bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Class Mortality Differences
Authors: Goldblatt Peter
Published: November 2023

Comparisons of mortality differences by social group in England and Wales are generally based on the Registrar General’s social classes (P. Townsend et al. 1988). Their usage for this purpose dates back to the introduction by Stevenson of the prototype of the present schema in 1913 (Registrar General 1913). Initially he used the classification to analyse infant mortality information collected at the 1911 census but later extended its application to cover mortality at older ages by utilizing information collected from deaths in the period 1910-12 (Stevenson 1923). Since then, decennial comparison of deaths occurring to men of working ages around the time of each census with the corresponding population enumerated at census has provided the main index of social differences in mortality in this country.
Population limitation in birds of prey: a comparative approach
Authors: Newton Ian
Published: November 2023

In this paper I shall discuss the natural limitation of breeding density in raptors, updating Newton (1979). I shall also discuss the impact of various human activities on raptors and the various management procedures needed to restore depleted populations. The approach is comparative and examples are drawn from diurnal raptors, but many of the same points would apply to owls.
Social behaviour and population regulation in insular bird populations: implications for conservation
Authors: Smith James N M , Arcese Peter , Hochachka Wesley M
Published: November 2023

To conserve any population in a natural setting, it is useful to understand the factors that determine average abundance and changes in numbers. Compared with other vertebrates, birds are easy to mark and count; thus, fluctuations in the numbers of birds are well described (Lack 1966; Pimm and Redfearn 1988) and there is in the literature considerable information about the processes that regulate bird populations (Lack 1966; Newton 1980; Patterson 1980; Moss and Watson 1985; McCleery and Perrins 1985 and this volume; Hannon 1988).
Population studies and conservation of Puffins Fratercula arctica
Authors: Harris M P , Wanless S
Published: November 2023

Seabirds are abundant in virtually all seas and oceans and as such are subject to a wide range of environmental conditions, both natural and influenced by man. The Common Puffin Fratercula arctica (L.) is an attractive bird of the islands and cliffs in the North Atlantic. It breeds in burrows and among boulders from Brittany (France) and Maine (USA) northwards to Spitzbergen and north Greenland. Many colonies have declined during this century due either to natural events, such as oceanographic change (Harris 1984), or to human-induced mortality and disturbance (Evans and Nettleship 1985), but total numbers in the early 1980s were estimated at 5-6 million pairs. The species is very popular with members of the general public; thus there is usually concern, and sometimes subsequent funding of research, when its future appears threatened. Here we report on the results of three such projects, in Scotland, Norway, and the USA, and discuss the relevance of the findings to the conservation of seabirds.
Population regulation of seabirds: implications of their demography for conservation
Authors: Croxall J P , Rothery P
Published: November 2023

Despite the paucity of pertinent information there has been considerable discussion on the subject of population regulation in seabirds (e.g. Ashmole 1963, 1971; Lack 1954, 1966; Birkhead and Furness 1985; Furness and Monaghan 1987). This is perhaps because seabirds include several groups of species showing the lowest reproductive rates (smallest clutch size, longest deferred sexual maturity) and highest adult survival rates (Table 13.1). They are therefore a convenient paradigm of extreme K-selected species. In the context of conservation and management, the characteristics and habitats of seabirds give rise to two important considerations. First, many species, because of their long generation times are potentially rather vulnerable to adversity. Second, because changes in parameters of seabird populations will tend to reflect integration of environmental effects over long temporal and large spatial scales, they can be regarded as potentially important indicators of widespread chronic and possibly local acute effects (see e.g. Croxall et al. 1988).
Control of parasites in natural populations: nematode and virus infections of Red Grouse
Authors: Hudson Peter J , Dobson Andrew P
Published: November 2023

Many of the long-term studies on bird populations were stimulated by the pioneering publications of David Lack (1954, 1966, 1968). While Lack (1954) considered a range of density-dependent factors that could regulate populations and included a chapter on disease, he came to the conclusion that ‘while further evidence is needed, it seems unlikely that disease is an important factor regulating numbers of most birds’. He came to this conclusion following the general view, held by most ecologists at that time, that parasites evolved to become benign symbionts that maintained high survival by reducing their deleterious effects on the host. Parasitologists, on the other hand, investigating parasite systems in man and domestic livestock viewed parasites as organisms that benefited at the expense of their host (Crofton 1971).
Population and contamination studies in coastal birds: the Common Tern Sterna hirundo
Authors: Becker Peter H
Published: November 2023

