bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severe malnutrition in infants aged <6 months—Outcomes and risk factors in Bangladesh: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Munirul Islam M. , Arafat Yasir , Connell Nichola , Mothabbir Golam , McGrath Marie , Berkley James A. , Ahmed Tahmeed , Kerac Marko
Published: July 2018

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) affects ~4 million infants under 6 months (u6m) worldwide, but evidence underpinning their care is “very low” quality. To inform future research and policy, the objectives of our study were to identify risk factors for infant u6m SAM and describe the clinical and anthropometric outcomes of treatment with current management strategies. We conducted a prospective cohort study in infants u6m in Barisal district, Bangladesh. One group of 77 infants had SAM (weight‐for‐length Z‐score [WLZ] <−3 and/or bipedal oedema); 77 others were “non‐SAM” (WLZ ≥−2 to <+2, no oedema, mid‐upper‐arm circumference ≥125 mm). All were enrolled at 4–8 weeks of age and followed up at 6 months. Maternal education and satisfaction with breastfeeding were among factors associated with SAM. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding was shorter at enrolment (3·9 ± 2.1 vs. 5.7 ± 2.2 weeks, P < 0.0001) and at age 6 months (13.2 ± 8.9 vs. 17.4 ± 7.9 weeks; P = 0.003) among SAM infants. Despite referral, only 13 (17%) reported for inpatient care, and at 6 months, 18 (23%) infants with SAM still had SAM, and 3 (3.9%) died. In the non‐SAM group, one child developed SAM, and none died. We conclude that current treatment strategies have limited practical effectiveness: poor uptake of inpatient referral being the main reason. World Health Organization recommendations and other intervention strategies of outpatient‐focused care for malnourished but clinically stable infants u6m need to be tested. Breastfeeding support is likely central to future treatment strategies but may be insufficient alone. Better case definitions of nutritionally at‐risk infants are also needed.
Genomic parallelism and lack thereof in contrasting systems of three‐spined sticklebacks
Authors: Liu Shenglin , Ferchaud Anne‐Laure , Grønkjær Peter , Nygaard Rasmus , Hansen Michael M.
Published: July 2018

Parallel evolution and the extent to which it involves gene reuse have attracted much interest. Whereas it has theoretically been predicted under which circumstances gene reuse is expected, empirical studies that directly compare systems showing high and low parallelism are rare. Three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), where freshwater populations have been independently founded by ancestral marine populations, represent prime examples of phenotypic and genomic parallelism, but cases exist where parallelism is low. Based on RAD (restriction site associated DNA) sequencing, we analysed SNPs and chromosome inversions in populations in Denmark and Greenland showing low and high parallelism, respectively. We identified parallelism across freshwater populations in Greenland at genomic regions previously identified to be associated with marine–freshwater divergence. These same markers also separated Danish marine and freshwater sticklebacks, albeit to a weaker extent. Hence, parallelism was not absent in Denmark but possibly constrained by spatially and temporally varying selection. Divergence time estimates found one Danish freshwater population to be much older than the others. It also deviated strongly with respect to parallelism and may represent earlier postglacial colonization based on a different pool of standing variation and eliciting different adaptive responses to freshwater conditions. These findings provide empirical support to previous suggestions that the time since replicate populations had access to a common pool of standing variation is a major factor determining gene reuse. At last, based on the observed parallelism in the Greenlandic system we discuss the predictability of adaptive responses in newly established populations.
Urbanization as a facilitator of gene flow in a human health pest
Authors: Miles Lindsay S. , Johnson J. Chadwick , Dyer Rodney J. , Verrelli Brian C.
Published: July 2018

Urban fragmentation can reduce gene flow that isolates populations, reduces genetic diversity and increases population differentiation, all of which have negative conservation implications. Alternatively, gene flow may actually be increased among urban areas consistent with an urban facilitation model. In fact, urban adapter pests are able to thrive in the urban environment and may be experiencing human‐mediated transport. Here, we used social network theory with a population genetic approach to investigate the impact of urbanization on genetic connectivity in the Western black widow spider, as an urban pest model of human health concern. We collected genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism variation from mitochondrial and nuclear double‐digest RAD (ddRAD) sequence data sets from 210 individuals sampled from 11 urban and 10 nonurban locales across its distribution of the Western United States. From urban and nonurban contrasts of population, phylogenetic, and network analyses, urban locales have higher within‐population genetic diversity, lower between‐population genetic differentiation and higher estimates of genetic connectivity. Social network analyses show that urban locales not only have more connections, but can act as hubs that drive connectivity among nonurban locales, which show signatures of historical isolation. These results are consistent with an urban facilitation model of gene flow and demonstrate the importance of sampling multiple cities and markers to identify the role that urbanization has had on larger spatial scales. As the urban landscape continues to grow, this approach will help determine what factors influence the spread and adaptation of pests, like the venomous black widow spider, in building policies for human and biodiversity health.
Speciation in sympatry with ongoing secondary gene flow and a potential olfactory trigger in a radiation of Cameroon cichlids
Authors: Poelstra Jelmer W. , Richards Emilie J. , Martin Christopher H.
Published: July 2018

