bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quiescent‐inflow single‐shot magnetic resonance angiography using a highly undersampled radial k‐space trajectory
Authors: Edelman R. R. , Giri S. , Dunkle E. , Galizia M. , Amin P. , Koktzoglou I.
Published: January 2013

Purpose

We hypothesized that high undersampling factors could be used in conjunction with radial quiescent‐inflow single‐shot magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to accelerate the data acquisition and enable multislice acquisitions.

Methods

Seven subjects were imaged on a 1.5 T MRI system. For multislice quiescent‐inflow single‐shot MRA, the venous saturation radiofrequency pulse, in‐plane saturation radiofrequency pulse, and quiescent interval were applied only once before the first slice.

Results

The mean (standard deviation) measurements for the intra‐arterial signal‐to‐noise ratio were as follows: Cartesian 1 slice—29.3 (5.5); radial 1 slice, 92 views—22.3 (3.6); radial 1 slice, 46 views—18.5 (2.0); radial 2 slices, 46 views—18.3 (3.2); and radial 3 slices, 32 views—21.7 (3.9), normalized for pixel size to 15.8. Horizontal striping was present with multislice radial quiescent‐inflow single‐shot MRA (especially with the three‐slice acquisition) due to variable T1 relaxation between the concurrently acquired slices, but the image quality remained diagnostic. Vascular pathology in patients with peripheral arterial disease was well shown by all techniques.

Conclusion

Very high undersampling factors in excess of 18 have been demonstrated for nonenhanced MRA using a radial quiescent‐inflow single‐shot technique, enabling the acquisition of two to three slices per cardiac cycle. Scan time for a complete peripheral MRA could be shortened to 2 min or less. Magn Reson Med 70:1662–1668, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A study on the use of Gumbel approximation with the Bernoulli spatial scan statistic
Authors: Read S. , Bath P.A. , Willett P. , Maheswaran R.
Published: January 2013

The Bernoulli version of the spatial scan statistic is a well established method of detecting localised spatial clusters in binary labelled point data, a typical application being the epidemiological case–control study. A recent study suggests the inferential accuracy of several versions of the spatial scan statistic (principally the Poisson version) can be improved, at little computational cost, by using the Gumbel distribution, a method now available in SaTScanTM (www.satscan.org). We study in detail the effect of this technique when applied to the Bernoulli version and demonstrate that it is highly effective, albeit with some increase in false alarm rates at certain significance thresholds. We explain how this increase is due to the discrete nature of the Bernoulli spatial scan statistic and demonstrate that it can affect even small p‐values. Despite this, we argue that the Gumbel method is actually preferable for very small p‐values. Furthermore, we extend previous research by running benchmark trials on 12 000 synthetic datasets, thus demonstrating that the overall detection capability of the Bernoulli version (i.e. ratio of power to false alarm rate) is not noticeably affected by the use of the Gumbel method. We also provide an example application of the Gumbel method using data on hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nek1 kinase associates with ATR–ATRIP and primes ATR for efficient DNA damage signaling
Authors: Liu Shizhou , Ho Chu Kwen , Ouyang Jian , Zou Lee
Published: January 2013

The master checkpoint kinase ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) and its partner ATRIP (ATR-interacting protein) exist as a complex and function together in the DNA damage response. Unexpectedly, we found that the stability of the ATR–ATRIP complex is regulated by an unknown kinase independently of DNA damage. In search for this regulator of ATR–ATRIP, we found that a single member of the NIMA (never in mitosis A)-related kinase family, Nek1, is critical for initiating the ATR response. Upon DNA damage, cells lacking Nek1 failed to efficiently phosphorylate multiple ATR substrates and support ATR autophosphorylation at threnine 1989, one of the earliest events during the ATR response. The ability of Nek1 to promote ATR activation relies on the kinase activity of Nek1 and its interaction with ATR–ATRIP. Importantly, even in undamaged cells, Nek1 is required for maintaining the levels of ATRIP, the association between ATR and ATRIP, and the basal kinase activity of ATR. Thus, as an ATR-associated kinase, Nek1, enhances the stability and activity of ATR–ATRIP before DNA damage, priming ATR–ATRIP for a robust DNA damage response.
How Chinese adolescent girls perceive gender roles: a psychographic study
Authors: Chan Kara , Leung Ng Yu
Published: January 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to replicate a psychographic segmentation of adolescent girls in Hong Kong. It attempts to see if the segmentation of Hong Kong girls according to the perceptions of gender roles and ideal female images can be generalized to girls in Mainland China.

Design/methodology/approach

– A convenience sample of 331 Shanghai female secondary school students aged 12 to 20 were asked to answer questions about gender roles, ideal female images, and their liking of international and Chinese brands. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis were conducted.

Findings

– Four segments of adolescent girls were identified and profiled. They were conformists, aggressive pursuers, image protectors, and single-handers.

Research limitations/implications

– The data were collected from a non-probabilistic sample of girls from Shanghai, which may not be representative of girls in other Mainland Chinese cities or elsewhere in greater China.

Practical implications

– Different marketing communication strategies can be adopted to make global and Chinese national brands more appealing to the different clusters.

