bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a multi‐trophic extension of metacommunity ecology
Authors: Guzman Laura Melissa , Germain Rachel M. , Forbes Coreen , Straus Samantha , O'Connor Mary I. , Gravel Dominique , Srivastava Diane S. , Thompson Patrick L.
Published: October 2018

Metacommunity theory provides an understanding of how spatial processes determine the structure and function of communities at local and regional scales. Although metacommunity theory has considered trophic dynamics in the past, it has been performed idiosyncratically with a wide selection of possible dynamics. Trophic metacommunity theory needs a synthesis of a few influential axis to simplify future predictions and tests. We propose an extension of metacommunity ecology that addresses these shortcomings by incorporating variability among trophic levels in ‘spatial use properties’. We define ‘spatial use properties’ as a set of traits (dispersal, migration, foraging and spatial information processing) that set the spatial and temporal scales of organismal movement, and thus scales of interspecific interactions. Progress towards a synthetic predictive framework can be made by (1) documenting patterns of spatial use properties in natural food webs and (2) using theory and experiments to test how trophic structure in spatial use properties affects metacommunity dynamics.
Diagnostic accuracy of functional magnetic resonance imaging, Wada test, magnetoencephalography, and functional transcranial Doppler sonography for memory and language outcome after epilepsy surgery: A systematic review
Authors: Schmid Elisabeth , Thomschewski Aljoscha , Taylor Alexandra , Zimmermann Georg , Kirschner Margarita , Kobulashvili Teia , Brigo Francesco , Rados Matea , Helmstaedter Christoph , Braun Kees , Trinka Eugen ,   on behalf of the E‐PILEPSY consortium
Published: October 2018

Objective

The European Union–funded E‐PILEPSY project was launched to develop guidelines and recommendations for epilepsy surgery. In this systematic review, we aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Wada test, magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) for memory and language decline after surgery.

Methods

The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL. The diagnostic accuracy was expressed in terms of sensitivity and specificity for postoperative language or memory decline, as determined by pre‐ and postoperative neuropsychological assessments. If two or more estimates of sensitivity or specificity were extracted from a study, two meta‐analyses were conducted, using the maximum (“best case”) and the minimum (“worst case”) of the extracted estimates, respectively.

Results

Twenty‐eight papers were eligible for data extraction and further analysis. All tests for heterogeneity were highly significant, indicating large between‐study variability (P < 0.001). For memory outcomes, meta‐analyses were conducted for Wada tests (n = 17) using both memory and language laterality quotients. In the best case, meta‐analyses yielded a sensitivity estimate of 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.67‐0.92) and a specificity estimate of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.47‐0.83). For the worst case, meta‐analyses yielded a sensitivity estimate of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.48‐0.82) and a specificity estimate of 0.46 (95% CI = 0.28‐0.65). The overall quality of evidence, which was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology, was rated as very low. Meta‐analyses concerning diagnostic accuracy of fMRI, fTCD, and MEG were not feasible due to small numbers of studies (fMRI, n = 4; fTCD, n = 1; MEG, n = 0). This also applied to studies concerning language outcomes (Wada test, n = 6; fMRI, n = 2; fTCD, n = 1; MEG, n = 0).

Significance

Meta‐analyses could only be conducted in a few subgroups for the Wada test with low‐quality evidence. Thus, more evidence from high‐quality studies and improved data reporting are required. Moreover, the large between‐study heterogeneity underlines the necessity for more homogeneous and thus comparable studies in future research.
“He Who Has the Spirits Must Work a Lot”: A Psycho‐Anthropological Account of Spirit Possession in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Cardeña Etzel , Schaffler Yvonne
Published: October 2018

In this paper we present a multidisciplinary, developmental analysis of a Dominican Republic Vodou servidor (“Marcos”), from childhood to early adulthood, integrating ethnographic observation, field documentation, and anthropological analysis, with relevant constructs from developmental, personality, and clinical psychology. Marcos transitioned from a child with many problems to a young adult who has learnt how to control and adapt dissociative manifestations into a professional role as a Vodou priest. Most empirical studies on spirit possession (SP) have rarely taken a longitudinal, multidisciplinary approach, which may better account for such a complex phenomenon. Adopting such an approach helps make sense of both the continuity and changes in Marcos, as well as of his community's shifting attitudes towards him. We describe how specific psychological and cultural conditions help explain the change from originally dysfunctional expressions of SP to personally and socially beneficial ones. [anomalous experience, dissociation, gender, spirit possession, Vodou]
DNA damage‐inducible transcript 4 is an innate guardian for human squamous cell carcinoma and an molecular vector for anti‐carcinoma effect of 1,25(OH)2D3
Authors: Zhang Xiaojiao , Luo Fuling , Li Jing , Wan Jingyuan , Zhang Li , Li Hongzhong , Chen Aijun , Chen Jin , Cai Tao , He Xian , Lisse Thomas S. , Zhao Hengguang
Published: October 2018

