bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic evolution of Marek's disease virus in vaccinated poultry farms
Authors: Yehia Nahed , El-Sayed Hemat S. , Omar Sabry E. , Erfan Ahmed , Amer Fatma
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim: The Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a neoplastic disease causing serious economic losses in poultry production. This study aimed to investigate MDV occurrence in poultry flocks in the Lower Egypt during the 2020 breakout and genetically characterized Meq, gL, and ICP4 genes in field strains of MDV.

Materials and Methods: Forty samples were collected from different breeds from eight Egyptian governorates in 2020. All flocks had received a bivalent vaccine (herpesvirus of turkey FC-126 + Rispens CVI988). However, weight loss, emaciation, reduced egg production, paralysis, and rough/raised feather follicles occurred. Samples were collected from feather follicles, liver, spleen, and nerve tissue for diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction. MDV genetic characterization was then performed by sequencing the Meq, gL, and ICP4 genes of five positive samples representing different governorates and breeds.

Results: A total of 28 samples were positive for MDV field strains, while two were related to MDV vaccinal strains. All samples tested negative for ALV (A, B, C, D, and J) and REV. Phylogenetic analysis of the Meq gene of sequenced samples revealed that all MDVs were related to the highly virulent European viruses (Gallid herpesvirus 2 ATE and PC12/30) with high amino acid (A.A.) identity 99.2-100%. Alternatively, there was low A.A. identity with the vaccine strains CVI988 and 3004 (up to 82.5%). These results indicate that further investigation of the efficacy of current Egyptian vaccines is required. The Egyptian strains also harbor a specific mutation, allowing clustering into two subgroups (A and B). By mutation analysis of the Meq gene, the Egyptian viruses in our study had R101K, P217A, and E263D mutations present in all Egyptian viruses. Furthermore, R176A and T180A mutations specific to our strains contributed to the high virulence of highly virulent strains. There were no mutations of the gL or ICP4 genes.

Conclusion: Further studies should evaluate the protection contributed by current vaccines used in Egypt.
Adverse Events After SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Botwin Gregory J. , Li Dalin , Figueiredo Jane , Cheng Susan , Braun Jonathan , McGovern Dermot P. B. , Melmed Gil Y.
Published: May 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on immunosuppressive and biologic therapies were largely excluded from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 messenger RNA vaccine trials.

METHODS:

We evaluated adverse events (AE) after messenger RNA vaccination in 246 adults with IBD participating in a longitudinal vaccine registry.

RESULTS:

In general, AE frequency was similar to that reported in the general population. AEs were more common among younger patients and those with previous COVID-19. AEs were less common in individuals receiving advanced therapies with biologics or small-molecule inhibitors.

DISCUSSION:

Those with IBD and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases can be reassured that the AE risk is likely not increased, and may be reduced, while on advanced therapies.
Fake news e desinformação sobre vacinas
Authors: Finatto Maria José B. , Silva Adriana da , Esteves Francine Facchin
Published: May 2021

O artigo apresenta a questão das fake news e desinformações durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e examina textos em português, compartilhados em redes sociais, sobre perigos da vacinação. Busca descrever em que medida esses textos e discursos, produzidos e compartilhados no Brasil, poderiam ser particularizados frente aos que trazem informações contrárias. Com um contraste inicial, em um estudo piloto, examina-se a apresentação lexical e discursiva de um vídeo transcrito cujo conteúdo coloca em dúvida a segurança de uma vacina. O texto transcrito é comparado com outros materiais, que servem de contraponto. Ao final, discutem-se as contribuições das Ciências do Léxico, dos estudos de Terminologia e Estudos do Texto e do Discurso para a descrição e tratamento de textos que podem induzir à desinformação.
Zukunft gestalten – Gesellschaftliche Beteiligung für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung
Authors: Rohde Friederike , Rupp Johannes
Published: May 2021

Einführung in das Schwerpunktthema
Wie wir den Klimawandel in der wachsenden Stadt begegnen können
Authors: Rupp Johannes , Knill Vera , Schöpflin Patrick , Wutz Sarah
Published: May 2021

Die Entwicklung von Zukunftsbildern unterstützt uns, wünschenswerte Lösungsansätze im Umgang mit den Herausforderungen einer wachsenden Stadt und den Folgen des Klimawandels aufzuzeigen. In der Diskussion von verschiedenen Zukunftsperspektiven grüner, lebenswerter Quartiere können zudem Zielkonflikte und Synergien zwischen Grünmaßnahmen und anderen Nutzungen thematisiert werden.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN COOKIES PELANGI IKAN GAGUK (Arius thalassinus) TERHADAP PERUBAHAN BERAT BADAN ANAK PAUD IT IQRA’ KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: Erdiana Lilis , Simanjuntak Betty Yosephin , Krisnasary Arie
Published: May 2021

