bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of pistachios on emerging CVD risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals
Authors: Holligan Simone , Gebauer Sarah , West Sheila , Kay Colin D , Kris‐Etherton Penny
Published: June 2021

Pistachios are a known source of several cardioprotective, bioactive components. A randomized, crossover, controlled feeding study was conducted to determine their dose‐related effects on emerging CVD risk factors in persons (N=28) with moderately elevated LDL‐C levels (≥ 2.86 mmol/L). Three test diets (2100 kcal/d; SFA ~ 8%; cholesterol < 300mg/dl) of either a low‐fat, control diet (CON; 25% total fat); a low‐dose diet (1 PD) with 32–63 g/d pistachios (CON + 10% energy from pistachios, 30% total fat); or a high‐dose diet (2 PD) with 63–126 g/d pistachios (CON + 20% energy from pistachios, 34% total fat) were evaluated. We report a significant difference (P < 0.05) in small‐dense LDL levels (sdLDL) between the 2 PD (34.96 ± 1.74 mg/dl) and the CON diet (44.10 ± 2.58 mg/dl) with no significant difference between the 1 PD (42.37 ± 3.29 mg/dl) and CON diet or between the 1 PD and 2 PD diets. No significant effects on Lipoprotein (a) or HDL subpopulations were detected. Similar, significant decreases in LDL‐C for both the 1PD and 2PD versus CON were seen but differences in sdLDL are important since this is a strong predictor of CVD risk status. These results support the use of 63–126 g/d of pistachios in a cholesterol‐lowering diet due to their effects on LDL‐C and sdLDL levels.

Funding provided by The Western Pistachio Association and the General Clinical Research Center of The Pennsylvania State University (NIH grant M01RR10732).

Grant Funding Source: ASN
Does the addition of almonds to a Step I diet provide additional LDL‐C lowering?
Authors: Berryman Claire E , Bordi Peter L , Fleming Jennifer A , West Sheila G , Hill Alison M , Kris‐Etherton Penny M
Published: June 2021

Clinical evidence has shown that almond consumption lowers LDL‐C in controlled and free‐living studies. The inclusion of one serving of almonds (1.5 oz/day) in a LDL‐C lowering diet may elicit greater cardioprotective benefits than a similar diet without almonds. In a randomized, 2‐period, crossover controlled‐feeding study, volunteers (n=19; BMI range: 22–32 m/kg2) with moderately elevated LDL‐C (50–95th percentile) consumed an isocaloric (+/− <3 kg), reduced total and saturated fat (SFA) diet with almonds (ALD: 51.8% CHO, 16.7% PRO, 31.5% FAT, <10% SFA, 1.5 oz. of almonds/day) or a similar diet with a calorie‐matched muffin (CON: 59.3% CHO, 15.4% PRO, 25.2% FAT, <10% SFA, no almonds/day). Both the ALD and CON diets significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC, P<0.01; Baseline, 224 mg/dL; ALD, 201 mg/dL; CON, 208 mg/dL) and LDL‐C (P<0.01; Baseline, 142 mg/dL; ALD, 121 mg/dL; CON, 128 mg/dL) compared to baseline. Despite a greater reduction in TC and LDL‐C following ALD versus baseline, the difference between intervention diets was not significant. Diet did not have a significant effect on HDL‐C, triglycerides, or the TC: HDL‐C ratio. The results of cohort 1 are the basis for determining subject number needed to demonstrate significant LDL‐C lowering effects of almonds that extend beyond those attributed to their fatty acid profile. This study was supported by the Almond Board of California.
The Hartland Institute of Health Education's residential lifestyle intervention improves patients' BMI, blood lipids and fasting plasma glucose profiles
Authors: Pawlak Roman , Gligor Maria
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess the impact of residential lifestyle intervention which consisted of a la carte vegan diet and physical activity.

Methods

Lifestyle intervention based on Hartland Institute of Health Education consisted of between 10 to 18 days of a la carte vegan diet and between 20 to 120 minutes of daily walking. Anthropometric (weight and height) and biochemical (total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose) measurements were taken at baseline and at the end of the program.

Results

Mean (SD) age of participants (n = 309) was 56.5 (14.3) years. 69.9% of participants were females, 48.5% were Caucasian, 34.5% were African American and 8.5% were Hispanics. There were statistically significant differences between baseline and post‐intervention values except for the HDL cholesterol. The mean pre‐ and post‐intervention BMI was 31.6 vs. 29 (t (df = 276) = 3.21; p = 0.001), respectively. Mean T‐chol. changed from 187 to 172 (t(df = 274) = 7.46); p = 0.001). Mean LDL‐chol. decreased from 106 to 95 (t(df = 254) = 5.79); p = 0.001). And mean fasting blood glucose changed from 107 to 101 (t(df = 273) = 3.32); p = 0.001).

Conclusion

A short‐term residential lifestyle intervention program was effective in improving anthropometric and biochemical markers including BMI, blood lipids and fasting glucose profile.

