bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and preliminary evaluation of the interpersonal problem‐solving inventory for elementary school students
Authors: Nguyen Cong Khanh , Nguyen My Linh Thi , Tran Ha Thi , Nguyen Tam An Nu
Published: January 2021

Background

Several inventories have been developed to assess social problem‐solving. However, these instruments originally developed for adult or adolescence and do not capture the full range of main interpersonal relationships over which elementary students resolve daily life interpersonal problems and apply elementary‐age typical responses. Therefore, the development of a valid scale to measure interpersonal problem‐solving ability in elementary school students is warranted.

Aims

This study aimed to develop and perform a preliminary psychometric evaluation of an interpersonal problem‐solving inventory for elementary school students (IPSIE).

Samples and Methods

The IPSIE was administered to elementary student samples that consist of 516 Vietnamese elementary school students in grades 3–5. This study examined the reliabilities of International problem behaviour (IPB) and interpersonal problem‐solving inventory (IPSI) as well as the construct validity of IPSI. The construct validity of IPSI was investigated by using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to explore the emerging factor structure of the data. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized to fit the data.

Results

The reliabilities of IPB and IPSI were assessed by calculating internal consistencies (Cronbach’s α = 0.79 vs. 0.90, McDonald's ω = 0.79 vs. 0.82). The EFA results suggested that the IPSI has two‐factor structure. The CFA was reexamined to define theory‐driven five‐factor structure of the IPSI’s data. The CFA findings indicated that the scores of IPSI have the five‐factor structure as expected with acceptable global fit indices (CFI: 0.943, TLI: 0.939, RMSEA: 0.030, and RMR: 0.046). The concurrent validity of IPSI was tested by calculating correlations between the IPSI and SPSI‐R scores (r = .667) and the IPSI and SPSTE‐A scores (r = .482).

Conclusions

These finding figures suggest that overall the scales of IPSIE are well‐functioning measures with good psychometric properties. Caution and limitations of IPSIE are discussed. Future study and possible applicability are suggested.
Are current elicitation techniques for barriers and enablers confounded with motivation? How natural language may hinder theory‐guided research
Authors: Branscum Paul W. , Williams David M. , Rhodes Ryan E.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

The objective of this study was to compare standard elicitation techniques for barriers and enablers for physical activity and sleep behaviours, to an alternative approach whereby participants were told to only consider the literal meanings of the words prevent/enable.

Design

Randomized controlled design.

Methods

College students were randomized to either a standard methods group (n = 177) (what prevents you from doing behaviour X) or a vignette group (n = 176) to encourage them to think of the literal meaning of the words prevent/enable. Responses were then codified by two blinded researchers.

Results

Students reported significantly different types of control beliefs between groups. Those in the standard group reported significantly more overall beliefs (p’s < .05, except sleep/enable), suggesting poorer discrimination in interpreting what was meant by ‘prevent’ and ‘enable’.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates when self‐efficacy‐related control beliefs are elicited, natural language words such as ‘prevent’ and ‘enable’ have the potential to confuse people about the intent of the question.
Evolution and patterning of the ovule in seed plants
Authors: Rudall Paula J.
Published: January 2021

The ovule and its developmental successor, the seed, together represent a highly characteristic feature of seed plants that has strongly enhanced the reproductive and dispersal potential of this diverse group of taxa. Ovules encompass multiple tissues that perform various roles within a highly constrained space, requiring a complex cascade of genes that generate localized cell proliferation and programmed cell death during different developmental stages. Many heritable morphological differences among lineages reflect relative displacement of these tissues, but others, such as the second (outer) integuments of angiosperms and Gnetales, represent novel and apparently profound and independent innovations. Recent studies, mostly on model taxa, have considerably enhanced our understanding of gene expression in the ovule. However, understanding its evolutionary history requires a comparative and phylogenetic approach that is problematic when comparing extant angiosperms not only with phylogenetically distant extant gymnosperms but also with taxa known only from fossils. This paper reviews ovule characters across a phylogenetically broad range of seed plants in a dynamic developmental context. It discusses both well‐established and recent theories of ovule and seed evolution and highlights potential gaps in comparative data that will usefully enhance our understanding of evolutionary transitions and developmental mechanisms.
Adolescent Acne and Disparities in Mental Health
Authors: Natsuaki Misaki N. , Yates Tuppett M.
Published: January 2021

Acne is a hallmark of adolescence, affecting 85% of youth between the ages of 12 and 25 worldwide. Perhaps because of its ubiquity and minimal impact on physical functioning, acne is often dismissed as a time‐delimited cosmetic nuisance and has been summarily neglected by developmental scientists. However, emerging evidence suggests that acne is associated with clinically significant psychological adjustment problems, including depression and anxiety. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach that bridges developmental and dermatological science, we reposition acne as a prominent source of psychological maladjustment and health disparities in adolescence. Specifically, we propose that females and youth with darker skin may be disproportionately affected by the pernicious psychological effects of acne. Reconceptualizing adolescent acne as a developmentally and psychologically meaningful dermatologic disease with effects shaped by culture and health care disparities will advance our understanding of youth’s mental health.
Tolerance, Dissenting Beliefs, and Cultural Diversity
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Killen Melanie
Published: January 2021

