bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language Revitalization
Authors: Pine Aidan , Turin Mark
Published: March 2017

The world is home to an extraordinary level of linguistic diversity, with roughly 7,000 languages currently spoken and signed. Yet this diversity is highly unstable and is being rapidly eroded through a series of complex and interrelated processes that result in or lead to language loss. The combination of monolingualism and networks of global trade languages that are increasingly technologized have led to over half of the world’s population speaking one of only 13 languages. Such linguistic homogenization leaves in its wake a linguistic landscape that is increasingly endangered.

A wide range of factors contribute to language loss and attrition. While some—such as natural disasters—are unique to particular language communities and specific geographical regions, many have similar origins and are common across endangered language communities around the globe. The harmful legacy of colonization and the enduring impact of disenfranchising policies relating to Indigenous and minority languages are at the heart of language attrition from New Zealand to Hawai’i, and from Canada to Nepal.

Language loss does not occur in isolation, nor is it inevitable or in any way “natural.” The process also has wide-ranging social and economic repercussions for the language communities in question. Language is so heavily intertwined with cultural knowledge and political identity that speech forms often serve as meaningful indicators of a community’s vitality and social well-being. More than ever before, there are vigorous and collaborative efforts underway to reverse the trend of language loss and to reclaim and revitalize endangered languages. Such approaches vary significantly, from making use of digital technologies in order to engage individual and younger learners to community-oriented language nests and immersion programs. Drawing on diverse techniques and communities, the question of measuring the success of language revitalization programs has driven research forward in the areas of statistical assessments of linguistic diversity, endangerment, and vulnerability. Current efforts are re-evaluating the established triad of documentation-conservation-revitalization in favor of more unified, holistic, and community-led approaches.
Virtual Communities of Practice
Authors: Pender Greene Mary
Published: March 2017

Sociologists and social workers have long been invested in understanding the role of communities in shaping identities and influencing behavior; however, the study of virtual communities is still new despite the dramatic ways in which online social networks have replaced traditional, geographically bound conceptions of community. The present article briefly reviews some of the early theories of community that have influenced practically all scholars studying computer-mediated virtual communities. The focus then shifts toward an analysis of early, important theorists focusing on virtual communities. The article concludes by examining contemporary research and practices utilizing virtual communities in social work, with a particular emphasis on ways to integrate virtual communities into professional practice.
Sex Workers and HIV/AIDS in India
Authors: Sinha Sunny
Published: March 2017

The risk of HIV infection looms large among male, female, and transgender sex workers in India. Several individual, sociocultural, and structural-environmental factors enhance the risk of HIV infection among sex workers by restricting their ability to engage in safer sexual practices with clients and/or intimate partners. While most HIV prevention programs and research focus on visible groups of women sex workers operating from brothels (Pardasani, 2005) and traditional sex workers, for example, Devadasis (Orchard, 2007); there is a whole subgroup of the sex worker population that remains invisible within HIV prevention programs, such as the male, female, and transgender sex workers operating from non-brothel-based settings. This paper provides an overview of the different types and contexts of sex work prevalent in Indian society, discusses the factors that increase a sex worker’s risk of HIV infection, describes the varied approaches to HIV prevention adopted by the existing HIV prevention programs for sex workers, discusses the limitations of the HIV prevention programs, and concludes with implications for social work practice and education.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Hegge Gloria
Published: March 2017

The historical development of the borderline concept is traced up through the development of the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Treatments for BPD during the 1970s and 1980s are discussed, including the object relations theories of Margaret Mahler and James Masterson, as well as trauma theory described by Judith Herman. Three evidence-based treatments (EBTs) that have emerged from the 1990s to the present time are described, as well as findings from brain imaging techniques and how new EBTs and neuroimaging have changed the view of this disorder.
HIV/AIDS in India
Authors: Shukla Shrivridhi , Jacob Sneha , Singh Karun
Published: March 2017

India has witnessed a substantial decline in the rate of new HIV infections in the past decade. Despite the reduction in incidence, the social determinants of health, such as poverty, gender inequality, and stigma, have made tackling the disease challenging for medical practitioners, health educators, and social workers, among other stakeholders. This article describes social determinants of HIV/AIDS and provides a brief history of shifts in the HIV/AIDS policies in India, with an overview of the current policy that is complicated by regional variations in HIV prevalence and transmission. In addition, it discusses the nature and impact of HIV in different communities vulnerable to the infection, major interventions supported by the Indian government, and the diverse roles played by social workers in combating the epidemic and providing services to people living with HIV/AIDS.
From Caregiving to Caresharing
Authors: Greene Roberta R. , Kropf Nancy P.
Published: March 2017

