bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Enoxaparin After Renal Transplantation in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Damamme Alice , Urien Saïk , Borgel Delphine , Lasne Dominique , Krug Pauline , Krid Saoussen , Charbit Marina , Salomon Rémi , Treluyer Jean‐Marc , Boyer Olivia
Published: September 2018

Enoxaparin is commonly used in the prevention of renal allograft vascular thrombosis but off‐label in children, and no consensus exists regarding the optimal dosing and dose adjustment. In this retrospective study, 444 anti‐Xa levels were obtained from 30 pediatric renal transplant recipients in order to investigate enoxaparin population pharmacokinetics. The main results were (1) 25% of children achieved the target anti‐Xa activity 36 hours after initiation of treatment, (2) anti‐Xa time courses were best described by a 1‐compartment open model with first‐order absorption, (3) body weight but not renal function was the sole covariate influencing clearance and volume of distribution, and (4) large between‐subject and between‐occasion variabilities in anti‐Xa activity were observed. However, creatinine‐based estimated glomerular filtration rate in the first post–renal transplantation hours may not reliably reflect the actual renal function of the children. Based on the final population model, a Bayesian‐based program was developed in order to estimate the individual pharmacokinetic parameters on a single anti‐Xa measurement, allowing determination of the next enoxaparin dose that will quickly achieve an appropriate anti‐Xa activity (targeting 0.3‐0.5 IU/mL) and anticoagulation. Finally, these results should help standardize practices that remain to date largely heterogeneous in pediatric intensive care units.
Using a Genetic Risk Score Approach to Predict Headache Response to Triptans in Migraine Without Aura
Authors: Cargnin Sarah , Viana Michele , Sances Grazia , Cantello Roberto , Tassorelli Cristina , Terrazzino Salvatore
Published: September 2018

A large meta‐analysis of genome‐wide association studies has recently identified a number of risk loci for migraine without aura (MwoA). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a genetic risk score based on single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), previously reported to be associated with MwoA at genome‐wide significance, may influence headache response to triptans in patients with migraine without aura. Genotyping of rs9349379, rs2078371, rs6478241, rs11172113, rs1024905, and rs6724624 was conducted with a real‐time PCR allelic discrimination assay in 172 MwoA patients, of whom 36.6% were inconsistent responders to triptans. Each genetic risk score model was constructed as an unweighted score, calculated by adding the number of risk alleles for MwoA across each SNP at selected loci. The association with headache response to triptans was evaluated by logistic regression analysis adjusted for triptan, and the P values were corrected for the false discovery rate. The genetic risk score including susceptibility risk alleles at TRPM8 rs6724624 and FGF6 rs1024905 was found to be inversely associated with risk of inconsistent response to triptans (OR, 0.62; 95%CI, 0.43‐0.89; false discovery rate q value, 0.045). In addition, adding this genetic risk score to the triptan‐adjusted logistic regression model significantly improved (P = .037) the discrimination accuracy, from 0.57 (95%CI, 0.50‐0.65) to 0.64 (95%CI, 0.57‐0.72). A modest but significant effect on risk of inconsistent response to triptans was identified for a genetic risk score model composed of 2 known risk alleles for MwoA, suggesting its potential utility in predicting headache response to triptan therapy.
Considerations for Collective Thinking About Academic Leadership Programs
Authors: Friesen Katherine L.
Published: September 2018

Since Burns's call for schools of leadership engaged in systematic study and education of leadership and Rost's conceptualization of the postindustrial paradigm of leadership, the number of academic leadership programs have grown tremendously. Though the number of programs has increased, there seems to be a lack of consensus as to the evolution of leadership, as a growing body of knowledge, and its academic programs. However, it is worth exploring the benefits of thinking collectively about academic leadership programs for the purposes of gaining legitimacy within higher education, but also because of the growth in rigorous interdisciplinary teaching and research that occurs within and across academic programs that is important to the study and practice leadership in its truest form.
Publication rate of podium presentations from the orthopaedic research society annual meeting
Authors: Hollenberg Alex M. , Bernstein David N. , Beltejar Michael‐John , Terry Treyc , Mesfin Addisu
Published: September 2018

Annual scientific meetings serve as a forum for dissemination of new research findings. Presentations should be of high scientific quality as they have the potential to impact future research projects and current clinical practice. The publication rate of podium presentations at an annual meeting can be used to assess the quality of the research presented. The purpose of this study was to determine the publication rate of podium presentations at the Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) annual meeting. All podium presentations from the 2012 to 2014 annual ORS meetings were identified. Abstracts were categorized into an orthopaedic topic. A PubMed search was performed to determine if an abstract reached publication in a peer‐reviewed journal. The publication rate was determined for each year. Of the 1063 podium presentations identified, 640 (60.2%) reached publication in a peer‐reviewed journal. No significant differences were observed in the publication rate between the orthopaedic topics (p = 0.3414). The majority (75.9%) of published abstracts reached publication within 2 years of presentation and the average time to publication was 17.0 months. Abstracts were published in 151 different journals with an average impact factor of 4.46. Time to publication varied significantly by journal (p = 0.025). Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Journal of Biomechanics, PLoS ONE, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, and Bone were the most common publication journals. This study provides insight into the quality of podium presentations at the ORS annual meeting. The ORS annual meeting compares favorably to other orthopaedic surgery meetings. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:288–292, 2019.
How Does the Surface Activity of Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis L.) Extracts Depend on the Plant Organ?
Authors: Góral Ilona , Jurek Ilona , Wojciechowski Kamil
Published: September 2018

Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis, L) extracts from different plant organs (roots/rhizomes, stems, leaves, and flowers/fruits) were tested because of their ability to lower surface tension at the water/air interface and because of their foaming ability. In addition, surface dilational rheology of the adsorbed layers was assessed. The plant material was collected from May to October 2016 to enable analysis of temporal changes in surface activity of the extracts throughout the same vegetation period. Each organ sample at the given development stage was extracted both fresh (immediately after collecting) and after air drying, to compare the effect of postharvest treatment on surface activity of the extracts. The results show that the latter depends strongly on the development stage, the plant organ, and even the postharvest treatment. During the plant lifecycle, the surface activity of extracts from individual organs varies, probably following the saponin content alterations related to their production and storage for the next season.
Application of sodium silicate retards apple softening by suppressing the activity of enzymes related to cell wall degradation
Authors: Ge Yonghong , Duan Bin , Li Canying , Wei Meilin , Chen Yanru , Li Xue , Tang Qi
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

During the storage of apples, apple softening is one of the main problems. Sodium silicate has been used to enhance disease resistance and maintain quality of fruits. In the present study, apple fruit (cv. Golden delicious) were treated with 100 mmol L–1 sodium silicate for 10 min and stored at 20 °C to investigate its effects on weight loss, flesh firmness, and the activity of cell wall‐degrading enzymes.

RESULTS

The results indicated that 100 mmol L–1 of sodium silicate treatment delayed the increase of weight loss and decrease of the flesh firmness in apples. Sodium silicate treatment also suppressed the activity of polygalacturonic acid transeliminase and pectin methyltranseliminase, pectin methylgalacturonase, polygalacturonase, cellulase and β‐galactosidase in the fruit.

CONCLUSIONS

Delaying apple softening by sodium silicate treatment is closely related to the inhibition of the activity of cell wall‐degrading enzymes and weight loss. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The Growth‐Inhibiting Effects of Beef Fatty Acids on MCF‐7 Cells Are Influenced Mostly by the Depot Location and Inconsistently by the Biohydrogenation Intermediate Content
Authors: Vahmani Payam , Rolland David C. , Gzyl Katherine E. , Baines Danica D. S. , Dugan Michael E. R.
Published: September 2018

Biohydrogenation intermediates (BHI) including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers are formed during ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in ruminants. Although many studies have examined the anticarcinogenic effects of CLA, few studies have reported the anticarcinogenic properties of BHI in their natural form found in dairy and beef fats. The present study compared the growth‐inhibitory effects of fatty acids from beef perirenal fat (PRF) or subcutaneous fat (SCF) with low or high levels of BHI in MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells. Cells were exposed for 72 h to media containing increasing doses (50 to 400 μM) of different beef fat treatments. Fatty‐acid analysis showed that BHI were readily incorporated into cell phospholipids (PL) in a treatment‐dependent manner, but higher BHI in PL did not consistently inhibit growth. Culturing with low‐BHI PRF or high‐BHI PRF did not lead to growth inhibition, but low‐BHI SCF inhibited growth, and inhibition was further increased by high‐BHI SCF. Other classes of fatty acids may, therefore, be interacting with BHI resulting in differential effects on growth inhibition in human breast cancer cells.
Customization of the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model over the Singapore region: impact of planetary boundary layer schemes, land use, land cover and model horizontal grid resolution
Authors: Madala Srikanth , Salinas Santo V. , Wang Jun , Liew Soo Chin
Published: September 2018

Accurate simulations of surface meteorological variables are important for the transport and dispersion of air pollutants and air quality in the lower atmosphere. In the present study, the surface meteorological variables over Singapore were simulated using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF‐ARW) mesoscale model. The sensitivity tests were conducted with six different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes (Yonsei University, Mellor–Yamada–Janjic, University of Washington, Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 [ACM2], Bougeault–Lacarrère, Quasi‐Normal Scale Elimination), four different horizontal grid resolutions (27, 9, 3 and 1 km) and two different land use, land cover datasets (US Geological Survey [USGS] and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer [MODIS]). Eight days (January 20–28, 2015) were selected for the WRF‐ARW model simulations for simulating surface meteorological variables. The model results were validated with available observations over the Singapore region. A lower mean bias, mean absolute error and root mean square error and good correlation were found in calculating surface meteorological variables with increase in the WRF‐ARW model horizontal resolution up to 3 km. Further, MODIS land use, land cover datasets considerably improved the prediction of surface meteorological variables compared to the USGS for all PBL schemes and horizontal grid resolutions. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the surface meteorological variables simulated using the ACM2 PBL scheme with 3 km horizontal grid resolution with MODIS land use, land cover data are in better agreement with observations with less error and a good correlation coefficient. The better performance by ACM2 could be due to non‐local turbulence closure during unstable conditions and local closure during the stable and neutral conditions formulated in this scheme. Overall, this study indicates possibilities to improve regional level air quality monitoring and prediction capabilities over Singapore.
Leadership succession and the performance of nonprofit organizations: A fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis
Authors: Li Hui
Published: September 2018

