bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PTERIONAL ORBITAL DECOMPRESSION IN PROGRESSIVE OPHTHALMOPATHY OF GRAVES‘ DISEASE
Authors: ALGVERE P. , ALMQVIST S. , BACKLUND E.‐O.
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐seven patients with Graves' disease and progressive ophthalmopathy in an advanced stage underwent a transtemporal orbital decompression. The long‐term effects, i.e. after 11/2 2–7 years, are reported.

As a rule, the beneficial results of the surgery were stable and long‐lasting. Visual acuity improved in 20 of 22 eyes in which it was reduced preoperatively. Regression of proptosis persisted in the majority of patients. The surgery permanently relieved photophobia in 17 patients and lacrimation in 18 of 27 patients.
LISSAMINE GREEN
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

The present investigation comprised 171 eyes examined in the slit lamp and 99 specimens of mucous thread, epithelial scrapings, and conjunctival fluid subjected to microscopy after vital staining by lissamine green, in most cases combined with rose bengal.

Lissamine green is suitable for vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva.

The dye stains degenerate cells, dead cells and mucus. Its vital‐staining properties are almost identical with those of rose bengal.

If used successively, the primarily employed component will predominate over the other.

A mixture of lissamine green and rose bengal constitutes a blue, stable vital stain yielding mainly a blue colour, although green and red may also be seen.

On the average, 70.5 % of the mucous thread is stained blue, 20.1 % green, and 9.3 % red, the zones of different colours alternating along the length of the thread.
CRITICAL FLICKER FREQUENCY (CFF) IN MAN DURING INDUCED OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: BERGGREN LENNART
Published: May 2009

A method for determining critical flicker frequency (CFF) in the central parts of the visual field has been developed. Registration was performed under standard conditions as well as during acute intraocular pressure rise. Intraocular hypertension was induced by dynamometry calibrated by applanation tonometry. With the subject serving as his own control a rather abrupt decrease in CFF was found for central as well as eccentric stimuli at an IOP of about 40–50 mm Hg.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SHEEP RETINA
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , KNAVE BENGT G. , PERSSON HANS E. , LUNT TÖNIS
Published: May 2009

The present investigation was undertaken in order to provide a necessary ultrastructural basis for the complete interpretation of recent findings on the electrophysiology of the sheep retina and on the influence on retinal function of certain drugs and toxic substances. The sheep retina was shown to be a mixed retina with a rather large number of cones. The receptor cells were conventional in shape. Typical differences in light and electron optical density between rod and cone ellipsoids could be explained as differences in stainability of the mitochondrial content. Specific connections between the outer segment disks and the plasma membrane as well as the occurrence of phagosomes in the pigment epithelial cells are discussed in relation to the development and the renewal of the receptor outer segment. No melanin granules were seen in the pigment epithelium of the investigated specimens, which were all taken from the tapetal area of the fundus. The possible relation between lipid‐like bodies in the pigment epithelium and vitamin A metabolism is discussed.
ACQUIRED DYSCHROMATOPSIA IN SUCCESSFULLY TREATED RETINAL DETACHMENTS
Authors: BHARGAVA S. K. , PHILLIPS C. I. , ASPINALL P. A.
Published: May 2009

The colour vision of 10 patients with successfully treated unilateral retinal detachment with macular involvement was tested with the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐Hue test. A method has been described for inter‐eye comparison on the 100‐Hue test error scores. In seven affected eyes the error scores were significantly worse at the 0.01 level of significance than those of their contralateral normal eyes. Three of the affected eyes had normal colour vision; two showed a Red‐Green colour defect; three showed a Yellow‐Blue colour defect and two were nonspecific. It is concluded that a retinal lesion can cause a RG colour defect in addition to the generally accepted YB and nonspecific colour defects. The uniocular dyschromatopsia is found to impair significantly (P < 0.01) the binocular vision when the patients' affected eye error scores and binocular error scores were compared with the uniocular and binocular error scores of age matched normal controls.
EMBOLISM OF THE CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY SECONDARY TO METASTATIC CARCINOMA
Authors: TARKKANEN AHTI , MERENMIES LAURI , MäKINEN JUDIT
Published: May 2009

A 54‐year‐old man experienced sudden loss of vision of one eye and was admitted four hours later for treatment of typical occlusion of the central retinal artery. The patient died three weeks later and the autopsy revealed bronchial carcinoma of the epidermoid type with metastasis in most visceral organs. Microscopic examination of the eye disclosed the central retinal artery to be patent but with atheromatous changes at the level of the lamina cribrosa. The retina showed evidence of acute ischaemic infarction of the inner retinal layers. Tumour emboli were observed in the retinal arterioles. Trypsin‐digest preparations were also employed to demonstrate tumour cells in the retinal arterioles.
DIFFRACTION AND VISUAL RESOLUTION
Authors: HALLDÉN ULF
Published: May 2009

Diffraction is generally regarded as the limiting factor of visual resolution, at least when the diameter of the pupil is less than 2.5 mm. This does not agree well with the clinical experience that it is not unusual for patients treated with miotics, who have a pupil diameter of less than 1 mm, to have normal visual acuity. A quantitative discussion of the diffraction pattern of a circular aperture and of the Stiles‐Crawford effect gives no adequate explanation of this discrepancy.
PILOMATRIXOMA
Authors: KLEENER JøRGEN
Published: May 2009

A clinical and histopathological study was made in 19 cases of pilomatrixoma (epithelioma calcificans Malherbe). Clinically the analysis confirmed that pilomatrixoma is often found in young females, usually above the palpebral fissure. Pilomatrixoma is a solid tumour adherent to the skin but not to the underlying tissue.

