bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anakinra (IL‐1R antagonist) lowers pulmonary artery pressure in a neonatal surfactant depleted piglet model
Authors: Chada Martin , Nögel Stephanie , Schmidt Ana‐Marija , Rückel Aline , Bosselmann Stephan , Walther Julia , Papadopoulos Thomas , von der Hardt Katharina , Dötsch Jörg , Rascher Wolfgang , Kandler Michael A.
Published: July 2008

In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with pulmonary hypertension, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) are involved in the pulmonary inflammatory reaction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether systemic and aerosolized administered IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) Anakinra (Kineret™) improves lung mechanics and pulmonary artery pressure in surfactant depleted newborn piglets. After induction of acute lung injury by lung lavage, neonatal piglets received repetitive treatment of either aerosolized IL‐1Ra (IL‐1Ra‐Aerosol) or intravenous IL‐1Ra (IL‐1Ra‐i.v.), or saline solution as control. IL‐1Ra given as aerosol or intravenously significantly reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) but did not influence mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP) compared with the control group. IL‐1β and IL‐8 mRNA expressions normalized to β‐actin and hypoxanthine‐guanine‐phosphoribosyl transferase were significantly reduced in the IL‐1Ra‐Aerosol group but not in IL‐1Ra‐i.v. group compared to the control group. The lung injury score was not significantly different between IL‐1Ra groups and the control group. Application of aerosolized IL‐1Ra reduced MPAP without affecting MAP in a piglet model of surfactant depletion with pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, there is evidence for reduction of early pro‐inflammatory pulmonary reaction. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:851–857. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neutrophilic airway inflammation and association with bacterial lipopolysaccharide in children with asthma and wheezing
Authors: Hauk Pia J. , Krawiec Marzena , Murphy James , Boguniewicz Juri , Schiltz Allison , Goleva Elena , Liu Andrew H. , Leung Donald Y.M.
Published: July 2008

Asthma is a leading chronic childhood illness in the US. To gain further insight into the pathophysiology of childhood asthma, we studied markers of airway inflammation and possible triggers such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 18 children with chronic asthma and persistent wheezing who underwent clinically indicated bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). We predominantly found neutrophilic airway inflammation associated with increased levels of IL‐8, metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP‐1) and MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 ratio. A significant correlation was found between levels of LPS in BAL and airway neutrophils in BAL from a subgroup of children who had a tendency of increased levels of MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1, suggesting that increased LPS levels in BAL may contribute to chronic airway inflammation and early remodeling. Our data highlight the importance of defining chronic triggers of early airway inflammation in children and characterizing their inflammation, considering the use of bronchoscopy and BAL. Increased knowledge of airway inflammation in children may help prevent a more severe asthma phenotype and lead to environmental control measures and new treatment strategies to intervene against the establishment of irreversible inflammation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:916–923. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occlusion of an aberrant artery to an intralobar pulmonary sequestration using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug
Authors: Hwang Haw‐Kwei , Tsai Yi‐Shan , Lin Shan‐Miao , Chen Ming‐Ren
Published: July 2008

Pulmonary sequestration is a rare anomaly and is conventionally treated with surgical excision. This report describes the successful occlusion of a large aberrant artery to an intralobar pulmonary sequestration using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:933–935. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostate cancer serum biomarker discovery through proteomic analysis of alpha‐2 macroglobulin protein complexes
Authors: Burgess Earle F. , Ham Amy‐Joan L. , Tabb David L. , Billheimer Dean , Roth Bruce J. , Chang Sam S. , Cookson Michael S. , Hinton Timothy J. , Cheek Kristin L. , Hill Salisha , Pietenpol Jennifer A.
Published: July 2008

Alpha‐2 macroglobulin (A2M) functions as a universal protease inhibitor in serum and is capable of binding various cytokines and growth factors. In this study, we investigated if immunoaffinity enrichment and proteomic analysis of A2M protein complexes from human serum could improve detection of biologically relevant and novel candidate protein biomarkers in prostate cancer. Serum samples from six patients with androgen‐independent, metastatic prostate cancer and six control patients without malignancy were analyzed by immunoaffinity enrichment of A2M protein complexes and MS identification of associated proteins. Known A2M substrates were reproducibly identified from patient serum in both cohorts, as well as proteins previously undetected in human serum. One example is heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90α), which was identified only in the serum of cancer patients in this study. Using an ELISA, the presence of HSP90α in human serum was validated on expanded test cohorts and found to exist in higher median serum concentrations in prostate cancer (n = 18) relative to control (n = 13) patients (median concentrations 50.7 versus 27.6 ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.001). Our results demonstrate the technical feasibility of this approach and support the analysis of A2M protein complexes for proteomic‐based serum biomarker discovery.
Hydrostatic Compression Curve for Triamino‐Trinitrobenzene Determined to 13.0 GPa with Powder X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Stevens Lewis L. , Velisavljevic Nenad , Hooks Daniel E. , Dattelbaum Dana M.
Published: July 2008

