bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The reordering of the Batswana Cosmology in the 1840 English-Setswana New Testament
Authors: Mothoagae Itumeleng D.
Published: June 2018

Ngwao ya Setswana [tradition and customs] has two dimensions: tumelo [belief system] and thuto [education]; it is found in cultural practices and observances such as bogwera [the rite of initiation], letsemma [ploughing], dikgafela [harvesting], bongaka [diviner-healers] and botsetsi ba ntlha le botsetsi jwa bobedi [first menses and first experience of childbirth] to name but a few. These practices were observed through the slaughtering of animals, usually cows, and sheep and were condemned and regarded by missionaries as hindrances to Christianity. Letters to Mahoko a Becwana, a 1883–1896 newspaper, points to the use of biblical scriptures such as 1 Corinthians 10:1–33 by the missionaries to condemn these practices. The 1840 English-Setswana New Testament is a colonial product. Texts such as 1 Corinthians 10:21–22 point to the discursive practice employed by the translator for the purpose of foreignising Setswana cultural concepts, re-domesticating these cultural concepts as new concepts separate from their original meaning and domesticating anglicised concepts. At the centre of the discursive practice, I would argue, are foreignisation, redomestication and domestication. This version of the Bible depicts the impact of colonialism on the cultural practices of the Batswana. The debates in the letters to Mahoko a Becwana, point to the dichotomy of those Batswana who converted to Western colonial Christianity. The debates further depict the choices made by the Batswana when accepting the Christian practices expressed in Western culture, and renouncing all that made them a Motswana. The argument in this article is that in his translation of the Bible into Setswana, Moffat uses ideological strategy as a discursive tool to foreignise and redomesticate the concept of Badimo as a Badimoni [devil] and to domesticate the Western colonial Christian concept of heathen into Setswana vocabulary as baeteni, thus producing a dichotomy within the Batswana. Decolonial and post-colonial translation theories are used as the theoretical framework for this article.
Suicidal overdose of dolutegravir: A case report
Authors: Daimari Rahul , Kwape Lawrence , Oyekunle Anthony A.
Published: June 2018

Dolutegravir (DTG) is the most recently introduced integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection and is preferred for its superior tolerability and efficacy in both new and pre-treated patients, and infrequent drug interactions. Since January 2017, Botswana has adopted a ‘treat-all’ approach with a DTG-based antiretroviral (ARV) regimen as first-line treatment. We report a 29-year-old man with clinical stage 1 HIV infection who had been started on DTG, tenofovir and emtricitabine eight months prior, and who was admitted following a suicidal overdose of 1500 mg of DTG. He reported only minor symptoms including vomiting, epigastric pain and dizziness; which promptly resolved following supportive treatment. On admission, full blood count, liver function tests and electrocardiography were unremarkable. However, there was a non-progressive increase in serum creatinine. After a month off ARVs, he was successfully restarted on antiretroviral therapy without any serious adverse effect.
Cleidocranial dysplasia: Radiological mimic of pyknodysostosis – A case report
Authors: Kaur Harmeet , Gupta Kamini , Tiwari Punit
Published: June 2018

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal disorder with predominant membranous bone involvement. It may also occur as a sporadic mutation. The diagnosis of this condition is based on the clinical, radiological and genetic findings. It is characterised by hypoplasia or aplasia of the lateral thirds of the clavicles; craniofacial and dental anomalies; and hypoplastic iliac bones. Pyknodysostosis is a close radiological mimic of this entity. Definite diagnosis is based on the genetic analysis. A 36-year-old short-statured female was referred for computed tomography of the paranasal regions for complaints of a deviated nasal septum and midline depression in her forehead. Skeletal screening demonstrated an open metopic suture, wormian bones, maxillary hypoplasia, maldentition and aplastic lateral thirds of both clavicles. In this article, we report a case of CCD, discuss various overlapping features between CCD and pyknodysostosis and attempt to differentiate them radiologically.
The effect of the addition of wet brewers grain to the diet of lambs on body weight gain, slaughter valueand meat quality
Authors: Radzik-Rant Aurelia , Rant Witold , Niżnikowski Roman , Świątek Marcin , Szymańska Żaneta , Ślęzak Magdalena , Niemiec Tomasz
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Wet brewers grain (WBG) is successfully used in animal nutrition, and due to its high fiber content, especially in ruminants. The low cost of this fodder also has an impact on the economic of production. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of adding WBG to lamb fodder on the body weight gain, slaughter value and meat quality. The experiment was conducted on 40 male lambs of Polish Lowland sheep. The lambs were divided into two feeding groups, the control and the experimental (20 heads in each group), and fattened to their slaughter weight of 40 kg (± 2.5 kg). In the experimental group 35 % WBG was added to the feed. Lambs fed with WBG were characterized by higher daily weight gains (P≤0.01) and reached their slaughter body weight significantly faster (P≤0.01). Furthermore, the carcasses of the WBG group showed better hind leg conformation (P≤0.01) and a higher content of prime cuts (P≤0.05). The meat of lambs fed on WBG also had a lighter color and a lower intramuscular fat content. Additionally, the meat of this group was also characterized by higher PUFA (P≤0.01) and C18 : 2 cis9, trans11 fatty acid (P≤0.01) contents. The results obtained indicate that WBS could be successfully used in slaughter lamb production as a source of readily available, cheap fodder, especially when fattening takes place a short distance from a brewery.
In-situ sounding of radiation flux profiles through the Arctic lower troposphere
Authors: Becker Ralf , Maturilli Marion , Philipona Rolf , Behrens Klaus
Published: June 2018