The histological picture shows epithelial strands and islands of characteristic “shadow cells”. The stroma is characterized by granulation tissue with foreign body giant cells. Calcifications almost always occur. The tumour is benign. Malherbe stated that the lesion was developed from the sebaceous glands, but to‐day the tumour is believed to originate from hair matrix cells. The name pilomatrixoma was therefore suggested as a better term. In none of the present cases was the correct diagnosis made clinically. In view of the difficulty in diagnosis it is emphasised that every tumour removed should be referred for histological examination.
INCIDENCE OF DEFECTS IN THE PIGMENTED PUPILLARY RUFF IN EYES WITH AND WITHOUT FIBRILLOPATHIA EPITHELIOCAPSULARIS
Authors: AASVED HENRY
Published: May 2009

The frequency of defects in the pigmented pupillary ruff has been studied in 75 persons with and 8,462 persons without fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudo‐exfoliation). In eyes without fibrillopathy the total frequency was 6.1%, increasing from 0.7% in the age group 40–49 years to 66.7% for persons above 90. In eyes with fibrillopathy, the total frequency was far higher, 74%, increasing from 42% in the age group 50–59 years to 90% in patients over 80. In persons with unilateral fibrillopathy the frequency of pupillary ruff was twice as great in eyes with fibrillopathy as it was in those without. It is assumed that in eyes with fibrillopathy there is an adhesion between the pigment layer of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens. Movements of the iris may then cause destruction of the iris pigment cells, followed by gradual depigmentation of the pupillary ruff.
STUDIES OF THE GENERATION OF EXPERIMENTAL THROMBOSIS BY ILLUMINATION WITH INTENSE LIGHT
Authors: BEBIE H. , FANKHAUSER F.
Published: May 2009

The obstruction of glass capillaries perfused with citrated blood by irradiation with intense light has been performed in order to simulate photocoagulation of retinal vessels under greatly simplified conditions. Flow velocities were varied between 0.5 and 5 cm sec‐1 and temperature and change of flow velocity were studied for irradiations which were followed by occlusive and non‐occlusive events. The experiments indicate that irradiation‐induced temperature rise interferes strongly with blood rheology when blood temperatures of about 60°C are approached. For flow velocities below 2.5 cm sec‐1, the minimum temperature leading to vessel obstruction was found to be 60°C, whereas for higher flow velocities this minimum thrombus inducing temperature rises rapidly. The rheological events leading to thrombus formation are complex, as evidenced by the flow velocity and temperature changes recorded during irradiation.
OPTIC AND DRUG PENALIZATION AND FAVOURING IN THE TREATMENT OF SQUINT AMBLYOPIA
Authors: GREGERSEN E. , PONTOPPIDAN M. , RINDZIUNSKI E.
Published: May 2009

The authors report the experience of so‐called penalization methods (optic and drug inhibition and favouring) in the treatment of squint amblyopia in a material of 23 children who had proved resistant to conventional occlusion therapy of a mean duration of 8 months. The ineffective occlusion therapy had been performed continuously in three and periodically in 20 of the patients. The mean age of the patients was 5 years, and the mean duration of squinting was 4 years before penalization therapy was instituted.

The unsuccessful occlusion was done by adhesive tape and in the majority of cases was given up by the patients and parents; in only three cases was it the doctor or orthoptist who decided to abandon the procedure. In our Clinic, occlusion therapy is rarely given up by the patient or the parents, so the present group represents exceptional cases.

In 17 of the 23 patients a considerable visual gain was obtained, the mean visual acuity in the amblyopic eye increasing from 6/24 to > 6/9. Visual improvement was not obtained in patients in whom conventional occlusion therapy had been carried out correctly and permanently for a long time before being given up. The penalization therapy lasted for an average of 10 months and was easy to carry through (only three patients gave up).
SEX‐LINKED ESSENTIAL NYCTALOPIA IN A NORWEGIAN FAMILY
Authors: SYVERSEN KJELL
Published: May 2009

Sex‐linked essential nyctalopia has been demonstrated in eight male members of a Norwegian family with a known occurrence of night‐blindness. The study includes six generations consisting of 65 persons of both sexes. All the persons with nyctalopia also had excessive myopia and reduced visual acuity. One female member had an incomplete picture of the syndrome, but no nyctalopia. It is suggested that she represents an incomplete genetic penetrance and a possible gene‐carrier.
CORNEAL AND FUNDUS CHANGES IN FAMILIAL LCAT‐DEFICIENCY
Authors: HØRVEN I. , EGGE K. , GJONE E.
Published: May 2009

Two patients with Familial LCAT‐deficiency are presented. Deposits of minute, grayish dots in the cornea gave it a nebulous appearance. Near the limbus these dots increased in numbers and formed a grayish, circular band resembling an arcus lipoides. These bilateral changes have been apparent from early childhood. The presence of arcus lipoides corneae before puberty should make the clinician think about this disease.

