bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“EVALUATION OF GALPHIMIA GLAUCA STEM METHANOL EXTRACT FRACTIONS FOR ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES”
Authors: GARIGE BABA SHANKAR RAO  , SRISAILAM K  , V UMA MAHESHWARA RAO  , VASUDHA B
Published: October 2019

Objective: This current investigation assesses in vivo central and peripheral analgesic effects and anti-inflammatory properties of fractions obtained from Galphimia glauca (GG) stem methanol extract.

Methods: The laboratory models such as Swiss albino mice and Wistar albino rats were employed in the studies. The GG stem methanol extract was subjected to fractionation with solvents such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Orally, the dose range of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg was given for 1 day for evaluating analgesic (hotplate test, tail clip test, writhing test, and formalin test) and weekdays for assessing anti-inflammatory activity (carrageenan and cotton pellet test methods), respectively. The experimental studies were further conducted for determining the involvement of central and peripheral receptor actions in the analgesic activity of the extract by prechallenging it with naloxone and acetic acid, respectively. The in vivo anti-inflammatory studies were conducted using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and cotton pellet granuloma test.

Results: The LD50 of the extract was found to be >2000 mg/kg b.w. The methanol fraction of 400 mg/kg dose exhibited significant (p≤0.001) and dose-dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. It also exhibited central and peripheral analgesic actions when treated with naloxone and acetic acid, respectively.

Conclusion: The results revealed that the stem methanol fraction has more potential in terms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS BASED ANTI-INFLAMMATORY GEL FOR TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: ROHINI S KHARWADE  , NILESH M MAHAJAN
Published: October 2019

Objective: Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based topical gel of lornoxicam (LXM) was formulated with the aim of controlled release action and to reduce systemic side effect for the treatment of an arthritic condition.

Methods: NLCs developed using high-pressure homogenization method and optimized using a 32 factorial design with response surface methodology using design expert software. NLCs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential analysis, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release studies to select the optimized formulation. The NLCs were suitably gelled and evaluated with respect to homogeneity, pH, viscosity, gel strength, spreadability, rheological characteristics, drug content, in vitro diffusion, and stability study. Safety of the NLC-based gel was assessed using primary skin irritation studies, and efficacy was confirmed using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model.

Results: NLCs formulation comprising 2% of lipid (60:40) and surfactant (1.50%) was confirmed as an optimized batch having a particle size (138.2±3.60 nm) with polydispersibility index value 0.344±0.034. The zeta potential value indicates good physical stability. Based on the results from the in vitro release study it was shown that the formed gels had the ability to extend release of LXM for 24 h and showing percentage drug release of 90.92%±1.96% at the end of 24 h. Skin irritation studies revealed that the optimized gel formulation shows no erythema, edema, or ulceration.

Conclusion: The overall results of the present study clearly indicated promising potentials of NLC-based gel for delivering LXM topically over the conventional gel.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS, INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY INVESTIGATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF CAESALPINIA BONDUCELLA (L.) ROXB SEED KERNEL
Authors: ALI ALRABIE  , OLA BASAʼA R  , MAZAHAR FAROOQUI
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and phytochemical constituents of methanol extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seed kernel using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Methods: In GC-MS investigation, 95% methanol extract of C. bonducella seed kernel was performed on JEOL GC MATE ΙΙ, column HP 5 MS, and Quadruple, double-focusing mass analyzer. Determination of heavy metals from C. bonducella powder was performed using Thermo scientific I CAP Q instrument, for plant powder digestion Anton Paar Microwave model: Multiwave 300 was used. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using microdilutions broth method.

Results: GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of C. bonducella seed kernel has shown 11 different phytoconstituents. ICP-MS analysis has shown the concentration of ten heavy metals in C. bonducella seed kernel as follows: Cr 1.5 ppm, Fe 72.72 ppm, Co 0.33 ppm, Ni 0.03 ppm, Cu 10.73 ppm, Zn 18.44 ppm, As 0.03 ppm, Cd 0.02 ppm, and Pb 0.58 ppm.

Conclusion: Result showed that the plant is safe to use from toxic heavy metals such as As, Cd, and Pb. It is suitable to check frequently the heavy metal content in the plant used in traditional medicines before given to patients.
STUDY ON ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF SEVERAL VIETNAMESE MEDICINE PLANTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH POLYPHENOL CONTENTS
Authors: THANH VAN NGUYEN  , HAI THANH NGUYEN
Published: October 2019

Objective: Our study evaluated the inhibitory effects of 13 plant materials on bacterial growth, so as to explain their traditional uses in bacterial infections. In addition, the correlation between antibacterial effects of plants and the polyphenol contents or antioxidant activities was also verified to investigate if these properties were responsible for the plant antibacterial effects.

Methods: We tested extracts with 20 bacterial strains purchased from Japan Veterinary Products Association (JVPA, Tokyo, Japan) and also the Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Streptococcus suis (S. suis) strains that we had previously isolated from livestock. After polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities were measured, we examined their correlations with antibacterial effects.