Since the industrial revolution mankind has been introducing substantial quantities of various foreign substances into the environment. This is done both intentionally, e.g. to eliminate undesired organisms by the use of biocides, and unintentionally or, rather, due to lack of proper forethought whereby various substances are emitted into the environment in the course of energy or chemical production: or through uncontrolled release of garbage or oil, perhaps from oil platforms or tankers. Nowadays no continent, sea or ecosystem is unaffected by pollution.
Florida Scrub Jay ecology and conservation
Authors: Woolfenden Glen E , Fitzpatrick John W
Published: November 2023

The Florida Scrub Jay Aphelocoma a caerulescens has been the subject, for 20 years, of an intensive demographic and behavioural study at the Archbold Biological Station in Highlands County, Florida, USA. As a result, considerable information pertinent to conservation and management of this endangered species is available. As we explain below, we are convinced that long-term ecological studies are essential for successful management of any threatened or endangered organism.
Pathogenicity and epizootiology of avian haematozoa: Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus
Authors: Atkinson Carter T , Atkinson Charles Van
Published: November 2023

A diverse group of parasitic helminths and protozoans use the avian bloodstream as a habitat for growth and reproduction. These parasites include the filarial nematodes which live in the tissues or peritoneal cavity of their hosts and release larval microfilariae into the circulation, flagellated trypanosomes which divide and circulate in the bloodstream, and intracellular sporozoan parasites (phylum: Apicomplexa) which complete part of their complex life cycles within circulating blood cells. Within this last group, the haemosporidian parasites of birds, i.e. species of Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus, have been studied intensely by parasitologists in all of the major zoogeographic regions of the world. An extensive body of literature has accumulated on the biology of these organisms during the past century which makes them exceptional candidates for studies of the evolution of bird–parasite interactions and outstanding reference systems for studies of other vertebrate–parasite interactions.
Philornis parasitism and nestling survival of the Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk
Authors: Delannoy Carlos A , Cruz Alexander
Published: November 2023

Philornis larvae penetrate the host integument, undergo a period of development and growth, and establish as third instar larvae between the dermis and the body musculature (Fig. 5.l(b),(c)). Movement into this location plus growth and development of the fly larvae, appears to be linked to the ingestion of host tissues including red blood cells, mononuclear cells which infiltrate from focal accumulations adjacent to the lesions, and necrotic cellular debris which accumulate in the lesion (Nielsen 1911; Uhazy and Arendt 1986). The larvae develop just under the skin of the host until they are about 2 cm long and about 4-6 days old. When development is completed, the larvae exit from the skin and drop into the host's nest to pupate (Fig. 5.1(d)). Adult flies emerged from pupae about 2 weeks after pupation (Fig. 5.1(a)). Larvae develop only in living chicks, and when a chick dies they leave its body within a few minutes (Snyder et al. 1987).
Behavioural changes in breeding,American kestrels infected with
Authors: Saumier Michele D , Rau Manfred E , Bird David M
Published: November 2023

Although raptors are exposed to a great number of parasitic infections (Keymer 1972; Cooper and Greenwood 1981), little is known about whether such parasites affect the competitive fitness of these birds. Natural infections with the nematode Trichinella pseudost1iralis are known to cause severe debilitation and death in Cooper's hawks (Wheeldon et al. 1983). Laboratory studies suggest that essentially subclinical infections with this parasite can elicit profound behavioural changes in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (Saumier et al. 1988). The major effects of infection in non-breeding female kestrels involve a reduction in mobility. Severe and long-lasting effects appear as early as Cl days post-inoculation and coincide with the release of larvae into the tissues of the host. Trichinella pseudospiralis infections also severely impair the reproductive success of captive American kestrels (Saumier et 1986). This is manifested in a high proportion of broken eggs, increased embryo mortality, and nest abandonment. The present study 1cxplores the behavioural dimension of this failure and examines the behaviour of infected nestlings as well as nestling-parent interaction. Conceivably, behavioural patterns may be as sensitive to the effects of infections as are some secondary sexual characteristics. Finally, study raises the question whether contact with infected individuals may alter the behaviour of other members of the family group.
Female choice of males with low parasite loads in sage grouse
Authors: Johnson Mark S , Johnson Linda L
Published: November 2023

A characteristic of lek species is large variance in mating success of males (Gibson and Bradbury 1986). On sage grouse leks, copulations are performed by only a few males each spring and many cocks never mate (Wiley 1978; Hartzler and Jenni 1988). Females appear to select the ‘best’ male, but it is difficult to envisage that preferred males are really genetically superior because selection should reduce heritability for characters highly correlated with fitness (Falconer 1981, Chapter 20). This is particularly troublesome in lekking species where no paternal benefits accrue from choosing a good mate. This is termed the lek paradox (Borgia 1979; Taylor and Williams 1982).
Effects of parasites on mate choice by captive sage grouse
Authors: Spurrier Margo F , Boyce Mark s. , Manly Bryan F J
Published: November 2023