Abstract. In-situ profiles of all four net radiation components were obtained at Ny Ålesund/Svalbard (78.9° N, 11.9° E) in the time frame May 04–21, 2015. Measurements could be performed using adapted high quality instrumentation classified as secondary standard carried by a tethered balloon system. Balloon lifted measurements of albedo under clear sky conditions demonstrate the altitude dependence of this parameter over heterogeneous terrain. Depending on the surface composition within the sensor's footprint, the albedo over predominantly snow covered surfaces was found to decrease to 53.4 % and 35.8 % compared to 73.1 % and 78.8 % measured with near surface references, respectively. Albedo profiles show an all-sky maximum at 150 m above surface level, and an averaged vertical change rate of −2.1 %/100 m (clear sky) and −3.4 %/100 m (overcast) above. Profiling of arctic low-level clouds reveals distinct vertical gradients in all radiation fluxes but longwave upward. Observed radiative cooling at cloud top with heating rates of −53 to −84 K/d in subsequent observations tend to be lower than suggested by 1-D simulations.
The potential of 230Th for detection of ocean acidification impacts on pelagic carbonate production
Authors: Heinze Christoph , Ilyina Tatiana , Gehlen Marion
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Concentrations of dissolved 230Th in the ocean water column
increase with depth due to scavenging and downward particle flux. Due to the
230Th scavenging process, any change in the calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) fraction of the marine particle flux due to
changes in biological CaCO3 hard-shell production as a consequence
of progressing ocean acidification would be reflected in the dissolved
230Th activity. Our prognostic simulations with a biogeochemical
ocean general circulation model using different scenarios for the reduction
of CaCO3 production under ocean acidification and different
greenhouse gas emission scenarios – the Representative
Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 8.5 to 2.6 – reveal the potential for
deep 230Th measurements to detect reduced CaCO3
production at the sea surface. The time of emergence of an
acidification-induced signal on dissolved 230Th is of the same order of magnitude
as for alkalinity measurements. Interannual and decadal variability in
factors other than a reduction in CaCO3 hard-shell production may mask
the ocean-acidification-induced signal in dissolved 230Th and make
detection of the pure CaCO3-induced signal more difficult so that only
really strong changes in marine CaCO3 export would be unambiguously
identifiable soon. Nevertheless, the impacts of changes in CaCO3
export production on marine 230Th are stronger than those for
changes in POC (particulate organic carbon) or clay fluxes.
Reviews and syntheses:
Processes and functional genes involved in
nitrogen cycling in marine environments
Authors: Ramos Ramiro , Pajares Silvia
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Nitrogen is a key element for life in the oceans. It controls primary productivity in many parts of the global ocean, consequently playing a crucial role in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The nitrogen cycle is driven by complex biogeochemical transformations mediated by microorganisms, including classical processes such as nitrogen fixation, assimilation, nitrification, denitrification, and dissimilarity nitrate reduction to ammonia, as well as novel processes such as anaerobic ammonium oxidation, comammox and nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation. The nitrogen cycle maintains the functioning of marine ecosystems and will be a crucial component in how the ocean responds to global environmental change. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the marine microbial nitrogen cycle, its underlying biochemical and enzymatic reactions, the ecology and distribution of the microorganisms involved, and the main impacts of anthropogenic activities.
Mesoscale processes regulating the upper layer dynamics of Andaman waters during winter monsoon
Authors: Chandran Salini Thaliyakkattil , Bal Raj Smitha , Ravindran Sajeev , Hussain Midhunshah , Rafeeq Muhammed
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The characteristic of cold core eddies and its influence on the hydrodynamics and biological production in Andaman waters were studied using in situ and satellite observations. The specific structure and patterns of the temperature–salinity (T–S) profiles, nutrients and chl a indicate the occurrence of the eddy, the spatial extent of which is well marked in sea surface height anomaly (SSHA). The Cyclonic Eddies are centered at 7° N and 86° E, 13° N and 88° E and 13° N and 93° E (CE1, CE2 and CE3 respectively). In situ measurements are done in the eastern flank CE1 along 8° N and 92.5–93.5° E. Vertical currents recorded using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiles (ADCP) shows northward flow along the track (0.3 m s−1) while along the western flank, the flow is weak and southward. This evidence the occurrence of cyclonic eddy and the altimetry derived SSHA depicts the spatial extent. Analysis to explore the possible forcing to induce the occurrence of eddy, indicate baroclinic instability (Ri
“Et relegendo cognovimus”: los escribientes y la palabra escrita en los contextos locales de la región de León. Siglos X y XI
Authors: Godoy Analía
Published: June 2018

Durante los siglos X y XI se manifiesta en el norte ibérico un notable incremento del número de diplomas y testimonios escritos, cuya producción y transmisión no se restringía a las esferas del poder regio y la aristocracia eclesiástica reunida en torno a los grandes monasterios y las sedes catedralicias. En este trabajo se analiza la circulación de la palabra escrita en un espacio social más amplio, ya bajo la forma de códices litúrgicos o legales, ya a través de la redacción de diplomas por parte de escribientes ajenos a los scriptoria monásticos. Se propone la existencia a nivel local de un estrato impreciso de clérigos rurales quienes, como poseedores de un conjunto de saberes específicos que les permitían acceder a ciertas nociones religiosas y legales, a la vez que redactar diplomas, ocuparon una posición distinguida y se convirtieron en intermediarios necesarios en los procesos de construcción y consolidación de los grandes patrimonios laicos y eclesiásticos en la región.
De la restauración de la justicia a la lucha contra el infiel. La legitimación de los ingresos fiscales de la Santa Hermandad (1476-1498)
Authors: Triano Milán José Manuel
Published: June 2018

