bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of reservoir conditions and engineering factors influencing coal bed methane recovery in the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Hosking Lee James  , Thomas Hywel Rhys  , Sarhosis Vasilis  , Price Neil  , Koj Aleksandra
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the sensitivity of methane recovery from a representative deep coal bed in the South Wales Coalfield, UK, considering the influence of reservoir conditions and engineering factors. A data set of reservoir conditions is used to establish the expected ranges of coal permeability and methane content in the region. By applying a numerical model for high pressure gas transport with kinetically controlled desorption and permeability evolution, the sensitivity of methane recovery to the different reservoir conditions is studied. The role of key engineering factors, namely the well pattern and spacing, is also considered. This is achieved by comparing the results for methane recovery predicted by the model, firstly under a series of reservoir conditions for single production well recovery, and subsequently for four-spot well patterns with different spacing. From the results analysis, it is demonstrated that the permeability influences the rate of methane recovery more than the methane content, thereby presenting an engineering challenge to widespread exploration in the generally gassy yet low permeability seams found in the region. The study of a four-spot well pattern at 150 m spacing clearly demonstrated the adverse effects of well interference. In contrast, a spacing of 250 m resulted in very little interference for the 1 year simulation period considered. These findings are important since to the authors' knowledge they are the first that relate directly to some of the key reservoir conditions encountered in the South Wales Coalfield. As a result, they are useful for the development of accurate techno-economic analyses for coal bed methane recovery proposals in the region.
Analysis of Compaction for Fine Clay Soils using a New One-dimensional Compaction Equipment
Authors: Ovalle William  , Caicedo Bernardo  , Mendoza Cristhian
Published: February 2025

Compacted soils are important for geotechnical engineering investigation due to their complex behavior and broad applicability in geotechnical structures. However, compaction in clay soils is a topic that still has not been completely understood due to the difficulty of measuring the principal state variables involved during compaction and after it. The evolution of these state variables has strong importance for understanding the behavior of compacted soils and for characterizing their mechanical and hydraulic properties. Therefore, a new one-dimensional consolidation equipment for modelling the behavior of compacted soils has been designed. This device can reproduce one-dimensional compaction while principal mechanical properties are observed. Also, this apparatus allows obtaining undisturbed samples after the compaction process. The principal features of the equipment are presented in this article as the results of different tests using speswhite kaolin. A new laboratory testing methodology for compacted clay soils research is proposed, supporting known insights and providing new ones.
Anisotropic features on the thermal conductivity of a deep argillaceous formation
Authors: Romero Enrique  , Sau Núria  , Lima Analice  , Van Baelen Hervé  , Sillen Xavier  , Li Xiangling
Published: February 2025

An experimental study on Ypresian clays – one of the potential deep and sedimentary clay formations in Belgium for the geological disposal of heat-emitting radioactive waste – has been undertaken to systematically study anisotropic features on the thermal conductivity using a setup with thermal flux measurement. A careful pre-conditioning protocol before the thermal tests has been followed to ensure a very high degree of saturation and the closure of fissures/gaps along bedding planes. Thermal conductivity data with this improved pre-conditioning protocol allowed obtaining results consistent with the values reported when using back-analysis in a constant volume cell with fully saturated material.
Soil-Solid Waste Theoretical Settlement Estimation for a Sanitary Landfill in Costa Rica
Authors: Baltodano-Goulding Rafael  , Vidal-Rivera Paola  , Rivera-Vasquez Irene
Published: February 2025

A series of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering tests were performed on samples obtained from Los Mangos Sanitary Landfill in Alajuela, Costa Rica. Geotechnical testing included natural water contents, grain size distribution, Atterberg Limits, Specific Gravity, And USCS soil classification. The Environmental engineering testing included Total Solids, Moisture Content, Fixed Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, and Fe). The samples were classified according to their age: one year old sample (soil and waste), a two-year sample (soil and waste), a 15-year old sample (soil and waste), and a 15-year old sample (only waste). After the laboratory testing was completed, 11 settlement prediction models were tried. Results obtained from the theoretical models were compared with actual settlement observed at the sanitary landfill and the best prediction model for the given conditions was the Sowers model [1].
Shear Strength and Local Deformation of Methane Hydrate Bearing Sand with Fines
Authors: Hyodo Masyuki  , Kajiyama Shintaro  , Nakata Yukio  , Yoshimoto Norimasa
Published: February 2025

In order to investigate the effect of the characteristics of a host sand on the shear behaviour of methane hydrate (hereafter referred to as MH) bearing sands, MH was artificially produced in three kinds of silica sands with different fines content. In this study, high stress and low temperature triaxial plane strain testing apparatus was used. A marked increase in stiffness and strength was observed in all MH bearing materials. In the case of Tb, higher peak stress appeared in MH bearing material than that without MH, followed by the same residual strength in both cases with and without methane hydrate. It is noted that the local deformation appeared more clearly in Toyoura sand and Tbwith less fines content than in Tc. It can be seen that peak stress ratio decreases with increase in fines content.
Fundamentals of rock mass classification systems used in engineering design
Authors: Rocca Ricardo J.
Published: February 2025

