bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Academic Standing, Peer Preference and Conduct in Caribbean Village Children: Are Good Scholars More Popular?
Authors: Durbrow Eric H. , Wagstaff David A. , Turk Norman
Published: March 2007

In developed countries, researchers who study competence in children have reported weak to moderate correlations among the three most commonly considered domains: academic per formance, peer relations, and conduct. Associations among these domains have not been studied in children who live in villages in developing countries where developmental processes may differ from those observed in developed countries. To do so, we assessed 168 village children who were between the ages of 6 and 12, and lived on the East Caribbean island of St. Vincent. We found that academic performance was mildly correlated with peer preference such that children with higher grades were more preferred as playmates. We also found that poor abstract reasoning and learning-related problems influenced academic performance, which in turn, led to low peer preference. One possible explanation is that academic and peer domains are correlated because of children's awareness of classmates'academic standing.
The Applicability of Freire's Method of Teaching Literacy in a Third World Context
Authors: Kiwia Sixtus F.N.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports findings on the use and applicability of the method of teaching advocated by Paulo Freire. It underscores the proposition that a method of teaching cannot be neutral; thus teaching methods are used with the aim of facilitating achieve ment of specifically desired objectives. The paper tries to verify the proposition that the ultimate objective of Freire's method of teaching literacy is to awaken and raise the participants' conscience against the ills of oppression and exploitation, and goes on to discuss the extent to which the method could be used as a strategy for speeding up the development process of a nation, by using education as a tool of transformation. The generative words used to experiment with the method were obtained from a survey conducted in Ubungo ward in Tanzania. The procedures employed in the method are outlined, describing the actual stages employed to teach a literacy class by following Freire's Method of teaching literacy. The applicability of the method is then described in view of the results of the experiment and in the context of Tanzania as a Third World country, with the aim of generalising the results to other developing countries. The results of the study proved that the method was applicable in the Tanzanian context, and has some implications for development, to other Third World countries, and to the process of learning in general.
Critical Factors of Work-Family Linkage: An Application of Lens Model to Generate Indigenous Dimensions
Authors: Sahoo Fakir M. , Bidyadhar Shwetaleena
Published: March 2007

The present study used the lens model to generate idiographic data in the context of individual judgement of work-family conflict/harmony. This model takes an individual's differential dependence on various cues in a social judgement situation into account. Thirty females and 30 males participated in the two sessions of the study. Each participant was presented with 25 profiles. Each profile contained bar diagrams depicting differential magnitudes of harmony factors. The magnitude of each factor was systematically varied across profiles. Each participant was asked to examine a profile and indicate the extent of harmony experienced on a 20-point scale. This procedure was repeated for conflict factors. Child-related support emerged as the most significantfactor. Emotional supportfrom spouse and clarity ofdivision of duties were moderately significant. Temperamental differences betweenpartners was a significant conflict-inducing criterion. Family demands and work obligations were significant for females only. Apart from generating relevant dimensions for the study of work- family linkages, the study also offered a possible framework of deriving indigenous parameters with the help of the lens model.
Beyond Ego's Domain: Emotion, Rationality and Praj nana
Authors: Roy Ramashray
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the salience of emotions in human behaviour. Examining different areas of human knowledge, the article argues that Descartes' position led to the suppression of emotions in knowledge construction and established the primacy of objective knowledge. More recent perspectives are descrihed which suggest that emotions constitute the framework of rationality. Three key issues related to the nature of rationality and "appropriate" emotions and the Jungian solution of the integration of reason and emotion are identified. A critique of the different paradigms of rationality: Platonic (including Socrates), Enlightenment (Hobbes), and Hegelian is presented and their implications for resolving these issues are discussed. An analysis of these three paradigms indicates that it is not rationality per se but the world-view in which rationality is embedded that defines the purpose of human life. The article focuses on the reintegration of reason and emotion at a higher level which is symbolised by the self. In this context, the Vedic perspective which stresses the need to rise above nature to gain an understanding of reality is discussed.
"One Country, Two Systems": A Psychological Perspective
Authors: SHU LI
Published: March 2007

"One Country, Two Systems" is the policy that will guide China's recent resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong. In examining howpeople categorise capitalism by using Hong Kong/China as one of the paired stimuli, results show that there is a significant difference between the Chinese sample and the Australian sample in making a similarity judgment and, most important, those who tended to judge Hong Kong/China as more likely to bea capitalist nation are not Chinese subjects but their Australian counterparts. The results are interpreted to suggest that people do not behave in a qualitative way of thinking and the differences are discussed in terms of the cognitive dynamics that may cause more disparate judgings to occur.
Rokeya Sakhawat Hosain's Gyanphal and Muktiphal: A Critique of the Iconography of the Nation-as-Mother
Authors: Dutta Kalyani
Published: March 2007

