional activation of the nitric oxide synthase gene are becoming clear, and modulators of this induction have been discovered. Much suggestive and, recently, more definitive evidence has accumulated for induction of nitric oxide synthase in glial cells in vivo associated with viral infection, as well as in animal models of trauma, ischemia, and autoimmunity. Whether nitric oxide from this source contributes to or limits the attendant conditions is not yet clear. The Neuroscientist 2:90-99, 1996
REVIEW ■ : The Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Clues to the Etiology of a Mysterious Disease
Authors: Cook Stuart D.
Published: March 2007

The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) has not yet been defined. Based on analysis of prevalence, incidence, and migration studies, it is likely that one or more environmental factors, probably infectious in origin, initiates the disease. Canine distemper virus appears to be an attractive candidate in this regard. Because the risk of acquiring MS is greater in multiplex families (particularly in identical twins), certain ethnic and religious groups, and individuals with the human leukocyte antigen DW2, genetic predisposition is an important determinant in disease expression. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:172-180, 1996
■ REVIEW : Glutamate Receptors: Emerging Links Between Subunit Proteins and Specific Excitatory Circuits in Primate Hippocampus and Neocortex
Authors: Morrison John H. , Siegel Steven J. , Gazzaley Adam H. , Huntley George W.
Published: March 2007

Glutamate receptors (GluRs) are the primary mediators of excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS and play an indispensable role in brain function. Recent molecular advances have revealed an increasingly elaborate panel of GluR subunits that combine to form a variety of heteromeric GluR complexes with distinct functional characteristics determined by the stoichiometry of the subunit composition. Excitatory circuits in hippocampus and neocortex exhibit a complex and highly ordered array of termination patterns that reflect both segregation and convergence at specific target sites. We hypothesize that the molecular diversity of the GluRs will be manifested as circuit-specific profiles that will generate extensive functional diversity in cortical excitatory circuits. To elucidate the link between GluR diversity and neuroanatomical circuitry, immunocytochemical techniques employing subunit-specific antibodies have been used to localize various subunit proteins at the cellular and synaptic level. Such studies have revealed differential subunit parcellation between neocortical neuronal populations, as well as within defined dendritic compartments of hippocampal pyramidal cells. Additionally, the intradendritic parcellation of a specific GluR subunit is modifiable in an age-related and circuit-specific manner. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:272-283, 1996