Results: The results showed that all extracts exerted inhibitory effects on tested bacteria and at different levels. Among all of samples, betel and mother rhizome of turmeric showed the strongest effects and also exerted inhibition on antibiotic-resistant E. coli and S. suis bacteria. In addition, direct and significant correlations between antibacterial effects’ and polyphenol content’s values were established and thus demonstrating that antibacterial effects of plants were attributable, at least in part, to the presence of polyphenol compounds.

Conclusions: Our study demonstrated the antibacterial effects of 13 plant materials and, therefore, partly gives pharmacological basis to explain their traditional uses in diseases associated with bacterial infections. In addition, as betel and mother rhizome of turmeric showed the highest effects, we suggested that they might serve as the most promissory candidates for bacterial treatment. However, follow-up researches are still required to assess their potentials.
Synthesis and antiâ€“microbial activity of 1,2,3â€“triazole tethered nitroguiacol ethers
Authors: Rachakonda Sridhar , Naaz Fatima , Ali Intzar , K. R. S. Prasad , Mandava V. Basaveswara Rao , Syed Shafi
Published: October 2019

Nitro aromatic/nitrophenols have been widely distributed in nature and are mostly isolated from marine microorganisms and had shown a broad spectrum of antiâ€“microbial activities against a wide range of microbial pathogens. The objective of the present work is to Synthesize some new 1,2,3â€“triazole tethered nitroguiacol ethers and evaluated of their antiâ€“bacterial and antiâ€“fungal activities. A focused library of 1,2,3-triazole tethered nitroguiacol ethers were prepared by employing Cu (I) catalyzed click chemistry reaction and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities by broth microdilution method. Among the tested compounds, compounds 8e, 8f, 8g, and 8i exhibited broadâ€“spectrum activity against selected pathogenic strains, with the MIC of 8 Âµg/mL for gramâ€“positive bacteria (StaphylococcusÂ aureus), 16 Âµg/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gramâ€“negative bacteria), and Candida species, respectively. Future investigations with this class of compounds may lead to the development of potential candidates for antimicrobial drug discovery.Â
EFFECT OF AGE, AND SPLEEN AND TREATMENT STATUS ON MALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETER LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH BETA-THALASSEMIA MAJOR
Authors: JAMELA JOUDA  , RAJWAN ABDULJABBAR GHAZZAY  , WAFAA F AL-MOSAWY
Published: October 2019

Objective: This research was conducted to study the relationship between spleen status and chelation treatment status with the male reproductive hormones and some physiological parameter levels.

Methods: A total of 35 males with thalassemia major (TM) patients are recruited. Patients are grouped according to (1) their age into two groups; ˂18 years and ≥18 years, (2) their spleen status into two groups; splenectomize and non-splenectomize, and (3) their chelation treatment status into two groups; regulation and irregulation. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and blood was collected from all patients just before blood transfusion session. Hb, ABO blood groups, ferritin, and hormone (luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], testosterone, prolactin, and cortisone) levels were determined.

Results: The highest frequency of thalassemia was in Group O and the lowest was in AB. BMI was higher in TM patients aged ≥18 years, TM patients with splenectomize, and TM patient who take the treatment irregularly. TM patients aged ≥18 years have high level of LH, FSH, and testosterone. TM patients without splenectomize have higher FSH, prolactin, and testosterone. TM patients take the treatment regularly have significantly higher testosterone levels and non-significantly lower FSH level.

Conclusion: The levels of cortisol and prolactin hormones are not disturbed in TM patients and not associated with the rate of transfusion, but the level of Hb and ferritin leads to underweight in BMI and may lead to endocrine dysfunction, especially sexual hormones (FSH, LH, and testosterone). These BMI and sex hormones are related to age, spleen, and treatment status.
AN UPDATE ON PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF BOSWELLIA SERRATA
Authors: Dhaneshwar Suneela Sunil
Published: October 2019

Boswellia serrata (Burseraceae) is the most ancient and respected herbs in Ayurveda. In Unani system of medicine, oleo-gum resin of Boswellia serrata named Kundur played a prime ingredient role in modern quality perfumes. The gum is used as a remedy for treatment of illness especially skin diseases and rheumatism in Indian system of medicine (Sidha, Ayurvedic and Unani) for last diverse centuries. Salai guggul is one of the accepted drugs for various complaints such as dyspepsia, dysentery, lung diseases, urinary disorder, haemorrhoids and corneal ulcer in Unani system of medicine for the last several decades.The present article is aimed to provide an overview on various pharmacological activities of Boswellia serrata. The resin fraction of salai guggal is rich in boswellic acids and its essential oils that are composed of a mixture of mono, di and sesquiterpenes while gum fraction chiefly contains pentose and hexose sugars. The oleo-gum resin is quite popular among the practitioners of traditional system and possesses wide range of useful biological properties such as antiasthmatic, anticancer, antifungal, anticomplementary, antihyperlipidemic, antiinflammatory, antiarthritic, antirheumatic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antifungal and analgesic.An exhaustive review of literature was performed using various databases on science direct, scopus, pubmed, google scholar and free patents online.This review is a sincere attempt to discuss and present the current status of pharmacological profile of Boswellia serrata.
ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF BAUHINIA VAHLII Wt. and Arn. (CAESALPINIACEAE) ROOT – A BOTANICAL SOURCE FOR THE AYURVEDA DRUG MURVA
Authors: KAMATCHI SUNDARA SARAVANAN  , VARADHARAJAN MADHAVAN
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of Bauhinia vahlii Wt. and Arn. (Caesalpiniaceae) root, a botanical source for Murva (Ayurveda drug).

