bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Moving Line Between State Benevolence and Control: Municipal Indigent Programmes in South Africa
Authors: Ruiters Greg
Published: October 2016

‘Municipal indigents’ are a category of poor citizens who qualify to receive certain municipal services for free in South Africa. Having registered as municipal indigents, the poor not only gain access to free basic services but also embark upon a voyage into a bureaucratic underworld where policies are changed and eligibility criteria and sanctions are unevenly applied. Various preconditions and limits on services, as well as social surveillance of indigent households, has turned indigency programmes into a ‘regime’. The policy has swung from hard cost recovery (mass disconnections) during the period 1994–2000 to ‘free’ basic services and, more recently, to social-shaming and criminalisation. This paper provides a thematic account of recent municipal indigent processes in order to explore the ‘moving boundary’ between benevolence and control regarding this crucial citizen–state interface. Based on recent interviews with government officials, a review of relevant government documents, and describing the administrative complexities, the paper reveals aspects of what the poor confront in day-to-day experiences of the state. It is argued that there are lessons for all municipalities seeking a more sustainable and democratic path to citizenship rather than an ongoing low-level war with poor citizens.
Failure analysis of a frangible composite cover: A transient-dynamics study
Authors: Cai Deng’an , Zhou Guangming , Qian Yuan , Silberschmidt Vadim V
Published: October 2016

A transient-dynamics model based on the approximate Riemann algorithm is proposed for the failure analysis of a frangible composite canister cover. The frangible cover, manufactured with a traditional manual lay-up method, is designed to conduct a simulated missile launch test using a specially developed test device. Deformation of the cover’s centre is determined using a transient-dynamics finite element model; failure pressure for the frangible cover is obtained based on a failure criterion and compared with simulated experimental results. Weak-zone position of the frangible cover has a significant effect on failure pressure compared to that of deformation of the cover’s centre. With the same structure of the weak-zone, an increase in its height can first raise and then reduce the level of failure pressure of the frangible cover. Close agreements between the experimental and numerical results are observed.
Electrical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene/few-layer graphene composites fabricated by solid-state processing
Authors: Suh JY , Shin SE , Bae DH
Published: October 2016

High electrical performances of polytetrafluoroethylene composites containing few-layer graphenes are established by solid-state processing. Polytetrafluoroethylene and FLG powders are mechanically mixed without solvents at room temperature, and hot-pressed. Few-layer graphenes are attached to the polytetrafluoroethylene powder, and gradually wrap the powder surface during milling with a low milling speed. The few-layer graphene-wrapped polytetrafluoroethylene powders readily facilitate the formation of a continuous few-layer graphene network due to the contact between adjacent few-layer graphene-wrapped powders. The final composites using few-layer graphene-wrapped polytetrafluoroethylene powders include a three-dimensional conducting network. Eventually, the wrapping morphology of the polytetrafluoroethylene/few-layer graphene powder results in a remarkable electrical conductivity of 7353 Sm−1 at 30 vol. %. few-layer graphene loading.
Properties and performances of fabrics made from bio-based and degradable polylactide acid/poly (hydroxybutyrate- co-hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) filament yarns
Authors: Huang XX , Tao XM , Zhang ZH , Chen P
Published: October 2016

This paper reports a comparative experimental study of single jersey knitted fabrics made from a novel bio-based and degradable polylactide acid/poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) multi-filament yarn, together with polylactide acid , Cupro, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide 6 (PA 6) multi-filament yarns. Their structures, mechanical, thermal and surface properties and performances as well as anti-bacterial behavior are measured and compared.

It has been found that the polylactide acid/poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) filament yarn has adequate thermal and mechanical properties for normal textile and coloration/finishing processes. The Young's modulus of polylactide acid/poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) multi-filament yarn is the lowest among all the candidates investigated except for polyamide 6 (PA 6). The dyed polylactide acid/poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) fabric has the highest softness rating among all the fabrics.

Single jersey knitted fabrics from the polylactide acid/poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) filament yarn have a bursting strength, extension and recovery that satisfy the industrial requirement. In addition, after fully relaxation, the dyed polylactide acid/poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) knitted fabrics exhibit an outstanding pilling resistance, favorable snagging property, as well as good air permeability, Qmax and smoother surface. Finally, this study has led to a discovery of excellent anti-bacterial performance of 100% polylactide acid/poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) fabrics against staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, candida albicans according to AATCC100-2012.
Enhanced stability of antimicrobial bamboo fiber by launching ultra fine silver particles in a sodium dodecyl sulfate microemulsion system
Authors: Qin Guanghui , Liu Jian , Xue Yong , Ding Jiajia , Huang Naizhong , Gan Lihui , Long Minnan
Published: October 2016

