bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reading and Phonological Awareness in Children With Down Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Bird Elizabeth Kay-Raining , Cleave Patricia L. , McConnell Lyndsey
Published: July 2014

Many children with Down syndrome (DS) are capable of developing some reading and writing abilities. The purpose of this study was to further the knowledge of literacy learning and factors that influence that learning in children with DS. Twelve elementary school children with DS were followed over a 4.5-year period. All the children attended regular education classrooms with personal aides and resource rooms as support. Measures of the children’s reading, language, cognitive, and phonological awareness abilities were collected three times. Analyses demonstrated that some reading ability was present in all but one of the children by the end of the study. Phonological awareness and word attack skills did not keep pace with word recognition abilities in these children. When age and mental age (i.e., the mean of the age-equivalent scores from the Pattern Analysis and Bead Memory subtests of the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale, 4
th
edition) were partialled out, word attack skill was uniquely predicted by measures of phoneme segmentation and auditory memory as well. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Neuroaudiologic Correlates to Anatomical Changes of the Brain
Authors: Musiek Frank E. , Lenz Suzanne , Gollegly Karen M.
Published: July 2014

1. There appears to be a relationship among the improved overall behavior of this patient, anatomical changes in the brain, and enhanced performance of both psychophysical and electrophysiological central auditory tests.

2. The right-sided peripheral hearing loss was one of the primary indicators for further diagnostic workup, but probably is unrelated to the lesion that was later discovered.

3. In demonstrating structural as well as functional improvement, this case demonstrates the plasticity of the young human brain.
Auditory Event-Related Potentials Elicited From Cochlear Implant Recipients and Hearing Subjects
Authors: Oviatt Dana L. , Kileny Paul R.
Published: July 2014

Auditory event-related evoked potentials (ERP) were recorded from 10 cochlear implant recipients and 10 age-matched hearing subjects using an oddball paradigm in which frequently occurring tone bursts of 500 Hz were interspersed within rarely occurring tone bursts of 1000, 2000, or 3000 Hz. Signals were delivered acoustically to both groups of subjects through a loudspeaker. P-300 peak latencies for the implant recipients were significantly longer than those for the hearing subjects for the 500–1000 and 500–2000 Hz frequency contrast conditions, but not for the 500–3000 Hz contrast condition. For the hearing subjects, P3 latency did not change significantly across the three frequency contrast conditions; however, for the implant recipients, P3 latencies were significantly longer for the 500–1000 Hz signal contrasts than for 500–2000 and 500–3000 Hz signal contrasts. These results suggest that although implant recipients had more difficulty than hearing subjects in discriminating the 500–1000 and 500–2000 Hz contrasts, the implant recipients and hearing subjects discriminated the widest 500–3000 Hz frequency contrast equally well. The ERP appears to be a reliable index of signal detection and discrimination in cochlear implant recipients and consequently may be useful for device programming and for monitoring the progress of these individuals.
Assistive Devices in the Audiology Practice
Authors: Palmer Catherine V.
Published: July 2014

With the implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, audiologists have opportunities and responsibilities to better serve patients and to expand business with the evaluation, selection, and fitting of assistive devices. This paper provides a detailed description of the use of an interactive software program; a well-designed assistive device demonstration/evaluation center; and available literature describing evaluation methods to promote the evaluation, selection, and dispensing of assistive devices. The paper also includes an extensive suggested bibliography.
Callier Center for Communication Disorders, University of Texas at Dallas
Authors: Roeser Ross J. , Wilson Phillip L. , Musket Carolyn H.
Published: July 2014

The Callier Center offers a wide variety of services for those with communication disorders, as well as programs for research and academic training. Bringing together clinical and research specialists from a variety of related disciplines, Callier affords an unusual opportunity for interdisciplinary clinical programs, research, and enriched student training.
Satisfaction With Noise Reduction Circuits
Authors: Bentler Ruth A.
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effectiveness of different "noise reduction" circuits for subjects of differing degrees, configurations, and experience with amplification. Fifty subjects with hearing impairment were randomly assigned one of four circuit types whose marketing claims suggested resultant improvement in speech recognition in noise backgrounds. Although no apparent circuit superiority was shown, the subjects indicated a high level of satisfaction with the hearing aids chosen for them. Improved measuring tools, improved fitting strategies, and overall improved hearing-aid circuitry (though probablynotthe noise reduction feature) may explain this level of satisfaction.
Clinical Considerations in Fitting a Multimemory Hearing Aid
Authors: Kuk Francis K.
Published: July 2014

Multimemory hearing aids have the potential to better serve individuals with hearing impairment, but the technology is new and operational issues need to be resolved before their full advantages can be realized. The current situation is that not all individuals with hearing impairment would benefit from a multimemory hearing aid and not all multimemory hearing aids have the same features for every individual with hearing impairment. In addition, appropriate memory assignment is crucial to a successful fit. In evaluating a listener for a multimemory hearing aid, one must consider the individual's communication needs and psychophysical skills, his or her acoustic environments, and his or her listening preference. An understanding of the available multimemory devices is necessary in order to select the one that meets these requirements. The initial determination of optimal electroacoustic characteristics for each memory is important, but the need to provide constant support and continued follow-up cannot be overemphasized.
Dynamics of Collaborative Consultation With Families
Authors: Chermak Gail D.
Published: July 2014