Methods: Ethanol extract of B. vahlii root (EEBVR) and aqueous extract of B. vahlii root (AEBVR) prepared were subjected for acute toxicity study adopting Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines. Antidiabetic property of EEBVR and AEBVR was screened against Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The diabetic animals were administered with standard drug glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg), EEBVR (200 and 400 mg/kg), and AEBVR (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 21 days. Fasting blood glucose, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, liver malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and glycogen were estimated along with pancreatic histological analysis.

Results: EEBVR (400 mg/kg) exerted a marked antidiabetic activity among the extracts at the tested doses, as evidenced by considerable reversal of biochemical parameters that were well supported by the histopathological interpretation of pancreas.

Conclusion: This study confirms the antidiabetic potential of B. vahlii root and also its traditional claim in the use of DM.
GENOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC STEM EXTRACTS OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA ON SODIUM ARSENITE-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE IN SWISS MICE LYMPHOCYTES BY COMET ASSAY
Authors: AMBASTA SK  , SHASHIKANT  , SINHA UK
Published: October 2019

Objective: The study was aimed to evaluate the DNA protective effects of ethanolic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia stem on Swiss albino mice lymphocytes against the sodium arsenite-induced genotoxicity.

Methods: In this experiment, 25 animals of nearly the same age were equally divided. Group 1 (control) fed on tap water while rest four (2, 3, 4, and 5) groups were treated with 4 mg/kg body weight, per orally sodium arsenite for 12 weeks. Sodium arsenite pretreated groups (4 and 5) were followed by administration of 80 mg/kg body weight, per orally T. cordifolia extracts for the next 12 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at the 8th week and 12th week, respectively, for the assessment of sodium arsenite-induced genotoxicity and comparative genoprotective effects of experimental plant extracts. The extent of DNA migration is directly proportional to the magnitude of DNA damage. Percentage tail DNA content and olive tail moment parameters were used in the comet to relate DNA damage.

Results: The findings suggested that the ethanolic stem extracts of T. cordifolia significantly inhibited the sodium arsenite-induced oxidative genotoxicity. The phytoconstituents of T. cordifolia shown to retard genetic damage associated with arsenic exposure.

Conclusion: T. cordifolia may be used as a preventive herbal preparation against chemical or arsenical toxicity.
DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL 1-((DIMETHYLAMINO)METHYL)-3-(4-(3-(SUBSTITUTE DPHENYL)-4-OXOTHIAZOLIDIN-2-YL)PHENYLIMINO)-5-NITROINDOLIN-2-ONES AS POTENT ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS
Authors: KOSARAJU LAHARI  , RAJA SUNDARARAJAN
Published: October 2019

Objective: Isatins have emerged as antimicrobial agents due to their broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities. In addition, thiazolidinone also reported to possess various biological activities particularly antimicrobial activity. Due to the importance, we planned to synthesize compounds with isatin functionality coupled with thiazolidinone as possible antitubercular and antimicrobial agents which could furnish better therapeutic results.

Methods: In vitro Mycobacterium tuberculosis method and agar streak dilution test are used to estimate antitubercular and antimicrobial potency of title analogs, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration of entire title compounds was determined against all tested microorganism such as M. tuberculosis, four Gram-positive, three Gram-negative bacteria, and two fungi.

Results: A series of new thiazolidinone substituted Schiff and Mannich bases of 5-nitroisatins were designed and synthesized by a multistep synthesis from isatin. Structures of synthesized compounds are characterized using Fourier-transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and bases of elemental analysis. Mild to good antitubercular and antimicrobial activity was showed by synthesized 5-nitroisatin analogs. The relationship between the biological activity and the functional group variation of the tested compounds was discussed.

Conclusion: 3-(4-(3-(4-Aminophenyl)-4-oxothiazolidin-2-yl)phenylimino)-1-((dimethyl amino)methyl)-5-nitroindolin-2-one 6 and 3-(4-(3- (2-aminophenyl)-4-oxothiazolidin-2-yl)phenylimino)-1-((dimethylamino)methyl)-5-nitroindolin-2-one 13 were found to be the most potent compounds of this series which might be extended as a novel class of antimicrobial agents.
EVALUATION OF MEMORY-ENHANCING ACTIVITY FOR ERYTHRININE FROM LEAF EXTRACT OF ERYTHRINA INDICA
Authors: KAMALRAJ R  , SUBHASHREE G R
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the memory-enhancing activity for erythrinine (ring-c-oxygenated Erythrina alkaloid) from leaf extract of Erythrina indica in mice.