The process of sympatric speciation in nature remains a fundamental unsolved problem. Cameroon crater lake cichlid radiations were long regarded as one of the most compelling examples; however, recent work showed that their origins were more complex than a single colonization event followed by isolation. Here, we performed a detailed investigation of the speciation history of a radiation ofCoptodoncichlids from Lake Ejagham, Cameroon, using whole‐genome sequencing data. The existence of the Lake EjaghamCoptodonradiation is remarkable as this 0.5 km2lake offers limited scope for divergence across a shallow depth gradient, disruptive selection is currently weak, and the species are sexually monochromatic. We infer that Lake Ejagham was colonized byCoptodoncichlids soon after its formation 9,000 years ago, yet speciation occurred only in the last 1,000–2,000 years. We show that secondary gene flow from a nearby riverine species has been ongoing, into ancestral as well as extant lineages, and we identify and date river‐to‐lake admixture blocks. One block contains a cluster of olfactory receptor genes that introgressed near the time of the first speciation event and coincides with a higher overall rate of admixture. Olfactory signalling is a key component of mate choice and species recognition in cichlids. A functional role for this introgression event is consistent with previous findings that sexual isolation appears much stronger than ecological isolation in EjaghamCoptodon. We conclude that speciation in this radiation took place in sympatry, yet may have benefited from ongoing riverine gene flow.
Pathway position constrains the evolution of an ecologically important pathway in aspens (Populus tremula L.)
Authors: Cole Christopher T. , Ingvarsson Pär K.
Published: July 2018

Many ecological interactions of aspens and their relatives (Populus spp.) are affected by products of the phenylpropanoid pathway synthesizing condensed tannins (CTs), whose production involves trade‐offs with other ecologically important compounds and with growth. Genes of this pathway are candidates for investigating the role of selection on ecologically important, polygenic traits. We analysed sequences from 25 genes representing 10 steps of the CT synthesis pathway, which produces CTs used in defence and lignins used for growth, in 12 individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula). We compared these to homologs from P. trichocarpa, to a control set of 77 P. tremula genes, to genome‐wide resequencing data and to RNA‐seq expression levels, in order to identify signatures of selection distinct from those of demography. In Populus, pathway position exerts a strong influence on the evolution of these genes. Nonsynonymous diversity, divergence and allele frequency shifts (Tajima's D) were much lower than for synonymous measures. Expression levels were higher, and the direction of selection more negative, for upstream genes than for those downstream. Selective constraints act with increasing intensity on upstream genes, despite the presence of multiple paralogs in most gene families. Pleiotropy, expression level, flux control and codon bias appear to interact in determining levels and patterns of variation in genes of this pathway, whose products mediate a wide array of ecological interactions for this widely distributed species.
Inferring selection in instances of long‐range colonization: The Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Ruiz Daniels Rose , Taylor Richard S. , Serra‐Varela María Jesús , Vendramin Giovanni G. , González‐Martínez Santiago C. , Grivet Delphine
Published: July 2018

Teasing apart the effects of natural selection and demography on current allele frequencies is challenging, due to both processes leaving a similar molecular footprint. In particular, when attempting to identify selection in species that have undergone a recent range expansion, the increase in genetic drift at the edges of range expansions (“allele surfing”) can be a confounding factor. To address this potential issue, we first assess the long‐range colonization history of the Aleppo pine across the Mediterranean Basin, using molecular markers. We then look for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in local adaptation using: (a) environmental correlation methods (bayenv2), focusing on bioclimatic variables important for the species’ adaptation (i.e., temperature, precipitation and water availability); and (b) FST‐related methods (pcadapt). To assess the rate of false positives caused by the allele surfing effect, these results are compared with results from simulated SNP data that mimics the species’ past range expansions and the effect of genetic drift, but with no selection. We find that the Aleppo pine shows a previously unsuspected complex genetic structure across its range, as well as evidence of selection acting on SNPs involved with the response to bioclimatic variables such as drought. This study uses an original approach to disentangle the confounding effects of drift and selection in range margin populations. It also contributes to the increased evidence that plant populations are able to adapt to new environments despite the expected accumulation of deleterious mutations that takes place during long‐range colonizations.
The cotton stainer's gut microbiota suppresses infection of a cotransmitted trypanosomatid parasite
Authors: Onchuru Thomas O. , Martinez Adam J. , Kaltenpoth Martin
Published: July 2018

The evolutionary and ecological success of many insects is attributed to mutualistic partnerships with bacteria that confer hosts with novel traits including food digestion, nutrient supplementation, detoxification of harmful compounds and defence against natural enemies. Dysdercus fasciatus firebugs (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae), commonly known as cotton stainers, possess a simple but distinctive gut bacterial community including B vitamin‐supplementing Coriobacteriaceae symbionts. In addition, their guts are often infested with the intestinal trypanosomatid parasite Leptomonas pyrrhocoris (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). In this study, using experimental bioassays and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we report on the protective role of the D. fasciatus gut bacteria against L. pyrrhocoris. We artificially infected 2nd instars of dysbiotic and symbiotic insects with a parasite culture and measured parasite titres, developmental time and survival rates. Our results show that L. pyrrhocoris infection increases developmental time and slightly modifies the quantitative composition of the gut microbiota. More importantly, we found significantly higher parasite titres and a tendency towards lower survival rates in parasite‐infected dysbiotic insects compared to symbiotic controls, indicating that the gut bacteria successfully interfere with the establishment or proliferation of L. pyrrhocoris. The colonization of symbiotic bacteria on the peritrophic matrix along the gut wall, as revealed by FISH, likely acts as a barrier blocking parasite attachment or entry into the hemolymph. Our findings show that in addition to being nutritionally important, D. fasciatus’ gut bacteria complement the host's immune system in preventing parasite invasions and that a stable gut microbial community is integral for the host's health.
When I say … fairness in selection
Authors: Tiffin Paul A , Alexander Kirsty , Cleland Jennifer
Published: July 2018