Using powder X‐ray diffraction in conjunction with a diamond anvil cell (DAC), the unit cell volume of triamino‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) has been measured from ambient pressure to 13 GPa. The resultant isotherm is compared with previous theoretical (Byrd and Rice and Pastine and Bernecker) and experimental (Olinger and Cady) works. While all reports are consistent to approximately 2 GPa, our measurements reveal a slightly stiffer TATB material than reported by Olinger and Cady and an intermediate compressibility compared with the isotherms predicted by the two theoretical works. Analysis of the room temperature isotherm using the semi‐empirical, Murnaghan, Birch–Murnaghan, and Vinet equations of state (EOS) provided a determination of the isothermal bulk modulus (Ko) and its pressure‐derivative (Ko′) for TATB. From these fits to our P–V isotherm, from ambient pressure to 8 GPa, the average results for the zero‐pressure bulk modulus and its pressure derivative were found to be 14.7 GPa and 10.1, respectively. For comparison to shock experiments on pressed TATB powder and its plastic‐bonded formulation PBX 9502 (95% TATB, 5% Kel‐F 800), the isotherm was transformed to the pseudo‐velocity Us–up plane using the Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions. This analysis provides an extrapolated bulk sound speed, co=1.70 km s−1, for TATB and its agreement with a previous determination (co=1.43 km s−1) is discussed. Furthermore, our P–V and corresponding Us–up curves reveal a subtle cusp at approximately 8 GPa. This cusp is discussed in relation to similar observations made for the aromatic hydrocarbons anthracene, benzene and toluene, graphite, and trinitrotoluene (TNT).
Gene expression profile of mouse prostate tumors reveals dysregulations in major biological processes and identifies potential murine targets for preclinical development of human prostate cancer therapy
Authors: Haram Kerstyn M. , Peltier Heidi J. , Lu Bin , Bhasin Manoj , Otu Hasan H. , Choy Bob , Regan Meredith , Libermann Towia A. , Latham Gary J. , Sanda Martin G. , Arredouani Mohamed S.
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND

Translation of preclinical studies into effective human cancer therapy is hampered by the lack of defined molecular expression patterns in mouse models that correspond to the human counterpart. We sought to generate an open source TRAMP mouse microarray dataset and to use this array to identify differentially expressed genes from human prostate cancer (PCa) that have concordant expression in TRAMP tumors, and thereby represent lead targets for preclinical therapy development.

METHODS

We performed microarrays on total RNA extracted and amplified from eight TRAMP tumors and nine normal prostates. A subset of differentially expressed genes was validated by QRT‐PCR. Differentially expressed TRAMP genes were analyzed for concordant expression in publicly available human prostate array datasets and a subset of resulting genes was analyzed by QRT‐PCR.

RESULTS

Cross‐referencing differentially expressed TRAMP genes to public human prostate array datasets revealed 66 genes with concordant expression in mouse and human PCa; 56 between metastases and normal and 10 between primary tumor and normal tissues. Of these 10 genes, two, Sox4 and Tubb2a, were validated by QRT‐PCR. Our analysis also revealed various dysregulations in major biologic pathways in the TRAMP prostates.

CONCLUSIONS

We report a TRAMP microarray dataset of which a gene subset was validated by QRT‐PCR with expression patterns consistent with previous gene‐specific TRAMP studies. Concordance analysis between TRAMP and human PCa associated genes supports the utility of the model and suggests several novel molecular targets for preclinical therapy. Prostate 68: 1517–1530, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Docosahexaenoic acid enhances the efficacy of docetaxel in prostate cancer cells by modulation of apoptosis: The role of genes associated with the NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Shaikh Irshad A.A. , Brown Iain , Schofield Andrew C. , Wahle Klaus W.J. , Heys Steven D.
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND

Evidence is growing for beneficial interactions between omega‐3 fatty acids from fish and chemotherapy agents in certain human cancers. Evidence for similar effects in prostate cancer is lacking. We investigated the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA‐22:6n‐3), a component of fish oil, on the cytotoxicity of docetaxel in prostate cancer cells.

METHODS

Cell viability was studied using the MTT assay and apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry using PI, annexin V, and JC‐1 staining. Cellular signaling mechanisms that might explain the observed pro‐apoptotic effects were investigated using NF‐κB pathway specific cDNA microarrays and RT‐PCR validation.

RESULTS

DHA enhanced the pro‐apoptotic efficacy of docetaxel, synergistically, in hormone receptor positive and negative LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cells, respectively. Cell cycle analysis showed an increase in G2M arrest and JC‐1 staining showed a significant (P < 0.018) increase in apoptotic cells with combination treatments in LNCaP cells. Microarray and RTPCR showed decreased expression of FADD, AKT1, MAX, TRAF3, MAP2k4, TNFRSF11A, and RIPK1 in LNCaP cells. Similar results were obtained with DU145 cells; combinations were more effective than single treatments. Combination treatments suppressed NF‐κB signaling that was induced by docetaxel alone; this is considered an anti‐apoptotic response.