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common non‐melanoma skin cancers worldwide. While its exact tumorigenesis mechanisms is far from well‐established and less satisfied therapeutic strategy can be clinically used nowadays. In this study, we intended to investigate the role of DNA damage‐inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) in human SCC. Firstly, we identified DDIT4 is significantly suppressed in human SCC tissue and cultured A431 cell line, and reduced DDIT4 accelerates keratinocytes proliferation but impedes the autophagy flux through mTORC1 pathway by affecting the downstream S6 Kinase1, 4E‐BP1, Beclin1 and LC3 II/I. While 1,25(OH)2D3 enhanced DDIT4 expression and activated autophagy and inhibit mTORC1 to take the effect of anti‐proliferation and activating autophagy. Further, formation of direct vitamin D receptor (VDR)‐DDIT4 transcription complex was verified by ChIP‐qPCR, which showed the molecular mechanism of how 1,25(OH)2D3 promotes DDIT4 transcription. Thirdly, xenograft tumor‐bearing mice model treated by gradient concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 revealed the obvious anti‐carcinoma effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 in vivo and DDIT4 acted the molecular vector of 1,25(OH)2D3 through mTORC1. Lastly, elevated DDIT4 expression was verified in human actinic keratoses tissue, and chronic long‐term ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on mouse disclosed UV could promote DDIT4 expression inside epidermis. Conclusively, our research suggested a novel molecular mechanism about the human SCC tumorigenesis and the pharmacological mechanism about how 1,25(OH)2D3 take its anti‐carcinoma role on human SCC, as well as a striking paradoxes that how UV irradiation plays the tumorigenesis effect but synchronously take a protective role in the early stage of SCC carcinogenesis.
The influence of climatic legacies on the distribution of dryland biocrust communities
Authors: Eldridge David J. , Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel
Published: October 2018

Predicting the distribution of biocrust species, mosses, lichens and liverworts associated with surface soils is difficult, but climatic legacies (changes in climate over the last 20 k years) can improve our prediction of the distribution of biocrust species. To provide empirical support for this hypothesis, we used a combination of network analyses and structural equation modelling to identify the role of climatic legacies in predicting the distribution of ecological clusters formed by species of mosses, lichens and liverworts using data from 282 large sites distributed across 0.6 million km2 of eastern Australia. Two ecological clusters contained 87% of the 120 moss, lichen and liverwort species. Both clusters contained lichen, moss and liverwort species, but were dominated by different families. Sites where the air temperature increased the most over 20k years (positive temperature legacies) were associated with reductions in the relative abundance of species from the lichen (Peltulaceae and Teloschistaceae) and moss (Bryaceae) families (Cluster A species), greater groundstorey plant cover and lower soil pH. Sites where precipitation has increased over the past 20k years (positive precipitation legacy) were associated with increases in the relative abundance of lichen (Cladoniaceae, Lecideaceae and Thelotremataceae) and moss (Pottiaceae) families (Cluster B species) and lower levels of soil pH. Sites where temperatures have increased the most in the past 20k years suppressed the negative effects of plant cover on Cluster B by reducing plant cover. Increased intensity of grazing suppressed the negative effect of soil pH and the positive effect of soil carbon, on the relative abundance of Cluster B taxa. Finally, increasing temperature and precipitation legacies reduced the negative effect of soil pH on Cluster B. Understanding of the importance of climatic legacies improves our ability to predict how biocrust assemblies might respond to ongoing global environmental change associated with increasing land use intensification, increasing temperature and reduced rainfall.
The stability of coastal benthic biogeography over the last 10 million years
Authors: Kocsis Ádám T. , Reddin Carl J. , Kiessling Wolfgang
Published: October 2018

Aim

We demarcate marine benthic global bioregions based on fossil and recent occurrence data. Our main goal is to compare past and present biogeography and to extract major abiotic drivers of biogeographical patterns. We specifically test the hypothesis that global biogeography has changed markedly after the climatic fluctuations of the past 10 Myr.

Location

Worldwide.

Time period

Recent; late Miocene–Pleistocene interval.

Major taxa studied

Benthic taxa with a rich fossil record: Bivalvia, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Gastropoda, Echinodermata, Decapoda and reef corals.

Methods

We use occurrence data from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) and the Paleobiology Database to construct compositional networks and outline objective marine bioregions of benthic marine invertebrates using the “infomap” community detection algorithm. We assess the association of modern bioregions with a variety of environmental parameters by applying multivariate statistical analyses, such as principal components analysis, random forests and multiple logistic regressions.

Results

Recent first‐order bioregions for the coastal ocean are, in general, consistent across all taxa. Seawater temperature surpasses nutrients, primary production and salinity as a predictor of modern bioregion distributions. Despite substantial climatic variations, late Cenozoic biogeographical patterns recorded in fossils are very similar to modern ones.