Our focus is more specifically textual as we attempt a recovery and celebration of early feminist writings. We are introduced to two allegorical fables by the early-20th-century Bengali educa tionist and writer, Rokeya Sakhawat Hosain. Hosain's stories are feminist critiques of anti- colonial nationalism, which are still relevant and continue to delight with their irony and pene trating intelligence. In these two stories we find the ideal and the weak mother of the nation dealt with allegorically, the polemical purpose being to advocate the education of women in the interests of building a strong society and nation.
Gendering Resistance, Domesticating Violence in Korean Prison Literature
Authors: Park You-Me
Published: March 2007

This article explores how we may empower women in the context of state/prison/oppositional movements when women are categorically excluded from political actions, mass mobilisation, struggles against and for state power. Via a close reading of prison literature produced in post-colonial, post-Korean-War Korea, I rethink the relationship between resistance and revolution, unencumbered by the gendered understanding of each term. I argue that we need rigorously to read the gendered workings of state power and its economic, political and cultural structures as well as oppositional movements, with a view to fundamentally reconceptualising and redefining where power resides and what it means to have power. Only then will we be able to imagine resistance and revolution that are not contradictory to each other.
Gender and Reproductive Behaviour: The Role of Men
Authors: Hussain Sabiha
Published: March 2007

Concerned groups have in recent times argued strongly in favour of bringing men into the centre of debate and research on family planning, population control and the reproductive health of women. However, women continue as always to be treated as objects in families and communities, as well as in policies and programmes. The entire reproductive process from pregnancy to childbirth is a complex phenomenon that is socially and culturally determined, and women are excluded from decision making on issues concerning their own lives and bodies. Further, state policies and contraceptive technologies are mostly targeted at women. The implications of both social norms and state policies are reflected at the micro level of household. Based on a larger study, the paper shows that religion is a less influential factor than male dominance and cultural norms. The provision of better health and medical facilities by the government could, however, make a big difference to women's health as well as population control.
A 19th-century Woman Poet of Punjab: Peero
Authors: Bal Gurpreet
Published: March 2007

This article explores society, religion and identity in the poetry of a 19th-century woman poet of Punjab. Widely regarded as the first woman poet of Punjab, Peero wrote her autobiography in verse. In the process, she transcended the individual limits set by her condition and moved to a general exposition of the position of women in Punjabi society. Subsequently, she built a critique of the exploitative nature of the society: her critique was to focus on three major religions, Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism, as all of them made claims and counter-claims of equality in their discourses.
The Long Road Ahead: Engendering Conflict Analysis in South Asia
Authors: Navnita Chadha Behera
Published: March 2007

The Beijing Plus Five forum as well as the Women Building Peace campaign spear- headed by International Alert have brought the issue of women in armed conflict to the centre stage. This discussion addresses the changing character of conflict and the nature of conflict studies in international relations and the question of gender therein. It outlines some broad conceptual milestones or recognisable and shared processes of engendering research in the area of conflict analysis and seeks to under stand and analyse the key characteristics of gender-aware analyses in the context of the South Asian region.
Power-in- use: Secular and Sacred Aspects
Authors: Basu Arabinda
Published: March 2007

This article offers a brief historical analysis of power-in-use by both secular and sacred institutions. With examples the author shows that while both sacred religion and secular science have tried to correct each other's shortcomings, the virus of separative egoism has afflicted them both. While the sacred implies reduction of egoism as an indispensable precondition, yet this is frequently forgotten. So abuse of power often accompanies the sacred as well. This unfortunate tendency is a problem that needs attention.
The Innocence of Corruption
Authors: Lobo F.L.
Published: March 2007

Corruption is consciously taking advantage of one's special position, power or wealth for personal gain. It is spreading because there is ignorance and absence of adequate knowledge on the subject and how to correct and control it. Added to this is the innocence of the believers in the infallibility of the legal, political, bureau cratic and other social systems. They become the victims of the exploiters of the system who know the system weaknesses and how to take advantage of it for their personal gain. There are two levels of corruption—the grand corruption of those in power and the petty corruption of the lower levels. Corruption is a malady affecting both affluent and poor nations. while affluent nations do not exhibit much evidence of petty cor ruption, poor nations are subject to the effects of both grand and petty corruption from within their own bor ders and the effects of the grand corruption by the affluent. Social systems, value education, spiritual leam ing and character building are necessary to eradicate this cancer.
Ethics and Integrity for Developing Democratic Governance Capability
Authors: Oquist Paul
Published: March 2007