CONCLUSION

DHA synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effect of docetaxel in prostate cancer cells through increased apoptosis by suppression of genes involved in the NF‐κB pathway. This highlights the possibility of developing such combination modalities for treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate 68: 1635–1646, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary red chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.) is insulinotropic rather than hypoglycemic in type 2 diabetes model of rats
Authors: Islam Md. Shahidul , Choi Haymie
Published: July 2008

The present study was conducted to clarify whether a low or a high, but tolerable, dietary dose of red chilli (RC) can ameliorate the diabetes related complications in a high‐fat (HF) diet‐fed streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced type 2 diabetes model of rats. Five‐week‐old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a HF diet for 2 weeks then randomly divided into four groups namely: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DBC), red chilli low (RCL, 0.5%) and red chilli high (RCH, 2.0%) groups. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of STZ (40 mg/kg BW) in all groups except the NC group. After 4 weeks feeding of experimental diets, the fasting blood glucose concentrations in both RC fed groups were not significantly different. The serum insulin concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the RCH group compared with the DBC and RCL groups. Blood HbA1c, liver weight, liver glycogen and serum lipids were not influenced by the feeding of RC‐containing diets. The data of this study suggest that 2% dietary RC is insulinotropic rather than hypoglycemic at least in this experimental condition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayes approach to reliability prediction utilizing data from accelerated life tests and field failure observations
Authors: Pan Rong
Published: July 2008

A Bayes approach is proposed to improve product reliability prediction by integrating failure information from both the field performance data and the accelerated life testing data. It is found that a product's field failure characteristic may not be directly extrapolated from the accelerated life testing results because of the variation of field use condition that cannot be replicated in the lab‐test environment. A calibration factor is introduced to model the effect of uncertainty of field stress on product lifetime. It is useful when the field performance of a new product needs to be inferred from its accelerated life test results and this product will be used in the same environment where the field failure data of older products are available. The proposed Bayes approach provides a proper mechanism of fusing information from various sources. The statistical inference procedure is carried out through the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. An example of an electronic device is provided to illustrate the use of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of the major metabolites of tectorigenin in rat bile by liquid chromatography combined with time‐of‐flight and ion trap tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Wei‐Dong , Qi Lian‐Wen , Yang Xiao‐Lin , Huang Wen‐Zhe , Li Ping , Yang Zhong‐Lin
Published: July 2008

A novel methodology for the identification of tetorigenin and its metabolites in rat bile has been created using liquid chromatography (LC) combined with time‐of‐flight (TOF) and ion trap multiple mass spectrometry (IT‐MSn). As a means to discriminate amongst unknown organic compounds in complex biological matrices, the proposed methodology relies upon the combination of LC/TOF‐MS to provide accurate mass measurements in generating a molecular formula while benefiting from the complementary structural information provided by the LC/IT‐MSn. In this study, the combined approach has been applied to the metabolic fingerprinting chromatograms of rat bile samples before and after tectorigenin administration. All possible metabolites are investigated based on accurate mass data and isotope function using LC/TOF‐MS and structural confirmation using LC/IT‐MSn. Seven phase II metabolities of tectorigenin in rat bile have been successfully elucidated using this novel LC approach and are being reported for the first time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism study of SO2 elimination from sulfonamides by negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Hu Nan , Liu Pengyuan , Jiang Kezhi , Zhou Yuping , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: July 2008

The elimination of SO2 from deprotonated sulfonamides in the negative ion mode was confirmed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS) experiments. For a set of N‐arylbenzenesulfonamides substituted at the para position of the arylamine, the ln([MHSO2]−/[MH]−) values were correlated with the σ substituent constants but, instead of a linear relationship, a bent line was obtained. Analyses of the complex curve led to the identification of two competing routes, which were further investigated by Hartree‐Fock theoretical calculations. Furthermore, collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of deprotonated N‐alkylbenzenesulfonamides containing the CHCHNHSO2 structure yielded a [MH–66]− product ion This characteristic ion could help to distinguish the side‐chain isomers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entrepreneuring as a puzzle: an attempt to its explanation with truncation of subjective probability distribution of prospects
Authors: Deligonul Z. Seyda , Hult G. Tomas M. , Cavusgil S. Tamer
Published: July 2008

This research presents entrepreneuring as a puzzle where entrepreneurs venture at a risk‐return level that is worse than that of the private equity index and much worse than the public equity index. Under subjective rationality, we explain this puzzle by the possibility that entrepreneurs configure their outlook by dismissing some possible future performance states. Their forward view reflects a truncated and conditional distribution with overcredence. The unfavorable odds under a nontruncated distribution become very attractive after truncation. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
Complexity, a challenge to governance—postscript from a friend
Authors: François Charles
Published: July 2008

Complexity shows its unpredictable character through events that occur simultaneously within systems and within the environment of systems. As global determinisms are broken, and as time flows, complexity is repeatedly reconstructed, and broken again. This behaviour makes it necessary to revise our generally authoritative view of governance. It may be replaced by informed and pragmatic concepts within a field where perception, predictability, determinism and manageability play a major and fundamental role. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethics, economics and environmental complexity: the mud flow disaster in East Java
Authors: Muhtada Dani
Published: July 2008