Currently, the antimicrobial textile market is emerging and has rapidly developed to meet the inherent demands placed on public hygiene. Silver (Ag) is an efficient antimicrobial due to its direct function with the cellular membrane of probe samples. The application of Ag in the textile industry is limited due to its poor stability in repeatedly washing. In this study we synthesized a kind of novel antibacterial fiber containing nano-size silver particles in a reversed emulsion reaction system. The Ag nano-particles are incorporated onto the bamboo fibers solidly through primitive oxidation by sodium periodate. The identification, dependent on Staphylococcus aureus, was implemented to check the influence of the reaction conditions on the antimicrobial property. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species and the leakage of cytoplasmic contents were focused on investigating the antimicrobial mechanism. The antimicrobial assay suggested that samples from inversed micelle and aqueous system own the comparative antibacterial activity. However, samples from an emulsion system could maintain a better bactericidal property than samples from an aqueous system. Meanwhile, the reactive oxygen species and ultraviolet absorption show the same trend consistent with the antibacterial result. This result might be explained by the morphology and size of Ag particles attached on cellulose surface, which was proved by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. It was revealed that the surface-to-volume ratio of Ag particles played a more crucial role in achieving higher antimicrobial activity than the mass. This approach will provide a practical solution for the synthesis of wash-durable antimicrobial substances.
Generation of sclerosant foams by mechanical methods increases the foam temperature
Authors: Tan Lulu , Wong Kaichung , Connor David , Fakhim Babak , Behnia Masud , Parsi Kurosh
Published: October 2016

Objective

To investigate the effect of agitation on foam temperature.

Methods

Sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol were used. Prior to foam generation, the sclerosant and all constituent equipment were cooled to 4–25℃ and compared with cooling the sclerosant only. Foam was generated using a modified Tessari method. During foam agitation, the temperature change was measured using a thermocouple for 120 s.

Results

Pre-cooling all the constituent equipment resulted in a cooler foam in comparison with only cooling the sclerosant. A starting temperature of 4℃ produced average foam temperatures of 12.5 and 13.2℃ for sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol, respectively. It was also found that only cooling the liquid sclerosant provided minimal cooling to the final foam temperature, with the temperature 20 and 20.5℃ for sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol, respectively.

Conclusion

The foam generation process has a noticeable impact on final foam temperature and needs to be taken into consideration when creating foam.
The Discourse of Gifting in Embryo Donation: The Understandings of Donors, Recipients, and Counselors
Authors: Goedeke Sonja , Daniels Ken
Published: October 2016

In New Zealand, embryo donation (ED) is “open,” allowing offspring to access genetic information. Donors and recipients meet prior to donation. Drawing on interviews with 15 recipients, 22 donors, and nine counselors, this article discusses how ED may be constructed as a form of gifting. This discourse may evoke expectations that recipients will express gratitude for the gift, including through honoring contact agreements. Donation becomes a relational practice of obligations and counter-obligations. However, the gift discourse may not adequately capture the emotional sacrifice experienced by donors. Donors describe significant attachment to their embryos, ambiguity about relinquishment, and interest in offsprings’ welfare. Furthermore, embryos may be constructed as inalienable bodily gifts resulting in children with whom the donors share immutable social ties. A discourse of ED as mutual exchange, collaboration, and extended family building may be more useful to donors and recipients in managing ED.
Evidence-based policy as reflexive practice. What can we learn from evidence-based medicine?
Authors: Bal Roland
Published: October 2016

The call for evidence-based policy is often accompanied by rather uncritical references to the success of evidence-based medicine, leading to often unsuccessful translation attempts. In this paper, I reflect on the practice of evidence-based medicine in an attempt to sketch a more productive approach to translating evidence into the practice of policy making. Discussing three episodes in the history of evidence-based medicine – clinical trials, and the production and use of clinical guidelines – I conclude that the success of evidence-based medicine is based on the creation of reflexive practices in which evidence and practice can be combined productively. In the conclusion, I discuss the prospects of such a practice for evidence-based policy.
The need for a transnational approach to the material heritage of migration: The China–Australia corridor
Authors: Byrne Denis
Published: October 2016

Currently, a unilinear, nation-bounded approach is taken to the recording and interpretation of the material heritage of immigration in settler nations, largely ignoring the transnational social fields to which the immigrants who created the heritage places and buildings belonged. Focusing on Chinese migration to Australia in the 19th and 20th centuries, I offer the ‘heritage corridor’ concept as better representing the transnationally ‘stretched’ or ‘distributed’ built environment emerging from the cross-border flows of people, objects, ideas and money to which migration typically gives rise. I argue that intensities of affect and emotion have acted to entangle migrants and their relatives remaining at home in this environment. Remittance payments from Chinese migrants in Australia are shown to have been instrumental in the building of houses, temples, schools, shops, roads and bridges in the emigrant villages of Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong Province, many of which are now regarded as heritage items.
Map- or list-based recommender agents? Does the map metaphor fulfill its promise?
Authors: Reitsma Rene F. , Hsieh Ping-Hung , Diekema Anne R. , Robson Robby , Zarske Malinda
Published: October 2016

