bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hughes Stovin: Sustained remission and regression of pulmonary aneurysms with anti–tumor necrosis factor treatment
Authors: Ghirardo Sergio , Pastore Serena , Gortani Giulia , Tommasini Alberto , Taddio Andrea
Published: April 2019

We report the first case of Hughes Stovin Syndrome successfully treated with long‐lasting tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) blocker (infliximab) treatment. Because of the failure of the standard therapeutic regimen with steroids and cyclophosphamide, infliximab was started achieving a stable disease remission and a complete resolution of pulmonary aneurysms. Hughes Stovin Syndrome, although rare, is a life‐threatening condition that needs to be timely identified and treated aggressively. Our report underlines the importance of TNF‐α blocker treatment in Hughes Stovin Syndrome, suggesting its use as long‐term safe and useful.
Assessing the impact of breathing retraining on asthma symptoms and dysfunctional breathing in children
Authors: Hepworth Claire , Sinha Ian , Saint Gemma L. , Hawcutt Daniel B.
Published: April 2019

Objective

To assess the impact of breathing retraining on asthma symptoms and dysfunctional breathing (DB) in children. Breathing retraining can improve DB but there is a lack of evidence in pediatrics.

Methods

Participants attended outpatient physiotherapy appointments and received individually tailored interventions, particularly Buteyko breathing techniques. The primary outcome was the change in the Asthma Control Test (ACT) score or change in childhood ACT (CACT) score from first to final appointment. The ACT and CACT are validated in children more than or equal to 12 years and children aged 4 to 11, respectively. The secondary outcome measure was the change in Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ) score from first to the final appointment (score range, 0‐64) with a score of more than or equal to 23 indicating DB symptoms.

Results

One hundred and sixty‐nine children with asthma attended and completed a mean of six physiotherapy sessions, over a mean of 15 weeks. Patients were aged 2 to 18, mean 10 years. Fifty‐five patients were more than or equal to 12 years old and 114 were less than or equal to 11 years. One hundred and seven patients were receiving BTS/SIGN asthma guideline step 1 to 3 therapy and 62 were on step 4 to 5 therapy. The mean ACT score improved by 4.4 (P < 0.0001), the mean CACT score improved by 4.9 (P < 0.0001), and the mean NQ score change improved by −9.3 points (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

In addition to standard medical therapy, individually tailored physiotherapy interventions improved asthma control and DB in children on all levels of asthma treatment. A randomized controlled study is required to determine whether these improvements are due to the intervention.
Preparation, Characterization and the Thermodynamic Properties of HNIW ⋅ TNT Cocrystal
Authors: Jia Qian , Zhang Jiaoqiang , Kou Kaichang , Zhang Shijie , Xu Yunlong
Published: April 2019

The cocrystal of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) with 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) (in a 1 : 1 mole ratio) was prepared by a solvent /non‐solvent (acetonitrile/distilled water) method, and systematically characterized by several methods. The thermal decomposition kinetics of HNIW ⋅ TNT cocrystal were investigated using dynamic Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and the apparent activation energy (
) was calculated by Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose (KAS), Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa (FWO) and Starink methods. The standard molar enthalpy of formation (
) of HNIW ⋅ TNT cocrystal was acquired by a DC08‐1 Calvet microcalorimeter with the help of a rational thermochemical cycle and was 324.45±0.15 kJ mol−1. A continuous Cp mode of Micro‐DSC III was used to determine the specific heat capacity (Cp,m) of HNIW ⋅ TNT cocrystal from T=(283.15–333.15) K, and the Cp,m was 673.62 J mol−1 K−1 at 298.15 K.
Optimal decision model for emergency resource reserves in chemical industrial parks in China: A risk perception perspective
Authors: Hu Xiaoli , Wang Fei , Wei Jiuchang
Published: April 2019

A chemical industrial park (CIP) is a concentrated area of firms that are engaged in the manufacture of a large variety of chemicals. The occurrence of accidents in CIPs in China has significantly increased in recent years, thereby posing tremendous threats to people, property, and ecosystems. This study aims to establish a model for reducing disaster risk by balancing the budget for the emergency reserve strategy and the fluke psychology of managers. The research uses the probabilistic approach and the stochastic programming model to address disaster uncertainty. A scenario‐based stochastic model for optimum modular emergency resources is established, which simultaneously seeks to maximize the satisfaction degree and minimize the penalty costs when managerial risk perception is considered. In addition, the simulation study proves that the model has practical and theoretical contributions for reserve strategies and managerial risk perception for a risky concentration area. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog: e12048 2019
Costunolide enhances sensitivity of K562/ADR chronic myeloid leukemia cells to doxorubicin through PI3K/Akt pathway
Authors: Cai Hong , Li Liangjun , Jiang Jie , Zhao Chengyan , Yang Chunhui
Published: April 2019

Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, a small molecular monomer extracted from Inula helenium, has been reported to possess antiproliferative effects on several cancer cell lines. The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of costunolide on sensitivity of K562/ADR chronic myeloid leukemia cells to doxorubicin. The antiproliferative effect of costunolide was assessed by CCK‐8 assay. Flow cytometry and Western blot were used to examine the mechanisms of antileukemia action. Costunolide dramatically enhanced doxorubicin‐induced antiproliferative activity against K562/ADR cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway, activation of caspases 3, cleavage of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase, and downregulation of p‐glycoprotein expression. These results demonstrate that costunolide may be a potent therapeutic agent against CML.
Differential graphical games for H∞ control of linear heterogeneous multiagent systems
Authors: Adib Yaghmaie Farnaz , Hengster Movric Kristian , Lewis Frank L. , Su Rong
Published: April 2019

Differential graphical games have been introduced in the literature to solve state synchronization problem for linear homogeneous agents. When the agents are heterogeneous, the previous notion of graphical games cannot be used anymore and a new definition is required. In this paper, we define a novel concept of differential graphical games for linear heterogeneous agents subject to external unmodeled disturbances, which contain the previously introduced graphical game for homogeneous agents as a special case. Using our new formulation, we can solve both the output regulation and H∞ output regulation problems. Our graphical game framework yields coupled Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Bellman equations, which are, in general, impossible to solve analytically. Therefore, we propose a new actor‐critic algorithm to solve these coupled equations numerically in real time. Moreover, we find an explicit upper bound for the overall
‐gain of the output synchronization error with respect to disturbance. We demonstrate our developments by a simulation example.
A Facile Synthesis of Hematite Nanorods from Rice Starch and Their Application to Pb(II) Ions Removal
Authors: Hoque Md. Ikram Ul , Yamauchi Yusuke , Naidu Ravi , Holze Rudolf , Saidur Rahman , Qu Qunting , Rahman Mohammad Mahmudur , Torad Nagy L. , Hossain Md. Shahriar A. , Kim Minjun , Kim Jeonghun , Ahmad Syed Haseeb Ali , Rehman Ateeq Ur , Firoz Md. Shakhawat Hossain , Luba Ummayhanni , Chowdhury Shahriar , Chowdhury Al‐Nakib
Published: April 2019

1D hematite (α‐Fe2O3) nanorods were synthesized in the presence of rice starch solution. The size of the nanorods was about 250 nm and 50 nm in length and diameter, respectively. The synthesized nanorods possessed a single α‐Fe2O3 phase without any impurities and crystal defects. The obtained hematite nanorods were employed as an adsorbent for lead (II) removal. The isotherms and kinetic studies indicated that our material would be a potential candidate for heavy metal adsorption and removal.
Raman Microscopy Analysis of the Biochemical Changes in the Cytoplasm of Bovine Oocytes Induced by an In Vitro Maturation Process: Interference of the Zona Pellucida
Authors: Jimenez Luis Emanuel , Roldán‐Olarte Mariela , Álvarez Rosa María Susana
Published: April 2019

Raman microscopy proved to be a rapid method for determining the quality of the cytoplasmic state of bovine oocytes as part of the evaluation and prediction of their competence for development and subsequent fertilization.
30% Enhancement of Efficiency in Layered 2D Perovskites Absorbers by Employing Homo‐Tandem Structures
Authors: Chen Yihua , Tan Shunquan , Zhou Ning , Yang Ning , Zhou Wentao , Wu Yiliang , Weber Klaus , Chen Qi , Zhou Huanping
Published: April 2019

Layered two dimensional (layered 2D) organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites have attracted tremendous interest in photovoltaics due to its acceptable materials stability, especially the moisture resistance, when compared with their three dimensional counterparts. However, the limited carrier transport capability, which originates from the insulativity of bulky organic molecules, has significantly affected the resultant device efficiency. To create a shorter carrier pathway with sufficient optical density, the homo‐tandem device structure by using layered 2D perovskite absorbers is proposed. Following this strategy, the semi‐transparent device and filter bottom cells have been investigated and optimized using the same layered 2D perovskite absorber (BA2MA3Pb4I13). The corresponding four‐terminal tandem device is successfully demonstrated with the champion power conversion efficiency of 14.42%, which is 30% higher than that of single BA2MA3Pb4I13 perovskite devices (11.02%). A stabilized efficiency of 13.57% in the optimized champion tandem device also have been achieved. These results suggest alternatives to develop layered 2D perovskite based solar cells and other optoelectronic devices.
A New Paradigm in Alewife Migration: Oscillations between Spawning Grounds and Estuarine Habitats
Authors: McCartin Kellie , Jordaan Adrian , Sclafani Matthew , Cerrato Robert , Frisk Michael G.
Published: April 2019

The current paradigm in Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus migrations is shifting from a single reproductive event and rapid movement in and out of freshwater to one that recognizes more nuanced movements and asynchronous batch spawning. In this study, Alewives (n = 72) were acoustically tagged in the Carmans River, Long Island, New York, a small coastal river with restored fish passage. Our objective was to examine fine‐scale spatial movements in the tidal and reconnected habitats to identify spawning behavior patterns, including habitat use and spawning periodicity, that can be applied to fishway restoration and species management. Alewives that completed their spawning migration (n = 27) exhibited variability in posttagging trajectories, residency, passage rate, and behavior. The current paradigm consisting of a single upstream migration followed by a downstream migration was only seen in 26% (n = 7) of fish, while 41% (n = 11) deviated from the paradigm and made multiple reversals and numerous movements on and off the spawning grounds. Oscillations spanned from the estuary into the reconnected habitat and resulted in a proportionally large amount of time spent in the estuarine and brackish habitats. Some oscillations also consisted of multiple fishway passage events within a season. Oscillation behavior is likely a naturally occurring spawning strategy that has gone undetected. Consequently, the proportion of individuals of a population that display single versus multiple passage events could result in fishway counts that bias run size estimations and thus population assessments.
Experientially learning how to communicate science effectively: A case study on decoding science
Authors: Luisi Monique L. R. , Rodgers Shelly , Schultz Jack C.
Published: April 2019