This reflective essay argues that the synergistic combination of anti-corruption and ethics, and integrity improvement, oversight and citizen participation actions can facilitate transparency, accountability and responsiveness as part of democratic governance capacity building. International learning experiences are an important source of information and analysis for countries undertaking programmes in this area in order to meet the ethics and integrity challenges of the twenty-first century.
Are Scientists in Developing Countries Isolated?
Authors: Shrum Wesley , Campion Patricia
Published: March 2007

Most scholars and development experts assume that scientists in developing countries are isolated, although some posit that they are part of a global scientific community. This paper seeks to determine the size of professional networks for scientists in less developed countries (LDC) as well as the distribution of their ties across organisational contexts and locations. Professional contact networks of scientists in Africa and Asia were determined in personal interviews with 293 researchers in universities, government laboratories and non-governmental organisations. Contrary to expectations, researchers in the least devel oped countries do not have the smallest networks. Results indicate that: (a) international and domestic networks are inversely related, (b) education abroad increases contact with the developed world for scientists in state institutes and non-government organisations, but not for academics, and (c) there are reduced returns to education for researchers in the least developed research systems. Our primary conclusion is that the characterisation of LDC scientists as 'isolated' is misleading when their professional networks are concen trated in local arenas.
Cultural Wars and New Technologies: The Discourse of Plant Breeding and the Professionalisation of Mexican Agronomy, 1880-1994
Authors: Cotter Joseph
Published: March 2007

This article traces the evolution of the 'discourse of plant breeding' through four periods of Mexico's history: The Age of Liberalism (1880-1910), the era of revolution and reform (1910-40), the 'Economic Miracle' (1940-68) and the crisis of the revolution (1968-94). The development of plant breeding played a critical role in the professionalisation of Mexi can agronomy, and reflected larger changes in the Mexican political system, society and economy. Mexico's agronomists took advantage of political changes to establish and cement an alliance with the state and used it to advance the interests of their profession. The agronomists' struggled to find a place in society during the Age of Liberalism and finally obtained limited assistance from the state by offering to advance its economic pro ject. The Mexican Revolution (1910-20) gave them an opportunity to serve the state's political agenda by participating in its land reform and cultural programmes. During the 1940s and afterwards the agronomists maintained their alliance with the state by becom ing plant breeders and producing the Green Revolution, which contributed to the Eco nomic Miracle and deflected criticism of the land reform. Lastly, I evaluate the impact of the crisis of the revolution on Mexican agronomy and consider how the agronomists' path to professionalisation affected Mexico's agricultural development.
The 'Marriage' of 'Hindu' and 'Turak': Medieval Rajput Histories of Jalor
Authors: Sreenivasan Ramya
Published: March 2007

This essay reads two medieval Rajput accounts of the conquest of Jalor by the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin Khalji—Padmanabha's Kanhadde Pra bandh, composed circa 1455 and the account in Muhata Nainsi's Khyat, composed circa 1660—to uncover the changing memory of the fall of Jalor in medieval Rajput courts. Both accounts reveal the pressures of their patronage contexts, as they shape interpretations of the loss of Jalor to the Sultan. Such compulsions are articulated in modified visions of Kanhadde's kingship, legitimacy and the gendered relations between Rajputs and Turks. The essay concludes with an attempt to locate the audiencesfor such local histories between the fifteenth and twentieth cen turies, and to trace the changing significance of the event for them between then and now.
AIDS Awareness among Young Ragpickers
Authors: Purohit Surabhi , Moorjani Mamta
Published: March 2007

The results of this study reveal that there is a positive relationship between knowledge, attitudes and adopted practices involving risk behavior of AIDS among ragpickers. Differences between the two age groups-18 to 24 years and 25 to 30 years-regarding education, knowledge and practices were found to be significant. Also, a significant difference was found in marital status with reference to attitudes towards AIDS, but knowledge and attitude were not found to be related to gender. Both women and men had equal awareness of AIDS
Role Stress and Job Satisfaction amongst Doctors
Authors: Pestonjee D.M. , Mishra Prabhat Kumar
Published: March 2007