Classification systems of rock masses have been developed considerably and serve as transmitters of their characteristics. They are also used in the design of engineering solutions, especially in tunnels, which have been developed in the last 60 years. Its use in the determination of engineering solutions covers from the observational method with varying degrees of disaggregation until processing systems of rock mass parameters that are integrated in databases. In both cases, there is a different intensity in the use of theoretical design elements. This has generated two paths that are epistemologically assimilated to the paradigms of the theory and practice of design support systems. Differences and similarities and their importance in the design and engineering practice are discussed.
Geomechanical Properties of Dimensional Stones, La Rioja, Argentina
Authors: Giambastiani M.  , Jerez D.G.  , Carrizo R.  , Contini V.  , Mazzieri C.  , Quiroga N.
Published: February 2025

The Province of La Rioja has geological features that give it great potential in dimensional stones. Some of these deposits are currently stalled due to problems to get the market. In order to study the effect of geomechanical properties of rocks in their ornamental quality, three sites were selected: a) Imperial Riojano Red Granite, b) Black Alcázar Granite c) Sierra lilac or blue Mara of Sierra de los Quinteros Granite.
Wide-Area River-Water Quality Analysis and Visualization with 5D World Map System
Authors: Veesommai Chalisa  , Kiyoki Yasushi  , Sasaki Shiori  , Chawakitchareon Petchporn
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the analysis and visualization of river-water quality in 25 rivers in Thailand by using 5D World Map system. Water pollution is analyzed by using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Metal Index (MI) which focus on Ping, Nan and Chao Phraya River (the important rivers of Thai). The WQI indicator was used to evaluate water quality by conductivity, NO3-N, NO2-N, NH3-N, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and As. The MI indicator was used to estimate concentration of metal in the river. The results on 5D World Map System show that several actual values assigned to water-quality parameters are shown in snapshots. The results of Water Quality Index (WQI) show the WQI levels 32.697 at Chaophraya river (Bangkok, 2004) and 38.534 at Ping river (Nakhonsawan, 2014) for Irrigation and Aquatic life respectively, and can be classified into categories of quality-levels for Irrigation and Aquatic life. The results of Metal Index (MI) show that the MI level reaches 92.902 at Ping River (Nakhonsawan, 2014) and 1803.303 at Ping River (Nakhonsawan, 2014) for Irrigation and Aquatic life respectively.
Fault Diagnosis of AS and RS Based on Fuzzy Petri Net
Authors: Zhu Ya-Cheng  , Xu Bing  , Su Jun  , Fan Qiu-Ming  , Miao Ji-Juan
Published: February 2025

The optimization of Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) can shorten the productive time and improve circulation efficiency, but the discreteness and complexity of the running system threatens the reliability of the system operation. Therefore, this paper establishes a fault petri net for the situation in which AS/RS operates abnormally. An example is provided to demonstrate a fuzzy petri net model of a primary circuit, using fuzzy type-2 sets and numbers to determine the fault cause. The matrix description method is employed to describe the probability of the failure phenomenon. Finally, by changing input conditions for different degrees of various fault simulations, Visual Object Net++ is used to verify the reliability and accuracy of the proposed diagnostic method, which increases warehouse management efficiency.
Measuring Trust in Online Social Networks
Authors: Baagyere Edward Yellakuor  , Qin Zhen  , Xiong Hu  , Zhiguang Qin
Published: February 2025

Trust is an essential necessity in Online Social Networks (OSNs) because of their current pervasive usage in sharing information on the Web. The traditional methods of measuring trust in social networks using heuristics or by manual methods are computationally expensive and sometimes do not offer reliable and scalable results. Recently, researchers resort to the use OSNs properties to model real life events because the interrelationships on these sites encode some human behaviors that resemble their off-line ones. Trust on these sites can, therefore, be measured by taking into consideration the social relationship and ties embeddedness within the underlying user graph. To this end, we study the distribution nature of “common friends”, the network mixing, average clustering coefficient and scale-free behaviors of 4 OSNs. The study shows that the distribution of “common friends” on OSNs follows a power law. Furthermore, to measure trust using these metrics, we proposed mathematical frameworks and analysis to support our claim. The findings show that these metrics have the ability to measure the level of trust on an unknown user on a social network of trust. These results will further help redefine and develop more reliable, fast and trust inference algorithms and recommender systems for online products and auction sales, email spam detection algorithms, etc. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to study the statistical distribution of “common friends” on OSNs and demonstrated how they can be exploited for trust inference.
Observed and predicted response of block foundations
Authors: Puri Vijay K.  , Prakash Shamsher  , Das Braja M.
Published: February 2025