The authors argue that Sen's ‘capability approach’ can be extended to gain a more effective understanding of the concept of ‘fairness in selection’
Mapping institutional mechanisms of ethno‐national representation: towards a better measurement approach
Authors: Schertzer Robert
Published: July 2018

Measuring institutional mechanisms that facilitate ethno‐national representation is a difficult enterprise. Most studies examine the electoral system, while a set of other indices focus on designs and policies related to minority recognition. This article addresses a number of gaps in the existing literature by taking a wide view that considers a breadth of institutional designs that facilitate representation in a political system. The goal is to recalibrate our theoretical and empirical approach to measuring ethno‐national representation – to move beyond narrower assessments based solely on the electoral system, while also providing additional depth and breadth to existing indices and studies of related aspects of institutional design. To achieve this goal, the article (1) constructs an analytical framework that accounts for the institutional mechanisms that facilitate the direct and indirect representation of ethno‐national minorities across both macro‐level and micro‐level institutional designs in a state and (2) applies this framework to map institutional designs in twelve states to provide an indication of the usefulness of a new measurement tool (a representation index). The argument is that this framework and tool provide a corrective to the limitations of current approaches, advancing our ability to measure the institutional mechanisms of minority representation.
How an Orthodox Accusation Became a Source of Inspiration for Congar's pneumatology
Authors: Arteaga Pablo
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that due to the so-called “accusation of Christomonism” made especially by the Orthodox observers during the Vatican II sessions, the pneumatology of French theologian Yves Congar proceeded to develop in a way that would have never happened without such a reproach. We will go through the accusation itself, its theological consequences, and then we will study the direct and indirect responses of Congar. Was Congar even aware of the effects that this accusation had on his theology?
Perceptions of Iranian parents towards the paternal role in raising adolescent children
Authors: Rahkar Farshi Mahni , Valizadeh Leila , Zamanzadeh Vahid , Rssouli Mryam , Lopez Violeta , Cleary Michelle
Published: July 2018

In Iran, as in other nations, adolescence can be a challenging period for both parents and their children. Typically, mothers assume the main role of parenting, which can have a negative impact either directly or indirectly on paternal involvement, or conversely, play a positive role of mediation between fathers and their adolescent children. In the present study, we report on a qualitative study conducted in 2016 that explored the perceptions of Iranian parents toward the paternal role in raising adolescent children. Twenty three mothers and fathers of adolescent children were interviewed to explore their views and experiences with paternal roles in raising adolescent children. Four themes emerged from the data: (i) limited father–child interactions; (ii) mother‐led parenting; (iii) father–child conflict; and (iv) united front parenting. The findings suggest that mothers maintain a prime role in parenting, but that the involvement of fathers can have a negative or positive impact on adolescent development, depending on the level and quality of that involvement. Strategies need to be explored for how parents can best support one another to engage in the development of adolescent children.
Wahlenbergia cordiformis sp. nov. (Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae), a new woody species from Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Engelbrecht Mischke , Cupido Christopher N.
Published: July 2018

Wahlenbergia cordiformis, a new species of the Lightfootia‐type is described and illustrated. It is currently only known from the farm Knolfontein, in the Swartruggens region, north east of Ceres in the Western Cape, South Africa. The closest relative of W. cordiformis is unclear, but it may be closely related to either W. tenella, W. nodosa, W. tenerrima, W. oligantha or W. neorigida. Wahlenbergia cordiformis is distinguished from them by its cordate, leaf‐like calyx lobes.
Spiradiclis lui, a new species of Rubiaceae from Guangxi, China
Authors: Zhang Fan , Liu Yan , Wen Zhao‐Jie , Wu Lei
Published: July 2018

Spiradiclis lui, a new species of Rubiaceae growing inside limestone caves and on wet shaded limestone walls in Guangxi, southwestern China is here described as most similar to S. umbelliformis, but differing from the latter in its glabrous stems, ovate or oval leaf blades, and the position of stamens and stigmas inside corollas. The conservation status of the novelity is asessed as ‘Vulnerable’ (VU) according to the IUCN red list categories and criteria. A diagnostic key to the species of Spiradiclis with corolla tubes longer than 12 mm is also provided.
3D follow‐up study of facial asymmetry after developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Launonen A. , Maikku M. , Vuollo V. , Pirttiniemi P. , Valkama A. M. , Heikkinen T. , Kau C. H. , Harila V.
Published: July 2018

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate the change in facial asymmetry among subjects treated for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) from childhood to adolescence.

Setting and sample population

A total of 39 adolescents (26 females and 13 males), born and treated for DDH during 1997‐2001, participated in the first examination in 2007 (T1; at the age of 8.2) and in the follow‐up in 2016 (T2; at the age of 16.6).