Latar Belakang : Pemberian cookies pelangi ikan gaguk sebagai makanan tambahan atau biasa dikenal snack mengandung energi dan protein tinggi yang baik untuk pertumbuhan anak usia dini.Tujuan : Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian cookies pelangi ikan gaguk (Arius thalassinus) terhadap perubahan berat badan anak PAUD IT IQRA Kota Bengkulu.Metode : Jenis penelitian ini yaitu pre eksperimen dengan rancangan one group pre and post design. Subjek penelitian adalah anak yang berusia 5-6 tahun dengan jumlah sampel 22 anak memiliki berat badan < 19 kg. Anak diberikan cookies pelangi ikan gaguk sebanyak 81 keping selama 27 hari per anak, atau diberikan 3 keping/ hari per anak. Analisis yang digunakan adalah uji wilcoxconHasil :, Rata-rata sumbangan energi harian cookies sebesar 120 Kkal. Rata-rata kenaikan berat badan anak sekitar 0,928 kg.Kesimpulan : Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik terdapat perubahan yang signifikan berat badan anak PAUD setelah dilakukan intervensi pemberian cookies pelangi ikan gaguk 3 keping/ hari (nilai p<0,001).
PENGETAHUAN GIZI DAN CARA MENDAPATKAN MAKANAN BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEBIASAAN MAKAN MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
Authors: Jauziyah Shofi , Nuryanto Nuryanto , Tsani A. Fahmy Arif , Purwanti Rachma
Published: May 2021

Latar Belakang: Kebiasaan makan merupakan tingkah laku manusia terhadap makanan yang meliputi sikap, kepercayaan, dan pemilihan dalam mengonsumsi makanan yang terjadi secara berulang-ulang.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kebiasaan makan pada mahasiswa di Universitas Diponegoro.Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional. Subjek adalah 110 mahasiswa Universitas Diponegoro berusia 19 – 22 tahun diambil dengan cara consecutive sampling. Data jenis kelamin,  pengetahuan gizi, uang saku, tempat tinggal, pengaruh teman sebaya, asal sumber pangan (karbohidrat, protein hewani, protein nabati, sayur, dan buah), kebiasaan makan daerah asal, dan pantangan makan diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuesioner penelitian, data kebiasaan makan diperoleh menggunakan Adolescent Food Habits Checklist. Data dianalisis statistika secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan metode Chi-square.Hasil: Sebagian besar subjek (85,5%) memiliki kebiasaan makan yang tidak sehat sedangkan 14,5% lainnya memiliki kebiasaan makan yang sehat. Terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan gizi, cara mendapatkan makanan sumber zat gizi berupa karbohidrat, protein hewani, protein nabati, sayur, dan buah dengan kebiasaan makan mahasiswa (p = 0,043, p = 0,005, p = 0,002, p = 0,001, p = 0,010, p = 0,018). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis kelamin, uang saku, tempat tinggal, pengaruh teman sebaya, kebiasaan makan daerah asal, dan pantangan makan dengan kebiasaan makan mahasiswa (p>0,05)Simpulan: Pengetahuan gizi dan cara mendapatkan makanan (karbohidrat, protein hewani, protein nabati, sayur, dan buah) merupakan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kebiasaan makan mahasiswa Universitas Diponegoro.
Characterization of Landslide geometry using Seismic Refraction Tomography in the GayoLues, Indonesia
Authors: Zainal Muzakir , Munir Badrul , Marwan Marwan , Yanis Muhammad , Muhni Akmal
Published: May 2021

Landslides are the most common geological phenomenon in Indonesia.The event is damage to public infrastructure, and fatalities was a big impact. Therefore, mapping the geometry of landslides is a part of the mitigation effort possible by geophysical methods. In this research, we applied seismic refraction tomography (SRT) to study the geometry of the sliding zone from the landslide event.TheNational Disaster Management Authority reported that the area was frequently occurring landslide disaster, i.e. 2018, 2019 and 2020 which caused the public infrastructure and obstructed the road access from the central to the west of Aceh. The SRT was measured in two profileslong the road.Data measurements were conducted on the side of the Babahrot - GayoLues road section that had experienced landslides.Measurements were made using the Seismograph PASI 16S24-P and 24 geophones to obtain a 92-meterlong profile with 2 meter spacing between the geophones. P-wave velocity data modeling is done using ZondST2D software.The results of modeling profiles 1 and 2 describe three different subsurface layers.The SRT profile 1 model consists of slate (0.2 - 0.7 km/s), clay (0.8 - 1.3 km/s), and sandy clay (1.4 - 1.9 km/s).While, the model of profile 2 consists of slate (0.5 - 1.0 km/s), clay (1.1 - 1.6 km/ s), and sandy clay (1.7 - 2.5 km/s).The contrasting wave velocity model shows that the SRT method can be used in landslide studies as a reference in determining the mechanism of the landslide system.
Identification of Landslide with Resistivity Method at Candi Industrial Area, Ngaliyan, Semarang
Authors: Sani Nuriyana Muthia , Setyawan Agus , Gernowo Rahmat
Published: May 2021

Landslides can be occurred in almost every natural slope or artificial slope slowly or suddenly with or without any prior signs. The main reason for slope collapse is the increase in shear stress in the landslide, the decrease in shear strength, or both. Landslide problems can result in loss of life and property, damage to the environment, infrastructure, public facilities, and disrupt livelihood generally. Landslides can be detected by exploration of the subsurface. The geoelectrical method is one of the geophysical methods to know the change of resistance of a type of rock layer below ground level. The research aims to interpret the lithology of the subsurface in the Candi Industrial Area, Ngaliyan, Semarang using Schlumberger configuration. The results of measurements are voltage and electric current to calculate the apparent resistivity value processed by IP2Win software to determine the lithology and the slip surface area. The results present that lithology in the research area consists of sand clay, clay, and sandstone. The results showed that the locations of landslide-prone areas lie at the contact between sand clay and clay with that area at a depth of between 19.95 – 31.62 m there is one difference in the resistivity value which can be assumed to be a slip surface.The result of the research can be used to make policy rules of landslide mitigation.
Towards a Description Synthesis of the Entanglement of the Substrate with the Interconnection Network, for Fast Modeling of 3D RF circuits
Authors: Nabil A. , Bernardo J. , Rangel A. , Shaker M. , Abouelatta M. , Fakri-Bouchet L. , Gontrand C.
Published: May 2021

