bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The challenge of reconstructing the Phanerozoic sea level and the Pacific Basin tectonics
Authors: Ruban Dmitry , Conrad Clinton , van Loon A.
Published: January 2011

The challenge of reconstructing the Phanerozoic sea level and the Pacific Basin tectonics

The relationships between the interior dynamics of our planet and global sea level can be unravelled when plate-tectonic reconstructions are available for the entire Earth. A review of global tectonics reveals significant deficiencies in our understanding of the geodynamic evolution of the Pacific (Panthalassa or Proto-Pacific) during the Cambrian-Jurassic time-span. This particular, but major, shortcoming presents a true challenge for modern geoscientists, who are encouraged to produce a detailed plate-tectonic reconstruction of the Pacific for the pre-Cretaceous in order to advance our understanding of Phanerozoic sea-level change. A set of approaches, including geological/geophysical modelling, investigation of accretionary prisms, palaeobiogeographical studies, and careful examination of eustatic sea-level changes, are proposed that will help geoscientists tackle the challenge of understanding how Pacific geodynamics affected global sea level during the Phanerozoic.
Ecodesign — Carbon Footprint — Life Cycle Assessment — Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis. A Flexible Framework for a Continuum of Tools
Authors: Heijungs Reinout
Published: January 2011

Ecodesign — Carbon Footprint — Life Cycle Assessment — Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis. A Flexible Framework for a Continuum of Tools

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool for answering questions related to environmental impacts of products. It is a comprehensive tool, addressing the entire life cycle, and addressing the full spectrum of environmental impacts. There are two opposite movements occurring: LCA is getting smaller, and it is getting broader. This presentation presents the general framework for a broader life cycle sustainability analysis (LCSA), and shows how the practical work related to doing an LCA, a carbon footprint, or an analysis for ecodesign, can be seen as special cases.
The Level of Awareness and Utilization of Computer Shields among Computer users in a Nigerian Community
Authors: Ihemedu Chidi Oliver , Omolase Charles Oluwole
Published: January 2011

Objective: This study was designed to determine the level of awareness and extent of use of computer shields among computer users in Owo, in South-West Nigeria. Material & Methods: The subjects were selected by a simple random sampling method. Data collection was through a combination of e-mail based on-line questionnaire using the survey monkey website, and the self administered semi structured hard copy questionnaire. The information obtained from the respondents with the questionnaire included their bio-data, extent of computer use, history of ocular symptoms, awareness and utilization of computer shields. The data obtained with the study instrument was collated and analyzed using the SPSS 15.0.1 statistical software, cross tabulation of attendants results were done with chi-square test and statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: 108 of 124 selected subjects filled their questionnaire to acceptable level. There were a large number of respondents who were aware of the various types of computer shields (70.5%) (p-value 0.002). However, the utilization level was not commensurate as only 39.8% (N= 43) utilized any of these shields, 49.1% (N= 53) were none users while 11.1% (N= 12) did not respond (p-value 0.062). Conclusion: Majority of the respondents were aware of computer shield. However, less than half of the respondents utilized computer shields. There is need to encourage all computer users on the use of computer shields to ensure better computer working time. Key Words: Awareness; Computer shields; Nigeria DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v1i2.2826Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1 (2010) 49-52
Symphysio-Fundal Height Nomogram In Ultrasound Dated Pregnancies
Authors: Mador Emmanuel Stephen , Pam Stephen Daniel , Pam Ishaya Chuwang , Mutihir Josiah Turi , Adoga Godwin Ichenu , Ogunranti John Oluwole
Published: January 2011

Objective: Fundal height measurements in centimeters have always been an objective method of evaluating fetal growth in pregnancy. The accepted Mcdonald's rule refers primarily to Caucasians regrettably. Since fundal height may actually vary in an anthropological sense it was considered necessary to apply Mcdonald's rule to African subjects to see whether there is any significant difference. The aim of this study is to construct symphysio-fundal height nomogram for normal pregnant Nigerian women. Material & Methods: In a cross sectional mode, four hundred and five pregnant Nigerian women were studied to examine how their fundal height values compared with those in the literature. A regression equation was derived for the 10th and 90th centiles. Values outside the range of 10 – 90th centiles are to be used for the prediction of small-for-dates and large-for-dates babies respectively. The prediction formulae for the various centiles derived from regression analysis and their usefulness in clinical anthropological practice using fundal height measurement are highlighted. Results: The study demonstrated a significant difference in fundal height values of Nigerian women especially in late pregnancy compared with other published values in the literature. A positive linear correlation between symphysio-fundal height and fetal gestational age was found in Nigerians with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9962 (p<0.001). The relationship is best described by the second order polynomial regression equation y = – 0.0024x2 + 1.1255x – 1.8334 where y is the symphysio-fundal height in centimeters while x is the gestational age in weeks. Conclusion: Symphysio-fundal height chart is a valuable tool for assessing fetal growth in the antenatal clinic in as much as it is cautiously constructed for a given population and the same method of measurement is strictly adhered to by different observers in the same organization. Key Words: Fundal Height; Predictive formulae; Nigerian women DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v1i2.3138Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1 (2010) 64-67
Cephalic Index: A Fetal Gestational Age Dependent Biometric Parameter
Authors: Mador Emmanuel Stephen , Goncim HY , Pam IC , Mutihir JT , Adoga GI , Ogunranti JO
Published: January 2011