Material and methods

In this longitudinal study, three‐dimensional (3D) images were taken using a 3DMD face system based on a stereophotogrammetric method. Facial asymmetry was determined as the average distance (mm) calculated between the original and superimposed mirrored face and the symmetry percentage (%) calculated as the face area where the distance between the original face and the mirrored surface does not exceed 0.5 mm.

Results

Results showed increased asymmetry from T1 to T2. The average distance increased for whole face (from 0.51 mm to 0.59 mm, P = .001), upper face (from 0.41 mm to 0.49 mm, P = .005), mid‐face (from 0.48 mm to 0.57, P = .002) and lower face (from 0.74 mm to 0.85 mm, P = .147). Facial symmetry percentage decreased for whole face from 61.23% to 55.38% (P = .011), for upper face from 69.27% to 62.24% (P = .005) and for mid‐face from 62.29% to 55.63% (P = .007) and for lower face from 43.37% to 42.19% (P = .66).

Conclusion

Facial asymmetry increases from childhood to adulthood in subjects treated for DDH. Orthodontic treatment does not eliminate this asymmetric facial growth.
Gal d 1‐specific IgE predicts allergy to heated egg in Finnish children
Authors: Palosuo Kati , Kukkonen Anna Kaarina , Pelkonen Anna Susanna , Mäkelä Mika Juhani
Published: July 2018

Background

Allergen‐specific IgE levels can be useful in predicting outcomes of oral food challenges, but optimal cutoff levels vary in different populations. The aim was to determine cutoff values for egg white‐ and Gal d 1‐, Gal d 2‐, Gal d 3‐, and Gal d 4‐specific IgE (sIgE) predicting positive oral heated egg challenges in 185 Finnish children and adolescents.

Methods

A total of 185 egg‐sensitized patients (age: 1‐19 years, median: 6.3, mean: 7.0 years) with suspected egg allergy underwent double‐blind, placebo‐controlled (n = 78), or open (n = 107) oral food challenges with heated egg white. Specific IgE levels to egg white, Gal d 1 (ovomucoid), Gal d 2 (ovalbumin), Gal d 3 (conalbumin), and Gal d 4 (lysozyme) were measured by ImmunoCAP and compared with challenge outcomes.

Results

Of the 185 challenges, 124 (67%) were positive. Gal d 1 sIgE levels were significantly higher in the challenge‐positive (median 13.5 kU/L, mean 33.2 kU/L) than in the challenge‐negative group (median 0.2 kU/L, mean 1.2 kU/L), P < 0.0001. The diagnostic capacity of sIgE to egg white and Gal d 2, 3, and 4 was clearly weaker. In ROC analysis, the AUC for egg white was 0.86, Gal d 2 0.84, Gal d 3 0.79, and Gal d 4 0.77. Sensitization to Gal d 1 with a cutoff of value of >3.7 kU/L predicted a positive challenge with a specificity of 95% and sensitivity of 78%. The likelihood ratio was 15.9. In ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91‐0.97). With a cutoff value of >14 kU/L, all challenges were positive, and with a cutoff of <0.9 kU/L, 95% of the challenges were negative. In the children aged 1‐5 years (n = 88), the cutoff for Gal d 1 was >3.8 kU/L, and in the children above 6 years of age (n = 97), it was >3.5 kU/L.

Conclusion

Gal d 1‐specific IgE is useful in distinguishing egg‐sensitized patients with clinically reactive egg allergy from those tolerant of heated egg. The optimal cutoff point in a Finnish population of 185 children and adolescents was 3.7 kU/L with no significant difference between the younger and older age groups.
Cellular immunopathogenesis in primary Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy
Authors: Piao Lian Xun , Cheng Jia Hui , Aosai Fumie , Zhao Xu Dong , Norose Kazumi , Jin Xue Jun
Published: July 2018

Congenital toxoplasmosis is caused by the vertical transmission of infection from mother to foetus through the placenta when a pregnant woman is infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Congenital infection can have serious consequences, such as intrauterine abortion, foetal death and severe neurological, ocular or other organ damage in the foetus. In this review, we focus on recent publications investigating vertical transmission of T. gondii infection, cellular immunopathogenesis and protective immunity in primary toxoplasmosis during pregnancy.
Seed ecology of the geophyte Conopodium majus (Apiaceae), indicator species of ancient woodland understories and oligotrophic meadows
Authors: Blandino C. , Fernández‐Pascual E. , Marin M. , Vernet A. , Pritchard H. W.
Published: July 2018

Conopodium majus is a geophyte with pseudomonocotyly, distributed in Atlantic Europe. It is an indicator of two declining European habitats: ancient woodland understories and oligotrophic hay meadows. Attempts to reintroduce it by seed have been hindered by scarce seedling emergence and limited knowledge of its seed biology.

Micro‐CT scanning was used to assess pseudomonocotyly. Embryo growth and germination were studied in the laboratory and the field, using dissection and image analysis. The effects of temperature, light, nitrate and GA3 on germination were tested. Seed desiccation tolerance was investigated by storage at different RHs and by drying seeds at different stages of embryo growth.