Leadership succession is critical to the performance of nonprofit organizations. Existing research has mostly treated leadership succession as an instantaneous event, and it has examined the independent effects of certain factors on organizational performance. However, little research has focused on the combinations of causally relevant factors. This article integrated organizational life cycle, resource dependence, and institutional theories, as well as the organizational fit literature, to explain how contextual and strategic factors combine to affect postsuccession performance. A fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was used to analyze 15 succession events in Chinese environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The study identified four pathways to good NGO performance after succession. It also highlighted that it is not succession per se but the succession context (i.e. founders' control, board governance, professionalization, and political environment) and the strategic orientations of the successor that affect postsuccession performance in nonprofit organizations.
Effects of Education and Experience on Primary Care Providers' Perspectives of Obesity Treatments during a Pragmatic Trial
Authors: Iwamoto Sean , Saxon David , Tsai Adam , Leister Erin , Speer Rebecca , Heyn Hilde , Kealey Elizabeth , Juarez‐Colunga Elizabeth , Gudzune Kimberly , Bleich Sara , Clark Jeanne , Bessesen Daniel
Published: September 2018

Objective

To examine the impact of a 1‐year pragmatic obesity trial on primary care providers' (PCPs) perspectives of treatment.

Methods

PCPs from four intervention clinics (PCP‐I) and five control clinics (PCP‐C) completed pre‐ and postintervention surveys on weight‐loss counseling, comfort discussing obesity treatments, and perceived effectiveness of interventions; questions were rated on 0 to 10 Likert scales. Only PCP‐I received patient updates and education about obesity management.

Results

Eighty PCPs completed preintervention surveys (pre: 71% female, 71% physicians); 82 PCPs completed postintervention surveys (post: 66% female, 70% physicians). PCPs were most comfortable discussing exercise before and after the trial (pre PCP‐C: 8.22 [1.44], mean [standard deviation (SD)]; post PCP‐C: 8.37 [1.24]; P = 0.8; pre/post PCP‐I: 7.88 [1.51] vs. 7.80 [1.71]; P = 0.3). PCPs were initially least comfortable discussing phentermine/topiramate extended release (ER) but developed significantly more comfort after the trial, to a greater degree among PCP‐I (pre/post PCP‐C: 2.86 [2.66] vs. 3.73 [2.72], P < 0.001; pre/post PCP‐I: 4.00 [2.57] vs. 6.17 [2.27], P < 0.001). After the trial, both PCPs rated exercise significantly less effective for weight loss, with a greater decrease in effectiveness rations among PCP‐I (pre/post PCP‐C: 7.73 [1.94] vs. 6.93 [2.35], P = 0.017; pre/post PCP‐I: 6.27 [2.69] vs. 5.15 [2.31], P = 0.001). Both PCPs rated phentermine (pre/post PCP‐C: 5.03 [2.05] vs. 5.50 [2.12], P = 0.002; pre/post PCP‐I: 5.70 [1.64] vs. 6.83 [1.18], P = 0.001) and phentermine/topiramate ER (pre/post PCP‐C: 3.91 [2.33] vs. 5.47 [2.54], P < 0.001; pre/post PCP‐I: 5.58 [2.21] vs. 7.02 [1.47], P < 0.001) significantly more effective after the trial, though ratings were higher among PCP‐I.

Conclusions

PCPs initially overvalued exercise and undervalued weight‐loss medications. PCPs exposed to education and experience gave higher comfort and effectiveness ratings to weight‐loss medications.
Fetal programming and Wilms tumor
Authors: Heck Julia E. , He Di , Janzen Carla , Federman Noah , Olsen Jorn , Ritz Beate , Hansen Johnni
Published: September 2018

Background

The “fetal programming” hypothesis has been evaluated in many adult diseases including cancer, but not for Wilms tumor. Wilms tumor has been related to high birthweight, but little is known about other growth metrics such as a baby's birth length, ponderal index, or placenta size, which can shed additional light on growth patterns.

Methods

Cases of Wilms tumor (N = 217) were taken from the Danish Cancer Registry, and controls (N = 4340) were randomly selected from the Population Register and matched to cases by sex and age. Linkage to the Medical Births Registry provided information on gestational factors and fetal growth measurements, while linkage to the Patient Register provided information on maternal and child health conditions.

Results

Despite having typically normal to higher birthweights, Wilms tumor cases had smaller placentas (≤540 g; odds ratio (OR) = 4.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.84–9.78) and a lower placenta‐to‐birthweight ratio (OR = 1.81; 95% CI, 1.17–2.82, per 1 SD decrease). Small placentas were more common among Wilms cases without congenital anomalies (OR = 6.43; 95% CI, 1.95–21.21). Wilms tumor cases had a higher prevalence of high birthweight (>4000 g; OR = 1.57; 95% CI, 1.11–2.22), birth length 55 cm or longer (OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.09–2.78), and being large for gestational age (OR = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.08–2.96).