The need for science communication programs is matched with the need for program evaluation. This case study is an evaluation of the “Decoding Science” program (DSP) [Rodgers et al. (2018). Science Communication, 40(1), 3–32], a science communication training program, and examines key experiential‐learning themes [Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice‐Hall]. Specifically, we discuss the program's emphasis on learning that science communication is a process that (a) is continual, (b) involves conflict resolution, (c) requires adaptation to the world, (d) requires environmental interaction, and leads to (e) knowledge creation. Additionally, we discuss our analysis of student feedback. Results suggest that the DSP successfully utilizes experiential learning to facilitate the learning of science communication techniques and that future evaluations can lead to the development and improvement of science communication training programs.
Imaging in gynecological disease (16): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of serous cystadenofibromas in adnexa
Authors: Virgilio B. A. , De Blasis I. , Sladkevicius P. , Moro F. , Zannoni G. F. , Arciuolo D. , Mascilini F. , Ciccarone F. , Timmerman D. , Kaijser J. , Fruscio R. , Van Holsbeke C. , Franchi D. , Epstein E. , Leone F. P. G. , Guerriero S. , Czekierdowski A. , Scambia G. , Testa A. C. , Valentin L.
Published: April 2019

Objective

To describe the clinical and ultrasound characteristics of serous cystadenofibromas in the adnexa.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of patients identified in the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) database, who had a histological diagnosis of serous cystadenofibroma and had undergone preoperative ultrasound examination by an experienced ultrasound examiner, between 1999 and 2012. In the IOTA database, which contains data collected prospectively, the tumors were described using the terms and definitions of the IOTA group. In addition, three authors reviewed, first independently and then together, ultrasound images of serous cystadenofibromas and described them using pattern recognition.

Results

We identified 233 women with a histological diagnosis of serous cystadenofibroma. In the IOTA database, most cystadenofibromas (67.4%; 157/233) were described as containing solid components but 19.3% (45/233) were described as multilocular cysts and 13.3% (31/233) as unilocular cysts. Papillary projections were described in 52.4% (122/233) of the cystadenofibromas. In 79.5% (97/122) of the cysts with papillary projections, color Doppler signals were absent in the papillary projections. Most cystadenofibromas (83.7%; 195/233) manifested no or minimal color Doppler signals. On retrospective analysis of 201 ultrasound images of serous cystadenofibromas, using pattern recognition, 10 major types of ultrasound appearance were identified. The most common pattern was a unilocular solid cyst with one or more papillary projections, but no other solid components (25.9%; 52/201). The second most common pattern was a multilocular solid mass with small solid component(s), but no papillary projections (19.4%; 39/201). The third and fourth most common patterns were multi‐ or bilocular cyst (16.9%; 34/201) and unilocular cyst (11.9%; 24/201). Using pattern recognition, shadowing was identified in 39.8% (80/201) of the tumors, and microcystic appearance of the papillary projections was observed in 34 (38.6%) of the 88 tumors containing papillary projections.

Conclusions

The ultrasound features of serous cystadenofibromas vary. The most common pattern is a unilocular solid cyst with one or more papillary projections but no other solid components, with absent color Doppler signals. Most serous cystadenofibromas were poorly vascularized on color Doppler examination and many manifested acoustic shadowing. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Maternal and neonatal complications of fetal macrosomia: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Beta J. , Khan N. , Khalil A. , Fiolna M. , Ramadan G. , Akolekar R.
Published: April 2019

Objective

To determine accurate estimates of risks of maternal and neonatal complications in pregnancies with fetal macrosomia by performing a systematic review of the literature and meta‐analysis.

Methods

A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library was performed to identify relevant studies reporting on maternal and/or neonatal complications in pregnancies with macrosomia having a birth weight (BW) > 4000 g and/or those with birth weight > 4500 g. Prospective and retrospective cohort and population‐based studies that provided data regarding both cases and controls were included. Maternal outcomes assessed were emergency Cesarean section (CS), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS). Neonatal outcomes assessed were shoulder dystocia, obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) and birth fractures. Meta‐analysis using a random‐effects model was used to estimate weighted pooled estimates of summary statistics (odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI) for each complication, according to birth weight. Heterogeneity between studies was estimated using Cochran's Q, I2 statistic and funnel plots.

