bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Relevância da Saúde Masculina e os Desafios do Ensino de Urologia
Authors: RIBEIRO COSTA DJALMA
Published: December 2024

Este estudo analisou a experiência de ensino de urologia em uma instituição de ensino superior, buscando identificar os principais desafios e pontos fortes do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Através de um levantamento de dados com estudantes, foram exploradas suas percepções sobre a relevância da disciplina, as dificuldades encontradas e as sugestões para melhoria. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de uma abordagem pedagógica que combine teoria e prática, promovendo a aprendizagem ativa e o desenvolvimento de habilidades clínicas. No entanto, o estudo também revelou a necessidade de mais pesquisas com amostras maiores para generalizar os resultados.
Filsafat Francis Bacon Dalam Konteks Pendidikan Seni
Authors: Abadi Mourent Aulia
Published: December 2024

Francis Bacon, as the father of the modern scientific method, emphasized the importance of experience, experimentation, and observation in the acquisition of knowledge. His empirical philosophy, outlined in Novum Organum, has significant relevance in the context of arts education. This study aims to explore how Bacon's principles particularly those related to experimentation, observation, and the elimination of biases can be applied in arts education to enrich the teaching and learning process. The research employs a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis of Bacon's works and literature related to arts education. The findings suggest that arts education based on direct experience and experimentation allows students to develop practical skills, as well as critical and innovative thinking. This approach encourages students to view art as a continuous process, where exploration and new discoveries are always possible, in line with Bacon's view that knowledge is an endless journey. Therefore, Bacon's philosophy provides a strong foundation for creating a more dynamic, open, and creativity-focused approach to arts education.
The Effect of Birth Type on Serum Irisin Levels in Awassi Lambs
Authors: Akkuş Tuğra , Yaprakcı Ömer , Bayazit Rüveyda , Ekici Mehmet , Demirtaş Ali Coşkun
Published: December 2024

The present study aims to reveal the effects of normal birth and dystocia on serum irisin levels in Awassi lambs. The study material consisted of 20 lambs born from Awassi sheep. Only sheep that had previously given birth normally, had no postnatal problems, and had single births were included to objectively evaluate the parameters under investigation. The newborn lambs were divided into two groups based on the type of birth. Group 1 (n=10) consisted of lambs born from normal births, while Group 2 (n=10) consisted of lambs born from dystocia. Blood samples were collected from the vena jugularis of lambs in both study groups before colostrum intake, after colostrum intake, and on the 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th days of the postnatal period (a total of six times) and were then centrifuged. Serum irisin levels were assessed using a commercial kit. The obtained data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. In the intergroup assessment, the serum irisin level in the dystocia group was found to be higher before colostrum intake (P
EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF OVINE IGF-I GENE IN HEART OF SOME NIGERIAN SHEEP BREEDS
Authors: Mohammed A. , Modu-Kagu M. K. , Abdulraheem A. O. , Allamin H. , Jibrin A. , Alade N. K. , Raji A. O.
Published: December 2024

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) is encoded by the IGF-1 gene as it is a gene considered to be a candidate marker associated with growth traits in livestock. Tissue IGF-I concentrations at an early age may be useful indicators of growth rate potential and help in selection of fast growing animals. However, there is dearth of information on gene expression patterns as it affecis phenotypic traits in Nigerian sheep. Tissue samples were collected from organ (heart) of the three breeds (Balami, Udaand Yankasa) and five (5) sample from each sex. Messenger RNA was isolated treated with RNase-free DNase RNA converted to cDNA. qPCR protocol were performed using first strand reverse transcription of extracted Messenge RNA into cDNA. cDNA were then used as the template for the qPCR reactions using the SYBR green. The objectives of the study is to determine mRNA expression of ovine lgf-1 gene in heart of some Nigerian sheep breeds. The study showed that the growth-related gene was relatively expressed in heart tissue of the adult sheep. The fold change indicates IGF-I gene is up regulated in the heart of Uda followed by Balami and Yankasa. This study provides insight into the differential abundance of the gene in heart tissues amongst the three sheep breeds. Uda expresses IGF-I gene better than Balami and Yankasa breed, these may indicate better performance in Uda breed. Farmers can decide to select Uda for further improvement in their population.
EFFECTS OF BREEDING INTERVALS ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE INDICES OF HYLA RABBIT IN SOUTH-WEST, NIGERIA
Authors: Akilapa T. P. , Osunkeye O. J. , Ajayi B. A.
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of breeding intervals on growth and reproductive performance of Hyla rabbit in South-west of Nigeria. A total of twenty four adult rabbits (sixteen females and eight males) of average 2500 g were used in the study. Does were randomly allotted into the four experimental treatments: T1 (two weeks), T2 (four weeks), T3 (six weeks) and T4 (eight weeks) breeding intervals with four rabbits per treatment in a Completely Randomized Design with a doe serving as a replicate. Does in each treatment have four parities and the experiment lasted for 15 months. Number of mating per conception (NMC) was decreasing (P<0.05) as breeding interval and parity were increasing. Body weight at conception (BWC) week 1 and 2 were highest (P<0.05) in does on T4 and 3rd parity. Litter weight at birth (312g), 5th (2731.50g) and 12th week (5709.44g), average weight at birth (52.48g), 5th (552.94g) and 12th week (1317.06g) including litter size at birth (5.94) were at maximum (P<0.05) in T3. Average weight at birth (53.32g), 5th (536.63g) and 12th week (1336.00g), were highest (P<0.05) in Parity 1. However, litter weight at birth (335.50g), 5th week (2687.43g) and 12th week (5676.65g), litter size at birth (6.07), 5th (5.02) and 12th week (4.26) were peak (P<0.05) at the Parity 4. Stillbirth was not affected by parity. It was concluded that a doe requires a week rest after weaning at 5th week for optimum growth and reproduction of both kit and the doe. Therefore, six weeks breeding interval was recommended to rabbit breeders for most favorable production.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE-BASED ANIMAL WEIGHT EQUALIZATION TOOL
Authors: Mustapha A. M. , Abiola O. , Abayomi-Alli A. , Abioye T. E. , Olaleye T. , Akinola O. S. , Arogundade O. T.
Published: December 2024