3D chip stacking is considered known to overcome conventional 2D-IC issues, using Trough Silicon Via (TSVs) to ensure vertical signal transmission between data.  If the electrical behaviour of 3D interconnections (redistribution metal lines and through silicon vias) used in 3D IC stack technologies are to be explored in this paper, the substrate itself is of interest, via Green Kernels by solving Poisson's equation analytically. Using this technique, the substrate coupling and loss in IC's can be analysed. We implement our algorithms in MATLAB. This method has been already used; but, it permits to extract impedances for a stacked uniform layers substrate. We have extended for any numbers of embedded contacts, of any shape. On a second hand, we grasp the background noise   between any two points, in the bulk, or at the surface, from a transfer impedance extraction technique.  With an analog algorithm, a strength of this work, we calculate unsteady solutions of the heat equation, using a spreading resistance concept. This method has been adapted to stacked layers. With this general tool of impedance field, we investigate on the problems encountered by interconnects, especially the vias, the substrate, and their entanglement. A calculation of thermal mechanical stresses and their effects on substrate crack (max and min stresses), devices (i.e: transistors) and hotspots, are made to track the performance. But, to well understand the interconnection incidence on 3D system performances, it is important to consider the whole electrical context; it seems relevant to consider the possible couplings between vias, not only by the electromagnetic field, but also by any possible energy transfer between interconnects; more generally, one of actual problem is to determine  where the energy is  really confined in such 3D circuits, before find solutions to limit  pollutions  coming from  electro-magneto -thermal   phenomena or  background noises.
Mittelhochdeutsche Sprachzeugnisse oder romantische Fälschungen?
Authors: Kroiß Daniel
Published: May 2021

For some decades, the authenticity of the German inscriptions of the castle Wildenberg in the Odenwald was rejected repeatedly. If they were created around 1200, they would be among the oldest known inscriptions written in German. This study attempts to verify the widely accepted assumption, that the inscriptions were ›forgeries‹ of the 19th century, based on epigraphic and linguistic criteria. It becomes apparent that evidence for ›forgery‹ cannot be provided based on the forms of the letters. A comparison of the preserved word and name forms shows, however, that the doubts concerning the authenticity of the inscriptions at the gate tower of the castle can be substantiated linguistically, whereas the inscriptions of the palas fit into the tradition of Middle High German texts.
Pathomechanisms in hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Häussinger Dieter , Butz Markus , Schnitzler Alfons , Görg Boris
Published: May 2021

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent neuropsychiatric complication in patients with acute or chronic liver failure. Symptoms of HE in particular include disturbances of sensory and motor functions and cognition. HE is triggered by heterogeneous factors such as ammonia being a main toxin, benzodiazepines, proinflammatory cytokines and hyponatremia. HE in patients with liver cirrhosis is triggered by a low-grade cerebral edema and cerebral oxidative/nitrosative stress which bring about a number of functionally relevant alterations including posttranslational protein modifications, oxidation of RNA, gene expression changes and senescence. These alterations are suggested to impair astrocyte/neuronal functions and communication. On the system level, a global slowing of oscillatory brain activity and networks can be observed paralleling behavioral perceptual and motor impairments. Moreover, these changes are related to increased cerebral ammonia, alterations in neurometabolite and neurotransmitter concentrations and cortical excitability in HE patients.
Simulation studies of n-heptane/toluene separation by extractive distillation using sulfolane, phenol, and NMP
Authors: Perkar Tushar , Choksi Naitik , Modi Chintan , Joshipura Milind
Published: May 2021

Simulation studies of n-heptane/toluene system were performed using Aspen Plus. The comparative study of different entrainers: N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP), Phenol, and Sulfolane for separation of this system was done. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to optimize flowsheets. The criteria to determine the appropriate solvent for the said system included, the total cost calculated by the Aspen Process Economic Analyzer, amount of the solvent consumed, cost of the solvent, and purity obtained during the separation process. For the given system, sulfolane was found to be the appropriate solvent.
An adaptive, observer-based switching method for B4 inverters feeding three-phase induction motors
Authors: Valiyan Holagh Hossein , Abbasian Najafabadi Tooraj , Safamehr Hossein
Published: May 2021