Results

Seventeen studies reporting data on maternal and/or neonatal complications in pregnancy with macrosomia were included. In pregnancies with macrosomia having a BW > 4000 g, there was an increased risk of the maternal complications: emergency CS, PPH and OASIS, which had OR (95% CI) of 1.98 (1.80–2.18), 2.05 (1.90–2.22) and 1.91 (1.56–2.33), respectively. The corresponding values for pregnancies with BW > 4500 g were: 2.55 (2.33–2.78), 3.15 (2.14–4.63) and 2.56 (1.97–3.32). Similarly, in pregnancies with a BW > 4000 g, there was an increased risk of the neonatal complications: shoulder dystocia, OBPI and birth fractures, which had OR (95% CI) of 9.54 (6.76–13.46), 11.03 (7.06–17.23) and 6.43 (3.67–11.28), respectively. The corresponding values for pregnancies with a BW > 4500 g were: 15.64 (11.31–21.64), 19.87 (12.19–32.40) and 8.16 (2.75–24.23).

Conclusion

Macrosomia is associated with serious maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. This study provides accurate estimates of these risks, which can be used for decisions on pregnancy management. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Elemental distribution and Pb speciation in vegetable and cereal seeds during germination by micro X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure
Authors: Luo Liqiang , Shen Yating , Ma Yanhong , Fu Chenfei , Liu Jian , Zeng Yuan
Published: April 2019

The distribution of the chemical elements in plants is closely correlated with biological functions. Micro X‐ray fluorescence (μXRF) and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectrometry can be used to determine uptake, translocation, and accumulation of the elements in plants. In this research, μXRF and XANES were applied in studying distribution of the elements in the vegetable and cereal seeds during germination and the mobilization. It was found that (a) the distribution of the elements in the seeds was element specific; (b) K and Ca were mainly located in the embryo. Fe and Zn, as well as Mn and Cu, concentrated near the radicle and new developed root. Most of Pb was located in the new developing root; (c) the organic‐Pb complexes functioned as the main components of translocation of Pb in the seeds during germination, and the formation of Pb5(PO4)3Cl and Pb3(PO4)2 in seed and plant tissues was the mechanism of tolerance and detoxification to Pb in plants.
Serum prolactin and testosterone levels in captive and wild brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) during the prebreeding, breeding, and incubation periods
Authors: Jensen Thomas , Jamieson Sarah E. , Castro Isabel , Gartrell Brett , Cockrem John F. , Durrant Barbara
Published: April 2019

In brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli), the male is the primary incubator, a trait that is relatively rare among birds. The maintenance of avian incubation behavior is controlled by the protein hormone prolactin (PRL). Although steroid hormone concentrations in both wild and captive kiwi have previously been reported, this study is the first to report levels of PRL in captive and wild male and female kiwi through the prebreeding and breeding seasons, and to directly compare testosterone (T) concentrations between captive and wild males during the breeding and incubation periods. Female PRL concentrations increased at the time of oviposition, whereas male PRL concentrations rose gradually between the prebreeding and incubation periods. Although males are considered the main incubator, an increase in PRL levels could help females maintain behaviors such as nest guarding, or to take over incubation the event of mate loss. A gradual increase in PRL allows the male to be ready for incubation during the long breeding season. Interestingly, T concentrations in captive males did not decrease during incubation and was significantly higher than in wild males. Continual elevated T could have an impact on sperm production through negative feedback, thereby contributing to the low egg fertility seen in captive kiwi. Therefore, determining the underlying reason for the differences in hormone levels could be significant, if not vital, for improving the success of captive kiwi breeding programs.
Effects of Liquid Impurity on Laser-Induced Gas Breakdown in Quiescent Gas: Experimental and Numerical Investigations
Authors: Ukai T. , Zare-Behtash H. , White C. , Kontis K.
Published: April 2019

This paper reports that the presence of liquid impurity significantly affects the shock wave structure induced by laser-induced gas breakdown in a quiescent gas. A spherical blast wave is formed when there are no suspended liquid particles, whereas an elliptic shaped blast wave appears in gas breakdown with the presence of suspended liquid particles. The elliptic shaped blast wave has a higher overpressure magnitude on the perpendicular axis of the laser path.
DFT in supermanifold formulation and group manifold as background geometry
Authors: Carow-Watamura Ursula , Ikeda Noriaki , Kaneko Tomokazu , Watamura Satoshi
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We develop the formulation of DFT on pre-QP-manifold. The consistency conditions like section condition and closure constraint are unified by a weak master equation. The Bianchi identities are also characterized by the pre-Bianchi identity. Then, the background metric and connections are formulated by using covariantized pre-QP-manifold. An application to the analysis of the DFT on group manifold is given.
Scalar asymptotic charges and dual large gauge transformations
Authors: Campiglia Miguel , Freidel Laurent , Hopfmueller Florian , Soni Ronak M.
Published: April 2019

Abstract

In recent years soft factorization theorems in scattering amplitudes have been reinterpreted as conservation laws of asymptotic charges. In gauge, gravity, and higher spin theories the asymptotic charges can be understood as canonical generators of large gauge symmetries. Such a symmetry interpretation has been so far missing for scalar soft theorems. We remedy this situation by treating the massless scalar field in terms of a dual two-form gauge field. We show that the asymptotic charges associated to the scalar soft theorem can be understood as generators of large gauge transformations of the dual two-form field.