With the growth in the older population, especially people in the latest years of life, the need for care provision by both formal and informal sources of support will need to increase and be more innovative in design. This article begins by tracing the roots of caring and examines diverse caregiving structures and social conditions. Drawing upon a concept first studied by Covan in Florida and augmented by European models, the authors articulate practice principles from a caresharing perspective. These models emphasize caresharing by combining strengths and resources from multiple sources; however, they are still under development. The article concludes by examining 16 principles that are aligned with practice from a caresharing paradigm.
Drug Courts
Authors: Schroeder Julie , Harris Bridgette
Published: March 2017

Drug courts were developed to facilitate treatment for criminal offenders with substance abuse problems. Drug courts operate using dual paradigms of healing and discipline via treatment, social service resources, and case management for healing, and judicial sanctions and criminal justice interventions in efforts to initiate change resulting in sobriety and no further criminal behavior. The key goals of most drug courts are to reduce drug use and associated criminal behavior by engaging and retaining drug-involved offenders in programs and treatment services; to concentrate expertise about drug cases into a single courtroom; to address other defendant needs through clinical assessment and effective case management; and to free judicial, prosecutorial and public defense resources for adjudicating non-drug cases.

It is vital that social work students be introduced to drug courts and how they function for students to gain better understanding of how addiction can bring their clients into contact with the criminal justice system. Drug courts are ideal settings for internship placements so that students can get hands-on experience in a court setting and assist clients using a therapeutic jurisprudence model.
A penalized regression approach to haplotype reconstruction of viral populations arising in early HIV/SIV infection
Authors: Leviyang Sivan , Griva Igor , Ita Sergio , Johnson Welkin E
Published: March 2017

Motivation

Next generation sequencing (NGS) has been increasingly applied to characterize viral evolution during HIV and SIV infections. In particular, NGS datasets sampled during the initial months of infection are characterized by relatively low levels of diversity as well as convergent evolution at multiple loci dispersed across the viral genome. Consequently, fully characterizing viral evolution from NGS datasets requires haplotype reconstruction across large regions of the viral genome. Existing haplotype reconstruction algorithms have not been developed with the particular characteristics of early HIV/SIV infection in mind, raising the possibility that better performance could be achieved through a specifically designed algorithm.

Results

Here, we introduce a haplotype reconstruction algorithm, RegressHaplo, specifically designed for low diversity and convergent evolution regimes. The algorithm uses a penalized regression that balances a data fitting term with a penalty term that encourages solutions with few haplotypes. The regression covariates are a large set of potential haplotypes and fitting the regression is made computationally feasible by the low diversity setting. Using simulated and in vivo datasets, we compare RegressHaplo to PredictHaplo and QuRe, two existing haplotype reconstruction algorithms. RegressHaplo performs better than these algorithms on simulated datasets with relatively low diversity levels. We suggest RegressHaplo as a novel tool for the investigation of early infection HIV/SIV datasets and, more generally, low diversity viral NGS datasets.

Availability and Implementation

https://github.com/SLeviyang/RegressHaplo
No-take marine reserves are the most effective protected areas in the ocean
Authors: Sala Enric , Giakoumi Sylvaine
Published: March 2017

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an essential tool for reversing the global degradation of ocean life. Hence, it is important to know which types of MPAs are more effective, and under which conditions. No-take marine reserves – the MPAs with stronger protection – are very effective in restoring and preserving biodiversity, and in enhancing ecosystem resilience. A new meta-analysis of previous studies shows that biomass of whole fish assemblages in marine reserves is, on average, 670% greater than in adjacent unprotected areas, and 343% greater than in partially-protected MPAs. Marine reserves also help restore the complexity of ecosystems through a chain of ecological effects (trophic cascades) once the abundance of large animals recovers sufficiently. Marine reserves may not be immune to the effects of climate change, but to date, reserves with complex ecosystems are more resilient than unprotected areas. Although marine reserves were conceived to protect ecosystems within their boundaries, they have also been shown to enhance local fisheries and create jobs and new incomes through ecotourism.
Constructing the informatics and information technology foundations of a medical device evaluation system: a report from the FDA unique device identifier demonstration
Authors: Drozda Joseph P , Roach James , Forsyth Thomas , Helmering Paul , Dummitt Benjamin , Tcheng James E
Published: March 2017

Objective

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recognized the need to improve the tracking of medical device safety and performance, with implementation of Unique Device Identifiers (UDIs) in electronic health information as a key strategy. The FDA funded a demonstration by Mercy Health wherein prototype UDIs were incorporated into its electronic information systems. This report describes the demonstration’s informatics architecture.