We present a spatialization of digital library content based on item similarity and an experiment which compares the performance of this spatialization relative to a simple list-based display. Items in the library are elementary school, middle school, and high school science and engineering learning resources. Spatialization and visualization are accomplished through two-dimensional interactive Sammon mapping of pairwise item similarities computed from the joint occurrence of word bigrams. The 65 science teachers participating in the experiment were asked to search the library for curricular items they would consider using as part of one or more teaching assignments. The results indicate that whereas the spatializations adequately capture the salient features of the library’s content and teachers actively use them, item retrieval rates, task-completion time, and perceived utility do not significantly differ from the semantically poorer but easier to comprehend and navigate list-based representations. These results put into question the usefulness of the rapidly increasing supply of information spatializations.
Regenerative braking control strategy based on joint high-efficiency optimization
Authors: Deng Tao , Lin Chunsong , Chen Bin , Ma Chuanfu
Published: October 2016

Traditional regenerative braking control strategies only consider how to ensure motor to work along with the battery/motor joint high-efficiency working line, but do not consider continuously variable transmission efficiency. However, continuously variable transmission efficiency varies between 70% and 95% which cannot be neglected. Based on the analysis of relationship among the battery, motor, continuously variable transmission, and synthesis efficiency, the battery/motor/continuously variable transmission joint high efficiency is calculated and obtained, and the regenerative braking control strategy is proposed. Comparing the previous control strategy with battery/motor joint high efficiency, the motor average generating efficiency increases by 2.91%, and braking energy recovery rate increases by 4.09% under Extra Urban Driving Cycle, while the motor average generating efficiency increases by 3.84%, and braking energy recovery rate increases by 5.74% under Federal Test Procedure-72 through offline simulation. Furthermore, under the hardware-in-the-loop test, the average generating efficiency increases by 2.72%, and the braking energy recovery rate increases by 5.03% under Extra Urban Driving Cycle, while the average generating efficiency increases by 3.13%, and the braking energy recovery rate increases by 3.94% under Federal Test Procedure-72. Both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop test results show that the proposed regenerative braking control strategy can realize battery, motor, and continuously variable transmission to work with joint high efficiency which can enhance braking energy recovery rate.
Experimental tests and empirical models of the cutting force and surface roughness when cutting 1Cr13 martensitic stainless steel with a coated carbide tool
Authors: Chuangwen Xu , Ting Xu , Xiangbin Yi , Jilin Zhang , Wenli Liu , Huaiyuan Li
Published: October 2016

Cutting force prediction is the key issue for planning and optimising the machining process. To explore the cutting of difficult-to-machine 1Cr13 martensitic stainless steel, an orthogonal test was conducted to study the cutting force and surface roughness under the dry, full-width milling. In addition, an empirical model, applied to the exponential forms of the cutting force and surface roughness of 1Cr13 martensitic stainless steel, was established by data processing and linear regression. It can be seen that the significance levels of the influence of cutting parameters on cutting force, surface roughness were cutting depth [Formula: see text], feed per tooth f and cutting speed v during APMT 1135 PDTR coated carbide tool milling of 1Cr13 stainless steel at high speed by testing the significance of regression relationships and their coefficients. It was found that the predictive model offered high accuracy. The cutting parameters that affect the cutting force and surface roughness in milling machining were analysed and the common rules were concluded in this article based on a series of cutting experiments. And those rules can be used as the scientific theory evidence for cutting-parameter selection in the milling machining.
Ulnohumeral dislocation despite intact radiocapitellar joint: a rare Monteggia variant
Authors: Ekholm Carl , Sampson Johan
Published: October 2016

We treated one patient with a mid-diaphyseal radius fracture and concomitant anteromedial facet fracture of the coronoid. The ulnohumeral joint was severely unstable by complete ligament detachment and interosseous membrane rupture. Despite this gross instability, the radiocapitellar was congruent and stable. The possible mechanism of radiocapitellar stability is discussed and the concept of concavity-compression stability across the radiocapitellar joint is emphasized.
Variation in dose and plasma level of lamotrigine in patients discharged from a mental health trust
Authors: Douglas-Hall Petrina , Dzahini Olubanke , Gaughran Fiona , Bile Ahmed , Taylor David
Published: October 2016

Background:

The objectives of this study were to investigate the dose of lamotrigine when prescribed with an enzyme inhibitor or enzyme inducer in patients discharged from a mental health trust and to determine the corresponding lamotrigine plasma concentrations and the factors that may affect these.

Methods:

All patients discharged on lamotrigine between October 2007 and September 2012 were identified using the pharmacy dispensing database. We recorded demographic details, lamotrigine dose and plasma levels and coprescribed medication.

Results:

During the designated period, 187 patients were discharged on lamotrigine of whom 117 had their plasma levels recorded. The mean lamotrigine daily dose was 226.1 mg (range 12.5–800 mg) and the mean plasma level 5.9 mg/l (range 0.8–18.1 mg/l). Gender, ethnicity, diagnosis and smoking status had no significant effect on dose or plasma levels. Patients taking an enzyme-inducing drug ( n = 6) had significantly lower plasma levels [mean (SD) 3.40 (1.54) mg/l] than those not taking enzyme inducers [ n = 111; 6.03 (3.13) mg/l; p = 0.043]. Patients taking an enzyme-inhibiting drug ( n = 23) had significantly higher levels [7.47 (3.99) mg/l] than those not taking an inhibitor [ n = 94; 5.52 (2.75) mg/l; p = 0.035]. No significant difference was found between the doses of lamotrigine in patients taking an enzyme inhibitor and those not taking one ( p = 0.376). No significant difference was found between the doses of lamotrigine in patients taking an enzyme-inducing drug and those not taking any ( p = 0.574).