*East Carolina University

** Hartland Institute

This study was not funded
Relationship between self‐efficacy, unhealthy food purchasing, and depressive symptoms among adult African American churchgoers in Baltimore
Authors: Flamm Laura , Lenis Chen , Surkan Pamela , Martins Paula , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: June 2021

We investigated the relationship between self‐efficacy for making healthy food choices, food purchasing behavior, and depressive symptoms among non‐diabetic African American churchgoers. Participants included 130 adult respondents, 31.5% males and 68.5% females from 6 African American churches in Baltimore. This is baseline cross‐sectional data from the Healthy Bodies Healthy Souls project, a multi‐site church‐based environmental diabetes prevention intervention. Information about unhealthy (defined as high fat and/or high sugar) food purchasing was measured according to frequency of purchasing 52 items. Food and activity‐related self‐efficacy was measured using a 13 question scale. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the 10‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D). We found a significant association between low self‐efficacy and more frequent unhealthy food purchasing, controlling for income (β= −0.69, R2 =0.10, p =0.009) but not between self‐efficacy and healthy food purchasing. Depressive symptoms were associated with self‐efficacy (r = 0.357, p < 0.001); due to the collinearity between depressive symptoms and self‐efficacy, depressive symptoms were excluded from the final model. Findings suggest that African American churchgoers with low self‐efficacy make more unhealthy food purchasing decisions.

Grant Funding Source: American Diabetes Association
A comparison of the literature on the association between intakes of bran, cereal fiber, and whole grains and risk and biomarkers of heart disease
Authors: Qi Lu , Cho Susan , Fahey George , Kim In , Klurfeld David
Published: June 2021

A literature review was conducted on the association between intakes of cereal fiber, bran, and whole grains, and risk reduction of heart disease. The purpose of this review was to compare health‐related benefits from bran/cereal fiber and whole grains from observational studies. MEDLINE was used to search the scientific literature for relevant studies. Other studies were identified by bibliographic searches for relevant articles. Intakes of cereal fiber, bran, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains are inversely associated with risk of heart disease and/or heart disease biomarkers. A majority of prospective studies comparing bran/cereal fiber and whole grains for risk of heart disease showed that bran or cereal fiber intake was more protective than whole grain intake. Most studies included cereals containing at least 25% of whole grain or bran content by weight in the whole grain food category. In the scientific literature, whole grain effects have been confounded with those from bran. Limited studies investigated the association between whole grain as defined by FDA (excludes ≥25% bran and bran cereals) and heart disease risk and/or biomarkers of heart disease. The data indicate that bran and cereal fiber play a role in the health benefits gained from whole grains. Implications of these findings will be discussed.

Funded by a grant from the Kellogg company.
The effect of one avocado per day on established and emerging cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors: study design
Authors: Wang Li , Bordi Peter L , Rothblat George H , Sankaranarayanan Sandhya , Fleming Jennifer A , Kris‐Etherton Penny M
Published: June 2021

Clinical studies have demonstrated consistently that diets high in monounsaturated (MUFA) and low in saturated fatty acids (SFA) lower total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) as effectively as lower‐fat, low SFA diets. Avocados are a good source of MUFA and also are rich in vitamins, minerals and phytosterols which could beneficially affect CVD risk. A randomized, 3‐period cross‐over, controlled feeding study was designed to evaluate the effects of avocados on established and emerging risk factors for CVD. Overweight and obese (BMI 25–35 kg/m2) men and women with moderately elevated LDL‐C (25 – 90th) will consume 3 treatment diets with a 2 week run‐in Western diet. Treatment diets are matched for SFA (<7% energy) and include a low‐fat diet (LF: 24% fat, 12% MUFA), a moderate fat diet (MF: 34% fat, 18% MUFA), and a moderate fat diet providing 1 avocado per day (AV: 34% fat, 18% MUFA) with the equivalent fatty acid profile of the MF diet. We hypothesize that the inclusion of 1 avocado per day in a cholesterol‐lowering moderate fat diet will improve CVD risk factors including lipids, lipoproteins, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve reverse cholesterol transport compared to a heart‐healthy low fat diet and a moderate fat diet without avocado.

This study is supported by the Hass Avocado Board of California. ClincalTrials.gov identifier: NCT0123582
Validation of a prediction model for body fat mass for argentinian school children using skinfold anthropometry
Authors: Tarducci Gabriel , Vidueiros Silvina , Morea Guillermo , Paganini Amalia , Bardach Ariel , DiMarco Gabriela , Aquino Bernardo , Pallaro Anabel
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to validate anthropometric methods to determine fat mass (FM) using the Deuterium Dilution Technique (DDT) in children. 152 children aged 6–9 years participated in the study. Weight, height and triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds were measured. Total Body Water was determined by DDT. Children received a weighed oral dose of deuterium oxide (0.3 mL/Kg;99%) and saliva samples were obtained after an equilibration period of 3 h. Deuterium concentration was determined by mass spectrometry in the Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Stable Isotopes at INTA, Chile and FM was calculated. It was obtained a prediction model for FM using the triceps skinfold and weight as variables: −5.36+0.31*Weight +0.35*Triceps Skinfold. When the predicted FM by the model was validated against FM estimated from deuterium dilution, the regression had a slope not significantly different from 1.0 and an intercept not significantly different from 0. It was observed by Bland and Altman test that the methodological error was randomly distributed. This study developed the first argentinian predictive equation for total body fat in children and contributes with simple validated methods through nuclear techniques considered gold standard in order to evaluate the impact of programs for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity in children. Supported by UBACyT B098, OIEA/RLA6059/6064
Pilot environmental intervention trial in carry‐outs in low‐income neighborhoods of Baltimore City
Authors: Lee Seung Hee , Rowan Megan T , Dennisuk Lauren , Klassen Ann C , Frick Kevin D , Powell Lisa , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: June 2021

Among low‐income African Americans in Baltimore City, a significant proportion of daily caloric intake is derived from prepared foods served at carry‐outs. However, little is known about the city's carry‐out food environment and strategies to improve accessibility and consumption of healthy foods in these settings. We conducted a two‐month pilot intervention trial in 3 carry‐outs in low income areas of the city. We assessed acceptability of environmental interventions including: replacing the menu board to promote existing healthy menu options with photos, promotional posters, and the substitution of low‐fat for regular mayonnaise on sandwiches. All 3 carry‐out owners were Korean Americans who owned their restaurants for 15–29 years. Each carry‐out conducted business from behind Plexiglas, with little direct customer contact. Acceptability and fidelity of the new menu board and poster interventions were high (3 out of 3) and use of low‐fat mayo was moderate (2 out of 3). Perceived sustainability of the modified menu board and poster interventions were high (3 out of 3), but low‐fat mayo was low (0 out of 3). Low fat mayo purchasing was the primary barrier, given the lack of bulk availability and price at wholesalers. Our findings will be used to test the feasibility and impact of these carryout interventions using a larger sample size.