Seeds possess morphological but not physiological dormancy. Embryo growth and germination were promoted by temperatures between 0 and 5 °C, arrested above 10 °C, and indifferent to alternating temperatures, light, nitrate and GA3. Pseudomonocotyly appears to result from cotyledon fusion. While seeds tolerated drying to 15% RH and storage for 1 year at 20 °C, viability was lost when storage was at 60% RH. Seeds imbibed at 5 °C for 84 days had significant internal embryo growth but were still able to tolerate drying to 15% RH.

Reproduction by seed in C. majus follows a strategy shared by geophytes adapted to deciduous temperate forests. The evolution of fused cotyledons may enable the radicle and the hypocotyl to reach deeper into the soil where a tuber can develop. The embryo is capable of growth within the seed at low temperatures so that germination is timed for early spring.
Concentrations of immune marker in newborn dried blood spots and early childhood development: Results from the Upstate KIDS Study
Authors: Ghassabian Akhgar , Sundaram Rajeshwari , Chahal Nikhita , McLain Alexander C. , Bell Erin M. , Lawrence David A. , Gilman Stephen E. , Yeung Edwina H.
Published: July 2018

Background

Evidence shows cytokine dysregulation in children with developmental disabilities. The association between immune activity during the perinatal period and child development is less clear.

Methods

We examined the relationship between newborn concentrations of immune markers and child development. Within Upstate KIDS, a population‐based birth cohort (2008‐2010, upstate New York), we assayed immune markers, which are postulated to have neuro‐modulatory effects, in newborn dried blood spots (NDBS, n = 3038). Mothers completed the Ages & Stages Questionnaire© (ASQ) for their children repeatedly through age 36 months. At 30 and 36 months, mothers also reported whether their children received any developmental services. We used generalised linear mixed models adjusted for maternal and child characteristics to test associations.

Results

Sixteen immune markers were associated with failing ASQ in unadjusted models. After full adjustment (for gestational age, mode of delivery, parity, pregnancy smoking, etc.), we observed that higher levels of 4 markers, including platelet‐derived growth factor‐AA (PDGF‐AA, OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67, 0.89), plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68, 0.94), stromal cell derived factor‐1 (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73, 0.98), and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1beta (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77, 0.98) were associated with lower odds of ASQ failure. The associations did not exist if correction for multiple comparisons was performed, except for PDGF‐AA. Analyses with developmental service use revealed similar null findings.

Conclusions

Immune marker concentrations in NDBS may not be associated with developmental delay in the general population. Newborn concentrations of growth factor PDGF‐AA may be protective of developmental delay in childhood.
Errors on a computer task and subclinical symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Christensen Katherine E. , Lundwall Rebecca A.
Published: July 2018

Previous reports have found increased error rate for children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on response time (RT) computer tasks. Here we attempt the conceptual replication and extension of two studies that examined error rate in a general population of children (N = 203). Study 1 followed Johnstone and Galletta but considered associations between scores on a dimensional measure of ADHD symptoms (rather than comparing those with or without an ADHD diagnosis) and the frequency of commission and omission errors. Study 2 followed Shiels, Tamm & Epstein and examined post‐error adjustment in the same group of children as for Study 1. Study 1 did not replicate previous findings of no increase in errors of commission in those with higher ADHD symptoms (Johnstone & Galletta). Instead, we found that younger children with lower ADHD symptoms were more likely to make commission errors, while omission errors did not vary with age. Study 2 replicated the previous finding of less RT slowing in children with more ADHD symptoms, extending this finding to a general population of children. Namely, as ADHD symptoms increase, RT slowing is less likely, putting children with higher ADHD symptoms at risk of additional errors. Overall, we extend previous ADHD research to typically developing children with ADHD symptoms.
Rapid bedside rejuvenation of red blood cell with an autologous cell salvage device
Authors: Enten G. , Dalvi P. , Martini N. , Kausch K. , Gray A. , Landrigan M. , Mangar D. , Camporesi E.
Published: July 2018

Background and Objectives

During storage, red blood cells (RBCs) undergo physicochemical changes which affect the quality, function, and in vivo survival of transfused packed RBCs (pRBC). Changes include decreased 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) levels, decreased ATP, changes in mechanical properties and oxidative injury. RBC rejuvenation is a method used to increase levels of 2,3‐DPG and ATP in pRBCs. This process requires incubating the pRBCs with a rejuvenation solution and subsequent washing. Standard blood bank protocols using the COBE 2991 Cell Processor require several hours of preparation. The objective of this study was to verify if a bedside protocol for rejuvenating pRBC and washing with the Sorin Xtra autologous cell salvage system could be used.

Materials and Methods

Outdated pRBC units were obtained and rejuvenated in a model operating suite using a dry air incubator for 1 h at 37°C. Six units of pRBCs were pre‐diluted with saline (1000 ml) and six units were not pre‐diluted with saline. All units were washed with normal saline (1000 ml) using an apheresis‐design cell salvage device in manual mode and wash volume set to 3000 ml. Samples were collected and analyzed for standard RBC quality parameters at baseline and post‐wash.