Main conclusions

Biogeographical boundaries within oceans are strongly controlled by temperature gradients, but open oceanic and continental barriers determine the global biogeographical structure. The joint structure of a landmass distribution, deep ocean basins and the latitudinal temperature gradient defines bioregionalization of the benthic marine habitat, which did not change substantially over the past 10 Myr.
Data‐Worth Assessment for a Three‐Dimensional Optimal Design in Nonlinear Groundwater Systems
Authors: Safi Amir , Vilhelmsen Troels N. , Alameddine Ibrahim , Abou Najm Majdi , El‐Fadel Mutasem
Published: October 2018

Groundwater model predictions are often uncertain due to inherent uncertainties in model input data. Monitored field data are commonly used to assess the performance of a model and reduce its prediction uncertainty. Given the high cost of data collection, it is imperative to identify the minimum number of required observation wells and to define the optimal locations of sampling points in space and depth. This study proposes a design methodology to optimize the number and location of additional observation wells that will effectively measure multiple hydrogeological parameters at different depths. For this purpose, we incorporated Bayesian model averaging and genetic algorithms into a linear data‐worth analysis in order to conduct a three‐dimensional location search for new sampling locations. We evaluated the methodology by applying it along a heterogeneous coastal aquifer with limited hydrogeological data that is experiencing salt water intrusion (SWI). The aim of the model was to identify the best locations for sampling head and salinity data, while reducing uncertainty when predicting multiple variables of SWI. The resulting optimal locations for new observation wells varied with the defined design constraints. The optimal design (OD) depended on the ratio of the start‐up cost of the monitoring program and the installation cost of the first observation well. The proposed methodology can contribute toward reducing the uncertainties associated with predicting multiple variables in a groundwater system.
Moving Forward: The Existential Motion of the Self in Kierkegaard's Pseudonymous Works
Authors: Dawson Joshua Avery
Published: October 2018

Each of Kierkegaard's pseudonymous authors address the question of the existing individual and what it truly means to be a self. This article discusses the existing individual as depicted by the pseudonymous authors, focusing on motion, activity, and repetition. In particular, this article seeks to pinpoint the motion and activity of the self through Kierkegaard's notion of repetition, contending that repetition is a decisive action brought forward discontinuously through a breach in time's succession. I address the self's movement forward in four sections. In the first I introduce the overarching distinction between the motion of existing individuals and empirical objects, distinguishing the character of my investigation. After clarifying this distinction, the second section focuses on Anti‐Climacus’ conception of the self as activity (a positing of the synthesis), revealing that for an existing individual the self is not given but a task to be actualized. The final section first details the positing of the synthesis as repetition and second contends that, through repetition, the inner workings of the self reveal its activity as a discontinuous breach in time that occurs by virtue of the eternal.
The politics of the unknown: Uncertainty and the nuclear threat in Britain, 1979–1985
Authors: Laucht Christoph
Published: October 2018

This article seeks to map out possibilities for conducting a microhistorical study of the socio‐political and cultural roles that uncertainty, as a consequence of a lack of verifiable knowledge, played in political debates over the nuclear threat in Britain in the Second Cold War. Focusing on this politics of the unknown in the period from 1979 to 1985 when Britain witnessed resurging fears of nuclear war, this exploratory essay sets out to make three main interventions: First, it conceptualizes “uncertainty” as a subjective social and cultural construct with fluid meanings that does not necessarily have to hold exclusively negative connotations but might offer opportunities for historical actors. Second, this essay proposes an examination of the politics of the unknown about the anticipated effects of a nuclear war within a wider synchronic economy of non‐nuclear‐weapons‐related concerns such as de‐industrialization or unemployment. Finally, the article introduces the periodization of “Britain's long nuclear 1980s” to allow for a consideration of relevant diachronic aspects of this politics of the unknown, thereby adding further depth to the microhistory. Throughout, this exploratory study draws on historical examples to illustrate its key theoretical points.
Therapeutic efficacy of chlorhexidine‐based mouthwashes and its adverse events: Performance‐related evaluation of mouthwashes added with Anti‐Discoloration System and cetylpyridinium chloride
Authors: Guerra Fabrizio , Pasqualotto Debora , Rinaldo Francesca , Mazur Marta , Corridore Denise , Nofroni Italo , Ottolenghi Livia , Nardi Gianna Maria
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To compare 3 mouthwashes: 0.20% chlorhexidine (CHX) with Anti‐Discoloration System (ADS), 0.20% CHX and 0.12% CHX with 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), in terms of reduction of plaque and gingival bleeding and side effects.

Methods

Mild gingivitis patients were randomly divided into three Groups: they underwent professional oral hygiene and received instructions: oral rinse with 10 mL for 1', twice a day, 30' after tooth brushing, for 14 days. Primary outcomes were plaque and gingival bleeding, assessed with Plaque Control Record and Gingival Bleeding Index. Feedback questionnaire and spectrophotometer evaluated secondary outcomes: adverse events. Timing of the study was T0 (baseline), T1 (professional oral hygiene) and T2 (14th day after mouthwash use).

