bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Multispectral Albedometer and Deployment on an Unmanned Aircraft for Evaluating Satellite Retrieved Surface Reflectance over Nevada’s Black Rock Desert
Authors: Boehmler Jayne M. , Loría-Salazar S. Marcela , Stevens Chris , Long James D. , Watts Adam C. , Holmes Heather A. , Barnard James C. , Arnott W. Patrick
Published: October 2018

Bright surfaces across the western U.S. lead to uncertainties in satellite derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) where AOD is typically overestimated. With this in mind, a compact and portable instrument was developed to measure surface albedo on an unmanned aircraft system (UAS). This spectral albedometer uses two Hamamatsu micro-spectrometers (range: 340–780 nm) for measuring incident and reflected solar radiation at the surface. The instrument was deployed on 5 October 2017 in Nevada’s Black Rock Desert (BRD) to investigate a region of known high surface reflectance for comparison with albedo products from satellites. It was found that satellite retrievals underestimate surface reflectance compared to the UAS mounted albedometer. To highlight the importance of surface reflectance on the AOD from satellite retrieval algorithms, a 1-D radiative transfer model was used. The simple model was used to determine the sensitivity of AOD with respect to the change in albedo and indicates a large sensitivity of AOD retrievals to surface reflectance for certain combinations of surface albedo and aerosol optical properties. This demonstrates the need to increase the number of surface albedo measurements and an intensive evaluation of albedo satellite retrievals to improve satellite-derived AOD. The portable instrument is suitable for other applications as well.
Vehicle Detection by Fusing Part Model Learning and Semantic Scene Information for Complex Urban Surveillance
Authors: Cai Yingfeng , Liu Ze , Wang Hai , Chen Xiaobo , Chen Long
Published: October 2018

Visual-based vehicle detection has been studied extensively, however there are great challenges in certain settings. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a probabilistic framework combining a scene model with a pattern recognition method for vehicle detection by a stationary camera. A semisupervised viewpoint inference method is proposed in which five viewpoints are defined. For a specific monitoring scene, the vehicle motion pattern corresponding to road structures is obtained by using trajectory clustering through an offline procedure. Then, the possible vehicle location and the probability distribution around the viewpoint in a fixed location are calculated. For each viewpoint, the vehicle model described by a deformable part model (DPM) and a conditional random field (CRF) is learned. Scores of root and parts and their spatial configuration generated by the DPM are used to learn the CRF model. The occlusion states of vehicles are defined based on the visibility of their parts and considered as latent variables in the CRF. In the online procedure, the output of the CRF, which is considered as an adjusted vehicle detection result compared with the DPM, is combined with the probability of the apparent viewpoint in a location to give the final vehicle detection result. Quantitative experiments under a variety of traffic conditions have been contrasted to test our method. The experimental results illustrate that our method performs well and is able to deal with various vehicle viewpoints and shapes effectively. In particular, our approach performs well in complex traffic conditions with vehicle occlusion.
Combined System of Magnetic Resonance Sounding and Time-Domain Electromagnetic Method for Water-Induced Disaster Detection in Tunnels
Authors: Shang Xinlei , Jiang Chuandong , Ma Zhongjun , Qin Shengwu
Published: October 2018

Underground construction projects such as tunnel construction are at high risk of water-induced disasters. Because this type of disaster poses a serious threat to worker safety and productivity, instruments and methods that can accurately detect the water source are critical. In this study, a water detection instrument that combines Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) and Time-domain Electromagnetic Method (TEM) techniques to yield a joint MRS-TEM interpretation method was developed for narrow underground spaces such as tunnels. Joint modules including a transmitter and receiver were developed based on a dual-purpose and modular design concept to minimize the size and weight of the instrument and consequently facilitate transportation and measurement. Additionally, wireless control and communication technology was implemented to enable inter-module cooperation and simplify instrument wiring, and wireless synchronization was accomplished by implementing a Global Positioning System (GPS)-based timing scheme. The effectiveness and reliability of the instrument were verified via indoor laboratory tests and field measurement signal tests. Furthermore, the practicability of the combined instrument and its interpretation method was verified via a field case performed in a tunnel in Hubei, China.
Historical Geomorphological Research of a Ligurian Coastal Floodplain (Italy) and Its Value for Management of Flood Risk and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Roccati Anna , Luino Fabio , Turconi Laura , Piana Pietro , Watkins Charles , Faccini Francesco
Published: October 2018

The alluvial plain of the Entella River (Eastern Liguria), historically affected by damaging flood events, has been heavily modified over the past 250 years by human activity and natural processes. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the morphological and land use evolution of the Entella floodplain since the 18th century was carried out using base maps and aerial photos ranging from 1758 to 2016. These diverse sources were Geographical Information System (GIS) georeferenced. Additional information on land-use change was gathered from historical documents and recent research reports. The main transformations to the floodplain include morphological changes, e.g., narrowing, channelization, displacement of the river channel and the advance of the coastal line due to fills and embankments. In addition, there has been very significant urbanization with loss of vegetated and agricultural areas. Our results indicate the primary role of human disturbance on morphological changes and landscape modifications of the coastal floodplain, particularly over the last 200 years. Furthermore, the historical geomorphological and cartographical analysis we adopted to reconstruct the floodplain transformation represents an essential tool in flood risk mitigation and environmental sustainability management, particularly in an urbanized coastal plain historically affected by floods.
Motivating Pro-Sustainable Behavior: The Potential of Green Events—A Case-Study from the Munich Streetlife Festival
Authors: Tölkes Christina , Butzmann Elias
Published: October 2018