Fundus changes including retinal hemorrhages, disc protrusion and rupture of Bruch's membrane may be explained by deposits of pathological lipid material into these structures. Nervous manifestations have been found in other dyslipoproteinemias, but have not previously been described in Familial LCAT‐deficiency.
MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA OF THE EYE AND BRAIN Report of a case
Authors: HARSTAD HANS K. , ARNESEN KRISTEN
Published: May 2009

A case of malignant lymphoma (reticulosarcoma) of the eye and brain is reported in a 66‐year‐old man presenting clinically as bilateral uveitis. In the brain, the tumor was confined to the perivascular spaces and in the retina, tumor tissue was found round the retinal vessels, diffusely in the retina, in the subretinal space and to a very limited extent round choroidal vessels. It is postulated that originally the eye tumor was located in the perivascular spaces of the retina with secondary breaks into the other localizations.

It is suggested that this is a specific disease entity, different from the secondary affection of the eye in generalized lymphomas.

The nomenclature should be brought into accordance with the classification of malignant lymphomas advocated by Rappaport (1966) and it is suggested that the condition be designated as perivascular malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type, confined to the eye and brain.
INTER‐EYE COMPARISON ON THE 100 HUE TEST
Authors: ASPINALL P. A.
Published: May 2009

A test procedure is outlined and norms are given for inter‐eye comparisons on the 100 Hue test. The norms are applied by taking the square root of the error score in each eye and obtaining the difference between the two square roots. This difference is compared with values given for the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels. The calculation applies for all age groups and the norms are given for error scores less than 200. The method is particularly recommended in the clinical situation where a possible unilateral acquired dyschromatopsia can be assessed against a matched control.
THE EFFECT OF THE CURVATURE OF THE EYE SHELL ON THE ECHOGRAM
Authors: OKSALA ARVO , FRÄNKL GEORG
Published: May 2009

When sensitive ultrasonic equipment is used, both clinical and experimental examinations reveal one or more low echoes in front of the high rear wall echoes if the sound beam is directed perpendicularly to the rear wall past the lens. In the experimental part of the study 7.5 MHz/2 mm, 6 MHz/5 mm and 6 MHz/8 mm transducers were used for the purpose of finding out the origin of these low echoes in pig eyes. The results showed that these low echoes were due to the difference in distances between the central and marginal parts of the sound beam caused by the curvature of the eye shell. Similar low echoes could be produced at clinical examinations at the frequencies of both 6 MHz and 10 MHz. The low echoes disappeared when the amplification of our equipment was lowered from 80 db to 72 db. Acoustic answers of low reflecting agents, as slight dense and flat preretinal exsudates or haemorrhages therefore can not be distinguished from these findings described above.
CAN BENIGN LYMPHADENOSIS (LYMPHOMATOSIS) OF THE ORBIT OCCASIONALLY BE A PARANEOPLASIA?
Authors: BÄFVERSTEDT BO
Published: May 2009

A man with benign lymphadenosis of the orbit (published in this journal in 1956) remained free from symptoms after X‐ray treatment but subsequently died of liver metastases from a malignant epithelioma of unknown origin.

Earlier experience of benign lymphadenosis of the skin indicates that this can appear in association with and probably secondary to malignant tumours in the skin or internal organs. It is postulated that the benign lymphadenosis of the orbit in the current case can have been such a paraneoplastic phenomenon.
INCREMENTAL THRESHOLDS OF THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN RESPONSE TO COLOURED LIGHT
Authors: WACHTMEISTER LILLEMOR
Published: May 2009

On adaptation to white background light of different intensities the incremental threshold of the human ERG response was measured using monochromatic stimuli (Λ max = 450 nm and 579 nm, respectively).

The curve of incremental thresholds of the oscillatory potentials is approximately linear with a slope of about 0.3 using blue (Λ max = 450 nm) as well as yellow (Λ max = 597 nm) stimuli. There was no sign of saturation i.e. rapid decrease in sensitivity of the oscillatory potentials on adaptation to the brightest background illumination used (2 times 105 photopic cd/m2). No Purkinje shift, i.e. increase of sensitivity to long wave‐length stimulus on light adaptation, was recorded. The change of sensitivity of the slow potentials (a‐ and b‐wave) on light adaptation to backgrounds of varying intensities differed from that of the oscillations.

Thus, the results were interpreted as further evidence that the oscillations are an expression of an interaction of photopic and scotopic activity. The origin of the oscillatory potentials also seems to be separate from that of the slow potentials (a‐ and b‐wave).
THE FREQUENCY OF SENILE EXFOLIATION IN ICELAND
Authors: SVEINSSON KRISTJAN
Published: May 2009

A total of 545 men and 521 women of 50 years and older were examined for senile exfoliation without discernible glaucoma. Here, as elsewhere, exfoliation mainly occurs after the age of 60. In male patients exfoliation without glaucoma was found to be more frequent than in women (2.9%:1.7%). In the material 214 patients with open‐angle glaucoma were examined, of whom 147 were men (average 76 years) and 67 women (average 77 years). There were 84 men (57%) and 31 women (46%) with senile exfoliation.