Divergent cultural, religious, and ideological beliefs and practices are often challenging to contemplate and difficult to accept when they conflict with an individual’s own convictions and way of life. The recognition that children and adolescents grow up in an increasingly diverse world has led to a general interest in fostering tolerance. In this article, we discuss three central questions on tolerance and related research. First, we consider age‐related patterns of responses toward tolerance of diversity and whether they depend on the type of dissenting beliefs and practices children are asked to tolerate. Second, we focus on how and why children are asked to be tolerant. Third, we discuss the boundaries of tolerance—the reasons and conditions that make tolerance less likely. Overall, we conclude that tolerance and intolerance can occur at all ages and depend on what, how, why, and when individuals are asked to tolerate belief discrepancy and dissenting practices.
Interpersonal Neural Synchrony During Father–Child Problem Solving: An fNIRS Hyperscanning Study
Authors: Nguyen Trinh , Schleihauf Hanna , Kungl Melanie , Kayhan Ezgi , Hoehl Stefanie , Vrtička Pascal
Published: January 2021

Interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) has been previously evidenced in mother–child interactions, yet findings concerning father–child interaction are wanting. The current experiment examined whether fathers and their 5‐ to 6‐year‐old children (N = 66) synchronize their brain activity during a naturalistic interaction, and addressed paternal and child factors related to INS. Compared to individual problem solving and rest, father–child dyads showed increased INS in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left temporo‐parietal junction during cooperative problem solving. Furthermore, the father’s attitude toward his role as a parent was positively related to INS during the cooperation condition. These results highlight the implication of the father’s attitude to parenting in INS processes for the first time.
Recommendations for the management of childhood juvenile idiopathic arthritis‐type chronic anterior uveitis
Authors: Smith Justine R. , Matthews Janet M. , Conrad Diana , Hall Anthony J. , Niederer Rachael L. , Singh‐Grewal Davinder , Tay‐Kearney Mei‐Ling , Wells Jane M. , Zagora Sophia L. ,   Australian and New Zealand Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis‐Uveitis Working Group, McCluskey Peter J.
Published: January 2021

Importance

Australian‐ and New Zealand‐based, uveitis‐specialized ophthalmologists have produced recommendations for the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)‐type chronic anterior uveitis.

Background

Historically, the visual prognosis of JIA‐type chronic anterior uveitis has been poor. New medical advances are likely to improve outcomes, but recently published guidelines are tailored for ophthalmic care in Europe and the United States.

Design

This work involved a consensus survey and a panel meeting.

Participants

The Australian and New Zealand JIA‐Uveitis Working Group (29 ophthalmologists) participated in the work.

Methods

The Delphi technique was used to achieve consensus.

Main Outcome Measures

This work yielded consensus statements.

Results

The Working Group achieved consensus around 18 statements related to clinical evaluation, use of topical and regional corticosteroids, use of systemic corticosteroid and non‐corticosteroid immunomodulatory drugs, and management of secondary cataract and glaucoma in childhood JIA‐type uveitis.

Conclusions and Relevance

Recommendations of the Australian and New Zealand JIA‐Uveitis Working Group provide current and regionally applicable advice for managing chronic anterior uveitis in children with JIA.
Adding evidence to the role of NEUROG1 in congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders
Authors: Dupont Juliette , Vieira José Pedro , Tavares Ana Lisa Taylor , Conceição Carla Ribeiro , Khan Suliman , Bertoli‐Avella Aida Maria , Sousa Ana Berta
Published: January 2021

Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental phenotypes caused by a primary disturbance of innervation due to deficient, absent, or misguided cranial nerves. Although some CCDDs genes are known, several clinical phenotypes and their aetiologies remain to be elucidated. We describe a 12‐year‐old boy with hypotonia, developmental delay, sensorineural hearing loss, and keratoconjunctivitis due to lack of corneal reflex. He had a long expressionless face, severe oromotor dysfunction, bilateral agenesis/severe hypoplasia of the VIII nerve with marked atresia of the internal auditory canals and cochlear labyrinth malformation. Trio‐exome sequencing identified a homozygous loss of function variant in the NEUROG1 gene (NM_006161.2: c.202G > T, p.Glu68*). NEUROG1 is considered a causal candidate for CCDDs based on (i) the previous report of a patient with a homozygous gene deletion and developmental delay, deafness due to absent bilateral VIII nerves, and severe oromotor dysfunction; (ii) a second patient with a homozygous NEUROG1 missense variant and corneal opacity, absent corneal reflex and intellectual disability; and (iii) the knockout mouse model phenotype which highly resembles the disorder observed in humans. Our findings support the growing compelling evidence that loss of NEUROG1 leads to a very distinctive disorder of cranial nerves development.
Early genetic screening uncovered a high prevalence of thalassemia among 18 309 neonates in Guizhou, China
Authors: Tan Mei , Bai Yue , Zhang Xiangmei , Sun Jian , Huang Chengshuang , Tian Runmei , Yang Yuhang , Luo Xi , Su Qiong , Wu Liusong , Zheng Libo , Xia Jing , Murong Hongmei , Zhu Ping , Yang Fan , Zhong Xiaosong , Chen Jindong , Chen Yan
Published: January 2021