A consequence of selection is reduced genetic variability (Falconer 1981, Chapter 20). Therefore, one expects low heritability for sexually-selected traits; yet lekking species maintain intense female choice with no apparent benefit to the female except male genes. Possible resolution to this ‘paradox of the lek’ (Taylor and Williams 1982) is offered by coevolution of parasites and host as articulated by Hamilton and Zuk (1982) and Zuk (1984; Chapter 16, this volume). Fluctuations in the abundance of parasites and the frequency of resistant hosts may play a role in maintaining variance in male fitness. Females may choose mates which are genetically resistant to disease by an examination of characters whose full expression is dependent upon health and vigour. If the genes for resistance to certain pathogens are heritable, then a female choosing the most colourful or vigorously displaying male may, in fact, be selecting the ‘best genes’ for her offspring.
Plant breeding and resource information
Authors: Cubero José I
Published: November 2023

Plant breeder’s information systems usually address narrowly focused problems whose aim is to obtain plant material with certain desirable characteristics. Generally speaking, the sharper the focus, the shorter the list of the breeder’s needs concerning information. Despite this, there are many aspects of potential interest to plant breeders that should be included in any global plant species information system. Among these are: information on wild relatives, in order to widen the genetic base of many crops; information on chemical, physiological, and ecological characteristics of cultivated and wild species; new used of cultivated species, etc. Last, but not least, any efficient information system should be a help for scientists and technicians of developing (and even of developed) countries who are intensively trained in plant breeding methodologies, but who have little or no training in systematics and botanical nomenclature.
IOPI: genesis of a GPSIS?
Authors: Burnett John
Published: November 2023

Discussions at the Delphi Symposium on Designs for a Global Plant Species Information System concluded that there was a high priority in producing a global checklist of plants as an integrated computer database. A comprehensive database was required, broadly similar to that of the ILDIS project on the world’s legume species diversity, to establish a sound taxonomic database to which other botanical data might be added at a later stage. An ‘action group’ was established at the symposium and this was charged with expediting establishment of such a system in co-operation with the proposed Species Plantarum Project. These ideas were presented at a subsequent planning meeting for the Species Plantarum Project at Kew, and the priority of first establishing a species checklist was adopted. At subsequent meetings an international steering committee was agreed and an independent organization, the International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI), established. IOPI is now going ahead with the design, funding, and implementation of a world checklist covering the species name, important synonyms, generic and family placement, geographical distribution, and bibliographic citation for all vascular plants.
Space transportation systems
Authors: Gibson Roy
Published: November 2023

Thus far, rockets have depended almost exclusively on chemical fuel, in either solid or liquid form. Its function is to produce an upward thrust strong enough to take the payload far away from the gravitational force of the Earth, which decreases in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the Earth. As has already been said, Newton’s third law of motion teaches us that the rocket motor’s thrust produces a reaction in the opposite, in this case upwards, direction. In a chemical rocket the reaction between a fuel and an oxidizing agent in a combustion chamber produces hot exhaust gases. The hotter these gases are, the faster they travel and the greater the lifting capability of the rocket. The search has therefore obviously been for techniques of producing the hottest possible reactions, but there are natural physical limits beyond which one cannot go. This in turn imposes a limit on the upward velocity attainable with a simple single-stage rocket-around 3 km/s-far short of the 8 km/s needed to put a satellite into orbit.
Manned space flight
Authors: Gibson Roy
Published: November 2023

Ever since Gagarin’s first flight in 1961, the world has not wanted for critics who demanded to know what good could come from sending people into space. What is perhaps not so well known is that these critics exist equally within the space community. Virtually every nation with a space programmer finds itself faced with two factions: the one insisting that more funds be spent on putting people into space and the other arguing that virtually everything can be done with automatic spacecraft (that is the term usually given to unmanned spacecraft) and that in fact astronauts are more trouble than they are worth. Such critics point not only to the considerable advances in robotics and informatics generally, but also the disturbing nature of human presence in an environment where the slightest movement can produce perturbations which significantly degrade the value of the scientific equipment. Spokesmen for the opposing camp-astronauts in the lead-stress the need in space for the unrivalled ingenuity and powers of improvisation of human beings.
Military uses of space
Authors: Gibson Roy
Published: November 2023

Not to deal, however briefly, with the military uses of space would leave the reader with an incomplete and distorted picture of the overall situation. In most countries, the defense budget paid for the original investment which converted bomb-carrying missiles into launch vehicles capable of putting spacecraft into orbit. Without such massive injections of cash, the civil development of space would have been significantly delayed; space scientists would have been obliged to continue their research using ground-based techniques or, at best, balloons and high-flying aircraft. But the justifications for including a military chapter are not just historical; throughout the past forty years military requirements have forced technology ahead in virtually every space-related discipline. Perhaps military ambitions were no more exacting than those of the space scientists, but the defense budgets were many orders of magnitude greater than those for civilian science.
Sustainable development: panacea, platitude, or downright deception?
Authors: Porritt Jonathon
Published: November 2023