The East Java mudflow is one of the greatest governance challenges in Indonesia. Since 29 May 2006 in a district called Sidoarjo, the mudflow has forced thousands of people from their homes and has submerged approximately 600 ha of land (Pohl, 2007, p. 1). The Indonesian government has established a special agency to deal with such a problem—that is Badan Penanggulangan Lumpur Sidoarjo (BPLS—the Body for Tackling Sidoarjo Mudflow). However, no adequate framework and approach have been established along with the formation of this body. This paper suggests using whole‐of‐government and systemic governance approaches to cope with the mudflow disaster in East Java. Whole‐of‐government and systemic governance approaches are considered to be appropriate for addressing the complex problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethics, categories and identity: counting on quantification. Ethnicity in Australian history
Authors: Young Janette
Published: July 2008

Drawing on some of van Gigch's (2003) critiques in regard to quantification in the social sciences, this paper explores the notion of ‘98% British’ that has underpinned analysis of migration and ethnicity in Australia. Historical data are used to suggest some alternate pictures and understandings of Australia in the 20th and 21st centuries. These alternate understandings belie the dominant frameworks of policy and analysis to date but begin to suggest alternatives such as the seeking out of peaceable histories in the presence of diversity rather than the predominant focus on conflict. In conclusion the ethical framework developed by C. West Churchman and elaborated on by van Gigch (2006) are employed as tools to consider the moral ramifications of the lack of critique of the ‘98% British’ mythology. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical ethics for group decisions in complex situations
Authors: Bausch Ken
Published: July 2008

The complexity and rapid pace of social life stress our ability to make sound and timely group decisions. The cult of the all‐wise absolute manager is a relic of the feudal and mechanical ages that works only in routine and not‐too‐complicated situations. The organizational pyramid was satisfactory for the linear pace of the mechanical age, but moves too slowly today. Efforts to get everyone involved and hear all points of view can take so much exertion and time—and produce so little result that managers hesitate to try them and workers/citizens grow weary of them. A rational solution to this bleak situation is a dialogue process that efficiently enlists broad participationandproduces timely results. This paper describes methods for facilitating dialogic decisions as employed in Structured Dialogic Design. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proposing rhizomatic systems methodology: extending Churchman's pragmatism to post‐structuralism
Authors: Yu Jae Eon , Moon Hyoung Koo , Kim Hyoung Chul
Published: July 2008

This paper seeks to appreciate the significance of Churchman's philosophy and a meta‐theoretical level of an inquiring system, which can be developed from the reflexive learning on participatory action research. Extending Churchman's thought from American pragmatism to post‐structuralism, rhizomatic systems thinking is proposed. Rhizomatic systems methodology is described and demonstrated as an inquiring system, which facilitates the process of problematization within local and contingent contexts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Acid‐Methanol Treatment on the Physicochemical and Structural Characteristics of Cassava and Maize Starches
Authors: Ferrini Luara M. K. , Rocha Thaís S. , Demiate Ivo M. , Franco Célia M. L.
Published: July 2008

Physicochemical, structural and morphological characteristics of maize and cassava starches treated with 0.36% concentrated HCl in anhydrous methanol at 54ºC for 1–8 h were analyzed and compared. Average yield of modified starch was about 97% for both starches. The solubility of the acid‐methanol treated starches increased with temperature and after 3 h of treatment reached 93% for maize starch and 97% for cassava starch at 95ºC. After 8 h of treatment, the average size of the cassava starch granules decreased from 14.9 to 11.1 µm. The action of acid‐methanol on the maize starch was more subtle, reducing the granule average size from 11.8 to 11.3 µm. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the granule surfaces were rough and exfoliated after treatment suggesting exocorrosion that was more evident for cassava starch. From GPC, it was noted that amylose and amylopectin were partially degraded during treatment. Starch crystallinity gradually increased with duration of treatment. The amylose content decreased from 21.4 to 18.8% and from 26.3 to 23.0% and the intrinsic viscosity was reduced from 2.36 to 0.21 and from 1.85 to 0.04 for cassava and maize starches, respectively. The gelatinization temperatures increased whereas pasting viscosities decreased with reaction time, especially for cassava starch. These results suggested that the attack of acid‐methanol, which was more effective on cassava starch granules, occurred preferentially in the amorphous areas located in the granule periphery and composed of amylose and amylopectin.
Low cardiac output to the placenta: an early hemodynamic adaptive mechanism in intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Rizzo G. , Capponi A. , Cavicchioni O. , Vendola M. , Arduini D.
Published: July 2008

Objective

A low combined cardiac output (CCO) to the placenta (placenta/CCO fraction) has been reported in growth‐restricted (IUGR) fetuses, but the temporal sequence of these modifications in relation to other changes in the fetal circulation is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the placenta/CCO fraction in relation to other hemodynamic changes in fetuses at risk of developing IUGR.