Conclusions:

Current dosing recommendations indicate that lamotrigine doses should be halved in individuals taking enzyme inhibitors and doubled in those on enzyme inducers. In our survey these recommendations were rarely followed with the consequence that patients received too high or too low a dose of lamotrigine, respectively.
The effect of long-acting paliperidone palmitate once-monthly on negative and depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia switched from previous unsuccessful treatment with oral aripiprazole
Authors: Schreiner Andreas , Bergmans Paul , Cherubin Pierre , Hargarter Ludger
Published: October 2016

Background:

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are generally harder to recognize, more difficult to treat than positive symptoms, and have a significant impact on patient functioning and overall outcomes. Treatment with aripiprazole may be associated with benefits on negative symptoms and functioning given its partial agonism to the dopamine D2 receptor. The aim of this subanalysis was to explore the impact of flexibly dosed, long-acting paliperidone palmitate once monthly (PP1M) on negative and depressive symptoms, disorganized thoughts, anxiety, extrapyramidal symptoms, and patient functioning in nonacute adult patients with schizophrenia previously unsuccessfully treated with oral aripiprazole monotherapy.

Methods:

Post-hoc subanalysis of 46 nonacute but symptomatic patients enrolled in a prospective, interventional, single-arm, multicenter, open-label 6-month study.

Results:

At endpoint, improvements of ⩾ 20% and ⩾ 50% in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score were observed in 52.2% and 21.7% of patients, respectively. Significant and clinically relevant improvements were observed at endpoint in mean (standard deviation [SD]) PANSS negative subscale score (−3.0 (5.0); p < 0.0001) and in the PANSS Marder factor scores for negative symptoms (−2.9 (5.4); p = 0.0006), disorganized thoughts (−2.8 (4.3); p < 0.0001) and anxiety/depression (−1.8 (3.9); p = 0.0031). Patient functioning assessed by mean (SD) Personal and Social Performance scale score (3.9 (13.2); p = 0.0409), Mini International Classification of Functioning rating for Activity and Participation Disorders in Psychological Illnesses total scores (−2.9 (7.1); p = 0.0079), and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale scores (−0.6 (3.4); p = 0.0456) improved significantly at endpoint. PP1M was well tolerated with no new safety signals.

Conclusions:

Six-month treatment with flexibly dosed PP1M was associated with significant and clinically relevant improvements in negative and depressive symptoms, disorganized thoughts, functioning, and extrapyramidal symptoms in nonacute but symptomatic patients with schizophrenia previously unsuccessfully treated with oral aripiprazole.
Predicting ADR from PDR and individual adenoma‐to‐polyp‐detection‐rate ratio for screening and surveillance colonoscopies: A new approach to quality assessment
Authors: Schramm C , Scheller I , Franklin J , Demir M , Kuetting F , Nierhoff D , Goeser T , Toex U , Steffen HM
Published: October 2016

Background and aims

Adenoma detection rate (ADR) has been established as a quality indicator for screening colonoscopy. Because ADR is cumbersome to obtain in routine practice, polyp detection rate (PDR), polypectomy rate (PR) and adenoma‐to‐polyp‐detection‐rate‐ratio (APDRR) have been proposed to estimate ADR. This study aimed to evaluate APDRR in order to estimate ADR (ADRest ) in different settings.

Methods

Average risk screening and surveillance colonoscopies from a community‐based private practice and a tertiary academic hospital setting were retrospectively evaluated. APDRR was calculated as averaged group APDRR for all study procedures (APDRR) and for the first half of study procedures of each gastroenterologist (APDRRag ) or individually for each gastroenterologist on the basis of his or her first 25, 50 and 100 colonoscopies (APDRRind ). ADRest was determined from PDR by using APDRR, APDRRag, and APDRRind, respectively.

Results

A total of 2717 individuals were analyzed. Using APDRR, significant correlations between ADR and ADRest were observed for the entire (0.944, p  < 0.001), proximal (0.854, p  < 0.001), and distal (0.977, p  < 0.001) colon. These correlations were lost when APDRRag was used to estimate each gastroenterologist’s ADR for the second half of his or her included colonoscopies. However, ADR and ADRest correlated significantly with a root‐mean‐square‐error of 6.8% and 5.8% when APDRRind on the basis of each gastroenterologist’s first 50 and 100 colonoscopies was used for subsequent colonoscopies.