Green events are staged to encourage visitors to adopt more sustainable lifestyles. The Munich Streetlife Festival (SLF) has such a sustainability focus reflected in an education program that aims to reach out to both sustainability-minded visitors and broader audiences. Therefore, this study examined the learning effects of the SLF’s education program regarding different visitor segments. We employed the transtheoretical model (TTM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), to relate the learning outcomes to the visitors’ positioning in the stages of change model and visitor attitudes, subjective norms, and constraints. We conducted a visitor survey during the SLF in May 2015 and employed structural equation modelling to analyze the data. The motivational variable “learning about environmental protection” is positively correlated with pro-sustainable behaviors, whilst the variable “enjoying the event” shows a negative correlation. Our findings indicated that this event’s sustainability communication mainly appealed to sustainability-minded visitors in the action stage. Conscious visitors showed higher learning effects than visitors in the pre-contemplation stage, which was in line with the TTM’s propositions. This study enhanced our theoretical understanding of visitor behavioral change and supported green event managers in the development of target-group specific and more effective sustainability communications.
Land Consolidation Design Based on an Evaluation of Ecological Sensitivity
Authors: Zhang Qiuqin , Zhang Tianzhu
Published: October 2018

Land consolidation engineering inevitably interferes with terrestrial ecosystems, leading to natural capital loss. Therefore, conducting an ecological sensitivity evaluation of a project area before consolidation engineering is very important for reducing unnecessary human interference. Conservation of terrestrial ecosystems and the biodiversity therein to the greatest possible extent is urgently needed. This research analyzes the interference by human activities caused by land consolidation engineering in terrestrial ecosystems. GIS technology, ecological values, landscape pattern indexes, and an ecological risk evaluation were used to construct an ecological sensitivity evaluation index. The coefficient of variation method and a comprehensive sensitivity rating evaluation were used to calculate the weights and results. The project area was divided into sensitivity zones according to the results, and the results and suggestions are as follows: In the highly eco-sensitive zone, where bare rocks, gravel, and grass-covered areas compose the main landscape type, vegetation should be restored, and forests should be planted. In the medium eco-sensitivity zone, where irrigated paddy fields and arid land compose the main landscape type, land parcels should be merged, and agricultural infrastructure should be constructed or improved. In the low eco-sensitivity zone, where forests compose the main landscape type, roads should be closed, natural habitat should be restored, and buffer zones should be created. This study provides suggestions for future land management decisions.
Pattern Preference Analysis of Black-and-White Plaid Shirts
Authors: Jiang Qianling , Chen Li-Chieh , Yang Chun , Zhang Jie
Published: October 2018

The market economy has shifted the decision-making power of the garment industry from the enterprise to the consumer. Research on consumer clothing preferences is an essential part of sustainable development of the garment industry. Based on data statistics from eight fast fashion brands, black and white are most commonly used in two-color plaid shirts. This paper carried out a psychophysical experiment to investigate factors affecting pattern preferences for black-and-white shirts and the differences and similarities between male and female pattern preferences. Twenty-eight different representative patterns of plaid shirts were selected by five fashion designers together from 190 different black-and-white plaid shirts from eight fast fashion brands, which were then classified into three categories: gingham, tartans, and windowpane. Based on these patterns, 28 male and female shirts were simulated in three dimensions and presented on a calibrated computer display. The simulations were assessed by 42 observers (consisting of 21 males and 21 females) in terms of four semantic scales, including light–dark, delicate–rough, simple–complex, and like–dislike. The experimental results revealed that there was no significant difference of pattern preference between females and males for 89.29% of the black-and-white plaid shirts, and also described features of the patterns that the females and males liked or disliked. Furthermore, the study also demonstrated the formulation between the four semantic scales and three pattern features (including the percentage of black region, the size of the minimum repeat unit, and the descriptor of the pattern complexity). The findings could be used to develop a more robust and comprehensive theory of pattern preferences and provide a reference for pattern design for black-and-white plaid shirts. More comprehensive pattern preference theory is not only an effective tool to solve the problem of plaid shirt inventory in the garment industry but also an important theoretical basis for the “sustainable design” of clothing, which is of great significance to the sustainable development of the garment industry.
Environmental-Economic Analysis of Integrated Organic Waste and Wastewater Management Systems: A Case Study from Aarhus City (Denmark)
Authors: Thomsen Marianne , Romeo Daina , Caro Dario , Seghetta Michele , Cong Rong-Gang
Published: October 2018