When looking for the causes or effects of senile exfoliation in glaucoma afflicted eyes, I am led to believe that in most cases it is primarily caused by glaucoma simplex, the exfoliation being the result of a long‐standing increase of tension with ensuing degeneration. More specifically, that in the ciliary and iris epithelial layers, mucopolysaccharide or other unknown substances are developed and occur as exfoliation materials in the various tissues of the eye.
SCHLEMM'S CANAL AND SCLERAL SPUR IN NORMAL AND GLAUCOMATOUS EYES
Authors: NESTEROV A. P. , HASANOVA N. H. , BATMANOV Y. E.
Published: May 2009

In 71 cases of primary open‐angle glaucoma and in 29 cases of angle‐closure glaucoma a sinus trabeculoectomy was performed and the biopsy specimens were studied by light microscopy. A control group included 100 cadaver eyes.

The anterior position of Schlemm's canal prevailed in cases of open‐angle glaucoma (82%) and the posterior position of the canal was more common in cases of angle‐closure glaucoma (57%).

In glaucomatous eyes, Schlemm's canal was narrowed and in some cases obliterated. In eyes with open‐angle glaucoma the mean diameter of scleral spur was 21.6 ± 4.22 microns as compared to 85.2 ± 2.76 microns in normal eyes and 70.5 ± 9.40 microns in eyes with angle‐closure glaucoma.

In 100 eyes with open‐angle glaucoma and in 112 normal eyes the position of Schlemm's canal was estimated by gonioscopy. The anterior position of Schlemm's canal was found in 67% of all the cases with open‐angle glaucoma and in only 25% of normal eyes.
CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS IN LOW‐TENSION GLAUCOMA
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , HANSEN FINN KRUSE
Published: May 2009

Significantly reduced central corneal thickness is reported in seven patients with low tension glaucoma. This finding, together with previously reported findings of increased thickness in ocular hypertension (suspicio glaucomatis) illustrates the clinical importance of the corneal thickness in the evaluation of border line glaucoma.
CORNEAL TEMPERATURE IN MAN AND RABBIT
Authors: RYSÄ P. , SARVARANTA J.
Published: May 2009

Using an infra‐red camera AGA 680 the temperature of the cornea of men and rabbits was measured with a precision of ±0.1°C. The subjects were moved from normal room temperature into a cold chamber with temperatures of 0°C and ‐10°C.

The material was divided and mean corneal temperatures were recorded at various times as follows:

The frequency of blinking is low in rabbit compared to that of man.

On the basis of present data it is obvious that the corneal temperature is a function not only of the ambient temperature, but also of body temperature and blinking.

It is supposed that there is an additional factor responsible for more rapid cooling in the human cornea than in a rabbit's. This factor might be the smaller amount of aqueous humor behind the cornea, in which case the corresponding thermal capacity will also be smaller.

Using a test animal lacks the advantage of co‐operation during the test. The physical nature of using the infra‐red camera in measuring the temperature of the cornea is briefly discussed.
EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE ELEVATION ON THE OUTFLOW FACILITY AND THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE CHAMBER ANGLE IN THE VERVET MONKEY (Cercopithecus ethiops)
Authors: SVEDBERGH BJÖRN
Published: May 2009

Both eyes of anaesthetized vervet monkeys were perfused with mock aqueous humor for 3–7 hours. By adjusting the height of a reservoir connected to each eye the intraocular pressure in one eye was maintained at 33–48 mmHg and in the other eye it was a few mmHg above the spontaneous level. The facility of outflow in the high pressure eye increased by an average of 350% (160–630%), whereas the increase in the control eye was less than 40%. Morphologically the control eyes appeared normal, whereas pronounced changes were observed in the high pressure eyes. The endothelial cells in the trabecular meshwork were swollen and demonstrated loss of cytoplasm. Cell debris and “blebs” were observed in the intertrabecular spaces. The endothelial meshwork and the endothelium of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal were partly disrupted. The outflow facility was normalized within 1 day but marked morphological changes were still present.
BENIGN MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID
Authors: ANDERSEN S. RY , JENSEN O. A. , KRISTENSEN E. BJØRN , NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Conjunctival biopsy specimens were taken from the inferior fornix of 16 eyes affected with benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP). Biopsy revealed in all cases metaplasia changing the normal columnar epithelium into squamous epithelium, with parakeratinization in eight specimens and keratinization as well, in four. Correlation was noticed between keratinization and reduced secretions of both tears and mucus.

Mucus‐producing goblet cells were remarkably scarce in eight cases and totally absent in the remaining eight. This corresponds approximately to the result of an estimation of the mucus secretion by measuring the mucous thread after vital staining with a tetrazolium‐alcian blue mixture. Four of the 16 biopsies revealed fibrosis of the submucous connective tissue. The connective tissue was found to contain relatively few neutrophilic granulocytes. In two cases eosinophilic granulocytes were present in small numbers, while several lymphocytes and plasma cells were seen, in five, even an adenoid layer. Neither bullae nor acantholysis were demonstrated. Such cytological methods as examinations of smears and quantitative pipette samples can disclose epithelial changes, and examination of the mucous thread can be used as a goblet cell function test. Hence these methods can, to a certain extent, replace the procedure for estimating the goblet cell content in a conjunctival biopsy specimen. Taking biopsy specimens has the disadvantages of causing pain, tissue damage and additional cicatricial shrinkage. Furthermore, a small biopsy specimen is not always representative.
ALIZARIN RED Vital Staining of Cornea and Conjunctiva
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

A total of 206 eyes have been subjected to vital staining with 1% alizarin red (in 64 cases followed by staining with a mixture of rose bengal and fluorescein and in 104 cases by a mixture of alizarin red and lissamine green).