Conclusions

Our study corroborates earlier studies showing associations with high birthweight and suggests associations between Wilms tumor and decreased placental size and low placenta‐to‐birthweight ratio.
Results of surgical resections with positive margins for children with hepatoblastoma: Case series from a single Asian center
Authors: Ren Xianghai , Li Haibo , Diao Mei , Chen Long , Xu Hang , Li Long
Published: September 2018

The influence of margin status on the survival of patients with hepatoblastoma (HB) remains controversial. Here, we report long‐term follow‐up outcomes of 26 patients with HB who underwent hepatectomy with positive microscopic margins. Although these patients had microscopic residuals, the 5‐year overall survival and event‐free survival rates of those who had no metastases or macrovascular involvement (MVI) were 86.7% and 80.8%, respectively. This may support the hypothesis that patients with HB who undergo hepatectomy with positive microscopic residuals but without MVI or metastases can also achieve satisfactory survival rate. Further studies in this field are required.
The preparation and properties of novel structural damping composites reinforced by nitrile rubber coated 3‐D braided carbon fibers
Authors: Gao Fei , Song Hang , Qiu Xiaowen , He Fang , Shi Chunsheng , Zhao Naiqin , He Chuannian
Published: September 2018

Based on the important applications of structural damping composites in aerospace and automobile areas, novel structural‐damping composites reinforced by nitrile rubber coated 3‐D braided carbon fibers (RCF3D/epoxy) were successfully prepared through the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process in this work. The damping property of the composites was experimentally investigated using cantilever beam vibration test and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results exhibit that the damping loss factor of the composites obtained from cantilever beam vibration test increases by 120%, reaching 0.068 after nitrile rubber coating modification. At the frequency of 1 Hz at room temperature, the loss factor of RCF3D/epoxy is about five times as high as that of the original composites. Furthermore, the impact strength and transverse shear strength increase by 11 and 6.8%, respectively, although the flexural strength and modulus and the longitudinal shear strength decrease slightly. The product of elastic modulus and loss factor E*η as the maximum merit index reaches 2.17 GPa. The results mentioned above indicate that rubber coating modification proposed in this work is an effective way to optimize the damping property with a negligible influence on mechanical properties of the RCF3D/epoxy, which will be a promising strategy for obtaining structural‐damping composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E599–E608, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Holographic Entropy Relations
Authors: Hubeny Veronika E. , Rangamani Mukund , Rota Massimiliano
Published: September 2018

We develop a framework for the derivation of new information theoretic quantities which are natural from a holographic perspective. We demonstrate the utility of our techniques by deriving the tripartite information (the quantity associated to monogamy of mutual information) using a set of abstract arguments involving bulk extremal surfaces. Our arguments rely on formal manipulations of surfaces and not on local surgery or explicit computation of entropies through the holographic entanglement entropy prescriptions. As an application, we show how to derive a family of similar information quantities for an arbitrary number of parties. The present work establishes the foundation of a broader program that aims at the understanding of the entanglement structures of geometric states for an arbitrary number of parties. We stress that our method is completely democratic with respect to bulk geometries and is equally valid in static and dynamical situations. While rooted in holography, we expect that our construction will provide a useful characterization of multipartite correlations in quantum field theories.
Computational studies on the formation of aza‐oxypentadienyl intermediates from alkylidene oxaziridines and keteneimine oxides and their conversion to 1,5‐dihydropyrrolones
Authors: Villar Pedro , Guillade Lucía , González‐Pérez Adán B. , de Lera Angel R.
Published: September 2018

The rearrangements of alkylidene oxaziridines 1a,b (a, R = Me; b, R = OMe) and keteneimine oxides 1’a,b to 1,5‐dihydropyrrolones 3a,b have been computationally studied at the UM062X/Def2TZVPP(PCM,TFE)//UM062X/Def2SVP(PCM,TFE) level. The mechanism for conversion of 1a‐3a is predicted to be stepwise, with intermediacy of the acyclic aza‐oxypentadienyl species 4a. The stabilization provided by the nitrogen of the oxaziridine makes the ring opening of 1a to diradical/zwitterionic intermediates 4a more feasible than in the case of the vinyl allene oxide counterparts. The formation of aziridinone 2a from 1a showed competing activation energies but 2a was found to be a thermodynamically less stable species than 3a. When the Me group at N is exchanged by the electron‐donating OMe substituent in 1b, the diradical species and the corresponding transition structures are more stabilized and therefore the aziridinones are not required as intermediates in the conversion of 1b to 3b. Keteneimine oxide 1′ is predicted to directly generate diradical 4 by C‐O ring opening although through a less favored transition state.
Assessment of Maturity in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Florida Stone Crab Menippe mercenaria Fishery
Authors: Crowley Claire E. , Gandy Ryan L. , Daly Kendra L. , Leone Erin Hoerl
Published: September 2018