This study presents a comparative analysis of the environmental and economic performances of four integrated waste and wastewater management scenarios in the city of Aarhus in Denmark. The purpose of this analysis is to deliver decision support regarding whether (i) the installation of food waste disposers in private homes (AS1) or (ii) separate collection and transport of organic waste to biogas plants is a more viable environmental and economic solution (AS2). Higher environmental benefits, e.g., mitigation of human health impacts and climate change, are obtained by transforming the existing waste combustion system into scenario (ii). Trade-offs in terms of increased marine eutrophication and terrestrial ecotoxicity result from moving up the waste hierarchy; i.e., from waste incineration to biogas production at wastewater treatment plants with anaerobic sludge digestion. Scenario (i) performs with lower energy efficiency compared to scenario (ii). Furthermore, when considering the uncertainty in the extra damage cost to the sewer system that may be associated to the installation of food waste disposers, scenario (ii) is the most flexible, robust, and less risky economic solution. From an economic, environmental, and resource efficiency point of view, separate collection and transport of biowaste to biogas plants is the most sustainable solution.
Expansion of Sewer, Water and District Heating Networks in Cold Climate Regions: An Integrated Sustainability Assessment
Authors: Pericault Youen , Kärrman Erik , Viklander Maria , Hedström Annelie
Published: October 2018

This study presents an integrated sustainability assessment of technical alternatives for water and heating services provision in suburban areas affected by a cold climate. Each alternative combines a drinking water supply, sewerage (gravity or low-pressure), pipe freeze protection (deep burial or shallow burial with heat tracing) and heating solution (district heating or geothermal heat pumps). An innovative freeze protection option was considered, in which low-temperature district heating (LTDH) is used to heat trace shallow sewer and water pipes. First, the performance of each alternative regarding seven sustainability criteria was evaluated on a projected residential area in Sweden using a systems analysis approach. A multi-criteria method was then applied to propose a sustainability ranking of the alternatives based on a set of weights obtained from local stakeholders. The alternative with a deep buried gravity sewer and geothermal heat pumps was found to have the highest sustainability score in the case study. In the sensitivity analysis, the integrated trench solution with a gravity sewer, innovative heat tracing and LTDH was found to potentially top the sustainability ranking if geothermal energy was used as the district heating source, or if the weight of the cost criterion increased from 24% to 64%. The study highlights the need for integrated decision-making between different utility providers as an integrated solution can represent sustainability gains.
Dark Matter as a Non-Relativistic Bose–Einstein Condensate with Massive Gravitons
Authors: Kun Emma , Keresztes Zoltán , Das Saurya , Gergely László Á.
Published: October 2018

We confront a non-relativistic Bose–Einstein Condensate (BEC) model of light bosons interacting gravitationally either through a Newtonian or a Yukawa potential with the observed rotational curves of 12 dwarf galaxies. The baryonic component is modeled as an axisymmetric exponential disk and its characteristics are derived from the surface luminosity profile of the galaxies. The purely baryonic fit is unsatisfactory, hence a dark matter component is clearly needed. The rotational curves of five galaxies could be explained with high confidence level by the BEC model. For these galaxies, we derive: (i) upper limits for the allowed graviton mass; and (ii) constraints on a velocity-type and a density-type quantity characterizing the BEC, both being expressed in terms of the BEC particle mass, scattering length and chemical potential. The upper limit for the graviton mass is of the order of 10 − 26 eV / c 2 , three orders of magnitude stronger than the limit derived from recent gravitational wave detections.
Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Development and Potential Toxicity of Phormidium Biofilms in the Tarn River, France
Authors: Echenique-Subiabre Isidora , Tenon Maxime , Humbert Jean-François , Quiblier Catherine
Published: October 2018

Proliferation of Phormidium biofilms in rivers is becoming a worldwide sanitation problem for humans and animals, due to the ability of these bacteria to produce anatoxins. To better understand the environmental conditions that favor the development of Phormidium biofilms and the production of anatoxins, we monitored the formation of these biofilms and their toxins for two years in the Tarn River, biofilms from which are known to have caused the deaths of multiple dogs. As previously observed in New Zealand, Phormidium biofilm development occurred in riffle areas. The coverage of these biofilms at the bottom of the river exhibited strong spatial and temporal variations, but was positively correlated with water temperature and depth. Anatoxin-a was detected in less than 50% of the biofilms. The concentrations of these toxins in the biofilms exhibited high spatiotemporal variability, with the highest concentrations being recorded at the end of the summer period at the upstream sampling sites. These findings suggest that the maturity of the biofilms, combined with the local environmental conditions, have an impact on the production of anatoxin, making risk assessment for these benthic proliferations challenging.
Woody Plant Encroachment Impacts on Groundwater Recharge: A Review
Authors: Acharya Bharat Sharma , Kharel Gehendra , Zou Chris B. , Wilcox Bradford P. , Halihan Todd
Published: October 2018