Conclusions

ADR for subsequent colonoscopies of an individual endoscopist can be reliably estimated from PDR by using an individually calculated APDRR. Prospective studies are needed to verify this promising approach in different practice settings.
Update on respondent-driven sampling: Theory and practical considerations for studies of persons who inject drugs
Authors: Léon Lucie , Des Jarlais Don , Jauffret-Roustide Marie , Le Strat Yann
Published: October 2016

In the last 5 years, more than 600 articles using respondent-driven sampling has been published. This article aims to provide an overview of this sampling technique with an update on the key questions that remain when using respondent-driven sampling, with regard to its application and estimators. Respondent-driven sampling was developed by Heckathorn in 1997 and was based on the principle of individuals recruiting other individuals, who themselves were recruited in previous waves. When there is no sampling frame, respondent-driven sampling has demonstrated its ability to capture individuals belonging to “hidden” or “hard-to-reach” populations in numerous epidemiological surveys. People who use drugs, sex workers, or men who have sex with men are notable examples of specific populations studied using this technique, particularly by public agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. Respondent-driven sampling, like many others, is based on a set of assumptions that, when respected, can ensure an unbiased estimator. Based on a literature review, we will discuss, among other topics, the effect of violating these assumptions. A special focus is made on surveys of persons who inject drugs. Publications show two major thrusts—methodological and applied researches—for providing practical recommendations in conducting respondent-driven sampling studies. The reasons why respondent-driven sampling did not work for a given population of interest will usually provide important insights for designing health-promoting interventions for that population.
Understanding Patients’ Process to Use Medical Marijuana
Authors: Crowell Tara L
Published: October 2016

Given the necessity to better understand the process patients need to go through in order to seek treatment via medical marijuana, this study investigates this process to better understand this phenomenon. Specifically, Compassion Care Foundation (CCF) and Stockton University worked together to identify a solution to this problem. Specifically, 240 new patients at CCF were asked to complete a 1-page survey regarding various aspects associated with their experience prior to their use of medicinal marijuana—diagnosis, what prompted them to seek treatment, level of satisfaction with specific stages in the process, total length of time the process took, and patient’s level of pain. Results reveal numerous patient diagnoses for which medical marijuana is being prescribed; the top 4 most common are intractable skeletal spasticity, chronic and severe pain, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Next, results indicate a little over half of the patients were first prompted to seek alternative treatment from their physicians, while the remaining patients indicated that other sources such as written information along with friends, relatives, media, and the Internet persuaded them to seek treatment. These data indicate that a variety of sources play a role in prompting patients to seek alternative treatment and is a critical first step in this process. Additional results posit that once patients began the process of qualifying to receive medical marijuana as treatment, the process seemed more positive even though it takes patients on average almost 6 months to obtain their first treatment after they started the process. Finally, results indicate that patients are reporting a moderately high level of pain prior to treatment. Implication of these results highlights several important elements in the patients’ initial steps toward seeking medical marijuana, along with the quality and quantity of the process patients must engage in prior to obtaining treatment. In addition, identifying patients’ level of pain and better understanding the possible therapeutic value of medical marijuana are essential to patients and health practitioners.
The NLRP3 inflammasome functions as a driver of the myelodysplastic syndrome phenotype
Authors: Basiorka Ashley A. , McGraw Kathy L. , Eksioglu Erika A. , Chen Xianghong , Johnson Joseph , Zhang Ling , Zhang Qing , Irvine Brittany A. , Cluzeau Thomas , Sallman David A. , Padron Eric , Komrokji Rami , Sokol Lubomir , Coll Rebecca C. , Robertson Avril A. B. , Cooper Matthew A. , Cleveland John L. , O’Neill Luke A. , Wei Sheng , List Alan F.
Published: October 2016

Key Points

Key biological features of MDSs are explained by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which drives pyroptotic cell death and β-catenin activation. Alarmin signals and founder gene mutations license this redox-sensitive inflammasome platform.
MGUS to myeloma: a mysterious gammopathy of underexplored significance
Authors: Dhodapkar Madhav V.
Published: October 2016

All cases of multiple myeloma (MM) are preceded by precursor states termed monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or smoldering myeloma (SMM). Genetic analyses of MGUS cells have provided evidence that it is a genetically advanced lesion, wherein tumor cells carry many of the genetic changes found in MM cells. Intraclonal heterogeneity is also established early during the MGUS phase. Although the genetic features of MGUS or SMM cells at baseline may predict disease risk, transition to MM involves altered growth of preexisting clones. Recent advances in mouse modeling of MGUS suggest that the clinical dormancy of the clone may be regulated in part by growth controls extrinsic to the tumor cells. Interactions of MGUS cells with immune cells, bone cells, and others in the bone marrow niche may be key regulators of malignant transformation. These interactions involve a bidirectional crosstalk leading to both growth-supporting and inhibitory signals. Because MGUS is already a genetically complex lesion, application of new tools for earlier detection should allow delineation of earlier stages, which we term as pre-MGUS. Analyses of populations at increased risk of MGUS also suggest the possible existence of a polyclonal phase preceding the development of MGUS. Monoclonal gammopathy in several patients may have potential clinical significance in spite of low risk of malignancy. Understanding the entire spectrum of these disorders may have broader implications beyond prevention of clinical malignancy.
Evaluation of Out-of-Plane Wall Anchorage Force Provisions in Buildings with Rigid Walls and Flexible Roof Diaphragms
Authors: Koliou Maria , Lawson John , Filiatrault Andre , Kelly Dominic J.
Published: October 2016