Methods

Prototype UDIs for coronary stents were created and implemented across a series of information systems, resulting in UDI-associated data flow from manufacture through point of use to long-term follow-up, with barcode scanning linking clinical data with UDI-associated device attributes. A reference database containing device attributes and the UDI Research and Surveillance Database (UDIR) containing the linked clinical and device information were created, enabling longitudinal assessment of device performance. The demonstration included many stakeholders: multiple Mercy departments, manufacturers, health system partners, the FDA, professional societies, the National Cardiovascular Data Registry, and information system vendors.

Results

The resulting system of systems is described in detail, including entities, functions, linkage between the UDIR and proprietary systems using UDIs as the index key, data flow, roles and responsibilities of actors, and the UDIR data model.

Conclusion

The demonstration provided proof of concept that UDIs can be incorporated into provider and enterprise electronic information systems and used as the index key to combine device and clinical data in a database useful for device evaluation. Keys to success and challenges to achieving this goal were identified. Fundamental informatics principles were central to accomplishing the system of systems model.
Ethics
Authors: Challagolla Deepti
Published: March 2017

This chapter reviews essential aspects of ethics including informed consent, brain death, ethical principles, end-of-life issues, research ethics and caregiver integrity
Physical processes in the vessel
Authors: Gasser T. Christian
Published: March 2017

Evolution has developed a complex cardiovascular system, the analysis of which involves many physical disciplines. Specifically, cardiovascular function critically depends on the proper interaction between blood and the vessel wall, such that haemodynamics-based biomechanical factors are a common denominator of cardiovascular pathologies. This chapter reviews biomechanics-related physical processes in the vessel. Specifically, mechanical load transition mechanisms in blood and the vessel wall, blood-wall interaction phenomena, as well as simple analytical solutions to Newton’s second law of mechanics are discussed. Albeit that such simple analytical relations are very useful when exploring physical processes in the vasculature, their application is limited and cardiovascular analysis often requires more advanced computational methods so as to draw conclusions from Newton’s law. Most important, the proper application of either simple or more advanced physical models requires close interaction between engineering and medical disciplines.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Clinical Trials
Authors: Nicholson Katharine A. , Berry James D.
Published: March 2017