Originality/value

– This has been the first study to cluster adolescent girls in Mainland China based on gender role perceptions.
Christian Burial Practice in the Early Middle Ages: Rethinking the Anglo‐Saxon Funerary Sphere
Authors: Sayer Duncan
Published: January 2013

Anglo‐Saxon burial practices are particularly interesting because there is considerable variation in the archaeological record. In the earlier period local communities used a single cemetery site and grave goods were a mode of expression that signalled difference. In the Christian period grave goods were not employed in the same way but this change may not have had religion as its central agent. Moreover, the context of display changed and diversity was found in the location of burial – Minster, churchyard, field cemetery or execution site, and amongst the social‐signals that these contexts indicated were included rank and religious association as well as family and deviant status. Dissimilar numbers of children – up to 51% in churchyards compared to 25% in field cemeteries – show that cemeteries must have held a different meaning amongst different social groups, indeed England’s earliest Christian communities’ seem to have considered churchyards to be significant places for the burial of children, but not the rural family, a contrast which may also have extended to other social groups.
Fasting Launches CRTC to Facilitate Long-Term Memory Formation in
Drosophila
Authors: Hirano Yukinori , Masuda Tomoko , Naganos Shintaro , Matsuno Motomi , Ueno Kohei , Miyashita Tomoyuki , Horiuchi Junjiro , Saitoe Minoru
Published: January 2013

Hunger and Memory

During starvation, are all brain functions slowed down, or are specific functions disabled to save energy?
Plaçais and Preat
(p.
440
) investigated how the brain of
Drosophila
deals with severe resource limitation. The brain cut selected expenses to reduce the threat to survival and switched off the formation of aversive long-term memory that depends on costly protein synthesis. However,

Hirano
et al.

(p.
443
) focused on mild food-deprivation, which actually enhanced long-term memory formation. Presumably, improved memory should enhance survival when competing for limited food. After longer food deprivation, enhancement of aversive long-term memory decreased, while that of appetitive long-term memory remained high: Presumably, as starvation nears, it becomes more important to pursue food at all costs, and so appetitive memory takes precedence over aversive memories.
An electroolfactogram study of odor response patterns from the mouse olfactory epithelium with reference to receptor zones and odor sorptiveness
Authors: Coppola D. M. , Waggener C. T. , Radwani S. M. , Brooks D. A.
Published: January 2013

Olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) responses to odors, measured at the population level, tend to be spatially heterogeneous in the vertebrates that have been studied. These response patterns vary between odors but are similar across subjects for a given stimulus. However, few species have been studied making functional interpretation of these patterns problematic. One proximate explanation for the spatial heterogeneity of odor responses comes from evidence that olfactory receptor (OR) genes in rodents are expressed in OSN populations that are spatially restricted to a few zones in the olfactory epithelium (OE). A long-standing functional explanation for response anisotropy in the OE posits that it is the signature of a supplementary mechanism for quality coding, based on the sorptive properties of odor molecules. These theories are difficult to assess because most mapping studies have utilized few odors, provided little replication, or involved but a single species (rat). In fact, to our knowledge, a detailed olfactory response “map” has not been reported for mouse, the species used in most studies of gene localization. Here we report the results of a study of mouse OE response patterns using the electroolfactogram (EOG). We focused on the medial aspect of olfactory turbinates that are accessible in the midsagittal section. This limited approach still allowed us to test predictions derived from the zonal distribution of OSN types and the sorption hypothesis. In 3 separate experiments, 290 mice were used to record EOGs from a set of standard locations along each of 4 endoturbinates utilizing 11 different odors resulting in over 4,400 separate recordings. Our results confirmed a marked spatial heterogeneity in odor responses that varied with odor, as seen in other species. However, no discontinuities were found in the odor-specific response patterns across the OE as might have been predicted given the existence of classical receptor zones nor did we find clear support for the hypothesis that OE response patterns, presumably a reflection of OSN distribution, have been shaped through natural selection by the relative sorptive properties of odors. We propose that receptor zones may be an epiphenomenon of a contingent evolutionary process. In this formulation, constraints on developmental programs for distributing OSN classes within the OE may be minimally related to the odor ligands of specific class members. Further, we propose that odor sorptiveness, which appears to be correlated with the inherent response patterns in the OE of larger species, may be of minimal effect in mice owing to scaling issues.
Imaging the response of the retina to electrical stimulation with genetically encoded calcium indicators
Authors: Weitz Andrew C. , Behrend Matthew R. , Lee Nan Sook , Klein Ronald L. , Chiodo Vince A. , Hauswirth William W. , Humayun Mark S. , Weiland James D. , Chow Robert H.
Published: January 2013

Epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to stimulate surviving retinal neurons, thus bypassing the diseased photoreceptor layer. Single-unit or multielectrode recordings from isolated animal retina are commonly used to inform the design of these implants. However, such electrical recordings provide limited information about the spatial patterns of retinal activation. Calcium imaging overcomes this limitation, as imaging enables high spatial resolution mapping of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activity as well as simultaneous recording from hundreds of RGCs. Prior experiments in amphibian retina have demonstrated proof of principle, yet experiments in mammalian retina have been hindered by the inability to load calcium indicators into mature mammalian RGCs. Here, we report a method for labeling the majority of ganglion cells in adult rat retina with genetically encoded calcium indicators, specifically GCaMP3 and GCaMP5G. Intravitreal injection of an adeno-associated viral vector targets ∼85% of ganglion cells with high specificity. Because of the large fluorescence signals provided by the GCaMP sensors, we can now for the first time visualize the response of the retina to electrical stimulation in real-time. Imaging transduced retinas mounted on multielectrode arrays reveals how stimulus pulse shape can dramatically affect the spatial extent of RGC activation, which has clear implications in prosthetic applications. Our method can be easily adapted to work with other fluorescent indicator proteins in both wild-type and transgenic mammals.
Plasmatic tissue factor pathway inhibitor is a major determinant of clotting in factor VIII inhibited plasma or blood
Authors: Knappe Sabine , Jilma Bernd , Derhaschnig Ulla , Hartmann Rudolf , Palige Michael , Scheiflinger Fritz , Gorczyca Monika , Dockal Michael
Published: January 2013

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a major inhibitor of coagulation. We therefore hypothesised that high plasmatic TFPI levels are associated with impaired ex vivo clotting in a model of acquired haemophilia. Blood samples were collected in a prospective clinical study from 30 healthy volunteers. Coagulation in normal or factor VIII (FVIII)-inhibited human blood or plasma was measured by the calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Both methods are global haemostatic assays that provide insight into the whole coagulation process. Monoclonal mouse antibodies raised against either the C-terminus or the Kunitz domain 2 of TFPI were used to determine full-length (fl-) and total TFPI by an enzyme-immunoassay. Clotting times and parameters of thrombin generation correlated with TFPI levels. Subjects with low fl-TFPI levels had significantly shorter clotting times and a higher endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) compared to those with high fl-TFPI levels (p≤0.005 for all). An even stronger effect was seen in FVIII-inhibited blood/plasma: ROTEM clotting time was 26% shorter (p=0.01) and the ETP assessed by CAT was >2-fold higher in subjects with low fl-TFPI levels (p≤0.0001). Plasmatic TFPI is a major determinant of coagulation in global haemostatic tests particularly when FVIII is missing. Thus, inhibition of TFPI might be a promising novel treatment approach, especially in haemophilia patients with FVIII inhibitors.
Increased Intestinal Absorption in the Era of Teduglutide and Its Impact on Management Strategies in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome–Associated Intestinal Failure
Authors: Seidner Douglas L. , Schwartz Lauren K. , Winkler Marion F. , Jeejeebhoy Khursheed , Boullata Joseph I. , Tappenden Kelly A.
Published: January 2013

Short bowel syndrome–associated intestinal failure (SBS‐IF) as a consequence of extensive surgical resection of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract results in a chronic reduction in intestinal absorption. The ensuing malabsorption of a conventional diet with associated diarrhea and weight loss results in a dependency on parenteral nutrition and/or intravenous fluids (PN/IV). A natural compensatory process of intestinal adaptation occurs in the years after bowel resection as the body responds to a lack of sufficient functional nutrient‐processing intestinal surface area. The adaptive process improves bowel function but is a highly variable process, yielding different levels of symptom control and PN/IV independence among patients. Intestinal rehabilitation is the strategy of maximizing the absorptive capacity of the remnant GI tract. The approaches for achieving this goal have been limited to dietary intervention, antidiarrheal and antisecretory medications, and surgical bowel reconstruction. A targeted pharmacotherapy has now been developed that improves intestinal absorption. Teduglutide is a human recombinant analogue of glucagon‐like peptide 2 that promotes the expansion of the intestinal surface area and increases the intestinal absorptive capacity. Enhanced absorption has been shown in clinical trials by a reduction in PN/IV requirements in patients with SBS‐IF. This article details the clinical considerations and best‐practice recommendations for intestinal rehabilitation, including optimization of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrients; the integration of teduglutide therapy; and approaches to PN/IV weaning.
Comparison of LUCIO®‐direct ELISA with CEDIA immunoassay for ‘zero tolerance’ drug screening in urine as required by the German re‐licensing guidelines
Authors: Agius Ronald , Nadulski Thomas , Kahl Hans‐Gerhard , Dufaux Bertin
Published: January 2013

The performance of the previously validated LUCIO®‐Direct‐enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (direct ELISA) screening tests according to forensic guidelines is compared to that of cloned enzyme donor immunoassays (CEDIA) test for drugs of abuse in urine as defined in the new re‐licensing German medical and psychological assessment (MPA) guidelines. The MPA screening cut‐offs correspond to 10 ng/ml 11‐nor‐delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐9‐carboxylic acid (THC‐COOH), 50 ng/ml amphetamine and designer amphetamines, 25 ng/ml morphine, codeine and dihydrocodeine, 30 ng/ml benzoylecgonine, 50 ng/ml methadone metabolite, 2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and metabolites of diazepam, oxazepam, bromazepam, alprazolam, flunitrazepam and lorazepam at 50 ng/ml. Average relative sensitivities and relative specificities were 99.7 % and 98.4 % for direct ELISA and 66 % and 91.4 % for CEDIA, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of Arylspiroborates Derived from 2,3‐Dihydroxynaphthalene
Authors: Geier Michael J. , Bowes Eric G. , Lee Graham M. , Li Haoxin , O'Neill Taryn , Flewelling Andrew , Vogels Christopher M. , Decken Andreas , Gray Christopher A. , Westcott Stephen A.
Published: January 2013