The amplitude frequency response on two concrete blocks measuring 1.5m x 0.75m x 0.7m high and 3m x 1.5m x 0.7m high was measured over a wide range of frequencies and exciting forces. The soil properties were determined by wave propagation tests, dynamic plate load test and oscillatory shear tests in the laboratory, and shear modulus versus shear strain plot was obtained for the site. The soil springs and damping were determined by the elastic half space analog solutions and compliance-impedance function approach. The details of the comparison of observed and predicted response of the two tests blocks indicate that in this particular case, using any of the two approaches, the natural frequencies of vibration could be predicted within 15 to 30 % of the observed values. The calculated amplitudes of vibration near the resonance did not show any specific trend of variation. The calculated vibration amplitudes away from the resonance showed a better agreement with the observed amplitudes.
Comparative experiment on soft ground improvement of high-speed rails
Authors: Cai Degou  , Ye Yangsheng  , Zhang Qianli
Published: February 2025

In order to verify the design parameters set in the “Tentative code for the design of high-speed railroads on soft ground”. Large-scale field tests on a soft ground composed of a 2–5 m thick mucky soil were conducted in Jiangsu province, China, involving five ground improvement methods. The deformation behvior of the improved soft ground was investigated. The effectivness on settlement control was compared among these methods.
Lime reactivity of loessic soils obtained by conductivity measurements
Authors: Quintana-Crespo E.  , Redolfi E.  , Zeballos M.
Published: February 2025

In order to determine lime reactivity of loessic sediments, electrical conductivity measurements on a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide and soil were taken. Different curves were obtained that allowed the definition of values of immediate reactivity and time-depending reactivity, related to the cationic change and pozzolanic reactions respectively. Three different zones were delimited in the time-conductivity curves, where special physical-chemical phenomena predominate. With the form of the curves and the calculation of the reactivity parameters, an appropriate scale of values for the characterization of the analysed materials was established. The use of this scale is suggested in addition of traditional tests - granulometry and plasticity- to measure the aptitude of soil to lime stabilization.
Interface shear strength in fiber-reinforced soil
Authors: Li Chunling  , Zornberg Jorge G.
Published: February 2025

Under confining pressure typical of geotechnical project, the governing failure mode of fiber-reinforced soil is the pullout of fibers from the soil matrix. Accordingly, interface shear strength between fibers and soils is required for the prediction of equivalent shear strength of fiber-soil composite using the recently-proposed discrete framework. A specially-designed pullout test was conducted to study the interface shear strength between individual fibers and soil. The interface friction angle was found to decrease as confining pressure increases due to the dilatancy effect. For confining pressure between 0 to 200 kPa (typical of triaxial test), the pullout resistance of fibers is well presented by a coefficient of interaction of 0.8 and an effective surface area determined from assuming a circular cross-section.
Simple and accurate prediction of settlements of stone column reinforced soil
Authors: Pulko Boštjan  , Majes Bojan
Published: February 2025

A new analytical method is proposed to analyse the behaviour of rigid foundations resting on soft soil stabilised by a large number of end bearing stone-columns. The stone column and the surrounding soil are treated in axial symmetric conditions as a “unit cell”. The stone column is assumed to behave as an elasto-plastic Mohr-Coulomb material with non-associative flow rule and the soil as an elastic material. These assumptions, combined with equilibrium and kinematic conditions, lead to the simple analytical closed-form solution for the prediction of the behaviour for rigid footings resting on stone-column reinforced ground. The results of the proposed method are in excellent agreement with the results of the elasto-plastic finite element method analysis.
The peculiarities of stress-strain state at interaction of high-rise buildings and structures with the base
Authors: Boyko I.  , Sakharov O.  , Nemchynov Yu.
Published: February 2025

The peculiarities of interaction of the pile foundations of the high-rise buildings with the base in the conditions of load gradual increasing are shown. The procedure of numerical modeling of interaction of elements of the system “base-foundation-aboveground structures” is described, which ensures obtaining of the characteristic zones of stress-strain state of the building underground part. The problems of interaction of the high-rise buildings with the base at static and dynamic impacts were solved by the developed procedure.
Microtunnelling in challenging ground condition and site constraints
Authors: Balasubramaniam K.  , Tang S.K.  , Vaidya B.G.  , Tong S.Y.  , Cheng C.Y.
Published: February 2025

Microtunnelling for underground pipeline is gaining increasing popularity in heavily built-up cities like Singapore due to its unprecedented advantage in terms of trenchless method in comparison to the conventional pipe laying in trenches. This paper describes a case study on construction of 3000mm diameter effluent outfall pipeline in Singapore by microtunnelling method using Earth Pressure Balance Shield (EPBS). Most of the microtunnelling was carried out through soft marine clay. The instrumentation monitoring results on the ground response associated to the microtunnelling works are compared with the widely used analytical method to back calculate the ground deformation design parameters due to tunnelling.
Effects of combined cyclic vertical and horizontal loading on unsealed airstrips: model study
Authors: Gnanendran C.T.
Published: February 2025