A four-switch inverter called the B4 inverter is a reconfigured topology of a B6 inverter, one leg of which is damaged. The four-switch topology provides the overall system with fault-tolerant characteristics. However, this reconfiguration will not only change the system dynamics but also degrade the system performance. For overcoming with these issues, this paper presents an adaptive switching method based on DC-link voltage control. In the proposed method, the selection of active vectors and the calculation of switching times are made according to an adaptive, observer-based algorithm which will reduce DC-link voltage oscillations and adjust unbalanced currents fed to induction machines. In this algorithm, an online, designed observer is utilized so as to estimate the DC amount of the DC-link voltage. Applying this method, we will decrease flux and torque ripples as well as increase the inverter efficiency and performance. The simulation results presented in the MATLAB environment evaluate and validate the performance and effectiveness of this approach.
Non-Newtonian fluid flow having fluid–particle interaction through a porous zone in a channel with permeable walls
Authors: Abbas Zaheer , Hussain Sifat , Hasnain Jafar , Nadeem Amir , Rauf Amar
Published: May 2021

The flow of Casson fluid streaming through a porous zone in a permeable channel with homogeneously distributed dust particles is studied. The flow is oscillatory and exposed to thermal radiation. With non-uniform temperature and velocity slip at the wall, the channel is put under transverse magnetic flux control. The variable separation approach is used to obtain the exact analytic solution for the flow fields of fluid and dust particles. Physical insights of collective effects of suction/injection, magnetic field, thermal radiation, and buoyance force on the fluid velocity, temperature, rate of heat transport and friction at the wall surface are examined and analysed graphically. Results reveal that surface friction increases on both channel plates as an injection on the hot plate rises.
Francis Bacon in Yan Fu’s Tianyan lun
Authors: Guowei Shen
Published: May 2021

Previous studies of the sources of thought in Yan Fu’s Tianyan lun have failed to give suffi cient attention to Francis Bacon. The source of Yan Fu’s ideal of a strong and prosperous China is, I think, none other than Bacon. This paper discusses Bacon as he appeared in Yan Fu’s Tianyan lun and political essays written at the time of Tianyan lun, and Bacon’s infl uence on Yan Fu.
Horn growth patterns of Nubian ibex from the Sinai, Egypt
Authors: Attum Omar , Soultan Alaaeldin , Bender Louis C.
Published: May 2021

Documenting patterns of horn growth and horn-age relationships of Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of their natural history, horn development in ibex in general, and future conservation of the species. Our specific objectives included (1) documenting age-horn growth patterns; (2) contrasting horn growth patterns of Nubian ibex with other ibex species; and (3) determining whether horn development accurately reflects age of Nubian ibex in Sinai, Egypt. As expected, all male and female horn measurements had significant relationships with age. Horn growth in males started plateauing at ca. age 7–8, whereas female horn growth started plateauing at ca. age 4–6. The extremely arid environment of Nubian ibex in the Sinai may account for the slowing of horn growth at a younger age than seen in populations of some other ibex species. We found a significant relationship between the number of horn ridges and age, indicating that counting horn ridges provides a viable method of aging males to within ±1 y. Thus counting horn ridges may be a useful and non-invasive method to determine age or age class, which can further our understanding of age structure, the natural history, and management of Nubian ibex populations.
Neuere sozialethische Entwicklungen in der Orthodoxie
Authors: Heller Dagmar
Published: May 2021

Dieser Artikel möchte das neue, im März 2020 veröffentlichte Papier „For the Life of the World. Toward a Social Ethos of the Orthodox Church“ (FLW) vorstellen und durch den Vergleich mit früheren orthodoxen Äußerungen zum Thema in seiner Bedeutung für den inner-orthodoxen Dialog wie auch für das ökumenische Gespräch erfassen. Dabei kommt die Autorin zu dem Ergebnis, dass FLW im Vergleich zu den früheren Texten einen grundlegend positiveren Zugang zu modernen Fragestellungen wie Menschenrechte, menschliche Lebensformen, Wissenschaft und Technik hat und eine größere Offenheit aufweist. Aus diesem Grund hat das neu veröffentlichte Dokument ein wegweisendes Potential nicht nur für die Orthodoxie selbst, sondern auch für die ökumenischen Dialoge der Orthodoxen Kirchen mit anderen Kirchen.
How culture, institutions, and individuals shape the evolving gender gap in science and mathematics: an equity provocation for the scientific community
Authors: Lozano Guadalupe I.
Published: May 2021

This essay contextualizes recently measured global gender gaps in science and mathematics within three different themes relevant for enhancing equity in science: journal peer review policies, academic service at US higher education institutions, and parental leave policies and usage. The article aims to problematize potential approaches for reducing such gender gaps, and thus build capacity to advance evidence-grounded transformative change. Framed as an equity provocation for the science community, this piece hopes to elicit productive thought and evidence-based action through informed perspective taking. The vision is not just to enhance gender equity in science and mathematics, but also to ensure the continued quality and relevance of our scientific endeavors for today’s diverse and global world.
Lignin-based polymers
Authors: Qi Fan , Chaoqun Zhang , Weijun Yang , Qingwen Wang , Rongxian Ou
Published: May 2021