La Hermandad General constituida por los Reyes Católicos en 1476 conformó el germen del primer ejército permanente castellano. Este complejo entramado administrativo-militar, sumamente costoso, obligó a conformar todo un sistema tributario para su mantenimiento. El presente artículo pretende analizar cómo las autoridades hermandinas recurrieron a la amplia experiencia acumulada en materia de negociación fiscal para alcanzar el consenso necesario para el funcionamiento de este nuevo modelo de ingresos extraordinarios. Para ello estudiaremos con detenimiento el debate suscitado en torno al sistema de recaudación y gestión de las contribuciones de la Hermandad y las medidas adoptadas para presentar esta fuerza militar como una medida necesaria para el bien común. Así mismo, prestaremos especial atención a la adaptación del discurso esgrimido por las autoridades a la cambiante realidad política y económica que experimentó Castilla a lo largo de este período.
¿Pervivencia o reconfiguración de saberes? Prácticas adivinatorias, Idolatría y producción jurídica en el reino visigodo de Toledo (589-711)
Authors: Dell’ Elicine Eleonora
Published: June 2018

A lo largo del artículo se pretende revisar dos supuestos bastante arraigados en la historiografía acerca de la sociedad visigoda: en primer lugar, la idea de que estas prácticas cultuales divergentes respecto de la norma revisten en Iberia una ancestralidad larga y tenaz; y en segundo lugar que constituyen expresiones de la cultura popular. La hipótesis que defiende la continuidad de los cultos se apoya fundamentalmente en el conjunto de informaciones que ofrecen los tratados pastorales (especialmente De correctione rusticorum de Martín de Braga) y los concilios hispanos, interpretando la repetición de las medidas como índice indudable de permanencia. Un análisis diacrónico de la ley civil entre los siglos IV y VII permite, sin embargo, advertir cambios y reconfiguraciones importantes en las prácticas cultuales, empujados en muchos casos por la propia actividad del legislador.
Sobre la política norteafricana de los Reyes Católicos: los principados de Badis, Chauen y Tetuán (1491-1515)
Authors: López de Coca Castañer José Enrique
Published: June 2018

Este trabajo se ocupa de las relaciones entre la Granada posterior a la conquista y los principados marroquíes de Badis, Chauen y Tetuán. Aunque todos ellos estaban dentro del territorio reservado a una futura conquista portuguesa, eran percibidos como una amenaza por las autoridades españolas debido a sus actividades piráticas. El secretario Hernando de Zafra, el conde de Tendilla y otros servidores de la Corona trataron de conjurar esa amenaza por diversos medios.
QUALIDADE DE VIDA ACÚSTICA EM AMBIENTES ESCOLARES – UM DESAFIO À EDUCAÇÃO MODERNA
Authors: Klock Margio Cezar Loss , Malheiros Thielyn Da Silva , Modesto Zayne , Freitas Marcia Cristina de , Klock Benilda Angela Turco
Published: June 2018

Este estudo levantou dados buscando caracterizar o perfil clínico de ambientes escolares (escolas e centros educacionais) os quais apresentaram índices elevados de Poluição Sonora Ambiente no município de Paranaguá/PR. As ações fizeram parte da integração entre a universidade e a Secretaria Estadual de Educação (NRE Paranaguá– PR). A ideia central visou mensurar a intensidade sonora (em dB) com equipamento de medição (decibelímetro), bem como comparar com valores de referência já estabelecidos no Brasil (Inmetro) e no mundo (OMS). Os dados foram coletados na Escola Arthur de Miranda Ramos, por duas acadêmicas (Graduação em Fisioterapia e em Saúde Coletiva), participantes do projeto de Iniciação Científica, para posterior integração das ações socioeducativas e de saúde. Este estudo também visa mapear o perfil dos sintomas auditivos dos profissionais, buscando soluções diagnósticas para eventuais problemas, trazendo à tona a realidade desta situação e principalmente as possíveis soluções como, por exemplo, encaminhamento para exame de caráter otológico, mudança de layout nas salas de aula e medidas educacionais de controle dos níveis de ruído. A intensidade sonora quando excessiva pode trazer danos irreparáveis ao ouvido humano, observando-se sintomas auditivos, vestibulares, vocais, psicológicos, cardiológicos, entre outros. Os níveis de ruído acústico em ambientes escolares foram medidos e correlacionados com os sintomas e queixas apresentados pelos indivíduos desta comunidade (alunos, professores, serventes, etc.) durante as conversas e reuniões. Os níveis de ruído encontrados foram excessivos e provavelmente apresentam insalubridade para a qualidade de vida desta comunidade escolar. Os resultados apresentados são todos acima de 70 dB, sendo assim já apresentam risco elevado às condições de saúde dos alunos e dos profissionais.
ACESSIBILIDADE, ORIENTAÇÃO E MOBILIDADE: UM ESTUDO DE CASO CONSIDERANDO O PONTO DE VISTA DE PESSOAS CEGAS OU COM BAIXA VISÃO
Authors: Felicetti Suelen Aparecida , Bernardine Angelita Gralak , Carteli Zulméia , Santos Sandro Aparecido dos
Published: June 2018