Objective: There is limited data on fetal cranial dimensions of Nigerian population. This is important because the study of normal and abnormal growth of children has become an increasingly important part of the practice and research in all fields related to child health; more so that prenatal and postnatal growth is one continuous process. Material & Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted on 13,740 Nigerian fetuses ranging from 12 weeks to 42 weeks at the Centre for Reproductive Health Research Jos; biparietal diameter and occipitofrontal diameter were measured using ultrasound machine in order to calculate fetal cephalic index. The values were statistically analyzed after deriving the relevant indices. Results: The regression equation was calculated between gestational age and cephalic index of fetuses of Nigerian women. This equation y = 1.3x + 59.88; showed a linear relationship which was stronger from 12 to 16 weeks of gestation. Above 16 weeks gestation, the relationship was found to be quite weak. Coefficient of correlation is r2 = 0.9844 (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The fetal skulls were found to be mesocephalic in the early weeks and brachycephalic at term. Key Words: Cranial dimensions; Cephalic index; Brachycephalic DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v1i2.3145Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1 (2010) 45-48
Al–Fe alloy formation by aluminium underpotential deposition from AlCl3 + NaCl melts on iron substrate
Authors: Radović Branka S. , Cvetković Vesna S. , Edwards Robert A. H. , Jovićević Jovan N.
Published: January 2011

Aluminium was incorporated into a polycrystalline iron electrode surface by underpotential deposition from an equimolar AlCl3 + NaCl melt at 200°C, 250°C and 300°C. The process was studied using linear sweep voltammetry and potentiostatic deposition/galvanostatic stripping. The deposits were characterised by electron microprobe analysis, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. The electrochemical measurements showed clear evidence of formation of three intermetallic compounds. This was confirmed by the physical analysis, which showed three layers of successive bulk intermetallic compounds. The constant-potential regions measured during the low-current stripping corresponded to the coexistence of pairs of the three intermetallic phases. The kinetics of growth of the identified compounds are described.
Plant Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis from Leaf and Floral Explants of Chancellor Wine Grape
Authors: Mulwa Richard M.S. , Norton Margaret M.A. , Skirvin Robert M.
Published: January 2011

Abundant embryogenic callus was obtained from leaf and floral explants of "Chancellor" grape by continuous culture for 12 weeks on Nitsch and Nitsch basal medium supplemented with 9 μM 2, 4-D + 17 μM IASP + either 1 μM BA or 1 μM TDZ (ECIM) in darkness. They were successfully maintained by a five to six week subculture interval on NN medium containing 2 μM 2, 4-D + 0.2 μM TDZ + 4 μM IASP (LTMM). Near synchronous embryo developed from embryogenic callus on medium containing 10 μM IASP + 8 μM NOA + 1 μM TDZ + 1 μM ABA + 2.5 g/l AC (EDMM).  Individually separated somatic embryos were germinated on both NN and half strength of MS containing 0.5 μM BA + 0.025 μM NAA, respectively; normal plantlet conversion from embryos was low (35%).  Whole fruiting plants were obtained. Aberrant embryo development was characterized by failure to form functional shoot meristems following the initial cotyledon expansion during germination. These observations indicate that the embryo conversion stage of the regeneration is difficult and remains a limiting factor requiring more empirical experimentation for improvement in grape tissue culture.   Key words: Chancellor grape, Regeneration, Somatic embryogenesis   D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i2.6895   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(2): 157-170, 2010 (December)
In vitro Propagation of Solanum capsicoides All.  An Important Therapeutic Agent 'Kantakari'
Authors: Anish N.P. , Rajesh M.G. , Elias Jiby , Jayan N.
Published: January 2011

Shoot tip explants from in vitro germinated seedlings of Solanum capsicoides All. inoculated on MS containing 2 mg/l BA produced maximum shoot induction response (26 shoots per explant). Rooting of the microshoots (19.4 roots per explant) was obtained better in half strength of MS supplemented with NAA (0.5 mg/l). Well rooted plantlets were successfully hardened with 80 per cent survival rate.   Key words: Solanum capsicoides, Propagation, Therapeutic agent   D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i2.6912   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(2): 179-184, 2010 (December)
High Frequency Regeneration of Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl. cv. Lovely through In vitro Culture
Authors: Sinha Pinaki , Jahan Miskat Ara Akhter , Munshi John Liton , Khatun Rahima
Published: January 2011

Young leaf explants from mature plant of Phalaenopsis amabilis cv. Lovely were cultured on half strength of MS supplemented with BA (2.0 mg/l), NAA (0.5 mg/l), 2% (w/v) sucrose, 10% (v/v) coconut water, 2 g/l peptone and 1 g/l activated charcoal. Each section of explant pro­duced  ten protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) after 12 weeks of culture. The PLBs were subcultured on the same nutrient medium but without phytohormone and addition of 150 mg/l                     L-glutamine, where PLBs were found to be enlarged with leafy shoots and new PLBs were induced from the base of the old ones. Plantlet development from leafy shoots was achieved on half strength MS supplemented with 2 g/l peptone, 2% (w/v) sucrose, 10% (v/v) CW and 1 g/l activated charcoal, where 100% explants were developed into plantlets with roots within eight weeks. The addition of 2.5 g/l banana powder enhanced the number and length of roots. Within the first 32 weeks after initiation of culture about 1200 plantlets as well as a huge amount of PLBs were achieved from a single explant section. The plantlets were acclimated in natural environment.   Key words: Orchid, Phalaenopsis amabilis, Protocorm-like bodies, Clonal propagation   D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i2.6913   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(2): 185-193, 2010 (December)
Why Should We Care About the Concept of Knowledge?
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: January 2011