Grant Funding Source: Diabetes Research and Traning Center
Impact of Baltimore Health Eating Zones Study on Psychosocial Factors among African American Caregivers
Authors: Lwin Julia , Dennisuk Lauren , Martins Paula , Sharma Sangita , Shin Ahyoung , Coutinho Anastasia , Christiansen Karina , Yong Rachel , Rowan Megan , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: June 2021

Childhood obesity is a growing public health concern in the US. The Baltimore Healthy Eating Zones (BHEZ) study is a point‐of‐purchase intervention trial to improve access and consumption of healthy foods in low‐income neighborhoods. During 9‐month intervention trial in recreation centers (7 intervention, 7 control) and corner stores, we led youth‐led health education and nutrition promotion. In evaluation, 242 dyads of African‐American youths (ages 10–14) and their adult caregivers were surveyed at pre‐ and post‐ intervention. Three food‐related psychosocial variables were assessed: self‐efficacy (SE) (Cronbach's α=0.623); intentions (I) (α=0.706); knowledge (K) (α=0.282). Paired sample t‐ tests for pre‐ and post‐intervention data compared the impact between control and intervention groups, and showed no significant changes among adult caregivers in the intervention zone; SE (p=0.593), I (p=0.216) and K (p=0.671). Using independent samples t‐test, the changes in scores showed no significant difference between among adults in comparison areas; SE (p=0.237), I (p=0.300) and K (p=0.520). The preliminary findings showed no improvements in caregivers, which may be attributable to the intervention's primary focus of impacting youths and/or to the reliability of the scales. Future interventions should focus impact on caregivers because caregivers buy and prepare many of the foods that youth consume.

Grant Funding Source: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
The protective effect of Hizikia fusiformis on colon cancer in azoxymethane‐treated rats
Authors: Kim Yoo Kyeong , Son Young Sook , Jeong Kyu‐Shik
Published: June 2021

Hizikia fusiformis is a seaweed rich of soluble dietary fiber and phenol compounds which are known to have protective effects on gastrointestinal cancer. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of dietary Hizikia fusiformis (HF) on colon cancer induced by azoxymethane(AOM) in rats. Hizikia fusiformis was dried in low‐temperature vacuum dryer and extracted with water (80_, 2hr, 120rpm). The extract was centrifuged (8,000rpm, 10min), filter and concentrated to 5°brix, which was added into AIN‐76A diet. The animals were assigned to 4 groups: the saline + AIN‐76A diet, AOM + AIN‐76A diet, AOM + AIN‐76A diet containing 1% CF extract, AOM + AIN‐76A diet containing 2% HF extract. All rats (male, F344) except saline controls received two AOM (15mg/kg body weight) injections via subcutaneous route; once at 6 weeks of age followed by another at 7 weeks of age. The extract of Hizikia fusiformis was added in diet of respective groups from 1 week after AOM injection until sacrifice. The number of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was reduced up to 50% in groups administered HF extract, however, the difference from the concentration was not observed. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index was also significantly reduced in groups administered HF extract. Our results represent that the extract of Hizikia fusiformis have protective effect on AOM induced colon cancer in rats.
Potential 1H NMR urinary metabolomic biomarkers for Lung cancer in hamster model
Authors: GOJA ARVIND , Geamanu Andreea , Sadaat Nadia , Gupta Smiti
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to use the metabolomic approach to investigate early potential biomarkers for lung cancer. Golden Syrian hamsters were randomized into 2 groups. Lung cancer was induced in treatment group by a chemical carcinogen, N‐nitrosobis‐2‐(oxopropyl) amine (BOP). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra, acquired using 500 MHz magnet were processed using ACD labs software. The processed, digitized NMR spectral data was analyzed using multivariate data analysis software, SIMCA P+. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score plots showed significant separation between the cancer and control groups. The metabolites responsible for the differences between the two groups as observed from the PCA loading plots, were quantified using CHENOMX NMR metabolite database. The metabolites (n=26) found to be significantly different in the two groups were traced back to their respective biochemical pathways in an effort to gain mechanistic insight into lung cancer progression from the metabolite view point. Some of these metabolites such as glycine, sarcosine, and alanine have been previously reported to be increased in other cancer types. These could potentially serve as potential biomarkers of cancer in general. In addition, some metabolites may be of specific relevance to progression of lung cancer and may therefore be further explored as possible biomarkers of this aggressive cancer type.

Grant Funding Source: This work was funded by start up funds from Wayne State University.
Factors affecting HPLC analysis of vitamin K in serum, food and dietary supplements
Authors: Craft Neal E , Park Heasoon
Published: June 2021

Vitamin K (VK) is one of 4 fat‐soluble vitamins essential for humans. It is most well‐known for its role in blood clotting. Recently, VK was shown to be involved in bone growth. It presents a difficult challenge to measure in blood and food due to its low level and lack of a specific chromaphore.