Results

Sixty‐six patients were recruited, two patients dropped out, and 64 patients completed the study. PCR T1‐T2 mean variation was 30.67 (SD = 15.22; 95% CI 23.55 to 37.80; P = 0.000), 19.93 (SD = 11.03; 95% CI 14.90 to 24.95; P = 0.000) and 16.24 (SD = 15.35; 95% CI 9.60 to 22.88; P = 0.000) respectively in Groups 0.2% CHX + ADS, 0.2% CHX and 0.12% CHX + CPC. GBI mean variation (T0‐T2) was −9.82 (SD = 9.27; 95% CI −5.48 to 14.16; P = 0.000), −19.31 (SD = 11.33; 95% CI −14.15 to −24.47; P = 0.000) and −21.13 (SD = 12.56; 95% CI −15.70 to −26.56; P = 0.000) respectively in Groups 0.2% CHX + ADS, 0.2% CHX and 0.12% CHX + CPC. Statistical significance was found in lower efficacy of 0.2% CHX + ADS Group. Patients tolerated 0.12% CHX + CPC mouthwash better in bleeding perception (95.5%; P = 0.046), burning sensation (13.6%; P = 0.006), and mouthwash taste (100%; P = 0.000). Results on staining were no statistically significant (P = 0.106).

Conclusions

Addition of CPC allows reduction of CHX percentage in mouthwash formulation while keeping equal efficacy and less side effects. ADS addition decreases CHX efficacy in reducing plaque and bleeding, while resulting more tolerated than CHX.
Speciation pattern of the horned ghost crab Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas, 1772): An evaluation of the drivers of Indo‐Pacific marine biodiversity using a widely distributed species
Authors: Ma Ka Yan , Chow Lai Him , Wong Kingsley J. H. , Chen Hsi‐Nien , Ip Brian H. Y. , Schubart Christoph D. , Tsang Ling Ming , Chan Benny K. K. , Chu Ka Hou
Published: October 2018

Aim

The high species richness of the Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA) marine biodiversity hotspot has been attributed to three competing hypotheses: Centre of Origin/Centre of Overlap/Centre of Accumulation. While most phylogeographic studies testing these hypotheses have focused on marine fishes, we provide a new perspective on this evolutionary important question by examining the population genetics of the horned ghost crab Ocypode ceratophthalmus sensu lato (Ocypodidae) whose distribution spans the entire Indo‐Pacific and contains at least two colour morphs.

Location

Indo‐Pacific region, spanning from East Africa, India, East Asia to Central Pacific.

Methods

Population genetics analyses based on mitochondrial COI and nuclear NaK intron sequences of O. ceratophthalmus from 39 sites throughout the Indo‐Pacific.

Results

We found at least three genetically distinct geographical clades in O. ceratophthalmus, corresponding to the east, west and central region of the species’ range. Divergent clades were found to have originated in the peripheral Central Pacific and West Indian Ocean. Populations at the eastern margin of IAA harbour the highest genetic diversity, due to the co‐existence of east and central clades in these populations.

Main conclusions

Peripheral isolation plays an important role in shaping evolutionary history of this species. Particularly, secondary dispersal of divergent lineages from the Central Pacific contributes to the high diversity found in the IAA. Thus, the Centre of Accumulation hypothesis best describes the evolutionary and demographic history of O. ceratophthalmus.
Postglacial range expansion shaped the spatial genetic structure in a marine habitat‐forming species: Implications for conservation plans in the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Ledoux Jean‐Baptiste , Frleta‐Valić Maša , Kipson Silvija , Antunes Agostinho , Cebrian Emma , Linares Cristina , Sánchez Pablo , Leblois Raphael , Garrabou Joaquim
Published: October 2018

Aim

Understanding how historical and contemporary processes shaped and maintain spatial patterns of genetic diversity is a major goal for conservation biologists. Here, we characterized the pattern of neutral genetic diversity and we inferred underlying processes in the habitat‐forming octocoral Paramuricea clavata in the Adriatic Sea, a peculiar phylogeographic region of the Mediterranean Sea.

Location

Eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.

Methods

We genotyped seven microsatellites in 454 individuals of P. clavata from 13 populations recolonized after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We estimated the levels of contemporary connectivity and genetic drift and we reconstructed the demographic history of these populations.

Results

The pattern of spatial genetic structure resulted from the combination of hierarchical genetic clusters and isolation by distance (IBD). A significant decrease in genetic diversity and an increase of the frequencies of individual alleles likely due to allele surfing from the south to the north of the area were observed as expected after a postglacial sequential recolonization. Based on maximum likelihood analyses, the foundation of these populations was not linked to dramatic change in population size.

Main conclusion

Oceanographic barriers to gene flow combined to the restricted dispersal of P. clavata likely maintain the hierarchical structure and the IBD pattern. We suggest that the latitudinal genetic gradient results from a northward “serial founder events” recolonization. By integrating patterns and processes, we bridge the gap between the evolutionary and the conservation biology of P. clavata, providing management guidelines, which will benefit the associated coralligenous biodiversity.
Host suitability and feeding preference of the African citrus triozid Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae), natural vector of “Candidatus Liberibacter africanus”
Authors: Aidoo Owusu Fordjour , Tanga Chrysantus Mbi , Khamis Fathiya Mbarak , Rasowo Brenda Amondi , Mohamed Samira Abuelgasim , Badii Benjamin Kongyeli , Salifu Daisy , Sétamou Mamoudou , Ekesi Sunday , Borgemeister Christian
Published: October 2018