Atender as condições de acessibilidade dos espaços públicos é requisito para garantir o cumprimento dos direitos das pessoas cegas ou com baixa visão. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar por meio de um estudo de caso o que pensam 5 pessoas cegas ou com baixa visão, com idade entre 24 e 41 anos, sobre as condições de acessibilidade dos espaços públicos da cidade de Guarapuava/PR e como isso interfere na orientação e mobilidade. Primeiro foi feita uma análise da literatura sobre a acessibilidade, a cegueira e a baixa visão. Depois, foi realizado um estudo de caso, no qual foram analisados, utilizando entrevista semiestruturadas, os discursos dos sujeitos cegos ou com baixa visão quanto as suas facilidades e dificuldades de orientação e mobilidade nos espaços públicos e quanto às condições de acessibilidade. Então os discursos foram relacionados com os aspectos identificados na literatura. Percebeu-se que as ruas, travessias e o transporte público, não atendem os quesitos de acessibilidade imprescindíveis para o desenvolvimento da orientação e da mobilidade. Faltam pisos táteis, as calçadas são irregulares, faltam semáforos sonorizados e sonorização no transporte público. Questiona-se esta realidade, já que a garantia de acessibilidade está prevista na legislação brasileira, e que existe um desenho universal para os espaços públicos que atende as condições da cegueira e da baixa visão. Espera-se que essa pesquisa represente um incentivo à implementação de recursos de acessibilidade nos espaços físicos, garantindo a independência e o respeito aos direitos dos cidadãos cegos ou com baixa visão.
Reply to Eleanor Helms on Faith Versus Reason in Kierkegaard
Authors: Westphal Merold ,   The Society of Christian Philosophers
Published: June 2018

Two reasons are given for speaking of “reason” even where Kierkegaard’s pseudonym, Climacus, speaks of “understanding.” First, we are dealing with a significant contribution to a centuries-old discussion of an issue that goes by the name of “faith and reason.” Second, whereas Kant and Hegel sharply distinguish mere understanding from reason, no such distinction is at work in Kierkegaard’s text. At issue is the quite different distinction of unaided human reason and divine revelation. It is not just any notion of reason that is the target of Kierkegaard’s critique, but an autonomous reason, independent of revelation, that claims hegemony over biblical faith in both its popular and academic forms. This hegemony expresses itself in both outright rejection of and radical reinterpretation of elements of biblical faith.
Writing about Writers
Authors: Marsden Stevie
Published: June 2018

This article presents a literature review of existing academic, journalistic and non-fiction writing that has furthered the assessment of the writer and the occupation of writing in recent years. It is structured around four prominent themes that research about writers and writing commonly falls under:Being a Writer;Reputation, Fame and Hierarchies;Psychoanalyses of the Writer; andEconomies of Writing. The final section of this article,Future Research, will propose research questions and methodological approaches which have, until now, remained largely absent from studies of the writer and writing life, and argues that these new areas of investigation are necessary to continue broadening the field of research about writing and furthering our understanding of the writer’s inspirations, motivations and work practices.
Biomorphologie des crustacés d’un cours d’eau peu anthropisé en forêt équatoriale au Cameroun
Authors: Ajeagah Gideon Aghaindum , Yogback Gertrude Estelle , Tchakonté Siméon , Nana paul Alain , Bricheux Geneviève , Sime-Ngando Télesphore , Djiéto-Lordon Champlain
Published: June 2018

L’étude porte sur la biomorphologie des crustacés du cours d’eau Matourou à Nkoukoum dans la région du Centre Cameroun. Ainsi, deux espèces de crevettes (Caridina sp. et Macrobrachium sp.) et trois morphotypes de crabe du genre Soudanonautes ont été récoltés, identifiés et caractérisés. Caridina sp., de petite taille (10-30 mm), est caractérisé par un rostre dorso-ventralement spinuleux. Macrobrachium sp. mesure entre 26 et 100 mm. Quant aux morphotypes de crabe de genre Soudanonautes, le type I est vert-jaunâtre, présentant une crête post-frontale légèrement incurvée vers l’arrière et largement interrompue au milieu. Il porte une dent épibranchiale très peu développée. Le type II comporte des dents ex-orbitales et intermédiaires développées et pointues. Le type III, par contre, a une dent épibranchiale deux fois plus petite comparativement aux deux autres types. Les coefficients d’allométrie b  : 2,50, 2,38 et 2,60 respectivement pour Caridina sp., Macrobrachium sp. et Soudanonautes spp. montrent une croissance négativement allométrique pour ces trois espèces qui cohabitent dans cet écosystème aux eaux douces, neutres et fortement oxygénées. Les valeurs moyennes du facteur de condition K et du coefficient d’allométrie b obtenues pour les espèces les plus abondantes (Caridina sp. et Soudanonautes spp.) révèlent que les variables hydroécologiques du cours d’eau Matourou sont favorables à leur survie dans la zone forestière à Nkoukoum
Évaluation des risques de la pollution des eaux et vulnérabilité de la nappe alluviale à l’aide des données spatiales. Cas de la plaine de Sidi Bel Abbès (nord-ouest algérien)
Authors: Bentekhici Nadjla , Benkesmia Yamina , Berrichi Faouzi , Bellal Sid Ahmed
Published: June 2018