Can we learn something interesting about knowledge by examining our concept of knowledge? Quite a bit, many argue. My own view, however, is that the concept of knowledge is of little epistemological interest. In this paper, I critically examine one particularly interesting defense of the view that the concept of knowledge is of great epistemological interest: Edward Craig'sKnowledge and the State of Nature. A minimalist view about the value of examining our concept of knowledge is defended.
In Silico Theoretical Molecular Modeling for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Nicotine-Curcumin Paradigm in Neuroprotection and Neurotherapy
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Pillay Viness , Choonara Yahya E. , Modi Girish , Naidoo Dinesh , Du Toit Lisa C.
Published: January 2011

The aggregation of the amyloid-β-peptide (AβP) into well-ordered fibrils has been considered as the key pathological marker of Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular attributes related to the specific binding interactions, covalently and non-covalently, of a library of compounds targeting of conformational scaffolds were computed employing static lattice atomistic simulations and array constructions. A combinatorial approach using isobolographic analysis was stochastically modeled employing Artificial Neural Networks and a Design of Experiments approach, namely an orthogonal Face-Centered Central Composite Design for small molecules, such as curcumin and glycosylated nornicotine exhibiting concentration-dependent behavior on modulating AβP aggregation and oligomerization. This work provides a mathematical and in silico approach that constitutes a new frontier in providing neuroscientists with a template for in vitro and in vivo experimentation. In future this could potentially allow neuroscientists to adopt this in silico approach for the development of novel therapeutic interventions in the neuroprotection and neurotherapy of Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, the neuroprotective entities identified in this study may also be valuable in this regard.
Modulation of Ca2+ Signals by Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Wang Jiang-Hua , Cheng Jin , Li Cai-Rong , Ye Mao , Ma Zhe , Cai Fei
Published: January 2011

Green tea has been receiving considerable attention as a possible neuroprotective agent against neurodegenerative disease. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the major compound of green tea. Calcium signaling has profound effects on almost all aspects of neuronal function. Using digital calcium imaging and patch-clamp technique, we determined the effects of EGCG on Ca2+ signals in hippocampal neurons. The results indicated that EGCG caused a dose-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). This [Ca2+]i increase was blocked by depleting intracellular Ca2+ stores with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid. Furthermore, EGCG-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i was abolished following treatment with a PLC inhibitor. However, EGCG inhibited high-voltage activated Ca2+ currents (IHVA) and NMDA-induced inward currents (INMDA). These data suggest that EGCG triggers a cascade of events: it activates phospholipase C (PLC), mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ stores, raises the cytosolic Ca2+ levels, and inhibits the VGCC and NMDA receptors-mediated Ca2+ influx through a process that remains to be determined.
Formal Specification and Design Techniques for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks
Authors: Martínez Diego , González Apolinar , Blanes Francisco , Aquino Raúl , Simo José , Crespo Alfons
Published: January 2011

A current trend in the development and implementation of industrial applications is to use wireless networks to communicate the system nodes, mainly to increase application flexibility, reliability and portability, as well as to reduce the implementation cost. However, the nondeterministic and concurrent behavior of distributed systems makes their analysis and design complex, often resulting in less than satisfactory performance in simulation and test bed scenarios, which is caused by using imprecise models to analyze, validate and design these systems. Moreover, there are some simulation platforms that do not support these models. This paper presents a design and validation method forWireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) which is supported on a minimal set of wireless components represented in Colored Petri Nets (CPN). In summary, the model presented allows users to verify the design properties and structural behavior of the system.
Correlation between pollen aperture pattern and callose deposition in late tetrad stage in three species producing atypical pollen grains
Authors: Albert Béatrice , Ressayre Adrienne , Nadot Sophie
Published: January 2011

• Premise of the study: Pollen grains of flowering plants display a fascinating diversity of forms, in spite of their minute size. The observed diversity is determined by the developmental mechanisms implicated in the establishment of pollen morphological features. Pollen grains are generally surrounded by an extremely resistant wall interrupted in places by apertures that play a key role in reproduction, being the places at which pollen tube growth is initiated. Aperture shape, number, and position are determined during microsporogenesis (male meiosis), the earliest step in pollen ontogeny. We investigate in detail the unfolding of microsporogenesis in three species that present uncommon aperture pattern (i.e., disulculate in Calycanthus floridus [Calycanthaceae, magnoliids], tetraporate in Hohenbergia stellata [Bromeliaceae, monocots], and monoporate in Typha latifolia [Typhaceae, monocots]).

• Methods: We performed a comparative analysis of microsporogenesis and aperture distribution within tetrads in these species with contrasting aperture arrangements. This was done using aniline blue coloration and UV light microscope observations.

• Keys results: We show that aperture localization and features of callose deposition on intersporal walls produced during cytokinesis coincide in all three species examined. Such a correlation suggests that patterns of callose deposition are strongly involved in determining aperture localization.