Results

Total pRBC wash efficiency was 94% ± 12% at a final hematocrit of 67.7 ± 5.9% while maintaining post‐wash hemolysis 0.24 ± 0.12 %. Pre‐dilution prior to washing did not confer statistically significant differences in final RBC quality parameters with the notable exceptions of calculated hemolysis and supernatant potassium levels (P < 0.05). The washing process can be completed within 10 min. The post‐wash RBC parameters are appropriate for immediate transfusion to patients.
Long-term viability of carbon sequestration in deep-sea sediments
Authors: Teng Yihua , Zhang Dongxiao
Published: July 2018

This article investigates the viability of CO
2
storage in deep-sea sediments via a systematic study of the long-term fate of CO
2
.
A BK channel–mediated feedback pathway links single-synapse activity with action potential sharpening in repetitive firing
Authors: Roshchin Matvey V. , Matlashov Mikhail E. , Ierusalimsky Victor N. , Balaban Pavel M. , Belousov Vsevolod V. , Kemenes György , Staras Kevin , Nikitin Evgeny S.
Published: July 2018

Activated single synapses sharpen future action potential shape in repetitive firing.
The human naive B cell repertoire contains distinct subclasses for a germline-targeting HIV-1 vaccine immunogen
Authors: Havenar-Daughton Colin , Sarkar Anita , Kulp Daniel W. , Toy Laura , Hu Xiaozhen , Deresa Isaiah , Kalyuzhniy Oleksandr , Kaushik Kirti , Upadhyay Amit A. , Menis Sergey , Landais Elise , Cao Liwei , Diedrich Jolene K. , Kumar Sonu , Schiffner Torben , Reiss Samantha M. , Seumois Grégory , Yates John R. , Paulson James C. , Bosinger Steven E. , Wilson Ian A. , Schief William R. , Crotty Shane
Published: July 2018

Inspection of the naive B cell repertoire specific for an HIV vaccine immunogen provides actionable information for human vaccine design and advancement.
HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors That Are Broadly Effective against Drug-Resistant Mutants
Authors: Smith Steven J. , Zhao Xue Zhi , Burke Terrence R. , Hughes Stephen H.
Published: July 2018

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have emerged as clinically effective therapeutics that inhibit HIV-1 replication by blocking the strand transfer reaction catalyzed by HIV-1 integrase (IN). Of the three FDA-approved INSTIs, dolutegravir (DTG) is the least apt to select for resistance.
A Short Protocol for Gene Knockout and Complementation in Xylella fastidiosa Shows that One of the Type IV Pilin Paralogs (PD1926) Is Needed for Twitching while Another (PD1924) Affects Pilus Number and Location
Authors: Kandel Prem P. , Chen Hongyu , De La Fuente Leonardo
Published: July 2018

The bacterial plant pathogen
Xylella fastidiosa
causes incurable diseases in multiple hosts, including grape, citrus, and blueberry. Historically restricted to the Americas, it was recently found to cause epidemics in olives in Italy and to infect other hosts in Europe and Asia. In this study, we report a short protocol to create deletion and complemented mutants using fusion PCR and natural transformation. We also determined the distinct function of two pilin paralogs, the main structural component of TFP involved in twitching motility, which allows this bacterium to move inside the xylem vessels against the flow. One of the paralogs is needed for twitching movement, whereas the other does not have an effect on motility but influences the number and position of TFP. Since twitching motility is fundamental for the virulence of this xylem-limited bacterium, this study contributes to the understanding of the regulation of virulence by this pathogen.
Draft Genome Sequences of Three Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,[5],12:i:− Strains and One S. enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain, Isolated in Brazil
Authors: Sales Ana Isabela Lopes , Milanez Guilherme Paier , Nascimento Leandro C. , do Carmo Camila Pinheiro , da Costa Fernanda Luz Paulino , Pereira Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães , Martinez Roberto , Brocchi Marcelo
Published: July 2018

Draft genomes of three
Salmonella enterica
4,[5],12:i:− (STi) strains isolated from human infections were obtained using Illumina sequencing. They were negative for the
fljBA
operon but positive for
hin
, and k-mer analyses revealed their identity as
S. enterica
4,[5],12:i:− 08-1736 and
S
.
Genomic Analysis of a Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Circulating in Pig Farms in West China
Authors: Zhang Chenyu , Shan Hu , Wen Jianxin
Published: July 2018

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which leads to tremendous economic losses worldwide, is currently one of the most threatening viruses for the swine industry. However, PRRSV outbreaks in West China are rarely reported, even though the virus has remained active for a long time across the country.
Complete Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus paracasei EG9, a Strain Accelerating Free Amino Acid Production during Cheese Ripening
Authors: Asahina Yui , Shiroma Akino , Nakano Kazuma , Tamotsu Hinako , Ashimine Noriko , Shinzato Misuzu , Minami Maiko , Shimoji Makiko , Nakanishi Tetsuhiro , Ohki Shun , Teruya Kuniko , Satou Kazuhito , Kobayashi Miho , Hagi Tatsuro , Moriya Naoko , Suzuki Chise , Tajima Atsushi , Nomura Masaru , Hirano Takashi
Published: July 2018