Unsealed airstrips get easily damaged by excessive permanent deformation due to aircraft wheel loading particularly during aircraft turning at turning nodes. This is primarily due to the effects of combined cyclic vertical and horizontal loading on the pavement at the contact areas and a simplified version of this problem was investigated using a physical model. In particular, the deformational behaviour of a model pavement under concurrent cyclic vertical and horizontal loading on a square pad was studied. Details of this model study and the results are discussed in this paper. The rut depth (RD) and horizontal deformation developed due to the loading was found to increase with the number of load cycles (N) according to the commonly used model: log RD = a + b log N. This study suggests that the inclusion of a layer of geogrid reinforcement in the pavement structure could substantially reduce the development of both vertical and horizontal permanent deformation.
The Rolling Dynamic Deflectometer: A tool for continuous deflection profiling of pavements
Authors: Lee J.L.  , Stokoe II K.H.  , Bay J.A.
Published: February 2025

The Rolling Dynamic Deflectometer (RDD) is a nondestructive testing device that is used to measure continuous deflection profiles along highway and airport pavements in project-level studies. The RDD has an electro-hydraulic loading system that generates a sinusoidal force on the pavement through two loading rollers. An array of rolling sensors continuously measures the sinusoidal deflections at multiple locations as the RDD moves at about 1.6 km/hr. Continuous deflection profiles contain vast amounts of information about the condition of the pavement. This information provides a detailed picture of existing conditions and allows pavement engineers to select appropriate rehabilitation schemes. Example RDD profiles are shown for rigid, flexible, and overlaid pavements. At one flexible pavement site, the RDD deflection values are compared with deflection values measured by both the Falling Weight and Rolling Wheel Deflectometers.
The evolution of crushing in granular materials and its effect on their mechanical properties
Authors: Vallejo L.E.  , Chik Z.
Published: February 2025

Granular materials forming part of civil engineering structures crush as a result of static and dynamic loads. In this study the crushing of a sand under a combination of compression and shear loads is studied in the laboratory in the ring shear apparatus. The amount of crushing of the sand is evaluated using fractals. The effect of crushing on the angle of internal friction and the hydraulic conductivity of the sand is also presented.
Analyse de groupes de micropieux sous charge transversale par une méthode hybride
Authors: Perlo S.  , Frank R.  , Degny E.  , Estephan R.
Published: February 2025

Cette communication présente une approche numérique pour estimer le comportement des groupes de pieux sous chargement axial et transversal. Le logiciel de calcul de groupe de pieux « GOUPEG-3D », reposant sur un modèle hybride est d'abord présenté, puis son aptitude à résoudre des problèmes tridimensionnels, et à tenir compte de l'interaction pieu-sol-pieu est démontré à travers l'analyse d'essais en vraie grandeur de groupes de micropieux sous sollicitation transversale.
A comparison of jacked, driven and bored piles in sand
Authors: Deeks A.D.  , White D.J.  , Bolton M.D.
Published: February 2025

Pile jacking technology allows displacement piles to be installed without noise and vibration. The ‘press-in’ method of pile jacking uses previously-installed piles for reaction, so the piles must be installed at close centres. Axial load tests have been conducted to investigate whether existing design guidance based on driven and bored pile behaviour can be applied to closely-spaced jacked piles. The observed axial response was notably stiff, and failure was reached at a load equal to the installation force. This high stiffness is attributed to pre-loading of the pile base during installation and the presence of residual base load. Load transfer back-analysis was used to establish simple parameters for the modelling of single pile stiffness. These parameters predicted the pile group response well using elastic superposition to account for interaction. This high stiffness could lead to more efficient design if jacked piles are used.
A case history on the investigation techniques for large diameter pile foundations
Authors: Passalacqua R.  , Podestà S.  , Gualco D.
Published: February 2025

The need of verifying the integrity, and thus the efficiency, of large diameter pile foundations has lead, in the last years, to the development of non-destructive investigation techniques, based on the theory of waves propagation through elastic media (Timoshenko and Goodier, 1934), in order to detect both the real length and the possible imperfections due to the construction process. In the following paper the Authors outline some suggestions to best interpret the standard ecometric field data, after an extensive site experimentation performed on a 344 pile-group.
Nonlinear behavior of multiphase engineered/geological barriers in nuclear waste disposal
Authors: Gatmiri B.
Published: February 2025

A new suction-based mathematical model for thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated media is presented by Gatmiri (1997) and Gatmiri et al (1999). In this approach, heat and moisture transfer equations are given in an alternative form based on water and air pressures. Temperature-dependent state surface formulations are given for void ratio and degree of saturation variations within porous media. The coupling effects of temperature and moisture content on deformation of skeleton, and the inverse effects are included in this model via thermal state surface concept. The non-linear constitutive law for strain-stress relationship is considered. In this new form of formulation, the soil non-homogeneity and hysteretic effect can be included. The phase change between liquid and vapor phases is taken into account. This approach has been integrated in Code_Aster which is a finite element code prepared by the development and research department of Electricity of France (EDF). In the present paper, the results of an application on a real case will be presented after a brief description of the proposed THM formulation. The coupling effects are illustrated and the role of the temperature-dependent state surfaces will be shown.
Evaluation of metal mobility and adsorption capacity of a compacted lateritic soil by sequential extraction
Authors: Gabas S.G.  , Boscov M.E.G.  , Sarkis J.E.  , Kakazu M.H.
Published: February 2025