Methods: The study protocol designed in the way that it was carried out for 21 successive days by administrating the 5 mg/kg, s.c doses of isolated erythrinine to mice and the profile was challenged against the mice feeds with normal saline as a positive control and the mice treated with 5 mg/kg, s.c corticosterone as a negative control for the amnesia using Morris water maze test method.

Results: Erythrinine-administered mice are showing remarkable retention of the memory (9.07±0.52) on the 21st day as such of the positive control normal saline (10.14±0.22) and against the negative control corticosterone-injected mice (70.86±0.54).

Conclusions: The dose of 5 mg/kg s.c of isolated erythrinine from the leaf of E. indica shows the remarkable memory enhancement when it was investigated with the memory weakening induced test by corticosterone in mice’s using 5 mg/kg s.c. However, further studies required to elucidate the exact mechanism of action for developing its as potent memory-enhancing drug.
SYNTHESIS OF COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES BY CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS SP. AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS SP.
Authors: SHRADDHA SHIRSAT  , DHANASHRI PAWAR  , NISHITA JAIN  , JAYANT PAWAR  , VIDYA S TALE  , RABINDER HENRY
Published: October 2019

Objective: To determine antimicrobial efficacy of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) against Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp.

Methods: CuO NPs were synthesized using chemical precipitation method. The reducing agent, 0.1 M NaOH, was used along with 100 mM CuSO4 precursor for the synthesis of CuO NPs. The characterization of CuO NPs was done by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study optical and morphological characteristics, correspondingly. The identification of bacterial cultures was done through microscopic and biochemical studies. Antibacterial efficacy of CuO NPs was determined against Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. by qualitative and quantitative methods through anti-well diffusion assay and broth dilution method, respectively.

Results: The absorption spectrum and band gap were found to be at 260 nm and 4.77 eV, respectively. The SEM image of CuO NPs shows cluster of nanostructures having width of individual clusters in the range of 100 nm–500 nm. CuO NPs showed inhibition at a concentration ranging from 60 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL.

Conclusion: Finally, CuO NPs can be used as effective antibacterial agent against Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. and may have applications in medical microbiology.
REFERENCE-SCALED AVERAGE BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY OF PAROXETINE UNDER FED CONDITIONS: VALIDATION OF SAMPLE SIZE ESTIMATION BY BOOTSTRAPPING TECHNIQUE
Authors: CHANDRAKALA V  , UTPAL KUMAR SANKI
Published: October 2019

Objective: New technique was adopted and validated to estimate pivotal sample size from the pilot study data and to establish bioequivalence (BE) of highly variable drugs (HVD), paroxetine, a novel controlled release (CR) matrix tablets utilized ghatti Gum as a rate controlling membrane, in human subject under fed conditions by reference scale design.

Methods: Bootstrapping technique was adopted to calculate the pivotal sample size from pilot study data for HVD paroxetine. The reliability and validation of the method were tested in a semi replicate three sequence (RRT, RTR, and TRR where T stand for test drug and R stand for reference drug) cross-over BE study in 24 healthy subjects under fed conditions.

Results: The ratio of the pharmacokinetic (PK) metric obtained from the bootstrapping technique after log transformation was 1.04 for Cmax, 1.23 for AUCT, and 1.21 for AUCI with corresponding power of the study which was greater than 80% from pilot study data simulation. The ratio of the PK metric obtained from the reference scaling design in the present study was 1.00 for Cmax, 1.21 for AUCT, and 1.17 for AUCI. The upper limit of the Cmax, AUCT, and AUCI at 95% confidence limit was −0.143, −0.136, and −0.17, respectively.

Conclusion: The test paroxetine CR formulation was bioequivalent with reference drug under fed conditions. The technique used for estimation of the sample size in the pivotal study was found reliable, and bootstrapping technique plays an important role in calculating sample size where intrasubject variability was immaterial.
DETERMINATION OF PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS USING SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD
Authors: WASAN A AL-UZRI
Published: October 2019

Objective: A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been presented for the determination of phenylephrine hydrochloride by coupling reaction with diazotized sulfacetamide sodium.

Methods: The method is based on the diazotization reaction of sulfacetamide sodium with sodium nitrite in the presence of hydrochloric acid to form diazonium salt, which is coupled with the drug in alkaline medium to form azo dye, showing absorption maxima at 425 nm.

Results: Calibration plot was linear over the concentration range of 2–24 μg/mL and detection limit of 0.278 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9929. All different chemical and physical experimental parameters affecting on the development and stability of the colored product were carefully studied.