A family of arylspiroborate compounds has been prepared from 2,3‐dihydroxynaphthalene and characterized fully using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies were carried out on the tetramethylammonium (4) and calcium (6) derivatives. Compound 6 represents the first structurally characterized example of a calcium arylspiroborate salt. All compounds showed modest antifungal and antimycobacterial activities. These results have revealed a new class of compounds that should be further developed to design more potent and selective antitubercular agents. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:116–123, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21072
Examining preferences for search engines and their effects on information behavior
Authors: Lopatovska Irene , Fenton Megan R. , Campot Sara
Published: January 2013

The article reports the results of a study that explored users' preference for search engines in relation to other information sources. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods to examine participants' information seeking with and without access to search engines. The study identified search engine features that users find valuable, such as perception of convenience, independence and privacy, as well as specific functionality (keyword searching, autocomplete feature). The study found that inability to use search engines caused an increase in negative emotions, especially among seekers with limited information horizons; led to the decrease in use of other electronic channels and increased inquiries to other individuals and the use of print sources. Our findings suggest that seekers operate within digital and traditional information fields and do not easily switch between the fields without major disruption to their habitual pattern. The discussion about positive and negative effects of search engine preference is included.
Sexual risk among female workers on cruise ships
Authors: Thomas Michelle , Bloor Michael , Little Kirsty
Published: January 2013

Data were combined from two studies—qualitative interviews with 19 female cruise-ship workers in a Florida port and 192 quantitative interviews conducted with male and female cruise-ship workers in a European and a Florida port. High rates of partner change were reported in the latter sample: 39 % reported two or more sexual partners in the past year. Logistic regression analysis of 16 different variables showed that gender was the variable most strongly independently associated with a new sexual relationship: women were six times more likely than men to report a new private sexual relationship on their last contract (OR 6.20, 95 % confidence interval 2.01–19.09); 39 % of the female crew reported a new private relationship on their last contract, compared to 16 % of the men. Qualitative data suggest some reasons for this gender imbalance: sexual harassment by male superordinates, the taking of a lover for protection from harassment and the liminal character of shipboard life. Parallels are drawn with other studies depicting risk behaviour as situated actions (i.e. shaped by the material and social circumstances in which the action occurs), and with studies which see women’s greater propensity to risk behaviour in some settings as shaped by power relationships.
Schlussfolgerungen aus der Evaluation des österreichischen Disease-Management-Programms ‘Therapie aktiv’ für die Behandlung von Diabetes mellitus Typ 2
Authors: Winkler Henrike , Flamm Maria , Sönnichsen Andreas
Published: January 2013

Einleitung

DMPs sind trotz umstrittener Effektivität weit verbreitet. Selektionsbias und Regression zur Mitte führen in nicht-randomisierten Studien zur Überschätzung der Effekte. Das österreichische DMP für Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 zeigte in einer randomisiert kontrollierten Studie zwar eine Verbesserung der Prozessqualität, jedoch keinen relevanten Einfluss auf die Stoffwechselkontrolle als Outcomeparameter. Ein Durchbruch in der Versorgung chronisch Kranker ist durch DMPs nach derzeitigem Wissensstand nicht zu erwarten, sodass neue Wege wie Patienten-Selbstmanagement und Peer Support entwickelt werden sollten.
Resistivity, specific heat, and magnetocaloric effect of La0.8Ag0.1MnO3: Effect of isotopic substitution of 16O → 18O
Authors: Gamzatov A. G. , Batdalov A. B. , Kamilov I. K. , Kaul A. R. , Babushkina N. A.
Published: January 2013

Results of the experimental studies of resistivity, specific heat, and magnetocaloric effect in lanthanum deficient manganite of La0.8Ag0.1MnO3 are presented. The influence of isotopic substitution of oxygen 16О → 18О on the resistivity, specific heat, and magnetocaloric effect in La0.8Ag0.1MnO3 is estimated. The magnetocaloric effect has been studied by two different methods, which agree well enough. The entropy change as a result of the magnetocaloric effect varies between 2 and 4.1 J/kg K in the magnetic field of 26 kOe in the study samples.
Electron microscope verification of prebreakdown-inducing α-FeSi2 needles in multicrystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Hähnel A. , Bauer J. , Blumtritt H. , Breitenstein O. , Lausch D. , Kwapil W.
Published: January 2013