This paper presents the development of a mobile-based animal weight equalization tool tailored for livestock management. Traditional methods of weight equalization lack effectiveness, leading to variability in experimental outcomes and hampering farm profitability. Our proposed solution addresses these challenges by introducing a mobile application to streamline weight equalization processes. Utilizing advanced algorithms for randomization and group allocation, this tool removes scientific rigour in experimental design. Accessible via mobile devices, it empowers researchers and farmers to efficiently implement weight equalization, minimizing variability in experiments and enhancing agricultural scalability. This development represents a significant advancement in livestock animal management practices, promising improved research validity and profitability in the African agricultural sector.
EVALUATION OF BREED EFFECT ON GENE EXPRESSION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR (AHR), CYTOCHROME P450 (CYP1A1) AND INTERLEUKINS (IL2) IN CHICKENS REARED IN A CRUDE OIL-POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Ibrahim A. , Emeka O. C. , Oleforuh-Okoleh V. U. , Sikiru A. B. , Fakae L. B. , Obianwuna U. E. , Nnam B. S
Published: December 2024

Hydrocarbon toxicity resulting from the disruption of homeostasis caused by exposure to hydrocarbon pollutants is a significant obstacle that could impede the expression of the full genetic potentials of chicken breeds in the Niger Delta. Depending on the population, the mechanism and severity of toxicity may vary with the level of expression of certain genes modulated by xenobiotics. This study investigated breed effects on expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), cytochrome p450 (CYP1A1) and interleukins (IL2) in chickens. For the investigation, two breeds of chicken: (Nigerian native chickens and commercial line broiler chickens) raised under extensive system by rural smallholder farmers in Okrika and Nsukka Local government Areas, Rivers and Enugu States, Nigeria were utilized. Liver tissue was excised from individual bird (27 birds per breed) for RNA extraction and gene expression studies. Results revealed that there was significant breed effect in the response of chickens in Okrika where the expression of AhR, CYP1A1 and IL-2 genes was upregulated in the native chickens (p<0.05). Such disparities were not observed in chickens reared in Nsukka. This could be an indication of increased metabolism and detoxification of hydrocarbon pollutants in the native chicken particularly in hydrocarbon polluted environment. We therefore propose studies on AhR, CYP1A1 and IL-2 as molecular markers for evaluating hydrocarbon toxicity in chickens and possible selection for genetic improvement.
CARCASS AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF F2 PROGENY OF ABIA ECOTYPE BIRDS AND THEIR EXOTIC MALE LINE CROSSES IN THE HUMID TROPICS
Authors: Olagbegi A. D. , Oke U. K. , Nzeaghara J. M. , Obike O. M. , Urum S. M. , Nosike R. J. , Obi C. O. , Anieke E. , Ohiaegbe J. P.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to evaluate the meat production potentials and serum attributes of Nigerian locally adapted chickens crossed with an exotic male line. Abia Ecotype chickens from three senatorial districts of the state were used to study the growth performance and genetic traits of f2 progenies of the birds. The birds consisted of a base population of two Abia ecotype chicken, Brown (B1) and Black (B2) plumage colours were used as female – lines and crossed with two exotic meat type chicken, Cobb (A1) and Ross 308 (A2), as male – line. The mating for the formation of F2 was set up using a 4x4 diallelic crossing technique and the Selection of the most three productive progenies of the F2 evaluated for further selection as improved Abia ecotype Chicken. Data were used to determine the growth performance traits, carcass and serum biochemical profile. Y1A1 (438.00) was significantly higher in week 7 while in week 8, Y1A1 (550.33) and Y2A2 (550.66) had significant (P<0.05) higher in body weight while the least was recorded in Y3A3 (440.00). Y1A1 and Y2A2 had  larger breast expansion and was significant (P<0.05) higher at weeks 7 and 8. Y1A1 has longer (P<0.05) in weeks 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, while in week 5, Y1A1 and Y1A2 was higher in the mean value of keel length but was not different (P>0.05) from Y2A2. Live weight, dress weight and drumstick were significantly (P<0.05) higher in Y1A3. Y2A3 had the higher significant (P<0.05) value for dress percentage. Head and breast were higher in Y1A3. Neck and wings showed the highest (P<0.05)  values in Y1A2. Y1A3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the value of shank. Y2A1 showed higher significance (P<0.05) thigh value, while Y3A3 had the highest significant (P<0.05) value in breast percentage. Y3A3 having the highest h2 estimate of 0.78 for BWT. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in albumin, urea and phosphate. Albumin concentration of Y2A3 is significantly (P˂0.05) different when compared with other progenies but not significantly (P>0.05) different from Y2A1 and Y1A2. Urea and phosphate concentration of Y2A3 and Y3A1 were significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared to other genotypic groups. Correlation coefficient was consistently high between body weight and linear body measurements in all the progenies. From the study, Y1A1 and Y1A3 genetic groups weighed heaviest and showed distinct phenotypic characteristics among the indigenous chicken strains. Efforts are needed to conserve the genetic resources of these chickens.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FEEDING YANKASA RAMS WITH UREA-TREATED SUGARCANE BAGASSE SUPPLEMENTED WITH YEAST AND ENZYME
Authors: Yusuf H. K. , Mijinyawa M. A. , Usman N. A.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was carried out to determine the economic benefits of feeding Yankasa rams with treated sugarcane bagasse supplemented with yeast and enzyme. Twenty-four (24) Yankasa rams with mean body live weight 18±0.2 kg were used for the study. The rams were allotted to treatments in a 2×3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of inclusion levels of enzyme (2, 4 and 6g/kg) in treated bagasse with or without yeast at 5g/kg of diet inclusions levels for 90 days. Data collected were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS and significant differences were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The result indicated that there was a significant (P<0.05) difference total weight gain and average daily gain. Total feed intake was increased by 16% in rams fed TMR without yeast and 2g inclusion level of enzyme compared to those fed TMR with yeast and 6g inclusion level of enzyme. Rams fed TMR without yeast and 6g/kg inclusion level of enzyme had highest cost/kg gain (₦491.88) while rams fed TMR with yeast and 4g/kg inclusion level had the least cost/kg gain (₦418.82). The value of gain decreases with increase in inclusion level of enzyme in TMR with yeast. However, income incurred over cost was increased by 35% in rams TMR with yeast and 4g/kg inclusion level of enzyme. Rams fed TMR with yeast and 4g/kg inclusion level of enzyme had higher income (₦1523.4) while least income incurred (₦1210.2, ₦1164.3 and ₦986.0) was recorded in rams fed TMR without yeast and 2, 4 and 6g/kg respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that 4g/kg inclusion level of enzyme with yeast had higher net benefits and farmers should include enzyme at 4g/kg with yeast for better economic returns.
LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF IMPROVED RABBIT PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY IN AKURE SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ONDO STATE
Authors: Ogunyinka A. I. , Omoniyi L. O.
Published: December 2024