The present study was undertaken with the intention of examining the nature of role stress and job satisfaction among doctors, and to explore the relationship between these variables. A group of 35 junior doctors working at primary health centres (PHC) and another group of 35 senior doctors attached to various district level hospitals served as sample for the study. To attain the objectives of the study, two psychometric instruments—the Organisational Role Stress Scale (Pareek 1983) and the Employees'Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction Inventory (Pestonjee 1981)—were admin istered to the sample population to obtain data pertaining to the role stress and job satisfaction variables. The data were analysed in terms of the t-test and coefficients of correlation. The results of the study revealed no significant differences between the two groups, except in the management area of job satisfaction and the inter-role distance (IRD) dimension of role stress. Further, job satisfaction variables correlated negatively with all the dimensions of role stress in the case of both groups.
Crisis and Recovery: The Relevance of the Path to Emergence of East Asian Capitalism
Authors: Chong Ju Choi  , Millar Carla , Hilton Brian
Published: March 2007

The East Asian economic crisis of 1997 and the rapid recovery by 1999 has become a widely debated topic among researchers; its analysis primarily based on economic theories of financial crises and their origins. This paper sets out to show how analyses based on an institutional and organizational perspective can add insight to the problem. This view is consistent with the decades of success that occurred prior to the crisis. It is dependent on an analysis of capitalism and its associated system of governance that has evolved in East Asia. This paper has two purposes. First, to provide an explanatory analysis of the East Asian success story from the sixties to 1997; the crisis of 1997 to 1999; and the subsequent recovery. Second, to provide an interdisciplinary and management approach to analyzing the interaction between national and institutional organizations that are developing internationally, autonomous of the control of any nation state, and their impact, viability and sustainability as a result of globalization.
The Long-run Performance of Initial Public Offerings in China
Authors: Xia Xinping  , Wang Yixia
Published: March 2007

This article is an empirical study on the long-run performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in China, using a sample of 146 A-share firms who made their initial offerings within July 1997 and December 1998. The results show that IPOs in China outperform the market both in the short run and in the long run, with adjusted initial returns of 116.35 per cent and 3-year cumulative adjusted returns of 25.91 per cent. Further investigation shows that the size effect, the investors' long-existing overreaction and the specu lative bubbles in the market can be explanations for the short-run and long- run outperformance of IPOs.
The Downside Risk and Equity Evaluation: Emerging Market Evidence
Authors: Jianguo Chen  , Chen Dar-Hsin
Published: March 2007

In this paper we employ several risk measures to evaluate the equity returns in emerging markets. We focus on a downside risk approach, in particular, with shortfall probability, expected shortfall, downside variance and downside deviation. Our results show that return variance is important in explaining the same-period return. When the risk measure is used to predict future risk premium, the relative-to-zero downside variance (deviation) is a better measure than the total variance (deviation). This new risk measure is not only aligned with people's normal risk sense, but also consistent with the available information in portfolio management.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN SPORTS
Authors: Kidd Bruce , Donnelly Peter
Published: March 2007

This article, inspired by the activities surrounding the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, examines both the development and potential of human rights initiatives in sports. Following a general discussion of the development and status of human rights, we turn specifically to the issue of human rights in sports, both in terms of the human rights of athletes and in terms of a more basic right to participate in sport and physical activity. We provide examples of campaigns against racism and apartheid, for gender equity and for athletes' rights; and we consider examples of some current strategic campaigns for children's and workers' rights in relation to sport and physical activity, and against the attack on public support of sport and physical activity. We conclude with some suggestions for carrying out campaigns for human rights in sport.
The Sociology of Sport Reassessed in Light of the Phenomenon of Zygmunt Bauman
Authors: Blackshaw Tony
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a critical reassessment of the sociology of sport through the work of Zygmunt Bauman. After suggesting that some of the chief protagonists in the sociology of sport have become resistant to new bold points of view, I provide a brief intellectual sketch of Bauman's project and offer a thumbnail introduction to his sociology of postmodernity. I go on to suggest that most classical sociological approaches in sport tend towards doctrinairism and in the context of this debate discuss figurationalism, as it is paradigmatic of the sociology of sport. Drawing on Bauman's sociology of intellectuals, two related characterizations of figurationalism are critically discussed which relate to its historically distinctive roles in the sociology of sport. Thereafter I offer a critical comparison of figurationalism mark two with Gary Armstrong's apocalyptic interpretive position and suggest that neither offers an appropriate model of intellectual inquiry for the sociology of sport to pursue as they each reflect the two extremes of the continuum across the intellectual activity in our field of study. I conclude with some proposals that suggest a theory of the proselytizing role of intellectuals in `liquid' modernity and an alternative vision for the sociology of sport.
Strategic for Reforming University/State Relationships: Australia's Experience Sets Example
Authors: McGuire Harriet C.
Published: March 2007

A 1992 World Bank report, Universities in Africa: Strategies for Stabilization and Revitalization, recommended reforms of university/state financial relationship in Africa.