The Florida stone crab Menippe mercenaria supports one of Florida's most valuable commercial fisheries. Sustained fishing pressure and overexploitation, despite negative trends in landings, have facilitated the need to transition from stock assessments based on effort and landings toward more sophisticated methods. This requires accurate knowledge of life history parameters, such as size at sexual maturity. The physiological, behavioral, and functional maturity of female Florida stone crabs and the physiological maturity of male crabs were assessed in individuals collected throughout the geographically fished range of the population between 2013 and 2014. Morphological maturity of both sexes was assessed in individuals collected from the same locations in 2005–2016. Histology was used to determine oocyte maturity, presence of spermatophores, and presence of postovulatory follicles in females and the production of spermatophores (present in the anterior vas deferens) in males. Decision tree analysis determined that 50% of females were mature at 43 mm carapace width (CW) based on an indicator of physiological and behavioral sexual maturity. In males, physiological maturity occurred at a CW of 34.75 mm. Sexual maturity estimated using morphological maturity occurred at 66.3 mm CW in females and 63.1 mm CW in males. Differences in estimated size at sexual maturity between morphological maturity and physiological, behavioral, and functional maturity indicate that the relative growth of body parts is not reliable for estimating sexual maturity in Florida stone crabs. Smaller females may be contributing more to the spawning population than had been previously estimated. Large, morphometrically mature males may be more successful in mating encounters, but during times of flux in population size structure (i.e., fewer large males), morphologically immature but physiologically mature males have increased mating opportunities. Results indicate that male and female Florida stone crabs can contribute to the reproductive population multiple times before they become vulnerable to the fishery.
Urban water supply in Punic and Roman Sardinia
Authors: Cespa Stefano
Published: September 2018

The study of Punic and Roman water supply systems in Sardinia (Western Mediterranean) has developed significantly over the last few decades of research. Due to the particular climatic conditions, the problem of water supply in the island has always been strongly felt. Water management systems were therefore of vital importance in the organization of private and public spaces in antiquity. Methods of planning and construction became quite precise, as did systems for control and maintenance; their use and evolution over the centuries could be seen in relation to expansion of urban centers and to demographic increase, to higher urban living standards, to enlarge of production systems and, maybe, to climatic variations. The purpose of this article is to provide a comparative overview of the most significant urban areas of Sardinia during the Punic and Roman period. The description of water works (wells, cisterns, tanks, channels), of techniques of water usage, of construction technologies, also with regards on public buildings directly fed by them, will give a comprehensive framework regarding these fundamental types of structures.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation

Human Water > Water Governance

Science of Water > Water Extremes
Climate, history, and culture in the United States
Authors: White Sam
Published: September 2018

Although research in the field has faced obstacles, there is now a recognizable body of scholarship on climate in United States history and culture. This literature makes significant contributions to regional and national historiographies and to contemporary climate change issues. Most paleoclimate, historical, and archeological research pertaining to climate variability and impacts has focused on Native American histories and on the early colonial period, when European settlements were most vulnerable. Nevertheless, scholars have also investigated diverse ways in which regional climate differences and, above all, perceptions about American climates have shaped the modern history of the country. Research on climate and culture could make particularly significant contributions to topics such as Southern racism and slavery, Western migration and agriculture, and the rise of American suburbs.

This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > World Historical Perspectives
Synthesis and Molecular Structure of trans‐[RhCl2(tBu2PPh)2]: a Rare Example of a Mononuclear Rhodium(II) Complex
Authors: Böttcher Hans‐Christian , Klüfers Peter , Mies Thomas , Mayer Peter
Published: September 2018

During the reaction of [{Rh(μ‐Cl)(coe)2}2] (1) (coe = cis‐cyclooctene) with the tertiary phosphane tBu2PPh in a nitrogen atmosphere the square planar rhodium(II) complex trans‐[RhCl2(tBu2PPh)2] (2) was identified as a side product in moderate yield. 2 was synthesized in a defined manner in higher yields using a known procedure starting from [{Rh(μ‐Cl)(coe)2}2], tBu2PPh (molar ratio Rh:P of 1:2), and N‐chlorosuccinimide as the oxidizing agent in THF at room temperature. The molecular structure of 2 was determined by X‐ray crystallography. Additionally, to further confirm the molecular structure of trans‐[RhCl2(tBu2PPh)2], extensive DFT calculations were undertaken, which gave further evidence for its molecular structure. In contrast to the remarkable stability of 2 in the solid state, the investigation of solutions of this compound afforded hints at a dynamic equilibrium, which renders more difficult the collection of adequate NMR spectroscopic data for the title complex.
Design matters: on the impact of compliance program design on corporate ethics
Authors: Stöber Thomas , Kotzian Peter , Weißenberger Barbara E.
Published: September 2018