Conclusions: The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of phenylephrine in nasal drops with good precision and sensitivity.
PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES ON FLOWERS OF DREGEA VOLUBILIS: EVALUATION FOR AUTHENTICATION AND STANDARDIZATION
Authors: BHASKAR DAS  , ARNAB DE  , PIU DAS  , AMALESH NANDA  , AMALESH SAMANTA
Published: October 2019

Objective: The various parts of Dregea volubilis (Family: Apocynaceae), locally known as Jukti (Bengali), are commonly used in Indian system of medicine to treat various ailments such as inflammation, piles, leukoderma, asthma, and tumors. Literature review suggested that there has been no detailed work on systemic pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies done on the flowers of the plant. The present study is aimed to lay down quality control parameters for D. volubilis flowers to confirm its identity, quality, and purity.
Methods: The present work was designed to study detailed organoleptic, histological, quantitative standards, physicochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic characteristics of the flowers of D. volubilis.
Results: The total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, loss on drying, water, and alcohol soluble extractive values were found to be 11.767±0.130% (w/w), 1.287±0.106% (w/w), 9.140±0.344% (w/w), 14.110±0.061% (w/w), 21.600±0.133% (w/v), and 9.603±0.104% (w/v), respectively. Phytochemical screening of different extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics. The chromatographic study revealed the presence of rhamnose (103.229±4.994 μg/g), fructose (738.670±25.714 μg/g), glucose (285.532±24.465 μg/g), and maltose (49.082±5.206 μg/g).
Conclusion: The characterization parameters of the present study may serve as a reference standard for proper authentication, identification and for distinguishing the plant from its adulterants.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MICROEMULSION GEL FOR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF TRAMADOL
Authors: MURUGANANTHAM V  , PRABAKARAN M  , PASUPATHI C  , PEELY LR  , POOJA B
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present work was carried out to design microemulsion gel system for transdermal delivery of the drug to minimize the side effects and to reduce the frequency of administration and for prolonging the duration of action.

Methods: Tramadol, an opioid analgesic drug, was mixed with various selected polymers such as sodium alginate (SA), acacia, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and Eudragit in geometric mixing ratios. The drug, polymer, and other excipients were mixed thoroughly by trituration method and different formulations (F1-F8) were prepared the same quantity of all the ingredients excepting the polymers.

Results: The different formulations prepared, studied, and showed that the formulation using SA as polymeric carrier had a better effect on the evaluated parameters. The drug-SA formulation exhibited better drug-polymer compatibility, optimal viscosity (2750 cps), zeta potential (−26.1 Mv), and particle size distribution (262.8 d.nm) values. The in vitro release studies also indicated that the drug-SA formulation was of desirable release pattern, thus indicating that SA to be a better choice in formulating a transdermal delivery gel system.

Conclusion: Evaluated microemulsion gel formulation F2 of tramadol with polymeric carriers SA was much stable than other carriers used. Thus, it could be concluded that the gel formulation with SA can be taken as an ideal formulation.
BIOMEDICINAL AND GASTROPROTECTIVE ASPECTS OF ORGANOBISMUTH COMPOUNDS: RECENT APPROACHES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Authors: SYED MISBAHUL HASAN  , SHIVBHADRA SINGH  , RAVI KANT
Published: October 2019

Objective: Peptic ulcer is a disease caused due to an imbalance of aggressive and defensive factors in the body. Helicobacter pylori infections and colonization are also associated strongly to the peptic ulcer disease. Bismuth-containing organic compounds have been attributed to a major influential role in the successful treatment of peptic ulcer by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and provide cytoprotective properties which result in ulcer healing. Hence, the objective of this review is to discuss recent approaches and future perspectives of organobismuth compounds in the treatment of peptic ulcer.

Results: A total of 112 papers were included in the review, among them 20 papers describe the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer, 10 papers discuss about diagnostic test for H pylori infection, 4 papers describe the drug regimen used in peptic ulcer treatment, 13 papers discuss about failure and alternative therapies for treatment of peptic ulcer, 8 papers describe the chemistry of bismuth, 20 papers discuss about mechanism of action of bismuth, 27 papers describe the newer bismuth complexes for H. pylori eradication, and 8 paper discuss about gastroprotective activity of bismuth-containing derivatives.

Conclusion: Organobismuth compounds/drugs are effective to eradicate H. pylori in conjunction with antibiotics. It also provides gastroprotective action and dramatic decrease of relapse rate which accounts for further exploration of organobismuth compounds to pave new ways for the design and synthesis of novel compounds in the effective treatment of peptic ulcer.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF ZANTHOXYLUM OVALIFOLIUM WEIGHT METHANOLIC EXTRACT ON ALBINO WISTAR RATS
Authors: PAVANI P  , RAJA NAIKA
Published: October 2019

Objective: The object of the present study, the methanolic leaf extract of Zanthoxylum ovalifolium was examined for anti-inflammatory activity and tested using carrageenan-induced paw edema in albino Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods: The rats were grouped into five, each group consisting of six animals, Group I (negative control) received 1 ml of saline, Group II (standard) received 10 mg/kg p. o. of indomethacin, and remaining three groups received three different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p. o.) of the methanolic leaf extract after 1 h 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan injection. The result of anti-inflammatory activity was set up to be dose-dependent in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model.

Results: The methanolic leaf extract has shown significant (p<0.001) inhibition of paw edema, 66%, 66.03%, and 69.29% on the 3rd h at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p. o., respectively. The results were expressed as the Mean±standard error of mean and statistical significance was analyzed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. The methanolic leaf of Z. ovalifolium extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity compared with the standard drug indomethacin.