The article notes the similarities between universities in Australia and Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) in 1980, when higher education on both continents was 90 percent financed by the national government, and the differences today, when almost half of Australian university income comes from sources outside core operating grants from government.

Australia's policy changes, dating from the first opening to fee-paying overseas students in 1980, are described in relation to the six prerequisites for successfully reforming state-sponsored universities jet forth in the World Bank report. The Australian example shows that even in wealthy nations, movement down the path to diversified financial support for universities M not easy, and shows that the six fundamental principles recommended by the Bank have stood the test of time.
A Comparative Study of Academic Credit Systems in an International Context
Authors: Dalichow Fritz
Published: March 2007

The article gives a comprehensive overview of the 1996 research project A Comparative Study of Academic Credit Systems in an International Context commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology (BMBF). It provides background on upcoming reforms in German higher education, details the research methodology and the results of the research, and provides a description of the major categories of credit systems, reasons for their creation, geographical distribution in the world, the impact of credit systems on higher education systems, and the international compatibility of credit systems. The article concludes with policy recommendations the author provided at the request of the German Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, and demonstrates how the research results directly enter into the political decision-making process and are likely to be implemented.
The Operation of Transnational Degree and Diploma Programs
Authors: Adams Tony
Published: March 2007

The development of an export oriented international student program in Australia in the mid 1980 provided the impetus for Australian higher education institutions to take their programs offshore. Now a decade later, 34 of Australia s 38 universities are offering 493 programs offshore to an estimated 20,000 students, predominately under taking Australian qualifications in their own country (AVCC, 1997).

This paper discusses the various models that Australian higher education institutions have used to develop these transnational programs (including twinning, moderation, distance mode, joint awards, internet delivery, franchising and campus models), and explores a number of issues in their delivery (including why programs are offered offshore, quality assurance and the rules and regulations of the home country).
Assessing Student Kearning in Study-Abroad Programs
Authors: Immetman Aubrey , Schneider Peter
Published: March 2007

Conventional wisdom dictates that international education promotes student development and the acquisition of worthwhile knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Accrediting agencies, however, demand concrete evidence to substantiate such claims. This article describes the development of a conceptual frame work and methodology for the academic assessment of student learning in study-abroad programs with reference to knowledge acquisition, skills acquisition, attitudinal development, and social development. Conceptually, the framework is derived from the developmental theory of Erik Erikson and the tax onomies of educational objectives developed by Benjamin Bloom and his associates. Methodologically focus groups are employed to generate assessment data, in a procedure akin to small-group instructional diagnosis (SGID). Based on data collected in two focus groups conducted as a pilot study, more narrowly circumscribed coding categories were constructed within the broader domains of cognitive learning, behavioral skills acquisition, affective learning, and social development. The responses of students in the two pilot groups suggest that educational gains in study-abroad programs occur primarily in the affective and social domains of learning, including values clarification, attitude change, personal development, and social maturity.
An Innovation Perspective on Internationalation of Higher Education Institutionalisation: The Critical Phase
Authors: Van Der Wende Marijk
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the change processes that are related to the internationalization of higher education. On the basis of innovation theory, the internationalization process will be analysed with respect to its various features and stages. An overview of the different types of innovation that occur in the context of internationalization will be given.

In particular the last stage of the innovation process, the institutionalisation of internationalisation, will be emphasized. The success and failure factors influencing this stage will be highlighted, thus contributing to a further insight into the sustainability of internationalization strategies, models, and efforts.
The International Student Expertence: A U.S. Industry Perspectlve
Authors: Van Hoof Hubert B.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study done among US. Job recruiters to determine their perceptions of the value of a students international exchange and/or international work experience to their companies. Results of the study indicate that job recruiters do not value the international exchange very highly, and that they favor national work experience over international work experience. Company characteristics were found to have some effect on perceptions, yet the recruiters' personal international backgrounds did not affect perceptions at all. The article contends that education may have to step up its efforts to persuade industry of the value of the international experience.
MAX WEBER'S INTERPRETIVE SOCIOLOGY AND RATIONAL CHOICE APPROACH
Authors: Norkus Zenonas
Published: March 2007