This research work was carried out to assess the level of awareness of improved rabbit production management technology in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. The objectives of the study were to ascertain the socio-economic characteristics of the rabbit farmers, determine the level of awareness of improved rabbit production technology by small scale farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select ninety six rabbit producers. Primary data was collected through the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistical tools such as, frequency, percentage. The findings revealed that 52.1% of the respondents were female, 56.2% of the respondents were between the age range of 20-29 years, 59.4% of the respondents are single, 82.3% of the respondents were aware of improved rabbit production management technologies. High cost of material was a major constraint affecting rabbit production. It was therefore recommended that Government should help the rabbit producers by providing materials at subsidized rate.
ANTICOCCIDIAL POTENTIALS OF OREGANO (ORIGANUM VULGARE L.) AND NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA J.) LEAF MEAL BASED-DIETS IN BROILER CHICKS
Authors: Odeleye O. P. , Feyisayo M. B. , Omidiwura B. R. O. , Agboola A. F.
Published: December 2024

Intensive rearing and high flock density of commercial poultry have increased the exposure to diseases such as coccidiosis. The protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria multiplies in the intestinal tract and causes tissue damage. The use of herbal plants as an alternative natural product is a novel source of medications. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the anticoccidial effects of oregano (Origanum vulgare) leaf meal and neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf meal on the incidence of coccidiosis in broiler chicks’ production. Two hundred 1-day old unsexed Ross 308 broiler chicks were allotted to five dietary treatments, five replicates of eight birds each in a completely randomized design. T1 (basal0 diet, non-challenged), T2 (basal diet, challenged), T3 (basal diet + 0.5% oregano leaf meal, challenged), T4 (basal diet + 0.5% neem leaf meal, challenged), T5 (basal diet + 0.5% oregano leaf meal + 0.5% neem leaf meal, challenged). Performance indices were measured. On day 21, both the litter and excreta samples were collected for Eimeria counts and blood samples were collected for selected serum biochemical indices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P<0.05. The final weight, body weight gains, and feed conversion ratio of birds that received 0.5% Origanum vulgare or 0.5% Azadirachta indica diets singly were significantly (P<0.05) improved compared with those on the control diets. The highest albumin values were recorded for birds fed 0.5% Origanum vulgare (1.91g/dL) and 0.5% Azadirachta indica (1.57g/dL) compared with the other treatment groups. The creatinine values recorded for birds fed the negative control group and 0.5% Azadirachta indica diets were similar to those of other treatment groups. The alanine aminotransferase of birds on leaf meal-supplemented diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control diets. The egg per gram (litter) in birds fed positive control (580EPG) was substantially (P<0.05) higher than in other treatments. However, birds fed a blend of 0.5% Origanum vulgare + 0.5% Azadirachta indica leaf meal had the lowest egg per gram (160EPG). There was no oocyte per gram (excreta) observed in birds fed the leaf meals either singly or in combinations. In conclusion, supplementation of Origanum vulgare and Azadirachta indica at 0.5% in broiler chicks’ diets lowered Eimeria spp. in the excreta and consequently enhanced the growth performance of the birds.
ANIMAL WELFARE VIOLATIONS AND CRUELTY RELATED ISSUES TO LIVESTOCK-A REVIEW
Authors: Yakubu N. , Saidu I. , Muhammad S. , Yakubu U.
Published: December 2024