Conclusion: Methanolic leaf extract of Z.ovalifolium showed excellent results in the anti-inflammatory experiment so, the plant can be explored as a potential medicine in suppressing inflammation.
THE EVALUATION OF THE WOUND HEALING PROPERTIES OF METHANOLIC BARK EXTRACT OF SAMADERA INDICA GAERTNER IN VIVO
Authors: Bhat Rama , PR Deepa , Rao Ravi
Published: October 2019

Objectives: The exracts of Samadera indica used in traditional medicines for the treatment of skin diseases, rheumatism, cough and to kill head lice. 

The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the wound healing activity of methanolic bark extract of  Samadera indica.

Methods: The bark samples of were collected, allowed to shade dry for a week, then coarsely powdered and was extracted with methanol by soxhlation process. The extract was used for wound healing experiment using excision wound model. 18 healthy Wistar albino rats divided into three groups of six rats each with average body weight of 150-200 g were selected randomly for the study.  ANOVA was used to compare the variation in the treatments in the result. The 1st group of animals are left as such for natural healing process as control, 2nd group of animals were treated with standard ointment betadien and 3rd group with the test drug methanolic bark ointment formulation. The methanolic extract in simple ointment base as mentioned above and betadien ointment were applied on the wound once a day for 16 days starting from the day of wounding. The percentage wound closure was observed on 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th post wounding day.

Results: As for the group received  methanolic bark extract for wound healing, fourth day wound mean diameter was 208.0±3.521, 8th day the wound mean diameter was 160.66±7.89, 12th  day wound  mean diameter was 87.5±5.8 and 16th day wound mean diameter was  22.5±5.12.  Comparing to standard drug betadien the bark extract showed faster healing in terms of diameter of wound which was statistically signified.

Conclusions: The results of the experiment revealed that there was marked decrease in wound diameter with every point of time the observation made indicating the effect of extract on progressive healing of wound.  Samadera indica proved its wound healing potential of the plant extract which is due to the bioactive compounds and thus the study supports local folklore practitioners and tribal people for the use of plant in different ailments.
QUALITY CONTROL EVALUATION OF IN HOUSE PREPARED POLYHERBAL AYURVEDIC FORMULATION SAPTAVIMSATIKA GUGGLU
Authors: Nainwal Pankaj
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Plants and their constituent are having potential of treating any human suffering in form of disease. Various combination of plant extract is used as a remedy for treating these disorders. However the usage and dose of these extract which are in random and unspecified is a big challenge for acceptance as a medicine till not get standardized. The most important Ayurvedic drugs i.e. Saptavimsatika   guggulu  had been selected from Ayurvedic famous books named API Ayurvedic Monographs for Phytochemical and Physicochemical study. This Ayurvedic drugs is mainly and commonly used in the treatment of heart, skin and stomach related disease. Drug preparation was done during an event organized by our University under theme Rx-Thon.

Methods: Physico and Phytochemical study both had been done in the labs of  School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University. Values like Exractive value, Ash value, Mosture content, pH values, True density, bulk density, angle of repose, carr's index, hausner's ratio, Florescence analysis, TLC was covered in the study

Result: Phytochemical study revealed that reducing sugars, tannin, phenolic compounds, saponin glycosides, and gum were present in the sample. Various physico-chemical parameter had been studied in the standardization procedures. The extractive, ash values, florescence analysis was done and was compared to reference standard.

Conclusion: The physicochemical standardization of polyherbal formulation Saptavimsatika guggulu was carried out. The individual ingredients of the  formulation were authenticated and standardized as per WHO guidelines and Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The in-house formulation was prepared and studied for various physicochemical properties. Although no marketed sample is available hence a porbability is made under standard evaluation parameter to launch this product in market for sale.
Frank Tannenbaum y la Revolución Mexicana
Authors: KNIGHT ALAN
Published: October 2019

THIS ARTICLE TALKS ABOUT FRANK TANNENBAUM'S VISION ABOUT MEXICAN REVOLUTION. THE POINT IS TO DEFEND SUCH VISION FROM THE ATTACKS OF REVISIONISTS CRITIES AND TO SHOW THAT IS CORRECT HISTORICALLY. THE CRITIES HAD ATTRIBUTED MATTERS THAT TANNEANBAUM NEVER SAID AND SUCH 'TRADITIONAL' VISION HAS BEEN PRESENTED IN A SIMPLIFIED DISTORTED WAY.SO THIS ARTICLE PRETENDS TO STRAIGHTEN UP THOSE DISTORTIONS AND UNDERSTAND WHAT THE SAID INTERPRETATION WAS ALL ABOUT, AS WELL AS TO COMPARE IT WITH THE HISTORICAL 'REALITY' PRESENTED IN STUDIES PUBLISHED IN RECENT YEARS.
Interdisciplina, hibridación y diferencia. Algunos rubros de su discusión actual en América Latina
Authors: Follari Roberto
Published: October 2019