The term
collaborative consultation
has been used in the field of communication disorders to refer to the broadening of the professional's role to include indirect intervention, usually involving the joint efforts of speech-language pathologists, audiologists, and classroom teachers, to improve generalization of students' communication skills. The purpose of this article is to develop a broader perspective on collaborative consultation as an alternative framework to guide interactions among professionals and clients of all ages and their families in a variety of clinical contexts. The rationale for collaborative consultation and the objectives, dynamics, and applications of the approach for the delivery of speech-language pathology and audiology services are discussed.
Monocular and Binocular Testing to Improve the Diagnostic Value of Horizontal Optokinetic Nystagmus
Authors: Fowler Cynthia G. , Zizz Carol A. , Blanks Robert H. I.
Published: July 2014

This report describes the effects of unilateral peripheral vestibular lesions on the binocular and monocular optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). Six subjects who had undergone surgical removal of an acoustic neuroma were compared to 14 normal subjects. Stimuli consisted of 15° vertical stripes projected onto a flat screen 1 m from the subject. Stimulus velocities were 15, 30, 45, and 60°/sec. Before surgery, contralateral gain of the slow phase velocity was low, approximately 0.6, compared to 0.9 for ipsilateral gain at 60°/sec. In the acute postoperative period (<30 days), the gains of horizontal OKN were low and symmetrical for both stimulus directions. In the intermediate period (30–60 days postoperative), the OKN was asymmetrical (contralateral gain lower than ipsilateral gain), with the greatest discrepancy at 60°/sec. During the chronic phase (>2 months) the OKN was still asymmetrical in 3 of the 6 subjects. These data suggest that monocular and binocular optokinetic testing can be used to monitor the vestibular compensation of subjects following vestibular nerve section.
Interaural Attenuation of a Click Stimulus Using Deep and Shallow Placement of an Insert Earphone
Authors: Laws Douglas W. , Roller Susan M. , Perry Cecyle K.
Published: July 2014

The effect of deep versus shallow insertion of the ER-3A insert earphone on interaural attenuation (IA) of a click stimulus was examined. IA values for five subjects with profound unilateral hearing loss were obtained. The results (a mean IA difference of 2 dB between the two insertion depths) indicated that IAs for deep insertion were not significantly different from IAs for shallow insertion. Thus deep insertion of insert earphones to achieve larger IA values was not recommended for click stimuli.
Auditory Brainstem Response Wave I Prediction of Conductive Component in Infants and Young Children
Authors: Mackersie Carol L. , Stapells David R.
Published: July 2014

Wave I latencies were used to predict the magnitude of conductive components in 80 infants and young children (122 ears) with normal hearing, conductive hearing loss due to otitis media or aural atresia, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. Two prediction methods were used. The first method based predictions on a 0.03-ms wave I latency delay for each decibel of conductive hearing loss. The second method was based on a regression analysis of wave I latency delays and the magnitude of conductive component for the subjects in this study with normal cochlear status. On average, these prediction methods resulted in prediction errors of 15 dB or greater in over one-third of the ears with hearing loss. Therefore, the clinical use of wave I latencies to predict the presence or magnitude of conductive impairment is not recommended for infants and young children. Instead, bone-conduction ABR testing is recommended as a direct measure of cochlear status when behavioral evaluation is not possible.
Wireless CROS Versus Transcranial CROS for Unilateral Hearing Loss
Authors: Valente Michael , Potts Lisa G. , Valente Maureen , Goebel Joel
Published: July 2014

Eight subjects with unilateral hearing loss were fitted with wireless CROS and transcranial BTE CROS hearing aids. Results revealed that two subjects preferred the BTE transcranial CROS; four subjects preferred the wireless CROS; one subject found both hearing aid systems to be equally satisfactory; and one subject rejected both CROS fittings. In addition, a fitting strategy is introduced using probe microphone analysis to: (a) measure trans-cranial thresholds (TCT) in the unaidable ear in dB SPL measured near the eardrum, and (b) determine the sensation level of the real ear aided response (REAR-TCT) for uncorrected and corrected speech-weighted noise. The results highlight some of the difficulties associated with successfully fitting a transcranial CROS hearing aid.
Comparison of 1000-Hz Toneburst and Click Stimuli in Otoneurologic ABR
Authors: Campbell Kathleen C. M. , Brady Barbara A.
Published: July 2014