This study is aiming in reviewing papers on animal welfare and cruelty related issues. From the available literature, it appears that most countries rather tend to enact legislation in line with the more realistic of the views: treating animals humanly. Animal welfare concern is limited in developing countries compared to developed nations. In the United Kingdom example, there is a strong animal welfare legislation with good compliance generally. Acceptable standards of animal welfare can be determined by legislation. In Nigeria, there is a very low and unsatisfactory level of understanding and implementation of the obligation to show concern for all aspects of animal well-being in terms of proper housing, management, nutrition, disease prevention, treatment, and handling. The World animal protection (WAP) has graded Nigeria deplorably in its recent reports of 2020, chief among the reasons for the country's low rating is lack of a principal legislation on animal welfare. The Nigerian Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) is the foremost regulator of all issues pertaining to animal husbandry in Nigeria as well as encouraging the enactment and enforcing laws. The institutes are not adequately funded to put in place the necessary facilities, equipment’s and human resources to discharge such function. Improving animal welfare may have additional benefits as many welfare problems have detrimental effects on performance and carcass quality. It has also been found to affect local and international trades. Adhearing to animal welfare guidelines can therefore increase farm profits by improving animal's productivity and efficiency, reduce losses and can facilitate international trades.
EFFECT OF AGE ON VISCERAL ORGANS OF NORMAL FEATHERED MALE INDIGENOUS NIGERIA CHICKENS
Authors: Mohammed A. A. , Badamasi A.
Published: December 2024

Male indigenous chickens are more genetically diverse than their female counter parts and age affects the growth, development, anatomy and physiology of animals’ internal organs which could as well affect the performance of the farm animals. Evaluating effect of age on visceral organs of normal feathered Nigeria indigenous male chickens could help in selecting those males that can be used or maintained in breeding programmes to assist in achieving sustainable meat and egg production in Nigeria. Thus, this research was aimed to determine the relative weights and sizes of the visceral organs of the normal feathered spurred and non-spurred male Nigeria indigenous chickens. A total number of 40 (20 spurred/ between 1 and 2 years and 20 non-spurred/ below 1 year) normal feathered male indigenous Nigeria chickens were used for the experiment. The results showed a significant (P<0.05) difference in the relative weight of large intestine, whole gizzard and stratified squamous epithelial layer of gizzard between the treatments (spurred and non-spurred) with non spurred having the highest relative weight of large intestine, whole gizzard and stratified squamous epithelial layer of gizzard.
HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF LAMBS FED RICE STRAW ENSILED WITH UREA AND MOLASSES AT VARYING LEVELS
Authors: Kwaido A. A. , Sa’idu M. , Mikailu M. M.
Published: December 2024

The research was conducted at the livestock teaching and research farm department of animal science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero. Twelve (12) male lambs were purchased from the livestock market in Dodoru market. The animals were balanced for weight for each treatment there after allocated to four treatment diet with four replicate each. The dried Rice Straw was ground into smaller pieces and ensiled with urea and molasses in large quantity. The treatments were A (100Kg feed +4kg molasses +4kg Urea), B (100Kg feed +6kg molasses +4kg Urea) and C (100Kg feed +8kg molasses +4kg Urea) The samples were thoroughly mixed and ensiled for a period of five weeks. The experimental diets were formulated in such a way that the ensiled materials will be included at 60%, while a concentrate diet of 10% maize, 20% cowpea husk, 20% wheat offal, 30% cotton seed cake, 20% groundnut hay and 1% salt will be included in each of the experimental diets. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in this experiment. The result in table 2 shows that there was no significant different in all the parameters measured. The White Blood Cell (WBC) recorded highest in T2 followed by T3 and the least was in T1 while RBC, PCV and MCH recorded highest in T1 then T2 and lowest in T3. The MCHC, MCV, MCH, are within the reference values, while the PLT, RBC, HGB, PCV are below the reference values.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATIONS OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID AND SALT ON SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY AND EXPRESSION OF SELECTED CYTOKINES IN BROILER BREEDER COCKS
Authors: Oluwalade R. O. , Olofin A. A. , Aro S. O. , Adu O. A.
Published: December 2024

Heat stress is an environmental stressor limiting the performance and production of poultry birds. This study therefore, carried out to investigate optimum combination of aspirin (ASA) and salt (NaCl) that will combat heat stress in Marshall Breeder cock and synergistically improve serum biochemistry and suppress the expression of cytokines. Sixteen Marshall breeder cocks were used in this experiment. Four diets were formulated and labelled T1 (the control 0.25% NaCl and 0.00% ASA), T2 (0.50% NaCl and 0.025% ASA), T3 (0.75% NaCl and 0.050% ASA) and T4 (1.00% NaCl and 0.075% ASA). The cocks were randomly distributed into four treatment diets with four replicates in each treatment and fed for 16 weeks. Total protein (7.91 ± 1.11mg/dL), globulin (3.40 ± 1.12mgldL) and creatinine (451.69 ± 50.76mg/dL) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the control diet while diet T4 had the highest percentage of albumin (4.90 ± 0.06mg/dL) and aspartate aminotransferase (67.70 ± 7.66mg/dL). T3 (178.5) and T4 (230) had the lowest expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha gene in the liver and heart respectively while the control diet T1 (244.5) and T4 (155) had lowest expression of interleukin-1gene in the liver and heart respectively. In conclusion, 0.750% NaCl worked synergistically with 0.050% ASA to suppress the expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha gene in the liver while 1.00% NaCl with 0.0750% ASA could be used to reduce urea concentration in the blood and also suppress the expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha gene and interleukin-1 gene in the heart of breeder cocks.
HAEMATOLOGY AND SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY OF BROILER CHICKENS FED DIETS WITH AVOCADO (PERSEA AMERICANA) SEED MEAL
Authors: Adelowo O. V. , Shon E. M. , Kwaghaondo B. A. , Gambo C. D.
Published: December 2024