Woody plant encroachment has profound impacts on the sustainable management of water resources in water-limited ecosystems. However, our understanding of the effects of this global phenomenon on groundwater recharge at local and regional scales is limited. Here, we reviewed studies related to (i) recharge estimation methods; (ii) mechanisms by which woody plants impact groundwater recharge; (iii) impacts of woody plant on recharge across different soil and geology; (iv) hydrological repercussions of woody plant removal; and (v) research gaps and needs for groundwater studies. We identified six different methods: water balance, water table, isotopes, chloride mass balance, electrical geophysical imaging, and modeling were used to study the impact of woody encroachment on groundwater. Woody plant encroachment could alter soil infiltration rates, soil water storage, transpiration, interception, and subsurface pathways to affect groundwater recharge. The impact is highly variable, with the extent and the magnitude varying across the soil, substrate, plant cover, and topographic locations. Our review revealed mixed effects of woody plant removal on groundwater recharge. Studies of litter interception, root water uptake, soil moisture dynamics, and deep percolation along with the progression of woody plant encroachment are still limited, warranting further experimental studies focusing on groundwater recharge. Overall, information about woody plant encroachment impacts on groundwater resources across a range of scales is essential for long-range planning of water resources.
Optimized Water and Fertilizer Management of Mature Jujube in Xinjiang Arid Area Using Drip Irrigation
Authors: Wang Zhenhua , Bian Qingyong , Zhang Jinzhu , Zhou Bo
Published: October 2018

Studying water–fertilizer coupling effects in a drip irrigation system is critical for sustainable agricultural development in arid areas, such as that of Xinjiang in China, to find out the optimized water and fertilizer management. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted to find out how the combination of three levels of irrigation quotas and three levels of fertilizer amounts would affect the physiological and growth indexes of jujube, as well as ascertain the differences between drip irrigation and flood irrigation. The results showed that the interacted and coupled effects of irrigation and fertilization influenced most of the physiological indicators and growth indexes. On the other hand, the physiological and growth indexes were increased after transferring flood irrigation to drip irrigation, as the maximum chlorophyll content (CC) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) values increased on average by 6.00%, and 11.39% in 2016, and 1.47% and 6.83% in 2017, respectively. Undoubtedly, inappropriate water and fertilizer management had negative impacts on jujube growth and yield. Based on the treatments and results in this paper, low fertilizer and moderate irrigation would be the best choice. The crop yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE), and fertilizer partial productivity (PFP) increased by 6.77%, 29.48%, and 193.62% in 2016, and similar increments were also found in 2017 of 6.17%, 78.72%, and 133.06%, respectively. This indicated that fertilizer efficiency was promoted along with water use, and in turn, the water amounts were adjusted by the amount of fertilizer that was applied. Based on a comprehensive consideration of the physiological and growth indexes, a mathematical model was established, and the optimized irrigation and fertilizer amounts of jujube in northern Xinjiang area were found to be 815 mm and 400 kg ha−1 (with N–P2O5–K2O proportioned at 2–1–1.5). The results that were obtained in this paper would provide theoretical reference to the sustainable development of jujube plantation using drip irrigation in the arid areas.
Evaluation of Rainfall Temporal Distribution Models with Annual Maximum Rainfall Events in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Na Wooyoung , Yoo Chulsang
Published: October 2018

This study evaluated five models of rainfall temporal distribution (i.e., the Yen and Chow model, Mononobe model, alternating block method, Huff model, and Keifer and Chu model), with the annual maximum rainfall events selected from Seoul, Korea, from 1961 to 2016. Three different evaluation measures were considered: the absolute difference between the rainfall peaks of the model and the observed, the root mean square error, and the pattern correlation coefficient. Also, sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine whether the model, or the randomness of the rainfall temporal distribution, had the dominant effect on the runoff peak flow. As a result, the Keifer and Chu model was found to produce the most similar rainfall peak to the observed, the root mean square error was smaller for the Yen and Chow model and the alternating block method, and the pattern correlation was larger for the alternating block method. Overall, the best model to approximate the annual maximum rainfall events observed in Seoul, Korea, was found to be the alternating block method. Finally, the sensitivity of the runoff peak flow to the model of rainfall temporal distribution was found to be much higher than that to the randomness of the rainfall temporal distribution. In particular, in small basins with a high curve number (CN) value, the sensitivity of the runoff peak flow to the randomness of the rainfall temporal distribution was found to be insignificant.
Contribution à l'étude cristallochimique des hydrates de soude. II. Cristallochimie des hydrates de soude et données cristallographiques de cinq hydrates de soude
Authors: Wunderlich Jeffrey Alfred
Published: October 2018

Ce mémoire fait suite à celui qui a paru dans le fascicule 10-12, 1958 de notre Bulletin : «I. Méthodes expérimentales et les structures cristallines de NaOH.H₂O et de 2 NaOH.7 H₂O. »

Le premier chapitre est réservé à la comparaison des structures de tous les hydrates de soude étudiés jusqu'ici. Nous montrons que les distances Na-O sont indépendantes de la charge sur l'atome d'oxygène mais dépendent plutôt des forces de répulsion et de l'encombrement mutuel des atomes d'oxygène.

L'entourage de l'ion Na+ varie arbitrairement d'un hydrate à l'autre, mais celui de l'ion OH~ reste le même dans toutes les structures déterminées jusqu'ici et il est différent de celui qu'on trouve pour HaO.

Aucun des divers types de classification d'hydrates ne s'est montré parfaitement satisfaisant dans le cas des hydrates de soude. Nous montrons comment, à partir de la soude anhydre, l'augmentation progressive du degré d'hydratation conduit à une dislocation de la structure, en passant par une succession logique de types structuraux.