La interdisciplina no es pensable, dentro de la época, como una remisión a la totalidad, si bien ésta sigue siendo necesaria para el análisis social. Acorde a tiempos de reivindicación de la diferencia, cabe pensarla en términos de mantenimiento de cierta fortaleza disciplinaria, y en clave de una posterior hibridación de las disciplinas diferenciadas. No cabe, por ello mismo, la idea simplista de “interdisciplina producida por un solo sujeto” —propia, por ejemplo, de los estudios culturales—; y es criticable la unidireccionalidad de la interdisciplina de talante tecnocrático-empresarial (Gibbons). Se defi ende como más interesante, sin embargo, el trabajo que pueda hacerse desde una disciplina sobre otra u otras (por ejemplo, una psicología de la ciencia política).
Transculturación y espacialidad del capital. A propósito de Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar
Authors: Pacheco Chávez Víctor Hugo
Published: October 2019

 El trabajo aborda la manera en cómo desde las propuestas de Fernando Ortiz en su ensayo Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar  pudiera pensarse el modo en que se construye y despliega la espacialidad del capital. Se explora cómo el paso de una economía no capitalista a otra sujeta a la lógica del capital tuvo efectos en la manera en que Ortiz pensó la transculturación. En este sentido se establece una relación entre el proceso de transculturación y sus aspectos económicos, culturales y sociales. Además de que se menciona la importancia del término acuñado por Ortiz para los debatesactuales sobre identidad en la región latinoamericana.
Las diferencias entre la geopolítica española y la portuguesa tras su encuentro con el Nuevo Mundo
Authors: Ostos Cetina María del Pilar
Published: October 2019

El objetivo de este ensayo consiste en presentar los rasgos característicos tanto del imperio español como del imperio lusitano tras su encuentro con los pueblos asentados en las tierras del Nuevo Mundo. Esto mismo nos permite identifi car algunos aspectos de prominentes imperios como lo fueron el azteca, el inca, pero también un tercero, muy relevante en el continente, pero poco estudiado desde el enfoque geopolítico como el chibcha, ubicado sobre los actuales territorios de Colombia y Venezuela. Asimismo, se trata de un análisis que nos permite dilucidar los criterios geopolíticos que implementaron no sólo los exploradores españoles, sino también los lusitanos sobre el espacio de conquista del Brasil, cuya evolución territorial a través del tiempo, dará como resultado la conformación de un impresionante Heartland , ubicado en la América del Sur.
Solving the stability problem of compressed-bendablepinned rigid rods of variable rigidity
Authors: Blyumin Semen L'vovich , Zverev Vitaliy Valentinovich , Sotnikova Irina Vladimirovna , Sysoev Anton Sergeevich
Published: October 2019

The problem connected with the stability of compressed-bendable rigid rods of variable rigidity (with the reduced rigidity in the centre) is formulated and solved. The system of transcendent equations with roots for critical load for a rod is founded out.
Boundary value problemfor multidimensional fractional advection-dispersion equation
Authors: Khasambiev Mokhammad Vakhaevich
Published: October 2019

In recent time there is a very great interest in the study of differential equations of fractional order, in which the unknown function is under the symbol of fractional derivative. It is due to the development of the theory of fractional integro-differential theory and application of it in different fields.The fractional integrals and derivatives of fractional integro-differential equations are widely used in modern investigations of theoretical physics, mechanics, and applied mathematics. The fractional calculus is a very powerful tool for describing physical systems, which have a memory and are non-local. Many processes in complex systems have nonlocality and long-time memory. Fractional integral operators and fractional differential operators allow describing some of these properties. The use of the fractional calculus will be helpful for obtaining the dynamical models, in which integro-differential operators describe power long-time memory by time and coordinates, and three-dimensional nonlocality for complex medium and processes.Differential equations of fractional order appear when we use fractal conception in physics of the condensed medium. The transfer, described by the operator with fractional derivatives at a long distance from the sources, leads to other behavior of relatively small concentrations as compared with classic diffusion. This fact redefines the existing ideas about safety, based on the ideas on exponential velocity of damping. Fractional calculus in the fractal theory and the systems with memory have the same importance as the classic analysis in mechanics of continuous medium.In recent years, the application of fractional derivatives for describing and studying the physical processes of stochastic transfer is very popular too. Many problems of filtration of liquids in fractal (high porous) medium lead to the need to study boundary value problems for partial differential equations in fractional order.In this paper the authors first considered the boundary value problem for stationary equation for mass transfer in super-diffusion conditions and abnormal advection. Then the solution of the problem is explicitly given. The solution is obtained by the Fourier’s method.The obtained results will be useful in liquid filtration theory in fractal medium and for modeling the temperature variations in the heated bar.
The boundary value problemfor one-dimensional fractional differential equationof advection-diffusion
Authors: Isaeva Leyla Magametovna
Published: October 2019