En raison d’une forte croissance démographique et d’une évolution des modes de consommation, on se retrouve face à une augmentation rapide des volumes de déchets qui engendrent des risques pour la qualité des eaux dans la plaine de Sidi Bel Abbès. L’étude réalisée porte sur l’évaluation des risques de pollution ainsi que la cartographie de la vulnérabilité de la nappe alluviale à la pollution. Une première étape de l’étude consiste à utiliser des données spatiales du capteur algérien ALSAT-2A à haute résolution (2,5 m) pour l’identification et la cartographie des sources de pollution des eaux d’origines urbaines et industrielles. Ces données offrent la possibilité d’augmenter la rapidité et la précision de cette cartographie. Une deuxième étape vise la protection des ressources en eau contre les sources de pollution. Cette préservation est essentielle, particulièrement dans les zones semi-arides où l’eau souterraine constitue une importante source hydrique. La cartographie de la vulnérabilité de la nappe alluviale à la pollution est utile pour connaître les zones qui nécessitent une protection. La cartographie est faite en appliquant la méthode DRASTIC basée sur sept paramètres physiographiques et hydrogéologiques obtenus à partir des données de télédétection (MNT) et des données exogènes (lithologiques, pédologiques, pluviométriques, hydrogéologiques). La zone d’étude est la plaine de Sidi Bel Abbès (1 166 km2) au nord-ouest algérien. Il s'agit d'une cuvette à remplissage quaternaire. Le choix de la zone est lié à l’existence d’une unité hydrogéologique (nappe alluviale); c’est une zone à haute valeur agricole et où il y a une multiplication des sources de pollution des eaux. Les résultats obtenus traduisent le risque de pollution des ressources en eau (nappe alluviale, eaux du barrage de Chorfa et oued Mekerra) par des sources variées, urbaines et industrielles, notamment le centre d’enfouissement technique et les eaux usées industrielles. L’écoulement des eaux polluées vers le barrage de Chorfa dégrade la qualité de ces eaux. En décembre 2016, les eaux de ce barrage étaient très polluées et présentaient un résidu sec de 1 940 mg∙L-1, l’oxygène dissous de 66,5 %, le NH4 de 2 mg∙L-1, le nitrite de 0,22 mg∙L-1 et le phosphore de 0,51 mg∙L-1. Les eaux de l’oued Mekerra analysées en 2010 étaient de très mauvaise qualité : demande biochimique en oxygène (DBO5) de 41,296 t∙a-1, demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) de 123,465 t∙a-1, azote total de 3 193 t∙a-1 et phosphore total de 2 342 t∙a-1. Étant donné la connexion permanente entre l’oued et la nappe, on assiste à une détérioration de la qualité des eaux souterraines. Face à cette dégradation, une carte de la vulnérabilité a été réalisée afin de distinguer les zones de forte vulnérabilité en vue de prendre les dispositions de protection nécessaires. Ces zones représentent 34 % de la surface de la nappe alluviale.
Application du modèle DKPR pour la cartographie de la vulnérabilité des eaux de surface à la contamination : cas du barrage 9 avril 1947 (Maroc septentrional)
Authors: Hilal Ismail , Stitou El Messari Jamal Eddine , Moreno Navarro Jesùs Gabriel , Aoulad Mansour Mohamed Reda , Hassani Zerrouk Mohamed
Published: June 2018

Dans ce travail, nous présentons une méthode d’évaluation et de cartographie de la vulnérabilité à la contamination des eaux du barrage 9 avril 1947 (Maroc). Ses eaux sont connues pour un fort taux de la pollution et une activité anthropique considérable, malgré qu’elles soient destinées à l’alimentation en eau potable de plus de 760 000 habitants. Pour ce faire, nous avons appliqué un modèle français qui a été a nommé DKPR et qui comprend quatre facteurs : l’accessibilité du milieu aquatique (D), le fonctionnement hydrique du sol (K), la pente (P) et l’érosivité des pluies (R). La somme pondérée de ces facteurs, obtenue par le biais d’un logiciel SIG, nous a fourni un indice nommé Vr qui varie entre 0 à 4. À l'aide de cet indice, une carte de vulnérabilité à la contamination sur l’ensemble du bassin versant a été élaborée. Les zones présentant une moyenne ou faible vulnérabilité occupent respectivement 43 % et 38 % de la surface du bassin versant. Elles sont liées principalement au domaine forestier et agricole à moyenne et faible pente. Les zones à forte vulnérabilité occupent 14 % de la surface et sont liées aux secteurs anthropisés à forte pente. Les zones à très faible ou très forte vulnérabilité n’occupent que 4 % et 1 % respectivement de la surface du bassin versant. Les premières présentent les zones humides tandis que les secondes les terrains nus imperméables à forte pente.
Dynamics of human protein kinase Aurora A linked to drug selectivity
Authors: Pitsawong Warintra , Buosi Vanessa , Otten Renee , Agafonov Roman V , Zorba Adelajda , Kern Nadja , Kutter Steffen , Kern Gunther , Pádua Ricardo AP , Meniche Xavier , Kern Dorothee
Published: June 2018

Protein kinases are major drug targets, but the development of highly-selective inhibitors has been challenging due to the similarity of their active sites. The observation of distinct structural states of the fully-conserved Asp-Phe-Gly (DFG) loop has put the concept of conformational selection for the DFG-state at the center of kinase drug discovery. Recently, it was shown that Gleevec selectivity for the Tyr-kinase Abl was instead rooted in conformational changes after drug binding. Here, we investigate whether protein dynamics after binding is a more general paradigm for drug selectivity by characterizing the binding of several approved drugs to the Ser/Thr-kinase Aurora A. Using a combination of biophysical techniques, we propose a universal drug-binding mechanism, that rationalizes selectivity, affinity and long on-target residence time for kinase inhibitors. These new concepts, where protein dynamics in the drug-bound state plays the crucial role, can be applied to inhibitor design of targets outside the kinome.
Crucial biological functions of CCL7 in cancer
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Cai Yadi , Liu Li , Wu Yudong , Xiong Xiangyang
Published: June 2018

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7), a CC chemokine, is a chemotactic factor and attractant for various kinds of leukocytes, including monocytes and neutrophils. CCL7 is widely expressed in multiple cell types and can participate in anti-inflammatory responses through binding to its receptors to mediate the recruitment of immune cells. Abnormal CCL7 expression is associated with certain immune diseases. Furthermore, CCL7 plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. CCL7 promotes tumor progression by supporting the formation of the tumor microenvironment and facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis, although some studies have suggested that CCL7 has tumor suppressor effects. In this review, we summarize the currently available information regarding the influence of CCL7 on tumors.
Structural insights and characterization of human Npas4 protein
Authors: Fahim Ammad , Rehman Zaira , Bhatti Muhammad Faraz , Ali Amjad , Virk Nasar , Rashid Amir , Paracha Rehan Zafar
Published: June 2018