Le deuxième chapitre concerne les données cristallographiques de cinq hydrates de soude contenant 21/2 (deux phases), 2 3/4, 3 1/10 et 5 H₂O.
Étude par diffraction des rayons X de la structure des ossements fossiles. I. Élaboration des méthodes d'études. II. Structure et âge du matériel osseux
Authors: Périnet Guy
Published: October 2018

Dans le but d'étudier la diagénèse des ossements fossilisés en milieu calcaire, une série d'ossements s'étageant du quaternaire au primaire a été soumise à l'examen par diffraction des rayons X. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, après avoir discuté du problème de la structure de l'os frais, nous étudions la question de la détection du calcaire en présence de phosphate tricalcique et celle de la détermination des paramètres des apatites.

Dans une deuxième partie nous exposerons les résultats obtenus avec ces méthodes.
Sur les phyllites contenues dans quelques arkoses
Authors: Maurel Pierre , Brousse Robert
Published: October 2018

Les phyllites contenues dans différentes arkoses sont déterminées. Il est proposé un mode de calcul permettant de comparer les résultats de l'analyse chimique à ceux de l'analyse modale obtenue au compteur de points. La présence de montmorillo-nite avec ou sans kaolinite est discutée.
Radioactivité des laves de la chaîne des Puys
Authors: Goldsztein M. , Guillermo S.
Published: October 2018

Cette étude fait partie d'un travail d'ensemble sur la répartition de la radioactivité et de l'uranium dans les roches ignées françaises. Les laves de la chaîne des Puys forment un système de différenciation magmatique parfaitement continu, ce qui permet de suivre la distribution de la radioactivité, de l'uranium total et de l'uranium soluble, dans les séries de roches dont la position pétrographique et géochimique est définie avec précision. Divers diagrammes de corrélation sont présentés.
Utilisation d'un spectromètre γ à 100 canaux dans quelques problèmes de géologie nucléaire
Authors: Coulomb René , Goldsztein M.
Published: October 2018

Le groupe de géochimie et géologie nucléaire du Service de Minéralogie poursuit l'étude systématique de la répartition et la migration des isotopes radioactifs dans divers phénomènes géochimiques (granitisation, volcanisme, altération, latéritisation) .

A côté des techniques classiques de dosage (color imétrie, âuorimétrie, radiochimie) et d'un équipement très complet de détection des rayonnements, le groupe dispose depuis un an d'un ensemble très poussé de spectrométrie équipé d'un sélecteur d'amplitude à 100 canaux à mémoire magnétique. Cet appareil d'un emploi particulièrement souple nous a permis de trouver des solutions élégantes à de nombreux problèmes nécessitant jusqu'alors des opérations chimiques longues et délicates.

Nous décrivons l'appareillage et les quelques méthodes de dosage adaptées au domaine de la géochimie.
Extension de la théorie des formes cristallines et de la morphologie des macles
Authors: Chafranovski I.
Published: October 2018

La conception nouvelle des formes simples de sommets et arêtes permet de donner une description exacte des formes compliquées des cristaux (squelettes, etc...).

Les variétés de formes simples de faces formant des angles rentrants et les symboles de la symétrie chromatique donnent la possibilité de décrire les formes totales des cristaux maclés.
Étude de la transmission anormale des rayons X dans des cristaux de silicium. II. Application aux cristaux imparfaits
Authors: Authier André
Published: October 2018

On montre comment l'on peut utiliser les images de dislocations obtenues à l'aide de la transmission anormale des rayons X dans des cristaux tels que [a d — 6 pour reconstruire dans l'espace une ligne de dislocation. Les images de dislocations se présentent sous la forme d'un double trait, noir et blanc, si le défaut est situé sur la face de sortie du cristal et sous la forme d'un triple trait, noir-blanc-noir, si la dislocation est située à l'intérieur du cristal. On décrit un modèle théorique qui permet de calculer le profil des images, d'interpréter les caractéristiques observées expérimentalement et d'obtenir l'ordre de grandeur du champ de déformation à grande distance d'une dislocation.
Étude de la radioactivité des eaux thermales et des roches de la région de Lamalou et de Bédarieux (Hérault)
Authors: Geslin M. , Urbain Pierre
Published: October 2018

Cette région, située à l'extrémité orientale de la montagne Noire, permet d'intéressantes comparaisons entre les teneurs en radium et en thorium de formations qui s'échelonnent de l'Antécambrien au Quaternaire (avec de nombreuses lacunes, naturellement). D'autre part, la radioactivité des eaux thermales de Lamalou donne à penser que l'extraction géochimique du radium des roches anciennes se poursuit encore, mais que celle du thorium est pratiquement achevée.
Sur une amphibolite à olivine (Cap de Bouirex, massif de la forêt de Castillon, Ariège)
Authors: Ravier Jean , Thiébaut Jean
Published: October 2018

L'amphibolite du cap de Bouirex est composée de 57 % d'une hornblende de la variété pargasite et comporte de nombreux cristaux d'olivine entourés d'une couronne réactionnelle d'enstatite et de spinelle. Une évolution secondaire a parfois transformé l'olivine en serpentine et l'enstatite en talc. L'étude minéralo-gique et chimique ainsi que la comparaison que nous avons faite avec une amphibolite prismée décrite à Blackrock (Canada) indiquent que la roche du cap de Bouirex dérive, par métamorphisme, d'un ancien basalte à olivine.
Minéralogie et Pétrographie des roches volcaniques du massif du Mont-Dore (Auvergne) III. Les deux associations magmatiques
Authors: Brousse Robert
Published: October 2018