The present study compares the utility of click and 1000-Hz toneburst stimuli in otoneurologic auditory brainstem response testing in 45 patients with cochlear sensorineural hearing loss and in 13 patients with tumors affecting the eighth nerve. Waves I and III occurred more frequently for the click stimulus than for the 1000-Hz stimulus in ears without tumors. In ears with tumors, Waves I and III were generally absent for both stimuli. Wave V was generally present in response to both stimuli. The Wave V interaural latency difference (ILD V) was significantly different between groups for both stimuli but was not significantly different between stimuli. The sensitivity and specificity were similar for the two stimuli. In selected cases and as an adjuvant measure, the additional use of the 1000-Hz toneburst was useful. Recommendations for clinical interpretation and application are discussed.
Autosomal-Dominant Progressive Sensorineural Hearing Loss in a Large North American Family
Authors: Halpin Chris , Khetarpal Umang , McKenna Michael
Published: July 2014

Forty-nine members of a family with autosomal-dominant progressive sensorineural hearing loss were evaluated by audiologists, otologists, and geneticists. The results presented here show a nonsyndromic, autosomal-dominant mutation causing progressive sensorineural hearing loss beginning at about age 20 and becoming profound by approximately age 45. Because of the unambiguous nature of the hearing loss, the size of the family, and the availability of two previously described temporal bones from family members, a fairly complete description of the nature and impact of this mutation will be presented.
A Family With Autosomal-Dominant Progressive Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Halpin Chris , Herrmann Barbara , Whearty Margaret
Published: July 2014

The family described in this article provides an unusual opportunity to relate findings from genetic, histological, electrophysiological, psychophysical, and rehabilitative investigation. Although the total number evaluated is large (49), the known, living affected population is smaller (14), and these are spread from age 20 to age 59. As a result, the findings described above are those of a large-scale case study. Clearly, more data will be available through longitudinal study of the individuals documented in the course of this investigation but, given the slow nature of the progression in this disease, such studies will be undertaken after an interval of several years.

The general picture presented to the audiologist who must rehabilitate these cases is that of a progressive cochlear degeneration that affects only thresholds at first, and then rapidly diminishes speech intelligibility. The expected result is that, after normal language development, the patient may accept hearing aids well, encouraged by the support of the family. Performance and satisfaction with the hearing aids is good, until the onset of the speech intelligibility loss, at which time the patient will encounter serious difficulties and may reject hearing aids as unhelpful. As the histological and electrophysiological results indicate, however, the eighth nerve remains viable, especially in the younger affected members, and success with cochlear implantation may be expected. Audiologic counseling efforts are aided by the presence of role models and support from the other affected members of the family. Speech-language pathology services were not considered important by the members of this family since their speech production developed normally and has remained very good. Self-correction of speech was supported by hearing aids and cochlear implants (Case 5’s speech production was documented in Perkell, Lane, Svirsky, & Webster, 1992). These patients received genetic counseling and, due to the high penetrance of the disease, exhibited serious concerns regarding future generations and the hope of a cure.
Older Adults
Authors: Garstecki Dean C.
Published: July 2014

Older adult successful hearing aid users demonstrated an advantage in self-perceived communication effectiveness over nonusers in selected communication situations. They were more likely than nonusers to take a proactive approach to managing difficult communication situations. Successful hearing aid users accepted their hearing loss condition. In managing their hearing loss, successful users based their decision to purchase and use hearing aids on personal information and initiative rather than being influenced by the perceptions of others. Hearing aid costs and personal appearance while wearing hearing aids were nondeterring factors in their acceptance and use. Successful hearing aid users were more tolerant of imperfections in the hearing aid delivery system and product performance than those who chose not to use amplification. Overall results suggest the need for further investigation of personality factors that influence hearing aid selection and use; increased consumer and physician education in the advantages of hearing aid use; population-specific approaches to counseling in the acceptance and use of amplification; and development of approaches to marketing hearing instruments that emphasize consumer benefit.
Threshold Measurement for Patients With Tinnitus
Authors: Mineau Suzette M. , Schlauch Robert S.
Published: July 2014

This study compared the effectiveness of pulsed tones (200 ms on/200 ms off) and continuous tones (1 to 2 s) for measuring thresholds in patients with tinnitus. Sixty veterans with tonal tinnitus and a history consistent with noise-induced hearing loss participated. Half were assigned to a pulsed-tone group; half were assigned to a continuous-tone group. Air-conduction thresholds were measured twice for each patient in a single session for octave intervals between 250 Hz and 4000 Hz. Results indicated no significant difference between groups for test-retest differences, but overall more presentations were required to measure thresholds with continuous tones than with pulsed tones at 4000 Hz. Moreover, the continuous-tone group had, on average, more false-positive responses than the pulsed-tone group. This study supports the clinical belief that pulsed tones are preferred over continuous tones for measuring thresholds for persons with tinnitus.
The Distributed Lambda (λ) Model (DLM): A 3-D, Finite-Element Muscle Model Based on Feldman's λ Model; Assessment of Orofacial Gestures
Authors: Nazari Mohammad Ali , Perrier Pascal , Payan Yohan
Published: July 2014

Purpose

The authors aimed to design a distributed lambda model (DLM), which is well adapted to implement three-dimensional (3-D), finite-element descriptions of muscles.