The general acceptability of plants with proven records of medicinal values in the tropics in recent times has necessitated the use of dried avocado (Persea americana) seed meal in diets of broiler chickens. The study was conducted to investigate the hematological and biochemical responses of broiler chickens to various inclusion levels of avocado (Persea americana) seed meal (ASM). Two hundred broiler chickens were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% inclusion levels of ASM. Each treatment consisted of forty birds with four replicates of ten broiler chickens per replicate. The duration of the study was six weeks and the parameters measured were Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell (RBC), White Blood Cell (WBC), Platelets, Lymphocytes Neutrophils, Haemoglobin (Hb), total protein, albumin and globulin in the serum. The results showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the heamatological parameters except lymphocytes and mean cell hemoglobin: although at the normal range which implied that the inclusion level of ASM in broiler diets had no negative effect on the birds up to 8% inclusion level that was studied. It also has positive effect on the total protein, albumin and globulin.
THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES OF HEAT-STRESSED BROILER CHICKENS FED Α-LIPOIC ACID
Authors: Adum A. , Onaleye K. J. , Ademu L. A. , Tsokwa D. , Nwuku J. A.
Published: December 2024

A study was carried out to investigate the effect of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) on thermoregulatory indices of heat-stressed broiler chickens. Two hundred and four (204) unsexed day-old Arbor acre chicks were randomly assigned to four treatment groups to receive α-LA at 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively in a completely randomized design (CRD) for a period of 42 days after a one-week adjustment period. Average room morning and afternoon temperatures were 27.9oC and 35.1oc respectively, while the morning and afternoon humidities were 73.1% and 44.1% respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Average Temperature-Humidity-Index (THI) indicated the presence of very severe heat stress in the afternoons (33.4). Thermoregulatory indices (respiratory rate and body temperature) were significantly (p<0.05) affected by α-LA with birds on 100 and 200mg/kg α-LA having lover respiratory rates and body temperature compared to the other groups. It was concluded that, α-LA had ameliorative effect on thermoregulation of heat-stressed broiler chickens.
PERFORMANCE, ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND ILEAL MICROBIAL POPULATION OF BROILER CHICKS FED HIGH QUALITY CASSAVA PEEL (HQCP) SUPPLEMENTED WITH YEAST
Authors: Ajayi H. I. , Okeke P. C.
Published: December 2024

Ninety-six (96) day old Ross 308 chicks were used to investigate the effect of High-Quality Cassava Peel (HQCP) diet supplemented with yeast; on their performance, organ measurement and ileal microbial population at 0-3 weeks. The chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments with three replicates each. Treatment 1 had 0 % HQCP and 0g yeast Treatment 2 had 0 %HQCP and 0.1% yeast, Treatment 3 had 15.12 % HQCP and 0% yeast, and Treatment 4 was 15.12% HQCP and 0.1% yeast. Treatment 3 and 4 had HQCP levels to replace 28% of the maize content in the control diet (Treatment 1). The result showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.005) in feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and organ measurement but none (p>0.005) on ileal microbial population. Birds fed T1 and T3 diets had the highest feed intake, 5.10kg and 4.27kg, respectively while birds fed T1 and T4 had highest body weight gain (4.97kg and 4.13kg, respectively). Lowest FCR (0.84) was recorded for birds fed HQCP and 0.1g of yeast, same birds also had highest microbial population (101,000 cfu). Birds fed HQCP and yeast benefited from the yeast supplementation at 0-3 weeks.
SECTION OF PREFERENCE: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION THE POTENTIAL OF DEXTROSE SALINE FORTIFIED WITH CARROT JUICE AS SEMEN EXTENDER IN LAYER BREEDER CHICKENS
Authors: Olujimi A. T. , Ewuola E. O.
Published: December 2024