The use of fractional derivatives for describing and studying the physical processes of stochastic transport has become one of the most popular fields of physics in the recent years, many of the problems of fluid flow in highly-porous (fractal) environments also lead to the need to study boundary value problems for the equations of fractional order.The paper considers one of the boundary value problems for one-dimensional differential equation of fractional order. Using the Fourier method, the solution to this problem was explicitly written. The author also studied the qualitative properties of the solutions of the boundary value problem. It was proved that, in the case of going to infinity, the limit of the decisions recorded in the form of the function and the limit of the derivative of this solution tend to zero.The results can find application in the theory of fluid flow in a fractal environment and in order to simulate changes in temperature.Fractional integrals and derivatives of fractional integral-differential equations find wide application in contemporary studies of theoretical physics, mechanics and applied mathematics. Fractional calculus is a very powerful tool for describing the physical systems, which have memory and are non-local. Many processes in complex systems are non-locality and have long-term memory. The fractional integral operators and the fractional differential operators allow describing some of these properties. The use of fractional calculus will be useful for obtaining the dynamic models, in which integraldifferential operators describe the power of long-term memory and time coordinate and three-dimensional nonlocality for medium and complex processes.
STABILITY CONTROL OF ELEVATING-TRANSFER VEHICLES IN THE CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Zhadanovskiy Boris Vasil’evich
Published: October 2019

The underground space is widely used in the construction in big cities of the Russian Federation. These works need the use of elevating-transfer vehicles. In this case the requirements of norms and regulations on operating safety should be strictly observed, because their breach often leads to emergency situations and injuries. The organizational and technological solutions when developing the design documentation and executing construction and assembly works should be primarily based on the stability of lifting facilities. The author states the requirements to installation of lifting tackles (cranes). The features of their installation in different operation conditions on construction sites are described. The crane stability depends on many different indicators, which are considered by the author. The calculation algorithms of crane stability are offered.
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT FENCING STRUCTURES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Authors: Lapidus Azariy Abramovich , Zhunin Andrey Alekseevich
Published: October 2019

The investigations of thermal and technical features of enveloping structures show that at the present time the structures of outer walls with hinged ventilated facades are the most energy efficient. The facades with air space are widely used both in residential and in public buildings. In the recent years the problems related to energy efficient enveloping structures are being actively investigated. The problems of modern Russian and foreign energy-efficient facade systems, their technical and structural solutions and the main methods of their installation are reviewed in the article. The methods of solving the tasks of research are proposed and the obtained results are described. The development of organizational and technological solutions for sealing of joints of front panels during installation of ventilated facades by pre-assembly method was the basis of the method of solving of the problem. The obtained data together with the developed structural and technological solutions may become the base for the development of technical rules and regulations.
PECULIAR PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL FORMATION OF CEMENT COMPOSITES IN THE PRESENCE OF FUELEROID TYPE CARBON NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Pukharenko Yuriy Vladimirovich , Ryzhov Dmitriy Igorevich , Staroverov Vadim Dmitrievich
Published: October 2019

The paper deals with the application of fulleroid carbon nanoparticles (FCN) for the cement com-posites modification. In particular, the thermokinetic analysis was performed to assess the change in the rate and completeness of the cement hydration when the nanomodifier was introduced into it. The study of exothermic heterogeneous interactions and thermal effects in the binder - water - nanomodifier system allows one to estimate the hydration rate and depth and to assess the degree of nanomodifier’s influence. The conducted studies revealed the increase in the hydration temperature when carbon nanoparticles are introduced into the cement dough, while the induction period is prolonged, that indicates a more complete course of the reactions. It is confirmed by the results of qualitative X-ray structural analysis. The dynamics of decrease in calcium silicate peaks characterizes the completeness of hydration and binding of portlandite, that explains the increase in the modified cement stone strength. Microstructural analysis allows to detect the structure characteristic of control samples with a large number of large chaotically located crystals, the bulk of which is formed on the first day of solidification. Under the same conditions, the modification of the cement stone contributes to the creation of the more dense spatial structure consisting of small crystalline hydrate formations. All that process positively influences the formation of the rigid matrix with a smaller number of pores, which determines the in-crease in strength and durability of cement stone and concrete on its basis.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL FACTORS ON A DESIRED LEVEL OF THERMAL PROTECTION OF OUTER WALLS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Authors: Ananev Aleksey Ivanovich , Rymarov Andrey Georgievich , Voitovich Elena Valer'evna , Latushkin Aleksey Petrovich
Published: October 2019

The requirements to a desired level of thermal protection of outer walls of buildings have been analysed. The relation between such requirements and social factors of a country was shown. Comparison data regarding heat releasing surface area of outer walls and windows and heat losses per person have been received for variable residential density of apartments. The authors have shown international practices and the needs for transition to construction of buildings with a higher level of thermal protection of outer walls. Since cold generation is 3-5 times as expensive as heat generation for many buildings, the transition was made from ventilation of the naturally driven type to controlled and mechanical one providing heat recovery of exhaust air. It was suggested that problem of energy-saving in the sector of construction and housing and communal services could be solved providing a desired life of outer walls and costs of current and major repairs required for projected lifetime of a building.
DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF CONCRETE DISTRIBUTOR OF SMALL SCALE
Authors: Gorskikh E.S. , Emelyanov R.T. , Baranova G.P. , Turysheva E.S. , Osmanov E.I.
Published: October 2019

The analysis of the vibromolding process for engineering products was given. The design experimental model of concrete distributor of small scale was developed. The results of research on dynamic simulation of machinery were set out.