Diffusion tests were carried out on compacted soil specimens to investigate the mobility of metals, Cd and Pb, in a tropical residual soil contaminated by acidic solutions at pH 3 and 5.5. After the diffusion, sequential extraction procedure was applied to the soil specimens. This study has shown that the retention of both metals is quite relevant, despite the fact that cadmium is less adsorbed than lead, and that sequential extraction may be a very useful tool to investigate retention processes.
Liquefaction flow slide at horizontal ground
Authors: De Groot M.B.  , Korff M.  , Pachen H.M.A.
Published: February 2025

A liquefaction flow slide is an instability in loosely packed saturated sand or silt after liquefaction under monotonic loading. The conditions for such a flow slide are discussed. The relevance of these conditions is illustrated by application to slope failure. The conditions may also be present at horizontal ground under special circumstances, as discussed for three examples.
Stability analysis and rehabilitation measures of landslide Rebernice
Authors: Pulko Boštjan  , Popović Zdenka  , Majes Bojan
Published: February 2025

At the alignment of the highway Razdrto-Italian border, at the section Razdrto-Vipava, in November 2001 a slope failure occurred in the Rebernice area during the excavation of a deep cut. With surveying and geologic geotechnical investigations it was found out that, a widely extended landslide occurred with the total volume of the slid mass about 600,000 m3. The initial data, the data obtained during additional geotechnical investigations, monitoring data and soil and rock properties obtained from laboratory tests formed the basis of a geological-geotechnical model for stability analysis. The verified geological geotechnical model was used for the design of the stabilization measures. An anchored pile wall with an additional anchored grid beam structure was proposed for the stabilization of the landslide.
Slide interacting with a buried pipeline in southern Brazil
Authors: Suzuki Silvia  , Lacerda Willy Alvarenga  , Amaral Cláudio dos Santos  , Sandroni Sandro Salvador
Published: February 2025

Serra do Mar is a narrow mountain range along the South and Southeastern coast of Brazil. Mass movements of colluvium have been analysed since the 1940s by several authors. The slope discussed in this paper is located in the State of Paraná, South Brazil, where a buried pipeline was severely damaged due to the movement of a colluvium. The displacements were monitored using inclinometer, along with piezometers and a pluviometer. Deep sub-horizontal drains, which reduced the velocity of the movement, were installed to stabilize the slope. The paper illustrates the behaviour of such masses, and the use of deep horizontal drains as an efficient stabilization measure.
Study on the interface shear strength of soil nails in a completely decomposed granite soil by laboratory pullout tests and large-size direct shear box tests
Authors: Yin Jian-Hua  , Chu Lok-Man  , Su Li-Jun
Published: February 2025

Two laboratory pull-out boxes were developed to investigate the interface shear strength behaviour of a soil nail and a surrounding soil. The soil was a typical Completely Decomposed Granite (CDG) soil taken from a soil nail stabilized slope site in Hong Kong. In addition to the pull-out box tests, a large-size direct shear box was also used to measure the interface shear strength between the CDG soil and a cement grout plate. A number of laboratory pull-out tests and large-size shear box tests were performed with a cement grouted nail (or cement grout plate) in the CDG soil. Major results are presented and discussed in the paper. The results are used to examine the influence of (a) overburden pressure, (b) soil degree of saturation, (c) surface roughness of soil nail, (d) stress release in drill hole, and (e) the interface dilation on the interface shear strength.
Development, effects and mitigation of earthquake-induced liquefaction: A comprehensive study based on dynamic centrifuge modelling
Authors: Coelho P.A.L.F.  , Haigh S.K.  , Madabhushi S.P.G.
Published: February 2025

Liquefaction remains a major threat to shallow foundations built on saturated deposits of sand, existing semi-empirical rules being inadequate for the modern requirements of performance-based design. In order to clarify the effects of liquefaction on shallow foundations and to enhance the use of mitigation methods to minimize its consequences, a broad research programme based on centrifuge modelling is being carried out at Cambridge University. This paper summarizes and critically assesses the data produced by 8 centrifuge tests, intended to describe the behaviour of bridges built on shallow foundations and to identify the different phenomena occurring in the soil during and after the earthquake loading. The deformation mechanisms of shallow foundations and the unforeseen relevance of some phenomena are discussed. The experimental results highlight some of the limitations of the information collected from case histories and have practical implications for the use of densification as a liquefaction resistance measure.
Deformation characteristics of sandy soils subjected to cyclic loads
Authors: Sitharam T.G.  , Ravishankar B.V.  , Govinda Raju L.
Published: February 2025