African citrus greening (ACGD) and huanglongbing (HLB) diseases are the most damaging diseases of citrus worldwide. Currently, the disease has no cure and has been attributed to the collapse of the citrus industry in several countries. In Africa, the causative agent “Candidatus” Liberibacter africanus is vectored by African citrus triozid (ACT) Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae). African citrus triozid is native to Africa but has been recently reported in Asia and Europe. Apart from citrus, Murraya koenigii (L.) and Clausena anisata (Willd) Hook. F. ex Benth. are also considered as preferred host plants. At present, there is scant information on host plant suitability and preference of T. erytreae. Also, there are contradictory reports on its reproduction and survival on rutaceous and non‐rutaceous host plants. In the present study, we tested the suitability and preference of rutaceous and non‐rutaceous trees and shrubs as potential ACT host plants in choice and no‐choice bioassays. The development from egg to the adult stage was longest on Calodendrum capense (Wright & Arn.) Engl. Host plants of superior quality accordingly to several ACT's biological parameters measured also revealed significantly higher morphometric characteristics. Our findings on the host status of the five rutaceous plants imply that these plants can greatly influence the population dynamics of ACT as well as the epidemiology of ACGD, and these can be a useful guide in the area‐wide management of the pest in Kenya.
Modeling and simulation of moisture transfer during solar drying of carrot slices
Authors: Mahapatra Archana , Tripathy Punyadarshini Punam
Published: October 2018

Carrot slices of 0.03 m diameter and 0.005 m thickness were dried in direct, indirect and mixed mode type natural convection solar dryers. Thin layer drying behavior of carrot slices was studied using 10 empirical and semi‐empirical mathematical models. Wang and Singh model described the drying behavior of carrot accurately with maximum values of coefficient of determination (R2) and minimum reduced chi‐square (χ2), and root mean square error (RMSE). The effective diffusivity (Deff) and convective mass transfer coefficient (hm) of carrot slices ranged from 2.59 × 10−8−6.36 × 10−8 m2/s and 3.15 × 10−7 to 4.28 × 10−7 m/s, respectively, with maximum values obtained for mixed mode solar dried samples followed by direct and indirect solar dried samples. The diffusivity of carrot slices dried in direct, indirect and mixed‐mode solar dryer were expressed as a function of temperature using Arrhenius relation. Finite element model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics software to simulate moisture ratio during drying. The developed model predicted the transient moisture migration phenomenon inside the samples precisely during the drying process.

Practical applications

The ever increasing worriment on climate change and growing demand for enactment of clean energy technologies in food industries is the motivation for investigating the solar drying behavior of carrot slices. It is well known that the physico‐chemical and sensorial changes during drying are very much dependent on the moisture content of food product. In this regard, proper understanding and controlling of the solar drying process by accurately predicting moisture distribution inside the product will result in superior quality dried products. Moreover, mathematical models will assist in predicting the drying behavior of food product by analyzing the influence of process parameters and will be helpful to minimize the cost of drying process and deterioration of quality attributes of the product. The use of solar dryers is a proven technology and the food industry should promote its practical applications in food processing sector.
Assessment of multiregion local models for detection of SSC of whole peach (Amygdalus persica L.) by combining both hyperspectral imaging and wavelength optimization methods
Authors: Li Jiangbo , Fan Shuxiang , Huang Wenqian
Published: October 2018

Soluble solids content (SSC) is an important quality attribute representing the internal quality of fruits. In this study, the feasibility of different types of local region models used to measure SSC of whole peach by Vis–NIR hyperspectral imaging coupling with effective wavelengths optimization methods was investigated. Three types of local region models namely V‐local model, H‐local model, and V&H‐local model were established based on different data sets (Set‐I, Set‐II, and Set‐III), respectively. For optimizing the models, effective wavelengths were chosen using three types of wavelength selection methods including Monte–Carlo‐uninformative variable elimination (MC‐UVE), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and random frog (RF), respectively. Model analysis demonstrated that all multispectral local region models have the similar or better performance than the corresponding models with full wavelengths, and RF‐PLS model did much better performance than MC‐UVE‐PLS and CARS‐PLS models in terms of each type of dataset. Also, RF‐PLS model was tried to measure whole SSC of the single peach using independent samples. Results showed that RF‐PLS model could obtain the best SSC assessment ability with rp of 0.8469 and RMSEP of 0.4260 based on Set‐III and 31 wavelengths. However, as an alternative, V‐local model was also useful for SSC assessment of peach.

Practical applications

Conventional SSC assessment is usually performed by destructive way and it is very time‐wasting. This way is only helpful for sampling several fruits from the whole batch. In a global competitive marketplace, the noncontacting and fast detection of internal quality of fruit is very important for fruit processing factory. Based on the hyperspectral imaging, this study develops the effective multi‐region local models for SSC prediction of whole peach. It is meaningful because it could provide the useful references for establishing a more robust multispectral global model used to detect the internal quality of other kind of fruit.
Analysis of tolvaptan non‐responders and outcomes of tolvaptan treatment of ascites
Authors: Iwamoto Takuya , Maeda Masaki , Saeki Issei , Hidaka Isao , Tajima Kunihiko , Ishikawa Tsuyoshi , Takami Taro , Sakaida Isao
Published: October 2018

Background and Aim

The goals of the study were to identify an effective treatment for ascites and to examine the influence of tolvaptan on outcomes by investigating non‐responders to tolvaptan and comparing outcomes of hepatic cirrhosis in patients treated with and without tolvaptan.