The current state of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) trial design is best understood within the context of ALS research over the past quarter century. Before the early 1990s, trials in ALS were typically small and clinical trial methodology was less rigorous than it is today. With the discovery of the SOD1 gene mutation in the early 1990s, a new era of excitement and innovation for ALS research began. Since then, the number of ALS trials has steadily increased and trial design and methodology has become increasingly sophisticated.
Aggression, Guilt and Reparation
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this talk, Winnicott discusses the roots of constructive activity in analytic work and looks at the relationship of construction to destruction in this work. He acknowledges Melanie Klein’s work extended Freud’s own, by looking at the destructiveness in human nature. Destroying an object, followed by the development of a sense of guilt, occurs in childhood and is especially important in adolescence. The sense of guilt comes from the toleration of one’s destructive impulses in primitive loving and its extension later to the capacity to enjoy ideas and the bodily excitements that accompany them. Acceptance of destructiveness represents a developmental achievement which gives space for the experience of concern, the basis for constructive activity. Developmentally, a sense of guilt is the coming together of destructiveness and constructiveness. A clinical sense of guilt as a conscious burden is however different.
Comments on Joseph Sandler’s ‘On the Concept of the Superego’
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s comments on a paper given to the British Society by Joseph Sandler entitled ‘On the Concept of the Superego’. For Winnicott, Sandler’s work, though relevant to the Freudian concept of the super ego, does not address dreams, psychic reality and fantasy sufficiently. He refers to the importance of Klein’s work, but also to his own paper, ‘Mind in Relation to the Psyche Soma’ and to his concepts of the True self and False self. For Winnicott, the period before the establishment of the superego at the oedipal stage must be considered first. Here there is little autonomy of the early self and thus little capacity to internalise the parental figures and establish the super ego. Winnicott criticizes Sandler for not fully addressing and defining these matters of the very early pre-superego stages of development but agrees that, in health, the classical superego, belonging to the passing of the Oedipus complex, can be observed.
Memorandum on Organizational Aspects of Child Care at Paddington Green Children’s Hospital (Psychology Department)
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this memorandum, Winnicott describes how child psychiatry is represented at Paddington Green Children’s Hospital by a rather unusual form of clinic, for many years part of the medical out-patient clinic. This structure brings the advantage of not having a waiting list. Winnicott’s double appointment—there and at the Institute of Psychoanalysis—means that many children receive full psycho-analytic treatment. Dr. Barbara Woodhead now holds his old position there. Winnicott contends that child psychiatrists need paediatric experience, training in psycho-analysis (adults and children), personal analysis, and the study of child psychiatry in relation to adult psychiatry. He argues for the department at Paddington Green Hospital being part of the paediatric unit.
Letter to Masud Khan
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott corrects Khan’s notes about a paper Winnicott has given, which Khan is passing on to their colleague Dr Frankl. He wants to alter Khan’s use of the word ‘dissociation’ where Winnicott instead wants the word ‘disintegration’. Winnicott defines his own terms ‘integration, ‘unintegration’, ‘disintegration’ and ‘dissociation’ in great detail.
Psycho-Neurosis in Childhood
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, given to a Scandinavian Orthopsychiatric Congress, Winnicott speaks of the psycho neuroses of childhood. He writes that the origins of psychoneurosis are found in the childhood of every individual, and psychoses proper have to do with the structure of the personality. In the psychoneuroses, functioning object relationships usually obtain, but symptomatology arising from inner conflict also occurs and leads to various symptoms. Depression, persecution anxieties and antisocial tendencies may be part of the child’s defensive system in trying to cope with this. Those children whose early environment—and its essential feature of infant dependence—has been satisfactory, those with normal family life, and those in institutional care are each described and differentiated. Winnicott touches on adolescence and the need for true not false solutions, and he recognizes that real mental health may include the capacity for depression and even madness to a degree.
Letter to Sir Aubrey Lewis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott asks Sir Aubrey Lewis to read and comment on an enclosed article on matters of child psychiatry training, a subject on which Winnicott had already written to him.
Comments on the Report of the Committee on Punishment in Prisons and Borstals
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his five major comments on this government-based report on punishment in prisons and borstals (places of detention for young offenders), Winnicott first addresses the conflict of society in addressing due legal care of its members and also of giving appropriate treatment and care to offenders, especially the young, whilst acknowledging the unconscious need of society to mete out revenge and hence potentially excessive punishment. He then addresses issues of tobacco smoking and the needs of prisoners to have a modicum of defence against madness or hope by means of this drug, and of rules on self care and appearance in borstals being entrusted to the governor in charge. He discusses different ways of treating young absconders on return or capture and on what punishment means to the individual.
The Development of a Child’s Sense of Right and Wrong
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this BBC radio broadcast, Winnicott argues that a child’s sense of right and wrong develops over time if the appropriate environmental conditions are there. He speaks of the baby and early infancy stages of childhood and asks that primitive and natural processes (such as biting greedily) be seen as both real and fantasized experiences. The parents can develop this into a child’s innate goodness and badness. If a child’s guilt at hating alongside loving is recognized and accepted by parents, the child can internalize these conflicts into a more mature sense of right and wrong.
A Personal View of the Kleinian Contribution
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott presents his personal view of the major importance of Kleinian thinking to psychoanalysis in this talk to the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society. He realised Klein’s contribution to his early training because he saw that babies, not just children of oedipal age, suffered and had emotional difficulties. Klein took Freudian analysis and three-person Oedipal work back to the earlier two-person stage of infant and mother. Winnicott affirms how much he valued and learned from all this while not agreeing with everything. He gives his criticism of her theories of paranoid-schizoid elements in the self and some aspects of the depressive position. He summarizes key aspects of her theory and sees her as a world leader in psychoanalysis.
Dependence in Infant-Care, in Child-Care and in the Psycho-Analytic Setting
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper presented to the Boston Psychoanalytic Society, Winnicott examines the nature of transference dependence in a patient using clinical material, and he compares this with the stages of infant and child dependency. This vulnerable dependent patient required a phase of deep dependency on his analyst and a regression to the initial difficulties in her early life. All analysts fail and succeed in this work, but in failing and succeeding, they can help towards change. He comments on Dr Zetzel and her views of his work, correcting how he is represented in the area of early environmental failures.