Heavy concrete and masonry walled buildings with lightweight steel or wood flexible roof diaphragms are a common type of construction in North America. Failures of the out-of-plane wall anchorage to these roof systems and the resulting partial roof collapses during past earthquakes have led to repeated revisions to the seismic design provisions in the U.S. model building codes. However, the force levels considered in the current design provisions have remained largely unchanged since their introduction in the 1997 Uniform Building Code, and these provisions have not been fully tested by strong ground motions in the field. Using a two dimensional numerical framework, a series of nonlinear time history dynamic analyses on various building archetypes were conducted to evaluate the validity of the current wall anchorage design force levels. The results of this study reveal that the current wall anchorage design forces are generally appropriate, but with some very significant exceptions.
Imaging for Adults With Seizures and Epilepsy
Authors: Lapalme-Remis Samuel , Cascino Gregory D.
Published: October 2016

Purpose of Review: This article discusses structural and functional neuroimaging findings in patients with seizures and epilepsy. The indications for neuroimaging in these patients and the potential diagnostic utility of these studies are presented.

Recent Findings: Patients presenting with new seizures typically require urgent imaging to rule out a critical underlying cause. MRI is the structural neuroimaging procedure of choice in individuals with epilepsy. Specific epilepsy protocols should be considered to increase the diagnostic yield of neuroimaging in patients with structural lesions associated with focal or generalized seizures. Common epileptogenic pathologic processes include mesial temporal sclerosis, malformations of cortical development, focal encephalomacia, primary brain tumors, vascular malformations, and neurocysticercosis. Functional neuroimaging studies are usually restricted to the evaluation of patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy who are being considered for surgical treatment.

Summary: The role of neuroimaging in epilepsy depends on the appropriate clinical indication. In patients without known epilepsy presenting with acute seizures, structural imaging is essential to rule out an underlying etiology (eg, subdural hematoma) that may require a specific therapeutic intervention. In individuals with new or previously uninvestigated epilepsy, MRI serves multiple purposes, including identifying a causative focal lesion and helping to diagnose the epilepsy type. In a significant number of patients with epilepsy, the MRI results are normal or reveal indeterminate findings. For patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, functional neuroimaging techniques, such as fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or functional MRI (fMRI), may assist in surgical planning, especially in patients with MRI-negative epilepsy, whose prognosis for a seizure-free outcome after surgery is worse than for patients with an epileptogenic lesion on structural MRI.
Potential Safety Issues Related to the Use of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents
Authors: Pinter Nandor K. , Klein Joshua P. , Mechtler Laszlo L.
Published: October 2016

Purpose of Review: This article reviews recent research on gadolinium deposit formation in the brain linked to contrast-enhanced MRI studies.

Recent Findings: Human and animal studies have confirmed the presence of gadolinium in the brain following the serial administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents. This is a relatively new and growing field of research primarily driven by concerns regarding unknown and potentially harmful side effects of gadolinium-based contrast agents. Retrospective observational in vivo studies in humans demonstrated T1 shortening effects in the brain parenchyma resulting from gadolinium exposure. These studies were followed by postmortem human and animal studies. Evidence exists that gadolinium may cause deposits in the brain and that this may occur independently of impaired renal function and in the presence of an intact blood-brain barrier. Gadolinium deposition has been linked primarily with the use of linear, rather than macrocyclic, gadolinium-based contrast agents.

Summary: The formation of gadolinium deposits and its implications have been the focus of only a small number of research groups. The currently available data must be verified, and the potential factors that may be linked to this phenomenon and the clinical significance must be explored. Depending on future findings, changes in the clinical application of gadolinium-based contrast agents may be expected.
Imaging of Pituitary and Parasellar Disorders
Authors: Fenstermaker Robert , Abad Ajay
Published: October 2016

Purpose of Review: This article reviews sellar and parasellar anatomy and the appearance of normal bone and soft tissue components on both CT and MRI. Pituitary gland structure and function are discussed with respect to hormone secretion, along with clinical syndromes caused by perturbations in hormone levels. Syndromes and specific diseases in the sellar and parasellar regions are discussed along with characteristic clinical features and imaging findings.

Recent Findings: Bone and calcifications are best visualized with CT scans, while soft tissues are better defined using MRI. Some lesions have characteristic enhancement patterns with contrast; the presence of delayed contrast uptake further narrows the differential.