Jonathon Porritt took a First Class Honours degree in Modern Languages at Magdalen College, Oxford, before teaching for nine years in state schools in London. His work for the Green Party began in 1977, when he stood as one of the Party’s few candidates in the local elections, and culminated in his Chairmanship of the Party in 1982-4; in the meantime he had carried the Green standard in two more local elections, two European elections, and two General elections. His political activity, reinforced by his broadcasting and authorship of four books on environmental issues, has made him the best known and most respected spokesman for the environmental lobby. He has probably done more than anybody else to help the ‘Greens’ to shed their beards-and-sandals image and to demonstrate that the movement has an intellectual cutting edge to be reckoned with. From 1984 to 1990, Jonathon Porritt was Director of Friends of the Earth; he now devotes all his time to writing and broadcasting, as a freelance.
Energy generation in Central and Eastern Europe: the environmental problem
Authors: Hardi Peter
Published: November 2023

Dr Peter Hardi, a Hungarian political scientist, took his first and higher degrees at the Eotvos Lorand University in Budapest and was subsequently awarded an Academic Degree in Political Science by the Hungarian Academy. He has taught for twenty years at the Budapest University of Economics (formerly the Karl Marx University) and during the 1980s visited the United States both as a Visiting Professor at Yale and as a Research Associate at the Institute of East/West Studies in New York. In 1988, following his return to Budapest on being appointed Director of the Hungarian Institute of International Affairs, Peter Hardi became actively involved in the mounting controversy surrounding the construction of a major hydroelectric dam at Nagymaros, on the Danube Bend north of Budapest. This mega-project, sponsored and financed by both the Hungarian and Czechoslovak Governments, came under increasingly bitter attack from Hungarian liberals and environmentalists as soon as the process of political reform, which culminated in the ousting of the Communist regime, made free and uninhibited comment possible. Dr Hardi was appointed by the Hungarian Government to head a panel of international experts to report to Parliament on the environmental and economic implications of continuing the Nagymaros project, which had by then moved to the centre of national political debate. The ‘Hardi Report’found decisively against continuation and was largely responsible for the Hungarian Parliament’s decision, in 1989, to call a halt to construction at Nagymaros. Dr Hardi was subsequently appointed to his present position of Director of the Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe in Budapest; he is also a member of the Environmental Advisory Council of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Vector Analysis of Transport Theorems
Authors: Tai Chen-To
Published: November 2023

Thus far, we have been dealing only with functions of position, i.e., functions that are dependent on spatial variables only. In many engineering and physical problems, the quantities involved are functions of both space and time. Examples are the induced voltage in a moving coil of an electric generator and the transport of fluid in a channel. The mathematical formulation of these problems requires a knowledge of vector analysis involving a moving surface or a moving body. One of the fundamental theorems in this area is the Helmholtz transport theorem, named after the renowned German scientist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894). The theorem deals with the time rate of change of a surface integral of ‘fype IV stated by (3.70), in which the domain of integration and the integrand are functions of both space and time.
Dyadic Analysis
Authors: Tai Chen-To
Published: November 2023

In the hands of John Willard Gibbs (1839-1903), an American physicist renowned for his work in applied mathematics and thermodynamics, the modern notation of vector analysis was firmly established.
Transistors
Authors: Möschwitzer Albrecht
Published: November 2023

The most important active devices presently available are transistors. They can be used as switches in digital circuits or amplifiers in analogue circuits. There are two main basic types of transistors: The operational principles of these two types differ considerably. In bipolar transistors both carrier types (electrons and holes) are involved in the operation, whereas in field-effect transistors only one type is important (with the exception of second-order effects). Therefore the field-effect transistors are examples of unipolar transistors. Another difference is that bipolar transistors are current-controlled devices whereas field-effect transistors are voltage controlled. Bipolar transistors are three-terminal active devices consisting of p-n-p or n-p-n structures (Fig. 2.1). The operation is based on minority carrier injection (see Section 1.4.4). The three terminals are emitter (E), base (B), and collector (C).
Diagnosis, Condition Monitoring
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