Npas4 is an activity dependent transcription factor which is responsible for gearing the expression of target genes involved in neuro-transmission. Despite the importance of Npas4 in many neuronal diseases, the tertiary structure of Npas4 protein along with its physico-chemical properties is limited. In the current study, first we perfomed the phylogenetic analysis of Npas4 and determined the content of hydrophobic, flexible and order-disorder promoting amino acids. The protein binding regions, post-translational modifications and crystallization propensity of Npas4 were predicted through different in-silico methods. The three dimensional model of Npas4 was predicted through LOMET, SPARSKS-X, I-Tasser, RaptorX, MUSTER and Pyhre and the best model was selected on the basis of Ramachandran plot, PROSA, and Qmean scores. The best model was then subjected to further refinement though MODREFINER. Finally the interacting partners of Npas4 were identified through STRING database. The phylogenetic analysis showed the human Npas4 gene to be closely related to other primates such as chimpanzees, monkey, gibbon. The physiochemical properties of Npas4 showed that it is an intrinsically disordered protein with N-terminal ordered region. The post-translational modification analyses indicated absence of acetylation and mannosylation sites. Three potential phosphorylation sites (S108, T130 and T136) were found in PAS A domain whilst a single phosphorylation site (S273) was present in PAS B domain. The predicted tertiary structure of Npas4 showed that bHLH domain and PAS domain possess tertiary structures while the rest of the protein exhibited disorder property. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed NPas4 interaction with various proteins which are mainly involved in nuclear trafficking of proteins to cytoplasm, activity regulated gene transcription and neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover the analysis also highlighted the direct relation to proteins involved in promoting neuronal survival, plasticity and cAMP responsive element binding protein proteins. The current study helps in understanding the physicochemical properties and reveals the neuro-modulatory role of Npas4 in crucial pathways involved in neuronal survival and neural signalling hemostasis.
A new minute ectosymbiotic harpacticoid copepod living on the sea cucumberEupentacta fraudatrixin the East/Japan Sea
Authors: Yeom Jisu , Nikitin Mikhail A. , Ivanenko Viatcheslav N. , Lee Wonchoel
Published: June 2018

The ectosymbiotic copepods,Vostoklaophonte eupentagen. & sp. nov. associated with the sea cucumberEupentacta fraudatrix, was found in the subtidal zone of Peter the Great Bay, East/Japan Sea. The new genus,Vostoklaophonte, is similar toMicrocheloniain the flattened body form, reduced mandible, maxillule and maxilla, but with well-developed prehensile maxilliped, and in the reduced segmentation and setation of legs 1–5. Most appendages of the new genus are more primitive than those ofMicrochelonia. The inclusion of the symbiotic generaMicrocheloniaandVostoklaophontegen. nov. in Laophontidae, as well as their close phylogenetic relationships, are supported by morphological observations and molecular data. This is the third record of laophontid harpacticoid copepods living in symbiosis with sea cucumbers recorded from the Korean and Californian coasts.
Quantification of aluminum and heavy metal contents in cooked rice samples from Thailand markets using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and potential health risk assessment
Authors: Saenboonruang Anawat Rittirong, Kiadtisak
Published: June 2018

This work quantified contents of Al and heavy metals, namely Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb, in cooked rice samples prepared using five different cooking utensils (new and used Al cookers, a Teflon-coated Al cooker, a stainless steel cooker, and a glass beaker) and four different water conditions (tap water, de-ionized water, acidic water, and basic water) in order to assess metal leaching from cooking utensils and potential health risks to local consumers. The result showed that Al contents (76.50 mg kg-1 in raw rice and 76.83 mg kg-1 in cooked rice samples) and Zn contents (22.86 mg kg-1 in raw rice and 22.43 mg kg-1 in cooked rice samples) represented the two largest contents of tested elements, in which contents of Al > Zn > Fe > Pb ≈ Cu > Cr >As ≈ Cd. However, no strong indication of substantial metal leaching from cooking utensils to cooked rice were observed in this work as the metal contents in cooked rice samples did not significantly differ from raw rice grains (p < 0.05). The result also indicated that the estimated weekly intake of Al and Pb associated with rice consumption of a person who consumed approximately 0.3 kg of rice per day (181.07 mg kg-1 week-1 and 4.85 mg kg-1 week-1, respectively) was greater than the provisional tolerance weekly intake (PTWI) recommended by the joint FAO/WHO committee for a person who weighs 60 kg (120 mg kg-1 week-1 and 1.5 mg kg-1 week-1, respectively). In terms of the assessment of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks, the hazard index (HI) calculated from all concerned metals was 9.18, with the largest contributions from Pb (3.19), As (2.67), and Al (1.51), indicating a potential non-carcinogenic risk, while the total cancer risk (CRt) was 2.45´10-2, with the largest contributions from Pb (1.0´10-2) and Cd (1.2´10-2), indicating serious carcinogenic risks to local consumers.
Reactive Synthesis of Ceramic‐Metal Composites
Authors: Travitzky Nahum , Fu Zongwen , Knyazeva Anna , Janssen Rolf , Nekludov Dmitri , Yin Xiaowei , Greil Peter
Published: June 2018