Aim

To examined the effects of sample preparation, HPLC separation and detection on the measurement of K1, K2, and MK‐7 in blood and dietary sources. Normal‐phase (NPLC) and reversed‐phase (RPLC) methods were tested. In RPLC, detection was compared using UV and post‐column reduction with fluorescence (PCFL). Reduction modes included: Pt, Zn, and coulometric.

Results

NPLC required gradient elution, failed to resolve all components, and was not amenable to PCFL detection. PCFL was >10x more sensitive than UV detection. Zn and Pt reduction were equally effective but Zn was more practical. Food and supplements were extracted with DMSO then partitioned into hexane. Blood serum was precipitated with alcohol and extracted with hexane, then loaded on Si SPE cartridges. The recovery of K1 or K2 spiked into samples was nearly 100%. Acceptable method performance in serum samples was verified through the KEQAS program.
Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of tocopherols of 20–59 y old adults in South Korea
Authors: Kim Young‐Nam , Kim Sungah , Noh Hyun‐Hee , Cho Youn‐Ok
Published: June 2021

To determine dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of tocopherols and to evaluate vitamin E status of Korean adults, three consecutive 24‐h food recalls and fasting blood samples were collected from healthy 20–59 y old adults (33 males and 73 females) living in Seoul and Gyeonggi areas, South Korea. The daily vitamin E, alpha‐tocopherol, and gamma‐tocopherol intakes (mean/SD) were 3.84/2.84 mg alpha‐tocopherol equivalents, 3.07/2.27 mg, and 5.98/3.74 mg, respectively. Only 3.7% of the subjects consumed vitamin E > the Korean Adequate Intakes for vitamin E. The plasma alpha‐tocopherol concentration was 15.14/6.84 umol/L. There were no significant differences in tocopherol intakes and plasma tocopherol concentrations among the age groups (P>=0.05). Twenty‐three percent of the subjects had plasma alpha‐tocopherol concentrations <12 umol/L, which is indicative of vitamin E inadequacy status. Approximately 8% and 9% had plasma alpha‐tocopherol to total cholesterol + triglyceride <1.59 umol/mmol and alpha‐tocopherol to total cholesterol <2.22 umol/mmol, respectively, which are also indicative of vitamin E deficiency. In conclusion, most of these Korean adults had inadequate vitamin E intakes, and one‐quarters were in vitamin E deficient status. Supported by 2010 research fund of National Research Foundation of Korea (20100017207).
Morphometric differences of cavitating Z joints
Authors: Cramer G , Ross K , Raju PK , Bora P , Press R , Cantu J , Selby S , Cambron J , Dexheimer J
Published: June 2021

A previous study of 40 subjects undergoing spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) assessed cavitation measured by accelerometry and L3/L4 – L5/S1 zygapophysial (Z) joint space separation (gapping) measured from MRI scans. An unexpected (and previously unreported) finding was that 6 joints cavitated multiple times.

Methods

We performed an IRB‐approved comparative study (n=18) assessing morphometric analysis of multiple‐cavitating (MC), single‐cavitating (SC), and non‐cavitating (NC) Z joints (joints matched for segmental level, side, and gender). The medial, central, and lateral aspects of the Z joint spaces were measured from pre‐SMT MRI scans. Group comparisons using the Kruskal‐Wallis Test were made for the measurements from the 3 locations and the total of the 3 measurements (total measurement = TM, the primary outcome).

Results

TM and medial joint space were smaller/narrower for the MC group (TM, p=0.008; medial, p=0.04). No differences were found for the central and lateral joint spaces (central, p=0.18; lateral, p=0.29).

Conclusions

Multiple cavitations during SMT may be related to the “close packed” nature of a joint in the neutral position (particularly the medial aspect of the joint). These findings provide information about the characteristics of Z joints cavitating during SMT. Funding: NIH/NCCAM Grant # 3R01AT000123‐06S2.
High Efficiency DNA Shuffling Utilizing Reassembly PCR and In Vitro Recombination
Authors: Davis Leroy Keith , Uppu Rao Mallikarjuna
Published: June 2021

We have performed DNA shuffling of pUNI51 and pENTR221 vectors containing cDNAs of Arabidopsis thaliana glycosyl hydrolase (GH) and utilized an in vitro recombination to recover properly reassembled GH‐cDNAs. DNase‐1 fragmentation was optimized to generate fragment distributions ranging from 35 bp to 3000 bp with a mean fragment distribution of 75 bp. This was accomplished by step‐wise decrease in the concentration of DNase‐1 and performing digestions at intervals of 30 and 60 s and subsequent batching of fragments. The DNA reassembly was optimized by performing PCRs at various concentrations. It was found that the most efficient DNA reassembly occurred at a DNA fragment concentration 40 ng/μL, resulting in two sharp peaks in DNA intensity curves indicative of independent assortment of GH‐cDNA and the corresponding vectors. After purification of the reassembled DNA, a second reassembly was performed using a small doping concentration (2 ng/μL, each) of fragment sizes ranging from 35 to 100 bp. Finally, we utilized Cre recombination and LR clonase reactions for gene isolation, thus avoiding the need for a second gene specific PCR typical of traditional Stemmer‐based DNA shuffling.
Bi‐specific MHC Heterodimers for Characterization of Cross‐reactive T Cells
Authors: Shen Zu Ting , Brehm Michael A , Daniels Keith A , Sig Alexander B , Selin Liisa K , Welsh Raymond M , Stern Lawrence
Published: June 2021