Method

A muscle element model was designed. Its stress–strain relationships included the active force–length characteristics of the λ model along the muscle fibers, together with the passive properties of muscle tissues in the 3-D space. The muscle element was first assessed using simple geometrical representations of muscles in the form of rectangular bars. It was then included in a 3-D face model, and its impact on lip protrusion was compared with the impact of a Hill-type muscle model.

Results

The force–length characteristic associated with the muscle elements matched well with the invariant characteristics of the λ model. The impact of the passive properties was assessed. Isometric force variation and isotonic displacements were modeled. The comparison with a Hill-type model revealed strong similarities in terms of global stress and strain.

Conclusion

The DLM accounted for the characteristics of the λ model. Biomechanically, no clear differences were found between the DLM and a Hill-type model. Accurate evaluations of the λ model, based on the comparison between data and simulations, are now possible with 3-D biomechanical descriptions of the speech articulators because of the DLM.
SIG 12 Perspectives Vol. 21, No. 3, September 2012
Authors: Witkowski Debbie , Baker Bruce
Published: July 2014

Sorry, this activity is no longer available for CEUs. Visit the SIG 12 page on the
ASHA Store
to see available CE activities.

Use the CE questions PDF here as study questions to guide your Perspectives reading.
SIG 11 Perspectives Vol. 22, No. 2, July 2012
Authors: Taylor Kathryn , White Emily , Kaplan Rachael , O'Rourke Colleen M.
Published: July 2014

Sorry, this activity is no longer available for CEUs. Visit the SIG 11 page on the
ASHA Store
to see available CE activities.

Use the CE questions PDF here as study questions to guide your Perspectives reading.
SIG 4 Perspectives Vol. 23, No. 2, November 2013
Authors: Karasinski Courtney
Published: July 2014

Sorry, this activity is no longer available for CEUs. Visit the SIG 4 page on the
ASHA Store
to see available CE activities.

Use the CE questions PDF here as study questions to guide your Perspectives reading.
Compensatory Physiologic Phonetics for the Glossectomee
Authors: Skelly Madge , Spector Diane J. , Donaldson Robert C. , Brodeur Armand , Paletta Francis X.
Published: July 2014

Compensatory articulation patterns on the glossal phonemes were developed clinically in a study of 14 total and 11 partial glossectomees. Successful compensations were examined by cinefluorography. Patterns differed between total and partial glossectomees, with the latter making adaptive movements of the tongue stump, and the former using substitute mandibular, labial, buccal, and palatal movements with among-patient consistency in relation to developing intelligibility. On admission the partial glossectomees ranged between 6 and 24% intelligibility, as measured by CID W-22 PB word lists, and shifted after the therapy sequence to a range of 24 to 46%. The total glossectomees ranged from 0 to 8% intelligibility on admission, and shifted to a range of 18 to 42% in the program. The six total glossectomees who made no progress were all dysphagics; the other patients, none of whom exhibited dysphagia, all achieved some improvement in intelligibility.
Papillomata of the Vocal Folds: A Review
Authors: Cooper Morton
Published: July 2014

A clinical program of vocal rehabilitation for eight patients with biopsied papillomata of the vocal folds was undertaken for three months. Although a review of the literature indicates that vocal abuse and irritation are possible etiological factors, as are virus infection and hormonal imbalance, the main methods of treatment for papillomatosis are medical, immunological, surgical, and physical. This study revealed that the papillomata, which are pseudomalignant lesions, were reduced or eliminated in four of the eight patients through vocal rehabilitation. The program of vocal therapy essentially stressed location and establishment of the optimal pitch level and a balanced oronaso-pharyngeal tone focus. Good vocal hygiene was an essential part of the program. The results of this study indicate a need for continued clinical investigations to determine the effect of vocal rehabilitation upon other pseudomalignant lesions of the vocal folds, such as leukoplakia and keratosis.
Operant Procedures Applied to Stuttering Therapy for Children
Authors: Ryan Bruce P.
Published: July 2014

This report concerns operant stuttering therapy programs for five children ranging in age from six to nine years. The programs included programmed desensitization, delayed auditory feedback, and gradual increase in the length and complexity of the speech utterance. Reinforcing events ranged from social reward to points which could be exchanged for toys. The programs varied in length from 15 to 73.3 hours. They were all successful in helping the children to establish fluent speech. Special transfer and maintenance programs were necessary for some of the children. Follow-up measures indicated that the children had maintained their fluency. The value of viewing stuttering as operant behavior was demonstrated.
Guidelines for Choosing Appropriate Phonetic Contexts for Speech-Sound Recognition and Production Practice
Authors: Fleming Katherine Jane
Published: July 2014