Artificial insemination is one of the best management technique that can be utilized to improve the reproductive efficiency of layer breeder chickens. Carrot juice was extracted from carrot fruits by using standard procedure. The pH of the supernatant fluid was examined with the aid of pH meter and was buffered with drop of potassium hydroxide (1g of the potassium hydroxide into 5ml of water) to pH of 7.0. The prepared carrot juice ((CJ) was used to fortified 1% dextrose saline at different concentrations 25% (T25), 50% (T50), 75% (T75) and 100% (T100) to form the extenders. Semen collected from three Isa Brown breeder cocks were pooled and divided into five portions. Each portion was extended with the formulated extenders at ratio 1:1, while dextrose saline (DS) served as the control. The extended semen was evaluated in vitro for quality characteristics (sperm cells motility and livability). In the second hour DST (60.50±0.50%) was significantly (p<005) higher than CJT25% (56.75±2.50%), CJT50% (55.25±8.54%), CJT75% (51.50±2.89) and CJT100% (50.50±0.50%). The same trend was obtained in the third hour. DST (50.00±0.00%) was significantly (p<005) higher than CJT25% (41.25±1.25%), CJT50% (43.75±2.39%), CJT75% (46.25±1.25%) and CJT100% (45.25±1.25%), while the semen fortified with carrot juice extract sustained spermatozoa livability up to third hour. CJT25% (60.00±3.66%), CJT50% (60.00±3.65%), CJT75 (60.00±3.70%) and CJT100% (63.75±3.75%), was significant (p< 0.05) higher than the sperm cell livability of the DST (40.00±0.00%). Dextrose saline fortified with 25% carrot juice extract did not enhance sperm cell motility beyond 2 hours and livability beyond 4 hours in vitro.
HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF TWO BROILER STRAINS FED FOUR DIFFERENT SOURCES OF PROPRIETARY FEEDS
Authors: Onodugo M. O. , Udeh F. U. , Edeh H. O. , Wilfred C. V. , Okafor P. C.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to determine the interaction effect of different sources of feed on the haematology of two broiler strains. A total of 128-day old broiler chicks (64 Agrited- ross 308 strain and CHI-Arbor Acres strain) were randomly allocated to Eight (8) experimental treatments designated as T1 (feed D + Agrited), T2 (feed D + CHI), T3 (feed A + Agrited), T4 (feed A + CHI),T5 ( feed B + Agrited), T6 (feed B + CHI), T7 (feed C+ Agrited), T8(feed C+ CHI) in a 4x2 factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). Blood samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The Study showed that there were significant (P <0.05) difference in haematological indices in which White blood cell (WBC) in T4 recorded the highest (18.50 x103), although statistically similar with birds on T7 (17.50 x103), while the result also shows that WBC in T2 had the lowest value (10.50 x103). The result also showed that T3 was significantly (P <0.05) higher than other treatment in packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HB) and Red blood cell (RBC) count (31.50%, 10.95 g/dl, and 4.50 x106) respectively. It was therefore concluded that T3 and T7can be safely used for improved poultry production and health promoting cells of the broiler birds than other feeds.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION ON THE FUNCTION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 OF CHICKEN USING IN SILICO APPROACH
Authors: Ibrahim S. M. , Dauda G.
Published: December 2024

The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of genetic variation resulting in amino acid substitution on the function of heat shock protein 70 of Chicken. Data on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 was retrieved from the database of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The 3D structure of HSP 70 was predicted using Phyre 2 server. Effect of amino acid substitution on the function of HSP was predicted using PANTHER server. MutPred 2 server was used to predict the mechanism of structural changes on HSP 70. The results indicated that all the amino acid substitutions evaluated had adverse effects and resulted in changes in the molecular structure of heat shock protein 70 of Chickens. It can be concluded that Single Nucleotide Polymorphism is a useful biomarker for evaluating the functions of heat shock protein 70 of Chickens.
BODY AND RECTAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES, RESPIRATORY AND HEART RATES OF NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBITS ADMINISTERED PANAX GINSENG EXTRACTS
Authors: Iwuji T. C. , Herbert U. , Oguike M. A. , Ejiofor I. , Ahiwe E. U.
Published: December 2024

High ambient temperature is one of the problems of the tropics, affecting temperatures, respiratory, and heart rates of livestock. This experiment lasted for 8 weeks and was carried out to explore the roles of Panax ginseng extracts PGEs on vital physiological parameters, which include body and rectal temperatures, respiratory and heart rates of New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits in their growing and adult phases. A total of 48 male and female (24 each) rabbits were used in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) of 3 treatments, replicated 4 times to contain 4 rabbits (2 males and 2 females) per replicate. The treatments were PGE0, PGE200 and PGE400, containing 0, 200, and 400 mg of PGEs, respectively. Body and rectal temperatures were measured using a digital clinical thermometer, while the respiratory and heart rates were measure with the aid of a stethoscope and a stopwatch. In the growing phase, respiratory rate only increased (P<0.05) in male growing rabbits on PGE400, while heart rate only increased (P<0.05) in male and female growing rabbits on PGE400. The adult phase recorded significant (P<0.05) reductions in body and rectal temperatures of female rabbits on PGE400, while respiratory and heart rates were significantly (P<0.05) higher in male rabbits on PGE400 only. The Results of this study indicates sex related effects on the roles of PGEs on body and rectal temperatures, respiratory and heart rates of male and female NZW rabbits.
INFLUENCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL EGG SHAPE INDICES ON CHICK SEX RATIO
Authors: Idahor K. O. , Dogara M. U. , Shinkpe F. , Mwadkon P. B. , Ejidare A. D.
Published: December 2024