Providing for the Child in Health and Crisis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this presentation to a panel discussion at the San Francisco Psychoanalytic Society, Winnicott discusses what matters for the child in health and in crisis. He argues that we need to provide an environment for the child that lays down the foundations of good mental health throughout life. He recognizes that there may be children who need more help due to immaturity in development; he examines stages of child dependency in detail and the gradual move towards greater independence and a social sense. The child’s capacity to develop object relations and to achieve a good personality structure is important for Winnicott, and he also believes parents who have the capacity to identify with their children make a great contribution to this growth.
The Theory of the Parent-Infant Relationship: Further Remarks
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In these further remarks on the parent-infant relationship, on which he and Phyllis Greenacre had given Congress papers, Winnicott endorses Greenacre’s work on maturation and links it to his work on dependence. He notes that babies are helped to face anxiety and avoid moment-by-moment breakdowns by parents providing good environmental conditions. In analysis, a patient may have difficulties that mean he has to be helped to go back and face earlier unbearable anxieties that led to organizing what are now unhelpful defences. Actual clinical breakdowns may have to be lived through analytically to enable regrowth. Winnicott makes these remarks rather than further summarising his paper.
A Note on a Case Involving Envy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this short note, Winnicott describes some features of the analysis of a long-standing male patient of his. With the analytic end date in view, Winnicott details the love and hate felt for himself, the analyst; the patient’s use of female identification and a homosexual role in the relationship with him in order to avoid full castration wishes towards ‘the father’; and, above all, the patient’s helpless need of—and dependence upon—his analyst. Winnicott sees these responses to his own potency as the analyst and as evidence of envious feelings and attacks by the patient on himself.
Communicating and Not Communicating Leading to a Study of Certain Opposites
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott proposes that at the centre of each individual is an area not to be exploited or invaded in analysis and in ordinary life. He writes that there is a right not to communicate alongside the fundamental need to do so, which Winnicott links to the fantasy of being found. The individual is an isolate who can engage in object relations so long as he cannot be fully ‘found’. Winnicott bases this proposition on the illusion of the early infant, that out of helpless dependence he has ‘created’ the actual mother/object. This early engagement with reality is as valid as all explicit communication and may be the source of artistic and cultural creativity. He detects in the artist the co-existence of the need to communicate and the need not to be found. Clinical examples illustrate his thesis.
The Value of Depression
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper given to the Association of Psychiatric Social Workers, Winnicott describes the state of normal and more severe or psychotic depression from various standpoints. He asserts that depression has value for human growth if the suffering, guilt and mourning related to it can be accomplished satisfactorily. Managing mood variations is an achievement, especially when deep hate is in conflict with the need to love and be loved. Features impeding successful management of depression are failures in the organization of the ego or delusions of persecution operating in the patient. Clinical examples are given.
Psychiatric Disorder in Terms of Infantile Maturational Processes
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In a lecture to the Philadelphia Psychiatric Society, Winnicott affirms the importance, in psychoneurotic psychoanalytic cases, of the analysis of the ‘three-person relationship’ (the Oedipus complex). But when more ‘psychotic’ elements emerge, deeper work of interpretation and understanding must follow. He discusses the analysis of deep depression, of the mourning processes and of the internally persecuting object in the more borderline patients. The ego of the patient needs to be functioning well for interpretation to serve. He proposes that three areas of his own theory—the functions of integration, personalization and the capacity to relate to objects—need to be considered since early environmental failures may cause psychotic-type difficulties. Analytic techniques of regression to dependence and holding then need to be worked through. He concludes that the processes of schizophrenic illness are the processes of early infantile maturation but in reverse. Important clinical illustrative material is given.
Further Clinical Material on the Theme of a Male Patient’s Exploitation of His Female Self
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott gives two clinical reports of a patient who exploited his female self in different ways in his sessions. In the first, after feeling muddled and unhelpful to the patient and perhaps making ‘clever but unhelpful’ interpretations, Winnicott arrives at an interpretation that the patient cannot use him properly as a good father in relation to his mother. The patient finds this helpful and realizes he uses his own wife as a mother in this way. Winnicott recognizes some phallic, rather than maternal material, from the patient and a dream. In the second, after missing some sessions, the patient acknowledges a whole area of his homosexuality which has been denied by his three marriages.
The Concept of the False Self
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott discusses the link between the concept of maturity, personal adult health and personality. Everyone, Winnicott contends, is divided into a true and a false self. He writes that in health the false self is to some extent the adaptation we all make to live within a given society, the caretaker of the true self. However, in what might be termed a false self disorder, in severe mental illness such as schizophrenia, the true self is compromised and depleted by the false self and the capacity for spontaneous living is jeopardised.
Letter to New Society
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s letter to New Society in which he expands on a letter from Paul Halmos which had described the roles of love and skill in social work and psychotherapy.
The Neonate and His Mother
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott describes some elements of the psychology of the newborn. He distinguishes the difference between a mother’s psychology and that of her infant's, and also ascribes to the mother the capacity for primary maternal preoccupation (his term) for identifying with her infant. He gives importance both to the concept of the proper ‘holding’ physically and emotionally of the newborn and to the environmental provision that the infant needs. The beginnings of the personality, and the difficulties inherent in failures of early provision leading to serious mental illness are also discussed. Detailed examples from his clinical cases are given.
Foreword to The Widow’s Child
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s foreword to Margaret Torrie’s book, The Widow’s Child, congratulating the author and expressing the wish that it will be used by widows and fatherless children as well as by professionals in this field.
This Feminism
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s talk to the Progressive League gives a developmental psychoanalytic approach to masculinity and femininity; points out that males and females cross-identify with one another; considers prepuberty, puberty, and adolescent phases; considers the visibility of the penis as against the vagina; gives examples of how girls might fantasise about themselves and their bodies; distinguishes fantasising from true inner psychic reality (there in each of us); considers envy of the opposite sex; and finally details the real dangers of childbirth for women and the subsequent responsibility for newborn life.
Letter to Humberto Nagera
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Letter from Winnicott to Dr Humberto Nagera on his paper ‘Early Childhood’, encouraging Nagera to use Klein’s work more and to accept it to be part of the history of psychoanalytic work in London and the world, all of which, in Winnicott’s view, has resulted in Nagera being able to write his paper.
Do Progressive Schools Give Too Much Freedom to the Child?