It is becoming increasingly important to use comprehensive monitoring schemes for the continuous assessment of the electrical condition of electrical machines. By using condition monitoring, it is possible to provide adequate warning of imminent failures, and in addition to diagnosing present maintenance needs, it is also possible to schedule future preventive maintenance and repair work. This can result in minimum downtime and optimum maintenance schedules. Diagnosis allows the machine operator to have the necessary spare parts before the machine is stripped down, thereby reducing outage times. If diagnosis is integrated into the maintenance policy, the usual maintenance at specified intervals can be replaced by a condition-centred maintenance. This can also eliminate unnecessary maintenance. In this section various forms of condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques are discussed for induction machines and synchronous machines, and a summary is given of the failures of d.c. and a.c. machines, their symptoms and possible causes.
Spiral vector theory of AC circuits
Authors: Yamamura Sakae
Published: November 2023

It seems that alternating current theory needs revising in two respects. First, steady-state analysis and transient-state analysis are treated in two separate theories: AC circuit theory and transient theory. Second, transients of AC machines are not adequately and sufficiently analysed. In AC theory, vector, or phasor, notation has been used for steady-state analysis since the beginning of the century. Although phasor notation has some outstanding merits, its use is confined to steady-state analyses of AC circuits and machines. The phasor, or vector, is a stationary vector in the complex plane, which cannot express variables in a transient state. Transient-state variables are expressed by their instantaneous real values. Thus the steady-state theory of AC circuits is separated from the transient theory by different expressions for the state variables. It is cumbersome and awkward to combine steady and transient solutions obtained in two separate theories and expressed in different notations. The spiral vector method proposed in this book will unify the two theories by using a common expression: the spiral vector.
Methods of eddy current analysis
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A
Published: November 2023

All electromagnetic phenomena are governed by the well-known laws, rules and formulae which are described in existing relevant books, so that it would seem to be unnecessary to repeat them here. Nevertheless, it would be difficult to publish a book on eddy currents without giving a brief summary of these laws. As it was mentioned in the Introduction it was Foucault who distinguished eddy currents from the general notion of electric current. However, eddy currents are defined in the general theory of electromagnetism. In fact, they can be deduced from Faraday’s law as well as from Maxwell’s equations, although Maxwell himself did not focus his attention on this problem. Nevertheless, the eddy current problem can be considered as a result of electromagnetic induction but with the electromotive force induced in a massive conductor instead of a circuit made of wires or filaments.
Continuous model of eddy currents
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A
Published: November 2023

The eddy current phenomenon can be expressed in terms of certain variables which, in turn, correspond to the various ways of analysis. In electromagnetism the variables describing the field are of two kinds. The first type of variables concerns the field itself while the second type treats the field indirectly by using mathematical entities, known as potentials. Both type have advantages and disadvantages and they should be used for each case as appropriate. The main benefit of using the field variables results from the fact that they allow observing the field as a physical reality. The disadvantage is that solving the problem requires considerably more work. On the other hand, introducing potentials gives an analyst the possibility of less work for the solution of the problem in question. In contrast, potentials are of mathematical rather than physical nature, so that this analysis is far from reality and it is not possible to use here physical intuition. In analysing eddy currents, because of their nature, the main potentials used are vectorial although scalar potentials are also considered as complementary to the vectorial ones.
Treatment of special cases
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A
Published: November 2023

All chapters written up to this point have an implicit assumption, namely that configurations considered include only a homogeneous region. In practice, though, we deal with at least two cases which are not of this type. The first one is the problem when the eddy current region is surrounded by non-conducting infinite space (open boundary problems) and the second one is where within the conductor different material parameters exist (interface problem). The impatient reader also ask about nonlinearity, but as the subject is specific and rather wide it will be presented in Chapter 6. Thus let us first discuss the problems mentioned above. The history of the open boundary problem is strongly connected with the development of numerical techniques. Before the computer era many analytical methods and formulae did not consider the fact that a conductor is usually placed in a free-space and hence there are no boundary conditions prescribed except those at infinity. Also, the boundary conditions are prescribed for simple geometries, for example, long conductor with circular cross-section. But reality is such that conductors are located in the non-conducting space (usually in air) so that the boundary conditions on the conductor surface are unknown. The classical approach in this case is to consider two regions in which the field is to be solved and use the wellknown compatibility (or interface) conditions in order to establish unknown boundary values. Of course, such a procedure can be adopted also in the pure analytical approach; however, it would be very difficult to proceed to a solution.
Regularization
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

Hadamard [1923] postulated three properties for the initial-and boundary value problems of mathematical physics:

Existence of the solution,

Uniqueness of the solution,

Stability of the solution.