Japanese quails are still in the domestication process and it has been observed that while in captivity,they do not sit on their eggs to hatch them. Separation of the males and females such that the recommended ratio is kept in a covey, is necessary for-profit maximization. Presently, sexing in quails is only possible at post hatch even, with the most popular Japanese vent examination technique. Besides, these techniques may be inaccurate, require expertise, facilities and may not be affordable by many farmers hence, the need to use egg shape to predetermine Japanese quail chicks. Egg length, width and indices were used to categories the egg shapes into Round (44), Oval (139), Spherical (9) and Elliptical (60). The 252 Japanese quail eggs were set in an artificial incubator. At hatch, the number of eggs hatched was recorded per egg shape. At 3 weeks of post hatch, the chicks’ sex was identified using the breast feather colour and the number of male and female chicks was recorded. Out of the 252 Japanese quail eggs incubated, 191 representing 75.8% hatched, whereas in 44 Round eggs incubated 36 hatched, 139 Oval eggs (102 hatched), 9 Spherical eggs (7 hatched) and in 60 Elliptical eggs, 46 hatched. While hatchability varied between 73.3 and 81.9% in all the egg shapes examined, the male to female chick sex ratio was 13:23, 20:31, 7:0 and 11:12 in Round, Oval, Spherical and Elliptical eggs, respectively. Since both sexes were recorded in all the egg shapes (except, Spherical eggs), Japanese quail egg shape may not influence chick sex. Thus, use of egg indices may not be a veritable technique to predetermine Japanese quail chick sex.
HAEMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WEANER RABBITS FED DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVELS OF AFRICAN WILD GRAPE (LANNEA MICROCARPA) LEAF MEAL
Authors: Abdulrazak N. , Umar A. M. , Salisu I. B. , Ubali S. , Mustapha K. , Zubairu I.
Published: December 2024

This experiment was conducted to ascertain the haematological characteristics of weaner rabbits fed diets containing African wild grape (Lannea microcarpa) leaf meal at different level of inclusion. Forty (40) mongrel weaner rabbits, of about six (6) weeks of age weighing 750g±50 were randomly allotted to five (5) dietary treatments, replicated four (4) times with two (2) rabbits per replicates in a completely randomized design (CRD). Five (5) diets of 16% crude protein consisting of Lannea microcarpa leaf meal at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% were formulated as treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The Results revealed no significant difference (P>0.05) in terms of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), and Mean Capsular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). However, significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the values of White Blood Cells (WBC), Mean Capsular Volume (MCV) and Red Blood Cells (RBC) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH). The haematology parameters analysed were all within the normal range for healthy rabbit. It is therefore concluded that African wild grape (Lannea microcarpa) leaf meal has no adverse effect on haematological parameters of weaner rabbit and farmers can supplement up 20% in rabbit diets.
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN TESTIS OF RABBIT BUCKS FED WITH DIET CONTAINING RAW OR FERMENTED COTTONSEED CAKE SUPPLEMENTED WITH GINGER
Authors: Amao O. A. , Akanbi O. J. , Hammed O. O. , Ayoola S .J.
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological changes in testis of rabbit bucks (New Zealand White X Chinchilla) fed with raw or fermented cottonseed cake (CSC) - based diets supplemented with ginger. Solid state fermentation (SSF) was employed to biodegrade CSC using Aspergilus niger. Thirty (30) weaner rabbit bucks aged between 5 - 6 weeks were acclimatized for two weeks and allocated to five dietary treatments with equal number of animals (n=6) per treatment in a 2x2 factorial arrangement within a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatment 1, (control) had soybean meal (SBM) as protein source; other four treatments were divided into two groups. The first group comprised raw or fermented CSC without ginger supplementation while the second group comprised raw or fermented CSC with ginger supplementation. The SBM was completely replaced with CSC weight for weight in the four treatments. Ginger was supplemented at a dosage of 30mg/kg diet. Feeding trial lasted for 12 weeks. Testis samples were processed for histological evaluation. The photomicrographs of the testis revealed that feeding raw CSC diets without ginger supplementation resulted in severe testicular damage. Either the fermentation of CSC by A. niger or ginger supplementation, or their combination exhibited the potential to greatly ameliorate the adverse effects. It was therefore, concluded that feeding CSC to rabbit buck intended for breeding purpose should either be fermented with A. niger or supplemented with ginger or their combination
EFFECT OF THAWING CYCLES ON PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF RAW MUTTON
Authors: Ribah M. I. , Musa K. S.
Published: December 2024

This research was designed to investigate the effect of repeated thawing on the physicochemical qualities of fresh mutton. Samples of mutton were subjected to a two weeks freeze-thaw cycles taking samples for physical, and proximate analysis at day 1, 7 and 14. Results indicated that thawing cycles significantly affected (P<0.05) all proximate parameters of fresh mutton. Results shows a trend in decreasing moisture content, increasing ash, lipid and protein content with increase thawing period. Similarly, results of physical properties indicated that thawing cycles had significantly affected (P<0.05) all physical parameters measured from fresh mutton, except pH. It was concluded that multiple freeze-thawing can lead to decreasing drip loss, water holding capacity and cooking loss, moisture content, while protein content, lipid content and ash content of fresh mutton increased in a two cycle freeze thawing.
EFFECT OF LEMON (CITRUS LIMON) ON LIPID OXIDATION IN CHICKEN CRUMBS
Authors: Adediran O. A. , Oshibanjo D. O. , Hamzat A. O , Badmus F. A. , Adigun P. O. , Akanbi B. O. , Odejinmi M. T. , Ikpi K. O. , Oyeniran D. O. , Abu B. I.
Published: December 2024