It had been shown already earlier by X-ray microanalysis that, in positions of defect-induced junction breakdown in industrial multicrystalline (mc) silicon solar cells, iron-containing precipitates may exist. However, the nature of these precipitates was unknown so far. Here, in such positions, scanning transmission electron microscopy was performed after defect-controlled focused ion beam preparation. First of all, the defect site was localized by microscopic reverse-bias electroluminescence imaging. The high accuracy of following FIB target preparation (<0.1 μm necessary) was obtained by both, electron beam-induced current imaging and secondary electron material contrast observation during the slice-by-slice milling of the TEM specimen. By nano-beam electron diffraction (NBED) and energy dispersive spectroscopy, the iron-containing precipitates were identified as α-type FeSi2 needles, about 30 nm in diameter and several μm in length. The FeSi2 needles show preferential orientation relationships to the silicon matrix and are located in terraced large-angle grain boundaries. Elaborate nano-beam electron diffraction investigation of the FeSi2 revealed orientation relationships of the precipitate to the silicon, which confirm earlier investigations on monocrystalline material. A model explaining the defect-induced breakdown mechanism due to rod-like α-FeSi2 precipitates is presented.
Professionalism and organization: polysemy of concepts and narratives of actors
Authors: Delattre Miguel , Ocler Rodolphe
Published: January 2013

Purpose

The notion of professionalism is polysemic in nature. This paper aims at analysing the development of this notion and identifying its components. The paper examines the process that leads to the development of professionalism based on the interaction between the actors and the organization. These social interactions, grounded in an organizational environment, reveal the tensions that such interactions expose.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws on qualitative methodology using semi‐directive interviews and provides an example of application.

Findings

This paper focuses on how professionalism can be developed, generating acts, implementing actions, and using resources.

Research limitations/implications

This paper presents one example in a specific field and should be put in perspective with other examples and fields.

Originality/value

This paper clarifies the notion of professionalism and identifies specific elements that have to be taken into account when developing it.
Rethinking the ontology of the shareholder model of the corporation
Authors: Kakabadse Nada K. , Kakabadse Andrew , Kouzmin Alexander , Pesqueux Yvon
Published: January 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the critical assumptions lying behind the Anglo American model of corporate governance.

Design/methodology/approach

Literature review examining the concept of a nexus of contracts underpinning agency theory which, it is argued, act as the platform for neo‐liberal corporate governance focusing on shareholder wealth creation.

Findings

The paper highlights the unaddressed critical challenge of why eighteenth century ownership structures are readily adopted in the twenty‐first century.

Social implications

A re‐examination of wealth creation and wealth redistribution.

Originality/value

The paper is highly original due to the fact that few contributions have been made in the area of rethinking shareholder value.
Oral health patterns of independently living dentate older people: a cross‐sectional survey of dental attendees in south‐east London
Authors: Al‐Haboubi Mustafa , Zoitopoulos Liana , Beighton David , Gallagher Jennifer
Published: January 2013

Background

The oral health needs of older adults present increasing challenges to dental services.

Objectives

To examine the clinical oral health status of dentate older people living in the community and attending dental services.

Methods

One hundred and eighty‐six dentate adults, aged ≥60 years, underwent clinical examination (DMFS, Plaque and Gingival Indexes), salivary analysis and completed a questionnaire.

Results

Participants had an average of 21.4 (±6.2) teeth present and 1.2 (±3.0) decayed, 51.0 (±28.8) missing and 32.6 (±20.5) restored surfaces. Individuals living in the most deprived areas had significantly lower numbers of teeth than those in the least deprived areas (19.1 ± 7.5 cf 23.8 ± 4.1; p < 0.001). Whilst there were no significant differences in DMFS score, residents in the most deprived areas had significantly more missing and fewer filled surfaces than those in the least deprived areas (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Participants with ≥21 teeth (64%) had lower plaque scores, fewer decayed root surfaces, higher stimulated saliva flow rates and lower salivary lactobacilli and yeast counts than those with <21 teeth (p < 0.05 for all).

Conclusions

The findings highlight differences in clinical oral health by age and deprivation status and underline the importance of saliva and retaining a functional dentition.
WHAT MAKES CHINA'S INVESTMENT SUCCESSFUL IN AFRICA: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT AND BEHAVIOR OF CHINESE ENTERPRISES IN TRANSITIONAL TIMES
Authors: SHEN LI
Published: January 2013

Currently, much attention is paid to the political aims and influence of Chinese outward investment, especially in developing Africa. This paper attempts to fill the knowledge-gap of international entrepreneurship literature by analyzing the entrepreneurial behavior of Chinese firms under the background of south-south economic cooperation. Through the case studies, we analyze the distinctive entrepreneurial behaviors and characters of different types of Chinese firms with high entrepreneurial spirits in Africa during the transitional time. After comparing the various entrepreneurial behaviors between Chinese and West investors, this paper sheds light on the potential positive roles of the entrepreneurial spirit, high risk-behavior and adaptability to foreign environment, which are necessary to successfully seek new, overseas entrepreneurial opportunities from an emerging market. Applications for firms' managers and policy makers are also offered.
Young People’s Urban Im/Mobilities: Relationality and Identity Formation
Authors: Skelton Tracey
Published: January 2013