Thalassemia is a common monogenic disease in southwestern China, especially in Guizhou province. In this study, 18 309 neonates were examined for thalassemia. The thalassemia carrier rate was 12.90%, which is associated with geographical regions, with carrier frequencies significantly differing between regions (p < 0.0001). The carrier rates for α‐thalassemia and β‐thalassemia were 8.91% and 3.36%, respectively. There are 22 genotypes identified among 1632 α‐thalassemia cases, and 18 genotypes detected among 615 β‐thalassemia cases. The birthrates of individuals with intermediate thalassemia and β‐thalassemia major were 0.153% and 0.055%, respectively. Methodologically, NGS‐Gap‐PCR is superior to traditional detection methods, with 65 more cases detected by NGS‐Gap‐PCR. Since thalassemia‐rich genotypes were highly prevalent in this region, early detection of thalassemia carriers would be meaningful for genetic counseling and prevention/treatment of thalassemia. NGS‐Gap‐PCR provides a powerful tool for neonate genetic testing and clinical diagnosis of thalassemia, especially in high‐prevalence regions.
Evaluating the social and ecological effectiveness of partially protected marine areas
Authors: Turnbull John W. , Johnston Emma L. , Clark Graeme F.
Published: January 2021

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a primary tool for the stewardship, conservation, and restoration of marine ecosystems, yet 69% of global MPAs are only partially protected (i.e., are open to some form of fishing). Although fully protected areas have well‐documented outcomes, including increased fish diversity and biomass, the effectiveness of partially protected areas is contested. Partially protected areas may provide benefits in some contexts and may be warranted for social reasons, yet social outcomes often depend on MPAs achieving their ecological goals to distinguish them from open areas and justify the cost of protection. We assessed the social perceptions and ecological effectiveness of 18 partially protected areas and 19 fully protected areas compared with 19 open areas along 7000 km of coast of southern Australia. We used mixed methods, gathering data via semistructured interviews, site surveys, and Reef Life (underwater visual census) surveys. We analyzed qualitative data in accordance with grounded theory and quantitative data with multivariate and univariate linear mixed‐effects models. We found no social or ecological benefits for partially protected areas relative to open areas in our study. Partially protected areas had no more fish, invertebrates, or algae than open areas; were poorly understood by coastal users; were not more attractive than open areas; and were not perceived to have better marine life than open areas. These findings provide an important counterpoint to some large‐scale meta‐analyses that conclude partially protected areas can be ecologically effective but that draw this conclusion based on narrower measures. We argue that partially protected areas act as red herrings in marine conservation because they create an illusion of protection and consume scarce conservation resources yet provide little or no social or ecological gain over open areas. Fully protected areas, by contrast, have more fish species and biomass and are well understood, supported, and valued by the public. They are perceived to have better marine life and be improving over time in keeping with actual ecological results. Conservation outcomes can be improved by upgrading partially protected areas to higher levels of protection including conversion to fully protected areas.
Emergent Shared Intentions Support Coordination During Collective Musical Improvisations
Authors: Goupil Louise , Wolf Thomas , Saint‐Germier Pierre , Aucouturier Jean‐Julien , Canonne Clément
Published: January 2021

Human interactions are often improvised rather than scripted, which suggests that efficient coordination can emerge even when collective plans are largely underspecified. One possibility is that such forms of coordination primarily rely on mutual influences between interactive partners, and on perception–action couplings such as entrainment or mimicry. Yet some forms of improvised joint actions appear difficult to explain solely by appealing to these emergent mechanisms. Here, we focus on collective free improvisation, a form of highly unplanned creative practice where both agents' subjective reports and the complexity of their interactions suggest that shared intentions may sometimes emerge to support coordination during the course of the improvisation, even in the absence of verbal communication. In four experiments, we show that shared intentions spontaneously emerge during collective musical improvisations, and that they foster coordination on multiple levels, over and beyond the mere influence of shared information. We also show that musicians deploy communicative strategies to manifest and propagate their intentions within the group, and that this predicts better coordination. Overall, our results suggest that improvised and scripted joint actions are more continuous with one another than it first seems, and that they differ merely in the extent to which they rely on emergent or planned coordination mechanisms.
Circadian clock genes promote glioma progression by affecting tumour immune infiltration and tumour cell proliferation
Authors: Wang Zeyu , Su Guanhua , Dai Ziyu , Meng Ming , Zhang Hao , Fan Fan , Liu Zhengzheng , Zhang Longbo , Weygant Nathaniel , He Fengqiong , Fang Ning , Zhang Liyang , Cheng Quan
Published: January 2021

Objectives

Circadian rhythm controls complicated physiological activities in organisms. Circadian clock genes have been related to tumour progression, but its role in glioma is unknown. Therefore, we explored the relationship between dysregulated circadian clock genes and glioma progression.