Methods

In Study 1, of 145 patients with hepatic cirrhosis who were treated with tolvaptan between September 2013 and March 2018, 45 who did not achieve weight loss of ≥1.5 kg within one week were investigated. In Study 2, 83 patients who received tolvaptan for ascites between September 2013 and March 2017 were compared with 131 patients who were treated for ascites without use of tolvaptan between January 2006 and January 2012.

Results

In Study 1, the 45 patients were divided into three groups based on changes in dosing of diuretics. Renal function was retained in the dose reduction group compared with that in the other groups, and the rate of discharge with remission and the outcomes were also favorable in patients with dose reduction. In Study 2, survival was significantly more favorable in patients treated with tolvaptan.

Conclusions

Dose reduction of diuretics may be effective for patients with reduced renal function for whom tolvaptan is ineffective or the effect is insufficient and may also improve outcomes of patients with hepatic cirrhosis by preventing a decline in renal function caused by an increased dose of diuretics.
Nurses’ experiences of caring for older patients afflicted by delirium in a neurological department
Authors: Kristiansen Susanne , Konradsen Hanne , Beck Malene
Published: October 2018

Aims and objectives

To investigate nurses’ experiences of caring for older (65+ years) patients afflicted by delirium in a neurological department.

Background

Delirium is a frequent, acute and potentially fatal condition. Patients experience delirium as painful and stressful. The literature shows that nursing care is crucial in the prevention and treatment of delirium. The nurses’ approach to the patient with delirium is essential for the quality of care provided to the patient.

Design

A qualitative, exploratory design was used to study the nurses’ experiences of caring for patients afflicted by delirium. The study complied with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ).

Methods

A total of fourteen nurses participated in three focus groups. The nurses’ narratives were used to elucidate their experiences, perceptions, attitudes and views towards the patient with delirium. The texts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

The analysis revealed three themes: The relationship with the patient is challenged, expertise is requested, and barriers to cooperation exist.

Conclusions

Nurses experienced a relationship with patients with delirium that was influenced by a lack of knowledge about communication with such patients. This resulted in a lack of person‐centred care and knowledge about the patient's habitual condition and life story; hence, nurses did not discover the patient's initial delirium. Inadequate and unstructured documentation did the nursing effort initiated late so the patient's delirium was developing. Uncertainty caused lack of dialogue between nurses, which afflicted the partnership and relation between the patient and the nurse. A fast pace workload affected relationships, knowledge, documentation and collaboration. Thus, the person‐centred approach to the patient was challenged, which made the provision of professional nursing care difficult.

Relevance to clinical practice

A continuous focus on patients with delirium, as well as specialised care, based on factual knowledge about delirium is necessary. Hence, communication skills are required to accommodate this group of patients and their need for care.
Healthcare professionals’ competence in digitalisation: A systematic review
Authors: Konttila Jenni , Siira Heidi , Kyngäs Helvi , Lahtinen Minna , Elo Satu , Kääriäinen Maria , Kaakinen Pirjo , Oikarinen Anne , Yamakawa Miyae , Fukui Sakiko , Utsumi Momoe , Higami Yoko , Higuchi Akari , Mikkonen Kristina
Published: October 2018

Aims and objectives

To identify key areas of competence for digitalisation in healthcare settings, describe healthcare professionals’ competencies in these areas and identify factors related to their competence.

Background

Digitalisation requires changes in healthcare practices, policies and actions to revise job expectations and workflows. The aspects of patient safety and integration of digitalisation into the professional context necessitate an assessment of healthcare professionals’ competencies in digitalisation.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted following Center of Reviews and Dissemination guidelines, including application of a PRISMA statement. Four databases—CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (Ovid), Web of Science and Academic Search Premiere (EBSCO)—were searched for relevant original peer‐reviewed studies published between 2012–2017. Twelve were chosen for final analysis: five quantitative studies and seven qualitative studies, which were, respectively, subjected to narrative and thematic synthesis.

Results

Key competence areas regarding digitalisation from a healthcare perspective identified encompass knowledge of digital technology and the digital skills required to provide good patient care, including associated social and communication skills, and ethical considerations of digitalisation in patient care. Healthcare professionals need the motivation and willingness to acquire experience of digitalisation in their professional context. Collegial and organisational support appear to be essential factors for building positive experiences of digitalisation for healthcare professionals.

Conclusion

Healthcare organisations should both pay attention to the social environment of a workplace and create a positive atmosphere if they want to improve the response to digitalisation. The successful implementation of new technology requires organisational and collegial support.