T cell cross‐reactivity describes the phenomenon whereby a single T cell can recognize two or more different peptide antigens presented in complex with MHC proteins. Cross‐reactive T cells have previously been characterized at the population level by cytokine secretion and MHC tetramer staining assays, but single‐cell analysis is difficult or impossible using these methods. In this study, we describe development of a novel peptide‐MHC heterodimer specific for cross‐reactive T cells. MHC‐peptide monomers were independently conjugated to hydrazide or aldehyde‐containing cross‐linkers using thiol‐maleimide coupling at cysteine residues introduced into recombinant MHC heavy chain proteins. Hydrazone formation provided bi‐specific MHC heterodimers carrying two different peptides. Using this approach we prepared heterodimers of the murine class I MHC protein H‐2K(b) carrying peptides from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vaccinia virus, and used these to identify cross‐reactive CD8+ T cells recognizing both lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vaccinia virus antigens. A similar strategy could be used to develop reagents to analyze cross‐reactive T cell responses in humans.
Determination of unknown protein function using crystallographic screening of metabolite cocktail binding
Authors: Shumilin Igor A. , Cymborowski Marcin , Chertihin Olga , Jha Kula N. , Herr John C. , Lesley Scott A. , Joachimiak Andrzej , Minor Wladek
Published: June 2021

An estimated 30–40% of sequenced bacterial genes, and an even higher fraction of genes in archaea and eukaryotes, encode for proteins that lack an assigned function. Identification of unknown protein functions is a high‐priority task in our efforts to understand cellular processes. Here, we applied crystallographic screening to assess the binding of compounds in a metabolite library to proteins in two families. These two families are the YjeF_N family of unknown function represented by a mouse apolipoprotein‐I binding protein and the N‐terminal domain of Tm0922 from Thermotoga maritima, and the PF01256 family, previously annotated as a family of small molecule kinases, represented by YxkO from Bacillus subtilis and the C‐terminal domain of Tm0922. The selective binding of several structurally‐related compounds observed for each protein provides the basis for identification of the likely ligands of the proteins. Subsequently, the PF01256 proteins are shown to catalyze ATP‐dependent NAD(P)H‐hydrate dehydration, the previously described orphan activity. The YjeF_N proteins interact with an adenosine diphosphoribose‐related (ADPR) substrate and most likely serve as ADPR transferases. Metabolite library screening may be used as an efficient tool for the functional studies of uncharacterized proteins. The funding was provided by the NIH grants U01‐HD060491, U54‐GM74492, U54‐GM074942 and R01‐GM53163.
Modulation of Beta 2, Beta 3, and AlphavBeta3 Integrins in Chronic Experimental Colitis Induced by Iodoacetamide and Enteropathogenic E. coliββ
Authors: Jurjus Abdo Romanos , Saliba Jessica L. , Ghanem Simona , Jurjus Rosalyn Abdo , Hussein Inaya Abdallah Hajj
Published: June 2021

Many integrins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.

This work studied the modulation of expression of ß2, ß3, and αvß3 integrins in a rat model of IBD.

A total of 160 adult male Sprage‐Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups and inoculated intrarectally on a weekly basis, unless otherwise specified, for 56 days with (1) methylcellulose 1% (MC), (2) iodoacetamide 6% (IA), (3) Enteropathogenic E. coli 4x108 colony factor (B), and (4) Iodoacetamide plus E. Coli (IA+B). The treatments were discontinued after 1 month in half of the animals. Daily observation for diarrhea and gross changes was performed. On days 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 open biopsies were removed from the intestines for RNA extraction, and for microscopy, and immunohistochemistry which was performed for ß2, ß3, and αvß3 on paraffin section from the descending colon using FITC conjugated goat antimouse IgG and RNA was extracted for Real Time PCR performed on αvß3.

Results showed an increased expression 3 to 5 times of ß2 integrin in the IA and IA+B groups, mostly in the mucosa and submucosa. ß3 levels were also elevated in the experimental groups of IA and IA+B compared to controls. The highest values were in the combination groups. αvß3 expression behaved the same way both by immunohistochemistry and RT‐PCR.

In conclusion, the chronic release of inflammatory molecules may have caused the precancerous profile of integrins expression.
The Great Bridge of Heparin: OpcA Binds to Heparin Eliciting an Interaction with Fibronectin Causing Meningitis
Authors: Alfaro Monica , Chavez Edwin , Grosjean Ellie , Ibrahim Fady , Martinez Denise , Munoz Juan , Nguyen John , Tandazo Andres , Stubbs Tamica , Colton Shannon
Published: June 2021

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by several pathogenic agents existing in the nasopharynx region of humans. The gram‐negative bacterium, Neisseria meningitidis, confers pathogenicity when it sheds its capsule, crosses the epithelium layer and enters the bloodstream via transcytosis. Upon entry, the bacterium reforms its capsule and modulates its adhesins, such as pili and opacity proteins (Opc) to avoid the hosts' immune response and to adhere to epithelial cells of the meninges. While en route to the meninges, lipopolysaccarides adhesins may induce septicemia by causing toxic damage to cells. Upon arrival to its host meninges, it wreaks havoc by utilizing basic residues on the crevice of its OpcA protein to increase interaction with polysaccarides and heparin, a receptor on the host's meninges. This bond forms a bridge enabling OpcA to bind with fibronectin inducing interaction with integrins, aiding with cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix during transcytosis. By understanding the structure of OpcA we can inhibit the interaction between N.meningitis and host cells with a vaccine that can potentially prevent meningitis. The E.E. Waddell SMART (Students Modeling A Research Topic) Team along with MSOE built accurate models of OpcA, heparin, and fibronectin using 3D printing. Supported by a grant from NIH‐NCRR‐SEPA
Insights Derived from the Structure of Human Adenovirus
Authors: Davidson Samantha , Debenham William , Wilson Kristy , McCraine Kyrsten , McCarthy Jared , McCarthy Aaron , Lee Libby , Davidson Katie , Galea‐Martinez Sandra A. , Reddy Vijay
Published: June 2021

Human adenoviruses are non‐enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses responsible for many upper‐respiratory infections and eye infections. It is composed of a spherical capsid that surrounds the viral genome. The trimeric fiber protein, exposed on the capsid exterior, is unique to adenoviruses and facilitates the attachment to the host cell via interactions between the knob domain and cell surface proteins. After entry into the host the virus is carried to the nucleus, where the capsid disassociates and the DNA passes through the nuclear pore. The adenovirus is of particular interest for the role it may play in targeted gene therapy as a vector.