On the basis of the world’s continuing consumption of raw materials, there was an urgent need to seek sustainable resources. Lignin, the second naturally abundant biomass, accounts for 15–35% of the cell walls of terrestrial plants and is considered waste for low-cost applications such as thermal and electricity generation. The impressive characteristics of lignin, such as its high abundance, low density, biodegradability, antioxidation, antibacterial capability, and its CO2 neutrality and enhancement, render it an ideal candidate for developing new polymer/composite materials. In past decades, considerable works have been conducted to effectively utilize waste lignin as a component in polymer matrices for the production of high-performance lignin-based polymers. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the recent advances and challenges involving lignin-based polymers utilizing lignin macromonomer and its derived monolignols. These lignin-based polymers include phenol resins, polyurethane resins, polyester resins, epoxy resins, etc. The structural characteristics and functions of lignin-based polymers are discussed in each section. In addition, we also try to divide various lignin reinforced polymer composites into different polymer matrices, which can be separated into thermoplastics, rubber, and thermosets composites. This chapter is expected to increase the interest of researchers worldwide in lignin-based polymers and develop new ideas in this field.
Biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA)
Authors: Goodsel James , Madbouly Samy
Published: May 2021

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable material that can be processed using the common processing techniques, such as injection molding, extrusion, and blow molding. PLA has widely been researched and tested due to its biodegradable nature. As a biodegradable material, PLA can be subject to some inherently poor qualities, such as its brittleness, weak mechanical properties, small processing windows, or poor electrical and thermal properties. In order to nullify some of these issues, nanofiller composites have been added to the polymer matrix, such as nanocellulose, nanoclays, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Dye-clay hybrid nanopigments (DCNP) have been used to explore potential applications in the food packaging industry with promising results. Several different compatibilizers have been studied as well, with the goal of increasing the mechanical properties of blends. A key application for PLA is in wound healing and surgical work, with a few studies described in the present chapter. Finally, the superwettability of dopamine modified PLA is examined, with promising results for separation of oily wastewater.
Bio-based polyamide
Authors: Khedr Medhat S. Farahat
Published: May 2021

Biobased polymers are sustainable polymers produced from renewable resources such as biomass feedstocks instead of the industrial fossil resources such as petroleum and natural gases. This trend helps in creating an environmentally friendly chemical processing that is characterized by low carbon footprint emission to the globe which in turn will limit the increase of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration even after their incineration. Synthesis of polymeric materials from biobased resources also solves the problem of polymer waste recycling. This chapter covers a basic background on the origin and importance of biobased polyamides, different synthetic routes of their starting monomeric materials obtained from biomass feedstocks, and a brief summary of the physical and chemical properties and applications of some common aliphatic, semiaromatic and fully aromatic polyamides. This chapter ends with a recent published data on the growth of the global market of biobased polyamides to emphasize on the economic importance of this manufacturing trend.
Lyophilization-free proliposomes for sustained release oral delivery of hydrophobic drug (cinnarazine): a comparative study
Authors: Abu Abed Omar S. , Mulkala Srilikha , Sharif Israa , Abdin Asma M. , Elkordy Amal A.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Cinnarizine is used for the treatment of vestibular disorders. However, its poor solubility limits its clinical uses due to many challenges. Liposomes were utilised to improve the release profile of many poorly soluble drugs. However, liposomes face many stability challenges during the storage period. This study aims to develop proliposomes designed for the oral delivery of cinnarizine with enhanced stability characteristics.

Methods

Three cinnarizine entrapping Proliposomal formulations were prepared with different ingredients and compared with their liposomal counterparts. Both vesicular approaches were characterised for their particle size, encapsulation efficiency, drug release and stability.

Results

The proliposomes were superior to liposomes in their stability and release profiles. Although no significant changes were noticed between the encapsulation efficiency percentage of the liposomal and proliposomal formulations on the day of preparation, storing the formulations for two weeks ended up with significant leakage of the drug from liposomes (p < 0.05) due to stability issues, but not in proliposomes. Moreover, the proliposomes released 100% of cinnarizine throughout the dissolution experiment in gastric fluid in comparison with the total released drug of 70% from the liposomes.

Conclusions

Proliposomes provided a successful approach to deliver lipophilic drugs orally to improve their pharmacokinetic properties by converting their crystalline nature into more amorphous agents.
The girl with finches: a unique post-medieval burial in Tunel Wielki Cave, southern Poland
Authors: Wojenka Michał , Jaskulska Elżbieta , Popović Danijela , Baca Mateusz , Frog  , Fetner Rafał , Wertz Krzysztof , Rataj Karolina , Gryczewska Natalia , Kosiński Tymoteusz , Kot Małgorzata
Published: May 2021

Cave burials are generally absent from historical periods in Europe. Consequently, the discovery of a post-medieval inhumation of a child buried with at least one bird head placed in the mouth in Tunel Wielki Cave (southern Poland) is an exceptional find. The aim of this paper is to discuss this unique burial based on multiproxy analyses conducted on the human and avian remains, including genetic and isotopic analyses as well as CT scans, radiocarbon dating, and anthropological and paleontological assessment. The results reveal the burial was that of a 10–12 year old girl of likely Fennoscandian or Baltic genetic ancestry, who died in the post-medieval period and was buried in the cave with the placement of one, and possibly two, bird heads in the mouth of the deceased. We propose that the girl is associated with Finno-Karelian troops of a Swedish garrison stationed at the adjacent Ojców Castle during King Carl Gustav’s invasion of Poland in 1655–1657.
Replacing a Judahite with an Ephraimite taskmaster
Authors: Na’aman Nadav
Published: May 2021