Il est montré que le massif du Mont-Dore correspond à un ensemble complexe, formé par le jumelage de deux associations magmatiques simples, l'une, saturée en silice, à tendance calco-alcaline, l'autre, sous-saturée en silice, à tendance alcaline. Les caractères non seulement chimiques mais aussi minéralogiques, pétrographiques et vulcanologiques qui permettent de distinguer pratiquement les deux séries sont donnés. Les relations pétrogénétiques existant entre les deux associations sont enfin discutées.
Nouvelles données sur la planchéite. Identité de la planchéite et de la « shattuckitte »
Authors: Guillemin Claude , Pierrot Roland
Published: October 2018

L'examen des échantillons originaux décrits par Lacroix (1908) et leur comparaison avec des matériaux d'origines diverses ont permis de compléter la description de la planchéite : 5 SiO₂6CuO 1,5-2 H₂O avec un rapport Cu/Si = 1,2, biaxe + , 2 V = 80° ± 5, ng = 1,795, nv — 1,743. Raies intenses du diagramme de poudre : 4,43 (FFF) 3,32 (F) 3,50 (F) 4,97 (mF) 2,90 (mF). La shattuckite (Schaller, 1915) est identique à la planchéite et le nom de shattuckite est à rejeter.
Étude radiocristallographique de matériaux fortement radioactifs
Authors: Bloch Jacqueline
Published: October 2018

Au Laboratoire d'Examen des Combustibles Irradiés à Saclay une cellule est destinée à l'analyse radiocristallographique de ces matériaux.

Elle est équipée d'un appareil utilisant la méthode de la double diffraction : un monochromateur d'aluminium est placé dans le faisceau de rayons X diffracté par l'échantillon, ce qui permet d'interposer une protection de plomb entre l'échantillon et le compteur. On élimine ainsi dans une très grande proportion le rayonnement dû à la radioactivité de l'échantillon.

Nous citerons à titre d'exemple quelques résultats obtenus sur des matériaux fortement irradiés (mise en évidence des phases en présence) où le fond continu dû à la radioactivité reste inférieur à 5 coups/s, et les résultats d'une étude de variation de paramètre sur des matériaux faiblement irradiés (la précision relative obtenue pour ces mesures est égale à 0,8. 10-4).
Nouvelles données sur les composés iridium-osmium. Existence de l'osmium natif
Authors: Lévy Claude , Picot Paul
Published: October 2018

L'emploi de la Microsonde électronique a permis de constater, dans divers concentrés platinifères, l'existence d'osmium natif. Les propriétés structurales et optiques de l'osmium natif et de l'osmium artificiel sont identiques : même structure hexagonale, mêmes effets de polarisation caractéristiques, mêmes pouvoirs réflecteurs. L'étude de quelques composés d'osmium et d'iridium montre que ceux-ci possèdent, soit la structure hexagonale de l'osmium, soit la structure cubique de l'iridium et que leurs pouvoirs réflecteurs croissent avec la teneur en iridium. L'examen de la nomenclature, assez complexe, de ces minéraux est ensuite effectué et une simplification proposée : iridium et iridium osmifère pour les termes de la série cubique ; osmium natif, osmium iridifère et osmiridium pour les termes de la série hexagonale.
Étude des défauts émergeant à la surface d'un clivage de chlorure de sodium, matérialisés par condensation d'or sous vide
Authors: Hucher Monique
Published: October 2018

Pour étudier la face de clivage d'un cristal de chlorure de sodium, nous avons employé la méthode de condensation d'or sous vide. Les microcristaux d'or qui se forment sur le clivage se fixent préférentiellement sur les défauts de la surface en formant des figures de décoration.

La méthode utilisée a permis d'étudier en détail, d'une part, les dislocations émergeant à la surface du cristal et d'autre part, les phénomènes dus au clivage lui-même. L'orientation des figures de décoration a été déterminée par microdiffraction électronique.
Comparaison des propriétés thermiques et du comportement dans l'infrarouge de quelques carbonates, nitrates, sulfates et séléniates simples
Authors: Caillère Simonne , Pobeguin Thérèse
Published: October 2018

L'étude thermopondérale, l'analyse thermique différentielle et l'examen dans l'infrarouge de quelques carbonates et nitrates, sulfates et séléniates, nous a permis de comparer les propriétés des anions et de mettre en évidence l'influence des cations associés.
Non-native autoinducer analogs capable of modulating the SdiA quorum sensing receptor in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
Authors: Styles Matthew J , Blackwell Helen E
Published: October 2018