The study was aimed at evaluating the influence of lemon juice on lipid oxidation in chicken crumbs. In a completely randomized design, hygienically harvested fresh chicken muscle, was deboned, cut into smaller pieces (±100g) and marinated inside freshly squeezed lemon juice at the concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% in 100mL of water, respectively. The marinated chicken samples were dried in an electric oven for 1hour at 1050C to achieve uniformly dried crumbs. The chicken samples were removed from the oven and allowed to cool at room temperature (26ºC) before packing each treatment in Ziploc bags and stored for 90 days at room temperature (26ºC). Samples were evaluated for oxidative rancidity at days 30, 60 and 90 using standard procedures. Data obtained were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. The highest oxidative rancidity (mg/g) was observed in Control (5.07) at 90 days, which was significantly higher (p<0.05) than for all other treatments and evaluation intervals. Whereas the lowest oxidative rancidity at day 90 were 1.39 and 2.00 for crumbs marinated in 30% and 40% lemon juice. From this study it can be concluded that marinating chicken crumbs in lemon juice of concentrations between 30% to 40% before drying can reduce lipid oxidation for up to three months.
IMPROVING NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SOME FIBROUS AGRICULTURAL WASTES USING WHITE ROT FUNGI (PLEUROTUS PLUMONARIUS)
Authors: Abiola-Olagunju O , Mako A. A. , Ettu R.O , Afolabi B. O.
Published: December 2024

A 30-day study was carried out to convert separately milled cocoa pod (CP), cowpea husk (CH) and corn cobs (CC) to a value added ruminant feed employing white rot fungus, (Pleurotus plumonarius) through a solid state fermentation procedure. Chemical composition of resulting substrates were determined. Results revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in the values of the proximate composition and fibre fractions. The dry matter and crude protein ranged from 91.33 to 92.40% in CCand CP, and 4.83 to 6.69% in CC and CH respectively for undegraded samples, while it ranged from 46.17 to 65.51 in CC and CH, and 9.31 to 10.27% in CP and CH respectively for the biodegraded agricultural wastes. It was observed that fermentation with Pleurotus plumonarius increased the crude protein content significantly (p<0.05). Same trend was observed for ether extract and ash content. The fibre fractions of CP, CH and CC were reduced by biological treatment with Pleurotus plumonarius. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) reduced from 60.39 to 50.23%, 53.47 to 50. 43% and 52.85 to 50.26% in CP, CH and CC respectively. Same trend was observed for ADF and ADL. It can be concluded that the white rot fungal treatment of CP, CH and CC improved chemical composition, therefore CP, CH and CC has potential in livestock nutrition. Also the problem associated with disposal of agricultural wastes can be conveniently reduced by incorporating these wastes into ruminant feed.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF MEAT OBTAINED FROM BROILER CHICKENS FED DIETARY BOVINE RUMEN FILTRATE FERMENTED COCOA BEAN SHELL
Authors: Suleiman M. M. , Ewuola M. K. , Oluwafemi R. A , Hamzat R. A.
Published: December 2024

A sensory evaluation was conducted on meat obtained of broiler chickens fed for 56 days on diet containing graded levels of bovine rumen filtrate Fermented Cocoa Bean Shell (FCBS). Fresh cocoa bean shell was mixed with rumen filtrate obtained at ratio 5:5, fermented and then dried. The dried fermented cocoa bean shell was incorporated into the experimental diets at varying levels; 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% respectively to formulate five experimental diets. One hundred and fifty one-day old broiler chickens were randomly allotted into five treatment groups with thirty (30) birds per treatment and three replicates containing ten birds each in a completely randomized design. At the end of the feeding trial, after being fasted for 12 h; three birds per replicate were randomly selected and sacrificed; then the sensory evaluation of the cooked samples were carried out by 10 panelists. Parameters; colour, juiciness, flavour, tenderness, aroma and taste were evaluated by the panellist using a nine point hedonic scale. The collected data on sensory traits were analysed using ANOVA at (P<0.05). Tenderness (7.60 – 8.33), juiciness (7.40 – 8.37), flavour (7.37 – 8.43), colour (7.53 - 8.30), aroma (7.53 – 8.37) and taste (7.07 – 8.13) of the cooked meat samples varied significantly across the dietary treatments in which birds fed 10% FCBS based diet recorded the highest values (8.33, 8.37, 8.43, 8.30, 8.37 and 8.00) respectively. Therefore, the meat sample on 10% FCBS based diet recorded highest level of preference across the dietary treatments investigated.
LD50 OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT FISH SMOKING METHODS
Authors: Oshibanjo D. O. , Awolumate S. , Johnson M. S.
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study is to use the Drosophila model for investigations of toxicology study (LD50) of fish exposed to different smoking methods. This experiment was carried out at Animal products and Processing Laboratory, Department of Animal Production University of Jos, Jos Plateau state and the Drosophila Laboratory Africa Center of Excellence in Phytomedicine Research and Development (ACEPRD), University of Jos, Nigeria. The lethal dose (LD50) was determined using a standard protocol. Fish were smoked using different smoking methods such as gas, fire wool, charcoal, electric cooker and microwave. Sixty (60) flies (both sexes) of 1-3 day old were anesthetized under light ice, counted and exposed to 10 graded concentrations (10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 1000 mg) of the different smoked fish heat method and 1 ml distilled water (control) in 10 gm food for 7 days. The fish smoked with Gas had the highest LD50 (579.70mg) followed by raw fish 416.50mg, fish smoked with Firewood 416.50 mg, Charcoal 396.50mg, fish smoked with Microwave 391.50mg with least LD50 in fish smoked with Electric Cooker 360.20mg. In conclusion, from the result obtained, fish should be smoked with gas heat source because of the higher LD50.