This article aims at substantiating two theses: (1) Weber's programmatic metatheoretical texts contain a description of the method of socio-scientific explanation, which anticipate a specific version of the Rational Choice Approach (RCA) in contemporary sociology, and (2) it is possible to distinguish two versions of this description; the first, however, being closer to the RCA than the second. The late Weberian outline of sociological theory of action is reconstructed out of his famous typology of action.
DECISION COSTS AND BETTING MARKET EFFICIENCY
Authors: Busche Kelly , Walls W. David
Published: March 2007

In this research we examine empirically the linkage between decision costs and market efficiency in the context of racetrack betting markets. We analyze more than 10,000 horse races and demonstrate that metrics of non-optimizing behavior are inversely related to the volume of betting: we are less likely to observe evidence of non-optimizing behavior when examining data from racetracks with larger betting pools. The analysis provides empirical support for the decision-cost model in which departures from the predictions of rational economic behavior are explained in terms of the cost of non-optimizing decisions. The decision-cost model reconciles the disparate findings on the efficiency of racetrack betting markets reported in previous research.
THE UNIVERSAL WELFARE STATE AS A SOCIAL DILEMMA
Authors: Rothstein Bo
Published: March 2007

A major finding within comparative welfare state research is the differences in welfare state programs among the industrialized Western democracies. Contrary to most economic analysis, it is argued that many welfare state programs should be defined as public goods and thus be analysed within a `social dilemma' approach. A model is presented to show that if voters/taxpayers act out of self-interest, both a selective/minimal and an encompassing/universal welfare state are likely outcomes (i.e., a multiple equilibria situation). The different outcomes cannot be explained by the importance of the ideology of ruling political parties or by citizens in these different countries having different basic values about social justice. Rather, the argument is that the puzzle of structurally similar countries managing this social dilemma very differently can be solved by institutional theory, specified as the theory of contingent consent.
Spending Time Or Investing Time? Involvement In High School Curricular and Extracurricular Activities as Strategic Action
Authors: Swanson Christopher B.
Published: March 2007

A rational choice perspective on social behavior implies that individuals engage in purposive action with the intention of maximizing their interests in valued objectives. Although adolescents have more often been viewed as products of their environments than as rational actors, the choices they face in allocating time and effort among different activities can influence their ability to achieve important life goals. This article develops a conceptual model of involvement as investment to characterize participation in high school curricular and extracurricular activities and the returns they yield for college matriculation. Data from a national sample of students and schools and multi-level statistical methods are used to explore a set of empirical questions derived from this model. Findings demonstrate that activity involvement displays properties characteristic of social exchange and investment. Involvement in both the formal curriculum and school extracurriculars yields significant returns for college matriculation while also showing evidence of diminishing returns associated with overinvesting. Results further show that the point of diminishing returns to investment in formal curricular activities comes at higher levels of involvement for progressively more competitive outcomes and that rates of curricular returns are linked to an actor's goal specificity. Comparisons between actual and optimal patterns of investment suggest that high school students are relatively strategic in their activity involvement.
Microconstitutional Change in Multiconstitutional Political Systems
Authors: OSTROM ELINOR
Published: March 2007

This article presents an alternative approach to the development of a general theory of microconstitutional choice. The goal of the alternative approach is to identify conditions that affect the likelihood that individuals who face a common-pool resource dilemma will extract themselves from the situation by changing the rules affecting the structure of the situation. These conditions are viewed as variables affected by a situation rather than as assumptions or constants. Situations vary in their capability to generate better or worse information to fallible, learning individuals in the extent to which individuals share norms, in the symmetry of their interests, and in the type of rules regulating entry and use of common-pool resources. Predictions should be based on the specific configuration of these situation-specific variables.
Punishment in Iterated Chicken and Prisoner's Dilemma Games
Authors: JANKOWSKI RICHARD
Published: March 2007

Iterated playing of noncooperative games can result in full cooperation. Repeated playing of the noncooperative game permits the sucker to punish the initial defector by defecting in subsequent plays. This article shows that many n- person prisoner's dilemma (PD) games have chicken games embedded within them. In addition, positive externalities produce embedded chicken games, as physical coercion does when used to punish defectors. This characteristic has substantial implications for various solutions to iterated PD games. The difficulty encountered in chicken games is that the sucker must punish oneself in order to punish the defector. It is shown that various versions of the folk theorem, such as those by Friedman, Fudenberg and Maskin, and Abreu, do not extend to the chicken games under a number of realistic assumptions. Hence iterated playing by rational, self-interested actors will not result in cooperative behavior. What is needed to induce cooperative solutions is the presence of vengeful personalities who induce the evolution of metanorms.
Comments on Scharpf's “Games Real Actors could Play”
Authors: Brams Steven J.
Published: March 2007

The forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum section is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research.

Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
Tocqueville and the Ambivalences of Democracy
Authors: ANKERSMIT FRANK
Published: March 2007

Despite the clarity of his style, Tocqueville is continually drawn toward self-contradiction. This inconsistent and ambiguous Tocqueville should be taken no less seriously than Elster's reedited and purified Tocqueville. Indeed, ambiguity seems part and parcel of democracy as Tocqueville envisages it, a view which is defended by pointing toward his peculiar obsession with civil liberty to the expense of political liberty, his ambivalent account of “independence,” and his equally ambivalent notion of the “guardianship” of the modern democratic state.
When is a Distribution Rule Just?
Authors: HEGTVEDT KAREN A.
Published: March 2007

Innumerable scholars have addressed issues of justice. Disciplinary boundaries, however, have often separated discourse on the topic. This article compares selected philosophical accounts of justice with social psychological theory and empirical research on the same. At the core of such comparisons is the distinction between prescriptions for a just society and actual empirical beliefs about what is fair. This distinction colors the analysis of the paradoxical relationship between justice and self-interest evident to some extent in both philosophical and social psychological accounts.
The Affections and the Passions
Authors: HIRSHLEIFER JACK
Published: March 2007

Two types of emotions can be distinguished: the affections (stable patterns of malevolence or benevolence toward particular others) and the passions (action-dependent responses to friendly/unfriendly acts). Either type may serve to induce cooperation from a self-interested party, subject to several limitations. Shakespeare's King Lear is examined as an instance where benevolence fails to elicit cooperation. To meet the necessary condition for evolutionary survival in competition with rational self-interested players, the emotional party must benefit not only in “feel good” utility terms but in actual material payoff. SILVER RULE, as an instance of reactive passionate behavior related to the familiar TIT FOR TAT behavior, is shown to lose out in evolutionary competition against RATIONAL play unless the SILVER RULE player has a sufficiently high probability of being able to detect when his opponent is a selfish RATIONAL player.
Collaborative Partnership for Culture Care: Enhancing Health Services for the Arab Community
Authors: Kulwicki Anahid Dervartanian , Miller June , Schim Stephanie Myers
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to discover perceptions, experiences, and patterns of health care behavior among Arab Americans in an urban Midwestern area of the United States and then to discover perceptions and experiences of health care providers related to culturally competent care. The goal of the study was to generate findings that would provide the basis for implementing system-wide changes to include culturally competent care. A qualitative focus group methodology was used to discover the care patterns and perceptions of Arab Americans and the local health care providers. The nurse researchers conducted 10 focus groups. Six themes were identified, including the unique caring behaviors of Arab families, the complexity of the health care system to Arab Americans, communication gaps, the diversity of perceptions of cultural competency, obstacles to accessibility of care, and workforce diversity issues.
A Description of the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence
Authors: Purnell Larry
Published: March 2007

To meet the needs of a multicultural society, health care in the new millennium stresses teamwork in providing culturally sensitive and competent care to improve client outcomes. Publications addressing the future predict an increasingly diverse workforce. Accordingly, care providers can benefit from a conceptual model of cultural competence that can be used by all health disciplines in all practice settings. The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence, developed in 1995, is applicable to all health care providers. This article (a) describes the development of the model; (b) provides a description of the model; (c) lists the major assumptions on which the model is based; (d) describes the model’s use in practice, education, administration, and research across disciplines; and (e) includes a brief evaluation of the model. Important cultural domains missing from other transcultural and cross-cultural models, which are found in the Purnell Model, are biocultural ecology and workforce issues.
Providing Health Care for Lesbian Clients
Authors: Spinks Victoria Sanvidge , Andrews Janet , Boyle Joyceen S.
Published: March 2007