Forty‐seven preparations have been examined in the microscope.

The investigation disclosed that alizarin red partly effects specific staining of calcareous deposits (in the mucous thread of the conjunctival fornix, in slaked lime corrosion, and in meibomian gland infarcts), and partly causes staining resembling a weak rose bengal staining (degenerate cells, dead cells, and mucus).

Vital staining with the alizarin‐lissamine mixture gives calcium a red colour (alizarin alone), while cells and mucus are stained blue (both components) or green (lissamine alone).
DOUBLE POINT TEST WITH THE GOLDMANN PERIMETER
Authors: ENOKSSON PAUL , FRISTRÖM BJÖRN
Published: May 2009

A simple accessory to the Goldmann perimeter, permitting simultaneous projection of two targets, is described. The method can be used as a colour saturation test but also for the study of inattention hemianopia. Two cases illustrate its clinical application.
EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE ELEVATION ON THE CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM IN THE VERVET MONKEY
Authors: SVEDBERGH BJÖRN
Published: May 2009

Both eyes of anesthetized vervet monkeys were perfused with mock aqueous humor for 3–7 hours. By adjusting the height of a reservoir connected to the anterior chamber of each eye the intraocular pressure in one eye was maintained at 33–44 mmHg and in the other eye it was a few mmHg above the spontaneous level (12–15 mmHg). Morphologically the control eyes appeared normal, whereas pronounced changes were observed in the high pressure eyes. Thus the corneal endothelium showed an uneven surface towards the anterior chamber with vacuolization, blebbing and disruption of the cytoplasm. Pycnosis, excaryocytosis and even loss of whole endothelial cells were observed as well. The morphological changes were most pronounced in the peripheral part of the cornea and furthermore differed among neighbouring cells. During the healing process one could observe mitosis, amitosis and cell surface increase.
SCLERAL PREPLAQUES AND PLAQUES IN ESKIMOS
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Examination of the eyes of 519 Eskimos in West Greenland revealed preplaques (grey, ill‐defined, translucent bands on the sclera anterior to the insertion site of the horizontal recti) in 4% and scleral plaques (well‐defined, greyish translucency of the sclera) in 2%. The incidence was found to rise with increasing age.

Preplaques are more rarely present in Eskimos than in Copenhagen Caucasians, where the incidence of plaques is the same. The cause of this ethnic difference is discussed.
EYE INJURIES CAUSED BY TEAR‐GAS HAND WEAPONS
Authors: OKSALA ARVO , SALMINEN LOTTA
Published: May 2009

Six patients hospitalized by eye injuries caused by tear‐gas hand weapons are presented. Five of the lesions resulted from a short‐distance shot of aerosol irritant projectors. Severe swelling and bloodshot of the lids and conjunctiva occurred in all cases. Epithelial defects, swelling and blurring of the parenchym were observed in the cornea. The treatment of each case took weeks, even months. Such an injury can because of scars in the cornea permanently lower the visual acuity.
PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION MATERIAL ON THE ANTERIOR LENS SURFACE. DEMONSTRATION AND EXAMINATION OF AN INTERFIBRILLAR GROUND SUBSTANCE
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN , PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND
Published: May 2009

Peroxidase did not penetrate into the capsule of cataractous lenses with or without pseudo‐exfoliation (PE). Neither did this tracer penetrate into the PE material itself, indicating that the PE fibrils are embedded in a ground substance which is impenetrable to peroxidase. Staining with alcian blue and ruthenium red showed that this ground substance is structurally heterogeneous. Acid mucopolysaccharides and/or glycoproteins are probably present. The fibrils are coated by a material with affinity to ruthenium red. This applies also to the fibrils of the amorphous layer. Their diameter is only about 1/3 of the fibrils of the PE material on the lens surface. Rounded membrane‐covered bodies are present, partly in groups, in the PE material. Morphologically, they resemble the mucopolysaccharide‐containing lysosomal vacuoles found in systemic mucopolysaccharidoses. Observations supporting the conception of similarities between PE material and amyloid are pointed out. The pathogenesis of the PE material is discussed.
APPLANATION TONOMETRY AND CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , BRAMSEN THORKILD , SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

Readings with the Goldmann applanation tonometer were made at various intraocular hydrostatic pressures and compared with central corneal thickness and radius in rabbit and in man. Linear correlations were established between hydrostatic pressure and applanation readings, with correlation coefficients close to 1.0. In rabbits the tonometer readings were generally too low. In human eyes with a normal corneal thickness tonometer readings and hydrostatic pressure coincided, with thick corneas the readings were too high, with thin corneas too low. The correlation between corneal thickness and the error of applanation tonometry (ΔP) was statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). No statistical correlation could be established between corneal radius and ΔP. Multiple regression, taking thickness as well as corneal radius into consideration, revealed only slightly higher correlation coefficients. It is concluded that the central corneal thickness is a parameter which should be taken into consideration when evaluating applanation tonometer readings. A Table is presented showing the correction to be added to the applanation reading at differing corneal thickness.
PROTEIN DIFFUSION BARRIERS IN THE ANTERIOR UVEA OF THE RABBIT EYE
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND , TØNJUM ASBJØRN M.
Published: May 2009

The distribution in the anterior uvea of the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase, has been studied in eyes of albino rabbits. The tracer was injected intravenously 30 or 60 min before enucleation. Light microscopy of frozen sections and of semithin sections of Epon‐embedded material revealed: 1. The stroma of the iridial and ciliary processes, and the choroid contained considerable amounts of peroxidase reaction product. 2. In the iris and the ciliary body apart from the processes (the ciliary body base), the peroxidase reaction product was confined to the vessels. 3. A sharp demarcation of peroxidase activity was observed between the iridial processes and the iris stroma, and between the ciliary processes and the ciliary body base.