Lactobacillus paracasei
EG9 is a strain isolated from well-ripened cheese and accelerates free amino acid production during cheese ripening. Its complete genome sequence was determined using the PacBio RS II platform, revealing a single circular chromosome of 2,927,257 bp, a G+C content of 46.59%, and three plasmids.
Development and Optimization of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Methods for Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostics
Authors: Simner Patricia J. , Miller Heather B. , Breitwieser Florian P. , Pinilla Monsalve Gabriel , Pardo Carlos A. , Salzberg Steven L. , Sears Cynthia L. , Thomas David L. , Eberhart Charles G. , Carroll Karen C.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize different processing, extraction, amplification, and sequencing methods for metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens. We applied mNGS to 10 CSF samples with known standard-of-care testing (SoC) results (8 positive and 2 negative).
Preadaptation of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsmm Facilitated Env-Mediated Counteraction of Human Tetherin by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2
Authors: Heusinger Elena , Deppe Katja , Sette Paola , Krapp Christian , Kmiec Dorota , Kluge Silvia F. , Marx Preston A. , Apetrei Cristian , Kirchhoff Frank , Sauter Daniel
Published: July 2018

HIV-2 groups A to I resulted from nine independent cross-species transmission events of SIVsmm to humans and differ considerably in their prevalence and geographic spread. Thus, detailed characterization of these viruses offers a valuable means to elucidate immune evasion mechanisms and human-specific adaptations determining viral spread. In a systematic comparison of rare and epidemic HIV-2 groups and their simian SIVsmm counterparts, we found that the ability of Nef to downmodulate the primary viral entry receptor CD4 and the T cell receptor CD3 is conserved, while effects on CD28, CD74, and major histocompatibility complex class I surface expression vary considerably. Furthermore, we show that not only the Env proteins of HIV-2 groups A, AB, F, and I but also those of some SIVsmm isolates antagonize human tetherin. This finding helps to explain why SIVsmm has been able to cross the species barrier to humans on at least nine independent occasions.
Hepacivirus A Infection in Horses Defines Distinct Envelope Hypervariable Regions and Elucidates Potential Roles of Viral Strain and Adaptive Immune Status in Determining Envelope Diversity and Infection Outcome
Authors: Ramsay Joshua D. , Evanoff Ryan , Mealey Robert H.
Published: July 2018

Hepacivirus C (hepatitis C virus) is estimated to infect 150 million people worldwide and is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In contrast, its closest relative, hepacivirus A, causes relatively mild disease in horses and is frequently cleared. The relationship between quasispecies evolution and infection outcome has not been explored for hepacivirus A. To address this knowledge gap, we examined envelope gene diversity in horses with resolving and persistent infections. Interestingly, two strain-specific patterns of quasispecies diversity emerged. Persistence of the WSU strain was associated with increased quasispecies diversity and the accumulation of amino acid changes within three novel hypervariable regions following seroconversion. These findings provided evidence that envelope gene mutation is influenced by adaptive immune pressure and may contribute to hepacivirus persistence. However, the CU strain persisted despite relative evolutionary stasis, suggesting that some hepacivirus strains may use alternative mechanisms to persist in the host.
Preservatives in glaucoma medication
Authors: Steven David W , Alaghband Pouya , Lim Kin Sheng
Published: July 2018

Preservatives continue to be in widespread use in ophthalmic medications due to the convenience they provide, regulatory requirements and the higher cost of alternatives. Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) remains the most commonly used preservative but there is a trend towards the use of preservative-free (PF) drops for glaucoma, although at a higher price. An extensive body of literature explores BAK toxicity on ocular structures in animal and laboratory studies (in vitro and in vivo). Non-randomised controlled studies have provided some supporting evidence of its toxicity in patients, especially in those with pre-existing ocular surface disease (OSD) or on multiple medications. However, there have been very few randomised controlled trials that compare the same medication with and without BAK preservative. Several of these trials have never been published in any peer reviewed journals. Notwithstanding, those that have been published, have not demonstrated any clear benefits of the BAK-free formulations. Short duration and exclusion of those with OSD are limitations of these studies. There is a lack of evidence of clinically significant harm from a small number of BAK preserved drops in patients without OSD. This means that generally more expensive PF glaucoma medications should only be recommended for those on poly pharmacy or those with OSD but are not necessarily required for all patients.
Optic nerve oedema at high altitude occurs independent of acute mountain sickness
Authors: Schatz Andreas , Guggenberger Vanessa , Fischer M Dominik , Schommer Kai , Bartz-Schmidt Karl Ulrich , Gekeler Florian , Willmann Gabriel
Published: July 2018

Background/aims

The study aims to investigate changes in the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) at high altitude and to assess correlation to optic disc oedema (ODE) and acute mountain sickness (AMS). This investigation is part of the Tübingen High Altitude Ophthalmology study.

Methods

Fourteen volunteers ascended to 4559 m for 4 days before returning to low altitude. Ultrasonography of ONSD, quantification of optic disc parameters using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope and fluorescein angiography were performed at 341 m and at high altitude. Pearson’s coefficient was used to correlate changes in ONSD with the optic disc and AMS. Assessment of AMS was performed using the Lake Louise (LL) and AMS-cerebral (AMS-C) scores of the Environmental Symptom Questionnaire-III. All volunteers were clinically monitored for heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2).