The third property means that the solution depends continuously upon the data, which are usually measured quantities contaminated with some bias error.
Introduction
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

Pursuing the subject from a numerical viewpoint, we then introduce least-squares variational methods in electromagnetism using the functional approach covered in Part I. In particular, we show the finite-element formulation for nonlinear magnetic problems. For completeness of presentation we discuss transient problems as well, including the finite-element approximation of quasistatic electric and magnetic fields, and the finite-element formulation for the wave equation is discussed.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) for inverse electromagnetic modelling
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

The use of artificial neural networks in solving inverse electromagnetic problems is an effective strategy. A neural network is understood here as a mapping, of one vector function onto another, represented by a computer code. Using given data pairs (training patterns) which may come from past experience, the network learns the required mapping. In practical problems the input to the neural network may represent the output performance of the synthesized electromagnetic device and the output of the network may represent the geometry. These data are usually obtained from the solution of direct field problems (for a given geometry, find the performance) using any numerical method like the finite-element method (FEM), the boundary-element method (BEM) or the hybrid methods. To learn the mapping a neural network must be trained. The training process is based on the adjustment. of the weights of the network that determine the mapping. In practice we often use the back-propagation algorithm for training (see Section 6.9.3).
The exponential map
Authors: Rossmann Wulf
Published: November 2023

A linear transformation X of the n -dimensional real or complex vector space E can be thought of as a vector field: X associates to each point p in E , the vector X (p ). As an aid to one’s imagination one may think of a fluid in motion, so that the velocity of the fluid particles passing through the point p is always X (p ); the vector field is then the current of the flow and the paths of the fluid particles are the trajectories .
Space time
Authors: Atkins Peter
Published: November 2023

Where is it that anything happens? When we look around us the answer seems obvious. We exist in space and we act in time. But what is space, and what is time? Here too, our intuition appears to suggest a ready answer. We think of space as a stage—an immaterial stage, perhaps, but some kind of stage nevertheless. And time? Time distinguishes successive actions, time is a feature of the universe that permits us to recognize the present as an ever-shifting frontier between the past and the future. In other words, space disentangles simultaneous events; time distinguishes the unforeseeable future from the unchangeable past. Space and time jointly spread events out over locations and in an orderly sequence, so rendering them comprehensible.
Changing structures of settlements
Authors: Francovich Riccardo
Published: November 2023

The transformation of rural settlement patterns in Italy in the period from late antiquity to the Middle Ages can now be reconstructed in the light of new archaeological evidence. This has focused attention on a number of important developments. The first is that the disintegration of the late Roman settlements and organization of production, in other words the gradual decline of the ancient world, started in the middle of the imperial age and continued down to the Gothic War, lasting from the third to mid-sixth century. Classical and medieval archaeologists studying the formation of early medieval landscapes have focused primarily on the collapse of the villa system in different regions or, in the case of those regions where this phenomenon had not developed significantly, on the decline of the Roman settlement patterns and of the networks of economic and social relations that had supported them. But there is also clear evidence that many forms of political and administrative organization remained in place and continued to shape the landscape even after the Gothic War.
Introducing the Old Testament
Authors: Coggins Richard
Published: November 2023

New to this edition: Includes rewritten material on historical questions in chapter 3, 'Did it all happen?'. Material on the theme of liberation theology in chapter 7, 'The Old Testament as Liberation', is revised and updated, as is material in chapter 4, 'What does archaelogy contribute?'. Women and the Bible are now considered in a separate chapter, and the new edition takes into account the continuing growth in biblical studies by women scholars. Other smaller revisions are made throughout, and a much revised bibliography now includes the most important works of recent years. Study of the Old Testament has in the past been dominated by what is often called the 'historical-critical' method': careful analysis of individual books with great emphasis on historical context, and concern to isolate what was original, and (it was therefore assumed) most important. This volume not only retains the values of adopting this traditional approach, but also outlines the alternative understandings of the Old Testament which have gained currency in recent years. Exploring these less conventional ways of looking at the Old Testament, Coggins introduces sociological and anthropological, feminist and liberation perspectives, and literary criticism. In this new edition, Coggins looks again at key issues in the light of recent scholarly developments, addressing contemporary debate on historical questions, radical developments in the field of archaeology, and considering women's readings in a separate chapter. This introductory volume offers students a concise and engaging discussion of the different perspectives available in Old Testament scholarship.
What Does it Mean?
Authors: Coggins Richard
Published: November 2023

The first question which must be asked of any text written in a foreign language must be: what does it mean? And so the first kind of expertise of which we must take note is that of the linguist and philologist. Here, though there has been a great increase in our knowledge in modern times, there is no question of a newly discovered discipline; the quest for the precise meaning of the Old Testament has gone on as far back as we can trace.
What Does Archaeology Contribute?
Authors: Coggins Richard
Published: November 2023