Large displacements and significant degradation of soil stiffness and strength, compression and liquefaction of loose sands have been observed during and after the earthquakes. The response of soils at medium to large strain levels that produce significant amount of deformation has been one of the major concerns for engineers working in this area. Extensive studies have been carried out on the deformation characteristics of saturated sands during and after earthquakes. However, not much work has been reported on the deformation characteristics of dry and partly saturated sands subjected to seismic loads. This paper summarizes the results of cyclic triaxial element tests on sands collected from the earthquake-affected area of Ahmedabad city. The results from cyclic triaxial testing facility clearly highlight that Ahmedabad sands exhibit higher modulus values at lower saturation levels (up to about 10%) compared to dry and completely saturated sands for the range of shear strain tested. Beyond 10% saturation level, no significant increase in the shear modulus is observed. Dry sands exhibit slightly higher damping ratios in comparison with partly and fully saturated sands. However, the damping values fall in a narrow band in the range of shear strain tested for dry, partly and completely saturated Ahmedabad soils.
Geotechnical properties of liquefied volcanic soil ground by 2003 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake
Authors: Yamashita S.  , Ito Y.  , Hori T.  , Suzuki T.  , Murata Y.
Published: February 2025

An earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 occurred in Hokkaido, Japan, on September 26, 2003. Large-scale liquefaction failure occurred on embankments filled with volcanic ash. Liquefied volcanic ash soil of about 10,000 m3flowed from the liquefied area. Tests (SWS, CPT, DPT, SASW) were performed on soil in situ, and on undisturbed samples in the laboratory.
New liquefaction countermeasure based on pore water replacement
Authors: Yamazaki H.  , Hayashi K.  , Zen K.
Published: February 2025

A newly developed countermeasure against liquefaction is presented. To improve the liquefaction resistance, the pore water is replaced with a silica gel substance by using a unique injection technique. In this paper, the principle of countermeasure, the fundamental mechanical properties of treated sand, theory and practice of injection technique and the application of this method in the last five years in Japan are described.
Technical session 2c: Excavation, retaining structures and foundations
Authors: Ng C.W.W.
Published: February 2025

This General Report reviews a total of thirty four papers related to excavation, retaining structures, shallow and deep foundations from sixteen countries and two regions. Thirty two papers are written in English whereas the remaining two are in French. Methodologies adopted in the papers include theoretical studies, numerical and physical modelling, field monitoring and in-situ testing. This report is intended to highlight some key features and findings and, perhaps, discuss some possible pitfalls from the papers. Readers are highly encouraged to refer to the original papers for more details.
Administrative report: TC 37 – Interactive geotechnical design
Authors: Szavits-Nossan A.
Published: February 2025

The Administrative Report briefly describes main activities of the ISSMGE Technical Committee 37, Interactive Geotechnical Design, from its start in 2001 until May 2005. It includes Committee's Terms of Reference, list of members, short description of meetings, workshops and the symposium that was organized under its auspices. A summary of main points and conclusions is also given. The Report ends with suggestions for its future work and organization.
Elastoplastic models for soils and soft rocks
Authors: Nova Roberto
Published: February 2025

The basic structure of constitutive models for remoulded or reconstituted soil behaviour is recalled first, making reference to elasto viscoplastic models and to incrementally non-linear laws. More recent developments on the modelling of natural soils and bonded geomaterials is presented next as an extension of the previous theories. Numerical simulations of tests on cemented soils are compared to experimental results. Finally a possible way of taking weathering into account is suggested. Weathering effects are investigated by comparing experimental test results and theoretical predictions for oedometric conditions. It is shown that, for certain values of the constitutive parameters, compaction bands can occur within the specimens.
Elasto-viscoplastic modeling of geomaterials
Authors: Oka Fusao
Published: February 2025

It is well known that constitutive models of geomaterials play a very important role in the Computational Geotechnics. After Cam-clay model was extablished, many constitutive models have been developed. Since the behavior of geomaterials is rate dependent, it is preferable to use rate dependent models such as viscoplastic model to the bahvior of geomateials. The time-dependent behavior of soil, manifested as creep, relaxation, and rate sensitivity, comprises indispensable factors for predicting the long-term settlement behavior of soft clay deposits, slope stability, and landslides. In the present report, rate-dependent models, such as viscoelatic and viscoplasticity models are overviewed.
Effect of stress anisotropy on the cyclic behavior of saturated sand in undrained condition
Authors: Ghalandarzadeh A.  , Bahadori H.
Published: February 2025