Summary: Lesions that commonly occur in the sellar and parasellar region include benign and malignant tumors, cysts, vascular pathology, inflammatory processes, and abscesses. Knowledge of sellar and parasellar anatomy and attention to the use and interpretation of various imaging modalities can be of great assistance to the clinician when formulating a differential diagnosis for lesions in this region.
Bound to Labor
Authors: Noys Benjamin
Published: October 2016

The work of Marx has often been treated as an ontology and metaphysics of labor, and this “ontology” has often been resisted in the name of life. In particular, in a series of recent theoretical works, the “savage ontology of life,” as Foucault names it, has been posed against the “limits” of political economy and Marx. This claim to escape the bind of labor and of Marx is critiqued by a return to the early Marx and the early Derrida to explore a different reading of the binding of life to labor. Contrary to Derrida's later reading, in Specters of Marx (1994), which tends to confine Marx to the metaphysics of presence and of labor, this reading considers the early Marx alongside Derrida's early reading of Antonin Artaud to disrupt this bind. The work of Marx is reread as a complex and fissured probing of the problem of detachment from the bind to labor that is never a pure escape. This is not to reinforce our real binding to labor but a way to suggest new forms of mapping and thinking this binding as contradictory and as capable of being exploded from within.
Case Report: Emergency awake craniotomy for cerebral abscess in a patient with unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease
Authors: D’Antico Corinne , Hofer André , Fassl Jens , Tobler Daniel , Zumofen Daniel , Goettel Nicolai
Published: October 2016

We report the case of a 39-year-old male with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease undergoing emergency craniotomy for a cerebral abscess. Maintenance of intraoperative hemodynamic stability and adequate tissue oxygenation during anesthesia may be challenging in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. In this case, we decided to perform the surgery as an awake craniotomy after interdisciplinary consensus. We discuss general aspects of anesthetic management during awake craniotomy and specific concerns in the perioperative care of patients with congenital heart disease.
DEVELOPMENT OF RELIABILITY CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF ROTOR TECHNICAL STATE ON SLIDER BEARINGS UNDER OPERATION CONDITIONS
Authors: Куменко Александр , Kumenko Aleksandr , Кузьминых Николай , Kuzminykh Nikolay
Published: October 2016

The problems of methodical improvement in the application of shaft sensors for the systems of vibration control, monitoring and automatic diagnostics of a technical state of power plants are considered. The assessment of a current standard basis for vibratory control systems is given and its imperfection for the assessment of the technical state of rotors and turboset bearings is shown. The criteria for vibration reliability of rotors and bearings of turbosets with their rotors supported by slider bearings are offered. The criteria for the evaluation of a technical state and vibration reliability of rotors under operation conditions take into account the application of a complete system of shaft sensors in accordance with RSS 55263-2012. The criteria formulated are necessary for the as-sessment of a technical state in modern systems of automatic diagnostics. In addition to conventional vibration parameters (according to RSS 55263-2012 and RSS 55265.2-2012) there are offered in addition about two tens of parameters. Besides there are offered boundary values of these parameters exceeding ones reduces a vibration reliability and general reliability of shafting. The criteria are obtained on the basis of experimental and rated works by the authors for turbosets of 60-1200MWt TES and APP. The concept for the improvement of the systems of monitoring and automatic diagnostics for electric power installations with the use of shaft sensors is offered. The examples of modeling a number of defects at starting and stationary work are shown.
Anti-wear additives influence upon hydrodynamic friction mode parameters in bearings of internal-combustion engines
Authors: Задорожная Елена , Zadorozhnaya Elena , Мухортов Игорь , Mukhortov Igor , Почкайло Ксения , Pochkaylo Kseniya
Published: October 2016

An essential condition to ensure an engine life having 300,000 – 1 000,000 km according to race consists in assurance of a minimum wear rate of crankshaft bearings. For such units as connectingrod bearings a maximum allowable value of bearing brass wear makes 100 mkm which corresponds to an integral linear wear intensity of 10-14 …10-13 that is possible only at a hydrodynamic mode of friction actually at all modes of engines operations. Ensuring liquid friction in all range of contact pressures is achieved both through design methods, and technological ones. To the latter belongs first of all the application of lubricants with high wearresistant properties. In this connection arises a problem to reveal a mechanism and degree of the effect of lubricant components upon a range of contact pressure where liquid friction is realized. This paper reports the experimental evidences of the increase of contact pressures at which is achieved a minimum value of a constant of friction at the introduction in lubricant a standard wear-resistant additive – dialkyldithiophosphate of zinc (ZDDP). So, at the introduction in coal oil without additives I-20A (viscosity type ISO 32) 1.25 and 2.5% ZGGP maxi-mum contact pressure at which is realized a hydrody-namic mode of friction increases by 1.8 and 2 times accordingly. Because of impossibility to explain experimental data by a chemical interaction of ZDDP with surface material of tribo-coupling there is offered and substantiated a mechanism of ZDDP influence upon rheological parameters of lubricant in a separation layer. A rheological model allowing the computation of the wearresistant additives influence upon a value of hydrodynamic pressures in a lubrication layer is of-fered. The idea of the initiation by a wearresistant additive of multimolecular adsorption of lubricant on the surface of tribocoupling may be used for the optimization of ZDDP structure and also for the prognostication of changes in pressure coefficient of viscosity in a lubrication layer.
LUBRICANT TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE UPON PULSE HYDROPNEUMATIC DRIVE OPERATION
Authors: Калашникова Наталия , Kalashnikova Nataliya , Грядунова Елена , Gryadunova Elena , Журавлева Анжелика , Zhuravleva Anzhelika , Горина Мария , Gorina Mariya , Горин Андрей , Gorin Andrey
Published: October 2016

A pulse hydropneumatic drive can make a percussive effect up to 15,000 J. A head carrying out a pulse effect (a blow) on an object is cocked in an operation position by liquid. At the same time occurs a compression of a working body (gas) in a gas accumulator. The pulse influence occurs because of head acceleration at the expense of a working body in a pneumatic accumulator.