• Conclusion: In flowering plants, patterns of male meiosis and especially callose deposition following meiosis may be implicated in the diversity of pollen aperture patterns.
Olefin metathesis in nano-sized systems
Authors: Astruc Didier , Diallo Abdou K , Gatard Sylvain , Liang Liyuan , Ornelas Cátia , Martinez Victor , Méry Denise , Ruiz Jaime
Published: January 2011

The interplay between olefin metathesis and dendrimers and other nano systems is addressed in this mini review mostly based on the authors’ own contributions over the last decade. Two subjects are presented and discussed: (i) The catalysis of olefin metathesis by dendritic nano-catalysts via either covalent attachment (ROMP) or, more usefully, dendrimer encapsulation – ring closing metathesis (RCM), cross metathesis (CM), enyne metathesis reactions (EYM) – for reactions in water without a co-solvent and (ii) construction and functionalization of dendrimers by CM reactions.
Increased Expression of B Cell Activation Factor Supports the Abnormal Expansion of Transitional B Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: LANDOLT-MARTICORENA CAROLINA , WITHER ROBERT , REICH HEATHER , HERZENBERG ANDREW , SCHOLEY JAMES , GLADMAN DAFNA D. , UROWITZ MURRAY B. , FORTIN PAUL R. , WITHER JOAN
Published: January 2011

Objective.

To examine the relationship between interferon-α (IFN-α) and dysregulation of B cell activation factor (BAFF) and specific B cell phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods.

Four-color flow cytometry was used to examine the peripheral B cell populations in patients with SLE. RNA was isolated from the peripheral blood of 87 patients and BAFF expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and normalized to GAPDH. The expression levels of 5 IFN-responsive genes (LY6E, OAS1, IFIT1, ISG15, and MX1) were determined by quantitative PCR and totaled to generate a global IFN score. The correlations were examined between peripheral B cell populations (including transitional, pregerminal, plasmablasts, and memory) and the expression of BAFF and the global IFN score.

Results.

Examination of the peripheral B cell populations in SLE demonstrated a relative expansion of the transitional B cell and plasmablast compartment and a reduction in the memory B cell population. Expressions of BAFF and global IFN score were elevated in patients with SLE compared to healthy controls. A strong positive correlation was noted between BAFF expression and the relative proportion of late transitional (T2) B cells. The proportions of more mature B cell phenotypes did not correlate with BAFF expression. The global IFN score was strongly associated with the level of BAFF expression and moderately correlated with the proportion of late transitional B cells.

Conclusion.

The findings suggest that elevated BAFF expression supports expansion of the T2 B cell compartment and contributes to a breach in tolerance in patients with SLE.
Prevalence of Clinically Significant Improvement Following Total Knee Replacement
Authors: ALZAHRANI KHALID , GANDHI RAJIV , deBEER JUSTIN , PETRUCCELLI DANIELLE , MAHOMED NIZAR
Published: January 2011

Objective.

Although total knee replacement (TKR) has a high reported success rate, the pain relief and functional improvement after surgery vary. The purpose of our retrospective cohort study was to determine the prevalence of patients showing no clinically important improvement 1 year after TKR, and patient factors that may predict this outcome.

Methods.

We reviewed primary TKR registry data that were collected from 2 academic hospitals: the Toronto Western Hospital and the Hamilton Health Sciences Henderson Hospital in Ontario, Canada. Relevant covariates including demographic data, body mass index, and comorbidity were recorded. Knee joint pain and functional status were assessed at baseline and at 1-year followup with the Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Oxford Knee Score (OKS) to measure the change using the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Logistic regression modeling was used to identify the predictors of interest.

Results.

Overall, 11.7% (373/3177) of patients reported no clinically important improvement 1 year after surgery. Logistic regression modeling showed that a greater patient age independently predicted no clinically important improvement on the WOMAC scale 1 year after surgery (p = 0.0003), while being male independently predicted no clinically important improvement on the OKS 1 year after surgery (p = 0.008).

Conclusion.

Awareness of the prevalence of patients who may show no clinically important improvement and factors that predict this outcome will help patients and surgeons set realistic expectations of surgery.
Paternal Exposure to Methotrexate and Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: BEGHIN DELPHINE , COURNOT MARIE-PIERRE , VAUZELLE CATHERINE , ELEFANT ELISABETH
Published: January 2011

Objective.

To assess the risk of major malformation in the case of paternal exposure to methotrexate (MTX) at the time of conception.

Methods.

Using prospective data of our Teratology Information Service, we analyzed outcomes of paternal MTX exposure at the time of conception or up to 3 months before conception.

Results.

We report on the outcomes of 42 pregnancies involving 40 men treated with MTX at the time of conception. Twenty-three men were treated for an inflammatory disease (54.8%), 9 for psoriasis (21.4%), and 8 for a malignant disease (19.0%). Weekly dosages varied between 7.5 mg and 30 mg. The pregnancies resulted in 36 live births, 3 spontaneous abortions, and 3 voluntary abortions. No congenital malformation was observed at birth.

Conclusion.

Based on our results and case reports in literature, paternal MTX exposure at the time of conception does not seem to raise any major concern for offspring.
Clinical Features of Lupus Cystitis Complicated with Hydroureteronephrosis in a Chinese Population: Table 1.
Authors: ZHANG GUOJUAN , LI HANG , HUANG WEN , LI XUEMEI , LI XUEWANG
Published: January 2011

Objective.