By electron microscopy, peroxidase reaction product was found in the vessels and the stroma of the ciliary processes. In the ciliary body base, reaction product was found within the vessels, but not in the stroma. The endothelium of these vessels had no fenestrations, and there was no sign of passage of peroxidase across the endothelium either by the interendothelial clefts or by vesicular transport. The study indicates that there is a functional barrier against diffusion of proteins from the iridial and ciliary processes across the iris and the ciliary body base.
CATARACT INCISION
Authors: POHJANPELTO PEKKA E.J.
Published: May 2009

A comparison was made of the postoperative results after cataract extraction with knife incision ab interno and stepped incision ab externo. The complications related to wound healing were fewer when stepped incision was used. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the degree of postoperative astigmatism. Stepped incision ab externo seems to be preferable to knife incision ab interno in cataract surgery.
BILATERAL MASSIVE GLIOSIS OF THE RETINA INVOLVING THE OPTIC NERVES
Authors: BARISHAK ROBERT Y. , STEIN R.
Published: May 2009

A 40‐year‐old woman, blind in her right eye since childhood and in the left since the age of 15, presented a gliomatous tumoral mass filling up the eyes completely. Sections of the optic nerve of one eye showed the same cellular aspect noted in both intraocular tumors. The optic foramina had a normal size and there were no signs of Recklinghausen's disease. The diagnosis was bilateral reactive gliosis but the presence of a congenital anomaly has to be postulated in order to explain the involvement of the optic nerve in the process of intraocular gliosis.
LATER COURSE AND PROGNOSIS OF OPTIC NEURITIS
Authors: NIKOSKELAINEN EEVA
Published: May 2009

The study was a re‐examination of 176 patients with optic neuritis. The follow‐up period was for 38 patients, 6–12 months, for 52 patients, 1–5 years and for 86 patients, 6–24 years from the initial attack of optic neuritis. In 66% of the involved eyes visual acuity had again become good or excellent, but in 25% it was poor. The visual field was normal in only 38%, in 30% there was an absolute or relative central defect and in 31% a paracentral or peripheral defect.

Recurrent attacks of optic neuritis occurred in one fourth of the patients and was a common finding in MS patients. Nineteen per cent of the eyes had suffered from more than one attack. Visual acuity was good or excellent in more than half, but the visual field was normal in only 29% of the eyes with more than one attack of optic neuritis.

The frequency of bilateral involvement was high at the end of the follow‐up period, 44% of patients had both eyes involved by optic neuritis. In 47 patients the initial attack was bilateral optic neuritis and 34% of these patients had permanently poor vision in both eyes. The initial attack was unilateral in 30 patients but the other eye became involved later. In 26% of all patients with bilateral involvement, visual acuity was permanently poor in both eyes. Bilateral papillitis was a common manifestation in young patients and in this age group the disease had a tendency towards good recovery.
AN AUTOMATIC STATIC PERIMETER, DESIGN AND PILOT STUDY
Authors: HEIJL A. , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

An instrument for automatic static perimetry at 14 points across a meridian was constructed and used in a pilot study. The machine was controlled by a computer and the subjects responded to the light stimuli by pressing one of two push‐buttons. Most people investigated readily understood the rules at testing. “Blunders” made by the subject were, however, so common, that allowance had to be made in the test programme for a number of mistakes. The test stimuli should be exposed in random order.

When the zone of uncertain seeing is wide — this occurs especially in untrained subjects — a simple test logic gives a fairly large variation. An improvement in reproducibility is then obtained by applying a more complicated logic, though at the cost of an increased duration of the test session.
SMOKING AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: BAHNA SAMI L. , BJERKEDAL TOR
Published: May 2009

The intraocular pressure — as measured by Schiötz tonometer — was studied in 378 smokers, 151 ex‐smokers, and 495 non‐smokers. It was found that the three groups have practically the same distribution of intraocular pressure, and that the latter has no relationship to the smoking habit.
INTRAMUSCULAR RABBIT ANESTHESIA KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND MEBUMALNATRIUM (NFN)
Authors: KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

For the attainment of deep anesthesia in rabbits, a combination of ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar®) and mebumalnatrium (NFN) (Nembutal®), administered intramuscularly, was evaluated. The anesthetic effect was satisfactory and no deaths or side effects were recorded.
OBJECTIVE RECOGNITION OF ABNORMAL ISOPTERS
Authors: FRISÉN LARS , FRISÉN MARIANNE
Published: May 2009

We have examined the hypothesis that normal and only normal isopters of the central visual field are elliptical, except for random deviations.

Statistical methods capable of recognizing small deviations from elliptical shape have been developed. These methods have been devised to meet the special demands of clinical testing of visual fields and require only simple calculations. The qualities of these methods were examined by theoretical analysis, by large‐scale simulations, and by experimental comparison with subjective evaluations. The new methods proved very useful in these examinations.