A number of undrained cyclic tests were conducted using triaxial apparatus. Firoozkooh sand was used in this investigation. Cyclic triaxial tests were done using a computerized bishop-Wesley stress path machine. In these tests, initial anisotropic consolidation was applied to the soil samples and cyclic deviator stress was applied in both compression and extension manners. The tendency to dilation in smaller horizontal to vertical initial effective stress ratio (k') under compression mode and contraction in larger k' in extension mode was observed clearly in terms of different number of cycles causing liquefaction. The stress-strain behavior and stress path diagrams in both extension and compression tests show a considerable difference in the mechanism of the liquefaction behavior. The effect of stress reversal ratio in the CSR-logN diagram has been studied either. Reversal ratio is introduced by the reversal coefficient (rc), which is the relative value of positive (Compress ional) portion of applied cyclic shear stress to the whole domain of shear stress. As it was observed in the tests the larger the rc, the higher was the curve in the CSR-logN diagram.
Volume change and shear strength behavior of an unsaturated soil with high soil suction
Authors: Nishimura T.  , Vanapalli S.K.
Published: February 2025

The shear strength and volume change behavior of an unsaturated non-plastic silty soil is determined with a high suction value using a relative humidity controlled triaxial shear testing apparatus. The design details of this apparatus are briefly presented in this paper. The results of the undertaken study suggest that the Fredlund et al. 1978 equation can be used for interpreting the shear strength behavior of unsaturated soils in the high suction range. In addition, a technique is also presented to determine the volumetric deformation coefficients in loading and unloading stages respectively at high suction values.
Geotechnical characteristics determining consolidation in organic soils
Authors: Szymanski A.  , Lechowicz Z.  , Drozdz A.  , Sas W.
Published: February 2025

The paper presents the results of field and laboratory investigations carried out on two test embankments located on soft soils in north-western Poland. Comprehensive investigations including observations of test embankments and laboratory testing have been conducted in order to study the behaviour of the consolidation process in soft subsoil. This paper presents the analysis of factors determining the assessment of the deformation process of soft subsoil. The analysis was focused on determining non-linear deformation-stress characteristics used for modelling the deformation of soft subsoil under the earth structure. Deformation characteristics obtained in laboratory tests were compared with field measurements, which included vertical and horizontal displacements, as well as pore pressure dissipation. Based on analysis of field observations and laboratory tests results, the characteristics determining the consolidation process were elaborated.
Case histories of very hard fissured soils stiffness determination
Authors: Kovačević M.S.  , Skazlić Ž.  , Szavits-Nossan V.
Published: February 2025

Very hard fissured soils fall in the category of soft rocks. The stiffness of rock is usually determined through correlations with the classification index RMR because laboratory samples are not representative of the whole rock mass. Contrary to the standard laboratory determination of soil stiffness, which greatly overestimates small soil deformations, it has been shown that the RMR correlations greatly underestimate deformations, which are measured during construction in hard fissured soils. Interactive design measures are then required to enable the excavation stability. A modified correlation between RMR and the soil stiffness is presented in the paper based on five case histories of excavations in fissured soils, where deformation measurements were taken throughout construction.
Physical and numerical modeling of cyclic moment-rotation behavior of shallow foundations
Authors: Gajan Sivapalan  , Kutter Bruce L.  , Thomas Jeremy M.
Published: February 2025

Six series of tests on a large centrifuge, including 50 models of shallow foundations supporting shear walls, were performed to study the nonlinear load-deformation characteristics of shallow foundations during cyclic and earthquake loading. Rocking of the footing during cyclic loading progressively rounds the foundation soil, and this rounding causes a reduction in contact area between the footing and soil thereby causing a nonlinearity and stiffness reduction on the moment-rotation relationship. Analytical modeling was carried out to model the moment-rotation behavior of footing-soil interface. The rigid footing and the soil beneath were modeled as a single element that captures the essential features of the moment-rotation behavior that were observed in the centrifuge experiments.
Étude du processus de vibrofonçage d'un pieu en chambre d'étalonnage
Authors: Le Thiet T.  , Canou J.  , Dupla J.-C.
Published: February 2025

On présente dans cette communication les résultats d'une recherche destinée à mettre en évidence l'influence de paramètres significatifs sur le déroulement du processus de vibrofonçage d'un pieu, étudié à partir d'une modélisation physique du processus, réalisée en chambre d'étalonnage. On s'intéresse, en particulier, à l'influence des caractéristiques de chargement appliquées en tête de la sonde de vibrofonçage utilisée sur le déroulement du processus et on montre l'importance des phases de traction en tête sur le déroulement du processus.
A new permeability model for shrinkable soils undergoing desiccation
Authors: Nyambayo V.P.  , Potts D.M.
Published: February 2025

Desiccation of shrinkable soils can result in cracking of the ground. The cracks subsequently close on wetting up of the soil. The cracks can increase the mass permeability of a soil by several orders of magnitude. The modelling of crack formation and their closure involving seasonal changes in rainfall and evapotranspiration presents a challenge in boundary value problems where permeability has a significant influence on the accuracy of predictions. This paper presents a smeared permeability model which simulates the variation in permeability during cracking and subsequent wetting up of a soil.
Assessment of soil lateral pressure depending on retaining wall displacements
Authors: Doubrovsky M.P.  , Poizner M.B.  , Kalichava D.K.  , Kuzmenko Y.V.  , Kaluzhniy A.V.
Published: February 2025