Methods

We studied 340 singleton nulliparous pregnancies characterized at 20–24 weeks by abnormal uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) values (> 95th centile). At this gestational age we measured fetal biometry and Doppler waveforms from the umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), ductus venosus (DV), umbilical vein (UV) and outflow tracts of both ventricles. The diameters of the semilunar valves and UV were measured and CCO (left cardiac + right cardiac outputs) and UV blood flow were calculated. The placenta/CCO fraction was calculated as UV flow as a percentage of CCO.

Results

There were 283 pregnancies with birth weight ≥ 10th centile and normal UA‐PI throughout gestation (Group A), 34 with birth weight < 10th centile and normal UA‐PI throughout gestation (Group B) and 23 with birth weight < 10th centile and abnormal UA‐PI developing later in gestation (Group C). At 20–24 weeks there were no differences among the three groups in fetal biometric parameters, PI values from the UA, MCA and DV, and CCO. UV flow and placenta/CCO fraction were significantly lower in Group C compared with Group A (UV flow delta value = − 1.439, P < 0.0001; placenta/CCO fraction delta value = − 1.74, P < 0.0001) but not in Group B.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that, in fetuses developing IUGR secondary to placental compromise, UV flow and placental/CCO fraction are already reduced by 20–24 weeks, and that this reduction occurs earlier than do modifications in fetal size and arterial and venous PI values. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weight estimation by three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging in the small fetus
Authors: Schild R. L. , Maringa M. , Siemer J. , Meurer B. , Hart N. , Goecke T. W. , Schmid M. , Hothorn T. , Hansmann M. E.
Published: July 2008

Objectives

To improve birth weight estimation in fetuses weighing ⩽ 1600 g at birth by deriving a new formula including measurements obtained using three‐dimensional (3D) sonography.

Methods

In a prospective cohort study, biometric data of 150 singleton fetuses weighing ⩽ 1600 g at birth were obtained by sonographic examination within 1 week before delivery. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancy, intrauterine death as well as major structural or chromosomal anomalies. A new formula was derived using our data, and was then compared with currently available equations for estimating weight in the preterm fetus.

Results

Different statistical estimation strategies were pursued. Gradient boosting with component‐ wise smoothing splines achieved the best results. The resulting new formula (estimated fetal weight = 656.41 + 1.8321 × volABDO + 31.1981 × HC + 5.7787 × volFEM + 73.5214 × FL + 8.3009 × AC − 449.8863 × BPD + 32.5340 × BPD2, where volABDO is abdominal volume determined by 3D volumetry, HC is head circumference, volFEM is thigh volume determined by 3D volumetry, FL is femur length and BPD is biparietal diameter) proved to be superior to established equations in terms of mean squared prediction errors, signed percentage errors and absolute percentage errors.

Conclusions

Our new formula is relatively easy to use and needs no adjustment to weight percentiles or to fetal lie. In fetuses weighing ⩽ 1600 g at birth it is superior to weight estimation by traditional formulae using two‐dimensional measurements. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the efficiency of internal lubricants for polymers under different sliding conditions
Authors: Samyn Pieter , Schoukens Gustaaf
Published: July 2008

When polymers are used as bearing materials or are processed over tooling under dry sliding conditions, the formation of a transfer layer at the interface controls friction and wear properties. The film formation may be enhanced by the addition of internal lubricants. This article reviews some effects of internal lubricants, such as graphite, polytetrafluoroethylene, and internal silicone oil, on the friction and wear of bulk polymers such as polyimide, polyester, and polyamide. Known lubricating mechanisms are complemented by an interpretation of tribophysical reactions in the sliding interface. Test results are obtained during small and large‐scale laboratory testing under high‐load and high‐temperature conditions and are further related to the effect of contact conditions. The study reveals that some lubricants are not effective under the entire range of sliding temperatures and/or normal loads. For internally lubricated polymers, the efficiency of internal lubricants strongly depends on the contact geometry. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Hybrid‐filler filled polypropylene/(natural rubber) composites: Effects of natural weathering on mechanical and thermal properties and morphology
Authors: Ismail Hanafi , Osman Hakimah , Jaafar Mariatti
Published: July 2008

Comparison was made between the properties of recycled newspaper (RNP)/carbon black (CB) and recycled newspaper (RNP)/silica hybrid filled polypropylene (PP)/natural rubber (NR) composites. The properties studied were mechanical, thermal, and morphological. These composites were also subjected to natural weathering, i.e., the tropical climate in Penang, Malaysia, for 6 months. The incorporation of CB and silica at all weight ratios of RNP/CB and RNP/silica hybrid gave increases in tensile strength, elongation at break (EB), Young's modulus, melting temperature (Tm), heat of fusion of composites (ΔHf(com)), crystallinity of composites (Xcom), and the crystallinity of PP (XPP). As expected, the tensile properties (except for Young's modulus), Tm, ΔHf(com), Xcom, and XPP of the composites exhibited lower values after weathering than before weathering. The extent of chemical degradation was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the results showed the formation of several functional groups, i.e., hydroxyl, hydroperoxide, vinyl, carboxylic acid, and ketone. At the same filler weight ratio, the composites filled with RNP/CB hybrid showed higher values of tensile strength and EB but lower values of Young's modulus, ΔHf(com), XPP, and XPP, as compared to those with the RNP/silica hybrid under weathering conditions. The good retention in tensile properties indicated that the replacement of RNP by CB and silica improved the weatherability performance of the PP/NR composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Peroxide crosslinking of rigid poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Gunewardena Anoma , Gilbert Marianne
Published: July 2008