There is a mobility turn in the social sciences affecting how we scrutinise, research and represent the city. In recent scholarship on mobilities, global human mobilities have been identified as predominant. Nevertheless there have been calls for research that focuses on issues relating to everyday transportation, materialities and the spatial contexts of im/mobilities. This article is a response to those calls with a specific focus on young people’s local experiences of urban im/mobilities. It is also a challenge to the lack of attention afforded young people by urban studies. Young urbanites are of an age where personal physical mobility to take advantage of all the resources, recreation and sociality offered by an urban landscape is an important part of ‘growing up’ and identity formation. Utilising two of mobility studies’ conceptualisations, relationality and identity formation, this article examines young Aucklanders’ im/mobilities through urban space.
Young People, Anti-social Behaviour and Public Space: The Role of Community Wardens in Policing the ‘ASBO Generation’
Authors: Brown Donna Marie
Published: January 2013

The potential benefits of public space frequently translate into inequitable social and spatial outcomes for specific groups. Young people in particular are being excluded from public spaces through a range of explicit and implicit measures. In the UK, one significant trend constraining their ability to access such space is the extent to which they are commonly perceived as perpetrators of anti-social behaviour. The perceived levels of anti-social behaviour associated with the ‘ASBO generation’ are exacerbating concerns over youths’ presence in, as opposed to absence from, public space. Synthesising new ethnographic research with existing debates about the relationship between young people, anti-social behaviour and public space, this paper argues that it is necessary to address the multifarious discursive processes and material practices influencing young people’s use of public space. The paper demonstrates how, as opposed to eradicating young people from public space, Community Wardens in Dundee often provide them with the opportunity for positive and meaningful encounters with places (and people) in their local communities.
Mapping Risk of Nipah Virus Transmission Across Asia and Across Bangladesh
Authors: Peterson A. Townsend
Published: January 2013

Nipah virus is a highly pathogenic but poorly known paramyxovirus from South and Southeast Asia. In spite of the risks that it poses to human health, the geography and ecology of its occurrence remain little understood—the virus is basically known from Bangladesh and peninsular Malaysia, and little in between. In this contribution, I use documented occurrences of the virus to develop ecological niche-based maps summarizing its likely broader occurrence—although rangewide maps could not be developed that had significant predictive abilities, reflecting minimal sample sizes available, maps within Bangladesh were quite successful in identifying areas in which the virus is predictably present and likely transmitted.
Political Price Cycles in Regulated Industries: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Moita Rodrigo M. S , Paiva Claudio
Published: January 2013

The early work of Stigler (1971) treats the regulatory process as the arbitration of conflicting economic and political interests rather than a pure welfare-maximizing effort. This paper builds on these ideas and models the regulatory process as a game where the industry-lobby, consumers-voters, and a regulator-politician interact to define the regulated price, in alternating electoral and non-electoral periods. The equilibrium that emerges consists of a fully rational political price cycle in a regulated industry. Using monthly data for regulated gasoline and electricity prices from Brazil, we find strong evidence pointing towards the existence of electoral price cycles in both markets. (JEL D72, L51, L71, L78, L94, L98, O14)
Contributions of riverborne inorganic and organic matters to the benthic food web in the East China Sea as inferred from stable isotope ratios
Authors: Chang N. N. , Shiao J. C. , Gong G. C. , Kao S. J. , Hsieh C. H.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Coastal areas adjoining rivers are nourished by both the riverborne nutrients and organic matters. Annually, the East China Sea (ECS) receives large quantities of particulate organic carbon transported from the Changjiang (Yangtze River), as well as nutrients, which have brought about high primary production in the ECS. This study evaluated the respective contributions of terrigenous organic matters (allochthonous food source) and nutrient-induced marine production (autochthonous food source) to the ECS benthic ecosystem by analyzing the stable isotope compositions for zooplankton, benthic crustacea and demersal fish. Zooplankton exhibited consistently higher δ13C values (−21.31‰ ~ −19.22‰) in the inner shelf than in the outer shelf. The δ13C signals of fish (−19.64‰ ~ −13.46‰) and crustacea (−18.87‰ ~ −15.00‰) showed strong reliance on the marine production across the ECS continental shelf, regardless of distance from the shore. Moreover, the benthic crustacea and fish exhibited significantly higher δ13C values in the highly productive inshore sites and the δ13C values decreased seawards, implying a higher intrusion of atmospheric CO2 and lower photosynthetic fractionation due to algal blooming in the inner shelf. The δ13C values of fish also showed significant positive correlations with the concentration of surface chlorophyll a and nitrogen. Riverborne nutrients closely linked marine benthic consumers to the terrestrial watershed and tightly coupled the pelagic and benthic ecosystems in the ECS. The stable isotope compositions of benthic consumers can act as an indicator for pelagic trophic status. The future research combining analyses of stable isotope and community structure may improve assessment on the balance between contribution and risk of phytoplankton blooms.
Silk as a Multifunctional Biomaterial Substrate for Reduced Glial Scarring around Brain‐Penetrating Electrodes
Authors: Tien Lee W. , Wu Fan , Tang‐Schomer Min D. , Yoon Euisik , Omenetto Fiorenzo G. , Kaplan David L.
Published: January 2013