Early (on XIII and XIV International Conferences on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in Delhi, 1994 and in Hamburg, 1997, as well as on XI, XII and XIII European Conferences on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering in Copenhagen, 1995, Amsterdam, 1999 and Prague, 2003) were motivated, considered and discussed main aspects of new interaction model of the system «retaining wall – soil media». This model allows to take into account kinematics factors of the considered system and to use when designing and calculating variable values of main system parameters, corresponding to its current deformed and stressed states. Main results of the model further development and its applied aspects are presented in the paper. In wide range of displacements provided active and passive soil pressure dependencies “displacement – pressure” are studied including peculiarities related to the state at rest.
Mechanics and mathematics of rigid-plastic analysis – from the point of design methods
Authors: Kobayashi S.
Published: February 2025

Conventional manual-based design is being shifted to performance-based design in the geotechnical engineering practices. During these changes, it is not clear how to treat the conventional limit equilibrium methods for the bearing capacity, earth pressures and slope stability problems. Limit equilibrium methods are similar to the limit analysis. However, theoretical consistencies are lost in the limit equilibrium methods, because bold assumptions and empirical relations are included. Originally, rigid-plastic analysis can be very useful for the practical design because of its theoretical simplicity, fewer material parameters and its stability in the calculations. In this article, mechanics and mathematics of limit analysis are reviewed in comparison with other methods. Recent developments of numerical rigid-plastic methods are also reported. The author thinks these kinds of knowledge should be utilised for the reconstruction of plastic design procedures in geotechnical engineering practices.
Linear and nonlinear seismic analysis of layered soil stratum
Authors: Maheshwari Bal Krishna
Published: February 2025

In this paper the material nonlinearity of soil has been taken into account for finding the seismic response of a soil stratum. A finite element model is used to properly account inhomogeneous nature of soil. Analyses are performed in the time domain. Comparisons of linear and nonlinear free field responses have been made. To consider the material nonlinearity of soil, two advanced plasticity based models are considered. Responses obtained with both models are compared with that obtained using elastic soil model. Thus effects of material nonlinearity considering both models are investigated. It was found that material nonlinearity of soil significantly effects free field response and the effect is much dependent on the frequency of excitation.
On Distances Between KD45n Kripke Models and Their Use for Belief Revision
Authors: Caridroit Thomas  , Konieczny Sébastien  , de Lima Tiago  , Marquis Pierre
Published: February 2025

In this paper, some distances between KD45n Kripke models are introduced and investigated. We define several distances between Kripke models, based on different criteria, inspired by various concepts such as bisimulation and propositional distances between valuations for different modal degrees. We study the properties of these distances. Such distances are useful for defining belief change operators in multi-agent scenarios. We show that they can be used to define belief revision operators based on the standard AGM framework and suited to KD45n Kripke models.
Making Sense of Item Response Theory in Machine Learning
Authors: Martínez-Plumed Fernando  , Prudêncio Ricardo B.C.  , Martínez-Usó Adolfo  , Hernández-Orallo José
Published: February 2025

Item response theory (IRT) is widely used to measure latent abilities of subjects (specially for educational testing) based on their responses to items with different levels of difficulty. The adaptation of IRT has been recently suggested as a novel perspective for a better understanding of the results of machine learning experiments and, by extension, other artificial intelligence experiments. For instance, IRT suits classification tasks perfectly, where instances correspond to items and classifiers correspond to subjects. By adopting IRT, item (i.e., instance) characteristic curves can be estimated using logistic models, for which several parameters characterise each dataset instance: difficulty, discrimination and guessing. IRT looks promising for the analysis of instance hardness, noise, classifier dominances, etc. However, some caveats have been found when trying to interpret the IRT parameters in a machine learning setting, especially when we include some artificial classifiers in the pool of classifiers to be evaluated: the optimal and pessimal classifiers, a random classifier and the majority and minority classifiers. In this paper we perform a series of experiments with a range of datasets and classification methods to fully understand how IRT works and what their parameters really mean in the context of machine learning. This better understanding will hopefully pave the way to a myriad of potential applications in machine learning and artificial intelligence.
Using Recursive Neural Networks to Detect and Classify Drug-Drug Interactions from Biomedical Texts
Authors: Suárez-Paniagua Víctor  , Segura-Bedmar Isabel
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this paper is to explore in detail how a Recursive Neural Network can be applied to classify drug-drug interactions from biomedical texts. The system is based on MV-RNN, a Matrix-Vector Recursive Neural Network, built from the Stanford constituency trees of sentences. Drug-drug interactions are usually described by long sentences with complex structures (such as subordinate clauses, oppositions, and coordinate structures, among others). Our experiments show a low performance that may be probably due to the parser not being able to capture the structural complexity of sentences in the biomedical domain.