The story of the assembly at Shechem (I Reg 11, 26–28.40; 12,1–20*) was composed within a sapiential circle of literati in the Kingdom of Judah in about the mid-seventh century. Underlying the story is a subversive account that depicts sarcastically the establishment of the Israelite monarchy and ridicules the figure of Jeroboam, its founder. In essence, the setting of the new king comprises the replacement of the former Judahite taskmaster by an Israelite one. The Deuteronomist cut short the account of Jeroboam’s rebellion and inserted the episode of Ahijah and Jeroboam. Thereby, he blurred the message of the early story and fitted the sequence of events to his ideological presentation of Israel’s history.
The Text of II Samuel 7,13 and the Redaction of Nathan’s Oracle
Authors: Willis Timothy M.
Published: May 2021

The dtr. nature of II Sam 7,13a is a crucial piece in reconstructions of the redactional history of Nathan’s dynastic oracle. The present study argues that the parallel account in I Chr 17,12a preserves the earliest reading. A later copyist revised II Sam 7,13 to align the verse with corresponding clauses in I Chr 22,10.
Study of ferrofluid flow and heat transfer between cone and disk
Authors: Bhandari Anupam
Published: May 2021

This paper investigates the flow of water-based Fe3O4 ferrofluid flow and heat transfer due to rotating cone and disk under the influence of the external magnetic field. The similarity approach is used to transform the governing equations of ferrohydrodynamic flow into a set of nondimensional coupled differential equations. The nondimensional coupled differential equations are solved numerically through the finite element procedure. Effect of rotation of the disk, rotation of the cone, the intensity of the magnetic field, volume concentrations, and Prandtl number are analyzed on the velocity and temperature distributions. These effects are also observed on the skin friction coefficients and local heat transfer rate. The rotation of the disk, rotation of the cone, and the intensity of the magnetic field have a major impact on the velocity profiles, temperature profiles, skin friction coefficients, and local heat transfer rate.
New indane derivatives containing 2-hydrazinothiazole as potential acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors
Authors: Ateş İsmail Okan , Evren Asaf Evrim , Sağlik Begüm Nurpelin , Yurttaş Leyla
Published: May 2021

Although radical treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease is not possible yet, it is aimed to slow the course of the disease and increase the life quality of individuals with the drugs used in the clinic at the present time. Successful results have been achieved in the use of cholinesterase inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors together in these neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, indane ring which are in the structure of anticholinesterase effective molecules and 2-hydrazinothiazole structure whose inhibitory activities reported on monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) were combined; 4-(substituted phenyl)-2-[2-(3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene) hydrazinyl]thiazole derivatives (3a–3i) were synthesized as dual inhibitors. The structures of the compounds were verified by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS spectroscopy. When enzyme inhibition activities were evaluated, it was determined that the compounds 3a (42.33%) and 3d (42.39%) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme; compounds 3g (75.42%) and 3h (60.33%) showed inhibition on MAO-B enzyme at most, at 10−3 M concentration.
“Their corpses will reach the base of heaven”: a third-millennium BC war memorial in northern Mesopotamia?
Authors: Porter Anne , McClellan Thomas , Wilhelm Susanne , Weber Jill , Baldwin Alexandra , Colley Jean , Enriquez Brittany , Jahrles Meagan , Lanois Bridget , Malinov Vladislav , Ragavan Sumedh , Robins Alexandra , Safi Zarhuna
Published: May 2021

Burial mounds piled high with enemy corpses are well known in Mesopotamian inscriptions as symbols of victory, but no archaeological examples have so far been recovered. Archaeological investigations of a tall mound adjacent to the site of Tell Banat in Syria have revealed an unusual, late third-millennium BC mortuary population, dominated by adult and sub-adult males. The systematic placement of these human remains and associated assemblages suggests that, rather than containing enemy combatants, this was a memorial to a community's battle dead. The authors propose that the deceased belonged to an organised army, with broader implications for state administration and the adherence or resistance to a new regime fostered by such monumentalisation.
Generational and Geographic Effects on Collective Memory of the USSR
Authors: Mohr Rachel , Brown Kate Pride
Published: May 2021

This study examines memory of the Soviet Union and political opinions in modern Russia through qualitative, semi-structured interviews across generations in two Russian cities. The study aims to explore the differences in memory and meaning of the Soviet Union across generation and geography, and to connect those differences to political dispositions in modern Russia. Respondents were asked about their impressions of the Soviet Union and modern-day Russia, and responses were coded for emergent themes and trends. The research finds that youth bifurcate along geographic lines; respondents in St. Petersburg were more likely to reject Soviet ideals than their counterparts in Yoshkar-Ola. The former also tended to prefer liberalism and globalization, while the latter expressed greater nationalism. Older respondents showed no distinct geographic trend, but gave more nuanced assessments of the Soviet Union due to the power of personal memory over cultural reconstruction. In younger respondents, these findings indicate that living in a cosmopolitan metropolis may condition interpretations of the Soviet past and influence contemporary political identity toward globalization. Youths living in smaller cities have less interaction with other global cities and therefore may have more conservative perceptions of the Soviet Union and Russia.
Countering the “Sweep Effect”
Authors: Golosov Grigorii V. , Turchenko Mikhail
Published: May 2021