Since the last century, a variety of reactive synthesis methods has been extensively studied and developed to derive ceramic composite materials, which show superior mechanical and physical properties for numerous applications. Melt casting/infiltration is one of the preferred techniques to fabricate ceramic‐metal composites. In this article, different reactive processing routes and the properties of the synthesized ceramic‐metal composites are reviewed. The reaction forming techniques regarding raw material properties and processing parameters are discussed.
Solvent Additives: Key Morphology‐Directing Agents for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells
Authors: McDowell Caitlin , Abdelsamie Maged , Toney Michael F. , Bazan Guillermo C.
Published: June 2018

Organic photovoltaics (OPV) have the advantage of possible fabrication by energy‐efficient and cost‐effective deposition methods, such as solution processing. Solvent additives can provide fine control of the active layer morphology of OPVs by influencing film formation during solution processing. As such, solvent additives form a versatile method of experimental control for improving organic solar cell device performance. This review provides a brief history of solution‐processed bulk heterojunction OPVs and the advent of solvent additives, putting them into context with other methods available for morphology control. It presents the current understanding of how solvent additives impact various mechanisms of phase separation, enabled by recent advances in in situ morphology characterization. Indeed, understanding solvent additives' effects on film formation has allowed them to be applied and combined effectively and synergistically to boost OPV performance. Their success as a morphology control strategy has also prompted the use of solvent additives in related organic semiconductor technologies. Finally, the role of solvent additives in the development of next‐generation OPV active layers is discussed. Despite concerns over their environmental toxicity and role in device instability, solvent additives remain relevant morphological directing agents as research interests evolve toward nonfullerene acceptors, ternary blends, and environmentally sustainable solvents.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroalkylation of Alkynes with Cyclopropanols: Access to γ,δ‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Liu Hao , Fu Zhiyuan , Gao Shang , Huang Yue , Lin Aijun , Yao Hequan
Published: June 2018

A palladium‐catalyzed hydroalkylation of alkynes with cyclopropanols has been developed. This reaction provided a straightforward way to the synthesis of γ,δ‐unsaturated ketones in moderate to good yields, exhibiting high atom economy and Z/E selectivity. Deuterated tri‐substituted alkenes could also be expediently produced by using deuterium oxide as a co‐solvent.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Metal and Metal‐Oxide Based Nanoparticles
Authors: Gold Karli , Slay Buford , Knackstedt Mark , Gaharwar Akhilesh K.
Published: June 2018

With an increase in antibiotic resistance, a growing interest in developing new antimicrobial agents has gained popularity. Metal‐ and metal‐oxide‐based nanoparticles, surface‐to‐volume is able to distinguish bacterial cells from mammalian cells and can provide long‐term antibacterial and biofilm prevention. These nanoparticles elicit bactericidal properties through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are able to target physical structures, metabolic pathways, and DNA synthesis of prokaryotic cells leading to cell death. In this progress report, a critical analysis of current literature on antimicrobial effect of metal and metal‐oxide nanoparticles are examined. Specifically, the antimicrobial mechanisms of metal ions and metal nanomaterials are discussed. Antimicrobial efficiency of nanomaterials is correlated with the structural and physical properties, such as size, shape, and/or zeta potential. A critical analysis of the current state of metal and metal‐oxide nanomaterial research advances our understanding to overcome antibiotic resistance and provide alternatives to combat bacterial infections. Finally, emerging approaches to identify and minimize metallic poisoning, specifically for biomedical applications, are examined.
New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations
Authors: Hollard Clémence , Zvénigorosky Vincent , Kovalev Alexey , Kiryushin Yurii , Tishkin Alexey , Lazaretov Igor , Crubézy Eric , Ludes Bertrand , Keyser Christine
Published: June 2018

Objectives

This work focuses on the populations of South Siberia during the Eneolithic and Bronze Age and specifically on the contribution of uniparental lineage and phenotypical data to the question of the genetic affinities and discontinuities between western and eastern populations.

Materials and Methods

We performed molecular analyses on the remains of 28 ancient humans (10 Afanasievo (3600–2500 BC) and 18 Okunevo (2500–1800 BC) individuals). For each sample, two uniparentally inherited systems (mitochondrial DNA and Y‐chromosome DNA) were studied, in order to trace back maternal and paternal lineages. Phenotype‐informative SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) were also analyzed, along with autosomal STRs (Short Tandem Repeats).

Results

Most of the Afanasievo men submitted to analysis belonged to a single sub‐haplogroup, R1b1a1a, which reveals the predominance of this haplogroup in these early Bronze Age populations. Conversely, Okunevo individuals carried more diverse paternal lineages that mostly belonged to Asian/Siberian haplogroups. These differences are also apparent, although less strongly, in mitochondrial lineage composition and phenotype marker variant frequencies.

Discussion

This study provides new elements that contribute to our understanding of the genetic interactions between populations in Eneolithic and Bronze Age southern Siberia. Our results support the hypothesis of a genetic link between Afanasievo and Yamnaya (in western Eurasia), as suggested by previous studies of other markers. However, we found no Y‐chromosome lineage evidence of a possible Afanasievo migration to the Tarim Basin. Moreover, the presence of Y‐haplogroup Q in Okunevo individuals links them to Native American populations, as was suggested by whole‐genome sequencing.
Structure‐Driven Selection of Adaptive Transmembrane Na+ Carriers or K+ Channels
Authors: Li Yu‐Hao , Zheng Shaoping , Legrand Yves‐Marie , Gilles Arnaud , Van der Lee Arie , Barboiu Mihail
Published: June 2018