Lupus cystitis is a relatively rare complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The clinical characterization of it remains obscure. We sought to provide insight for timely recognition and diagnosis of lupus cystitis, and for efficacious management of this disease entity.

Methods.

The clinical files of 18 patients with lupus cystitis treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were reviewed. Clinical manifestations, laboratory investigations, therapeutic measurements, and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

Results.

There were both male and female patients with a wide range of ages. The interval from onset of SLE to hydroureteronephrosis varied from 0 to 5 years. The most common clinical presentations were gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, while urinary symptoms were less common and relatively mild. Lupus nephritis often presented concomitantly with lupus cystitis but was relatively less active pathologically. Laboratory findings showed a high rate of positive anti-SSA. Therapy of prednisone plus cyclophosphamide was effective for lupus cystitis. Delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to irreversible obstructive uropathy and permanent loss of renal function.

Conclusion.

Lupus cystitis may not be so rare as has been thought. The diagnosis of lupus cystitis should be considered when patients with SLE present with GI symptoms, and therapy should begin as early as possible.
Association ofIRF5Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: YANAGIMACHI MASAKATSU , NARUTO TAKUYA , MIYAMAE TAKAKO , HARA TAKUMA , KIKUCHI MASAKO , HARA RYOKI , IMAGAWA TOMOYUKI , MORI MASAAKI , SATO HIDENORI , GOTO HIROAKI , YOKOTA SHUMPEI
Published: January 2011

Objective.

Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (systemic JIA) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), the most devastating complication of systemic JIA, are characterized by abnormal levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a member of the IRF family of transcription factors, and acts as a master transcription factor in the activation of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines. Polymorphisms in theIRF5gene have been associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis. Our aim was to assess associations ofIRF5gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to systemic JIA and MAS.

Methods.

ThreeIRF5single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs729302, rs2004640, and rs2280714) were genotyped using TaqMan assays in 81 patients with systemic JIA (33 with MAS, 48 without) and 190 controls.

Results.

There were no associations of theIRF5gene polymorphisms or haplotypes under study with susceptibility to systemic JIA. There was a significant association of the rs2004640 T allele with MAS susceptibility (OR 4.11; 95% CI 1.84, 9.16; p = 0.001). TheIRF5haplotype (rs729302 A, rs2004640 T, and rs2280714 T), which was reported as conferring an increased risk of SLE, was significantly associated with MAS susceptibility in patients with systemic JIA (OR 4.61; 95% CI 1.73, 12.3; p < 0.001).

Conclusion.

IRF5gene polymorphism is a genetic factor influencing susceptibility to MAS in patients with systemic JIA, and IRF5 contributes to the pathogenesis of MAS in these patients.
Comparison of Certolizumab Pegol with Other Anticytokine Agents for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Multiple-treatment Bayesian Metaanalysis
Authors: LAUNOIS ROBERT , AVOUAC BERNARD , BERENBAUM FRANCIS , BLIN OLIVIER , BRU ISABELLE , FAUTREL BRUNO , JOUBERT JEAN-MICHEL , SIBILIA JEAN , COMBE BERNARD
Published: January 2011

Objective.

To compare the clinical efficacy of certolizumab pegol (CZP) with that of other anticytokine agents indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with identical therapeutic indication (anti-tumor necrosis factor-α, anti-interleukin 1 or 6), with the objective of determining the noninferiority of CZP.

Methods.

A systematic review was performed to identify randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy of anticytokine agents in combination with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) after 6 months of treatment, using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response criteria, in patients with RA who have shown inadequate response to DMARD including methotrexate. Indirect treatment comparisons were carried out by a multiple-treatment Bayesian random-effects metaanalysis. Data were analyzed using the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. Noninferiority of CZP was assessed in comparison with a predefined equivalence margin of 5%.

Results.

Nineteen placebo-controlled studies were identified: 14 evaluated the efficacy of 5 anti-TNF-α agents (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab, CZP) and 5 evaluated efficacy of 2 anti-interleukin agents (anakinra, tocilizumab). Every treatment showed significant efficacy versus placebo in individual studies. The multiple-treatment metaanalysis showed a highest OR for CZP on ACR20 response. Metaanalysis indicates that the efficacy of CZP according to ACR20 response is superior to that of infliximab, adalimumab, and anakinra, and equivalent or superior to that of etanercept, golimumab, and tocilizumab. According to ACR50 response, the efficacy of CZP is equivalent or superior to that of all other anticytokines.

Conclusion.

Results of this original multiple-treatment Bayesian metaanalysis indicate that certolizumab pegol is at least as efficacious as the preexisting antirheumatic anticytokine biotherapies.
Malignancies in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Preliminary Report: Table 1.
Authors: BERNATSKY SASHA , ROSENBERG ALAN M. , OEN KIEM G. , DUFFY CIARAN M. , RAMSEY-GOLDMAN ROSALIND , LABRECQUE JEREMY , ST. PIERRE YVAN , CLARKE ANN E.
Published: January 2011

Objective.

To present preliminary data on incidence of malignancy in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), compared to general population rates.

Methods.