For more than a century it has been taken for granted that our knowledge of the Bible, and of the Old Testament in particular, is enhanced by the many archaeological discoveries which have taken place, not only in Palestine itself, but also in the whole area of the ancient Near East which constitutes the biblical world. It is a subject which has generated a great deal of popular interest, as is witnessed by the television programmes devoted to it, and the wide range of books of every degree of technicality. There was a time when archaeology amounted to little more than ‘treasure-hunting’, digging a promising site so as to find and take away as many attractive monuments, statues, and the like, as possible. Now, not only do local governments very properly object to the despoliation of their own inheritance, but also a more scientific approach to the whole subject ensures that the significance of an archaeological excavation goes far beyond mere ‘finds’; the whole pattern of life of the inhabitants of the site being explored will come under scrutiny.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Authors: Trott Nicola
Published: November 2023

The standard edition is the Collected Works, though ‘standard ‘ seems too bland a term for what is one of the grandest editorial projects of the century, the near accomplishment of which has dramatically and permanently altered the conception of its subject. (For a sense of how it looked to some of the editors on setting out, see the special issue in Review of English Literature, 7 (1966), 6-90.) The Bollingen Series has vastly enlarged both the quantity and the kind of material that is now considered as going to the making of ‘STC. Things rarely or never available have been brought to prominence: the 1795 Lectures, the Watchman, the Logic, and the Essays on his Times (where masterly detective work has yielded many new attributions). Things commonly known have been substantially reconfigured: the Friend, the Lectures on Literature, The Statesman ‘s Manual, Table Talk, Aids to Reflection, Biographia (an especially contentious text: Fruman 1989, a long-time controversialist in Coleridge studies, has traced the editorial roads not taken); and the essays ‘On Poesy and Art ‘, ‘The Principles of Genial Criticism ‘, as well as ‘The Soul and its Organs of Sense ‘ (from Omniana), all to be found among the Shorter Works and Fragments. Most important of all, perhaps, things never before printed are now lavishly and comprehensively given: the Marginalia, which for Coleridge was a form of composition in itself, has reached the letter ‘O ‘. And a parallel Bollingen Series is producing the astounding Notebooks, currently in their fourth twinvolume set of Text and Notes, taking us up to 1826.
Peripheral Vision
Authors: Sinclair John , Jacka, Elizabeth , Cunningham Stuart
Published: November 2023

A sea-change in television systems around the world began in the late 1970s. An integral element in the various complex phenomena usually captured under the rubric of ‘globalization’, this transformation has forced the West to confront the television cultures of the more ‘peripheral’ regions of the world. Shifting geopolitical patterns within the world system, most notably the partial dismantling of national boundaries in Europe, the demise of communism, and the rise of the Asian economies, are having a profound effect on cultural ecologies and the consequent receptiveness of many regions of the world to new cultural influences, including new sources and kinds of television. Alongside this, and related to it, the last ten years have seen major changes in the television cultures of many countries as technological innovation, industrial realignments, and modifications in regulatory philosophy have begun to produce a new audiovisual landscape.
India
Authors: Pendakur Manjunath , Subramanyam Radha
Published: November 2023

In the ‘Third World’ the debate about the implications of the presence of Hollywood as a cultural ‘Trojan horse’ is growing with the spread of satellite delivery channels, many of which are parts of the vertical structures of transnational media giants. As the number of homes with television sets grows and the nation-state, once all powerful, is weakened in the age of globalization of the world economy, the debate about transnational media flows intensifies. Most chapters in this book deal with television exports from countries like Brazil and Mexico that seem to be going against this flow. The case of India, however, is vastly different because the export of made-for-television material is insignificant compared with film.
Australian Television in World Markets
Authors: Cunningham Stuart , Jacka Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Australian television programmes have begun to be a quite visible presence on the stage of world television. The success of Neighbours and Home and Away in Britain are the most dramatic sign of the export successes of Australian television, but there are few territories in the world now that do not contain Australian material as part of their programme mix. Following the initial acceptance of Australian cinema as an art house favourite in the 1970s, the next decade saw a large number of prestige Australian mini-series on screens in continental Europe, Britain, and New Zealand and, to a much lesser extent, North America. Since the mid-198os Australian serials and series have become standard fare in many of these territories as well, and Australia is well represented world-wide in genres like children’s drama, documentary, science and technology, comedy, and nature programmes.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: November 2023

The object of this book is to give an up-to-date summary of what is known about the Canterhury Tales, together with a critical reading of each tale. The whole work and each of the tales arc discussed under the following headings (though I sometimes conflate sections if this makes better sense):

Date. Some of the tales are believed to have been written as independent works before the Tales itself was conceived; and there are various theories about the progress of composition. I give evidence where this is available, and record hypothesis where it seems plausible.
The Wife of Bath’s Prologue
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: November 2023