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott looks at progressive schools in terms of their work with ill children and, sometimes, ill parents. For Winnicott, the diagnosis of children as healthy or maladjusted or deprived is of utmost significance when the place of progressive schools is being discussed. A group of deprived children can be said to both need a progressive school and, at the same time, be most likely to break it up. Winnicott considers that the challenge for progressive schools is that they tend to be used by persons trying to ‘place’ deprived children, which he considers a misuse of their function. He proposes that, under such conditions, any idea of providing opportunity for creative learning will be vitiated by the fact that a large number of the pupils will not be able to learn because they are trying to discover and establish their identities. Winnicott also believes that good progressive school education cannot to be measured in academic terms; it may be that all the school does is not expel a pupil until the time comes for passing him or her on to a wider area of living.
Notes Made in the Train
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s notes made while returning from a conference on The Future for Progressive Education, referring to the positive and negative aspects of the idea of ‘forward-reaching’ and ‘forging ahead’ in progressive schools. A discussion on control, destructive and compulsive heterosexual behaviour follows.
The Child, the Family and the Offender
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this response to a Home Office White Paper, Winnicott expresses dismay that there is no evidence in the White Paper of any absorption of new knowledge, such as the discoveries of psychoanalysis and the unconscious. He contends that delinquency has both a positive and a negative aspect that needs understanding by society and by its legal systems and is disappointed at the loss of this opportunity by government to address this serious matter.
Clinical Material: Theme of ‘Two’, also Theme of ‘Black’
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s report of a patient in analysis where the theme of the number two and the theme of nothing—and how and if it matters—recur alongside the theme of black and its significance for the patient. The patient’s dreams are a central aspect.
Introduction to The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s introduction to his collection of essays The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment summarises the book’s main themes: a carrying back of the application of Freud’s theories to infancy, dependence in early infancy, the antisocial tendency as a reaction to deprivation rather than privation, the relation of more psychotic disorders to environmental factors, and of psycho-neurosis to natural personal conflict.
The Split-off Male and Female Elements to Be Found in Men and Women
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott raises the issue of bisexuality in men and women and also of creativity in the male. He discusses a great deal of clinical material in which the female elements in a male patient predominate and are kept split off or dissociated from the rest of his personality. He ascribes ‘doing’ to the male and ‘being’ to the female and sees the female’s capacity to ‘be’ as providing the child’s dependence upon her and of ultimately giving him a sense of self or identity. He puts this succinctly as ‘after being—doing and being done to. But first “being” ’. He refers briefly to stealing as the male element in both boys and girls.
Letter to Herbert Rosenfeld
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s letter to Dr Rosenfeld on Hans Thorner’s paper and on a comment Rosenfeld made to Clare Winnicott in supervision about the analyst needing to accept the patient’s projections.
Autism
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this lecture, Winnicott sets out his views on autism in children. He asserts that, over his career as a paediatrician, the picture now called autism was always clearly recognizable. Winnicott finds the grouping slightly false, as mental disorders cannot be classified as tidily as physical disorders. Winnicott gives many examples of children who may have become autistic, but who recovered. He includes cases of children who may use their specialised genius to make a living, although they may not be able to achieve emotional independence. He is aware that the Society for Autism deals not with the causes of autism, but rather with the plight of the parents. However, Winnicott also feels it is not right to censor statements or avoid looking for causes of autism for fear of hurting someone, and he stresses that it is the aetiology of the illness which gives the clues for its prevention.
Review: Dibs: In Search of Self
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s review of Virginia Axline’s book Dibs: In search of self, which he calls a convincing record of a successful treatment of a child who at 5 might have been labelled ‘autistic’.
Letter to The Times
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s letter to The Times responding to a Mr Sparks’ request that Bowlby et al. provide empirical evidence that a child removed from its parents at a young age would be much impaired. Winnicott writes that it is generally known that small babies are highly dependent on the constancy of the person who looks after them. He argues for Mr Sparks to prove that the general public and the vast majority of parents who hold this belief are wrong.
Letter to a Confidant
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s letter to a confidant on her ‘split-off’ male and female elements, their relation to homosexuality and bisexuality and her life as a new mother.
Letter to Lili E. Peller
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s letter to Lili Peller on the distinction between desire and need in relation to infantile dependence. For Winnicott, dependence is something that refers to need, and the psychotic-type anxieties that cluster around the word ‘need’ have nothing to do with the instincts.
Review: Adolescents and Morality
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s praiseworthy review of Adolescents and Morality , an account of boys’ and girls’ thinking and feeling with well-classified responses. The influence of the threat of the atom bomb is noted.
Letter to William Gillespie
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott asks Gillespie to share clinical responsibility on a difficult case, including a description of this phase of the case.
Review: Absent: School Refusal as an Expression of Disturbed Family Relationships
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In Winnicott’s review of the book Absent: School Refusal as an Expression of Disturbed Family Relationships by Max Clyne, he comments on Clyne’s awareness that school refusal is to be distinguished from truancy in children. The difficulties of children leaving their parents (separation anxieties) is recognised by Winnicott.
On the Occasion of the Publication of the Standard Edition of Freud
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s speech, as BPAS President, on the publication of James Strachey’s Standard Edition of Freud. Winnicott emphasises the edition’s debt to the work of Strachey and to Anna Freud, and considers the translation and publication of Freud to be a significant cultural achievement. Winnicott remarks that while Freud gave new value to inner psychic reality and used the word 'sublimation’ to point the way to a place where cultural experience is meaningful, he did not have a place in his topography of the mind for the experience of things cultural.
Letter to a Patient
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s letter to a patient and the circumstances of the patient’s paintings being therapeutic.
The Beginning of the Individual
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, following the contribution of a Catholic bishop (Dr Fisher, later Archbishop of Canterbury) to a newspaper article on abortion, Winnicott unpacks a long sequence of developmental stages along the line relevant to the question ‘when does the individual start?’ He reminds Dr Fisher that any theory of the beginning of the individual, for society as well as for religious controversialists, must take into account the point in time when a child feels responsible for his or her own ideas and actions.
An Allotted Spanner in the Works
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this short personal note, Winnicott reflects on his mortality, remembering his friends who died in the war.
Introduction to Volume 7
Authors: Ferruta Anna
Published: March 2017