Materials and Methods

Samples were divided into different groups based on circadian clock gene expression in training dataset (n = 672) and we verified the results in other four validating datasets (n = 1570). The GO and GSEA enrichment analysis were conducted to explore potential mechanism of how circadian clock genes affected glioma progression. The single‐cell RNA‐Seq analysis was conducted to verified previous results. The immune landscape was evaluated by the ssGSEA and CIBERSORT algorithm. Cell proliferation and viability were confirmed by the CCK8 assay, colony‐forming assay and flow cytometry.

Results

The cluster and risk model based on circadian clock gene expression can predict survival outcome. Samples were scoring by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis, and high scoring tumour was associated with worse survival outcome. Samples in high‐risk group manifested higher activation of immune pathway and cell cycle. Tumour immune landscape suggested high‐risk tumour infiltrated more immunocytes and more sensitivity to immunotherapy. Interfering TIMELESS expression affected circadian clock gene expression, inhibited tumour cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase.

Conclusions

Dysregulated circadian clock gene expression can affect glioma progression by affecting tumour immune landscape and cell cycle. The risk model can predict glioma survival outcome, and this model can also be applied to pan‐cancer.
African Americans’ discussions about living‐donor kidney transplants with family or friends: Who, what, and why not?
Authors: DePasquale Nicole , Ellis Matthew J. , Sudan Debra L. , Ephraim Patti L. , McElroy Lisa M. , Mohottige Dinushika , Davenport Clemontina A. , Zhang Xiyuan , Peskoe Sarah B. , Strigo Tara S. , Cabacungan Ashley N. , Pounds Iris , Riley Jennie A. , Falkovic Margaret , Boulware L. Ebony
Published: January 2021

Background

Although discussions with family or friends can improve access to living‐donor kidney transplantation (LDKT), they remain an understudied step in the LDKT process.

Methods

Among 300 African American transplant candidates, we examined how sociodemographic, clinical, LDKT‐related, and psychosocial characteristics related to the occurrence of LDKT discussions with family or friends. We also analyzed the relation between discussion occurrence and donor activation on transplant candidates’ behalves (at least one donor inquiry or completed donor evaluation in the medical record). We assessed associations of discussion characteristics (context, content, and perceptions) with donor activation among discussants, and we identified discussion barriers among non‐discussants.

Results

Most candidates (90%) had discussed LDKT. Only family functioning was statistically significantly associated with discussion occurrence. Specifically, family dysfunction was associated with 62% lower odds of discussion than family function. Family functioning, discussion occurrence, and different discussion characteristics were statistically significantly related to donor activation. The most prevalent discussion barrier was never having thought about discussing LDKT.

Conclusions

Family functioning affected the likelihood of discussing LDKT, and family functioning, discussion occurrence, and discussion characteristics were associated with donor activation. Advancing understanding of how family functioning and LDKT discussions affect progression to LDKT may benefit interventions to increase LDKT.
Artificial intelligence in dermatopathology: Diagnosis, education, and research
Authors: Wells Amy , Patel Shaan , Lee Jason B. , Motaparthi Kiran
Published: January 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) utilizes computer algorithms to carry out tasks with human‐like intelligence. Convolutional neural networks, a type of deep learning AI, can classify basal cell carcinoma, seborrheic keratosis, and conventional nevi, highlighting the potential for deep learning algorithms to improve diagnostic workflow in dermatopathology of highly routine diagnoses. Additionally, convolutional neural networks can support the diagnosis of melanoma and may help predict disease outcomes. Capabilities of machine learning in dermatopathology can extend beyond clinical diagnosis to education and research. Intelligent tutoring systems can teach visual diagnoses in inflammatory dermatoses, with measurable cognitive effects on learners. Natural language interfaces can instruct dermatopathology trainees to produce diagnostic reports that capture relevant detail for diagnosis in compliance with guidelines. Furthermore, deep learning can power computation‐ and population‐based research. However, there are many limitations of deep learning that need to be addressed before broad incorporation into clinical practice. The current potential of AI in dermatopathology is to supplement diagnosis, and dermatopathologist guidance is essential for the development of useful deep learning algorithms. Herein, the recent progress of AI in dermatopathology is reviewed with emphasis on how deep learning can influence diagnosis, education, and research.
Inherited ichthyosis and fungal infection: an update on pathogenesis and treatment strategies
Authors: Miao Huilei , Dong Ruijia , Zhang Shiyu , Yang Lu , Liu Yuehua , Wang Tao
Published: January 2021