Quorum sensing (QS) allows many common bacterial pathogens to coordinate group behaviors such as virulence factor production, host colonization, and biofilm formation at high population densities. This cell–cell signaling process is regulated by N-acyl L-homoserine lactone (AHL) signals, or autoinducers, and LuxR-type receptors in Gram-negative bacteria. SdiA is an orphan LuxR-type receptor found in Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter genera that responds to AHL signals produced by other species and regulates genes involved in several aspects of host colonization. The inhibition of QS using non-native small molecules that target LuxR-type receptors offers a non-biocidal approach for studying, and potentially controlling, virulence in these bacteria. To date, few studies have characterized the features of AHLs and other small molecules capable of SdiA agonism, and no SdiA antagonists have been reported. Herein, we report the screening of a set of AHL analogs to both uncover agonists and antagonists of SdiA and to start to delineate structure–activity relationships (SARs) for SdiA:AHL interactions. Using a cell-based reporter of SdiA in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, several non-natural SdiA agonists and the first set of SdiA antagonists were identified and characterized. These compounds represent new chemical probes for exploring the mechanisms by which SdiA functions during infection and its role in interspecies interactions. Moreover, as SdiA is highly stable when produced in vitro, these compounds could advance fundamental studies of LuxR-type receptor:ligand interactions that engender both agonism and antagonism.
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT EVALUATION USING QUALITY ASSESSEMENT TOOLS
Authors: Makrygianni Maria J.
Published: October 2018

The case study is focused on the application of principal quality tools in a fourth generation jet fighter to evaluate a maintenance activity in an accident investigation process. The paper assesses aircraft engineers’ performance on checking aircraft tyre inflation pressure before the aircraft’s flight. Process evaluation is organized by the application of fundamental quality tools in order to provide vital information regarding the level of control. The methodology combines the benefits of statistical quality control, root cause determination, and preventive actions, to eliminate maintenance discrepancy in the future. The methodology revealed an approach to generate useful safety metrics from incident reporting data. Furthermore, this study pointed out the significance of participation at all technician levels for the successful implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM). Also, it discusses the value of TQM in aviation and suggests that continuous improvement is still needed. The paper is based on practical work being undertaken in a military squadron and, therefore, is demonstrated to be practical in an aviation environment. This study would encourage aviation personnel to rely on TQM methods for performing quality assessment monitoring and achieving continuous improvement.
USING DIRECT LINEAR TRANSFORMATION (DLT) METHOD FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLICATIONS
Authors: El-Ashmawy Khalid L. A.
Published: October 2018

DLT has gained a wide popularity in close range photogrammetry, computer vision, robotics, and biomechanics. The wide popularity of the DLT is due to the linear formulation of the relationship between image and object space coordinates.

This paper aims to develop a simple mathematical model in the form of self calibration direct linear transformation for aerial photogrammetry applications. Software based on the derived mathematical model has been developed and tested using mathematical photogrammetric data.

The effects of block size, number and location of control points, and random and lens distortion errors on self calibration block adjustments using the derived mathematical model and collinearity equations have been studied. It was found that the accuracy of the results of self calibration block adjustment using the derived mathematical model is, to some extent, comparable to the results with collinearity model.

The developed mathematical model widens the application areas of DLT method to include aerial photogrammetry applications especially when the camera interior and exterior orientations are unknown.
HIGH-RESOLUTION RESIDUAL TERRAIN MODEL AND TERRAIN CORRECTIONS FOR GRAVITY FIELD MODELLING AND GEOID COMPUTATION IN NIGER REPUBLIC
Authors: Yahaya Salissou Ibrahim , Azzab Driss El
Published: October 2018

In this study, we computed and presented grid maps of high-resolution terrain corrections and residual terrain model (RTM) as short-wavelengths of the gravity field and the geoid in Niger. We constructed RTM elevations from mean elevation surfaces corresponding to ~100 km and ~9 km of spatial scales and 3 arc-seconds SRTM data. The computations are performed at gravity stations and 1.5 arc-minute regular grid, out to 10 and 200 km for inner and outer zones respectively with the standard density of 2670 kg/m-3. The study area is characterized by low values of terrain effects. The indirect effects are lower than 10 cm for ~9 km and reach 1.8 m for ~100 km. In Niger, 98.44% of indirect effects are lower than 1 cm and 98.2% of direct effect are lower than 5 mgal for ~9 km. For ~100 km, 85.87% of indirect effects are lower than 10 cm and 89.77% of direct effects are lower than 5 mgal for ~100 km, and 98.77% of terrain corrections are lower than 1 mgal. We found out that height discrepancies between gravity stations and SRTM influences the precision of terrain effects. The results are value for applications in geodesy and geophysics that require accurate interpretations.
Are Starspots and Plages Co-located on Active G and K Stars?
Authors: Morris Brett M. , Curtis Jason L. , Douglas Stephanie T. , Hawley Suzanne L. , Agüeros Marcel A. , Bobra Monica G. , Agol Eric
Published: October 2018