We examined cancer occurrence within JIA registries at 3 Canadian pediatric rheumatology centers. The subjects in the clinic registries were linked to regional tumor registries to determine the occurrence of invasive cancers over the observation period (spanning 1974–2006). The total number of cancers expected was determined by multiplying the person-years in the cohort by age, sex, and calendar year-specific cancer rates. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR, ratio of cancers observed to expected) was generated, with 95% confidence intervals.

Results.

The study sample consisted of 1834 patients. The female proportion was 67.6%; average age at entry to cohort was 8.6 years (SD 5.1). The majority were Caucasian. Subjects contributed 22,341 patient-years (average 12.2, SD 7.8). Within this observation period, one invasive cancer occurred, compared to 7.9 expected (SIR 0.12, 95% CI 0.0, 0.70). This was a hematological cancer (Hodgkin’s lymphoma), representing a SIR for hematological malignancies of 0.76 (95% CI 0.02, 4.21).

Conclusion.

Only one invasive cancer was identified in this large sample of individuals with JIA, observed for an average of 12.2 years each. These data suggest that, at least in the initial years following diagnosis of JIA, the risk of invasive cancers overall is not markedly increased. The results do not rule out the possibility of a baseline increased risk of hematological malignancies.
Functional Polymorphisms of the Coagulation Factor II Gene (F2) and Susceptibility to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: DEMIRCI F. YESIM K. , DRESSEN AMY S. , KAMMERER CANDACE M. , BARMADA M. MICHAEL , KAO AMY H. , RAMSEY-GOLDMAN ROSALIND , MANZI SUSAN , KAMBOH M. ILYAS
Published: January 2011

Objective.

TwoF2functional polymorphisms, rs1799963 (G20210A) and rs3136516 (A19911G), are known to be associated with elevated levels/activity of prothrombin (encoded byF2) and risk of thrombosis. Since patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have high risk of thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis and also high prevalence of anti-prothrombin antibodies, we hypothesized that these twoF2polymorphisms could affect risk of SLE.

Methods.

We investigated these polymorphisms in 627 women with SLE (84% Caucasian Americans, 16% African Americans) and 657 female controls (78% Caucasian Americans, 22% African Americans).

Results.

While the rs1799963 A allele was almost absent in African Americans, it was present at ∼2% frequency in Caucasian Americans and showed no significant association with SLE. The rs3136516 G allele frequency was significantly higher in Caucasian SLE cases than in controls (48.4% vs 43.7%, respectively) with a covariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.22 (95% CI 1.03–1.46, p = 0.023). The association was replicated in African Americans (rs3136516 G allele frequency 91.2% in cases vs 82.2% in controls) with an adjusted OR of 1.96 (95% CI 1.08–3.58, p = 0.022). Stratification of Caucasian SLE patients based on the presence or absence of cardiac and vascular events (CVE) revealed stronger association with the CVE-positive SLE subgroup than the CVE-negative SLE subgroup (OR 1.42 vs 1.20). Prothrombin activity measurements in a subset of SLE cases demonstrated higher activity in the carriers of the rs3136516 G allele.

Conclusion.

Our results suggest a potential role for prothrombin and the crosstalk between hemostatic and immune/inflammatory systems in SLE and SLE-associated cardiovascular events, which warrants further investigation in independent samples.
Incidence and Mortality of Treated Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome in Taiwan: A Population-based Study
Authors: WENG MENG-YU , HUANG YU-TUNG , LIU MING-FEI , LU TSUNG-HSUEH
Published: January 2011

Objective.

To estimate the incidence and mortality of treated primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) by sex and age group in Taiwan.

Methods.

We used claims data of the Bureau of National Health Insurance (NHI) of Taiwan from 2005 to 2007 for analysis. According to the NHI, pSS is classified as one of the financially catastrophic illnesses and patients with pSS could be exempted from copayment of all medical costs. To obtain a catastrophic illness certificate (CIC) for pSS, patients are required to meet the criteria of the American-European Consensus Group for pSS, and are reviewed by a committee. Patients approved for receipt of a CIC for pSS for the first time were defined as incident cases of treated pSS.

Results.

A total of 3352 incident cases occurred between 2005 and 2007. The estimated mean annual incidence was 6.0 per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI 5.8–6.2) for both sexes, 11.0 (95% CI 10.6–11.4) for women and 1.1 (95% CI 1.0–1.2) for men, with a female/male ratio of 9.9 (95% CI 8.8–11.1). Incidence increased with age, peaking at age 55–64 years in women and 65–74 years in men. The mortality rate was 33.4 per 1000 case person-years for men and 11.4 for women, with a male/female rate ratio of 2.9 (95% CI 1.7–5.3).

Conclusion.

The incidence of treated pSS in women is 10 times that in men. Nevertheless, pSS mortality in men is 3 times that in women.
Clinical Spectrum, Treatment, and Outcome of Patients with Type II Mixed Cryoglobulinemia without Evidence of Hepatitis C Infection
Authors: FOESSEL LAURE , BESANCENOT JEAN-FRANÇOIS , BLAISON GILLES , MAGY-BERTRAND NADINE , JAUSSAUD ROLAND , ETIENNE YVES , MAURIER FRANÇOIS , AUDIA SYLVAIN , MARTIN THIERRY
Published: January 2011

Objective.

The clinical spectrum, etiologies, and best therapeutic approaches of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) not associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been poorly described to date. We studied the clinical presentation and outcome of patients with type II MC with no evidence of HCV.

Methods.