Further study of the virus' structure, specifically the knob domain located on the fiber protein, may allow for genetic alterations to specific cell surface proteins and to circumvent neutralizing antibodies. In addition, knowledge of the structural details provides ways to disrupt their assembly and disassembly, thereby interfering with their natural lifecycle and associated infections. The structural details can also be used to re‐target the adenoviruses to the cells of interest and deliver specific genes, thus making it a useful delivery vehicle. The El Capitan SMART (Students Modeling A Research Topic) Team modeled the fiber protein using 3D printing technology. Supported by a grant from the HHMI Pre‐College Program
Effect of drop‐dead mutations on fertility and embryogenesis in Drosophila
Authors: Knight Kendall , Blumenthal Edward M
Published: June 2021

Mutations in the Drosophila gene drop‐dead (drd) cause reduced female fertility. Females homozygous for severe alleles are sterile. In contrast, females homozygous for the mild allele drdG3 are fertile, but it is not known whether fertility is reduced. We found that 87% of eggs laid by drdG3 homozygotes hatched into larvae; this rate was not reduced relative to heterozygous controls. Therefore, drdG3 does not appear to affect fertility.

In a screen for modifiers of drd, we had identified the deficiency Df(2R)Jp1 as an enhancer of adult lethality: drdG3;Df(2R)Jp1/+ males have significantly shorter lifespans than mutants lacking the deficiency. In the current study, we measured fertility of drdG3/drdG3; Df(2R)Jp1/+ females. Only 33% of eggs laid by mutant flies with the deficiency hatched, compared with 71% of eggs laid by mutant flies without the deficiency. There may be a common biochemical pathway underlying the effects of drd on both adult survival and embryogenesis.

We have previously found that eggs laid by females homozygous for the most severe alleles of drd arrest before gastrulation. We have now studied embryos laid by females homozygous for the moderate allele In(1)drdX1. These embryos appear to develop normally through gastrulation. By midway through development, however, the embryos appear to be severely abnormal, and they do not survive to hatching. Supported by 1R15 GM080682 to EMB and an NSF REU site.
Theoretical calculation of body composition changes after body mass reduction in humans
Authors: Nishijima Ruri , Sonou Tomohiro , Matsuda Motoko , Muramoto Tatsuhiro , Hirano Ryosaku , Iwata Masaru , Okamura Koji
Published: June 2021

The energy content of adipose tissue (FAT) and lean body tissues (LB) are 7,600 kcal/kg and 1,100 kcal/kg, respectively in rats (Tai S et al. 2009). Theoretically, changes in the mass of FAT and LB after body mass (BM) reduction are able to be calculated by energy debt and BM loss during a BM reduction period. BM loss is the sum of the FAT loss and LB loss (equation 1), and energy loss is the sum of 7,600 kcal/kg x FAT loss and 1,100 kcal/kg x LB loss (equation 2). Therefore, combining the results of both calculations thereby gives the changes in the mass of FAT and LB after BM reduction. To examine whether the theoretical calculation corresponds to the measurements obtained using a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), food diaries (FD) and activities of daily living (ADL) during 16 to 30 day BM reduction periods were recorded in 3 female judoists. The estimated energy debt calculated by the FD and ADL to reduce 1 kg of BM was 9,248, 11,789 and 13,768 kcal, respectively, for the 3 subjects. After the BM reduction period, both the FAT and LB masses were decreased in the BIA measurement, while the FAT mass decreased but the LB mass increased in the calculation in the all 3 subjects. Therefore, no close correspondence was observed between the BIA measurement and the calculated values.
Possible mechanisms on the aggravation from moderate alcohol consumption in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats
Authors: IP Blanche , Nascimento Andre F. , Luvizotto Renata A.M. , Wang Yan , Wang Xiang‐Dong
Published: June 2021

We have demonstrated that moderate alcohol consumption in rats with pre‐existing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) exacerbates liver injury (Wang Y. et al., ACER 2010). The underlying mechanisms involving adiponectin‐hepatic adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) signaling pathway or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses remain unclear. In the present study, Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed with a high‐fat diet (HFD 71% of total energy from fat) for 6 weeks to induce NASH, then divided into 2 sub‐groups (n=10): fed a HFD (55% fat) or a high‐fat alcoholic diet (HFA, 55% fat, 16% ethanol) for additional 4 weeks. In comparison to HFD group, we found 1) plasma adiponectin decreased in the HFA group, with the difference closed to reaching statistical significance (p=0.0596); 2) hepatic AdipoR1 but not AdipoR2, was significantly decreased in HFA; 3) the gene expression of FAS and the protein expression of SREBP‐1c were up‐regulated, while the gene expressions of DGAT1/2 and CPT‐I were down‐regulated in HFA group. Unexpectedly, HFA resulted in significant increase in pAMPK, pACC and SIRT‐1 protein levels. No changes were shown in ER stress mediated protein expression of CHOP, which induces apoptosis, between two groups. These data suggest that moderate alcohol consumption down‐regulates the adiponectin‐AdipoR1 and up‐regulates fatty acids biosynthesis, which promotes liver injury in rats with pre‐existing NASH.
Butyrate regulates urea metabolism and nitrogen use in sheep
Authors: Agarwal Umang , Somers Katelyn , Bailey Kelly , Hu Qiong , Bequette Brian J
Published: June 2021