Corporate scandals led to an increased interest in improving managers’ compliance. To this end, companies implement compliance programs including codes of conduct, compliance training, and whistle-blowing as core elements. Previous research has focused on the impact of the mere existence of one or several compliance program’s elements on compliance. Compliance programs differ substantially from company to company, for instance, in how training is organized and how the code looks like. This makes direct comparisons of the results challenging. Until now, it is poorly understood if and how the design of a compliance program’s element affects compliance. This paper investigates firstly, whether codes per se are an effective core element of compliance programs; secondly, whether the way a code is designed (e.g., by using examples) impacts on compliance; and thirdly, whether types of compliance training as well as whistle-blowing channels make a difference in terms of compliance and whistle-blowing. We conducted a factorial survey experiment with 1005 managers from a multinational European corporation. Our findings indicate that not the mere existence of a code but its design matters for compliance. There is evidence that more specific compliance training is more effective than general training. Our study contributes to the business ethics literature by providing insights on how design elements of compliance program’s elements matter. Finally, we also contribute to business practice as we draw up guidelines for those who are responsible for their compliance programs.
Editorial
Authors: Barrett Steve
Published: September 2018

Norway may be rich in North Sea oil & gas, but even so it is leading the electrification of its transport sector, and has the largest fleet of electric vehicles per capita in the world. It is also making waves in the hydrogen and fuel cell sector, as we report in several items in this issue.
BEDROCK MORTARS IN THE SEMIARID NORTH OF CHILE (30° S.): TIME, SPACE, AND SOCIAL PROCESSES AMONG LATE HOLOCENE HUNTER-GATHERERS
Authors: Pino Mariela , Troncoso Andrés , Belmar Carolina , Pascual Daniel
Published: September 2018

Bedrock mortars recur in the record of many prehispanic communities. However, few studies discuss their relationship with social processes. In the present work, we discuss a regional study of bedrock mortars in the semiarid north of Chile, specifically the Limarí River basin (30° S). Using a combination of formal, spatial, contextual, archaeobotanical, and absolute dating analyses, we assess the chronology of bedrock mortars and how they related to social processes of hunter-gatherer populations of the region (2000 BC to AD 1000). In particular, we suggest that an increase in production of bedrock mortars among pottery-using hunter-gatherer groups (AD 1–1000) can be observed, associated with a greater intensity of plant collection and use, and a diminution in the importance of hunting. This situation led to a set of new social relationships structured on the practice of collective grinding and shared use of bedrock mortars. These results show the importance of this material record as a means of approaching aspects of prehispanic social life, and demonstrates a methodological framework within which to interrogate this materiality by combining different analytical levels of bedrock mortars’ variability.
Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research cancer prevention recommendations and WNT-pathway-related markers of bowel cancer risk
Authors: Malcomson Fiona C. , Willis Naomi D. , McCallum Iain , Xie Long , Kelly Seamus , Bradburn David Michael , Belshaw Nigel J. , Johnson Ian T. , Mathers John C.
Published: September 2018

Bowel cancer risk is strongly influenced by lifestyle factors including diet and physical activity. Several studies have investigated the effects of adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) cancer prevention recommendations on outcomes such as all-cause and cancer-specific mortality, but the relationships with molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects on bowel cancer risk are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between adherence to the WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations and wingless/integrated (WNT)-pathway-related markers of bowel cancer risk, including the expression of WNT pathway genes and regulatory microRNA (miRNA), secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) methylation and colonic crypt proliferative state in colorectal mucosal biopsies. Dietary and lifestyle data from seventy-five healthy participants recruited as part of the DISC Study were used. A scoring system was devised including seven of the cancer prevention recommendations and smoking status. The effects of total adherence score and scores for individual recommendations on the measured outcomes were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation analysis and unpaired t tests, respectively. Total adherence score correlated negatively with expression of Myc proto-oncogene (c-MYC) (P=0·039) and WNT11 (P=0·025), and high adherers had significantly reduced expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) (P=0·042), WNT11 (P=0·012) and c-MYC (P=0·048). Expression of axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3β), catenin β1 (CTNNB1) and WNT11 and of the oncogenic miRNA miR-17 and colonic crypt kinetics correlated significantly with scores for individual recommendations, including body fatness, red meat intake, plant food intake and smoking status. The findings from this study provide evidence for positive effects of adherence to the WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations on WNT-pathway-related markers of bowel cancer risk.
One Smart Politician: Gendered Media Discourses of Political Leadership in Canada
Authors: Wagner Angelia , Trimble Linda , Sampert Shannon
Published: September 2018

Which leadership qualities are most likely to be emphasized in news reports about leadership competitions, and are they attributed differently to women and men candidates? To answer this question, we conducted content and discourse analyses of 2,463 articles published by theGlobe and Mailnewspaper on 10 women and 17 men seeking the leadership of Canadian political parties since 1975. Our results show that women candidates were subjected to more negative and gendered assessments of their communication skills, intellectual substance and political experience than were men candidates. We also found little evidence that gendered media discourses about political leadership have changed over time, especially in the case of women in the strongest position to become the country's first national party leader or prime minister.
Usnea viktoriana(Ascomycota,Parmeliaceae), a new European taxon of theUsnea barbata-dasopogagroup, with a key to the shrubby-subpendulous sorediateUsneaspecies in Europe
Authors: CLERC Philippe , OTTE Volker
Published: September 2018