This paper presents some guidelines to aid speech clinicians in selecting appropriate phonetic contexts for their clients to listen to and produce in all stages of speech-sound discrimination and production training. Eight factors which can influence discrimination performances and seven which can influence production performances are listed, explained and described, clarified with examples, compared, and when possible, discussed in terms of experimental evidence. Brief directions for using these 15 factors to formulate discrimination and production-context lists are included and, finally, some implications for research are discussed.
Dysphonias Associated with Spinal Bracing in Scoliosis
Authors: Skelly Madge , Donaldson Robert C. , Scheer George E. , Guzzardo Margaret R.
Published: July 2014

Pediatric patients fitted with Milwaukee braces for correction of lateral scoliosis exhibited disproportionate incidence of dysphonia characterized by hyperrhinolalia, which consistently persisted when checked a year after removal of the braces. A vocal-rehabilitation program alleviated the problem in 90% of the treated population, against a 90% persistence in the nontreated control group. Pre-brace referral to the speech clinic followed by a voice-hygiene program may prevent onset of this dysphonia, which appears to be significantly different from dysphonia with other etiologies.
Hyponasality Associated with Patulous Eustachian Tubes: Report of a Case
Authors: Batza Eugene M. , Parker Willard
Published: July 2014

Functional hyponasality sometimes occurs as a readily identifiable concomitant of patulous eustachian tubes. This case report suggests that the presence and severity of the speech problem is directly related to autophony and the patient’s ability to tolerate this characteristic symptom of abnormally patent eustachian tubes. Reduction in autophony appeared to produce proportional reduction in denasality. Elimination of aural symptoms consistently resulted in the abrupt return of normal speech.
Token Loss in Speech Imitation Training
Authors: McReynolds Leija V. , Huston Kay
Published: July 2014

The use of tokens as positive reinforcers for correct responses and no consequences for incorrect responses was compared with the use of tokens contingent upon correct responses and loss of tokens contingent on incorrect responses. Two magnitudes of token gain to token loss were also compared: (1) three tokens were given for a correct response and one token removed for an incorrect response; (2) one token was given for a correct response and one was removed for an incorrect response. The subjects were a six-year-old child with delayed language development and a seven-year-old with an articulation problem. Training items consisted of the verbal imitation of words. Results indicated that the no-token-loss condition was more effective in decreasing incorrect responses than either magnitude of token loss. Results of the two token-loss procedures indicated, however, that their effectiveness is partly determined by the ratio of tokens gained to tokens lost. It is concluded that token loss could be effective but that related variables should be carefully examined.
Therapy for Reduction of Continuous Phonation in the Hard-of-Hearing Population
Authors: Millin Joseph P.
Published: July 2014

Continuous phonation, though not always apparent to a listener, is frequently present in the speech of patients with congenital or long-standing profound hearing loss. Major effects of such continuous voicing are to transform unvoiced speech sounds into their voiced counterparts and to make more difficult the perception of the end of one word and the beginning of the next. These effects greatly reduce the intelligibility of speech. A procedure is described which has dramatically improved the speech of several hard-of-hearing patients with long histories of poor speech intelligibility.
Bekesy Audiometry in Simulated Hearing Loss
Authors: Kacker S. K.
Published: July 2014

Ten normal-hearing volunteers, all otolaryngologists and audiometric technicians, were asked to simulate a 50-dB hearing loss in one ear on a Grason-Stadler Bekesy audiometer, Model E 800, standardized to ISO (1964). The data were analyzed and compared with the available literature. The following conclusions were reached: (1) A test-retest discrepancy, consistently present in all the subjects with simulated hearing loss, was the most reliable criterion for detecting such loss. (2) Type-V Bekesy tracings indicated simulated hearing loss and were found in 70% of the subjects. (3) Saucer-shaped curves and increased Bekesy excursions are not reliable indicators of simulated hearing loss. (4) The Bekesy audiometer is a reliable tool in detecting simulated hearing loss.
A Comparison of Three Tests of Auditory Comprehension for Adult Aphasics
Authors: Needham Leslie Smith , Swisher Linda Peck
Published: July 2014

Three tests of auditory comprehension for aphasic adults were administered: (1) a category of the Functional Communication Profile (FCP), (2) a section of an Aphasia Test, and (3) the Token Test. The results are presented in terms of the relative degree of difficulty of the tests and the relationship between the scores of nontask-oriented and the task-oriented tests. Of the three, the Token Test was found to be the most difficult and the Aphasia Test the easiest. The FCP Understanding category had the widest range of difficulty. For the patients diagnosed as aphasic without additional, nonsymbolic expressive problems, there was a significant relationship between task-oriented and nontask-oriented test scores. An unexpected finding was that Understanding ratings on the FCP were affected by verbal apraxia or dysarthria.
Generalized Auditory Agnosia: The First Phase of Treatment
Authors: Chappell Gerald E.
Published: July 2014

A rare, highly disabling auditory disorder, generalized auditory agnosia, is discussed. Therapeutic means of establishing hearing attention, sound associations, and retention of sound relationships are presented as part of a program to establish projective hearing that uses environmental sound meaningfully. To establish insight that is precursory to learning about speech-sound production, the program focuses listening attention on the sound-producing ability of the human vocal mechanism.
Categorical Judgment and the Wepman Test of Auditory Discrimination
Authors: Vellutino Frank R. , DeSetto Louis , Steger Joseph A.
Published: July 2014