This was a multicenter retrospective study on the clinical presentation and outcome of patients with type II MC without evidence of HCV infection. Only patients with symptomatic MC were included.

Results.

Thirty-three patients were included (median followup 67.2 mo). Extensive investigations for associated diseases were performed at presentation. MC was related to an autoimmune disease in 14 patients, to a lymphoid malignancy in 4 patients, and to an infectious disease in 2 patients, while MC was classified as essential (primary) in 13. Essential MC tended to be more severe than secondary disease with, in particular, more frequent renal and peripheral nerve involvement. Most patients were treated with steroid with or without immunosuppressive agents, mainly cyclophosphamide. These treatments were unable to induce sustained remission. One patient was successfully treated with lenalidomide. Seven patients with nonmalignant MC were treated with rituximab; 2 had a sustained complete remission, 3 improved greatly but relapsed within 5 months, and 2 experienced a disease flare.

Conclusion.

An important proportion of non HCV-related type II MC remains essential. Efforts should be made to find other etiologies than HCV, because treatments with steroid and immunosuppressants are not satisfactory, especially in severe forms. In these situations anti-CD20 therapy may present the best option but should be used with caution. New agents such as lenalidomide remain to be evaluated.
Valproic Acid Suppresses Interleukin-1ß-induced Microsomal Prostaglandin E2Synthase-1 Expression in Chondrocytes Through Upregulation of NAB1
Authors: ZAYED NADIA , EL MANSOURI FATIMA EZZAHRA , CHABANE NADIR , KAPOOR MOHIT , MARTEL-PELLETIER JOHANNE , BENDERDOUR MOHAMED , PELLETIER JEAN-PIERRE , DUVAL NICOLAS , FAHMI HASSAN
Published: January 2011

Objective.

Microsomal prostaglandin E2synthase-1 (mPGES-1) catalyzes the terminal step in the biosynthesis of PGE2. Early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) is a key transcription factor in the regulation of mPGES-1, and its activity is negatively regulated by the corepressor NGF1-A-binding protein-1 (NAB1). We examined the effects of valproic acid (VA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß)-induced mPGES-1 expression in human chondrocytes, and evaluated the roles of Egr-1 and NAB1 in these effects.

Methods.

Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1 in the absence or presence of VA, and the level of mPGES-1 protein and mRNA expression were evaluated using Western blotting and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. mPGES-1 promoter activity was analyzed in transient transfection experiments. Egr-1 and NAB1 recruitment to the mPGES-1 promoter was evaluated using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) approaches were used to silence NAB1 expression.

Results.

VA dose-dependently suppressed IL-1-induced mPGES-1 protein and mRNA expression as well as its promoter activation. Treatment with VA did not alter IL-1-induced Egr-1 expression, or its recruitment to the mPGES-1 promoter, but prevented its transcriptional activity. The suppressive effect of VA requiresde novoprotein synthesis. VA induced the expression of NAB1, and its recruitment to the mPGES-1 promoter, suggesting that NAB1 may mediate the suppressive effect of VA. Indeed, NAB1 silencing with siRNA blocked VA-mediated suppression of IL-1-induced mPGES-1 expression.

Conclusion.

VA inhibited IL-1-induced mPGES-1 expression in chondrocytes. The suppressive effect of VA was not due to reduced expression or recruitment of Egr-1 to the mPGES-1 promoter and involved upregulation of NAB1.
Surgery for Shoulder Osteoarthritis: A Cochrane Systematic Review
Authors: SINGH JASVINDER A. , SPERLING JOHN , BUCHBINDER RACHELLE , McMAKEN KELLY
Published: January 2011

Objective.

To determine the benefits and harm of surgery for shoulder osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods.

We performed a Cochrane Systematic Review of clinical trials of adults with shoulder OA, comparing surgical techniques [total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), hemiarthroplasty, implant types, and fixation] to placebo, sham surgery, nonsurgical modalities, and no treatment. We also reviewed trials that compared various surgical techniques, reporting patient-reported outcomes (pain, function, quality of life, etc.) or revision rates. We calculated the risk ratio for categorical outcomes and mean differences for continuous outcomes with 95% CI.

Results.

There were no controlled trials of surgery versus placebo or nonsurgical interventions. Seven studies with 238 patients were included. Two studies compared TSA to hemiarthroplasty (n = 88). Significantly worse scores on the 0–100 American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scale (mean difference, −10.05 at 24–34 mo; 95% CI −18.97 to −1.13; p = 0.03) and a nonsignificant trend toward higher revision rate in hemiarthroplasty compared to TSA (relative risk 6.18; 95% CI 0.77 to 49.52; p = 0.09) were noted. With 1 study providing data (n = 41), no differences were noted between groups for pain scores (mean difference 7.8; 95% CI −5.33 to 20.93), quality of life on Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 physical component summary (mean difference 0.80; 95% CI −6.63 to −8.23), and adverse events (relative risk 1.2; 95% CI 0.4 to 3.8).

Conclusion.

TSA was associated with better shoulder function, with no other demonstrable clinical benefits compared to hemiarthroplasty. More studies are needed to compare clinical outcomes between them and comparing shoulder surgery to sham, placebo, and other nonsurgical treatment options.
Cartilage Destruction Is Partly Induced by the Internal Proteolytic Enzymes and Apoptotic Phenomenon of Chondrocytes in Relapsing Polychondritis
Authors: OUCHI NAOHISA , UZUKI MIWA , KAMATAKI AKIHISA , MIURA YASUHIRO , SAWAI TAKASHI
Published: January 2011

Objective.