One of the well-known properties of multimember plurality systems is their propensity toward producing the so-called “sweep effect,” manifesting itself in that the strongest party in a majority of districts sees its full slate of candidates elected even if the margin of plurality is small. Despite this property, and mostly for technical reasons, this system remains rather widely employed for conducting local elections both in democracies and in electoral authoritarian regimes. This article employs the evidence from the 2019 municipal elections in St. Petersburg to examine how increased strategic coordination of opposition voters became instrumental in countering the sweep effect and thus reducing the scope of political monopoly in an overtly authoritarian context. The analysis shows that this goal was achieved primarily by enabling opposition-minded voters to cast a greater number of votes than it otherwise would have been.
The Impact Langgams Music Instrumental of Javanese Style to Reduce Anxiety and Labor Pain
Authors: Suryani Emy , Sari Lutfiana Puspita , Natalia Irene
Published: May 2021

Anxiety is a psychological factor that contributes to labor pain. The prevalence of mothers who experience anxiety before labor is 10-50%. Intervention to reduce anxiety and increase relaxation by listening to music. The research purpose is to analyze labor anxiety and pain to the group given intervention Langgam, music instrumental of Javanese style, with midwifery care routine. The research method used by Randomized Controlled Trial Experimental is an experimental study using random procedure to allocate various research factors to the research subject, so only the chance factor places the research subject into the intervention or control groups. There are 60 research subjects, the primiparous mothers, in the labor phase in Surakarta Hospital from December 2nd, 2019 - February 27th, 2020, with simple random sampling. Data analysis by Mann Whitney test and independent simple T-test. Result: For anxiety level, there is a significant difference between Javanese style Instrumental music (mean: 33.9) and midwifery care routine (mean: 37.9) with p value = 0.000. For labor pain, there is a significant difference between Javanese style Instrumental music (mean: 64.83) and midwifery care routine (mean: 76.13) with p value = 0.000. Conclusion: Langgam Music Instrumental of Javanese Style can reduce labor anxiety and pain in primiparous mothers in the first phase of active labor.
NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor cucurbitacin B suppresses gout arthritis in mice
Authors: Xue Ying , Li Ran , Fang Ping , Ye Zheng-qin , Zhao Yong , Zhou Yun , Zhang Ke-qin , Li Ling
Published: May 2021

Gouty arthritis is a common inflammatory disease characterized by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation with upregulated caspase 1 protease and IL-1β in macrophages. Cucurbitacin B (CuB) is a tetracyclic triterpene that possesses a potential anti-inflammatory activity. However, the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of CuB on gout have not been well characterized. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether CuB exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on gout and to analyze the underlying molecular mechanism. We examined the effects of CuB on various stimuli-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in a mouse model with MSU-induced acute gouty arthritis. Our results demonstrated that CuB effectively suppressed multiple stimuli-activated IL-1β secretion by interrupting NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and suppressing key enzymes of glycolysis in macrophages. Consistent with this, CuB pretreatment also ameliorated MSU-induced arthritis in vivo models of gout arthritis, manifested by reduced foot swelling and inflammatory cell infiltration. Taken together, our data provide the evidence that CuB is an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor with therapeutic potential for treating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated diseases, especially gouty arthritis.
La violencia y El otro lado del sueño de Pedro Luis Prados
Authors: Zambrano Jaime
Published: May 2021

Es un análisis formal de los cuentos de El otro lado del sueño, de Pedro Luis Prados. El tema gira alrededor de la invasión de Panamá, por parte del ejército estadounidense, con la intención de deponer a Manuel Noriega en 1989. El estudio se centra en el tema de la violencia y en la forma como se incorpora en la ficción dándole un carácter peculiar, por el tratamiento histórico del tema que logra alejarse de la narración historicista. Aunque lo narrado tiene un carácter verosímil, la narrativa es una obra de ficción estéticamente lograda que descubre una nueva dimensión existencial y onírica del evento histórico. This is a formal analysis of short stories in El otro lado del sueño, by Pedro Luis Prados. The main theme is the invasion of Panama by the U.S. army, with the intention of deposing Manuel Noriega in 1989. The study focuses on the theme of violence and on how it is incorporated into the work of fiction, giving these short stories unique character, due to their treatment of history which distinguishes them from historic fiction. Although the narrations have a verisimilar essence, the stories become an esthetic work of fiction that exhibits a new oneiric and existential dimension of the historical events.
Literatura en guerra: la narrativa contemporánea en Centroamérica
Authors: Rojas G. Margarita
Published: May 2021

El estudio analiza el panorama de la narrativa centroamericana contemporánea, escrita por autores nacidos entre 1950 y 1964. Se trata de una generación que ha optado por una estética narrativa novedosa, claramente distinguible de grupos anteriores. Dos rasgos se destacan en sus perspectivas literarias: por un lado, la temática urbana contemporánea con una compleja red de condiciones materiales e interacciones sociales; por otro, el particular tratamiento del tiempo histórico, con sus específicas alusiones a acontecimientos de la historia social y poética. Se muestra que en todos los casos, estas son manifestaciones de una «literatura» de guerra, no de la posguerra. This study analyzes the panorama of contemporary Central American narrative, written by authors born between 1950 and 1964. It is a generation that has opted for innovative narrative esthetics, which is clearly distinguishable from that used by previous groups. Two characteristics stand out in their literary perspectives: 1. contemporary urban themes with a complex network of material conditions and social interactions; 2. the particular treatment of the historical period with its allusions to events of social and poetic history. In all cases, it is clear that they are manifestations of war, rather than postwar, literature.
De las representaciones de las (pos)guerras centroamericanas en la narrativa costarricense contemporánea
Authors: Ríos Quesada Verónica
Published: May 2021