The notion that response bias may spuriously influence categorical judgments on discrimination tasks with unequal response alternatives was investigated using the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test. The performance of two unselect groups of elementary school children was compared on a standardized form, containing an unequal number of two category alternates, and a modified version which balanced these choices. It was predicted in line with Parducci’s range-frequency model of psychophysical judgment that the modified version would occasion a lower error score because of an intrinsic tendency to employ categories with equal frequency independent of the test stimuli. The prediction was verified, and the results were related to perceptual disorder as assessed by the Wepman Test.
The Use of Crisis Intervention in the Rehabilitation of Laryngectomees
Authors: Sanchez-Salazar Virginia , Stark Anne
Published: July 2014

Laryngectomee rehabilitation at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center’s Speech Pathology Clinic is based on crisis intervention theory. The speech pathologist and the social worker, working together to totally rehabilitate laryngectomees, identified four potentially crisis-precipitating events. The laryngectomee rehabilitation staff designed and applied interventive and preventive techniques for these situations. They include preoperative counseling of the patient as soon as possible after the need for the laryngectomy is confirmed and related to him, follow-up ward visits with him and his family, team counseling of the patient before his discharge, outpatient clinic visits after discharge, participation in the hospital’s chapter of the Lost Chord Club, and group interaction therapy one hour a week for 10 weeks.
Contingencies for Bioelectronic Modification of Nasality
Authors: Fletcher Samuel G.
Published: July 2014

This article cites traditional difficulties in assessing and modifying nasality and proposes bioelectronic instrumentation, TONAR II, designed to overcome the problems. Specific criteria are listed for detecting and modifying nasality, and instrumental applications to meet the criteria are presented. A series of substudies are then reported which highlight important factors in the clinical management of nasality. Recent extension of the instrumentation to measure and manage other voice disorders is also described.
Aphasia Complicated by Hypercalcemia
Authors: Schwebel Mary Cronin , Brookshire Robert H.
Published: July 2014

Speech and language performance of a 55-year-old man with aphasia and progressive hypercalcemia is reported. After initial evaluation of his speech and language functions, the patient developed increasing hypercalcemia. As the patient’s hypercalcemia progressed, his speech and language performance deteriorated. Surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma resolved the hypercalcemia, and the patient’s speech and language performance improved precipitously. Major recovery occurred in tasks involving formulation and comprehension, but no apparent improvement in motor speech abilities appeared. The course of increasing disability before surgery and the recovery of speech and language functions after surgery suggest that hypercalcemia interferes with higher mental processes in general and that speech and language disturbances may be a result of this interference.
The Development of Language-Training Programs for Postrubella Hearing-Impaired Children
Authors: Lynch Linda , Tobin Annette
Published: July 2014

This paper presents the procedures developed and used in the individual treatment programs for a group of preschool, postrubella, hearing-impaired children. A case study illustrates the systematic fashion in which the clinician plans programs for each child on the basis of the child’s progress at any given time during the program. The clinician’s decisions are discussed relevant to (1) the choice of a mode(s) for the child and the teacher, (2) the basis for selecting specific target behaviors, (3) the progress of each program, and (4) the implications for future programming.
A Pilot Training Program for Parent-Clinicians
Authors: Carpenter Robert L. , Augustine Lloyd E.
Published: July 2014

Four mothers of children with a variety of communication disorders received training in behavior change techniques at a two-day workshop. The goal was to teach the mothers to use a specific instructional approach which involved an antecedent-behavior-consequence paradigm. For each case, specific child and parental behaviors were determined by a speech pathologist. Follow-up was accomplished by mail and telephone contact. Positive changes occurred in three of the four children over a two- to three-month period. Such an approach should be useful where speech pathology services are limited or where daily treatment is required.
Teaching by the Rules
Authors: Leonard Laurence B.
Published: July 2014

This paper presents methods for applying rule learning in the clinical treatment of language-handicapped children. Focusing on both child-initiated and clinician-initiated therapy procedures we attempt to demonstrate that rule learning is the most sensible approach in the treatment of children with deviant language.
Hearing Losses, Hearing Aids, and Children with Language Disorders
Authors: Kleffner Frank R.
Published: July 2014

Theoretical interpretations and terminological practices can interfere with appropriate clinical management of hearing losses in children with language disorders. De-emphasis of the significance of hearing losses for pure tones in children who present problems in language development is unwarranted. The value of the pure-tone result in determining the nature and severity of hearing impairment is well established. The child with a hearing loss for pure tones must be given the benefit of whatever amplification and educational placement considerations are indicated by his loss, regardless of the diagnostic classifications or speculations evoked by other problems he may present.
Auditory Processing Factors in Language Disorders: The View from Procrustes' Bed
Authors: Rees Norma S.
Published: July 2014