Peroxide crosslinking of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate was investigated. Formulations used in this work contained a nontoxic lead‐free stabilizer and showed good color and heat stability. The samples were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, and their tensile properties were measured at room temperature and at 130°C. Gel content or tetrahydrofuran‐insoluble material was measured as an indication of crosslinking. It was shown that premature crosslinking could be avoided during processing and that 190°C was the optimum processing temperature for maximum gel content. The residual unsaturation was monitored by using FTIR spectroscopy. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structure–function analysis of Knr4/Smi1, a newly member of intrinsically disordered proteins family, indispensable in the absence of a functional PKC1–SLT2 pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Durand Fabien , Dagkessamanskaia Adilia , Martin‐Yken Helene , Graille Marc , Van Tilbeurgh Herman , Uversky Vladimir N. , François Jean M.
Published: July 2008

The coordination between cell wall synthesis and cell growth in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae implicates the PKC1‐dependent MAP kinase pathway. KNR4, encoding a 505 amino acid long protein, participates in this coordination, since it displays synthetic lethality with all the members of the PKC1 pathway and shows physical interaction with Slt2/Mpk1. The recent finding that KNR4 interacts genetically or physically with more than 100 partners implicated in different cellular processes raised the question of how these interactions may occur and their physiological significance. This called for an in‐depth structure–function analysis of the Knr4 protein, which is reported in the present paper. Computational analysis supported by biochemical and biophysical data characterize Knr4 as a newly identified member of the growing family of intrinsically disordered proteins. Despite disordered regions that are located at the N‐ and C‐termini and are probably responsible for fine regulatory function; this protein contains a structured central core (amino acid residues 80–340) that is able to restore wild‐type phenotypes of knr4Δ mutant in stress conditions. However, this fragment was unable to complement synthetic lethality between knr4 mutations and deletions of genes encoding protein kinases of the PKC1‐dependent pathway. For these crucial events to occur, the presence of the N‐terminal part of Knr4 protein is indispensable. Moreover, we demonstrate that this protein is essential for cell viability in the absence of a functional Pkc1–Slt2 pathway, since the lethality caused by KNR4 deletion in such a genetic background could not be compensated by overexpression of any gene from yeast genomic libraries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbohydrate utilization and the lager yeast transcriptome during brewery fermentation
Authors: Gibson Brian R. , Boulton Chris A. , Box Wendy G. , Graham Neil S. , Lawrence Stephen J. , Linforth Robert S. T. , Smart Katherine A.
Published: July 2008

The fermentable carbohydrate composition of wort and the manner in which it is utilized by yeast during brewery fermentation have a direct influence on fermentation efficiency and quality of the final product. In this study the response of a brewing yeast strain to changes in wort fermentable carbohydrate concentration and composition during full‐scale (3275 hl) brewery fermentation was investigated by measuring transcriptome changes with the aid of oligonucleotide‐based DNA arrays. Up to 74% of the detectable genes showed a significant (p⩽0.01) differential expression pattern during fermentation and the majority of these genes showed transient or prolonged peaks in expression following the exhaustion of the monosaccharides from the wort. Transcriptional activity of many genes was consistent with their known responses to glucose de/repression under laboratory conditions, despite the presence of di‐ and trisaccharide sugars in the wort. In a number of cases the transcriptional response of genes was not consistent with their known responses to glucose, suggesting a degree of complexity during brewery fermentation which cannot be replicated in small‐scale wort fermentations or in laboratory experiments involving defined media. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ZATPAC: a model consortium evaluates teen programs
Authors: Owen Kathryn , Murphy Dana , Parsons Chris
Published: July 2008

How do we advance the environmental literacy of young people, support the next generation of environmental stewards and increase the diversity of the leadership of zoos and aquariums? We believe it is through ongoing evaluation of zoo and aquarium teen programming and have founded a consortium to pursue those goals. The Zoo and Aquarium Teen Program Assessment Consortium (ZATPAC) is an initiative by six of the nation's leading zoos and aquariums to strengthen institutional evaluation capacity, model a collaborative approach toward assessing the impact of youth programs, and bring additional rigor to evaluation efforts within the field of informal science education. Since its beginning in 2004, ZATPAC has researched, developed, pilot‐tested and implemented a pre–post program survey instrument designed to assess teens' knowledge of environmental issues, skills and abilities to take conservation actions, self‐efficacy in environmental actions, and engagement in environmentally responsible behaviors. Findings from this survey indicate that teens who join zoo/aquarium programs are already actively engaged in many conservation behaviors. After participating in the programs, teens showed a statistically significant increase in their reported knowledge of conservation and environmental issues and their abilities to research, explain, and find resources to take action on conservation issues of personal concern. Teens also showed statistically significant increases pre‐program to post‐program for various conservation behaviors, including “I talk with my family and/or friends about things they can do to help the animals or the environment,” “I save water…,” “I save energy…,” “When I am shopping I look for recycled products,” and “I help with projects that restore wildlife habitat.” Zoo Biol 28:429–446, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic Factors for Primary Duodenal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Lee Hyung Geun , You Dong Do , Paik Kwang Yeol , Heo Jin Seok , Choi Seong Ho , Choi Dong Wook
Published: July 2008

Background

The aim of this study was to review the clinical features of primary duodenal adenocarcinoma (PDA) patients and to identify factors that influence survival. The natural history of PDA and the factors that affect patient outcome remain poorly defined.