This volume is characterized by a remarkable variety of topics, unified by the dialectical, often polemical quality with which the various issues are treated, and by the courageous extension of new research into increasingly primitive areas of the mind: ‘my latest brain-child’, that is, his latest discoveries. In the introduction to Volume 7, the author comments on three main areas: his writings on theory (disintegration and dissociation), those that deal with technical issues (consultation: the ‘patient’s picnic’), and those in which Winnicott’s character and personality emerge (Winnicott as a person), finding that Winnicott’s complex way of thinking shifts from the individual to the general, from the normal to the pathological, and from the integration of fragmentary elements towards new creative constructions.
Letter to Mrs P. Aitken
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Letter from Winnicott to a Mrs Aitken on her family.
D. W. W. on D. W. W.
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In January 1967, four years before his death, Winnicott was asked to address the 1952 Club (a society of senior British independent group analysts who meet informally for discussion of ideas) on the relationship of his theory to other formulations of early development, an exercise he called ‘D.W.W. on D.W.W’. Winnicott chronologically reviews the development of his ideas and speaks of those whose work had influenced him. He elaborates on his own work on psychoanalysis as an investigative method, on delinquency, on the environment, on dependence, on transitional objects and phenomena, on the psyche soma, on madness, on sublimation and on regression. This paper includes both the extract Winnicott handed out with spaces left to be filled in as the audience thought appropriate and a transcription of the recording of the actual talk.
The Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry Observed as a Group Phenomenon
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott addresses the purpose and function of this multi-form group, which speaks on behalf of children and adolescents and the professions who serve them. He addresses its membership of teachers, psychologists, paediatricians, social workers, probation officers, hospital workers, child care workers, psychotherapists and others, and advocates that its disparate membership retains the inevitable disunity of its approach, ultimately serving the interests of the collective child.
Review: The Successful Step-Parent
Authors: Winnicott Donald W. , Thomson Helen
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s review of a book of advice for step-parents by Helen Thomson, which he describes as ‘fair-enough’.
The Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Psychosis in Childhood
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott presents his psychotherapeutic consultation work with a child showing what can be done, even in cases of psychosis, without recourse to medication, in his role as a child psychiatrist. He describes his interpretative work with the child using the squiggle drawing technique.
A Tribute on the Occasion of Willi Hoffer’s Seventieth Birthday
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this tribute to Will Hoffer, Winnicott gives an account of a consultation with a mother and a baby of 4½ months who had started to refuse to breastfeed. Winnicott relates this case to two papers he admires and values by Hoffer.
Letter to a Colleague
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Letter from Winnicott to an anonymous colleague on a patient.
Letter to Renata Gaddini
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Letter from Winnicott to Renata Gaddini on her translation of the phrase ‘to make room to grow’ from English into Italian.
Letter to Gillian Nelson
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Letter from Winnicott to a Mrs Nelson on aggression in children.
Letter to R. S. W. Dowling
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Letter from Winnicott to Dr Dowling on Dowling’s request for Winnicott to write a chapter on the child’s mind for a medical textbook and Winnicott’s refusal.
Chards Pil…
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