A failure in auditory processing is often cited as a major or contributing cause of language and learning disorders in children and adults, including defective articulation, aphasia, dyslexia, and specific learning disability. The claim persists in spite of the relatively limited and weak evidence for such a factor and the inconsistency of this conclusion with current findings in speech perception research. The implications for traditional educational, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures involving basic auditory skills such as speech-sound discrimination are discussed.
Evaluation of Preschool Children through Radio Telemetry
Authors: Gardner Julie O.
Published: July 2014

Radio telemetry equipment was used to evaluate the verbal behavior of 40 preschool children. The intelligibility and usefulness of the tape recordings produced, the durability of the equipment, and the ease of operation are discussed. While there are some restrictions concerning equipment selection and use, radio telemetry is seen as a highly dependable tool in the study of communicative disorders of most age groups.
The Importance of Imitation in the Early Stages of Speech Acquisition: A Case Report
Authors: Sweeney Sheila
Published: July 2014

Many linguists believe that imitation is not a factor in the very early stages of speech acquisition. They also believe that the infant is incapable of imitating sounds he has not previously produced independently. This report concerns an infant who, during her sixth week, spent more time listening to the noises of birds than to the noises of humans. She began to make high-pitched shrieks similar to the birds' calls. This indicates that imitation may be more important to speech development than current theories indicate. The findings of this case study are discussed, especially as they apply to Mowrer’s autism theory of speech development.
Voice Therapy with a Group of Language-Delayed Children
Authors: Andrews Moya L.
Published: July 2014

Voice therapy with a group of language-delayed children demands reduction of the level of abstraction of basic concepts. In this case study, listening tasks are carefully patterned in steps of graduated difficulty, leading to the development of a continuum of perceptual judgments. Thus a framework for vocal monitoring is established before expressive goals are introduced.
Phonological Substitution Processes of a Hard-of-Hearing Child
Authors: Oller D. Kimbrough , Kelly Charleen A.
Published: July 2014

This is an investigation in the generative framework of phonological substitution processes of a six-year-old child with a moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss. The child’s substitutions had much in common with the substitutions of younger normal children. For instance, as commonly occurs with normals, liquid consonants were replaced in this child’s speech by glides and rounded vowels, final fricative consonants were devoiced, and consonants in general were shifted to more forward places of articulation. To account adequately for the data from this hard-of-hearing child, it was necessary to invoke some of the same sorts of ordering restrictions (on rule application) that have been found necessary in the description of substitution processes of normal children.
The Design and Standardization of a Speech and Language Screening Test for Use with Preschool Children
Authors: Fluharty Nancy Buono
Published: July 2014

This paper describes the design and preliminary standardization of a speech and language screening test for use with three- to five-year-old children. The test design follows the transformation-generative grammar model and is based on developmental studies of speech and language acquisition.
The Core of the Stuttering Block
Authors: Schwartz Martin F.
Published: July 2014

A model of the core of the stuttering block is presented, based on evidence that the disorder is essentially an inappropriate, vigorous contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid in response to the subglottal air pressures required for speech. The author suggests that this response occurs as a result of psychological stress which, in stutterers, substantially reduces the effectiveness of the normal supramedullary inhibitory controls on this muscle.
Minimum Effective Masking Levels in Threshold Audiometry
Authors: Martin Frederick N.
Published: July 2014

A procedure is described for masking during threshold audiometry. Illustrations are provided which show that use of an effective masking level equal to the threshold of the masked ear results in noise levels identical to those derived by the use of more complicated formulas.
Occlusion Effect in a Bilateral Mandibulectomy Patient
Authors: Schweitzer Howard C.
Published: July 2014

Various investigators have arrived at differing conclusions about the influence of the mandibular structure on hearing by bone conduction and, specifically, its contribution to the occlusion effect. A patient was studied whose entire mandible had been surgically removed as a result of cancer. Reliable occlusion effects were measured in both ears on three separate occasions. Conclusions are qualified by the absence of preoperative data.
Replacement of Stuttering with Normal Speech: III. Clinical Effectiveness
Authors: Perkins William H. , Rudas Joanna , Johnson Linda , Michael William B. , Curlee Richard F.
Published: July 2014