Relevance to clinical practice

Recommendations for clinical practice include the following: development of competence in digitalisation by healthcare professionals when using technological equipment to minimise errors; provision of sufficient resources, equipment and room for technology usage; and provision of regular education that considers the participants’ competencies.
Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale: Psychometric evaluation among cancer patients
Authors: Xie Haiyan , Taylor Elizabeth Johnston , Li Mengqi , Wang Ying , Liang Tao
Published: October 2018

Aims and objectives

To translate and validate the Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale (NSTS) among cancer patients in Beijing, China.

Background

Spirituality is an essential and integrating facet of persons. However, spirituality is a new concept for most people in mainland China.

Methods

The NSTS was translated, adapted and content‐validated. The psychometric evaluation was performed with data collected from cancer patients hospitalised in one of the two academic medical centres. After computing the scale content validity index (S‐CVI), exploratory factor analysis was conducted to understand the content validity of the scale. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. GRRAS checklist was used to enhance the quality and transparency of this research.

Results

Participants (N = 153) completed the 18‐item C‐NSTS. The S‐CVI of the C‐NSTS was 0.92. Cronbach's alpha of C‐NSTS was 0.88. The C‐NSTS was observed to include three factors (providing of religious support, listening to one's life perception and finding of one's value) and three additional items that did not adequately load onto a factor, yet were retained given their face value. Together, these factors explained 65.2% of the variance.

Conclusion

This initial psychometric evaluation of the 18‐item C‐NSTS demonstrated it to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess cancer patients’ wishes regarding nurse‐provided spiritual care in the Chinese culture.

Relevance to clinical practice

These findings could be used for spiritual care, hospice and palliative care, undergraduate or graduate studies.
Risk factors for intraoperative pressure injuries in patients undergoing digestive surgery: A retrospective study
Authors: Xiong Can , Gao Xinglian , Ma Qiong , Yang Ying , Wang Zengyan , Yu Wenjing , Yu Lei
Published: October 2018

Aim and objective

To investigate the incidence of intraoperative blanchable erythema and pressure injuries in patients undergoing digestive surgery and to explore potential risk factors.

Background

Pressure injuries pose significant economic and healthcare burden to patients and are used as one of the key indicators of nursing in the operation room with high incidence.

Design

A retrospective observational study.

Methods

Basic information and the results of 3S intraoperative risk assessment scale of pressure injury were obtained from the information system. And the patients with intraoperative blanchable erythema or pressure injuries were followed up for 72 hr by the information system. The clinical data were collected to analyse risk factors for intraoperative blanchable erythema and pressure injuries by univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis. STROBE checklist for cohort studies was applied in the preparation of the paper.

Results

Of 5,136 surgical cases, 134 (2.61%) had blanchable erythema, 37 (0.72%) had intraoperative pressure injuries, and 8 (0.16%) had pressure injuries at 72‐hr follow‐up. Preoperative skin under compression, preoperative physical activity, surgical position and extra intraoperative pressure were considered independent risk factors for intraoperative pressure injuries.

Conclusion

The incidence of pressure injuries in our study was lower than those reported in the previous studies. Accessing preoperative skin under compression, preoperative physical activity, surgical position and extra intraoperative pressure was considered to be significant for preventing pressure injuries.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings suggest that preoperative skin under compression, preoperative physical activity, surgical position and extra intraoperative pressure are associated with intraoperative pressure injuries in patients undergoing digestive surgery.
Fibrous dysplasia of the jaws: Integrating molecular pathogenesis with clinical, radiological, and histopathological features
Authors: Pereira Thaís dos Santos Fontes , Gomes Carolina Cavalieri , Brennan Peter A , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Gomez Ricardo Santiago
Published: October 2018

Fibrous dysplasia is a non‐neoplastic developmental process that affects the craniofacial bones, characterized by painless enlargement as a result of bone substitution by abnormal fibrous tissue. Postzygotic somatic activating mutations in the GNAS1 gene cause fibrous dysplasia and have been extensively investigated, as well as being helpful in the differential diagnosis of the disease. Fibrous dysplasia may involve one (monostotic) or multiple bones (polyostotic), sporadically or in association with McCune‐Albright syndrome, Jeffe‐Lichenstein syndrome, or Mazabreud syndrome. This review summarizes the current knowledge on fibrous dysplasia, emphasizing the value of integrating the understanding of its molecular pathogenesis with the clinical, radiological, and histopathological features. In addition, we address important aspects related to the differential diagnosis and patient management.
Contextualizing personality: Personality within and across social roles and conceptual levels
Authors: Dunlop William L. , Hanley Grace E.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Personality psychologists have begun to consider the predictive ability of comparable personality characteristics at the levels of traits, goals, and narrative identity. Here, we build upon and extend this work by adopting a contextualized personality approach. Doing so entailed exploring the implications of personality characteristics within three social roles and at each level of personality in relation to role‐specific and generalized measures of psychological adjustment.

Methods

Undergraduates (N = 155) rated traits and specified goals and narratives pertaining to their roles as friends, students, and sons/daughters. Measures of trait‐based, goal‐based, and narrative‐based approach orientation were subsequently derived.