Inherited ichthyoses are a group of genodermatoses classified as either nonsyndromic or syndromic. Nonsyndromic ichthyoses and keratitis, ichthyosis and deafness (KID) syndrome predispose to fungal infection. The diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections underlying ichthyoses are challenging. In this review, we summarize reported cases of ichthyosis with fungal infection over the past 50 years. Atypical manifestations such as alopecia, papules and brittle nails occurred in patients with ichthyosis combined with fungal infection. Various pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated, including mutations of ichthyosis‐related genes leading to disruption of the skin barrier via multiple pathways. Host immune disorders, including atopy and abnormal innate immunity also contribute to susceptibility. Specific fungi may escape the immune response. Extensive and recurrent fungal infections are not uncommon in patients with ichthyosis, making a cure more difficult and increasing the need for systemic antifungal therapy. Traditional and new ichthyosis treatments aiming to improve skin barrier function could help prevent fungal infection. In conclusion, the close relationship between ichthyosis and fungal infection is of vital importance in clinical practice and requires more attention from physicians. More studies are required to investigate the mechanisms and explore useful treatment strategies.
Faith and obedience in Bonhoeffer and the communicatio idiomatum
Authors: Yang Jae
Published: January 2021

This article interprets Bonhoeffer's interrelated dialectic of faith and obedience through the Lutheran doctrine of communicatio idiomatum. As the church community concretely practices faith and obedience in Christ's person, this, I argue, involves participating in Christ's human and divine natures as the incarnation, crucifixion, and resurrection dialectically work together. As Christ's humanity is communicated divine attributes, acts of human obedience incur and involve faith; similarly, just as Christ's divinity is communicated human attributes, the act of faith involves and motivates concrete acts of obedience.
Automated movement recognition to predict motor impairment in high‐risk infants: a systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy and meta‐analysis
Authors: Raghuram Kamini , Orlandi Silvia , Church Paige , Chau Tom , Uleryk Elizabeth , Pechlivanoglou Petros , Shah Vibhuti
Published: January 2021

Aim

To assess the sensitivity and specificity of automated movement recognition in predicting motor impairment in high‐risk infants.

Method

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and identified additional studies from the references of relevant studies. We included studies that evaluated automated movement recognition in high‐risk infants to predict motor impairment, including cerebral palsy (CP) and non‐CP motor impairments. Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2. Meta‐analyses were performed using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic models.

Results

Of 6536 articles, 13 articles assessing 59 movement variables in 1248 infants under 5 months corrected age were included. Of these, 143 infants had CP. The overall sensitivity and specificity for motor impairment were 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68–0.77) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.65–0.75) respectively. Comparatively, clinical General Movements Assessment (GMA) was found to have sensitivity and specificity of 98% (95% CI 74–100) and 91% (95% CI 83–93) respectively. Sensor‐based technologies had higher specificity (0.88, 95% CI 0.80–0.93).

Interpretation

Automated movement recognition technology remains inferior to clinical GMA. The strength of this study is its meta‐analysis to summarize performance, although generalizability of these results is limited by study heterogeneity.

What this paper adds

Automated movement recognition is sensitive and specific and warrants further investigation.

Sensor‐based technologies have higher specificity but are less portable.

The performance of automated movement recognition is inferior to clinical General Movements Assessment.

Emerging technologies such as 3D video analysis may improve its performance.
Effects of mindfulness‐ and acceptance‐based interventions on diabetes distress and glycaemic level in people with type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ngan Hau Yi , Chong Yuen Yu , Chien Wai Tong
Published: January 2021

Aim

For people with type 2 diabetes, self management and fear of disease complication often cause psychological distress. Mindfulness and acceptance might be beneficial for reducing diabetes‐related distress and glycaemic level. We systematically review the effects of mindfulness‐ and acceptance‐based interventions on diabetes distress and glycaemic level in community‐dwelling adults with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Seven electronic databases (English and Chinese) were searched comprehensively from inception to June 2020. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment were independently performed by two reviewers using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations criteria.

Results

Nine RCTs (801 participants) examining the effects of acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy, mindfulness‐based stress reduction and self‐directed mindfulness practice were included. In the reviewed RCTs, the majority of participants (mean age: 50–66 years, average disease duration: 4–10 years) had suboptimal diabetes control (HbA1c >7.0%, 53 mmol/mol). Compared with controls, the interventions significantly reduced diabetes distress (standardised mean difference, SMD = −0.37, 95% confidence intervals, CI: −0.63, −0.12; p < 0.01) and HbA1c (mean difference, MD = −0.35, 95% CI: −0.67, −0.04; p = 0.03) up to 1‐month post‐intervention. However, the underpowered studies may have led to overestimation, the interventions for diabetes distress and HbA1c were heterogeneous.