The operation of a pulse hydropneumatic drive depends on a number of parameters: viscosity and temperature of operating fluid, pressure of pneumatic accumulator initial charge and others. In the course of work oil becomes warm because of a high rate of travel in control equipment of a pulse drive in hydromains that results in changes in blow energy.

A simulator describing stages and acceleration of the head of a pulse hydro-pneumatic drive. As a result of a numerical experiment carried out in the en-vironments of Mathcad and Matlab there are obtained dependences of blow energy upon working liquid tem-perature.

To investigate the influence of different parameters of a pulse hydro-pneumatic drive upon its operation was designed and carried out a test bench which allows changing different parameters of a drive in a wide range. The experimental dependences of blow energy upon temperature of a working body and the dependences of blow energy upon working liquid viscosity are obtained. A comparative analysis of theoretical and experimental results which has given good convergence is carried out.

The conclusions obtained: the operation of a pulse hydro-pneumatic drive is effected greatly both by the viscosity of a working body, and its temperature; the best values of head energy correspond to the mean viscosity of working liquid; to obtain a constant of blow energy it is necessary to use working liquids with stable viscosity at high tempera-tures: it is expedient that different additives should be used in working liquid to reduce a constant of friction and wear-resistance increase.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS PECULIARITIES OF SUSPENSION TRUCK TRAVEL IN BRIDGE CRANE WITH LINEAR DRIVE
Authors: Денисов Илья , Denisov Ilya , Гончаров Кирилл , Goncharov Kirill , Ильин Евгений , Ilin Evgeniy
Published: October 2016

The paper reports the results of a dynamic analysis of suspension truck travel in a bridge crane with a linear drive. As compared with the existing designs this drive possesses a number of advantages and distinguishing capacities which should be taken into account at the formation of dynamic models. So, the interaction force between the elements of an electric motor affects the resistance value to a truck travel of friction forces.

A nominal operating rate of linear electric motors exceeds 1 m/sec. The operating rates of the travel of most loadlifting machines and their separate elements are within the bounds of 0.1 – 1 m/sec. It is evident that even to maintain the same rate of travel the introduction of a control system is necessary. On the other hand, linear electric motors with the control systems possess high dynamic characteristics and may be used to reduce load oscillations on a flexible suspension which is particularly significant for technological cranes.

A dynamic analysis is carried out for a singlemass and doublemass models. The results of computations confirmed a necessity for the drive control to obtain a working speed of movement and also to reduce load oscillations and dynamic loads upon mechanisms and a metal structure of a loadlifting machine. The analysis has also shown that a singlemass model does not give a complete comprehension of changes in a speed of a mechanism at acceleration and it should not be used at the design computations of movement mechanisms of this type.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF QUALITY METRICS FORMATION PROCESS DURING PLASTIC MILLING
Authors: Черданцев Павел , Cherdantsev Pavel , Марков Андрей , Markov Andrey , Катаева Софья , Kataeva Sofya , Гайст Сергей , Gayst Sergey , Лапенков Евгений , Lapenkov Evgeniy
Published: October 2016

Composite materials are widely used in mechanical engineering, but at edge cutting machining, in particular, during milling these materials a number of peculiarities arise which must be taken into account at the definition of cutting modes and design-geometrical parameters of cutters. Besides, new composite materials machining does not allow using effectively the recommendations developed earlier. In such a way, to solve such a problem it is necessary to carry out experimental investigations on the analysis of the influence of milling mode characteristics and design-geometrical of a tool upon values of roughness of a surface processed and tool wear. As a cutter for investigations there were taken hardmetal endmilling cutters of TC-8 (tungstencobalt) type, the experimental samples – pipes made of composite material with oblique longi-tudinal-transverse fiber winding (OLTFW). As varied parameters were adopted cutting modes: cutting speed V, m/min, feed S, mm/tooth and milling depth t, mm. During the experiments were controlled the following parameters: tool wear Δ, mkm, roughness of the surface Ra, mkm and a depth of a faulty layer h, mkm.

To carry out the experiments there was offered an original design of an assembly milling cutter which allows defining in an experimental way optimum geo-metrical parameters of a tools to achieve output milling parameters specified. On the basis of experiments data there are obtained dependences allowing the estimate of parameter modes influence upon the period of cutter duration at the same time a temperature is affected mostly by a milling depth and a feed on a tooth affects the wear of an end flank.