Self‐assembled alkyl‐ureido‐benzo‐15‐crown‐5‐ethers are selective ionophores for K+ cations, which are preferred to Na+ cations. The transport mechanism is determined by the optimal coordination rather than classical dimensional compatibility between the crown ether hole and the cation diameter. Herein, we demonstrate that systematic changes of the structure lead to unexpected modifications in the cation‐transport activity and suffice to produce adaptive selection. We show that the main contribution to performance arises from optimal constraints on the conformational freedom, which are determined by the binding macrocycles, the nature of the hydrogen‐bonding groups, and the hydrophobic tails. Simple changes to the flexible 15‐crown‐5‐ether lead to selective carriers for Na+. Hydrophobic stabilization of the channels through mutual interactions between lipids and variable hydrophobic tails appears to be an important cause of increased activity. Oppositely, restricted translocation is achieved when constrained hydrogen‐bonded macrocyclic relays are less dynamic in a pore superstructure.
Electron‐Transporting Bis(heterotetracenes) with Tunable Helical Packing
Authors: Zeng Cheng , Xiao Chengyi , Feng Xinliang , Zhang Lei , Jiang Wei , Wang Zhaohui
Published: June 2018

A novel kind of electron‐deficient bis(heterotetracenes) namely perylenotetrathiophenediimides (PTTIs) involving double S‐hetero[5]helicene diimides, is developed by a fourfold thienannulation route via ortho‐functionalization of perylene diimides (PDIs). PTTIs exhibit significantly red‐shifted absorption capacity with lowest‐energy transition maxima beyond 700 nm and narrowed HOMO–LUMO energy gaps. Through delicately tuning the side‐chain substitution, the distorted propeller‐like framework could self‐assemble into unprecedented 1D helical π‐stacking structures with short π–π contacts and rich nonbonding interactions from alternating arrangements of P/M enantiomeric couples or tetrads. Excellent electron transporting efficiency in racemate PTTI crystals with 0.40 cm2 V−1 s−1 for 5 a and 0.90 cm2 V−1 s−1 for 5 b, was witnessed in single‐crystalline transistors, signifying the prospects of the chiral π‐helix in optoelectronic applications.
Catenation and Aggregation of Multi‐Cavity Coordination Cages
Authors: Zhu Rongmei , Regeni Irene , Holstein Julian J. , Dittrich Birger , Simon Miriam , Prévost Sylvain , Gradzielski Michael , Clever Guido H.
Published: June 2018

A series of metal‐mediated cages, having multiple cavities, was synthesized from PdII cations and tris‐ or tetrakis‐monodentate bridging ligands and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X‐ray methods. The peanut‐shaped [Pd3L14] cage deriving from the tris‐monodentate ligand L1 could be quantitatively converted into its interpenetrated [5Cl@Pd6L18] dimer featuring a linear {[Pd‐Cl‐]5Pd} stack as an unprecedented structural motif upon addition of chloride anions. Small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments showed that the cigar‐shaped assembly with a length of 3.7 nm aggregates into mono‐layered discs of 14 nm diameter via solvophobic interactions between the hexyl sidechains. The hepta‐cationic [5Cl@Pd6L18] cage was found to interact with polyanionic oligonucleotide double‐strands under dissolution of the aggregates in water, rendering the compound class interesting for applications based on non‐covalent DNA binding.
Widespread changes in UK air quality observed from space
Authors: Pope Richard J. , Arnold Stephen R. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Latter Barry G. , Siddans Richard , Kerridge Brian J.
Published: June 2018

Previous studies have used surface observations of pollutants (e.g., nitrogen dioxide [NO2] and aerosols) to evaluate improvements in United Kingdom (UK) air quality over recent decades. However, surface monitoring networks provide limited spatial coverage and are not always representative of air quality over a wider region. Satellite observations, such as tropospheric column NO2 (TCNO2), aerosol optical depth (AOD) and sub‐column (0–6 km) ozone (SCO3), provide widespread monitoring of air quality on a national scale. In this study, we use such observations to analyse trends in UK air quality, between 2005 and 2015, finding significant decreases in TCNO2 and AOD over UK pollution hotspots. The largest changes in short‐lived NO2 are located over populated (i.e., source) regions, associated with large emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO
x). AOD changes are more spread out, and less strongly associated with source regions, due to a longer aerosol lifetime, secondary aerosol formation and non‐urban aerosol sources. SCO3 shows no significant trends over England/Wales, but significant positive trends over Scotland, which is consistent with previous studies of changes in background tropospheric ozone in other remote regions of north‐western Europe.
Holzbau‐Formen für Stuttgart 21
Authors: Früh Nikolas , Amorth Andreas , Wieland Thomas
Published: June 2018

Die Realisierung von Schalentragwerken aus Stahlbeton ist anspruchsvoll. Hohe Anforderungen an Planung und Ausführung sowie damit verbundene Kosten führen dazu, dass diese Tragwerkstypologie nur selten realisiert wird. Der Artikel beschreibt das Schalungssystem, das beim Bau des zukünftigen Stuttgarter Hauptbahnhofs zum Einsatz kommt. Zahlreiche Anforderungen führten zu der Entwicklung von massiven Brettsperrholzbauteilen, deren Oberfläche mit faserverstärktem Kunststoff beschichtet wird. Die Fertigung der Bauteile erfolgt in mehreren Stufen. Nach der Herstellung von Brettsperrholzrohlingen werden aus mehreren Schichten Rohkörper zusammengesetzt. Die Formgebung erfolgt in zwei Schritten. Mit einer Plattenbearbeitungsanlage werden die Konturen der einzelnen Schichten gefräst. Die endgültige Form wird von einem Industrieroboter herausgearbeitet. Nach der Beschichtung wird die Form der Bauteile mithilfe eines Laser‐Scanners verifiziert. Alle Prozesse während Planung und Fertigung der Schalungselemente sind weitgehend modellbasiert. Mit dem entwickelten Schalungssystem wurden die ersten Elemente des Schalentragwerks aus Weißbeton bereits erfolgreich betoniert.