Conclusions

Within evidenced‐based diabetes education programmes, mindfulness‐ and acceptance‐based approaches may reduce distress and HbA1c levels and promote self care in people with type 2 diabetes. Further controlled trials are recommended to examine the clinical effectiveness of such programmes for people with type 2 diabetes of diverse clinical, cultural and socio‐demographic backgrounds.
Stroke risk reassessment and oral anticoagulant initiation in primary care patients with atrial fibrillation: A ten‐year follow‐up
Authors: Bezabhe Woldesellassie M. , Bereznicki Luke R. , Radford Jan , Wimmer Barbara C. , Salahudeen Mohammed S. , Garrahy Edward , Bindoff Ivan , Peterson Gregory M.
Published: January 2021

Aim

To examine the change in stroke risk over time and determine the proportion of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who were initiated on an oral anticoagulant (OAC) as their stroke risk increased from low/moderate to high, using the Australian general practice data set, MedicineInsight.

Methods

A total of 2296 patients diagnosed with AF between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2008, aged 18 years or older and not initiated on an OAC before 2009, were included. We assessed the change in stroke risk and the proportion of patients who had a recorded prescription of an OAC, each year from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018.

Results

At baseline, 23.9%, 22.9% and 53.2% were categorised as being at low (score = 0), moderate (score = 1) and high stroke risk (score ≥ 2), respectively, using the sexless CHA2DS2‐VASc (CHA2DS2‐VA) score. Overall, the CHA2DS2‐VA score increased by a mean of 1.34 (95% confidence interval, 1.29‐1.39) points over the study period. Nearly two‐thirds of patients (65%, 412/632) whose stroke risk changed from baseline low/moderate to high were subsequently prescribed an OAC. The median (interquartile range) lag time from becoming high stroke risk to having OAC initiation was 2 (5) years.

Conclusions

Nearly one‐third of patients reclassified as being at high risk of stroke during the study period were not prescribed OAC therapy. Furthermore, the delay in OAC initiation following classification as being at high risk was a median of 2 years, suggesting that more frequent stroke reassessment is needed.
Prognosis of teeth in mandibular fracture lines
Authors: Lee Won‐Bum , Kim Yong‐Deok , Shin Sang‐Hun , Lee Jae‐Yeol
Published: January 2021

Background/Aims

Teeth in a jaw fracture line, because of the presence of the periodontal ligament, may communicate with the oral cavity. There are no guidelines for the management of teeth in mandibular fracture lines. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors related to dental problems with teeth involved in mandibular fracture lines and to determine the best treatment option.

Material and Methods

This retrospective study was based on the medical and radiographic records of patients with mandibular fractures. The relationships among the patient’s age, gender, smoking history, amount of bony displacement, surgery, trauma‐surgery period, apical involvement, tooth mobility, and periodontal status were investigated. Group comparisons were performed using the chi‐squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and Mann–Whitney U‐test.

Result

A total of 238 patients (247 fracture lines) with mandibular fractures including a tooth in the line of the fracture were examined. Post‐operative dental complications occurred in 42 cases (17.0%). Extraction of related teeth occurred in 34 cases (80.9%) compared to eight cases (19.0%) related to root canal therapy. This study defined “dental problem” as “a case with a tooth extracted or endodontically treated after trauma.” The variables associated with an increased risk of dental problems were the amount of bony displacement (p < .01), tooth mobility (p < .01), and pre‐existing marginal alveolar bone loss (p = .027).

Conclusion

The prognosis of teeth in mandibular fracture lines was related to tooth mobility, periodontal state, and the amount of bony displacement.
Straying of brown trout in the catchment of a large New Zealand river evaluated by otolith microchemistry
Authors: Mikheev Pavel B. , Jarvis Matt G. , Matthaei Christoph D. , Ingram Travis , Reid Malcolm R. , Nikiforov Andrey I. , Chernienko Igor S. , Closs Gerard P.
Published: January 2021

Natal homing and straying are behavioural tactics of migratory animals that return to nursery habitats to breed as adults. Straying has evolutionary and ecological importance for species flexibility, interpopulation connectivity and success of invasive species in new environments. This study aimed to estimate the relative importance of straying and homing in introduced brown trout Salmo trutta spawning in a model coastal tributary (Silverstream) of a large New Zealand river using otolith microchemistry. The data on natal homing and straying are important for the understanding of the ecological resilience of salmonid populations and metapopulations, and the development of effective management measures at stream or catchment scales. To examine brown trout homing and straying in a river catchment, otolith microchemical analysis was applied. We used linear discriminant function analysis to compare the trace element composition in the otoliths of YoY (young‐of‐the‐year) trout collected at spawning streams across the catchment and adult trout reproducing in Silverstream. The results showed that only six from a sample of 30 spawning adults in Silverstream originated from Silverstream. Another 14 fish likely originated from other Taieri tributaries further upstream, but the origin of the remaining 10 could not be determined. Contrary to published studies based on wild populations of brown trout in Europe, and several other species of salmonids, a large proportion of brown trout spawners collected in Silverstream were strays. The large number of strayers identified in Silverstream may be a consequence of the geomorphology of the Taieri catchment and highlights the adaptability of brown trout to different environmental contexts.
Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus cholinergic lesion on gait and dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats
Authors: Chambers Nicole E. , Coyle Michael , Sergio Jordan , Lanza Kathryn , Saito Carolyn , Topping Brent , Clark Stewart D. , Bishop Christopher
Published: January 2021

Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) cholinergic neurons are implicated in freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease (PD) and motor stereotypy in normal animals, but the causal role of these neurons on specific gait parameters and treatment‐induced dyskinesia remains speculative. Therefore, we examined whether selective cholinergic lesion of the rostral PPN affects PD motor and gait deficits, L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia and motor improvement, and DA‐agonist‐induced dyskinesia. Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to one unilaterally lesioned group: Sham lesion, PPN cholinergic lesion with diphtheria urotensin II fusion toxin, medial forebrain bundle dopamine lesion with 6‐hydroxydopamine, or dual acetylcholine and dopamine lesion. We used gait analysis and forepaw adjusting steps to examine PD gait and motor deficits. Forepaw adjusting steps were also used to assess motor improvement with L‐DOPA treatment. The abnormal involuntary movements scale measured L‐DOPA and dopamine D1‐ and D2‐receptor agonist‐induced dyskinesia. Lesions, verified via tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry reduced an average of 95% of nigral dopamine neurons and 80% of PPN cholinergic neurons, respectively. Rats receiving acetylcholine and dual lesion demonstrated enhanced freezing, and acetylcholine lesioned rats exhibited increased print area and stand index. Dopamine and dual lesion produced similar forepaw adjusting steps task on and off L‐DOPA. Relative to DA lesioned rats, dual lesioned rats displayed reduced L‐DOPA and DA agonist‐induced dyskinesia at specific time points. Our results indicate that PPN cholinergic neurons affect gait parameters related to postural stability. Therefore, therapeutically targeting PPN cholinergic neurons could reduce intractable postural instability in PD without affecting motor benefits or side effects of L‐DOPA treatment.
Endocannabinoids and cortical plasticity: CB1R as a possible regulator of the excitation/inhibition balance in health and disease
Authors: Durieux Lucas J. A. , Gilissen Sara R. J. , Arckens Lutgarde
Published: January 2021

The endocannabinoid system has been linked to neurological disorders in which the excitation inhibition (E/I) balance in the neocortex is dysregulated, such as schizophrenia. The main endocannabinoid receptor type 1 of the central nervous system—CB1R—is expressed on different cell types, that when activated, modulate the cortical E/I balance. Here we review how CB1R signalling contributes to phases of heightened plasticity of the neocortex. We review the major role of the CB1R in cortical plasticity throughout life, including the early life sensory critical periods, the later maturation phase of the association cortex in adolescence, and the adult phase of sensory deprivation‐induced cortical plasticity. Endocannabinoid‐mediated long‐term potentiation and depression of synapse strength fine‐tune the E/I balance in visual, somatosensory and association areas. We emphasize how a distinct set of key endocannabinoid‐regulated elements such as GABA and glutamate release, basket parvalbumin interneurons, somatostatin interneurons and astrocytes, are essential for normal cortical plasticity and dysregulated in schizophrenia. Even though a lot of data has been gathered, mechanistic knowledge about the exact CB1R‐based modulation of excitation and/or inhibition is still lacking depending on cortical area and maturation phase in life. We emphasize the importance of creating such detailed knowledge for a better comprehension of what underlies the dysregulation of the neocortex in schizophrenic patients in adulthood. We propose that taking age, brain area and cell type into consideration when modulating the cortical E/I imbalance via cannabinoid‐based pharmacology may pave the way for better patient care.
An investigation into the relationship between stimulus property, neural response and its manifestation in the visual evoked potential involving retinal resolution
Authors: Marcar Valentine L. , Wolf Martin
Published: January 2021

The visual evoked potential (VEP) has been shown to reflect the size of the neural population activated by a processing mechanism selective to the temporal – and spatial luminance contrast property of a stimulus. We set out to better understand how the factors determining the neural response associated with these mechanisms. To do so we recorded the VEP from 14 healthy volunteers viewing two series of pattern reversing stimuli with identical temporal—and spatial luminance contrast properties. In one series the size of the elements increased towards the edge of the image, in the other it decreased. In the former element size was congruent with receptive field size across eccentricity, in the later it was incongruent. P100 amplitude to the incongruent series exceeded that obtained to the congruent series. Using electric dipoles due the excitatory neural response we accounted for this using dipole cancellation of electric dipoles of opposite polarity originating in supra‐ and infragranular layers of V1. The phasic neural response in granular lamina of V1 exhibited magnocellular characteristics, the neural response outside of the granular lamina exhibited parvocellular characteristics and was modulated by re‐entrant projections. Using electric current density, we identified areas of the dorsal followed by areas of the ventral stream as the source of the re‐entrant signal modulating infragranular activity. Our work demonstrates that the VEP does not signal reflect the overall level of a neural response but is the result of an interaction between electric dipoles originating from neural responses in different lamina of V1.
Identifying the fingerprint of permanganate oxidizable carbon as a measure of labile soil organic carbon using Fourier transform mid‐infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy
Authors: Huang Jing , Rinnan Åsmund , Bruun Thilde Bech , Engedal Tine , Bruun Sander
Published: January 2021

Permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) is a sub‐pool of labile soil organic carbon (SOC) and is defined as the carbon (C) that can be oxidized by potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Determination of the content of POXC has been used as a way to measure labile C and may be related to soil microbial biomass and particulate organic C. Fourier transform mid‐infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR‐PAS) has been used for characterizing the chemical composition of soil organic matter. The objective of the current study was to identify the chemical information in the FTIR‐PAS spectra that is unique to POXC and therefore associated with labile C. FTIR‐PAS was used for characterizing SOC using a set of soil samples collected in four different countries (Laos, Malaysia, Peru and Thailand, n = 575). Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate the collected FTIR‐PAS spectra with both POXC and total SOC. The FTIR‐PAS spectra combined with the PLS method was useful for predicting both SOC and POXC. However, SOC and POXC were also highly correlated (R2 = 0.84), and because POXC can be seen as a fraction of total SOC, a method for extracting the FTIR‐PAS fingerprint of the POXC model that is independent of SOC was applied for the first time. The results showed that the POXC prediction was mainly based on its strong correlation with SOC and there was little information unique to POXC. However, the results do indicate four dominant peaks at 1,574, 1,495, 1,138 and 1,041 cm−1 to be specific for POXC. These peaks can be ascribed to amide II, aromatics, polysaccharides and carbohydrates, respectively.

Highlights

Permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) was predicted using FTIR‐photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR‐PAS).

The POXC prediction using FTIR‐PAS is mainly based on its high correlation with SOC.

A method extracting the unique spectral features of POXC independently of SOC was applied.

Around 11% of the information used to predict POXC was identified as unique.

Four dominant peaks were found to represent the POXC fingerprint.
Are networks of trophic interactions sufficient for understanding the dynamics of multi‐trophic communities? Analysis of a tri‐trophic insect food‐web time‐series
Authors: Kawatsu Kazutaka , Ushio Masayuki , van Veen F. J. Frank , Kondoh Michio
Published: January 2021

Resource–consumer interactions are considered a major driving force of population and community dynamics. However, species also interact in many non‐trophic and indirect ways and it is currently not known to what extent the dynamic coupling of species corresponds to the distribution of trophic links. Here, using a 10‐year data set of monthly observations of a 40‐species tri‐trophic insect community and nonlinear time series analysis, we compare the occurrence and strengths of both the trophic and dynamic interactions in the insect community. The matching between observed trophic and dynamic interactions provides evidence that population dynamic interactions reflect resource–consumer interactions in the many‐species community. However, the presence of a trophic interaction does not always correspond to a detectable dynamic interaction especially for top‐down effects. Moreover a considerable proportion of dynamic interactions are not attributable to direct trophic interactions, suggesting the unignorable role of non‐trophic and indirect interactions as co‐drivers of community dynamics.
Cancer in myasthenia gravis subtypes in relation to immunosuppressive treatment and acetylcholine receptor antibodies: A Swedish nationwide register study
Authors: Verwijst Johanna , Westerberg Elisabet , Punga Anna Rostedt
Published: January 2021

Background and purpose

The potentially increased risk of extrathymic cancers in myasthenia gravis (MG) remains uncertain. We present the occurrence of extrathymic cancer diagnoses in different MG subgroups.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide Swedish register‐based cohort study, including patients who had their first MG diagnosis or first prescription of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors between the years 2006 and 2018. Timing and subtypes of cancer diagnosis in relation to MG as well as corticosteroid‐sparing immunosuppressants (CSISs) were identified from national patient, cancer and drug registers.

Results

In the study population of 2812 MG patients, 92 had juvenile MG (3%), 632 had early‐onset MG (23%), 1968 had late‐onset MG (LOMG; 70%) and 120 patients had thymoma‐associated MG (TAMG; 4%). Extrathymic cancers were observed in 630 patients (22.4%). Skin cancer and cancer in the male genital organs were most common (N = 138, respectively), followed by cancers in the female genital organs (N = 103), digestive organs (N = 90) and breast (N = 80). Patients with TAMG (29.2%) and LOMG (28.4%) had the highest occurrence of extrathymic cancer. Cancer frequency was comparable between acetylcholine receptor antibody seropositive and seronegative patients. Two or more CSIS prescriptions significantly increased the frequency of cancer, especially cancers in the digestive organs (p = 0.0026), male genital organs (p = 0.0037) and skin (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Most extrathymic cancer types in MG were observed in TAMG and LOMG patients, and there was a clear correlation between CSIS exposure and cancer risk. This study sheds light on extrathymic cancers also in non‐thymoma MG.