Butyrate has been implicated in regulation of rumen urea transporter expression and thus urea recycling, yet direct evidence is absent. This study aimed to determine the effect of butyrate on urea recycling by infusion of butyrate into the rumen. Wether sheep (42 kg BW) fitted with rumen cannula were fed to 1.8× energy maintenance a standard diet (130 g CP/kg, 9.3 MJ ME/kg) and infused into the rumen with isoenergetic (1.2 MJ/d) and isonatremic solutions of either Na‐Acetate (control) or Na‐Butyrate for 10‐d periods in a crossover design. [15N2]Urea was continuously infused IV for the last 5 d, and all urine and feces were collected. Compared to no infusion, Butyrate increased (P < 0.05) rumen acetate and butyrate, whereas Acetate increased (P < 0.05) rumen acetate. Compared to Acetate, Butyrate decreased urea entry (17.2 vs 14.3 g urea‐N/d, P < 0.05) and urinary urea excretion (9.3 vs 7.7 g urea‐N/d, P = 0.11). Although transfer of urea to the gut was not different, Butyrate increased (0.6 vs 2.2 g urea‐N/d, P < 0.05) microbial capture of the urea‐N that was transferred to the gut. The results suggest that butyrate does not increase urea recycling to the gut compared to acetate. However, the reduction in urea synthesis coupled with increased capture of recycled urea‐N by gut microbes suggests that butyrate enhanced overall capture of feed and urea derived ammonia by microbes. Supported by Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.
Pharmacokinetics and disposition of procyanidins metabolites in rats
Authors: Maqueda Aida Serra , Motilva Maria‐José , Macià Alba , Romero Maria‐Paz
Published: June 2021

Procyanidins are ubiquitous in the diet. They are poorly absorbed and extensively metabolized via phase II and microbial enzymes. However, their distribution in the body is not well characterized. This study investigates the distribution of procyanidins (monomers and dimers) and their phase II metabolites in brain, spleen, heart, and liver and plasma of Wistar rats gavaged with 1 g of cocoa cream (CC), 30 mg rich procyanidin extract produced from mixed nut skins (PE) and 30 mg PE in 1 g CC (PECC). Rats were sacrificed at 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 18 h after gavage. After the ingestion of CC, epicatechin‐glucuronide was the main metabolite in plasma with Cmax at 423 nM and tmax at 2 h. After PE, methyl catechin‐glucuronide (301 nM, 2 h) was the main metabolite in plasma, followed by catechin‐glucuronide (255 nM, 1.5 h). After PECC, epicatechin‐glucuronide (452 nM, 1.5 h) and catechin‐glucuronide (297 nM, 2 h) were the main metabolites in plasma. Methyl‐catechin‐glucuronide was found in liver after PE (8 nmol/g fresh wt, 4 h) and PECC (8 nmol/g, 1.5 h). Methyl catechin‐sulphate (6.4 nmol/g, 4 h) was quantified in brain only after PE. Catechin metabolites were not found in spleen and heart. Phenolic acids, such as 3‐hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, derived from microbial metabolism, were detected in all tissues. In conclusion, metabolites were deposited in a tissue dependent manner but there were no great differences between CC and PECC.
Anatomic variations of the dorsalis pedis artery: A cadaveric study
Authors: Cassidy Keely , Khan MA
Published: June 2021

The dorsalis pedis artery (DPA), along with its variable branching pattern, was examined in cadaver feet. The occurrence and anatomical relationships of the DPA and its branches is of importance to clinical health care professionals for the vital role it plays in many diagnostic and corrective procedures. The DPA, a direct continuation of the anterior tibial artery, provides a lateral tarsal, a media tarsal and an arcuate branch before terminating in the 1st interosseous space by giving rise to the plantar and the dorsal metatarsal arteries.

In this study, the DPA was present in all 18 feet examined as a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. Its first branch, the lateral tarsal, was noted in 94% of the cadaveric feet and originated an average of 22 mm distal to the origin of the DPA. The medial tarsal was found in 89% of the feet and originated an average of 49 mm to the origin of the DPA. The arcuate artery was the most variable branch, being present in 9 of the 18 feet examined. The two terminal arteries (first dorsal metatarsal and deep plantar) were present 94% and 89% of the time. In summary, the arcuate artery was the most variable of those studied, and the lateral tarsal artery was the most consistent branch of the DPA.
Effect of vitamin B12 supplementation on plasma homocystein levels in Taiwanese vegetarians
Authors: Chiu Tina Hsueh‐Ting , Lin Ming‐Nan , Huang Hui‐Ya , Chen Kuan‐Ju , Lin Chin‐Lon
Published: June 2021

Objective

Elevated plasma homocystein (Hcy), a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, has been observed in vegetarians in countries with limited vitamin B12 fortified foods. We investigated the effect of vitamin B12 supplementation on Hcy.

Methods

In a double‐blind placebo‐control trial, 65 vegetarians (age 54±9) with Hcy >12μmol/L were randomly assigned to receive either a daily supplementation of 500μg vitamin B12 or placebo, for 6 months. Fasting serum vitamin B12 and Hcy were measured at month 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12.