Usnea viktorianaP. Clerc & Otte is described as new. It is characterized by the presence of alectorialic acid as major secondary compound mainly present in the aggregated efflorescent soralia with long isidiofibrils.Usnea parafloridanaK. Mark, Will-Wolf & Randlane is synonymized withU. praetervisa(Asahina) P. Clerc. BothU. viktorianaandU. praetervisaare supported by molecular analysis. A key to the shrubby-subpendulous sorediateUsneaspecies in Europe is provided.
The lichen genusCoenogoniumin Tasmania
Authors: KANTVILAS G. , RIVAS PLATA E. , LüCKING R.
Published: September 2018

The genusCoenogoniumEhrenb. in Tasmania comprises seven species. New to science are:C. atherospermatisKantvilas, Rivas Plata & Lücking, endemic to Tasmania and characterized by pale yellowish beige apothecia and relatively small ascospores, 6–8·5×2·5–3 µm;C. urceolatumKantvilas, Rivas Plata & Lücking, likewise endemic to Tasmania and characterized by orange, urceolate apothecia, 0·3–0·4 mm wide, and uniseriate ascospores, 8·5–11×2·5–3 µm; andC. australienseKantvilas & Lücking, recorded from Tasmania, South Australia and New South Wales, and characterized by orange apothecia, 0·5–2 mm wide, and relatively broad ascospores, 10–14×3–4·5 µm. Also treated areC. lutescens(Vĕzda & Malcolm) Malcolm (Tasmania and New Zealand) and three widespread taxa, namelyC. implexumNyl. (Southern Hemisphere),C. luteum(Dicks.) Kalb & Lücking andC. pineti(Schrad. ex Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch (both subcosmopolitan). All species are described in full from Tasmanian collections and illustrated, and their ecology, variation and affinities to related species are discussed. The Tasmanian taxa are also discussed in the context of the Australasian lichen biota.
The effect of urbanization on the functional and scale-sensitive diversity of bird assemblages in Central India
Authors: Kale Manoj , Dudhe Nandkishor , Ferrante Marco , Ivanova Tatiana , Kasambe Raju , Trukhanova Irina S. , Bhattacharya Prosun , Lövei Gabor L.
Published: September 2018

Diversity changes can be evaluated at various spatial scales, and the relationship between changes in diversity at the local, landscape and regional scales is not evident. The overall patterns of functional and beta diversity of bird assemblages were evaluated along a five-stage urbanization gradient, censused over the months of January to April in the years 2010–2013, in and around Amravati city, Deccan Plateau, Central India. We expected the abundance of large and predatory species to decline along the gradient, and urbanization to homogenize species richness at the landscape level. Overall, 112,829 birds belonging to 89 species were identified in the region, and species richness decreased from the rural forest (73 species) to more urbanized areas (lowest at the centre of Amravaty city with 29 species). Along the urbanization gradient, bird assemblages contained more small species, and the share of frugivorous and omnivorous species also increased, while that of insectivorous species decreased. Diversity partitioning indicated that of the overall pattern, local (alpha) diversity accounted for 50.1% of the total (gamma) diversity, and urbanization stages another 36.2%; the contribution of within-stage, local diversity was rather small (2.7%), indicating fairly homogeneous assemblages.
Simplification and Event Identification for AIS Trajectories: the Equivalent Passage Plan Method
Authors: Sánchez-Heres Luis Felipe
Published: September 2018

Two pre-processes for Automatic Identification System (AIS) trajectories commonly reported in the maritime knowledge discovery literature are trajectory simplification and event identification. Both pre-processes reduce storage and computational expenses by reducing the number of data points to be used in an analysis. This paper presents an event identification and trajectory simplification method based on behaviour identification and translation. Trajectory segments deemed to correspond to coastal or ocean navigation are translated into equivalent passage plan segments; a succinct description of the movements and behaviour of the ship. As a trajectory simplification method, it provides two main advantages over commonly used trajectory simplification methods: more meaningful simplified trajectories with better encoding of basic behaviours and the possibility to retain interesting behaviours in full resolution. As an event identification method, it is capable of differentiating between normal ocean or coastal navigating behaviour and complex or interesting behaviour, such as pilotage, reaction to a traffic conflict, or an involuntary deviation from the passage plan.
Differences in magnitude and rate of change in adult obesity distribution by age and sex in Mexico, Colombia and Peru, 2005–2010
Authors: Yamada Goro , Castillo-Salgado Carlos , Jones-Smith Jessica C , Moulton Lawrence H
Published: September 2018

Objective

Unequal obesity distributions among adult populations have been reported in low- and middle-income countries, but mainly based on data of women of reproductive age. Moreover, incorporation of ever-changing skewed BMI distributions in analyses has been a challenge. Our study aimed to assess magnitude and rates of change in BMI distributions by age and sex.

Design

Shapes of BMI distributions were estimated for 2005 and 2010, and their changes were assessed, using the generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) and assuming BMI follows a Box–Cox power exponential (BCPE) distribution.

Setting

Nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional health surveys conducted between 2005 and 2013 in Mexico, Colombia and Peru.