We explore the connection between starspots and plages of three main-sequence stars by studying the chromospheric and photospheric activity over several rotation periods. We present simultaneous photometry and high-resolution (R ∼ 31500) spectroscopy of KIC 9652680, a young, super-flare-producing G1 star with a rotation period of 1.4 days. Its Kepler light curve shows rotational modulation consistent with a bright hemisphere followed by a relatively dark hemisphere, generating photometric variability with a semi-amplitude of 4%. We find that KIC 9652680 is darkest when its S-index of Ca ii H & K emission is at its maximum. We interpret this anti-correlation between flux and S to indicate that dark starspots in the photosphere are co-located with the bright plages in the chromosphere, as they are on the Sun. Moving to lower masses and slower rotators, we present K2 observations with simultaneous spectroscopy of EPIC 211928486 (K5V) and EPIC 211966629 (K4V), two active stars in the 650 Myr old open cluster Praesepe. The K2 photometry reveals that both stars have rotation periods of 11.7 days; while their flux varies by 1 and 2% respectively, their Ca ii H & K S-indices seem to hold relatively constant as a function of rotational phase. This suggests that extended chromospheric networks of plages are not concentrated into regions of emission centered on the starspots that drive rotational modulation, unlike KIC 9652680. We also note that the Ca ii emission of EPIC 211928486 dipped and recovered suddenly over the duration of one rotation, suggesting that the evolution timescale of plages may be of order the rotation period.
Incompressive Energy Transfer in the Earth’s Magnetosheath: Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Riddhi , Chasapis A. , Chhiber R. , Parashar T. N. , Matthaeus W. H. , Shay M. A. , Maruca B. A. , Burch J. L. , Moore T. E. , Pollock C. J. , Giles B. L. , Paterson W. R. , Dorelli J. , Gershman D. J. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J.
Published: October 2018

Using observational data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the Earth’s magnetosheath, we estimate the energy cascade rate at three ranges of length scale, employing a single data interval, using different techniques within the framework of incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. At the energy-containing scale, the energy budget is controlled by the von Kármán decay law. Inertial range cascade is estimated by fitting a linear scaling to the mixed third-order structure function. Finally, we use a multi-spacecraft technique to estimate the Kolmogorov–Yaglom-like cascade rate in the kinetic range, well below the ion inertial length scale, where we expect a reduction due to involvement of other channels of transfer. The computed inertial range cascade rate is almost equal to the von Kármán–MHD law at the energy-containing scale, while the incompressive cascade rate evaluated at the kinetic scale is somewhat lower, as anticipated in theory. In agreement with a recent study, we find that the incompressive cascade rate in the Earth’s magnetosheath is about 1000 times larger than the cascade rate in the pristine solar wind.
Production of Mo and Ru Isotopes in Neutrino-driven Winds: Implications for Solar Abundances and Presolar Grains
Authors: Bliss J. , Arcones A. , Qian Y.-Z.
Published: October 2018

The origin of the so-called p-isotopes

and

in the solar system remains a mystery, as several astrophysical scenarios fail to account for them. In addition, data on presolar silicon carbide grains of type X (SiC X) exhibit peculiar Mo patterns, especially for

. We examine the production of Mo and Ru isotopes in neutrino-driven winds associated with core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) over a wide range of conditions. We find that proton-rich winds can make dominant contributions to the solar abundance of

and significant contributions to those of 96Ru, 92Mo, and 94Mo. In contrast, neutron-rich winds make negligible contributions to the solar abundances of 92,94Mo and cannot produce 96,98Ru, whereas the early ejecta of CCSNe can make dominant contributions to the solar abundance of 92Mo. Furthermore, we show that some neutron-rich winds can account for the peculiar Mo patterns in SiC X grains. Our results can be generalized if conditions similar to those studied here are also obtained for other types of ejecta in either CCSNe or neutron star mergers.
Les composantes rationnelles d’une réforme administrative
Authors: Salhab Sami
Published: October 2018

L’administration libanaise ne témoigne que rarement d’une vive ardeur au travail. L’incompétence et l’inefficacité sont au premier rang des problèmes qui l’affligent à l’heure actuelle. L’Etat se trouve sur la défensive ; il éprouve des difficultés à surmonter les problèmes qui ont secoué ses structures politiques et administratives. Cette crise influe énormément sur l’administration, outil au service de l’appareil gouvernemental, qui devient le réceptacle de toutes les imprécations contre l’Etat. De même, elle influe négativement sur les agents publics. Ces derniers constituent la première richesse de l’Etat ; de leur compétence dépend la capacité des services publics à répondre aux besoins du pays. En effet, cette crise entraîne chez les agents publics une perte de confiance grandissante dans la mission qui leur est confiée au point qu’ils ont fini par s’habituer au blocage de l’administration et aux plaintes du public qui fait de preuve de défiance à l’égard des dirigeants et des institutions. Aujourd’hui, l’Etat doit s’engager à respecter des objectifs de qualité ; ainsi seule une administration compétente et dépolitisée lui permettrait de devenir un véritable Etat stratège.
Parentalité : une nécessaire déconstruction de nos représentations
Authors: Mansouri Malika
Published: October 2018

Dans un contexte de mondialisation et de mouvements permanents de populations, se pose la question de savoir comment accueillir et rencontrer l’altérité ou comment aborder la diversité culturelle dans nos pratiques professionnelles. Quelle que soit notre capacité d’empathie, la question de nos représentations s’impose pour comprendre et agir efficacement dans les situations de soins, auprès des familles migrantes. Un travail de décentrage, via l’analyse du « contre-transfert culturel », permet d’éviter le risque de l’ethnocentrisme. Il favorise une plus grande capacité d’analyse des facteurs de vulnérabilité, liés à la situation migratoire, et des multiples façons d’être parent dans le « métissage culturel », inhérent à cette migration.