Results

Vitamin B12 group, compared with control, had a 35% reduction in Hcy in 3 months: month 0 (18.1±7.2 vs. 17.9±6.4 μmol/L), month 3 (11.7±2.4 vs. 17.8±7.7 μmol/L, p<0.001), with no further decrease after 3 months. During supplementation, serum vitamin B12 increased correspondingly as Hcy decreased. Upon cessation of supplementation, Hcy levels in the B12 group were maintained until month 12, while serum vitamin B12 dropped in month 9.

Conclusion

This is the first trial to show that vitamin B12 supplementation alone is effective in treating Taiwanese vegetarians with hyperhomocysteinemia. A supplementation of 500μg of vitamin B12 for 6 months resulted in a sustained reduction of Hcy 6 months after cessation, despite the earlier drop in serum vitamin B12. Serum vitamin B12 may be more sensitive, than Hcy, to recent reduction in vitamin B12 intake.

This study was supported by Tzu Chi Hospital.
Fortified product intake attenuates the relationship between complementary feeding diet diversity score and a measure of nutrient adequacy among peri‐urban Filipino infants
Authors: Acuin Cecilia , Habicht Jean Pierre , Pelto Gretel
Published: June 2021

We examine the question “How well can diet diversity (DD) indicators predict dietary quality for Filipino infants 6 to 11 months old from an urban poor municipality?” Dietary data was collected monthly from 6 to 11 months of age, using a 24 hour recall method, from a sample of 1013 infants in peri‐urban Manila. Dietary diversity (DD) was calculated from the sum of 8 food groups with at least 1 g consumed over a 24 hour period. Mean DD score over the 6 month period was 2.1 for breastfed (BF) and 2.7 for non‐breastfed infants (BBF). Nutrient adequacy was measured as mean micronutrient density adequacy (MMDA). Mean MMDA for BF was 49.8 and 58.6 for NBF. In the combined sample the correlation between DD and MMDA is significant (p<0.01, r=0.523) for the period 6–11 mos. However, fortified food product intake attenuates this relationship between DD and MMDA, and the interaction between fortified product intake & DD significantly affects MMDA. Therefore in populations where fortified foods are common, DD is not a useful indicator of diet quality.

Support was provided by WHO.
Temporal changes in BMI of Kuwaitis between 1998 & 2009
Authors: Waslien Carol I , Zaghloul Sahar , Al‐Sumaie Mona A.
Published: June 2021

Changes in food intake and physical activity after oil discovery in Kuwait has lead to epidemics of obesity, diabetes and increased CVD. A National Nutrition Surveillance Survey was established in 1998 by the Ministry of Health to monitor changes in obesity prevalence based on data collected from health adults registering for employment and retirement. BMI was calculated on 39,141 men and women 20–75 yr for 1998–2009. Mean BMI of males increased from 27.0 to 28.8 (6.7% or 0.61%/yr) and of females from 27.6 to 29.4 (6.5% or 0.59%/yr). When examined by age decade all male groups increased, but only 20 yr old females. Regression analysis adjusting for age, education and employment indicated that year of study significantly contributed to BMI in males (β=.076)but less to females(β=.025), and was not a significant contributor for females older than 30 yr. This may indicate a recent increase in awareness of the health risks of obesity in women in Kuwait.
Chocolate candy consumption is not associated with negative physiological parameters in adult participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004
Authors: Shumow Laura , Bodor Alison , McGill Carla , Fulgoni Victor L
Published: June 2021

The relationship between chocolate candy consumption and physiological parameters was examined in adults (n=14,196) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. Chocolate consumers (n=1,831) were defined as those who consumed any amount of chocolate candy during the 24‐hour dietary recall. Quartiles of chocolate consumption were determined and analyzed by logistic regression. Mean chocolate candy intakes by quartile were 10.06±0.19 g/day (Q1); 23.03±0.24 g/day (Q2), 43.14±0.34 g/day (Q3) and 91.67±2.84 g/day (Q4). There were no significant relationships between chocolate candy consumption and mean body weight, BMI, waist circumference; triceps skin fold, blood pressure or serum cholesterol. There was a significant (p<0.05) negative linear trend of chocolate candy consumption with triglycerides and C‐reactive protein (c‐RP). There was a significant trend (p<0.05) of chocolate candy consumption and reduced risk of metabolic syndrome. Chocolate candy consumption is not associated with increased body weight/fatness or negative physiological parameters in adult NHANES participants. Support provided by the National Confectioners Association.
Best Practices and Strategies Utilized in Phase I of a Comprehensive District‐Wide Edible Schoolyard Garden and Nutrition Science Education Curriculum at the Primary and Secondary Education level to Reduce the Prevalence of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Wallace Sharonda , Ilkay Jasmin , Cota Rick
Published: June 2021

Childhood overweight and obesity is at a record high. This has been the impetus for recent federal legislation to improve K‐12 cafeteria menus and environments. According to United States Department of Agriculture, low fruit and vegetable intake may be associated with overweight. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a Southern California School District utilizing edible schoolyard gardens and nutrition education. The 4‐phase program objectives: (1) to plant edible gardens throughout the district; (2) create district‐wide marketing campaign; (3) to develop education curriculum incorporating foods grown from the gardens; (4) to create a healthier menu options for the students; (5) to increase students ‘consumption of fruits and vegetables; (6) to increase nutrition knowledge regarding the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption. Phase I was implemented Summer 2010.

Methods

college students, community volunteers, and staff, participated.

Results

at the end of Phase I, a clear marketing campaign was developed, 5 gardens planted, and planting menus created.

Conclusion

student and community engagement, campus partnerships, and business community outreach proved to be effective strategies for the creation of healthier school environments.