Results

The mean ONSD at high altitude (4.6±0.3 mm, p<0.05) was significantly increased compared with baseline (3.8±0.4 mm) and remained enlarged throughout high-altitude exposure. This change in ONSD did not correlate with AMS (AMS-C, r=0.26, p=0.37; LL, r=0.21, p=0.48) and high-altitude headache (r=0.54, p=0.046), or clinical parameters of SpO2 (r=0.11, p=0.72) and HR (r=0.22, p=0.44). Increased ONSD did not correlate with altered key stereometric parameters of the optic disc describing ODE at high altitude (r<0.1, p>0.5).

Conclusion

High-altitude exposure leads to marked oedema formation of the optic nerve independent of AMS. Increased ONSD and ODE reflect hypoxia-driven oedema formation of the optic nerve at high altitude, providing important pathophysiological insight into high-altitude illness development and for future research.
Repeatability of vessel density measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal diseases
Authors: Lee Min-Woo , Kim Kyeung-Min , Lim Hyung-Bin , Jo Young-Joon , Kim Jung-Yeul
Published: July 2018

Aim

To analyse the repeatability of vessel density (VD) measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with retinal diseases.

Methods

Two consecutive VD measurements using OCTA were analysed prospectively in patients with retinal diseases (diabetic macular oedema (DME), retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with macular oedema, epiretinal membrane (ERM), wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD)). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV) and test-retest SD of VD measurements were assessed, and linear regression analyses were conducted to identify factors related to repeatability.

Results

A total of 134 eyes were analysed involving 20 eyes with DME, 44 eyes with RVO with macular oedema, 50 eyes with ERM and 20 eyes with wet AMD. The mean age was 64.9 years, and the mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.24. The mean central macular thickness (CMT) was 391.6 µm, and the mean ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness was 61.4 µm. In all four diseases, the ICC and CV of the full VD were 0.812 and 6.72%, respectively. Univariate analyses showed that the BCVA (B, 8.553; p=0.031), signal strength (B, −1.688; p=0.050), CMT (B, 0.019; p=0.015) and mean GC-IPL thickness (B, −0.103; p=0.001) were significant factors that affected the repeatability. Multivariate analyses of these factors showed a significant result for the GC-IPL thickness.

Conclusions

Measurements of the VD using OCTA showed relatively good repeatability for various retinal diseases. The BCVA, signal strength, CMT and GC-IPL thickness affected the repeatability, so these factors should be considered when analysing the VD.
Developing an ethics framework for living donor transplantation
Authors: Ross Lainie F , Thistlethwaite J Richard
Published: July 2018

Both living donor transplantation and human subjects research expose one set of individuals to clinical risks for the clinical benefits of others. In theBelmont Report,the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavior Research (National Commission) articulated three principles to serve as the basis for a research ethics framework: respect for persons, beneficence and justice. In contrast, living donor transplantation lacks a framework. In this manuscript, we adapt the three principles articulated in theBelmont Reportto serve as the foundation for an ethics framework for living donor transplantation which we supplement with the principles of vulnerability and responsibility. The National Commission supported additional protections for vulnerable groups of potential research participants. In 2001, Kenneth Kipnis effectively argued that the concept of vulnerable groups failed to explore in what ways particular groups of people were vulnerable, thereby risking unnecessary protections for some and inadequate protections for others. He proposed a taxonomy that explored different types of vulnerabilities that all research participants may experience to provide a more robust framework for human subjects protections, which we adapt to living donors. Robert Goodin claims that health professionals, who stand in special relationship with patients, are responsible for promoting and protecting their well-being. In living donor transplantation, the donor transplant team is responsible for empowering prospective donors to address their vulnerabilities and/or for protecting those who cannot by disqualifying them from donation.
Prognosis of asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular treatment
Authors: Hao Yonggang , Liu Wenhua , Wang Huaiming , Zi Wenjie , Yang Dong , Wang Wei , Tian Xiguang , Guo Fuqiang , Jin Ping , Xiong Yunyun , Liu Xinfeng , Xu Gelin
Published: July 2018

Objective

Asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (aSICH) is a common phenomenon after endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke, but its prognostic impacts remain unclear. This study evaluated functional outcomes of thrombectomy in patients with and without aSICH.

Methods

Patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large artery occlusion in the anterior circulation who were treated with thrombectomy were enrolled in 21 centers. According to CT scans performed within 72 hours of endovascular procedures, patients with aSICH or without intracranial hemorrhage were included while patients with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) were excluded. Baseline data and functional outcomes were compared between patients with aSICH and those without intracranial hemorrhage. Logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the impacts of aSICH on functional outcomes.

Results

Of the 632 patients with endovascular treatment, 101 (16.0%) were classified as having SICH, 212 (33.5%) as having aSICH, and 319 (50.5%) as being without intracranial hemorrhage. Patients with aSICH after endovascular treatment had a lower ratio of excellent outcome (mRS 0–1, OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.84, P=0.007) than those without intracranial hemorrhage. There were no significant differences concerning favorable outcome (mRS 0–2, OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.50 to 1.14, P=0.185) or mortality (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.38 to 1.09, P=0.101) between patients with aSICH and those without intracranial hemorrhage.

Conclusions

In an Asian population, aSICH after thrombectomy may decrease the likelihood of an excellent functional outcome but does not influence a favorable outcome and mortality in patients with ischemic stroke due to large artery occlusion in the anterior circulation.