A clinical study using a servo‐equipped Goldman perimeter demonstrated that normal central isopters are elliptical enough for the proposed test characteristic to be of practical value in clinical work. The method allows an objective recognition of abnormal isopters with a high degree of sensitivity.
QUADRANT SPARING OF THE MACULA
Authors: EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

Macular sparing is an indisputable clinical finding in cases of hemianopia. Several explanations have been given, some of which are not mutually exclusive. Eight cases, encountered in a study of more than 100 hemianopias, are presented, in which the sparing has the form of a quadrant, either upper or lower. The explanation in these cases seems to be the double vascular supply to the tip of the occipital pole. It is stressed, however, that macular sparing may have a different explanation in other cases.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC SIMPLE CONJUNCTIVITIS
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Vital staining with a tetrazolium — alcian blue mixture gave a characteristic punctate red staining of the superior or the inferior tarsus in 69% of all examined patients with chronic simple conjunctivitis (69 patients subjected to 168 examinations). The superior tarsus was more frequently stained than the inferior (61% against 33%). The staining was most often concentrated centrally or in the middle anterior part of the superior tarsus. If located on the inferior tarsus, it was most often found medially, anteriorly. No corresponding staining was seen in normal eyes. The differential diagnosis involving keratoconjunctivitis sicca and pemphigoid is mentioned. The staining is due to enzymatic reduction of tetrazolium in the cytoplasm of the tarsal epithelial cells. The positive vital staining finding is consistent with a diagnosis of chronic simple conjunctivitis.
CONJUNCTIVAL SENSITIVITY IN PATHOLOGICAL CASES
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

A total of 209 pathological eyes each had 17 localities tested for sensitivity (cornea, caruncle, upper and lower lid margins (centrally, medially and laterally), and corresponding localities on the palpebral conjunctiva, and upper and lower halves of the bulbar conjunctiva).

Reduced conjunctival sensitivity is seen in pemphigoid (excluding the lid margin) in contact lens wearers, at sites of nerves transected during operation and in rare cases of infectious conjunctivitis.

Isolated corneal hypaesthesia is seen in bacterial or fungal keratitis. In herpes, the hypaesthesia extends over the bulbar conjunctiva, in zoster, over wider areas (including the lid margin).

The sensitivity is normal in keratoconjunctivitis sicca and chronic conjunctivitis.

In neurological diseases the hyposensitivity could include the cornea, conjunctiva and lid margin.

The conclusion is drawn that a study of the conjunctivo‐corneal sensitivity can give differential diagnostic information, provided the normal sensitivity range is known. This has been set out in a Table in 10‐year age groups.
BACTERIAL FLORA IN RELATION TO CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: FAHMY J. A. , MØLLER S. , BENTZON M. WEIS
Published: May 2009

The conjunctival flora of 499 patients was studied the day before cataract extraction, no antibiotics or chemotherapeutical agents had been used before admission. Staphylococcus albus was by far the most common micro‐organism (95.4%), followed by corynebacteria (44%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%), gram‐negative bacilli (7.8%) and pneumo‐streptococci (4.4%). Corynebacteria was isolated more frequently in the presence of S. albus, while S. aureus and gram‐negative bacilli were found more frequently in the absence of S. albus. No relationship could be demonstrated between the occurrence of pneumo‐streptococci and S. albus.

The flora of the nose and skin of the face were studied and compared with the conjunctival flora, and a similarity could be observed. Furthermore, strains of S. aureus isolated at the same time from the two or three regions, in most cases, showed the same bacterio‐phage type complex.

The conjunctival flora was further correlated with sex, age, season, and number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils recovered from the conjunctival fluid. The incidence of corynebacteria and gram‐negative bacilli was found to be higher in males, while corynebacteria was the only organism to show seasonal variation, i.e. was isolated more frequently in the second and third quarters of the year. No correlation could be found between age or number of neutrophils.
RETINAL DYSTROPHY COMBINED WITH ALOPECIA
Authors: BJÖRK AKE , JAHNBERG PEDER
Published: May 2009

Retinitis pigmentosa or pigmentary retinal dystrophy is the most important group among the tapeto‐retinal dystrophies. The degenerative process found in the retina has, in many cases, a corresponding counterpart in other parts of the body, most commonly in the CNS. Combinations of retinal dystrophy, and for instance, deafness or mental retardation are well known. Also combinations of retinal dystrophy and metabolic dyscrasia have been reported.

Only few reports on the combination of retinal dystrophy and dermatological affections have been found. We have found two cases of almost total alopecia combined with retinal dystrophy. Since we have succeeded in finding a few similar cases in the literature we consider this apparently rare combination worth a somewhat closer analysis as it might constitute a specific entity.
CATARACTA OSSEA AND OTHER INTRAOCULAR OSSIFICATIONS
Authors: FLEDELIUS HANS
Published: May 2009

Cataracta ossea is described in a 5‐year‐old Danish boy, representing a sequal to a unilateral measles‐endophthalmitis 3 years earlier. Ossification was not demonstrated elsewhere in the eye.

Further, cases of intraocular ossification over a 30‐year period were reviewed, based on the files of the Eye Pathology Institute. The total of 155 made up about 3% of enucleated eyes from Danish material received for examination. Regarding age at the initial eye lesion, more than half appeared within the first decade of life. The most frequent underlying lesions were trauma (32%) and uveitis (25%). Among the less frequent causes, emphasis is given to three cases of malignant uveal melanoma.