Results

Within personality levels, mean‐levels of approach orientation differed significantly across social roles. Goal‐based and narrative‐based approach orientation showed inconsistent associations with role‐specific psychological adjustment. When approach orientation was aggregated across roles, however, it demonstrated positive relations with adjustment at each personality level.

Conclusions

There exists contextual variability among and between personality characteristics and adjustment. In addition, in certain cases, aggregating across contextualized personality measures (within conceptual levels) may provide a more reliable indicator of the underlying psychological construct. These results contribute to an evolving understanding of personality coherence and the relation between personality characteristics and context.
Melatonin protects chronic kidney disease mesenchymal stem cells against senescence via PrPC‐dependent enhancement of the mitochondrial function
Authors: Han Yong‐Seok , Kim Sang Min , Lee Jun Hee , Jung Seo Kyung , Noh Hyunjin , Lee Sang Hun
Published: October 2018

Although mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐based therapy is a treatment strategy for ischemic diseases associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), MSCs of CKD patients undergo accelerated senescence, with decreased viability and proliferation upon uremic toxin exposure, inhibiting their utility as a potent stem cell source for transplantation therapy. We investigated the effects of melatonin administration in protecting against cell senescence and decreased viability induced by pathophysiological conditions near the engraftment site. MSCs harvested from CKD mouse models were treated with H2O2 to induce oxidative stress. CKD‐derived MSCs exhibited greater oxidative stress‐induced senescence than normal‐mMSCs, while melatonin protected CKD‐mMSCs from H2O2 and associated excessive senescence. The latter was mediated by PrPC‐dependent mitochondrial functional enhancement; melatonin upregulated PrPC, which bound PINK1, thus promoting mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism. In vivo, melatonin‐treated CKD‐mMSCs survived longer, with increased secretion of angiogenic cytokines in ischemic disease engraftment sites. CKD‐mMSCs are more susceptible to H2O2‐induced senescence than normal‐mMSCs, and melatonin administration protects CKD‐mMSCs from excessive senescence by upregulating PrPC and enhancing mitochondrial function. Melatonin showed favorable therapeutic effects by successfully protecting CKD‐mMSCs from related ischemic conditions, thereby enhancing angiogenesis and survival. These results elucidate the mechanism underlying senescence inhibition by melatonin in stem cell‐based therapies using mouse‐derived CKD‐mMSCs.
Basal glucosuria in cats
Authors: Zeugswetter Florian Karl , Polsterer Theresa , Krempl Herbert , Schwendenwein Ilse
Published: October 2018

Objective of this study was to demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of glucose in urine of euglycemic cats by a highly sensitive glucose assay. The local electronic database was searched for results of quantitative urine glucose measurements in cats. A total of 325 feline urine glucose measurements were identified, of which 303 (93%) had been submitted by one of the co‐authors working in a near‐by small animal practice. After the exclusion of patients with kidney disease (n = 60), hyperthyroidism (n = 15), diabetes mellitus (n = 11), multiple diseases (n = 9) or steroid treatment (n = 3), as well as serial measurements (n = 87) and outliers (n = 8), the final study population consisted of 132 cats. Urine creatinine concentration was unavailable in five patients. Whereas all but one cat had glucose concentrations above the detection limit of the assay (0.11 mmol/L, Gluco‐quant Enzyme Kit/Roche Diagnostics), no positive glucose dipstick test result (Combur 9‐Test, Roche Diagnostics) was observed. The median (range) of urinary glucose concentration and the glucose‐to‐creatinine ratio (UGCR) was 0.389 (<0.11–1.665) mmol/L and 0.0258 (0.007–0.517) respectively. The UGCR was not affected by age, gender, breed or leukocyturia, whereas cats with hematuria had slightly higher values. Data show that so‐called “basal glucosuria” is present in the majority of cats and by no means diagnostic for diabetes mellitus or renal glucosuria. This has to be considered when using bio‐analytical methods with a low limit of quantification.
Mycophenolic acid in patients with immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases: From humans to dogs
Authors: Klotsman Michael , Sathyan Gayatri , Anderson Wayne H. , Garden Oliver A. , Shivanand Padmaja
Published: October 2018

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), a noncompetitive, selective and reversible inhibitor of inosine 5′‐monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), is an immunosuppressive agent that has a long history in medicine. Mechanistically, the inhibition of IMPDH leads to the selective and eventual arrest of T‐ and B‐lymphocyte proliferation. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), the first MPA‐based product to receive marketing approval over two decades ago, was originally indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in human transplant patients. Given its broad immunosuppressive properties and ability to selectively inhibit lymphocyte division and effector functions, the clinical utility of MPA was subsequently explored in a host of autoimmune diseases. Human clinical studies have shown MPA to be safe and effective and support its off‐label administration for immune‐mediated diseases such as lupus, myasthenia gravis and atopic dermatitis. MMF became generically available in the United States in 2008, and its clinical utility is increasingly being explored as a treatment option for dogs with immune‐mediated diseases. This review summarizes the available literature for MPA pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the current status of MPA as a treatment for client‐owned dogs diagnosed with immune‐mediated diseases.