The Wife of Bath’s Prologue is one of the high points of Chaucer’s writing specifically for the Tales. It may have been written quite late, probably after the Shipman’s Tale, which seems once to have been Chaucer’s choice of story for the Wife: the prologue deals at more length and discursively with some of the issues raised in the narrative of that tale.
The Manciple’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: November 2023

The Manciple’s Prologue is one of the liveliest exchanges between the pilgrims, and the only one, apart from the arrival of the Canon and his Yeoman, to contain any action or to give any sense of context for their speeches. Its fit as part of the whole work is more awkward, and raises a number of problems of consistency. The Host wants the Cook to tell a tale, but he has already been given a portion of one at the end of the Fragment I. The exchanges between the Host and the Manciple make it sound as if a number of tales are still to come, but in the Parson’s Prologue only one is left; and the time has moved on from morning to near sunset.
The Timing and Style of Entrances and Exits
Authors: Gurr Andrew , Ichikawa Mariko
Published: November 2023

A systematic check of the lines allocated in the original texts for characters to make their exits and entrances gives us a clear idea of the timing that they were expected to require. In many cases several interpretations of the timing are possible, sometimes with intriguing implications for the overriding intention. But even the most unclear cases show how important were the timing and the text’s location of its stage directions, given the large size of the amphitheatre stages.
Poems
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: November 2023

Early in his career Shakespeare wrote poems as well as plays. The sensual and melodic Venus and Adonis (1593), for example, tells of Venus’ ill-fated love for Adonis, gored to death by a boar. The Rape of Lucrece (1594) more soberly recounts Lucrece’s violation by Tarquin, her suicide, and the consequences for Rome. Shakespeare’s sonnets, probably composed in the 1590s, sing of desire, love, frustration, the decaying effects of time, and the power of art.’
The Genres in Theory
Authors: Danson Lawrence
Published: November 2023

IN James Thurber’s story ‘The Macbeth Murder Mystery’, a tourist finds herself in an English Lake District hotel with nothing to read but a paperback copy of The Tragedy if Macbeth. She is a great fan of detective fiction; Macbeth had mistakenly been shelved with the mystery novels: ‘“You can imagine”‘, she tells the narrator, ‘“how mad I was when I found it was Shakespeare.”‘
Mr William Shakespeare’s Comedies
Authors: Danson Lawrence
Published: November 2023

CHRISTOPHER SLY, drunk as a lord, gets to see a play, and that play is the one Shakespeare, who created Sly to be its audience, called The Taming of the Shrew. Doctor’s orders: ‘a pleasant comedy’, Sly is told, will cure his melancholy by framing his ‘mind to mirth and merriment’. Sly is new to playgoing but he is a critic on instinct (“Tis a very excellent piece of work, madam lady.
[c.1837], Helena Faucit (1817-98), on herself as Hermione, with W. C. Macready as Leontes, in The Winter’s Tale, from her On Some of Shakespeare’s Female Characters (1885, revised 1891; sixth edn., 1899), pp. 385-91 (extracts).
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre
Published: November 2023

Helena (or Helen) Faucit often acted with Macready until he retired in 1851, in which year she married Theodore Martin (knighted in 1880 for his biography of Prince Albert), after which she rarely performed. Her book On Some of Shakespeare’s Female Characters appeared in 1885, with an enlarged edition in 1891. She first appeared as Hermione during Macready’s Covent Garden season in 1837, when she was only twenty years old. Her account of the role is written in the form of a letter to Alfred, Lord Tennyson; her memories of performing it with Macready are remarkable not least for what she tells us about the audience’s reactions. Before the first extract printed she describes her dress, ‘composed of soft white cashmere, the draperies and edges bordered with the royal purple enriched with a tracery in gold, and thus harmonising with the colouring of the lips, eyes, hair, etc., of the statue’.
[1879-1905), William Winter (1836-1919) on Henry Irving as Shylock, from his Shakespeare on the Stage (1912), pp. 179-97.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre
Published: November 2023

Winter was theatre critic of the New York Tribune from 1865 to 1909. He prepared acting versions of plays by Shakespeare for Edwin Booth and Augustin Daly, and published extensively on the theatre of his time. Irving first played Shylock in 1879 and is said to have given over 1,000 performances of the role in England and America. He used a severely shortened text, sometimes omitting character and broken, ruined power, whether that character and that power be malignant or benign. Irving’s dress, for Shylock, comprised a brown gabardine, girdled by a parti-colored shawl, a black, flat-topped cap with a yellow band across it, and square-toed shoes, of soft leather. He dressed the head with gray hair, long behind, the crown of the skull being bald. One lock of hair, being brushed forward, appeared on the brow, projecting from beneath the hat.