Two forms of behavioral management of stuttering were tested for effectiveness, efficiency, and permanence. The emphasis with 27 clients in Method 1 was on control of rate to maintain fluency. The emphasis with 17 clients in Method 2 was on control of rate to facilitate normal management of the breathstream, phrasing, and prosody, as well as fluency. Stuttering was reduced for all clients with both methods. Ninety-two percent of Group 1 (Method 1) and all of Group 2 (Method 2) retained some improvement six months after treatment. Seventy percent of both groups had reduced their stuttering by 85% or more at the termination of treatment. Six months later, only 30% of Group 1 retained that level of improvement, in contrast with 53% of Group 2. Coupling an 85% reduction in stuttering with a criterion for normal (225+ syllables per minute), only 44% of Group 1, as compared with 65% of Group 2, achieved normal speech during treatment. Listeners judged Group 1 as being slower and less expressive than normal speakers but not different in fluency. Group 2 was judged as more fluent but otherwise no different from normals.
The Conditioning of Language in a Nonverbal Child Conducted in a Special Education Classroom
Authors: Appelman Karen , Allen K. Eileen , Turner Keith D.
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to assess the feasibility of conducting speech conditioning sessions within a preschool classroom, and second, to examine the process of transfer of learned verbalizations from those sessions to classroom free time. The results indicated that the former was not only feasible but effective. A nonverbal boy, enrolled in a special education preschool, was taught to imitate reliably six words in 46 15-minute sessions. Furthermore, the child’s use of spontaneous whole words during the rest of the classroom day seemed to be responsive to the contingencies of the speech sessions.
A Case Study of an Ataxic Dysarthric: Cineradiographic and Spectrographic Observations
Authors: Kent Raymond , Netsell Ronald
Published: July 2014

Cineradiographic and spectrographs analyses were performed to study the speech production of a subject who presented the classical neurologic signs of cerebellar lesion and who had speech characteristics like those that have been reported for ataxic dysarthria. These analyses were conducted with special attention to the deviant perceptual dimensions that have been described for ataxic speech. Examination of the cineradiographic and spectrographic records revealed conspicuous abnormalities in speaking rate, stress patterns, articulatory placements for both vowels and consonants, velocities of articulator movements, and fundamental frequency contours. In general, our physiological and acoustic observations of ataxic dysarthria were compatible wth existing perceptual descriptions of this condition. The data for the subject are discussed in the light of current hypotheses concerning cerebellar participation in the regulation of skilled movement. Particular suggestions are made concerning the nature of the neuromuscular abnormalities that may underlie the aberrant motorics of ataxic dysarthria.
Acoustic Impedance Measurements in Cleft-Palate Children
Authors: Bess Fred H. , Lewis H. Donell , Cieliczka David J.
Published: July 2014

Clinical acoustic impedance findings in a group of 40 children with cleft lip or palate and a group of 20 noncleft children are presented. The cleft subjects exhibited a high incidence of hearing loss and aural pathology. The data suggest that impedance measurements lend pertinent supportive information to routine pure-tone audiometric testing in the detection and management of middle-ear disease in the cleft-palate population.
Incidence of Chronic Hoarseness among School-Age Children
Authors: Silverman Ellen-Marie , Zimmer Catherine H.
Published: July 2014

A speech and voice screening of a kindergarten through eighth grade Hebrew day school indicated that: (1) 38 (23.4%) of the 162 children in the school exhibited chronic hoarseness, (2) the incidence was higher in the primary grades, and (3) more boys than girls exhibited the disorder. Vocal nodules were diagnosed in 77.7% of the children examined by otolaryngologists. The findings of this and other recent studies indicate that a large number of school-age children, particularly those in the primary grades, exhibit chronic hoarseness. Furthermore, many such children may be expected to have vocal nodules.
Panendoscopic Feedback in the Study of Voluntary Velopharyngeal Movements
Authors: Shelton Ralph L. , Paesani Andrew , McClelland Keener D. , Bradfield Shari S.
Published: July 2014

A videopanendoscope system was used to record velopharyngeal movements and to display those movements to subjects who produced them. Three normal adults were studied as they attempted to produce nonspeech velopharyngeal closure by use of two maneuvers: (1) laryngeal fixation and (2) modification of an elicited gag reflex. A rating system was devised to extract data from the videotapes. The findings indicated that subjects were able to utilize the videopanendoscopic feedback to guide voluntary velopharyngeal movements. The velopharyngeal movements were accompanied by larynx displacement and other neck muscle contraction. The uvula was observed to contract during some motor acts.
Anticipatory Middle-Ear Reflex Activity from Noisy Toys
Authors: Marshall Lynne , Brandt John F. , Marston Larry E.
Published: July 2014

Middle-ear reflex activity was measured in 14 listeners in response to visual and acoustic exposure to each of seven noisy toys (such as a cap gun, party horn, cow bell, and so forth). Anticipatory middle-ear reflex (AMER) activity was a common occurrence. Normal middle-ear reflex generally occurred after the sound exposure. AMERs generally occurred in the two seconds prior to sound exposure but as early as 10 seconds before sound exposure. Loudness ratings and exposure SPLs were obtained. The presence of acoustically evoked middle-ear (ME) reflex activity and AMERs to the toys was generally unrelated to SPL or reflex threshold. Many reflex responses occurred in response to exposure SPLs below reflex threshold and with low anticipated loudness rating.
Recovery of Auditory Function Following Meningitic Deafness
Authors: Roeser Ross J. , Campbell John C. , Daly David D.
Published: July 2014

Two cases are presented that document improvement in hearing following Hemophilus influenzae meningitis. In both cases vestibular function was permanently lost. The possible anatomical and physiological sites of involvement are discussed. The two cases stress the importance of regularly scheduled audiometric reevaluations in cases of postmeningitic deafness.