The reliability of chronic, brain‐penetrating electrodes must be improved for these ‐neural recording technologies to be viable in widespread clinical applications. One approach to improving electrode reliability is to reduce the foreign body response at the probe‐tissue interface. In this work, silk fibroin is investigated as a candidate material for fabricating mechanically dynamic neural probes with enhanced biocompatibility compared to traditional electrode materials. Silk coatings are applied to flexible cortical electrodes to produce devices that transition from stiff to flexible upon hydration. Theoretical modeling and in vitro testing show that the silk coatings impart mechanical properties sufficient for the electrodes to penetrate brain tissue. Further, it is demonstrated that silk coatings may reduce some markers of gliosis in an in vitro model and that silk can encapsulate and release the gliosis‐modifying enzyme chondroitinase ABC. This work establishes a basis for future in vivo studies of silk‐based brain‐penetrating electrodes, as well as the use of silk materials for other applications in the central nervous system where gliosis must be controlled.
A Combined Packed‐Bed Friction Factor Equation: Extension to Higher Reynolds Number with Wall Effects
Authors: Harrison Luke D. , Brunner Kyle M. , Hecker William C.
Published: January 2013

Significance

A unique combination of classic packed bed friction factor equations and newly refit correlation constants is proposed which produces a new friction factor correlation which significantly improves predictions in high turbulence regimes, high porosity regimes, and high wall effect regimes.
Individual differences in opportunistic claiming behavior
Authors: Macintosh Gerrard , Stevens Charles D.
Published: January 2013

This study examines the role of individual difference variables in opportunistic claiming after service failure. Drawing on research in the conflict literature, social value orientation (SVO) and conflict style are investigated as possible influences. The results suggest that both SVO and conflict style impact the amount claimed and opportunistic behavior. This research provides additional insight into why claiming behavior varies even when consumers have the same experience. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Invasive hemodynamic evaluation in patients with mechanical aortic valves
Authors: Kiefer Todd L. , Wang Andrew , Harrison J. Kevin
Published: January 2013

Invasive hemodynamic evaluation in the patient with a mechanical aortic valve has in the past required transseptal or apical left ventricular puncture in order to obtain left ventricular pressure measurements. Over the last few years, several case reports have described the feasibility of using a coronary pressure‐sensing guidewire to cross mechanical prosthetic aortic valves. In the current manuscript, we report four cases in which the use of a pressure‐sensing guidewire was utilized for invasive hemodynamic diagnostic evaluation in patients with mechanical aortic valves. Furthermore, we present a detailed description of the technical approach to this technique and the limitations of this approach. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emulsion polymerisation of MMA employing a chain transfer agent of low environmental impact: ISO‐octyl‐3‐mercaptopropionate
Authors: Ronco Ludmila I. , Minari Roque J. , Cian Lorena , Vega Jorge R. , Gugliotta Luis M.
Published: January 2013

The unseeded batch‐emulsion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated using the chain transfer agent iso‐octyl‐3‐mercaptopropionate (iOMP), which exhibits a low environmental impact. The commercial iOMP is a mixture of over 10 isomers that proved adequate to control the molecular weights of poly(methyl methacrylate) with a decreasing evolution of both the number‐ and weight‐average molecular weights along the reactions. The iOMP also affects the polymerisation kinetics as a consequence of the lower reactivity of the iOMP radicals with respect to the MMA‐ended radicals. Experimental results were interpreted with the help of a first principles mathematical model. © 2013 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Pressure drop optimisation in design of multi‐stream plate‐fin heat exchangers, considering variable physical properties
Authors: Tahouni Nassim , Miryahyaie Samira , Joda Fatemeh , Fallahi Hamid Reza , Panjeshahi Mohammad Hassan
Published: January 2013

A modified method for the design of multi‐stream plate‐fin heat exchangers that considers variable physical properties is proposed in this paper. The new method, based on Pinch Technology, exploits the dependency of physical properties (heat capacity, viscosity, density and thermal conductivity) on temperature variations. A set of temperature correction factors based on variable physical properties is derived for the hot and cold streams of a multi‐stream heat exchanger. This allows calculation of effective stream pressure drops, which can lead to a valid trade‐off between operating and capital cost in the targeting stage. Accordingly, composite curves are constructed; based on the enthalpy intervals, the multi‐stream heat exchanger is subdivided into a number of block sections. A plate‐fin heat exchanger is then designed for each section by maximising the allowable effective pressure drops. Next, using a Genetic Algorithm, the method is completed in order to optimise the pressure drop of streams. Therefore, fin types for each individual stream are considered as optimising variables. By taking the variable physical properties of each stream into account and using the best fin selection, one can achieve accurate results in the design stage.
Ice‐dependent winter survival of juvenile Atlantic salmon
Authors: Hedger R. D. , Næsje T. F. , Fiske P. , Ugedal O. , Finstad A. G. , Thorstad E. B.
Published: January 2013