‘Chards Pil…’ is a brief autobiographical sketch by Winnicott reminiscing about his childhood in Cornwall. Winnicott recalls that a certain fisherman, selling his wares by hollering ‘Pilchards’, bore a striking resemblance to former President of France Charles de Gaulle.
Letter to Donald Gough
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Letter from Winnicott to Dr Gough on his observation of a baby’s interaction with the mother with its eyes during feeding.
Sum , I Am
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott in his talk to teachers of mathematics at a London teacher training college about the integrative factors that go to make up a sense of the self as a unit, a ‘me’. Winnicott plays on the Latin ‘Sum’ for ‘I am’ and as a subject of mathematics and elaborates on the development of the wholeness of self, the sum of the self, as well as its numerical meaning.
The Effect of Loss on the Young
Authors: Winnicott Donald W. , Burton Lindy
Published: March 2017

Winnicott, in this short piece written for the Annual General Meeting of Cruse Clubs, a group who attend to loss in families, explores the effects of loss on young children and the need for grief to be acknowledged and worked through in a young child.
Review: The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Volume 22
Authors: Winnicott Donald W. , Eissler Ruth S. , Freud Anna , Hartmann Heinz , Kris Marianne
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s review of the twenty-second volume in the ‘inexorable’ series The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, in which Winnicott expresses his belief that these volumes, representing an intra-group loyalty to Anna Freud, while dogmatic and therefore theoretically consistent, have steadily moved through the volumes towards creative moments and spontaneity.
Children Learning
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott, in a lecture to a college for further education on the subject of religion and belief, discusses how a child comes to have a sense of trust or belief that is not inculcated, as in the case of religion, but rather derived from the nature of his relationships to those who have reared him. The mother, essentially, is seen by Winnicott through her early care of the child as establishing a growing trust within him for her capacity for reliability and love.
Letter to L. Joseph Stone
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Letter from Winnicott to Professor Stone offering him references to Winnicott’s various published accounts of the squiggle game in consultations with children.
Foreword to Susan Isaacs: The First Biography
Authors: Winnicott Donald W. , Gardner D. E. M.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott writes a foreword to a biography by Dorothy Gardner of the life and work of psychoanalyst and educationalist Susan Isaacs, stating his grief and anger at her loss. He describes how they trained together at the Institute of Psychoanalysis, how he was invited by her to lecture to Isaacs’ students at the Department of Child Development, London University for many years, and how he provided child cases for the Child Training at the Institute of Psychoanalysis, a training which she organised