Methods

The authors reviewed the medical records of 53 patients treated for PDA from January 1995 to May 2007.

Results

Altogether, 28 of the 53 patients (resectability 52.8%) underwent curative resection and 25 (47.2%) surgical palliation (bypass surgery or biopsy). Overall, the 3‐ and 5‐year survival rates were 34.4% and 28.6%, respectively. Survival was significantly higher for patients who underwent curative resection (median survival 39 months; 3‐ and 5‐year survivals 52.9% and 44.1%, respectively) than for those who underwent palliative surgery (median survival 8 months; 3‐year survival 0%) (p < 0.001). T stage (p = 0.032) and nodal metastasis (p = 0.002) had significant negative effects on the survival of patients who underwent curative resection according to univariate analysis. However, multivariate analysis revealed that only nodal metastasis (p = 0.015) was significantly associated with survival.

Conclusions

The resectability of PDA was associated with increased survival, and metastasis to lymph nodes was found to be associated with reduced survival of patients with PDA. Findings indicate that an aggressive surgical approach should be pursued.
Current Status of Surgical Management of Acute Cholecystitis in the United States
Authors: Csikesz Nicholas , Ricciardi Rocco , Tseng Jennifer F. , Shah Shimul A.
Published: July 2008

Background

We attempted to determine population‐based outcomes of laparoscopic (LC) and open cholecystectomy (OC) for acute cholecystitis (AC).

Methods

We used the National Hospital Discharge Surveys from 2000 through 2005. Annual medical and demographic data from a national sample of discharge records from nonfederal, short‐stay hospitals were queried. We identified all patients who underwent LC or OC for AC. The main outcome measures were the rate of LC or OC and in‐hospital morbidity and mortality. One million patients underwent cholecystectomy (859,747 LCs; 152,202 OCs) for AC during 2000–2005.

Results

Of the cases started laparoscopically, 9.5% were converted to OC. Compared to OC, patients who underwent LC were more likely to be discharged home (91% vs. 70%), carry private insurance (47% vs. 30%), suffer less morbidity (16% vs. 36%), and have a lower unadjusted mortality (0.4% vs. 3.0%). OC was associated with a 1.3‐fold increase (95% confidence interval 1.1–1.4) in perioperative morbidity compared to LC after adjusting for patient and hospital factors.

Conclusions

Most patients in the 21st century with AC undergo LC with a low conversion rate and low morbidity. In the general population with acute cholecystitis, LC results in lower morbidity and mortality rates than OC even in the setting of open conversion.
Pulmonary Resection for Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Iwata Takashi , Nishiyama Noritoshi , Nagano Koshi , Izumi Nobuhiro , Mizuguchi Shinjiro , Morita Ryuhei , Tsukioka Takuma , Hanada Shoji , Inoue Kiyotoshi , Kubo Shoji , Takemura Shigekazu , Suehiro Shigefumi
Published: July 2008

Background

This study was designed to determine the clinical characteristics and verify the results of surgical treatment for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), from the results of retrospective analysis of the cases.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our database of 751 patients who underwent curative surgical intervention for NSCLC from January 1993 to December 2006 and found 11 patients with NSCLC with coexisting or previously treated HCC at a perioperative period of lung cancer surgery. Postoperative complications and long‐term outcome were analyzed.

Results

All cases had coexisting liver cirrhosis. The overall morbidity was 27.2% (n = 3). All complications were considered to be the result of liver cirrhosis‐related conditions, such as liver failure (n = 2), postoperative bleeding from the thoracic tube (n = 2), and gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 1). There was no operative mortality. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates of patients with lung cancer were 88.9%, 74.1%, and 74.1%, respectively. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates for death from hepatic causes were 79.5%, 79.5%, and 39.8%, respectively. Overall survival rates were 70.7%, 58.9%, and 29.5%, respectively. Preoperative indicators of liver function, such as serum values of total bilirubin (P < 0.01), choline esterase (P < 0.05), prothrombin test (P < 0.01), and platelet count (P < 0.05), were significantly correlated with long‐term survival, whereas local extensiveness and nodal stage of lung cancer were not.