Las novelas Te llevaré en mis ojos de Rodolfo Arias y Limón Reggae de Anacristina Rossi representan tanto las guerras como la posguerra en Centroamérica. Inauguran un cronotopo: costarricenses en la experiencia revolucionaria centroamericana desde una mirada femenina no ligada a una subjetividad heroica. Sin embargo, en esas obras no se logra mostrar a la sociedad costarricense en el contexto transnacional, por lo que se refuerzan los cronotopos escindidos con respecto a Centroamérica que caracterizan al imaginario simbólico costarricense. The novels Te llevaré en mis ojos by Rodolfo Arias and Limón Reggae by Anacristina Rossi represent both the wars and the postwar period in Central America. They establish a chronotope: Costa Ricans in the revolutionary Central American experience from a feminine perspective which is not connected to heroic subjectivity. However, in these novels the Costa Rican context is not shown in a multinational context, thus reinforcing split chronotopes concerning Central America which characterize the Costa Rican symbolic imaginary.
El lugar imposible de las mujeres en seis novelas centroamericanas contemporáneas
Authors: Bonilla María
Published: May 2021

Se estudia la relación entre la búsqueda de la identidad, específicamente en las sociedades centroamericanas, con respecto a los lugares o espacios vitales que delimitan su existencia. De un corpus de sus novelas centroamericanas contemporáneas (2000-2010), se extraen relaciones significativas que hacen del espacio (real, buscado o imaginado) un punto de referencia existencial, moral o social. En cada novela se pone en entredicho el arraigado sistema de exclusión, de procedencia patriarcal. The relationship between the search for identity, specifically in Central American societies, is addressed with regard to those vital places or spaces which define their existence. Based on a corpus of contemporary Central American novels (2000-2010), significant relations are identified concerning their space (be it real, sought or imagined) from an existential, moral or social perspective. The existing system of exclusion with patriarchal roots is questioned in each of the novels.
Evolución fonológica del rama, lengua chibcha de Nicaragua, en peligro
Authors: Chevrier Natacha
Published: May 2021

El rama es una lengua en serio peligro; en el sudeste de Nicaragua hay unos treinta hablantes tradicionales, el mismo número de semihablantes y algunos neohablantes. En esta lengua, el fonema velar nasal /ŋ/ está pasando por una evolución marcada por la obsolescencia; suele aparecer en todas las posiciones, pero en la actualidad se limita a la posición de final de palabra en la variedad obsolescente de la lengua, mientras que en los demás contextos, inicio y mitad de palabra, es generalmente elidido o reemplazado por otro. La causa tiene que ver con la situación sociolingüística del rama. Rama is a “severely endangered” language, spoken by about 30 fluent speakers, the same number of semi-speakers, and some neo-speakers, on the south-east coast of Nicaragua. In this language, the phoneme /ŋ/ is undergoing an obsolescent-marked evolution; this phoneme normally appears in all positions, but now only in word final position in the obsolescent variant of the language, whereas, in the other contexts, the velar nasal is generally elided or replaced by another sound. This is likely due to the sociolinguistic situation of Rama.
Nuevas consideraciones sobre la morfología verbal del cabécar
Authors: González Campos Guillermo
Published: May 2021

En cabécar, el verbo es la categoría léxica que, desde la morfología flexiva, presenta más complejidad. El artículo hace resumen histórico de las propuestas de análisis hechas al respecto. Propone una forma de entender la estructura morfológica del verbo cabécar, con base en tres categorías fundamentales: la raíz verbal, los sufijos desinenciales y los clíticos verbales. A partir de ello, se hace una propuesta de paradigma verbal para esta lengua. From the point of view of inflectional morphology, the verb is the most complex lexical category in Cabécar. This article reviews the history of research on this topic. It proposes a way to understand the morphological structure of the Cabécar verb, based on three essential categories: the verbal root, the inflectional suffixes and the verbal clitics. Then, using these elements, a proposal of verbal paradigm is developed for this language.
Morfología del verbo garífuna
Authors: Quesada J. Diego
Published: May 2021

Presenta una descripción de la morfología del verbo garífuna, única lengua arahuaca hablada en Centroamérica, desde una perspectiva funcional-tipológica. Es un avance respecto a estudios previos por tratar la dimensión verbal como una unidad temática. Se ofrece un inventario de las formas verbales del garífuna, haciendo referencia a la formación de verbos, a las clases verbales, a la existencia de formas cortas, a la distinción entre ver-boides y verbos plenos, así como a las formas que cumplen el perfil de auxiliares, y un recuento de las categorías verbales del garífuna. A detailed description is given here of Garifuna, the only Arawakan language spoken in Central America, regarding its verb morphology from a typological-functional perspective. It provides a more encompassing view in comparison to previous studies insofar as it describes the verbal dimension as a thematic unit. It provides an inventory of Garifuna verb forms, with special emphasis on verb-formation, verb classes, the existence and distribution of short forms, as well as the distinction between verboids (nominalized forms) and full verbs; additionally, reference is made to forms fulfilling the profile of auxiliaries, and the paper next identifies all relevant grammatical categories of the Garifuna verb.