Ossification of the lens was not encountered in the series ‐ except for the case which motivated the review.
HISTOLOGY OF THE IRIS IN GEESE AND DUCKS PHOTOSENSITIZED BY INGESTION OF AMMI MAJUS SEEDS
Authors: BARISHAK Y. R. , BEEMER A. M. , EGYED M. N. , SHLOSBERG A. , EILAT A.
Published: May 2009

Geese and ducks were photosensitized by the ingestion of Ammi majus seeds, and exposure to sunlight. Mydriasis was a characteristic clinical feature of this syndrome in both species. Histologically the iris of the affected birds showed vacuolisation and varying degrees of atrophy of the muscle of the sphincter pupillae. The effect of pilocarpine and physostigmine on the normal and mydriatic eyes was studied. The possible mode of action of photosensitization and the significance of these findings in the light of the use of psoralens in human medicine is discussed.
RADIATION TREATMENT OF RETINOBLASTOMA
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , KAAE SIGVARD
Published: May 2009

In a series of 45 children with retinoblastoma, from the period 1953–1973, comprising 27 bilateral cases, 32 eyes were treated by irradiation. The different techniques of radiation are reviewed. In the present series small tumours were irradiated by local application of Stallard discs or Rosengren balls, while advanced cases were treated by external radiation. The results are discussed, and it is emphasized that the major factor of importance for the success of the treatment is the size of the tumour. Small tumours are cured, large ones are not. Future efforts must be directed towards early diagnosis. The treatment should be centralized in order to secure sufficient experience for the ophthalmologist and radiotherapist, as evaluation of the post‐ radiation fundus findings may present difficulties.
SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION OF RETINOBLASTOMA
Authors: NEHEN J. H.
Published: May 2009

The present paper reports a case of spontaneous regression of a retinoblastoma leaving the eye with normal vision.

The mode of regression is briefly discussed and the literature is reviewed.
BLOOD‐AQUEOUS BARRIER IN NEWBORN AND YOUNG RABBITS
Authors: UUSITALO RISTO , STJERNSCHANTZ JOHAN , PALKAMA ARTO
Published: May 2009

Distribution of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the ciliary body of newborn and young (2 weeks old) rabbits was studied with the electron microscope.

The reaction product was localized in all animals in the lumen of the blood vessels, in the perivascular area, in the surrounding connective tissue stroma and also in the epithelial cell layers. The peroxidase penetrated through the intercellular junctions of the pigmented cells to the intercellular space between the apical membranes of the two epithelial cell layers. In young rabbits peroxidase penetrated between the apical intercellular clefts of the non‐pigmented cells in small quantities only, whereas in the newborn animals the clefts were filled with peroxidase. This reflects differences in the blood‐aqueous barrier mechanism between the two studied groups and is evidently due to developmental stages of the eyes.
SYMPATHETIC NERVES TO THE RAT CORNEA
Authors: TERVO TIMO , PALKAMA ARTO
Published: May 2009

The adrenergic innervation of the rat cornea was investigated by using the formaldehyde induced fluorescence (FIF) technique. The fluorescent nerves were observed mainly in the corneal stroma. Either cervical sympathectomy or pre‐treatment with reserpine completely abolished the fluorescence of the adrenergic nerves of the cornea. After a stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, no adrenergic fibres were visible in the cornea and the number of the fluorescent iridic nerves was also reduced to a marked extent. On the other hand, ciliary ganglionectomy seemed to have no effect on the adrenergic fibres of the cornea.

When the rats had been pre‐treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nialamide, and noradrenaline, not only was there an increase in the intensity of the specific fluorescence, but also in the number of adrenergic nerves in the cornea.

The epithelium was also shown to contain adrenergic nerves by administering high doses of nialamide combined with noradrenaline, both intravenously as well as topically on the cornea, under the protection of propranolol.

It may be concluded that the rat cornea receives its adrenergic innervation along the posterior ciliary nerves. The short ciliary nerves do not appear to carry sympathetic nerves to the cornea.
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE WATER‐DRINKING TEST IN EARLY DETECTION OF SIMPLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: RASMUSSEN KNUD ERIK , JØRGENSEN HANS ALRØ
Published: May 2009

A series of 64 patients (119 eyes) subjected 10 years previously to water provocative tests on a suspicion of simple glaucoma were followed up. At that time the intraocular tension exceeded 20 mmHg, but there were no optic disc changes and no visual field defects. The follow‐up examination comprised ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity, gonioscopy, intraocular tension, and perimetry. Setting a rise of 8 mmHg as the lower limit, the water provocative test ten years previously had been positive in 31 eyes. Nine of these developed glaucomatous visual field defects despite treatment (29 per cent). The test had been negative in 88 eyes. Of these, 21 (24 per cent) developed glaucomatous visual field defects.

The water‐drinking test was negative in 70 per cent of the eyes which subsequently developed visual field defects and negative in 75 per cent of those in which no defects developed. Thus the test was neither of diagnostic nor of prognostic value.

All the eyes with a positive test which later developed visual field defects had been treated, whereas 57 per cent of the eyes with a negative test which subsequently developed visual field defects had received no treatment. This indicated that a negative water‐drinking test gave a false security. It is shown that an alteration of the lower limit of a tension rise does not render the water provocative test any more useful.