Subjects

Adult men and non-pregnant women aged 20–69 years.

Results

Whereas women had more right-shifted and wider BMI distributions than men in almost all age groups across the countries in 2010, men in their 30s–40s experienced more rapid increases in BMI between 2005 and 2010, notably in Peru. The highest increase in overweight and obesity prevalence was observed among Peruvian men of 35–39 years, with a 5-year increase of 21 percentage points.

Conclusions

The BCPE–GAMLSS method is an alternative to analyse measurements with time-varying distributions visually, in addition to conventional indicators such as means and prevalences. Consideration of differences in BMI distributions and their changes by sex and age would provide vital information in tailoring relevant policies and programmes to reach target populations effectively. Increases in BMI portend increases of obesity-associated diseases, for which preventive and preparative actions are urgent.
Investigating tarps to facilitate organic no-till cabbage production with high-residue cover crops
Authors: Lounsbury Natalie P , Warren Nicholas D , Wolfe Seamus D , Smith Richard G
Published: September 2018

High-residue cover crops can facilitate organic no-till vegetable production when cover crop biomass production is sufficient to suppress weeds (>8000 kg ha−1), and cash crop growth is not limited by soil temperature, nutrient availability, or cover crop regrowth. In cool climates, however, both cover crop biomass production and soil temperature can be limiting for organic no-till. In addition, successful termination of cover crops can be a challenge, particularly when cover crops are grown as mixtures. We tested whether reusable plastic tarps, an increasingly popular tool for small-scale vegetable farmers, could be used to augment organic no-till cover crop termination and weed suppression. We no-till transplanted cabbage into a winter rye (Secale cereale L.)-hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) cover crop mulch that was terminated with either a roller-crimper alone or a roller-crimper plus black or clear tarps. Tarps were applied for durations of 2, 4 and 5 weeks. Across tarp durations, black tarps increased the mean cabbage head weight by 58% compared with the no tarp treatment. This was likely due to a combination of improved weed suppression and nutrient availability. Although soil nutrients and biological activity were not directly measured, remaining cover crop mulch in the black tarp treatments was reduced by more than 1100 kg ha−1 when tarps were removed compared with clear and no tarp treatments. We interpret this as an indirect measurement of biological activity perhaps accelerated by lower daily soil temperature fluctuations and more constant volumetric water content under black tarps. The edges of both tarp types were held down, rather than buried, but moisture losses from the clear tarps were greater and this may have affected the efficacy of clear tarps. Plastic tarps effectively killed the vetch cover crop, whereas it readily regrew in the crimped but uncovered plots. However, emergence of large and smooth crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) appeared to be enhanced in the clear tarp treatment. Although this experiment was limited to a single site-year in New Hampshire, it shows that use of black tarps can overcome some of the obstacles to implementing cover crop-based no-till vegetable productions in northern climates.
Adoption of the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977: A milestone in the development of international humanitarian law
Authors: Bugnion François
Published: September 2018

On 8 June 1977, the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts adopted two Protocols Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. This was the result of nearly ten years of intensive and delicate negotiations. Additional Protocol I protects the victims of international armed conflicts, while Additional Protocol II protects the victims of non-international armed conflicts. These Protocols, which do not replace but supplement the 1949 Geneva Conventions, updated both the law protecting war victims and the law on the conduct of hostilities. This article commemorates the 40th anniversary of the adoption of the 1977 Additional Protocols.
Testgüte einer deutschen Version des Mehrdimensionalen Perfektionismus Kognitions-Inventars (MPCI-G)
Authors: Prestele Elisabeth , Altstötter-Gleich Christine
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer deutschsprachigen Version des Mehrdimensionalen Perfektionismus Kognitions-Inventars (MPCI-G [G = German]). In einer ersten Studie wurde die faktorielle Validität des MPCI-G überprüft. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse aus Studie 1 wurde der MPCI-G revidiert (MPCI-G-R). In Studie 2 wurden die Reliabilität, faktorielle und Konstruktvalidität des MPCI-G-R untersucht. Die Ergebnisse aus konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen, Korrelations- und multiplen Regressionsanalysen sprechen für die Reliabilität, faktorielle und Konstruktvalidität der 3 (korrelierten) Dimensionen perfektionistischer Kognitionen: Personal Standards (PSK), Concern over Mistakes (CMK) und Pursuit of Perfection Kognitionen (PPK). Unter anderem fanden sich differentielle Zusammenhänge der 3 Dimensionen mit dispositionellem Perfektionismus (Perfectionistic Strivings und Concerns), Affekt (schlechte Stimmung und Unruhe), Depressivität und der Zielsetzung für eine bevorstehende Prüfungsphase. Die reliable und valide multidimensionale Erfassung perfektionistischer Kognitionen, die zwischen eher positiven (PSK) und negativen Dimensionen (CMK und PPK) differenziert, stellt eine wertvolle Ergänzung zur Erforschung des dispositionellen Perfektionismus dar, welche das Verständnis dafür fördern kann, wie Dimensionen des dispositionellen Perfektionismus mit psychischem und physischem Wohlbefinden zusammenhängen.