The dual picture introduces two new puzzles: the charges have very unexpected Poisson brackets with the fields, and the monopole term does not always have a dual gauge transformation interpretation. We find analogues of these two properties in the Kramers-Wannier duality on a finite lattice, indicating that the free scalar theory has new edge modes at infinity that canonically commute with all the bulk degrees of freedom.
Practice Patterns in Parathyroid Surgery: A Survey of Asia‐Pacific Parathyroid Surgeons
Authors: Chen Rufi , Oh Han Boon , Parameswaran Rajeev , Gorelik Alexandra , Miller Julie A.
Published: April 2019

Background

Practice variations exist amongst parathyroid surgeons depending on their expertise and resources. Our study aims to elucidate the choice of surgical techniques and adjuncts used in parathyroid surgery by surgeons in the Asia‐Pacific region.

Methods

A 25‐question online survey was sent to members of five endocrine surgery associations. Questions covered training background, practice environment and preferred techniques in parathyroid surgery. Respondents were divided into three regions: Australia/New Zealand, South/South East Asia and East Asia, and responses were analysed according to region, specialty, case volume and years in practice.

Results

One hundred ninety‐six surgeons returned the questionnaire. Most surgeons (98%) routinely perform preoperative imaging, with 75% preferring dual imaging with 99mTcsestamibi and ultrasound. Ten per cent of surgeons use parathyroid 4DCT as first‐line imaging, more commonly in East Asia (p = 0.038). Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy is the favoured technique of choice (97%). Most surgeons reporting robotic or endoscopic approaches are from East Asia. Rapid intraoperative parathyroid hormone is accessible to just under half of the surgeons but less available in Australian/New Zealand (p < 0.001). The use of intraoperative neuromonitoring is not commonly used, even less so amongst Asian surgeons (p = 0.048) and surgeons with low case load (p = 0.013).

Conclusion

Dual localisation techniques are the preferred choice of investigations in preparation for parathyroid surgery, with minimally invasive surgery without neuromonitoring the preferred approach. Use of adjuncts is sporadic and limited to certain centres.
Diffusion-Controlled Lengthening Rates of Bainitic Ferrite a Part of the Steel Genome
Authors: Leach Lindsay , Ågren John , Höglund Lars , Borgenstam Annika
Published: April 2019

As a step in the further development of models and databases to support design of new steels, i.e., the “steel genome”, the growth of bainitic ferrite plates is accounted for by a thermodynamic and kinetic approach. The thermodynamic aspects are represented by CALPHAD databases and a Gibbs energy barrier for growth B
m. Experimental information on ferrite-plate growth rates for a number of Fe-C alloys, some of high-purity, are analyzed in terms of a modified Zener–Hillert model and the barrier as well as some kinetic parameters are evaluated. It is found that the barrier varies in a smooth way with carbon content and lengthening rate. In order to improve the agreement with the experimental information it was necessary to adjust the diffusion coefficient of carbon in austenite at low temperatures. It is concluded that the representation of the experimental data is satisfactory.
Rethinking the Origins of Civic Culture and Why it Matters for the Study of the Arab World (TheGovernment and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro Lecture 2018)
Authors: Wickham Carrie Rosefsky
Published: April 2019

The protests of the Arab Spring sparked hope for a democratic breakthrough in a region long known for its durable systems of authoritarian rule, but optimism soon turned to disappointment. This article argues that the main problem with the post-Arab Spring narrative of failure and regression is that it equates democratization with regime change and places too great a causal burden on protests as the route to its achievement. It proposes that democratization can be understood as a multivalent process encompassing changes occurring at different registers, spurred by different causal mechanisms, and according to different time lines, rather than as a fixed package of changes that proceed in unilinear fashion from different variants of authoritarianism towards a common democratic finish line. Thinking about democratization differently alerts us to vectors of change we might otherwise fail to notice and enables us to move beyond the over-generalizations and over-simplifications that arise when we focus solely on (changes in) macro structures and relations of power.
Magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability in an elastic finite-width medium overlying an ideal fluid
Authors: Piriz S. A. , Piriz A. R. , Tahir N. A.
Published: April 2019

We present the linear theory of two-dimensional incompressible magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability in a system composed of a linear elastic (Hookean) layer above a lighter semi-infinite ideal fluid with magnetic fields present, above and below the layer. As expected, magnetic field effects and elasticity effects together enhance the stability of thick layers. However, the situation becomes more complicated for relatively thin slabs, and a number of new and unexpected phenomena are observed. In particular, when the magnetic field beneath the layer dominates, its effects compete with effects due to elasticity, and counteract the stabilising effects of the elasticity. As a consequence, the layer can become more unstable than when only one of these stabilising mechanisms is acting. This somewhat unexpected result is explained by the different physical mechanisms for which elasticity and magnetic fields stabilise the system. Implications for experiments on magnetically driven accelerated plates and implosions are discussed. Moreover, the relevance for triggering of crust-quakes in strongly magnetised neutron stars is also pointed out.
NONUNIFORMLY FLAT AFFINE ALGEBRAIC HYPERSURFACES
Authors: PINGALI VAMSI PRITHAM , VAROLIN DROR
Published: April 2019