Changes in snow and ice conditions are some of the most distinctive impacts of global warming in cold temperate and Arctic regions, altering the environment during a critical period for survival for most animals. Laboratories studies have suggested that reduced ice cover may reduce the survival of stream dwelling fishes in Northern environments. This, however, has not been empirically investigated in natural populations in large rivers. Here, we examine how the winter survival of juvenile Atlantic salmon in a large natural river, the River Alta (Norway, 70°N), is affected by the presence or absence of surface ice. Apparent survival rates for size classes corresponding to parr and presmolts were estimated using capture‐mark‐recapture and Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber models for an ice‐covered and an ice‐free site. Apparent survival (Φ) in the ice‐covered site was greater than in the ice‐free site, but did not depend on size class (0.64 for both parr and presmolt). In contrast, apparent survival in the ice‐free site was lower for larger individuals (0.33) than smaller individuals (0.45). The over‐winter decline in storage energy was greater for the ice‐free site than the ice‐covered site, suggesting that environmental conditions in the ice‐free site caused a strong depletion in energy reserves likely affecting survival. Our findings highlight the importance of surface ice for the winter survival of juvenile fish, thus, underpinning that climate change, by reducing ice cover, may have a negative effect on the survival of fish adapted to ice‐covered habitats during winter.
Studies on the Total Synthesis of Hirtellanine A: Regioselective Synthesis of Benzopyran
Authors: Zheng Shu‐yan , Li Xiao‐ping , Tan Hong‐sheng , Yu Chun‐hui , Zhang Jing‐hua , Shen Zheng‐wu
Published: January 2013

The total synthesis of Hirtellanine A was accomplished by two different synthetic approaches. Hirtellanine A was assembled using a one‐pot, tandem acid‐mediated deprotection and tautomerization cascade starting from quinone derivative 23. The key features of the synthesis include a Houben–Hoesch reaction of aryl cyanide 3 with phloroglucinol, a one‐pot sequential boronation, a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of aryl bromide 33 with aryl iodide 26, and a base‐mediated regioselective Claisen rearrangement for the benzopyran construction.
Indium‐Promoted Diastereo‐ and Regioselective Propargylation of Chiral Sulfinylimines
Authors: García‐Muñoz M. Jesús , Zacconi Flavia , Foubelo Francisco , Yus Miguel
Published: January 2013

The reaction of different chiral imines 3 derived from aldehydes or ketones with the silylated propargyl bromide 4b under sonication in the presence of indium metal led mainly or exclusively to the formation of protected homopropargylamines 5 in a diastereoselective manner. Of special interest are the ketimine derivatives because the new stereocenter has a quaternary configuration. The selective deprotection of the two protecting groups, the silicon and sulfinyl moieties, was easily achieved by conventional methodologies.
Label‐Free Electrochemical Immunoaffinity Sensor Based on Impedimetric Method for Pesticide Detection
Authors: Tran H. V. , Reisberg S. , Piro B. , Nguyen T. D. , Pham M. C.
Published: January 2013

We present a new approach using a conducting polymer to combine immunoaffinity and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for atrazine detection. The system is based on a competitive complexation between anti‐atrazine antibody and either atrazine present in the analyzed sample or hydroxyatrazine immobilized on the sensor surface. The process allows to detect atrazine at a very low detection limit (0.2 ng L−1) in a true label‐free format (no redox probe added in solution) by following changes in the electrochemical impedance of the sensor.
The effect of wine closures on volatile sulfur and other compounds during post‐bottle ageing
Authors: He Juan , Zhou Qin , Peck Jim , Soles Rollin , Qian Michael C.
Published: January 2013

The effect of wine closures on volatile composition during post‐bottle ageing was investigated for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay wines. Natural cork, synthetic cork and screw caps with Saran–tin, Saranex and low density polyethylene (LDPE) liners were investigated over 3 years of storage. Dissolved O2 and SO2 as well as colour were monitored. Volatile sulfur compounds, esters, terpene alcohols, and C13‐norisoprenoids were quantified every 6 months over 3 years. The results showed that the LDPE screw cap gave the highest dissolved oxygen, lowest free SO2 and total SO2 in both wines, while the Saran–tin screw cap gave the lowest dissolved oxygen and the highest free SO2 and total SO2. A decrease of H2S, methanethiol, and thioacetates were observed during the 3 year ageing process for both wines, and their concentrations decreased most in wines sealed with LDPE screw caps and synthetic closures. The decrease of thioacetates was independent of closure type. The accumulation of dimethyl disulfide during storage was not obvious in these two wines. For both wines, no elevated sulfur compounds under any closure were detected; neither dimethyl disulfide nor dimethyl trisulfide were found in any of the experimental wines. Other volatiles also changed with in bottle ageing. Ethyl esters decreased during ageing, whereas ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate and ethyl 3‐methylbutanoate increased during ageing. Terpene alcohols showed a decreasing trend with ageing, as was β‐damascenone, but β‐ionone remained unchanged in Pinot Noir wine during ageing. Both wines under LDPE closure had the highest acetaldehyde at 36 months of ageing. Wine closure affected the concentration of terpene alcohols and C13‐norisoprenoids. Closure had no impact on nerolidol and citronellol, but LDPE screw‐capped wine had lower concentrations of linalool at 36 months of storage. Both wines with LPDE screw cap closures had higher β‐damascenone. Closure had no effect on β‐ionone and other compounds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.