Health and nursing care for lesbian clients should be culturally congruent with their values and lifestyle. Barriers that lesbian clients encounter in the health care system are discussed, along with strategies that health care providers can use to overcome these barriers. Professional literature is reviewed that incorporates health promotion and maintenance issues influencing lesbian health care. Culturally appropriate services that are available in one women’s health center are described, and resources for interested health care providers are provided.
Health Care Experiences and Beliefs of Elderly Finnish Immigrants in Sweden
Authors: Heikkilä Kristiina , Ekman Sirkka-Liisa
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To elucidate the experiences and beliefs of care of elderly Finnish immigrants living in Sweden (Sweden-Finns) in order to gain an understanding of the role ethnic back-ground plays in these experiences and beliefs. Design: 39 elderly Sweden-Finns living in Stockholm were interviewed. The data were analysed hermeneutically. Results: On a surface level, the care in Sweden was culturally congruent to elderly Sweden-Finns’ experiences and beliefs of care. However, care in Finland and the care providers with Finnish background were regarded as superior to Swedish caregivers, giving a deeper sense of familiarity and trust in anticipation of good care. Implications for practice: Culturally appropriate care with care providers sharing the same ethnic background is important for ethnic elderly persons in enabling familiarity and trust between staff and patients.
Review of Literature on Culture and Pain of Adults with Focus on Mexican-Americans
Authors: Calvillo Evelyn Ruiz , Flaskerud Jacquelyn H.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this paper are to review the literature on culture and pain in adults, and specifically on Mexican-American beliefs about pain, and nurses' responses to patients' pain. Nurses and other health caregivers in the United States often characterize various ethnocultural groups according to their reaction to pain and their ability to tolerate pain. Cross-cultural studies have demonstrated that White Americans of Northern European origin react to pain stoically and as calmly as possible, choosing to withdraw if pain becomes intense. This response to pain has become the cultural model or norm in the United States. It is the behavior expected and valued by health caregivers.

Mexican-Americans are often described as complainers who want immediate relief for their pain. Yet studies of Mexican-American culture and cross-cultural studies of the pain experience and responses of Mexican-Americans do not support this characterization.

Nurses and patients assess pain differently regardless of cultural background. Both nurses and physicians tend to underestimate and undertreat the pain of their patients when compared to patients' assessment of pain. However, the ethnicity and culture of the patient influence the extent of difference between the patient's and nurse's assessment. The culture of the nurse also influences the inference of patients' physical pain and psychological distress.

Based on the studies reviewed, implications are drawn for transcultural nursing practice and recommendations are made for future nursing research.
Health Care Providers' Treatment Approaches to Culturally Diverse Infertile Clients
Authors: Blenner Janet L.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the research question of how health providers approach treatment of culturally diverse infertile clients. Findings from in-depth interviews of 28 health providers in a major city in Southern California revealed three types of providers: (1) culturally unaware, (2) culturally nontolerant, and 3) culturally sensitive. Culturally unaware providers failed to recognize different cultural needs and treated all clients in the same way, an approach that eventually led to noncompliance. Culturally nontolerant providers recognized diverse needs, but they were unwilling to tolerate cultural conflicts in treatment or to change treatment protocols. This often resulted in providers terminating treatment or making referrals to a more culturally tolerant provider. Culturally sensitive providers acquired information on cultural beliefs, worked within clients' limitations, and adapted tests and treatment protocols to meet clients' needs. These findings may offer insights into care and treatment approaches used by health providers in a highly technological, specialist-level treatment of culturally diverse clients in an urban setting. This research was supported by a SDSU Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Grant Award.
Becoming Aware of Types of Health Practitioners and Cultural Imposition
Authors: Leininger Madeleine
Published: March 2007

This is an edited version of one of the "classics" in frequent demand because it includes types of health practitioners and the concept of cultural imposition. It was originally published in 1973 in the ANA (Speeches of the 48 Convention) Kansas City, and reprinted, Transcultural Nursing: Concepts. Theories and Practices by M. Leininger through J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1978 (Now out of print)
Transcultural Nursing: Facing the Challenges of Advocacy and Diversity/Universality
Authors: Kavanagh Kathryn H.
Published: March 2007

This paper is in response to an invitation to address the topic of advocacy and diversity from the perspective of past and present transcultural nursing. With origins in nursing, with its philosophy of active intervention, and in anthropology, where relativism proposes merit in diverse (including non-interventive) approaches to health and illness, transcultural nursing grapples with potential epistemological conflict as it helps shape health care in highly industrialized, multicultural societies and even more varied global contexts. As a developing subdiscipline, transcultural nursing continuously reexamines dia-lectical relationships between change and preservation and between health care needs and the risk of imposition. Whereas advocacy is viewed as a moral imperative in nursing, diversity (which can be used to argue against acknowledgement of differences and to promote the pre-tense that everything is the same for everyone) remains better developed conceptually than operationally, while universality too often falls prey to misuse as an argument against acknowledgement of diversity. Within a framework constructed from the juxtaposition of advocacy with diversity/universality (Leininger, 1988c, 1991), this article appraises the accomplishments and challenges of transcultural nursing as it moves into its second quarter century. It is proposed that the future of transcultural nursing should emphasize development of realistic nursing roles that include a confluence of advocacy and diversity/universality and negotiation of responsible social con-ceptualizations of cultural issues such as "race" and diversity.