The relationship between interpolation and separation properties of hypersurfaces in Bargmann–Fock spaces over$\mathbb{C}^{n}$is not well understood except for$n=1$. We present four examples of smooth affine algebraic hypersurfaces that are not uniformly flat, and show that exactly two of them are interpolating.
Maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations during pregnancy and infant cognitive outcomes at 2 years of age
Authors: Lai Jun S. , Mohamad Ayob M. Na’im , Cai Shirong , Quah Phaik Ling , Gluckman Peter D. , Shek Lynette P. , Yap Fabian , Tan Kok Hian , Chong Yap Seng , Godfrey Keith M. , Meaney Michael J. , Broekman Birit F. P. , Rifkin-Graboi Anne , Chong Mary F. F.
Published: April 2019

Evidence on long-term influences of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency or concentrations on infant cognition is limited. We examined associations between maternal plasma vitamin B12 and cognitive development in 24-month-old infants. Maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were measured at 26–28 weeks’ gestation; infant cognitive development was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III at 24 months, for 443 mother–infant pairs from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes cohort. Linear regressions adjusted for key confounders examined associations of maternal vitamin B12 with cognitive, receptive and expressive language, fine and gross motor subscales. Co-occurrence of maternal vitamin B12 with folate or vitamin B6 insufficiencies on child’s cognition was explored. Average maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations was 220·5 ± 80·5 pmol/l; 15 % and 41 % of mothers were vitamin B12 deficient (<148 pmol/l) and insufficient (148–220·9 pmol/l), respectively. Infants of mothers with vitamin B12 deficiency had 0·42 (95 % CI −0·70, −0·14) sd lower cognitive scores, compared with infants of mothers with sufficient vitamin B12. Co-occurrence of maternal vitamins B12 and B6 insufficiencies was associated with 0·37 (95 % CI −0·69, −0·06) sd lower cognitive scores in infants compared with infants of mothers sufficient in both vitamins. No significant associations were observed with other subscales. Study findings suggest the possible need to ensure adequate vitamin B12 during pregnancy. The impact of co-occurrence of maternal B-vitamins insufficiencies on early cognitive development warrants further investigation.
Prediction model for the efficacy of folic acid therapy on hyperhomocysteinaemia based on genetic risk score methods
Authors: Du Binghui , Zhang Chengda , Yue Limin , Ren Bingnan , Zhao Qinglin , Li Dankang , He Yuanhong , Zhang Weidong
Published: April 2019

No risk assessment tools for the efficacy of folic acid treatment for hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) have been developed. We aimed to use two common genetic risk score (GRS) methods to construct prediction models for the efficacy of folic acid therapy on HHcy, and the best gene–environment prediction model was screened out. A prospective cohort study enrolling 638 HHcy patients was performed. We used a logistic regression model to estimate the associations of two GRS methods with the efficacy. Performances were compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The simple count genetic risk score (SC-GRS) and weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) were found to be independently associated with the efficacy of folic acid treatment for HHcy. Using the SC-GRS, per risk allele increased with a 1·46-fold increased failure risk (P < 0·001) after adjustment for traditional risk factors, including age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of hyperlipidaemia, history of stroke and history of CHD. When used the wGRS, the association was strengthened (OR = 2·08, P < 0·001). Addition of the SC-GRS and wGRS to the traditional risk model significantly improved the predictive ability by AUC (0·859). A precise gene–environment predictive model with good performance was developed for predicting the treatment failure rate of folic acid therapy for HHcy.
“The Lapponicum Sea”: Matter, Sense, and Affect in the Botanical Exploration of Southwest China and Tibet
Authors: Mueggler Erik
Published: April 2019

In his own mission to versify the planet, or at least an exemplary portion of it, Captain Francis Kingdon-Ward (1885–1958) returned repeatedly, even obsessively, to certain places on the alpine plateaus of Northwest Yunnan and Southeast Tibet, where the vegetation, refracted through the Aleph of what I shall argue was a deliberate, laborious, and disciplined optical practice, became liquid, a sea:
Patronage, Citizenship, and the Stalled Emergence of the Modern State in Renaissance Florence
Authors: McLean Paul D.
Published: April 2019

In this letter, Donato Acciaiuoli, a politically prominent but not particularly wealthy member of an esteemed Florentine family, writes to Riccardo del Bene, a richer but younger co-resident of the neighborhood of Vipera, looking for an insider's assistance in keeping his tax burden down. Donato paints his economic position bleakly, unwittingly conforming in detail with prescriptions provided in the now-famous contemporaneous memoir of Giovanni di Pagolo Morelli, written to urge his own heirs to hide their wealth and dramatize the fiscal injustices done to them:
A protracted Ediacaran–Cambrian transition: an ichnologic ecospace analysis of the Fortunian in Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Laing Brittany A. , Mángano M. Gabriela , Buatois Luis A. , Narbonne Guy M. , Gougeon Romain C.
Published: April 2019

The transition between the seemingly disparate Ediacaran and Cambrian faunas is both enigmatic and body-fossil poor. The Chapel Island Formation on the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada, contains a rich diversity of ichnofossils, providing new insight into the nature of the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition and early Fortunian ecosystems. Five ichnoguilds are recognized within the Treptichnus pedum zone. Ichnologic data are analysed from an ecospace perspective, revealing a more protracted transition between Ediacaran and Cambrian ecosystems. Our analysis documents the appearance of limbs, vertical burrows and uncontroversial equilibrium structures, as well as the retention of ‘other’ feeding styles, such as microbial grazing and chemosynthesis.
Compressional metamorphic core complexes, low-angle normal faults and extensional fabrics in compressional tectonic settings
Authors: Searle Michael P. , Lamont Thomas N.
Published: April 2019

Metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) are interpreted as domal structures exposing ductile deformed high-grade metamorphic rocks in the core underlying a ductile-to-brittle high-strain detachment that experienced tens of kilometres of normal sense displacement in response to lithospheric extension. Extension is supposedly the driving force that has governed exhumation. However, numerous core complexes, notably Himalayan, Karakoram and Pamir domes, occur in wholly compressional environments and are not related to lithospheric extension. We suggest that many MCCs previously thought to form during extension are instead related to compressional tectonics. Pressures of kyanite-and sillimanite-grade rocks in the cores of many of these domes are c. 10–14 kbar, approximating to exhumation from depths of c. 35–45 km, too great to be accounted for solely by isostatic uplift. The evolution of high-grade metamorphic rocks is driven by crustal thickening, shortening, regional Barrovian metamorphism, isoclinal folding and ductile shear in a compressional tectonic setting prior to regional extension. Extensional fabrics commonly associated with all these core complexes result from reverse flow along an orogenic channel (channel flow) following peak metamorphism beneath a passive roof stretching fault. In Naxos, low-angle normal faults associated with regional Aegean extension cut earlier formed compressional folds and metamorphic fabrics related to crustal shortening and thickening. The fact that low-angle normal faults exist in both extensional and compressional tectonic settings, and can actively slip at low angles (< 30°), suggests that a re-evaluation of the Andersonian mechanical theory that requires normal faults to form and slip only at high angles (c. 60°) is needed.
John Wayne's World: Israel as Vietnam inCast a Giant Shadow(1966)
Authors: WALLIS RODNEY
Published: April 2019

Melville Shavelson'sCast a Giant Shadow(1966) stands alongside Otto Preminger'sExodus(1960) as one of the most notable Hollywood films to center on the founding of Israel. In this paper I argue thatCast a Giant Shadowis less concerned with the peculiarities of the nascent stages of the Arab–Israeli conflict, and instead functions as an unabashed endorsement of American military interventionism in foreign conflicts at a time in which the United States was dramatically escalating its military presence in Vietnam. The film is positioned as the second installment in an unofficial trilogy of overtly propagandistic pro-interventionist cinema produced by John Wayne's production company Batjac in the 1960s, alongsideThe Alamo(1960), Wayne's directing debut, and the notoriously jingoistic pro-Vietnam War filmThe Green Berets(1968). My analysis of this largely overlooked entry in the Wayneoeuvreultimately reveals how Israel enabled Wayne to effectively put his art at the service of his political beliefs.
Pathway-based polygene risk for severe depression implicates drug metabolism in CONVERGE
Authors: Docherty Anna R. , Moscati Arden , Bigdeli Tim B. , Edwards Alexis C. , Peterson Roseann E. , Adkins Daniel E. , Anderson John S. , Flint Jonathan , Kendler Kenneth S. , Bacanu Silviu-Alin
Published: April 2019

Background

The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) has made major advances in the molecular etiology of MDD, confirming that MDD is highly polygenic. Pathway enrichment results from PGC meta-analyses can also be used to help inform molecular drug targets. Prior to any knowledge of molecular biomarkers for MDD, drugs targeting molecular pathways (MPs) proved successful in treating MDD. It is possible that examining polygenicity within specific MPs implicated in MDD can further refine molecular drug targets.

Methods

Using a large case–control GWAS based on low-coverage whole genome sequencing (N= 10 640) in Han Chinese women, we derived polygenic risk scores (PRS) for MDD and for MDD specific to each of over 300 MPs previously shown to be relevant to psychiatric diagnoses. We then identified sets of PRSs, accounting for critical covariates, significantly predictive of case status.

Results

Over and above global MDD polygenic risk, polygenic risk within the GO: 0017144 drug metabolism pathway significantly predicted recurrent depression after multiple testing correction. Secondary transcriptomic analysis suggests that among genes in this pathway, CYP2C19 (family of Cytochrome P450) and CBR1 (Carbonyl Reductase 1) might be most relevant to MDD. Within the cases, pathway-based risk was additionally associated with age at onset of MDD.