We analyzed 9 cases by immunohistochemical studies in order to elucidate the mechanisms of cartilage destruction in relapsing polychondritis (RP), which often involves the external auricle and respiratory tract through immunological disorder.

Methods.

Cartilage tissues were obtained during surgical operations. Cell species in the granulation tissues, especially near the cartilage, were identified by cell-surface markers [CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD45 (LCA), and CD68]. The proteolytic enzymes expressed in the cells in the perichondral granulation and in chondrocytes themselves were analyzed by immunohistochemical studies using anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -1, -3, -8, -9, and -13, and cathepsin D, K, L, and elastase antibodies. Apoptosis and nitric oxide (NO), an apoptosis-related factor, were also examined using ApopTag and antinitrotyrosine antibody, respectively.

Results.

Among cell species that infiltrated in perichondral granulation, LCA, CD68 (monocytes/macrophages), and CD4 cells were dominant in number; MMP-8, MMP-9, and elastase were expressed only in the perichondral granulation; whereas MMP-3 and cathepsin K and L were detected in both chondrocytes and granulations. Out of 9 cases examined, 6 revealed apoptotic cells in excess of 50% of chondrocytes. There was a strong correlation between the number of apoptotic cells and the number of MMP-3-positive (r = 0.83) and cathepsin K-positive cells (r = 0.92). Abundant NO-expressing cells were observed in the chondrocytes in degenerated cartilage, similar to apoptosis.

Conclusion.

Cartilage destruction in polychondritis is induced not only by perichondral inflammation, but also by intrinsic factors expressed in chondrocytes themselves, including certain kinds of proteolytic enzymes and apoptosis.
The True Gift : Thoughts on L'Année sociologique Edition of 1923-4
Authors: Guyer I.
Published: January 2011

Le « vrai » don : réflexions à propos de L’Année sociologique, année 1923-1924 L’ouverture constitutive du don suscite inspiration et critique. Cet article reprend cette question en resituant l’ Essai sur le don dans sa matrice, l’édition 1923-1924 de L’Année sociologique , où il fut d’abord publié. Mauss signe d’autres textes dans ce numéro, y compris de nombreuses recensions et un in memoriam aux morts depuis 1912. Cet article analyse l’édition de L’Année dans son intégralité en faisant le parallèle avec la pratique funéraire juive du chesed shel emet (le don véritable) pour revenir sur la « bonté » dans l’ Essai .
Sacralité, droit et justices : sur les traces de Mauss
Authors: Verdier Raymond
Published: January 2011

Mes recherches sur les justices vindicatoires et justices de l’Invisible doivent beaucoup à la pensée de Mauss et en particulier à son approche sociale et religieuse du droit. D’une part, il avait montré toute la distance entre les deux réactions pénales et vindicatoires et, de l’autre, il avait mis en évidence le lien unissant le serment et l’ordalie au sacré et au sacrifice.
Rodrigo el Campeador como princeps en los siglos XI y XII
Authors: Montaner Frutos Alberto
Published: January 2011

L’attribution à Rodrigue Diaz du titre de princeps dans la charte de donation à la cathédrale de Valence en 1098 et celui de princeps super militiam regis dans l’Historia Roderici révèlent deux attitudes très différentes envers le personnage. Le premier titre veut souligner l’autonomie de la principauté valencienne et présente Rodrigue comme menant la reconquête et la croisade hispaniques de sa propre volonté. Le second présente Rodrigue comme le sénéchal du roi Sanche, tombé par la suite en disgrâce du fait de la jalousie d’Alphonse et de ses courtisans, ce qui oblige le héros exilé à agir malgré lui. Le Carmen Campidoctoris reprend les deux titres, mais le premier est employé d’une façon éminemment honorifique, tandis que l’emploi du second révèle l’influence textuelle et idéologique de la biographie latine.
Designing for Changing Work and Business Practices
Authors: Dittrick Yvonne , Lindeberg Olle
Published: January 2011

Changes in the use context of computer programs require flexibility and adaptability of the software itself. But, how do you design for change in rapidly changing environments? Based on a case study, the chapter argues that it is not enough to only relate to the use context. Taking also technical and developmental contexts and how they relate to the use context into consideration, allows for light-weight solutions for adaptable special purpose software. The conceptualisation of design as “artful integration” of different contexts provides a starting point for a systematic identification of relevant contexts and evaluation of design alternatives in relation to these contexts.
Techniques for Face Motion & Expression Analysis on Monocular Images
Authors: Andres del Valle Ana C. , Dugelay Jean-Luc
Published: January 2011

This chapter presents a state-of-the-art compilation on facial motion and expression analysis. The core of the chapter includes the description and comparison of methods currently being developed and tested to generate face animation from monocular static images and/or video sequences. These methods are categorized into three major groups: “those that retrieve emotion information,” “those that obtain parameters related to the Face Animation synthesis used,” and “those that use explicit face synthesis during the image analysis.” A general overview about the processing fundamentals involved in facial analysis is also provided. Readers will have a clear understanding of the ongoing research performed in the field of facial expression and motion analysis on monocular images by easily finding the right references to the detailed description of all mentioned methods.