Discussion

We conclude that postoperative complications and factors that influence long‐term survival are correlated with the severity of impaired liver function, whereas early and mid term death are the result of lung cancer. Standard operation is encouraged for NSCLC when the patient is expected to live more than 3 years with impaired liver function, even if coexisting with HCC.
Outcome of Invasive and Noninvasive Intraductal Papillary‐Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas (IPMN): A 10‐year Experience
Authors: Niedergethmann Marco , Grützmann Robert , Hildenbrand Ralf , Dittert Dag , Aramin Niloufar , Franz Melanie , Dobrowolski Frank , Post Stefan , Saeger Hans‐Detlev
Published: July 2008

Background

Intraductal papillary‐mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) were officially introduced into the TNM classification in 1996. Based on a two‐center database, we reevaluated histopathological findings, clinicopathological pattern, predictive markers for malignancy, and outcome.

Methods

Between 1996 and 2006, a total of 1424 pancreatic resections were performed in the University Hospitals Dresden and Mannheim. Pathologists of both institutions reviewed the IPMN diagnoses and other with cystic or solid tumor diagnoses. All possible markers, such as diabetes, jaundice, etc., were analyzed for prediction of malignancy. We performed a survival analysis based on the morphologic classification to determine the prognosis of IPMN.

Results

There were 43 patients of primarily diagnosed IPMN along with 1174 patients with diagnoses, such as ductal adenocarcinoma. In 207 patients, the diagnoses revealed other cystic or small solid tumors. A histopathological review of the latter patients revealed 54 IPMNs, resulting in a total of 97 IPMN patients (29 noninvasive, 68 invasive). All IPMN patients had a median survival of 36 months. Recurrence occurred more frequently in invasive IPMN. Predictive markers of malignancy were pain, preoperative weight loss, jaundice, and elevated CA 19.9. The strongest independent prognostic factor was invasive growth. The survival analysis revealed excellent prognosis for noninvasive IPMN.

Conclusions

Since the introduction of IPMN in 1996, even specialized centers have had to deal with a learning curve. By reevaluating all cystic or small solid tumors, centers can improve and their patients’ treatment can be optimized. Because the preoperative diagnostic methods are not sensitive enough to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, surgery is advocated for all main duct IPMN, because they have a high malignant potential. For branch duct IPMN, surgery is advocated if the lesion is symptomatic, >3 cm, or has enlarged nodules.
Feasibility of Single‐Stage Laparoscopic Resection After Placement of a Self‐Expandable Metallic Stent for Obstructive Left Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Chung Tae‐Sung , Lim Seok‐Byung , Sohn Dae Kyung , Hong Chang Won , Han Kyung Su , Choi Hyo Seong , Jeong Seung‐Yong
Published: July 2008

Background

The present study investigated the feasibility of a single‐stage operation consisting of self‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement followed by laparoscopic surgery for obstructive left colorectal cancer.

Methods

From July 2002 to March 2007, 17 consecutive patients with primary obstructive left colorectal cancer underwent SEMS placement followed by laparoscopic surgery. Data were collected retrospectively regarding clinicopathological findings, SEMS placement, operative procedures, and perioperative outcomes. Technical success was defined as successful stent deployment across the obstructive lesion, and clinical success as the possibility of performing a single‐stage operation without creating a stoma.

Results

In the laparoscopic group, the technical success rate was 100% (17/17) and there was no morbidity associated with SEMS placement. The median interval to laparoscopic surgery was 7 (range, 2–11) days, and the procedures included 11 anterior resections, 3 left hemicolectomies, 2 Hartmann’s procedures, and 1 subtotal colectomy. All procedures were completed laparoscopically without conversion to open surgery. The median operating time was 178 (range, 93–377) minutes, and the median estimated blood loss was 100 (range, 50–400) ml with no cases requiring intraoperative transfusions. The clinical success rate was 82.4% (14/17), and there was no surgical morbidity other than two patients in whom chyloperitoneum and ileus were controlled by using conservative management. The median postoperative hospital stay was 9 (range, 7–49) days.

Conclusions

A single‐stage operation consisting of SEMS placement followed by laparoscopic surgery seems to be a feasible and safe treatment option for obstructive left colorectal cancer.
The Effect of Professional Partnership on the Development of a Mutual‐help Organization
Authors: Salem Deborah A. , Reischl Thomas M. , Randall Katie W.
Published: July 2008

The effects of partnership between Schizophrenics Anonymous (SA, a mutual‐help organization) and the Mental Health Association in Michigan (MHAM, a professionally staffed advocacy organization) on SA's growth and development were explored. Following the initiation of a formal partnership, SA groups were more available throughout the state, more likely to be associated with formal mental health settings, and less likely to have leaders who had been participants in other SA groups. Groups with consumer leaders had significantly greater longevity than groups with professional leaders. Changes in the organizational structure and process of SA were also identified. SA leaders reported that SA moved from a collective to a more bureaucratic structure. As a result, there was greater consistency, administrative capacity, and response capacity. This enhanced capacity came with costs reported by SA leaders. The leadership role of SA members became less defined. SA members expressed concerns about the more hierarchical structure of SA's organization, decreased consumer control, increased professional involvement in SA, and an excessive focus on group development as opposed to group maintenance. Mental Health Association in Michigan staff reported that MHAM was also impacted by the partnership, both with regard to internal functioning and external perception. Implications for effective partnerships between mutual‐help and professional organizations are discussed.