Conclusions

Results indicate that pathway-based risk might inform etiology of recurrent major depression. Future research should examine whether polygenicity of the drug metabolism gene pathway has any association with clinical presentation or treatment response. We discuss limitations to the generalizability of these preliminary findings, and urge replication in future research.
Testing language acquisition models: null and overt topics in Mandarin
Authors: ZHU Jingtao , GAVARRÓ Anna
Published: April 2019

Parameter setting is either precipitous (Gibson & Wexler, 1994) or it is gradual in response to input frequency (Yang, 2002, 2004). In this study, we compare these models against the empirical domain of subject and (direct) object drop in Mandarin. We conducted a corpus-based study of the speech of 47 Mandarin-speaking children aged 1;2–6;5, and their caregivers, from the CHILDES database. The results show that before age 1;8 all the children used null subjects and null objects in a target-like fashion, which reveals that the parameter that governs null topics is set from very early on, even if the presence of disambiguating evidence for [+Null Topic] patterns is low. Besides, children'sbaconstructions, which require an overt object, reliably included this object from the first occurrence although its frequency was scarce in the input. Our results indicate that the setting of certain parameters occurred early independently of the input.
Electrocardiographic changes in patients with cardiac rhabdomyomas associated with tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Shiono Junko , Horigome Hitoshi , Yasui Seiyo , Miyamoto Tomoyuki , Takahashi-Igari Miho , Iwasaki Nobuaki , Matsui Akira
Published: April 2019

Background:Cardiac rhabdomyomas associated with tuberous sclerosis induce various abnormalities in the electrocardiogram. Electrocardiographic evidence of ventricular hypertrophy may appear if the tumour is electrically active. To our knowledge, electrocardiographic evidence of ventricular hypertrophy has been reported only in association with congestive heart failure. Follow-up studies of changes in electrocardiographic findings are also lacking.Methods:We studied 21 consecutive patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma associated with tuberous sclerosis, 10 males and 11 females, aged from the date of birth to 9 years at diagnosis. The mean period of follow-up was 53 months. None of the patients developed congestive heart failure. We evaluated the electrocardiographic changes during the follow-up, and their association with echocardiographic findings.Results:Of the 21 patients, 12 showed one or more abnormalities on the electrocardiogram at presentation, with five demonstrating right or left ventricular hypertrophy. In all of these five cases, the tumours were mainly located in the respective ventricular cavity. In one patient with a giant tumour expanding exteriorly, there was marked left ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram. Followup studies showed spontaneous regression of the tumours in 12 of 19 patients, with abnormalities still present in only 7 patients. A gradual disappearance of left ventricular hypertrophy as seen on the electrocardiogram was noted in the patient with marked left ventricular hypertrophy at presentation in parallel with regression of the tumour.Conclusions:The presence of cardiac rhabdomyomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis might explain the ventricular hypertrophy seen on the electrocardiogram through its electrically active tissue without ventricular pressure overload or ventricular enlargement, although pre-excitation might affect the amplitude of the QRS complex. Even in cases with large tumours, nonetheless, the electric potential might not alter the surface electrocardiogram if the direction of growth of the tumour is towards the ventricular cavity. In many cases, electrocardiographic abnormalities tend to disappear, concomitant with regression of the tumours.
Thoracic sequels after thoracotomies in children with congenital cardiac disease
Authors: Bal Serpil , Elshershari Huda , Çeliker Reyhan , Çeliker Alpay
Published: April 2019

The standard surgical approach for closed heart procedures in small infants and children is to use a posterolateral thoracotomy incision, which results in the division of the latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior muscles. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency and type of musculoskeletal deformities in children undergoing surgery with this approach for congenital cardiac disease.

We included 49 children, 28 boys and 21 girls, in the study. Their mean age was 10.2 ± 4.8 years, the mean age at the time of surgery was 3.8 ± 4.0 years, and they were evaluated at an average of 6 years after the thoracotomy. Of the patients, 94% had various musculoskeletal deformities. Scoliosis was observed in 15 patients (31%) but only in two patients did the curves exceed 25 degrees. Of these patients, three-fifths had aortic coarctation. Elevation of the shoulder was seen in 61%, winged scapula in 77%; while 14% had asymmetry of the thoracic wall due to the atrophy of the serratus anterior muscle. Deformity of the thoracic cage was observed in 18%; and 63% had asymmetry of the nipples.

Thus, we found that musculoskeletal deformities are frequent after thoracotomies in children with congenital cardiac disease. Patients who have undergone such procedures for cardiac or noncardiac surgery should be followed until their skeletal maturation is complete. Techniques sparing the serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi muscles should be preferred. These adverse effects of thoracotomy may be another reason for using interventional procedures in these cases.
Aortic stenosis after uncomplicated surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Galea Nathalie , Aquilina Oscar , Grech Victor
Published: April 2019

Tetralogy of Fallot is only rarely associated with aortic valvar disease. We present a child who had uncomplicated repair of tetralogy of Fallot at 16 months of age, and who developed mild aortic stenosis three years later, with mild to moderate aortic incompetence being seen two years subsequent to that event. No aortic valvar disease had been noted prior to surgery. No intervention is planned at this stage.
Amiodarone-induced 2 to 1 atrioventricular block in association with prolongation of the QT interval
Authors: McMahon Colin J. , Laird William P. , Fenrich Arnold L.
Published: April 2019

The potential for development of 2 to 1 atrioventricular conduction in children with prolongation of the QT interval has been previously reported secondary to electrolytic disturbances. We report here a child who developed 2 to 1 atrioventricular conduction with prolongation of the QT interval following treatment with amiodarone for refractory supraventricular tachycardia. We highlight the importance of electrocardiographic monitoring to assess for those at risk of amiodarone toxicity, which may be manifested by prolongation of the QT interval and the simultaneous loss of atrioventricular conduction, and of equal importance the need for prompt conversion to an alternative anti-arrhythmic agent.